bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of antioxidant activity: II. application of a heme‐ Catalyzed system
Authors: Rogstad Astri
Published: July 2007

A study was made of the inhibitory effect of the antioxidants propyl gallate,tert‐butylated hydroxyanisol, α‐tocopherol and ethoxyquin on the hemoglobin‐catalyzed oxygenation of linoleic acid. The concentration of unchanged fatty acid after varying incubation periods and at varying concentrations of antioxidant was measured by gas chromatography. The effect of the antioxidants is compared with results obtained previously from the lipoxygenase‐catalyzed oxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion. It is concluded that all 4 antioxidants are good inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation cata‐lyzed by hemoglobin.
Long chain n‐ Alkyl monoaza crown ethers
Authors: Kuo P.‐ L. , Miki M. , Ikeda I. , Okahara M.
Published: July 2007

Homogeneous polyoxyethylated long chain alkylamines with 5 to 7 oxyethylene units were prepared by the reaction between oligoethylene glycol monochlorides and alkylamines. They were converted to the corresponding long chain N‐alkyl monoaza crown ethers by treatment withp‐toluene‐sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of alkali metal hydroxides in dioxane. The physical and spectral properties of these new derivatives of alkylamines were investigated in detail.
The quantitative determination of small amounts of nitrile in long chain fatty amides
Authors: Buswell Katherine M. , Link W. E.
Published: July 2007

Small amounts of nitrile in long chain fatty amides can be determined by separating the nitrile from the amide on a silica gel column using chloroform as the eluting solvent. The amide stays on the column. After the chloroform is removed by evaporation, the nitrile can be dissolved in a suitable solvent and determined quantitatively either by IR spectrophotometry or by TLC. Determination by IR is much faster than by TLC, but when the nitrile is present at the level of 0.1% or lower, TLC gives more satisfactory results.
Performance and properties of nonionic surfactants from linear secondary alcohols
Authors: Mcfarland J. H. , Kinkel P. R.
Published: July 2007

Surfactants based on the linear secondary alcohols provide a new source of biodegradable detergents. The nonionic surfactants of these alcohols are discussed in relationship to their surfactant properties and performance in detergent formulations. The performance properties in detergent formulations are defined by the results of detergency and foam stability tests. The surfactant properties presented are viscosity, surface tension, wetting and alkaline color stability.

The above properties of the nonionic surfactants from the linear secondary alcohols have been compared to the properties of the less degradable nonylphenol nonionics and to the nonionic surfactants from the linear alkylphenol, oxo alcohol and Ziegler alcohol hydrophobes.
Use of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance to predict emulsion stability
Authors: Trumbetas J. , Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J.
Published: July 2007

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to measure extent of oil solidification during cooling of oil‐in‐water emulsions. “Percent interaction,” derived from these measurements, was found to correlate well with actual resistance of the emulsion to creaming and phase separation during storage. Average oil droplet size gave a fair correlation with stability, but the correlation of required Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance (HLB) with stability was poor. Pulsed NMR cooling curve measurements on emulsions offer an improved method for prediction of emulsion stability.
Steam‐Refined soybean oil: I. effect of refining and degumming methods on oil quality
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L. , Warner K. , Heakin A. J.
Published: July 2007

A lot of commercially extracted crude soybean oil was water degummed with and without a phosphoric acid pretreatment. The degummed oils were bleached and then deacidified‐deodorized in a single step to yield physically (steam) refined soybean salad oils. Their flavor and oxidative stability were compared to caustic‐refined oils given otherwise identical processing treatments. Physically refined oils without a phosphoric acid pretreatment were of poor initial quality compared to those given the phosphoric acid pretreatment. However, caustic‐ and steam‐refined oils processed with the phosphoric pretreatment were of comparable quality.
Steam‐Refined soybean oil: II. effect of degumming methods on removal of prooxidants and phospholipids
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L. , Heakin A. J.
Published: July 2007

The first paper in this series described the effect of refining and degumming methods on the quality of steam‐ and caustic‐refined soybean oils. Flavor evaluations demonstrated that phosphoric acid‐pretreated oils were superior to water‐degummed oils particularly in the steam‐refining mode. The present study reports observations on the function of the phosphoric acid pretreatment. The effects of iron on the flavor and oxidative stability are reviewed. Data on phosphatide and iron removal during caustic and steam refining are presented and the results discussed. The poor initial quality of the water‐degummed, steam‐refined oil is attributed to oxidation resulting from incomplete iron removal during the prerefining stage. Significant correlations were obtained between the initial flavor scores of processed oils and their iron contents. Phosphoric acid pretreatment apparently alters iron compounds in crude soybean oil and facilitates their removal during subsequent processing.
Analysis of isomeric monoethylenic fatty acids in a partially hydrogenated herring oil by glass capillary gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Ojanperä S. H.
Published: July 2007

The use of a glass capillary column coated with Silar 10 CP for gas liquid chromatographic analysis of geometric and positional isomers of monoethylenic fatty acids of a partially hydrogenated herring oil is reported. The results are in agreement with previous studies performed by different methods and demonstrate the usefulness of this technique in detecting and determining many types of isomeric fatty acids.
The winged bean as an oil and protein source: A review
Authors: Kantha S. Sri , Erdman John W.
Published: July 2007

