bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construindo Paisagens Sonoras através da Colaboração em Espaços Públicos
Authors: Amazonas Mauro , Castro Thais , De Freitas Rosiane , Gadelha Bruno
Published: October 2019

Timbres marcantes de sons da natureza como os provocados pelos ventos, mares, canto de pássaros, ruídos produzidos por carros e fábricas, composição musical e até uma música no rádio. Tudo isso é responsável por sonoridades locais, que se mesclam com uma enorme quantidade de ruídos e sons diversos, fazendo surgir as paisagens sonoras de um local. O que se pretende nessa pesquisa é buscar um modelo de colaboração para a construção artística de paisagens sonoras em espaços públicos. Para alcançar esta missão, os compositores de paisagens sonoras interagem com a tecnologia criada para proporcionar essa interação por meio de seus dispositivos móveis. Ao fazê-lo, os compositores reaproveitam a tecnologia, transformando-a em uma ferramenta que traz a ressignificação do espaço público, podendo transformar o ambiente ao seu redor no que desejar, desafiando assim a tradicional forma de produzir paisagens sonoras.
Uma Alternativa Didática para Discussão de Privacidade e Comportamento dos usuários em Redes Sociais: experiência do TECGrupo.Com
Authors: Paiva Daniel , Oliveira Francisco
Published: October 2019

Este trabalho investigou a exposição de dados pessoais em meio às redes sociais, que podem vir a ser, potenciais ferramentas de disseminação de fatos imprecisos ao público. Assim, realizado com a participação de um grupo de licenciandos em Computação, o estudo procurou provocar as percepções acerca da importância da privacidade de dados na segurança da comunicação, através de um levantamento sistemático e estatístico de dados privados em plataformas de compartilhamento de informações como as redes sociais.
Proof-of-Stake baseado em Tempo Discreto
Authors: Maehara Aliaga Yoshitomi  Eduardo , Fernandes Gonçalves Martins Diego , Amaral Henriques Marco Aurelio
Published: October 2019

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma proposta mecanismo de consenso para blockchain baseado em PoS, que viabiliza a participação de usuários de uma maneira mais justa. Através da utilização de tempo discreto o protocolo utiliza rodadas, onde apenas participantes que passaram no desafio da rodada possam gerar o bloco. O protocolo garante uma participação mais igualitária pois não é possível gerar o bloco antes da próxima rodada esperada.
Projeto NECOS: Rumo ao Fatiamento Leve de Recursos em Infraestruturas de Nuvens Federadas
Authors: Farias Fernando , Pinheiro Billy , Abelém Antônio , Maciel Jr Paulo , Rocha André , Verdi Fabio , Neto Augusto , Correa Sand , Nascimento Marcelo , Pasquini Rafael , Rothenberg Christian
Published: October 2019

O projeto Novel Enablers for Cloud Slicing (NECOS) propouma solução que visa automatizar o processo de configuração otimizada de nuvem e rede, fornecendo um gerenciamento uniforme com um alto nível de autonomia para os recursos de computação conectividade e armazenamento atualmente separados, baseado no conceito LSDC (Lightweight Slice Defined Cloud). Neste artigo, discute-se a motivação, objetivos, arquitetura, desafios de pesquisa e esforços iniciais do projeto NECOS através dos casos de uso definidos.
Proposta de Vim On-Demand para fatiamento de Nuvem
Authors: Zanela Eduardo  Henrique Rocha , Marcondes Cesar  A. , Verdi Fábio  Luciano , Barea Emerson  Rogério Alves , de Almeida Alex Marino  Gonçalves
Published: October 2019

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de VIM Sob-Demanda para fatiamento de nuvens que permita controle bare metal e de serviços de redes, com enfoque na sua criação sob demanda. Para isto, foi implementado um sistema de gerenciamento utilizando o Openstack em conjunto com ferramentas de virtualização, permitindo a instanciação de uma máquina física. Neste artigo, apresentamos 3 opções de instalações: instanciação completa bare metal, instanciação completa com containers e instanciação completa com imagem pré-carregada. Nossos resultados indicam que a arquitetura proposta, implementada, orquestrada e testada atende os requisitos do VIM On-Demand, e apontam os principais pontos preponderantes no VIM.
Uma Proposta de Arquitetura para o Monitoramento Multidomínio de Cloud Network Slices
Authors: Beltrami Rocha Andre  Luiz , Nadaleti Matheus , Furukawa Vinicius , Maciel Jr. Paulo Ditarso , Verdi Fábio  Luciano
Published: October 2019

O conceito de cloud network slicing oferece como sua principal característica o provisionamento de uma infraestrutura física e virtual fim-a-fim capaz de dar suporte a uma variedade de indústrias verticais. Tal infraestrutura é instanciada ao longo de múltiplos domínios administrativos e tecnológicos, o que torna um desafio ainda maior gerenciar e monitorar os recursos alocados. O monitoramento dos recursos desta nova entidade chamada de slice é de suma importância para que as operações de gerência e orquestração sejam possíveis. Portanto, este trabalho propõe uma arquitetura para o monitoramento de recursos físicos e virtuais em cloud network slices, considerando multidomínios administrativos e tecnológicos. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta um modelo de informação preliminar para o monitoramento de slices e implementa uma prova de conceito, na qual foi possível observar algumas métricas das slices sendo monitoradas ao longo do tempo.
Nursing Environments: Nurses Perspectives
Authors: Khamisa Natasha
Published: October 2019

