bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altitudinal distribution, habitat use, and abundance of Grallaria antpittas in the Central Andes of Colombia
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Beltran J. William
Published: May 2010

Grallaria antpittas are a group of little known birds from the understorey of humid forests of the tropical Andes, with several species having very narrow distributions. At Ucumari Regional Park, which protects the Otún River watershed in the Central Andes of Colombia, five species occur sympatrically at 2,400 m, including the recently rediscovered G. milleri, of which this is the only known population. We studied the patterns of altitudinal distribution, habitat use and abundance of the five species in the park. We found altitudinal segregation at a local scale, with two species, G. ruficapilla and G. squamigera, found at lower elevations (1,800–2,500 m) and two other species, G. nuchalis and G. rufocinerea, at higher elevations (2,400–3,000); G. milleri was recorded only in the 2,400–2,600 m range. The five species overlap in the range 2,400–2,600 m, where they occur in three habitats: early regeneration, overgrown alder plantations and 30-year-old forest. There were no differences in density among habitats for any species; the five species used the three habitats in proportion to their occurrence in the landscape. Grallaria milleri had the highest overall density (1.3 ind/ha) while G. squamigera had the lowest density (0.2 ind/ha), and the other three species were intermediate. We estimated 106 individuals of G. milleri in an area of 63 ha, and only seven individuals of G. squamigera. The Otún River watershed concentrates an unusual number of Grallaria antpittas, including three endemic species, and the information presented here is fundamental to any future habitat management plans to ensure the persistence of these populations.
Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in Argentina
Authors: Yorio Pablo , Frere Esteban , Gandini Patricia , Conway William
Published: May 2010

We present information on the current population status of seabirds that breed along the Patagonian coast obtained between 1993 and 1995. A total of 16 species, including two penguins, one petrel, five cormorants, three gulls, three terns and two skuas, breed along the 3,400-km coast from southern Buenos Aires (38°58'S) to Tierra del Fuego (54°50'S). Breeding seabirds are not as abundant in coastal Argentina as was previously thought. Eleven of the 16 species have less than 5,000 pairs. The most abundant seabird is the Magellanic PenguinSpheniscus magellanicuswith 964,000 pairs, an order of magnitude higher than all other species. As well as Magellanic Penguins, Kelp GullsLarus dominicanus, and Imperial CormorantsPhalacrocorax atricepsare relatively abundant and have a wide distribution. Other seabirds, such as Red-legged Cormorants P.gaimardi, Olrog's GullsL. atlanticus, and Dolphin Gulls L.scoresbii, have a highly restricted distribution or nest in small colonies at a few sites in Argentina. The Patagonian coast is one of the most pristine coastal ecosystems in the world and, thus far, few seabirds are seriously threatened. However, oil pollution and commercial fisheries are having a negative impact on some seabirds and some colonies have shown recent declines. Current threats and impacts, including pollution, fisheries, human disturbance, guano harvesting, and introduction of alien species are discussed. There are currently 34 protected coastal areas, although in many cases protection measures are not adequately enforced and some areas with high seabird diversity and abundance still lack legal and effective protection. Conservation actions and requirements, including direct actions, monitoring and research are suggested.
The avifauna and conservation status of the Namuli Massif, northern Mozambique
Authors: Ryan Peter G. , Bento Carlos , Cohen Callan , Graham John , Parker Vincent , Spottiswoode Claire
Published: May 2010

We report the current status of birds at the Namuli Massif, northern Mozambique. Despite being the only known locality for the Namuli ApalisApalis lynesiand the nominate race of the DapplethroatArcanator orostruthus,the mountain is very little known ornithologically. Prior to our survey it had only been visited by an ornithologist in 1932, when Jack Vincent collected in the area for three weeks. During our week-long survey in November-December 1998 we recorded 130 bird species from the Namuli area, including all three globally threatened species reported by Vincent (Thyolo AletheAlethe choloensis,Dapplethroat and Namuli Apalis). The higher-elevation (>1,500 m) forests are still largely intact, but most of those at lower elevations have been cleared for agriculture. The alethe and apalis are common, occurring in remnant forest patches and secondary scrub as well as pristine forest from 1,160 to 2,000 m. The Dapplethroat is restricted to large, intact forests above 1,500 m, but also is fairly common (up to 2–3 singing males per hectare; greater densities than recorded elsewhere). Red-rumped SwallowHirundo dauricawas recorded for the first time in Mozambique, and was suspected of breeding at 1,400 m. We estimate that some 1,300 ha of pristine forest remains on the main massif between Gurue and Mount Namuli, but this area is being reduced by burning and “subsistence” logging. Approximately 7,000 people currently live in the area east of the main forest. Grazing by goats and pigs on the montane grasslands surrounding the forests is another problem, but the gravest threat is posed by improved road access to the area, which could open the forests to commercial logging. In addition to being the sole locality known for the Namuli Apalis and the nominate race of Dapplethroat, the Namuli forests probably support the largest single populations of Thyolo Alethe and the well-markedbelcherirace of Green Barbet. These populations make Namuli arguably the most critical Important Bird Area for Mozambique, and the remaining forests have a high priority for conservation action.
A review of the success of major crane conservation techniques
Authors: Davis Carmen
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this paper is to review the success of different crane conservation techniques in order to determine which combinations of techniques are most promising. Six major crane conservation techniques were defined and a literature review was conducted. A summary of each technique was prepared, including several examples of the technique's use and possible negative effects. All of the evaluated techniques were successful in at least some cases. Habitat and legal protection are general measures that are required for every species regardless of other conservation techniques being used. Artificial feeding is successful in rapidly bolstering some crane populations but may not be desirable as a long-term conservation technique. Powerline modification or removal should be used to preserve all localized or endangered crane populations. The release of captive-reared cranes shows promise as a conservation technique but should only be used as a last resort. Likewise, manipulation of wild crane eggs should only be used when absolutely necessary to establish or bolster captive flocks.
The status and conservation of threatened and near-threatened species of birds in the Red River Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Pedersen Anita , Nielsen Sanne Schnell , Thuy Le Dien , Trai Le Trong
Published: May 2010

