bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another Example of Anti‐HL‐A8 Reacting by Platelet Complement Fixation Microtechnique
Authors: DE MOUZON A. , OHAYON E. , PRIS J. , JULIEN F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report the study of a serum from a polytransfused patient, that contains an anti‐HL‐A8 antibody reacting by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. The specificity is confirmed by a study on a panel of 112 different platelets and by experiments of absorption‐elution on platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes.
Application of a High Sensitivity Aggregate‐Haemagglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia with a Negative Direct Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Idelson L. I. , Koyfman M. M. , Gorina L. G. , Olovnikov A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An aggregate‐haemagglutination test has been used for determining antierythrocyte autoantibodies. The first antiglobulin variant of the test allows us to establish the presence of antibodies in 33 cases with a negative direct Coombs' test. The test II (antiantiglobulin variant) proved to be positive in 88 cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) that showed a negative direct Coombs' test and a negative antiglobulin variant. Immunoglobulin G has been revealed in the majority of AIHA patients. IgM has been determined in 1 case of a symptomatic form associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. IgA has been recorded in 3 cases with an idiopathic AIHA form and in 6 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Both types of light chains were found on the surface of erythrocytes in all cases of AIHA.
Studies on New Process Procedures in Plasma Fractionation on an Industrial Scale
Authors: Friedli H. , Fournier E. , Volk T. , Ingold W. , Meier R. , Kistler Dr.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A suitable combined pH electode is evaluated which provides reproducible readings under the extreme conditions of the cold ethanol plasma fractionation procedure. Adequately reproducible correlations are found between the pH measurements in protein solutions with an ethanol content of up to 40% at temperatures as low as ‐8 °C and the determination in diluted samples at room temperature using the standard procedure.
Studies on New Process Procedures in Plasma Fractionation on an Industrial Scale
Authors: Friedli H. , Fournier E. , Volk T. , Kistler P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ultrafiltration with a hollow fiber device was studied as an alternative method to the lyophilization or thin‐layer distillation techniques in the production of salt‐poor, concentrated human albumin preparations for clinical use. A number of process parameters are discussed. Combination of gel filtration and ultrafiltration provides an interesting alternative to the currently used systems.
The Rare Blood Group Antigen, Wu
Authors: Kornstad L. , Howell P. , Jørgensen J. , Larsen A. M. Heier , Wadsworth L. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The inheritance of the Wu antigen in three families is described. The observations suggest that the antigen is inherited as a Mendelian dominant character. Wu segregates independently of sex and of the ABO, MNSs, Rh, Lutheran, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems. Independence of Kell is also quite likely. Wu is a very rare antigen. The corresponding antibody is not as infrequent. Anti‐Wu occurs as a ‘naturally occurring’ antibody, often together with antibodies against other rare antigens.
Kx Antigen, The McLeod Phenotype, and Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Further Studies1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , ØYen Ragnhild , Nichols Margaret E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Leukocytes of nine unrelated boys with X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease lack Kx antigen. In three of these cases, the red cells also lack Kx and have the McLeod phenotype and abnormal morphology. X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease CGD can thus be separated into two types. Type I cases have an antigenic deficiency that is restricted to the phagocytic leukocytes while in type II, the deficiency involves both leukocytes and red cells. Red cells of type II CGD patients have enhanced i antigen activity suggesting that they are under hemopoietic stress. Normal Kx synthesis is directed by an X‐linked gene named X1k. Three rare variants, X2k, X3k, and X4k order the different permutations of leukocyte and red cell Kx antigen production that have been recognized.
A New Serum Lipoprotein Associated Erythrocyte Antigen which Reacts with a Monoclonal IgM
Authors: Beaumont J. L. , Lorenzelli L. , Delplanque B. , Zittoun R. , Homberg J. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A monoclonal IgM (IgM Re) was found to react with stored human red blood cells (SHRBC) and human low density lipoprotein (LDL). IgM Re Fab fragment was reactive. SHRBC antigen was present, in a hidden state, in all fresh human ABO erythrocytes studies; it was not present in fresh or stored animal RBC. Cross reactivity of SHRBC and LDL antigens against IgM Re and IgM Re Fab was demonstrated.

In contrast with SHRBC antigen, LDL antigen has no species specificity and was also found in rabbit and rat LDL. Furthermore, cross‐reacting soluble inhibitors were also found in human saliva, and in a small molecule fraction issued from human and rabbit serum. The IgM Re also reacted with human and animal glomerular membrane.

These findings are suggestive of two closely related but not identical antigens: a human specific SHRBC antigen and a LDL‐associated, SHRBC‐like antigen, which is a secreted, non‐human specific substance. The former is part of the human RBC structure, the latter is a soluble molecule which may be found in saliva and in serum where it may be free or bound to LDL; it also binds to glomerular membranes.
