bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐pressure/High‐temperature Synthesis of ErCd2B7O13(BO(OH)3): A Non‐centrosymmetric Erbium Cadmium Borate
Authors: Teichtmeister Tobias A. , Schwarzmüller Stefan , Huppertz Hubert
Published: May 2024

Explorative high‐pressure/high‐temperature syntheses (7 GPa, 800 °C) starting from Er2O3, CdO, and H3BO3 yielded single‐crystals of the hitherto unknown compound ErCd2B7O13(BO(OH)3). This compound crystallizes trigonally in the non‐centrosymmetric space group R3c with the unit cell parameters a=8.8418(2) Å, c=22.4972(8) Å, and six formula units per cell. The crystal structure is composed of corner‐sharing trigonal planar [BO3] and tetrahedral [BO4] groups, forming a complex three‐dimensional framework. In this article, the structural data and characteristics of ErCd2B7O13(BO(OH)3) are presented in detail. Furthermore, the compound's infrared spectrum is discussed.
Developments of photo‐/electro‐catalysis based on covalent organic frameworks: A review
Authors: Yang Guiping , Xu Qing , Zeng Gaofeng
Published: May 2024

Photo‐/electro‐catalysis has the characteristics of low cost, high performance, and zero pollution, which meet the policies on environment and energy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a type of crystalline organic skeleton polymers, have been widely applied and investigated in the area of photo‐/electro‐catalysis owing to their advantages of large specific surface area, regular pore size, excellent stability, flexible structural design, and massive active sites. This article reviews the structural characteristics of COFs and the strategies for strengthening the photo‐/electro‐catalytic activity of COF materials. Subsequently, deep insights were put into the photo‐/electro‐catalysis application of COF materials. In the end, the development prospects and challenges faced by COF materials in photo‐/electro‐catalysis are discussed.
Flow Field Analysis and Performance Study of a Hydrogen Circulation Pump for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Vehicles with Different Working Clearances
Authors: Liang Saisai , Pang Shujiao , Liu Jiayi , Chen Zhenmu
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the impact of working clearances on the internal flow field, pressure pulsations, flow pulsations, and radial forces experienced by a hydrogen circulation pump. Numerical calculations are conducted on seven sets of distinct working clearances for the pump. The research findings demonstrate that an increase in meshing clearance and radial clearance results in higher leakage flow rate during the compression exhaust process, leading to a decrease in hydrogen circulation pump's exhaust flow rate. When the meshing clearance increases from 0.15 to 0.21 mm, the actual exhaust flow rate of the pump decreases from 37.46 to 32.73 m3 h−1. Similarly, when the radial clearance increases from 0.18 to 0.24 mm, the actual exhaust flow rate of the pump decreases from 42.46 to 29.71 m3 h−1. Additionally, with an increase in meshing clearance, both the radial forces Fx and Fy of the active rotor exhibit a downward trend. Yet, as radial clearance grows, the radial force Fx slightly descends, while the change trend of radial force Fy is first positive decrease and then reverse increase.
Wave‐to‐Wire Model and Output Performance Analysis of a Point Absorption Wave Energy Converter Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Yang Shaohui , Du Zhichang , Tang Ping , Huang Yan , Fan Jianyu
Published: May 2024

Herein, a point absorption wave energy converter (WEC) model combined with a contact–separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (PAW TENG) is proposed. The model considers the interaction between the hydrodynamic forces captured by a point absorption conversion device of wave energy and the electrostatic force of the TENG. According to the established harmonic oscillation model of the buoy, the buoy's hydrodynamic properties and power generation characteristics are studied using finite element simulation and numerical simulation calculations. The best matching resistor circuit for PAW TENG in regular waves is investigated and analyzed. The electrical characteristics of the PAW TENG in the irregular wave spectrum are also solved. This work will provide design ideas for the experimental design of a novel point absorption WEC.
Harnessing the Power of Light: The Synergistic Effects of Crystalline Carbon Nitride and Ti3C2Tx MXene in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Wong Khai Jie , Foo Joel Jie , Siang Tan Ji , Khoo Valerine , Ong Wee‐Jun
Published: May 2024

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is an environmentally friendly means of energy generation. Although g‐C3N4 possesses fascinating features, its inherent shortcomings limit its photocatalytic applications. Therefore, modifying the intrinsic properties of g‐C3N4 and introducing cocatalysts are essential to ameliorate the photocatalytic efficiency. To achieve this, metal‐like Ti3C2Tx is integrated with crystalline g‐C3N4 via a combined salt‐assisted and freeze‐drying approach to form crystalline g‐C3N4/Ti3C2Tx (CCN/TCT) hybrids with different Ti3C2Tx loading amounts (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 wt.%). Benefiting from the crystallization of CN, as evidenced by the XRD graph, and the marvelous conductivity of Ti3C2Tx supported by EIS plots, CCN/TCT/Pt loaded with 0.5 wt.% Ti3C2Tx displays an elevated H2 (2) should be subscripted evolution rate of 2651.93 µmol g−1 h−1 and a high apparent quantum efficiency of 7.26% (420 nm), outperforming CN/Pt, CCN/Pt, and other CCN/TCT/Pt hybrids. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the highly crystalline structure of CCN that enables fleet charge transport and the efficient dual cocatalysts, Ti3C2Tx and Pt, that foster charge separation and provide plentiful active sites. This work demonstrates the potential of CCN/TCT as a promising material for hydrogen production, suggesting a significant advancement in the design of CCN heterostructures for effective photocatalytic systems.
Research on driving factors and efficiency measures of low‐carbon levels in less‐developed regions: A case of Western China
Authors: Wang Minxi , Lu Nuo , Liu Lu , Chen Lu , Li Xin
Published: May 2024

