bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current guidelines for nutrition therapy in cancer: The arrival of a long journey or the starting point?
Authors: Laviano Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Large epidemiological data reveal that cancer is progressively becoming a chronic and disabling disease. Implementation in daily practice of early therapies aiming at addressing patients’ needs is imperative. Nutrition is a major determinant of patients’ quality of life, yet it is frequently neglected. Hopefully, reverting this skeptical clinical approach to nutrition, clinical practice guidelines of nutrition care in patients with cancer have been developed and published by international oncology and nutrition societies. By analyzing the more recent guidelines, it appears that a number of issues may contribute to their insufficient implementation in daily practice. Among them are heterogeneity of recommendations across different guidelines and insufficient robustness of evidence, as well as questionable generalization of recommendations. Future guidelines should aim at providing tumor‐specific recommendations for the whole clinical journey of patients with cancer. Also, new, interesting areas should be covered, including fasting metabolism and circadian rhythmicity.
Registry‐based randomized clinical trials in surgery: Working with ACS‐NSQIP and the AHPBA to conduct pragmatic trials
Authors: Ecker Brett L. , Brajcich Brian C. , Ellis Ryan J. , Ko Clifford Y. , D'Angelica Michael I.
Published: December 2021

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) represent the gold standard for evidence in clinical medicine because of their ability to account for the effects of unmeasured confounders and selection bias by indication. However, their complexity and immense costs limit their application, and thus the availability of high‐quality data to guide clinical care. Registry‐based RCTs are a type of pragmatic trial that leverages existing registries as a platform for data collection, providing a low‐cost alternative for randomized studies. Herein, we describe the tenets of registry RCTs and the development of the first AHPBA/ACS‐NSQIP‐based registry trial.
The wow effect and behavioral intentions of tourists to astrotourism experiences: Mediating effects of satisfaction
Authors: Rodrigues Áurea , Loureiro Sandra Maria Correia , Prayag Girish
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of awe on tourist behavioral intentions for astrotourism destinations. Awe is theorized as a multi‐dimensional concept with both cognitive and affective elements. A behavioral model depicting the relationships among awe, tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions is proposed and examined among 304 tourists to the Dark Sky Party Alqueva in Portugal. Using partial‐least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM), the results indicate that awe directly affects tourist satisfaction and indirectly affects behavioral intentions when mediated by tourist satisfaction. Theoretical and managerial implications are presented.
Conversion between Arbitrary Amplitude, Phase, and Polarization with Minimal Degrees of Freedom of Metasurface
Authors: Bao Yanjun , Weng Qiang , Li Baojun
Published: December 2021

Metasurfaces are ultrathin optical elements that can manipulate the light at subwavelength scale. The light input on the metasurface can be converted into output with abrupt changes of amplitude, phase, and polarization (APP) properties. However, a simultaneous and arbitrary conversion of all the three optical properties is not yet realized. In this paper, a Jones matrix with minimal number of four degrees of freedom that enables the conversion between two optical states with arbitrary APP distributions is proposed. The Jones matrix is constructed with a dielectric metasurface and is experimentally verified for various conversions of the three optical properties. This work unlocks some unknown powerful abilities of metasurface even with the minimal design degree of freedom, which can expand the scope of meta optics.
Experimental Demonstration of Genetic Algorithm Based Metalens Design for Generating Side‐Lobe‐Suppressed, Large Depth‐of‐Focus Light Sheet
Authors: Fan Yulong , Chen Mu Ku , Qiu Meng , Lin Ren‐Jie , Xu Yunkun , Wen Jing , Tang Tianchen , Liu Xiaoyuan , Jin Wei , Tsai Din Ping , Lei Dangyuan
Published: December 2021

Light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), sectioning biological samples by illuminating a thin slice of fluorescently labelled live cells or tissues typically with a Bessel beam, requires dithering the beam to form a two‐dimensional (2D) light sheet. It usually suffers from severe phototoxicity and low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) mainly caused by the side‐lobe illumination generating unfavorable bio‐fluorescence from the adjacent tissues. Here, the first proof‐of‐concept experimental implementation of genetic algorithm (GA) generated metalens is provided to address the above challenges. It is shown that a dithering‐free 2D light sheet produced by a GaN‐based metalens with GA‐generated prism‐like yet non‐analytical phase profile, can significantly suppress the side‐lobe intensity of the resultant light sheet down to 7.3% of the main lobe intensity and also extends its depth of focus up to 4 mm, surpassing the latest results reported in the literature. When applied under two‐photon excitation, the light sheet exhibits an enhanced axial resolution and SNR. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying artificial intelligence generated metalens in addressing some special issues encountered by conventional analytical design approaches, and the metalens device produced here could find an important role in fast‐LSFM‐based large‐scale bioimaging applications without mechanical dithering.
For you were hungry and I gave you food: The prevalence and treatment of malnutrition in patients with acute hip fracture
Authors: Morrison Chet A. , Morrison Maya M.
Published: December 2021

