bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rope (1948)Rope (1948)
Authors: Street Sarah
Published: March 2024

“Rope (1948): Chromatic design and neon light” discusses the flashing “STORAGE” neon sign visible through the New York apartment set’s window in Rope, Hitchcock’s first color film. This is a marker of Hitchcock’s fascination with artificial light, the city as a place of mystery and terror and as a symbol of modernity. The visually striking effect’s experimental nature is highlighted for its re-creation of New York’s skyline. This was created using a “cyclorama,” so that the passage of time from day to night is indicated by illuminated signage and changing cloud formations. The effects are analyzed in relation to color theory and how color in Rope anticipates Hitchcock’s use of it for dramatic and psychological effects in Vertigo and Marnie. The chapter argues that Hitchcock uses color astutely to connote affective psychological experiences as well as signaling contemporary notions of class and taste that are central to the film’s narrative.
Vertigo (1958)Vertigo (1958)
Authors: Torlasco Domietta
Published: March 2024

“Vertigo (1958): Labor in a single shot” is the story of a delayed interpretation. In a theory/practice seminar, filmmaker Harun Farocki suggested that the author reproduce one of Vertigo’s iconic camera movements: the dolly-in that, in the museum scene, leads both the detective and the spectator’s looks from Madeleine’s spiral-shaped hairdo to Carlotta Valdes’s similarly coiffed hair. What would attract a filmmaker who devoted his career to critiquing image production and consumption under capitalism to a scene of haunted contemplation? Years later, Torlasco, after Farocki, proposes that we interpret it as an image of labor—the portrayal of a process that is at once perceptual, cognitive, and affective; an image of immaterial labor. In doing so, she rediscovers a mode of symbolic production that pivots around metonymy rather than metaphor, difference rather than similarity, a way of making sense in excess of the exchange economy that the scene otherwise supports.
Raising the Dead
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: March 2024

George A. Romero never intended to become a master of horror, but he made Night of the Living Dead and became a legend. Raising the Dead: The Work of George A. Romero is an account of Romero coming to terms with horror, reshaping the genre to fit his expansive imagination in the process. Raising the Dead dives into the expansive, extraordinary body of work found in Romero’s archive, going beyond his iconic zombie movies into a deep and varied trove of work that never made it to the big screen. From the early 1960s until his death in 2017, Romero was a hugely prolific writer, producing scripts in every conceivable genre, from arty medieval allegories to wacky comedies and grand-scale science fiction epics. Themes, story ideas, and even characters were repurposed for new scripts, evolving and transforming with each new iteration and, sometimes, finding a home in a horror film. But in order to accommodate ideas that began in such different contexts, Romero would have to change the horror genre itself. Based on years of archival research, Raising the Dead moves between unfilmed scripts and familiar classics, showing the remarkable scope and range of Romero’s interests and the full extent of his genius. Raising the Dead is a testament to an extraordinarily productive and inventive artist who never let the restrictions of the film industry limit his imagination.
The Agnostics
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 provides a historical overview of the first century of British agnosticism—the movement that sought to separate religious belief from secular life—starting with its origins in the early 1800s and including influential figures such as George Jacob Holyoake, Charles Bradlaugh, George William Foote, Thomas Henry Huxley, Charles Watts Sr., Charles Watts Jr., and William Stewart Ross. This history includes organizations such as the National Secular Society, British Secular Union, and the Rationalist Press Association as well as their various journals such as the National Reformer, Freethinker, Agnostic Journal, and Watts’ Literary Guide. Coverage includes blasphemy cases that made heroes and martyrs of the defendants and energized secularism into a more militant force going into the twentieth century. Readers are also introduced to two young men rebelling against the Victorian strictures in which they were raised: aspiring soldier John Frederick Charles Fuller and aspiring poet Victor Benjamin Neuburg.
Life After Crowley
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

A few years after befriending each other over their mutual passion for Agnosticism, Aleister Crowley, J. F. C. Fuller, and Victor Neuburg parted ways. To protect his military career, Fuller pulled away after the tabloids spawned controversy—and a defamation lawsuit—over their coverage of A∴A∴’s Rites of Eleusis (1910). Fuller enjoyed a successful military career, attaining the rank of major general. He peppered his military writings with mystical thinking, and his output included works on the occult, yoga, and Kabbalah. Neuburg disappeared after being named in a divorce suit over his affair with the wife of the college friend who published his first book of poetry; the friend’s wife committed suicide after being served notice of the divorce filing. Neuburg would later run his own small press, and help to discover Dylan Thomas. Despite leaving Crowley’s circle, both Fuller and Neuburg in their later years would write complimentary things about their one-time friend in doubt.
Aiding Empowerment
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

