bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discretion and Diversion in Albany’s Lead Program
Authors: Worden Robert E. , McLean Sarah J.
Published: May 2018

In early 2016, Albany police launched its law-enforcement-assisted diversion (LEAD) program, providing for discretionary prebooking diversion for low-level offenders whose offending was driven by drug addiction, mental illness, homelessness, or poverty. We examine the exercise of officers’ discretion in making LEAD diversions by analyzing eligible incidents to estimate the effects of offense-, suspect-, and officer-related variables on discretionary decisions, and by analyzing semistructured interviews with officers. We find that in the first year of LEAD, diversions were few in number, and the individuals diverted to LEAD were not generally people with a high level of previous justice involvement. Officers’ attitudes toward diversion and toward LEAD were mixed, and those attitudes influenced the exercise of their discretion. Overall, we find evidence of the same kinds of challenges that have confronted the implementation of new programs in many police agencies, particularly challenges to “pluralized” drug control.
The Effect of Various Police Enforcement Actions on Violent Crime: Evidence From a Saturation Foot-Patrol Intervention
Authors: Piza Eric L.
Published: May 2018

The current study tests the crime prevention effect of different police actions conducted during a foot-patrol saturation initiative in Newark, New Jersey. Police actions were categorized into two typologies: enforcement actions (i.e., arrests, quality of life summonses and field interrogations) and guardian actions (i.e., business checks, citizen contacts, bus checks, and taxi inspections). Logistic regression models tested the effect of enforcement and guardian actions on crime during daily (i.e., 24-hr) periods as well as the intervention’s operational (6:00 p.m.-2:00 a.m.) and nonoperational (2:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) periods. Analyses were conducted twice, once for the Operation Impact target area and once for a surrounding catchment zone (to measure spatial displacement). Findings suggest that guardian actions had a greater crime prevention effect than enforcement actions on crime occurrence. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Traffic Enforcement Through the Lens of Race: A Sequential Analysis of Post-Stop Outcomes in San Diego, California
Authors: Chanin Joshua , Welsh Megan , Nurge Dana
Published: May 2018

Research has shown that Black and Hispanic drivers are subject to disproportionate stop and post-stop outcomes compared with White drivers. Yet scholars’ understanding of how and why such disparities persist remains underdeveloped. To address this shortcoming, this article applies a sequential approach to the analysis of traffic stop data generated by San Diego Police Department officers in 2014 and 2015. Results show that despite being subject to higher rates of discretionary and nondiscretionary searches, Black drivers were less likely to be found with contraband than matched Whites and were more than twice as likely to be subjected to a field interview where no citation is issued or arrest made. Black drivers were also more likely to face any type of search, as well as high-discretion consent searches, that end in neither citation nor arrest. The article concludes with a discussion of the findings and a series of recommendations.
Monetary Myopia: An Examination of Institutional Response to Revenue From Monetary Sanctions for Misdemeanors
Authors: Martin Karin D.
Published: May 2018

Monetary sanctions (fines, fees, surcharges, etc.) are codified in municipal, state, and federal statutes and create an incentive for jurisdictions to shift from using them for punishment to using them for revenue. Misdemeanors are of particular concern because they dominate the court system and provide ample opportunity to assess surcharges on top of punitive fines. This article uses a modified case study to explore how Nevada and Iowa, two different but comparable states, respond to the revenue incentive in misdemeanor convictions. In Nevada, the legislature has increasingly required the courts to become self-funding; in Iowa, the state has responded to monetary incentives by focusing almost exclusively on collections. The analysis reveals a connection between the destination of revenue and the collection apparatus and shows misdemeanor sanctions to be a domain of conflicting goals. The article proposes the concept of “monetary myopia” to explain the states’ behavior.
Employee Adherence to a Tobacco-Free Executive Order in Kentucky
Authors: Ickes Melinda J. , Wiggins Amanda , Rayens Mary Kay , Edwards Jean , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

Examine predictors of short- and long-term adherence to a tobacco-free policy prohibiting all tobacco use inside and outdoors on Executive Branch property in Kentucky.

Design:

Cross-sectional online surveys administered at 2 time points.

Setting:

Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Participants:

27 000 employees of the Kentucky Executive Branch were invited to participate in 2 online surveys: March 2015, 4 months postpolicy (N = 4854) and August 2015, 9 months postpolicy (N = 3522).

Intervention:

Executive order prohibiting tobacco use on Executive property implemented November 2014.

Measures:

Tobacco use, tobacco users’ adherence to the tobacco-free policy, and personal characteristics were assessed.

Analysis:

Two separate logistic regression models used to determine predictors of short- and long-term adherence to the policy.

