bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot plant preparation of defatted peanuts
Authors: Pominski J. , Patton E. L. , Spadaro J. J.
Published: July 2007

Interest in defatted peanuts is due to several factors: lower calorie value; possible increase in shelf‐life by minimizing oil randicity, possible use by hemophiliacs to control bleeding; and development of a new product to increase utilization of peanuts. Based on previously conducted laboratory work, pilot plant runs were conducted to prepare large amounts of materials for taste and appearance evaluation, to obtain pilot plant processing data for cost calculations, to investigate practical methods of desolventizing extracted peanuts, to develop a method for salting defatted peanuts, and to study packaging.

Fully‐roasted and half‐roasted batches of Virginia peanuts were extracted with hexane at room temperature for various periods of time, and oil losses determined. Fully‐roasted peanuts with 81% of the oil removed had the best appearance, an acceptable taste, and require 120 hr extraction. Low rates of extraction indicate that large scale processing would be a batch method.

The extracted peanuts were desolventized for various periods of time and temperature in both forced draft and vacuum ovens. It was found that drying at a low initial temperature prior to a low initial temperature prior to a final high temperature appears to give a better tasting peanut, especially when a forced draft oven is used. Desolventizing peanuts in either a forced draft or vacuum oven requires from 9舑10 hr drying time.

Defatted, desolventized peanuts were salted either by dipping in saturated salt solution at room temperature, or preferably by dipping in water and sprinkling with salt. The wet peanuts were oven dried.

Packaging of defatted peanuts (81% oil removed) in metal cans, in either vacuum or in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing less than 2% oxygen, proved satisfactory even after one year storage time. In flexible cellophane‐type package, defatted peanuts tended to pick up excessive moisture within 30 days.
n‐alkylbenzenes and ω‐phenylcarboxylic acids from the thermal treatment of fatty acids with kraft lignin
Authors: Traitler H. , Lorbeer E. , Kratzl K.
Published: July 2007

A series of homologousn‐alkylbenzenes and ω‐phenylcarboxylic acids were detected and identified from the pyrolysis reaction of tall oil fatty acids and several pure fatty acids, respectively, with kraft lignin. Different reaction conditions (e.g., varying amounts of lignin) and different reaction times were applied. Temperatures were kept constant at 280 C. Products were distilled at 0.1 Pa and 150 C. After methylation, the distilled fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The method of detection and identification of the different substances by GC‐MS is described. Pure singly and double unsaturated fatty acids (99.9% gas chromatographic purity) showed reactions to the title products (up to 4% total amount), whereas saturated fatty acids did not react at all. A possible reaction scheme taking quantitative parameters into account is suggested.
Hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and soybean esters with polymer‐bound metal catalysts
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Friedrich J. P. , Bessler T. R. , Kwolek W. F. , Holy N. L.
Published: July 2007

New polymer‐bound hydrogenation catalysts were made by complexing PdCl2, RhCl3·3H2O, or NiCl2 with anthranilic acid anchored to chloromethylated polystyrene. The Pd(II) and Ni(II) polymers were reduced to the corresponding Pd(O) and Ni(O) catalysts with NaBH4. In the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate, these polymer catalysts were highly selective for the formation of methyl 2‐hexenoate. The diene to monoene selectivity decreased in the order: Pd(II), Pd(O), Rh(I), Ni(II), Ni(O). Kinetic studies support 1,2‐reduction of the Δ4 double bond of sorbate as the main path of hydrogenation. In the hydrogenation of soybean esters, the Pd(II) polymer catalysts proved superior because they were more active than the Ni(II) polymers and produced lesstrans unsaturation than the Rh(I) polymers. Hydrogenation with Pd(II) polymers at 50~100 C and 50 to 100 psi H2 decreased the linolenate content below 3% and increasedtrans unsaturation to 10~26%. The linolenate to linoleate selectivity ranged from 1.6 to 3.2. Reaction parameters were analyzed statistically to optimize hydrogenation. Recycling through 2 or 3 hydrogenations of soybean esters was demonstrated with the Pd(II) polymers. In comparison with commercial Pd‐on‐alumina, the Pd(II) polymers were less active and as selective in the hydrogenation of soybean esters but more selective in the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate.
Determination of phosphorus in oils using oxygen bomb ashing
Authors: Yuen W. K. , Kelly P. C.
Published: July 2007

A fast method for phosphorus determination in an oil matrix is described. The principle of the method is similar to that of the AOCS method, but the ashing of the oil is accelerated using an oxygen bomb. In addition, a rapid molybdovanadate reagent is used for colorimetry rather than the molybdenum blue reagents specified in the AOCS method. Agreement with the air ashing procedure averages less than 5% difference above 10 μg/g. The detection limit is in the order of 1~2 μg/g.
Polymorphism of pos. I. occurrence and polymorphic transformation
Authors: Arishima T. , Sagi N. , Mori H. , Sato K.
Published: July 2007

