bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Diaspora in Diaspora? Russian Returnees Confront the “Homeland”
Authors: Pilkington Hilary , Flynn Moya
Published: June 2020

The term “Russian diaspora” is used to refer to the twenty-five million ethnic Russians who in 1991 found themselves politically displaced beyond the borders of the Russian Federation and resident within newly independent states. This paper firstly reviews the problematic “classification” of these communities as a “diaspora.” More specifically, by drawing on narratives of “home” and “homeland” among those Russians “forced” to return to the Russian Federation since 1991, it focuses on a central pillar of diasporic identity: the relationship to “homeland.” By exploring the everyday interactions with and articulated narratives of Russia on “return,” the paper argues that it is upon confrontation with “the homeland” that Russian returnees develop a sense of “otherness” from local Russian residents and a connection with other “returning Russians.” The question is raised as to whether, rather than “coming home,” Russians returning from the other former Soviet republics become a “diaspora in diaspora"?
Children Alone, Seeking Refuge in Canada
Authors: Ali Mehrunnisa Ahmad
Published: June 2020

Using comparisons with international policies and practices, this paper highlights the ambiguities in the identification, case processing, care, and protection of separated children in Canada. It calls for systemic studies of government policies and institutional practices that impact separated children, so that Canadians can take more principled positions towards them. Our current lack of knowledge about separated children puts this highly vulnerable group at greater risk of exploitation and neglect.
“Forgotten,” “Hidden”: Predicaments of the Urban Refugee
Authors: Marfleet Philip
Published: June 2020

Urban refugees are widely viewed as anomalous—people who stand outside a refugee regime which, in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, is based upon rural encampment. This article considers why states and humanitarian agencies view urban refugees in this way. It examines the history of the refugee as an urban person and the recent change in perspective which has enforced a rural norm. It considers the extreme pressures placed upon displaced people in the city and the consequences for communities which contest their marginal status.
Insiders but Outsiders: The Struggle for the Inclusion of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in South Africa
Authors: Belvedere M. Florencia
Published: June 2020

This article examines the politics of urban refugees in South Africa. It shows that despite South Africa’s adoption of an encompassing rights-regarding legal framework that has the potential to be inclusive towards asylum seekers and refugees in the country and afford them basic human rights and protection, asylum seekers and refugees nonetheless remain “internally excluded,” predominantly as a result of practices adopted by a nationalist Department of Home Affairs to implement refugee legislation and by the UNHCR in its quest to prioritize the safeguarding of the institution of asylum. The article also shows how the adoption of these practices has been facilitated by a construction of asylum seekers and refugees as “bogus” claimants who have no place in post-apartheid South Africa.
“Who Can Be Added”: The Effects of Refugee Status Determination and Third Country Resettlement Processes on the Marriage Strategies, Rites, and Customs of the Southern Sudanese in Cairo
Authors: Currie Lorraine
Published: June 2020

This study, based on ethnographic research, examines how refugee status determination and third country resettlement processes influence the marriage practices of the southern Sudanese refugee community in Cairo. The study showed that because of their inability to attain socio- economic integration into the host community combined with the growing insecurity of the environment of Cairo for refugees, many southern Sudanese have had to reevaluate their traditional marriage practices and family values to qualify for resettlement and escape to a better life. For example, the expectation of resettlement can directly affect courtship strategies, dowry payments, and couples’ decisions regarding having children. Guidelines of UNHCR and/or resettlement countries play a considerable role in these decisions, as do rumours about marriage certification and difficulty in finding suitable partners in the West. In some instances, marriage becomes a business arrangement to secure resettlement. Refugee status denial sometimes has a negative impact on marriage, with spouses blaming each other for performing badly at the status determination interview, leading in some cases to violence and divorce. Sudanese youth with denied refugee status have particular difficulties as their hopes for a brighter future are dashed and with it their prospects of a normal family life.
Refugees in Cities: The Politics of Knowledge
Authors: Lammers Ellen
Published: June 2020

Forced migration studies is a politically charged field of study. The phenomenon of forced migration challenges its researchers to tackle complex questions about the limits of gathering knowledge in the face of political interests and human suffering. However, explicit critical reflection on the politics of knowledge inherent in individual refugee research has been very scant. This article addresses some of the relevant issues, that is, questions of perspective and positionality, truth and representation.
Restricted Access: The Role of Social Capital in Mitigating Absolute Homelessness among Immigrants and Refugees in the GVRD
Authors: D'Addario Silvia , Hiebert Dan , Sherrell Kathy
Published: June 2020

