bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Face Recognition in Poor-Quality Video: Evidence From Security Surveillance
Authors: Burton A. Mike , Wilson Stephen , Cowan Michelle , Bruce Vicki
Published: March 2003

Security surveillance systems often produce poor-quality video, and this may be problematic in gathering forensic evidence. We examined the ability of subjects to identify target people captured by a commercially available video security device. In Experiment 1, subjects personally familiar with the targets performed very well at identifying them, but subjects unfamiliar with the targets performed very poorly. Police officers with experience in forensic identification performed as poorly as other subjects unfamiliar with the targets. In Experiment 2, we asked how familiar subjects can perform so well. Using the same video device, we edited clips to obscure the head, body, or gait of the targets. Obscuring body or gait produced a small decrement in recognition performance. Obscuring the targets' heads had a dramatic effect on subjects' ability to recognize the targets. These results imply that subjects recognized the targets' faces, even in these poor-quality images.
Unsupervised Statistical Learning of Higher-Order Spatial Structures from Visual Scenes
Authors: Fiser József , Aslin Richard N.
Published: March 2003

Three experiments investigated the ability of human observers to extract the joint and conditional probabilities of shape cooccurrences during passive viewing of complex visual scenes. Results indicated that statistical learning of shape conjunctions was both rapid and automatic, as subjects were not instructed to attend to any particular features of the displays. Moreover, in addition to single-shape frequency, subjects acquired in parallel several different higher-order aspects of the statistical structure of the displays, including absolute shape-position relations in an array, shape-pair arrangements independent of position, and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences. Unsupervised learning of these higher-order statistics provides support for Barlow's theory of visual recognition, which posits that detecting “suspicious coincidences” of elements during recognition is a necessary prerequisite for efficient learning of new visual features.
Second Thoughts versus Second Looks: An Age-Related Deficit in Reflectively Refreshing Just-Activated Information
Authors: Johnson Marcia K. , Reeder John A. , Raye Carol L. , Mitchell Karen J.
Published: March 2003

Age-related deficits in memory are greater as encoding and retrieval tasks require more reflective (self-generated or executive) processing. One problem in developing more specific models of age-related changes in cognition is that the tasks studied tend to be complex and vary in the combinations of component cognitive processes they recruit. Here we report an age-related deficit in one of the most elementary, but critical, components of reflection: refreshing a just-activated representation. Impairment in such a process potentially has a wide-ranging impact on all higher-order cognition.
The Representations Underlying Infants' Choice of More: Object Files Versus Analog Magnitudes
Authors: Feigenson Lisa , Carey Susan , Hauser Marc
Published: March 2003

A new choice task was used to explore infants' spontaneous representations of more and less. Ten- and 12-month-old infants saw crackers placed sequentially into two containers, then were allowed to crawl and obtain the crackers from the container they chose. Infants chose the larger quantity with comparisons of 1 versus 2 and 2 versus 3, but failed with comparisons of 3 versus 4, 2 versus 4, and 3 versus 6. Success with visible arrays ruled out a motivational explanation for failure in the occluded 3-versus-6 condition. Control tasks ruled out the possibility that presentation duration guided choice, and showed that presentation complexity was not responsible for the failure with larger numbers. When crackers were different sizes, total surface area or volume determined choice. The infants' pattern of success and failure supports the hypothesis that they relied on object-file representations, comparing mental models via total volume or surface area rather than via one-to-one correspondence between object files.
On the Role of Familiarity with Units of Measurement in Categorical Accentuation: Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) Revisited and Replicated
Authors: Corneille Olivier , Klein Olivier , Lambert Sophie , Judd Charles M.
Published: March 2003

The present article provides evidence for the role of participants' familiarity with units of measurement in categorical accentuation with unidimensional physical estimates. Belgian and American participants estimated the lengths of lines varying in length. Depending on the condition, the lines were or were not systematically associated with categorical labels, and the estimates were made either in inches or in centimeters. Consistent with our predictions, (a) categorical accentuation was higher when the lines were systematically categorized than when they were not, and (b) this effect was stronger when participants reported their estimates in an unfamiliar measurement unit (i.e., Belgian participants using inches, and American participants using centimeters). These findings support the view that people's reliance on categorical information is more likely to emerge given uncertain contexts of judgment. Additionally, they may help explain why researchers have had difficulties replicating the categorical accentuation effect in the past.
Show Me the Features! Understanding Recognition From the Use of Visual Information
Authors: Schyns Philippe G. , Bonnar Lizann , Gosselin Frédéric
Published: March 2003