The far‐reaching impacts of climate change have further strengthened the determination of governments around the world to pursue low‐carbon development, and low‐carbon efficiency in less developed regions has become a “shortcoming” in realizing low‐carbon aspirations. We analyze the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) and its temporal evolution in less‐developed regions in developing countries, such as Western China. The differentiation of Western China was evaluated in terms of spatial and influencing factors through the Theil index and the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI), and the innovative use of GDP gold content (GDPgc) to represent the absolute economic level in the Theil index. Considering the net carbon emissions (NCE) are undesirable outputs, the GDPgc is taken as the desired output. The Un‐Super‐SBM‐CRS method obtained the net carbon emission efficiency (NCEE) values. The results show that: (1) Western regions’ NCE differences can be categorized as high per capita NCE areas (more than 25 tons), medium per capita NCE areas (10–25 tons), and low per capita NCE areas (0–10 tons). (2) The per capita‐based T (Theil index) and the GDPgc are comparable and “intra‐group convergence and inter‐group differentiation” can be used to describe intra‐regional and inter‐regional NCE differences. (3) Both the level of the economy and the level of urban development are drivers of the 11 domains, and the level of the economy is driven more than the level of urban development overall. There are significant regional differences in other factors. (4) The NCEs and their evolutionary trends in each region can be divided into single‐variable and fluctuating‐variable. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency and productivity gains of robotic surgery: The case of the English National Health Service
Authors: Maynou Laia , McGuire Alistair , Serra‐Sastre Victoria
Published: May 2024

This paper examines the effect of new medical technology (robotic surgery) on efficiency gains and productivity changes for surgical treatment in patients with prostate cancer from the perspective of a public health sector organization. In particular, we consider three interrelated surgical technologies within the English National Health System: robotic, laparoscopic and open radical prostatectomy. Robotic and laparoscopic techniques are minimally invasive procedures with similar clinical benefits. While the clinical benefits in adopting robotic surgery over laparoscopic intervention are unproven, it requires a high initial investment cost and carries high on‐going maintenance costs. Using data from Hospital Episode Statistics for the period 2000–2018, we observe growing volumes of prostatectomies over time, mostly driven by an increase in robotic‐assisted surgeries, and further analyze whether hospital providers that adopted a robot see improved measures of throughput. We then quantify changes in total factor and labor productivity arising from the use of this technology. We examine the impact of robotic adoption on efficiency gains employing a staggered difference‐in‐difference estimator and find evidence of a 50% reduction in length of stay (LoS), 49% decrease in post‐LoS and 44% and 46% decrease in postoperative visits after 1 year and 2 years, respectively. Productivity analysis shows the growth in radical prostatectomy volume is sustained with a relatively stable number of urology surgeons. The robotic technique increases total production at the hospital level between 21% and 26%, coupled with a 29% improvement in labor productivity. These benefits lend some, but not overwhelming support for the large‐scale hospital investments in such costly technology.
Chiral twisted molecular carbons: Synthesis, properties, and applications
Authors: Zhang Yunqin , Guan Junjie , Luo Leiquan , Han Xiao , Wang Jie , Zheng Yongshen , Xu Jialiang
Published: May 2024

In recent years, the precisely controlled synthesis of chiral twisted molecular carbons has emerged as a forefront topic in the research of carbon materials. Molecular carbons refer to carbon nanomaterials synthesized with precision at the atomic level. Through rational design, rigid and stable chiral twisted structures can be synthesized. The exploration in the field of chiral twisted molecular carbons is key to fully understanding the various twisted configurations of carbon materials and delving into the relationship between structure design and functionality. This review explores chiral twisted configurations of carbon nanomaterials such as nanographene, carbon nanobelts, carbon nanosheets, graphdiyne, etc. It emphasizes the role of photocyclization, Scholl reaction, and Diels–Alder reactions in achieving precise chiral control and discusses a range of innovative design strategies. These strategies have led to the development of various twisted structures, such as helical, propeller, and Möbius strip configurations. The introduction of chirality, combined with the inherent exceptional optical properties of nanocarbon materials, has facilitated the creation of materials with superior chiroptical performances. This advancement is driving applications in fields such as optoelectronics and chiral optics.
Association between coffee and tea consumption and ovarian cancer incidence: A prospective analysis in the PLCO dataset
Authors: Huang Changzhen , Bu Hualei , Wang Yuanjian , Chu Ran , Zhao Wenna , Liu Yan , Wu Han , Yao Shu
Published: May 2024

Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of ovarian cancer (OC) is inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to quantitatively investigate this topic in a large prospective cohort study. This cohort study included 24,715 individuals recruited from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trials between 1993 and 2001. The data used for our analysis included the latest follow‐up information collected up to 2015. Coffee intake of ≥4 cups/day (hazard ratio [HR], 0.586; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.356–0.966) or caffeine intake of 458.787 mg/day (HR, 0.607; 95% CI: 0.411–0.895) were associated with the lowest HR of incident OC in the fully adjusted model. Participants who consumed varying amounts of tea did not exhibit a statistically significant reduction in the risk of OC. Our findings suggest that a higher consumption of coffee or caffeine is associated with a reduced risk of OC. However, no statistically significant association was observed between tea consumption and the risk of OC.
Extreme leukocytosis in pregnancy: Is it always sinister?
Authors: Agrawal Swati , Das Anamika , Saxena Nikita , Biswas Ratna
Published: May 2024

Synopsis

Leukemoid reaction in pregnancy is a rare entity which must be diagnosed to mitigate the risks and costs of unnecessary antibiotics and prolonged hospital stays.
Biocompatible polyethersulfone membrane modified by hydrophilic polymer decorated magnetic nanoparticles gilded by facile external magnetic field
Authors: Hadi Mohammed Kamal , Zeng Huanzhong , Pantrangi Manasa , Sangaraju Sambasivam , Ran Fen
Published: May 2024

Polymer‐based membranes such as polyethersulfone are widely used for hemodialysis and bio‐related applications; however, this type of membrane still fails to satisfy optimum performance in terms of clearance, safety, and bio‐adaptability. Herein, a polymer brush of polyvinylpyrrolidone is decorated on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles by using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), and under the guidance of an external magnetic field, the prepared magnetic nanoparticles with the polymer brush system are blended with a polyethersulfone membrane during a liquid‐liquid phase inversion process. The prepared membranes with different loads of the pure magnetic nanoparticle and polyvinylpyrrolidone@magnetic nanoparticle polymer brushes are prepared, compared with the pristine membrane, the modified membrane shows a high flux value at 349 L m−2 h−1 and 99.9% bovine serum albumin protein rejection. This membrane also demonstrated improved hydrophilicity and pore structure compared with the pristine membrane. Concerning the blood biocompatibility analysis, the modified membranes acquire prolonged time for clotting factors such as prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time while exhibiting less fibrinogen concertation at 0.4 g L−1. Furthermore, for the first time, an innovative method for fouling detection based on magnetic field attenuation due to protein accumulation on the membrane surface is reported; the method in this work could be a positive booster for the safe use of polymeric membranes in hemodialysis and bio‐based applications.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein knock‐down in conjunction with a cholesterol‐depleting agent decreases tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells
Authors: Gu Liang , Pillay Ruvesh Pascal , Aronson Ruth , Kaur Mandeep
Published: May 2024

The cholesterogenic phenotype, encompassing de novo biosynthesis and accumulation of cholesterol, aids cancer cell proliferation and survival. Previously, the role of cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer protein (CETP) has been implicated in breast cancer aggressiveness, but the molecular basis of this observation is not clearly understood, which this study aims to elucidate. CETP knock‐down resulted in a >50% decrease in cell proliferation in both ‘estrogen receptor‐positive’ (ER+; Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF7) breast cancer cells) and ‘triple‐negative’ breast cancer (TNBC; MDA‐MB‐231) cell lines. Intriguingly, the abrogation of CETP together with the combination treatment of tamoxifen (5 μM) and acetyl plumbagin (a cholesterol‐depleting agent) (5 μM) resulted in twofold to threefold increase in apoptosis in both cell lines. CETP knockdown also showed decreased intracellular CE levels, lipid raft and lipid droplets in both cell lines. In addition, RT2 Profiler PCR array (Qiagen, Germany)‐based gene expression analysis revealed an overall downregulation of genes associated in cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid signalling and drug resistance in MCF7 cells post‐CETP knock‐down. On the contrary, resistance in MDA‐MB‐231 cells was reduced through increased expression in cholesterol efflux genes and the expression of targetable surface receptors by endocrine therapy. The pilot xenograft mice study substantiated CETP's role as a cancer survival gene as knock‐down of CETP stunted the growth of TNBC tumour by 86%. The principal findings of this study potentiate CETP as a driver in breast cancer growth and aggressiveness and thus targeting CETP could limit drug resistance via the reduction in cholesterol accumulation in breast cancer cells, thereby reducing cancer aggressiveness.
In vitro genotoxicological evaluation of protein‐rich powder derived fromXanthobactersp.SoF1
Authors: Klinzing Katharina , Aabrandt Søndergaard Ida , Chirom Teresa , Whitwell James , Bisini Laura , Marabottini Cristina , Nesslany Fabrice , Tervasmäki Petri , Pitkänen Juha‐Pekka
Published: May 2024

