bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of genetics in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Ma Lijiang , Chung Wendy K
Published: October 2016

Group 1 pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by proliferation and occlusion of small pulmonary arterioles, leading to progressive elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and right ventricular failure. Historically, it has been associated with a high mortality rate, although, over the last decade, treatment has improved survival. PAH includes idiopathic PAH (IPAH), heritable PAH (HPAH), and PAH associated with certain medical conditions. The aetiology of PAH is heterogeneous, and genetics play an important role in some cases. Mutations in BMPR2, encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of receptors, have been identified in 70% of cases of HPAH, and in 10–40% of cases of IPAH. Other genetic causes of PAH include mutations in the genes encoding activin receptor‐like type 1, endoglin, SMAD9, caveolin 1, and potassium two‐pore‐domain channel subfamily K member 3. Mutations in the gene encoding T‐box 4 have been identified in 10–30% of paediatric PAH patients, but rarely in adults with PAH. PAH in children is much more heterogeneous than in adults, and can be associated with several genetic syndromes, congenital heart disease, pulmonary disease, and vascular disease. In addition to rare mutations as a monogenic cause of HPAH, common variants in the gene encoding cerebellin 2 increase the risk of PAH by approximately two‐fold. A PAH panel of genes is available for clinical testing, and should be considered for use in clinical management, especially for patients with a family history of PAH. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycarbonate/TiO2 nanofibers nanocomposite: Preparation and properties
Authors: da Silva Daniel José , Escote Márcia Tsuyama , Cruz Sandra Andrea , Simião Daniel Felipe , Zenatti Alessandra , Curvello Marcio Sena
Published: October 2016

In this study, we explore a new idea to improve the mechanical properties and UV resistance of the polycarbonate (PC) using TiO2 electrospun nanofibers as polymer additive. Moreover, we describe a new method to functionalize TiO2 nanofibers using [3‐(2‐aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane (AMS) by ultrasonic bath. The nanocomposites with several contents of TiO2 nanofibers (0–5 wt%) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, uniaxial tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD patterns suggest formation of semi‐crystalline polycarbonate regions in nanocomposites with nanofibers previously deagglomerated by ultrasound. Furthermore, the mechanical properties (tensile strength, rupture elongation, elastic modulus and yield strength) and thermal behavior from the nanocomposites are significantly affected by TiO2 nanofibers content and AMS. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E780–E790, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Physico‐chemical and spectroscopic properties of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/vermiculite clay/maleic anhydride nanocomposites
Authors: El‐Nemr Khaled F. , Khaffaga Mervat M. , Saleh Saleh N. , Zahran Magdy K.
Published: October 2016

The physico‐chemical and spectroscopic properties of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)/vermiculite clay (VMT)/maleic anhydride (MA) nanocomposites were investigated. The vermiculite clay was firstly delaminated by acid treatment using hydrochloric acid. The untreated (VMT) or delaminated (DVMT) clays were used at the contents from 2.5 to 10 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt compounding in an internal mixer. The untreated and acid‐treated vermiculite clay and EPDM/VMT/MA nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the presence of DVMT improved the physico‐chemical properties of the nanocomposites formed. Maximum improvement was achieved when the content of DVMT clay was 5 phr and the irradiation dose of 50 kGy was applied. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2469–2478, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Multi‐impact response of composite laminates with open holes
Authors: Amaro A.M. , Reis P.N.B. , de Moura M.F.S.F. , Neto M. A.
Published: October 2016

The multi‐impact response of glass‐epoxy composite laminates with open holes was studied. For this purpose, plates without any hole and containing one or two holes were tested under low velocity multi‐impact loading to assess the influence of holes on the damage development. Experimentally, it was verified that the maximum load and the dissipated energy decrease with the number of impacts, while the displacement increases for all cases. In addition, the presence of holes revealed to have an important influence on those parameters. A three‐dimensional finite element analysis including a cohesive mixed‐mode damage model was also performed to better evaluate the interaction between the resulting delamination and the presence of holes. It was observed that the existence of holes alters the delamination profile and contributes to increase its size especially in the case of two holes. It was concluded that special attention should be given to structural applications requiring open holes and eventually submitted to impact loads. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2490–2498, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
A review on present status and future challenges of starch based polymer films and their composites in food packaging applications
Authors: Niranjana Prabhu T. , Prashantha K.
Published: October 2016

