bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Standards
Authors: Burnham Karen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Greg Egan's view of ethics, which can be seen from his earliest breakout story, “The Cutie” (1989). It looks at several facets of ethical concerns, including medical ethics as seen in “Blood Sisters” (1991) and “Cocoon” (1994). It also covers the uneven distribution of technological benefits, best illustrated by “Yeyuka” (1997) and the genetic engineering piracy shown in Distress (1995). Finally, it focuses on our ethical responsibilities to life that we create and to alien life that we may find out in the universe.
Maithil Women's Tales
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: May 2017

Constrained by traditions restricting their movements and speech, the Maithil women of Nepal and India have long explored individual and collective life experiences by sharing stories with one another. Sometimes fantastical, sometimes including a kind of magical realism, these tales allow women to build community through a deeply personal and always evolving storytelling form. This book examines how these storytellers weave together their own life experiences—the hardships and the pleasures—with age-old themes. In so doing, the book demonstrates, they harness folk traditions to grapple personally as well as collectively with social values, behavioral mores, relationships, and cosmological questions. Each chapter includes stories and excerpts that reveal Maithil women's gift for rich language, layered plots, and stunning allegory. In addition, the book provides ethnographic and personal information that reveal the complexity of women's own lives, and includes works painted by Maithil storytellers to illustrate their tales. The result is a fascinating study of being and becoming that will resonate for readers in women's and Hindu studies, folklore, and anthropology.
Metaphysical Questions of Fortune and Social Stratification
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how Maithil women see the relationship between experiences of prosperity and misery, on the one hand, and the capacity to tell stories, on the other. The persistence in advocating for a life story framed by experiences of sukha (prosperity, happiness) and especially dukha (hardship, sorrow) illustrates two important notions about the experience and narrativization of life that are prevalent among the Maithil women who shared their folktales and personal stories. First, life is marked in memory by its measure of and shifts between good and bad times in which the painful experiences are especially memorable and meaningful to one's sense of self. Second, in order to be a good storyteller, a woman must have experienced dukha in her life to a significant degree.
Talking Tools, Femina narrans, and the Irrepressibility of Women
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter looks at what happens in Maithil women's folktales when stories of women's suffering at the hands of other women are first suppressed and later overheard by men who have the power to alleviate such suffering. Maithil women are structurally pitted against one another in their pursuit of security and resources in the context of patriarchal, patrilineal, and patrilocal formations. It is these oppositions that account for the storied abuse meted out by co-wives, mothers-in-law, and the mistresses of servants. However, the solidarities women nonetheless form—in part through sharing stories together, as well as through keeping each other's secrets—serve to mitigate their suffering and maintain a counter-system of ideational patterns and practices.
The Tight Cocoon
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how Toomer was more intimately involved with the New Negro Movement than he was able to acknowledge in his early 1920s correspondence with white modernists. Toomer was particularly influenced by a circle of African American women he had known from his youth, and whose writings—which were significantly influenced by postwar leftist debates—would shape Toomer's representations of womanhood and motherhood in Cane. Moreover, although attracted from 1920 onward by the notion of an “American race” transcending racial binaries, during the entire Cane period Toomer had no qualms about identifying himself as a Negro under conditions of his own choosing. As with Toomer's views on class politics, it is imperative to read forward through his early writings in order to determine the racial ideas that shaped the composition of Cane.
The Experiment in America
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes Toomer's relationship with the early 1920s modernists dubbing themselves “Young America”—particularly with novelist Waldo Frank, whose influential Our America (1919) advocated a pluralistic and experimental program for national cultural renewal. In this program, the notion of sectional art figured as a highly contradictory ideologeme, at once promising a strategy for including the nation's marginalized peoples and papering over the reasons for their exclusion. While it is proposed that Toomer retreated from Young America because of his distress at Frank's allusions to Toomer's African American ancestry in his foreword to Cane, the chapter argues that Toomer's growing skepticism about the possibility that cultural pluralism could produce social change is what caused his eventual break with Frank's project.
In the Land of Cotton
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on “Kabnis,” which generally supplies the terminus, not the beginning, of most critical analyses of Cane. Composed in rough draft before Toomer left Middle Georgia in November 1921 and finished before the end of that year, Kabnis reflects Toomer's sense of felt urgency to reproduce his Georgia experiences with a combination of lyric intensity and journalistic precision. In Kabnis, history is felt as present cause; the text's unambiguous references to notorious documented episodes of lynching, accounting for Kabnis' tortured preference for “split-gut” over “golden” words, testify to the dilemma confronting the artist who would grapple with the Real of Jim Crow violence.
