bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of the OGC API Standards for Developing Open Environmental Data in Poland
Authors: Zwirowicz-Rutkowska Agnieszka , Soczewski Paweł
Published: February 2023

The term ‘open data’ is used for data that anyone is free to access, use, modify and share. Two dimensions of data openness are recognized: data must be both legally and technically open. In the area of open spatial data, considered as public data available on the web and the component of the geospatial infrastructures, from the technical point of view providing access to data according to open data principles could be implemented in many different ways, including services, geoportals or bulk access. As the Web of data evolves the spatial data publication issue is essential, but also challenging when considering Web ecosystem. At the same time, the recast Directive (EU) 2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public sector information recommends, and in case high-value datasets to publish data via an application programming interface (API) so as to facilitate the development of internet, mobile and cloud applications based on such data.  The latest best practices OGC, W3C and INSPIRE recommend standards from the OGC APIs group as a modern way of sharing spatial data via the API interface.The first objective of the presentation is to demonstrate the access point to the spatial data of the Polish Environmental Monitoring and National Pollutant Release and Transfer Register implementing the OGC API - Features standard. The second objective is to present the results of the assessment of the environmental geoportal openness and to discuss the concept of ‘open by design’ in the area of spatial data infrastructures development. The presented study adds to comparative analysis of spatial data openness in different countries and also communities dealing with information on the state of the environment, as well as to the experience of geospatial infrastructure development.
Mesozoic structural characteristics and exploration potential of the offshore Indus Basin
Authors: Baohua Lei , Jianming Gong , Jing Liao , Jie Liang , Jianwen Chen , Sen Li
Published: February 2023

Due to the lack of drilling confirmation and the poor imaging quality of the early seismic data in deeper part, there was a great controversy on the understanding of the strata under the Cenozoic in the offshore Indus Basin: some scholars thought that the Deccan volcanic rocks were widely distributed; It is also believed to be Mesozoic sedimentary strata, but its stratigraphic framework, distribution and structural characteristics are not clear. This directly affects the evaluation of exploration potential in this area. Using the latest multi-channel seismic data, we have clearly identified Mesozoic sedimentary strata in the offshore Indus Basin. The offshore Indus basin is composed of the underlying Mesozoic rifting basin and the overlying Cenozoic passive continental margin sedimentary basin. It is a two-stage superimposed basin developed on the stretched and thinned crust of the Indian plate, drifting from the southern hemisphere to the present position together with the Indian continent. Through correlation of sea and land strata, it is found that the Mesozoic offshore Indus Basin is an offshore extension of the lower Indus Basin, and has similar stratigraphic distribution characteristics and structural characteristics to the lower Indus Basin. The correlation of seismic wave sets indicates that the Jurassic, Sembar Formation and Lower Goru Formation of Lower Cretaceous and the Upper Goru Formation of Upper Cretaceous were also deposited in the sea area. The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous have the stratigraphic characteristics of eastern faulted and western overlapped, and the Upper Cretaceous has the characteristics of east-west double faulted. The basin rifting area expanded westward continuously during the Mesozoic. The Mesozoic strata were controlled by nearly N-S trending faults，the northern near-shore strata partially reformed by Cenozoic near E-W fault, and the western strata was influenced by the near N-S uplifting and strike-slip structure of Murray Ridge. The average thickness of Mesozoic strata is about 2000m, and the thickest can reach 12000m. The Mesozoic major depocenter is located in the southeast of the basin, the second one is in the northwest. The favorable structural types such as faulted nose, faulted anticline and anticline are mainly developed. These structures were mainly formed during the late Mesozoic compressive uplift period. Therefore, the Mesozoic in the Offshore Indus Basin has the material basis and structural geological conditions for the formation of oil and gas fields. If the favorable structure in Mesozoic can be configured with the depocenter, it will be conducive to hydrocarbon near-source charging. Like the Lower Indus Basin, the Mesozoic is also a favorable direction for petroleum exploration.
Evaluation and measurement of tropospheric glyoxal retrieved from MAX-DOAS in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Zhang Hairong , Li Ang , Hu Zhaokun
Published: February 2023

We investigated the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of glyoxal through observations over a 23-day period. Sensitivity analysis of simulated and actual observed spectra revealed that the accuracy of glyoxal fitting is primarily controlled by the wavelength range selected. Within the range of 420–459 nm, the value calculated using the simulated spectra was 12.3×1014 molecules/cm2 lower than the actual value, and the results obtained using the actual spectra included a large number of negative values. Overall, the wavelength range has a far stronger influence than other parameters. The wavelength range of 420–459 nm (excluding 442–450 nm) is the most suitable because it ensures minimal influence from interference components in the same wavelength. Within this range, the calculated value of the simulated spectra is the closest to the actual value, with a deviation of only 0.89×1014 molecules/cm2. Therefore, the 420–459 nm range (excluding 442–450 nm) was selected for further observation experiments. The fourth polynomial order was used in DOAS fitting, and constant terms were used to correct the actual spectral offset. In the experiments, the glyoxal slant column density primarily ranged from -4×1015 molecules/cm2 to 8×1015 molecules/cm2, and the near-ground glyoxal concentration ranged from 0.02 to 0.71 ppb. Glyoxal was concentrated below 500 m and the pollution height began to rise around 09:00 and reached the maximum value around 12:00, after which they declined. 
Effect of invasive alien plant species on chir pine forest understory vegetation composition, diversity and soil properties in the central Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Saha Lala , Kumar Shailendra , Joshi Rajendra Kumar , Verma Abhishek K. , Garkoti Satish Chandra
Published: February 2023