One way of limiting the environmental impact of food production and improving food security is to replace part of the animal‐ or plant‐based protein in the human diet with protein sourced from microorganisms. The recently discovered bacteriumXanthobactersp.SoF1(VTT‐E‐193585) grows autotrophically using carbon dioxide gas as the only carbon source, yielding protein‐rich biomass that can be processed further into a powder and incorporated into various food products. Since the safety of this microbial protein powder for human consumption had not been previously assessed, its genotoxic potential was evaluated employing three internationally recognized and standardized studies: a bacterial reverse mutation test, anin vitrochromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes, and anin vitromicronucleus test in human lymphocytes. No biologically relevant evidence of genotoxicity or mutagenicity was found.
Immediate dry decontamination using efficient absorbent materials is beneficial following skin exposure to low‐volatile toxic chemicals
Authors: Thors Lina , Wigenstam Elisabeth , Qvarnström Johanna , Wästerby Pär , Öberg Linda , Bucht Anders
Published: May 2024

In a chemical mass casualty incident requiring skin decontamination, dry removal using absorbent materials may be beneficial to enable immediate decontamination. The efficacy of absorbent materials has therefore been evaluated, alone or procedures including both dry and wet decontamination, following skin exposure to two low volatile toxic chemicals using an in vitro human skin penetration model. Additionally, removal using active carbon wipes was evaluated with or without the Dahlgren Decon solution. All dry decontamination procedures resulted in a significantly decreased skin penetration rate of the industrial chemical 2‐butoxyethanol compared to the control without decontamination. Wet decontamination following dry absorption significantly improved the efficacy compared to dry removal alone. Dry decontamination post‐exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX showed no decontamination efficacy. However, dry and wet decontamination resulted in a decreased agent skin penetration rate during the last hour of the experiment. At −15°C, significantly reduced VX skin penetration rates were demonstrated for both dry decontamination alone and the dry and wet decontamination procedure. The Dahlgren Decon solution significantly reduced the amount of VX penetrating the skin, but the active carbon wipe alone did not impact the skin penetration rate. In conclusion, absorbent materials are beneficial for the removal of low‐volatile chemicals from the skin, but the degree of efficacy varies between chemicals. Despite the variability, immediate dry decontamination using available absorbent materials prior to wet decontamination is recommended as a general procedure for skin decontamination. The procedure should also be prioritized in cold‐weather conditions to prevent patient hypothermia.
Successful management of maternal anti‐PP1Pk alloimmunization in pregnancy with therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Hadjiyannis Yannis , Jones Jennifer M. , Chibisov Irina , Kiss Joseph , Gabert Kim , Sevcik Joan , Bakdash Suzanne , Binstock Anna , Kilonsky Carolyn , Parviainen Kristiina , Kaplan Alesia
Published: May 2024

Anti‐PP1PK alloimmunization is rare given ubiquitous P1PK expression. Prevention of recurrent miscarriages and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) in pregnant individuals with anti‐PP1PK antibodies has relied upon individual reports. Here, we demonstrate the successful management of maternal anti‐PP1PK alloimmunization in a 23‐year‐old, G2P0010, with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and monitoring of anti‐PP1Pk titers. Twice‐weekly TPE (1.5 plasma volume [PV], 5% albumin replacement) with weekly titers and IVIG (1 g/kg) was initiated at 9 weeks of gestation (WG). The threshold titer was ≥16. Weekly middle cerebral artery‐peak systolic velocities (MCA‐PSV) for fetal anemia monitoring was initiated at 16 WG. PVs were adjusted throughout pregnancy based on treatment schedule, titers, and available albumin. Antigen‐negative, ABO‐compatible RBCs were obtained through the rare donor program and directed donation. An autologous blood autotransfusion system was reserved for delivery. Titers decreased from 128 to 8 by 10 WG. MCA‐PSV remained stable. At 24 WG, TPE decreased to once weekly. After titers increased to 32, twice‐weekly TPE resumed at 27 WG. Induction of labor was scheduled at 38 WG. Vaginal delivery of a 2950 g neonate (APGAR score: 9, 9) occurred without complication (Cord blood: 1+ IgG DAT; Anti‐PP1Pk eluted). Newborn hemoglobin and bilirubin were unremarkable. Discharge occurred postpartum day 2. Anti‐PP1Pk alloimmunization is rare but associated with recurrent miscarriages and HDFN. With multidisciplinary care, a successful pregnancy is possible with IVIG and TPE adjusted to PV and titers. We also propose a patient registry and comprehensive management plan.
Embracing certainty in uncertain times: Macroeconomic uncertainty, third‐party assurance, and CSR performance
Authors: Cho Kang Ho , Yi John Jongsei
Published: May 2024

Our study investigates whether macro‐level uncertainty on the future economic prospects, referred to as macroeconomic uncertainty, affects corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Two competing theories, namely, the real options theory and the risk management theory, offer different perspectives on whether firms would increase or decrease their CSR performance in response to macroeconomic uncertainty. Existing literature documents inconclusive empirical evidence about this matter. Employing a novel and unbiased measure of macroeconomic uncertainty and drawing upon data from U.S. firms between 2006 and 2017, we find that CSR performance is negatively associated with macroeconomic uncertainty. We also document that the negative association between macro uncertainty and CSR performance is attenuated for firms that have their CSR reports independently assured by third‐party experts. The results are robust to controlling for firm characteristics, an alternative measure of macroeconomic uncertainty, and an alternative sample period excluding the 2008–2009 Financial Crisis.
Chronotype and depression in adolescence: Results from a UK birth cohort study
Authors: Tsomokos Dimitris I. , Halstead Elizabeth , Flouri Eirini
Published: May 2024

Background

Research has established a bidirectional association between sleep disturbances and depression in both adults and youth, as well as links between depression and circadian rhythms and chronotype, predominantly in adult populations. However, the link between chronotype and depression in the general adolescent population, independently of poor sleep and prior mental health problems, remains unclear.