Coda
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter offers a brief consideration of the relationship between history and form in Cane. Given the wide range of interpretations of the text's parts, it comes as no surprise that critics have presented dramatically differing interpretations of the whole. Some have discerned a progression toward resolution and synthesis; others a suspended state of fragmentation and division; while others a triumphant achievement of polyphony and hybridity. With a few noteworthy exceptions, however, commentaries on Cane have largely overlooked the text's engagement with history. They may address Cane's representation of the present as an outgrowth of the past, and its connection with contemporaneous racial discourses and practices, but they do not generally treat the text's form as itself an enactment of the historical contradictions shaping the time and place of its creation.
The Film Apparatus
Authors: Halle Randall
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how the discussion of cinematic apparatus was international and in many instances foundational for the establishment of film studies as a discipline. Apparatus offered a means to consider precisely the study of film as more than formal analysis of the projected image; it sought to arrive at a more comprehensive discussion of cinema. The production of the image was understood not simply as an industrial tale, but as a matter of signification, social relations, modes of production, methods of projection, space of reception, and subjective effects on spectators. In the 1960s, the discourse on the apparatus was connected to the quest for revolutionary forms. By the 1980s, the debates regarding apparatus theory became bogged down by considerations of ideology and an overwhelming focus on psychoanalytic models.
Remaining Steadfast to the Right, 1859
Authors: Moore William F. , Moore Jane Ann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy's antislavery campaign in 1859. Although he lost in the state legislature in the 1858 elections, Lincoln won the support of legislators representing the majority of voters. This, coupled with Lovejoy's victory, put both men in a position to enhance the Republicans' chances of winning in Illinois in 1860. Lincoln also intensified his political efforts in 1859 by continuing to expose Stephen A. Douglas's distortions of both popular sovereignty and the Declaration of Independence. In a speech in Chicago, he implored the Republicans of Illinois “to keep the faith, to remain steadfast to the right, to stand by your banner...” This chapter first assesses the impact of the 1858 elections on Kansas and the fire-eaters before considering Joseph Lovejoy's betrayal of his brother Owen and the incident involving white abolitionist John Brown. It also discusses the first session of the Thirty-Sixth Congress, where a fierce battle for Speaker of the House erupted, and Lincoln and Lovejoy's preparations for the 1860 elections.
The Great War and Dulac’s First Films
Authors: Williams Tami
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Dulac's wartime activism and literary writings, as well as the debut of her film career—from her first activities as a film producer for Pathé (La Lumière du coeur, 1916) to her first directorial efforts (Soeurs ennemies to Le Bonheur des autres, 1917–18)—and evaluates the historical significance of her incursion into and negotiated course within the French film industry as a female artist and entrepreneur. A close examination of archival sources documenting Dulac's early professional activities provides insight into her humanist egalitarianism, universalism, and her strong belief in the emancipatory potential of art, as well as her early rhetorical strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of “parallel pilgrimage”—the dynamics of cooperation and contestation by rival religious groups at a common pilgrimage site. Contestation, whether covert or overt, often charges the shared sacred site with a heightened importance since the shrine is seen as a scarce resource, in danger of appropriation by a religious other. In this way, a contested sacred site may become a supra-sacred site. The Kirtland Temple, a site owned by a minority—a moderately liberal faith community—and patronized mainly by a much larger, conservative religious community, serves as an opportune case study for parallel pilgrimage and its attendant rituals of cooperation and contestation. Beyond the relatively liberal Community of Christ and the more conservative Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, at least a half dozen smaller Mormon groups also currently patronize the sacred shrine.
Splintered Saints and the Temple, 1844–1900
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins in the mid-nineteenth century, just as competing Mormon denominations coalesced. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City) and the smaller Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints emerged as the most important denominations for Kirtland's future. These two churches were rivals and actively competed with each other for converts, especially in the first decades of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints' organization. More than simply competing for converts, though, the two churches developed different visions for the purpose and permeability of temple spaces, and much of these differences centered on their understanding of the legacy of the Kirtland Temple. In short, the Kirtland Temple was a living testament to different lineages of temple teachings present within Joseph Smith's many churches.
