bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Fine Silica Particles from Iron Ore Tailings Using Water-in-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Yu Hong Hao , He Yan , Wang Yu Lian , Xue Xiang Xin
Published: January 2011

Fine silica particles were synthesized using sodium silicate from the iron ore tailings and ion exchange of ammonium sulfate at room temperature by water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion containing water, nonionic surfactant of Triton X-100, and cyclohexane. The reaction conditions and silica particles properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the particle size of SiO2 decreased with increase of reaction time and concentration of surfactant. The preparation conditions were experimentally determined for obtaining the fine silica particles with submicron size, narrow size distribution, sphere in shape, and high purity without sodium contamination.
Stability and Performance of Virtual Reality-Based Telenanomanipulation System in SEM
Authors: Li Dong Jie , Rong Wei Bin , Sun Li Ning , Xiao Wan Zhe
Published: January 2011

In this paper, a master/slave telenanomanipulation control system with force feedback is established with the micro-positioner (Attocube) working in scanning electron microscope (SEM) as the slave side and the haptic device (Omega3) as the master side. An improved virtual coupling (IVC) algorithm is introduced based on nanoscale virtual coupling (NSVC) by adding a proportional- plus-integral (PI) velocity controller in the haptic interface. The stability and performance of the established system are discussed. This method leads to an explicit design procedure for virtual coupling networks which give greatest performance while guaranteeing stability both on moving carbon nanowires in SEM and measuring force at the point of device-human contact.
The Impact of Growing Environment on the Organ Development of White Mice
Authors: Kong Xian Chao , Liu Jia , Xu Min , Li Jian
Published: January 2011

This essay has applied 6 kinds of different materials, studied the impact of white mice’s growth and their organ development in the feeding boxes which are made of 6 kinds of different materials, such as red-pine plain board, red-pine painted board, veneer particle board, ordinary particle board, formaldehyde painted particle board, and plastic. Discover the indoor microenvironment to be fit for the growth of white mice through dissection, determination and comparative analysis of organ weights. The result indicates that white mice are living in the feeding box made of red-pine plain board whose cardiac index is the highest, the index is in the middle for the one living in the veneer particle board and plastic feeding box, the index is lower for the one living in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish and ordinary particle board, and the lowest one is living in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; The measured value of white mice’s lungs is highest in the red-pine box. It takes second place in the veneer particle board box, others are in the middle, and the lowest one is in the box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s liver index is highest in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish, it takes second place in red-pine box without painting, and it is the lowest in the ordinary particle board box and particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s thymus index is the highest in the plastic box, it is relatively higher in red-pine box and the red-pine box painted with alkyd varnish, and it is the lowest in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s kidney index (two kidneys) is the highest in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish, and it is the lowest in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde. This shows that wooden environment has the positive effect on feeding white mice. Rooms in homes are the major place for Man’s living and working. Human beings could spend 2/3 of the whole life in the indoor environment. Along with the social progress, economic development, enhanced living standard, and constantly pursuing the quality of life, people are more and more concerned with the structure of living and working space. Rooms are not merely a shelter from the storm, and the more important is to provide a better working and learning environment as well as a comfortable rest place. Therefore, the quality of the indoor environment is influencing Man’s work and study directly. It concerns Man’s survival and health. Research of the relationships between indoor environment and Man’s survival and health, especially studying the impacts of indoor environment on health of growth and breeding, is increasingly becoming a topic not to be ignored [1].
Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto Cetylpyridinium Bromide Modified Zeolites: Effect of Surfactant Loading, Solution pH, Ionic Strength and Coexisting Anions
Authors: Lin Jian Wei , Zhan Yan Hui , Xing Yun Qing , Liu Yu
Published: January 2011

Surfactant-modified zeolites (SMZ) with different coverage types were prepared by loading the cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) onto the surface of the natural zeolite collected from Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, China. The adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) on SMZ was investigated. Natural zeolite and SMZ with CPB monolayer coverage were inefficient for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. However, SMZ with CPB patchy bilayer or bilayer coverage was efficient in the removal of Cr(VI) and the Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of SMZ increased with its CPB loading. The Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of SMZ showed a maximum at pH 3-6 and decreased with increasing pH from 6 to 11. The presence of competing anions such as chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate ions reduced the Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of SMZ. The adsorption process was strongly dependent on ionic strength, indicating that anionic exchange and electrostatic interaction were the main mechanisms that govern the adsorption of Cr(VI) on SMZ.
Simulating Efficiency of Resistance to Wind Erosion in Area of Complex Erosion by Wind and Water
Authors: Wang Cheng Long , Liu Jing , Sun Xu , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yong Liang , Yao Xi Jun
Published: January 2011

