bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Diffusion of Single Molecules in a Hierarchical Energy Landscape
Authors: Krause Stefan , Kowerko Danny , Börner Richard , Hübner Christian G. , von Borczyskowski Christian
Published: January 2011

Spectral diffusion as a result of both the transitions between different molecular conformers and the ′′molecular softness′′ of quasi‐free perylene diimides on a SiO2 surface is investigated by means of single‐molecule spectroscopy, which reveals the time dependence of both the fluorescence spectra and the three‐dimensional orientation. Spectral wavelengths of all single emitters cover a wide energy range of about 0.27 eV, which is due to different types of conformers with large differences in optical transition energy. Time‐dependent spectral trajectories of single emitters within this wavelength manifold are evaluated with a model transcribed from the analysis of spatial diffusion. Spectral diffusion processes are closely correlated with fluorescence emission and excitation power. The overall analysis of spectral diffusion reveals, similar to proteins, a hierarchy of energy barriers in a broad energy landscape.
Stem cell marker prominin‐1 regulates branching morphogenesis, but not regenerative capacity, in the mammary gland
Authors: Anderson Lisa H. , Boulanger Corinne A. , Smith Gilbert H. , Carmeliet Peter , Watson Christine J.
Published: January 2011

Prominin‐1 (Prom1) is recognized as a stem cell marker in several tissues, including blood, neuroepithelium, and gut, and in human and mouse embryos and many cancers. Although Prom1 is routinely used as a marker for isolating stem cells, its biological function remains unclear. Here we use a knockout model to investigate the role of Prom1 in the mammary gland. We demonstrate that complete loss of Prom1 does not affect the regenerative capacity of the mammary epithelium. Surprisingly, we also show that in the absence of Prom1, mammary glands have reduced ductal branching, and an increased ratio of luminal to basal cells. The effects of Prom1 loss in the mammary gland are associated with decreased expression of prolactin receptor and matrix metalloproteinase‐3. These experiments reveal a novel, functional role for Prom1 that is not related to stem cell activity, and demonstrate the importance of tissue‐specific characterization of putative stem cell markers. Developmental Dynamics 240:674–681, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline cell formation and gonad regeneration in solitary and colonial ascidians
Authors: Kawamura Kaz , Tiozzo Stefano , Manni Lucia , Sunanaga Takeshi , Burighel Paolo , De Tomaso Anthony W.
Published: January 2011

The morphology of ascidian gonad is very similar among species. The testis consists of variable number of testicular follicles; the ovary consists of ovarian tubes that are thickened forming the germinal epithelium with stem cells for female germ cells with the exception of botryllid ascidians. Peculiar accessory cells that would be germline in origin accompany the oocytes. Using vasa homologues as a molecular marker, germline precursor cells can be traced back to the embryonic posterior‐most blastomeres and are found in the tail of tailbud embryo in some solitary and colonial ascidians. In Ciona, they are subsequently located in the larval tail, while in colonial botryllid ascidians vasa‐expressing cells become obscure in the tail. Recent evidence suggests that ascidian germ cells can regenerate from cells other than embryonic germline. An ensemble of the embryonic stringency of germ cell lineage and the postembryonic flexibility of gonad formation is discussed. Developmental Dynamics 240:299–308, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multidentate Pyridyl‐Based Ligands in the Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Palladium Metallo‐Macrocycles (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 3/2011)
Authors: Brusilowskij Boris , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: January 2011

The cover picture shows the formation of a dynamic combinatorial library of self‐assembled metallo‐supramolecular macrocycles. When only one equivalent of the dpppPdII precursor complex is added, the bipyridine‐based ligand selectively forms a 2:2 metallo‐supramolecular macrocycle. Complexation to the bipyridine site occurs only upon addition of a second equivalent of the metal complex. Details are discussed in the article by B. Brusilowskij and C. A. Schalley on p. 469 ff.
Extended MSRS rule for seismic analysis of bridges subjected to differential support motions
Authors: Konakli Katerina , Kiureghian Armen Der
Published: January 2011

This paper introduces a generalized formulation of the multiple support response spectrum (MSRS) method (Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 1992; 21:713–740) and extends it by accounting for the quasi‐static contributions of truncated modes. The generalized formulation allows consideration of response quantities that involve support degrees of freedom (DOF). This situation arises for many response quantities of interest when rotational DOF are condensed out. New cross‐correlation coefficients are introduced in the extended rule and a parametric study is performed to gain insight and identify cases of ground motion spatial variability in which these terms are significant. An efficient computer implementation of the extended MSRS method is described and used for comprehensive analysis of two real bridge models with vastly different structural characteristics. The specified input is in accordance with standards used in engineering practice. The effects of differential support motions, including the influence of spatially varying soil conditions, on the pseudo‐static and dynamic components and the total response are examined and the improvement achieved with the extended MSRS method is assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as prognostic markers in patients with buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Fu Ting‐Ying , Hou Yu‐Yi , Chu Sau‐Tung , Liu Ching‐Feng , Huang Cheng‐Hui , Chen Hung‐Chih , Hsiao Michael , Lu Pei‐Jung , Wang Jyh‐Seng , Ger Luo‐Ping
Published: January 2011

Background

We investigated the relationship of the immunohistochemical expression status of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis.

