bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac arrest complicating cardiogenic shock: from pathophysiological insights to Impella-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pheochromocytoma-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy—a case report
Authors: Zilio Filippo , Muraglia Simone , Bonmassari Roberto
Published: March 2021

Background

A ‘catecholamine storm’ in a case of pheochromocytoma can lead to a transient left ventricular dysfunction similar to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. A cardiogenic shock can thus develop, with high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a reduction in coronary perfusion pressure. This scenario can ultimately lead to a cardiac arrest, in which unloading the left ventricle with a peripheral left ventricular assist device (Impella®) could help in achieving the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).

Case summary

A patient affected by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy caused by a pheochromocytoma presented with cardiogenic shock that finally evolved into refractory cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed but ROSC was achieved only after Impella® placement.

Discussion

In the clinical scenario of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy due to pheochromocytoma, when cardiogenic shock develops treatment is difficult because exogenous catecholamines, required to maintain organ perfusion, could exacerbate hypertension and deteriorate the cardiomyopathy. Moreover, as the coronary perfusion pressure is critically reduced, refractory cardiac arrest could develop. Although veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ECMO) has been advocated as the treatment of choice for in-hospital refractory cardiac arrest, in the presence of left ventricular overload a device like Impella®, which carries fewer complications as compared to ECMO, could be effective in obtaining the ROSC by unloading the left ventricle.
Identification, detection and eradication ofHymenoscyphus fraxineusfrom ash (Fraxinus excelsior) seeds
Authors: van der Linde Sietse , Perez-Sierra Ana , Needham Robert H , Combes Matthew , McCartan Shelagh A
Published: March 2021

The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) real-time PCR protocol for the detection of ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Barak, Queloz, Hosoya) was optimized for diagnostics on ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) fruits. Ash fruits were collected from a range of sites in Britain, from trees with various levels of infection. To assess the potential pathway and the presence of H. fraxineus, tissue components of ash fruits as well as ash flowers were tested for the presence of H. fraxineus DNA and RNA. The fungus was detected on ash fruits from trees on all five sampled sites including symptomless, lightly and highly infected sites. DNA of H. fraxineus was detected on the pericarps of all fruit lots and on seeds from fruit lots that included damaged and empty fruits, but not on embryos or flowers. RNA of H. fraxineus was never detected on any of the samples or sample types, indicating that H. fraxineus was only detected in an inactive form (i.e. dormant or dead). The absence of RNA from the pathogen suggests that only spores of H. fraxineus are present on ash fruits. A double hot-water treatment was evaluated as a control measure for the eradication of H. fraxineus on ash fruits; these were treated before and after warm stratification. Large proportions of ash fruits survived the double hot-water treatments, with a 60.4 ± 28.4 per cent germination success rate depending on crop year. Double hot-water treatment of ash fruits proved to be an efficient, low cost and low-tech approach for the eradication of H. fraxineus on ash fruits.
Two-dimensional Bayesian inversion of magnetotelluric data using trans-dimensional Gaussian processes
Authors: Blatter Daniel , Ray Anandaroop , Key Kerry
Published: March 2021

Bayesian inversion of electromagnetic data produces crucial uncertainty information on inferred subsurface resistivity. Due to their high computational cost, however, Bayesian inverse methods have largely been restricted to computationally expedient 1-D resistivity models. In this study, we successfully demonstrate, for the first time, a fully 2-D, trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data. We render this problem tractable from a computational standpoint by using a stochastic interpolation algorithm known as a Gaussian process (GP) to achieve a parsimonious parametrization of the model vis-a-vis the dense parameter grids used in numerical forward modelling codes. The GP links a trans-dimensional, parallel tempered Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler, which explores the parsimonious model space, to MARE2DEM, an adaptive finite element forward solver. MARE2DEM computes the model response using a dense parameter mesh with resistivity assigned via the GP model. We demonstrate the new trans-dimensional GP sampler by inverting both synthetic and field MT data for 2-D models of electrical resistivity, with the field data example converging within 10 d on 148 cores, a non-negligible but tractable computational cost. For a field data inversion, our algorithm achieves a parameter reduction of over 32× compared to the fixed parameter grid used for the MARE2DEM regularized inversion. Resistivity probability distributions computed from the ensemble of models produced by the inversion yield credible intervals and interquartile plots that quantitatively show the non-linear 2-D uncertainty in model structure. This uncertainty could then be propagated to other physical properties that impact resistivity including bulk composition, porosity and pore-fluid content.
Match of the day: optimized experimental design in alternate-haul gear trials
Authors: Browne D , Minto C , McHugh M , Murphy S , Oliver M , Cosgrove R
Published: March 2021

