bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation in Operation Starting Line, Experience of Negative Emotions, and Incidence of Negative Behavior
Authors: Kerley Kent R. , Matthews Todd L. , Schulz Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2005

The prison industry in the United States has experienced an unprecedented period of growth during the past three decades. Growing dissatisfaction with the monetary investment in the criminal justice system, state-level budget constraints, and high recidivism rates have led many criminal justice professionals to rethink issues of offender resocialization and rehabilitation. Faith-based prison programs are increasingly being used as inexpensive methods for potentially improving the institutional behavior of inmates and reducing their likelihood of postrelease arrest. Unfortunately, however, there is little systematic research on this issue. Using data from Mississippi’s largest state prison, the authors explore the relationship between participation in the faith-based prison event, Operation Starting Line, and subsequent experience of negative emotions and incidence of negative behaviors. Descriptive results suggest modest, yet positive, effects of attendance at the event. The article concludes with comments about the potential efficacy of faith-based prison programs and suggestions for future research.
Predicting Recidivism in a Communitarian Society: China
Authors: Liu Jianhong
Published: June 2005

Research on the prediction of recidivism has largely been an enterprise of Western criminology. Therefore, the identification and selection of predictors has tended to follow the individualistic traditions of the West. Important advances in models and methods have not been extended to non-Western societies such as China. This article explores the implications of communitarian features of Chinese urban communities for prediction of recidivism. The article applies the perspective of social capital to the specification of predictors. Available community social-capital measures are included in the prediction model to capture the effects of communitarian cultural features. The results indicate that social capital variables generally have significant effects.
Reintegrating Seriously Violent and Personality-Disordered Offenders from a Supermaximum Security Institution into the General Offender Population
Authors: Wong Stephen C. P. , Veen Sarah Vander , Leis Timothy A. , Parrish Heather , Gu Deqiang , Liber Elizabeth Usher , Middleton Heather L.
Published: June 2005

Offenders who have committed serious violent acts while incarcerated are often segregated and housed in supermaximum security facilities. Given the highly restricted regime under which they are detained, it is often difficult to decide if they are safe enough to be discharged. However, there is a need to reintegrate them into the general offender population in a lower security institution for humane, correctional, and financial reasons. We propose a transitional strategy to facilitate their reintegration by way of a maximum-security step-down treatment-oriented facility within which both their security requirements and treatment needs could be adequately met. The present study reports the results of such an approach. More than 80% of the offenders (n = 31) were reintegrated into a lower-security facility without relapsing and being returned to the supermaximum institutions within a follow-up period of 20 months. They also have lower institutional offense rate postreintegration compared to prereintegration.
Sonographic Stress Measurement of Glenohumeral Joint Laxity in Collegiate Swimmers and Age-Matched Controls
Authors: Borsa Paul A. , Scibek Jason S. , Jacobson Jon A. , Meister Keith
Published: June 2005

Background

Glenohumeral laxity that is greater than normal has been implicated as a causal factor in the development of shoulder pain and dysfunction in elite swimmers; however, quantitative evidence demonstrating greater-than-normal glenohumeral joint laxity in swimmers is lacking.

Objective

To quantify glenohumeral joint laxity in elite swimmers and nonswimming controls using stress sonography.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Force-displacement measures were performed bilaterally in 42 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers and 44 age-matched controls. Of the 42 swimmers, 27 (64%) reported a history of unilateral or bilateral shoulder pain resulting from swimming. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure glenohumeral joint displacement under stressed and non-stressed conditions.

Results

An analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in glenohumeral joint displacement between swimmers (anterior, 2.82 ± 1.7 mm; posterior, 5.30 ± 2.4 mm) and age-matched controls (anterior, 2.74 ± 1.7 mm; posterior, 4.90 ± 2.7 mm). No significant difference in glenohumeral joint displacement was found between swimmers with a history of shoulder pain (anterior, 2.90 ± 1.6 mm; posterior, 5.42 ± 2.3 mm) versus swimmers without a history of shoulder pain (anterior, 2.74 ± 1.8 mm; posterior, 5.14 ± 2.6 mm). Shoulders displayed significantly more glenohumeral joint displacement in the posterior direction compared to the anterior direction (P <. 001).

Conclusions

Our instrumented technique was unable to identify significantly greater glenohumeral joint displacement in elite swimmers compared to nonswimming controls, and elite swimmers with a history of shoulder pain were not found to have significantly more glenohumeral joint displacement compared to swimmers without a history of shoulder pain.

