bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon , Eastwood Fiona
Published: March 2007

In the ‘overall outlook’ section we focus on the influence of the Group of Five (G5) ‘accord’ on exchange-rate prospects, and compare the expected impact of an appreciating currency on growth prospects in Japan and Germany. The short-term forecast is then discussed in more detail in sections covering the six major economies, commodity prices and trade. In the second half of the chapter we examine economic prospects in the world economy over the next five years, focusing particularly on the outlook for current balances. In our central medium-term forecast exchange rates move sufficiently to bring about a large, if not total, reduction in the present level of trade imbalance. Our forecast for a substantial fall in the US deficit is unusual, and we examine the key issues involved as well as looking at associated changes in the Federal budget deficit. Finally, we present two simulations which represent alternative routes to removing current account disequilibrium. The first involves substantial, and as yet unannounced, fiscal reflation in Japan and Germany, which is sufficient to broadly maintain current exchange-rate parities. By contrast, a second simulation illustrates a collapse in the dollar, and the consequences of exchange-rate overshooting.
A Current Cost Accounting Measure of Britain's Stock of Equipment
Authors: Smith A.D.
Published: March 2007

Reliable measures of the gross replacement cost of fixed assets are needed for a variety of reasons. It is generally accepted that this is the valuation concept which is most appropriate for assessing the output capacity of capital and for analysing developments over time in output, labour force and capital stock relationships. The gross replacement cost of fixed assets is also the benchmark for deriving measures of net capital stock which, taken in conjunction with other capital elements and profit data, yield rates of return to capital. Furthermore it is the concept which constitutes the fundamental ingredient in the quantification of the depreciation allowances that are used in national accounts.
Plant Closures and the Productivity ‘Miracle’ in Manufacturing
Authors: Oulton Nicholas
Published: March 2007

There has been a considerable improvement in labour productivity in UK manufacturing in the 1980s. Manufacturing output per person employed rose at an annual rate of only 0.7 per cent between 1973 and 1979 but at 4.1 per cent between 1979 and 1985. However, the cause or causes of this improvement have not been generally agreed. Muellbauer (1986) suggested five principal hypotheses to account for the improvement (see also Mendis and Muellbauer, 1984):

(1)

Technology, in particular the of the microelectronic revolution.

(2)

Improved industrial relations, due in part to the decline of unionism caused by the recession of the 1980s and in part to the change in the laws governing trade unions brought in by the first two Thatcher governments.

(3)

Capital scrapping—the period 1973–80 may have been one of large-scale unrecorded scrapping, since large parts of the capital stock became obsolete after the oil price rises; slow growth of capital per person would have led to slow growth in output per person but these trends may have been reversed after 1981.

(4)

Labour utilisation—this was low during the recession but the subsequent recovery produced a biased measure of the true productivity picture.

(5)

Plant closures—the recession led to the closure of low productivity plants, thus automatically raising the average productivity level of the survivors. The analogy with a batting average has sometimes been drawn—if the tail-enders are not allowed to bat, the average, though not of course the total, score is likely to be higher.
Buffer Stock Models of the Monetary Sector
Authors: Davidson James , Ireland Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Modelling the monetary sector has long been seen as problematic. Conventional demand for money functions have typically failed to cope with the experience of the past 15 years (Judd and Scadding, 1982) and models based upon the counterparts to monetary growth have fared little better. The current interest in buffer stock money (see Cuthbertson and Taylor, 1987, for a recent survey) can be seen as a response to the failure of the more traditional approaches. We believe that the issues involved in the empirical implementation of the buffer stock hypothesis are subtle and that the literature to date has not dealt with them satisfactorily. In spite of the substantial difficulties involved, we think that a system approach to buffer stock modelling (for example, Davidson, 1987a) may be unavoidable to ensure theoretical consistency.
Productivity Growth in Manufacturing, 1963-85: The Roles of New Investment and Scrapping
Authors: Oulton Nicholas
Published: March 2007

The twin forces of investment in new and scrapping of old equipment are traditionally supposed to play a large part in explaining productivity growth. Scrapping cannot in practice be observed directly but can be inferred by estimating a vintage capital model. When this is done it is found that these forces do indeed have a substantial role to play in explaining differences between industries in productivity growth rates in the 1960s and 1970s, but not in the 1980s. The productivity improvement observed in most industries in the 1980s must therefore be ascribed largely to forces other than new investment and scrapping.
Productivity, Machinery and Skills: Clothing Manufacture in Britain and Germany
Authors: Steedman Hilary , Wagner Karin
Published: March 2007