The Red River Delta in northern Vietnam is an important stopover and wintering site for migratory waterbirds. During the spring of 1994, six globally threatened and five near-threatened species were observed in the coastal areas of the Delta. According to current applications of threat categories, one of the species has Critical status (Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor), three are Endangered (Nordmann's GreenshankTringa guttifer, Saunders's Gull Larus saundersi and Chinese EgretEgretta eulophotes), two are Vulnerable (Spoonbill SandpiperEurynorhynchus pygmaeusand Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis) and five are Near-threatened (Asian DowitcherLimnodromus semipalmatus, Grey-headed LapwingVanellus cinereus, Black-headed IbisThreskiornis melanocephalus, Painted Stork Mycterialeucocephalaand Japanese Paradise-FlycatcherTerpsiphone atrocaudata). A nature reserve, also listed as a Ramsar area, already exists in the middle of the Delta. The Cua Day Estuary in the southern part of the delta is not included in either the nature reserve or Ramsar area. However, observations of 260 Saunders's Gulls and 41 Black-faced Spoonbills, which represent 9% and 12% of the estimated respective world populations, indicates the international importance of this area. The major threats to the waterbirds using the delta are reclamation of intertidal sand- and mudflats for aquaculture, increased disturbance associated with collection of sea products and hunting. Recommendations are made for future conservation actions.
Distribution and conservation of the Javan Hawk-eagleSpizaetus bartelsi
Authors: van Balen S. (BAS) , Nijman Vincent , Sözer Resit
Published: May 2010

The Javan Hawk-eagleSpizaetus bartelsiis endemic to the island of Java. Severe habitat fragmentation and small population size, aggravated by illegal hunting have put this rainforest species on the list of threatened bird species. Intensive searching since 1986 resulted in the discovery of a large number of localities additional to the historic ones. All known locality records of Javan Hawk-eagle have been scrutinized and are listed in the present paper. Confirmed post-1980 records are from 24 forest fragments of varying sizes: 10 (including 28 discrete localities) in west, seven (including 14 discrete localities) in central and seven (including 20 discrete localities) in east Java. The configuration of available habitat in forest clusters is evaluated. The co-existence with other threatened bird taxa, and the need for further field surveys and studies of the Javan Hawk-eagle are discussed.
Swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives
Authors: Ma Wenjun , Richt Jürgen A.
Published: May 2010

Swine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this review, we will discuss the current status of swine influenza worldwide as well as current and future options to control this economically important swine disease.
50 Jahre universitäre Kinderneuropsychiatrie in Rostock
Authors: Kumbier Ekkehardt , Häßler Frank
Published: May 2010

Aus Anlass des 50. Jahrestages der Entstehung einer eigenständigen Kinderneuropsychiatrie an der Universität Rostock und der damit verbundenen Errichtung des ersten Lehrstuhls in der DDR wird die Entstehungsgeschichte untersucht. Einerseits fand diese Entwicklung im Kontext der allgemeinen Autonomiebestrebung der jungen Fachdisziplin statt, wie sie nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Europa und auch im deutschsprachigen Raum deutlich vorangeschritten war. Andererseits spielten neben lokalen Entstehungsbedingungen aber auch gesellschaftspolitische Einflüsse eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zudem zwei Protagonisten der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Franz Günther von Stockert (1899–1967) und Gerhard Göllnitz (1920–2003), vorgestellt, die diese Entwicklung in Rostock, wenn auch unterschiedlich, voranbrachten. Durch die Einrichtung eines Lehrstuhles und einer selbstständigen Abteilung konnte sich die Neuropsychiatrie des Kindes- und Jugendalters in der DDR als eigenständiges Fachgebiet zunehmend etablieren. Denn damit wurden letztlich die Voraussetzungen für die einheitliche Lehre, Forschung, medizinische Betreuung und Ausbildung in der DDR geschaffen.
Evaluation einer vorschulischen Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Buchstaben- Laut Korrespondenz
Authors: Blaser Regula , Preuss Ulrich , Felder Wilhelm
Published: May 2010

