bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pfortaderkörbchen um Leberläppchen beweisen die Läppchengliederung der Leber
Authors: Wünsche A. , Preuss F.
Published: July 2008

The regularity of a basketlike surrounding of parenchymatous parts of the liver by portal branches proves the lobular organization of the liver. The wall formation of the portal basket (corbicula portalis) is demonstrated by several figures.
The Anterior Half of Mouse Palatal Shelf Is Elevated by a Remodeling Movement
Authors: Yasuda Yoshiaki , Fujimoto Toyoaki
Published: July 2008

During the development of the mammalian secondary palate, the lateral palatine process (the palatal shelf) rises from the vertical plane beside the tongue to the horizontal plane above it. To determine the mode of elevation of the palatal shelf, we have cultured the whole ICR mouse fetus on day 14 (0–2 h) of gestation with a scratch as a marker at the distal edge of the anterior fourth of the vertical palatal shelf. After 6–18 h of culture, the survival ratio was 78.9% and the palatal shelf rose horizontally above the tongue in 22.2% of the surviving fetuses. The scratch was found as a scar on the oral epithelium laterally to the medial edge of the elevated palatal shelf. These results indicate that the medial edge of the horizontal shelf was newly formed from the medial wall of the preceding vertical-stage shelf during elevation, and that the palatal shelf was elevated by a remodeling process in the anterior half of the shelf.
Catch-Up Growth in the Limbs of Rats Undernourished for Different Lengths of Time during Suckling
Authors: Hughes P.C.R.
Published: July 2008

Male rats were undernourished for one of three periods of time during suckling. They were subjected to undernutrition from birth to 8 days post-partum, birth to 15 days or birth to 22 days. The growth of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia was followed radiographically during the undernutrition and recovery periods. It was found that the lengths of these bones in animals undernourished from birth to 8 days were able to recover completely, while after the two longer periods of undernutrition, the animals were unable to recover. The results are not in complete agreement with those of previous workers and it is suggested that this may be due to differing rates of growth and maturation between the animals used in different studies.
Systématisation de l’angioarchitectonie du côlon chez l’Homme adulte
Authors: Wolfram-Gabel R. , Maillot Cl. , Koritké J.G.
Published: July 2008

The systematization of the angioarchitecture of the human colon was studied in 25 colons, the vascular system of which was injected with gelatinous indian ink. The arterial vascularization of the colonic wall is organized in two morphologically very different types of networks. The first type forms the distributional networks which consist of the subserosal, intermuscular and submucosal networks distributing harmoniously the blood running from the straight arteries. The second type forms the functional networks which consist of the muscular and mucosal networks related to the supply of the essential structure of the colonic wall. These consist essentially of pre- and postcapillary vessels. The venous vascularization of the colonic wall is organized according to a similar pattern. It also consists of three venous networks: the submucosal, intermuscular and subserosal networks which are tributaries of the straight veins and which receive the mucosal and muscular veins.
Comparative Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study of the Lingual Papillae in Two Species of Domestic Mammals (Equus caballus and Bos taurus)
Authors: Chamorro C.A. , De Paz P. , Sandoval J. , Fernandez J.G.
Published: July 2008

The morphological characteristics of bovine and equine gustatory lingual papillae are compared by scanning electron microscopy. The fungiform papillae in the cow have a shape that corresponds to their name, while in the horse, they almost do not emerge from the surface of the tongue. These papillae show taste pores in both species. The vallate papillae, four times larger in the horse than in the cow, show a complex organization of papillae and secondary grooves in the horse. In the cow, they occur single and are surrounded by a thick annular pad of lingual mucosa. Taste pores have been observed in the vallate papillae of both species, whereas in the foliate papillae, they are present only in the horse. A characteristic distribution of stratified scales and channeled tracts is observed on the surface of all gustatory papillae in both species. The possible functional importance of each type of gustatory papilla is discussed on the basis of their morphostructural features.
Zur makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Anatomie der Schultergelenkspfanne und des Limbus glenoidalis
Authors: Hertz Harald , Weinstabl Reinhard , Grundschober Franz , Orthner Ernst
Published: July 2008

Macroscopical and histological examinations were carried out in order to investigate the anatomy of the limbus glenoidalis, with respect to its surrounding structures such as tendons and ligaments. Basically the crosscut limbus glenoidalis has a triangular shape, however, especially in its anterior part, it has a meniscoid or labiate form. Histologically the limbus glenoidalis consists exclusively of connective tissue, rich in cells and fibers. It originates from the fibrocartilaginous rim of the glenoid surface, which merges into the hyalin cartilage. The bundles of fibers have a circular arrangement with radially and reticularly interwoven structures near the tendons of the biceps and triceps muscle.
Les inclusions cristallines de la thyroïde de souris
Authors: Siami Kazem , Larras-Regard Eliane
Published: July 2008

Intracytoplasmic crystalline bodies of various sizes are found in thyroid cells of 10-month-old mice and in younger animals under chronic lithium treatment. They are frequently surrounded by small microvesicles and dense bodies or enclosed in larger vesicles having a dense content. The crystalline skeleton is a network of protein fibers assembled in a characteristic axis with a periodicity of 8 nm. A deficiency of thyroid cell metabolism related to aging or lithium gluconate treatment would lead to an accumulation of substances of a crystalline pattern.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of Diet-Induced Hepatic Changes in Mice
Authors: Degertekin H. , Akdamar K. , Yates R. , I-li Chen I.-li , Ertan A. , Vaupel R.
Published: July 2008

