bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent disparities in liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States, 1998 through 2007
Authors: Robbins Anthony S. , Cox Derrick D. , Johnson Lynt B. , Ward Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Prior studies have demonstrated that among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), African Americans (AAs) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) are substantially less likely to undergo liver transplantation (LT) compared with whites. The authors examined whether disparities in the receipt of LT among LT‐eligible HCC patients changed over a 10‐year time period, and whether the disparities might be explained by sociodemographic or clinical factors.

METHODS:

The National Cancer Data Base, a national hospital‐based cancer registry, was used to study 7707 adults with small (≤ 5 cm), nonmetastatic HCC diagnosed between 1998 and 2007. Racial/ethnic patterns in the use of LT were compared during 2 periods of 5 years each: 1998 through 2002 (n = 2412 patients) and 2003 through 2007 (n = 5295 patients). Data regarding comorbid medical conditions were only available during the later time period.

RESULTS:

Large and persistent racial/ethnic differences in the probability of receiving LT were observed. Compared with whites, hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for receiving LT from 1998 through 2002 were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.46‐0.89) for AA patients, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.79‐1.29) for Hispanic patients, and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.39‐0.68) for API patients. Analogous results for 2003 through 2007 were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.54‐0.76) for AA patients, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75‐0.99) for Hispanic patients, and 0.58 (95% CI, 0.49‐0.69) for API patients. AA patients were less likely than whites to undergo any form of surgery, and API patients were more likely than whites to undergo surgical resection. Adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors produced only small changes in these HRs.

CONCLUSIONS:

Between 1998 and 2007, there were large and persistent racial/ethnic disparities noted in the receipt of LT among patients with HCC. These disparities were not explained by sociodemographic or clinical factors. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Expression patterns of Bmi‐1 and p16 significantly correlate with overall, disease‐specific, and recurrence‐free survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Huber Gerhard F. , Albinger‐Hegyi Andrea , Soltermann Alex , Roessle Matthias , Graf Nicole , Haerle Stephan K. , Holzmann David , Moch Holger , Hegyi Ivan
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to link expression patterns of B‐cell–specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi‐1) and p16 to patient outcome (recurrence and survival) in a cohort of 252 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OSCC).

METHODS:

Expression levels of Bmi‐1 and p16 in samples from 252 patients with OSCC were evaluated immunohistochemically using the tissue microarray method. Staining intensity was determined by calculating an intensity reactivity score (IRS). Staining intensity and the localization of expression within tumor cells (nuclear or cytoplasmic) were correlated with overall, disease‐specific, and recurrence‐free survival.

RESULTS:

The majority of cancers were localized in the oropharynx (61.1%). In univariate analysis, patients who had OSCC and strong Bmi‐1 expression (IRS >10) had worse outcomes compared with patients who had low and moderate Bmi‐1 expression (P = .008; hazard ratio [HR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.167‐2.838); this correlation was also observed for atypical cytoplasmic Bmi‐1 expression (P = .001; HR, 2.164; 95% CI, 1.389‐3.371) and for negative p16 expression (P < .001; HR, 0.292; 95% CI, 0.178‐0.477). The combination of both markers, as anticipated, had an even stronger correlation with overall survival (P < .001; HR, 8.485; 95% CI, 4.237‐16.994). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant results for patients with oropharyngeal cancers, but not for patients with oral cavity tumors: Tumor classification (P = .011; HR, 1.838; 95%CI, 1.146‐2.947) and the combined marker expression patterns (P < .001; HR, 6.254; 95% CI, 2.869‐13.635) were correlated with overall survival, disease‐specific survival (tumor classification: P = .002; HR, 2.807; 95% CI, 1.477‐5.334; combined markers: P = .002; HR, 5.386; 95% CI, 1.850‐15.679), and the combined markers also were correlated with recurrence‐free survival (P = .001; HR, 8.943; 95% CI, 2.562‐31.220).

CONCLUSIONS:

Cytoplasmic Bmi‐1 expression, an absence of p16 expression, and especially the combination of those 2 predictive markers were correlated negatively with disease‐specific and recurrence‐free survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Therefore, the current results indicate that these may be applicable as predictive markers in combination with other factors to select patients for more aggressive treatment and follow‐up. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
2D mapping of strongly deformable cell nuclei‐based on contour matching
Authors: De Vylder Jonas , De Vos Winnok H. , Manders Erik M. , Philips Wilfried
Published: March 2011

The spatiotemporal dynamics of protein complexes and genome loci are functionally linked to cellular health status. To study the inherent motion of subnuclear particles, it is essential to remove any superimposed component stemming from displacement and deformation of the nucleus. In this article, we propose a mapping of the nuclear interior, which is based on the deformation of the nuclear contour and has no shape constraints. This registration procedure enabled an accurate estimation of telomere mobility in living human cells undergoing dramatic nuclear deformations. Given the large variety of pathologies and cellular processes that are associated with strong nuclear shape changes, the contour mapping algorithm has generic value for improving the accuracy of mobility measurements of genome loci and intranuclear macromolecule complexes. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Spectrum sensing and power/rate control in CDMA cognitive radio networks
Authors: Ghavami Siavash , Abolhassani Bahman
Published: March 2011