We propose an approach that allows a rigorous understanding of the visual categorization and recognition process without asking direct questions about unobservable memory representations. Our approach builds on the selective use of visual information in recognition and a new method (Bubbles) to depict and measure what this information is. We examine three face-recognition tasks (identity, gender, expressive or not) and establish the componential and holistic information responsible for recognition performance. On the basis of this information, we derive task-specific gradients of probability for the allocation of attention to the different regions of the face.
The Polish Commissioner for Citizens’ Rights Protection: Decaying Communism to Pluralist Democracy Through An Ombudsman’s Eyes
Authors: Elcock Howard
Published: March 2003

The Polish Commissioner for Citizens’ Rights Protection was established during the Communist regime but survived the transition to plural democracy after 1989, despite suggestions that the Office was a survival from the Communist era which ought to be dismantled as part of the transition to democracy. His role has involved securing respect for the law by officials who were accustomed to ignore it so long as they followed the Communist Party’s ‘line’. Equally, many citizens still find challenging officialdom daunting because of their experience of the old regime. Hence much of the Commissioner’s work has entailed pursuing official illegalities through the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Administrative Court, rather than pursuing claims of maladministration. The Commissioner has become engaged in several of the major controversies facing Polish society, in particular the introduction of religious instruction into the public schools and the circumstances in which an abortion may legally be carried out. Also, there have been many complaints about the government’s inability to maintain social security payments. Furthermore, successive Commissioners have criticized the inability of President and Sejm to agree on a new constitution. The Commissioner is now securely established among European ombudsmen and the Office has become an important factor in ensuring his country’s compliance with its international obligations, especially in the field of human rights.
Regulating Markets: The Real Costs of Poly‐Centric Administration under the National Health Insurance Scheme (1912–46)
Authors: Whiteside Noel
Published: March 2003

Using a transaction cost perspective, this article explores the administrative costs involved in quasi‐market systems of public service delivery. Employing the historical example of the interwar National Health Insurance scheme, it revives Beveridge’s early criticisms of the duplication and expense incurred by the utilization of approved societies for benefit administration purposes. To this we should add the costs incurred by central audit and actuarial evaluation, the main mechanisms through which the societies were centrally regulated. The article concludes that, thanks to regulatory requirements, this poly‐centric system of public administration was more expensive than a state‐run equivalent – and that this message has significance for recent reforms. In the course of the analysis, the narrowness of a ‘pure’ transaction cost perspective is demonstrated and common assumptions concerning distinctions between ‘the state and the market’ in administrative structures are drawn into question. The division of public administration into these two typologies is arguably based on a false dichotomy.
An American Perestroika in Dutch Cities? Urban Policy in the Netherlands at the End of a Millennium
Authors: Denters Bas , Van Heffen Oscar , De Jong Huib
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the implications of the recent adoption of interactive forms of governance in Dutch urban policy. Advocates of this new approach claim that interactive governance will have positive effects for (1) the quality of urban democracy and urban governability and (2) for the solution of the information problems inherent in coping with (wicked) urban problems. On the basis of an extensive evaluation of the implementation of the new policies in four of the 25 Dutch municipalities involved, these claims are critically assessed.
Are You Being Served? The Responsiveness of Public Administration to Citizens’ Demands: An Empirical Examination in Israel
Authors: Vigoda Eran
Published: March 2003

Research in public administration (PA) is preoccupied with questions of efficiency and effectiveness which are aimed at improving public sector performance. According to the new public management approach, addressing this prominent challenge must rely upon a comprehensive understanding of citizens’/clients’ perceptions of public sector operation and the extent to which public organizations are aware of public needs. This paper suggests a theoretical grounding and empirical examin‐ation of the relationship between citizens’ demands and PA’s responsiveness. Parti‐cipants in the study were 281 residents of a large Israeli city who reported their feelings, attitudes, and perceptions of local government activities in a variety of fields. Results indicate that perceptions of PA’s responsiveness are affected by both policy and cultural factors (for example business or social orientation of the public authority, entrepreneurship and initiation of changes, ethics, organizational politics) and by the quality of the human resource system and of public servants (for example quality of leadership and management, quality of employees, general stress when contacting public officials). Implications of the study are discussed in light of the ongoing debate regarding the need for a more responsive and efficient new public management and the difficulties it faces in western societies.
Regulation Inside Government: Public Interest Justifications and Regulatory Failures
Authors: James Oliver
Published: March 2003