Methods

The expression status of MnSOD, GPx, catalase, and MPO was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a series of 216 surgically resected buccal mucosal SCC specimens, using tissue microarray slides.

Results

MnSOD, GPx, catalase, and MPO were commonly expressed in buccal mucosal SCC. The high expression level of MnSOD was associated with better disease‐specific survival (p = .009), especially for patients in moderate or poor cell differentiation (p = .045), pathologic stage I (p = .002) and postoperative radiotherapy (p = .048). The high expression level of GPx was also correlated with better disease‐specific survival (p = .042), especially for patients in pathologic stage IV (p = .010) and postoperative radiotherapy (p = .018).

Conclusions

MnSOD and GPx are significant prognostic factors for favorable survival in patients with buccal mucosal SCC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Host apolipoprotein b messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G is an innate defensive factor and drug target against hepatitis C virus
Authors: Peng Zong-Gen , Zhao Zhi-Yun , Li Yan-Ping , Wang Yu-Ping , Hao Lan-Hu , Fan Bo , Li Yu-Huan , Wang Yue-Ming , Shan Yong-Qiang , Han Yan-Xing , Zhu Yan-Ping , Li Jian-Rui , You Xue-Fu , Li Zhuo-Rong , Jiang Jian-Dong
Published: January 2011

Host cellular factor apolipoprotein B messenger RNA (mRNA)-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (hA3G) is a cytidine deaminase that inhibits a group of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). In the continuation of our research on hA3G, we found that hA3G stabilizing compounds significantly inhibited hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Therefore, this study investigated the role of hA3G in HCV replication. Introduction of external hA3G into HCV-infected Huh7.5 human hepatocytes inhibited HCV replication; knockdown of endogenous hA3G enhanced HCV replication. Exogenous HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) decreased intracellular hA3G and therefore enhanced HCV proliferation, suggesting that the presence of Vif might be an explanation for the HIV-1/HCV coinfection often observed in HIV-1(+) individuals. Treatment of the HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells with RN-5 or IMB-26, two known hA3G stabilizing compounds, increased intracellular hA3G and accordingly inhibited HCV replication. The compounds inhibit HCV through increasing the level of hA3G incorporated into HCV particles, but not through inhibiting HCV enzymes. However, G/A hypermutation in the HCV genome were not detected, suggesting a new antiviral mechanism of hA3G in HCV, different from that in HIV-1. Stabilization of hA3G by RN-5 was safe

in vivo

.

Conclusion

: hA3G appears to be a cellular restrict factor against HCV and could be a potential target for drug discovery. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Breakup Criteria for Confined Droplets: Effects of Compatibilization and Component Viscoelasticity
Authors: Cardinaels Ruth , Vananroye Anja , Van Puyvelde Peter , Moldenaers Paula
Published: January 2011

The breakup of confined droplets was studied systematically for systems with either interfacial or component viscoelasticity. The former was obtained by adding a compatibilizer, the latter by using a viscoelastic fluid as the droplet or as the matrix phase. The critical capillary numbers of Newtonian and compatibilized droplets showed a similar increase with increasing confinement ratio. However, a decrease in breakup length was observed in the compatibilized case, caused by the viscoelastic interface. Viscoelastic droplets experienced more stabilization by confinement compared to Newtonian droplets. Matrix viscoelasticity, on the other hand, induced a destabilization with a minimum in critical capillary number as a function of confinement ratio, resulting from a complex interplay of viscoelastic stresses.

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Heterogeneous discounting in economic problems
Authors: Marín‐Solano Jesús , Patxot Concepció
Published: January 2011

There is a growing literature considering deviations from standard discounting. In this paper, we analyze a continuous‐time model in finite horizon in which the agent discounts the instantaneous utility function and the final function at constant but different instantaneous discount rates of time preference. Within this context we can model problems in which, when the time t approaches to the final time, the valuation of the final function increases compared with the previous valuations in a way that cannot be explained by using a constant or a variable discount rate. Despite its simplicity, the differential time preference suffices to obtain time‐inconsistent results if standard optimal control theory is applied, for the same reason as in problems with non‐constant discounting or hyperbolic preferences. We derive a dynamic programming equation whose solutions are time‐consistent Markov equilibria. We solve a simple model and discuss some extensions of the model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidiabetic treatments and risk of hospitalisation with myocardial infarction: a nationwide case–control study
Authors: Horsdal Henriette Thisted , Søndergaard Flemming , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Rungby Jørgen
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Data on cardiovascular risk associated with different types of antidiabetic treatments are sparse and conflicting. We examined the risk of hospitalisation with myocardial infarction (MI) among patients treated with sulfonylureas, metformin, insulin, any combination and no antidiabetic pharmacotherapy.