Reforming Identities, Reframing Pilgrimage, 1900–1965
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter narrates Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints' and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' interactions at the sacred shrine from 1900 to 1964. The sometimes awkward early twentieth-century meetings between these two groups set the patterns for later interactions at the temple. A rich folklore about the temple was generated by the two competing denominations, and they shared in disseminating tales to one another. In the process, they reconstructed the Kirtland Temple's history to meet their present denomination's needs. In many ways, the Kirtland Temple proved to be a mirror for these groups, reflecting the image of the beholder. That the other group could not see the same image proved an obvious point of contention. At the same time, the temple began to be more physically accessible to members of both churches as an American tourist industry arose that would transform pilgrimage to the temple.
Conclusion
Authors: Howlett David J.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that individuals “build” sacred sites through varied discourse on what a site means. Indeed, each pilgrim and each site guide are best seen as building the Kirtland Temple and contributing to its collective meaning. Despite the relatively fixed location of the site, the agents who build the Kirtland Temple are actually in the process of constructing confessional and ideological sites rather than a singular site, temples rather than a singular temple. The physical temple itself simply provides the finite set of terms out of which groups have created many different variations. As such, the physical site itself has become a platform for improvised ecclesiastical performance and contestation. Moreover, various Mormon groups use the temple as a place to shape, transform, and justify their particular group commitments.
Chicago
Authors: Whitmire Ethelene
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with Regina's job interview at the New York Public Library and describes Regina's early childhood and her parents' background information. It discusses how Regina learned about fighting an unjust system where race was concerned through her father's work as a defense attorney. His legal exploits were reported in both the African American and white press—the Chicago Defender and the Chicago Daily Tribune, respectively. Some of Atty. William G. Anderson's legal work was more profitable than noble. However, he often worked on more virtuous causes in partnership with Edward H. Wright, destined to become the leader of his time in black politics.
Normal, Illinois; Chicago; Wilberforce; and Chicago Public Library
Authors: Whitmire Ethelene
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Regina's years in Normal, Illinois; and then shifts to her return to Chicago and her college experiences at Wilberforce University. It was in Normal that she attended school with the future Illinois governor and presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II. In terms of her experiences in Normal, Regina later credited an understanding librarian as a guiding influence in her early life and training which has brought success in her chosen field. Meanwhile, Regina's experiences at the Chicago Public Library were mostly negative. However, she later said she was influenced by Vivian G. Harsh—Chicago Public Library's head librarian. The current Vivian G. Harsh Collection of Afro-American History and Literature at the Carter G. Woodson Regional Library is named after her.
Family Matters (2002–2009)
Authors: Miller Leta E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies Kernis's music in the years 2002–2009. If in the 1990s Kernis's works had been stimulated, to a large degree, by public happenings, those of the first decade of the twenty-first century drew primarily on private experiences—the most important being the birth of his twins and the death of his parents. At the time of his twins' birth, Kernis was in the midst of writing a choral work for the Dale Warland Singers, a three-movement composition, The Wheel of Time, and the Dance. In addition to the personal events that stimulated Kernis's change in direction during this period, he also instituted alterations to his working methods and his artistic representation. While he was composing Garden of Light, Kernis began to use the computer to help him sort through preliminary ideas. However, he found that the computer-generated output could also prove frustrating.
Dynamic Traditions
Authors: Spalding Susan Eike
Published: May 2017

This book examines the dynamism of Appalachian dance traditions and the creativity involved in their evolution. Focusing on six dance communities—three in Eastern Kentucky, one in Northeast Tennessee, and two in Southwest Virginia—the book documents the experience of dancing as people have enjoyed it, or continue to enjoy it. It shows that dance traditions are never static; they constantly shift and change over the course of decades. Like all customs, they are characterized by “flexibility of substance” or continued evolution. Characteristics are retained, discarded, or altered according to adherence to precedents. This is evident in old time square dancing and footwork dancing, both of which have waxed and waned in popularity from decade to decade in all six communities. This book also explores the dance communities' divergent responses to social change, including industrialization, as well as the use of dance for community development.
“Rise and Shine”
Authors: Spalding Susan Eike
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the use of dance to promote community development at Hoedown Island, Eastern Kentucky, with particular emphasis on the role played by the Natural Bridge State Resort Park in Powell County. It begins with an overview of the Natural Bridge State Resort Park and the efforts of civic leaders like Richard Jett to make life better for Powell and other nearby counties. It then considers Natural Bridge's role in the promotion of dancing at Hoedown Island under Jett's leadership, along with the importance of an intergenerational community and a spirit of cooperation in making dance a key part of his vision for Hoedown and for the entire Appalachian region more generally. It also discusses the ways that individual expression was encouraged in dancing such as freestyle clogging and how Jett's goal of promoting the region and its talents intersected with the national interest in Appalachian culture. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the Hoedown Island Cloggers's performance in 2000 as well as Jett's legacy and future prospects for dance at Hoedown Island.