The housing patterns of newcomers mark a primary indicator for their successful integration. However, different groups of people have varied access to the stock of housing in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that social capital plays in housing trajectories of immigrants with particular attention to the experiences of refugee claimants. In this paper we draw upon the results of a 2004–2005 study on the profile of absolute and relative homelessness among immigrants, refugees, and refugee claimants in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD). We highlight the importance of social networks in the housing careers of newcomers, and argue that access to social networks varies according to the mode of entry for immigrants (e.g., skilled immigrants vs. refugees). We find that refugee claimants are particularly vulnerable, given their combination of uncertain legal status, lack of official language ability, and unfamiliarity with Canadian society. They are the most likely of all newcomers to “fall between the cracks” of the housing system. We discuss the benefits of social capital for immigrants and refugees, especially the key role that social capital plays in the integration process.
Resettlement’s Renaissance: A Cautionary Advocacy
Authors: Labman Shauna
Published: June 2020

Arising out of UNHCR’s Global Consultations was a renewed emphasis on the role of resettlement as a protection tool, durable solution, and burden-sharing mechanism. Resettlement is a useful instrument for all three reasons enumerated by UNHCR. Its malleability, however, also makes it prone to manipulation. It can be, and has been, used by states to obfuscate an unwillingness to meet their international legal obligations through a replacement of refugee protection by migrant selection. The argument is made here for why resettlement is a necessary component of refugee protection, particularly in the current period of securitization following the events of 11 September 2001. This is followed by a discussion of the dangers of the abusive use of resettlement to the overall refugee protection scheme. Models for more structured resettlement are examined with a view to understanding what reform is needed. In conclusion, recommendations for resettlement reform are provided.
More than a “Good Back”: Looking for Integration in Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Ives Nicole
Published: June 2020

This paper describes the experiences of twenty-four Bosnian refugees resettled in the US and explores how achieving integration relates to the US policy contexts and programs. Juxtaposing refugee perspectives and policies, “lived experience” was compared with policies on paper. Central themes included participants’ language and employment struggles, social support networks that included Americans, congregational sponsorship, and participants’ faith in their belief that they could fully belong in American society. Implications included a reevaluation of American resettlement policy regarding language and employment, formal support for sponsorship, and an inclusion of refugee voices in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
Internal Exile: Effects on Families and Communities
Authors: Barbera Rosemary A.
Published: June 2020

Military regimes throughout Latin America used a variety of tactics to instill terror in the population. In the case of Chile, the military dictatorship used torture, assassination, disappearance, exile and relegación, or internal exile, in its quest to weaken social movements and control social and economic processes. This article will discuss the effects of relegación on the families and communities that the relegados left behind, drawing on human rights literature and interviews of persons in the Santiago shantytown of La Pincoya.
Refugees from Suriname
Authors: Sedoc-Dahlberg Betty
Published: June 2020

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Washington published a brief report on
the situation of human rights in Suriname in October 1983 following a visit of a special commission
in June of that year. The report questions the government's expressed intention to
allow for the expression of popular will or to permit freedom in the media. The Commission
concluded that serious violations of important human rights occurred.
The International Commission of Jurists in Geneva also published a report entitled "Human
Rights in Suriname" which concluded that "the chain of events since 1980 demonstrates an
escalation in the military authority's disregard for the rule of law, which is set aside whenever
they consider it necessary for the consolidation of their position. " This characteristic report
provides background information to the creation of refugees from Suriname in the
Netherlands.
Deterrents and Detention: An III Conceived Afterthought
Authors: Angus William , Hathaway James
Published: June 2020

In response to the clandestine arrivaI in
Nova Scotia earlier this summer of 174
persons who subsequently claimed refugee
status, the Federal Government
recaUed Parliament two weeks ago to introduce
Bill C-84. Styled the Deterrents
and Detention Bill, its content is every bit
as ominous as its title suggests.
Although one of the Bill 's purposes is
stated to he to preserve access for genuine
refugees, clearly the opposite result is
achieved by sorne of its provisions. In an
attempt to prevent abuse of the refugee determination
system and to respond to security
concerns, the proposed legislation
has been drafted in such sweeping language
that a number of its clauses are in
fairly obvious violation of both international
law and the Canadian Charter of
Rights and Freedoms.
Simply put, the Bill goes too far. In its
haste to respond to a perceived crisis, the
Government has failed to respect fundamentallegal
standards.
French and Other Selected European Perspectives on Asylum
Authors: Coulombe Liisa
Published: June 2020

This is a report of a conference, "Les
réfugiés en France et en Europe:
Quarante ans d'application de la
Convention de Genève 1952-1992,"
which took place on June 11-13 in Paris,
organized by the Office francais de
protection des réfugiés et apatrides
(OFPRA).
Any conference held in the
international conference centre in Paris,
a showcase of the French Foreign Affairs
Department, could only be an official
one. An alternative gathering convened
simultaneously. But since the French
readilyagreeto disagree, somedivergent
perspectives on their past and present
govemment policies and services were
courteously voiced at this first ever
OFPRA conference-on the rostrum,
that is, since the masses were kept silent
and their written questions filtered on
occasion.
A VIP set-up was not foolproof.
Some distinguished government
officiaIs and guests were forced, along
with others, into an overflow room to
watch the proceedings on a screen. Like
states, the conference had a welcoming
staff that did not exercise border control
in the early hours of the influx.
Too Many, Too Long:
African Refugee Crisis Revisited
Authors: Otunnu Ogenga
Published: June 2020

