bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KONFIGURASI KATA SAM’, BASHAR, DAN FU’AD DALAM AL-QUR’AN MENURUT TINJAUAN ILM AL-MA’ANIY
Authors: Siddiq Mahfudz
Published: October 2015

In language and literature perspective, the Qur′anic style has uniqueness because it has specific characteristic, model, and configuration in its style, word, and structure. Al-Qur′an as a miracle of the God revealed to Muhammad peace be upon him is a miracle text of language and literature, although it can not be categorized as literary text, but it uses literary approach in delivering God ideas about world life and hereafter. In this article, the writer tries to discover Qur′anic uniqueness to observe tree words that are always mentioned in a series; sam’ (hear), bashar (see), and fu′aad (heart). In this case, the writer uses al-ma’aaniy, one of al-balaghah branches to analyze Qur′anic verses. The aim is to explain uniqueness of its specific characteristic, model, and configuration used in Qur′anic style in order to explain those tree words. The findings are that the expression of those three words expressed in a series, are revealed in six verses. (1) Surah al-Nahl (16) ayat 78; (2) Surah al-Isra′ (17) ayat 36; (3) Surah al-Mu’minun (23) ayat 78; (4) Surah al-Sajdah (32) ayat 9; (5) Surah al-Ahiqaf (46) ayat 26; dan (6) Surah al-Mulk (67) ayat 23. The sense expressions have reached the perfectness, fashahah or the harmony and compactness among one phrase and the next phrase. In other word the fashahah and balaghah of the Al Quran is incomparable.
STILISTIKA MORFOLOGI AL-QURAN JUZ 30
Authors: Hakim M. Aunul
Published: October 2015

There are some aspects of al-Quran miracle, among other are the language and content. Al-Quran is popularly known of using the popular vocabularies that are commonly used by the people but full up with meaning and decorated with beautiful language style. One of the characteristics is, in Juz 30 contains short verses, so that they can be read in a beautiful unity of style, and as consequence, it can be seen and felt harmonious in its rhythm and rhymes. Stylistics is a branch of language science that observes the language used in literary text, an interdisciplinary of linguistics and literature. There are found out the morphological stylistics in the Juz 30 in the form of one addition of morpheme in ‘wazan’, elimination of one morpheme in wazan, morpheme change in wazan, and change in word meaning. The morphemic addition in wazan is for example, addition of harf illat, tasydid, and ha’ saktah, while the elimination one morpheme such as the elimination of harf illat, harf ta’ mudlara’ah, ya’ mutakallim, and alif isim fail. The change of wazan can be found in the wazan jamak, masdar, isim shifat, fiil and isim. The change of meaning covers the widening meaning of isim, fi’il and word.
AYAT-AYAT DOA DALAM AL QUR'AN PRESPEKTIF MAKNA DASAR DAN RELASIONAL
Authors: Rosyidi Abdul Wahab
Published: October 2015

One of approaches in comprehending al-Qur’an is semantic or meaning approach. There are three ways to goin the meaning; first is through microstructure, that is to get the meaning of text through structural analysis of sentence and phrase. Second, stylistic, that is the special stylistic of al-Qur’an to be the tool to find the meaning of the text. Third, semantic, that is the choice of word or vocabulary used in al-Qur’an has basic meaning and relational meaning. This paper is intended to observe the words that contain doa explicitly, that is the verse of doa with the key word “fi’il madhi, and amar”. The research belongs to library research of qualitative approach. After analyzing the key word, the conclusions are: 1) the basic meaning of the key word in the verse of doa in al-Qur’an has lexical meaning, while the relational meaning is the meaning produced by the textual and contextual, in this case the relational meaning of the verse of doa constitutes, of synonym, antonym, and ambiguity. 2) In the verse of doa in al-Qur’an, the relational meaning is not always attached to the key words; although it is related to the other words, it sometimes still has lexical meaning.
A STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS’ ANXIETY AND ACHIEVEMENT IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Fadillah Ridha
Published: October 2015

This paper aims at investigating whether there is relationship between students’ anxiety and students’ achievement in English as a foreign language among adolescents at Sekolah Menengah Umum Negeri 1 Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. The sample was 152 students of sixteen and seventeen years old at second grade. The results indicate that the students’ anxiety in learning English as foreign language is at moderate level. There is no significant relationship between English language anxiety and students’ achievement in English as a foreign language as a whole. But a significant negative correlation between test anxiety and students’ achievement is indicated. And the difference of English language anxiety between male and female occurred on communication apprehension, it shows that female is more apprehensive than male in English communication but for overall anxiety, there is no difference in English language anxiety by gender at second grade in this school.
AL-AKHTHA’ FII IKTISAB AL-TSUNAIYAT AL-SHUGHRA
Authors: Huda Miftahul
Published: October 2015