Clinical Relevance

Objective assessment of glenohumeral joint displacement in athletes participating in overhead-motion sports may be important for injury prevention and management.
A Modified Capsular Shift for Atraumatic Anterior-Inferior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Marquardt Björn , Pötzl Wolfgang , Witt Kai-Axel , Steinbeck Jörn
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term outcome of a modified inferior capsular shift procedure in patients with atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability by analyzing a consecutive series of patients who had undergone a modified inferior capsular shift for this specific type of shoulder instability.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Between 1992 and 1997, 38 shoulders of 35 patients with atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability that were unresponsive to nonoperative management were operated on using a modified capsular shift procedure with longitudinal incision of the capsule medially and a bony fixation of the inferior flap to the glenoid and labrum in the 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock position. The patient study group consisted of 9 men and 26 women with a mean age of 25.4 years (range, 15-55 years) at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up was 7.4 years (range, 4.0-11.4 years); 1 patient was lost to follow-up directly after surgery. The study group was evaluated according to the Rowe score.

Results

After 7.4 years, 2 patients experienced a single redislocation or resubluxation, 1 patient had recurrent dislocations, and 1 patient had a positive apprehension sign, which is an overall redislocation rate of 10.5%. The average Rowe score increased to 90.6 (SD = 19.7) points from 36.2 (SD = 13.5) points before surgery. Seventy-two percent of the patients participating in sports returned to their preoperative level of competition.

Conclusions

Results in this series demonstrate the efficacy and durability of a modified capsular shift procedure for the treatment of atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability.
Hungering for Revenge: the Irish Famine, the Troubles and Shame-Rage Cycles, and their Role in Group Therapy in Northern Ireland
Authors: Rice Cecil A. , Benson Jarlath F.
Published: June 2005

The authors assert that one may view intractable political violence as a genre of ‘emplotted’ action in which society enacts, writes and organizes its narratives into a symbolic system and a mode of historical explanation and a configuration of group relations, which have a storytelling capacity of their own. We demonstrate that in Northern Ireland there is a constant making and narrating of history and that this repetitive and reciprocal ritual of reliving history is a means of managing a profound psychic trauma and displacement which engenders and entrenches political violence, that profoundly affects therapists and their group members.
Beyond Balint: A Group-analytic Support Model for Traumatized Doctors
Authors: Wilke Gerhard
Published: June 2005

The UK Primary Health Care Reforms dating from 1990 have resulted in traumatic stress for General Practitioners (GPs) within the UK National Health Service (NHS). Previously, their first task had always been to provide care. Now the objectives are purely economic, focusing on cost-effectiveness and meeting Government targets. This article compares the Balint Model, set out by Michael and Edna Balint in the 1950s, to what is required in the current situation, and shows how group analysis can help GPs come to terms with their new professional identity and how they see their future.
Survivors’ Opinions About Mandatory Reporting of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault by Medical Professionals
Authors: Sullivan Cris M. , Hagen Leslie A.
Published: June 2005

Sixty-one survivors of domestic or sexual abuse participated in focus groups to discuss their perceptions of mandatory reporting by health care professionals. Only one participant believed that medical providers should notify the police when a woman seeks treatment. This survivor’s experience was different from that of most of the other participants in that she was raped by a stranger. The remaining participants were unanimous in their belief that medical reporting should not be mandatory until a number of changes are made in the system to promote victims’ safety. The survivors shared numerous examples of having been revictimized by the child protection system, health care system, mass media, and especially the criminal legal system. Practice, policy, and research implications are discussed.
The Social Construction of Concealment Among Chinese Women in Abusive Marriages in Hong Kong
Authors: Yuen-Tsang Angelina , Sung Pauline
Published: June 2005

This article presents the findings of a qualitative study of 15 Chinese women in Hong Kong who experienced marital conflict and family violence. Adopting a narrative approach, the authors found that the women had gradually developed a culture of concealment through a process of social construction. Individual, environmental, and cultural factors had combined to develop and reinforce their tendency to conceal their situation and to remain silent. This culture of concealment was highly oppressive and had a negative impact on the women’s personal, interpersonal, and social well-being. Social work strategies to break this pattern of behavior and to liberate the women from the culture of concealment are explored.
Addie Hunton and the Construction of an African American Female Peace Perspective
Authors: Chandler Susan
Published: June 2005

Addie Hunton, a major 20th-century African American social welfare professional, served in France with the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. Sobered and politicized by the experience of war and the prejudice that she witnessed, Hunton dedicated the remainder of her life to fighting for peace and racial justice. Her work, which both mirrored and differed from the contributions of peace-minded women social workers such as Jane Addams and Jeannette Rankin, unfolded a dialectic between social service work and peace that argued that global peace is impossible without “right local relations,” that is, dignity, equality, and well-being for all people.
Flora’s Vest: The Personal Is Political Is Personal Again
Authors: Danis Fran S.
Published: June 2005

