bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Performance of a Supercomputer System Using Quality Engineering and Simulation
Authors: Lyu JrJung , Chou Fu-Shine Peter , Ding Jyh-Hong
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new approach in the design of robust computer systems using computer simulation experiments. The proposed approach is motivated by Taguchi's method and computer system engineering. The seven most important parameters were examined to determine the best configuration of a computer system. The results show that, based on this approach, a robust computer system can be designed such that, without further capital investment, the system will not only satisfy performance criteria, but also be less sensitive to uncontrollable factors. This study clearly illustrates that the combination of simulation and quality engineering is a feasible and efficient way to improve the performance of supercomputer systems.
Building a Teleconference System for Medical Image Processing and Orthopedic Surgical Simulation
Authors: Choi Soo-Mi , Park Joo-Young , Nam Sang-Ah , Hong Helen , Kim Myoung-Hee
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a teleconference system for medical image processing and orthopedic surgical simulation is presented. The system has been designed to integrate main functions for surgical teleconferencing using 3-D medical images for the user's convenience. The developed system, Teleconference System for Orthopedic Surgical Simulation (TOSS), includes three important components: the conference manager, the database manager and the surgical simulator. The conference manager controls conference flows and allows users to share workspace. The database manager maintains the conference database for patient data and conference data. The surgical simulator performs medical image processing for visualization and simulation. We find that the developed system can provide excellent support for cooperation in certain scenarios.
A Video Presentation
Authors: McLeod John
Published: March 2007

Last summer there was a 50th Anniver sary Celebration of the birth of the "first stored program computer" at the Univer sity of Manchester, "The Home of Com puting," in Manchster, UK. As a part of that celebration, The Society for Com puter Simulation International organized the European Simulation Multiconference 1998, and this Editor was in vited to participate.

When logistics prevented my attendance it was sug gested that I prepare a videotape as my contribution. With the aid of a friend who furnished equipment and acted as interviewer, we made a very amateurish videotape.

In lieu of being able to show it to you here, a slightly modified text follows—JM
Adapting Your Simulation for HLA
Authors: Yu Lois C. , Steinman Jeffrey S. , Blank Gary E.
Published: March 2007

This article provides guidance for analysts and software developers on how to adapt their exist ing simulations to support the High-Level Architecture (HLA). The first section of the article discusses how to plan for HLA by pro viding strategies that can be used in developing an object model for an existing simulation. The second section discusses modular software de sign techniques for adapting a simulation for HLA with the goal of maximizing interoper ability.
A Simulation-Based Methodology for Analyzing Congestion and Emissions on a Transportation Network
Authors: Beamon Benita M. , Griffin Paul M.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a simulation-based methodology is developed to analyze the effects of two transporta tion control strategies on congestion and automo bile emissions. In particular, two types of road pricing implementations are studied: a Cordon Scheme and a Per-Mile Area Link Charging Scheme. The resulting model is then applied to the metropolitan Atlanta interstate highway sys tem. Finally, the results of the model are ana lyzed, and the extent to which these schemes are effective in reducing rush-hour congestion and automobile emissions is estimated.
Five dilemmas in the institutionalization of religion
Authors: O'Dea Th. F.
Published: March 2007

L'évolution des religions part généralement d'une étape charismauque pour arrive? à une institutionalisation. Cela pose un certain nombre de dilemmes énumérés par l'auteur.

Dilemme des motivations mélangées : une religion sta bilisée développe des rôles et des statuts, que certains risquent de poursuivre quelque peu pour eux-mêmes. Dilemme objectivisation-aliénation : c'est-à-dire le con- flit pouvant naitre de l'objectivisation des sentiments internes dans le culte. Dilemme d'ordre administratif : élaboration-efficience, c'est-à-dire le danger de bureau cratie. Dilemme de la lettre contrc l'esprit et finale ment celui de la conversion ou coercition, ou la tenta tion d'user de moyens temporels coercitifs.
Le Juif et le Diable dans la civilisation de I'Occident (*)
Authors: Raphael Freddy
Published: March 2007

The passage of centuries has not effaced the devilish aura that has persistently surrounded the Jew. He has appeared as an impure creature, working in league with Satan for the downfall of Christendom, a pernicious and corrupting figure, cynically auctioning away the values that tradition has hallowed.

The author seeks to explain how such a myth has survived the cultural, social, economic and political upheavals the western world has known after the middle ages. He gives his answer through a study that is directed firstly to the medieval gargoyle of a church in Alsace, then to the diabolical role attributed to the Jew by the rumours of white slavery cir culating in Orleans, Amiens and Strasbourg.

Three revealing approaches emerge. From a socio-economic standpoint, the Satanic image of the Jew is seen as a ten dentious interpretation of the role he has actually played in western economics, resulting in his becoming, today, the sinister symbol of the ' success at any price ' life style. A cul tural standpoint analyzes the secularization of the myth created by medieval theology, that presented this contemptible outcast of society as the privileged eye-witness of Christ's martyrdom and triumph.

