bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Way Towards Greener Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Processes as Quantified by E Factors
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Isley Nicholas A. , Fennewald James C. , Slack Eric D.
Published: September 2013

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formations are among the most heavily used types of reactions in both academic and industrial settings. As important as these are to the synthetic community, such cross‐couplings come with a heavy price to our environment, and sustainability. E Factors are one measure of waste created, and organic solvents, by far, are the main contributors to the high values associated, in particular, with the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical companies which utilize these reactions. An alternative to organic solvents in which cross‐couplings are run can be found in the form of micellar catalysis, wherein nanoparticles composed of newly introduced designer surfactants enable the same cross‐couplings, albeit in water, with most taking place at room temperature. In the absence of an organic solvent as the reaction medium, organic waste and hence, E Factors, drop dramatically.
Foam‐like polymer/clay aerogels which incorporate air bubbles
Authors: Viggiano Rocco P. , Gawryla Matthew D. , Schiraldi David A.
Published: September 2013

The structure/property relationships of polymer/clay aerogels interfused with uniformly distributed air bubbles were examined. Through the incorporation of a polyelectrolyte in a montmorillonite(MMT) clay solution, the viscosity was systematically changed by the addition of ions with different charges. The bubbles were achieved via high speed mixing and were stabilized through the use of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). As the charge of the ion increased from +1 (Na+ ions) to +2 (Ca2+ ions) to finally +3 (Al3+ ions), the modulus of the resultant aerogels increased. The foamed polymer/clay aerogels showed a reduction in thermal conductivity while retaining similar mechanical properties to unfoamed polymer/clay aerogels. The most promising composition was one which contained 5% MMT clay/5% poly(vinyl alcohol)/0.5% xanthum gum/0.5% SDS/0.2% Al2(SO4)3·6(H2O) possessing a density of 0.083 g/cm3, an average modulus of 3.0 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 41 W/m·K. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39546.
Acrylic bone cements: Effects of the poly(methyl methacrylate) powder size and chitosan addition on their properties
Authors: Endogan Tugba , Kiziltay Aysel , Kose Gamze Torun , Comunoglu Nil , Beyzadeoglu Tahsin , Hasirci Nesrin
Published: September 2013

The effect of the particle size of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the incorporation of chitosan (CH) on the mechanical and thermal properties and the biocompatibility of acrylic bone cements were investigated. Three groups of bone cements were prepared with different PMMA particles. Groups 1 (BC1) and 2 (BC2) contained ground and sieved PMMA with particle sizes in the ranges 50–150 μm and 1–50 μm, and group 3 (BC3) contained synthesized PMMA microspheres with a size of about 1 μm. The mechanical properties of the three groups were similar, but their curing properties were significantly affected. The presence of CH improved the mechanical and thermal properties. For the BC1 group, the compressive strength increased more than 10 MPa, and the curing temperature decreased 12°. The cement having the optimum properties (BC1) was applied to rats, where it enhanced the bone bonding ability, and bioactivity was observed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39662.
Parent and Child Agreement on Experience of Potential Traumatic Events
Authors: Tingskull Sylvia , Svedin Carl Göran , Agnafors Sara , Sydsjö Gunilla , deKeyser Linda , Nilsson Doris
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the agreement between parent and child report of potential traumas experienced, to look at the agreement by interpersonal versus non‐interpersonal traumas and by gender. A birth cohort of 1723 children and their parents was followed from three months until 12 years after birth (South East Sweden Birth Cohort (SESBiC) study). At 12‐year follow‐up, 1174 children, 875 mothers and 601 fathers completed the Life Incidence of Traumatic Events (LITE) questionnaire. Cohen's kappa was used to assess the agreement between parent and child reports of traumas experienced by the child. The group was split by gender and kappa statistics were computed to determine the level of agreement between the different informants. The sample was also analysed according to the nature of the traumatic event: interpersonal or non‐interpersonal. Agreement was low across most types of traumas reported between parents and children and moderate between mothers and fathers. Agreement was lower when the trauma was interpersonal. No significant discrepancies in general were found on gender. The study highlights the importance of from whom the researcher collects information. In future research, it is important to study the significance the choice of information source might have on reported symptoms and behavioural problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘A birth cohort of 1723 children and their parents was followed from three months until 12 years after birth’

Key Practitioner Messages

For children and pre‐adolescents, reliance on parents for emotional support and attention is necessary.

Parents need to recognise potential traumatic experiences in order for consultation or treatment to be obtained.

Lack of parental recognition of the traumas experienced by the child is likely to result in a failure to seek the intervention required and, consequently, to poorer outcomes for the child.