Hip fractures are a common clinical problem with substantial morbidity and difficult recovery. Preexisting malnutrition has been shown to be common in those patients and a substantial risk factor for poorer outcomes, increased length of stay, and mortality. Additionally, great variability exists in reported malnutrition prevalence rates owing to the variety of nutrition screening and assessment tools utilized globally to identify malnutrition in these patients. Although previous data and a recent Cochrane review have not proven the value of nutrition supplements, we highlight several articles that show an opportunity for improvement in the nutrition care of patients sustaining hip fractures along with a multicenter randomized trial demonstrating the value of carefully designed nutrition intervention. There is also evidence that malnourished patients with hip fracture are still being undertreated. Current guidelines are reviewed, and continued efforts on the part of the clinicians to follow the guidelines as well as lowering the barriers to high‐quality nutrition research is discussed.
A telephone support program for patients with home enteral nutrition contributes to nutrition status and quality of life maintenance and reduces health resource use
Authors: Cantón Blanco Ana , López Osorio Nuria , Gómez Vázquez Eva , Cao Sánchez Maria Pilar , Ferreiro Fariña Soraya , González Rodriguez María , Blanco Naveira Mercedes , Lizán Tudela Luis , Martínez Olmos Miguel Ángel
Published: December 2021

Background

Appropriate patient/caregiver training and continuity of care after hospital discharge are key factors for the success of home enteral nutrition (HEN). This study aims to assess the effects of a specific patient support program (PSP) on the nutrition status, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), and healthcare resource utilization and associated costs of patients with HEN.

Methods

Observational study of adult patients with HEN enrolled in a PSP. Sociodemographic variables (baseline), HRQoL (NutriQoL) and nutrition status (Mini Nutritional Assessment [MNA]) (baseline, 6 months after PSP enrollment), and use of unplanned HEN‐related healthcare resources (6 months prior to or after PSP enrollment) were recorded. HEN‐related resource cost was estimated from total resources used (all patients) and each resource cost. Data were analyzed with Stata program (v. 14), considering P < 0.05 as significant.

Results

Forty‐three patients were included in the study (mean age, 72 years [SD = 21]; 54% women; mean HEN duration, 4 years [SD = 5]). A total of 401 calls were recorded in the PSP, 7% made proactively by the patient. HRQoL and nutrition status remained stable during the study period (NutriQoL baseline, 64; 6‐months, 66; P = 0.3737; MNA baseline, 10; 6‐months, 10; P = 0.0675). Unplanned resources amounted to €6229 (US $5563) and €4711 (US $4207) before and after PSP enrollment, respectively. Cost savings, representing €1518 (US $1356), were related to fewer emergency visits.

Conclusions

Health advice provided through a PSP and close patient monitoring in the hospital can help to maintain patients’ nutrition status and HRQoL and to reduce the use of certain unplanned HEN‐related resources, leading to cost savings.
Omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins as potential markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults
Authors: Jurado‐Fasoli Lucas , Di Xinyu , Kohler Isabelle , Osuna‐Prieto Francisco J. , Hankemeier Thomas , Krekels Elke , Harms Amy C. , Yang Wei , Garcia‐Lario Jose V. , Fernández‐Veledo Sonia , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Rensen Patrick C. N. , Martinez‐Tellez Borja
Published: December 2021

Objective

Omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins are known to play a role in inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in preclinical models. The associations between plasma levels of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid–derived oxylipins and body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults were assessed.

Methods

Body composition, brown adipose tissue, traditional serum cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory markers, and a panel of 83 oxylipins were analyzed in 133 young adults (age 22.1[SD 2.2] years, 67% women).

Results

Plasma levels of four omega‐6 oxylipins (15‐HeTrE, 5‐HETE, 14,15‐EpETrE, and the oxidative stress–derived 8,12‐iso‐iPF2α‐VI) correlated positively with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid parameters. By contrast, the plasma levels of three omega‐3 oxylipins (14,15‐DiHETE, 17,18‐DiHETE, and 19,20‐DiHDPA) were negatively correlated with adiposity, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver index, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and lipid parameters. The panel of seven oxylipins predicted adiposity better than traditional inflammatory markers such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. Pathway analyses revealed that individuals with obesity had higher plasma levels of omega‐6 and lower plasma levels of omega‐3 oxylipins than normal‐weight individuals.

