bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Quality of Finfish and Shellfish with Special Reference to Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157
Authors: Manna S.K. , Das R. , Manna C.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of fish and shellfish from Kolkata, India, with special emphasis on E. coli O157. Fresh and ice‐preserved Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Oreochromis mossambica, Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus, and Penaeus monodon were examined for total heterotrophic bacteria and coliform loads and presence of E. coli and E. coli serotype O157 by culture method. While the total plate count of bacteria was within acceptable or marginally acceptable limits for most samples, fishes were contaminated with coliforms, including E. coli, indicating poor hygiene and sanitary conditions. Although E. coli O157 could not be detected, a few samples were contaminated with non‐O157 serotypes of enterohaemolysin‐ and Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli, raising public health concern.
Nutritional Assessment of Processing Effects on Major and Trace Element Content in Sea Buckthorn Juice (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides)
Authors: Gutzeit D. , Winterhalter P. , Jerz G.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  Processing effects on the mineral content were investigated during juice production from sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides, Elaeagnaceae) using berries from 2 different growing areas. The major and trace elements of sea buckthorn berries and juices were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)—(calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS)—(arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc). Potassium is the most abundant major element in sea buckthorn berries and juices. The production process increased the potassium content in the juice by about 20%. Moreover, the processing of juice increased the value of manganese up to 32% compared to the content in berries. During industrial juice production, the technological steps caused a loss of about 53% to 77% of the chromium concentration, 50% of the copper content, 64% to 75% of the molybdenum amount, and up to 45% of the iron concentration in the final juice product. Consumption of sea buckthorn juice represents a beneficial source of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, iron, and potassium for the achievement of the respective dietary requirements.
The 2005 French Urban Unrests: Data‐Based Interpretations
Authors: Jobard Fabien
Published: July 2008

The French 2005 riots in the urban outskirts were the most numerous, widespread and violent France has experienced since the beginning of the 1980s. InThe Politics of Collective Violence, Charles Tilly refused the term ‘riot as a scientific idiom’ because it embodies a political judgment rather than an analytical distinction. Authorities and observers label as riots the damage‐going gatherings of which they disapprove, but they use terms like demonstrations, protest, resistance or retaliation for essentially similar events of which they approve (2003, 18).

Our aim here is to discuss this assertion. How far is violence an act of protest? How far can the authors of collective violence acting in the French deprived urban areas in November 2005 be described as ‘rioters’ or rebels? The following contribution mainly focuses on empirical data (quantitative and qualitative) in order to fulfil this aim. We will leave the root causes and contextual aspects by one side (economic deprivation, urban segregation, conflicts with police forces, etc.) and concentrate on immediate data produced in the wake of the riots, in the little research produced afterwards.
Women and War: Militarism, Bodies, and the Practice of Gender
Authors: Riley Robin L.
Published: July 2008

Women around the world, in various geographic spaces, social and cultural contexts, as partners, wives, sisters, daughters, mothers, mourners, and victims experience war. Women's experience of war and their participation in it, either as actors or resistors, victims or perpetrators (Moser and Clark 2001), cheerleaders or critics, are always influenced by the construction of gender operating in and around their lives. While constructions of masculinity and femininity are always circulating in and around militarism and war, women's bodies are sometimes primary considerations for military and state leaders; this creates a visibility/invisibility/hyper‐visibility problem for women in wartime. In this essay, women's participation in war as soldiers, refugees, prisoners, jailers, activists, and suicide bombers and the accompanying shift in the practice of femininity and masculinity is explored.
Determination of Platinum‐Group Elements in OPY‐1: Comparison of Results using Different Digestion Techniques
Authors: Qi Liang , Zhou Mei‐Fu
Published: July 2008

A new proficiency testing sample, OPY‐1 (ultramafic rock), the basis of the twentieth international proficiency test of analytical geochemistry laboratories (GeoPT 20), was recently prepared by the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG). This paper reports analytical data for Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd with different digestion techniques, including an improved Carius tube, Carius tube combined with HF dissolution and alkaline fusion. About 4–15% of the PGEs are in the silicate phase, which cannot be leached by aqua regia even when digested at 300 °C with the Carius tube technique. Both the Carius tube technique combined with HF dissolution and alkaline fusion can obtain reliable data. The results demonstrated that OPY‐1 is sufficiently homogeneous at a 2 g test portion level to be suitable as a reference material for method validation. The procedure for sealing the Carius tube was simplified and the recommended digestion procedures are provided.
Organic Geochemical Microanalysis by Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS)
Authors: Sjövall Peter , Thiel Volker , Siljeström Sandra , Heim Christine , Hode Tomas , Lausmaa Jukka
Published: July 2008

