bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scottish newspaper industry in the digital era
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: November 2014

This article looks at the opportunities for and challenges to the national press in Scotland in the digital media era. Based on input from interviews with Scottish newspaper editors and managers and on reports about the current state of the industry, it explores how the changes that affect the press globally have impacted the Scottish market and how newspaper companies have reacted to them so far. It discusses the impact of the competition for readership and advertising in a small market with many players, the hope that the industry has placed in paywalls and portable digital devices, and argues that, despite widespread optimism among its members that the industry will successfully survive into the future, the business model that will ensure this survival is yet to be established.
Critical Science Literacy for Science Majors
Authors: Gigante Maria E.
Published: November 2014

The concept of “critical science literacy” advanced by Susanna Priest is significant to how citizens approach scientific knowledge, but the concept is also relevant to undergraduate students majoring in the sciences, who are not necessarily becoming “critically literate” in their own disciplines. That is, future scientists are not learning how arguments are structured, meaning is made, and facts are agreed upon—specifically through communicative practices—both within and outside of the scientific community. This gap in the curriculum can be addressed through collaborative efforts between rhetoricians and sociologists of science. Drawing from three major disciplinary traditions—writing studies, the rhetoric of science, and science communication—this article posits that a pedagogical intervention is necessary to improve science communication with nonexpert publics. A science writing and communication course that is grounded in the rhetoric of science and that also has sociological, philosophical, and historical components can provide science students with a critical awareness of how their discipline operates in society and teach them how to become more responsible and effective communicators.
Fluoroscopic-guided insertion of self-expanding metal stents for malignant gastroduodenal outlet obstruction: immediate results and clinical outcomes
Authors: Diamantopoulos Athanasios , Sabharwal Tarun , Katsanos Konstantinos , Krokidis Miltiadis , Adam Andreas
Published: November 2014

Background

Application of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) to treat patients suffering from malignant gastroduodenal outlet obstruction (GDOO) is today considered a well-recognized palliative treatment. Use of SEMS has emerged as an attractive alternative to surgical treatment of such patients.

Purpose

To report the immediate and the mid-term clinical outcomes from a series of consecutive patients treated with exclusively fluoroscopic-guided insertion of SEMS.

Material and Methods

This was a retrospective study including patients suffering from GDOO that were either ineligible for or unwilling to undergo surgery. Patients with potentially curable disease, uncorrectable coagulopathy, gastrointestinal perforation, sepsis, presence of distal small bowel obstruction, and bowel ischemia were excluded. Technical success, clinical success, and major complications were calculated. In addition, stent migration, stent re-obstruction, restenosis, and overall re-interventions due to recurrent symptoms were considered. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for patient survival estimation while both bivariable and multivariable analysis were performed to identify any independent predictors of outcomes.

Results

Fifty-one patients, (mean age, 63.73 ± 15.62 years) met the study’s criteria and were included in the final analysis. Technical and clinical success were 90.19% ( n = 46/51) and 91.30% ( n = 42/46), respectively. Major complications rate was 3.92%. Stent migration was noted in four cases. Restenosis and re-obstruction rates were 19.57% and 10.87%, respectively. No cases of peri-procedural mortality were noted, while Kaplan-Meier estimates for 1- and 2-year survival were 16.8% and 7.2%, respectively. Clinically successful cases and patients with primary GI tumor were related with more favorable survival compared to unsuccessful and patients suffering from GDOO due to extrinsic compression by neoplastic or lymph node disease.

Conclusion

Exclusively fluoroscopically inserted SEMS for GDOO is safe and highly effective method for palliative treatment.
Load sharing ability of the liner in type III composite pressure vessels under internal pressure
Authors: Almeida José Humberto S , Faria Hugo , Marques António T , Amico Sandro C
Published: November 2014

In this work, the load sharing ability of metallic liners in type III composite overwrapped pressure vessel was investigated by means of accurate numerical models based on finite element method in order to realistically represent the hybrid metal-composite structure. The varying thickness of the composite layers throughout the dome, as well as their angles, were accounted for in the model. The study focused on the influence of material properties and liner-to-composite thickness ratio on the stress and strain distribution between liner and composite at the cylindrical, dome, and polar boss regions. Two novel concepts for the evaluation of the structural response of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel were introduced, namely: (i) the liner stress and strain fractions, and (ii) the correlation with liner-to-composite thickness ratio. The results show complex overall behavior close to the onset of plasticity of the liner, which is critically investigated. A decrease in liner stress fraction was found for higher internal pressure loads since the stress field is increasingly dominated by the composite overwrap. Also, the von Mises equivalent stress along the longitudinal profile of the structure showed a peak at the dome of the liner, whereas for the composite, the peak was at the shoulder region. This was justified considering that, at low pressure, the liner operates elastically in compression-tension mode and the composite in tension-tension mode.
Supportive Relationships Among Former System Youth With Mental Health Challenges
Authors: Munson Michelle R. , Brown Suzanne , Spencer Renee , Edguer Marjorie , Tracy Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