Conclusion

Plasma levels of seven omega‐6 and omega‐3 oxylipins may have utility as early markers of cardiometabolic risk in young adults.
EHMT1 promotes tumor progression and maintains stemness by regulating ALDH1A1 expression in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Nachiyappan Alamelu , Soon Joshua Ling Jun , Lim Huey Jin , Lee Victor KM , Taneja Reshma
Published: December 2021

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer with poor prognosis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are seeds for tumor relapse and metastasis. However, pathways that maintain stemness genes are not fully understood. Here, we report that the enzyme euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) is expressed in primary and relapse ARMS tumors. EHMT1 suppression impaired motility and induced differentiation in ARMS cell lines and reduced tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. RNA sequencing of EHMT1‐depleted cells revealed downregulation of ALDH1A1 that is associated with CSCs. Consistent with this, inhibition of ALDH1A1 expression and activity mimicked EHMT1 depletion phenotypes and reduced tumorsphere formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that EHMT1 does not bind to the ALDH1A1 promoter but activates it by stabilizing C/EBPβ, a known regulator of ALDH1A1 expression. Our findings identify a role for EHMT1 in maintenance of stemness by regulating ALDH1A1 expression and suggest that targeting ALDH+ cells is a promising strategy in ARMS. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creative arts therapy in the United States school system: An integrative systematic review of empirically evaluated interventions from the past decade
Authors: Frydman Jason S. , Hyman Sarah , Caputo Sydney
Published: December 2021

Recently there has been an expansion of the literature on creative arts therapy (CAT) interventions in the United States (U.S.) school system. However, findings across studies in the field have yet to be systematically investigated on a national level. The present review is an integrative systematic review of empirically evaluated CAT intervention studies in U.S. schools from the past decade. This synthesis seeks to advance CATs in schools' evidence base and increase research and practice throughout the U.S. Three online databases were searched alongside a manual review of relevant journals. Inclusion criteria required studies to feature a CAT modality, implementation in a U.S. K‐12 school during the school day, and an empirical methodology. The systematic search yielded a total qualifying sample of six studies. General findings indicated that across studies, targeted improvement in psychosocial and behavioral domains was achieved, suggesting that CATs hold major promise due to their ecological responsiveness and versatility. Although the current scope of empirically evaluated CAT interventions in U.S. schools is minimal, findings suggest encouraging avenues for formulating a useful research trajectory and advancing practice. Further research recommendations for the promotion of CATs in schools are provided and situated within the school mental health literature.
Seeing the green cucumber: Reflections on variation theory and teaching plant identification
Authors: Sanders Dawn , Eriksen Bente , Gunnarsson Catherine MacHale , Emanuelsson Jonas
Published: December 2021

Societal Impact Statement

Overcoming ‘plant blindness’ is a critical goal for society and especially for education. In this article, we suggest variation theory can be a useful approach to plant identification training and evaluation in higher education contexts. We discuss an example from Swedish higher education in which we reflect on our teaching. We propose that the conscious use of variation theory may be useful in developing pedagogical tools and processes in the teaching of plant identification.

Given the importance of the ecological functions of plants and current extinction rates, overcoming ‘plant blindness’, the inability to notice plants in our environment, is a critical goal for society as a whole, and for education in particular.

In response to this social challenge, we suggest that a theoretical approach to learning can be a useful lens through which plant identification training and evaluation in higher education contexts can be understood on a deeper level, informed by theoretical tools from the learning sciences.

In this article, we discuss an example from Swedish higher education in which we reflect upon our teaching using the principles of the variation theory of learning, which emphasises the ability to discern different features or aspects of what is being learned.

We also propose that a deliberate use of learning theories, especially variation theory, may be useful in developing pedagogical tools and processes in botanical education.
Lignans dramatically enhance the resistance of Fraxinus velutina Torr. by adjusting the dominant bacterium group of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Feng Runxia , Fu Xiaohong , Zhao Jie , Zhang Sufang , Wang Jianjun , Wang Xiaoyi , Wei Jianrong
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.) is an important wood and ornamental tree species. Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is a major wood borer of velvet ash. The aim of this study was to identify the secondary metabolites of velvet ash involved in regulating the dominant bacterium group of EAB.

RESULTS

The amount of lignans in the phloem of infested trees had increased by 290.96% because of A. planipennis infection. The addition of lignans to the artificial diet significantly reduced the weight of the larvae and decreased the dominant bacterial group in the larval midgut, such as Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. The FvPLR1, a key gene for lignan synthesis, was obtained based on the phloem transcriptome of velvet ash. The expression of FvPLR1 in the phloem of the infested tree was significantly higher than that in the noninfested tree. Meanwhile, FvPLR1 silenced by virus‐induced gene silencing showed that its expression level and the lignan content were decreased by 69.91% and 31.65%, respectively. Interestingly, silencing FvPLR1 induced alterations in the dominant bacteria group in the larvae, with the reverse trend in the lignan‐fed treatment.

