bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term Impact of a 10-Year Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on a Deficit Accumulation Frailty Index: Action for Health in Diabetes Trial
Authors: Evans Joni K , Usoh Chinenye O , Simpson Felicia R , Espinoza Sara , Hazuda Helen , Pandey Ambarish , Beckner Tara , Espeland Mark A
Published: March 2023

Background

Multidomain lifestyle interventions may slow aging as captured by deficit accumulation frailty indices; however, it is unknown whether benefits extend beyond intervention delivery.

Methods

We developed a deficit accumulation frailty index (FI-E) to span the 10 years that the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) randomized controlled clinical trial delivered interventions (a multidomain lifestyle intervention focused on caloric restriction, increased physical activity, and diet compared to a control condition) and to extend across an additional 8 years post-delivery. The study cohort included 5 145 individuals, aged 45–76 years at enrollment, who had type 2 diabetes and either obesity or overweight.

Results

Overall, FI-E scores were relatively lower among lifestyle participants throughout follow-up, averaging 0.0130 [95% confidence interval: 0.0104, 0.0156] (p < .001) less across the 18 years. During Years 1–8, the mean relative difference between control and lifestyle participants’ FI-E scores was 0.0139 [0.0115, 0.0163], approximately 10% of the baseline level. During Years 9–18, this average difference was 0.0107 [0.0066, 0.0148]. Benefits were comparable for individuals grouped by baseline age and body mass index and sex but were not evident for those entering the trial with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions

Multidomain lifestyle intervention may slow biological aging long term, as captured by an FI-E.

Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT00017953
Genetic study reveals local differentiation persisting in the face of high connectivity and a genomic inversion likely linked with sexual antagonism in a common marine fish
Authors: Jansson Eeva , André Carl , Quintela María , Halvorsen Kim T , Besnier François , Ayllon Fernando , Faust Ellika , Knutsen Halvor , Strand Åsa , Glover Kevin A
Published: March 2023

Sustainable harvest of wild populations requires knowledge of the underlying population structure. The focus of this study is on goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), a small marine fish inhabiting coastal waters of the north-eastern Atlantic. This species is caught in large numbers to serve as cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture. We genotyped 2073 goldsinny wrasse from 43 sites along the Scandinavian coastline with 143 SNPs. Seven of the SNPs were linked and likely reside within a large genomic inversion dominated by one haplotype. The heterokaryotype of the putative inversion displayed sex-specific growth patterns, potentially resolving sexual antagonism for this trait. The unlinked 134 SNPs showed modest isolation-by-distance with samples from the northernmost locations showing highest divergence, whereas sites farther south were much more interconnected. Genetic divergence (FST) was highly variable among sites within regions, suggesting a varying degree of connectivity and local divergence. We conclude that despite a high degree of gene-flow mediated through pelagic dispersal in early life stages, regional and some local population structure remains due to limited adult movement in addition to other unidentified factors. Consequently, the species might be more vulnerable to local disturbances than previously anticipated.
Experimental investigations into thermal performance of phase change emulsion in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger
Authors: Wei Cai , Shao Jingjing , Darkwa Jo
Published: March 2023

Phase change emulsions (PCMEs) are always identified as potential working fluids that could be used to reduce circulating pump energy consumption in chill water air conditioning systems. But how PCME behaves in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger is still unclear, which limited the application of such material. The paper focused on experimental studies of performance of a novel PCME, named as PCE-10, in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger. The research analyzed heat transfer and flow behavior in fin-and-tube heat exchangers and the experimental results are compared with numerical studies published. Both studies showed that PCE-10 had its advantages as a cold storage medium, as PCE-10 did help to improve the heat transfer rate of heat exchanger by factor of 1.1–1.3 at the same flow rate compared with water.
Simulation and investigation of bioethanol production considering energetic and economic considerations
Authors: Alaiwi Yaser , Abed Azher M , Smaisim Ghassan Fadhil , Aly Mohamed Aly Saad , Hadrawi Salema K , Morovati Reza
Published: March 2023

Today, the use of alternative fuels that have plant origin has attracted the attention of most countries because these fuels emit less pollution. In this research, bioethanol production has been evaluated considering solar energy sources. In the present study, the possibility of developing net-zero energy concepts in a bioethanol production plant as one of the most consumed energy industries in the field of bio-systems of the country from a technical and economic perspective was investigated. The purpose of this research is to model the bioethanol production plant with the aim of achieving zero net energy using a photovoltaic system. In addition, technical and economic analyses have been used in different approaches for a more detailed investigation. According to the modeling done, in the zero net energy approach, the results showed that the maximum production of electrical energy by the photovoltaic cell is 76.6 GWh/y. For this approach, the return on investment is 10.7 years. The area required to install photovoltaic modules in this approach is very large and equal to 88 334 m2.
Economic assessment of cellulase production in batch and semi-batch solid-state fermentation processes
Authors: Taiwo Abiola Ezekiel , Tom-James Andykan , Musonge Paul
Published: March 2023

