bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permeability and Completion Efficiency Determination From Production Data in the Haynesville, Eagle Ford, and Avalon Shales
Authors: Rodrigues E. , Callard J.
Published: October 2012

Production analysis can aid in the determination of formation and stimulation characteristics including permeability, fracture half length, fracture conductivity, and completion efficiency. The time to the end of the infinite acting linear flow combined with the distance between stimulated fracture faces yields permeability. The production analysis method includes three flow regimes; infinite acting linear flow, fracture-fracture interference from evenly spaced fracture stimulation treatments which leads to boundary dominated flow and fracture-fracture interference when fracture stimulation treatments are unevenly spaced.

Production for the uneven or non-uniform spacing situation can provide perforation cluster completion efficiency for plug and perf completions and can be diagnostic in packer ports systems when stimulations are originated at the packer due to packer induced rock failure.

Low completion efficiencies could dictate fewer clusters per stage in future designs. If low completion efficiencies are revealed, increased isolation to maintain actual stimulated fracture face distance may be required. In packer port systems identification of non-design uneven spacing may also warrant increased isolation.

Case studies from three shale reservoirs are included to illustrate the production analysis techniques.
Using Multiple Linear Regression to Model EURs of Horizontal Marcellus Shale Wells
Authors: Cunningham Charles F. , Cooley Lisa , Wozniak Gregory , Pancake Jim
Published: October 2012

EQT Production has been actively drilling the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and West Virginia since 2008. With over 170 producing horizontal wells in the Marcellus, EQT has a significant data set for evaluation using Multiple Linear Regression. A variety of well design parameters can be compared to production in hopes of finding a correlation and identifying what determines a well’s Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR). Some of the most logical parameters to compare include lateral length, lateral azimuth, formation target, formation mineralology and stimulation design. Multiple Linear Regression is a powerful tool for bringing many of these design aspects together for comparison against productivity and can reveal patterns and relationships that may be indiscernible using conventional methods.

A regression software package was used for this study following the Least Squares method. Well EUR was the primary dependent variable throughout the analysis. Each individual dataset consists of wells in close proximity to one another (map quad, county, etc.). Dozens of drilling and completion parameters were compared against the EURs, as independent variables. Multiple iterations of removing and adding specific independent variables led to an optimal EUR model for a particular area.

Four main areas were the focus for the study, and the results have been conclusive. In all areas, treated lateral length exhibited a near-linear relationship with EUR. More specifically, in Area 1, the model exhibited an R-Squared value of 0.97. This was achieved using only three independent variables: treated lateral length, perforation cluster spacing, and lateral spacing. Realistic models were built, with conclusive results, in Areas 2, 3, and 4 using different criteria. Multiple Linear Regression Models can provide extremely important information for field development. Using MLR models, coefficients are obtained for each of the independent variables (i.e. the quantitative effect each parameter has on a well’s EUR). These values can be extended to new areas, and a more accurate EUR can be predicted, often before the well is drilled. In core areas, when an operator is forced to make decisions based on land and drilling constraints, this method can be used to make the best economic decision for drilling and completion design.
A New Simulation-Based Process to Predict the Impact of Hydraulic Fracture Parameters on EUR: A Tight Gas Field Example
Authors: Yetkin C. , Firincioglu T. , Haney A. M.
Published: October 2012

This study develops a process that determines the critical hydraulic fracture parameters and quantifies their impact on the EUR by combining reservoir simulation with probabilistic analysis methods. The process is verified by a real field case example in a tight gas reservoir. The final product can be applied to other unconventional reservoirs to ultimately maximize revenues by planning superior fracturing operations and optimizing well spacing.

A detailed dual porosity, 1 section reservoir model was created and history matched to model the flow mechanism. A fine layered (2-3ft) geostatistical model was utilized in simulation without upscaling. The dual porosity formulation enabled the simulation model to represent the hydraulic fracture - matrix interaction properly so that the flowback and formation water production could be matched also.

During the history matching phase, the parameters that control the impact of hydraulic fractures on the recovery were identified as follows:Matrix-fracture exchange: this parameter represents the complexity of the fractures and is controlled by the surface area created during hydraulic fracturing.Fracture conductivity: this is effectively the permeability of the hydraulic fractureHalf length: this parameter impacts the extent of the hydraulic fracture, therefore the amount of matrix that has been accessed.Job size: The size of the frac fluid volume injected during the hydraulic fracturing process

In this work, an internal proprietary technology that creates a response surface for the combination of the parameters defined above was utilized. This technology utilizes Experimental Design, Response Surfaces and Constrained Monte Carlo. The history matched simulation model was automatically modified to create the necessary cases to calculate a multi-dimensional response surface. The created response surface was then used to do Monte Carlo simulations to create P10 to P90 probabilities of the total gas production (EUR).