Women’s political empowerment has become an important foreign policy and assistance objective. Every year, donor governments and multilateral organizations partner with hundreds of civil society groups around the world to train women to run for office, support women legislators, advocate for gender quotas, and strengthen women’s networks in political parties and parliaments. What ideas about gender, power, and political change guide these aid programs? What have practitioners and advocates learned about their strengths and weaknesses, and how might they improve their work going forward? Drawing on extensive interviews with aid officials, women’s rights activists, and women politicians in Western donor countries and across Kenya, Morocco, Myanmar, and Nepal, Aiding Empowerment investigates how democracy aid actors promote gender equality in politics, critically probing both areas of progress and persistent shortcomings. The book argues that international assistance for women’s political empowerment has evolved significantly over the last three decades, from a first generation of programs aimed at integrating women into nascent democratic institutions to a second generation focused on transforming the broader political ecosystem hindering women’s equal political influence. However, this evolution is still unfolding, and changes in thinking have outstripped changes in aid practice. Several challenges threaten future progress, from the persistence of patriarchal norms to rising concerns about democratic erosion and backlash. In the face of these hurdles, the book presents practical recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and advocates fighting for women’s political empowerment globally.
Epidemiology and the People's Health
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: March 2024

Why a thoroughly updated and revised second edition of this book about theories of disease distribution, in past and present societal and ecological context? Because the lived realities—and ideas, data, and disinformation about—the people’s health are dynamic, not static. Chapter 1 contrasts the critical importance of epidemiologic theory for explaining disease distributions vs. its continued neglect in epidemiological textbooks, which prioritize methods. Chapter 2 through 4 offer historical analysis of a range of epidemiological theories of disease distribution in societal and ecological context, ranging from ancient Greece and China to raging 19th CE debates over miasma vs. contagion and over causes of class and racialized health inequities to the early 20th rise of germ theory, eugenics, and “social environmental” theories, in contention. Chapters 5 through 7 analyze contemporary theories of disease distribution, ranging from the dominant biomedical and lifestyle theories to three sets of social epidemiological alternatives: diverse sociopolitical theories, psychosocial theories, and the ecosocial theory of disease distribution. Chapter 8 offers concrete examples explicating why epidemiologic theory counts when it comes to harm, knowledge, action, and the people’s health, making clear the importance of choice of epidemiologic theory of disease distribution for getting the questions and answers right—or terribly wrong. Explicit use of—and debates over—epidemiologic theories of disease distribution will improve the odds of producing epidemiologic knowledge truly useful for preventing disease, improving the public’s health, and advancing health justice.
Constituting (from) the Background
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 shows how servants have always been marginal but constitutive presences in early to mid-twentieth-century South Asian Anglophone literature—for somewhat different reasons than in Western literatures—primarily to mark the emergence and distinctiveness of an educated colonial and postcolonial upper and middle class, and often to critique colonial or Indian class, caste, or patriarchal structures. Asking new questions, and casting a new light on the work of early to mid-century writers, from R. K. Narayan, Nirad Chaudhuri, Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, and Ahmed Ali, to Zeenuth Futehally, Attia Hosain, Kamala Markandaya, Nayantara Sahgal, and Anita Desai, it demonstrates how women writers represent and deploy servitude very differently compared to male writers, and argues that these women writers, even when focused on other questions, are much more attentive to the intimacies, intersections of gender and class, and nuances of affective relations in contexts of inequality in the home.
In the Driver’s Seat?
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Most readings of Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger tend to regard Balram, its servant-protagonist and narrator, as an unrepentant, hardened criminal. Chapter 5 offers a more sympathetic reading and granular understanding, attentive to the novel’s irony, satire, and literary cues. It calls attention to Adiga’s presentation of several systemic problems that conjointly constrain Balram from his early village life onward: the feudal landlord system, the joint family system, the failures of democracy, the complicity of religion. Examining some key tropes—animal imagery, light and darkness, the rearview mirror—this chapter tracks two strands in this novel: Adiga’s exploration of the gendered psychology of servitude, and the servant protagonist’s growth from desiring servitude (as an alternative to abject poverty and degradation) to desiring freedom. It argues that Adiga in this novel provides a more damning indictment than Gunesekera does, both of servitude as a system and of the nation that enables it.
Betrayal Trauma
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E.
Published: March 2024

