bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negociando la inclusión al mercado de consumo: los programas de transferencias condicionadas de dinero y el orden familiar
Authors: Wilkis Ariel , Hornes Martin
Published: May 2017

Este trabajo explora dos procesos que, habitualmente, la agenda de investigaciones sobre sociología económica ha abordado de forma separada: los procesos de financiarización del consumo y la monetización de las políticas sociales en los sectores populares. A través de un trabajo etnográfico realizado en el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, sugerimos el abordaje de una nueva infraestructura monetaria del mundo popular donde distintas piezas del dinero (finanzas y políticas sociales) se mutualizan y muestran una nueva realidad económica de los sectores populares.
Entre o mercado e o governo: as políticas habitacionais e a financeirização da moradia no Brasil
Authors: Kopper Moisés
Published: May 2017

Resenha do livro "Guerra dos Lugares: a colonização da terra e da moradia na era das finanças. 1ª edição. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2015. 423pp", da autora Raquel Rolnik.
Finanças e sociedade
Authors: Müller Lúcia , Villarreal Magdalena
Published: May 2017

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Goat Model for Direct Visualizing the Effectiveness of Detaching Sinus Mucosa in Real Time During Crestal Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation
Authors: Fan Jiadong , Hu Pin , Li Yanfeng , Wang Fuli , Dong Xinming , Liu Bin , Liu Le , Zhang Yue , Gu Xiangmin
Published: May 2017

The procedure of crestal maxillary sinus floor elevation presents a great challenge to the field of implant dentistry. Due to the limited visualization in this procedure, the effectiveness of detaching sinus mucosa could not be assessed in real time. We recently developed an ex vivo goat sinus model by cutting the goat residual skulls along four lines determined from computerized tomography (CT) scans, extracting the maxillary premolar or molar teeth, and preparing implant socket in the maxilla. The generated ex vivo goat sinus models exposed the maxilla and the whole maxillary sinus mucosa, thus enabling real-time observation of detaching maxillary sinus mucosa via directly visualizing the working situation of sinus lift tool in the models and directly measuring the length of detached mucosa and space volume generated under the elevated sinus mucosa. One commercially available umbrella-shaped sinus lift curette was used to detach the maxillary sinus mucosa to evaluate the effectiveness of the ex vivo goat sinus models. The results showed that this curette could detach the sinus mucosa 3.75 mm in length in the mesiodistal direction and 2.81 mm in the buccal-palatal direction. Moreover, a space volume of 52.7 μl could be created under the elevated sinus mucosa in the goat ex vivo models. All the experimental results suggested that this ex vivo goat sinus model might be useful in the evaluation of improved or newly designed sinus lift tools for elevating the maxillary sinus mucosa via the crestal approach.
ÇEVRE POLİTİKASININ EKONOMİK VE MALİ ARAÇLARI: ÇEVRE VERGİLERİ ÜZERİNE TEORİK BİR İNCELEME
Authors: BİLGİLİ Muhammed Yunus , FİRİDİN Emrah
Published: May 2017

Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren etkisini hissettiren çevre sorunlarının üstesinden gelebilmek adına devletlerin çevre politikaları oluşturdukları görülmektedir. Çevre politikası kısaca devletlerin çevresel ilke ve hedeflerini içeren politika bütünü olarak tanımlanabilir. Soyut bir şekilde çevre politikasında belirlenen hedeflere ulaşılabilmesi ancak bu hedeflerle uyumlu politika araçlarının geliştirilmesine bağlıdır. Çevre politikası araçları devletin emir yetkisine dayanan idari araçlar ile ekonomik ve mali araçlar olarak iki ana gruba ayrılabilir. Ekonomik ve mali araçlar ekonomik birimler üzerinde ekonomik güdü sağlayarak hem üreticilerin hem de tüketicilerin davranışlarını değiştirmeyi amaçlayan araçlardır. Ekonomik ve mali araçlar içerisinde devletler tarafından en çok tercih edilen uygulama aracının çevre vergileri olduğu söylenebilir. İşte bu çalışmanın amacı çevre politikalarında geniş bir uygulama bulan çevre vergilerinin teorik olarak incelenmesidir. Çalışmada çevre vergilerinin özellikleri, çeşitleri, kaynakları, avantajları ile dezavantajları ve uygulama sorunları teorik bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmaktadır.
HAVACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE YEDEK PARÇA ENVANTER YÖNETİMİ PROBLEMLERİNE DOĞRUSAL PROGRAMLAMA İLE ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMI
Authors: DİNÇER S. Erdal , EKİN Emre
Published: May 2017

Günümüzde uçak bakım-onarım sektöründe kullanılan envanterin yönetimi önemli bir gündem maddesini oluşturmaktadır. Firmalar bir yandan hizmet seviyelerini yükseltmeye çalışırken diğer yandan ise stok maliyetlerini düşük seviyelerde tutmanın uğraşı içerisindedirler. Bu iki olguyu optimum düzeyde gerçekleştirebilmek için yöneylem araştırmasının bir kolu olan optimizasyon modellerinden yaralanılmaktadır. Bu modellerle amaçlanan olgu, şirketlerin minimum stok bulundurma maliyetiyle istedikleri müşteri hizmet düzeylerine ulaşmayı sağlamaktır. Makalemizde lineer programlama ile uçak bakım-onarım sektöründeki yedek parça envanterinin en verimli şekilde yönetilmesi konusunda maliyet tabanlı bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada varolan envanter maliyetiyle modelde bulunan envanter maliyeti karşılaştırılmış ve lineer programlama çözümünün üstün yanları ele alınarak uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir.
KAMU ALTYAPI YATIRIMLARINDA KALİTE VE KAMU - ÖZEL ORTAKLIĞI
Authors: BATIREL Ömer Faruk
Published: May 2017