Language acquisition starts from the ability of listening basic letter(iktisab al-ashwat) since child age. The letter of a language is limited in number, and sometimes there is similarity of letters among languages. The similarity of letters in two languages make it easy to learn the language. On the contrary, the obstacle of language learning can be caused by different letters between two languages (mother tongue and second/foreign language). The problem may be caused by minimal pairs (tsunaiyat al-shughro). This research aims at finding out the error of minimal pair acquisition, with the subject of Indonesian students in Jami’ah Malik Saud Saudi Arabia, with the method of error analysis. The study concludes that in iktisab al-ashwat of minimal pairs, the error is around 3,3 %-58,3%. Second: the error on minimal pairs occurs on the letters shift ?? ?? ? to be ? , letter ? to be ? , letter ? to be ? , letter ? to be ? , letter ? to be ?? , and letter ? to be ?.
DOKTRIN NASIONALISME DALAM NOVEL A. HASJMY
Authors: Wildan Wildan
Published: October 2015

This study discusses nationalism that has been portrayed in seven novels written by A. Hasjmy, an Acehnese writer. The novels are Melalui Jalan Raya Dunia (1938), Bermandi Cahaya Bulan (1939), Suara Azan dan Lonceng Gereja (1940), Nona Pressroom (1951), Elly Gadis Nica (1951), Meurah Djohan: Sultan Aceh Pertama (1976), and Tanah Merah: Digul Bumi Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1976). The aim of the study is to analyze doctrine of nationalism in the context of Indonesian politics. The main finding of this study shows that Indonesian nationalism is obviously well represented in the novels. This finding is contrary to the public opinion that most of the Acehnese are supporters of the separatist movement, i.e. Acehnese nationalism. Thus, in portraying the nationalism, A. Hasjmy has exploited certain writing techniques in his novels, such as epistolary, speeches, diary, poems and footnotes to camouflage its doctrines and missions. With these findings, the significance of this study is it could elucidate academically that not every Acehnese agrees with the idea of Aceh separatism.
INTERNET SEBAGAI SALAH SATU SUMBER BELAJAR PADA MATA KULIAH INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Authors: Titik Sudartinah Suhaini M. Saleh,
Published: October 2015

This article aims at describing the roles of the internet as a learning resource for students of Introduction to Linguistics at the Study Program of English Language and Literature, Yogyakarta State University. The research was a classroom action research conducted in a class consisting of twenty students in their third semester. In the research, the students were guided in order that they can maximize the use of the internet as an additional learning resource in the subject. The results of the research show that the internet is a useful medium from which students gain a lot of advantages that make them have higher motivation to learn linguistics. Thus, the students achieve higher marks at the end of the course.
TOKUSUKE UTSUGI’S SEXUAL MASOCHISM IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S DIARY OF A MAD OLD MAN
Authors: Meria Zakiah Alfisuma Abdul Muhid,
Published: October 2015

This paper discussed one of the sexual disorders called sexual masochism through literary study. By discussing one of the novels by Junichiro Tanizaki entitled Diary of a Mad Old Man, the writers have some objectives in writing this paper. First, to describe sexual masochism experienced by Tokusuke Utsugi through the symptoms reflected on his behavior and way of thinking. Second, to uncover the causal factor and the impact of Tokusuke Utsugi' sexual masochism in Junichiro Tanizaki's Diary of a Mad Old Man. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods; all of the data are obtained by doing library research (literature review). The analysis result shows Tokusuke Utsugi was a sexual masochist, ie man who has sexual deviations by symptoms experienced such as 1) Tokusuke Utsugi’s sexual desire resulting from torture or acceptance of pain from Satsuko, 2) Tokusuke Utsugi’s sexual desire resulting from suffering due to his various illnesses, 3) Tokusuke Utsugi’s sexual desire resulting from the insult he received from Satsuko. Sexual masochism suffered by Tokusuke Utsugi is the result of burial deviant sexual fantasies. As a result of the fulfillment of a deviant sexual desire, he was willing to do crazy things to satisfy his sexual desire.
IMPROVING THE TENTH-YEAR STUDENTS’ WRITING ABILITY AT MA MAMBAUS SHOLIHIN GRESIK THROUGH MIND MAPPING
Authors: Miftah M. Zaini
Published: October 2015

This study is aimed at developing mind mapping strategy to improve the tenth-year students’ writing ability at Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Mambaus Sholihin Gresik and focused on solving the problem of how the students generate and organize ideas for writing a topic. The design of the study is collaborative classroom action research. Both the researcher and his collaborator work together in cyclic activities – planning, implementing, observing and reflecting on the data gained from the teaching and learning process – which runs into three cycles, each of which covers four meetings. The findings show that by implementing mind mapping with the proper model developed, the students’ ability in writing a descriptive text improves. It is indicated by the improvement of the percentage of the students achieving the score greater than or equal to 65 and of the percentage of the students’ involvement in the writing activities during the implementation of mind mapping in the instructional process in Cycle I, II, and III. The improvement of the students’ ability in writing a descriptive text can be reached but it should follow the procedures of the proper model of mind mapping developed.
NILAI-NILAI RUMAH TANGGA DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL AHMAD TOHARI: TRILOGI RONGGENG DUKUH PARUK, BEKISAR MERAH DAN BELANTIK
Authors: Mugijatna Mugijatna
Published: October 2015

