bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verbal and Pictorial Representations of Beverage Consumption Patterns
Authors: Ganassali Stéphane , Moscarola Jean , Mestrallet Anne Sophie , Buber Renate , Laaksonen Pirjo , Hellén Katarina , Grunert Klaus , Rosendahl Jacob , Zucchella Antonella , Cerchiello Paola , Hagen Birgit , Wiedmann Klaus Peter , Behrens Stefan , Hennigs Nadine , Kenyon Alexandra
Published: January 2013

After a first section dedicated to the discussion of the methodological foundations of the image-based research protocols, the chapter introduces the “wall of pictures” protocol. The authors first present the preparation of instrument, the validity check, and the textual data coding process. In the final paragraphs, a large range of descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses is successively presented, and thanks to a combination of innovative technological devices, the wall of pictures outcomes has shown some promising perspectives. Triangulation opportunities are particularly promoted thanks to the combination of quantitative measurements with textual and/or pictorial variables.
Analysing Different Consumption Practices among Different Settings
Authors: Kaufmann Hans Rüdiger , Orphanidou Yianna , Tsangari Haritini , Neulinger Agnes , Kuster Inés , Vila Natalia , Rudawska Iga , Bakowska Sylwia , Arvola René
Published: January 2013

The chapter’s main aim is to provide evidence for the need to differentiate consumer behaviour exemplified by drinking patterns and the various factors influencing these patterns as to different European clusters. These clusters emerged from the empirical research stage of the COBEREN project. They are compared to currently well-known European cluster differentiations (i.e. geographic clusters, cultural clusters, or Established European Economic Settings vs. Transitional European Settings in Central and Eastern Europe). This research aims to investigate European consumer behaviour on drinking, hypothesizing that other than the traditional cultural and/or geographical clusters, differentiated explanatory factors emerge calling for more localized strategies of the beverage industry. A new contribution to knowledge relating to differentiated consumer behaviour patterns not existing so far could eventually be provided. This new knowledge contribution is reflected by a triangulation of qualitatively (picture selection analyzed by Sphinx software) and quantitatively derived explanatory factors of drinking behaviour (i.e. content analysis, correlation, and multiple regression analysis). Very interesting in this context is the discussion as to if the often currently cited differentiation of settings based on mainstream cultural and geographical categories correspond with the actual behavioural patterns, or if new insights could be won for a different, and eventually, more localized differentiation of European clusters. A variety of innovative cluster profiles and the explanatory factors on budget expenditure provided are regarded as very useful for informing managerial strategies (see also the chapter on managerial implications) regarding, for example, the often existing strategic dilemma as to standardization and/or adaptation.
Democratization and the Politics Behind Korean E-Government
Authors: Schopf James C.
Published: January 2013

Korea has become the world E-government leader, employing ICTs to improve the openness, transparency, and accountability of government operations, yielding $1 billion in annual savings. E-government legislation wouldn’t been possible without Korea’s prior democratization, which altered incentives facing politicians, making it riskier and costly to abuse public office for private gain, while rewarding leaders for introducing reforms to reign in bureaucratic corruption and effectively deliver public goods to constituents. This study demonstrates the constraining effect of democracy on corruption through objective, comparative statics analysis of industrial policy corruption and through examination of perception polls and experience surveys of corruption before and after the democratic transition. Application of process tracing techniques reveals that E-government was introduced as part of a broader democratically-motivated drive within Korea to reduce corruption and improve government policy performance.
Public Administration & ICT for Human Development in Turkey How to Remove Limitations
Authors: Öktem M. Kemal
Published: January 2013

This paper deals with the issue of ICT (Information Communication and Technology) for human development in Turkey and the role of public administration as a service provider, and as a macro organization. The human side of development is important at least as technological investments to balance inequalities and environmental risks. After having an overview of the Turkish case, a number of possible solutions have been argued to reach knowledge of happiness and well-being.
The Outcomes of ICT Diffusion and Human Development in Malawi
Authors: Makoza Frank , Chigona Wallace
Published: January 2013

Presented is a historical analysis of the link between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and human development outcomes in a developing country. Human Development Index was used as a theoretical lens to assess the consequences of peoples’ choices to lead a healthier, longer and more creative life. The study used Malawi as the case study. Secondary data sourced from international development agencies’ databases, and policy documents from government departments, were used in this study. The results are explained in further detail deeper into the article.
Repeated Scenario Simulation to Improve Competency in Critical Care: A New Approach for Nursing Education
Authors: Abe Yukie , Kawahara Chikako , Yamashina Akira , Tsuboi Ryoji
Published: January 2013

Background

In Japan, nursing education is being reformed to improve nurses' competency. Interest in use of simulation-based education to increase nurses' competency is increasing.

Objectives

To examine the effectiveness of simulation-based education in improving competency of cardiovascular critical care nurses.

