bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved host-plant resistance to Phytophthora rot and powdery mildew in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Ramalingam Jegadeesan , Alagarasan Ganesh , Savitha Palanisamy , Lydia Kelsey , Pothiraj Govindan , Vijayakumar Eswaramoorthy , Sudhagar Rajaprakasam , Singh Amar , Vedna Kumari , Vanniarajan Chockalingam
Published: August 2020

Soybean is an important oilseed cum vegetable crop, susceptible to various biotic stresses which is attributed to recent decline in crop productivity. The emergence of virulent biotypes/strains of different plant pathogens necessitates the development of new crop varieties with enhanced host resistance mechanisms. Pyramiding of multiple disease-resistant genes is one of the strategies employed to develop durable disease-resistant cultivars to the prevailing and emerging biotypes of pathogens. The present study, reports the successful introgression of two major R-genes, including Rps2 (Phytophthora rot resistance), Rmd-c (complete-powdery mildew resistance) and effective nodulating gene (rj2) through functional Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABB) in the genetic background of well-adapted and high yielding soybean varieties, CO 3 and JS 335. We have identified several promising introgressed lines with enhanced resistance to Phytophthora rot and powdery mildew. The improved soybean lines have exhibited medium to high level of resistance against powdery mildew and Phytophthora rot as well as displayed effective nodulation capacity. Our study has proven the generation of resistant genotypes to realize the potential of MABB for achieving host plant resistance in soybean. The improved lines developed can greatly assist the soybean breeding programs in India and other soybean growing countries for evolving disease-resistant varieties.
Targeting cPLA2 derived lipid hydroperoxides as a potential intervention for sarcopenia
Authors: Pharaoh Gavin , Brown Jacob L. , Sataranatarajan Kavithalakshmi , Kneis Parker , Bian Jan , Ranjit Rojina , Hadad Niran , Georgescu Constantin , Rabinovitch Peter , Ran Qitao , Wren Jonathan D. , Freeman Willard , Kinter Michael , Richardson Arlan , Van Remmen Holly
Published: August 2020

Defects in neuromuscular innervation contribute significantly to the age-related decline in muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Our previous studies demonstrated that denervation induces muscle mitochondrial hydroperoxide production (H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs)). Here we define the relative contribution of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) derived H2O2 versus cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) derived LOOHs in neurogenic muscle atrophy. We show that denervation increases muscle cPLA2 protein content, activity, and metabolites downstream of cPLA2 including LOOHs. Increased scavenging of mitochondrial H2O2 does not protect against denervation atrophy, suggesting ETC generated H2O2 is not a critical player. In contrast, inhibition of cPLA2 in vivo mitigates LOOH production and muscle atrophy and maintains individual muscle fiber size while decreasing oxidative damage. Overall, we show that loss of innervation in several muscle atrophy models including aging induces generation of LOOHs produced by arachidonic acid metabolism in the cPLA2 pathway contributing to loss of muscle mass.
Visual motion information modulates tactile roughness perception
Authors: Suzuishi Yosuke , Hidaka Souta , Kuroki Scinob
Published: August 2020

We perceive the roughness of an object through our eyes and hands. Many crossmodal studies have reported that there is no clear visuo-tactile interaction in roughness perception using static visual cues. One exception is that the visual observation of task-irrelevant hand movements, not the texture of task-relevant objects, can enhance the performance of tactile roughness discrimination. Our study investigated whether task-irrelevant visual motion without either object roughness or bodily cues can influence tactile roughness perception. Participants were asked to touch abrasive papers while moving their hand laterally and viewing moving or static sine wave gratings without being able to see their hand, and to estimate the roughness magnitude of the tactile stimuli. Moving gratings with a low spatial frequency induced smoother roughness perceptions than static visual stimuli when the visual grating moved in the direction opposite the hand movements. The effects of visual motion did not appear when the visual stimuli had a high spatial frequency or when the participants touched the tactile stimuli passively. These results indicate that simple task-irrelevant visual movement without object roughness or bodily cues can modulate tactile roughness perception with active body movements in a spatial-frequency-selective manner.
N2 fixation dominates nitrogen cycling in a mangrove fiddler crab holobiont
Authors: Zilius Mindaugas , Bonaglia Stefano , Broman Elias , Chiozzini Vitor Gonsalez , Samuiloviene Aurelija , Nascimento Francisco J. A. , Cardini Ulisse , Bartoli Marco
Published: August 2020

Mangrove forests are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems on the planet, despite limited nitrogen (N) availability. Under such conditions, animal-microbe associations (holobionts) are often key to ecosystem functioning. Here, we investigated the role of fiddler crabs and their carapace-associated microbial biofilm as hotspots of microbial N transformations and sources of N within the mangrove ecosystem. 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing provided evidence of a microbial biofilm dominated by Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota with a community encoding both aerobic and anaerobic pathways of the N cycle. Dinitrogen (N2) fixation was among the most commonly predicted process. Net N fluxes between the biofilm-covered crabs and the water and microbial N transformation rates in suspended biofilm slurries portray these holobionts as a net N2 sink, with N2 fixation exceeding N losses, and as a significant source of ammonium and dissolved organic N to the surrounding environment. N stable isotope natural abundances of fiddler crab carapace-associated biofilms were within the range expected for fixed N, further suggesting active microbial N2 fixation. These results extend our knowledge on the diversity of invertebrate-microbe associations, and provide a clear example of how animal microbiota can mediate a plethora of essential biogeochemical processes in mangrove ecosystems.
De novo assembly and characterization of the liver transcriptome of Mugil incilis (lisa) using next generation sequencing
Authors: Bertel-Sevilla Angela , Alzate Juan F. , Olivero-Verbel Jesus
Published: August 2020

