bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluierung kultureller Ökosystemleistungen renaturierter Fließgewässer
Authors: Hayes Daniel S. , Muhar Susanne , Popp Stephanie , Becsi Renate , Mühlmann Helena , Ofenböck Gisela , Scheikl Sigrid
Published: September 2022

Hydromorphologische Sanierungsmaßnahmen an Fließgewässern tragen maßgeblich zur Verbesserung von biologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Parametern bei. Gleichzeitig bieten renaturierte, naturnahe Flusslandschaften einer Vielfalt von Nutzerinnen und Nutzern unterschiedlichste Ökosystemleistungen, wie beispielsweise Erholungsmöglichkeiten oder Naturerlebnis. Bislang fehlte jedoch ein methodischer Rahmen, um diesen Mehrwert renaturierter Flüsse zu ermitteln und zu bewerten. Ziel unserer Studie war es daher, eine räumlich explizite, praktikable und reproduzierbare Methode zur Quantifizierung der potenziell verfügbaren kulturellen Ökosystemleistungen von Flüssen vor und nach Renaturierung zu erarbeiten. Dieser Ansatz umfasst die Identifizierung signifikanter Kriterien und Indikatoren sowie die weitere Entwicklung einer nicht-monetären, aber quantitativen Bewertung. Der Bewertungsrahmen wurde auf Grundlage von Literaturrecherchen, Expertinnen‑ und Experteninterviews und standardisierten Befragungen von Flussnutzerinnen und -nutzern entwickelt. Die hierarchisch aufgebaute Methode ermöglicht es, sieben Arten kultureller Ökosystemleistungen anhand eines vielfältigen Indikatorensets zu bewerten. In dieser Arbeit werden die kulturellen Ökosystemleistungen zweier Fallbeispiele, der Isel und des Liesingbachs, jeweils vor und nach der Renaturierung erfasst. Dadurch können die erzielten Veränderungen quantifiziert und dokumentiert werden. Die Evaluierungsergebnisse belegen, dass die Sanierungen von Isel und Liesingbach das Potenzial kultureller Ökosystemleistungen grundsätzlich erhöht haben. Dies trifft vor allem auf die wasserbezogenen Leistungen „Baden und Planschen“, „Bootfahren“ und „Angeln“ zu, aber auch auf passive Leistungen wie „Naturerlebnis und Ruhe“ sowie „Schönheit und Landschaftsbild“. „Wandern und Laufen“ sowie „Radfahren“ sind annähernd gleichgeblieben bzw. haben sich mitunter sogar verschlechtert. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht somit, dass die vorliegende Methode geeignet ist, das Potenzial kultureller Ökosystemleistungen zu bewerten und die Veränderung zwischen der regulierten und der renaturierten Situation quantitativ zu erfassen. Diese praktischen Erprobungen und Ergebnisse dokumentieren, dass der hydromorphologische und ökologische Bewertungsrahmen von Renaturierungen durch die Integration dieser Methode in Planungs- und Monitoringprozesse um einen sozio-kulturellen Bewertungsansatz sinnvoll erweitert werden kann.
Effects of predation risk on the sensory asymmetries and defensive strategies of Bufotes balearicus tadpoles
Authors: Gazzola Andrea , Guadin Bianca , Balestrieri Alessandro , Pellitteri-Rosa Daniele
Published: September 2022

Lateralization consists of the differential use of bilateral organs or limbs and is well described in many taxa and in several contexts. Common ecological frameworks where it can be observed are foraging and predatory ones, with benefits related to both visual and auditory lateralization such as faster response or increasing neural processing ability. Anuran amphibians are considered relevant models for investigating lateralization, due to their great ecological variety and the possibility of easily being raised under laboratory conditions. By adopting the “rotational preference test”, we used Balearic green toad tadpoles to test the effects of behavioural defensive responses triggered by different predator types (native vs alien, i.e. dragonfly larvaeAeshna cyaneaand adult red swamp crayfishProcambarus clarkii) and diets (fasted vs. tadpole-fed predators) on their lateralization. We recorded tadpoles’ responses to five different chemical cues: clean water (control treatment), fasted dragonfly larvae and crayfish, and tadpole-fed dragonfly larvae and crayfish. Green toad tadpoles did not show a bias in a predominant direction, although lateralization occurred at the individual level, as shown by the intensity index (LA). Perceived predation risk was the highest in tadpoles exposed to the combined chemical cues of conspecific prey and native predators, which elicited both changes in the intensity of lateralization and a marked reduction in tadpoles’ activity level. Our results suggest that contextual predation threat may induce very rapid changes in the expression of asymmetries at the individual level, and might play a role as part of the complex defensive strategies adopted by prey in the attempt to escape predators.
Polycircular domains, numerical conformal mappings, and moduli of quadrilaterals
Authors: Nasser Mohamed , Rainio Oona , Rasila Antti , Vuorinen Matti , Wallace Terry , Yu Hang , Zhang Xiaohui
Published: September 2022

