bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel post-processing method for 316L steel specimen generated by SLM using TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating
Authors: Lyu Yueling , Chen Yangzhi , Wan Yulin
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an important advanced additive manufacturing technology. The existing SLM printing technology cannot manufacture the mechanical parts that fully meet the requirements of high precision and strength. This paper aims to explore a new post-processing method for SLM 316L specimen, namely, using of the TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating fabricated by multi-arc ion plating on the surface of SLM specimens, for improving the performance of SLM specimens. The other purpose of this paper is compared the performances of the TiAlN/TiN multilayer coating machined specimen and the TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating SLM specimen.

Design/methodology/approach

The TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating is fabricated by multi-arc ion plating on the surface of 316L specimens. The surface morphology and selected mechanical properties of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating plating on the SLM substrate specimen and the machined substrate specimen were studied in this paper. The analyzed properties included surface topography, micro hardness, the adhesion, the thickness and the wear resistance of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating plating on the SLM substrate specimen and the machined substrate specimen.

Findings

The electron microscope images reveal that surface morphology of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating plating on the SLM specimens is relatively flat, and there are some micro-particles in different sizes and pin holes dispersed on them. After TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating, the performances of SLM samples, such as micro hardness, the thickness and the wear resistance, were significantly improved. The micro hardness of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating machined specimen is higher than that of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating SLM specimen. However, the adhesion of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating machined specimen is less than that of TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating SLM specimen.

Originality/value

The study provides a new post-processing method for SLM 316L specimen to improve the performance of SLM specimens and to enable SLM specimens to be applied in the field of precision mechanical transmission.
The impact of eco-innovation on the stock returns of technology-based KIBS: role of eco-innovation type and its degree of novelty
Authors: Szutowski Dawid
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of eco-innovation type and its degree of novelty in increasing the stock returns of technology-based knowledge-intensive business service companies (T-KIBS), to advance the development of the concept of eco-innovation within the literature on the effects of innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

The effects of four eco-innovation types were examined across three degrees of novelty involved. The event study methodology was applied to the sample of 238 eco-innovation announcements released during the period of January 2016–June 2019 (inclusive) by European T-KIBS.

Findings

While the implementation of product and organisational eco-innovation was the most beneficial, the results indicated that a high degree of novelty resulted in larger increase of stock returns in the case of all the four eco-innovation types.

Research limitations/implications

The eco-innovation announcements were gathered from specialised databases. However, it could be the case that companies may have used different communication channels (e.g. social media) to communicate innovation. Furthermore, a certain amount of bias undoubtedly exists, as the data came only from the European Union. Expanding the spatial scope to include the North American (especially the USA) and Asian economies appears necessary.

Practical implications

The practical insights into the role that the degree of novelty plays in eco-innovation announcements were formulated, which may be used to increase the market valuation of the firm.

Social implications

Strategies supporting eco-innovation are crucial for business development as the value created for the stakeholders involved transmits in time into the enterprise value.

Originality/value

The paper attempts to fill the research gap concerning the impact of eco-innovation on the stock returns of T-KIBS.
Persistence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase plasmids among Enterobacteriaceae in commercial broiler farms
Authors: Yossapol Montira , Suzuki Kasumi , Odoi Justice Opare , Sugiyama Michiyo , Usui Masaru , Asai Tetsuo
Published: August 2020

To clarify the persistence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) producers, 13 plasmids from two broiler farms were analyzed. On the farm not using antimicrobials, one plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a day‐old chick was similar to that from Escherichia coli isolated a year later, with the deletion of two transposons. On the farm using antimicrobials, most circulating plasmids (eight out of nine) in a flock of 40‐days‐old chicks were identical, although one from K. pneumoniae had a deletion of a transposon carrying a class 1 integron containing aadA2 and dfrA12. Thus, ESBL plasmids persisted in the farms with or without antimicrobial agent use.
Survey analysis of computer science, food science, and cybersecurity skills and coursework of undergraduate and graduate students interested in food safety
Authors: Feye K. M. , Lekkala H. , Lee‐Bartlett J. A. , Thompson D. R. , Ricke S. C.
Published: August 2020

Automation is coming and will enable not only the ability to increase poultry processing line speeds, but also the collection of considerable “big data.” These data can be collected en masse, stored, analyzed, and used to improve food safety, quality, enhance traceability, and also be used for risk assessment. However, as this technology is implemented in the poultry industry, computer hackers will emerge to pose a clear and present danger to the poultry industry and the upcoming generation of professionals must be equipped with the knowledge to protect sensitive data. The objective of this study was to quantitate the current computer science (CS) competency, food science exposure and extracurricular activities, and familiarity with cybersecurity topics of students in food science and related fields. Students ranked their CS abilities, 1 through 5, with 1 being the lowest level of competence and 5 representing the highest level of confidence. To assess their knowledge of food safety‐related sciences, participants were asked about their familiarity with the respective fields. The average student was familiar with common avenues of food safety exposure, such as television and the Internet. Students were less familiar with more advanced, and arguably important topics, such as botnet. Finally, the students ranked their familiarity with cybersecurity topics, 1 through 5, with 1 representing being not familiar at all and 5 representing extremely familiar. Therefore, to meet the future technological demands, specific course‐work is required to improve prospective student CS and cybersecurity competency.
Circular RNA CirCHIPK3 promotes cell proliferation and invasion of breast cancer by sponging miR‐193a/HMGB1/PI3K/AKT axis
Authors: Chen Zhen‐Gang , Zhao Hong‐Jie , Lin Ling , Liu Jin‐Bo , Bai Jing‐Zhen , Wang Guang‐Shun
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanism of circular RNA (circRNA) CirCHIPK3 on the malignant proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer (BC).

