bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of adult Moyamoya disease
Authors: Kim Jeong Eun , Pang Chang Hwan
Published: November 2019

Moyamoya disease (MMD) refers to a chronic progressive steno-occlusive disease at the distal portion of the internal carotid artery with abnormal collateral vessel formation of unknown etiology. The definite diagnosis of MMD requires cerebral angiography or magnetic resonance angiography and/or magnetic resonance imaging after excluding other underlying diseases, particularly in adult patients. The treatment aims to improve regional cerebral blood flow to prevent cerebral ischemic events and alleviate hemodynamic instability that can provoke cerebral hemorrhage. Although various surgical revascularization methods have been introduced, combined revascularization surgery including direct revascularization is preferred over indirect revascularization only in adult MMD patients. Several recent studies have shown that surgical treatment has better outcomes and prognosis for symptomatic hemodynamically unstable MMD patients with both ischemic and hemorrhagic presentations. For asymptomatic patients, follow up with appropriate imaging is recommended. Surgery should be considered when new symptoms emerge with hemodynamic aggravation.
Historic hydrological droughts 1891–2015: systematic characterisation for a diverse set of catchments across the UK
Authors: Barker Lucy J. , Hannaford Jamie , Parry Simon , Smith Katie A. , Tanguy Maliko , Prudhomme Christel
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Hydrological droughts occur in all climate zones and can have severe impacts on society and the environment. Understanding historical
drought occurrence and quantifying severity is crucial for underpinning
drought risk assessments and developing drought management plans.
However, hydrometric records are often short and capture only a limited
range of variability. The UK is no exception: numerous severe droughts over
the past 50 years have been well captured by observations from a dense
hydrometric network. However, a lack of long-term observations means that
our understanding of drought events in the early 20th century and late
19th century is limited. Here we take advantage of new reconstructed
flow series for 1891 to 2015 to identify and characterise historic
hydrological droughts for 108 near-natural catchments across the UK using
the standardised streamflow index (SSI). The identified events are ranked
according to four event characteristics (duration, accumulated deficit, mean
deficit and maximum intensity), and their severity is reviewed in the context
of events of the recent past (i.e. the last 50 years). This study represents the first national-scale assessment and ranking of hydrological droughts. Whilst known major drought events were identified, we also shed light on events which were regionally important, such as those in 1921 and 1984 (which were important in the south-east and north-west of the UK, respectively). Events which have been poorly documented, such as those of the 1940s in the post-war years or the early 1970s (prior to the landmark 1975–1976 event), were found to be important in terms of their spatial coverage and severity. This improved knowledge of historic events can support improved long-term water resource planning approaches. Given the universal importance of historical drought appraisal, our systematic approach to historical drought assessment provides a methodology that could be applied in other settings internationally.
EXTRACTION METHODS AND EXPERIMENT ON ESSENTIAL FOREST VARIABLES FOR GEOSPATIALLY-ENABLED SDGs MONITORING
Authors: Zhao Y. J. , Wu H.
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Since the United Nations passed the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 sub-goals in 2015, many researchers have tried their best to put them into practise. However, mass data and different understanding of SDGs indicators make this work much more difficult. In this article we reference the concept of essential variables which may have some contribution to established a standard system for SDGs monitoring. Here we take SDG15 as an example. Firstly, we deeply analyse the main contents of SDG15 and select some geospatial-related indicators involved with forest land. From those forest-related and geospatial-enabled indicators we concise 5 essential forest variables (EFV4SDG15) which could be classified into 3 different types: land cover distribution and transformation, aggregative pattern and intensity and spatial-temporal evolution process. Secondly, formalized expression of EFV4SDG15 and extraction of them from multiple data source are necessary, including data processing and mathematical expression of the variables. Finally, we take global region as research target to carry out preliminary experiments. In this part, we only select 2 EFV4SDG15s: the forest coverage rate and forest land transfer matrix to show detailed operation process and then present the results in forms of figure and table. The paper has preliminary attempts to the application of essential variables in SDGs monitoring and provides an example for other fields.
A METHOD OF BUILDING DETECTION IN REMOTE SENSING IMAGES BASED ON DEEP LEARNING WITH MULTIPLE LIGHTNESS DETECTORS
Authors: Huang D. M. , Zhao H. R. , Yao Y.
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Buildings, where most human activities happen, are one of the most important crucial objects in remote sensing images. Extracting building information is of great significance importance for conducting sustainable development-related researches. The extracted building information is a fundamental data source for further researches, including evaluating the living conditions of people, monitoring building conditions, predicting disaster risks and so on. In recent years, convolutional neural networks have been widely employed in building detection, and have gained significant progresses. However, in these automatic detection procedures, the critical brightness information is often neglected, with all buildings simply classified into the same category. To make the building detection more efficient and precise, we propose a simple yet efficient multitask method employing several lightness detectors, each of which is dedicated to the building detection in a specific brightness interval. Experiment results show that the building detection accuracy could be improved by 8.1% with the assistance of the additional lightness information.
Agronomic and Economic Evaluation of Sequential Spray of Silicon and Fungicides for a Sustainable Soybean Crop
Authors: Guazina Renato Anastácio , Nass Rosiane Araujo Rodrigues , Theodoro Gustavo De Faria , Brumatti Ricardo Carneiro , Muchalak Sofia Michele , Golin Henrique De Oliveira
Published: November 2019