The importance of turning directly to the child for information is highlighted.
A New Leadership Paradigm for the 21st Century
Authors: Woodland Calvin , Parsons Michael H.
Published: September 2013

Leadership in the 21st century will require new insights and a new paradigm. With nearly 100 years of combined experience in community college teaching and administration, the authors of this chapter blend theory and experience into a design for engaging the “new normal.”
The Future‐Shaping Function of the Governing Board
Authors: Gillett‐Karam Rosemary
Published: September 2013

Prevailing research tends to narrow the starting view of most authors, including those who write about community colleges and their governing boards in common terms of organizational structure, management style, roles and responsibilities, personality issues, and so forth. But this essay focuses more on one particular topic: the unique relationship between boards and the urban colleges they serve, from the perspective of a university professor who also serves as a community college trustee.
Reframing Community Partnerships
Authors: Thornton Jerry Sue
Published: September 2013

This chapter explores the evolving landscape of the urban college from the perspective of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland. It frames innovative and creative ways to develop unique partnerships with local high schools and employers, exemplified by the best collaborative practices of Cuyahoga and other community colleges.
The New Community College Business and Finance Model
Authors: Myran Gunder
Published: September 2013

The term “community college business and finance model” is unlikely to evoke a positive response from educators who resist labeling students as “customers,” do not want to call the college's offerings “products,” and don't like to hear the college referred to as a “business.” Faculty and staff tend to be conservative and risk‐averse when confronted with major institutional changes that they feel diminish the distinctiveness of the college, its academic freedom, their special relationship with students, and obligation to the public good. These are all valid concerns. But they should guide rather than deter the necessary transformation of business and finance operations to become leaner, smarter, more efficient, more creative, and more focused in response to new financial constraints and changing demographic, economic, technological, and social realities.
Efficient Construction of Pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazoles: Application to a Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Cyclized Monoterpenoid Pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole Alkaloids
Authors: Hesse Ronny , Gruner Konstanze K. , Kataeva Olga , Schmidt Arndt W. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2013

We have developed a highly efficient route to 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole (1) via a palladium‐catalyzed construction of the carbazole skeleton. Using 1 as relay compound, different methods for annulations of pyran rings by reaction with terpenoid building blocks have been tested. The Lewis acid promoted reaction of 1 with prenal (21) opened up an efficient route to girinimbine (3) and the corresponding reaction with citral (25) afforded mahanimbine (5). Oxidation of compounds 3 and 5 provided murrayacine (4) and murrayacinine (6). Following the biogenetic proposal, mahanimbine (5) has been exploited for efficient biomimetic syntheses of the cyclized monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole alkaloids cyclomahanimbine (7), mahanimbidine (8) and bicyclomahanimbine (9). The interconversions of 5, 7, 8 and 9 are described and mechanistic implications are discussed. Structural assignments are unambiguously verified by X‐ray crystal structure determinations. Moreover, cyclomahanimbine (7) was transformed into murrayazolinine (10) and exozoline (11).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structures, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Quaternary Chalcogenides: Pb4Ga4GeQ12 (Q: S, Se).
Authors: Chen Yu‐Kun , Chen Mei‐Chun , Zhou Liu‐Jiang , Chen Ling , Wu Li‐Ming
Published: September 2013

Pb4Ga4GeS12 (I) and Pb4Ga4GeSe12 (II) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the elements (evacuated silica tubes, 980 and 800 °C for (I) and (II) resp., 100 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Revision of the Ge—Ti Phase Diagram and Structural Stability of the New Phase Ge4Ti5.
Authors: Bittner Roland W. , Colinet Catherine , Tedenac Jean‐Claude , Richter Klaus W.
Published: September 2013

GeTi alloy samples (32—66 at.% Ge) are prepared by vacuum arc melting and annealing at 1000 °C for 4 weeks.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge‐Controlled Switchable CO2 Capture on Boron Nitride Nanomaterials.
Authors: Sun Qiao , Li Zhen , Searles Debra J. , Chen Ying , Lu Gaoqing , Du Aijun
Published: September 2013

Adsorption of CO2, CH4, and H2 on BN nanosheets and nanotubes with different charge states are investigated by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Changes in the Structural Dimensionality of Selenidostannates in Ionic Liquids: Formation, Structures, Stability, and Photoconductivity.
Authors: Lin Yumei , Xie Dewang , Massa Werner , Mayrhofer Leonhard , Lippert Sina , Ewers Benjamin , Chernikov Alexey , Koch Martin , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: September 2013

The new selenidostannate compounds (II), (III), and (IV) are formed in ionic liquids, following unprecedented transformation pathways that include dimensionality changes of the anionic Sn/Se substructures.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterometallic Clusters [CuSn3S9]5‐ and [Cu6Sn6S20]10‐: Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of 4f—3d Thiostannates.
Authors: Chen Ruihong , Wang Fang , Tang Chunying , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian
Published: September 2013

Compounds (IV), (VI), and (VIII) are characterized by XRD and UV/VIS reflectance spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Michael Additions of 2‐Acetylazaarenes to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Simpson Alain J. , Lam Hon Wai
Published: September 2013