In Hitler's version, the Jew achieves his dominant position over other peoples by propagating subversive political ideas among them, and undermining their religious and moral foun dations. In a psycho-sociological perspective, the identification of Jew with devil is placed within the wider dialectic relating man with the Other. The Jew repeatedly incarnates the stran ger in his nearness, his radical difference, and his irreducible otherness.
L'analyse socio-linguistique de deux documents pontificaux
Authors: Legrand Michel , Meyers Pierre
Published: March 2007

The authors are making a comparative analysis of two pon tifical documents : the encyclical « Rerum Novarum » (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and the « Letter to Cardinal Roy » (1971) of Pope Paul VI. The two Roman texts are analyzed on the basis of hypotheses formulated by J. Matthes concerning the institutionalized doctrinal production. The authors are working principally on two lexical theories : ideology and socialism on one hand, and the Church, Christians, on the other.

The authors can verify the hypothesis that, beyond the stylistic variations, which analysis of the two documents bring to light, the effort of the Church to maintain and extend its hold on its members in retaking into account the practices and now problems of its members, by linking the problems con sidered and the actions envisaged to the official recognition.
The Relevance of Cosmopolitan/Local Orientations to Professional Values and Behavior
Authors: Goldberg Albert I.
Published: March 2007

Two key concepts used by social scientists are cosmopolitanism and localism. Cosmopolitanism, however, has come to be confused with professionalism This confusion can be eliminated by returning the concepts to their original usage to designate outer and inner reference groups. This more restricted definition of cosmopolitanism-localism was used to test the proposition that an orientation combining both cosmopolitan and local characteristics, called here "cosmo-local," is optimal for professionals. The cosmo-local was found more likely than other types to hold professional values and to obtain the autonomy necessary to professionals. The relationship between orientation and one form of professional behavior, expertise-seeking behavior, was found to be conditioned by such variables as career stage, work environment, and primary occupational role. While in a few contexts the cosmopolitan orientation was the most likely to lead to expertise-seeking behavior, the cosmo-local orientation was found to be most sensitive to changes favorable to professional behavior and therefore the most conducive to professionalism.
Single Fiber Strength Variations of Developing Cotton Fibers—Strength and Structure of G. hirsutum and G. barbedense
Authors: Hsieh You-Lo , Hu Xiao-Ping , Wang Anjia
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the single fiber strength and crystalline structure of two cotton fiber species, G. hirsutum (Texas Marker 1) and G. barbedense (Pima S7), at varying developmen tal stages from 20 days post-anthesis (dpa) to maturity. For both species, the force required to break single fibers increases with fiber development, with the most significant increases occurring during the fourth week of cell development. The patterns of increasing breaking force through the end of the fourth week of fiber development are similar for these two species. As fibers develop beyond 30 dpa, the single fiber breaking force and tenacity of G. barbedense fibers are higher than those of G. hirsutum fibers. Both developing fibers show characteristic cellulose I diffraction patterns. The overall crystallinity and apparent crystallite sizes increase with development for both species. The most significant increases in L101, L101, and crystal linity occur between 20 and 35 dpa, corresponding to the first two weeks of cellulose synthesis or the fourth and fifth weeks of overall fiber development. Development beyond five weeks does not contribute to any change in crystallite dimensions or crystallinity, consistent with the leveling of tenacity at this later stage of development.
Formation, Characterization, and Prevention of Dust Generated During Fiber or Fabric Processing of PET Materials
Authors: Rwei Syang-Peng , Ni Saint-Kuo
Published: March 2007

Dust or white ash generated during fiber or fabric processing is a constant problem for manufacturers. This study examines dust formation, its characterization, and prevention during the treatment of PET fabrics. Dust is collected from three stages of PET fabric processing for detailed characterization—fiber texturing, fabric weight reduction, and fabric dyeing. IR and NMR are used to characterize the chemical structure, GPC to determine the molecular weight, and DSC to measure Tm. Accordingly, the main ingredient of the dust from fiber texturing is identified as PET polymer, whereas the dust from weight reduction is primarily terephthalic acid, and that from fabric dyeing is mainly PET cyclic trimer. Furthermore, sedimentation experiments and SEM observations indicate that an alkaline- dye process, pH 9 to 10, helps to create uncontaminated dyeing conditions, where the migrated PET cyclic trimer partially dissolves in the aqueous solution and thus reduces deposits on the surface of PET fabrics. Our results further demonstrate that HOY causes the highest oligomer migration, followed by DTY, and then POY.
Sliding Windows: A Software Method Suitable for Real-Time Inspection of Textile Surfaces
Authors: Anagnostopoulos C. , Anagnostopoulos I. , Vergados D. , Kayafas E. , Loumos V.
Published: March 2007