This study was carried out to determine whether the yield of soybean cultivars and the severity of Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) are influenced by foliar spray of silicon exclusively or along with a fungicide mixture, as well as the economic viability of their use for a sustainable crop. The experiment was performed in randomized-block design, five replicates, two soybean cultivars and (2×6) + 2 factorial arrangements: S1 (AlSi at R1 + R4); S2 (AlSi at R1 + R5.1); S3 (AlSi at R1 + FM at R4); S4 (FM at R1 + AlSi at R4); S5 (AlSi at R1 + FM at R5.1); S6 (FM at R1 + AlSi at R5.1); NC and PC (negative and positive control). The economic evaluation and sensitivity analysis were undertaken for Anta 82 RR. There was no interaction effect between the factors, and cultivar CD 2737 had a higher yield. ASR was less severe in CD 2737, and S3 and S5 provided the lowest disease severity. Exclusive spray of aluminum silicate was able to reduce the number of lesions with uredinia, open uredinia and uredinia per lesion. S3 increased grain yield, resulting in higher revenues and a 66.1% gross margin. Sensitivity analysis revealed that S3 was profitable in all scenarios.
From Religious Rituals to Popular Theatre: Evolution of the Mulian Legend
Authors: Yu Shiao-ling
Published: November 2019

[ABSTRACT]

The story about Mulian rescuing his mother from Hell is widely known in China. It has also been the subject of numerous operas from many regions of the country from the eleventh century to the present. It is even considered the beginning of Chinese drama. This study investigates how this story of Indic origin has become a Chinese cultural phenomenon by tracing its long evolution and process of Sinification. It also discusses the relationship between rituals and stage performances of this legend.
Women and Crafting the Self in Moniro Ravanipour’s Novels
Authors: Shahnahpour Saeedeh
Published: November 2019

In the late 1980s, when feminist discourse became prevalent in Persian literature, a new generation of female writers appeared in Iran who used fiction, both short story and novel, as a literary vehicle to express their feelings and desires, and to criticize the gender gap and women’s social restrictions. Their writings thus offered a new outlook on how literature can shape the discourse of self-expression. As one of the most acclaimed female writers of postrevolutionary Iran, Moniro Ravanipour employs fiction, with autobiographical overtones, to express herself as a woman, a writer, and a native of the southern region of Iran. This article analyzes Ravanipour’s novels: Ahl-i Gharq (The drowned, 1989), Dil-i Fūlād (Heart of steel, 1990), and Kowlī Kinār-i Ātash (Gypsy by the fire, 1999) to highlight the representation of rural, urban, and tribal women—three types who have, albeit in different ways, adapted and changed both law and lifestyle to survive in an Iranian patriarchal society. It will also reveal the author’s concerns about femininity through analysis of her female protagonists, each of whom is an avatar of Ravanipour in the fictional world.
Concepción de vida deseable de los pueblos indígenas del Pacifico, Centro y Norte de Nicaragua
Authors: Cruz Barrios Carlos Lenys
Published: November 2019

En este trabajo se plantea que los pueblos indígenas de Nicaragua siguen practicando un modelo de convivencia comunitaria que les permite mantener una forma de vida en armonía con ellos mismos, con los demás y con la naturaleza. El aporte esencial del trabajo radica en posicionar en el ámbito académico las distintas concepciones del buen vivir (vivir bonito) de los pueblos indígenas de Nicaragua. El objetivo del trabajo es desentrañar la concepción del buen vivir de los pueblos asentados en la zona del Pacífico, Centro y Norte del pais (nahoa, sutiaba, chorotega y matagalpa), bajo la pregunta: ¿existe el buen vivir de los pueblos indígenas que se ubican de las regiones del Pacifico y del Centro y Norte de Nicaragua, donde se reconoce la supervivencia de 22 pueblos indígenas de ascendencia nahoa, sutiaba, matagalpa, y chorotega?. Para llevar cabo el trabajo se seleccionaron cuatro comunidades, consideradas como la más representativas de los grupos étnicos estudiados, tomando en cuenta su mayor nivel relativo de aislamiento, su menor grado de aculturación y la pervivencia de sus costumbres y sus formas de vida tradicionales, al objeto de que los estudios realizados pudieran mostrar la pervivencia (o no) de un buen vivir ancestral en la vida cotidiana actual de dichos pueblos indígenas: para el Pueblo Nahoa, la comunidad rural de Urbaite - Las Pilas; para el Pueblo Sutiaba, la comunidad rural de Troilo; para el Pueblo Chorotega, la comunidad rural de Cuyal; y, para el Pueblo Matagalpa la comunidad rural de Yucul.
The Zn-Pb Mineralization of Florida Canyon, an Evaporite-Related Mississippi Valley-Type Deposit in the Bongará District, Northern Peru
Authors: de Oliveira Saulo B. , Leach David L. , Juliani Caetano , Monteiro Lena V.S. , Johnson Craig A.
Published: November 2019

