bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter Complications in Children Receiving Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT)
Authors: Kovacich Amanda , Tamma Pranita D. , Advani Sonali , Popoola Victor O. , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Gosey Leslie , Milstone Aaron M.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

To identify the frequency of and risk factors associated with complications necessitating removal of the peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in patients receiving outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) and to determine the appropriateness of OPAT in children with OPAT-related complications.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort of children who had a PICC inserted at the Johns Hopkins Children’s Center between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013, and were discharged from the hospital on OPAT was assembled.

RESULTS

A total of 1,465 PICCs were used to provide antibiotic therapy for 955 children after hospital discharge. Among these, 117 PICCs (8%) required removal due to a complication (4.6 of 1,000 catheter days). Children discharged to a long-term care facility were at increased risk of adverse PICC events (incidence risk ratio [IRR], 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79–6.17). For children receiving OPAT, age of the child (adjusted IRR [aIRR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92–0.98), noncentral PICC tip location (aIRR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.66–4.82), and public insurance (aIRR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10–2.40) were associated with adverse PICC events. In addition, 34 patients (32%) with adverse events may not have required intravenous antibiotics at the time of hospital discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Of children discharged with PICCs on OPAT during the study period, 8% developed a complication necessitating PICC removal. Children discharged to a long-term care facility had an increased rate of complication compared with children who were discharged home. With improved education regarding appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy and situations in which early conversion to enteral therapy should be considered, PICC-related complications may have been avoided in 32% of children.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):420–424
Perceived mutual impact of strategy and organizational structure: Findings from the high-technology enterprises
Authors: Zakrzewska-Bielawska Agnieszka
Published: January 2016

The paper aims to investigate the relationship between strategy and structure in the high-technology enterprises. The study attempts to ascertain how chief executive officers perceive the impact of strategy on organizational structure, and likewise impact of structure on strategy, at two phases in the innovation process: the phase of innovation exploration; and the phase of innovation exploitation. The research was conducted in 61 high-technology companies based in Poland that operate either in Poland or in the global marketplace. The results show that, during the exploration of innovation, chief executive officers consider that the impact of organizational structure on strategy is stronger than the impact of strategy on structure. During the exploitation of innovations, the impact of strategy on structure is stronger.
History in the Open Air
Authors: Randall H. J.
Published: January 2016

The face of the country is the most important historical document that we possess. Upon the map of England-‘ that marvellous palimpsest ’—is written much of English history : written in letters of earth and stone, of bank and ditch, of foliage and crop. As is the case with every map, the writing is not such as he that runs may read. It needs patience to discover, knowledge to decipher, insight, sometimes amounting to genius, to interpret. But the writing is there, all else awaits the competence of the reader.
The Fenland Frontier in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Darby H. C.
Published: January 2016

It would seem that the Anglo-Saxon invasion of a great part of eastern Britain in the fifth century radiated fan-wise from the gateway of the Wash and of the Fenland Gulf. If this is true, it is not surprising. The position of the continental base of the Anglo-Saxons made the area a natural entry into the Midland plain; and the invaders, with the Wash behind them, gazed upon no unfamiliar scene. The region into which they came may not have been so different from their former homeland on the flats of northern Germany, the homeland which Bede tells us they had so completely deserted. They penetrated by way of the Fenland rivers, up the Nene, the Welland, the Ouse, and the Witham, and this big spread was supplemented to the north and to the south by the smaller river entrances, the Bure, the Yare, the Waveney, the Humber and so on. The archaeological finds, as plotted by Mr Thurlow Leeds, are located along the courses of navigable streams and their tributaries, and are disposed concentrically around the Fenland. Dr Cyril Fox has moreover indicated affinities, during the earlier Saxon period, between the opposite shores of this marshy gulf. All had changed, however, when the tribes emerged into the light of history. The Fenland basin, characterized at an earlier epoch by a certain cultural unity, had now become a frontier region, separating peoples and exercising a repelling action revealed in the making of the Anglo-Saxon States. Kingdoms, finding their limits here, partitioned the marshy wastes between them, and the barrier of the Fens became a permanent feature in the political geography of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.
Some Observations on Recent Geological Movements of the British Coastline
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: January 2016

It is well known that in geologically recent times the British Isles have been affected by vertical movements, both upwards as shown by raised beaches and downwards as proved by submerged land surfaces and drowned valleys. There are still differences of opinion whether these movements result from changes in the level of the ocean surface or are due to real upward or downward movements of the land area. In the former case a change of sea level might be expected to produce within small limits the same amount of apparent elevation or depression of the land area, whereas in the latter case the amount of movement might vary at different parts of the coastline.
Defences against Cattle-Raiding
Authors: Huntingford G. W. B.
Published: January 2016

When I suggested, in commenting on this quotation, that an African cattle-thief would laugh at Beech Bottom dyke, Mr Crawford did not agree; and the idea that seems to prevail with regard to the stopping-power of a ditch and bank is responsible for these notes.