After an illustrative story to introduce the focus of Chapter 2, the authors draw on interviews conducted across the nation with Christian leaders. Analyzing the themes of the interviews, and illuminating those with the actual voices of Christian leaders, the chapter explores the deep, hurtful betrayal experienced by many Christians of color from many white Christians. The stories featured are remarkably consistent and incredibly powerful. The openness of those interviewed paints a clear picture of hurt and confusion, and the real price paid by some just for living in America. The story is current—it is an ongoing, real-time, destructive saga. And the story is old, as the words and experiences communicated today closely mirror the words of Christians leaders of color from a half-century ago, and from two centuries ago. In short, chapter 2 names the problem that the rest of the book seeks to understand, explain, and address.
Feeling and Fighting for the Religion of Whiteness
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 continues testing the theory of the Religion of Whiteness (ROW) through data about emotions. If we want to understand the depth of the commitment to the ROW, we must understand the emotions underlying it. Emotions are important because people react emotionally before they can rationally contemplate situations. Emotions are also important because they shape the context for subsequent thoughts and actions. We ask white Christians how they feel about several words and phrases associated with racial justice. Their responses reveal much negative emotion, especially anger, at just the mention of these terms. The chapter then illustrates how these negative emotions motivate ROW practitioners to attack Christians of color who do not conform to the ROW. Chapter 5 concludes with a discussion of the ROW playbook and seven boundary enforcement mechanisms ROW practitioners use to defend the ROW. These boundary enforcers have the effect of both maintaining the boundary between ROW followers and non-followers and sanctioning those who offend the ROW.
The Interior of the Brain
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes some of the structures located in the interior of the brain, beneath the cerebral cortex. These structures are part of circuits that interact with the cerebral cortex to enable perception and behavior. The first structure described is the thalamus, which is a gateway for signals to the cerebral cortex. The next collection of structures surveyed is the limbic system, which is crucial for memory and emotion, among other functions. The final collection of structures is known as the basal ganglia, which supports some forms of learning, enables orderly actions, thoughts, and emotions, and is important for understanding habits and addiction.
Technologies that Reveal Brain Functions
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines imaging technologies that reveal human brain functions: electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As with the structural technologies, the chapter describes the science on which the functional technologies depend and their relative advantages and disadvantages, including both spatial and temporal resolution. The chapter identifies some of the prominent ways that these technologies are used in clinical care and neuroscience research. The chapter also describes the numerous assumptions on which inferences about brain function depend, the methods by which the colorful brain images of PET and fMRI are created, and how to interpret such images.
Changing Brain Functions
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines events and technologies that can change brain function. The chapter surveys four types of brain changes that are likely to appear in legal contexts: brain injury, psychoactive drug effects, surgery, and electromagnetic stimulation. The chapter discusses the differing effects of brain damage that is localized (like a penetrating gunshot), diffuse (like a traumatic brain injury from a blow to the head), or something intermediate (like a stroke). The chapter reviews the effects of psychoactive drugs such as anesthetics, analgesics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, cannabis, hallucinogens, narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants. The chapter then covers three of the most common electromagnetic human brain manipulation technologies: deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The latter two technologies can be used to modulate parts of the brain close to the skull, temporarily activating or deactivating them.
Women's Property Rights Under CEDAW
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

The gender gap with respect to wealth and property is a chasm. For over forty years, the leading international treaty on the rights of women, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), has been generating jurisprudence interpreting CEDAW’s obligations demanding that states protect the equal rights of women as partners in recognized relationships, family rights more generally (including inheritance), rights to land, adequate housing (including for those subjected to domestic violence), financial credit, social benefits, intellectual property, and other economic rights dependent on equal access to justice. Women’s Property Rights Under CEDAW surveys and assesses the CEDAW Committee’s General Recommendations, Views in response to communications, Concluding Observations in response to state reports, and Reports on Inquiries addressing these rights. This book finds that the underlying jurisprudence is dramatically different from property protections under the international investment regime and is much more convergent with that under other international human rights regimes but unique in its focus on addressing the underlying patriarchal structures, stereotypes, and forms of intersectional discrimination that have underpinned the impoverishment of women all around the world. It concludes that CEDAW’s re-engendering of property, although a flawed work in progress, has the potential to be transformative.
What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: March 2024

