bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paradise Lost in Dutch, 1728–2003
Authors: Dijkhuizen Jan Frans van
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers a history of Dutch translations of Paradise Lost, from the early eighteenth to the early twenty-first century. The focus is on the question of how Dutch translators have grappled with two issues: the epic’s verse form, especially its lack of rhyme and syntactic idiosyncrasies; and its politico-religious dimension, its complex view of the relationship between earthly and divine authority, as well as its anti-predestinarian stance. The history of Paradise Lost in Dutch, which starts with the translation of Van Zanten in 1728, is characterized by an unresolved formal struggle with Milton’s blank verse, embraced unreservedly only in the early twentieth century, with translator Gutteling. Before 1900, the politico-religious dimension of Paradise Lost was at the fore for translators, yet this aspect of the poem has receded in prominence, with translators after 1900 presenting the poem instead as a timeless and self-contained work of literary genius.
A Vision in Times of Need
Authors: Lange Anne
Published: August 2017

This chapter outlines Estonian translations of Milton’s works and their socio-cultural context in order to reveal the translators as writers keenly aware of the value of their translations as weapons of communication trained on their environment. All three translations—the prose translation of Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained in 1895, the verse translation of the beginning of book 3 of Paradise Lost in 1962, and the 1974 translation of Areopagitica—were done under the circumstance of censorship practised in Estonia by either Russian or Soviet authorities. The 1895 translation was read in an atmosphere of late national awakening when Estonians were trying to find a way to restore their ‘paradise’ of independence. The 1962 verse translation was published in the hope of consciously influencing the moral attitude of its readers. The 1974 translation of Areopagitica highlighted the absurdities of Soviet book production.
Iceland’s Milton
Authors: Eysteinsson Ástráður
Published: August 2017

Milton’s presence in Icelandic letters is largely limited to Jón Þorláksson’s translation of Paradise Lost, the first books of which were published in 1794–6. This translation is arguably one of the stepping stones in Icelandic literary history, emerging at a critical crossing point of Icelandic literary heritage, religious literacy, and a developing secular culture born of the Enlightenment and quickly heading towards Romanticism. This chapter analyses the historical and cultural context of Þorláksson’s enterprise; why he translated Milton through intermediary translations (Danish and German); why and with what results he opted for the Icelandic fornyrðislag metre, apparently so different from Milton’s blank verse; and how he actively delved into the language and material of Norse myths and medieval Icelandic literature in coming to terms with Milton’s classical and biblical discourse—in a translational dialogue that proved vital for Þorláksson’s successors, the Romantic poets who are often seen as rejuvenating Icelandic literature.
‘Censur’d to Be Much Inferiour’
Authors: Borgogni Daniele
Published: August 2017

This chapter highlights the historical evolution and peculiarities of Italian translations of Milton’s epics. The homeland of classicism and stronghold of Catholicism often subordinated aesthetic judgement to moral judgement, and Milton appeared too unorthodox and irregular to suit the cultural and religious expectations of Italian readers. Thus, despite its relevance in Milton’s own cultural development, Italy has been a major contributor to the ‘conspiracy of silence’ noted by Waldock half a century ago. The common practice of Italian translators has been to self-censor or ‘improve’ Paradise Lost drastically. Borgogni describes Rolli’s longed-for fidelity yielding to contemporary religio-cultural pressures and Papi’s domesticating adaptations and expurgations. He devotes special attention to the ‘conspiracy within the conspiracy’—namely, the neglect of Paradise Regained—with an analysis of the few nineteenth- and twentieth-century Italian versions and a discussion of the linguistic and theoretical challenges he faced in his own 2007 translation of the brief epic.
The Quest for the Right Accent
Authors: Shurbanov Alexander
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents a critical overview of the history of Milton’s Bulgarian translations, starting during the second half of the nineteenth century, when Bulgaria was still a province of the Ottoman Empire. The early renditions of Paradise Lost were based mostly on French and Russian translations, and more often than not done in prose. Subsequently, translators grappled with the English original of this and other poems and attempted to approximate its content, diction, and prosody. The chapter harnesses this rich translational development in its concluding discussion of the recent advance of Bulgaria’s modern literature and its integration into European developments, with telling glances at the vicissitudes and ramifications of Milton’s ideas and art in Bulgarian journalism and literature.
Jungmann’s Translation of Paradise Lost in the Vanguard of Modern Czech Culture
Authors: Tobrmanová Šárka
Published: August 2017