Results:

In the short term, employees who had seen others violate the policy ( P < .001) and had more tobacco-using friends ( P = .020) were less likely to adhere to the policy. At 9 months after the policy, employees who were older ( P = .038) and those who had seen others violate the policy ( P < .001) were less likely to report adherence to the policy. Tobacco-using employees who worked in a county with a comprehensive smoke-free ordinance ( P = .047) were more likely to adhere to the policy.

Conclusion:

This study indicates the need for strong policy compliance procedures, employer-based tobacco treatment programs accompanying tobacco-free policy change, and smoke-free workplace laws to promote prohealth norms.
“Manning Up” to be a Good Father: Hybrid Fatherhood, Masculinity, and U.S. Responsible Fatherhood Policy
Authors: Randles Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Drawing on theories of masculinities, I analyze how a U.S. government funded “responsible fatherhood” program utilized a political discourse of hybrid masculinity to shape disadvantaged men’s ideas of successful fathering. Using data from three sources that uniquely traces how this discourse traveled from policy to program implementation—including analysis of the curriculum, in-depth interviews with 10 staff, and in-depth interviews and focus groups with 64 participating fathers—I theorize hybrid fatherhood. As a discourse of paternal involvement that incorporates stereotypically feminine styles such as emotional expressiveness, hybrid fatherhood discursively reconfigures patriarchy by drawing distinctions between mothering and fathering and dominant and subordinate forms of masculinity as they relate to men’s parenting. I analyze how the promotion of hybrid fatherhood for poor men of color legitimates and sustains gender, race, and class inequalities through U.S. welfare policy.
Generational Succession in American Giving: Donors Down, Dollars Per Donor Holding Steady But Signs That It Is Starting to Slip
Authors: Rooney Patrick M. , Wang Xiaoyun , Ottoni-Wilhelm Mark
Published: May 2018

Comparing two generations at the same point in their life cycles, four decades apart, indicates that average giving to charitable organizations (not including congregations) by Baby Boom families has remained roughly in line with the level of giving done by the Greatest and Silent generations, but that average giving by GenX and Millennial families is lower. All three generations exhibit the confluence of two divergent trends: lower percentages who give large amounts, but among families who do give large amounts, levels of giving compared with donors in previous generations are similar if not higher. The two divergent trends also characterize giving to religious congregations. Although “dollars per donor holding steady or up” describes Millennial, GenX, and Baby Boom families compared with the Greatest and Silent generations, when the former three generations are compared with each other, there are some indications that average giving among donors is starting to slip.
Tea cafés and the Hong Kong identity: Food culture and hybridity
Authors: Chan Selina Ching
Published: May 2018

This article examines the meanings of caa caan teng (茶餐廳, local cafés) in Hong Kong and the implications of such cafés on the Hong Kong identity. It argues that the local café is a representation of Hong Kong culture because it reflects Hong Kong’s political, economic, and social developmental paths and mirrors the everyday life of its people. I investigate how the interaction of different immigrant cultures in Hong Kong has resulted in the invention of hybrid foods at the local café. These foods demonstrate hybridity as the transgression of boundaries through the negotiation of cultural differences among migrants, as well as those between migrants and colonialists. I argue that hybridity in local cafés reflects the power relations among the locals in Hong Kong, between locals and colonialists, and between locals and the new authorities in Beijing. Hybridity found in local cafés symbolizes the Hong Kong identity, as an entanglement between the multiplicity of Chinese ethnicities and the colonial modernity as characterized by flexibility, efficiency, choice, and diversity. These features differentiate the Hong Kong people from the colonialists and the mainlanders, thus constructing their identity and subjectivity, as former colonial subjects now living in the ‘periphery’ of the motherland.
Bogie-monitoring technology: Extending the detection of derailments to cover applications with slab tracks
Authors: Friesen Ulf , Herden Mark-Oliver , Kreisel Norman , Herrmann Tobias , Götz Gernoth , Dongfang Shiping , Hecht Markus
Published: May 2018

Detection of derailments based on the irregular pattern of motion of an axle, bogie, or even an entire vehicle is becoming increasingly important due to extensive track use and higher frequency of freight and passenger operations. The current technology detects the irregular oscillation of wheels, and is therefore limited to tracks with sleepers and ballast. During a derailment, the wheels begin to oscillate violently and the detection device is triggered. However, this system faces a challenge due to the increasing use of slab tracks that have no or only a minimal number of sleepers. Knorr-Bremse, in a joint project with the Technical University of Berlin, is currently testing a new electronic derailment detector for these types of tracks. The new, model-based validation process will focus on a detection algorithm that can be used for all vehicle types.
Adrenal insufficiency due to ritonavir-triamcinolone drug–drug interaction without preceding Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Noe S , Jaeger H , Heldwein S
Published: May 2018