There is a strong interest in expert systems to assist in complex defect identification procedures. To increase accuracy, attempts are made to enhance traditional human inspection by automated visual systems, which employ cameras and image processing routines. It is important that the software core of such a system is based on a robust, fast texture segmentation technique. Many texture segmentation techniques have been pre sented in the literature. Unfortunately, despite the fact that they achieve good results, they are computationally complex and therefore not suitable for real-time applications, since as the complexity of an algorithm grows, it becomes more and more difficult to execute the image examination in real time. This paper presents a detailed description of a fast algorithm for defect detection in textile surfaces and an evaluation of the experimental results for 137 digitized images of representative defects in woven fabrics collected from a larger sample provided by textile companies.
Investigation of Methods for Determining the Filling Power of Feathers
Authors: Edelman Norman B.
Published: March 2007

The study reported here is concerned with establishing the optimum method for determining the filling power of feathers and down mixtures both as a research tool and as an accept ance quality-control procedure.

Typical load compression curves of feathers and pressure distribution curves of a sleeper on a sleeping bag are shown.
Hydrolysis of Native Versus Regenerated Cellulose Structures
Authors: Battista O.A. , Coppick S.
Published: March 2007

Milder conditions of hydrolysis than have been heretofore generally used to characterize cellulosic structures chemically were employed for the purpose of comparing the hydrolytic accessibility of native and regenerated structures, respectively. It is assumed that the acces sibility of the fine cellulosic structure is related to the rate of drop of the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose with time of treatment.

Using 5 N HCl at 18°C, the following samples of cellulose were evaluated:

- 1. Cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively, before and after non- degradative solution and regeneration.

2. Cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively, before and after swelling in 18-percent NaOH at 18°C.

3. Viscose rayons made from cotton linters and acid-pretreated cotton linters, respectively.
The Kinetics of Wool Dyeing—Some Effects of Alcohols on Wool Dyeing Rates
Authors: Medley J.A. , Andrews M.W.
Published: March 2007

The action of alcohols in the "solvent dyeing" of wool is considered and, from an analysis based on the diffusion characteristics of the fiber, the increased dyeing rates obtained are attributed largely to faster movement of the dye within the fiber. The reduced resistance to dye diffusion within the fiber is associated with the presence of the alcohol during the diffusion process and also with the removal of greasy material from the interior of the fiber by the alcohol-water phase.
Studies of the Surface Geometry of Fibers
Authors: Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

The background for a study of surface geometry, among other surface properties of fibers, is briefly surveyed. By the adaptation of an instrument designed for measure ments in the metals industry, exploratory trials were conducted on specimens of a number of fiber types. Only ranges of readings of "arithmetic average roughness," rather than discrete values, were obtamable, but these results were promising in showing that widely different fiber types—viscose rayon, woll, and raw silk—occupied distinct levels. Indications were that the directional character of the scales on wool fibers could be detected Further experimentation, still of an exploratory nature, was con ducted with refined equipment providing means for graphically recording the Irregular ities of fiber surfaces. Comparison of tracings obtained in three successive measure ments on a single specimen of viscose rayon shows that the tracings are characteristic of the fiber surface and not merely, records of extraneous "noise."
Temperature Dependence of Modulus, Density, and Crystallinity of Linear Polyethylenes
Authors: Shibukawa T. , Gupta V.D. , Turner R. , Dillon J.H. , Tobolsky A.V.
Published: March 2007

Experiments undertaken to determine the dependence of the shear modulus upon the density and degree of crystallinity of three samples of linear polyethylene over a range of temperatures are described. In most instances, the data show good agreement between crystallinity values calculated from density and from x-ray diffraction measurements. Annealing the polyethylene samples was found to increase both the shear modulus and density. Shear modulus and density appeared to be inversely related to molecular weight for the three polyethylene samples investigated.
Radiation-Indoced Interaction of Styrene with Cotton
Authors: Demint Robert J. , Arthur Jett C. , Markezich Anthony R. , McSherry Wilbur F.
Published: March 2007

The efficiency of activation and interaction of styrene with fibrous cotton cellulose was increased by the indirect effects of radiation-excited cotton and of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide. The high radiochemical yields indicated that a chain reaction was initiated. The polystyrene was located within the growth layers of the fibers. The elongation-at-break and resistance to wetting of polystyrene-cotton were greater than that of cotton, and the average stiffness, less. The polystyrene-cotton was thermoplastic.
The Influence of Weathering on Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Wool Fibers, with Particular Reference to Felting
Authors: Zahn H. , Blankenburg G.
Published: March 2007

The influence of weathering on the chemical and physical properties of wool fibers has been investigated. The weathered fiber tips are modified to a great extent by weather ing; this is shown in changes in solubilities and in the amino acid composition. As a result of photochemical degradation, fibers show a decrease in tenacity and extension as well as in compressional resistance. Weathered fiber tips showed, in spite of removal of a great number of scales, a better feltability than the fiber roots. On the basis of these results a theory of felting is presented and discussed.
The Development of the Polyester Tire
Authors: Kovac F.J. , Kersker T.M.
Published: March 2007

The introduction of a polyester cord tire to the motoring public in early 1962 repre sented a research and development breakthrough on a goal that has intrigued tire com panies for a decade.

