bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POVERTY, VULNERABILITY AND CLASS: THE EXPANDING NON‐POLAR GROUPS AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sumner Andy
Published: October 2012

Middle‐Income Countries (MICs) are now home to most of the world's extreme poor—up to a billion people. At the same time, many MICs are also home to a drastically expanding group of people with expenditures of between $2 and $10 per capita/day. Globally, this ‘emerging middle’ or ‘non‐polar’ or ‘in‐between’ group, which accounts for 2.5 billion people worldwide, may be above the average poverty line for developing countries but in all likelihood is still at risk of experiencing poverty. This article outlines indicative data on trends relating to poverty and the non‐poor by different expenditure groups and critically reviews the recent literature that contentiously labels such groups as ‘middle class’. The article argues that such groups are neither extreme poor nor in all likelihood secure from poverty and that such groups are worthy of closer examination because their expansion may potentially have wider societal implications, for example, related to taxation, governance and, ultimately, domestic politics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal, mechanical, and morphological investigation of injection molded poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/carbon fiber composites
Authors: Vivekanandhan Singaravelu , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar Kumar
Published: October 2012

Injection molded poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/carbon fiber (CF) composites have been fabricated using a twin screw micro compounder. The effect of CF reinforcement on the thermal, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and microscopic properties of the composite was investigated. Addition of 30 wt% of CF into PTT resulted in the significant enhancement of tensile (120%) and flexural (30%) strength compared to neat PTT. The rule of mixture was successfully employed for theoretical calculations of tensile modulus and the calculated values were compared with the experimental results. Similarly, CF reinforced (30 wt%) PTT composites exhibited an increase of more than a 150°C in the heat deflection temperature. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the tensile fracture specimens revealed uniform distribution of the CFs with good polymer matrix and fiber adhesion. Overall, the results obtained indicate the enhancement of properties with increasing fiber content, confirming better fiber and polymer matrix compatibility. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1933–1940, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Approaching Success Or Avoiding Failure? Approach and Avoidance Motives in the Work Domain
Authors: Johnson Russell Eric , Chang Chu–Hsiang , Meyer Tyler , Lanaj Klodiana , Way Jason
Published: October 2012

In our set of studies, we extended research on approach and avoidance motivations by investigating (i) motives in a work setting, (ii) interactions among approach and avoidance motives, and (iii) motives at implicit levels. Results of Studies 1 through 3 provided support for the construct validity of our work motives measure by demonstrating that approach and avoidance work motives are markers of more general approach and avoidance temperaments, they are distinct from other individual difference variables commonly studied by organisational psychologists (e.g. conscientiousness, regulatory focus and cognitive ability) and they are stable over time. In Studies 4 through 7, we confirmed our predictions that approach and avoidance motives predict employees’ goal orientations, job appraisals and attitudes (e.g. job satisfaction and perceived support) and supervisor–rated job behaviours (e.g. task performance and citizenship behaviour). Importantly, we provide the first empirical evidence that approach and avoidance motives interact to predict task performance and that the motives operate at implicit levels. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Personality Psychology
Interaction of peptides spanning the transmembrane domain of caveolin‐1 with model membranes
Authors: Lokappa Sowmya Bekshe , Nagaraj Ramakrishnan
Published: October 2012

Caveolin‐1 has an atypical membrane‐spanning domain comprising of 34 residues. Caveolin‐1 targets to lipid droplets under certain conditions, where they are involved in signaling and cholesterol balance. In the present study, membrane association of synthetic peptides corresponding to the membrane‐spanning domain of caveolin‐1 has been investigated to obtain an insight into the topology of transmembrane region in the lipid bilayer and the effect of truncations in this sequence, as observed in the targeting to lipid droplets, by using model membranes. Fluorescence studies revealed strong association of the peptide corresponding to the membrane‐spanning domain of caveolin‐1 with anionic lipids as compared with zwitterionic lipids, which is consistent with the location of this domain in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Association of a short 9 residue peptide corresponding to the C‐terminus of caveolin‐1 membrane‐spanning domain with lipid vesicles revealed the importance of this region for association with model membranes. Our investigations indicate that the peptide corresponding to the membrane‐spanning domain of caveolin‐1 does not span the lipid bilayer. We propose that both caveolin scaffolding domain and transmembrane segment of caveolin‐1 contribute to the strong association with the plasma membrane rendering the protein highly detergent resistant. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmon‐enhanced photoluminescence from TiO2:Sm3+:Au nanostructure
Authors: An Guofei , Yang Chaoshun , Zhou Yawei , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: October 2012

In this paper, a novel plasmon‐enhanced photoluminescence (PL) hybrid system is presented based on metal–semiconductor nanostructure, in which TiO2:Sm3+ works as luminophor while the gold nanoparticle (NP) as the promoter of plasmon resonance. The plasmon‐enhanced PL is obtained by optimizing the plasmon resonance peak of gold NP employed in the system, and it is deduced that there is energy transfer from TiO2:Sm3+ to Au NPs during the process of light emitting. When the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra of Au NPs overlap with the PL spectra of TiO2:Sm3+, the Au NPs absorb the energy transferred from TiO2:Sm3+, and then the plasmonic mode confined around Au NPs can be excited to bring out the PL enhancement.