Methods

Human BC samples and their matched normal adjacent tissues were obtained from 50 patients to assess the expression of CirCHIPK3 and its relationship with BC prognosis. A series of in vitro and in vivo functional experiments were carried out to elucidate the role of CirCHIPK3 in BC progression and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the interaction of CirCHIPK3, miR‐193a, and HMGB1 was examined using bioinformatics, FISH, RIP, RNA‐pull down and luciferase reporter assays. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of HMGB1, p‐PI3K, total PI3K, p‐AKT, and AKT after si‐CirCHIPK3 transfection.

Results

Upregulation of CirCHIPK3 was identified in BC, which predicted a worse prognosis in BC patients. Furthermore, it was found that CirCHIPK3 facilitated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in BC by regulating miR‐193a/HMGB1/PI3K/AKT signaling. CirCHIPK3 acted as a sponge for miR‐193a to facilitate HMGB1 expression. si‐CirCHIPK3 also inhibited tumor growth of BC in nude mice. si‐CircCHIPK3 decreased HMGB1/PI3K/AKT signal expression in MDA‐MB‐231 cells, whereas overexpression of CircCHIPK3 enhanced HMGB1/PI3K/AKT signal.

Conclusions

CirCHIPK3 regulated miR‐193a/HMGB1/PI3K/AKT signaling to facilitate BC development and progression, providing a novel therapeutic target for BC.
The assessment of the optimal number of examined lymph nodes and prognostic models based on lymph nodes for predicting survival outcome in patients with stage N3b gastric cancer
Authors: Guo Shuai , Shang Muyan , Dong Zhe , Zhang Jun , Wang Yue , Zhao Yan
Published: August 2020

Background

The optimal number of examined lymph nodes (ELNs) and the prognostic value of different nodal staging systems remain unclear in the context of N3b gastric cancer.

Aim

To evaluate the optimal number of ELNs and compare the predictive ability of the ELN number, LN ratio (LNR), and log odds of metastatic LNs (LODDS) for overall survival (OS) in patients with resected stage N3b gastric adenocarcinoma in an international database.

Methods

A total of 868 patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (training cohort) and 144 patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2016 at the Liaoning Cancer Hospital (validation cohort) were identified. Cutoff values were established with X‐tile. The 5‐year OS rates were compared using Kaplan‐Meier curves. Multivariate analysis was conducted with a Cox regression model. The Harrell's concordance index and Akaike's information criterion were used to compare the predictive accuracy of different nodal staging systems.

Results

The ELN number, LNR, and LODDS were independent prognostic factors for both the training and validation cohorts in the multivariate analysis. Patient with ≤26 ELNs, LNR of more than 0.9, and LODDS of more than 1.0 were associated with decrease OS. The LNR and LODDS had similar discriminatory ability for OS and performed better than the ELN number in the Eastern and Western populations.

Conclusion

The optimal number of ELN may be 27 or more because LNs retrieved ≤26 was an independent risk factor for the prognosis. The prognostic prediction efficacy of LNR and LODDS was similar and better than that of ELN. Thus, LNR and LODDS could both serve as valid tools to predict OS for stage N3b patients.
Is temporal muscle thickness a survival predictor in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme?
Authors: Yesil Cinkir Havva , Colakoglu Er Hale
Published: August 2020

Aim

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. In this study, we aimed to show the relationship between temporal muscle thickness (TMT) measurement and survival in newly diagnosed patients with GBM.

Methods

Forty‐seven patients with newly diagnosed GBM were evaluated, retrospectively. TMT at diagnosis of GBM before any surgical procedure was measured on the contrast‐enhanced axial longitudinal relaxation time
(T1)‐weighted magnetic resonance images. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed by the Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test was used to determine the differences between the groups. The median TMT was used to determine the cutoff point.

Results

The median TMT was 4.7 mm (range, 2.8‐6.6) in females and 5.4 mm (range, 2.9‐8.1) in males. Median survival for TMT < 4.9 mm was 12.9 ± 3.5 (95% CI, 6.0‐19.8) months, and 39.4 ± 11.9 (95% CI, 16.0‐62.8) months for TMT ≥ 4.9 (P = .023). In the multivariate Cox regression model, the TMT group (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.07, 95% CI, 0.92‐4.61, P = .032) and age group (HR = 2.18, 95% CI, 1.01‐4.67, P = .014) showed statistically significant difference.

