bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A family of small low cost gas turbines for unmanned vehicle systems
Authors: Chevis R. W. , Grant I. J.
Published: March 2023

Noel Penny Turbines Ltd (NPT) is progressively extending its family of low cost turbojet and turboshaft engines for application to unmanned vehicle systems (UVS). The family now incorporates eight distinct engine types, spanning a jet range of 50 to 1200 Ibf sea level static thrust and a turboprop/ turboshaft range of 15 to 450 SHP. The scope of these basic engines enables a wide variety of application and installational requirements to be covered. The crucial first target is low manufacturing cost.

The object of this paper is to introduce this UVS engine family and highlight highly significant design and development features necessary to meet both operational requirements and low cost.
Flight mechanics, avionics and space
Authors: Hancock G. J.
Published: March 2023

My brief is to talk about flight mechanics. But flight mechanics covers all aspects of flight, including aircraft performance, operation and integrity. To limit this talk, flight mechanics is restricted to those aspects of flight dynamics which are concerned with the controllability of aircraft. Even so, it is a wide topic essentially interdisciplinary, embracing inertia, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, engines, hydraulic and electrical systems, instrumentation and avionics. Furthermore, the term ‘aircraft’ needs to be interpreted in the broader sense of referring to aeroplanes, missiles and spacecraft. In the spirit of this meeting, we are looking at contributions from universities in the past and identifying current centres of activity.
Longitudinal vortices in wind tunnel wall boundary layers
Authors: Mokhtari S. , Bradshaw P.
Published: March 2023

Several workers have found evidence for the presence of longitudinal vortices in wind tunnel wall boundary layers near the centre line of each wall, although the only actual publication appears to be the reproduction of Bearman's work in Ref. 3. The phenomenon usually observed is shown in Fig. 1: the boundary layer is considerably thickened near the centre line. (This symmetrical and localised perturbation should be distinguished from the effect of non-uniformities in the wind tunnel screens which apparently also leads to longitudinal vortices, randomly spaced across the width of the working section). The hypothetical vortex pattern is also shown in Fig. 1: it arises because lateral pressure gradients in the wind tunnel contraction naturally deflect the slow-moving fluid in the boundary layer towards the centre line more strongly than the main ‘inviscid’ part of the flow, implying the generation of longitudinal vorticity: this is secondary flow of Prandtl's first kind.
An historical review of propeller developments
Authors: Bass R. M.
Published: March 2023

The arrival on the aeronautical scene of a new generation of propeller driven commercial aircraft, and the great interest in the propeller as an economical means of propulsion for high subsonic Mach numbers, makes this an appropriate time to look back and attempt to identify some of the evolutionary paths by which the present state of development has been reached.

A consideration of the history of the propeller may be confined to the period beginning around the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, when the propeller was clearly recognisable as such and becoming established. However, the idea goes back many centuries before this and there is a wealth of references describing, not always very precisely, various mechanical devices intended or actually used for ship propulsion which may be considered remote but legitimate ancestors of the present day propeller. Before considering more recent developments, it is worth looking at the beginnings of mechanical propulsion if only to pay tribute to those early engineers who did not allow the lack of suitable materials or theory to inhibit their attempts.
A simple method for the derivation of isolated and installed store loads
Authors: Goudie S. H.
Published: March 2023

As military aircraft become more multi-role in design, the use of externally carried ordnance has increased both in frequency and variety resulting in increased use of wind tunnels for store load measurement. It is intended that this report may be useful in predicting loads on a variety of isolated stores at speeds up to transonic and in providing loading data on a new store carried on an aircraft by converting wind-tunnel measurements made on an existing store.

The estimation of aerodynamic loads uses linear methods for forebody and fin-wing normal forces with cross-flow terms on body and fin and also tail recovery effects represented by higher-order predictions. Allowance is made for body to lifting surface and lifting surface to body carry-over effects. The effect of the location of the fins and wings with respect to the body and their dihedral is also accounted for in the prediction.
A reconsideration of the tail-wheel in an actively controlled, undercarriage management system
Authors: Molyneux W. G.
Published: March 2023

The arguments for the trend from tail-wheel to nose-wheel undercarriage configurations, which appear to be completely pervasive so far as current aircraft designs are concerned, are examined in the light of modern technological developments.