Sexual violence against girls and young women may have contributed to the reasons why Jews left Russia in the early 1900s and immigrated to the United States. Acommon feature of anti-Jewish pogroms rape continues today to be an instrument of war and oppression. The author speculates on the reasons why her great grandmother left Russia alone at age 18 to sail for America, and draws connections between her work today and her family herstory.
The Nature and Impact of Domestic Violence Across Age Cohorts
Authors: Wilke Dina J. , Vinton Linda
Published: June 2005

This study examined the nature and extent of domestic violence and its impact on psychosocial functioning among women of different age groups. No differences were found across age groups in the severity of violence, nature of injuries, use of alcohol or drugs at the time of the incident, attribution of blame, likelihood to report violence, or rates of childhood physical abuse and depression. However, the older women were more likely to have experienced violence for a longer time, to be in current violent relationships, and to have health and mental health problems than were the younger women. These similarities and differences are discussed in terms of interventions.
“Disease and Delinquency Know No Color”: Syphilis and African American Female Delinquency
Authors: Brice Tanya Smith
Published: June 2005

This article explores the nuances of female delinquency, as it was labeled, during the early 1900s from a medical and social perspective, particularly its manifestation among African American girls. It also examines the efforts made by African American women in early 20th-century North Carolina to address what was deemed female delinquency, as well as syphilis, among these young girls.
“Like a Bird in a Cage”
Authors: Shiu-Thornton Sharyne , Senturia Kirsten , Sullivan Marianne
Published: June 2005

In recent years, a growing literature has emerged that explores the role of culture in domestic violence for ethnic minority populations, including immigrants and refugees. This article presents qualitative data collected from Vietnamese refugee women through a research project in partnership with the Refugee Women’s Alliance in Seattle, Washington. Through the women’s stories, their own self-awareness of domestic violence as Vietnamese women residing in the United States is available for reflection and review. Issues of acculturation, changing gender roles, examples of strength, and cultural persistence constitute the thematic structure within which these women articulate their needs for creating and sustaining a life free of abuse for themselves and their children.
Participatory Action Research in Practice
Authors: Sullivan Marianne , Bhuyan Rupaleem , Senturia Kirsten , Shiu-Thornton Sharyne , Ciske Sandy
Published: June 2005

Participatory action research (PAR) is increasingly recognized as a viable approach to developing relationships with communities and working closely with them to address complex public health problems. In the case of domestic violence research, where ensuring the safety of women participants who are battered is paramount, participatory approaches to research that include advocates and women who are battered in research design, implementation, analysis, and dissemination are critical to successful and mutually beneficial projects. This article presents a case study of a PAR project that conducted formative qualitative research on domestic violence in nine ethnic and sexual minority communities. The article describes the specific ways in which a PAR approach was operationalized and discusses in detail how community participation shaped various stages of the research. Furthermore, specific actions that resulted from the research project are reported.
How to Measure Constitutional Rigidity
Authors: Lorenz Astrid
Published: June 2005

This article deals with the (possible) explanation of constitutional development by the rigidity of the constitution itself, for example the difficulty of the amendment process. Four concepts of measuring rigidity are tested theoretically and their respective outcomes concerning the frequency of constitutional reforms are explained. The strikingly different results show how important it is to discuss and to test operationalizations of abstract terms.
Chris Pierce and the Yankee Donut Company: An E-Mail-Based Management Simulation
Authors: Greenberg Danna N. , Rollag Keith
Published: June 2005

In this article, the authors describe an e-mail-based simulation that helps students experience the fast-paced, complex world of the middle manager. In this electronic in-basket exercise, students assume the role of a district manager in a doughnut company as they respond to a rapid series of high- and low-priority e-mails ostensibly sent from superiors, subordinates, colleagues, and customers. The simulation creates an engaging learning environment that helps students understand the complex world of managers and stimulates their interest in organizational behavior. Because the exercise is designed around standard e-mail technology, the simulation is straightforward and can be easily customized to support other learning objectives.
An Egg-Centric Approach to Teaching Strategic Types: Adapting a Classic Exercise
Authors: Warner Alfred G.
Published: June 2005

This article introduces a variation on the egg-drop exercise to generate active understanding of strategic choice by firms. Teams are challenged to design, build, and price devices for protecting an egg from a 20-foot drop. The materials are purchased in a bidding process that builds in asymmetries in resources, costs, and finished designs. Teams price their products to reflect their knowledge of the marketplace and what they believe is required to win the contest if their design successfully passes the drop test. This leads students to develop their own intuitive insights about strategic choice and resource markets.
Experiencing Organizational Work Design: Beyond Hackman and Oldham
Authors: Fornaciari Charles J. , Dean Kathy Lund
Published: June 2005

