bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
24234 Development of a computerized neurocognitive test of interhemispheric transfer for use in pediatric settings
Authors: Pierpont E.I. , Lim K. , Georgieff M. , Dobyns W. , Luciana M. , Wozniak J.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: As newborn screening is now available for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, there is a need to establish meaningful disease markers to detect the onset of the severe demyelinating cerebral form of this disease at the earliest possible stage, and to quantify early disease progression to evaluate the relative efficacy of therapies. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Longitudinal testing of neurocognitive and motor function using smartphone and tablet-based applications holds promise for early detection and quantification of brain white matter changes in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and other rare demyelinating diseases, but this methodology requires validation in pediatric populations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We developed an iPad application with a game-like interface to assess interhemispheric transfer across the corpus callosum, the brain structure where cerebral demyelinating disease typically begins in patients with ALD. Feasibility data from remote test administrations with healthy children were collected to analyze and speed and timing of finger tapping movements requiring bimanual coordination on a touchscreen. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among our pilot sample of healthy school-aged children, age-related improvements in finger tapping speed were observed in both single-hand and alternating-hand conditions. Results indicate that remote testing using iPad applications is a viable way to collect psychometric testing data rapidly in pediatric populations and is feasible during a pandemic. Next steps in this research project will be: (1) evaluating the stability of repeated test administrations (test-retest reliability), (2) assessing agreement between performance on our iPad application and validated measures of interhemispheric transfer and fine motor function, and (3) comparing performance of children with known corpus callosum white matter abnormality to performance of healthy children. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Brief neurocognitive tests that can be frequently administered may have the ability to capture subtle brain changes in developing children. Approaches enabling remote (virtual) testing will facilitate research during the covid-19 pandemic and are especially well-suited for data collection in rare disease populations.
83678 Bridging Gaps to Equalize Community-Academic Partnership: A Comparison of Capacities With Research Needs Across CTSA Program Hubs
Authors: Spring Bonnie , Moskowitz David , Pfammatter Angela F. , Patel Ruchi , Rumsey Hannah
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our research identifies key opportunities for increased cross-CTSA collaboration, as a means to improve community-research cooperation and better CBPR practices. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Currently, team science training prioritizes developing the collaborative competencies of interdisciplinary scientists to work with each other and, more recently, with communities. Community-facing team science resources are scarce but present among some CTSAs, suggesting that capacity gaps might be remedied through cross-hub collaboration. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We reviewed online information provided by the 62 current CTSAs to identify: (1) which hubs engage in community research, and (2) what resources the hubs utilize to orient, train, and support community stakeholders as research partners. We then examined the capacities of the collectively available CTSA resources to address needed knowledge, skills, and attitudes that community-engaged researchers have identified as essential for community-based stakeholders to partner equally in research. Finally, we explored practical challenges in team-based dynamics (e.g., interpersonal difficulties, expertise gaps, resource management) that may facilitate or hinder communities’ research endeavors, and suggest resources that CTSAs might implement to facilitate team science dynamics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Hubs (n=59) have community engagement programs, 12 of which provide community-based participatory research toolkits. Toolkits vary from basic checklists to fully developed modules. Some hubs also offer consultation services and partner match-making. Learning objectives include: outcome definition, logic models, and goal-setting. Learning resources remain underdeveloped to help communities appreciate the benefits of research engagement and convince academic partners of the value of real-world knowledge and community improvement relative to scientific advancement. Also lacking is easily accessible support to understand the research process, build verifiable trust, maintain bidirectional knowledge and assets, and implement consistent, best practice methodological and reporting protocols. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Gaps between current hub offerings and community needs suggest prioritizing creation of resources whose learning objectives highlight the benefits of research engagement for community partners; foster mutual values affirmation between partners; and offer tools that build warranted community-researcher rapport.
00003 Volumetric assessment of cervical cancer tumor volume during definitive chemoradiation and the risk of early distant metastasis
Authors: Pachigolla Suvidya Lakshmi , Massad Leslie S. , Thaker Premal , Mutch David , Powel Matthew , Dehdashti Farrokh , Siegel Barry , Mazur Thomas , Schwarz Julie , Markovina Stephanie , Grigsby Perry , Lin Alexander
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study assesses patient and volumetric risk factors for distant recurrence within 6 months of completion of curative chemoradiation with brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Initial tumor volume and tumor shrinkage velocity are prognostic of cure and survival after curative chemoradiation (CRT) for cervical cancer. We explored whether local tumor volumetric changes influence time to distant recurrences outside the radiation field. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with FIGO Stage IB-IVA cervical cancer treated with curative CRT and brachytherapy at a tertiary academic center with minimum 3 months follow up and standard post-treatment FDG-PET. Patients received 6 weekly fractions of brachytherapy interdigitated with external beam radiation and cisplatin. Tumor volumes were assessed by MRI at brachytherapy planning. Patients who developed distant metastasis were classified as earliest (3-6 months), early (6-24 months) or late (>24 months) following completion of CRT. Absolute and percent decrease in tumor volume for each fraction were calculated with respect to first brachytherapy volume. Fisher’s exact and Mann Whitney-U tests were used for comparison of categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 143 of 574 (25%) patients developed distant metastasis. Distribution of age, histology, FIGO 2018 stage, primary tumor SUVmax, treatment length, and pre/post treatment squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels were not associated in each group. Para-aortic lymph metastases were more common in patients with earliest distant recurrence (33% earliest, 26% early, 12% late, p=0.03). Median initial tumor volume in the earliest (n=24), early (n =29) and late (n=9) groups was 57, 28 and 40 mL, respectively (p=0.08); 57 (earliest) vs 30mL (early+late groups), p=0.04. Average mid treatment (fraction 4) and end of treatment (fraction 6) percent shrinkage was 80 (earliest) vs 73 (early+late), p=0.84 and 94 vs 92, p=0.95, respectively. Neither absolute nor percent tumor shrinkage differed between early vs. late groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Tumor volumetric changes during definitive chemoradiation were not associated with the timing of developing distant metastasis, which is linked to presence of lymph node metastasis and tumor volume at diagnosis.
10080 Quantifying type of dental treatment rendered for patients with special needs
Authors: Chavis Sydnee
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Quantifying the types of dental procedures patients with healthcare needs receive can help understand and improve modalities of dental care to improve healthcare outcomes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: 1. Quantify how medical complexity based on special needs diagnosis impacts dental treatment rendered