The results of the study allowed us to understand not only the mechanisms operating in the reservoir being studied, but also the required hydraulic fracture parameters (ranges) to achieve a given EUR of a specific probability. The same algorithms were then be used to predict the future performance of other well spacing patterns and hydraulic fracture job sizes.
New Slurry Design Concepts Using Multifunctional Additives to Improve Quality and Sustainability of Cementing Systems for Zonal Isolation
Authors: Brandl A. , Narvaez G. G. , Bray W. S.
Published: October 2012

The benefits of a new class of a multifunctional cement additive and the performance of the resulting cementing systems are evaluated in comparison to conventional slurry designs used for cementing wells in the Northeastern U.S. Cement testing procedures, lab test results, logistical and operational aspects, economical and ecological balances, chemical footprints of slurry designs are presented and discussed. The tested multifunctional additive can fully replace at least 4 different additives (extender, suspending agent, free fluid, fluid loss, and gas control additive) to achieve the desired performances and so simplify cement slurry designs. The multifunctional additive in this study also exhibits delayed hydration, which facilitates surface mixing and generates desired high viscosity over time, minimizing settling issues in horizontal wells during placement. The innovative cement design concept using a multifunctional additive reduce the number and loadings of chemical additives required to adjust the performance of cement slurries, thereby improving economics, reducing the chemical footprint, and simplifying logistics and operations.
Inverse Estimation of Soil Hydraulic and Root Distribution Parameters from Lysimeter Data
Authors: Schelle Henrike , Iden Sascha C. , Fank Johann , Durner Wolfgang
Published: October 2012

We investigated the feasibility of simultaneous identification of soil hydraulic and root‐distribution parameters by inverse simulation of soil water flow in monolithic lysimeters under atmospheric boundary conditions using the Richards equation and a macroscopic root water uptake model. Weighable lysimeters are powerful test systems for this purpose because the boundary fluxes (precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, and seepage across the bottom) can be determined very precisely. We analyzed the amount of information needed for the unique identification of parameters and investigated the magnitude of their uncertainties. First, we examined synthetic data sets for different scenarios and instrumentation campaigns that differed in their information content and complexity of soil properties. Atmospheric boundary conditions as measured at the lysimeter station in Wagna, Austria, were used as forcing data. The results show that for homogeneous profiles, cumulative outflow and profile‐averaged water content data contain enough system information to allow the simultaneous estimation of soil hydraulic properties and root‐distribution parameters. In contrast, for soil profiles consisting of two layers, unique soil hydraulic parameters and the correct rooting depth could only be estimated if matric potential measurements from both layers were included in the objective function. Finally, soil hydraulic properties of the grass‐reference lysimeter in Wagna were estimated using real measurements. Water dynamics in the lysimeter could be described well by an effective parameterization assuming a homogeneous soil profile. Furthermore, the system behavior under different boundary conditions could be predicted adequately with the estimated parameters. This demonstrates the usefulness of the identified system properties for predictive modeling.
A conceptual framework for addressing complexity and unfolding transition dynamics when developing sustainable adaption strategies in urban water management
Authors: Fratini C. F. , Elle M. , Jensen M. B. , Mikkelsen P. S.
Published: October 2012

To achieve a successful and sustainable adaptation to climate change we need to transform the way we think about change. Much water management research has focused on technical innovation with a range of new solutions developed to achieve a ‘more sustainable and integrated urban water management cycle’. But Danish municipalities and utility companies are struggling to bring such solutions into practice. ‘Green infrastructure’, for example, requires the consideration of a larger range of aspects related to the urban context than the traditional urban water system optimization. There is the need for standardized methods and guidelines to organize transdisciplinary processes where different types of knowledge and perspectives are taken into account. On the basis of the macro–meso–micro pattern inspired by complexity science and transition theory, we developed a conceptual framework to organize processes addressing the complexity characterizing urban water management in the context of climate change. In this paper the framework is used to organize a research process aiming at understanding and unfolding urban dynamics for sustainable transition. The final goal is to enable local authorities and utilities to create the basis for managing and catalysing the technical and organizational innovation necessary for a sustainable transition towards climate change adaptation in urban areas.
Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Novel Groundwater Recharge System with Reclaimed Water
Authors: Linlin Wu , Xuan Zhao , Meng Zhang
Published: October 2012