In this paper, a two‐phase algorithm for the spectrum sensing and power/rate control of a secondary user (S‐user) or cognitive radio is proposed. In the first phase, the primary base station (P‐BS), which is conscious of both the number and the data rate of primary active users (P‐user), broadcasts theitusage capacity percentage (UCP) of its cell. Since knowing only the UCP is not enough to guarantee that the total load (of P‐users and S‐users) is less than a maximum permissible load, the S‐user must measure the total interference received from both the P‐users and other S‐users. In this direction, using both the UCP and measurement of the interference received from the P‐users and the S‐users by the S‐user or secondary base station (S‐BS), we mathematically derive an equation for issuing data transmission permission, which if it is held then the second phase of the algorithm: the transmit power/rate control starts. In this phase, the S‐user and the S‐BS look for feasible values for the transmit power level and transmission rate. If there are feasible values, it starts its transmission at these feasible transmit power and rate. Since both the location of the S‐user and the channel condition vary in time, the whole algorithm is iterated periodically with a period faster than the coherence time of the channel. Furthermore, we consider the down link of the above system with cooperation among neighboring S‐users to overcome fading channels and we investigate the amount of improvement in the reliability of the issuing data transmission permission. As well, we consider the uplink of the system with multiple antennas in the S‐BS to investigate the improvement in the same parameter over spatially correlated and independent fading channels. Theoretical analysis is validated using computer simulations. Both theoretical analysis and computer simulations show that the proposed cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm performs properly at SNR = −5dB in flat Nakagami‐m fading channels with m = 1 even in correlated fading channels. We also address the improvement of the reliability of the issuing data transmission permission in the uplink in case of using multiple antennas only in the S‐BS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stressful life events predict eating disorder relapse following remission: Six‐year prospective outcomes
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Pagano Maria E. , Stout Robert L. , Markowitz John C. , Ansell Emily B. , Pinto Anthony , Zanarini Mary C. , Yen Shirley , Skodol Andrew E.
Published: March 2011

Objective:

To examine prospectively the natural course of bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not‐otherwise‐specified (EDNOS) and test for the effects of stressful life events (SLE) on relapse after remission from these eating disorders.

Method:

117 female patients with BN (N = 35) or EDNOS (N = 82) were prospectively followed for 72 months using structured interviews performed at baseline, 6‐ and 12‐months, and then yearly thereafter. ED were assessed with the structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV, and monitored over time with the longitudinal interval follow‐up evaluation. Personality disorders were assessed with the diagnostic interview for DSM‐IV‐personality‐disorders, and monitored over time with the follow‐along‐version. The occurrence and specific timing of SLE were assessed with the life events assessment interview. Cox proportional‐hazard‐regression‐analyses tested associations between time‐varying levels of SLE and ED relapse, controlling for comorbid psychiatric disorders, ED duration, and time‐varying personality‐disorder status.

Results:

ED relapse probability was 43%; BN and EDNOS did not differ in time to relapse. Negative SLE significantly predicted ED relapse; elevated work and social stressors were significant predictors. Psychiatric comorbidity, ED duration, and time‐varying personality‐disorder status were not significant predictors.

Discussion:

Higher work and social stress represent significant warning signs for triggering relapse for women with remitted BN and EDNOS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Histamine H4 receptor activation enhances LPS‐induced IL‐6 production in mast cells via ERK and PI3K activation
Authors: Desai Pragnya , Thurmond Robin L.
Published: March 2011

The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) has been implicated in numerous inflammatory functions. Here it is shown that the receptor can mediate cytokine production from mast cells. Histamine and an H4R agonist, JNJ 28610244, induced the production of IL‐6 in mouse bone marrow (BM)‐derived mast cells. This effect was blocked by two different H4R antagonists and was not present in H4R‐deficient cells. In addition, histamine acting via the H4R potentiated LPS‐induced IL‐6 production. Histamine‐induced IL‐6 production could be blocked by inhibitors of ERK and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ (PI3Kγ) pathways. Furthermore, it was shown that H4R activation can induce phosphorylation of ERK, MEK and AKT. H4R activation led to a rapid and transient phosphorylation of these kinases, whereas with LPS the activation occurred at later time points. When both histamine and LPS were added, the phosphorylation was evident at 5 min and persisted for at least 60 min suggesting that changes in the kinetics of kinase activation may be one mechanism driving the signaling interaction between the H4R and toll‐like receptors. These observations suggest that the H4R can synergize with other inflammatory signals to potentiate cytokine production and provides mechanistic information on the role of the H4R in inflammation.
Spin‐Canted Antiferromagnetic Phase Transitions in Alternating Phenoxo‐ and Carboxylato‐Bridged MnIII‐Salen Complexes
Authors: Kar Paramita , Guha Pampa M. , Drew Michael G. B. , Ishida Takayuki , Ghosh Ashutosh
Published: March 2011