The Florida Canyon evaporite-related Zn-Pb sulfide deposit, in northern Peru, is one of the largest Mississippi Valley-type deposits in South America. Triassic carbonate and former evaporite-bearing rocks of the Pucará Group host the orebodies that constitute two different styles: (1) predominantly stratabound ore associated with hydrocarbon-rich porous dolostones and evaporite dissolution breccias and (2) high-grade ore associated with evaporite breccias representing diapiric injections along faults. A dome structure that controls the location of the ore deposit was defined by drill hole spatial data; the dome likely resulted from halokinetic processes during Andean deformation. NNE-trending, steeply dipping secondary faults linked to major northwest structures appear to control the distribution of ore grades in the deposit. Mineralization postdated hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Strontium, carbon, and oxygen data isotope signatures allow distinction between pre- and synmineralization carbonate stages. The sulfur isotope composition of sulfides in the deposit suggests they precipitated as the result of mixing of a metal-rich fluid with resident hydrogen sulfide in the dome. Local thermochemical sulfate reduction may have contributed to the reduced sulfur budget during mineralization.
Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi at Al-Qassim Region
Authors: Elazab Nahla Tharwat
Published: November 2019

In recent year’s endophytic fungi has become a major concern on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a wide range of flora which may be a rich source of endophytic fungi so that, the present study involves diversity and bioactivity of the endophytic fungal community in Al-Qassim region from 15 wild plants 162 isolates were obtained and identified. Among them, the most common isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceous and Trichoderma viride, these four endophytic isolates were examined for its antagonistic effect against six phytopathogenic fungi using two different assays, Dual-culture and Culture filtrate. Trichoderma viride recorded the most significant growth inhibition of almost pathogenic fungi followed by the three endophytic Aspergillus spp. In addition, these four endophytic fungi were screened for the production of some extracellular enzymes such as protease, cellulose, amylase, pectinase and xylanase. Our results show the ability of these isolates to produce these extracellular enzymes so this indicated the possible role of endophytic fungi as a biocontrol agent of plant disease.
Comparison of H2O2 screen-printed sensors with different Prussian blue nanoparticles as electrode material
Authors: Müller Anne , Sachse Susan , Decker Manfred , Matysik Frank-Michael , Vonau Winfried
Published: November 2019

In order to determine hydrogen peroxide condensing from gaseous and liquid phases screen-printed electrodes with controlled and adjustable thickness, shape and size of the working electrode as well as electrode paste composition were investigated. For this purpose Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles with a different particle size distribution of 20-30 nm (synthesized) and 60-100 nm (commercially available) were mixed with carbon paste and screen-printed on Al2O3 templates to establish H2O2-sensitive electrode. These two types of screen-printed sensors were compared to the commercial one during measurements in H2O2/water solutions at concentrations between 10-5 and 10-2 M H2O2. The linear signal in the investigated concentration range was found only for the sensor with the commercially available PB particles. Thus, this sensor prepared with PB particles of the size 60-100 nm showed the most reproducible and time-stable response versus the analyte in comparison to the others. This result offers the possibility to create sensors with adjustable design adapted to the concrete functionality. Thin films of collecting electrolytes based on agarose gels were printed on the sensor structures. They showed a distinct response on the application of H2O2-containing aerosols and gaseous phase.
IT Support for the Goods Reallocation Process in the Textiles-Based Fashion Retail
Authors: Życzyński Norbert , Gazda Andrzej , Woźniak Joanna
Published: November 2019

The process of moving goods from locations with the weakest rotation to those with high rotation in order to speed up the process of disposing of inventory in the entire retail network can be described as an assignment of goods. This process is particularly important in the textiles- based fashion industry, where external purchases for the retail network are often made once and the goods have shallow stocks. In order to optimise the stream of materials, the use of an integrated IT system is essential. Therefore, the main purpose of this publication is to show how IT solutions can be used to simplify the automation and optimisation of the process of generating proposals for goods reallocation within the retail network. The study covered selected companies from the textiles- based fashion industry.
Influence of the Yarn Fineness and Stitch Length of Polyester Knitted Fabric on the Dielectric Constant
Authors: Liu Yuanjun , Zhao Xiaoming
Published: November 2019