We present the case of a 58-year-old HIV-infected patient with adrenal insufficiency after local injection of triamcinolone, most likely due to drug–drug interaction with his ritonavir-boosted antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is the first case of adrenal insufficiency occurring without prior symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in a patient on a booster-containing ART. We want to draw attention to this seemingly rare, but potentially life-threatening medical condition that can occur even in short-term use of glucocorticoids in low doses in patients on booster-containing ART and summarize some considerations for management.
Increasing awareness and prompting HIV testing: Contributions of Amsterdam HIV Testing Week 2016
Authors: den Daas C , Meddens EM , van Bergen JEAM , de Bree GJ , Hogewoning AA , Brinkman K , de Wit JBF
Published: May 2018

We evaluated Amsterdam HIV Testing Week (HTW) 2016 regarding its primary goals of raising awareness and prompting HIV testing. Participating services offered free, anonymous HIV testing, with a focus on reaching men who have sex with men (MSM) and people with a non-western migration background. Sociodemographic characteristics, HIV testing history, intention to test regularly, beliefs about personal risk and severity of HIV, and perceived social norms regarding HIV testing and people living with HIV were assessed among all who tested. A community quick scan assessed awareness of Amsterdam HTW 2016 and attitudes and intentions regarding HIV testing. Of 806 people tested, 59.6% (405/679) belonged to key populations. None tested HIV-positive and 37.6% intended to test regularly in the future. The community quick scan found moderate awareness of Amsterdam HTW 2016. Awareness was highest among recent testers and HIV-positive MSM and not associated with HIV testing attitudes and intentions. People tested during Amsterdam HTW 2016 were from key populations and/or were not (adequately) reached via traditional testing approaches. The contribution of the Amsterdam HTW approach to raising awareness and prompting HIV testing in key populations may benefit from focusing on HIV-negative individuals who have not been tested recently.
The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV 2016 UK national audit and survey of clinic policies in relation to risk assessment, HIV testing and follow-up
Authors: Bhaduri S , Curtis H , McClean H , Sullivan AK ,   on behalf of the National Audit Group of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
Published: May 2018

This national audit of 142 clinics demonstrated that the majority of clinics surveyed had policies and agreed clinical practice for alcohol and recreational drug enquiry, as well as documentation of HIV test refusal, although this was not the case in 24% of clinics as regards alcohol usage, 21% of clinics as regards recreational drugs use and 43% of clinics as regards chemsex usage. Regarding management of HIV test refusal, there was no policy or agreed practice in 13% of clinics with respect to men having sex with men (MSM) attenders, and in 18% of clinics for heterosexual attenders. Seventy percent of clinics had HIV point of care tests (POCT) available. Recommendations include: all clinics should have a policy of routine enquiry about alcohol, recreational drugs and chemsex, all clinics should record reasons for HIV test refusal and all clinics should provide testing alternatives to improve uptake, e.g. point of care testing or home sampling.
First reported case of chancroid in the Czech Republic
Authors: Rob Filip , Jilich David , Lásiková Šárka , Křížková Veronika , Hercogová Jana
Published: May 2018

We describe the first case of chancroid seen in the Czech Republic, diagnosed in a 40-year-old heterosexual HIV-positive man. Despite genital localization of the ulcer, the transmission of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in our patient remains unclear, as he denied having sexual intercourse and he did not travel outside the Czech Republic for several months before the ulcer appeared. The correct diagnosis has been revealed by a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test. Physicians in countries in the eastern and central Europe region should be aware that chancroid can occur in their patients.
Audit of a human papillomavirus vaccine programme for men who have sex with men delivered through an Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health service
Authors: Knapper Carys , Birley Humphrey , Parker Irene
Published: May 2018

Following the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation statement in November 2015 advising a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme targeting men who have sex with men (MSM) up to the age of 45 attending Genitourinary medicine and HIV services, we launched a HPV vaccination programme for MSM to be delivered through our Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health drop-in service across Newport and the South East Wales Valleys from 1 August 2016. Over the first 18 months of the vaccination programme 539 of the 693 (77%) eligible MSM who attended clinics where the vaccine was available commenced vaccination. The vaccination programme appears to have fitted in well with our pre-existing sexual health service delivery model and appears popular with MSM attending the service. We completed the full vaccination course in 40% of MSM who commenced the vaccine with adequate time to complete the schedule within the time frame of the audit. The audit demonstrates that HPV vaccination delivery for MSM is feasible in an Integrated Sexual Reproductive Health service setting.
Development and Characterization of Human Cerebral Organoids
Authors: Yakoub Abraam M. , Sadek Mark
Published: May 2018

