bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colour inheritance in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica) fruits
Authors: Felker P. , Stintzing F.C. , Müssig E. , Leitenberger M. , Carle R. , Vogt T. , Bunch R.
Published: March 2008

The pigments of Opuntia ficus‐indica fruits, which are derived from the betalain rather than anthocyanin pathway, have an extraordinary range in colour from lime green, orange, red to purple. This is a result from varying concentrations and proportions of about half a dozen betaxanthins and betacyanins. The yellow‐orange betaxanthins are derived from spontaneous condensation of betalamic acid with amines or amino acids. The reddish‐purple betacyanins are enzymatically formed from betalamic acid and cyclo‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) yielding betanidin and further glycosylated on either of the two hydroxyls of the cyclo‐DOPA moiety. In the present work, degenerated primers were used to obtain partial genomic sequences of two major genes in the biosynthetic pathway for betalains, that is the 4,5‐extradiol dioxygenase which forms the betalamic acid responsible for the yellow colour and a putative 5‐O‐glucosyltransferase which glycosylates betanidin in Dorotheanthus bellidiformis and may be responsible for the red colour. Differences in the genomic DNA between coloured versus non‐coloured varieties were not found. Regulatory mechanisms seem to independently control pigmentation of O. ficus‐indica fruit tissues for inner core, peel and epidermis. Core pigmentation occurs first and well before fruit maturity and peel pigmentation. Peel pigmentation is fully developed at maturity, presumably related to maximum soluble solids. Epidermal pigmentation appears to be independent of core and peel pigmentation, perhaps because of light stimulation. Similar control mechanisms exist through transcription factors for the major enzyme regulating anthocyanin production in grapes.
Cell wall biochemistry and biomechanics of harvested white asparagus shoots as affected by temperature
Authors: Herppich W.B. , Huyskens‐Keil S.
Published: March 2008

The effects of temperature on the dynamics of changes in shoot mechanical properties, cell wall components, relevant soluble sugars and respiration activity of harvested white asparagus spears were investigated during a 7‐day storage period. All functional cell wall components of asparagus spears increased closely temperature dependent. The content of soluble glucose declined with a similar temporal dynamics and to a comparable degree, indicating a major carbon flow of this storage sugar into cell walls (60–70%). Irrespective of temperature, the contents of stored soluble fructose and sucrose remained more or less constant. Lower temperatures reduced cell wall development but do not significantly affect the relative carbon flow from storage sugars into cell walls or maintenance respiration. Compared with cell walls, maintenance respiration is by far the smaller carbon sink in stored asparagus spears. Temperature differentially affects the absolute amount and the relative contribution of the different cell wall components and the temporal dynamics of changes in structural carbohydrate and lignin content. At higher temperatures, secondary cell wall thickening resulted mainly from a large increase in cellulose content. The pronounced increase in the fractions of cellulose and especially lignin may stress the important role of lignin in cell wall strengthening. While the fraction of cell wall proteins decreased, those of hemicellulose and the pectic components were not influenced.
UGC 7069: the largest ring galaxy
Authors: Ghosh Kajal K. , Mapelli Michela
Published: March 2008

We find that UGC 7069 is the largest ring galaxy known to date. In this Letter, we present a multiwavelength study of this galaxy (combining radio, Two-Micron All-Sky Survey, optical and ultraviolet data). The ring of UGC 7069, whose diameter measures ∼115 kpc, is also warped at its edges. The nucleus appears double-peaked and hosts a possible LINER. The ultraviolet data indicate a strong blue colour and suggest that UGC 7069 is a starburst galaxy. We also present N-body simulation results, which indicate that galaxy collisions can produce such huge rings. Large inclination angles between the target and the intruder galaxy may account for the formation of warped rings. Multiwavelength observations are highly essential to constrain our simulation results, which will address the formation and evolution of such a rare galaxy.
New solutions for the planetary dynamics in HD160691 using a Newtonian model and latest data
Authors: Short D. , Windmiller G. , Orosz J. A.
Published: March 2008

In this letter, we present several new three- and four-planet solutions based on the most current available radial velocity data for HD160691 (μAra). These solutions are optimized using the Planetary Orbit Fitting Process (POFP) which is programmed and executed in matlab. POFP is based on a full integration of the system's multiple-body Newtonian equations of motion and on a multilevel optimization utilizing a variety of algorithms. The POFP solutions are presented in the context of the Keplerian-based solutions already appearing in the literature which we have reproduced here for comparison. The different solutions and their properties are compared over all data sets separately and combined. The new solutions do not seem to exhibit instabilities, and are both co-planar and three-dimensional. We also provide a comparative prediction of the published and new solutions showing their diversion in the near future. In the short term, this projection will allow to choose between the variety of solutions as further observations are made.
Role of mitogen‐activated protein kinases in tauroursodeoxycholic acid‐induced bile formation in cholestatic rat liver
Authors: Denk Gerald Ulrich , Hohenester Simon , Wimmer Ralf , Böhland Claudia , Rust Christian , Beuers Ulrich
Published: March 2008

Aim:  Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts anticholestatic effects in various cholestatic disorders and experimental models of cholestasis. Its taurine conjugate (TUDCA) stimulates bile salt secretion in isolated perfused rat livers (IPRL) under physiological, non‐cholestatic conditions, in part by mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐dependent mechanisms. The role of MAPK in the anticholestatic effect of TUDCA, however, is unclear. Therefore, we studied the role of MAPK in the anticholestatic effect of TUDCA in IPRL and isolated rat hepatocytes (IRH) in taurolithocholic acid (TLCA)‐induced cholestasis.