This chapter centres on the 1811 experimental Czech translation of Paradise Lost, Ztracený ráj, by the Czech polyglot Jungmann, because it vitally affected the rise of modern Czech language and literature. Jungmann belonged to the second generation of the Czech national revivalists who strove to revive the Czech culture and language oppressed by Austrian rule and dominated by German. The chapter considers Jungmann’s reasons for choosing to translate Milton’s epic, concluding they were patriotic and linguistic. Relying on eighteenth-century German and Polish translations, Jungmann embarked on creating modern Czech literary language, reviving or inventing many now common words. His treatment of Milton’s grand style, including prosody, helped to shape nineteenth-century Czech poetry. Later renderings of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and a recent translation of Samson Agonistes are discussed, to reveal that Jungmann’s achievement remains unsurpassed.
Translation as Resistance
Authors: Rzepa Joanna
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers a historical account of the presence of Paradise Lost in translation and Polish literature, especially how the poem’s reception in Poland has been shaped by complex modes of linguistic and cultural transfer. The chapter explores the historical and political contexts in which Paradise Lost was translated into Polish, discusses the most important actors involved in its publication, and analyses the strategies employed by the translators. It demonstrates that the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century translators of Milton, who worked at a time when Poland had lost its political sovereignty, focused specifically on the form of the poem, presenting models for a modern Polish epic poem that could help sustain Polish cultural identity. The focus of the twentieth-century translators, who lived through the world wars, shifted from the form to the rich imagery of Milton’s poem, in particular his exploration of the themes of vanity, destruction, and exile.
Milton in Serbian/Montenegrin
Authors: Strojan Marjan
Published: August 2017

The focus of this chapter is the first Serbian translation of Paradise Lost, which appeared in Belgrade in 1989. It was a reprint of Djilas’s translation of the epic, published twenty years earlier in the USA. Djilas’s task of translation was also an act of intellectual rebellion and a means of keeping himself sane during his long years of incarceration in a Yugoslav prison. The chapter analyses select passages of Djilas’s translation alongside their counterparts from the original as well as with some extant Serbian renderings of the poem. This analysis demonstrates that, in his translation, Djilas successfully brought together the culturally different epic traditions of his native Montenegro and of the nearby Dalmatian coast, but he was less successful in solving the fundamental prosodic question of how to make Milton’s dense iambic pentameter fit an equally compact trochaic verse.
Plotting a Persian Paradise
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: August 2017

From popular novels to dense scholarly editions, Milton has enjoyed an eclectic and expansive afterlife in twentieth- and twenty-first-century Persian translation. Provoking responses from prominent women writers in particular, Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes have offered rich sources for Persian translation and literary revision, attracting the attention of Iran’s best-selling woman novelist, Dāneshvar (d. 2013), as well as Iran’s leading woman translator, Dāmghānī. This chapter surveys highlights since the 1960s of Milton in Iran, from Dāneshvar’s brief quotation of Samson in her fiction, to the extended translations of Paradise Lost produced by Dāmghānī, as well as by Shafā (d. 2010). Domesticating not only the content of Milton’s poetry but also Miltonic contexts, these diverse editions produce distinct Iranian afterlives of the English author and cultivate contemporary Persian grounds for the reproduction of his Renaissance English poetics.
The 1960s and Paradise Lost in Korean
Authors: Yeon Kim Hae , Duran Angelica
Published: August 2017

This chapter chronicles one of the most recent language traditions to participate in translation of Milton’s works: Korean. Close readings of the two landmark full translations of Paradise Lost of 1963 reflect the leadership of the South Korean government and Korean scholars to make available foreign literature, even highly provocative and Christian works. Korea’s socio-political moment is evinced in such elements as these translations’ characterizations of Satan and uses of Japanese translations as complements to English source texts. It is also seen in their production not as stand-alone publications or personal initiatives but rather as components of world literature anthologies by major Korean publishers cooperating with the Korean government and, by extension, with US funding and direction.
Quantum description of light
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P.
Published: August 2017

In this chapter we present a selection of important issues, concepts and tools of quantum mechanics, which we investigate up to the level of details required for the rest of the exposition, disregarding at the same time other elementary and basic topics that have less relevance to microcavities. In the next chapter we will also need to quantize the material excitation, but for now we limit the discussion to light, which allows us to lay down the general formalism for two special cases—the harmonic oscillator and the two-level system.
Semiclassical description of light–matter coupling
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P.
Published: August 2017