Adult mice were fed a choline-deficient ethionine enriched (CDE) diet for 24, 48 or 72 h. They were then fasted for 24 or 48 h prior to sacrifice. All tissues were studied by light and electron microscopy. Animals fed the CDE diet for 24 h exhibited cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, and the accumulation of lipid in these cells was clearly abnormal. Animals fed the CDE diet for 24 h and subsequently a regular diet for 48 h displayed normal hepatocytes, suggesting that the alterations at 24 h were reversible. Following 48 or 72 h of feeding the CDE diet, abundant lipid-laden cells were observed in the hepatic lobules, and at the electron microscope level these cells were undergoing frank degeneration. Evidence indicated that changes after 48 or 72 h were irreversible.
Regenerative Capacity of Transplanted Cardiac Muscle in the Rat
Authors: Metzger J.M. , Ganion L.R. , Craig B.W.
Published: July 2008

The authors analyzed the regenerative ability of cardiac muscle in the rat. Normal cardiac muscle was minced into mm3 fragments and homotransplanted into a triceps surae complex cavity of a nonsibling rat. Subsequent histological examination of the cardiac regenerate revealed the presence of myofibers. These myofibers typically exhibited centrally located nuclei, a characteristic of normal cardiac muscle. However, the absence of intercalated discs and autonomous contractility prevented indentification of these fibers as cardiac.
Investigation of Mandibular and Neurocranial Form
Authors: Lavelle C.L.B.
Published: July 2008

In a study of mandibular form, 19 traditional linear dimensions were found to be consistently greater for macrocephalics than microcephalies. As such dimensions combine both size and shape parameters together, their interpretation proved difficult. In order to examine specifically mandibular shape only, each mandibular outline form was digitized and subjected to the technique of medial axis transformation. The data indicate that the shape contrasts between the mandibles of macrocepahlics and microcephalies are more complex than traditionally envisaged and emphasize the need for further study to ascertain the effect of genetic and environmental influences on mandibular form.
Changes in Thickness of Collagen Fibrils in the Endo- and Epineurium of the Mouse Sciatic Nerve during Development
Authors: Osawa Tokuji , Ide Chizuka
Published: July 2008

Changes in the diameter of collagen fibrils were observed with an electron microscope in the endo- and epineurium of sciatic nerves of mice during development from 12 days of gestation to 5 months after birth. It was noted that endoneurial collagen fibrils appeared in embryonic mice at 15 days of gestation, and at the same time, basal laminae began to appear sporadically on the Schwann cell plasmalemma. No fibroblasts were seen at this developmental stage. Collagen fibrils in the endoneurium remained as thin as they were when they first appeared, being in the narrow range of 250–300 A in diameter, while those in the epineurium became much thicker (400–450 A, 5 months after birth) as is also the case in dermal connective tissues. The present study shows that the endoneurial collagen fibrils were different in their developmental pattern from those of the epineurial or of other connective tissues, lending support to the concept that the endoneurial collagen fibrils are particular in nature, being so-called histological reticular fibers.
Paired Cisternae of Endoplasmic Reticulum in Developing Ovarian Oocytes of the Golden Hamster
Authors: Weakley Brenda S. , James J.L. , Webb Pauline
Published: July 2008

Paired cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum linked together by two parallel structures exhibiting periodic striations have been observed in the cytoplasm of small pre-antrum oocytes in the golden hamster. They are present only in oocytes from animals older than 3 weeks of age. Two or more such pairs may be associated with one another, and similar structures have been observed in contact with the nuclear envelope. The peak incidence of the paired membranes coincides with a sharp increase in rough .endoplasmic reticulum as the oocyte commences rapid growth. A suggested role for the paired membranes in production of new endoplasmic reticulum is discussed.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium in Rats with Hypoxia-Induced Hypertension
Authors: Hung Kuen-Shan , McKenzie James C. , Mattioli Leone , Klein Robert M. , Menon C.D. , Poulose Anil K.
Published: July 2008

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the endothelial surface of the pulmonary trunk, artery, and vein in normobaric control rats as well as in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 7 and 21 days. The individual endothelial cells of the normobaric pulmonary trunk and hilar artery were flat and slightly elongated with elevated nuclear regions, and those of the intermediate-sized artery were more elongated and had more microvilli than the large arteries studied. Their endothelial cell boundaries were outlined by beaded cytoplasmic projections. The surfaces of the normobaric hilar and intermediate-sized veins were smooth and demonstrated numerous longitudinal streaks. These venous endothelial cells were elongated and their cell boundaries were outlined by low discontinuous marginal folds. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia caused the following changes on the arterial surface: elevation of the endothelial cells; formation of microvilli-rich cell clusters; formation of hollow defects; and the attachment of leukocytes. Hypobaric hypoxia also caused the disappearance of the longitudinal streaks and the occurrence of microvilli-rich cells in the hilar veins. The endothelial surface modifications in the hypobaric rats could be related to thickening of the endothelium, intimal edema, increased intimal connective tissue, luminal invasion of leukocytes, and increased endothelial cell proliferation, known to occur in systemic arteries of hypertensive animals.
Collagenous Network in Cartilage of Human Femoral Condyles. A Light Microscopic and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: de Bont Lambert G.M. , Liem Robert S.B. , Havinga Peter , Boering Geert , van der Korst Jan
Published: July 2008