This study explored the supportive relationships that former system youth (FSY; e.g., foster care) with mental health challenges identified as “key” in making the transition to adulthood. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 59 FSY, ages 18 to 25, with mental health challenges. Participants were asked to reflect on their relationships with a key helper or what the literature defines as a natural mentor, “an adult that has been particularly helpful, or supportive,” in this case with their mental health. Seventy-six percent ( N = 45) of the participants identified a key helper. Relationship qualities that emerged as salient to successful transition included consistency, mutuality, and empathy. The nature of support received included emotional, informational, and tangible support. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Oil on troubled waters: A reappraisal of the storm tactics described in Acts 27
Authors: Beresford James
Published: November 2014

This note reassesses the storm sequence preserved in Acts of the Apostles 27, and argues that oil may have played a significant role in preserving the vessel on which St Paul was voyaging to Rome. The biblical narrative lacks the requisite detail required for a positive identification of the storm tactics adopted by the sailors aboard the ancient ship. Nevertheless, in addition to the long-established interpretations of the actions taken by the sailors, this note advances the previously overlooked possibility that oil was deployed in an effort to save the vessel from the tempest. During the medieval and modern eras of history, sailors across a long period have resorted to laying a slick of oil as an effective storm strategy, while the calming effect of the liquid on rough seas is recognized in the ancient literature. The mariners on board St Paul’s ship may therefore have attempted to create a wave-dampening slick around the vessel.
The two regimes of postwar shipping: Denmark and Norway as case studies, 1960–2010
Authors: Iversen Martin Jes , Tenold Stig
Published: November 2014

The aim of this article is to illustrate the most important changes in the regulatory framework of the shipping sector from the 1960s to 2010, and to analyse the basis for, and effects of, these changes. In order to explain how the transformation has occurred, we use two traditional maritime nations—Denmark and Norway—as case studies. First, we introduce the two regimes of Danish and Norwegian shipping: ‘the national regime’ from the early 1960s to the mid-1970s; and ‘the competitive regime’, which was fully established by the middle of the 1990s and still persists. Then, we briefly sketch the bargaining that accompanied the shift from the national regime to the competitive regime. Specifically, we show that the new regime primarily accommodated the interests of private actors such as shipping companies, rather than the interests of the authorities and the trade unions.
Alternative treatment approach to cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS: experience from a resource-poor setting
Authors: Goswami Rama Prosad , Goswami Rudra Prosad , Rahman Mehebubar , Ray Yogiraj , Tripathi Santanu Kumar
Published: November 2014

The current standard treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis (pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine) often encounters problems of poor tolerability, adverse effects, frequent dropouts and non-availability of pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine in some parts of India. We have had to use the combination of two effective alternative agents for toxoplasmosis, cotrimoxazole and clindamycin, on compassionate grounds. This retrospective observational study reports superior efficacy and better tolerability of cotrimoxazole/clindamycin compared to the recommended regimen. Primary end-point (complete response) was defined as more than 50% improvement of clinical status or more than 50% decrease in the size of brain lesions after two weeks of treatment initiation. Complete response occurred more commonly with cotrimoxazole/clindamycin than with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine group (80% vs. 31.25%, respectively, relative risk 2.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.21–5.43). There was a trend towards higher on-treatment mortality in the pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine group in comparison to the cotrimoxazole/clindamycin (mortality rate 37.5% in pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine vs 12% in cotrimoxazole/clindamycin, p = 0.07, relative risk = 3.125, 95% confidence interval: 0.91–10.75). Overall, 62.5% (10/16) of patients on pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine suffered drug-related adverse reactions compared to 24% (6/25) on cotrimoxazole/clindamycin ( p = 0.02, relative risk = 2.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–5.76). The commonest complication of pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine was severe thrombocytopenia with major bleeding (4/16, 25%). We propose that the new combination chemotherapy, which is widely available, effective and safe, can be used in developing countries.
Acute kidney injury among HIV-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Randall DW , Brima N , Walker D , Connolly J , Laing C , Copas AJ , Edwards SG , Batson S , Miller RF
Published: November 2014