Cattle-defences may be considered under two heads: 1, Fences: 2, Dykes: the latter being actually of secondary importance when the object in view is to keep cattle in or out; and stockades without a ditch do occur in Britain.
The ‘Gododdin’ of Aneirin
Authors: Jackson Kenneth
Published: January 2016

Historians have known the ‘Gododdin’ ever since Skene's edition and translation in the Four Ancient Books of Wales (1868)' and have realized the possibility that its claim to be the work of a sixth-century British poet may be in some form true. The text however was so obscure and in parts corrupt, and hence Skene's and other translations so plainly unreliable, that few have cared to deal boldly with it. Now comes Professor Williams' life-work, his edition of and introduction to the Book of Aneirin, in which he establishes as satisfactory a text as is ever likely to be made, and solves the great majority of the difficulties of interpretation. The importance of this book cannot be overestimated, and since the whole is written in Welsh a full description is necessary.
Origins of Plank-built Boats
Authors: Hornell James
Published: January 2016

N works on the evolution of plank-built boats attention has never been directed sufficiently to the technique of the methods followed in their construction. The universal habit has been to take the vessels as they are in their completed state and to apply morphological methods to their study from this limited aspect; precisely as the oldfashioned conchologist studied and classified his shells by outward form without regard to the soft parts—the essential criteria, as we now know. It is true nevertheless that in respect both of mollusca and boats, the study of the outward form has led, generally, to an approximation to the truth, but conclusions so reached are not to be accepted as correct without correlated verification dependent upon study of the kernel within the husk. Thus it is that nearly the same conclusions to which I come in this paper, have already been suggested tentatively by Brindley; but, owing to the fact that he did not utilize the internal evidence now brought forward, his suggestions were controversial hypotheses which he could not prove conclusively; nor was he able to state definitely whether the divergent forms noted were reached by means of diffusion and local variation, or whether they arose through independent invention, or by a combination of the two factors.
Iron Age Camps in northwestern France and southwestern Britain
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2016

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the problems of the Early Iron Age in the British Isles; and, amongst these problems, that of the relationship between the insular and the continental cultures of the period has not become simpler or clearer as the British evidence has accumulated. How far, and in what manner, were the various Iron Age cultures of Britain derived from the continent? How far, and under what conditions, were they due to local initiative in Britain itself? Until questions such as these can be answered approximately, it will remain impossible alike to estimate the real achievement of the later prehistoric civilization of the island and to visualize the full significance of the adjacent civilization of northwestern Europe. The problem is not an easy one. The agricultural and therefore local basis of most of the Iron Age economy of Britain encouraged the strong local differentiation of cultural forms, and this local individuality was enhanced by the fashion in which the major tracts of open and habitable chalk or greensand tended, in ancient times, to be isolated by expanses of dense and often impassable forest. And, similarly, an intrusive element from overseas might easily take root in a particular area of southern or eastern Britain without directly affecting other areas within a relatively short map-distance.
Domesday Water Mills
Authors: Hodgen Margaret T.
Published: January 2016

The staple food crops of Saxon and Norman England included rye, barley, oats, millet, beans, and peas. Wheat also was not unknown. In fact, a few carbonized grains have been found upon Neolithic sites. But, even as late as the thirteenth century, wheaten bread in more than one region of England was a luxury food, enjoyed by the mass of the agricultural population only on boon days or religious festivals. The porridges and cereal soups, or flat-baked cakes and small loaves, which accompanied the peasants’ daily cheese, sausages or herring, were usually made from a coarse meal composed of rye, or rye mingled in some proportion with wheat, barley, oats or beans.
Mapungubwe. I. The Excavations and Culture
Authors: Caton-Thompson G.
Published: January 2016

The story of the discovery of Mapungubwe, which led to its systematic excavation, makes reading as vivid and exciting as any adventure-fiction of our youth.

The site is one of many precipitous sandstone kopjes which rear their almost perpendicular sides some 200 ft. above a valley-floor tributary to the Limpopo, which lies only a mile distant, at the point where the Shashi river, flowing from Rhodesia, joins forces with it. Messina—archaeologically famous for its pre-European copper mines—lies about 50 miles west, and it overlooks the meeting point of Transvaal, Bechuanaland and Southern Rhodesian territory. Fortunately for science, British administration being parsimonious in these matters, the hill lay within the Transvaal border.
Siticulosa Apulia
Authors: Bradford John , Williams-Hunt P. R.
Published: January 2016