The vast range of applications for enzymes in the production of biofuels has led to a major increase in market demand in recent years. Cellulase's high cost and poor catalytic efficiency are two key barriers to the industrial usage of lignocellulosic biomass as feedstocks for fuels in biorefineries. In this study, the economic evaluation of cellulase production in solid-state fermentation was done by designing two process routes (batch and semi-batch) to optimize the process. SuperPro Designer Software has been used to create a process model that assessed the economics of fermentation operations while Monte Carlo Software was used to conduct the sensitivity analysis investigation. The impacts of cellulase yield, productivity, aeration rate and specific power input on the unit production cost (UPC) of cellulase enzyme were studied. The batch procedure requires more sterilized air for the aerobic fermentation process than the semi-batch approach, according to the results. In comparison to the batch fermentation process, the semi-batch approach had a payback period of less than 2 years, an internal rate of return of 39.14% and a net present value of $142 089 000. The semi-batch process approach has a higher economic feasibility when compared with the batch fermentation process since it is more certain to attain its base case value of UPC at the maximum. This research was key to developing a process pathway that reduces cellulase production costs in solid-state fermentation while improving market supply for its use in a biorefinery to produce sustainable fuel.
Revolutionary encapsulating solution of solar PV panels: vacuum glazing with zero H2O and O2 replacing EVA/PVB films
Authors: Tang Yingxi
Published: March 2023

Due to the shortage of energy in the world, solar energy has received widespread attention as an inexhaustible new green energy and as one of the main sources of power. Many researchers have studied the various materials and efficiencies of solar cells; however, how to extend the life of solar cells has rarely been studied. At present, the main encapsulating method of solar cells is to seal their surface with films such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral. The main problem that has been encountered is that the erosion of water and oxygen leads to a reduction in the service life and efficiency of solar cells. Inspired by the solar panels of satellites in space, a revolutionary vacuum-glazing encapsulating solution with zero H2O and O2 has been invented. The experimental results have nearly doubled the 30–35-year service life of solar cells, based on deep learning predictions. Therefore, the building integrated photovoltaic can be used for the 70-year life of a building. The method is applicable to various solar cells, such as crystalline Si cells, CIGS, CdTe and perovskite film cells, etc. In practice, the main problems encountered in the encapsulation of vacuum glazing include the following: ensuring that the supporting pillar does not pierce the thin film PV and that it is placed accurately between the band gaps; ensuring that the emission of heat is not conducted in a vacuum; ensuring that the sealing sheet covers cover the exhausting port on the glass accurately; maintaining the vacuum degree for a long time; insulating the edge of the sealing materials, as well as other issues. The above problems have been solved perfectly through machine learning of computer vision and the design structure of the thin film PV.
Literary Indiscernibles, Referential Forgery, and the Possibility of Allographic Art
Authors: Spinella Jake
Published: March 2023

Peter Lamarque, in chapter 4 of his 2010 book Work and Object, argues that certain art forms, like music and literature, are such that there can be no forgeries that purport to be of an actually existing work—what Lamarque calls “referential forgeries.” Put more clearly, any attempt at referentially forging a musical or literary work just results in making a copy of that work. Lamarque motivates this claim via appeal to another distinction, first made by Nelson Goodman, between “allographic” and “autographic” artforms. This article will evaluate Lamarque’s argument that allographic literary works are unable to be referentially forged and will find that it does not pass muster. In so doing, the distinction between allographic and autographic artforms will also be called into question. In Section I, I will characterize referential forgery and Lamarque’s definition of allographic and autographic artforms. Section II will critically examine Lamarque’s argument against the possibility of referential forgery in allographic artforms. Section III will offer a case where it appears that a putatively allographic text’s type membership is sensitive to facts about its causal-intentional provenance. This case will serve as pretext for Section IV’s identification of this causal-intentional relation with the sanctioning relation of Sherri Irvin (2005). On the basis of considerations treated in Sections I through IV, Section V will question the tenability of the allographic/autographic distinction.
Proximal endoscopic repair of the hamstring tendons: a cadaveric anatomical study of posterior hip portals
Authors: Ranzoni Lucas Verissimo , Guberovich Matheus Almeida , Ejnisman Leandro , Miyahara Helder Souza , Rath Ehud , Gurgel Henrique Melo de Campos , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz
Published: March 2023