Used the method of transplanting in studying area, simulated different arrangement of plant spacing and observed the wind speed by using HTSW-18 multiple-sensor automatic anemoscope. The results showed that two kinds of plants of different plant spacing can effectively reduce wind speed, the ration of reducing wind velocity of shelterbelts were biggest at the observation point of 1H behind the shelterbelt. The ration of reducing wind velocity and roughness of shelterbelt of Salix psammophila was better than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. under the same plant spacing. The increasing of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. was seventeen times higher than that of control at the observation point of 1H. The roughness of Salix psammophila at the observation point of 1H was twenty-five times higher than control, and that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. was seventeen times higher than control.
Preparation and Characterization of Kenaf-Based Superabsorbent Polymers
Authors: Wang Dan , Song Zhan Qian , Shang Shi Bin , Wang Zhan Jun , Lee Myoung Ku
Published: January 2011

Novel kenaf-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared by grafting acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) onto kenaf cellulose. Graft copolymerization was carried out in aqueous solution using N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as crosslinking agent and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) as initiator. The SAPs so obtained were examined by SEM. The absorbency of SAPs consists of different kenaf cellulose in deionized water, saline solutions and different pH value solutions were investigated.
Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Zinc Oxide
Authors: Xu Xu , Song Zhan Qian , Shang Shi Bin , Cui Shu Qin , Wang Dan
Published: January 2011

In the present study, a kind of bio-based waterborne polyurethane (BWPU) /ZnO was prepared with BWPU and different concentrations of nanometer ZnO emulsion by incorporated into the BWPU matrix. The prepared BWPU/ZnO hybrid dispersions were casted in a Teflon petridish and the dried films were used for XRD, SEM, FT-IR and antibacterial tests. The results suggest that the BWPU/ZnO hold the potential applications as new materials.
Analyse of Indium Loss in Preparation of CuInSe2 Flims for Solar Cells
Authors: Sha Lei , Wang Yan Lai , Ban Shi Liang
Published: January 2011

CuInSe2 thin films were obtained by selenization of the Cu-In precursors in the atmosphere of Se vapour, which were prepared on stainless steel and titanium substrates by electrodeposition. The films were characterized by XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The respective influences of composition, phases and surface morphology of Cu-In precursors on indium loss were investigated. The results indicate that the indium loss occurs in selenization process because of volatile In2Se arising. The indium loss is less in selenization process of Cu-In precursors contained CuIn, Cu2In and In phases.
Study on Preparation Condition and Degradation of Wastewater with TiO2-Coated Activated Carbon
Authors: Wang Gong Jun , Wang Dong Mei , Li Fan Xiu
Published: January 2011

TiO2 has its advantages in terms of degeneration of wastewater. However, dispersing Nano-TiO2 in water will make it hard to recycle and produce a giant waste of raw material, which would affect its prospect as a practical application. The main problem in the practice of photocatalytic technology is to prepare stable and highly active Nano-TiO2. It is a good way to prepare supported TiO2 by absorbing the active component of TiO2 to the surface of activated carbon. In this paper, we use activated carbon as the carrier and prepare supported TiO2 catalysts by the hydrolysis of titanium sulfate precipitation method. Then, we use active red X-3B to simulate the wastewater to study catalyst preparation methods and the factors that affect the photocatalytic performance.
Study on Powder Mixed EDM of an Aluminium Matrix Composite
Authors: Hu Fu Qiang , Song Bo Yan , Guo Y.F. , Yang X.D. , Bai J.C. , Li D.
Published: January 2011

The powder mixed electro-discharge machining (PMEDM) technologies of silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites (SiCp/Al) are researched in this article. SiCp/Al is widely acknowledged as one of the most competitive varieties of metal matrix composites, firstly applied in the aviation, aerospace and military fields, and gradually extended. Because of the hard and brittle SiC particles contained in this material, mechanical machining is difficult, but EDM does have some advantages. To the same kind of moderate volume fraction (45%) SiCp/Al material, a comparative test was conducted using two kinds of processing methods, traditional EDM (the former) and PMEDM (the latter). Effects of the electrical parameters of both processing methods on the material removal rate (MRR) were analyzed and compared. After processing, the surface roughness value of the former is Ra1.386μm while the latter is Ra0.406μm which is only 29.3% of the former. The surface hardness was also tested by the MTS nano indenter: the former is about 1.7GPa, and the latter is about 2.2GPa which is 1.3 times of the former. Finally, to the machined surface, the micro-topography and the component of ‘white point’ were observed and analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy spectrum respectively. Experiments and investigation results show that the PMEDM has a better performance compared with traditional EDM in improving the roughness, hardness and so on. So PMEDM will have a great potential in the processing of aluminium matrix composites.
Study on the Process of Extracting Xylan
Authors: Zhang Shi Cheng , Jiang Ya Zhe , Pang Jiu Yin , Sun Chuan
Published: January 2011

Xylan preservatives are the new environmental, pollution-free wood preservatives, which are harmless to humans and animals. Using bagasse, rice husk, corn cob, birch and so on as raw materials to extract xylan widely used in industry. The optimal alkaline extracting conditions were: alkali concentration: 12%; ratio of solid to liquid: 1:10; extraction time and temperature were 2h and 100 °C respectively.
Inhibition of Nitrification of Ammonia-Rich Wastewater in Immobilized Nitrifiers System
Authors: Li Zhi Rong , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Zhen Jia
Published: January 2011