Methods

This study investigated the association between time‐to‐sleep (TTS) and depressive symptoms in middle adolescence (age 14 years) using data from a large, nationally representative birth cohort from the UK. The relationship between TTS and self‐reported number of depressive symptoms was adjusted for individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics, including sleep quality, earlier mental health, diet and family meal routines, body‐mass index, screen time, physical activity, chronic illness, special educational needs, peer victimization, socioeconomic status, maternal mental health, area safety and the built environment (air pollution).

Results

An “evening” chronotype was positively associated with depressive symptoms, and biological sex moderated this association—with eveningness being more strongly related to depressive symptoms in females. TTS inconsistency between non‐school and school nights was associated with depressive symptoms and sleeping later on non‐school nights predicted fewer depressive symptoms. The results were robust to further sensitivity analyses that used the sleep midpoint on non‐school nights and controlled for sleep duration.

Limitations

This was a correlational study. The independent and dependent variables were self‐reported, and there was no clinical screening for sleep disorders. The TTS variables were provided in crude hour slots.

Conclusions

A robust association was found between evening chronotype and depressive symptoms in middle adolescence, even after adjustment for a wide range of confounders. Eveningess and depressive symptoms were more strongly associated in females.
Caregiver strategies before intervention moderate caregiver fidelity and maintenance in RCT of JASPER intervention with autistic toddlers
Authors: Shih Wendy , Gulsrud Amanda , Kasari Connie
Published: May 2024

Background

Interventions facilitated by caregivers have gained popularity among those caring for young children with autism. Instructing caregivers on specific techniques to foster social communication skills in their at‐risk or diagnosed autistic children has the potential to alleviate concerns about their children's development. Moreover, it can offer a more intensive early intervention compared to what community providers alone can deliver. This study seeks to explore the correlation between caregiver strategies employed prior to participating in a caregiver‐mediated intervention and the caregiver's fidelity to the intervention, as well as its sustainability during the follow‐up period and child outcomes. This study constitutes a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that compared the joint attention, symbolic play, engagement, and regulation (JASPER) and Psychoeducational Education Intervention (PEI), revealing significant advancements in children's social communication skills with the JASPER intervention.

Methods

Eighty‐six children (average age 31.5 months) with ASD and their primary caregivers enrolled in the two armed randomized trial evaluating the effect of JASPER versus PEI. Generalized linear mixed models were used to model the longitudinal trajectories of the outcomes.

Results

Results indicated that caregivers in the JASPER intervention made more gains in overall JASPER strategies and individual domain strategies (environment, prompt, communication, mirrored pacing) compared to the caregivers in PEI (p's < 0.01) from baseline to exit. While both groups regressed some in overall and subdomain strategies at follow‐up, caregivers in the JASPER intervention maintained more overall, and specifically in communication, and mirrored pacing strategies compared to PEI group (p's < 0.05). Further, baseline caregiver strategies moderated the treatment effect of child's joint attention skills from exit to follow‐up (p = 0.002), where JASPER dyads with high caregiver strategy use at baseline continued to improve in JA skills post exit, whereas all other children did not.

Conclusion

In summary, understanding caregiver style of interaction before intervention on caregiver fidelity and maintenance from exit to follow up and child progress is important to improving intervention uptake and child outcomes.
SEM and LM insights: Spore morphology and its taxonomic significance in Sino Himalayan, Malesian, and European elements of Pteridaceae
Authors: Shah Syed Nasar , Ercisli Sezai , Zaman Akhtar , Din Israr Ud , Khan Fahim Ullah , Khan Muhammad Nauman , Iqbal Majid , Ali Baber , Okla Mohammad K.
Published: May 2024

The Pteridaceae family, known for its taxonomic complexity, presents challenges in identification due to high variability among its species. This study investigates the spore morphology employing both SEM and LM techniques in 10 Pteridaceae taxa phytogeographicaly Sino‐Himalayan, Malesian, and European elements in Pakistan. The taxa include Adiantum capillus‐veneris, A. incisum, A. venustum, Aleuritopteris bicolor, Oeosporangium nitidulum, O. pteridioides, Onychium cryptogrammoides, O. vermae, Pteris cretica, and P. vittata. The objective is to assess their taxonomic relevance and develop a spore‐based taxonomic key. Findings indicate differences in spore shape, sizes, exospore thickness, and in surface ornamentation highlighting the potential for taxonomic differentiation. Spores are trilete, and notable differences are observed in the dimension of spores in both distal and proximal sides. Equatorial dimensions vary between 35 and 50 μm, while the polar diameter ranges from 29 to 50 μm. SEM revealed different spore ornamentation types that show several useful characteristics establishing valuable taxonomic variations. The studied Adiantum taxa feature a perispore with tubercules and a micro‐granulose surface. The spores of examined Oeosporangium and Aleuritopteris taxa shows cristate sculptures with variable ornamentations. Both species of Onychium have tuberculate‐pleated tubercles with sinuous folds on both distal and proximal sides. The surface ornamentation among examined Pteris taxa show variability. PCA analysis indicated that spore quantitative data identified distinct groups, underscoring taxonomic significance. Nevertheless, there was variation observed in surface ornamentation and spore shape, indicating the potential for discrimination among taxa.