In recent years, interest in agro polymers has created great interest among researchers and industry alike, as these materials are found to be biodegradable and eco‐friendly. Since the fossil fuel based polymers have created greater environmental concern, these bio‐based polymers are addressing the concerns in some of impactful areas such as food packaging and contribute significantly to the sustainable development with minimum ecological problems. Among agro polymers, starch based polymers have made major stride to marketable products in food packaging field. It is estimated that by the year 2020, the biocomposite materials demand will touch 20% of total plastic utilization. This review enlightens various processing techniques used to produce starch based polymers and composites with their properties to address the poor properties of starch. Low toxic and good compatibility natural plasticizers are of great interest in the processing of thermoplastic starch (TPS). Further emphasis is also given on essential packaging film properties such as barrier, biodegradation, mechanical, and thermal properties for TPS based materials. The overview of literature indicates that, Final properties of the thermoplastic starch can be improved by using different fillers, as well as by changing the source of the starch. Since the quest to produce better, cheaper, and eco‐friendly materials never stops, a multidisciplinary approach is required to achieve further improvement in the existing materials and to produce new class of materials that are eco‐friendly which can extend smarter and efficient services to customers. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2499–2522, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Template‐based modeling and ab initio refinement of protein oligomer structures using GALAXY in CAPRI round 30
Authors: Lee Hasup , Baek Minkyung , Lee Gyu Rie , Park Sangwoo , Seok Chaok
Published: October 2016

Many proteins function as homo‐ or hetero‐oligomers; therefore, attempts to understand and regulate protein functions require knowledge of protein oligomer structures. The number of available experimental protein structures is increasing, and oligomer structures can be predicted using the experimental structures of related proteins as templates. However, template‐based models may have errors due to sequence differences between the target and template proteins, which can lead to functional differences. Such structural differences may be predicted by loop modeling of local regions or refinement of the overall structure. In CAPRI (Critical Assessment of PRotein Interactions) round 30, we used recently developed features of the GALAXY protein modeling package, including template‐based structure prediction, loop modeling, model refinement, and protein–protein docking to predict protein complex structures from amino acid sequences. Out of the 25 CAPRI targets, medium and acceptable quality models were obtained for 14 and 1 target(s), respectively, for which proper oligomer or monomer templates could be detected. Symmetric interface loop modeling on oligomer model structures successfully improved model quality, while loop modeling on monomer model structures failed. Overall refinement of the predicted oligomer structures consistently improved the model quality, in particular in interface contacts. Proteins 2017; 85:399–407. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling of Large Pharmacokinetic Data Using Nonlinear Mixed‐Effects: A Paradigm Shift in Veterinary Pharmacology. A Case Study With Robenacoxib in Cats
Authors: Pelligand L , Soubret A , King JN , Elliott J , Mochel JP
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to model the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of robenacoxib in cats using a nonlinear mixed‐effects (NLME) approach, leveraging all available information collected from cats receiving robenacoxib s.c. and/or i.v.: 47 densely sampled laboratory cats and 36 clinical cats sparsely sampled preoperatively. Data from both routes were modeled sequentially using Monolix 4.3.2. Influence of parameter correlations and available covariates (age, gender, bodyweight, and anesthesia) on population parameter estimates were evaluated by using multiple samples from the posterior distribution of the random effects. A bicompartmental disposition model with simultaneous zero and first‐order absorption best described robenacoxib PKs in blood. Clearance was 0.502 L/kg/h and the bioavailability was high (78%). The absorption constant point estimate (Ka = 0.68 h−1) was lower than beta (median, 1.08 h−1), unveiling flip‐flop kinetics. No dosing adjustment based on available covariates information is advocated. This modeling work constitutes the first application of NLME in a large feline population.
Large‐eddy simulations over Germany using ICON: a comprehensive evaluation
Authors: Heinze Rieke , Dipankar Anurag , Henken Cintia Carbajal , Moseley Christopher , Sourdeval Odran , Trömel Silke , Xie Xinxin , Adamidis Panos , Ament Felix , Baars Holger , Barthlott Christian , Behrendt Andreas , Blahak Ulrich , Bley Sebastian , Brdar Slavko , Brueck Matthias , Crewell Susanne , Deneke Hartwig , Di Girolamo Paolo , Evaristo Raquel , Fischer Jürgen , Frank Christopher , Friederichs Petra , Göcke Tobias , Gorges Ksenia , Hande Luke , Hanke Moritz , Hansen Akio , Hege Hans‐Christian , Hoose Corinna , Jahns Thomas , Kalthoff Norbert , Klocke Daniel , Kneifel Stefan , Knippertz Peter , Kuhn Alexander , van Laar Thriza , Macke Andreas , Maurer Vera , Mayer Bernhard , Meyer Catrin I. , Muppa Shravan K. , Neggers Roeland A. J. , Orlandi Emiliano , Pantillon Florian , Pospichal Bernhard , Röber Niklas , Scheck Leonhard , Seifert Axel , Seifert Patric , Senf Fabian , Siligam Pavan , Simmer Clemens , Steinke Sandra , Stevens Bjorn , Wapler Kathrin , Weniger Michael , Wulfmeyer Volker , Zängl Günther , Zhang Dan , Quaas Johannes
Published: October 2016

