bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Of Abdominal Circumference, BMI and Sweet Food Consumption with Diabetes Mellitus in Adults 26-45 Years Old in DKI Jakarta (Riskesdas 2018 Analysis)
Authors: Ramadena Anisa Putri Etika , Simanungkalit Sintha Fransiske , Fauziyah A’immatul
Published: January 2022

Diabetes mellitus occurs, one of which is characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs due to insulin abnormalities or insulin action (Perkeni, 2015). The 2018 Riskesdas survey showed an increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in people over 15 years of age. High carbohydrate intake can affect the incidence of diabetes mellitus. This is caused carbohydrates that have been broken down by the body into glucose will be circulated throughout the body and the glucose balance will be controlled by the pancreas by releasing the hormone insulin. If a insulin produced is few, the glucose level in the blood will be excess and increase the occurrence of hyperglycemia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between consumption of sweet foods, body mass index and abdominal circumference with the incidence of diabetes mellitus in adults aged 26-45 years in DKI Jakarta based on the Riskesdas 2018 analysis. The results of the bivariate test with chi square showed a relationship between consumption of sweet foods (p = 0,000), body mass index (p = 0,000) and abdominal circumference (p = 0,000) with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between consumption of sweet foods, body mass index and abdominal circumference with the incidence of diabetes mellitus in adults aged 26-45 years in DKI Jakarta.
Ìtándòwe: héterosituativité et polyfonctionnalité du proverbe Yorùbá au Sud-Ouest du Nigéria
Authors: Wende Olaosebikan Timothy Ojo
Published: January 2022

Pour la raison pédagogique, les proverbes yorùbá ont été classifiés selon leur origine, source, fonction et forme; parmi ces catégories se trouve ìtándòwe, un genre proverbial en voie d’extinction avec les faits historiques de la vie ancestrale du peuple qui y sont accumulés. Si les recherches antérieures sur les proverbes ont traité de l’origine, de la forme, du sens, de la structure et de la fonction du proverbe, aucune d’elles n’a mis assez d’attention sur l’hétérosituativité et la polyfonctionalité d’ìtándòwe, ce qui provoque la perte systématique de cette espèce fragile sur les scènes locales et globale. Ce travail fait une analyse approfondie de l’hétérosituativité et de la polyfonctionalité des ìtándòwe chez les Yorùbá du Sud-Ouest du Nigéria en vue de préserver l’histoire traditionnelle du peuple. Les données sont choisies au hasard à travers Yorùbá proverbs in English de Yusuf Abdulrahim Adetayo, Òwe Yorùbá àti Ìsèdálè won de Badà S. O. et Òwe l’esin òrò de Délànò O. Isaac. Les proverbes ainsi que leurs sources historiques sont traduits en français pour faciliter leur visibilité universelle. Ìtándòwe occupe une position stratégique dans la conservation de l’héritage socio-historico-culturel des Yorùbá parmi les autres cadres proverbiaux. Cette étude pionnière est donc nécessaire pour une collaboration sub/régionale pour améliorer les recherches scientifiques proverbiales en Afrique.
Schulich students for emergency childcare: Results of a community initiative during COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Chris , Samarasinghe Nadeesha , Garabon Jessica , Katznelson Gali , Hackett Montana , Valliere Yashoda , Barnfield Rebecca
Published: January 2022

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic led to the abrupt suspension of many businesses and services in Ontario including schools and childcare centres. This resulted in many parents struggling to identify options for childcare, including frontline healthcare workers (HCWs). A volunteer initiative composed of medical and dental students was developed to provide emergency childcare support to HCWs in Southwestern Ontario. Experts in areas of public health, law, and bioethics were consulted to minimize the risks associated with participation and develop a clear policy to prioritize the health and safety of all participants. Social media was utilized to recruit volunteers and HCWs who were matched on a first-come, first-served basis. 59 medical and dental students were recruited to provide emergency support for 21 HCWs within the unique safety and ethical conditions posed by COVID-19. By reflecting on the strengths of this initiative and the challenges faced during its completion, key areas of improvement were identified that should be addressed in future initiatives of a similar nature.
Research requirement of agricultural engineering sector and formulation of new scheme at national level
Authors: Murugesan R.
Published: January 2022

Application of engineering in agriculture is getting momentum all over the world due to its long term benefit solution to the farming community besides attainment of sustainability in agriculture. Migration of people from agriculture to urban areas is inevitable due to socio economic changes. Application oriented agricultural engineering research is imperative for maximizing the input use efficiency, reducing post harvest losses, increasing the value addition of different agricultural produce, better utilization of agricultural waste for increasing the organic matter content of soil, promoting the utilization of solar energy in agriculture and thus increase the net income of the farmers. To retain the soil, water and youth in agriculture, agricultural engineering comprising of soil and water conservation, water management, farm machinery and power, post-harvest technology and value addition and agro energy activities in a dovetailed manner with a watershed approach shall be formulated at National level to retain the valuable soil and water resources besides encouraging youth to take up farming as a remunerative activity.
Islamic Responses to the Financial and Economic Crises
Authors: Abdullah (Leslie Terebessy) Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