‘Parched’ Apulia still describes the dominant characteristic of this region of southern Italy as aptly as when Horace wrote. The climate is one of sharp contrasts, especially apparent on the treeless plain round Foggia (the district known as the Capitanata). There, some midwinter snow and a few intermittent days of heavy rain between January and March are offset by almost continuous, and often pitiless, days of sunshine from April to the end of September, with the thermometer reaching 105° in the shade and scorching winds from the North in late summer absorbing what little moisture remains. The average annual rainfall at Foggia is only 18-19 inches, or no more than in parts of lowland Tunisia; but the fertile soil is today intensively cultivated by dry farming, with immense open arable fields. Harvesting begins at the end of May and, as there is often little depth of cultivated soil above the absorbent subsoils, by early in July the dusty ground is baked as hard as iron.
The Sutton Hoo Helmet
Authors: Maryon Herbert
Published: January 2016

When unpacked at the British Museum Laboratory, the remains of the Sutton WHoo helmet covered a good-sized table. They appeared to consist of a gilded bronze nose and mouth piece, two gilded bronze dragon heads, parts of what once had been a silver crest, and three or four hundred fragments of sand-encrusted rusty iron.

No photographs had been taken of them during excavation as their importance had not been realized at the time.
Pleistocene Chronology in the Far East
Authors: Clark W. E. Le Gros
Published: January 2016

To the anthropologist, the dating of the fossil remains of prehistoric man in the Far East has always seemed a vague and haphazard business. So far as Europe is concerned, we have accepted the correlations between cultural sequences and stratigraphical data which have been worked out after many years of intensive work by geologists and archaeologists. Indeed, so well has the evidence been clarified for us that we even feel we can to some extent assess the validity of arguments put forward for the chronological position of this or that piece of human fossil. But the Far East is very different. The cultural sequences characteristic of Europe are not to be found there, the animal and plant remains found at different stratigraphical levels have a strange oriental appearance and differ specifically too much from those in the European Pleistocene to permit of direct faunistic correlations, and in the tropical regions such as Java the fluctuations of climate related to the glacial periods were not striking enough to provide a reasonable time scale by reference to any deposits so distinctive as boulder clay. Thus the anthropologist in the past has simply noted the personal opinion of local geologists on the antiquity of fossil man or palaeolithic cultures in the Far East, without really being clear as to the evidence on which the opinion was based (and suspecting, sometimes, that the geologist was not always quite clear himself).
Horizontal Water-mills of the Faeroe Islands
Authors: Williamson Kenneth
Published: January 2016

The water-mill with the horizontal wheel remains a characteristic feature of peasant Tc ulture in several Faeroe settlements, but its remaining days of usefulness among the islands are doubtless numbered. Formerly, nearly all the villages appear to have maintained one or more such mills for the production of rugmjJ, the coarse brown flour made from the six-rowed barley (Hordeurn vulgare Linn.), but in the majority of places these interesting structures have fallen into desuetude, or have vanished completely, within the last thirty or forty years.
Ancient Egyptian Woodworking
Authors: Marx Eric
Published: January 2016

The following notes are the result of an investigation undertaken as a bypath from he study of Egyptian shipping, in which questions arose as to the possibilities and probabilities of various constructional details, and the extent of the technical capacity available for the solution of shipbuilding problems. They were prepared in war-time, in England, when it was not possible to examine any actual specimens and are therefore based entirely on published data, descriptions, drawings and photographs. The purpose of the investigation was not concerned with the uses to which the Egyptians put their woodworking ability, or questions of artistic design or decorative or religious intention, but was solely concerned with their methods and means of fabricating wooden articles and structures, together with the associated employment of certain other materials which became integral parts of the structures.
Stories about Fakes
Authors: Breuil Abbé
Published: January 2016

At the end of the last century, when I was a student at the seminary of S. Sulpice in Paris, and was studying the Bronze Age in the Somme basin, a Monsieur Boulanger, a notary of Peronne, who was then unknown to me, sent me some books unasked, and also a nice water-colour drawing (by Pilloy) of a palstave found in that region. Then later on I received a curious letter from his chief excavator of the Merovingian graves near S. Quentin. It was addressed to ‘M. l'Abbé Breuil, Superior of the S. Sulpice Seminary’ (where of course I was merely a pupil) and asking me, as being supposed to have correspondents in Rome who were members of the fraternity of S. Sulpice, to put him in touch with them so that he might buy, at a good price, a fish of Roman glass of the Christian period like one of which he had sent me a photographic print with no provenance given. This seemed to me to be suspect.
The Indus Civilization: a review
Authors: Mallowan Max
Published: January 2016

When we look back over the past century of archaeological discovery, about a dozen ancient cities loom large in the mind's eye, a gigantic sequence of silhouettes which in turn inform us of their distinctive civilizations. Mycenae, Troy, Boghaz Koi, and now Mohenjo Daro and Harappa are signal examples of cities at which the brave work of the early pioneers was followed by the activities of another generation. These later workers, with an evolved and perfected technique, probed anew and established a more solid and elaborate edifice of knowledge on foundations which their gallant predecessors had often left insecure. If scientific work continues to keep pace with public interest we should be about to enter on another phase. Then the consolidated work of the second generation which has left so many tempting points of attack for a third, will be illuminated by new discoveries no less rewarding. Indeed what lies under land and water is still an immense treasure, for the recovery of which we are now better equipped than ever.
Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory Livingstone, July 1955
Authors: Cole Sonia
Published: January 2016