We study numerical conformal mappings of planar Jordan domains with boundaries consisting of finitely many circular arcs, also called polycircular domains, and compute the moduli of quadrilaterals for these domains. Experimental error estimates are provided and, when possible, comparison to exact values or other methods are given. We also analyze the rate of convergence as a function of the number of degrees of freedom. The main ingredients of the computation are boundary integral equations combined with the fast multipole method.
Levetiracetam Modulates EEG Microstates in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Ricci Lorenzo , Croce Pierpaolo , Pulitano Patrizia , Boscarino Marilisa , Zappasodi Filippo , Narducci Flavia , Lanzone Jacopo , Sancetta Biagio , Mecarelli Oriano , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo , Tombini Mario , Assenza Giovanni
Published: September 2022

To determine the effects of Levetiracetam (LEV) therapy using EEG microstates analysis in a population of newly diagnosed Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) patients. We hypothesized that the impact of LEV therapy on the electrical activity of the brain can be globally explored using EEG microstates. Twenty-seven patients with TLE were examined. We performed resting-state microstate EEG analysis and compared microstate metrics between the EEG performed at baseline (EEGpre) and after 3 months of LEV therapy (EEGpost). The microstates A, B, C and D emerged as the most stable. LEV induced a reduction of microstate B and D mean duration and occurrence per second (p < 0.01). Additionally, LEV treatment increased the directional predominance of microstate A to C and microstate B to D (p = 0.01). LEV treatment induces a modulation of resting-state EEG microstates in newly diagnosed TLE patients. Microstates analysis has the potential to identify a neurophysiological indicator of LEV therapeutic activity. This study of EEG microstates in people with epilepsy opens an interesting path to identify potential LEV activity biomarkers that may involve increased neuronal inhibition of the epileptic network.
Persona preparedness: a survey instrument for measuring the organizational readiness for deploying personas
Authors: Salminen Joni , Nielsen Lene , Bahloul Malik , Jørgensen Rasmus Grønlund , Santos João M. , Jung Soon-Gyo , Jansen Bernard J.
Published: September 2022

User-centric design within organizations is crucial for developing information technology that offers optimal usability and user experience. Personas are a central user-centered design technique that puts people before technology and helps decision makers understand the needs and wants of the end-user segments of their products, systems, and services. However, it is not clear how ready organizations are to adopt persona thinking. To address these concerns, we develop and validate the Persona Readiness Scale (PRS), a survey instrument to measure organizational readiness for personas. After a 12-person qualitative pilot study, the PRS was administered to 372 professionals across different industries to examine its reliability and validity, including 125 for exploratory factor analysis and 247 for confirmatory factor analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit with five dimensions: Culture readiness, Knowledge readiness, Data and systems readiness, Capability readiness, and Goal readiness. Higher persona readiness is positively associated with the respondents’ evaluations of successful persona projects. Organizations can apply the resulting 18-item scale to identify areas of improvement before initiating costly persona projects towards the overarching goal of user-centric product development. Located at the cross-section of information systems and human–computer interaction, our research provides a valuable instrument for organizations wanting to leverage personas towards more user-centric and empathetic decision making about users.
Palliative Farming
Authors: Moen Ole Martin , Devolder Katrien
Published: September 2022

Billions of animals live and die under deplorable conditions in factory farms. Despite significant efforts to reduce human consumption of animal products and to encourage more humane farming practices, the number of factory-farmed animals is nevertheless on an upward trajectory. In this paper, we suggest that the high levels of suffering combined with short life-expectancies make the situation of many factory-farmed animals relevantly similar to that of palliative patients. Building on this, we discuss the radical option of seeking to reduce the suffering of factory-farmed animals through the use of drugs that alleviate pain and distress, administered under a regimen where experiential wellbeing is prioritized over the aim of avoiding drug-dependence.
Chromium doped ZnO nanoparticles for energy storage, gas and humidity sensing and spin based electronic devices applications
Authors: Moussa N. M. , Ebrahim F. M. , Adly K. , Hassaan M. Y.
Published: September 2022

This work was suggested to study the impact of Cr ions doping on the structural, optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The Zn1-xCrxO (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.14 wt %) samples were fabricated by the co-precipitation technique. The obtained samples were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometer, Ac measurements and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). As a key results of all the mentioned above tools we can be summarized them as following; XRD patterns showed the presence of wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal structure with secondary phase formation in all doped samples. Also, it was found that as Cr ions were increased the particle size showed gradually decreasing in the samples that doped with Cr ions content of (0.06 and 0.1 wt %), while at 0.14 Cr content a slight increase was observed. The FTIR spectroscopy spectra showed the existence of chromium ions in the structure of ZnO nanoparticles. UV–vis spectra showed a red shift in the centers of the absorption bands. The energy band gab was found to be increased from 3.84 to 4.02 eV with increasing Cr content. The dielectric parameters such as, dielectric constant ($${\varepsilon }^{^{\prime}}$$

ε

′

) and dielectric loss ($$\mathrm{tan}\delta$$

tan
δ

), were investigated as a function of frequency and Cr doping content. The results showed increasing values of $${\varepsilon }^{^{\prime}}$$

