bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
82‐4: Late‐News Paper: Characterization of metal thin film‐wiring materials for foldable devices
Authors: Kura Chiharu , Teramae Yumi , Tauchi Yuki , Goto Hiroshi , Okuno Hiroyuki
Published: May 2019

Bending durability is a crucial issue associated with materials for foldable devices. To fabricate gate electrodes, high bending resistance and thermal resistance are important requirements for metal films. This report is on Al‐2.0at%Nd thin film, which exhibits excellent bending resistance and thermal stability, and is used to fabricate the gate electrodes for LTPS‐TFTs.
P‐14: Distinguished Poster: Highly Robust Oxide TFT with Bulk Accumulation and Source/Drain/Active Layer Splitting
Authors: Lee Suhui , Chen Yuanfeng , Kim Hyomin , Kim Jeonggi , Jang Jin
Published: May 2019

We report stable and high performance a‐IGZO TFT by using bulk‐accumulation (BA) and split active /source/drain layers. The a‐IGZO TFTs exhibit the mobility over 80 cm2/Vs and extremely stable under bias and mechanical stresses. We demonstrated a 4‐inch semi‐transparent AMOLED using the oxide TFT backplane with the gate driver integrated.
P‐16: Stacked PECVD SiO2 Gate Insulators for Top‐Gate Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors in Enhancement Operation Mode
Authors: Deng Sunbin , Chen Rongsheng , Li Guijun , Zhang Meng , Yeung Fion Sze Yan , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: May 2019

This work demonstrated a high‐quality type of stacked PECVD SiO2 gate insulators for top‐gate metal oxide thin‐film transistors. Moreover, together with work function of gate electrodes, their permeability for hydrogen and oxygen diffusion during post‐annealing process was adopted to effectively modulate threshold voltage, and the enhancement‐mode devices were successfully implemented.
P‐21: Selective modulation of electrical characteristics for transparent conducting oxides by electro‐hydro‐dynamic printing technology
Authors: Na Jae Won , Hong Seong Hwan , Lee I Sak , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: May 2019

We report electro‐hydro‐dynamic (EHD) printing technology for selective modulation of electrical characteristics for indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material. The aluminum oxide printed ITO layer (ITO:Al2O3) layer was utilized as channel layer and the bare ITO layer was utilized as source/drain electrodes for homojunction thin‐film transistor (TFT).
P‐24: Impact of SD Vss on top of GOA for Narrow Side Bezel AMOLED Displays
Authors: Tian Hongwei , Li Dong , Tan Wen , Liu Zheng , Wang Chunyang , Zheng Can , Liu Ming , Liu Tingliang , Niu Yanan , Kao Shanchen , Wang Dawei
Published: May 2019

A 0.6 mm side Narrow Bezel Back‐Plane (BP) was developed and applied in the 5.5 inch flexible AMOLED display for getting nearly 100% screen‐to‐body ratio. In order to achieve narrowbezel display, the VSS signal line on the side of GOA area, which was patterned at source/drain layer, has been patterned on the top of GOA area with an additional metal layer instead. By analyzing the impact of this second metal layer on top of GOA (gate drive on array), the structure of GOA area has been optimized, which raised up even narrower side bezel for 0.5 mm. Furthermore, an achievable BP process was developed and applied to realize the structure with better performance and reliability.
P‐196: Late‐News Poster: Stretching Compensation Pixel Circuit for AMOLED
Authors: Kang Min-Su , Park Seong-Min , Kang In-Hye , Hwang Sang-Ho , Beak Young-Jo , Bae Byung Seong
Published: May 2019

AMOLED pixel circuit for stretchable display using a‐IGZO (amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) was developed for stretching compensation. As the brightness decrease due to the stretching of the display, the brightness compensation is necessary for uniform brightness. The simulation and measurement results verified that the proposed circuit compensates brightness change by stretching.
P‐34: Ambient Picture Quality and Visual Performance Analysis for Reflected Glare Evaluation
Authors: Chen Yu Hung , Chang Kai Chieh
Published: May 2019

In this paper, specular reflection is the key factor for ambient contrast ratio calculation under complex illumination in real life. A subjective experiment of visual performance is executed with two surface treatments under two lighting conditions. The subjective rating results of legibility and comfort are positive with ACR results under specular illumination
P‐46: Multi‐Plane Displays Based on Dynamic Phase‐Only Holography
Authors: Christmas Jamieson , Collings Neil
Published: May 2019