magnified image

Schematic illustration of the process of plasmon‐enhanced emission. The different steps are (a) light emitting of TiO2:Sm3+, (b) energy transferred from TiO2:Sm3+ to the Au NPs, and (c) enhanced emitting of the hybrid system.
Joint modeling of medical cost and survival in complex sample surveys
Authors: Xu Huiping , Daggy Joanne , Yu Danni , Craig Bruce A. , Sands Laura
Published: October 2012

Medical cost data are typically highly skewed to the right with a large proportion of zero costs. It is also common for these data to be censored because of incomplete follow‐up and death. In the case of censoring due to death, it is important to consider the potential dependence between cost and survival. This association can occur because patients who incur a greater amount of medical cost tend to be frailer and hence are more likely to die. To handle this informative censoring issue, joint modeling of cost and survival with shared random effects has been proposed. In this paper, we extend this joint modeling approach to handle a final feature of many medical cost data sets, i.e., Specifically, the fact that data were obtained via a complex survey design. Specifically, we extend the joint model by incorporating the sample weights when estimating the parameters and using the Taylor series linearization approach when calculating the standard errors. We use a simulation study to compare the joint modeling approach with and without these adjustments. The simulation study shows that parameter estimates can be seriously biased when information about the complex survey design is ignored. It also shows that standard errors based on the Taylor series linearization approach provide satisfactory confidence interval coverage. The proposed joint model is applied to monthly hospital costs obtained from the 2004 National Long Term Care Survey. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dysfunctional remembered parenting in oncology outpatients affects psychological distress symptoms in a gender‐specific manner
Authors: Kouzoupis Anastasios V. , Lyrakos Dimitrios , Kokras Nikolaos , Panagiotarakou Meropi , Syrigos Kostas N. , Papadimitriou George N.
Published: October 2012

Evidence suggests that gender differences appear in a variety of biological and psychological responses to stress and perhaps in coping with acute and chronic illness as well. Dysfunctional parenting is also thought to be involved in the process of coping with stress and illness; hence, the present study aimed to verify whether dysfunctional remembered parenting would influence psychological distress in a gender‐specific manner in patients suffering from cancer. Patients attending an outpatient oncology clinic completed the Remembered Relationships with Parents (RRP), Hospital Anxiety and Depression and Spielberger's State–Trait Anxiety Inventory scales and the National Cancer Center Network Distress Thermometer. Although no baseline gender differences were detected, a multivariate analysis confirmed that anxiety and depression symptoms of men and women suffering from cancer are differentially affected by the RRP Control and Alienation scores. Women with remembered parental alienation and overprotection showed significantly more anxiety symptoms than men, whereas men were more vulnerable to remembered alienation than overprotection with regard to the Distress Thermometer scores. These results suggest that remembered dysfunctional parenting is crucially, and in a gender‐specific manner, involved in the coping strategy adopted by male and female cancer patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting feasibility and quality of second‐trimester ultrasound scans in obese pregnant women
Authors: Fuchs F. , Houllier M. , Voulgaropoulos A. , Levaillant J.‐M. , Colmant C. , Bouyer J. , Senat M.‐V.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To evaluate the feasibility of completing in one session a second‐trimester ultrasound scan in obese pregnant women, to compare the quality of images obtained with those of non-obese women and to analyze factors that can improve the completion rate.

Methods

This prospective study, from 2009 to 2011, included all obese pregnant women (prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2) who had an ultrasound examination at 20–24 weeks in our department, and a control group of pregnant women with normal BMI (20–24.9 kg/m2) who had the same examination. A single operator reviewed the standardized ultrasound images (three biometric and six to assess key anatomical features) required under French guidelines, to assess their presence, evaluate the quality of all images and score the quality of the six anatomical images. Each image was assessed according to between four and six criteria, each worth one point. We sought excellent quality, defined as the frequency of maximum points for a given image type. The factors associated with completing the scan in one session were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression.

Results

The obese group included 223 women and the control group 60; a complete scan in one session was achieved in 70.4% and 81.7% of these, respectively (P = 0.08). The completion rate for each image type was at least 95% in the control group and 90% in the obese group, except for diaphragm and right outflow tract images. Significant factors associated with completing the scan in the multivariate model were: having 10 additional minutes for the scan (P = 0.03), moving the fetus so that the back was in posterior or lateral position (P = 0.01), more experienced sonographer (P = 0.03) and thinner maternal abdominal wall thickness (P = 0.01). Overall, the excellence rate varied from 35% to 92% in the normal BMI group and from 18% to 58% in the obese group, and was significantly lower in the latter for all images except abdominal circumference (P = 0.26) and spine (P = 0.06). Anatomical quality scores were also significantly lower in the obese group (22.3 vs 27.2; P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Although ultrasound scans of obese pregnant women are feasible, image quality and global anatomical scores are significantly lower among obese than normal‐weight women. However, certain simple improvements may increase fetal visualization.
Dynamics of cognition
Authors: Riley Michael A. , Holden John G.
Published: October 2012