ε

′

at lower frequencies especially with high Cr doping content, whereas $$\mathrm{tan}\delta$$

tan
δ

gives a higher value for the blank sample at a lower frequencies and decreased as the doping of Cr concentration increased. The ac conductivity (σac) for Cr doping samples showed increasing values, especially the sample of 0.14 wt % Cr concentration. In addition, the Cr doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. All the results obtained from the different techniques were considered promising for different applications i.e. energy storage devices, gas and humidity sensing and spin based electronic devices applications.
A Trace Inequality for Solenoidal Charges
Authors: Raiţă Bogdan , Spector Daniel , Stolyarov Dmitriy
Published: September 2022

We prove that for α ∈ (d − 1,d), one has the trace inequality
$$ {\int}_{\mathbb{R}^{d}} |I_{\alpha} F| d\nu \leq C |F|(\mathbb{R}^{d})\|\nu\|_{\mathcal{M}^{d-\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^{d})} $$

∫

ℝ

d

|

I

α

F
|
d
ν
≤
C
|
F
|
(

ℝ

d

)
∥
ν

∥

M

d
−
α

(

ℝ

d

)

for all solenoidal vector measures F, i.e., $F\in M_{b}(\mathbb {R}^{d};\mathbb {R}^{d})$
F
∈

M

b

(

ℝ

d

;

ℝ

d

)
and divF = 0. Here Iα denotes the Riesz potential of order α and $\mathcal M^{d-\alpha }(\mathbb {R}^{d})$

ℳ

d
−
α

(

ℝ

d

)
the Morrey space of (d − α)-dimensional measures on $\mathbb {R}^{d}$

ℝ

d

.
Maritime Cultural Heritage, Coastal Change and Threat Assessment in Syria
Authors: Westley Kieran , Carayon Nicolas , Anbar Jafar , Breen Colin , Blue Lucy
Published: September 2022

Syria’s coastal and nearshore zone contains a significant, but under-researched, record of maritime cultural heritage (MCH) ranging from prehistory to the present. This is exemplified by a lack of underwater investigations, but also limited investigation of key onshore maritime sites such as ports and harbours. There is also a lack of specialist in-country management regarding maritime cultural heritage research and protection. This situation has been worsened by the ongoing conflict (since 2011), which has reduced (already limited) field investigation. To assist in the advancement of Syrian maritime archaeology, this paper presents a baseline assessment which makes use of a geospatial database generated from satellite imagery as well as both published and grey literature. This assessment reviews past coastal environment changes affecting the Syrian littoral, and then highlights past disturbances and potential future threats impacting the MCH. This is done through analysis of all coastal/nearshore sites documented to date and showcased in more detail using two case studies: Tabbat al-Hammam and Ras Ibn Hani. This enables discussion of the current state of Syrian maritime archaeology and suggests ways forward for its future management and investigation.
Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties Characterization of Bioactive Glass Incorporated with Graphene Oxide
Authors: El-khooly M. S. , Abdraboh A. S. , Bakr A. M. , Ereiba K. H. T.
Published: September 2022

In this study, the bioactivity and the mechanical properties (Mechanical compressive strength, Hardness, and density) of bioglass (BG) and bioglass/graphene oxide (BG/GO) were investigated. Bioglass in chemical composition [60SiO2_35CaO_5P2O5] was prepared via the sol–gel method. GO was added to the bioglass (BG) with different contents (0.5, 1, 2, and 3) wt.% named as 0.5%GO, 1%GO, 2%GO, and 3%GO samples respectively. The synthesized specimens were characterized by several techniques Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Compressive strength, Hardness, and density were studied also by different techniques to obtain the optimum Mechanical samples. The biological activity was studied by an in-vitro test in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 33 days. Results showed that: the 0.5%GO sample exhibited optimum mechanical compressive strength by approximately 82% compared to the BG sample. Hardness was increased from 0.5%GO sample up to 1%GO sample compared to BG sample and gradually decreased in 2%GO Sample and 3%GO. Bioactivity results showed deposition of HA layer on the bioglass surface and there was no significant change in it with the addition of graphene oxide.
Demonstrating the role of symbionts in mediating detoxification in herbivores
Authors: Dearing M. Denise , Kaltenpoth Martin , Gershenzon Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Plant toxins constitute an effective defense against herbivorous animals. However, many herbivores have evolved adaptations to cope with dietary toxins through detoxification, excretion, sequestration, target site insensitivity and/or via behavioral avoidance. While these adaptations are often directly encoded in herbivore genomes, evidence is accumulating that microbial symbionts can reduce the dose of plant toxins by metabolizing or sequestering them prior to absorption by the herbivore. Here, we describe a few well-studied examples to assess such symbiont-mediated detoxification and showcase different approaches that have been used for their analyses. These include: (i) a host phenotypic route in which the symbiotic association is manipulated to reveal host fitness costs upon toxin exposure in the presence/absence of detoxifying symbionts, including function restoration after symbiont re-infection, (ii) a molecular microbiological approach that focuses on the identification and characterization of microbial genes involved in plant toxin metabolism, and (iii) an analytical chemical route that aims to characterize the conversion of the toxin to less harmful metabolites in vivo and link conversion to the activities of a detoxifying symbiont. The advantages and challenges of each approach are discussed, and it is argued that a multi-pronged strategy combining phenotypic, molecular, and chemical evidence is needed to unambiguously demonstrate microbial contributions to plant toxin reduction and the importance of these processes for host fitness. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, we aim to provide a guideline to researchers interested in symbiont-mediated detoxification and hope to encourage future studies that contribute to a more comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of detoxification in herbivores and their symbionts.
Influence of mixed 2-thiocytosine–ionic surfactants adsorption layers on kinetics and mechanism of Bi(III) ions electro reduction: use of the nanostructured R-AgLAFE
Authors: Nosal-Wiercińska Agnieszka , Martyna Marlena , Wiśniewska Małgorzata
Published: September 2022