CONCLUSION

The evidence showed that FvPLR1 was a positive regulator. The increasing synthesis of lignans leads to resistance improvement in velvet ash, which will provide comprehensive insights into the tree defense system to wood borer infestation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensitivity of Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. incognita to fluorinated nematicides
Authors: Watson Tristan T
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback) was recently introduced into Louisiana on contaminated sweetpotato planting material. Given the known variation in sensitivity to nematicides within the genus Meloidogyne, there is question as to whether fluorinated nematicides will be as efficacious toward M. enterolobii as they are with M. incognita (Chitwood). Using a series of in vitro and growth cabinet experiments, this study compared the sensitivity of M. enterolobii and M. incognita to four synthetic non‐fumigant nematicides (fluopyram, fluensulfone, fluazaindolizine, and oxamyl).

RESULTS

Meloidogyne enterolobii had lower sensitivity to nematicides than M. incognita in the majority of the in vitro exposure assays. Similar levels of reduction in root infectivity were observed after nematicide exposure among both nematode species. Fluopyram showed high hatching inhibition for both Meloidogyne species at low concentrations [median effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.273 to 0.018 mg L−1], whereas fluensulfone showed high root penetration inhibition at low concentrations (EC50 values of 0.151 to 0.065 mg L−1) relative to that of other evaluated nematicides. For both Meloidogyne species, each of the four non‐fumigant nematicides reduced root galling (58–96% reduction for M. enterolobii, 71–100% reduction for M. incognita) and egg production (63–99% reduction for M. enterolobii, 58–96% reduction for M. incognita) on sweetpotato when applied at the label recommended rate.

CONCLUSION

Fluorinated nematicides and oxamyl show capacity to suppress M. enterolobii on sweetpotato. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Baroclinic instability and large‐scale wave propagation in a planetary‐scale atmosphere
Authors: Moon Woosok , Manucharyan Georgy E. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: December 2021

Midlatitude atmospheric variability is dominated by the dynamics of the baroclinically unstable jet stream, which meanders and sheds eddies at the scale of the Rossby deformation radius. The eddies interact with each other and with the jet, affecting the variability on a wide range of scales, but the mechanisms of planetary‐scale fluctuations of the jet are not well understood. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to explore the stability of planetary‐scale motions in an idealized two‐layer model of the atmosphere. The model is based on a combination of vertical shear and the Sverdrup relation, providing the dynamic link between the two layers, with meridional eddy heat fluxes parameterized as a diffusive process with the memory of past baroclinicity of the jet. We find that a planetary‐scale instability exists if the vertical shear of the jet does not exceed a particular threshold. The inclusion of the eddy‐memory effect enables westward or eastward propagation of planetary waves relative to the barotropic mean flow. Importantly, we find growing planetary waves that propagate slowly westward or are stationary, which could have important implications for the formation of atmospheric blocking events. Our theoretical results suggest that, with ongoing polar amplification due to global warming and the corresponding reduction of the vertical shear of the mean wind, the background conditions for the growth of planetary‐scale waves via planetary‐scale baroclinic instability are becoming more favorable.
Adaptive resilient control design for nonlinear time‐delay systems against unknown state‐dependent deception attacks
Authors: Song Shuai , Zhang Baoyong , Park Ju H. , Song Xiaona
Published: December 2021

This article investigates the adaptive resilient control problem for a class of nonlinear time‐delay systems (TDSs) with unknown state‐dependent deception attacks. For the purpose of overcoming the issue of “explosion of complexity” existing in the traditional backstepping control design and improving filter performance, an improved fractional‐order command filtered backstepping technique is adopted to obtain the filtered signals of the virtual control laws. Furthermore, the corresponding auxiliary system and attack compensator are constructed to compensate the effects of input delay and unknown sensor deception attacks. Stability results prove that all the signals in the closed‐loop systems are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) by using the proposed adaptive resilient controller. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the developed control method.
State observation in microbial consortia: A case study on a synthetic producer‐cleaner consortium
Authors: dos Reis de Souza Alex , Efimov Denis , Polyakov Andrey , Gouzé Jean‐Luc , Cinquemani Eugenio
Published: December 2021

In this article, the problem of state estimation of a microbial consortium is discussed. This microbial consortium is composed of two strains, called producer and cleaner, in continuous culture. The producer strain grows by consuming glucose, while the cleaner grows by consuming the acetate excreted by the producer and toxifies the environment. Considering two available measurements, the total biomass and a fluorescent reporter, an observability analysis is cast and state estimators are proposed for each state component of this system. Although the system is shown to be detectable using solely the total biomass as measurement, the advantage of measuring the fluorescent reporter on the observer design is highlighted. A numerical experiment illustrates the methodology.
Highly optimized Q‐learning‐based bees approach for mobile robot path planning in static and dynamic environments
Authors: Bonny Talal , Kashkash Mariam
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a new novel approach to find an optimal path for a mobile robot in a two‐dimensional environment. Finding the optimal path is done using the Bees Algorithm (BA) with the Q‐Learning Algorithm. A new method to build the initial population is proposed to find the initial population regardless of the number and location of obstacles in the environment. Q‐Learning is implemented as a local search function of the BA. The hybridization of the BA and the Q‐Learning aims to find the optimal path with a fewer number of iterations of the BA. This method takes advantage of the BA to solve the problem without constraints and the sterilization in the Q‐Learning to find the shortest path. The experiment is run on some different maps to validate the proposed method in the static and dynamic case. The experimental results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method in finding the optimal path. The comparison is executed to view the superiority of this method in finding the shortest path in the comparison of the results of other algorithms.
A puzzle of proportions: Two popular Bayesian tests can yield dramatically different conclusions
Authors: Dablander Fabian , Huth Karoline , Gronau Quentin F. , Etz Alexander , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan
Published: December 2021

