bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients’ awareness of the Patients’ Rights Charter in selected hospitals of Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Thema Adolphina Mokgadi , Sumbane Gsakani Olivia
Published: January 2022

Background

Patients’ awareness of their rights is important/critical because it creates a benchmark for effective nurse–patient communication and relationship. The objective of this study was to assess the patients’ awareness of the Patients’ Rights Charter in the selected hospitals of the Limpopo province, South Africa (SA).

Methods

Phenomenological research design was used. In total, 30 patients were interviewed during their hospital stay. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires that inquired about their awareness of the Patients’ Rights Charter.

Results

Results showed that patients lacked awareness of the Patients’ Rights Charter and they could not give examples or mention the rights they have as patients. The study revealed that sources of information regarding the Patients’ Rights were limited.

Conclusions

The majority of the participants were not aware of Patients’ Rights. Most of the participants could not mention any of the rights listed in the Patients’ Rights Charter of SA. There is a need to have Patients’ Rights awareness day on the health calendar in SA.
Genetic parameters, heterosis, and breed effects for body condition score and mature cow weight in beef cattle
Authors: Ribeiro André Mauric F , Sanglard Leticia P , Snelling Warren M , Thallman R Mark , Kuehn Larry A , Spangler Matthew L
Published: January 2022

Understanding the genetic relationship between mature cow weight (MWT) and body condition score (BCS) is useful to implement selection programs focused on cow efficiency. The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters, heterosis, and breed effects for MWT and BCS. In total, 25,035 and 24,522 overlapping records were available for MWT and BCS on 6,138 and 6,131 cows, respectively, from the Germplasm Evaluation program, a crossbred beef population at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. Pedigree was available for 48,013 individuals. Univariate animal models were used to estimate heritabilities for each trait by parity. Bivariate animal models were used to estimate genetic correlations between parities within a trait and between traits within parities. Bivariate repeatability animal models were used to estimate genetic correlations between traits across parities. Estimates of heritability for different parities ranged from 0.43 ± 0.05 to 0.55 ± 0.07 for MWT and from 0.12 ± 0.03 to 0.25 ± 0.04 for BCS and were lower with the repeatability model at 0.40 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.01 for MWT and BCS, respectively. Estimates of repeatability were high for MWT (0.67 ± 0.005) and low for BCS (0.22 ± 0.006). Estimates of genetic correlation for MWT and BCS between parities were, in general, high, especially between consecutive parities. Estimates of genetic correlation between MWT and BCS were positive and moderate, ranging from 0.32 ± 0.09 to 0.68 ± 0.14. The direct heterosis estimates were 21.56 ± 3.53 kg (P ≤ 0.001) for MWT and 0.095 ± 0.034 (P ≤ 0.001) for BCS. Ordered by decreasing MWT, the breeds ranked Brahman, Charolais, Angus, Simmental, Salers, Hereford, Santa Gertrudis, Chiangus, Brangus, Red Angus, Shorthorn, Maine-Anjou, Gelbvieh, Beefmaster, Limousin, and Braunvieh. Ordered by decreasing BCS, the breeds ranked Brahman, Red Angus, Charolais, Angus, Hereford, Brangus, Beefmaster, Chiangus, Salers, Simmental, Maine-Anjou, Limousin, Santa Gertrudis, Shorthorn, Gelbvieh, and Braunvieh. Estimates of breed differences for MWT were also adjusted for BCS (AMWT), and in general, AMWT depicted smaller differences between breeds with some degree of re-ranking (r = 0.59). These results suggest that MWT and BCS are at least moderately genetically correlated and that they would respond favorably to selection. Estimates of breed differences and heterotic effects could be used to parameterize multibreed genetic evaluations for indicators of cow maintenance energy requirements.
Risk factors for long-term hip osteoarthritis in patients with hip dysplasia without surgical intervention
Authors: Melugin Heath P , Hale Rena F , Lee Dustin R , LaPrade Matthew D , Okoroha Kelechi R , Sierra Rafael J , Trousdale Robert T , Levy Bruce A , Krych Aaron J
Published: January 2022