Methods:  Bile flow, biliary levels of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐S‐glutathione (GS‐DNP) as a marker of hepatobiliary organic anion secretion and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in hepatovenous effluate as a marker of hepatocellular damage in IPRL perfused with TUDCA and/or TLCA were determined in the presence or absence of MAPK inhibitors. In addition, phosphorylation of Erk 1/2 and p38MAPK induced by TUDCA and/or TLCA was studied by Western immunoblot in IPRL and IRH.

Results:  TUDCA‐induced bile flow was impaired by the Erk 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 in normal livers (−28%), but not in livers made cholestatic by TLCA. GS‐DNP secretion was unaffected by PD98059 under both conditions. TUDCA‐induced bile formation and organic anion secretion both in the presence and absence of TLCA were unaffected by the p38MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Erk 1/2 phosphorylation in liver tissue was unchanged after bile salt exposure for 70 min, but was transiently enhanced by TUDCA in IRH.

Conclusion:  MAPK do not mediate the anticholestatic effects of TUDCA in TLCA‐induced cholestasis.
Common null variant, Arg192Stop, in a G‐protein coupled receptor, olfactory receptor 1B1, associated with decreased serum cholinesterase activity
Authors: Koyano Satoru , Emi Mitsuru , Saito Takafumi , Makino Naohiko , Toriyama Sayumi , Ishii Miho , Kubota Isao , Kato Takeo , Kawata Sumio
Published: March 2008

Aim:  Non‐functioning single nucleotide polymorphisms (nSNPs) that result in premature termination codons, that is null‐alleles of the respective genes, may have phenotypic effects on clinical parameters. We conducted association studies involving several G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that harbor nSNPs, using clinical parameters of liver function in a general population consisting of 2969 Japanese adults.

Methods:  SNP typings were performed with TaqMan and Invader assays. Quantitative associations between genotypes and clinical parameters were analyzed by analysis of variance. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was tested by Haploview Version 3.3. Haplotype‐based association was performed using the haplo.stats program.

Results:  A significant correlation (P = 0.0057) was identified between serum cholinesterase activity (CHE) and an nSNP (Arg192Stop) in the olfactory receptor (OR) 1B1 gene, a member of the GPCR gene family. This nSNP was associated with decreased serum CHE (P = 0.0013). LD analysis based on eight selected SNPs at the locus revealed three LD blocks. The Arg192Stop nSNP was located on the second LD block, which covered one‐third of the 3′‐portion of the gene.

