bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Biomimetic Study of Cytochrome P450 Related Oxidations of Toluenes Using Synthetic Hemin
Authors: Nakano Taku , Agatsuma Noriko , Kodama Shiori , Kakuda Hiroko , Dolphin David
Published: June 2006

A mechanistic study of the oxidation of toluene and its derivatives in a model system designed to mimic cytochrome P450 (P450) using iron tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride (FeTPPCl8Cl) and pentafluoroiodosylbenzene (PFIB:C6F5IO) in dichloromethane is reported. The oxidation products were the corresponding benzyl alcohols and aldehydes; no further oxidation products were observed. The relative reaction rates were obtained in competitive reactions including the use of deuterated analogues. In the present model system, Hammett plots and isotope effects indicated conclusively that the rate-determining step was a hydrogen atom abstraction to the oxoiron intermediate which was then followed by a rebound of an OH group. The concerted mechanism and the rebound mechanism were discussed in terms of the differences in reactivities between the model system and natural P450 enzymes and similar monooxygenation enzymes.
Ichthyotoxic Cembranoids from the Soft Coral, Sarcophyton sp.
Authors: Iwagawa Tetsuo , Nakamura Shun , Okamura Hiroaki , Nakatani Munehiro
Published: June 2006

Ten new ichthyotoxic cembranoids: sartol A (1), 4-O-methylsartol A (2), sartones A (3), B (4), C (5), D (6), 4-O-methylsartone B (7), epoxysartone A (8), 6β-hydroxysarcotol acetate (9), and 4-O-methylsarcotol (10) have been isolated from the soft coral, Sarcophyton sp. The ichthyotoxicity tests were performed for 1, 3—7, and 10, including the reduction product and the acetate of 1.
Characterization of Collagen by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Harada Osamu , Sumita Suguru , Sugita Masami , Yamamoto Tohei
Published: June 2006

Characterization of pepsin-solubilized type I collagen was examined by a capillary electrophoresis using a capillary coated with α-dodecyl-ω-hydroxy poly(oxyethylene) to reduce protein adsorption and electroosmic flow. A good peak separation for each polypeptide was achieved at pH 5.6—6.5. The peaks were assigned to α1, α2, β11, β12, and γ by gel chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. It is found that each α chain signal split into several peaks, reflecting various residues of teropeptide.
Exclusive Affinity-Labeling of μ Opioid Receptors by Morphiceptin Analogs Containing S-(3-Nitro-2-pyridylthio)cysteine
Authors: Motoyama Shihoko , Takada Kiyoshi , Yasunaga Teruo , Fujita Tsugumi , Shimohigashi Yasuyuki
Published: June 2006

The S-(3-nitro-2-pyridylthio) (Npys) group only reacts with a free mercapto group to form a disulfide bond. A series of morphiceptin analogs containing SNpys–cysteine were designed and synthesized for specific affinity-labeling of μ opioid receptors. Affinity-labeling of opioid receptors was monitored and evaluated by radioligand receptor binding assays using rat brain membranes and specific tritium-labeled ligands of enkephalin analogs. It was found that analogs with Cys(Npys) at position 4 or 5 bind covalently to μ receptors, but not to δ receptors, resulting in a discriminative and exclusive affinity labeling of μ opioid receptor subtype.
Transformation of Penicillins into 3-Substituted Δ3-Cephems through Addition/Cyclization of Allenecarboxylates
Authors: Tanaka Hideo , Sumida Shin-ichi , Kameyama Yutaka , Sorajo Koichi , Wada Isao , Torii Sigeru
Published: June 2006

A straightforward synthesis of Δ3-cephems 2 bearing heteroatom substituents directly attached to C(3)-position was performed successfully by a sequential addition/cyclization reaction of allenecarboxylate 4 derived from eithen penicillin 1. Upon treatment of the allenecarboxylate 4 with morpholine, pyrrolidine, sodium azide, and 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol in DMF in the presence of calcium chloride, the addition/cyclization reaction proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 3-substituted Δ3-cephems 2a—e. Reaction of the allenecarboxylate 4 with lithium chloride in NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the presence of aluminum chloride afforded 3-chloro-Δ3-cephem 2f, while without aluminum chloride, 3-phenylsulfonyl-Δ3-cephem 2e was mainly obtained. The 3-sulfenyl-Δ3-cephems 12 were prepared by a similar addition/cyclization reaction of allenecarboxylates 10 with a catalytic amount of thiolates. The sulfenyl moieties attached at the sulfur atom of the C(4)-substituent of 10 were introduced at the C(3)-position of the cephem framework 2.
Synthesis of 2 : 1 Type 3-(Methacryloxy)propyl Magnesium (Nickel) Phyllosilicate
Authors: Fukushima Yoshiaki , Tani Masaaki
Published: June 2006