Bu makalede kamu altyapı yatırımlarında kalite ve bu yatırımların hızlandırılmasında Türkiye’de son yıllarda yaygın şekilde kullanılmaya başlanan kamu-özel ortaklığı (KÖO) konusu Dünya Bankası verilerine dayanılarak incelenecek ve tartışmaya açılacaktır. KÖO’nın başarı koşulları; ortak ve yüklenici özel şirketin uygun ve doğru seçimi, devletçe üstlenilen risk ve güvence paylaşımının iyi yapılması ve ortaklık sözleşmesindeki hükümlerin içerdiği yükümlülüklerin kamuya düşük maliyet yüklemesidir. Dünyada KÖO modeli ile en büyük yatırım iletişim konusunda yapılmıştır. İkinciliği elektrik santralları almakta, karayolları üçüncü gelmektedir. KÖO yatırımlarında dünyada üçüncü sırada yer alan ülkemizin bu yatırımları içinde elektrik enerjisinin birinciliği aldığı görülmektedir. Türkiye’de KÖO’nın hukuki altyapısının dağınıklığı, kamuca üstlenilen risk ve yükümlüğü belirleyen sözleşme koşullarının saydam olmayışı, sözleşmelerin özel hukuk hükümlerine tabi oluşu ve sağlık hizmetlerinde dünyada olmayan şekilde yap-kirala-devret yönteminin kullanılması modeli tartışmalı hale getirmektedir.
Tumor suppressive function of microRNA-192 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sayadi Mahtab , Ajdary Soheila , Nadali Fatemeh , Rostami Shahrbano , Edalati Fahtabad Mahdi
Published: May 2017

Non-coding RNAs play a critical role in gene regulation in cancer cells. Reduced expression of microRNA-192 (miR-192) has been detected in many cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-192 in cell proliferation and cell cycle control in NALM-6 cell line, a model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cell cycle analysis by DNA content using propidium iodide staining and cell apoptosis analysis using Annexin V assay were carried out. Cell proliferation changes were monitored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, the relative changes in P53, BAX, CASP3, and BCL-2 gene expression were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Overexpression of miR-192 resulted in cell proliferation arrest in ALL cells. After 72 and 96 hours of transduction, apoptosis was significantly increased in the cells transduced with miR-192-overexpressing virus compared with control cells. The expression of P53, BAX, and CASP3 increased after 48 hours of transduction in miR-192-overexpressing cells, but no change was observed in BCL-2 expression. The G0/S and G1/S ratio changed to 7.5 and 4.5, respectively, in the cells overexpressing miR-192 compared with controls. The results of our study suggest, for the first time, tumor suppressive effects of miR-192 in ALL cells.
Towards a Theory of Political Art Cultural Politics of 'Black Wave' Film in Yugoslavia, 1963–1972
Authors: Boynik Sezgin
Published: May 2017

To discuss Yugoslavia today, even in academic and scholarly institutions always involves certain ideological and political issues. I should make this clear already at the beginning of my introduction to the topic. The topic of my dissertation is cultural politics of Yugoslavian ‘Black wave’ films between 1963 and 1972. One could ask, logically, what kind of relevance such topic could have in the circumstances temporally and spatially so distant from the original context. Simply, what is the value of theoretical and scholarly work dealing with Yugoslavian film of sixties and seventies today in Finland? I am arguing that there is a lot. The main device of my methodology, which I am deriving from the work of Russian Formalism, is the procedure of distanciation, or de-familiarization, which gives a possibility to look at the issue at stake from unusual perspectives. This device, often used in artistic practices, is also a possibility to renew or refresh the working methods and forms of experience.
A Historical Analysis of Media Practices and Technologies in Protest Movements: A Review of Crisis and Critique by Anne Kaun
Authors: Laajalahti Anne
Published: May 2017

Dr. Anne Kaun’s book, Crisis and Critique: A Brief History of Media Participation in Times of Crisis (London: Zed Books, 2016, 131 pp., ISBN: 978-1-78360-736-5), is a concise but comprehensive analysis of the changing media practices and technologies in protest movements. The book overviews the topic within the context of major economic crises and scrutinises three richly detailed case studies in the United States: (a) the unemployed workers’ movement during the Great Depression in the 1930s, (b) the tenants’ rent strike movement of the early 1970s, and (c) the Occupy Wall Street movement following the Great Recession of 2008. Kaun begins her book with an introduction to economic crises and protest movements and highlights the relationship of crisis and critique to media practices. She goes on to investigate historical forms of media participation in protest movements from three different perspectives: (a) protest time, (b) protest space, and (c) protest speed. The book contributes to the recent discussion on the emerging role of social media in protest by providing a historically nuanced analysis of the media participation in times of crisis. As a whole, the book is valuable to anyone interested in media and social activism.
Use of morphoj soft package for phenotypic and genotypic variety testing (English oak case study)
Authors: Baranov Sergey G
Published: May 2017