We describe the incidence, associations and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) among HIV-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). We retrospectively analysed 223 admissions to an inner-London, University-affiliated ICU between 1999 and 2012, and identified those with AKI and performed multivariate analysis to determine associations with AKI. Of all admissions, 66% were affected by AKI of any severity and 35% developed stage 3 AKI. In multivariate analysis, AKI was associated with chronic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR] = 3.19; p = 0.014), a previous AIDS-defining illness (OR = 1.93; p = 0.039) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, (OR = 3.49; p = 0.018, if > 30). No associations were demonstrated with use of anti-retroviral medication (including tenofovir), or an individual’s HIV viral load or CD4 count. AKI was associated with higher inpatient mortality and longer duration of ICU admission. Among patients with stage 3 AKI, only 41% were alive 90 days after ICU admission. Among survivors, 74% regained good renal function, the remainder were dependent on renal replacement therapy or were left with significant ongoing renal dysfunction. Of note, many patients had baseline serum creatinine concentrations well below published reference ranges. AKI among HIV-infected patients admitted to ICU carries a poor prognosis.
Plasma-soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels are associated with clinical and pathological activities in lupus nephritis: a large cohort study from China
Authors: Qin D D , Song D , Huang J , Yu F , Zhao M H
Published: November 2014

Background

In this study, we detected plasma urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) levels in Chinese lupus nephritis patients from a large cohort. The associations between plasma uPA and soluble uPAR and clinico-pathological characteristics were further analyzed.

Methods

The levels of plasma uPA and soluble uPAR were detected by ELISA in 202 patients with active lupus nephritis, 17 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without renal involvement and 21 normal controls.

Results

There were no significant differences in the levels of the average plasma uPA among the lupus nephritis group, non-renal SLE group and normal control group ( p = 0.129). The plasma-soluble uPAR level in the lupus nephritis group was significantly higher than that in the non-renal involvement SLE group ( p = 0.004) and that in normal controls ( p < 0.001). The plasma uPAR levels were positively associated with SLEDAI scores ( r = 0.215, p = 0.007). In renal pathological data, there was significant difference of plasma-soluble uPAR levels among various pathological classes, which was the highest in the class IV group ( p = 0.012). The level of plasma-soluble uPAR was found to be a risk factor for long-term renal outcomes in lupus nephritis by univariate survival analysis ( p = 0.013, HR = 6.326, 95% CI: 1.466–27.298).

Conclusions

Our study showed that the significantly increased plasma levels of soluble uPAR could be found in active lupus nephritis, and they were associated with some clinico-pathological features. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis warrants further study.
Treatment comparison in randomized clinical trials with nonignorable missingness: A reverse regression approach
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Cheon Kyeongmi
Published: November 2014

A common problem in randomized clinical trials is nonignorable missingness, namely that the clinical outcome(s) of interest can be missing in a way that is not fully explained by the observed quantities. This happens when the continued participation of patients depends on the current outcome after adjusting for the observed history. Standard methods for handling nonignorable missingness typically require specification of the response mechanism, which can be difficult in practice. This article proposes a reverse regression approach that does not require a model for the response mechanism. Instead, the proposed approach relies on the assumption that missingness is independent of treatment assignment upon conditioning on the relevant outcome(s). This conditional independence assumption is motivated by the observation that, when patients are effectively masked to the assigned treatment, their decision to either stay in the trial or drop out cannot depend on the assigned treatment directly. Under this assumption, one can estimate parameters in the reverse regression model, test for the presence of a treatment effect, and in some cases estimate the outcome distributions. The methodology can be extended to longitudinal outcomes under natural conditions. The proposed approach is illustrated with real data from a cardiovascular study.
Events per variable (EPV) and the relative performance of different strategies for estimating the out-of-sample validity of logistic regression models
Authors: Austin Peter C , Steyerberg Ewout W
Published: November 2014

We conducted an extensive set of empirical analyses to examine the effect of the number of events per variable (EPV) on the relative performance of three different methods for assessing the predictive accuracy of a logistic regression model: apparent performance in the analysis sample, split-sample validation, and optimism correction using bootstrap methods. Using a single dataset of patients hospitalized with heart failure, we compared the estimates of discriminatory performance from these methods to those for a very large independent validation sample arising from the same population. As anticipated, the apparent performance was optimistically biased, with the degree of optimism diminishing as the number of events per variable increased. Differences between the bootstrap-corrected approach and the use of an independent validation sample were minimal once the number of events per variable was at least 20. Split-sample assessment resulted in too pessimistic and highly uncertain estimates of model performance. Apparent performance estimates had lower mean squared error compared to split-sample estimates, but the lowest mean squared error was obtained by bootstrap-corrected optimism estimates. For bias, variance, and mean squared error of the performance estimates, the penalty incurred by using split-sample validation was equivalent to reducing the sample size by a proportion equivalent to the proportion of the sample that was withheld for model validation. In conclusion, split-sample validation is inefficient and apparent performance is too optimistic for internal validation of regression-based prediction models. Modern validation methods, such as bootstrap-based optimism correction, are preferable. While these findings may be unsurprising to many statisticians, the results of the current study reinforce what should be considered good statistical practice in the development and validation of clinical prediction models.
Sclerosing Muc-4-Positive Sarcoma With Glandular Differentiation Resembling Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Chebib Ivan , Desphande Vikram , Nielsen G. Petur
Published: November 2014