Studies of human neurodevelopmental disorders and stem cell–based regenerative transplants have been hampered by the lack of a model of the developing human brain. Stem cell–derived neurons suffer major limitations, including the ability to recapitulate the 3-dimensional architecture of a brain tissue and the representation of multiple layers and cell types that contribute to the overall brain functions in vivo. Recently, cerebral organoid technology was introduced; however, such technology is still in its infancy, and its low reproducibility and limitations significantly reduce the reliability of such a model as it currently exists, especially considering the complexity of cerebral-organoid protocols. Here we have tested and compared multiple protocols and conditions for growth of organoids, and we describe an optimized methodology, and define the necessary and sufficient factors that support the development of optimal organoids. Our optimization criteria included organoids’ overall growth and size, stratification and representation of the various cell types, inter-batch variability, analysis of neuronal maturation, and even the cost of the procedure. Importantly, this protocol encompasses a plethora of technical tips that allow researchers to easily reproduce it and obtain reliable organoids with the least variability, and showcases a robust array of approaches to characterize successful organoids. This optimized protocol provides a reliable system for genetic or pharmacological (drug development) screens and may enhance understanding and therapy of human neurodevelopmental disorders, including harnessing the therapeutic potential of stem cell–derived transplants.
Style and chronology: A stylometric investigation of Aphra Behn’s dramatic style and the dating of The Young King
Authors: Evans Mel
Published: May 2018

Aphra Behn’s dramatic outputs are recognized for their diversity and responsiveness to trends in Restoration drama. A stylometric approach is used to investigate the linguistic dimension of Behn’s dramatic style, with a particular focus on evidence of chronological change. Quantitative analysis (most frequent words, function words, zeta) suggests that Behn’s drama falls into three periods. A qualitative analysis indicates that the periodization may reflect a change in the construction of Behn’s dramatic worlds, from an abstract psychological focus to a more grounded, interactive and social representation. The study considers the problematic dating of Behn’s tragi-comedy The Young King. Although critical opinion holds that this play was the first that Behn wrote (i.e. pre-1670), the stylometric analysis suggests that Behn heavily revised, or, indeed, penned, the drama in the mid-to-late 1670s, mid-way through her writing career. The paper demonstrates the potential for stylochronometric techniques to complement other linguistic approaches to style, and enhance our understanding of how literary writing evolves.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Crude Oil Demand in Ghana
Authors: Oteng-Abayie Eric Fosu , Ayinbilla Prosper Awuni , Eshun Maame Esi
Published: May 2018

This article investigates the macroeconomic determinants of crude oil demand (consumption) in Ghana with annual data from 1980 to 2013. The study applied the vector error correction model (VECM) to estimate the long-run and short-run determinants of crude oil demand in Ghana within the study period. The long-run estimates reveal that price of crude oil, real GDP per capita, real effective exchange rate and energy saving technical progress are significant long-run determinants of crude oil demand. The results also indicate that crude oil demand in Ghana is income and price inelastic. Crude oil price has a positive long-run effect indicating the virtual lack of substitutes and overdependence on crude oil for energy generation and economic activities in Ghana. Based on the variance decomposition and impulse response analyses, the study also found that positive shocks from real effective exchange rate had a dominant and positive impact on crude oil demand in Ghana. We suggest among others that Ghana vigorously explore alternative and sustainable energy sources to curtail the overdependence on crude oil, strategically hedge against volatilities in the exchange rate market, and revive the country’s oil refinery to refine her own crude oil to reduce importation.
Neither Medicine Nor Health Care Staff Members Are Violent By Nature: Obstetric Violence From an Interactionist Perspective
Authors: Briceño Morales Ximena , Enciso Chaves Laura Victoria , Yepes Delgado Carlos Enrique
Published: May 2018

This study sought to understand the meaning that women place on the health care practices carried out during labor. We used techniques from Grounded Theory such as coding, categorization, and constant comparison. A total of 18 interviews were conducted with 16 women who had given birth at least once in Colombia. Based on our results, we argue that obstetric violence is an expression of violence during the provision of health care, which occurs in a social environment favoring the development of power relationships between patients and health care staff. Its origin might lie in a health care system whose political and economic foundations encourage inequality on the basis of the patients’ purchasing power. We conclude that rethinking and redefining the concept of obstetric violence is essential for understanding its nature and having an impact on it.
An Algorithm for the Assessment of Facial Asymmetry in Children With Focus on Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Wenger Tara L. , Gallagher Emily R. , Bhoj Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Facial asymmetry is a common referral indication for craniofacial teams but has a wide range of causes. Prompt identification of etiology is critical to treatment, as medical and surgical interventions vary depending on the cause of asymmetry in each patient.

Solution:

A standardized diagnostic algorithm.