2‐Acetylazaarenes undergo catalytic enantioselective Michael additions to nitroalkenes in the presence of a chiral Ni(II)—bis(oxazoline)complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Construction of Quaternary Carbon‐Containing Homoallylic and Homopropargylic Amines
Authors: Guo Tao , Song Ran , Yuan Bin‐Hua , Chen Xiao‐Yang , Sun Xing‐Wen , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: September 2013

via Zn‐mediated asymmetric allylation of optically active N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl ketimines
ChemInform Abstract: Mizoroki—Heck Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Dichloro‐bis(aminophosphine) Complexes under Mild Reaction Conditions. The Importance of Ligand Composition on the Catalytic Activity.
Authors: Oberholzer Miriam , Frech Christian M.
Published: September 2013

An air stable palladium complex comprising two tripiperidinophosphine ligands is easily prepared and successfully applied as a catalyst for the Mizoroki—Heck reaction of aryl bromides with different alkenes [46 examples].
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Redox Amidations of Aldehydes with a Polymer‐Supported Peptide—N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Multifunctional Catalyst.
Authors: Gondo Chenaimwoyo A. , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2013

It is demonstrated that the histidine‐bound NHC precursor (I) facilitates redox amidations of aldehydes and amines, a process not catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes alone.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed in situ Generation of Less Accessible of Unprecedented N‐Boc Imines from N‐Boc Aminals.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Yurino Taiga , Asakawa Daisuke , Maruoka Keiji
Published: September 2013

The utility of N‐Boc aminals as precursor of reactive N‐Boc imines is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Reactions Between Alkenyldiazo Carbonyl Species and Acetals.
Authors: Pagar Vinayak Vishnu , Jadhav Appaso M. , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: September 2013

The reaction proceeds via an initial Prins‐type reaction followed by gold‐carbene formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐Ketoamides with Thiourea Organocatalyst for the Enantioselective Domino Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclohexanes.
Authors: Raimondi Wilfried , Sanchez Duque Maria del Mar , Goudedranche Sebastien , Quintard Adrien , Constantieux Thierry , Bugaut Xavier , Bonne Damien , Rodriguez Jean
Published: September 2013

The diketoacid substrates are activated by BTU to react with nitroolefins or acrolein.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)—Copper(I) Complexes as Catalysts for A3 Reactions.
Authors: Chen Ming‐Tsz , Navarro Oscar
Published: September 2013

A facile synthesis of a broad spectrum of propargylamines can be achieved, in part at room temperature and within a short time, in the presence of a copper carbene complex as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isothiocyanates by Reaction of Amines with Phenyl Chlorothionoformate via One‐Pot or Two‐Step Process.
Authors: Li Zheng‐Yi , Ma Hong‐Zhao , Han chen , Xi Hai‐Tao , Meng Qi , Chen Xin , Sun Xiao‐Qiang
Published: September 2013

Two approaches are investigated for the preparation of the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Oxazoline Palladium Complexes and Their Applications in Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Gu Peng , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: September 2013

The tetrapalladium complex (I) is found to be the most efficient catalyst for the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential C—H Functionalization Reactions for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofurans.
Authors: Wang Hengbin , Li Gang , Engle Keary M. , Yu Jin‐Quan , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: September 2013

The title synthesis is achieved by a rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective intermolecular C—H insertion followed by a palladium‐catalyzed C—H activation/C—O cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines via Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction.
Authors: Yin Qin , Wang Shou‐Guo , You Shu‐Li
Published: September 2013

An efficient synthesis of enantioenriched tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines via chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation with a Hantzsch ester as organic hydride source is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Formal Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions of Enones with Isatins to Give Spirooxindole Tetrahydropyranones.
Authors: Cui Hai‐Lei , Tanaka Fujie
Published: September 2013

An atom‐economical, highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective organocatalytic hetero Diels—Alder reaction of enones with isatins is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline as Reusable and Organo Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromenes
Authors: Behbahani Farahnaz Kargar , Ghorbani Mehdi , Sadeghpour Mahdieh , Mirzaei Mohamad
Published: September 2013

via multicomponent reactions of naphthols with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Novel Method for Warfarin Synthesis via Lipase‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Michael Reaction.
Authors: Sano Kaoru , Saito Shun‐ichi , Hirose Yoshihiko , Kohari Yoshihito , Nakano Hiroto , Seki Chigusa , Tokiwa Michio , Takeshita Mitsuhiro , Uwai Koji
Published: September 2013

This provides the best result hitherto obtained in enantioselective syntheses of the anticoagulant warfarin using a bio‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual‐Catalyzed Acceleration of Tandem Disulfide Cleavage and Baylis—Hillman Synthesis of 2H‐1‐Benzothiopyran Derivatives.
Authors: Nyoni Dubekile , Lobb Kevin A. , Kaye Perry T.
Published: September 2013

