bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminization at Work: Career Implications
Authors: Fondas Nanette
Published: November 2023

Recently arguments have appeared in both business publications and academic journals that suggest a “feminization” is occurring in the workplace (Fondas, 1993; Jenson, Hagen, and Reddy, 1988; Lee, 1994; Lenz and Myerhoff, 1985; Lunneborg, 1990; Reskin and Roos, 1990; Smith and Smits, 1994). Feminization is used generally to refer to the rising rate of female participation in the paid labor force and its effect on occupational sex composition (Jensen, Hagen, and Reddy, 1988; Johnston and Packer, 1987) and to women’s entry into customarily male fields, such as law, business, and medicine (Cohn, 1985; Reskin and Roos, 1990). “Feminization” is also used to refer the spread of characteristics culturally ascribed to females and thus held to be feminine in society. Ann Douglas (1977) introduced this usage in The Feminization of American Culture, when she documented the spread of domesticity throughout the mass culture of Victorian America. Drawing on Douglas’s definition, in The Feminist Case against Bureaucracy, Ferguson (1984) used feminization to refer to the spread of traditionally feminine traits-such as supportiveness and attention to others-to bureaucratically defined subordinates. Similarly, Calas and Smircich (1993) adopted this definition in their description of the continued subordination of women in global workforce. Fondas (1993) followed in this tradition by describing “feminized” managers whose careers are now characterized by temporary, subcontracted, part-time, ad hoc, and insecure employment arrangements. These concepts are used in this chapter to describe feminization and its implications for organizing and managing within the context of boundaryless careers.
Organizational Ethics and the Good Life
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

In giving an account of what is ethical, we can begin by describing the community that accommodates the good life; to be ethical, then, is to be a contributor to that sort of community. We live in political communities as well as in communities built around families, neighborhoods, churches, and other associations. But for many of us the community that will afford the good life that is the purpose of morality is the organization that employs us. Aristotle claimed the greatest ethical questions are political ones; today we have reason to believe that the greatest ethical questions are organizational ones. In Organizational Ethics and the Good Life, Edwin Hartman contends that, as ethics is about the good community, a great part of business ethics is about the good organization. He argues that a large and complex organization has the characteristic of the “commons” studied by game theorists, and that it is the task of management to preserve the commons in the long-term interests of all its members, principally by creating an appropriate corporate culture. A good corporate culture not only serves the interests of the participants but makes the organization a place in which they can develop interests that are compatible with both autonomy and good corporate citizenship: that is, they can develop a sense of the good life that is appropriate to the moral person. Hartman opposes the standard view that the study of organizational ethics is a matter of considering how certain foundational ethical principles apply in organizational settings; instead, he argues, business ethicists should consider how free and rational people arrive at a consensus on practical ethical principles in a morally good organization that leaves room for moral progress. And what makes an organization morally good? In discussing justice, loyalty, and other features of a morally good organization, Hartman draws largely on the work of Rawls and Hirschman. In describing the good life as one in which well-being and morality overlap, Hartman proposes a new version of an idea as old as Aristotle, who taught that human beings are rational but also irreducibly communal creatures.
The Quest for Freedom: Runaway Slaves and the Plantation South
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

Jane was yesterday afternoon about six o’clock arrested,’’ Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., of Savannah began in a letter to his father on the first day of October 1856; ‘‘she is now in confinement in Wright the broker’s yard.’’ Owned by cotton planter Charles C. Jones, Sr., of Liberty County, Georgia, Jane had been in Savannah more than a month before being discovered. She had passed herself off as a slave from the upcountry who was permitted to hire her own time and she had found employment atΛ6.50 a week doing housework.
Parameters and Universals
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

This is a collection of previously published essays on comparative syntax by the distinguished linguist Richard Kayne. The papers cover issues of comparative syntax as they are applied to French, Italian, and other Romance languages and dialects, together forming a strongly cohesive set that will be valuable to both scholars and students.
Prepositional Complementizers as Attractors
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

At this point, two questions arise: What property do infinitival phrases have that finite phrases lack, such that only the former are compatible with deldi, and what is the best way of expressing the ‘selectional’ relation between deldi and infinitives? With regard to the second question, I will develop an analysis that expresses that relation via movement, recalling proposals by Koopman (1994) and Svenonius (1994), except that the movement at issue will be phrasal movement. (Deldi will attract the infinitive phrase to its Spec.)
A Note on Prepositions, Complementizers, and Word Order Universals
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Just as of in (1)/(2) enters the derivation after the phrase John’sfriends has been put together, so does de in (3) enter the derivation above the verb phrase essayé chanter (and similarly for Italian). These prepositional complementizers are not merged directly with the infinitival IP they are associated with. The relation between complementizer and IP is established rather by movement (attraction).
The Framework
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

Assumptions

Language structure is the product of our interaction with the world around us. The way we build discourses and develop linguistic categories can immediately be derived from the way we experience our environment and use that experience in speciesspecific communication.