Emotional Agents
Authors: Wolf Richard K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how ritual drummers fit into the larger sociocultural world of music making in South and West Asia. The Shiʻi wedding Muharram Ali attended in Lahore is an example of a ritual sequence with contrasting emotional overtones. The idea that individuals relate to elements in the ways that music might structure other such events and sequences raises the problem of reception. Before discussing how we understand musical meaning in complex events, the chapter situates the musical actors in the sociocultural structures and institutions of South and West Asia. It then considers the role of the individual in religious or other events that diverse populations attend and participate in, as well as the ways actors in such complex events bring forth emotionally coded musical components that themselves have a differential impact on participants' emotional conditions. It shows that the very performance of emotive acts such as music, recitation, sermons, and certain kinds of bodily practice have an effect on those who are collectively making that statement.
The Manifest and the Hidden
Authors: Wolf Richard K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents Muharram Ali's reflections on South Asian drumming and music traditions, which he has jotted down in his notes. It first considers the death of Ali's mother Sakina and how this had set his father on a devil's course. It then discusses the publishing of Ali's article “The Drums of Islam in Multan” as well as his write-up on the ʻurs of Madho Lal Husain. It also recalls Ali's decision to pursue formal anthropological training at Lucknow University, where he earned a PhD in anthropology in record time, along with his classical Hindustani music training at the Bhatkhande School of Music. Finally, it describes Ali's observations of the manganhār repertoire demonstrated by Qasim Shah, the Ajmer and Agra Muhajir groups, and drumming in the context of Islam.
A Silver Box
Authors: Wolf Richard K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Muharram Ali's life after his journey. Ahmed Khan told Ali to get two old volumes hidden in the inner compartment of the almirah: a thick leather-bound folio with flaking gold foil and a neatly bound diary. According to Ahmed, the big volume is his family's rūbakār. It contains information for organizing Muharram in Aminabad. Flipping to a random page in the rūbakār, Ali found specifications for the ziyārats. The smaller volume is Ahmed's journal. After Sufiya's mother died in Lahore, Ali traveled to the city and married Sufiya. They were never to live in the same country together.
Interview with Terence Davies
Authors: Koresky Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an interview that took place at Terence Davies's home in Mistley, Essex, on October 16, 2012. Topics discussed include the influence of T. S. Eliot's The Four Quartets; whether Davies has finally found his own language after years of making movies; the reasons why he continues to make movies despite his belief that cinema is a potentially a dying form and the fact that he no longer enjoys watching movies; the reasons why some of films are in black-and-white; his views about his alter ego character Robert Tucker in the Trilogy; his views on realism; and the importance of telling a narrative in a nonstraightforward way.
Winning the War for Democracy
Authors: Lucander David
Published: May 2017

Scholars regard the March on Washington Movement (MOWM) as a forerunner of the postwar Civil Rights movement. Led by the charismatic A. Philip Randolph, MOWM scored an early victory when it forced the Roosevelt Administration to issue a landmark executive order that prohibited defense contractors from practicing racial discrimination. This book recalls that triumph, but also looks beyond Randolph and the MOWM's national leadership to focus on the organization's evolution and actions at the local level. Using personal papers of MOWM members such as T.D. McNeal, internal government documents from the Roosevelt administration, and other primary sources, the book highlights how local affiliates fighting for a double victory against fascism and racism helped the national MOWM accrue the political capital it needed to effect change. The book details the efforts of grassroots organizers to implement MOWM's program of empowering African Americans via meetings and marches at defense plants and government buildings and, in particular, focuses on the contributions of women activists like Layle Lane, E. Pauline Myers, and Anna Arnold Hedgeman. Throughout he shows how local activities often diverged from policies laid out at MOWM's national office, and how grassroots participants on both sides ignored the rivalry between Randolph and the leadership of the NAACP to align with one-another on the ground.
“An Economic D-Day for Negro Americans”
Authors: Lucander David
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of St. Louis March on Washington Movement (MOWM) in petitioning the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) to open a branch in the city. Making the FEPC a permanent agency within the federal government was thought to be key to keeping the precarious inroads made by black workers during the war and avoiding another round of hardship that mirrored the Great Depression. By 1949, it was clear that predictions of massive postwar job losses were tragically accurate. It seemed as if securing a federal fair employment law was the most effective way to safeguard the dwindling opportunities for gainful work, so the push for a Permanent FEPC became the centerpiece of A. Philip Randolph's program. The impact of a greater FEPC presence on the employment prospects of African American workers and job seekers is difficult to quantify, but once this office opened, MOWM redirected its energies toward helping that agency remediate racist employment patterns.
