bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a metal-coordinated N-substituted polybenzimidazole pyridine sulfone and method for the nondestructive analysis of thermal stability
Authors: Yang Peng , Yang Li , Yang Junxiao , Luo Xuan , Chang Guanjun
Published: March 2018

N-substituted metal-coordinated cross-linking polybenzimidazole pyridine sulfone, as novel class of high-performance functional polymers, has been obtained by the coordination of N-substituted polybenzimidazole pyridine sulfone (Py-N-PBIS) ligand with varying content of metallic ion (Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+). The structures of the polymers are characterized by means of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, the results show good agreement with the proposed structures. Thermogravimetric analysis measurements exhibit that the metal coordination polymers possess good thermal stability with high thermal decomposition temperature (thermally stable up to 405–510°C). More importantly, the thermal decomposition temperature of Py-N-PBIS-(Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) can be nondestructively detected by taking advantage of the fluorescence quenching effect of metal coordination to 2,6-Bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine structure.
Evaluation of ballast compactness during the tamping process by using an image-based 3D discrete element method
Authors: Kim Dae Sang , Hwang Sung Ho , Kono Akiko , Matsushima Takashi
Published: March 2018

We investigated the dynamic behavior of a railway ballast layer during tamping operation by 3D Discrete Element simulations. The ballast layer was prepared with ballast grains that had a realistic shape and was measured by a laser scanner and modeled by clumped spheres using the dynamic optimization technique. Three types of sleeper models that were embedded in the ballast layer were prepared, and a series of tamping operations (lifting of the sleeper, insertion of vibrating tines and packing, pulling out of tines, and settling of the sleeper) were simulated in a realistic manner. The compaction underneath the sleeper mainly occurred during the insertion of tines and the packing process, while the tine insertion zone was eventually loosened after the tines were pulled out. The final porosity differs with different sleeper models and packing process periods. On the other hand, the coordination number (the number of inter-granular contacts per grain) drastically decreased during the insertion of the vibrating tines and the packing process; then, it recovered to the original value after the tines were pulled out. This change is important to identify the extent of ballast grain agitation due to the processes. The contact force network is sensitive to the applied loading and the place where the tines are inserted, and the resulting force network localization at the final state can be understood by the Coulomb’s earth pressure theory. The degree of heterogeneity may be the key to the long-term stability of the ballast layer under repeated train wheel loading.
Modes of HIV transmission among adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years in Kenya
Authors: Ng’eno Bernadette N , Kellogg Timothy A , Kim Andrea A , Mwangi Anne , Mwangi Mary , Wamicwe Joyce , Rutherford George W
Published: March 2018

Understanding how HIV is acquired can inform interventions to prevent infection. We constructed a risk profile of 10–24 year olds participating in the 2012 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey and classified them as perinatally infected if their biological mother was infected with HIV or had died, or if their father was infected with HIV or had died (for those lacking mother’s data). The remaining were classified as sexually infected if they had sex, and the remaining as parenterally infected if they had a blood transfusion. Overall, 84 (1.6%) of the 5298 10–24 year olds tested HIV positive; 9 (11%) were aged 10–14 and 75 (89%) 15–24 years. Five (56%) 10–14 year olds met criteria for perinatal infection; 4 (44%) did not meet perinatal, sexual or parenteral transmission criteria and parental HIV status was not established. Of the 75 HIV-infected, 15 to 24 year olds, 5 (7%) met perinatal transmission, 63 (84%) sexual and 2 (3%) parenteral criteria; 5 (7%) were unclassified. Perinatal transmission likely accounted for 56% and sexual transmission for 84% of infections among 10–14 year olds and 15–24 year olds, respectively. Although our definitions may have introduced some uncertainty, and with the number of infected participants being small, our findings suggest that mixed modes of HIV transmission exist among adolescents and young people.
Déjà Vu: An Illusion of Prediction
Authors: Cleary Anne M. , Claxton Alexander B.
Published: March 2018

Déjà vu is beginning to be scientifically understood as a memory phenomenon. Despite recent scientific advances, a remaining puzzle is the purported association between déjà vu and feelings of premonition. Building on research showing that déjà vu can be driven by an unrecalled memory of a past experience that relates to the current situation, we sought evidence of memory-based predictive ability during déjà vu states. Déjà vu did not lead to above-chance ability to predict the next turn in a navigational path resembling a previously experienced but unrecalled path (although such resemblance increased reports of déjà vu). However, déjà vu states were accompanied by increased feelings of knowing the direction of the next turn. The results suggest that feelings of premonition during déjà vu occur and can be illusory. Metacognitive bias brought on by the state itself may explain the peculiar association between déjà vu and the feeling of premonition.
Review of travelling-wave thermoacoustic electric-generator technology
Authors: Iniesta Carmen , Olazagoitia José Luis , Vinolas Jordi , Aranceta Javier
Published: March 2018