Conclusion:  These results suggested that the null‐allele of OR1B1 might affect metabolism of serum cholinesterase in carriers of this nSNP.
Hematology and Plasma Chemistry Reference Intervals for Cultured Tilapia (OreochromisHybrid)
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Cardinale Jenifer L. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Tilapia are a commonly aquacultured fish yet little is known about their normal physiology and response to disease. In this study we determined the results of complete hematologic (n = 40) and plasma biochemical profiles (n = 63) in production tilapia (Oreochromishybrids). The fish were raised in recirculating systems with a high stocking density (120 g/L), and were in the middle of a 15‐month production cycle. Blood was analyzed using standard techniques, and reference intervals were determined using nonparametric methods. Non‐production tilapia (n = 15) from low‐density tanks (4 g/L) also were sampled; the clinical chemistry results were compared to reference intervals from the fish raised in high‐density tanks. Differences were noted in plasma protein, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, such that reference intervals for high‐density production tilapia were not applicable to fish raised under different environmental and management conditions.
A Comparison of the Cytologic and Histologic Features of Meningiomas in Four Dogs
Authors: Zimmerman Kurt L. , Bender Holly S. , Daniel Boon G. , Renee Prater M. , Thorn Catherine E. , Prater Don , Robertson John L. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Sponenberg D. Phillip , Inzana Karen D. , Lanz Otto I. , Wright Eric
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The cytologic and histologic features of 2 intracranial and 2 spinal (extramedullary cervical) canine meningiomas were compared. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 2 cases revealed mild, mixed cell pleocytosis, primarily composed of small lymphocytes and monocytoid cells, with a moderate increase in total protein concentration. Cytologic features suggestive of meningioma included cells with both epithelial and mes‐enchymal characteristics and a tendency towards cell clustering. Tumor location also was useful in making a diagnosis. The 4 meningiomas differed histologically from one another, and included angioblastic, psam‐momatous, meningotheliomatous, and microcystic anaplastic types, which conformed to a classification scheme for human meningiomas. The classification scheme could not be applied to cytologic specimens.
International Standardization of Acute Phase Proteins
Authors: Skinner J. Gordon ,   for the European Concerted Action Group on Acute Phase Proteins
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein are plasma proteins that increase in concentration following infection, inflammation, or trauma. The circulating concentrations of these proteins in pigs and cattle can provide an objective measure of the health status of an animal and are increasingly being used as markers of animal health and welfare. Plasma concentrations of APPs are related to the severity of the underlying condition, and provide a ready means of evaluating both the presence and extent of disease. Haptoglobin, for example, has been used to identify both clinical and subclinical disease in animals, and for objectively monitoring antibiotic therapy in experimentally infected animals. Interpretative benefit can be further enhanced by the “acute phase index”, derived from a mathematical formula that uses both positive‐ and negative‐reacting APPs. Research suggests that in the future, assays for APPs will be used routinely to assess animal health, optimize production rates, monitor antibiotic therapy, detect diseases such as mastitis in dairy cows, and assess the health of animals at slaughter. These applications have considerable benefit for human food safety. Before APP assays can be applied in animal production on a worldwide basis, however, the calibration of assay methods must be harmonized to ensure that results obtained in the laboratory or on the farm are universally comparable and of consistent quality. In February 2000 the European Commission Directorate General Research Concerted Action was established to fulfil the task of international standardization of APPs. The Concerted Action Group consists of a network of 14 institutions representing 9 European countries. In this report, the background and goals of the Concerted Action Group, and scientific presentations from the group's first colloquium are described. In addition, the progress of the group to date and the standardization plan for the full 30‐month duration of the Concerted Action are summarized.
Cytologic Evaluation of Benign and Malignant Hemophagocytic Disorders in Canine Bone Marrow
Authors: Weiss Douglas J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Canine hemophagocytic disorders were studied to better understand the cytologic features that differentiate benign and malignant disease. Of 286 canine clinical bone marrow reports evaluated retrospectively, 13 (4.5%) noted at least 3% hemophagocytic macrophages. Macrophages comprised between 6% and 44% of nucleated bone marrow cells. Clinical diagnoses for dogs with hemophagocytic disorders included malignant histiocytosis (n = 2), myelodysplastic syndromes (n = 4), round cell neoplasia (n = 2), immune‐mediated disorders (n = 2), and idiopathic hemophagocytic syndrome (n = 3). Differentiation of benign and malignant forms of histiocytosis was problematic. Two dogs with a diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome had macrophages with atypical features similar to those described for malignant histiocytosis. Furthermore, only 2 of 11 dogs with presumably benign hemophagocytic disorders had exclusively mature macrophages in bone marrow. Other dogs had variable numbers of large reticular‐type cells characterized by lacy chromatin, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and prominent and/or multiple nucleoli. On the basis of these results, cytomorphologic evaluation of bone marrow alone may not be adequate to consistently differentiate benign and malignant forms of hemophagocytic disorders.
Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Canine Blood Containing Hemoglobin Glutamer‐200 (Bovine): In Vitro Validation of the NOVA CO‐Oximeter
Authors: Jahr Jonathan S. , Driessen Bernd , Lurie Fedor , Tang Zuping , Louie Richard F. , Kost Gerald
