bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate at different supersaturation ratios and different free sulfate concentrations
Authors: Abdel‐Aal E. A. , Rashad M. M. , El‐Shall H.
Published: March 2004

Free Sulfate is a major parameter affecting gypsum crystallization during phosphoric acid production. Gypsum crystal size, shape and filtration rate are significantly affected by the concentration of free sulfate. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the effectiveness of different sulfate levels from 1.5% to 3.5% on induction time and gypsum morphology. The crystallization of gypsum was carried out under simulated conditions of phosphoric acid production by the dihydrate process. Calcium hydrogen phosphate and sulfuric acid were mixed with dilute phosphoric acid at 80 °C, and the turbidity of the reaction mixture was measured at different time periods to calculate the induction time of gypsum crystals formation. With increasing free sulfate concentration, the induction time was significantly decreased. Chemical processing of Central and South Florida phosphate concentrates under different concentrations of free sulfate from 1.5% to 5.5% was carried out. The change on crystal size distribution and filtration rate were traced with free sulfate concentrations. The results show that, filtration rate of phosphogypsum was correlated to the mean diameter of crystals. In addition, induction time and co‐crystallized (lattice) P2O5 % in gypsum are decreased with increasing free sulfate content from 1.5% to 3.5%. Morphology of formed gypsum crystals at different sulfate contents and different supersaturation ratios are investigated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of substrate temperature on polycrystalline Cd0.9Zn0.1Te thin films studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Sridharan M. , Mekaladevi M. , Narayandass Sa. K. , Mangalaraj D. , Lee Hee Chul
Published: March 2004

Cd0.9Zn0.1Te thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation onto well‐cleaned glass substrates maintained at 300, 373 and 473 K. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the films have zinc blende structure with preferential (111) orientation. Raman peak of the room temperature deposited film appeared at 140.30 cm‐1 and 159.65 cm‐1 were for the transverse optic (TO) and longitudinal optic (LO) phonons respectively. The XRD patterns of the higher substrate temperature deposited films exhibited an improvement in the crystallinity of the films. The Raman peak intensity increases and the FWHM decreases for the films deposited at higher substrate temperature. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical absorption spectra of LiNbO3, Fe:LiNbO3, and Zn:Fe:LiNbO3 single crystals grown by Bridgman method
Authors: Xia Haiping , Zeng Xianlin , Wang Jinhao , Zhang Jianli , Xu Jian , Zhang Yuepin , Nie Qiuhua
Published: March 2004

The optical absorption spectra of LiNbO3 (LN), Fe:LiNbO3 (Fe:LN), and Zn:Fe:LiNbO3 (Zn:Fe:LN) single crystals grown by Bridgman method were measured and compared. The absorption characteristics of the samples and the effects of growth process conditions on the absorption spectra were investigated. The Fe, Zn and Li concentrations in the crystals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry. The results indicated that the overall Fe ion and Fe2+ concentration in Fe:LN and Zn:Fe:LN crystals increased along the growing direction. The incorporation of ZnO in Fe:LN crystal induced increase of Fe2+ in the crystal. Among Fe‐doped and Zn:Fe‐codoped LN single crystals, 3 mol% ZnO doped Fe:LN had a biggest change of Fe2+ ion concentration from bottom to top part of crystal. The effects of technical conditions (atmosphere and thermal history) on Fe2+ ion concentration were discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new method for the investigation of orientation relationships in meteoritic plessite
Authors: Nolze G. , Geist V.
Published: March 2004

The orientation relationship (OR) between the bcc and fcc phase in the plessite microstructure of the iron meteorites Watson, Agpalilik and Gibeon has been analysed in a scanning electron microscope using electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD). A very strong OR exists, independently on the analysed plessite type and the observed spreading of single orientation data. The agreement between the experimental orientation distribution and existing models varies for each meteorite. The black plessite in the Agpalilik corresponds to the Nishiyama‐Wassermann model whereas the duplex plessite of the Gibeon meteorite shows an OR close to the Kurdjumov‐Sachs model. The Watson meteorite is strongly deformed so that a general OR is difficult to determine due to the blurred experimental orientation distribution. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Presence of pseudo‐peptide bond in the crystal structure of n‐(t‐butoxycarbonyl)‐ε‐n′‐benzyloxycarbony‐l‐lysyl‐l‐isoleucine (boc‐lys(obzl)‐ile)
Authors: Malathy Sony S. M. , Sukumar N. , Ponnuswamy M. N. , Jayakumar R.
Published: March 2004