The proliferation of environmentally friendly electricity-generating technologies has fostered a growing interest in travelling-wave thermoacoustic electric-generator technology and its potential applications. Although reviews exist that focus generally on Stirling engines and thermoacoustic engines, no specific and complete review has addressed the generation of electrical energy through a thermoacoustic Stirling-like cycle engine (TA-SLiCE), which has undergone extensive development in recent years. The present review covers this gap and focuses on the analysis of electric power generation through the TA-SLiCE over different temperature ranges. Therefore, in this review, the general status of travelling-wave thermoacoustic energy generation and the evaluation of the TA-SLiCE types that represent current travelling-wave thermoacoustic generator technologies are presented. In addition, the agents involved in the development of this technology are reviewed, and selected examples of prototypes and promising products currently in a research and testing phase using this technology are presented. In closing the difficulties in this field, the novelties and current research are presented concluding with the main ideas and recommendations.
Vibrational spectroscopy in practice: Detection of mineral oil in sunflower oil with near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Pfister Michael K-H , Horn Bettina , Riedl Janet , Esslinger Susanne , Fauhl-Hassek Carsten
Published: March 2018

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy becomes increasingly important for detecting adulterations in food due to a minimal sample preparation and a fast nondestructive measurement. Sunflower oil is a popular food ingredient, which might be contaminated or even adulterated by compounds with health concerns such as mineral oil. In this context a feasibility study was performed to compare the suitability of near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy for detecting mineral oil in sunflower oil. For this purpose, sunflower oils spiked with mineral oil in the concentration range of 0.001–1.0% w/w were analyzed by Fourier transform near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy, respectively, and spectra data were preprocessed prior to partial least squares regression. Hereby, the data preparation was optimized for each technique to account for model performance influences. The model performance was fairly similar for both approaches with a slightly better precision and thus limit of detection (near infrared 0.12% w/w, mid infrared 0.16% w/w) for the near-infrared-based model compared to the mid-infrared model. Consequently, both techniques are considered suitable for the determination of mineral oil in sunflower oil in the context of food authentication.
Mortality trends in external causes of death in people with mental health disorders in Sweden, 1987–2010
Authors: Hällgren Jonas , Ösby Urban , Westman Jeanette , Gissler Mika
Published: March 2018

Aim: We investigated mortality from external causes in Swedish people who had been hospitalised with a severe mental disorder. Methods: Hospitalisations in people aged 15 years or older admitted to hospital with a main diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder or unipolar mood disorder between 1987 and 2010 were linked to their causes of death. Results: The mortality rate from all external causes was 20-fold higher in those with unipolar mood disorder, 15-fold higher in those with bipolar disorder and 12-fold higher in those with schizophrenia than in the general population. Over the study periods, the mortality rate declined more for people with unipolar mood disorder (−35%) and schizophrenia (−29%) than the total population (−25%) and those with bipolar mood disorder (−15%). The suicide rate declined most for those with unipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia (−42% for both) and less for the general population (−37%) and those with bipolar mood disorder (−21%). For external causes other than suicide, the mortality rate declined in the general population (−17%) but increased in people with schizophrenia (14%), bipolar mood disorder (30%) and unipolar mood disorder (52%). Conclusions: People with mental disorders have high but declining excess mortality from suicide. Mortality from other external causes has increased, as has the gap in mortality rates between psychiatric patients and the general population.
The introduction of an enhanced recovery pathway for elective caesarean sections
Authors: Pirie Susan , Mulliner Julie
Published: March 2018

This article will focus on the establishment of an enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) for women undergoing elective caesarean section in a busy maternity unit. It will consider the background to this project, the impact on services and the improvements in service that have been achieved as well as the challenges that have been experienced in this process.
Decision Support in Diabetes Care: The Challenge of Supporting Patients in Their Daily Living Using a Mobile Glucose Predictor
Authors: Pérez-Gandía Carmen , García-Sáez Gema , Subías David , Rodríguez-Herrero Agustín , Gómez Enrique J. , Rigla Mercedes , Hernando M. Elena
Published: March 2018

Background:

In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), patients play an active role in their own care and need to have the knowledge to adapt decisions to their daily living conditions. Artificial intelligence applications can help people with type 1 diabetes in decision making and allow them to react at time scales shorter than the scheduled face-to-face visits. This work presents a decision support system (DSS), based on glucose prediction, to assist patients in a mobile environment.

Methods:

The system’s impact on therapeutic corrective actions has been evaluated in a randomized crossover pilot study focused on interprandial periods. Twelve people with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump participated in two phases: In the experimental phase (EP) patients used the DSS to modify initial corrective decisions in presence of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia events. In the control phase (CP) patients were asked to follow decisions without knowing the glucose prediction. A telemedicine platform allowed participants to register monitoring data and decisions and allowed endocrinologists to supervise data at the hospital. The study period was defined as a postprediction (PP) time window.

