bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Changes in Proteins 2B and 3A Mediate Rhinovirus Type 39 Growth in Mouse Cells
Authors: Harris Julie R. , Racaniello Vincent R.
Published: April 2005

Many steps of viral replication are dependent on the interaction of viral proteins with host cell components. To identify rhinovirus proteins involved in such interactions, human rhinovirus 39 (HRV39), a virus unable to replicate in mouse cells, was adapted to efficient growth in mouse cells producing the viral receptor ICAM-1 (ICAM-L cells). Amino acid changes were identified in the 2B and 3A proteins of the adapted virus, RV39/L. Changes in 2B were sufficient to permit viral growth in mouse cells; however, changes in both 2B and 3A were required for maximal viral RNA synthesis in mouse cells. Examination of infected HeLa cells by electron microscopy demonstrated that human rhinoviruses induced the formation of cytoplasmic membranous vesicles, similar to those observed in cells infected with other picornaviruses. Vesicles were also observed in the cytoplasm of HRV39-infected mouse cells despite the absence of viral RNA replication. Synthesis of picornaviral nonstructural proteins 2C, 2BC, and 3A is known to be required for formation of membranous vesicles. We suggest that productive HRV39 infection is blocked in ICAM-L cells at a step posttranslation and prior to the formation of a functional replication complex. The observation that changes in HRV39 2B and 3A proteins lead to viral growth in mouse cells suggests that one or both of these proteins interact with host cell proteins to promote viral replication.
Recombinant, Live-Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Virus Vaccine Formulations Induce a Balanced, Broad, and Protective Neutralizing Antibody Response against Each of the Four Serotypes in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Blaney Joseph E. , Matro Jennifer M. , Murphy Brian R. , Whitehead Stephen S.
Published: April 2005

Three tetravalent vaccine (TV) formulations of previously described monovalent dengue (DEN) virus vaccine candidates were compared to a tetravalent formulation of wild-type DEN viruses (T-
wt
) for replication in SCID mice transplanted with human liver cells (SCID-HuH-7) or for replication and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. TV-1 consists of recombinant DEN1, -2, -3, and -4, each with a 30-nucleotide deletion in the 3′ untranslated region (Δ30). TV-2 consists of rDEN1Δ30, rDEN4Δ30, and two antigenic chimeric viruses, rDEN2/4Δ30 and rDEN3/4Δ30, both also bearing the Δ30 mutation. TV-3 consists of rDEN1Δ30, rDEN2Δ30, rDEN4Δ30, and a 10-fold higher dose of rDEN3/4Δ30. TV-1 and TV-2 were attenuated in SCID-HuH-7 mice with minimal interference in replication among the virus components. TV-1, -2, and -3 were attenuated in rhesus monkeys as measured by duration and peak of viremia. Each monkey immunized with TV-1 and TV-3 seroconverted to the four DEN components by day 28 with neutralization titers ranging from 1:52 to 1:273 and 1:59 to 1:144 for TV-1 and TV-3, respectively. TV-2 induced low antibody titers to DEN2 and DEN3, but a booster immunization after 4 months increased the neutralizing antibody titers to greater than 1:100 against each serotype and elicited broad neutralizing activity against 19 of 20 DEN subtypes. A single dose of TV-2 induced protection against wild-type DEN1, DEN3, and DEN4 challenge, but not DEN2. However, two doses of TV-2 or TV-3 induced protection against DEN2 challenge. Two tetravalent formulations, TV-2 and TV-3, possess properties of a successful DEN vaccine and can be considered for evaluation in clinical trials.
Regulation of Translation by Ribosome Shunting through Phosphotyrosine-Dependent Coupling of Adenovirus Protein 100k to Viral mRNAs
Authors: Xi Qiaoran , Cuesta Rafael , Schneider Robert J.
Published: April 2005

Adenovirus simultaneously inhibits cap-dependent host cell mRNA translation while promoting the translation of its late viral mRNAs during infection. Studies previously demonstrated that tyrosine kinase activity plays a central role in the control of late adenovirus protein synthesis. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein decreases late viral mRNA translation and prevents viral inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. Adenovirus protein 100k blocks cellular mRNA translation by disrupting the cap-initiation complex and promotes viral mRNA translation through an alternate mechanism known as ribosome shunting. 100k protein interaction with initiation factor eIF4G and the viral 5′ noncoding region on viral late mRNAs, known as the tripartite leader, are both essential for ribosome shunting. We show that adenovirus protein 100k promotes ribosome shunting in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. The primary sites of phosphorylated tyrosine on protein 100k were mapped and mutated, and two key sites are shown to be essential for protein 100k to promote ribosome shunting. Mutation of the two tyrosine phosphorylation sites in 100k protein does not impair interaction with initiation factor 4G, but it severely reduces association of 100k with tripartite leader mRNAs. 100k protein therefore promotes ribosome shunting and selective translation of viral mRNAs by binding specifically to the adenovirus tripartite leader in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner.
Memory T-Cell Response to Rotavirus Detected with a Gamma Interferon Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
Authors: Kaufhold Robin M. , Field Jodie A. , Caulfield Michael J. , Wang Su , Joseph Heather , Wooters Melissa A. , Green Tina , Clark H. Fred , Krah David , Smith Jeffrey G.
Published: April 2005

