bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Előítéletek és hatásaik az egészségügyi ellátásban. Egy felmérés tanulságai
Authors: Marek Erika , Kalmár Réka , Faubl Nóra , Orsós Zsuzsa , Németh Tímea
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés: Kutatásaink során egészségügyi dolgozók körében
vizsgáltuk a legnagyobb hazai etnikai kisebbséggel, a roma populációval
kapcsolatos előítéletek jelenlétét az egészségügyi ellátás során.
Célkitűzés: Válaszokat kerestünk arra, hogy az
ellátórendszerben esetlegesen jelen lévő előítélet mennyire befolyásolhatja ezen
csoportok ellátáshoz való hozzáférését, az ellátás minőségét és ezeken keresztül
a páciensek egészségét. Módszer: Félig strukturált interjúkat
készítettünk 2017. június és 2018. május között 13 interjúalannyal. A
diktafonnal rögzített interjúk leiratát kvalitatív módszerekkel értékeltük.
Eredmények: Válaszadóink általánosságban megerősítették az
előítéletek jelenlétét az egészségügyi ellátórendszerben. Kevéssé jellemző az
előítéletes attitűd és diszkriminatív magatartás azokon az osztályokon, ahol
eleve gyakoribb a hátrányos helyzetű (HIV-pozitív, hajléktalan) betegek
előfordulása (például infektológia). Az előítéletesség nem kifejezetten a roma
etnikai kisebbség felé irányul, hanem kiterjed olyan populációkra is, amelyek
rossz társadalmi-gazdasági körülmények között, mélyszegénységben élnek, vagy
amelyek rossz egészségi állapotának hátterében önromboló magatartásformák
feltételezhetők (alkoholizmus, droghasználat). Válaszadóink határozott véleménye
szerint az esetleges előítéletesség nem vezet a mindenki számára hozzáférhetőnél
rosszabb ellátáshoz, sőt gyakran inkább pozitív diszkrimináció valósul meg. Az
előítéletesség közvetlenül nem vezet rosszabb egészségi állapothoz, az azonban
nem zárható ki, hogy közvetve hozzájárulhat, amennyiben a beteg egy korábban
megélt vagy vélt negatív tapasztalat miatt a későbbiekben nem fordul időben
orvoshoz. Következtetés: Felméréseink megerősítették a romák
iránti előítéletesség alkalomszerű jelenlétét a hazai egészségügyi
ellátórendszerben, vizsgálatunk alapján azonban a roma populáció rosszabb
egészségi mutatóihoz ez kevéssé járul hozzá. Eredményeink felhívták a figyelmet
arra is, hogy a megelőzés szempontjából kulcsfontosságú mindkét fél edukációja,
valamint az ellátók kiégésprevenciója. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(19): 789–796.
Az anaerob baktériumok által okozott véráramfertőzések gyakorisága 2005–2009 és 2013–2017 között egy egyetemi központban. Retrospektív összehasonlító vizsgálat
Authors: Gajdács Márió , Terhes Gabriella , Urbán Edit
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés: Az anaerob baktériumok fontos etiológiai szerepet
töltenek be invazív infekciókban, klinikailag szignifikáns kórokozók
véráramfertőzésekben és szeptikémiában, valós prevalenciájukról azonban
világszerte, így hazánkban is kevés adat áll rendelkezésre.
Célkitűzés: Az anaerob baktériumok által okozott,
mikrobiológiai diagnózissal igazolt véráram-infekciók gyakoriságának
összefoglaló értékelése a Szegedi Tudományegyetem (SZTE) klinikáin a beküldött
hemokultúraminták retrospektív elemzésével. Módszer: A
vizsgálat során 5 éves periódus (2013. 01. 01.–2017. 12. 31.) alatt az SZTE
klinikáiról beküldött hemokultúraminták elemzése történt; az összehasonlítás
alapját egy hasonló időtartamú (2005–2009), ugyanezen központban elvégzett
vizsgálat képezte. Eredmények: 2013 és 2017 között átlagosan
23 274 ± 2756 hemokultúrapalack vizsgálata történt meg, melyek közül átlagosan
10,5% volt pozitív, és 0,4% volt pozitív anaerobokra (3,5–3,8/1000 palack). A
klinikailag szignifikáns anaerob kórokozók közül a
Bacteroides/Parabacteroides csoport (39,9%) és a
Clostridium fajok (32,8%) fordultak elő a legnagyobb
arányban. Következtetések: Az anaerob baktériumok viszonylag
alacsony számuk ellenére fontos etiológiai tényezőknek tekinthetők
véráramfertőzésekben. Eredményeink felhívják a figyelmet a modern
identifikálómódszerek jelentőségére az adekvát anaerobdiagnosztikában. Orv
Hetil. 2020; 161(19): 797–803.
Az örökletes Parkinson-kór mint a POLG-gén károsodásának új klinikai megjelenési formája
Authors: Illés Anett , Balicza Péter , Gál Anikó , Pentelényi Klára , Csabán Dóra , Gézsi András , Molnár Viktor , Molnár Mária Judit
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:

A nukleárisan kódolt POLG-gén fehérjeterméke kulcsszerepet
játszik a mitokondriális DNS replikációjának fenntartásában, és hibája különböző
súlyosságú, több szervrendszert érintő betegségeket okoz. A klinikai spektrum
rendkívül tág, a leggyakrabban előforduló tünetek közé tartozik többek között a
ptosis, a myoclonus, az epilepszia, a myopathia, a szenzoros ataxia, a
parkinsonizmus, a kognitív hanyatlás és az infertilitás is. Ma már ismert, hogy
a Parkinson-kór kialakulása során a mitokondriális diszfunkció is nagy
jelentőséggel bír a substantia nigra dopaminerg sejtjeinek elhalásában. Ezért a
POLG-génben bekövetkező változások befolyásolhatják a
különböző örökletes neurodegeneratív betegségeknek, így a monogénes
parkinsonizmusnak a kialakulását is. A Parkinson-kór és a POLG
kapcsolatáról azonban még kevés az elérhető információ, és ez idáig a magyar
populációra vonatkozó adatok sem álltak rendelkezésünkre. Vizsgálatunk során 67
magyar, a parkinsonizmus tüneteit mutató páciens esetében újgenerációs
szekvenálást végeztünk, és a POLG-génben található,
potenciálisan káros variánsokat elemeztük. 3 beteg esetében azonosítottunk
potenciálisan kóroki eltérést. Közleményünkkel arra szeretnénk felhívni a
figyelmet, hogy a parkinsonizmus differenciáldiagnózisa során az esetleges
POLG genetikai érintettségét is figyelembe kell venni.
Különösen olyan plusztünetek jelenlétekor, mint az ophthalmoparesis, a nem
vascularis típusú fehérállományi laesiók, a pszichiátriai komorbiditás és a
tünetek viszonylag korai indulása. Korábbi irodalmi adatok és saját
tapasztalataink alapján összefoglaltuk a POLG-asszociált
parkinsonizmus lehetséges diagnosztikai megközelítését is. Orv Hetil. 2020;
161(20): 821–828.
Orális antikoagulánssal kezelt pitvarfibrilláló betegek terápiahűsége a mindennapokban
Authors: Simonyi Gábor , Paksy András , Várnai Réka , Medvegy Mihály
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés: A nonvalvularis pitvarfibrilláció (PF) orális
antikoagulánssal (OAK) történő kezelésekor a terápiahűség igen jelentős tényező
a stroke-prevencióban. Célkitűzés: OAK-terápiában részesülő,
PF-ban szenvedő betegek esetében az antikoaguláns-terápiák
(K-vitamin-antagonista [KVA] és az új orális antikoagulánsok [NOAK]) egyéves
perzisztenciájának vizsgálata. Módszer: A szerzők
pitvarfibrilláció-indikációban a Nemzeti Egészségbiztosítási Alapkezelő
adatbázisában, 2016 második félévében (bevonási időszak) valamilyen orális
antikoaguláns- (OAK = KVA/NOAK) terápiában részesülő betegek perzisztenciáját
vizsgálták a vényforgalmi adatok felhasználásával, az első kiváltástól számított
12 hónapig (60 napos ’grace’ periódussal). Eredmények: A
bevonási kritériumoknak 122 870 beteg felelt meg. A betegek közül 18 650 beteg
kezdett újonnan, míg 104 220 beteg volt már valamelyik OAK-terápián. Az új
betegek között a NOAK-terápia egyéves perzisztenciája 65,7%, míg a KVA-terápiáé
39,0% volt (p<0,001). A már kezelt betegek esetében az egyéves perzisztencia
a NOAK esetében 72,6%-nak, a KVA esetében 53,9%-nak bizonyult (p<0,001). Az
új betegeknél a NOAK-terápián belül a rivaroxaban egyéves perzisztenciája 65,7%,
az apixabané 62,6%, a dabigatráné 59,2% volt (logrank p<0,001 minden
összehasonlításban, kivéve rivaroxaban vs. apixaban: p = 0,017, dabigatrán vs.
apixaban: p<0,01). A már NOAK-kal kezelt betegek egyéves perzisztenciája a
rivaroxaban esetében 73,4%, az apixaban esetében 68,0%, a dabigatrán esetében
68,4% volt (logrank p<0,001 minden összehasonlításban, kivéve apixaban vs.
dabigatrán, NS). Következtetések: PF-ban a KVA-terápiához
képest a NOAK-ok egyéves perzisztenciája szignifikánsan magasabb volt (új
betegeknél és már kezelteknél). A NOAK-ok közül a rivaroxaban egyéves
perzisztenciája volt a legelőnyösebb mindkét vizsgált betegcsoportban. Orv
Hetil. 2020; 161(20): 839–845.
Tracheotomia az új típusú koronavírus okozta járvány idején (A COVID–19-pandémia orvosszakmai kérdései)
Authors: Perényi Ádám , Sztanó Balázs , Bella Zsolt , Szegesdi Ilona , Csanády Miklós , Kelemen Éva , Babik Barna , Rovó László
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:

A jelenleg is zajló SARS-CoV-2 okozta pandémia miatt a betegek 6%-ában tartós
gépi lélegeztetést igénylő légzési elégtelenség alakul ki. A későbbi felső
légúti szűkület létrejöttének veszélye miatt „békeidőben” korai tracheotomia
jönne szóba. A jelen helyzetben azonban a fokozott aeroszolképződéssel járó
beavatkozások kerülendők, ezért a javallatok újragondolására van szükség. A
nemzetközi ajánlások alapján alakítottuk ki saját eljárásrendünket. Orv Hetil.
2020; 161(19): 767–770.
تعليم القراءة باستخدام معجم أليكترونيك
Authors: Anwar Andi Saefulloh
Published: May 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kemampuan siswa kelas XI Madrasah Aliyah Ar-Raudlah Bandung dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan kamus elektronik, serta mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh kamus elektronik dalam meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain one group pre-test and post-test design. Adapun teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara, observasi, dan tes. Hasil dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab sebelum menggunakan kamus elektronik memperoleh hasil rata-rata 59,83 dan kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab setelah menggunakan kamus elektronik memperoleh hasil rata-rata 75,33 . Dengan demikian bahwa penggunaan kamus elektronik dalam pembelajaran qirā`ah memberikan pengaruh terhadap kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab dengan persentase 30 %.
الاستعارة في مولد البرزنجي
Authors: Putra Raden Anjasmara , Karim Agus , Ramdhan Dadan Fitria
Published: May 2020