Envisics is creating commercially‐viable displays for the automotive industry using dynamic spatial light modulators including phase‐only spatial light modulators. The main advantages of phase‐only modulation are light efficiency and fault tolerance. This paper discloses one aspect of extending the performance of these systems, in the context of automobile head‐up displays.
P‐54: An Oxide‐Semiconductor‐FET‐Based Dynamic Logic Circuit for Wearable Systems
Authors: Hamada Toshiki , Takeuchi Toshihiko , Aoki Takeshi , Kozuma Munehiro , Ikeda Takayuki , Ikeda Makoto , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: May 2019

We propose a wearable system using oxide semiconductor (OS) transistors, which enables reduced static power of a dynamic logic device utilizing OS transistors and resulting longer continuous use of a wearable device. We fabricated a wearable‐watch‐oriented device. The results indicated that the static power could be reduced by 51%.
P‐59: Robust Visual Enhancement of Moving Contents in Projected Imagery
Authors: Hu Xiaodan , Naiel Mohamed A. , Azimifar Zohreh , Lamm Mark , Fieguth Paul
Published: May 2019

For any projection system, one goal will surely be to maximize the quality of projected imagery at a minimized hardware cost, which is considered a challenging engineering problem. Experience in applying different image filters and enhancements to projected video suggests quite clearly that the quality of a projected enhanced video is very much a function of the content of the video itself; that is, to first order, whether the video contains content which is moving as opposed to still, since the human visual system tolerates much more blur in moving imagery. We would therefore assert that the moving and non‐moving pixels of a given video stream should be enhanced differently, using class‐dependent video enhancement filters to achieve a maximum visual quality. In this paper, we introduce such a novel motion‐dependent content enhancement scheme, based on a pixel‐wise moving / non‐moving classification, with the actual enhancement obtained via class‐dependent Wiener deconvolution filtering. Experimental results on four challenging videos show that the proposed scheme offers improved visual quality.
P‐61: Analytical Method of Small‐Sized Module Stress Mura Based on the Finite‐Element Simulation
Authors: Zhang Bingchuan , Zhou Gege , Wayne  , Li Dejun
Published: May 2019

Uneven brightness (Mura) will be observed in edge of active area (AA) which position corresponding to side of IC. This light leakage phenomenon is due to thermal stress after COG bonding. Discussing the mechanism and defining a method to evaluate quantitatively. It can be extended to study other stress Mura.
P‐62: Study on the mechanism of Block Mura in the ITO developing process via utilizing CFD simulation
Authors: Li Xiaobao , Zhang Zhihai , Chen Cheng , Liu Zhaofan , YOUN YANGSIK , Chen Junsheng , LEE SEUNGKYU
Published: May 2019

Herein the Block Mura is discussed. We analyze the formation mechanism of Block Mura in the ITO developing process with CFD simulation. A detailed study has carried out on the design of 2nd ITO layer. Experimental results show that Block Mura can be quickly and effectively solved by using CFD simulation.
P‐65: Misty Mura Defect of OGM Products Research
Authors: Yong-fei Li , Zhong-zheng Yang , Zong-jie Guo , Run Chen , Yang-jie Li , Hai-feng Hu , Wan-ru Dong , Jian Yang , Zhan-qi Xu , Ting Zeng , Wei-jie Ma , You-ting Zhang
Published: May 2019

The misty mura defect of OGM products seriously affects the product appearance yield. It was found that the misty mura is caused by insufficient adhesion of the photoresist. In this paper, etch and photo process conditions were optimized and verified. We found that extending the metal photo oven time and increasing temperature can significantly decrease the misty Mura level. In addition, adding anneal (140 °C, 15min) after photo oven, the misty mura can be completely alleviated without any other problems at the same time.
P‐67: Printed Reflective Sloped Wall for Enhancing Luminance of ColorConversion Light Source
Authors: Lee Seunghwan , Kim Geonhee , Oh Eunho , Hong Yongtaek
Published: May 2019

We present reflective sloped wall for luminance enhancement of color‐conversion light source consisting of silver epoxy cylindrical line structure and hemispherical lens shaped quantum dot/photo‐curable polymer composite. Dispenser printing method was used to fabricate reflective wall that achieving a 17.39% increase in luminance.
P‐71: Low Voltage Operation Dual‐Gate Organic TFTs Using Four‐Mask Process
Authors: Li Xiuling , He Mingqian , Manley Robert , Chang Jaemyung , Zhelev Nikolay , Mehrotra Karan , Jang Jin
Published: May 2019

We report a low‐voltage operation dual‐gate organic TFT following a four‐mask process. Combined with high‐k polymer dielectric, the DG OTFTs exhibit filed effect mobility of ~0.3 cm2/V⋅s and on‐to‐off current ratio of >107. The enhanced current driving capability and excellent stability, making it a promising candidate for low power, flexible displays.
P‐76: Origin and Improvement of LCD Reflectivity
Authors: Chen Lixuan , Lin Xulin , Yan Chunqiu , Chen Hsiao-Hsien , Lin HsiChien , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: May 2019