Arthroscopy and endoscopic hip surgery have attracted increasing attention in the orthopedic field. In the case of arthroscopy, portals and their relationships with neurovascular bundle structures at risk are well established. However, studies on endoscopic portals used for the repair of hamstring tendon injuries are insufficient. Hamstring injuries are the most common muscle injury in sports medicine, and up to 12% can present as a tendon rupture. Endoscopic surgery is advantageous because it has a lower rate of bleeding and avoids excessive handling of the gluteal muscles. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical evaluation of endoscopic portals for hamstring repair and measure their distance to neurovascular structures—mainly sciatic nerve and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN). Fifteen hips from frozen and formalized cadavers were evaluated. Specimens that showed any modification in their anatomy were excluded. Portals were simulated using Steinmann pins, and anatomical dissection was performed. Distances from neurovascular structures were measured using a digital caliper. Four male cadaver hips (26%) and eleven female cadaver hips (74%) were included. Two dissected hips presented PFCN injury through the posterolateral portal— mean 20.28 mm (±8.14), and one through the distal accessory portal— 21.87 mm (±12.03). The injury rate for PFCN was 3/15 or 20%. None of the portals presented sciatic nerve injury. Conclusion: There is an imminent risk of nerve injury to the PFCN by performing the lateral portals for hamstring repair. To avoid this, we recommend starting the procedure through the most medial (posteromedial) portal, and the other portals must be performed under direct visualization.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: does ADT still have an impact in the dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy era?
Authors: Soyano Takashi , Kozuka Takuyo , Kashihara Kenichi , Murakami Yu , Yonese Junji , Sasamura Kazuma , Shimoyachi Nana , Kashihara Tairo , Yoshioka Yasuo , Oguchi Masahiko
Published: March 2023

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on the survival of intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IR-PCA) patients treated with dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy (DE-EBRT), and to determine the group that will benefit from ADT.

Methods

We analysed 620 IR-PCA patients treated with DE-EBRT at two institutions. Variables were adjusted using the stabilised inverse probability of treatment weighting method (sIPTW) between radiation therapy (RT) and RT plus ADT groups. Biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate were compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard analysis (CPH) was conducted to detect unfavorable risk factors.

Results

This study included 405 patients; with 217 and 188 patients in the RT and RT plus ADT groups, respectively. The prescribed radiation dose was 78 Gy in 39 fractions. The median follow-up time was 82.0 months. After sIPTW-adjustment, 214.3 and 189.7 patients were assigned to the RT and RT plus ADT groups, respectively. The 7-year bRFS and OS were 89.3% and 94.6% in RT group and 92.3% and 91.0% in RT plus ADT group, respectively. Before and after sIPTW adjustment, no statistically significant differences were found in these endpoints between treatment groups. Multivariate CPH for bRFS revealed Gleason score (GS) 4 + 3 as an unfavorable risk factor, and ADT improved biochemical control of them.

Conclusion

ADT may not always be effective in all Japanese IR-PCA patients treated with DE-EBRT, but it can improve biochemical control in patients with GS 4 + 3.
Culex (Phenacomyia) lactator (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Florida, USA: a new subgenus and species country record
Authors: Reeves Lawrence E , Sloyer Kristin E , Tyler-Julian Kara , Heinig Rebecca , Rosales Atom , Domingo Candelaria , Burkett-Cadena Nathan D
Published: March 2023

The Culex subgenus Phenacomyia is a small and poorly studied group of three mosquito species native to the American tropics. Here, we report the first detections of established populations of Culex (Phenacomyia) lactator Dyar & Knab in three counties of southern Florida. Culex lactator was first detected in May 2018 in southern Miami-Dade County, and, at this locality, was collected in subsequent years from 2018 to 2022 as both adults and immatures. Larvae and adults were subsequently collected in 2022, ~175 km northwest of the initial locality at nine sites in Collier and Lee Counties. Identification of specimens collected in these counties as Cx. lactator is supported by molecular analysis and morphological characters of the adult female, male genitalia, and larva. The host associations and vector competence of Cx. lactator have not been extensively studied, and the public health implications, if any, of the addition of this species to Florida’s mosquito fauna are unclear. These collections represent the first detections of Cx. lactator, or any Phenacomyia species, in the United States, adding to a trend in which detections of established populations of mosquito species from the American tropics in Florida appear to be increasing.
Association of vascular and degenerative brain pathologies and past medical history from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Database
Authors: Scambray Kiana A , Nguyen Hannah L , Sajjadi S Ahmad
Published: March 2023