Results:

After knowing the glucose prediction, participants modified the initial decision in 20% of the situations. No statistically significant differences were found in the PP Kovatchev’s risk index change (–1.23 ± 11.85 in EP vs –0.56 ± 6.06 in CP). Participants had a positive opinion about the DSS with an average score higher than 7 in a usability questionnaire.

Conclusion:

The DSS had a relevant impact in the participants’ decision making while dealing with T1DM and showed a high confidence of patients in the use of glucose prediction.
Towards a versatile and multidimensional framework to analyse regional governance
Authors: Willi Yasmine , Pütz Marco , Müller Martin
Published: March 2018

Regional governance has received growing attention, not only from researchers, but also from politicians and practitioners of regional development. The understanding and usage of the concept, however, are highly heterogeneous: sometimes regional governance is described or explained in terms of its characteristics, processes and impacts, while at other times, it is framed as a tool for regional development. This article develops a definition and framework for a systematic assessment of various regional governance forms. For this purpose, it draws on material from a three-round Delphi survey among practitioners and researchers who are experts of regional governance. On this basis, a consolidated definition of regional governance is proposed as ‘the vertical and horizontal coordination of regional transformation processes beyond administrative boundaries by state and non-state actors’. Furthermore, the framework identifies five dimensions of regional governance: (a) participation, (b) bindingness, (c) formalisation, (d) regional autonomy and (e) power relations. These dimensions are disaggregated into a total of 21 indicators to systematically describe and analyse different regional governance forms.
Dapagliflozin improves treatment satisfaction in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a patient reported outcome study (PRO study)
Authors: Nakajima Hiroki , Okada Sadanori , Mohri Takako , Kanda Eiichiro , Inaba Naoyuki , Hirasawa Yoko , Seino Hiroaki , Kuroda Hisamoto , Hiyoshi Toru , Niiya Tetsuji , Ishii Hitoshi
Published: March 2018

Background

The benefits of sodium glucose cotransporters 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include plasma glucose control, reduction in body weight and blood pressure, and low risk of hypoglycemia, although they may also cause genitourinary infections, polyuria, or volume depletion. It is not clear whether dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, improves treatment satisfaction among patients in a comprehensive way despite the negative side effects. This study assessed the effect of dapagliflozin on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, and treatment satisfaction in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents.

Methods

This multicenter, open-label, single-arm observational study included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus administering dapagliflozin 5 or 10 mg per day for 14 weeks. Changes in treatment satisfaction were evaluated using a new version of the Oral Hypoglycemic Agent-Questionnaire (OHA-Q ver. 2) consisting of 23 items. Correlation between treatment satisfaction and HbA1c levels and body weight were analyzed using the Spearman’s rank-correlation coefficient.

Results

Of the 221 patients enrolled, 188 completed the study. Mean HbA1c decreased from 7.8 ± 0.7% (62.1 ± 7.5 mmol/mol) to 7.3 ± 0.8% (55.9 ± 8.7 mmol/mol) (change − 0.6 ± 0.7%,P < 0.001) and body weight decreased from 82.5 ± 14.6 to 80.7 ± 14.8 kg (change − 2.3 ± 2.8 kg,P < 0.001). OHA-Q ver. 2 was validated as well, the mean OHA-Q ver. 2 total score increased from 44.3 ± 9.4 to 46.6 ± 9.8 (best score 69, worst score 0; change 2.3 ± 6.6,P < 0.001). The change in body weight significantly correlated with the OHA-Q ver. 2 total score (Spearman’sρ = − 0.17,P = 0.035). The change in HbA1c levels significantly correlated with the satisfaction subscale score (Spearman’sρ = − 0.19,P = 0.011).

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin significantly improved treatment satisfaction among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 14 weeks. Body weight loss significantly correlated with treatment satisfaction.

Trial registrationUMIN-CTR: UMIN000016304
How shocking: compensating secondary victims for psychiatric injury
Authors: Rix Keith , Cory-Wright Charlie
Published: March 2018

When those whom the law terms ‘secondary victims’ – i.e. the passive and unwilling witnesses of injury, or of the threat of it, to others – seek compensation through the courts for the psychiatric injuries that they have suffered (traditionally but confusingly referred to as ‘nervous shock’ claims), there would in theory be the potential for a virtually limitless number of claims. For this reason, the courts have developed and apply a number of, to a large extent, arbitrary ‘control mechanisms’ as floodgates. This article describes these control mechanisms and other relevant law using recent illustrative cases and with particular reference to the assistance that the courts can expect of psychiatrists as to diagnosis and causation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•

Understand the law relating to the compensation of secondary victims for psychiatric injury