Methods

A training program that consisted of lectures, training in cardiovascular procedures, and scenario simulations was conducted with 24 Japanese nurses working at a university hospital. Participants were allocated to 4 groups, each of which visited 4 zones and underwent scenario simulations that included debriefings during and after the simulations. In each zone, the scenario simulation was repeated and participants assessed their own technical skills by scoring their performance on a rubric. Before and after the simulations, participants also completed a survey that used the Teamwork Activity Inventory in Nursing Scale (TAINS) to assess their nontechnical skills.

Results

All the groups showed increased rubric scores after the second simulation compared with the rubric scores obtained after the first simulation, despite differences in the order in which the scenarios were presented. Furthermore, the survey revealed significant increases in scores on the teamwork scale for the following subscale items: “Attitudes of the superior” (P < .001), “Job satisfaction” (P = .01), and “Confidence as a team member” (P = .004).

Conclusions

Our new educational approach of using repeated scenario simulations and TAINS seemed not only to enhance individual nurses' technical skills in critical care nursing but also to improve their nontechnical skills somewhat.
EARLY APPLICATION OF HIGH CUT-OFF HAEMODYALISIS FOR DE-NOVO MYELOMA NEPHROPATHY IS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM DIALYSIS-INDEPENDENCY AND RENAL RECOVERY
Authors: Khalafallah Alhossain A. , Loi Sie Wuong , Love Sarah , Mohamed Muhajir B. , Mace Rose , Khalil Ramy , Girgs Miriam , Raj Rajesh , Mathew Mathew
Published: January 2013

BackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignancy associated with kidney injury resulting from cast nephropathy, which can be caused by monoclonal free light chains (FLC). It has been demonstrated that reduction of FLC can lead to a higher proportion of patients recovering renal function with a better outcome, especially if extended high cut-off haemodialysis (HCO-HD) combined with chemotherapy is used.Patients and MethodsIn this study, four cases of MM nephropathy were treated with HCO-HD and chemotherapy at a single institution during the period from August 2009 to August 2011. All of the patients presented with acute renal failure and high serum FLC. All patients underwent a bone marrow biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of MM, according to the WHO criteria. Three patients had de-novo MM and one patient had relapsed light chain myeloma disease. All patients underwent HCO-HD concomitantly with specific myeloma therapy once the diagnosis or relapse of MM was established.ResultsAfter a median follow up of 26 months, (range, 13-36) our data showed that all patients had a significant decrease in serum FLC through HCO-HD, proving the effectiveness of HCO-HD in managing MM. De-novo MM patients restored their renal function and achieved low-level FLC early on the treatment and become dialysis-independent. One patient with relapsed myeloma remained dialysis dependant.ConclusionOur study suggests that if myeloma nephropathy associated with light-chain disease, HCO-HD should be initiated as early as possible. At the same time a specific MM treatment should be initiated to gain control of the disease and salvage the kidneys in order to achieve dialysis-independency. Further trials to confirm our results are warranted.Key Words: Multiple myeloma, renal failure, High cut-off haemodialysis, chemotherapy, outcome.
ROLE OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AS AN INDICATOR OF ACUTE MALARIAL INFECTION IN UTTARAKHAND STATE OF INDIA
Authors: Chandra Smita , Chandra Harish
Published: January 2013