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor that is composed of epithelioid fibroblasts embedded in an abundant extracellular collagenous matrix. They have been shown to be weakly epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) positive by immunohistochemistry and may contain intercellular junctions ultrastructurally. We present a case of a 52-year-old female who presented with a sclerosing Muc-4-positive sarcoma with glandular differentiation of the sciatic nerve, resembling sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. The glandular component showed strong expression of keratin and EMA and ultrastructurally showed numerous intercellular junctions and intraluminal microvilli, supportive of true glandular differentiation. The patient received preoperative radiotherapy (50 Gray) and subsequent resection of the mass with negative margins. She is currently disease free at 20-month follow-up. This case report describes an unusual sclerosing Muc-4-positive sarcoma with glandular differentiation, distinctive expression of epithelial immunohistochemical markers, and glandular differentiation by electron microscopy.
Formulation of budesonide mouthwash for the treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Van Schandevyl Guy , Bauters Tiene
Published: November 2014

Oral involvement is (very) common in chronic graft-versus-host disease and can cause discomfort and impairment of oral function. Budesonide, a highly potent corticosteroid with low systemic activity, can be used as a topical treatment for oral chronic graft-versus-host disease. We describe the development of a formulation of budesonide and sodium bicarbonate for use as mouthwash in patients with oral chronic graft-versus-host disease.
Berlin
Authors: Ingram Susan
Published: November 2014

Historical films about Hitler and Nazi Germany are perennially popular both within and beyond the academy. However, even in films not set in, or in any way involving, Nazi Berlin but rather only filmed on location in the city, material memories of the city’s fascist spaces can be shown to exert their influence. In comparing the eerily similar geo-aesthetic styles of two relatively obscure, relatively recent science fiction action films—Kurt Wimmer’s Equilibrium (2002) and Karen Kusama’s Aeon Flux (2005)—this contribution seeks to understand how the historically inflected spatial dimension of its urban imaginary has translated into a discernibly dark and spectacularly gendered film style.
Sedentary versus active leisure activities and their relationship with sleeping habits and body mass index in children of 9 and 10 years of age
Authors: Amigo Isaac , Peña Elsa , Errasti José Manuel , Busto Raquel
Published: November 2014

A random sample of 291 9- and 10-year-old schoolchildren from Asturias (Spain) was taken. Using path analysis, a model was tested in which bedtime, the number of hours spent sleeping and leisure activities were the independent variables and the body mass index was the dependent variable. The results show that sedentary and active leisure time and hours spent sleeping are predictors of the body mass index in children. Those children who go to bed late and who use that extra time to watch the television or play with the computer tend to have a greater body mass index, while those children who go to bed earlier and have spent more time reading or playing in the park or at home have a lower body mass index. Encouraging active leisure activities can have an extremely positive effect on their body mass index.
The paradox of hope for working age adults recovering from stroke
Authors: Alaszewski Andy , Wilkinson Iain
Published: November 2014

This article draws on data from a Stroke Association–funded longitudinal study in South East England (2003–2006) that explored the experiences and recovery of 43 stroke survivors under 60 years. Participants were invited to take part in four interviews over an 18-month period and to complete a diary for 1 week each month during this period. Here, we chart their shifting attitudes towards the process of their recovery. We bring a focus to how this transformed their views on the possible futures before them. We underline how hope was experienced as a deeply paradoxical and risk-laden notion. With energies concentrated upon the effort to live positively in the here and now, the very idea of hope for the future was met as an unwelcome distraction and in some cases even as a source of distress.
Assessment on acoustical performance of green office buildings in Malaysia
Authors: Abd Jalil Nurul Amira , Che Din Nazli bin , Keumala Nila
Published: November 2014

Green building rating system outlines many requirements to be considered in order for a building to be certified as one. However, the rating tools failed at truly addressing the acoustical aspect which in turn deteriorates the acoustical quality in green buildings. As preliminary stage of this study, the objective is to assess the acoustical performance of three green office buildings in Malaysia in comparison to selected standard acceptability criteria. Four spaces containing meeting rooms and open-plan offices were selected from each green building as subjects. Assessments were limited to selected acoustical parameters of background noise level, noise criteria, reverberation time and speech transmission index. The background noise levels were found to be within acceptable criteria range despite some meeting rooms that exceeded the maximum recommended level. However, noise criteria ratings found most of the spaces to be below the acceptable noise criteria. Reverberation times data varied from satisfactory 0.7 s to unacceptable 1.5 s. Nonetheless, the background noise, noise criteria and reverberation time data collected were found to be unbiased by the volume of the space. Speech transmission indexes were found to be ample within good and fair speech intelligibility range while still maintaining its normal tendency of decreasing with distance.
Solidarity and Discord of Pluralism
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Lewis Andrew R.
Published: November 2014