Polymorphic behavior of 1,3‐rac‐palmitoyl‐stearoy 1‐2‐oleoylglycerol, 99.9% purity (POS) was examined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility measurements and optical microscopy in comparison with 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (POP) and 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (SOS). Melt crystallization and solvent crystallization were examined for the occurrence of metastable and stable polymorphs. The number of independent polymorphs was four; α,δ, pseudoβ′ andβ. The lowest melting form, α, was identical to that commonly observed in POP and SOS lowest melting forms. As to the highest melting form,β, the XRD shortspacing pattern was identical toβ1 of POP and SOS. This is consistent with crystal habit:β single crystals of POS showed the same shape as those of β1 of POP and SOS. However, the melting point ofβ (POS), 35.9°C, was lower than those ofβ1 of POP, 36.7°C, and of SOS, 43.0°C. Correspondingly, solubility ofβ of POS was lower than that of β1 of POP below about 13°C, but higher above 13°C. POS did not possessβ2, which is the second stable form in POP and SOS. Two forms of6 and pseudoβ′ occurred, the latter being more stable. The structural properties ofδ showed thatδ is not identical toγ previously observed in POP and SOS. Transformation behavior from the metastable to stable polymorphs of POS showed some differences from those of POP and SOS.
Geometrical isomers of linolenic acid in low‐calorie spreads marketed in France
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Sebedio Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid compositions of 20 samples of low‐calorie spreads marketed in France have been examined by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of their isopropyl esters on a fused silica capillary column coated with 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane. Spreads containing linolenic acid at a level of 2.3% or higher (5 out of the 20 samples under study) also containtrans‐ 18:3 isomers. These were identified, after fractionation of their isopropyl esters by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) on silica‐gel plates impregnated with AgNO3, by GLC on two capillary columns of different polarities and comparison of their equivalent chain lengths with those of authentic standards. Identifications were supported by GLC/mass spectrometry of the dimethyl esters resulting from ozonolysis in BF3/methanol of the monoenes isolated by AgNO3‐TLC after hydrazine reduction of 18:3 isomers. 9c,12c,15t‐18:3 and 9t,12c,15c‐18:3 were found to be the most abundant 18:3 isomers in the spreads, with small amounts of 9c,12t,15c‐18:3. These isomers occurred in the relative proportions 52–55, 41–42 and 4–6%, respectively. These proportions are independent of the origin of the sample. The tentatively identified 9t,12c,15t‐18:3 also occurred in some instances. In 2 of the spreads, total geometrical isomers of linolenic acid accounted for 0.9–1% of the total fatty acids (up to 28% of the total 18:3n‐3 fraction). The presence of 18:3n‐3 geometrical isomers in the spreads is likely due to rapeseed or soybean oils that were deodorized under rather harsh conditions before these were blended with other fats or oils. Partial hydrogenation of these oils may also contribute to accumulation of the same linolenic acid isomers in the spreads.
Linalyl acetate and methyl silicone effects on cholesterol and triglyceride oxidation in heated lard
Authors: Yan Pearlly S. , White Pamela J.
Published: July 2007

The effectiveness of linalyl acetate (LA) at 0.02 and 0.04% as a high‐temperature antioxidant was tested in lard with two levels (2 times and 10 times) of added cholesterol. Lard samples with and without added LA or methyl silicone (MS, 0.2 and 1.0 ppm) and a control with no additives were heated at 180°C for 10 hr/day for up to 240 hr. The loss of cholesterol, the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COP) and the percentage fatty acid retention were measured during the heating periods. Addition of 1.0 ppm MS was significantly effective in reducing the loss of fatty acids (p<0.0005) in lard with 2 times the added cholesterol, but MS at 0.2 ppm was not effective in lard with 10 times the added cholesterol. Addition of LA at 0.02 and 0.04% had little effect at reducing changes in cholesterol loss, COP formation and fatty acid loss in lard samples with both cholesterol levels. But there was a tendency for MS and 0.04% LA to reduce formation of some COP in lard containing 2 times the added cholesterol and to reduce the loss of cholesterol.
Minor components responsible for flavor reversion of soybean oil
Authors: Endo Yasushi , Endo Hiromi , Fujimoto Kenshiro , Kaneda Takashi
Published: July 2007

Edible refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) soybean oil was fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography to identify minor components responsible for flavor reversion. Minor components from oil eluted with diethyl ether/n‐hexane (1:1) were compared with those from corn and canola oils. All vegetable oils contain free fatty acids, diglycerides and sterols as major ingredients in this fraction. However, unusual triglycerides consisting of 10‐oxo‐8‐octadecenoic acid and 10‐and 9‐hydroxy octadecanoic acids were detected in RBD and crude soybean oils.
A wet process technology applied to jojoba seed to obtain oil and detoxified protein meal
Authors: Lanzani A. , Bondioli P. , Brillo A. , Cardillo M. , Fedeli E. , Ponzetti A. , Pieralisi G.
Published: July 2007

An industrial wet process to obtain oil and meal from jo‐joba was set up. The process sequence consists of breaking the seeds, homogenizing with water of suitable pH and temperature, and centrifuging to accomplish separation into oil, process water and wet meal. Oil is obtained with a yield of 70–75% and requires no supplementary refining treatment for the industrial purposes for which it is destined. The meal obtained is devoid of the toxic components simmondsin and simmondsin‐2′ ferulate, and the protein content may be considered unchanged. The procedure contemplates a drying treatment for the meal with a view to using it as animal feed. This system is simple, economical and flexible in use.
Electron microscopy of soybean lipid bodies
Authors: Bair C. W. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

