bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LO33: External cold and vibration for pain management of children undergoing needle-related procedures in the emergency department: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial
Authors: Ballard A. , Khadra C. , Adler S. , Parent E. , Trottier E. D. , Bailey B. , Poonai N. , Le May S.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Needle-related procedures are considered the most important source of pain and distress in children in hospital settings. Time constraints, heavy workload, busy and noisy environment represent barriers to the use of available interventions for pain management during needle-related procedures. Therefore, the use of a rapid, easy-to-use intervention could improve procedural pain management practices. The objective was to determine if a device combining cold and vibration (Buzzy) is non-inferior (no worse) to a topical anesthetic (Maxilene) for pain management in children undergoing needle-related procedures in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. We enrolled children aged between 4-17 years presenting to the ED and requiring a needle-related procedure. Participants were randomly assigned to the Buzzy or Maxilene group. The primary outcome was the mean difference in pain intensity during the procedure, as measured with the CAS (0-10). Secondary outcomes were procedural distress, success of the procedure at first-attempt and satisfaction of parents. Results: A total of 352 participants were enrolled and 346 were randomized (Buzzy = 172; Maxilene = 174). Mean difference in procedural pain scores between groups was 0.64 (95%CI -0.1 to 1.3), showing that the Buzzy device was not non-inferior to Maxilene according to a non-inferiority margin of 0.70. No significant differences were observed for procedural distress (p = .370) and success of the procedure at first attempt (p = .602). Parents of both groups were very satisfied with both interventions (Buzzy = 7.8 ±2.66; Maxilene = 8.1 ±2.4), but there was no significant difference between groups (p = .236). Conclusion: Non-inferiority of the Buzzy device over a topical anesthetic was not demonstrated for pain management of children during a needle-related procedure in the ED. However, considering that topical anesthetics are underused in the ED setting and require time, the Buzzy device seems to be a promising alternative as it is a rapid, low-cost, easy-to-use and reusable intervention.
LO36: Hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan) for abdominal pain in children: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Poonai N. , Elsie S. , Kumar K. , Coriolano K. , Brahmbhatt S. , Dzongkowski E. , Stevens H. , Gupta P. , Miller M. , Ashok D. , Joubert G. , Butter A. , Ali S.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Abdominal pain is one of the most frequent reasons for an emergency department (ED) visit. Most cases are functional and no therapy has proven effective. Our objective was to determine if hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) (BuscopanTM) is effective for children who present to the ED with functional abdominal pain. Methods: We conducted a randomized, blinded, superiority trial comparing HBB 10 mg plus acetaminophen placebo to oral acetaminophen 15 mg/kg (max 975 mg) plus HBB placebo using a double-dummy approach. We included children 8-17 years presenting to the ED at London Health Sciences Centre with colicky abdominal pain rated >40 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The primary outcome was VAS pain score at 80 minutes post-administration. Secondary outcomes included adverse effects; caregiver satisfaction with pain management using a five-item Likert scale; recidivism and missed surgical diagnoses within 24-hours of discharge. Analysis was based on intention to treat. Results: We analyzed 225 participants (112 acetaminophen; 113 HBB). The mean (SD) age was 12.4 (3.0) years and 148/225 (65.8%) were females. Prior to enrollment, the median (IQR) duration of pain prior was 2 (4.5) hours and analgesia was provided to 101/225 (44.9%) of participants. The mean (SD) pre-intervention pain scores in the acetaminophen and HBB groups were 62.7 (15.9) mm and 60.3 (17.3) mm, respectively. At 80 minutes, the mean (SD) pain scores in the acetaminophen and HBB groups were 30.1 (28.8) mm and 29.4 (26.4) mm, respectively and there were no significant differences adjusting for pre-intervention scores (p = 0.96). The median (IQR) caregiver satisfaction was high in the acetaminophen [5 (2)] and HBB [5 (1)] groups (p = 0.79). The median (IQR) length of stay between acetaminophen [235 (101)] and HBB [234 (103)] was not significantly different (p = 0.53). The proportion of participants with a return visit for abdominal pain was 4/112 (3.5%) in the acetaminophen group and 6/113 (5.3%) in the HBB group. The most common adverse effect was nausea (9% in each group) and there were no significant differences in adverse effects between acetaminophen (26/112, 23.2%) and HBB (31/113, 27.4%) (p = 0.52). There were no missed surgical diagnoses. Conclusion: For children with presumed functional abdominal pain who present to the ED, both acetaminophen and HBB produce a clinically important (VAS < 30 mm) reduction in pain and should be routinely considered in this clinical setting.
LO51: Does my dizzy patient need a computed tomography of the head?
Authors: LePage R. , Regis A. , Bodunde O. , Turgeon Z. , Ohle R.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Dizziness is among the most common presenting complaints in the emergency department (ED). Although the vast majority of these cases are the result of a benign, self-limiting process, many patients undergo computed tomography (CT) of the head. The objective of this study was to define the yield of and diagnostic accuracy of CT in dizziness in addition to defining high-risk clinical features predictive of an abnormal CT. Methods: At a tertiary care ED we performed a medical records review from Jan 2015-2018 including adult patients with a triage complaint of dizziness (vertigo, unsteady, lightheaded), excluding those with symptoms >14days, recent trauma, GCS < 15, hypotensive, or syncope/loss of consciousness. Five trained reviewers used a standardized data collection sheet to extract data. Our outcome was a central cause defined as: cerebrovascular accident (CVA), brain tumor (BT) or intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) diagnosed on CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Univariate analysis/logistic regression were performed and odds ratios reported. A sample size of 796 was calculated based on an expected prevalence of 5% with an 80% power and 95% confidence interval to detect an odds ratio greater than 2. Results: 2310 patients were recruited, 800 (35%) underwent CT head, 471(59%) female and a mean age of 62.8 years (+/−17.5 years). The top three diagnoses for patients undergoing CT were peripheral vertigo/benign positional vertigo (153 – 19%), vertigo not-otherwise-specified (137 – 17%) and dizziness not-otherwise-specified (137 – 17%). The number of CT scans considered abnormal was 30 (3.7%). The top three diagnoses for patients with an abnormal CT were CVA (22 – 75%), BT (9 – 26%) and ICH (6-17%). High risk clinical findings associated (p < 0.001) with an abnormal head CT were dysmetria, objective motor neurological signs, positive Rhomberg, ataxia and inability to walk 3 steps. Objective motor neurological signs (OR 8.4 [95% CI 3.27-21.72]) and ataxia (OR 3.4 [95% CI 1.62-7.41]) were both independently associated with an abnormal CT. Patients without any high risk findings on exam had a 0.7%(3/381 – 2 CVA,1 Tumour) probability of an abnormal CT. Sensitivity of CT for a central cause of dizziness was 71.43%(95%CI 55.4-84.3%), specificity 100%(95%CI 99.5-100%). Conclusion: Current rate of imaging in dizziness is high and inefficient. CT should be the first imaging test in those with high-risk clinical features, but a normal result does not rule out a central cause.
You are not allowed to tell: organisational culture as a barrier for child protection workers seeking assistance for traumatic stress symptomology
Authors: Oates Fiona
Published: May 2019