The nanostructured cyclically refreshable liquid amalgam film silver-based electrode (R-AgLAFE) was applied to study of the Bi(III) electrode process in the presence of 2-thiocytosine and selected ionic surfactants. The application of voltammetrictechniques (SWV, CV, DC), as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) allowed the determination of the kinetic which in turn, defined the 2-thiocytosine catalytic effect and also their correlation in the presence of surfactants. The presence of mixed 2-thiocytosine-CTAB and 2-thiocytosine-SDS adsorption layers affects the mechanism and kinetics of Bi(III) ions electro-reduction process in chlorate(VII). CTAB and SDS change the dynamics of the catalytic impact of 2-thiocytosine on Bi(III) ions electro reduction. In both cases, the Bi–(RS–Hg) complex plays a key role, as it is the 2-thiocytosine that dominates in the establishment of the adsorption equilibria of the studied mixed adsorption layers.
Trajectories of neighborhood environmental factors and their associations with asthma symptom trajectories among children in Australia: evidence from a national birth cohort study
Authors: Shahunja K M , Sly Peter D , Huda M Mamun , Mamun Abdullah
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the prospective associations of neighborhood environmental exposure trajectories with asthma symptom trajectories during childhood developmental stages.

Methods

We considered asthma symptom, neighborhood environmental factors, and socio-demographic data from the “Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC)”. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify the trajectories of asthma symptom, neighborhood traffic conditions, and neighborhood livability scales (considered for safety and facilities). We used multivariable logistic regression models to assess associations between various neighborhood environmental factors and asthma symptom trajectories.

Results

We included 4,174 children from the LSAC cohort in our study. Three distinct trajectories for asthma symptom were the outcome variables of this study. Among the neighborhood environmental factors, we identified two distinct trajectories for the prevalence of heavy traffic on street, and two trajectories of neighborhood liveability scale. Compared to the ‘Low/no’ asthma symptoms trajectory group, children exposed to a ‘persistently high’ prevalence of heavy traffic on street was also significantly associated with both ‘transient high’ [relative risk ratio (RRR):1.40, 95% CI:1.25,1.58) and ‘persistent high’ (RRR: 1.33, 95% CI:1.17,1.50)] asthma symptom trajectory groups. Trajectory of moderate and static neighborhood liveability score was at increased risk of being classified as ‘transient high’ (RRR:1.16, 95% CI:1.07,1.25) and ‘persistent high’ (RRR:1.38, 95% CI:1.27,1.50) trajectories of asthma symptom.

Conclusion

Exposure to heavy traffic and poor neighborhood liveability increased the risk of having an unfavourable asthma symptom trajectory in childhood. Reducing neighborhood traffic load and improving neighborhood safety and amenities may facilitate a favorable asthma symptom trajectory among these children.
Undue burden: Black faculty, COVID-19, and the racial justice movement
Authors: Layne Tracy M. , Clark Uraina S. , Mohamed Nihal E. , Miller Sarah J. , Sly Jamilia R. , Kata Holden E. , Astha Varuna , Lawrence Steven A. , Hutson Yvette , Campbell Kirk N. , Benn Emma K.T.
Published: September 2022

A crucial reckoning was initiated when the COVID-19 pandemic began to expose and intensify long-standing racial/ethnic health inequities, all while various sectors of society pursued racial justice reform. As a result, there has been a contextual shift towards broader recognition of systemic racism, and not race, as the shared foundational driver of both societal maladies. This confluence of issues is of particular relevance to Black populations disproportionately affected by the pandemic and racial injustice. In response, institutions have initiated diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts as a way forward. This article considers how the dual pandemic climate of COVID-19-related health inequities and the racial justice movement could exacerbate the “time and effort tax” on Black faculty to engage in DEI efforts in academia and biomedicine. We discuss the impact of this “tax” on career advancement and well-being, and introduce an operational framework for considering the interconnected influence of systemic racism, the dual pandemics, and DEI work on the experience of Black faculty. If not meaningfully addressed, the “time and effort tax” could contribute to Black and other underrepresented minority faculty leaving academia and biomedicine – consequently, the very diversity, equity, and inclusion work meant to increase representation could decrease it.
Aneurysmal bone cyst of the temporal bone presenting with reversible vestibular impairment
Authors: Liu Y , Wang C , Hu J , Han Z
Published: September 2022

Background

Aneurysmal bone cysts are expansile benign lesions associated with compressive destruction and obscure pathogenesis. The most common sites of temporal bone involvement are the petrous apex, squamous portions and mastoid.