To determine the spatial arrangement of collagen fibrils in articular cartilage of the human femoral head, three healthy femoral heads, obtained at necropsy, were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopic observations revealed no collagen fibril organization. Scanning electron microscopic observations showed a fine fibrillar texture throughout the articular cartilage. At the articular surface, smooth and fibrillated areas were detectable. Underneath the articular surface, the collagen network in the superficial zone showed a tighter appearance when compared with the homogeneous collagen network of the matrix in the deeper zones. The calcified cartilage zone was well demarcated from the uncalcified cartilage. The arcade model of Benninghoff [Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 2: 783–862 (1925)] could not be confirmed. It was concluded that the organization of collagen fibrils in hyaline cartilage shows a three-dimensional network of randomly oriented fibrils.
Preparation of a Specific Antiserum against Elastin of the Human Aorta
Authors: Akita Masumi , Barrach H.-J. , Merker H.-J.
Published: July 2008

Elastin was isolated from the human aorta by three different extraction methods. Immunization was carried out in sheep. The presence of antibody against each elastin preparation in the sheep sera was confirmed by immunofluorescence. However, antiserum against elastin isolated by collagenase/guanidine dithioerythritol showed the most specific reactions in the cryostat sections. No cross-reactivity to type I, III and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycan BM 1 was observed.
Mucosal Microvascular Organization of the Rat Colon
Authors: Browning J. , Gannon B.
Published: July 2008

The mucosal microvascular architecture of the rat colon is described from vascular casts and intravital microscopy. Arterial break-up into the mucosal capillary bed invariably occurs at the submucosal/mucosal interface. The mucosal capillaries drain into venules only at the opposing, luminal aspect, i.e., mucosal venules transverse the mucosa without receiving further capillary tributaries. Intravital microscopy of luminal flow confirmed cast predictions. Further, capillary flow was unusually unidirectional, i.e., rarely static or reversible. The possible functional importance of this particular microvascular architecture to water absorption in the colon is discussed.
Dimensions and Volume of the Carotid Body in the Adult Cat, and Their Relation to the Specific Blood Flow Through the Organ
Authors: Clarke J.A. , Daly de Burgh , Ead H.W.
Published: July 2008

In perfusion-fixed preparations of the carotid body, morphological measurements were made on serial histological sections using an interactive image analysis system. The volume of the organ was found to be 0.247 ± 0.092 mm3. This is considerably smaller than the previous estimates based on the measured postmortem wet weight. This means that the specific blood flow to the carotid body of 2,000 ml/min/100 g using the previously obtained values for the organ’s total blood flow and postmortem wet weight may be an underestimate of the true value.
Morphological and Biomechanical Studies of the Ligamentum arteriosum
Authors: Dohr Gottfried , Ebner Inge , Gallasch Eugen
Published: July 2008

Fifteen ligaments taken from individuals aged between 60 and 80 years were used for the study of the histological structure, the composition of the ground substance and the biomechanical behavior. Remnants of the original duct are recognizable in the ligament as artery of the muscular type. What had been the intima is thickened and consists mainly of cell-poor, fiber-rich connective tissue, which often shows chondrification along with calcification. The biomechanical behavior of the ligaments, evaluated with the force-length and force-relaxation test, was similar to that of peripheral arteries.
Erythropoiesis and Granulopoiesis in the West Indian Manatee, Trichechus manatus (Mammalia: Sirenia)
Authors: Bazzini Maria D. , Reynolds, III John E. , Essman Richard A.
Published: July 2008

The West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, has amedullary, pachyostotic long bones. Since marrow cavities of the long bones typically are the locations of hemopoiesis in adult mammals, the manatee has evolved an alternative primary site of hemopoiesis. Histological examinations of spleens, livers, kidneys, and vertebral bodies indicate that the last-named location is the main site of erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis in T. manatus. This conclusion is based on the presence in the vertebrae of bone-marrow-containing diagnostic cell types including erythroblasts, megakaryocytes, and myelocytes, which are the precursor cells of erythrocytes, platelets, and granular leukocytes, respectively. No developing lymphocytes were found, so that the location of lymphopoiesis remains unknown.
Fibronectin Distribution during Lymph Node Development in Guinea Pig: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: De Pasquale A. , Biagini G. , Pileri S. , Franchini M. , Bottanelli V. , Rizzoli R. , Vasi V. , Castaldini C. , Milanesi S.
Published: July 2008

We carried out an immunohistochemical study on mesenteric guinea pig lymph nodes, from the 10th day prepartum till the 26th day postpartum, to assess the role of fibronectin in their organization during development. This glycoprotein is diffusely distributed in embryonic lymph nodes, suggesting a primer function during organogenesis. After birth, in fact, it is less widespread and is mainly localized around sinuses and vessels. Our data, supporting the important role of this glycoprotein during lymph node organization, are in agreement with the results obtained in other tissues and organs.
The Accessory Middle Cerebral Artery – A Variant of the Recurrent Artery of Heubner (A. centralis longa)
Authors: Tran-Dinh Hoang
Published: July 2008