BackgroundMalaria may be associated with complications which may be avoided by early diagnosis and treatment. Microscopic diagnosis showing presence of malarial parasites is needed for confirmation which at times may be unreliable and requires technical expertise. The present study was conducted to statistically analyze the haematological parameters including platelet indices which can give initial hint for malarial infection and therefore prompt the laboratory physician for active search of the parasite microscopically. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted which included 334 cases of acute malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax, falciparum and dual infection along with 100 cases of control. Routine haematological parameters along with platelet indices (MPV and PDW) which are easily available on automated cell counter were statistically analyzed to assess their role as indicators for malaria.ResultsLeukocyte count and platelet count were significantly lower in cases of acute malaria in comparison to controls (p value <0.001). Platelet count<150x109/l showed 87.2% sensitivity, 65% specificity, 89.3% positive predictive value and 2.49 likelihood ratio for the infection. PDW of 6-10 and MPV>8 fl had 71.9% and 61.5% sensitivity and 78.2% and 77.7% positive predictive value respectively for infection. Platelet count <150x109/l and MPV>8 fl was comparatively more sensitive indicator for vivax (88% and 70.8% respectively) than falciparum (84.8% and 50.4% respectively) and PDW 6-10 was more sensitive indicator for falciparum (82.6%) than vivax (69.5%) infection.ConclusionThrombocytopenia (<150x109/l) and low leukocyte count (<4x109/l) may be used as probable indicator for malaria. Higher MPV (>8 fl) and PDW of 6-10 also show considerable sensitivity for malarial infection. In addition, thrombocytopenia (<150x109/l) and higher MPV (>8 fl) was more sensitive for vivax infection while PDW 6-10 was more sensitive for falciparum infection.
Impact of land convection on the thermal structure of the lower stratosphere as inferred from COSMIC GPS radio occultations
Authors: Khaykin S. M. , Pommereau J.-P. , Hauchecorne A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Following recent studies evidencing the effect of deep overshooting convection on the chemical composition of the tropical lower stratosphere by injection of tropospheric air across the cold-point tropopause we explore its impact on the thermal structure of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the lower stratosphere using the high-resolution COSMIC GPS radio-occultation temperature measurements spanning from 2006 through 2011. The temperature of the lower tropical stratosphere is shown to display a systematic mean cooling of 0.6 K up to 20 km in the late afternoon in the summer over land compared to oceanic areas where little or no diurnal variation is observed. The temperature cycle is fully consistent with the diurnal cycle and geographical location of deep convective systems reported by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar suggesting strong injection of adiabatically cooled air into the lower tropical stratosphere in the afternoon over tropical continents. But most unexpected is the difference between the southern and Northern Hemispheres, the first displaying systematic larger cooling suggesting more intense convection in the southern than in the northern tropics.
Development of a cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for airborne measurements of CH4 and CO2
Authors: O'Shea S. J. , Bauguitte S. J.-B. , Gallagher M. W. , Lowry D. , Percival C. J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. High-resolution CH4 and CO2 measurements were made onboard the FAAM BAe 146 UK atmospheric research aircraft during a number of field campaigns. The system was based on an infrared spectrometer using the cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy technique. Correction functions to convert the mole fractions retrieved from the spectroscopy to dry air mole fractions were derived using laboratory experiments and over a 3 month period showed good stability. Long-term performance of the system was monitored using WMO traceable calibration gases. During the first year of operation (29 flights) analysis of the system's in-flight calibrations suggest that its measurements are accurate to −0.07 ppbv (1 σ precision at 1 Hz = 2.48 ppbv) for CH4 and −0.06 ppmv (1 σ precision at 1 Hz = 0.66 ppmv) for CO2. The system was found to be very robust, no major motion or altitude dependency could be detected in the measurements. An inter-comparison between whole air samples that were analysed post-flight for CH4 and CO2 by cavity ring down spectroscopy showed a mean difference between the two techniques of −2.4 ppbv (1 σ = 2.3 ppbv) for CH4 and −0.22 ppmv (1 σ = 0.45 ppmv) for CO2. In September 2012, the system was used to sample biomass burning plumes in Brazil as part of the SAMBBA project (South American biomass burning analysis). From these and simultaneous CO measurements, emission factors for savannah fires were calculated. These were found to be 2.2 ± 0.2 g (kg dry matter)−1 for CH4 and 1710 ± 171 g (kg dry matter)−1 for CO2, which are in excellent agreement with previous estimates in the literature.
Virtual water trade flows and savings under climate change
Authors: Konar M. , Hussein Z. , Hanasaki N. , Mauzerall D. L. , Rodriguez-Iturbe I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The international trade of food commodities links water and food systems, with important implications for both water and food security. The embodied water resources associated with food trade are referred to as "virtual water trade". We present the first study of the impact of climate change on global virtual water trade flows and associated savings for the year 2030. In order to project virtual water trade under climate change, it is essential to obtain projections of both bilateral crop trade and the water-use efficiency of crops in each country of production. We use the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) to estimate bilateral crop trade flows under changes in agricultural productivity. We use the H08 global hydrologic model to estimate the water-use efficiency of each crop in each country of production and to transform crop flows into virtual water flows. We find that the total volume of virtual water trade is likely to go down under climate change. However, the staple food trade is projected to save more water across most climate impact scenarios, largely because the wheat trade re-organizes into a more water-efficient structure. These findings indicate that trade may be an adaptation measure to climate change with ramifications for policy.
Spatial and temporal variations of glacier extent across the Southern Patagonian Icefield since the 1970s
Authors: White A. , Copland L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A combination of Landsat and ASTER satellite scenes, from the 1970s to late-2000s, were used to quantify changes in the extent of glaciers in 130 basins across the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI). There was extensive net overall loss, with a reduction in ice area of ∼ 420 km2 (∼ 3% of the SPI) between 1984/86 and 2008/10. For glaciers which retreated, the mean annual loss rate was 0.19 km2 yr−1 between 1976/79 and 1984/86, 0.16 km2 yr−1 between 1984/86 and 2000/02, and 0.16 km2 yr−1 between 2000/02 and 2008/10. Since the 1980s, glaciers located in the northwest quadrant of the SPI experienced the highest mean annual loss rates, at 0.22 km2 yr−1, while those in the southwest experienced the lowest mean annual loss rates, at 0.06 km2 yr−1. NCEP/NCAR climate reanalysis indicates that mean monthly surface air temperatures have increased by an average of +0.12 °C decade−1 (p = 0.0002) since 1950, particularly during the winter season, resulting in a~change from mean negative to mean positive monthly winter temperatures and the earlier onset of spring. Increased winter temperatures have likely caused a switch in precipitation type from snow to rain and an associated reduction in glacier mass balance, even though there has been no significant trend in total annual precipitation over this period.
New estimates of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent during September 1964 from recovered Nimbus I satellite imagery
Authors: Meier W. N. , Gallaher D. , Campbell G. G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Satellite imagery from the 1964 Nimbus I satellite has been recovered, digitized, and processed to estimate Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent for September 1964. September is the month when the Arctic reaches its minimum annual extent and the Antarctic reaches its maximum. Images were manually analyzed over a three-week period to estimate the location of the ice edge and then composited to obtain a hemispheric average. Uncertainties were based on limitations in the image analysis and the variation of the ice cover over the three week period. The 1964 Antarctic extent is higher than estimates from the 1979–present passive microwave record, but is in accord with previous indications of higher extents during the 1960s. The Arctic 1964 extent was near the 1979–2000 average from the passive microwave record, suggesting relatively stable summer extents until the recent large decrease. This early satellite record puts the recently observed into a longer-term context.
Quantitative Analysis of Biofilm Formed on Vascular Prostheses by Staphylococcus Epidermidis with Different ica and aap Genetic Status
Authors: Golus Joanna , Stankevic Magdalena , Sawicki Rafal , Los Renata , Malm Anna , Ginalska Grazyna
Published: January 2013