Use of DBU and PPh3 as a dual catalyst system significantly increases product yields and dramatically decreases the reaction time in the title tandem synthesis of benzothiopyran derivatives from disulfides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Synthesis of 2‐Pyridone and 3,5‐Dihydroxypyridine from a Carbohydrate.
Authors: Gorantla Jaggaiah N. , Kovval Divya , Lankalapalli Ravi S.
Published: September 2013

The attempt to produce an azasugar structure from substrate (I) under basic conditions causes a three‐step sequence involving NH3‐mediated ring opening, followed by spontaneous cyclization and unexpected double elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective and Efficient Deoxygenation of Amine‐N‐Oxides with CeCl3·7H2O/Zinc System.
Authors: Yoo Byung Woo , Jung Ha Il , Kim Se Heon , Ahn Young Sun , Choi Ji Yong
Published: September 2013

A variety of functional groups are compatible with the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cinnolinium Salts from Azobenzenes and Alkynes: Application to the Synthesis of Indoles and Cinnolines.
Authors: Muralirajan Krishnamoorthy , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: September 2013

A new rhodium‐catalyzed synthesis of biologically active cinnolinium salts from various azobenzenes and alkynes under air is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxylate Derivatives (IV)
Authors: Thorat Vinod V. , Dake Satish A. , Deshmukh Satish U. , Rasokkiyam Elayaraja , Uddin Mohd. Farees , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: September 2013

via a Biginelli reaction (15 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Alkoxypropenals as Synthetic Equivalents of Methylglyoxal in the Synthesis of Heterocycles.
Authors: Keiko N. A. , Vchislo N. V. , Larina L. I.
Published: September 2013

2‐Ethoxypropenal (I) yields methylglyoxal in situ by hydrolysis under weakly acidic conditions and thus can be used as synthetic equivalent for the synthesis of various heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane by the Tandem Reaction of a Vinylsulfonium Salt.
Authors: Huang Rui , Xie Chunsong , Huang Lin , Liu Jinhua
Published: September 2013

A new four step methodology for the synthesis of the title cyclen (VI), a pivotal precursor for a wide variety of magnetic resonance imaging contrast reagents, is developed using a readily available vinylsulfonium triflate as a key cyclization component.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of (‐)‐Steviamine and Analogues and Their Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Jiangseubchatveera Nadechanok , Bouillon Marc E. , Liawruangrath Boonsom , Liawruangrath Saisunee , Nash Robert J. , Pyne Stephen G.
Published: September 2013

10‐nor‐analogues of steviamine (Ia) show 50—54% inhibition of α‐rhamnosidase.
ChemInform Abstract: Advanced SnO2‐Based Ceramics: Synthesis, Structure, Properties
Authors: Susana Mihaiu Maria , Oana Scarlat , Stefania Zuca , Maria Zaharescu
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: IUPAC‐NIST Solubility Data Series. 95. Alkaline Earth Carbonates in Aqueous Systems. Part 1. Introduction, Be and Mg
Authors: De Visscher Alex , Vanderdeelen Jan , Konigsberger Erich , Churagulov Bulat R. , Ichikuni Masami , Tsurumi Makoto
Published: September 2013

Review: 157 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: IUPAC‐NIST Solubility Data Series. 93. Potassium Sulfate in Water
Authors: Eysseltova Jitka , Bouaziz Roger
Published: September 2013

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Syntheses of Decalin Type Natural Products
Authors: Akita Hiroyuki
Published: September 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Tartaric‐Acid‐Derived Asymmetric Organocatalysts
Authors: Gratzer Katharina , Gururaja Guddeangadi N. , Waser Mario
Published: September 2013

Review: <50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Endohedral Fullerenes
Authors: Popov Alexey A. , Yang Shangfeng , Dunsch Lothar
Published: September 2013

Review: synthesis, structure, properties and potential applications; 992 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Reactions on Immobilized Substrates
Authors: Gray Christopher J. , Weissenborn Martin J. , Eyers Claire E. , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: September 2013

Review: 258 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Interactions of Laulimalide, Peloruside, and Their Derivatives with the Isoforms of β‐Tubulin
Authors: Gajewski Melissa M. , Tuszynski Jack A. , Barakat Khaled , Huzil J. Torin , Klobukowski Mariusz
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinase Inhibitors of Marine Origin
Authors: Bharate Sandip B. , Sawant Sanghapal D. , Singh Parvinder Pal , Vishwakarma Ram A.
Published: September 2013

Review: 717 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review: Membrane Biofilm Reactor, Water Pollution Control
Authors: Wang Rongchang
Published: September 2013

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantifying and Understanding the Electronic Properties of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Nelson David J. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: September 2013

Review: 213 refs.
Gender‐Related In Vitro Metabolism of Hexaconazole and Its Enantiomers in Rats
Authors: Shen Zhigang , Liu Donghui , Wang Peng , Zhang Ping , Wang Xinru , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: September 2013