An economic crisis is the flip side of a financial crisis. A financial crisis, whether on a personal, national or international level, takes place when economic activity - the source of income - slows down or stops. Economic activity generates income. When production slows down income paid for the use of the factors of production also falls. As the gross domestic product declines so does national income. When there is a recession or a depression the economy needs to be revived - fast. An increase in efficiency or productivity contributes to higher profits, higher incomes, and a higher standard of living. Low productivity keeps income at low levels. When income increases without a proportionate increase in productivity, however, it is as if a car engine were running at a higher speed - but in the neutral gear. More income is being generated, but there is little corresponding increase in real wealth. Islam, in turn, appears to offer effective responses to a variety of crises - including financial and economic ones.
Muhammad Arif Zakaullah - The Cross and the Crescent: The Rise of American Evangelicalism and the Future of Muslims
Authors: Hunter S. Doran
Published: January 2022

Socrates, the great Athenian philosopher, once said that self-regard, self-knowledge and self-control would lead men to sovereign power. The idea was that through understanding human nature one could determine how to live with others in successful communities, celebrating the unique qualities found in each human being, and recognising that sometimes individual interest must bow to the greater good. Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher, wrote that persons should not do to others what they would not want others to do to them. The eighteenth-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant developed the concept of the categorical imperative, which states that individuals when considering a particular act that could impact others should also consider what the consequences would be if all others engaged in the same act. Rollo May, the psychologist, tells us that the truly mature human being is one who honours his or her talents and abilities, and puts these attributes in service to others, while at the same time honouring the talents and abilities found in others. One could argue that upon these basic concepts rest all flourishing and thriving human relationships.
Quranic Teaching and John Locke: Two Compatible Approaches to Good Governance
Authors: Young Stephen B.
Published: January 2022

In his 1689 “Essay Concerning the True, Original Extent and End of Civil Government”, John Locke set forth a number of famous propositions on limited government. His fundamental premise is that the extent of government authority is limited by its end. The purpose of government defines the scope of its responsibilities, which in turn justify its use of power to accomplish those specific ends. Government, under Locke’s approach, has no authority where it has no mission to accomplish. For Locke, public power was thus to be held in trust to accomplish enumerated goals and objectives on behalf of certain beneficiaries; for Locke government was stewardship. Government was to be the servant and the people were to remain the master. For different reasons, the Qur’an, too, teaches us that government is a trust that should not be abused. This article tries to compare both views with each other in order to make out common ground.
Germany and the Muslim World
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

The relations between the world of Islam and Germany (or what was then the Holy Roman Empire) date back far into the Middle Ages and were particularly intense during the times of the Crusades. However, Muslims came to Germany in larger numbers as part of the diplomatic, military and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century. German diplomats and travellers, in turn, visited the Ottoman lands as well as Safavid Persia from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, respectively. In Muslim public opinion, Germany appears to have been always seen as the ‘friend of the Muslims’, a kind of ‘exception’ compared with other Western colonial powers which controlled large chunks of the Muslim homeland. Germany - so it was thought - had no colonial ambitions in the Dar al-Islam. Germany’s last emperor, William II (r. 1888-1918), during his famous 1898 speech in Damascus, declared himself the ‘eternal friend’ of the (then) 300 million Muslims in the world.
The Compability of Islam with Pluralism: Two Historical Precedents
Authors: Y. Abu-Munshar Maher
Published: January 2022

For Muslims, Islam is a religion of peace and harmony. For many non-Muslims today, it appears as a religion that promotes hatred and violence. Sadly, terrorist attacks, often carried out by Muslims, have exacerbated prejudices against Islam and Muslims in general, leading many non-Muslims to believe that Muslims are inherently militant and irrational people who neither tolerate nor accept living and cooperating with the followers of other religions and that Islam does not believe in pluralism and diversity. In this article, two important historical precedents will be elaborated and critically analysed. The first is the ‘Constitution of Medina’ (Sahifat al-Madinah), while the other is ‘Umar b. al-Khattab’s ‘Assurance of Safety’ to the people of Aelia - Byzantine Jerusalem - which he granted to them upon his conquest of the city in 637, guaranteeing their security and religious freedom. By studying these two historical precedents, the author attempts to demonstrate that Islam - as outlined in the Qur’an and exemplified by the life of Muhammad and his Companions - actually accepts, celebrates and even encourages diversity and pluralism. Although documents and historical events can certainly also be interpreted differently, the author’s views are somewhat representative for the standard Muslim perspective on intercultural relations.
Lim Teck Ghee, Alberto Gomes and Azly Rahman (eds) - Multiethnic Malaysia: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Karim Abdul Raqib
Published: January 2022