European Union (EU) fishers need a range of gear options to comply with requirements under the landing obligation. Alternative fishing gears may be implemented provided equivalent selectivity can be demonstrated. Catch comparison is a valid method of testing the size selectivity of two or more fishing gears and simultaneous gear deployment helps minimize between-haul spatiotemporal variability in abundance. Non-simultaneous or alternate-haul deployments are generally required for single-rig trawls or seines nets. In those gears, matching consecutive test and control hauls helps minimize such variability. Random-haul matching strategies have also been employed where consecutive deployments are not logistically possible. Here, we investigated the effects of different matching methodologies by simulating a range of stylized scenarios of between-haul variation in abundance. We resampled data from a multi-rig catch comparison trial and emulated consecutive or randomly matched hauls. We examined how haul matching methodology influences catch curve estimates and uncertainty. Aiming for a balance in abundance across consecutively matched hauls is optimal, while random-haul matching may be the best strategy if neither balanced abundance nor consecutive hauls can be achieved. Based on these outputs, we provide practical guidance for experimental design during planning and at-sea operations to optimize trial outputs.
Barents Sea plankton production and controlling factors in a fluctuating climate
Authors: Sandø Anne Britt , Mousing Erik Askov , Budgell W P , Hjøllo Solfrid S , Skogen Morten D , Ådlandsvik B
Published: March 2021

The Barents Sea and its marine ecosystem is exposed to many different processes related to the seasonal light variability, formation and melting of sea-ice, wind-induced mixing, and exchange of heat and nutrients with neighbouring ocean regions. A global model for the RCP4.5 scenario was downscaled, evaluated, and combined with a biophysical model to study how future variability and trends in temperature, sea-ice concentration, light, and wind-induced mixing potentially affect the lower trophic levels in the Barents Sea marine ecosystem. During the integration period (2010–2070), only a modest change in climate variables and biological production was found, compared to the inter-annual and decadal variability. The most prominent change was projected for the mid-2040s with a sudden decrease in biological production, largely controlled by covarying changes in heat inflow, wind, and sea-ice extent. The northernmost parts exhibited increased access to light during the productive season due to decreased sea-ice extent, leading to increased primary and secondary production in periods of low sea-ice concentrations. In the southern parts, variable access to nutrients as a function of wind-induced mixing and mixed layer depth were found to be the most dominating factors controlling variability in primary and secondary production.
Rheumatic mitral regurgitation: is repair justified by the long-term results?
Authors: Trumello Cinzia , Giambuzzi Ilaria , Bonalumi Giorgia , Bargagna Marta , Naliato Moreno , Ruggeri Stefania , Fileccia Daniele , Castiglioni Alessandro , Alfieri Ottavio , Alamanni Francesco , De Bonis Michele
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVES

The best treatment for rheumatic mitral regurgitation is still under debate. Our goal was to assess the long-term results of mitral repair for rheumatic mitral regurgitation performed in 2 referral centres for mitral repair.

METHODS

Patients who underwent mitral valve repair between 1999 and 2009 were selected. Preoperative and postoperative data were prospectively entered into a dedicated database and retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to analyse long-term survival. Competing risk analysis was performed by calculating the cumulative incidence function for time to recurrence of mitral regurgitation ≥3+, mitral regurgitation ≥2+, mitral reoperation and the combined end point of repair failure (mitral regurgitation ≥ 3+ and/or mean gradient ≥ 10 mmHg and/or mitral valve REDO) with death as a competing risk.

RESULTS

A total of 72 patients were included. Mitral calcifications were present in 25 patients (34.7%). Most of the patients (65/72, 90.3%) underwent annuloplasty, and mixes of reparative techniques were used in 21 patients (29.2%). In-hospital mortality was 2.8%. Mean follow-up was 11.6 ± 5.16 (max 19.1 years), 98.6% completed. Survival at 14 years was 70 ± 6.27%. At 14 years, the cumulative incidence function of repair failure was 36.7 ± 6.52%. The presence of severe mitral annulus calcification was an independent predictor of repair failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Mitral repair for rheumatic mitral regurgitation is characterized by a high rate of failure in the long term (14 years), particularly in patients with severe annular calcifications. These results call for a very selective approach when considering a repair strategy in this setting, especially in case of unfavourable anatomical conditions.
Side-Effects of COVID-19 on Patient Care: An INR Story
Authors: Pearson Lauren N , Johnson Stacy A , Greene Dina N , Chambliss Allison B , Farnsworth Christopher W , French Deborah , Herman Daniel S , Kavsak Peter A , Merrill Anna E , Lo Sheng-Ying (Margaret) , Lyon Martha E , SoRelle Jeffrey A , Schmidt Robert L
Published: March 2021

Background

Numerous studies have documented reduced access to patient care due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including access to diagnostic or screening tests, prescription medications, and treatment for an ongoing condition. In the context of clinical management for venous thromboembolism, this could result in suboptimal therapy with warfarin. We aimed to determine the impact of the pandemic on utilization of International Normalized Ratio (INR) testing and the percentage of high and low results.

Methods

INR data from 11 institutions were extracted to compare testing volume and the percentage of INR results ≥3.5 and ≤1.5 between a pre-pandemic period (January–June 2019, period 1) and a portion of the COVID-19 pandemic period (January–June 2020, period 2). The analysis was performed for inpatient and outpatient cohorts.