Summary: Background. Some special characters in asymmetry of shape were studied in leaf plate English oak. Materials and methods. In 6 random populations generalized Procrustes analysis showed the mix of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA). Results. One population showed pure FA. Covariance symmetric matrix reveals more variance in comparison to matrix asymmetry showed variation bilaterally symmetrical landmarks. Correlation analysis of covariance symmetric matrix and matrix asymmetry containing the coordinates of landmarks after the permutation showed a weak positive correlation coefficient (0.25, p 0.01). Conclusion. The coefficients of variation of the factors “side”and “side × population” among 6 populations were respectively 48.24% and 44.93% that evidenced on equal variance of both types of asymmetry or slightly increased directional asymmetry. It is noted that the cluster analysis the matrix asymmetry can be used to search genotypic variability.
Predator odor induces genome instability in the mouse bone marrow cells
Authors: Glinin Timofey S , Starshova Polina A , Shubina Victoria A , Anisimova Margarita V , Bondarenko Anton A , Moshkin Mikhail P , Daev Eugene V
Published: May 2017

Background. Long coevolution of prey and predator species of mammals creates specific mechanisms of their interaction, e. g. preys innate behavior aversive to the predator odor. However, little is known about genetic responses in the prey organism. We assessed genome instability of the bone marrow cells in mice affected by the cats odor influence, and proposed pathway of such action.

Materials and methods. CBA mouse males were exposed to volatiles from adult cat urine for 2 or 24 hours. To estimate the genetic effect, ana-telophase method of chromosome aberration analysis and comet assay were used. The level of corticosterone was also measured after the exposure for 30 or 60 minutes.

Results. The exposure to cats urine volatiles for 2 hours induced damage of DNA in bone marrow cells of the mouse males as was shown by the DNA comet analysis. The exposure for 24 hours elevated the frequency of chromosome aberrations in mitotically dividing cells at ana-telophase stage. No significant changes were found in the level of corticosterone in the peripheral blood.

Conclusion. We have shown that volatile chemosignals from predators urine induce genomic instability in bone marrow cells of a prey. The hormonal pathway of such influence is still unknown. Intraorganismic paths leading to genome damage are discussed as well as far consequences of discovered effects.
Prevalence rates of Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacterium in natural populations of Ostrinia Nubilalis and Ostrinia Scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) in South-Western Russia
Authors: Tokarev Yuri S , Yudina Mariya A , Malysh Julia M , Bykov Roman A , Frolov Andrei N , Grushevaya Inna V , Ilinsky Yury Y
Published: May 2017

Background. Endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are widespread in arthropods and often cause reproductive abnormalities in lepidopteran insects, including corn borers of the genus Ostrinia. Wolbachia-Ostrinia is a promising model for studies of parasite-host interactions yet parasite prevalence in natural insect host populations remains unknown.

Materials and Methods. Molecular genetic screening and statistical analysis is applied to evaluate prevalence rates of Wolbachia in sympatric populations of two corn borer species. Individual genomic DNA samples were extracted from last instar larvae collected in nature from different forage plants. For each sample of DNA showing positive signal with insect-specific primers the detection is performed using three diagnostic loci of Wolbachia: 16SrRNA, gatB and fbpA.

Results. Wolbachia-positive signal is obtained for 13.5% larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (N = 141) and 31.9% larvae of Ostrinia scapulalis (N = 138). In different localities the Wolbachia prevalence ranged from 2.9% (N = 34) to 65.8% (N = 38). Significantly higher rates of Wolbachia prevalence in insects from mugwort and hemp (O. scapulalis) as compared to those from corn (O. nubilalis) are revealed in three out of four localities.

Conclusions. Endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are revealed in natural populations of corn borers for the first time for Eastern Europe. The prevalence rates can be high and this should be taken into consideration when reproductive isolation is examined in population of these hosts as well as establishment of laboratory cultures is performed.
Investigation of paraoxonase 1 activity of the workers at the plant, who have long-term contact with organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Razgildina Natalia D , Miroshnikova Valentina V , Fomichev Aleksey V , Malisheva Ekaterina V , Panteleeva Alexandra A , Pchelina Sofia N
Published: May 2017

Background. Liver enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an important role in protection the organism from toxic effects of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) via their hydrolysis whose rate and efficiency depend on PON1 serum level activity. PON1 activity is largely determined by the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene. Effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on the PON1 activity is almost unknown. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on PON1 serum enzymatic activity depending on polymorphisms Q191R, L54M, C(-108)T PON1 gene. Materials and methods. PON1 serum enzymatic activity and PON1 polymorphisms were determined in men, who were categorized in 2 groups: workers of companies providing storage and disposal of the OPs (68) and control group (37). The PON1 191, PON1 55 and PON1 108 polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. PON1 serum enzymatic activity was measured by a spectrophotometric method using paraoxon. Results. PON1 activity in workers with exposure to the toxic OPs relative was increased compared to the control group (p = 0,027). Differences in serum PON1 activity was shown for the carriers of certain genotypes of the PON1 gene: PON1 serum activity was higher in workers compared to controls only for LL genotype (L54M polymorphism) and C allele (C(-108)T polymorphism) carriers (p 0,001 and p = 0,002, correspondently). Conclusion. We suggest that the increase in serum PON1 activity in workers providing storage and disposal of OPs could be modulated with the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene.
Gastrointestinal manifestations of Fasciolopsis buski associated polyparasitism in patients of an endemic area: a hospital based study
Authors: Ranjan Shilpi , Saurabh Kumar , Prasad Rajeev Ranjan
Published: May 2017