2. Comprehend how medical diagnosis of a special need can affect rate of treatment and type of treatment METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study consists of a chart review of all active patients in a dental school setting who have one of the following diagnoses of a special need: autism, developmental disorder, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorder, and hydrocephaly. Medical diagnoses were used to extract records and quantify the types of dental treatment rendered for these patients (preventative, restorative, and surgical), as well as the rates of appointments for this patient population. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The medical complexity of patients of this population, as defined by the number medical diagnoses, impacts the type of treatment rendered as well as how frequently these patients are seen for dental care (rate of appointments). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Over- or under-utilization of dental treatment modalities can impact the oral health status and outcomes for patients with special needs. The differences in types and frequency/ rate of dental treatment rendered for patients of different medical complexity can further impede their oral health and systemic health status and health outcomes.
73662 Racial Disparities in Septic Shock Mortality: Results from the OneFlorida Data Trust Cohort
Authors: Black Lauren Page , Hopson Charlotte , DeVos Elizabeth , Puskarich Michael , Fernandez Rosemarie , Guirgis Faheem , Garvan Cynthia
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Identifying racial disparities in septic shock mortality, a common and lethal condition, can inform future research and policy efforts aimed at understanding the drivers these disparities and addressing the underlying factors in order to reduce disparities and improve health. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Septic shock is a major public health problem with significant mortality. Existing data indicate racial disparities in sepsis incidence, but evidence is limited on differences in septic shock outcomes. Our objective was to determine the association between race and septic shock mortality in a statewide cohort while controlling for clinical factors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This was a retrospective analysis of septic shock patients in the One Florida Data Trust between 2012-18. Data was collected regarding age, sex, race, insurance status, and selected comorbid conditions [liver disease, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)]. To account for severity of illness, we assigned Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores for components based on laboratory values (labSOFA), and collected data on mechanical ventilation use and initial lactate.