Conclusion

TMT is not an independent predictor of response but a predictor of sarcopenia and survival in newly diagnosed GBM. TMT measurement is an easy and practical method. Survival prediction will provide useful information in GBM patients having poor prognosis.
National and provincial population‐based incidence and mortality of skin cancer in Iran; 1990–2016
Authors: Sobhani Soheila , Masinaei Masoud , Fattahi Nima , Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi , Naderimagham Shohreh , Rezaei Negar , Fateh Sahar Mohammadi , Madadi Zahra , Ahmadi Naser , Roshani Shahin , Khalilabad Mahtab Rouhifard , Kompani Farzad , Farzadfar Farshad
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To estimate the national and provincial estimates of incidence, mortality and burden of skin cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2016.

Methods

The data for incidence and mortality rates were collected from the National and Subnational Burden of Diseases (NASBOD) project. We employed a two‐stage spatiotemporal model to estimate cancer incidence based on sex, age, province and year. The national and subnational age and gender specific trends were calculated from 1990 to 2016. Mortality‐to‐incidence ratio (MIR) was considered as an indicator of cancer care quality.

Results

At the national level, the age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of skin cancer decreased 1.29 times, from 23.6 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 17.1–31.1) per 100 000 persons in 1990 to 18.2 (95% UI, 15.8–20.6) in 2016; a similar trend was seen in both males and females. The highest ASIR was seen in 2000. National estimates of the age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) steadily decreased from 2.8 per 100 000 persons (95% UI, 1.9–4.1) in 1990 to 0.2 (95% UI, 0.1–0.3) per 100 000 persons in 2015. The MIR decreased continuously from 1990 to 2015 in all provinces and among both genders. The age standardized rate of years of life lost also decreased 8.7 times, from 30.1 (95% UI, 20.2–45.1) in 1990 to 3.5 (95% UI, 2.3–5.3) in 2015.

Conclusions

During the study period, skin cancer ASIR, ASMR and burden steadily decreased among the Iranian population. The declining MIR for all provinces from 1990 to 2015 was a proxy of early detection and high‐quality medical care for skin cancer in Iran. These results can be beneficial to policymakers and health planners to make correct decisions and determine proper resource allocation.
Efficacy and safety of treatment with omalizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria: A systematic review for the EAACI Biologicals Guidelines
Authors: Agache Ioana , Rocha Claudio , Pereira Ana , Song Yang , Alonso‐Coello Pablo , Solà Ivan , Beltran Jessica , Posso Margarita , Akdis Cezmi A. , Akdis Mubeccel , Brockow Knut , Chivato Tomas , del Giacco Stefano , Eiwegger Thomas , Eyerich Kilian , Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Gutermuth Jan , Guttman‐Yassky Emma , Maurer Marcus , Ogg Graham , Ong Peck , O’Mahony Liam , Schwarze Jürgen , Werfel Thomas , Canelo‐Aybar Carlos , Palomares Oscar , Jutel Marek
Published: August 2020

This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and safety of omalizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs. Critical and important CSU‐related outcomes were considered. The risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using GRADE. Ten RCTs including 1620 subjects aged 12 to 75 years old treated with omalizumab for 16 to 40 weeks were evaluated. Omalizumab 150 mg does not result in clinically meaningful improvement (high certainty) of the urticaria activity score (UAS)7 (mean difference (MD) −5; 95%CI −7.75 to −2.25), and the itch severity score (ISS)7 (MD −2.15; 95% CI −3.2 to −1.1) does not increase (moderate certainty) quality of life (QoL) (Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI); MD −2.01; 95%CI −3.22 to −0.81) and decreases (moderate certainty) rescue medication use (MD −1.68; 95%CI −2.95 to −0.4). Omalizumab 300 mg results in clinically meaningful improvements (moderate certainty) of the UAS7 (MD −11.05; 95%CI −12.87 to −9.24), the ISS7 (MD −4.45; 95%CI −5.39 to −3.51), and QoL (high certainty) (DLQI; MD −4.03; 95% CI −5.56 to −2.5) and decreases (moderate certainty) rescue medication use (MD −2.04; 95%CI −3.19 to −0.88) and drug‐related serious AEs (RR 0.77; 95%CI 0.20 to 2.91).
Impact of diet and the bacterial microbiome on the mucous barrier and immune disorders
Authors: Alemao Charlotte A. , Budden Kurtis F. , Gomez Henry M. , Rehman Saima F. , Marshall Jacqueline E. , Shukla Shakti D. , Donovan Chantal , Forster Samuel C. , Yang Ian A. , Keely Simon , Mann Elizabeth R. , El Omar Emad M. , Belz Gabrielle T. , Hansbro Philip M.
Published: August 2020