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This study was designed to validate in vitro oxygen saturation (SO2) measurements with the NOVA CO‐Oximeter (Nova Biomedical Corp, Waltham, Mass, USA) in canine blood containing hemoglobin (Hb) glutamer‐200 bovine (Hb‐200; Oxyglobin, Biopure, Cambridge, Mass, USA) as a Hb‐based oxygen carrier recently introduced into clinical practice. In the first set of experiments, stored blood from 6 mixed‐breed canine blood donors was used. Target PO2levels were reached in aliquots of blood samples by tonometry. Oxygen saturation was then measured with the test device and calculated based on known PO2values. In the second set of experiments, total oxygen content was directly measured by means of an oxygen‐specific electrode in aliquots of fresh whole arterial, venous, and mixed (arterial‐venous) blood withdrawn from the same canine blood donors. Hb‐200 was added to those blood samples to yield plasma Hb concentrations of 1.62, 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 g/dL. Based on Hb content and SO2measured by the NOVA CO‐Oximeter in these samples, total oxygen content was also calculated for each sample and compared with measured values. A strong correlation was found between SO2values measured with the co‐oximeter in samples after tonometry, and calculated SO2based on known PO2. Directly measured total blood O2content varied by ≤ 5% from values computed based on co‐oximeter measurements of Hb content and SO2. These results did not change with different levels of oxygenation of the samples or different plasma Hb‐200 concentrations. In conclusion, the NOVA CO‐Oximeter is an accurate analyzer for measurement of SO2after Hb‐200 administration to canine blood.
Determination of Prothrombin in Feline Plasma
Authors: Gentry Patricia A. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Determination of the major common pathway protein prothrombin, a vitamin K‐dependent protein synthesized in the liver, may be useful for identifying coagulopathies in cats with liver disease or vitamin K antagonism. In people with liver disease, prothrombin is more commonly and more severely decreased than other procoagulant proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercial chromogenic assay (DiaPharma Group, West Chester, Ohio, USA) for the determination of prothrombin activity in plasma from healthy cats. The method involves the cleavage of prothrombin by Ecarin, a nonphysiologic enzyme activator that cleaves prothrombin to meizothrombin, which then interacts with a chromogenic substrate. Citrated (n = 20) and EDTA (n = 37) plasma samples from clinically healthy cats were tested using 100‐fold and on occasion 200‐fold dilutions. The assay was run according to manufacturer's specifications and the relative percentage prothrombin activity was calculated using standard curves generated from a feline citrated plasma pool and human reference plasma. Slope and regression values (r= .998) were similar for feline and human samples, suggesting that Ecarin cleaves prothrombin in both feline and human plasma in an analogous manner. The correlation between results obtained using feline vs human reference plasma was high for both citrated (r= .910) and EDTA samples (r= .998). When prothrombin was determined using human reference plasma, results from citrated feline plasma samples were 75.7%± 9.0% of normal compared to 91.6%± 7.0% of normal when the feline standard curve was used. Similar results were obtained using EDTA plasma. Our results indicate that the prothrombin chromogenic assay may be useful for evaluating one component of the hemostatic pathway in feline plasma. The prothrombin chromogenic assay utilizes routine instrumentation, requires small sample volume (5 μL/assay), and may be used on EDTA plasma. To optimize sensitivity, the assay should be run using a standard curve generated with a feline plasma pool.
Evaluation of the Erythroid Regenerative Response in Two Different Models of Experimentally Induced Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Burkhard Mary Jo , Brown Diane E. , McGrath John P. , Meador Vince P. , Mayle Douglas A. , Keaton M. Joni , Hoffman Wherly P. , Zimmermann John L. , Abbott David L. , Sun Steven C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Anemia was induced in weanling Sprague Dawley rats either by feeding an iron‐deficient diet or by chronic phlebotomy. The erythroid regenerative response was then evaluated before and after a hemolytic event, and results were compared with those of a third group of control nonphlebotomized rats fed an iron‐replete diet. Diet and phlebotomy groups developed a similar degree of anemia (mean hemoglobin concentration 7.9 g/dL and 7.8 g/dL, respectively; controls, 13.9 g/dL) and hypoferremia (mean serum iron concentration 25.4 μg/dL and 34.9 μg/dL, respectively; controls, 222.0 μg/dL). However, the anemia in diet rats was nonregen‐erative (reticulocyte count, 83.1×103cells/μL) and associated with bone marrow erythroid hypoplasia; whereas the anemia in phlebotomy rats was regenerative (reticulocyte count, 169.6×103cells/μL) and associated with bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. Thrombocytosis was seen in diet rats (l,580×103cells/μL) but not phlebotomy rats (901×103cells/μL) when compared with controls (809×103cells/μL). To further evaluate the regenerative capability, phenylhydrazine (PHZ) was administered to induce hemolysis. Erythrocyte mass declined approximately 25% in all groups, including controls. The reticulocytosis (265.3×103cells/μL) seen in phlebotomy rats was earlier and significantly greater than that seen in either diet or control rats. Hemoglobin concentration returned to pre‐PHZ concentrations (7.9 g/dL) in phlebotomy rats within 4 days posthemolysis. In diet rats, the maximal regenerative response (176.3×103cells/μL) was not seen until 8 days posthemolysis, and hemoglobin (7.5 g/dL) did not return to pre‐PHZ concentrations during the 8‐day study. In many aspects, the anemia seen following diet‐or phlebotomy‐induced iron deficiency was similar. However, the erythroid regenerative capability varied depending on the mechanism by which anemia was induced and furthermore altered the efficiency of hemoglobin production following a hemolytic event. These results suggest that the availability of iron in the diet may modulate the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Particle‐enhanced Turbidimetric Immunoassay (PETIA) for the Determination of Serum Cystatin C‐Like Immunoreactivity in Dogs
Authors: Jensen Asger L. , Bomholt Mads , Moe Lars
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Serum cystatin C often is used in humans as a rapid and more sensitive marker than serum creatinine for glomerular filtration rate. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether cystatin C‐like immunoreactivity (CLI) could be measured reliably in canine serum and to investigate whether dogs with clinical renal insufficiency had higher CLI levels than did clinically healthy dogs and dogs with nonrenal diseases. A commercially available particle‐enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for human serum cystatin C was used to measure canine serum CLI in a linear and proportional manner, with a mean recovery of 104%± 7.5% and coefficients of variation of 1.7 to 9.6%. The assay was then applied to serum samples from 17 clinically healthy dogs, 12 dogs with nonrenal diseases, and 8 dogs with renal insufficiency. Serum CLI was significantly higher in dogs with renal insufficiency (median serum CLI = 5.01 mg/L) than in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with nonrenal diseases (median serum CLI = 1.06 mg/L and 1.62 mg/L, respectively). Thus, canine serum CLI could be reliably measured using a commercially available PETIA designed for human serum cystatin C, and dogs with clinical renal insufficiency had, as expected, significantly higher serum CLI levels.