The relationship between past medical histories (PMH) and dementia-related neuropathologies is not well understood. Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database, we explored the relationship between patient-reported PMH and various vascular and degenerative neuropathologies. We examined the following PMH: transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, traumatic brain injury, seizures, hypertension, cardiovascular events, hypercholesterolemia, B12 deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disease. We dichotomized the following neuropathologies: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), Alzheimer disease neuropathology (ADNP), Lewy bodies (LB), hippocampal sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). Separate logistic regression models assessed the relationship between the outcome of individual neuropathologies and all PMHs. Additional logistic regressions were stratified by sex to further examine these associations. Hypertension history was associated with an increased likelihood of atherosclerosis (OR = 1.7) and arteriolosclerosis (OR = 1.3), but decreased odds of ADNP (OR = 0.81), CAA (OR = 0.79), and LB (OR = 0.78). History of TIA was associated with an increased likelihood of atherosclerosis (OR = 1.3) and arteriolosclerosis (OR = 1.4) and lower odds of ADNP (OR = 0.72). Seizure history was associated with an increased likelihood of ADNP (OR = 1.9) and lower odds of FTLD (OR = 0.49). Hypertension history was associated with a greater likelihood of vascular pathologies yet a lower likelihood of ADNP and other neurodegenerative pathologies.
Monotone response surface of multi-factor condition: estimation and Bayes classifiers
Authors: Cheung Ying Kuen , Diaz Keith M
Published: March 2023

We formulate the estimation of monotone response surface of multiple factors as the inverse of an iteration of partially ordered classifier ensembles. Each ensemble (called product-of-independent-probability-escalation (PIPE)-classifiers) is a projection of Bayes classifiers on the constrained space. We prove that the inverse of PIPE-classifiers (iPIPE) exists, and propose algorithms to efficiently compute iPIPE by reducing the space over which optimisation is conducted. The methods are applied in analysis and simulation settings where the surface dimension is higher than what the isotonic regression literature typically considers. Simulation shows that iPIPE-based credible intervals achieve nominal coverage probability and are more precise compared to unconstrained estimation.
Chromatius vs. Jerome: The Origenist Controversy Reconsidered
Authors: Hanaghan Michael
Published: March 2023

Chromatius, bishop of Aquileia, was closely acquainted with Jerome and Rufinus, the two main protagonists of the Origenist controversy in the Latin west. When hostilities between Jerome and Rufinus were renewed in 397 ce, Chromatius wrote to Jerome, urging him to be silent. Jerome demurred. In the years that followed, Chromatius continued as Rufinus’ patron, first asking Rufinus to translate Eusebius’ Ecclesiastica Historia and then requesting that Rufinus translate Origen’s Homilies on Joshua. Scholars have viewed Chromatius’ role in two ways, as either a pacific intermediary or subtly inclined towards Rufinus. This article argues that Chromatius was far more sympathetic to Rufinus. It examines first the relationship between Jerome and Chromatius prior to 397, then Jerome’s use of Chromatius’ name in his Apology and his epithets for Chromatius after Rufinus’ translation of Origen’s Περὶ ᾽Αρχῶν in 397, which markedly change, losing the honorifics typical for the address of a bishop. This is set against Chromatius’ continued patronage of Rufinus, including his request in 403/404 for Rufinus to translate Origen’s Homilies on Joshua, and Chromatius’ use of Origenist ideas in his own work. Together, these arguments indicate that Jerome’s relationship with Chromatius increasingly deteriorated as the Bishop of Aquileia’s actions continued to favour Rufinus and his pro-Origenist position.
Introduction
Authors: Katsos Isidoros C.
Published: March 2023

This introductory chapter revisits the traditional debate over the ‘metaphysics of light’, offering a critical overview of its subject matter and history. It classifies the language of God as ‘light’ under three models (literal, metaphorical, and analogical) and shows that scholarship never investigated the ground of meaning of this language, the concept of light itself. It states the purpose of this study, namely to investigate the concept of light in early Christian late antiquity, and proceeds with: the necessary redefinition of the scope of enquiry; an outline of the subsequent chapters; and the recourse to the hexaemeral literature, in its reception history from Philo of Alexandria to Gregory of Nyssa, as a genre of early Christian literature most suitable for the task at hand.
The Light of the World
Authors: Katsos Isidoros C.
Published: March 2023

This chapter investigates the exegetical significance of the ancient physics of light. First, it shows how the pagan philosophers attacked the Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo as deficient because of the concomitant displacement of materiality from the list of causal principles. It then examines how Origen vindicated the role of mechanical causation for Christian metaphysics and how Basil and Gregory gave to the Origenian programme exegetical contours by fleshing out the akolouthia and skopos of the scriptural text. The Cappadocian brothers were able to translate ancient physics into biblical hermeneutics by deriving a coherent theory of change from the hexaemeral narrative. In hexaemeral physics, fire and light are ontologically and semantically interlinked. This causal link is the key to the premodern physics of light.
Ramanujar
Authors: Parthasarathy Indira , Indra C.T.
Published: March 2023