Nurses have been found to experience higher burnout levels compared with other health professionals owing to the nature of their work. High burnout levels among nurses have been attributed to their stressful working environments. Prolonged exposure to work-related stress leading to burnout has negative consequences for job satisfaction and general health of nurses. This has wider implications on the health system, such as high turnover rates and compromised patient care. There is a significant gap in research focusing on the relationship between work-related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses in developing countries such as South Africa. A study exploring the relationships between work-related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health among South African nurses over time was conducted in order to inform how best to improve nursing environments while enabling quality nursing practice and patient care. A total of 895 nurses participated in the study at baseline and 277 of these individuals were followed up with a year later. Findings showed that although stress related to security risks in the workplace predicts job satisfaction as well as general health, stress related to patient care and nursing shortages better predict job satisfaction and general health over time. Burnout better predicts job satisfaction than general health over time.
Nurse-Patient Conflict: Verification of Structural Model
Authors: Uno Mayumi
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the overlooked area of everyday nursing care in which engaging in the depressive feelings between nurses and patients is not recognized as part of nursing care. To comprehend situations that had been overlooked, a conceptual model was constructed by focusing on nurse-patient conflicts and understanding the perception of both nurses and patients based on phenomena. In the established model, it is considered that the so-called “passion” emanating from one’s personality, which is beyond techniques of communication and empathic understanding, is involved; this passion is expressed as an “emotional exchange.” In an “emotional exchange,” one sends “emotional” messages to whom he/she feels safe to express “emotions” and shares similar emotional world by receiving those “emotional” messages as they are. Such an expression has not been reported previously.
Q-Switched 2 Micron Solid-State Lasers and Their Applications
Authors: Yang Kejian , Yang Yaling , He Jingliang , Zhao Shengzhi
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, we overview the Q-switched 2 μm solid-state laser development achieved in recent years, including flash- and diode-pumped solid-state lasers based on active and passive modulators. In summary, active Q-switching is still the first choice for obtaining large pulse energy at 2 μm currently, while passive Q-switching based on saturable absorbers (SAs), especially the newly emerging broadband low-dimension nanomaterial, is becoming promising approach in generating Q-switched 2 μm lasers specially with high repetition rate, although the output power, pulse duration, and pulse energy needs further enhancement. Besides, some important applications of 2 μm lasers, such as medicine, laser radar, and infrared directional interference, have also been introduced in brief.
Authority fairness for all? Intergroup status and expectations of procedural justice and resource distribution
Authors: Urbanska Karolina , Pehrson Samuel , Turner Rhiannon N.
Published: October 2019

Authorities such as the police and the government play a vital function in maintaining order in the social systems in which groups exist. Relational models of procedural justice (PJ) state that fair treatment from authority affirms the social standing of those identifying with the authority, communicating inclusion and respect. Previous research suggests that social identity may also inform expectations of authority fairness. Focusing on an intergroup context of authority decision-making, the present research tests a novel hypothesis regarding whether intergroup social status may also inform expectations of authority fairness in terms of fair treatment and favourable outcomes. Operationalising PJ as the extent to which people are provided voice by authorities, three experimental studies showed no effect of intergroup status on expected PJ from authority. A sample weighed internal meta-analysis (N = 704) also provided no support for the hypothesis that relative outgroup status shapes expectations of voice from authority (d = -.02). Intergroup status did, however, influence the extent to which people expected authorities to distribute resources favourably towards the outgroups. Lower status outgroups were expected to receive less favourable outcomes from authorities than equal status outgroups (d = -.23). Thus, outgroup status affects people’s judgements of the resources that outgroups deserve from authority. The present research is among the first to consider how intergroup relations may drive expectations of how authorities will act towards other social groups. Implications for wielding authority and the role of perceived intergroup threat in intergroup settings are discussed.
El caso de los cerebros de la Pedraja: Ciencias forenses y memoria histórica en España
Authors: Etxeberria Francisco , Serrulla Fernando
Published: October 2019

Se presentan las claves de la intervención forense como manera de obtener pruebas formales aplicables a las reivindicaciones de la memoria histórica en España a partir del año 2000 en el marco general de los derechos humanos en los que se insertan. Para atender esta demanda social existen medios humanos y materiales suficientes, pero se requiere el impulso de todas las administraciones públicas. A modo de ejemplo presentamos el inusual fenómeno de conservación de cerebros de la fosa común de La Pedraja 1. El estudio de estos cerebros ha permitido conocer la posible existencia de lesiones previas a la muerte. Una forma de profundizar en la investigación forense ochenta años después de ocurridos los hechos.
Searching for the missing soldier: Identifying casualties from the First World War
Authors: Marquez-Grant Nicholas , Wessling Roland , Öfele Angela , Moore Victoria
Published: October 2019

In recent years there has been an increase in the numbers of archaeologists and physical anthropologists involved in searching, locating and assisting in the identification of war casualties. These scientists have played an invaluable role within a larger team of professionals, working together to provide a dignified burial to those who fell for their country and remembering them. This paper reviews some of the work undertaken in Europe with regard to World War I casualties and how the war missing are found and ultimately identified when possible, bringing also some closure to their living relatives.
Destroyed research in Nazi Vienna: The tragic fate of the Institute for Experimental Biology in Austria
Authors: Taschwer Klaus
Published: October 2019