Large‐eddy simulations (LES) with the new ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic atmosphere model (ICON) covering Germany are evaluated for four days in spring 2013 using observational data from various sources. Reference simulations with the established Consortium for Small‐scale Modelling (COSMO) numerical weather prediction model and further standard LES codes are performed and used as a reference. This comprehensive evaluation approach covers multiple parameters and scales, focusing on boundary‐layer variables, clouds and precipitation. The evaluation points to the need to work on parametrizations influencing the surface energy balance, and possibly on ice cloud microphysics. The central purpose for the development and application of ICON in the LES configuration is the use of simulation results to improve the understanding of moist processes, as well as their parametrization in climate models. The evaluation thus aims at building confidence in the model's ability to simulate small‐ to mesoscale variability in turbulence, clouds and precipitation. The results are encouraging: the high‐resolution model matches the observed variability much better at small‐ to mesoscales than the coarser resolved reference model. In its highest grid resolution, the simulated turbulence profiles are realistic and column water vapour matches the observed temporal variability at short time‐scales. Despite being somewhat too large and too frequent, small cumulus clouds are well represented in comparison with satellite data, as is the shape of the cloud size spectrum. Variability of cloud water matches the satellite observations much better in ICON than in the reference model. In this sense, it is concluded that the model is fit for the purpose of using its output for parametrization development, despite the potential to improve further some important aspects of processes that are also parametrized in the high‐resolution model.
Numerical instabilities of vector‐invariant momentum equations on rectangular C‐grids
Authors: Bell Michael J. , Peixoto Pedro S. , Thuburn John
Published: October 2016

The linear stability of two well‐known energy‐ and enstrophy‐conserving schemes for the vector‐invariant hydrostatic primitive equations is examined. The problem is analyzed for a stably stratified Boussinesq fluid on an f‐plane with a constant velocity field, in height and isopycnal coordinates, by separation of variables into vertical normal modes and a linearized form of the shallow‐water equations (SWEs). As found by Hollingsworth et al. the schemes are linearly unstable in height coordinate models, due to non‐cancellation of terms in the momentum equations. The schemes with the modified formulations of kinetic energy proposed by Hollingsworth et al. are shown to have Hermitian stability matrices and hence to be stable to all perturbations. All perturbations in isopycnal models are also shown to be neutrally stable, even with the original formulations for kinetic energy. Analytical expressions are derived for the smallest equivalent depths obtained using Charney–Phillips and Lorenz vertical grids, which show that the Lorenz grid has larger growth rates for unstable schemes than the Charney–Phillips grid. Test cases are proposed for assessing the stability of new numerical schemes using the SWEs.
Sea breeze and precipitation over Hainan Island
Authors: Liang Zhaoming , Wang Donghai
Published: October 2016

The relationship between sea breeze and precipitation over Hainan Island is investigated, along with consideration of the effects of orography, synoptic wind and environmental conditions, using a period (2011–2015) of high‐resolution observational data, ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, and numerical experiments. The results show that the combined effect of mountain–plain and plain–sea thermal contrasts plays a major role in promoting sea‐breeze occurrence on Hainan Island. Although the sea‐breeze convergence tendency favours precipitation formation during October to March, the low humidity and convective available potential energy (CAPE), stable atmospheric stratification, high free convection level (LFC) and strong vertical wind shear in northeasterlies during this period notably inhibit the occurrence of heavy precipitation on Hainan Island. On the contrary, large amounts of precipitation over Hainan Island during April to September arise from high humidity and CAPE, unstable atmospheric stratification, low LFC and weak vertical wind shear associated with southwesterlies; additionally, the sea‐breeze front (SBF) has a convergence tendency under weak synoptic winds. In the context of the synoptic wind, these strong precipitations are prone to occur on the mountain leeward side, likely because of a strong leeward‐side SBF, which could be enhanced considerably by the orography; however, heavy precipitation seldom occurs on the mountain windward side, likely due to weak lifting motion associated with weak synoptic winds and a less significant windward‐side SBF. Because of these effects, pronounced precipitation is apt to occur over the east and west coasts, and propagates northeastward or northward with the steering of the southwesterlies and the development of SBFs in the north part of the island, during April to August. Whereas in September similar amounts of precipitation tend to occur over the southeast and southwest coasts, and expand locally with the influence of the easterlies and the inland penetration of SBFs.
Intestinal perforation due to paradoxical reaction during treatment for miliary tuberculosis
Authors: Saitou Miwako , Suzuki Tomoko , Niitsuma Katsunao
Published: October 2016

A 61‐year‐old man was being treated for poor nutritional status. He had been on weekly methotrexate 6 mg and daily tacrolimus 1 mg and prednisolone 18 mg for 8 years due to dermatomyositis. On further workup, he was initially detected to have ileocecal ulcer with subsequent development of diffuse miliary shadows on chest radiograph. He was diagnosed as having ileocecal with miliary tuberculosis (TB). While receiving anti‐tuberculous therapy, there was initial improvement of TB‐related symptoms and he had no conditions that interfered with the efficiency of the anti‐tuberculous therapy. However, he developed intestinal perforation. Emergency surgery for resection of the ileocecal ulcer and ileocolostomy led to improvement and he was finally discharged. Recently, cases of intestinal TB have been rare and perforation due to TB is extraordinary. In this case, paradoxical reaction and poor nutritional status may have contributed to the intestinal perforation.
Improving animal welfare in wildlife shooting: The importance of projectile energy
Authors: Hampton Jordan O. , Adams Peter J. , Forsyth David M. , Cowled Brendan D. , Stuart Ivor G. , Hyndman Tim H. , Collins Teresa
Published: October 2016