Regulation is normally thought of as government regulation of the private sector, particularly business. However, there is a developing literature on regulation inside government, exploring the ways in which government regulates itself through a range of bodies which set standards for public sector organizations, monitor them and seek to bring about compliance with those standards. Reading across economic theories of business regulation to regulation inside government, this article suggests that the current wave of reform inside the UK public sector implicitly reflects a public interest view of regulation. However, the analogous public interest justification for the regulation of business has been heavily criticized and regulatory failures have been suggested including regulation in the interest of regulated bodies, regulation in the interest of regulators and the high costs of operating regulatory systems.
Transport Policy Paradigms at the Local Level: The Norwich Inner Ring Road
Authors: Greenaway John , Grantham Andrew
Published: March 2003

It has been claimed that transport policy in the UK, once a quiescent area, has been opened to battle between competing advocacy coalitions and that the late 1980s and early 1990s saw a policy paradigm shift. This article examines one detailed historical case study, the plans to complete an inner road in Norwich and the subsequent collapse of the scheme. The aim is firstly to examine the complex decision making processes and subsequent politics of this scheme and secondly to relate the local issue to the idea of a paradigm shift in national roads policy. The complexity of decision making in a multi‐actored arena, where sovereignty is located locally but is circumscribed by central government ‘guidelines’, suggests that the assertions of those who argue in terms of a paradigm shift in policy may be exaggerated.
The Enemy Within: Intragovernmental Politics and Organizational Failure in Greek Privatization
Authors: Pagoulatos George
Published: March 2003

Mainstream approaches explain privatization policy failure by taking account of the surrounding sociopolitical and economic context. This article examines the unsuccessful Greek privatization over the first half of the 1990s by following an alternative approach. It looks at the obstacles originating from intragovernmental politics and the state organizational structures and resources. Contrary to what the British or French experience would suggest, the adoption of a statist, impositional policy‐making strategy in the Greek case failed to achieve policy effectiveness. Indeed, it probably ended up accelerating policy failure. The employment of statism as a policy‐making strategy was undermined by the structural weaknesses of the state.
The Maintenance of Executive Capacity in Germany: Revisiting the Annual Budget of the European Union
Authors: Walzenbach G.P.E.
Published: March 2003

This article considers the executive capacity of the German government to coordinate the annual budget of the European Union in the post‐Maastricht period. It identifies and elaborates two broad sets of factors essential to the development of this routinized policy process: internal executive coordination through specialized administrative techniques and coordination with external actors through multi‐level institutional adjustments. The emergent picture shows the success of the Federal government in maintaining its executive capacity within an Europeanized policy sector.
Maintaining a distinctive public administration: the Isle of Man civil service since 1962
Authors: Carmichael Paul
Published: March 2003

Emphasis on ‘globalization’ within academic literature is reflected in the contention within public administration that the prescriptions of the New Public Management are an inescapable fact of life from which states have little scope for resisting. However, variation persists both between and within countries. Since 1997, devolution within the UK and novel intergovernmental structures occasioned by the Belfast Agreement for Northern Ireland have transformed the territorial governance of the UK and the wider British Isles, providing further evidence of the differential impact of NPM. In seeking a better understanding of these differences, examination of the administrative arrangements of small communities or micro states can offer fascinating comparative insights into the workings of larger states, especially those with whom they enjoy a direct relationship. Frequently, however, small communities are overlooked in favour of studies of countries with more political weight. The micro states of the British Isles (namely, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) illustrate the point. However, with a few notable exceptions, relatively little is published. To correct this deficiency, this article seeks to explore developments in the Isle of Man, specifically its civil service. In so doing, the article aims to broaden our understanding of the changing governance not only of the Isle of Man, but also of the UK and beyond.
Higher Education Funding Council (HEFC) methods in the 1990s: national and regional developments and policy implications
Authors: Stiles David R.
Published: March 2003

The Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFCs) were established to implement a devolved higher education funding policy. Over the 1990s, HEFC funding methods evolved to reflect government aims of expanding student places and reducing unit costs, while increasing equity, access and competition as well as teaching and research quality. This analysis tests the achievement of Funding Council methods and resulting block grant allocations against these goals. While research funding became more influenced by Research Assessment Exercise scores, student numbers continued to be a main force in the allocation of teaching grants. Despite variations in allocations between regions and institutional types, HEFC funding methods reinforced research and teaching funding differences between institutions.
Ministerial responsibility and the Scottish Qualifications Agency
Authors: Clarence Emma
Published: March 2003