Testing the equality of two proportions is a common procedure in science, especially in medicine and public health. In these domains, it is crucial to be able to quantify evidence for the absence of a treatment effect. Bayesian hypothesis testing by means of the Bayes factor provides one avenue to do so, requiring the specification of prior distributions for parameters. The most popular analysis approach views the comparison of proportions from a contingency table perspective, assigning prior distributions directly to the two proportions. Another, less popular approach views the problem from a logistic regression perspective, assigning prior distributions to logit‐transformed parameters. Reanalyzing 39 null results from theNew England Journal of Medicinewith both approaches, we find that they can lead to markedly different conclusions, especially when the observed proportions are at the extremes (ie, very low or very high). We explain these stark differences and provide recommendations for researchers interested in testing the equality of two proportions and users of Bayes factors more generally. The test that assigns prior distributions to logit‐transformed parameters creates prior dependence between the two proportions and yields weaker evidence when the observations are at the extremes. When comparing two proportions, we argue that this test should become the new default.
A Safe, Fibrosis‐Mitigating, and Scalable Encapsulation Device Supports Long‐Term Function of Insulin‐Producing Cells
Authors: Liu Wanjun , Flanders James A. , Wang Long‐Hai , Liu Qingsheng , Bowers Daniel T. , Wang Kai , Chiu Alan , Wang Xi , Ernst Alexander U. , Shariati Kaavian , Caserto Julia S. , Parker Benjamin , Gao Daqian , Plesser Mitchell D. , Grunnet Lars G. , Rescan Claude , Pimentel Carletto Rodrigo , Winkel Louise , Melero‐Martin Juan M. , Ma Minglin
Published: December 2021

Encapsulation and transplantation of insulin‐producing cells offer a promising curative treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D) without immunosuppression. However, biomaterials used to encapsulate cells often elicit foreign body responses, leading to cellular overgrowth and deposition of fibrotic tissue, which in turn diminishes mass transfer to and from transplanted cells. Meanwhile, the encapsulation device must be safe, scalable, and ideally retrievable to meet clinical requirements. Here, a durable and safe nanofibrous device coated with a thin and uniform, fibrosis‐mitigating, zwitterionically modified alginate hydrogel for encapsulation of islets and stem cell‐derived beta (SC‐β) cells is reported. The device with a configuration that has cells encapsulated within the cylindrical wall, allowing scale‐up in both radial and longitudinal directions without sacrificing mass transfer, is designed. Due to its facile mass transfer and low level of fibrotic reactions, the device supports long‐term cell engraftment, correcting diabetes in C57BL6/J mice with rat islets for up to 399 days and SCID‐beige mice with human SC‐β cells for up to 238 days. The scalability and retrievability in dogs are further demonstrated. These results suggest the potential of this new device for cell therapies to treat T1D and other diseases.
Atomically Dispersed Heteronuclear Dual‐Atom Catalysts: A New Rising Star in Atomic Catalysis
Authors: He Tianwei , Santiago Alain R. Puente , Kong Youchao , Ahsan Md Ariful , Luque Rafael , Du Aijun , Pan Hui
Published: December 2021

Atomic catalysts (AC) are gaining extensive research interest as the most active new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis due to their unique electronic structures and maximum atom‐utilization efficiencies. Among all the atom catalysts, atomically dispersed heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts (HDACs), which are featured with asymmetric active sites, have recently opened new pathways in the field of advancing atomic catalysis. In this review, the up‐to‐date investigations on heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts together with the last advances on their theoretical predictions and experimental constructions are summarized. Furthermore, the current experimental synthetic strategies and accessible characterization techniques for these kinds of atomic catalysts, are also discussed. Finally, the crucial challenges in both theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as the future prospects of HDACs for energy‐related applications are provided. It is believed that this review will inspire the rational design and synthesis of the new generation of highly effective HDACs.
Bond behavior between reinforcing bar and reactive powder concrete
Authors: Wang Dehong , Han Lei , Ju Yanzhong , Zeng Cong , Li Zhenyu
Published: December 2021