Introduction
Authors: Lucander David
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the March on Washington Movement (MOWM). MOWM was arguably the most effective African American protest organization during the Second World War, and in some ways this period represented the zenith of A. Philip Randolph's power. By creating MOWM, Randolph gave local activists and organizers a platform on which they could fight against Jim Crow in innovative and sometimes powerful ways. This organization stands at a critical junction between the Roosevelt era and the years traditionally associated with the Civil Rights Movement, a chronological crossroads that makes it something of a generational interstice. Occupying this unique place in the chronology of twentieth-century campaigns by African Americans to attack Jim Crow segregation makes MOWM something of an anomaly. Its roots were firmly planted in Depression-era activism, but its branches spread through the next three decades and reached into the Civil Rights Movement.
Improvement, 1921–1925
Authors: Faith Thomas I.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Chemical Warfare Service's (CWS) efforts to improve its public image and its reputation in the military in the first half of the 1920s. It shows that while the National Defense Act preserved the CWS as an organization within the military, it was surrounded by army officers who still had doubts about chemical weapons. It highlights the tenuous relationship between the CWS and the rest of the military that was exacerbated by the financial constraints of the postwar period. It considers the ways that Amos A. Fries and his fellow CWS officers continued to build on the foundations they had laid during the U.S. Army's reorganization crisis and tried to change public opinion with respect to chemical weapons, mainly by cultivating relationships within the military and with civilians in the chemical industry, as the organization struggled to consolidate its gains and carry out its mission in the postwar world.
Working for Women in “Postconflict” Afghanistan
Authors: Kitch Sally L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the author's thoughts about the Ohio State University conference on November 17, 2005. The conference began with sessions that addressed what the leaders in the room thought life was really like for ordinary Afghan women and how they as activists were trying to address those women's needs. All attendees responded to that question from the perspective of their own work and interests, yet there was a surprising level of agreement among them. They agreed that things were indeed better for Afghan women since the Taliban had departed, and that there were still problems for Afghan women. The author was most impressed by the laser-like foci of Marzia Basel and Jamila Afghani on the importance of legal reform and the need for more and better education and skill training. Both seemed fruitful paths through the complex and difficult tangle of Afghan women's needs.
The Neighborhood Outfit
Authors: Corsino Louis
Published: May 2017

From the slot machine trust of the early 1900s to the prolific Prohibition era bootleggers allied with Al Capone, and for decades beyond, organized crime in Chicago Heights, Illinois, represented a vital component of the Chicago Outfit. This book taps interviews, archives, government documents, and the author's own family history to tell the story of the Chicago Heights “boys” and their place in the city's Italian American community in the twentieth century. Debunking the popular idea of organized crime as a uniquely Italian enterprise, the book delves into the social and cultural forces that that created a vibrant Italian enclave while simultaneously contributing to illicit activities so pervasive the city's name became synonymous with vice. As it shows, discrimination blocked opportunities for Italians' social mobility. The close-knit Italian communities that arose in response to such limits produced a rich supply of social capital Italians used to pursue alternative routes to success that ranged from grocery stores and union organizing to, on occasion, crime. In particular the book offers invaluable insights into the ways established Outfit figures brought in new recruits and how social forces worked to guarantee a pool of potential soldiers. The book throws light on a little-known corner of the history of Chicagoland organized crime.
You Can’t Shoot Everyone
Authors: Corsino Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns more directly toward organized crime. It identifies the Chicago Heights boys and the mix of social capital processes, specifically the social closure and brokerage opportunities, that allowed this segment of the Chicago Outfit a near half century run as a highly profitable, successful criminal operation. Illegal activities associated with organized crime provided an avenue for social mobility. While these illegal operations existed from the beginning of Chicago Heights' incorporation as a city in the early 1900s, the 1920s saw a dramatic increase in the size and scope of these operations as Prohibition created a tremendous black market opportunity for illegal liquor. Exhibiting a strong entrepreneurial sense and a willingness to use violence to accomplish their goals, a select group of Italian residents in Chicago Heights allied themselves with Al Capone to gain control of the illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution trades in the Heights.