Probably every one of the hundred or so delegates who attended the Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory would agree that it would be hard to imagine a more successful meeting. The organization was perfect, the papers read were mostly of an exceptionally high standard, and throughout the congress and excursions an atmosphere of good humour prevailed. We have returned rather bewildered from the number of sites visited and the amount of new knowledge gained, but with the satisfactory feeling that African prehistory has made enormous strides since we last met in Algiers in 1952.
A Bronze Sword from Ugarit with cartouche of Mineptah (Ras Shamra, Syria)
Authors: Schaeffer Claude F. A.
Published: January 2016

During the seventeenth campaign of the Ras Shamra excavations (1953), we uncovered on the east side of the palace a block of private houses between two streets running parallel in an east-west direction. In one of the buildings (which is still not completely excavated) we found several bronze objects buried in a corner of the inner court in the middle of which were two troughs. Stratigraphically the building is assigned to the latest layer of Level I which dates from the 13th century B.C. Amongst the ceramic remains found is a female Mycenaean idol of poor workmanship and a bowl with wishbone-handle of Cypriot type, also plainly of late date.
Saxons and Germans: a review
Authors: Tischler F.
Published: January 2016

This book is a proof of the persistence of scientific catchwords which continue to be used from sheer ignorance or mental indolence, although they have been exposed by research. For how long, for instance, have philologists and archaeologists been writing about Westgermanen and Ostgermanen, though people thus named never existed ? And how often do abstract terms or conceptions such as ‘people’, ‘tribe’, ‘linguistic group’ become confused with each other or projected back into periods where they do not belong ? Maurer's merit is to have clarified these problems of Germanic philology. He tells us the history of the subject as well as the relevant facts, and above all the interaction between linguistics and archaeology. His book is less a description of the interrelations between Nordgermanen and Alemanni than a history of the Germanic groups and tribes at the time of Tacitus.
Persepolis: a review
Authors: Mallowan M. E. L.
Published: January 2016

This magnificent and monumental volume must be ranked amongst the trophies which Iran seems to engender for the bibliophile. That is chiefly due to the sumptuous and extensive architecture and sculpture to which justice can only be done by lavish illustration and panorama. Many of the half-tone plates are triumphs of photography which by skilful use of chiaroscuro bring into bold relief the mastery of the ancient stone-cutter over his material, his sense of space and proportion, his unending battle with the rock. Occasionally there is a photograph which has been better done in Arthur Upham Pope's Survey of Persian Art, notably for example the extraordinary quasi-Egyptian figure with the triple crown at Pasargadae, symbol perhaps of Cyrus's triumph over Syria; but en masse the views are glorious, be they reliefs, buildings or photographs taken from the air. It should be added that the anonymous architectural line drawings are also worthy of the book's distinguished format.
The Ancestors of Jonathan Oldbuck
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: January 2016

Sir Walter Scott ’, Andrew Lang once remarked, ‘ entered literature through the ruined gateway of archaeology ’. The influence of Scott’s poetry, and of the Waverley Novels, upon the growing antiquarian and romantic taste of the early 19th century is a commonplace which needs no enlargement here, but it should have a particular interest to us as Fellows of a Society founded for the study of Scottish antiquities when young Walter was nine years old, and to which he was elected in 1796. That one of his novels should be called The Antiquary is no mere chance, and in Jonathan Oldbuck of Monkbarns, who plays the title-r6le, Scott produced a character whom he acknowledged as in part a humorous caricature of himself. As a crumbling pilaster, or mouldering gargoyle, of Lang's ruined gateway, I should like tonight to direct your attention to The Antiquary’s, and The Shirra’s, archaeological ancestors : what was the climate of antiquarian thought in which Scott had been brought up and how is it reflected in his work ? I do not promise anything new in this brief enquiry, but there are points of interest which may not have been brought together before.
The Earliest Tool-makers
Authors: Oakley Kenneth
Published: January 2016

Man has been defined in many ways, as the talking animal, the religious animal, and so on, but the most satisfactory definition from the scientific point of view is probably Man the Tool-maker. One might ask, why bother to define man, considering his uniqueness and self-evident characteristics? But from the standpoint of students of evolution, particularly those concerned with the interpretation of fossil remains of early man and his possible ancestors, to define man is of practical importance.
The Camel and the Garamantes
Authors: Bovill E. W.
Published: January 2016