It appears that many of the problems that have led to the demise of the tail-wheel undercarriage configuration are surmountable in an actively controlled, undercarriage management system. There seems some prospect of performance gains from a system of this kind but a more detailed study than is attempted here is necessary to determine if these performance gains can offset the added complexity of the undercarriage management system to result in more cost effective designs.
Stress intensity factors for plates in flexure
Authors: Wah Thein
Published: March 2023

A method for determining stress intensity factors for cracked plates is proposed. The method uses a generalisation of Westergaard's stress functions to describe the stress intensity at the crack. Eigenfunctions of angular regions are used to satisfy the boundary conditions.
Small engine technology
Authors: Ruffles Philip C.
Published: March 2023

Small gas turbine engines are used in a large variety of applications (Fig. 1) and therefore any model range should accommodate as many of these roles as possible to secure a broad market base. First and second generation engines were launched initially against a requirement for military helicopters and small to medium sized turboprop powered aircraft. However due to the search for oil the role of the helicopter has expanded into offshore oil exploration whilst the better fuel efficiency of the turboprop powered aircraft relative to the turbofan will ensure its future for short range commuter aircraft. Additionally with further improvements in helicopter and engine reliability and costs, the helicopter will be used increasingly in the Air Taxi role to provide rapid transportation over short distances to avoid ground traffic congestion or particular geographical features that preclude short transit times. Specifically the use of the helicopter to connect airports with each other and city centres is becoming a real possibility as reliability improves and operational costs reduce.
A review of some recent research on time-dependent aerodynamics
Authors: Mabey D. G.
Published: March 2023

Time-dependent aerodynamics is primarily concerned with the pressure distributions developed by moving control surfaces, such as the oscillation of a trailing-edge flap, the rapid extension of a spoiler, or the pitching of a canard.

Some recent experiments in time-dependent aerodynamics are reviewed. These include wind tunnel dynamic interference and its attenuation, the aerodynamics of an oscillating trailing-edge flap, the reduction of response to turbulence by active control, the aerodynamic characteristics of rapidly moving spoilers, and the time-dependent aerodynamic characteristics of supercritical wings.

The paper concludes with a discussion of aeroelastic problems at subsonic and transonic speeds and with some buffeting measurements in a cryogenic wind tunnel.
An investigation of large amplitude wing-rock
Authors: Evans C.
Published: March 2023

The large amplitude wing-rock of a ground attack aircraft was investigated by the use of a small perturbation, linear stability analysis and a non-linear simulation of the aircraft dynamics. The linear stability analysis compared the results from a complete 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) coupled equation set with the results obtained using a 3-DOF dynamic stability axis set. The results showed an oscillatory instability that was caused by frequency coalescence of the primary pitch and yaw modes.

The simulation produced a rolling motion similar in nature to wing-rocks experienced in flight. The large amplitude oscillation was generated by the non-linear variations of the aerodynamic loads rather than by the instability predicted by the linearised dynamics. Specifically, the appearance of nonzero lateral moments at zero sideslip as well as shock-induced jumps in the rolling moment against sideslip curves were major contributors to the motion. These features of the static aerodynamic data are thus considered better warnings of the possibility of large amplitude wing-rock than is the negatively damped Dutch roll oscillation predicted by the linearised analysis.
The performance of man-powered aircraft
Authors: Lilley G. M.
Published: March 2023

The aerodynamic performance of man-powered aircraft has been considered by a number of authors including (Lilley and Spillman (1960), Lissaman et al (1979), Wimpenny (1979)). The present paper attempts a simplistic approach and gives a comparison between these simple formulae and the performance of the various designs of man-powered aircraft for which design information is available, or from measured data in flight. The latter information is generally in agreement with that tabulated in Reay (1977) and Sherwin (1971). The data on the Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross were obtained from Lissaman et al (1979) and Jex and Mitchell (1982). A review of achievements in man-powered flight before the Channel crossing was given by Clark (1978).

The paper also discusses briefly the performance of manpowered aircraft with energy storage for assisted take-off and as a contribution for cruising flight. It is hoped the paper will give a broad picture of the aerodynamic performance challenge set by the Kremer (1983) World Speed Record Competition.
Theoretical modelling of three-dimensional vortex flows in aerodynamics
Authors: Smith J. H. B.
Published: March 2023

A unified account is presented of the various inviscid models used to represent three-dimensional vortex flows in aerodynamics; essentially those relying on vortex sheets and linevortices. Recent developments in extending the scope, accuracy, and stability of these models are described. An evaluation of their relative strengths and weaknesses suggests that the different models all have continuing roles to play. It is claimed that vortex modelling has come of age, in the sense that we can now learn about the real world from the behaviour of models, after decades of trying to make the models conform with reality.
Aerodynamic noise — a review of the contributions to jet noise research at the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield 1949-1961 (together with some recent conclusions)
Authors: Lilley G.M.
Published: March 2023

It is a pleasure and indeed an honour to be invited to contribute this paper to the 70th Birthday Tribute to Professor A. D. Young, in recognition of his longstanding friendship and as a colleague of the author for many years.

It was Professor A. D. Young, at the College of Aeronautics in 1949, who gave the necessary guidance and encouragement to the author in starting research into aerodynamics noise, which was possibly one of the first attempts made in making a quantitative assessment of the noise from a turbulent air jet.