New organic/inorganic hybrid polymers, 2 : 1 type 3-(methacryloxy)propyl magnesium phyllosilicate and 2 : 1 type 3-(methacryloxy)propyl nickel phyllosilicate, were synthesized at room temperature by the copolymerization reaction of [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane to metal chloride hexahydrate. These polymers were studied by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The polymers have an inorganic part of phyllosilicate-like structure such as mica or smectite, and organic side chains linked to the inorganic framework through an –Si–C– covalent bond. The layered inorganic parts were considered consistent with well-ordered octahedral sheets and disordered –C–SiO3 tetrahedral sheets. The tendency of magnesium or nickel ions to form octahedral sheets played major part in the formation of the layered structure.
Calix[4]arene-Mediated Transport of Alkali Ions Across Synthetic Black Lipid Membranes (BLM)
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Wakiyama Tatsuo , Yanagi Akihiro , Shinkai Seiji , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: June 2006

The calix[4]arene-mediated transport of alkali ions across black lipid membranes (BLM) of synthetic amphiphiles was examined by the charge pulse relaxation technique. Double-chain amphiphiles with cationic, anionic and nonionic head groups formed stable BLM’s, and the transport parameters for alkali ions were determined. The calix[4]arene derivative displayed an enhanced transport rate for Na+ ion across the synthetic BLM’s, while the relative adsorption/desorption rate (β) of alkali ions was significantly affected by the surface charge of the BLM’s.
Formation and release of symmetric instability following Delta‐M adjustment
Authors: Morcrette C. J. , Browning K. A.
Published: June 2006

Conditional Symmetric Instability (CSI) and Delta‐M adjustment have both been suggested as possible mechanisms to explain the slantwise circulations that lead to two‐dimensional precipitation bands near midlatitude cold fronts. Previous work has shown how the initial state required for CSI to occur is similar to the state produced as a result of Delta‐M adjustment. An idealized dry numerical model is used to test the hypothesis that slantwise circulations can occur due to the release of symmetric instability formed by the Delta‐M adjustment process. The numerical simulation shows the coexistence of two pairs of slantwise circulations: one due directly to Delta‐M adjustment, and the other which occurs in a region of symmetric instability which was formed by the Delta‐M adjustment process. The simulated circulation is qualitatively similar to some high‐resolution Doppler radar observations of vertically stacked slantwise circulations. It is argued that a combined Delta‐M/CSI mechanism may also be responsible for the creation of multiple slantwise circulations in the moist atmosphere. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
On the origin of the tropical Atlantic decadal oscillation based on the analysis of the ICOADS
Authors: Lim Gyu‐ho , Suh Yong‐cheol , Kim Baek‐min
Published: June 2006

From an analysis of the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, we were able to confirm salient features of the tropical Atlantic decadal oscillation illustrated in previous works. These features include antisymmetric behaviour of surface air pressure and sea surface temperature with two centres of action residing in the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans. In addition to the recognized features of the oscillation, we found a new aspect: the principal mechanism regulating the oscillation differs between the north and south centres of action. Decadal components of the relative humidity time series show a maximum value of lag cross‐correlation at a lag of −2 years. Such a temporal evolution was irrespective of the centres of action and the reference time series. The two reference series employed are the sunspot numbers and the southerlies over the western equatorial Atlantic. Associated with this, statistically significant phase shifts between the decadal components of variables exist, especially in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. For the decadal oscillation, relative humidity change was dominated by specific humidity change over the tropical North Atlantic and by air temperature change over the tropical South Atlantic. For the frequency band of the solar cycle, the variation of relative humidity seemed to amplify the Earth's response to the sun's radiation changes that had previously been considered too small to affect the Earth's climate. By incorporating our new findings with the known features of the oscillation, we can suggest that the variability of solar radiation may be crucial as an originator, or at least as a regulator, of the oscillation in combination with the climate distribution of clouds and water vapour over the tropical Atlantic. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Synoptic and dynamic aspects of an extreme springtime Saharan dust outbreak
Authors: Knippertz Peter , Fink Andreas H.
Published: June 2006

In March 2004, a large‐scale, strong and persistent outbreak of Saharan dust on to the adjacent tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean was observed in satellite imagery. Surface observations show that the event was accompanied by unusual weather conditions across large parts of North Africa including low temperatures and strong winds over the Sahara, extreme precipitation in Libya and a heat wave on the Guinea coast. The dust outbreak was associated with an unseasonally southerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and a delayed northward progression of the African monsoon.