Reflective light from a LCD panel without polarizers is analyzed and simulated. The influence of ITO, PI,BM and Metal are analyzed separately. An interlayer is designed and fabricated to alleviate reflectance at interface between glass substrate and the functional layers. As a result, the total reflectivity of a Color Filter on Array LCD with the special polarizers is decreased from 1.5% to 0.8% or even lower for 4K UHD products.
P‐78: How to Measure Uniformity of Virtual Display in VR Devices: Considering Lens Distortion and Aperture
Authors: Ahn Hee Kyung , Lee Hwihyeong
Published: May 2019

The novel method for measuring uniformity of virtual display in VR devices is presented. The method includes consideration about distortion from a lens as well as circular aperture in VR devices. In the method, a circular checkerboard pattern is used to measure uniformity of virtual display more accurately.
P‐86: Light Field Simulation for 3D Displays with Various Pixel Structures
Authors: Jeong Hea In , Kim Bom , Ku Minsung , Jeong Young Ju
Published: May 2019

We propose a simulation technique of 3D displays with various pixel structures. First, a pixel is modeled by smaller subpixels to have the same dimension. Then the light field of the subpixel is calculated. Finally, the image is simulated by the crosstalk model and its light field.
P‐91: Tunable Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Lens Array Using Composite Dielectric Layer
Authors: Tian Li-Lan , Chu Fan , Dou Hu , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate a tunable focus and polarization‐independent blue‐phase liquid crystal lens array using a composite dielectric layer. With strip electrodes and a planar top electrode, gradient electric fields are generated. As the applied voltage is varied, the focal length of the lens can be continuously tuned from ∞ to 14 mm.
P‐201: Late‐News Poster: Super Multi‐View 3D Display Based on Polarization Multiplexing
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Yan , Liu Shuxin , Li Sida , Wang Yunfeng , Liu Yueda , Su Yikai
Published: May 2019

In order to overcome the inherent accommodation‐convergence (AC) conflict in stereoscopic 3D display, we proposed a super multi‐view 3D display based on polarization multiplexing for AR/VR applications. Employing 2 LCD devices with orthogonal polarization directions and a pair of polarizing glasses, 2 viewing points can be observed by a human eye simultaneously. We also analyze the factors affecting the depth range in such a display.
P‐97: Research on the effect of simplified structure of mini‐LED backlight module on luminous efficiency
Authors: Zhang Bing , Geng Xiaolin , Han Bo , Qin Jianwei , Gao Liang , Sang Jian
Published: May 2019

We designed new mini‐LED backlight structure using a transflective film which can control the amounts of light transmitted directly and reflected to the substrate. The optical distance is reduced by 1.2mm in this structure. In addition, the luminous efficiency is enhanced by 20% with the high‐reflection layer design on the substrate.
P‐133: Optimization of Window Substrate in Foldable OLED
Authors: Choi Jong-Keun , Park Byung-Min , Han Kwan-Young
Published: May 2019

In foldable and rollable displays, substrate technology is becoming a very important factor. In this study, buffer layer and polymer substrate are used to relieve the stress of the glass substrate, and optimize the neutral point. A window substrate capable of being flexible is made and its characteristics are confirmed.
P‐102: Low Loss‐Tangent Glass Substrate Suitable for Liquid Crystal Antenna Application
Authors: Hayashi Kazutaka , Nomura Shuhei , Matsuo Yusaku , Ogawa Tomonori , Kuroiwa Yutaka
Published: May 2019

Non‐alkali glass substrate suitable for liquid crystal antenna has been newly developed. Loss tangent of the glass at 10 GHz is less than 1/2 of that of conventional non‐alkali glass substrate for active matrix TFT displays. Using this glass substrate, liquid crystal antenna can be fabricated with higher performance.
P‐109: DCI Component Specifications for Emissive (LED) Screens
Authors: Pérez Bravo Jorge
Published: May 2019

The Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI) has established specifications for a theater system that creates a common shell where regardless of the technology (projector, film, and now coming soon emissive screens) the experience experimented by the viewer is the closest to the one intended to be transmitted by the director. We will focus on this paper on the emissive screens.