Results

Testing volumes showed relatively little change in January and February, followed by a significant decrease in March, April, and May, and then returned to baseline in June. Outpatient testing showed a larger percentage decrease in testing volume compared to inpatient testing. At 10 of the 11 study sites, we observed an increase in the percentage of abnormal high INR results as test volumes decreased, primarily among outpatients.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted INR testing among outpatients which may be attributable to several factors. Increased supratherapeutic INR results during the pandemic period when there was reduced laboratory utilization and access to care is concerning because of the risk of adverse bleeding events in this group of patients. This could be mitigated in the future by offering drive-through testing and/or widespread implementation of home INR monitoring.
Simultaneous Quantification of 17 Cannabinoids by LC–MS-MS in Human Plasma
Authors: Sempio Cristina , Almaraz-Quinones Nohemi , Jackson Matthew , Zhao Wanzhu , Wang George Sam , Liu Ying , Leehey Maureen , Knupp Kelly , Klawitter Jelena , Christians Uwe , Klawitter Jost
Published: March 2021

In recent years, the surge in use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) has increased the need for sensitive and specific analytical assays to measure the said compounds in patients, to establish dose–effect relationships and to gain knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and metabolism. We developed and validated an online extraction high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS-MS) method for simultaneous quantification of 17 cannabinoids and metabolites including THC and its metabolites, CBD and its metabolites and other minor cannabinoids in human plasma. CBD-glucuronide (CBD-gluc) standard was produced in-house by isolation of CBD-gluc from urine of patients using pure CBD oil. For calibration standards and quality control samples, human plasma was spiked with cannabinoids at varying concentrations within the working range of the respective compound and 200 µL of the plasma was extracted using a simple one-step protein precipitation procedure. The extracts were analyzed using online trapping LC/LC–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–MS-MS running in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limit of quantification ranged from 0.78 to 7.8 ng/mL, and the upper limits of quantification were between 100 and 2,000 ng/mL. Inter-day analytical accuracy and imprecision ranged from 90.4% to 111% and from 3.1% to 17.4%, respectively. The analysis of plasma samples collected during clinical studies showed that (3R-trans)-cannabidiol-7-oic acid (7-CBD-COOH) was the major human metabolite with 5960% (59.6-fold) of CBD followed by 7-hydroxy-CBD (177%), CBD-gluc (157%) and 6α-hydroxy-CBD (39.8%); 6β-hydroxy-CBD was not detected in any of the samples. In the present study, we developed and validated a robust LC–MS-MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of cannabinoids and their metabolites, which has been used to measure >5,000 samples in clinical studies. Moreover, we were able to quantify CBD-gluc and showed that 7-CBD-COOH, 7-hydroxy-CBD and CBD-gluc are the major CBD metabolites in human plasma.
The Adjustment of Labor Markets to Robots
Authors: Dauth Wolfgang , Findeisen Sebastian , Suedekum Jens , Woessner Nicole
Published: March 2021

We use detailed administrative data to study the adjustment of local labor markets to industrial robots in Germany. Robot exposure, as predicted by a shift-share variable, is associated with displacement effects in manufacturing, but those are fully offset by new jobs in services. The incidence mostly falls on young workers just entering the labor force. Automation is related to more stable employment within firms for incumbents, and this is driven by workers taking over new tasks in their original plants. Several measures indicate that those new jobs are of higher quality than the previous ones. Young workers also adapt their educational choices, and substitute away from vocational training towards colleges and universities. Finally, industrial robots have benefited workers in occupations with complementary tasks, such as managers or technical scientists.
Accommodating the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ in Custody Disputes in the Indonesian System/s of Family Law
Authors: Rika Saraswati
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the implementation of the right of child custody in the Indonesian Family Law system, which under the Indonesian Marriage Act 1974 does not explicitly regulate the form of custody and ensure the best interests of the child. The research aimed to examine the reasoning by judges (in both the Religious Court and State Courts) and their decisions in child custody disputes, the form of child custody that was granted, and to what extent the reasoning and decisions have considered the (best) interests of the child. A qualitative approach was adopted. The data was obtained by scrutinizing 31 court decisions across the Indonesian archipelago in cases related to divorce and child custody. The research found that judges granted the right of custody to the mother, father, or both parents, depending on various particulars of the case, and parental capability. The Judges’ decision making considered the potential psychological and social effects on the children. However, they did not consider the history of domestic violence by the parents nor fully accommodate the best interests of the child/ren because their voices were not always heard.
Accretion disc cooling and narrow absorption lines in the tidal disruption event AT 2019dsg
Authors: Cannizzaro G , Wevers T , Jonker P G , Pérez-Torres M A , Moldon J , Mata-Sánchez D , Leloudas G , Pasham D R , Mattila S , Arcavi I , Decker French K , Onori F , Inserra C , Nicholl M , Gromadzki M , Chen T-W , Müller-Bravo T E , Short P , Anderson J P , Young D R , Gendreau K C , Arzoumanian Z , Löwenstein M , Remillard R , Roy R , Hiramatsu D
Published: March 2021