Mugil incilis (lisa) is an important commercial fish species in many countries, living along the coasts of the western Atlantic Ocean. It has been used as a model organism for environmental monitoring and ecotoxicological investigations. Nevertheless, available genomic and transcriptomic information for this organism is extremely deficient. The aim of this study was to characterize M. incilis hepatic transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing. A total of 32,082,124 RNA-Seq read pairs were generated utilizing the HiSeq platform and subsequently cleaned and assembled into 93,912 contigs (N50 = 2,019 bp). The analysis of species distribution revealed that M. incilis contigs had the highest number of hits to Stegastes partitus (13.4%). Using a sequence similarity search against the public databases GO and KEGG, a total of 7,301 and 16,967 contigs were annotated, respectively. KEGG database showed genes related to environmental information, metabolism and organismal system pathways were highly annotated. Complete or partial coding DNA sequences for several candidate genes associated with stress responses/detoxification of xenobiotics, as well as housekeeping genes, were employed to design primers that were successfully tested and validated by RT-qPCR. This study presents the first transcriptome resources for Mugil incilis and provides basic information for the development of genomic tools, such as the identification of RNA markers, useful to analyze environmental impacts on this fish Caribbean species.
Microseismic records classification using capsule network with limited training samples in underground mining
Authors: Peng Pingan , He Zhengxiang , Wang Liguan , Jiang Yuanjian
Published: August 2020

The identification of suspicious microseismic events is the first crucial step in microseismic data processing. Existing automatic classification methods are based on the training of a large data set, which is challenging to apply in mines without a long-term manual data processing. In this paper, we present a method to automatically classify microseismic records with limited samples in underground mines based on capsule networks (CapsNet). We divide each microseismic record into 33 frames, then extract 21 commonly used features in time and frequency from each frame. Consequently, a 21 × 33 feature matrix is utilized as the input of CapsNet. On this basis, we use different sizes of training sets to train the classification models separately. The trained model is tested using the same test set containing 3,200 microseismic records and compared to convolutional neural networks (CNN) and traditional machine learning methods. Results show that the accuracy of our proposed method is 99.2% with limited training samples. It is superior to CNN and traditional machine learning methods in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Measure, and reliability.
Sitting-induced hemodynamic changes and association with sitting intolerance in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Tao Chunyan , Han Zhenhui , Yan Yongqiang , Pan Zhitao , Zhu Hanwen , Li Xueying , Li Hongxia , Wang Yuanyuan , Liu Ping , Wang Yuli , Jiang Min , Tang Chaoshu , Jin Hongfang , Du Junbao
Published: August 2020

Hemodynamic alteration with postural change from supine to sitting has been unclear in the young. In the cross-sectional study, 686 participants (371 boys and 315 girls, aged 6–18 years) were recruited from 4 schools in Kaifeng city, the central area of China. The active sitting test was performed to obtain heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) changes from supine to sitting in children and adolescents. Hemodynamic change-associated sitting intolerance was analyzed. In the study participants, the 95th percentile (P95) values of changes in HR and BP within 3 min from supine to sitting were 25 beats/min and 18/19 mm Hg, respectively. Sixty-six participants had sitting intolerance symptoms. Compared with participants without sitting intolerance symptoms, those with symptoms more frequently had HR increase ≥ P95 or BP increase ≥ P95 within 3 min from supine to sitting (P < 0.001). Risk factors for sitting intolerance were age (odds ratio 1.218, 95% confidence interval 1.072–1.384, P = 0.002) and changes in HR or BP ≥ P95 within 3 min after sitting (odds ratio 2.902, 95% confidence interval 1.572–5.357, P = 0.001). We firstly showed hemodynamic changing profiles from supine to sitting and their association with sitting intolerance in children and adolescents. Sitting tachycardia is likely suggested with a change in HR ≥ 25 beats/min and sitting hypertension with a change in BP ≥ 20/20 mm Hg when changing from supine to sitting within 3 min. The age and changes in HR or BP were independent risk factors for sitting intolerance.
Characterization of immune response induced against catalytic domain of botulinum neurotoxin type E
Authors: Sonkar Priyanka , Chauhan Vinita , Chauhan Ritika , Saxena Nandita , Dhaked Ram Kumar
Published: August 2020