In the present study we investigated the enantioselective disappearance of hexaconazole in rat liver microsomes system prepared from both genders. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for identification and quantification. The degradation of the (+)‐hexaconazole was faster than that of the (−)‐hexaconazole in racemic hexaconazole and single enantiomer incubation in both sexes. The degradation half‐life of the (+)‐hexaconazole or (−)‐hexaconazole was also gender‐related. The metabolism of (+)‐hexaconazole and (−)‐hexaconazole were faster in male rat hepatic microsomes than that in female, suggesting that at least one of the cytochrome P450s (CYP) in the male rat liver microsomes system responsible for hexaconazole metabolism was male‐specific or considerably more active. Kinetic assays showed that the intrinsic clearance in male rat liver microsomes was higher than that in female. All these results strongly suggest that sexual dimorphic metabolism of hexaconazole exists in rats. The inhibition experiments with CYP inhibitors showed that the inhibitory effect of inhibitors was enantioselective and affected by sex. The results suggest that the enantioselective metabolism of hexaconazole was determined by the amount of hepatic cytochrome P450 and the expression of individual isoforms of CYPs. Chirality 25:852–857, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural features and interfacial properties of WH2, β‐thymosin domains and other intrinsically disordered domains in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics
Authors: Renault Louis , Deville Célia , van Heijenoort Carine
Published: September 2013

Many actin‐binding proteins (ABPs) use complex multidomain architectures to integrate and coordinate multiple signals and interactions with the dynamic remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. In these proteins, small segments that are intrinsically disordered in their unbound native state can be functionally as important as identifiable folded units. These functional intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are however difficult to identify and characterize in vitro. Here, we try to summarize the state of the art in understanding the structural features and interfacial properties of IDRs involved in actin self‐assembly dynamics. Recent structural and functional insights into the regulation of widespread, multifunctional WH2/β‐thymosin domains, and of other IDRs such as those associated with WASP/WAVE, formin or capping proteins are examined. Understanding the functional versatility of IDRs in actin assembly requires apprehending by multiple structural and functional approaches their large conformational plasticity and dynamics in their interactions. In many modular ABPs, IDRs relay labile interactions with multiple partners and act as interaction hubs in interdomain and protein–protein interfaces. They thus control multiple conformational transitions between the inactive and active states or between various active states of multidomain ABPs, and play an important role to coordinate the high turnover of interactions in actin self‐assembly dynamics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction of an Isolation Chromophore into an “H”‐Shaped NLO Polymer: Enhanced NLO Effect, Optical Transparency, and Stability
Authors: Wu Wenbo , Ye Cheng , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen
Published: September 2013

In this study, a new polymer P1 embedded with “H”‐type chromophore moieties was designed and synthesized through Suzuki coupling copolymerization, in which the isolation chromophore was introduced to further improve its comprehensive performance. This polymer demonstrated good solubility and film‐forming ability. In comparison with normal ”H”‐shaped NLO polymers only containing one type of chromophore, nearly all the performance of P1 was improved. Its NLO coefficient was as high as 134 pm V−1, and its onset temperature for decay was up to 150 °C. Coupled with its improved optical transparency, all these properties made it a promising candidate for practical applications in photonic fields.
Resistance and capacitance of 4 × n cobweb network and two conjectures
Authors: Tan Zhi‐Zhong , Zhou Ling , Luo Da‐feng
Published: September 2013

A classic problem in electric circuit theory studied by numerous authors over 160 years is the computation of the resistance between two nodes in a resistor network, yet some basic problem in m × n cobweb network is still not solved ideally. The equivalent resistance and capacitance of 4 × n cobweb network are investigated in this paper. We built a quaternion matrix equation and proposed the method of matrix transformations in terms of the network analysis. We proposed a brief equivalent resistance formula and find that the equivalent resistance is expressed by cos(kπ/9) in a series of strict calculation. Meanwhile, an equivalent resistance of infinite networks is gained. Using the inverse mapping relation between capacitance parameters and resistance parameters, the equivalent capacitance formula is also given for the 4 × n capacitance cobweb network. By analyzing and comparing the equivalent resistances of the 1 × n, 2 × n, 3 × n and 4 × n cobweb networks, two conjectures on the equivalent resistance and capacitance of the m × n cobweb network are proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal response characteristics of fire blanket materials
Authors: Takahashi Fumiaki , Abbott Amber , Murray Timothy M. , T'ien James S. , Olson Sandra L.
Published: September 2013