Standard organizational behavior survey courses usually introduce students to the “nuts and bolts” of organizational work design and models that mechanize work. This article develops an experiential exercise that simulates working conditions that can foster greater student understanding of the affective, ethical, and human aspects of work design. The exercise also offers a historical representation of work, helping students understand modern organizational interdependencies. We offer a description of the exercise and how it is run; debrief questions and typical student responses; possible applications, variations, and pitfalls; and ancillary support items including a Web site with materials available for instructor use.
Teamxchange: A Team Project Experience Involving Virtual Teams and Fluid Team Membership
Authors: Dineen Brian R.
Published: June 2005

TeamXchange, an online team-based exercise, is described. TeamXchange is consistent with the collaborative model of learning and provides a means of fostering enhanced student learning and engagement through collaboration in virtual teams experiencing periodic membership changes. It was administered in an undergraduate Organizational Behavior course over two 4-week sessions using WebCT classroom support technology. Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate some support for the exercise objectives. Specifically, learning of course material, learning about teamwork, and confidence for working in virtual teams were enhanced among those without prior experience working in virtual teams. Team cohesiveness and social loafing behavior were lower in fluid teams than in stable teams. Finally, introverted individuals perceived themselves as having more influence and their teams as more cohesive and communicative than did more extraverted individuals. These results suggest the potential value of TeamXchange, especially for those who have not previously been exposed to virtual teams or who are normally more reticent in face-to-face team or large-class settings. Exercise implications and lessons learned are discussed.
Introducing the Balanced Scorecard: Creating Metrics to Measure Performance
Authors: Gumbus Andra
Published: June 2005

This experiential exercise presents the concept of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and applies it in a university setting. The Balanced Scorecard was developed 12 years ago and has grown in popularity and is used by more than 50% of the Fortune 500 companies as a performance measurement and strategic management tool. The BSC expands the traditional financial measures into three other dimensions to capture a balanced approach to measure performance in an organization. These additional dimensions are as follows: Customer Focus, Competence/Employee Learning and Growth, and Operational Efficiency. The exercise uses an analogy of a race car driver who relies on one aspect of measurement to gauge the race versus relying on multiple dimensions of performance.
Variables Differentiating Singly and Multiply Victimized Youth: Results From the National Survey of Adolescents and Implications for Secondary Prevention
Authors: Stevens Tomika N. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S. , Saunders Benjamin E.
Published: June 2005

The authors examined variables differentiating singly and multiply victimized youth with a national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents. Youth endorsing one episode (i.e., one incident or series of repeat incidents) of sexual or physical assault were classified as singly victimized (n = 435). Multiply victimized youth were those who endorsed multiple discrete episodes of sexual or physical assault and both sexual and physical assault (n = 396). For boys, heightened risk of multiple victimization was associated with family alcohol problems, Native American race, and earlier age at assault onset. For girls, increased multiple victimization risk was associated with family alcohol problems, older current age, and several characteristics of the initial assault episode—earlier age at onset, acquaintance perpetrator, chronicity, perceived life threat, and injury. Findings imply that secondary prevention programs may be strengthened by broadening risk-reduction strategies to address a greater range of victimization experiences. Additional implications for secondary prevention are discussed.
Nonforcible Internet-Related Sex Crimes With Adolescent Victims: Prosecution Issues and Outcomes
Authors: Walsh Wendy A. , Wolak Janis
Published: June 2005

Law enforcement officials and the public are said to hold the stereotype that it is difficult to prosecute cases involving nonforcible sex crimes with willing adolescent victims. The authors examine prosecution outcomes in nonforcible Internet-related sex crimes with adolescent victims and extra-familial adult defendants. Data are from a national sample of law enforcement officers and prosecutors (N = 77). Most (91%) of the defendants are convicted, usually via a guilty plea (77%). Results show that even when victim cooperation is lacking or victims willingly engage in sexual activity, defendants are convicted. A small group of defendants are not convicted, and certain conditions appear to contribute to this, including victims’ untruthfulness, defendants giving victims illegal drugs or alcohol, and lack of a confession from the defendant. Most defendants, however, are sentenced to incarceration and required to register as sex offenders. The findings show promise for holding defendants accountable for this type of crime.
Attitudes Mediate the Association Between Childhood Disciplinary History and Disciplinary Responses
Authors: Bower-Russa Mary
Published: June 2005