Background: The objective of the study was to describe the gastrointestinal manifestations of Fasciolopsis buski associated polyparasitism. Methods: A retrospective study in the form of chart review of twenty patients was done who passed either adult F. buski or ova per stool and their stool samples were also positive for other intestinal parasites. This study was done in a tertiary care centre of north Bihar during the time period of January 2016 to December 2016. Gastrointestinal manifestations of the patients were evaluated and treatment outcome was seen. Results: School age children were the most affected population. Diarrhoea either acute or persistent was the most common presentation. Some and severe dehydration was present in 50% cases. Pain abdomen (60%) was the common finding in children whereas adults having abdominal distension (40%) as a major complain. Anaemia was present in almost all cases. 30% cases even required blood transfusion. H. nana was the most common associated parasite followed by Ascaris. One patient had evidence of five different parasites in his stool sample. Patients were treated with Praziquantal, Albendazole and Metronidazole with complete recovery. Conclusions: F. buski associated with polyparasitism presents with a more severe form of disease than Fasciolopsiasis itself. Aggressive treatment is required.
Экономико-математические методы в индивидуализированной оценке человеческого капитала вуза
Authors: Найденко Инна Сергеевна , Задорожняя Елена Константиновна , Куижева Саида Казбековна
Published: May 2017

В исследовании обоснована двойственная природа вуза как элемента системы воспроизводства человеческого капитала страны в целом, качество которого зависит от качества человеческого капитала сотрудников, работающих в вузе. В этой связи представляется особенно актуальным формирование эффективной системы мотивации, поскольку во многих вузах используются подходы к построению такой системы, которые не учитывают индивидуальную деятельность преподавателей и административно-управленческого персонала в достижении стратегических целей организации высшего образования. Выявлены задачи и соответствующие им подходы экономической оценки в системе управления человеческим капиталом вуза. Также в работе описан подход, позволяющий оценить общую эффективность инвестиций в человеческий капитал всех категорий работников вуза. В статье представлена модель оценки человеческого капитала работников вуза. Предложено формализованное описание задач оценки человеческого капитала вуза, математическая конструкция факторов, выделяющих показатели, характеризующие человеческий капитал работников и отдельных подразделений вуза.
Маркетинговый анализ потенциала креативных индустрий городской среды
Authors: Петренко Елена Степановна , Королева Анна Алексеевна
Published: May 2017

В статье рассмотрена эволюция методологических подходов маркетингового анализа территорий. Авторы отмечают возникновение новой концепции экономики- креативной экономики, посредством которой формируются новые экономические модели, новые типы социальных отношений, а соответственно и требования к различным методам управления, видам деятельности, а следовательно, и к реализации процесса маркетинга территорий. Исследованы составляющие комплекса инструментов маркетинга территорий в условиях креативной экономики, основные принципы маркетинга территорий применительно к условиям креативной экономики. Проведен маркетинговый анализ факторов формирования креативной среды российских городов и казахстанского города Караганды. Предложен седьмой фактор формирования креативной среды, такой как «этническая толерантность». В заключении проанализированы тенденции развития и применения маркетинга территорий в условиях креативной экономики.
Strategic Complementarities Between Innovation and Human Capital. The Neglected Role of Human Capital Demand
Authors: Teixeira Aurora Amélia Castro
Published: May 2017

Este estudo analisa as condições em que a procura por capital humano é tão (ou mais) importante do que a simples disponibilidade de recursos humanos qualificados. É tomada a perspectiva de que é a atitude consciente e intencional das empresas, a qual depende em grande medida das suas estratégias, que determina a procura por capital humano, condicionando o seu desempenho econômico. Rejeita-se aqui o caráter automático e linear presente na maioria dos estudos associados à teoria do capital humano. Os resultados, baseados num estudo detalhado de 14 empresas têxteis portuguesas, revelam a “congruência” entre o comportamento destas relativamente à acumulação de capital humano, as características dos seus processos produtivos e mercados e a onipresença do risco de “cisão”. As novas contratações de indivíduos altamente qualificados são vistas como contribuindo pouco para as competências de inovação correntes das empresas. Em contraste, os atuais trabalhadores de altas qualificações são considerados essenciais nestes domínios.
Ações Programadas do CNPq - III PBDCT (Plano Básico de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - 1980/85)
Authors: Albuquerque Lynaldo Cavalcanti de
Published: May 2017