Indira Parthasarathy’s Tamil play Ramanujar, which won the K.K. Birla Foundation’s Saraswati Samman in 1999, presents the medieval Vaishnava acharya not only as an exponent of the Visishtadvaita philosophy but even more strikingly as a radical social reformer with an inclusive vision. The play strives to demonstrate that he redefined the very idea of a Vaishnava. The play also takes a balanced view of the hagiographic and historical accounts on the controversial events in his long life, such as Chola persecution, Ramanuja’s exile, conversion of the Hoysala King from Jainism, and the meeting with the Delhi Sultan. The Epilogue, a playlet included in this new edition, presents an imaginary meeting of the aged renunciant with his long-separated wife. The searching questions she poses make the savant reflect upon and evaluate himself, his past and the impact he has made on society. The present translation of the play, which includes the Epilogue, makes the work available to a wider audience. The Introduction and Commentary point out how Indira Parthasarathy employs the traditional hagiographic accounts as a critical tool to probe issues of social and religious amity and gender equity.
Asylum Adjudications on the Basis of Religious Conversion
Authors: Rose Lena
Published: March 2023

Among recent forced migrations, asylum claims on the basis of fear of religious persecution following a religious conversion are frequent. In these asylum adjudications, decision-makers employed by secular states usually have to assess the genuineness of the respective conversion, and the risks of practicing the religion (or non-religion) in the country of origin of the applicant. The phenomenon of asylum adjudications based on religious conversion or de-conversion raises a number of important questions: For example, how can one adequately assess the genuineness of a religious conversion or de-conversion? Can, or should, this be the role of the secular state and its legal decision-makers? If so, how does the state decide which forms and practices of a particular religion or non-religion are “acceptable”? In particular, asylum processes in Europe that are based on conversion to Christianity (the author’s research area) highlight the tension between religion, culture, and power: they point to much broader debates regarding the way European legal authorities conceive of their own historically Christian identity, and the processes of inclusion and exclusion that result from it. This contribution provides an overview of the current state of research concerning asylum adjudications based on religious conversion in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world. It examines recent primary research, assesses the contributions and directions of debates, and provides an outlook regarding future directions the research in this emerging field might take.
Romani (Gypsy) Music in Bulgaria and Macedonia
Authors: Peycheva Lozanka
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the development of Romani (Gypsy) music in Bulgaria and Macedonia from the Ottoman period and first decades of the nineteenth century to the present day. The time span covered is divided into four periods, each of which is associated with specific contexts and media in which Romani musicians have performed. The chapter seeks to explore and map some of the evolutionary changes and transformations in the genres, instruments, and performance of Romani music as well as the vitality and resilience of the professional Romani musician’s craft in Bulgaria and Macedonia—two different contemporary states, each with its own character yet with geographical and historical contiguities and some common trends or patterns of development in Romani (Gypsy) music. The evolution of Romani music in Bulgaria and Macedonia is presented as a continuous, vibrant process marked by commercialization, institutionalization, adaptation, and dynamic, post-socialist change.
Risk and Resilience in the Age of Algorithmic Governance
Authors: Rogers Peter , Bohland James R. , Rechkemmer Andreas
Published: March 2023

Targeted applications of algorithms and artificial intelligence are becoming more common in the governance and management of disaster risks and in developing resilience to crises of all kinds. As technical tools, algorithms have unlimited potential to improve the agility, velocity, variety, scale, and volume of data accessed, managed, and used. Less often discussed is the nature of normative, ethical, legal, and policy tools (re)shaped by algorithms. The nature of algorithms—as diverse, codified ways of working—can lead to unforeseen consequences when they are uncritically adopted into public governance and the core business of the prevention, mitigation, and management of hazardous risks, particularly within a democracy. There are unresolved tensions in the design ethics applied to private- versus public-sector uses. Ensuring the accountability of designers, corporate tool developers, and public end users requires appropriate oversight and regulatory instruments, a challenge both nationally and internationally. Generic, market-ready tools need to be carefully tuned to the public governance of risk and resilience, not to market opportunities but to preserve democratic values.
Stochastic Modeling of Possible Pasts to Illuminate Future Risk
Authors: Woo Gordon , Johnson Neil F.
Published: March 2023

Disasters are fortunately uncommon events. Far more common are events that lead to societal crises, which are notable in their impact, but fall short of causing a disaster. Such near-miss events may be reimagined through stochastic modeling to be worse than they actually were. These are termed downward counterfactuals. A spectrum of reimagined events, covering both natural and man-made hazards, are considered. Included is a counterfactual version of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Attention to this counterfactual coronavirus in 2015 would have prepared the world better for COVID-19.
Latin Bibles as Linguistic Documents
Authors: Stotz Peter
Published: March 2023

Abstract: The linguistic form of Latin biblical texts is strongly conditioned by its Greek models and exhibits postclassical and subliterary traits. It became an important component of the crystallization of Christian Latinity in Late Antiquity, was crucial in ecclesiastical life throughout the Middle Ages, and continued to wield great influence into the Modern era. This chapter considers the technical aspects of Latin biblical language: the borrowing of Greek and Hebrew words; the creation of semantic calques and other coinages; the addition of nuances to existing Latin words. Many peculiarities of grammar, morphology, and syntax may be traced to the Latin Bible, especially the Vetus Latina; such developments are frequently reflected in Romance languages. Certain constructions, mostly of Hebrew origin, gave rise to a “biblical style,” which was deliberately deployed by certain writers. The failure of Humanist attempts to classicize the Latin Bible show how deeply its language had become embedded in Christian discourse.
The Council of Trent and the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
Authors: Gerace Antonio
Published: March 2023