In wildlife shooting programs, the energy profile of the projectile or bullet (i.e., kinetic energy transferred to the animal), as distinct from caliber (projectile diameter), is an important factor for animal welfare. We examined the role of projectile energy in determining animal welfare outcomes for a typical European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) sharpshooting program. We compared 2 projectiles of different energy profiles: low‐energy 40‐grain .22 long rifle rimfire (.22LR; 198 J) bullets and high‐energy 40‐grain .222 Remington® centerfire (.222R; 1,433 J) bullets, fired under similar conditions on 3 nights in September 2014, on a livestock grazing property near Broken Hill, New South Wales, southeastern Australia. We used a thermal‐imaging camera to collect antemortem data from 500 rabbits that were shot at varying distance. We collected postmortem data via visual inspection from 482 rabbits that were killed. We used these data to compare 3 animal welfare parameters: wounding rate, duration of suffering, and ballistic injuries. We then used regression modeling to measure the effect of projectile type on these welfare parameters while accounting for shooting distance. All animal welfare parameters indicated that .222R projectiles were more humane than .22LR projectiles. When controlling for distance, for rabbits shot with a .22LR compared with a .222R, the odds of nonlethal wounding increased by a factor of 8 and noninstantaneous death increased by a factor of 9. All animal welfare parameters declined with increasing distance for both projectiles. Our results show that projectile energy and shooting distance were critical determinants of animal welfare outcomes in wildlife shooting programs. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
A systems biology approach to investigate the antimicrobial activity of oleuropein
Authors: Li Xianhua , Liu Yanhong , Jia Qian , LaMacchia Virginia , O’Donoghue Kathryn , Huang Zuyi
Published: October 2016

Oleuropein and its hydrolysis products are olive phenolic compounds that have antimicrobial effects on a variety of pathogens, with the potential to be utilized in food and pharmaceutical products. While the existing research is mainly focused on individual genes or enzymes that are regulated by oleuropein for antimicrobial activities, little work has been done to integrate intracellular genes, enzymes and metabolic reactions for a systematic investigation of antimicrobial mechanism of oleuropein. In this study, the first genome-scale modeling method was developed to predict the system-level changes of intracellular metabolism triggered by oleuropein in Staphylococcus aureus, a common food-borne pathogen. To simulate the antimicrobial effect, an existing S. aureus genome-scale metabolic model was extended by adding the missing nitric oxide reactions, and exchange rates of potassium, phosphate and glutamate were adjusted in the model as suggested by previous research to mimic the stress imposed by oleuropein on S. aureus. The developed modeling approach was able to match S. aureus growth rates with experimental data for five oleuropein concentrations. The reactions with large flux change were identified and the enzymes of fifteen of these reactions were validated by existing research for their important roles in oleuropein metabolism. When compared with experimental data, the up/down gene regulations of 80% of these enzymes were correctly predicted by our modeling approach. This study indicates that the genome-scale modeling approach provides a promising avenue for revealing the intracellular metabolism of oleuropein antimicrobial properties.
A whole cell biocatalyst for double oxidation of cyclooctane
Authors: Müller C A , Weingartner A M , Dennig A , Ruff A J , Gröger H , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: October 2016

A novel whole cell cascade for double oxidation of cyclooctane to cyclooctanone was developed. The one-pot oxidation cascade requires only a minimum of reaction components: resting E. coli cells in aqueous buffered medium (=catalyst), the target substrate and oxygen as environmental friendly oxidant. Conversion of cyclooctane was catalysed with high efficiency (50% yield) and excellent selectivity (>94%) to cyclooctanone. The reported oxidation cascade represents a novel whole cell system for double oxidation of non-activated alkanes including an integrated cofactor regeneration. Notably, two alcohol dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus brevis and from Rhodococcus erythropolis with opposite cofactor selectivities and one monooxygenase P450 BM3 were produced in a coexpression system in one single host. The system represents the most efficient route with a TTN of up to 24363 being a promising process in terms of sustainability as well.
Assessment of ataxia phenotype in a new mouse model of galactose‐1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency
Authors: Chen Wyman , Caston Rose , Balakrishnan Bijina , Siddiqi Anwer , Parmar Kamalpreet , Tang Manshu , Feng Merry , Lai Kent
Published: October 2016