Na década de 1970, ocorreu no Brasil considerável avanço das atividades de ciência e tecnologia. Entretanto, esse avanço deveria ter sido acompanhado de transferência e absorção, pelos setores produtivos nacionais e outros segmentos da sociedade, das tecnologias nacionais ou importadas. Já na década de 1980, o sistema de C&T passou a enfrentar grande instabilidade, associada à recessão econômica, à incerteza quanto às dotações orçamentárias, ao acirramento da competição por recursos públicos e ao crescente clientelismo político. Nesse contexto, assumi a presidência do CNPq em fevereiro de 1980 e com fortes recomendações do ministro chefe da Secretaria de Planejamento Antônio Delfim Neto, apresentei o III PBDCT (Plano Básico de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico — 1980/85), como forma de equacionar problemas na área de C&T como a descontinuidade no processo de consolida- ção da estrutura de ciência e tecnologia, a insuficiente articulação do SNDCT (Sistema Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) e a carência de recursos humanos qualificados na produção, no uso e difusão do conhecimento científico e tecnológico. O III PBDCT foi expressão do esforço de planejamento realizado no campo da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em âmbito federal, no início da década de 1980...
Apresentação: Richard R. Nelson e Sidney Winter - An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change
Authors: Meirelles José Gabriel Porcile
Published: May 2017

A importância da obra de Richard Nelson e Sidney Winter para o estudo da inovação, da concorrência a partir da geração e difusão de inovações, e da conseqüente transformação das firmas e estruturas de mercado, é difícil de exagerar. Surge a partir desses autores uma nova abordagem teórica, de inspiração schumpeteriana, que permite articular, de forma consistente, um conjunto de contribuições até então fragmentárias e dispersas, e abrir um horizonte de novas pesquisas teóricas e empíricas. Nesse processo, o artigo republicado neste número da RBI tem uma posição de destaque. Com efeito, Nelson e Winter desenvolvem nele as bases daquela que mais tarde será conhecida como teoria evolucionista da inovação, apresentando de forma já amadurecida alguns elementos centrais de seu livro clássico de 1982.
A Biodiversidade Brasileira no Âmbito do Acordo TRIPS
Authors: Mascarenhas Gilberto
Published: May 2017

O Acordo sobre Aspectos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS), aprovado em 1994, no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio, propugna a harmonização dos sistemas nacionais de propriedade intelectual às suas normas. Entretanto, em função das assimetrias tecnológicas e econômicas existentes entre países periféricos e centrais, das lacunas na própria Lei e da sua convergência apenas parcial com os princípios da Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica, a harmonização das políticas nacionais torna-se complexa e, quando aplicada, tem demonstrado efeitos deletérios sobre a economia de muitos países pobres. No Brasil, entre as potenciais conseqüências está a apropriação de recursos genéticos da Amazônia, através de patenteamento por empresas estrangeiras, mas sem transferir tecnologia ou benefícios para o País. Uma saída para critérios de harmonização mais justos poderia ser a aprovação e implementação de uma lei de acesso aos recursos genéticos (já há uma em discussão no Legislativo) que seria a base de negociação das regras do TRIPS.
Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic level
Authors: Ali Mubarak
Published: May 2017

Technology is in the way to reach in its climax but the basic understanding of science in many phenomena is still awaited despite the fact that nature justifies all those. Scientific research reveals strong analogy between electron and photon. Atoms that execute suitable electronic transitions, on absorbing heat energy at shunt level, excite their electrons. De-excitation of an electron under the gravitational force of its nucleus, where inertia is involved, results into depicting energy in the shape like Gaussian distribution. The wavelength of photon remains in inter-state electron’s gap where the source of generating energy in wave-like fashion is due to confined electron-dynamics of that atom eligible to execute electronic transition; energy configures under electron’s trajectory while excitation period is due to inertia-levitation-inertia behaviours and energy configures under electron’s trajectory while de-excitation period is due to inertia-gravitation-inertia behaviours. Silicon atom is a model system of it. Uninterrupted confined inter-state electron’s motion results into configure force energy that can travel immeasurable length where interruption from the point of generation termed it a photon. Such photons increase wavelength under decreasing energy. Here, I discuss that heat energy is due to merged photons or squeezed photons and photonic current is due to the configuring energy in inter-state electron’s gap under confined electron-dynamics of the atom. Force of repulsion or attraction in certain materials engages the phenomenon of levitism or gravitism where inertia is exempted. Structural motifs and dynamics are subjected to characteristic photons as long as atoms are dealing neutral behavior of field forces. A structural design delivers straight-forward application on dealing photons of certain wavelengths. Here, heat energy and photon energy explore matter at electron level. Thus, devise science to describe.
Interconnection between Wheat ABCC13 Transporter and Auxin-Related Genes during Lateral Root Development
Authors: Bhati Kaushal K. , Kumar Anil , Pandey Ajay Kumar
Published: May 2017

TaABCC13 is member of wheat ABCC subclass of transporters. The RNAi mediated silencing of this transporter in wheat results in lowering of seed phytic acid level and other developmental defects. In addition to that, wheat ABCC13 was involved in cadmium detoxification as evident by the complementation assays in yeast. The appearance of early lateral roots in these transgenic seedlings speculated the possibility for studying the role of localized auxin-mediated effects. In the current study, firstly, the expression of auxin related genes was studied in the transgenic roots. Enhanced expression of genes pertaining to either auxin biosynthesis or its transport was observed in transgenic wheat seedling roots suggesting the direct effect of the hormone. Further, the early emergence of lateral roots in transgenic wheat seedlings was affected due to the presence of auxin-transport inhibitor suggesting the direct effect of hormones in root development. In conclusion, herein we provide the novel evidence for the auxin mediated regulation of lateral root emergence in TaABCC13:RNAi seedlings.
Rapid Tests for Detection of Main Clostridial Toxins
Authors: Diana Pérez-Etcheverry , Carmen Lorenzo-Ferreiro
Published: May 2017