Despite the theoretical centrality of associational life in interest group formation, there is little research to assess it. We seek such a contribution by analyzing how the social environment affects the individual group joining process. We promote a two-pronged explanation, drawing upon the nature of both associations and individual associational ties. Specifically, we examine the twin forces of solidarity and discord that constrain and expand, respectively, information acquisition within two associational types, using survey data clustered by congregations and neighborhoods. In congregations, we find meaningful variance across social contexts in the available group information, which affects group knowledge and membership. As unstructured social environments, neighborhoods lack the organizational structure to spread group learning and participation. While these results generally confirm the pluralist framework, they highlight the multilevel forces that fuel the chaotic connection of citizens with organized interests.
Ovarian Tissue Characterization in Ultrasound
Authors: Acharya U. Rajendra , Molinari Filippo , Sree S. Vinitha , Swapna G. , Saba Luca , Guerriero Stefano , Suri Jasjit S.
Published: November 2014

Ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death among gynecological malignancies. We discuss different types of clinical and nonclinical features that are used to study and analyze the differences between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems of high accuracy are being developed as an initial test for ovarian tumor classification instead of biopsy, which is the current gold standard diagnostic test. We also discuss different aspects of developing a reliable CAD system for the automated classification of ovarian cancer into benign and malignant types. A brief description of the commonly used classifiers in ultrasound-based CAD systems is also given.
Clinical Evaluation of X-Ray Voxel Monte Carlo Versus Pencil Beam–Based Dose Calculation in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer Under Normal and Deep Inspiration Breath Hold
Authors: Landoni V. , Borzì G. R. , Strolin S. , Bruzzaniti V. , Soriani A. , D’Alessio D. , Ambesi F. , Di Grazia A. M. , Strigari L.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences between dose distributions calculated with the pencil beam (PB) and X-ray voxel Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms for patients with lung cancer using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or HybridArc techniques. The 2 algorithms were compared in terms of dose–volume histograms, under normal and deep inspiration breath hold, and in terms of the tumor control probability (TCP). The dependence of the differences in tumor volume and location was investigated. Dosimetric validation was performed using Gafchromic EBT3 (International Specialty Products, ISP, Wayne, NJ). Forty-five Computed Tomography (CT) data sets were used for this study; 40 Gy at 8 Gy/fraction was prescribed with 5 noncoplanar 6-MV IMRT beams or 3 to 4 dynamic conformal arcs with 3 to 5 IMRT beams distributed per arc. The plans were first calculated with PB and then recalculated with MC. The difference between the mean tumor doses was approximately 10% ± 4%; these differences were even larger under deep inspiration breath hold. Differences between the mean tumor dose correlated with tumor volume and path length of the beams. The TCP values changed from 99.87% ± 0.24% to 96.78% ± 4.81% for both PB- and MC-calculated plans ( P = .009). When a fraction of hypoxic cells was considered, the mean TCP values changed from 76.01% ± 5.83% to 34.78% ± 18.06% for the differently calculated plans ( P < .0001). When the plans were renormalized to the same mean dose at the tumor, the mean TCP for oxic cells was 99.05% ± 1.59% and for hypoxic cells was 60.20% ± 9.53%. This study confirms that the MC algorithm adequately accounts for inhomogeneities. The inclusion of the MC in the process of IMRT optimization could represent a further step in the complex problem of determining the optimal treatment plan.
A Recommendation on How to Analyze In-Room PET for In Vivo Proton Range Verification Using a Distal PET Surface Method
Authors: Min Chul Hee , Zhu Xuping , Grogg Kira , El Fakhri Georges , Winey Brian , Paganetti Harald
Published: November 2014