This book is a fiftieth anniversary republication of Thomas Nagel’s “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?,” a classic in the philosophy of mind. Through its argument for the irreducible subjectivity of consciousness, it played an essential role in making the study of consciousness a central part of philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. It also spurred the now flourishing scientific attention to the consciousness of non-human creatures: mammals, birds, fish, mollusks, and insects. The book also includes a second essay offering Nagel’s more recent thoughts on the most promising positive response to the mind-body problem, as posed in the original essay.
Defining “The Garden”
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2—“Defining ‘The Garden’ ”—offers, explains, explores, and defends ten criteria that establish what a garden is. These criteria are derived from the inventory presented in chapter 1. All gardens are (1) spatially three dimensional, (2) geographically bound, (3) human scaled and perspectivally bound, (4) dynamic and time dependent, (5) nature interactive and ecologically bound, (6) unbounded in time and lifespan, (7) designed, (8) human interactive and requiring maintenance, (9) rule governed, and (10) aesthetically engaging. The chapter claims that all gardens have all these characteristics and anything that has these characteristics is a garden. The chapter concludes with a discussion of identity conditions and replication.
The Garden as an Artform
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4—“The Garden as an Artform”—begins by examining views that claim that The Garden either is not an artform or is not a very good artform. This includes discussion of the views of Kant and Hegel, as well as a variety of claims that are meant to demonstrate why the garden is not an artform or no longer regarded as an artform. The chapter continues by examining eight general ways in which The Garden is different from other artforms. It then, finally, asks the question of whether The Garden is an artform, and it argues in the affirmative. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the criteria for when a garden is a work of art.
The Relevance of Context
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6—“The Relevance of Context”—begins with a general discussion of garden contextuality. It then explores relevant contextual aspects in four categories: genetic factors having to do with the garden’s origins and how it came to be the sort of garden it is; lifespan factors that include the evolution of the garden and the evolution of its ownership and accessibility; relationship factors that focus on the relationship the garden has with its siting, its climate, its history, other gardens, and other works of art (if the garden in question is a work of art); and reception factors that have to do with all the various ways the garden has been received by audiences. The chapter ends with a summative discussion of what it means to appreciate gardens aesthetically.
How Can We Interpret Gardens?
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 8—“How Can We Interpret Gardens?”—continues the conversation begun in Chapter 7. After exploring a range of theories of how works of art may be interpreted and their application to interpreting gardens, the chapter focuses on how to “read” a garden’s formal aspects as the basis of creating a data set that may form the basis of an interpretation. This “form-focused” approach includes a detailed exploration of “garden form,” which is expressed in eleven categories: path, structure, artifactual elements, space, water, light, topography, ecology, setting, plant palette, and plant character. The chapter offers examples of the application of garden form to interpreting gardens, and concludes by discussing a set of unique aspects of garden interpretation.
Space
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Bryan Early
Published: March 2024

A state with “eyes in the sky” is better equipped to anticipate and to react to the actions of a foreign power. Thus, one should expect reconnaissance satellites to affect patterns of interstate conflict. An interesting feature of space reconnaissance is that it is a more public form of espionage compared to other modes of spying. “National technical means” in space remain effective despite being apparent to their targets. The chapter summarizes statistical tests using data about space reconnaissance and conflict in the post-World War II period. It finds that countries that operate reconnaissance satellites are significantly less likely to be involved in substantial militarized disputes, either as initiators or targets. Finally, it discusses some key implications and exceptions, distinguishing the stabilizing implications of satellite reconnaissance from other forms of space-based operational support, which may not be as stabilizing.
Critically Examining Inclusion and Parity for Deaf Global South Researchers of Colour in the Field of Sign Language Linguistics
Authors: Hou Lynn , Ali Kristian
Published: March 2024