The dipeptide Boc‐Lys(OBzl)‐Ile crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with cell parameters a = 5.003(1), b = 19.199(3), c = 15.270(2)Å, β =93.42(1)°, V = 1464.1(3)Å3, Z = 2, Dcal = 1.117 Mg/m3 at T = 293 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full‐matrix least‐squares procedure to a final R = 0.096 and wR = 0.101 using 1379 reflections. The peptide unit is in trans conformation and the molecule takes up an extended conformation. In the lysine side chain, delocalization of electrons and pseudo peptide bond formation is observed at the interaction site of benzyloxycarbonyl group. Both N‐H…O and main chain C‐H…O hydrogen bonds stabilize the molecules in the unit cell in a parallel β‐sheet fashion. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of unified voltage analysis for high‐ and low‐voltage distribution systems by power flow calculation using indication method between nodes
Authors: Okada Naotaka , Tanaka Kazuyuki
Published: March 2004

It has been noted that the voltage of connection points rises according to the reverse power flow when grid‐connected photovoltaic systems are concentrated in distribution systems in residential areas. When this happens, the photovoltaic system may control the power generation output to maintain a suitable voltage for the connection point. Designing a demand area power system aiming at free access to a distributed power supply for energy‐effective practical use requires a precise understanding of this problem. When analyzing photovoltaic systems mainly connected to low‐voltage systems, we looked for a method of analysis in which the high‐voltage systems and the low‐voltage single‐phase three‐wire systems are unified. This report concerns use of the indication method between nodes using power flow calculation, for the purpose of developing a technique of analyzing unified high‐voltage systems and low‐voltage single‐phase three‐wire systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 49–62, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10255
An analysis of optimal reclosing for enhancement of transient stability
Authors: Yagami Masaki , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji
Published: March 2004

This paper presents a new method of determining an optimal reclosing time (ORCT) of circuit breakers by using the kinetic energy of synchronous generators. The significance of the proposed method is that it uses the kinetic energy of each generator, which can be obtained easily. Consequently, this technique may be implemented for on‐line application. The proposed method is verified by simulation study using EMTP/ATP. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 32–39, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10261
The closest load flow limit in electrical power systems by Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Sato Hiroyuki
Published: March 2004

This paper describes a method of obtaining a point in voltage vector space for the shortest distance between normal operation and a critical point of load flow in electrical power systems by means of Monte Carlo simulation. It also presents the characteristics of the power distance, voltage distance, and inner products of eigenvectors and voltage differences with respect to the point on the trajectory of minimum search. The critical point is characterized by the zero determinant of the Jacobian matrix. The point is known as the saddle node bifurcation. We propose a method of calculating the critical point under the bus constraints of the load flow equation. A new set of voltages is given by a random generator for a step of the Monte Carlo simulation. We calculate the power distance and draw a trajectory for the closest bifurcation by a random process. The result shows that the right eigenvector is parallel to the normal line to the tangential planes at the closest bifurcation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 40–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10268
A multi‐objective optimization model for determining urban energy systems under integrated energy service in a specific area
Authors: Sugihara Hideharu , Komoto Jun , Tsuji Kiichiro
Published: March 2004

The integrated energy service system for a specific area is supposed to deliver electric and thermal energy in an integrated manner for the purpose of reducing cost, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission. Under an assumption of the service system, this paper develops a multi‐objective optimization model for determining urban energy systems. Considering the various energy system alternatives, such as photovoltaic generations for residential houses and fuel‐cell cogenerations for business and commercial customers, the model determines the share of the energy system alternatives in order to minimize the above three indices. As numerical examples, this paper illustrates trade‐off analyses in the case when the proposed model is applied to a 2 km × 2 km square area in Osaka. Finally, this paper illustrates the role of various energy system alternatives from CO2 reduction and fossil energy reduction points of view. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 20–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10275
A practical design of multiloop robust PID control systems
Authors: Katayama Masaru , Yamamoto Toru , Mada Yasuhiro
Published: March 2004

In this paper, a new design scheme of multiloop predictive self‐tuning PID controllers is proposed for multivariable systems. The proposed scheme first uses a static precompensator as an approximately decoupling device in order to roughly reduce the interaction terms of the controlled object. The static matrix precompensator is adjusted by an on‐line estimator. Furthermore, by regarding the approximately decoupled system as a series of single‐input single‐output subsystems, a single‐input single‐output PID controller is designed for each subsystem. The PID parameters are calculated on‐line based on the relationship between the PID control and the generalized predictive control laws. The proposed scheme is numerically evaluated on a simulation example. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 63–71, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10284
Characteristics of a hybrid‐type switched reluctance motor with salient pole stator
Authors: Oyama Jun , Higuchi Tsuyoshi , Abe Takashi , Koga Takahiro
Published: March 2004