Relative to its size, no scientific institute was hit harder by National Socialism than Vienna’s Institute for Experimental Biology (Biologische Versuchsanstalt, BVA). Of the 33 collaborators before March 1938, 18 were expelled immediately after the Anschluss for racist reasons. Among them were two of the three founders and sponsors, zoologist Hans Przibram and botanist Leopold von Portheim. Seven members of the BVA were killed in the Holocaust, including Przibram. The building was destroyed by fire during the last days of the war. Afterwards the Institute remained forgotten and suppressed. It took more than 75 years after Austria’s annexation, before the Academy of Sciences – from 1914 to 1945 owner of the BVA – acknowledged the tragic history of the Institute.
Novel long-range inhibitory nNOS-expressing hippocampal cells
Authors: Christenson Wick Zoé , Tetzlaff Madison R , Krook-Magnuson Esther
Published: October 2019

The hippocampus, a brain region that is important for spatial navigation and episodic memory, benefits from a rich diversity of neuronal cell-types. Through the use of an intersectional genetic viral vector approach in mice, we report novel hippocampal neurons which we refer to as LINCs, as they are long-range inhibitory neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing cells. LINCs project to several extrahippocampal regions including the tenia tecta, diagonal band, and retromammillary nucleus, but also broadly target local CA1 cells. LINCs are thus both interneurons and projection neurons. LINCs display regular spiking non-pyramidal firing patterns, are primarily located in the stratum oriens or pyramidale, have sparsely spiny dendrites, and do not typically express somatostatin, VIP, or the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2. We further demonstrate that LINCs can strongly influence hippocampal function and oscillations, including interregional coherence. The identification and characterization of these novel cells advances our basic understanding of both hippocampal circuitry and neuronal diversity.
β-blockers augment L-type Ca2+ channel activity by targeting spatially restricted β2AR signaling in neurons
Authors: Shen Ao , Chen Dana , Kaur Manpreet , Bartels Peter , Xu Bing , Shi Qian , Martinez Joseph M , Man Kwun-nok Mimi , Nieves-Cintron Madeline , Hell Johannes W , Navedo Manuel F , Yu Xi-Yong , Xiang Yang K
Published: October 2019

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce pleiotropic intracellular signals in mammalian cells. Here, we report neuronal excitability of β-blockers carvedilol and alprenolol at clinically relevant nanomolar concentrations. Carvedilol and alprenolol activate β2AR, which promote G protein signaling and cAMP/PKA activities without action of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs). The cAMP/PKA activities are restricted within the immediate vicinity of activated β2AR, leading to selectively enhance PKA-dependent phosphorylation and stimulation of endogenous L-type calcium channel (LTCC) but not AMPA receptor in rat hippocampal neurons. Moreover, we have engineered a mutant β2AR that lacks the catecholamine binding pocket. This mutant is preferentially activated by carvedilol but not the orthosteric agonist isoproterenol. Carvedilol activates the mutant β2AR in mouse hippocampal neurons augmenting LTCC activity through cAMP/PKA signaling. Together, our study identifies a mechanism by which β-blocker-dependent activation of GPCRs promotes spatially restricted cAMP/PKA signaling to selectively target membrane downstream effectors such as LTCC in neurons.
Land use conversion from peat swamp forest to oil palm agriculture greatly modifies microclimate and soil conditions
Authors: Anamulai Subasini , Sanusi Ruzana , Zubaid Akbar , Lechner Alex M. , Ashton-Butt Adham , Azhar Badrul
Published: October 2019

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agriculture is rapidly expanding and requires large areas of land in the tropics to meet the global demand for palm oil products. Land cover conversion of peat swamp forest to oil palm (large- and small-scale oil palm production) is likely to have negative impacts on microhabitat conditions. This study assessed the impact of peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm plantation on microclimate conditions and soil characteristics. The measurement of microclimate (air temperature, wind speed, light intensity and relative humidity) and soil characteristics (soil surface temperature, soil pH, soil moisture, and ground cover vegetation temperature) were compared at a peat swamp forest, smallholdings and a large-scale plantation. Results showed that the peat swamp forest was 1.5–2.3 °C cooler with significantly greater relative humidity, lower light intensities and wind speed compared to the smallholdings and large-scale plantations. Soil characteristics were also significantly different between the peat swamp forest and both types of oil palm plantations with lower soil pH, soil and ground cover vegetation surface temperatures and greater soil moisture in the peat swamp forest. These results suggest that peat swamp forests have greater ecosystem benefits compared to oil palm plantations with smallholdings agricultural approach as a promising management practice to improve microhabitat conditions. Our findings also justify the conservation of remaining peat swamp forest as it provides a refuge from harsh microclimatic conditions that characterize large plantations and smallholdings.
Beetle larvae with unusually large terminal ends and a fossil that beats them all (Scraptiidae, Coleoptera)
Authors: Haug Joachim T. , Haug Carolin
Published: October 2019