There is a problem with the inclusion of deaf researchers particularly when it comes to racial parity in sign language research. This chapter foregrounds the discussion to examine the particular case of some deaf researchers from the majority People of Colour Global South. The chapter uses a multipronged methodology, starting with auto-ethnographic data to describe how the authors arrived at the point of carrying out this research. Secondly, an analysis of the recent meetings of a major sign language conference was conducted. Finally, the authors conducted individual interviews of and group discussions among deaf researchers of colour in the Global South and examined certain emerging themes. The chapter ends with concrete suggestions and actions for improving equity and parity for these researchers, which the authors argue is critical for improving the field of sign language linguistics.
Toward a Big Tent Linguistics
Authors: Dockum Rikker , Green Caitlin M.
Published: March 2024

Linguistics has a documented history of divisiveness and remains poorly understood by the general public. Nevertheless, linguistics also has great unrealized potential for positive impact on global society, hand in hand with scholarship. This chapter argues for an inclusive big tent linguistics that will help the discipline achieve its potential, and the authors outline three sources of current exclusion: socialization into gatekeeping what counts as linguistics, with legitimacy tied to outdated opinions of what is more scientific, rigorous, rational, or prestigious; epistemic injustice, including a tendency for hero-worship of lone geniuses of the field; and a pattern of ignoring power imbalances in interactions, such as the demand for civility, often from the discipline’s least powerful members. The authors discuss the origins of these problems, some recent events that exemplify them, and suggest ways that all linguists, inclusively defined, can contribute to helping our scholarly community achieve a more uplifting culture.
For the Culture
Authors: Thornton Candice Y.
Published: March 2024

Based on their experiences as a Black, disabled, queer, gender-expansive, neurodivergent doctoral student and adjunct faculty member who deeply loves language, the author sought to identify and document the pathways of Black and HBCU linguists in part to contextualize the opportunities for Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to create or further develop their existing linguistic coursework and programs. By providing a short review of the state of Black linguists, HBCUs, and the linguistics field at large, this chapter intends to document and legitimize the rich legacy of Black scholars in linguistics and language-related disciplines, name institutional and systemic barriers that contribute to the inaccessibility and lack of inclusion for Black scholars, and offer actionable solutions for academic institutions to recruit, engage, and support Black linguists to increase linguistics course offerings, departments, research, and the overall population of Black linguists.
Community College Linguistics for Educational Justice
Authors: Thomas Jamie A.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides a practical roadmap to transforming introductory linguistics with lesson plans and assessment strategies that facilitate the success of Black, Latinx, Indigenous, and/or disabled college students. These strategies are particularly useful in community college online teaching, and include intentionally welcoming students with an encouraging message before the semester begins; incorporating content that centers perspectives on linguistic racism and exclusion early in the semester, particularly through the voices of Black d/Deaf and DeafBlind people and other people of color, multilingual people, and Indigenous communities; and enacting student-centered, interactive assessments through video/audio discussions that facilitate personalized engagement and peer learning. The author describes the effectiveness and value of these strategies with help from student reflections on their experiences. These course design recommendations make use of free and emerging educational resources and technologies in ways that enable college students to see and hear themselves, and their concerns, in the introductory linguistics curriculum.
Beyond Pronouns 101
Authors: Zimman Lal , Brown Cedar
Published: March 2024

On college campuses working toward trans inclusion, instructors are often encouraged to ask students to share their pronouns on the first day of class. However, critics of this practice have suggested that it pressures students to out themselves or lay claim on an identity they may still be questioning. This chapter discusses the results of a survey of transgender students at a public California university, most of whom reported appreciating the opportunity to share their pronouns in class. However, the comments of students with more negative or ambivalent feelings about this norm allow the possibility of identifying contextual factors that make instructors more or less effective in creating a space in which trans students felt safe sharing their pronouns. Rather than promoting one-size-fits-all approaches to trans inclusion, the authors offer recommendations for more context-sensitive, flexible, and multimodal approaches to pronouns in the classroom that center and normalize trans students’ pronouns.
Linguistic Literacy and Advocacy in Action
Authors: Bissell Marie , Álvarez-Retamales José , Champagne Matthew , Hatcher Jessica , Omar Shalina , Wolfram Walt
Published: March 2024

This chapter aims to provide a practical template for groups and organizations who are new to conducting linguistic diversity outreach programs, which are essential educational tools for disseminating linguistic knowledge and scholarship to members of the general public. This work is grounded in the notion that linguists have an obligation to give back to the communities whose linguistic data are studied and analyzed in the academy. In this chapter, the authors illustrate two case studies of linguistic diversity outreach programs that have been implemented by the Linguistics Diversity Ambassadors (LDA), a graduate student-led organization at North Carolina State University.
Democratic Collapse and Recovery in Ancient Athens (413–403)
Authors: Carugati and Federica , Ober Josiah
Published: March 2024