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid‐type switched reluctance motor (SRM) with salient pole stator, which has a pair of permanent magnets attached symmetrically between the iron poles of the rotor. We describe experimental results not only on the basic characteristics of the hybrid SRM, but also characteristics with a current control loop under optimized advanced firing angle and cutoff angle control. Considerable improvement of machine performance, especially in the efficiency and power factor, for the hybrid SRM over the conventional VR‐type SRM is confirmed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 72–79, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10285
Analysis of diffraction from a uniaxial chiral slab with a two‐dimensional array of patches
Authors: Asai Masamitsu , Yamakita Jiro , Wakabayashi Hideaki
Published: March 2004

Diffraction from a uniaxial chiral slab with a two‐dimensional periodic array of conducting patches is analyzed by the matrix‐based approach. Equatorial anisotropy is assumed for the chirality and permittivity whose optical axis is parallel to the plane of incidence. In the analysis, the total fields are given by the superposition of the current‐dependent scattering fields, which are expanded in terms of the two‐dimensional space harmonics and the incidence fields. The coupled mode equations for the equatorial uniaxial chiral media give the general solutions of fields as superpositions of elliptically polarized eigenmodes. The unknown currents on the patches are determined by applying the method of moments to the boundary conditions of the conducting array. In the numerical computations, the polarization characteristics of diffracted waves are investigated considering the design parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10293
A new approach for completing the phase shifter angle for load flow control in the network with multiple loops
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Hasegawa Tomofumi
Published: March 2004

A phase shifter has been used to control line flow. In the network with multiple loops, it is necessary to modify the angle of the phase shifter to reduce the flow on a certain line if it exceeds the limit. A new method to compute the value of the angle that is set to the phase shifter is proposed. The coefficient is computed by using two relations. No one is between the change of the lined flow on a certain line and modification of power injection and two notes. The other is between the change of the flow on a line in the change of the angle of a phase shifter. Then the phase angle is computed by multiplying the coefficient and the amount of flow on the line. The coefficients can be used for finding the locations where phase shifters will be placed in order to correct any overload that may occur at any line in the loops and can be used for computation of available transmission capacity. The validity of this method was shown by numerical examples using an IEEE 30 bus system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 9–19, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10297
Adsorptive Square‐Wave Voltammetry for the Analysis and Speciation of Complexes of Cd(II)‐Ferron
Authors: Garay Fernando , Solis Velia M.
Published: March 2004

The theory of adsorptive stripping square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) for relatively low ligand concentrations is employed to determine the reduction mechanism of Cd(II)‐ferron complexes accumulated on a static mercury drop electrode at different pH values. The electrochemical behavior of ferron molecules indicated that the adsorptive concentration of Cd(II) is possible in solutions with 3.5<pH<11, providing a wide pH range where the interference of other ligands present in real samples would be not so critical. Cyclic voltammetry experiments were also performed for the purpose of comparison. Fitting between experimental and theoretical square‐wave voltammograms shows that the prevailing species at the reaction layer coincide with the equilibrium bulk distribution. The simulation procedure indicated that the electrochemical rate constants of Cd(II)‐ferron complexes varied from (6±1) s−1 to (0.17±0.01) s−1 for solutions analyzed at pH 3.9 and 10.8, respectively. Changes at the surface concentrations are discussed considering the ligand to complex ratios at the electrode surface and at the solution bulk. From this analysis it is possible to infer that the oxidized metal species are produced in the electrolytic solution instead of on the electrode surface.
Voltammetric Monitoring of Bivalent Iron in Waters and Effluents, Using a Dental Amalgam Sensor Electrode. Some Preliminary Results
Authors: Mikkelsen Øyvind , Schrøder Knut H.
Published: March 2004

A very sensitive method for detection of iron(II) in the ng/L range with a deposition time of 180 s by use of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry on a novel dental amalgam electrode is introduced and tested in different supporting media. A well‐defined peak for the oxidation of iron metal to ferrous ion was observed around.
Sonoelectroanalysis: Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cadmium in Whole Human Blood
Authors: Kruusma Jaanus , Nei Lembit , Hardcastle Joanna L. , Compton Richard G. , Lust Enn , Keis Heldur
Published: March 2004

The quantitative detection of cadmium in human blood is shown to be possible by anodic stripping voltammetry under conditions of insonation. An immersion horn probe is introduced into a thermostatted conventional three‐electrode cell opposite a Nafion‐coated mercury plated glassy carbon electrode. The enhanced mass transport associated with power ultrasound yields efficient preconcentration of the cadmium before it is detected using anodic differential‐pulse stripping voltammetry. Insonation further offers the crucial benefits of first surface activation and cleaning, helping to prevent electrode fouling by the organic components in blood and second fully equilibrating “free” and “bound” Cd2+ ions in the complex matrix. Acoustic streaming and cavitation promote the mass transport of cadmium to the surface of electrode, facilitating measurements in solutions of low cadmium concentration, where “silent” measurements fail to yield an analytical signal. The system is calibrated using standard micro additions of cadmium to give the total amount of cadmium in blood. The calibration plot, showing the dependence of the cadmium stripping peak height on cadmium concentration in 1 : 50 diluted blood samples, was linear in the range 1×10−10 M to 4×10−9 M Cd2+. The values of cadmium concentration obtained using sonoelectroanalytical methodology were compared with the results obtained by independent atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measurements and good agreement was found.
Design of an Interference‐Free Cholesterol Amperometric Biosensor Based on the Electrosynthesis of Polymeric Films of Diaminonaphthalene Isomers
Authors: García‐Ruiz Esperanza , Vidal Juan Carlos , Aramendía María Teresa , Castillo Juan Ramón
Published: March 2004