The application of dynamical systems methods and concepts to cognitive phenomena has broadened the range of testable hypotheses and theoretical narratives available to cognitive scientists. Most research in cognitive dynamics tests the degree to which observed cognitive performance is consistent with one or another core phenomena associated with complex dynamical systems, such as tests for phase transitions, coupling among processes, or scaling laws. Early applications of dynamical systems theory to perceptual‐motor performance and developmental psychology paved the way for more recent applications of dynamical systems analyses, models, and theoretical concepts in areas such as learning, memory, speech perception, decision making, problem solving, and reading, among others. Reviews of the empirical results of both foundational and contemporary cognitive dynamics are provided.WIREs Cogn Sci2012. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1200

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera)
Authors: Brożek Jolanta , Bourgoin Thierry
Published: October 2012

The present paper describes the sensory structures on the apical segment of the labium in fifteen fulgoromorphan families (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), using the scanning electron microscope. Thirteen morphologically distinct types of sensilla are identified: five types of multiporous sensilla, four types of uniporous sensilla and four types of nonporous sensilla. Three subapical sensory organ types are also recognized, formed from one to several sensilla, each characteristic of a family group. Sensilla chaetica (mechanoreceptive sensilla) fall into three categories dependent on length and are numerous and evenly distributed on the surface of the labium except where they occur on specialized sensory fields. The planthopper morphological ground plan is represented by two apical pair of sensory fields (dorsal and ventral) on which 11 dorsal pairs of sensilla (10 peg-like pairs + 1 specialized pair dome or cupola-like) and 2 ventral pairs of sensilla basiconica occur. Two main patterns (cixiid and issid) together with more specialized ones (derbid, lophopid, flatid and fulgorid) are reported. Disparity and diversity of the sensory structures are analyzed from a taxonomic and functional perspective. A gustatory function is provided for several chemoreceptive labial sensilla, as in the antennal flagellum sensilla in some other Hemiptera. This represents a more recently evolved function for the planthopper labium. Finally, further lines of study are suggested for future work on the phylogeny of the group based on the studied characters.
Characterization of Novel Triacylglycerol Estolides from the Seed Oil of Mallotus philippensis and Trewia nudiflora
Authors: Smith Mark A. , Zhang Haixia , Forseille Li , Purves Randy W.
Published: October 2012

Triacylglycerol estolides have been reported as components of the seed oil of a number of plant species and are generally associated with the presence of fatty acids containing hydroxyl groups. We have used MALDI‐TOF MS to examine the intact acylglycerol species present in the seed oils of two plants that produce kamlolenic acid (18‐hydroxy‐Δ9cis,11trans,13trans‐octadecatrienoic acid). Mallotus philippensis and Trewia nudiflora were both shown to produce seed oil rich in TAG‐estolides. Analysis by MALDI‐TOF MS/MS demonstrated that the TAG‐estolides had a structure different to that previously proposed after enzymatic digestion of the oil. Acylglycerols containing up to 14 fatty acids were detected but fatty acid estolides were only present in a single position on the glycerol backbone, with predominantly non‐hydroxyl fatty acids in the remaining two positions. Increased numbers of fatty acids per glycerol backbone were accounted for by the presence of fatty acid estolides containing a correspondingly greater number of fatty acids. For example, acylglycerols containing seven fatty acids had a fatty acid estolide of five fatty acids at one position on the glycerol backbone. Both capped and uncapped fatty acid estolides, with a free hydroxyl group, were present, with capped fatty acid estolides being more abundant in T. nudiflora and uncapped fatty acid estolides in M. philippensis.
Paleontology and Evolution in the News
Authors: Horenstein Sidney
Published: October 2012

This is a review of recent media publications and journal articles about evolution and paleontology.
From Child to Parent? The Significance of Children’s Education for Their Parents’ Longevity
Authors: Torssander Jenny
Published: October 2012

In addition to own education and other socioeconomic resources, the education of one’s children may be important for individual health and longevity. Mothers and fathers born between 1932 and 1941 were analyzed by linking them to their children in the Swedish Multi-generation Register, which covers the total population. Controlling for parents’ education, social class, and income attenuates but does not remove the association between children’s education and parents’ mortality risk. Shared but unmeasured familial background characteristics were addressed by comparing siblings in the parental generation. In these fixed-effects analyses, comparing parents whose children had tertiary education with parents whose children completed only compulsory schooling (the reference group) yields a hazard ratio of 0.79 (95 % CI: 0.70–0.89) when the socioeconomic position of both parents is controlled for. The relationship is certainly not purely causal, but part of it could be if, for example, well-educated adult children use their resources to find the best available health care for their aging parents. I therefore introduce the concept of “social foreground” and suggest that children’s socioeconomic resources may be an important factor in trying to further understand social inequalities in health.
On the late-time growth of the two-dimensional Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in shock tube experiments
Authors: Morgan Robert V. , Aure R. , Stockero J. D. , Greenough J. A. , Cabot W. , Likhachev O. A. , Jacobs J. W.
Published: October 2012