The city-state of Athens in the late fifth century bce is a well-documented case illustrating the performance of a premodern democracy under conditions of extreme pressure. Athenian democracy was twice overthrown in this period, and twice recovered. This chapter’s account of democratic breakdown and recovery in Athens highlights a series of factors. Military defeats and the presence of an organized opposition played an important role in the democracy’s collapse. However, the chapter identifies a deeper, root cause: a crisis of legitimacy precipitated by performance failures but ultimately traceable (then and now) to a fundamental defect of institutional design. That defect was recognized and addressed by fundamental constitutional changes enabling elite and ordinary citizens to commit to cooperation in a shared polity.
September 11, 1973
Authors: Schlotterbeck Marian
Published: March 2024

At the height of the Cold War, Chilean president Salvador Allende Gossens’s 1970 election tested the viability of a democratically elected Marxist government. Even before assuming office, Allende faced organized opposition from Chilean economic elites and social conservatives and from the United States. As Allende moved toward Socialism within a long-standing constitutional framework, his opponents worked to undermine the legitimacy of Chile’s political institutions. The September 11, 1973, coup led by General Augusto Pinochet followed the mobilization of a large coalition—including the armed forces, the U.S. government, business elites within and outside of Chile, and, crucially, a sizable portion of the Chilean middle class organized through associations of professionals, shop owners, truck drivers, students, and women—willing to violate democratic process to protect other features of the status quo. Many thought that military intervention would occasion a brief “reset” of the system. Few expected Pinochet’s brutal seventeen-year dictatorship that followed.
The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bose Sugata , Jalal Ayesha
Published: March 2024

In 1975 democracy broke down in India, giving way to a nineteen-month spell of authoritarianism. A pliant president invoked the constitutional provision to declare a state of emergency at the instance of the prime minister. More than 100,000 political opponents, independent journalists, and dissenters were imprisoned. Fundamental rights were suspended, and courts could not entertain writs of habeas corpus. This chapter assesses different explanations for the breakdown in India’s democracy, ranging from personal and proximate triggers to structural and deep historical factors. It shows that the breakdown of India’s democracy had historical roots in colonial jurisprudence that formed the basis of the postcolonial republic. Today India’s electoral autocracy arguably poses a graver challenge to the world’s largest democracy than the one that was overcome in 1977. A postcolonial Constitution retaining the myriad states of exception of the colonial era does not afford sufficient protection against democratically elected authoritarian rulers.
Venezuela’s Autocratization, 1999–2021
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that the main driving force behind Venezuela’s transition to autocracy starting in 1999 was a combination of party system variable and institutional capture. In the first stage of this transition, from 1999 to 2010 under President Hugo Chávez, the party-related driving factor was a condition that is typical of many other backsliding cases: the ruling party became electorally dominant, while opposition parties declined and splintered. This party context conferred upon the president the ability to engage in executive aggrandizement, expanding the powers of the executive branch and reducing spaces for opponents. A secondary factor was massive fiscal spending, which gave the process a veneer of social justice. In the second stage, starting in 2010, the driving factor was the ruling party’s electoral decline along with institutional capacity. Amid a sudden renaissance of the opposition, the process of autocratization accelerated: Chávez before his death in 2013 and then his successor, Nicolás Maduro, pursued more aggressive forms of repression, without any pretense of populism, making use of pre-existing autocratic practices and institutions to carry out that repression.
China's Vulnerability Paradox
Authors: Massot Pascale
Published: March 2024