Different cholesterol amperometric biosensors were developed based on entrapment of cholesterol esterase and/or cholesterol oxidase in polymer films of diaminonaphthalene isomers, electrochemically synthesised from aqueous solutions of the monomers and enzymes in phosphate buffer at neutral pH. These conditions permit the growth of films with extraordinary selective properties which allow the preparation of interference‐free biosensors for application in biological media without the response being affected by the presence of either endogenous species (ascorbic and uric acid) or exogenous species like 4‐acetamidophenol. These selective properties were evaluated for the different monolayer and bilayer configurations proposed in function of the film permeation factor. All the steps involved in the preparation of the biosensors and determination of free or total cholesterol were carried out in a flow system. A comparative study was made of the analytical properties of each of the configurations developed and their application to the flow‐injection determination of cholesterol in a synthetic serum.
Critical Comparison of Four Simple Adaptors for Flow Amperometric and Stripping Voltammetry with Mercury Drop Electrodes in Batch Cells
Authors: Cavicchioli Andrea , Daniel Daniela , Gebhardt Ivano , Gutz Rolf
Published: March 2004

Electrochemical batch cells with mercury drop electrodes, MDEs, are readily available from a number of producers and widely used in electroanalysis for polarography, voltammetry and stripping voltammetry. To increase sample throughput and reduce reagent and sample consumption, the tendency is to couple the MDE with flow analysis systems (e.g., FIA, SIA or BIA). Many special flow cells for MDEs are described in the literature, but it is easier to convert existing commercial batch cells to flow operation. To assess the performance of such flow adaptors, four models were chosen because they are directly fitted to the glass capillary of any MDE, light enough not to impair the mechanical drop knocker and can be effortlessly built in the laboratory. They were all found adequate for flow amperometry and stripping voltammetry, with differences in sensitivity, flow rate dependence, response time, drop stability, tolerance to bubbles, uncompensated resistance and recontamination of disposed analyte from the electrolytic bath. Two of them, a simple L‐shaped PTFE tube and an upstream nozzle holder made from a disposable pipette tip, gather a larger set of desirable features.
High‐Temperature Electrochemistry: A Review
Authors: Wildgoose Gregory G. , Giovanelli Debora , Lawrence Nathan S. , Compton Richard G.
Published: March 2004

High‐temperature electrochemistry remains a relatively unexplored field of research, although in recent years significant developments have been made. This report details the main experimental methods and approaches to heating an electrochemical system under both isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions and gives an insight into the experimental and electroanalytical results obtainable under such conditions. It has been shown that the promotion of mass transport at high‐temperatures, through diffusion or convection, often results in increased current signals. This increase benefits electroanalytical measurements by lowering detection limits. High temperatures also usefully enhance the sensitivity of systems with sluggish kinetics.
An original solvent free microwave extraction of essential oils from spices
Authors: Lucchesi Marie Elisabeth , Chemat Farid , Smadja Jacqueline
Published: March 2004

Attention is drawn to the development of a new and green alternative technique for the extraction of essential oils from spices. Solvent‐free microwave extraction (SFME) is a combination of dry distillation and microwave heating without added any solvent or water. SFME and hydrodistillation (HD) were compared for the extraction of essential oil from three spices: ajowan (Carum ajowan, Apiaceae), cumin (Cuminum cyminum, Umbelliferae), star anise (Illicium anisatum, Illiciaceae). Better results have been obtained with the proposed method in terms of rapidity (1 h vs. 8 h), efﬁciency and no solvent used. Furthermore, the SFME procedure yielded essential oils that could be analysed directly without any preliminary clean‐up or solvent exchange steps. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oils of Kaempferia rotunda L. and Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe rhizomes from Indonesia
Authors: Woerdenbag Herman J. , Windono Tri , Bos Rein , Riswan Sudarsono , Quax Wim J.
Published: March 2004