The theater system is composed of two major components, one is the player or Media Block and the second is the LED Screen. The main function of the Media Block is to provide a secure system environment within performing content essence decryption. In addition to this, the Media Block shall contain a security manager block, image decoding, audio processing and subtitle processing capabilities along with associated forensic markers. The function of the LED screen is to emit the proper chroma and luminance values providing the right environment where the viewer can have the best experience watching the content as it was a real life environment scene.
P‐111: Self‐Driven Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Ding Ran , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: May 2019

We present self‐driven light‐emitting diodes based on formamidinium (FA) lead halide perovskite FAPbBr3 nanocrystals. Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have aroused increasing attention not only due to their unique optical properties but also their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, which make self‐driven perovskite lighting possible.
P‐115: Patternable and Ultra‐Thin Quantum Dot Color Conversion Layer for Mini‐Sized White Light LED Backlight
Authors: Chen Chih-Jung , Lien Jiun-Yi , Chiang Ray-Kuang
Published: May 2019

Thinner, lighter, and cost‐effective white light mini‐LED (WLED) backlight package were developed via microfabrication of the quantum dot‐photoresist (QDPR) film onto the blue flip‐chip LEDs. By mixing green and red giant QDs with negative photoresist for QDPR used in the photolithography process, QD‐polymer films as thin as 4 µm with the light conversion efficiency as high as 55% can be reached. The characterization results show that the WLED has CIE color coordinates of (0.285, 0.289), and a luminance efficiency of 80 lm/W with colorimetric performance higher than 90% of Rec. 2020, which continues the outperformance of QDs in Mini‐LED BLU applications.
P‐117: Simulation of Light Extraction from an Electroluminescent QD‐LED
Authors: Montgomery David J. , Boardman Edward A. , Dimmock James A. R. , Smeeton Tim M.
Published: May 2019

We use Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods to simulate light extraction from bottom emitting and top emitting electroluminescent quantum dot LEDs (QD‐LEDs) and observe good correlation with experimental results. The simulations are used to design QD‐LED display sub pixels for high external quantum efficiency and low color shift.
P‐118: Efficient Quantum Dots Light‐Emitting Diodes with a thiocyanate hole injection layer
Authors: Zhu Yangbing , Hu Hailong , Lin Jintang , Li Fushan , Guo Tailiang
Published: May 2019

We report here the all‐solution‐processed, high‐efficiency quantum dot light emitting diode employing inorganic copper(I) thiocyanate as hole injection layer. The hole injection into the QD layer is evidently improved compared to the widely used PEDOT:PSS layer, allowing low device turn‐on voltage, high luminance and efficiency.
P‐136: Research of COP Film shrinkage on Flexible Touch Sensor Process
Authors: Chen Jun , Shao Xibin , Guo Zongjie , Zhang Ming , Chen Qicheng , Yin Liuyue , Zeng Ting , Du Zhi , Li Yuan
Published: May 2019

This paper mainly studied the influence of the preparation process conditions (temperature, lamination direction, film structures, etc.) on the shrinkage of COP (Cycio Olefins Polymer) film flexible touch sensor The temperature is the main influence factor of the shrinkage of COP film flexible touch sensor With the temperature increasing from 100 ° C 60 min to 130° C 60 min, the shrinkage factor increases from 0.07% to 0.39%. Also, the lamination direction has a great influence on the shrinkage of COP film. After 130° C 60 min baking, the shrinkage factor of TD (perpendicular to the direction of Lami) is 0.39%, while the shrinkage factor of MD is 0.43%. The shrinkage factor has 0.04% difference between the TD&MD. Meanwhile, the OC (organic coating) film and ITO thickness cause less than 0.01% shrinkage factor. Compared to the effects of temperature, this 0.01% shrinkage factor can be ignored. Therefore, in the flexible touch sensor process, temperature management is very important.
P‐145: Blue Light Hazards and Methods of Quantification
Authors: Jou Jwo-Huei , Dubey Deepak Kumar , Swayamprabhaa Sujith Sudheendran
Published: May 2019

Blue light emitting from the white light for displays and lighting imposes threat to eyes and physiology. We will present here an action spectrum of melatonin generation suppression and the function of photoretinitis, and the methods of quantifying the blue hazards. Orange light of around 610nm is recommended as the basic lighting component for both applications.
P‐204: Late‐News Poster: Material and Manufacturing Method of PI‐Less LCD
Authors: Lim Ho , Kwon Oh Jeong , Seo Bong Sung , Suh Duckjong , Oh Keunchan , Lyu Jae Jin
Published: May 2019

Polyimide (PI) alignment layer is essential constituent of LCD. In this research, we made LCD without PI alignment layer by using LC containing self‐align (SA) compound. When we use SA instead of PI, alignment stability and Mura were problems should be solved. We overcome those things by introduction of polymerizable unit and using mixture of SAs compound.
P‐150: Low‐voltage High‐transmittance Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal Displays using Three Dimensional Corrugated Electrode Structure
Authors: Chan Bing-Han , Choi Wing-Kit
Published: May 2019