Objectives

This study aims to examine biofilm formed on vascular prostheses by Staphylococcus epidermidis with different ica and aap genetic status, and to evaluate the effect of antibiotic-modified prostheses on bacterial colonization.

Methods

Biofilm formation was determined using fluorescence microscopy imaging. Quantitative analysis was conducted using the biofilm coverage ratio (BCR) calculations.

Results

Our investigations prove that the BCR method with fluorescent dye enabled an accurate assessment of biofilm coverage and comparison of the obtained results. The ica+ aap+ strains formed a biofilm on all of the examined vascular prostheses. Uni-Graft® modified with covalently immobilized amikacin was effective in preventing bacterial adherence.

Conclusions

Molecular biology techniques combined with phenotype studies give a broad insight into biofilm formation mechanisms. On the other hand, fluorescence microscopy imaging along with BCR calculations are reliable and simple tools to quantitatively estimate biofilm formation, as well as the effectiveness of antimicrobial prosthesis modification.
TGF-β1 Expression in Kidney Allograft Protocol Biopsies during Cyclosporine: a Therapy
Authors: Ortiz Fernanda , Helanterä Ilkka T. , Räisänen-Sokolowski Anne , Honkanen Eero O. , Koskinen Petri K.
Published: January 2013

Background

TGF-β1 expression has been described to increase along with time from transplantation and has also been linked to allograft dysfunction and toxic effects of cyclosporine. Our aim was to correlate intragraft TGF-β1 expression with cyclosporine exposure after kidney transplantation.

Methods

Altogether 53 kidney allograft protocol biopsies from 42 patients on a low-dose cyclosporine-based regimen obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months were classified according to Banff and the chronic allograft damage index (CADI). TGF-β1 expression in tubules, glomeruli, vessels, and inflammatory cells was semi-quantitatively scored and correlated with cyclosporine concentrations (C0 and C2), CADI, and graft function.

Results

TGF-β1 expression was mildly increased along time from transplantation, but the results were not statistically significant. TGF-β1 expression was neither related to CADI nor to the use of ACE inhibitors/ARB. TGF-β1 expression in the kidney was not correlated with C0 or C2 levels or kidney graft function during follow-up.

Conclusion

In protocol biopsies from patients on low-dose cyclosporine regimen, expression of TGB-β1 was not significantly increased along time since transplantation, and did not correlate with cyclosporine exposure. Our findings suggest that the toxic effects of low-dose cyclosporine on TGF-β expression may be milder than previously thought.
Self-Defense Against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack By Nonstate Actors
Authors: Bethlehem Daniel
Published: January 2013

There has been an ongoing debate over recent years about the scope of a state’s right of selfdefense against an imminent or actual armed attack by nonstate actors. The debate predates the Al Qaeda attacks against the World Trade Center and elsewhere in the United States on September 11,2001, but those events sharpened its focus and gave it greater operational urgency. While an important strand of the debate has taken place in academic journals and public forums, there has been another strand, largely away from the public gaze, within governments and between them, about what the appropriate principles are, and ought to be, in respect of such conduct. Insofar as these discussions have informed the practice of states and their appreciations of legality, they carry particular weight, being material both to the crystallization and development of customary international law and to the interpretation of treaties.
Institutional Work and Complicit Decoupling across the U.S. Capital Markets: The Work of Rating Agencies
Authors: Clark Cynthia E. , Newell Sue
Published: January 2013

