bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflation, Economic Performance, and Employment Rights
Authors: Deakin Simon , Ewing Keith
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the system of labour law which would be required to underpin an economic strategy aimed at containing inflation and enhancing competitiveness, without having resort to mass, long-term unemployment as an instrument of labour discipline. In addition to there being a good case from the point of view of social justice for the enactment of more effective legal protection for workers, a strong economic case exists for regulation aimed at promoting co-operation between management and labour and enhancing competitiveness by placing incentives on both firms and individuals to invest in labour quality. The basic elements of such a labour law system in Britain would include legal guarantees of work-force representation at the level of the firm, the existence of representative institutions at sector level to regulate working conditions, and the enactment of a comprehensive labour code designed to ensure respect for the basic rights at work of the worker. Particularly important here is the issue of collective bargaining at multi-employer level, which can operate as a mechanism for reducing inflationary pressures.
Devising a Strategy for Pay
Authors: Smith John Grieve
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the 1980s, an observer of the British economic-policy debate might have been forgiven for believing that it was largely a technical tussle between ‘Keynesians’ and ‘monetarists’ about the respective roles of fiscal and monetary policy. But a decade and a half later, the conflict between those who supported the post-war Keynesian consensus and those who sought to overthrow it can be seen to be much more fundamental. For as Beveridge and others clearly foresaw, the maintenance of full employ ment after the war went hand-in-hand with a revolution in the structure of society. In his 1944 Report on Full Employment in a Free Society Beveridge maintained that ‘the labour market should always be a seller’s market rather than a buyer’s market. From this, on the view of society underlying this Report-that society exists for the individual-there is a decisive reason of principle ... A person who cannot sell his labour is in effect told he is of no use.’ Such a change in the balance of power within society would have pervasive effects on the distribution of income and the bargaining power of the trade unions. Beveridge warned of ‘a real danger that sectional wage bargaining, pursued without regard to its effects upon prices, may lead to a vicious spiral of inflation’. As a consequence he maintained that ‘so long as freedom of collective bargaining is maintained, the primary responsibil ity of preventing a full employment policy coming to grief ... will rest on those who conduct the bargaining on behalf of labour’.
Economic Crisis and Health Policy Responses
Authors: MUSGROVE PHILIP
Published: November 2023

‘Health Policy’ is something less well defined and much less quantitative than the phenomena demography normally deals with, so it seems appropriate to begin by explaining just what questions will be treated in what follows. This will also serve to make it clear that the approach of this paper is rather skeptical and conceptual, and has little new empirical information to offer. Economic crisis versus structural adjustment is difficult to distinguish the demographic consequences of structural adjustment from the reactions to the economic crisis which provokes the need for adjustment whether or not that adjustment is part of a formal programmer involving short-term foreign assistance and policy advice from institutions such as the World Bank.
Global Aspects of a Development Strategy
Authors: Mllleron Jean-Claude
Published: November 2023

From the end of World War II until the mid-1960s the United States held a dominant position in the world economy, characterized by its relative importance in world GDP (more than one-third in 1950compared with less than one-fourth today), a system of fixed exchange rates related to gold through the dollar and post-war hegemonic power with respect to Japan and Europe. The Cold War clearly reinforced US leadership within the western hemisphere, and the actions taken by the United States affected-often in a positive way, such as through Marshan Aid-the welfare of the rest of the world much more than any country in the rest of the world could affect the United States. But the progressive emergence of the European Community in the 1950s represents an important step towards more economic and social coordination.
The Rail Industry
Authors: Bradshaw W P
Published: November 2023

The sale of the railways in Britain is the last big network privatization. A major distinction between railways and the other utilities - gas, electric ity, water, and telecommunications-is that their product is not homo geneous. Rail transport and travel are provided in a market which provides highly competitive substitutes, many of which are subject to lighter or, indeed, no regulation. The tax treatment of some of these substitutes also gives rise to distortions. Rail travel has few of the monopoly characteristics to enable it to extract rent from users, and survival of railways depends on substantial and continuing subsidy. Also, coming late in the programme of privatization meant that the experience of regulating other utilities was taken into account in the restructuring of the railways. The Rail Regulator was in place well before the transfer of operations to the private sector took place, and he was able to play a formative role in the development of the new arrangements.
Demobilization: The Dialectics of PLA Troop Reduction
Authors: Shichor Yitzhak
Published: November 2023