We present the results of a large multiwavelength follow-up campaign of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2019dsg, focusing on low to high resolution optical spectroscopy, X-ray, and radio observations. The galaxy hosts a super massive black hole of mass $\rm (5.4\pm 3.2)\times 10^6\, M_\odot$ and careful analysis finds no evidence for the presence of an active galactic nucleus, instead the TDE host galaxy shows narrow optical emission lines that likely arise from star formation activity. The transient is luminous in the X-rays, radio, UV, and optical. The X-ray emission becomes undetected after ∼100 d, and the radio luminosity density starts to decay at frequencies above 5.4 GHz by ∼160 d. Optical emission line signatures of the TDE are present up to ∼200 d after the light-curve peak. The medium to high resolution spectra show traces of absorption lines that we propose originate in the self-gravitating debris streams. At late times, after ∼200 d, narrow Fe lines appear in the spectra. The TDE was previously classified as N-strong, but after careful subtraction of the host galaxy’s stellar contribution, we find no evidence for these N lines in the TDE spectrum, even though O Bowen lines are detected. The observed properties of the X-ray emission are fully consistent with the detection of the inner regions of a cooling accretion disc. The optical and radio properties are consistent with this central engine seen at a low inclination (i.e. seen from the poles).
Collection and storage of human white blood cells for analysis of DNA damage and repair activity using the comet assay in molecular epidemiology studies
Authors: Møller Peter , Bankoglu Ezgi Eyluel , Stopper Helga , Giovannelli Lisa , Ladeira Carina , Koppen Gudrun , Gajski Goran , Collins Andrew , Valdiglesias Vanessa , Laffon Blanca , Boutet-Robinet Elisa , Perdry Hervé , Del Bo’ Cristian , Langie Sabine A S , Dusinska Maria , Azqueta Amaya
Published: March 2021

DNA damage and repair activity are often assessed in blood samples from humans in different types of molecular epidemiology studies. However, it is not always feasible to analyse the samples on the day of collection without any type of storage. For instance, certain studies use repeated sampling of cells from the same subject or samples from different subjects collected at different time-points, and it is desirable to analyse all these samples in the same comet assay experiment. In addition, flawless comet assay analyses on frozen samples open up the possibility of using this technique on biobank material. In this article we discuss the use of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), buffy coat (BC) and whole blood (WB) for analysis of DNA damage and repair using the comet assay. The published literature and the authors’ experiences indicate that various types of blood samples can be cryopreserved with only a minor effect on the basal level of DNA damage. There is evidence to suggest that WB and PBMCs can be cryopreserved for several years without much effect on the level of DNA damage. However, care should be taken when cryopreserving WB and BCs. It is possible to use either fresh or frozen samples of blood cells, but results from fresh and frozen cells should not be used in the same dataset. The article outlines detailed protocols for the cryopreservation of PBMCs, BCs and WB samples.
The rDNA is biomolecular condensate formed by polymer–polymer phase separation and is sequestered in the nucleolus by transcription and R-loops
Authors: Lawrimore Josh , Kolbin Daniel , Stanton John , Khan Muznah , de Larminat Solenn C , Lawrimore Colleen , Yeh Elaine , Bloom Kerry
Published: March 2021

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome biosynthesis encompassing the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus in a phase separated state within the nucleus. In budding yeast, we find the rDNA locus and Cdc14, a protein phosphatase that co-localizes with the rDNA, behave like a condensate formed by polymer–polymer phase separation, while ribonucleoproteins behave like a condensate formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. The compaction of the rDNA and Cdc14’s nucleolar distribution are dependent on the concentration of DNA cross-linkers. In contrast, ribonucleoprotein nucleolar distribution is independent of the concentration of DNA cross-linkers and resembles droplets in vivo upon replacement of the endogenous rDNA locus with high-copy plasmids. When ribosomal RNA is transcribed from the plasmids by Pol II, the rDNA–binding proteins and ribonucleoprotein signals are weakly correlated, but upon repression of transcription, ribonucleoproteins form a single, stable droplet that excludes rDNA-binding proteins from its center. Degradation of RNA–DNA hybrid structures, known as R-loops, by overexpression of RNase H1 results in the physical exclusion of the rDNA locus from the nucleolar center. Thus, the rDNA locus is a polymer–polymer phase separated condensate that relies on transcription and physical contact with RNA transcripts to remain encapsulated within the nucleolus.
Uncertainties in synthetic DNA-based data storage
Authors: Xu Chengtao , Zhao Chao , Ma Biao , Liu Hong
Published: March 2021