A common human strategy of communication consists in relating different concepts by describing one in terms of the other. This strategy, it is argued here, can be held responsible for much of why grammar looks the way it does, and perhaps also why grammar exists in the first place. And it also constitutes the foundation of the framework used in this book. This framework is based primarily on the following assumptions:
Punishment, Communication, and Community
Authors: Duff R A
Published: November 2023

Part of the Studies in Crime and Public Policy series, this book, written by one of the top philosophers of punishment, examines the main trends in penal theorizing over the past three decades. Duff asks what can justify criminal punishment, and then explores the legitimacy of actual practices by examining what would count as adequate justification for them. Duff argues that a “communicative conception of punishment,” which he presents as a third way between consequentialist and retributive theories, offers the most fruitful way of understanding punishment’s meaning and justification. Duff addresses such question as how much sentences should be constrained by proportionality requirements; what modalities of punishment best communicate their intended meaning; and what decisionmaking procedures he envisions. This book will appeal to criminologists, philosophers, and others interested in theories of punishment.
Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Nogrady Thomas , Weaver Donald F
Published: November 2023

Fully updated and rewritten by a basic scientist who is also a practising physician, the third edition of this popular textbook remains comprehensive, authoritative and readable. Taking a receptor-based, target-centered approach, it presents the concepts central to the study of drug action in a logical, mechanistic way grounded on molecular and biochemical principles. Students of pharmacy, chemistry and pharmacology, as well as researchers interested in a better understanding of drug design, will find this book an invaluable resource. Starting with an overview of basic principles, Medicinal Chemistry examines the properties of drug molecules, the characteristics of drug receptors, and the nature of drug-receptor interactions. Then it systematically examines the various families of receptors involved in human disease and drug design. The first three classes of receptors are related to endogenous molecules: neurotransmitters, hormones and immunomodulators. Next, receptors associated with cellular organelles (mitochondria, cell nucleus), endogenous macromolecules (membrane proteins, cytoplasmic enzymes) and exogenous pathogens (viruses, bacteria) are exained. Through this evaluation of receptors, all the main types of human disease and all major categories of drugs are considered. There have been many changes in the third edition, including a new chapter on the immune system. Because of their increasingly prominent role in drug discovery, molecular modeling techniques, high throughput screening, neurpharmacology and genetics/genomics are given much more attention. The chapter on hormonal therapies has been thoroughly updated and re-organized. Emerging enzyme targets in drug design (e.g. kinases, caspases) are discussed, and recent information on voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels has been incorporated. The sections on antihypertensive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, and anticancer drugs, as well as treatments for hyperlipidemia and peptic ulcer, have been substantially expanded. One new feature will enhance the book’s appeal to all readers: clinical-molecular interface sections that facilitate understanding of the treatment of human disease at a molecular level.
Its a Girl!”: Bringing Perfarmativity Back to Linguistics
Authors: Livia Anna , Hall Kira
Published: November 2023

We began collecting articles for this volume in March 1994 while preparations for the third Berkeley Women and Language Conference (BWLC) were at their height. In our own papers for the 1994 conference, we were each grappling with recent developments in queer theory and its uneasy, often antagonistic, relation to feminist theory. So, as it turned out, were several of the other conference participants that year. During the two previous decades, although a substantial body of research had been carried out on language and gender, few of these studies had taken sexuality, or sexual orientation, as a criterion for analysis, and the vast majority assumed gender as an unproblematic category indexically linked to the sex of the speaker or writer.
Pots and Pans: Identification of Queer Japanese in Terms of Discrimination
Authors: Valentine James
Published: November 2023

Japanese and Western people commonly define each other as queer. The peculiarity is considered to apply generally to the “other” people but also includes particular notions of sexual strangeness. Increasingly, and especially with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the consequent search for new solidarities and scapegoats, notions of national or cultural identity are constructed in an occidental-oriental contrast that commonly sets “the Japanese” against “the West: ‘ each representing outsiders beyond the circle of those who belong. Japan and the United States, in particular, have come to perceive each other as mutually defining opposites (Robertson 1990: 188). A special construction of Japan as Other has thus become predominant in the various possible “Othernesses of Japan” that can be set up.
‘I Don ‘t Speak Spritch”: Locating Lesbian Language
Authors: Queen Robin M
Published: November 2023