The influence of the yarn fineness and stitch length of polyester knitted fabrics on the dielectric constant was investigated by the single factor test method. As a result of the investigation, polyester knitted fabric parameters were chosen so as to obtain a polyester knitted fabric with the maximum real part and imaginary part of the dielectric constant. The results show that when the yarn fineness is 59 tex and the mark of the stitch length is 75, the polyester knitted fabric displayed the maximum real part and imaginary part of the dielectric constant. Finally, the polyester knitted fabric with these parameters had good microwave absorbing properties.
Production of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanowebs Containing Zinc Cyclohexane Mono Carboxylate via Electrospinning and Investigatıon of Antibacterial Effıciency
Authors: Yildiz Aylin , Atav Riza , Aydin Mine
Published: November 2019

In this study, after the synthesis of zinc cyclohexane mono carboxylate, its chemical structure was analysed with FTIR and TGA. Then electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibres containing zinc cyclohexane mono carboxylate were produced and antibacterial properties of the nanowebs obtained were investigated for their use in the textile field When the FTIR results of the nanofibres containing different concentrations of zinc cyclohexane monocarbocylate are examined, an –OH peak similar to that of PVP fibres is noticed. These results clearly indicate that zinc cyclohexane monocarboxylate is included in PVP. When the TGA spectra of CHMCZn-doped nanofibres at different ratios are examined, it is seen that they give more similar results than polyvinylprolidone nanofibres alone. According to the SEM-EDX analyses, it was observed that the fibre diameters obtained were in the range of 145 - 947 nm. On the other hand, antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli strains was detected, found regardless of the CHMCZn concentration.
Architektura dla dzieci
Authors: Starzyk Agnieszka
Published: November 2019

Celem naukowym
jest zbadanie wpływu przestrzeni
kreatywnych na kształtowanie architektury
adresowanej do dzieci na przykładzie realizacji
japońskiej pracowni HIBINOSEKKEI
+ Youji no Shiro. Studium przypadku trzech
wyselekcjonowanych przedszkoli, reprezentatywnych
w ocenie autorki w kontekście
przestrzeni kreatywnych, pozwoliło na wyciągnięcie
wniosków dotyczących pozytywnego
wpływu tak kształtowanych przestrzeni na
wieloaspektowy rozwój dziecka.
Termomodernizacja budynków zabytkowych Część 2. Projektowanie dociepleń
Authors: Orlik-Kożdoń Bożena
Published: November 2019

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia problemowe towarzyszące działaniom na rzecz podnoszenia efektywności energetycznej głównie w kontekście termomodernizacji przegród zewnętrznych budynków zabytkowych.
Orphaned children and their parents in the views of female students of pedagogy – a perspective of social distance
Authors: Żuraw Hanna
Published: November 2019

Children from dysfunctional families are a permanent element of social life. It arouses anxiety. It makes us think about the essence of humanity . It is also an object of research in many fields of knowledge. They show its causes and effects. This article presents the results of own research on the basis of the problem and on the attitudes of female students of pedagogy towards orphaned children. Their knowledge is piecemeal and derived from the mass media. According to the female students consider an orphaned child and their biological parents have features that are valued in a negative way, not promising development and life of high-quality.
Concept Utility
Authors: Egré Paul , O’Madagain Cathal ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: November 2019

Practices of concept-revision among scientists seem to indicate that concepts can be improved. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union revised the concept "Planet" so that it excluded Pluto, and insisting that the result was an improvement. But what could it mean for one concept or conceptual scheme to be better than another? Here we draw on the theory of epistemic utility to address this question. We show how the plausibility and informativeness of beliefs, two features that contribute to their utility, have direct correlates in our concepts. These are how inclusive a concept is, or how many objects in an environment it applies to, and how homogeneous it is, or how similar the objects that fall under the concept are. We provide ways to measure these values, and argue that in combination they can provide us with a single principle of concept utility. The resulting principle can be used to decide how best to categorize an environment, and can rationalize practices of concept revision.
Systems Thinking in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Agoshkova Elena B.
Published: November 2019

Systems thinking is an important factor in solving global problems. The twentieth-century has witnessed the development of a systems paradigm and different spheres of systems knowledge. However, further development of systems thinking necessitates overcoming the contradictions between different schools and unifying them into a single systems conception. With this in mind, systems problems are examined in light of the theory of knowledge. It is suggested that the gnosiological definition of the notion 'system' should be used as a basis for a single approach. An analysis of the concept 'system' leads to a logically well-structured conception of system. It follows from this that, in addition to the general theory of systems and the systems science, a non-formal theory of whole object and non-formal systems logic should form part of the systems thinking. This would set the stage for a categorical structure and a conceptual basis for systems thinking. The development of systems thinking should be regarded as the key challenge in perfecting humanity. The elaboration of a single systems conception within the philosophy of science and the methodology of scientific knowledge should be treated as a basis for meeting this challenge.
Two Points Against Naturalized Epistemology
Authors: Darwish Bahaa
Published: November 2019