Plant invasion has been considered as one of the major threats to biodiversity, soil cycle, ecosystem services and livelihood. In the present study, we have estimated the effect of two invasive alien species, Lantana camara and Ageratina adenophora on the understory vegetation composition, species diversity and soil properties of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forests in the central Himalaya. We have selected three sites (Chanfi, Matial and Mehra) in pine forests and each site was divided into three subsites i.e. non-invaded (NI), L. camara invaded (LI) and A. adenophora invaded (AI). In each subsite, 10 random quadrats for herbs (1 ×1 m) and shrubs (5 ×5 m) were laid down and soil samples were collected seasonally in triplicate from the surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (10–20 and 20–30 cm) depths. The presence of both the invasive species changed species richness, diversity, evenness and caused a 29–40% reduction in native understory herbs and shrubs species number. Shrub density and basal area in NI sites (4200–6960 individual ha-1 and 0.60–0.96 m2 h-1) were 2–3 times lower than LI and AI sites. PCA and correlation analysis were conducted to explore the relationship between soil properties, status (invaded and non-invaded) and soil depths. The soil variables were further compared between status and depth using linear mixed-effect model (LMM) and Tukey’s HSD test. It was found that in LI and AI sites, soil properties such as moisture (Mo), porosity (Po), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), potassium (K), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) were significantly (p <0.05) higher and bulk density (BD) was lower in the surface soil (0–10 cm) than NI site but the difference was less prominent in subsurface (10–20 and 20–30 cm) depths. The results indicated that L. camara and A. adenophora invasion altered vegetation composition and soil properties and develop nutrient-rich substratum which may further promote the invasiveness in chir pine forest. This depletion of native flora and change in soil properties is worrisome for both ecological as well as socio-economical perspectives and needs urgent attention of forest managers and policymakers.
Improvement and verification of urban extreme temperature predictions with satellite and ground observations in Austria (VERITAS-AT)
Authors: Oswald Sandro , Schneider Stefan , Zuvela-Aloise Maja , Hahn Claudia , Wastl Clemens
Published: February 2023

Extreme temperatures, especially long-lasting heat and cold waves in urban areas, lead to thermal stress of the population and increase the number of weather-related health risks and deaths. The observed climate trend and the associated increase of extreme weather events are expected to continue in the future. Thus, the evaluation of urban thermal stress and the associated health effects becomes an important issue for urban planning and risk management. For Austrian cities, an information system for temperature warnings already exists (Weather warnings, ZAMG), which is based on the information of regional weather forecast models. However, this information does not have the required spatial resolution needed to resolve urban structure and thus to account for the urban heat island effect or cold stress situations in winter.The aim of this project is to provide the basis for the improvement of extreme weather/thermal (dis)comfort warning systems in Austrian major cities by using high-resolution weather predictions (100 m). Therefore, the soil model SURFEX (developed by Météo France) coupled with the AROME numerical weather forecast model is applied to selected cities in Austria and used to determine the best model configuration to compute short-term forecasts (+60 hours). This method provides not a full dynamical model, but a way of pyhsical downscaling with height corrections and a high-resolution surface model.In this project, land use parameterization will be updated and improved based on Pan-European High Resolution Layers (e.g. Urban Atlas) of the Copernicus Land Monitoring service in ECOCLIMAP (predefined land use classes for SURFEX). The model output will be verified with in-situ operational and crowd-sourced observations. Furthermore, the results will be compared to the micro-scale urban climate model MUKLIMO_3 from the German Weather Service (100 m) and various thermal infrared (TIR with 150 to 250 m) datasets. The novel modeling approach for simulating thermal stress in urban areas serves as the basis for improving the operational prediction system of extreme temperatures, for optimizing the future extreme weather warning system at the ZAMG, and for decision-making for the involved cities and their stakeholders.
Passion Earth sciences: unforeseen connections and new points of view to promote interest and passion for Earth Sciences
Authors: Occhipinti Susanna
Published: February 2023