Soybean lipid bodies in situ are small (0.2~0.5μm in diameter) and have an affinity for plasmalemma, protein bodies, endoplasmic reticulum and other cell organnelles but not for mitochondria or nuclei. Isolated lipid bodies contain 15% protein after extensive washing and have densities ranging from less than 1.0066 to 1.0788. We concluded that lipid bodies are surrounded by a specific delimiting membrane.
High performance liquid chromatographie analysis of intact and partially biodegraded linear alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Linder D. E. , Allen M. C.
Published: July 2007

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of intact and partially degraded linear alkyl‐benzene sulfonate (LAS) was developed. The LAS degradation products resulting from a semicontinuous activated sludge (SCAS), a die‐away CO2 and a simulated river die‐away study were quanti‐tatively determined by HPLC equipped with a reversed‐phase column using a tetrahydrofuran/water/Pic A solution as the mobile phase. The column effluent was monitored with a fluorescence spectrophotometer that was operated at an excitation wavelength of 232 nm and an emission wavelength of 290. Compounds investi‐gated included both single‐and mixed‐carbon‐range materials. The HPLC method shows good correlations with MBAS for intact LAS material. The most significant advantage of this method over MBAS is it ability to quantitatively determine partially degraded intermediates and the disappearance of those intermediates. This method, when using the fluorescence detection system, is selective for sulfonated ring structures with more than one alkyl carbon. The sensitivity of the method is in the 0.05‐ppm range. It can be used not only for samples from laboratory experiments but also for sewage plant influents, effluents and river waters.
A facile route for synthesis of long‐chain RAC‐1‐S‐alkylglycerols
Authors: Rao B. V. S. K. , Subbarao R.
Published: July 2007

Alkyl allyl thioethers were prepared by reaction of longchain primary thiols in hexane with allyl bromide in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide), and aqueous alkali and were hydroxylated to rac‐1‐S‐alkylglycerols by means of a novel reagent, cetyltrimethylammonium permanganate, in dichloromethane.
Lipid composition of murraya koenigii seed
Authors: Hemavathy J.
Published: July 2007

Total seed lipids extracted fromMurraya koenigii (Linn), Rutaceae amounted to 4.4% of the dry seed. The total lipids consisted of 85.4% neutral lipids, 5.1% glycolipids and 9.5% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted of 73.9% triacylglycerols, 10.2% free fatty acids and small amounts of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols. At least five glycolipids and seven phospholipids were identified. Sterylglucoside and acylated sterylglucoside were major glycolipids, while digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalac‐tosyldiacylglycerol and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol were present in small quantities. The phospholipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine as major phospholipids and minor quantities of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The fatty acid composition of these different neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were determined.
A rapid method for analysis of tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in ethyl esters of fish oil
Authors: Icenhour Teresa P. , Van Dolah Frances M.
Published: July 2007

A rapid, quantitative gas Chromatographic method is described for quantitating the phenolic antioxidant,tert‐ butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), in fish oil ethyl esters. The procedure entails silyl derivatization of TBHQ in an acetonitrile solution of ethyl esters followed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) analysis with an internal standard method of quantitation. Average recoveries of spiked samples were 98% at the legal limit of .02% (200 μg/g). The method can accurately determine as little as 20 μ/g of TBHQ in ethyl esters of fish oil. The technique has been applied to ethyl esters of vegetable oils with equal success.
A comparative study on the susceptibilities of soybean, sunflower and peanut oils to singlet molecular oxygen photooxidation
Authors: Neumann Monica M. , Fusero Silvia N. , García Norman A.
Published: July 2007

The susceptibilities of crude soybean, sunflower and peanut oils to singlet oxygen photooxidation were determined in a kinetic study. The accumulation of photosensitized hydroperoxides, determined spectroscopically, and the quenching of singlet molecular oxygen phosphorescence by the crude oils and their fatty acid methyl esters were compared.

The relative tendency to photooxidation for the oils and the methyl esters was soybean ≫ sunflower > peanut. This trend was independent of the method employed in the determination of initial photodamaging.

Soybean oil was demonstrated to be the most unstable product, not only due to the presence of highly unsaturated fatty acids, but also due to the absence of natural constituents, capable of providing a protective antioxidant effect. This protection was more effective in sunflower and peanut oils.
HPLC analysis of phenolic antioxidants, tocopherols and triglycerides
Authors: Andrikopoulos N. K. , Brueschweiler H. , Felber H. , Taeschler Ch.
Published: July 2007