The average Malaysian non-fiction section in any bookstore looks like a country club photo-album full of political elites, a stoic collection of post-colonials endorsing the viewpoint of the status quo they help create. There are few books on the market that address the evolution of Malaysia’s multiethnic society, let alone those that address its tumultuous colonial past, its uneasy scandal-laden present and its often uncertain and constantly shifting future trajectory. So being able to read just such a book in Multiethnic Malaysia: Past, Present and Future, with its no-holds-barred approach to addressing the country’s ethnic issues was sorely needed. Indeed, its attempts to challenge and counter the currently prevailing rather bland and simplistic narratives on social history - and thus, the justifications for the various economic and political policies - is very much the whole point of the book.
Constitutionalism and Democracy: An Islamic Perspective
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

The long history of Islamic scholarship on caliphate, shari’ah-oriented policy (siyasah shar'iyyah) and system of government (nizam al-hukm) has yielded a rich legacy which is, nevertheless, beset with uncertainties in conjunction with modern developments on government and constitutional law. Uncertainties have persisted over the basic concept and definition of an Islamic polity and the existence or otherwise of a valid precedent and model for an Islamic state. This is partially caused by a tendency in modern writings to apply the nation-state ideas of eighteenth-century Europe to the events of early Islam some twelve centuries earlier and doubtful parallels that have been attempted to be drawn between them. This article attempts first to identify the causes of the problem and then proceeds with an overview of the evidence in the Qur’an and Sunnah and contributions of a cross-section of schools and scholars on the subject. This is followed by a general characterisation of an Islamic system of rule under five sub-headings, the first of which describing Islamic government whether Islamic state, and Iran in particular, is a theocracy, whether Islam stands for a qualified democracy, and whether it also upholds separation of powers. The last section discusses freedom of religion and religious pluralism in an Islamic polity followed by a conclusion and recommendations.
Islam, Corruption, Good Governance, and Civil Society: The Indonesian Experience
Authors: Admin ICR
Published: January 2022

Corruption is no doubt one of the most serious problems faced by many countries, including Muslim countries such as Indonesia. Sometimes it might seem that the teachings of Islam - a religion which prohibits corruption - alone do not work to prevent Muslims from conducting such harmful acts. The author of this article therefore looks at other factors that influence Muslims in their daily lives and reviews the status of governance. In his view, one way to address the problem of corruption would be the fostering of good governance. However, at the same time Muslims would need a vibrant and dynamic civil society that can play a crucial role in the creation and empowerment of good governance. In Indonesia, a majority Muslim country - in fact the largest Muslim country in the world - a large number of Islam-based civil societies exist. The author discusses the role of Islamic teachings against corruption, and the recent experiences of Indonesia in combating this vice, particularly the role of an Islamic civil society sphere.
The Significance of Propagating Islam Hadhari in Japan
Authors: Hamamoto Kazunori
Published: January 2022

More than a year has passed since Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi resigned his position as Prime Minister of Malaysia. His Islam Hadhari (Civilisational Islam) approach is no longer a journalistic topic. However, I believe it is still significant as a topic of contemporary Islamic thought for it faces up to such serious problems as poverty and violence throughout the Muslim world of today and seeks well-balanced solutions which are not only consistent with Islamic ethics and moral values but also compatible with modernisation and multicultural realities. This Viewpoint proposes that the ideas of Islam Hadhari should be introduced to the Japanese people in order to correct their often distorted image of Islam. First, I shall report on how Islam is misunderstood by many of them, quoting eminent Japanese writers and politicians; then I shall refer to the efforts that should be made to improve the situation. I shall conclude by suggesting that propagating Islam Hadhari in Japan would help Japanese people understand Islam better.
The Impact of Maqasid al-Shari'ah on the Islamist Political Thought: Implications for Islam-West Relations
Authors: Rane Halim
Published: January 2022

The Impact of Maqasid al-Shari'ah on the Islamist Political Thought: Implications for Islam-West Relations Although most of the more conservative, first generation Islamist political parties have experienced a decline in voter confidence in recent years, there has not been a commensurate decline in support for Islam to play a role in the politics of Muslim countries. In this context, a second generation of Islamic-oriented (as opposed to ‘Islamist’) political parties have emerged which espouse a maqās.id-oriented approach in response to both domestic and international factors. Muslim political leaders have asserted such principles and goals as democracy, good governance, economic prosperity, socio-economic justice, human rights and pluralism as Islamic objectives. By establishing their policies on these objectives they have also attracted broader constituencies that include Muslims and non-Muslims, secularists and Islamists, and have eased some of the apprehensions Western governments have with Islam in Muslim politics.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Malaysia with Reference to the Maqasid
Authors: Nalla Zarina
Published: January 2022