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) represent a family of bacterial toxins responsible for neuroparalytic disease ‘botulism’ in human and animals. Their potential use as biological weapon led to their classification in category ‘A’ biowarfare agent by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA. In present study, gene encoding full length catalytic domain of BoNT/E-LC was cloned, expressed and protein was purified using Ni–NTA chromatography. Humoral immune response was confirmed by Ig isotyping and cell-mediated immunity by cytokine profiling and intracellular staining for enumeration of IFN-γ secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Increased antibody titer with the predominance of IgG subtype was observed. An interaction between antibodies produced against rBoNT/E-LC was established that showed the specificity against BoNT/E in SPR assay. Animal protection with rBoNT/E-LC was conferred through both humoral and cellular immune responses. These findings were supported by cytokine profiling and flow cytometric analysis. Splenocytes stimulated with rBoNT/E-LC showed a 3.27 and 2.8 times increase in the IFN-γ secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively; in immunized group (P < 0.05). Protection against BoNT/E challenge tended to relate with increase in the percentage of rBoNT/E-LC specific IL-2 in the splenocytes supernatant (P = 0.034) and with IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell responses (P = 0.045). We have immunologically evaluated catalytically active rBoNT/E-LC. Our results provide valuable investigational report for immunoprophylactic role of catalytic domain of BoNT/E.
Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR analysis of season- and tissue-specific gene expression profiles in the honey bee Apis mellifera
Authors: Jeon Ji Hyang , Moon KyungHwan , Kim YeongHo , Kim Young Ho
Published: August 2020

Honey bees are both important pollinators and model insects due to their highly developed sociality and colony management. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying honey bee colony management, it is important to investigate the expression of genes putatively involved in colony physiology. Although quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) can be used to quantify the relative expression of target genes, internal reference genes (which are stably expressed across different conditions) must first be identified to ensure accurate normalisation of target genes. To identify reliable reference genes in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, therefore, we evaluated seven candidate genes (ACT, EIF, EF1, RPN2, RPS5, RPS18 and GAPDH) in samples collected from three honey bee tissue types (head, thorax and abdomen) across all four seasons using three analysis programmes (NormFinder, BestKeeper and geNorm). Subsequently, we validated various normalisation methods using each of the seven reference genes and a combination of multiple genes by calculating the expression of catalase (CAT). Although the genes ranked as the most stable gene were slightly different on conditions and analysis methods, our results suggest that RPS5, RPS18 and GAPDH represent optimal honey bee reference genes for target gene normalisation in qRT-PCR analysis of various honey bee tissue samples collected across seasons.
Author Correction: Evaluation of cell metabolic adaptation in wound and tumour by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Authors: Morone Diego , Autilia Francesca D’ , Schorn Tilo , Erreni Marco , Doni Andrea
Published: August 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Thermodynamic efficiency, reversibility, and degree of coupling in energy conservation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain
Authors: Wikström Mårten , Springett Roger
Published: August 2020

The protonmotive mitochondrial respiratory chain, comprising complexes I, III and IV, transduces free energy of the electron transfer reactions to an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP and ion and metabolite transport. The efficiency of energy conversion is of interest from a physiological point of view, since the energy transduction mechanisms differ fundamentally between the three complexes. Here, we have chosen actively phosphorylating mitochondria as the focus of analysis. For all three complexes we find that the thermodynamic efficiency is about 80–90% and that the degree of coupling between the redox and proton translocation reactions is very high during active ATP synthesis. However, when net ATP synthesis stops at a high ATP/ADP.Pi ratio, and mitochondria reach “State 4” with an elevated proton gradient, the degree of coupling drops substantially. The mechanistic cause and the physiological implications of this effect are discussed.
Author Correction: Detecting protein and post-translational modifications in single cells with iDentification and qUantification sEparaTion (DUET)
Authors: Zhang Yandong , Sohn Changho , Lee Seoyeon , Ahn Heejeong , Seo Jinyoung , Cao Junyue , Cai Long
Published: August 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Mechanistic study of superlattice-enabled high toughness and hardness in MoN/TaN coatings
Authors: Hahn Rainer , Koutná Nikola , Wójcik Tomasz , Davydok Anton , Kolozsvári Szilárd , Krywka Christina , Holec David , Bartosik Matthias , Mayrhofer Paul H.
Published: August 2020

Machining and forming tools exposed to challenging environments require protective coatings to extend their lifetime and reliability. Although transition metal nitrides possess excellent strength and resistance against chemical attacks, they lack ductility and are prone to premature failure. Here, by investigating structural and mechanical properties of MoN-TaN superlattices with different bilayer thickness, we develop coatings with high fracture toughness and hardness, stemming from the formation of a metastable tetragonally distorted phase of TaN up to layer thicknesses of 2.5 nm. Density functional theory calculations and experimental results further reveal a metal-vacancy stabilized cubic Ta0.75N phase with an increased Young’s modulus but significantly lower fracture toughness. We further discuss the influence of coherency strains on the fracture properties of superlattice thin films. The close interplay between our experimental and ab initio data demonstrates the impact of phase formation and stabilization on the mechanical properties of MoN-TaN superlattices.
Interfacial growth of metal–organic framework on carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes for efficient dye adsorption and separation
Authors: Sang Xinxin , Zha Qijun , Nie Xiangdao , Liu Dongyin , Guo Yansong , Shi Xianbin , Ni Caihua
Published: August 2020

CNTs@UiO-66-NH2 hybrids prepared through an interfacial in situ growth pathway exhibited a high adsorption capacity 392 mg g−1 towards MO and can effectively separate the MO/MB mixture.
Fabrication of 2D/2D nanosheet heterostructures of ZIF-derived Co3S4 and g-C3N4 for asymmetric supercapacitors with superior cycling stability
Authors: Li Weiwei , Li Youjing , Yang Cui , Ma Qingxiang , Tao Kai , Han Lei
Published: August 2020