Hæmostasis Disorders in Open Heart Surgery with Extracorporeal Circulation: Importance of the Platelet Function and the Heparin Neutralization
Authors: Moriau M. , Masure R. , Hurlet A. , Debeys C. , Chalant C. , Ponlot R. , Jaumain P. , Servaye‐Kestens Y. , Ravaux A. , Louis A. , Goenen M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The main haemostasis changes observed in a screening study performed in 40 patients who underwent an open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) are: a significant drop in platelet count from the onset of the ECC to the third postoperative day, a decrease of platelet retention and aggregation during ECC with an 8‐day persistently increased heparin‐neutralizing activity in plasma but not in serum, a moderate decrease of plasma factors I, II, VII‐X, X and XIII and a more important drop in factor V which disappears 24 h after ECC, a transitory increase of fibrinolysis during ECC and the lack of FDP elevation in the serum. These disorders require a very good neutralization of the heparin used during ECC. The ratio protamine/heparin can be established by a titration clotting time test. Protamine chloride seems to be more efficacious and to act more quickly than protamine sulfate for the neutralization. An overload in protamine can enhance the hemostatic, biological and clinical disorders. The preventive administration of platelet concentrate immediately after the heparin neutralization contributes to reduce the bleeding disorders related to the quantitative and qualitative platelet defects.
Properdin Factor B (Bf) Polymorphism in Norway1
Authors: Teisberg Per , Olaisen Bjørnar
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Bf phenotype distribution and Bf allele frequencies in samples of the Norwegian population and the Lappish minority of Norway are presented. BfS in Norwegians was found to be 0.817, while it was 0.888 in Lapps. The difference is statistically significant. Possible explanations of this difference are discussed. It is noted that Bf allele frequencies of Norwegians are similar to those of Germans, while differing from frequencies found in US whites.
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia with the Unusual Combination of both IgM and IgG Autoantibodies
Authors: Freedman J. , Newlands M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of no obvious aetiology are presented. Both cases had IgM autoantibodies which were cold agglutinins with anti‐I specificity and were complement binding. Both cases also had IgG autoantibodies which were incomplete, of wide thermal range and also had anti‐I specificity, but were not complement binding. The red cells of both patients were coated with C4d/C3d and IgG.
Selective Depression of Blood Group Antigens Associated with Hereditary Ovalocytosis among Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B. , Serjeantson S. , Woodfield D. G. , Amato D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Recessively inherited ovalocytosis in coastal Melanesians is associated with widespread, but selective, depression of blood group antigens in homozygotes, who comprise about 15% of these populations. It is suggested that a membrane anomaly exists, and that the series of depressed determinants all depend, for their full expression, upon the same membrane component(s), the proper synthesis of which is being genetically affected. Affected antigens would thus be associated by position and/or structure.

Antigens subject to depression include IT, IF, LW, D, C, e, S, s, U, Kpb, Jka, Jkb, Xga, Wrb, Scl and Ena, which are simultaneously affected when present on oval cells. Reactivity of A1, ID, i, P1, M, N, Lub, k, Fya, Coa, Vel and Gea appears to be within the normal range on depressed cells, as does sialic acid content. Indirect evidence suggests that Z (associated with S and s) is among the depressed series, while NA and Leb are not.

High H variants, common among Melanesians, seem absent among depressed bloods, and when such variants were excluded, H, A and B did not appear subject to depression.

The distribution pattern of ovalocytosis suggests that it may confer some selective advantage in the tropical coastal environment. The findings also have implications concerning population genetic work in New Guinea.
Serial Infusion Effects of Hydroxyethyl Starch on ESR, Blood Typing and Crossmatching and Serum Amylase Levels1
Authors: Janes A. William , Mishler John Milton , Lowes Bernard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Eight normal healthy volunteers underwent a series of three plasmaphereses, prior to the infusion of 250, 500, and 750 ml hydroxyethyl starch (HES), respectively, in order to ascertain the effect of this agent on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood typing and crossmatching, and serum amylase levels. The bolus injection of either 500 or 750 ml HES produced a significant increase in the ESR, which was sustained over a 5‐hour period. Rouleaux formation was observed to be dose related and only observed following administration of >500 ml (575 mg/dl whole blood concentration). The rouleaux formation was, however, easily dispersed by the addition of saline. Blood typing and crossmatching studies were normal, but caution must be taken in regard to false positives when the estimated blood concentration of HES exceeds 575 mg/dl. a‐Amylase activity corrected for hemodilution was not significantly altered immediately following infusion of HES in these reported amounts. Recommendation of a new method of HES administration during centrifugal leucapheresis is discussed.
A Further Example of Kpa/Ko Exhibiting Depression of some Kell Group Antigens
Authors: Ford D. S. , Knight A. E. , Smith F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper gives details of a family in which there are numerous examples of the heterozygous Ko state. The Study was initiated by the presence of anti‐Kpb in the serum of the propositus. Reactions with anti‐k, anti‐Ku, anti‐Jsb and anti‐K13 confirm that the Ko gene in trans with Kpa results in weaker expression of these Kell antigens. One example of anti‐k showed some evidence of dosage effect with kKpb/K° cells, but these results were not confirmed by quantitation studies.