Hip dysplasia is a common cause of hip pain and a known risk factor for hip osteoarthritis (OA) and early total hip arthroplasty (THA). Unfortunately, little is known about the specific factors associated with an increased risk of OA. The purpose was (i) to report the overall rate of symptomatic hip OA and THA and (ii) to identify radiographic features and patient characteristics associated with the development of symptomatic hip OA. A geographic database was used to identify all patients aged 14–50 years old diagnosed with symptomatic hip dysplasia between 2000 and 2016. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to determine the rate of symptomatic hip OA, defined as a Tönnis grade of ≥1 on hip radiograph. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine risk factors for OA. One hundred and fifty-nine hips (144 patients) with hip dysplasia (52 F:107 M) out of 1893 patients with hip pain were included. Of these, 45 (28%) had severe hip dysplasia with a lateral center-edge angle ≤18°. Mean age at time of presentation was 26.1 (±10.1) years. Mean follow-up time was 8.2 (±5) years. The rate of OA was 20%. THA was performed in 11% of patients. Body mass index >29 (P = 0.03) and increased age (P < 0.01) were risk factors for OA. Patients with symptomatic hip dysplasia are at significant risk of developing hip OA. Body mass index >29 and age ≥35 years at the time of presentation with hip pain were risk factors for hip OA.
Vector Competence and the Susceptibility of Anopheles pullus and Anopheles belenrae to Plasmodium vivax-Infected Blood From Thai Patients
Authors: Ubalee Ratawan , Kim Heung-Chul , Phasomkusolsil Siriporn , Tawong Jaruwan , Takhampunya Ratree , Kayha Amnart , Chairuksa Suparat , Buadok Waranya , Phunkitchar Vichit , Poole-Smith Betty K , Davidson Silas A , Lee Won-Ja , Klein Terry A
Published: January 2022

There are eight Anopheles spp. present in the Republic of Korea (ROK), including five members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group that cannot be identified using current morphological methods. The vector competence of only Anopheles sinensis s.s., An. lesteri, and An. kleini have been investigated. As the geographical distribution of Anopheles spp. varies in the ROK, determining the relative vector competence of the Anopheles spp. provides a basis for delineating malaria risks to Korean populations and U.S. military/civilian populations deployed to the ROK. Anopheles belenrae and An. pullus, collected from a malaria high-risk area in the ROK, were evaluated for vector competence of P. vivax. A total of 1,000 each of An. dirus (Thai strain), and Korean strains of An. pullus and An. belenrae were fed on P. vivax infected blood collected from Thai patients via artificial membrane feeding. The overall oocyst infection rates for An. dirus, An. pullus, and An. belenrae dissected on days 8–9 postfeed were 64.1, 12.0, and 11.6%, respectively. The overall sporozoite infection rates for those species dissected on days 14–15 postfeed were 84.5, 3.4, and 5.1% respectively. The salivary gland sporozoite indices for positive females with +4 (>1,000 sporozoites) were observed in An. dirus (72.8%), but not observed for either An. pullus or An. belenrae. Most sporozoite-positive An. pullus (83.3%) and An. belenrae (71.4%) females were observed with only +1 (1–10 sporozoites) salivary glands. These data indicate that both An. belenrae and An. pullus are very poor vectors of P. vivax.
An approach to complex texts in multiple documents
Authors: Robinson Peter M W
Published: January 2022

This article describes an approach to the treatment of texts in complex large textual traditions. Editors are interested in the text as it appears line-by-line in each document, and in how the versions of the text differ from document to document. It is useful to define a text as the record of an act of communication, inscribed in a document: thus, the instance of the act of communication we identify as Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, as it appears in the Hengwrt manuscript. In this view, every text has a dual aspect: it is both the words as they are inscribed in a particular document, and as they constitute an act of communication and its parts. This presents challenges for scholars who wish to record both aspects. In encoding implementations, these two aspects are commonly treated as ‘overlapping hierarchies’. However, the ‘overlapping hierarchy’ model does not deal with cases where text segments are not contiguous in either aspect and cannot overlap cleanly. To meet these cases, the Textual Communities project developed an architecture in which the two aspects are represented as distinct and independent hierarchies (trees), with text segments referenced to nodes on each tree. The linking of text segments to the two trees is managed by a JSON database, accessed through transcription and collation tools presented in a Web interface. Textual Communities does not implement the whole of this architecture in terms of validation, ingestion, and processing. Full exploration and implementation of the architecture here described are challenges for future scholars.
Reclaiming the Street in Toni Morrison’sJazz
Authors: Smith Alexandra
Published: January 2022

The call and response protest chants of “Whose streets? Our streets!” that echo throughout city streets in the midst of Black Lives Matter protests and marches illustrate one of many ways in which US streets have been reclaimed and repurposed, particularly against police violence against brown and Black bodies. The street’s capacity to function as a site of converging, colliding, and contradicting perspectives and ideologies also functions as a rich, nuanced lens for reading literature. Proceeding from Michel Foucault’s theoretical framework that space is “fundamental to any exercise of power,” I read the representation of early twentieth-century Harlem and its network of streets in Toni Morrison’s Jazz (1992) as sites of “contradictory possibilities.” In Jazz, I argue, the street becomes a character unto itself: an artery that facilitates a sense of community, belonging, and play while simultaneously revealing tensions and temptations and harboring violence. These streets are also Black spaces, in stark contrast to the “dollar-wrapped fingers” of whiteness that poke and prod south of 110th street. As such, whiteness is physically decentered, allowing for the complexity of Black life to be explored in its movements in, through, and around the city streets. Building on Edward Soja's theory of “third space”—a combination of material and imaginative worlds—I argue that the novel opens up new possibilities for reclaiming the material street as a site where institutionalized violence and the systemic racism that feeds it can be subversively resisted.
Influence of Friction at the Head–Helmet Interface on Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) Blunt Impact Kinematic Performance
Authors: York Shayne , Edwards Elizabeth D , Jesunathadas Mark , Landry Tiffany , Piland Scott G , Plaisted Thomas A , Kleinberger Michael , Gould Trenton E
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to compare the rotational blunt impact performance of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD: male 50% Hybrid III head and neck) headform donning an Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) between conditions in which the coefficient of static friction (μs) at the head-to-helmet pad interface varied.