In recent years, Western and Asian countries have been warning, and warned, against the so-called “China threat.” These warnings reflect Beijing’s military-related policies, primarily the consistent increase in China’s defence expenditures since the early 1990s, its resumed acquisition of arms from the former Soviet Union, its continued nuclear tests, and its contribution to the proliferation of conventional, semi-conventional and, allegedly, non-conventional weapons. In their repeated at tempts to refute the “China threat” syndrome, Chinese leaders stress, among other things, the 25 per cent cut of about one million troops in the size of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), announced in the mid l 980s. Reportedly slicing it from about 4.2 million to about 3.2 million, this massive demobilization is usually treated, not only by China watch ers but also by the Chinese themselves, as an essential aspect of their ongoing defence reform which goes hand-in-hand with military-to civilian conversion.
Guarding China’s Domestic Front Line: The People’s Armed Police and China’s Stability
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

A single spark can light a prairie fire, Mao Zedong once proclaimed, and China today is as dry as a tinder-box. Rapid economic and social change is undermining the country’s stability. The authorities are struggling to cope with soaring crime, mass rural migration, rising urban unemployment, simmering ethnic discontent and numerous other problems. At the same time, the Communist Party’s legitimacy and organization is crumbling and the ruling elite waits nervously for ailing paramount leader Deng Xiaoping’s death.
Coherence and Limitations of French Industrial Policy during the Boom Period It Was Not So Bad After All
Authors: Mioche Philippe
Published: November 2023

Defined as a part of state economic policy, industrial policy is based on targets which are proposed or imposed on private or nationalized enterprises. This chapter proposes a chronology of the industrial policies conducted in France from 1945 to 1978, during the boom period which followed the Second World War. In particular I will try to evaluate their degree of continuity and coherence, and to characterize their nature.
Introduction
Authors: Ulph A List Air
Published: November 2023

The contributions to this book are the output of a research project which aimed to study two key aspects of the international dimension of environmental policy. First, for trans boundary environmental problems, such as those of climate change and acid rain, it is necessary for countries to engage in some form of international environmental agreement to overcome the well-known incentives for free-riding. Second, even if pollution were an entirely domestic concern, countries are linked through trade, and environmental policies will affect the international competitiveness of particular sectors of an economy. This has led to fears that if governments become concerned about this loss of competitiveness they may set too lax environmental policies, essentially as a form of covert protection. A counter-claim has been that such strategic trade considerations may actually induce governments to set tough environmental policies to give their domestic producers a competitive advantage in developing ‘green’ tech-nologies ahead of their rivals. These two issues are closely linked, since an important consideration for a country deciding whether or not to join an international environmental agreement is the economic cost of having to set tougher environmental policies than at least some other countries, assuming that not all countries join the agreement. The project was designed to develop both theoretical and empirical economic models to explore these issues. For the second set of issues, the innovative feature of the project was that almost all of the extant theoretical and empirical analysis of the link between environmental policy and international trade had assumed competitive markets, and the project aimed to use the developments in the ‘new trade theory’ to reappraise this link for sectors where, because of significant economies of scale, markets were imperfectly competitive. This reappraisal concerns both the size of the impact of environmental policy on competitiveness and the policy implications that have been drawn about the design of environmental policy.
Environmental Regulations and Manufacturing Employment: A Study on Norwegian Micro Data
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Raknerud Arvid
Published: November 2023

Over the last decades there has been increased concern for the environment in several countries. To control harmful emissions, regulators primarily impose environmental standards. While governments can be reluctant-particularly in a situation with high unemployment-to introduce environmental regulations, environmental measures have been welcomed by environmentalists who sometimes even argue that there is no conflict between environmental goals and a low rate of unemployment. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulations on employment by providing an empirical analysis of the relationship between environmental standards and manufacturing employment in Norway.
Trade, Strategic Innovation, and Strategic Environmental Policy: A General Analysis
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Ulph David
Published: November 2023

The recent debates over moves to extend trade liberalization, such as the Uruguay Round, the Single European Market, and especially NAFTA, have featured a number of extreme claims. On the one hand, there have been concerns expressed by envir-onmentalists that such moves will damage the environment. One aspect is that the consequent expansion of consumption, production, and trade will lead to increased pollution and use of scarce natural resources, unless corrective policies are taken. A second aspect, which will be the focus of this chapter, is the fear that in the absence of trade policy instruments governments may seek to distort their environmental policies in order to protect their domestic economies. In the case of pollution related to production processes and methods (PPM in GATT language), this could lead governments to impose too lax a regime of environmental regulation (so-called ‘ecodumping’), for fear that tougher environmental regulation might damage the competitiveness of their domestic economies. This leads to policy suggestions that there should be moves to harmonize environmental regulations across countries, or, if that is not achieved, that countries who impose tighter environmental regulations than their rivals should be able to impose countervailing tariffs on imports from countries with laxer environmental regulations, the tariffs being equal to the difference in abatement costs between the two countries. Not surprisingly, such policies frequently find favour with industries in the traded sector.
The Modern Firm
Authors: Roberts John
Published: November 2023