The few studies that exist on lesbian language either center on lexical and topical issues (Painter 1978, 1981; Gever and Magnan 1991; Day and Morse 1981) or come to the conclusion that there are no unique linguistic features used by lesbians (Moonwomon 1985, reprinted in this volume). Both of these analyses result from the assumption that there is a lesbian speech community that can be identified and that, once identified, exhibits a specific set of linguistic features. In this chapter, I question the nature of the speech community and find it inadequate for accommodating the unique form of lesbian language. I propose instead the use of a contact- based model for accounting for lesbian language. Through the example of lesbian comic-book characters, I demonstrate how lesbian language consists of the interaction between several stylistic tropes and their conventionalized social meanings.
Introduction Language Ideology as a field of inquiry
Authors: Woolard Kathryn A
Published: November 2023

As Raymond Williams observed, “a definition of language is always, implicitly or explicitly, a definition of human beings in the world” (1977:21). The essays in this volume examine definitions and conceptions of language in a wide range of settings. They focus on how such defining activity organizes individuals, institutions, and their interrelations. Representations, whether explicit or implicit, that construe the intersection of language and human beings in a social world are what we mean by “language ideology.” There is as much cultural variation in ideas about language and about how communication works as a social process as there is in the very form of language (Bauman 1983:16; Hymes 1974:13-14, 31). However, language ideology is of anthropological importance not simply because of its ethnographic variability but because it is a mediating link between social forms and forms of talk (if I may be forgiven a turn of phrase that emphasizes product over process). As all of the contributions to this volume point out, ideologies of language are not about language alone. Rather, they envision and enact ties of language to identity, to aesthetics, to morality, and to epistemology. Through such linkages, they underpin not only linguistic form and use but also the very notion of the person and the social group, as well as such fundamental social institutions as religious ritual, child socialization, gender relations, the nation-state, schooling, and law.
Ideologies of Honorific Language
Authors: Irvine Judith T
Published: November 2023

All sociolinguistic systems, presumably, provide some means of expressing respect (or disrespect), but only some systems have those specially conventionalized linguistic forms that linguists have called “honorifics.” This chapter compares several languages-Javanese, Wolof, Zulu, and ChiBemba-with regard to their construction of honorific expressions and the social and cultural frameworks relevant to them.1 The main question to be explored is whether one can identify any cultural concomitants of linguistic systems in which honorifics occur. Asking that question involves attention to language ideologies and their relationships with linguistic form and social life.
Our Ideologies and Theirs
Authors: Collins James
Published: November 2023

During the controversies over the Columbian 09incentenary, it became common to speak of the relation between European-derived political formations and indigenous societies as “encounters.” Much has also been written recently about the dialogue between anthropologists and their consultants and about how this dialogue fruitfully complicates the apparent dichotomy of observer and observed. It is a theme of this book that ideology is generated in particular social sites, often sites of conflictual exchange. This chapter speaks to the various senses of contact, engagement, and intermeshing involved in the study of ideology. I present a case study from native Northern California that focuses on two language encounters: one of an analyst and native speakers during linguistic fieldwork, one of a native community and state credentialing agencies in official language renewal programs. In both encounters we find divergent beliefs about the nature of language as structure, its place in social action, and its relation to such collective orders as family, tribe, and nation-state. These divergences point to a complex, interlinked history of scientific claim, official recognition, and local contestation that involves field linguists and anthropologists, bureaucratic offices, and an Athabaskan-descended people who have come to be known as the Tolowa.
Religion in Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Among American religious believers there is disagreement about many fundamental religious/moral matters. Because the United States is both such a religious country and such a religiously pluralistic country, the issue of the proper role of religion in politics is extremely important to political debate. In Religion in Politics, Michael Perry addresses a fundamental question: what role may religious arguments play, if any, either in public debate about what political choices to make or as a basis of political choice? He is principally concerned with political choices that ban or otherwise disfavour one or another sort of human conduct based on the view that the conduct is immoral. He divides the controversy into two debates: the constitutionally proper role of religious arguments in politics, and a related, but distinct, debate about the morally proper role. Perry concludes that political choices about the morality of human conduct should not be based on religion. The newest work by one of the most important constitutional theorists writing today, Religion in Politics is sure to spark a new debate on the subject.
The Renaissance of American Steel
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