This paper describes the following steps in developing a new tire cord fabric deter mining the primary need for a new fiber, programming a fiber study, evaluating cord physical properties, optimizing fabric design, developing maximum performance ad hesive, undertaking tire testing, developing new technology where necessary, conducting volume testing, and finally, adopting in production.

In addition to describing the development of the polyester tire, this paper outlines a new concept to predict the potential of a fiber for tire cord usage. This mathematical relationship, called "tire fabric efficiency," rotates (i) the quantity of fabric required in a tire, based on measureable physical properties; (ii) the cost of the fabric; and (iii) the quantity and cost of rubber required in a tire as affected by the fabric characteristies. In relation to this latter factor, it is proposed that a high specific gravity is desirable in a tire cord since it results in rubber savings.

It is concluded that polyester represents the ultimate in tire fabric for some time to come because of its outstanding performance and customer acceptance combined with its excellent efficiency and economic potential.
The Intrinsic Tenacities of Natural Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: DeLuca Lloyd B.
Published: March 2007

A method by which the single fiber tenacity at "zero" nominal gauge length may be calculated is demonstrated. It is postulated that this tenacity is the intrinsic tenacity of the particular fiber. Sippel's equation is used to calculate the intrinsic tenacity, but the end effect correction to the nominal gauge length is determined independently of this equation. This correction is determined from the extension data taken at various nominal gauge lengths under constant rate of movement of the crosshead of the tensile tester. On this basis, the intrinsic tenacities of ramie, flax, and cotton, in the range of 1800 to 5000 DP are shown to be related to the 50% intensity x-ray angle and are in dependent of degree of polymerization of the undegraded fiber.
The Effect of Temperature on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R.
Published: March 2007

The rate of felting of an untreated wool fabric in buffer solutions (in the presence or absence of nonionic detergent) increases with increasing temperature of the felting solu tion until a maximum rate is reached at 40-70° C. This rate then remains constant with further increase in temperature up to 90° C. The exact temperature at which the maximum is reached depends on the pH of the solution and on the action of the machine used for felting. Behavior is different in soap solutions, the maximum rate, reached at 40-50° C. being followed by a rapid decrease in rate with further increase in tempera ture up to 90°C.

With wool made shrink-resistant by industrrally used oxidation procedures, the rate reaches a maximum at 30-40° C. depending on the pH of the felting solution. The rate decreases rapidly with further increase in temperature. Relative to untreated wool, there is a contmual decrease in felting rate of the shrink-resistant wool with increasing temperature. This is due to changes in the inherent felting property of the shrink- resistant wool with temperature of the felting solution, and not to irreversible changes in wool structure brought about by chemical attack of the solutions on the treated wool.

The results emphasize the need for accurate temperature control in all felting tests and also show that best results would be obtained with shrink-resistant wool if solutions used for laundering were of high pH and at high temperatures. However, the use of such solutions at present is hunted by questions of dyefastness and possible damage to the wool.
The Cross-Linking of Cellulose by Vinyl Sulfonium Compounds
Authors: Burkitt F.H.
Published: March 2007

Under alkalme conditions, Sulfix has been shown to cross-link cotton extremely rapidly at room temperature. The mitial product has excellent wet recovery, hut it also has the characteristic properties of an ion-exchange resin due to the presence of sul fonium atoms. This disadvantage can he overcome, and the wet recovery properties maintained, by a simple treatment which results in the formation of a novel betaine-type cross-link. This type of structure has been shown to he extremely stable to prolonged alkaline washing treatments.
The Vapor-Phase Dyeing of Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Jones F. , Seddon R.
Published: March 2007

A method is described by which the rate of transfer of disperse dye vapor to cellulose acetate film can he measured continuously. The results of experiments in which two model compounds and three actual dyes are apphed in this manner are given. Saturation values. partition coefficients absorption isotherms, and heats of absorption are given, and the dyes are discussed in terms of molecular structure. The application of the results to the dry-heat method of dyeing synthetic fibers is mentioned.
The Post-Yield Region and the Structure of Keratin
Authors: Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

The load-extension curve of wool fibers under a variety of conditions and treatments shows little change in mechanical extensibility in the post-yield region (extension greater than ∼30%). This taken together with x-ray and water swelling data already published suggests that the cross-links and entanglements present in the matrix component of the keratin structure are concentrated rather than spread throughout the matrix.