Despite high protein contents in its ripe seeds, tubers and fresh leaves (ranging from 29.3–39.0%, 3.0–15.0% and 5.0–7.6% respectively) and the high quality of that protein, the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) remained an obscure food source until about 10 years ago. Recently, this legume has received increasing attention from scientists because of its potential multiple uses as a food protein source in the humid tropics. This article reviews the utilization and nutrition literature of winged bean published during the last 10 years. The following aspects are covered: classification of winged bean proteins, nutritional properties and antinutritional components of the protein, protein quality, functional properties, and protein‐based food products. The oil content of winged bean seeds ranges from 15.0–20.4%, and use of the winged bean as a potential oilseed crop is discussed. Areas of needed research are identified and described.
Effect of propionic acid on aflatoxin levels of stored Georgia 1981 dent corn samples
Authors: Shotwell O. L. , Bennett G. A. , Kwolek W. F. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: July 2007

In 1981, 75 corn samples (ca. 60 ears per sample) were collected from 4 areas in Georgia to study methods for handling freshly harvested samples. The collection was not representative of the Georgia corn crop. Every sixth ear was husked and dried the day of collection. The rest of the corn was shipped, without husking, to Peoria in cardboard boxes. When the remaining undried, unhusked samples arrived in Peoria, they were husked and randomly separated into 5 equivalent samples. One set of 75 samples was shelled and dried as soon as possible to avoid further aflatoxin formation; another set of 75 samples was stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The remaining 3 sets were placed in plastic bags with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (1 part propionic acid plus 1 part Versite) and stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The samples dried in Georgia had an average total aflatoxin level of 199 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried immediately after arriving in Peoria had an average level of 640 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried after a 6‐week storage period had average aflatoxin levels of 601 ng/g. Samples stored 6 weeks with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (2.5%, 1% and 0.5% propionic acid) had average aflatoxin levels of 340 ng/g, 351 ng/g and 376 ng/g, respectively. Monoprop cannot be used to maintain the integrity of high‐moisture corn samples collected for aflatoxin analysis.
Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) oil and seed
Authors: Hudson B. J. F.
Published: July 2007

Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) seed contains ca. 15% protein, 24% oil, and 43% cellulose plus lignin. The protein is unusually rich in sulphur‐containing amino acids and in tryptophan. The component fatty acids of the oil are 65–80% linoleic and 7–14% ofγ‐linolenic, but noα‐linolenic acid.

The 1.5–2% unsaponifiable matter has a composition very similar to that of cottonseed oil. The sterol fraction contains 90%β‐sitosterol and the 4‐methyl sterol fraction contains 48% citrostadienol;γ‐tocopherol dominates its class, with someα‐ but no other tocopherols.
Variations in oil content and fatty acid composition with sunflower head size and shape
Authors: Afzalpurkar A. B. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

Medium (8″ dia.) and small (4″) sized sunflower (EC 68415) heads of convex shape yielded seeds with more oil (>44%), unsaturation (I.V.M20) and linoleic acid (>48%) compared to big (12″) sized Both convex and flat shaped flower heads of medium size yielded seeds with more oil (>45%), unsaturation (I.V.>120) and linoleic acid (>48%) than did the concave shaped flower heads of medium size (39.9%, I.V. 112.6, 39.3%, respectively). The oil content, degree of unsaturation and linoleic acid content were thus found to vary with the size and shape of the sunflower head.
Seed oil determination by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance without weighing and drying seeds
Authors: Tiwari P. N. , Burk W.
Published: July 2007

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which takes about 10 sec per analysis, has been used for rapid nondestructive determination of oil in oilseeds without weighing and oven drying the seeds. This has been done by measuring the free induction decay (FID) signal of solid and liquid in oilseeds. The oil values determined by this method for mustard, sunflower, and soybean seeds have been compared with the values determined by measuring the oil signal alone in the intact seeds, which takes about 2 min per analysis. Correlation for mustard is 0.988, for sunflower 0.945, and for soybean 0.931. The reasons for better agreement for mustard and the way of improving it for sunflower and soybean have been discussed.
Spectrally resolved X-ray scatter from laser-shock-driven plasmas
Authors: Riley D. , Khattak F.Y. , Garcia Saiz E. , Gregori G. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Notley M. , Neely D. , Chambers D. , Moore A. , Comley A.
Published: July 2007

We report spectrally resolved X-ray scattering data from shock compressed foils illustrating the feasibility of X-ray Thomson scattering experiment on a sub-kilo joule laser system. Sandwich targets consisting of CH/Al/CH were shock compressed using ∼1 ns laser pulses. Separate 270 ps laser pulses were used to generate an intense source of Ti-He-α (1s2-1s2p1P) radiation which was used as a probing source of 4.75 keV photons. The spectrum of scattered photons was recorded at a scattering angle of 82° with a CCD fitted spectrometer using a PET crystal in von-Hamos geometry. Although spectral resolution was used to separate the scatter from any background, the resolution was limited by source broadening. The relative level of scatter at different times in the sample history was measured by varying the delay between the shock driving beams and the back-lighter beams. We have compared the scatter spectra with simulations based on two different models of the L-shell bound-free contribution.
How large is the bias against exports from import tariffs?
Authors: TOKARICK STEPHEN
Published: July 2007