To study the bond–slip behavior between reinforcing bars and reactive powder concrete (RPC), eccentric pull‐out tests of 20 groups of bonding specimens were conducted, and the variables in the test specimens included RPC strength, cover thickness, bond length, and reinforcing bar diameter. The effects of various parameters on the bond stress and peak slip were analyzed. A formula for calculating the average bond stress and between the reinforcing bar and RPC were established, and the bond–slip relationship between reinforcing bar and RPC was determined. The results indicated that the bond length had the most significant effect on the bond performance, followed by the strength of concrete, cover thickness, and reinforcing bar diameter. When the bond length increased from 3d to 4d, the average bond stress decreases by 13.2% to 23.7%. When reinforcing bar diameter increased from 16 to 20 and 25 mm, the average bond stress increased by 6.58% and 15.9%, respectively. The average bond stress increased with increase of the cover thickness. When the RPC strength increased from 105.2 to 124.8 MPa, the average bond stress increased by 7.0% to 13.2%.
Thermal Analysis of Modular Fault‐Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Electromagnetic‐Thermal Bi‐Directional Coupling
Authors: Gan Baoping , Zhang Bingyi , Liu Yunfei , Feng Guihong
Published: December 2021

Compared with multi‐phase single‐module permanent magnet motors, three‐phase multi‐modularized permanent magnet motors have stronger fault tolerance ability, widely used in aerospace, ship propulsion, and other special fields. Especially in ship direct‐drive propulsion, low speed and high torque modular combined stator fault‐tolerant permanent magnet motor (MCS‐FTPMSM) has high torque density, and fault‐tolerant operation conditions may appear in actual operation, so it is essential to analyze the temperature of the fault‐tolerant motor accurately. This paper analyzes the temperature of MCS‐FTPMSM under different operating conditions and determines the longest operating time of the motor under different fault‐tolerant operating conditions based on the 3D electromagnetic‐temperature bi‐directional coupling method. Among them, the loss of the motor is calculated by the 3D electromagnetic field, which is added to the 3D temperature field as an excitation, and then the material properties in the 3D electromagnetic field are updated according to the calculated temperature distribution. The cyclic iteration method is used to make the calculated temperature deviation less than the given error value. When analyzing the electromagnetic loss of the motor, the field‐circuit coupling method is adopted to consider the influence of the current time‐harmonics of the controller on the loss of the motor during actual operation. Finally, the 12kw100r/min 3 × 3 modular prototype was tested. By comparing the results of experiments, one‐way coupling method (OWCM) and bi‐directional coupling method (BDCM), it is found that the electromagnetic‐thermal bi‐directional coupling can more accurately predict the temperature of the fault‐tolerant motor. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
An Improved Synthesis of Bromotetrazole
Authors: Wozniak Dominique R. , Zeller Matthias , Byrd Edward C. , Piercey Davin G.
Published: December 2021

A new efficient synthesis of 5‐bromotetrazole is presented. The free acid bromotetrazole was synthesized in a straightforward reaction analogous to the production of nitrotetrazole. Its sodium salt was readily produced via acid/base salt metathesis. Both products were characterized chemically and as energetic materials by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, x‐ray crystallography, TGA, impact and friction tests.
The United States: The First Formalization of Banking Supervision
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the formalization of banking supervision in the United States (US), focusing on the federal level. During the “free banking era” from the late 1830s to 1864, several state governments created banking supervisory systems at the state level. Triggered by the fiscal needs of the Civil War, as well as the demand for a national currency, the US became the first country to introduce uniform nationwide banking supervision with the creation of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the national banking system. The main purpose of the OCC was to ensure that the national banks did not violate the regulations related to the new currency, the US dollar. From a historical perspective, the rapid social and economic development of the US from the 1850s provided the background for this institutional change. Although the US case demonstrates that financial crises have not always driven the formalization of banking supervision, the crises of 1907 and the Great Depression served to further strengthen the formalization of banking supervision by prompting the introduction of multi-agency banking supervision in the US.
Belgium: Formalization and Incremental Development of a Supervisor with Increasing Powers and Authority
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