My aim is to raise two points against naturalizing epistemology. First, against Quine’s version of naturalizing epistemology, I claim that the traditional questions of epistemology are indispensable, in that they impose themselves in every attempt to construct an epistemology. These epistemological questions are pre- and extra-scientific questions; they are beyond the scientific domain of research, thus, for a distinct province of inquiry. Second, I claim that no naturalistic account can be given as an answer to the traditional question of justification. I take Goldman’s and Haack’s accounts as examples to support my claim. The traditional demand of justification is to start from nowhere. Naturalizing justification is to start form somewhere. The two approaches are, thus, necessarily incompatible with each other. So, the accounts given by the naturalists are not answers to the traditional problem of justification. To remain compatible with themselves, the naturalists should have conceded that the problem of justification is illegitimate or incoherent. The fact that they did not I take as additional evidence to support my claim that the traditional questions of epistemology are indispensable: they impose themselves and are, thus, hard to eliminate.
Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: November 2019

I first argue that Aristotelian intellectual intuition (recognizing archai through epagoge and seeing their truth by recognizing their explanatory power through nous) generates basic beliefs which are not inferred — inductively or deductively — from other beliefs. Both involve synthetic intuitive insight. Epagoge grasps a connection and nous sees its general applicability. I next argue that such beliefs are properly basic by adapting an argument made by Hilary Kornblith. According to Kornblith, the world is objectively divided into natural kinds. We humans perceive the world divided into natural kinds. There is empirical evidence suggesting that we divide the world not only as it is objectively divided, but in making inductive inferences, that is, in inferring that an object will have certain properties on the basis of its having others. This grounds the reliability of (certain) inductive inferences. But the leading principles (in Peirce’s sense) of these inferences are basic beliefs generated through intellectual intuition. Hence intellectual intuition generates certain properly basic beliefs.
Transcendental Philosophy and Its Specific Demands
Authors: Gawlina Manfred
Published: November 2019

One needs specific initiation into the classics of transcendental philosophy (Kant’s "Criticism," Descartes’s "Metaphysics," and Fichte’s "Doctrine of Science") because all say farewell to the common sense view of things. The three types of transcendental thinking converge in conceiving rational autonomy as the ultimate ground for justification. Correspondingly, the philosophical pedagogy of all three thinkers is focused on how to seize and make that very autonomy (or active self-determination) intellectually and existentially available. In the concrete way of proceeding, however, the three models diverge. Descartes expects one to become master of oneself and "the world" by methodologically suspending his judgement on what cannot qualify itself to be undoubtable. Kant leads us to the point where we can triangulate universal conditions of the possibility of knowledge through individually acquiring the competence to judge the legitimacy of encountered propositional claims. Finally, Fichte confronts us with the idea of the identity of self-consciousness and objectivity.
Willing and Knowing
Authors: Juti Riku
Published: November 2019

This paper discusses W. K. Clifford's classic paper, "The Ethics of Belief," and the significance of his use of the locution "knowingly and willingly" in the context of morally irresponsible ignorance. It is argued that this locution can point to a very subtle and important distinction in the premisses of ethically responsible belief formation. An analysis of willful ignorance is then given. It is argued that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as willful ignorance: what is called willful ignorance in ordinary language is just the phenomena of getting oneself knowingly to believe something by willingly and knowingly altering the evidence for one's belief, rather than the genuine phenomenon of getting oneself willingly to believe something against the evidence. The former phenomenon is not, however, morally approvable. Therefore, willfulness of belief is not a necessary condition of morally irresponsible ignorance.
The Significance and Priority of Evidential Basis in Epistemic Justification
Authors: Kutlusoy Zekiye
Published: November 2019

There are various approaches to epistemology as well as to the philosophy of science. The attempt to naturalize them is the newest approach. In the naturalistic framework, epistemology turns out to be identical with the philosophy of science. The main characteristic of both naturalized epistemology and naturalized philosophy of science is their methodological monism. Therefore, both of these meta-level areas of philosophy pursue only one scientific discipline to be a meta-method for themselves. There are objections to naturalism on the basis that (from a methodological point of view) naturalized philosophy is monistic.
Circularity and Stability
Authors: Lammenranta Markus
Published: November 2019

William Alston argues that there is no way to show that any of our basic sources of belief is reliable without falling into epistemic circularity, i.e. relying at some point on premises that are themselves derived from the very same source. His appeal to practical rationality is an attempt to evaluate our sources of belief without relying on beliefs that are based on the sources under scrutiny and thus without just presupposing their reliability. I argue that this attempt fails and that Ernest Sosa’s appeal to the coherence theory of justification fails, too, if it is understood as an attempt to find a similar external evaluation of our sources of belief that does not just assume their reliability. I concluded that there is no alternative to taking an internal view to our own reliability and embracing epistemic circularity.
Subject, Education, Truth
Authors: Mikeshina Ludmila A.
Published: November 2019