In this chapter we consider light coupling to elementary semiconductor crystal excitations—excitons—and discuss the optical properties of mixed light–matter quasiparticles named exciton-polaritons, which play a decisive role in optical spectra of microcavities. Our considerations are based on the classical Maxwell equations coupled to the material relation accounting for the quantum properties of excitons.
On Focus Groups
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter suggests that focus groups are a useful ethnographic tool in the study of governing elites. Focus groups provide an alternative way of ‘being there’ when the rules about secrecy and access prevent participant observation. The chapter describes the job of prime ministers’ chiefs of staff before explaining the research design, the preparations for the focus group sessions, and the strategies used to manage the dynamics of a diverse group that included former political enemies and factional rivals. It outlines the approach to analysis and interpretation before reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of focus groups for research into political and administrative elites. It concludes that focus groups are a valuable tool for making tacit knowledge explicit, but they must be located in a broader framework and be part of a larger toolkit.
Sovereignty
Authors: Sunderland Luke
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that political thinkers across Europe in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries were negotiating the paradoxes of sovereignty when they elaborated distinctions between kingship and tyranny. New concepts of the just war, necessity, and treason conspired to allow sovereigns to crush opposition or abrogate full powers, suspending the laws. Any king, then, was a tyrant in waiting—hence the fears of political thinkers such as John of Salisbury, Aquinas, and Marsilius of Padua, who attempted to rein in sovereigns by articulating ideals such as the body politic and the common good, which argued for royal responsibilities towards society as a whole. Politics was drifting away from morality, but these writers attempted to recouple them.
Revolt
Authors: Sunderland Luke
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that the rebel baron chansons de geste justify baronial revolt. Sceptical about the effectiveness of moral constraints on rulers, they contain their own models for constructive opposition to sovereigns, where aristocratic violence provides the only effective brake on kings. They vehicle models for constructive opposition to sovereigns and portray revolt as a vital tool of social control. Rebellion in works like Les Saisnes, Gaydon, Gui de Bourgogne, Renaut de Montauban, and the Chevalerie d’Ogier is not anarchic but limited and structured like ritual, aiming to restrict royal demands and to allow for eventual appeals to the king’s mercy. The king is eventually freed from accusations of tyranny and the rebel from charges of treason, allowing for a new partnership, with the noble as brake on the sovereign’s power.
Resistance
Authors: Sunderland Luke
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines texts depicting aristocratic attempts to define and protect a separate polity outside of kingdoms. This geographical form of opposition to sovereigns, found in Aspremont, Girart de Roussillon (the twelfth-century epic poem, the hagiographical narrative and later Burgundian verse and prose rewritings), and the Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, which argue for the independence of Occitania and Burgundy, is often missed by modern scholars whose ideas are shaped by present-day nations. Yet it proves vital for understanding the regionalist politics of medieval Europe, with local governmental structures persisting in opposition to the drive to create kingdoms and empires.
The Context
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Leruth Benjamin , Chung Heejung
Published: August 2017

Welfare states across Europe are changing: the future will not be like the past. This chapter examines the economic, social, and political challenges that have confronted European welfare states during the past fifteen years, including globalization and the post-industrial transformation, population ageing and shifts in family life, the ascendancy of neo-liberalism, and the growth of populist nationalism. It identifies new directions in policy: neo-liberal austerity; individual responsibility; neo-Keynesian interventionism; social investment; predistribution; fightback; and welfare chauvinism or protectionism. It argues that the European welfare state is undergoing radical transformation. Whether the European tradition of state intervention to meet the needs of citizens will survive in all countries is at present unclear.
The Oligarchs and Their Opponents, 1378–1426
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes the contrasts between the more “oligarchic” and the more “popular” components of Florentine society, from the time of the Ciompi tumult in 1378 until the formation of the Medici party in 1426. The oligarchs—some being engaged in business and many taking advantage of opportunities that arose from Florence’s expanding state—attempted, via an oligarchic political club, the Parte Guelfa, to prevent new people from entering the government and endorsed optional wars that enlarged the Florentine state. The more popular groups were merchants, often not from older families, and artisans (the popolo minuto), who wanted to open the government to new families and tended to oppose optional wars. By 1426 the more popular elements coalesced around the Medici. The chapter utilizes political debates in Florence (the Consulte e Pratiche) as well as diaries and other unpublished sources.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces some of the questions and issues that are explored in more depth in later chapters. It starts with a brief review of some internalist conceptions of cognition and then specifies, in contrast, the assumptions that define enactivist approaches to specific issues. The chapter includes a discussion of one of the main objections against enactivist and extended conceptions of cognition, the causal-constitution fallacy, and initiates a discussion of the role of representation and inference, especially in recent predictive coding approaches in neuroscience. It concludes by arguing that enactivism is best conceived as a philosophy of nature rather than a scientific research agenda.
Action without Representations
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2017