What We Did That Is New:

We developed an algorithm to assist in the diagnostic evaluation of facial asymmetry with a focus on next steps for medically actionable causes.
An SEM Assessment of the Internal Structure and Predictive Validity of the Abbreviated Early Adolescent HOME Inventory
Authors: Green Samuel B. , Pennar Amy L. , Bradley Robert H.
Published: May 2018

The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory is designed to assess the quality and quantity of support, stimulation, and structure provided to children in the home environment. HOME has been widely used for research and applied purposes. We focused on an abbreviated version of the Early Adolescent HOME (EA-HOME-A) that was administered to 15-year-old adolescents and their parents ( N = 958) as part of the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Our study had two objectives. First, we hypothesized and tested a bifactor model that specified a general factor in support of the use of the HOME total score and group factors for subsets of items in support of the content domain scores. Second, we applied structural equation modeling to relate the EA-HOME-A factors to outcome factors assessing maladaptive behaviors, autonomy, self-control, and cognitive–academic performance. The results supported the construct validity of the EA-HOME-A with respect to its internal structure as well as its correlates.
Changes in Quality of Life Among Enrollees in Hennepin Health: A Medicaid Expansion ACO
Authors: Vickery Katherine D. , Shippee Nathan D. , Guzman-Corrales Laura M. , Cain Cindy , Turcotte Manser Sarah , Walton Tom , Richards Jessica , Linzer Mark
Published: May 2018

Despite limited program evaluations of Medicaid accountable care organizations (ACOs), no studies have examined if cost-saving goals negatively affect quality of life and health care experiences of low-income enrollees. The Hennepin Health ACO uses an integrated care model to address the physical, behavioral, and social needs of Medicaid expansion enrollees. As part of a larger evaluation, we conducted semistructured interviews with 35 primary care using Hennepin Health members enrolled for 2 or more years. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, we assessed enrollee complexity and use of the care model and improvements in quality of life. We found improved quality of life was consistently associated with strong bonds to primary care, consistent mental health care, and support from extended care team members. Comprehensive, integrated care models within ACOs may improve quality of life for low-income Medicaid enrollees through coordinated primary and mental health care.
Integrated, Accountable Care For Medicaid Expansion Enrollees: A Comparative Evaluation of Hennepin Health
Authors: Vickery Katherine D. , Shippee Nathan D. , Menk Jeremiah , Owen Ross , Vock David M. , Bodurtha Peter , Soderlund Dana , Hayward Rodney A. , Davis Matthew M. , Connett John , Linzer Mark
Published: May 2018

Hennepin Health, a Medicaid accountable care organization, began serving early expansion enrollees (very low-income childless adults) in 2012. It uses an integrated care model to address social and behavioral needs. We compared health care utilization in Hennepin Health with other Medicaid managed care in the same area from 2012 to 2014, controlling for demographics, chronic conditions, and enrollment patterns. Homelessness and substance use were higher in Hennepin Health. Overall adjusted results showed Hennepin Health had 52% more emergency department visits and 11% more primary care visits than comparators. Over time, modeling a 6-month exposure to Hennepin Health, emergency department and primary care visits decreased and dental visits increased; hospitalizations decreased nonsignificantly but increased among comparators. Subgroup analysis of high utilizers showed lower hospitalizations in Hennepin Health. Integrated, accountable care under Medicaid expansion showed some desirable trends and subgroup benefits, but overall did not reduce acute health care utilization versus other managed care.
Demographic and Clinical Predictors of Hospitalization in Preschoolers With ADHD
Authors: Peskin Miriam , Rotem Ann , Golubchik Pavel , Weizman Abraham , Manor Iris
Published: May 2018

Objective: This chart review study characterized demographic and clinical indicators of the need for hospitalization in preschoolers with ADHD. Method: Medical records of preschoolers with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) ADHD during 2009-2012 were systematically reviewed. The cohort included 111 children (aged 5.13 ± 0.55 years, 77.47% boys). The demographic and clinical variables of hospitalized at a day-care unit ( n = 30) and nonhospitalized ( n = 81) preschoolers were compared. Results: Hospitalized preschoolers were younger ( p < .0001), had higher rates of unmarried mothers ( p < .001), and a higher number of comorbidities. The number of inattentive/hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms was similar in both groups. Neurodevelopmental comorbidity ( p < .0001), but not externalized ( p = .82) or internalized ( p = .20) psychopathology, was significantly higher in the hospitalized group. Conclusion: ADHD severity in preschoolers tends to be associated with younger age, specific parenthood constellations, and a high rate of neurodevelopmental, but not other, comorbidities. These findings emphasize the importance of the neurodevelopmental context in planning ADHD interventions at preschool age.
A Systematic Review of Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) in the United States: Methodologies, Youth Outcomes, and Future Directions
Authors: Anyon Yolanda , Bender Kimberly , Kennedy Heather , Dechants Jonah
Published: May 2018