In A.D. 69 the peace of Tripolitania was broken by war between the neighbouring cities of Oea and Lepcis Magna and the re-emergence of the Garamantes in opposition to Rome. The Garamantes, convinced that if worsted in battle they had only to scuttle back into the desert and fill in the wells behind them to stop pursuit, as they had in the past, and confident in their immunity from attack in Fezzan, had responded to an appeal for aid from the people of Oea and, together with these new allies, they were laying siege to Lepcis. This brought the legate of Numidia, Valerius Festus, hurrying down the coast to restore order. He freed Lepcis, defeated the Garamantes, and pursued them into the desert. In doing so he achieved something remarkable. He found, Plinyl tells us, a new and shorter road across the desert, known as the Praeter Caput Saxi. It was probably the road running due south from Oea through Garian, Mizda and El Gheria el Garbia which later on, in the reign of Caracalla, was marked with milestones. The inference is that Valerius Festus discovered a road unknown to the Garamantes. This is incredible for he was operating in the Garamantes' own country which they must have known far better than the Romans and at least as well as any tribe from whom the latter could have obtained guides.
Jericho and its Setting in Near Eastern History
Authors: Kenyon Kathleen M.
Published: January 2016

The credit for the discovery of the great antiquity of Jericho belongs to Professor John Garstang, who excavated there between 1930 and 1936. In those days our picture of man's emergence from Palaeolithic and Mesolithic savagery through Neolithic barbarism to the civilization of the metal ages was a neat and tidv one. The nomadic hunters of the first stage discovered agricultuer and stock-breedkg and were thus assured of enough subsistence to become settled villagers, self-sufficient and unprogressive, but at least no longer savages. After long years of this unprogressiveness the eventual discovery of the uses of metal led to trade, specialization, the need for surplus food to feed the traders and specialists, the growth in importance of favoured areas such as the great river valleys and the development of the villages there into towns through the accumulation of surpluses and the consequent need for organized rule to control them. The theory was reasonable, and what was then known about the early village settlements in Western Asia and the rise of towns and states in the river valleys of Egypt and Mesopotamia seemed to fit the facts. A chronology of early villages in the later fifth millennium and the growth of towns in the later fourth, leading to states in the third, seemed to cover what was known.
The Isle of Aeolus
Authors: Phillips E. D.
Published: January 2016

Among the adventures of Odysseus described in the Odyssey one of the least A favourable to ancient or modern attempts to make a geography of his wanderings is traditionally his visit to the isle of Aeolus, who bound the winds for him in a bag. The famous geographer Eratosthenes said of the whole problem: ‘It will only be discovered where Odysseus’ wanderings lie when the cobbler is discovered who stitched together the bag of the winds’. Others have not failed to point out that Homer makes it a floating island anyhow, as if he were determined that no one should find it, and that the procedure of tying the winds in a bag is a piece of magic, known in practice or recorded in folk-lore in too many parts of the world for a definite location to be possible.
The Historical Sack of Troy
Authors: Page Denys
Published: January 2016

The site of Troy was first occupied by men at some time not long before or after 3000 B.C. Whatthey built on the bedrock was the fortress of a chieftain, a few large wellfurnished houses within an oval of stout walls. After some 500 years the stronghold was consumed by a great fire; and the same people rebuilt a far bigger and stronger Troy, the Second City, with massive walls and monumental gates, and a great palace or temple on the summit of the enclosed hill. Some 300 years elapsed before this fortress, like the first, was totally destroyed by fire. The next settlement, Troy III, was relatively insignificant; Troy IV was not much more progressive; but Troy V rose to a higher level, performing much and promising more.
Archaeological Argument : Some Principles
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: January 2016

Classical archaeology has a bad name with many prehistorians, partly because of its preoccupation with aesthetics, partly because it regards matenal remains as subsidiary to literature. But even if the exponents of Greek archaeology appear amateurish, their subject has a theoretical value for prehistoric studies. Excavation has been extensive and written records often provide checks on conclusions that might be suggested by the material evidence. I give some examples.
The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran
Authors: Krautheimer Richard , Corbett Spencer
Published: January 2016

Recent investigations at the Lateran by the present writers, with the indispensable collaboration of Professor Enrico Josi, and under the auspices of the Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology, have added considerably to our knowledge of the Constantinian basilica. The 4th-century foundation walls of this church are easily identifiable. They consist of massive baulks of concrete made principally with big fragments of grey-white marble which are obviously the product of the breaking-up of some quite important building, since pieces of architectural mouldings, capitals, ashlar, etc., frequently appear. During the past century (the first significant excavations date from 1851) such foundation walls have been exposed in many places, and an extensive system of vaults has been formed beneath the floor of the church as one investigation after another has added to our knowledge of the Constantinian building; to say nothing of the earlier structures on top of which the basilica was built, namely the Castra Nova Equitum Singularium of the early 3rd century, and certain rich private mansions which lie at a still lower level.
The ‘Amuq Plain
Authors: Mallowan M. E. L.
Published: January 2016

Twenty-two years after the close of his investigations in north-west Syria, Braidwood produced this massive and expensive volume which covers the archaeology of a part of the ‘Amuq plain from the advanced Neolithic period down to about 2000 B.C. More than a quarter of a million words have been penned, and there are many hundreds of illustrations, including ten coloured plates which are good reproductions of sixty-nine prehistoric potsherds. Such lavish and verbose treatment may unfortunately defeat the purpose of the volume, for those who can afford the money, and still more the time required for the mastery of its contents, must be few indeed.