Research Highlights

Spore morphology of 10 Pteridaceae taxa has been investigated through LM and SEM.

Investigated species shows differences in spore shape, sizes, exospore thickness, and in surface ornamentation.

Ornamentation on the perispore provides several valuable characteristics, establishing useful taxonomic distinctions.

Spore morphological analysis is effective at the generic level, with minor distinctions discernible at the species level.
Antennal chemoreceptors in the European ectoparasitoid Sclerodermus cereicollis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Authors: Masini Paolo , Piersanti Silvana , Lupi Daniela , Salerno Gianandrea , Rebora Manuela
Published: May 2024

Sclerodermus cereicollis is a European flat wasp ectoparasitoid of some longhorn beetle species. This species is important as a suitable biological control agent against xylophagous pests. To better understand its chemical ecology, the ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the adult was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sensilla are located mainly in the ventro‐medial side of the antennae. We report a clearly sexual dimorphism with respect to antennae length, and to types, number, and distribution of chemosensilla. The antennae in males are significantly longer than those of females. We describe in detail the external and internal structure of different chemoreceptors represented by sensilla placodea, long sensilla basiconica, multiporous sensilla chaetica, grooved sensilla ampullacea, uniporous grooved sensilla chaetica. The potential involvement of the different kinds of chemoreceptors in inter‐ (mainly sexual recognition and social behavior‐kin recognition) or intra‐specific communication (mainly host selection) is discussed on the basis of behavioral and electrophysiological investigations performed on other parasitoid species belonging to the same family. Other sensilla with morphology that is not consistent with that of chemoreceptors are represented by grooved pegs, coeloconic pegs, trichoid sensilla. Such detailed ultrastructural investigation of the flagellar chemoreceptors of S. cereicollis, clarifying the number of chemosensory neurons innervating the different sensilla, is crucial for further electrophysiological investigations on this important species.

Research Highlights

Evident sexual dimorphism concerning antennae length, type, number, and distribution of chemosensilla.

Long sensilla basiconica (LSB) present only in females could play a role in host location and/or maternal care.

Multiporous sensilla chaetica (MSC), significantly longer and mostly represented in males, could play a role in the perception of sexual pheromones.

Detailed ultrastructural study is crucial for electrophysiological investigations on this important species.
A facile halogen assisted intramolecular cyclization of (E)‐3‐(substituted benzylidene)‐1‐(substituted phenyl)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione
Authors: Deshmukh Ganesh B. , Patil Nilesh S. , Kanagare Anant B. , Pansare Dattatraya N.
Published: May 2024

A straightforward method for producing pyrrolo‐chromenes involved the utilization of a Wittig reaction, where maleimides reacted with ortho‐hydroxy benzaldehyde. This reaction yields ortho‐hydroxy benzylidine succinimides, which subsequently undergo molecular bromine‐induced intramolecular cyclization, resulting in (E)‐3‐(substituted benzylidine)‐1‐(substituted phenyl) pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione derivatives (6g‐n). The traditional reaction methods demonstrates efficient performance when carried out in a DMF solvent. This approach proves to be user‐friendly and provides numerous benefits, including reduced reaction duration, increased product yields, and milder operating conditions. The compounds synthesized in this study will be integrated into our biological screening program and any discoveries pertaining to their biological properties will be further investigated and subsequently documented.
Association Analysis Between Intratumoral and Peritumoral MRI Radiomics Features and Overall Survival of Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer
Authors: Guo Xiaofang , He Yaoyao , Yuan Zilong , Nie Tingting , Liu Yulin , Xu Haibo
Published: May 2024

Background

The use of peritumoral features to determine the survival time of patients with rectal cancer (RC) is still imprecise.

Purpose

To explore the correlation between intratumoral, peritumoral and combined features, and overall survival (OS).

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

One hundred sixty‐six RC patients (53 women, 113 men; average age: 55 ± 12 years) who underwent radical resection after neoadjuvant therapy.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T; T2WI sagittal, T1WI axial, T2WI axial with fat suppression, and high‐resolution T2WI axial sequences, enhanced T1WI axial and sagittal sequences with fat suppression.

Assessment

Radiologist A segmented 166 patients, and radiologist B randomly segmented 30 patients. Intratumoral and peritumoral features were extracted, and features with good stability (ICC ≥0.75) were retained through intra‐observer analysis. Seven classifiers, including Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K‐Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Extremely randomized trees (ET), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and LightGBM (LGBM), were applied to select the classifier with the best performance. Next, the Rad‐score of best classifier and the clinical features were selected to establish the models, thus, nomogram was built to identify the association with 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS.

