bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gary Bouma, Australian Soul: Religion and Spirituality in the 21st Century.
Authors: Possamai Adam
Published: November 2007

Gary Bouma, Australian Soul: Religion and Spirituality in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2006, pp. 236, ISBN 139780521673891/100521673895
Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead, with Benjamin Seel, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Karin Tusting, The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality.
Authors: Possamai Adam
Published: November 2007

Paul Heelas and Linda Woodhead, with Benjamin Seel, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Karin Tusting, The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality, Blackwell, Oxford, 2005, pp. 204, ISBN 1-4051-1958-6 (hbk); ISBN 1-4051-1959-4 (pbk)
Besser Pharma: International Accounting for Pensions
Authors: Geary K. Michael , Street Donna L.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of the Besser Pharma case is to bring an international perspective to the coverage of pension accounting. Students are required to read U.S. and international pension accounting standards, complete financial statement research on the pension plans of Besser's competitors, and answer, in a memo to Besser Pharma's CFO, a series of questions about alternative accounting approaches permitted by International Accounting Standard No. 19, Employee Benefits.
The Matrix Format Income Statement: A Case Study about Earnings Management and Reporting Financial Performance
Authors: Tarca Ann , Brown Philip R. , Hancock Phil , Woodliff David R. , Bradbury Michael E. , van Zijl Tony
Published: November 2007

The Matrix Format Income Statement case study allows you to explore the issue of earnings management and its impact on the transparency and understandability of reported financial results. Part A of the case demonstrates the impact of a commonly used accounting treatment for available-for-sale investments (presentation in the statement of changes in equity and recycling of fair value changes) on users' ability to extract decision-useful information. Part B investigates the effect on transparency and understandability of the same financial information when a different presentation and measurement approach, known as the matrix format income statement, is used.
Beijing Biotechnology Company: Financial Reporting Issues of Expansion to the West
Authors: McConomy Bruce J. , Xu Bixia
Published: November 2007

The biotechnology industry has been rapidly expanding both in the United States and around the world. For example, there are approximately 1500 biotechnology firms in the United States with over 300 that are publicly held (http://www.org.). This case examines the biotechnology industry from an international perspective. Beijing Biotechnology Company (BBC) is a medium-sized biotech company that operates in China. It plans to expand via a stock listing on a Western stock exchange such as NASDAQ. The case examines the issues facing BBC as it seeks a Western-based stock listing.
International Consulting Income: An Investigation of the Tax Implications of a U.S. Individual Working in Canada
Authors: Noga Tracy J. , Wilkinson Brett R.
Published: November 2007

This case explores the tax consequences that arise when a U.S. individual performs services in a foreign jurisdiction. The dynamic situation allows you to explore the different tax implications for both employees and independent contractors. You must identify not only applicable U.S. law but must also research and apply the U.S.-Canada tax treaty in determining the tax consequences.
Cranial Base Features in Skeletal Class III Patients
Authors: Proff Peter , Will Florian , Bokan Ivan , Fanghänel Jochen , Gedrange Tomas
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate the cranial base configuration in skeletal Class III patients to clarify the conflicting findings from literature.

Materials and Methods: Initial lateral radiographs of 54 skeletal Class III patients and 54 matched controls (Class I, II/1, II/2) aged 14 to 24 years were analyzed retrospectively for 21 cephalometric basicranial variables and jaw lengths relative to anterior cranial base length.

Results: In contrast to overall cranial base length, the anterior (N-S) and posterior (S-Ba, S-Ar) sections failed to show a significant reduction in Class III patients. The significantly more acute angles Ca-S-Ba and Se-S-Ba reflected increased cranial base flexure. Resulting anterior condylar displacement was shown by significant reduction of Se-S-Cd and Ar-Ca. Relative mandibular length was significantly increased.

Conclusions: Decreased basicranial angulation associated with Class III mandibular protrusion was clearly confirmed for skeletal Class III patients. Overall shortening of the cranial base apparently resulted from various minor alterations. The results are compatible with the deficient orthocephalization hypothesis of Class III morphogenesis. The basicranial-maxillary relationship in skeletal Class III remains unclear.
Dental Arch Dimensions in Class II division 1 Malocclusions with Mandibular Deficiency
Authors: da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel , Ferrari Júnior Flávio Mauro , Okada Ozawa Terumi
Published: November 2007

Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the dimensions of the upper and lower dental arches in Class II division 1 malocclusion with a mandibular deficiency compared to normal Class I occlusion dental arches.

Materials and Methods: Photocopies of the dental arches of 48 patients exhibiting Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular deficiency and of 51 individuals with normal occlusion were compared. Mandibular deficiency was diagnosed clinically. All 99 individuals were in the permanent dentition. The ages of the subjects ranged from 11 years 4 months to 20 years (mean age = 12 years 5 months).

Results: When compared to subjects with normal occlusion, the upper dental arches of the Class II division 1 patients presented reduced transverse dimensions and longer sagittal dimensions while the lower arches were less influenced.

Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Significant differences are present between the dimensions of the upper and lower dental arches in Class II division 1 malocclusion (with a mandibular deficiency and in the permanent dentition) compared to normal Class I occlusion dental arches.
Reproducibility of Maxillofacial Anatomic Landmarks on 3-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Images Determined with the 95% Confidence Ellipse Method
Authors: Muramatsu Atsushi , Nawa Hiroyuki , Kimura Momoko , Yoshida Kazuhito , Maeda Masahito , Katsumata Akitoshi , Ariji Eiichiro , Goto Shigemi
Published: November 2007

Objective: To assess the plotting reproducibility of landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images through use of the 95% confidence ellipse in order to propose sufficiently stable coordinate systems for 3D-CT measurements.

Materials and Methods: Six dentists plotted 19 landmarks twice on 3D-CT images. Scatterplots and the 95% ellipses were produced 3-dimensionally, and the areas of the ellipses were calculated for evaluating the reproducibility of landmarks.

Results: The plotting reproducibility of each landmark showed characteristic features. Among five landmarks (the sella [S], nasion [N], basion [Ba], orbitale [Or], and true porion [Po]) that are frequently used as reference points on cephalograms, Ba showed the smallest areas for all three coordinate axes, indicating high reproducibility. The coronoid process (CP) and the tooth-related landmarks showed relatively high reproducibility.

Conclusion: Sufficiently stable coordinate axes could be proposed for different treatments and studies.
Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans
Authors: Chung Chooryung , Lee Yebert , Park Kwang-Ho , Park Sun-Hyung , Park Young-Chel , Kim Kyung-Ho
Published: November 2007

Objective: To quantify the changes in the nose after bimaxillary surgery to correct skeletal Class III malocclusion and to test the hypothesis that there is no change in the nasal width following bimaxillary surgical correction of skeletal Class III when a nasal cinch is properly used.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-five adult Korean skeletal Class III patients who had received maxillary advancement/impaction and mandibular set-back surgery in conjunction with an alar base cinch suture were evaluated. The anthropometric variables of the nasal region were measured directly on the soft-tissue surface before and 6 months after surgery.

Results: After surgery, the alar width and alar base width had increased significantly (P < .001), while the nasal tip projection decreased (P < .001). The nostril morphology also showed widening (P < .001). There was a trend for females with a narrow alar width presurgically to have a larger amount of nasal widening compared with those with a broader alar width (P < .05).

Conclusion: There is a high probability of nasal and nostril widening after bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III malocclusion in Koreans despite the careful performance of alar cinch suture. Nevertheless, the authors believe that alar cinch suture was positive in limiting the nasal widening to the minimum and would consider routine application during bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III especially for female patients with a narrow nose who are susceptible to these changes.
Soft Tissue Thickness for Placement of an Orthodontic Miniscrew Using an Ultrasonic Device
Authors: Cha Bong-Kuen , Lee Yeon-Hee , Lee Nam-Ki , Choi Dong-Soon , Baek Seung-Hak
Published: November 2007

Objectives: To evaluate area- and gender-related differences in the soft tissue thickness of potential areas for installing miniscrews in the buccal-attached gingiva and the palatal masticatory mucosa.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 61 Korean young adults. An ultrasonic gingival-thickness meter was used to measure the soft-tissue thickness in the buccal-attached gingiva just adjacent to the mucogingival junction of the upper and lower arches and 4 mm and 8 mm below the gingival crest in the palatal masticatory mucosa. Independent t-test, paired t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Buccal-attached gingiva thickness in the upper arch was significantly greater in men than in women, but buccal-attached gingiva thickness in the lower arch and palatal masticatory mucosa thickness 4 and 8 mm below the gingival crest did not show gender differences. Significantly thicker soft tissue occurred in the anterior areas in the upper arch and in the posterior areas in the lower arch. In the palatal masticatory mucosa, significantly thicker soft tissue was found 4 mm below the gingival crest in the anterior areas and 8 mm below the gingival crest in the posterior areas. The areas between the canines and the premolars showed higher values than other areas 4 mm below the gingival crest. However, the soft-tissue thickness 8 mm below the gingival crest showed a progressive increase from the anterior to the posterior areas.

Conclusion: Measurements of the soft-tissue thickness using an ultrasonic device could help practitioners select the proper orthodontic miniscrew in daily clinical practice.
Effects of Restricted Calcium Intake on Bone and Maxillofacial Growth
Authors: Watanabe Koji , Imamura Hitoshi , Uchikanbori Shinsaku , Fujita Yuko , Maki Kenshi
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate the effects of a low calcium diet on maxillofacial development by evaluating Bone Mineral Content (BMC) in the lower alveolar bones, femurs, and tibias and by performing cephalometry on growing rats.

Materials and Methods: Thirty 5-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups; the control group (n = 10) was given standard diet for 6 weeks, the low calcium/standard diet group (n = 10) was given a calcium-restricted diet for the first 4 weeks, and then a standard diet for the following 2 weeks, and the low calcium diet group (n = 10) was given the calcium-restricted diet for 6 weeks. After the rats were euthanized, heads and legs were fixed and cephalometry was performed. Next, mandibles, femurs and tibias were digitally photographed and the BMC was evaluated using our newly developed software.

