bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistência de soja a insetos: III. Seleção de linhagens resistentes a percevejos
Authors: Lourenção André Luiz , Rossetto Carlos Jorge , Miranda Manoel Albino Coelho de
Published: December 2007

Com o objetivo de conseguir material com resistência a percevejos, efetuaram-se cruzamentos entre a linhagem resistente IAC 73/228 e os cultivares Paraná, Bossier, Santa Rosa, UFV-1 e IAC-7. Para o processo de melhoramento, adotou-se o método genealógico com modificaçoes, sendo as linhas obtidas cultivadas em campo a partir de novembro e efetuado avanço de geração em casa de vegetação, a partir de junho. Foram feitas infestações artificiais de Nezara viridula (L.) em casa de vegetação e de Euschistus heros (Fabr.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.) e N. viridula em campo, todos coletados em lavouras de soja. Os critérios de seleção utilizados foram: a) alto número de vagens cheias no topo; b) ausência de retenção foliar; c) inserção alta das primeiras vagens; d) porte ereto da planta; e) produção superior à do cultivar Paraná em presença de insetos e f) sementes claras e lisas. Entre as linhagens selecionadas, destacou-se a IAC 80/596-2, de ciclo médio, descendente de IAC 73/ 228 x 'UFV-1', a qual apresentou teor satisfatório de óleo, ausência de retenção foliar mesmo sob severas infestações de percevejos, porte ereto e produção significativamente superior ao 'Paraná'. Verificou-se que é possível a transferência da resistência de IAC 73/228 para linhagens juntamente com seleção contra as principais características desfavoráveis dessa linhagem, que são a tendência a acamamento, inserção baixa das primeiras vagens, baixo teor de óleo e ciclo longo.
Mães ouvintes com filhos surdos: concepção de surdez e escolha da modalidade de linguagem
Authors: Silva Angélica Bronzatto de Paiva e , Pereira Maria Cristina da Cunha , Zanolli Maria de Lurdes
Published: December 2007

O objetivo foi analisar a concepção que mães ouvintes com filhos surdos têm sobre surdez e relacioná-la com a modalidade de linguagem utilizada pela mãe e pela criança. Entrevistaram-se 10 mães de crianças surdas, cinco pré-escolares e cinco escolares. Procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo das categorias "concepção de surdez" e "escolha da modalidade de linguagem" . A análise dos dados evidenciou que uma das mães parece ver a surdez como doença, outra como uma diferença e as outras mães encontram-se entre as duas posições. Quanto à escolha da modalidade de linguagem, metade das mães relata que seus filhos usam predominantemente os sinais, a outra metade utiliza a fala e os sinais e uma criança usa somente a linguagem oral. A criança cuja mãe concebe a surdez como doença procura se comunicar oralmente, enquanto aquela cuja mãe vê a surdez como diferença faz uso de sinais e de fala para se comunicar.
Discriminação de variedades de citros em imagens CCD/CBERS-2
Authors: Sanches Ieda Del'Arco , Gürtler Salete , Formaggio Antonio Roberto
Published: December 2007

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar as imagens CCD/CBERS-2 quanto à possibilidade de discriminarem variedades de citros. A área de estudo localiza-se em Itirapina (SP) e, para este estudo, foram utilizadas imagens CCD de três datas (30/05/2004, 16/08/2004 e 11/09/2004). Um modelo que integra os elementos componentes da cena citrícola sensoriada é proposto com o objetivo de explicar a variabilidade das respostas das parcelas de citros em imagens orbitais do tipo CCD/CBERS-2. Foram feitas classificações pelos algoritmos Isoseg e Maxver e, de acordo com o índice kappa, concluiu-se que é possível obterem-se exatidões qualificadas como muito boas, sendo que as melhores classificações foram conseguidas com imagens da estação seca.
Eficiência de inseticidas em tratamento de sementes de milho no controle da cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) em viveiro telado
Authors: Oliveira Charles Martins de , Oliveira Elizabeth de , Canuto Marcus , Cruz Ivan
Published: December 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência de inseticidas no tratamento de sementes no controle da cigarrinha-do-milho em viveiro telado. Sementes de milho foram tratadas ou não com inseticidas (imidacloprid, thiamethoxan, thiodicarb + zn, thiodicarb, carbofuran, carbofuran + zn e carbosulfan) e semeadas em vasos plásticos. Nas plantas, foram confinadas cigarrinhas sadias e avaliada a eficiência desses inseticidas no controle desse inseto, em diferentes intervalos de tempo e em períodos sucessivos. Os produtos imidacloprid e thiamethoxan foram os mais eficientes no controle da cigarrinha, proporcionando eficiência de controle de adultos de D. maidis igual ou superior a 70%, até o trigésimo dia de avaliação, após 4 a 24h de confinamento das cigarrinhas.
Cancer in children: the diagnostic itinerary
Authors: Cavicchioli Aline Cristiane , Menossi Maria José , Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia de
Published: December 2007