The prevalence of chronic immune and metabolic disorders is increasing rapidly. In particular, inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, diabetes, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have become major healthcare and economic burdens worldwide. Recent advances in microbiome research have led to significant discoveries of associative links between alterations in the microbiome and health, as well as these chronic supposedly noncommunicable, immune/metabolic disorders. Importantly, the interplay between diet, microbiome and the mucous barrier in these diseases has gained significant attention. Diet modulates the mucous barrier via alterations in gut microbiota, resulting in either disease onset/exacerbation due to a “poor” diet or protection against disease with a “healthy” diet. In addition, many mucosa‐associated disorders possess a specific gut microbiome fingerprint associated with the composition of the mucous barrier, which is further influenced by host‐microbiome and inter‐microbial interactions, dietary choices, microbe immigration and antimicrobials. Our review focuses on the interactions of diet (macronutrients and micronutrients), gut microbiota and mucous barriers (gastrointestinal and respiratory tract) and their importance in the onset and/or progression of major immune/metabolic disorders. We also highlight the key mechanisms that could be targeted therapeutically to prevent and/or treat these disorders.
Cholesterol and oxysterol sulfates: Pathophysiological roles and analytical challenges
Authors: Sanchez Lorena Diaz , Pontini Lorenzo , Marinozzi Maura , Sanchez‐Aranguren Lissette Carolina , Reis Ana , Dias Irundika H.K.
Published: August 2020

Cholesterol and oxysterol sulfates are important regulators of lipid metabolism, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and cell survival. Among the sulfate‐based lipids, cholesterol sulfate (CS) is the most studied lipid both quantitatively and functionally. Despite the importance, very few studies have analysed and linked the actions of oxysterol sulfates to their physiological and pathophysiological roles. Overexpression of sulfotransferases confirmed the formation of a range of oxysterol sulfates and their antagonistic effects on liver X receptors (LXRs) prompting further investigations how are the changes to oxysterol/oxysterol sulfate homeostasis can contribute to LXR activity in the physiological milieu. Here, we aim to bring together for novel roles of oxysterol sulfates, the available techniques and the challenges associated with their analysis. Understanding the oxysterol/oxysterol sulfate levels and their pathophysiological mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
Bridging the gap between design and behavioral research: (Re)searching the optimum design strategy for brands and new product innovations
Authors: Mulder‐Nijkamp Maaike
Published: August 2020

Innovation, branding, and design are known to affect corporate success, but their interplay is not yet well understood. Companies need to take risks in developing new product innovations, whereas an established brand can serve as a familiar base to create recognition. However, designers are facing a serious challenge. Researchers in both fields study the existing world through abstract theories and “rules”, instead of showing how to use these theories in practice. This study focuses on the relation between brands and innovations from a design perspective to create successful brand extensions. Gaining knowledge about the level of newness (novelty), level of familiarity (typicality), fit with the parent brand (brand fit), and expected market success (EM success), will support designers to create successful brand extensions. The study discusses 81 designs of snow scooters designed by students and evaluated by 47 experts by means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis. A multiple linear regression analysis is performed to show if brand fit, typicality, novelty, and (typicality × novelty) has an impact on the expected market success. The analyses demonstrate a significantly positive effect of brand fit on the expected market success (p < .01). While the single effects of typicality and novelty were non‐significant, the interaction between typicality and novelty showed a significant linear relationship on the expected market success (p < .05). The results show the importance of the much‐investigated balance between typicality and novelty, where brand fit seems to act as the suppressor for novelty and may be called brand typicality.
The Developing Bodily Self: How Posture Constrains Body Representation in Childhood
Authors: Gottwald Janna M. , Bird Laura‐Ashleigh , Keenaghan Samantha , Diamond Clare , Zampieri Eliana , Tosodduk Haleema , Bremner Andrew J. , Cowie Dorothy
Published: August 2020

Adults’ body representation is constrained by multisensory information and knowledge of the body such as its possible postures. This study (N = 180) tested for similar constraints in children. Using the rubber hand illusion with adults and 6‐ to 7‐year olds, we measured proprioceptive drift (an index of hand localization) and ratings of felt hand ownership. The fake hand was either congruent or incongruent with the participant’s own. Across ages, congruency of posture and visual–tactile congruency yielded greater drift toward the fake hand. Ownership ratings were higher with congruent visual–tactile information, but unaffected by posture. Posture constrains body representation similarly in children and adults, suggesting that children have sensitive, robust mechanisms for maintaining a sense of bodily self.
The relationship between human coronaviruses, asthma and allergy—An unresolved dilemma
Authors: Chałubiński Maciej , Gajewski Adrian , Kowalski Marek L.
Published: August 2020

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) such as HCoV‐229E or OC43 are responsible for mild upper airway infections, whereas highly pathogenic HCoVs, including SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2, often evoke acute, heavy pneumonias. They tend to induce immune responses based on interferon and host inflammatory cytokine production and promotion of T1 immune profile. Less is known about their effect on T2‐type immunity. Unlike human rhinoviruses (HRV) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), HCoVs are not considered as a dominant risk factor of severe exacerbations of asthma, mostly T2‐type chronic inflammatory disease. The relationship between coronaviruses and T2‐type immunity, especially in asthma and allergy, is not well understood. This review aims to summarize currently available knowledge about the relationship of HCoVs, including novel SARS‐CoV‐2, with asthma and allergic inflammation.
Does the presence of an intact primary increase the risk of nonelective colorectal surgery in patients treated with bevacizumab?
Authors: Baxter N. N. , Sutradhar R. , Dossa F. , Fu L. , Rochon P. , Wei A. C. , Kennedy E. D. , Earle C. C.
Published: August 2020

Aim

In patients with incurable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), resection of the primary tumour is debated; however, patients with intact primaries may be at a higher risk of complications requiring surgery when receiving treatment with bevacizumab. Our aim was to estimate the risk of nonelective colorectal surgery in patients undergoing bevacizumab therapy for mCRC and evaluate the association between intact primary tumours and risk of nonelective surgery.