Results: The BMC was decreased in all of the bone samples from the two groups that received restricted calcium. In the low calcium/standard diet group, the BMC recovered the most in the tibias and least in the lower alveolar bones. Development of the mandibles in the anterior-posterior direction was accelerated, while that in the superior-inferior direction was inhibited in those rats.

Conclusion: The BMC reduction following calcium deficiency in the lower alveolar bone hardly recovers, so prevention is important. Development of the mandible in a superior-inferior direction is inhibited while that in an anterior-posterior direction is accelerated due to a calcium-restricted diet.
Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy
Authors: Pandya Shree , King Wendy M , Tawil Rabi
Published: November 2007

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common inherited muscular dystrophy after Duchenne dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. Over the last decade, major advances have occurred in the understanding of the genetics of this disorder. Despite these advances, the exact mechanisms that lead to atrophy and weakness secondary to the genetic defect are still not understood. The purposes of this article are to increase awareness of FSHD among clinicians; to provide an update regarding the genetics, clinical features, natural history, and current management of FSHD; and to discuss opportunities for research.
Synthesis and Performance of BaAl2O4 with a Wide Spectral Range of Optical Absorption
Authors: Zhang L.‐W. , Wang L. , Zhu Y.‐F.
Published: November 2007

Oxygen‐deficient BaAl2O4, with strong optical absorption in the spectra range from 200 to 2500 nm, was prepared by a simple and economic thermal treatment of BaAl2O4 in a H2 gas flow. Further studies found that a molar ratio of oxygen vacancies of about 0.4 % existed in the prepared oxygen‐deficient BaAl2O4 sample. The influence of oxygen vacancies on the electronic band structures and optical absorption of BaAl2O4 are elucidated via first principle calculations. Oxygen vacancies introduce impurity states above the valence band; these impurities expand and enhance the optical absorption of BaAl2O4. This approach is proposed to develop a new type of optical materials and to be applicable to many wide bandgap materials.
Gasreinigung
Authors: Schmidt E.
Published: November 2007

Ziel der Gasreinigung ist die Reduzierung von – in der Regel – Mehrphasenströmungen von unerwünschten Komponenten, die fest, flüssig oder gasförmig vorliegen. Je nach Aufgabenstellung werden hierfür die verschiedensten Verfahrenstechniken eingesetzt. Im Folgenden wird die Partikelabscheidung einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen, indem physikalische und technische Grundlagen der unterschiedlichen Abscheideverfahren, wie Massenkraftabscheider, Filternde Abscheider, Elektrische Abscheider und Nassarbeitende Abscheider, ausführlich beschrieben werden. Des Weiteren wird auf publizierte Entwicklungstendenzen in diesem interdisziplinären Fachgebiet eingegangen.
Membranfiltration zur Trennung grobdisperser und kolloiddisperser Stoffsysteme
Authors: Berndt R.
Published: November 2007

Membrantrennprozesse unter Verwendung von Mikro‐ und Ultrafiltrationsmembranen haben erhebliche Bedeutung für die Trennung grobdisperser Stoffsysteme (Suspensionen, Emulsionen) und kolloidaler Dispersionen erlangt. Mit ihrer Hilfe werden überwiegend Partikel im Größenbereich von 10 nm bis 10 μm abgetrennt. Damit stehen sie teilweise im Wettbewerb mit traditionellen Fest‐Flüssig‐Trennprozessen. Zu den Vorteilen der Membranfiltration gehören die zuverlässige Klärwirkung aufgrund der physischen Barrierefunktion der Membran und die Validierbarkeit der Membran‐Integrität. Besondere Bedeutung erlangen Membrantrennprozesse mit der zunehmenden Produktion und Verwendung von Nanopartikeln. Ausgereifte Anlagenkonzepte und gesunkene Membran‐ und Modulkosten erlauben die wirtschaftlich attraktive Anwendung der Membranfiltration beginnend im Labormaßstab und bis hin zu großen Prozessströmen im Bereich von mehr als 1000 m3/h Filtratdurchsatz. An ihre Grenzen stößt die Membranfiltration, wenn hohe Endkonzentrationen der dispersen Phase gefordert sind. Häufig führt dann die Kombination der Membranfiltration mit konventionellen mechanischen Trennprozessen zur wirtschaftlich optimalen Lösung.
Modell‐basierte Regelung von Membranfiltrationsprozessen
Authors: Busch J. , Marquardt W.
Published: November 2007