One goal that both developed and developing countries share is to increase their export earnings. To do this, countries sometimes resort to various export promotion schemes or request ‘special and differential treatment’ for their exports. However, countries have not fully embraced the notion that their own import tariffs act as a tax on their exports. That is, import protection frustrates their goal of increasing exports. This paper presents quantitative estimates of the extent to which import tariffs discourage exports. The results show that for some countries the bias imparted by tariffs is substantial. Therefore, reducing import tariffs is one way to improve export incentives.
Impact of transport from the surrounding continental regions on the distributions of ozone and related trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during February 2003
Authors: Lal S. , Sahu L. K. , Venkataramani S.
Published: July 2007

Simultaneous surface level measurements of O3, CO, methane, and light nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made over the Bay of Bengal during a cruise campaign between 19 February and 28 February 2003. The mixing ratios of O3, CO, methane, ethane and acetylene were observed in the ranges of 20–52 ppbv, 126–293 ppbv, 1.65–1.85 ppmv, 622–2088 pptv and 134–1388 pptv, respectively, during the campaign period. Ratios of some measured trace gases have been used to estimate the level of photochemical processes and transport times of air parcels. Three types of air masses have been identified on the basis of source regions and transport pathways. The study region is frequently affected by transport of pollutants from the nearby continental emission sources, but the strongest pollution event during this period was due to long‐range transport from extratropical Northern Hemisphere. These higher mixing ratios of trace gases are due to faster transport of air parcels from the source regions via free troposphere. On the basis of C2H2/CO ratio, it is also observed that this pollution plume was photochemically fresh. Latitudinal distributions of all the measured trace gases show significant north‐south decreasing trends. In particular, gradients in the mixing ratios of NMHCs over the Bay of Bengal compare 2–3 times higher than those observed over the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Comparisons with previous measurements over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean show significantly higher levels of these trace gases over the Bay of Bengal.
Cloud‐nucleating properties of the Amazonian biomass burning aerosol: Cloud condensation nuclei measurements and modeling
Authors: Vestin A. , Rissler J. , Swietlicki E. , Frank G. P. , Andreae M. O.
Published: July 2007

The cloud‐nucleating properties of the atmospheric aerosol were studied in an area under strong influence of vegetation burning. The measurements were part of Large‐Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia–Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall and Climate (LBA‐SMOCC) and were carried out at a ground site located in the state of Rondônia in southwestern Amazonia, Brazil, September to November 2002, covering the dry season, a transition period, and the onset of the wet season. The concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were measured with a static thermal gradient CCN counter for supersaturations ranging between 0.23 and 1.12%. As a closure test, the CCN concentrations were predicted with a time resolution of 10 min from measurements of the dry particle number size distribution (3–850 nm, Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMPS)) and hygroscopic growth at 90% relative humidity (Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H‐TDMA)). No chemical information was needed. The predicted and measured CCN concentrations were highly correlated (r2 = 0.97–0.99), and the predictions were only slightly lower than those measured, typically by 15–20%. Parameterizations of the predicted CCN concentrations are given for each of the three meteorological periods. These are based on averages taken during the afternoon hours when the measurements at ground level were representative for the aerosol entering the base of convective clouds. Furthermore, a more detailed parameterization including the mixing state of the aerosol is given, where the hygroscopic properties are expressed as the number of soluble ions or nondissociating molecules per unit volume dry particle.
Persistence of anomalous dispersion in uniform porous media demonstrated by pore‐scale simulations
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxian , Lv Mouchao
Published: July 2007

The anomalous dispersion observed in solute transport through porous media is often attributed to media heterogeneity at various scales, while chemical movement in homogenous media is traditionally thought to be Fickian. There has been increasing evidence over the past few years that even in carefully packed homogenous media, solute movement may not be Fickian as previously thought. On the basis of a pore‐scale modeling, we demonstrate that in a simple uniform porous medium where all pores are well hydraulically connected, the movement of passive tracers appears to be anomalous. It is found that the macroscopic dispersion coefficient increases with time approximately in a power law prior to reaching an asymptotic value, but the spatial distribution of the plume remains non‐Gaussian and cannot be described adequately by the advection‐dispersion equation. In particular, the spatial distribution of the plume has a persistent tail that does not decay with the distance from the peak in c ∝ exp(−bx2) as predicted by the advection‐dispersion equation but in c ∝ exp(−a∣x∣) with a depending on the Peclet number. The concentration in the plume front, on the other hand, decays faster than predicted by the advection‐dispersion equation. Comparing the results to the continuous time random walk (CTRW) reveals that the solute movement is well described by CTRW with a modified exponentially distributed transition time. The plume shows a transition from anomalous to normal distributions but at a slow rate. Given the time it takes for such a transition to complete in such a uniform medium, it is anticipated that in natural media where multiple‐scale heterogeneity exists, a transition from anomalous to normal transports may never complete.
Cloud seeding as a technique for studying aerosol‐cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Albrecht Bruce A. , Kollias Pavlos , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Breed Daniel W.
Published: July 2007