The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) method was used for variable selection for the multivariable regression model. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 13,932 septic shock patients with a mean (SD) age of 61(16) years. Of these, 68% identified as white, 28% as black, 2.1% as Hispanic, and 2.0% as other races. 90-day mortality was 32% (n=4,437) and 59% required mechanical ventilation. Significant independent predictors of mortality in the regression model were age (OR 1.04; p<0.01), black race (1.72; p<0.01), lactate (1.10; p<0.01), mechanical ventilation (3.62; p<0.01), labSOFA (1.18; p<0.01), history of liver disease (1.75; p<0.01), hypertension (0.70; p<0.01), COPD (0.87; p<0.01), CHF (1.18; p<0.01), HIV (1.30; p=0.05), and the interaction between age and black race. Black patients had 1.72 times the odds of mortality compared to white patients. For every one-year decrease in age, black patients had a 1% increased odds of mortality (OR 1.01; p < 0.01). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Black patients have increased odds of dying from septic shock compared to white patients after controlling for age, selected comorbid conditions, and markers of illness severity. Future work is needed to move beyond demonstrating septic shock disparities and towards understanding the underlying factors.
83551 Current implementation of expedited partner therapy for the treatment of N. Gonorrhoeae and C. Trachomatis infection: Integrating mixed methods with cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Faherty Emily Ann Groene , Smith Kumi , Boraas Christy M. , Lofgren Sarah M. , Enns Eva A.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work will estimate current EPT implementation in Minnesota and provide cost-effectiveness analyses of different implementation scenarios to inform STI treatment policy. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This research aims to 1) assess current implementation of Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT) as treatment for C. Trachomatis (chlamydia) and N. Gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) among healthcare providers in Minnesota and to 2) simulate the current burden of chlamydia and gonorrhea infections to test the cost-effectiveness of increasing EPT implementation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will conduct key informant interviews (KII) and an online survey of health providers across the continuum of care for chlamydia and gonorrhea treatment. Based on experience in prior studies, the KII sample size is expected to be about 15 informants. KIIs will be carried out among providers who submitted EPT protocols to the Minnesota Department of Health to understand how EPT is currently being implemented. KII results will inform the online survey of health providers, which will estimate how many providers across the state provide EPT. We will distribute the survey through Minnesota health provider networks to achieve a sample of at least 500 health providers. The KII and survey results will inform model structure and parameter values for a compartmental cost-effectiveness model of EPT. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Initial results from KII pilots suggest that EPT is primarily provided through a paper script for the sexual partner of a patient who tests positive for CT or NG by the treating provider. Less commonly, a patient’s partner who is already a patient in the health system may receive notification and treatment through the provider. While EPT is legal in Minnesota, concerns about medical liability for adverse reactions and difficulty obtaining paper scripts in electronic workflows are barriers to implementation. The statewide survey will include questions to estimate the likelihood of EPT provision among providers when these concerns are addressed. These figures will be integrated into the cost-effectiveness model to simulate outcomes and costs across different EPT implementation scenarios. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The statewide survey will define cost-effectiveness model parameters, including the proportion of providers in the state who currently provide EPT or would be willing to provide EPT under different scenarios. Study findings will be shared with health provider networks and health departments to inform STI treatment procedures and state EPT policies.
69567 Association between area deprivation index and long-term diabetic complications in a population of diabetic patients’
Authors: Li Riza C. , Ndura Kevin , Jurkovitz Claudine T.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: To improve care and services for patients with chronic disease, health systems are focusing on evaluating social determinants of health of populations at risk; this information is currently not available in electronic health records (EHR) but we show that it could be accessed by linking area deprivation index to EHR. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To inform care delivery and policy, health care systems are studying ways of improving social determinants of health (SDoH) in patients with chronic disease such as diabetes (DM). Our goal was to better characterize the SDoH of a cohort of DM patients by using the area deprivation index (ADI). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our study population included DM patients seen in primary care practices in 2013-2017. We integrated ADI levels to data extracted from electronic health records (EHR). ADI ranks neighborhoods by socioeconomic status calculated from income, education, employment and housing quality. ADI has 10 levels that we grouped into 5 categories of 2 levels. Addresses were geocoded using ArcMap to obtain census block groups information. We used multivariable logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [], with diabetic complications as a binary dependent variable, ADI levels as the exposure, and demographics, smoking status and number of comorbidities as confounders. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our study population included 8,558 patients: 56% were female, 61% white, 31% black, 28% were on Medicare, 66% on commercial insurance, median age was 55 years, 57% never smoked, 10% had no comorbidities, 42% had 3 or more comorbidities, and 37% developed diabetic-related complications. After evaluating collinearity and adjusting for confounders, our multivariable analysis showed that worsening ADI was associated with higher likelihood of complications. Compared to ADI level 1&2 (least disadvantaged), the ORs for patients residing in neighborhoods with ADI levels 3&4, 5&6, 7&8, 9&10 (most disadvantaged) were respectively 1.01 [0.88-1.16), 1.20 [1.04-1.39], 1.15 [0.99-1.33], 1.30 [1.11-1.52]. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Neighborhood ADI could provide precious information to health care providers when associated to the EHR. We found that neighborhoods with ADI level 9&10, which is not collected in the EHR, was significantly associated with a higher burden of disease. ADI could serve as a proxy for evaluating SDoH.
93137 Interrogating cardio-protective MTSS1 variants in human populations
Authors: Burke Megan F. , Morley Michael , Yang Yifan , Drivas Theodore , Li Mingyao , Ritchie Mingyao , Cappola Thomas
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: It is our hope that a better understanding of the relationship between genetic variants that influence heart failure precursor traits will not only inform clinical care, but enable better assessment of inherited risk and will identify new biological targets for drug development. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In this project, using a large-scale human genomic dataset with extensive phenotype data available, we intend to interrogate the known MTSS1 variants that have been associated with heart failure (HF) in previous GWAS studies in order to understand the directionality and mechanisms of their effects. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data was obtained from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort of ˜500,000 patients across the United Kingdom with extensive phenotype data, including ˜50,000 patients with cardiac MRI and ˜200,000 with whole exome sequencing. We test for associations between genetic variants at the MTSS1 locus and HF precursor traits using logistic regression or linear regression, adjusting for age, gender, and principal components (PCs) of ancestry. For rare variant analyses we ‘bin’ rare variants (MAF < 0.01) using the software tool BioBin to aggregate low frequency genetic variants into single genetic units. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary data have shown that variants in the known MTSS1 enhancer region which reduce MTSS1 expression are associated with smaller, more contractile hearts. We anticipate that common variants known to reduce enhancer activity will attenuate heart failure precursor traits, will be associated with a reduced risk clinical heart failure, and will favorably impact clinical outcomes once HF is established. We also anticipate that rare exonic variants predicted to impair MTSS1 function will attenuate heart failure precursor traits. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Through this work, we intend to take advantage of multiple novel approaches to better understand a complex disease process, identify a new potential therapeutic target (namely one that targets cardiac function), and to determine which patient subgroups will benefit from this our therapeutic interventions and why.
58055 Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parent-Child Aggression Risk, Intimate Partner Violence, and Perceived Child Behavior Problems