This research is the result of in-depth work and surprising discoveries on the founding role that the Earth sciences have had on historical events, social dynamics and impacts on culture, far from the usual perception of this discipline. Everyone knows the determining role of this discipline in the understanding of natural phenomena, in the knowledge of dynamics and natural risks and hazards, of environmental protection towards sustainable development. Yet years of teaching students of all ages, of practical activities and laboratory experiences in the various fields of Earth Sciences, to promote knowledge, interest and, when possible, passion for this fascinating discipline, have shown that, if taught and  transmitted without passion it can remain undeniably, inevitably, boring: a discipline that speaks of stones and catastrophes, complex and complicated.In this research we wanted to highlight a totally different aspect: not so much the richness of themes, of intertwining that the Earth sciences have in various ways with all scientific disciplines, because they are well known to all lovers of the discipline, scientists or enthusiasts, as much as the unpredictable consequences that geological events of all kinds have had on the Earth, on living things, on humankind, our evolution, our history, our culture. Catastrophes then, volcanoes, earthquakes, but also climatic variations, instantaneous or long-lasting events, must therefore be interpreted as causes, unpredictable but indispensable, of events which, at first glance, have nothing to do with earth sciences but which, instead they made the history and culture of humanity.The Earth sciences become, with this different and somewhat unconventional reading, a founding node of different disciplines, a tool for training and growth of skills, hard and soft, a stimulus of ability and curiosity, and hopefully of passion
Stable isotope-based understanding of water fluxes in the critical zone at the forest plot scale under Mediterranean climate
Authors: Alharfouch Loujain , Llorens Pilar , Hidalgo Juan J. , Poyatos Rafael , Saurat Pauline , Latron Jérôme
Published: February 2023

How, why, and what water flows through the soil-plant continuum are quite complex questions that are not yet well understood quantitatively. Soil and plant-induced heterogeneity, soil evaporation, and root water uptake are some of the main controlling factors of water flow dynamics in the soil-plant continuum. Coupling these processes is thus of quite importance to advance our understanding of subsurface mixing and soil-plant interaction and, especially, water sources used by trees. In this study, we combine hydrological and stable water isotopes (2H and 18O) field data in an integrated flow and transport model to investigate which water sources are used up by trees under different wetness conditions.We conducted a field experiment on two sets of three Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) in a forested plot within the Vallcebre research catchments (NE Spain). The experiment was carried out from May to September 2022. We monitored throughfall, sap flow, and dial stem diameter variation, as well as soil water potential and soil water content (in vertical profiles down to 70cm) at high temporal (5min) resolution. Furthermore, we sampled weekly water from the different water pools (throughfall, soil water (bulk and mobile), groundwater, and xylem water (twigs)) for isotopic analysis. The analysis of these data helped in clarifying the interaction between the different water pools and the effect of soil water potential and soil water content dynamics on the isotopic signals in the soil-plant continuum.To further analyze the field data, we developed a numerical model using R-SWMS to simulate the flow in the vadose zone by solving Richards equation coupled with root water uptake, soil evaporation, and isotopic fractionation. To achieve this, we created a 3-D heterogeneous soil matrix that contains a root system. Field data (soil water retention and conductivity curves, initial water content, environmental conditions) from this and previous studies conducted in the catchment were used as the input data. The root system and its hydraulic properties were determined from theoretical values from literature. The isotopic fractionation during evaporation was modelled using the Craig-Gordon model. The model was used to estimate root water uptake distribution, soil water potential, soil water content, and isotopic composition distribution. 
Plastic Mulching Combined with Fertilizer Affects Crop Light Interactions, Soil Temperature, and Maize Yield in Agroforestry Systems
Authors: Wu Lihong , Quan Hao , Feng Hao
Published: February 2023

Agroforestry systems (AFS) have been realized as a sustainable alternative for food production to adopt climate warming, but a quantitative analysis of the radiation use mechanism of converted farmland from previous desert grassland is missing. Thus, this study aimed to assess the dynamics of interception and absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR and fAPAR), intercepted and absorbed radiation use efficiency (RUEi and RUEa), growth and productivity of spring maize grown in AFS. A two-year field experiment was conducted using a factorial combination of two fertilization levels (high and low) and three plastic film mulching (PM) (transparent film, black film, and no film). The observed parameters were: leaf area index (LAI), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), canopy light use characteristics (fIPAR and fAPAR), soil temperature and maize productive performance. We calculated RUEi and RUEa, and quantified the contribution of light use characteristics and net photosynthetic rate (A) to yield. The results showed that fIPAR and fAPAR increased by 3.4–22.2% and 3.4–14.7% in transparent film mulching (TM) and 3.3–15.7% and 3.3–10.6% in black film mulching (BM) from jointing to grain-filling, respectively, relative to no mulching (NM). Nitrogen application positively affected fIPAR and fAPAR. And, we developing an empirical regression function to calculate the canopy fAPAR. The increased soil temperatures under PM advanced crop development. PM improved LAI, SPAD, A and prolonged the grain-filling duration. TM and BM increased RUEi by 11.7% and 4.4% and RUEa by 12.0% and 3.6% relative to NM, respectively. fIPAR and fAPAR had higher proportional contributions to yield than A, which both decreased slightly with increasing nitrogen application. LAI positively correlated with fIPAR, fAPAR, RUEi and RUEa, which were positively correlated with yield. Thus, TM combined with high nitrogen is recommended to produce high yields and resources use efficiency by maintaining high LAI.
Process-based Hydrological Modeling to Analyse Sub-basin Response Under Extreme Rainfall Events in Koyna River Basin, Maharashtra
Authors: Ranjan Rajeev , Keshari Ashok K
Published: February 2023