Digital Depression
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

The financial crisis of 2007–2008 shook the idea that advanced information and communications technology (ICT) is solely a source of economic rejuvenation and uplift, instead introducing the world to the once-unthinkable idea of a technological revolution wrapped inside an economic collapse. This book delves into the ways networked systems and ICTs have transformed global capitalism during the so-called Great Recession. It focuses on capitalism's crisis tendencies to confront the contradictory matrix of a technological revolution and economic stagnation making up the current political economy and demonstrates digital technology's central role in the global political economy. As the book shows, the forces at the core of capitalism—exploitation, commodification, and inequality—are ongoing and accelerating within the networked political economy.
A Struggle for Growth
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how efforts to corral network systems and services for the purpose of increased profitability introduced a new chapter in the geopolitics of information—one marked by intensifying struggles over control of the extraterritorial internet and of the industries that continued to pyramid around it. More specifically, it describes the emergence of extraterritorial internet connectivity as a site of sustained political contestation. It also explains how internet connectivity had been woven into the global political economy, enabling new commodities, altering state policy, and revamping the ways in which ordinary people worked, played, and communicated. It also considers rival efforts to shape the destiny of the overall political economy and U.S. capital's influence over both domestic and many transnational markets through preemptive appropriations of internet connectivity and an assertively helpful state.
Accumulation and Repression
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines concerns regarding the internet's strategic vulnerabilities and the challenges to the longstanding U.S. approach to global internet governance both from within and without. The 1990s and the decade that followed witnessed scattered cyberattacks, occasionally quite serious ones. U.S. analysts charged that China-based hackers had repeatedly broken into U.S. military organizations, corporate contractors, and digital services, and that they had insinuated “logic bombs” into U.S. networks for possible later use. This chapter first considers issues pertaining to cyber-conflict, in which network-enabled weapons launched a far-reaching reappraisal of strategic imperatives, before discussing the U.S.'s cyber-conflict policy, including the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative adopted in January 2008 and efforts to reconstruct the internet around territorially bounded networks imbued with connectivity restrictions. It also explores how foregrounding digital sites of accumulation gave rise to an increasingly fractious geopolitics of information.
Classic Hollywood
Authors: Pravadelli Veronica
Published: May 2017

Studies of “Classic Hollywood” typically treat Hollywood films released from 1930 to 1960 as a single interpretive mass. This book complicates this idea. Focusing on dominant tendencies in box office hits and Oscar-recognized classics, the book breaks down the so-called classic period into six distinct phases. The book's analysis follows Hollywood's amazingly diverse offerings from the emancipated females of the “Transition Era” and the traditional men and women of the conservative 1930s that replaced it to the fantastical Fifties movie musicals that arose after anti-classic genres like film noir and women's films. The book's analysis is set apart by paying particular attention to the gendered desires and identities exemplified in the films. The book views Hollywood through strategies as varied as close textural analysis, feminism, psychoanalysis, film style and study of cinematic imagery, revealing the inconsistencies and antithetical traits lurking beneath Classic Hollywood's supposed transparency. The result is a synthesis of theoretical approaches to a legendary cinematic era.
Dar es Salaam
Authors: Nagar Richa
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the manner in which the author's own gendered, racialized, and communally marked body was read by different Tanzanian Asian communities in various social sites in the city of Dar es Salaam, and how these encounters shaped the knowledge she was able to produce about Asian communal politics in that city in the early 1990s. The second part of the chapter turns to questions of reciprocity, power, trust, and ethical engagement in research relationships by focusing on examples of two life historians who participated in her study. The first was Frances, a Goan taxi driver with strong views about gender and race; the second was Nargis, a divorced Shiite feminist professional who returned to Dar es Salaam from London to fight a property case on behalf of her father. To offer an example of the kind of feminist “ethno-geography” that this self-reflexive methodological exploration helped the author create, the chapter ends with a sidebar drawn from excerpts from an unpublished chapter of her dissertation that focused on the politics of languages and mother tongues in Dar es Salaam.