Case report

This paper reports a right temporal aneurysmal bone cyst in a 51-year-old man who presented clinically with facial palsy, and hearing loss and impaired vestibular function. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings were consistent with a diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst. Inter-operative findings showed that the lesion had caused compressive damage to the internal auditory canal. Following surgical excision, the patient experienced vertigo, indicating recovery of vestibular function. Follow-up imaging revealed complete resection without clinical recurrence.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of aneurysmal bone cyst invasion of the inner auditory canal. Our clinical experience indicates that vestibular nerve damage recovery is relatively uncommon. This case report will hopefully inform future studies.
Going beyond heritability: Mechanisms of gene–culture coevolution
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu , Yu Qinggang
Published: September 2022

The target article offers an important cautionary note on the interpretation of the heritability index. However, it does not directly address how culture and genes might interact. Here, we suggest that one allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene promotes the acquisition of cultural values and practices and likely has coevolved with the human culture over the last 50,000 years.
Interpreting and reinterpreting heritability estimates in educational behavior genetics
Authors: Larsen Sally A.
Published: September 2022

Interpreting heritability estimates through the lens of cultural evolution presents two broad and interlinking problems for educational behavior genetics. First, the problem of interpreting high heritability of educational phenotypes as indicators of the genetic basis of traits, when these findings also reflect cultural homogeneity. Second, the problem of extrapolating from genetic research findings in education to policy and practice recommendations.
Culture is reducing genetic heritability and superseding genetic adaptation
Authors: Waring Timothy M. , Wood Zachary T. , Xue Mona J.
Published: September 2022

Uchiyama et al. reveal how group-structured cultural variation influences measurements of trait heritability. We argue that understanding culture's influence on phenotypic heritability can clarify the impact of culture on genetic inheritance, which has implications for long-term gene–culture coevolution. Their analysis may provide guidance for testing our hypothesis that cultural adaptation is superseding genetic adaptation in the long term.
This time I mean it: The nature–nurture debate is over
Authors: Turkheimer Eric
Published: September 2022

The target article is skeptical of the heritability concept while maintaining an old-fashioned point of view about it. As a descriptive statistic, it is to be expected that heritability goes up and down in different circumstances, but the relationship between heritability coefficients and the biological processes that underlie them is difficult to specify, and may be impossible in humans.
Integrating cultural evolution and behavioral genetics
Authors: Uchiyama Ryutaro , Spicer Rachel , Muthukrishna Michael
Published: September 2022

The 29 commentaries amplified our key arguments; offered extensions, implications, and applications of the framework; and pushed back and clarified. To help forge the path forward for cultural evolutionary behavioral genetics, we (1) focus on conceptual disagreements and misconceptions about the concepts of heritability and culture; (2) further discuss points raised about the intertwined relationship between culture and genes; and (3) address extensions to the proposed framework, particularly as it relates to cultural clusters, development, and power. These commentaries, and the deep engagement they represent, reinforce the importance of integrating cultural evolution and behavioral genetics.
PATTERNS OF LITERACY IN HISTORIC SPAIN: AN INTERPRETATION
Authors: Reher David S.
Published: September 2022

Historical literacy in Spain is characterised by enormous regional disparities and important differences by sex. This paper addresses these issues, focusing initially on the 1887 census returns and also making use of local empirical data and of in-depth interviews of elderly informants. The goal is to propose an interpretation of historical patterns of literacy based, to a large extent, on the existence of important differences in the perceived value of literacy and education, very high in some regions and very low in others. The author argues that these cleavages go beyond the importance of economic structures, have deep historical roots and continue to be present in contemporary Spain despite the substantial growth in educational attainment taking place during this past century.
Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology: An examination of symptom severity and directionality
Authors: Marceau Kristine , Yu Li , Knopik Valerie S. , Ganiban Jody M. , Neiderhiser Jenae M.
Published: September 2022

The present study examined the intergenerational transmission of internalizing and externalizing symptom severity, which indexes comorbidity, and symptom directionality, which indicates differentiation toward externalizing versus internalizing problems. Data are from 854 male and female, same-sex adult twin pairs born between 1926 and 1971 (32–60 years old, M = 44.9 years, SD = 4.9 years) from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden and their adolescent offspring (11–22 years old, M = 15.7 years, SD = 2.4 years, 52% female). Children-of-twins models revealed additive (9%) and dominant (45%) genetic and nonshared environmental (47%) influences on twins’ symptom severity, and additive genetic (39%) and nonshared environmental (61%) influences on twins’ symptom directionality. Both comorbid problems and preponderance of symptoms of a particular – internalizing versus externalizing – spectrum were correlated across parent and child generations, although associations were modest especially for directionality (i.e., transmission of specific symptom type). By interpreting findings alongside a recent study of adolescent twins, we demonstrate that the intergenerational transmission of symptom severity and symptom directionality are both unlikely to be attributable to genetic transmission, are both likely to be influenced by direct phenotypic transmission and/or nonpassive rGE, and the intergenerational transmission of symptom severity is also likely to be influenced by passive rGE.
Weighty Matters: A Real-World Comparison of the Handtevy and Broselow Methods of Prehospital Weight Estimation
Authors: Knudsen-Robbins Chloe , Pham Phung K. , Zaky Kim , Brukman Shelley , Schultz Carl , Hecht Claus , Bacon Kellie , Wickens Maxwell , Heyming Theodore
Published: September 2022

Introduction:

The majority of pediatric medications are dosed according to weight and therefore accurate weight assessment is essential. However, this can be difficult in the unpredictable and peripatetic prehospital care setting, and medication errors are common. The Handtevy method and the Broselow tape are two systems designed to guide Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers in both pediatric patient weight estimation and medication dosing. The accuracy of the Handtevy method of weight estimation as practiced in the field by EMS has not been previously examined.