This study is cunducted to discuss the problem of household  values in Ahmad Tohari’s novels: Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy, Bekisar Merah and Belantik (Bekisar Merah II). As for the purpose is to describe household values in the novels,  to describe Ahmad Tohari’s intention to reveal household values in  the novels, and to describe the significance of household values in the novels. This study uses cultural approach with hermeneutics as its methodology and semiotics as its analysis. The findings are, first, household values in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy is expressed in a form of Rasus’ refusal toward pornographic ronggeng tradition and Srintil’s struggle to become domestic woman. In Bekisar Merah and Belantik, it is expressed in a form of Kanjat’s attitude to marry Lasi honorably and Lasi’s refusal to have sexual intercourse outside marriage. Second, Ahmad Tohari’s intention to express household values in  the novels is  to develop civilization which is clean from immorality.  Third, the significance of household values in the novels is as ’model of” inherited values, at the same time as ’model for’ struggle to continue the inherited values. Besides that, the values also have a significance of  ”a candle in darkness” to face tradition which nurture sexual intercourse outside marriage and  the promulgation of sexual intercourse outside  marriage by hedonistic life.
PERBANDINGAN ASPEK ONTOLOGI DAN EPISTEMOLOGI ILM AL-MA’ANIY DAN PRAGMATIK
Authors: Fauzi Moch Sony
Published: October 2015

The Ma’aniy and Pragmatics are two field of study that is closely related to language. Both of them have different background. The Ma’aniy was born from the intention to discover the miracle of Qur’an from its language. On the other hand, pragmatics was born from the study of language phenomena in the forms of human utterances. The ma’aniy was born in eastern world, and pragmatics was from the west. Through contrastive analytic and conventional text study this paper is aimed at comparing the epistemological aspects of those two field of study, especially at three different aspects of pragmatics, theory of speech act, implicature and relevance. Those three aspects are found out the similarities with the aspects in ma’aniy. The findings are first, ontologically, there is similarity between ma’aniy and pragmatics, especially in discussing the forms and meaning of speech that is influenced by speech context. Many definitions of those two field of studies have similarities. Second, epistemologically, those two field of studies have similarities, for example, in ma’aniy there is “kalam khabariy” and “kalam insya’iy”, that is similar to the maxim violation in the speech implicature in pragmatics.
UNGKAPAN BAHASA ALE RASA BETA RASA DALAM KOMUNIKASI SOSIAL DI MALUKU DAN PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER
Authors: Wenno I. H.
Published: October 2015

According to the sosiocultural context, language “ale rasa beta rasa” have a deep meaning for the people of Maluku. More than a concept, this phrase have a cultural meaning that can inspire people in Maluku about life, as well as social relationship among people, such as relation between individuals, groups, villages, ethnics, and religions.  The meaning and value of “ale rasa beta rasa” can be used to solve conflict and to prevent a social chaos among the people. This idiom, can be used to increase development  and to make a good relation between goverment and people as a civil society. In daily life, this culture can be a model to increase a better social relatonship and affection each other. This culture is a local wisdom that can be used to develop character building and to unite the people and to stabilize the nation.

Keywords: Ale Rasa Beta Rasa, Komunikasi, Pembentukan Karakter
LONGER EFL VOCABULARY RETENTION: LEARNING IN CONTEXT OR IN ISOLATION?
Authors: Herusatoto Hesthi
Published: October 2015

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of two different vocabulary learning strategies on vocabulary retention. The first is learning words in isolation in which learners learn new words and their meanings presented in the form of word lists; and the second is learning words from context in which learners use clues in sentences in texts to generate meanings for the target words. In the instruction sessions, a group of senior high school students learning vocabulary in isolation was presented with a number of words in English and their meanings. Their task was to say and repeat the words and their meanings several times as they attempted to learn the new words and their meanings. The group of students learning words from context was presented with some texts containing the target words and was asked to find out the meanings of the target words by using clues in the texts. Recall tests were administered twice, a week and two weeks after the instruction sessions. For word retention, results of the recall tests revealed that learning words in isolation appeared to be more effective than learning words from context. Students learning words in isolation retained the target words and the meanings better than those in the other group.
Keywords: Word Lists, Context, Vocabulary, Retention
INTERTEXTUAL STUDY THROUGH FILMS AS AN AID FOR STUDENTS TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH NOVELS
Authors: Muniroch Sri
Published: October 2015

Understanding English literary works is evitably a big problem for the students of non-English-speaking countries. The writer proposes that intertextuality may help the students to understand them better. Through her study, she tries to find out the problems the students have in understanding literary works, in this case, novels; and to investigate how intertextual study through films can help them to solve the problems. By doing observation and interview to the students in her class of English Prose, she finds out that the problems are the difficulty to understand the sense of the language, the cultural gap, the uncontextuality with their experience, the difficulty to grasp the imagery, and the lack of information about the literary works. Through the films adapted from the novels they read, the students can overcome their problems. The films make them understand the sense of the language, understand the culture, more aware of the relation among people and the situation, feel that they become part of the issues in their lives, get more vivid images about the setting, the characters and other elements, familiar with the issues in the works. All of them help them to understand more the novels they are reading.
Keywords: Intertextuality, Film Adaptation
TRANSFORMING THE NARRATIVE ELEMENTS FROM THE FITZGERALD INTO FINCHER’S THE CURIOUS CASE OF BENJAMIN BUTTON
Authors: Saksono Suryo Tri , Rahmawati Ana
Published: October 2015