This study aims to describe the trajectory children and adolescents experience from the beginning of cancer signs and symptoms until the confirmation of the diagnosis, based on their parents' report. A total of eight mothers and two fathers participated in the study. Data were collected through semi structured interviews, and data were subject to qualitative analysis. We found that this period is significant for parents, who are capable of recognizing that something wrong started to happen to their children, expressed through signs and symptoms. They precisely reported the chronological time of this trajectory. The challenges they mentioned refer to the different diagnostic hypotheses, the difficulty to performing specific diagnostic exams and to be referred to specialized care services. This search for health service care revealed to be a difficult journey, which permits to identify that the Brazilian Basic Health System's principles of accessibility and problem-solving capacity are jeopardized.
Comparative description and discussion of spermiogenesis and spermatozoal ultrastructure in some species of Heptapteridae and Pseudopimelodidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Quagio-Grassiotto Irani , Spadella Maria Angélica , Carvalho Márcio de , Oliveira Claudio
Published: December 2007

The data obtained in the present study on spermiogenesis and spermatozoal ultrastructure of Pseudopimelodidae and Heptapteridae show that they share some characteristics, but greatly differ from each other. The main differences are the occurrence of type I spermiogenesis in Pseudopimelodidae and type III in Heptapteridae, the presence of nuclear fossa in Pseudopimelodidae and its absence in Heptapteridae, the presence of long midpiece in Pseudopimelodidae and short midpiece in Heptapteridae, the presence of cytoplasmic canal in Pseudopimelodidae and its absence in Heptapteridae, the presence of many large vesicles in the midpiece of Pseudopimelodidae and the presence of very long vesicles placed in the peripheral distal region in Heptapteridae, and mitochondria distributed all over the midpiece in Pseudopimelodidae, and very close to the nucleus in Heptapteridae. Heptapteridae and Pimelodidae share several characteristics, such as type III spermiogenesis, a similar chromatin condensation pattern, and the absence of nuclear fossa and flagellar lateral fins. The spermatozoa of Pseudopimelodidae is more similar to those of Siluridae. However, the absence of additional data on spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in siluriforms still limits a broader discussion in the order.
A new characid fish, Hyphessobryconhexastichos (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Bertaco Vinicius A. , Carvalho Tiago P.
Published: December 2007

A new characid species, Hyphessobrycon hexastichos, is described from the upper rio Tapajós, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all other Hyphessobrycon species by the presence of black zigzag longitudinal lines between longitudinal rows of scales in the lateral of body, maxilla with 3-5 teeth, i,6 pelvic-fin rays, 18-22 branched anal-fin rays, 4 scale rows above and 3 scale rows below of lateral line, lateral line with 9-13 perforated scales, and 33-35 scales in a longitudinal series.
A non-digging zoobenthivorous fish attracts two opportunistic predatory fish associates
Authors: Sazima Cristina , Grossman Alice
Published: December 2007

Following behaviour among reef fishes involves mostly a digging nuclear species while foraging, which attracts opportunistic followers preying on the exposed organisms. The flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans preys on benthic animals, mostly crustaceans and small fishes, scratching and probing the bottom with the inner rays of its pectoral fins. We recorded the flying gurnard being followed by two opportunistic predators, the yellow jack Caranx bartholomaei and the coney Cephalopholis fulva at Fernando de Noronha, off northeast Brazil. Albeit not actually digging the substrate, the flying gurnard acts as a nuclear species by exploring algae tufts and by its wandering near the boulders and ledges, disturbing and flushing out hidden animals which thus become available to predation.
Who’s the friend in the background?
Authors: Emmison Michael , Danby Susan
Published: December 2007

A significant number of calls made to Kids Help Line are seen by the organisation as not requiring counselling support, but are rather young people testing or ‘checking out’ the service. Although the status of many of these ‘testing calls’ is self-evident, determining the authenticity of others presents the helpline counsellors with a dilemma: confronting the caller if they have doubts about the caller’s reason for calling while, at the same time, avoiding a premature challenge when the call is genuine. We examine the various interactional strategies that the counsellors artfully deploy in their determination of the status of a call. Outright challenges are rare, and counsellors typically will employ devices that announce their suspicions indirectly and which, at the same time, seamlessly accomplish the mundane business of responding to a call in ways which treat the callers with respect.
A Toddler’s treatment of MM and MM
HM in talk with a parent
Authors: Filipi Anna
Published: December 2007

The study to be reported in this paper examined the work accomplished by mm and mm hm in the interactions of a parent and his daughter aged 0;10–2;0. Using the findings of Gardner (2001) for adults, the analysis shows that mm accomplished a range of functions based on its sequential placement and prosodic features, whereas mm hm was much more restricted to its use as a continuer. The principal concern of the study, however, was to investigate how the child treated these tokens in next turn position. It was found that she was able to display her acceptance or rejection of the response and that she had acquired a stock of conversational resources to do so. Included in the stock were the ability to initiate self and other repair, to correct, and to initiate a new topic to mark completion of a sequence. It is argued that through these actions the child was offering a display of her understanding of sequential connections and appropriateness of fit, and importantly what she deemed to be a sufficient response. The paper ends with a discussion of the child’s emerging knowledge as it is revealed in the minutiae of interaction.
Damage control
Authors: Skelt Louise
Published: December 2007