Three new MnIII complexes, {[Mn2(salen)2(OCn)](ClO4)}n (1), {[Mn2(salen)2(OPh)](ClO4)}n (2) and {[Mn2(salen)2(OBz)](ClO4)}2 (3) (where salen = N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐diaminoethane dianion, OCn = cinnamate, OPh = phenylacetate and OBz = benzoate), have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. The crystal structures reveal that all three structures contain syn‐anti carboxylate‐bridged dimeric [Mn2(salen)2(OOCR)]+ cations (OOCR = bridging carboxylate) that are joined together by weak Mn···O(phenoxo) interactions to form infinite alternating chain structures in 1 and 2, but the relatively long Mn···O(phenoxo) distance [3.621(2) Å] in 3 restricts this structure to tetranuclear units. Magnetic studies showed that 1 and 2 exhibited magnetic long‐range order at TN = 4.0 and 4.6 K (TN = Néel transition temperature), respectively, to give spin‐canted antiferromagnetic structures. Antiferromagnetic coupling was also observed in 3 but no peaks were recorded in the field‐cooled magnetization (FCM) or zero‐field‐cooled magnetization (ZFCM) data, indicating that 3 remained paramagnetic down to 2 K. This dominant antiferromagnetic coupling is attributed to the carboxylate bridges. The ferromagnetic coupling expected due to the Mn–O(phenoxo)···Mn bridge plays an auxiliary role in the magnetic chain, but is an essential component of the bulk magnetic properties of the material.
The Preparation and Structures of Several Cross‐Conjugated Allenes (“Allenic Dendralenes”)
Authors: Lehrich Friedhelm , Hopf Henning , Grunenberg Jörg
Published: March 2011

The cross‐conjugated allenes (“allenic dendralenes”) 2‐allenylbuta‐1,3‐diene (2), 1,1‐divinylallene (3, prepared here as the methyl derivative49), and 1,1‐diallenylethene (4) are prepared either by SN2′‐substitution processes from appropriate allenic or acetylenic precursors or by base‐catalyzed isomerizations of propargylic substrates. Thermal elimination/isomerization routes to these highly unsaturated hydrocarbons require reaction conditions under which these allenes undergo secondary transformations. The new oligoolefins, the structures of which have been calculated by MP2 methods, are interesting substrates for addition and isomerization reactions.
Molecular Recognition with Ditopic Cavitand Re Complexes
Authors: Busi Marco , Cantadori Barbara , Boccini Francesca , De Zorzi Rita , Geremia Silvano , Dalcanale Enrico
Published: March 2011

The synthesis of a series of cavitand receptors bearing increasing numbers of phosphonate groups at their upper rims and of the corresponding Re‐based ditopic complexes is reported. The molecular recognition properties of these phosphonate cavitands towards both monotopic and ditopic N‐methylpyridinium salts were investigated. The numbers and spatial dispositions of P=O units are pivotal for the complexation of guest ions. The removal of a single P=O bridge from the parent tetraphosphonate cavitand was sufficient to reduce the association constant by almost three orders of magnitude. Elimination of a second P=O unit completely abolished complexation in the AC distal isomer, both in monotopic and in ditopic hosts. The preorganised structure obtained by interconnection of two triphosphonate cavitands through a Re system showed moderate positive self‐assembly cooperativity in the inclusion of ditopic N‐methylpyridinium salts in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The speciation profile in ethanol indicates that the clamshell 1:1 complex is dominant at low concentrations (< 10–4 M) whereas the 1:2 complex is preferred at higher concentrations of ditopic guest.
Phosphane‐Catalyzed Umpolung Addition Reaction of Nucleophiles to Ethyl 2‐Methyl‐2,3‐butadienoate
Authors: Guan Xiao‐Yang , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: March 2011

The phosphane‐catalyzed umpolung addition of various nucleophiles to ethyl 2‐methyl‐2,3‐butadienoate is described. Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon nucleophiles smoothly reacted with ethyl 2‐methyl‐2,3‐butadienoate to give the corresponding umpolung addition products in good to excellent yields by a similar reaction mechanism. For sulfur nucleophiles, the addition reactions with ethyl 2‐methyl‐2,3‐butadienoate proceeded by a different mechanism.
Practical Syntheses of (2S)‐R207910 and (2R)‐R207910 (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 11/2011)
Authors: Chandrasekhar Srivari , Babu G. S. Kiran , Mohapatra Debendra K.
Published: March 2011

The cover picture shows the syntheses (on a gram scale) of (2S)‐R207910 and (2R)‐R207910, which can be utilized to stop the spread of tuberculosis. The key steps involved in the syntheses include Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, regioselective epoxide ring opening and modified allylzinc bromide addition. Details are discussed in the article by S. Chandrasekhar, G. S. K. Babu, and D. K. Mohapatra on p. 2057 ff.
Experimental studies to investigate merging behaviour in a staircase
Authors: Boyce Karen E. , Purser David A. , Shields T. Jim
Published: March 2011