Adaptation is the process of transforming one form of art into another one. Many decent films are adapted from great literary work. In the adaptation process, some changes occur in film. It is because film is produced in different way from novel. This study focuses on the transformation of the narrative elements from the short story into the film entitled The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. This study uses the theory of adaptation by Linda Seger to explain the adaptation process from the short story into the film as the sources of data. There are three processes of adaptation: condensing and expanding the material, the process of making the film commercial, and varied changing. The narrative elements theory is also used to explain the structure that builds the literary work.
SEXISM IN EFL TEXTBOOKS USED IN INDONESIAN SCHOOLS
Authors: Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
Published: October 2015

Since English is a compulsory subject in Indonesian schools where students have to use certain EFL textbooks, examining sexism in these textbooks is important. This study examined sexism in three of the most widely used EFL textbooks in Indonesian schools. Six criteria of sexism were used in analysing the data, namely: generic he; generic man; titles, labels and names; occupational roles both in texts and pictures/ illustrations; omission, the number of females and males both in texts and pictures/ illustrations; and firstness, the order of mention. The analysis was based on the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)’s ‘Guidelines for gender-fair use of Language’ (2002) and Porecca’s study (1984). In all criteria of sexism, there is evidence that sexism is present in the EFL textbooks used in Indonesian schools. The most unbalanced and the worst finding is the firstness (the order of mentions) with the ratio 10:1 in favour of male gendered words that appear first. This study suggests that there should be improvement in the production of the EFL textbooks used in Indonesian schools.
With and without warning: managing ecosystems in a changing world
Authors: Pace Michael L , Carpenter Stephen R , Cole Jonathan J
Published: October 2015

Many ecosystems are likely to experience abrupt changes and extreme conditions due to forces such as climate change. These events and their consequences – including the loss of ecosystem services – may be predictable or may occur without warning. Given these considerations, greater efforts are needed in two areas of research: improvements in early warning capability and advances in the management of ecosystems to enhance resilience. Current research has provided enhanced forecasting ability, scenario analysis, and detection of statistical anomalies that indicate abrupt change, but two key concerns remain: the detection of early warning signs near thresholds of change and the use of such warnings for ecosystem management. Furthermore, there may be no advance warning for some types of abrupt change, reinforcing the need to enhance resilience by managing ecosystems to reduce the possibility of crossing thresholds of change. Designing and implementing large‐scale management programs is one way to confront these problems.
Effects of subsidies from spawning chum and pink salmon on juvenile coho salmon body size and migration timing
Authors: Nelson Michelle C. , Reynolds John D.
Published: October 2015

Organisms transporting nutrients from highly productive ecosystems can subsidize food webs and alter ecosystem processes. For example, the carcasses and eggs of migratory Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) provide a high‐quality food source that could potentially benefit other species of salmon rearing in fresh water. We investigated relationships between spawning chum (O. keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon density, and the body size and age of juvenile coho salmon (O. kisutch) in 17 streams on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Chum salmon density was the most consistently important and positive correlate of coho body size, in comparison with pink salmon density, juvenile coho salmon density, and numerous characteristics of habitats. This was shown by comparisons both among and within streams, and between sites above and below natural barriers to spawning chum and pink salmon. In addition, streams that had higher chum and pink salmon spawning densities had a higher proportion of age 0 coho (less age 1), suggesting earlier juvenile coho salmon migration to the ocean with increased spawning salmon nutrient availability. Most of the coho salmon sampled had little or no direct contact with spawning chum and pink salmon, which suggests an indirect, time‐delayed influence on coho salmon body size.
Impact of Frature Orientation on In-Situ Combustion Performance
Authors: Aleksandrov D. , Kudryavtsev P. , Hascakir B.
Published: November 2015