Abstract: This chapter outlines the history of the Latin Vulgate in the sixteenth century, from the discussions leading to the Fourth Session of the Council of Trent (1546), when it was proclaimed as the “authentic” edition, up to the eventual publication of the Sixto-Clementine edition in 1592. It sets out the four abuses of the Scriptures condemned by the Council and the responses that addressed them as well as the two Tridentine decrees on Scripture. The important work in Louvain of John Henten and Francis Lucas of Bruges on editions of the Vulgate is described, which played a key role in the activity of the five Roman Committees for the Emendation of the Vulgate. Information is also given on the membership of these committees and the failure of the Sixtine Vulgate of 1590.
The Latin Bible and Liturgy
Authors: Beck Ashley
Published: March 2023

Abstract: For substantial periods in the history of Christianity, the primary medium through which Christians encountered the Latin Bible was in the public liturgy of the Church, particularly in periods when most worshippers would have been unable to read or write. This chapter looks at some aspects of the use of the Latin Bible in the public worship of the Roman Catholic Church; it also offers a brief account of the provision, often not considered nowadays, for Latin Eucharistic worship in the Church of England. In the Roman Catholic Church, Latin is still used in public worship, both in the Latin official version of the principal liturgical rite and in some use of the older form of Mass. These draw on the Vetus Latina, Vulgate, and Nova Vulgata versions.
Latin Bibles
Authors: Brown Michelle P.
Published: March 2023

Abstract: This chapter deals with the materiality and art history of illuminated manuscript books of the Bible and its component parts in Latin, with some reference to their Western vernacular language derivatives. It covers the late Roman and Early Christian period to the Reformation. The arrangement is broadly chronological, addressing themes including the codicological format, scripts, artistic style, iconography, devotional intent, performative liturgical use, patronage, and context of production and use. The sociohistorical contextualization of Bibles is also discussed. The chapter also considers the role of illumination as a form of visual biblical exegesis and its value and functions in the complex literacy of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
The Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels
Authors: Persig Anna
Published: March 2023

Abstract: The Vulgate Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypse are first attested in manuscripts dated around the sixth century: these texts, united with Jerome’s revision of the Gospels, have been transmitted in the manuscript tradition under the name of Jerome. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the attribution to Jerome was questioned and Pelagius was proposed as the reviser of these writings. Another hypothesis, that the reviser was Rufinus the Syrian, a member of the Pelagian circle, was advanced on the basis of the dating of the Primum quaeritur, the prologue to the Vulgate Pauline Epistles, and the correspondence of Rufinus’s citations to the Vulgate. However, this theory is founded on uncertain grounds. This chapter assesses earlier hypotheses and underlines the necessity of addressing the problem of the authorship of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels from different perspectives and employing new methodologies.
The Nova Vulgata
Authors: Zilverberg Kevin
Published: March 2023

Abstract: The Nova Vulgata, or Neo-Vulgate, is a revised Vulgate Bible published in 1979 by the Catholic Church for use principally in Latin-language liturgies, and as a template for vernacular lectionaries. The Second Vatican Council’s 1963 call for a revised Latin Psalter led to the formation of a committee that was soon expanded to undertake a revision of the entire Bible. The dozen committee members and their collaborators used modern editions of biblical texts in the original languages to correct the Vulgate when it significantly diverged from these. The near-total collapse of the use of Latin in Catholic liturgies after the Council has meant that the Neo-Vulgate is read mostly by a minority of clergy and laypeople, still numbering in the thousands, who daily pray the Liturgy of the Hours in Latin.
The Minor Sources and Their Role in the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Foster Paul
Published: March 2023

This discussion traces the history of scholarship surrounding the so-called minor sources, postulated in various solutions to the Synoptic Problem. In particular, it focuses upon the proposals concerning the M source and the L source, as well as the Proto-Luke theory. The demise of these source-critical theories is also discussed. Apart from the decline in interest in source criticism, it is also noted that there has been a greater realism in scholarship concerning the ability to discern theological differences between traditions and a recognition of the limitations in detecting the prehistory of individual synoptic traditions. Notwithstanding this decline in interest, previous studies on the minor sources have resulted in an increased focus on sets of traditions that were seen to have constituted these hypothetical sources.
Oral Performance of the Synoptics
Authors: Johnson Lee A.
Published: March 2023