Africa is being annihilated by wars, gross
violations of human rights, economic
ruin and ecological disasters. Events in
Somalia, Liberia, Mozambique, Angola,
Zaire, Uganda,the Sudan,Chad, Aigeria,
South Africa, Malawi and Kenya
demonstrate the enormity of this
tragedy. Indeed, many African states are
disintegrating in the wake of these
problems, thus exacerbating the refugee
crisis on the continent. What factors are
responsible for uprooting millions of
refugees and internally displaced
persons from their communities? Why
does the African refugee crisis persist?
Why have the traditional permanent/
durable solutions of voluntary
repatriation, local integration and
resettlement in third countries failed to
address the plights oftoo many refugees
for too long?
Addressing Relief and Repatriation Needs in
Nongovernment-Held Areas:
Implications for Policies and Programs
Authors: Smith Gayle E.
Published: June 2020

This paper will examine the existing constraints
to addressing relief and repatriation
needs in nongovernment-held areas
and point to areas of possible change.
Nongovernment-held areas are held by a
force other than a central government
army. In the case of Tigray, these areas
were not only inaccessible to the army of
the former central government of Ethiopia
(GOE), but were also administered
by an opposition force, theTigrayan People's
Liberation Front (TPLF). Relative to
other national liberation movements, the
TPLF's administrative system was quite
developed; in addition, the movement
controlled a wide area encompassing
most of rural Tigray and, by 1988, the
whole of the region. Effective access was
maintained from neighbouring Sudan,
and the Relief Society of Tigray (REST)
operated as an effective disaster management
agency.
Confronting the Future: The Effects of the
Repatriation Program on a New Generation
of Burundi Refugees
Authors: Sommers Marc
Published: June 2020

The goals of this paper are threefold: to
provide context for the voluntary repatriation
program for Burundirefugees in
Tanzania; to considersome assumptions
inherent within it; and to describe some
of the effects of the plan on refugees,
particularly on members of the younger
generation. The views are based upon
preliminary data analysis and should be
considered as such.
The Third Soviet Emigration, 1948-91
Authors: Heitman Sidney
Published: June 2020

Since the end of World War II, more than one and a half million citizens of the U.S.S.R. have emigrated to the West
in a unique and unprecedented movement called the "the Third Soviet Emigration." Notwithstanding the political
and international importance of this exodus, it is not weIl known or understood today because it has not been
adequately studied until now. This article is intended to improve our understanding of the Third Soviet Emigration
by examining its background, evolution and dynamics.
Repatriation and Reintegration of Cambodian Refugees:
Issues and Concerns
Authors: McLellan Janet
Published: June 2020

Few countries have been as devastated by war and state abuse as Cambodia. (Asia
Watch 1993) Following more than two decades of war and international isolation, Cambodia is one
of the poorest countries in the world. Life expectancy is only 49.7 years. Just 12 per cent
of rural Cambodians and 20 per cent of urban dwellers have access to safe drinking
water. A relatively large proportion ofthe population consists of extremely vulnerable
groups comprising widows with families, single elderly people, orphans and the
disabled. Four of every 1,000 persons are disabled. Women in particular must shoulder
heavy burdens and responsibilities. They account for nearly two thirds of the population
and head one third of all households (UNRISD 1993:1
Contemporary Migration Processes in Russia
Authors: Orlova I. , Streltsova Y. , Skvortsova E.
Published: June 2020

This article, abridged from the Russian
original, was published by the Institute
of Socio-Political Studies of the
Russian Academy of Science, Moscow,
in 1993. Irena Orlova, Y. Streltsova and
E. Skvortsova work in the Department
of Sociology of Migration at the Institute.
Dr. Orlova is the Head of the
Department. The article was translated
by A. Benifand and R. Kovaleva, York
University, and edited by R. Brym,
Professor of Sociology, University of
Toronto.
The article examines the contribution
of migration to Russian population
dynamics, inter-regional
migration flows, the growth of regional
and ethnic separatism, human
rights problems associated with migration,
refugee issues, and the "brain
drain" from Russia. It is based on official
demographic statistics and a wide
range of sociological surveys. It focuses
mainly on the period 1990-93
and contains a brief postscript bringing
the analysis up to date.
111. Temporary Protection
Authors: Castillo Manuel Angel , Hathaway James C.
Published: June 2020

The authors argue for a humane and dignified
conceptualization of temporary protection,
in which "refugee containment" is
emphatically rejected. Mechanisms to respond
to refugee vulnerabilities, safeguard
the family, preserve forms of social organization,
and meaningfully involve refugees in
constructive interaction with their host communities
are outlined. A maximum duration
of five years is proposed, subject both to early
adjustment to meet special needs and a firm
commitment to ensure a permanent solution
at the expiration of that timefame. The necessity
of mandated repatriation in safety and
dignity is acknowledged, though proposals
are advanced to maximize voluntary repatriation
as a preferred response. This is a substantially abbreviated version of the authors'
original work. Please refer to the notice at the
end of this section if you are interested in
obtaining a full copy of the paper, which is
expected to be published in mid-1996.
IV. Responsibility Sharing
Authors: Suhrke Astri , Hans Asha
Published: June 2020