An Immunological Investigation of Hemophilia B with a Tentative Classification of the Disease into Five Variants1
Authors: Girolami Antonio , Sticchi Antonio , Burul Alessandro , Zanon Renzo Dal Bo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 23 patients with hemophilia B have been investigated by means of several immunological methods. 16 patients (69.9%) had no detectable factor XI antigen. Five had a normal factor IX antigen and the electrophoretic mobility of this abnormal factor IX was similar to that of its normal counterpart. One of these five patients had hemophilia BW, since ox brain thromboplastin clotting time was severely prolonged. The remaining two patients had reduced or decreased factor IX antigen. Several patients showed a slight prolongation of ox brain thromboplastin time due to an associated slight factor VII deficiency. On the basis of these results, a tentative classification of hemophilia B into five variants is proposed, namely: hemophilia B, or with no factor IX antigen; hemophilia Bt, or with normal factor IX antigen; hemophilia BRA, or with reduced factor IX antigen; hemophilia BM, or with normal factor TX antigen and severely prolonged ox brain thromboplastin; hemophilia B, usually B‐, with associated mild factor VII defect. A complete evaluation of the hemophilia B patients is feasible only by means of a battery of tests, namely: factor TX activity assay, factor IX antigen determination, ox brain thromboplastin clotting time, factor VII activity assay.
Development of an Intravenous γ‐Globulin with Fc Activities
Authors: Masuho Y. , Tomibe K. , Watanabe T. , Fukumoto Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reconversion of S‐sulfonated antitetanus γ‐globulin (S‐GG) into the original γ‐globulin was studied. S‐sulfonate groups in S‐GG could be converted into disulfide bonds in vitro. The conversion restored the greater part of both complement‐fixing and skin‐sensitizing activities. S‐GG administered intravenously formed interchain disulfide bonds again in vivo, which was accompanied by restoration of the C‐dependent passive hemolytic activity. Intravenous injection of S‐GG did not cause a significant decrease in serum complement level.
Blood Chimeric Twins
Authors: Hosoi Takemitsu , Yahara Seiji , Kunitomo Kazuyo , Saji Hiroh , Ohtsuki Yurie
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A man and his twin sister were found to have two types of circulating red cells. The man had 89% A1 cells of his own and 11% A1B cells derived from his sister. The woman had 12% A1B cells of her own and 88% A1 cells derived from her brother. The two lines of red cells also had different Duffy and Kidd groups. The lymphocyte karyotype in the brother was 68% XY and 32% XX, and that in the sister was 60% XX And 40%XY. The possible mechanisms for producing different proportions of red cells and lymphocytes are discussed.
Intensive Plasmapheresis as a Risk Factor for Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease?
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Recent studies suggest that the analogy between intensive plasmapheresis and the nephrotic syndrome with respect to plasma protein loss includes events which are generally recognized as risk factors for the development of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Experimental nephrosis and plasmapheresis alike increase the synthesis of very low density and low density lipoproteins in response to the hypoproteinemic stimulation of plasma protein synthesis. During electrophoresis, these lipoproteins move with the α2‐ and β‐globulins, and the serum levels of these fractions are often elevated in humans subjected to intensive plasmapheresis. Hyperlipoproteinemias of the α2‐and β‐types are recognized risk factors in the genesis of arteriosclerosis. Another such factor appears to be an increased synthesis of fibrinogen. This protein enhances plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation and may play a role in myocardial infarction. Intensive plasmapheresis thus not only creates an unphysiological and partly depletional state; it is also, like the nephrotic syndrome, capable of producing surplus abnormalities of plasma constituents with a potential for delayed, insidious injury.
Simplified Procedure for the Separation of Human T and Non‐T Cells1
Authors: Gmelig‐Meyling F. , Ballieux R. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple and rapid procedure for the separation of human T and non‐T lymphocytes is described, based upon an existing technique and using Ficoll‐Metrizoate. It offers high cell yields, maintenance of a good vitality and an efficacious separation of the lymphocyte populations mentioned.
Further Observations on the Preparation of Antiglobulin Reagents Reacting with C3d and C4d on Red Cells1
Authors: Freedman J. , Chaplin H. , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simplified method was developed for preparing rabbit red cells coated only with human C3d by the alternative pathway; these cells were injected into the donor rabbit to prepare an anti‐C3d serum. Monkey red cells were sucessfully coated with human C4d, using a low‐ionic‐strength method, and these cells were injected into the donor monkey to prepare anti‐human C4d. The reactions of these reagents were compared with those of antisera raised to complement‐coated red cells by previously described methods and with those of antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with purified soluble human C3d.
HLA‐Antibody‐Induced 14C‐Serotonin Release from Platelets:
Authors: Heinrich D. , Gutschank S. , Mueller‐Eckhurdt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prerequisites and kinetics of HLA‐antibody‐induced 14C‐serotonin release from platelets were investigated with five HLA‐specific antisera. By studying the influence of incubation time, temperature, pH, platelet count, stirring and extent of platelet labeling, optimal results were obtained after 30 (to 60) min of incubation at 37°C, pH 7.5–8.0, under constant stirring (400 rpm). Optimal platelet counts varied between 160,000 and 400,000/μl depending on the antiserum applied. A comparison of the amount of 14C‐serotonin released by different antisera from washed platelets and from platelets in platelet‐rich plasma suggests that plasma components ‐ most likely complement ‐ may additionally influence the results. Based on these experiments, a standardized microtechnique of HLA‐antibody‐induced 14C‐serotonin release is recommended.
Clinical and Immunological Studies on Healthy Blood Donors Hepatitis B Antibody Carriers
Authors: Cianciara J. , Swiderska H. , Slusarczyk J. , Loch T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ten healthy blood donors persistently seropositive for anti‐HBs and without a history of clinically overt viral hepatitis were studied. While physical examination and biochemical liver function tests exhibited normal values in all cases, immunologic studies revealed coexistence of a long‐term anti‐HBs carrier state with the presence of cell‐mediated immunity to HBV antigens and autoantibodies in some. These results suggest a complex immunologic phenomenon underlying the development of the anti‐HBs carrier state.