The volatile constituents of rhizomes (main rhizome, lateral parts) of two medicinally used Indonesian plants of the family Zingiberaceae, Kaempferia rotunda L. and K. angustifolia Roscoe, were investigated by GC and GC–MS (EI) analysis. A total of 75 compounds were identiﬁed. The most abundant constituents were benzyl benzoate (69.7%, 20.2%), n‐pentadecane (22.9%, 53.8%) and camphene (1.0%, 6.2%) in K. rotunda, and n‐pentadecane (17.8%, 5.0%), camphene (9.1%, 12.4%), camphor (6.2%, 5.7%) and bornyl formate (3.7%, 16.3%) in K. angustifolia. Although both species are known in Java under the same local name (kunci pepet) and probably will be interexchanged, there are some marked phytochemical differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oil of nine Eucalyptus species growing in Morocco
Authors: Zrira S. , Bessiere J. M. , Menut C. , Elamrani A. , Benjilali B.
Published: March 2004

The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of nine Eucalyptus species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker, E. microtheca F. Muell., E. foecunda Schau., E. pulverulenta Sims, E. propinqua Deane and Maiden, E. erythrocorys F. Muell.) of Moroccan origin have been analysed using GC and GC–MS. A total of 83 constituents were identiﬁed. All the species investigated were found to possess an oil rich in 1,8‐cineole (>68%). In ﬁve species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker and E. microtheca F. Muell.), the 1,8‐cineole content exceeded 80%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amino acid‐catalysed retroaldol condensation: the production of natural benzaldehyde and other ﬂavour compounds
Authors: Wolken Wout A. M. , Tramper Johannes , van der Werf Mariët J.
Published: March 2004

The amino acid‐catalysed retroaldol condensation previously described for citral has been extended to other α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. In the presence of glycine and an elevated pH, six other α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes also underwent retroaldol condensation. Crotonaldehyde, as well as its proposed intermediate, aldol, were converted into acetaldehyde. Hexenal, decenal, methyl crotonaldehyde, farnesal and cinnamaldehyde were also converted into acetaldehyde plus butanal, octanal, acetone, geranyl acetone and benzaldehyde, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of temperature, pH, the buffer and substrate concentration on the conversion rate were studied, using the conversion of cinnamaldehyde into the important ﬂavour compound benzaldehyde as a model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pedoarchaeology of Cactus Hill, a sandy Paleoindian site in southeastern Virginia, U.S.A.
Authors: Wagner Daniel P. , McAvoy Joseph M.
Published: March 2004

Cactus Hill is located in the Virginia Coastal Plain on a terrace above the Nottoway River. The site has a record of occupation that spans the Holocene and also offers evidence of humans late in the Pleistocene before Clovis time. Soil investigations identified several deposit types, and demonstrated that multisequal eolian sands forming the site's primary core are arrayed in spatially and temporally discrete horizons. Resting atop an ancient paleosol, the earliest sand stratum (19,540 ± 70 14C yr B.P.) is marked by a conspicuous but culturally sterile buried surface horizon. Eolian sand above this surface supports another sequum in which Clovis and underlying “Blade” artifacts are associated with a fainter surface horizon and pronounced subsoil lamellae. Early Archaic and successively younger artifacts occur above the Clovis level in a more weakly developed uppermost sequum. This soil and cultural stratigraphy, together with considerations of regional topography, demonstrate that the landscape has evolved incrementally since about the last glacial maximum. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New geochronological and archaeological data for the Sheaman Clovis site, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A.
Authors: Haynes C. Vance , Kornfeld Marcel , Frison George C.
Published: March 2004

Excavation of the Sheaman Clovis site in eastern Wyoming by University of Wyoming in the late 1970s produced one radiocarbon age of uncertain relationship to the Clovis level and one age on bone of poor reliability. New excavations in 2000 recovered additional material for radiocarbon dating as well as a Clovis elongated flake multiple use tool at the base of a black, cumulic A horizon. This paper presents evidence of an age of ca. 11,200 ± 50 yr B.P. for the Clovis occupation, and an Allerød‐Younger Dryas age for the paleosol, along with a detailed description of the Clovis tool. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The formation and sedimentary infilling of the Cave of Hearths and Historic Cave complex, Makapansgat, South Africa
Authors: Latham A.G. , Herries A.I.R.
Published: March 2004

The archaeology of caves is best served by including a study of natural effects prior to and during anthropogenic input. This is especially true for the Cave of Hearths because not only has erosion determined the area of occupation, but also subsequent undermining has caused collapse of some of the rearward parts of the site during Early Stone Age (Acheulian) and later times; and this had a major impact on excavation. The key to understanding the nature of the collapsed layers was the rediscovery of a lower part of the cavern below the whole site. This lower cavern is no longer accessible, but the evidence for it was revealed in a swallow hole by R.J. Mason, and in archived material at the Department of Archaeology, University of Witwatersrand. The creation and dissolution of dolomite fragments in the upper layers has resulted in the formation of thick, carbonate‐cemented breccia that has preserved underlying layers and prevented further collapse. We agree with Mason that further archaeological and hominid finds await excavation under the proximate Historical Cave west entrance. This area has the potential for archaeological and palaeoanthropological material that predates the layers in the Cave of Hearths. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of bears on rockshelter sediments at Tanay Sur‐les‐Creux, southwestern Switzerland
Authors: Braillard Luc , Guélat Michel , Rentzel Philippe
Published: March 2004