By the end of the 1980s, the once mighty U.S. steel industry seemed on its last legs. More than a quarter of a million jobs had been lost, and communities like Pittsburgh and Bethlehem were devastated. Yet today, the industry again stands as a world-class competitor. In The Renaissance of American Steel, Roger Ahlbrandt, Richard Fruehan, and Frank Giarratani illuminate the forces behind this remarkable comeback, drawing valuable lessons for managers not only in the steel business but in any business now battling the global marketplace. Citing evidence from a wide range of companies in the U.S., the U.K., and Japan, and clearly explaining the basics of steel production, the authors show how the industry’s rebirth resulted both from the downsizing of big companies and the rise of minimills capturing markets from the larger companies. They describe how large, traditional firms--including U.S. Steel, British Steel, and Nippon Steel--recognized that they had to reduce the scope of their operations and reorganize to become more competitive. U.S. Steel CEO Tom Graham, for instance, closed plants and refocused the firm’s resources on the market for flat-rolled products. The book also examines how minimills--such as Nucor, Birmingham Steel, Oregon Steel, Tokyo Steel, and Co-Steel Sheerness--have redefined the industry’s structure and competitive dynamics. Nucor, in particular, has emerged as the leader among the minimills--the largest electric furnace-based steel company in the U.S., with annual sales exceeding $3 billion. The reader learns how CEO Ken Iverson, recognizing the opportunities to be seized if Nucor moved beyond traditional products (such as steel joists and rebar), created the most innovative steel mill in the world, with a consistent record of investing in new technologies to lower operating costs and to move into sophisticated, value-added products. Throughout the book, the authors offer sharp insights into the steel industry in the U.S. and abroad--but more important, they highlight the lessons to be learned for managers in all industries. The authors conclude, for instance, that success for both large and small steel producers depends on a critical interplay of factors that touch on leadership, new technologies, and decentralized management. Effective leaders, the authors find, don’t micromanage; they set a goal for the company and communicate it broadly to gain employees’ commitment. High-performing companies aggressively seek technical know-how, even if it means purchasing it from foreign competitors or securing joint agreements. And finally, successful companies decentralize, empowering employees far down in the organization to handle daily decision making. This in-depth analysis of a radically changed industry speaks volumes about the value of flexibility in business. It is an essential resource for any manager working in today’s global economy.
Language in Time
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

The authors here promote the reintroduction of temporality into the description and analysis of spoken interaction. They argue that spoken words are, in fact, temporal objects and that unless linguists consider how they are delivered within the context of time, they will not capture the full meaning of situated language use. Their approach is rigorously empirical, with analyses of English, German, and Italian rhythm, all grounded in sequences of actual talk-in-internation.
On Reconstructing Grammar
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

This book shows how to combine grammaticalization theory with the comparative method to reconstruct the grammar of Proto-Languages. To showcase the methodology, seven morphosyntactically distinct verbal systems in the Cariban family--three ergative, three nominative, and one inverse--are reconstructed. Spike Gildea presents detailed data in his reconstruction of Proto-Carib verbal and nominal morphologies. The inverse verbal system reconstructs to Proto-Carib; the other six are innovative, and reconstruct to Proto-Carib nonfinite source-constructions.
Family Violence
Authors: Gelles Richard J
Published: November 2023

Over the last three decades, family and intimate violence has been transformed from an issue obscured by selective inattention to a problem that receives increasing professional, public, and policy attention. The explosive growth in our knowledge and understanding of the various aspects of family violence has produced a wealth of empirical data, as well as deep and intensive controversies about those data and their meaning. The topic of this chapter is family violence, but there really is no unified field of study or practice that falls neatly under that term. Family violence is only rarely viewed as a holistic problem.
Power Sharing
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

What allows certain individuals and groups to maintain control over the actions and lives of others? Linguistic anthropologist Elizabeth Keating went to the island of Pohnpei, in Micronesia, and studied how people use language and other semiotic codes to reproduce and manipulate status differences. The result is this inside view of how language works to create power and social inequality. This book challenges widely held theories on the nature of social stratification, including women’s roles in creating hierarchy.
Physiological Responses to Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

Falling plasma glucose concentrations trigger a characteristic series of responses: decreased insulin secretion, increased glucose counter regulatory hormone secretion and autonomic neural activation, a variety of symptoms and signs, and impairment of cognitive functions (Cryer, 1993). The sequential glycemic thresholds for these responses have been quantitated (Schwartz et al., 1987; Mitrakou et al., 1991; Fanelli et al., 1994). Lower plasma glucose concentrations can cause a seizure, loss of consciousness, or both.
Approach to the Patient with Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

The prevention or rapid correction of hypoglycemia is critical to survival of the brain, and thus the individual (Chapter 1). It requires the appropriate glucoregulatory signals, an enzymatically and structurally intact liver, and an adequate supply of gluconeogenic substrates (Chapters 2 through 5). Decrements in insulin, increments in glucagon, and, in the absence of the latter, increments in epinephrine stand high in the hierarchy of redundant glucose counterregulatory signals (Chapter 5).
Cardiovascular Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Snuff
Authors: Wennmalm Ake
Published: November 2023