Methods

Using nationwide registries, we conducted a population‐based nested case–control study among all patients with type 2 diabetes in Denmark and identified all patients hospitalised with a first‐time MI and age‐ and gender‐matched non‐MI controls in the period 1996–2004. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) of MI according to type of antidiabetic treatment, adjusted for potential confounding factors using patients treated with sulfonylureas as the reference group.

Results

A total of 10 616 type 2 diabetic cases hospitalised with MI and 90 697 type 2 diabetic non‐MI controls were available for analysis. We found a lower risk of hospitalisation with MI among users of metformin (adjusted OR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.78–0.95), insulin (adjusted OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86–0.99) and among patients not receiving any antidiabetic pharmacotherapy (adjusted OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.71–0.79) compared with users of sulfonylureas. Users of any combination had similar risk as users of sulfonylureas (adjusted OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.92–1.06). We found no differences between individual sulfonylureas, and glycaemic control and lipid profile had only minor impact on the risk estimates in subanalyses including HbA1c, cholesterol and triglycerides.

Conclusions

Our findings provide some support for the hypothesis that sulfonylureas may be associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation with MI. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clays for polymeric nanocomposites
Authors: Utracki Leszek A. , Broughton Bill , González‐Rojano Norma , de Carvalho Laura Hecker , Achete Carlos A.
Published: January 2011

We discuss test methods and results for determining individual clay platelets shape, size, size distribution, elemental composition, and impurities. Commercial sodium salt varieties of natural, semisynthetic and synthetic clay (Cloisite®‐Na+, Somasif ME‐100, and Topy‐Na+, respectively) were analyzed. In this international collaboration, eight laboratories on three continents carried out the work within the VAMAS TWA‐33 activities. There are large differences between the three nanofillers as far as: (1) the platelet orthogonal dimensions, (2) chemical composition, and (3) contaminants (their diversity and quantity) are concerned. Elaborate purification of natural clays leaves behind 2–5 wt% of organic and mineral impurities, whose nature, shape, size, and chemistry depend on the clay origin. These contaminants affect nanocomposite performance, thus controlling their composition and quantity is essential. The article describes the developed methods, summarizes the preliminary results, discusses the encountered difficulties, and proposes methods for solving them. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Particle image velocimetry in molten plastic
Authors: Bress Thomas J. , Dowling David R.
Published: January 2011

Injection molding is a standard manufacturing process for plastic parts. The most important process step, mold filling, involves unsteady nonisothermal flow of a non‐Newtonian molten plastic. Mold‐filling flow largely determines molecular orientation within the final part and thereby influences final part properties. This article describes techniques for successfully applying particle image velocimetry (PIV) to molten plastic flow during injection molding. The primary experimental challenges include the following: engineering optical access to the molten plastic flow at elevated temperatures (230–245°C) and pressures (∼20 MPa), finding particles that survive the thermal‐mechanical environment that melts the plastic, and developing experimental and data‐reduction techniques that allow multiple imperfect planar PIV measurements to be combined. Here, a custom optical‐access mold allowed mold center‐plane PIV to be performed in molten polystyrene. Simple statistical assessments of the velocimetry data and scaled residuals of the continuity equation suggest that the PIV can be conducted in molten plastics with an uncertainty of ±2%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of biobased and biodegradable blends of poly(lactic acid) and chemically modified thermoplastic starch
Authors: Shin Boo Young , Jang Sang Hee , Kim Bong Shik
Published: January 2011

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with chemically modified thermoplastic starch (CMPS) in a twin‐screw extruder. The characteristic properties of PLA/CMPS blends were investigated by observing the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the PLA/CMPS were thermodynamically immiscible. However, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared studies revealed that the interfacial adhesion was improved by the PLA‐g‐starch copolymers that were formed at the interface through a transesterification reaction between PLA and CMPS. The crystallinity of the PLA component in the blend was increased by the addition of the CMPS and was highly affected by the morphology of the blend. The tensile strength and elongation were found to decrease in a linear trend with increasing CMPS content. The biodegradability of the blends increased with increasing CMPS content, while initial time lag decreased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Sequential double polymer click reactions for the preparation of regular graft copolymers
Authors: Durmaz Hakan , Dag Aydan , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit
Published: January 2011

In this study, graft copolymers with regular graft points containing polystyrene (PS) backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA), or poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains were simply achieved by a sequential double polymer click reactions. The linear α‐alkyne‐ω‐azide PS with an anthracene pendant unit per chain was produced via atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene initiated by anthracen‐9‐ylmethyl 2‐((2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropanoyloxy)methyl)‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐3‐(prop‐2‐ynyloxy) propyl succinate. Subsequently, the azide–alkyne click coupling of this PS to create the linear multiblock PS chain with pendant anthracene sites per PS block, followed by Diels–Alder click reaction with maleimide end‐functionalized PMMA, PtBA, or PEG yielded final PS‐g‐PMMA, PS‐g‐PtBA or PS‐g‐PEG copolymers with regular grafts, respectively. Well‐defined polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and triple detection GPC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Polymer‐regulated pattern formation in pseudo‐2D arrays of a fullerene derivative at the solution—Air interface
Authors: Eliyahu Shani , Ren Chunlai , Szleifer Igal , Yerushalmi‐Rozen Rachel
Published: January 2011