The quantification of merging flows and the factors that influence evacuee merging behaviour are important considerations in our understanding of emergency evacuation of particularly high‐rise buildings, and essential for better escape route design and evacuation modelling. This paper presents the results of three evacuation studies to investigate merging flows and behaviours on stairs. Stair:floor merging ratios are provided together with specific flows from the floor and stair. The potential influence of the geometrical location of the floor relative to the stair and the occupant population is discussed. The results indicate that, despite differences in the geometrical location of the door in relation to the stair and the relative stair/door width, the merging was approximately 50:50 across the duration of the merge period in each of the buildings studied. Differences in merge patterns were however evident throughout the merge periods in each of the buildings, particularly in the case where the floor occupants approached from a corridor adjacent to the incoming stair, in which case floor occupants took priority during periods of slower movement. There were also suggestions that some occupant characteristics such as gender or role may have a potential influence on merging, with very obvious deference behaviour of a few individuals dictating the merging in a mixed occupancy building. The studies highlight the potential influence of geometrical location of floor relative to the stair, relative door/stair widths and population characteristics on merge patterns and indicate that much more work is required in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among older Japanese people: comorbidity of mild cognitive impairment and depression
Authors: Hidaka Shin , Ikejima Chiaki , Kodama Chiine , Nose Mayumi , Yamashita Fumio , Sasaki Megumi , Kinoshita Toru , Tanimukai Satoshi , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Takahashi Hideto , Kakuma Tatsuyuki , Tanaka Shiro , Asada Takashi
Published: March 2011

Background

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of DSM‐III‐R major depressive episodes (MDEs), depressive symptoms cases (DSCs) (defined as a score of ≥6 on the Geriatric Depression Scale but falling short of MDE), and coexisting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among Japanese community‐dwelling older people.

Methods

Prevalence was estimated based on screening evaluation, individual interviews, and door‐to‐door visits. MDE and DSC were diagnosed, and the cognitive status of the participants was determined to be dementia, MCI, or normal.

Results

A total of 1888 subjects of 2698 candidates (70.0%) participated. The prevalence of MDE and DSC were estimated to be 4.5% (95% CI, 3.4–6.0) and 11.5% (95% CI, 4.2–28.0), respectively. MCI was more prevalent in subjects with depression (26.2%) than those with normal mood (17.9%). Although no prototypical profile of cognitive dysfunction was revealed, multiple MCI was more prevalent in subjects with depression (12.2%) than subjects with normal mood (3.8%). Conversely, subjects with MCI (26.3%) were more likely to develop depression compared with those with normal cognitive function (18.0%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of depression in our subjects seems to be similar with that of previous studies. MCI was more prevalent in subjects with depression than those with normal mood. Individuals with depression showed no particular association with any of the four MCIs. Given that depression and MCI are often associated with each other and that MCI is a predictor for development of dementia, the risk of developing dementia in the depressed older people with coexisting MCI should be acknowledged. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of a cyclic bis(iminophosphorane) from a 2,2′‐bis(phosphino)azobenzene via NN bond cleavage
Authors: Yamamura Masaki , Kano Naokazu , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: March 2011

An eight‐member cyclic bis(iminophosphorane) was synthesized by treatment of 2,2′‐bis(phosphino)azobenzene with pentachlorophenol via NN bond cleavage of the azobenzene. The crystal structure of the cyclic bis(iminophosphorane) was determined by the X‐ray crystallographic analysis. A study on the reaction mechanism showed that both protonation of the azo moiety and intramolecular nucleophilic attacks of the phosphino groups played a key role in the formation of the bis(iminophosphorane) from the azo compound bearing two phosphino groups. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:301–306, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20680
Synthesis and structure of aliphatic phenylchloronium ylide
Authors: Ochiai Masahito , Tada Norihiro , Miyamoto Kazunori , Shiro Motoo
Published: March 2011

Aliphatic phenylchloronium ylide with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)‐methylidene group was synthesized. Thermal transylidation of 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenylbromonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methylide in chlorobenzene as a solvent at 130°C afforded phenylchloronium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methylide in a moderate yield. Phenylbromonium and phenyliodonium ylides were also prepared by the thermal transylidation to bromo‐ and iodobenzenes. The reaction probably involves initial thermal generation of bissulfonylcarbene (Tf2C:), followed by nucleophilic attack of a halobenzene toward the electron‐deficient carbene center. Solid‐state structures of these aliphatic phenylhalonium ylides were analyzed and compared with each other. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:325–330, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20683
Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel tellurane with four sulfur ligands
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Ohwada Shingo , Yoshida Masahiro , Muraoka Hiroki
Published: March 2011

The molecular structure of a novel hypervalent tellurium(IV) compound, 2,2′‐spirobi[4,7‐diisopropyl‐1,3,2‐benzodithiatellurole] (1), has been determined by a single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. The results represent the first crystal structural characterization of a hypervalent tellurium(IV), tellurane, with only four sulfur ligands. The tellurane has a distorted pseudo‐trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry with the axial sulfur atoms bending toward the equatorial ones. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:586–589, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20697
Worldwide, multicenter study of peristomal geometry and morphology in laryngectomees and its clinical effects
Authors: van Kalkeren Tjouwke A. , van der Houwen Eduard B. , Duits Mari Anne E. , Hilgers Frans J. , Hebe Ana , Mostafa Badr E. , Lawson George , Martinez Zuriñe , Woisard Virginie , Marioni Gino , Ruske Dean , Schultz Philippe , Post Wendy J. , Verkerke Bart J. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M.
Published: March 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to improve attachment of automatic tracheostoma valves, the knowledge on tracheostoma geometry, and its clinical influences preferred. This article investigates whether the number of removed trachea rings, incision of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, neck dissection, reconstruction, time after operation, and age have any effect on the (peri)stomal geometry of the patient.