Measurements of serum-neutralizing antibody and anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) are the current standard for assessing immune responses following rotavirus vaccination. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether antibody titers correlate with protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis. Children recovering from rotavirus gastroenteritis have increased gamma interferon release from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) may play a role in viral clearance and protection from subsequent gastroenteritis. We have developed a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for evaluation of CMI responses to rotavirus using frozen PBMCs obtained from healthy adults. Responses to three different rotavirus antigen types were analyzed—a peptide pool based on the human VP6 sequence; reassortant human:bovine vaccine strains; and cell culture-adapted (CCA) human G1, G2, G3, G4, and bovine (WC3) G6 strains. The reassortant strains consist of a bovine WC3 genome background expressing the human rotavirus surface proteins VP7 (G1, G2, G3, or G4) or VP4 (P1). Responses to titrations of the peptide pool as well as CCA and reassortant strains were assessed. Gamma interferon ELISPOT responses were similar for CCA and reassortant strains, whether live or UV inactivated, and when tested either individually or pooled. For most subjects, responses to the VP6 peptide pool positively correlated with responses to CCA and reassortant strains. Cell depletion studies indicate the memory responses detected with these frozen adult PBMCs were primarily due to the CD4
+
T-cell population. This gamma interferon ELISPOT assay provides a new tool to apply in clinical studies for the characterization of natural or vaccine-induced CMI to rotavirus.
Binding and Transfer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by DC-SIGN+Cells in Human Rectal Mucosa
Authors: Gurney Kevin B. , Elliott Julie , Nassanian Hoorig , Song Carol , Soilleux Elizabeth , McGowan Ian , Anton Peter A. , Lee Benhur
Published: April 2005

The role of DC-SIGN on human rectal mucosal dendritic cells is unknown. Using highly purified human rectal mucosal DC-SIGN+cells and an ultrasensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay to quantify virus binding, we found that HLA-DR+/DC-SIGN+cells can bind and transfer more virus than the HLA-DR+/DC-SIGN−cells. Greater than 90% of the virus bound to total mucosal mononuclear cells (MMCs) was accounted for by the DC-SIGN+cells, which comprise only 1 to 5% of total MMCs. Significantly, anti-DC-SIGN antibodies blocked 90% of the virus binding when more-physiologic amounts of virus inoculum were used. DC-SIGN expression in the rectal mucosa was significantly correlated with the interleukin-10 (IL-10)/IL-12 ratio (r= 0.58,P< 0.002;n= 26) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Ex vivo and in vitro data implicate the role of IL-10 in upregulating DC-SIGN expression and downregulating expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86. Dendritic cells derived from monocytes (MDDCs) in the presence of IL-10 render the MDDCs less responsive to maturation stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and migration to the CCR7 ligand macrophage inflammatory protein 3β. Thus, an increased IL-10 environment could render DC-SIGN+cells less immunostimulatory and migratory, thereby dampening an effective immune response. DC-SIGN and the IL-10/IL-12 axis may play significant roles in the mucosal transmission and pathogenesis of HIV type 1.
Association of the Influenza A Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase with Cellular RNA Polymerase II
Authors: Engelhardt Othmar G. , Smith Matt , Fodor Ervin
Published: April 2005

Transcription by the influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is dependent on cellular RNA processing activities that are known to be associated with cellular RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription, namely, capping and splicing. Therefore, it had been hypothesized that transcription by the viral RNA polymerase and Pol II might be functionally linked. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the influenza virus RNA polymerase complex interacts with the large subunit of Pol II via its C-terminal domain. The viral polymerase binds hyperphosphorylated forms of Pol II, indicating that it targets actively transcribing Pol II. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis is consistent with a new model showing that influenza virus polymerase accumulates at Pol II transcription sites. The present findings provide a framework for further studies to elucidate the mechanistic principles of transcription by a viral RNA polymerase and have implications for the regulation of Pol II activities in infected cells.
Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Mutants Selected under a Single Round of High-Dose Brivudin
Authors: Andrei Graciela , Balzarini Jan , Fiten Pierre , De Clercq Erik , Opdenakker Ghislain , Snoeck Robert
Published: April 2005

A broad variety of herpes simplex virus type 1 clones was selected under a single round of high-dose selection with brivudin. Mutations in the thymidine kinase (
TK
) genes consisted of 42% frameshift mutations within homopolymer repeats of G's and C's and single nucleotide substitutions (58%) that produced stop codons (Q261 and R281) or a new codon at the site of the substitution (A168T, R51W, G59W, G206R, R220H, Y239S, and T287 M). The A168T change, associated with an altered TK phenotype, proved to be the most commonly selected substitution. For the different mutants, a correlation between phenotype, genotype, and in vivo neurovirulence was observed.
WAVE FUNCTION OF THE RADION WITH BPS BRANES
Authors: CYNOLTER G.
Published: April 2005