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is a powerful method for the chemical analysis of solid surfaces. In this paper, the capabilities and limitations of this technique and the potential for its use in geochemical research are outlined. Using ToF‐SIMS, the chemical composition of sample structures down to 10–100 μm can be determined, without the need for pre‐selection or labelling of the analysed substances. In addition, the lateral distribution of organic and inorganic compounds can be mapped in geochemical samples at a resolution in the micrometre range. The capabilities of the technique in geochemistry are illustrated by two examples. In the first example, it is shown that ToF‐SIMS can be used to detect biomarkers in oil samples, making it a promising method for the analysis of biomarkers in fluid inclusions. In the second example, a number of specific lipid biomarkers were identified and mapped on the surface of a microbial mat cryosection surface. Post‐measurement optical microscopy correlated the localisation of the lipids with the presence of methanotrophic archaea in the microbial mat.
The case for euro oil trading
Authors: Noreng Øystein
Published: July 2008

Because the crude oil market is not perfectly competitive, the choice of currency is relevant for real oil prices in different markets. The euro has taken the brunt of the dollar depreciation, so that oil prices in recent years have been more stable in euros than in dollars. Stability makes the euro a more attractive currency for storing value, also for oil exporters. Therefore, the euro should replace the dollar as the as the unit of account, the standard of value in contracts and the medium of exchange; in brief, oil should be priced and traded in euros. The counter‐argument is that international oil trading is based on the dollar, not only for crude oil, but also for refined products that ultimately are sold in local currencies; this provides a transparent and efficient oil market. The present dollar oil trading imposes a currency risk and ensuing costs on non‐US agents in the market are often seen as unreasonable. Further depreciation would most likely undermine the position of the dollar in oil trading.
Dynamics of petroleum markets in OECD countries in a monthly VAR–VEC model (1995–2007)
Authors: Asali Mehdi
Published: July 2008

This paper contains some results of a study in which the dynamics of petroleum markets in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is investigated through a vector auto regression (VAR)–vector error correction model. The time series of the model comprises the monthly data for the variables demand for oil in the OECD, WTI in real term as a benchmark oil price, industrial production in OECD as a proxy for income and commercial stocks of crude oil and oil products in OECD for the time period of January 1995 to September 2007. The detailed results of this empirical research are presented in different sections of the paper; nevertheless, the general result that emerges from this study could be summarised as follows: (i) there is convincing evidence of the series being non‐stationary and integrated of order one I(1) with clear signs of co‐integration relations between the series; (ii) the VAR system of the empirical study appears stable and restores its dynamics as usual, following a shock to the rate of changes of different variables of the model, taking between five and eight periods (months in our case); (iii) we find the lag length of 2 as being optimal for the estimated VAR model; (iv) significant impact of changes in the commercial crude and products’ inventory level on oil price and on demand for oil is highlighted in our empirical study and in different formulations of the VAR model, indicating the importance of the changes in the stocks’ level on oil market dynamics; and (v) income elasticity of demand for oil appears to be prominent and statistically significant in most estimated models of the VAR system in the long run, while price elasticity of demand for oil is found to be negligible and insignificant in the short run. However, while aggregate oil consumption does not appear to be very sensitive to the changes of oil prices (which is believed to be because of the so‐called ‘rebound effect’ of oil (energy) efficiency in the macro level) in the macro level, the declining trend of oil intensity (oil used for production of unit value of goods and services), particularly when there is an upward trend in oil price, clearly indicates the channels through which persistent changes in oil prices could affect the demand for oil in OECD countries.
Comparison of dynamic contour tonometry with Goldmann applanation tonometry in glaucoma practice
Authors: Halkiadakis Ioannis , Patsea Eleni , Chatzimichali Katerina , Skouriotis Sotiris , Chalkidou Sonia , Amariotakis Georgios , Papakonstadinou Dimitrios , Theodossiadis George , Amariotakis Apostolos , Georgopoulos Gerasimos
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) readings taken using dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) with IOP readings taken with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in eyes with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Methods:  The present study included 100 eyes in 100 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. After pachymetry DCT and GAT were performed. Intraocular pressures as measured with DCT and GAT were compared with one another and with central corneal thickness (CCT).

Results:  Mean DCT IOP measurements (20.1 ± 4.3 mmHg) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than GAT IOP values (17.9 ± 4.7 mmHg). The mean difference between DCT and GAT measurements was 2.1 mmHg (range − 3.4 to 9.7 mmHg). The difference followed a normal distribution. Measurements made with DCT and GAT correlated significantly with one another (Spearman’s rho = 0.761, p < 0.001). Neither GAT nor DCT measurements showed a significant correlation with CCT (537 ± 39 μm, range 458–656 μm). Multivariate regression analysis has shown that the difference between DCT and GAT is influenced significantly by ocular pulse amplitude (r = − 0.334, p = 0.001) and it is not influenced by CCT (r = − 0.106, p = 0.292).

Conclusions:  In eyes with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, DCT facilitates suitable and reliable IOP measurements which are in good concordance with GAT readings. Variation in CCT cannot by itself explain the differences in measurements taken with DCT and GAT in a number of eyes.
Trabeculectomy with an active postoperative regimen: results and resource utilization
Authors: Taube Amelie B. , Niemelä Pekka , Alm Albert
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) and resource utilization after trabeculectomy, using an active postoperative regimen, in a Swedish population.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis was performed on the patient charts of all patients who underwent trabeculectomy in a Swedish university hospital during 1 year (November 2000–December 2001). Trabeculectomy was performed in 34 eyes and trabeculectomy in combination with phacoemulsification in 10 eyes. Intraocular pressure, visual acuity, complications and numbers of injections of 5‐fluorouracil, suture removal, needling procedures and visits to ophthalmologists were recorded for 2 years.