The dust front was initially related to a density current caused by strong evaporational cooling along a precipitating cloud‐band that penetrated into the northern Sahara ahead of an upper‐level trough. At later stages, massive upper‐level convergence, sinking, low‐level divergence and an explosive anticyclogenesis over northwest Africa caused strong northerly flow and a quick spreading of the dust front to the south and west. The strong pressure gradients over North Africa were further enhanced by the formation of a cyclone ahead of the upper‐trough. A dynamical analysis based on potential‐vorticity (PV) theory provides new insights into the generation of North African harmattan surges. Using a PV inversion, it is shown that the explosive anticyclogenesis was caused largely by unbalanced dynamics related to the density current, divergent outflow from the precipitation over Libya and inertial instability in the entrance region of the strong subtropical jet and tropical plume along the eastern side of the upper trough. These processes enhanced the effects of the balanced advection of negative vorticity and cold air by the large‐scale wave. Moreover, we show the importance of an explosive cyclogenesis event over the central North Atlantic for the amplification of the downstream wave associated with the penetration of the cold front into North Africa. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Adaptive data assimilation including the effect of spatial variations in observation error
Authors: Frehlich Rod
Published: June 2006

An optimal adaptive data assimilation algorithm is derived using the maximum likelihood method based on a conditional Gaussian probability density function for the first‐guess and direct observations of the state variables but including local estimates of the observation and first‐guess error statistics. An interpolation of the first‐guess field to the observation coordinates is not required under the assumption of locally homogeneous statistics for the random atmosphere. However, the definition of observation error requires a definition of model ‘truth’ which is defined as a spatial average of the continuous random atmospheric variables. Then the total observation error consists of two independent components: an instrument error and an observation sampling error defined by the spatial average of the observation and the statistics of the local turbulence. Estimates of the observation sampling error statistics are determined from an ensemble of background or first‐guess fields or from the analysis of the raw data from instrumented aircraft, Doppler lidars, or radar profilers. The spatial variations of the sampling error are referenced to the local turbulence conditions at each analysis coordinate and therefore each observation can have a different observation error for each nearby analysis coordinate. The extension of the adaptive assimilation concept to include the spatial variations in observation error for statistical interpolation, 3D‐Var, 4D‐Var, extended Kalman filtering, and ensemble Kalman filtering is also presented for the traditional meaning of observation error, i.e. each observation is assigned a single error. The conditional analysis error is derived for a single observation at the analysis coordinate and multiple observations around the analysis point. Example calculations of the conditional analysis error are presented for a few simple set of observation and measurement geometries to demonstrate the impact of the spatially variable observation errors. For rawinsonde observations, the observation sampling error is an important contribution to optimal adaptive data assimilation. Observations performed as a spatial average along a line, such as aircraft, radar profiler and Doppler lidar measurements, have smaller sampling errors than rawinsonde observations and therefore reduce the analysis error if the instrument error is sufficiently low. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Secondary initiation of multiple bands of cumulonimbus over southern Britain. II: Dynamics of secondary initiation
Authors: Marsham J. H. , Parker D. J.
Published: June 2006

The Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) pilot field programme took place in the summer of 2004 in southern England. During this field campaign a case of a cold‐pool outflow initiating an arc of convection downwind of the generating storm (the ‘primary storm’) was observed. Three further arcs were initiated further downwind of this first arc. These arcs all later gave significant rainfall over south‐east England. Results from the modelling studies described in this paper show that gravity waves, generated by the ‘primary storm’, may have been responsible for initiating the further three arcs of convective showers that were observed.