This chapter develops a critique of representationalist accounts of action. It shows that on any standard definition of representation, concepts such as minimal or action-oriented representations (AORs) are not really representational in any meaningful sense. It’s difficult to maintain, for example, that motor-control processes characterized in terms of AORs are decouplable from the specific action situation, or how they meet other constraints that define a process as representational. I argue that AORs no longer conform to the criteria that would make them representational, and that, at least in the case of action, representations are not required. Accordingly, it’s not clear that the notion of representation is scientifically useful in explanations of action.
Secrecy and Frontiers in Illegal Organ Transplantation
Authors: Steiner Philippe
Published: August 2017

The chapter first considers how the issue of commodification was handled in the legislative process that produced the ban on the market for organ transplantations, the political step necessary to make this form of transaction illegal. The second part considers some of the theoretical issues related to the conceptualization of illegality within the domain of exchange, examining the role that violence, secrecy, and the frontier between legality and illegality play in the functioning of illegal transactions. In the final part, the chapter considers three cases of illegal transplantation, paying particular attention to the organizational dimension and to the work of concealment that must be done in order to cross the frontier between the legal and the illegal worlds.
A Crooked Mirror
Authors: Radaev Vadim
Published: August 2017

The study examines the evolution of heterogeneous illegal markets, including markets for homemade alcohol, counterfeit alcohol, and illegally manufactured alcohol in Russia. A variety of statistical sources and survey data is used to demonstrate that the compositions of these markets have come through four different stages since late socialism, depending on the constellation of political, legislative, and economic factors. At each stage, some of these markets prevail, whereas others remain undeveloped. Overall, illegal alcohol markets tend to grow in periods of exogenous political or economic shocks and shrink in periods of economic growth. Changes in the structure of illegal markets are backed by a continuous requalification of products, organizations, and transactions contesting the boundaries between legality and illegality. Some illegal activities retain their legitimacy due to the ignorance or tolerance of enforcement agencies and final consumers.
Diplomatic Law in a New Millennium
Authors: Behrens Paul
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces some of the main considerations on diplomatic relations which form the basis for later parts of the book. It reflects on the path which diplomatic law followed from the days of its evolution through scholarly discourse and the practice of States to the work of the International Law Commission, the conclusion of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR), the later instruments in the field, and the arrival of new players, such as the European External Action Service (EEAS). The chapter introduces the main theories on diplomatic immunity and reflects on the continuing value of reciprocity for the conduct of diplomatic relations. It also broaches some of the principal difficulties which the technological and societal changes of the twenty-first century cause to diplomatic relations today and provides, in a final section, an overview of the seven parts of the book and the topics to which they are dedicated.
A Former Diplomat’s Reflections on the Vienna Convention
Authors: Barder Brian
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers a personal perspective of the VCDR, from the perspective of a former British Ambassador. A focal point of the chapter is the question whether diplomats still need their immunities under the VCDR—a theme pursued in the context of postings in developing countries and developed western democracies. Several case studies illustrate the findings, including the ‘walk-in’ by four Soviet citizens into the British embassy in Moscow in 1972 and the shooting of Yvonne Fletcher from the Libyan People’s Bureau in London in 1984. The chapter also considers the VCDR’s implications on the promotion of friendly relations between States and the rule of non-interference. It thus builds a bridge between the scholarly and the professional approaches towards diplomatic relations and reaches the conclusion that the VCDR has stood up well and remains indispensable for the continued practice of diplomacy.
On the Road to Vienna
Authors: Bruns Kai
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the negotiations that preceded the 1961 Vienna Conference (which led to the conclusion of the VCDR). The author challenges the view that the successful codification was an obvious step and refers in this regard to a history of intense negotiation which spanned fifteen years. With particular reference to the International Law Commission (ILC), the chapter explores the difficult task faced by ILC members to strike a balance between the codification of existing practice and progressive development of diplomatic law. It reaches the finding that the ILC negotiations were crucial for the success of the Conference, but notes also that certain States supported a less-binding form of codification. The chapter also underlines the fact that many issues that had caused friction between the Cold War parties were settled during the preparatory meetings and remained largely untouched during the 1961 negotiations.
The Diplomatic Duffle Disparity—A Third World Perspective
Authors: Sud Sana
Published: August 2017