A Chromatographic Procedure for the Purification of Human Plasma Albumin
Authors: Curling J. M. , Berglöf J. , Lindquist L.‐O. , Eriksson S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Albumin is obtainable from human blood plasma by an ion exchange chromatographic procedure in a yield of about 95% and a purity well above Pharmacopoeia requirements. Cryosupernatant, factor IX depleted plasma is precipitated with 12 and 25% w/v polyethylene glycol 4000. The second precipitate is dissolved to 8% wjv protein and applied to a DEAE‐Sephadex® A‐50 or a DEAE‐Sepharose® CL‐6B column. Albumin is further purified by chromatography on SP‐Sephadex C‐50. Gel filtration on Sephadex G‐25 is used for desalting prior to lyophilization. The process has been initially designed for fractionation of 50 litres plasma/week but can be further scaled up to meet considerably higher capacity requirements.
Automated Blood Grouping of Patients and Blood Donors using Groupamatic 360 S and a Separate Mini‐Computer
Authors: Messeter L. , Löw B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated blood‐grouping system for all kinds of blood samples is described. The system is built upon Groupamatic 360 S and a separate mini‐computer. Both the laboratory and the clerical work is automated. Blood group replies are given on coloured punch cards in the Scandinavian blood group colours. Lists of different groups of samples can be compiled. After 1 year of routine use, the refusal rate is about 5%. The system is reliable and rapid, and permits saving, both of manpower and reagents.
Development of Hemagglutination Assays
Authors: Horowitz Bernard , Stryker Martin , Vandersande Johannes , Lippin Arnold , Woods Kenneth R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies were undertaken to enhance the sensitivity of a previously developed RPHA test for HBsAg. A net increase in sensitivity of approximately 3‐fold was achieved by modifying the elution procedure used to purify chimpanzee anti‐HBs by affinity chromato‐graphy. A further 3‐ or 4‐fold sensitivity increase was achieved by increasing the volume of specimen tested. A concomitant increase in nonspecific agglutination usually observed with increased specimen size was avoided by incubating the reaction mixture at 37 or 45 °C. Evaluation of the test in detection of HBsAg in blood obtained from volunteer donors indicates that the materials produced at the New York Blood Center using the modified test protocol compare favorably with a commercial RPHA test. Modifications which did not contribute toward enhancing sensitivity are also reported.
Packed Red Cell Transfusions ‐ Improved Survival, Quality and Storage
Authors: Lovric V. A. , Prince B. , Bryant J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Various anticoagulant‐preservative solutions were investigated with a view to determining which would give optimal shelf life of packed cells. Satisfactory 24‐hour post‐transfusion survival (>70%) after 28‐day storage was obtained with citrate phosphate 277 mM dextrose, 0.25 mM adenine (CP2 x D‐adenine). After addition of a rejuvenating electrolyte solution through a multiple closed plastic pack system, there was further improvement in viability, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of stored erythrocytes, with reduction in both plasma potassium and microaggregate numbers. No untoward reactions were observed during or after transfusion of 440 units of rejuvenated blood.
Caprylate‐Dependent Auto‐Anti‐e
Authors: Dube V. E. , Zoes C. , Adesman P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A caprylate‐dependent autoantibody with specificity for the e antigen of red cells is described. The antibody was completely inactivated by 2‐mercaptoethanol and was probably of the IgM immunoglobulin class. The antibody had no apparent specificity for albumin. Reactivity of the described antibody may depend upon conformational change of red cell Rh antigen by caprylate.
A Case of Oh (Bombay) Blood Found in a Thai‐Muslim Patient
Authors: Sringarm Sommui , Sombatpanich Boonchai , Chandanayingyong Dmnayanee
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This is a report of a case of an inherited Lewis a+b ‐ Oh (Bombay) blood found in a Thai‐Muslim patient. The propositus and her brother inherited the suppressant xx (or hh) genes from her parents; the gene frequency could not be surveyed.
Morphology and Physiology of the McLeod Erythrocyte
Authors: Galey William R. , Evan Andrew P. , Van Nice Paul S. , Dail William G. , Wimer Bruce M. , Cooper Richard A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The McLeod phenotype is a rare condition characterized by deficiencies in the Kell blood group antigens of erythrocytes. The present study has defined some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of these red cells.

Scanning electron microscopy reveals that approximately 27% of McLeod cells are morphologically abnormal. These aberrant forms resemble the acanthocytes of abetalipoproteinemia. Tncubation experiments indicate that the morphology of McLeod erythrocytes is not due to a plasma factor. Biochemical studies reveal that the lipid composition and microviscosity of these erythrocytes are normal. In addition, isotopic tracer experiments indicate that electrolyte transport is also within the normal range. However, osmotic water permeability is approximately 30% below normal. The absence of a lipid abnormality and other experimental data suggest that the abnormal morphology and reduced H2O permeability of the McLeod erythrocyte may be due to defective membrane protein.
Automatized Hemagglutination Kinetics
Authors: Monnet A. , Cabadi Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automatized technique for the study of hemagglutination kinetics is described. It was used to differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous individuals in the Rh system. Other applications are proposed.