Child protection work is one of the most difficult and complex areas of human services practice. Working within a trauma-laden environment often means that practitioner susceptibility to trauma-related mental health issues is an occupational hazard. However, many practitioners are reluctant to seek support when they start to experience symptoms of traumatic stress. This paper considers current literature relating to child protection workers’ exposure to work-related traumatic material, resulting traumatic stress symptomology and organisational responses to practitioner distress. Results from a recent doctoral study that explores the experiences of child protection practitioners based in Queensland will be presented. Findings from the study were derived from qualitative in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The study findings indicate that the organisational culture within statutory child protection agencies creates an environment where practitioners are labelled as incompetent or not suitable for child protection work when they disclose experiencing symptoms of traumatic stress. The experience of bullying and retribution by supervisors and colleagues and the fear of rejection by the workgroup were also found to be significant barriers for workers seeking support.
Growth and Plasma Leptin in Yearling Mares Fed a High-Fat Supplemented Diet
Authors: Buff PR , Morrison CD , Reynolds JA , Keisler DH
Published: May 2019

Our objective was to determine if feeding a high-fat supplement versus a control supplement to growing yearling mares would affect growth an/r body composition parameters as assessed via body weight (BW), body condition scores (BCS) and concentrations of plasma hormones. Eight yearling mares were paired by initial BW (348±19kg) and maintained on pasture and supplemented with either a high-fat supplement (16% fat) or a control supplement (3% fat) at 0.8% of their BW in two daily meals for 8 weeks. Both BW and BCS increased for all mares throughout the study (each P<0.0001); however, no difference in BW or BCS could be attributed to treatment effects. Nonetheless, plasma concentrations of leptin were greater in mares fed the high-fat supplement (P = 0.0001) compared with the control supplement. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone tended to be greater in high-fat-fed mares (P = 0.06). Plasma concentrations of insulin did not differ between treatment groups (P = 0.96). Although no gross difference in BW or BCS was discernable among mares fed the control versus high-fat supplement, these data provide evidence that increasing fat content in the diet may alter leptin levels independent of changes in body composition.
A field study on hoof deceleration at impact in Standardbred trotters at various speeds
Authors: Gustås Pia , Johnston Christopher , Hedenström Ulf , Roepstorff Lars , Drevemo Stig
Published: May 2019