The modelled primary storm generates waves with a range of vertical wavelengths. These are separated by dispersion, with the higher‐order modes (with the largest vertical wavelengths) travelling fastest (approximately 30 m s−1). The fastest two modes suppressed convection and later modes increased boundary‐layer depth and so initiated convection. The multiple peaks (from non‐hydrostatic effects) in the third mode may have been responsible for the two main arcs observed and the fourth mode may have been responsible for the third arc. The amplitude of the modelled waves at low levels was much larger downwind of the primary storm than upwind and only initiated convection there, which agrees with the observations of the arcs forming downwind of the primary storm. This asymmetry appears to be caused by the moving‐wave source and asymmetric wave trapping. Finally we discuss the implications for numerical weather prediction (NWP). Reducing the resolution of the model, and varying the magnitude of the wind speed used, shows that a non‐hydrostatic high‐resolution ( ≃1 km) NWP model should be able to capture such wave processes, if the generating storm is forecast or analysed correctly. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Passive microwave radiometer channel selection basedoncloudandprecipitation information content
Authors: Michele Sabatino Di , Bauer Peter
Published: June 2006

The information content of microwave frequencies between 5 and 200 GHz for rain, snow and cloud water retrievals over ocean and land surfaces was evaluated using optimal estimation theory. The study was based on large datasets representative of summer and winter meteorological conditions over North America, Europe, Central Africa, South America and the Atlantic obtained from short‐range forecasts with the operational ECMWF model. The information content of rain, snow and cloud water was traded off against the uncertainties due to the natural variability of other variables that microwave observations are sensitive to. These are surface emissivity, land surface skin temperature, atmospheric temperature and moisture. The estimation of the underlying error statistics was based on ECMWF model forecast error statistics.

The results suggest that a number of frequency bands are most suited for the retrieval of

(i) rain over oceans: 15–18, 35–40, 80, 145, 118.75±10–14 GHz; rain over land: 85–100, 135–140 GHz,

(ii) snow over land and oceans: 95–100, 140–150, 187 GHz,

(iii) clouds over oceans: 40, 80–85 GHz; clouds over land: 90–100, 135–140 GHz.

For radiometers designed for global and multi‐season applications, several channels in all of the above frequency ranges would be desirable for optimizing channel usage in hydrometeor retrievals depending on the observed situation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Experimental 2D‐Var assimilation of ARM cloud and precipitation observations
Authors: Lopez Philippe , Benedetti Angela , Bauer Peter , Janisková Marta , Köhler Martin
Published: June 2006

A two‐dimensional variational method (2D‐Var) based on 12‐hour integrations of the single‐column version of the European Centre forMedium‐RangeWeather Forecasts model for adjusting initial temperature and specifichumidity profiles is used to identify the issues related to the assimilation of either high temporal frequency or time‐accumulated observations that are directly affected by clouds and precipitation. 2D‐Var experiments have been run using cloud‐radar reflectivity profiles and microwave‐radiometer brightness temperatures in nonprecipitating cloudy cases, and accumulated rain‐gauge measurements and total column water‐vapour retrievals from the Global Positioning System in precipitating situations. All observations have been obtained from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program.

In cloudy situations, the use of time sequences of cloud‐radar reflectivities at half‐hourly time steps is problematic because the variational assimilation minimization becomes overconstrained. Instead, it is better to assimilate time‐averaged profiles of cloud radar reflectivities when background reflectivities are generally greater than the observations. When background reflectivities are lower than observed, the falling of the extra precipitation produced by 2D‐Var hampers the convergence of the cost‐function minimization. The assimilation of brightness temperatures seems more straightforward even at a half‐hourly frequency.

As regards the application of 2D‐Var to accumulated rain‐gauge measurements, the minimization is biased towards observations that are available at the beginning of the 12‐hour assimilation window, due to the reduction of precipitation sensitivities in time. However, using three‐dimensional adjoint sensitivity computations, it is shown that this problem should not be as critical in four‐dimensional variational assimilation. It is also demonstrated that the combination of precipitation data with information about the moisture field produces more realistic 2D‐Var increments than with rain gauges solely.

Finally, the implications for the future assimilation of cloud and precipitation affected observations in direct 4D‐Var are presented. Copyright © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006.
A review of the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bennett Lindsay J. , Browning Keith A. , Blyth Alan M. , Parker Douglas J. , Clark Peter A.
Published: June 2006

Recent severe weather events have prompted the European scientific community to assess the current understanding of convective processes with a view to more detailed and accurate forecasting. The initial development of convective cells remains one of the least understood aspects and one in which limited research has taken place. The important processes can be split into three main areas: boundary‐layer forcing, upper‐level forcing and secondary generation. This paper is a review of the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom; i.e. why convective clouds form and develop into precipitating clouds in a particular location.