The genus Clostridium is ubiquitous,  because of this they find easily their way into wounds, foods and feeds, being the cause of serious  illness on human and domestic animals. Manifestations and pathology can range from mild food poisoning to death. Outstanding to their high toxicity, and the rapid evolution of infection with serious consequences, it is important to detect it rapidly. One approach is to have rapid detection tests to major clostridial toxins in complex matrices (blood, culture media, food and others), that can be implemented in point of care centers.

In this review, a survey of recent work is carried out in this line of research and development.
The HIV and AIDS Conversation: Who Are The Adolescents Talking To?
Authors: Moyo Sarah , Chingombe Shamiso Iline , Ingwani Viola , Chindanya Loveness
Published: May 2017

Healthy sexuality communication is critical in equipping adolescents with information and skills necessary in combating HIV and AIDS. This mixed method study sets to explore who the adolescents are talking to in regards to sex and HIV and AIDS in the Zimbabwean context. 147 secondary school learners (72 females and 75 males, age range 13 -20 years) were randomly sampled. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires based on a 5 point Likert scale written on a continuum of SA-SD were employed to gather data. It was established that 36% adolescents feel free to discuss sex issues with family. Another 36% with friends, 14.9% with counselors and 12.1% put across that they were not free to discuss sex with anyone. In the FGDs most of the adolescents stated that they were more comfortable discussing sexuality issues with same sex parents. They indicated that conversations carried out with parents were largely centred on HIV and AIDS, puberty, abstinence and avoiding early sexual debut. Sexuality communication with peers was focused on condom use, contraceptives, abstinence, pregnancy, sexual intentions and sexual experiences. To promote healthy sexual behaviours among adolescents there is therefore need to craft programs and interventions that strengthen and improve the quality and content of sexuality dialogue with parents and peers.
Causes of Child Marriages in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Province in Zimbabwe
Authors: Dzimiri Cynthia , Chikunda Plaxedes , Ingwani Viola
Published: May 2017

Increasing concerns on the welfare of a girl child world wide is observed and yet there are significant matters still to be discussed. In addition to all the causes raised by other researchers one of the objectives of this study is to focus on the impact of the legal systems that are already in place on child marriage. This is elucidated by a sample of thirty (30) participants in one of the districts within Mashonaland Province of Zimbabwe. This study examines the reasons why child marriage is on the rise in this province and what the law, parents, teachers and the children themselves say about it which seems to be a dearth study in this issue. The study also focuses on the solutions to this disturbing issue. The researchers employed descriptive survey as a way of collecting evidence, analysing and reporting on the findings (Chiromo, 2009) and triangulation which refers to the use of multiple sources of data ( Palmer and Quinn, 2003 in Chinomona and Tam, 2013 ). Various independent sources of evidence including interviews, focus group discussion and document analysis provided the data. Data collection and analysis were done at the same time for accuracy’s sake. The results indicate that the major causes of child marriage in this province in particular are religious beliefs and practices as also indicated in the research by Masinire (2015). In addition to that the following were also highlighted as other factors that contribute to child marriage: lack of serious sex education in schools due to cultural beliefs and practices, socio-economic background of learners, early socialisation, parental expectations and level of education and also lack of adequate knowledge on the children‘s rights and other legal systems that support them. Shortcomings of these policies are discussed and recommendations are given before paving way forward for other researchers. 
Evaluation of passive reduction of nitrate from greenhouse effluent by planted bioreactors
Authors: Fatehi Pouladi S. , Anderson B. C. , Wootton B. , Rozema L.
Published: May 2017

A number of pilot-scale gravel and wood-chip hybrid bioreactors planted with select species, together with unplanted units, were evaluated for their nutrient removal capabilities from the typical greenhouse effluent with high levels of nitrate and salts. Two levels of nutrient solution (high and low loading: HL/LL) were prepared to simulate the typical characteristics of the greenhouse effluent. The wood-chip bioreactor with Typha angustifolia exhibited the highest consistent nutrient treatment with an average nitrate reduction in the LL phase of 88.4% (28.2 g N m−3 media day−1) and phosphate reduction of 34.4%. The nitrate reduction in this bioreactor was the highest among the values reported in the literature. The near-complete denitrification developed provided a nitrate-limiting environment as evidenced by an average 21.5% sulfate reduction. The distinct increase in the outflow organic carbon (as BOD5) from the wood chips in the bioreactor planted with T. angustifolia appeared to be the key explanation for the efficient denitrification, while the other vegetated bioreactors resulted in 19.0%–36.5% nitrate reduction and low outflow BOD5 near the end of the experiment, indicating carbon limitation in these bioreactors.
Study on non-linear equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic of deltamethrin removal in aqueous solution using modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Ghafari Bahareh , Moniri Elham , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Karbassi Abdolreza , Najafpour Shaban
Published: May 2017