Giant hygroscopic aerosols were introduced into a solid marine stratocumulus cloud (200 m thick) by burning hygroscopic flares mounted on an aircraft. The cloud microphysical response in two parallel seeding plumes was observed using an instrumented aircraft making 16 transects of the plumes. The cloud drop size distribution width increased in the plumes due to an increased number of small cloud drops (3–5 μm) on the earlier transects and a 5‐fold increase in the number of large drops (20–40 μm) relative to the background cloud 30 minutes later. The cloud effective diameter increased from about 11 μm in the background to 13 μm in the plumes. Although the giant nuclei were only a small fraction of the total aerosols produced by the flares, they dominated the cloud response. The merit of the seeding approach for controlled observational studies of aerosol‐cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus was demonstrated.
Coupling an ocean wave model with a global aerosol transport model: A sea salt aerosol parameterization perspective
Authors: Witek Marcin L. , Flatau Piotr J. , Teixeira João , Westphal Douglas L.
Published: July 2007

A new approach to sea salt parameterization is proposed which incorporates wind‐wave characteristics into the sea salt emission function and can be employed globally and under swell‐influenced conditions. The new source function was applied into Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System model together with predictions from the global wave model Wave Watch III. The squared surface wind velocity U10 and the wave's orbital velocity Vorb=πHs/TP are shown to be the key parameters in the proposed parameterization. Results of the model simulations are validated against multi‐campaign shipboard measurements of the sea salt aerosol. The validations indicate a good correlation between Vorb and the measured surface concentrations. The model simulations with the new parameterization exhibit an improved agreement with the observations when compared to a wind‐speed‐only approach. The proposed emission parameterization has the potential to improve the simulations of sea salt emission in aerosol transport models.
Global features of Pi 2 pulsations obtained by independent component analysis
Authors: Tokunaga Terumasa , Kohta Hiroko , Yoshikawa Akimasa , Uozumi Teiji , Yumoto Kiyohumi
Published: July 2007

Ground Pi 2 pulsations are mixtures of several components reflecting (1) propagations of fast and shear Alfvén wave, (2) resonances of plasmaspheric/magnetospheric cavity and magnetic field lines, and (3) transformations to ionospheric current systems. However, it has been unclear how they coupled with each other and how their signals are distributed at different latitudes. The present work is intended to pilot the future possibilities whether we can identify the global system of Pi 2 pulsations by Independent Component Analysis (ICA). We have successfully decomposed an isolated Pi 2 event on a quiet day observed at the CPMN stations into two components. One was the global oscillation that occurs from nightside high to equatorial latitudes with the common waveform and has an amplitude maximum at nightside high latitude. Another component was localized at nightside high latitudes. Its amplitudes were quite weak at low latitudes, but were enhanced near dayside dip equator.
Coagulation and the expression of cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Ryan Jane , Geczy Carolyn
Published: July 2007

Induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulants may occur as the result of activation of the cell‐mediated immune (CMI) response. Macrophage procoagulant inducing factor (MPIF), a soluble product of stimulated TDTH lymphocytes, may act together with two monokines, interleukin I and tumour necrosis factor α, which induce thromhoplastin on endothelial cells, to initiate the fibrin deposition which is a common feature of many diseases in which CMI plays a role. Murine MPIF is chemically distinct from a number of other well characterized lymphokines in that the two major activities, MPIF α and MPIF β are heparin‐binding proteins with high isoelectric points. Fractions highly enriched for MPIF induced interstitial fibrin deposition when injected iniradermally. In addition, intense infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PWN) and mononuclear cells was seen 4–24 h following intradermal injection. In vitro experiments have confirmed that this lymphokine is a potent chemotaciic agent for these cells. These results suggest that MPIF plays a central role in the expression of histopathological features of delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. Monocyte and macrophage procoagulants induced by MPIF would contribute significantly to the activation of coagulation which not only results in fibrin deposition but also in the production of activated serine proteases and fibrinopeptides which may potentiate an inflammatory response.
Heterologous protection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Mitchell GF , Handman E
Published: July 2007

Mice immunized with a glycolipid antigen (GL) of Leishmania major plus adjuvant are relatively resistant to subsequent infection with this protozoan parasite. The GL is affinity purified on the monoclonal antibody WIC‐79.3 which is L. major‐specific and does not react with L. donovani. When another monoclonal, WIC‐108.3, which cross‐reacts with several Leishmania species, is used to affinity purify GL from L. donovani, the eluted material can partially protect genetically resistant mice against L. major. Thus, GL cross‐reactions may in part underlie the known protective effects of crude L. donovani antigens against L. major infection. Experiments with live parasites of the L. major isolate LRC‐L119, that is non‐pathogenic in mice, that does not survive long in macrophages in vitro, and that has not been shown to contain any WIC‐79.3 reactive GL, indicated that this isolate wilt very effectively protect mice against subsequent infection. This raises the possibility that GL is only one of at least two different classes of vaccinating antigen capable of protectively immunizing mice in this cutaneous leishmaniasis model.
Surface and excretory/secretory antigens of Nematospiroides dubius
Authors: Adams JH , Monroy FG , East IJ , Dobson C
Published: July 2007