In-situ combustion (ISC), being one of the most successful thermal enhanced oil recovery methods, is highly sensitive to reservoir heterogeneities. In the present study, we investigate the impact of perpendicular (E1) and lateral (E2) fractures to the air injection direction in ISC performance through one dimensional combustion tube experiments on a Canadian bitumen (8.6 °API, 53,000 cP), which possesses good burning characteristics. Two ISC experiments are conducted at identical initial (42% oil and 34% water saturations) and experimental (3.4L/min air rate, 100psig back pressure) conditions. The fracture formation is visualized with an X-ray computed tomography. During the experiments, temperature profiles, gas compositions, and oil and water production data are recorded continuously. The in-situ oil upgrading is investigated through viscosity measurements and weight percent of Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to characterize the SARA fractions. The metal content of produced water samples is determined with Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Both fracture types interrupt stable propagation of the combustion front; however, vertical fractures to air injection direction (E1) less likely affect the fate of ISC. The oxygen utilization rate is detected lower for the experiment with fractures parallel to the air injection direction (E2). Thus, E2 demonstrates poorer ISC performance by resulting in lower front velocity and oil production rate than E1. Moreover, the lower oxygen utilization rate increases the interaction between displaced oil and oxygen at lower temperature regions. This interaction results in Low Temperature Oxidation reactions (LTO) and increases the amount of aromatic fractions of the produced oil. This phenomena lowers the produced oil viscosity (83 cP) by increasing the solvent power of aromatic fractions. The produced oil density is found higher for E2 than E1. This difference is attributed to the structural differences in resins and asphaltenes molecules that are determined through FTIR analysis. Moreover, it has been observed that the oil-water interaction in terms of metal content of produced water is found insignificant in both experiments since in both experiments high temperature oxidation (HTO) reactions are observed.
Advanced Reservoir Characterization in a Low Resistivity Gas Play Offshore Ecuador
Authors: Morales O. , Bringer F. , Rodas J. , Bravo J.
Published: November 2015

The Amistad field in the Guayaquil Gulf in Ecuador, located at the east of the Nazca subduction zone with the South America plate, and at the west of the Andes Mountains, is in a zone suffering from an intense tectonic activity. It is divided into various structural block very heterogeneous in term of hydrocarbon content.

Since the beginning of the development of this gas field in the shallow water of the Gulf of Guayaquil, various challenges has been encountered. Certain drilled wells gave unsatisfactory production test and the project economics has been questioned, meanwhile the Ecuadorian industry gas demand is increasing. Today it becomes critical to reach the production objectives.

An unclear identification of the sand bodies due to a poor log signature, a difficult estimation of the water saturation and a challenging quantification of the irreducible and clay bound water volumes with conventional logs lead in some cases to water production. A tailor-made workflow focusing on resolving these challenges has been built. The use of spectroscopy measurements, when available, permits to identify masked sand bodies. Its integration with triaxial resistivity tools permits to identify gas-bearing low resistivity zones and estimate the water saturation, while the nuclear magnetic resonance permits to quantify the amount of non-movable water.

This new methodology shows a significant improvement of the understanding of the reservoir in the new drilled wells, but how to populate this information acquired with modern technology to the old wells? A method using the nuclear magnetic resonance information from the new wells in combination with the effective porosity per electro-facies permitted to populate a model through the whole field. It permits to solve for the irreducible water saturation, one of the most critical information in this field. The production results on the last three wells where this methodology has been applied are a clear indicator of the success of this workflow leading to production well test a lot above the expected one, meanwhile the production behavior of the older wells is now well understood.
Facies and Porosity Distribution by the Integration of Rockphysics Analysis and Seismic Inversion for "U" Sandstone Reservoir in Coca-Payamino Oilfield
Authors: Palacios D. , Sun Y. F. , Flores D. , Sierra F.
Published: November 2015

Seismic inversion approach has been applied with a moderate success in some siliciclastic reservoirs in Oriente Basin characterized by their prominent lateral facies variations. Different types of facies with different geological and petrophysical characteristics can produce similar response in seismic velocities. Based on this fact, inversion results such as acoustic impedance, S-Impedance, Vp/Vs., Poisson ratio and other derived elastic parameters can be misinterpreted leading to locating faked prolific zones in areas where facies do not have enough quality to be considered productive. In order to avoid this problem, rock physics analysis is used to tie the seismic inversion results to the geological and petrophysical rock characteristics. The Sun model has been proven to characterize successfully the seismic response of carbonate and siliciclastics rocks and infer geological, depositional, diagenetical and petro physical characteristics from sonic logs and seismic data. Using the compressional frame flexibility factor (γk) and the shear frame flexibility factor (γu) derived from this model, it is possible to successfully correlate geological, depositional and diagenetical characteristics to the seismic response using well log and core data from a siliciclastic reservoir in Oriente Basin. γk and γs factors characterize the influence of pore structure on the variability of compressibility and shear sonic velocities respectively in rocks. For the studied siliciclastic reservoir, which presents a prominent lateral variation in facies related to its depositional process, different ranges of γk factor values represent different kind of facies. Values of γk between 2 and 6 in "U" sandstone reservoir are closely correlated to the best quality facies. According to the integrated rock physical, petrophysical and geological analysis in well locations, clean massive sandstones with fine to medium grain size and moderately sorting are represented by this γk value interval. Using simultaneous inversion results, volumes of porosity and γk are inverted from seismic data. Spatial distribution of the γk values in the inverted volume correlates very well with a previous sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation study using core data descriptions. Finally, using porosity and values of γk, the discrimination of the best quality facies is performed. As a final result, new prospective zones are visualized taking into account the structural characteristics and facies distribution obtained by this integrated analysis.
A Universal Equation to Calculate Shale Volume for Shaly-Sands and Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: David Soto O. , Rodolfo Soto B. , Jonathan Soto O. , Pasquel Oliver , Arteaga Duarry
Published: November 2015

It is common to use the standard gamma ray log (SGR) or the total contribution from all three elements— uranium (U), potassium (K), thorium (Th)] as an indicator of shale content. The linear IGR shaliness indicator model over-estimates the shale volume. The nonlinear models have been developed for specific geographic areas or formation ages. All non-linear relationships are more optimistic in that they produce a shale volume value lower than that from the linear equation. On the other hand, the presence of highly-radioactive black organic material in carbonate or unconventional reservoirs "gas/oil shale", overestimates the shale volume. In all cases, an accurate determination of shale volume impacts in the calculation of formation porosity and water saturation and therefore affects the original oil in place (OOIP) and reserves.