We propose new electrode designs for the corrugated Polymer‐Stabilized Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal Displays (PSBP‐LCDs). In these new designs, the electrode structure varies not only in x/z‐axis directions, but also in the y‐axis (transverse) direction. In this way, an additional electric field is created in transverse y‐axis direction which is found to help improve the transmission of the dead zones that exist in the previously proposed corrugate PSBP‐LCD structure. By using these new structures, it is possible to obtain > 90% in transmission with low operation voltage of about 10V.
P‐152: High resolution and ultra ‐ fast switching liquid crystal device for Virtual Reality Display
Authors: Won Yuri , Seo Eo Jin , Lim Young Jin , Shin Hoon Sub , Lee Seung Hee
Published: May 2019

Head mounted displays (HMD) for virtual reality (VR) require superior electro‐optical properties such as high resolution over 2000 ppi and super‐fast response time in order to realizing super image quality at near‐eyes. Conventional liquid crystal (LC) devices utilizing fringe‐field switching (FFS) mode, having response times less than half of conventional FFS mode, contrast ratio is still less than 2000 : 1, and resolution over 1000 ppi were proposed. In this paper, we propose a vertically aligned liquid crystal device with use of positive dielectric anisotropy LC, which shows high resolution over 2000 ppi, higher contrast ratio and 4 times faster decay response time than that of conventional FFS mode.
P‐162: Z‐Axis Polarizer for the Reduction of Panel Dark Light Leakage
Authors: Chang Chao-Che , Kuo Chen-Kuan
Published: May 2019

A Z‐axis absorption film that can be integrated with a polarizer is proposed. The film provides different degrees of absorption for front and side views to solve the light leakage behavior of the IPS panel in a dark side view state. The front view brightness of the panel can be three times higher than the side view of the dark state, thereby effectively improving the light leakage of the IPS panel in the dark state of the large viewing angle.
P‐208: Late‐News Poster: Single‐exposure fabrication of geometry phase optical elements with arbitrary wavefronts
Authors: Liu Yueda , Wang Min , Li Yan , Li Sida , Zhou Pengcheng , Zhan Tao , Chen Quanming , Su Yikai , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2019

Geometric phase (GP) elements have become an attractive component candidate in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications. We propose a method to fabricate GP elements with arbitrary wavefronts through single‐step photo‐alignment. By exposing an azo‐dye doped liquid crystal (LC) by a polarization field controlled by a SLM, arbitrary GP pattern could be realized. The fabricated geometrical phase elements include gratings, q‐plates and a hologram, and they all exhibit good optical properties. This simple fabrication method holds great promise for GP elements in AR&VR systems.
P‐182: Long‐Life Green Phosphorescent OLED with Light‐Emitting Layer Formed by Two‐Source Evaporation Using Host Material with Novel Hetero Fused Ring
Authors: Ohsawa Nobuharu , Mitsumori Satomi , Sasaki Toshiki , Kido Hiromitsu , Watabe Takeyoshi , Inoue Hideko , Seo Satoshi , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: May 2019

We developed an electron‐transport (ET) host material with a novel hetero fused ring which prolongs the lifetime of green phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). We also developed a premixed host containing the ET host and a hole‐transport host. The use of the premixed host can facilitate production of the OLEDs.
P‐187: Development of Blue Emitting Materials for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes using An Auxillary Acceptor
Authors: Yun Ju Hui , Han Si Hyun , Song Ok-Keun , Hong Wan Pyo , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: May 2019

We synthesized two blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, TAZtCz‐1 and TAZtCz‐2 based on a molecular design concept introducing auxillary acceptor. These two emitters are designed to control acceptor strength of triazine moiety by introducing another accepting unit for controlled emitting wavelength. The t‐butyl substituted carbazole moiety was used as a donor. Their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were ‐6.10/‐3.49 and ‐6.07/‐3.33 eV and the singlet and triplet energy were 2.86/2.70 and 2.92/2.74 eV. The two emitters showed small singlet and triplet energy gap (ΔEst) below 0.2 eV. Maximum external quantum efficiency of two emitters showed above 20% and the color coordinate of (0.21, 0.42) and (0.15, 0.17).
P‐192: Development of New Linker Moiety for TADF Materials: Elucidation of Material Properties by Substitution Position Effect
Authors: Jung Mina , Lee Kyung Hyung , Lee Jun Yeob , Hong Wan Pyo , Song Ok-Keun
Published: May 2019