Business firms around the world are experimenting with new organizational designs, changing their formal architectures, their routines and processes, and their corporate cultures as they seek to improve their current performance and their growth prospects. In the process they are changing the scope of their business operations, redrawing their organization charts, redefining the allocation of decision-making authority and responsibility, revamping the mechanisms for motivating and rewarding people, reconsidering which activities to conduct in-house and which to out-source, redesigning their information systems, and seeking to alter the shared beliefs, values and norms that their people hold. In this book, John Roberts argues that there are predictable, necessary relationships among these changes that will improve performance and growth. The organizations that are successful will establish patterns of fit among the elements of their organizational designs, their competitive strategies and the external environment in which they operate and will go about this in a holistic manner. The Modern Firm develops powerful conceptual frameworks for analyzing the interrelations between organizational design features, competitive strategy and the business environment. Written in a non-technical language, the book is nevertheless based on rigorous modeling and draws on numerous examples from eighteenth century fur trading companies to such modern firms such as BP and Nokia. Finally the book explores why these developments are happening now, pointing to the increase in global competition and changes in technology. Written by one of the world's leading economists and experts on business strategy and organization, The Modern Firm provides new insights into the changes going on in business today and will be of interest to academics, students and managers alike. The Modern Firm was the Economist Best Business Book of the Year 2004.
Key Concepts for Organization Design
Authors: Roberts John
Published: November 2023

The problem of strategic choice and organizational design is, in principle, immensely complex. Selecting a strategy is complex already, but when one considers all the elements of an organization design, the problem becomes mindbogglingly complicated. Indeed, the “rugged landscapes” literature in strategic management (Levinthal 1997) is built around the idea that the problem is arbitrarily com-plicated, essentially without logic or regularity.
Organizing for Growth and Innovation
Authors: Roberts John
Published: November 2023

Delivering current performance may please shareholders, but they are even happier if the firm is not just profitable, but if its profits and profitability are actually increasing. Moreover, the members of the firm are apt to like growth too. Work is more fun in a growing company. Growth means more opportunities for new, exciting assignments and promotions, and unpleasant conflict is lessened, because there can be more for everyone from the ever-bigger pie that is being divided. Yet realizing growth without undercutting current performance and destroying value can be very problematic.
Small Firms in the UK
Authors: Pratten C F
Published: November 2023

The changing role of small firms in the manufacturing sector of the UK economy is of particular interest because the UK was the first country to industrialize and so changes in industrial structure which occurred in Britain may have been, and may in the future be, followed by other countries. Britain’s industrial revolution was a small firms’ phenomenon. The focus of this chapter is to trace the contribution of small firms after the industrial revolution and the reasons for the changing role of small firms. By way of introduction, the first three sections of the chapter outline perceptions of the role of small firms in the literature, summarize data quantifying the actual contribution of small firms to the UK economy, and provide a concise comparison of the changing contribution of small firms in the UK with the position in other countries-Japan, Italy, and the USA. The objective of this first part of the chapter is to identify questions about the role of small firms in the UK. The purpose of the second part of the chapter is to answer the questions identified in the first part. To do this, the contribution of small firms in five industries is examined.
The Development of the Putting-out System in Modern Japan: The Case of the Cotton-Weaving Industry
Authors: Abe Takeshi
Published: November 2023

One of the most important features of the rapid economic growth of modern Japan was dualistic industrial development. Nevertheless, scholars tend to emphasize only the growth of big businesses such as the zaibatsu (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, etc.) and a few cotton-spinning companies (Toyobo, Kanebo, etc.) in consideration of Japanese economic and business history. The indigenous, rural, small- and medium-sized industries, most of which had already developed during the pre-modern era (the Edo period), should also be examined. In early modern Japan, there were innumerable indigenous industries such as weaving, silk-reeling, brewing, ceramics, and paper manufacturing, and they often managed to survive side by side with the growth of modern big businesses. In addition, many indigenous industries even developed along with the modern sectors until the First World War (1914-18). The lower tier of the dual structure was generally composed of industries of this type.
Theories of the Value of Children: A New Approach
Authors: Friedman Debra , Hechter Michael , Kanazawa Satoshi
Published: November 2023