Nicotine has a variety of effects on the cardiovascular system.’ Most, but not all, of these effects are based on increased sympathetic activity. Nicotine may facilitate sympathoadrenal activity by coupling to central cholinergic receptors or to sympathetic ganglia or by enhancing transmitter release at a given sympathetic impulse rate. Which of these effects is most important in people who self-administer nicotine is not entirely clear.
The Impact of Fetal Nicotine Exposure on Nervous System Development and Its Role in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Slotkin Theodore A
Published: November 2023

The adverse effects of tobacco on the offspring of women smokers have a long history. In addition to fetal and infant mortality, the most notable ones associated with nicotine are increased learning disabilities and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders-even when birth weight is normal-because nicotine targets the brain.
Summary: Risks and Benefits of Nicotine
Authors: Benowitz Neal L
Published: November 2023

General considerations Before considering specific disease conditions, it is essential to understand that the safety of nicotine depends very much on the dose, pattern, and duration of exposure (see Chapter 2) There are many data on the safety and toxicity of nicotine products administered for several months to aid smoking cessation, showing that the risks of such therapy are minimal. The risk of long-term therapy, such as might be entertained if treating chronic medical conditions, is as yet unknown.
The Plain English Approach to Business Writing
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

In offices across America, the Masters of Gobbledygook are hard at work. They're bombarding in-boxes with those long, confusing memos that colleagues don't have the patience to read--and bosses don't have the time to rewrite. They use words like "commence" or "prior to" instead of "begin" or "before." They bury their main point somewhere in the last paragraph--and take two pages to get there. Everybody knows one of them; in fact, you may even be one of them. But now there's help for anyone who's ever fallen prey to businessese, academese, legalese, or any other "ese" when faced with a blank memo pad. In The Plain English Approach to Business Writing, Edward Bailey--who spent twenty years working in the bastions of bureaucratese--offers readers a powerful new communications tool. Written for busy professionals who want to improve the quality and clarity of their own (or their staff's) writing style, this no-nonsense guide is an indispensable office companion. Bailey's approach is surprisingly straightforward: just write as you would talk. Plain English is not only easier to read; it's also easier to write. And it's so effective that many large organizations are endorsing, if not demanding, its use in the work place. Pithy and entertaining, Bailey points out all the dos and don'ts of plain English. He then illustrates them with examples drawn from a wide array of sources, including business documents, technical manuals, trade publications like Consumer Reports, and the works of writers such as Russell Baker and John D. MacDonald. From the basics to the fine tuning, he offers practical advice on clarity and precision, organization, layout, and a host of other important writing topics. A delightful, down-to-earth guide, The Plain English Approach to Business Writing is for professionals of all backgrounds (government, military, legal, financial, technical, corporate) and staff at all levels (from the company CEO to the ambitious secretary). The Plain English Approach to Business Writing can be read in an hour--and used for the rest of one's life.
The Idea of Human Rights
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Of all the influential--indeed, formative--moral ideas to occupy centre stage in the twentieth century, the notion of human rights is for many the most difficult. Inspired by a 1988 trip to El Salvador, Michael Perry’s new book explores this idea in full. His typically lucid exposition of this complex issue (one so rich in social, political, and philosophical implications, especially at the international level) is rooted in the recognition that every human being is sacred, “inviolable,” has “inherent dignity” and worth, and is an end to himself. Therefore, in Perry’s view, the concept of human rights is inescapably religious. But are human rights universal? And are they absolute? The latest thinking from one of our nation’s leading authorities on morality, politics, and religion, The Idea of Human Rights: Four Inquiries addresses these questions adroitly. The legal and moral dimensions of “rights” rhetoric itself--such as its meanings and functions--are also carefully considered.
Transplantation? A Comparison of Japanese Television Assembly Plants in Japan and the United States
Authors: Kenney Martin
Published: November 2023

The transfer and/or adoption of the Japanese management system in the United States has drawn much attention during the last fifteen years (Abo et al., 1994; Kenney and Florida, 1993 Womack et al., 1990). Global competition and Japanese success in several industries have captured the attention of politicians, businessmen, and scholars alike. The Japanese story has successfully motivated a dramatic rethinking of the nature of production management (see, for example, Adler 1993; Dertouzos et al. 1989).
Using Expatriate Supervisors to Promote Cross-Border Management Practice Transfer: The Experience of a Japanese Electronics Company
Authors: Peterson Mark F , Peng T K , Smith Peter B
Published: November 2023