Fragestellung: Vorliegende Studie evaluiert die Langzeiteffekte eines vorschulischen Trainings in phonologischer Bewusstheit und in Buchstaben-Laut Korrespondenz. Methodik: Die Kinder der Experimental- und Kontrollgruppe der Ursprungsstudie ( Blaser, Preuss, Groner, Groner & Felder, 2007 ) wurden am Ende des 3. und 4. Schuljahres erneut mit Lese- und Rechtschreibtests nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Experimental- und Kontrollgruppe in den durchschnittlichen Lese- und Rechtschreibleistungen. Trainingseffekte zeigen sich in einer Reduktion der Anzahl von Kindern mit Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten in der Trainingsgruppe. Schlussfolgerungen: Zusammenfassend werden die Ergebnisse als Bestätigung der Wirksamkeit des Trainings in der primären Prävention von Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten interpretiert. Trotz dieser positiven Ergebnisse bleibt ein kleiner Anteil an Kindern, die trotz vorschulischer Förderung später Lese- und Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten entwickeln. Auf diese Kinder sollte sich die Aufmerksamkeit der Forschung in Zukunft richten.
Lebensqualität integriert beschulter Kinder mit einer Hörschädigung
Authors: Hintermair Manfred
Published: May 2010

Fragestellung: Da in Zukunft immer mehr hörgeschädigte Kinder in inklusiven Settings beschult werden, stellt die Lebensqualität dieser Zielgruppe einen bedeutsamen psychosozialen Indikator für die Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben dar. Mit dem Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) soll ein diagnostisches Instrumentarium auf seine Brauchbarkeit bei hörgeschädigten Kindern überprüft werden. Methodik: Das ILK wurde von 212 Kindern ausgefüllt. Es wurden Inter-Itemkorrelationen, faktorielle Struktur, Zuverlässigkeit des Verfahrens sowie Umfang der Lebensqualität im Vergleich zu den Normierungsdaten des Verfahrens überprüft sowie Zusammenhänge zu soziodemographischen Variablen, zu Kompetenzen der Schüler und zur erlebten Partizipation der Schüler bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Das ILK erweist sich auch bei hörgeschädigten Kindern als ein Verfahren zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität, das mit allen relevanten Kennwerten sehr zufrieden stellende und zu den vorhandenen Normierungsstichproben vergleichbare Resultate liefert. Die Lebensqualität der untersuchten Stichprobe ist im Vergleich zu gut hörenden Kindern nicht beeinträchtigt. Es zeigen sich erwartungsgemäße bereichsspezifische Zusammenhänge, u. a. zur kommunikativen Kompetenz, zur Intelligenz und den schulischen Leistungen sowie zur erlebten Partizipation in der Schule. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem ILK steht ein Verfahren zur Verfügung, das sich auch in der diagnostischen Praxis hörgeschädigter Kinder eignet, die psychosoziale Befindlichkeit hörgeschädigter Kinder an Allgemeinen Schulen zu erfassen und Hinweise für rechtzeitige Interventionen zu bekommen.
Psychometrische Gütekriterien des Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Salbach-Andrae Harriet , Schneider Nora , Bürger Arne , Pfeiffer Ernst , Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Holzhausen Martin
Published: May 2010

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Überprüfung der psychometrischen Gütekriterien des deutschsprachigen Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) von Thiel et al. (1997 ) bei Jugendlichen. Es wurden die innere Konsistenz sowie konvergente und diskriminante Validität des EDI-2 an 371 Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 13 und 18 Jahren überprüft und eine konfirmative Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt. Die Werte der inneren Konsistenzen sind für die Patientengruppe als hoch, für die beiden Kontrollgruppen als noch befriedigend einzustufen. Die Zusammenhänge mit anderen klinischen Messinstrumenten wiesen in die erwartete Richtung und stützen die externe Validität des EDI-2. Mittelwertsvergleiche der einzelnen Skalen des EDI-2 zwischen essgestörten Patientinnen (n = 71), weiblichen (n = 150) und männlichen Kontrollprobanden (n = 150) zeigten, dass der EDI-2 gut zwischen den verschiedenen Gruppen Jugendlicher differenzieren kann. Eine Diskriminanzanalyse ergab, dass insgesamt 86.0 % der Fälle korrekt klassifiziert werden konnten. Die konfirmative Faktorenanalyse bestätigte im Wesentlichen die Sechs-Faktorenstrukur des EDI-2 ( Thiel et al., 1997 ).
Event-Related Brain Oscillations
Authors: Yordanova Juliana , Kolev Vasil
Published: May 2010