The above favors the series-zone model, which has been proposed to explain the mechanical properties of wool and hair fibers.
The Torsional Properties of Single Wool Fibers
Authors: Feughelman M. , Mitchell T.
Published: March 2007

The torsional moduli (both wet and dry) and torsional relaxation of fibers (i) with disulfide bonds reduced and (ii) with disulfide bonds reduced and methylated and of unmodified fibers that had been "permanently" set were examined. The moduli of all the dry fibers show little change from the moduli of normal dry fibers. In water, how ever, fibers show a progressive decrease in torsional moduli with removal of cytine. Fibers that have been "permanently" set behave in torsion in the same way as fibers of low cystine and high sulfhydryl content, although analysis shows that their cystine and sulfhydryl content is about the same as that of a normal fiber. The torsional relaxation in water of the reduced and methylated fibers is almost independent of cystine content. but in reduced but unmethylated fibers there is a rapid increase of torsional relaxation with decrease in cystine and increase in sulfhydryl content.

The torsional relaxation in aqueous HCl at pH 1 is lower than it is in distilled water at ∼pH 6. It is suggested that disulfide-sulfhydryl interchange explains at least a part of the torsional relaxation of fibers in water.
Behavior of Liquids on Various Cords for Seams in Chemical and Biological Protective Overgarments
Authors: Hall Pauline P.
Published: March 2007

The leakage of water through seams has long been studied by the Army in its quest for rainproof clothing and equipage. While many researchers have reported theories of liquid migration on and through textile assemblies, this study is the first known attempt to test seams for penetration by liquid chemicals and to develop a seam type that will help to resist this penetration, important steps in the development of chemical and biological protective overgarments.

The results have shown that the behavior of liquids on seams depends not only on the chemicals but also on the cords. The conclusion is reached that effective protection against seam leakage can be provided by an LSc-1 seam with a superimposed cord having both migration and absorption properties. Such a cord might be constructed with an absorbent inner core and a braid-like outer covering made of synthetic fibers. More research on this subject is indicated.
The Cellulose-Epichlorohydrin Reaction in the Presence of Neutral Salt and Salt-Alkali Solutions
Authors: McKelvey John B. , Benerito Ruth R. , Berni Ralph J. , Hattox Carolyn A.
Published: March 2007

Effects of aqueous salt solutions on the epichlorohydrin-cotton cellulose reaction at 25° and 85° C have been studied. In attempts to elucidate reaction mechanisms, reaction products of epichlorohydrin in aqueous salt solutions have been isolated and characterized. Properties of fabrics finished with epichlorohydrin after pretreatinent with aqueous solu tions of salts or aqueous solutions of base saturated with sodium chloride were determined. The effects of concentration of sodium chloride in the presence and absence of sodium hydroxide, of the concentration of base saturated with salt, and of the duration and temperature of the epichlorohydrin-cotton reaction have been investigated. Experimental conditions which cause epichlorohy drin to impart dry crease resiliency to cotton have been established. The effect of the halogen atom in the epihalohydrin has also been considered.
Crease Setting Cotton Fabric With Elevated Temperatures and Mechanical Pressure
Authors: Tewksbury Charles G. , Kidda Bernard G.
Published: March 2007

Cotton and other cellulosic fabrics were durably set by the controlled application of high temperature and high mechanical pressure for periods of short duration. Durable creases were imparted to untreated and durably flat-set fabrics without the additional application of swelling agents,' setting agents, or other chemical systems. Creasing experiments were conducted with an electrically heated, hydraulic laboratory platen press and the influence of setting temperature, setting pressure, press dwell time and fabric moisture regain on crease durability and fabric tensile strength retention were studied. Crease durability was determined by comparing creased fabric specimens against the Eastman photographic standards after five home laundering and tumble-drying cycles, and residual tensile strength determinations were conducted on the Instron tester. Crease durability improved with increasing setting temperature from 400° F to 600° F and in creasing setting pressure ranging from 100 to 1200 lb/in.2, but considerable tensile strength loss occurred at setting temperatures above 550° F and pressures above 900 lb/in.2 Setting effectiveness was found to be practically independent of fabric moisture regain.
A Method for the Determination of Soluble Cellulose in Chemically Modified Celluroses
Authors: Bullock Austin L. , Post Arnold W. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2007

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of soluble cellulose and, thereby, insoluble residue, utilizing cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (cuene) to dissolve soluble fractions of cross-linked cellulose. The dissolved cellulose is precipi tated, recovered, washed, dried, and weighed. The method has been applied successfully to a wide variety of cross-linked cottons. It is apparent from weight balances from recovered soluble cellulose and insoluble gel that certain cross links from nitrogen resins are unstable to cuene and are stripped from the cellulose.
Permox—A Hydrogen Peroxide-Zinc Acetate Antibacterial Finish for Cotton
Authors: Forthright Danna G. , Vigo Tyrone L. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2007