Salah satu gaya bahasa indah yang terdapat dalam al-barzanji adalah adanya lafaz yang dikehendaki bukan pada makna aslinya yang dikenal dengan istiarah. Selain itu dalam al-barzanji pun terdapat banyak nilai pendidikan islam yang dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membaca dan meneliti kitab tersebut. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin menganalisis dari segi balaghah tentang istiaroh untuk mengupas sebagian keindahan yang ada dalam al-barzanji. Adapun metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kandungan, yakni dengan mengupas makna dan hakekat teks-teks dengan mengumpulkan ungkapan-ungkapan yang mengandung istiarah kemudian menjelakannya dari segi balaghah dan nilai pendidikan islam. Dan tekknik penelitiannya menggunakan kajian pustaka yakni dengan mengumpulkan beberapa data dan informasi dari hasil telaah sumber-sumber tertulis. Setelah diteliti dihasilkan bahwa terdapat 30 ungkapan dalam al-barzanji yang mengandung istiarah dengan istiarah yang bermacam-macam. Penulis juga menemukan banyak nilai pendidikan islam yang dikelompokkan dalam nilai pendidikan spiritual, sosial dan moral.Kata Kunci: Istiarah, Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Islam, maulid al-barzanji
ISTIKHDĀM WASĪLAH BITHĀQAH TASHNĪF AL KALIMĀT FĪ TA’LĪM AL TARKĪB LITARQIYATI QUDRAH AL TALĀMĪDZ ‘ALĀ AL AL INSYĀ AL MUWAJJAH
Authors: Syadiyyah Syifa Siti , Odang Odang
Published: May 2020

Kemampuan siswa dalam  Mengarang terbimbing berkaitan erat dengan pemahaman gramatika. Pada kenyataannya, sebagian besar pendidik tidak memperhatikan media pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan materi pembelajaran. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kurangnya pemahaman siswa dan menjadikannya berputus asa dalam proses pembelajaran khususnya dalam pembelajaran tarkib. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam mengarang terbimbing sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan media tersebut dalam pembelajaran tarkib. Penelitian Kuantitatif dengan metode Quasi eksperimen model Pretest Postest design. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kemampuan mengarang terbimbing siswa sebelum menggunakan media kartu klasifikasi kata mencapai rata-rata 40,92, dan kemampuan siswa dalam mengarang terbimbing setelah menggunakan media tersebut mencapai rata-rata 63,92. Serta penggunaan media ini memiliki pengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Dengan peningkatan mencapai 0,39 dengan kategori cukup.
QUDRATU AL THALABAH ‘ALĀ FAHMI KITĀB MUKHTASHOR AL QOW Ā’ID AL NAHWIYYAH WA AL SHORFIYYAH “MATA” WA ‘ALĀ QATUHA BIQUDRATIHIM ‘ALĀ QIR Ā AH AL NUSHŪSH AL ‘ARABIYYAH
Authors: Munawaroh Erda
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini bertolak dari permasalahan pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Pesantren al Mustaqiem Ciater Subang dimana kemampuan santri dalam memahami bahan ajar Ringkasan Kaidah Nahw Sharf  “Mata” masih lemah yang ditujukan dengan lemahnya kemampuan mereka dalam membaca teks Arab. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Pada tulisan ini penulis ingin mengetahui adakah hubungan antara penguasaan santri terhadap bahan ajar ringkasan kaidah nahw sharf dan kemampuan mereka dalam membaca teks Arab. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penguasaan santri terhadap bahan ajar ringkasan kaidah nahw sharf “Mata”  dan kemampuan mereka dalam membaca teks dan mengetahui hubungan antara keduanya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif.  Dan cara penelitian ini berupa observasi, wawancara, teks da dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara keduanya menunjukkan baik dengan nilai 82,77 dan berada pada rentang 80-90.Kata kunci: Nahwu, Sharf, Memahami Kitab, MATA, Membaca Teks.
ISTIKHDĀM NAMŪDAJ AL HAROKIYYAH AL SYAM’IYYAH AL BASHORIYYAH AL ‘AQLIYYAH (SAVI) FĪ TA’LĪM AL MUFRADĀT AL ‘ARABIYYAH WA ATSARUHU FĪ QUDRAH AL TALĪMĪDZ ‘ALA FAHM AL MAQRŪ
Authors: Turmudi Imam , Rifai Ilyas , Mudiyanto Mudiyanto
Published: May 2020

Masalah yang terdapat di kelas X IIS 1 MA Ar-Rosyidiyah Cibiru Bandung adalah kesulitan siswa dalam belajar kosa kata Arab. Dalam hal ini, penulis ingin meneliti pembelajaran kosa kata bahasa Arab menggunakan Model Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks bahasa Arab. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam pembelajaran mufrodat bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan Model Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy sebelum dan sesdudahnya serta serta pengaruhnya terhadap Fahmul Maq'ru. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode quasi eksperimen dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu, observasi, wawancara, tes (free test dan post test) dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan Model Somatic, Auditory, Visualization, Intellectualy dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam Fahmul Maq'ru, karena hasil perhitungan menunjukan bahwa τ hitung lebih besar dari pada τ tabel yaitu 176>  126.
ALFĀDZ AL THIBĀQ FĪ SŪRAH AL RA’D
Authors: Handika Titis Dian
Published: May 2020