When a problem of understanding arises for a hearing-impaired recipient in the course of a conversation, and is detected, repairing that problem is only one of several possible courses of action for participants. Another possibility is the collaborative closing of the part of the conversation which has proved problematic for understanding, to allow the initiation of a new, and potentially less problematic, topic. This paper examines one practice utilised by hearing-impaired interactants and their partners in achieving such closings. The action of withdrawal of engagement (via withdrawal of gaze at partner) by hearing impaired interactants, accompanied by their production of multi-unit turns at talk, brings about the closing of problematic sequences. It is proposed that these multi-unit turns address the interactional delicacy of recipients’ withdrawal of engagement at points where the speaker’s action is demonstrably incomplete. By initiating and cooperating with ‘strategic’ topic change in this way, participants act both to conceal the understanding problem and to avoid its potential consequences for the unfolding conversation. In doing so, they also act to keep issues of conversational competence, and the threats to face and identity which may arise from these issues, off the surface of the conversation.
Post-start-up overlap and disattentiveness in talk in a Garrwa Community
Authors: Gardner Rod , Mushin Ilana
Published: December 2007

Overlap in conversation is a well-established area of conversation analysis research (e.g. Jefferson 1983; Schegloff 2000) which can reveal how participants orient to transition relevance places. This paper presents an analysis of overlap in the mixed (Garrwa, Kriol and English) language conversations of two indigenous Australian women as part of a larger study of turn-taking practices in indigenous conversations. Walsh (Walsh 1995) made some observations about Aboriginal conversational style, for example that they may enter a conversation without attending to the talk of others. His observational claims are empirically examined here in the context of our data.

We find that the overlapping talk in our data follows many patterns similar to English speakers’ talk, including transition space overlap (cf. Jefferson 1983) and simultaneous starts. The most important difference we found was overlap onset occurring shortly after the closure of the transition space, reflecting disattendance by speakers to the content, but not the timing, of each other’s talk. Overall, however, we find that the turn-taking of these two women is overwhelmingly orderly, and deviations from orderliness can mostly be accounted for by their orientation to points of possible completion and rules of turn-taking as described by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974).
Resisting categorisation
Authors: Austin Helena , Fitzgerald Richard
Published: December 2007

In this paper we use membership category analysis to examine the way an interviewee utilises category work in order to resist the possible accusation of being a bad mother and instead posit her mothering as ordinary. Through our analysis we explore the interactional work of ascribing and resisting categorisation organised through claims and counter-claims making procedures routinely grounded in descriptions and accounts, and embedded in shifts between individual and categorial actions.
Convective Drying of the Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus at Relatively Low Temperatures and its Efficiency in Whey Fermentation
Authors: Papapostolou H. , Bosnea L.A. , Kanellaki M. , Koutinas A.A.
Published: December 2007

Thermally dried thermophilic K. marxianus has proved to be an effective starter culture for whey fermentation.
Convective drying of K. marxianus can be performed effectively in the range 35-60oC. The best drying temperature for is
considered 35oC since it is the most cost effective without any substantial difference in kinetic parameters when compared
with higher temperatures.

The impact of thermally dried starter culture of K. marxianus is high, since several products could be produced from
whey, such as potable and fuel-grade alcohol, baker’s yeast, SCP to feed animals and a Kefir drink-type. Furthermore, the
economical impact of thermally dried starter culture production is essential, since it may lead small dairy enterprises to
treat their own whey by producing added value products and protecting the environment from this much polluted liquid.
GC-MS analysis of fermented whey indicates that it contains volatiles similar to traditional drinks produced from vegetable
raw materials.
Statin-Induced Increase in HDL-C and Renal Function in Coronary Heart Disease Patients§
Authors: Athyros Vasilios G , Kakafika Anna I , Papageorgiou Athanasios A , Pagourelias Efstathios D , Savvatianos Savvas D , Elisaf Moses , Karagiannis Asterios , Tziomalos Konstantinos , Mikhailidis Dimitri P
Published: December 2007

Background: Little is known about the potential of statin-induced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase to improve renal function in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.

Methods and Results: In thispost hocanalysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study we investigated the effect of HDL-C increase after statin treatment on renal function. From a total of 1,600 patients, 880 were on various statins (mainly atorvastatin) and 720 were not. Other secondary prevention therapies were similar in the 2 groups. After a 3 year follow up, the lipid profile was unchanged in the statin untreated group and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was reduced by 5.1% compared with baseline (P<0.0001). In contrast, in the statin treated group non-HDL-C was reduced by 43%, HDL-C was increased by 7% and there was a significant increase in eGFR compared with baseline by 9.8% (P<0.0001). In multiple regression analysis, the mean 7% increase in HDL-C in the treated arm during the entire study was associated with a 5.6% increase in eGFR recorded after the 6thweek of treatment. The odds ratio of eGFR increase with every 5% statin-induced rise in HDL-C was 1.78 (95% confidence interval 1.19-3.34; P=0.001).