Impact-related peak decelerations with high loading rates are described as indicators of mechanical stress to the limb. The hoof deceleration pattern in the beginning of the stance phase has recently been described, together with ground reaction force measurements at slow speed; however, no information is available at high speeds. The objective of the present study was to investigate the hoof deceleration pattern following impact at slow speeds, comparable to earlier force plate studies, and at high speeds on a racetrack. Eight Standardbreds equipped with triaxial accelerometers mounted on fore- and hind hooves were driven from a jogcart on a harness-training racetrack with a stone dust surface at the mean speeds of 4.7, 5.7, 10.1 and 12.7ms−1. The accelerometer signals were sampled at 10kHz during 10s of constant speed along one straight of the racetrack. The signal was studied for each speed by the analysis of representative peak decelerations. At slow trot, the deceleration pattern was similar to what was found in earlier studies over the force plate. The peak values of both the vertical and horizontal decelerations increased significantly with a higher speed (P≤0.01). It was shown that a higher speed results in changes of the hoof deceleration pattern with higher peak decelerations. The maximum horizontal deceleration, together with the second vertical peak deceleration, were suggested to be major indicators on the mechanical stress subjected to the limb.
Establishment of Salsola tragus on aeolian sands: A Southern Colorado Plateau case study
Authors: Thomas Kathryn A. , Redsteer Margaret Hiza
Published: May 2019

Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus L.), is a nonnative, C4 photosynthesizing, annual plant that infests disturbed and natural areas in the arid U.S. Southwest. Land managers of natural areas may need to decide whether a S. tragus infestation is potentially harmful and whether it should be actively managed. One factor informing that decision is an understanding of the conditions under which this weed emerges and establishes and how those processes affect where and when infestations occur. We studied S. tragus establishment on aeolian (windblown) sandy soils at Petrified Forest National Park, AZ. Our sites were a previously disturbed sand sheet and a semistabilized sand dune. Measurements in plots on these sites over two growing seasons revealed a similar number of S. tragus seedlings emerging on both sites early in the 2015 growing season. As the season progressed, S. tragus cover (seedling survival and growth) was lower on the sand dune, except for a plot placed entirely on a coppice mound. In 2016, S. tragus seedling emergence and development of cover, measured on plots at both sites, was exceptionally low, as was summer rainfall. A growth chamber assay of seedling emergence from soil and litter samples collected at each site showed emergence was greatest from samples collected where S. tragus litter remained on the soil surface, and otherwise was infrequent. Our study suggests that S. tragus emergence and early establishment are sensitive to low precipitation and that soil-surface microtopography and grass and shrub cover may be determinants of the spatial pattern of infestation on sandy soils. As aeolian sands occur throughout drylands of the U.S. Southwest, deeper understanding of the conditions under which S. tragus seedlings emerge and establish can inform management of this invasive annual in those habitats.
Amplification of random wave run-up on the front face of a box driven by tertiary wave interactions
Authors: Zhao W. , Taylor P. H. , Wolgamot H. A. , Eatock Taylor R.
Published: May 2019

Wave run-up phenomena driven by nonlinear wave interactions with a fixed rectangular box are investigated. Experiments are carried out in different types of uni-directional waves with normal incidence. Significant wave run-ups featuring tertiary interaction effects, similar to those reported by Molin et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 528, 2005, pp. 323–354) for a fixed vertical plate, are observed in regular wave tests. Transient wave group tests are conducted for comparison, to facilitate the analysis of the tertiary interactions in irregular waves. The most striking observation is that the wave surface elevations at the centre of the front face of the fixed box can reach $4\times$ the incident waves even in irregular waves, much larger than the ${\sim}2\times$ predicted from linear theory and observed for the transient groups. The extra amplification builds up slowly and is localized on the weather side of the box. It is believed to result from tertiary interactions between the incident and reflected wave fields upstream, which induce a local lensing effect and thus wave focusing on the weather side. These interactions, though a nonlinear process, occur at the first harmonic quantities rather than high harmonics. Supporting evidence is extracted from random wave runs using NewWave analysis, where surface amplifications and phase lag – both key characteristics of tertiary wave interactions – are identified. The identification of these tertiary interactions in irregular waves is new, and may be of practical importance.
Deformation characteristics of a single droplet driven by a piezoelectric nozzle of the drop-on-demand inkjet system
Authors: Wang Shangkun , Zhong Yonghong , Fang Haisheng
Published: May 2019

In the drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet system, deformation process and the direct relations between the droplet motions and the liquid properties have been seldom investigated, although they are very critical for the printing accuracy. In this study, experiments and computational simulations regarding deformation of a single droplet driven by a piezoelectric nozzle have been conducted to address the deformation characteristics of droplets. It is found that the droplet deformation is influenced by the pressure wave propagation in the ink channel related to the driven parameters and reflected in the subsequent droplet motions. The deformation extent oscillates with a certain period of $T$ and a decreasing amplitude as the droplet moves downwards. The deformation extent is found strongly dependent on the capillary number ($Ca$), first ascending and then descending as the number increases. The maximum value of the deformation extent is surprisingly found to be within range of 0.068–0.082 of the $Ca$ number regardless of other factors. Furthermore, the Rayleigh’s linear relation of the oscillation frequency of the droplet to the parameter, $\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}r^{3}}$ (where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ is the surface tension coefficient, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$ is the density and $r$ is the droplet’s radius), is updated with a smaller slope shown both by experiment and simulation.
ICJ—prohibition against the use of force—self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter—duty of vigilance—IHR and IHL under belligerent occupation
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Gathii James Thuo
Published: May 2019

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda). At .