The Japanese electronics companies that opened production facilities in the United States during the 1980s faced the same kinds of intercultural challenges in managing a foreign workforce that are common to all multinational corporations (MNCs). As several chapters in the present volume indicate, many MNCs have found these intercultural challenges to be an integral part of transferring advanced manufacturing practices. For example, Nakamura, Sakakibara, and Schroeder (chapter 11, this volume) effectively argue that the fluidity of the U.S. labor market may jeopardize the returns on investment in human capital in the United States that Japanese companies have come to expect at home. We describe here the complementary risks of investing in expatriate supervisors. In the present chapter, we illustrate these risks by analyzing the role that expatriate supervisors played in one such Japanese company.
Work System Innovation among Japanese Transplants in the United States
Authors: Jenkins Davis , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

In 1972, Sony opened a television plant in San Diego, ushering in an era of expanding investment by Japanese companies in U.S. manufacturing operations, or what are often referred to as the “transplants.” The amount of new investment by Japanese companies in U.S.-based manufacturing transplants reached flood proportions in the mid-1980s, peaking in 1989 at around $9 billion. During the early 1990s, Japanese direct investment in U.S. manufacturing declined precipitously in line with the overall decline in foreign direct investment in the United States that accompanied recessions in the United States, Europe and Japan. Since then, such investment has rebounded somewhat, especially as Japanese companies have expanded production in existing facilities. It is not likely to return to the heady levels of the 1980s any time soon, however, in part because Japanese firms are now directing an increasing share of their foreign investment to Asia (Ministry of Finance, 1995).
Checking Theory and Grammatical Functions in Universal Grammar
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

Ura demonstrates that his theory of multiple feature-checking, an extension of Chomsky’s Agr-less checking theory, gives a natural explanation for a wide range of data drawn from a variety of languages in a very consistent way with a limited set of parameters.
The Lost World of Classical Legal Thought
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

This book examines the ideology of elite lawyers and judges from the Gilded Age through the New Deal. Between 1866 and 1937, a coherent outlook shaped the way the American bar understood the sources of law, the role of the courts, and the relationship between law and the larger society. Here, William M. Wiecek explores this outlook--often called “legal orthodoxy” or “classical legal thought”--which assumed that law was apolitical, determinate, objective, and neutral. American classical legal thought was forged in the heat of the social crises that punctuated the late nineteenth century. Fearing labor unions, immigrants, and working people generally, several American elites, including those on the bench and bar, sought ways to repress disorder and prevent political majorities from using democratic processes to redistribute wealth and power. Classical legal thought provided a rationale that assured the legitimacy of an extant distribution of society’s resources. It enabled the legal suppression of unions and the subordination of workers to management’s authority. As the twentieth-century US economy grew in complexity, the anti-regulatory, individualistic bias of classical legal thought became more and more distanced from reality. Brittle and dogmatic, legal ideology lost legitimacy in the eyes of both laypeople and ever-larger segments of the bar. It was at last abandoned in the “constitutional revolution of 1937”, but nothing has arisen since to replace it as an explanation of what law is and why courts have such broad power in a democratic society.
The Rice-Paper Ceiling in Japanese Companies Why It Exists and Persists
Authors: Kopp Rochelle
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3 Brannen and Salk make the point that defining the contrasts between Japanese and local cultures and management styles in terms of reified billiard balls is not a sufficient way to describe the dynamics that arise in the context of Japanese overseas subsidiaries and that it is necessary to examine the negotiated culture which emerges from interactions. This chapter represents an attempt to quantify and dissect what appears to be a common feature of the negotiated cultures that emerge in the overseas operations of Japanese firms: a heavy use of expatriates and a related barrier to the advancement of locally hired employees within the overseas operation. Numerous observers of Japanese multinationals have OMNCs) remarked on their tendency to dispatch large numbers of expatriates to overseas operations. That these expatriates dominate management posts to the exclusion of locally hired personnel is so often repeated that it has become virtually axiomatic.
Globalization of Pharmaceutical Research and Development in Japanese Companies
Authors: Methe David T , Penner-Hahn Joan D
Published: November 2023

With the quickening pace of change brought about by technological innovation and globalization, organizations have had to scramble to keep pace. The relentless drive for responsiveness has focused much attention on organizational learning (Senge, 1990), seen as crucial to a company’ s success (Garratt, 1987). It has been studied in a number of contexts (Brown & Duguid, 1991; Nevis, DiBella, & Gould, 1995), but one area that needs more systematic study is globalization, particularly because one of the key assets attributed to multinational corporations (MNCs) is their greater learning opportunities as a result of operating in diverse environments (Ghoshal, 1987). As more and more companies put facilities overseas, their executives confront the managerial challenge of transferring information and knowledge related to best practices from where they were generated to where they are needed.
The Big Event
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