Results:  Mean IOP before surgery was 30.4 mmHg (standard deviation [SD] 9.5) in eyes with capsular glaucoma and 28.7 mmHg (SD 9.3) in eyes with primary open‐angle glaucoma. Mean IOP after 2 years was 15.3 mmHg (SD 3.9) in all eyes. Intraocular pressure of < 18 mmHg was achieved in 65% of the eyes after 2 years, as was IOP ≤ 13 mmHg in 37%. Flap or suture manipulation was performed in 41 of 44 eyes. Needling procedures were carried out a mean of 2.3 times in 31 eyes. The mean number of visits to an ophthalmologist was 14.1 during the first postoperative year and 4.4 during the second.

Conclusions:  The results were encouraging, with few complications and modest resource utilization.
Comparison of two partial coherence interferometers for corneal pachymetry in high myopia and after LASIK
Authors: Ivarsen Anders , Ehlers Niels , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  We aimed to compare the Haag‐Streit optical low‐coherence reflectometry (OLCR) pachymeter and the Zeiss Anterior Chamber Master (ACMaster) for measuring central corneal thickness (CCT) in high myopes and after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia.

Methods:  Central corneal thickness was measured in 55 eyes of 30 myopic subjects (spherical equivalent refraction of − 5.25 D to − 10.75 D, maximal astigmatism of − 2 D), and in 37 eyes of 21 patients 3 months after LASIK for myopia (preoperative spherical equivalent refraction of − 6.0 D to − 10.75 D, maximal astigmatism of − 2 D). All measurements were performed with the Haag‐Streit OLCR pachymeter and the Zeiss ACMaster, using group refractive indices of 1.376 and 1.3851, respectively. Thickness measurements were compared using paired t‐tests, Pearson’s correlation, linear regression and Bland−Altman plots.

Results:  In myopic subjects, CCT measured 531 ± 28 μm and 533 ± 27 μm with the OLCR pachymeter and the ACMaster, respectively (p < 0.01); all measurements correlated closely (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). In LASIK‐treated eyes, CCT measured 472 ± 24 μm using the OLCR pachymeter and 475 ± 23 μm using the ACMaster (p < 0.01), again with close correlation between the two instruments (r = 0.99, p < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Measurements of CCT in high myopes and after myopic LASIK were very similar with the Haag‐Streit OLCR pachymeter and the Zeiss ACMaster. Using the current group refractive indices, the observed difference between the two instruments of < 3 μm is of little clinical importance. Thus, it would seem safe to use the OLCR pachymeter and the ACMaster interchangeably for CCT measurements in myopia as well as after myopic LASIK.
Increased retinopathy occurrence in type 1 diabetes patients with increased serum levels of the advanced glycation endproduct hydroimidazolone
Authors: Fosmark Dag S. , Berg Jens P. , Jensen Aase‐Brith , Sandvik Leiv , Agardh Elisabet , Agardh Carl‐David , Hanssen Kristian F.
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  We aimed to investigate associations between serum levels of the advanced glycation endproduct methylglyoxal‐derived hydroimidazolone (MG‐H1) and retinopathy in a sample of patients with type 1 diabetes.

Methods:  We conducted a cross‐sectional study in a Scandinavian ophthalmology outpatient clinic on 61 randomly selected patients with type 1 diabetes. Blood samples and retinal photographs were taken at the same visit. Serum levels of hydroimidazolone immunoreactivity were determined using an immunoassay, and levels of retinopathy were determined from seven standard field stereo photographs of each eye according to the ETDRS method. Results were compared between patients with and without retinopathy.

Results:  Hydroimidazolone quartiles were significantly associated with retinopathy (p = 0.013). The most profound increase in occurrence of retinopathy was observed from the lowest to the second‐lowest hydroimidazolone quartile. Adjusted for duration of diabetes using logistic regression, a significant difference in the presence of retinopathy was found when comparing the lowest quartile with the rest (p = 0.022).

Conclusions:  In our patients with type 1 diabetes, serum levels of hydroimidazolone were found to be associated with retinopathy. This is in keeping with findings in a larger sample of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Treatment of idiopathic sclerosing inflammation of the orbit (myositis) with infliximab
Authors: Sahlin Sven , Lignell Börje , Williams Maria , Dastmalchi Maryam , Orrego Abiel
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  We report the successful use of infliximab in a young patient with idiopathic sclerosing orbital inflammation (myositis).

Methods:  We describe the patient’s medical records and review the literature.

Results:  Idiopathic myositis in this patient could not be satisfactorily treated with corticosteroids or chemotherapy. Biopsy showed sclerosing orbital inflammation. The patient had a prompt and sustained response with infliximab and methotrexate treatment.