Conclusions: Statin treatment significantly improved renal function. Statin-induced HDL-C increase significantly and independently contributed to this improvement. This finding supports the concept that improving lipid variables other than low density lipoprotein cholesterol is also beneficial to preserving renal function.
The Immature Heart: The Roles of Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells in Growth and Myocardial Repair
Authors: Jun Luo , Minh Duong , Calvin Wan , Carolyn J Teng , Ray C.J Chiu , Dominique Shum-Tim
Published: December 2007

Studies have shown that adult bone marrow derived stem cells (MSCs) can participate in repair of myocardial injury in adult hearts, as well as in cardiac growth during fetal development in utero. Yet, no studies have evaluated the role of MSCs with respect to normal growth or tissue repair in immature hearts after birth. The present study examines whether MSCs may participate in the myocardial growth and injury in the post-natal immature hearts. MSCs were isolated from adult Lewis rats and labeled with Lac-Z gene using retroviral vectors. These MSCs were injected systemically into groups of neonatal (NB=2days-old), immature (B=30days-old) and adult (A=>3months-old) isogeneic Lewis rats. Additionally, left coronary artery ligation was carried out in subgroups of immature (BL) and adult (AL) rats one week after MSCs injection. The hearts were harvested serially from 2-days to 6-weeks, stained with X-Gal for labeled MSCs. Car-diomyocyte phenotypic expression was evaluated by immunohistological staining for Troponin I-C and Connexin-43. La-beled MSCs were found to home into the bone marrow in all rats of different developmental stages. They could be re-cruited from bone marrow into the infarcted site of myocardium only in groups AL and BL. They were also capable of differentiating into cardiomyocyte phenotype after myocardial injury. In contrast to that reported in the developing fetus, MSCs did not appear to contribute to the growth of non-injured hearts after birth. However, they can be recruited from the bone marrow and regenerate damaged myocardium both in the adult and in the immature hearts.
The hierarchy theorem for second order generalized quantifiers
Authors: Kontinen Juha
Published: December 2007

We study definability of second order generalized quantifiers on finite structures. Our main result says that for every second order type t there exists a second order generalized quantifier of type t which is not definable in the extension of second order logic by all second order generalized quantifiers of types lower than t.
On PAC and bounded substructures of a stable structure
Authors: Pillay Anand , Polkowska Dominika
Published: December 2007

We introduce and study the notions of a PAC-substructure of a stable structure, and aboundedsubstructure of an arbitrary substructure, generalizing [10]. We give precise definitions and equivalences, saying what it means for properties such as PAC to be first order, study some examples (such as differentially closed fields) in detail, relate the material to generic automorphisms, and generalize a “descent theorem” for pseudo-algebraically closed fields to the stable context. We also point out that the elementary invariants of pseudo-algebraically closed fields from [6] are also valid for pseudo-differentially closed fields.
Trichotomies for ideals of compact sets
Authors: Matheron É. , Solecki S. , Zelený M.
Published: December 2007

We prove several trichotomy results for ideals of compact sets. Typically, we show that a “sufficiently rich” universally Baire ideal is either Π30-hard. or Σ30-hard. or else a σ-ideal.
A remark on Zilber's pseudoexponentiation
Authors: Marker David
Published: December 2007

When studying the model theory of

the first observation is that the integers can be defined as

Since ∂exp is subject to all of Gödel's phenomena, this is often also the last observation. After Wilkie proved that ℝexp is model complete, one could ask the same question for ∂exp, but the answer is negative.

Proposition 1.1. ∂expis not model complete

Proof. If ∂exp is model complete, then every definable set is a projection of a closed set. Since ∂ is locally compact, every definable set is Fσ. The same is true for the complement, so every definable set is also Gδ. But, since ℤ is definable, ℚ is definable and a standard corollary of the Baire Category Theorem tells us that ℚ is not Gδ.

Still, there are several interesting open questions about ∂exp.

• Is ℝ definable in ∂exp?

• (quasiminimality) Is every definable set countable or co-countable? (Note that this is true in the structure (∂, ℤ, +, ·) where we add a predicate for ℤ).

• (Mycielski) Is there an automorphism of ∂exp other than the identity and complex conjugation?1

A positive answer to the first question would tell us that ∂exp is essentially second order arithmetic, while a positive answer to the second would say that integers are really the only obstruction to a reasonable theory of definable sets.

A fascinating, novel approach to ∂exp is provided by Zilber's [6] pseudoexponentiation. Let L be the language {+, · E, 0, 1}.
A new S4 classical modal logic in natural deduction
Authors: Medeiros Maria Da Paz N.
Published: December 2007

We show, first, that the normalization procedure for S4 modal logic presented by Dag Prawitz in [5] does not work. We then develop a new natural deduction system for S4 classical modal logic that is logically equivalent to that of Prawitz, and we show that every derivation in this new system can be transformed into a normal derivation.
A polynomial translation of S4 into intuitionistic logic
Authors: Fernandez David
Published: December 2007

It is known that both S4 and the Intuitionistic prepositional calculus Int are P-SPACE complete. This guarantees that there is a polynomial translation from each system into the other.