The thermal response characteristics of over 50 relatively thin (0.15–3.7 mm) fire blanket materials from four different fiber groups (aramid, fiberglass, amorphous silica, and pre‐oxidized carbon) and their composites have been investigated. A plain or coated fabric sample was subjected to a predominantly convective or radiant heat flux (up to 84 kW/m2) using a Meker burner and a cone heater, respectively. In addition to conventional thermal protective performance ratings for protective clothing, two transient thermal response times (for the fabric back‐side temperature to reach 300 °C and for the through‐the‐fabric heat flux to reach 13 kW/m2) and a steady‐state heat‐blocking efficiency (HBE) were introduced for both convective and radiant heat sources. For most woven fabrics, the HBE values were approximately 70 ± 10% for both convection and radiation and only mildly increased with the fabric thickness or the incident heat flux. Nonwoven (felt) fabrics with low thermal conductivity exhibited significantly better insulation (up to 87%) against convective heat. Highly reflective aluminized materials exhibited exceptionally high HBE values (up to 98%) for radiation, whereas carbon and charred aramid fabrics showed lower HBEs (down to 50%) because of efficient radiation absorption. A relatively thin fire blanket operating at high temperatures can efficiently block heat from a convective source by radiative emission (enhanced by its T4‐dependence and high surface emissivity) coupled with thermal insulation and from a radiant heat source by surface reflection while the aluminum surface layer remains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Euler‐Lagrangian Simulation of Magnetic Field Effects on the Mixed Convection of Ferrofluid
Authors: Aminfar H. , Mohammadpourfard M. , Eynalvandpour A.
Published: September 2013

In this article, the hydro‐thermal behavior of a ferrofluid flow (kerosene and 4 vol% Fe3O4) in a vertical tube in the presence of different magnetic field gradients using a two‐phase Euler–Lagrange model and control volume technique has been reported. Two cases for the magnetic field gradients have been considered to affect the mixed convection of the ferrofluid: non‐uniform axial negative and positive field gradients. Unlike our previous studies instead of uniform nanoparticle distribution within the flow, it has been considered as non‐uniform (maximum concentration profile is at the flow centerline). Based on the obtained results in this case, the velocity profiles in the negative magnetic field gradients are more affected than our previous studies. Also the time variations of the Nusselt number and skin friction factor have been presented. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res 43(2): 148‐166, 2014; Published online 12 September 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21069
A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro‐meteorological use
Authors: Ma Mingwei , Ren Liliang , Yuan Fei , Jiang Shanhu , Liu Yi , Kong Hao , Gong Luyan
Published: September 2013

Accepting the concept of standardization introduced by the standardized precipitation index, similar methodologies have been developed to construct some other standardized drought indices such as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). In this study, the authors provided deep insight into the SPEI and recognized potential deficiencies/limitations in relating to the climatic water balance it used. By coupling another well‐known Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), we proposed a new standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI) through a moisture departure probabilistic approach, which allows multi‐scalar calculation for accurate temporal and spatial comparison of the hydro‐meteorological conditions of different locations. Using datasets of monthly precipitation, temperature and soil available water capacity, the moisture deficit/surplus was calculated at multiple temporal scales, and a couple of techniques were adopted to adjust corresponding time series to a generalized extreme value distribution out of several candidates. Results of the historical records (1900–2012) for diverse climates by multiple indices showed that the SPDI was highly consistent and correlated with the SPEI and self‐calibrated PDSI at most analysed time scales. Furthermore, a simple experiment of hypothetical temperature and/or precipitation change scenarios also verified the effectiveness of this newly derived SPDI in response to climate change impacts. Being more robust and preferable in spatial consistency and comparability as well as combining the simplicity of calculation with sufficient accounting of the physical nature of water supply and demand relating to droughts, the SPDI is promising to serve as a competent reference and an alternative for drought assessment and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling hydrological connectivity of tropical floodplain wetlands via a combined natural and artificial stream network
Authors: Karim Fazlul , Kinsey‐Henderson Anne , Wallace Jim , Godfrey Paul , Arthington Angela H. , Pearson Richard G.
Published: September 2013

The ecological condition and biodiversity values of floodplain wetlands are highly dependent on the hydrological connectivity of wetlands to adjacent rivers. This paper describes a method for quantifying connectivity between floodplain wetlands and the main rivers in a wet tropical catchment of northern Australia. We used a one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate time‐varying water depths across the stream network (i.e. rivers, streams and man‐made drains). The timing and duration of connectivity of seven wetlands (four natural and three artificial) with the two main rivers in the catchment were then calculated for different hydrological conditions. Location and areal extent of the wetlands and the stream network were identified using high‐resolution laser altimetry, and these data formed key inputs to the hydrodynamic model. The model was calibrated using measured water depths and discharges across the floodplain. An algorithm was developed to identify contiguous water bodies at daily time steps, and this gave the temporal history of connection and disconnection between wetlands and the rivers. Simulation results show that connectivity of individual wetlands to both rivers varies from 26 to 365 days during an average hydrological condition. Location, especially proximity to a main river, and wetland type (natural stream or artificial drain) were identified as key factors influencing these levels of connectivity. Some natural wetlands maintain connection with the river for most or all of the year, whereas the connectivity of some artificial wetlands varies from 26 to 36 days according to their patterns of network connection to adjacent rivers – a result that has important implications for the accessibility of these types of wetland to aquatic biota. Using readily available river gauge data, we also show how connectivity modelling can be used to identify periods when connectivity has fallen below critical thresholds for fish movement. These connectivity patterns within the floodplain network are central to the setting of river flows that will meet environmental requirements for biota that use floodplain wetlands during their life history. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much complexity is needed to simulate watershed streamflow and water quality? A test combining time series and hydrological models
Authors: Chien Huicheng , Mackay D. Scott
Published: September 2013