The authors propose a bifurcated responsibility
sharing system, in which protection
would normally be provided within the
refugee's region of origin, with selective
extra-regional protection to meet special
needs cases. The major contribution of
states outside the region would be a commitment
to fiscal burden sharing. This
system is argued to reflect a situation-specific
morality, taking into account the
realpolitik concerns that make a more
elaborate and universalized system of humane
responsibility sharing unworkable.
This is a substantially abbreviated version
of the authors' original work. Please refer
to the notice at the end of this section if you
are interested in obtaining a full copy of the
paper, which is expected to be published in
mid-1996.
Toward the Reformulation of International Refugee Law Symposium Report
Authors: Frelick Bill
Published: June 2020

On May 18-21,1995, forty international
lawyers, social scientists, government
officials, and representatives of intergovernmental
and nongovernmental organizations
gathered in Toronto to participate
in a collaborative exercise, termed the Reformulation
Project, to analyze and critique
a proposed reformulation of the
international refugee regime. General
Rapporteur, Bill Frelick, presents this synthesis
of the Meeting's workshop and
plenary discussions.
The Role of International Alert in Advancing
Early Warning and Early Action
Authors: Rupesinghe Kumar
Published: June 2020

This paper focuses on the role of International
Alert in promoting early warning
and early action in areas of
international conflict. It begins by introducing
the percepts of preventive diplomacy
as used by International Alert.
A number of the organisation's objectives
and activities are highlighted,
showing the many ways in which the
principles of conflict prevention and
early warning are being developed in
areas of potential violence and amongst
a wider interdisciplinary audience. In
conclusion, the main aims of International
Alert and our objective to create a
global network with different sectors of
the international community and to
motivate the creation of a non-military
early action mechanism to prevent the
escalation of violent conflict are presented.
Refugee Students in Toronto Schools
Authors: Yau Maria
Published: June 2020

This is an abridged version of a full report
entitled Refuge Students in Toronto
Schools: An Exploratory Study.
The report, which was released by the
Toronto Board of Education in 1995, (1)
discusses the situation of refugee students
in Toronto schools, (2) examines
how school staff dealt with the change in
student population and the challenges
they faced, and (3) suggests ways to help
teachers, schools and the school system
meet the needs of the newly arrived refugee
students. While this article captures
most of the major findings of the study,
a considerable amount of details contained
in the full report-for example,
some of the statistics, case studies, anecdotes
collected from refugee students
and parents, and specific programs and
suggestions-are omitted in order to
accommodate the length requirement of
this publication. Readers who are interested
in the detailed study can contact
the Research and Assessment Department
of the Toronto Board of Education.
Refugee Children before the Immigration and Rethgee Board
Authors: Sadoway Geraldine
Published: June 2020

Quote: "In the past decade, worldwide
more than 1.5 million children have
been killed in wars; more than 4 million
have been physically disabled and some
5 million are now in refugee camps; 12
million have lost their homes; and untold
numbers-but they reach into the
millions-have been psychologically
traumatized.
The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child
and Refugees: One NGO's Experience with
the Reporting Process
Authors: Clark Tom
Published: June 2020

During 1994 and 1995, the InterChurch
Committee for Refugees (ICCR)
developed a brief to the UN Committee
on the Rights of the Child. The brief was
to assist the Committee in its examination
of Canada's first report required
under the Convention on the Rights of
the Child. This article describes the
brief, the process ICCR entered into, and
the resulting "Report Card" from the
UN Committee. Some follow-up work is
described briefly.
Development and Identity of Guatemalan Refugee Children in
Mexico: Conditions and Options for Support Interventions
Authors: Saenz-Romero Inda , Sanchez-Sosa Juan Jose
Published: June 2020

The study describes current conditions
of Guatemalan refugee children living
in shelter camps in the Mexican southeastern
states of Chiapas, Campeche and
Quintana-Roo. Aspects of children's
refugee life in Mexico City are also described.
Analysis includes historic and
contextual aspects of Guatemalan refuge
in Mexico since the eighties: counter-
insurgent wars, fleeing, arrival in
Mexico, psychosocial and traumatic
experiences, problems and expectations
emerging from the prospect of returning
to Guatemala and consequences of
the Chiapas armed conflict. More specifically,
the study analyses such issues
as health and nutrition, and especially
education. Analyses compare the
camps' school systems and additional
support actions based on training programs
for "community promoters. "
Trainees are both adults and children,
and program activities include the promotion
of cultural identity, therapeutic
work on traumatic experiences, coping
with the challenge of returning to Guatemala
en masse, and treating or preventing
other psychological complaints.
Three Tales of Modernity
Authors: Adelman Howard
Published: June 2020