Larvae, and especially fossil larvae, are challenging to deal with from a purely taxonomic view. Often one cannot determine which species the larvae belong to. Yet, larvae can still contribute to various scientific questions. Especially morphological traits of a fossil larva can be highly informative for reconstructing character evolution. Also the occurrence of specific larval types and larval characters in time and the disappearance of such forms can well be reconstructed also without being able to narrow down the phylogenetic relationship of a larva very far. Here, we report two new beetle larvae preserved in Baltic amber which are identified as representatives of Scraptiidae, based on an enlarged terminal end (‘9th abdomen segment’); this is only the third record of such larvae. In comparison to modern forms, the terminal ends of the two new fossil larvae is even larger in relation to the remaining body than in any known larva. Unfortunately, our knowledge of such larvae in the modern fauna is very limited. Still, one of the two already known fossil larvae of Scraptiidae also has a very long terminal end, but not as long as those of the two new fossils. These three fossil larvae therefore seem to possess a specific morphology not known from the modern fauna. This might either mean that they (1) represent a now extinct larval morphology, a phenomenon well known in other euarthropodan lineages, or that (2) these forms represent a part of the larval phase not known from modern day species as they have not been described yet; such cases occur in closely related lineages. In any case, the fossils expand the known diversity of larval morphologies.
Effect of Paclobutrazol and NAA Application on Yield Attributing Characters of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels.)
Authors: Deepika V. , Rajangam J. , Swaminathan V. , Venkatesan K. , Janaki D.
Published: October 2019

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels.) is the medicinally important indigenous fruit tree of India belongs to the Myrtaceae family. The antidiabietic properties of Jamun brought higher market demand which stimulates to increase the fruit production and also brought the off season concept for commercial exploitation by paclobutrazol application. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of paclobutrazol and NAA application on yield attributing characters of nine years old jamun trees during 2017-18. The various treatment combinations are paclobutrazol (PBZ - 0, 0.50, 1.0 and 1.5 g a.i. m-1 of canopy diameter) and foliar spray of NAA (0, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm) application at different concentrations. The experiment results revealed that fruit length (2.87 cm), pulp – seed ratio (6.54), fruit weight (14.05 g), fruit retention (65.04 per cent) and yield (68.31 kg tree-1) were observed higher in the treatment combination of PBZ 1.0 g a.i. application with 75 ppm of NAA followed by PBZ 1.5 g a.i. application with 100 ppm of NAA and the lower values were registered in control. Jamun trees treated with paclobutrazol and NAA aided in early induction of enhanced flowering and yield attributing characters.
Economic Evaluation of Damage Accrual in an International Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Inception Cohort Using a Multistate Model Approach
Authors: Barber Megan R. W. , Hanly John G. , Su Li , Urowitz Murray B. , St. Pierre Yvan , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Gordon Caroline , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Bernatsky Sasha , Wallace Daniel J. , Merrill Joan T. , Isenberg David A. , Rahman Anisur , Ginzler Ellen M. , Petri Michelle , Bruce Ian N. , Dooley Mary A. , Fortin Paul R. , Gladman Dafna D. , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Steinsson Kristjan , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Khamashta Munther A. , Aranow Cynthia , Mackay Meggan , Alarcón Graciela S. , Manzi Susan , Nived Ola , Jönsen Andreas , Zoma Asad A. , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Ramos‐Casals Manuel , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Lim S. Sam , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Inanc Murat , Kamen Diane L. , Peschken Christine A. , Jacobsen Søren , Askanase Anca , Farewell Vernon , Stoll Thomas , Buyon Jill , Clarke Ann E.
Published: October 2019

Objective

There is a paucity of data regarding health care costs associated with damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus. The present study was undertaken to describe costs associated with damage states across the disease course using multistate modeling.

Methods

Patients from 33 centers in 11 countries were enrolled in the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) inception cohort within 15 months of diagnosis. Annual data on demographics, disease activity, damage (SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]), hospitalizations, medications, dialysis, and selected procedures were collected. Ten‐year cumulative costs (Canadian dollars) were estimated by multiplying annual costs associated with each SDI state by the expected state duration using a multistate model.

Results

A total of 1,687 patients participated; 88.7% were female, 49.0% were white, mean ± SD age at diagnosis was 34.6 ± 13.3 years, and mean time to follow‐up was 8.9 years (range 0.6–18.5 years). Mean annual costs were higher for those with higher SDI scores as follows: $22,006 (Canadian) (95% confidence interval [95% CI] $16,662, $27,350) for SDI scores ≥5 versus $1,833 (95% CI $1,134, $2,532) for SDI scores of 0. Similarly, 10‐year cumulative costs were higher for those with higher SDI scores at the beginning of the 10‐year interval as follows: $189,073 (Canadian) (95% CI $142,318, $235,827) for SDI scores ≥5 versus $21,713 (95% CI $13,639, $29,788) for SDI scores of 0.