Inhibition of ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation was studied in an immobilized biomass system. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) suffered different inhibition in ammonia-rich wastewater. NOB started to be inhibited when FA (free ammonia) was 2mg/L, and was totally inhibited when FA was 8mg/L. AOB started to be inhibited when FA was 22mg/L, and tended to lose activity when FA was higher than 170mg/L. Inhibition kinetics of ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation could be described by Haldane model. Immobilization alleviated inhibition of FA to nitrifiers, maintaining high activity even at high strength ammonia solution. Partial nitrification could be achieved by varying degrees of inhibition of FA to AOB and NOB.
Extraction of Polysaccharides from Pumpkin by Ultrasonic Method and it’s Primary Antioxidant Activities Research
Authors: Sun Jie , Yin Guo You , Zhang Hua , Chen Lan Ying , Hu Chang Zheng
Published: January 2011

In this study, effects of ultrasound processing time, ultrasound power and solid liquid ratio of ultrasonic on pumpkin polysaccharide extraction were investigated. The optimum parameters of extracting pumpkin polysaccharides are obtained by orthogonal test. Antioxidant activity were evaluated by using various established invitro systems, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazylthe(DPPH•), hydroxyl(•OH) and FRAP system. Results showed that the extraction rate of polysaccharides pumpkin could up to 12.37% which the condition were water as extractant, ultrasonic time is 10min, ultrasonic power is 400w, solid to liquid ratio is 1:20. The polysaccharide raised the total antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggested that polysaccharide had direct and potent antioxidant activities.
Experimental Study on Anaerobic Fermentation of Steam Explosion Pretreated Corn Stalk
Authors: Wang Xu Tao , Cai Hua Zhen , Liu Li Sha
Published: January 2011

Using the steam exploded pretreatment technology to process the corn stalk, and then the pretreated corn stalk were used the materials of anaerobic fermentation under the temperature 35°C. Experimental results show that: the biogas production per unit of pretreated corn stalk increased 16.8 % ~ 63.2% than the unexploded corn stalk. The gas production can up to the peak (484.3ml / g dry steam exploded straw) under the condition (retained time 90s, pressure 3.0Mpa). The longer the retained time is the earlier the gas production peak occurs under the same steam pressure and the peak range become wider. The main gas production area is the former 20d, the production amount to about 80% of total production, while the gas production of untreated straw fermentation in is only 60% of total production under medium temperature.
Comparative Study on Deflection Calculation for Concrete Flexural Members with Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement
Authors: Cai Jiang Yong , Zhou Xi Bo , Jia Xiong , He Yan Tao
Published: January 2011

The application and development of FRP bars for reinforce concrete structures necessitates the need for either adopt the current code method or exploiting a new design one to account for the properties of FRP materials. The method for predicting deflection of concrete beams with FRP bars in ACI440 is based on the method for that with steel bars in ACI318. Similarly, a modified method based on GB50010 is proposed in this paper to estimate deflection of concrete beams with FRP bars. Furthermore, the new method, together with ACI318, ACI440 and GB50010 ones, are verified by nine test beams in three existing experiment and show a good agreement with the experimental data. Simultaneously, the new method is also proved to be of the most precise and accurate one and indicates the potential of the method to estimate deflection in Chinese code system.
Solvothermal Fabrication of Hollow Porous Magnetite Particles
Authors: He Quan Guo , Wu Zhao Hui
Published: January 2011

Hollow porous magnetite spheres were synthesized by a simple solvothermal route with controllable size ranging from 80 nm to 400 nm. The size, shell thickness and the interior space of the resulted crystals were controlled by reaction time, molar ratio of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) and ammonium acetate (NH4Ac). The structure, morphology, size, and magnetic properties of the hollow porous magnetite spheres were investigated. The characterizations of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that ratio of NH4HCO3 and NH4Ac, and molar concentration of ammonium played an important role in the morphology, size and magnetic property of the porous hollow sphere. Meanwhile, reaction time strongly influenced in the porous structure and interior space of hollow porous magnetite spheres.
Study on the Photo-Degradation and Photo-Stabilization of Poly(p-Phenylene Benzobisoxazole)
Authors: Fu Qian , Liu Xiao Yun , Zhuang Qi Xin , Qian Jun , Han Zhe Wen
Published: January 2011

As a kind of rig-rod-like polymer, poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) has received great interest because of its excellent mechanical properties and good thermal stability. The use of PBO materials, however, is limited due to its low sunlight stability. In this study, photolysis of PBO films was studied by infrared spectroscopy and molecular mass determination. It found that at the beginning of photolysis, the I.V. values of PBO almost did not changed. Then, it underwent fast decrease stage. Moreover, PBO degrade slowly in N2 atmosphere than in air atmosphere. The most likely photo-degradation mechanism was put forward. Attempts to stabilize PBO from photolysis were also investigated. It found that heat treatment could alleviate photo-degradation speed of PBO. Traditional light stabilizers showed a marginal effect on photolysis of PBO, whereas ferrocene dimethanol behaved better effect on the photo-stabilization of PBO.
Kinetics of Nitrogen Doped TiO2 for Degradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Sun Sheng Min , Nie Qian
Published: January 2011