This study compares samples of matched plants in Britain and Germany engaged in the manufacture of women's outerwear; it follows earlier matched plant studies, also published in the National Institute Economic Review, which examined matched plants in metalworking and furniture manufacture in these two countries. German clothing manufacturers specialise in high-fashion items produced in great variety of which a high proportion is exported at high unit prices; the typical British manufacturer concentrates on more standardised items produced in long runs and is consequently more vulnerable to competition from lower-cost producers in developing countries. The study examines the contribution of machinery, new technology and skills to differ ences in clothing productivity in the two countries. A final section discusses future trends in the industry in the light of the 1992 proposals for a Single European Market.
Obtaining Estimates for the Standard Errors of Long-Run Parameters
Authors: Gurney Andrew
Published: March 2007

Macro Modelling Notes is a new section of the Review, which we hope will appear on a regular basis. It will contain a small number of very short papers that have arisen from applied macro modelling work at the Institute or elsewhere. In the course of building and operating macro models, a large amount of information is used and produced that may never enter the public domain. This may be because the information is not substantial enough to justify a whole journal article, or because it is specific to the practice of using a macro econometric model. However this information is often of general interest to other economists, and is nearly always helpful to other macro modellers. This section is designed as an outlet for information of this kind, which might otherwise not be published in any readily accessible form.

The three notes below provide three different examples of this type of note. The first involves econometric practice, and shows how long-run standard errors can be simply derived using standard regression techniques. The second presents some econometric results on export pricing obtained during normal ‘model maintenance’ of our world model GEM. The third considers the problem of setting terminal dates for a consistent expectations model.

This new section of the Review is designed as a vehicle for all UK and overseas macro modellers, and therefore outside submissions are strongly encouraged. Submissions must be of about the length of the notes shown here, and contain relevant material that does not form part of a larger article soon to be published. Unlike Review articles, these notes will not normally be refereed, but the Editorial Board may consult expert advice when necessary.
Housing and the Wider Economy in the Short and Long Run
Authors: Miles David
Published: March 2007

Over the course of the twentieth century housing wealth in the UK has risen dramatically; recently it has become easier for households to borrow against that wealth. The process by which real housing wealth has growth—through long-term increases in the relative price of homes and substantial real investment in the stock of dwellings—has implications for the impact of financial liberalisation upon saving future house prices and bequests of housing. This article takes a long-term perspective on housing in the UK in order to answer questions of great practical importance. The interaction between savings, population changes, bequests of properly, housing investment and house prices is analysed and the forces driving these variables into the next century are assessed.
Productivity and Skills in Vehicle Component Manufacturers in Britain, Germany, the USA and Japan
Authors: Carr Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article investigates international productivity differentials in one industry over the last 10 years, and the impact of skills differences. In 1981-3 interviews were held with Chief Executives and other personnel down to the level of the shop floor, in 56 matched vehicle component manufacturers in Britain, Germany, the USA and Japan. In 1989-90 further, more limited, interviews were carried out in 22 British and 23 German vehicle component manufacturers to gauge the effects of past differences and to investigate more recent progress. Findings suggest that substantial progress on manning levels and labour flexibility has resulted in some narrowing of the productivity gap against Germany, but a large gap remains against Japan. It is suggested that Britain may need to look to the Japanese skills model, emphasising high standards of basic education and vigorous programmes aimed at continuous employee development.
Social Policy: the UK and Maastricht
Authors: Gold Michael
Published: March 2007

On 7 February 1992, European Community Foreign and Finance Ministers signed the Treaty on European Union which contains only the second set of constitutional amendments to the EEC Treaty since 1957. This new Treaty merged into one text the Treaty on Economic and Monetary Union and the Treaty on Political Union which had been agreed at the European Council in Maastricht two months previously.
Peripherality and Northern Ireland
Authors: Begg Iain , Mayes David
Published: March 2007

In writing recently about the economic problems that Northern Ireland faces (Begg and Mayes, 1994) we argued, uncontroversially, that an end to the ‘Troubles’ would significantly alter the region's prospects. Our analysis, nevertheless, focused on other factors which might be amenable to policy action. With an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland now on the cards, these other characteristics of the Northern Ireland economy must be expected to be of increased importance in determining the Province's competitiveness compared with other parts of the UK and, indeed, other regions of the European Union. In particular, Northern Ireland is a prime example of a ‘peripheral’ economy, located as it is at the North-Western corner of the EU and facing the further barrier of a sea crossing to markets other than the Republic of Ireland. It is also a region that shares a number of the characteristics of the older industrial regions of Britain, such as high unemployment, persistent emigration of working-age population and difficulties in achieving industrial restructuring (Harris et al., 1990; Harris 1991).
Formal and Content Schemata Activation in L2 Viewing Comprehension
Authors: Tudor Ian , Tuffs Richard
Published: March 2007