Conclusions:  Infliximab and methotrexate might be considered in patients with idiopathic sclerosing orbital inflammation (myositis).
Serological Survey for Antibodies toLeptospirain Dogs and Raccoons in Washington State
Authors: Davis M. A. , Evermann J. F. , Petersen C. R. , VanderSchalie J. , Besser T. E. , Huckabee J. , Daniels J. B. , Hancock D. D. , Leslie M. , Baer R.
Published: July 2008

A high number of reported canine leptospirosis cases occurred in Washington State from 2004 to 2006. This prompted a serosurvey of healthy dogs from around the state to determine the distribution of exposure risk and to provide insight into serovar epidemiology in the region. In addition, a convenience sample of sera from injured raccoons was also tested, and clinical serological data from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory were examined. The proportion of dogs with an antibody titre (≥1 : 100) to any serovar was 27/158 (17.1%, 95% CI 11.6–23.9), and that proportion among raccoons was 22/115 (19.1%, 95% CI 12.4–27.5) suggesting that the potential for exposure in Washington state is not uncommon. The most frequently detected serovars in healthy dogs were Autumnalis, Icterohemorrhagiae and Canicola, in clinical canine samples Autumnalis, Bratislava and Pomona were more frequent and in sick or injured raccoons Autumnalis, and Pomona were most frequently detected. Clinical canine serology demonstrated a late summer‐fall seasonality that was consistent with other reports. An outbreak of canine leptospirosis occurred during 2004–2006 and was located primarily in western Washington counties, as were three reported human cases in 2005. Canine leptospirosis surveillance is an important tool for detecting human risk of exposure and may provide insights into which serovars are currently of clinical importance.
Discussion of the Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions: Preventing Zoonotic Disease Transmission in Veterinary Personnel
Authors: Elchos B. , Scheftel J.
Published: July 2008

Veterinary practices are unique environments that bring humans into close contact with many different species of animals; therefore, the risk of exposure to infectious pathogens is inherently different in veterinary medicine than in human medicine. In contrast to the risk of exposure to blood in human medicine, infections from zoonotic diseases in veterinary personnel are primarily related to exposure to animal faeces, infected skin, wounds, droplets and puncture wounds. Infection‐control measures in veterinary practices are often insufficient to prevent zoonotic disease transmission. The Veterinary Standard Precautions (VSP) Compendium is designed to help prevent transmission of zoonotic pathogens from animal patients to veterinary personnel in private practice.
The Occurrence and Anti‐microbial Susceptibility of Salmonellae Isolated from Commercially Available Pig Ear Pet Treats
Authors: Finley R. , Reid‐Smith R. , Ribble C. , Popa M. , Vandermeer M. , Aramini J.
Published: July 2008

In Canada, there have been reported outbreaks of human salmonellosis related to exposure to animal‐derived pet treats, involving pig ear treats, beef steak patty dog treats and pet treats of seafood origin. As a follow‐up to recommendations made to the pig ear treat industry in 1999, a total of 245 pig ear treats were purchased in two Canadian cities to provide evidence of adoption of the recommendations and to determine the current levels of Salmonella contamination of pig ear treats available at pet stores. An overall prevalence of 4% was observed, with isolates exhibiting resistance to up to seven anti‐microbials. Serotypes recovered included S. Bovismorbificans, S. Give, S. Derby and S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen. Although the prevalence observed during this study is lower than the prevalence observed in 1999, pig ear treats should still be considered as a possible source of Salmonella and anti‐microbial resistant bacteria to humans and dogs in Canada.
A Network Model of H5N1 Avian Influenza Transmission Dynamics in Domestic Cats
Authors: Ayyalasomayajula S. , DeLaurentis D. A. , Moore G. E. , Glickman L. T.
Published: July 2008

Naturally occurring cases of influenza in cats owing to the H5N1 strain have been reported in several countries. A cat reservoir of H5N1 in the United States could provide an environment for zoonotic disease spread to humans. This scenario was the impetus to develop a model to study potential transmission of H5N1 virus in domestic cats utilizing information on cat ownership and cat–cat interaction patterns, in addition to biological properties of the virus. The roaming behaviour of cats significantly influenced epidemic dynamics, as demonstrated by the simulation results from this model. A better understanding of the behaviour of domestic cats and the H5N1 influenza virus can be used to predict epidemic dynamics following the introduction of H5N1 virus into the United States and to develop effective strategies to prevent virus transmission to both cats and humans.
Efficacy of splenectomy for hypersplenic patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hirooka Masashi , Ishida Kiyotaka , Kisaka Yoshiyasu , Uehara Takahide , Watanabe Yuji , Hiasa Yoichi , Michitaka Kojiro , Onji Morikazu
Published: July 2008

Aim:  Chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with hypersplenism is generally unsatisfactory, as a lower‐dose therapy is usually administered. Splenectomy may represent a better approach to overcoming the complication due to hypersplenism in patients with advanced HCC. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate whether HCC patients who undergo splenectomy show improved prognosis.