A novel process, enhanced direct injection‐well recharge system (EnDir), can overcome the technical difficulties during the application of conventional surface spreading and has been developed to recharge groundwater with reclaimed water. In this study, removal and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the system were investigated in laboratory‐scale experiments. Results demonstrated that dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential values could be reduced from 6.54 ± 1.30 mg/L and 267.9 ± 24.3 µg/L to 1.59 ± 0.64 mg/L and 104.5 ± 10.2 µg/L, respectively, as a result of DOM biodegradation in the aerobic short‐term vadose soil treatment. Fluorescence spectra showed that aromatic protein‐like substances and soluble microbial byproducts could be removed, to a great extent, in the soil system. Despite different removal efficiencies of DOM in different molecular weight fractions, the residual DOM was composed mainly of fulvic acid‐like and humic acid‐like substances, with molecular weights of 500 Da to 1 kDa.
The Population Dynamics of Nitrifiers in Ammonium‐Rich Systems
Authors: Raszka Anna , Surmacz‐Górska Joanna , Żabczyński Sebastian , Miksch Korneliusz
Published: October 2012

Non‐optimal pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, the presence of toxic substances, or the influence of grazers are known to cause disturbances in nitrification. Because activated sludge is a mixture of different organisms, bacteria, and higher organisms, the stability of processes such as carbon removal, nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation depends on a range of interactions. These interactions occur both between and within trophic levels. Understanding of the ecology of microorganisms involved in bioprocesses is essential for effective control of startup and operation of a particular process. The aim of the study was to gain further insight into the dynamics of nitrifiers in activated sludge at various sludge ages while treating higher concentrations of ammonium. The results confirmed the importance of Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrobacter sp. as the dominant nitrifiers responsible for nitritation and nitratation, respectively, in the presence of unlimited ammonium. The size of the dominant bacteria colony was larger compared to the other species present and reached 25 µm. Problems with nitrification occurred in all high‐ammonium loaded reactors. The dynamics of nitrifier population was monitored by oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using a test enabling the OUR measurement separately for ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The results reveal the hypersensitivity of nitrifiers to the substrate and products of incomplete nitrification.
N2O Emissions: Modeling the Effect of Process Configuration and Diurnal Loading Patterns
Authors: Houweling Dwight , Wunderlin Pascal , Dold Peter , Bye Chris , Joss Adriano , Siegrist Hansruedi
Published: October 2012

The objective of this research was to develop a mechanistic model for quantifying N2O emissions from activated sludge plants and demonstrate how this may be used to evaluate the effects of process configuration and diurnal loading patterns. The model describes the mechanistic link between the factors recognized to correlate positively with N2O emissions. The primary factors are the presence of ammonia and nitrite accumulation. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations also may be implicated through differential impacts on ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) versus nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity. Factors promoting N2O emissions at treatment plants are discussed below. The model was applied to data from laboratory and pilot‐scale systems. From a practical standpoint, plant configuration (e.g., plug‐flow versus complete‐mix), influent loading patterns (and peak load), and certain operating strategies (e.g., handling of return streams) are all important in determining N2O emissions.
Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater—Expert Survey on Present Use and Future Potential
Authors: Sartorius Christan , von Horn Jana , Tettenborn Felix
Published: October 2012

Today, a variety of different approaches to the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater, sludge, and sludge ash exist. These approaches differ basically by the origin of the used matter (wastewater, sludge liquor, fermented or nonfermented sludge ash) and the process (precipitation, wet‐chemical extraction, and thermal treatment). To rate them according to their characteristics, the latter were phrased as hypotheses and subjected to an international expert survey. The survey showed that phosphorus recovery is expected to become an established process over the next 20 years in industrialized countries for economic reasons. A decisive aspect in this regard will be the quality of the produced fertilizer. Simple technologies such as the recovery from sludge liquor seem to be preferred. If sludge is incinerated, phosphorus recycling from ash then becomes more interesting and has to be considered. Phosphorus recovery and source‐separating sanitation technologies are more appropriate for industrialized countries than for developing countries. Because the growing awareness of environmental issues will prevent sludge from being used agriculturally in an increasing number of countries in the next decade, the market potential for nutrient recovery technologies will increase in the immediate future.
Trace Metal Accumulation in Sediments and Benthic Macroinvertebrates before and after Maintenance of a Constructed Wetland
Authors: O'Connor Thomas P. , Muthukrishnan Swarna , Barshatzky Kristen , Wallace William
Published: October 2012

Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) require regular maintenance. The impact on trace metal concentrations in a constructed stormwater wetland BMP on Staten Island, New York, was investigated by analyzing sediment concentrations and tissue residues of the dominant macroinvertebrates (Tubifex tubifex) prior and subsequent to maintenance. Trace metal concentrations were assessed using standard serial extraction (for sediment) and acid digestion (for tissue burdens) techniques, followed by quantitative determination using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, respectively. The results suggest that disturbance of sediment during maintenance of the BMP resulted in an increase in the most mobile fraction of trace metals, especially those associated with finer grained sediments (< 63 µm), and as a consequence, measured metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates increased. Regressions of a subset of metal concentrations (copper, lead, and zinc) in sediment and the macroinvertebrate tissue burden samples generally increased as a result of maintenance. A follow‐up sampling event 9 months after maintenance demonstrated that the most readily available form of trace metal in the BMP was reduced, which supports (1) long‐term sequestration of metals in the BMP and (2) that elevated bioavailability following maintenance was potentially a transient feature of the disturbance. This study suggests that in the long‐term, performing sediment removal might help reduce bioavailability of trace metal concentrations in both the BMP and the receiving water to which a BMP discharges. However, alternative practices might need to be implemented to reduce trace metal bioavailability in the short‐term.
Contrast of Volatile Fatty Acid Driven and Inorganic Acid or Base Driven Phosphorus Release and Uptake in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Randall Andrew A.
Published: October 2012

Addition of an inorganic acid or base was detrimental to net phosphorus removals in short‐term batch experiments, suggesting there might be system upset when pH changes. In contrast, addition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake while maintaining or improving net phosphorus removals. The effect of pH change differed if the acid or base added was inorganic versus organic. Volatile fatty acids that resulted in poly‐3‐hydroxy‐butyrate rather than poly‐3‐hydroxy‐valerate resulted in greater net phosphorus removals, and this corresponded to differences in consumption of reducing equivalents. Acetic acid resulted in improved net phosphorus removal compared to sodium acetate, suggesting that acid forms of VFAs might be superior as supplemental VFAs. It is hypothesized that anaerobic phosphorus release following addition of inorganic acid is primarily a result of phosphorus and proton (H+) symport (excretion from the cell) for pH homeostasis, whereas addition of VFAs results in phosphorus and H+ release to maintain the proton motive force.
Psychagogic art theory
Authors: Draskic-Vicanovic Iva
Published: October 2012

The text represents a specific approach to Gorgias' Praise to Helen. Instead
of considering it as a cradle of art theory of illusion (apate) or some kind
of rhetoric acrobatic feat in which Gorgia praises the blameworthy, author
considers Praise to Helen as first aesthetic text in European philosophy in
which fine arts and poetry had been connected by means of one notion - notion
of psychagogia, and looks upon it as a foundation of art theory that could be
denoted as theory of psychagogia.
How Much Does IFRS Cost? IFRS Adoption and Audit Fees
Authors: De George Emmanuel T. , Ferguson Colin B. , Spear Nasser A.
Published: October 2012

This study provides evidence of a directly observable and significant cost of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption, by examining the fees incurred by firms for the statutory audit of their financial statements at the time of transition. Using a comprehensive dataset of all publicly traded Australian companies, we quantify an economy-wide increase in the mean level of audit costs of 23 percent in the year of IFRS transition. We estimate an abnormal IFRS-related increase in audit costs in excess of 8 percent, beyond the normal yearly fee increases in the pre-IFRS period. Further analysis provides evidence that small firms incur disproportionately higher IFRS-related audit fees. We then survey auditors to construct a firm-specific measure of IFRS audit complexity. Empirical findings suggest that firms with greater exposure to audit complexity exhibit greater increases in compliance costs for the transition to IFRS. Given the renewed debate about whether the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) should mandate IFRS for U.S. firms, our results are of timely importance.

Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper. Survey response data are available from the authors upon request.
Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances
Authors: Kohda Naohisa , Iijima Masahiro , Muguruma Takeshi , Brantley William A. , Ahluwalia Karamdeep S. , Mizoguchi Itaru
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To measure the forces delivered by thermoplastic appliances made from three materials and investigate effects of mechanical properties, material thickness, and amount of activation on orthodontic forces.

Materials and Methods:

Three thermoplastic materials, Duran (Scheu Dental), Erkodur (Erkodent Erich Kopp GmbH), and Hardcast (Scheu Dental), with two different thicknesses were selected. Values of elastic modulus and hardness were obtained from nanoindentation measurements at 28°C. A custom-fabricated system with a force sensor was employed to obtain measurements of in vitro force delivered by the thermoplastic appliances for 0.5-mm and 1.0-mm activation for bodily tooth movement. Experimental results were subjected to several statistical analyses.

Results:

Hardcast had significantly lower elastic modulus and hardness than Duran and Erkodur, whose properties were not significantly different. Appliances fabricated from thicker material (0.75 mm or 0.8 mm) always produced significantly greater force than those fabricated from thinner material (0.4 mm or 0.5 mm). Appliances with 1.0-mm activation produced significantly lower force than those with 0.5-mm activation, except for 0.4-mm thick Hardcast appliances. A strong correlation was found between mechanical properties of the thermoplastic materials and force produced by the appliances.