The article describes an experiment designed to enhance the viewing comprehension of a group of advanced level ESL learners by means of the prior activation of text-relevant schemata. The subject population, Belgian university students of business administration, were divided into three groups, two receiving an experimental treat ment geared to the activation of either formal or content schemata, and a control group which received no pre-viewing treatment. The target video sequence was an off-air recording on an economic topic. The formal treatment involved the presentation of the problem- solution model (Hoey, 1979) and a learner-based practice activity in the use of this model on a topic other than that of the target se quence. The content treatment involved provision of information on culturally-specific referential elements occurring in the target se quence and a learner-based activity on the general topic of the se quence, privatisation. Experimental effect was monitored by means of summary writing and a set of comprehension questions, the latter being given directly after viewing and again a week later to monitor for recall. Both pre-viewing groups showed significant levels of com prehension facilitation on all monitoring measures. Levels of im provement attained by the formal schemata group were higher than those of the content schemata group, although the difference was less marked on the recall than on the immediate measures.
Continuous Simulation of Physical Systems
Authors: Bui Tien D. , Gottwald Björn A.
Published: March 2007

BJÖRN A. GOTTWALD received his university education at the University of Bonn (diploma in physics, 1962) and at the Technical University of Hannover (doctoral degree in physical chemistry, 1965). Upon completion of his graduate work he pursued his research interests in the physical chemistry of gas-surface interactions emphasizing the kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions with simultaneous adsorption and diffusion processes. Since 1973 he has been an associate professor in the Faculty for Biology, University of Freiburg. His current interests include all aspects of modelling and simulating biological and chemical processes.
Optimal Numerical Methods for Direct and Inverse Problems in Hydrology
Authors: Galligani Ilio
Published: March 2007

Many direct and inverse problems in hydrology re quire the efficient solution of parabolic partial differential equations which are characterized by stiffness and numerical dispersion. An optimal method for solving such equations uses the method of lines to discretize the spatial variables and a finite-difference scheme to discretize time. This method is asymptotically stable and minimizes the global error caused by discretization of time. The numerical performance of the method has been evaluat ed on test problems that realistically simulate aquifers.
Simulation of Geometrical Curves On a Microcomputer
Authors: Dey Charlie
Published: March 2007

An equation of the form y = f(x), x ∈ [ a,b] defines a geometrical curve. A microcomputer can draw the curve on its television display. The problems are selecting the proper coordinate system, translating points into the chosen coordinates, and scaling the curve so that it is as large as possible without running off the screen. Simple BASIC programs and an adaptive coordinate system result in a variety of useful, attractive figures.
Simulation in the Service of Society
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette
Published: March 2007

This Newsletter was published independently from January 1971 through August 1976. Back issues are available from SITSOS, 8484 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, for 75c per copy.
The use of admissions simulation to stabilize ancillary workloads
Authors: Hancock Walton M. , Walter Paul F.
Published: March 2007

As part of the planning of a new hospital, an analysis was per formed to determine the number of procedures that would be performed in each of nineteen ancillary departments on a day of the week basis. Because the planned occupancy was not the maximum possible, attempts were made using simulation to smooth the daily ancillary loads by varying the admission day of elective, urgent inpatient and outpatient loads. The methodology, sample outputs, and main conclusions are presented.
A new interactive environment for computer-aided experiments
Authors: Korn Granino A.
Published: March 2007

Computer-aided experimentation not only requires a "natural" computer language and direct program execution but also a really convenient environment for storing and recovering experi ment protocols, model descriptions, and results, which can in clude extensive time-history records. This note describes such an environment in the framework of the DESCTOP work sta tion language. Time history, program, and data files are auto matically labeled with problem identification codes, which are updated as the experiment proceeds. At the same time, the system keeps a "notebook file" which automatically records references to saved files and, in response to programmed or command-mode statements, also records program and data changes as well as user's comments. What is more, the notebook file itself is an executable DESCTOP program, whose segments can be edited and executed to recover simulation time histories and to perform postprocessing operations.
New Silicone Alloy for Durable Water Repellency on Cotton
Authors: Conner Charles J. , Reeves Wilson A. , Chance Leon H.
Published: March 2007

A new silicone alloy made by the simultaneous polymerization of tetravinyl silane and methyl hydrogen siloxane using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst and methyl isobutyl ketone as a solvent is an excellent water repellent for cotton fabrics as measured by AATCC spray ratings. The treatment is very resistant to soap and detergent action. The alloy may be applied from organic solvents or aqueous emulsions. Greater permanence to laundering was obtained by the solvent method. Best results were obtained by first depositing ZrO2 in the fabric by double decomposition using a zirconium salt and sodium hydroxide, then padding with either a methyl isobutyl ketone solution or an aqueous emulsion of the alloy and curing for 5 min. at 145° C. A satisfactory one-step process was also developed by incorporating zirconyl acetate or zirconium butoxicle as catalysts in the treating solution or emulsion. Creaseproofing resins may also be incorporated in the formulation.
Studies of the Movement of Wool Fibers in Fabrics During Felting
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel
Published: March 2007