We investigate coupled gravity and a bulk scalar field on a slice of AdS 5 bulk with special BPS branes at the two ends. With a careful treatment of the general coordinate invariance, the complete tensor–scalar spectrum is presented. There are two massless zero modes in the scalar sector, the radion and a dilatonic zero mode. The four-dimensional effective action is of biscalar–tensor type.
PERSISTENCE OF FANO AND AHARONOV-BOHM PHASES IN AN INTERFEROMETER WITH A QUANTUM DOT
Authors: NAKANISHI TAKESHI , TERAKUBA KIYOYUKI , ANDO TSUNEYA
Published: April 2005

Using a realistic model of an Aharonov-Bohm ring with a quantum dot in one arm and a control gate in the other, we demonstrate phase persistence in the Fano and Aharonov-Bohm effects as has been observed in experiments. The Fano effects in the conductance is examined by changing the states in the Aharonov-Bohm ring by the control gate.
MAGNETO-PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF CHIRALITY-CHARACTERIZED SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: LI L. J. , NICHOLAS R. J.
Published: April 2005

We have studied the mangeto-photoluminescence (PL) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with different chiral vector indices (n,m). A novel strain method is used to assign the quantum number q and chiral vector indices. The PL intensities and energies were found to be a strong function of magnetic field at low temperature, but were field independent up to 19.5T at 300K. All emission energies show a significant red shift caused by the action of Aharanov-Bohm flux threading the tubes.
EFFECTS OF QUANTUM HALL EDGE RECONSTRUCTION ON MOMENUM-RESOLVED TUNNELING
Authors: MELIKIDZE AKAKII , YANG KUN
Published: April 2005

During the reconstruction of the edge of a quantum Hall liquid, Coulomb interaction energy is lowered through the change in the structure of the edge. We use theory developed earlier by one of the authors [K. Yang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 036802 (2003)] to calculate the electron spectral functions of a reconstructed edge, and study the consequences of the edge reconstruction for the momentum-resolved tunneling into the edge. It is found that additional excitation modes that appear after the reconstruction produce distinct features in the energy and momentum dependence of the spectral function, which can be used to detect the presence of edge reconstruction.
SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF THE ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS WITH SLOWLY-VARYING CONFINING POTENTIAL
Authors: KANAMARU S. , AKERA H. , SUZUURA H.
Published: April 2005

Spatial variations of the electron temperature perpendicular to the applied current in quantum Hall systems with slowly-varying confining potentials are calculated in the linear-response regime employing the hydrodynamic equation of the energy conservation as well as that of the charge conservation. The effects of the confining potential on the spatial variations of the electron temperature are investigated by employing model confining potentials as well as self-consistently calculated potentials. It is shown that the deviations of the electron temperature exhibit spatial oscillations along the confining potential gradient. The gradient of the electron temperature in the center of the sample exhibits quantum oscillations as a function of the filling factor.
EXCITON SPIN STATES IN NANOCRYSTAL QUANTUM DOTS REVEALED BY SPIN-POLARIZED RESONANT PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: FURIS MADALINA , BARRICK TODD , ROBBINS PATRICK , CROOKER SCOTT A. , PETRUSKA MELISSA , KLIMOV VICTOR , EFROS Al. L.
Published: April 2005

We performed spin-polarized resonant Raman and resonant photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (also known as "fluorescence line narrowing") on ZnS -capped CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots in high magnetic fields to 33 Tesla and temperatures down to 1.7K, which allows detailed investigation of the excitonic spin states. In these experiments, spin-polarized electrons and holes are resonantly injected by circularly polarized light into colloidal quantum dots of specific size, using a narrowband tunable dye laser and a fiber-coupled probe that is specially-designed for use in high-field magnets. In addition to the expected broad features associated with excitonic recombination and Raman-like peaks associated with quantized acoustic phonons, the photoluminescence spectra measured at magnetic fields larger than 10 Tesla develop a sharp peak, which moves roughly linearly with applied magnetic field. Further, the energy of this high-field peak varies systematically as a function of nanocrystal size. However, unlike typical electron spin flip transitions, the mode energy extrapolates to a finite value at zero magnetic field, suggesting the existence of an additional size-dependent exchange mechanism.
TUNING OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCED SHARP BAND-EDGE OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN EUROPIUM CHALCOGENIDES
Authors: HENRIQUES A. B. , HANAMOTO L. K. , TER HAAR E. , ABRAMOF E. , UETA A. Y. , RAPPL P. H. O.
Published: April 2005

The near band-edge polarized optical optical absortion spectra of EuTe at low temperatures and high magnetic fields were investigated. The samples were grown by MBE on BaF 2 substrates, and the thickness varied in the 0.18-2.0 μm range. At high magnetic fields, the well-known 4f7→4f65d(t2g) optical transition splits into two well resolved lines at σ+ and two lines for σ-. These lines can be described by localized transitions tunable by the d-f exchange interaction, with a quadratic dependence on the intensity of the external magnetic field. Comparative measurements of the magnetization and the optical absorption as a function temperature provides a further test of the model of a localized excitation extending over a few lattice sites.
RAMAN SCATTERING IN THE MAGNETIZED SEMICONDUCTOR PLASMA
Authors: JANKAUSKAS ZIGMANTAS , KVEDARAS VYGAUDAS , BALEVIČIUS SAULIUS
Published: April 2005