We focus on the core institution of the capital market and the institutional work of professional service firms that provide ratings on corporate issuers, initially in a bid to maintain this institution, which suffered when those involved relied solely on information from the issuers themselves. Through our analysis we identify a new type of decoupling—complicit decoupling. Complicit decoupling evolves over time, beginning with the creation of a new practice, here corporate ratings as a form of policing work, which emerges to help to maintain a core institution. This practice is then adopted, implemented and later becomes decoupled. Exposure does not undermine the legitimacy of the practice because external actors collude in the ‘window dressing’ and, because it has become normalized, only partial repairs are enacted. It is by nature field-level institutional work, benefiting the majority of the field and inherently involves a violation of promise keeping. We conclude with implications for managers and behavioral ethics researchers.
Stakeholder Theory, Value, and Firm Performance
Authors: Harrison Jeffrey S. , Wicks Andrew C.
Published: January 2013

This paper argues that the notion of value has been overly simplified and narrowed to focus on economic returns. Stakeholder theory provides an appropriate lens for considering a more complex perspective of the value that stakeholders seek as well as new ways to measure it. We develop a four-factor perspective for defining value that includes, but extends beyond, the economic value stakeholders seek. To highlight its distinctiveness, we compare this perspective to three other popular performance perspectives. Recommendations are made regarding performance measurement for both academic researchers and practitioners. The stakeholder perspective on value offered in this paper draws attention to those factors that are most closely associated with building more value for stakeholders, and in so doing, allows academics to better measure it and enhances managerial ability to create it.
A snapshot of the successful bio-clusters around the world: Lessons for South African biotechnology
Authors: Pillay Nirvana S. , Uctu Ramazan
Published: January 2013

Development of clusters has been one of the critical factors in the success of many countries in the field of biotechnology. Most of the literature has been focused on the biotechnology clusters in developed countries and much less attention has been paid to the development of biotechnology clusters in developing countries. The aim of this research is to exploit the successful bio-clusters in selected developing countries such as Brazil, Cuba, India and China and to learn some lessons for South African bio-clusters. Research found that government played a critical role in creating successful bio-clusters in these developing countries. In South Africa there is evidence of emerging clusters in the Gauteng and Western Cape regions, based on the number of companies concentrated within the regions. With strong government support, these regions could be an important biotechnology hub in Africa continent.
Use of Traditional and Complementary Medical Care by Patients With Multiple Sclerosis in South-East Queensland
Authors: Hooper Kaye D. , Pender Michael P. , Webb Penny M. , McCombe Pam A.
Published: January 2013

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that causes significant disability and dependence on health care. This study was performed to assess the use of traditional and complementary health care by 40 patients with clinically definite MS in South-East Queensland, Australia. Their clinical and personal details and use of traditional and complementary health care were recorded during interviews in the six-month study period from June 1996 to December 1996. All patients were under the care of a neurologist and a general practitioner. More than half (52.5%) of the patients used physiotherapy; among patients older than 40, use of physiotherapy reached 61%. Eighty percent of subjects were seen at the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Queensland, a charitable organization that delivers MS care. Thirty-three of 40 patients (82.5%) had used complementary therapy at some point; 93% of the women with MS had used this form of therapy. Older patients were less likely to use complementary therapy than were younger ones. Median cost to users of complementary therapy was $100 per month (Australian dollars). (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(1): 13–28)
Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trials: Part 1—Basic Considerations
Authors: Herndon Robert M.
Published: January 2013

Clinical trials in neurology are difficult, complex, usually expensive, and fraught with pitfalls. Clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) are particularly difficult because of the relapsing-remitting nature of the disease, the highly varied distribution of the lesions, and varied signs and symptoms. While the number and quality of MS clinical trials have increased enormously in recent years, they remain controversial and are subject to endless criticism. There is no shortage of individuals willing and eager to criticize clinical trials if they claim a positive result. Conversely, negative trials are rarely published1 and, when they are, they are rarely criticized even though some negative trials are equally deserving of criticism. No trial is perfect, and few scientific endeavors are subject to more rigorous review and criticism than clinical trials. This article—the first in a series—will discuss various aspects of planning, designing, and implementing a clinical trial. (Int J MS Care. 2001; 3(1): 6–12)
Osteoporosis Risk Factors and Bone Mineral Density in Women With MS
Authors: Smeltzer Suzanne C. , Zimmerman Vanessa , Capriotti Theresa , Fernandes Lilia
Published: January 2013

Purpose: To describe the results of bone mineral density (BMD) screening in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to identify risk factors for osteoporosis in women with MS and their use of preventive strategies.

Methods: BMD screening was performed at the os calcis. A self-administered survey, formatted as a checklist, asked women with MS about their risk factors for osteoporosis and their use of osteoporosis prevention strategies.