Two types of fabric, a tightly constructed worsted and a woolen of more open con struction, have been milled in laboratory stocks. Curves of (i) shrinkage in both warp and weft directions, as a function of time, and (ii) the mean displacement d of those fiber portions which have moved, also as a function of time, have been determined for each fabric. In the case of the worsted, the latter curve is linear for the first 5 hr of milling, although the former shows acceleration of the rate of shrinkage at about 2 1/2 hr. This indicates that fiber displacement is the primary result of milling and that shrinkage is a secondary result. From these curves the curve of linear shrinkage against d has been determined for each fabric. For the worsted this curve, after d has been corrected for shrinkage, consists of two linear regions. Their intersection marks a change in the mechanism of felting, which is also revealed by the appearance of straightened lengths of fibers and subsequently by the acceleration in the shrinkage-time curve.

The configuration of the fibers as milling proceeds has been studied, and in the case of the worsted fabric additional curves have been determined, relating the fraction of the total fiber length which is straightened to the duration of milling, to d, and to the linear shrinkage.

The induction period, an interval at the beginning of milling during which no shrinkage occurs, is also discussed.
New Aspects on the Ozonization of Wool
Authors: Thorsen W.J.
Published: March 2007

The rate of reaction of ozone with wool, as measured by antifelting and bleaching effects, increased when the incoming ozone gas stream was mixed with steam or was passed through, rather than over, the wodl. High reaction rates were also attained and less ozone consumed when ozone gas was passed through moistened fabric at room temperature. The shortest time observed for effective antifelting was 30 sec. Dyeing rates generally increased, but short ozone reaction times at room temperature led to reduced dyeing rates. A wide variety of fabrics has been stabilized including kid mohair-wool blend fabric, and wool socks, and heavy wool upholstery fabric. Acid and alkali solubility were increased somewhat with length of treatment. Fabric tensile properties were not significantly altered, but fiber surface friction was increased. Top drafting forces were markedly increased. Fabric hand was not significantly altered by treatments at room temperature, but at higher temperatures, fabrics became somewhat boardy. Much of the loss in hand was restored by subsequent washing or by acid or salt treatment. Abrasion resistance was virtually unaltered, and water repellency was only slightly reduced by short treatments. However, longer treatments caused a lower ing of abrasion resistance and considerable reduction in water repellency.
The Cross-Linking of Cotton With Vinyl Monomers Using Radiation and Chemical Catalysis1
Authors: Walsh W.K. , Jin C.R. , Armstrong A.A.
Published: March 2007

The work presented here is the result of a series of experiments attempting to cross-link cotton by using difunctional monomers having at least one vinyl group. Emphasis was placed on the delayed cure aspects of these monomers. Chemical reaction of the monomers was initiated both by ionizing radiation and by a conventional. chemical free-radical catalyst.
The Modification of Wool by Certain Organic Sorbates
Authors: Griffith June C. , Haly A.R.
Published: March 2007

The pleat retention, load—extension behavior, bursting strength, hygral expansion, felting rate, abrasion resistance, wrinkle recovery, and bending length of fabrics treated with additives of the type described in Part I have been investigated. Those additives of the anionic detergent type which contain more than 50% alkyl chain per molecule bring about the least improvement in pleat retention and the greatest modification in the wrinkle recovery and extensional properties of the fabric, whereas those which are naphthalene sulfonic acid derivatives accelerate photochemical decomposition of the fabric. The treatments are fast to dry-cleaning and to water but not to alkali. All the additives examined decrease the hygral expansion and felting rate of the fabric and in crease its resistance to abrasion.
Dye Concentration Profiles Within Single Nylon Filaments1
Authors: Bell J.P. , Carter W.C. , Felty D.C.
Published: March 2007

Anionic dye concentration profiles within single drawn filaments have been measured. The shape of the profile is essentially the same as the shape found by Peters, Petropoulos, and McGregor for unoriented nylon films. The fiber formation and orientation processes apparently have no effect on the diffusion mechanism. Use of the concentration profiles to distinguish between chemical and physical causes of differences in dyeing behavior is discussed. Changes in dyebath concentration had no effect on either the shape of the concentration profile or the depth of penetration at a given time.
The Mechanical Properties of Wool Fibers in Water at Temperatures Above 100° C
Authors: Mitchell T.W. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of normal and of chemically modified wool fibers in water were examined for temperatures up to 140°C. Marked changes in the mechanical properties of normal wool fibers occurs at temperatures around 130°C. At this tempera ture the Hookean modulus of the load-extension curve approaches zero, the x-ray diffraction pattern shows that the organized α-keratin structure of the wool is replaced by a randomized β-structure, unstrained fibers supercontract and the longitudinal swelling from dry to wet increases. Chemical modification of the fibers can alter the temperature at which these physical property changes occur. The set, dry-wet longi tudinal swelling and load-extension curves in water at 20°C of fibers held extended in water at temperatures up to 140°C were also examined.