Nitrogen doped TiO2 Photocatalysts was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion method based on the predominated materials as tetrabutyl titanate with the dopant of saturated Urea solution. The dynamic behavior of nitrogen doped TiO2 for the degradation of rhodamine B was researched on the catalyst volume and the effects of pH value on photocatalysis ratio. Results showed that the catalytic reaction was accord with the first class reaction dynamic model. When the catalyst was 0.1g and the pH value close to 7, the degradation ratio was the maximum.
Astronautical Mutation Breeding in Alfalfa and its Molecular Analysis
Authors: Qu Min
Published: January 2011

Astronautical mutagenesis is a new breeding technique. In space, the variation are produced by means of the comprehensive effect like high vacuum, microgravity, intense radiation and so on. The mutated seeds by astronautical mutagenesis will be selected to breed the new cultivars. Astronautical mutation breeding opens up a new way for breeding. In this study, the genetic variation of 10 “Zhaodong” Alfalfa mutated lines produced by astronautical mutagenesis were investigated using RAPD method. For RAPD analysis, 90 primers were tested and 21 primers were selected for the detailed RAPD makers. Comparing with the original “Zhaodong” Alfalfa, the genetic variation of mutated lines was very obvious. For the same Primer, there were more one band (a few bands) or less one band (a few bands) between mutant and its original lines. The amplified bands and polymorphic sites were rich, ranging from 250-2000bp.1108 RAPD loci were determined. The quantity of RAPD polymorphic loci ranged from 2-31. The rate of polymorphic sites of the mutants and wild types ranged from 2.06%-31.95%. The mutated line-8, 9, 10 had bigger variation and mutated line-10 has the biggest variation in all mutants, it can be for the further selection and breeding work for the new alfalfa.
Analysis and Evaluation on Chemical Composition of the Larch Bark
Authors: Jiang Gui Quan , Fang Gui Zhen , Pang Jiu Yin , Han Shi Ya
Published: January 2011

In this paper, Chinese larch bark and different areas of Korean larch bark chemical composition and quantitative analysis of active ingredients, and with several plant resources in the total flavonoids were compared and evaluated. The results showed that: Korean larch bark of ash content (1.34%) lower, phenethyl alcohol extract (16.17%), proanthocyanidins (3.84%), total flavonoids(16.59%) and dihydro-quercetin (4.87% ) the highest. The total flavonoid content is more higher than the development of herbal extracts of total flavonoids. Therefore, the bark is a great potential for development of renewable resources.
Spectroscopic Studies on the Interaction between 2-Chlorophenol and Catalase
Authors: Liu Qiong Yu
Published: January 2011

The interaction characteristics of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) with catalase (CAT) were investigated by employing fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The intrinsic fluorescence of CAT was quenched distinctly by 2-CP. The quenching mechanism of fluorescence of CAT by 2-CP was observed to be a static quenching procedure. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the binding reaction was spontaneous and the hydrophobic force played the major role in stabilizing the 2-CP-CAT complex. The binding constant was 1.18×10-4L/mol. The binding distance r and critical distance R0was 1.90 nm and 1.64 nm, respectively.
Study of Processing a New Decorative Light Density Board with Micron Wood Flakes
Authors: Alun  , Liu Yi Xing , Ma Yan , Zhang Xian Quan , Hu Ri Dun
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we focused on a new decorative light density board with a new fiber unit-- micron wood flake, which were large size in length and a very small size in thickness. With these flakes, we processed the light density board in the laboratory, Cunninghamia lanceolata abounded in Fujian Province, Paulownia tomentosa from Anhui Province, L.gemelini Rupr., and Betulaceae abounded in Northeast of China were selected as raw materials, and modified UF as resin. Then several single factor experiments were conducted to discuss the effects of the factors on the physical and mechanical properties of the board, such as board density, resin content, and species of trees as well. The results showed that the density and resin content had significant effects on the mechanical properties of the board. The physical and mechanical properties of the samples, density ranged from 0.3 to 0.5g/cm3, reached Japanese Light Particleboard Standard JISA5908, and the thermal conduction of the board processed with the four species tree were just like solid wood.
Improving the Thickness-Swelling (TS) of Castor-Stalk Based Panel
Authors: Li Xiao Ping , Zhou Ding Guo , Wang Si Qun
Published: January 2011

Castor-oil stalk is one kind of excellent woody materials, and the thickness swelling ( TS ) of the castor-oil stalk based panel with Urea- formaldehyde resin ( UF ) cannot meet the requirement of the Standard of People’s Republic of China. the TS of the panel was improved with wax emulsion.Results showed that the mechanical properties and the TS of the particle panels were improved as the wax emulsion loading increased. The TS of castor stalk based particle boards and fiber boards can meet the requirement of standard of PRC when 1.44 and 1.2 wt% wax emulsion, respectively, was added.
Application of Five-Element Connection Number in Lake Eutrophication Evaluation
Authors: Li Fan Xiu
Published: January 2011