The topography of the United Kingdom has a large influence on the initiation of convection. Boundary‐layer forcings determine the specific location where convection is triggered within larger regions of potential instability. These latter regions are created by mesoscale or synoptic‐scale features at a higher level such as dry intrusions and mesoscale vortices. Second‐generation cells are those formed by the interaction of outflow from convective clouds with the surrounding environmental air. Large, long‐lived thunderstorm complexes can develop when new cells are repeatedly triggered on one side of the system. Current and future field campaigns along with the development of high‐resolution modelling will enable these processes to be investigated in more detail than has previously been achieved. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006. Contributions by P. A. Clark and M. E. B. Gray are Crown Copyright.
Blind drunk: the effects of alcohol on inattentional blindness
Authors: Clifasefi Seema L. , Takarangi Melanie K. T. , Bergman Jonah S.
Published: June 2006

Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to road accidents. While it is likely that perceptual processing deficits contribute to poorer driving performance among intoxicated individuals, we know little about alcohol's role in particular perceptual processes. For instance, we know that even sober individuals can fail to detect unexpected salient objects that appear in their visual fields, a phenomenon known as inattentional blindness (IB; Mack & Rock, 1998). We were interested in whether these visual errors become more or less likely when subjects are under the influence of alcohol or just think that they are drunk. We told half our subjects that they had received alcohol, and half that they had received a placebo. This information was either true or false. Intoxicated subjects (regardless of what they were told) were more likely to show ‘blindness’ to an unexpected object in their visual field. This finding has practical implications for human performance issues such as driving and eyewitness memory, and theoretical implications for visual cognition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaks and task switches in prospective memory
Authors: Finstad Kraig , Bink Martin , McDaniel Mark , Einstein Gilles O.
Published: June 2006

Based on research showing that easing task demands improves prospective memory, we examined the effects of breaks and task switches on prospective memory. The first experiment suggested that people tend not to take advantage of breaks to improve prospective memory unless specifically instructed to do so. The next two experiments showed that both breaks and task switches interfered with prospective memory. The results indicate that work settings with frequent breaks and task switches may be especially susceptible to prospective memory failure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small Molecule Modulators of Transcription
Authors: Arndt Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2006

Signal transduction cascades ultimately trigger transcriptional programs that are executed by transcription factors interacting with coactivator or corepressor proteins in large multi‐protein complexes. Despite the difficulties associated with discovering and verifying potent antagonists (or agonists) of protein–protein interaction events, several small molecules have been identified within the last few years that modulate transcription by directly interacting with transcriptional proteins. Some of these small molecules display surprising selectivity and some even show efficacy in vivo. This review summarizes the current status in this developing field to illustrate the emerging opportunities in the chemical biology of transcription.
Gene Delivery by Aminofullerenes: Structural Requirements for Efficient Transfection
Authors: Isobe Hiroyuki , Nakanishi Waka , Tomita Naoki , Jinno Shigeki , Okayama Hiroto , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: July 2006

A series of aminofullerenes that share a common structural motif have been synthesized and subjected to a systematic investigation of structure activity relationship regarding their ability for transient transfection and cytotoxicity. DNA‐binding tests indicated that any water‐soluble fullerene‐bearing amino group would bind to double‐stranded DNA. For these molecules to be effective transfection reagents, however, they require additional structural features. First, the molecule must be capable of producing submicrometer‐sized fullerene/DNA aggregates that can be internalized into mammalian cells through endocytosis. Second, the molecule must be capable of releasing DNA as the aggregates are transferred into the cytoplasm. This can be achieved in at least two ways: by loss of the DNA‐binding amino groups from the fullerene core, and by transformation of the amino groups to neutral groups such as amides. The screening experiments led us to identify the best reagent, a tetrapiperidinofullerene, that can be synthesized in two steps from fullerene, piperazine, and molecular oxygen, and that is more efficient at transfection than a commonly used lipid‐based transfection reagent.
Second‐Generation Total Synthesis of Azaspiracids‐1, ‐2, and ‐3
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Frederick Michael O. , Loizidou Eriketi Z. , Petrovic Goran , Cole Kevin P. , Koftis Theocharis V. , Yamada Yoichi M. A.
Published: July 2006

The naturally occurring but scarce marine neurotoxins azaspiracids‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 have been synthesized from five key building blocks by a convergent strategy that involved dithiane and Stille coupling reactions. The ABCD fragments were constructed through a cascade reaction involving deprotection/self‐assembly of the precursors, while the FGHI fragment was forged by a neodymium triflate‐induced cyclization. The final ring closure (ring G) was achieved, after the union of all fragments, through an iodoetherification reaction followed by reductive removal of the facilitating iodine residue. These improved, second‐generation routes confirm the absolute structures and render all three azaspiracids readily available for biological studies.
Successful anticoagulation with bivalirudin in antithrombin‐deficient pediatric patient undergoing stent placement
Authors: Zamora Rolando
Published: July 2006