•

Appreciate the arbitrariness of the application of the law, as demonstrated in particular by recent cases of such claims by secondary victims

•

Understand the proper role of (and limits of) expert psychiatric evidence in secondary victim cases, and therefore how best to assist the courts in relation to them

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Depression and obesity: can the cycle be broken?
Authors: Romain Karen , Webb Timothy , Kumar Manoj
Published: March 2018

Obesity and depression are conditions that have been linked through a great number of interesting mechanisms. To fully understand the implications of treatment choices it is necessary to continue to investigate the physiology of these two conditions. By examining the background of these problems and considering factors such as stress response, neurological change and systemic inflammation, we propose a cycle linking depression and obesity. With reference to this cycle, we discuss management options, focusing particularly on prescribing choices and current guidelines. An assessment of the medication options is provided demonstrating that prescribing choices can have a significant impact on ongoing physical health. The aim of this discussion is to raise awareness of current research and progress and to see whether the cycle of depression and obesity can be broken.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•

Update knowledge of the mechanisms linking depression and obesity

•

Understand the impact of medication on the cycle linking the two

•

Consider how we can improve outcomes for patients with depression and/or obesity

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Childhood sexual abuse: disclosure and mandatory reporting – ethical and clinical implications
Authors: Burbridge-James William
Published: March 2018

The widespread nature of child sexual abuse is increasingly recognised and in the public domain following high-profile cases. Children and vulnerable people need protecting from such abuse. At the heart of the dilemma facing clinicians is the need to feel supported by the legislative framework to maintain confidentiality and use their clinical discretion in the best interests of their patients, ensuring that they receive the help they need, but also protecting others at risk. There are compelling arguments both for and against strengthening legislation to improve child protection.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

•

To understand the context for the potential introduction of mandatory reporting.

•

To understand the arguments for and against mandatory reporting of childhood, including historic, sexual abuse.

•

To reflect on the implications of mandatory reporting of childhood, including historic, sexual abuse for readers clinical practice.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Microsimulation Modeling in Oncology
Authors: Çağlayan Çağlar , Terawaki Hiromi , Chen Qiushi , Rai Ashish , Ayer Turgay , Flowers Christopher R.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Microsimulation is a modeling technique that uses a sample size of individual units (microunits), each with a unique set of attributes, and allows for the simulation of downstream events on the basis of predefined states and transition probabilities between those states over time. In this article, we describe the history of the role of microsimulation in medicine and its potential applications in oncology as useful tools for population risk stratification and treatment strategy design for precision medicine.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive and methodical search of the literature using electronic databases—Medline, Embase, and Cochrane—for works published between 1985 and 2016. A medical subject heading search strategy was constructed for Medline searches by using a combination of relevant search terms, such as “microsimulation model medicine,” “multistate modeling cancer,” and “oncology.”

Results

Microsimulation modeling is particularly useful for the study of optimal intervention strategies when randomized control trials may not be feasible, ethical, or practical. Microsimulation models can retain memory of prior behaviors and states. As such, it allows an explicit representation and understanding of how various processes propagate over time and affect the final outcomes for an individual or in a population.

Conclusion

A well-calibrated microsimulation model can be used to predict the outcome of the event of interest for a new individual or subpopulations, assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of alternative interventions, and project the future disease burden of oncologic diseases. In the growing field of oncology research, a microsimulation model can serve as a valuable tool among the various facets of methodology available.
Exocytosis Protein DOC2B as a Biomarker of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Aslamy Arianne , Oh Eunjin , Ahn Miwon , Moin Abu Saleh Md , Chang Mariann , Duncan Molly , Hacker-Stratton Jeannette , El-Shahawy Mohamed , Kandeel Fouad , DiMeglio Linda A , Thurmond Debbie C
Published: March 2018

Context

Efforts to preserve β-cell mass in the preclinical stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are limited by few blood-derived biomarkers of β-cell destruction.

Objective

Platelets are proposed sources of blood-derived biomarkers for a variety of diseases, and they show distinct proteomic changes in T1D. Thus, we investigated changes in the exocytosis protein, double C2 domain protein-β (DOC2B) in platelets and islets from T1D humans, and prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Design, Patients, and Main Outcome Measure

Protein levels of DOC2B were assessed in platelets and islets from prediabetic NOD mice and humans, with and without T1D. Seventeen new-onset T1D human subjects (10.3 ± 3.8 years) were recruited immediately following diagnosis, and platelet DOC2B levels were compared with 14 matched nondiabetic subjects (11.4 ± 2.9 years). Furthermore, DOC2B levels were assessed in T1D human pancreatic tissue samples, cytokine-stimulated human islets ex vivo, and platelets from T1D subjects before and after islet transplantation.