In the present study, shock tube experiments are used to study the very late-time development of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability from a diffuse, nearly sinusoidal, initial perturbation into a fully turbulent flow. The interface is generated by two opposing gas flows and a perturbation is formed on the interface by transversely oscillating the shock tube to create a standing wave. The puncturing of a diaphragm generates a Mach $1. 2$ shock wave that then impacts a density gradient composed of air and SF6, causing the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability to develop in the 2.0 m long test section. The instability is visualized with planar Mie scattering in which smoke particles in the air are illuminated by a Nd:YLF laser sheet, and images are recorded using four high-speed video cameras operating at 6 kHz that allow the recording of the time history of the instability. In addition, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is implemented using a double-pulsed Nd:YAG laser with images recorded using a single CCD camera. Initial modal content, amplitude, and growth rates are reported from the Mie scattering experiments while vorticity and circulation measurements are made using PIV. Amplitude measurements show good early-time agreement but relatively poor late-time agreement with existing nonlinear models. The model of Goncharov (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, 2002, 134502) agrees with growth rate measurements at intermediate times but fails at late experimental times. Measured background acceleration present in the experiment suggests that the late-time growth rate may be influenced by Rayleigh–Taylor instability induced by the interfacial acceleration. Numerical simulations conducted using the LLNL codes Ares and Miranda show that this acceleration may be caused by the growth of boundary layers, and must be accounted for to produce good agreement with models and simulations. Adding acceleration to the Richtmyer–Meshkov buoyancy–drag model produces improved agreement. It is found that the growth rate and amplitude trends are also modelled well by the Likhachev–Jacobs vortex model (Likhachev & Jacobs, Phys. Fluids, vol. 17, 2005, 031704). Circulation measurements also show good agreement with the circulation value extracted by fitting the vortex model to the experimental data.
Roman Inscriptions 2006–2010
Authors: Cooley Alison E. , Salway Benet
Published: October 2012

The aim of this quinquennial survey remains the same as its predecessor, as for the most part does the format, though the team is regrettably reduced by one. With an eye to the study of the Roman world, we hope to signal the most important newly published inscriptions, significant reinterpretations of previously published material, new trends in scholarship, recent studies that draw heavily on epigraphic sources, and noteworthy developments in the various aids to understanding inscriptions (both traditional printed material and electronic resources). In the context of this journal, the geographical range and chronological scope reflect the contours and history of the Roman state from its beginnings down to the end of the seventh century. As such, not only does the survey naturally take in Greek as well as Latin texts, but also epigraphic material in other languages relevant to the Roman world. In the hope that they might usefully reflect the various fields of primary interest to readers of this journal, we have maintained the categories established in the last survey. These comprise, after material of general interest and significance, principal divisions under the headings of (II) Government, law, and authority, (III) Cities, (IV) Funerary epigraphy, (V) Religions, and (VI) Language, literature, and onomastics. The structure of the first section has been changed somewhat in order to give greater prominence to those inscriptions here singled out as historical highlights. The organization of the discussion within each section (or subsection) generally moves between the thematic, chronological, and geographical, as seems to suit the material best.
A new bridge index for links with trivial knot components
Authors: KODANI YORIKO
Published: October 2012