However, no sound and faithful polynomial translation from S4 into Int is commonly known. The problem of finding one was suggested by Dana Scott during a very informal gathering of logicians in February 2005 at UCLA. Grigori Mints then brought it to my attention, and in this paper I present a solution. It is based on Kripke semantics and describes model-checking for S4 using formulas of Int.

A simple translation from Int into S4, the Gödel-Tarski translation, is wellknown; given a formula φ of Int, one obtains by prefixing □ to every subformula. For example,

.

That the translation is sound and faithful can be seen by considering topological semantics, which assign open sets both to □-formulas of S4 and arbitrary formulas of Int; the interpretation of φ and turn out to be identical. See Tarski's paper [6] for details. Gödel's original paper can be found in [3].

In [2], Friedman and Flagg present a kind of inverse to Gödel-Tarski. Given a formula φ of S4 and a finite set of formulas Γ of Int, for each ε ∈ Γ one gets an intuitionistic formula given recursively by
Linear Kripke frames and Gödel logics
Authors: Beckmann Arnold , Preining Norbert
Published: December 2007

We investigate the relation between intermediate predicate logics based on countable linear Kripke frames with constant domains and Gödel logics. We show that for any such Kripke frame there is a Gödel logic which coincides with the logic defined by this Kripke frame on constant domains and vice versa. This allows us to transfer several recent results on Gödel logics to logics based on countable linear Kripke frames with constant domains: We obtain a complete characterisation of axiomatisability of logics based on countable linear Kripke frames with constant domains. Furthermore, we obtain that the total number of logics defined by countable linear Kripke frames on constant domains is countable.
Combinatorial principles weaker than Ramsey's Theorem for pairs
Authors: Hirschfeldt Denis R. , Shore Richard A.
Published: December 2007

We investigate the complexity of various combinatorial theorems about linear and partial orders, from the points of view of computability theory and reverse mathematics. We focus in particular on the principles ADS (Ascending or Descending Sequence), which states that every infinite linear order has either an infinite descending sequence or an infinite ascending sequence, and CAC (Chain-AntiChain), which states that every infinite partial order has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. It is wellknown that Ramsey's Theorem for pairs () splits into a stable version () and a cohesive principle (COH). We show that the same is true of ADS and CAC, and that in their cases the stable versions are strictly weaker than the full ones (which is not known to be the case for and ). We also analyze the relationships between these principles and other systems and principles previously studied by reverse mathematics, such as WKL0, DNR, and BΣ2. We show, for instance, that WKL0 is incomparable with all of the systems we study. We also prove computability-theoretic and conservation results for them. Among these results are a strengthening of the fact, proved by Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman, that COH is -conservative over the base system RCA0. We also prove that CAC does not imply DNR which, combined with a recent result of Hirschfeldt, Jockusch. Kjos-Hanssen, Lempp, and Slaman, shows that CAC does not imply (and so does not imply ). This answers a question of Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman.

Our proofs suggest that the essential distinction between ADS and CAC on the one hand and on the other is that the colorings needed for our analysis are in some way transitive. We formalize this intuition as the notions of transitive and semitransitive colorings and show that the existence of homogeneous sets for such colorings is equivalent to ADS and CAC, respectively. We finish with several open questions.
Power set modulo small, the singular of uncountable cofinality
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: December 2007

Let μ be singular of uncountable cofinality. If μ > 2cf(μ), we prove that in ℙ = ([μ]μ, ⊇) as a forcing notion we have a natural complete embedding of Levy(ℵ0, μ+) (so ℙ collapses μ+to ℵ0) and even Levy (). The “natural” means that the forcing ({p∈ [μ] :pclosed}, ⊇) is naturally embedded and is equivalent to the Levy algebra. Also if ℙ fails theχ-c.c. then it collapsesχto ℵ0(and the parallel results for the case μ > ℵ0is regular or of countable cofinality). Moreover we prove: for regular uncountableκ, there is a familyPofκpartitionsĀ= ⟨Aα:α<κ⟩ ofκsuch that for anyA∈ [κ]κfor some ⟨Aα:α<κ⟩ ∈Pwe have α <κ⇒ ∣Aα∩A∣ =κ.
Parallel interpolation, splitting, and relevance in belief change
Authors: Kourousias George , Makinson David
Published: December 2007

The splitting theorem says that any set of formulae has a finest representation as a family of letter-disjoint sets. Parikh formulated this for classical propositional logic, proved it in the finite case, used it to formulate a criterion for relevance in belief change, and showed that AGM partial meet revision can fail the criterion. In this paper we make three further contributions. We begin by establishing a new version of the well-known interpolation theorem, which we call parallel interpolation, use it to prove the splitting theorem in the infinite case, and show how AGM belief change operations may be modified, if desired, so as to ensure satisfaction of Parikh's relevance criterion.
Palmar or plantar process fractures of the distal phalanx in riding horses: 22 cases (1994–2003)
Authors: Robson K. E. , Kristoffersen M. , Dyson S. J.
Published: December 2007

No case series exists in the literature describing palmar/plantar process fractures (PPFs) of the distal phalanx in a nonracehorse population. We aim to describe the distribution of these injuries, together with their clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic features. In a retrospective case study, horses were selected based on radiographic evidence of a PPF. Data were collected relating to clinical and lameness examination, radiography, scintigraphy, management and follow‐up information.