The impact of globalisation on the provision
of assistance to newcomers is
assessed in this paper. It takes a philosophical
view of civilisation and argues
that, a culture of caring is not an oasis in
the emerging "global civilisation," but
the source of its renewal. This culture of
caring is contrasted with a more individualistic
conception of isolation. Intervention
of the state is required for
curbing exploitative activities on isolated individuals. In contrast, the paper
argues that civilisation might temporarily
disrupt cultural values such as
those geared to redistribution of wealth
and the welcome we render to newcomers.
However, recovery is possible
through a set of moral rules and regulations
which are independent of the state.
Family Class Immigration: Implications for Post-Multiculturalism
Authors: Opoku-Dapaah Edward , Lanphier Michael
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the implications of
post-multiculturalism for family class
immigration to Canada. The authors
argue that the goal off acilitating family
reunification is not facilitated by Canadian
immigration policy. A new, more
inclusive definition of ''family,'' one
that reflects the cultural and social diversity
of newcomer groups must be
adopted in order for the reunification
program to fulfill its mandate.
Neo-Liberal Strategies to Cut Costs in Settlement
Services: Cost Recovery and Devolution
Authors: Morris John
Published: June 2020

The author considers the range of settlement
services funded by Citizenship
and Immigration Canada (CIC) tracing
the relative costs of settlement services
in both Quebec and the rest of Canada.
Government cost cutting and recovery
strategies applied to settlement services
are reviewed against an explanation of
neo-liberalist ideology as it has been
interpreted by the Federal government
(1993-1997). Some of the arguments
put forward against cost recovery are
also reviewed.
Early Warning and Early Response:
The Link between Information and Action
Authors: Whidden Kathryn
Published: June 2020

While there are many agencies and
states which actively monitor early
warning information, few have the
added challenge of linking their analysis
of the information with their actions in
the field. This article explores the operational
reality of the International Red
Cross and Red Crescent Movement,
arguing that there is not a monolithic
early warning system which will meet
the needs of all players.
The State of Conflict Prevention in France
Authors: Fournier Julie
Published: June 2020

This article provides a quick overview of
the state of conflict prevention in
France. It examines the origin of the
debate, the role played by France in this
field, and the obstacles hindering the
development of an active preventive
diplomacy capability in Europe. Conflict
prevention is a relatively new discussion
in France that is fuelled by the
frustration from the failure in the Yugoslav
crisis and the new focus of the government
to develop a new security
architecture in Europe, mainly through
the European Union. Current actions,
however, already reveal the difficulties
that impede the development of an active capacity of preventive diplomacy in
Europe. Some of these dificulties result
from the idea of prevention in general,
while others are more specific to the situation
in France which is characterized
by the absence of an official definition as
well as by internal quarrels between
academic, politicians and the military
as to the potential and implementation
of conflict prevention. However, the
author argues that the critical perspective
proposed by French intellectuals
and scientists could, in the long run,
contribute to a more accurate understanding
of conflict prevention.
Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam
Authors: Shettima Kole Ahmed
Published: June 2020

Considerable political contention has
developed over the dams and large-scale
irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria.
The reasons are the resettlement of people
that they require as well as their environmental effects, their economic
inefficiency and other social consequences.
This article discusses these issues
with reference specifically to the
Kafin Zaki Dam proposal, challenging
the conventional image of an alignment
of international organizations and domestic elites on one side and grassroots
forces on the other. The conclusion is
that the political contest is carried out
essentially at the elite level and that
state and international agencies at
times do oppose mega-projects that displace
people and disrupt ecological processes.
The Green Revolution: Socioeconomic Insecurity and Agricultural Displacement in India
Authors: Biasucci Mia
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the Green Revolution,
ostensibly implemented to address
food insecurity in India. Instead, it
deepened transitory food insecurity as
well as systematically compounded
exploitative systems of labour,
landholding and capital distribution to
the detriment of peasant and landless
agriculturalists. The project increased
the economic risk of agricultural labour
and the instability of the sector as a
whole. For these reasons, issues surrounding
the impact of the Green Revolution
inherently involve economic,
social and ecological displacement and
migration to urban and food-surplus
areas. A secondary displacement effect
involved the impact of the Green Revolution
on forests. Irrigation to support
it required dams and canals that
displaced people outside the market oriented
agricultural sector. The Green
Revolution is thus shown to have had
both primary and secondary displacement
effects.
Protecting Nature and Displacing People
Authors: Vandergeest Peter
Published: June 2020

We usually think that national parks,
wildlife sanctuaries, and other areas reserved
for the protection of nature are
good things but the displacement effects
of protected areas have made them
highly controversial in many parts of
the world. However, many environmental
groups see an expanded protected
areas system as central to the
preservation of both biodiversity and the
"charismatic megafauna" which are the
basis of their funding drives. Based on a
discussion of the historical roots of protected
areas, the globalization of nature
protection and local people in conservation,
this article offers alternatives to the
displacement of rural populations in the
name of nature conservation.
Feminist Theories and Migration Research-Making Sense in the Data Feast?
Authors: Altamirano Aina Tollefsen
Published: June 2020