International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005.

In its December 19, 2005, judgment in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo v. Uganda (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found Uganda to have engaged in grave violations of the prohibition on the use of force and of its international humanitarian and human rights obligations during its occupation of Congelese territory. The Court also found that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had violated the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations for its treatment of Ugandan diplomats and also for the destruction of their diplomatic premises and the associated archives and records.

The train of events leading to this case originated in May 1997 with President Laurent-Desire Kabila's deposition of Zairean dictator Mobutu-Ssese Seko. Having come to power with Ugandan and Rwandese military assistance, Kabila was unsuccessful in his effort to remove Ugandan and Rwandese troops from the DRC (paras. 48–50). The DRC alleged that in August 1998, Ugandan armed forces invaded (para. 29) and then captured and occupied Congolese towns and territory in defiance of Kabila's decision that Ugandan and Rwandese forces should leave the DRC (para. 29–31). Further, the DRC contended that Uganda recruited, funded, trained, equipped, and supplied armed Congolese groups opposed to the Kabila government (para. 32).
The Past and Future of the Claim of Preemptive Self-Defense
Authors: Reisman W. Michael , Armstrong Andrea
Published: May 2019

The claim by the United States to a right of what has come to be known as “preemptive selfdefense” has provoked deep anxiety and soul-searching among the members of the college of international lawyers. Some have feared that the claim signaled a demand for the prospective legitimation of “Pearl Harbor” types of actions, that is, sudden, massive, and destructive military actions “out of the blue,” by one state against another in the absence of a state of war, with the objective of militarily neutralizing or even eliminating a latent or potential adversary. Since some public intellectuals within the American political system had recommended such a strategy with respect to the People’s Republic of China in the midst of the Cold War, the anxiety could not be dismissed as entirely unfounded or even hysterical. Nor could it be ignored as if it were some sort of exclusively American aberration that could be tolerated as the idiosyncrasy of one state. From the earliest unilateral claims to a continental shelf, a copycat or mimetic dynamic in modern international law has taken shape whenever an enhancement of state power has become available, so that the possibility of similar claims to an expanded notion of preemptive self-defense by many other states could not be excluded. Indeed, while the United States may now have retreated somewhat from its 2002 broad claim to preemption, various other states (including some with nuclear weapons) have adopted the preemptive self-defense claim as their own. If the U.S. claim posed potentially destabilizing consequences for world order, how much more so would proliferation of the claim?
Reflections on the Prosecution of War Crimes by International Tribunals
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2019

Just over sixty years ago, the international community, seeking to heal the wounds of a brutal war, embarked on a bold legal experiment. For the first time in history, legal mechanisms were invoked to bring to justice the perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity in international tribunals specifically established for that purpose. The trials at Nuremberg and Tokyo were extraordinary and risky; and, above all, unique in their time.
Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights
Authors: Roberts Adam
Published: May 2019

Within the existing framework of international law, is it legitimate for an occupying power, in the name of creating the conditions for a more democratic and peaceful state, to introduce fundamental changes in the constitutional, social, economic, and legal order within an occupied territory? This is the central question addressed here. To put it in other ways, is the body of treaty-based international law relating to occupations, some of which is more than a century old, appropriate to conditions sometimes faced today? Is it still relevant to cases of transformative occupation—i.e., those whose stated purpose (whether or not actually achieved) is to change states that have failed, or have been under tyrannical rule? Is the newer body of human rights law applicable to occupations, and can it provide a basis for transformative acts by the occupant? Can the United Nations Security Council modify the application of the law in particular cases? Finally, has the body of treaty-based law been modified by custom?
Kinematic sequence stratigraphy of the European Cenozoic Rift System and Alpine Foreland Basin: correlation with Mediterranean and Atlantic plate-boundary events
Authors: Sissingh W.
Published: May 2019