Methods

(Peri)stomas of 191 patients from 10 institutes worldwide were photographed, measured, and compared.

Results

Paired comparisons between the number of trachea rings removed showed significant differences in horizontal and vertical trachea‐opening diameters, but failed to demonstrate an effect in the depth of the stoma. T tests did not demonstrate significant differences in peristomal geometry between the sternocleidomastoid‐cleaved and non‐cleaved group.

Conclusion

The number of removed tracheal rings during laryngectomy does not seem to influence stoma depth. However, this study does not demonstrate that cleaving the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) at the time of a laryngectomy will result in a geometrically flatter stoma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
A comparison of managers' and safety delegates' perceptions of work environment priorities in the manufacturing industry
Authors: Nordlöf Hasse , Wijk Katarina , Lindberg Per
Published: March 2011

This study investigated the attention and priority accorded to factors of work environment within manufacturing companies, as perceived by managers and safety delegates at small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises. Representatives from 142 Swedish manufacturing companies answered a 43‐item questionnaire covering seven areas of the work environment and a priority‐ranking question of company interests. Respondents (n = 249) rated the present situation and the situation one year earlier, using a visual analogue scale. The findings showed that both managers and safety delegates ranked profitability as the main company interest. Respondents rated the priorities of the work environment currently as higher than one year earlier (p = <0.05). Managers rated the priorities of the work environment higher than did the safety delegates (p = <0.05). We conclude that the two professional roles, manager and safety delegate, differ in their perceptions regarding to what extent different work environment factors are being attended to. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Static lifting strength in different lifting postures among Malaysian adults
Authors: Shamsul B. M. T. , Tan C. Y.
Published: March 2011

This laboratory‐based study aims to evaluate maximum static lifting strengths for one‐handed (left hand or right hand) and two‐handed exertions in four lifting types (back lifting, upper‐body lifting, arm lifting, and shoulder lifting) across three horizontal distances (toes were anterior to, aligned with, and posterior to the exerted handle). This study recruited 48 men and 48 women, right‐handed undergraduates aged 18 to 25 years. The results showed that the static lifting strength ratio of one‐handed lifting to two‐handed lifting ranged from 61% to 71%. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between right‐handed (dominant) and left‐handed lifting strengths. This study showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) in men's and women's lifting strengths in all lifting conditions. This study also showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in respondents with normal body mass index (BMI; <25) and abnormal BMI (BMI ≥ 25) in all lifting types. The lifting strengths in four lifting types across three horizontal distances were significantly different. The results showed that upper‐body lifting with near horizontal distance (toes anterior to the exerted handle) has the highest reading of lifting strength. The results encouraged two‐handed lifting due to higher lifting strength and less strain. The results also indicated the need to account for differences between the genders and BMI categories when disseminating lifting tasks. This study recommends that practitioners not overlook the effects of the lifting types and horizontal distances when evaluating one's lifting strength for screening purposes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age diversity and firm performance in an emerging economy: Implications for cross‐cultural human resource management
Authors: Li Ji , Chu Chris Wai Lung , Lam Kevin C. K. , Liao Stacy
Published: March 2011

This study tests the effect of age diversity on firm performance among international firms. Based on the resource‐based view of the firm, it argues that age diversity among employees will influence firm performance. Moreover, it argues that two contextual variables—a firm's level of market diversification and its country of origin—influence the relationship between age diversity and firm performance. By testing relevant hypotheses in a major emerging economy, that is, the People's Republic of China, this study finds a significant and positive effect of age diversity and a significant interactive effect between age diversity and firm strategy on profitability. We also find a significant relationship between age diversity and firm profitability for firms from Western societies, but not for firms from East Asian societies. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of this study's findings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pattern‐process relationships in surface hydrology: hydrological connectivity expressed in landscape metrics
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyse Bartel H. J. , Antoine Michael , Wyseure Guido , Govers Gerard
Published: March 2011

The degree of hydrological connectivity is mainly determined by the spatial organisation of heterogeneity. A meaningful and aggregate abstraction of spatial patterns is one of the promising means to gain fundamental insights into this complex interaction and can, moreover, be used as a tool to acquire a profound understanding of the major controls of catchment hydrology. In order to disclose such controls, pattern‐process relationships and the explanatory power of landscape metrics were tested by simulating the runoff of differently patterned virtual basins, generated by neutral landscape models and fractal networks and solved by a surface hydrological model composed of kinematic wave routing and Green‐Ampt infiltration. A total of 23 landscape metrics quantified the spatial patterns and were subsequently related to the functional connectivity, assessed as the proportion of internal runoff generation constituting the hydrological response at the outlet. Landscape metrics allowed the identification of dominant features of heterogeneity that explained the observed connectivity, and to disclose changes in control with class abundance. Therefore, landscape metrics are a useful tool for basin comparison and classification in terms of the dominant processes and the corresponding model structure requirements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The release of phosphorus from sediment into water in subtropical wetlands: a warming microcosm experiment
Authors: ZhiJian Zhang , ZhaoDe Wang , Holden Joseph , XinHua Xu , Hang Wang , JingHua Ruan , Xin Xu
Published: March 2011