The Scottish Qualifications Agency (SQA) is charged with the task of overseeing school–based qualifications in Scotland. However, for the 2000 exam diet the SQA failed to produce either timely or accurate exam results. The events surrounding this failure, accompanied by the responsible minister’s explanation of his own actions and inactions, brought to the fore issues of responsibility and accountability. The unresolved nature of accountability and responsibility within government, particularly in relation to non–departmental public bodies (NDPBs), became apparent as the inquiries into the SQA took evidence. Utilizing the SQA as a powerful example, this article explores the problematic structures of accountability and responsibility that exist between NDPBs and ministers.
Indicators of discontinuous technological change: an exploratory study of two discontinuities in the machine tool industry
Authors: Ehrnberg Ellinor , Jacobsson Staffan
Published: March 2003

The objective of this paper is to explore the extent to which a set of indicators of technological and industrial change can act as warning signals for technical change. A particular kind of technical change can give a new substitute such price/performance attributes that it is taken into the reach of mass market segments. Two processes of discontinuous technical change in the machine tool industry are analysed using patent data, bibliometrics, data on new entrants, relative price changes and diffusion data. In the first case (the transition from conventional to CNC machine tools) relative prices and new entrants were the first indicators to react whilst patents and bibliometrics increased in activity in parallel with the large scale diffusion of CNC machine tools. In the second case (the transition from CNC machine tools to flexible manufacturing systems) new entrants and publishing preceded the large scale diffusion by some years. The different patterns between the two cases and between these and what can be found in the literature, suggest that more work needs to be done to understand the conditions under which changes in each of the indicators can be used as a warning signal. The paper is concluded by a brief discussion which may form the basis for some further work in that direction.
An analysis of biotechnology and non‐biotechnology R&D capabilities in the Indian pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Visalakshi S. , Sandhya G,D
Published: March 2003

The commercialization of biotechnology requires very serious and intense research capabilities. The pharmaceutical industry has been one of the early exploiters of biotechnology because of the existence of such capabilities. This feature has been observed worldover and the literature is replete with information on how firms have evolved various strategies to meet this requirement. The present paper is an attempt to assess the R&D capabilities in the pharmaceutical companies in India in the context of biotechnology commercialization. A study was made of the R&D capabilities of 33 companies. These companies represent 3 categories of the Indian industry: purely medicinal chemistry based pharmaceuticals; diversified (both medicinal chemistry and biotechnology); dedicated biotechnology companies. Discriminant analysis was performed (i) to understand the distinctiveness of the three groups of companies and (ii) to understand the characteristics of their R&D capabilities. With respect to eight of the ten chosen parameters like R&D intensity, skill intensity, linkages, output of R&D, size, age, R&D manpower as a proportion of total manpower and number of skilled R&D employees, the three groups are observed to be distinct from each other.
R&D and technology purchase through licence agreements: complementary strategies and complementary assets
Authors: Lowe Julian , Taylor Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a major UK‐wide investigation into the role of inward technology licensing and in‐house R&D as alternative and complementary strategies in new product and process development.The role of licensing in the technology strategy of the firm can be viewed as the ‘buy’ in the context of ‘make or buy’ technology decisions. Such technology purchases may be made for a number of reasons including insufficient in‐house resources or gaps in R&D provision stemming from small scale, risk, low investment in research or diversification away from existing research competencies. However, technology markets might have substantial information imperfections and transaction costs. The tasks of finding a technology provider, transferring the technology inwards and absorbing it into commercially successful new products and processes, can inhibit the use of licensing agreements for technology acquisition.

This research, using a sample of 128 manufacturing companies (including both licensees and non‐licensees), examines some key propositions around the use of technology licensing. Data was collected on technology strategies, complementary assets, internal organisation and market structure. Analysis of the data suggests that strategies of ‘buy and make’ are complements rather than alternatives, and that extensive use of licensing requires substantial complementary assets to be in place. The nature of product‐market positioning was found to be a significant driver of technology strategy, with firms that pursue product differentiation being the most likely to license. Whilst

a priori it might be expected that internal organisation would influence technology strategy, this study was only able to provide weak support for this.
Creative Thinking Ability, Cognitive Type and R&D Performance
Authors: Wang Ching‐Wen , Wu Jue‐Ja , Horng Ruey‐Yun
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of creative thinking ability and cognitive type to research and development (R&D) performance. One hundred and six researchers in an R&D institute of a petroleum company in Taiwan were given the Circle Test of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator. Their R&D performance was measured in terms of assigned technical reports, completed service projects, published papers, and a supervisor’s performance rating. Results showed that there was a low but positive correlation between creativity and the first‐authored paper and the technical report. The cognitive type was on the other hand associated with the performance rating and the first‐authored service project assignment. Implications for R&D management are discussed.
The nature of NPD and role flexibility of R&D/marketing in a fast growing high‐tech setting
Authors: Jin Zhongqi
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the mutual learning process between marketing and R&D in the context of the information and communications technology industry. The relationship between product newness and role flexibility of R&D/marketing was examined via correlation analysis and multiple regression against a stratified sample of 171 new products. The results showed that different aspects of product newness are associated in a different way to role flexibility of R&D/marketing. Management should therefore be aware of such differences when planning their product development portfolio so that effective integration between R&D and marketing can be achieved.
The King and ‘I’: Agency and Rationality in Athens and Jerusalem
Authors: Glouberman M.
Published: March 2003