What follows is a comparative understanding of Western and Islamic thought on CSR and the increasing awareness of it in Malaysia. This commitment from a policy angle may be described as being in line with maqasid al-shari'ah or the goals and purposes of Islamic law. The term ‘CSR’ was popularised in the early 1970s after the formation of many multinational corporations, and its definition is widely debated. A corporation in today’s globalised world can no longer hold the view that solving social problems is the duty of governments and social agencies and that managers are only to serve the interests of stakeholders and no-one else. This view is deeply-rooted in self-interest.
Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Ervand Abrahamian, the author of this well-written book and a member of Iran’s ethnic Armenian minority, is Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and Graduate Center of City University of New York. His previous publications, among them The Iranian Mojahedin (1989), Khomeinism (1993) and Tortured Confessions (1999), feature more or less the left-wing political perspective of their author - especially in terms of socio-political and socio-economic analysis.
Thoughtful Learning: A Case Study Using a Set of Principles Inspired from the Islamic Traditions
Authors: Abdallah Salam
Published: January 2022

Educational institutions in the Middle East are facing the challenges for providing meaningful learning approaches for students in order for them to meet the challenges of everyday life. The current trend in education is to move away from traditional methods of covering contents and to concentrate on processes that lead to learning and discovering of knowledge. This study proposes a set of principles that were inspired by reflecting on one of the greatest Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, known as the ‘Hadith of Jabra’il’ (Gabriel). The learning model used within a blended teaching environment consists of face-to-face and online learning activities. The model was used for assisting adult students to attain a systemic thinking for understanding two subjects in information systems. This article is based on a qualitative research method to portray a personal reflection and experience on the teaching philosophy which has a positive impact on the lives of the students.
Chandra Muzaffar, Exploring Religion in Our Time
Authors: Hazri Tengku Ahmad
Published: January 2022

The cliche is now almost ubiquitous, that religion is back on stage and is now defining the shape of the public sphere. If the West once heralded the Promethean revolt against Heaven, it is now acknowledging that religion is  a force to be reckoned with, insofar as it is now recognised that the secular and loss of the transcendent from the vision of humanity has been responsible for many of humanity’s catastrophes today.
Mohamed Ajmal Abdul Razak (ed.), Islam Hadhari: Bridging Tradition and Modernity
Authors: Mustapha Norhayati
Published: January 2022

As a manner of introduction, the editor of the book under review gives the background to Islam Hadhari or Civilisational Islam, essentially a comprehensive blueprint for progress postulated by the then Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato’ Seri (now Tun) Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in the 2004 National Front Manifesto.

In “Civilizational Dialogue and the Islamic World”, Seyyed Hossein Nasr traces the Greek, Sanskrit, and Latin Christian origins of the word ‘civilisation’. He speaks of the “Presiding Idea”, or “heavenly-given dispensation” that underlies all traditional civilisations, and attributes the decline of Islamic civilisation from the eighteenth century onward partly to colonisation and partly to the (erroneous) efforts of the Muslims themselves to uncritically emulate the West. Islamic civilisation, he concludes, is still best suited for inter-civilisational dialogue, occupying as it does the globe’s “middle belt”.
Nicholas Pelham, A New Muslim Order: The Shia and the Middle East Sectarian Crisis
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Nicholas Pelham’s A New Muslim Order, written by a senior journalist of international standing, tries to make sense of the current phenomenon of a multi-faceted Shi’ite ‘revival’ in the Arab world, a phenomenon which has been termed by others - wrongly, to the mind of this reviewer - as the emergence of a ‘Shi’ite Crescent’ (apparently in analogy to the ‘Fertile Crescent’ of Antiquity, spanning from Mesopotamia/Iraq over Syria to what is now Lebanon).
Response to Daniel Martin Varisco: Review of Christoph Marcinkowski (transl., intro.): Measures and Weights in the Islamic World. An English Translation of Professor Walther Hinz's Handbook 'Islamische Mase und Gewichte', with a foreword by Professor Clif
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Since its publication, Measures and Weights in the Islamic World has established itself as a standard work - at least in the English-speaking Muslim world.