Authors: Pu Doris F. , Rodriguez Christina M.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: In light of the high co-occurrence between intimate partner violence (IPV) and physical child abuse, studying these forms of aggression simultaneously, bidirectionally, and longitudinally is vital to address this public health need. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study examined reciprocal associations between parent-child aggression (PCA) risk, IPV victimization, and perceived child behavior problems, to evaluate whether negative processes can transmit across family subsystems (i.e., spillover hypothesis) and/or across individuals (i.e., crossover hypothesis) over time. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were first-time mothers and their male partners enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study, which tracked parenting and PCA risk over the transition to parenthood and into early childhood. The current project examined data from the third and fourth waves, when participants’ child was 18 months old and approximately 4 years old. At both timepoints, parents reported on their PCA risk (i.e., child abuse potential, harsh parenting), physical and psychological IPV victimization and perpetration, and perceived child behavior problems. Mothers and fathers each completed protocol on laptops in separate private rooms. Hypotheses were tested with autoregressive cross-lagged path models, which were estimated for mothers and fathers separately as well as dyadically. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Findings partially supported the hypotheses, with evidence of spillover occurring bidirectionally for mothers and unidirectionally for both mothers and fathers. Mothers’ PCA risk predicted their subsequent IPV victimization and their reported child behavior problems (i.e., spillover effects) as well as fathers’ reported IPV victimization (i.e., crossover effect). Maternal reports of child behavior problems also predicted mothers’ reported IPV victimization and fathers’ reported child behavior problems, indicating possible child-driven effects. Overall, results demonstrate the mutual influence of individuals and subsystems within the family. Additionally, mothers rather than fathers appear more vulnerable to harmful spillover effects. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The need for family prevention and intervention services is clear, given the complex, transactional nature of family violence. Particularly for mothers, higher PCA risk may herald an increased risk for subsequent IPV victimization and vice versa. Clinical implications for parent-focused intervention programs are discussed.
55179 An assessment of understandability and actionability in breast cancer survivorship print materials
Authors: Parker Pearman D. , Prabhu Arpan V. , Su L. Joseph , Zorn Kristin K. , Greene Carolyn , Hadden Kristie B. , McSweeney Jean C.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our results reveal a limited amount of breast cancer survivorship print materials as both understandable and actionable, and indicate a need to supplement material with personalized teaching. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Using educational print material for young women breast cancer survivors (YBCS) is considered a best practice in patient teaching. Little is known about how well YBCS understand or act upon the material. The purpose of this study was to assess the understandability and actionability of commonly distributed breast cancer survivorship print materials. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used an environmental scan approach to obtain breast cancer survivorship print materials available in eight outpatient oncology clinics and one electronic medical record used in a Midwestern state. Print materials were included if they were freely available to patients, were specific to breast cancer, provided detailed information about survivorship, and were directly given to patients by physicians or nurses. Print materials were excluded if topics were related to treatment, diagnosis, or prevention. All brochures, drug advertisements, and advertisements for support services were excluded. The understandability and actionability analyses of the breast cancer survivorship print materials were analyzed using Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The environmental scan resulted in 82 individual print materials. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight breast cancer survivorship print materials were included in the final sample. The final sample included two books, two patient education handouts from the electronic medical record, two multi-page booklets, and two pamphlets. The overall mean understandability score of the print materials was 68.9% ? 11.3 with a range of 47% to 80%. Five materials scored above the recommended 70% in understandability. The overall mean actionability score of the print materials was much higher at 81.3% ? 21.6 with a range of 67% to 100%. Five materials scored above 70% in actionability. However, only three of the eight materials scored above the recommended 70% in both understandability and actionability. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Limited breast cancer survivorship print materials exist as both understandable and actionable. Personalized instruction provided by oncology team members may be indicated to supplement the material. This additional teaching may help ensure survivors comprehend messages and act upon specific tasks as indicated in survivorship print material.
93132 Relationship between Level of Response to Alcohol and Body Weight Status in Individuals across the Spectrum of Alcohol Use and Misuse
Authors: Vergeer Rhianna R. , Stangl Bethany L. , Schwandt Melanie L. , Diazgranados Nancy , Ramchandani Vijay A.
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Improved understanding of the relationship between level of response to alcohol and body weight in the context of other contributing factors will help inform prevention and intervention efforts regarding obesity. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We evaluated the association between level of response to alcohol and weight status across the spectrum of alcohol misuse. We hypothesized that lower level of response to alcohol would be associated with heavier weight, after controlling for obesity risk factors like food addiction, impulsivity, and low socioeconomic status. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adult participants (N=587) enrolled in NIAAA’s natural history study completed Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE), a retrospective measure of level of response to alcohol, along with Lifetime Drinking History (LDH); Yale Food Addiction (FA) Scale; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS); Delayed Discounting Task (DDT). Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM disorders were conducted to identify individuals with current alcohol use disorder (AUD). Body mass index (BMI), computed from height and weight measured during the study, and used to stratify participants into 3 groups: normal weight (N=222), overweight (N=219), or obese (N=146). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: SRE scores during heaviest drinking period were lowest in the heavier weight group, after accounting for FA, impulsivity, alcohol-related, and demographic variables (ê•2=238.5, p=0.002, Cox and Snell Pseudo R2=0.43). Compared to the obese group, normal weight and overweight groups had fewer FA symptoms and higher BIS cognitive complexity (p values<0.01) but similar rates of current AUD. Relative to the obese group, the normal weight group was more likely to be White, and to have lower household incomes but more education, more years of heavy drinking (LDH), and steeper delayed discounting, p values ≤0.03. The overweight group had a higher proportion of males than did the obese group, p<0.001. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Lower level of response during heaviest drinking period was significantly associated with current weight status, suggesting a relationship between alcohol sensitivity and BMI. Future work will explore pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and additional risk factors underlying this relationship.
76215 Implementation of Proteomics as a Diagnostic tool for Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) Infection
Authors: Lapinel Nicole , Guidry Jessie , Varkey Mary , Rijal Manish , Zea Arnold , Ali Juzar
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Implementation of proteomics as a diagnostic tool for Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection can provide a more accurate, efficient and cost-effective means for effectively diagnosing disease and enacting timely management decisions which can revolutionize patient care. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Proteomic analysis is a proven diagnostic modality enabling rapid identification of microorganisms. We sought to apply proteomics to detect proteins unique to the most clinically relevant NTM. We then determined whether these unique proteomes could be used to successfully identify NTM species from in vitro cocktail preparations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: NTM reference strains for M. avium, m. intracellulare, m.chimaera, m. abscessus abscessus, m. abscessus massiliense and m. abscessus boletti were cultured in vitro and subjected to proteomic analysis using Liquid Chromatography tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) data acquisition utilized an MS3 approach for data collection using Proteome Discoverer 2.4.