Dalam penelitian ini penulis menyajikan keindahan Al-Muhassinaat Al-Badi’iyah yaitu Lafadz-Lafadz Thibaq dalam Surat Ar-Ra’d. Lafadz-lafadz tersebut memiliki perbedaan makna baik secara leksikal maupun kontekstual. Disisi lain lafadz-lafadz thibaq dalam surat ar-Ra’d memiliki nilai-nilai pendidikan. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin meneliti lafadz-lafadz tersebut untuk menyingkap mu’jizat dan keagungan al-Qur’an. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Terdapat 28 thibaq dalam 43 ayat. Thibaq Ijabiy: 25 ayat dan Thibaq Salbiy: 3 ayat. Thibaq dalam bentuk Isim dengan Isim: 17 ayat dan Thibaq dalam bentuk Fi’il dengan Fi’il: 11 ayat, sedangkan Thibaq dalam bentuk Isim dengan Fi’il: 1 ayat. Beberapa lafadz Thibaq memiliki makna yang berbeda baik secara leksikal maupun kontekstual. Sedangkan nilai-nilai pendidikan yang terdapat pada lafadz-lafadz thibaq dalam surat ar-Ra’d terdiri dari tiga pilar utama yaitu: Nilai I’tiqadiyah, Nilai Khuluqiyah, dan Nilai ‘Amaliyah.
MAFHŪM AL UMMAH FĪ AL QURĀN AL KARĪM
Authors: Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
Published: May 2020

Al-Qur'an merupakan mukjizat dalam setiap kata dan gaya bahasa yang terdapat didalamnya. Salah satu mukjizat yang terkandung didalam Al-Qur’an adalah dari segi kebahasaan, yaitu bahasa Arab yang kaya akan kosa kata serta terdapat banyak kalimat-kalimat yang memiliki banyak makna atau biasa dikenal dengan musytarak. Dalam Al-Qur’an sendiri terdapat banyak lafadz musytarak diantaranya adalah lafadz Al-Ummah. Hasil penelitian tentang lafadz Al-Ummah didalam Al-Qur’an menunjukan beberapa hal, diantaranya : 1) Makna leksikal dari lafadz Al-Ummah adalah contoh dan panutan serta secara umum lafadz Al-Ummah bermakna kelompok  orang. 2) Makna kontekstual dari kata Al-Ummah adalah waktu, imam, ajaran dan pedoman hidup, makhluk secara umum, umat Islam, orang-orang kafir, dan sekelompok orang. 3) lafadz Al-Ummah memiliki nilai-nilai pendidikan di antaranya : Nilai-nilai keyakinan yang termanifestasikan dengan meyakini akan keesaan Allah SWT serta bertawakal kepada-Nya. Nilai-nilai moral yang termanifestasikan dengan pentingnya memanfaatkan dan menggunakan waktu serta adanya ketulusan hati. Nilai-nilai praktis seperti toleransi, keadilan, kejujuran, keberanian, kerja sama, altruisme, dan kekuasaan.
ALIMENTOS, NUTRACÊUTICOS E PLANTAS MEDICINAIS UTILIZADOS COMO PRÁTICA COMPLEMENTAR NO ENFRENTAMENTO DOS SINTOMAS DO CORONAVÍRUS (COVID-19): UMA REVISÃO
Authors: Silva Fernanda Geny Calheiros , Borges Arthur Luy Tavares Ferreira , Oliveira João Victor Lessa de , Prata Ana Paula do Nascimento , Porto Isabel Cristina Celerino de Moraes , Almeida Carlos Arthur Cardoso de , Sousa Jonas dos Santos , Freitas Johnnatan Duarte , Oliveira-Filho Alfredo Dias de , Reis Fernando Minervo Pimentel , Oliveira Rinalda Araújo Guerra de , Silva Sâmia Andrícia Souza da , Nascimento Ticiano Gomes
Published: May 2020

O presente trabalho prospectou artigos científicos relacionadas à alimentos e produtos naturais com atividade anti-Covid com o intuito de apresentar, à comunidade científica, aos governos e à sociedade, dados sobre as principais estratégias nutracêuticas, biotecnológicas e plantas medicinais utilizadas em alguns países durante o enfrentamento da pandemia COVID-19. A revisão de artigos sobre alimentos, plantas medicinais e produtos biotecnológicos foi realizada nas bases de dados periódicos da CAPES, PubMed, Science Direct, Willey on line library, Springer-Nature, Taylor & Francis, BMC, Hindawi, Scielo, ACS – American Chemical Society, Google acadêmico, “The LENS” e Questel-Orbit. Alimentos de uso frequente como alho, gengibre, cúrcuma, laranja azeda, vegetais e lactobacilos demonstraram ação anti-coronavirus comprovada. Foram descritos usos de plantas medicinais da Medicina tradicional Chinesa, Coreana, Indiana bastante utilizadas durante a pandemia. Algumas plantas medicinais e nutracêuticos como: extrato de própolis verde e extrato de própolis vermelha brasileiras, geleia real, pólen e mel também foram citados como produtos anti-covid, antiinflamatórios naturais e imunomodulatórios.
Del error a la mala práctica médica, análisis de una casuística en Santiago de Cali 2006-2008
Authors: Ricaurte Villota Ana Inés
Published: May 2020