There can be no doubt that reviews, when done out of purely professional interest, might be considered a valuable tool for raising scholarly standards. The reviewer is not personally known to me as we are apparently working in different fields - Varisco (Hofstra University, Hempstead NY, United States) seems to be largely involved in anthropology, with emphasis on Yemen, whereas I have so far contributed toward the study of contemporary and historical Shi’ism as well as security issues and Iranian Studies.
The Concept of the Centre in Islam
Authors: Zeglache Hamza
Published: January 2022

This article argues that any exploration of the textual representations of place, space, and landscape in the pre-modern Arabic-Islamic tradition requires grasping the cultural conception of the centre reflecting developments from a long historical and textual tradition of cosmological ideas found in the work of Yaqut’s (d. 1229) Mujam al-buldan, and al-Suyuti’s (d. 1505) al-Hayat al-saniyah fil-hayat al-sunniyah. It further explores the complex construct of the centre in Islam within the context of its relation to the origin of Islamic cities by considering it an organising principle of the mental and moral disposition for spiritual and physical orientation.
Toward 'Prussian Virtues': Transforming the Civil Service in Muslim Countries into a Factor of Political Stability
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

One of the regrettable features which put many Muslim countries - although by no means only them - apart from their contemporaries in the West is the internal instability of their respective political structures. Since their independence from Britain and France, Arab regimes in the Middle East in particular went through myriads of military coups: every time a new regime came to power, not only the political framework but also the social and administrative setting was affected negatively.
Toward and Islamic Perspective on Creativity
Authors: Tengku Adnan Tengku Iskandar
Published: January 2022

There is a sort of craze in many developed and developing countries about creativity and innovation, seeing it of high and increasing importance for economic and other social advancements. It is a reasonable desire to see (i) what perspective Islam’s teachings might hold for the subject of creativity, and (ii) whether it is possible to argue that the teachings (effectively) enjoin ‘being creative’ as a way of life for Muslims, non-Muslims, etc., or as a mindset, or at the very least argue that ‘being creative’ is a recognised objective and value of Islam.
Thilo Sarrazin, Deutschland schafft sich ab: Wie wir unser Land aufs Spiel setzen ['Germany does away with itself: How we are gambling with our country']
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Perhaps the event on the German book market in 2010 was the publication of Deutschland schafft sich ab: Wie wir unser Land aufs Spiel setzen, a book which went into several printings in that year alone. Its author, Dr Thilo Sarrazin (b. 1945), is a serious critic of unchecked immigration, a German politician (Social Democratic Party, SPD), who was until September 2010 a member of the Executive Board of the German Federal Bank (Bundesbank). The first edition of his book sold out within a few days.
Barry Wain, Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

The content of this book under review seems to justify its title. Those who know Mahathir Mohamad - the former Malaysian Prime Minister - quite well both as a person and as a political leader would have no hesitation in agreeing with the book’s author to call him the Malaysian maverick. Barry Wain has the qualification to write about Mahathir’s political career and his successes and failures as a political leader. An Australian journalist with much experience in the profession, Wain has lived in Asia for nearly 40 years, including covering Malaysia from 1984 to 1992 for the Asian Wall Street Journal.
The Qur'anic Model on Social Change: Family Structure as a Method of Social Reform
Authors: Alwani Zainab
Published: January 2022

Islam emphasises the belief that the family is the cornerstone of human civilisation. This article explains that Islamic teachings regarding family structure are unique in providing theoretical and practical answers to modern challenges and have the ability to reform any deviation. Furthermore, it constructs, from the study of the Quran and the prophetic applications, a model for gender equality and harmonious family relations. The methodology of this article is based on conducting a textual analysis of relevant Qur’anic concepts and Prophetic applications. It is my hope that having this understanding may show the way towards realising the significance of enforcing gender equity in order to establish healthy and peaceful human relations, especially among family members, which in turn will lead to generating a peaceful human culture and society in our modern time.
Gender Relations in Singapore Malay Dual-Income Households: (Un)Changing Views and Practices
Authors: Suratman Suriani
Published: January 2022

Over the last four decades the labour-force participation rate of women in Southeast Asia has been steadily increasing. While gender relations are changing in the public sphere as more women play dominant roles in the employment sector, whether gender relations in the domestic sphere are changing is rather ambiguous. In this article, the author looks at gender relations in Singapore Malay dual-income households. She shows that there are existing cultural perceptions of Malays regarding the roles of women and men in the family: i.e. women see to care-giving and men see to breadwinning. She also argues that parallels of this perception can be found at the state level as well. The Singapore government too is of the view that the primary caregiver in the family is the woman. The author illustrates this by using the example of the discourse on the ‘supermom’ in Singapore to show the government’s expectations of women’s role as mother. There is external support which makes Malay women affirm their maternal role. In conclusion, the author suggests that Malay women’s and men’s decisions around the division of labour must be conceived within the wider framework of society. Explanations for persistence of unequal division of labour in Malay dual-income households must take into account state views of gender roles.
The 'Islamic Women's' Movement Transition from the private Domain to the Public Sphere
Authors: Caha Omer
Published: January 2022