Despite adequate dietary management, patients with classic galactosemia continue to have increased risks of cognitive deficits, speech dyspraxia, primary ovarian insufficiency, and abnormal motor development. A recent evaluation of a new galactose‐1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)‐deficient mouse model revealed reduced fertility and growth restriction. These phenotypes resemble those seen in human patients. In this study, we further assess the fidelity of this new mouse model by examining the animals for the manifestation of a common neurological sequela in human patients: cerebellar ataxia. The balance, grip strength, and motor coordination of GALT‐deficient and wild‐type mice were tested using a modified rotarod. The results were compared to composite phenotype scoring tests, typically used to evaluate neurological and motor impairment. The data demonstrated abnormalities with varying severity in the GALT‐deficient mice. Mice of different ages were used to reveal the progressive nature of motor impairment. The varying severity and age‐dependent impairments seen in the animal model agree with reports on human patients. Finally, measurements of the cerebellar granular and molecular layers suggested that mutant mice experience cerebellar hypoplasia, which could have resulted from the down‐regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Reciprocal Relationships: the Genetic Counselor‐Patient Relationship Following a Life‐Limiting Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Williams S. R. , Berrier K. L. , Redlinger‐Grosse K. , Edwards J. G.
Published: October 2016

Utilizing the tenet, “Relationship is integral to the genetic counseling process” from the Reciprocal Engagement Model (REM) of genetic counseling practice, this study sought to explore the relationship between the genetic counselor and patient following a “life‐limiting” prenatal diagnosis that resulted in a major loss (termination, stillbirth/miscarriage, or neonatal death). The specific aims of this study were to: 1) Understand and describe aspects of the genetic counselor‐patient relationship in the context of the life‐limiting prenatal diagnosis, and identify characteristics and actions of the 2) genetic counselor and 3) patient that influence the relationship. Genetic counselor (GC) participants were recruited via a web‐based survey distributed by NSGC and the NSGC Prenatal SIG. Eligible GCs maintained a relationship with a patient beyond the prenatal diagnosis and had a willing patient participant. Individual 60‐min audio‐recorded telephone interviews were conducted with eight GC and 8 respective patients (n = 16) using parallel interview guides (n = 16). Transcriptions underwent thematic content analysis for systematic coding and identification of emergent themes. The GC‐patient relationship was characterized by the evolution of communication and promoted by the supportive needs of the patient, the nature of the diagnosis, and characteristics and supportive actions of the participants. This exploratory study highlights the unique service of support offered by genetic counselors in the context of a life‐limiting prenatal diagnosis.
Significance of Fetal Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery and Comparison with Other Second Trimester Markers for Down Syndrome Screening
Authors: Vikraman Seneesh Kumar , Chandra Vipin , Balakrishnan Bijoy , Batra Meenu , Sreeja P. S. , Patil Swapneel Neelkanth , Kannoly Gopinathan
Published: October 2016

The chief objectives of our study were to assess the incidence and significance of fetal aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) in a nonreferral cohort of south Indian antenatal woman, and to compare it with other second trimester markers of Down syndrome. This was a prospective study conducted at Edappal hospital, India. After satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2000 consecutive antenatal women, seeking prenatal care and planning delivery at the same center, were recruited in a consecutive fashion. ARSA was identified as a retrotracheal arterial vessel in the axial three vessel trachea view, coursing towards right axilla. During February 2015 to January 2016, nine cases of ARSA were identified amongst 2000 antenatal women, yielding an incidence of 0.45 % (95 % CI 0.2–0.9 %). Of these, eight cases (8/9, 89 %) were isolated with normal karyotype, and negative for 22q11 microdeletion. Down syndrome was prenatally diagnosed in four cases (4/2000, 0.2 %), with ARSA detected in one case [sensitivity—25 %, specificity—99.6 %, positive likelihood ratio (+LR)—62.5 %, negative likelihood ratio (-LR)—0.75 %; Odds ratio 82.8 %, 95 % CI 7.8–883]. Of the significant second trimester minor markers, an absent nasal bone was the most common (13/2000, 0.65 %), followed by ARSA. All the isolated cases had normal neonatal outcomes. ARSA is relatively common second trimester aneuploidy marker, associated with high global +LR but nil isolated +LR. Indication for fetal karyotype in isolated cases seems to be weak.
Minimax across a population of games
Authors: Erev Ido , Roth Alvin E. , Slonim Robert
Published: October 2016

Most economic experiments designed to test theories carefully choose specific games. This paper reports on an experimental design to evaluate how well the minimax hypothesis describes behavior across a population of games. Past studies suggest that the hypothesis is more accurate the closer the equilibrium is to equal probability play of all actions, but many differences between the designs makes direct comparison impossible. We examine the minimax hypothesis by randomly sampling constant sum games with two players and two actions with a unique equilibrium in mixed strategies. Only varying the games, we find behavior is more consistent with minimax play the closer the mixed strategy equilibrium is to equal probability play of each action. The results are robust over all iterations as well as early and final play. Experimental designs in which the game is a variable allow some conclusions to be drawn that cannot be drawn from more conventional experimental designs.
Catechin and epicatechin reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by amiodarone in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Silva Santos Luciana Fernandes , Stolfo Adriana , Calloni Caroline , Salvador Mirian
Published: October 2016

Background

Amiodarone (AMD) and its metabolite N‐desethylamiodarone can cause some adverse effects, which include pulmonary toxicity. Some studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may play a role in these adverse effects. Catechin and epicatechin are recognized as important phenolic compounds with the ability to decrease oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of catechin and epicatechin to modulate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage caused by AMD in human lung fibroblast cells (MRC‐5).