Modelled hydrologic processes are represented in a set of numerical equations; the complexity of which can be measured by the total number of variables needed. A single dominant hydrologic process could control the hydrologic response of a watershed, and so the identification of the corresponding dominant variable(s) would aid in identifying a parsimonious model and in collecting more reliable data. By accounting for both model complexity and serial correlation in the variables, a model is used to identify the dominant variables for representing watershed scale streamflow, sediment transport and phosphorus yields. Long‐term water quantity and quality data were used to show that rainfall and non‐linear soil water storage were the dominant variables for weekly streamflow, suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus. Model accuracy did not consistently improve when other statistically significant variables were included. The results suggest that improved model performance may not justify the added model complexity. As such, identification of dominant variables would be the priority for developing parsimonious hydrologic models, especially at watershed scales. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among women from five ethnic groups with light to moderate intakes: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Park Song‐Yi , Kolonel Laurence N. , Lim Unhee , White Kami K. , Henderson Brian E. , Wilkens Lynne R.
Published: September 2013

Higher alcohol consumption, even at moderate levels, has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in epidemiological studies. However, prior studies were conducted in mostly white populations. To assess the relationship of alcohol consumption to postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population of largely never, light or moderate drinkers, we prospectively examined the association in 85,089 women enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort in Hawaii and California. During a mean follow‐up of 12.4 years, 3,885 incident invasive breast cancer cases were identified. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, controlling for potential confounders. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with increased risk of breast cancer: compared to nondrinkers, HRs were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.06–1.42), 1.21 (95% CI: 1.00–1.45), 1.12 (95% CI: 0.95–1.31) and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.32–1.77) for 5–9.9, 10–14.9, 15–29.9 and ≥30 g/day of alcohol, respectively. The positive association was seen in African American, Japanese American, Latino and white, but not in Native Hawaiian women, and in those with tumors that were both positive and negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR). This prospective study supports previous findings that light to moderate alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk, and demonstrates this association in several ethnic groups besides whites, independent of ER/PR status.
Effective Leadership Styles in Family Therapy
Authors: Cross Judith
Published: September 2013

Leadership studies in group work have found that leadership style is an important factor in influencing the success of a group. It is vital that family therapists also consider this area and examine their leadership behaviour and its effectiveness in helping the family they see. In this paper a model is presented which links leadership style with the types of families coming for treatment, and to changes in their functioning over time.
The Simple Bind and Discontinuous Change
Authors: Hoffman Lynn
Published: September 2013

The author argues that families usually respond to internal and external demands for change in terms of leaps or transformations to new and different adaptive structural arrangements. Such transformations unavoidably have stress and disruption as a prelude. Transformations are precipitated by paradoxical injunctions called “simple binds”. The presence of “double binds” lead to the disqualification of, and failure of transformations. Symptomatic behaviour of family members can be seen as a product of failed transformations.
Stress Within Families: Some Questions and Possibilities
Authors: Eisen Peter
Published: September 2013

Individual children's capacity to cope with stressors may be predicated by the stress‐coping mechanisms utilised by their families There appears to be a paucity of information about families' responses to stressors. It is postulated that there are significant questions about family coping mechanisms, and that research directed towards these questions may provide information of use in programmes which aim to facilitate the development of effective coping mechanisms in children. Assumptions about the delineation of coping mechanisms, the structure of family units, the designation of stressors., and the study of human behaviour are discussed. A brief outline is provided on a research project aimed at defining and analysing family coping behaviour, and at differentiating families that cope effectively with stressors from those that do not. Some initial impression of findings are presented.
Training Family Therapists: Creating a Learning Experience
Authors: Colling Terry , Szymczak Len
Published: September 2013

This article describes the structure of a Three Day Residential Workshop for experienced therapists. We were concerned that workshops for family therapists often failed to provide a sense of continuity and movement from one interview to the next. We also felt that workshops, through their process, imply an expectation of uniformity in style that may inhibit the creativity and spontaneity of the therapists.

We therefore chose the Growth Model of family therapy as we experimented with a format that: (a) used sequential interviews which broke some well established rules of role‐playing, (b) utilized a team approach as a useful tool in furthering the learning experience, and (c) exposed the participants to a variety of therapy styles.