A new, durable antibacterial finish for cotton fabrics has been developed that consists of the reaction products of zinc acetate, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid. The active agent is thought to be a zinc peroxide complex or polymer containing activc oxygen. When these reagents were applied to cotton fabrics, antibacterial activity was imparted which lasted throughout 50 home launderings. This treatment is effective against odor causing bacteria such as S. epidermidis and pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus. For simplicity the name "Permov" is used to describe the finish. The treat ment consists of applying aqueous zinc acetate, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid solution to the fabrics and curing them for 5 min at 85°C. Other curing temperatures (23 160°C) were studied, as well as the effect of varying solution concentrations. Fabrics given these treatments had 0.2-0.8% peroxide and 0.3 3.4% zinc prior to laundering. Even after 50 launderings the fabrics retained 0.1-0.2% peroxide and 0.2-0.4% zinc. Disinfecting of fabrics with sodium hypochlorite before Permox treatment was not advantageous in maintaining antihacterial activity on repeated laundering Breaking strength, stiffness, and moisture regain of the treated fabrics arc comparable to untreated fabrics, but a moderate loss of tearing strength was observed.
Multifunctional Amino-Terminated Polyurethanes : Their Preparation and Use as Crosslinkers in Shrink-Resist Polymers for Wool
Authors: Bateup Brett O. , Fleischfresser Barry
Published: March 2007

A simple, rapid method for converting water-insoluble polyisocyanates into either water soluble (or water-dispersible multifunctional amino-terminated polyurethanes or self-crosslinkable polymers containing protonated an ino groups and blocked isocyanate groups is descried. Both types of product are suitable for shrink resisting wool, the self-crosslinkable polymers can be used alone, whereas the polyamines need to be combined with poly mers containing groups capable of reaction with amino groups.

The effective functionalites of the amino-terminated polyurethanes correlated well with the values calculated from the known functionality of the reactants, which suggests that chain extension via urea formation was suppressed by this preparative procedure.
A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model for Textile Fibers
Authors: Kumar Satish , Gupta V.B.
Published: March 2007

The viscoclastic characteristics of a three element model, which has two Hookean Springs and a dashpot containing a non Newtonian power-law liquid, are considered, and the equations for creep recovery, stress relaxation and stress strain behavior are developed. These equations, along with the creep equation derived earlier for such a model, can be useful in the characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior shown by textile fibers.
Effect of Construction and Weave on Some Mechanical Properties of Untreated and Resin-Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Mehta H.U. , Gupta K.C. , Bhatt V.R. , Somashekar T.H. , Modi C.A. , Malatesh S.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of sets of fabrics of different woven constructions made from the same count of yarn indicates that the differences in mechanical properties arise mainly from weave differences. Increase in flex abrasion is compensated by a de crease in'tear strength and vice versa. Analysis reveals that the initial properties of the twill weave are more balanced for higher levels of crease recoveries than those of the other fabrics. Twill-weave fabrics show high tensile strength. While basket-weave fabrics give higher tear strength, the plain-weave fabrics are best suited for high flex abrasion resistance. Further, higher initial properties of the weave result in fabrics with improved mechanical properties after resin treatment.
Improving Gin-Lint Cleaning for the Removal of Open-End Spinning Microdust
Authors: Towery Jack D. , Baker Roy V.
Published: March 2007

The introduction of open-end spinning into the textile processing system has increased the need for better cotton fiber cleaning before spinning. The use of gin-type lint cleaners, either at the cotton gin or at the textile mill, offers possi bilities for providing much of the cleaning required for efficient open-end spinning performance and yarn quality. Modi fications evaluated'include increases in licker-in (saw cylinder) speed, increases in combing ratio, and decreases in batt weight. Machine performance data and fiber and open-end yarn property data are reported, along with results of a statistical examination of differences between normal and modified operating conditions. Lint cleaner modifications improved cleaning efficiency and slightly lowered turbine residue but increased lint wastage during lint cleaning. Modi fications had no significant effect on open-end yarn properties.
Scouring Protein Contaminants from Raw Wool
Authors: Christoe J.R.
Published: March 2007

Single bowl experiments were used to study the effects of the conditions of scouring on the removal of nitrogenous contaminants from raw wool. The scouring effectiveness was compared with the scouring effectiveness of wool grease. For both contaminants scouring effectiveness was improved by increasing the temperature of scouring, by adding a builder (preferably alkaline), or by adding a proteolytic enzyme. The optimum concentration of builder was about 1% (w/v). Although the scouring of the nitrogenous contaminants was hardly affected by the kind of surfactant used, longer scouring times were needed. Some implications of the results for practical scouring are discussed.
Improved Tactile and Sorption Properties of Polyester Fabrics Through Caustic Treatment
Authors: Latta Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

Alkaline hydrolysis has been used for about 30 years as a procedure for modifying the physical properties of polyester fabrics. Despite the length of time the reaction has been-known, its kinetics and mechanism are not well understood. Studies conducted in our laboratory indicate that the hydrolysis of polyester occurs both by first and second order cleavage of the polymer chain by the hydroxide ion and by elimination of end groups in first-order saponification reactions. Based on this model, a rate expression for the hydrolysis has been derived.