Materials and Methods

Two ACHs (size large) were used in this study and friction was varied using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), human hair, skullcap, and the native vinyl skin of the ATD. A condition in which hook and loop material adhered the headform to the liner system was also tested, resulting in a total of five conditions: PTFE, Human Hair, Skullcap, Vinyl, and Hook. Blunt impact tests with each helmet in each of the five conditions were conducted on a pneumatic linear impactor at 4.3 m/s. The ATD donning the ACH was impacted in seven locations (Crown, Front, Rear, Left Side, Right Side, Left Nape, and Right Nape). The peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA), velocity (PAV), and the Diffuse Axonal Multi-Axis, General Evaluation (DAMAGE) metric were compared between conditions.

Results

No pairwise differences were observed between conditions for PAA. A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAA at the Front (τ = 0.28; P = .044) and Rear (τ = 0.31; P = .024) impact locations. The Hook condition had a mean PAV value that was often less than the other conditions (P ≤ .024). A positive correlation was observed between mean μs and PAV at the Front (τ = 0.32; P = .019) and Right Side (τ = 0.57; P < .001) locations. The Hook condition tended to have the lowest DAMAGE value compared to the other conditions (P ≤ .032). A positive correlation was observed between the mean μs and DAMAGE at the Rear (τ = 0.60; P < .001) location. A negative correlation was observed at the Left Side (τ = -0.28; P = .040), Right Side (τ = -0.58; P < .001) and Left Nape (τ = -0.56; P < .001) locations.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that at some impact locations kinematic responses can vary as a function of the friction at the head-to-helmet pad interface. However, a reduction in the coupling of the head-helmet pad interface did not consistently reduce head angular kinematics or measures of brain strain across impact locations. Thus, for the ACH during collision-type impacts, impact location as opposed to μs seems to have a greater influence on head kinematics and rotational-based measures of brain strain.
Oral Health Disparities in the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces
Authors: van Klink Nanda
Published: January 2022

Introduction

In the military, good oral health is essential for combat readiness. The Royal Netherlands Armed Forces (RNAF) Dental Service is responsible for delivering a high standard of dental care to soldiers to ensure that commanding officers can deploy dentally fit troops. Oral health inequalities are associated with lower socioeconomic status. Rank is reflective of social status within the military hierarchy. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in the oral health status of RNAF personnel in relation to ranks and other determinants.

Materials and Methods

All soldiers of the RNAF who underwent a regular dental inspection between January 15, 2018 and February 2, 2018 were enrolled. The decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index, Dutch Periodontal Screening Index, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) were used to assess their oral health. Dental fitness was categorized. Patients were questioned about their smoking behavior and perception of their oral health. Personnel were divided into the following three groups according to rank: officers, noncommissioned officers (NCOs), and enlisted ranks.

Results

Nine hundred and eighty-four soldiers of the RNAF were included in this study. Enlisted ranks had significantly higher DMFT index and OHI-S scores than officers and NCOs (both P < .001), which was associated with smoking and older age. Enlisted ranks were also significantly more often determined to have unacceptable dental fitness than officers and NCOs after the examination (P = .033). There was also a difference in dental fitness classification between officers and NCOs, but this was not statistically significant (P = .103).

Conclusions

The lowest ranked military personnel are more frequently classified as dentally unfit for deployment than officers and NCOs due to oral health conditions. This is important when considering the allocation of dental resources to maximize the pool of deployable personnel.
Assessment of Resident Burnout After Formalization of Wellness Program
Authors: Schmeusser Benjamin , Gauthier Zoe , Nagy Kelly
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Burnout has reached epidemic levels among resident physicians. Characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization, and feelings of inefficacy, burnout negatively affects patient outcomes, increases costs, and decreases physician quality of life. These negative outcomes catalyze leaders in graduate medical education to address burnout and reverse its trends. The primary aim of this project is to design a residency Wellness Program utilizing the facets of physician wellness, assess levels of burnout among resident physicians, and determine the program’s effects on burnout.

Materials and Methods

A Wellness Program was formalized at a Midwestern, military-civilian Obstetrics and Gynecology residency program for the 2019-2020 academic year. Resident wellness and perceptions were assessed at three time points (0, 6, and 12 months) through surveys consisting of free response, yes–no questions, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Scales.