Neuroelectric oscillations provide important tools to study information processing in the brain. In this paper, major concepts and advantages of event-related oscillations (EROs) are considered, with a focus on their relevance for developmental research. Findings from previous studies in passive and oddball conditions are summarized to demonstrate that the age-dependent power decrease of theta (4–7 Hz) and alpha (8–14 Hz) EROs is accompanied by an increase in the synchronization of these oscillations. New data are presented to test whether this dissociation depends on processing demands in a frequency-specific manner. Results from an auditory serial learning task with working memory activation performed by 70 subjects (children from 6 to 10 years of age and adults) indicate that this effect was observed for theta and slow alpha oscillations, whereas an age-dependent decrease in event-related phase synchronization was found for fast alpha oscillations. It is concluded that phase synchronization of only the major theta and alpha EROs may reflect the neurobiological maturation of neural networks involved in perception. Phase synchronization of EROs, however, especially from faster frequency bands, essentially depends on the mode of network involvement and functional competence, which is associated with cognitive processing abilities or strategies in the course of development.
Alpha Brain Oscillations and Inhibitory Control
Authors: Schmiedt-Fehr Christina , Mathes Birgit , Basar-Eroglu Canan
Published: May 2010

A major challenge for developmental cognitive neuroscience is to understand how changes in cognitive functions related to aging are associated with changes in the neuronal information processing architecture. Previous studies on EEG event-related brain oscillations suggest functional changes in alpha-bands with age during sensory and memory tasks. Specifically, the topographical distribution of both single-trial lower and upper alpha magnitude and the corresponding phase coherence is altered in elderly persons. Thus, alpha oscillations, associated not only with sensory, but also with sensorimotor functions, may be altered with age. Compensatory mechanisms, possibly reflected in increased frontal alpha synchronization, may thereby be of profound relevance. The present study investigates age-related differences in the modulation of alpha oscillatory activity related to sensory and sensorimotor functions, including response preparation, execution, and inhibition. EEG was recorded while 10 young and 10 elderly persons performed a visual evoked potential (VEP), a cued stimulus response (S-R), and a cued visual Go/NoGo task. Early event-related synchronization (ERS, 0–250 ms) and late event-related desynchronization (ERD, 200–600 ms) of single-trial lower and upper alpha was analyzed using poststimulus amplitude enhancement and intertrial phase coherence measures. The results show comparable modulations of lower (8–10 Hz) and upper (10–15 Hz) alpha activity in young and elderly related to the sensory and different forms of motor response processing. Specifically, reduced early lower alpha ERS as well as late upper alpha ERD at central locations characterized response inhibition processing in both age groups. We discuss the counterintuitive hypothesis that reduced efficacy of some basal neural inhibitory mechanisms enables older observers to perform better than or comparable to younger observers on some visual tasks, and conclude that alterations in alpha oscillatory networks with age may depend on the stimuli applied.
Global Functional Coupling of Resting EEG Rhythms is Abnormal in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Frisoni Giovanni , Vecchio Fabrizio , Lizio Roberta , Pievani Michela , Geroldi Cristina , Fracassi Claudia , Vernieri Fabrizio , Ursini Francesca , Rodriguez Guido , Nobili Flavio , Salinari Serenella , Van Dijkman Sven , Ferri Raffaele , Rossini Paolo M.
Published: May 2010

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typically associated with an impairment of brain networks and global cognitive function in aging. In this vein, the present study tested the hypothesis that the functional coupling of resting cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms is progressively abnormal in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD subjects. Eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded (10–20 system) in 33 mild AD, 52 amnesic MCI, and 47 normal elderly subjects (Nold). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha1 (8–10 Hz), alpha2 (10–13 Hz), beta1 (13–20 Hz), beta2 (20–30 Hz), and gamma (30–40 Hz). The global functional coupling of the EEG rhythms was indexed by means of spectral coherence for all combinations of electrode pairs (i.e., total coherence). The main results showed that the total coherence of delta rhythms was higher in the AD than the MCI group. It was also higher in the MCI than the Nold group. Furthermore, the delta total coherence was negatively correlated with global cognition (Mini Mental State Examination score) across the Nold, MCI, and AD subjects. Finally, the alpha1 total coherence was lower in the AD group than in the MCI and Nold groups. These results suggest that in the AD process an impairment of brain networks and global cognition is associated with a frequency-specific modulation of the global functional coupling of resting EEG rhythms.
Differences in Neurophysiological Markers of Inhibitory and Temporal Processing Deficits in Children and Adults with ADHD
Authors: Valko Lilian , Doehnert Mirko , Müller Ueli C. , Schneider Gudrun , Albrecht Björn , Drechsler Renate , Maechler Markus , Steinhausen Hans-Christoph , Brandeis Daniel
Published: May 2010