We describe the rationale and implementation of a method for analyzing in-room positron emission tomography (PET) data to verify the proton beam range. The method is based on analyzing distal PET surfaces after passive scattering proton beam delivery. Typically in vivo range verification is done by comparing measured and predicted PET distribution for a single activity level at a selected activity line along the beam passage. In the method presented here, we suggest using a middle point method based on dual PET activity levels to minimize the uncertainty due to local variations in the PET activity. Furthermore, we introduce 2-dimensional (2D) PET activity level surfaces based on 3-dimensional maps of the PET activities along the beam passage. This allows determining not only average range differences but also range difference distributions as well as root mean square deviations (RMSDs) for a more comprehensive range analysis. The method is demonstrated using data from 8 patients who were scanned with an in-room PET scanner. For each of the 8 patients, the average range difference was less than 5 mm and the RMSD was 4 to 11 mm between the measured and simulated PET activity level surfaces for single-field treatments. An ongoing protocol at our institution allows the use of a single field for patients being imaged for the PET range verification study at 1 fraction during their treatment course. Visualizing the range difference distributions using the PET surfaces offers a convenient visual verification of range uncertainties in 2D. Using the distal activity level surfaces of simulated and measured PET distributions at the middle of 25% and 50% activity level is a robust method for in vivo range verification.
Antiproliferative Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Annona muricata L. on the Prostate, BPH-1 Cells, and Some Target Genes
Authors: Asare George Awuku , Afriyie Dan , Ngala Robert A. , Abutiate Harry , Doku Derek , Mahmood Seidu A. , Rahman Habibur
Published: November 2014

Background. Annona muricata L. has been reported to possess antitumor and antiproliferative properties. Not much work has been done on its effect on BPH-1 cell lines, and no in vivo studies targeting the prostate organ exist. The study determined the effect of A muricata on human BPH-1 cells and prostate organ. Methods. The MTT assay was performed on BPH-1 cells using the aqueous leaf extract of A muricata. Cells (1 × 105 per well) were challenged with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL extract for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell proliferation and morphology were examined microscopically. BPH-1 cells (1 × 104 per well) were seeded into 6-well plates and incubated for 48 hours with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL A muricata extract. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed using mRNA extracted from the cells. Possible target genes, Bax and Bcl-2, were examined. Twenty F344 male rats (≈200 g) were gavaged 30 mg/mL (10 rats) and 300 mg/mL (10 rats) and fed ad libitum alongside 10 control rats. Rats were sacrificed after 60 days. The prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes were harvested for histological examination. Results. Annona muricata demonstrated antiproliferative effects with an IC50 of 1.36 mg/mL. Best results were obtained after 48 hours, with near cell extinction at 72 hours. Bax gene was upregulated, while Bcl-2 was downregulated. Normal histological architecture was observed for all testes. Seminal vesicle was significantly reduced in test groups ( P < .05) and demonstrated marked atrophy with increased cellularity and the acinii, empty of secretion. Prostate of test groups were reduced with epithelial lining showing pyknotic nucleus, condensation, and marginalization of the nuclear material, characteristic of apoptosis of the glandular epithelium. Furthermore, scanty prostatic secretion with flattening of acinar epithelial lining occurred. Conclusion. Annona muricata has antiproliferative effects on BPH-1 cells and reduces prostate size, possibly through apoptosis.
Opening Access
Authors: Holzman Alex
Published: November 2014

Former publisher Alex Holzman weighs the pros and cons of open access via a review of Peter Suber’s Open Access.
For-Profit Public Intellectuals
Authors: Pilgeram Ryanne , Meeuf Russell
Published: November 2014

Sociologist Ryanne Pilgeram and media scholar Russell Meeuf discuss the hijacking of public debate by private research organizations, using the viral video “The Economics as Sex” as an example.
Outcome of prolonged QRS interval in dilated cardiomyopathy: role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on mortality
Authors: Shuaib Waqas , Shahid Hassan , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Alweis Richard , Sanchez Laura Rosemary
Published: November 2014

Aim:

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between prolonged QRS interval and its prognosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and to determine the effects of cardiac pacing with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) on mortality in patients with a QRS width > 150 ms.

Methods:

We retrospectively queried the healthcare enterprise data warehouse and the patient medical records from January 2007 to December 2012 for 1453 cases of DCM at a university- affiliated hospital. Of the 1453 cases, 989 patients were included in the final analyses. Primary outcome variable was all-cause mortality.

Results:

Of the 989 patients, 20% ( n = 198) of the patients had a QRS width > 150 ms. Compared with patients who had a QRS < 120 ms, patients with a QRS > 150 ms had significantly higher rates of death ( p < 0.001). Among the subgroup of 198 patients who had a QRS width > 150 ms, survival (84.3%, n = 75) was significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in patients with a pacemaker inserted compared with those (45.0%, n = 49) who had not been paced.