The question from engineers and geoscientists: which is the best model to be used? We have found that the sigmoidal function can be used for any kind of reservoir: shaly-sands or carbonates with highly radioactive black organic material or presence of radioactive material in factures. We have tested our new equation for carbonate reservoirs in Venezuela and Mexico; shaly-sands reservoirs in Colombia, Venezuela including deepwaters in the Gulf of Mexico. In all cases, the calculated Vshale volumes have been validated with the X-ray diffraction data or the elemental capture spectroscopy (ECS) logs that quantify the actual clay volume (Vsh) and achieve correlation coefficients, r2, greater than 0.92.
Short-Term and Long-Term Optimizations for Reservoir Management with Intelligent Wells
Authors: Pinto Marcio Augusto , Gildin Eduardo , Schiozer Denis José
Published: November 2015

Short-term optimization of an oil field has been used to increase economic value of oil recovery as compared to reactive control (shutting the well when water cut limit is reached, for instance), especially in the case of short-term production strategies. One way to improve the management of a field involves adjusting the production flow rates over a short time, maximizing the overall NPV during the life cycle of the field. Using intelligent wells (IW), the challenges include not only the optimization of well flow rates, but also the simultaneous adjustment of flow in each valve, controlling each aperture in a given production time. These optimal control strategies are often difficult to be realized in practice due to the large number of control variables involved in the optimization process, especially with larger number of wells and valves. To this end, this work proposes an efficient optimization framework employing a fast genetic algorithm (FGA) in order to adjust simultaneously the flow rates of wells and the valves aperture. We have used a commercial reservoir simulator whereby the flow rates of wells were optimized with an option available that calculates well rates when there is production constraint on the wells (platform capacity or other operational constraint) using production parameters in real time; and at the same time the flow in each valve was controlled through a keyword associated with the control of the aperture of valves by monitoring the pressure drop around of them. The FGA optimization algorithm employed is a global optimization method, which is robust and efficient for sweeping the solution space with many variables, and it is able to work with continuous and discrete variables simultaneously. We demonstrate the power of the FGA strategy by applying the methodology to a heterogeneous reservoir model based on Brazil's Namorado field, with four horizontal producers and four horizontal injector wells. Two producers were tested as intelligent, using two valves of continuous variation type. The rate of wells was determined using water cut values while there were constraints on the production of the platform. The valves were adjusted each 60 days, during the first four years of production, closing in the optimal time at the end of production. The results showed an improvement in reservoir management, increasing 3.7% of NPV, with additional gains around US$ 20 million (already discounted the costs of intelligent completion), increasing oil production and reducing water production. The combination of the tools available in a commercial simulator jointly with global optimization algorithm showed advantages of the operation of the wells and valves simultaneously.
A Mechanistic Understanding of Asphaltene Precipitation from Varying Saturate Concentration Perspective
Authors: Prakoso A. A. , Punase A. D. , Hascakir B.
Published: November 2015

Asphaltene precipitation can severely hamper the petroleum extraction by plugging the pores or precipitation in production lines. Although the effect of temperature and pressure on asphaltene deposition is well known, how the variations in oil composition affect the asphaltene precipitation mechanism requires more clarity. This work investigates the effect of compositional changes on asphaltene stability. The impact of oil composition is explained by preparing pseudo-components by blending the crude oil with their own saturate fractions.

A systematic characterization of 11 different bitumen and crude oil samples is carried out on the basis of their density, viscosity, asphaltene content, and asphaltene composition. n-pentane is used to determine the asphaltene content of each sample by following a standard method. The asphaltene composition is then determined with Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. The asphaltene stability is tested by performing the onset asphaltene precipitation (OAP) tests.

The results from the characterization study indicated that there is no direct relationship between the asphaltene content and the density or the viscosity of the bulk samples. However, the FTIR profiles suggest that the polarity of the asphaltene molecules greatly influence the size of the precipitated clusters. The outcomes from the OAP tests were used to decipher the thermodynamic equilibrium state on the mechanism of asphaltene destabilization as per the change in the polar (resins and asphaltenes) to nonpolar (saturates and aromatics), saturates to aromatics, and resins to asphaltenes fraction of the bulk sample. It was observed that the increase in saturates concentration destabilized the asphaltene molecules and resulted in more precipitation. The presence of polar functional groups, as observed from the FTIR of the saturate fraction are believed to cause higher asphaltene precipitation.