We compared ADHD-related temporal processing and response inhibition deficits in children and adults using event-related potentials (ERPs) during cued continuous performance tasks (CPT, O-X-version, plus a more demanding flanker version). ERP markers of temporal processing (Cue CNV) and inhibition (NoGo P300) were obtained in matched groups of children (32 with ADHD, mean age 11.2 years, and 31 controls, mean age 11.1 years) and adults (22 ADHD, mean age 42.7 years, and 22 controls, mean age 44.0 years). ERP markers and performance reflected both age and ADHD status. Performance was poorer, and Cue CNV and NoGo P300 were weaker in ADHD children and adults compared to their matched controls. ADHD-related ERP differences in children were more prominent at posterior scalp sites but more pronounced at anterior scalp sites in adults, paralleling the prominent topographic changes of both ERP markers with development. The fact that differences in the same test and the same processing period appear in both children and adults, but that they present in different aspects of performance and different scalp topographies, leads to the conclusion that some ADHD-related deficits persist into adulthood despite alterations of their qualitative aspects.
On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications
Authors: Contreras María José , Rubio Víctor J. , Peña Daniel , Santacreu José
Published: May 2010

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.
Use of Strategy in a 3-Dimensional Spatial Ability Test
Authors: Strasser Irene , Koller Ingrid , Strauß Sabine , Csisinko Mathis , Kaufmann Hannes , Glück Judith
Published: May 2010

Use of strategy was investigated using a new spatial test in which items are presented in three-dimensional space and solutions are actively constructed rather than selected from alternatives. As the final test also comprises a training module, the focus of a first evaluation study was on the strategies participants use and their relationship to performance. Participants were interviewed after completing the test. The number of strategies reported and two specific strategies were significantly correlated to the test score. Implications of the findings for strategy assessment and test design are discussed.
Pairwise Presentation of Cube Figures Does Not Reduce Gender Differences in Mental Rotation Performance
Authors: Titze Corinna , Heil Martin , Jansen Petra
Published: May 2010

Gender differences still are one of the main topics in mental rotation research. Quite a number of different approaches aim to uncover the reasons for the substantial effect sizes observed. In this paper, we focus on the performance factor task complexity, which may contribute to gender differences. A pairwise paper-pencil presentation mode – using the original but rearranged items of the classic MRT by Peters et al. (1995) – was chosen to investigate mental rotation performance of adults. A total of 72 participants were asked to complete a complexity reduced version of the MRT: They had to complete simple “same-different” judgments without any time constraints instead of regular “two-out-of-four-alternatives” choices. Results revealed that the reduction of complexity did not affect the gender differences at all: Men outperformed women in both accuracy and speed. The reasons for these results are discussed.
Ecological Aspects of Mental Rotation Around the Vertical and Horizontal Axis
Authors: Battista Christian , Peters Michael
Published: May 2010

Rotation of both natural and man-made objects most commonly requires rotation around the vertical rather than the horizontal axis because it is relatively rare that we need to rotate, e.g., trees, mountains, chairs or vehicles around their horizontal axis in order to match images to their canonical orientation. Waszak, Drewing, and Mausfeld (2005) demonstrated the importance of a gravitationally defined vertical axis and the visual context within which objects occur, when performing mental rotations. We extended their findings in a between-subject design by asking 406 subjects to rotate wireframe cube figures around either the vertical axis or around the horizontal axis. Both male and female subjects performed significantly better when rotating objects around the vertical axis. Males performed better than females in both conditions, and there was no interaction between axis of rotation and sex.
Long-Term Effects Between Perceived Justice in the Division of Domestic Work and Women’s Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Bodi Otto , Mikula Gerold , Riederer Bernhard
Published: May 2010

This study investigates the nature of the long-term effects among perceived justice in the division of domestic work, change in the division of domestic work, and relationship satisfaction in a two-wave, 3-year longitudinal study of 389 women from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Results suggest that long-term effects between perceived justice and relationship satisfaction are bidirectional. Initial relationship satisfaction predicted perceived justice 3 years later and initial perceived justice predicted relationship satisfaction 3 years later. But the effect of perceived justice on relationship satisfaction depended on how the division of work had changed over time. If women’s share of work increased over time, perceived justice at Time 1 predicted greater relationship dissatisfaction at Time 2, whereas if women’s share of work decreased over time, perceived justice at Time 1 predicted greater relationship satisfaction at Time 2.
Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany in Terms of Warmth and Competence
Authors: Asbrock Frank
Published: May 2010

The stereotype content model says that warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social judgment. This brief report analyzes the cultural stereotypes of relevant social groups in a German student sample (N = 82). In support of the model, stereotypes of 29 societal groups led to five stable clusters of differing warmth and competence evaluations. As expected, clusters cover all four possible combinations of warmth and competence. The study also reports unique findings for the German context, for example, similarities between the perceptions of Turks and other foreigners. Moreover, it points to different stereotypes of lesbians and gay men.
The Effects of Status on Perceived Warmth and Competence
Authors: Brambilla Marco , Sacchi Simona , Castellini Federica , Riva Paola
Published: May 2010