The paper discusses the early experimental work and its conclusions, and how it led to attempts to reduce jet noise through the use of vortex generators and the corrugated nozzle. The comparison between theory and experiment is commented on with reference to the early work on acoustic sources and the questions this comparison raised. A final section is included which attempts to close the gap in our understanding of jet noise generation.
Comparison of elasticity and sandwich theories for a rectangular sandwich plate
Authors: Bhimaraddi A. , Chandrashekhara K.
Published: March 2023

An elasticity solution is presented for the three layered all round simply supported rectangular plate subjected to a uniformly distributed normal load. Numerical results have been obtained by selecting parameters such that they are applicable for sandwich plates. A detailed comparison of these results has been made with the results of sandwich plate theory developed by Monforton and Ibrahim.
Computer simulation of non-potential flows around wings
Authors: Rizzi Arthur
Published: March 2023

The Euler equations are proving to be an appropriate model for in viscid vortex flow. This paper demonstrates the range of this model’s applicability by presentation of flowfields computed around a number of different wings with either sharp or rounded edges at transonic and supersonic speeds. The emphasis here is on the physics of the flow model rather than the numerical aspects of the solution method. The results display both expected as well as unexpected vortex phenomena and they indicate the value of this computational tool. Particular attention is paid to the wake regions.
Entry length and pressure drop for developing Poiseuille flows
Authors: Camiletti S. E. , Zamir M.
Published: March 2023

A sequence of high Reynolds number two-dimensional entry flow problems is considered by varying the form of the entry profile from one representing uniform shear to one representing different parts of a Poiseuille profile. The detailed development of the entry flow is illustrated in a few cases. The entry length, pressure drop, and pressure loss in the entry region are given in each case.
A note on the propulsive systems of fishes and birds, with possible application to manpowered flight
Authors: Elliott J. S.
Published: March 2023

It has long been pointed out by Gray that large aquatic animals, notably the dolphin, have been observed to achieve speeds which appear to be far beyond their muscular capabilities, unless they somehow experience laminar flow. Many workers have puzzled over this problem, and various possibilities have been propounded. In particular Wu has carried out a long theoretical analysis of the swimming of a slender fish in two dimensions, and he mentions the prospect of the zero momentum wake.

The principle of the zero momentum wake (or boundary layer propulsion, as it is sometimes called) has often attracted the attention of aircraft propulsion engineers. A small wind tunnel experiment by Göbel and Oehler is of interest. They took a circular sieve, representing profile drag, and set this in relation to a propeller of the same diameter as the sieve. The sieve and the propeller were set side-by-side on a bar, and the power required to propel the model was measured. Then the sieve and the propeller were set in tandem, with the sieve in front of the propeller, and the power required measured again. The power required for the tandem arrangement was found to be significantly less than that required for the side-by-side arrangement.
An experimental investigation of the post-buckled efficiency of Z-section stringer-skin panels
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: March 2023

A stiffened panel, designed so that failure in compression will occur afterinitial buckling, suffers a loss of axial stiffness due mainly to buckling of the skin between stringers and a consequent loss of flexural rigidity of the panel as a whole. The stringers will then carry an increasing proportion of the total compressive load, provided that the stringers themselves are of sufficient buckling resistance. Failure — due either to flexural buckling of the complete panel or to some other mode of stringer failure — can occur at a load substantially in excess of skin buckling. Behaviour of this kind is commonly found in very light structures for which it may be desirable to concentrate the load carrying capacity in certain discrete members, with a minimum gauge skin in between. However, a post-buckled design may also be preferred in rather more heavily loaded structures, in an attempt to reduce the loss of efficiency in a practical design when some restriction on, say, minimum stringer pitch is imposed. The purpose of the present series of tests is to investigate the post-buckled efficiency of a particular family of Z-section stringer-skin panels, of a design representative of current practice, with a stringer pitch chosen to be close to one-third of the effective panel length.
The use of bonded crack-stoppers in pressure cabins
Authors: Norris Mark
Published: March 2023

The memory of the early Comet tragedies lives on as a reminder that aircraft structures must be damage tolerant. Aircraft structures may be cracked in manufacture or in service as a result of fatigue, corrosion, incorrect maintenance, the impact of ground handling equipment or accidents such as a turbine disc break-up. A damage tolerant structure should retain adequate residual strength until any cracks are detected and repaired.
Pretension diagrams for bolted joints
Authors: Donald E. P.
Published: March 2023

In this paper, the author seeks to present in easy-to-understand diagrams the effect of external loads on the pretensioned bolt in a bolted joint. In most cases, bolted joints are tightened up with little thought for the size of the external loads that may later be imposed upon them. Since external loads always change the preload in the bolt, it is important to know by how much the bolt load changes. Too much preload leaves too little margin for the external or working load; too little preload and the cyclic stresses cause the bolt to fatigue, assuming the bolted joint is subjected to frequent working loads. No two bolts are alike, even under the most rigorous quality control production methods, but with more sophisticated nut and bolt tightening equipment coming on to the market, better results can be achieved. The use of these diagrams will help engineers and designers understand what is happening in the bolted joint.
Instruments for airships
Authors: Chorley R. A.
Published: March 2023

The basic information required by the pilot of any airborne machine is the same, regardless of the type of machine and the method it uses to counteract gravitational force. This information falls into two categories: firstly there is the information the pilot needs to ensure the safety of the machine (and of his own neck) when leaving the earth's surface, operating in the alien environment above it, and returning to the surface in an orderly fashion; secondly there is the information the pilot needs in order to turn flying into a useful activity, by being able to navigate safely and economically between defined geographical points.