The principal contending approaches in explaining variations in fertility are based on cultural and rational choice premisses. Cultural explanations seek to account for fertility differences on the basis of individuals’ norms and values. These cultural elements evidently vary with respect to fertility across societies, temporal eras, and individuals. To the degree that fertility is controlled either by social pressures or by conscious intentions, cultural approaches would appear to be highly realistic. Their apparent realism comes at a high price, however, for such explanations are often post hoc. Rational choice explanations, using standard value assumptions about wealth maximization, account for fertility on the basis of shifts in opportunity costs. Since, in principle, many different circumstances affect opportunity costs, such explanations are theoretically more elegant. Yet, they are no real help in explaining why people continue to have children in developed societies, where children’s net instrumental value is negative.
Changes in Fertility Values and Behaviour: A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Beets Gijs c. N , Liefbroer aart c. , gierveld jenny
Published: November 2023

The relationship between values and behaviour, including that between fertility values and behaviour, has mainly been studied from two perspectives. The first is macro-sociological in scope, and focuses on cohort-related changes in values and behaviour (Inglehart 1977). Within this approach, dating back to Mannheim (1928), differences between cohorts and between age-groups are attributed to differences in life circumstances during the formative years of the cohorts. These circumstances stamp their attitudes and values during the remaining part of their lives. As a result, population-level changes in values, and resulting changes in behaviour, mainly arise from the process of cohort succession (Ryder 1965). The second perspective is social-psychological in nature, focusing on individual-level effects of values and attitudes on subsequent behaviour.
Mass Communications and Fertility
Authors: Westoff Charles F
Published: November 2023

The power of radio and television to change attitudes and behaviour has long been assumed by advertisers of consumer products and by politicians. Only in recent years, however, has the potential of the media to influence reproductive behaviour been seriously considered. Much of this attention has been directed towards use of the media to communicate information and/or messages about family planning, including some very successful soap operas that extol the advantages of postponing pregnancy and of having fewer children. In some African countries, the subject of AIDS is also highlighted. A body of research is now accumulating that indicates that such media efforts can be quite effective (Westoff and Rodriguez 1995). This is important for family planning objectives because of the wide geographic coverage and the cost-effectiveness of the media.
What do we Know about Asian Population History? Comparisons of Asian and European Research
Authors: Caldwell John C
Published: November 2023

‘Population history’ is probably a broader chronological concept than ‘historical demography’ and allows a closer approach to the present time. As this book shows, this is probably fortunate in terms of our contemporary knowledge of Asia’s demo graphic past. In the West, demographers long regarded their field as restricted to the period when governments collected census information or registered vital events for the whole society; that is, at the most, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries except for parts of Scandinavia for which there are eighteenth-century data from registers.
Cornpetition, Cornpetitiveness, and Enterprise Policies
Authors: Dunford Michael , Louri Helen , Rosenstock Manfred
Published: November 2023

The use of concepts of competitiveness in relation to the performance of regional, national, and supranational economies has been a subject of significant controversy. This controversy has centred on the validity of analogies between microeconomic definitions of competitiveness of enterprises and definitions of the competitiveness of national economies, and it has led to a cetrain degree of convergence between measures ofc01npetitiveness and the 1neasurement of cohesion.

At a microeconomic level, enterprises that are competitive are those that achieve a greater than average improvement in the quality of goods and services and/or a reduction in their relative costs that enable them to increase their profits (revenues-costs) and/ or market share.
Welfare Criteria, Distribution, and Cost-Benefit Analysis* ( I979)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

Tibor Scitovsky’s name is unbreakably linked by ‘welfare criteria’ with those of Kaldor, Hicks, and myself. For this I am partly to blame. He may not therefore agree that this is a very appropriate subject for an essay in his festschrift. But welfare criteria are surely part of welfare economics, and there can be no doubt that this latter is one of the subjects which have been graced by his writing.
Indian Planning, Africa, and Aid (I958-I965)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