The purpose of modification of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is an eco-friendly, emerging and economical method for removing deltamethrin in the aqueous solution and wastewater effluents when compared with other adsorbent methods. Modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation and then coupled with 3-hydroxytyraminium chloride. The nano-sorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zero point charge and surface area determination. Batch studies were conducted and adsorption equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic non-linear models were carried out. The resulting equilibrium data were tested with Langmuir and Freundlich non-linear isotherm models, and the results showed that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the data well. Kinetic studies were done with different initial deltamethrin concentrations, adsorbent dosage and temperature, and the data were assimilated with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion kinetic equations, and it was found that the studied nano-sorbent processes followed the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Thermodynamic analysis was also carried out to estimate the changes in free energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS0). The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption of deltamethrin into the nano-sorbent was spontaneous, feasible and showed an endothermic process.
Ni(II) and Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution by a heavy metal-resistance bacterium: kinetic, isotherm and mechanism studies
Authors: Zhang Haikun , Hu Xiaoke , Lu Hong
Published: May 2017

The potentiality of a heavy metal-resistance bacterium Acinetobacter sp. HK-1 for removing Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution and the biosorption mechanism were investigated in this study. The effects of pH, contact time and Ni(II)/Cu(II) concentration on the adsorption process were evaluated and the maximum biosorption capacity of strain HK-1 was found to be 56.65 mg/g for Ni(II) and 157.2 mg/g for Cu(II), respectively. The experimental kinetic data fit well with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.98) and the biosorption process was best explained by the Langmuir-Freundlich dual model (R2 > 0.97). The morphologies of HK-1 before and after adsorption in a Ni(II)/Cu(II) supplemented system were compared using a scanning electron microscope. After adsorption, the valence state of Ni(II)/Cu(II) was not changed and the formation of nickel/copper phosphate was observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XPS further indicated that amine, phosphate and carboxyl groups were involved in the biosorption process. Cu(II) biosorption by Acinetobacter sp. was firstly reported. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that Acinetobacter sp. HK-1 has a promising application in Ni(II) and Cu(II) ion removal from industrial wastewater.
Swine manure treatment by anaerobic membrane bioreactor with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery
Authors: Bu Fan , Du Shiyun , Xie Li , Cao Rong , Zhou Qi
Published: May 2017

Swine manure wastewater was treated in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) that combined a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane, and the feasibility of ammonia and phosphorus recovery in the permeate was investigated. The AnMBR system was operated steadily with a high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of 32.32 ± 6.24 g/L for 120 days, achieving an average methane yield of 280 mL/gVSadded and total chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 96%. The methane yield of the AnMBR is 83% higher than that of the single CSTR. The membrane fouling mechanism was examined, and MLSS and the polysaccharide contents of the extracellular polymeric substances were found to be the direct causes of membrane fouling. The effects of the permeation/relaxation rate and physical, chemical cleaning on membrane fouling were assessed for membrane fouling control, and results showed that a decrease in the permeation/relaxation rate together with chemical cleaning effectively reduced membrane fouling. In addition, a crystallization process was used for ammonia and phosphorus recovery from the permeate, and pH 9 was the optimal condition for struvite formation. The study has an instructive significance to the industrial applications of AnMBRs in treating high strength wastewater with nutrient recovery.
Profesor Tomasz Dybowski
Authors: Zabłocki Jan
Published: May 2017

Profesor Tomasz Dybowski
SĄDOWE USTALENIE OJCOSTWA W FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ
Authors: Holewińska-Łapińska Elżbieta
Published: May 2017

Judicial Establishing of Paternity in the Russian FederationSummary The article discusses the judicial establishing of paternity pursuant to the Family Code of the Russian Federation in force from March 1, 1996 against a background of former regulations of the Soviet Law starting from 1917.In the years 1917-1944 judicial establishing of paternity in USSR was admissible without restrictions. In the period from July 8, 1944 to October 1, 1968 prohibition of judicial establishing of paternity was in force.In the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996 establishing of paternity could occur if in a case one of the following was true: (1) A child’s mother and a defendant lived together before the birth of a child and managed a common household. (2) A child’s mother and a defendant raised a child together. (3) A child’s mother and a defendant provided jointly for a child. It was not required that a defendant contributed significantly to the cost of living of a child but that he did it systematically. (4) There was reliable evidence that a defendant admitted his paternity.If a child was born in the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996, his parentage was not as yet affiliated to a father, and a man whose paternity was to be established was alive - still one of the aforementioned conditions has to be proved in a lawsuit.Judicial establishing of paternity of a child who was born starting from March 1, 1996 may occur on a demand of a child’s mother, a man who claims he is a child’s father, a child’s custodian (guardian), a person who keeps a child, a child of age. Judicial establishing of paternity may be demanded in person by a parent who has turned fourteen. A child of age has to give his/her assent to establishing of paternity. If s/he was incapacitated - a consent should be given by a custodian or a care agency.One has to prove, presenting evidence of any nature, that this particular man is a father of a child. In practice evidence taken into account shall either prove the paternity in a scientifically dependable manner (a DNA test) or prove indirectly a validity of a suit (e.g. a child’s mother and a man pointed out as a father stayed in a common-law marriage during the period of a probable conception of a child).After father’s death a court may establish paternity on the grounds of the fact, that during his life a the said man expressed by his conduct a conviction that he believes himself a father of a child in question. If a child was born before October 1, 1968 additionally it has to be proven that a man deeming himself a father did keep his extra-marital child.
LEGITYMACJA FORMALNA JAKO INSTYTUCJA PRAWA ZOBOWIĄZAŃ
Authors: Bielecka-Dobroczek Aleksandra
Published: May 2017