Two thermally activated delayed fluorescent(TADF) materials, 23TrzCz and 32TrzCz, were successfully designed and synthesized using an aromatic linker moiety for green organic light emitting diodes(OLEDs). The donor moiety was 3,3‐bicarbazole and the acceptor moiety was diphenyltriazine. The synthesized materials were used as an emitter in OLED device and the 23TrzCz showed highly efficient device performance with a power efficiency of 31.0 lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 18.3%. In addition, the 23TrzCz showed emission of CIE x,y (0.30, 0.56) suitable for green devices.
P‐210: Late‐News Poster: Efficient Solution‐Processed White Organic Light Emitting Diodes Based on a Novel Carbazole Blue Fluorescent Emitter
Authors: Yadav Rohit Ashok Kumar , Ram Mangey , Sharma Aayushi , Dubey Deepak Kumar , Swayamprabha Sujith Sudheendran , Thomas K R Justin , Vellaichamy Joseph , Jou Jwo-Huei
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate highly‐efficient and low turn‐on voltage solution‐processed white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) using a novel carbazole blue emitter with iridium based emitter. The device exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency of 6.2%, a power efficiency of 16.4 lm/W and relatively low turn‐on voltage of 3 V with CIExy coordinates of (0.34, 0.41) at 1000 cd/m2. The device performance of our WOLED demonstrated here is so far the highest ever reported for the specific device structure.
Finland: European Integration and International Human Rights Treaties as Sources of Domestic Constitutional Change and Dynamism
Authors: Ojanen Tuomas , Salminen Janne
Published: May 2019

The Constitution Act of 1919 was replaced in 2000 by a new Constitution, which was amended in 2012. While the institution of exceptive enactments, which enables the adoption of laws that are in conflict with the Constitution, had earlier assumed a key role in constitutional adjustment for EU integration, the 2012 amendments expressed a constitutional commitment to EU membership and provided for the transfer of powers to the EU. As a result, exceptive enactments are no longer needed for such transfer. Instead of a constitutional court, a key role in constitutional review is played by the Constitutional Law Committee of Parliament through ex ante review of legislative proposals or other matters pending before Parliament, including proposals for EU legislation, for their compatibility with the Constitution and Finland’s international human rights obligations. From the late 1980s onwards, the constitutional tendency has increasingly been towards rights-based judicial review. Aside from the ECHR and other human rights treaties, EU membership has greatly contributed to both judicial empowerment and enhanced rights protection. Areas where EU law has presented constitutional challenges include: (a) the European Arrest Warrant, with regard to which Finland introduced constitutional and legislative safeguards for the sake of fundamental rights; (b) the Laval and Viking Line stream of case law; and (c) concerns around preserving ‘the quality of law’ when implementing EU law. In result of the ex ante constitutional review of the draft ESM Treaty, a change in the draft treaty stemming from constitutional concerns about increased financial liabilities without parliamentary control was proposed and achieved.
Holographic Schwinger-Keldysh effective field theories
Authors: de Boer Jan , Heller Michal P. , Pinzani-Fokeeva Natalia
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We construct a holographic dual of the Schwinger-Keldysh effective action for the dissipative low-energy dynamics of relativistic charged matter at strong coupling in a fixed thermal background. To do so, we use a mixed signature bulk spacetime whereby an eternal asymptotically anti-de Sitter black hole is glued to its Euclidean counterpart along an initial time slice in a way to match the desired double-time contour of the dual field theory. Our results are consistent with existing literature and can be regarded as a fully-ab initio derivation of a Schwinger-Keldysh effective action. In addition, we provide a simple infrared effective action for the near horizon region that drives all the dissipation and can be viewed as an alternative to the membrane paradigm approximation.
Individual upper semicontinuity and subgame perfect $$\epsilon $$-equilibria in games with almost perfect information
Authors: Flesch János , Herings P. Jean-Jacques , Maes Jasmine , Predtetchinski Arkadi
Published: May 2019

We study games with almost perfect information and an infinite time horizon. In such games, at each stage, the players simultaneously choose actions from finite action sets, knowing the actions chosen at all previous stages. The payoff of each player is a function of all actions chosen during the game. We define and examine the new condition of individual upper semicontinuity on the payoff functions, which is weaker than upper semicontinuity. We prove that a game with individual upper semicontinuous payoff functions admits a subgame perfect $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-equilibrium for every $$\epsilon >0$$

ϵ
>
0

, in eventually pure strategy profiles.
A Note on Lange on Contingent Necessity-Makers
Authors: Wildman Nathan
Published: May 2019