Conclusion

Patients with the highest SDI scores incur 10‐year cumulative costs that are ~9‐fold higher than those with the lowest SDI scores. By estimating the damage trajectory and incorporating annual costs, data on damage can be used to estimate future costs, which is critical knowledge for evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of novel therapies.
A Dual‐Functional Graphene‐Based Self‐Alarm Health‐Monitoring E‐Skin
Authors: Chen Xianping , Luo Feng , Yuan Min , Xie Dingli , Shen Li , Zheng Kai , Wang Zeping , Li Xiandong , Tao Lu‐Qi
Published: October 2019

Diseases such as cardiovascular problems and sleep apnea cause mass deaths annually due to a lack of timely and portable monitoring and alarm measures. Various wearable devices for health monitoring have been intensely researched to reduce mortality. However, these devices themselves can only detect physiological signals; they cannot sound an alarm. Therefore, they must rely on mobile phones or other peripheral devices such as speakers or vibration motors to sound an alarm, which may result in a patient missing the optimal treatment. It is valuable to develop a self‐alarm health monitoring device with the dual functions of physiological signal detection and sound alarm simultaneously. A one‐step laser‐induced graphene (LIG)‐based electronic skin (E‐skin) is fabricated to perform health monitoring and alarm at the same time, which benefit from its both excellent mechanical and acoustical performance. These customized shutter‐patterned E‐skins have an ultrahigh sensitivity of 316.3 and can detect various biosignals such as wrist pulse, respiratory, etc. They also have a self‐alarm function and can sound an alarm when detecting abnormal situations. This study addresses the multifunctional integration required for multisensors, which will open further applications in wearable sensors and health‐care devices.
Conformable Hybrid Systems for Implantable Bioelectronic Interfaces
Authors: Fallegger Florian , Schiavone Giuseppe , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: October 2019

Conformable bioelectronic systems are promising tools that may aid the understanding of diseases, alleviate pathological symptoms such as chronic pain, heart arrhythmia, and dysfunctions, and assist in reversing conditions such as deafness, blindness, and paralysis. Combining reduced invasiveness with advanced electronic functions, hybrid bioelectronic systems have evolved tremendously in the last decade, pushed by progress in materials science, micro‐ and nanofabrication, system assembly and packaging, and biomedical engineering. Hybrid integration refers here to a technological approach to embed within mechanically compliant carrier substrates electronic components and circuits prepared with traditional electronic materials. This combination leverages mechanical and electronic performance of polymer substrates and device materials, respectively, and offers many opportunities for man‐made systems to communicate with the body with unmet precision. However, trade‐offs between materials selection, manufacturing processes, resolution, electrical function, mechanical integrity, biointegration, and reliability should be considered. Herein, prominent trends in manufacturing conformable hybrid systems are analyzed and key design, function, and validation principles are outlined together with the remaining challenges to produce reliable conformable, hybrid bioelectronic systems.
IGFBP2 Plays an Essential Role in Cognitive Development during Early Life
Authors: Khan Shumsuzzaman , Lu Xinjiang , Huang Qingyao , Tang Jiawei , Weng Jian , Yang Zhi , Lv Minchao , Xu Xiaokang , Xia Fangyuan , Zhang Mengchen , Li Yi , Liu Shuangshuang , Leng Gareth , Spitzer Nicholas , Du Jizeng , Chen Xuequn
Published: October 2019

Identifying the mechanisms underlying cognitive development in early life is a critical objective. The expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) in the hippocampus increases during neonatal development and is associated with learning and memory, but a causal connection has not been established. Here, it is reported that neurons and astrocytes expressing IGFBP2 are distributed throughout the hippocampus. IGFBP2 enhances excitatory inputs onto CA1 pyramidal neurons, facilitating intrinsic excitability and spike transmission, and regulates plasticity at excitatory synapses in a cell‐type specific manner. It facilitates long‐term potentiation (LTP) by enhancing N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), and enhances neurite proliferation and elongation. Knockout of igfbp2 reduces the numbers of pyramidal cells and interneurons, impairs LTP and cognitive performance, and reduces tonic excitation of pyramidal neurons that are all rescued by IGFBP2. The results provide insight into the requirement for IGFBP2 in cognition in early life.
Cooling Induced Surface Reconstruction during Synthesis of High‐Ni Layered Oxides
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Jian , Hu Xiaobing , Li Maofan , Duan Yandong , Yang Luyi , Yin Chong , Ge Mingyuan , Xiao Xianghui , Lee Wah‐Keat , Ko Jun Young Peter , Amine Khalil , Chen Zonghai , Zhu Yimei , Dooryhee Eric , Bai Jianming , Pan Feng , Wang Feng
Published: October 2019

Transition metal layered oxides have been the dominant cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries, and among them, high‐Ni ones (LiNixMnyCozO2; x ≥ 0.7) with greatly boosted capacity and reduced cost are of particular interest for large‐scale applications. The high Ni loading, on the other hand, raises the critical issues of surface instability and poor rate performance. The rational design of synthesis leading to layered LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2 with greatly enhanced rate capability is demonstrated, by implementing a quenching process alternative to the general slow cooling. In situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, coupled with surface analysis, is applied to studies of the synthesis process, revealing cooling‐induced surface reconstruction involving Li2CO3 accumulation, formation of a Li‐deficient layer and Ni reduction at the particle surface. The reconstruction process occurs predominantly at high temperatures (above 350 °C) and is highly cooling‐rate dependent, implying that surface reconstruction can be suppressed through synthetic control, i.e., quenching to improve the surface stability and rate performance of the synthesized materials. These findings may provide guidance to rational synthesis of high‐Ni cathode materials.
Intrafamilial “DOA‐plus” phenotype variability related to different OMI/HTRA2 expression
Authors: Napolitano Filomena , Terracciano Chiara , Bruno Giorgia , Nesti Claudia , Barillari Maria R. , Barillari Umberto , Santorelli Filippo M. , Melone Mariarosa A.B. , Esposito Teresa , Sampaolo Simone
Published: October 2019