Let L = K1 ∪ K2 be a 2-component link in the 3-sphere such that K1 is a trivial knot. In this paper, we introduce a new bridge index, denoted by bK1 = 1([L]), for L. Roughly speaking, bK1 = 1([L]) is the minimum of the bridge numbers of the links ambient isotopic to L under the constraint that all of the bridge numbers of the components corresponding to K1 are 1. We provide a lower bound estimate of bK1 = 1([L]) in the case when L is a non-split satellite link. By using this result, we show that for each integer n(≥ 2), there exists a link Ln = K1n ∪ K2n with K1n a trivial knot such that bK1n = 1([Ln])−b([Ln]) = n−1, where b([Ln]) is the bridge index of Ln.
The primitive ideal space of the C*-algebra of the affine semigroup of algebraic integers
Authors: ECHTERHOFF SIEGFRIED , LACA MARCELO
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to give a complete description of the primitive ideal space of the C*-algebra [R] associated to the ring of integers R in a number field K in the recent paper [5]. As explained in [5], [R] can be realized as the Toeplitz C*-algebra of the affine semigroup R ⋊ R× over R and as a full corner of a crossed product C0() ⋊ K ⋊ K*, where is a certain adelic space. Therefore Prim([R]) is homeomorphic to the primitive ideal space of this crossed product. Using a recent result of Sierakowski together with the fact that every quasi-orbit for the action of K ⋊ K* on contains at least one point with trivial stabilizer we show that Prim([R]) is homeomorphic to the quasi-orbit space for the action of K ⋊ K* on , which in turn may be identified with the power set of the set of prime ideals of R equipped with the power-cofinite topology.
DNA fragmentation, transgene expression and embryo development after intracytoplasmic injection of DNA–liposome complexes in IVF bovine zygotes
Authors: Vichera G. , Moro L.N. , Buemo C. , Salamone D.
Published: October 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the quality and viability of bovine embryos produced byin vitrofertilization (IVF), after intracytoplasmic injection of pCX–EGFP–liposome complexes or pBCKIP2.8–liposome complexes (plasmids that codify the human insulin gene). Cleavage, blastocysts and expanded blastocysts rates of these both groups were not different from that of controls (IVF or IVF embryos injected with liposomes alone; IVF-L). The percentage of EGFP-positive (EGFP+) blastocysts was 41.8%. In Experiment 2, the blastocysts obtained after injection of pCX–EGFP–liposome complexes that did or did not express the transgene, were analyzed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling) assay at days 6, 7 and 8 of culturein vitro(Bd6, Bd7 and Bd8), in order to evaluate DNA fragmentation. The EGFP+blastocysts showed different proportions of TUNEL-positive cells (T+) at Bd6, Bd7 and Bd8 (91, 73.7 and 99.5%, respectively) while blastocysts without EGFP expression (EGFP−) showed statistically lower numbers of fragmented nuclei (0, 44.6 and 85%, respectively;P< 0.05). There was no evidence of DNA fragmentation in either Bd6 or Bd7 IVF and IVF-L control blastocysts, but T+nuclei were detected at Bd8 in both groups (66.4 and 85.8% respectively). Finally, IVF blastocysts (n= 21) injected withinsulin–liposome complexes, cultured for 6, 7 and 8 days, were transferred to recipient cows. Pregnancy rates of 18.2% (2/11) and 40% (2/5) resulted from the transfer of Bd6 and Bd7 cells, respectively. Two pregnancies developed to term but they were not transgenic for theinsulingene. In conclusion, EGFP expression affects DNA integrity but not embryo development. Moreover, additional transfers are required in order to overcome the drawbacks generated byin vitroculture length and transgene expression.
Associations of intake of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids with asthma in pre-school children
Authors: Nakamura Kozue , Wada Keiko , Sahashi Yukari , Tamai Yuya , Tsuji Michiko , Watanabe Kaori , Ohtsuchi Sakiko , Ando Kyoko , Nagata Chisato
Published: October 2012

Objective

Increasing childhood asthma rates may be due to changing dietary lifestyle. We investigated the association of dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids with asthma in Japanese pre-school children.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

School-based survey on lifestyle/diet and health status in children in Japan.

Subjects

Parents of 452 children aged 3–6 years completed a questionnaire on the children's and parents’ lifestyle and demographics. Children were classified into asthma cases and non-asthma cases in accordance with the ATS-DLD (American Thoracic Society and Division of Lung Diseases of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) questionnaire. Children's diet was assessed using a 3 d dietary record completed by parents. Children's age, sex, BMI, history of food allergy, maternal age, parental history of allergy, maternal education, family size and second-hand smoking were included as covariates. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between children's diet and asthma.

Results

Compared with children with the lowest intake tertile for vitamin C and vitamin E, those in the highest were significantly inversely associated with asthma; adjusted OR (95 % CI) were 0·35 (0·14, 0·88) and 0·32 (0·12, 0·85), respectively. A statistically significant trend was also observed. Fruit intake showed an inverse but insignificant association with asthma. There were no associations of any type of fatty acids with asthma.

Conclusions

These data suggest that children with high intakes of vitamins C and E may be associated with a reduced prevalence of asthma.
U.S. National Science Foundation seeks comments on restructure of geoscience education programs
Authors: Adamec Bethany Holm
Published: October 2012

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) is an important source of funding for geoscience education and research in the United States. The directorate's programs have focused on broadening participation, geoscience education research, adoption of best practices in teaching, and other issues. Recently, the directorate issued a “Dear Colleague” letter about restructuring its geoscience education programs. Three programs are being changed: GEO‐Teach (a program that aimed to improve the quality of geoscience instruction, primarily at middle and high school levels) is being retired, GeoEd (a program that seeks to increase public understanding of Earth system science) is undergoing review and restructuring, and Opportunities for Enhancing Diversity in the Geosciences (OEDG, a program aimed at enhancing minority representation) is also undergoing review and restructuring. Comments concerning the OEDG program, in particular, are being requested by NSF.
Engaging the public through writing an op‐ed
Authors: Labosier Chris , Zhu Laiyin , Quiring Steven
Published: October 2012