Triglycerides, together with nine synthetic phenolic antioxidants most commonly used to prevent oxidation of edible oils and fats, as well as the natural antioxidants tocopherols andα‐tocopherol acetate, were separated by high performance liquid chromatography by means of a reversed phase C18‐column and gradient elution with water/acetonitrile/methanol/isopropanol. Besides dilution of the oil with isopropanol/hexane, no further example preparation was required. UV detection was applied. The synthetic antioxidants propyldodecylgallate, octyldodecylgallate, dodecylgallate, 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisol,tert‐butylhydroquinone, 3,5‐di‐terf‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐phenol, 2,4,5‐trihydroxybutyrophenone and nordihydro‐quaiaretic acid, as well asα‐ andδ‐tocopherol andα‐tocopherol acetate were base‐line separated;β‐ andγ‐tocopherol, however, eluted together. The triglycerides, detected at λ = 215 nm, were separated according to then‐partition number. The absorption at λ = 215 nm revealed saturated and unsaturated triglycerides. The absorption at λ = 280 nm indicated triglycerides with conjugated unsaturation, relating information about refining and heat treatment of the oil. Oxidized unsaturated triglycerides showed absorption at γ = 230 nm. Triglycerides of ricinoleic acid, a hydroxymonoun‐saturated acid, gave identical UV spectra. The simultaneous detection of antioxidants and triglycerides may be used to study inhibition effects by antioxidants in oils.
Effect of heat treatments on canola press oils. II. Oxidative stability
Authors: Prior Elizabeth M. , Vadke Vivekenand S. , Sosulski Frank W.
Published: July 2007

Oxidative stability of the canola press oils increased with increasing heat treatment to the seed, and decreased on refining. The tocopherol content of the press oils was relatively uniform and could not account for the observed variations in oxidative stability. The variation in stability corresponded to variations in the content of other non‐triglyceride components. In general, the greater the initial quality of the oils,i.e., the lower the content of non‐triglyceride material, the lower their oxidative stability. Oxidative stability was found to be significantly correlated to phosphorus content (R2>0.99). This could be explained by synergism between tocopherols and phospholipids, in the range from 0.025% to 0.22% phospholipid. Above this level increasing the phosholipid content did not significantly improve the oxidative stability. After oxidation the oils were“bleached”,i.e., there was a loss of color bodies. This loss was related to both the original content of color bodies in the oil and the degree of oxidation of the oil.
Lipids and retroviruses
Authors: Raulin Jeanine
Published: July 2007

The role that lipids may play in enveloped viruses is revie ved. Small lipid molecules can influence retrovirus binding to cell receptors, plasma membrane fusion, and transcription. Palmitoylation following myristoylation of viral glycoproteins is required at the transmembrane level for signal transduction as well as for virion budding and maturation. Cholesterol, ether lipids, phospholipids, platelet‐activating factor, phosphatidic acids, diacyglycerols, and several analogs and derivatives influence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity; when conjugated with inhibitors of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) or aspartyl protease these compounds increase drug effectiveness. On the other hand,l‐carnitine, in association with the mitochondrial cardiolipins, inhibits myopathy due to continued prescription of drugs [AZT (zidovudine), ddl (didanoside), or ddC (zalcitabine)], and the redox couple of α‐lipoic‐dihydrolipoic acid prevents production of the reactive oxygen species that trigger apoptosis of infected cells, with sphingomyelin breakdown to ceramides. Retroviral infection induces a shift from phospholipid to neutral fat synthesis in host cells, and a long antiviral, i.e., antiprotease, treatment may lead to lipodystrophy. Multitherapy involving lipids and their analogs in association with anti‐RT and antiproteases might enhance the inhibition of growth and proliferation of retroviruses.
Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in phosphatidylserine is selectively inhibited by chronic ethanol exposure in C‐6 glioma cells
Authors: Kim Hee‐Yong , Hamilton Jillonne
Published: July 2007

Neuronal membranes are highly enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3), and its content can be altered by ethanol consumption. We have previously reported that the 22∶6n−3 status in membrane affects the biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid class which contains an exceptionally high proportion of 22∶6n−3. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on PS accumulation in relation to the 22∶6n−3 status. C‐6 glioma cells were enriched with 25 μM 22∶6n−3 for 48 h and the PS accumulation was first evaluated in comparison to nonenriched cells as well as cells enriched with arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6). Electrospray liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis revealed that cells treated with 22∶6n−3 showed significantly higher accumulation of PS in comparison to nonenriched or 20∶4n−6‐enriched cells, primarily due to an increase of 1‐stearoyl‐2‐docosahexaenoyl‐glycerophosphoserine (18∶0,22∶6‐PS). Chronic ethanol exposure selectively affected the accumulation of PS in 22∶6n−3‐enriched cells. After cells were exposed to 20 or 50 mM ethanol for 4 wk, accumulation of 18∶0,22∶6‐PS upon 22∶6n−3 supplementation was significantly lower, resulting in a drastic reduction of total PS. Concomitantly, ethanol‐treated cells showed lower incorporation of serine in comparison to control cells. From these data, it was concluded that supplementation of cells with 22∶6n−3 promotes the accumulation of PS and chronic ethanol treatment diminishes this effect at least in part through impaired serine incorporation processes. Attenuated accumulation of 22∶6n−3 in PS and the reduction of PS thus may have significant implications in pathophysiological effects of ethanol, especially in tissues with abundant 22∶6n−3.
Mechanisms of tubulin modification by phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides
Authors: Kawakami Misako , Ward Larry , Doi Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