Research has shown that perceived group status positively predicts competence stereotypes but does not positively predict warmth stereotypes. The present study identified circumstances in which group status positively predicts both warmth and competence judgments. Students (N = 86) rated one of two groups (psychologists vs. engineers) presented as either being low or high in social status on warmth and competence. Results showed that status positively predicted competence stereotypes for both groups, but warmth stereotypes only for psychologists, for whom warmth traits are perceived to be functional in goal achievement. Moreover, for psychologists perceived warmth mediated the relationship between status and perceived competence. Results are discussed in terms of the contextual malleability of the relationship between perceived status, warmth, and competence.
Content Versus Source Cue Information as a Basis for Credibility Judgments
Authors: Reinhard Marc-André , Sporer Siegfried L.
Published: May 2010

Basic assumptions of dual-process theories are used to explain the process of credibility attribution. Three experiments test the assumption that high task involvement leads to intensive processing of content information, whereas low task involvement leads to the use of noncontent information like source cues when people make credibility judgments. In Experiment 1, as predicted, when task involvement is low, only source attractiveness influences credibility attributions; when task involvement is high, content information also influences credibility attributions. Experiments 2 and 3 replicate these results with different source cue and message content manipulations. These findings demonstrate the fruitfulness of applying basic assumptions of dual-process theories to the field of deceptive communication research. Practical implications for forensic credibility assessment are outlined.
The Category-Focus Implicit Association Test 1It is journal policy that submissions coauthored by a current editor are handled by a guest editor. We thank Ulrich Wagner, who handled the current manuscript, for his efforts.
Authors: Siebler Frank , González Roberto , Ordóñez Gabriela , Bohner Gerd , Haye Andrés , Sirlopú David , Millar Andres , de Tezanos-Pinto Pablo , Torres David
Published: May 2010

We propose the Category-Focus IAT (CF-IAT) as an instrument to measure the implicit associations of single concepts. The CF-IAT directs respondents’ attention to a subset of the experimental materials. In a first study using the CF-IAT, Chilean adolescents (N = 49), members of either the indigenous minority (Mapuche) or the nonindigenous majority, completed CF-IATs assessing implicit attitudes toward these groups. Results revealed, in both groups, a neutral implicit evaluation of the ingroup, but a negative implicit evaluation of the outgroup. Process evidence suggests that the CF-IAT’s manipulation of attentional focus was successful.
Thermal ion upflow in the cusp ionosphere and its dependence on soft electron energy flux
Authors: Burchill J. K. , Knudsen D. J. , Clemmons J. H. , Oksavik K. , Pfaff R. F. , Steigies C. T. , Yau A. W. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: May 2010

We investigate the origin of low‐energy (Ek < 10 eV) ion upflows in Earth's low‐altitude dayside cusp region. The Cusp‐2002 sounding rocket flew from Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, on 14 December 2002, carrying plasma and field instrumentation to an altitude of 768 km. The Suprathermal Ion Imager, a two‐dimensional energy/arrival angle spectrograph, observed large (>500 m s−1) ion upflows within the cusp at altitudes between 640 km and 768 km. We report a significant correlation between ion upflow and precipitating magnetosheath electron energy flux in this altitude range. There is only very weak correlation between upflow and wave power in the VLF band. We find a small negative correlation between upflow and the magnitude of the DC electric field for fields less than about 70 mV m−1. The apparent relation between upflow and electron energy flux suggests a mechanism whereby ions are accelerated by parallel electric fields that are established by the soft electrons. Significant ion upflows are not observed for electron energy fluxes less than about 1010 eV cm−2 s−1. The lack of correspondence between ∣∣ and upflow on the one hand, and wave power and upflow on the other, does not rule out these processes but implies that, if operating, they are not local to the measurement region. We also observe narrow regions of large ion downflow that imply either a rebalancing of the ionosphere toward a low‐Te equilibrium during which gravity dominates over the pressure gradients or a convection of the upflowing ions away from the precipitation region, outside of which the ions must fall back into equilibrium at lower altitudes.
Deformation processes adjacent to active faults: Examples from eastern California
Authors: Shelef Eitan , Oskin Michael
Published: May 2010

Major seismogenic faults are embedded within narrow zones of inelastic off‐fault deformation (OFD), where both distributed displacement and modification of rock properties occur. Active distributed displacement may affect slip rate estimates, seismic energy radiation and geodynamic models. This study addresses the role of OFD in the displacement history and mechanical behavior of seismogenic faults, by multisite study of deformed geologic features adjacent to 30–60 km long active strike‐slip faults of <10 km of dextral displacement in the Mojave Desert, eastern California. We find that distributed displacement accommodates 0 to ∼25% of the total displacement over zones of one to two kilometers width. Displacement occurs mostly within 100–200 m of faults and decreases nonlinearly away from the main fault. We show evidence for distributed displacement through simple shear in the form of parallel secondary faults and progressive deformation of linear markers adjacent to the Calico fault. We also find evidence for shear via rotation and progressive fragmentation adjacent to the Harper Lake fault. Analysis of block dimensions show that blocks tend to decrease in size toward faults and that cumulative length of secondary faults is longer than the main fault by at least a factor of 10. Based on crosscutting relationships and the relationship of OFD to geophysically imaged compliant zones around active faults, we argue that distributed displacement is an active process and suggest that zones of diminished rigidity near faults may be at least in part driven by secondary faulting during the rupture propagation along the main fault.
Shear velocity structure of the Northland Peninsula, New Zealand, inferred from ambient noise correlations
Authors: Behr Y. , Townend J. , Bannister S. , Savage M. K.
Published: May 2010