According to recent estimates, childhood abuse victims are at 12 times higher risk for child abuse perpetration than those without such abusive histories. This study focused on delineation of the mechanisms by which intergenerational patterns of abuse may occur and, in particular, the role that disciplinary attitudes may play in mediating the relation between disciplinary history and risk for abusive parenting. Participants (n = 459) completed a series of questionnaires to assess childhood history, disciplinary attitudes, and disciplinary practices. Structural equation modeling indicated that the association between disciplinary history and disciplinary responses was partially mediated by attitudes, with more than half of the association between history and responses accounted for by attitudes. These findings support the need for interventions to focus on attitudinal change when attempting to reduce risk for perpetration among those with histories of abuse.
Corporal Punishment and the Growth Trajectory of Children’s Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Grogan-Kaylor Andrew
Published: June 2005

Despite considerable research, the relationship between corporal punishment and antisocial behavior is unclear. This analysis examined (a) the functional form of this relationship, (b) the correlation of initial antisocial behavior and changes in antisocial behavior, (c) differences in the relationship of corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by race, and (d) whether this relationship could be accounted for by unmeasured characteristics of children and their families. Data from 6,912 children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Findings suggested that corporal punishment has a relationship with children’s initial antisocial behavior and with changes in antisocial behavior. No evidence was found for differences in the effect of corporal punishment across racial groups. The relationship between corporal punishment and antisocial behavior persists even when accounting for unmeasured time invariant characteristics of children and families. The findings suggest that corporal punishment is not a preferable technique for disciplining children.
The Socialization of Emotional Understanding: A Comparison of Neglectful and Nonneglectful Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Edwards Anna , Shipman Kimberly , Brown Amy
Published: June 2005

This study investigated the influence of maternal socialization (i.e., maternal support, discussion of emotion, negative affect) on children’s emotional understanding in 24 neglectful mother-child dyads and a matched control group. Mothers and children were administered an interaction task. Mothers were also assessed for negative emotional experience, and children were assessed for emotional understanding and expectations of maternal support. Findings indicated that neglectful mothers, compared with nonneglectful mothers, provided less support in response to their children’s emotional displays, engaged in less emotional discussion, and reported more negative emotion. As well, neglected children demonstrated lower levels of emotional understanding than nonmaltreated children. Further, maternal support mediated the relation between neglect and children’s emotional understanding. Findings are discussed from the functionalist approach to emotional development, emphasizing the importance of social context and socialization on children’s emotional understanding.
The ghost of anatomies past
Authors: Johnson Ericka
Published: June 2005

An examination of the use of medical simulators shows that they contain traces of the one-sex body model found in pre-Enlightenment anatomies. The simulators present the male body as ‘male including female’ rather than ‘male, not female’. Only when female sex organs are relevant to a practice, as in gynaecology, does a simulator need to become ‘female, not male’. The widely held modernist understanding of sex and gender as binary categories is actually masking local practices which allow varied sex and gender paradigms to coexist in simulator use. This analysis applies the discussions of Laqueur, Schiebinger and Faulkner to simulator practice. The consequences of recognizing the presence of the one-sex body are two-fold. Firstly, seeing that the reification of medical knowledge can still be haunted by conceptual paradigms of the past forces a more nuanced understanding of the variety that localized medical practices contain. Secondly, observing the ease with which the reified knowledge of a one-sex body is embraced by subjects who also exist in a world of binary gender points to the complexity our subjectivities can embrace and forces the researcher to acknowledge the implications of the simulations’ context.
SPECIAL FEATURE: (Re)claiming the social
Authors: Franklin Jane , Thomson Rachel
Published: June 2005

Over recent years, the ‘social’ has been reclaimed in different strands of academic debate. In this paper, we facilitate a conversation between three of these strands - feminist theory, late modern sociology and social capital theory - to draw attention to the problematic nature of the claims that social capital theories make for feminist theory and politics. We introduce two papers, by Lisa Adkins and Barbara Misztal, which provide distinct but related responses to the challenge of reclaiming the social. We point to three themes that they have in common, but which they define and respond to differently: the ‘social’ and the public/private divide; politics and the relationship to the world; and the temporality of social theory. We end with our reflections on the importance of this conversation, exploring how realignments in the relationships between theoretical and empirical concerns have the potential to reinvigorate the relationship between feminist theory and politics.
The New Pension Reform as Global Policy
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: June 2005

This article analyzes the emergence and spread of the new pension reforms, a set of privatizing reforms that is part of a broader neoliberal agenda for global economic policy. The new pension reforms are significant both because they revolutionize the post-war social contract and because global policy actors have been involved directly in their implementation in more than 25 countries around the world. In this sense, the new pension reforms are a case of global policy. This article defines the scope of global policy, explores the content of the new pension reforms, and shows the new pension reforms to be a global policy in their development, transfer, and implementation.
The Promotion of Investment Alliances by the World Bank
Authors: Lethbridge Jane
Published: June 2005