Methods

Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed through the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were measured spectrophotometrically at 480 and 240 nm, respectively. Lipid and protein oxidative levels were determined by thiobarbituric reactive substances and protein carbonyl assays, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated using the Griess reaction method.

Results

AMD was able to inhibit the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis in MRC‐5 cells. Lipid and protein oxidative markers increased along with cell death, while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and NO production decreased with AMD treatment. Both catechin and epicatechin circumvented mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby restoring the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were able to restore the imbalance in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as the decrease in NO levels induced by AMD. Protein and lipid oxidative damage and cell death were reduced by catechin and epicatechin in AMD‐treated cells.

Conclusions

Catechin and epicatechin reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by AMD in MRC‐5 cells.
Residual Limb Hyperhidrosis Managed by Botulinum Toxin Injections, Enhanced by the Iodine‐Starch Test: A Case Report
Authors: Hansen Colby R. , Godfrey Bradeigh
Published: October 2016

Hyperhidrosis of the residual limb is a common condition affecting patients with amputations. The iodine‐starch test is used by dermatologists to identify focal areas of hyperhidrosis before treatment with botulinum toxin. Here, we describe a case of a patient with a transtibial amputation with moderate‐to‐severe hyperhidrosis who received intradermal botulinum toxin injections to treat residual limb hyperhidrosis, with particular emphasis given to the utility of the iodine‐starch test in managing this common condition. The iodine‐starch test successfully identified hyperhidrotic areas before treatment as well as confirmed the physiologic anhidrotic effect of the botulinum toxin treatment.

Level of Evidence

V
Effect of Backpack Strap Patterns on Gait Parameters in Young Adults at Self‐Selected Normal and Fast Walking Speeds
Authors: Abaraogu Ukachukwu Okoroafor , Ugwa Wisdom Onyedikachi , Nnodim Osita , Ezenwankwo Elochukwu Fortune
Published: October 2016

Background

The effects of backpack load on young adults' gait parameters have received little attention. We previously reported that with a backpack load within 15% body weight (BW), young adults maintain their gait parameters at the expense of increased exertion during a 6‐minute walk at self‐selected normal walking speed. However, the effect of backpack strap pattern on gait parameters during faster walking or longer stride length has not been evaluated.

Objective

To determine the effect of different backpack strap patterns on gait parameters during a 12‐minute walk test in young adults at self‐selected normal and fast walking speeds.

Design

A crossover, self‐controlled experimental study with repeated measures.

Setting

Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria.

Participants

A convenience sample of 24 healthy young adults (21.29 ± 1.20 years) who voluntarily signed an informed consent form, were able to wear a backpack on 1 and on both shoulders, were able to walk independently, and passed the physical activity readiness screening participated in this study.

Methods

Using a validated method of an observational gait analysis, each participant carried out a 12‐minute walk test at self‐determined normal and fast walking speeds, respectively. The effect of the following test conditions on the selected gait parameters was evaluated: normal and fast walking without load, and normal and fast walking with 10% and 20% BW backpack carried each on 1 and both shoulders.

Main Outcome Measurement

Stride length, stride time, velocity, cadence, and base of support were assessed by the equation definitions method of the velocity field diagram.

Results

At self‐selected fast walking speed with 10% BW backpack load, stride time (P = .004) and cadence (P = .006) were significantly decreased when participants wore a double‐strap backpack. At self‐selected normal walking speed with 20% BW backpack load, cadence was significantly decreased with double‐strap backpack carriage (P = .008). Cadence (P < .001), velocity (P < .001), and stride time (P < .001)were also significantly decreased at both conditions of single and double‐strap backpack carriage of 20% BW respectively at fast walking speed.

Conclusion

Backpack strap patterns do not affect the gait parameters of young adults in a 12‐minute bout of normal walking speed, provided that the load is less than 20% BW. However, a load up to 10% BW carried on a double strap causes a decrease in stride time and cadence when these individuals walk fast.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable.
Morality is its own Reward
Authors: Elizondo E. Sonny
Published: October 2016

Traditionally, Kantian ethics has been thought hostile to agents’ well-being. Recent commentators have rightly called this thought into question, but they do not push their challenge far enough. For they assume, in line with the tradition, that happiness is all there is to well-being – an assumption which, combined with Kant’s rationalism about morality and empiricism about happiness, implies that morality and well-being are at best extrinsically related. Drawing on Kant’s underappreciated discussion of self-contentment, an intellectual analogue of happiness, I reconstruct an alternative account of morality’s relation to well-being. Morality is intrinsically related to well-being – and so is its own reward – not because it makes us happy but because it makes us self-contented.
Understanding the use of emergency department and urgent care services by diabetic patients of a Family Medicine Health Team: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Ward Matthew
Published: October 2016

Aim

To understand the frequency, urgency, and rationale of emergency department and urgent care (ED/UC) use by diabetic patients of a Family Medicine Health Team (FHT).