El análisis de 210 posibles casos de responsabilidad en salud, recibidos en el servicio de Clínica Forense del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali durante los años 2006-2008, permitió conocer cómo se desarrollan estas situaciones particulares. La revisión toma en cuenta las variables: autoridad que solicita el dictamen, riesgo jurídico de respuesta desfavorable para el implicado, profesional de la salud más frecuentemente demandado y su especialidad, nivel de responsabilidad de la atención y servicio, género y edad del paciente. Se evidencia que los médicos son los profesionales de la salud más demandados; dentro de las especialidades médicas, las de mayor riesgo para demandas son: la Gineco- Obstetricia, Medicina General, Cirugía General, Cirugía Plástica y Anestesiología.
The Australian Experience of World Wide Views on Global Warming: The First Global Deliberation Process
Authors: Herriman Jade , Atherton Alison , Vecellio Lorien
Published: May 2020

World Wide Views on Global Warming was the first ever global-scale citizen deliberation process, held on 25-26 September 2009 and involving approximately 4,000 citizens in 38 countries. WWViews sought to provide citizens with a voice in the 2009 UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen (COP15) by engaging them in a deliberative process about global political positions on climate change. The process produced clear, comparable results across all participating countries that were given to COP15 negotiators. The Danish Government agencies, the Danish Board of Technology and the Danish Cultural Institute, initiated the global process. Organisers in each participating country ran events using the same standardised process. The University of Technology Sydney, the organisers of the Australian WWViews event, paid special attention to several elements of the process to maximise participation and impact within the local context.This paper outlines the standardised global process used for this deliberative event and describes and reflects upon the tailored approaches developed for Australia. It examines in detail the objectives, processes and outcomes of recruiting and supporting participants and recruiting, training and coordinating facilitators, communications and dissemination of results and specific features of the Australian event. It includes the organisers’ reflections on success factors, challenges and surprises, as well as feedback from facilitators and participants. This paper concludes with a number of critical questions arising from the Australian experience of World Wide Views on Global Warming that are pertinent for practitioners designing other deliberative forums and particularly anyone concerned about future prospects for global deliberative democracy.
Beyond Engagement Exercises: Exploring the U.S. National Citizens’ Technology Forum from the Bottom-Up
Authors: Powell Maria , Delborne Jason , Colin Mathilde
Published: May 2020

Exercises intended to engage laypeople in deliberations about emerging scientific and technological issues have become very popular in recent decades. These exercises are typically organized by political or intellectual elites, and often assessed in a top-down fashion as well. This paper disrupts that pattern by using a mix of complementary qualitative approaches to explore the experiences of citizen participants in a large exercise on emerging technologies, the 2008 U.S. National Citizens Technology Forum (NCTF), which included both face-to-face and online deliberations. Research questions explore participants’ perspectives on 1) the quality of the deliberations, 2) the potential for the exercise to have impacts, and 3) the degree of empowerment they experienced. While most participants had positive experiences in the exercise, and did not feel that anyone dominated deliberations, at times tensions and conflicts simmered under the surface. Further, the majority of the participants were highly critical of what they felt were chaotic online interactions that failed to engage with some of their key questions. Though many mentioned gaining some personal efficacy, most categorized the exercise as a research project and therefore did not feel it would have many broader societal or political impacts. Finally, participants’ reflections on their experiences in the exercise revealed interesting insights that went beyond the focal research questions—such as their awareness of the top-down power dynamics in the exercise—and how they actively negotiated these dynamics in ways that shaped the quality of deliberation, their sense of empowerment, and assessments of the exercise’s potential impacts.
Deliberations on the Life Sciences: Pitfalls, Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Korthals Michiel
Published: May 2020

In this article I sketch several versions of the deliberative approach and then discuss five problems which confront a deliberative ethicist of contemporary problems of the life sciences, in particular about food, nature and agriculture. I begin by discussing problems of unequal participation in deliberations and secondly analyze cognitive and normative uncertainties that abound in the life sciences like biotechnology. Thirdly, these sciences comprise different scripts (e.g. nutrigenomics: personalized or public health) that steer the type of outcome, like products and services. Dependent on the framing, the products and services look different. Fourthly, multi-level problems are addressed, in particular the relationship between local, regional, national, international opinion formation and decision making. Fifthly, I will turn the table and argue that some scientific and technological project can have a large and severe deliberative impact and others not. Discussing these challenges I will develop some tools, like mapping different arrangements of the interaction between genomics and societal developments, developing imaginary futures by aesthetic explorations and by scenarios, by different moral screenplays and dramatic rehearsals, deliberative leadership, and designing deliberation eliciting technologies.
Binary Deliberation: The Role of Social Learning in Divided Societies
Authors: Kanra Bora
Published: May 2020

The aim of this paper is to outline a new framework based on an extension and of the current theories of deliberative democracy. The framework, which I call “Binary Deliberation” emanates from an analysis of the social learning phase of deliberative activity. Deliberation, in the theories of deliberative democracy, is usually treated as a decision-making procedure. However, this approach falls short to appreciate the full benefits of the deliberative process. Binary deliberation argues for an analytical separation between social learning and decision-making phases of deliberation in order to allocate a distinct sphere to those specific moments of deliberation oriented to interpretation of differences rather than making decisions. The paper will also discuss the findings of two case studies from Turkey analysing the interaction between Islamic and secular discourses in the Turkish public sphere. The findings reveal a significant convergence between Liberal Left and Islamic groups in their attitude towards democratic values. This convergence indicates a new tendency in Turkish politics, yet its benefits cannot be fully realised until these groups deal with each other within the spheres of social learning.
Deliberation Technology
Authors: Pfister Damien S. , Godana Getachew Dinku
Published: May 2020