Conclusions:

Prolonged QRS interval is significantly associated with a higher rate of mortality. However, we believe that cardiac pacing with an ICD in such patients can significantly improve outcomes.
Intratendinous supraspinatus cyst as a cause of shoulder impingement
Authors: Siebachmeyer Martin , Garg Akshay , Karuppaiah Karthik , Elias David , Tavakkolizadeh Adel
Published: November 2014

We report the case of a 29-year-old gentleman with shoulder impingement. An articular-sided intratendinous supraspinatus cyst was identified as the cause of his symptoms. Arthroscopic cyst debridement resulted in a good outcome at 1-year follow-up. Cysts around the shoulder are a well described pathological entity. They consist of different categories, including intraosseus cysts of the humeral head and glenoid, paralabral cysts and cysts associated with the acromioclavicular joint. Although paralabral cysts that lie intramuscularly or between the muscle bellies have frequently been reported, this is the first report of an intratendinous supraspinatus cyst with an intact rotator cuff. We describe the case, its management and the postsurgical outcome.
Neonatal Euthanasia: The Groningen Protocol
Authors: Vizcarrondo Felipe E.
Published: November 2014

For the past thirty years, voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide of adult patients have been common practice in the Netherlands. Neonatal euthanasia was recently legalized in the Netherlands and the Groningen Protocol (GP) was developed to regulate the practice. Supporters claim compliance with the GP criteria makes neonatal euthanasia ethically permissible. An examination of the criteria used by the Protocol to justify the euthanasia of seriously ill neonates reveals the criteria are not based on firm moral principles. The taking of the life of a seriously ill person is not the solution to the pain and suffering of the dying process. It is the role of the medical professional to care for the ailing patient with love and compassion, always preserving the person's dignity. Neonatal euthanasia is not ethically permissible.
The Five-Box Method: The “Four-Box Method” for the Catholic Physician
Authors: Marugg Lindsey , Atkinson Marie-Noelle , Fernandes Ashley
Published: November 2014

Background/Hypothesis

The traditional ethical model of the “Four-Box Method” can be adapted to integrate the perspective of a Catholic physician. In an increasingly secularist environment, medical students and physicians are often asked to “leave religious beliefs at the door” and not consider the care and stewardship of our own morality and involvement as a provider. We reject this view. A patient's own religious and moral beliefs should be respected to the extent that they do not destroy our own; for us, the Catholic viewpoint can shine a light into dark corners and aid us in translating true things to patients of any religion.

Methods

We analyzed a sample case in five different categories: medical indications, patient preferences, quality of life, contextual features, and the Catholic context. We explored how to methodically integrate the perspective of a Catholic physician into the analysis of this case to make the best decision for the patients.

Results/Discussion

We felt that we were successfully able to integrate this perspective and create a “fifth box” based on the principles of Catholic social teaching. There were also points during the analysis that the perspective of the Catholic physician was integrated into the discussion of medical indications, proving to us that the “Catholic perspective” cannot be just put in one box either.

Lay Summary

The traditional ethical model of the “four-box method” can be adapted to integrate the perspective of a Catholic physician. In an increasingly secularist environment, medical students and physicians are often asked to “leave religious beliefs at the door” and not consider the care and stewardship of our own morality and involvement as a provider. We reject this view. A patient's own religious and moral beliefs should be respected to the extent that they do not destroy our own; for us, the Catholic viewpoint can shine a light into dark corners and aid us in translating true things to patients of any religion. By expanding to a “fifth box” of Catholic social teaching, the Catholic physician finds a way to methodically analyze an ethical scenario. This case study is an example of this type of “five-box” analysis.
Microtubule sliding drives proplatelet elongation and is dependent on cytoplasmic dynein
Authors: Bender Markus , Thon Jonathan N. , Ehrlicher Allen J. , Wu Stephen , Mazutis Linas , Deschmann Emoke , Sola-Visner Martha , Italiano Joseph E. , Hartwig John H.
Published: November 2014

Key Points

Dynein-dependent microtubule sliding drives proplatelet elongation under static and physiological shear stress conditions. Proplatelet formation is a process that can be divided into repetitive phases: extension, pause, and retraction.
Interactions of antiparasitic sterols with sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) of human pathogens
Authors: Warfield Jasmine , Setzer William N , Ogungbe Ifedayo Victor
Published: November 2014

Sterol 14α-demethylase is a validated and an attractive drug target in human protozoan parasites. Pharmacological inactivation of this important enzyme has proven very effective against fungal infections, and it is a target that is being exploited for new antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial chemotherapy. We have used in silico calculations to identify previously reported antiparasitic sterol-like compounds and their structural congeners that have preferential and high docking affinity for CYP51. The sterol 14α-demethylase from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum, in particular, preferentially dock to taraxerol, epi-oleanolic acid, and α/β-amyrim structural scaffolds. These structural information and predicted interactions can be exploited for fragment/structure-based antiprotozoal drug design.
Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: pre-emptive, appropriate antibiotic therapy recommended
Authors: Craven Donald E , Hudcova Jana , Lei Yuxiu
Published: November 2014