Results

On average, 17 of 24 residents completed all three survey assessments. Perception of the residency program prioritization of wellness increased significantly from 52.9% to 94.4% (P = .007). Residents consistently demonstrated burnout throughout the year with low levels of EE, high levels of depersonalization, and moderate levels of personal achievement. Residents were consistently satisfied with their personal wellness (80%-92.9%) during the program. Residents wanted to see physical activity incorporated into the program.

Conclusions

This study assessed burnout during a formalization of a Wellness Program and insight on resident perceptions and wellness requests. Military medicine, graduate medical education, and other residency programs can utilize this research to better develop and study the implementation of wellness initiatives aimed at reducing burn out.
Hope and Hunger in the Łódź Ghetto
Authors: Einwohner Rachel L.
Published: January 2022

Unlike in the ghettos of Warsaw and Vilna, Jews in the Łódź ghetto never planned for armed resistance against the Nazis. Chapter 5 shows that critical conclusions and resonant responses explain this outcome as well. The severe isolation of the Łódź Ghetto prevented the community from learning about massacres of Jews elsewhere, thereby precluding the critical conclusion of hopelessness. Instead, they maintained hope for their survival, despite severe food shortages and widespread hunger. Nazi-appointed Ghetto leader Chaim Rumkowski, the “Eldest of the Jews,” contributed to the community’s assessment of threat and hopes for survival by continually exhorting the community to work in the ghetto factories to protect the ghetto from destruction. This hope worked against the development of a frame that might have supported armed resistance, despite the presence of youth activist groups in the ghetto who might have otherwise been able to promote such a frame.
Resistance: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Einwohner Rachel L.
Published: January 2022

The book concludes by returning to the memorials to Jewish resistance in present-day Warsaw. It uses that imagery to begin a discussion of what Jewish resistance can teach us, both about protest and resistance of the past and about politics in the present. It argues that critical conclusions and resonant responses can help explain a broader variety of examples of collective action under repressive conditions, including prison riots, mutinies, and rebellions of enslaved people. It ends by considering the politics of hope and calling for an end to anti-Semitism and other forms of hate and violence. It also asks the reader to honor the memory of victims of hate crimes everywhere.
We Are Not One People
Authors: Lee Michael J. , Atchison R. Jarrod
Published: January 2022

E pluribus unum was suggested for the national seal in 1776, but national oneness has been haunted by its twin, E pluribus pluria, ever since. We Are Not One People demonstrates how the persistence of separatist movements in American history reveals as much about the nation’s politics as it does about the would-be separatists. Each chapter explores how great swaths of Americans of every ideological stripe, in good times and bad, in and beyond the South, have disputed the nation’s oneness and stressed its divisibility. Trumpeted in American myths, mottos, mantras, maxims, movies, stories, and songs, separatism is omnipresent in American political culture. Separatist rhetoric has shaped Americans’ experience of what it means to be an American, and we can learn much about the durable appeal and enduring fragility of the American figment from those who tried to leave it. As one Vermont separatist quipped, leaving is as American “as apple pie.” We Are Not One People is a bold, pathbreaking, and far-reaching account of disunionists from 1776 to the present who wanted, as is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, “to dissolve the political bands” connecting them to other Americans.
Richard Rodgers
Authors: Wilder Alec
Published: January 2022

All of Richard Rodgers’s songs were written for the theater or film. His career divides neatly into two halves—the years he worked with lyricist Lorenz Hart (1919–1943) and the years with Oscar Hammerstein II (1943–1960). Songs of his later period took on a new quality—one more observant of theatrical context and less likely to produce stand-alone songs. South Pacific is a case in point. Few of the melodies can stand on their own when performed out of context. Some one hundred songs by Rodgers are discussed in this chapter, most of them dating from the decades with Lorenz Hart.
Vincent Youmans and Arthur Schwartz
Authors: Wilder Alec
Published: January 2022

Vincent Youmans was born the same year as George Gershwin, and like his contemporary, died young. Although he lived to be forty-seven years old, declining health curtailed his output after age thirty-five. Surprisingly, his legacy endures owing to a relatively small number of songs, among them “Tea for Two,” Hallelujah!,” “More than You Know,” and “Time on My Hands.” Arthur Schwarz wrote some of the finest songs in the American Songbook, but, like Youmans, he could hardly be called prolific. His best work was done with lyricist Howard Deitz. Among their hits are “Dancing in the Dark,” “Alone Together,” and “If There Is Someone Lovelier than You.”
Burton Lane, Hugh Martin, and Vernon Duke
Authors: Wilder Alec
Published: January 2022