It is concluded that the α-helices stabilize the structure of the wool fibers longitudi nally by opposing both extension and swelling. The disappearance of the α-keratin structure for normal fibers at around 130°C results in a loss of this longitudinal stability. During setting of normal fibers, for temperatures less than 130°C, the modification only occurs in the unfolded structural components. The maximum modification (the best setting condition) occurred at 120°C, which was the highest temperature used below the "melting" temperature of 130°C.
Influence of Micromechanical Parameters on the Gross Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Whitney James M.
Published: March 2007

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of micromechanical analysis in predicting gross properties of a fiber reinforced composite. In particular, the elastic coefficients of a multidirectional composite are calculated as a function of fiber and matrix properties and fiber orientation. The calculations are based on current theory. The connection between micromechanics and macromechanics is demonstrated by an example showing the effects of constituent properties on the buckling of a fiber reinforced composite plate.
Anomalous Lightfastness in Disperse-Dyed Systems and its Significance in Studies of Fading Mechanism
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Yabe Akihiko , Shah Champaklal D.
Published: March 2007

A few dyes and fluorescent brightening agents of disperse type, in hydrophobic substrates, show anomalous fading characteristics, i.e., reduced lightfastness with in creased dye concentration, a reversal of the normal trend.

Measurements, by the density gradient method, of the change of apparent specific gravity of dyed film material with change in dye concentration reveal a marked difference between the nature of this change as between anomalous and normal dyes. The effect is, therefore, due to physical changes in the substrate, probably in its porosity, produced in the dyeing process. The facts are consistent with the hypothesis that the anomalous dyes at moderate concentrations do not penetrate as deeply into the substrate structure as normal dyes do. They may tend to block the entrance to internal pores whereby the apparent specific gravity is reduced and, by remaining outside these pores, they are more readily accessible to air and moisture.

The wider implication of the results is that changes in lightfastness, even as much as five-fold, can be produced solely by physical changes in the substrate structure.
The Dimensional Properties of Knitted Wool Fabrics
Authors: Knapton J.J.F. , Ahrens F.J. , Ingenthron W.W. , Fong W.
Published: March 2007

The plain-knitted structure is shown to be a rationally determinate structure only in the fully-relaxed state; in any other state, the nature of the knitted loop is dependent on the yarn's physical properties, mechanical processing, and knitting variables. The fully-relaxed state is only found after the fabrics have been thoroughly wetted-out, briefly hydroextracted, and tumble-dried. In this state, the K(1-4) values are constant and predictable and independent of yarn or machine variables. In any other fabric state, values of K (1-4) may vary considerably and have little commercial value. Fabric thickness is shown to be independent of loop length and dependent only on yarn diameter in the fully-relaxed state only.
Preparation of Specimens from Wool Top and Cores for Electronic Wool Fineness Determination
Authors: Buras Edmund M. , Penoyer John A. , Hoke Karl E.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of means for rapidly preparing specimens from wool tops and grease wool cores for fineness measurement by an electronic particle size analyzer (Coulter Counter). 3 Factors such as types of blades, geometrical relationships of blade, fiber bundle, and anvil, and means of holding the specimen during cutting were varied. A preferred combination of cutting parameters was selected using particle length uni formity as the principal criterion for selection. The new method has the potential of enabling the preparation of specimens for Coulter Counter fineness analysis from wool tops or grease wool cores in about 20 minutes, while introducing less than a 2% increase in the coefficient of variation of fiber diameter.
Shear Friction Within Multiple Card Web Specimens
Authors: Hertel K.L. , Lawson R.
Published: March 2007

A method previously reported for measuring shear friction of fiber assemblies was used for making a 5-week mill survey of samples that go routinely through the mill, for studying within and among bale variations and for examining some effects of growth environment. Some tentative interpretations are suggested. The shear friction was negatively correlated with span lengths and fiber tenacity. It was found to be sensitive to fiber size, shape, and finish on man-made fibers and to fiber orientation, as shown by differences in the shear friction values when the shear was executed parallel and then perpendicular to the direction of processing.
Gel-Permeation Properties of Cellulose
Authors: Blouin F.A. , Martin L.F. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2007

The gel permeation technique, initially investigated for measuring the pore structure of cotton cellulose decrystallized by ball-milling, has been adapted for application to the study of cotton in fibrous form. The crystalline cotton has an apparent internal solvent volume, in pores permeable by solutes of decreasing molecular weights, approximately 53% of that of decrystallized cellulose. The molecular-weight limit of permeability was 2900, compared to approximately 1900 for the decrystallized material. Mercerization of the fibrous cotton increased the apparent internal solvent volume by approximately 60%, but decreased the limit of permeability to a molecular weight of about 2200. These results illustrate the utility of the chromatographic gel permeation method for measuring changes in the pore structure of fibrous cotton produced by various modifications.
A Scanning Electron-Microscope Study of Washer-Dryer Abrasion in Cotton Fibers
Authors: Goynes Wilton R. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Untreated and chemically modified cotton fabrics which had been laboratory-abraded by machine-washing and tumlle drying were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Generally, abrasion patterns were not different from those normally associated with any wet or dry abrasion. Greater differences were observed between washing machine-abraded and dryer-abraded samples than between treated and untreated samples abraded by the same method.
A Catalyst System for Durable-Press Finishing Under Mild Cure Conditions
Authors: Kullman Russell M.H. , Cashen Norton A. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2007