In this Introduction to the Symposium, we articulate a reframing of Larry Diamond’s (2010) program of “liberation technology” around the idea of “deliberation technology.” Although the liberation technology program has been useful in supplying dissidents with a basic communication infrastructure during the various revolutions of the 2011 Arab Spring, we briefly examine the cases of Tunisia and Egypt in order to show how deliberative vacuums have arisen after regime change. We then introduce each of the four Symposium submissions with the hopes that a program of deliberation technology might contribute to the strengthening of democratic practice around the world.
Participatory Budgeting: Diffusion and Outcomes across the World
Authors: Wampler Brian , Hartz-karp Janette
Published: May 2020

In this special issue of the Journal of Public Deliberation, multiple faces of Participatory Budgeting programs are revealed. The articles demonstrate that there is no standardized set of “best practices” that governments are adopting, but there are a broader set of principles that are adapted by local governments to meet local circumstances. Adopt and adapt appears to be the logic behind many PB programs.
Participatory Budgeting: Core principles and Key Impacts
Authors: Wampler Brian
Published: May 2020

This essay is a reflection piece. I identify key principles at the core of how PB functions and to discuss the scope of change we might expect to see generated by these institutions. I move beyond the idea that there is a specific model or set of “best practices” that define PB. Rather, it is most fruitful to conceptualize PB as a set of principles that can generate social change. The weaker the adherence to these principles, the less social change generated. The second purpose of the essay is to reflect on the impacts generated by PB. How do these institutions matter? My assumption is that ordinary citizens are more likely to be supportive of new democratic processes if they are able to clearly identify positive changes created by their participation in the new democratic institutions. Ordinary citizens are unlikely to continue to participate in new political institutions unless they perceive that these institutions produce tangible, positive changes in their lives. In this short reflection piece, I analyze how PB may affect democratic legitimacy, social well-being, and civil society.
Transformative Deliberations: Participatory Budgeting in the United States
Authors: Russon Gilman Hollie
Published: May 2020

This article develops two conceptual models, based on empirical data, for assessing deliberation and decision making within United States adoptions of Participatory Budgeting (PB). The first model is results oriented whereas the second model is process oriented. The two models evince the tension between inclusiveness and efficiency that emerge as U.S. PB tries accommodating the dual goals of improved short-term service delivery and democratic deepening. Each model satisfies one of these deliberate goals better. Results oriented deliberation is more effective at producing viable projects whereas process oriented is better at ensuring that all participants’ voices are heard. Variation suggests that decision-making in PBNYC exceeds citizens’ ability to make collective decisions with rational discourse. Rather, the structural conditions of district constitution, bureaucratic constraints, and facilitator skill impacted decision-making.
Democracy beyond aggregation:the participatory dimension of public deliberation
Authors: Avritzer Leonardo
Published: May 2020

Democratic theory passed through two major developments during the last 20 years: the first one was deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy is a critique of the aggregative view of democracy that dominated post-war democratic theory. Instead of aggregation through elections, deliberative democracy proposes different forms of improving the quality of the democratic through public reasoning and argumentation. The second innovation in the democratic debate is the recent theory of representation that assumes that a renewal of representation is needed in order to reconstruct the quality of democracy. Both innovations in democratic theory shared one central assumption, namely that there is a crisis of democracy and that this crisis is linked to lack of quality in political will formation. Deliberative democracy and the new theory of representation disagree on two major issues, one theoretical and the other practical. Theoretically, they go beyond the opposition between representation and participation as they seek to move beyond Hobbes and Rousseau. On a practical level they disagree of the role of broadening participation in the process of improving the quality of democracy. In this article, I propose a different way of going beyond Rousseau that preserves the community of equals dimension. My proposal involves the integration of participation and representation through a new design. This new model, which is being broadly implemented by governments across the developing world, seems more promising because it can accept the critique to the sovereignty side of participation without relinquishing its equality dimension. It is only through the expansion of political equality through both participation and representation that contemporary democracies will be able to overcome their legitimacy crisis.
The World Bank and the Globalization of Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Goldfrank Benjamin
Published: May 2020

This article addresses the long-standing controversy over the World Bank’s role in the promotion of participatory budgeting (PB). Some on the left have celebrated the Bank’s funding and advocacy for PB as signifying the legitimacy or mainstream success of the process, while others see the Bank’s endorsement of PB as a sign that participatory budgeting is becoming watered down and losing its transformative potential, if it ever had such potential. This debate has mostly been an ideological one, and little research has been done to provide evidence to either side. The article is the first to address what the Bank is doing to promote PB and why. It makes six main points. First, the originators of participatory budgeting, the Workers’ Party in Brazil, is not promoting it as strongly as it used to. Second, the World Bank has become the most active promoter of PB (perhaps alongside the United Nations Development Program). Third, within the Bank, some promote PB as part of its fairly standard pro-market agenda, while others share many of the same goals as PB’s originators. Fourth, though the Bank has become very important for the diffusion of PB, overall PB remains marginal within the Bank. Fifth, the Bank has little influence over the eventual outcomes of PB in different countries because it has little or no control over many of the factors that affect PB in practice. And sixth, because PB’s effects have strong potential to be positive, the Bank’s role in promoting PB should be encouraged.
Public Deliberation about Gay Rights in Religious Contexts: Commitment to Deliberative Norms and Practice in ELCA Congregations
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Olson Laura R.
Published: May 2020