Many pediatric patients requiring anticoagulation during interventional heart catheterizations have antithrombin (AT) deficiency. AT is a necessary cofactor for heparin inhibition of thrombin. Without sufficient AT, these patients are at increased risk for thrombotic complications. This case describes the successful use of bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, as an anticoagulant in a 2‐month old infant with AT deficiency undergoing stent placement. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed DYKAT of Butadiene Monoepoxide: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐DMDP, (−)‐Bulgecinine, and (+)‐Broussonetine G
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Horne Daniel B. , Woltering Michael J.
Published: June 2006

Palladium catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction of an amine with two equivalents of butadiene monoxide allows for the expedient synthesis of trans‐ and cis‐2,5‐dihydropyrroles. The versatility of these chiral synthons towards the synthesis of a wide variety of iminosugar natural products was demonstrated with the short and high yielding asymmetric syntheses of (+)‐DMDP, and (−)‐bulgecinine. In addition, the first total synthesis of (+)‐broussonetine G, a potent glycosidase inhibitor, is described along with the assignment of its relative and absolute stereochemical configuration.
Synthesis of Cyclopropane Derivatives Starting from the Baylis—Hillman Adducts Using Sulfur Ylide Chemistry.
Authors: Lee Ka Young , Kim Seung Chan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Heck Reaction Catalyzed by Recyclable Polymer‐Supported N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Palladium Complex.
Authors: Shokouhimehr Mohammadreza , Kim Jong‐Ho , Lee Yoon‐Sik
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Efficient Method for the Total Synthesis of Linear Furocoumarins
Authors: Zhang Bang‐Le , Wang Fang‐Dao , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New 1‐Substituted‐3‐pyrrolyl Aminocarbonyl/Oxadiazolyl/Triazolyl/5‐Methoxy‐2‐methylindoles and Benz[g]indoles.
Authors: Donawade Dundappa S. , Raghu A. V. , Gadaginamath Guru S.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct N‐Alkylation of Isatin by Halomethyl Ketones.
Authors: Rekhter M. A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3,5‐Dicyano‐2,6‐diethylthiopyridine.
Authors: Dyachenko V. D.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of 7‐Acetyl‐8‐aryl‐9‐cyano‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H,8H‐pyrido [2,1‐b][1,3]thiazines.
Authors: Krauze A. , Sile L. , Danne R. , Duburs G.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bisrubescensins A—C: Thee New Dimeric ent‐Kauranoids Isolated from Isodon rubescens.
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Li Li‐Mei , Li Sheng‐Hong , Zhou Yan , Ding Li‐Sheng , Lou Li‐Guang , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Dynamics of the [Zn(NH3)(H2O)5]2+ Complex in Aqueous Solution Obtained by an ab initio QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Study.
Authors: Fatmi M. Qaiser , Hofer Thomas S. , Randolf Bernhard R. , Rode Bernd M.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Short‐ and Medium‐Range Order in Sodium Aluminophosphate Glasses: New Insights from High‐Resolution Dipolar Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Zhang Long , Eckert Hellmut
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydroperoxide Oxidation of Different Organic Compounds Catalyzed by Silica‐Supported Selenenamide.
Authors: Giurg M. , Brzaszcz M. , Mlochowski J.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Synthesis of Cyclopropanone Acetals from the Reaction of Fischer Carbene Complexes with Ketene Acetals.
Authors: Wang Siu Ling B. , Goldberg Daniel R. , Liu Xuejun , Su Jing , Zheng Qi‐Huang , Liptak Vincent , Wulff William D.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Conversion of Styrene Derivatives to Acetals: Impact of (‐)‐Sparteine on Regioselectivity.
Authors: Balija Amy M. , Stowers Kara J. , Schultz Mitchell J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Phenylacetylene Catalyzed by Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Ye Suming , Leong Weng Kee
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferrocenylmethylphosphines as Ligands for Room Temperature Ni(0)‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Arenesulfonates and Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Yu , Spinella Stephen , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐phenylpropane‐1,3‐diones by Modified Baker—Venkataraman Transformation Using Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Lamba M. S. , Kumar Suresh , Makrandi J. K.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of N‐β‐Hydroxyethylaziridines by the Ring‐Opening Reaction of Epoxides with Aziridine Generated in situ.
Authors: Kim Ha Young , Talukdar Arindam , Cushman Mark
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dihydroquinolinones Angularly‐Fused to Tetrahydrobenzazepinone Rings.
Authors: Overman Larry E. , Peterson Emily A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides, Esculeosides C and D, from the Ripe Fruit of Cherry Tomato.
Authors: Ono Masateru , Takara Yuuki , Egami Masamichi , Uranaka Koichi , Yoshimitsu Hitoshi , Matsushita Sayaka , Fujiwara Yukio , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cytotoxic Polyprenylated Xanthones from the Resin of Garcinia hanburyi.
Authors: Han Quan‐Bin , Wang Yu‐Lin , Yang Ling , Tso Ting‐Fai , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Song Jing‐Zheng , Xu Li‐Jia , Chen Shi‐Lin , Yang Da‐Jian , Xu Hong‐Xi
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inhibitors of Human Mitotic Kinesin Eg5: Characterization of the 4‐Phenyl‐tetrahydroisoquinoline Lead Series.
Authors: Tarby Christine M. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyhydroxylated 4‐Thiaflavans as Multipotent Antioxidants: Protective Effect on Oxidative DNA Damage in vitro.
Authors: Lodovici Maura , Menichetti Stefano , Viglianisi Caterina , Caldini Silvia , Giuliani Elisa
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Properties of Bismuth(III) Oxy Compounds
Authors: Kravchenko E. A. , Orlov V. G. , Shlykov M. P.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Coordination Complexes of Copper in Mass Exchange of Biologically Active Substances
Authors: Evstigneeva R. P. , Pchelkin V. P.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vinylboranes
Authors: Vaultier M. , Alcaraz G.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Biosynthesis, Molecular Genetics and Enzymology of the Polyketide‐Derived Metabolites
Authors: Hill Alison M.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: McMaster J.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An optically stimulated luminescence dated Middle to Late Pleistocene fluvial sequence from the western Solent Basin, southern England
Authors: Briant Rebecca M. , Bates Martin R. , Schwenninger Jean‐Luc , Wenban‐Smith Francis
Published: June 2006