Oblique and flexed oblique radiographic views of the distal phalanx are the most sensitive in detecting PPFs of the distal phalanx and this study concluded that fractures of palmar or plantar process are likely to be missed in horses showing mild lameness if oblique radiographic views of the palmar process are not included.
A new surface accumulation map for western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, from interpolation of point measurements
Authors: Rotschky Gerit , Holmlund Per , Isaksson Elisabeth , Mulvaney Robert , Oerter Hans , Van Den Broeke Michiel R. , Winther Jan-Gunnar
Published: December 2007

As a result of intensive field activities carried out by several nations over the past 15 years, a set of accumulation measurements for western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, was collected, based on firn-core drilling and snow-pit sampling. This new information was supplemented by earlier data taken from the literature, resulting in 111 accumulation values. Using Geographical Information Systems software, a first region-wide mean annual snow-accumulation field was derived. In order to define suitable interpolation criteria, the accumulation records were analyzed with respect to their spatial autocorrelation and statistical properties. The resulting accumulation pattern resembles well- known characteristics such as a relatively wet coastal area with a sharp transition to the dry interior, but also reveals complex topographic effects. Furthermore, this work identifies new high-return shallowdrilling sites by uncovering areas of insufficient sampling density.
Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland
Authors: Luetscher Marc , Bolius David , Schwikowski Margit , Schotterer Ulrich , Smart Peter L.
Published: December 2007

The presence of cave ice is documented in many karst regions but very little is known about the age range of this potential paleoclimate archive. This case study from the Monlesi ice cave, Swiss Jura Mountains, demonstrates that dating of cave ice is possible using a multi-parameter approach. Ice petrography, debris content and oxygen isotope composition have the potential for identification of annual growth layers, but require a continuous core from the ice deposits, limiting application of this approach. Furthermore, complete melting of ice accumulations from individual years may occur, causing amalgamation of several annual bands. Use of 3H content of the ice and 14C dating of organic debris present in the ice proved to be of limited utility, providing rather broad bounds for the actual age. Initial estimates based on 210Pb analyses from clear ice samples gave results comparable to those from other methods. The most reliable techniques applied were the determination of ice turnover rates, and the dating of anthropogenic inclusions (a roof tile) in the ice. These suggest, respectively, that the base of the cave ice was a minimum of 120 and a maximum of 158 years old. Therefore, our data support the idea that mid-latitude and low-altitude subsurface ice accumulations result from modern deposition processes rather than from presence of Pleistocene relict ice.
Re‐emerging conceptual integration: commentary on Berkowitz's “On the Consideration of Automatic as well as Controlled Psychological Processes in Aggression”
Authors: Pahlavan Farzaneh
Published: December 2007

In recent decades, researchers in various areas of psychology have challenged the claims of a single mode of information processing, and developed dual‐process models of social behaviors. Although these theories differ on a number of dimensions, they all share the basic assumption that two different modes of information processing operate in making decision and copying behavior. In essence, the common distinction in these perspectives is between controlled vs. automatic, conscious vs. unconscious, and affective vs. cognitive modes of processing. The purpose of Berkowitz's article is to go beyond the notion of automatic processes in order to use classic notions of conditioning and displacement to explain aggressive behavior. I assert that an explanatory framework for psychology of aggression must be anchored not only in the new but also classic theoretical paradigms. However, progress in psychology does not rest solely on the accumulation of theoretical insights. It demands a large body of empirical facts, with attention to incongruities, discordances, and conceptual clarifications. Aggr. Behav. 34:130–132, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenetic study of atypical antipsychotic drug response: Involvement of the norepinephrine transporter gene
Authors: Méary A. , Brousse G. , Jamain S. , Schmitt A. , Szöke A. , Schürhoff F. , Gavaudan G. , Lancon C. , Macquin‐Mavier I. , Leboyer M. , Llorca P.M.
Published: December 2007

The identification of genetic factors underlying individual differences in antipsychotic drug response is of major interest. We investigated the involvement of two norepinephrine transporter gene polymorphisms in response to antipychotics, comparing patients with strong and weak response to olanzapine and risperidone. We prospectively assessed short‐term drug response in 75 Caucasian schizophrenic patients treated with these drugs, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. We then assessed the association between two SLC6A2 gene polymorphisms and drug response in this sample. No significant difference in genotype distribution was found between responders and non‐responders, for the G1287A or T‐182C polymorphism. The improvement in PANSS positive subscore was significantly greater in patients homozygous for the A1287 allele than in other patients, and significantly smaller in patients homozygous for the C‐182 allele than in other patients. Our results suggest that these polymorphisms are specifically involved in the variation of positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced compatibilization and orientation of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin composite fibers using carbon nanotubes
Authors: Su Juanxia , Wang Qi , Su Run , Wang Ke , Zhang Qin , Fu Qiang
Published: December 2007