Membranfiltrationsprozesse sind in vielen Prozessindustrien wie etwa der Wasser‐ und Abwasser‐, der Lebensmittel‐ und der Chemieindustrie weit verbreit. Aufgrund der hohen Komplexität werden sie in der Regel mit einfachen Steuerungskonzepten betrieben. Damit können die vorhandenen Potenziale im Hinblick auf Effizienz und Stabilität jedoch nicht voll ausgeschöpft werden. In diesem Beitrag wird daher ein allgemeiner modell‐basierter Regler für Membranfiltrationsprozesse vorgestellt. Der Regler wird für den Einsatz in Membranbioreaktoren spezialisiert und erzielt im Pilotbetrieb deutliche Kosteneinsparungen.
Modellierung und Simulation der Emulsionstrennung in Hydrozyklonen durch die Kopplung von Strömungs‐ und Populationsgleichungen
Authors: Gorbach G. , Schütz S. , Piesche M. , Veit M. , Klein G.‐M. , Durst M.
Published: November 2007

Zur Trennung von Emulsionen im Zentrifugalfeld kommen neben Zentrifugen und Separatoren vermehrt Hydrozyklone zum Einsatz. Bei der Modellierung der Auftrennung von Emulsionen in Zentrifugalabscheidern muss der Einfluss der Tropfenwechselwirkungen auf die Trennung berücksichtigt werden. Dies geschieht in der vorliegenden Arbeit durch die gekoppelte Lösung von Populationsbilanzen und den strömungsmechanischen Grundgleichungen mit dem Simulationsprogramm Fluent™.
Flüssigkeitsmischungen als Suspensionsflüssigkeit – Wirkung auf die Filtrationsparameter
Authors: Neubauer S. , Peuker U. A.
Published: November 2007

Die Filtration von nicht‐ oder wenig kompressiblen Stoffsystemen ist in der Literatur hinreichend gut für die Auslegung technischer Prozesse in wässriger Suspensionsflüssigkeit beschrieben. Experimentelle Untersuchungen mit nicht‐wässrigen Suspensionsflüssigkeiten zeigen jedoch deutliche Abweichungen vom bekannten Filtrationsverhalten. In Abhängigkeit der Wahl der Suspensionsflüssigkeit für ein Partikelsystem variieren spezifischer Filtrationswiderstand und Porosität des Filterkuchens um bis zu einer Größenordung. Mischungen aus zwei Suspensionsflüssigkeiten zeigen über die Zusammensetzung keinen linearen Verlauf der beiden Prozessparameter spezifischer Filtrationswiderstand und Porosität.
Computersimulation von Filterkuchenstrukturen
Authors: Dueck J. , Djatschenko E. , Neesse T.
Published: November 2007

Die Discrete Element Methode (DEM) ist eine neue Möglichkeit, die Bildung von Filterkuchen auf der Grundlage von Computerexperimenten zu untersuchen, bei denen die Prozessbedingungen sehr gut nachgebildet werden können. In diesem Beitrag wird der Stand der numerischen Simulation der Filterkuchenstruktur für nicht haftende und haftende Teilchen zusammenfassend dargestellt.
Verringerung des Foulings in Membranbelebungsanlagen durch Zugabe von Filtrationshilfsmitteln
Authors: Iversen V. , Drews A. , Schaller J. , Lesjean B. , Kraume M.
Published: November 2007

Durch Zugabe von Filtrationshilfsmitteln kann die Filtrationsleistung von Membranbelebungsanlagen (MBRs) deutlich verbessert werden. Die Vielzahl der in der Literatur untersuchten Additive macht aber den Vergleich und die Auswahl eines passenden Zusatzstoffes schwierig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mehrere Substanzen verglichen und Hinweise auf Wirkmechanismen und Dosierung gegeben.
DGMT – Die Erfolgsgeschichte eines Verbandes
Authors: Zimmermann M.
Published: November 2007

Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Membrantechnik e.V. (DGMT) wurde 2001 gegründet. Sie fördert die Membrantechnik in Deutschland und Europa, indem sie sich als Forum zur Kommunikation und zum Informationsaustausch versteht und für die Erweiterung und Erschließung des Marktes für Membrantechnik in bestehenden und neuen Anwendungen einsetzt.
Filtrationsverfahren mit Membranen und ihre Modellierung
Authors: Ripperger S. , Grein T.
Published: November 2007

Membrantrennverfahren haben sich zu großtechnisch nutzbaren Grundverfahren entwickelt. Als Filtrationsverfahren werden sie in Form der Mikro‐ und Ultrafiltration in vielen Bereichen zur Aufarbeitung von flüssigen Gemischen mit kolloidalen Inhaltsstoffen und/oder Makromolekülen angewandt. Ziel dabei ist die Konzentrierung einer oder mehrerer Komponenten des flüssigen Gemisches und/oder die Gewinnung einer reinen Flüssigkeit. Im Bereich der Lebensmittelindustrie und Pharmazie wird oft eine Entkeimungs‐ oder sogar eine Sterilfiltration gefordert. Die Anwendungsbereiche der Mikro‐ und Ultrafiltration mit Membranen haben sich aufgrund gesunkener Membranpreise wesentlich ausgeweitet. Außerdem wurden neue Verfahrensweisen erprobt und großtechnisch eingeführt. In diesem Beitrag werden die heute bekannten Verfahrensweisen und Ansätze zu ihrer Modellierung behandelt.
Organization of anterior cingulate and frontal cortical projections to the retrosplenial cortex in the rat
Authors: Shibata Hideshi , Naito Jumpei
Published: November 2007