Conclusions:

Orthodontic forces delivered by thermoplastic appliances depend on the material, thickness, and amount of activation. Mechanical properties of the polymers obtained by nanoindentation testing are predictive of force delivery by these appliances.
Sesamoidectomy for Hallux Sesamoid Fractures
Authors: Bichara David A. , Henn R. Frank , Theodore George H.
Published: October 2012

Background: Hallux sesamoid fractures are challenging to treat. Symptomatic nonunion is a common problem after nonoperative treatment. Surgical fixation of the fracture can result in successful union, but is technically challenging and can be associated with prolonged return to activities (RTA). Sesamoidectomy is an alternative surgical option that may provide reliable outcomes and allow an earlier RTA in athletes. The purpose of this case-series study was to evaluate a cohort of athletic patients with a hallucal sesamoid fracture treated with sesamoidectomy. Methods: A total of 24 patients with 24 sesamoid fractures that failed to respond to nonoperative measures were treated surgically with sesamoidectomy. Patients’ age, level of activity, fractured bone, surgical approach, time required to RTA, and postoperative complications were recorded. Pre- and postoperative pain was assessed with a visual analog scale ranging from zero (no pain) to 10 (intense pain). Five patients were classified as elite athletes playing at an intercollegiate level and 19 were classified as active individuals performing an athletic activity at least three times per week. The mean patient age was 32.2 ± 10.4 (range, 17 to 54) years. The 24 patients were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 35 ± 21 (range, 8 to 70) months. Results: A total of 22/24 patients (91.6%) returned to activities at a mean time of 11.6 ± 3.87 (range, 8 to 24) weeks. Mean preoperative pain level was 6.2 ± 1.4 and the pain level improved after treatment to a mean of 0.7 ± 1. One patient developed a symptomatic hallux valgus deformity after the resection of the medial sesamoid. Conclusions: This case series demonstrates good results after sesamoidectomy for sesamoid fractures in athletic individuals with reliable pain relief and RTA within 11.6 weeks. Progressive hallux valgus remains a concern after medial sesamoidectomy, with an incidence of 1 in 24 cases in this study.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Complications of Suture Button Ankle Syndesmosis Stabilization with Modifications of Surgical Technique
Authors: Storey Phil , Gadd Richard J. , Blundell Chris , Davies Mark Bowen
Published: October 2012

Background: The TightRope® is a relatively new device designed to stabilize ankle syndesmotic injuries. There are no studies evaluating the clinical effectiveness of this technique and few reports addressing complications and potential modifications to the surgical technique reported in this article. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 102 cases of traumatic ankle syndesmotic stabilization using the TightRope device is presented. Patients were followed up for a median of 85 days after surgery. Results: Eight patients subsequently had the TightRope removed. This was performed for four reasons: osteomyelitis surrounding the implant, painful aseptic osteolysis surrounding the implant, failed stabilization of the syndesmosis, and unexplained pain. Conclusions: On the basis of experience, the authors recommend meticulous attention during the surgical technique. To prevent skin irritation and stitch abscess formation leading to osteomyelitis, the FiberWire loop is best cut with a knife at least 1 cm beyond the knot, allowing the sharp end of the FiberWire to lay flat adjacent to the fibula. Painful aseptic osteolytic reaction to the TightRope necessitates removal. To prevent rediastasis, a small medial incision is recommended for endobutton positioning directly abutting the tibial cortex without soft tissue interposition. Inserting the TightRope through a fibula plate prevents lateral button pull-through and rediastasis.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Efficacy of Corticosteroid Injection versus Size of Plantar Interdigital Neuroma
Authors: Makki Daoud , Haddad Behrooz Z. , Mahmood Ziko , Shahid Muhammad Saleem , Pathak Sandeep , Garnham Ian
Published: October 2012

Background: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the effectiveness of a single ultrasound-guided steroid injection in the treatment of Morton's neuromas and whether the response to injection correlates with the size of the neuroma. Methods: Forty-three patients with clinical features of Morton's neuroma underwent ultrasound scan assessment. Once the lesion was confirmed in the relevant web space, a single corticosteroid injection was given using 40 mg of methylprednisolone along with 1% lidocaine. All scans and injections were performed by a single musculoskeletal radiologist. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the size of the lesion measured on the scan. Group 1 included patients with neuromas of 5 mm or less and group 2 patients had neuromas larger than 5 mm. A visual analog scale (VAS) for pain (scale 0 to 10), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and the Johnson satisfaction scale were used to assess patients before injection and then at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months following the injection. Thirty-nine patients had confirmed neuromas. Group 1 (lesion ≤ 5 mm) included 17 patients (mean age, 30 years) (7 males, 10 females) and group 2 (lesion > 5 mm) had 22 patients (mean age, 33 years) (8 males, 14 females). Results: VAS scores, AOFAS scores, and Johnson scale improved significantly in both groups at 6 weeks ( p < .0001). At 6 months postinjection, this improvement remained significant only in group 1 with all scores ( p < .001). At 12 months, there was no difference between both groups and outcome scores nearly approached preinjection scores. At the final review, two patients in group 1 and four patients in group 2 had severe recurrent symptoms and therefore underwent surgical excision of the neuroma after they rejected the offer for a repeat injection ( p = 0.6). Conclusion: A single ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection resulted in generally short-term pain relief for symptomatic Morton's neuromas. The effectiveness of the injection appears to be more significant and long-lasting for lesions smaller than 5 mm.

Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study
Clinical Tip: Aiming Probe for a Precise Medial Malleolar Osteotomy
Authors: van Bergen Christiaan J.A. , Tuijthof Gabriëlle J.M. , Reilingh Mikel L. , van Dijk C. Niek
Published: October 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Force and Displacement Measurements of the Distal Fibula during Simulated Ankle Loading Tests for High Ankle Sprains
Authors: Markolf Keith L. , Jackson Steven , McAllister David R.
Published: October 2012

Background: Syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains produce disruption of the distal tibiofibular ligaments. Forces on the distal fibula that produce these injuries are unknown. Methods: Twenty-seven fresh-frozen lower extremities were used for this study. A load cell recorded forces acting on the distal fibula from forced ankle dorsiflexion and applied external foot torque; medial-lateral and anterior-posterior displacements of the distal fibula were recorded. Fibular forces and axial displacements were also recorded with applied axial force. Results: During forced ankle dorsiflexion and external foot torque tests, the distal fibula always displaced posteriorly with respect to the tibia with no measurable medial-lateral displacement. With 10 Nm dorsiflexion moment, cutting the tibiofibular ligaments approximately doubled fibular force and displacement values. Cutting the tibiofibular ligaments significantly increased fibular displacement from applied external foot torque. Fibular forces and axial displacements from applied axial weight-bearing force were highest with the foot dorsiflexed. The highest mean fibular force in the study (271.9 N) occurred with 10 Nm external foot torque applied to a dorsiflexed foot under 1000 N axial force. Conclusions: Two important modes of loading that could produce high ankle sprains were identified: forced ankle dorsiflexion and external foot torque applied to a dorsiflexed ankle loaded with axial force. The distal tibiofibular ligaments restrained fibular displacement during these tests. Clinical Relevance: Residual mortise widening observed at surgery may be the result of tibiofibular ligament injuries caused by posterior displacement of the fibula. Therefore, a syndesmosis screw used to fix the fibula would be subjected to posterior bending forces from these loading modes. Ankle bracing to prevent extreme ankle dorsiflexion during rehabilitation may be advisable to prevent excessive fibular motions that could affect syndesmosis healing.
Use of an Inflatable Pressure Bag Bump for Medial and Lateral Operative Approaches to the Lower Leg
Authors: Abrams Geoffrey D. , Bishop Julius A.
Published: October 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Minimally Invasive Subtalar Arthrodesis with Iliac Crest Autograft through Posterior Arthroscopic Portals: A Technical Note
Authors: Narita Nobuyo , Takao Masato , Innami Ken , Kato Hiroyuki , Matsushita Takashi
Published: October 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Molecular Characterization of Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Nepal
Authors: Thapa B , Tribuddharat C
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Nosocomial Citrobacter spp. is emerging as a successful nosocomial pathogen in neonates in Nepal. The important risk factor being poor infection prevention and control practices. The objective of this study was to investigate the clonal relatedness of Citrobacter freundii isolated from clinical and nonclinical sources in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and to determine the presence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) genes and class 1 integron element. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) and PCR-Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA typing of the isolates were performed in three isolates to amplify class 1 integron element integrase gene, ESBL genes, and to study the clonal relatedness, respectively. Results: Two isolates harbored class 1 integron element. The blaCTX-M was present in all isolates and blaTEM-1 was present in one isolate. An isolate carried blaCTX-M and blaTEM-1 genes. All of these isolates were not clonally related. Conclusion: The study for the first time documented the emergence and spread of ESBL genes and class 1 integron element in multidrug resistant C. freundii in Nepal and urge for monitoring and surveillance of these strains. J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 32(2) 2012 132-135 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i2.5804
Trends in Perinatal Mortality in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital: 13 Years Review
Authors: Shrestha M , Shrestha L , Basnet S , Shrestha PS
Published: October 2012