Findings: 142 women with MS completed the study. Using a modified classification system suggested for use with peripheral measurements of BMD, 44.4% of women in the sample were categorized as having normal BMD, 35.2% were osteopenic, and 20.4% were osteoporotic. The number of risk factors for osteoporosis reported by women with MS ranged from zero to 10 with a mean of 4.6 ± 1.8. Relatively few women were using strategies to minimize their risks for osteoporosis. Of those who did employ a risk-minimization strategy, the lowest number of women in the sample (4.3%) used raloxifene, and the highest number of women (38.6%) used calcium supplementation.

Conclusions: Low BMD is common in women with MS, increasing their risk for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Greater awareness is needed among health care providers regarding the increased risk and high incidence of osteoporosis in women with MS. Strategies to detect and prevent osteoporosis are warranted in women with MS in order to prevent further disability caused by osteoporosis-related fractures. (Int J MS Care. 2002; 4: 17–23, 29)
Ask-the-Nurse Program Study
Authors: Nesbary Dale , Nesbary Connie , Lisak Deena
Published: January 2013

This paper is intended to provide evaluative data designed to enhance nursing services to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to benefit MS Society staff and stakeholders and to enhance the Ask-the-Nurse program. The Ask-the-Nurse program was initiated at the Michigan Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society in July 2001. A volunteer nurse knowledgeable in MS care is available via telephone to answer questions raised by MS clients statewide. Phone calls were tracked for 14 months to assess the needs of clients of the National MS Society–Michigan Chapter. Most calls concerned medication, basic clinical information (“Do I have MS?”), National MS Society programs and services, and information requests. It is recommended that other MS Society chapters institute Ask-the-Nurse programs, that Web-based data collection methods be implemented, and that more detailed evaluative data be collected. (Int J MS Care. 2003; 5: 15–21)
Multiple Sclerosis and Sexuality: A Survey of MS Health Professionals' Comfort, Training, and Inquiry About Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Griswold Germaine A. , Foley Frederick W. , Halper June , LaRocca Nicholas G. , Zemon Vance
Published: January 2013

When health care professionals were asked about their perceptions of, assessment of, and treatment methods for sexual dysfunction, they acknowledged that sexual dysfunction was a frequent problem for MS patients, although few addressed the issue with their patients. Most also believed that very few of the patients actually sought help for sexual dysfunction. In addition to comfort level and training as the strongest predictors determining inquiry behavior, respondents indicated that lack of time with patients was an important factor in not inquiring about sexual function. As a whole, the group had minimal training in human sexuality. This questionnaire-based study found that amount of training was a significant predictor of both comfort level in discussing sexual functioning and the frequency in which discussions were initiated with patients. The results suggest that more training would facilitate MS health care professionals' comfort and assessment behaviors of sexual dysfunction. (Int J MS Care. 2003; 5: 37–38, 44–51)
Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers Recommendations for Care of Those Affected by Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Harris Colleen , Costello Kathleen , Halper June , Hinrichs Jutta , Hutchinson Brian , Naunton Anne , Yeung Michael
Published: January 2013

An extensive review of the literature, along with knowledge that is derived from education and experience, defined a critical need to recommend care for those affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). On behalf of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, the members of the Clinical Care Committee formulated these guidelines, which delineate their recommendations for minimal expectations of care, including a visual framework for care principles and principles of empowerment, as well as specific recommendations for care of those affected by MS for each phase of the disease. (Int J MS Care. 2003; 5: 67–78.)
Barriers and facilitators to linkage to ART in primary care: a qualitative study of patients and providers in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: MacPherson Peter , MacPherson Eleanor E , Mwale Daniel , Squire Stephen Bertel , Makombe Simon D , Corbett Elizabeth L , Lalloo David G , Desmond Nicola
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Linkage from HIV testing and counselling (HTC) to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is suboptimal in many national programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa, leading to delayed initiation of ART and increased risk of death. Reasons for failure of linkage are poorly understood.

Methods

Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with health providers and HIV‐positive primary care patients as part of a prospective cohort study at primary health centres in Blantyre, Malawi. Patients successful and unsuccessful in linking to ART were included.

Results

Progression through the HIV care pathway was strongly influenced by socio‐cultural norms, particularly around the perceived need to regain respect lost during a period of visibly declining health. Capacity to call upon the support of networks of families, friends and employers was a key determinant of successful progression. Over‐busy clinics, non‐functioning laboratories and unsuitable tools used for ART eligibility assessment (WHO clinical staging system and centralized CD4 count measurement) were important health systems determinants of drop‐out.