In May, prior to the start of the 2012 hurricane season, AGU asked us to write an op‐ed for the Houston Chronicle on the importance of funding hurricane research. We were excited to be asked and pleased that AGU facilitated the process by providing us with some guidance on writing the op‐ed. Given the impact that Hurricane Ike had in Texas just a few years ago, we felt it was important to remind the citizens of the greater Houston metropolitan area of the societal benefits of funding hurricane research. Thanks to the assistance of AGU staff, writing the article required only a few hours of time. Our op‐ed was published in the print edition of the Houston Chronicle on 1 June 2012, the official start of the hurricane season (http://www.chron.com/default/article/Tight‐budgets‐posing‐threat‐to‐Texas‐hurricane‐3600363.php). It was picked up by the media relations office in the College of Geosciences at Texas A&M University and featured on the college's Web site in the dean's biweekly briefing and on its Facebook page. As a result, the op‐ed reached a large and diverse audience.
Large melt channels discovered underneath Antarctic ice shelves
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: October 2012

New radar observations reveal melt channels 500 meters to 3 kilometers wide and up to 200 meters deep underneath the ice shelf buttressing the Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica; researchers suggest that these subglacial channels could be a “prelude to eventual collapse” of the ice shelves, which cover about 10% of the areal extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). A complete collapse of WAIS could increase global sea level by at least 3–4 meters. Taking advantage of a dense network of radar lines designed to penetrate ice thicknesses of more than 2 kilometers, Vaughan et al. combine indirect satellite observations with direct echo‐sounding measurements from submersibles to show what scientists have suspected: Thinning ice shelves lead to crevassing of the ice shelves. Echo sounding reveals 50‐to 100‐meter‐wide crevasses aligned with the subglacial channels; the basal crevasses penetrate up to one third of the ice thickness in the shelves buttressing the Pine Island Glacier, even leaving their mark on the surface of the glacier. Melting at the base of floating ice shelves creates subglacial channels. Using stress models, the authors show that when the subglacial channels form sufficiently rapidly, they create crevasses, which the authors found on the surface and at the base of the ice shelf bordering the Pine Island Glacier.
Examining vegetation feedbacks on global warming in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Pu Bing , Dickinson Robert E.
Published: October 2012

Leaves close their stomates in response to increases of CO2. Such a rapid physiological response is included in the land component of comprehensive climate models. However, observational studies have shown that they can further close their stomates as a consequence of “down‐regulation,” further reducing canopy conductance. However, they may also increase the area of their leaves, hence increasing their canopy conductance. Changes of canopy conductance change surface ET, a reduction leading to surface warming. A simulation considering these mechanisms of modifying canopy conductance is carried out for the assumption of a doubled atmospheric CO2concentration, using the Community Earth System model. It finds that down‐regulation as formulated in previous studies could have as large a warming impact on land temperatures as the standard leaf physiological response. Increases in LAI, if they were to occur, appear to have but a small cooling effect. The reduction of latent cooling in the model is amplified by a reduction of low‐level cloud cover, hence enhanced net absorption of solar radiation. Reduction of low level cloudiness appears to be necessary to maintain global radiation balance as reported in a previous study. Over mid to high latitudes, decreases in surface albedo associated with reduced snow cover also contribute to amplifying the warming. The physiological feedbacks of leaf stomates in the simulation increase warming by 0.6 ± 0.2°C over land and 0.3 ± 0.1°C globally, not inconsistent with previous studies. Enhanced interhemispheric temperature differences weaken the southward shift of the ITCZ associated with CO2radiative warming. Regions with relatively high LAI tend to have greater vegetation feedback; but increases in large‐scale precipitation may weaken this local warming effect.
Global transport of passive tracers in conventional and superparameterized climate models: Evaluation of multi‐scale methods
Authors: Rosa D. , Lamarque J. F. , Collins W. D.
Published: October 2012

The global transport of the surface‐emitted short‐lived passive tracers radon and methyl iodide is simulated in a cloud‐resolving Global Climate Model (GCM) for the first time and compared against simulations with a conventional GCM in which cloud processes are not resolved. Both models are operated in chemical transport mode in which the large scale flow is set to observationally derived dynamic and thermodynamic fields from a meteorological reanalysis. Simulated vertical profiles of tracers concentrations from both models are compared with profiles observed in situ. The comparisons suggest that the cloud‐resolving GCM is, to a small degree, better than the conventional GCM in reproducing the vertical gradients and hence the convective entrainment and detrainment of passive tracers. Contrasting only simulated climatological maps of tracers concentrations from the two models, we find consistent and appreciable relative differences that create a quadrupole pattern in the vertical direction. Relative to the conventional GCM, the tracer concentrations from the cloud‐resolving GCM results are depleted from the surface to 1 km and from 4 to 12 Km and enriched from 1 to 4 km and above 12 km. This might have important implications for climate and atmospheric chemistry simulations but require further investigations.
Discovery and optimization of efficacious neutral 4-amino-6-biphenyl-7,8-dihydropyrimido[5,4-f][1,4]oxazepin-5-one diacylglycerol acyl transferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitors
Authors: Goldberg Frederick W. , Birch Alan M. , Leach Andrew G. , Groombridge Sam D. , Snelson Wendy L. , Gutierrez Pablo Morentin , Hammond Clare D. , Birtles Susan , Buckett Linda K.
Published: October 2012

Neutral DGAT1 inhibitors have been designed with comparable pre-clinical efficacy and PK/PD to those previously described for acidic inhibitors.
Phonological and Motor Errors in Individuals With Acquired Sound Production Impairment
Authors: Buchwald Adam , Miozzo Michele
Published: October 2012

Purpose

This study aimed to compare sound production errors arising due to phonological processing impairment with errors arising due to motor speech impairment.