The understanding of floods has become more complex as the changing climate has made the floods more unpredictable, recurrent, and intensified. The present study focuses on the analysis of behavior of the sub-basins under the extreme rainfall events. For this purpose, an extreme flood event of 2019 in Koyna River Basin located in the Upper Krishna River Basin, Maharashtra was considered. The hydrological responses of the sub-basins of Koyna River basin during this flood event were obtained using a Process-based Soil and Water Assessment (SWAT) hydrological model. The model was configured using the topographical, land use, soil and metrological parameters, respectively. Fathom FABDEM hydrologically corrected DEM were used to delineate the watershed with an outlet near Karad City, just downstream of the Warunji gauging station. The Indian Metrological Department (IMD) 0.250 * 0.250 daily gridded rainfall data and minimum and maximum temperature were used to set up the model. The simulation runs were taken to obtain the responses of the sub-basins for the period of 2016 to 2020.  The study reveals high value of Coefficient of Correlation (R2) being equal to 0.72 indicating that the simulated runoff is closely related with the observed runoff at Warunji Gauging station. The configured hydrological model would be useful in predicting the sub-basin responses under climate change so that the proper planning and preparedness can be made to evolve the robust policies for handling severe floods in the future.Keywords: Climate Change, Extreme events, SWAT, FABDEM, Koyna River.
Assessing the retrieval accuracy of SMOS soil moisture product in a Greek agricultural setting
Authors: Petsini Triantafyllia , Petropoulos George P.
Published: February 2023

Soil moisture is an important parameter of the Earth system and plays a key role in understanding soil-atmosphere interactions through energy balance and the hydrological cycle. Information on its spatiotemporal variability is of crucial importance in several research topics and applications. Remote sensing, today, provides a very promising avenue towards obtaining information on the variability of soil moisture at varying spatial and temporal resolutions. Also, currently, a number of relevant operational products is available from different satellite sensors.The objective of the present study has been to evaluate one such product specifically that from the SMOS satellite in a typical Mediterranean setting located in Greece. In particular, this study examines the agreement of the SMOS soil moisture product with collocated field measurements from the Prefecture of Larisa for calendar year of 2020 acquired from Neuropublic S.A.. The agreement between the two datasets was evaluated on the basis of several statistical measures. Also, the effect of topographical and geomorphological features, land use/cover and the relative satellite orbit type and the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) was examined as part of our analysis.To our knowledge, this study is one of the few providing an insight of the SMOS soil moisture product accuracy in a Greek setting. Findings of our study can provide important insights towards understanding the practical value of such products in agricultural and arid/semi-arid Mediterranean environments such that of Greece and also help efforts directed towards improving their retrieval accuracy.Keywords: soil moisture; operational product; remote sensing; SMOS; validation; agriculture; Mediterranean setting
New perspective on the overturning dynamics in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Han Lei
Published: February 2023

The Indian Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation (IMOC) is well known for its remarkable seasonal variation, which was attributed to Ekman flow plus its barotropic compensation (Lee and Marotzke, 1998). However, by tracking the isopycnal displacement, I defined a  sloshing MOC streamfunction, which was found highly resembling the Eulerian MOC streamfunction (see the attached figure). It was thus concluded that the IMOC is predominantly a sloshing mode, associated with the isopycnal displacement. Recognizing that these isopycnal signals were dominated by the first-baroclinic long Rossby waves, I found the IMOC strength was determined by the zonally-integrated Ekman pumping anomaly. As a result, the deep inflow into the Indian Ocean also had seasonal variation that could be attributed to this sloshing mode of overturning circulation. This could be partly verified by the cross-basin transect survey across 32oS that were fully occupied three times in history. The diffusivity dichotomy problem can be also explained by this new perspective. The importance of the Indian Ocean overturning in the global conveyor-belt was therefore challenged. This result has been published in Han (2021, JPO).
An open source library for environmental isotopic modelling using machine learning techniques
Authors: Hassanzadeh Ashkan , Valdivielso Sonia , Vázquez-Suñé Enric , Criollo Rotman , Corbella Mercè
Published: February 2023