Sur‐les‐Creux rockshelter is located in the Prealps of southwestern Switzerland. The sequence of deposits in the rockshelter is 80 cm thick and consists of weathered gravels in a phosphate‐rich matrix. A few Middle Palaeolithic artifacts and the bones of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) were recorded in the fill. We present the results of sedimentological, geochemical, and micromorphological analyses of the rockshelter sediment. All analyses suggest an endokarstic origin of the sediments. The alteration cortices of the gravels imply in situ weathering over a long period. The phosphates are essentially biogenic and have an apatitelike nature. Phosphatization and intense mixing of the sediment are attributed to cave bear (digging of lairs, input of excrements, and carcasses). Only rare carnivore coprolites (lynx) were preserved in the cave deposits. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parental styles in prospective fathers: A research carried out using a semistructured interview during pregnancy
Authors: Lis Adriana , Zennaro Alessandro , Mazzeschi Claudia , Pinto Marianna
Published: March 2004

Recent reviews on research into fathers consistently have drawn attention to the increased knowledge and thinking of the multifaceted, complex, and changing nature of fathers' role. Paternal involvement has been studied with reference to a number of variables, including personality, attitudes, and family structure. The concept of “understanding mental states” and of mentalization and the notion and working definition of Reflective Self Function, as devised by Fonagy and colleagues, seem to have important implications for paternal and parental involvement, and for normal development of the infant–caretaker relationship. The aim of our research was to broaden current knowledge and thinking about fathering during pregnancy by investigating how 112 prospective fathers are involved in the transition to fatherhood and how they are able to reflect on their experience. Our aim was to identify parental styles according to May's concepts and to rate Reflective Self Function in The Clinical Interview for Parents During Pregnancy [Colloquio per Genitori in Gravidanza (CGG)]. The CGG is a semistructured clinical interview devised with the most recent psychoanalytic views on mental representations taken into account and is aimed at investigating feelings and attitudes toward the baby, the couple's inner and subjective world. Our results highlighted the complexity of paternal involvement in pregnancy and its relation with Reflective Self Function. Specific relations also were found between Reflective Self Function and the three styles of detachment/involvement identified by May. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
A French adaptation of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment
Authors: Bracha Ziva , Perez‐Diaz Fernando , Gerardin Prescille , Perriot Yvette , de la Rocque France , Flament Martin , Leroux Marie‐Claude , Reinert Philippe , Mazet Philippe , Carter Alice S.
Published: March 2004

This article presents the psychometric properties of the French adaptation of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), named the Evaluation Sociale et Emotionelle de Jeunes Enfants (ESEJE). The French adaptation involved translation and backtranslation and was administered to 179 parents in pediatric well‐baby centers and 115 parents in childcare centers. Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to assess for latent factor structure, and model fit was assessed using three standard‐fit indices. Analysis of variance examined age and gender effects on mean domain and scale scores. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a comparable latent factor structure to that reported for the ITSEA. All domains and most scales show adequate intrascale reliability. Certain age and gender effects on mean score differed from those reported for the U.S. sample. Our preliminary results indicate that the ESEJE shares the same latent factor structure as its English counterpart and may be a promising tool for the early detection of problem behaviors and delays in the acquisition of competencies in a French population. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Maternal resolution of loss and abuse: Associations with adjustment to the transition to parenthood
Authors: Leon Kim , Jacobvitz Deborah B. , Hazen Nancy L.
Published: March 2004

This study examined relationships between mothers' resolution of past loss and abuse and their adjustment to the transition to parenthood. Three groups of mothers were compared: 1) those who were unresolved with respect to loss or abuse (Unresolved Loss/Abuse), 2) those who had experienced loss or abuse, but were considered resolved (Resolved Loss/Abuse), and 3) those who had not experienced loss or abuse (No Loss/Abuse). Mothers in the Resolved Loss/Abuse group reported more negative perceptions of the transition to parenthood than did mothers in the No Loss/Abuse group, which may reflect a greater awareness of negative emotions and a greater ability to communicate openly about them. Although mothers who have experienced loss or abuse and appear to have resolved these experiences may be at risk for distress during the transition to parenthood, they do not appear to be at risk for insensitive care giving. Unresolved loss, however, was associated with less sensitive care giving. The findings of this study highlight the importance of examining current state of mind regarding past experiences when investigating relationships between childhood loss and abuse and adjustment to subsequent life transitions. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Comparing parents' perceptions of IVF conceived children's behavior with naturally conceived children
Authors: Sutcliffe Alastair G. , Edwards Philip R. , Beeson Claire , Barnes Jacqueline
Published: March 2004