Method

Two speakers with similar clinical profiles who produced similar consonant cluster simplification errors were examined using a repetition task. We compared both overall accuracy and acoustic details of hundreds of productions with target consonant clusters to tokens with singletons. Changes in accuracy over the course of the study were also compared.

Results

In target words with consonant cluster simplification, the individual whose errors reflected phonological impairment produced articulatory timing consistent with singleton onsets. These productions improved when resyllabification was possible, but error rates were not affected by exposure. In contrast, the individual with motoric-based errors produced simplifications that contained the articulatory timing associated with clusters. Accuracy was not affected by the ability to resyllabify, but it did significantly improve following repeated production.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal clear differences between errors arising in phonological processing and in motor planning that reflect the underlying systems. The changes over the course of the study suggest that error types with different sources are responsive to different intervention strategies.
Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Cadmium, Cobalt, Gallium, Indium, Mercury, Silicon, Thallium, and Zinc
Authors: Assael Marc J. , Armyra Ivi J. , Brillo Juergen , Stankus Sergei V. , Wu Jiangtao , Wakeham William A.
Published: October 2012

The available experimental data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc have been critically examined with the intention of establishing both a density and a viscosity standard. All experimental data have been categorized into primary and secondary data according to the quality of measurement, the technique employed and the presentation of the data, as specified by a series of criteria. The proposed standard reference correlations for the density of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 0.6, 2.1, 0.4, 0.5, 2.2, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively. In the case of mercury, since density reference values already exist, no further work was carried out. The standard reference correlations for the viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 9.4, 14.0, 13.5, 2.1, 7.3, 15.7, 5.1, and 9.3, respectively.
CHEMO-hydrodynamic coupling between forced advection in porous media and self-sustained chemical waves
Authors: Atis S. , Saha S. , Auradou H. , Martin J. , Rakotomalala N. , Talon L. , Salin D.
Published: October 2012

Autocatalytic reaction fronts between two reacting species in the absence of fluid flow, propagate as solitary waves. The coupling between autocatalytic reaction front and forced simple hydrodynamic flows leads to stationary fronts whose velocity and shape depend on the underlying flow field. We address the issue of the chemico-hydrodynamic coupling between forced advection in porous media and self-sustained chemical waves. Towards that purpose, we perform experiments over a wide range of flow velocities with the well characterized iodate arsenious acid and chlorite-tetrathionate autocatalytic reactions in transparent packed beads porous media. The characteristics of these porous media such as their porosity, tortuosity, and hydrodynamics dispersion are determined. In a pack of beads, the characteristic pore size and the velocity field correlation length are of the order of the bead size. In order to address these two length scales separately, we perform lattice Boltzmann numerical simulations in a stochastic porous medium, which takes into account the log-normal permeability distribution and the spatial correlation of the permeability field. In both experiments and numerical simulations, we observe stationary fronts propagating at a constant velocity with an almost constant front width. Experiments without flow in packed bead porous media with different bead sizes show that the front propagation depends on the tortuous nature of diffusion in the pore space. We observe microscopic effects when the pores are of the size of the chemical front width. We address both supportive co-current and adverse flows with respect to the direction of propagation of the chemical reaction. For supportive flows, experiments and simulations allow observation of two flow regimes. For adverse flow, we observe upstream and downstream front motion as well as static front behaviors over a wide range of flow rates. In order to understand better these observed static state fronts, flow experiments around a single obstacle were used to delineate the range of steady state behavior. A model using the “eikonal thin front limit” explains the observed steady states.
A single-layer, planar, optofluidic switch powered by acoustically driven, oscillating microbubbles
Authors: Huang Po-Hsun , Ian Lapsley Michael , Ahmed Daniel , Chen Yuchao , Wang Lin , Jun Huang Tony
Published: October 2012

Merging acoustofluidic mixing with optofluidic integration, we have demonstrated a single-layer, planar, optofluidic switch that is driven by acoustically excited oscillating microbubbles. The device was found to have a switching speed of 5 Hz, an insertion loss of 6.02 dB, and an extinction ratio of 28.48 dB. With its simplicity, low fluid consumption, and compatibility with other microfluidic devices, our design could lead to a line of inexpensive, yet effective optical switches for many lab-on-a-chip applications.
Barriers to front propagation in ordered and disordered vortex flows
Authors: Bargteil Dylan , Solomon Tom
Published: October 2012