Method

We designed a population‐based, retrospective cohort study using administrative and cancer registry data in Ontario, Canada. We included patients with mCRC who received bevacizumab from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2014. The primary outcome was nonelective colorectal surgery after initiation of bevacizumab. We determined the cumulative incidence of nonelective colorectal surgery among patients with previously resected and unresected primaries, accounting for the competing risk of death. We explored the relationship between previous resection of the primary and need for nonelective surgery using a cause‐specific hazards model, controlling for patient, tumour and treatment factors.

Results

We identified 1840 (32.7%) patients with intact primaries and 3784 (67.3%) patients with prior resection. The cumulative incidence of nonelective surgery 1 year after initiating bevacizumab for all patients was 3.9% (95% CI 3.4–4.5%). One‐year cumulative incidence was higher in those with intact primaries than in those with resected primaries (6.1% vs 2.9%, P < 0.0001). After adjustment, an intact primary remained strongly associated with nonelective colorectal surgery (hazard ratio = 2.89, 95% CI 2.32–3.61; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Bevacizumab is associated with a low but meaningful risk for serious gastrointestinal complications, necessitating vigilance, particularly among patients with an intact primary tumour.
Clinical features and treatments of transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease): a systematic review
Authors: Bellinato Francesco , Maurelli Martina , Gisondi Paolo , Girolomoni Giampiero
Published: August 2020

Grover's disease (GD) is an itchy acantholytic disorder occurring on the trunk of middle‐aged men. Based on the best evidence, this study aimed to provide a summary of the clinical characteristics, disease course and treatments of GD. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines for original articles published between 01.01.1970–08.15.2019, assessing clinical features and/or any type of intervention for GD. A total of 263 articles were retrieved, and 116 original reports that were deemed relevant and satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis (88 case reports, 26 case series and two retrospective reviews). From these articles, 317 patients were identified, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 3.95. The mean age was 59 years (range 11–92). Typical lesions were itchy papules and vesicle‐papules, generally located on the trunk. Spontaneous resolution within one week to eight months was described in 42 % of cases. Topical corticosteroids (TCSs) were the most frequent treatment (response rate of 70 %) followed by systemic retinoids and corticosteroids with response rates of 86 % and 64 %, respectively. According to the results of this review, TCS appears to be the most frequently employed treatment, and we suggest TCS as first‐line therapy. Second‐line treatments could include systemic retinoids or systemic corticosteroids.
How do independent directors view corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Evidence from a quasi‐natural experiment
Authors: Chintrakarn Pandej , Jiraporn Pornsit , Tong Shenghui , Jiraporn Napatsorn , Proctor Richard
Published: August 2020

We investigate how independent directors view corporate social responsibility (CSR). Exploiting the passage of the Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) Act and the associated exchange listing requirements as an exogenous regulatory shock, we document that independent directors view CSR activities unfavorably. In particular, firms forced to raise board independence reduce CSR engagement significantly relative to those not required to increase board independence. Our results are consistent with the risk‐mitigation view and the agency cost hypothesis where managers over‐invest in CSR to mitigate their own exposure to nonsystematic risk. The over‐investments in CSR are curbed in the presence of a stronger, more independent, board of directors. Several robustness checks confirm the results, including fixed‐effects and random‐effects regressions, dynamic panel data analysis, instrumental‐variable analysis, propensity score matching, Lewbel's heteroscedastic identification, and Oster's method for coefficient stability. We also confirm the risk‐mitigation hypothesis by showing that CSR activities reduce firm risk significantly. Our research design is much less vulnerable to endogeneity and is therefore likely to show a causal effect of board independence on CSR.
Active transportation indicators and establishing baseline in a developing country context: A study of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Authors: Jamal Shaila , Mohiuddin Hossain
Published: August 2020