The classification of the material described depends basically on the partial excavation of three mounds: Judaidah, Çatal Huyuk and Ta’yinat, of which the first named produced the most abundant evidence. These excavations were supplemented by operations on a smaller scale at the mounds of Dhahab and Kurdu and by the surface exploration of many other sites.
The Byrrus Britannicus
Authors: Wild John Peter
Published: January 2016

In an attempt to halt the serious inflation in the later Roman Empire, Diocletian (n. 1) in A.D. 301 issued, in the form of an edict, a tariff-list of maximum permitted prices for consumer goods and of minimum wages for certain classes of labourer. He addressed it to the provincials of the whole empire (n. 2) (orbi universo) and appealed for their wholehearted co-operation in carrying it out. For us, it is a mine of vital information about the economic and social conditions of the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. Among the woollen textiles listed in chapter XIX appears the byrrus Britannicus (n. 3) which is of some local interest for Roman Britain. It is with this that we shall concern ourselves in the following discussion.
Wheat-Farming in Roman Times
Authors: White K. D.
Published: January 2016

In advancing our knowledge of ancient science and technology our greatest need is for accurate accounts of technical processes, based on detailed study of all the available evidence, both literary and archaeological, and on the rigorous exclusion of sweeping generalizations in the discussion of questions where evidence is scanty and interpretation uncertain.

The discussion that follows is a small contribution, based on close study of the evidence, towards the solution of a complex of problems which are of considerable importance to the student of Roman history. Unfortunately, statistical information on crop-yields is wholly lacking, and the researcher is reduced to the task of sifting a variety of scattered evidence from different periods and areas of cultivation.
The Early Greek Alphabets
Authors: Diringer David
Published: January 2016

The importance of the Greeks in the history of alphabetic writing is paramount. All alphabets used in Europe today stand in direct or indirect relation to the ancient Greek. Several other alphabets—some long out of use—were also of Greek origin. That the Greek alphabet was not an original invention, but was in fact directly adapted from that of the North-west Semitic peoples (including the Phoenicians, the Aramaeans, and the ancient Hebrews), is now the opinion of all serious scholars. That the adaptation took place in the first two or three centuries of the 1st millennium B.C. is the increasingly accepted view, though scholarly dispute on the subject, complicated by an almost total lack of positive evidence, remains intense. It is worth adding that no evidence has hitherto been found that writing of any kind was employed in Greece between the time of the Linear B tablets of Pylos (c. 1200 B.c.) and the taking over of the North-Semitic alphabet.
Verulamium, Three Roman Cities
Authors: Frere S. S.
Published: January 2016

Verulamium was the third largest city in Roman Britain (200 acres within the walls). Its place in the Roman province was thus commensurate with the part it has played in modern assessments of the history and culture of Roman Britain. The excavations undertaken between 1930 and 19-34 by Dr and Mrs R. E. M. Wheeler were amongst the first scientific excavations of Roman towns in this country, and their report was certainly the first to interpret the results gained in the wider context of the history of the Roman Empire. Those deductions were thereupon utilized by Collingwood as a framework for the history of urbanization in Britain as a whole and have coloured interpretation ever since. Yet of the 200 acres of Verulamium only 11 had been investigated and those in an area thought to be peripheral. Today, therefore, at the conclusion of a second campaign (1955-61) when another, more central, area has been excavated and when the acreage investigated has increased to 20, it is justifiable to reassess the history of the town.
Sutton Hoo: Twenty-Five Years After
Authors: Hawkes Christopher
Published: January 2016

The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, with its great store of treasure from the early Kingdom of East Anglia, was discovered and excavated in 1939, between May and 26th August. That is now twenty-five years ago. Eight days after the work's determinedly unhurried close, the country was at war. Jubilee reminiscence of those extraordinary weeks has had no space, till now, to spare for the almost miraculous alliance of fine weather with human enterprise and skill, which gave us from Suffolk this 'finest archaeological discovery ever made in Great Britain, perhaps in Europe' [I]. The roll of fame is nevertheless well known, and was rehearsed last year by Mr Charles Green in his book on the discovery [2]: Mrs Edith Pretty, the landowner, author of the enterprise, and donor of the whole find to the nation; Basil Brown and his chief Guy Maynard of Ipswich Corporation Museum; the fuller muster of talent assembled soon beside them, under Mr C . W. Phillips, for the Office of Works (as the Ministry then was called), among which the names Piggott, Grimes and Crawford stand out especially; and the late Commander Hutchison, R.N., then of the Science Museum, who drew the lines of the 85-foot ship.
The Ruthwell and Bewcastle Crosses
Authors: Mercer Eric
Published: January 2016