Stable isotopic composition modelling of water is an important part of resource management studies. We present a tool that estimates water stable isotope compositions using discontinuous inputs in time and space through machine learning algorithms. This tool has a multi-stage coupled algorithm that firstly calculates the parameters defined by the user that potentially affect the isotopic composition such as meteorological parameters, then, integrates the results of different parameters and generates the isotopic composition models for each time window. Isocompy time windows can be defined flexibly based on the amount of spatial-temporal properties of the available data. A variety of decision-making algorithms are implemented in this tool as an optional support to the user in different stages: from dataset preprocessing, outlier detection, statistical analysis, feature selection, model validation and calibration to postprocessing. Reports, figures, datasheets and maps could be generated in each step to clarify the underlying processes.All in all, this tool aims (1) to offer an integrated, open-source Python library that is dedicated to the water isotopic composition statistical-regression modelling (2) to potentially improve our understanding of the precipitation stable isotopes by implementing novel machine-learning tools; and (3) to ensure reproducible research in environmental studies.
Seasonal variation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters from Upper Sutlej River Basin: Estimation of the moisture source
Authors: Sharma Kanishak , Gupta Anil Kumar , Tiwari Sameer Kumar , Chatterjee Nikitasha
Published: February 2023

The stable isotopes of water, 18O and 2H, are impacted by climatic events that give them a distinct fingerprint of their source. Investigating the origin of river water requires this fingerprint as a precursor. On an annual basis and at the global level, the flow of moisture from the oceans and its return via rainout and runoff is similar to a dynamic equilibrium. Rivers in the Himalayan region have their moisture source in various end members which include glacier/snow melting, rainfall/runoff, and groundwater/springs. Sutlej River is one such river that travels across the Himalaya and receives its waters from all the aforementioned regions. 105 water samples from 36 different locations have been collected from the Upper Sutlej River Basin in the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and lean seasons to study the isotope system of surface water in the basin. A seasonal cycle with high δ18O and δD values (‰) during the pre-monsoon (March to May; −14.42, −114.94), intermediate values during the winter (lean season) (December to February; −12.63, −105.10), and low values during the post-monsoon (October to November; −12.13, −101.6) is observed. The river falls in the western Himalaya that receives precipitation both from the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) as well as from the Western Disturbances (WDs). The intercept and the d-excess values in the water samples fluctuate due to the variable contributions from these two moisture sources and the related rainfall in different seasons which are generally higher than the global meteoric waters. The 168-hour back trajectories in different seasons using HYSPLIT model converging at a height of 4,200 m a.s.l. (mean elevation of the Upper segment of the catchment) for moisture source identification have shown that winds mainly blow from south or south-east with moisture source from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in summer and monsoon seasons, whereas in winter and spring seasons winds blow mainly from the west bringing moisture from the Central Asian and Eurasian water bodies through Western Disturbances. The results of HYSPLIT model and isotopic analysis indicate a dominant contribution of Western Disturbances and glacier melt in the upper segment of the basin which is consistent with recent data on glacier retreats in the Himalayan region.Keywords: Himalayan Rivers, Sutlej River, Stable Isotopes, Western Disturbances, Indian Summer Monsoon.
From Sea Level Rise to COVID-19: Extending a Bayesian Hierarchical Model to unfamiliar problems with the 4D-Modeller framework
Authors: Aiken John M. , Yin Xueqing , Royston Samantha , Ziegler Yann , Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: February 2023

The recently completed European Research Council project “Global Mass” (www.globalmass.eu) aimed to reconcile the global sea-level budget as measured through a variety of satellite and in-situ data sources using a space-time Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM). The BHM uses Gaussian latent processes to estimate the contribution and uncertainty of different physical processes such as land hydrology, ocean thermal expansion, and glacier melt, to ongoing sea-level rise. Each process has a unique spatial and temporal length scale, which can be provided as a prior or inferred from the observations within the model. The BHM can separate the physical process sources represented in the data, model the stationarity of these processes, and estimate their uncertainty globally. A particular strength of the BHM is its ability to estimate and separate the different processes, from data with disparate spatial and temporal sampling and for observations that are influenced by multiple processes. This is often termed the source separation problem and we utilize novel statistical methods to solve for this and for dimensional reduction to allow the problem to be computationally tractable. We use the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) framework to approximate the observation layer and for the inference itself due to its accuracy and computational speed. The BHM has the potential to address a wider class of spatio-temporal inference problems and here we introduce the model structure (named 4D-modeller) and apply it to new classes of problem to extend its versatility. We apply it to COVID-19 transmittability in England and hydrology uncertainties related to hydropower reservoirs in Norway: problems that span social and physical sciences.  
“Protéger” an integrated project to promote soil bioengineering to protect riverbanks of Guadeloupe
Authors: Evette André , Mira Eléonore , Robert Marie , Rousteau Alain , Tournebize Régis , Labbouz Lucie , Raymond Pierre
Published: February 2023