Self‐assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) into nonclose‐packed (ncp), semi‐two‐dimensional (2D) arrays is of interest in a variety of applications. Of special interest are photochemically active surfactant‐like fullerene derivatives [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The study presented here characterizes the morphology and structure of patterns formed by a mixture of PCBM NP and an amphiphilic block‐copolymer tethered at the water–air interface (a surface brush) as a function of the concentration of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) dissolved in the liquid subphase. Theoretical modeling of the system shows that the concentration of PEO in the subphase mediates the dimensions of the surface brush and at high PEO concentrations induces a collapse of the brush at the solution–air interface. The state of the surface brush is suggested to tune the semi‐2D patterns observed in the experiments via lateral depletion interactions and, in particular, induce lateral phase separation of the PCBM‐block copolymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Surface morphology of homoepitaxial GaN grown on non‐ and semipolar GaN substrates
Authors: Wernicke Tim , Ploch Simon , Hoffmann Veit , Knauer Arne , Weyers Markus , Kneissl Michael
Published: January 2011

GaN layers on bulk m‐plane, $(11{\bar {2}}2)$, $(10{\bar {1}}2)$ and $(10{\bar {1}}1)$ GaN substrates were grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. XRD rocking curves have a FWHM of less than 150″, indicating excellent crystalline quality. However in many cases surface morphology exhibits hillocks with a height of 1–2 µm and a lateral extension of 50–200 µm whereas a smooth surface would be desirable for optoelectronic devices. The influence of growth parameters on the surface morphology was studied. The goal was, to constrain the material redistribution, that is necessary to form large hillocks. This was achieved by lowering the adatom diffusion length by a reduction of temperature and an increased reactor pressure. In the case of the $(10{\bar {1}}1)$ and $(10{\bar {1}}2)$ semipolar planes a reduction of the adatom diffusion length leads to a reduction of hillock density, hillock size and a smoother surface between hillocks. However, the m‐plane surface does not react to a reduction of adatom mobility. Even at 890°C and 400 mbar rectangular pyramids cover the surface. In contrast to the other planes, the $(11{\bar {2}}2)$ becomes instable, when the adatom diffusion length is reduced.
Reducing noise associated with the Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation for weather forecasting models
Authors: Hill P. G. , Manners J. , Petch J. C.
Published: January 2011

The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (McICA) is a flexible method for representing subgrid‐scale cloud inhomogeneity in radiative transfer schemes. It does, however, introduce conditional random errors but these have been shown to have little effect on climate simulations, where spatial and temporal scales of interest are large enough for effects of noise to be averaged out. This article considers the effect of McICA noise on a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, where the time and spatial scales of interest are much closer to those at which the errors manifest themselves; this, as we show, means that noise is more significant. We suggest methods for efficiently reducing the magnitude of McICA noise and test these methods in a global NWP version of the UK Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). The resultant errors are put into context by comparison with errors due to the widely used assumption of maximum‐random‐overlap of plane‐parallel homogeneous cloud. For a simple implementation of the McICA scheme, forecasts of near‐surface temperature are found to be worse than those obtained using the plane‐parallel, maximum‐random‐overlap representation of clouds. However, by applying the methods suggested in this article, we can reduce noise enough to give forecasts of near‐surface temperature that are an improvement on the plane‐parallel maximum‐random‐overlap forecasts. We conclude that the McICA scheme can be used to improve the representation of clouds in NWP models, with the provision that the associated noise is sufficiently small. © Crown Copyright 2011. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and tensile properties of crosslinked nanocomposite foams of low‐density polyethylene and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) blends
Authors: Riahinezhad M. , Ghasemi I. , Karrabi M. , Azizi H.
Published: January 2011

This paper studies the morphology and tensile properties of nanocomposite foams of blends of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA). Preparations of LDPE/EVA nanocomposites were conducted in an internal mixer, and then samples were foamed via a batch foaming method. Morphology of the nanocomposite blends and nanocomposite foams was studied by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Morphological observations showed that nanoparticle dispersion in the polymeric matrix was affected by the blend ratio in a way such that EVA‐rich samples had a better dispersion of nanoclay than LDPE‐rich ones. In addition, the tensile properties of the nanocomposite foams were related to different variables such as blend ratio, clay content, and foam density. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Efficient preparation of polymer‐based hollow spheres for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Khalil A.M. , Hamed El‐Nazer H.A. , Badr M.M. , Nada A.A.
Published: January 2011