Dominant Optic Atrophy and Deafness (DOAD) may be associated with one or more of the following disorders such as myopathy, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar atrophy (“DOA‐plus”). Intra‐ and interfamilial variability of the “DOA‐plus” phenotype is frequently observed in the majority of the patients carrying the same mutation in the OPA1 gene. We are describing two familial cases of “DOA‐plus” carrying the same c.1334G>A (p.Arg445His) mutation in OPA1 and disclosing different clinical, pathological and biochemical features. The two patients showed different expression levels of the mitochondrial OMI/HTRA2 molecule, which acts as a mitochondrial stress sensor and has been described to interplay with OPA1 in in vitro studies. Our data offer the cue to inquire the role of OMI/HTRA2 as a modifier gene in determining the “DOAplus” phenotype variability.
Michael Addition Reactions of Highly Basic Enolates for the Formation of 2‐(Tosylamino)Dihydrochalcones
Authors: Zheng Jing , Meng Zhongrong , Lu Doudou , Zhao Dongxin , Chen Qinfang , Yang Weiran
Published: October 2019

A protocol for the reaction of ketone or ester enolates with aza‐o‐quinodimethanes (aza‐o‐QMs) formed in situ is reported via a 1,4‐elimination in the presence of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF). The reaction partners were reacted to provide a wide variety of substituted 2‐(tosylamino)dihydrochalcones in 45–97% yield in a single reaction sequence in one pot under mild condition. Additionally, various 2‐(tosylamino)dihydrochalcones could be easily converted to form diverse heterocycles.
Efficient construction of C–C bonds from aryl halides/aryl esters with arylboronic acids catalysed by palladium(II) thiourea complexes
Authors: Thimma Sambamoorthy Manikandan , Rengan Ramesh , Jan Grzegorz Malecki
Published: October 2019

A new set of palladium(II) complexes comprising phenyl(thiazolyl)thiourea ligands have been successfully synthesized and characterized with the aid of analytical as well as spectral (IR, UV–visible and NMR) methods. A distorted square‐planar geometry with N^S coordination mode of thiourea ligands in the new palladium complexes was corroborated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Interestingly, the palladium(II) thiourea complexes showed the highest catalytic activity with 0.1 mol% catalyst loading in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions utilizing a range of aryl bromides/unactivated aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids as coupling partners in aqueous–organic media. Syntheses of diaryl ketones using aryl esters and arylboronic acids as coupling partners were also achieved with low catalyst loading within 20 h. The potential of our catalyst was demonstrated by its wide substrate scope, low catalyst loadings and high isolated yield. Moreover, the influences of key parameters like solvent, base, temperature and catalyst loading were also investigated.
Challenging metanarratives: The past lives in the present
Authors: ROSS ANNE
Published: October 2019

It is over 35 years since Langford (1983) called for archaeologists to recognise Aboriginal people's right to control their heritage. Although there have been enormous changes since then in the way Australian archaeologists engage with Traditional Owners in the practice of archaeology and cultural heritage management, several metanarratives that privilege Western knowledge constructs over Indigenous ways of knowing persist. Although such metanarratives continue to be challenged, pockets of entrenched resistance remain. This is seen most clearly in the divide between oral history/Indigenous narrative and science, often expressed as a disconnect between “myth” and “reality” (Ingold 2013; Porr and Matthews 2016). In this paper, I provide an introduction to the papers in this issue, set within a reflection on the challenges to metanarratives that are evolving as a result of the engagement between archaeologists and Indigenous owners of heritage. I emphasise our increasing recognition of the poly‐vocality of “truth” and the validity of Indigenous interpretations of their archaeology and heritage.
Decomposition Analysis of Spending and Price Trends for Biologic Antirheumatic Drugs in Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: McCormick Natalie , Wallace Zachary S. , Sacks Chana A. , Hsu John , Choi Hyon K.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Billions of public dollars are spent each year on biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but the drivers of recent increases in biologic DMARD spending are unclear. This study was undertaken to characterize changes in total spending and unit prices for biologic DMARDs in Medicare and Medicaid programs and quantified the major sources of these spending increases.

Methods

We accessed drug spending data from years 2012–2016, covering all Medicare Part B (fee‐for‐service), Medicare Part D, and Medicaid enrollees. After calculating 5‐year changes in total spending and unit prices for each biologic DMARD as well as in aggregate, we performed standard decomposition analyses to isolate 4 sources of spending growth: drug prices, uptake (number of recipients), treatment intensity (mean number of doses per claim), and treatment duration (annual number of claims per recipient), both excluding and including time‐varying rebates.

Results

From 2012 to 2016, annual spending on public‐payer claims for the 10 biologic DMARDs included in this study more than doubled ($3.8 billion to $8.6 billion), with median drug price increases of 51% in Medicare Part D (mean 54%) and 8% in Medicare Part B (mean 21%). With adjustment for general inflation, unit price increases alone accounted for 57% of the 5‐year, $3.0 billion spending increase in Part D, while 37% of the spending increase was from increased uptake. Accounting for time‐varying rebates, prices were still responsible for 54% of increased spending. Unit prices and spending were lower under Medicaid than under Medicare Part D, though temporal trends and contributors were similar.