Within the biodiversity hotspot of the West Indies, Guadeloupe presents a remarkable plant biodiversity. The strong urbanization along its rivers leads to the alarming degradation of their banks through artificialization and proliferation of invasive alien species.Since 2015, the "PROTEGER" project, led by the Guadeloupe National Park and involving INRAE and the University of the West Indies, and funded by the European Union and the French Biodiversity Agency, has been promoting and developing the use of native species and copying natural models to restore riparian ecosystems using soil bioengineering techniques. The first phase of the project (2016-2018) characterized 12 types of Guadeloupe's riparian forests and identified 80 native species potentially suitable for riparian restoration. The second phase of the project (2019-2022) focused on the control of the multiplication of 26 of these species, and their use on bank protection and restoration sites. An experiment on cuttings was conducted on 21 native species (9 tree 4 shrub species; and 8 herbaceous species), another on the germination and growth of seedlings of 5 species of tree legumes. The first soil water bioengineering demonstration projects was implemented along a riverbank through a training course. The third phase to come aims to disseminate the knowledge to local stakeholders and the development of a local economic sector of nurseries and specialized companies.This project allows the improvement of scientific knowledge of Guadeloupean riparian environments and the development of innovative techniques for the restoration and protection of these environments using local plant species. This project associates managers and researchers in a global approach for the development of a sustainable sector of ecological engineering on the Guadeloupean territory.
Understanding Climate Impact and Indoor Emission Nexus: Size Resolved Exfiltration Factor
Authors: Chimurkar Navinya , Phuleria Harish C.
Published: February 2023

One-third of the Indian population relies on biomass for cooking and heating which makes the residential sector a major source of particulate matter (PM)emissions. The climate impact of indoor PM depends on the fraction of particles advecting out of the house, which is either not considered in climate impacts or some thumb rule is used. The removal mechanism can have a distinct impact on different size ranges, thus size-based characterization of exfiltration factor (fraction of particles that are advected outdoors) is very important to underpin accurate climate impact. This study examines the size-dependent ExF of PM and the influence of different parameters such as room size, type of circulation, and ventilation status on exfiltration factor (ExF). CO is used as a reference gas to understand decay associated with the air exchange, while PM removal is considered to be dependent on deposition and air exchange. An Optical Particle Sizer and an Indoor Air Quality Monitor are used for PM and CO real-time measurements. We find a significant difference in PM2.5 ExF during natural (25±7 %) and forced (34±12 %) circulation. PM2.5 ExF was lowest  (i.e. 22%)  when both door and window were closed. Opening the window or both window and door increased the exfiltration slightly (26 and 27 %,  respectively). However, the exposure time to significantly elevated indoor PM levels can vary from 10 mins to 360 mins depending on ventilation, thus health impacts can differ significantly due to ventilation despite having an insignificant change in climate impacts. Size-based ExF for PM0.9, PM2.5, and PM10 ExF were 43±28, 30±9 and 29±9 % respectively.The integration of ExF, total PM emissions, and kitchen-type information would bring more certainty to the climate impact assessment. An extended analysis is underway to understand the importance of room size and shape. Figure 1. The decay of gas and aerosol concentration from the room under different removal mechanisms. (Here, EF stands for emission factor)
Co-thermochemical conversion of coffee grounds and nano Fe(III) oxides to fabricate metal-biochar for the simultaneous removal of Sb(V), Cd(II), and Ni(II) from water
Authors: Cho Dong-Wan , Jang Jeong-Yun , Cheong Youngwook , Yim Gil-Jae
Published: February 2023

Nano Fe(III) oxide (FO) was employed as an additive material for CO2-aided pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and its impacts on the syngas (H2 & CO) generation and biochar adsorption characteristics were examined. Amendment of FO led to 153 and 682% increase of H2 and CO in pyrolytic process of SCG, respectively, which is deemed to arise from enhanced thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and oxygen transfer reaction mediated by FO. Incorporation of FO successfully created porous structure in the produced biochar. The adsorption tests revealed that the biochar exhibited bi-functional capability to remove both positively charged Cd(II) and Ni(II), and negatively charged Sb(V). The adsorption of Cd(II) and Ni(II) was hardly deteriorated in the multiple adsorption cycles, and the adsorption of Sb(V) was further enhanced through formation of surface ternary complexes. The overall results demonstrated nano Fe(III) oxide is a promising amendment material in CO2-aided pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for enhancing syngas generation and producing functional biochar.
The effects of fluid characteristics in immiscible two-phase flow on migration and residual phenomena in heterogeneous pore networks
Authors: Wang Sookyun , Lee Minhee , Kim Seon-Ok
Published: February 2023