This chapter deals with the contemporary position of the diplomatic bag. Based on its regulation in the VCDR, the author examines the legal situation and the chief controversies it involves. That includes analysing the shift in power balance from the receiving countries, pre-VCDR, to the sending countries with regards to the bag, and between the developed nations greater ability to discern the contents of the bag vis-à-vis the developing nations. The author then provides solutions on how the balance of national interest and inviolability of the bag can be restored by having a preliminary screening or checking and also through an independent body vested with power to walk the line of this delicate balance by determining whether there is a strong reason for a full screening of the diplomatic bag or for sending it back to its place of origin.
Intersections between Diplomatic Immunities and the Immunities of International Organizations
Authors: Duxbury Alison
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the immunities of international organizations and the impact of the VCDR on this legal regime. While the VCDR is not directly applicable in this context, consideration of the immunities of officials of international organizations and diplomats has intersected in various contexts. These intersections are apparent during the discussions surrounding the drafting of instruments dealing with international immunities (including in the International Law Commission) and also in arguments concerning the application of such immunities in courts (for example, the Supreme Court of New York’s consideration of Strauss-Kahn’s immunity claim). This chapter explores the legal framework that applies in such cases and also analyses the differences between the two systems. Finally, it examines cases where arguments relating to the right of access to the courts, first considered in the context of the immunities of international organizations, have been applied to State and diplomatic immunity.
The European Union and Diplomatic Law
Authors: Butler Graham
Published: August 2017

Not long after the establishment of supranational institutions in the aftermath of the Second World War, the early incarnations of the European Union (EU) began conducting diplomacy. Today, EU Delegations (EUDs) exist throughout the world, operating similar to full-scale diplomatic missions. The Treaty of Lisbon established the legal underpinnings for the European External Action Service (EEAS) as the diplomatic arm of the EU. Yet within the international legal framework, EUDs remain second-class to the missions of nation States. The EU thus has to use alternative legal means to form diplomatic missions. This chapter explores the legal framework of EU diplomatic relations, but also asks whether traditional missions to which the VCDR regime applies, can still be said to serve the needs of diplomacy in the twenty-first century, when States are no longer the ultimate holders of sovereignty, or the only actors in international relations.
Evans v. UK
Authors: Brems Eva
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the 2007 Grand Chamber judgment of Evans v. The United Kingdom, in which the European Court of Human Rights stated that the destruction of frozen embryos against the will of the female contributor, who had invested her last egg cells in these embryos, did not violate the Convention. The chapter argues in favour of a different outcome. The alternative approach to Evans follows a method that stands on two legs. The first leg is a three-step model for addressing conflicts between human rights, that the author has developed in previous research. The second leg is an integrated perspective of international human rights law, that brings in insights from women’s rights and disability rights.
Freedom of Expression versus Privacy and the Right to Reputation
Authors: Voorhoof Dirk
Published: August 2017

The normative perspective of this chapter is how to guarantee respect for the fundamental values of freedom of expression and journalistic reporting on matters of public interest in cases where a (public) person claims protection of his or her right to reputation. First it explains why there is an increasing number and expanding potential of conflicts between the right to freedom of expression and media freedom (Article 10 ECHR), on the one hand, and the right of privacy and the right to protection of reputation (Article 8 ECHR), on the other. In addressing and analysing the European Court’s balancing approach in this domain, the characteristics and the impact of the seminal 2012 Grand Chamber judgment in Axel Springer AG v. Germany (no. 1) are identified and explained. On the basis of the analysis of the Court’s subsequent jurisprudence in defamation cases it evaluates whether this case law preserves the public watchdog-function of media, investigative journalism and NGOs reporting on matters of public interest, but tarnishing the reputation of public figures.
Reversibility, Proportionality, and Conflicting Rights
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: August 2017

This chapter develops a test (the ‘reversibility test’) for resolving clashing rights cases where limitations of Convention rights for the protection of the ‘rights and freedoms of others’ are at stake. It demonstrates how the reversibility test operates in the context of the conflict between religious autonomy and the right to respect for private and family life under Articles 9 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and why it is preferable to either definitional or ad hoc balancing between these rights. A critical analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ Grand Chamber decision in Fernández Martinez v. Spain substantiates the utility and strengths of the test and shows how it vindicates the reasoning in the Court’s minority judgment.
The New Pope
Authors: Pattenden Miles
Published: August 2017