The interaction of lipid peroxides with cellular proteins has been postulated to contribute to cellular aging. A potential target for such effects is tubulin, the building block of microtubules. We examined the concentration‐dependent effects of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides on the ability of tubulin to polymerize into microtubules. The results demonstrated that even very low concentrations of peroxides were sufficient to interfere with the tubulin and, therefore, the microtubule function. Decreased tubulin activity (as measured by tubulin GTPase activity) showed correlation with the modification of methionine and cysteine in tubulin and a change in the tubulin conformational state as indicated by fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopic measurements. As no effect on electric conductivity was observed, indicating that modulation of ionic binding was not involved, the interaction mechanism may be a hydrophobic one.
Biophysical studies and intracellular destabilization of pH‐sensitive liposomes
Authors: Van Bambeke Fran¢oise , Kerkhofs Anne , Schanck André , Remacle Claude , Sonveaux Etienne , Tulkens Paul M. , Mingeot‐Leclercq Marie‐Paule
Published: July 2007

We examined changes in membrane properties upon acidification of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterylhemisuccinate liposomes and evaluated their potential to deliver entrapped tracers in cultured macrophages. Membrane permeability was determined by the release of entrapped calcein or hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (HPTS)‐p‐xylene‐bis‐pyridinium bromide (DPX); membrane fusion, by measuring the change in size of the liposomes and the dequenching of octadecylrhodamine‐B fluorescence; and change in lipid organization, by31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurement of cell‐associated fluorescence and confocal microscopy examination were made on cells incubated with liposomes loaded with HPTS or HPTS‐DPX. The biophysical studies showed (i) a lipid reorganization from bilayer to hexagonal phase progressing from pH 8.0 to 5.0, (ii) a membrane permeabilization for pH<6.5, (iii) an increase in the mean diameter of liposomes for pH<6.0, and (iv) a mixing of liposome membranes for pH<5.7. The cellular studies showed (i) an uptake of the liposomes that were brought from pH 7.5–7.0 to 6.5–6.0 and (ii) a release of ∼15% of the endocytosed marker associated with its partial release from the vesicles (diffuse localization). We conclude that the permeabilization and fusion of pH‐sensitive liposomes occur as a consequence of a progressive lipid reorganization upon acidification. These changes may develop intracellular after phagocytosis and allow for the release of the liposome content in endosomes associated with a redistribution in the cytosol.
Determining double‐bond positions in monoenoic 2‐hydroxy fatty acids of glucosylceramides by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Imai Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kohei , Shibahara Akira , Miyatani Shuichi , Nakayama Takao
Published: July 2007

We applied a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method using dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) adducts and were able to determine the double‐bond positions in monounsaturated 2‐hydroxy fatty acids (2‐HFA). 2‐HFA methyl esters, prepared from the hydrolysate ofArabidopsis thaliana leaf glucosylceramides, were acetylated and methylthiolated. GC‐MS analysis of the resulting DMDS adducts showed simple mass spectra with recognizable molecular ions and a series of key fragment ions indicating the original double‐bond positions in the aliphatic chain. Based on this GC‐MS elucidation, we confirmed thatArabidopsis leaf glucosylceramides have C22, C23, C24, C25, and C26 chain length 2‐HFA with monounsaturation, and all their double bonds are placed at the n−9 position. This procedure is simple, time efficient, and highly sensitive.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. III. Linoleic acid
Authors: Allen Robert R. , Kiess Arthur A.
Published: July 2007

The isomerization that takes place during the catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid and methyl linoleate producescis andtrans 9, 10, 11, and 12 monoenes. The double bond at the 12 position appears to hydrogenate slightly faster than that in the 9 position. More octadecenoic acids with double bonds at the 10 or 11 positions are produced during a selective (high temperature, low pressure) hydrogenation than during a non‐selective process.

Although the degree of selectivity of the hydrogenation is determined by the amount of isomerization of the original pentadiene system to a conjugated diene, only part of the methylene‐interrupted diene goes through this type of isomerization even during a highly selective hydrogenation.

The half hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation reaction mechanism is applied to explain the simultaneous positional and geometrical isomerizations.
Glyceride analysis of palm oil after solvent fractionation
Authors: Tan B. K. , Hamilton R. J. , Berger K. G.
Published: July 2007

A procedure is described for determing the triglyceride composition of palm oil and its fractions by the use of silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The triglycerides separated by silver nitrate TLC according to the number of double bonds are quantified using infrared spectroscopy before further analysis by GLC according to carbon number. The results from the two techniques enable the composition of the oil and fractions to be computed on a molecular basis in relation to fatty acid types. The potential application of this procedure is to analyze fractions obtained from the fractionation of oils and fats to which the 1,3‐Random‐2‐Random distribution theory is not applicable.
Branched fatty acids from the caustic oxidation of isotridecyl oxo bottoms
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Harding M. J. C.
Published: July 2007

Caustic oxidation has been used to convert the complex residue from the isotridecyl alcohol process (“C13 oxo bottoms”) to simpler mixtures of highly branched, liquid carboxylic acids in about 65% combined yield. One of the products, produced in 34% yield, was a mixture of isotridecanoic acids formed mainly from C13 alcohol and its ester. It was composed of 85% primary carboxylic acids and 15% secondary. The high boiling acids were largely C26 secondary car‐boxylic acids formed by oxidation of aldol dimers. The relative rates of esterification were stearic:C13 acid:high boiling acids—1:0.35: 0.05. In addition, a 22% combined yield of neutrals consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and ethers was obtained.
Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates
Authors: Kravetz L.
Published: July 2007

The biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) is reviewed. Biodegradation test methods, ranging from laboratory tests to full‐scale waste treatment plant studies are described for these surfactants. A comparison is made between primary and ultimate biodegradability criteria and the limitations of the various analytical methods used in these determinations are discussed. The most recently published data suggest sewage bacteria degrade AE by a mechanism which is different from that by which APE degrades. The use of radiolabeled surfactants to elicit more detailed information about the biodegradation mechanisms of AE is described. The role of biodegradation on the impact of surfactants released to the environment is assessed, and future environmental concerns for nonionics are considered.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of mono‐and diglycerides
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Legari J. J.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the quantitative analysis of mono‐ and diglycerides by GLC as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Glyceryl mono and di‐esters of myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids are separated by GLC on stainless steel columns, packed with 3% JXR on Gas Chrom Q. Relative response factors for monoglycerides and diglycerides have been calculated. Analyses of control and commercial mixtures with recoveries of 96 to 101% are reported.
Glyceride isomerizations in lipid chemistry
Authors: Serdarevich B.
Published: July 2007

Isomerization of isopropylidene glycerol ketals and benzylidene glycerol acetals was studied, and isoraerization equilibria were established. Reaction of benzaldehyde with glycerol gave four benzylidene glycerol isomers, which were separated by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and other methods.

Isomerization of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides and of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides, and their separation by column chromatography, are described. Mechanisms of isomerization in mono‐ and diglycerides and factors which affect them are discussed.

Isomerization of 1‐ and 2‐glycerophosphates and of cyclic glycerophosphates by acid and base was also studied. Hydrolysis products of L‐3‐glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2‐glycerylphosphorylcholine were separated by column chromatography and characterized by periodic acid oxidation, optical rotation, and NMR spectroscopy. No isomerization of unhydrolyzed L‐3‐glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2‐glycerylphosphorylcholine was observed. Evidence indicated that acid‐catalyzed hydrolyses of phosphoglycerides are under thermodynamic control whereas most base‐catalyzed hydrolyses are under kinetic control.
Seed coat and fiber constituents of cotton seeds that may influence aflatoxin analysis
Authors: Ashworth L. J. , Mckinney John , Mcmeans J. L.
Published: July 2007

Normal constituents of seed coats and fibers of fuzzy cotton seeds were found which can interfere with aflatoxin analyses of embryos (meats). Aflatoxins were partially or totally obscured in chromatograms prepared with extracts containing these constituents. A blue fluorescing substance with an RF approximating that of aflatoxin B was found to be a normal constituent of seed coats and fibers. This substance differs from aflatoxins in several ways: it fades quickly from thin‐layer chromatograms exposed to ultraviolet light, disappearing within an hour; it does not form complexes with acetic acid‐ and formic acidthionyl chloride solutions or with trifluoroacetic acid; it does not have the characteristic ultraviolet absorption bands of aflatoxins.
Distribution of monoesters resulting from the esterification of a mixture of glycols and triols
Authors: Williams L. D. , Allen R. R.
Published: July 2007

The distribution of monoesters resulting from the esterification of mixtures of C3 to C6 glycols and triols with lauric acid is reported. Glycols with two primary, two secondary, and one primary and one secondary, both vicinal and isolated, as well as triols with both vicinal and isolated hydroxyls, were investigated for their relative esterifiability. Nonvicinal glycols with only primary hydroxyls were found to have equal reactivity. Glycols and triols that have one secondary hydroxyl show a lower relative esterifi‐ability than compounds with only primary hydroxyls. The reactivity is dependent on the position of the secondary hydroxyl in the mol‐ecule. Esterifiabilities relative to 1,4 butanediol ranged from 0.228 for the secondary hydroxyl of 1,2,6 hexanetriol up to 1.591 for the isolated primary hydroxyl of 1,2,4 butanetriol.
Aqueous acetone extraction of cottonseed
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Eaves Paul H.
Published: July 2007

Extraction of cottonseed flakes with acetone containing 25–30% water removes essentially all of the gossypol, most of the free fatty acids, about half the raffinose, and negligible quanti‐ties of neutral oil and protein. After drying and re‐flaking of the aqueous acetone extracted marc, the oil may be removed either by hexane extrac‐tion or pressing to produce light‐colored meals exceptionally low in gossypol pigments, high in protein and available lysine content. Crude oils are light‐colored, contain negligible amounts of gossypol, are high in neutral oil content, and re‐fine and bleach to a prime color value. The pro‐cess is effective for the removal of such toxic mold metabolites as aflatoxins from mold‐damaged seed.
Localization of unsaturation in fatty acids by identification of 2, 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones derived from ozonides by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Edwards Hardy M.
Published: July 2007