Geological CO2 sequestration (GCS) is one of the most promising technologies for mitigating greenhouse-gas emission into the atmosphere. In GCS operations, residual trapping is the most favorable form of trapping mechanism because of its storage security and capacity. This novel storage option for CO2 involves injecting supercritical CO2 (scCO2) into porous formations saturated with pore fluid such as brine and initiate CO2 flooding with immiscible displacement. Despite of significant effects on macroscopic migration and distribution of injected CO2, however, only a limited information is available on the effects of immiscible two-phase flow on dynamic phenomena in microscopic scCO2-brine-glass pore systems. In this study, the effects of hydrodynamic characteristics of two immiscible fluids - carbon dioxide in supercritical phase and porewater - and their interfaces on their migration and distribution patterns in heterogeneous pore networks are investigated. For the purpose, a series of injection experiments were performed using 2D transparent micromodels. The immiscible two-phase flow with displacement and residual phenomena during drainage processes in heterogeneous pore networks were visually observed using a high-resolution microscope and a camera, and the temporal and spatial changes in distribution and saturation of the two immiscible fluids were quantitatively estimated at the pore-scale using image processing. To compare with experimental results and to analyze the phenomena quantitatively, a series of numerical simulations are also carried out. A 2D phase field model is established in the COMSOL Multiphysics platform and is applied to simulate the two-phase flow and immiscible displacement phenomena during drainage processes in pore networks with varying major model parameters such as injection mass flow rates, contact angles, viscosity ratios etc. The experimental observations are used to validate the accuracy of the numerical model. The results from experimental observations and numerical simulations are in good agreement in migration and distribution patterns and can provide important fundamental information on hydrodynamic characteristics of immiscible two-phase flow at pore-scale in porous networks for geological CO2 sequestration.
The infancy of Chinese geoarchaeology: dilemmas from the Quaternary to the Anthropocene
Authors: Zhao Yajing , Zhu Zhicai , Benton Michael J. , Lu Hao
Published: February 2023

The study of some classic cases in archeology could provide key information to track where geoarchaeology came from. Joseph Anderson made great contributions to Chinese archaeology and geoarchaeology from the 1920s to 1940s. Previous academic historical studies reflected particularly on pure archaeological methodology; however, in rare cases there has been a focus on the decisive transition from geology to archaeology. Anderson was one of the pioneers who used his knowledge from field work in Europe and America to inform his geoarchaeological work in China. His earliest geoarchaeological study addressed earlier human-environmental interactions by deploying basic concepts and tools. Anderson combined methods from geology with archaeology in three case studies from the 1920s to the 1940s. He came across three dilemmas: i) Analogy dilemma: homological fossils or multiregional origin of artifacts; ii) Principle dilemma: cross-cutting relationships in stratigraphy or archaeology; iii) Time dilemma: synchronic or diachronic systems. At the time, his conclusions drew massive criticism from some archaeologists, especially because of confusion in terminology or principles arising from immature archaeological methodology and neglect of premises in different disciplines. After the development of stratigraphy in the work of classical archaeology before the 1900s and studies on Quaternary human-environmental interactions during the 1900s to 1920s, Anderson found a means to approach the Anthropocene. In summary, here we review the initial geoarchaeological exploration of China during the 1920s to1940s, which is crucial to better understand archaeological academic history and the early history of the Anthropocene as an independent stratigraphic geological unit.
Numerical Model Based Analysis of River Training and Habitat Structures on River Processes: Straubs Bend of the Missouri River
Authors: Savant Gaurav , Denney Christopher , Brown Gary
Published: February 2023

Habitat structures such as the Interception Rearing Complexes (IRC) are intended to aid endangered species such as the larval pallid sturgeon by increasing the movement of larval sturgeon out of the main river channel and into the channel margin through the construction or modification of river training structures. The studied IRC are designed to create fish pathways that access the lower velocities and generally shallower depths in the channel margin where juvenile sturgeon have a chance to mature in areas with critical food resources. A Two-Dimensional (2D) Adaptive Hydraulics/Sediment Library (AdH/SEDLIB) depth-averaged, shallow-water, finite element model has been created to study the potential effects that the construction of an IRC may have on other factors, such as long-term bed morphology, navigation, velocity distribution, water surface elevations, and potential flood risk. The model simulates a stretch of river under consideration for the construction of IRC structures. First, the model was set up with pre-existing riverbed and structure geometry. The model was validated for a period between 2017-2020. After calibration, the model was run with the implementation of the proposed IRC structure geometry and compared to system behavior without IRC construction. The validated model was used to evaluate the effects of the proposed IRC on other river processes, by performing simulations both with and without the implementation of the IRC and analyzing inter-model comparisons. The presentation will focus on the details of the modeling system including numerics, application and analysis of results.
A Simple Model of Volcanic Aerosol Forcing Against an Idealized Climatological Background in Support of the DOE CLDERA Project
Authors: Hollowed Joseph , Jablonowski Christiane
Published: February 2023

This presentation describes the design and implementation of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) events in an idealized configuration of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv2). These aerosols are implemented as "tracers" within the framework of the climate model, i.e. dimensionless mixing-ratio quantities which are advected with the winds by the model's transport scheme. The spatio-temporal description of the injected tracer species, as well as their chemical interaction and evolution, are encoded as sub-grid parameterizations via a set of simple ODEs. The form of the equations are designed to mimic materials characteristic of stratospheric volcanic eruptions, specifically those chemical species which are known to perturb the Earth system's energy balance, and thus climate (e.g. sulfate aerosols). Here we employ highly-simplified expressions of these processes by coupling the scalar tracer fields directly to the atmosphere's temperature-- an effect that is normally either mediated by complex chemistry, aerosol, and radiation packages, or prescribed without true tracer transport.  We impose this forcing in an idealized atmosphere that lacks almost all other diabatic forcings normally present in a coupled-climate model. In this way, the effect of specific atmospheric dynamics on the temperature response to the aerosols can be isolated. Output products from this model will be used as validation datasets for the climate source-impact attribution tools currently being developed by the United States Department of Energy's (DOE) CLDERA project.
Evaluation of compound dry-hot extremes in summer monsoon in India: Past and Future
Authors: Kumar Nikhil , Kumar Goyal Manish
Published: February 2023