Many political theorists extol the virtues of deliberation in efforts to reconcile differences in opinion and prevent group fracture. On August 21, 2009, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) voted narrowly to reverse standing policy by allowing gay and lesbian people in committed relationships to serve openly as clergy. In the aftermath of this decision, numerous congregations began thinking about leaving the denomination. We surveyed a sample of ELCA clergy in the fall of 2009 and spring 2010 to assess their commitment to deliberative norms and practice, their implementation of such practices in congregational meetings designed to discuss the ELCA’s vote, and the outcomes of those more or less deliberative forums. We found considerable commitment both to deliberative practice itself and belief in the efficacy of such practice. Despite the assumption that religious doctrine and public deliberation are incompatible, religious organizations often find deliberative processes essential to their survival.
Institutionalizing Deliberative Democracy: the ‘Tuscany laboratory’
Authors: Lewanski Rodolfo
Published: May 2020

Although deliberative theory has attracted increasing attention from many quarters, a relevant question that has not yet received adequate consideration is whether it should be institutionalized (Fung et al. 2005), and how that might be done. Although there have been many successful ‘one shot’ experiences of deliberative participation, there are few examples of institutionalization as a routine practice. This raises several issues including the relationship of deliberative processes with representative institutions and processes. Compared with other developed nations, Italy has not traditionally been a leader in the application of public participation practices. However, several regional administrations have ventured into this field in recent years. At the end of 2007 the Region of Tuscany passed Law no. 69 defining Rules on the Promotion of Participation in the Formulation of Regional and Local Policies, an innovative legal provision explicitly aimed at pro-actively promoting citizen engagement in local and regional decision making. This law, by incorporating features explicitly derived from deliberative theory, institutionalizes citizen participation; that is, the involvement through group dialogue of citizens and stakeholders in decision-making about issues or problems of public interest. Tuscany has become a remarkable ‘laboratory’ for empirically testing the validity of deliberative participation in the real world, for verifying the effects and possible benefits of its institutionalization, and for applying a specific model which enables representative government and mini-publics to co-exist (and to become complementary and mutually reinforcing). The results from this laboratory will be of relevance to scholars, practitioners and politicians who are interested in such democratic innovations. Law no. 69/07 might well inform the uptake of citizen engagement well beyond Tuscan borders, both in Italy and internationally. An analysis of the approach adopted by the Law offers an opportunity to reflect on how authorities might go about actively promoting and institutionalizing citizen participation. This paper examines the impetus for the Law and the participatory process through which the Law itself was designed; it illustrates the goals of the Law and how these have been operationalized into legal provisions, with specific attention to the role of the administrations (including an ad hoc independent Authority) who were entrusted with the implementation of the Law; it highlights the deliberative features of the Law; and finally it offers a preliminary discussion of the outcomes of the Law – both successful and less so – during its first three years of existence.
Stakeholder and Citizen Roles in Public Deliberation
Authors: Kahane David , Loptson Kristjana , Herriman Jade , Hardy Max
Published: May 2020

This paper explores theoretical and practical distinctions between individual citizens (‘citizens’) and organized groups (‘stakeholder representatives’ or ‘stakeholders’ for short) in public participation processes convened by government as part of policy development. Distinctions between ‘citizen’ and ‘stakeholder’ involvement are commonplace in government discourse and practice; public involvement practitioners also sometimes rely on this distinction in designing processes and recruiting for them. Recognizing the complexity of the distinction, we examine both normative and practical reasons why practitioners may lean toward—or away from—recruiting citizens, stakeholders, or both to take part in deliberations, and how citizen and stakeholder roles can be separated or combined within a process. The article draws on a 2012 Canadian-Australian workshop of deliberation researchers and practitioners to identify key challenges and understandings associated with the categories of stakeholder and citizen and their application, and hopes to continue this conversation with the researcher-practitioner community.
Public Participation, Mayoral Control, and the New York City Public School System
Authors: Castillo Marco A.
Published: May 2020

In this article, I utilize the case of New York City to assess the role and influence of public-participation mechanisms operating in large urban public school systems under mayoral control. I find that the public-participation mechanisms operating under New York City’s mayor-controlled school system can produce some policy and administrative changes despite their lack of formal statutory powers. Their ability to produce such changes depends on several factors, including a citizen and administrative ability and willingness to identify and utilize opportunities for collaboration, the presence of a culture of civic engagement within local communities, and the political values reflected in formal policy advisories.
Local Art, Local Action: A Proposal for Deliberating on and about Main Street
Authors: Wiederhold Anna M.
Published: May 2020

In every campaign, politicians make promises. They spell out their hopes and dreams for their constituents and describe the dystopia that would exist should their opponent be elected instead. With campaign speeches characterized by lofty promises, buzz words, and vague generalities, deliberative opportunities exist for clarification and complexification of candidate (and party) platforms. I propose a unique possibility for local politics that would demystify the electoral process and increase civic engagement by providing community-level opportunities to participate in platform-formation, information-seeking, and deliberation. Specifically, I propose that local government host an issue-raising arts festival, which would lead to an online deliberative forum.
Review of We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: The Promise of Civic Renewal in America by Peter Levine (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013)
Authors: Shaffer Timothy J.
Published: May 2020

Book Review: We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: The Promise of Civic Renewal in America by Peter Levine (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013)
Public Engagement Exercises with Racial and Cultural “Others”: Some Thoughts, Questions, and Considerations
Authors: Chen Yea-Wen
Published: May 2020