This chapter explains the difficulties facing a new pope after his election. Once the shine had worn off his elevation he had to find ways to assert his authority over his former peers. The principle routes were: symbolic display, patronage, and coercion. All had shortcomings which were greater in an elective monarchy like the papacy than in hereditary institutions. Different popes tried different balances of the three, with varying degrees of success. However, none found a winning formula for long because the nature of the pope’s authority—diminishing constantly from the moment of election—meant that all reigns ultimately ended in failure. A new pope may have been powerful but an old pope was often most decidedly not—and that had a major effect on the papacy’s evolution as a political institution during these centuries.
Coleridge on Beauty
Authors: Kirwan James
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 examines Coleridge’s analysis of beauty in the ‘Principles of Genial Criticism’ (1814), which aimed to establish a religious dimension to aesthetic experience. Coleridge’s argument is traced through his Kantian account of aesthetic judgement, and his assertion of unity-in-multiplicity as the formal condition of beauty, to his grounding beauty in that which is ‘pre-configured’ to our faculties. Coleridge’s depends on eighteenth-century aesthetic axioms, despite deliberately avoiding explicit reference to such accounts, electing Plotinus instead as a precursor. It is suggested that Coleridge is therefore reluctant to explain aesthetic experience in purely psychological and, potentially, exclusively naturalistic terms. The appeal to Plotinus’s traditional notion of beauty as the soul’s recognition of its divine origin grounds aesthetic experience in religion. Concomitantly, in Coleridge’s reassertion of the claims of religion in the wake of the Enlightenment, aesthetic experience as contemplation of the world as it is becomes proof of the existence of the divine.
The ‘way of seeking’
Authors: Aherne Philip
Published: August 2017

Coleridge’s influence in Cambridge through the nineteenth century is examined in Chapter 7, especially as it affected the development of a philosophy he opposed, utilitarianism. The author accepts Skorupski’s (1993) assessment of Coleridge as an important precursor of British idealism, finding his philosophy a particular blend of German transcendentalism, Platonic creeds, and Christian ethics representing a distinct school in its own terms. His contemporary significance was undoubtedly influential. In 1890, James Martineau argued for Coleridge’s influence in British philosophy through the nineteenth century, claiming that ‘his Platonic gospel has passed in the heart of our generation’ and declared that ‘empirical psychology and utilitarian ethics are the permanent objects of Coleridge’s hostility’. Martineau was extending Mill’s dichotomous paradigm of Bentham versus Coleridge. The stability of this opposition is questioned in this chapter, which claims that Mill’s development of utilitarian ethics depended on Coleridge’s epistemological distinction between Reason and Understanding.
Coleridge, Contemplation, and the ‘triple Ichheit’
Authors: Webster Suzanne E.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 17 concentrates on Coleridge’s theological reflections, especially those of his final years. In his later notebooks and other key works, including the ‘Theory of Life’ and Aids to Reflection, Coleridge yielded generally consistent results in terms of his efforts to define, desynonymize, and establish the ‘Order of the Mental Powers’. By 1830, with regard to the human being on Earth (or the earthly human ‘Personal Identity’), Coleridge had fleshed out his perception of the order of these powers in the context of what he called the ‘triple Ichheit’. Regarding Coleridge’s thought about the origins of and processes involved within contemplative acts, the chapter explores the ‘Order of the Mental Powers’ as Coleridge saw them within the context of the ‘triple Ichheit’; and it explains how this ordering related to Coleridge’s thought on God, the hypostases of the Trinity, and the relationships between ‘Will’, ‘Reason’, and faith.
Notebook 55 as Contemplative Coda to Coleridge’s Work and Life
Authors: Janzen J. Gerald
Published: August 2017

Chapter 18 construes Coleridge’s last Notebook (March–April 1834, which he titled, ‘Faith, Prayer, Meditation’) as the coda to his work and life, an analogy with the concluding lines to Biographia Literaria and to Opus Maximum Fragment 2, lines likewise taken as codas to their respective works. Building on Mays’ characterization of Coleridge’s ‘poetry of the affections’, and on his identification of the arc of Coleridge’s life as arising within the bosom of his father’s so-called ‘simple’ faith, navigating ‘strange seas of thought’, and coming home at the end to his own (more complicated) simplicity, it argues that one ‘Clew’ to Notebook 55 as coda to his work and life lies in the place the affections enjoy in Coleridge’s notebooks of 1827–34, whose entries most deeply constitute exercises in contemplation.
Responsibility, Authority, and the Bindingness of Norms
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

In having reactive attitudes, we hold each other responsible to the norms of a community. Doing so appropriately presupposes both that one has the requisite authority and that the other is bound by that norm. We can understand this by turning to communities of respect and the patterns of reactive attitudes discussed in Chapter 3. As a member of a community of respect, one is party to a joint commitment, constituted by interpersonal rational patterns of reactive attitudes, to the import of that community and thereby to the import of its members and norms. This joint commitment binds one to those norms and makes one be responsible to them. Likewise, to have authority is to have dignity as a member of such a community and so be a fit object of recognition respect by others who thereby normally ought to respond to the “call” of one’s reactive attitudes.
Persons in the First-Person Plural
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