China’s Vulnerability Paradox presents an original framework to explain the uneven transformations in global commodity markets resulting from the dramatic, contemporary expansion of China’s economy. Within a short period, China emerged from being an almost complete outsider to becoming one of the principal players in most global commodity markets. Despite this, China at times displays vulnerabilities toward global commodity markets, given high levels of import dependence but also, this book argues, because of unequal positions of market power. Why is it that despite China’s rising salience, Chinese stakeholders are often not able to shape markets in their preferred direction? Why have some markets undergone fundamental changes in the way they operate while other similar markets have been more resilient? And how can we explain the uneven liberalization dynamics across markets? Through the case studies of iron ore, potash, uranium, and copper markets, Pascale Massot argues that the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and international market stakeholders and the way it evolves over time explain their behavior as well as the likelihood of global market institutional change. A change in relative market power between dominant producers and consumers can act as a catalyst for change in global market institutions. At a time of deepening US-China tensions and debates about the future of the global economy, this book provides an alternative, granular understanding of the resonance dynamics between the domestic political economy of large emerging economies and the political economy of global markets.
Roots and Routes
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces Walcott’s rewriting of the Odyssey’s affective geography. It begins with a discussion of Tiresias’s famously ambiguous instructions to Odysseus that he take an inland journey and plant an oar, introducing the worship of Poseidon to a people who know nothing of the sea. This prophecy, which proves central to Walcott’s refiguration of the Odyssey throughout Omeros, provides the background for understanding both the Odyssey’s dominant fantasy of a landward trajectory and the ambiguities it introduces about how landbound Odysseus’s post-homecoming life will be. Analysis of Odysseus’s final journey home foregrounds the poem’s dominant sea-to-land trajectory and its use of arboreal imagery to figure Odysseus’s imminent arrival on terra firma. Walcott rewrites the course of Odysseus’s landbound path in his The Odyssey: A Stage Version (1993): manipulating the Odyssey’s arboreal imagery, the play makes Ithaca a terraqueous space in which land and sea become interchangeable spaces. This redrawn map of Ithaca guides the reading of St. Lucian and Ithacan landscapes in the rest of this book. The chapter ends by reading Omeros’s scene of fashioning the canoes in book 1 against the account of Odysseus’s raft-building at the end of Odyssey 5. Felling the trees on St. Lucia frees the fishermen from the island’s troubled landscapes and makes possible a redemptive healing and new beginning offered by a life spent at sea.
Language elements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

An introduction to the character set, the source form, types, constants, variables, derived data types, arrays, the concepts of objects and subobjects, allocatable and pointer objects, type extension, and polymorphism
Control constructs
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

A description of the various program control constructs: if, case, and do, including fine-grained control via the exit and cycle statements.
Intrinsic procedures and modules
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The means by which intrinsic procedures (functions and subroutines) may be referenced are given, followed by descriptions of all the intrinsic procedures defined by the standard. These include the inquiry, elemental, and transformational functions, procedures for bit and character manipulation, functions for the construction and manipulation of arrays, and subroutines for accessing the computing environment including the elapsed and real time. The facilities available from intrinsic modules, in particular for obtaining information about the Fortran environment, are introduced.
Abstract interfaces and procedure pointers
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

The concept of an abstract interface is introduced and explained. Procedure pointers provide the ability to associate a pointer with a procedure, similar to the way dummy procedures become associated with actual procedures.
Coarray teams
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

Teams allow separate sets of images to execute independently. An important design objective is that, given a code that had been developed and tested on all images, it should be possible to run the code on a team without making changes. This requires that if a team has n images, the image indices within the team run from 1 to n. Teams are formed by partitioning an existing team into parts, starting with the team of all the images. New teams are executed within change team constructs. Most execution will be within the team, but direct access to data in ancestor and sibling teams is allowed.
Floating-point exception handling
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

Exception handling is required for the development of robust and efficient numerical software, a principal application of Fortran. Indeed, the existence of such a facility makes it possible to develop more efficient software than would otherwise be possible. Most computers nowadays have hardware based on the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, which later became an ISO standard. Therefore, the Fortran exception handling features are based on the ability to test and set the five flags for floating-point exceptions that the IEEE standard specifies.
Interoperating with C using descriptors
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

These Fortran features are now available when interoperating with C: • optional dummy arguments, • assumed-length character dummy arguments, • assumed-shape arrays, • allocatable dummy arguments, and • pointer dummy arguments.. The necessary information that needs to be passed to/from the C functions is passed with a C descriptor, and there are mechanisms provided for the C functions to use such descriptors. For more convenient low-level C interoperability, assumed type dummy arguments are available. Additionally, the assumed-rank feature can also be used in interoperable procedures.
CHARGE
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

CHARGE presents an overview of an exhilarating journey into the subatomic world of fundamental particles and forces. It discusses the frontiers of fundamental physics by elaborating on the key concepts involving quantum mechanics, exotic particles, other forms of charge, and theories of grand unification, which imply that protons must ultimately decay. The complexity of gravity rules, electric and magnetic forces, and the force of electromagnetism is owed to the notion of neutrality. CHARGE admits there is no further clarification on certain mysteries of the field. However, it does offer intriguing patterns and families of particles that showcase a deeper understanding of the notion of unity.
Introduction
Authors: Hirway Indira
Published: March 2024