Ambient noise correlation has been successfully applied in several cases to regions with dense seismic networks whose geometries are well suited to tomographic imaging. The utility of ambient noise correlation‐based methods of seismic imaging where either network or noise field characteristics are less ideal has yet to be fully demonstrated. In this study, we focus on the Northland Peninsula of New Zealand using data from five seismographs deployed in a linear pattern parallel to the direction from which most of the ambient noise arrives. Shear wave velocity profiles computed from Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves using the Neighborhood Algorithm are in good agreement with the results of a previous active source refraction experiment and a teleseismic receiver function and surface wave analysis. In particular, we compute a path‐averaged Moho depth of ∼28 km along a ∼250 km profile. The use of both Rayleigh and Love wave measurements enables us to estimate the degree of radial anisotropy in the crust, yielding values of 2–15%. These results demonstrate that ambient noise correlation methods provide useful geophysical constraints on lithospheric structure even for nonoptimal network geometries and noise field characteristics.
Water vapor measurements at ALOMAR over a solar cycle compared with model calculations by LIMA
Authors: Hartogh P. , Sonnemann G. R. , Grygalashvyly M. , Song Li , Berger U. , Lübken F.‐J.
Published: May 2010

Microwave water vapor measurements between 40 and 80 km altitude over a solar cycle (1996–2006) were carried out in high latitudes at Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) (69.29°N, 16.03°E), Norway. Some smaller gaps and three interruptions of monitoring in the winters 1996/1997 and 2005/2006 and from spring 2001 to spring 2002 occurred during this period. The observations show a distinct year‐to‐year variability not directly related to solar Lyman‐α radiation. In winter the water vapor mixing ratios in the upper domain were anticorrelated to the solar activity, whereas in summer, minima occurred in the years after the solar maximum in 2000/2001. In winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) modulated the water vapor mixing ratios. Within the stratopause region a middle atmospheric water vapor maximum was observed, which results from the methane oxidation and is a regular feature there. The altitude of the maximum increased by approximately 5 km as summer approached. The largest mixing ratios were monitored in autumn. During the summer season a secondary water vapor maximum also occurred above 65 km most pronounced in late summer. The solar Lyman‐α radiation impacts the water vapor mixing ratio particularly in winter above 65 km. In summer the correlation is positive below 70 km. The correlation is also positive in the lower mesosphere/stratopause region in winter due to the action of sudden stratospheric warmings, which occur more frequently under the condition of high solar activity and the enhancing the humidity. A strong day‐to‐day variability connected with planetary wave activity was found throughout the entire year. Model calculations by means of Leibniz‐Institute Middle Atmosphere model (LIMA) reflect the essential patterns of the water vapor variation, but the results also show differences from the observations, indicating that exchange processes between the troposphere and stratosphere not modeled by LIMA could have influenced the long‐term variability. We show results of measurements, compare these with calculations, and discuss the chemical and dynamical backgrounds of the variation of water vapor in the middle atmosphere.
Long‐term oscillations of the wind field in the tropical mesosphere and lower thermosphere from Hawaii MF radar measurements
Authors: Iimura H. , Fritts D. C. , Riggin D. M.
Published: May 2010

Wind measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere obtained with a medium frequency (MF) radar in Hawaii (22°N, 160°W) spanning ∼16 years are employed to examine the intra‐annual and interannual variability of the mean and tidal motions at altitudes between 84 and 94 km. Intra‐annual periodicities range from ∼3 to 12 months, with significant coherence in altitude and between the zonal and meridional components of each motion field. Interannual variations confirm the dominant periodicities identified previously at this site and elsewhere, in particular, the significant diurnal, and less significant semidiurnal, tidal responses at periods of ∼28 and ∼48 months. Amplitudes of these long‐period oscillations of the diurnal tide increase with altitude below 92 km and are larger than the amplitudes of the 12 month oscillations above ∼90 km. Phases of the ∼28 and ∼48 month oscillations show a downward progression with a slightly larger altitude variation in the meridional diurnal tide for the ∼28 month oscillation and a significantly larger altitude variation in the zonal diurnal tide for the ∼48 month oscillation. The long and nearly continuous Hawaii data set also enables characterization of the responses of the wind fields to the 11 year solar cycle. Both wind and tidal fields exhibit this periodicity, but these responses display interesting and different relations to the phase of the solar cycle. The 11 year oscillation of the meridional wind is nearly in phase with the solar cycle, while the 11 year oscillation of the zonal wind is in approximate quadrature with the solar cycle. The 11 year oscillations of the semidiurnal tidal amplitudes and the meridional diurnal amplitude are all in approximate quadrature with the solar cycle (with the tidal amplitudes leading by ∼29 to 37 months), while the 11 year oscillation of the zonal diurnal amplitude is somewhat nearer an antiphase than a quadrature relation to the solar cycle (leading by ∼54 months).
Evaluation of the observation operator Jacobian for leaf area index data assimilation with an extended Kalman filter
Authors: Rüdiger Christoph , Albergel Clément , Mahfouf Jean‐François , Calvet Jean‐Christophe , Walker Jeffrey P.
Published: May 2010