The retrosplenial cortex (areas 29a–d), which plays an important role in spatial memory and navigation, is known to provide massive projections to frontal association and motor cortices, which are also essential for spatial behavior. The reciprocal projections originating from these frontal cortices to areas 29a–d, however, have been analyzed to only a limited extent. Here, we report an analysis of the anatomical organization of projections from anterior cingulate area 24 and motor and prefrontal cortices to areas 29a–d in the rat, using the axonal transport of cholera toxin B subunit and biotinylated dextran amine. Area 29a receives projections from rostral area 24a, area 24b, the ventral orbital area, and the caudal secondary motor area. Rostral area 29b receives projections from caudal area 24a, whereas caudal area 29b receives projections from rostral area 24a. Area 29b also receives projections from area 24b and the ventral orbital area. Areas 29c and 29d receive projections from areas 24a and 24b and the secondary motor area in a topographic manner such that the rostrocaudal axis of areas 29c and 29d corresponds to the caudorostral axis of areas 24a and 24b and the secondary motor area. Rostral areas 29c and 29d also receive projections from the caudal primary motor area, and area 29d receives projections from the ventral, lateral, and medial orbital areas. These differential frontal cortical projections to each area of the retrosplenial cortex suggest that each area may contribute to different aspects of retrosplenial cortical function such as spatial memory and behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:30–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histogenetic compartments of the mouse centromedial and extended amygdala based on gene expression patterns during development
Authors: García‐López Margarita , Abellán Antonio , Legaz Isabel , Rubenstein John L.R. , Puelles Luis , Medina Loreta
Published: November 2007

The amygdala controls emotional and social behavior and regulates instinctive reflexes such as defense and reproduction by way of descending projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. The descending amygdalar projections are suggested to show a cortico‐striato‐pallidal organization similar to that of the basal ganglia (Swanson [2000] Brain Res 886:113–164). To test this model we investigated the embryological origin and molecular properties of the mouse centromedial and extended amygdalar subdivisions, which constitute major sources of descending projections. We analyzed the distribution of key regulatory genes that show restricted expression patterns within the subpallium (Dlx5, Nkx2.1, Lhx6, Lhx7/8, Lhx9, Shh, and Gbx1), as well as genes considered markers for specific subpallial neuronal subpopulations. Our results indicate that most of the centromedial and extended amygdala is formed by cells derived from multiple subpallial subdivisions. Contrary to a previous suggestion, only the central—but not the medial—amygdala derives from the lateral ganglionic eminence and has striatal‐like features. The medial amygdala and a large part of the extended amygdala (including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) consist of subdivisions or cell groups that derive from subpallial, pallial (ventral pallium), or extratelencephalic progenitor domains. The subpallial part includes derivatives from the medial ganglionic eminence, the anterior peduncular area, and possibly a novel subdivision, called here commissural preoptic area, located at the base of the septum and related to the anterior commissure. Our study provides a molecular and morphological foundation for understanding the complex embryonic origins and adult organization of the centromedial and extended amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:46–74, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Air Pollution Control by Non‐Thermal Plasma
Authors: Müller S. , Zahn R.‐J.
Published: November 2007

The following paper presents some applications of air pollution control. After a brief introduction into recently developed methods different reactor configurations on the basis of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are displayed. A preferred system for the treatment of soot comprises a reactor based on dielectric barrier discharge, which combines both plasma and filter techniques. The special DBD‐configuration consists of two electrodes. One is porous and gas‐permeable. The other reactor systems are a surface discharge DBD‐system, deflector arrangement and an ion extraction system. In a first application of these systems the elimination or reduction of odours in the process of fabricating French fries was tested. Examples for the decomposition of vegetable oil and the antimicrobial treatment of air. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deposition of Nanocomposites by Plasmas
Authors: Faupel F. , Zaporojtchenko V. , Greve H. , Schürmann U. , Chakravadhanula V. S. K. , Hanisch Ch. , Kulkarni A. , Gerber A. , Quandt E. , Podschun R.
Published: November 2007

Recently, there is much interest in nanocomposites consisting of metal nanoparticles dispersed in a dielectric matrix due to their novel functional properties offering hosts of new applications. Polymers are particularly attractive as matrix. Consequently, various approaches have been reported to incorporate metal nanoparticles into polymers. The present review is mainly concerned with the preparation of polymer‐based nanocomposites by co‐ and tandem sputtering of metallic and organic components and the resulting functional properties. Different from typical wet chemical approaches, this vapor phase deposition technique allows the preparation of composites which contain alloy clusters of well defined composition. Emphasis is placed on soft‐magnetic high frequency materials with cut‐off frequencies well above 1 GHz and optical composites with tuned plasmon resonances suitable for ultrathin color filters, Bragg reflectors, and other devices. In addition, antibacterial coatings are addressed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PlasmaLabel – a New Method to Disinfect Goods Inside a Closed Package Using Dielectric Barrier Discharges
Authors: Schwabedissen A. , Łaciński P. , Chen X. , Engemann J.
Published: November 2007