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has evolved to be a naturally selected, robust biomacromolecule for gene information storage, and biological evolution and various diseases can find their origin in uncertainties in DNA-related processes (e.g. replication and expression). Recently, synthetic DNA has emerged as a compelling molecular media for digital data storage, and it is superior to the conventional electronic memory devices in theoretical retention time, power consumption, storage density, and so forth. However, uncertainties in the in vitro DNA synthesis and sequencing, along with its conjugation chemistry and preservation conditions can lead to severe errors and data loss, which limit its practical application. To maintain data integrity, complicated error correction algorithms and substantial data redundancy are usually required, which can significantly limit the efficiency and scale-up of the technology. Herein, we summarize the general procedures of the state-of-the-art DNA-based digital data storage methods (e.g. write, read, and preservation), highlighting the uncertainties involved in each step as well as potential approaches to correct them. We also discuss challenges yet to overcome and research trends in the promising field of DNA-based data storage.
Elucidation of the BMI1 interactome identifies novel regulatory roles in glioblastoma
Authors: Freire-Benéitez Verónica , Pomella Nicola , Millner Thomas O , Dumas Anaëlle A , Niklison-Chirou Maria Victoria , Maniati Eleni , Wang Jun , Rajeeve Vinothini , Cutillas Pedro , Marino Silvia
Published: March 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive intrinsic brain tumour in adults. Epigenetic mechanisms controlling normal brain development are often dysregulated in GBM. Among these, BMI1, a structural component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), which promotes the H2AK119ub catalytic activity of Ring1B, is upregulated in GBM and its tumorigenic role has been shown in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have used protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to elucidate the protein composition of PRC1 in GBM and transcriptional silencing of defining interactors in primary patient-derived GIC lines to assess their functional impact on GBM biology. We identify novel regulatory functions in mRNA splicing and cholesterol transport which could represent novel targetable mechanisms in GBM.
The Effect of Taxation on Corporate Financing and Investment
Authors: Chen Hong , Frank Murray Z
Published: March 2021

Extensive empirical research concerning the impact of taxes on corporate decisions has had trouble identifying seemingly obvious effects. Perhaps the problem is that the seemingly obvious tax predictions are not quite right. We provide an equilibrium model with both corporate and personal taxes. In the steady-state equilibrium, the corporate tax rate affects the level of production despite interest deductibility at the firm level, but not household-level taxes on interest earnings or dividends. We prove several other tax irrelevance results and document a Laffer curve in the corporate tax rate. (JEL G31, G32, G35)
Paradoxical Sensitivity to Sub-threshold Asynchronies in Schizophrenia: A Behavioral and EEG Approach
Authors: Marques-Carneiro José Eduardo , Krieg Julien , Duval Céline Z , Schwitzer Thomas , Giersch Anne
Published: March 2021

The flow of consciousness is disrupted and disorganized in schizophrenia. We explore the hypothesis that this disruption is related to asynchronies not being predicted in advance and standing out instead of being integrated in the flow of events. We recorded EEG continuously during a simultaneity/asynchrony discrimination task, in which subjects decide whether 2 squares are shown simultaneously or with an asynchrony (asynchronies were between 24 and 96 ms). Behavioral data was obtained in 32 patients with schizophrenia and 27 matched controls, and EEG was recorded in a subset of 17 patients vs 15 controls. Two results suggested a lack of asynchrony prediction in patients. Behavioral difficulties at detecting asynchronies increased in patients with schizophrenia relative to controls after a detection of simultaneity, and this effect was correlated with clinical disorganization. Desynchronization of alpha activity observed before the beginning of a trial was larger after asynchronous than simultaneous responses in controls, but not in patients. EEG signals additionally suggested abnormal sensitivity to short asynchronies in patients. The amplitude of early signals around 180 ms after the first square abnormally increased in patients for short asynchronies relative to perfect simultaneity, whereas EEG signals at parietal regions decreased in amplitude in patients relative to controls, in the 400–600 ms interval after the first square. These results reinforce the hypothesis of time prediction and sequencing impairments at the sub-second level and may provide an explanation for the disruption of the patients’ consciousness flow.
Disruptions in the management and care of university students with preexisting mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ligus Kaleigh , Fritzson Emily , Hennessy Emily A , Acabchuk Rebecca L , Bellizzi Keith
Published: March 2021

Students with preexisting mental health conditions or disabilities may fair worse due to virus mitigation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to understand the experiences of students with preexisting mental health conditions or disabilities at a public university during COVID-19. We examined disruptions in the management of preexisting mental health conditions or disabilities and its impact on psychological well-being. Students were surveyed about their health care experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic between June and September 2020. Linear regressions and mediation analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between disruption to care, mental health self-efficacy, and four psychological well-being outcomes (stress, anxiety, depression, and overall distress). Of the total (N = 1,082) study participants, 258 (24%) reported having a preexisting mental health condition(s) or disabilities (81% female; Mage = 23.47). Of those, 155 (61%) reported that COVID-19 disrupted health care delivery and management of their conditions or disabilities. Of those who reported this disruption, 51% (n = 109) of participants reported a disruption in their ability to see a health care professional and 58% (n = 69) reported either that they lost care or that the quality of the new telemedicine care was not sufficient. A series of linear regressions revealed significant relationships between disruption to care and the four psychological outcomes. Mediation analyses revealed that depression, stress, anxiety, and overall distress were mediated by self-efficacy in managing mental health. University administrators and health care providers should evaluate the scope of mental health care and telemedicine services for students to help long-term psychological effects of COVID-19.
Uptake of universal drug susceptibility testing among people with TB in a south Indian district: How are we faring?
Authors: Ranganath Rajani , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Bahadur Abdul K , Naik Venkatesh , Nagaraja Sharath Burugina , Kumar Ajay M V , Peerapur Basavaraj V , Babu Surendra , Somshekhar N , Singarajipur Anil
Published: March 2021

Background

India implements universal drug susceptibility testing (UDST) using rapid genotypic tests (cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test CBNAAT - and line probe assay - LPA). to bridge the gap of diagnosis of multidrug/rifampicin-resistant TB. There is limited evidence assessing the implementation of UDST in India. We assessed the implementation among people with pulmonary TB notified from public facilities in October 2019 from Raichur (Karnataka), India.