Titanium dioxide hollow spheres were synthesized by utilizing polystyrene‐co‐methacrylic acid latex particles coated with titanium isopropoxide. Hollow spheres prepared with different ruthenium salt concentrations showed considerable levels of organic pollutant degradation upon UV irradiation. In the present study, methylene blue (MB) was selected as a model for these pollutants. Thus its degradation indicated the activity of the hollow spheres as photocatalysts for decomposing the pollutants. The efficiencies of these photocatalysts were determined in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal. During these experiments, several conditions were monitored such as the effects of pH, ruthenium salt concentration, and initial MB load concentration. The prepared particles were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
SIM‐RIXS: a program to simulate resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering
Authors: Hayashi Hisashi
Published: January 2011

We have developed a program for simulating resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS), SIM‐RIXS that can be run on personal computers with a Microsoft Windows XP/Vista operating system. RIXS primarily reflects lifetime‐broadening‐suppressed (LBS) or lifetime‐broadening‐suppressed state‐selective (LBSS) X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). SIM‐RIXS can convert theoretical LBS/LBSS–XAFS profiles to RIXS spectra, and it can derive an optimal LBS/LBSS–XAFS profile to reproduce experimental RIXS spectra. SIM‐RIXS has three basic modules, and each user‐friendly graphical user interface enables even novices, who are unfamiliar with RIXS analysis, to use this software. In this software, the first module sets conditions using conventional XAFS data; the second module does the same for conventional X‐ray fluorescence data; and the third module is used for RIXS simulation based on the Tulkki–Åberg equation. An example of its application to the EuLγ4RIXS of Eu2O3is presented. SIM‐RIXS can readily provide a basic description of the excitation and emission energy dependence of EuLγ4RIXS, elucidating the existence of the ‘hidden’ peak at 8056 eV in the Eu(III) L1‐XAFS. This demonstrates the usefulness of SIM‐RIXS in RIXS analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The significance of ptolemy's Almagest for its early readers
Authors: Bernard Alain
Published: January 2011

The paper explores the historical reasons why Ptolemy’sAlmagestwas cultivated in Antiquity as a legitimate part of ancient culture. It tries to elucidate first the precise nature of Ptolemy’s project in theAlmagest, its relation to ethics as well as to the particular conception that Ptolemy had of mathematics. It then proposes an explanation for the fact that this treatise, both in Ptolemy's period and afterwards, was studied within the milieu of ancient astrologers.
Une histoire de l'universalité des matrices mathématiques
Authors: Brechenmacher Frédéric
Published: January 2011

La théorie internationale des matrices des années 1930 se nourrit de phénomènes multiples et peut s’analyser en termes de passages au global de pratiques locales manifestant une réappropriation sur le temps court de l’entre-deux-guerres de travaux développés sur un temps long. Cet article questionne la constitution de l’universalité de la terminologie matricielle et s’attache en particulier aux phénomènes collectifs de circulation de textes présentant des aspects culturels propres à des réseaux dont les identités sont complexes.
Bons procédés entre érudits
Authors: Gessner Samuel
Published: January 2011

Cet article met en évidence certaines fonctions de la correspondance scientifique dans la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle. Un professeur de mathématiques à Rome, Antonio Maria Pazzi, envoie un mésolabe à Barbara, humaniste érudit de Venise, accompagné d’une lettre. Barbara l’inclut dans la version latine de son commentaire à Vitruve. L’analyse du contexte de cette publication montre que tous deux font coïncider leurs intentions personnelles et l’idéal du« bien commun», en contribuant à la diffusion de connaissances et de pratiques mathématiques.
La naissance posthume d'Évariste Galois (1811-1832)
Authors: Ehrhardt Caroline
Published: January 2011

La publication des travaux de Galois dans le Journal de Liouville (1846) a été annoncée lors d’un débat entre les académiciens Libri et Liouville, dès 1843. Plutôt que de restreindre cette publication à une étude de controverse, nous voudrions montrer qu’elle s’inscrit dans un contexte plus large de redéfinition de l’algèbre, dont ce débat est un révélateur. Pour comprendre la redécouverte de Galois, il faut l’inscrire dans le temps médian des pratiques et des usages mathématiques.
Levels and growth of specific and general norms for nonviolence among middle school students
Authors: Dymnicki Allison B. , Antônio Tiago , Henry David B.
Published: January 2011

This study examined the levels and growth of specific and general normative beliefs about nonviolence (called norms for nonviolence). The sample consisted of 1254 middle school students from four metropolitan areas who participated in the control condition of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project. We predicted that the association and endorsement of specific and general norms for nonviolence would strengthen over time, levels and growth of norms for nonviolence would be moderated by gender and ethnicity, and norms for nonviolence would be related to youths’ behaviors. Linear mixed models found that levels and direction of growth in specific and general norms varied as a function of gender, age, and ethnicity, providing partial support for our hypotheses. Specific and general norms for nonviolence were also consistently positively related to students’ social skills and negatively related to students’ aggressive behavior. Implications for understanding adolescent development are discussed.
Frequency of chronic pain descriptors: Implications for assessment of pain quality
Authors: Linl Chen‐Ping , Kupperl Amy E. , Gammaitonil Arnold R. , Galerl Bradley S. , Jensenl Mark P.
Published: January 2011