Methods

A retrospective, observational study with comparison control groups was conducted from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2014. A total of 693 diabetic patients were compared with two, age-standardized non-diabetic groups: one with a higher disease burden based on International Classification of Diseases 9 diagnoses and the other from a randomized patient pool.

Findings

The diabetic group utilized ED/UC services 1.25 and 1.92 times more often than the two control populations, consistent with that observed in other studies. Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale scores were essentially the same for the diabetic population. Only 3.1% of visits were for diabetic related emergencies, in contrast to the expected 23% by surveyed physicians of the FHT. Diabetic patient’s sought treatment for cellulitis, wounds, abscesses, and infections more often than the control populations.
Bopp Receives 2016 Ocean Sciences Voyager Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: October 2016

Laurent Bopp will receive the 2016 Ocean Sciences Voyager Award at the 2016 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, to be held 12–16 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given to mid-career scientists for significant contributions and expanding leadership in ocean sciences.
Schiaparelli Lander Likely Crash-Landed on Mars
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: October 2016

After its thrusters shut off prematurely, the European Space Agency's newest lander probably crash-landed from 2–4 kilometers above the surface.
Expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Ki67 in normal breast tissue in relation to subsequent risk of breast cancer
Authors: Oh Hannah , Eliassen A Heather , Wang Molin , Smith-Warner Stephanie A , Beck Andrew H , Schnitt Stuart J , Collins Laura C , Connolly James L , Montaser-Kouhsari Laleh , Polyak Kornelia , Tamimi Rulla M
Published: October 2016

Although expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and cell proliferation marker Ki67 serve as predictive and prognostic factors in breast cancers, little is known about their roles in normal breast tissue. Here in a nested case–control study within the Nurses’ Health Studies (90 cases, 297 controls), we evaluated their expression levels in normal breast epithelium in relation to subsequent breast cancer risk among women with benign breast disease. Tissue microarrays were constructed using cores obtained from benign biopsies containing normal terminal duct lobular units and immunohistochemical stained for these markers. We found PR and Ki67 expression was non-significantly but positively associated with subsequent breast cancer risk, whereas ER expression was non-significantly inversely associated. After stratifying by lesion subtype, Ki67 was significantly associated with higher risk among women with proliferative lesions with atypical hyperplasia. However, given the small sample size, further studies are required to confirm these results.
HBV core promoter mutations and AKT upregulate S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 to promote postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma progression
Authors: Chen Lubiao , Gu Lin , Gu Yurong , Wang Hongbo , Deng Meihai , Stamataki Zania , Oo Ye Htun , Huang Yuehua
Published: October 2016

Mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core promoter (CP) have been shown to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The CP region overlaps HBV X gene, which activates AKT to regulate hepatocyte survival. However, the cooperation between these two cascades in HCC progression remains poorly understood. Here, we assayed virological factors and AKT expression in liver tissues from 56 HCC patients with better prognoses (BHCC, ≥5-year survival) and 58 with poor prognoses (PHCC, <5-year survival) after partial liver resection. Results showed double mutation A1762T/G1764A (TA) combined with other mutation(s) (TACO) in HBV genome and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) were more common in PHCC than BHCC. TACO and pAKT levels correlated with proliferation and microvascularization but inversely correlated with apoptosis in HCC samples. These were more pronounced when TACO and pAKT co-expressed. Levels of p21 and p27 were decreased in TACO or pAKT overexpressing HCC due to SKP2 upregulation. Levels of E2F1 and both mRNA and protein of SKP2 were increased in TACO expressing HCC. Levels of 4EBP1/2 decreased and SKP2 mRNA level remained constant in pAKT-overexpressing HCC. Therefore, TACO and AKT are two independent predictors of postoperative survival in HCC. Their co-target, SKP2 may be a diagnostic or therapeutic marker.
Label-free detection of microRNA based on coupling multiple isothermal amplification techniques
Authors: Zheng Xiangjiang , Niu Li , Wei Di , Li Xuemei , Zhang Shusheng
Published: October 2016

MicroRNA (miRNA) was a promising class of cancer biomarkers. Here we developed a label-free method for sensitive measurement of let-7d miRNA based on multiple amplification techniques. The primer will bind to the duplex strand DNA that was formed by stem-loop template and target let-7d to initiate strand displacement amplification (SDA) in tandem. The released single strand DNA will be a primer to bind the circular template to initiate rolling circle amplification (RCA). The products based on multiple amplifications will be detected by a standard fluorimeter with N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) as the fluorescent indicator. The proposed method exhibited excellent selectivity and high sensitivity with a detection limit of as low as 1.5 × 10−13 M. Moreover, this methodology was used for the determination of biomolecules in real serum samples with satisfying results.
Creating compact and microscale features in paper-based devices by laser cutting
Authors: Mahmud Md. Almostasim , Blondeel Eric J. M. , Kaddoura Moufeed , MacDonald Brendan D.
Published: October 2016

Fabrication method for compact and microscale features in paper-based analytical devices using a CO2 laser and foil backed paper.
Ultrasensitive detection of microRNAs using catalytic hairpin assembly coupled with enzymatic repairing amplification
Authors: Zhang Chong-Hua , Tang Ying , Sheng Ying-Ying , Wang Hui , Wu Zhan , Jiang Jian-Hui
Published: October 2016

A novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology is developed by coupling CHA with enzymatic repairing amplification for sensitive and selective miRNA detection.
Oxidation of multicarbon compounds to CO2 by photocatalysts with energy storage abilities
Authors: Kuroiwa Yoshinori , Park Susie , Sakai Nobuyuki , Tatsuma Tetsu
Published: October 2016

TiO2/Ni(OH)2 and TiO2/MnOx photocatalysts photoelectrochemically charged with oxidative energy oxidize multicarbon compounds such as acetaldehyde, acetic acid and acetone to CO2 even in the dark.
Rhodium-catalyzed one pot synthesis of hydroxymethylated triglycerides
Authors: Vanbésien T. , Monflier E. , Hapiot F.
Published: October 2016

The direct functionalization of the carbon–carbon double bonds of triglycerides is of major interest to access biosourced building blocks with unique molecular and functional properties.
Effect of Na+ and K+ co-doping on the structure and electrochemical behaviors of LiFePO4/C cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Madram Ali Reza , Daneshtalab Reza , Sovizi Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2016

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) composites co-doped with Na+ and K+, Li1−x−yNaxKyFePO4/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.03, x + y = 0.03), are synthesized through a sol–gel method and tested as a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Flash-induced reduced graphene oxide as a Sn anode host for high performance sodium ion batteries
Authors: Jeon Yeryung , Han Xiaogang , Fu Kun , Dai Jiaqi , Kim Joo Hyun , Hu Liangbing , Song Taeseup , Paik Ungyu
Published: October 2016

Sn is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries due to its high capacity.
A novel poly(ethylene glycol)–grafted poly(arylene ether ketone) blend micro-porous polymer electrolyte for solid-state electric double layer capacitors formed by incorporating a chitosan-based LiClO4 gel electrolyte
Authors: Na Ruiqi , Huo Guanze , Zhang Shuling , Huo Pengfei , Du Yinlong , Luan Jiashuang , Zhu Kai , Wang Guibin
Published: October 2016

A novel PAEK/PAEK-g-PEG blend MPE with a chitosan-based LiClO4 gel electrolyte was prepared and applied in an S-EDLC.
Tailored smart bioactive glass nanoassembly for dual antibiotic in vitro sustained release against osteomyelitis
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Santhiya Deenan , Aditya Anusha
Published: October 2016

The effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) concentration as a sacrificial template on tunable mesostructure textured bioactive glass nanoparticles has been explored and characterized for osteomyelitis applications.
Achieving high-performance planar perovskite solar cells with co-sputtered Co-doping NiOxhole transport layers by efficient extraction and enhanced mobility
Authors: Huang A. B. , Zhu J. T. , Zheng J. Y. , Yu Y. , Liu Y. , Yang S. W. , Bao S. H. , Lei L. , Jin P.
Published: October 2016

Magnetron sputtered Co-doped NiO HTLs show greatly improved hole mobility and long-term stability.
Visual-Neural Correlate of Speechreading Ability in Normal-Hearing Adults
Authors: Shepherd David C.
Published: October 2016

In 1977, Shepherd and colleagues reported significant correlations (–.90, –.91) between speechreading scores and the latency of a selected negative peak (VN
130
measure) on the averaged visual electroencephalic wave form. The primary purpose of this current study was to examine the stability, or repeatability, of this relation between these cognitive and neurophysiologic measures over a period of several months and thus support its test-retest reliability. Repeated speechreading word and sentence scores were gathered during three test-retest sessions from each of 20 normal-hearing adults. An average of 56 days occurred from the end of one to the beginning of another speechreading sessions. During each of four other test-retest sessions, averaged visual electroencephalic responses (AVER
s
) were evoked from each subject. An average of 49 clays intervened between AVER sessions. Product-moment correlations computed among repeated word scores and VN
l30
measures ranged from –.61 to –.89. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the VN
l30
measure of visual neural firing time is a reliable correlate of speech-reading in normal-hearing adults.
Autoamputation of Fingers — A Rare Presentation of Tethered Cord after Early Repair of Cervicothoracic Myelomeningocele
Authors: Vemula Venkata , Bodapati Chandramowliswara , Vuttarkar Jayachandar , Akula Sanjeev , Chennati Krishnamohan
Published: October 2016

Dorsal myelomeningoceles are rare but well-recognized lesions. The phenomenon of the cord tethering at the operative site several years after surgery is known. Self-mutilation of the fingers as the presenting symptom of such tethered cord is extremely rare with only one case reported in literature. We report a 14-year-old girl with past history of undergoing dorsal myelomeningocele repair at birth presenting with history of nonhealing ulcer at the proximal phalanx of the little finger and the absence of the middle and distal phalanges. Imaging revealed tethering of the cord at the previous surgical site. She underwent exploration of the surgical site and detethering of the cord yielding good results. The clinical, radiological, and operative findings are discussed.