A review of the sequence stratigraphic development of the Tertiary basins of the North and West Alpine Foreland domains shows that their structural and depositional history was episodically affected by brief tectonic phases. These were associated with intermittent deformation events induced by the collisional convergence and compressional coupling of the Apulian and Iberian microplates with the European Plate. The plate kinematics-related episodicity was essentially isochronously recorded in the basin fills of the Alpine Foreland region. These are generally correlative with changes in eustatic sea level. The ensuing correlative successions of so-called Cenozoic Rift and Foredeep (CRF) sequences and phases can be traced throughout the European Cenozoic Rift System and Alpine Foreland Basin. Their temporal correlation indicates that, apparently, the changes in the plate collision-related stress regime of the Alpine Foreland were repeatedly accompanied by coeval changes in eustatic sea level. To test and substantiate the validity of this inferred causal relationship between intraplate deposition, plate kinematics and eustacy, the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basins of the Mediterranean plate-boundary zone has been analysed in conjunction with a review of the plate-boundary events in the North Atlantic. Within the uncertainty range of available datings, synchroneity could thus be demonstrated for the punctuated tectonostratigraphic development of basins of the western Mediterranean (comprising the Liguro-Provençal Basin, Valencia Trough, Sardinia Rift and Tyrrhenian Basin), the Apenninic-Calabrian Arc, the Betic domain (including the Alboran Basin) and the North and West Alpine Foreland regions. Similar temporal correlations of plate tectonicsrelated events near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic and tectonostratigraphic sequences and phases of the Alpino-Pyrenean Foreland basins are further evidence of a common causal mechanism. The driving mechanisms appear to have been the northward drift of Africa and the resulting mechanical coupling of Apulia and Iberia with the southern passive margin of Europe, as well as the stepwise opening of the North Atlantic and accompanying episodic plate re-organisations of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Das introspektive Ich des Paulus nach Phil 1–3: Ein Entwurf
Authors: Becker Eve-Marie
Published: May 2019

This article interprets Paul's self-reflections in Phil 1 in light of the most current discourse about the ‘(introspective) self’ in antiquity: it is argued that Paul – in his last letter writing during his final imprisonment (in Rome?) – offers insights into his ‘inner self’ by construing the reflective mode of introspection. Similar to how ancient philosophers – such as Seneca in his letters – develop introspection when dealing/coping with theexpectatio mortis, Paul too, in Phil 1–3, has to respond to his expectation of his pending death. While Phil 1.21–6 – which is to be read in the frame of chapters 1–3 – reflects Paul's situation highly individually and autobiographically, ancient philosophical introspective speaking modes in general tend to remain generic. In its ‘autobiographical consolidation’ Phil 1.21–6 is also to be seen in a ‘contrastive analogy’ to Rom 7.
Association between prenatal maternal infection and disordered eating behaviours in adolescence: a UK population-based prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Solmi Francesca , De Stavola Bianca L. , Khandaker Golam M. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Dalman Christina , Lewis Glyn
Published: May 2019

Background

Prenatal infections have been proposed as a putative risk factor for a number of psychiatric outcomes across a continuum of severity. Evidence on eating disorders is scarce. We investigated whether exposure to prenatal maternal infections is associated with an increased risk of disordered eating and weight and shape concerns in adolescence in a large UK birth cohort.

Methods

We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The primary exposure was maternal experience of infections at any time in pregnancy. Study outcomes were presence of any, monthly or weekly disordered eating at 14 and 16 years of age, and weight and shape concerns at 14 years. We defined the causal effect of the exposure on these outcomes using a counterfactual framework adjusting our analyses for a number of hypothesised confounders, and imputing missing confounder data using multiple imputation.

Results

In total, 4884 children had complete exposure and outcome data at age 14 years, and 4124 at 16 years. Exposed children had a greater risk of reporting weekly disordered eating at both age 14 [risk difference (RD) 0.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.01 to 1.9, p = 0.08] and 16 (RD 2.3%, 95% CI 0.6–3.9, p < 0.01), though evidence of an association was weak at age 14 years. Exposed children also had greater weight and shape concerns at age 14 years (mean difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.05–0.26, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Exposure to prenatal maternal infection is associated with greater risk of disordered eating in adolescence. This association could be explained by in utero processes leading to impaired neurodevelopment or altered immunological profiles. Residual confounding cannot be excluded.
Characteristics, comorbidities, and correlates of atypical depression: evidence from the UK Biobank Mental Health Survey
Authors: Brailean Anamaria , Curtis Jessica , Davis Katrina , Dregan Alexandru , Hotopf Matthew
Published: May 2019

Background

Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple aetiological pathways and multiple therapeutic targets. This study aims to determine whether atypical depression (AD) characterized by reversed neurovegetative symptoms is associated with a more pernicious course and a different sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity profile than nonatypical depression (nonAD).

Methods

Among 157 366 adults who completed the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ), N = 37 434 (24%) met the DSM-5 criteria for probable lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form. Participants reporting both hypersomnia and weight gain were classified as AD cases (N = 2305), and the others as nonAD cases (N = 35 129). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine differences between AD and nonAD in depression features, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, lifetime adversities, psychiatric and physical comorbidities.