Radio frequency (RF) magnetoplasmic waves known as helicons will propagate in solid-state plasmas when a strong magnetic field is applied. In our device the helicons were excited by RFs (the range 100-2000 MHz) much higher than the helicon generation frequency (the main peak at 20 MHz). The excitation of helicons in this case may be described by the effect similar to the Combination Scattering (Raman effect) when a part of the high RF wave energy that passes through the active material is absorbed and re-emitted by the magnetized solid-state plasma. It is expedient to call this experimental device a Helicon Maser (HRM) and the higher frequency e/m field - a pumping field. In full analogy with the usual Raman maser (or laser) the magnetized semiconductor sample plays the role of active material and the connecting cable - the role of high quality external resonator.
INTERBAND MAGNETO-SPECTROSCOPY OF A HIGH-DENSITY TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS IN A STRONG IN-PLANE MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: JHO Y. D. , WANG X. , KYRYCHENKO F. V. , REITZE D. H. , STANTON C. J. , KONO J. , WEI X. , CROOKER S. A. , KADOW C. , GOSSARD A. C.
Published: April 2005

We report results of temperature and field dependent studies of interband optical absorption and photoluminescence in a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong in-plane magnetic field (up to 45 T). We observe a field dependent shift of the Fermi energy with both the magnitude and sign of the shift varying with magnetic field. Simultaneous low temperature magneto-photoluminescence measurements reveal a monotonically increasing blue shift accompanied by a quenching of the intensity. A theoretical treatment based on a single particle picture and taking into account the diamagnetic shift as well as a shift due to an anisotropic effective mass cannot qualitatively reproduce our experimental results, indicating that many-body interactions may be important.
MAGNETOSPECTROSCOPY OF Zn-DOPED InP TO 30 T
Authors: LEWIS R. A. , WANG Y.-J.
Published: April 2005

Zn -doped p-type InP has been examined by far-infrared absorption magnetospectroscopy to fields much higher than previously. The impurity-related transitions observed confirm and greatly extend previous data and reveal new phenomena.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF HUMAN THORACIC SPINE
Authors: Qiu Tian-Xia , Teo Ee-Chon
Published: April 2005

Mathematical models, which can accurately represent the geometric, material and physical characteristics of the human spine structure, are useful in predicting biomechanical behaviors of the spine. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of thoracic spine (T1–T12) was developed, based on geometrical data of embalmed thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) obtained from a precise flexible digitizer, and validated against published thoracolumbar experimental results in terms of the torsional stiffness of the whole thoracic spine (T1–T12) under axial torque alone and combined with distraction and compression loads. The torsional stiffness was increased by over 60% with application of a 425 N distraction force. A trend in increasing torsional stiffness with increasing distraction forces was detected. The validated model was then loaded under moment rotation in three anatomical planes to determine the ranges of motion (ROMs). The ROMs were approximately 37°, 31°, 32°, 51° for flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation, respectively. These results may offer an insight to better understanding the kinematics of the human thoracic spine and provide clinically relevant fundamental information for the evaluation of spinal stability and instrumented devices functionality for optimal scoliosis correction.
THE SCHUMPETERIAN STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY: A POST FINANCIAL CRISIS ANALYSIS
Authors: WONGLIMPIYARAT JARUNEE , TRIPIPATKUL RACHANEE
Published: April 2005

This paper discusses the economic growth and technological change of the Thai banking industry in relation to a post financial crisis, based on Schumpeter's economic development theory. It is argued that the structural changes of the Thai banking industry reflect Schumpeter's gales of creative destruction. The circumstance in which Thailand has to let the ailing banks and financial institutions go bankrupt and renew the process of growth through mergers and acquisitions represents an adjustment phase of an economy undergoing technological change. Using Porter's Competitive Forces Model, this paper aims to understand banks' pursuit of strategies to survive and increase competitiveness under the financial liberalization policies. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the Thai banking industry to manage innovations under a competitive pressure after the financial crisis.
Zircon age and occurrence of the Adaatsag ophiolite and Muron shear zone, central Mongolia: constraints on the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk ocean, suture and orogen
Authors: Tomurtogoo O. , Windley B.F. , Kröner A. , Badarch G. , Liu D.Y.
Published: April 2005

The Adaatsag ophiolite in eastern Mongolia is situated in the Mongol–Okhotsk suture zone, which extends from central Mongolia through Transbaikalia to the Sea of Okhotsk and separates the Siberian and Amurian (Mongolian) plates. The ophiolite sequence passes upwards from serpentinite mélange and serpentinized dunite and harzburgite, through layered gabbro (with leucogabbro pegmatite dykes), wehrlite and clinopyroxenite, to isotropic gabbro and leucogabbro, sheeted mafic dykes, and olivine-rich basaltic lavas, overlain by red chert and meta-clastic sediments. A single-zircon mean
207
Pb/
206
Pb evaporation age of 325.4 ± 1.1 Ma for a leucogabbro pegmatite dyke records the time of igneous crystallization of the plutonic suite, and thus the time of formation of oceanic crust in the Mongol–Okhotsk ocean that gave rise to the ophiolite. A U–Pb secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) and evaporation zircon age of 172 Ma for a mylonitized granite provides a maximum age for the left-lateral Muron shear zone, which occurs close to the left-lateral Mongol–Okhotsk suture, and indicates that the suture in eastern Mongolia formed at least by the mid-Jurassic. We review the evidence and models for subduction tectonics that gave rise to major calc-alkaline batholiths along active continental margins of the bordering plates and to extensive, post-collisional, alkaline to peralkaline magmatism. Whereas the magmatic history of the orogen is better known, the age of the ocean, and the time of formation and deformation of the suture zone are not. Our new data on the Adaatsag ophiolite and Muron shear zone provide key constraints on the early and late stages of development of the Mongol–Okhotsk ocean and orogen.
New pieces to the Archaean terrane jigsaw puzzle in the Nuuk region, southern West Greenland: steps in transforming a simple insight into a complex regional tectonothermal model
Authors: Friend Clark R. L. , Nutman Allen P.
Published: April 2005