Set pair analysis (SPA) is emerging as a new system theory method for analyzing vagueness and uncertainty of facts. Many problems of uncertainty of fuzziness can be solved with the application of identity-discrepancy-contrary expression, and five-element connection number (FECN) is an extension of SPA. Aiming at the problem being too complex for the present evaluation methods on lake eutrophication, an assessment of lake eutrophication based on situation of five-element connection number was suggested. The results of the assessment are basically in concordance with other evaluation methods. So, the evaluation model provides realistic support for remediation-related decisions for water resource management.
Study on the Integrated Vortex-Grid Clarification Process and its Application
Authors: Tong Zhen Gong
Published: January 2011

Based on Micro-vortex coagulation and Hazen theory, the process of integrated vortex grid clarification bears four characteristics. Firstly, there are a lot of micro-whirling reactors whose surfaces hole rate is designed by the raw water quality in the first and second flocculation zone. Then, an inclined-tube in the precipitate zone is installed. Thirdly, a sludge concentration zone in the tank is also equipped. Lastly, by applying the low return or non-return technologies and changing some inner structure which will reduce the total energy cost. We have not only achieved a more efficient use of the cubage of the reactors, but also reduced the total energy consumption. The paper argues that in comparison to other clarification technology, the Micro-vortex clarification process deserves wide application for its various advantages, such as a higher coagulation efficiency, a shorter reactivity time, a better quality of finished water, a stronger adaptive capability, a more convenient construction and the like.
Study on the Curing Characteristics of MUF Co-Polymerization Resin
Authors: Zheng Yun Wu , Zhu Li Bin , Gu Ji You , Zheng Zhi Feng , Huang Yuan Bo
Published: January 2011

Curing is the key to the bonding, this paper considered the production practice, studied the curing properties of different MUF resin under the different curing agent with DSC. The experimental results show that: The characteristics temperature of curing reaction is closely related to the β. With the increase of β, the initial and peak temperature is moving to the high-temperature, the curing time became shorter; the range of curing temperature became much wider. At the same time, the curing peaking temperature was decreased and the Enthalpy integral of curing reaction was reduced first then increased with the increased of the amount of curing agent. When the amount of curing agent occupied 4.0%-6.0% of the MUF resin, the pH was decreased mostly, and the curing reaction rate run up quickly Along with the increasing of n (F): n (U1), the To, Tp and Ti are going ahead distinctly after hardening. At the same time, both activation energy and reaction order are all decreased, absorbed heat is dropping too. So, curing technics became easily.
Preparation and Properties of Modified Starch with Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Soy Protein Isolates Composites
Authors: Cui Yong Yan , Yang Zhen Xing , Hu Shi Ming
Published: January 2011

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to the starch by melting processing. It was studied respectively that DMSO content effected on mechanical properties, flowabilities, water resistance properties, scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of DMSO-starch (TPS)/DMCS-soy protein isolates (DMCSSPI) materials. SEM results indicated that the crystalline of starch is destructed and the starch granules transferred to a continuous amorphous phase. It was found that the DMSO could more effectively restrain the retrogradation than the plasticizers, due to the stronger hydrogen bonds. For TPS/DMCSSPI composites, the increase of TPS content could make its water resistance properties worse. However, with DMSO content increase, its elongation at break and toughness could be enhanced.
The Progress of Sustainable Fermentative Biohydrogen Production
Authors: Wang Yi Xuan , Wang Lu , Li Yong Feng , Wang Zhan Qing
Published: January 2011

As a very important material, the use of hydrogen is increasingrapidly. Because the main advantage of hydrogen is that it is a clean and renewable energy source/carrier with high specific heat of combustion and no contribution to the Greenhouse effect, and can be used in many industrial applications. Many countries are developing to reduce operational cost of bio-producing hydrogen technology. So the key to realize industrialization is to improve biohydrogen-producing capacity and reduce the cost. This article discusses fermentative hydrogen production from various points of view. First, the theoretical principles of the biological processes taking place in hydrogen production, and the organisms responsible for this process are described at the same time. Second, Laboratory Experiments of fermentative hydrogen production are introduced. Types of fermentative and applicable reactor designs are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced by fermentative hydrogen production are discussed.
Tillage Effects on Soil Active Organic Carbon in a Purple Paddy Soil
Authors: Wu Yan , Hao Qing Ju , Jiang Chang Sheng
Published: January 2011