Asymmetric supercapacitors with superior cycling stability are achieved by designing 2D/2D nanosheet heterostructures of ZIF-derived Co3S4 and g-C3N4.
Highly efficient, low-temperature hydrogen release from perhydro-benzyltoluene using reactive distillation
Authors: Geißelbrecht M. , Mrusek S. , Müller K. , Preuster P. , Bösmann A. , Wasserscheid P.
Published: August 2020

Hydrogen release from the hetero-atom free, pure hydrocarbon LOHC compound perhydro-benzyl toluene is possible at temperatures down to 200 °C, if the operation is carried out in a reactive distillation column under reduced pressure.
Systematic investigation of the relationships of trimethylamine N-oxide and l-carnitine with obesity in both humans and rodents
Authors: Gao Xiang , Sun Guang , Randell Edward , Tian Yuan , Zhou Haicheng
Published: August 2020

In this study, we systematically investigated the relationships of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and l-carnitine with obesity in both humans and mice.
Insights into the internal structures of nanogels using a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation method
Authors: Niezabitowska Edyta , Town Adam R. , Sabagh Bassem , Morales Moctezuma Marissa D. , Kearns Victoria R. , Spain Sebastian G. , Rannard Steve P. , McDonald Tom O.
Published: August 2020

This work demonstrates a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation method for characterising the sizes and internal structures of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogels.
Constructing CeO2/nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts for highly efficient visible light photocatalysis
Authors: Qi Houjuan , Shi Cai , Jiang Xiaona , Teng Min , Sun Zhe , Huang Zhanhua , Pan Duo , Liu Shouxin , Guo Zhanhu
Published: August 2020

Ternary CeO2/nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot (NCQD)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) heterojunction nanocomposites were prepared and tested for degrading tetracycline (TC) and generating H2.
On the effect of Fe oleate by-product in nano-stirbar synthesis
Authors: Hu Ting , Ji Qiaozhen , Chong Wen Han , Xin Wenwen , Liu Xueyang , Chen Hongyu
Published: August 2020

Finding the oleate by-product as the culprit makes it possible to synthesize the smallest nano-stirbars.
Vanadium based carbide–oxide heterogeneous V2O5@V2C nanotube arrays for high-rate and long-life lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Wang Zhenguo , Yu Ke , Gong Shijing , Du Erwei , Zhu Ziqiang
Published: August 2020

V2O5 nanotube arrays were grown on V2C nanosheets to suppress the shuttle effect and extend the life of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Green light-driven enhanced ammonia sensing at room temperature based on seed-mediated growth of gold-ferrosoferric oxide dumbbell-like heteronanostructures
Authors: Yu Sujing , Zhang Dongzhi , Zhang Yu , Pan Wenjing , Meteku Benjamin Edem , Zhang Fangdu , Zeng Jingbin
Published: August 2020

Since there is excellent synergy between heterostructures and noble metals, the introduction of noble metals into metal oxide semiconductors has substantially improved the performance of gas sensors.
Realistic dielectric response of high temperature sintered ZnO ceramic: a microscopic and spectroscopic approach
Authors: Ibadat Sidra , Younas Muhammad , Shahzada Shaista , Nadeem Muhammad , Ali Tahir , Akhtar Muhammad Javed , Pollastri Simone , Rehman Ubaid-Ur , Yousef Ibraheem , Ali Khan Rao Tahir
Published: August 2020

Superior grain contacts of ZnO-1200 samples enhance low and high frequency dielectric constants (ε′) and dielectric loss (tan δ).
Tailoring the phase transition temperature to achieve high-performance cubic GeTe-based thermoelectrics
Authors: Suwardi Ady , Cao Jing , Hu Lei , Wei Fengxia , Wu Jing , Zhao Yunshan , Lim Su Hui , Yang Lan , Tan Xian Yi , Chien Sheau Wei , Yin Yan , Zhou Wu-Xing , Mun Nancy Wong Lai , Wang Xizu , Lim Suo Hon , Ni Xiping , Li Dengfeng , Yan Qingyu , Zheng Yun , Zhang Gang , Xu Jianwei
Published: August 2020

The rhombohedral–cubic phase transition temperature of GeTe can be tailored via Sn-alloying, leading to high performance thermoelectric GeTe.
Functionalized graphene oxide as a vehicle for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging applications
Authors: Karki Neha , Tiwari Himani , Tewari Chetna , Rana Anita , Pandey Neema , Basak Souvik , Sahoo Nanda Gopal
Published: August 2020

Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a polynomially functional carbon nanomaterial with rational applications in diverse fields such as biomedical engineering, electrocatalysis, biosensing, energy conversion, and storage devices.
Polymeric nano-carriers for on-demand delivery of genes via specific responses to stimuli
Authors: Muhammad Khan , Zhao Jing , Gao Bin , Feng Yakai
Published: August 2020

Polymeric nano-carriers for on-demand delivery of genes via specific responses to stimuli.
Electro-responsivity in electrolyte-free and solution processed Bragg stacks
Authors: Moscardi Liliana , Paternò Giuseppe M. , Chiasera Alessandro , Sorrentino Roberto , Marangi Fabio , Kriegel Ilka , Lanzani Guglielmo , Scotognella Francesco
Published: August 2020