This article will examine how World Bank policies that influence national healthcare systems have been facilitated through investment alliances between members of the World Bank Group, specifically the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), regional development banks and multinational and national company interests. The data used in this article was gathered from the information and publications available through the websites of the World Bank Group, regional development banks, multinational companies and private equity investors. Some of the loan documents available through the websites of the World Bank Group and regional development banks were consulted. The financial complexity of many of the investments in new healthcare systems provides a challenge for future regulatory systems in healthcare. The involvement of a range of private sector interests in healthcare also poses problems for continued development of health knowledge within publicly funded systems.
Reconstituting the Public-Private Divide under Global Conditions
Authors: Dicke Willemijn , Albrow Martin
Published: June 2005

How is the line to be drawn in the public-private divide when those who would bridge it also assert that globalization restricts the state’s ability to deliver public policy objectives? Critics of modernity have seen the distinction between two public-private discourses, state and market, the open and the hidden, as a modern flawed version of classic notions of the democratic citizen community. The projection of the divide on to a global stage appears to take us even further from that ideal. We report the results of a narrative analysis of the way practitioners in the Netherlands and England and Wales now deliver global public goods in the management of water as compared with their predecessors delivering public health and progress in the 19th century. In their adherence to the water systems concept we find them actively supporting a transparent public sphere beyond the state where multiple forms of agency assert global responsibilities.
‘But what did they learn?’ Clearing third spaces in virtual dialogues with children
Authors: Britsch Susan Jane
Published: June 2005

In the age of standards, the challenge is great to sustain children’s voices as transformative forces in academic contexts. Interactive writing may offer an environment where children can reframe their engagement with curricular and personal knowledges, or even redefine the nature of academic content itself. This article focuses on the second year of a school-university project in which child and adult writers carried out long-term email dialogues. The adult writer-researchers questioned the suitability of these dialogues for enhancing the children’s curricular knowledge while supporting their personal investment in writing. The year-long dialogues resulted in three types of third-space environments where children differently balanced the relationship of curricular knowledge to personal knowledge.
Linking home and school literacy in an inner city reception class
Authors: Feiler Anthony
Published: June 2005

New perspectives on childhood learning are beginning to change the way we view the development of early literacy, which is progressively conceptualized as embedded in social practice. The recognition of the powerful influence of out-of-school learning prompts questions about ways of linking home and school practices. This article reports a home-based literacy activity that was introduced by a Teaching Assistant, developed with a Reception child and his family who participated in the Literacy Early Action Project, and then crossed sites from the home context into the classroom. Likely reasons for the success of this activity centre on the ‘co-construction of expertise’ (McNaughton, 2001) between the Teaching Assistant and members of the boy’s family, and the opportunities afforded for the child’s playful engagement.
Making first-year tutorials count
Authors: Macmillan John , Mclean Monica J.
Published: June 2005

This article reports the design and effects of a practical, pedagogic experiment motivated by the wish to encourage greater ‘active learning’ in first-year tutorials along with a range of other learning skills, in particular the practice of ‘good’ argumentation. The project has its roots in a formal accredited programme in teaching and learning that provided frameworks for thinking about how to change the assessment regime and in a measure of dissatisfaction with the existing, ‘conventional’ organization of the tutorial as a site of learning. The aim was to create an environment in which the students prepared thoroughly for each tutorial, engaged in challenging discussion, and reflected on what and how they were learning. The method employed was to centre the assessment regime on the tutorial itself in conjunction with frequent and rapid feedback on student work.
Degrees of disciplinarity in equipping mature students in higher education for engagement and success in lifelong learning
Authors: Toynton Robert
Published: June 2005

For the mature student, the recognition and validation of prior knowledge, much of which may be tacit, is central to both confidence and further learning. From a theoretical stance the use of interdisciplinary study or applying interdisciplinary approaches within monodisciplinary study should benefit the learning of the mature student. Such approaches also allow the learner to develop skills central to continued lifelong learning. The introduction of interdisciplinarity within part of an undergraduate programme at the University of Sheffield has been monitored over the last four years. The insights provided suggest that mature students may find this approach initially discomforting but this is outweighed by the learning and empowerment it provides. Interdisciplinarity has been equally challenging for the tutors, but their acknowledgement of learning through the process has been a positive outcome.
A review of the one-minute paper
Authors: Stead David R.
Published: June 2005