Although Western culture draws substantively on Athens and Jerusalem, hostility tends to be shown towards Jerusalem from the philosophical wing. I attempt to correct the imbalance. Philosophy, I argue, arose in the Greek context because of a problem of self‐confidence. ‘Philosophical rationality’ cannot therefore be taken as normative for rationality generally. The contrast between the Jerusalemite and the Athenian views of self and of the contrasting estimates and explanations of the efficacy (or inefficacy) of the self’s agency is developed through an examination of the main documents of pre‐classical and classical Greece, and the Bible.
The Principal Paradox of Time Travel
Authors: Riggs Peter J.
Published: March 2003

Most arguments against the possibility of time travel use the same old, familiar objection: If I could travel back in time, then I could kill my earlier (i.e. younger) self. Since I do exist such an action would result in a contradiction. Therefore time travel is impossible. This is a statement of the Principal Paradox of Time Travel. Some philosophers have argued that such actions as attempting to kill one’s earlier self would always fail and that there is nothing especially strange about such failures. Despite these arguments, the problem generally is not viewed as being solved in favour of time travel. The above objection to time travel is also used to dismiss a particular class of cosmological models as being unphysical. This paper provides a solution to the Principal Paradox by exploring both the logical and causal implications of time travel.
From Detachment to Immersion: Wittgenstein and ‘The Problem of Life’
Authors: Thomas Emyr Vaughan
Published: March 2003

Wittgenstein is widely recognised as a philosopher with a markedly ethical character to his thought. This paper seeks to highlight the dimension of selflessness and renunciation in this ethical character. It also seeks to show that there are distinct differences in Wittgenstein's implicit conception of what an ethical selflessness amounts to in the early and the later periods. The concept of absolute safety enables us to appreciate the connections between the early Wittgenstein and a particular type of nineteenth‐century obsession with a selflessness that combines with a self‐sufficient capacity to stand aloof from anxiety in the face of the human condition involving meaninglessness and death. In the early Wittgenstein that aloofness came close to a solipsistic and, in some ways, self‐affirming apartness from everything other than the self. In contrast, the ethical spirit that permeates Wittgenstein's later thought is imbued with a sense of the immersion of the self ultimately and absolutely ‘in the world’. The sense in which this latter phrase is used is defined further in the paper.
Normative Requirements
Authors: Broome John
Published: March 2003

Normative requirements are often overlooked, but they are central features of the normative world. Rationality is often thought to consist in acting for reasons, but following normative requirements is also a major part of rationality. In particular, correct reasoning – both theoretical and practical – is governed by normative requirements rather than by reasons. This article explains the nature of normative requirements, and gives examples of their importance. It also describes mistakes that philosophers have made as a result of confusing normative requirements with reasons.
Mind, World and Language: McDowell and Kovesi
Authors: Morrison Brian
Published: March 2003

The ideas of John McDowell concerning the relations between mind, world and language are brought into contact with those of Julius Kovesi, with a view to seeing whether the latter can illuminate and flesh out the former. McDowell’s dialectic in Mind and World is expounded and reviewed, hinging on the notion of ‘conceptual second nature’ as his suggested way of showing that there is nothing mysteriously non–natural in human animals learning to find their way about both in a world characterised by lawlike connections and in one characterised by rational connections. Kovesi’s redrawing, in Moral Notions, of the Aristotelian material/formal metaphysical distinction as one between the logical elements of concepts, is adduced to show how the world is ‘shot through’ with concepts and reasons: the formal elements of concepts are nothing other than the reasons we have for collecting varied features of the material world under a concept, to meet our bodily and social needs. The mind can then be treated as a set of acquired capacities and dispositions to become conversant with these features and with the corresponding needs. Some possible objections to this bringing together of the two sets of ideas are briefly examined, and overall conclusions drawn.
The Semantics of Rigid Designation
Authors: Justice John
Published: March 2003