Burton Lane did not write his first full theater score until 1940 for Hold on to Your Hats. Dividing his time between New York and Hollywood, he would only write two more full theater scores, but they were blockbusters: Finian’s Rainbow (1947) and On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1965). Among his many fine songs are “Everything I Have Is Yours,” “How about You?,” and “Old Devil Moon.” Hugh Martin is remembered for writing the music for Meet Me in St. Louis, in which Judy Garland introduced three songs that have remained favorites: “The Trolley Song,” “The Boy Next Door,” and “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas.” In addition to his successful career as a songwriter, Vernon Duke was also a composer of concert works, which he signed with his real name, Vladimir Dukelsky. Although foreign born, he had completely absorbed the style of American popular song, bringing an inventiveness not heard in other songwriters. “April in Paris,” “Autumn in New York,” and “I Can’t Get Started” rank among the most admired songs in the American Songbook.
The Great Craftsmen
Authors: Wilder Alec
Published: January 2022

Most of the songs that comprise the American Songbook were written by composers who might be known by dedicated enthusiasts but are most likely not household names. Often the name of a tune will be enough to jar the memory, such as the mention of “Star Dust” triggering the recollection that Hoagy Carmichael wrote the song. Sometimes the composer never did achieve a level of recognition nearly equal to that of their songs, such as Harry Warren, who had numerous hits and consistently produced excellent material. Some composer’s names are forgotten with the passage of time, but their songs are not, such as Isham Jones, who wrote “It Had to Be You.” And some just went quietly along writing great songs and were never really known outside of the music business, such as Fred Ahlert, who wrote “I’ll Get By.” This chapter examines the songs of twelve accomplished composers who collectively supplied a sizable chunk of the standard songs we know today. They are Hoagy Carmichael, Walter Donaldson, Harry Warren, Isham Jones, Jimmy McHugh, Duke Ellington, Fred Ahlert, Richard Whiting, Ray Noble, John Green, Rube Bloom, and Jimmy Van Heusen.
Hobbes and Political Contractarianism
Authors: Gauthier David
Published: January 2022

Hobbes and Political Contractarianism A collection of David Gauthier’s essays on Hobbes and political contractarianism. The eight papers on Hobbes, written over four decades, represent the author’s changing understanding of Hobbes’s theory since the publication of The Logic of Leviathan (Oxford, 1969). These include several essays on Hobbes on law, challenging influential readings of his legal philosophy, and an important new, previously unpublished piece on “The True and Only Moral Philosophy”. Four essays on the social contract are included: a longer version of “Political Contractarianism” (1997), Gauthier’s well-known “Public Reason” (1994), and two other papers, one previously published only in French and Spanish translations. These papers will interest Hobbes scholars and political and legal philosophers.
Taming Leviathan
Authors: Gauthier David
Published: January 2022

This chapter was written as a review of two books on the thought of Thomas Hobbes: Jean Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (Cambridge, I986), and Gregory S. Kavka, Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory (Princeton, 1986). Hampton and Kavka opened a new era in the serious study of Hobbesian thought, and in these books offer the first full-scale sophisticated treatments that recognize core issues addressed by contractarian theory, and by Hobbes, including the role of the sovereign and the need for coercion, and the sub-optimal nature of individual decisions made in isolation. In doing so, the books contribute to an understanding both of Hobbes’s own achievement and of a contractarian rationale for society.
The Tudor Sheriff
Authors: McGovern Jonathan
Published: January 2022

Sheriffs were among the most important local office-holders in early modern England. They were generalist officers of the king responsible for executing legal process, holding local courts, empanelling juries, making arrests, executing criminals, collecting royal revenue, holding parliamentary elections, and many other vital duties. Although sheriffs have a cameo role in virtually every book about early modern England, the precise nature of their work has remained something of a mystery. This monograph offers the first comprehensive analysis of the shrieval system between 1485 and 1603. It demonstrates that this system was not abandoned to decay in the Tudor period, but was effectively reformed to ensure its continued relevance. It demonstrates that sheriffs were not in competition with other branches of local government, such as the Lords Lieutenant and justices of the peace, but cooperated effectively with them. Since the office of sheriff was closely related to every other branch of government, a study of the sheriff is also a study of English government at work.
Moral Limits
Authors: McPherson David
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses moral limits. In a broad sense of “moral,” which is concerned with how we ought to live our lives, each of the limits explored in this book can be regarded as involving moral limits. But this chapter focuses on traditional areas of concern for moral philosophers. The first section discusses the issue of character formation and how this properly begins from learning to acknowledge restraints on our desires, which enables us to become the best of all animals, rather than the worst, that is, it enables us to become fully human (in the sense of realizing a normative ideal for humanity). The section focuses on the limiting virtues of reverence (as expressed through manners) and moderation, and it draws on Confucian and Aristotelian ethics. The next two sections are primarily concerned to argue against consequentialist forms of ethics. The second section argues in favor of absolute prohibitions by appealing again to the limiting virtue of reverence, and it critiques other proposed bases for such prohibitions. The third and final section then considers what we positively owe others in terms of assistance. While it maintains that we should have concern for all human beings qua human beings, it discusses how the limiting virtues of neighborliness (a form of human solidarity that recognizes the moral significance of proximity) and loyalty place constraints on what we can be asked to do on behalf of others.
Tax Cooperation in an Unjust World
Authors: Christians Allison , van Apeldoorn Laurens
Published: January 2022