By many accounts the premiere broadcast of the miniseries Holocaust: The Story of the Family Weiss on NBC constitutes the most significant event in the presentation of the Holocaust on American television. Aired on four consecutive evenings, 16-19 April 1978, it was seen, at least in part, by an estimated 120 million viewers nationwide.1 Scholars and critics often cite the miniseries as a landmark of Holocaust consciousness in America. With this one event, many have claimed that the Holocaust “fully ‘arrived’ on the American scene.”
Introduction: Japanese Multinationals in Asia
Authors: Encarnation Dennis J
Published: November 2023

During the mid to late 1980s, Japanese corporations rushed headlong into Asia, pushed in part by the sharply rising value of the Japanese yen and pulled by the alluring prospect of lower labor and other factor costs, plus very large and rap idly growing markets. Today, a decade later, multinational corporations (MNCs) based in Japan remain the largest national source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Asia, a driving force behind much of that region’s rapidly growing trade in goods and services and a principal source there of technology transfer. By weaving these FDI, trade, and technology flows into cross-border networks, Japanese multinationals have fundamentally reorganized production across Asia. Thus, they have been linked both to the “hollowing out” back home of the Japanese economy, and to the “economic miracle” visible in those Asian economies hosting Japanese FDI.
Nondirective Counseling, Risk Perception, and Decision Making
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

The topics of nondirective counseling, risk perception, and decision making are fundamental to genetic counseling. The ethos of nondirective genetic counseling, which has a complex, still evolving history, is conceptualized in terms of the active promotion of counselee efficacy and autonomy. This conceptualization significantly influences the approach to working with counselees, including the techniques used to help each counselee reach decisions that are consistent with both the factual information and the counselee’s beliefs, values, and circumstances. The psychological process of risk perception transforms the risk information provided in genetic counseling into individualized perceptions that are influenced by the counselee’s life experiences and other sources of information. Cognitive and emotional factors then affect the psychological steps by which a decision is either reached or deferred, based in part on perceptions of risk. Thus, an understanding of risk perception and decision making is essential if the genetic counselor is to use the technique of nondirective counseling to facilitate counselee-based decision making.
Cysticercosis, Coenurosis, Sparganosis, And Proliferating Cestode Larvae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

As stated in the introduction to Part IV, the larval stages of certain tapeworms such as cysticercus, coenurus, hydatid, and sparganum occur in humans, where they often behave as they do in their natural intermediate hosts. These infections are by definition zoonotic. In certain geographic areas, some of them produce important morbidity and mortality. In addition to the four larval stages mentioned, other cestode larvae occur rarely in humans, and aberrant forms of cysticercus and sparganum occur in both immune-competent and immune-suppressed individuals. The recognition of cestode larvae in tissues is important for the anatomic pathologist because this is the basis for diagnosing these infections specifically. In this chapter, we will study the cysticercus, coenurus, sparganum, and proliferating cestode larvae; the hydatid larvae are covered in Chapter 27.
Dragon Multinational
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

The conventional view of globalization sees it as a process driven by giant firms from the Triad regions of North America, Europe, and Japan, shaping the world in their own image. This book contests such a view, describing the extraordinary success of a handful of multinationals from the "Periphery" in globalizing their operations extremely rapidly. Focusing on Acer, the Taiwanese IT company; the Hong Leong hotel group of Singapore; Ispat International in steel; Cemex of Mexico in cement; and Li and Fung from Hong Kong in contract manufacturing, Matthews demonstrates that these firms have been able to utilize strategies of international linkage and leverage to accelerate their global coverage. He contends that they are pioneers of a new kind of global firm, indicators that the global business civilization being created in the 21st century is like to be pluralistic and diverse, offering unprecedented opportunities for firms that know how to enmesh themselves in global networks.
Nomenclature
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