The current study interviewed patients with chronic pain to: (1) identify the most common words used by patients in the samples to describe the “quality” of their pain (i.e. sharp, dull) and (2) evaluate the validity of existing pain quality measures. Two‐hundred and thirteen individuals with pain associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS) were asked to describe their pain. Consistent with previous research that has shown that patients with different types of pain problems describe their pain using different pain quality descriptors, there was variability in the frequency of pain descriptors used by the study participants. For example, patients with SCI and below injury level pain used “burning” more often than patients with SCI and shoulder, arm, or neck pain or patients with MS. Regarding the validity of existing pain measures, only one pain quality measure assessed all 14 of the most common pain descriptors volunteered by the sample. Also, although a number of pain quality measures have been developed to discriminate neuropathic from nociceptive pain, there was surprisingly little overlap in descriptors between these measures. The results of the current study and other studies using similar procedures would be useful for evaluating and developing existing and future pain quality measures.
Nitecapone reduces development and symptoms of neuropathic pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats1
Authors: Kamburl Oleg , Männistöl Pekka T. , Pusal Anne M. , Käenmäkil Mikko , Kalsol Eija A. , Kontinenl Vesa K.
Published: January 2011

Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or malfunctioning of the nervous system. It is fairly common and more resistant to treatment than other types of pain. Since nitecapone, an inhibitor of catechol‐O‐methyl‐transferase (COMT), has decreased neuropathic symptoms in diabetic rats, we studied its effects in another model of neuropathic pain, the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Spinal nerves L5–6 were ligated in male Wistar rats under anaesthesia to produce the SNL model of neuropathic pain. Nitecapone (30 mg/kg,i.p.) or vehicle was administered once daily starting either 1 h before or 2 days after surgery and continued for 14–19 days. Threshold for mechanical allodynia was measured with the digital von Frey test and responses to cold stimuli with the acetone test, before surgery and every other day after it 1 h before drug administration.

Mechanical and cold allodynia developed in all study groups. Both nitecapone treatments significantly reduced mechanical allodynia and withdrawal thresholds were 80–95% higher compared with the control group. In the acetone test, both nitecapone groups also showed less signs of cold allodynia than the control groups. In nitecapone‐naïve animals a single dose of nitecapone also reduced mechanical allodynia on the 14th day after the surgery. Nitecapone reduced the symptoms of neuropathic pain after the SNL, which is in line with the earlier study. Our results suggest that nitecapone and other COMT inhibitors should be studied further in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Clinicopathological findings and disease staging of feline infectious peritonitis: 51 cases from 2003 to 2009 in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Hsien-Ying , Chueh Ling-Ling , Lin Chao-Nan , Su Bi-Ling
Published: January 2011

Fifty-one cats histopathologically confirmed to have been naturally infected by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), were collected to analyse the clinical and laboratory findings and to characterise disease staging. Effusive FIP was found in 33 cats, non-effusive FIP in 12 cats, and mixed-type in six cats. Highly significant decreases in haematocrit and albumin levels and an increase in total bilirubin level were noted in both effusive and non-effusive FIP, at first presentation and before death. In serial blood examinations of the effusive group, anaemia and increases in bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed from 2 weeks to 0–3 days before death. The packed cell volume, bilirubin, AST, potassium, and sodium levels were established to predict disease staging and survival time. Cumulative points ranging from 0 to 4, 5 to 11 and excess of 12, indicate that the cat can survive for at least 2 weeks, less than 2 weeks and less than 3 days, respectively.
The Twelve-Note Music of Anton Webern
Authors: Bailey Kathryn
Published: January 2011

This important new study reassesses the position of Anton Webern in twentieth-century music. The twelve-note method of composition adopted by Anton Webern had profound consequences for composers of the next generation such as Stockhausen and Boulez, who saw Webern's music as revolutionary. In her detailed analyses, however, Professor Bailey demonstrates a fundamentally traditional aspect to Webern's creativity, when describing his own music. Professor Bailey analyses all Webern's twelve-note works (from Op. 17 to Op. 31) i.e. the instrumental and vocal music written between 1924 and 1943. These analyses draw on sketch material recently made available at the Paul Sacher Foundation in Basel and include transcriptions of little-known drafts and sketches. A most valuable aspect of the book is the inclusion in appendices of such materials as a complete explanation of the row content of each work, the correct prime form of each of the rows from Op. 20 onwards, with a matrix constructed for each, and exhaustive row analyses.
Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government
Authors: Elton G. R.
Published: January 2011