The original MIT India Project team consisted of only three members: George Rosen, who was already working closely with the Reserve Bank in Bombay, and Trevor Swan and myself, who were established with an office in New Delhi. Our terms of reference agreed with the Government (that is, the Planning Commission) were very vague, but I think we were supposed to galvanize empir¬ical economic research in liaison with four existing institutions: the National Council of Applied Economic Research under Dr Lokanathan, the Economic Growth Centre of the Delhi School of Economics under V. K. R. V. Rao (both in Delhi), the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta under P. C. Mahalanobis, and the Gokhale Institute in Poona under Dr Gadgil. These terms of reference were totally unrealistic for reasons of time, distance, personality, and lack of any research material. Outside government there were almost no up-to-date figures for anything, and we had neither the time (Swan and I were in India for only nine months) nor the resources to create data. Nor was this what we were sup¬ posed to do.
The OECD: Trade, Industrialization, and Social Cost-Benefit Analysis, ( 1965-1975)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

Shortly after returning to England in 1965, I received a telephone call from Paris asking me to come and submit myself as a candidate for the vice-presidency of the Development Centre of the OECD. I went and, after interviews with Robert Buron, the President, Thorkil Kristensen, the Secretary General, and Philip Tresize, the United States Ambassador, I got the job. I joined in September.
Korea, Taiwan, and the World Bank (I975-I978)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

Returning again to the 1970s, I was invited in 1975 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to form a small team to evaluate the first ADB loan to the Medium Industry Bank (MIB) of the Republic of Korea. My team included Maurice Scott, Sudhir Mulji, and David Watkins of the Manchester Business School. We interviewed and evaluated twenty-eight medium-sized firms, clients of the MIB. My report is unpublished, but a few of the highlights are given in Paper 11, pub¬lished twenty years later.
Public Sector Project Selection in Relation to Indian Development (1969)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

As a result of the influence of input-output analysis, there is a tendency to think that, once the final outputs of an economy-the consumption, investment, and exports-are chosen (from the range of possibilities), then the output of all goods is determined by the set of technical coefficients.
Protection and the Industrialization of Developing Countries (I968)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

I have chosen this subject largely because I organized a research project on industrialization while I was at the OECD Development Centre in Paris. The project concerned seven countries: India, Pakistan, Taiwan, and the Philippines in the East; and Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina in the West. No African countries were included, mainly because, with the exception of Egypt, there is as yet very little experience of industrialization there, and therefore very little to work on.
The Transnational Corporations: The Economics of International Direct Investment (I982)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

If written a dozen years ago, this section would, without change of subject, have been entitled ‘Private Foreign Investment’ (PFI) or ‘Private Overseas Investment’ (POI). Terms were changed in the late 1960s, as authors wanted to emphasize the size and widespread activities of the some 2,000 large corporations that accounted for the bulk of overseas investment, as well as the fact that they might in some measure escape the surveillance of any one nation, and especially the host country. Since, for various reasons, including low real interest rates and risk reduction, foreign corporations often borrowed locally as much as possible and therefore brought in little capital, the change of title was also associated with increased emphasis on the part they played in the transfer of technology and managerial expertise, and in marketing.
Project Appraisal and Planning Twenty Years On (1991)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

In the late 1960s there was considerable development of methods for applying social cost-benefit analysis to investment in developing countries. In the 1970s, these methods began to be applied. From 1974 to 1982 there were massive public sector investment booms in many of the developing countries. It appears that much of this investment yielded little or nothing. Were the methods flawed in principle? Were they ignored? And if so, why? Was the possible effect of project appraisal swamped by unforeseen events that rendered potentially valuable investments useless? We do not provide definitive answers to these questions, but we hope to contribute to their answers by discussing the current state of the theory of project appraisal and the current practice and influence of social cost-benefit analysis, particularly within the World Bank.
Small Manufacturing Enterprises and Employment in Developing Countries (1988)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s a number of international institutions, and development activists, became very concerned that growth in developing countries was not reaching the poor. In particular, industrial development was capital-intensive and absorbed little of the rapidly increasing labour force. An increased demand for unskilled labour was surely an essential component of any programme to alleviate poverty. This concern for employment was soon linked to the advocacy of small-scale enterprises which were widely believed to offer more employment than larger enterprises for any given amount of investment. Some international institutions, including the World Bank, tried to steer more of their loans towards small-scale enterprises; and some developing countries, especially India, intensified measures to support and protect such enterprises.
India’s Economic Reforms, 1991-1996 (1996)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

I am honoured to have been asked to talk about India’s reforms to this gathering. Like me, you may well wonder why, when there are many highly qualified Indians with more intimate knowledge than I of the reforms, and of the political context in which they are embedded. It is sometimes asked what a Martian-presumably unprejudiced-would say if he dropped in. I cannot even qualify as a proper Martian, for I do drop in from time to time, and I may be prejudiced by some knowledge of terrestrial economic systems.
Reflections
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