A comparative analysis of the proteome of each of these six species was performed quantitatively using LCMS. The process was repeated for three technical replicates and analyzed using the SEQUEST algorithm. Only high scoring peptides were considered utilizing a false discovery rate (FDR) of 1%. Once species-specific proteins were identified, we validated detection in individual and mixed samples of the six reference strains. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The proteomic profiling of the six NTM reference strains successfully demonstrated proteins unique to each of the MAC species and MABC subspecies. Proteomic MAC species analysis produced between 327 to 2,540 unique peptides for each of the 3 species. MABC proteomic analysis identified between 17-74 unique peptides for each of the 3 subspecies. Fifteen different mixed preparations of MAC and MABC were then subjected to LCMS analysis and compared against the proteome profiles already curated for the six strains. We accurately identified at least one NTM in the majority of the samples (10/15). In three samples (3/15), the NTM was not correctly identified; in two of the samples (2/15) we were unable to determine the identity of NTM within the preparation. Further database curation will be performed to hone these results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Proteomic analysis of in vitro reference strains successfully demonstrated protein fingerprints specific to six common disease-causing strains of NTM. Such findings can be used to evaluate clinical samples enabling more efficient diagnostic specificity. Further research will focus on identification of NTM in sputum samples of infected patients.
65993 Peptide Conjugated Hollow, Degradable Nanoparticles Bind to Exposed Hyaluronic Acid for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Deloney Marcus , Garoosi Parssa , Christiansen Blaine , Panitch Alyssa
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our research would be the first therapeutic to both prevent and treat osteoarthritis - helping 27 millions U.S. citizens alone immediately. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our objective is to conjugate hyaluronic acid binding peptides (HABP) to anionic hollow nanoparticle (hNP), and allowing the HABP-hNP complex to penetrate into osteoarthritic cartilage, bind to exposed HA, prevent further degradation, and restore the compressive strength of articular cartilage. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: N-isopropyl acrylamide, 2-acrylamindo-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, N,N’-bis(acryoyl)cystamine, and Acrylic Acid, in fluorescent batches rhodamine b isothiocyanate (RBITC), were polymerized via precipitation reaction. HA binding peptide, GAHWQFNALTVRGSG-Hydrazide (GAH-Hyd), was covalently bonded to the hNP using DMTMM chemistry. The reaction was halted by diluting the solution 10:1 with milliQ water and purified using tangential flow filtration. The dynamic viscosity of the six treatments were analyzed in a 70 kDa HA. Using a rheometer (Discovery HR-3) with a 20 mm parallel plate geometry, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE), a frequency sweep (0.01 -1000 Hz, 2.512 Pa) was conducted to measure the storage modulus of each solution. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: GAH-Hyd was successfully conjugated to the surface of the hNP and zeta-potential shows a significant increase in surface charge from -21.41 mV for unconjugated hNP to -8.94 mV for 65 GAH conjugated hNP, confirming conjugation. The hNPs need 65 ±10 GAH per nanoparticle to significantly bind to HA, shown by increasing the dynamic viscosity of the solution. The minimum concentration of 65 GAH-hNP required to significantly bind to HA is 313 µM. These data from our study display the ability to functionalized the surface of polymeric hNPs with site specific peptides and their ability to bind to diseased tissue. We expect the GAH-hNP system will restore the compressive strength of OA cartilage and prevent further HA degradation in ex vivo aggrecan depleted cartilage plugs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Binding to exposed HA within the ECM of cartilage protects the HA from further degradation, halting the progression of OA. 65 GAH-hNP binds to HA at a 313 µM. Our system can be translated and used to treat a multitude of conditions by conjugating tissue specific peptides to the surface of our hNPs and delivery site specific therapeutics to diseases tissue.
79512 The Great Plains IDeA CTR Research Scholar Program
Authors: Mikuls Ted , Braddock Heather , Zimmerman Lani
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: To date, our Scholars have been highly productive in the conduct of impactful research and have contributed to the literature through dissemination of their findings. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The primary purpose of the Great Plains IDeA Research Scholars Program (RSP) is to support the development and retention of early-career faculty preparing to compete for external funding as clinical-translational research (CTR) investigators. We developed processes for RSP applications, prioritization, and selection criteria. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In year 1, we admitted 4 Scholars and have since added 5 additional Scholars. Scholars are retained in the program until they receive R- or K-level funding or if progress is deemed to be substandard on two consecutive 6-month reviews (no awards revoked to date). Each scholar was assigned a mentor(s) or mentoring team. Each participant developed 1-year goals and a 4-5-year plan that included a refined proposal to collect preliminary data, a timetable for grant submissions (with a focus on R01 applications or equivalent), and personal goals to enhance chances of success. Scholars composed an Individual Development Plan (IDP) with mentor(s) feedback to identify the skills needed to achieve goals. Each Scholar completed pilot work to generate the requisite preliminary data for an extramural grant application. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Over four years, we have had 9 scholars from 4 sites with 51 total applications. All scholars completed required grant writing seminar courses, an 8-hour Responsible Conduct of Research course, and were given access to seminars and workshops sponsored by the Great Plains IDeA CTR. Scholars received 0.5 FTE in research support and $50,000 annual funding to support their research and/or career development activities. Seven of 9 scholars have completed the program to date, collectively receiving an R01 (1), a U01 (1), a K23 (1), a VA Career Development Award (1), or COBRE pilot projects leadership roles (3). All remain active faculty at their institution. Two remaining scholars are working towards independent funding: both have submitted extramural grant applications with anticipated funding this year. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: To date, our Scholars have been highly productive in the conduct of impactful research. They have submitted 36 grants; culminating in 27 funded projects and >$7.5 million in total funding for 7 graduates. They have disseminated their findings through 121 publications and 48 invited regional/national presentations.
When peace nations go to war: Examining the narrative transformation of Sweden and Norway in Afghanistan
Authors: Sjöstedt Roxanna , Noreen Erik
Published: March 2021