Four Truths of Storytelling and Coauthorship in Feminist Alliance Work
Authors: Nagar Richa
Published: May 2017

For those who work in alliances across borders, coauthoring stories can become a powerful tool to mobilize experience in order to write against relations of power that produce violence, and to imagine and enact contextually grounded visions and ethics of social change. Such work means not only grappling with the complexities of identity, representation, and political imagination, but also rethinking assumptions and possibilities associated with engagement, expertise, and the very ideas of storytelling and authorship. Drawing on partnerships with sangtins and others, this chapter reflects on the labor process, assumptions, possibilities, and risks associated with coauthorship as a medium for mobilizing intellectual spaces, in which stories from multiple locations in an alliance can speak with one another and evolve into more nuanced critical interventions that destabilize dominant discourses and methodologies. The chapter ends with the last scene of a play in Hindi and Awadhi that the author wrote with members and supporters of Sangtin Kisaan Mazdoor Sangathan (SKMS), Aag Lagi Hai Jangal Ma (The Forest Is Burning), in 2010. Even as this scene articulates the ways in which rural lives and livelihoods are relentlessly violated by structures of power and by our own complicities with those structures, it calls for continuing to place our hopes in fighting, dreaming, writing, and singing together.
Overlapping Architectures
Authors: Labrador Roderick N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses the Filipino Community Center as the primary analytical site to suggest that through the physical building itself, Filipinos discursively construct identity territorializations that map out a collective sense of place and a sense of self along political economic and ideological coordinates. The Filipino Community Center represents overlapping architectures, a type of historical and political economic layering whereby the contemporary late capitalist, transnational world anchored to a multiculturalist ideology is built on top of the industrial plantation-based agri-capitalist system dependent on the racialization of its workers, which itself is constructed on top of an indigenous, communal land rights-based mode of production. In other words, the Filipino Community Center depends on the so-called “sakada story,” a narrative of development that positions indigeneity (represented as the Hawaiian past), racialization (depicted as the exploitation of Asian and Hawaiian labor during the plantation era), and multiculturalism (portrayed as the contemporary period of liberal inclusion in which the various racial and ethnic groups share power) in a linear historical progression that corresponds with changes in Hawaiʻi's political economy and modes of production. In this way, the completion of the Filipino Community Center embodies a settler Filipino developmental narrative in which Waipahu (and by extension, Hawaiʻi) is constructed and claimed as a Filipino “home”.
Marching to Haymarket and the 1886 Eight-Hour Campaign
Authors: Mirola William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the 1886 eight-hour campaign. By 1884, organized labor once again was ready to make a city and nationwide eight-hour demand. At their Chicago meeting that year, the Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions voted to inaugurate the eight-hour day on May 1, 1886, recommending that labor unions across the country work to enact or enforce eight-hour laws by that date. Paradoxically, in the 1886 campaign, the Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly (CTLA)—which represented the majority of conservative, religiously inclined, skilled workers—had ceased to frame the eight-hour workday in explicitly religious terms. Compared to the CTA in the 1867 campaign and even through most of the 1870s, the Trades and Labor Assembly had adopted frames that argued for shorter hours on systematically economic grounds.
Beyond Partition
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This book shows how 1947 marked the beginning of a history of politicized animosity associated with the differing ideas of “India” held by communities and in regions on one hand, and by the political–military Indian state on the other. Assembling literary, historiographic, performative, and visual representations of gendered violence against men and women, the book establishes that cultural expressions do not just follow violence but determine its very contours, and interrogates the gendered scripts underwriting the violence originating in the contested visions of what “India” means. Ambitious and ranging across disciplines, the book offers both an overview of and nuanced new perspectives on the ways caste, identity, and class complicate representations of violence, and how such representations shape our understandings of both violence and India.
“Are You a Man?”
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the use of nakedness both as a form of violence inflicted by the state, and as a form of resistance in women's naked protests that expose the gendered logics of this violence by the state. Naked protest as deployed by a range of actors mainly interrogates the violence sanctioned by the Indian state's discourses of “antinationalism” or sedition. The chapter analyzes Mahasweta's short story “Draupadi,” along with a range of naked performances by women, including a protest by a group of Manipuri women outside the Assam Rifles headquarters and a solo protest march by a Gujarati woman, Pooja Chauhan. These analyses illustrate the implications of naked protest as an unmanning challenge that tauntingly punctures the triumphalist structure of rape-as-power by recoding rape as an act of cowardice.
The Discursive Portrayals of Osama bin Laden
Authors: Bhatia Aditi
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how the creation of illusive categories and perceptions through the use of religious metaphor, among other rhetorical tools, culminated in the inevitable dichotomy in the way the world perceived Osama bin Laden. It thus conceptualizes bin Laden's discourse as a set of discursive illusions, in which the dual faces created of and by him turn out to be two sides of the same coin. Drawing on a combination of analytical tools, which include the historical approach, membership categorization analysis, and discourse as metaphor, the chapter analyzes a selection of speeches by Osama bin Laden and George W. Bush in an attempt to illustrate how both parties use almost identical forms of discourse in order to produce diametrically opposed conceptualizations of reality. It illustrates how Osama bin Laden played the role of both the evil terrorist and the brave champion of Islam through the creation of discursive illusions.