Introduction: The perinatal mortality rate (PMR) in Nepal is still very high. In major hospitals of Nepal, it is still ranging from 20-30 per thousand births. This study was carried out with the objective to review PMR and classifying it according to Wigglesworth classification to identify the causes of perinatal deaths at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu, Nepal over the past 13 years and assess need for improvement in care. Material and Methods: It was a retrospective study carried out in TUTH. Data of all stillbirths from 28 weeks of pregnancy and neonatal deaths within first seven days of life in the hospital was taken from monthly perinatal audit and annual mortality review. All the perinatal deaths were then classified according to Wigglesworth classification. Results: Over a 13 year period, there were total 42,746 births and 921 perinatal deaths giving a perinatal mortality of 21.5 per thousand births. Over this period PMR has decreased from 31 to 18 per thousand births. Still births contributed almost 50% of the perinatal deaths; deaths related to prematurity show an increasing trend and have increased by almost 70% in past 5 years. Deaths due to perinatal asphyxia were static. Conclusion: PMR over the years has shown declining trend at TUTH. There is need to improve antenatal, obstetric as well as intrapartum services to further reduce the still birth as well as deaths due to prematurity and perinatal asphyxia. J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. 32(2) 2012 150-153 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i2.6898
Clinical Evaluation of Intrabony Defects in Localized Aggressive Periodontitis Patients with and without Bioglass- An In-vivo Study
Authors: Satyanarayana KV , Anuradha BR , Srikanth G , Chandra P Mohan , Anupama T , Durga M Prasad
Published: October 2012

Background Aggressive periodontitis is a specific type of periodontitis with clearly identifiable clinical characteristics such as “rapid attachment loss, bone destruction” and “familial aggregation”. Regeneration of mineralized tissues affected by aggressive periodontitis comprises a major scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years some evidence has been provided that bioactive glass is also capable of supporting the regenerative healing of periodontal lesions. Objective The aim of this clinical and radiological prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of bioactive glass in the treatment of intra-bony defects in patients with localized aggressive periodontitis. Methods Twelve localized aggressive periodontitis patients with bilaterally located three-walled intra-bony defect depth ? 2 mm, preoperative probing depths ? 5 mm were randomly treated either with the bioactive glass or without the bioactive glass. The clinical parameters plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, and mobility were recorded prior to surgery as well as 12 months after surgery. Intraoral radiographs were digitized to evaluate the bone defect depth at baseline and 12 months after the surgery. Results After 12 months, a reduction in probing depth of 3.92 + 0.313 mm (P <0.001) and a gain in clinical attachment level of 4.42+0358mm (P <0.001) were registered in the test group. In the control group, a reduction in probing depth of 2.5 +0.230mm (P <0.001) and a gain in clinical attachment level of 2.58 + 0.149 mm (P<0.001) was recorded. Radiographically, the defects were found to be filled by 2.587 + 0.218 mm (P <0.001) in the test group and by 0.1792 + 0.031mm (P <0.001) in the control group. Changes in gingival recession showed no significant differences. . Conclusion Highly significant improvements in the parameters Probing depth, Clinical attachment level, and Bone defect depth were recorded after 12 months, with regenerative material. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 11-15 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6906
Preventing Dental Caries in Children : Indian Scenario
Authors: Gupta A , Marya CM , Dahiya V , Bhatia HP , Dhingra S
Published: October 2012

The prevalence of dental caries in developing countries like India is increasing to an alarming level in contrast to developed countries where it has decreased because of variety of preventive measures at the community and individual level. There is no State or Centre funded programs for prevention of dental diseases in India.  The present review enlists the targeted prevention of dental caries in permanent teeth of 6 to 16 years old children presenting for dental care. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 77-82 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6920
Severe Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated with Plasma Exchange
Authors: Sigdel MR , Shah DS , Kafle MP , Raut KB
Published: October 2012

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a hematological disorder characterized by immunologically mediated destruction of platelets and absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia. Treatment is required when the low platelet count entails risk of serious bleeding. Steroid is the first line of management. Acute refractory ITP with very low platelet count is variably treated with high dose steroid, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), anti D or emergency splenectomy. Here, we present a case of steroid resistant ITP with severe thrombocytopenia treated with plasma exchange and low dose IVIg who responded dramatically to the therapy with maintained platelet count till one month from the institution of therapy. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 85-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6922
Association of Seizure, Facial Dysmorphism, Congenital Umbilical Hernia and Undescended Testes
Authors: Thapa LI , Pokharel BR , Paudel R , Rana PVS
Published: October 2012

With the advances in neurogenetics association of epilepsy and intellectual disability with chromosomal abnormalities are being increasingly recognized. While onset of seizures with mental retardation at an early age indicate chromosomal abnormality, combination of characteristics facial dysmorphism and congenital abnormalities gives a clue of a particular syndrome. In addition MRI findings may help in confirming the diagnosis. A nine years old boy is presented where early onset seizure, mental retardation, delayed development of speech, presence of facial dysmorphism,, umbilical hernia and undescended testes suggested possibility of chromosomal 6q deletion disorder. Important deletion disorders are discussed and importance of clinical examination is stressed. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 91-93 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6924
Winding Trails: My Life in History
Authors: Prentice Alison
Published: October 2012