The PlasmaLabelTM technology marks a significant change in the traditional way to generate atmospheric pressure plasmas. The approach proposed relies on the local application of plasma generating labels supporting a surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). These labels are of a limited lifetime in the order of several 10 minutes and can be placed in airtight flexible as well as rigid packages containing goods to be disinfected or sterilized. Preferentially from dry or humid air entrapped in the airtight package, ozone is formed and acts on the packed goods as long as the DBD is operating. The ozone formation depends on the DBD‐electrode geometry, the gas atmosphere inside the package, and the power (amplitude, frequency, cw or pulsed) fed to the system and also to loss mechanisms like production of NOx . After switching‐off the power ozone decomposes again to oxygen. This means that upon opening the packages after a suitable time, no harmful ozone is being released. Applications in different fields are possible, e.g. fresh food conservation, disinfection of packaged cosmetics, and sterilization of pharmaceutical and medical goods. This paper addresses basic scientific and technological issues and reports some first results obtained. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
BS7750 and the EU eco‐management and audit regulation
Authors: Gilbert Mike
Published: November 2007

This article gives a thorough review of the EU eco‐management and audit scheme (EMAS), particularly the role that environmental management systems play in the scheme. The links between EMAS and the British Standard BS7750 are explored as are the differences and similarities between the two schemes. It is argued that the implementation of BS7750 provides a stepping stone towards full participation in the EMAS scheme. Hence the two schemes are complementary. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental auditing: An integral component of environmental management
Authors: Wright Denise
Published: November 2007

Environmental auditing is a technique used to evaluate an organisation's environmental performance against specified objectives. The practice is gaining wider acceptance and application, particularly following the introduction of BS7750 Specification for Environmental Management Systems and the EU eco‐management and audit scheme (EMAS). Auditing should form an integral component of environmental management systems and should not be viewed as a separate or alternative exercise. The objective of this paper is to summarise some of the gaps encountered in environmental management systems which prevent the optimisation of the audit process. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Land contamination at industrial sites –A risk model
Authors: Warrick Linda , Sanders Brenda
Published: November 2007

The paper focuses upon work undertaken at a number of manufacturing sites within the UK. An environmental risk assessment technique has been developed to allow quick and effective actions to be made in order to reduce liabilities and pollution incidents. Recent papers investigating the historic and current causes of contaminated land have paid little attention to proactive risk reduction and preventative measures. The model takes account of current facilities, site management and environmental awareness within industrial sites, to ensure that future risks are reduced. The risk criteria have been identified in terms of the physical aspects of the site, and the site's management and facilities in terms of hazard control. Each risk criterion is given a ranking that allows site specific and process specific information to be included. Pre‐determined risk criteria are used to prioritize sites for remedial action. The model outlined is a prioritizing tool that allows areas that may require increased management to be identified. It has been developed on a number of industrial sites, and is subject to on‐going revision and refinement. In the development of the model it has been evident that a proactive approach to environmental management increases awareness to problems and can rapidly yield benefits in terms of potential contamination, waste minimization and environmental liability. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A commentary on Robert Gale's article on the CSA environmental auditing guideline, Z751
Authors: Knight Alan , Billing Randy
Published: November 2007

This paper was written in response to a previous article written by Robert Gale and published in Eco‐Management and Auditing. This paper argues that Gale misunderstood the Canadian environmental auditing guideline Z751, due to his interests in calling for a prescriptive environmental management systems (EMS) specification (i.e. a detailed model for the development of audit criteria). It also argues that the conclusion –that since Z751 is not an EMS specification it will not be used –is unsubstantiated. The analysis is based on a misunderstanding of the intent of Z751 and the role it plays. This article aims to consider Z751 within its specified framework: that of an environmental auditing tool which should be accompanied by other management tools. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Practical management of industrial water systems
Authors: Randall Geoff
Published: November 2007

This article considers some of the implications of the present situation for the practical management of industrial water systems and illustrates ways in which improvements can be made. There are three key, interrelated issues; quality, cost and disposal. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Polyamide/Polystyrene Blend Compatibilisation by Montmorillonite Nanoclay and its Effect on Macroporosity of Gas Diffusion Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Deyrail Y. , Mighri F. , Bousmina M. , Kaliaguine S.
Published: November 2007

This work deals with a new route to modify polymer blend morphology in order to improve the porosity of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). First, electrically conductive polymer‐based blends were carefully formulated using a twin‐screw extrusion process. Blend electrical conductivity was ensured by the addition of high specific surface area carbon black and synthetic graphite flakes. Final GDL porosity, in particular its macroporosity, was generated by melt blending polyamide 11 (PA11) matrix with polystyrene (PS) followed by PS extraction with tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent at room temperature. In order to improve GDL porosity by the optimisation of PS dispersion in the PA11 matrix, PA11/PS blends were compatibilised by the addition of 2 wt.‐% of clay. It was observed that both macroporosity and pore size distribution were beneficially modified after blend compatibilisation. Final GDL conductivity of about 1.25 S cm–1, a porosity of 53% and a specific pore surface area of 75 m2 g–1 were achieved.
Book reviews
Authors: Skowronek Russell K.
Published: November 2007