The formalization process of Belgian banking supervision provides an interesting case. Mixed international influences as well as major domestic reforms influenced the direction of formalizing the supervisory system. It began in the middle of the 1930s as a consequence of the economic and financial crisis at the beginning of the decade. The reforms undertaken in 1934 and 1935 transformed the Belgian banking system from a free and unrestricted market, featuring very influential financial groups operating universal banking, to a supervised and more specialized banking system. However, based on our understanding of “formalization,” the process was not completed until the mid-1970s, because newly created formal supervision agency—the Banking Commission—initially functioned with very little resources and powers on a similar basis as its Swiss equivalent. In the post-Second World War era, the Belgian banking supervisor developed significantly, and its influence reached beyond mere prudential supervision. By the mid-1970s, the Banking Commission got involved in monetary and state financing policy, and the agency obtained the supervision of additional financial institutions.
Smooth 1-Dimensional Algebraic Quantum Field Theories
Authors: Benini Marco , Perin Marco , Schenkel Alexander
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a refinement of the usual concept of algebraic quantum field theories (AQFTs) to theories that are smooth in the sense that they assign to every smooth family of spacetimes a smooth family of observable algebras. Using stacks of categories, this proposal is realized concretely for the simplest case of 1-dimensional spacetimes, leading to a stack of smooth 1-dimensional AQFTs. Concrete examples of smooth AQFTs, of smooth families of smooth AQFTs and of equivariant smooth AQFTs are constructed. The main open problems that arise in upgrading this approach to higher dimensions and gauge theories are identified and discussed.
Time–Frequency Analysis in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$
Authors: Vuojamo Vesa , Turunen Ville , Orelma Heikki
Published: December 2021

A time–frequency transform is a sesquilinear mapping from a suitable family of test functions to functions on the time–frequency plane. The goal is to quantify the energy present in the signal at any given time and frequency. The transform is further specified by imposing conditions such as those stemming from basic transformations of signals and those which an energy density should satisfy. We present a systematic study on how properties of a time–frequency transform are reflected in the associated evaluation at time–frequency origin, integral kernel and quantization and discuss some examples of time–frequency transforms.
Impact of lunch with carbohydrates differing in glycemic index on children's cognitive functioning in the late postprandial phase: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Drozdowska Alina , Sinningen Kathrin , Falkenstein Michael , Rudolf Henrik , Libuda Lars , Buyken Anette E. , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Studies about effects of lunch dietary Glycemic Index (GI) on cognition of schoolchildren are scarce. Our previous CogniDo GI study found no changes of cognition in the early postprandial phase after consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch (i.e., 45 min after starting lunch). This study investigated whether the dietary GI of lunch has an impact on cognition of schoolchildren in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch.

Methods

A randomized, 2 × 2 crossover intervention study was conducted at a comprehensive school with 5th and 6th grade students. Participants (n = 212) were randomly assigned to either sequence 1 or 2. In the first period, participants of sequence 1 received a dish with high GI rice (GI: 79), those of sequence 2 with medium GI rice (GI: 64)—in the second period, 1 week later, vice versa. Computer-based cognitive testing was performed 90 min after lunch examining tonic alertness, visual search and task switching, and working memory. Treatment effects and treatment effects adjusted for estimated lunch glycemic load (GL) were analyzed using a linear mixed model.

Results

The selected cognitive parameters were not affected by the GI of lunch 90 min after lunch, neither after intention-to-treat nor in the per-protocol analysis. Adjustment for GL also did not change results.

Conclusion

The present study revealed no notable differences after the consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch in children’s cognitive function in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch.

Clinical trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00013597); date of registration: 16/04/2018, retrospectively registered.
A Comparative Analysis of Residential Care: A Five-Country Multiple Case-Design Study
Authors: James Sigrid , Wilczek Lucas , Kilian Juri , Timonen-Kallio Eeva , Bravo Amaia , del Valle Jorge F. , Formenti Laura , Petrauskiene Alina , Pivoriene Jolanta , Rigamonti Alessandra
Published: December 2021

Background

Despite a global policy push toward the advancement of family- and community-based care, residential care for children and youth remains a relevant and highly utilized out-of-home care option in many countries, fulfilling functions of care and accommodation as well as education and treatment.

Objective

As part of a larger project involving five European countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, and Spain), the objective was “to map” the context and content of residential care in each country, thereby building a foundation for meaningful comparisons and deepened understanding of each system’s inherent logic. Within the context of global deinstitutionalization efforts, the study also aimed to understand factors that hinder or enhance the transformation of residential care.

Method

Using an embedded multiple-case design, data was gathered by each country on its residential care macro context as well as salient variables related to three units of analysis–residential care system/program features, residential care training and personnel, characteristics of youth. Cross-case synthesis was used to summarize and compare cases across relevant dimensions.

Results

The analysis highlighted areas of overlap and singularity, particularly with regard to utilization rates, concepts and methods, workforce professionalization, and characteristics of youth.