Conceptual and theoretical issues are
increasingly highlighted in research on
international migration. This article
looks at some recent developments
within feminist geography and questions
whether feminist theories can
contribute to the understanding of international
migration. Three main traditions
are identified within feminist
geography found in recent work on gender
and migration. The conclusion is
that migration research can benefit from
feminist empiricism through detailed
documentation and measurement of
gendered migration streams, while the
essentialism of anti-rationalist feminism
could lead to over-generalizations
in terms of male and female mobility.
Post-rational feminist approaches to
migration research could contribute to
studies of subgroups of migrants (both
women and men) and their relational
position in diferent contexts.
Managing and Contatoing Displacement after the Cold War:
UNHCR and Somali Refugees in Kenya
Authors: Hyndman Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This paper argues that distinct patterns
of managing human displacement have
emerged since the end of the Cold War.
Using the case of Somali refugees in
Kenya, the author illustrates what some
of these strategies are: the deployment of
"preventive zones" on the Somalian
side of the border; the designation of
prima facie refugee status which restricts
Somali refugees to camps, and
the reduction of opportunities for resettlement
abroad. All of these serve to regionalize
displacement in camps, for the
most part, without providing a sustainable
solution to the social and political
crisis at hand.
The Canadian Jewish Community Serving Newcomers
Authors: Morris John
Published: June 2020

The Jewish Community is the oldest
non-governmental agency serving
newcomers in Canada. Its emphasis has
been on employing professional, secular
social work practice. This paper reports
on conversations held with the Jewish
Immigrant Aid Society (JIAS) staff,
board members, clients and sponsors.
Focus group meetings were held with
clients and sponsors in nine Canadian
cities from Ottawa to Vancouver. Highlighted
are the conclusions that sponsors
and clients have arrived at
regarding services the Jewish community
offers.
Relugees and Internally Displaced Persons in the Former Yugoslavia
in the Light of Dayton and Paris Agreements
Authors: Grecic Vladimir
Published: June 2020

This paper provides an overview and
assessment of implementation of the
Dayton Peace Agreements, particularly
the part referring to refugees and
internally displaced persons. The establishment
of peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina
in accordance with the Dayton
Agreement and the subsequent normalization
of life in the former Yugoslavia
should create prerequisites for
unobstructed return of over 2 million
individuals to their homes. Therefore,
we will review the number of refugees
from the territory of the former Yugoslavia,
places of their present residence,
their problems and possibilities for their
return to areas where they used to live.
Human Rights, Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons:
The UN Commission on Ruman Rights
Authors: Wichert Tim
Published: June 2020

This article argues that protecting refugees
and internally displaced persons
(IDPs) is an issue of universal human
rights. It then suggests the urgent need
for the UN Commission on Human
Rights, working in collaboration with
the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) and
member states of the United Nations, to
play more important roles in protecting
and enhancing human rights. It also
stresses the importance of appropriate
follow-up to the calls for more commitment
and better actions in this area.
The Refugee-Security Dilemma in Europe
Authors: Van Selm-Thorburn Joanne
Published: June 2020

Focusing on two of the institutions involved
in the range of European activities
on conflict prevention and
displacement in the wake of the Yugoslav
crisis, this article seeks to address
the complex interplay of refugee protection
and security enhancing strategies.
The conclusion to an analysis of the
mandates and expectations placed upon
the OSCE's High Commissioner on
National Minorities and the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is that the latter is at risk of abrogating
its responsibilities towards
refugees and potentially misinterpreting
the motives of other (actual conflict
prevention) organs in the international
security arena and their impact (or not)
on displacement. The article places this
institutional and conceptual dilemma of
refugee protection and security in the
context of International Relations theories,
and stands squarely against the
view that refugees are themselves a
threat to west European security.
Contlicts for Land and Territory: An Analysis of Internal Migration
in the Rural Areas of Colombia
Authors: Pérez Flor Edilma Osorio
Published: June 2020

This article compiles some elements of
analysis on the problems of displacement
of the rural population in Colombia.
To that end, we gathered
quantitative and testimonial data and
articulated perspectives at national
and local levels. Four aspects are discussed:
conflicts for land and territory,
some characteristics of the displaced
population, the uncertainty of the alternatives
and the government presence
and role.
Shedding Their Refugee Skin:
Construqtions ofWomen Refugees and International Aid Regimes
Authors: Schmuki Maryanna
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the development establishment as
an instutional network,
a main actor in producing social constructions
of women refugees. These
knowledge products are particularly
rooted in Western culture. The central
questions asked here first, how does
knowledge produced within the development
establishment affect women refugees
and second, are the voices of women
refugees incorporated into the knowledge
production process?
Refugee Women in London: The Experiences of Somali Women
Authors: Sales Rosemary , Gregory Jeanne
Published: June 2020