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gelatin composite fibers containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) had been prepared by wet‐spinning method. A remarkable increase of tensile strength of the PVA/gelatin fibers was achieved by adding small amount of CNT. The mechanism of reinforcement has been studied using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 2D wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (2D‐WAXD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM showed a decreased gelatin domain size by adding CNTs, suggesting a possible compatibilization effect between PVA and gelatin. On the other hand, an increased crystallinity and degree of orientation of PVA/gelatin fibers has been observed by adding CNTs. Thus, the increased compatibilization, crystallinity and degree of orientation in PVA/gelatin/CNTs composite fibers should be the reasons for the observed increase of mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of polysiloxane with pendant Cr‐bound carbazole chromophore for nonlinear optics
Authors: Hui Chen , Xiaohui Tian , Yizhong Yuan , Jiaping Lin
Published: December 2007

A novel η6‐complex of N‐allylcarbazole containing chromium tricarbonyl was synthesized. This complex was hydrosilylated with polymethylhydrosiloxane to afford a substituted polymer. Both the complex and the polymer were characterized by classical spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, NMR, and UV–vis), gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). The glass transition temperature of the polymer was found to be above 100°C and its thermal decomposition temperature was above 280°C. The polymer was amorphous in nature and formed excellent homogeneous films of good optical transparency. The third nonlinear optical properties of this polymer film coated on quartz substrate were studied by time‐resolved forward degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Bone Remodeling in Maxilla, Mandible, and Femur of Young Dogs
Authors: Huja Sarandeep S. , Beck Frank M.
Published: December 2007

Bone remodeling in the jaw is essential for metabolic needs, mechanical demands and for growth of the skeleton. Currently, there is no information on remodeling in the jaw of young dogs. Four ∼5‐month‐old male dogs were given a pair of calcein bone labels. After killing, bone sections were obtained from the maxilla, mandible, and femur. The jaw specimens were obtained from regions associated with erupting permanent teeth. Undecalcified specimens were prepared for examination by histomorphometric methods to evaluate mineral apposition rate (μm/d), mineralizing surface/bone surface (%), and bone formation rate (BFR, %/yr) in the bone supporting erupting teeth and in the femurs. Only intracortical secondary osteonal remodeling units were measured. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the BFR for the three sites examined, with the highest BFR (72%/yr) being in the femur. The mandible had a BFR twofold greater than the maxilla (51%/yr vs. 25.5%/yr). The rate of turnover in the jaw and femur of young dogs is distinct from a similar comparison between the jaw and appendicular skeleton of adult (∼1 yr old) dogs. Although BFR decreases with age in the femur, it remains elevated in the jaws. Anat Rec, 291:1–5, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Exogenous Thyroid Hormone on the Postnatal Morphogenesis of the Rat Parotid Gland
Authors: Ikeda Rie , Aiyama Shigeo , Redman Robert S.
Published: December 2007

Administration of thyroid hormone has been shown to accelerate the early postnatal development of the rat parotid gland, but these studies have dwelt almost entirely on biochemical changes. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of exogenous thyroid hormone on morphologic aspects of the developing parotid gland, in particular the transient appearance of scattered mucous cells in this otherwise serous gland. Pups were given a daily subcutaneous injection of thyroxine (T4) of 0.1, 0.5, or 5.0 μg/g body weight, vehicle only (injection control), or no injection (normal control) beginning at 4 days, and killed for the collection of blood and parotid glands at intervals through 15 days. The serum was analyzed for T4 and the glands were examined by light and electron microscopy. The results indicated that both serum T4 and the pace of gland development were proportional to the dose of T4. In particular, T4 accelerated decreases in acinar size and gland area occupied by stroma and translocation of a subset of cells with small secretory granules, deeply stained with periodic acid–Schiff, from acini to intercalated ducts. However, the chronology of mucous cell disappearance was indifferent to treatment. In addition, signs of toxicity, including slower gain in body weight and greatly increased apoptosis and vacuoles in the glands, occurred with the higher doses of T4. Anat Rec, 291:94–104, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Special Features of Dermal Melanocytes in White Silky Chicken Embryos
Authors: Ortolani‐Machado Claudia , De Freitas Patrícia , Borges Marisa E. , Faraco Cloris
Published: December 2007

In the hyperpigmented Silky (SK) chicken, melanoblasts are neural crest cells that emigrate from the neural tube, migrate dorsolaterally, close to the ectoderm and medioventrally, reaching visceral regions of the embryo, as well as populating the dermis. In this work, we analyzed the morphology and distribution of melanocytic lineage cells in white SK embryos at later stages of development (6 to 19 days of incubation) focusing in the dermis of dorsal skin to characterize this ectopically located population. Melanoblasts and immature melanocytes are seen at all analyzed stages, some of them clearly proliferative, suggesting a possibility of continued renewal of the population. Mature, fully differentiated melanocytes are elongated cells with many long cytoplasmic processes, forming a meshwork in superficial dermis, below a layer of collagen and elastic fibers that seems to prevent melanocytic lineage cells from reaching the epidermis at these later stages. SK chicken is the onlyGallus gallusbreed to display this arrangement of dermal melanocytes. The distribution of melanocytes below the collagen layer, observed in regions covered by feathers, is clearly not related with structural coloration as in areas of bare skin. Other functions for this conserved trait in SK must be investigated. Anat Rec, 291:55–64, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of Outer Hair Cells in Ames Waltzer Mice: Mutation in Protocadherin 15 Affects Development of Cuticular Plate and Associated Structures
Authors: Kikkawa Yayoi S. , Pawlowski Karen S. , Wright Charles G. , Alagramam Kumar N.
Published: December 2007