What happens to dominant narratives and settled self-images of so-called peace nations when experiencing actual combat in out-of-area military missions? This question arises when studying the contemporary international engagement of small states that previously have mostly been engaged in peacekeeping with limited mandates and non-use of force restrictions. As today's international missions have altered radically, it is important to analyse narrative friction and transformation in small states with little prior experience of international war-fighting. This article addresses this lacuna by examining two small states and self-proclaimed peace nations – Sweden and Norway – in relation to their engagement in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), the NATO-led security mission to Afghanistan 2002–14. By examining the interplay and discursive struggle of two narratives — peace nation and military culture – this article finds that these narratives constantly constitute and reconstitute a small state's self-image and the boundaries for acceptable or even required behaviour. With altered principles regarding use of force there is an increased friction between the narratives. By addressing these frictions, the article contributes to the literature on small state international military engagement and develops and refines assumptions regarding the drivers and consequences of small state participation in out-of-area missions.
The effect of ultrafiltration transmembrane permeation on the flow field in a surrogate system of an artificial kidney
Authors: De Pascale Matilde , Faria Monica , Boi Cristiana , Semiao Viriato , de Pinho Maria Norberta
Published: March 2021

Renal Replacement Therapies generally associated to the Artificial Kidney (AK) are membrane-based treatments that assure the separation functions of the failing kidney in extracorporeal blood circulation. Their progress from conventional hemodialysis towards high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) through the introduction of ultrafiltration membranes characterized by high convective permeation fluxes intensified the need of elucidating the effect of the membrane fluid removal rates on the increase of the potentially blood-traumatizing shear stresses developed adjacently to the membrane. The AK surrogate consisting of two-compartments separated by an ultrafiltration membrane is set to have water circulation in the upper chamber mimicking the blood flow rates and the membrane fluid removal rates typical of HFHD. Pressure drop mirrors the shear stresses quantification and the modification of the velocities profiles. The increase on pressure drop when comparing flows in slits with a permeable membrane and an impermeable wall is ca. 512% and 576% for