This article is based on interviews with
twenty Somali refugee women living in
London. The interviews focused mainly
on the women's experiences since arriving in
Britain and their hopes and expectations for themselves
and their children.
The article explores the extent to which
gendered roles have been reinforced or
renegotiated as a result of their move to
Britain. For most of the women, their lives
in Somalia were based primarily within
the household. Some had worked in professional
occupations and had combined
public and private roles through the support of
female kin. For all the women,
exile brought financial, social and legal
insecurity and none was in permanent
employment. Some, however found new
independence and confidence in exile,
and have been able to renegotiate relationships from
a more powerful position.
Others have lost status and self-esteem,
and those who have been able to combine
caring roles with professional work in
Somalia have found this impossible in
Britain. The study exposed the gaps between
the women's skills and experience
and the work they have been able to find.
There is an urgent need for Somali speakers in
teaching, medicine and social work,
but Somali qualifications are not recognized
in Britain. This demonstrates the
urgency of comprehensive strategy,
including training, for refugee resettlement in
Britain.
The Path to Genocide in Northern Uganda
Authors: Otunnu Ogenga
Published: June 2020

Uganda, as a territorial state, is the
"child" of the late nineteenth century
European expansionist violence. Since
the construction and consolidation of the
despotically strong but infrastructurally
weak state, the country has witnessed
intense political violence, gross violations
of human rights, destruction of
property, internal displacement and
refugee migrations. Today, Acholiland
in northern Uganda is ravaged by a genocidal
war, internaI displacement, refugee
migrations, humanitarian disaster and
other forms of systematic violations of
human rights. Yet, these crises have not
received adequate attention from scholars,
policymakers, human rights organizations
and the rest of the international
community. What are the causes of the
crises? Why do the crises persist? Who
are the protagonists? What are the effects
of the crises on the society? Why has the
international community failed to respond
to the genocide and humanitarian
disaster? These are sorne of the questions
this article will attempt to address.
The Relief-Reconstruction-Development Dynamic: A New Approach
to the Concept of Linking Relief, Reconstruction, and Development
Authors: Spiegel Paul
Published: June 2020

After a critical analysis of the relief-development continuum,
a new conceptual
model is proposed for areas with chronic
instability in complex humanitarian
emergencies - the Relief-Reconstruction-
Development Dynamic (R2D2).
This model incorporates the dynamic
interactions of the relief, reconstruction
and development phases over time and
geography. Using the chronic instability
of Liberia between 1990 and 1997 as
an example, the author applies the R2D2
model. Liberia is divided into "maximal
geographic units" and a conflict scale is
applied. The resulting graph shows
varying degrees of conflict between different
regions which varied independently
over time. Situations of chronic
instability do not follow a linear pattern
but instead, form a complex interactive
dynamic of phases which varies over time
and geography. Donor agencies and nongovernmental
organizations should recognize
this dynamic process and
consequently fund and design programs
which more appropriately address the
different needs of areas within a situation
of chronic instability over time.
The Evolution of Refugee Determination in Gender-Related Claims:
The Canadian Experience
Authors: Daley Krista
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the author presents an overview
of the evolution of gender-related
issues in the determination of refugees in
Canada. The question of whether a state
can adequately protect a woman from
gender-related persecution emerges from
her analysis and places feasibility study
at the apogee of directions for research.
Licensed to Traffic: The Sex Trade in Bangladesh
Authors: Mukkavilli Seetharam
Published: June 2020

An overview of the conditions underlying
the flourlshing Bangladeshi trafficking
trade. Cross-border sales of women
and girls are common, and prostitution is
said to function on a scale comparable to
other domestic industry. However, gaining
an accurate understanding of the
magnitude of traficking is made very
difficult by a lack of proper documentation.
Despite legal provisions prohibiting
the flesh trade, the abuse of
well-intentioned laws results in a successful
evasion of penalization by the
many who benefit from the trafficking of
women and girls.
Safe Places and Unsafe Places:Geography and the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act in the United Kingdom
Authors: White Allen
Published: June 2020

Over the last decade and a half the international
refugee régime, as enshrined by
the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol
has come under sustained attack in western
states. This is because of implicit assumptions
about the universalism of the
refugee identity and the rootedness of
national identities by the framers, drafters
and subsequent commentators on international
refugee law (see Malkki
1992, and Hyndman 1998). Critical
approaches to international refugee law
have sufered from underdeveloped ideas
about space and about the relationship
between geography and law. In this paper
I point to geographical and geopolitical
assumptions and thinking that lies behind
the passage and enforcement of accelerated
asylum determination and
appeal procedures in the United Kingdom.
I conclude by suggesting how the
moral landscape of refugee and asylum
law might be re-oriented to stress connections
between the United Kingdom and
persecuted and oppressed peoples rather
than stress the protection of the UK's
boundaries.
Representing the Past in Exile:
The Politics of National History among Burundian Refugees
Authors: Turner Simon
Published: June 2020