This paper shares the findings of an active transportation (AT) study conducted in the context of a city in a developing country. First, a list of AT indicators was developed based on the literature review and expert opinion survey. Second, a face‐to‐face survey was conducted to collect information on individuals' socio‐demographic characteristics, travel behavior, AT mode choice, and their perceptions regarding the AT conditions in their neighborhoods. Analysis of the survey results suggests that several socio‐demographic characteristics are associated with AT use. For example, young adults and individuals with low income are the primary users of AT. Also, results suggest that students are mainly active commuters. The ratio of AT use increases with the number of bicycles in the household. Individuals tend to walk more when travel duration is less than 10 minutes. Educational areas are perceived as safer and convenient areas for using active modes of transport compared to other land‐use types. Also, a higher proportion of active commuters perceive local roads to be safer from vehicular traffic compared to main roads. Many sectors such as planning, transportation, health, and education as well as non‐government organizations will be benefited from this study.
Impact of viral eradication by direct‐acting antivirals on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development, prognosis, and portal hypertension in hepatitis C virus‐related compensated cirrhosis patients
Authors: Nagaoki Yuko , Imamura Michio , Teraoka Yuji , Morio Kei , Fujino Hatsue , Ono Atsushi , Nakahara Takashi , Murakami Eisuke , Yamauchi Masami , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Miki Daiki , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Hayes C. Nelson , Chayama Kazuaki , Aikata Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

Aim

We analyzed the impact of hepatitis C virus eradication by direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy on the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prognosis, and portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods

The rate of HCC development and overall survival after achievement of sustained virological response (SVR) in 173 DAA‐treated compensated cirrhosis patients without HCC history were retrospectively compared with that of 125 cirrhosis patients who achieved SVR by interferon (IFN)‐based therapy or that of 85 cirrhosis patients who failed to respond to anti‐HCV therapy. Changes in esophagogastric varices (EGV) and incidence of portosystemic encephalopathy were analyzed in 87 consecutive cirrhosis patients.

Results

The cumulative HCC development rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 2%, 7%, and 7% for the DAA‐SVR group, significantly lower than the 3%, 7%, and 18% for the non‐SVR group (log–rank, P < 0.001). The cumulative overall survival rates were also significantly improved in the DAA‐SVR group compared to the non‐SVR group (log–rank, P < 0.001). These rates were similar between DAA‐SVR and IFN‐SVR groups (P = 0.121 and 0.261, respectively). Esophagogastric varices were aggravated, and portosystemic encephalopathy occurred in a subset of cirrhosis patients who achieved SVR by DAA therapy. These events were more frequent in patients with large feeding vessels for EGV and portosystemic shunts at the time of SVR.

Conclusion

Achievement of SVR by DAA therapy reduces the risk of HCC development and prolongs survival, similar to theresults achieved with IFN‐based therapy, but portal hypertension is not immediately improved in compensated liver cirrhosis patients.
Designing environment‐friendly chromium‐free Spinel‐Periclase‐Zirconia refractories for Ruhrstahl Heraeus degasser
Authors: Mandal Somnath , Dileep Kumar C. J. , Kumar Devendra , Syed Komal , Van Ende Marie‐Aline , Jung In‐Ho , Finkeldei Sarah C. , Bowman William J.
Published: August 2020

Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) degassers are globally used to manufacture vacuum‐treated steel for automotive and railroad applications. The state‐of‐the‐art environment‐friendly chromium‐free alternatives for direct‐bonded magnesia‐chrome refractories used in RH degassers are expensive, and the scientific literature lacks direct correlation between materials chemistry, processing, and functional properties. We have designed a novel spinel‐periclase‐15 wt% ZrO2 composition containing 14 wt% in situ spinel which exhibited 7.2 MPa hot modulus of rupture (1500℃), exceeding all reported Cr‐free refractories for RH degasser applications. Investigation with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) attributed this improvement to a reduction in interparticle Ca and Si content which forms low‐melting phases, as supported by FactSage thermodynamic simulations. The spinel‐periclase composition SP exhibited superior thermal shock resistance because thermal shock‐induced cracks were stopped by fracture porosity around MgO particles, formed due to thermal expansion mismatch. SEM‐EDS analysis of the SP composition corroded by RH slag at 1650°C revealed that Fe is the most corrosive element followed by Ca and Si. Contradicting the consensus, it was observed that corrosion resistance of fused MgO was better than that of ZrO2. The cubic ZrO2 phase reduced FeOx penetration locally by incorporating CaO from the RH slag into a solid solution and forming a CaZrO3 phase creating a “slag barrier”. Lastly, pore size was found to greatly exacerbate slag penetration following the Washburn percolation model.
Assessment of suitable antihypertensive therapies: Combination with high‐dose amlodipine/irbesartan vs triple combination with amlodipine/irbesartan/indapamide (ASAHI‐AI study)
Authors: Nakagawa Naoki , Sato Nobuyuki , Saijo Yasuaki , Morimoto Hideo , Koyama Satoshi , Ogawa Yuji , Uekita Kazumi , Maruyama Junichi , Ohta Takafumi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Takeuchi Toshiharu , Hasebe Naoyuki ,   the ASAHI‐AI investigators
Published: August 2020