Conclusions

Key interventions that could rapidly improve linkage include guarantee of same‐day, same‐clinic ART eligibility assessments; utilization of the support offered by peer‐groups and community health workers; and integration of HTC and ART programmes.
Using CellX to Quantify Intracellular Events
Authors: Mayer Christian , Dimopoulos Sotiris , Rudolf Fabian , Stelling Jörg
Published: January 2013

Methods to quantify features of individual cells using light microscopy have become widely used in biology. A multitude of computational tools has been developed for image analysis; however, they are often only for specific cell types and microscopy techniques. This unit describes CellX, an open‐source software package for cell segmentation, intensity quantification, and cell tracking on a variety of microscopy images. CellX can perform cell segmentation largely independently of cell shapes, and can also cope with images that are crowded with cells. The basic protocol describes how to use CellX for cell segmentation and quantification. This protocol remains the same whether there is a collection of images to be analyzed or whether cell tracking on a sequence of images is to be performed. The CellX output comprises control images for visual validation, text files for post‐processing statistics, and MATLAB objects for advanced subsequent analysis. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 101:14.22.1–14.22.20. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Enlightenment and the Bourgeois Public Sphere (Through the Eyes of aLondon Merchant‐Writer)
Authors: Kittler Juraj
Published: January 2013

Conventional histories of the twentieth century had a propensity to idealize the seminal role played by the Enlightenment in ushering in modernity. Their impact on communication scholarship was reflected in Habermas's seminal work, which equated the main achievements of the English Enlightenment and the rise of the public sphere, defined as a venue fostering public opinion by means of rational debate. Yet, the same eighteenth‐century London coffeehouses that were idealized by Habermas as prototypes of democratic civic institutions are described by historical sources also as places of scandal and depravity, infested with deception and the manipulation of information. Daniel Defoe – merchant, journalist, and author of countless political pamphlets and literary novels – is one such exclusively positioned observer whose writings and personal life fully expose the ubiquitous dialectic tension between forces emphasizing the democratic potential of the emerging public sphere in London, and relentless efforts for its commodification. Indeed, Defoe's testimony challenges the very notion of its bourgeois nature. In conclusion, this essay attempts to demonstrate that the key concepts of the public sphere such as public opinion, consensus, and deliberative process predate the Enlightenment era. They had already been discussed in Renaissance Venice, albeit within a strikingly opposite normative framework. As a normative ideal, they became definitely adopted by mainstream society in mid‐seventeenth‐century England.
Media and Mobility
Authors: Andrejevic Mark
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the changing relationship of mobility to media technology, considering the ways in which we think about, engage in, and exploit the mobility of people and devices, goods and services, in a world in which mobility serves as an increasingly important type of information and information goes increasingly mobile. The chapter rethinks the ways in which information mobility and physical mobility interact with one another in the transition from industrial era shifts to digital era developments. If mobility has, at times, claimed for itself the attributes of a certain kind of freedom, this chapter considers the way in which this freedom can be put to work. The conquest of space, in the digital era, refers to the creation of a ubiquitous electromagnetic atmosphere – not merely extension across space, but also a “filling‐in” of space, so that wherever one goes, the network can be accessed, information can be retrieved, and feedback generated. Information is generated not simply about the movement of objects, but about the movement of messages, and, recursively, the tracking of the movement of messages. Mobility, in this sense, participates in a productive spiral.
The Chicago School of Sociology and Mass Communication Research
Authors: Wahl‐Jorgensen Karin
Published: January 2013

While the Chicago School has subtly but profoundly shaped and influenced the direction of scholarship on mass media, the history of its engagement with mass communication researchers is also a history of missed connections and opportunities. At least two different stories can be told in tracing the legacies of the Chicago School on work in media studies. One is a tale of triumph: The Chicago School has had a significant impact on scholarship in the field, in its normative assessment of the media's role in society and its empirical work in understanding it. Another is a tale of loss and marginalization, witnessed by the decline of the socially engaged and often qualitative approach of the school and its diminishing presence within the collective conscience of the discipline today. Both of these stories are true. The Chicago School arose out of a particular moment, with its companion preoccupations and anxieties, but its contributions subsequently fell to the wayside in the face of profound epistemological shifts. The Chicago School gave voice to the idea that media and communication have a central role to play in shaping individual and collective lives, and in cementing identities and communities. This idea has helped to justify and solidify the notion that we cannot understand society without understanding how we communicate with each other and how the media shape our social bonds and social worlds.
The Political Economy of Communication
Authors: McChesney Robert W.
Published: January 2013

The political economy of communication has three main components. First, it addressesin a critical mannerhow the media system interacts with and affects the overall disposition of power in society. Second, it examines how market structures, advertising support, labor relations, profit motivation, technologies, and government policies shape media industries, journalistic practices, occupational sociology, and the nature and content of the news and entertainment. The detailed examination of the policymaking process is the third core component. Political economic analysis suggests that media development has been inflected most strongly at critical junctures, moments when media technologies, political power, and economic structures simultaneously undergo stress and change. The present moment suggests the potential for political economic study of the media to have real impact.
Media Production and Information Policy
Authors: Burkart Patrick , Logan Lucas
Published: January 2013