Maternofetal Transfusion during Delivery and Sensitization of the Newborn against the Rhesus D‐Antigen
Authors: Luca E. Carapella‐de , Casadei A. M. , Pascone R. , Tardi C. , Pacioni C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of maternal cells was determined in a blood sample of 86 rhesus D‐negative newborns with a rhesus D‐positive mother using the ‘minor cell population technique’ of Jones and Silver. Maternal cells were found in 43% of the samples, irrespective of ABO incompatibility. Anti‐D antibodies were detected in 22.2% of serum samples from 53 children taken at 6–10 months after birth. There was no correlation between the presence of anti‐D and the results of the minor cell population technique at birth. The results are discussed.
Lymphocyte‐Mediated Antibody‐Dependent Cytolysis: Role in Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Handwerger B. S. , Kay N. E. , Douglas S. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal volunteers were capable of lysing Rh(D)‐positive human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti‐Rh(D) antibodies. The percent cytotoxicity produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes was approximately equivalent to that produced by unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neither peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor peripheral blood lymphocytes lysed Rh(D)‐negative human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti‐Rh(D) antibody.
Human Granulocyte Antigens Detected on Leukemia Cells and a Chronic Myelogenous Cell Line1
Authors: Drew S. I. , Billing R. , Bergh O. J. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Normal human granulocyte alloantigens were found on chronic myelogenous, acute myeloblastic leukemia cells, and a cell line of chronic myeloblastic origin (K562). Antigens were detected by human antisera positive for normal peripheral blood granulocytes but devoid of HLA activity. Very few acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells reacted positively, and none of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells seemed to bear granulocyte surface antigens. The recognition of these normal tissue isoantigens on myeloblastic leukemia cells is a necessary prerequisite for the identification of “leukemia‐specific” or “leukemia‐associated” antigens.
125I‐Anti‐Immunoglobulin Test: A New Tool for the Detection of Drug‐Allergic Platelet Antibodies1
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Schulz G. , Dienst C. , Mahn I. , Mayser Bettina
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It is shown that the 125I‐anti‐immunoglobulin test with platelets is as sensitive and reproducible for the detection of quinidine‐associated antibodies as platelet complement fixation. Because of its independence from complement activation, this test might prove most valuable for the demonstration of non‐complement‐fixing, drug‐associated antibodies.
Automated Antibody Detection in a Low Ionic Strength (Glycine) Medium
Authors: Holburn A. M. , Ives Christine
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Modifications were introduced into the low ionic strength system of Lalezari. Glycine was added in place of acidified glucose and the sensitisation and aggregation phases were segregated. In the automated glycine system a stable baseline is readily obtained as strong cell aggregation, with risk of cell adhesion to coil walls, is restricted to the last few turns of the aggregation phase. The automated glycine system is sensitive to a concentration of 0.0015 μg/ml of anti‐D diluted in saline and to 0.006 μg/ml of anti‐D in serum. Antibodies of a broad range of specificity are detectable.
Association between HLA and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reactivity of the HLA antigens A28, B7 and B8 on red blood cells (RBC) has been studied, and the inheritance of the strength of reactivity examined in 13 families where the HLA haplotypes could be determined. Examination of individuals possessing more than one of the three antigens showed that the antigens seemed to be expressed independently of each other on RBC. The family studies showed that the HLA reactivity of RBC does not invariably follow the HLA haplotype determining the particular antigen. It was also shown that heterozygosity/homozygosity did not seem to have much influence on the strength of reactivity. Our conclusion is that several factors are likely to be responsible for the great variation in HLA reactivity of RBC.
Formation of Mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate from Di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in Human Plasma Stored in PVC Bags and Its Presence in Fractionated Plasma Proteins
Authors: Vessman Jörgen , Rietz Gunilla
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The formation of mono(ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) from di(ethylhexyl)phthalate in human plasma stored in bags of polyvinychloride has been studied. Substantial amounts were formed and in ten bags from 4 to 56μg/ml were found. After 2 weeks at room temperature the concentration of MEHP had increased to values between 27 and 79 μg/ml. However, MEHP was also disappearing as shown in a recovery experiment. Of the fractionated proteins albumin contained MEHP in amounts from < 3 to 290 μg/g.
Reversal Reaction in Patients with Lepromatous Leprosy after Transplantation of Human Fetal Thymic Grafts
Authors: Saha Kunal , Dutta R. N. , Dutla A. K. , Mohan T. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An attempt has been made to reconstitute impaired cell‐mediated immunity in 1 patient with indeterminate, 4 patients with borderline and 2 patients with polar lepromatous leprosy by grafting three thymus glands obtained from human fetuses of 14–19 weeks gestation. Most of these patients had severe ulcerative erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and were intolerant to dapsone. After thymus transplantation these patients were followed for 1 1/2 years. During this period, all conventional chemotherapy had been withdrawn. In most cases, there was dramatic improvement of the clinical condition, resolution of skin lesions, subsidence of ENL, clearance of bacteria from skin and reconstitution of several immunologic deficits; but late lepromin reactivity returned in none, which indicated permanent lose of resistance to Mycobacterium leprae.