Concerns about the inadequacy of using dialogue to address the material realities of race and racism motivate this essay. Hence, I reflect on the current state of conversations on race, diversity, and inclusion from the standpoint of cultural and racial “others.” To orient my reflections, I first unpack assumptions about what might constitute “productive” public deliberation on race. I argue that productive public engagement exercises on race (a) move participants into praxis, (b) require participants to consider cultural identity differences, and (c) demand an understanding of how social forces such as racism and whiteness hinder and/or enable public engagement processes. I then reconsider public engagement from a cultural lens and rethink intercultural communication as publicly deliberating highly charged topics such as race. Finally, I caution against relying on cookie-cutter formulas to address complex issues such as race and recommend utilizing the strategy of counter-storytelling in public engagement exercises on race.
Finding a Seat for Social Justice at the Table of Dialogue and Deliberation
Authors: Schoem David
Published: May 2020

What does it mean for the dialogue and deliberation or public engagement community to exclude social justice from its mission and activities? Many dialogue and deliberation organizations, though clearly not all, shy away from either an explicit or implicit acknowledgement of issues of social justice or inequality, and power and privilege. This article argues that the field needs to 1) work intentionally for social justice and serving the public good for a strong, diverse democracy, 2) confront the illusion of neutrality, and 3) address issues of privilege and power. It discusses five principles to achieve this goal.
Deliberative Civic Engagement in Public Administration and Policy
Authors: Nabatchi Tina
Published: May 2020

This article explores deliberative civic engagement in the context of public administration and policy. The field of public administration and policy is seeing a resurgence of interest in deliberative civic engagement among scholars, practitioners, politicians, civic reformers, and others. Deliberative processes have been used to address a range of issues: school redistricting and closings, land use, and the construction of highways, shopping malls, and other projects. Additional topics include race and diversity issues, crime and policing, and involvement of parents in their children’s education. Finally, participatory budgeting, which has been used with success in Porto Alegre, Brazil since 1989 and has been employed in over 1,500 cities around the world, has been one of the most promising forms of deliberative civic engagement. Finally, the article suggests what we must do to build a civic infrastructure to support deliberative civic engagement, including government, but also practitioners and scholars.
Key Challenges Facing the Field of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Lukensmeyer Carolyn J.
Published: May 2020

Deliberative Democracy has proved its value as an alternative to governance dominated by special interests, but its use in governing remains inconsistent. Overcoming this challenge will require the field to focus its energy on 1) building a cadre of elected leaders and public officials who understand deliberative democracy’s value and how to do it, 2) engaging with the media so that it becomes an effective partner for the field and a more productive part of our democratic system, and 3) continuing to embrace opportunities – like Creating Community Solutions - to work in unique partnerships, build national infrastructure to support high-quality deliberation, and innovate across methodologies and models.
Review of Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice by Martha C. Nussbaum (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013)
Authors: Preskill Stephen
Published: May 2020

Review of Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice by Martha C. Nussbaum (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013).
Public Deliberation and Co-Production in the Political and Electoral Arena: A Citizens’ Jury Approach
Authors: Munno Greg , Nabatchi Tina
Published: May 2020

This study presents an empirical evaluation of the co-production of a “Statement to the Candidates” and a “Voters Guide” for a key U.S. Congressional race. Citizens produced these materials during an intensive process called “Reclaim November Ohio,” which used the Citizen Jury method of public deliberation. We use a series of pre- and post-test surveys to evaluate this unique application of co-production. Specifically, we assess whether this deliberative approach to co-production in the political and electoral arena improved participants’ perceptions of politics and government and made citizens more interested in and knowledgeable about policy issues. We also assess whether participants believed the Reclaim November Ohio process would help the candidates better understand citizens’ concerns and whether participants were satisfied with the event. The results suggest that co-production in the political and electoral arena can have positive effects on citizens’ agency, voice, and perceptions of politics and government. The results are mixed for both the perceived influence of the event and issue interest and knowledge. Nevertheless, participants were extremely satisfied with the event and its various components.
Review of Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter by Ilya Somin (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013)
Authors: Zavediuk Nicholas
Published: May 2020

Review of Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government is Smarter by Ilya Somin (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013).
Variations of Institutional Design for Empowered Deliberation
Authors: Johnson Carolina , Gastil John
Published: May 2020

This paper lays out the practical and theoretical characteristics of formally empowered deliberation as a distinctive subset of deliberative processes. As part of a recent broad shift toward a more deliberative conception of democratic politics, participatory deliberative processes increasingly have been formally empowered as part of democratic governance. Governments have moved to delegate authority and deliberative responsibility from elite bodies to lay publics more quickly than scholars have been able to fully identify the implications of this institutionalization for the quality of both deliberation and democracy. This paper describes the emerging characteristics of formally empowered deliberation as a distinctive subset of deliberative processes, in which deliberation between members of the general public is given credible formal authority over policy development and decision making. We first develop a clearer conceptualization of empowered deliberation within the general trend toward participatory governance. We also review critical and supportive perspectives on empowered deliberation, making explicit tradeoffs inherent in the decision to develop an empowered deliberative process. Next, we identify four key dimensions of variation in the design of empowered deliberative institutions, in particular embeddedness in the social/ political context and the scope of authority of the deliberative decision. To illustrate these dimensions, we discuss key cases from around the world, noting which forms of empowered deliberation have seen less common innovation and documentation. Finally, we briefly consider how specific processes may become empowered or transform over time, as they transition from experimental or one-off pilot projects to recurring and institutionalized aspects of democratic governance.