Three accessory middle cerebral arteries are described in two out of 75 brains dissected under the operating microscope. Each artery originated from the anterior cerebral artery, lateral to its junction with the anterior communicating artery, followed the proximal segment (A1, pars precommunicalis) of the anterior cerebral artery, then the horizontal portion (M1, pars sphenoidalis) of the middle cerebral artery towards the lateral sulcus. Each supplied the lateral orbital gyrus, the gyrus longus of the insula, part of the putamen, the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. The presence of the accessory middle cerebral artery is discussed with regard to the recurrent artery of Heubner (A. recurrens, A. centralis longa).
Biostatistical Study on the Arrangement of the Superficial Veins of the Cubital Fossa in Iraqis
Authors: Wasfi F.A. , Dabbagh A.W. , AlAthari F.M. , Salman S.S.
Published: July 2008

A study of the arrangement of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa was made on 300 students and staff of the Military Medical College and the AlMustansiriya College of Medicine. Six types of variations of arrangement of the veins were found, two of which have not been mentioned before. The commonest type was that the median vein of the forearm divides in the cubital fossa into 2 veins, one of which joins the basilic vein, and the other the cephalic vein, although in a few cases this joining (or arrangement), occurred above the cubital fossa. The arrangements which have not been mentioned before were that the communication between basilic and cephalic veins was through a horizontal venous connection between 1 of the tributaries of these 2 veins and the basilic vein, and that the median vein of the forearm divides into median cephalic and median basilic, and a vein from the front of the forearm drains into the median basilic vein.
Marginal Zone Bridging Channels as a Pathway for Migrating Macrophages from the Red towards the White Pulp in the Rat Spleen
Authors: Kotani Masahiko , Matsuno Kenjiro , Ezaki Taichi
Published: July 2008

The spleen of (PvG/c×DA)Fl rats, intravenously injected with carbon, was investigated. Large heavily carbon-laden (LHC) macrophages, which were found only in the red pulp at 30 min, appeared along marginal zone bridging channels (MZBC) from the red pulp towards the white pulp side successively during 1–6 h after carbon injection. After this time, they appeared in the periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) near MZBC and then in the deeper PALS along the arteries by 5–10 days. Frequently, they were found in rows from MZBC into the white pulp. These findings suggest migration of LHC macrophages from the red towards the white pulp trough MZBC. Possible migration of LHC macrophages through MZBC was observed for a long period – at least 3 months examined. LHC macrophages came together preferentially in PALS and in and around the germinal centers consisting of large pyroninophilic lymphoblastoid cells. Occasionally, possible migration of LHC macrophages from regions around sinuses crossing the marginal zone vertically (vertical sinus) was also observed. Sinuses accompanied by LHC macrophages often ran parallel in close association with MZBC, particularly at sites of MZBC near the red pulp.
Secretory Glycoproteins of Major Vestibular Glands (Bartholin's Glands) in Female Calves
Authors: Moré J. , Van Haverbeke G. , Cabanié P. , Benazet F. , Sautet J.
Published: July 2008

The nature of mucins synthetized by the major vestibular glands of normal female calves and animals treated by anabolic drugs was investigated by usual histochemical methods and by lectin conjugate methods: Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Limulus polyphemus (LPA), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Ricinus communis (RCA I), Glycine max (SBA) and Triticum vulgaris (WGA). Two main secretory cell types, i.e. acinar and tubular cells, could be distinguished. The former produced sialomucins, whereas the latter produced neutral mucins. WGA and PNA showed strong binding to all secretory cells while LTA, RCA I and SBA exhibited a weaker affinity. Treatment with anabolic drugs enhanced O-acetyl sialic acid synthesis and we noted de novo synthesis of sulfomucins. However, the staining intensity of LTA was stronger than in control calves. Tubular secretory cells of treated animals revealed an intense secretion of neutral mucins but, in contrast, all tested lectins were less intensively bound. The present study provides additional histochemical information on Bartholin’s glands. A shortened procedure is proposed to detect animals treated with anabolic drugs when morphological changes are lacking.
Annulate Lamellae and Whorl Bodies in the Diffuse Supraoptic Nucleus of the Hamster
Authors: Fernández B. , Suárez L. , Perez-Batista M.A. , Azcoitia I. , Bodega G.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of neurons of the diffuse supraoptic nucleus of the hamster has been studied. These neurons show two specializations of the endoplasmic reticulum: annulate lamellae and whorl bodies. From one to three whorl bodies are found in the same neuron. The annulate lamellae and the whorl body cisterns are continuous with the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These neurons present an extraordinarily developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, small mitochondria, neurosecretory vesicles and a Golgi complex filled with electron-dense material. Astrocytic processes of different thickness surround the neurosecretory cells.
Ultrastructure of the Ventricular Myocardium of the Bat Eidolon helvum
Authors: Navaratnam V. , Ayettey A.S. , Addae F. , Kesse K. , Skepper J.N.
Published: July 2008