We show an electro-responsive 1D photonic crystal integrating electro-active plasmonic materials, whose dielectric function can be simply modulated by the application of an external bias.
Emerging roles for the IL-6 family of cytokines in pancreatic cancer
Authors: van Duijneveldt Gemma , Griffin Michael D.W. , Putoczki Tracy L.
Published: August 2020

Pancreatic cancer has one of the poorest prognoses of all malignancies, with little improvement in clinical outcome over the past 40 years. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is responsible for the vast majority of pancreatic cancer cases, and is characterised by the presence of a dense stroma that impacts therapeutic efficacy and drives pro-tumorigenic programs. More specifically, the inflammatory nature of the tumour microenvironment is thought to underlie the loss of anti-tumour immunity and development of resistance to current treatments. Inflammatory pathways are largely mediated by the expression of, and signalling through, cytokines, chemokines, and other cellular messengers. In recent years, there has been much attention focused on dual targeting of cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. Here we review our current understanding of the role of IL-6, and the broader IL-6 cytokine family, in pancreatic cancer, including their contribution to pancreatic inflammation and various roles in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. We also summarise potential opportunities for therapeutic targeting of these pathways as an avenue towards combating poor patient outcomes.
Making it or breaking it: DNA methylation and genome integrity
Authors: Sriraman Anusha , Debnath Turja K. , Xhemalce Blerta , Miller Kyle M.
Published: August 2020

Cells encounter a multitude of external and internal stress-causing agents that can ultimately lead to DNA damage, mutations and disease. A cascade of signaling events counters these challenges to DNA, which is termed as the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR preserves genome integrity by engaging appropriate repair pathways, while also coordinating cell cycle and/or apoptotic responses. Although many of the protein components in the DDR are identified, how chemical modifications to DNA impact the DDR is poorly understood. This review focuses on our current understanding of DNA methylation in maintaining genome integrity in mammalian cells. DNA methylation is a reversible epigenetic mark, which has been implicated in DNA damage signaling, repair and replication. Sites of DNA methylation can trigger mutations, which are drivers of human diseases including cancer. Indeed, alterations in DNA methylation are associated with increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis but whether this occurs through effects on the DDR, transcriptional responses or both is not entirely clear. Here, we also highlight epigenetic drugs currently in use as therapeutics that target DNA methylation pathways and discuss their effects in the context of the DDR. Finally, we pose unanswered questions regarding the interplay between DNA methylation, transcription and the DDR, positing the potential coordinated efforts of these pathways in genome integrity. While the impact of DNA methylation on gene regulation is widely understood, how this modification contributes to genome instability and mutations, either directly or indirectly, and the potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting DNA methylation pathways in cancer remain active areas of investigation.
The Shikani HME: A New Tracheostomy Heat and Moisture Exchanger
Authors: Shikani Alan H. , Elamin Elamin M. , Miller Andrew C.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Tracheostomy patients face many adversities including loss of phonation and essential airway functions including air filtering, warming, and humidification. Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) facilitate humidification and filtering of inspired air. The Shikani HME (S-HME) is a novel turbulent airflow HME that may be used in-line with the Shikani Speaking Valve (SSV), allowing for uniquely preserved phonation during humidification. The aims of this study were to (a) compare the airflow resistance (
R
airflow
) and humidification efficiency of the S-HME and the Mallinckrodt Tracheolife II tracheostomy HME (M-HME) when dry (time zero) and wet (after 24 hr) and (b) determine if in-line application of the S-HME with a tracheostomy speaking valve significantly increases
R
airflow
over a tracheostomy speaking valve alone (whether SSV or Passy Muir Valve [PMV]).

Method

A prospective observational ex vivo study was conducted using a pneumotachometer lung simulation unit to measure airflow (
Q
) amplitude and
R
airflow
, as indicated by a pressure drop (
P
Drop
) across the device (S-HME, M-HME, SSV + S-HME, and PMV). Additionally,
P
Drop
was studied for the S-HME and M-HME when dry at time zero (T
0
) and after 24 hr of moisture testing (T
24
) at
Q
of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L/s.

Results

R
airflow
was significantly less for the S-HME than M-HME (T
0
and T
24
).
R
airflow
of the SSV + S-HME in series did not significant increase
R
airflow
over the SSV or PMV alone. Moisture loss efficiency trended toward greater efficiency for the S-HME; however, the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The turbulent flow S-HME provides heat and moisture exchange with similar or greater efficacy than the widely used laminar airflow M-HME, but with significantly lower resistance. The S-HME also allows the innovative advantage of in-line use with the SSV, hence allowing concurrent humidification and phonation during application, without having to manipulate either device.
Induction motor fault detection based on multi‐sensory control and wavelet analysis
Authors: Abubakar Ukashatu , Mekhilef Saad , Gaeid Khalaf S. , Mokhlis Hazlie , Al Mashhadany Yousif I.
Published: August 2020