Frege's thesis that each singular term has a sense that determines its reference and serves as its cognitive value has come to be widely doubted. Saul Kripke argued that since names are rigid designators, their referents are not determined by senses. David Kaplan has argued that the rigid designation of indexical terms entails that they also lack referent–determining senses. Kripke's argument about names and Kaplan's argument about indexical terms differ, but each contains a false premise. The referents of both names and indexical terms are determined by reflexive senses. It is reflexive sense that makes these terms rigid designators.
Pierre Bayle, the Rights of the Conscience, the “Remedy” of Toleration
Authors: Mori Gianluca
Published: March 2003

Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) is often considered one of the staunchest defenders of toleration, especially in the domain of religion. His Commentaire philosophique, published in 1686, one year after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, argued for a broad idea of toleration, to be extended with no exceptions to all sects and religions. However, his thought can hardly be reduced to an exaltation of the “rights of the conscience,” for he realized very soon that such an exaltation risks bringing forth religious fanatism, which in turn is the cause of religious wars and acts of violence. Toleration, in these conditions, is only a political remedy for the sickness of the human mind.
The Politics of Difference: Statehood and Toleration in a Multicultural World
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: March 2003

The author identifies four possible attitudes of tolerance toward groups with different ways of life: resignation, indifference, curiosity and enthusiasm. He explores the potential for these attitudes and concludes by discussing the role of boundaries within communities in modernism and postmodernism. The author is not going to focus on toleration of eccentric or dissident individuals in civil society; he is interested in individual rights primarily when they are exercised in common—in the course of voluntary association or religious worship or cultural elaboration—or when they are claimed by groups on behalf of their members.
Australian Aboriginal Property Rights as Issues of Indigenous Sovereignty and Citizenship
Authors: Hocking Barbara Ann , Hocking Barbara Joyce
Published: March 2003

Aboriginal Australians have traditionally enjoyed little protection from the law. The matter of land has been at the heart of white settler/Aboriginal relations since the nation was first founded. It is only recently that recognition has been given to the land rights of Australian indigenous people. This recognition was finally made at the property law level in 1992 through the High Court decision in Mabo v. Queensland (n. 2) ([1992] 175 CLR 1). The 1993 High Court decision in The Wik Peoples v. Queensland ([1996] 71 ALJR 173) reinforced that recognition. It did so through the principle that pastoral lessees' and native title holders' rights might co‐exist except that, in the event of any inconsistency, the pastoralists' rights were to prevail, provided pastoral activity was being pursued. The most recent legal change is the parliamentary revision of the Native Title Act so that the Wik co‐existence principle was put to rest, mainly through permitting the State governments to upgrade pastoral holdings to a form of freehold, thus immunising them from native title claims, and minimising the payment of compensation. In this paper we argue that the country must consider what has been lost in this about‐turn from the recognition of native title to land in Mabo. We argue that the nation must consider the emphases in the Mabo judgments upon the significance of international law and the need for the common law not to be locked into a racist past. From that point, we contend for the need to recognise not only native title to land but what lies beyond that: indigenous political and human rights.
A Socio‐Axiological Concept of Law
Authors: Petev Valentin
Published: March 2003

The author starts with the assumption that present‐day Western society is complex, pluralistic and conflictual in nature. Because of these qualities of society, law appears as an ineluctable means for the regulation of societal relationships. Law does not express an amorphous common good, nor is it simply an instrument of power. Law turns the socio‐ethical and political conception that discursively prevails in the competition among the diverging conceptions of dynamic social groups into generally binding standards of conduct. In the socio‐axiological concept of law presented here, law exhibits the conflicting character of the open, pluralistic society and brings about understanding for democracy and discursive‐deliberative politics. These are favourable presuppositions for the acceptability of law.
Alexy's Thesis of the Necessary Connection between Law and Morality
Authors: Bulygin Eugenio
Published: March 2003

This paper criticizes Alexy's argument on the necessary connection between law and morality. First of all, the author discusses some aspects of the notion of the claim to correctness. Basically, it is highly doubtful that all legal authorities share the same idea of moral correctness. Secondly, the author argues that the claim to correctness is not a defining characteristic of the concepts of “legal norm” and “legal system”. Hence, the thesis of a necessary connection between law and morality based on such claim cannot be accepted.
The Idea of Deliberative Democracy. A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Stamatis Constantin
Published: March 2003