I make two claims, one minor and one major. The minor claim is that I made some contribution to the philosophy of welfare economics, which served to undermine its excessive pretensions while preserving its essential validity.
An International Role for the Euro?
Authors: Wyplosz Charles
Published: November 2023

The international role of the euro is the hidden agenda of Europe’s long-planned adoption of a single currency. Some Europeans long to regain monetary leadership, either for political symbolism or because they believe that it is financially profitable. Some in the USA are concerned for exactly symmetric reasons. Central bankers, as usual, worry that they may lose control but relish the thought of the impact that their cryptic pronouncements might have on markets all over the world. Markets wonder if there is money to be made by moving faster than officialdom. In the crime and underground business, this may be seen as yet another opportunity for evading detection, although there are risks ahead. This chapter reviews and assesses the so far limited literature on the issue.
Yield Spreads and Optimal Public Debt Management under the Single Currency
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyge
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines issues of optimal debt management and the determinants of default risk on government bonds issued by member countries of the future European Monetary Union. In the context of a theoretical model of public finance, optimal default, and optimal debt management, we discuss how inflation and taxation, default probabilities, and the optimal currency composition of the public debt are affected by EMU.
Leadership and Organizational Learning
Authors: Sadler Philip
Published: November 2023

In the context of increasingly rapid environmental change, the research interests of social scientists from a range of disciplines and schools of thought have converged in the study of the processes by which organizations adapt and change in the face of uncertainty. One stream of research has focused on the role of organizational leadership in these processes; another stream has been concerned with the analysis of the processes involved in organizational learning. The purpose of this chapter is to attempt some integration of these two approaches. Relevant literature and research findings in each field are drawn upon, with special attention being given to the relatively small number of studies that focus specifically on the role of leadership in facilitating organizational learning.
Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management: Perspectives on Measuring Knowledge
Authors: Reinhardt Rudiger , Bornemann Manfred , Pawlowsky Peter , Schneider Ursula
Published: November 2023

There is one leitmotif reflected in many contributions to this handbook, namely, that intangible assets are rapidly becoming an important indicator of the future performance of a country or a company. In Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and other countries, for example, the total investment in intangible assets since the mid-198os has exceeded the investment in physical assets (BMFT 1996; Deiaco, Hornell, and Vickery 1990; OECD 1996). In the United States, expenditures on information technology ($n2 billion) surpassed expenditures for production technology ($107 billion; see Stewart 1997: 21) for the first time in 1991. These figures indicate a growing difference between the market value of a company and the cost of replacing its physical and financial assets.
Barriers to Organizational Learning
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Lenhardt Uwe , Rosenbrock Rolf
Published: November 2023

The literature on organizational learning is dominated by contributions stressing the competitive advantages that organizations can reap from engaging in learning and the rewarding experience employees can expect to enjoy in learning organizations. The tenor of most publications is optimistic, suggesting that learning is a natural, ongoing process or at least that it will progress smoothly through the phases defined by the theories once a learning process has been initiated. In reality, however, organizational learning is neither an effortless nor an automatic process, for the media continues to report regularly on troubled and failing organizations. What, then, are the blockages to organizational learning?
Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

In this major new contribution to a rapidly expanding field, the authors offer an integrated analysis of the wave of management reforms which have swept through so many countries in the last twenty years. The reform trajectories of ten countries are compared, and key differences of approach discussed. Unlike some previous works, this volume affords balanced coverage to the 'New Public Management' (NPM) and the 'non-NPM' or 'reluctant NPM' countries, since it covers Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Unusually, it also includes a preliminary analysis of attempts to improve management within the European Commission.
Politics and Management
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

At this point we shift gear. In chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 we have been engaged in building a model of management reform, classifying key contextual features which differentiate one country’s regime from another, identifying alternative trajectories for change and examining the evidence as to the results of this change. Each of these chapters has therefore been intended to help build up a general picture of what has been happening in the world of public management reform. In the remainder of the book, however, we stand back from this picture in order to reflect upon and interpret some of its broader features.
Trade-Offs, Balances, Limits, Dilemmas and Paradoxes
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

A prominent, but frequently unremarked feature of the public sector reforms of the last twenty years has been a large optimism about the potential of management itself (Pollitt, 1993, pp. 1-5). Few boundaries seem to be envisaged for the exercise of this set of dynamic and purportedly generic skills.
German Department Store Chains from the l920s to the l980s
Authors: Homburg Heidrun
Published: November 2023