Detection and fault‐tolerant control (FTC) of faults in the early stage is desirable in improving efficiency. An implementation strategy is proposed for the individual controllers that work collectively in induction motor (IM) drive by interswitching from one form of a control strategy to another. The interswitching occurs between voltage by frequency (V/f) open‐loop control, closed‐loop (V/f) control, sensorless vector control and sensor vector control. Optimal performance capabilities are attained with vector control, whereas V/f is a setup that is affordable but with increased speed. In this study, the faults are open and short circuits winding faults, speed sensor failures and stator winding faults. When the severity of the fault is high, an embedded protection entity interrupts the motor. Daubechies 10 wavelet is used due to its significant vanishing moments compared to the other types of Daubechies as fault index with the stator current of 1 kW IM. A novel enhanced model reference adaptive system is employed for sensorless vector control to assess the motor speed. Both the simulation and experiment (using the F28335 DSP controller) indicate that the framework is effective in detecting the fault, ensuring the robustness of the FTC scheme and proving the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Den Umherschweifenden behandeln
Authors: Corts Magga
Published: August 2020

Der Nervus (N.) vagus ist der längste Hirnnerv und reicht vom Gehirn bis zur linken Colonflexur. Grundsätzlich ist der N. vagus für einen ausgeglichenen Gemütszustand wichtig; er fördert Regeneration, Wachstum, Erholung und Ruhezustand. Verschiedene Behandlungstechniken ermöglichen, dass der N. vagus aktiviert oder Engpässe mobilisiert werden.
MBSR: Studienlage und physiologische Auswirkungen
Authors: Krudup Karin , Känner Sylke
Published: August 2020

Achtsamkeitstraining kann zur Stressbewältigung erfahrungsgemäß sehr hilfreich sein – auch die Forschung bestätigt immer mehr Zusammenhänge.
Regio- and Stereoselectivity in the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Isoquinolinium Ylides with Cyclopenta[a]acenaphthylen-8-ones
Authors: Yavari Issa , Ravaghi Parisa , Safaei Maryam , Kayanian Jasmine
Published: August 2020

A convenient regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized 5a,5b-dihydro-5H,13H-naphtho[1′′,8′′:4′,5′,6′]pentaleno[1′:3,4]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-5-ones via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 8H-cyclopenta[a]acenaphthylen-8-ones with carbonyl-stabilized isoquinolinium N-ylides, is described. Based on DFT calculations at b3lyp/6-311+g(d,p) level of theory, a nonconcerted mechanism is proposed to explain the regioselectivity of this reaction. The structure of a typical product was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Visible-Light-Mediated Photoredox Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Cordero-Vargas Alejandro , Mateus-Ruiz Jeferson B.
Published: August 2020

In the last two decades, the field of photoredox catalysis (PRC) has grown impressively with reports of new synthetic methodologies and more efficient versions of known free-radical reactions. The impressive success of visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis is, in great part, due to its low environmental impact, mild reaction conditions, clean reactions, and inexpensive methodologies. These features have allowed photoredox catalysis to emerge as a powerful tool in the synthesis of natural products; much excellent work was reported between 2011 and 2015. Since 2016, a number of more efficient and impressive total syntheses of natural products featuring photoredox catalysis have been reported. In this review, we summarize the recent synthetic applications of photoredox catalysis in the total synthesis of natural products between 2016 and 2020.

1 Introduction

2 Intermolecular Additions from Functionalized Substrates

2.1 Intermolecular Additions from Alkyl Halides

2.2 Intermolecular Additions from Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

3 Cyclizations from Functionalized Substrates

3.1 Cyclizations of Carbon-Centered Radicals

3.2 Cyclizations of Nitrogen-Centered Radicals

4 Intramolecular Cyclization from Non-functionalized N–H Bonds

4.1 Type I Radical Cascade

4.2 Type II Radical Cascade

4.3 Type III Radical Cascade

5 Functionalization of Imines and Enamines

6 Cycloadditions

7 Miscellaneous

7.1 Dehalogenation and Reductive Decarboxylation

7.2 Thiyl Radical Promoted Cascade

8 Conclusions and Perspectives
Adventures and Detours in the Synthesis of Hydropentalenes
Authors: Laschat Sabine , Deimling Max , Zens Anna , Park Natja , Hess Christine , Klenk Simon , Dilruba Zarfishan , Baro Angelika
Published: August 2020

Functionalized hydropentalenes (i.e., bicyclo[3.3.0]octanones) constitute important building blocks for natural products and for ligands for asymmetric catalysis. The assembly and tailored functionalization of this convex roof-shaped scaffold is challenging and has motivated a variety of synthetic approaches including our own contributions, which will be presented in this account.

1 Introduction

2 Biosynthesis of Hydropentalenes

3 Hydropentalenes through the Pauson–Khand Reaction

4 Hydropentalenes through Transannular Oxidative Cyclization of Cycloocta-1,4-diene

5 Functionalization of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1,4-dione to Dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]indenes

6 Functionalization of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1,4-diones to Crown Ether Hybrids

7 Functionalization of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1,4-dione to Cylindramide

8 Tandem Ring-Opening Metathesis/Ring-Closing Metathesis/Cross-Metathesis of Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes

9 Functionalization of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-1,4-dione to Geodin A

10 Hydropentalenes through Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Weiss Diketones

11 Functionalization of Weiss Diketones by Carbonyl Ene Reactions

12 Functionalization of the Weiss Diketone to Cylindramide and Geodin A Core Units

13 Biological Properties of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octanes

14 Hydropentalenes through Vinylcyclopropane Cyclopentene Rearrangement

15 Functionalization of Bicyclo[3.3.0]octanes toward Chiral Dienes

16 Miscellaneous Syntheses of Hydropentalenes

17 Conclusion and Outlook
Trace vapor generator for Explosives and Narcotics (TV-Gen)
Authors: Giordano Braden C. , DeGreeff Lauryn E. , Malito Michael , Hammond Mark , Katilie Christopher , Mullen Matthew , Collins Greg E. , Rose-Pehrsson Susan L.
Published: August 2020

The Trace Vapor Generator for Explosives and Narcotics (TV-Gen) is a portable and compact instrument designed to deliver a continuous source of trace-level vapors and vapor mixtures. It provides a tool to assist in the independent validation and verification of new materials and sensors under development for the vapor detection of explosives and narcotics. The design was conceived for use with a broad range of analytes, detection systems, materials, and sensors and to switch easily between the clean and analyte vapor streams. The TV-Gen system utilizes nebulization of aqueous analyte solutions, an oven to promote efficient transport, and a control box that provides dedicated computer control with logging capabilities. Resultant vapor streams are stable over several hours, with the vapor concentration controlled by a combination of aqueous analyte solution concentration, liquid flow rate through the nebulizer, and volume flow rate of air through the TV-Gen manifold.
Pulse propagation in a 1D array of excitable semiconductor lasers
Authors: Alfaro-Bittner K. , Barbay S. , Clerc M. G.
Published: August 2020

Nonlinear pulse propagation is a major feature in continuously extended excitable systems. The persistence of this phenomenon in coupled excitable systems is expected. Here, we investigate theoretically the propagation of nonlinear pulses in a 1D array of evanescently coupled excitable semiconductor lasers. We show that the propagation of pulses is characterized by a hopping dynamics. The average pulse speed and bifurcation diagram are characterized as a function of the coupling strength between the lasers. Several instabilities are analyzed such as the onset and disappearance of pulse propagation and a spontaneous breaking of the translation symmetry. The pulse propagation modes evidenced are specific to the discrete nature of the 1D array of excitable lasers.
Temperature impacts on utility-scale solar photovoltaic and wind power generation output over Australia under RCP 8.5
Authors: Huang Jing , Jones Ben , Thatcher Marcus , Landsberg Judith
Published: August 2020

Climate change has the potential to impact the generation of renewable energy significantly subject to location and equipment specifications. As the penetration of renewable energy in the energy systems keeps increasing, this impact needs be systematically assessed so that investment and reliability information is accurate. Australia represents an ideal study case characterized by its frequency of extreme weather events and the recent and planned growth in the renewable energy sector. In this study, we model and quantify the long-term temperature de-rating impact of utility-scale solar photovoltaic and wind power generation over Australia. Using climate projections simulated by six Global Circulation Models and the CSIRO's Cubic Conformal Atmospheric Model, we analyze half-hourly time series of key weather variables such as temperature, surface solar irradiance, and wind speed for 1980–2060 at two sites where variable renewable generators are located, or are likely to be located in the future based on the current Integrated System Plan by the Australian Energy Market Operator. We also built power conversion models for the temperature de-rating of solar and wind power with added focus on high temperature scenarios. We found that the general temporal trends in annual solar and wind power generation due to climate change are small, being at the order of 0.1% of their average production per decade. However, for peak temperature events, which coincide with the peak power demand and, generally, high prices, the temperature de-rating impact can be much more substantial and disruptive.
Superthin current sheets supported by anisotropic electrons
Authors: Kamaletdinov S. R. , Yushkov E. V. , Artemyev A. V. , Lukin A. S. , Vasko I. Y.
Published: August 2020

Current sheets with strong transverse (cross field) currents are commonly observed in planetary magnetospheres and serve as a natural energy source for magnetic reconnection. As the most investigated current sheet, the current sheet in the Earth's magnetotail forms in a high-β plasma, with hot ions dominantly contributing to the diamagnetic currents. Spacecraft observations have shown, however, that a superthin electron dominated current sheet can be embedded in the Earth's magnetotail current sheet. In this paper, we develop a model of such superthin current sheets with strong currents produced by anisotropic electrons. We also compare the model with spacecraft observations, which shows reasonable agreement in spatial profiles and magnitudes of the current density. The spatial scale (thickness) of the superthin current sheet is controlled by the equatorial magnetic field component, whereas the current density magnitude is controlled by the electron fire-hose parameter at the equator. Although the current density peak within the superthin current sheet can significantly exceed the background (embedding) current density, the magnetic field magnitude at the superthin current sheet boundary does not exceed 10% of the total magnetic field magnitude. These superthin current sheets are sub-ion (or even electron-scale) structures, which are not sufficiently large/intense to perturb ion dynamics. We discuss applications of the proposed model for the analysis of plasma instabilities in superthin electron-dominated current sheets.
The objectivity illusion and voter polarization in the 2016 presidential election
Authors: Schwalbe Michael C. , Cohen Geoffrey L. , Ross Lee D.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Political polarization increasingly threatens democratic institutions. The belief that “my side” sees the world objectively while the “other side” sees it through the lens of its biases contributes to this political polarization and accompanying animus and distrust. This conviction, known as the “objectivity illusion,” was strong and persistent among Trump and Clinton supporters in the weeks before the 2016 presidential election. We show that the objectivity illusion predicts subsequent bias and polarization, including heightened partisanship over the presidential debates. A follow-up study showed that both groups impugned the objectivity of a putative blog author supporting the opposition candidate and saw supporters of that opposing candidate as evil.
Uncovering targeting priority to yeast peroxisomes using an in-cell competition assay
Authors: Rosenthal Mira , Metzl-Raz Eyal , Bürgi Jérôme , Yifrach Eden , Drwesh Layla , Fadel Amir , Peleg Yoav , Rapaport Doron , Wilmanns Matthias , Barkai Naama , Schuldiner Maya , Zalckvar Einat
Published: August 2020