This article emphasises the development of the Muslim women’s movement in Turkey. It traces the historical roots of this movement as well as its evolution towards two different understandings of women. It is clearly seen that there exist two main approaches to the role of women among Islamic groups: while the traditional Islamic understanding strives to maintain women’s traditional roles notwithstanding that it advocates the right to benefit from modern education, another understanding challenges this and tries to ensure women’s existence on a ‘womanly’ base in the public life. The author attempts also to depict the story of how Muslim women have attempted to be articulated in the public sphere, their 50-year struggle to achieve that goal, as well as the discourses, values and symbols that have generally been centred on the ‘headscarf debates’.
Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) and the Commodification of Women: Applying Commercial Concepts to the Marital Relationship in Islamic Law
Authors: Farooq Mohammad Omar
Published: January 2022

Analogical reasoning (qiyas) is one of the four sources of Islamic jurisprudence. It is recognised that the outcomes of qiyas are generally speculative in nature. However, a vast portion of the corpus of Islamic law is derived based on qiyas. One such area is marital relationship and mutual rights of the spouses. In several areas of marital relationship and mutual rights, the Islamic jurisprudents have applied concepts and tools that are related to commerce or business (tijarah). Such terminologies include bay’ (exchange/buy/sale) and ijarah (lease). This article examines such employment of business-related framework in the area of marital relationship and mutual rights. Based on both classical and post-classical legal sources, the author analyses the legalistic tendency underlying the legacy of the traditional Islamic law, as exemplified in using business-related framework in an overreaching manner. This article also offers an explanation of how the traditional Islamic view on slavery might be closely connected to this commodified view. Furthermore, it sheds light on how such commodification can impact on family as a central social institution.
The Shari'ah's Stand on Abandoned Children
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

Muslim jurists have addressed the issue of an abandoned child (laqit) from different angles beginning with the existence of a basic obligation to save its life. There is general consensus that it is a collective obligation (fard al-kifayah) of the community to save the abandoned child, and it is an obligation in the first place of the individual who finds it. That obligation is elevated to an emphatic personal duty (fard al-ayn) of the finder in the event of imminent fear over the death and injury of the child. This is due to he explicit Qur’anic emphasis on the sanctity of life contained in the injunction that “one who saves one life is as if he has saved the whole of humankind”. It is accordingly regarded as an act of great merit and service to humanity for the one who actually saves life.
The Blame-Game: The Politicisation of Western and Muslim Sexual Vices
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

In 2005, the Research Centre of Malaysia’s International Islamic University (IIUM) published a study entitled Sexual Identity:  Effeminacy among University Students which features a shocking documentation of male Malay Muslim youths openly engaging in ‘cross-gender’ dressing and other ‘immoral’ acts with fellow (male) students on the campus of IIUM - Malaysia’s prime institution of Islamic higher education. The following addresses this serious issue which is also closely related to the topic of the present issue of this journal - the present-day ideals and realities of the family institution.
Between the Honey and the Poison: Corruption and its Panacea in Islamic Hermeneutics
Authors: Oladosu Afis A.
Published: January 2022

The author of this article addresses the issue of corruption from a perspective that exceeds the usual discussion surrounding embezzlement in corporate life and alike. Referring to the original meaning of the Arabic word for ‘corruption’ (al-fasad) and to its opposite al-salah - ‘righteousness’, ‘accountability’, ‘probity’ and ‘piety’ - he argues that talking about fasad would not make sense without addressing the issue of the ‘corrupted’ (mafsud) and the ‘cause for corruption’ (mafsadah). In his view, proceeding from Islamic hermeneutics would be a better remedy than pure reference to ‘human legislation’.
A Legal and Administrative Analysis of Inalienable Muslim Endowments (Awqaf) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Trakic Adnan
Published: January 2022

The establishment of inalienable Muslim endowments (pl. awqaf; sing. waqf) in Bosnia and Herzegovina goes back to the days of the Ottoman occupation of the region in 1463. This article explains their establishment and development together with their institutions with reference to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries when some of the most famous awqaf emerged. The great period for awqaf came to an end with the Austria-Hungarian takeover in 1878. The author argues that since then the institution of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina was subject to injustice, hostility, and devastation from the various regimes that have ruled the country. He explains the deteriorating position of waqf property through the periods of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the unlawful confiscation and nationalisation of waqf property and the ultimate complete abolition of the institution of waqf under the communist and socialist regime. This situation lasted until the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 when the Council of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina established the Waqf Directorate. The author also evaluates the legal applications of the restitution claims made by religious communities for the property which was unlawfully confiscated through various legislative mechanisms during and after the communist regime. The ways to safeguard and protect waqf property will be examined as well.
Man-Made Codification of Hudud Laws
Authors: Nik Badli Shah Nik Noraini
Published: January 2022

Nearly twenty years ago, the government of the Malaysian state of Kelantan passed the Syariah Criminal Code (II) Enactment 1993 which sought to introduce hudud (lit. ‘limits’) - ‘punishments for serious crimes’ - and in 2002, the state of Terengganu passed a similar enactment. Although not implemented because of jurisdictional conflicts with federal legislations, these issues have not been properly resolved.
James Zogby, Arab Voices: What They Are Saying To Us, And Why it Matters
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