Abstract:

‘Winding Trails’ explores how childhood influences, educational experiences, and pragmatic choices led its author into an interest in History, then teaching, and finally a decision to pursue a doctorate in History, focusing on the history of public schooling in Ontario. The 1970s introduced feminism into the mix. Pursuing her growing interest in the history of women and education, the author benefited from feminist support both in Canada and abroad, eventually moving into collaborative research and writing with both students and colleagues. She was co-author of the first major textbook in the history of women in Canada. She collaborated in the founding of institutions and small groups devoted to women's history and women's studies along the way. Moving from an interest in the history of schooling to an interest in women's work in schools, and finally women's work in universities, brought her full circle to autobiographical work, including the present essay.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Analyse von Holzmärkten
Authors: Olschewski Roland , Thees Oliver
Published: October 2012

Chances and limits of the analysis of wood markets

Recent approaches of behavioural economics and agent-based modeling can enhance knowledge about market processes and results and widen the focus for the assessment of future market developments by emphasising the individual behaviour of market participants and scenario techniques. In this article we resume possible contributions of the particular approaches to better describe, explain and forecast real market developments. The exposition is based on state-of-the-art knowledge and reflects insights gained during the 8th Forest Economic Seminar in autumn 2011, where researchers and practitioners presented their findings.
Grundlagen der empirischen Marktanalyse, dargestellt am Beispiel eines Rohholzmarktes
Authors: Bergen Volker
Published: October 2012

Fundamental principles of empirical market analysis, illustrated by a raw wood market as an example

A market is a social institution with the aim to coordinate the selling plans of suppliers and the buying plans of demanders. If successful, the market reaches an equilibrium and the market price and quantity can be determined. The task of empirical market analysis is to explain and predict prices and quantities of goods and claims. This article wants to elucidate the procedure of an empirical market analysis, and to show that it can fulfil the given task by applying microeconomic theory. The German raw wood market is presented as an example, where trunk and industrial wood are traded at a standard price. The analysis shows that this raw wood market can be characterized as a normal market with rising supply curve and declining demand curve, while both sides are relatively inelastic concerning price changes. Market results are determined by three variables on the supply side and four on the demand side. They permit to make reasonable ex-post and ex-ante predictions.
Agentenbasierte Modellierung von Märkten
Authors: Troitzsch Klaus G.
Published: October 2012

Agent-based modeling of markets

The paper gives an overview of agent-based models of markets as they have been published during the past years. Starting from concept-based models which describe the behaviour of market participants in an abstract manner, recent approaches model real markets in order to find out possible future developments and to evaluate strategies to influence real markets. After a short description of two recent applications of agent-based modeling, a housing market in a city in Brazil and the German market for pharmaceutical products, the paper discusses how this technique could be applied to wood markets.
Experimente und forstökonomische Fragen
Authors: Fischbacher Urs
Published: October 2012

Experiments and forest economic questions

During the last decades experiments have gained great importance in economics. These experiments deal with questions that are of significance for forest economic research, too. Timber production, for example, is characterised by long-term decisions and, in addition, forestry produces important public goods. In this article the experimental method is introduced. Furthermore, experimental findings are presented, e.g., concerning time preferences and externalities, and possible applications for the study of forest product markets and institutions are outlined.
Vorgehen zur agentenbasierten Modellierung eines schweizerischen Waldenergieholzmarktes
Authors: Kostadinov Fabian , Steubing Bernhard , Holm Stefan
Published: October 2012

Procedure to develop an agent-based model of a Swiss forest wood fuel market

It is helpful to develop agent-based model based on a structured procedure. The chosen traditional software engineering approach is mainly composed of five phases: 1) the analysis of the observed system; 2) the model development; 3) the detailed design; 4) the actual software implementation; and 5) the model's evaluation. The different phases are briefly described by the respective goals, tasks and expected results. This contribution shows the development of a Swiss forest wood fuel market with specific examples for each phase. The essential work steps and intermediate results are demonstrated from the start to a fully developed agent-based model. Finally it is demonstrated how to carry through scenario analyses for the modeled forest wood fuel market. The simulation example shows first that, as is to be expected, a reduction of the wood supply leads to increasing forest wood fuel prices. Second, it shows how the decision behavior of wood suppliers can additionally modify the price of forest wood fuel in a situation of scarce supply, whereas this effect is smaller in a situation of balanced supply and demand.