Additional studies into the-drying behavior of caustic treated polyester demonstrated that the ability of polyester fabrics to disperse moisture through in-plane wicking is improved by the hydrophilic character imparted by caustic treatment. Consequently, under certain conditions caustic treated polyester fabrics can dry faster than their untreated counterparts.
Enhanced Bleaching and Softening of Jute Pretreated with Polysaccharide Degrading Enzymes
Authors: Kundu A.B. , Ghosh B.S. , Chakrabarti S.K.
Published: March 2007

Treating jute fibers with enzymes effects an increase in pore volume (46.2%), which leads to an increased capacity to retain peroxide (25.5%) and a larger surface area of lignin accessible to the oxidant (∼30%). Improved bleaching is therefore achieved. Enzyme treatment increases transverse swelling (14%) and reduces bulk torsional rigidity (12.5%), making the fibers more flexible and therefore softer. The removal of cementing materials such as hemicellulose and lignin by bleaching is enhanced by enzyme pretreatment, resulting in better filamentation and fineness. Scanning electron micrographs confirm this. Experiments with purified enzyme preparations have shown that xylanase pretreatment predominates in facilitating bleaching, and cellulase in the swelling or softening. An appropriate combination of the two is required to obtain optimal effects.
Behavior of Yarn Pullout from Woven Fabrics: Theoretical and Experimental
Authors: Ning Pan  , Yoon Mee-Young
Published: March 2007

Yarn pullout behavior from a woven fabric is an important indicator of the mech anism of yarn interactions within the fabric and a predictor of its various mechanical properties. It is investigated in this paper both theoretically and experimentally. An analytical model developed for nonwoven structures is modified here to describe the yarn pullout process. This theory is able to predict the relationship of the maximum pullout load and the embedded yam length in a woven fabric with tight structure. The maximum load is shown in the theory related to the mechanical and geometric properties of the fabric and yam. Experimental work verifies the connections between fabric properties and yam pullout behavior, and a comparison of critical yam pullout lengths, predicted and measured, is also presented. This work should be useful in understanding the nature of yarn interaction in a fabric as well as the structure-rein forcing mechanism of woven fabrics.
Neps in Air-Jet Textured Yarns
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , Kothari V.K. , Sensarma J.K.
Published: March 2007

We report on the characteristics of two sorts of neps from wet and dry air-jet textured yams and the effects of process variables on their formation. We discuss structural configurations and opening forces using both machine and videographic methods. Wet texturing produces fewer neps at all pressures, but yet counL does increase with increasing pressure, whether the process is wet or dry.
Thermal Properties of Jute Constituents and Flame Retardant Jute Fabrics
Authors: Basak R.K. , Saha S.G. , Sarkar A.K. , Saha M. , Das N.N. , Mukherjee A.K.
Published: March 2007

The thermal behavior of flame retardant jute fabrics impregnated with a diam monium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea (1:2) solution was studied using dif ferential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) and thermogravimetric ( TG ) analysis in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Thermal degradation of flame retardant jute fabrics gradually decreased as chemical add-on increased. Weight loss after pyrolysis decreased, and a much larger residue remained when pyrolysis was complete. The limiting oxygen index also increased with increasing add-on. The thermal properties of jute and its main components, holocellulose, hemicellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin, were also in vestigated using DSC and DTG in nitrogen and air atmospheres to interpret the results of thermal analysis of fire retardant jute fabrics.
Skills and Challenges in Child Care: Perceptions of the “Flow” Experience among Teachers
Authors: Rogers Cosby S. , Kaiser Javaid , Kasper Arlene , Sawyers Janet K.
Published: March 2007

Perceptions of the experience of “flow” as described by M. Csikszentmihalyi was examined among child‐care employees. Flow was defined as the difference between raters' perceptions of the challenges presented by child‐care employment and their self‐reported skills for the job. Teachers (N = 189) of 4‐year‐olds rated their perceived skills and challenges on 10 activities that typically occur during a day at a child‐care center. Multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated no significant effect on Flow due to the amount of child‐care training, the number of years of preschool teaching experience, or the interaction between Education and Experience. The flow variable, which is a direct comparison of perceived skills and challenges, was significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that mean ratings on skills were significantly higher than the mean ratings on challenges on all 10 teaching activities. According to flow theory, then, these teachers would be expected to experience boredom rather than flow in work. The results suggest that teacher education programs might focus on enabling caregivers to recognize challenges inherent in routine caregiving or to create challenges to make the work experience more enjoyable.
Readability of Home Appliance Instruction Manuals: An Assessment With Children
Authors: Wessel Judith A. , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

Several household tasks in which children are reported to participate may involve use of mechanical or automatic home appliances. To contribute to safe use, instruction manuals to which children may need to refer, especially when theyare home alone, should be understandable to them. Cloze tests for analysis of readability of instructions for use and care of 13 major and portable home appliances were administered to 477 childrenfrom ages 8 to 17 years. Scores were associated with age and/or grade level with given appliances. For most appliances, the scoresfor children were clustered in the 30% to 40% range of agreement with the original passages.
Quantitative Analysis of Fashion Change: A Critical Review
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D.
Published: March 2007