Performance criticism of the Bible is a rising methodology that challenges long-held assumptions about biblical interpretation, the roots of which lie in the academic fields of theater studies and communication studies. Biblical scholars have adopted methodology from performance criticism to address the limitations of textual studies such as form, source, and redaction criticisms and to shape a methodology that reflects the dominance of oral communication in the ancient Mediterranean world. Performance criticism of the Bible poses questions about performers, audience, and setting and challenges the hegemony of the written text as the authentic and authoritative word. Attention to PC as an interpretive methodology was initially shaped by biblical scholars’ performance of the Synoptic Gospels, exposing the limitations of a nonvocalized gospel message. Performances of the Synoptic Gospels led to critical questions about the discrete, narrow arenas in which biblical studies were conducted and suggested moving in ever-widening circles of discourse and analysis.
The History and Prospects of the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Kloppenborg John S.
Published: March 2023

The Synoptic Problem owes its birth to the complex array of agreements and discrepancies that exist among the Synoptic Gospels: two, and sometimes three, of the Synoptics display a very high degree of verbatim agreement in the telling of some stories or sayings. In other cases, the agreement is very low. Matthew and Luke, for example, agree almost completely on the wording of the saying on God and Mammon (Matt 6:24 // Luke 16:13) but show wide disagreement in their infancy stories. Matthew, Mark, and Luke generally agree in the sequence of stories, especially after Mark 6:6. But significant discrepancies are also found in the relative sequence of other stories and sayings. While Matthew and Mark locate the anointing of Jesus during the last week of his life (Mark 14:3–9 // Matt 26:6–13), Luke locates it in the midst of Jesus’s activities in the Galilee (Luke 7:36–50).
The Gospel of Thomas and the Synoptics
Authors: Sellew Melissa Harl
Published: March 2023

This article moves away from questions of dependence or autonomy to show that comparison of the texts’ style and content is fruitful for understanding both Thomas and the Synoptic Gospels. When we read the Synoptics against Thomas, some of the central characteristics of Mark, Matthew, and Luke stand out in higher relief. Differences in theology, narrative structures, genre, and approaches to community formation combine to confirm that early gospel writers had a variety of choices about their modes of representation of the meaning(s) of Jesus. As part of its pattern of distance from Judaism, Thomas shows that it was possible to present Jesus as somehow removed from the thought world of Scripture, even as a source of revelatory or prophetic information.
Apocalyptic Eschatology
Authors: Whitaker Robyn J.
Published: March 2023

Through an exploration of key traits such as messianic expectation, dualism, the kingdom or reign of God, determinism, judgment, and afterlife, this essay demonstrates how profoundly apocalyptic the Synoptic Gospels are in their eschatology. It also argues that the Synoptic Gospels show remarkable consistency with one another, and their Jewish precedents, in their presentation of apocalyptic eschatology. While Luke’s Gospel has traditionally been seen to be less eschatological and more historical, recent scholarship shows how Luke’s periodization of history is also deeply eschatological and therefore similar to the eschatology of Mark and Matthew. Despite their commonalities, there are individual emphasis to be found in each Gospel. These are highlighted and compared with one another as well as a wider body of early Christian literature.
The Use of Sources in Ancient Compositions
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: March 2023

This essay contextualizes the Synoptic Gospels in terms of ancient writing materials and processes. Greco-Roman writers predominantly used waxed tablets and bookrolls, although codices emerged in the first century CE. Authors could recall texts from memory, but writers could also maintain visual contact when studying, collating, copying, quoting, or paraphrasing sources. Previous scholarship has highlighted the difficulties of interweaving multiple sources and rearranging their sayings and narratives. However, neither operation was unprecedented or overly complicated, as evinced by Septuagint recensions, Josephus’s Antiquities, and Tatian’s Diatessaron. Some writing processes were more complicated than others, but ancient authors did not always work as simply as possible. Every proposed solution to the Synoptic Problem proves feasible according to ancient compositional practices.
Narrative Design of the Synoptics
Authors: Dinkler Michal Beth
Published: March 2023