Objectives. To use a systematic review methodology to describe the state of the youth participatory action research (YPAR) literature and synthesize findings about the youth outcomes reported in these studies. Methods. We screened and coded studies using a process consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Of the 3,724 articles found in the database search, 67 reports of 63 distinct studies were included in the final sample. These reports were coded for reports of YPAR principles and project characteristics, study methods, and reported youth outcomes. Results. The YPAR literature comprises predominantly qualitative studies, with only two randomized trials. The most common outcomes associated with participation in YPAR were those related to agency and leadership (75.0%), followed by academic or career (55.8%), social (36.5%), interpersonal (34.6%), and cognitive (23.1%) outcomes. Conclusions. This systematic review provides emerging evidence of the skills and competencies youth may develop through YPAR and offers methodological recommendations for future research that can provide greater evidence of causality.
Practical applicability of optimizations and performance models to complex stencil-based loop kernels in CFD
Authors: Wichmann Karl-Robert , Kronbichler Martin , Löhner Rainald , Wall Wolfgang A
Published: May 2018

This work investigates the application and interaction of optimization techniques and performance models in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach employing an OpenMP parallelized, explicit, weakly compressible, finite difference–based solver for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using a five-point wide stencil. The presented loop and stencil optimizations lead to a 6.8× increase in per core throughput. In order to verify optimal CPU utilization, performance models are applied to the tuned code. Three different performance models are considered: a roofline-based model, utilizing purely theoretical figures, one which is enhanced by measurements, and the execution cache memory model. It is shown that the models provide reliable estimates for simple benchmarks, such as seven-point stencils for scalar Laplacians, but the estimate quality is significantly worse for the complex and tuned stencil. While it is possible to include even more details in the model, it eventually leads to a state in which it purely reproduces the benchmarks from which it was derived. Thus, the applied general-purpose performance models are found to inaccurately predict the actual performance. They overestimate the achievable performance by more than about 97% for highly tuned code. Through further code tuning, 66% of the predicted performance could be achieved.
A feel for the game: Exploring gaming ‘experience’ through the case of sports-themed video games
Authors: Crawford Garry , Muriel Daniel , Conway Steven
Published: May 2018

Video gaming is often understood and narrated as an ‘experience’, and we would suggest that this is particularly notable with sports-themed video games. However, we would argue that how the game experience is curated and consumed, and how this relates to wider social process and forces, is rarely given any detailed consideration within the existing game research literature. Hence, this article explores how game experiences can be understood and articulated around four key themes. First, we begin with the argument that video games connect with, but also lead, a wider social trend: understanding social reality as a set of designed experiences. The real is progressively becoming a repository of technologically mediated experiences, and the logic of video games is anticipating this process. Second, we suggest video games are translations of phenomenological worlds: When successful, key aspects of the meaning of things remain similar even as one moves between spaces, domains, mediums and platforms. Developers often seek to bring others’ experiences into a game environment, such as translating the geography and mechanisms of sporting locations and competitions into a game environment. Third, following this translation of meaning across domains, gamers often narrate their encounters with video games as they would with any other experience, such as winning the Champions League in Football Manager becomes recounted by gamers like any other achievement. Fourth, video games are interactive and explicit bodily experiences because they must be enacted in order to exist.
Beyond China’s drug century: Yunnan’s first therapeutic community and narratives of drug treatment and mental health care
Authors: Hyde Sandra Teresa
Published: May 2018

China is experiencing rapid cultural change and new forms of sociability that are accompanied by social problems and novel humanitarian interventions that have been formulated to address those problems. The pressure related to the rapid transformation of the countryside into mid-level cities has led to recreational drug-use as a means of escape. These illegal drugs have greased the wheels of what I call an affective biopolitics that has influenced Chinese citizens. Carlos Rojas argues that development in China results from the effects of discrete protocols, or practices that stem from tensions between capital and labor, governmentality and biopolitics, and nationalism and globalization. To tease out the particulars of Rojas’ protocols and practices, in this article, I first review two historical periods: 1) the rise and fall of opium consumption in the early 19th century, and 2) the 21st-century psychology boom. I use these two literature reviews to set the stage to discuss my ethnographic study of Sunlight, China’s first residential therapeutic community for drug users in Yunnan Province. Sunlight’s residents and founders provide a unique window into local everyday drug use at a particular time in China’s economic boom, from 2007 through 2015. We know much about China’s opium century but very little about the contemporary context, new consumers who partake in pleasure-consuming drugs, or the reformers who address these 21st-century public health issues.
The hidden side of news diffusion: Understanding online news sharing as an interpersonal behavior
Authors: Ihm Jennifer , Kim Eun-mee
Published: May 2018