Statistical Tests

LASSO, regression analysis, ROC, DeLong method, Kaplan–Meier curve. P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference.

Results

Only Node (irregular tumor nodules in the surrounding mesentery) and ExtraMRF (lymph nodes outside the perirectal mesentery) were significantly different in 20 clinical features. Twelve intratumoral, 3 peritumoral, and 14 combined features related to OS were selected. LR, SVM, and RF classier showed the best efficacy in the intratumoral, peritumoral, and combined model, respectively. The combined model (AUC = 0.954 and 0.821) had better survival association than the intratumoral model (AUC = 0.833 and 0.813) and the peritumoral model (AUC = 0.824 and 0.687).

Data Conclusion

The proposed peritumoral model with radiomics features may serve as a tool to improve estimated survival time.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
Reproducible Radiomics Features from Multi‐MRI‐Scanner Test–Retest‐Study: Influence on Performance and Generalizability of Models
Authors: Wennmann Markus , Rotkopf Lukas T. , Bauer Fabian , Hielscher Thomas , Kächele Jessica , Mai Elias K. , Weinhold Niels , Raab Marc‐Steffen , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Weber Tim F. , Schlemmer Heinz‐Peter , Delorme Stefan , Maier‐Hein Klaus , Neher Peter
Published: May 2024

Background

Radiomics models trained on data from one center typically show a decline of performance when applied to data from external centers, hindering their introduction into large‐scale clinical practice. Current expert recommendations suggest to use only reproducible radiomics features isolated by multiscanner test–retest experiments, which might help to overcome the problem of limited generalizability to external data.

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of using only a subset of robust radiomics features, defined in a prior in vivo multi‐MRI‐scanner test–retest‐study, on the performance and generalizability of radiomics models.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Patients with monoclonal plasma cell disorders. Training set (117 MRIs from center 1); internal test set (42 MRIs from center 1); external test set (143 MRIs from center 2–8).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T and 3.0T; T1‐weighted turbo spin echo.

Assessment

The task for the radiomics models was to predict plasma cell infiltration, determined by bone marrow biopsy, noninvasively from MRI. Radiomics machine learning models, including linear regressor, support vector regressor (SVR), and random forest regressor (RFR), were trained on data from center 1, using either all radiomics features, or using only reproducible radiomics features. Models were tested on an internal (center 1) and a multicentric external data set (center 2–8).

Statistical Tests

Pearson correlation coefficient r and mean absolute error (MAE) between predicted and actual plasma cell infiltration. Fisher's z‐transformation, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, Wilcoxon rank‐sum test; significance level P < 0.05.

Results

When using only reproducible features compared with all features, the performance of the SVR on the external test set significantly improved (r = 0.43 vs. r = 0.18 and MAE = 22.6 vs. MAE = 28.2). For the RFR, the performance on the external test set deteriorated when using only reproducible instead of all radiomics features (r = 0.33 vs. r = 0.44, P = 0.29 and MAE = 21.9 vs. MAE = 20.5, P = 0.10).

Conclusion

Using only reproducible radiomics features improves the external performance of some, but not all machine learning models, and did not automatically lead to an improvement of the external performance of the overall best radiomics model.

Level of Evidence

3.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2.
Alteration in the Raman spectra of characteristic rock‐forming silicate mixtures due to micrometeorite bombardment
Authors: Weber Iris , Pavlov Sergey G. , Böttger Ute , Reitze Maximilian P.
Published: May 2024

Innovative techniques are required for the in situ investigation of the surfaces of planetary bodies when landings are planned. Raman spectroscopy turned out as an excellent tool for fast mineralogical analyses on space missions. Contribution from a photoluminescence signal is not unexpected and is likely to be even more pronounced on celestial surfaces with a dilute or absent atmosphere exposed to strong space weathering, for example, micrometeorite bombardment. Such signals were found, for example, in Raman analysis of the probes from sample‐return missions. While photoluminescence is generally considered as an accompanying undesired product in the Raman spectral measurement, our studies show that some analytical information can be derived from this signal, and even more, due to the specific correlation of luminescence intensity with space weathering products. Therefore, we investigate the Raman spectra alteration of characteristic rock‐forming mineral mixtures (olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase) by micrometeorite bombardment, which is simulated by nanosecond‐pulse laser irradiation. The changes in the minerals are strongly dependent on the composition and structure. They range from disappearing changes in the minerals with simple chemistry and structure to complete amorphization of minerals with relatively low melting enthalpy. With Raman spectroscopy, we found out that the photoluminescence signals show resonant or anti‐resonant changes to specific mineral phases and amorphization. Furthermore, ablation‐induced iron nanoparticles of minerals containing Fe are detectable by Raman spectroscopy due to their alteration into iron oxides. Trapped volatiles in the matrices are analysed due to the formation of the compounds containing them. This broad spectrum of results indicating specific change phenomena due to space weathering can be effectively used for in situ Raman analysis in planetary missions.
Sonographic Appearance of the Ischiocondylar Origin of the Adductor Magnus
Authors: Kruse Ryan C. , Lachman Nirusha , Boettcher Brennan J.
Published: May 2024