Significance

Half of eukaryotic proteins reside in organelles to which they are directed by dedicated targeting pathways, each recognizing unique targeting signals. Multiple proteins compete for any targeting pathway and might have different priority of reaching an organelle. However, the proteins with targeting priority, and the mechanisms underlying it, have not been explored. We developed a systematic tool to study targeting priority. We expressed a competitor protein and examined how it affects the localization of all other proteins targeted by the same pathway. We found several proteins with high targeting priority, dissected the mechanism of priority, and suggest that priority is governed by different parameters. This approach can be modified to study targeting priority in various organelles, cell types, and organisms.
Proteome reallocation from amino acid biosynthesis to ribosomes enables yeast to grow faster in rich media
Authors: Björkeroth Johan , Campbell Kate , Malina Carl , Yu Rosemary , Di Bartolomeo Francesca , Nielsen Jens
Published: August 2020

Significance

The yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is a well-studied organism, which is used as a model organism for studying eukaryal biology and as a cell factory for the production of fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. For both applications, the way that the cell utilizes its finite protein resource and how those inherent trade-offs manifest themselves is of interest, not least for their impact on cellular metabolism. Here we elucidate how alterations of protein-allocation allow for
S. cerevisiae
to increase its growth rate. Our results on cellular proteome-allocation may aid the engineering of more efficient strains in industrial biotechnology as well as improve our understanding toward phenotypes of cancer cells that grow faster than normal cells.
Global epigenomic analysis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma identifies functional
MYC
superenhancers and enhancer RNAs
Authors: Park Angela , Oh Soohwan , Jung Kyle L. , Choi Un Yung , Lee Hye-Ra , Rosenfeld Michael G. , Jung Jae U.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Enhancers are crucial regulatory elements that dictate cellular processes by spatiotemporally controlling promoter activity. Recent studies have shown that active enhancers themselves generate noncoding enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that play a critical role in fine tuning gene expression. Using genomic approaches, we demonstrate that oncogenic KSHV modulates host enhancer activity in PELs to control its lifecycle. During KSHV latency, expression levels of several key transcription factors and oncogenes are elevated by clusters of enhancers. Upon virus reactivation, global host enhancer activities are suppressed in order to facilitate viral replication. Our results indicate that better understanding and targeting host enhancer and eRNA functions may lead to novel therapeutics for PELs.
The karrikin signaling regulator SMAX1 controls
Lotus japonicus
root and root hair development by suppressing ethylene biosynthesis
Authors: Carbonnel Samy , Das Debatosh , Varshney Kartikye , Kolodziej Markus C. , Villaécija-Aguilar José A. , Gutjahr Caroline
Published: August 2020

Significance

Plant seedlings depend on efficient development of roots and root hairs for anchorage to the ground and for rapidly reaching nutrients and water for survival and growth. We found that a negative regulator of a small-molecule signaling pathway called “karrikin signaling” plays an important role in regulating root growth of the legume
Lotus japonicus
. Mutants of this regulator called “SMAX1” have short primary roots and strongly elongated root hairs. This phenotype is caused by enhanced ethylene biosynthesis, which in the wild type is suppressed by SMAX1. Thus, karrikin signaling regulates ethylene biosynthesis to fine-tune root development.
Genome-wide analyses reveal drivers of penguin diversification
Authors: Vianna Juliana A. , Fernandes Flávia A. N. , Frugone María José , Figueiró Henrique V. , Pertierra Luis R. , Noll Daly , Bi Ke , Wang-Claypool Cynthia Y. , Lowther Andrew , Parker Patricia , Le Bohec Celine , Bonadonna Francesco , Wienecke Barbara , Pistorius Pierre , Steinfurth Antje , Burridge Christopher P. , Dantas Gisele P. M. , Poulin Elie , Simison W. Brian , Henderson Jim , Eizirik Eduardo , Nery Mariana F. , Bowie Rauri C. K.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Penguins have long been of interest to scientists and the general public, but their evolutionary history remains unresolved. Using genomes, we investigated the drivers of penguin diversification. We found that crown-group penguins diverged in the early Miocene in Australia/New Zealand and identifiedAptenodytes(emperor and king penguins) as the sister group to all other extant penguins. Penguins first occupied temperate environments and then radiated to cold Antarctic waters. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current’s (ACC) intensification 11.6 Mya promoted penguin diversification and geographic expansion. We detected interspecies introgression among penguins, in some cases following the direction of the ACC, and identified genes acting on thermoregulation, oxygen metabolism, and diving capacity that underwent adaptive evolution as they progressively occupied more challenging thermal niches.