James Zogby, the author of the book under review, has an enthralling career worth mentioning here. His ancestors emigrated to the United Stated from Lebanon. His father, a Catholic Lebanese Arab, entered the United States illegally in 1922, but eventually obtained citizenship through a government policy of amnesty. James Zogby himself was born in 1945 in Utica, New York and attended college in Syracuse, New York where he graduated in 1967 with a bachelor’s degree in economics. He went on to earn his PhD in comparative religions from Temple University in 1975. During the late 1970s, Zogby was a founding member and leader of the Palestine Human Rights Campaign. In 1980, he co-founded the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee and served as executive director until 1984.
Hamed Abdel-Samed, Der Untergang der islamischen Welt: Eine Prognose [The fall of the Islamic world: a prognosis]
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

In 2011, a revolution rolled through the Arab world - from the Maghreb to the Nile, from Yemen to Syria. Political and sociological analysts of the Arab world were surprised by the drive for civil rights and democracy (rather than for the introduction of Islamic law) - and some said that even Western secret services were not prepared. The book under review was not intended as a scientific treatise. Much more, it is a personal confrontation with Islam by someone ‘from the region’ who has studied Islamic studies and participated at the international level on the dialogue of religions.
Understanding the Causes of the Debt-Crisis: Interest-Based Financing
Authors: Abdullah (Leslie Terebessy) Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

This article looks at riba-based financing from the perspective of efficiency, within the context of Islam. In particular, it tries to address the question whether interest-based financing results in a more efficient allocation of resources, as claimed by its supporters, than financing on the basis of profit and loss sharing, as claimed by the supporters of Islamic finance. Efficiency is used in this article primarily in its macroeconomic sense, in which it signifies the production of goods and services that meet the needs of the people, without generating persistent surpluses or shortages.
The Value of Islamic Tourism: Perspectives from the Turkish Experience
Authors: Duman Teoman
Published: January 2022

The aims of this article are twofold. One is to propose a framework to better understand the terms Islamic tourism and value. Marketing scholars have long studied perceived value and proposed various conceptualisations of the term. However, further explorations are needed to broaden the concept so as to fit the needs and expectations of Muslim consumers. Although Muslims make up one of the largest tourist markets in the world, the perceived value of tourism offerings oriented toward this market has not been clearly defined. Therefore, a framework to present an Islamic view of the concept constitutes the first aim of this article. A second aim is to provide an overview of the halal tourism market in Turkey. Current developments in the Turkish halal tourism market and the value of Turkish tourism offerings are discussed in detail. Current issues and proposals for future studies are addressed at the end of the article.
The Arab Spring: Malaysian Responses
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

The Malaysian public generally, and political observers and academics in particular, have been following the unfolding of events in the Arab world - the so-called Arab Spring - since the beginning with great interest and also deep  concern. There was great interest among Malaysians, because the phenomenon was unexpected and extraordinary. They do feel that the Arabs deserve a real change for the better, especially in the political sphere. However, like many Arabs themselves, they are used to being pessimistic about genuine change in the Arab world. With this kind of pessimism, many Malaysians see the eruption of the people’s protests as something unexpected.
Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, and Modern Islam
Authors: Foley Sean
Published: January 2022

This paper examines Saudi-Soviet diplomacy in the interwar period, which has received little scholarly coverage but has had an important impact on the Middle East and the Muslim World. In the 1920s and the 1930s, Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union cooperated closely in a number of areas, and Western governments recognised that an alliance would have transformed politics in the Middle East. The failure of the diplomatic relationship to last was a missed opportunity for both states and for the wider Muslim world. Not only did it limit Soviet diplomacy in the Arab World and cement the US-Saudi alliance, but it also cut off Soviet Muslims from Arabia. After the Soviet Union collapsed, the legacy Saudi-Soviet relations in the interwar period remained important. Al-Qaeda used Riyadh’s historic ties with Washington to justify its violence, while millions of Muslims in the former Soviet Union re-embraced their faith and forged closer ties with Saudi Arabia than ever before.
The Pitfalls of Riba or Interest-Based Financing
Authors: Abdullah Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Interest-based financing presents a number of pitfalls to individuals, business firms, as well as governments. Each of these pitfalls alone constitutes a compelling reason for abandoning this hazardous mode of financing and replacing it with financing on the basis of risk sharing, such as the mudarabah and musharakah. The major pitfalls include the inherent inefficiency of lending at interest, the profoundly destabilising effects it has on economic activity, and the crippling indebtedness of nations, firms, as well as individuals that it brings about. The paper investigates these shortcomings, and recommends utilising risk sharing partnerships as a way of avoiding the pitfalls of interest-based financing.
Prospects of a Shari'ah Audit Framework for Islamic Financial Institution in Malaysia
Authors: Yussof Sheila Ainon
Published: January 2022