Unlike previous approaches to online news sharing behaviors dealing with the dissemination of information to broader audiences, this article interprets that behavior as an act of relational communication. Drawing from surveys of 400 online news users, we examine how they manage their self-presentation and account for their audience’s characteristics differently when they engage in online news sharing activities on mobile instant messenger (MIM) and social networking site (SNS). Our findings suggest that individuals who are highly motivated by self-presentation share news online more than others. Individuals also target different audiences, depending on their media environments. Specifically, SNS users are more cautious about their audiences’ connections with other users. The implications are that news sharing behaviors are a type of communication used for forming relationships and managing impressions beyond informational purposes, based on active individuals’ strategic considerations of their audiences’ characteristics.
Constructive journalism: Proponents, precedents, and principles
Authors: Bro Peter
Published: May 2018

Constructive journalism has become a popular term in recent years, and has been the basis of a number of seminars, conferences, courses at journalism schools, fellowship programs, and research projects. This article traces the origins of constructive journalism by describing and discussing the proponents, precedents, and principles of the movement. The article shows that constructive journalism is no new term and that its inherent principles share similarities with other well-known movements in the history of journalism. These include action journalism that was popular on both sides of the Atlantic at the turn of last century and public journalism that flourished at the turn of this century. Common for most of these movement are, however, their lack of conceptual clarity. The differences and similarities between constructive journalism, past movements, and more classical conceptions of journalism are analyzed through the framework of the Journalistic Compass that delineates four classical roles within journalism. The article concludes by describing the opportunities–and difficulties – that this recent movement faces as still more persons and organizations lay claim to practicing constructive journalism and it discusses how the proponents might learn from former movements that have gained popularity for a period but whose importance has since diminished.
‘A More Receptive Crowd than Before’: Explaining the World Bank’s Gender Turn in the 2000s
Authors: Jones Ben
Published: May 2018

In the mid-2000s, the gender work of the World Bank took a different turn with a new Gender Action Plan. Up until then, gender equality had been on the margins of the World Bank, concentrated around a small number of advocates. This particular articulation of gender took as its tagline ‘gender equality as smart economics’. The Plan attracted three times the original budget of US$24.5 million, and moved gender analysis into new fields of work: labour, work, land and agriculture rather than the more usual areas of health and education. It emerged at a time when gender work was becoming more legitimate in the field of development economics; where World Bank economists were ‘a more receptive crowd than before’. The mid-2000s was also a time when the World Bank was becoming more conscious of its use of media technologies. The article draws on these two elements—economics and the use of media—to suggest the broader environment against which gender agendas take on meaning. Structural shifts in the field of development economics—the dominant discipline at the World Bank—made work on gender more legitimate and credible, and made World Bank staff ‘a more receptive crowd than before’, while the increasing use of media technologies meant the World Bank was conscious of how its work looked to outside audiences. These elements, only loosely related to what we might think of ‘gender’ as a normative agenda, nonetheless, changed what gender meant to many people working within the World Bank.
Translating global gender norms in Islamic Relief Worldwide
Authors: Petersen Marie Juul
Published: May 2018

Based on a case study of Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), this article analyses organizational processes of norm translation, asking how IRW understands and employs global norms of gender equality. Approaching IRW as an organization positioned in between two different normative environments, the analysis explores the ways in which it seeks to align different sets of norms, balance between different kinds of expectations and create resonance with different audiences. In these processes, actors make use of a range of different strategies, including bridging, thinning and parallel co-existence, testifying to the complexities involved in translating organizational norms.
A bittersweet past: The negative equity of corporate heritage brands
Authors: Sørensen Anders Ravn , Korsager Ellen M , Heller Michael
Published: May 2018

In this article, we call for increased focus on the historicity of corporate heritage brands, emphasizing that perceptions of the past in the present do change as time goes by. Building on the idea of corporate brand historicity, we introduce the notion of “Negative Heritage Brand Equity” to capture the historically contingent downside potentially associated with corporate heritage brands. We use the Danish consumer-cooperative COOP as an exemplary corporate heritage brand whose heritage has become historically balanced at the threshold between asset and liability. Based on a longitudinal analysis of COOP’s heritage, we demonstrate how the entwinement of the company’s corporate heritage brand and Danish culture and identity worked to the benefit of COOP in some historical epochs but have become increasingly misaligned with its political and cultural-economic environment since the 1980s. As the cultural, political, and economic environments changed throughout COOP’s 120 years of history, so did the nature of COOP’s corporate heritage brand, which with the passing of time, negatively impacted on COOP’s image and constrained the company’s strategic options.
The second myocardial infarction: Is there any difference in symptoms and prehospital delay compared to the first myocardial infarction?
Authors: Strömbäck Ulrica , Engström Åsa , Lundqvist Robert , Lundblad Dan , Vikman Irene
Published: May 2018

Background:

Knowledge is limited concerning the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact at first and second myocardial infarction in the same patient.