The stone crosses at Ruthwell in Dum- friesshire and at Bewcastle in Cumberland are probably the most discussed pieces of sculpture in the British Isles (PLS. XLI-XLII). It is right that they should be, for they have a artistic content that is high by any standards, they wholly outclass any possible contemporaries in Western Europe, and they are among the earliest examples of a notable and long-lasting form of Saxon art. Moreover, they are not only of importance to the art-historian but to the historian as well, for they have qualities that tell us a great deal about the culture, the religious feelings and even the political development of the society that erected them. It is therefore a matter of more than ordinary concern to establish, as firmly as the evidence allows, their date and their origin. All but one of the major critics of the last forty years-J. Br~ndsted, Sir Alfred Clapham, Sir Thomas Kendrick, Mr Lawrence Stone and Mr Ralegh Radford-are agreed that they are of the late 7th century, or at the latest of the first decade of the 8th. Only W. G. Collingwood has proposed a different date, in the mid-late 8th century, and he has had no supporters.
Animals in Archaeology
Authors: Chaplin Raymond E.
Published: January 2016

During the process of archaeological excavation, both in thiscountry and abroad, many thousands of animal bones are discovered in the course of a single year. Much of this material is buried again without examination by those best qualified to do this; and that which is retained is all too often devoid of the data of association which make it valuable to the animal historian, the zoologist and other researchers.
Prehistoric Archaeology in Thailand
Authors: Solheim Wilhelm G.
Published: January 2016

The first year's work was to be primarily field survey to locate and test sites. Any sites found in construction areas of the dams were to be excavated at once. Plans for the second year would see two parties in the field for a part of the season, one continuing with detailed survey and the second with excavation of sites. The third year would operate with one field party.

Headquarters, laboratory, and storage facilities are located at Pimai (see Map, FIG. I), the site of an extensive Khmer site, the central ruins of which are in the process of reconstruction by the Fine Arts Department. The field season, determined by the end and the beginning of the rainy season, runs from about the middle of October to the middle of May. It is hoped that during the rainy season all laboratory work and research will be completed on the materials collected during the field season and the final report for that season in the press before starting the next season in the field.
Ugarit
Authors: Mallowan M. E. L.
Published: January 2016

This magnificently produced volume is in itself a tribute to the devoted and rewarding work which Claude Schaeffer, aided by many skilful collaborators, began at Ras Shamra-Ugarit 36 years ago. The frontispiece illustrates a 5000-pound Syrian banknote, engraved with designs of Ugaritic ivories, a mark of honour in addition to that which was bestowed when the author was made a ‘Freeman’ of the city of Latakia. His many friends and admirers in this country will rejoice that he is held in esteem and affection in the East no less than in the West.

The account here presented describes the discoveries made in the 18th and 19th campaigns of 1954-5, and includes a full-scale map of the ‘Grand Palais’ and the ‘Petit Palais’ which, besides being buildings of great architectural interest, have yielded historical and archaeological treasures in abundance. Associated with the former building we have the remains of a royal garden, a parterre which, with its surrounding paths, is an ancient forerunner of Louis XIV's achievement at Versailles, but 31 centuries older, and in another court we find an ornamental pond bordered with a low stone parapet. Not far away was a furnace for the baking of cuneiform texts; some of them had never been removed from the ashes.
Archaeological Draughtsmanship: Principles and Practice. Part II: Ends and Means
Authors: Hope-Taylor Brian
Published: January 2016

First I have a think, and then I draw a line around my think.' Those words, which were said by a child, offer the key to draughtsmanship. That key is usually lost during the business of growing up, and has to be rediscovered. To regain the clear uninhibited vision of what drawing is really about, the adult as often as not has to rid himself of various irrelevant and confused notions. That done, he can once more draw as naturally as he speaks. Mental attitude is immeasurably more important a matter than the relative merits of this and that method of delivering ink to paper, and must be considered at the outset. The cases of Rapidograph versus Graphos and Hand- Drawn versus Letraset, with all their delicious technicalities, will be heard later.
Hetty Pegler's Tump
Authors: Clifford Elsie
Published: January 2016

Hetty Pegler's Tump or the Uley Barrow in Gloucestershire, some five miles south-west of Stroud, has been well known since it was first dug by Dr Fry in 1821 and then, in 1854, by Dr Thurnam and Professor Freeman [I]. The plan published by Thurnam has often been reproduced, and is shown here again for ease of reference (FIG. I). It is on such a small scale that the details of the monument are obscured, but until now it was the only plan available. Now, due to the courteous co-operation of Miss Olive Lloyd-Baker of Hardwick Court, Gloucester, it is possible to publish a plan (FIG. 2) and a view (FIG. 3) of the monument made in 1821 by J. T. Lloyd-Baker and his account of what went on at the time.
The Centopietre at Patù
Authors: Ruth  , Whitehouse David
Published: January 2016