Global warming poses a great threat to wetland ecological stability and water quality improvement. In this paper, we sampled six types of wetlands representing different kinds of land utilisation around the TaiHu Lake Basin in southeast China. An outdoor computerized microcosm was set up in May 2008 to simulate climate scenarios of ambient temperature (control) and a warmed ambient temperature (+5 °C) using a novel minute‐scale daily and seasonal temperature manipulation technology. The 18‐month incubation indicated that warming impaired the ecological sink of sediment (fixing P from porewater) while strengthening the role of the ecological source, moreover, the rate of P release from sediment into porewater (19–113% for total phosphorus) was much stronger than from top sediment into overlying water. Warming enhanced the activity of neutral and alkaline phosphatases for P‐deficient wetland sediments and neutral phosphatases for P‐rich sediments, at the 14th month of incubation. A significant increase in total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) occurred under warming in sediments with relatively low levels of PLFAs, but bacterial abundance in the sediment biomass tended to decrease (18%) along with an increase (4·5%) of the fungi‐to‐bacteria ratio. The variations of carbon consumption and availability indicated by measured dissolved organic carbon in sediment may have contributed to P release from sediments to water. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaffold‐based approach to direct stem cell neural and cardiovascular differentiation: An analysis of physical and biochemical effects
Authors: Chew Sing Yian , Low Wei Ching
Published: March 2011

Although stem cell therapy holds tremendous promise in tissue regeneration and disease treatment, its full potential may only be realized through the thorough understanding and capability in specifically directing stem cell fate commitment. A scaffold‐based approach of imparting physical and biochemical cues appears to be a logical method in reconstructing the complex three‐dimensional configuration of stem cell niches. In fact, interest in this area has gained significant momentum over the recent years. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent outcomes of studies associated with a scaffold‐based approach to directing and understanding stem cell neural and cardiovascular differentiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Adrenoreceptors are involved in the stimulation of neutrophils by exercise‐induced circulating concentrations of Hsp72: cAMP as a potential “intracellular danger signal”
Authors: Hinchado María D. , Giraldo Esther , Ortega Eduardo
Published: March 2011

Recently, the terms “stress mediators” or “danger signals” have come to be used to describe endogenous molecules that can be released in stress situations and activate the innate immune system even in the absence of antigenic stimuli. There is evidence suggesting that extracellular heat shock proteins of 72 kDa (eHsp72), together with noradrenaline (NA), are candidates as danger signals during exercise‐induced stress, interacting in the activation of neutrophils. Previous studies have shown that the post‐exercise circulating concentration of eHsp72 activates the phagocytic process of neutrophils with the participation of toll‐like receptor 2, but that other receptors must also be involved. The present investigation evaluates the role of adrenoreceptors in the activation of the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and fungicidal capacity of neutrophils by the post‐exercise circulating concentration of eHsp72. The results showed that intact α‐ and β‐adrenoreceptors are necessary for the stimulation of all stages of the phagocytic process by eHsp72. Also, eHsp72 increased the intracellular levels of cAMP, suggesting that it is an “intracellular danger signal” during stress‐induced activation of neutrophils mediated by extracellular heat shock proteins. These results can contribute to better understanding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the innate immune response mediated by “danger signals” during exercise, and probably during other stress situations. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 604–608, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cdk9 T‐loop phosphorylation is regulated by the calcium signaling pathway
Authors: Ramakrishnan Rajesh , Rice Andrew P.
Published: March 2011

Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcriptional elongation is a tightly regulated process and is dependent upon positive transcription elongation factor‐b (P‐TEFb). The core P‐TEFb complex is composed of Cdk9 and Cyclin T and is essential for the expression of most protein coding genes. Cdk9 kinase function is dependent upon phosphorylation of Thr186 in its T‐loop. In this study, we examined kinases and signaling pathways that influence Cdk9 T‐loop phosphorylation. Using an RNAi screen in HeLa cells, we found that Cdk9 T‐loop phosphorylation is regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase 1D (CaMK1D). Using small molecules inhibitors in HeLa cells and primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, we found that the Ca2+ signaling pathway is required for Cdk9 T‐loop phosphorylation. Inhibition of Ca2+ signaling led to dephosphorylation of Thr186 on Cdk9. In reporter plasmid assays, inhibition of the Ca2+ signaling pathway repressed the PCNA promoter and HIV‐1 Tat transactivation of the HIV‐1 LTR, but not HTLV‐1 Tax transactivation of the HTLV‐1 LTR, suggesting that perturbation of the Ca2+ pathway and reduction of Cdk9 T‐loop phosphorylation inhibits transcription units that have a rigorous requirement for P‐TEFb function. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 609–617, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ring and side chain formylated pyrazoles from acetophenone azines and Vilsmeier's reagent
Authors: Manikannan Ramaiyan , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam
Published: March 2011