This book considers the implications of the existence of persistent and widespread subsistence rights deficits on what, on a plausible account of international justice, counts as fair cooperation in international taxation. It first establishes that the international tax system currently allows states with great wealth to claim more than they are justifiably entitled to from the global economy. It then demonstrates that that this status quo both facilitates and feeds off continued human suffering, and therefore violates even minimal conceptions of international distributive justice. Finally, it explains how this situation of ongoing injustice can be addressed through existing institutions and processes and show that a fairer international tax system could be achieved with incremental yet effective adaptation, that is, without requiring radical reform or a new world tax order.
Being Good in a World of Need
Authors: Temkin Larry S.
Published: January 2022

Ours is a rich world filled with misery. This gives rise to a pressing question: how should the well-off respond to the needy? Peter Singer famously argued that just as we have an obligation to save a drowning child, we have an obligation to support charities like Oxfam. Inspired by Singer, Effective Altruism holds that we ought to support those charities doing the most good. Being Good in a World of Need powerfully challenges these views. Drawing on many sources, Temkin illustrates many disanalogies between saving a drowning child and supporting international charities, involving: intervening agents; effects of one’s actions; corruption; responsibility; accidents versus injustice; and aid beneficiaries. These disanalogies raise complex issues requiring a pluralistic approach, rather than Effective Altruism’s monistic, “do the most good” approach. Being Good discusses: ways aid may reward corrupt leaders and incentivize disastrous policies; charities ignoring or covering up negative impacts; the ethical disaster of aid efforts in Goma; brain and character drains; difficulties in replicability or scaling up model aid projects; ethical imperialism, paternalism, autonomy, and respect; Angus Deaton’s contention that aid undermines government responsiveness; Jeffrey Sachs and the Millennium Villages Project; conflicts between individual and collective morality; fairness and responsibility; focusing on badly off people rather than countries; humanitarian versus development aid; and ways of aiding other than on-the-ground charities. Being Good reinforces Temkin’s longstanding view that, morally, the well-off can’t ignore the needy. Unfortunately, what one should do given that truth is much more complex, and murky, than most have realized.
Writing Pain in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas
Published: January 2022

This book examines how pain is represented in a range of literary texts and genres from the nineteenth-century United States. It considers the aesthetic, philosophical, and ethical implications of pain across the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Harriet Jacobs, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and Alice James, as the national culture of pain progressively transformed in the wake of the invention of anesthesia. Through these writers, it argues that pain, while undeniably destructive, also generates language and identities, and demonstrates how literature participates in theorizing the problems of mind and body that undergird the deep chasms of selfhood, sociality, gender, and race of a formative period in American history. Writing Pain considers first Emerson’s philosophy of compensation, which promises to convert pain into gain. It then explores the limitations of this model, showing how Jacobs contests the division of body and mind that underwrites it and how Dickinson challenges its alleged universalism by foregrounding the unshareability of pain as a paradoxical measure of togetherness. The book investigates next the concurrent economies of affects in which pain was implicated during and after the Civil War and argues, through the example of James and Phelps, for queer sociality as a response to the heteronormative violence of sentimentalism. The last chapter on Alice James extends the critique of sentimental sympathy while returning to the book’s premise that pain is generative and the site of thought. By linking literary formalism with individual and social formation, Writing Pain eventually claims close reading as a method to recover the theoretical work of literature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Economy of Pain
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy of pain and centers on its economic structure of compensation. It argues that Emerson’s philosophy, while recognizing the reality of pain, works to cancel it eventually by promising to convert present pain into future gain and spiritual ecstasy. The chapter further demonstrates how the death of Emerson’s son Waldo in 1842 and his progressive commitment to the cause of abolition presented a double challenge to this metaphysics of pain. On the one hand, it shows that the psychological shock of his son’s death laid bare the limits of his idealism, as the dream world of transcendental, pain-free joy turned into a nightmarish vision of extreme yet immaterial suffering. On the other hand, it illuminates how the representation of the pain of enslavement in Emerson’s abolitionist lectures complicated his earlier, critical engagement with the demands of sentimentality and its underlying logic of sympathetic identification, evincing the problematic uses of Black pain in the imagination of white freedom and safety. The chapter thus makes the claim that reading Emerson’s engagements with pain across his writing career helps to reveal the ethical and political difficulties attendant to his literary philosophy.
Henry James, Invisible Wounds, and the Civil War
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates forms of attachment through pain in the wake of the Civil War by reading closely one of Henry James’s first published stories, “A Most Extraordinary Case” (1868). In this tale of invisible suffering, a veteran comes back from the front unscathed, yet dies of a mysterious wound, which nineteenth-century medicine was only beginning to recognize as psychic injury. The chapter examines how the narrative conflates the conventions of the medical case study with those of the sentimental war story and nursing romance. It shows how the account of war trauma is thus intertwined with an exploration of the gendered politics of affects, whereby the soldier’s suffering becomes the object of concurrent desires which complicate his relation to the language and entitlements of manhood. It further argues that the protagonist’s pain is triangulated between heterosexual normativity and homosexual longings, as he struggles to find a place within the national community that the war produced. The chapter eventually contends that the queering of the soldier’s pain helps to connect this early story with James’s autobiography, Notes of a Son and Brother (1914), where he remembered his own invisible injury sustained at the outset of the War yet outside of the battlefield, and tried to articulate his “obscure hurt” with the demands of national manhood.
Coda
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas
Published: January 2022