Methods

A cohort study involving secondary data in routine programme settings was conducted. All people with TB underwent a rapid genotypic DST for rifampicin resistance followed by first line-LPA (FL-LPA) if sensitive and second line-LPA (SL-LPA) if resistant.

Results

Of 217 people, 15.7% (n=34) did not undergo rapid genotypic DST. Of 135 who were rifampicin-sensitive detected on CBNAAT, 68.1% (n=92) underwent FL-LPA, and out of the six rifampicin-resistant cases, 66.7% (n=4) underwent SL-LPA. Overall, 65.4% (142/217) completed the UDST algorithm. Children (aged <15 y) and people with bacteriological non-confirmation on microscopy were less likely to undergo rapid genotypic DST. Of 183 patients who underwent both rapid genotypic DST and sputum smear microscopy, 150 were bacteriologically confirmed and, of them, 9 (6%) were ‘rapid DST-negative’.

Conclusion

We found gaps at various steps. There were a significant number of ‘rapid DST-negative, smear-positive’ patients.
Origin and evolution of the Haustoriidae (Amphipoda): a eulogy for the Haustoriidira
Authors: Hancock Zachary B , Ogawa Hiroshi , Light Jessica E , Wicksten Mary K
Published: March 2021

Haustoriid amphipods have received little recent attention and their systematics and phylogenetics are largely unresolved. Some efforts have been made at classifying the family within the broader Amphipoda, but there is persistent incongruence in its placement among different authors and techniques. Furthermore, there exists no phylogenetic hypothesis of intrafamilial relationships. In this work, we evaluate the competing hypotheses on the phylogenetic position of the Haustoriidae within Amphipoda by examining new and previously published sequences of nearly 100 species across 38 families. We find strong support for the Haustoriidae as basal gammarids, and that other families placed within the parvorder ‘Haustoriidira’ are spread across Amphipoda. The radiation began during the Eocene and may have been driven in North America by the rapid filling of a coastal niche opened by the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. Unlike previous work, we find that the Pacific-endemic genus Eohaustorius is the most basal haustoriid, and that it separated from the rest of the family ~31 Mya. Finally, we provide taxonomic recommendations for relationships within Haustoriidae, including the elevation of a new genus, Cryptohaustorius gen. nov.. We conclude by recommending that the ‘Haustoriidira’ be abandoned.
Fas‐associated factor 1 induces the accumulation of α‐synuclein through autophagic suppression in dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Kim Bok‐Seok , Jang Taeik , Yoo Sung‐Eun , Lee Jae Moon , Kim Eunhee
Published: March 2021

Impairment of protein clearance mechanisms leads to α‐synuclein accumulation in dopaminergic neurons, contributing to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on the finding that Fas‐associated factor 1 (FAF1), a positive modulator of PD, colocalizes with α‐synuclein in PD patient brains, we investigated the existence of pathological interplay between FAF1 and α‐synuclein. Monomeric and high‐molecular‐weight forms of α‐synuclein were increased in FAF1‐overexpressing SH‐SY5Y cells. In particular, α‐synuclein turnover was accelerated by genetic depletion of FAF1 in SH‐SY5Y cells. Therefore, we questioned whether FAF1 is involved in the α‐synuclein clearance process. Autophagy inhibitors, but not proteasome inhibitors, restored concurrent attenuation of α‐synuclein expression by FAF1 depletion in SH‐SY5Y cells. Moreover, we found alterations in autophagy markers in SH‐SY5Y cells caused by FAF1 overexpression, indicating that FAF1 disturbed α‐synuclein clearance through the autophagy‐lysosome pathway. Indeed, FAF1 activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, subsequently suppressing autophagosome formation. Consistently, α‐synuclein‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in FAF1‐overexpressing SH‐SY5Y cells. Furthermore, FAF1 overexpression using stereotaxic injection of adeno‐associated virus led to α‐synuclein accumulation and autophagy dysregulation in the PD model mice. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for FAF1: that of a negative regulator of autophagic α‐synuclein clearance.
Embryo biosensing by uterine natural killer cells determines endometrial fate decisions at implantation
Authors: Kong Chow‐Seng , Ordoñez Alexandra Almansa , Turner Sarah , Tremaine Tina , Muter Joanne , Lucas Emma S. , Salisbury Emma , Vassena Rita , Tiscornia Gustavo , Fouladi‐Nashta Ali A. , Hartshorne Geraldine , Brosens Jan J. , Brighton Paul J.
Published: March 2021