Differently substituted acetophenone azines on treatment with excess phosphorous oxychloride in N,N‐dimethylformamide have found to yield three products in each case. An acceptable mechanism has been suggested for the formation of all the three products. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Extranodal spread in the neck: MRI detection on the basis of pixel‐based time‐signal intensity curve analysis
Authors: Sumi Misa , Nakamura Takashi
Published: March 2011

Purpose

We evaluated dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the preoperative detection of extranodal spread (ENS) in metastatic nodes in the neck.

Materials and Methods

The time‐signal intensity curve (TIC) profiles of 54 histologically proven metastatic nodes (26 ENS‐positive and 28 ENS‐negative) from 43 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were retrospectively analyzed to determine the effective TIC criteria for ENS‐positive nodes. The TICs were semiautomatically classified into four distinctive patterns (flat, slow uptake, rapid uptake with low washout ratio, and rapid uptake with high washout ratio) on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis.

Results

A number of the MRI findings were significantly correlated with ENS. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only a short‐axis diameter and an area with slow uptake TIC patterns were significantly and independently indicative of the presence of ENS. The combined MRI criteria of nodal size (>25 mm) or TIC profile (>44% nodal areas with slow‐uptake TIC patterns) yielded the best results for differentiation between ENS‐positive and ENS‐negative nodes, providing 96% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 98% accuracy, and 100% positive, and 97% negative predictive values.

Conclusion

When combined with size criteria, pixel‐based MR factor analysis may be a promising tool for detecting ENS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:830–838. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T2‐weighted STIR imaging of myocardial edema associated with ischemia‐reperfusion injury: The influence of proton density effect on image contrast
Authors: Zhou Xiangzhi , Rundell Veronica , Liu Ying , Tang Richard , Klein Rachel , Shah Saurabh , Zuehlsdorff Sven , Tsaftaris Sotirios A. , Li Debiao , Dharmakumar Rohan
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To investigate the contribution of proton density (PD) in T2‐STIR based edema imaging in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Materials and Methods

Canines (n = 5), subjected to full occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 3 hours, underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies 2 hours postreperfusion (day 0) and on day 2. During each study, T1 and T2 maps, STIR (TE = 7.1 msec and 64 msec) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images were acquired. Using T1 and T2 maps, relaxation and PD contributions to myocardial edema contrast (EC) in STIR images at both TEs were calculated.

Results

Edematous territories showed significant increase in PD (20.3 ± 14.3%, P < 0.05) relative to healthy territories. The contributions of T1 changes and T2 or PD changes toward EC were in opposite directions. One‐tailed t‐test confirmed that the mean T2 and PD‐based EC at both TEs were greater than zero. EC from STIR images at TE = 7.1 msec was dominated by PD than T2 effects (94.3 ± 11.3% vs. 17.6 ± 2.5%, P < 0.05), while at TE = 64 msec, T2 effects were significantly greater than PD effects (90.8 ± 20.3% vs. 12.5 ± 11.9%, P < 0.05). The contribution from PD in standard STIR acquisitions (TE = 64 msec) was significantly higher than 0 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In addition to T2‐weighting, edema detection in the setting of AMI with T2‐weighted STIR imaging has a substantial contribution from PD changes, likely stemming from increased free‐water content within the affected tissue. This suggests that imaging approaches that take advantage of both PD as well as T2 effects may provide the optimal sensitivity for detecting myocardial edema. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:962–967. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of disease progression on liver apparent diffusion coefficient values in a murine model of NASH at 11.7 tesla MRI
Authors: Anderson Stephan W. , Soto Jorge A. , Milch Holly N. , Ozonoff Al , O'Brien Michael , Hamilton James A. , Jara Hernan J.
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of liver in a murine model of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis using 11.7 Tesla (T) MRI.

Materials and Methods:

This animal study was IACUC approved. Seventeen male C57BL/6 mice were divided into control (n = 3) and experimental groups (n = 14) fed a methionine‐deficient choline‐deficient (MCD) diet to induce steatohepatitis. Livers underwent ex vivo diffusion‐weighted MR imaging and ADC maps were calculated. A pathologist determined subjective scores of steatosis, classified from 0 to 3. Digital image analysis was used to determine percentage areas of steatosis. Graphs comparing ADC to subjective and digital image analysis (DIA) determinations of steatosis were plotted.

Results:

Subjective assessments of steatosis ranged up to values of 3 and DIA determined areas of steatosis to range up to approximately 16%. ADC values approximated 800 × 10−6 mm2/s (range, 749–811 × 10−6 mm2/s, mean 786 × 10−6 mm2/s) in controls and 500 × 10−6 mm2/s (range, 478–733 × 10−6 mm2/s, mean 625 × 10−6 mm2/s) in experimental mice. Moderate correlation between ADC and subjective scores of steatosis (R = −0.56) was observed. Strong correlation between ADC values and percentage areas of steatosis was between ADC values and percentage areas of steatosis was observed greater (R = −0.81) and very strong correlation was observed with the exclusion of a single outlying data point (R = −0.91).