Into the first category falls all the information relating to the functioning of the machine, to its attitude and motion relative to the earth, and to its speed through the air.
The optimal planform, size and mass of a wing
Authors: Large E.
Published: March 2023

In the absence of a criterion for maximum wingtip deflection, the estimation of wing weight is a straightforward technical problem, for conventional planform shapes. Shear force and bending moment are integrated from the wing-tip to the wing root; using the known aerofoil shape, and the maximum allowable stress or strain, the skin thickness is determined at each station, and hence the mass of the entire wing is found.

It is safe to assume constant wing-loading per unit area along the span. If less than this constant value is used near the root, then some of this load must be transferred to stations further outboard; the bending moment at the wing-root is increased, and the skin-thickness and hence the wing weight will also be increased.
Fatigue behaviour under out-of-phase bending and torsion
Authors: McDiarmid D. L.
Published: March 2023

The ability to design components such as drive shafts, propellers and rotor blades to carry combined bending and torsion alternating stresses, which may be out-of-phase is a common requirement in industry. The test data of Nishihara showed that fatigue limits for ductile materials are apparently higher for combined bending and torsion with phase difference than for the conventional in-phase cyclic stressing case. This is true when the out-of-phase fatigue data are stated in terms of the maximum in-phase shear stress amplitudes. However, Little showed that this apparent increase in fatigue strength is very misleading, as when the fatigue limit data are expressed in terms of the true shear stress amplitudes it becomes clear that the fatigue limit actually decreases as the phase difference increases.
Advanced generating system equipment for aircraft
Authors: Kennett R. J.
Published: March 2023

Recent developments in constant frequency alternating current (ac) generating systems for aircraft have realised substantial increases in power-to-weight ratio and potential reduction in cost-of-ownership.

Essentially this has been achieved by employment of maximum synchronous generator speed, refinement and corresponding advantage of hydromechanical variable-ratio transmission technology and a more highly integrated configuration.

Each of these aspects has required an innovative philosophy and extensive testing to bring the technology to a point where such equipment can be confidently specified for the next generation of aircraft.
Productivity comparisons with the USA — where do we differ?
Authors: Jefferson P.
Published: March 2023

If the comparisons on productivity made by Mr. Harvey for the United Kingdom and other countries are accepted the question to be considered is why there should be any difference.

In particular I would like to identify some of the reasons for making comparisons with a principal competitor — the USA industry.

While the comments made reflect experience on airframe manufacture there is little doubt that the situation is no different in the rest of the aerospace industry or for that matter the UK engineering industry in general.
Investment for the future
Authors: Yates I. R.
Published: March 2023

I find that there are three clearly defined themes appropriate to this occasion, so rather than pick just one I decided, at the risk of being rather superficial, to attempt to cover them in one lecture.

Obviously I must start with a short historical review of Warton Division from 1945 to the present date. During which time a major part was played by Sir Frederick Page in the development of the Division. This period starts when he was the technical guiding light of the newly formed English Electric team, through the vital middle period when he was managing the steadily growing complex now called Warton Division to more recent times when he still acted as a sure guiding light despite his much wider responsibilities.
Light aircraft structural design in non-metallics — use of composite honeycomb for light aircraft
Authors: Woodley G. E.
Published: March 2023

The developments in the use of composite honeycomb in passenger aircraft structures has been growing rapidly over the past ten years. Starting with its use in the semi-structural internal use as a flooring material such as the cross plied UD glass-nomex cored floors of the wide body jet aircraft — 747 — L1011 and DC10, to the external uses for control surfaces, fins, undercarriage doors, engine pods, etc, and the ultimate all-composite fuselage of the LearFan project.

The progress in the light aircraft field by comparison, is almost non-existent, the major use of composites is restricted almost entirely to the manufacture of sailplanes and the majority of these use foam stabilisation rather than honeycomb.
LTA developments in Great Britain
Authors: Nayler A.W.L.
Published: March 2023

The lessons learnt in the design and manufacture of a non-rigid airship in 1979 have been put to good use in the development of a new range of airships. The first of these is now nearing completion. Its potential for a variety of tasks, both civilian and military, is discussed as are other non-rigid designs.

For the heavier payloads the rigid airship has greater potential. Detail design work against an option demand is described. At the other end of the scale the hot-air airship continues to be developed and sold successfully.