Aim:

This study aimed to describe the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact in first and second myocardial infarctions in men and women affected by two myocardial infarctions. Furthermore, the aim was to identify factors associated with prehospital delays ≥2 h at second myocardial infarction.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study with 820 patients aged 31–74 years with a first and a second myocardial infarction from 1986 through 2009 registered in the Northern Sweden MONICA registry.

Results:

The most common symptoms reported among patients affected by two myocardial infarctions are typical symptoms at both myocardial infarction events. Significantly more women reported atypical symptoms at the second myocardial infarction compared to the first. Ten per cent of the men did not report the same type of symptoms at the first and second myocardial infarctions; the corresponding figure for women was 16.2%. The time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact was shorter at the second myocardial infarction compared to the first myocardial infarction. Patients with prehospital delay ≥2 h at the first myocardial infarction were more likely to have a prehospital delay ≥2 h at the second myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:

Symptoms of second myocardial infarctions are not necessarily the same as those of first myocardial infarctions. A patient’s behaviour at the first myocardial infarction could predict how he or she would behave at a second myocardial infarction.
Control-oriented modeling of two-stroke diesel engines with exhaust gas recirculation for marine applications
Authors: Llamas Xavier , Eriksson Lars
Published: May 2018

Large marine two-stroke diesel engines are widely used as propulsion systems for shipping worldwide and are facing stricter NO x emission limits. Exhaust gas recirculation is introduced to these engines to reduce the produced combustion NO x to the allowed levels. Since the current number of engines built with exhaust gas recirculation is low and engine testing is very expensive, a powerful alternative for developing exhaust gas recirculation controllers for such engines is to use control-oriented simulation models. Unfortunately, the same reasons that motivate the use of simulation models also hinder the capacity to obtain sufficient measurement data at different operating points for developing the models. A mean value engine model of a large two-stroke diesel with exhaust gas recirculation that can be simulated faster than real time is presented and validated. An analytic model for the cylinder pressure that captures the effects of changes in the fuel control inputs is also developed and validated with cylinder pressure measurements. A parameterization procedure that deals with the low number of measurement data available is proposed. After the parameterization, the model is shown to capture the stationary operation of the real engine well. The transient prediction capability of the model is also considered satisfactory which is important if the model is to be used for exhaust gas recirculation controller development during transients. Furthermore, the experience gathered while developing the model about essential signals to be measured is summarized, which can be very helpful for future applications of the model. Finally, models for the ship propeller and resistance are also investigated, showing good agreement with the measured ship sailing signals during maneuvers. These models give a complete vessel model and make it possible to simulate various maneuvering scenarios, giving different loading profiles that can be used to investigate the performance of exhaust gas recirculation and other controllers during transients.
The Comparative Effectiveness on Turnout of Positively Versus Negatively Framed Descriptive Norms in Mobilization Campaigns
Authors: Gerber Alan S. , Huber Gregory A. , Fang Albert H. , Reardon Catlan E.
Published: May 2018

Are mobilization appeals that include information about descriptive voting norms more effective at increasing turnout when the descriptive norm is framed positively (by highlighting a referent’s desirable behavior and encouraging consistent behavior) instead of negatively (by highlighting a referent’s lack of desirable behavior as problematic but also encouraging that behavior)? Few published studies have experimentally assessed this question and yield mixed results. We address the need for additional replication by designing and analyzing data from two field experiments conducted across four states in the 2014 primary and general elections. We find no differential effects on turnout of framing descriptive voting norms positively or negatively. The results are not sensitive to election context, the mode of treatment delivery, or whether the descriptive norm appeals involve a group or self-referent. Additional research is needed to understand the conditions under which positive versus negative descriptive norm framing has distinguishable effects on turnout.
Improved continuous enhancement routing solution for energy-aware data aggregation in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ticona-Zegarra Edson , Schouery Rafael CS , Villas Leandro A , Miyazawa Flávio K
Published: May 2018

Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy resources, and thus, efficient use of energy is necessary for these networks. Given that transmissions are the most energy-demanding operation, routing algorithms should consider efficient use of transmissions in their designs in order to extend the network lifetime. To tackle these challenges, a centralized algorithm is proposed, called improved continuous enhancement routing (ICER), for computing routing trees of refined quality, based on data aggregation while being aware of the battery energy state. Comparisons between ICER and other known solutions in the literature are performed. Our experiments show that ICER is able to ensure, on average, the survival of 99.6% and the connectivity of 99.3% of the network nodes compared to 90.2% and 72.4% in relation to the best-compared algorithm. The obtained results show that ICER significantly extends the network lifetime while maintaining the quality of the routing tree.