In this article we seek to Illustrate those components of the workshop that proved successful and those areas which needed to be changed in order to make it a more effective learning experience. We conclude with specific recommendations regarding the structuring of such workshops.
A Typology of Families ‐ Five Family Systems
Authors: Ford Frederick R. , Herrick Joan
Published: September 2013

This typology of families is composed of five family systems named “Two Against the World”, “Children Come First”, “Share and Share Alike”, “Every Man for Himself”, and “Until Death Do Us Part”. Each may occur as a pure form but mixtures are common. Variables such as purity of the system, timing of the emergence of a system and the family's flexibility in shifting from one system to another determine outcomes for sickness or health. The therapist's ability to recognise these systems gives coherence to family therapy and improves its effectiveness.
Blackmail is Against the Law — Part Three: Ernie Will Kick Up A Fuss
Authors: McCallum Peter , Lang Moshe
Published: September 2013

This paper reports in detail on the third session with a family of four who have commenced therapy only ten days earlier after both mother and 15‐year old daughter have attempted suicide. The transcript demonstrates how the resolution of some problems following the first two sessions leads to the emergence of new ones, so that the obstacles to change in the family can be appreciated more fully.
Structural Problems in the Formation and Function of Blended Families
Authors: Preston G.
Published: September 2013

This paper outlines a structural family therapy analysis of the problems that occur in the formation and functioning of blended families. The difference between blended families and other types of family is discussed and an attempt is made to differentiate blended families from each other. Common structural problems in blended families are described with case study examples. Reference is made to the part that access and custody disputes play in the problems of the blended family and some suggestions are made regarding therapy with these families.
CKD‐501, a novel selective PPARγ agonist, shows no carcinogenic potential in ICR mice following oral administration for 104 weeks
Authors: Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Lee Ji‐Eun , Lee Hee Su , Hwang In‐Chang , Kim Dal‐Hyun , Park Hyun‐Kyu , Choi Hyun‐Ji , Jo Woori , Son Woo‐Chan , Yun Hyo‐In
Published: September 2013

CKD‐501 is a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist that is effective for the treatment of diabetes. However, its carcinogenic potential remains controversial. The current carcinogenicity study was conducted over a period of 104 weeks in ICR mice. Three groups, each consisting of 60 male and 60 female mice, received oral CKD‐501 dosages of 0.2, 1.0 or 6.0 mg kg−1day–1. The mortality rates of the male control, 0.2, 1.0 and 6.0 mg kg–1 day–1 treated groups were 60%, 68%, 58% and 67%, respectively and 57%, 68% and 67% in the female control, 0.2 and 1.0 mg kg−1 day–1 treated groups. It was 67% in the female 6.0 mg kg−1 day–1 treated group, which was terminated at week 98 due to its increased mortality rate. No significant treatment‐related effects were observed on the survival rates, with the exception of females in the 6.0 mg kg−1 day–1 group. Body weights increased in females receiving 1.0 and 6.0 mg kg−1 day–1 due to the class effects of the PPARγ agonist. Differences were not found in hematology parameters between the CKD‐501‐treated groups and their corresponding controls, but the histopathological evidence did not reveal any findings attributed to CKD‐501. Treated animals exhibited non‐neoplastic findings (adipocyte proliferation, bone marrow hypoplasia cardiomyopathy), but all of these were expected changes for this class of compound. There were no treatment‐related neoplastic changes in this study. The results of this study therefore demonstrate a lack of carcinogenicity following oral administration of CKD‐501 to ICR mice for 104 weeks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinically Significant Missense Variants in Human GALNT3, GALNT8, GALNT12, and GALNT13 Genes: Intriguing In Silico Findings
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Ramzan M. , Nasir Jamal , Al‐Aama Jumana Yousuf
Published: September 2013

Aberrant glycosylation by N‐acetylgalactosaminyl transferases (GALNTs) is a well‐described pathological alteration that is widespread in hereditary diseases, prominently including human cancers, familial tumoral calcinosis and hyperostosis–hyperphosphatemia. In this study, we integrated different computational tools to perform the in silico analysis of clinically significant mutations (nsSNPs/single amino acid change) at both functional and structural levels, found in human GALNT3, GALNT8, GALNT12, and GALNT13 genes. From function and structure based insights, mutations encoding R162Q, T359K, C574G, G359D, R297W, D303N, Y396C, and D313N substitutions were concordantly predicted highly deleterious for relevant GALNTs proteins. From intriguing findings, T359K‐GALNT3 was simulated with high contribution for disease susceptibility (tumor calcinosis) as compared to its partner variant T272K (Ichikawa et al. [2006] J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91:4472–4475). Similarly, the prediction of high damaging behavior, evolutionary conservation and structural destabilization for C574G were proposed as major contributing factors to regulate metabolic disorder underlying tumor calcinosis and hyperostosis–hyperphosphatemia syndrome. In case of R297W‐GALNT12, prediction of highly deleterious effect and disruption in ionic interactions were anticipated with reduction in enzymatic activity, associated with bilateral breast cancer and primary colorectal cancers. The second GALNT12 mutation (D303N)—known splice variant—was predicted with disease severity as a result of decrease in charge density and buried behavior neighboring the catalytic B domain. In the lack of adequate in silico data about systematic characterization of clinically significant mutations in GALNTs genes, current study can be used as a significant tool to interpret the role of GALNTs reaction chemistry in disease‐association risks in body. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 313–327, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.