Individualist conceptions of persons, grounded in individualist understandings of responsibility, rationality, and identity, must be rejected. Preceding chapters developed an account of communities of respect via an essentially interpersonal type of practical rationality in terms of which we can understand responsibility to be essentially social. In addition, there are two senses in which individuals are identified with the communities of respect of which they are members. First, norms of character are, in effect, communal values, defining a (partial) form of life members jointly find worthwhile. In doing so, they form an element of the identities of community members, albeit an element that can conflict with the personal values of each. Second, members identify with each other through their recognition respect, which amounts to a kind of non-intimate love. Taken together, this means that persons are to be understood in terms of communities of respect—from a first-person plural perspective.
Imperatives and commands in Nungon
Authors: Sarvasy Hannah S.
Published: August 2017

The two dedicated positive imperative paradigms of the Papuan language Nungon cover all subject person/number combinations. The Immediate Imperative and Delayed Imperative differ semantically, pragmatically, and formally. The Immediate Imperative demands immediate compliance, rings peremptorily, and shares morphology with the Counterfactual and medial verb Different-Subject marking. The Delayed Imperative anticipates delayed compliance and is polite; it may have originated through iconic vowel alteration of the Future Irrealis. The time distinction between the positive Immediate and Delayed Imperatives is neutralized under negation; a single dedicated Prohibitive likely arose from the combination of an attention-getting suffix and the positive Future Irrealis. Nungon also has eight imperative strategies, which may be coordinated with dedicated imperative forms; conventional verbless directives exist as well. Dedicated imperatives can function in questions. Children show early acquisition of canonical and non-canonical imperative forms. Finally, this hunting society also has dog commands that are unrelated to usual imperative forms.
The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Greater Awyu language of West Papua
Authors: de Vries Lourens
Published: August 2017

The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Papuan language of West Papua, is the richest independent verb paradigm of Korowai: it makes the same distinctions as all other independent verb paradigms but makes more distinctions in grammatical person: three grammatical persons rather than conflation of second and third person as in all other Korowai and Greater Awyu verb paradigms. This formal richness is matched by functional richness: imperatives are used in a typologically striking range of contexts, for example in bridging constructions (tail–head linkage), in the domain of inner states (through quotative framing of emotion, thoughts, and intentions) and in both addressee-inclusive and addressee-exclusive contexts (in the case of first person plural imperatives). Diachronically, the Korowai imperative paradigm developed from a basic injunctive zero paradigm of proto Greater Awyu that has reflexes in all branches and languages of the Greater Awyu family.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart-Kroeker Sarah
Published: August 2017

This is an introduction to the key themes of the book as well as to the scholarly context. It includes some notes on the translation of peregrinatio and its range of meanings, including (but not restricted to) pilgrimage. The peregrinatio image’s prominent eschatological cast evokes modern anxieties that run in a couple of directions. One worry is that framing the earthly life in terms of the journey to the heavenly homeland undermines this-worldly love and action, particularly in caring for the neighbor. Another worry is that ordering life to an end determined in advance confines the self’s growth, agency, or identity. The Introduction also frames the reflection on beauty and moral formation in light of contemporary concerns both with Augustine’s thought in particular and more broadly in terms of the possibility of linking beauty and morality after the Enlightenment.
The Significance of National Constitutions in a United Europe
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the significance of national constitutions in a united Europe. It begins with an overview of the original aspirations of national constitutions in a united Europe, noting that those aspirations were a product of the origins of constitutionalism. It then considers the rise of supranational sovereign power, along with the distinction between the EU’s legal foundation and a constitution. It also examines how national constitutions provide a filter for primary European law and influence European legislation; the European Court of Justice’s ruling regarding the supremacy of European law over national law in terms of application; the reservations of national constitutional courts concerning the supremacy of European law; and the interrelationship between the national and European judiciaries. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the role of the national constitution in the implementation of EU law.
The Role of National Parliaments in the European Union
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the role of national parliaments in the European Union. It first considers the general trend towards de-parliamentarization in the EU before describing the European situation by distinguishing three separate phases, in which the national parliaments have different functions: the transfer of sovereign rights from the Member States to the EU, the exercise of those transferred rights by the EU, and the implementation of European decisions by the Member States. The chapter then explores the question of whether the European Parliament is capable of compensating at the European level for the erosion of legislative authority at the national level. Finally, it discusses the proposal that the European Parliament be vested with the powers typically possessed by national parliaments as a solution to the EU’s legitimacy crisis and argues that full parliamentarization is not the answer.
Perceptions of Party Unity in the Visegrád Countries
Authors: Willumsen David M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the four Visegrád countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) in the early 1990s, as a least-likely case of party influence on legislators. First measuring incentives to defect based on policy preferences, it is found that these are relatively low, but, as expected, substantially greater than in the Nordic case, and certainly greater than the observed unity. Analysing attitudes to unity, it is found that, as in the Nordic countries, unity is driven by legislators’ understanding that their long-term goals are best served by belonging to a united parliamentary party. Further analysing legislators’ answers to survey questions regarding the costs and benefits of belonging to a parliamentary party, it shows that legislators focus on the collective goods that being in a parliamentary party brings, and are much less interested in the more individualistic benefits, even in a setting very unfavourable to strong parties.
Causal Proportions and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Bernstein Sara
Published: August 2017