Serum and Plasma Latex Agglutination Tests for Detection of Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products in Clinically III Dogs
Authors: Boisvert Agatha M. , Swenson Cheryl L. , Haines Carolyn J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An increased concentration of fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) commonly is used in conjunction with other hemostatic test abnormalities to identify patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Positive FDP results, however, have been observed in dogs without clinical evidence of DIC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate FDP concentrations in a group of clinically ill dogs with a variety of disorders. Dogs included in the study had the following hemostatic parameters evaluated: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, and FDP concentration. Two rapid latex agglutination methods were compared for detecting FDP in serum samples (Thrombo‐Wellcotest, International Murex Technologies Corp) and plasma samples (FDP Plasma, American Bioproducts Inc). Results of the serum FDP method were positive in 8% (4/50) of the dogs tested: 3 with DIC and 1 with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia and liver disease. Results of the plasma FDP test were positive in 60% (30/50) of the animals tested: 6 with DIC, 3 with confirmed thrombosis, and 21 with a variety of conditions, including neoplasia, immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, pancreatitis, gastric dilatation‐volvulus, heat stroke, severe trauma, sepsis, protein‐losing nephropathy, liver disease, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic heart failure. Because the plasma FDP test was positive more frequently than the serum FDP test in ill dogs, it may be more sensitive for the detection of canine FDP.
Prevalence of Low Automated Platelet Counts in Cats: Comparison with Prevalence of Thrombocytopenia Based on Blood Smear Estimation
Authors: Norman Elizabeth J. , Barron Ronnie C. J. , Nash Andrew S. , Clampitt Roger B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:True thrombocytopenia is uncommon in cats; however, low platelet counts frequently are found using automated cell counters. Although this discrepancy is a well known problem, the prevalence of low automated platelet counts in feline blood samples has not been documented. We retrospectively compared the prevalence of low automated platelet counts with low blood smear‐estimated platelet counts in feline blood samples. Results of blood sample analysis from 359 cats during a 1‐year period at the University of Glasgow Veterinary Haematology Laboratory were examined. Smear estimates of platelet number were done in those cases in which records did not indicate adequate platelet numbers. Platelet counts obtained with an impedance counter (Minos Vet, Abx Hematologie) were <200×109cells/L in 256 samples (71%) and <50×109cells/L in 43 samples (12%). However, based on estimation of platelet numbers from blood smears, only 11 samples (3.1%) had platelet counts of <200×109cells/L and 9 samples (2.5%) had counts of <50×109cells/L. Four cats with thrombocytopenia estimated by blood smear evaluation had clinical signs of a bleeding disorder. Disorders associated with thrombocytopenia included neoplasia, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and infectious diseases. There was no evidence that delay due to mailing of samples was associated with lower automated platelet counts than would have been obtained on the day of sampling. The high prevalence of apparent thrombocytopenia in automated platelet counts was attributed to a combination of platelet aggregation and the impedance method of cell differentiation by size. Vigilance and careful examination of blood smears is required to identify the few cats with true thrombocytopenia.
Cytologic Evaluation of Inflammation in Canine Liver Aspirates
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Blauvelt Melissa , Aird Betsy
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Liver aspiration cytology has been used routinely for more than a decade for the evaluation of canine and feline liver disease. However, the value of liver cytology in detecting inflammatory liver disease is poorly defined. We retrospectively reviewed 51 canine liver cytology reports and compared the conclusions with those from concurrent surgical biopsy reports. Overall sensitivity of cytology for diagnosis of inflammatory liver disease was 93% and specificity was 96%. For suppurative hepatitis (n = 14), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 95%. For chronic active hepatitis (n = 13), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 93%. For lymphocytic hepatitis (n = 3), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 33% and the specificity was 100%. We conclude that canine liver aspiration cytology is a highly sensitive test for the detection of suppurative and chronic active inflammation; however, it is insensitive for the detection of lymphocytic hepatitis.
A Comparison of Coulometric Titration and Potentiometric Determination of Chloride Concentration in Rumen Fluid
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , Vap Linda M. , Dodson Linda A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The concentration of chloride ions in rumen fluid is a useful measure of obstructive gastrointestinal disease in ruminants and camelids. However, rumen fluid is very different from other biological fluids in its bacterial populations, consistency, and concentrations of various anions. Two methods of determining the chloride concentration in biological fluids were compared using centrifuged and filtered rumen fluid containing different amounts of sodium chloride. Although coulometric titration and potentiometric electrode analysis yielded results that had a strong linear relationship, the results of potentiometry were consistently and significantly higher, by about 20 mEq/L. This difference was investigated further by analyzing a series of fluids containing different concentrations of sodium acetate. Acetate was detected as chloride (0.21 chloride molecules per acetate molecule) by potentiometry but not by coulometric titration. Therefore, the acetate concentration of rumen fluid was the most likely cause of the discrepancy between tests in the original trial. In conclusion, the coulometric procedure may be more accurate than the potentiometric procedure for measuring rumen chloride when the concentrations of possible confounding ions are unknown.
Comparison of Nuclear Morphometric Parameters in Cytologic Smears and Histologic Sections of Spontaneous Canine Tumors
Authors: De Vico G. , Sfacteria A. , Maiolino P. , Mazzullo G.
Published: March 2008