In this paper I do not intend to make a comparison between British designs. I merely list the companies in alphabetical order and discuss the designs each is working on. Those requiring further information will find the list of references and company addresses at the end of the paper.
A speculation on the influence of compressibility on the performance of a wind-tunnel contraction cone
Authors: Winter K. G. , Boyd Caroline
Published: March 2023

In the design of contraction cones for wind tunnels little account appears to have been taken of the influence of compressibility on the performance; the rules of thumb resulting from experience in low-speed wind tunnels are applied regardless of the speed range being considered. This is not surprising in view of the lack of understanding of the complex processes in the development of the stream turbulence through a contraction cone. In addition to the dominant process of the distortion of the vortex lines, the flow is influenced by decay, by the interchange of energy between components both because of the tendency to isotropy and because of the curvature of the flow, and by the apparent turbulence created by turbulent wall boundary layers. Eventually methods of turbulence modelling should be able to calculate the flow but meanwhile it is worth examining the predictions of rapid distortion theory.
FTO: a critical role in obesity and obesity-related diseases
Authors: Yin Dan , Li Yiyang , Liao Xingyue , Tian Dewei , Xu Yunsi , Zhou Cuilan , Liu Jun , Li Suyun , Zhou Jing , Nie Yulin , Liao Hongqing , Peng Cuiying
Published: March 2023

In recent years, obesity is a growing pandemic in the world and has likely contributed to increasing the incidence of obesity-related diseases. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is the first gene discovered which has a close connection with fat. Recent studies suggested thatFTOgene has played an important role in the molecular mechanisms of many diseases. Obesity is considered to be a hereditary disease and can evoke many kinds of diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, etc., whose exact possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the effect ofFTOon obesity and obesity-related diseases remain largely unknown. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the correlation betweenFTOgene and obesity, cancer, PCOS, T2DM, as well as the molecular mechanism involved in these diseases.
Gut feelings: associations of emotions and emotion regulation with the gut microbiome in women
Authors: Ke Shanlin , Guimond Anne-Josee , Tworoger Shelley S. , Huang Tianyi , Chan Andrew T. , Liu Yang-Yu , Kubzansky Laura D.
Published: March 2023

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests that positive and negative emotions, as well as emotion regulation, play key roles in human health and disease. Recent work has shown the gut microbiome is important in modulating mental and physical health through the gut–brain axis. Yet, its association with emotions and emotion regulation are understudied. Here we examined whether positive and negative emotions, as well as two emotion regulation strategies (i.e. cognitive reappraisal and suppression), were associated with the gut microbiome composition and functional pathways in healthy women.

Methods

Participants were from the Mind-Body Study (N = 206, mean age = 61), a sub-study of the Nurses' Health Study II cohort. In 2013, participants completed measures of emotion-related factors. Two pairs of stool samples were collected, 6 months apart, 3 months after emotion-related factors measures were completed. Analyses examined associations of emotion-related factors with gut microbial diversity, overall microbiome structure, and specific species/pathways and adjusted for relevant covariates.

Results

Alpha diversity was negatively associated with suppression. In multivariate analysis, positive emotions were inversely associated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes bacterium CAG 94 and Ruminococcaceae bacterium D16, while negative emotions were directly correlated with the relative abundance of these same species. At the metabolic pathway level, negative emotions were inversely related to the biosynthesis of pantothenate, coenzyme A, and adenosine.

Conclusions

These findings offer human evidence supporting linkages of emotions and related regulatory processes with the gut microbiome and highlight the importance of incorporating the gut microbiome in our understanding of emotion-related factors and their associations with physical health.
Schweigen und Beziehungsabbruch
Authors: Mallmann Carina , Trost Andrea
Published: March 2023

Was ist zu dem Thema bereits bekannt?

Absonderungen sind die häufigste Zwangsmaßnahme im Maßregelvollzug und haben schwere Folgen für Betroffene. Deren Perspektive ist in diesem Kontext wenig erforscht.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

In Interviews beschreiben Betroffene, wie sich Absonderungen auf ihre Beziehung zu den Pflegenden ausgewirkt haben.

Was sind die Auswirkungen auf die Praxis?

Aufklärung, Kommunikation, Ausgestaltung sowie Nachbesprechung müssen bei Absonderungen klientenzentriert durchgeführt und fortlaufend evaluiert werden, um negative Folgen für die Beziehungsgestaltung der Betroffenen zu den Pflegenden zu reduzieren.
Rechtebasiert, Personenzentriert und Recovery-orientiert
Authors: Zinkler Martin
Published: March 2023

Was ist zu diesem Thema bereits bekannt?