Study Objective:

The primary objective of this study was to examine the field performance of the Handtevy method and the Broselow tape with respect to prehospital patient weight estimation.

Methods:

This was a retrospective chart review of trauma and non-trauma patients transported by EMS to the emergency department (ED) of a quaternary care children’s hospital from January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021. Demographic data, ED visit information, prehospital weight estimation, and medication dosing were collected and analyzed. Scale-based weight from the ED was used as the standard for comparison.

Results:

A total of 509 patients <13 years of age were included in this study. The EMS providers using the Broselow method estimated patient weight to within +/-10% of ED scale weight in 51.3% of patients. When using the Handtevy method, the EMS providers estimated patient weight to within +/-10% of ED scale weight in 43.7% of patients. When comparing the Handtevy versus Broselow method of prehospital weight estimation, there was no significant association between method and categorized weight discrepancy (over, under, or accurate estimates – defined as within 10% of ED scale weight; P = .25) or percent weight discrepancy (P = .75). On average, prehospital weight estimation was 6.33% lower than ED weight with use of the Handtevy method and 6.94% lower with use of the Broselow method.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the use of the Handtevy or Broselow methods with respect to prehospital weight estimation. While further research is necessary, these results suggest similar field performance of the Broselow and Handtevy methods.
The Hamadan Qur'an of Öljaytü: Vestiges of a Binding Tradition
Authors: OHTA ALISON
Published: September 2022

Ilkhanid rule (1256–1353) heralded a period when the arts of the book flourished, with the production of both religious and secular texts. This article examines the binding of the Hamadan Qur'an (Dar al-Kutub, Cairo, Rasid 72), which was commissioned for the Ilkhanid Sultan Öljaytü (1303–1316) and completed in 1313. The Qur'an, composed of 30 parts, has remained intact in the Dar al-Kutub in Cairo since its arrival in Egypt sometime in the 1320s. The decoration of the binding is representative of the geometrical designs that formed part of the Persian binders’ repertoire before being entirely discarded by the middle of the fourteenth century in favour of lobed and ogival medallions with pendants derived from cloud-collar profiles.1
Critical Role of Irrigation Efficiency for Cropland Expansion in Western China Arid Agroecosystems
Authors: Fu Jianyu , Wang Weiguang , Zaitchik Benjamin , Nie Wanshu , Fei Esther Xu , Miller Scot M. , Harman Ciaran J.
Published: September 2022

The rapid expansion of desert croplands in the Tarim River Basin, which depend heavily on irrigation with meltwater, has coincided with increases in snow and glacier melt in the high mountains of Asia during the past decades. Meanwhile, there have been intensive investments in modern irrigation technology aimed at enhancing water use efficiency. The importance of meltwater in mountain front agroecosystems has been widely acknowledged, but it is not clear how important this meltwater versus increased irrigation efficiency (IRE) has been for the rapid cropland expansion in the Tarim River Basin. Here we investigate changes in water supply and demand of the meltwater‐irrigated cropland bordering the Taklamakan Desert based on multiple remotely sensed and ground‐based observation datasets, and we evaluate the contributions of improved IRE to cropland expansion. We find that cropland has increased by 58% between 1990 and 2015. Net streamflow to the region increased by +10% over the same period, but the rate of increase was slower after 2000. This deceleration contrasts with the growing irrigation demand (IRD) imposed by dramatic cropland expansion. At the same time, IRE increased by 73% from 1990 to 2015, providing 18.5 billion m3irrigation water savings, which offset the increased IRD. With the adoption of more efficient irrigation, crop water stress due to continuous agricultural expansion in the Tarim River Basin declined significantly, making the dependence of agricultural production on runoff from glacier and snow meltwater less than would otherwise be expected.
Supervolcanoes Linger a While, Then Rush to Erupt
Authors: Benningfield Damond
Published: September 2022

Geologists examined crystals in rock from four massive eruptions in the Chilean Andes.
Impacts of COVID‐19 Restrictions on Regional and Local Air Quality Across Selected West African Cities
Authors: Fawole Olusegun G. , Yusuf Najib , Sunmonu Lukman A. , Obafaye Aderonke , Audu Dauda K. , Onuorah Loretta , Olusegun Christiana F. , Deme Abdoulaye , Senghor Habib
Published: September 2022