Lange (Analysis 68:120–128, 2008) has argued that contingencies lack the modal strength to be necessity-makers. Here, I argue that Lange’s case turns upon a faulty premise, and that there is no obvious fixes he might pursue. The general upshot is that his argument gives us no reason to think that contingencies could not be necessity-makers after all.
What’s Wrong with Modal Conceptions of Luck and Risk
Authors: Yang Di
Published: May 2019

The modal account of luck has become very popular and influential in the past decade. More recently, some of its proponents have also put forth a modal account of risk and argued that we ought to apply it to problems both in and out of philosophy. This paper tries to show that modal conceptions of luck and risk are mistaken.
On the number of edges of a graph and its complement
Authors: Dammak Jamel , Lopez Gerard , Kaddour Hamza Si
Published: May 2019

Let G=(V,E) be a graph. The complement of G is the graph G¯:=(V,[V]2 \ E) where [V]2 is the set of pairs {x,y} of distinct elements of V. If K is a subset of V, the restriction of G to K is the graph G↾K:=(K,[K]2∩E). We prove that if G=(V,E) is a graph and k is an integer, 2 ≤ k ≤ v−2, then there is a k -element subset K of V such that e(G¯↾K)≠e(G↾K), moreover the condition k ≤ v−2 is optimal. We also study the case e(G¯↾K) ≢ e(G↾K)(mod p) where p is a prime number. Following a question from M.Pouzet, we show this: Let G=(V,E) be a graph with v vertices. If e(G) ≠ e(G¯) (resp. e(G)=e(G¯)) then there is an increasing family (Hn)2≤n≤v (resp. (Hn)2≤n≤v−2) of n -element subsets Hn of V such that e(G↾Hn)≠ e(G¯↾Hn) for all n. Similarly if e(G) ≢ e(G¯) (mod p) where p is a prime number, p>v−2, then there is an increasing family (Hn)2≤n≤v of n -element subsets Hn of V such that e(G↾Hn) ≢ e(G¯↾Hn)(mod p) for all integer n∈{2,3,…,v}.
The Materiality and Social Agency of theMalaḥfa(Mauritanian Veil)
Authors: Wiley Katherine Ann
Published: May 2019

This article examines themalaḥfa, a veil that has long been popular in Mauritania, using the scholarship of materiality to analyze how it and the wearer co-constitute each other. This approach demonstrates how the malaḥfa’s particular form and fabric provide women with certain constraints and possibilities; women activate these qualities to exercise agency, be it in redefining their positions in the social hierarchy, exercising control in their relationships, or asserting authority over others. Focusing on the malaḥfa’s materiality illustrates how such garments can be central to women’s agency and power, and demonstrates how women shape the broader social hierarchy.
Santa Anna and the Gómez Farías Administration in Mexico, 1833-1834
Authors: de Sta. Anna A. L.
Published: May 2019

Despite numerous biographies, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna remains one of the most enigmatic characters to have emerged in nineteenth century Latin America. Often dismissed by his many detractors as an unprincipled opportunist in the worst military caudillo tradition, he nevertheless dominated the turbulent and often chaotic Mexican political scene in the thirty years between independence and the Reform. His life has naturally been subjected to close scrutiny by both his contemporaries and more recent historians but his genius for political manouevre and equivocation have left many episodes in his career obscure and subject to doubt. Perhaps nowhere is this more the case than in his first presidency from 1833-1834 and in particular in his relations with his vice-president Gomez Farias' administration. This article seeks to examine his activities and ambitions in these years, and to suggest reasons, which hitherto have been overlooked or at least not given sufficient attention by his biographers, why he chose to betray and destroy the liberals' first attempt at reform.
The “Escuelas Pías” of Mexico City: 1786-1820
Authors: de Estrada Dorothy T.
Published: May 2019

The year of 1786 was one of famine and disease in New Spain. The effects of the unseasonable frost which had destroyed the corn crop in August of the previous year were felt especially in Mexico City. Hungry peasants and Indians flocked to the capital where they encountered masses of unemployed artisans. Prices of basic commodities soared; epidemic disease plagued the population, particularly among the poor; and crime increased. Social unrest and desperation rose to a peak, causing government and church authorities to enact a series of emergency measures designed to aid the indigent and punish grain speculators.
How are maternal dietary patterns and maternal/fetal cytokines associated with birth weight? A path analysis
Authors: Ma Liping , Lu Qinggui , Ouyang Jingyi , Huang Jie , Huang Shaoming , Jiao Changya , Zhang Zheqing , Mao Limei
Published: May 2019