Results

Persons with AD experienced an earlier age of depression onset, longer, more severe and recurrent episodes, and higher help-seeking rates than nonAD persons. AD was associated with female gender, unhealthy behaviours (smoking, social isolation, low physical activity), more lifetime deprivation and adversity, higher rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic syndrome. Sensitivity analyses comparing AD persons with those having typical neurovegetative symptoms (hyposomnia and weight loss) revealed similar results.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the clinical and public health significance of AD as a chronic form of depression, associated with high comorbidity and lifetime adversity. Our findings have implications for predicting depression course and comorbidities, guiding research on aetiological mechanisms, planning service use and informing therapeutic approaches.
The Royal Society of Edinburgh, James Hutton, the Clerks of Penicuik and the Igneous Origin of Granite
Authors: Mclntyre Donald B.
Published: May 2019

Mauna Kea in Hawaii is the world’s tallest mountain — about 1000 m taller than Mount Everest (Science, volume 313, 22 September 2006, p. 1732). Near the summit, at an altitude of 4092 m, is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) — the largest astronomical telescope designed to operate in the sub-millimetre wavelength region of the spectrum. In 1987 the JCMT was dedicated by HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and named for the physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). Sir John Dutton Clerk of Penicuik Bt, CBE, VRD, DL FRSE (1917-2002) represented the family.
Job strain in working retirees in Europe: a latent class analysis
Authors: Dingemans Ellen , Henkens Kène
Published: May 2019

Scientific research has made great progress towards a better understanding of the determinants and consequences of working after retirement. However, working conditions in post-retirement jobs remain largely unexplored. Therefore, using information on working conditions such as job demands, job control and work hours, we investigate whether working retirees can be categorised by the quality of their jobs. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we perform latent class analysis on a sample of 2,926 working retirees in 11 European countries. The results point to the existence of two sub-groups of working retirees. The first is confronted with high-strain jobs, while the second sub-group participates in low-strain jobs. Subsequent (multi-level) logit analysis undertaken to describe the two classes further suggests that classification in either group is predicted by the socio-economic status of working retirees and by the context of poverty in old age in the countries in question. We conclude that working after retirement in a high-strain job may be conceptually different from working in a low-strain job.
Who does not intend to retire? Mothers' opportunity costs and compensation at later ages in Europe
Authors: Kim Younga , Rizzi Ester
Published: May 2019

Research investigating the association between women's work–family trajectories and their retirement intentions is limited. Studies considering how different institutional conditions affect this association are even more limited. To fill this gap, we use the first three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, 2004–2009, and apply two-level random effects models with country-level fixed effects to a sample of mothers aged 50–64 years. Our dependent variable is the intention to retire as early as possible. We found that the following two different mechanisms are associated with mothers' early retirement intentions: (a) strategies to compensate for opportunity costs and (b) work attachment. When all other factors are equal, mothers with a work career characterised by interruptions and part-time work intend to work longer than other mothers, indicating the need to compensate for lower lifelong earnings at older ages. Some compensatory strategies are also observed among mothers who are classified as ‘never married’, ‘divorced’ or ‘widowed’, who wish to continue their careers. In other cases, evidence supporting work attachment mechanisms is found; for instance, working when the youngest child is younger than six years predicts the intention to delay retirement. These results change according to the welfare regime, underlining the importance of family policies and pension benefits to counterbalance the effect of opportunity costs on mothers' earnings.
Evaluation and Application of the GPS Code Observable in Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Li Haojun , Xiao Jingxin , Li Bofeng
Published: May 2019

The accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) observable, especially for the code observable, has improved with the development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver technology. An evaluation of the GPS code observable is presented in this paper, together with a stochastic model for the code and phase observables in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), established using the evaluated results. The results show that the code observables of Leica GNSS receivers are generally better than those of some other brand receivers and the Root Mean Square (RMS) for the code observables of the Leica GRX1200PRO, which includes the multipath effect, reaches 0·71 m, although Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) code observables are tracked. The static positioning of the code observable can reach centimetre level and the convergence time for the JPLM station is just 2·5 hours. The positioning results show that it is difficult to converge the Up direction to the centimetre level, compared with the North and East directions. The results show that static positioning can be correlated with the accumulation characteristic of the error for the code observable, while that that of the kinematic mode can be correlated to the error value. The shortened PPP convergence times verify that the presented stochastic models are effective.
Expertise scientifique et intérêts nationaux
Authors: Hauray Boris , Urfalino Philippe
Published: May 2019

La délivrance d’une autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM) est le dispositif central par lequel les autorités publiques contrôlent la sécurité et l’efficacité des médicaments. Or, du milieu des années 1960 à la création en 1995 d’une Agence européenne des médicaments, les conditions d’exercice de ce contrôle public ont radicalement changé. Alors que l’évaluation des médicaments était conduite au niveau national, elle est aujourd’hui largement européenne. Cet article montre que rendre compte de cette évolution nécessite d’analyser trois phénomènes étroitement liés : l’accroissement de l’interdépendance des entités nationales ; l’émergence d’une expertise scientifique propre à l’évaluation des médicaments et la transformation de son articulation avec la représentation nationale ; l’autonomisation de l’AMM et l’absorption de la décision par l’évaluation scientifique.
Le son et ses sens
Authors: Aubert Eduardo Henrik
Published: May 2019