A catalyst system effective for either precure or postcure durable-press finishing under curing mild conditions has been developed. Mixtures of ammonium chloride and phosphoric acid or certain organic acids provide adequate catalysis for finishing cotton or cotton-containing fabrics with carbamates or certain other nitrogenous agents under mild-cure con ditions. The catalyst mixtures are not as strong as the mineral acids which were originally required for mild-cure finish ing. As a result, less closely controlled curing conditions can be used. Furthermore, there is no additional strength loss if finished fabric is not immediately neutralized and washed after treatment as occurs with mineral acid catalysis.

Advantage has been taken of this combination of features to propose a modified postcure durable-press finishing process. A "sensitized" material is produced by treating fabric impregnated with a cross-linking agent and catalyst mixture at 60-100°C. This material can be pressed to shape and postcured at 100°C to give fabric that is smooth and durably creased after laundering with either tumble- or line-drying. The combination of time and temperature that is operative in this postcure treatment is markedly less than that of the present, widely practiced, postcure process.

The ammonium chloride/acid catalyst system also appears attractive for precure treatment of polyester/cotton blend fabrics with formaldehyde at mild-cure temperatures. Finished 50/50 polyester/cotton fabrics had durable-press ratings of 4 and above even after line-drying. Ratings of this level are generally difficult to obtain upon line-drying of synthetic- containing blends.
Chemical Modification of Cotton with Propane Sultone in Organic Solvents
Authors: Ward Truman L. , Benerito Ruth R. , Berni Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

Propane sultone (3-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid sultone) was reacted in several nonaqueous solvents with sodium cellulosate which had been prepared and stored in t-butyl alcohol under nitrogen. Results are compared with those obtained with alkali cotton prepared and used in aqueous media. Fabrics finished in organic solvents had higher sulfur contents than those finished in aqueous media.
The Detection of Cotton Fiber Convolutions by the Reflection of Light
Authors: Duckett K.E. , Cheng C.C.
Published: March 2007

A device which allows the azimuthal monitoring of reflected light is described. The results of measuring the azimuthal angles between maximum reflected light and one-half of maximum reflected light are given for nineteen varieties of cotton of the G. barbadense and G. hirsutum species. This angle is shown to be a function of the induced convolutions in cotton fibers. These measurements by a new technique are compared separately with x-ray and microscopic orientation results. Also, comparisons are made between zero-gage tenacity versus 40% x-ray angle and zero-gage tenacity versus 50% optical angle.
The Compression of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Samson A.
Published: March 2007

Multi-layers of plain woven woolen fabrics were compressed mechanically and by the flow of water. It was found that dry fabrics offered slightly more resistance to compression than the equivalent wet layers. The compression pro duced by the flow of water was less than that impressed mechanically to the extent that the comparative percentage decrease in thickness of the fabrics was about half.
Heating of a Thin Yarn on an Internally Heated Rotating Roll
Authors: Pai V.K. , Hyman D.
Published: March 2007

Heat-treatment of fiber yarns using heated rotating rolls is a familiar step in fiber processes. The yarn-temperature history is known to have a strong influence on the final properties. In this paper, heat transfer from the roll surface to a thin yarn is analyzed. The equilibrium-temperature variation across the yarn cross section, as it leaves the roll, is related to yarn size, roll diameter, roll speed, heat input, and ambient conditions. Equations are also developed for the yarn-temperature history during the multiple-warp retention of the yarn on the heated roll and a skew idler. The results are compared with experimental observations.
Spunbonded Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Ericson C.W. , Baxter J.F.
Published: March 2007

This paper, in general terms, treats the morphology of spunbonded nonwovens as related to fabric properties and de scribes some characterization techniques which have been useful in establishing mophological structure. A generalized description of spunbonded processes is given. The dependence of fabric functional properties and aesthetics on basic structural parameters (1) weight uniformity, (2) filament separation, and (3) filament directionality is discussed. The character of weight nonuniformity and methods of measuring uniformity are described. Methods of measuring filament separation and directionality are described.
Caustic Sorption in Cotton Fibers as Affected by Fabric Construction, Pretreatment, and Tension Conditions During Crosslinking
Authors: Honold Edith
Published: March 2007