Sera from mice immunized by repeated anthelmintic‐terminated infections (IMS) or by a single primary infection (PMS) of Nematospiroides dubius were assayed for antibodies reactive with N. dubius antigens. The surface proteins of adult worms, the excretory/secretory (ES) proteins of adult worms and soluble extracts from lysates of both adult (AWH) and larval (LWH) N. dubius were used in an immuno‐precipitation assay. A 60,000 MW protein was the major radiotabelled surface and ES protein. This antigen was dominant in precipitates by IMS from AWH, ES and surface‐labelled worms but was not precipitated by PMS from any antigen source. Minor antigens of 20,000, 33,000, 36,000, 45,000, 50,000 and 66,000 MW were precipitated from AWH by both PMS and IMS but not from ES or surface‐labelled worms. The dominant antigen precipitated from LWH by IMS was 20,000 MW. This antigen was not precipitated by PMS but larval antigens of 65,000 and 96,000 MW were precipitated by both PMS and IMS. The major antigens precipitated by IMS were adult (60,000 MW) and larvae (20,000 MW) stage‐specific but some minor antigens (33,000, 45,000, 50,000 MW) were common to both stages. Our results show that the dominant antigen precipitated by serum immunoglobulin from mice immunized by repeated anthelmintic‐terminated infections are proteins present on both the cuticle surface and in the ES.
A model of T cell‐target interaction leading to lymphokine release
Authors: McKinnon David , Hodgkin Philip D
Published: July 2007

Binding of antigenic cells by activated T lymphocytes can trigger the release of a number of soluble factors, including the lymphokine interleukin 3 (IL3). The cellular interactions between T cells and allogeneic cells which are involved in the triggering of lymphokine release from T cells are still poorly understood. We have examined the relationship between antigenic cell number, T cell number and IL3 release and have derived a steady state binding model which adequately accounts for the experimental data if it is assumed that triggering is an all or none phenomenon. We find that binding of at least two antigenic cells by an allo‐reactive T cell is necessary to trigger lymphokine release.
Langerhans Cell Presentation of Sheep Red Blood Cells Induces Antibody Production
Authors: Halliday Gary M , Muller H Konrad
Published: July 2007

Mouse epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) were found to be capable of presenting sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to immune spleen lymphocytes, resulting in antibody production as asessed by a direct plaque cell assay. Spleen lymphocytes, prepared by removal of adherent cells, were unable to respond to SRBC in a 5‐day culture; however, when co‐cultured with either epidermal cells or splenic adherent cells, a response to SRBC occurred, as demonstrated by an increase in the number of antibody‐producing cells. The LC were shown to be the antigen‐presenting cells in these cultures, as depletion of LC via their Fc receptors abrogated the response. A similar reduction in the number of epidermal LC added to cultures likewise failed to induce antibody production. These experiments demonstrate that LC are able to present complex cellular antigens to the immune system, resulting in a B lymphocyte response.
Immunoglobulin isotype influences traffic of B lymphocytes through popliteal lymph nodes in sheep
Authors: Kerlin RL , Watson DL
Published: July 2007

The antigen specificity of blast B lymphocytes was used to trace their passage from blood through antigenically naive popliteal lymph nodes in sheep. Ovine popliteal nodes selectively recruited lymphocytes containing IgG1, in preference to those containing IgG2. This selection appeared to operate at the level of the vascular endothelium. Stimulation of lymph nodes with killed S. aureus and dextran sulphate (DXS) (which promotes an antibody response in ovine lymph nodes biased in favour of IgG2) did not significantly alter this pattern.
Leprosy and immunity: genetics and immune function in multiple case families
Authors: Rawlinson WD , Basten A , Britton WJ , Serjeantson SW
Published: July 2007

Genetic susceptibility to infection with M. leprae was studied in 10 multiple case families of Australian Aborigines. Of the 87 members available for study, 24 had proven stable clinical leprosy which had been or was still being treated with diamino diphenyl sulphone. Evidence of contact with M. leprae in the remaining 63 members as assessed by ELISA to M. leprae sonicate and phenolic glycolipid (PGL) or by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay was found in 78%, 64% and 71%, respectively. By contrast, in vitro assays of T cell function (LMAT and LTT) were less reliable indicators of exposure.

Evidence was sought for possible linkages between human leucocyte antigen (HLA) or non‐HLA genes and four marker phenotypes including clinical leprosy, clinical subtype of leprosy and lymphocyte transformation or leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production in response to M. leprae antigen. No associations were found with any particular HLA or non‐HLA gene. On the other hand, sequential analysis of the data from the 10 families was strongly suggestive of a linkage between HLA haplotype and non‐responsiveness to M. leprae as manifest by lack of LIF production but not lymphocyte transformation.

The model which best fits the data is for a gene on chromosome 6 in close linkage with the HLA haplotype, with two alleles, autosomal recessive inheritance and penetrance of 90%. On this basis, it can be suggested that disease type (lepromatous leprosy) rather than disease susceptibility may be controlled by genes within or closely linked to the major histocompatibility gene complex.
Expression of functional human interleukin‐2 receptors in murine interleukin‐3‐dependent cells
Authors: Watson JD , Leung E , Eszes M , Le Gros GS , Prestidge RL , Booth RJ , Overell RA , Gillis S
Published: July 2007