Conclusion:

Based on the comparison of ADC values and steatosis determinations by DIA, increasing degrees of steatosis are seen to result in decreased hepatic ADC values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:882–888. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐calibrated multiple‐echo acquisition with radial trajectories using the conjugate gradient method (SMART‐CG)
Authors: Jung Youngkyoo , Samsonov Alexey A. , Bydder Mark , Block Walter F.
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To remove phase inconsistencies between multiple echoes, an algorithm using a radial acquisition to provide inherent phase and magnitude information for self correction was developed. The information also allows simultaneous support for parallel imaging for multiple coil acquisitions.

Materials and Methods:

Without a separate field map acquisition, a phase estimate from each echo in multiple echo train was generated. When using a multiple channel coil, magnitude and phase estimates from each echo provide in vivo coil sensitivities. An algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method uses these estimates to simultaneously remove phase inconsistencies between echoes, and in the case of multiple coil acquisition, simultaneously provides parallel imaging benefits. The algorithm is demonstrated on single channel, multiple channel, and undersampled data.

Results:

Substantial image quality improvements were demonstrated. Signal dropouts were completely removed and undersampling artifacts were well suppressed.

Conclusion:

The suggested algorithm is able to remove phase cancellation and undersampling artifacts simultaneously and to improve image quality of multiecho radial imaging, the important technique for fast three‐dimensional MRI data acquisition. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:980–987. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal scanning protocol of arterial dominant phase for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma with gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid‐enhanced MR
Authors: Kagawa Yuki , Okada Masahiro , Kumano Seishi , Katsube Takashi , Imaoka Izumi , Tanigawa Noboru , Ishii Kazunari , Kudo Masatoshi , Murakami Takamichi
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To investigate optimal delay time of hepatic arterial phase in Gadoxetate‐enhanced MR for detecting hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods:

Forty‐five patients with 85 hypervascular HCCs and 9 patients with 16 hypervascular HCCs underwent Gadoxetate‐ and Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced MR at 1.5 Tesla (T) system, respectively. All HCCs were analyzed 10–38 s after injection using a time‐resolved dynamic MR sequence with keyhole data sampling. Seven sequential phase images (1 phase = 4 s) were obtained during a single breath hold of 28 s. Time–intensity curves of the abdominal aorta, liver parenchyma, and HCC were obtained, then aortic contrast arrival time, time of peak HCC enhancement, duration time of HCC and aortic enhancement, and time delay from aortic contrast arrival to peak enhancement of HCC were measured.

Results:

Aortic contrast arrival time was 15.1 ± 2.9 s, time of peak HCC enhancement 29.9 ± 4.6 s, duration time of HCC enhancement 17.4 ± 6.4 s postinjection of Gadoxetate. Duration of aortic enhancement (23.6 ± 3.5 s) of Gadoxetate‐enhanced MR was significantly less than that of Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced MR (26.3 ± 2.8 s) (P < 0.0059).

Conclusion:

Peak enhancement time of HCC on Gadoxetate‐enhanced MR imaging occurred at 14.6 ± 4.6 s after aortic contrast arrival. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:864–872. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase predict mid‐term infarct size and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction: A cardiac MR study
Authors: Mayr Agnes , Mair Johannes , Klug Gert , Schocke Michael , Pedarnig Kathrin , Trieb Thomas , Pachinger Otmar , Jaschke Werner , Metzler Bernhard
Published: March 2011

Purpose:

To assess the relation of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase (CK) release with infarct size and left ventricular function evaluated during the subacute phase as well as four months after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by contrast‐enhanced MRI (CE‐MRI).

Materials and Methods:

CMR of 80 patients (68 male, mean age 54.2 ± 11.7 years) was performed within 8 days and 4 months after first acute ST‐elevation AMI with successful primary angioplasty. CK and cTnT concentrations were determined serially from admission to day 4 after symptom onset.

Results:

All single time‐points, estimated average release and peak concentrations of CK and cTnT markers correlated significantly with acute and mid‐term infarct size (r = 0.43 to 0.79, all P < 0.001), ejection fraction (EF%) (r = −0.42 to −0.58, all P < 0.002) as well as with end‐systolic volume (ESV) (r = 0.32 to 0.57, all P < 0.002) at all times of assessment. Patients with cTnT concentrations below the cutoff value of 3.26 μg/L measured 48 h after AMI‐related symptom onset had a significant improvement in global (EF: P < 0.0001) myocardial function during the study period, whereas in those with cTnT ≥ 3.26 μg/L, functional recovery did not occur (P = 0.09).

Conclusion:

All single, mean and maximum concentrations of cTnT and CK measured within the first 4 days after AMI permit an accurate prediction of infarct size and left ventricular function as determined in the acute phase as well as four months after AMI by CE‐MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:847–854. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.