Two processes develop in human culture and society that implicate each other. The first is, according to Hegel, the development of universal experience and knowledge in any individual since individuals are never born complete as what they are supposed to be. The second is the subjectivization of the universal experience and knowledge into unique and singular forms of the self and self-consciousness. An analysis of these two processes in the history of philosophy has revealed the interconnections between the cognizing subject, truth and education and paideia. A hermeneutical principle of "self-care" that develops the skill of ruling and caring for others represents one of the traditions that includes these features in unity and determines a type of paideia. This principle is developed by Socratic, Platonic, Epicurean and Stoic morality, and was actualized by Descartes in his movement to the cogito. "Self-care" was considered in the 17th century as a condition of acquiring scientific knowledge; later, however, it was labeled as egotism and individualism and replaced by self-cognition. Foucault gives proof of the necessity to revive the "self-care" principle in its initial sense as a foundation of the modern hermeneutical conception of upbringing. Hence, the role of philosophy as "an adviser" or "tutor" is to be revived in the process.
Cognitive Scepticism Of Nagarjuna
Authors: Mohanta D. K.
Published: November 2019

This paper aims at a critical exposition of some arguments by Nagarjuna against the cognitivist claims of the Nyaya philosophers, and a possible cognitivist critique of the skeptical arguments of Nagarjuna. My argument is presented in two broad sections. The first deals mainly with an exposition of Nagarjuna's charges against the concept of pramana, while the second is devoted to critical evaluation of the Nagarjunian charges. I conclude with the impression that there is hardly any common ground on which a Nyaya cognitivist and a Nagarjunian skeptic can meet. For this reason, the Nagarjunian cognitive skepticism seems to be theoretically 'irrefutable' but 'psychologically incorrigible.'
In Spite of Davidson’s Arguments for “The Folly of Trying to Define Truth,” Truth Can Be Defined
Authors: Nesher Dan
Published: November 2019

Davidson’s argument against the possibility of defining truth draws upon the work of Tarski. However, Tarski’s assumption that the semantic conception of truth holds only for formal languages which are not semantically closed is not as plausible as it seems to be since it can be shown that this would result in the impossibility of formulating a theory of truth, because the epistemological presuppositions of formal semantics undermine any theory of representation of reality in which our cognitions can be true or false representations. Yet Davidson concludes that "there cannot be a definition of ‘For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if . . . s . . . L’." I am challenging Davidson by introducing into his above scheme my own definition of truth — "For all languages L, and all sentences s in L, s is true in L if and only if we prove s in L" — and then showing how to prove this definition philosophically.
Coherence and Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Vineberg Susan
Published: November 2019

This paper addresses the question of whether probabilistic coherence is a requirement of rationality. The concept of probabilistic coherence is examined and compared with the familiar notion of consistency for simple beliefs. Several reasons are given for thinking rationality does not require coherence. Finally, it is argued that incoherence does not necessarily involve fallacious reasoning.
Defending Longino’s Social Epistemology
Authors: Wray K. Brad
Published: November 2019

Though many agree that we need to account for the role that social factors play in inquiry, developing a viable social epistemology has proved to be a difficult task. According to Longino, it is the processes that make inquiry possible that are aptly described as social, for they require a number of people to sustain them. These processes not only facilitate inquiry, but also ensure that the results of inquiry are more than mere subjective opinions, and thus deserve to be called knowledge. In this paper, I explain Longino’s epistemology and defend it against criticisms recently raised by Kitcher, Schmitt and Solomon. Longino rightly recognizes that not all social factors have the same (adverse) affect on inquiry. She also recommends that we reconceptualize ‘knowledge,’ distinguishing knowledge from opinion by reference to a social standard.
De como interpretar el argumento del sueno
Authors: Zuluaga Mauricio
Published: November 2019

Generalmente se ha asumido que el argumento escéptico del sueño señala la imposibilidad de determinar si se está dormido o despierto. En esta ponencia quiero mostrar que tal interpretación es errada y que lo que el argumento del sueño ataca es la estructura causal de la percepción, comprometiendo al escéptico con el realismo y el fundacionismo. Si se comparten estos compromisos con el escéptico con el realismo y el fundacionismo. Si se comparten estos compromisos con el escéptico, no habrá manera de refutarlo; si se quiere lograr esto, será necesario evadir los compromisos con el riesgo de abandonar la forma clásica de entender el conocimiento.
Additional ACRL Nominees for Offices, 1976/77
Authors: Library Association American
Published: November 2019

Additional ACRL Nominees for Offices, 1976/77
El Blockchain i el smart contract en relació a l’Impost sobre les Transmissions Patrimonials i els Actes Jurídics Documentats
Authors: Belda Ignasi
Published: November 2019

El blockchain i el smart contract són dos tecnologies emergents, independents entre elles, que estan adoptant cada volta més protagonisme i rellevància social. Aquest article fa una aproximació a ambdues tecnologies des d’una òptica fiscal i tributària. En particular, s’explora la relació de les dos tecnologies amb l’Impost sobre les Transmissions Patrimonials i els Actes Jurídics Documentats, regulat al Text Refós de la Llei de l’Impost sobre Transmissions Patrimonials i Actes Jurídics Documentats i el seu corresponent reglament.
Mediación administrativa en derecho comparado: Perspectivas y prospectivas
Authors: Bousta Rhita
Published: November 2019