A murine recombinant retrovirus containing the cDNA encoding the human p55 interleukin‐2 (IL2)‐binding protein was used to insert this gene into a murine interleukin‐3 (IL3)‐dependent cell line, FD.C/1. Virus‐infected cells, maintained in medium supplemented with IL3, expressed human p55 on the cell surface and readily adapted to growth using human IL2. In the presence of human IL2, the synthesis of the endogenous murine p55 binding protein was induced in FD.C/1 cells, making it difficult to determine whether the human p55 protein was actively involved in the process of growth signal transduction. A cloned cell line, FD.huIL2R‐2, was identified which grew in the presence of human IL2 but which had lost the ability to synthesize murine p55 protein. Growth of this clone was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 2A3 which specifically blocked binding of human IL2 to the human p55 binding protein. Analysis of restriction enzyme digests of FD.huIL2R‐2 cell DNA revealed that a rearrangement of a murine p55 gene had occurred, implying that virus infection had resulted in the integration of retroviral DNA at a site close to or within a murine p55 gene. IfIL2 signal transduction involves binding to a surface heterodimeric receptor for IL2, it is argued that FD.huIL2R‐2 cells contain an IL2 receptor complex of murine p70 and human p55 IL2‐binding proteins. Alternatively, it is possible that integration of human p55 DNA into a site close to a murine p55 gene may lead to a hybrid p55 IL2‐binding protein. If FD.huIL2R‐2 cells express murine p70 IL2‐binding protein as part of the receptor complex, the inability of cells to grow in murine IL2 implies that IL2 binding to p70 protein alone is insufficient for a growth signal in these cells. FD.huIL2R‐2 cells grow at rates similar in IL3‐ or human IL2‐dependent states. It is likely therefore that the biochemical pathways that control each of these lymphokine‐dependent growth states are very similar.
Mouse strain differences in subset distribution and T cell antigen receptor expression among CD4−CD8− thymocytes
Authors: Shortman Ken , Wilson Anne , Pearse Martin , Gallagher Pauline , Scollay Roland
Published: July 2007

‘Double negative’ (CD4−CD8−) thymocytes from adult mice of different inbred strains were examined for surface expression of CD3 and of various forms of the T cell antigen receptor (TcR), as well as for the levels of subpopulations defined by the surface markers HSA (‘heat stable antigen’, recognized by M1/69, J11d and B2A2), CD5 (Ly 1) and Thy 1. Marked variations were found in the level of the double negative subsets which were surface TcR+, or which were HSA−CD5+; these generally varied together since most CD4−CD8−HSA−CD5+ thymocytes were TCR+. The level of the CD3‐TCR complex on the surface of those double negative thymocytes which were TcR+ was as high as on mature T cells in some strains (CBA/Ca), but was much lower in other strains (C57BL/6J). In most mouse strains the CD4−CD8−HSA−CD5+ thymocytes expresed predominantly the αβ form of the TcR, with an exceptionally high (70%) usage of Vβ8 gene products. In strains which lacked Vβ8 expressing T cells due to a deletion of the Vβ8 gene region, reduced levels of αβTcR+ cells were found within the CD4−CD8− thymocytes; the HSA−CD5+ subset was then only present at low levels (as in SJL/J and C57BR mice)or was present at a high level but expressed predominantly γδTcR (as in SWR mice). The results suggest that the accumulation of CD4−CD8−TcR+ HSA−CD5+ thymocytes is a selective event, and that their developmental pathway is off the mainstream of T cell maturation in the thymus.
A collagen matrix microassay for use in tumour‐stromal cell co‐cultures
Authors: Agrez MV
Published: July 2007

A collagen matrix microassay technique is described in which separation of collagen layers permits independent assessment of the proliferative capacity of each of two discrete cell populations, The two cell types used in this study were an established colon cancer cell line and a normal colon fibroblast cell line cultured under serum‐free conditions. The implications of this in vitro technique for studies of tumour‐host cell interactions are discussed.
Development of thymocytes in organ culture: Migrant cells with natural killer cell characteristics
Authors: Skinner MA , Moffatt L , Marbrook J
Published: July 2007

During organ culture of foetal thymic lobes, up to 5% of the thymic cells migrate out of the lobes and a majority of these have phenotypic characteristics of thymocytes or macrophages. Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) increases the number of these migrant cells, and cytotoxic cells can be detected which display natural killer cell surface markers. In contrast, although cytotoxic activity can be detected in cells from adult thymic fragments cultured with IL‐2, the cytotoxic activity is not detected with natural killer sensitive target cells. The appearance of natural killer‐like cells during the culture of foetal thymic lobes suggests that they are involved in differentiation events which occur at this time in the thymus.
The value of MLA 144 culture fluid for the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Pope JH , Bisshop F , McRandle B , Blok J , Schmidt CW , Kemp RJ
Published: July 2007

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was readily isolated by co‐cultivation of patients' cells with phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood in 2 ml cultures in 24‐well plates. Fluids from cultures of the MLA 144 cell line acted as an excellent source of interleukin‐2, and promoted early replication of HIV in the primary cultures. Reverse transcriptase activity was commonly present at significant levels by 4–7 days. In contrast, recombinant IL‐2 (recIL‐2) did not promote early replication under these conditions. Adequate washing of the phytohaemagglutinin blasts was critical in this system, although others have reported it to be less important under other culture conditions. Cell concentrations and HIV: target cell ratios appeared not to play a major role in early outgrowth of virus. The particular sheep anti‐alpha interferon tested resulted in a two‐fold reduction in RT activity. Virus was readily transmitted in this simplified cheaper culture system.
Sequential changes of lamina propria immunoglobulin‐containing cells in immune intact and immunosuppressed mice infected with Giardia lamblia
Authors: Vinayak VK , Khanna R , Kum Kum
Published: July 2007