In the south of the Nuuk region of West Greenland our 1980s mapping recognized four Archaean gneiss terranes (Fœringehavn, Tre Brødre, Tasiusarsuaq and Akia terranes) with different protolith ages and separate early tectonothermal histories. Later in the Archaean these were juxtaposed and then experienced the same 2700–2500 Ma tectonothermal events. Here we abandon extrapolation of only these four terranes across the whole region, and distinguish two new terranes in the NE. The northernmost Isukasia terrane (previously regarded as the northernmost exposure of the Fœringehavn terrane) consists of Palaeoarchaean rocks (>3600 Ma) tectonically bounded on its south by the 3075–2960 Ma Kapisilik terrane; these were juxtaposed and metamorphosed together by 2950 Ma. The previously recognized Fœringehavn terrane to the SW is another, separate entity of Palaeoarchaean rocks that was juxtaposed with adjacent terranes only after
c
. 2800 Ma. Hence in an increasingly complex regional model, there were several mid- to Neoarchaean terrane assembly events, with superimposed ‘orogenies’ from
c
. 2950 Ma until after 2700 Ma. Although the Fœringehavn and Isukasia terranes were incorporated into the later Archaean terrane collage at different times, they might be fragments from a larger Palaeoarchaean complex rifted apart from
c
. 3500 Ma onwards.
Complex deformation as a result of strain partitioning in transpression zones: an example from the Leinster Terrane, SE Ireland
Authors: Clegg P. , Holdsworth R.E.
Published: April 2005

Coastal exposures of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in SE Ireland provide an excellent opportunity to study structures formed during the sinistrally oblique Early Devonian Acadian orogeny. A highly heterogeneous assemblage of broadly contemporaneous Acadian structures is preserved and includes complex curvilinear folds, a regional, slightly clockwise transecting pressure solution cleavage, and networks of regional and smaller-scale sinistral shear zones and faults. The geometric and kinematic characteristics of these structures suggest components of NW–SE shortening, top-to-the-SW sinistral shear and a small component of top-to-the-SE thrusting. The structures are arranged into geometrically and kinematically different assemblages that define three fault-bounded structural domains, of hundreds of metres to kilometre scale. These are interpreted to result from the kinematic partitioning of the bulk triclinic sinistral transpressional strain into end-member monoclinic contraction- and wrench-dominated deformations. In this case, the nature and distribution of strain may be controlled by the presence of a pre-existing basin-bounding structure, the Courtown–Tramore Fault. The present study once again illustrates well how structural facing patterns can be used to unravel the structural complexities of kinematically partitioned transpression zones.
Implications of continuous structural inversion in the West Netherlands Basin for understanding controls on Palaeogene deformation in NW Europe
Authors: Worum Geza , Michon Laurent
Published: April 2005

A detailed analysis of high-quality 3D seismic and borehole data provides new insights into the Palaeogene tectonic history and inversion of the West Netherlands Basin. The inversion characteristics are compared with those of other basins in the region, to provide constraints on the Palaeogene compressional tectonic movements in NW Europe. The inversion of the West Netherlands Basin, which is characterized by the doming of the basin centre and by the reactivation of pre-existing faults in a reverse mode, was found to be the result of a continuous inversion process rather than a distinct tectonic pulse. The intensity of the tectonic movements was not uniform throughout the Eocene and was strongest during the Latest Eocene. These characteristics are similar to those of other basins in the southern North Sea region and in the English Channel area. In addition, a good correlation exists between Alpine tectonic events and the Palaeogene inversion phases. In light of these observations the Latest Eocene inversion pulse in the southern North Sea region can be considered as the culmination of a long-term inversion process that originated from the Alpine collision.
Signal-Transduction Pathways that Regulate Visceral Smooth Muscle Function III. Coupling of muscarinic receptors to signaling kinases and effector proteins in gastrointestinal smooth muscles
Authors: Gerthoffer William T.
Published: April 2005