Cet article examine le fameuxordodu sacre royal réalisé vers 1250 en France, au temps de Louis IX (Paris, BNF, ms Latin 1246), un document complexe où plusieurs langages (texte, images, chants notés) sont mis en rapport, en se posant la question de savoir quelle est la place du son dans la cérémonie du sacre royal telle qu’elle est présentée dans ce manuscrit. Moyennant une comparaison avec ses sources textuelles directes, on insiste sur le fait que ce document donne un très grand poids à tout ce qui relève du registre sonore dans le sacre qu’il décrit et que cette attention n’est pas arbitraire, mais correspond à l’utilisation du son comme un des principaux véhicules du sens de la cérémonie. Il se dégage de l’analyse que l’on a affaire à un vrai « système sonore », dans la mesure où les références au son constituent un ensemble structuré et cohérent, très articulé à l’organisation du temps de la cérémonie, et au moyen duquel la place de chaque événement dans l’ensemble de la cérémonie pourrait être très concrètement perçue par l’oreille.
La généralisation dans les sciences historiques
Authors: Fabiani Jean-Louis
Published: May 2019

Les sciences historiques sont caractérisées par l’irréductible pluralité des modes de construction de leurs objets et de leur capacité de produire des assertions à caractère général. Après avoir rendu compte des critiques durkheimienne et weberienne des formes ordinaires de généralisation, on s’efforce d’analyser la mise en question des paradigmes macrologiques qui a marqué les sciences sociales dans le dernier quart du XXesiècle, et qui a principalement pris la forme d’un retour aux localités. L’autolimitation au niveau micrologique enveloppe néanmoins de redoutables contraintes. On peut démontrer que le niveau de généralité auquel les sociologues se situent dépend avant tout du mode de génération des données. En outre, le développement des sciences historiques dans le contexte universitaire du XXesiècle a rendu plus difficile l’émergence d’assertions très générales ayant pour objet la totalité de l’histoire humaine. Si quelque chose comme un programme épistémologique peut être proposé, c’est autour de l’analyse des modes de construction de nos opérations typifiantes, stylisantes et comparatives qu’il doit porter. La question de la généralisation est indissociable de la mise en visibilité de régularités et de la possibilité de les manipuler à partir de l’établissement de procédures stabilisées de traitement des données. L’histoire intellectuelle et politique de la généralisation dans les sciences sociales renvoie donc pour une bonne part à celle du développement des instruments qui ont permis de constituer des données comme des objets. Le retour réflexif sur la genèse politico-épistémique de cetinstrumentariumest donc une étape indispensable sur le chemin de la réévaluation des potentialités de la généralisation dans nos savoirs, lesquels ne sont jamais entièrement détachables de leur moment de production et des objectifs politiques qu’ils affichent. L’histoire particulière du développement de nos savoirs nous enseigne que l’on n’a rien à perdre à l’instabilité paradigmatique, puisque celle-ci est inséparable de leur régime propre de production.
« Faire communauté »
Authors: Torre Angelo
Published: May 2019

L’article aborde l’étude des procédures de généralisation à partir des conditions de production de sources dans la société d’Ancien Régime. L’imbrication des juridictions et une culture juridique de la possession donnent lieu à des transcriptions visant à la légitimation des pratiques des acteurs sociaux. Cette approche conduit à proposer une nouvelle interprétation de la confrérie du Saint-Esprit, une association à base territoriale et segmentaire qui gaspillait ses modestes revenus en nature en banquets traditionnels de la Pentecôte. Si on lit ces associations à l’échelle topographique et si on les met en relation avec la morphologie polycentrique et fragmentaire des villages, on s’aperçoit que ce type de confrérie était utilisé par des populations alpines du Piémont du XVIIIesiècle pour la « production de lieux ». À travers les pratiques de la charité et le langage du droit commun, les confréries du Saint-Esprit institutionnalisaient les relations entre proches et contrôlaient les relations sociales dans une région caractérisée par la migration saisonnière. Pour ses membres, la confrérie constituait le moyen de généraliser la singularité d’une organisation institutionnelle et sociale.
Analysis of influenza data generated by four epidemiological surveillance laboratories in Mexico, 2010–2016
Authors: Fernandes-Matano L. , Monroy-Muñoz I. E. , Bermúdez de León M. , Leal-Herrera Y. A. , Palomec-Nava I. D. , Ruíz-Pacheco J. A. , Escobedo-Guajardo B. L. , Marín-Budip C. , Santacruz-Tinoco C. E. , González-Ibarra J. , González-Bonilla C. R. , Muñoz-Medina J. E.
Published: May 2019