Ultrastructural studies, including apreliminary morphometric analysis, of the right ventricular myocardium in the West African bat Eidolon helvum show that the myocytes contain a wider T-tubule system and a higher proportion of mitochondria and lipid droplets than in typical terrestrial mammals such as the rat; these features in the bat are even more pronounced than in hibernating species such as the golden hamster. In addition to having coupling arrangements with T-tubules and surface sarcolemma, cisterns of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely apposed to mitochondria and lipid droplets.
Arrangement and Connections of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Neurons in the Rat
Authors: Rokx J.T.M. , Jüch P.J.W. , van Willigen J.D.
Published: July 2008

The morphology of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus was examined microscopically in serial frozen sections. The nucleus extends over a length of about 4.5 mm, and its cell number was calculated to range from 1,000 to 1,600. 60% of the cells were located in the caudal third of the nucleus. Clustering of large unipolar cells was seen throughout the nucleus. Small spindle-shaped multipolar cells were found in the pontine part of the nucleus. The efferent connections of the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were investigated by means of iontophoretically delivered Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin or horseradish peroxidase after electrophysiological identification of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons. All projections were found ipsilateral to the injection site; they were confined to the trigeminal motor nucleus, especially to its lateral part, and to the dorsolateral reticular formation. The latter projection area included the supratrigeminal nucleus, the nucleus of Probst, and the parvocellular reticular zone. There were no direct projections to the facial or hypoglossal motor nuclei. It is concluded that proprioceptive input from one side is mediated polysynaptically to the bilateral oral final common-path neurons, with the exception of the ipsilateral trigeminal motoneurons.
Bilateral Brainstem Connections of the Rat Supratrigeminal Region
Authors: Rokx J.T.M. , van Willigen J.D. , Jüch P.J.W.
Published: July 2008

Efferent and afferent connections of the supratrigeminal region were studied in the rat using iontopho-retically delivered horseradish peroxidase and Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin. Projections of supratrigeminal efferents were found to the contralateral supratrigeminal region, to the ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal motor nuclei and the medullary reticular formation, and to the ipsilateral facial and hypoglossal motor nuclei. Neurons projecting to the supratrigeminal region were located in the contralateral supratrigeminal nucleus, in the ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and bilaterally in the medullary reticular formation. This organization is discussed with respect to bilateral oral motor control mechanisms.
Cell Types of the Pars dístalis of the Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.) Adenohypophysis: Cytological, Immunocytochemical and Ultrastructural Studies
Authors: Girod C. , Lhéritier M. , Trouillas J. , Dubois M.P.
Published: July 2008

Staining and histochemical methods, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to individualize the thyrotropic cells in the adenohypophysis of the non-hibernating hedgehog. One cell type was differentiated; its characteristics at the light and electron-microscopic levels were presented. Immunofluorescence has confirmed the functional significance of this cell type and the validity of the denomination of ‘thyrotropic cells’.
Ectopic Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar White Matter of Normal Adult Rodents: A Golgi Study
Authors: Lafarga M. , Berciano M.T. , Blanco M.
Published: July 2008

In Golgi/Río-Hortega preparations of rat and rabbit cerebellar vermis we have occasionally found isolated ectopic Purkinje cells in the white matter. They were located beneath the bases of the folia and their dendritic branches extended within the confines of the white matter without penetrating into the overlying cortical layers. The general morphology of these ectopic cells was variable, particularly in the extension and shape of the dendritic trees, but all of them exhibited a lower density of dendritic branches than normal Purkinje cells. The less-developed ectopic neurons had multipolar dendritic trees with nonplanar branches irregularly studded with spines. The well-developed ones displayed a more extensive arborization of their processes and they usually preserved some morphological features of normal cortical Purkinje cells: distal dendritic branches studded with numerous spines, a pear-shaped soma, clearly defined morphological polarity and a tendency to display planar arrangement of the dendritic arbors. In semithin sections these neurons also showed cytological features of normal Purkinje cells, such as the Nissl substance forming a nuclear cap oriented toward the dendritic pole. We suggest that the abnormal location of the neurons results from a disorder of Purkinje cell migration which occurs naturally during the prenatal development of the cerebellum. The possible morphogenetic mechanisms involved in the migration and differentiation of these ectopic neurons are also discussed.
A Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study of the Muscle Layer of the Canine Gallbladder
Authors: MacPherson B.R. , Yiu V. , Lee W. , Scott G.W.
Published: July 2008

A connective tissue digestion and removal technique utilizing collagenase and hyaluronidase incubation followed by treatment with 8 TV hydrochloric acid successfully revealed the muscular components within the gallbladder wall of the dog, allowing three-dimensional visualization with the scanning electron microscope. The muscle adjacent to the serosa appeared as a homogeneous layer with few discontinuities. In contrast to this were the more superficial muscle layers which were arranged as a meshwork of interlacing smooth muscle bundles of various size, the interstices of which were filled with cellular connective tissue. These gaps in the muscle layer varied in size, becoming larger as the muscle bundles tapered out just below the mucosal aspect of the gallbladder wall.
A Study on Amitosis of the Nucleus of the Mammalian Cell
Authors: Yiquan Chen , Binkung Wan
Published: July 2008