Lecturers who use the ‘one-minute paper’ generally praise it as a learning tool, for the teacher as well as the students. This article surveys the literature on this widely applicable technique and presents new evidence on students’ opinions of it and the extent of its use in the classroom. The benefits for both students and teachers appear sizeable for such a modest amount of time and effort, and students generally perceive the one-minute paper favourably. However, the one-minute paper can be easily employed to excess, reflected in quickly declining response rates over the course of two lecture series. Survey evidence suggests that the one-minute paper is perhaps not used especially extensively in UK and US higher education, largely due to lack of knowledge of its existence and the perception that it would be too time-consuming to analyse the responses.
Analysing student perceptions of transferable skills via undergraduate degree programmes
Authors: Burke Veronica , Jones Ian , Doherty Mike
Published: June 2005

Despite the assumption that ‘transferable’ skills are part and parcel of a graduate’s portfolio, there is a lack of information about the extent to which such skills may be perceived by students to be valuable. Although the skills agenda has been at the forefront of Higher Education (HE) provision for some time, contemporary studies focus upon measurement issues and neglect the process aspects of skills learning and development. There is also a lack of research to support methodologies aimed at promoting optimal transfer of skills to work environments. It is apparent that there is a certain lack of clarity about the linkage between the nature of the learning environments that may be provided, and the types of outcomes that are purported to accrue. Accordingly, focusing on this context, the investigation had two objectives: first, to assess students’ perceptions of the knowledge and skills acquired during their undergraduate degree programmes; and second, to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of the strategies adopted in respect of learning transfer. At the University of Luton 116 Level Three students completed a questionnaire that covered all the major skill descriptors of the university’s skills template. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the two closely related programmes in terms of perceived skills acquisition. Although the findings indicated that students were moderately satisfied with the skills acquired, a potential cause for concern was that one in five students did not perceive any transfer strategies to be effective.
Estimation of the Mean Temperature Distribution Underneath a Slab-on-ground Structure
Authors: Rantala Jukka
Published: June 2005

In this article, the thermal behavior of a slab-on-ground structure with floor heating, and the interaction between a semidetached reference building and the subsoil are studied using field experiments and numerical simulations. The slab structure and its surroundings are modeled with a two-dimensional finite element model in both transient and static state conditions. According to the results, a simplified method to estimate the periodic temperature distribution at a building cross section underneath a slab-on-ground structure is presented. The method is based on temperature weighting factors of the three surrounding boundary temperatures: the external, the internal, and the subsoil temperature. The factors are determined using thermal resistances of the structural and soil layers separating the location of interest and the individual boundary temperature.
Electrochemical preparation of composite films containing cationic polyelectrolytes and cobalt hydroxide
Authors: Bardetsky D. , Zhitomirsky I.
Published: June 2005

Composite films consisting of cobalt hydroxide and weak cationic polyelectrolytes, such as poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and chitosan, were obtained by cathodic electrodeposition. The proposed method is based on the electrosynthesis of cobalt hydroxide from the solutions of CoCl2 and electrophoretic deposition of the polymers. Cathodic deposits were obtained by the galvanostatic method on Pt and Ni substrates. The deposition yield was studied at different concentrations of the polymers and CoCl2 in solutions. The deposits were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and atomic force microscopy. The deposition mechanism is discussed. The results obtained pave the way for the fabrication of other organic–inorganic composites.
Studies on nickel electrodeposits on dc magnetron sputtered copper substrates
Authors: Subramanian B. , Jayakumar S. , Jayachandran M. , Jayakrishnan S.
Published: June 2005

Investigations into nickel electrodeposits on dc magnetron sputtered copper substrates are reported. Thin layers of copper were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on mild steel substrates. Onto these sputtered copper surface, layers of nickel were electrodeposited using a Watt's bath. The coatings were vacuum annealed at 200°C for 120 min. The growth of the deposit is discussed in terms of structural and microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The orientation along (111), (200) and (220) was observed for the vacuum annealed Cu3·8Ni alloy deposits. Uniform and pinhole free morphology was observed from SEM. AFM images reveal that these coatings have a granular morphology. The corrosion behaviour of these samples in a 3·5 wt-%NaCl solution was examined. A decrease in Icorr and high charge transfer resistance indicated the improved corrosion resistant behaviour of the nickel sample plated over a sputtered copper base.
Characterisation of PVD TiCN layers by physical and electrochemical methods
Authors: Sienna L. F. , Achete C. A. , Hirsch T. , Mattos O.
Published: June 2005