Conceptual Framework Shifts in Immunogenetics
Authors: Hirschfeld Jan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two Caucasian population materials totalling 530 individuals and 3,180 typing results are analyzed with regard to various combinations of the Ag(x, y, a1, d, c, g) factors. Superficially, both materials appear well aligned to each other and the contemporary (simple‐complex) framework. However, when the same set of data are structuralized within a new (complex‐simple) framework, the typing results for 12 of 362 or 3.3% of the Swiss and no less than 19 of 168 or 11.3% of the English samples are not compatible with the new framework specifying that the various anti‐Ag reagents can be arranged in two ‘inclusion groups’ ‐ the anti‐Ag (y > d > c) and the anti‐Ag (g > ax > x) series.
Studies on Splenic Megakaryocytes
Authors: Song S. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Spleens from 14 healthy adult cats were isolated and perfused with cell‐free Ringer's solution. Histological studies on the splenic megakaryocytes, as well as a search for splenic megakaryocytes in samples of the splenic venous outflow, were performed. The samples of the splenic venous outflow contained a lower cellular concentration when perfusion was prolonged, but the number of megakaryocytes appearing in the venous samples increased. At least five different forms of megakaryocytes were observed from smears of the venous outflow: (i) unipolar, (ii) multipolar, (iii) foamy, (iv) mobile and (v) nuclear types. These types were also found in splenic venous outflow of dogs, kittens and bled cats. It is suggested that not only platelets but also the larger megakaryocytes can pass out of the splenic circulation. This may imply that megakaryocytes can be culled, matured in the splenic red pulp, and ultimately released into peripheral blood.
Dose‐Dependent Destruction of A1 Cells by Anti‐A1
Authors: Mollison P. L. , Johnson Carole A. , Prior Dilys M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a patient of subgroup A2 the serum contained an unusually potent anti‐A1, giving the following reactions with A1 red cells in vitro: agglutination of saline‐suspended cells up to a temperature of 32°C; a positive indirect antiglobulin test (complement only) at 37°C and lysis of enzyme‐treated cells at 37°C. A series of tests was carried out to estimate the ability of the antibody to destroy varying amounts of A1 red cells in vivo. When about 0.55 ml of red cells was injected, about 65% of the cells were destroyed within 30 min; 2 days later when 18.9 ml of cells were injected, only about 45% were destroyed within 30 min; 5 days after this when a whole unit of A1 red cells was transfused, survival at 24 h was about 90%. This last figure may indicate that destruction of red cells by anti‐A1 was negligible since at the time of the transfusion of the whole unit the patient was bleeding into her gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, the titre of anti‐A1 appeared to be declining spontaneously during the period in which tests were carried out so that, if the whole unit of A1 blood had been transfused at the beginning of this period, survival might have been less good. Nevertheless, from the observed difference in survival between the 0.55 ml and 18.9 ml doses it seems safe to conclude that, even if the unit had been transfused at the time when the antibody concentration was maximal, the percentage of cells destroyed would have been small.
Neonatal and Maternal Lymphocytes in Whole‐Blood Cultures: Absence of Strong Interaction
Authors: Eiberg Hans , Mohrw Jan , Nielsen Kai Rahtkens
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The relative growth of neonatal and maternal lymphocytes was studied in PHA‐stimulated mixed short‐time whole‐blood cultures, with particular regard to a possible inhibition of the maternal cells. For comparison, neonatal and maternal cells were grown separately. No uniform inhibition was observed, although there was an average 34% depression of growth of the maternal cells in the mixed cultures.
Perfusate Oncotic Pressure During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Schüpbach P. , Pappova E. , Schilt W. , Kollar J. , Kollar M. , Sipos P. , Vucic D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Current practice with respect to the use of a dilutional prime for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) varies widely, and the safe lower limit of perfusate protein content has not been defined. We studied this question in 75 rabbits subjected to a 1‐hour CPB with a perfusate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) ranging from 26 to 4 mm Hg. Metabolic acidosis was inversely related to COP; acid‐base equilibrium is thus best maintained with a high perfusate protein content. Tissue edema rapidly increased at COP levels below 16 mm Hg, i.e. with a protein level less than 4.2 g%. Urinary excretion during CPB was antagonized by the COP, the reason being that glomerular filtration rate was proportional to the difference between perfusion pressure and COP. The safety margin for renal function during CPB thus widens with a decreasing perfusate protein content. We conclude that the optimum levels of perfuste oncotic pressure and protein content during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass are 16 mm Hg and 4.2 g%.
Increased Frequency of HLA‐DRW4 in Chronic Active Hepatitis1
Authors: Williams R. Michael , Martin Sharon , Falchuk Kenneth R. , Trey Charles , Dubey Devendra P. , Cannady William G. , Fitzpatrick Donna , Noreen Harriet , Dupont Bo , Yunis Edmond J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HLA‐A, B, C and DRw typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 17 adults with the diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis made by liver biopsy as the only criterion for study. An increase in the frequency of HLA‐DRw4 (71 vs. 24%, p<0.005) was observed, but there was no increased frequency of HLA‐A1, B8 or any other HLA locus specificity.
Tk Polyagglutination Associated with Reduced A and H Activity
Authors: Inglis G. , Bird G. W. G. , Mitchell A. A. B. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Tk polyagglutinable erythrocytes are described in which A and H activities were reduced. It is suggested that Bacteroides fragilis isolated from cultures of the patient's blood was responsible for each of these membrane modifications.