Life in a refugee camp often brings about
the need for explanations among its inhabitants,
and historical narratives attempt
to supply the answers. But these
narratives change over time and several
narratives can exist in the same refugee
camp simultaneously. This paper argues
that the production of historical narratives
is closely related to the dominant
political ideologies in the camps. It argues
that in order to undersltand the
changes in representations of the past in
the camps, one must analyze the changes
in political movements among the Hutu
opposition. It shows how the dominant
discourse on ethnicity in Burundi has
changed since the early 1980s and how
this has forced the Hutu oppsition to
reformulate its demands. Finally, it contends
that regional developments, such
as the genocide in Rwanda, have also
been influential in the general shift from
an essentialist to a pluralist discourse
among Burundian Hutu in exile. It concludes
that ideological formations
among refugees in camps are in no ways
isolated from the outside world.
New Directions for Refugee Determinatioq and Protection in Canada
Authors: Aiken Sharryn
Published: June 2020

This article is a review and analysis of the
Canadian government's recent "white
paper" on immigration and refugee
policy and legislation. This review focuses
on the proposals related to inland
refugee determination and protection.
While noting a number of positive initiatives
in the document, the author expresses
concern about the future of
Canada's role in refugee protection in the
next millennium.
Sri Lanka: Human Rights in the Context of Civil War
Authors: Cheran Rudhramoorthy
Published: June 2020

Violations of human rights in Sri Lanka
have been fairly well documented.
Unfortunately, the conflict in Sri Lanka,
despite its intensity, has not attracted
appropriate international attention. This
article is a review of the current human
rights situation in Sri Lanka in the context of civil war.
The article also evaluates
the prospects for peace building amidst
heightening ethnic tensions, emergency
regulations, and the lack of democratic
governance in the southern part a region
which is outside the conflict zone.
Kosovo and the Evolution of State Sovereignty
Authors: Schaub, Jr Gary
Published: June 2020

The author argues that NATO's intervention
in response to the Yugoslav government's
repression in Kosovo may
accelerate theinternational community's
acceptance of the liberal-democratic nation
of popular sovereignty over the
Westphalian notion of state sovereignty.
The tension between these rival conceptions,
planted in the UN Charter itself,
gestated throughout the Cold War. Unlike
the incremental steps toward accepting notions
of popular sovereignty taken
by the international community since the
Cold War's end, NATO's Kosovar intervention
has brought this rivalry into
bold relief. Will the wider international
community accept the West's conception
of popular sovereignty? Although initial
indications are good, wide acceptance is contingent upon NATO's success
in Kosovo - and even then, only time will
tell.
Why Kosovo?
Authors: Segell Glen
Published: June 2020

The quest for European Security involves
the protracted interaction of international
diplomacy, war and domestic politics.
This article shows how Kosovo is an
interplay of all these components.
Kosovo is a case in which NATO believes that it is strengthening its position and collective security by solidifying the recent Enlargement Process to attain Collective Secuirty - diplomatically, organizationally and through the Mility of CJTF. The price is over one million displaced persons (refugees), and the risk of endangering European Security through the failure of the European Disarmament
process as indicated by the
failure ofthe Russian Duma even to debate STARTII/Ill.
Turkey's Warm Welcome of Kosovar Refugees
Authors: Trix Frances
Published: June 2020

Turkey's immediate and ongoing acceptance of Kosovar refugees stands out among NATO nations. This article investigates the cultural and historical bonds between Kosovar Albanians and Turks, the widesprad and active support for the refugees in Turkish society, and the precedent of three earlier waves of Kosovar refugees who settled in Turkey earlier in the 20th century. It notes the problem of dealing only with humanitarian concerns while ignoring the political causes of refugee flows.
Porous Nation: From Ireland's 'Haemorrhage' to Immigrant
Inundation - A Critique of Ireland's Immigration Act, 1999
Authors: King Jason
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the impact of
metaphors of fluidity for migratory
processes upon the development of
public opinion in Ireland, both to
trace the effects of historical Irish out-migration
on perceptions of recent
immigration, and to demystify rhetorical
strategies that stigmatize asylum-
seekers and refugees in Ireland
as part of an expanding pool of illegal
immigration, rather than as victims
of persecution in need of intemational
protection. The focus throughout
the discussion is upon the range
of different discourses underlying
these metaphors of fluidity and how
they become transformed over time,
as well as their influence in engendering
public hostility towards first
emigration and then asylum-applicants
and refugees coming into the
country, following Ireland's transition
from an 'emigrant nursery' to an
immigrant host society.
Asylum and Refugee Status in Portugal
Authors: Sousa Lucio
Published: June 2020

Portugal does not have a tradition of
receiving refugees. Similarly, the
study of refugee issues is also very
incipient. This short paper intends to
be a small contribution to this field of
research by presenting an analysis of
the evolution of the Refugee Status in
Portugal.