The coda considers the ways literary forms produce and circulate our thinking about the function of pain in individual and social formations, relating the book’s claims and interventions to the critical purchase of literature and literary studies. While the work of literature has often been reduced to its dimension of storytelling and to its capacity to foster empathetic identification through narratives of pain, attending to the labor of form shows how literature effectively theorizes the affordances of pain—its challenges and its potentials—outside the frameworks of medicalization and sentimental sympathy, as a generative feeling to be neither anesthetized nor bemoaned.
What Is, and What Is In Itself
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: January 2022

This work is “a systematic ontology.” Ontology is the study of being as such, and a systematic ontology is an account of the most fundamental ways of being something or other—of what they are and of how they are related to each other. The questions it pursues are not primarily about what causes things, but about what things are or consist in (though causal questions cannot be totally avoided). The title of the work, What Is, and What Is in Itself, marks the most important distinction in ways of being. What is includes everything there is, but not everything there is included in what is in itself. The first five chapters of the book define and examine the ways of being: in Chapters 1 and 2, being actual or existing, or even just being something without existing or being actual; in 3, being an intentional object, and perhaps a merely intentional object; in Chapter 4, relations between things and their properties; and in Chapter 5, being a thing in itself. Chapter 6 discusses whether only conscious beings are things in themselves, and suggests an affirmative answer. Chapter 7 discusses the epistemology of ontology. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss issues about thisness and identity. And Chapters 10 and 11 discuss mainly occasionalist and panentheist answers to questions about the causal unity of the universe.
A Partial Solution to the Non-Identity Problem
Authors: McGee Andrew , Savulescu Julian
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes a fresh look at the non-identity problem and presents a partial solution that is different from those that have so far been attempted. Its solution focuses on Parfit’s remark that, if a person born from a ‘different people choice’ has a life worth living, and so does not regret existing, the decision wrongs no one. But some ‘different people choices’ can produce people who regret being born even though they are glad to be alive and have lives worth living. These cases have so far not been discussed in the literature on the non-identity problem, and seem to escape the paradoxical conclusions that Parfit draws in other ‘different people choices’. This chapter argues that the chance of future regret provides a reason not to select a given embryo or possible person.
How to Avoid the Repugnant Conclusion
Authors: Chang Ruth
Published: January 2022

Derek Parfit thought that his continuum argument in population ethics leading to the Repugnant Conclusion—viz., that a world with a vast number of people leading lives barely worth living is better than a world with many people enjoying excellent lives—raised a puzzle that must be solved before we can hope to arrive at a correct theory of morality, what he called ‘Theory X’. This chapter critically examines four possible ‘structural’ solutions to continua arguments like Parfit’s—solutions according to which the structure of continua is not as continua arguments suppose. It is argued that incommensurability, incomparability, indeterminacy, and indeed Parfit’s own preferred solution, ‘lexical imprecision’, fail to provide the break in structure needed to defuse continua arguments. An alternative structural solution is then proposed according to which, somewhere along the continuum, items are on a par with their immediate predecessors. Being on a par is a sui generis fourth basic way two items can be compared beyond being better or worse than one another or equally good. The parity solution is shown to have two significant advantages over the other structural proposals. First, only the parity solution allows us to maintain the very plausible thought at the heart of continua arguments, viz., that as we proceed along the continuum, a small diminution in quality of value can be compensated for by a large increase in quantity of value. Second, by appealing to a tetrachotomous, rather than a trichotomous, view of value—a view of value that includes parity—we can vindicate first-blush, untutored, intuitive reactions as to what goes wrong in continua arguments. Thinking about what some may have too readily dismissed as a ‘mere puzzle’ opens up new ways of thinking about the very structure of normativity and the shape of Theory X.
‘The many-headed multitude’
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