The need to be in conformity with religious and ethical principles, or to be Shariah compliant, is the unique and distinctive feature of Islamic finance which sets it apart from its conventional counterpart. Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) are to be audited not only on financial performances but also on their adherence to Shariah precepts, including broader ethical and moral parameters. Currently there is no proper framework to govern the practice of internal Shariah auditing in IFIs. The recently issued Central Bank of Malaysia’s Shariah Governance Framework (CBM-SGF) has made it compulsory for IFIs to perform a regular internal audit of transactions, operations and information systems particularly at the product implementation stage to ensure a comprehensive compliance with Shariah. This has posed a challenge to Islamic banks and Takaful companies, to develop their own internal Shariah audit architecture and to train a new breed of internal auditors in the science and ethics of Shariah audit based on generalised guidelines under the new directive. This paper highlights persistent problems relating to inadequate auditing at the business operations level and prevailing issues in Shariah audit. Recommendations are made for the industry to adopt a common internal Shariah audit framework as a move towards standardisation and uniformity of audit practice.
Educational Horizons of Contemporary Pakistan
Authors: Haq Syed Nomanul
Published: January 2022

When we glance at the intellectual horizons of Pakistan, what appears before our eyes is an intractable melee of inconsistent and often conflicting systems, riven by deep fissures and pervasive discontinuities. This situation, not unlike that in practically any contemporary Muslim society, does not mean that there is any inherent or actual intellectual inferiority in these societies. Pakistan itself can boast a vast treasure of talents, skills, and rigor of intellect. But it does engender a marked fragmentation of the country’s population.
Child Education and Discipline
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

It is due largely to the Qur’an’s sustained emphasis on learning (‘ilm) that Muslim scholars explored the subjects of child education and discipline at an early stage and made significant contributions to the subject. They also placed a great deal of emphasis on virtuous conduct (‘amal saalih), which can be seen as a concomitant aspect of Islam’s outlook on education.
Security and Peace in Afghanistan: Before and After 2014
Authors: Mohmand Abdul-Qayum
Published: January 2022

The military campaign of the forces of the United States, NATO and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) increases distance between the Afghan opposition, the Karzai government, and the international forces in Afghanistan. Along with this, the failure of the Karzai government to provide security and protect Afghans against the insurgency, provide basic public services, support day-to-day economic activities, and institute urgently needed programs that can provide tangible economic and social results, reduces chances for any foreseeable stability and peace. To overcome these challenges and enable the Afghans to live in peace, security, and prosperity, the invading forces must agree to negotiate with the resistance, towards political compromise and a negotiated settlement, with complete withdrawal of their forces from Afghanistan. Leaving behind even a small contingency of troops would in effect mean the continuation of war. Once negotiations have taken place and agreements have been reached, the United Nations Security Council should mandate the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to send their troops as monitors and peacekeepers to Afghanistan.
Risk Sharing, Transfer and Management
Authors: Abdullah Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Risk management is a complex discipline with claimed scientific underpinnings. Since 2008 these have been shaken by the global financial crisis, with the result that some of the key paradigmatic assumptions of risk management are now seriously questioned. Major casualties of the crisis have been the views that credit markets are efficient, and that the best way to manage risk is to transfer it to someone else. With these assumptions increasingly in doubt, the current flawed paradigm of risk management is ripe for a rehabilitation that might bring the world’s financial situation more in line with reality. The central question moving forward today is whether the right lessons will be drawn from the recent (2008) experience, and whether enough momentum can be generated to move to a new paradigm, one of risk sharing rather than risk transfer. This article explores the economic and financial dimensions of risk management and risk transfer, and then juxtaposes this review with a step-by-step survey of Islamic Finance’s teachings on the related - and paradigm setting - notion of risk sharing. Risk sharing ensures an efficient allocation of resources and a reduction of waste by providing investors with a powerful incentive - the risk of losses - to exercise due diligence. At the same time, by requiring a greater number of parties to share total risk, risk sharing enhances systemic stability. These constitute compelling reason for utilising risk-sharing contracts in preference to risk transfer modes of risk management.
Bribery and Corruption from a Shariah Perspective
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

The on-going campaign Malaysia is waging against corruption has gained momentum. Tunku Abdul Aziz called it an “All-Malaysian duty” in which everyone should take part regardless of political affiliation (NST, 5 January, 2013). I would also add that it is an all-Muslim duty and an appeal to the religious conscience of the Muslims of this country. Playing a proactive role in this campaign is a veritable ‘amal salih, the right moral action that the Qur’an repeatedly enjoins upon all Muslims. It is also an act with great societal benefit that elevates the standing of the ummah and Malaysia in the international community. Fighting bribery (rashwah) and corruption (fasad) is an integral part of the teachings of the Qur’an and hadith.