$ \mathrm{CA}22/5\%{\mathrm{SiO}}_2 $

and

$ \mathrm{CA}30/5\%{\mathrm{SiO}}_2 $

membranes, respectively.
New sphenodontian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from a novel Late Triassic paleobiota in western North America sheds light on the earliest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs
Authors: Kligman Ben T. , McClure Warren C. , Korbitz Mark , Schumacher Bruce A.
Published: March 2021

Herbivory is a common ecological function among extant lepidosaurs, but little is known about the origin of this feeding strategy within Lepidosauria. Here we describe a sphenodontian (Lepidosauria) from the Late Triassic of western North America,Trullidens purgatoriin. gen. n. sp., that reveals new aspects of the earliest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs. This taxon is represented by an isolated lower jaw with robust structure bearing transversely widened dentition and extensive wear facets, suggesting a masticatory apparatus specialized for herbivory. An unusual ‘incisor-like’ tooth is present at the anterior end of the jaw; a unique feature among lepidosaurs, this tooth is convergent with the incisors of extant rodents and lagomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses support the placement of this taxon within opisthodontian sphenodontians, a group sharing derived cranio-dental morphologies specialized for herbivory. The new taxon was recovered in a recently discovered and unnamed series of Upper Triassic strata in southeastern Colorado, USA, exposed in Canyons incised by the Purgatoire River and its tributaries. These strata comprise a dominantly red-bed sequence of conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones deposited in a fluvio-lacustrine setting, preserving a Late Triassic biota of invertebrate and vertebrate ichnofossils, plant macrofossils, bony fish, temnospondyl amphibians, and reptiles. We use aetosaur osteoderms as biostratigraphic links to the nearby Chinle Formation of Arizona, USA, establishing a middle Norian age for these strata. The presence of an opisthodontian from western equatorial Pangaea in the Norian Stage reveals a near-global radiation of this clade across the Pangaean supercontinent during the Late Triassic.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/A737c03f-863a-488e-a860-5cc914548774.
A possible Laurentian volchoviid ophiocistioid from the Katian of southwestern Ohio
Authors: Ausich William I. , Thompson Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2021

The Cincinnatian (Katian) of the Cincinnati Tri-State area is widely regarded as one of the most fossiliferous sections known (Meyer and Davis, 2009). Echinoderms from these strata include well-described asteroids, crinoids, cyclocystoids, edrioasteroids, glyptocystoids, mitrates, and ophiuroids. John Pope discovered a partially articulated echinoderm in float from the Fairview Formation that does not correspond to any known Cincinnatian echinoderm. Although mentioned in Ubaghs (1966, as a presumable personal communication from Pope, 1960), Haude and Langenstrassen (1976), Reich (2001), and Reich and Haude (2004), this specimen at the Cincinnati Museum Center (CMCPIP 51316) has neither been described nor illustrated; yet, these authors attributed it to Volchovia Hecker, 1938 in the Class Ophiocistioidea. Questions swirl around this fossil: what is its complete morphology; does it belong to Volchovia; whether or not it can be assigned to Volchovia, is it an ophiocistioid? The first step to understand this enigmatic echinoderm is to illustrate and describe the specimen, which is the objective of this note.
Indigenous Routes and Resource Materialities in the Early Spanish Colonial World: Comparative Archaeological Approaches
Authors: Corcoran-Tadd Noa , Ulloa Hung Jorge , Antczak Andrzej T. , Herrera Malatesta Eduardo , Hofman Corinne L.
Published: March 2021