Seventy years of quantitative studies of the process of fashion change are reviewed and critiqued. Research reviewed studied the fashion process as a continuous, ever‐changing manifestation of cultural change rather than the product life cycle of a particular fashion. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach are analyzed from data selection through analysis. The findings are related to one another and to existing theories in an attempt to make cumulative the study of fashion change. Recommendations are given to guide future quantitative research in fashion change.
Extent and Nature of Sexual Harassment in the Fashion Retail Workplace
Authors: Workman Jane E.
Published: March 2007

Sexual harassment is a pervasive and costly problem in the workplace. Various researchers are pursuing issues associated with occupational self‐analysis as a step toward understanding and eliminating sexual harassment. Individuals most likely to be sexually harassed are young, unmarried females—a description that coincides with a description of clothing and textiles students in that most share similar characteristics. This study was designed to clarify the nature and extent of sexual harassment in the fashion retail workplace from the perspective of a group of clothing and textiles students. The study used the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ2) and the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board Survey, both designed to measure sexual harassment in the workplace. Data were collected in university classroom settings from students enrolled in clothing and textiles classes during spring semester, 1992 (N = 132). Although 97 students had experienced sexually harassing behaviors, only 41 labeled the behaviors as sexual harassment. The most frequently reported situations involved gender harassment and seductive behavior. Such behaviors constitute “condition of work” harassment and create an offensive work environment. Methods of coping with the behavior were to ignore it, avoid the perpetrator, or ask the person to stop. No respondent had filed formal complaint, grievance, or lawsuit. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that students receive training on all aspects of sexual harassment so that they will be prepared to recognize and cope with it if it occurs.
Life Cycle Differences in Housing Perspectives of Rural Households
Authors: Earhart Carla C. , Weber Margaret J. , McCray Jacquelyn W.
Published: March 2007

Assessing satisfaction with housing is an essential tool in designing residential structures and shaping housing policy. Numerous studies have examined differences between demographic characteristics and housing satisfaction, with overwhelming evidence that age is a significant variable. However, explanations for these differences have not been sufficiently addressed. This study attempts to define age‐related life cycle differences in relation to housing satisfaction of a rural sample. A mailed questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 1,645 rural households in two southern states. The instrument elicited respondents' demographic characteristics, housing satisfaction, and housing values. Findings indicate significant differences in housing satisfaction among four life cycle groups with elderly respondents being most satisfied and baby boomers being least satisfied. Significant differences in other demographic characteristics and housing values were also found. An important conclusion is that rural communities need to provide a variety of housing options and programs to support diverse life cycle groups.
Labor Market Participation and Earnings by Female Members of the Baby Boom Generation
Authors: Coulson L. Ann
Published: March 2007

A two‐step model was employed using data from the 1986 Survey of Consumer Finances to determine the socioeconomic factors predicting female baby boomer labor force participation and for those who are employed, how the socioeconomic factors influence earned income. Logistic regression indicated that children and other income within the household both negatively affect market participation by female members of the baby boom generation. Divorce and education were positively correlated with female baby boomer employment. For female baby boomers who were employed, additional income and children reduced earnings in a multiple regression analysis. A prior divorce and education were positively correlated with female baby boomer earnings. Findings indicated that the influential factors on labor force participation and consequent earnings are not only identical but are also consistent with those for prior generations of women.
A Statistical Analysis of the Demand for Visits to U.S. National Parks: Travel Costs and Seasonality
Authors: Johnson Rebecca L. , Suits Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between visits to national parks, seasonality, travel costs, and income is explored through an econometric time series model, covering the years 1965-1981, using monthly data. Two different variables representing travel cost are used: retail gasoline prices and a private transportation index.
Redefining Vacation Distances in Consumer Minds
Authors: Cook Robert L. , Mccleary Ken W.
Published: March 2007

As travel-related costs such as fuel and accommodations rise, distance becomes an increasingly important variable in travelers' vacation destination decision-making process. Consumers may use cognitive distance estimates rather than actual distance in choosing a vacation destination, and studies thus far show that consumers' cogni tive distance estimates may be quite inaccurate. Thus, many specific vacation destinations may be placed in a worse competitive position than actually exists vis-a-vis distance.
Segmenting Texas snow Skiers
Authors: Mills Allan S. , Couturier Hermel , Snepenger David J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the expenditures and characteristics of Texans who travel to places outside of Texas to participate in snow skiing. The Texas skier market is segmented into two groups, heavy and light spenders. These segments are dijJerentiated from one another and from other Texans in terms of socio-demographic characteristics.
Developing An Integrated Framework For Tourism Demand Data In Canada
Authors: Brent Ritchie J.R. , Sheridan Michael
Published: March 2007

This article describes the results of one project team, The Survey Assessment and Development Project, of Canada's National Task Force on Tourism Data. The project team examined collection, analysis, and dissemination of data and made numerous recommendations concerning these aspects of tourism information management.