Die Bestimmungen der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (UN-BRK) erfordern eine grundlegende Transformation der Behandlung und Unterstützung im psychosozialen Hilfssystem hin zu einer menschenrechtlichen Praxis.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Die neuen Leitlinien der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) stellen eine Reihe von Diensten vor, in denen auf der Grundlage der UN-BRK rechtebasierte, personenzentrierte und recovery-orientierte Versorgungsmodelle ganz oder weitgehend realisiert werden.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Der Blick auf die psychiatrische Praxis und die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen in den deutschsprachigen Ländern lässt erkennen, dass diese in weiten Teilen weder der UN-BRK noch den WHO-Leitlinien gerecht werden.
Mouse Chase
Authors: Pokropek Artur , Żółtak Tomasz , Muszyński Marek
Published: March 2023

Abstract: Web surveys offer new research possibilities, but they also have specific problems. One of them is a higher risk of careless, inattentive, or otherwise invalid responses. Using paradata, which are data collected apart from reactionary data, is one of the potential tools that can help to screen for problematic responses in web-based surveys. One of the most promising forms of paradata is the movement, or trajectory, of the cursor in making a response. This study constructed indicators of such data presented correlations between them and provided an interpretation and validation of these components by correlating them with previously known indices of careless responding. Finally, it tested cursor movement indices during different motivational states induced by experimental instructions. Cursor movement indices proved to be moderately related to classical careless responding indices but some of them (horizontal distance traveled as well speed and acceleration on vertical dimension) were as responsive to manipulation conditions as classical indices. The potential role of cursor movement indices in survey practice and future studies in this area are discussed.
Atmospheric Input and Seasonal Inventory of Dissolved Iron in the Sargasso Sea: Implications for Iron Dynamics in Surface Waters of the Subtropical Ocean
Authors: Sedwick P. N. , Sohst B. M. , Buck K. N. , Caprara S. , Johnson R. J. , Ohnemus D. C. , Sofen L. E. , Tagliabue A. , Twining B. S. , Williams T. E.
Published: March 2023

Constraining the role of dust deposition in regulating the concentration of the essential micronutrient iron in surface ocean waters requires knowledge of the flux of seawater‐soluble iron in aerosols and the replacement time of dissolved iron (DFe) in the euphotic zone. Here we estimate these quantities using seasonally resolved DFe data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study region and weekly‐scale measurements of iron in aerosols and rain from Bermuda during 2019. In response to seasonal changes in vertical mixing, primary production and dust deposition, surface DFe concentrations vary from ∼0.2 nM in early spring to >1 nM in late summer, with DFe inventories ranging from ∼30 to ∼80 μmol/m2, respectively, over the upper 200 m. Assuming the upper ocean approximates steady state for DFe on an annual basis, our aerosol and rainwater data require a mean euphotic‐zone residence time of ∼0.8–1.9 years for DFe with respect to aeolian input.
Wavelet‐Based Wavenumber Spectral Estimate of Eddy Kinetic Energy: Idealized Quasi‐Geostrophic Flow
Authors: Uchida Takaya , Jamet Quentin , Poje Andrew C. , Wienders Nico , Dewar William K. , Deremble Bruno
Published: March 2023

A wavelet‐based method is re‐introduced in an oceanographic and spectral context to estimate wavenumber spectrum and spectral flux of kinetic energy and enstrophy. We apply this to a numerical simulation of idealized, doubly periodic quasi‐geostrophic flows, that is, the flow is constrained by the Coriolis force and vertical stratification. The double periodicity allows for a straightforward Fourier analysis as the baseline method. Our wavelet spectra agree well with the canonical Fourier approach but with the additional strengths of negating the necessity for the data to be periodic and being able to extract local anisotropies in the flow. Caution is warranted, however, when computing higher‐order quantities, such as spectral flux.
Postnatal cerebral hemodynamics in infants with severe congenital heart disease: a scoping review
Authors: De Silvestro Alexandra Angela , Kellenberger Christian Johannes , Gosteli Martina , O’Gorman Ruth , Knirsch Walter
Published: March 2023

Patients with severe congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk for impaired neurodevelopment. Cerebral blood supply may be diminished by congenital anomalies of cardiovascular anatomy and myocardial function. The aim of this scoping review was to summarize the current knowledge on cerebral hemodynamics in infants with severe CHD. A scoping review was performed. Five databases were searched for articles published from 01/1990 to 02/2022 containing information on cerebral hemodynamics assessed by neuroimaging methods in patients with severe CHD within their first year of life. A total of 1488 publications were identified, of which 26 were included. Half of the studies used Doppler ultrasound, and half used magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Studies focused on preoperative findings of cerebral hemodynamics, effects of surgical and conservative interventions, as well as on associations between cerebral hemodynamics and brain morphology or neurodevelopment. Cerebral perfusion was most severely affected in patients with single ventricle and other cyanotic disease. Neuroimaging methods provide a large variety of information on cerebral hemodynamics. Nevertheless, small and heterogeneous cohorts complicate this field of research. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of the link between CHD and altered cerebral hemodynamics to optimize neuroprotection strategies.

Impact

Postnatal cerebral hemodynamics are altered in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) as compared to healthy controls, especially in most severe types such as single ventricle or other cyanotic CHD. Associations of these alterations with brain volume and maturation reveal their clinical relevance.

Research in this area is limited due to the rarity and heterogeneity of diagnoses. Furthermore, longitudinal studies have rarely been conducted.