Conclusions

Findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how residential care continues to be viewed and utilized in some countries, challenging the ‘residential-care-as-a-last-resort-only’ rhetoric that is currently dominating the discourse on residential care. It further provides an understanding of historical and sociocultural factors that need to be considered when trying to transform services for children, youth, and their families.
Accessing Self-Control
Authors: Koi Polaris
Published: December 2021

Self-control is that which is enacted to align our behaviour with intentions, motives, or better judgment in the face of conflicting impulses of motives. In this paper, I ask, what explains interpersonal differences in self-control? After defending a functionalist conception of self-control, I argue that differences in self-control are analogous to differences in mobility: they are modulated by inherent traits and environmental supports and constraints in interaction. This joint effect of individual (neuro)biology and environmental factors is best understood in terms of access to self-control behaviours. I sketch an account of access as including the three criteria of means, awareness, and non-excessive effort. I further demonstrate that people with disorders such as ADHD have limited access to self-control behaviours and stand therefore at a disadvantage with regard to self-control.
Honest signaling in mouse lemur vocalizations?
Authors: Fichtel Claudia , Kappeler Peter M. , Perret Martine , Huchard Elise , Henry Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2021

Animal vocalizations may provide information about a sender’s condition or motivational state and, hence, mediate social interactions. In this study, we examined whether vocalizations of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) emitted in aggressive contexts (grunts, tsaks) co-vary with physical condition, which would underly and indicate honest signaling. We recorded calls from captive individuals that were subjected to a caloric restricted (CR) or ad libitum (AL) diet, assuming that individuals on an ad libitum dietary regime were in better condition. We analyzed 828 grunts produced by seven CR and nine AL individuals and 270 tsaks by eight CR and five AL individuals. Grunts consisted of two separate elements, with the 1st element having more energy in higher frequencies than the 2nd element. Body mass correlated negatively with acoustic features of grunts, and heavier individuals produced lower-frequency grunts. Acoustic features of grunts did not differ between sexes. Acoustic features of tsaks were predicted by neither body mass nor sex. However, tsaks produced by AL individuals were noisier than those of CR individuals. Hence, manipulation of body condition via dietary regimes affected acoustic features of calls given during aggression in different ways: acoustic features of grunts varied according to the rule of acoustic allometry, and can be considered as honest signals. Acoustic features of tsaks, however, varied according to motivational structural rules. Longitudinal studies are now indicated to examine whether intra-individual changes in body mass are also reflected in the acoustic structure of calls, allowing callers to signal more flexible variation in condition.
Immigrant Legal Status Disparities in Health Among First- and One-point-five-Generation Latinx Immigrants in California
Authors: Hamilton Erin R. , Patler Caitlin , Savinar Robin
Published: December 2021

Restrictive US immigration laws and law enforcement undermine immigrant health by generating fear and stress, disrupting families and communities, and eroding social and economic wellbeing. The inequality and stress created by immigration law and law enforcement may also generate disparities in health among immigrants with different legal statuses. However, existing research does not find consistent evidence of immigrant legal status disparities in health, possibly because it does not disaggregate immigrants by generation, defined by age at migration. Immigration and life course theory suggest that the health consequences of non-citizen status may be greater among 1.5-generation immigrants, who grew up in the same society that denies them formal membership, than among the 1st generation, who immigrated as adolescents or adults. In this study, we examine whether there are legal status disparities in health within and between the 1st generation and the 1.5 generation of 23,288 Latinx immigrant adults interviewed in the 2005–2017 waves of the California Health Interview Survey. We find evidence of legal status disparities in heart disease within the 1st generation and for high blood pressure and diabetes within the 1.5 generation. Non-citizens have higher rates of poor self-rated health and distress within both generations. Socioeconomic disadvantage and limited access to care largely account for the worse health of legally disadvantaged 1st- and 1.5-generation Latinx adults in California.
A nomogram for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis based on netrin-1
Authors: Ang Xiaojie , Jiang Yufeng , Cai Zongqiang , Zhou Qi , Li Miao , Zhang Bin , Chen Weiguo , Chen Li-Hua , Zhang Xi
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to combine plasma netrin-1 and clinical parameters to construct a diagnostic model for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC).

Methods

We analyzed the independent diagnostic value of netrin-1 and the correlation with clinical symptom scores of BPS/IC. Clinical parameters were selected using LASSO regression, and a multivariate logistic regression model based on netrin-1 was established, and then a nomogram of BPS/IC prevalence was constructed. The nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves, the C-index, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Finally, the model was validated using an internal validation method.

Results

The area under the curve for the ability of netrin-1 to independently predict BPS/IC diagnosis was 0.858 (p < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 82%. The predicted nomogram included three variables: age, CD3 + /CD4 + T lymphocyte ratio, and netrin-1. The C-index of this nomogram was 0.882, and the predicted values were highly consistent with the actual results in the calibration curve. In addition, the internally validated C-index of 0.870 confirms the high reliability of the model. DCA results show that the net patient benefit of the netrin-1 combined with other clinical parameters was higher than that of the single netrin-1 model.

Conclusion

Netrin-1 can be used as a diagnostic marker for BPS/IC and is associated with pain. The nomogram constructed by combining netrin-1 and clinical parameters was able to predict BPS/IC with great accuracy. In addition, Netrin-1 may also serve as a novel therapeutic target for BPS/IC.