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) plus calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a widely used combination therapy for hypertensive patients. In order to determine which combination was better as the next‐step therapy for standard‐dose combination of ARBs and CCBs, a combination with high‐dose CCBs or a triple combination with diuretics, the authors conducted a prospective, randomized, open‐label trial to determine which of the following combination is better as the next‐step treatment: a combination with high‐dose CCBs or a triple combination with diuretics. Hypertensive outpatients who did not achieve their target blood pressure (BP) with usual dosages of ARBs and amlodipine 5 mg were randomly assigned to treatment with irbesartan 100 mg/amlodipine 10 mg (Group 1: n = 48) or indapamide 1 mg in addition to ARBs plus amlodipine 5 mg (Group 2: n = 46). The primary end point was changes in the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) after the 12‐week treatment period, while secondary end points were changes in BP after the 24‐week treatment period and laboratory values. At 12 weeks, the SBP/DBP significantly decreased from 152.1/83.4 mm Hg to 131.5/76.1 mm Hg in Group 1 and 153.9/82.1 mm Hg to 132.7/75.9 mm Hg in Group 2. Although both groups produced a similar efficacy in reducing the SBP/DBP (−19.2/‐9.2 mm Hg in Group 1 and −21.6/‐8.8 mm Hg in Group 2; SBP P = .378, DBP P = .825), high‐dose CCBs combined with ARBs controlled hypertension without elevation of serum uric acid. These results will provide new evidence for selecting optimal combination therapies for uncontrolled hypertensive patients.
Parental viewpoints and experiences of therapeutic hypothermia in a neonatal intensive care unit implemented with Family‐Centred Care
Authors: Nassef Sari Kokkonen , Blennow Mats , Jirwe Maria
Published: August 2020

Aims and objectives

To explore parental experiences of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in their newborn infant suffering from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia.

Background

Since more than a decade, newborn infants are treated with TH following perinatal asphyxia to reduce mortality and disabilities and to improve neurological outcome. The infants’ body temperature is lowered to 33.5°C for 72 hr, and the infant is usually cared for in an open incubator. The parents are not able to hold their infant skin to skin, which risks causing emotional reactions in parents and a loss of normal parent–infant bonding.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Up to 7 months after the event, interviews were conducted with 14 parents of seven infants who had received TH in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework approach. Findings were reported following the Standard for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist.

Results

From the interviews, an overall theme was found: Transition through a life‐altering time, and three categories: (a) trepidation about prognosis, (b) transitioning into parenthood supported by the caring philosophy of family‐centred care (FCC) and (c) rewarming as a milestone.

Conclusions

Parental experiences of TH are based on the immediate emotions and stress of uncertainty of the infant's prognosis. The values of FCC in the NICU append a natural transitioning into parenthood by parental involvement in nursing care and decisions. The rewarming of the infant is seen as a restart to more or less normal circumstances from the critical period of delivery and TH.

Relevance for clinical practice

The management of NICUs should update the awareness of and deepen knowledge about FCC. The emphasis ought to be on adequate information about TH and the values of FCC to parents in the NICU context.
Access to electric light is associated with delays of the dim‐light melatonin onset in a traditionally hunter‐gatherer Toba/Qom community
Authors: Casiraghi Leandro P. , Plano Santiago A. , Fernández‐Duque Eduardo , Valeggia Claudia , Golombek Diego A. , de la Iglesia Horacio O.
Published: August 2020

Key to the transition of humans from nomadic hunting‐gathering groups to industrialized and highly urbanized societies was the creation of protected and artificially lit environments that extended the natural daylight hours and consolidated sleep away from nocturnal threats. These conditions isolated humans from the natural regulators of sleep and exposed them to higher levels of light during the evening, which are associated with a later sleep onset. Here, we investigated the extent to which this delayed timing of sleep is due to a delayed circadian system. We studied two communities of Toba/Qom in the northern region of Argentina, one with and the other without access to electricity. These communities have recently transitioned from a hunting‐gathering subsistence to mixed subsistence systems and represent a unique model in which to study the potential effects of the access to artificial light on sleep physiology. We have previously shown that participants in the community with access to electricity had, compared to participants in the community without electricity, later sleep onsets, and shorter sleep bouts. Here, we show they also have a delayed dim‐light melatonin onset (DLMO). This difference is present during the winter but not during the spring when the influence of evening artificial light is likely less relevant. Our results support the notion that the human transition into artificially lit environments had a major impact on physiological systems that regulate sleep timing, including the phase of the master circadian clock.
How Informal Exchanges Impact Formal Sourcing Collaboration (and What Supply Managers Can Do about It)
Authors: Lu Jiachun , Kaufmann Lutz , Carter Craig R.
Published: August 2020