Conclusion

Postmarket drug price changes alone account for the majority of the recent spending growth in biologic DMARDs. Policy interventions targeting price increases, particularly those under Medicare Part D plans, may help mitigate financial burdens for public payers and biologic DMARD recipients.
The Effect of Passive and Active Education Methods Applied in Repetition Activities on the Retention of Anatomical Knowledge
Authors: Kooloos Jan G.M. , Bergman Esther M. , Scheffers Marieke A.G.P. , Schepens‐Franke Annelieke N. , Vorstenbosch Marc A.T.M.
Published: October 2019

This study examines the long‐term retention of anatomical knowledge from 180 students after various repetition activities. The retention of anatomical knowledge was assessed by multiple‐choice tests at five different points in time: before and after a course in Functional Anatomy, before and after repetition activities that occurred 14 weeks after this course, and 28 weeks after this course to establish long‐term retention. Students were divided into five groups: one without any repetition activity, one with a restricted repetition activity (the multiple‐choice test), and three groups that were offered repetition activities (traditional lecture, e‐learning module, and small group work in the dissection room). During all three repetition activities the same information was conveyed, and this content was not revisited in other courses for the duration of the study. The results showed that students who did not engage in a repetition activity scored significantly lower on the long‐term retention test compared to all other groups (ANCOVA: P = 0.0001). Pair‐wise comparison with estimated means showed that the other four groups, regardless of the type of repeating activity, did not differ in the amount of knowledge they retained during any of the five assessments (P = 0.008, P = 0.0001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.0001, respectively). This study suggests that the type of repetition activity has no effect on knowledge retention both immediately following the activity and in the long term. It is concluded that the repetition of anatomical knowledge in any form is beneficial for students and will likely improve student outcomes in a curriculum that builds on prior knowledge.
Rational Prophylactic Antibiotic Selection for Sinus Elevation Surgery
Authors: Akers Joshua A. , Johnson Thomas M. , Hill Richard B. , Kawaguchi Sachiyo
Published: October 2019

Focused Clinical Question

For a generally healthy patient with no risk indicators for postoperative infection, what is the most appropriate perioperative antibiotic regimen for sinus elevation surgery in terms of reducing postoperative infection risk and minimizing untoward effects?

Clinical Scenario

A 38‐year‐old female patient in good general and periodontal health presents missing tooth #14 (Fig. ). She reports no systemic conditions, no history of sinusitis, and no allergies. Medications include acetaminophen and ibuprofen as needed for pain. The patient's dentition is minimally restored, with no active caries. Cone‐beam computed tomography reveals a clear, pneumatized left maxillary sinus and inadequate bone volume to support dental implant placement (Fig. ). No septa or pathologic lesions are present, the ostium appears patent, and no thickening of the Schneiderian membrane is appreciable. The patient states that she wants to replace her missing molar without restoring adjacent teeth (Figs. and ).

Baseline clinical appearance (example sinus elevation case). The patient is a healthy 38‐year‐old female missing tooth #14. Inadequate bone volume is present for dental implant placement due to pneumatization of the left maxillary sinus.

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Preoperative cone‐beam computed tomography images. 2a Sagittal view. 2b Coronal view.

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Cone‐beam computed tomography images at postoperative month 6. 3a Sagittal view. 3b Coronal view.

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Definitive implant‐supported restoration, tooth #14.

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Outcomes of three different new generation transcatheter aortic valve prostheses
Authors: Costa Giuliano , Buccheri Sergio , Barbanti Marco , Picci Andrea , Todaro Denise , Di Simone Emanuela , La Spina Ketty , D'Arrigo Paolo , Criscione Enrico , Nastasi Marco , Sgroi Carmelo , Tamburino Corrado
Published: October 2019

Aims

To evaluate outcomes of transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF‐TAVI) using three different new‐generation devices.

Background

Although new generation transcatheter aortic valves (TAVs) have demonstrated to improve procedural outcomes, to date few head‐to‐head comparisons are available among these devices.

Methods

This is a single center, retrospective study. From September 2014 to February 2018, 389 patients underwent elective TF‐TAVI for native, severe aortic stenosis using a new‐generation transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) with a preprocedural multi‐detector computed tomography assessment. Among these, 346 patients received an Edwards SAPIEN 3 (n = 134), Medtronic Evolut R (n = 111), or Boston ACURATE neo (n = 101) prosthesis. Differences in baseline clinical characteristics between groups were accounted using the propensity score weighting method.

RESULTS

The mean age for the entire study cohort was 81.4 ± 5.2 years while the Society of Thoracic Surgery predicted risk of mortality was 4.0 ± 2.5%. After propensity score weighting adjustment, TAVs did not differently impact on 30‐day all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. Evolut R device showed an increased risk of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) after the procedure (8.3% for SAPIEN 3 vs. 16.7% for Evolut R vs. 2.1% for ACURATE neo, p < .05). At 30 days, patients treated with SAPIEN 3 valve showed a higher mean transvalvular gradient (9.7 ± 7.5 mmHg vs. 6.1 ± 2.4 mmHg vs. 8.4 ± 3.5 mmHg for SAPIEN 3, Evolut R, and ACURATE neo, respectively, p < .01) and a lower rate of more‐than‐trace paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) (18.8 vs. 47.9 vs. 45.8%, for SAPIEN 3, Evolut R, and ACURATE neo, respectively, p < .01). At 1 year, SAPIEN 3, Evolut R, and ACURATE neo TAVs showed excellent and comparable outcomes with no difference in terms of freedom from major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) (plog‐rank = 0.534).