Methods:  We examined 34 HCC patients. Twenty‐two had thrombocytopenia and/or leucopenia and underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. The completion rate of full‐dose drug regimens, the response rate, the toxicity of chemotherapy and the cumulative survival rate were compared between the splenectomy and non‐splenectomy groups.

Results:  The response rate and the cumulative survival rate in the splenectomy group were significantly better than that in the non‐splenectomy group.

Conclusions:  Splenectomy is an efficient method for advanced HCC patients with hypersplenism treated by chemotherapy.
Supplement improves nutrition and stresses caused by examination‐associated fasting in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Kawaguchi Takumi , Taniguchi Eitaro , Itou Minoru , Mutou Michiko , Ibi Ryoko , Shiraishi Satomi , Okada Teruyo , Uchida Yuki , Otsuka Momoka , Tonan Tatsuyuki , Fujimoto Kiminori , Oriishi Tetsuharu , Tanaka Suiko , Takakura Machiko , Sata Michio
Published: July 2008

Aim:  Cirrhotic patients tend to develop malnutrition by fasting, yet the importance of nutritional care during examination‐associated fasting has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effects of a nutritional supplement on nutrition and stresses caused by examination‐associated fasting in cirrhotic patients.

Methods:  Twenty‐nine cirrhotic patients were enrolled in this study. No energy was supplied to patients in the fasting group (n = 11) prior to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination. A supplement of 200 kcal was given to the patients in the supplement group (n = 18) prior to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination. The effect of the supplement on stresses was evaluated by self‐rating questionnaire. Changes in biochemical parameters were also investigated before and after computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations.

Results:  There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, or liver function tests between the two groups at the start of the study. In the supplement group, stress scores for physical symptoms (thirst and light‐headedness) and mental symptoms (hunger, hypodynamia and fatigue) were significantly lower compared to those in the fasting group. Also in the supplement group, peripheral 3‐hydroxybutyric acid and free fatty acids levels were significantly decreased compared to those in the fasting group, to within normal ranges. In addition, a decrease in prothrombin time was significantly inhibited by intake of the supplement.

Conclusion:  We demonstrated that a nutritional supplement improved nutrition and reduced both the physical and mental stresses associated with examination‐associated fasting in cirrhotic patients.
Transgenic overexpression of insulin receptor substrate 1 in hepatocytes enhances hepatocellular proliferation in young mice only
Authors: Mohr Leonhard , Banerjee Kakoli , Kleinschmidt Manuela , Bartolomé Rodríguez María Matilde , Wands Jack R.
Published: July 2008

Aim:  The insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) is a multisite docking protein which plays a central role in the signal transduction of growth factors such as insulin and insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐1 and IGF‐2). It is found to be frequently overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods:  To study IRS‐1 overexpression in hepatocytes in vivo, transgenic mice overexpressing IRS‐1 exclusively in hepatocytes were created, showing enhanced hepatocyte proliferation in young animals. In the present study, the phenotype of IRS‐1 transgenic animals was characterized over a period of two years. The livers of transgenic and control mice were analyzed for IRS‐1 expression and phosphorylation, activation of the downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3′K) and macroscopical and histological abnormalities.

Results:  The enhanced hepatocyte proliferation observed in young IRS‐1 transgenic animals was no longer detectable in adult mice. Despite constitutive overexpression and phosphorylation of IRS‐1, MAPK‐ and IRS‐1‐associated PI3'K activity were significantly reduced in older transgenic mice. Furthermore, no premalignant lesions or HCC were detected in IRS‐1 transgenic animals up to the age of 24 months.

Conclusions:  Therefore, additional mechanisms such as enhanced growth factor expression or impaired negative feedback control mechanisms may augment IRS‐1 overexpression in human hepatocarcinogenesis.
Coagulation values in normal ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) using selected methods and reagents
Authors: Benson Keith G. , Paul‐Murphy Joanne , Hart Arlene P. , Keuler Nicholas S. , Darien Benjamin J.
Published: July 2008

Background: Accurate determination of commonly measured coagulation values would be useful in the diagnosis and management of coagulopathies in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). We are unaware of reports of coagulation times in this species.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine reference values for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen concentration, and antithrombin (AT) activity in ferrets using selected methods and reagents.

Methods: Blood samples obtained from 18 clinically healthy ferrets were anticoagulated with 0.129 M sodium citrate in a ratio of 9 parts blood to 1 part anticoagulant. Plasma was collected and stored at −70°C until analysis. PT and PTT were measured with a fibrometer and with an ACL 3000 automated system. PTT was measured with and without the addition of ellagic acid. Fibrinogen was assayed by a turbidimetric method. AT activity was determined using a chromogenic assay and pooled ferret plasma (100% activity). Differences in methods and reagents were evaluated using paired t tests.