The alkali centrifuge value (ACV) quantitatively measures caustic sorption in fibers and is related to the fibers swelling capacity. The ACV decreases when fiber swelling is restrained by crosslinks. In fabrics treated with dimethylolethyl eneurea (DMEU), the magnitude of decrease in ACV depended upon fabric construction and pretreatment. The basket- weave fabrics had lower ACV's, i.e., more restraint to swelling, than the plain-weave fabrics; the mercerized fabrics had lower ACV's than the scoured fabrics. Other data are presented to support the hypotheses deduced from the ACV relationships.
A Study of the Dyeing of Nylon 6 with Disperse Dyes from Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents
Authors: Perkins Warren S. , Hall David M.
Published: March 2007

Dyeing of nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) film from trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene with several purified dyes is reported.

Rate curves and diffusion data indicate that the sorption of disperse dyes by nylon from these solvents is slower by 50-100 times their sorption by polyester.

Dyes with polar substituents give higher partition coefficients, probably due to their lower solubility in the solvents and higher solubility in nylon 6 than in very nonpolar dyes. Very few of the dyes studied have partition coefficients which would make exhaust dyeing desirable; however, the possibility of synthesizing dyes or finding dyes which would have application to nylon does appear to exist.
Analysis of Fabric Deformation in a Roll-Making Operation
Authors: Ghosh T.K. , Peng H. , Banks-Lee P. , Hamouda H. , Shin D.H.
Published: March 2007

Fabric deformation in the roll-making operation and the resulting state of stress in the fabric roll are analyzed through a discrete continuum model. The fabric elastic properties are assumed to be linear and anisotropic. Only the static case is considered, wherein dynamic effects in roll making are neglected. Effects of fabric Young's modulus in the warp and thickness directions, tube elastic modulus, fabric Poisson's ratios, and fabric weight per unit area on the state of stress inside the roll are parametrically investigated. Numerical results are obtained and discussed for each parameter. Theo retical results show that when a constant in-plane tension is applied for winding, the fabric may actually come under in-plane compression inside the roll. This observation is believed to be important, since it may reveal one of the causes of possible buckling and unevenness inside the roll. The theoretical model and the numercial solution procedures developed can easily be modified to incorporate nonlinear load-deformation behavior of fabrics.
Evaluation of Milkweed Floss as an Insulative Fill Material
Authors: Crews Patricia Cox , Sievert Shiela A. , Woeppel Lisa T. , Mccullough Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Milkweed, a perennial plant that can adapt to adverse soil conditions, is being developed as an alternative crop. Fiber characterization and potential market iden tification are critical to its development. The most promising commercial use for milkweed floss is as a loose fill for jackets and comforters. The purpose of this research was to evaluate milkweed floss as an insulative fill material and to compare its per formance to other insulators. Seven identical jackets were constructed using different fill materials matched on a per unit weight basis. The insulation (clo) values for the jackets were measured using a standing, heated manikin in an environmental chamber. Thickness (loft), compression, resiliency, and hand were also measured. Several per formance characteristics were evaluated before and after cleaning. The results show that milkweed floss blended with down has insulative properties similar to down. Down is superior to milkweed floss in loftiness and compressibility, which influence product performance, but the properties of milkweed floss can be enhanced by blending with down.
The Shed-Shape Characteristic
Authors: Dawson R.M.
Published: March 2007

Movements of the front shed boundary impose constraints on filling-insertion tim ings. These movements, which entail changes in shed shape, are determined by sley drive and shedding mechanism characteristics and by the shed-change timing. Shed shape can be specified by two angles whose variations with timing define a characteristic that depicts the form of the whole sequence of shed shapes occurring during the loom cycle. Differences between such sequences of shed shapes are shown particularly clearly by this characteristic. The main forms of the shed-shape sequence, showing the effects of both sley and shedding dwells and of shed-change timings, are illustrated. Examples of shed-shape-dependent constraints on timings are considered in conjunction with relevant shed-shape characteristics, and their implications are discussed.
Measurement of Relaxation Shrinkage in Woven Wool Fabrics
Authors: Cookson P.G. , Roczniok A.F. , Ly N.G.
Published: March 2007

Relaxation shrinkage in wool fabrics is normally measured after relaxation of the fabric in water or steam. Values obtained for relaxation shrinkage after wet relaxation depend on the manner in which the fabric is dried. If the wet fabric is dried directly in an oven, the values for relaxation shrinkage are low, but if the fabric is allowed to dry under ambient conditions before oven drying, values are high. Steaming procedures produce relaxation shrinkage values that are considerably lower than those obtained with wet relaxation. An interlaboratory trial conducted using thirteen commercial worsted fabrics has determined the repeatability and reproducibility of different meth ods for calculating the magnitude of relaxation shrinkage. The practical significance of the different methods has been assessed from garment trials where fabric shrinkage, resulting from making-up and from wear, was examined. A procedure for measuring relaxation shrinkage is recommended.
Thermodynamics of the Solubility of Nonionic Dyes in Water and in Poly ( ethylene Terephthalate )
Authors: Biedermann W. , Datyner A.
Published: March 2007