Conclusions

TAVI using new‐generation prostheses was associated with high device success (97.0% vs. 92.8% vs. 95.0% for SAPIEN 3, Evolut R and ACURATE neo, respectively) and low complications rates up to 1 year. Evolut R valve was associated with a higher rate of PPI whereas SAPIEN 3 valve was associated with a higher mean transvalvular gradient and lower rate of more‐than‐trace PVR. At 1‐year, MACCE rates were similar among the three groups.
True umbilical cord knot, an emergency during labor
Authors: Díaz de la Noval Begoña , Porcel Llaneza Iris , Rueda Sepúlveda Manuel , Ferrer Barriendos Francisco Javier , Fernández Blanco Carmen
Published: October 2019

An umbilical cord knot is an unexpected event that should not change obstetric approach for delivery.
Electrochemically Induced Phase Changes in La2CuO4 During Cathodic Electrocatalysis
Authors: Whittingham Alexander W. H. , Smith Rodney D. L.
Published: October 2019

The ability of layered perovskites to accommodate both oxygen vacancies and hyperstoichiometry provides a dimension of tunability that makes them appealing for electrocatalytic applications, but the resulting ionic conductivity enables electron transfer reactions within bulk crystals. We report on the stability of La2CuO4 in the voltage regimes relevant to oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction. Voltammetric experiments, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction reveal both surface and bulk electron transfer reactions. Application of anodic voltages results in expansion in the crystal c‐axis, while cathodic voltages induce contraction. The ability to catalyze each of the three cathodic reactions is confirmed, but X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy reveal amorphization of the electrocatalyst at voltages below −0.4 V that affects both the oxygen reduction and CO2 reduction reactions. While the ionic conductivity of Ruddlesden Popper oxides introduces intriguing properties, it simultaneously introduces the risk of structural instability in catalytically relevant voltages.
Exposure–Response Analyses of Upadacitinib Efficacy and Safety in Phase II and III Studies to Support Benefit–Risk Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Nader Ahmed , Mohamed Mohamed‐Eslam F. , Winzenborg Insa , Doelger Eva , Noertersheuser Peter , Pangan Aileen L. , Othman Ahmed A.
Published: October 2019

Exposure–response analyses of upadacitinib (UPA) key efficacy and safety end points (3,685 and 4,577 subjects for efficacy and safety, respectively) using data from phase II and phase III rheumatoid arthritis (RA) studies were conducted to support benefit–risk assessment. Percentage of subjects achieving American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20/50/70, disease activity score 28 (C‐reactive protein) (DAS28‐CRP) ≤ 3.2, and DAS28‐CRP < 2.6 increased with increasing UPA plasma exposures. With the small number of observed safety events, no clear trends for exposure–response relationships were identified for pneumonia, herpes zoster infection, changes in platelet count, lymphopenia (Grade ≥ 4), or neutropenia (Grade ≥ 3) up to Week 26. Shallow exposure–response relationships were observed for > 2 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin, lymphopenia Grade ≥ 3 at Week 12/14, and serious infections at Week 24/26. Exposure–efficacy analyses demonstrate that UPA 15 mg q.d. (once daily) dose provided the optimal benefit–risk in RA through maximizing efficacy with only small incremental benefit with 30 mg q.d.; and with consistency across RA subpopulations and with UPA monotherapy or combination with conventional synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs.
Depression but not frailty contributed to a higher risk for all‐cause hospitalizations in male older veterans
Authors: Ruiz Jorge G. , Rodriguez‐Suarez Mercedes , Tang Fei , Aparicio‐Ugarriza Raquel , Ferri‐Guerra Juliana , Mohammed Nadeem Y. , Mintzer Michael J.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Frailty is a state of vulnerability to stressors resulting in higher morbidity, mortality, and utilization in older adults. Depression and frailty often coexist, suggesting a bidirectional relationship that may increase the effects of each individual condition on clinical outcomes and health‐care utilization in older adults.

Objective

To determine the effects of concurrent frailty and depression on all‐cause hospitalizations.

Methods/Design

Prospective cohort study, conducted at a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. The participants were male, community‐dwelling veterans 65 years and older. From 4 January through 30 December 2016, a 46‐item frailty index was generated from data obtained from the VA electronic health record. Trained staff conducted in‐depth reviews of electronic health records ascertaining depression status. Patients were followed through 31 December 2017 for all‐cause hospitalizations following the initial assessment of frailty. After adjusting for covariates, the association of frailty and depression with all‐cause hospitalizations was determined with the Andersen‐Gill model, accounting for repeated hospitalizations.

Results

Five hundred fifty‐three male patients were part of the study, mean age 76.3 (SD = 8.2) years. One hundred eighty‐one patients (32.7%) had depression diagnoses. During a median follow‐up period of 530 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 245), 123 patients (22.2%) had 240 hospitalizations. Frailty status was not associated with future hospitalizations (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.61; 95% CI, 95‐2.74; P > .05). Depression was associated with higher all‐cause hospitalizations (adjusted HR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.09‐2.26); P = .0157).

Conclusions

Depression but not frailty was significantly associated with higher rates of all‐cause hospitalization. Implementing interventions that target older adults with both frailty and depression may reduce the burden of both conditions and reduce hospitalizations.