Decidualizing endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) critically determine the maternal response to an implanting conceptus, triggering either menstruation‐like disposal of low‐fitness embryos or creating an environment that promotes further development. However, the mechanism that couples maternal recognition of low‐quality embryos to tissue breakdown remains poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that successful transition of the cycling endometrium to a pregnancy state requires selective elimination of pro‐inflammatory senescent decidual cells by activated uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. Here we report that uNK cells express CD44, the canonical hyaluronan (HA) receptor, and demonstrate that high molecular weight HA (HMWHA) inhibits uNK cell‐mediated killing of senescent decidual cells. In contrast, low molecular weight HA (LMWHA) did not attenuate uNK cell activity in co‐culture experiments. Killing of senescent decidual cells by uNK cells was also inhibited upon exposure to medium conditioned by IVF embryos that failed to implant, but not successful embryos. Embryo‐mediated inhibition of uNK cell activity was reversed by recombinant hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2), which hydrolyses HMWHA. We further report a correlation between the levels of HYAL2 secretion by human blastocysts, morphological scores, and implantation potential. Taken together, the data suggest a pivotal role for uNK cells in embryo biosensing and endometrial fate decisions at implantation.
Regression of human coronary artery plaque is associated with a high ratio of (18‐hydroxy‐eicosapentaenoic acid + resolvin E1) to leukotriene B4
Authors: Welty Francine K. , Schulte Fabian , Alfaddagh Abdulhamied , Elajami Tarec K. , Bistrian Bruce R. , Hardt Markus
Published: March 2021

Inflammation in arterial walls leads to coronary artery disease (CAD). We previously reported that a high omega‐3 fatty index was associated with prevention of progression of coronary atherosclerosis, a disease of chronic inflammation in the arterial wall. However, the mechanism of such benefit is unclear. The two main omega‐3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors of specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators (SPMs)–resolvins and maresins–which actively resolve chronic inflammation. To explore whether SPMs are associated with coronary plaque progression, levels of SPMs and proinflammatory mediators (leukotriene B4 [LTB4] and prostaglandins) were measured using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in 31 statin‐treated patients with stable CAD randomized to either EPA and DHA, 3.36 g daily, or no EPA/DHA (control). Coronary plaque volume was measured by coronary computed tomographic angiography at baseline and at 30‐month follow‐up. Higher plasma levels of EPA+DHA were associated with significantly increased levels of two SPMs–resolvin E1 and maresin 1–and 18‐hydroxy‐eicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), the precursor of resolvin E1. Those with low plasma EPA+DHA levels had a low (18‐HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratio and significant plaque progression. Those with high plasma EPA+DHA levels had either low (18‐HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratios with significant plaque progression or high (18‐HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratios with significant plaque regression. These findings suggest that an imbalance between pro‐resolving and proinflammatory lipid mediators is associated with plaque progression and potentially mediates the beneficial effects of EPA and DHA in CAD patients.
Low abundance of Mfn2 protein correlates with reduced mitochondria‐SR juxtaposition and mitochondrial cristae density in human men skeletal muscle: Examining organelle measurements from TEM images
Authors: Castro‐Sepulveda Mauricio , Fernández‐Verdejo Rodrigo , Tuñón‐Suárez Mauro , Morales‐Zúñiga Jorge , Troncoso Mayarling , Jannas‐Vela Sebastian , Zbinden‐Foncea Hermann
Published: March 2021

The role of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in the regulation of skeletal muscle (SM) mitochondria‐sarcoplasmic (SR) juxtaposition, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial cristae density (MCD), and SM quality has not been studied in humans. In in vitro studies, whether Mfn2 increases or decreases mitochondria‐SR juxtaposition remains controversial. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images are commonly used to measure the organelle juxtaposition, but the measurements are performed “by‐hand,” thus potentially leading to between‐rater differences. The purposes of this study were to: (1) examine the repeatability and reproducibility of mitochondrial‐SR juxtaposition measurement from TEM images of human SM between three raters with different experience and (2) compare the mitochondrial‐SR juxtaposition, mitochondrial morphology, MCD (stereological‐method), and SM quality (cross‐sectional area [CSA] and the maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) between subjects with high abundance (Mfn2‐HA; n = 6) and low abundance (Mfn2‐LA; n = 6) of Mfn2 protein. The mitochondria‐SR juxtaposition had moderate repeatability and reproducibility, with the most experienced raters showing the best values. There were no differences between Mfn2‐HA and Mfn2‐LA groups in mitochondrial size, distance from mitochondria to SR, CSA, or MVC. Nevertheless, the Mfn2‐LA group showed lower mitochondria‐SR interaction, MCD, and VO2max. In conclusion, mitochondrial‐SR juxtaposition measurement depends on the experience of the rater, and Mfn2 protein seems to play a role in the metabolic control of human men SM, by regulating the mitochondria‐SR interaction.
Treating Symptomatic Midvault Soft Tissue Collapse in Revision Rhinoplasty with a Nasal Wall Implant
Authors: Seyidova Nargiz , Chen Austin D. , Kazei Darya , Lin Samuel J.
Published: March 2021