Nseir and colleagues presented data from a large multicenter study of patients with ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), demonstrating that appropriate antibiotic therapy for VAT was an independent predictor for reducing transition to pneumonia (ventilator-associated pneumonia, or VAP). These data added to the growing evidence supporting the use of appropriate antibiotic therapy for VAT as a standard of care to prevent VAP and improve patient outcomes.
Stopping outbreaks with real-time genomic epidemiology
Authors: Tang Patrick , Gardy Jennifer L
Published: November 2014

One of the most successful public health applications of next-generation sequencing is whole-genome sequencing of pathogens to not only detect and characterize outbreaks, but also to inform outbreak management. Using genomics, infection control teams can now track, with extraordinarily high resolution, the transmission events within outbreaks, opening up possibilities for targeted interventions. These successes are positioning the emerging field of genomic epidemiology to replace traditional molecular epidemiology, and increasing our ability to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms.
Truly Handmaidens to Policy? Evaluating Agricultural Economists’ Claim to a Distinct Tradition of Applied Economics
Authors: Franklin Jonathan S.
Published: November 2014

By no means exclusive, the tendency of agricultural economists to emphasize the field’s historic commitment to applied economics is nonetheless intriguing and worthy of further exploration. If agricultural economists have demonstrated the ability to translate “practical” research into policy, then it should be evidenced in policy histories that can then serve as a model for influencing reform. The agricultural crisis that followed the First World War serves as an excellent case study through which I explore the role of agricultural economists in the policymaking process. Rather than demonstrating a penchant for applying research, I conclude that agricultural economists were frustrated by the same forces that have limited the influence of economists in general. More specifically, the field’s passive approach to reform and the tendency of interest groups to accept advice on a piecemeal basis minimized agricultural economists’ influence. Agricultural economists’ role in shaping interwar farm policy was deceptively small, the implications of which should merit a reconsideration of the field’s claims of enhanced utility, as well as the connection between agricultural economists and federal farm policy in the early twentieth century.
Reference-Dependence and Marginal Utility: Alt, Samuelson, and Bernardelli
Authors: Hudík Marek
Published: November 2014

This article shows that the possibility of formally incorporating reference-dependence into the theory of consumer behavior was explored well before Kahneman and Tversky in the early 1990s; specifically, in separate papers by Alt, Samuelson, and Bernardelli in the late 1930s. These papers emerged within a debate on the relationship between marginal utility and the ordinality/cardinality of utility. The present article identifies Alt’s, Samuelson’s, and Bernardelli’s contributions and delineates the relationship between marginal utility and reference-dependence. It also discusses the reception of their ideas by other economists and suggests some reasons for their neglect.
Oncogenic Ras stimulates Eiger/TNF exocytosis to promote growth
Authors: Chabu Chiswili , Xu Tian
Published: November 2014

Oncogenic mutations in Ras deregulate cell death and proliferation to cause cancer in a significant number of patients. Although normal Ras signaling during development has been well elucidated in multiple organisms, it is less clear how oncogenic Ras exerts its effects. Furthermore, cancers with oncogenic Ras mutations are aggressive and generally resistant to targeted therapies or chemotherapy. We identified the exocytosis component Sec15 as a synthetic suppressor of oncogenic Ras in an in vivo Drosophila mosaic screen. We found that oncogenic Ras elevates exocytosis and promotes the export of the pro-apoptotic ligand Eiger (Drosophila TNF). This blocks tumor cell death and stimulates overgrowth by activating the JNK-JAK-STAT non-autonomous proliferation signal from the neighboring wild-type cells. Inhibition of Eiger/TNF exocytosis or interfering with the JNK-JAK-STAT non-autonomous proliferation signaling at various steps suppresses oncogenic Ras-mediated overgrowth. Our findings highlight important cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic roles of exocytosis during oncogenic growth and provide a new class of synthetic suppressors for targeted therapy approaches.
Kinetic and Stereochemical Analyses of Amine-Additive Effects on the Hydrogenation of α-Phenylcinnamic Acid over Cinchonidine-Modified Pd/C
Authors: Nakai Kengo , Misaki Tomonori , Okamoto Yasuaki , Sugimura Takashi
Published: November 2014

Asymmetric hydrogenation of α-phenylcinnamic acid catalyzed by cinchonidine (CD)-modified palladium has been performed. Without benzylamine (BA), a modification inconsistency was observed: the rate diminished when a small amount of CD was used, whereas the product enantiomeric excess (ee) increased when substantially more CD was used. By altering the amount of amine additive, we deduced that this inconsistency was caused by the amine effect of CD itself. With a 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene additive, the catalytic amount was sufficient to result in the highest ee of 81%.