The intensification of the global hydrological cycle has significantly altered the behaviour of climate extremes. Lately, compound extremes i.e. simultaneous occurrence of two or more extremes, have received substantial emphasis because of their larger impact than individual extremes. Therefore, this study evaluates compound dry-hot extremes in summer monsoon season in India for the past and future using advanced statistical (variance transform method and REA- reliability ensemble averaging) and probabilistic methods (copulas). Monthly projections of precipitation/temperature are obtained from multi-modal ensembles of 21 CMIP5 GCMs, constructed using the REA technique. Furthermore, the frequency and spatial extent of monsoonal compound dry-hot events are assessed using a Standardized Compound Event Indicator (SCEI), based on monthly precipitation/temperature, for past (1975-2015)  and future (2025-2095 under RCP8.5). Moreover, vegetation loss estimates (using NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) are evaluated under multiple dry-hot conditions (using SCEI) during 1982-2013 using bivariate copulas. Further, the teleconnections (Nino3.4, PDO, AMO and DMI) with SCEI are assessed using the variance transformation method. The results indicate a rise in dry-hot extremes in the monsoon season during 1975-2015. Due to the adverse impact of such extremes on vegetation, vegetation vulnerability assessment indicate that around 65.70% of the country’s area is prone to vegetation loss under extreme dry-hot conditions. And, it is also found that Nino3.4 (ENSO) is the dominant climate indice influencing SCEI (4 monthly scale), in > 50% of the country. Furthermore, the results show that the frequency and spatial extent of dry-hot extremes are projected to increase in the future (2055-2095), relative to past (1975-2015) across the country. Our study gives an enhanced understanding of dry-hot extremes in monsoon season and can further facilitate an effective adaptation strategy.
Upslope migrating sand waves on sediment-starved shelves: An example from the southeastern continental margin of the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Cukur Deniz , Kong Gee-Soo , Buchs David , Lee Gwang-Soo , Kim Seong-Pil , Um In-Kwon , Chun Jong-Hwa , Horozal Senay
Published: February 2023

An uncharted field of sand waves was discovered in a low-relief submarine canyon incised in the outer shelf on the southeastern continental margin of the Korean Peninsula in water depths of 180–190 m. We characterize the nature and origin of the waves and the sand forming them using sub-bottom chirp profiles, eXpendable bathythermograph (XBT) profile, multibeam echosounder (MBES) data, and sediment samples from four piston cores. Two types of sand waves characterized by distinct height versus wavelength relationships were found in the study area. The sand waves in the upper, narrower part of the shelf-incised canyon are sinuous-crested, with amplitudes of 0.3–2.1 m (mean: ~1 m) and wavelengths of 10–45 m (mean: ~24 m). Their asymmetry indicates migration upslope in a southwesterly direction, opposite to the surface currents. In contrast, the lower part of the canyon that is wider and closer to the margin of the continental shelf hosts nine long (ca. 1 km) curvilinear-crested sand waves with symmetrical crests; these waves likely reflect transient bedforms forming under fluctuating current conditions.
The sediment of the sand waves consists of a variable mixture of siliciclastic and carbonate materials. The carbonate fraction (~22–55%; mean: ~34%) is derived mainly from the remains of bryozoans, bivalves, echinoderms, foraminifers, gastropods, and serpulids. Six bioclasts were dated by the radiocarbon method between ca. 41.3 and 11.8 ka BP. These relatively old ages and palaeontological data supports reworking from a shallow-marine environment during the last glacial transgression and limited sedimentation/sediment supply in the study area. The siliciclastic fraction (~44–79%; mean: ~37%) is composed of rounded to subrounded quartz and feldspar of moderate to good sorting and a mean grain size of ~1.3 phi (medium sand). The uppermost ~30 cm of all the sand wave cores reveals a decrease in the grain size of the siliciclastic fraction coupled with an increase in the carbonate/siliciclastic ratio, suggesting episodic sediment reworking and migration of the sand waves in response to fluctuating bottom currents. The coarser sediment that forms the core of the sand waves records bedload transport during periods of stronger currents. Finer carbonate-rich pelagic sediment (i.e., plankton) accumulated at the top of the sand waves during periods of weaker bottom currents. Significantly, our results show that the grain size and mineralogy of the sediment composing the sand waves are controlled by changes in hydrodynamic conditions. Our study provides novel geomorphological evidence for the influence of SW-flowing cold-water incursions (Korean Strait Bottom Cold Water) on the seafloor sediments.