The ozonides of unsaturated fatty acids may be reduced with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine and the resulting aldehydes reacted with an excess of this same reagent to give the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of the aldehyde and aldoester fragments. The 2,4DNP of the aliphatic aldehydes can be separated by several thin‐layer chromatography systems and are identifiable on the basis of their behavior in these systems. The methods described can be utilized for both qualitative identification as to the location of the double bond and for quantitative measurements of various positional isomers in some instances. All of the reactions may be performed on the plate for qualitative application, and the method can be applied to fatty acids in various forms.
X‐ray diffraction powder studies of some dithiol diesters of long chain acids
Authors: Lutz D. A. , Witnauer L. P. , Sasin George S. , Sasin Richard
Published: July 2007

X‐ray diffraction powder data are reported for 25 mono‐ and dithiol diesters of straight chain aliphatic acids where the acid portion of the molecule consists of one of the following acids: octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic or octadecanoic acids, and where the thiol portion consists of one of the following: 2‐mercaptoethane, 1,2‐ethanedithiol, 1,3‐propanedithiol, 1,4‐butanedithiol or 1,5‐pentanedithiol. The individual compounds can be identified and distinguished by the long spacing data. The compounds crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers.
Synthesis oftrans‐3‐hexadecenoic acid and oftrans‐3‐hexadecenoic‐1‐C14 acid
Authors: Knipprath Werner G. , Stein Robert A.
Published: July 2007

Thetrans‐3‐hexadecenoic acid has been synthesized. Physical properties and chemical degradation prove its identity with the acid earlier isolated from several plant lipids. In the sequence of the synthesis, the introduction of a terminal triple bond into commercially available 1‐tetradecene was performed by bromination and debromination with KOH and NaNH2. Chain elongation by a Grignard reaction with CO2 gave a carboxylic acid with a triple bond in the 2‐position. Reduction with LiAlH4 yielded the corresponding alcohol, and reduction of the triple to thetrans double bond was accomplished with Na in ethanol. Bromination of the alcohol with PBr3 and conversion of the bromide to the nitrile with KCN or KC14N elongated the carbon chain to the desired length. Methanolysis with HCl in methanol and saponification with KOH formed the acid with acceptable yields, and in the case of the C14‐labeled carboxyl, group, with high specific activity.
Quantitative analysis of ethoxylated alcohols by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Geissler Paul R.
Published: July 2007

This work was undertaken to develop a relatively simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate method for measuring the ethylene oxide distribution, overall ethylene oxide ratio, and percent free alcohol in ethoxylated alcohols. Using single isomer ethoxylate standards comprised of from one to eight ethylene oxide units per alcohol, a response factor correlation for the flame ionization detector on a supercritical fluid Chromatograph was established. Response factors for ethoxylates with higher than eight ethylene oxide units were estimated by extrapolation of this correlation. Supercritical fluid Chromatographic separation of ethoxylates was accomplished using a density‐programmed carbon dioxide mobile phase and a poly (dimethylsiloxane) coated open tubular column. The validity and accuracy of this method was demonstrated by comparing its results for unreacted alcohol levels, ethylene oxide‐to‐alcohol average ratios, and weights of samples injected relative to internal standards with values measured independently by standard methods. In addition, supercritical fluid Chromatographic determinations of ethylene oxide molar distributions are in agreement with theoretical Weibull‐Nycander distributions.
Pretreatment of soybean oil for physical refining: Evaluation of efficiency of various adsorbents in removing phospholipids and pigments
Authors: Gutfinger T. , Letan A.
Published: July 2007

A study was conducted on the efficiency of several adsorbents (Tonsil L80, Tonsil ACC, Fuller's earth, Celite, Kaoline, silicic acid, and Florosil) in removing phospholipids and color bodies from phosphoric acid degummed soybean oil. Best results under the condi‐tions of the experiments were obtained with Tonsil L80 at a 2% concentration and 100 C (reduction in phosphorus content from 17.3 to 3.1 μ/g oil, and in photometric color from 21.6 to 2.4). Removal of phospholipids from the oil by Tonsil L80 and Tonsil ACC follows the Freundlich equation. A colorimetric method for determination of microamounts of phos‐pholipids and a spot test for their quantitative evalua‐tion were also developed.
The behavior of resin acids during tall oil distillation
Authors: Holmbom Bjarne
Published: July 2007

The behavior of resin acids during tall oil distillation was studied by analyzing samples from six industrial‐scale processes. The same artifact resin acids were formed in all processes. However, the proportion of artifact resin acids in tall oil rosins varied from 8.3 to 18.3% of the resin acids. The lowest values were found for two processes utilizing thin‐film evaporators. The yield of resin acids in the tall oil rosin fraction varied from 62 to 80% of the resin acids in the crude tall oil feeds. Dehydroabietic acid was formed in all processes, the amount in rosin being 14‐44% more than in the crude tall oil feed. Of the abietic acid, only 45‐82% was recovered in the tall oil rosin fraction. The distribution of various resin acids and their reaction products during distillation was determined. Major resin acid impurities in tall oil fatty acids were 8,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic acid and 8,15‐isoprimaradien‐18‐oic acid, both formed chiefly during distillation, and two secodehydroabietic acid isomers common in crude tall oils. The reactions of resin acids leading to new isomers or non‐acidic products are discussed.
Continuous hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids at short contact times1
Authors: Ilsemann Karsten , Mukherjee Kumar D.
Published: July 2007