The effect of different tillage systems on the soil organic carbon (SOC), active organic carbon (AOC) and remaining organic carbon (ROC) were studied in a long-term experiment in Chongqing, China. The experiment included five tillage treatments, which are conventional tillage with rice only system (DP), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (SH), no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LM), no-till and plain culture with rotation of rice and rape system (XM) and tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (LF), respectively. The results showed that the content of SOC declined as the soil depth increased, and presented obvious surface enrichment phenomenon under the no-tillage systems. The order of SOC, AOC, ROC and ROC/SOC in the 0–60 cm soil layer under different tillage systems was LM (22.74 g kg-1) > DP (14.57 g kg-1) > XM (13.73 g kg-1) > LF (13.10 g kg-1) > SH (11.92 g kg-1), DP (3.67 g kg-1) > LF (3.49 g kg-1) > LM (3.28 g kg-1) > XM (3.17 g kg-1) > SH (2.69 g kg-1), LM (18.09 g kg-1) > DP (10.34 g kg-1) > XM (10.12 g kg-1) > LF (9.20 g kg-1) > SH (8.80 g kg-1) and LM (85%) > SH (78%) > XM 77%) > LF (75%) > DP (74%). Compared with other systems, LM significantly increased SOC, ROC and ROC/SOC, which indicated long-term LM system performed good effect for carbon sequestration.
Characterization and Analysis of Bundle/Matrix Interfacial Properties in Carbon/Carbon Composites
Authors: Jing Jie Hui , Huang Yu Dong , Liu Li , Jiang Zai Xing , Jiang Bo
Published: January 2011

The bundle/matrix interfacial strength in carbon/carbon composites was evaluated via the fiber-bundle pushed-out method. The determined data having a certain difference resulted from different interface fracture behavior via the analyses of the load-displacement curves of the loaded bundles and the observations of SEM images of the pushed-out bundle surface and its bundle/matrix interface. In order to better research bundle/matrix interface properties, Micro-CT was adopted to analyze bundle/matrix interface structure in c/c composites with nondestructive method, and its 2D and 3D images of real interfacial structure were obtained. Thus, the bundle pushed-out method, SEM and Micro-CT are better analysis and characterization methods of interfacial properties at bundle/matrix interface.
Impacts of Molding Pressure on Performances of Kraft Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites
Authors: Lv Xin Ying , Ma Die Ying , Song Yong Ming , Gao Zhen Hua
Published: January 2011

Novel Kraft fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were prepared at various molding pressures in order to investigate the effects of molding pressure on resin content, the mechanical properties and creep resistance. The results indicated that the novel composites had much higher mechanical properties and better creep resistances than traditional wood plastic composites because of the applications of strong Kraft fibers as reinforcement and thermosetting UPE as matrix. Molding pressure had various effects on the many properties of composites. With molding pressure increased from 6MPa to 25MPa, the mechanical properties and creep resistances increased gradually until about 20MPa and then decreased, which were attributed to the different interface adhesions between UPE resin and Kraft fibers at various molding pressures as evidenced by DMA analysis. Benefited from the use of low-viscosity UPE resin, the resin content of Kraft fiber reinforced UPE composites could reduce to 28.3% while strength and creep resistance were still much better than that of the thermoplastic wood-plastic composite (WPC) with 40% polymer matrix.
Study of Titanium Modification on Hardness of Cast Steel
Authors: Wang Hai Tao , Tan Ji Wen , Chu Zhong , Yu Hua Shun
Published: January 2011

The effects of titanium modification, which was added along with the pouring liquid in ladles, on the hardness and its distribution of cast steel ZG45 smelted in intermediate frequency induction furnace were studied. Titanium modification increased the hardness of cast steel effectively. By scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscope (EDS) analysis, it was found that TiC, acting as heterogeneous nuclei, could refine the structure grains, causing the serious crystallographic lattice distortion. So the hardness increased. Proper content of titanium prompted more even hardness distribution across the whole temperature front section. However, overdoes titanium modification easily caused mass nitrides or oxides, which kept solid phases with high meting point in metal liquid to cause difficulties in metal liquid filling and shrinkage, resulting in less concentrated shrinkage cavity and serious structure rarefaction. The hardness ratio between that of internal and external with overdose titanium modification decreased instead compared to that of none modification.
Research on Tensile Properties and Size Effect of 3D Four-Directional Braided Composites
Authors: Wang Bao Lai , Wang Zhen Qing , Fang Guo Dong , Liang Jun , Zhou Li Min
Published: January 2011

By the macroscopic tensile tests of the 3D four-directional braided composites, the failure pattern and fracture morphology of specimens with different geometric sizes have been observed. It is obtained that the different failure mechanisms and the material properties are relevant to the geometric sizes of samples under tensile states. The elastic properties of the braided composites are obtained by volume average method. The variation of shear modulus and Poisson ratio is obtained as well. It is shown that the elastic modulus increases with the increase of number of interior cells. The predicted results are in agreement with the experimental results. The results may provide experimental basis for further study on strength prediction and the establishment of strength criterion for 3D four-directional braided composites.
Dynamics Study of TiO2 Semiconductor Photoelectrode by EIS in the Ammonia Degradation
Authors: Zhang Sheng Han , Liang Ke Xin , Tan Yu
Published: January 2011

The photoelectrocatalytic activation and semiconductor character parameter have been investigated by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky test on the Ti/TiO2 photoanode in ammonia system. Based on the evolution of electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit, the most probable dynamics has been stated that the redox reaction in the Ti/TiO2 film photoanode interface is the main rate-determining step. According to the products analysis, the reaction mechanism of ammonia degradation by TiO2 has been presented.
Shock Waves and Solitary Waves in Elastic Circular Rod
Authors: Liu Zhi Fang , He Yuan Yuan , Zhang Shan Yuan
Published: January 2011