Results

DOC2B protein abundance was substantially reduced in prediabetic NOD mouse platelets, and these changes were mirrored in the pancreatic islets from the same mice. Likewise, human DOC2B levels were reduced over twofold in platelets from new-onset T1D human subjects, and this reduction was mirrored in T1D human islets. Cytokine stimulation of normal islets reduced DOC2B expression ex vivo. Remarkably, platelet DOC2B levels increased after islet transplantation in patients with T1D.

Conclusions

Reduction of DOC2B is an early feature of T1D, and DOC2B abundance may serve as a valuable in vivo indicator of β-cell mass and an early biomarker of T1D.
The histone acetyltransferase inhibitor Nir regulates epidermis development
Authors: Duteil Delphine , Tourrette Yves , Eberlin Adrien , Willmann Dominica , Patel Dharmeshkumar , Friedrichs Nicolaus , Müller Judith M. , Schüle Roland
Published: March 2018

In addition to its function as an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases, Nir (Noc2l) binds to p53 and TAp63 to regulate their activity. Here, we show that epidermis-specific ablation of Nir impairs epidermal stratification and barrier function, resulting in perinatal lethality. Nir-deficient epidermis lacks appendages and remains single layered during embryogenesis. Cell proliferation is inhibited, whereas apoptosis and p53 acetylation are increased, indicating that Nir is controlling cell proliferation by limiting p53 acetylation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nir regulates the expression of essential factors in epidermis development, such as keratins, integrins and laminins. Furthermore, Nir binds to and controls the expression of p63 and limits H3K18ac at the p63 promoter. Corroborating the stratification defects, asymmetric cell divisions were virtually absent in Nir-deficient mice, suggesting that Nir is required for correct mitotic spindle orientation. In summary, our data define Nir as a key regulator of skin development.
Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives
Authors: Arranz Patricia , Benoit-Bird Kelly J. , Southall Brandon L. , Calambokidis John , Friedlaender Ari S. , Tyack Peter L.
Published: March 2018

Humans remember the past and use that information to plan future actions. Lab experiments that test memory for the location of food show that animals have a similar capability to act in anticipation of future needs, but less work has been done on animals foraging in the wild. We hypothesized that planning abilities are critical and common in breath-hold divers who adjust each dive to forage on prey varying in quality, location and predictability within constraints of limited oxygen availability. We equipped Risso's dolphins with sound-and-motion recording tags to reveal where they focus their attention through their externally observable echolocation and how they fine tune search strategies in response to expected and observed prey distribution. The information from the dolphins was integrated with synoptic prey data obtained from echosounders on an underwater vehicle. At the start of the dives, whales adjusted their echolocation inspection ranges in ways that suggest planning to forage at a particular depth. Once entering a productive prey layer, dolphins reduced their search range comparable to the scale of patches within the layer, suggesting that they were using echolocation to select prey within the patch. On ascent, their search range increased, indicating that they decided to stop foraging within that layer and started searching for prey in shallower layers. Information about prey, learned throughout the dive, was used to plan foraging in the next dive. Our results demonstrate that planning for future dives is modulated by spatial memory derived from multi-modal prey sampling (echoic, visual and capture) during earlier dives.
A murine model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4F reveals a role for the C-terminus of periaxin in the formation and stabilization of Cajal bands
Authors: Sherman Diane L. , Brophy Peter J.
Published: March 2018

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease comprises up to 80 monogenic inherited neuropathies of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that collectively result in demyelination and axon degeneration. The majority of CMT disease is primarily either dysmyelinating or demyelinating in which mutations affect the ability of Schwann cells to either assemble or stabilize peripheral nerve myelin. CMT4F is a recessive demyelinating form of the disease caused by mutations in thePeriaxin(PRX) gene.Periaxin (Prx) interacts with Dystrophin Related Protein 2 (Drp2) in an adhesion complex with the laminin receptor Dystroglycan (Dag). In mice the Prx/Drp2/Dag complex assembles adhesive domains at the interface between the abaxonal surface of the myelin sheath and the cytoplasmic surface of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. Assembly of these appositions causes the formation of cytoplasmic channels called Cajal bands beneath the surface of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. Loss of either Periaxin or Drp2 disrupts the appositions and causes CMT in both mouse and man. In a mouse model of CMT4F, complete loss of Periaxin first prevents normal Schwann cell elongation resulting in abnormally short internodal distances which can reduce nerve conduction velocity, and subsequently precipitates demyelination. Distinct functional domains responsible for Periaxin homodimerization and interaction with Drp2 to form the Prx/Drp2/Dag complex have been identified at the N-terminus of Periaxin. However, CMT4F can also be caused by a mutation that results in the truncation of Periaxin at the extreme C-terminus with the loss of 391 amino acids. By modelling this in mice, we show that loss of the C-terminus of Periaxin results in a surprising reduction in Drp2. This would be predicted to cause the observed instability of both appositions and myelin, and contribute significantly to the clinical phenotype in CMT4F.
Teaching Younger Schoolchildren to Create a Text-Discourse
Authors: Полякова Э. , Polyakova E.
Published: March 2018