The deliberative conception of politics seems to be necessary for the legitimation of state power through democratic will‐formation and decision‐making. However, the author maintains that a complex theory of democracy cannot merely consist in procedural prerequisites for organizing the concomitant institutional settings. In particular, such a theory must comprise some substantive presuppositions, such as social and economic rights, in order to diminish existing material inequalities, especially those connected with social exploitation and domination. The author argues that a contemporary theory of democracy should reflect on the autonomization of mechanisms of egoistic action challenging not only the democratic political order, but also the very reproduction preconditions of societies all over the world. In this perspective, the model of associative democracy, which is suggested nowadays as a sort of substantive correlative to the institutional proceduralism, could not significantly rejuvenate the traditional representative democracy. Instead, democracy could only be given a fresh impulse if democratic deliberation penetrates the currently forbidden field of capitalist production and social exploitation, the locus where social inequality and effective unfreedom are endlessly reproduced.
Dissent and the Anarchic in Legal Counter‐Culture: A Peircean View
Authors: Kevelson Roberta
Published: March 2003

The author analyses the role of dissent and anarchic thinking in modern legal culture. Such notions traditionally convey opposition to established authority and are essential for all free and open societies. In fact, the right to dissent and practising anarchic beliefs exist insofar as a true right of confrontation is guaranteed by the legal system. In this perpective, the author suggests some correspondences between dialogic thinking, that Peirce says allows all ideas to grow semiotically, and the development of the role of dissent in the legal culture. Generally speaking, the question concerns the well‐known Peircean dichotomy between chance/spontaneity and lawfulness. This thesis is exemplified in detail looking at the history of US law, at its outset the direct consequence of a legal counter‐cultural movement against British common law. Moreover, the possibility of dissent is written into the United States constitution. At least three modes of dissent are built into American law as legal counter activities: (1) voices of nondominant religions, (2) dissent within the legal system, e.g., dialogue among and within the courts, (3) challenging the legal system sanctioned by the right to civil disobedience and by other forms of reaction against an oppressive government.
The Powers of Application
Authors: Atria Fernando
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the formality of law and legal reasoning. It argues that, though the law (and its application) is indeed formal in that it does not take into account a significant number of considerations that should in principle be relevant for an all–things–considered decision, this is not to be explained on the basis of some ontology of rules (i.e., rules as exclusionary reasons), but upon the nature of legal discourse when viewed as a social practice. How the law is applied to particular cases, when substantive considerations not referred to by the rules are important enough to defeat their application to the case and questions of this kind are not answered by the legal material (which includes or might include rules, principles etc.), but by beliefs that underlie legal practice, beliefs about the world and its relation to human beings and society. Insofar as these beliefs have impact upon practices we recognise as legal they are termed “images of law.” Legal reasoning cannot be understood without paying due attention to the nature and evolution of images of law.
Theories of Legal Argumentation and Concepts of Law. An Approximation
Authors: La Torre Massimo
Published: March 2003

This article provides an assessment of the merits of recent theories of legal reasoning. After a quick historical aperçu a number of models of legal argumentation are presented and discussed, with an eye to their mutual connection. An initial conclusion is that universalizability and discursivity are the common features of those models. The focal question dealt with, however, is that of the impact of the argumentative paradigms of adjudication on the very concept of law. Here the contention is that an argumentative style of reasoning contributes to rendering the structure of the law itself and its operations argumentative as well. By so doing the latter are—so to say—civilized and made less truculent. They will thus be able to develop more in conformity with a democratic form of life.
Reading and Reasoning in the Primary Classroom
Authors: Hvitfeldt Christina
Published: March 2003

It sounds almost self‐evident that reading and reasoning are linked. Yet building thinking activities firmly into children’s reading experiences is not always a priority for teachers. Here Christina Hvitfeldt suggests several ways of doing this and her article makes a very practical contribution to the area.
Poetry – Primary School Pupils’ Knowledge and Attitudes with Specific Reference to Year 5
Authors: Fenwick Geoff , Burns Denis
Published: March 2003

It is probably true to say that poetry for children is still a fairly neglected area of study. There have been very few studies which have attempted to ascertain what primary pupils prefer in poetry. Such information is vital if teachers are to build upon their pupils’ tastes and experiences. Geoff Fenwick and Denis Burns here discuss the results of a small scale look at children’s poetry preferences. They raise several points which will be of interest to primary teachers interested in using poetry with their classes.
Nurturing the Singaporean Reader
Authors: Cheah Yin Mee
Published: March 2003

This article describes Singapore’s efforts at encouraging extensive reading for pleasure among Singaporean school children.
Enhancing narrative and reading fluency while becoming storyers
Authors: Wildish Catherine
Published: March 2003