During oil production, the temperature and pressure changes can lead to asphaltene deposition and alteration in the crude oil chemical composition. A holistic understanding of the thermodynamic equilibrium corresponding to these changes can be achieved by analyzing asphaltene destabilization or restabilization processes, specifically by changing the saturate concentrations. These results are extremely useful to comprehend the asphaltene stabilization mechanism and can improve the accuracy of existing asphaltene models.
Sowing Density and Cultivar Effects on Pith Expression in Solid‐Stemmed Durum Wheat
Authors: Nilsen Kirby T. , Clarke John M. , Beres Brian L. , Pozniak Curtis J.
Published: October 2015

The wheat stem sawfly (WSS) (Cephus cinctus; Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is a destructive insect pest of spring, winter (Triticum aestivum L.), and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in North America. Sawfly larvae hatch from eggs deposited inside the stem, and their subsequent feeding damages vascular tissue, reducing photosynthetic capacity and grain yields. Growing solid‐stemmed wheat cultivars that develop pith in the culm lumen is the most effective method to minimize yield losses. Recent work has focused on optimizing sowing densities to achieve maximum levels of pith expression and grain yields in common wheat; however, little research has been conducted on durum wheat. We investigated the influence of four sowing densities (150, 250, 350, 450 seeds m−2) on pith expression in two newly released solid‐stemmed durum cultivars, CDC Fortitude and AAC Raymore, and compared them to the solid‐stemmed common wheat cultivar, Lillian. CDC Fortitude and AAC Raymore displayed consistently high levels of pith expression across environments and sowing densities, in contrast to Lillian, which produced only slightly more pith than the hollow‐stemmed durum check cultivar, Strongfield. A yield drag often associated with high pith expression was not evident as CDC Fortitude and AAC Raymore produced grain yield similar to Strongfield. When averaged over cultivars, increasing sowing density had a positive effect on grain yield, but was negatively associated with stem solidness. Our findings suggest that, unlike with CWRS solid‐stemmed cultivars, altering sowing density is not required to achieve effective sawfly resistance with CDC Fortitude and AAC Raymore.
Effects of Single Rainfall Events on Leaching of Glyphosate and Bentazone on Two Different Soil Types, using the DAISY Model
Authors: Rasmussen Signe B. , Abrahamsen Per , Nielsen Marie H. , Holm Peter E. , Hansen Søren
Published: October 2015

Core Ideas

Modeling pesticide leaching during a single rainfall event with temporal variability.

Short intense events (1 h) resulted in high glyphosate leaching to subsurface drains.

Event volume controlled pesticide leaching at coarse sandy soil.

The purpose of the present modeling study was to contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in pesticide leaching during a single rainfall event with temporal variability. Rainfall intensity of the first event after pesticide application has great effect on the amount of pesticide transported to groundwater and subsurface drains, especially in soils containing preferential flow pathways. One way to improve the understanding of single event properties on pesticide leaching is to use a transport model. The soil–plant–atmosphere model Daisy was used to simulate pesticide leaching during and after single rainfall events of different durations and intensities. Designed temporally variable single rainfall events based on the Chicago Design Rain were inserted in the original weather file. A combination of different intensities (13, 20, 24, 28, 34, and 39 mm h−1) at different event durations (1, 3, 5, and 9 h) where the intensity peak was placed in the middle of the event ware applied, resulting in 24 different design events. The model setup included two different soil types: a coarse sandy soil and a sandy loam containing macropores and subsurface drains. The fates of the herbicides bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] and glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] were simulated. The leaching dynamics of both pesticides showed high variability at the hourly level, illustrating the importance of high model resolution when estimating pesticide leaching. For the coarse sandy soil different intensities did not appear to have an effect, as pesticide leaching was controlled by event volume. In contrast, results for the sandy loam showed an effect of intensity, especially for glyphosate, at initially wet soil conditions. Short intense events (1 h) resulted in high leaching to drains (1.7% of matrix infiltration) compared to events of longer duration (up to 0.4% of matrix infiltration). This indicates that it might be more prudent to view leaching as a risk that occurs under certain conditions, rather than something that can be averaged.
Limit of Anisotropic Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio of Homogeneous Granular Materials
Authors: Guo Peijun , Liu Yaqian , Stolle Dieter
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a theoretical upper limit for the anisotropic hydraulic conductivity ratio of homogeneous granular materials with internal structure. On the basis of a volume averaging approach, a theoretical analysis is proposed to relate the permeability of granular material to the spatial distribution of pore spaces. For flow in granular materials, both the linear porosity in the flow direction and the areal porosity in the plane perpendicular to the flow direction are required to describe the directional variation of pore space. The permeability tensor is derived by considering the macroscopic momentum balance equation of the fluid in a porous medium. While the permeability is affected by the porosity and the pore space distribution, the permeability anisotropy ratio is dominated by the directional variation of the linear porosity. By accounting for the theoretical maximum and minimum porosity, it is shown that the upper limit of permeability anisotropy for homogeneous granular materials is approximately 2.5, even for very flat (or elongated) particles and pronounced preferential orientations.
Visualizing Large Data Sets: Spatial and Temporal Soil Moisture Regime Dynamics
Authors: Miller Jeffrey Frederick , Loheide Steven P.
Published: October 2015