The article reveals the content of the work on the formation of universal cognitive actions for younger schoolchildren in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education, including analysis, comparison, explanation, and the development of speech skills necessary for creating text-discourse. Different types and genres of texts are characterized and their structure is described. On specific examples, methodological methods and forms of organization of the process of teaching children of primary school age to the compilation of texts-discourse are considered.
Use of Social and Pedagogical Potential of Done Outside of Class Hours Activity for Adaptation of Young Schoolchildren to Study
Authors: Иванова И. , Ivanova I.
Published: March 2018

In the article, the positive influence of done outside of class hours activities on the process of adapting children of primary school age to study as a new type of activity is considered on the example of the experience of Kaluga and Kaluga region schools. The description of the author’s program of done outside of class hours activities of the social and pedagogical orientation “My New World” is given, which can be widely used in regional educational practice when organizing done outside of class hours classes with younger schoolchildren.
“Biography” of Cultivated Plants
Authors: Переверзева Э. , Pereverzeva E.
Published: March 2018

The author offers materials for the teacher on the history of cultivated plants - cereals, which can be used both in lessons on the subject “The World Around Us” for the expansion of knowledge of younger schoolchildren on relevant topics, and in the process of extracurricular differentiated work. More complete information about various aspects of human interaction with nature, including natural science, historical, cultural and environmental components, stimulate children’s curiosity, encourage the desire for independent learning and application in practice. The article gives examples of tasks that allow to generalize and consolidate the studied material.
Management in tourist organizations
Authors: Большаник Петр , Bol'shanik Petr
Published: March 2018

The manual includes theoretical material corresponding to the lecture course, and tasks designed to perform both in the course of control work, and practical classes of full-time students, correspondence courses, as well as training courses for professionals working in the field of hotel service and tourism. The study of the problem-oriented teaching methodology contained in the textbook will be useful for students in the course of their course and final qualifying works. The textbook meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. Designed for students enrolled in training 43.03.02. "Tourism "(qualification (degree)"Bachelor").
Identifying and managing wound infection in the community
Authors: Rutter Leah
Published: March 2018

A large proportion of community wound care consists of managing chronic wounds. Given the increasingly complex patient comorbidities, early identification and treatment of wound infection can impact greatly not only on wound healing but also on the patient physically, psychologically and socially. Identifying wound infection can be challenging for clinicians, particularly in the chronic wound where infection may not always present itself as it does in acute wounds. The management of infected wounds can be complicated. Managing multiple symptoms and recognising these as being due to infection is not always straightforward and relies on the practitioner's knowledge and skills. An understanding of more commonly used antimicrobial treatments and when to employ these is paramount in enabling the practitioner to provide care that is effective, evidence based and cost efficient.
Pulse oximetry: SpO2 and SaO2
Authors: Matthews Barry
Published: March 2018

In each issue, the paramedic education team at Edge Hill University focuses on the clinical skills carried out by paramedics on the frontlines, highlighting the importance of these skills and how to perform them. In this issue, Barry Matthews explores the history and significance of pre-hospital use of the pulse oximeter.
The NORSe: changing the way we communicate
Authors: Mehet J , Sanchez Franco LC , Gascon Conde I , Sanchez Campoy A , Thimmaiah R , Eldessouky A , Eldessouky A , Uzoigwe CE , Smith R
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Rapid, reliable and efficient communication in healthcare systems with finite resources promises to improve patient care. Telephone engagement has effectively monopolised the referral process in the acute setting. Hence, traditional inter-hospital referral networks are potentially time consuming, not expeditious and frustrating. There is often no comprehensive documented communication record or audit trail. Social media, however, suggest that instantaneous, secure and dependable exchanges of information can occur via alternative conduits, potentially transforming the acute clinical referral system. The National On-Call Referral System (NORSe) was established in 2010 as an alternative referral paradigm. We explore the literature evidence surrounding the clinical impact of the NORSe referral system and analogous models. Early evidence suggests that NORSe may minimise delays in obtaining specialist advice and management, particularly in the acute setting. It enables the specialist to receive and address a large number of fact intense referrals that would otherwise be unpalatable and unmanageable. We summarise recent developments with the NORSe and give an overview of its clinical applications and links with clinical governance. NORSe and similar models promise to change the way we communicate as doctors, making the process more efficient, with a robust audit trail facilitating service appraisal and training.
Rethinking surgical readmissions
Authors: Jacobs B , Hadjittofi C , Taylor F , Davies J , Machesney M
Published: March 2018