This paper presents numerical dating from a Middle to Late Pleistocene terrace deposit sequence in the Solent Basin, southern England. The sequence from the western part of the former Solent river system is one of the longest in Britain, with 18 mapped terrace aggradations. A set of 23 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates aim to provide dated tie‐points within the lower part of the sequence at five stratotype locations. These dates are replicated at single sites, providing age estimates for fewer members, but increasing the reliability for those members that have been dated. The results provide two reliably dated tie‐points within the sequence and suggest that (i) the lowest six terrace aggradations all postdate ca. 275 kyr (MIS 8), (ii) terraces may have aggraded during cold phases within the penultimate interglacial (MIS 7) and (iii) the interglacial deposits at Stone Point whose age has previously been contested are likely to be of Ipswichian (last interglacial, MIS 5e) age. These findings are compared to previous age models in the western Solent basin, with which they agree in part. They may suggest that fluvial activity in the Solent was particularly dynamic during MIS 7. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative orthogonal direction methods for Hermitian minimum norm solutions of two consistent matrix equations
Authors: Deng Yuan‐Bei , Bai Zhong‐Zhi , Gao Yong‐Hua
Published: July 2006

The consistent conditions and the general expressions about the Hermitian solutions of the linear matrix equations AXB=C and (AX, XB)=(C, D) are studied in depth, where A, B, C and D are given matrices of suitable sizes. The Hermitian minimum F‐norm solutions are obtained for the matrix equations AXB=C and (AX, XB)=(C, D) by Moore–Penrose generalized inverse, respectively. For both matrix equations, we design iterative methods according to the fundamental idea of the classical conjugate direction method for the standard system of linear equations. Numerical results show that these iterative methods are feasible and effective in actual computations of the solutions of the above‐mentioned two matrix equations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization of heterogeneous polydiacetylene supramolecules on SiC substrate for cyclodextrin sensors
Authors: Choi H. , Lee C. W. , Lee G. S. , Oh M. K. , Ahn D. J. , Kim J. , Kim J.‐M. , Ren F. , Pearton S. J.
Published: July 2006

Self‐assembled Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) with two different functional groups were successfully immobilized and chemisorbed on the surface of SiC substrates coated with thermally grown SiO2. Patterned PDAs on the surface of SiC with thermally grown SiO2 have shown selective response only to α‐CDs (cyclodextrins) and not to γ‐CDs through the manipulation of the outer structures of these PDAs. This shows the potential of integrating PDA‐based chemosensors with high temperature SiC microelectronics and MEMS systems. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Novel QSAR Model for Evaluating and Predicting the Inhibition Activity of Dipeptidyl Aspartyl Fluoromethylketones
Authors: Afantitis Antreas , Melagraki Georgia , Sarimveis Haralambos , Koutentis Panayiotis A. , Markopoulos John , Igglessi‐Markopoulou Olga
Published: July 2006