Results: PT was significantly longer using the fibrometer (12.3±0.3, 11.6–12.7 seconds) compared with the ACL (10.9±0.3, 10.6–11.6 seconds) (P<.01). PTT was not significantly different with the fibrometer (18.7±0.9, 17.5–21.1 seconds) vs the ACL (18.1±1.1, 16.5–20.5 seconds), but was significantly longer on both analyzers when ellagic acid was added (fibrometer 20.4±0.8, 18.9–22.3 seconds; ACL 20.0±1.0, 18.6–22.1 seconds) (P<.01). Fibrinogen concentration was 107.4±19.8 mg/dL (90.0–163.5 mg/dL), and AT activity was 96%±12.7% (69.3–115.3%).

Conclusion: These coagulation results for healthy ferrets will be useful in the evaluation of ferrets with coagulopathies, provided similar reagents and methods are used.
Correlation between cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses of bone lesions in dogs: a study of the diagnostic accuracy of bone cytology
Authors: Berzina Inese , Sharkey Leslie C. , Matise Ilze , Kramek Betty
Published: July 2008

Background: The diagnostic value of cytology compared with histopathology varies by tissue, but there is little information regarding this comparison involving canine bone.

Objectives: The objective of this retrospective study was to compare primary pathologic processes for cytology and histopathology of canine bone lesions. We adopted a proposed standardized format for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy.

Methods: A computer search of canine medical records at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center from September 2002 through October 2006 identified 52 bone cytology samples that had incisional (IncB) and/or excisional (ExcB) biopsy performed. The primary pathologic process was determined by evaluation of original reports. Cytologic vs IncB and cytologic vs ExcB were compared pairwise for agreement. Agreement was compared for neoplastic and non‐neoplastic processes using the combined IncB/ExcB data, which included all ExcB (n=21) and IncB when that was the only biopsy available (n=31). Combined data were used to determine the effect of cytology cellularity on the diagnostic correlation.

Results: The correlation in primary process between cytology and IncB was 71%, and for ExcB was 71%. For lesions with a cytologic diagnosis of neoplasia compared with the combined IncB/ExcB data set, cytology and histopathology agreed in 92% of cases, which was significantly greater (P<.0001, χ2) than the 27% for non‐neoplastic processes. Cytology cellularity significantly affected rates of correlation (P=.026), with high, moderate, and poor cellularity samples having concordant primary processes in 88%, 77%, and 47% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions: Cytologic diagnosis of neoplasia for samples collected from canine bone correlates better with histopathology than cytologic diagnosis of non‐neoplastic proliferative processes or inflammation. Cytologic diagnoses from highly cellular samples are more likely to correlate with histopathology than those from less cellular samples.
Validation of thromboelastometry in horses
Authors: Paltrinieri Saverio , Meazza Cecilia , Giordano Alessia , Tunesi Cristiano
Published: July 2008

Background:Thromboelastometry is used for identifying or monitoring coagulation abnormalities. It has been validated in several species but not in horses and the characteristics of the equine thromboelastogram have not yet been detailed.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to validate a thromboelastometer to be used with equine blood and to define the normal equine thromboelastogram.

Methods:A Rotem‐gamma thromboelastometer (Pentapharm GmbH, Munich, Germany) was used on 38 citrated blood samples to investigate native coagulation, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, the function of fibrinogen (largely dependent on its concentration), and the presence of fibrinolysis. Using classic validation approaches, we evaluated the imprecision of the method and the influence of hemolysis and storage time and temperature. The normal thromboelastogram was defined in both saddle and racing horses (the latter sampled before and after the race).

Results:For imprecision tests, the analytical variations were <10%. The equine thromboelastogram had a pattern similar to those of other species, but the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were less and more efficient, respectively. Reference intervals in racing horses, especially after exercise, were different from those of saddle horses, most likely due to a higher RBC mass. Coagulability decreased in hemolyzed samples and significant changes were found between nonrefrigerated and refrigerated blood samples stored for 20 hours.

Conclusions:The Rotem‐gamma thromboelastometer is a precise instrument for use with equine blood samples. The equine thromboelastogram is similar to that of other species, but reference intervals vary with aptitude and exercise. Hemolysis and refrigeration alter thromboelastometric results.
Cross‐reactivity of anti‐chicken IgY antibody with immunoglobulins of exotic avian species
Authors: Cray Carolyn , Villar David
Published: July 2008

Background:A major challenge in the serologic diagnosis of infectious diseases in exotic birds is the limited availability of species‐specific antibodies.

Objectives:The purpose of the current study was to determine if there is cross reactivity between commercially available anti‐chicken IgY antibodies and immunoglobulins of several avian species, with particular emphasis on psittacines.

Methods:To quantitate the reactivity with anti‐chicken IgY, Western blot analysis was performed using plasma samples from many different avian species. Results were compared with gamma globulin fraction quantitation obtained by protein electrophoresis.

Results:By Western blot, 2 protein bands corresponding to the heavy and light chains of chicken IgY were identified in species from 21 avian orders using 1 of 2 rabbit anti‐chicken IgY antibodies. Densitometric analysis showed that the amount of immunoglobulin estimated from Western blots correlated strongly with data from protein electrophoresis assays.