Traditionally, discussions of Synoptic narrative design have drawn heavily from the subfield of literary formalism in order to illuminate constitutive components of story like plot, character, setting, and time. This chapter advocates engagement with the so-called New Formalism, which seeks to revive “old” formalists’ attention to narrative form and structure, while addressing critiques of formalism’s earlier iterations. After an introduction to New Formalism, the chapter explores how capacious considerations of the Gospels’ narrative design—and the polyvalent affordances of narrative form—can expand and deepen our conceptions of how the Synoptic Gospels work literarily as narrative structures. The famous Markan suspended ending serves as a case study.
Unpacking Bisexuality+. It’s a Whole Wardrobe, Honey …
Authors: Oswanski Leah , Robinson Beth
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the complex nature of bisexuality+ as both a sexual minority in heteronormative spaces and within the LGBTQIA2 + community. In this chapter we will refer to bisexuality as bisexuality+ (or bi+) to indicate an umbrella term that includes all facets of being romantically, physically, and/or emotionally attracted to more than one gender (multi genders) which may include the identities: queer, plurisexual, pansexual, and polysexual. There are unique differences between the myriad of identities within the bisexuality+ umbrella, but our intention is to highlight the similarities, rather than the differences. The historical context of bisexuality+ as well as the ‘double closet’, marginalization, and the biological determinism message will be discussed as well as the roles of exhaustion, fear and erasure which are central themes for many bi+ people as it relates to their sexuality. The role of queer and trans music therapy (QTMT) in clinical practice with bi+ people is addressed with intervention strategies that include empowerment and community building and support through music. Issues specific to music therapy practice including performative bisexuality, negative stereotyping, and queerbaiting in music/music videos and their impact on the therapeutic relationship will also be explored.
Child Protection in Belgium
Authors: Vanderfaeillie Johan , Van Dooren Erik , Segers Jessica
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the child protection systems in Belgium. The complex structure of Belgium’s three communities has implications for the child protection system, most of which are related to child maltreatment. The regulation and legislation addressing help for child maltreatment differ between the Flemish Community, the German Community, and the Walloon Community. Additionally, child abuse and neglect (CAN) are treated as a criminal act at a federal level. The Belgian child protection systems emphasize the protective function of the government with a more social democratic approach of defamiliarization policies. The characterization of CAN depends on social structures, attitudes, values, norms, and laws.
Child Protection Systems in Estonia and Latvia
Authors: Linno Merle , Strömpl Judit
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on the historical process of transformation from the paternalistic Soviet state system of child protection in Estonia and Latvia. Moreover, it tackles the criticism of the deinstitutionalization of residential care and changes in juvenile justice. The Soviet concept of the child sees parents as dangerous for the kids, while the educational system was empowered to take responsibility for rearing the new generation. Population growth is found to have a significant impact on children’s well-being. Both countries acknowledge the child’s right to family as a core principle in child protection work. Local governments are required to develop measures based on the needs of children and families.
Child Welfare and Child Protection Services in England
Authors: Thoburn June
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the child welfare and child protection services in England. The child protection system refers to the multi-agency and inter-professional arrangements following specific government guidelines on the assessment and service concerning child maltreatment. Suspected maltreatment reports are directed to the police or children’s social services. Data on rates of abuse cannot be quantified easily due to the lack of a formal system of reporting and substantiation of abuse allegations. However, England does have a robust administrative data collection to understand the demands on the child welfare system. Tension is growing between policy-makers, social workers, and advocacy groups with regards to enforcing a rights-based and participatory approach to child welfare.
Child Protection in Poland
Authors: Tanaś Violetta
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the child protection system in Poland. Since children should be protected against maltreatment and exploitation, formal, psychopedagogical and socio-political considerations should be taken into consideration when looking into the consequences of actions to protect children against violence. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) became the bases of numerous documents defining the responsibilities of the state and local entities in the field of protecting children against abuse since the European Parliament recognized that violence is a violation of human rights to life, personal security, freedom, dignity, and integrity. Moreover, the policy of protection against abuse has been prepared in line with the applicable law.
Child Protection in the United States
Authors: Lawson Jennifer , Duerr Berrick Jill
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses child protection in the United States at the federal level. Federal policies governing the child welfare system need state and local jurisdictions to respond to child maltreatment. Government approaches to child welfare vary from child protection to family service programs. Maltreatment is treated as a product of inadequate parenting that results in substantial harm. Additionally, child welfare system responses range between risk assessment, in-home care, and out-of-home care. Child welfare professionals conduct eligibility determination for child welfare services and make recommendations to the courts about the need and nature of services. The US child welfare system constantly changes through shifts in federal, state, and local policies, as well as ongoing research into effective interventions and approaches.
Child Protection in Israel
Authors: Gross-Manos Daphna , Melkman Eran , Almog-Zaken Aya
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains child protection in Israel. Child protection policies, services, and practices are forced to adjust rapidly to the needs of the growing young population as Israel is still a relatively young state. Data collection is also another challenge within the Israeli child protection system. The chapter notes that neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse are mostly referred in Israel’s official reports of maltreatment cases to social services. It highlights the investigation, substantiation, and decision-making processes of Child Protection Officers regarding children in need of protection and its resemblance to the European welfare system model. Israeli child intervention and prevention services consist of out-of-home care and community-based services.
Protecting Children in the Philippines
Authors: Roche Steven , Flores-Pasos Florence
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains the policies and practices of child protection in the Philippines. While the country is experiencing rapid economic, social, and political transformations, there is increasing international awareness of the need for children to be protected from neglect and abuse, particularly in circumstances of significant poverty, inequality, and deprivation. Filipino children experience a strong sense of familial belonging and community connectedness, with a high degree of social and cultural significance placed on the family. However, maltreatment and exploitation are the core risks to the Filipino youth, which are followed by other risks such as child labour, child trafficking, extra-judicial killings, and natural disasters.