Following Giardia lamblia infection in immune intact NMRI mice, increased numbers of IgM‐containing cells and decreased numbers of IgA containing cells were noticed in the lamina propria during the establishment (3‐5 days) and acute (9‐11 days) phases of infection. The decline in IgM‐containing cells during the clearance phase of infection (17‐21 days post‐infection) was accompanied by an increase in IgA and IgG‐containing cells. Our data suggest that the locally synthesized antibodies, especially of the IgA class, play a significant immunodulatory role in the clearance of G. lamblia infection from the gut. Mice immunosuppressed using rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum or dexamethasone had significantly reduced numbers of IgA and IgG‐containing cells during all phases of infection and higher parasite loads in their jejunum. It appears that one of the reasons for increased severity and chronicity of G. lamblia infection is the decrease in immunoglobulin‐containing cells in the gut.
Expression of natural killer (NK) cell‐specific alloantigens on a mouse NK‐like cell line
Authors: Smart YC , Stevenson KL , Thorne RF , Thomas WD , Hsu LH , Burton RC
Published: July 2007

As part of the strategy for screening for natural kilter (NK) cell‐specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) we have raised a number of murine NK‐like cell lines in media containing interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). The detection of specific NK cell alloantigens on a C57BL/6 cell line in long‐term culture in IL‐2 is the subject of this paper. The C57BL/6 cell line has the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and exhibits strong cytolytic activity against the archetype NK cell target, YAC‐1, Absorption of three anti‐NK antiserum. NZB anti‐BALB/c (anti‐NK‐2‐1), BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 (anti‐NK‐31) and CE anti‐CBA (anti‐NK‐4·1), with the C57BL/6 cell line removed the anti‐NK activity from these antisera. Flow cytometric studies of the C57BL/6 cell line demonstrated significant binding of the anti‐NK‐1·1 MoAb produced by hybridoma PK136. Our results suggest that the C57BL/6 NK‐like cell line exhibits some of the properties of naive NK cells and expresses all the known NK cell‐specific alloantigens, NK‐1·1, NK‐2·1. NK‐3·1 and NK‐4·1 and therefore is potentially useful in selecting NK specific hybridomas and in studying the biology of NK cells.
Studies on natural killer (NK) cells IV NK‐3·1: A new NK cell specific alloantigen
Authors: Burton RC , Smart YC , Thorn R , Winn HJ
Published: July 2007

A new murine natural killer (NK) cell alloantigen, NK‐3·1, has been identified by analysis of the complement dependent anti‐NK cell activity of C3H anti‐ST and BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 alloantisera. Flow cytometric studies with a specific antiserum made in backcross mice indicate that this alloantigen is expressed by 2‐3% of the spleen cells of NZB and C57BL/6 mice, positive strains, but is undetectable on the spleen cells of C3H mice, a negative strain. Since NK‐1·1 and NK‐2·1 are also expressed on 2‐3% of spleen cells of positive strains we suggest that all three alloantigens identify the NK cells in normal mouse spleen which lyse the lymphoma target cell line YAC.
Phosphorylation of cytoskeleton‐associated proteins, pp58 and pp60, in tumouricidal murine peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Didier ES , Fan S , Wheeler E , Tompkins WAF
Published: July 2007

Two highly phosphorylated vimentin‐like proteins, pp58 and pp60, are expressed in macrophages activated in vivo to tumouricidal activity. Resident and elicited, non‐tumouricidal peritoneal macrophages displayed low and intermediate levels of phosphorylated pp58 and pp60, respectively. C3H/HeN macrophages became tumouricidal after incubation with 0middot;1 μg/mL A23187 plus 10 nmol/L 12‐phorbol 13‐myristate acetate (PMA), or 0·1 μg/mL A23187 plus 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and displayed increased phosphorylation of pp58 and pp60. LPS non‐responder C3H/HeJ macrophages were not tumouricidal nor did they show increased phosphorylation of pp58 and pp60 after incubation with LPS plus A23187 in vitro. C3H/HeJ macrophages, however, did become tumouricidal and expressed increased phosphorylation or pp58 and pp60 after incubation with A23187 and PMA. Addition of PGE2(10‐8 mol/L), resulted in down‐regulation of macrophage tumouricidal activity and decreased pp58 and pp60 phosphorylation, which was reversed by addition of indomethacin (10‐6 mol/L) to cultures with PGE2. Phosphorylation increased within 5 min after adding activating stimuli while incorporation of [35S]‐methionine into a 58 kD protein did not occur until 6 h later. No 60 kD protein synthesis was detected during the first 8 h after adding activating stimuli, indicating that previously synthesized proteins were phosphorylated during macrophage activation. These results signify a physiological role for the phosphorylation of cytoskeleton‐associated pp58 and pp60 during macrophage activation to tumour cytotoxicity.
Protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccinia virus in vaccinia‐immune mice
Authors: Andrew ME
Published: July 2007