Stimulation of muscarinic M3 and M2 receptors on gastrointestinal smooth muscle elicits contraction via activation of G proteins that are coupled to a diverse set of downstream signaling pathways and effector proteins. Many studies suggest a canonical excitation-contraction coupling pathway that includes activation of phospholipases, production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, activation of L-type calcium channels, and activation of nonselective cation channels. These events lead to elevated intracellular calcium concentration, which activates myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate and activate myosin II thus causing contraction. In addition, muscarinic receptors are coupled to signaling pathways that modulate the effect of activator calcium. The Rho/Rho kinase pathway inhibits myosin light chain phosphatase, one of the key steps in sensitization of the contractile proteins to calcium. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases and Src family tyrosine kinases are also activated by muscarinic agonists. Src family tyrosine kinases regulate L-type calcium and nonselective cation channels. Src activation also leads to activation of ERK and p38 MAPKs. ERK MAPKs phosphorylate caldesmon, an actin filament binding protein. P38 MAPKs activate phospholipases and MAPKAP kinase 2/3, which phosphorylate HSP27. HSP27 may regulate cross-bridge function, actin filament formation, and actin filament attachment to the cell membrane. In addition to the well-known role of M3 muscarinic receptors to regulate myoplasmic calcium levels, the integrated effect of muscarinic activation probably also includes signaling pathways that modulate phospholipases, cyclic nucleotides, contractile protein function, and cytoskeletal protein function.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Determinants of Long-Term Survival After Surgical Myectomy in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Woo Anna , Williams William G. , Choi Richard , Wigle E. Douglas , Rozenblyum Evelyn , Fedwick Katie , Siu Samuel , Ralph-Edwards Anthony , Rakowski Harry
Published: April 2005

Background—

Surgical myectomy has been the standard treatment for patients with drug-refractory obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The clinical and echocardiographic predictors of long-term survival and freedom from cardiovascular morbidity after myectomy have been unclear.

Methods and Results—

We studied a consecutive cohort of 338 adult patients (age at operation 47±14 [range 18 to 77] years, 60% male) who underwent myectomy at our institution. Preoperative resting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 66±32 mm Hg (range 5 to 158 mm Hg). Early postoperative mortality was 1.5% (5 deaths): 4 deaths occurred between 1978 and 1992, and 1 death occurred between 1993 and 2002. During long-term follow-up, 83% of patients reported an improvement to functional class I or II. The majority of patients (98%) had no resting LVOT gradient. Long-term survival was excellent, with 98±1% survival at 1 year, 95±1% at 5 years, and 83±3% at 10 years after myectomy. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified 5 predictors of overall mortality: (1) age ≥50 years at surgery (hazard ratio [HR] 2.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.1,
P
=0.001), (2) female gender (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3,
P
=0.0009), (3) history of preoperative atrial fibrillation (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.0,
P
=0.008), (4) concomitant CABG (HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.2,
P
=0.001), and (5) preoperative left atrial diameter ≥46 mm (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6 to 5.4,
P
=0.0008). Significant predictors of late major cardiovascular events found on multivariable analysis were (1) female gender (HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.0 to 5.4,
P
<0.0001), (2) history of preoperative atrial fibrillation (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.3,
P
=0.02), and (3) preoperative left atrial diameter ≥46 mm (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3,
P
=0.0008).

Conclusions—

Myectomy provides excellent relief for LVOT obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Preoperative clinical and echocardiographic variables can predict long-term outcome after myectomy.
Diabetic Brain Damage in Hypertension
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Ishikawa Joji , Hoshide Satoshi , Matsui Yoshio , Morinari Masato , Eguchi Kazuo , Ishikawa Shizukiyo , Shimada Kazuyuki
Published: April 2005

Diabetes and hypertension are potent risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. We studied the effects of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade (ARB) on brain damage in hypertensives in relation to diabetes. We studied cerebral metabolism (by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and hemodynamics (by phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography) before and 3 to 4 months after candesartan therapy in 20 diabetic hypertensives (DHTs) and 20 matched nondiabetic hypertensives (HTs). Silent multiple cerebral infarcts detected by brain MRI were more common in DHTs than in HTs (50% versus 25%). Cerebral
N-
acetyl aspartate (NAA; an indicator of functional neuronal mass) was lower in DHTs than in HTs (8.35 versus 9.58 mmol/kg;
P
=0.007). Baseline quantitative volume flow in the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) was comparable between the 2 groups, whereas cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) assessed using acetazolamide (a cerebral arteriolar dilator) in ICAs (25% versus 35%;
P
=0.03) and MCAs (20% versus 31%;
P
=0.01) was lower in DHTs than in HTs. These baseline CVR and NAA values of DHT group were lower than those of 12 matched normotensives (CVR: 44% for ICA; 41% for MCA; NAA: 10.5 mmol/kg; all
P
<0.005). After candesartan therapy, CVR in ICAs and MCAs was significantly increased (
P
=0.001) independently of the reduction of the 24-hour blood pressure level, whereas the cerebral NAA level did not change. In conclusion, brain damage is advanced in DHTs. ARB partly improved the impaired cerebral microvascular function in DHTs.
Role of NAD(P)H Oxidase- and Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardioprotection of Ischemic Reperfusion Injury by Angiotensin II
Authors: Kimura Shoji , Zhang Guo-Xing , Nishiyama Akira , Shokoji Takatomi , Yao Li , Fan Yu-Yan , Rahman Matlubur , Suzuki Takeo , Maeta Hajime , Abe Youichi
Published: April 2005