Further effort is needed to better understand the deviation from physiological cerebral perfusion and its consequences in patients with CHD to optimize neuroprotection strategies.
Acoustic micronektonic distribution and density is structured by macroscale oceanographic processes across 17–48° N latitudes in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: García-Seoane Eva , Klevjer Thor , Mork Kjell Arne , Agersted Mette Dalgaard , Macaulay Gavin J. , Melle Webjørn
Published: March 2023

This study investigates the large-scale distribution patterns of the acoustic scattering layers and micronekton density across the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during daylight hours. A research cruise on board R/V “Kronprins Haakon” was conducted during May 2019 from Cape Verde to Bay of Biscay. Hydrological data were obtained at 20 conductivity-temperature-depth sensor (CTD) stations. To estimate the micronekton densities in front of the trawl, an autonomous echo sounder (120 or 200 kHz) on the headrope of the macroplankton trawl was used. Acoustic data were also collected along the cruise track using ship-mounted multi-frequency echo sounders (backscatter at 18 and 38 kHz was analyzed). Acoustic observations (both at 18, 38 and 120/200 kHz) showed clear patterns in the horizontal distribution of the micronekton during daytime with higher backscatter and echo densities in the south of the study area (from 17 to 37° N), and the absence of high backscatter in the surface from 37 to 45° N. Backscatter and echo densities were found to be significantly influenced by: temperature, salinity, and oxygen, as well as depth and time of the day.
DeepGeni: deep generalized interpretable autoencoder elucidates gut microbiota for better cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Oh Min , Zhang Liqing
Published: March 2023

Recent studies revealed that gut microbiota modulates the response to cancer immunotherapy and fecal microbiota transplantation has clinical benefits in melanoma patients during treatment. Understanding how microbiota affects individual responses is crucial for precision oncology. However, it is challenging to identify key microbial taxa with limited data as statistical and machine learning models often lose their generalizability. In this study, DeepGeni, a deep generalized interpretable autoencoder, is proposed to improve the generalizability and interpretability of microbiome profiles by augmenting data and by introducing interpretable links in the autoencoder. DeepGeni-based machine learning classifier outperforms state-of-the-art classifier in the microbiome-driven prediction of responsiveness of melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, the interpretable links of DeepGeni elucidate the most informative microbiota associated with cancer immunotherapy response. DeepGeni not only improves microbiome-driven prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor responsiveness but also suggests potential microbial targets for fecal microbiota transplant or probiotics improving the outcome of cancer immunotherapy.
Off-line measuring sampling data identification parameters for digital twins mirroring load modelling and stability analysis
Authors: Urquizo Javier , Ramirez Nathalie , Sanchez Dietmar , Plazarte Juan
Published: March 2023

Currently, the methods used to represent loads do not differ between the characteristics that compose them or the nature of these. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop digital twins mirroring load models that can be used for more precise studies on power-flows and stability within the National Transmission Grid (NTG). Off-line sampling data of different electric measurements have been used in six substations of the Guayaquil (Ecuador) area. These values were organized by statistical methods and by time periods, to determine the parameters that make up the static load model. Dynamic models are also constructed for the same six substations using the analysis of current and voltage signals obtained from the substations. All data is organized to show a digital twin mirroring visual representation of the disturbances that may occur in the substation buses. A more accurate description of the static and dynamic responses can be obtained by replacing the general model that is currently used by engineers and planners with off-line sampling data. Digital twins help the electric utility businesses gather, visualise, and contextualise data from different sources, and enable to act on data, and to understand what-if modelling stability scenarios.
Loco-regional treatment with temozolomide-loaded thermogels prevents glioblastoma recurrences in orthotopic human xenograft models
Authors: Gherardini Lisa , Vetri Buratti Veronica , Maturi Mirko , Inzalaco Giovanni , Locatelli Erica , Sambri Letizia , Gargiulo Sara , Barone Virginia , Bonente Denise , Bertelli Eugenio , Tortorella Silvia , Franci Lorenzo , Fioravanti Antonio , Comes Franchini Mauro , Chiariello Mario
Published: March 2023

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system and the diagnosis is often dismal. GBM pharmacological treatment is strongly limited by its intracranial location beyond the blood–brain barrier (BBB). While Temozolomide (TMZ) exhibits the best clinical performance, still less than 20% crosses the BBB, therefore requiring administration of very high doses with resulting unnecessary systemic side effects. Here, we aimed at designing new negative temperature-responsive gel formulations able to locally release TMZ beyond the BBB. The biocompatibility of a chitosan-β-glycerophosphate-based thermogel (THG)-containing mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles (THG@SiO2) or polycaprolactone microparticles (THG@PCL) was ascertained in vitro and in vivo by cell counting and histological examination. Next, we loaded TMZ into such matrices (THG@SiO2-TMZ and THG@PCL-TMZ) and tested their therapeutic potential both in vitro and in vivo, in a glioblastoma resection and recurrence mouse model based on orthotopic growth of human cancer cells. The two newly designed anticancer formulations, consisting in TMZ-silica (SiO2@TMZ) dispersed in the thermogel matrix (THG@SiO2-TMZ) and TMZ, spray-dried on PLC and incorporated into the thermogel (THG@PCL-TMZ), induced cell death in vitro. When applied intracranially to a resected U87-MG-Red-FLuc human GBM model, THG@SiO2-TMZ and THG@PCL-TMZ caused a significant reduction in the growth of tumor recurrences, when compared to untreated controls. THG@SiO2-TMZ and THG@PCL-TMZ are therefore new promising gel-based local therapy candidates for the treatment of GBM.
Gravity complexes as a focus of seafloor fluid seepage: the Rio Grande Cone, SE Brazil
Authors: Ketzer M. , Praeg D. , Augustin A. H. , Rodrigues L. F. , Steiger A. K. , Rahmati-Abkenar M. , Viana A. R. , Miller D. J. , Malinverno A. , Dickens G. R. , Cupertino J. A.
Published: March 2023