The solubilities of six nonionic azo dyes in water and PET were determined and the thermodynamic parameters responsible for solubility calculated. The solubilities in water are small and governed by the mixing enthalpy ΔHM. Solubilities in PET are appreciably greater and none of the parameters Δ G F, Δ HM, ΔSg, ΔS D predominate. The mixing enthalpy does not play any particular role in PET and, contrary to Hil debrand, cannot be predicted satisfactorily from solubility parameters.
Reactions of β-Sulphato-ethylsulphone Crosslinking Agent with Wool
Authors: Smith B.M. , Spedding P.L. , Otterburn M.S. , Lewis D.M. , Allenach D.A.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the application to wool of the novel chemical crosslinking agent, 2-chloro-4,6-di(-aminobenzene-4-β-sulphato-ethylsulphone)-1,3,5-triazine (XLC). The quantitative analysis of this compound was optimized using ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC, and the compound had good substantivity for wool fibers when applied from boiling aqueous dyebaths in the pH range 3 to 6. XLC was stable in boiling aqueous dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). A 75% aqueous DMSO solution re moved the maximum amount of unfixed compound from the wool. Contrary to ex pectations, stripping at this DMSO concentration was inefficient because it gave higher apparent fixation values for higher applications of XLC, and application at higher pH values gave more extractable XLC.
Pre-drying Textile Fabrics with Infrared Radiation
Authors: Broadbent Arthur D. , Coté Benoit , Fecteau Teresa , Khatibi-Sarabi Pantea , Thérien Normand
Published: March 2007

A number of different fabrics were pre-dried in a pilot-scale electric infrared oven, using tubular radiant heaters placed evenly above and below the web. For most of the fabrics, the degree of drying, for given conditions using both medium- and short-wave sources, was independent of the nature of the fibers and the material construction. The textile simply served as an inert support for a sheet of water. This was true provided the wet fabric was thick enough to avoid any significant transmission of the radiation incident on it, and its final water content was not much below the critical value cor responding to the end of the constant rate drying period. At the optimum fabric width, the energetic efficiency for pre-drying using this particular oven was 73% for medium- wave quartz tubes and 56% for short-wave T-3 tubes. The lower efficiency of the short- wave sources was a consequence of decreased absorption of radiation by the wet web at wavelengths below 1.5-2.0 μm. The effects of source-web distance and fabric width were determined with the aid of view factor calculations based on the specific geometry of the dryer. The drying rate was not greatly influenced by variations in the rate of air flow. There was a contribution from convective heat transfer between the warm air and the textile, but this was difficult to assess.
Rice Hull Reinforced Building Boards Using Formaldehyde-Free Adhesive Resins Derived From Whey
Authors: Viswanathan Tito , Smith Mona , Palmer Hal
Published: March 2007

The disposal of rice hulls from harvesting and use of rice, and the disposal of whey and whey permeate from the cheese industry represents a serious eco nomic and environmental problem. This project looks at the feasibility of pro ducing rice hull-reinforced particle boards using resins derived from whey permeate. Results indicate that low quality boards may be prepared using un- ground rice hulls, but may be improved by grinding the rice hulls and/or adding saw dust to the formulation.

The proposed utilization of whey permeate in this manner would favor re placement of formaldehyde-based resins currently used in the forest products building board industry in addition to conserving non-renewable energy re sources in the form of petroleum and natural gas.
The Roots of the Backlash Theory in Mental Health
Authors: Jackson Gerald Gregory
Published: March 2007

A primary objective of this paper is to give more con ceptual substance to the legitimacy of an African cultural referent in the field of mental health. It has been reported, for example, that the omission of such a referent has resulted in intragroup conflicts among Afro-American professionals. Similarly, the lack of a consideration of the African roots to many of the at titudes and behaviors of Afro-Americans has been shown to thwart comprehensive assistance to the Afro- American community and its individuals. Carried a step farther, this paper will provide a framework for understanding the relationship between contemporary conflicts between Afro- and Euro-Americans and their antecedent cultures. This objective is crystallized in the backlash theory in mental health, and this theory is dis cussed in terms of its cultural antecedents and contem porary applications to mental health research and con cepts.
A Pilot Guidance Programme in Lagos State Schools
Authors: Shaikh M.S.
Published: March 2007

Guidance and counselling as an essential part of education in developing countries is a progressive idea. Nigeria as a fast developing country is quite receptive to innovations in modem education. Lagos State has been pioneering a School Psychology Project for more than a decade.

In this paper some of the professional and administrative problems of introducing school psychological services at secondary school level have been brought into focus with particular reference to the problems often confronted in a developing country.