Both causation and moral responsibility seem to come in degrees, but explaining the metaphysical relationship between them is more complex than theorists have realized. This paper poses an original puzzle about this relationship and uses it to reach three important conclusions. First, certain natural resolutions of the puzzle reveal the existence of a new sort of moral luck called proportionality luck. Second, there is indeterminacy in the type of causal relation deployed in assessments of moral responsibility. Finally—and most importantly—leading theories of causation do not have the ability to capture the sorts of causal differences that matter for moral evaluation of agents’ causal contributions to outcomes.
Hellenism? An Introduction
Authors: Chrubasik Boris , King Daniel
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces the themes of the volume and the individual contributions. It argues that the cultural history of the Hellenistic East transcends the political time frame often associated with the period in Anglophone publications. Therefore, the framework of this study is extended to include the fourth century BCE as well as the first three centuries CE in order to closely investigate the processes of cultural interaction often associated with the term Hellenism. It offers examples of the presence of adapted Greek cultural and political elements in the communities of the Eastern Mediterranean, it raises the question of cross-cultural exchange and its impact on Greekness itself, and it opens the debate on whether terms such as Hellenism, Hellenistic, and Hellenization are still useful to describe the cultural processes in the period under investigation.
The Polis of Babylon
Authors: Clancier Philippe
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the polticial and administrative changes in the city of Babylon during the third and second centuries BCE. Traditionally the city had been governed by the members of the Esagila assembly, the kiništu, and the sanctuary’s high administrator, the šatammu. At some point in the first half of the second century, however, the puliṭê, that is members of a polis community, emerged as a new political interest group in the city. Examining the role of the puliṭê through a careful analysis of the documentary evidence as well as recent historiography, this chapter offers a new approach to interpreting the political and administrative transformation of second-century Babylon.
Text and Wisdom in the Letter of Aristeas
Authors: Hatzimichali Myrto
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the Letter of Aristeas, a text that presents Jewish-Greek interaction in a number of arenas, including political power, pilgrimage and travel, material wealth, and everyday life, as well as literary heritage and religious/philosophical wisdom. It focuses on the last two aspects, tracing first how ideas from the Jewish religious tradition are combined with aspects of Greek philosophy and political thought in the ‘sympotic’ scenes where the Greek king receives advice from his wise visitors. It then argues that the measures taken for the preservation of the error-free accuracy of the translated Torah, which in turn secure its position in the library, reveal the same preoccupations as those of the Alexandrian textual critics. Rather than condemning textual criticism, Aristeas warns against the same corruptions that textual criticism was invented to confront.
Talking about Competence
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Strati Antonio
Published: August 2017

In this chapter the theme of competence is addressed in relation to a processual approach to discursive practices. The object “competence” is constructed differently within three main discourses: entity-based, relational, and practice-based. The authors problematize how language constructs competence as a research object. What happens when we no longer believe in the language/reality binary relation? The chapter poses the question of how a more-than-representational approach changes our way of talking about competence but does not argue “against” language; rather, it invites exploration “beyond” language and beyond language in a written text, since there is always a “something” that exceeds the speaking subject. The authors propose an experimental written/visual text that invites empathy in reading and challenges the rhythm of reading with an invitation to feel the poetry of a visual language. In so doing, they want to produce the effect of troubling the static, rational, and written representation of competence.
Reconsidering Language Use in Our Talk of Expertise—Are We Missing Something?
Authors: Shotter John
Published: August 2017

There is currently a troubling disconnect between scientific and rational accounts of how experts act in specific situations, and the kind of non-deliberate thinking involved in the actual enactment of expertise. The dominant Cartesian approach provides scientific after-the-fact accounts of expertise, in the sense that it portrays expertise as made up of a set of general rules, frameworks, plans, and procedures for how to act in specific circumstances. Such after-the-fact accounts do not, however, capture how expertise is enacted and developed in the midst of particular circumstances. Specifically, such accounts overlook how experts make sense of the particularities of the unfolding situation. This chapter proposes a Wittgensteinian approach, which enables a real-time account of what expertise looks like, feels like, and sounds like from within experts’ efforts to handle the particularities of an unfolding situation.