The emergence of COVID‐19 brought with it panic and a sense of urgency causing governments to impose strict restrictions on human activities and vehicular movements. With anthropogenic emissions, especially waste management (domestic and municipal), traffic, and industrial activities, said to be a significant contributor to ambient air pollution, this study assessed the impacts of the imposed restrictions on the concentrations and size distribution of atmospheric aerosols and concentration of gaseous pollutants over West African subregion and seven major COVID‐19 epicenters in the subregion. Satellite retrievals and reanalysis data sets were used to study the impact of the restrictions on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and atmospheric concentrations NO2, SO2, CO, and O3. The anomalies were computed for 2020 relative to 2017–2019 (the reference years). In 2020 relative to the reference years, for area‐averaged AOD levels, there was a consequential mean percentage change between −6.7% ± 21.0% and 19.2% ± 27.9% in the epicenters and −10.1% ± 15.4% over the subregion. The levels of NO2 and SO2 also reduced substantially at the epicenters, especially during the periods when the restrictions were highly enforced. However, the atmospheric levels of CO and ozone increased slightly in 2020 compared to the reference years. This study shows that “a one cap fits all” policy cannot reduced the level of air pollutants and that traffic and industrial processes are not the predominant sources of CO in major cities in the subregion.
Migrating Thermal Tides in the Martian Atmosphere During Aphelion Season Observed by EMM/EMIRS
Authors: Fan Siteng , Forget François , Smith Michael D. , Guerlet Sandrine , Badri Khalid M. , Atwood Samuel A. , Young Roland M. B. , Edwards Christopher S. , Christensen Philip R. , Deighan Justin , Al Matroushi Hessa R. , Bierjon Antoine , Liu Jiandong , Millour Ehouarn
Published: September 2022

Temperature profiles retrieved using the first set of data of the Emirates Mars InfraRed Spectrometer obtained during the science phase of the Emirates Mars Mission are used for the analysis of migrating thermal tides in the Martian atmosphere. The selected data cover a solar longitude (LS) range of 60°–90° of Martian Year 36. The novel orbit design of the Hope Probe leads to a good geographic and local time coverage that significantly improves the analysis. Wave mode decomposition suggests dominant diurnal tide and important semi‐diurnal tide with maximal amplitudes of 6 and 2 K, respectively, as well as the existence of ∼0.5 K ter‐diurnal tide. The results agree well with predictions by the Mars Planetary Climate Model, but the observed diurnal tide has an earlier phase (3 hr), and the semi‐diurnal tide has an unexpectedly large wavelength (∼200 km).
The Relationship Between Kimberlitic Magmatism and Electrical Conductivity Anomalies in the Mantle
Authors: Özaydın Sinan , Selway Kate
Published: September 2022

Kimberlites are igneous rocks whose formation remains enigmatic due to their severely altered nature, highly variable compositions and rapid ascent through the lithosphere. The spatiotemporal distribution of kimberlites suggests that mantle metasomatism may play an essential role in their emplacement. Since the magnetotelluric (MT) method is sensitive to metasomatic mantle modification in the forms of interconnected minerals and water, we compiled MT models from Australia, Brazil, Botswana, Canada, Namibia, South Africa and the USA, calculated water content variations and compared them to the distribution of kimberlites. Results indicate that kimberlites mostly ascend through hydrated/metasomatized lithosphere and avoid both dry and heavily metasomatized lithosphere. Diamondiferous kimberlites preferentially occur on moderately metasomatized lithosphere, with the diamondiferous rate increasing with the degree of metasomatism in Archean terranes and decreasing in Proterozoic terranes. These results link geophysical observations of mantle metasomatism to kimberlite magmatism and will improve mineral systems models for diamond exploration.
Vulnerability of Denman Glacier to Ocean Heat Flux Revealed by Profiling Float Observations
Authors: van Wijk Esmee M. , Rintoul Stephen R. , Wallace Luke O. , Ribeiro Natalia , Herraiz‐Borreguero Laura
Published: September 2022

Denman Glacier, which drains a marine‐based sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet with an ice volume equivalent to 1.5 m of global sea level rise, has accelerated and undergone grounding line retreat in recent decades. A deep trough and retrograde bed slope inward of the grounding line leave this glacier prone to marine ice sheet instability. The ocean heat flux to the ice shelf cavity is a critical factor determining the susceptibility of the glacier to unstable retreat. Profiling float observations show modified Circumpolar Deep Water as warm as −0.16°C reaches a deep trough extending beneath the Denman Ice Tongue. The ocean heat transport (0.77 ± 0.35 TW) is sufficient to drive high rates of basal melt (70.8 ± 31.5 Gt y−1), consistent with rates inferred from glaciological observations. These results suggest the Denman Glacier is potentially at risk of unstable retreat triggered by transport of warm water to the ice shelf cavity.
Modeling Dike Propagation in Both Vertical Length and Horizontal Breadth
Authors: Pansino Stephen , Emadzadeh Adel , Taisne Benoit
Published: September 2022