Storytelling has many values in the classroom setting, even though it is often given a low priority. Here Catherine Wildish recounts her experience of trying to develop children’s abilities to story and suggests that this has a great deal of value in developing their reading and writing.
Improving Literacy at Key Stage 3: Policy, Practice and Evaluation
Authors: Harrison Colin
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on and explores some of the assumptions underpinning an invitation issued to local education authorities in England in January 1998 from the Department for Education and Employment to bid for funds to develop literacy in the first years of secondary schooling. It goes on to describe one authority’s successful bid, and explores how the project is being implemented in schools within the authority, in terms of action plans, staff development and classroom practice. Finally, these perspectives are compared with research findings on literacy development, particularly in low‐achieving schools. The problems of evaluating literacy interventions are discussed.
Young Writers and the Nursery Rhyme Genre
Authors: Evans Janet
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates children’s interest in the nursery rhyme genre whilst at the same time considers how children can be encouraged to write reflectively if they are working on something that both stimulates and motivates them to want to write. After reading a story book of nursery rhymes, a group of Y2 children were encouraged to consider what other adventures some of the main rhyme characters might have. By talking about the rhymes, seeing an expert writer modelling the writing process and writing collaboratively with their teacher and with each other, the children wrote an “alternative” nursery rhyme book. They began to see writing as a long term process which is recursive, takes time and effort but which is also very rewarding especially when published in the form of a book.
A Brief History of Timing: the impact of the National Literacy Strategy on the marketing and publishing of resources to support literacy teaching
Authors: Goodwin Prue , Routh Chris
Published: March 2003

Since the announcement of the National Literacy Project in April 1996, publishers of children’s books and teaching materials have been keen to provide appropriate materials for use in the literacy hour. With the new government in 1997 came generous funding for books and publishers were quick to respond in terms of marketing and new publications. Lack of time and training to assimilate the new approaches caused many teachers to rely on materials to show them how to teach. While this reliance on materials underlines the ongoing need for teachers to be updated about resources, time to become more knowledgeable and confident about practice remains paramount.
Books for Babies means books for parents too: the benefits of situating the earliest stages of literacy in the framework of the wider community
Authors: Millard Elaine , Taylor Carol , Watson Sarah
Published: March 2003

This paper describes some findings from the Books for Babies project, a central strand of Derbyshire’s county‐wide literacy initiative, Read On – Write Away! (ROWA!). The original project, initiated by the Derbyshire Libraries and Heritage Service in 1995 was extended through ROWA! by being incorporated into wider ranging community literacy provision. This paper describes preliminary evidence that indicates that there are additional benefits for other family group members when a Book Start project includes follow‐up activities and is connected to wider ranging community literacy initiatives.
A Question of Talk: Young Children Reading Pictures
Authors: Bromley Helen
Published: March 2003

In a literacy curriculum that has become increasingly prescriptive in recent times, there seems to be little room for recognising and valuing children’s skills in reading visual texts. Pictures offer equality of access to texts for all children, and provide an effective medium for promoting discussion and reflection. In this article, children clearly demonstrate that they are able to develop skills of metacogniton through talking about a pictorial text. Encouraged to talk not only about what they have read, but how they have read it, children as young as 6 are clearly able to demonstrate their understandings of the reading process.
Teachers’ voices on integrating MCAG into Reading Assessment Tasks
Authors: Guterman Eva , Boxall Waltraud
Published: March 2003

The paper is an attempt to address, on behalf of the teacher of reading, some pedagogically significant aspects of metacognition. A study was designed to test the effect of using Metacognitive Awareness Guidance (MCAG) in reading assessment tasks given to nine year old pupils (fourth grade in Israel). MCAG addresses five basic habits of mind (HOM) through questions and activities. The rationale for applying it was influenced by Vygotsky’s notion of the “zone of proximal development”. After the study ended, each teacher whose class was part of the treatment group was interviewed. The purpose of the interviews was to gain the teachers’ perspectives, thoughts and opinions on applying MCAG to assessment tasks in reading; its role and effects on learner performance and outcomes; and its influence on their daily teaching and learning activities. Their reactions related to four aspects: the use of self‐talk, the use of metacognitive learning strategies, the written MCAG and integrating habits of mind into reading assessment tasks. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Development Policies in the EU: An International Comparison
Authors: Pereira Alfredo M.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the impact of the EU Structural Funds Program for the period 1989–93 on the growth paths of the major recipient countries, Greece, Ireland, and Portugal. It uses an endogenous growth model of private, public, and human capital accumulation in which the public sector and current account balances play a crucial role. Simulation results show that these programs had a substantial impact on economic growth in these economies and contributed markedly to their convergence to EU standards. Their relative long‐run position, however, would still be far from EU standards, which suggests the importance of continuing the transfer program.