Although the ‘modem business enterprise’ constitutes the primary object of the study of modern business history (Chandler and Hikino 1990: 14), large retail firms tend to be ignored, particularly in Germany. In general, business history focuses on the modern industrial enterprise, with modem mass distributors relegated to the status of the insignificant stepchildren at best. If large retail firms are mentioned as a subspecies of the modem business enterprise at all, they do not really attract the scholar’s attention. This neglect reflects a bias towards the study of production in economic history. There are many reasons why business history has evolved in this way, including the lesser innovative power of the distributor. Distributors are limited to organizational innovations. They also experience comparatively lower rates of return in comparison with industry.
Technological Development and Policy Liberalization
Authors: Amann Edmund
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 it was argued that the single most important justification for the development of an indigenous capital goods sector within an LDC emerges from the potential it has to generate and diffuse technological progress throughout the economy through product innovation. Chapter 1 pointed to a number of possible roles for the state that arise in connection with this central justification. Principally, a role for the state was identified in terms of providing direct financial and institutional support for indigenous research and development. Secondly., it was suggested that advantages might stem from governmental regulation of the process of technology transfer between foreign and indigenous enterprises in the sector. Thirdly, an argument was advanced for enhanced tariff and non-tariff protection of the domestic sector. Finally, it was suggested that a role for the state existed in terms of promoting technological progress through the support of user-producer linkages.
Conclusions
Authors: Amann Edmund
Published: November 2023

The discussion so far has aimed to assess the effects of progressive reductions in the role of the state on the development of an advanced industrial sector in an important emerging market economy. Specifically, an attempt has been made to establish the impacts of rapid market liberalization on the competitive performance of the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector through the examination of alterations in static and dynamic efficiency. In doing so, it was hoped that some light could be shed on the theoretical issue of whether a withdrawal of the state would be likely to induce benefits or losses in terms of such efficiencies.
Introduction
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , öm Peter Hagstr
Published: November 2023

This volume is the result of a novel type of partnership between researchers and corporations. The fundamental idea of this partnership was for academics to present preliminary research ideas for a ‘relevance test’ by the firms. Having vetted their early thoughts in this fashion, the participating firms then pro¬vided resources and sites for the ensuing research. The resultant collection of research papers addresses a wide variety of different research topics, and utilizes very different methodologies, but the papers share a number of common themes that have sprung directly from the research programme known as Capability Management in Network Organizations (CaMiNO). While it may seem a little self-indulgent, we will nevertheless use this space to provide some background on the CaMiNO programme.
New Wine in Old Bottles: Information Technology Evolution in Firm Strategy and Structure
Authors: Hagström Peter
Published: November 2023

Are firms inexorably moving into the brave new world of the information society or does information technology merely provide advances-albeit dramatic advances-in firm efficiency? Arguably, if we were to see these views as extremes on a continuum and confine our population to academics, the centre of gravity would be closer to the ‘hype’ side. In firms the situation appears to be more complicated. Painting the picture with broad brush strokes, operational management is likely to lean towards the efficiency side, professionals (in particular within the IT function) are more prone to see the sky as the only limit, while corporate management often finds itself in the role of innocent and incredulous bystander. Stark simplification as this undoubtedly is, it may still be a helpful point of departure when trying to make some sense of the impact on firm strategy and structure of the dizzying development of information technology.
A Class of Tests for Integration and Cointegration
Authors: Stock James H
Published: November 2023

The intellectual architecture of cointegration analysis constitutes a watershed accomplishment of time series econometrics in the 1980s. As of 1980, econometricians confronted several apparently conflicting pieces of evidence about long run relations among time series. It was recognized that many macroeconomic time series exhibit trend-like behavior and have considerable persistence. Granger (1966) expressed this as the series having much of their spectral power at low frequencies, and Nelson and Plosser (1982) argued that this persistence was captured by modeling the series as having a unit autoregressive root (being integrated of order one). But how to model multiple time series in levels remained unclear. On the one hand, regressions involving highly persistent, unrelated series can produce spuriously large correlations and thus can incorrectly appear to be related (Yule, 1926; Granger and New bold, 1974).
Investigating Inflation Transmission by Stages of Processing
Authors: Lee Tae-Hwy , Scott Stuart
Published: November 2023