His chapter describes strategies used by speakers of Native American languages for naming objects and concepts introduced to the New World by Europeans. Four major processes are widely recognized (see, e.g., Herzog 1941; Haugen 1950; Casagrande 1954a, 1954b, 1955; Salzmann 1954; Basso 1967; Bright 1976): (1) adoption of loanwords, (2) use of loan shifts (loan translations and semantic loans), (3) extension of terms, and (4) coining of descriptive expressions. Onomatopoeia, or sound-mimicking, can be added to this list as a minor process. (The expression “native term” is used here to refer to labels created through the last three major processes and onomatopoeia.)
Indexing Polyphonous Identity in the Speech of African American Drag Queens
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I examine the presence and use of a “white-woman” style of speaking among African American drag queens (hereafter AADQs). I hope to demonstrate that a close examination of this language use suggests an ambivalent, sometimes critical, sometimes angry, view of white-ness that does not lend itself to a simplistic explanation of “wanting to be white.” After discussing the issue of drag itself, I will discuss the ways in which AADQs create a “white-woman” linguistic style. However, this style of speaking is only one voice used by AADQs. The complete set of linguistic styles together index a multilayered identity that is sometimes strongly political with regard to issues of racism and homophobia.
Organizational Change and Improving the Quality of Palliative Care in the ICU
Authors: Daly Barbara J
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to address organizational features of critical care units as they affect the provision of palliative care. The premise of the chapter is that an important part of the explanation for the current inadequacies in care of the dying in general and in critical care in particular is failure to appreciate the extent to which the environment of practice influences care providers and processes.
Collaborating in Aphasic Group Conversation
Authors: Klippi Anu
Published: November 2023

Speech therapists and aphasiologists are increasingly aware that more information is needed about interaction in aphasia so as to establish newer, effective therapies to help aphasic speakers communicate. Clinical observations and recent studies indicate that aphasic conversations proceed differently from those of normal speakers (Ferguson, 1994; Goodwin, 1995; Klippi, 1992, 1996; Laakso, 1992, 1997; Milroy & Perkins, 1992; Perkins, 1993; Wilkinson, 1995). The main problems in aphasia are ineffective linguistic processing and limited access to linguistic resources. Aphasia affects these processes and resources in variable ways, devastating some systems, leaving others intact. Different types of semantic and syntactic problems, as well as phonological problems, lead to diverse difficulties in conversation. This means that aphasia affects not only linguistic behavior, but patterns of interaction, regardless of the nature of the disruption.
Structure And Kinetic Properties Of The Acetylcholine Receptor
Authors: Kaminski Henry J , Ruff Robert L
Published: November 2023

The AChR is a transmembrane allosteric glycoprotein (Fig. 2-1 ). Its three-dimensional structure includes a large extracellular domain that is primarily composed of the N-terminal regions of the subunits that form the receptor complex. The extracellular domain forms a large vestibule lined with negative charges that concentrate cations near the orifice of the membrane-spanning ion channel. The entrance to the extracellular vestibule is about 34 Å in diameter. Binding sites for agonists, such as acetylcholine (ACh), and competitive antagonists are found on the outer surface of the large extracellular domain of the AChR about 20 to 30 A from the membrane surface.
Natural History Of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Grob David
Published: November 2023

Myasthenia gravis (MG) was first described in 1672 as a chronic disease characterized by fluctuating weakness that was aggravated by exertion and improved by rest. It was first analyzed in detail at the turn of the century.8,14,30,42 Prior to the introduction in 1934 of anticholinesterase compounds for diagnosis and management the few MG patients recognized as having this disorder were mainly those who exhibited severe weakness and died within a year or two.5,32 Between 1915 and 1934, the prevalence of MG was estimated at one per 200,000 population, and 70% of these patients died from pulmonary complications. After 1934, when anticholinesterase compounds improved the diagnosis and therapy of MG, the prevalence rose to about one per 20,000 and the mortality fell to about 30%.15,23 Further decreases in mortality came in the 1930s, when the use of sulfonamides and antibiotics was introduced for treating pneumonia. After 1939, thymectomy improved management of MG, but the reduction in mortality by these measures was less than that stem-ming from increased recognition of MG (Fig. 6-1).
Treatment Of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Seybold Marjorie E
Published: November 2023

The treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) mirrors the style and experience of the treating physician. As a result, various schools of thought exist regarding therapy, each reflecting the style adopted by a leader in the field and its utilization by the leader’s trainees. Each school favors cer-tain therapeutic agents over others, approaches treatment more or less aggressively than others, or introduces therapies in different sequences than the others. No method is singularly superior and the reader is encouraged to develop his or her own style, bearing in mind the severity of the disease and the personality and lifestyle of the patient. Here I will acquaint the reader with the more commonly used interventions; their methods of action, side effects, and costs; and the apparent rationale for their use. I will also point out why not all physicians apply the therapy in the same way or in all clinical situations.
Punishment Policies and Patterns in Western Countries
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

We can learn things about crime and punishment by looking across national boundaries. For despite many important similarities in how Western nations respond to crime, and in the values that underlie those responses, sentencing and punishment policies vary greatly. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis observed, in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 311 (1932), that “it is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single, courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory and try social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country.” Countries likewise can learn from one another’s experiments if they will.