This chapter reconstructs the mental world of John Smyth junior, who pursued the Warrens Court dispute after his father’s death in 1641. Often described as a political moderate, who took sides only reluctantly during the civil wars, and who was inclined to reach a settlement with Benjamin Crokey, Smyth can instead be depicted as a determined if careful royalist, whose ‘localism’ was strategic, and whose ‘neutrality’ was only skin deep. By examining Smyth’s career, networks, and civil war activities, as well as his political and religious patronage, this chapter engages with methodologies for addressing civil war allegiance while also suggesting that he had the means and motives to prolong the contestation over Wotton school.
Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism
Authors: Ganghof Steffen
Published: January 2022

In a democracy, a constitutional separation of powers between the executive and the assembly may be desirable, but the constitutional concentration of executive power in a single human being is not. The book defends this thesis and explores ‘semi-parliamentary government’ as an alternative to presidential government. Semi-parliamentarism avoids power concentration in one person by shifting the separation of powers into the democratic assembly. The executive becomes fused with only one part of the assembly, even though the other part has at least equal democratic legitimacy and robust veto power on ordinary legislation. The book identifies the Australian Commonwealth and Japan, as well as the Australian states of New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, as semi-parliamentary systems. Using data from 23 countries and 6 Australian states, it maps how parliamentary and semi-parliamentary systems balance competing visions of democracy; it analyzes patterns of electoral and party systems, cabinet formation, legislative coalition-building, and constitutional reforms; it systematically compares the semi-parliamentary and presidential separation of powers; and it develops new and innovative semi-parliamentary designs, some of which do not require two separate chambers.
Design matters: second chambers, cabinet formation, and constitutional reform
Authors: Ganghof Steffen , Eppner Sebastian
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the conditions under which semi-parliamentary government can be stable. It responds to two conjectures about “strong” bicameralism: that constitutional designers who prefer strong second chambers have to be willing to accept (a) either a presidential system of government; or (b) oversized and ideologically heterogeneous cabinets. Both conjectures are largely unfounded because they neglect that second chambers can be designed to be powerful in the legislative process, but permissive with respect to cabinet formation. The chapter measures second chambers’ “restrictiveness” with respect to cabinet formation as a neglected dimension of bicameral designs and uses the resulting indices to explain comparative patterns of cabinet formation and constitutional reform. A conditional logit analyses of cabinet formation in 28 democratic systems in the period 1975–2018 shows that governments’ potential control of a second-chamber majority only affects cabinet formation when the chamber in question is restrictive. A comparative analysis of patterns of constitutional reform and stability in twelve bicameral systems suggests that reducing the restrictiveness of a second chamber—rather than its democratic legitimacy or legislative veto power—can be sufficient to stabilize a “strong” second chamber.
Protestant Theology and Modernity in the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands
Authors: Molendijk Arie L.
Published: January 2022

This book researches the question of how nineteenth-century Dutch Protestant theologians and thinkers met the challenges of the modernizing world around them. The aim is to show that theology was fundamentally transformed and reinvented in a variety of ways—in response to the process of modernization. The focus is on intellectual history, but broader social and political transformations such as pillarization are discussed too. In-depth studies of a small number of significant and influential Protestant thinkers analyse how they addressed specific modern transformation processes, such as political modernization, the pluralization of worldviews, and the emergence of critical historical scholarship. It will also become clear that their careers were deeply impacted by these transitions. These intellectuals dealt with various aspects of modernization in different ways. Enlightenment values were fiercely attacked by orthodox Pietists, but embraced by ‘modern’ theologians, who strove for a synthesis of religion and the new findings of scholarship (biblical criticism, evolutionary theory, anti-supernaturalism). Positions were not fixed and theologians had to work hard to maintain their intellectual integrity. The Jew Isaac da Costa converted to Christianity and fulminated against the Zeitgeist. Allard Pierson, who in his youth had been under the spell of Da Costa, resigned from his ministry and adopted an ‘agnostic’ stance. Abraham Kuyper modernized theology and politics by laying the foundations of ‘pillarization’ (the segmented social structures based on differences in religion and worldview) of Dutch society. Abraham Kuenen revolutionized the study of the Old Testament, and Protestant theologians made ground-breaking contributions to the emerging science of religion.
The Costly Drug Development Process
Authors: Drakeman Donald L. , Drakeman Lisa N. , Oraiopoulos Nektarios
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how new medicines are created. It describes the principal steps, the regulatory framework, and the various elements that contribute to the cost of the drug development process. Astronomical amounts of money are required for a biotech company to create, develop, and commercialize a new product before the company becomes financially self-sufficient. To make sense of the most recent figures that put the cost per FDA-approved drug at over $2.5 billion, this chapter identifies the major components of those costs, the most important of which is the high failure rate. Still, even in the rare case when everything in the R&D process works as expected, hundreds of millions of dollars will be needed to take the drug development process to a successful conclusion. The chapter also outlines the wide range of R&D approaches biotech companies have taken to advance their technology or products toward successful commercialization.