We present experiments on reactive front propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) vortex chain flow (both time-independent and time-periodic) and a 2D spatially disordered (time-independent) vortex-dominated flow. The flows are generated using magnetohydrodynamic forcing techniques, and the fronts are produced using the excitable, ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction. In both of these flows, front propagation is dominated by the presence of burning invariant manifolds (BIMs) that act as barriers, similar to invariant manifolds that dominate the transport of passive impurities. Convergence of the fronts onto these BIMs is shown experimentally for all of the flows studied. The BIMs are also shown to collapse onto the invariant manifolds for passive transport in the limit of large flow velocities. For the disordered flow, the measured BIMs are compared to those predicted using a measured velocity field and a three-dimensional set of ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of front propagation in advection-reaction-diffusion systems.
Superstructure of self-aligned hexagonal GaN nanorods formed on nitrided Si(111) surface
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Tuteja Mohit , Kesaria Manoj , Waghmare U. V. , Shivaprasad S. M.
Published: October 2012

We present here the spontaneous formation of catalyst-free, self-aligned crystalline (wurtzite) nanorods on Si(111) surfaces modified by surface nitridation. Nanorods grown by molecular beam epitaxy on bare Si(111) and non-stoichiometric silicon nitride interface are found to be single crystalline but disoriented. Those grown on single crystalline Si3N4 intermediate layer are highly dense c-oriented hexagonal shaped nanorods. The morphology and the self-assembly of the nanorods shows an ordered epitaxial hexagonal superstructure, suggesting that they are nucleated at screw dislocations at the interface and grow spirally in the c-direction. The aligned nanorod assembly shows high-quality structural and optical emission properties.
Kohn-Luttinger effect and anomalous pairing in repulsive Fermi-systems at low density (Review Article)
Authors: Yu. Kagan M. , Efremov D. V. , Mar'enko M. S. , Val'kov V. V.
Published: October 2012

We demonstrate the possibility of triplet p-wave pairing at low electron density a large number of models such as 3D and 2D Fermi-gas models with hard-core repulsion, 3D and 2D Hubbard models, and the Shubin-Vonsovsky model. The critical temperature for p-wave pairing can be considerably higher in the spin-polarized case or even in a two-band situation at low density and can reach experimentally observable values of 1–5 K. We also discuss briefly the d-wave pairing and high-Tc superconductivity with Tc ∼ 100 K which arise in the extended Hubbard model and in the generalized t-J model when close to half-filling.
The interlayer exchange interaction in multilayer magnetic systems Fe/Cr/Fe (Review Article)
Authors: Kreines N. M. , Kholin D. I. , Demokritov S. O.
Published: October 2012

Upsurge of interest in the study of magnetic multilayer structures began in the mid-80s of the twentieth century and was caused by significant progress in the technology of ultrathin metallic films. For a few years, phenomena extremely interesting from both fundamental and applied point of view have been found in these structures: the antiparallel arrangement of the ferromagnetic layers, giant magnetoresistance, alternating oscillations of the interlayer exchange, noncollinear interlayer ordering of magnetic moments. All this and the closeness of technologies, used for the sample preparation to those traditionally applied in microelectronics, promised great potentials for developing compact magnetic field sensors, non-volatile memory for electronic devices, etc. To date, some of these features are already implemented in the mass commercial products (e.g., read heads of hard drives), and others still wait in the wings. The Nobel Prize, awarded in 2007 to A. Fert and P. Grünberg with the words “For the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect” can be considered as recognition of the importance of the discoveries made in this area. A special place in these works was given to the Fe/Cr/Fe system. It is there for the first time almost all of the most interesting phenomena were observed that caused a boom in the physics of magnetic films. However, until recently the nature of the exchange interaction in this system aroused great debates. First of all, it was due to a complex phase diagram of chromium spacer and strong influence on the sample properties of technological perfection of its structure. Here we made a brief review of the main experimental and theoretical studies on the multilayer systems Fe/Cr/Fe, as well as recounted the results of our own studies (performed with a group of co-authors), which greatly clarify the mechanism of the interlayer interaction in this system.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co–Pt granular multilayers
Authors: Bartolomé J. , Figueroa A. I. , García L. M. , Bartolomé F. , Ruiz L. , González-Calbet J. M. , Petroff F. , Deranlot C. , Wilhelm F. , Rogalev A. , Brookes N.
Published: October 2012

Magnetization hysteresis curves have been measured on Co granular multilayers, (Al2O3/Co/Pt)N (N = 1 and 25), with the applied magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the substrate plane. In all samples perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was observed. For Co particles with average diameter 3 nm, the coercive field at low temperature is μ0HC = 0.5 T. HC decreases for increasing temperature and disappears at ≈200 K. A soft magnetic component is also present in all samples up to the freezing temperature Tf = 365 K. Co and Pt XMCD measurements at the L2,3 edges were performed, yielding to the orbital mL and spin mS contributions to the total magnetic moment of the system. These results, in addition to XANES ones, indicate the presence of CoxPt1−x alloy. Particles conformed of CoPt alloy, embedded in Pt and coupled magnetically by dipolar or RKKY interaction, may explain the phenomenology observed in these systems.