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in cardioprotection of ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury via preconditioning mechanisms. Mitochondrial ROS have been shown to play a key role in this process. Angiotensin II (Ang II) exhibits pharmacological preconditioning; however, the involvement of NAD(P)H oxidase, known as an ROS-generating enzyme responsive to Ang II stimuli, in the preconditioning process remains unclear. We compared the effects of 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels), apocynin (an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor), and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl (tempol; a membrane permeable radical scavenger) on pharmacological preconditioning by Ang II in rat cardiac I/R injury in vivo. Treatment with a pressor dose of Ang II before a 30-minute coronary occlusion reduced infarct size as determined 24 hours after reperfusion. The protective effects of Ang II were eliminated by pretreatment with 5-HD or apocynin, similar to tempol. Both 5-HD and apocynin suppressed the enhanced cardiac lipid peroxidation and activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase/p38, c-Jun NH
2
-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, but not the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, elicited by acutely administered Ang II. Apocynin but not 5-HD suppressed Ang II–induced augmentations of the NAD(P)H oxidase complex formation (p47
phox
, p22
phox
, and Rac-1) and its activity in the heart. Finally, 5-HD suppressed superoxide production by isolated cardiac mitochondria without any effect on their respiration. These results suggest that the preconditioning effects of Ang II for cardiac I/R injury may be mediated by cardiac mitochondria-derived ROS enhanced through NAD(P)H oxidase via JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
Characterization of the 11-Year Solar Signal Using a Multiple Regression Analysis of the ERA-40 Dataset
Authors: Crooks Simon A. , Gray Lesley J.
Published: April 2005

A multiple linear regression analysis of the ERA-40 dataset for the period 1979–2001 has been used to study the influence of the 11-yr solar cycle on atmospheric temperature and zonal winds. Volcanic, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), ENSO, and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signatures are also presented. The solar signal is shown to be readily distinguishable from the volcanic signal. The main solar signal is a statistically significant positive response (i.e., warmer in solar maximum) of 1.75 K over the equator with peak values at 43 km and a reversed signal of similar magnitude at high latitudes that is seasonally dependent. Consistent with this is a statistically significant zonal wind response of up to 6 m s−1 in the subtropical upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere that is also seasonally dependent. The wind anomalies are westerly/easterly in solar maximum/minimum. In addition, there is a statistically significant temperature response in the subtropical lower stratosphere that shows similarity in spatial structure to the QBO response, suggesting a possible interaction between the solar and QBO signals in this region. The solar response in tropospheric zonal winds is small but significant, confirming previous studies that indicate a possible modulation of the Hadley circulation.
War, Trade, and the Mediation of Systemic Leadership
Authors: Rasler Karen , Thompson William R.
Published: April 2005

Processes of war, trade, and systemic leadership are often examined in isolation from one another. Sometimes, two of the three are studied together. Does war interrupt trade? Does systemic leadership reduce the level of warfare? Does systemic leadership lead to freer trade? While these are familiar questions, our contention is that all three processes are interrelated at the systemic level. War and trade are dependent upon systemic leadership. Trade expands in the presence of systemic leadership, and war expands as systemic leadership declines. Yet the expansion of war is also critical to the emergence of systemic leadership. At the same time, these relationships have not remained constant over time but have evolved. The scope of systemic leadership and the intensity of war have increased while the frequency of war among the most powerful actors has contracted. Trade, on the other hand, has expanded dramatically. A vector autoregression analysis of the three processes provides substantial empirical support for the argument that leadership leads to more trade and less war, while also promoting increasingly more pacific relations among elite states in the world system.
Environmental Conflict Between Refugee and Host Communities
Authors: Martin Adrian
Published: April 2005

Much of the existing environmental security literature examines the causal linkages between environmental scarcity and violent conflict. Such research is clearly useful for exploring the causes of violence but less useful for exploring the causes of peace. This article adopts a theoretical approach to the environment-conflict nexus that considers a range of local variables that shape the ways in which actors socially construct resource use competition. The basic approach is to accept that any resource use competition can be constructed in ways that engender either cooperative solutions or unproductive forms of conflict, including violence. The local variables that shape actors’ constructions of conflicts are, therefore, viewed as the determinants of the kind of outcomes that result from a resource use conflict. This theoretical approach is developed with reference to environmental conflicts in areas hosting refugees. The variable of resource management regimes is explored in more detail, illustrated by a case study from an Ethiopian refugee camp. The article finds theoretical and empirical evidence to support the view that participatory and inclusive resource management regimes may enable communities to construct resource use conflicts in ways that help to prevent unproductive conflict. Such forms of governance can potentially be initiated in places where the state is failing to mitigate conflict through its own institutional resources. Thus, there may be an opportunity to respond to the ‘ingenuity gap’ that Homer-Dixon identifies as a key linkage between scarcity and conflict.
Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships
Authors: Dunbar Norah E. , Burgoon Judee K.
Published: April 2005