The papers collected in these volumes revolve around the political, constitutional and personal problems of the English government between the end of the fifteenth-century civil wars and the beginning of those of the seventeenth century. Previously published in a great variety of places, none of them appeared in book form before. They are arranged in four groups (Tudor Politics and Tudor Government in Volume I, Parliament and Political Thought in Volume II) but these groups interlock. Though written in the course of some two decades, all the pieces bear variously on the same body of major issues and often illuminate details only touched upon in Professor Elton's books. Several investigate the received preconceptions of historians and suggest new ways of approaching familiar subjects. They are reprinted unaltered, but some new footnotes have been added to correct errors and draw attention to later developments.
Evolution and Religion
Authors: Beecher Henry Ward
Published: January 2011

Henry Ward Beecher, a nineteenth-century American Congregationalist pastor and journal editor, was a renowned public speaker active in campaigns against slavery and for social reform. He was an advocate of the theory of evolution and firmly believed that Christianity should adapt itself in the face of change. Volume 1 of Evolution and Religion (published in two volumes in 1885, two years before his death) is a compilation of his lectures defending the science of evolution. In them, he discusses the implications of the 'new' evolutionary philosophy for various key Christian doctrines such as the divine nature, human sinfulness, the inspiration of the Bible, and divine providence, and asserts that change will only help and not hinder religious thought. Beecher's charisma, enthusiasm and flamboyant oratory is evident even in print, and this book stands as a lasting testimony to this influential activist and thinker.
A Full and Exact Collation of About Twenty Greek Manuscripts of the Holy Gospels
Authors: Scrivener Frederick Henry Ambrose
Published: January 2011

The first major publication by the distinguished biblical scholar Frederick Henry Scrivener, this is a collation of twenty-three Greek manuscripts of the gospels. The Greek text is preceded by detailed introductory chapters in English, illustrating Scrivener's criteria for selecting the manuscripts, the methods he adopted to edit and collate the texts, and his critique of contemporary biblical scholarship. The introduction also provides comprehensive background information for each of the manuscripts, including details on location, condition and the likely date of origin, and offering valuable context for any study of the texts. First published in 1853, at a time when many ancient manuscripts were being rediscovered, this landmark book will fascinate all those interested in biblical textual studies and the history of the Greek Bible.
Hegel on the Modern Arts
Authors: Rutter Benjamin
Published: January 2011

Debates over the 'end of art' have tended to obscure Hegel's work on the arts themselves. Benjamin Rutter opens this study with a defence of art's indispensability to Hegel's conception of modernity; he then seeks to reorient discussion toward the distinctive values of painting, poetry, and the novel. Working carefully through Hegel's four lecture series on aesthetics, he identifies the expressive possibilities particular to each medium. Thus, Dutch genre scenes animate the everyday with an appearance of vitality; metaphor frees language from prose; and Goethe's lyrics revive the banal routines of love with imagination and wit. Rutter's important study reconstructs Hegel's view not only of modern art but of modern life and will appeal to philosophers, literary theorists, and art historians alike.
The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy
Authors: Papadopoulos Anestis S.
Published: January 2011

Modern competition law was first employed by countries over one hundred years ago in order to address issues relating to restrictions of trade at the national level. Recent international economic integration has weakened the distinction between the domestic and the international in several fields of economic activity, and consequently the laws which regulate such activity, competition law included. Several attempts to address the paradox of adopting national competition rules to address international issues have been made at the international, regional and (lately) bilateral levels. This book discusses the international dimension of EU competition law, and examines the position taken by the EU in four distinct categories of international agreements which are devoted to competition or include competition provisions. In particular, it analyses the EU's position with regard to bilateral enforcement cooperation agreements, bilateral free trade agreements, plurilateral-regional agreements and the long negotiations for the adoption of a multilateral competition regime.
Guide to the Psychiatry of Old Age
Authors: Ames David , Chiu Edmond , Lindesay James , Shulman Kenneth I.
Published: January 2011

With rapid ageing of the world's population, psychiatry of old age has become a crucial discipline. This succinct guide to the scope and practice of the psychiatry of old age provides an up-to-date summary of existing knowledge, best practice and future challenges for the specialty, from a global perspective. From definitions and demography to epidemiology, aetiology, and principles of assessment, diagnosis and management, each chapter is sharp, clear and practical, enhanced by tables and diagrams for quick assimilation and reference on the ward or in the clinic. As well as the main psychiatric conditions encountered in old age, coverage also includes legal and ethical issues, and the neglected topic of alcohol and drug abuse in the elderly. Written by leading clinicians, teachers and researchers and offering a much-needed international focus, this compact guide is essential reading for practising psychiatrists and geriatricians, as well as trainees, nurses and medical students.
From Current Algebra to Quantum Chromodynamics
Authors: Cao Tian Yu
Published: January 2011