Images of Our Dead Enemies
Authors: Moeller Susan , Nurmis Joanna , Barforoush Saranaz
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a comparative analysis of visual representations surrounding the killing of Osama bin Laden. In the minutes and hours after the news of bin Laden's killing broke across social media and then through President Barack Obama's brief May 1 speech to the nation, news outlets across the world scrambled to cover the story of the decade. With no immediately forthcoming photos of bin Laden's corpse, mainstream news outlets were excused from the ethical as well as moral binary decision about whether to show or not show images of bin Laden's corpse. Instead, news outlets the world over had a set of decisions to make about what kind of image to select to accompany the announcement of bin Laden's death. The choice of which visual would lead the news became a complex, even political decision. Some news outlets chose to run archival photos of bin Laden; others used iconic images of al Qaeda's attack on the World Trade Center towers on 9/11. In essence, through their choices, news outlets decided how to visually “frame” the death of Osama bin Laden, the world's most wanted man.
Blacks in the U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Services, 1869–1924
Authors: Blakely Allison
Published: May 2017

This chapter surveys the experiences of black Americans in the early foreign service. The U.S. Department of State was the first major government department to appoint blacks to positions of prestige. This generation included John L. Waller, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, and Richard T. Greener, as well as career officer William Henry Hunt. Such progressivism occurred in an atmosphere of pervasive racism and reflected not only the varying interests of the two major political parties but also the growing disenfranchisement of blacks through the Jim Crow laws. Ultimately, these early officers faced personal dilemmas born out of contrasting experiences abroad and at home.
A New Negro Foreign Policy
Authors: Stewart Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is structured around the provocative claim that African Americans are natural diplomats because of the particular circumstances of the black experience in the United States. In order to survive, African Americans have been conditioned to mask their frank judgments about the American “democratic” system. Within this framework, the chapter conceptualizes a so-called “New Negro foreign folicy.” As embodied in the work of Locke and Bunche, this perspective is characterized by a critical approach to foreign policy, albeit one that is not too radical or too applicable to the American domestic racial context so as to avoid offending white liberal sensibilities (and therefore jeopardizing patronage opportunities). Representative of sequential stages of development within this foreign policy tradition, Locke and Bunche encountered different levels of political access and policy influence.
Interviews with Emir Kusturica
Authors: Bertellini Giorgio
Published: May 2017

What follows is a series of excerpts, organized by theme, from selected published interviews with Emir Kusturica. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own.

On weekends [while growing up] I used to work to make some money. The job consisted in bringing coal to heat up the cinematheque. Often, when the job was done, the director would allow us in for free. One of the first films I saw was Visconti’s ...
Scripts of Blackness
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

The geopolitical influence of the United States informs the processes of racialization in Puerto Rico, including the construction of black places. This book explores how Puerto Rican national discourses about race—created to overcome U.S. colonial power—simultaneously privilege whiteness, typecast blackness, and silence charges of racism. Based on an ethnographic study of the barrio of San Antón in the city of Ponce, the book examines institutional and local representations of blackness as developing from a power-laden process that is inherently selective and political, not neutral or natural. The book traces the presumed benevolence or triviality of slavery in Puerto Rico, the favoring of a Spanish colonial whiteness (under a hispanophile discourse), and the insistence on a harmonious race mixture as discourses that thrive on a presumed contrast with the United States that also characterize Puerto Rico as morally superior. In so doing, the book outlines the debates, social hierarchies, and colonial discourses that inform the racialization of San Antón and its residents as black. Mining ethnographic materials and anthropological and historical research, the book provides powerful insights into the critical political, economic, and historical context behind the strategic deployment of blackness, whiteness, and racial mixture.
Flowing through My Veins
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the scripts of blackness developed in tandem with discourses of race mixture that supported populist forms of governance and cultural policies in the 1940s and 1950s. The biological definition of Puerto Ricans as a mixture of three races—the Taíno, the Spanish, and the African—had been circulating since the nineteenth century in both criollo and U.S. writings about Puerto Rico, but before the 1950s, this was not institutionally constructed as an object of national pride. It was after the 1950s that the ideology of race mixture was taken up as a populist State discourse and implemented through the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. Indeed, race mixture became a central part of the state's cultural program of development and modernization for Puerto Rico.