Conception after assisted reproductive methods is associated with considerable emotional as well as physical stress. Parents often have to wait ten years or more before conceiving. As part of an ongoing U.K. study, we assessed 140 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) conceived children and 101 naturally conceived control children via parental completion of the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory when their children were two years old. Parents of children conceived after assisted reproductive methods reported fewer behavioral problems. Implications for long‐term development are discussed. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
The impact of domestic violence on mothers' prenatal representations of their infants
Authors: Huth‐Bocks Alissa C. , Levendosky Alytia A. , Theran Sally A. , Bogat G. Anne
Published: March 2004

This study examined the relationship between domestic violence during pregnancy and mothers' prenatal representations of their infants and themselves as mothers. Two hundred and six women were recruited from the community and interviewed during their last trimester of pregnancy. Forty‐four percent of women reported experiencing domestic violence during the current pregnancy, while 56% reported no domestic violence during the pregnancy. Maternal representations were assessed using the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI; Zeanah, Benoit, Hirshberg, Barton, & Regan, 1994). Multiple analysis of variance (MANCOVA) and χ2 analyses revealed that women who experienced domestic violence had significantly more negative representations of their infants and themselves as mothers and were significantly more likely to be classified as insecurely attached (either Disengaged or Distorted) than women who had not experienced domestic violence. These results, along with several excerpts from battered women's interviews, highlight the importance of domestic violence as a risk factor for maternal and infant well being. These findings and their clinical implications are discussed in light of attachment theory. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Hybrid boundary element and finite difference method for solving the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation
Authors: Boschitsch Alexander H. , Fenley Marcia O.
Published: March 2004

A hybrid approach for solving the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) is presented. Under this approach, the electrostatic potential is separated into (1) a linear component satisfying the linear PBE and solved using a fast boundary element method and (2) a correction term accounting for nonlinear effects and optionally, the presence of an ion‐exclusion layer. Because the correction potential contains no singularities (in particular, it is smooth at charge sites) it can be accurately and efficiently solved using a finite difference method. The motivation for and formulation of such a decomposition are presented together with the numerical method for calculating the linear and correction potentials. For comparison, we also develop an integral equation representation of the solution to the nonlinear PBE. When implemented upon regular lattice grids, the hybrid scheme is found to outperform the integral equation method when treating nonlinear PBE problems. Results are presented for a spherical cavity containing a central charge, where the objective is to compare computed 1D nonlinear PBE solutions against ones obtained with alternate numerical solution methods. This is followed by examination of the electrostatic properties of nucleic acid structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 935–955, 2004
Calculation of electrostatic interaction energies in molecular dimers from atomic multipole moments obtained by different methods of electron density partitioning
Authors: Volkov Anatoliy , Coppens Philip
Published: March 2004

Accurate and fast evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems is still one of the most challenging tasks in the rapidly advancing field of macromolecular chemistry, including molecular recognition, protein modeling and drug design. One of the most convenient and accurate approaches is based on a Buckingham‐type approximation that uses the multipole moment expansion of molecular/atomic charge distributions. In the mid‐1980s it was shown that the pseudoatom model commonly used in experimental X‐ray charge density studies can be easily combined with the Buckingham‐type approach for calculation of electrostatic interactions, plus atom–atom potentials for evaluation of the total interaction energies in molecular systems. While many such studies have been reported, little attention has been paid to the accuracy of evaluation of the purely electrostatic interactions as errors may be absorbed in the semiempirical atom–atom potentials that have to be used to account for exchange repulsion and dispersion forces. This study is aimed at the evaluation of the accuracy of the calculation of electrostatic interaction energies with the Buckingham approach. To eliminate experimental uncertainties, the atomic moments are based on theoretical single‐molecule electron densities calculated at various levels of theory. The electrostatic interaction energies for a total of 11 dimers of α‐glycine,N‐acetylglycine andL‐(+)‐lactic acid structures calculated according to Buckingham with pseudoatom, stockholder and atoms‐in‐molecules moments are compared with those evaluated with the Morokuma–Ziegler energy decomposition scheme. For α‐glycine a comparison with direct “pixel‐by‐pixel” integration method, recently developed Gavezzotti, is also made. It is found that the theoretical pseudoatom moments combined with the Buckingham model do predict the correctrelativeelectrostatic interactions energies, although the absolute interaction energies are underestimated in some cases. The good agreement between electrostatic interaction energies computed with Morokuma–Ziegler partitioning, Gavezzotti's method, and the Buckingham approach with atoms‐in‐molecules moments demonstrates that reliable and accurate evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems of considerable complexity is now feasible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 921–934, 2004
Putting state‐formation first: some recommendations for reconstruction and peace‐making in Afghanistan
Authors: Wimmer Andreas , Schetter Conrad
Published: March 2004