Core Ideas

• A novel technique is developed for displaying large soil moisture data sets

• Spatial and temporal soil moisture regime characteristics are captured

• System dynamics are conveyed without plotting subjective profiles or histories

Despite constituting a small portion of global water, soil moisture controls regional to continental precipitation patterns, soil biogeochemistry, C and nutrient cycling, watershed rainfall–runoff response, and vegetation patterning. While advanced, spatially and temporally distributed soil moisture measurement and prediction techniques are necessary for improving understanding of vadose zone processes, they generate a wealth of data that are difficult to visualize in a manner that conveys salient features of system dynamics. Specifically, visualizations using soil moisture profiles or time series require subjective selection of times or locations, respectively, and inevitably fail to capture the majority of the data. We developed a method for visualizing the complete soil moisture regime using time series data measured or simulated along a one‐dimensional spatial domain, which maintains the spatial relationship of measurement locations and conveys a sense of the variability of soil moisture at each location ordinate without the subjectivity of selecting representative soil moisture profiles for plotting. This technique is capable of conveying relevant features of soil moisture dynamics, such as the influence of soil texture, precipitation, plant water use, and groundwater interactions, by using (i) simulated soil moisture data from an ecohydrological model and (ii) field data collected using an advanced, spatially distributed measurement technique. Visualization techniques such as this one will be useful for developing insight into vadose zone processes and validating sophisticated vadose zone models with field data.
Oxidizer Demand in the Unsaturated Zone of a Surface‐Spreading Soil Aquifer Treatment System
Authors: Elkayam Roy , Sopliniak Alex , Gasser Guy , Pankratov Irene , Lev Ovadia
Published: October 2015

Core Ideas

We investigated the Shafdan SAT system, known for its good performance.

We showed that oxidation of organic and nitrogen compounds occurs in the vadose zone.

We calculated the oxidizer balance over the vadose zone and the overall system.

The balance reveals 42.5 ± 12. mg/L of oxygen consumption in the vadose zone.

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is increasingly considered to be a favorable polishing method before the use of secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents for unrestricted irrigation or disposal to the sea. Most of the oxidation processes of organic compounds as well as of nitrogen compounds take place in the unsaturated zone of the SAT. A material balance over the unsaturated zone of a high‐frequency SAT system reveals that 90% of the removal of organic matter and complete ammonium oxidative removal already occur within the unsaturated zone. This is observed, despite the short (less than 3 wk) water retention time in this zone, compared with the subsequent 6‐ to 36‐mo retention time within the aquifer. An oxidizer balance over the unsaturated zone reveals that 42.5 ± 12 mg/L of oxygen is consumed in the unsaturated zone. This consumption level is five times higher than the oxygen saturation level under the conditions prevailing in the effluent. The implications of this excessively high oxygen demand in the vadose zone on manganese mobilization in the aquifer are addressed.
Partial Characterization of an Acidic Protease from Rhizopus stolonifer RN-11
Authors: Liu Na , Huang Liang
Published: October 2015

The present study characterises an acidic protease purified from the Rhizopus stolonifer strain, RN-11. The
acidic protease with a 70 kDa molecular weight, was stable within pH 2-4 at temperatures 40-50°C. The temperature and
pH value conducive to optimal catalytic activity were pH 2.5 and 50°C, respectively. Treatment with 5 mmol metal ions
showed that the acidic protease was activated by Na+, K+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+, inhibited by Zn2+, Li2+ and Fe2+, and unaffected
by Mg2+. It was proposed that the studied acidic protease might represent a previously uncharacterised type of acidic
protease produced by the Rhizopus stolonifer RN-11 strain.
Microorganism Quantity and Enzyme Activities in Wheat Field Subjected
to Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate
Authors: Jingjing Sun , Jiaheng Ma , Xiaoying Wu , Cheng Wang , Jun Yao
Published: October 2015

Field experiments are described involving nitrogen fertilizer in the wheat field to analyze its effect on microbial
quantity and enzyme activity. The results showed that 250 kg N hm-2 applied in the wheat field (1) can increase bacteria,
fungi and the quantity of actinomycetes by 39.9%, 56.7% and 70.5% compared to 0 kg N hm-2. (2) Similarly, the activities
of soil urease, catalase and FDA exhibited 60.8%, 18.3% and 49.1% improved variation compared to 0 kg N hm-2, respectively.
(3) Moreover, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and Evenness index (E) reached the peak (H=0.37, E=0.33).
Correlation analysis of microbial quantity with enzyme activity indicated that they were related to each other. These findings
suggested that soil microbial quantity and enzyme activity were significantly influenced by nitrogen fertilizer and the
application of 250 kg N hm-2 in the wheat field was observed to be the best.