A linear quantitative structure activity relationship model is obtained using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis as applied to a series of 49 dipeptidyl aspartyl fluoromethylketone derivatives with inhibitory activity of the caspase enzyme. For the selection of the best descriptors, the elimination selection stepwise regression method is utilized. The accuracy of the proposed MLR model is illustrated using the following evaluation techniques: cross validation, validation through an external test set, and Y‐randomization. Furthermore, the domain of applicability which indicates the area of reliable predictions is defined.
After the Afterbirth: A Critical Review of Postpartum Health Relative to Method of Delivery
Authors: Borders Noelle
Published: June 2006

Four million women give birth each year in the United States, yet postpartum health has gone largely unaddressed by researchers, clinicians, and women themselves. In light of rising US cesarean birth rates, a critical need exists to elucidate the ramifications of cesarean birth and assisted vaginal birth on postpartum health. This literature review explores the current state of knowledge on postpartum health in general and relative to method of delivery. Randomized trials and other published reports were selected from relevant databases and hand searches. The literature indicates that postpartum morbidity is widespread and affects the majority of women regardless of method of delivery. Women who have spontaneous vaginal birth experience less shortand long‐term morbidity than women who undergo assisted vaginal birth or cesarean birth. To maximize postpartum health, providers of obstetric care need to protect the perineum during vaginal birth and avoid unnecessary cesarean deliveries. Clinicians must initiate the discussion about postpartum health antenatally and encourage women to enlist needed support early in the postpartum period. Flexibility in the schedule of postpartum care is essential. More research from the United States is warranted.
A WRONG TURNING: ARTICLE 3 ECHR AND PROPORTIONALITY
Authors: Palmer Stephanie
Published: June 2006

THE right not to be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is guaranteed in absolute terms in Article 3 of the ECHR. This article imposes on a State both a negative and a positive obligation. In recent months, the House of Lords has considered cases raising both obligations pursuant to Article 3. This paper will examine first the nature of Article 3 and these obligations, second the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of State responsibility, and finally the recent decisions of the House of Lords in R. (on the application of Adam, Limbuela and Tesema) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
Psychological factors in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: comparisons with non-patients and associations with symptoms
Authors: MORRISON ANTHONY P. , FRENCH PAUL , LEWIS SHÔN W. , ROBERTS MORWENNA , RAJA SHREETA , NEIL SANDRA T. , PARKER SOPHIE , GREEN JOANNE , KILCOMMONS AOIFFE , WALFORD LARA , BENTALL RICHARD P.
Published: July 2006

Background. There have been recent advances in the ability to identify people at high risk of developing psychosis. This has led to interest in the possibility of preventing the development of psychosis and provides the opportunity to investigate psychological mechanisms that may confer vulnerability to psychosis.

Method. Fifty-eight patients at ultra-high risk of developing a first episode of psychosis were compared with 56 non-patients matched for age and occupational status on measures of meta-cognition, schizotypal traits, dysfunctional attitudes and distress.

Results. Analyses of covariance revealed that people at high risk of developing psychosis scored higher on measures of cognitive vulnerability, including negative meta-cognitive beliefs, beliefs about rejection and criticism from others, and discrepancies in self-perception, schizotypal traits and general mental distress. Correlational analyses revealed that negative meta-cognitive beliefs, dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs about rejection and criticism from others were positively associated with several dimensions of symptomatology in at-risk mental states (ARMS) patients.

Conclusions. Cognitive and personality factors appear to characterize people at high-risk of developing psychosis and are associated with their distressing experiences. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Quantum weakest preconditions
Authors: D'HONDT ELLIE , PANANGADEN PRAKASH
Published: July 2006

We develop a notion of predicate transformer and, in particular, the weakest precondition, appropriate for quantum computation. We show that there is a Stone-type duality between the usual state-transformer semantics and the weakest precondition semantics. Rather than trying to reduce quantum computation to probabilistic programming, we develop a notion that is directly taken from concepts used in quantum computation. The proof that weakest preconditions exist for completely positive maps follows immediately from the Kraus representation theorem. As an example, we give the semantics of Selinger's language in terms of our weakest preconditions. We also cover some specific situations and exhibit an interesting link with stabilisers.