The adductor magnus ischiocondylar origin (AM‐IO) tendon has often been described as a third proximal hamstring tendon due to its common origin on the ischial tuberosity as well as similar function. Prior studies have described the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the AM‐IO; however, its appearance on ultrasound has not been well‐detailed. The purpose of our study is to describe the sonographic appearance of the AM‐IO and provide a structured scanning protocol for complete evaluation of the tendon.
An Analysis of Global Surgery Opportunities in American Otolaryngology Residency Programs
Authors: Cox Madisyn L. , Allen David Z. , Rodriguez Megan M. , Green Jackson C. , Kain Joshua J.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To depict the current state of global surgery opportunities in United States ACGME‐approved Otolaryngology residency programs and compare the characteristics of programs with and without these opportunities.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional analysis, websites of ACGME‐accredited Otolaryngology residency programs were analyzed for information on program size, rank, age, and geographic region as obtained through the Doximity platform in 2023. Additional parameters were obtained for programs listing global surgery opportunities such as funding, faculty oversight, location/region, focus, and relationship to the community served. Data were tabulated and analyzed in Microsoft Excel and Stata.

Results

Of the 131 ACGME‐accredited Otolaryngology residency programs, 26 (20%) of programs advertised a global surgery opportunity. Nine (35%) of these promoted funding, 15 (58%) offered a clinical focus, one (4%) offered a research focus, and 10 (38%) offered a combined approach. The Midwest region had the most programs with global surgery opportunities (n = 8, 31%). Less than half (42%) of programs had an established partnership with local partners within low and middle‐income countries (LMICs). When comparing programs, the average Doximity rank, average program age, and average program size of programs that offered global surgery opportunities was significantly higher than those that did not (37.2 vs. 71.5, 54 vs. 41, 19.5 vs. 13.7; all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Approximately one‐fifth of Otolaryngology training programs have a global surgery opportunity. Programs that offer these opportunities had a higher Doximity ranking, older program age, and a larger trainee cohort. These results highlight potential areas for expanding global surgery opportunities in academic institutions.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 134:4501–4505, 2024
The maintenance of complex visual scenes in working memory may require activation of working memory manipulation circuits in the dlPFC: A preliminary report
Authors: Nitchie Frederick , Casalvera Abigail , Teferi Marta , Patel Milan , Lynch Kevin G. , Makhoul Walid , Sheline Yvette I. , Balderston Nicholas L.
Published: May 2024

Past research has shown that the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC) are implicated in both emotional processing as well as cognitive processing,1,2,3 in addition to working memory4, 5. Exactly how these disparate processes interact with one another within the dlPFC is less understood. To explore this, we designed a task that looked at working memory performance during fMRI under both emotional and nonemotional conditions, and tested it in this preliminary report. Participants were asked to complete three tasks (letters, neutral images, emotional images) of the Sternberg Sorting Task under one of two trial conditions (sort or maintain). Regions of interest consisted of the left and right dlPFC as defined by brain masks based on NeuroSynth6. Results showed a significant main effect of the ‘sort’ condition on reaction speed for all three trial types, as well as a main effect of task type (letters) on accuracy. In addition, a significant interaction was found between trial type (sort) and task type (letters), but not for either of the picture tasks. Although preliminary, these results reveal a discrepancy between BOLD signal and behavioral data, with no significant difference in BOLD activity during image trials being displayed, despite longer response times for every condition. While these initial results show that the dlPFC is implicated in nonemotional cognitive processing, more research is needed to explain the lack of BOLD activation seen here for similar emotionally valanced tasks, possibly indicating the involvement of other brain networks.
Calibration‐free parallel transmission of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord at 7T
Authors: Aigner Christoph S. , Sánchez Alarcon Manuel F. , D'Astous Alexandre , Alonso‐Ortiz Eva , Cohen‐Adad Julien , Schmitter Sebastian
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To address the limitations of spinal cord imaging at ultra‐high field (UHF) due to time‐consuming parallel transmit (pTx) adjustments. This study introduces calibration‐free offline computed universal shim modes that can be applied seamlessly for different pTx RF coils and spinal cord target regions, substantially enhancing spinal cord imaging efficiency at UHF.

Methods

A library of channel‐wise relative maps for the cervical spinal cord (six datasets) and thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (nine datasets) was constructed to optimize transmit homogeneity and efficiency for these regions. A tailored B0 shim was optimized for the cervical spine to enhance spatial magnetic field homogeneity further. The performance of the universal shims was validated using absolute saturation based mapping and high‐resolution 2D and 3D multi‐echo gradient‐recalled echo (GRE) data to assess the image quality.

Results

The proposed universal shims demonstrated a 50% improvement in efficiency compared to the default (zero phase) shim mode. homogeneity was also improved by 20%. The optimized universal shims achieved performance comparable to subject‐specific pTx adjustments, while eliminating the need for lengthy pTx calibration times, saving about 10 min per experiment.

Conclusion

The development of universal shims represents a significant advance by eliminating time‐consuming subject‐specific pTx adjustments. This approach is expected to make UHF spinal cord imaging more accessible and user‐friendly, particularly for non‐pTx experts.