Seafloor methane emissions can affect Earth’s climate and ocean chemistry. Vast quantities of methane formed by microbial decomposition of organic matter are locked within gas hydrate and free gas on continental slopes, particularly in large areas with high sediment accumulations such as deep-sea fans. The release of methane in slope environments has frequently been associated with dissociation of gas hydrates near the edge of the gas hydrate stability zone on the upper slope, with discharges in greater water depths less understood. Here we show, using data from the Rio Grande Cone (western South Atlantic), that the intrinsic, gravity-induced downslope collapse of thick slope sediment accumulations creates structures that serve as pathways for gas migration, unlocking methane and causing seafloor emissions via giant gas flares in the water column. The observed emissions in the study region (up to 310 Mg year−1) are three times greater than estimates for the entire US North Atlantic margin and reveal the importance of collapsing sediment accumulations for ocean carbon cycling. Similar outgassing systems on the Amazon and Niger fans suggest that gravity tectonics on passive margins is a common yet overlooked mechanism driving massive seafloor methane emissions in sediment-laden continental slopes.
Reduction reactions at metal/non-aqueous interfaces can be sensed with the turn-on fluorophore resazurin
Authors: Gatland Zachary , Madrid Daniel , Siegel Mark , Kisley Lydia
Published: March 2023

Interfacial redox reactions are important in corrosion and catalysis, but traditional electrochemical methods cannot be used in non-conducting environments. A turn-on fluorescent dye can sense these reactions in non-aqueous solvents.
Cyclopropylcarbinyl cation chemistry in synthetic method development and natural product synthesis: cyclopropane formation and skeletal rearrangement
Authors: Xie Jiaxin , Dong Guangbin
Published: March 2023

In this Review, the underrecognized utilities of the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation chemistry are summarized in cyclopropane synthesis and skeletal rearrangements, and their applications in natural product total synthesis are highlighted.
“Domino” synthesis of bio-derived anethole over facile-prepared hafnium phosphonate frameworks with efficient bifunctional acid sites
Authors: Chen Long , Liu Yixuan , Zhang Heng , Li Yuncong , Zhang Songdang , Hu Yulin , Li Hu , Yang Song
Published: March 2023

Utilization of renewable biomass resources to transform them into value-added platform molecules has aroused widespread attention.
A copper-seamed coordination nanocapsule as a semiconductor photocatalyst for molecular oxygen activation
Authors: Hu Xiangquan , Han Meirong , Wang Leicheng , Shao Li , Peeyush Yadav , Du Jialei , Kelley Steven P. , Dalgarno Scott J. , Atwood David A. , Feng Sisi , Atwood Jerry L.
Published: March 2023

Here we report that a Cu2+-seamed coordination nanocapsule can serve as an efficient semiconductor photocatalyst for molecular oxygen activation.
A Critique of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report (2021) and the Diagnostic Accuracy of Measurements of Functional Hearing Ability
Authors: Vermiglio Andrew J.
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

The Social Security Administration (SSA) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) to make recommendations for tests of functional hearing ability. These tests include speech perception measures administered in quiet and in background noise. Such tests are required to make disability determinations for adults and children following cochlear implantation. The test review required an evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the speech perception measures. Following a review of the literature, NASEM wrote that the evidence needed to support such a recommendation was lacking. They resorted to “professional judgment” and recommended a monosyllabic word recognition test, presumably in quiet, along with a measure of self-report or parent report. The primary purpose of this article was to critically review the committee's report. The secondary purpose was to critique the committee's recommendation of a monosyllabic word test as a measure of functional hearing ability for disability determinations. The third purpose was to provide a review of diagnostic accuracy studies not included in NASEM (2021) with an emphasis on speech recognition in noise (SRN) tests.

Conclusions:

In contrast to the committee's recommendation, studies have shown that a monosyllabic word test is a poor predictor of SRN ability. Contrary to the conclusion of NASEM (2021), diagnostic accuracy studies have been conducted for a few SRN tests. The Hearing in Noise Test and the AzBio SRN test have published data demonstrating their ability to correctly identify the presence and absence of an SRN disorder.