The authors suggest a revision of the current strategy of reconstruction and peace‐building in Afghanistan with reference to four points. (i) The programme of reconstruction should have a clear strategic focus and be designed as a state‐building project. The main problem Afghanistan faces is the absence of a monopoly of power and of other basic state functions, without which no sustainable economic development is to be expected. Fostering ‘civil society’—the standard pre‐occupation of many current development co‐operation programmes—may have a negative impact in the cases of countries suffering from state failure. (ii) A monopoly of power cannot be established only by building up a central army and disarming or integrating local armed forces. Rather, the loyalty of the country's citizens must be won through a long‐term process of providing them with equality before the law and protection from arbitrary violence in such a way as to make them independent of the ‘protection’ of local strong men or regional warlords. (iii) It is too early to achieve democracy in Afghanistan through elections. A democracy can only release the potential for political integration following successful political stabilization and institutional consolidation. And the institutional framework should be designed in such a way as to avoid an escalation of conflicts along ethno‐religious lines. An ethno‐religious quota system of the sort that many have in mind at the moment would tend rather to increase such conflict than to reduce it. (iv) A programme of reconstruction and peace‐making must necessarily take a long‐term perspective. Spending the resources that have now been approved over the next four years and hoping for a continuation of aid approvals in the future is too risky, given the dependence of these approvals on the future political climate. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prisons and the tuberculosis epidemic in Russia
Authors: Mercer A. J. , Jacobs B. , Moon S. , Kynch J.
Published: March 2004

A resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) occurred in Russia in the 1990s, in a period of general health crisis following the break‐up of the Soviet Union. Inter‐related increases in poverty, unemployment and unhealthy lifestyle probably contributed to increased incidence and mortality from TB among the civilian population. The number of prisoners increased dramatically in the 1990s and many come from socially marginalized groups at high risk of TB. There is a high prevalence of TB in prisons in Russia, with inadequate TB control measures, overcrowding and poor nutrition contributing to the problem. Many prisoners are released before completion of treatment, often into a social milieu that fosters transmission of TB. Prisoners and ex‐prisoners account for a very high proportion of TB cases in Russia and without adequate treatment for them the epidemic is unlikely to be brought under control. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practice, power and meaning: frameworks for studying organizational culture in multi‐agency rural development projects
Authors: Lewis David , Bebbington Anthony J. , Batterbury Simon P. J. , Shah Alpa , Olson Elizabeth , Siddiqi M. Shameem , Duvall Sandra
Published: March 2004

Culture has received increasing attention in critical development studies, though the notion that there are important cultural differences within and between development organizations has received less consideration. This paper elaborates elements of a framework for studying organizational culture in multi‐agency development projects. It draws on selected writings in anthropology and in organizational theory and suggests that these two bodies of literature can be usefully brought together, as well as on insights from ongoing fieldwork in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso and Peru. At the centre of this framework is the analysis of context, practice and power. Where development projects involve multiple organizations (such as donors, government agencies, non‐governmental organizations and grassroots groups) an analysis of cultures both within and between organizational actors can help explain important aspects of project performance. The paper argues that organizational culture is constantly being produced within projects, sometimes tending towards integration, often towards fragmentation. This fragmentation, indicative of the range of cultures within development organizations, is an important reason why some projects fail, and why ideas stated in project documents are often not realized, especially in the case of the newer and more contentious objectives such as ‘empowerment’. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed exchange rates and sticky prices in emerging markets
Authors: Miles William
Published: March 2004

In the wake of financial crises in emerging markets, firmly fixed exchange rates and even dollarization have been advocated as a means to decrease vulnerability. There are many important new issues related to fixing the exchange rate and financial vulnerability, but one long‐time vital concern for a fixed currency regime persists: the flexibility of domestic prices and wages. In the presence of high nominal rigidities, fixed rates can lead to large output costs in the aftermath of negative macroeconomic shocks. Employing a method previously applied to the gold standard fixed rate regime, we find generally flat aggregate supply curves in a sample of five emerging markets. This indicates substantial inflexibility of prices, and large losses in terms of income and employment in a fixed exchange rate regime subsequent to negative shocks. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making homes: the Ghanaian diaspora, institutions and development
Authors: Henry Leroi , Mohan Giles
Published: March 2004

The paper analyses the impact of institutions and organizations on development of home through a case study of Ghanaians in the UK and Ghana. While individual or household level remittances are undoubtedly a key dimension of livelihood strategies we focus on the collective or institutional level. We examine the linkages between Ghanaian organizations in Southern England and various organizations in Ghana, including hometown, welfare, traditional leaders, church, and alumni. We examine the nature of these flows and offer preliminary analyses of their impacts. We address the impact of differing organizational cultures and how the rights and obligations embedded in identities impact on these practices, particularly, the ways in which status and sanctions operate in the networks. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.