Formal Capacity in the Law of ObligationsSummaryThe author of this article presents the principles of identification of the person to whom a debtor can pay in order to free himself from the obligation. According to the general rule the debtor performs his obligation by satisfying the creditor that is personally known to him. It is not possible however in case of an alienation of the debt. In such a situation the person demanding payment of the debt must prove his right to the debtor, unless there were certain formal indications letting the debtor free from an obligation by paying him. Such formal indications are used mainly in securities which are easily saleable, but also can be met in the general part of the obligation law (for example in articles 464 and 512 of the Civil Code). In case of securities they result from the content of the document which indicates the person entitled to be considered a creditor in three ways: it may contain his name and is alienated by an assignment, they may be securities upon a mandate alienated by an endorsement or securities to a bearer.In public trading securities are submitted to dematerialization and they do not exist as documents, so they lose their „identifying function”, which is gained by securities accounts and depositary certificates showing the state of the account.
KLAUZULA EX BONA FIDE W FORMUŁCE KOMODATU
Authors: Zabłocki Jan
Published: May 2017

The Clause ex bona fide of the formula commodatiSummaryFrom the passages on a competition of complaints one may conclude that before introduction of actio commodati one secured a protection of facts of a case, acknowledged later as a commodatum by using actio furti, condictio ex causa furtiva or actio legis Aquiliae. Commodatum gained a separate legal protection only as a result of pretor’s activities. Pretor introduced to his edict legal form u la e serving to pursue claims arising from com m odatum (D. 13,6,1 pr. - Ulp. 28 ad ed.). In Gaius’ opinion (G. 4,47) they are similar to deposit form ulae whereby he seems to suggest that a fo rm u la in ius com m odati had an ex bona fid e clause. On the other hand, placing com m odatum in pretor’s edict in the title de rebus creditis (D. 12,1,1,1 - Ulp. 26 ad ed.), and also a lack of certainty - due to a distortion of a text - whether Gaius (G. 4,62) in his enumeration of actiones bonae fidei took into account also commodatum may raise a doubt whether actio com m odati actually had this clause. However there is an indirect evidence attesting to the fact that com m odatum contained a good faith clause namely the possibility of compensation (G. 4,61; D. 13,6,18,4 - Gaius 9 a d ed. p ro v ) and release from an obligation in case of joint and several debt from commodatum not in a moment of litis contestatio but not until a fulfilment of an obligation (D. 13,6,5,15 - Ulp. 28 a d ed.).
Madera plástica de polipropileno reforzado con harina de madera: efecto de la adición de agentes compatibilizantes provenientes de recursos renovables
Authors: Poletto Matheus , Junges Janaína , Zattera Ademir J. , Santana Ruth M. C.
Published: May 2017

Compósitos de polipropileno reciclado (PPr) con harina de madera de la espécie Pinus elliottii (PIE) fueron desarrollados utilizando aceite de soya, ácido esteárico, ácido caprílico y polipropileno graftizado con ácido itacónico (PPgAI) como agentes compatibilizantes. Los compósitos fueron procesados en extrusora de doble husillo co-rotante y posteriormente moldados por inyección. Los materiales fueron caracterizados a través de ensayos mecánicos, termogravimétricos, morfológicos, físicos y por ángulo de contacto. Los resultados de los ensayos mecánicos demostraron que el aceite de soya actuó como plastificante y redujo las propiedades mecánicas de los compósitos. Por otro lado, la adición de ácido esteárico, ácido caprílico y PPgAI generó en un aumento de la resistencia a flexión de 8, 20 y 29%, respectivamente, comparado al compósito sin compatibilizante. El compósito desarrollado con el agente compatibilizante comúnmente utilizado, el polipropileno graftizado con anhidrido maleico (PPgAM), presentó un aumento de 35% en la resistencia a la flexión. Resultados del análisis termogravimétrica (TGA), del compósito de PPr con aceite de soya presentó una reducción de su estabilidad térmica en 3% de pérdida de masa, lo que puede estar asociado a la mayor cantidad de oxígeno en su estructura molecular, lo que facilita mayor movilidad de las cadenas con el aumento de la temperatura y que pueden acelerar el proceso de degradación. En el caso de los compósitos con ácido caprílico y PPgAI mostraron un aumento superior a 10°C en la temperatura de 3% de perda de masa cuando comparados al compósito sin compatibilizante, indicando un aumento de la estabilidad térmica de estos compósitos. Los resultados de los análisis de microscopia electrónica de Barrido comprobaron la mayor interacción entre las fases (harina de madera y la matriz de PPr) para los compósitos desarrollados con ácido caprílico y PPgAI; y en relación a los resultados del ángulo de contacto de los materiales, mostraron que la incorporación del agente compatibilizante graftizado originó un aumento de la energía superficial de la matriz polimérica promoviendo una mejor interacción con la carga vegetal (hidrofílica).