A retrospective analysis of 289 general surgery patients readmitted in a district general hospital
Mr Slop and the manpower crisis
Authors: Slop Mr
Published: March 2018

Our scribe fears that the HMS NHS may be heading for troubled waters.
Against cynicism
Authors: Nanu Ananda
Published: March 2018

The NHS represents the best of what Britain can bring to the world.
Treating Rohingya refugees at Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh
Authors: Thomas Meirion , Nott David
Published: March 2018

A first-person account of a trip to the huge Rohingyan refugee camp that has sprung up in response to Burmese persecution.
ENT outreach in Ethiopia
Authors: Black David , Crocker-Buqué Tim , Rennie Catherine
Published: March 2018

A new hospital in a country with just 26 ENT surgeons serving its population of 100 million has joined forces with a team from Barts in London to train up local medics in this specialty.
Publishing a medical textbook: What are your options?
Authors: Davies Andrew , Crichton James
Published: March 2018

The perks and pitfalls of the traditional publication process.
Elenchus, Recollection, and the Method of Hypothesis in the Meno
Authors: Ionescu Cristina
Published: March 2018

The Meno is often interpreted as an illustration of Plato’s decision to replace elenchus with recollection and the method of hypothesis. My paper challenges this view and defends instead two theses: (1) that far from replacing elenchus, the method of hypothesis incorporates and uses elenctic arguments in order to test and build its own steps; and (2) that recollection is not a method of search on a par with elenchus and the method of hypothesis, but is rather primarily a theory that accounts for the metaphysical horizon within which the method of hypothesis, coupled with elenchus and perhaps other dialectical methods, can lead us from opinions to knowledge.
Socratic Silence in the Cleitophon
Authors: Pichanick Alan
Published: March 2018

Plato’s Cleitophon is the only dialogue in which Plato presents an unanswered rebuke of Socratic philosophy by an interlocutor. Consequently, most commentators have thus rejected the dialogue as inauthentic, or have otherwise explained away the bewildering Socratic silence at the dialogue’s conclusion. In this paper I explore why Socrates chooses silence as the response to Cleitophon’s rebuke of Socrates. I argue that (and why) Socratic silence is the only way of “talking” with Cleitophon: Cleitophon’s “Socratic speech” implies notions about nomos, the soul, and philosophy that turn out to be uniquely anti-Socratic. The dramatic disjunctions between Cleitophon’s distorted image of Socrates and the real Socrates, and between Cleitophon himself and Socrates, not only make most poignant the tension between the philosopher and the city but also point to the very conditions of philosophical dialogue.
Perfis de comportamentos de brincadeira e conhecimento emocional em crianças de idade pré-escolar
Authors: Coelho Leandra , Guedes Maryse , Rodrigues Evelina D. , Santos António J. , Veríssimo Manuela
Published: March 2018

A capacidade das crianças para compreender as emoções e as intenções sociais dos outros relaciona-se com a qualidade das interações com os pares. Os comportamentos de brincadeira não-social durante o pré-escolar poderão estar associados a dificuldades no desenvolvimento do conhecimento emocional. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) identificar diferentes perfis de comportamentos de brincadeira social e não-social de crianças em idade pré-escolar, e 2) verificar se o conhecimento emocional das crianças varia de acordo com os diferentes perfis. Participaram no estudo 193 crianças, com uma média de 53.31 meses de idade. As educadoras preencheram a versão portuguesa do Preschool Play Behaviour Scale para discriminar os comportamentos sociais e não-sociais das crianças durante a brincadeira. O conhecimento emocional das crianças foi avaliado através da versão portuguesa do Affect Knowledge Test. A análise hierárquica de clusters identificou três perfis de crianças que apresentam diferentes comportamentos sociais e não-sociais durante a brincadeira: reticentes, solitários-sociais e sociais. O grupo mais representativo da nossa amostra foi o solitário-social. As crianças reticentes demonstraram um menor conhecimento emocional por comparação com o grupo de crianças sociais. Os nossos resultados reforçam a existência de diferentes tipos de comportamentos sociais e não-sociais durante a brincadeira e a sua relação com o conhecimento emocional
Implementing self-administration of insulin in hospital: a journey of discovery and innovation. Part 2: Implementing change
Authors: Rowse Vicki L
Published: March 2018

Offering patients the choice to manage their diabetes in hospital and supporting them to do so is best practice but is not routine. Hospital processes around storage and concerns about insulin misuse coupled with custom and practice have led to increasing numbers of delayed and missed doses. Audits demonstrated the case for change and highlighted that patients were self-administering without proper processes and support. This paper describes a guide developed to help trusts through the change process required to implement patient self-administration of insulin and the experience of doing so in one trust. Dedicated project management and trust-wide involvement are key to success, and innovations to embed self-administration of insulin included electronic documentation of risk assessment, patient assessment by pharmacy technicians and simple bedside storage.
Implementing self-administration of insulin in hospital: a journey of discovery and innovation. Part 1: Culture and storage
Authors: Rowse Vicki L
Published: March 2018