At the time of the 1973-74 oil price shock, the featured index for the CS Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index program was “All Commodities.” For some time, this index was dominated by effects of oil prices as their effects spread to refined petroleum producers and other producers experiencing higher energy prices. Critics complained that the single summary index gave a very limited picture of what was happening in prices. In 1978, BLS shifted its publication emphasis to a stage of processing (SOP) system. As explained by Gaddie and Zoller (1988):
Residual Variance Estimates and Order Determination in Panels of Intercorrelated Autoregressive Time Series
Authors: Hjellvik Vidar , Tjøstheim Dag
Published: November 2023

For some reason there seems to be a tradition for removing 17t1 thus ignoring the common effects over time and hence effectively the contribution of this term to the intercorrelation across the panel. We claim that the neglect of intercorrelation implied by omitting rJt can in many instances not be justified, and it may have some severe consequences for the estimation of the AR-para­meters of the model. This was demonstrated in Hjellvik and Tjøstheim ( 1999), to which we refer for more details.
Welfare: Towards the Patriotic Corporation
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2023

Imagine that, one day, a corporate manager realizes that she can improve her corporation’s competitiveness by having it enter into certain informal and implicit trust agreements in order to limit competition from businesses outside of those agreements. Moreover, that same day she receives a report about a potential competitor who has developed an innovative new product and decides that the thing to do is to buy them out and then hold the product back, thus ensuring that her own firm’s profits are not jeopardized. Perhaps in a few years, when the current production line has run its course and the factory will be ready to be re-equipped anyways, her company can bring the new product out on the market.
Introduction
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

Politics, in large part, evolves around the making and implementation of authoritative decisions. The classic imperative of ‘who gets what and how’ attains a real meaning only when pertinent decisions are actually executed. Implementation thus constitutes a very crucial dimension of politics as its processes and outcomes may often produce critical effects on the legitimacy of the regime as well as on the political fate of its leadership. Such high political stakes associated with implementation point to an intuitively sensible conclusion that, in order to ensure effective implementation of policy, any political system must operate with some degrees of consent and support from the controlled. And there emerges an acute need for certain rules of co-ordinating disagreement and generating consensus with regard to the way crucial policy decisions are implemented.
Distorted Images and Reputation Repair
Authors: Dukerich Janet M , Carter Suzanne M
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1999 officials of the Coca-Cola Company faced a potentially explosive situation; several people became ill after drinking the Coke brand, leading not only to the biggest recall in its 133-year history, but the forced closure of Coca-Cola plants in Europe for over a week. The incident has been described as a nightmare for the company, ‘which has now discovered that the venerable Coke brand is vulnerable, not just to lapses in quality control that may have led to the contamination of its products but to the shifting perceptions and political sensitivities of its customers’ (Cowell 1999).
Introduction
Authors: Scott Allen J
Published: November 2023

Globalization is both a growing force in our daily lives and a subject of rapidly intensifying debate. Much less evident in prevailing discourse, but surely of equal practical significance, is a new regionalism that appears to be on the rise, and that is rooted in a series of dense nodes of human labor and communal life scat tered across the world. The new regionalism stands in opposition to the view of the world as a borderless space of fiows that is sometimes set forth in discus sions of the future course of international development. It does not represent the antithesis of globalization, however, but is its counterpart in a world from which geography has not yet been-and cannot yet be-abolished.
The World Bank and Global City-Regions: Reaching the Poor
Authors: Wolfensohn James d.
Published: November 2023

In my capacity as president of the World Bank, I spend a good deal of my time dealing with issues of city-regions in the developing world. Let me talk for a few minutes about the problems I see in terms of the expansion of our planet, and about the development of global city-regions in that part of the world where I work. I should tell you I had these problems brought home to me very strongly after my last visit to Los Angeles. I came at the invitation of the Cardinal to take a look at the South-Central area of the city. I visited the St Francis Cabrini Com munity Center, which deals with immigrants, and the problems of poverty. Shortly after that I went to Honduras, where I visited a center-if that is what it could be called-a sort of dilapidated house that was available to street kids. The kids came in every day, because they had nowhere to live; they left their drugs and their weapons at the door; and there was Father Albert who looked after them. There was also a very tough-looking guy who was there to try to guide and assist them. And he spoke English. So I asked him, “Where did you learn English?” He said, “In South-Central.” I said, “Do you know St Francis Cabrini Community Center?” He said, “Yes, but I didn’t make use of it, so they arrested me and threw me out of the country.” There he was, reformed, telling the kids that if they went down his path the chances were that they would end up in jail. He was telling them that they should not end up in South-Central Los Angeles to make trouble.