The advent of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the early 1970s was one of the most important events in twentieth-century science. This book examines the conceptual steps that were crucial to the rise of QCD, placing them in historical context against the background of debates that were ongoing between the bootstrap approach and composite modeling, and between mathematical and realistic conceptions of quarks. It explains the origins of QCD in current algebra and its development through high-energy experiments, model-building, mathematical analysis and conceptual synthesis. Addressing a range of complex physical, philosophical and historiographical issues in detail, this book will interest graduate students and researchers in physics and in the history and philosophy of science.
The Treatment of Drinking Problems
Authors: Marshall E. Jane , Humphreys Keith , Ball David M. , Edwards Griffith
Published: January 2011

The Treatment of Drinking Problems has become the definitive text in the field of alcohol problems. It addresses the frontline realities of clinical practice in an informed and empathetic way, whilst grounding this approach in critical scientific review. Now in its fifth edition, the text has been thoroughly revised and updated with new sections covering interventions for hazardous and harmful drinking, dependent drinking, and the different settings in which alcohol problems are encountered. Clinical vignettes are used throughout the text to bring the discussion to life and to address the frontline realities of clinical practice. This is a highly readable and practical guide for anyone, generalist or specialist, treating or caring for someone with an alcohol problem.
Turbulence and Shell Models
Authors: Ditlevsen Peter D.
Published: January 2011

Turbulence is a huge subject of ongoing research. This book bridges the modern development in dynamical systems theory and the theory of fully developed turbulence. Many solved and unsolved problems in turbulence have equivalencies in simple dynamical models, which are much easier to handle analytically and numerically. This book gives a modern view of the subject by first giving the essentials of the theory of turbulence before moving on to shell models. These show much of the same complex behaviour as fluid turbulence, but are much easier to handle analytically and numerically. Any necessary maths is explained and self-contained, making this book ideal for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, as well as researchers and professionals, wanting to understand the basics of fully developed turbulence.
Effect of freezing on the rheological, chemical and colour properties of Serpa cheese
Authors: Alvarenga Nuno , Canada João , Sousa Isabel
Published: January 2011

The effect of freezing on the properties of a raw ewes’-milk semi-soft cheese (Serpa cheese) was studied using small amplitude oscillatory (SAOS) and texture measurements, colour and chemical parameters. The freezing was introduced at three different stages of the ripening process (28, 35 and 42 days), and the cheeses were maintained frozen for 12 months. Cheeses were submitted to a slow or fast freezing method, and to different storage temperatures: −10 and −20°C (three replicates for each set conditions). Chemical data showed that only the proteolysis indicators exhibited differences between frozen and non-frozen samples; frozen samples showed higher values of NPN than the non-frozen samples, indicating that the freezing process did not prevent the secondary proteolysis of cheese. Frozen samples showed a significantly (P<0·05) stronger structure than the non-frozen, as indicated by hardness. However, the differences between the frozen and non-frozen samples were not significantly for storage modulus (G′1Hz) and loss tangent (tan δ1Hz) (P>0·05). Freezing affected mainly colour parameters: frozen samples were more luminous, and more yellow-green. The results allowed us to conclude that the damages caused by freezing to cheese properties could be minimized if this type of storage is introduced at the end of ripening (42 d) using a freezing temperature of −20°C.
Does Informed Consent Have an Expiry Date? A Critical Reappraisal of Informed Consent as a Process
Authors: HELGESSON GERT , ERIKSSON STEFAN
Published: January 2011

Informed consent is central to modern research ethics. Informed consent procedures have mainly been justified in terms of respect for autonomy, the core idea being that it should be every competent individual’s right to decide for herself whether or not to participate in scientific studies. A number of conditions are normally raised with regard to morally valid informed consent. These include that potential research subjects get adequate information, understand those aspects that are relevant to them, and, based on that information, make a voluntary decision whether or not to participate. These conditions are meant to guarantee that participation is genuinely the individual’s own choice and is coherent with his or her authentic interests.
“Any Sane Person”: Race, Rights, and Tribal Sovereignty in the Construction of the Dawes Rolls for the Choctaw Nation
Authors: Osburn Katherine M.B.
Published: January 2011

This paper explores the role of race in the construction of tribal rolls for the Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory under the Dawes Act. Examination of two examples, enrollment of Choctaws in Mississippi and arguments presented in the 1907 hearings before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on the status of Choctaws of Indian and African American heritage, demonstrates that policymakers' primary concern in deciding the fate of mixedrace individuals was not the determination of Indian blood, so as to enroll them, but of African American blood, so as to exclude them. With this approach, members of the Dawes Commission used Indian policy to uphold the color line. The Choctaw Nation also drew sharp racial lines. Their concern, however, was not racial purity, but citizenship and tribal sovereignty. Attorneys for the mixed-blood claimants proffered a definition which they believed to be biological—they focused on their clients' percentage of Indian blood—while the Choctaw Nation's lawyers held to a political and legal definition embedded in notions of children's legitimacy, as granted through marriages sanctioned by the Choctaw state. Thus the same racial enrollment policy—exclusion of blacks—served two different functions in the implementation of allotment.