Background — Nuclear morphometry may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information for neoplasms in animals. Most available data have been obtained from histologic sections. Nuclear morphometry of cytologic smears may provide important pre‐operative information.

Objectives — The goal of this study was to compare nuclear morphometric parameters in cytologic smears and histologic sections from spontaneous canine tumors.

Methods — Mean nuclear area (MNA), mean nuclear perimeter (MNP), mean nuclear form factor (FF; nuclear perimeter2/4π nuclear area) and their respective SDs were assessed by image analysis of both hematoxylin and eosin‐stained histologic sections and May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa‐stained cytologic smears from the same case in 20 spontaneous canine tumors of different histogenesis. The above parameters were selected as being the best morphometric tools for measuring variation in shape and size in cells after neoplastic transformation. Data were compared by ANOVA with P<.01 considered significant.

Results — There was a significant difference between histologic and cytologic specimens for MNA, MNP, and their SDs. Only the differences between FF and the SD of FF were not statistically significant.

Conclusions — Only nuclear morphometric data related to nuclear shape and nuclear shape variability are comparable between histologic and cytologic specimens. Nuclear area and perimeter may be affected by the different fixation and smear preparation techniques used in histology and cytology.
Blood Values of Juvenile Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris) Obtained Using a Portable Clinical Analyzer
Authors: Larsen R. Scott , Haulena Martin , Grindem Carol B. , Gulland Frances M. D.
Published: March 2008

Background —Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustisrostris) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but the results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques.

Objective —The objective of this study was to better assess the clinical relevance of blood values obtained from a portable analyzer and to compare the results with values obtained using more common methods of analysis.

Methods —Heparinized whole blood samples were collected from 20 rehabilitated juvenile northern elephant seals. A portable clinical analyzer (i‐STAT, i‐STAT Corp, East Windsor, NJ, USA) was used to establish baseline values. Serum biochemical values were obtained using an automated chemistry analyzer (Olympus AU5200, Olympus America, Melville, NY, USA). HCT was determined using EDTA whole blood and a cell counter.

Results —Using the portable analyzer, mean (minimum‐maximum) values were obtained for sodium, 143 (132–146) mmol/L; potassium, 4.4 (3.9–5.8) mmol/L; chloride, 106 (101–109) mmol/L; BUN, 1.8 (1.1–2.4) mmol/L; glucose, 7.55 (5.99–8.49) mmol/L; and HCT, 0.55 (0.52–0.61) L/L. Average differences between methods were small for potassium (‐0.45 mmol/L), BUN (0.1 mmol/L), and HCT (0.037 L/L) but were large for sodium (‐6.8 mmol/L), chloride (‐6.4 mmol/L), and glucose (‐0.56 mmol/L).

Conclusions —These results suggest that the i‐STAT portable analyzer could be useful for clinically assessing juvenile elephant seals. However, when making medical decisions, the clinician should be aware of differences associated with various analyzers and sample types.
Flow Cytometric Detection of Activated Platelets in the Dog
Authors: Moritz Andreas , Walcheck Bruce K. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: March 2008

Background:Platelet activation appears to play a role in a variety of canine thrombotic disorders. At present, tests for the detection of activated platelets are not used routinely in veterinary clinical laboratories.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically applicable method to detect activated canine platelets.

Methods:A flow cytometric assay was developed to detect activated platelets, platelet aggregates, and platelet microparticles in the dog. Blood was collected from healthy dogs using EDTA or sodium citrate as the anticoagulant, and platelet‐rich plasma was prepared. Platelets were activated by adding phorbol myristate acetate. In some experiments, platelets were fixed by incubation with 0.5% paraformaldehyde. In other experiments, platelets were stored for 4 or 24 hours at 4°C before analysis. Activated platelets were detected by measuring surface expression of P‐selectin and by determining the percentages of platelet aggregates and microparticles using forward‐angle vs side‐angle light scatter plots. Results were analyzed by using 2‐way ANOVA and the SchefféF‐test.

Results:Platelets collected in EDTA had minimal expression of P‐selectin, whereas platelets collected in sodium citrate had greater median fluorescence intensity. Fixation with 0.5% paraformaldehyde before labeling platelets with anti‐P‐selectin did not affect antibody binding or the percentages of platelet aggregates and microparticles. Storage of platelet‐rich plasma at 4°C for 4 hours did not affect antibody binding or the percentages of platelet aggregates or microparticles. Activation of plateletsex vivoby addition of 10 ng/mL phorbol myristate acetate resulted in a large increase in expression of P‐selectin but only slight increases in platelet aggregates and microparticles.