A nonlinear waves equation of an elastic circular rod taking account of finite deformation and transverse Poisson effect is derived by means of Hamilton variation principle in this paper. Nonlinear wave equation and corresponding truncated nonlinear wave equation are solved by the hyperbolic tangent function and cotangent function finite expansion method. Two different types of exact traveling wave solutions, the shock wave solution and the solitary wave solution are obtained. The necessary condition of these solutions existence is given also.
Preparation and Characterization of 2-Hydroxypropyltrimcthyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan
Authors: Jin Zheng , Zhao Kai , Chen Gang , Zhang Xu
Published: January 2011

Chitosan has the potential to act as mediators of DNA transfection targeted to phagocytic cells such as macrophages, and to protect against biological degradation by nucleases as well as enhance gene expression. However, the poor solubility of Chitosan is the major limiting factor in its utilization. 2-hydroxypropyltrimcthyl ammonium chloride Chitosan has be prepared successfully through covalent binding of 2,3-Epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride ligands to the polymer’s primary amino groups and the polymer’s structure was verified with FT-IR spectra and NMR spectra. The new polymers were obtained with degree of quaternization (DQ) values around 34%, except in the case of the Phe-derived polymer, and thus possess reduced net positive charge as compared to the parent Chitosan. This study provided the new peptide-Chitosans with full water-solubility over practically the entire physiological pH range and led to more disordered. Globally, the new peptide Chitosans and especially the Asp-derived polymer, possess physico-chemical properties that turn them into promising candidates as novel Chitosan-based vaccine delivery systems.
Composite Elbow Winding Machine Applied Teaching and Playback Method
Authors: Xu Jia Zhong , Qiao Ming , Zhang Li Yong , Liu Dan
Published: January 2011

Multi-axis winding machine can realize automatic winding of composite elbow, but its mechanical structure and control system is complex, which restricts its industrial application. In this paper, two-axis FRP elbow winding machine applied teaching and playback method is designed, which accomplish the winding of elbow by controlling the rotation motion of the mandrel and the reciprocating motion of the carriage along a semicircular track. In teaching mode, the positions of spindle and carriage are collected and stored as teaching document when the spindle rotates a certain angle, while in playback mode the control method of electronic cam is applied to realize the playback winding. The mechanical structure and the working principle of elbow winding machine are introduced, and the control system of winding machine is analyzed. It is proved that the system is stable, and it can wind certain type of composite elbows.
Performances of Polyvinyl Acetate Hybrid Emulsions with Nanoparticles SiO2
Authors: Liu Hai Ying , Gu Ji You , Di Ming Wei
Published: January 2011

Polyvinyl acetate（PVAc）hybrid emulsions with nanoparticles SiO2 were prepared by the semi-continuous seeding emulsion polymerization. The micro-morphologies of the hybrid emulsions, the diameters and distributions of the latex particles were characterized with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and diameter analyzer. Adhesive properties of hybrid emulsions and the properties of the emulsion films were determined by mechanical properties tester and dynamic mechanics analyzer (DMA). And the rheological behaviors of hybrid emulsions were measured via rheometer. SEM and diameter analysis showed that the process of the nanoparticles SiO2 by ultrasonic made a good dispersibility of latex particles in emulsions, diameters of the latex particles were 0.68~0.89μm with the content of SiO2 from 0 to 1.0% (% in relation to the total mass VAc), and indexes of distributions of particle size were increased with the increasing of the content of SiO2 from 0 to 1.0%. Adhesion strengths of PVAc emulsions modified with nanoparticles SiO2 were improved. DMA results indicated that the films of PVAc/SiO2 hybrid emulsions had the higher storage modulus than the film of PVAc, the temperatures of glass transition of the films of PVAc/SiO2 hybrid emulsions were not changed obviously, and the water absorptions of films were decreased. Rheological results revealed that flow consistency indexes were increased then decreased with the increasing of the content of SiO2 from 0 to 1.0%, and PVAc/SiO2 hybrid emulsions were typical pseudoplastic fluid.
The Study of the Internal Curing Technology of Filament Wound Composite Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Detection
Authors: Xu Jia Zhong , Nie Bin Kui , Qiao Ming
Published: January 2011

At present, only the temperature of external surface of the filament wound composite and the core mode can be detected in the curing process which is developed by experiencing many times, and the change of the internal parameters is not available. Based on the glass fiber pipe production line as the experimental platform, the paper suggests that the fiber grating sensors be embedded fiber composite materials at different levels when winding and the multipoint detection be performed in the internal curing process. The comparison analysis of the plotted curves for data collected from different points shows that the method is reliable to improve production efficiency and promote the automation of intelligent control.
Disinfection of Water and Wastewater Using ZnO Nanofluids - Effect of Shaking Speed of Incubator
Authors: Zhang Ling Ling , Li Su Qin , Liu Xiao Ming , Cang Da Qiang , Ding Yu Long
Published: January 2011