AbstractPatients with diabetes routinely manage their insulin at home, but when they are admitted to hospital it is common practice to take their insulin away and store it in the ward fridge. Medicines rounds and mealtimes are poorly aligned and, as a result, patients can have delayed doses and increased hypo- and hyperglycaemic episodes. Best practice states that patients should be offered self-administration of insulin, but it is not routine in most trusts. This paper reports on a project to increase the number of patients assessed and supported to administer their insulin in hospital, the reasons why the project was initially unsuccessful and the challenges of changing culture and beliefs around insulin administration. A second paper discusses steps taken to support changes in hospital trusts.
Variant Linkage Analysis Using de Novo Transcriptome Sequencing Identifies a Conserved Phosphine Resistance Gene in Insects
Authors: Schlipalius David I , Tuck Andrew G , Jagadeesan Rajeswaran , Nguyen Tam , Kaur Ramandeep , Subramanian Sabtharishi , Barrero Roberto , Nayak Manoj , Ebert Paul R
Published: March 2018

Next-generation sequencing methods enable identification of the genetic basis of traits in species that have no prior genomic information available. The combination of next-generation sequencing, variant analysis, and linkage is a powerful way of identifying candidate genes for a trait of interest. Here, we used a comparative transcriptomics [RNA sequencing (RNAseq)] and genetic linkage analysis approach to identify the rph1 gene. rph1 variants are responsible for resistance to the fumigant phosphine (PH3) that is used to control insect pests of stored grain. In each of the four major species of pest insect of grain we have investigated, there are two major resistance genes, rph1 and rph2, which interact synergistically to produce strongly phosphine-resistant insects. Using RNAseq and genetic linkage analyses, we identified candidate resistance (rph1) genes in phosphine-resistant strains of three species: Rhyzopertha dominica (129 candidates), Sitophilus oryzae (206 candidates), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (645 candidates). We then compared these candidate genes to 17 candidate resistance genes previously mapped in Tribolium castaneum and found only one orthologous gene, a cytochrome b5 fatty acid desaturase (Cyt-b5-r), to be associated with the rph1 locus in all four species. This gene had either missense amino acid substitutions and/or insertion/deletions/frameshift variants in each of 18 phosphine-resistant strains that were not observed in the susceptible strains of the four species. We propose a model of phosphine action and resistance in which phosphine induces lipid peroxidation through reactive oxygen species generated by dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, whereas disruption of Cyt-b5-r in resistant insects decreases the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of membranes, thereby limiting the potential for lipid peroxidation.
“Sometimes I feel like I’m counting crackers”: The household foodwork of low-income mothers, and how community food initiatives can support them
Authors: Martin Mary Anne
Published: March 2018

For women parenting on low incomes, there is a significant disparity between household foodwork standards and the resources with which to meet them. This study centres on the everyday foodwork experiences of low-income mothers and their engagement with community supports such as community food initiatives (CFIs). It helps address a research gap concerning the relationship between CFI participation and maternal household foodwork. The study employs multiple methods including semi-structured interviews, graphic elicitation and tours of local community food programs. By identifying a range of factors, strategies, and challenges in mothers’ foodwork, the study elucidates some of the contradictory pressures that low-income mothers experience around foodwork. Some of these pressures are associated with meeting individualizing standards around being "good" mothers, "good" consumers and "good" food program participants. Efforts to meet these standards were seen through mothers’ attempts to feed their children healthy and preferred food, exercise agency through market choices, and moderate their demands of community food programs. While more research is required regarding both mothers’ actual participation in CFIs and CFI strategies to support them, the findings suggest that CFIs should incorporate low-income mothers’ subjectivities into food programming.
Finding formula: Community-based organizational responses to infant formula needs due to household food insecurity
Authors: Frank Lesley
Published: March 2018

This paper reports on qualitative research concerning community-based organizational responses to infant formula needs due to household food insecurity. It explores this topic against the backdrop of neo-liberal social welfare approaches that shape gendered food work within food insecurity households, as well as current state approaches to infant feeding policy targeted to vulnerable populations. Based on telephone interviews with a random sample of organizations across Canada (N=26) in 2016, this paper details typical responses to infant food insecurity within a sample of family resource projects with funding from the Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program, as well as typical responses from a sample of food banks. Results demonstrate that neither state nor community organizations adequately respond to infant food insecurity. This leads to serious problems of unequal access, potential food risk, and food injustice that are imposed on mothers and formula-fed infants when mothers are forced into situations of pathologized foraging to find formula. This paper argues that infant food insecurity is the result of a succession of public policy failures that are best addressed with a reflexive, feminist, food justice approach.