The experiments were conducted on two species of experimental animals: mice and rats. The mice were poisoned by CC14, whereas the rats had a hepatectomy in order to remove a larger part of the left lobe of the liver. 5 samples of human liver cancer tissue were examined by routine methods. The phenomena of amitosis were studied. In addition to more features of amitosis, many intranuclear structures characteristic of amitosis were found in the carcinoma tissue. The authors propose to divide the nuclear amitosis process into 4 stages and try to design a diagrammatic picture of amitosis in order to illustrate that also by amitosis chromatin can be reproduced and equally distributed to the daughter cells, so that the continuity and precision of gene threads is guaranteed in the daughter cells. The study discusses the functional significance of nuclear amitosis.
Estrogen Participation in Induction of Cervicovaginal Adenosis-Like Lesions in Immature Mice Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Iguchi Taisen , Takei Toshiharu , Takase Minoru , Takasugi Noboru
Published: July 2008

A high incidence of vaginal adenosis-like lesions (ADL, 67%) was found in 30-day-old offspring of ICR/JCLmice given 4 daily subcutaneous injections of 2,000 µg diethylstilbestrol (DES) on days 15–18 of gestation. The prenatally DES-exposed mice and the controls ovariectomized at 10 days of age were given 5 daily subcutaneous injections of 10–4, 10–3, 10–2, 10–1, or 1 µg 17β-estradiol (E2), respectively, starting at 25 days of age. ADL was never observed in the age-matched controls given prepubertal injections of any E2 dose. In contrast, high incidences of ADL (63–100%) were found in the vaginal fornix and upper vagina of 30-day-old DES mice receiving prepubertal injections of 10–3–1 µg E2/day, whereas in DES mice given prepubertal injections of the vehicle alone and a lower daily dose of 10–4 µg E2, incidences were nil and 25%, respectively. Mitotic figures were found in the columnar epithelium with ADL, although the rate was lower than in the ADL-freed stratified epithelium. It is suggested, therefore, that an ovarian hormone (probably estrogen) participates in the prepubertal induction of ADL in DES mice.
Incorporation and Stabilization of 3H-Tetracycline in Embryonic Chick Bone: An Autoradiographic Study
Authors: Sandhu H.S. , Tonna E.A.
Published: July 2008

Tibiae from 11-day-old chick embryos, injected with 3H-tetracycline, were autoradiographically analyzed at different stages to localize and study the dynamics of the initial phases of bone mineralization, 3H-tetracycline was localized within newly formed trabeculae, but only at the surfaces of older trabeculae, indicating that the incorporation of tetracycline into bone occurs at active sites of calcification. It takes between 24 and 36 h for injected tetracycline to become stabilized and incorporated into the mineralized matrix. Absence of 3H-tetracycline grains over the osteoblasts suggests a paracellular pathway for incorporation of tetracycline into the mineralizing bone matrix.
Ultrastructural Evidence for Estradiol Synthesis in the Ovary of Persistent-Estrous Rats Exposed to Continuous Illumination
Authors: Takeo Yuji , Kohno Junichi , Hokano Masami
Published: July 2008

The relation between sex hormone levels in blood and ultrastructural changes of ovarian follicles was examined in persistent-estrous rats exposed to continuous illumination (LL) for 100 days. Plasma LH showed a tonic level secretory pattern, and circulating estradiol and estrone concentrations were relatively high, while both levels of FSH and progesterone were low. Various stages of growing and degenerating follicles were observed in the ovary of the LL-exposed rats. The early stage of antral follicle did not seem to possess the ability of steroidogenesis. Theca cells around mature antral follicles contained prominent Golgi apparatuses, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), abundant free ribosomes and many round-mitochondria. A few newly formed lipid droplets were seen in some of theca cells. Granulosa cells contained much distended rough ER, well-developed mitochondria, several lipid droplets and microfilaments. The theca cells of abnormal follicles with hyperplastic and infolded layers of granulosa cells contained many lipid droplets. However, the development of the smooth ER became hindered with increasing lipid droplets in the theca cell. On the other hand, granulosa cells of abnormal follicles contained greater numbers of lipid droplets than those of antral mature follicles, and were equipped with well-developed cytoplasmic organelles as were those of mature antral follicles. Theca interna cells of abnormal follicles may be more involved in the secretion of androgen, which has already been accumulated in the lipid droplets, than the cells involved in the active synthesis of the hormone, while the granulosa cells may convert its androgen to estrogen.’The present findings suggest that both follicles of mature and abnormal types in the LL-exposed rat retain enough capacity of estradiol production and participate in the continued elevation of circulating estradiol, probably resulting in the stimulation of the theca cells by the tonic level of LH and of the granulosa cells by the levels of FSH, which are lower than the basal values during the normal 4-day estrous cycle.
Early Placentation in the African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Owiti George E.O. , Cukierski Mark , Tarara Ross P. , Enders Allen C. , Hendrickx Andrew G.
Published: July 2008