Nanofluids are liquids containing nanoparticles, nanotube or nanowire suspensions. This work investigates the disinfection properties of ZnO nanofluids, especially the change of ZnO disinfection properties when facing different shaking speeds of incubator (50rpm, 100rpm, 200rpm and 300rpm). In this work, E. coli was used as model bacteria to test the disinfection property of ZnO nanofluids. Plant counting method was used to examine the number of bacteria before and after the treatment of ZnO nanofluids. The results demonstrate that both ZnO nanofluids sample A and B could inhibit or kill E. coli bacteria. ZnO sample B with smaller particle size showed better antimicrobial activities. Treated with higher concentration of ZnO sample B exhibited better antimicrobial activities. Besides, this work also demonstrated that with higher shaking speed of incubator, ZnO nanofluids showed better antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial mechanism is thought to be associated with physical interaction between ZnO particles and the biological cells and enhanced mass transfer of possible chemical species produced due to the presence of ZnO particles.
A Bottom-up Simulation for Impact Fracture Behavior of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Leng Ding Xin , Sun Ling Yu , Hu Da Yong , Lin Yi
Published: January 2011

To explore the dynamic impact fracture behavior of nanoparticle-reinforced composites, a bottom-up numerical method was proposed and verified through the fracture process simulation of nano-SiO2/epoxy sample in Charpy impact test. At the nano-scale, a parametric micromechanics model having interphase was built. And the effective material properties of the nanocomposites with variant volume fractions were obtained. Based on the homogenization theory, the macro-scale model of impact sample was established. It is demonstrated that this proposed bottom-up method can predict the locations and directions of cracks at macro-scale, and the growth process of rupture can also be visualized dynamically. The impact strength obtained from this method has a good agreement with the measuring results in literature. And this simulation method can also be used as an assistant tool for comparing the crack propagation rate of nanocomposites with variant particle contents.
Control on Dynamic Response of Fluid-Driven Deployable Mechanism by Application of Magnetorheological Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Guo Shi Rong , Sun Ling Yu , Chen Wei Wei
Published: January 2011

A kind of intelligent materials named magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is applied on the surface of a rotating plate to avoid resonance vibration and to attenuate the vibration amplitude. Under a variable magnetic field, the stiffness of structure with MREs can be changed in wide range. First, the field-induced shear modulus is numerically studied and compared with the experimental results. Then, other equivalent parameters in nonlinear material equation of MREs are determined. Finally, the vibration suppression effect is verified through numerical simulation of the dynamic impact response of rotating plate in a fluid-driven deployable mechanism subjected to impact loads. On the condition that the weight of the plate is fixed, its vibration response is suppressed in shorter time than original design.
Acclimation Stage on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells Subjected to Variation in COD, Temperature, and Electron Acceptor
Authors: Wang Xiao Li , Wu Chen , Zhang Jia Qi , Chi Qiang Long , Tian Si Si
Published: January 2011

In this paper, it has been studied the acclimation stage of a synthetic wastewater fed with glucose as a carbon source, using a tow-chambers microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Special attention has been paid to the start-up. During the acclimation period, the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) will be exposed to variations in operating parameters. Hence, the acclimation stage of MFCs, exposed to variation in the influent COD, operating temperature, and electron acceptor, was investigated in the terms of power density, COD removal efficiency, and voltage while treating a synthetic wastewater. The power density is increased and the acclimation period is prolonged with the increase of the influent COD up to meet steady-state conditions. It is important to note that the acclimation of MFCs is not only impacted by the electricity-generating bacteria, but by the whole biological. The highest steady-state voltage, which is about 404mV, is obtained at 35°C, comparing to the operating temperature of 15°C or 25°C. In addition, the electron acceptor will obviously influence the steady-state voltage and start-up period.
On the Subject of Environmental Compensation System
Authors: Li Yan Li , Li Li Jun , Du Qun
Published: January 2011

This paper discussed the subject of the environmental compensation, including the funds providers, and compensation object. The environmental compensation must be a process that matter and energy transfers from the economic system to the environmental system reciprocally and compensatorily, through the funds providers provide funds, intermediaries take the specific measure for environmental restoration. It will be emphasized that the compensation object should be the environment rather than the person owning property rights of environmental resources.
Sustainable Utilization of Water Resource in Linyi
Authors: Gao Hua Zhong
Published: January 2011

The water resource in Linyi city has the characteristics of big inter-annual and annual change and uneven geographical distribution, but is relatively the abundant area in Shandong province. The surface water is highly developed and utilized but the underground water is not sufficiently developed and utilized. The strategies and measures for reasonable development and utilization, such as reinforcing the awareness of water saving, developing new water resources, adding matched facilities, reusing water, etc., are proposed. Linyi city is in the southeast of Shandong province, and is located among 117°25′~119°11′E，34°17′~36°23′N. It comprises three urban districts of Lanshan, Luozhuang and Hedong and 9 counties of Tancheng, Cangshan, Junan, Yishui, Mengyin, Pingyi, Feixian, Yinan and Linshu. Its total area is 17185km2, and is the largest city in Shandong province.