The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology. Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry (Editors), 2006, Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, xvi + 404 pp., $80 (hardcover), $34.99 (paper).
Book reviews
Authors: Stafford C. Russell
Published: November 2007

Modeling Archaeological Site Burial in Southern Michigan: A Geoarchaeological Synthesis. G. William Monaghan and William A. Lovis, 2006, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Michigan, xii 268 pp., CD, $35.95 (softcover).
Demand for medical care in the urban areas of Iran: an empirical investigation
Authors: Kermani Majid S. , Ghaderi Hossein , Yousefi Ayoub
Published: November 2007

This paper adapts a multinomial logit model to obtain the parameter estimates of demand with multiple choices for medical care services in the urban areas of Iran. The objective is to verify the effectiveness of the cost recovery policy by the Medical Services Insurance Organization of Iran. The results suggest that an out‐of‐pocket fee increase will not be conducive to the cost recovery and any increase in price would have a serious negative impact on the likelihood of healthcare utilization. Income appears to have a significant positive effect on the decision to seek medical care and the choice of facilities. Patients from wealthy families seem to seek more health care and prefer private facilities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longevity bias in cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Liu Liqun , Rettenmaier Andrew J. , Saving Thomas R.
Published: November 2007

We use a simple lifetime utility maximization model to study the problem of medical resource allocation. This model leads to a welfare specification with a QALY (quality‐adjusted life‐year) component that captures an individual's preferences over both life expectancy and health status. The goal of medical cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) is characterized as maximizing the QALY measure for a given total medical expenditure. We show that the CEA with such a goal has a longevity bias: the CEA‐based division of a given total medical expenditure between extending life and improving health gives the former a larger share than is called for by welfare maximization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxystress inducing antitumor therapeutics via tumor‐targeted delivery of PEG‐conjugated D‐amino acid oxidase
Authors: Fang Jun , Deng Dawei , Nakamura Hideaki , Akuta Teruo , Qin Haibo , Iyer Arun K. , Greish Khaled , Maeda Hiroshi
Published: November 2007

We had developed a H2O2 generating enzyme, polyethylene glycol conjugated D‐amino acid oxidase (PEG‐DAO), which exhibited potent antitumor activity by generating toxic reactive oxygen species, namely oxidation therapy, subsequently showed remarkable antitumor effect on murine Sarcoma 180 solid tumor, by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Along this line, we report here the preparation of PEG‐DAO by use of recombinant DAO and its antitumor activity by using various tumor cell lines and tumor models. Recombinant DAO (rDAO) was obtained from E. coli BL21 (DE3) carrying the porcine DAO expression vector with high yield (20 mg/l) and high enzyme activity (5.3 U/mg). Pegylated rDAO (PEG‐rDAO) showed high stability against sonication, repeated freezing/thawing, lyophilization and exhibited superior in vivo pharmacokinetics. PEG‐rDAO had a molecular size of 65 kDa and existed as nanoparticles in aqueous solution with mean particle diameter of 119 nm. Invitro experiments showed strong cytotoxicity of PEG‐rDAO against various tumor cells, whereas less cytotoxicity was found against various normal cells. In vivo antitumor treatment was carried out using 2 mice tumor models, namely colon 38 tumor and Meth A tumor model. PEG‐rDAO was administered i.v. and after an adequate lag time, D‐proline (the substrate of DAO) was injected i.p. to the tumor‐bearing mice. Consequently, preferential generation of H2O2 in the tumor was successfully achieved, which resulted in remarkable suppression of tumor growth without any visible side effects. These findings suggest a potential of PEG‐rDAO as a novel anticancer strategy toward clinical development. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis as predictors for high‐risk phenotype in familial Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: McMaster Mary L. , Csako Gyorgy
Published: November 2007

Protein electrophoresis is used for the detection, evaluation and follow‐up of monoclonal gammopathy (MG) conditions such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is currently the most common method for isotyping of monoclonal gammopathy because of its superior sensitivity relative to immunoelectrophoresis (IEP). We designed a study to evaluate the clinicobiological relevance of small monoclonal bands detected by serum protein electrophoresis, IEP, and IFE. Serum protein electrophoresis, IEP, and IFE were used to evaluate possible monoclonal gammopathy in 46 members (29 relatives and 17 nonbloodline spouses) from 3 families with multiple cases of WM. IFE identified small monoclonal bands initially missed by IEP in 5 individuals (2 blood relatives, 3 spouses) among 46 study participants. All bands were IgM type. Twenty‐three individuals, including the 2 blood relatives and 2 of 3 spouses with monoclonal gammopathy, were then followed for a median of 17 years (range, 13–25). The monoclonal gammopathy progressed in the 2 relatives but disappeared in the spouses, and new IgM MG developed in 2 additional relatives with a prior history of IgM polyclonal gammopathy. Small monoclonal bands detected by IFE in a familial context may be biologically meaningful, both as phenotypic biomarkers and possibly as predictors of high risk for WM. Polyclonal IgM may also be a marker of genetic susceptibility in WM families. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of transcription factors Sp1 and YY1 in proximal promoter region in initiation of transcription of the mu opioid receptor gene in human lymphocytes
Authors: Li Hui , Liu Han , Wang Zimei , Liu Xinhua , Guo Liyuan , Huang Lijun , Gao Libo , McNutt Michael A. , Li Gang
Published: November 2007