Placentation in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) from gestational ages of 18–30 days was studied by light and electron microscopy. The placentae show many features in common with that of the rhesus monkey and other related macaques. Implantation is superficial and bidiscoid, and the placenta is classified as villous and hemomonochorial. Epithelial plaque formation and a moderate stromal reaction occur. Plaque cells are large, with massive deposits of glycogen and marginal pleomorphic dense bodies. Observations further support the concept that chorionic blood vessels, angioblastic and mesenchymal cells are not derived by delamination from cytotrophoblast. Capillary formation is by attachment of one or more mesenchymal cells and/or their processes. Embryonic blood was not observed in the vill·i until after day 22.
Presence of Microglia-Like Cells in the Neurohypophysis of Normal and Dehydrated Rats
Authors: Pérez-Fígares J.M. , Fernández-Llebrez P. , Pérez J. , Marín-Girón F.
Published: July 2008

By use of electron microscopy, in addition to conventional pituicytes small irregular cells were found in the hypophysial neural lobe of both normal and dehydrated adult rats. These cells were characterized by their irregular profiles, showing many multidirectional cytoplasmic processes, and by their dense nuclei and cytoplasm. They were located in both perivascular and interstitial positions. The cells in the first site were more numerous and showed frequent contacts with the parenchymal or endothelial basal laminae. Both showed basically the same submicroscopic features, displaying a well-developed Golgi apparatus and several dense bodies, presumably primary and secondary lysosomes. Cells were related to axons and nerve endings lying in the intercellular and in the perivascular spaces. Their ultrastructural features closely resembled those of microglial cells. The participation of these cells in the activities of neural lobe is discussed.
Anastomoses in the Territory of the Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Milisavljević M. , Marinković S. , Lolic-Draganić V. , Djordjević L.
Published: July 2008

Anastomoses in the region of the posterior cerebral arteries were found in all of 40 brains examined. Anastomoses were channel-like, plexiform or combined. The former measured from 0.07 mm to 1.1 mm in diameter. They were most often found among the interpeduncular perforating vessels (71.2%), and between the branches of the posterior and anterior cerebral arteries (75.7%). The functional significance of the anastomoses is discussed.
Intracellular Lipids in Rabbit Ear Cartilage during Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Labandeira-Garcia J. , Guerra -Seijas M.
Published: July 2008

Circular holes 10 mm in diameter were punched in the proximal region of rabbit ears, and the intracellular lipid content of the regenerated cartilage and the neighbouring old cartilage was studied histochemically up to the 32nd week after wounding. Chondroblasts appeared in the peripheral zone of the regererated tissue towards the end of the 3rd week, but no intracellular lipids were observed until the 8th week. In the following weeks chondrocytes and intracellular lipids appeared in the intermediate and central zones of the regenerated tissue, the production of cartilage and intracellular lipid being particularly vigorous in the central zone during the last weeks of the study. In the old cartilage adjoining the wound, intracellular lipid levels declined considerably except in new cells produced by proliferation of the perichondrium after wounding. Phospholipids were only observed in the youngest cartilage cells and disappeared when deposits of neutral lipids began to be formed. The interpretation of these observations and the function of intracellular lipids in cartilage are discussed.
Solid Cell Nests of the Human Thyroid in Early Stages of Postnatal Life
Authors: Harach Rubén
Published: July 2008

The anatomical position and prevalence of solid cell nests (SCN) of the thyroid in early stages of postnatal life have not yet been clearly determined. In order to find out about these unsettled questions a systematic search of these ultimobranchial nests from 92 autopsied thyroids from neonates, children and young adults was undertaken. SCN were present in 61% of the patients; they were mainly located in the middle third of the lateral thyroid lobes, and placed along a central to paracentral and slightly dorsal longitudinal axis. These findings, as compared with our previous observations made in older adult thyroids, further demonstrate that there exist a constant anatomical position and prevalence of SCN in postnatal life. The significantly higher frequency of SCN in males (68%) than in females (48%) (p < 0.01) found in a study that was further extended to 192 thyroids at early and late stages of postnatal life, is a question that requires further investigation.
Combined Effects of Glucose and Oxygen Concentrations upon the Ultrastructure of Cultured Islet Cells and Insulin Accumulation in Culture Media
Authors: Hamaguchi Kazuyuki , Nakamura Mitsuo , Yamaguchi Keisuke , Takaki Ryosaburo
Published: July 2008

Rat pancreatic islets cultured for 6 days at 100 or 500 mg/dl glucose and 20 or 7% O2 were examined electron-microscopically, and insulin accumulation in the culture media was assayed immunologically. In the islets cultured at 500 mg/dl glucose and 20% O2, B cells exhibited hypertrophy of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, an abundance of free ribosomes, degranulation and the margination of secretory granules. In islets cultured at 500 mg/dl glucose and 7% O2, B cells exhibited dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and dominance of Golgi vesicles in addition to the above-mentioned changes. These changes, together with the correlated data on insulin accumulation, are discussed with special reference to the effects of glucose and oxygen upon the synthesis and release of insulin in B cells.
Three-Dimensional Organization and Topographical Features of the My enteric Plexus (Auerbach) in the Porcine Small Intestine: Scanning Electron Microscopy after Enzymatic Digestion and HCl-Hydrolysis
Authors: Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Stach Werner , Timmermans Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2008