En el marco del Día Europeo de la Mediación, los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la UOC organizaron el pasado martes 22 de enero en la sede del Tibidabo una jornada sobre mediación administrativa, coordinada por la profesora Rhita Bousta. Una ocasión muy interesante para comparar las modalidades de mediación que existen desde hace tiempo en derecho privado con las iniciativas españolas de su implementación en el derecho administrativo. ¿Qué aportaciones puede sugerirnos la ley francesa de 2016 sobre mediación administrativa? ¿Estamos preparados para este cambio de cultura administrativa?
Jornada sobre habilidades profesionales del abogado y del asesor fiscal
Authors: Delgado Ana Maria
Published: November 2019

El 2 de mayo de 2019 tuvo lugar la V Jornada de Orientación Profesional en Fiscalidad, dedicada, en esta ocasión precisamente, a las «Habilidades profesionales del abogado y del asesor fiscal». Los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la UOC organizaron esta jornada, vinculada al Máster Universitario de Fiscalidad, como un instrumento de orientación profesional para los estudiantes inscritos.
Jornada «La participació ciutadana a través de les noves plataformes digitals #eParticipacioUOC»
Authors: Borge Rosa
Published: November 2019

Resum de la jornada «La participació ciutadana a través de les noves plataformes digitals #eParticipacioUOC» organitzada per Rosa Borge i Joan Balcells per a la revista IDP.
Single-molecule real-time sequencing identifies massive full-length cDNAs and alternative-splicing events that facilitate comparative and functional genomics study in the hexaploid crop sweet potato
Authors: Ding Na , Cui Huihui , Miao Ying , Tang Jun , Cao Qinghe , Luo Yonghai
Published: November 2019

Background

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is one of the most important crops in many developing countries and provides a candidate source of bioenergy. However, neither a complete reference genome nor large-scale full-length cDNA sequences for this outcrossing hexaploid crop are available, which in turn impedes progress in research studies in I. batatas functional genomics and molecular breeding.

Methods

In this study, we sequenced full-length transcriptomes in I. batatas and its diploid ancestor I. trifida by single-molecule real-time sequencing and Illumina second-generation sequencing technologies. With the generated datasets, we conducted comprehensive intraspecific and interspecific sequence analyses and experimental characterization.

Results

A total of 53,861/51,184 high-quality long-read transcripts were obtained, which covered about 10,439/10,452 loci in the I. batatas/I. trifida genome. These datasets enabled us to predict open reading frames successfully in 96.83%/96.82% of transcripts and identify 34,963/33,637 full-length cDNA sequences, 1,401/1,457 transcription factors, 25,315/27,090 simple sequence repeats, 1,656/1,389 long non-coding RNAs, and 5,251/8,901 alternative splicing events. Approximately, 32.34%/38.54% of transcripts and 46.22%/51.18% multi-exon transcripts underwent alternative splicing in I. batatas/I. trifida. Moreover, we validated one alternative splicing event in each of 10 genes and identified tuberous-root-specific expressed isoforms from a starch-branching enzyme, an alpha-glucan phosphorylase, a neutral invertase, and several ABC transporters. Overall, the collection and analysis of large-scale long-read transcripts generated in this study will serve as a valuable resource for the I. batatas research community, which may accelerate the progress in its structural, functional, and comparative genomics studies.
Two new species and the molecular phylogeography of the freshwater crab genus Bottapotamon (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae)
Authors: Gao Ning , Cui Ying-Yi , Wang Song-Bo , Zou Jie-Xin
Published: November 2019

Bottapotamon chenzhouense sp. n. and B. luxiense sp. n. are described from Hunan Province and Jiangxi Province, respectively. These species both have diagnostic features of the genus Bottapotamon and discernible characteristics as new species. B. chenzhouense sp. n. can be distinguished from co-geners by features such as the G1, which has a fold covering the surface of the entire subterminal article with a distal region. B. luxiense sp. n. has an elliptical carapace, and a sturdy and blunt terminal article of G1. The molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Bottapotamon (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) were studied, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI), 16S rRNA and nuclear histone H3 gene fragments. The results support the assignment of the two new species to the genus Bottapotamon. In addition, the divergence time of the genus Bottapotamon was estimated to be 3.49–1.08 Ma, which coincided with various vicariant and dispersal events that occurred in the geological area where the genus Bottapotamon is commonly distributed. Mountains appear to have played an important role in the distribution of this genus. The Wuyi Mountains gradually formed offshore and inland of southeastern China by the compression of the Pacific plate and the Indian plate in the Neogene-Quaternary, and the Luoxiao Mountains formed continuously in the continued forming in the north-south direction because of neotectonic movement, have resulted in the geographical distribution pattern of the genus Bottapotamon, which was also established gradually.
Determinants of Farmer’s Participation in Farmers’ Associations: Empirical Evidence from Maputo Green Belts, Mozambique
Authors: Sitoe Tomas Adriano , Sitole Afonso
Published: November 2019