This investigation uses dyadic power theory (Dunbar, 2000, 2004; Rollins & Bahr, 1976) to examine the relationship between dominance and power and the behavioral manifestations of power in close relationships. Ninety-seven couples (58 married, 39 cohabiting) completed a problem-solving task together while being videotaped. The videotapes were coded for a variety of verbal and nonverbal dominant control attempts including dysfluencies, interruptions, frequency of adaptor and illustrator gestures, vocal characteristics, and general perceptions of dominance. The results revealed that individuals’ perceptions of power led to more dominant communication behavior during discussions with their partner. Comparisons between the perceptions of participants and observers and the implications for future research are also discussed.
Motivational underpinnings of romantic partner perceptions: Psychological and physiological evidence
Authors: Geher Glenn , Bloodworth Ryan , Mason Joseph , Stoaks Christopher , Downey Heather J. , Renstrom Kristin L. , Romero Juan F.
Published: April 2005

This research examined biases in perceptions of current versus former romantic partners. Study 1 employed individuals in dating relationships ( N = 161) and examined whether perceptions of current partners’ traits differed from perceptions of former partners’ traits. We computed an index of a ‘partner discrepancy bias’ (PDB). PDB was related to relationship satisfaction. Study 2 assessed the motivational underpinnings of the PDB. We used a standard forced-compliance paradigm, using individually run participants ( N = 65), to determine if partner perceptions are rooted in dissonance processes. Dissonance effects were manifest in both post-manipulation attitudes toward partners and post-manipulation nonspecific skin conductance. Dissonance effects were pronounced for low self-monitors. Implications regarding motivated perceptions in relationships are discussed.
Effects of Thermal and Cryogenic Conditionings on Mechanical Behavior of Thermally Shocked Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ray B. C.
Published: April 2005

A very large thermal expansion mismatch may result in weakening the fiber-matrix interface and/or a possible matrix cracking due to thermal shock stress. The short beam shear specimens of glass-epoxy composite were treated at 40 C for a certain time and then exposed to 40 C for different conditioning times. The treatment was performed in the opposite direction of thermal cycle. The three-point bend test was carried out at room temperature with different crosshead speeds. The debonding effect of different natures of thermal shock (up- and down-cycles) and strengthening phenomena of thermal conditionings (above and subzero temperature conditionings) were assessed in the present study for the different durations of conditioning and different states of thermal conditionings (thermal and cryogenic). The state of the interactions between fiber and polymer matrix by the treatment was reflected in the shear values of the composites.
The Effects of a Thermoplastic Polyester Preform Binder on Vinyl Ester Resin
Authors: Brody John C. , Gillespie John W.
Published: April 2005

This study characterizes and evaluates the effects of a thermoplastic polyester preform binder on a thermosetting vinyl ester resin. It was observed that the binder material is soluble in the resin and that the dissolution of the binder drastically affects the viscosity of the resin. It was determined that the binder can significantly delay the gel time, and influence the reaction kinetics of the resin. Additionally, results show that the binder concentration and extent of dissolution affect the mechanical and thermophysical properties of the resin. Higher binder concentrations and larger dissolution times resulted in increased tensile strengths, elongations, and glass transition temperatures of the matrix resin. In order to characterize binder dissolution times, an experimental technique was introduced in which the binder dissolution is correlated to increases in the resin viscosity. The results from this study quantify the affects of thermoplastic polyester binders on vinyl ester resin and provide the basis for refining the processing window of composite laminates using preform binders.
Perspective-Taking and Self-Other Overlap: Fostering Social Bonds and Facilitating Social Coordination
Authors: Galinsky Adam D. , Ku Gillian , Wang Cynthia S.
Published: April 2005

The present article offers a conceptual model for how the cognitive processes associated with perspective-taking facilitate social coordination and foster social bonds. We suggest that the benefits of perspective-taking accrue through an increased self-other overlap in cognitive representations and discuss the implications of this perspective-taking induced self-other overlap for stereotyping and prejudice. Whereas perspective-taking decreases stereotyping of others (through application of the self to the other), it increases stereotypicality of one’s own behavior (through inclusion of the other in the self). To promote social bonds, perspective-takers utilize information, including stereotypes, to coordinate their behavior with others. The discussion focuses on the implications, both positive and negative, of this self-other overlap for social relationships and discusses how conceptualizing perspective-taking, as geared toward supporting specific social bonds, provides a framework for understanding why the effects of perspective-taking are typically target-specific and do not activate a general helping mind-set. Through its attempts to secure social bonds, perspective-taking can be an engine of social harmony, but can also reveal a dark side, one full of ironic consequences.
Riding the ‘O’ Train: Comparing the Effects of Ostracism and Verbal Dispute on Targets and Sources
Authors: Zadro Lisa , Williams Kipling D. , Richardson Rick
Published: April 2005

In the present study we examined the effects of social ostracism (being excluded and ignored in the presence of others) on those who ostracize (sources) and those who are ostracized (targets). Unlike previous research that compared ostracism to social inclusion, the present study also compared ostracism to verbal dispute (i.e. an argument). A role-play method was used such that participants acted out a five-minute train ride in which two sources ignored or argued with a target sitting between them. In three studies, ostracism was shown to be a unique form of social conflict, with targets of ostracism reporting lower need satisfaction levels than targets of argument, whereas sources of ostracism reported higher need satisfaction levels than did sources of argument.