Conclusion:Determination of platelet P‐selectin expression and percentages of platelet aggregates and platelet microparticles may provide a clinically applicable means for detection of activated platelets in dogs. The capacity to use EDTA‐anticoagulated blood samples and to fix platelets for evaluation at a later time makes the test attractive as a routine diagnostic tool.
Equine Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Associated withClostridium perfringensInfection
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Moritz Andreas
Published: March 2008

Background:Previous studies have suggested an association between equine immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia and clostridial infections or neck abscesses.

Objective:The purpose of this report was to describe and characterize the hematologic abnormalities in a horse withClostridium‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia. We also retrospectively evaluated hematologic abnormalities in 8 horses with clostridial myositis or subcutaneous emphysema.

Methods:A 7‐year‐old Foreign Warm‐Blood gelding was evaluated for anemia and a cervical abscess. CBCs and reticulocyte counts were obtained using an Advia 120 analyzer and evaluation of Wright's‐stained smears. All cases of equineClostridiumspp. myositis or subcutaneous emphysema over a 7‐year period were identified in a retrospective search of the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital database. Clinical, hematologic, and microbiological findings were recorded.

Results:Clostridium perfringensgenotype A was isolated from the neck wound of the gelding. The CBC was characterized by severe regenerative anemia, intravascular hemolysis, and RBC agglutination. A direct Coombs' test was positive. Moderate numbers of spheroechinocytes were observed. The total automated reticulocyte count was 4.5% (56,700/μL), with most reticulocytes having low absorbance (mature reticulocytes). The anemia responded to penicillin and steroidal and nonsteroidal immunosuppressive drugs. Of 8 horses with myositis, all of which involved the cervical region, 5 were anemic, 1 had a positive direct Coombs' test, and 2 had increased numbers of type III echinocytes and spheroechinocytes.

Conclusions:The presence of type III echinocytes or spheroechinocytes may be helpful in diagnosing immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia associated with clostridial infections in horses. Automated reticulocyte counts may detect very low levels of reticulocytosis in hemolytic anemia in horses.
Serum Creatinine Concentrations in Retired Racing Greyhounds
Authors: Feeman William E. , Couto C. Guillermo , Gray Toni L.
Published: March 2008

Background:Greyhounds frequently have laboratory values that are outside reference intervals established for dogs. Our recognition of increased serum creatinine concentrations in several Greyhounds posed a problem when evaluating a Greyhound with suspected renal disease.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare serum creatinine concentrations between Greyhound and non‐Greyhound dogs.

Methods:Thirty retired racing Greyhounds and 30 age‐and gender‐matched control non‐Greyhound dogs were evaluated. Serum creatinine concentrations in both groups were measured using a standard biochemical method and compared statistically using a Kruskal‐Wallis test.

Results:Creatinine concentration was significantly higher in the Greyhounds (P< .01) than in the control group.

Conclusion:Greyhounds have a higher serum creatinine concentration than do non‐Greyhound dogs. This idiosyncrasy should be taken into account when evaluating healthy Greyhounds and those with suspected renal disease.
Effects of Blood Processing Techniques on Sodium and Potassium Values: A Comparison Between Aldabra Tortoises (Geochelone gigantea) and Burmese Mountain Tortoises (Manouria emys)
Authors: Abou‐Madi Noha , Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: March 2008

Background:Hematologic and plasma biochemical evaluations are routinely used in evaluating the chelonian patient, but appropriate processing techniques have been minimally defined.

Objectives:This study was designed to compare the effects of temperature, time, anticoagulant, and species on sodium and potassium values in the Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) and the Burmese mountain tortoise (Manouria emys).

Methods:Blood samples from 7 Aldabra tortoises and 8 Burmese mountain tortoises were collected into tubes without anticoagulant and tubes containing lithium heparin. Sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by flame photometry in serum and plasma harvested immediately after collection and from aliquots of whole blood stored at 4°C and 25°C for 5 to 120 minutes.

Results:In Aldabra tortoises, storage time and temperature had no significant effect on potassium concentrations in heparinized blood and in blood without anticoagulant. However, sodium concentrations in serum and plasma decreased significantly in samples without anticoagulant stored at 4°C and 25°C and in heparinized samples stored at 4°C. In Burmese mountain tortoises, potassium concentrations in serum and plasma increased significantly with time in samples without anticoagulant and in heparinized samples stored at 4°C and 25°C, but the increases were less at 4°C. Sodium concentrations in serum and plasma decreased significantly in blood without anticoagulant and heparinized blood stored at 4°C and 25°C.

Conclusions:Storage of blood samples with and without anticoagulant at 4°C significantly improved the stability of potassium and sodium concentrations in both species of tortoises. Early separation of red cells from serum or plasma after blood collection is especially important to ensure the reliability of potassium measurements.
A Protocol to Guide Development of a Sensitive ELISA for Canine Erythropoietin
Authors: Giampaoli Saverio , Facciabene Andrea , Mennuni Carmela
Published: March 2008

Background:The determination of canine erythropoietin (EPO) concentration is crucial for monitoring the effect of human recombinant (hr) EPO therapy in dogs with chronic renal failure. Current assays are not specific for canine EPO and not sensitive enough to detect physiologic EPO levels in dogs.