Although previous studies have shown that the mechanism of the lymphocyte mu opioid receptor (MOR) gene expression was distinctly different from that in the central nervous system, and is involved in several disparate aspects of the immune response, its precise molecular mechanism is still undefined. In this study, we analyzed the proximal promoter region of the MOR gene in lymphocytes to identify the influences of potential trans‐acting factors in activating the initiation of the expression of the MOR gene in lymphocytes. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that two transcription factors, Sp1 and YY1, were able to bind the promoter region. Using sequence overlapping probes and mutation assays, we determined that the CCC sequence of Sp1 and the GGC sequence of YY1 binding elements were core sequences, and replacement of these sequences lead to substantial loss of promoter activity. Stimulation with morphine was capable of up‐regulating the intracellular level of Sp1 and YY1 proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the blockage of naloxone is achieved through down‐regulation of transcription factor YY1. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation and transfection assays confirmed that the functional interaction of Sp1 and YY1 transcription factors was a crucial step in the initiation of expression of the MOR in lymphocytes. Thus, we conclude that the cooperative interaction of Sp1 and YY1 transcription factors is the critical event triggering the initiation of transcription of the MOR gene in lymphocytes, and this finding will be helpful to understand the pharmacological effect of morphine on lymphocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 237–250, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐modulation of erbB2 activity is necessary but not enough in the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Authors: Pagano Eleonora , Coso Omar , Calvo Juan Carlos
Published: November 2007

The high incidence of obesity‐related pathologies, led to the study of the mechanisms involved in preadipose cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that modulation of erbB2, plays a fundamental role during proliferation and adipogenic induction of preadipocytes. Using 3T3‐L1 cells as model, we demonstrate that EGF (10 nM, 5 min) in addition to stimulate receptor tyrosine phosphorylation of both erbB2 and EGFR, is able to induce the heterodimer erbB2‐EGFR. We treated proliferating 3T3‐L1 cells with two inhibitors, AG 825 (IC50 0.35 µM, 54 times more selective for erbB2 than for EGFR, IC50 19 µM), and AG 879 (IC50 of 1 µM for erbB2 versus 500 µM for EGFR). We found that both inhibited the proliferation on a dose‐dependent basis, reaching a 30% maximal inhibition at 100 µM (P < 0.001) for AG825, and a 20% maximal inhibition at 10 µM (P < 0.001) for AG 879. These results involve erbB2 in 3T3‐L1 proliferation. When studying the differentiation process, we found that the action of MIX–Dexa immediately activates MEK, JNK and p38 kinases. We observed that PD98059 and SP600125 (MEK–ERK and JNK inhibitors, respectively) added 1 h prior to the MIX–Dexa induction produced a decrease in erbB2 expression after 6 h, which is even greater than the one produced by the inducers, MIX–Dexa. This work supports erbB2 as a key factor in 3T3‐L1 adipogenesis, acting mostly and not only during the proliferative phase but also during the differentiation through modulation of both its expression and activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 274–285, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
F413C and A531V but not R894X myotonia congenita mutations cause defective endoplasmic reticulum export of the muscle‐specific chloride channel CLC‐1
Authors: Papponen Hinni , Nissinen Marja , Kaisto Tuula , Myllylä Vilho V. , Myllylä Raili , Metsikkö Kalervo
Published: November 2007

In northern Finland myotonia congenita is caused by three main mutations in the ClC‐1 chloride channel. We studied the molecular basis of these mutations (1238T>G/F413C, 1592C>T/A531V, and 2680C>T/R894X). The mutated cDNAs were expressed either in L6 myotubes or in isolated rat myofibers using recombinant Semliki Forest virus. Experiments in L6 cells indicated that A531V and R894X proteins suffered from stability problems in these cells. Analysis in myofibers indicated that the A531V protein was totally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas the export of the F413C protein was severely reduced. The C‐terminal nonsense mutant (R894X), however, was normally transported to the Golgi elements in the myofibers. Defective export or reduced stability of the mutated proteins may thus be reasons for the myotonic symptoms. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Adolescents' music preferences and personality characteristics
Authors: Delsing Marc J. M. H. , ter Bogt Tom F. M. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Meeus Wim H. J.
Published: November 2007

The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents' music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big‐Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music‐preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music‐preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty‐four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow‐up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3‐year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3‐year interval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.