The Centopietre at Patù, 60 km. south of Leece (FIG. I ) is one of the most extraordinary ancient monuments in south-east Italy. It is asmall rectangular structurewith ashlarwalls and a pitched roof, built entirely ofstone. Several accounts of the Centopietre are available in Italian, notably those of Pasquale Maggiulli, who produced the first rational discussion of the building in 1912 [I], and Professor Adriano Prandi, who published the results of a detailed investigation in 1961 [2]. However, as far as we know, no account has ever appeared in English. Discussion of the Centopietre has produced two distinct hypotheses. The first, advanced by Maggiulli, holds that it is protohistoric and was built in a style derived from the Greeks; the second, argued at length by Professor Prandi, contends that it is medieval. This article describes the Centopietre and suggests that the earlier date is more likely to be correct. We reach this conclusion by relating the structure to three other monuments in the Terra d'otranto, the Cisternale at Vitigliano and the 'megalithic' tombs which formerly existed at Uggiano la Chiesa and Muro Leccese. None of these monuments has ever been regarded as medieval and we suggest that the group as a whole belongs to the Messapian Iron Age.
Archaeological Draughtsmanship: Principles and Practice Part III: Lines of Communication
Authors: Hope-Taylor Brian
Published: January 2016

Time and again, at international gatherings of archaeologists, the language barrier topples at the touch of a pencil on the back of an envelope. There is already a universal visual language, because archaeological evidences exist in the same visual terms the world over. Translate such data into words, and not only are they removed one step further from reality but also their meaning is put internationally at risk. They have to be translated yet again, from one verbal language to another, by intermediaries whose knowledge and skill may be imperfect.
Archaeology and the History of British Towns
Authors: Biddle Martin
Published: January 2016

Urban archaeology in Britain is still in its infancy, conditioned on the one hand by a concentration on the Roman period to the detriment of later centuries, on the other by a lack of close co-operation between historians and archaeologists. Only since the last war has archaeology begun to be accepted in Britain as an important source of evidence for the history of towns. This growth of interest in urban archaeology is partly due to the example set by European scholars working in the same field.

Many of our important towns were founded during the Roman occupation and this has given to their archaeology a character wholly different from that typical of the towns of northern Europe. The needs of Romano-British archaeology have dominated the excavation of towns, partly because classical studies have been fundamental to British education, and partly because medieval historians have not regarded archaeology as relevant to their interests.
The Iron Age settlement of Gussage All Saints. Part I. The settlement
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey , Spratling Mansel
Published: January 2016

In the parish of Britford SW of Sailisbury are two enclosures which were discovered as the result of a chance aerial photograph. The larger settlement was called Woodbury and to avoid confusion, the smaller settlement 500 m. to the east was named Little Woodlbury. The latter was selected by the Prehistoric Society as the site for a research excavation because its size made feasible a total exploration.
Was King Scorpion Menes?
Authors: Arkell A. J.
Published: January 2016

It was Dr Margaret Murray, my predecessor in charge of the Flinders Petrie Collection of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, whose 100th birthday we look forward to celebrating this year, who encouraged me to re-study as many as possible of the antiquities found at Hierakonpolis; for she holds that the original publication was, as is not surprising, inadequate by modern standards.

We have in the Petrie Collection two pieces of large yellow limestone macehead (UCI4898 and 14898A). They have hitherto been considered to belong to the same macehead, being published by Quibell and Green as the first of three great maceheads, of which no. 2 is in Cairo and no. 3 in the Ashmolean at Oxford. It is not surprising that our two fragments should have been thought to have come from the same mace, for the subject of the relief decoration on each is the conquest of the Pigtail people, and both are of yellow limestone. But I am indebted to my artist, Mr W. Masiewicz, who drew FIGS. 1 and 2, for drawing my attention to points indicating that they are not from the same macehead.
Innocence retrieval in archaeology
Authors: Hawkes Christopher
Published: January 2016

The discussion on archaeology's nature, destiny and philosophy, which the Editor wants me to continue (1973, 93), might risk becoming a bore unless I am brief. I will try to be. The prior articles he mentions, of course, are only the three most recent; he has printed others earlier, and now has added further letters (93-5) from Drs Salway, Myres and Webster. The best of the articles certainly seems to me to be Cecil Hogarth's (1972, 301-4). But I sympathize with David Clarke, in his 'Archaeology: the loss of innocence' (1973, 6-18), because of his scorn of claimed results from 'instinctive excavations', of the 'immortalization of subjective classifications', and of people who come to constitute 'élites'. Instinctively, even if innocently, I greatly want to agree.