The early colonial period witnessed new scales of connectivity and unprecedented projects of resource extraction across the Spanish Americas. Yet such transformations also drew heavily on preexisting Indigenous landscapes, technologies, and institutions. Drawing together recent discussions in archaeology and geography about mobility and resource materialities, this article takes the early colonial route as a central object of investigation and contributes to new emerging interpretive frameworks that make sense of Spanish colonialism in the Americas as a variable, large-scale, and materially constituted process. Using three case studies—theruta de Colónon the island of Hispaniola, the routes connecting the southeastern Caribbean islands with mainland South America, and theruta de la platain the south-central Andes—we develop a comparative archaeological analysis that reveals divergent trajectories of persistence, appropriation, and erasure in the region's routes and regimes of extraction and mobility during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
PREHISTORIC CHARCOAL GRAFFITI DISCOVERED IN KATEŘINSKÁ CAVE, CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Golec Martin , Zajicek Petr , Svetlik Ivo , Pachnerova Brabcova Katerina , Marikova Lucie , Cermakova Eva , Ovsonkova Zuzana Aurelia
Published: March 2021

The article reports on a new sampling method and the archaeological context of cave drawings, which include the oldest currently known graffiti in the Czech Republic. Between 2016 and 2020, samples with a small amount of charcoal were taken from drawings found in Kateřinská Cave (Catherine’s Cave) of the Moravian Karst in the Czech Republic. A new gentle method of sampling charcoal from the cave walls was developed for the purpose of radiocarbon (14C) dating cave drawings of unknown age, while preserving the contours of the drawings. 14C analysis has provided data from four periods of prehistory and history: from the Neolithic around 5000 BC, the turn of the Neolithic and Eneolithic around 4300 BC, the Hallstatt Period from 800–450 BC, and also from the Middle Ages (13th century). The radiocarbon dates of the graffiti correspond to the dates of the pottery finds from the entrance portal of Kateřinská Cave, thus validating the dates and the sampling method.
The Democratic Deficit in U.S. Education Governance
Authors: KOGAN VLADIMIR , LAVERTU STÉPHANE , PESKOWITZ ZACHARY
Published: March 2021

Political scientists have largely overlooked the democratic challenges inherent in the governance of U.S. public education—despite profound implications for educational delivery and, ultimately, social mobility and economic growth. In this study, we consider whether the interests of adult voters who elect local school boards are likely to be aligned with the needs of the students their districts educate. Specifically, we compare voters and students in four states on several policy-relevant dimensions. Using official voter turnout records and rich microtargeting data, we document considerable demographic differences between voters who participate in school board elections and the students attending the schools that boards oversee. These gaps are most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps. Our novel analysis provides important context for understanding the political pressures facing school boards and their likely role in perpetuating educational and, ultimately, societal inequality.
Variation in PLIN2 and its association with milk traits and milk fat composition in dairy cows
Authors: Li Y. H. , Zhou H. , Cheng L. , Zhao J. , Hickford J. G. H.
Published: March 2021

The current study investigated associations between variation in the bovine perilipin-2 gene (PLIN2) and milk traits (milk fat content, milk protein content, milk yield and milk fatty acid (FA) component levels) in 409 New Zealand pasture-grazed Holstein-Friesian × Jersey-cross (HF × J-cross or Kiwicross™) cows. Five nucleotide sequence variants were found in three regions of the gene, including c.17C>T in exon 2, c.53A>G in exon 3, c.595+23G>A and c.595+104_595+108del in intron 5, and c.*302T>C in the 3′-untranslated region. The c.*302T>C substitution produces two nucleotide sequence variants (A5 and B5), and this variation was associated with variation in milk protein content and milkfat composition for C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0 and C16:0 FA and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) groups. After correcting for the effect of variation in the diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 gene (DGAT1) that results in the amino acid substitution p.K232A, variation in the FA binding protein 4 gene (FABP4) and variation in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Δ-9-desaturase) gene (SCD) that results in the amino acids substitution p.A293V, significant differences between A5A5 and B5B5 cows were found for C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C16:0, and the MCFA, LCFA, total saturated FA and C10:1 index groups. This suggests that nucleotide sequence variation in PLIN2 may be affecting milk FA component levels.