Persistent nasal airway obstruction (NAO) due to midvault soft tissue collapse in patients following rhinoplasty or nasal surgery is a clinical challenge for surgeons. An absorbable lateral nasal wall implant is one option available to help treat midvault soft tissue collapse and to improve NAO symptoms. Previous studies have not investigated its use in complex revision functional rhinoplasty with respect to patient-reported outcomes. Data were collected on all patients with a history of previous nasal procedures who underwent Latera implant placement in conjunction with functional rhinoplasty from January to December 2018. The Nasal Obstructive Symptom Evaluation and Visual Analogue Scale were used to evaluate functional outcomes. Eight implants were placed in 6 revision functional rhinoplasty patients with midvault collapse. All patients responded to the survey. Mean follow-up was 16 ± 4 months. There were no implant-related adverse events. Mean Nasal Obstructive Symptom Evaluation score was 33 ± 33, and mean Visual Analogue Scale score was 20 ± 9. In total, 1 patient reported complete resolution of NAO, whereas 2 patients reported mild, 1 reported moderate, 1 reported severe, and 1 reported extreme symptoms. Four of the 6 patients reported nasal obstruction improvement, with all reporting improvement in midvault soft tissue collapse. Apart from being used in nasal valve collapse treatment, a lateral nasal wall implant is a potentially useful solution that may help surgeons improve patients’ NAO symptoms in complex functional rhinoplasty cases. However, in certain cases, a patient’s nasal obstructive symptoms may continue to be multifactorial.
A Simple, Versatile Device for Multiplanar Photography
Authors: Nagamatsu Shogo , Sasaki Ayano , Uchiki Toshio , Kawamoto Haruka , Yokota Kazunori
Published: March 2021

Background:

Taking pictures of protruding body parts (such as fingertips, toes, nipples, auricles, hands, and feet) from multiple directions is difficult. To solve this problem, we developed a simple and easy-to-use device, using mirrors.

Methods:

The device is composed of 4 trapezoidal plane plastic mirrors firmly connected to each other. It is possible to photograph the object from 5 directions at once, including the real image of the object at the center, and 4 images that are reflected in the mirrors around the sides.

Results:

The device allowed photographing various body parts from multiple directions at once.

Conclusion:

This simple and easy-to-use device helps us to take additional photographs in a single shot, which previously took more time and effort.
Lymph Vessel Mapping Using Indocyanine Green Lymphography in the Nonaffected Side of Lower Leg
Authors: Kinugawa Kei , Nuri Takashi , Iwanaga Hiroyuki , Otsuki Yuki , Ueda Koichi
Published: March 2021

Background:

The lymph vessels from the dorsum and the medial ankle ascending to the medial side of the thigh toward the inguinal lymph nodes can be observed by the linear flow using indocyanine green near-infrared lymphography (ICGL). Although anatomical studies have shown the widespread existence of lymphatic vessels throughout the body, ICGL shows little linear flow. We herein report our findings of the course of lymph vessels in healthy lower limbs.

Methods:

The unaffected lower limbs of 14 patients who underwent lymphaticovenular anastomosis were evaluated for this study. The results of linear flow without massage obtained using ICGL were recorded using a 3-dimensional camera. The positions of lymph vessels were measured from the baseline, which was drawn from the midline of the anterior thigh to the second toe through the middle point of the patella. The locations of the lymph vessels were analyzed using 3-dimensional images at the following 4 points: 10 cm above the knee, at the lower pole of the patella, at the middle aspect of the lower leg, and at the dorsum of the foot.

Results:

The average distance from the baseline to the linear flow at each point was 11.39, 9.82, 4.37, and 0.97 cm, respectively. The linear flow was observed inside of the baseline at a distance equivalent to 27.2%, 30.1%, 14.8%, and 4.4% of the leg circumference.

Conclusions:

Lymph vessels were observed extensively in the middle lower leg. In contrast, linear flow was limited to a small area at the other measurement points. At 10 cm above the knee, 62.5% of the observed lymph vessels ran 11–12 cm inward from the baseline. Although these results can be useful when choosing incision sites for effective lymphaticovenular anastomosis, this is a pilot study of 14 patients, and studies on a large number of healthy legs need to be done in future.
A Labia Majora Sharing Perforator Flap for Labial Defect Reconstruction
Authors: Yamamoto Satoru , Yano Tomoyuki , Furubayashi Gen , Sawaizumi Masayuki
Published: March 2021

Reconstruction of a defect in the labial area has to be performed by taking account of the shape of the labial area and urogenital function. The gracilis myocutaneous flap and the gluteal fold flap are commonly used reconstructive procedures, but sometimes these flaps are too bulky and cause a deviation of the urination stream and/or deformity of the reconstructed site. In this report, we present our unique method of reconstruction using a contralateral labia majora sharing perforator flap. The patient was a 76-year-old woman who presented with squamous cell carcinoma on the left labia majora. Following radical vulvectomy with 2 cm radial margins and left inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, an 8 × 6 cm2 defect was created. Primary closure was possible, but there was a risk that it might cause an unfavorable deformity and exposure of the urethral and vaginal vestibule. Part of the contralateral side of the labia was used for a dorsal clitoral artery perforator–based transposition sharing flap. The defect was covered without tension, and the donor site was closed primarily. The postoperative course was good. One year after the operation, deviation of the urination stream and severe asymmetry was not observed. This study shows feasibility of perforator-based labia majora sharing flap for contralateral labia majora defect. Our “like with like” reconstruction provides a good functional outcome and less donor-site morbidity to the patient.