Association between HLA and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 15 sera containing lymphocytotoxic anti‐HLA‐A2 antibodies and haemagglutinins mainly against HLA‐A28 are described.
Production of Plasma with High Anti‐D Concentration in Rh‐Negative Volunteers
Authors: Eklund Jarl
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 63 Rh‐negative male volunteers were immunized with D‐positive red cells. 28 (44%) produced anti‐D. To provide sustained levels of high concentration of anti‐D, 18 of the 28 male volunteers have received repeated antigenic stimuli at individual intervals of 2–9 months. In all but 1 case the level of anti‐D rose to between 30 and 300 μg/ml and persisted at this level for several years. There was no evidence of a decrease in antibody response with an increase in the number of stimuli. 24 Rh‐negative women immunized by pregnancy were restimulated. 16 achieved anti‐D concentrations over 21 μg/ml. The levels achieved were not influenced by the different D‐positive cells injected, nor were larger antigenic doses of any benefit. No untoward clinical reactions occurred as a result of the repeated injections of antigenic material or of long‐term plasmapheresis. 2 volunteers developed unwanted antibodies outside the Rh‐system. Beginning in 1968, the programme to obtain anti‐D plasma has yielded more than 70,000 doses of 250 μg each, permitting the treatment of all Rh‐negative women at risk.
Ethanol and Heath‐Treated Plasma Fractionation Methods in South Africa
Authors: de Villiers V. , Wilson J. G. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Modifications of the Cohn techniques are the methods of choice for the preparation of dilute albumin (PPS) and γ‐globulin solutions on an industrial scale. For the manufacture of refined albumin solutions, however, considerable labour and material is saved if crude, ethanol‐precipitated fractions are heated in the presence of stabilisers in order to purify the albumin. The technique is simple and cheap, and yields a safe product of high quality. Bacterially contaminated and highly haemoglobinized plasma can be successfully heat‐treated.
Variation of Cold Agglutinin Levels
Authors: Dube Volker E. , Zuckerman Leon , Philipsborn Herbert F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cold agglutinin levels were determined in 120 individuals ranging in age from 1 to 64 years using untreated and ficin‐treated group O erythrocytes. The geometric mean titer for untreated cells was 5.7±1.1 SEM and for ficin‐treated cells 18.7±1.1 SEM. The mean titers and scores for various blood groups were not significantly different. Titers and scores correlated significantly to total serum IgM concentration (p<0.001). Females had significantly higher cold agglutinin levels than males (p<0.001). A significant decrease of cold agglutinins occurred in the 26‐ to 64‐year age group as compared to the 11‐ to 25‐year age group (p<0.01). The data should contribute to a clearer understanding of the biological impact of cold agglutinins.
Genetic Evidence for Four Common Alleles at the Phospho‐glucomutase‐1 Locus (PGM1) Detectable by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Sutton J. G. , Burgess R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The existence of 4 alleles of phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) In human red cell lysates has been demonstrated by isoelectric focusing confirming earlier work by Bark et al. and Kühnl et al. A survey of 101 red cell lysates and the inheritance of these alleles in 24 families are now described.
An Attempt at Passive Transfer of Immunity to Leprosy Patients by Transfusion of Allogeneic Lymphocytes, Inactivated with Mitomycin C
Authors: Saha Kunal , Mittal M. M. , Maheswari H. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An attempt was made to repair cell‐mediated immunity in 7 patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy and severe erythema nodosum leprosum by intravenous infusion of 400 million allogeneic blood lymphocytes on 3 occasions. The lymphocytes were obtained from lepromin and tuberculin‐positive subjects and were inactivated in vitro by treatment with mitomycin C. Immunotherapy with inactivated lymphocytes only modified the severity of erythema nodosum leprosum, without altering other aspects of the disease.
The Occurrence of Antibody Markers of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in an HBsAg‐Negative Blood Donor Population
Authors: Katchaki J. N. , van der Waart M. , Siem T. H. , Brouwer R. , Schuurs A.H.W.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐HBs, anti‐HBc and anti‐HBe were tested in blood donors negative for HBsAg by radio‐ and enzyme‐immunoassay. In this population 6.4% of the donors were positive for at least one type of antibody to HBV: 4.0% for anti‐HBs, 2.3% for anti‐HBc and 4.3% for anti‐HBe. Two sera (0.2%) were exclusively positive for anti‐HBc, eight sera (2.2%) were weakly positive only for anti‐HBe. Further studies of the infectivity of such samples might be of interest.
Clinical Effect and Metabolism of S‐Sulfonated Immunoglobulin in 7 Patients with Congenital Humoral Immunodeficiency
Authors: Yamanaka Tatsuru , Abo Wataru , Chiba Shunzo , Nakao Tooru , Musuho Yusuhiko , Tomibe Katsuhiko , Noguchi Teruhisa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 7 patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency were given an S‐sulfonated IgG preparation, 100 mg/kg i.v. at intervals of 3–4 weeks, for treatment of, or prophylaxis against, infection. The clinical effects and metabolism of S‐sulfonated IgG were studied. No side reactions attributable to S‐sulfonated IgG occurred in any of the patients. The S‐sulfonated IgG was completely transformed into intact IgG within 24 h after administration, and had a mean half‐life of 21 days, comparable to that of intact IgG. Complete restoration of IgG Fc fragment activity occurred within 24 h following injection, as assessed by reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
IgG Levels in Mother‐Father‐Cord Trios1
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Gershowitz Henry
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cord plasmas have a higher concentration of IgG than do the mothers, although autologous, fetal immunoglobulin G is only a small fraction of the neonate's complement. Maternal IgG levels are significantly lower than the nonpregnant adult female, a loss of about one third, which cannot be explained completely by maternal immunization of the fetus.