Conclusions:The results demonstrate that some commercially available anti‐chicken IgY antibodies exhibit good cross‐reactivity with most avian species.
Cervical thymoma originating in ectopic thymic tissue in a cat
Authors: Lara‐Garcia Ana , Wellman Maxey , Burkhard Mary Jo , Machado‐Parrula Cecilia , Valli Victor E. , Stromberg Paul C. , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: July 2008

Abstract: An 11‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OSU‐VTH) for evaluation of a 6 × 4 × 3.5 cm mass in the left midcervical region causing increased respiratory sounds and lateral deviation of the trachea. A fine needle aspirate of the mass was obtained before referral and the cytology results were compatible with a reactive lymph node. Immunocytochemistry showed increased numbers of CD3+ T lymphocytes and small numbers of CD20+ and CD79a+ medium to large lymphocytes. Differential diagnoses from the referral pathologist were T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma and feline Hodgkin's‐like lymphoma. A subsequent fine needle aspirate performed at the OSU‐VTH showed similar results. On flow cytometry the majority of cells were CD3+ T lymphocytes that were double positive for CD4 and CD8 (73%), compatible with either a double‐positive (CD4+CD8+) T‐cell lymphoma or lymphocytes from ectopic thymic tissue. The mass was surgically removed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the mass revealed a predominant population of CD3+ small lymphocytes and small numbers of medium to large lymphocytes with moderate anisocytosis and anysokaryosis. A population of cytokeratin‐positive epithelial cells surrounded small microcystic structures filled with eosinophilic material and structures interpreted as Hassall's corpuscles. These findings were consistent with thymic tissue and a diagnosis of ectopic thymoma was made. PCR results for lymphocyte antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) were negative. The cat had no evidence of disease 16 months after removal of the mass. To our knowledge this is the first report of an ectopic cervical thymoma in a cat. The clinical and diagnostic features of this unusual case will be useful in helping veterinarians and pathologists obtain a presurgical diagnosis and establish a prognosis for similar lesions.
Platelet function in clinically healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: analysis using the Platelet Function Analyzer‐100
Authors: Jandrey Karl E. , Norris Jeffrey W. , MacDonald Kristin A. , Kittleson Mark D. , Tablin Fern
Published: July 2008

Background:There is currently no simple analytical tool for the evaluation of hypercoagulability in cats. The Platelet Function Analyzer‐100®(PFA‐100; Dade Behring Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) is a bench‐top machine that evaluates platelet function by measuring closure time (CT) in citrated whole blood under high shear conditions. We hypothesized that cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have up‐regulated platelet function, which shortens their CT and increases their risk for thromboembolic events.

Objectives:The goals of this study were to: (1) establish a feline reference interval for CT using the PFA‐100, (2) measure CT in blood from cats with HCM, and (3) determine if there is a measurable difference between the CT of healthy cats compared with cats with HCM.

Methods:Citrated blood samples from 42 clinically healthy cats and 30 cats with HCM were analyzed according to manufacturer's specifications. CT was measured in triplicate and the mean value was used for analysis. Transformed data were compared between clinically healthy cats and cats with HCM using a Student'st‐test, and among cats with mild, moderate, or severe HCM using ANOVA.

Results:The median CT of clinically healthy cats was 64 seconds (range 43–176 seconds). The median CT of cats with HCM was 74 seconds (range 48–197 seconds). There was no significant difference in CT between cats with HCM and clinically healthy cats. There also were no significant differences in cats with mild, moderate, or severe HCM.

Conclusions:A feline reference interval for PFA‐100 CT will be useful in future studies of platelet function in cats. Cats with HCM do not have shorter CTs when compared with clinically healthy cats.
Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men
Authors: Carr Richard D. , Larsen Marianne O. , Winzell Maria Sörhede , Jelic Katarina , Lindgren Ola , Deacon Carolyn F. , Ahrén Bo
Published: July 2008

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulate islet function after carbohydrate ingestion. Whether incretin hormones are of importance for islet function after ingestion of noncarbohydrate macronutrients is not known. This study therefore examined integrated incretin and islet hormone responses to ingestion of pure fat (oleic acid; 0.88 g/kg) or protein (milk and egg protein; 2 g/kg) over 5 h in healthy men, aged 20–25 yr ( n = 12); plain water ingestion served as control. Both intact (active) and total GLP-1 and GIP levels were determined as was plasma activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Following water ingestion, glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP levels and DPP-4 activity were stable during the 5-h study period. Both fat and protein ingestion increased insulin, glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 levels without affecting glucose levels or DPP-4 activity. The GLP-1 responses were similar after protein and fat, whereas the early (30 min) GIP response was higher after protein than after fat ingestion ( P < 0.001). This was associated with sevenfold higher insulin and glucagon responses compared with fat ingestion (both P < 0.001). After protein, the early GIP, but not GLP-1, responses correlated to insulin ( r2= 0.86; P = 0.0001) but not glucagon responses. In contrast, after fat ingestion, GLP-1 and GIP did not correlate to islet hormones. We conclude that, whereas protein and fat release both incretin and islet hormones, the early GIP secretion after protein ingestion may be of primary importance to islet hormone secretion.
Effects of oral carbohydrate on autonomic nervous system counterregulatory responses during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and euglycemia
Authors: Ertl Andrew C. , Mann Stephnie , Richardson Antoinette , Briscoe Vanessa J. , Blair Hannah B. , Tate Donna B. , Davis Stephen N.
Published: July 2008