Currently, the creation of farmers’ association has been suggested as an instrument for improving farmer’s well-being in developing countries, either to its potential contribution to markets access as well as by strengthening dissemination of information between farmers. However, most urban agriculture studies deal with production and marketing. Few studies analyze the determinants of producers' engagement in farmers’ associations. Therefore, the study has evaluated the determinants of producer’s participation in farmers’ associations in Maputo green belts, Mozambique. The random sampling technique has been used to collect data from 126 smallholders, of which 63 are the members of farmers’ association. A log it regression model has been used for quantifying the factors influencing farmer’s decision to affiliate on farmers’ association. The results of this study indicate that the variables with more influence on farmer’s decision to affiliate on farmers’ association are: gender, age, household size, and household income. Men are more likely to become members of farmer’s associations than women. The results also suggest that farmers outside farmers’ association have higher incomes and apparently have little interest for being affiliated to farmers associations because they can self-finance their agricultural activities. Access to credit and the size of cultivated area are not significant, however, the probability associated with the odds ratio for these variables have positive effects. The study recommends the implementation of agricultural programs and policies that encourage young farmers especially those with larger areas, and incomes to participate on agricultural and marketing associations.
Poisson Regression Analysis on Economic Determinants of Commercial Banks Branches Expansion in Nigeria
Authors: N. Eke, Charles
Published: November 2019

This research work focused on economic determinants that contribute to Commercial Banks Branches Expansion in Nigeria from 1988–2016 covering 29 years. This study used secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 2016 and the Poisson Regression Analysis was used in the analysis. Based on the analysis from this work, it was discovered that there was a strong relationship existing between commercial banks branches expansion, population growth rate, bank assets, savings deposit and gross domestic product growth rate. Therefore, this study concludes that population growth rate, bank assets, savings deposit and gross domestic product growth rate influence commercial banks branches expansion in Nigeria. Finally, a recommendation was made that commercial banks management should consider these factors- population size of the area of interest, the bank asset, savings deposit and economic activity of the area of interest before the location of a branch.
Accelerated Life Testing
Authors: Donahoe Daniel , Zhao Ke , Murray Steven , Ray Rose M.
Published: November 2019

Accelerated testing is a set of methods that attempts to replicate and predict the quantitative effect on product life of what are assumed to be the most important degradation mechanisms determining product life in actual service. In all accelerated testing approaches, one or more physical degradation methods are applied to promote failure. The history and limitations of accelerated testing and mathematical tools for modeling product lifetime as a function of acceleration mechanisms are discussed.
Forest Inventory
Authors: Comas Carles , Mateu Jorge
Published: November 2019

Forest inventory is a systematic collection of forest data over a well‐defined land area. This includes, for instance, the accounting of trees and their related characteristics of interest, such as the number of trees, tree species, and tree volume. It may be compared to census methods for human populations, where, for example, one of the goals can be to enumerate human population and to retrieve demographic variables such as age, sex, and race. Forest inventories seek to enumerate the population of trees within a forest and ascertain other information, such as their volume, value, growth, and species composition. For all but the smallest tracts of land, complete enumeration of individuals is usually infeasible and survey sampling techniques are required. Moreover, tree populations vary widely in their species composition, age, size, site requirements, potential value, longevity, and growth – all factors that may influence the design of a forest inventory. In addition, the tree population of interest may exist over a wide variety of topography, making access potentially costly and sometimes even dangerous. Such variety often dictates sampling protocols that may be optimal only for some portion of the population in question. Alternatively, it may call for varying sampling intensity or strategy (the combination of the sampling design and associated estimators) between different regions within the population.
Generalization Error for Decision Problems
Authors: Laber Eric B. , Qian Min
Published: November 2019

In this entry, we review the generalization error for classification and single‐stage decision problems. We distinguish three alternative definitions of the generalization error that have, at times, been conflated in the statistics literature and show that these definitions need not be equivalent, even asymptotically. Because the generalization error is a nonsmooth functional of the underlying generative model, standard asymptotic approximations, for example, the bootstrap or normal approximations, cannot guarantee correct frequentist operating characteristics without modification. We provide simple data‐adaptive procedures that can be used to construct asymptotically valid confidence sets for the generalization error. We conclude the entry with a discussion of extensions and related problems.
Organizational Benchmarking for Airport Management
Authors: Wu Paul Pao‐Yen , Mengersen Kerrie
Published: November 2019

Benchmarking has emerged in the past 30 years as a critical tool for performance assessment and management of airports. Due to the complex systems' nature of airports, characterized by multiple objectives, complex interactions, and uncertainty, making appropriate benchmarks and suitable comparisons between airports is challenging. We review existing methods for this purpose including Data Envelopment Analysis, a deterministic, nonparametric approach suited for determining relative efficiencies and Stochastic Frontier Analysis, a parametric approach that captures uncertainty. We also review Total Factor Productivity and hierarchical clustering and their application in airport benchmarks such as ATRS.