The present scanning electron microscopical (SEM) study was initiated to visualize the surface topography of Auerbach’s plexus in the ileum of the pig. After enzymatic digestion of the connective-tissue components of the tunica muscularis and the tunica serosa followed by glutaraldehyde fixation, HCl-hydrolysis and stripping off either the longitudinal or circular smooth muscle layer, the three-dimensional architecture and topographical features of the myenteric plexus can clearly be observed. In this way, ganglia, primary, secondary and tertiary strands, and single nerve fibres can be demonstrated. Individual nerve cells, which are incompletely covered by glial cells and by remnants of the basal lamina, can be recognized in the centre and periphery of the ganglia and adjacent to primary and secondary nerve strands.
Histomorphometry of Masticatory Muscles in the Muscular Dystrophic Mouse
Authors: Vilmann H. , Kirkeby S.
Published: July 2008

Cross sections of normal and dystrophic digastric, masseter and temporalis muscles from 7-week-old mice were studied by histomorphological and histomorphometrical methods in the light microscope. The histomorphological part of the study revealed marked differences in morphology between normal and dystrophic muscles. Mutual differences between the dystrophic muscles were also observed. Comparisons of the parameters chosen for the histomorphometrical part of the study, i.e., cell size and number of centrally positioned nuclei in a given number of fibers, revealed that the digastric muscle seems to be the least affected and the masseter muscle the most affected by the disease.
Über die Geometrie der menschlichen Sprungbeinrolle
Authors: Reimann Reinhold , Anderhuber Friedrich , Gerold Johann
Published: July 2008

The geometrical shape of the trochlea tali is responsible for two completely different courses of motion in the ankle joint setting out from the neutral position: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Dorsiflexion: The tibia leads the talus, whereas the fibula is pushed laterally by the screw-shaped lateral articular facet of the talus. The malleoli tightly embrace the trochlea tali, whilst an obvious cleft appears dorsally and medially between the superior articular surface of the talus and the tibial roof. Plantar flexion: The fibula leads the talus which withdraws from the medial malleolus by stretching the anterior talofibular ligament. At the same time the superior articular face of the talus closely contacts the tibial roof.
Cell Proliferation in Synovial Membrane of Young Mice
Authors: Zorn Telma M.T. , Carneiro J.
Published: July 2008

The labelling index (LI) of the synoviocytes of the lining-layer cells and of the underlying connective-tissue cells was determined in the synovial membrane of 5-, 10-, 21-, 30-, and 55 day-old mice, following a pulse labelling with [3H]-thymidine. Both the synoviocytes and underlying connective-tissue cells incorporated [3H]-thymidine within 1 h after injection. No significant difference was observed between the LI of these two regions of the synovial membrane. The results indicate that synoviocytes are capable of cell division even in non-pathological conditions.
The Effect of Nicotine and Alcohol on the Fertility and Life Span of Rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse , Oliva Heidi
Published: July 2008

Inbred Fisher and Buffalo rats were exposed to nicotine and alcohol. Fertility was greatly reduced in both strains with nicotine treatments being much more deleterious than alcohol use. Fisher rats tolerated both toxins better than Buffalo rats. Both strains became ‘extinct’ after one generation of fetal and postnatal exposure to nicotine, but alcohol-ingesting Fisher rats had 3 or more generations of offspring. The total reproductive period was significantly shortened in both strains under the effect of both toxins, as was the total life span. The causes of the teratological effects of both toxins are inflammatory processes as evidenced by the presence of numerous lymphocytes and/or polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Their presence occurs earlier in nicotine than in alcohol use and earlier in Buffalo than in Fisher rats, but the damage done during nicotine treatment is reversible when the procedure is terminated. Inflammation is not transmitted to the newborn offspring of nicotine- or alcohol-treated mothers, but occurs in neonates during the nursing period or later. There is considerable individual variation in the tolerance to both toxins. Experimental results and clinical observations show a sufficient number of similarities to justify the use of experimental data as a model for further studies on human subjects.
The Articular Disc of the Wrist. Limits and Relations
Authors: Garcia-Elias Marc , Domènech-Mateu J.M.
Published: July 2008

The relationship between the discus articularis and its contiguous structures has been analyzed in 18 serially sectioned fetal hands. From this study, it can be concluded that these elements do not seem to be an extensive fibrous system emerging from the radius and reaching the metacarpal V, as it has been said, but a complex of clearly differentiated structures, of which further morphological details are given.
Studies on Hypothalamo-Pituitary Corticoliberin System
Authors: Miskowiak Bogdan
Published: July 2008

The immunohistochemical localization of CRF- and neurophysin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the Mongolian gerbil was studied by means of the PAP technique. The CRF-immunoreactive fibers were detected mainly in the outer layer of the median eminence of intact adult male gerbils. The CRF-positive neurons respond to aminoglutethimide (Elipten, Ciba) administration by showing increased immunoreactivity and an increase in the number of stained cell bodies in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Aminoglutethimide treatment results also in an increase in the number of neurophysin-immunoreactive nervous fibers localized in the internal layer of the median eminence. However, CRF-immunoreactive fibers are observed mainly in the outer layer of the median eminence while neurophysin-immunopositive axons are seen predominantly in the internal layer of this region. Since the axons of paraventricular neurons run to the median eminence and their staining ability is changed due to aminoglutethimide, their involvement in the endocrine control of hypophysial ACTH release is postulated.