The effects of oral carbohydrate on modulating counterregulatory responses in humans remain undecided. This study's specific aim was to determine the effects of oral carbohydrate on autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine responses during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and euglycemia. Nineteen healthy volunteers were studied during paired, single blind experiments. Nine subjects underwent two-step glucose clamps consisting of 60 min of euglycemia (5.0 mmol/l) followed by either 15 g of oral carbohydrate (cal) as orange juice or a noncaloric control (nocal) and subsequent 90 min of clamped hypoglycemia (2.9 mmol/l). Ten other subjects underwent two randomized 150-min hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with cal or nocal control administered at 60 min. Oral carbohydrate initially blunted ( P < 0.05) epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), symptom, and systolic blood pressure responses during hypoglycemia. However, by the end of 90 min of hypoglycemia, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses had rebounded and were increased ( P < 0.05) compared with control. MSNA and cortisol levels remained suppressed during hypoglycemia ( P < 0.05) after cal, whereas pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, symptom, and blood pressure responses increased similar to control following initial suppression. Oral carbohydrate had no effects on neuroendocrine or ANS responses during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia. These results demonstrate that oral carbohydrate can have differential effects on the time course of ANS and neuroendocrine responses during hypoglycemia. We conclude that gastro-splanchnic-portal sensing of an amount of carbohydrate recommended for use in clinical practice for correction of hypoglycemia can have widespread and significant effects on central nervous system mediated counterregulatory responses in healthy humans.
Oxidative stress-induced renal angiotensin AT1 receptor upregulation causes increased stimulation of sodium transporters and hypertension
Authors: Banday Anees Ahmad , Lokhandwala Mustafa F.
Published: July 2008

Reactive oxygen species have emerged as important molecules in cardiovascular dysfunction such as diabetes and hypertension. Recent work has shown that oxidative stress and angiotensin II signaling mutually regulate each other by multiple mechanisms and contribute to the development of hypertension. Most of the known biological actions of angiotensin II can be attributed to AT1 receptors. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of renal AT1 receptor signaling in oxidative stress-mediated hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received tap water (control) or 30 mM l-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an oxidant, with and without 1 mM tempol (an antioxidant) for 2 wk. Compared with control rats, BSO-treated rats exhibited increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant levels and developed hypertension. BSO treatment also caused increased renal proximal tubular AT1 receptor protein abundance, message levels, and ligand binding. In these rats, angiotensin II caused significantly higher accumulation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and phospholipase C (PLC) activation which was sensitive to blockade by AT1 but not to AT2 antagonist. Also, angiotensin II-mediated, AT1-dependent MAP kinase, Na-K-ATPase, and Na/H exchanger 3 activation was higher in BSO-treated rats than in control rats. Tempol supplementation of BSO-treated rats restored redox status, normalized AT1 receptor expression, and decreased blood pressure. Tempol also normalized the angiotensin II-mediated, AT1-dependent IP3 accumulation and PLC, MAP kinase, Na-K-ATPase, and Na/H exchanger 3 stimulation. These data suggest that oxidative stress leads to AT1 receptor upregulation, which in turn causes overstimulation of sodium transporters and subsequently contributes to sodium retention and hypertension. Tempol, while reducing oxidative stress, normalizes AT1 receptor signaling and decreases blood pressure.
Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells
Authors: Chakraborty Santanu , Cheek Jonathan , Sakthivel Bhuvaneswari , Aronow Bruce J. , Yutzey Katherine E.
Published: July 2008

The atrioventricular (AV) valves of the heart develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal endocardial cushions, which later mature into stratified valves with diversified extracellular matrix (ECM). Because the mature valves express genes associated with osteogenesis and exhibit disease-associated calcification, we hypothesized the existence of shared regulatory pathways active in developing AV valves and in bone progenitor cells. To define gene regulatory programs of valvulogenesis relative to osteoblast progenitors, we undertook Affymetrix gene expression profiling analysis of murine embryonic day (E)12.5 AV endocardial cushions compared with E17.5 AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) and with preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 (subclone4) cells. Overall, MC3T3 cells were significantly more similar to E17.5 valves than to E12.5 cushions, supporting the hypothesis that valve maturation involves the expression of many genes also expressed in osteoblasts. Several transcription factors characteristic of mesenchymal and osteoblast precursor cells, including Twist1, are predominant in E12.5 cushion. Valve maturation is characterized by differential regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as well as complex collagen gene expression. Among the most highly enriched genes during valvulogenesis were members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family including Asporin, a known negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Together, these data support shared gene expression profiles of the developing valves and osteoblast bone precursor cells in normal valve development and homeostasis with potential functions in calcific valve disease.