This chapter uses a stakeholder analysis to examine the legal regime governing intellectual property rights in cyberspace and those who try to shape current policies. Celebrating what they call “the Celestial Jukebox,” information policymakers in the European Union (EU) have adopted copyright maximalist standards, which follow a model dictated by Hollywood for the United States. This chapter explores the legal initiatives and mechanisms required for this transformation, the political resistance and opposition to these reforms, and the changing relationships between media producers and consumers that the reforms seek to legitimate.
A Critical Analysis of Cultural Imperialism
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: January 2013

Asian cultural industries have produced and exported domestic television programs and films on a large scale since the mid‐1990s, challenging scholars' theories of cultural imperialism. The process remains complex, however, because the US still dominates the Asian cultural market and has expanded its influence through massive capital investments. This chapter analyzes the nature of transnationalization for Asian cultural industries in order to establish whether cultural imperialism is phased out in Asia. It explores the flows of Asian cultural products and examines the import and export of these goods in recent years. It then challenges the assertions made by scholars who formulate a reverse cultural imperialism thesis, and it questions whether cultural imperialism is still useful in explaining the Asian cultural market.
YouTube Stylo
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra
Published: January 2013

The impact of YouTube on media production and distribution has been breakneck, immense, and seemingly irreversible. In this chapter I argue that media production professors need to embrace, and not to avoid YouTube, as if it was what the French call a
stylo
: a pen. To do so, we need to better understand YouTube and YouTube videos. I impart here some of the lessons I have learned from teaching an experimental course, Learning from YouTube, in which all the course work has been
about
, but also
on
, the site. These lessons illustrate the genres, contents, and styles of “video writing” that my students have developed to expand the reach of YouTube's more standard and banal content. The lessons also address how knowledge of the technologies, ownership, architecture, and customs of the site can allow for careful, considered, and self‐referential student work to become a critical part of this unruly archive.
Is Media Work Good Work?
Authors: Hesmondhalgh David , Zoellner Anna
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines a politics of creative media work in order to make claims for what is good work. These claims follow a number of recent critiques of work emerging from media production studies. Drawing on sociology, philosophy, and social theory, the chapter develops a model for the analysis of good and bad work in general. A case study of the independent television sector in the UK and Germany then applies this model to illustrate the coexistence of positive and negative features in media work. This intervention aims to promote the kind of emancipatory social action necessary to make access to good work, including good creative work, more equal and just.
Is There Local Content on Television for Children Today?
Authors: Lustyik Katalin , Zanker Ruth
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the dichotomy between “local” and “global” television content targeting children in the context of debates on media globalization. Our three case studies – TVNZ6 in New Zealand, Minimax in Eastern Europe, and Al Jazeera Children's Channel in the Middle East – focus specifically on locally produced content offered on thematic children's television channels launched to promote the cultural heritage of a particular nation or region. Operating in small but radically different media environments on different continents, these channels provide concrete examples of how local content is conceptualized and what types of content are being offered and produced for children today.
The Evolution of Hollywood Latinidad
Authors: Beltrán Mary C.
Published: January 2013

This essay explores the evolution of Latina/o representation in Hollywood film and US television by reviewing the scholarship on Latina/o representation and stardom. The essay is structured in relation to methodological approaches and tropes that have emerged and become fundamental to the field of study as it has evolved. The sections below are organized to hone in on the themes of (1) Latina/o visibility and stereotypes; (2) racialization and the privileging of particular “Latin looks”; (3) constructions of Latinidad and related questions of authenticity; (4) hybridity and transnationalism; (5) self‐representation and Latina/o participation within the mainstream media industries; and (6) recent hypervisibility and other contemporary trends. It concludes by addressing the multiple implications of today's hypervisibility of Latina/o actors and calls for further in‐depth study of such multivalent representation and its impact.
The Reflexive Self
Authors: Sender Katherine
Published: January 2013

Drawing from a large audience research project conducted by a team of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, I consider how the methodological challenges of doing audience research can inform a broader investigation of the production of a reflexive self. Looking at responses to four US makeover reality shows, our data suggest that neither of the two main perspectives that dominate reality TV research, the uses and gratifications approach and the governmentality critique, fully account for the meanings the viewers we talked to brought to makeover texts. They acknowledged learning some things from these shows, while pointing to big differences between the shows. Yet producing themselves as disciplined citizens appears far less significant than their investments in the possibilities of self‐transformation: specifically, transforming the self's relation to the self. Makeover shows facilitate an articulation of a particular kind of self, which has insight into itself, has agency about itself, and that cares for itself. Yet this reflexive self is also produced through the research process, where implicit hierarchies of value concerning expressivity and self‐reflection are paralleled, even reinforced, by the apparently diverse routines of low‐brow makeover television and high‐brow academic research.