TiCN coatings were deposited by magnetron sputter ion plating onto high speed AISI M2 steel. The physical vapour deposition TiCN coatings were produced with various partial pressures of nitrogen and methane, at a constant substrate bias of 0, 50 or 100 V and constant deposition temperature of 300, 350, 400 or 450°C, respectively. Next, the substrate bias was varied for constant ratios of partial pressures and constant temperature. The amount of methane flow affects the coating composition as well as its lattice parameters and residual stresses. These properties are also affected by the substrate bias. The joint effect of increasing the substrate bias, the presence of interstitial carbon and the formation of CN–Ti bonds could probably be responsible for strong fcc lattice distortion and consequently high residual stresses of the TiCxNy coatings. The deposition temperature affects the lattice parameters and the residual stresses only to a small extent. The substrate bias of 0 to −100 V yields known strong effects on the lattice parameters and residual stresses, because this deposition parameter is adjusted more or less independently of the other deposition parameters. Electrochemical analysis confirms the effects of different deposition parameters. Coating–substrate systems produced at low bias exhibit better corrosion resistance compared with those manufactured at −100 V. Coating embrittlement from hydrogen incorporation, the formation of CN–Ti bonds and large numbers of defects from high bias obviously favour corrosion attack, and high values of compressive residual stresses are not able to prevent early electrolyte attack on the substrate.
Pulsed plasma nitrided Nb alloyed Mo3Si intermetallic alloy
Authors: Martínez H. , Rosales I.
Published: June 2005

Pulsed nitrided plasma of Mo3Si intermetallic alloys with different Nb concentrations were treated in a nitrided atmosphere of 50%H2–50%N2 at pressure 533 Pa and temperature 950°for 8 h. The pulsed nitrided plasma was studied by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Strong intensities of N2, N2+and NH excited states were observed in the OES in the negative glow of H2–N2 pulsed plasma. Several alloys with different additions of Nb solid solution were treated. Nitrided specimens were analsed by SEM and X-ray diffraction; microhardness measurements were also evaluated. After the nitrided treatment, the alloy with more than 10 at.-%Nb increased its surface hardness by 16·6%, presumably by the formation of NbN.
Studies on electroless nickel–PTFE composite coatings
Authors: Srinivasan K. N. , John S.
Published: June 2005

Electroless deposition of nickel based composites produces outstanding tribiological behaviour. These composite coatings are formed by addition to the electroless nickel solution of the material to be codeposited, in powder form, and by maintaining it in suspension during the deposition process so that it is incorporated into the deposit. The most commonly used hard dispersed compounds are SiC, diamond powder, alumina, TiC, BN, chromium carbide or WC. Recently, electroless nickel containing PTFE as a composite material has been used because it is uniform, highly adherent, hard wearing, dry lubricating, non-galling, has a lower coefficient of friction and good corrosion resistance properties. The present paper studies the effect of PTFE in an electroless Ni–acid bath on the rate of deposition, incorporation of PTFE and phosphorous content in the deposit, wear and corrosion resistance.
Pin on disc wear investigation of nitrocarburised H13 tool steel
Authors: King P. C. , Reynoldson R. W. , Brownrigg A. , Long J. M.
Published: June 2005

Nitrocarburised H13 disks were tested in dry, sliding wear against a stationary ruby ball (pin). Three different 4 h nitrocarburising treatments were compared, using N2/NH3/CO2, N2/NH3/natural gas and N2/NH3 gas mixtures, resulting in compound layers of varying thickness, hardness, porosity and oxide morphology. During mild, oxidative wear, with the formation of abrasive wear debris, the most brittle and oxidised surfaces performed poorly. Polishing to a bright, reflective finish greatly reduced wear. However, the N2/NH3/CO2 sample also frequently maintained a ‘very mild’ wear regime, owing to the formation of a protective film between the wear surfaces, and resulting in a lowering of the friction coefficient. This treated surface was porous and covered in a complex layer of coarse oxide+ϵ-carbonitride. Nitrocarburised samples and wear tracks were characterised by optical microscopy, SEM, atomic force microscopy and stylus profilometry.
Uniformity and characterisation of PVD aluminium films
Authors: Zhong Z. W. , Wang J. H.
Published: June 2005

Aluminium is a very important material used in the semiconductor industry as an interconnection layer. The most popular method of depositing aluminium films is the physical vapour deposition (PVD) process. The objective of the present study is to improve aluminium film uniformity by optimising the process conditions to use a thicker target and meet the demand for more uniform films on wafer surfaces. Aluminium films were deposited by a sputtering process on 200 mm wafers in PVD chambers. Experiments were carried out to find the process factors that affect film uniformity. The results revealed that film uniformity was affected significantly by wafer to target spacing and process pressure. Film characterisation was then performed by measuring grain size and film surface roughness, and performing package level electron migration, ball shear and bond pull tests. A higher process pressure resulted in more uniform films with bigger grains, lower surface roughness, longer reliability lives and higher ball shear values. With optimised process conditions, the aluminium layer uniformity can be maintained at <1·5% throughout the whole target life (∼1000 kWh).