The interplay between informal and formal mechanisms has frequently been analyzed in the general management and supply chain management disciplines. The same is true for linkages between past and present events. However, the extant supply management literature largely conceptualizes formal cross‐functional sourcing collaborations as free from influences emanating from prior encounters. This compartmentalization is in sharp contrast to sociology and social psychology research, which demonstrates that overlooking previous interactions limits our understanding of team dynamics. Boundary‐spanning supply managers continually engage in formal and informal interactions with colleagues from other functions both before and during formal collaborations in sourcing teams. Our research focuses on the effects of informal exchanges that have taken place prior to the formal establishment of the sourcing team. We investigate how a colleague from another function reacts to a supply manager’s rejection of informal advice, and how the supply manager can mitigate the potential negative effects of this reaction on future formal sourcing collaborations. We use social exchange theory and impression management theory to derive hypotheses, a scenario‐based experiment to test the hypotheses, and a sequential explanatory strategy based on interviews to delve more deeply into the experimental findings. The results suggest that previous informal advice‐rejection reduces both an advisor’s willingness to provide formal advice to the advice‐receiving supply manager in an ensuing cross‐functional sourcing team and the expected cohesion of such a team, as compared to when the advice was heeded. We differentiate between five types of advisees’ mitigation strategies and find that the negative implications can be mitigated but that the degree of mitigation effectiveness partly depends on the advisor’s expertise level.
Complexity in Multilingualism (Research)
Authors: Beisbart Claus
Published: August 2020

Does complexity make multilingualism special? Since there is no unequivocal notion of complexity on which researchers agree, several characteristics that have been considered crucial for complexity are brought to bear on multilingualism. While multilingualism is fairly complex in some senses, for instance, because it requires that many variables be studied, it is less clear whether multilingualism becomes special in this way. The most salient possible way in which multilingualism might be special due to its complexity is that qualitatively new features emerge as we move from mono‐ or bilingualism to multilingualism. While research in mathematics and physics has shown examples in which novel features emerge at a certain level, related results are not easily transferred to multilingualism. This is shown by analyzing the application of dynamic systems theory to multilingualism by Herdina and Jessner. It is ultimately a matter of empirical research whether there are suitable novel features that make multilingualism special.
Stomatal density and mechanics are critical for high productivity: insights from amphibious ferns
Authors: Westbrook Anna S. , McAdam Scott A. M.
Published: August 2020

Angiosperm dominance in terrestrial landscapes is partially attributable to high photosynthetic capacities. Angiosperms benefit from diverse anatomical and physiological adaptations, making it difficult to determine which factors may have been prerequisites for the evolution of enhanced photosynthetic rates in this group.

We employed a novel approach to this problem: comparisons between angiosperms and Marsileaceae, a family of semi‐aquatic ferns that are among the only land plants to match angiosperm photosynthetic rates.

We found that Marsileaceae have very high stomatal densities and, like angiosperms but unlike all other ferns previously studied, exhibit wrong‐way stomatal responses to excision.

These results suggest that stomatal density and a little‐studied angiosperm trait, the capacity for lateral displacement of guard cells into neighboring epidermal cells, are crucial for facilitating high rates of gas exchange. Our analysis also associates these adaptations in Marsileaceae with an increased risk of excessive water loss during drought. Our findings indicate that evolution in stomatal physiology was a prerequisite for high photosynthetic capacities in vascular plants and a key driver of the abrupt Cretaceous rise of the angiosperms.
A novel SPINK5 mutation and successful subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy in a child with Netherton syndrome
Authors: Zelieskova Maria , Banovcin Peter , Kozar Marek , Kozarova Andrea , Nudzajova Zuzana , Jesenak Milos
Published: August 2020

We report a 2‐year‐old patient with Netherton syndrome presenting with generalized exfoliative erythroderma, ichthyosiform dermatitis, trichorrhexis invaginata, hypernatremic dehydration, failure to thrive, and recurrent respiratory infections. Molecular analysis of SPINK5 identified a novel mutation (c.1530CA). Our case report also verifies and supports the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulin substitution in chronic generalized skin disorders associated with primary immunodeficiencies such as Netherton syndrome.
The “bumpy” adolescent nose: Acne associated angiofibroma‐like nasal papules
Authors: Roman Jorge , Krueger Loren D. , Young Trevor K. , Rieder Evan A. , Rothman Lisa R. , Lakdawala Nikita , Nagler Arielle R. , Meehan Shane A. , Orlow Seth J. , Oza Vikash S.
Published: August 2020

Background/Objective

Papular scars are a recently described clinical phenotype of acne scarring characterized by papules occurring on the nose and chin. We have observed a similar presentation of nasal papules among patients seen in our clinic for acne and sought to further characterize the clinical and histopathological characteristics of this entity.

Methods

In this single‐site case series, a retrospective review of electronic medical records of patients with nasal papules in association with acne vulgaris between April 2018 and April 2019 was performed. Clinical and histopathologic findings were recorded.

Results

We identified 20 patients who presented with a similar clinical phenotype of predominantly skin‐colored, dome‐shaped papules concentrated on the nose and chin in association with a history of more classic facial acne vulgaris. Papular lesions were seen predominately in adolescent Hispanic males. Concomitant acne on other areas of the face was identified in 18 patients at presentation while two patients had a history of adolescent acne. Biopsies were performed for five patients. Histopathologic examination demonstrated features of fibrosis and dilated thin‐walled blood vessels, typical of angiofibromas.

Conclusion

We present a series of adolescent patients with large, flesh‐colored to erythematous papules seen predominantly on the nose. These lesions are histologically indistinguishable from angiofibromas and may represent an under‐recognized yet disfiguring sequela of acne that may disproportionately affect adolescents with skin of color.