Continuous hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids using suspended catalysts was studied in a vertical flow reactor packed with Raschig rings. A short time of reactive contact of the fat or the fatty acid with the catalyst and hydrogen is the unique feature of this system. A nickel catalyst used in the hydrogenation of soybean oil gave a reduction of 40‐50 iodine value units per min, small amounts oftrans‐isorners (10‐20%), large proportions of linoleate in unreduced octadecadienoyl moieties (70‐80%), and nonselective reduction of polyunsaturated acyl moieties (linoleate selectivity ratio 1‐3). Another nickel catalyst, used in the hydrogenation of tallow fatty acids, also gave a reduction of 40‐50 iodine value units per min and nonselective reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A copper chromite catalyst used in the hydrogenation of soybean oil gave a reduction of 10‐15 iodine value units per min, low levels oftrans‐ isomers (10‐15%), and selective reduction of linolenoyl moieties (linolenate selectivity ratio 4‐6). Composition of positional isomers of cis‐ andtrans‐octadecenoyl moieties in partially hydrogenated products obtained both with nickel and copper chromite catalysts reveals that essentially the same mechanisms of isomerization are involved in continuous hydrogenation at short time of reactive contact as in batch hydrogenation.
The Effect of reaction by‐products on the viscosities of sodium lauryl sulfate solutions
Authors: Putnik C. F. , McGuire S. E.
Published: July 2007

The fact that free oil and inorganic salts have pronounced influence on lauryl sulfate solution viscosity is a widely recognized but little studied phenomenon. This investigation of the effects of these materials has resulted in the derivation of a correlation function which relates the concentrations of the by‐products to the solution viscosity. The contributions of the reaction by‐products are found to be independent additive effects which contribute exponentially to solution viscosity. The results can be explained mechanistically in terms of the micellar model for surfactant solutions.
The effect of processing operations on the total sulphur content in rapeseed oil
Authors: Ahmad I. , Ali A.
Published: July 2007

The technological difficulties due to the presence of sulphur‐containing compounds in rapeseed oil lead to the problem of proper hydrogenation under commercial conditions. The effect of refining operations on the total sulphur content of rapeseed oil was studied. Degumming (phosphoric acid treatment) had an insignificant effect on the sulphur content while deacidification (alkali refining) removed about 30% and bleaching with Fuller's earth removed about 50% of the total sulphur in commercial crude oil. Deodorization affected nearly the complete removal of residual sulphur left after the application of treatments mentioned above.
A pulsed low resolution NMR study on crystallization and melting processes of cocoa butter
Authors: Brosio E. , Conti F. , Di Nola A. , Sykora S.
Published: July 2007

Pulsed low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to measure the «melting» curves of different series of cocoa butter samples. The samples were prepared from completely liquid phase by cooling and tempering them at different temperatures Tc for varying time Δt. The «melting» curves were measured while keeping the sample at a fixed temperature Tm. The complex shape of each curve was interpreted in terms of cocoa butter polymorphism, and the results were compared with data obtained by other techniques available in the literature. Using just two tempering temperatures (+7 C and −18C), we were able to distinguish four solid phases and identify them with the phases II, III, IV, and V described in literature. Our data are in full agreement with literature. Several novel results have been also found. These include the kinetic constants of the melting processes of phases II and III, the rate constants of solidification of phase V, the conversion of phase III into phase IV before melting at temperatures ≥30 C, and the growth of phase V out of phase II at −18 C (including the rate constant of this process). We are convinced that NMR may serve as a principal tool in fat polymorphism investigations, especially if it is combined with other techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry. Its advantage, apart from rapidity of measurement, is the fact that the measurement itself does not interfere with the melting or solidification process studied. On the other hand, it does not distinguish in a direct way between different solid phases present in the sample; this can be done only in inference from the behavior upon melting.
Neonatal screening in Europe; the situation in 2004
Authors: Loeber J. Gerard
Published: July 2007

This report outlines the status of neonatal screening in Europe in 2004. Out of the 45 member states of the Council of Europe plus the regions Scotland and Wales (in total 47 ‘countries’), no data at all were available from 3 (Albania, Azerbaijan and Georgia). From the other 44, varying amounts of data were received. Apart from Armenia, Finland and Malta, all countries have a national programme for phenylketonuria (PKU), although in some countries those programmes do not yet have 100% coverage. Moldova and Ukraine have no national programme for congenital hypothyroidism (CH), the other countries do. Twelve countries screen for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 6 for cystic fibrosis (CF) and 7 for galactosaemia (GAL), 6 for biotinidase deficiency (BD) and 4 for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Some countries have pilot programmes for certain conditions or different programmes per screening laboratory. The prevalences for PKU vary from 1:3000 to 1:30 000, and for CH from 1:1300 to 1:13 000. Methodologies vary within and between countries. There appears to be no relationship between the cut‐off limits and the recall rate. A first priority is to help those countries where the basic screening programmes have less than 100% coverage. In addition, continuous monitoring of the European programmes will help to decrease the variation in design and methodology by making use of the knowledge and expertise available from the global membership of the International Society for Neonatal Screening (ISNS). The huge difference of recall rates illustrate one obvious and important area for improvement of programme performances that could be aided by strengthened European cooperation.