The disease caused by the influenza virus is a global public health problem due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, analysis of the information generated by epidemiological surveillance systems has vital importance for health decision making. A retrospective analysis was performed using data generated by the four molecular diagnostic laboratories of the Mexican Social Security Institute between 2010 and 2016. Demographics, influenza positivity, seasonality, treatment choices and vaccination status analyses were performed for the vaccine according to its composition for each season. In all cases, both the different influenza subtypes and different age groups were considered separately. The circulation of A/H1N1pdm09 (48.7%), influenza A/H3N2 (21.1%), influenza B (12.6%), influenza A not subtyped (11%) and influenza A/H1N1 (6.6%) exhibited well-defined annual seasonality between November and March, and there were significant increases in the number of cases every 2 years. An inadequate use of oseltamivir was determined in 38% of cases, and the vaccination status in general varied between 12.1 and 18.5% depending on the season. Our results provide current information about influenza in Mexico and demonstrate the need to update both operational case definitions and medical practice guidelines to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antivirals.
Peaks and arrowheads of vernacular reorganization
Authors: Denis Derek , Gardner Matt Hunt , Brook Marisa , Tagliamonte Sali A.
Published: May 2019

A key component of Labov's (2001:411) socially motivated projection model of language change is the hypothesis that adolescents and preadolescents undergo a process of vernacular reorganization, which leads to a “seamless” progression of changes in progress. Between the ages of approximately five and 17, children and adolescents increase the “frequency, extent, scope, or specificity” of changes in progress along the community trajectory (Labov, 2007:346). Evidence of advancement via vernacular reorganization during this life stage has come from peaks in the apparent-time trajectory of a change around the age of 17 (e.g., Labov, 2001; Tagliamonte & D'Arcy, 2009). However, such peaks do not rule out the alternative explanations of retrograde change or age-grading. This paper presents both apparent timeandreal-time evidence for vernacular reorganization. We observe the arrowhead formation—a counterpart of the adolescent peak—for quotativebe likein a trend study of adolescents and young adults in Toronto, Canada. Our results rule out the alternative explanations for previously observed adolescent peaks.
Anterior myocardial infarction in a patient with isolated left ventricular non-compaction
Authors: Celik Ibrahim Etem , Kilic Alparslan , Karadeniz Muhammed
Published: May 2019

We presented a 55-year-old male patient with isolated left ventricular non-compaction who was admitted to our emergency department for chest pain and exertional dyspnoea. He was hospitalised due to anterior myocardial infarction, and during his assessment, isolated left ventricular non-compaction was diagnosed.
Relapsing versus non relapsing course of schizophrenia: a cohort study in a community based mental health service
Authors: Di Michele Vittorio , Bolino Francesca , Mazza Monica , Roncone Rita , Casacchia Massimo
Published: May 2019

Aim- We examined the effect of several clinical variables on the tendency to relapse and to require hospitalization in a cohort of patients, living in the community and followed up naturalistically for seven years.Method- Forty-six patients affected by schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, according to both DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria, were assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Life Skills Profile (LSP). All patients consecutively enrolled, were assessed in a stable clinical phase of illness and treated as usual by their reference psychiatrist. Social and clinical outcome was assessed yearly for seven years after the study entry and analyzed with survival analysis.Results- Patients who did not relapse, were characterized by higher functioning, lower positive symptoms, higher ability in self-care and non-turbulence and higher IQ at their baseline clinical evaluation. These variables were entered in a Cox regression model to corroborate the predictive power on the relapsing course of illness. Only IQ and non-turbulence scores of LSP were entered in the equation (Wald method: p=0.007 and p=0.002 respectively).Conclusions- Several factors interact with the course of illness and influence the tendency to require hospitalization. In the present study we report that non-turbulence is a significant predictor of a non-relapsing course of illness. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of other mediating variables.

Declaration of Interest: none.
Decision-Making as a Latent Construct and its Measurement Invariance in a Large Sample of Adolescent Cannabis Users
Authors: Pacheco-Colón Ileana , Hawes Samuel W. , Duperrouzel Jacqueline C. , Lopez-Quintero Catalina , Gonzalez Raul
Published: May 2019

Objective:Relative to the vast literature that employs measures of decision-making (DM), rigorous examination of their psychometric properties is sparse. This study aimed to determine whether three measures of DM assess the same construct, and to measure invariance of this construct across relevant covariates.Method:Participants were 372 adolescents at risk of escalation in cannabis use. DM was assessed via four indices from the Cups Task, Game of Dice Task (GDT), and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess unidimensionality of the DM construct, and moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) to examine its measurement invariance.Results:The unidimensional model of DM demonstrated good fit. MNLFA results revealed that sex influenced mean DM scores, such that boys had lower risk-taking behaviors. There was evidence of differential item functioning (DIF), such that IQ and age moderated the IGT intercept and GDT factor loading, respectively. Significant effects were retained in the final model, which produced participant-specific DM factor scores. These scores showed moderate stability over time.Conclusions:Indices from three DM tasks loaded significantly onto a single factor, suggesting that these DM tasks assess a single underlying construct. We suggest that this construct represents the ability to make optimal choices that maximize rewards in the presence of risk. Our final DM factor accounts for DIF caused by covariates, making it comparable across adolescents with different characteristics. (JINS, 2019,25, 661–667)