Expression of T‐Antigen on Polyagglutinable Erythrocytes and Carcinoma Cells: Preparation of T‐Activated Erythrocytes, Anti‐T Lectin, Anti‐T Absorbed Human Serum and Purified Anti‐T Antibody
Authors: Howard Donald R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Recent interest has been revived in the human MN blood group system due to the discovery of the MN precursor substance (T‐antigen) on certain malignant, but not benign or normal tissues. Methods for preparing T‐activated erythrocytes, anti‐T lectin, anti‐T absorbed human serum and purified anti‐T antibody are described and should be useful not only to the researcher involved in this new line of investigation, but also to the routine blood bank faced with the occasional problem of erythrocyte polyagglitinability.
Chido, Rodgers and C4
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Larsen A.M. Heier , Beckers D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. C4 sucrose/low ionic strength (LIS)‐coated red blood cells (RBC) are excellent for the detection of the previously ‘nebulous’ antibodies, anti‐Chido and anti‐Rodgers, as well as for serum/plasma typing of these antigens by an inhibition technique. By enzyme treatment of such cells, it is confirmed that the Ch and Rg antigens reside on the C4d part of the C4 molecule. Freshly taken RBC from normal individuals were examined with a sensitive Auto‐Analyzer technique with anti‐Chido, anti‐C4 and anti‐C3 sera. All normal RBC were shown to have C4d and C3d components on their surface. The technique was also very sensitive for the detection of the Ch antigen, which was detected on the RBC of all Chido‐positive individuals, and which did not show great variation in strength by this method. The mode of in vivo C4 fixation on normal RBC seems to be different from the fixation in LIS or by RBC antibody‐mediated activation.
Survival Studies of 51Cr Ch(a+) Red Blood Cells in a Patient with Anti‐Cha, and Massive Transfusion of Incompatible Blood
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Aas M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Survival studies of 51Cr, Ch(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti‐Cha, showed normal survival time in the observation period of 6 days. Successive massive transfusion of Ch(a+) blood was performed without any complication. A very strong secondary immune response to the Ch antigen was observed.
HLA, DRW (IA‐Like) and Additional Surface Antigens Expressed on Adenoid T and B Lymphocytes1
Authors: Gazit E. , Mizrahi Y. , Orgad S. , Efter T. , Lewenstein M. , Ostfeld E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pregnancy sera were found to react differently when screened simultaneously with adenoid and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from the same individual. Some of the reactions were attributed to the higher sensitivity of adenoid lymphocytes to a low titer HLA or Ia antibody, while others were shown to be due to the expression of DRw (Ia‐like) antigens on both T and B lymphocytes separated from adenoids. Positive reactions specific to adenoid lymphocytes, or manifested only following anti‐β2‐microglobulin (a‐β2‐m) treatment, suggest the presence of antigens other than HLA or Ia on the cell membrane. Unmasking of antigenic sites by the a‐β2‐m capping process and rearrangement of the membrane structure may also contribute to the observed phenomena.
HLA Antigens on Red Blood Cells
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have shown exceptionally strong HLA reactivity of the red blood cells (RBC) of two healthy blood donors, concerning several HLA antigens. HLA antigens not usually detectable on RBC are also expressed on the RBC of these donors. The RBC show a broad spectrum of reactivity with sera containing HLA antibodies. Absorption/elution experiments with these RBC and HLA antisera proved successful. Absorption studies with leucocytes showed that HLA‐A2 and A28 behave as separate specificities also on RBC, even though antisera always seem to contain haemagglutinins that react with both specificities. We found no evidence that HLA is associated with µglobulin on the RBC membrane.
Intensive Plasma Exchange in Rhesus Isoimmunisation
Authors: James V. , Weston J. , Scott I. V. , Doughty R. , Tomlinson J. , Whitfield M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Intensive plasma exchanges were carried out in a 34‐year‐old pregnant woman to lower the level of circulating anti‐D. The patient proved interesting from a number of serological aspects. The possible protective effect of coexistent ABO incompatibility is discussed. The effect of plasma exchanges on cytotoxic HLA antibodies is also demonstrated.
Immunoglobulin Epitopes in Primates
Authors: van Loghem Erna , de Lange Gerda
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Non‐human primate sera were investigated for the presence of various human immunoglobulin epitopes including allotypes of ϰ‐, γ1‐, γ2‐, γ3‐ and α2‐chains, isotypes of ϰ‐, γ1‐, γ2‐, γ3‐, γ4‐, α1‐, α2‐ and μ‐chains and iso‐allotypes. The non‐human primate sera comprised representatives of several species of apes, Old World monkeys, New World monkeys and prosimians.

It is concluded that non‐human primate immunoglobulins have many structural similarities with those of human IgM, IgA and IgG. The extent of these similarities parallels the taxonomic classification.