Recombinant viral vectors offer a potential means of vaccinating against diseases for which there are no current safe vaccines. One of the criteria on which a viral vaccine vector would be selected is that it either circulates in the human or livestock population without producing overt disease (e.g. adenovirus) or has a history as a safe vaccine (e.g. vaccinia virus). However, this selection criterion also means that the target population is likely to have circulating antibodies that are specific to the vaccine vector. Since a percentage of the world's population has been vaccinated during the World Health Organization's Smallpox Eradication Campaign, such antibody titres, which are likely to lower vaccine efficacy, have been raised as an objection to the use of recombinant vaccinia viruses as vaccines. We have tested the effect of vaccinia‐specific immunity on the protective efficacy of a recombinant virus, VV‐PR8‐HA6 (I) which expresses the haemagglutinin of the influenza virus A/PR/8/34.
Study of human epithelial cell detachment and damage: Development of a model
Authors: Venaille TJ , Mendis AHW , Warton A , Walker L , Papadimitriou JM , Robinson BWS
Published: July 2007

Detachment of epithelial structures from underlying basement membrane(BM) represents an important component of a number of human disease processes e.g. airway and alveolar diseases, gastrointestinal ulceration, and retinal diseases. This study describes a method of evaluating human epithelial cell detachment from BM that is simple, rapid, inexpensive, quantifiable and which, because it utilizes BM rather than tissue culture plastic, more closely mimics the in vivo situation than other methods. In this model human amnionic epithelial cells attached to their underlying BM are isolated from fresh placentae and mounted in a multi‐well chemotaxis assembly. These membranes can be studied with the epithelial cell monolayer intact. Protease‐induced detachment of the epithelial cells from the underlying BM was readily quantifiable using light microscopy and spectroscopy. Following removal of the native amnionic epithelial cells, immunoperoxidase staining for the BM attachment proteins laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen demonstrated that these molecules remain intact. The BM could also be used as an attachment surface to reconstitute other epithelial cell monolayers. Cultured human amnionic cells and human respiratory epithelial cells were both able to attach to the denuded BM in the absence of serum (% attachment = 85 ± 15% and 92 ± 8% respectively, P = 0.8). Natural BM was a better substrate for epithelial cell attachment than tissue culture plastic in that, in the absence of serum, cultured epithelial cell attachment to tissue culture plastic was 20 ± 4% of the value for BM (P < 0.05). Furthermore, cells attached to plastic adhered less effectively than to BM in that trypsin concentrations required to induce 50% cell detachment were 0.72 ± 0.4 for plastic and 62 ± 13 BAEE U/mL for BM (P < 0.001).

In view of the complex protein interactions known to be involved in the anchorage of human epithelial cells to BM, it is likely this model will be a useful tool for evaluating the mechanisms underlying human epithelial cell attachment and detachment in a variety of normal and disease situations.
Monoclonal antibodies defining immunogenic regions of pili from Bacteroides nodosus strains 198 (A1), 265 (H1) and 336 (F1)
Authors: Young D , Emery DL , Stewart DJ
Published: July 2007

A total of 17 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were used to analyse the antigenic structure of pilus protein from three serogroups of Bacteroides nodosus. The four MoAb which agglutinated pili were serogroup (and subgroup) specific, and the agglutinating epitope was present on the pili monomer and dependent on the intra‐chain disulfide bond.

Non‐agglutinating MoAb identified two further non‐linear and serogroup‐restricted epitopes on strain 198 (A1) pili and two linear epitopes on 336 (F1) and 265 (H1) pili. Three MoAb cross‐reacted with pili from six of the eight major serogroups and recognized an epitope in the N‐terminal region of the molecule. This panel of MoAb has therefore identified at least four epitopes on pilus protein and will facilitate serotopic analyses of the immunogenicity of each epitope in sheep during vaccination against footrot.
The Pulvinus Endodermal Cells and their Relation to Leaf Movement in Legumes of the Brazilian Cerrado*
Authors: Rodrigues T. M. , Machado S. R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Legume pulvini have a clearly delimited endodermis, whose variable content has been associated with the velocity and type of leaf movement: pulvini in leaves with fast nastic movement contain starch grains; pulvini in leaves with slow nastic movements have calcium oxalate crystals as well as starch grains in the endodermis. However, the studies carried out to date have involved few legume species. This study therefore purported to examine the consistency of this hypothesis in other legumes. Thus, the structure and content of the pulvinus endodermal cells of nine legumes of the Brazilian cerrado, with different types and velocities of leaf movement, were investigated: slow nyctinastic and heliotropic movements (Bauhinia rufa, Copaifera langsdorffii, Senna rugosa ‐ Caesalpinioideae; Andira humilis and Dalbergia miscolobium ‐ Faboideae; Stryphnodendron polyphyllum ‐ Mimosoideae), slow heliotropic movement (Zornia diphylla ‐ Faboideae), and fast seismonastic and slow nyctinastic and heliotropic movements (Mimosa rixosa and Mimosa flexuosa ‐ Mimosoideae). Samples were prepared following standard plant anatomy and ultrastructure techniques. The endodermis of all the species contains starch grains. In the species displaying only slow movements, calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were observed in addition to starch grains, except in Zornia diphylla. In conclusion, oxalate crystals occur only in endodermal cells of pulvini that display slow movements, while starch grains are always present in pulvinus endodermal cells of plants with any kind of movement.