To quantify carbon and water fluxes between the vegetation and the atmosphere in a consistent manner, land surface models now include interactive vegetation components. These models treat the vegetation biomass as a prognostic model state, allowing the model to dynamically adapt the vegetation states to environmental conditions. However, it is expected that the prediction skill of such models can be greatly increased by assimilating biophysical observations such as leaf area index (LAI). The Jacobian of the observation operator, a central aspect of data assimilation methods such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the variational assimilation methods, provides the required linear relationship between the observation and the model states. In this paper, the Jacobian required for assimilating LAI into the Interaction between the Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere‐A‐gs land surface model using the EKF is studied. In particular, sensitivity experiments were undertaken on the size of the initial perturbation for estimating the Jacobian and on the length of the time window between initial state and available observation. It was found that small perturbations (0.1% of the state) typically lead to accurate estimates of the Jacobian. While other studies have shown that the assimilation of LAI with 10 day assimilation windows is possible, 1 day assimilation intervals can be chosen to comply with numerical weather prediction requirements. Moreover, the seasonal dependence of the Jacobian revealed contrasted groups of Jacobian values due to environmental factors. Further analyses showed the Jacobian values to vary as a function of the LAI itself, which has important implications for its assimilation in different seasons, as the size of the LAI increments will subsequently vary due to the variability of the Jacobian.
Phoenix and MRO coordinated atmospheric measurements
Authors: Tamppari Leslie K. , Bass Deborah , Cantor Bruce , Daubar Ingrid , Dickinson Cameron , Fisher David , Fujii Ken , Gunnlauggson Haraldur P. , Hudson Troy L. , Kass David , Kleinböhl Armin , Komguem Leonce , Lemmon Mark T. , Mellon Mike , Moores John , Pankine Alexey , Pathak Jagruti , Searls Mindi , Seelos Frank , Smith Michael D. , Smrekar Sue , Taylor Peter , Holstein‐Rathlou Christina , Weng Wensong , Whiteway Jim , Wolff Mike
Published: May 2010

The Phoenix and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) missions collaborated in an unprecedented campaign to observe the northern polar region summer atmosphere throughout the Phoenix mission (25 May to 2 November 2008; Ls = 76°–150°) and slightly beyond (∼Ls = 158°). Five atmospherically related campaigns were defined a priori and were executed on 37 separate Martian days (sols). Phoenix and MRO observed the atmosphere nearly simultaneously. We describe the observation strategy and history, the participating experiments, and some initial results. We find that there is general agreement between measurements from different instruments and platforms and that complementary measurements provide a consistent picture of the atmosphere. Seasonal water abundance behavior matches with historical measurements. Winds aloft, as measured by cloud motions, showed the same seasonally consistent, diurnal rotation as the winds measured at the lander, during the first part of the mission (Ls = 76°–118°). A diurnal cycle recorded from Ls ∼ 108.3°–109.1°, in which a dust front was approaching the Phoenix Lander, is examined in detail. Cloud heights measured on subsequent orbits showed that in areas of active lifting, dust can be lofted quite high in the atmosphere, doubling in height over 2 h. The combination of experiments also revealed that there were discrete vertical layers of water ice and dust. Water vapor column abundances compared to near‐surface water vapor pressure indicate that water is not well mixed from the surface to a cloud condensation height and that the depth of the layer that exchanges diurnally with the surface is 0.5–1 km.
Australian Antarctic Discordance as a simple mantle boundary
Authors: Holmes R. Chadwick , Tolstoy Maya , Harding Alistair J. , Orcutt John A. , Morgan Jason Phipps
Published: May 2010

Several complex models require unique mantle conditions to explain the Australian Antarctic Discordance (AAD), an unusually deep and rugged section of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between ∼120°–128°E. Seismic evidence suggests the AAD is instead the manifestation of two contrasting mantle domains converging along its eastern edge. Variations in axial morphology and flanking topographic relief along the SEIR arise as ridge segments to the west (Indian mantle) grade into a cooler melting regime while those to the east (Pacific mantle) are more magmatically robust. Seismic refraction data show crustal thickness decreases from the west into the AAD at a rate of 0.1 km/100 km, then rapidly increases from 4.8 ± 0.4 km to 7.3 ± 0.2 km across the eastern border. The AAD thus appears to be the terminal end of a long‐wavelength reduction in melt supply at what may be the simplest global example of a mantle boundary.