The Ames waltzer (av) mouse mutant harbors a mutation in the protocadherin 15 gene (Pcdh15) and is a model for deafness in Usher syndrome 1F and nonsyndromic deafness DFNB23. Mutation in Pcdh15 affects stereocilia morphogenesis and polarity. Disruptions of apical cellular components in outer hair cells have also been described in av mutants. Organization of stereocilia and cell polarization may be dependent on proper orientation of structural components residing in the apical portion of the cell during development. We used electron and immunofluorescent microscopy to examine structural maturation of outer hair cells in av3J mice with emphasis on the fonticulus, basal body/centriole complex, actin mesh, and the microtubule network during initiation of bundle organization, between embryonic day (E) 16.5 and postnatal day 5 (P5). We found major ultrastructural rearrangements near the hair cell surface in av3J mice. Earliest changes were in kinocilia, basal body, and stereocilia positioning and microtubule arrangement once the kinocilia had lateralized to the side of the cell (between E16.5 and postnatal day [P] 0, before cuticular plate formation and stereocilia elongation). By P0, the developing fonticulus in av mice appeared enlarged, with a normal vesicle density. Stereocilia bundle disorganization increased after P0, with disruptions of the actin mesh within the cuticular plate. These observations support the hypothesis that mutations in Pcdh15 in av3J mice adversely affect coordinated maturation of apical cell components, resulting in disturbed stereocilia bundle polarity in av mice. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling a general standby system and evaluation of its performance
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Mi Jie , Yun Won Young
Published: December 2007

Redundancy or standby is a technique that has been widely applied to improving system reliability and availability in system design. In this paper, a general method for modelling standby system is proposed and system performance measures are derived. It is shown that the proposed general standby system includes the cases of cold, hot and warm standby systems with units of exponential distribution, which were studied in the literature, as special cases. An optimal allocation problem for a standby system is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The helix‐loop‐helix protein Id2 is expressed differentially and induced by myc in T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Cotta Claudiu V. , Leventaki Vasiliki , Atsaves Vassilis , Vidaki Athina , Schlette Ellen , Jones Dan , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Rassidakis George Z.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2), a helix‐loop‐helix protein of the inhibitor of differentiation (ID) family, is involved in hematopoiesis, mainly through interaction with the E‐family of transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that Id2 is overexpressed in some types of B‐cell lymphoma, including classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The authors of the current study hypothesized that Id2 also is overexpressed in T‐cell lymphomas.

METHODS.

By using reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analyses, high Id2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, respectively, were detected in all 4 T‐cell anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines that were tested.

RESULTS.

Immunohistochemistry results indicated that Id2 was expressed strongly in 21 of 27 (78%) ALCL tumors (79% anaplastic lymphoma kinase [ALK]‐negative and 75% ALK‐positive), in 5 of 10 (50%) extranodal natural killer/T (NK/T)‐cell lymphomas of the nasal type, in 2 of 8 (25%) cutaneous ALCLs, in 2 of 9 (22%) enteropathy type T‐cell lymphomas, in 1 of 5 (20%) peripheral T‐cell lymphomas not otherwise specified, and in 1 of 8 (13%) T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemias. Other types of T‐cell lymphoma were negative for Id2. Because it is known that myc is expressed in ALCL, myc was inhibited selectively in 2 ALCL cell lines, resulting in a concentration‐dependent decrease in Id2 mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, forced expression of myc in HEK 293T cells using an myc/green fluorescent protein adenoviral vector resulted in Id2 up‐regulation.

CONCLUSIONS.

Taken together, the current data suggest that Id2 commonly is overexpressed in highly proliferative T‐cell lymphomas, and its expression may result from transcriptional activation of myc in these tumors. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
On the implications of the classical ergodic theorems: Analysis of developmental processes has to focus on intra‐individual variation
Authors: Molenaar Peter C.M.
Published: December 2007

It is argued that general mathematical‐statistical theorems imply that standard statistical analysis techniques of inter‐individual variation are invalid to investigate developmental processes. Developmental processes have to be analyzed at the level of individual subjects, using time series data characterizing the patterns of intra‐individual variation. It is shown that standard statistical techniques based on the analysis of inter‐individual variation appear to be insensitive to the presence of arbitrary large degrees of inter‐individual heterogeneity in the population. An important class of nonlinear epigenetic models of neural growth is described which can explain the occurrence of such heterogeneity in brain structures and behavior. Links with models of developmental instability are discussed. A simulation study based on a chaotic growth model illustrates the invalidity of standard analysis of inter‐individual variation, whereas time series analysis of intra‐individual variation is able to recover the true state of affairs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 60–69, 2008.