Objective:The objective of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive ELISA for canine EPO that could serve as a starting point for developing a commercially available assay.

Methods:The ELISA was based on a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) using 2 different immunization techniques: gene electrotransfer (GET) to generate the pAb and multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) to generate the mAb. The ELISA was performed using both EPO obtained from HeLa cells transfected with an expression plasmid encoding canine EPO and canine plasma with known concentrations of EPO.

Results:The ELISA standard curve was linear for canine EPO concentrations of 7–66 mU/ml. Coefficients of variation were about 10%. No cross‐reactivity between canine EPO and hrEPO was detected.

Conclusions:Using novel GET and MAP technology, we developed a sensitive and specific ELISA for canine EPO that can be used to guide future clinical applications for EPO detection and monitoring in dogs.
Acinic cell carcinoma in an African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Fukuzawa Ryuji , Fukuzawa Kazuhiro , Abe Hitoshi , Nagai Toshihiro , Kameyama Kaori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A male African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), estimated to be 3 years old, presented with exophthalmos and fixed abduction of the right eye. Radiographic examination revealed a retrobulbar tumor in the right orbital cavity. The mass was surgically resected but recurred 3 months later and the hedgehog died. There was no gross or microscopic evidence of salivary or lacrimal gland involvement of the tumor at surgery or at necropsy. The histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings were those of acinic cell carcinoma, the origin of which was unknown. This is the first known case of acinic cell carcinoma in an African hedgehog.
Synovial fluid from an African spur‐thighed tortoise (Geochelone sulcata)
Authors: Casimire‐Etzioni Athema L. , Wellehan James F. X. , Embury Jennifer E. , Terrell Scott P. , Raskin Rose E.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A 4.5‐year‐old, male African spur‐thighed tortoise (Geochelone sulcata) was presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 2‐week history of lethargy, anorexia, constipation, dyspnea, and coughing up fluid or vomiting. Laboratory results included an inflammatory leukogram and a marked increase in plasma uric acid concentration. Synovial fluid from multiple joints was thick, chalky white, and opaque, with a grainy consistency. Microscopically, the fluid contained numerous brown, needle‐like crystals consistent with urates (gout). Gross necropsy findings and histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of systemic gout, with urate deposition, gout tophi, and underlying necrosis in multiple organs, including kidneys, lung, and liver. Dehydration with concurrent renal insufficiency may have impaired urate excretion and led to a build‐up of urates in the blood and tissues of this tortoise. A high protein diet also may have contributed to the development of gout. Cytologic evaluation of synovial fluid can be used as a quick and definitive tool to diagnose gout in tortoises.
Cutaneous lymphoma in a juvenile dog
Authors: Choi Ul Soo , Jeong Seong Mok , Kang Min‐Soo , Jung In Sung , Kim Dae‐Yong , Lee Chang Woo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An 18‐month‐old male Doberman Pinscher was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine for an erythemic nodular mass on the right forelimb. The mass was diagnosed as cutaneous lymphoma, based on cytologic examination of a mass aspirate and histopathology. Using immunohistochemistry the neoplastic cells were positive for CD3 but negative for CD79a, E‐cadherin, and pancytokeratin, confirming their origin as T lymphocytes. No tumor recurrence was noted 18 months after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a solitary nodular form of cutaneous lymphoma in a young dog.
Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization of hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma in a dog
Authors: Cienava Elizabeth A. , Barnhart Kirstin F. , Brown Raquel , Mansell Joanne , Dunstan Robert , Credille Kelly
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 13–year‐old neutered male Jack Russell Terrier (Parson Russell Terrier) was presented to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center with a history of lethargy, depression, vomiting, and fever. The dog had mildly regenerative anemia, severe thrombocytopenia and low antithrombin activity. Marked splenomegaly was found on physical examination and imaging studies, and malignant round cell neoplasia and marked extramedullary hematopoiesis were diagnosed on aspirates of the spleen. The dog underwent exploratory laporatomy and splenectomy. Because of a rapid decline in clinical condition post‐surgery the dog was euthanized. Splenic and hepatic biopsies were submitted for histopathologic evaluation. A neoplastic population of round cells was found throughout the splenic parenchyma and within hepatic sinusoids. The neoplastic cells stained strongly positive for CDS (T‐cell marker) and were negative for CD79a (B‐cell marker) and lysozyme (histiocytic marker). A diagnosis of T‐cell lymphoma was confirmed by assessment of T‐cell clonality using canine‐specific polymerase chain reaction‐based techniques. Although expression of the γδ T‐cell receptor was not evaluated, this case shares many similarities with a rare syndrome in humans known as hepatosplenic γδ T‐cell lymphoma.