This volume argues that the roots of gender inequalities and women’s subordination to men are primarily two: social structure in the form of patriarchy, and economic structure in the form of exclusion of unpaid work from the purview of the macro-economy. There are other structures like race, religion and caste that cut across the main two structures. Unless these structures are addressed upfront, no country can empower women to reach gender equalities. This Introduction presents in very brief the theoretical discussions on the different aspects of the basic structures, care economy in India that covers paid and unpaid care, interaction between paid and unpaid work at the conceptual level and empirical level, and analyses the different sectors, such as agriculture, health, education and violence against women empirically in the context of the underlying structures. Social mobilization is also examined here as a strategy to fight the structures. An important message of this volume is that our macro-economy cannot sustain or grow without addressing these structures for gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Revisiting the Feminist Project of Gendering Development
Authors: Swaminathan Padmini
Published: March 2024

Using three different illustrations of the manner in which states in developing countries have sought to grapple with the theme of ‘development’ and women’s incorporation into it, this paper seeks to examine how development concerns were framed with particular reference to their impact on access to resources and the ensuing consequences for the overall well-being of women in particular. This examination enables us to also comprehend what themes emerge within each of the issues, when ‘framings’ are gender-sensitive. Our first illustration revisits the enormous literature relating to women’s access to property, particularly land, much of which documents the manner in which women, irrespective of their caste, class, region, or religion, have been denied ownership rights, even if they have access to land for cultivation. Our second illustration examines the theme of migration and development, with an avowed focus on its implications for women. Here, gender-sensitive framing elicits several different facets that have differential impacts on men and women; on husbands, wives, and children, and on single women. Our third illustration explores the aspect of technology, particularly the contexts in which the absence of basic technological tools has continued to burden poor households, as well as the contexts where application and use of technology have turned ‘hazardous’ for women. It is our contention that the hope has not been belied that through the interaction of ‘development and gender’ change could be produced; except that this is not necessarily the kind of change that we have been struggling for.
Gender Inequality and Intra-Household Consumption Disparities
Authors: Seth Anuradha
Published: March 2024

Even as gender inequality and inclusive growth take centre stage in development policy, much less attention has been paid to intra-household consumption disparities, and what this means for pursuing more gender-equitable development pathways. This chapter examines the determinants of intrahousehold consumption patterns, and the extent of gender disparities with respect to health, education, and food consumption within households in India. By highlighting policies needed to address gender gaps in intrahousehold consumption patterns, the paper hopes to make visible both the dynamics and forces that shape gender outcomes and that can further a more inclusive development process.
Socio-Economic Correlates of Domestic ViolenceA Hidden Crisis of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pathak Jharna , Shah Neha
Published: March 2024

The lockdowns adopted to control the pandemic have wide-ranging adverse social and economic implications. One of the major impacts is a rise in domestic violence. Many perpetrators of violence remained at home and women were trapped in the same space with them. Loss of employment and increased burden of unpaid domestic work reduced the agency and autonomy of women and put them at an increased risk of domestic violence. This study aimed to assess the risk factors associated with domestic violence during COVID-19 among a sample of women in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Statistically significant relationships were observed between age, time spent doing domestic chores, comparative/relative income loss of women and their spouses and domestic violence.
The Birth of Melody
Authors: Schoenberger Casey
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the melodic setting of tonal languages, as were all Chinese languages since the medieval period. While accepting the possibility of foreign influence on tonal alternation patterns heavily defining medieval “recent-style” verse, it draws on cognitive expressive dynamics, like questions and answers, to argue that these primarily encoded melodic pitch contours rather than syllable length, weight, or some other factor. The chapter divides the history of musical realization of tone into syllabic (one note per syllable) and melismatic (many notes per syllable) stages, arguing that extensive melisma evoking contours of an official koine was a key innovation of Kun opera, albeit one drawing on older Southern arts influenced by ecumenical sacred traditions, like Mulian opera. It lastly introduces a late imperial controversy called the “Tang-Shen debate,” arguing it concerned the degree to which late imperial arias should have strong, independent musical identities or else function as malleable musical-poetic templates.