We present analog experiments on dike propagation, followed by a numerical model of horizontal and vertical growth, which is partially analytical and partially based on empirical observations. Experimental results show that the growth rates are similar until buoyancy becomes significant and, afterward, vertical growth dominates. The numerical model is defined for different conditions in a homogeneous medium: (a) constant flux, fracture‐limited propagation; (b) constant flux, viscous‐limited propagation; and (c) variable flux dependent on the driving pressure and dike dimensions. These conditions distinguish between cases when the influx depends on the deeper source of magma (e.g., a conduit, independent of the dike geometry) and when it depends on the dike, so the influx can change as it grows. In all cases, the ratio of vertical to horizontal propagation is proportional to the ratio of buoyancy pressure to source pressure, in which buoyancy drives vertical propagation. We test the numerical model on dikes observed at Piton de la Fournaise, in which the dimensions were estimated using geodetic and seismic data. The results show that the final dimensions can be reproduced using magma‐crust density differences of 50–300 kg/m3, viscosities of 30–300 Pa·s, influxes of 50–750 m3/s and shear moduli of ∼10 GPa. The modeled magma and host rock parameters agree with previous studies of the volcano, while the flux is higher than what is typically observed during eruption. This implies a variable injection condition, in which the flux peaks during propagation and diminishes by the onset of eruption.
Composite Analysis of Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects on Meteorology During Wintertime Severe Haze Events in the North China Plain
Authors: Gao Yucheng , Liao Hong , Chen Haishan , Zhu Bin , Hu Jianlin , Ge Xinlei , Chen Lei , Li Jiandong
Published: September 2022

Previous studies on the impacts of severe haze episode on meteorology were generally focused on single episodes. This study aimed to obtain the common features of the influence of aerosol direct radiative effects on meteorology during severe particulate pollution events by composite analyses on model results from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with online chemistry. Five heavily polluted events (15–17 January 2014, 13–15 January 2015, 8–10 December 2015, 21–23 December 2015, and 29–31 December 2016) in the North China Plain (NCP, 35.4–41.2°N, 113.3–119.3°E) were selected, which were representative of the most frequently observed weather patterns for severe haze. Model results showed that aerosols in the five heavily polluted events led to strong negative changes in radiative flux of 52.1–86.7 W m−2, reductions in the 2‐m temperature by 0.28–0.97°C, and the reductions in planetary boundary layer heights by 23.1–58.5 m, when averaged over the areas with PM2.5 concentrations >150 μg m−3. The magnitudes of aerosol induced changes in the 2‐m temperature were found to be influenced not only by aerosol concentration but also by wind speed, wind direction, and the convergence or divergence of winds. High wind speed diluted the aerosol‐induced cooling, the convergence of wind limited the temperature change to local area, and the intrusion of cold air mass near the surface enhanced the aerosol‐induced cooling. In all the cases, aerosols induced an anti‐cyclone at 500 hPa around NCP and anomalous northerlies or northeasterlies at the surface in the eastern NCP.
Pore Space Deformation and Its Implications for Two‐Phase Flow Through Porous Media: A Micro‐Scale Experimental Investigation
Authors: Wang Rui , Arshadi Maziar , Zankoor Ahmed , Piri Mohammad
Published: September 2022

Pore space deformation may significantly affect the behavior of multiphase flow through porous media, leading to changes in the effective permeability, relative permeability, and fluid distributions. However, due to the lack of fundamental studies on the mechanisms correlating the pore‐level fluid displacements with the pore space deformation, no compelling conclusions have been reached to account for the observed effects. To explore this correlation, we performed a series of two‐phase (oil/brine) flow experiments on a miniature water‐wet sandpack under various stress conditions, while imaging the pore space and pore fluid configurations using high‐resolution x‐ray microtomography. We investigated the impacts of pore space contraction on the frequency of different pore‐scale fluid displacement mechanisms, as well as the subsequent changes in the fluid saturation and distribution during the drainage and imbibition processes. Variations in the in‐situ capillary pressure with pore space contraction were also examined to further interpret the impacts on fluid displacements. Furthermore, we predicted changes in the relative permeabilities by integrating the end‐point relative permeabilities computed through direct simulations and the end‐point saturations measured from x‐ray images. Our results reveal that the impacts of the pore space deformation on the occupancies of the wetting and non‐wetting phases were distinct. Additionally, the hydraulic conductivity to the wetting phase was more sensitive to the pore space deformation than that to the non‐wetting phase because of their topologically different distributions in the pore space. Consequently, after compression, the relative permeability of the wetting phase decreased, while that of the non‐wetting phase increased.
A platform for blue-luminescent carbon-centered radicals
Authors: Li Xin , Wang Yi-Lin , Chen Chan , Ren Yan-Yan , Han Ying-Feng
Published: September 2022

Organic radicals, which have unique doublet spin-configuration, provide an alternative method to overcome the efficiency limitation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on conventional fluorescent organic molecules. Further, they have made great breakthroughs in deep-red and near-infrared OLEDs. However, it is difficult to extend their fluorescence into a short-wavelength region because of the natural narrow bandgap of the organic radicals. Herein, we significantly expand the scope of luminescent radicals by showing a new platform of carbon-centered radicals derived from N-heterocyclic carbenes that produce blue to green emissions (444–529 nm). Time-dependent density functional theory calculations and experimental investigations disclose that the fluorescence originates from the high-energy excited states to the ground state, demonstrating an anti-Kasha behavior. The present work provides an efficient and modular approach toward a library of carbon-centered radicals that feature anti-Kasha’s rule emission, rendering them as potential new emitters in the short-wavelength region.