The aim of the study was to investigate how maternal dietary patterns and maternal/fetal cytokines are associated with birth weight and whether cytokines mediate the association. A total of 469 pregnant women and their children were recruited for this prospective study. Dietary patterns in pregnancy were identified using factor analysis of data from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Maternal and umbilical blood serum cytokines (adiponectin (APN), IL-6 and interferon-γ) were measured via ELISA. Path analysis was used to explore the relationships between maternal diet, cytokines and birth weight. Four dietary patterns were identified: a mainly fruit, dairy products and poultry diet (FDP); a mainly vegetables, beans and pork diet (VBP); a mainly fish, shrimp and soup diet (FS) and a mainly tuber and egg diet (TE). Path analysis showed the order of effects of dietary patterns on birth weight was FS>FDP>TE>VBP (β=0·130, 0·109, –0·094 and 0·046, respectively). Only the TE pattern’s effect was negative. Maternal and fetal APN were positively associated with birth weight (β=0·045 and 0·226, respectively), and they mediated the association between the TE pattern and birth weight (indirect effect was 5·3 %). Maternal IL-6 was negatively associated with birth weight (β=–0·067) and mediated the association between maternal FDP and VBP patterns and birth weight (indirect effects were 10·1 and 100·0 %, respectively). All variables in the path explained 33·6 % of variation. These results suggested that maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy are associated with birth weight and mediated directly and indirectly through some maternal/fetal serum cytokines.
Payment of a Fine by a Person Other than the Defendant—Law and Policy
Authors: Bein Dan
Published: May 2019

The main modes of punishment in our penal system are imprisonment, suspended imprisonment and fines, the last being the most frequently used. Fines as a mode of punishment becomes more and more popular the more it is realized that a short sentence of imprisonment often serves no useful purpose and is sometimes even harmful. Furthermore, as criminal law expands into new areas, as a means for the enforcement of administrative regulations, on public health, road traffic, national economy, etc., fines are used more since in many of these cases imprisonment is not regarded as a suitable sanction.

Every one of the known aims of the penal sanction (retribution, deterrence, resocialization in their various aspects or, possibly a mere warning can be best achieved when the sentence is inflicted upon the defendant personally. There is no point, for instance, in imprisoning another person in place of the defendant or placing another on probation. In the same way fines too should be paid by the offender and not by anyone else.

In practice, the problem of another person taking upon himself the defendant's penalty arises mainly in respect to fines, because it is not likely that one person would be willing to suffer imprisonment on behalf of another and furthermore, the means of identification used by the prison authorities makes this extremely difficult.
The Right of a Defaulting Party to Restitution When a Contract has not Been Rescinded
Authors: Friedmann Daniel , Maoz Asher
Published: May 2019

Is a party who breaks his contract entitled to restitution? This is one of the most difficult problems in the law of contracts. Williston, for instance, remarks:

Few questions in the law have given rise to more discussion and difference of opinion than that concerning the right of one who has materially broken his contract without legal excuse to recover for such benefit as he may have conferred on the other party by part performance of an indivisible contract or by the performance of an indivisible fraction of a divisible portion of a contract. A satisfactory solution is not easy.

We shall examine this question in light of the provisions of the Contracts (Remedies for Breach of Contract) Law, 1970.

Sec. 9 of the Law reads as follows:

(a) Where the contract is rescinded, the person in breach shall restore to the injured party what he has received thereunder, or, if restitution is impossible or unreasonable or the injured party so chooses, shall pay him the value thereof; and the injured party shall restore to the person in breach what he has received under the contract, or, if restitution is impossible or unreasonable or the injured party so chooses, shall pay him the value thereof.

(b) Where part of the contract is rescinded, the provisions of subsection (a) shall apply to what the parties have received under that part.
Is the State Subject to the Rule of Law?
Authors: Potchebutzky Jacob
Published: May 2019

Sec. 42 of the Interpretation Ordinance [New Version] provides that: “Save as may be otherwise expressly provided therein, no enactment shall affect any right of, or impose any obligation upon, the State.”

It is generally accepted that the source of the section lies in the traditional supremacy of the English Crown. Since the Crown is the lawmaker it cannot be fettered by the laws it makes unless there is express provision to that effect. On the other hand where laws confer rights upon the Crown, a contrary rule sometimes operates that a statute is to be interpreted in favour of the Crown, since in enacting it the King's subjects act as grantors of rights and the rule against derogation from grant takes effect. In point of logic, however, even without express provision there is nothing to prevent a lawgiver from placing restrictions upon himself.

In Jewish thought indeed although the law emanates from the Almighty, who is indeniably Supreme Authority—”the King of Kings”—it is deemed to apply even to Him.

It is surprising therefore to note that even in the United States, that model of democracy where the rights of the individual are so protected, the English approach has been adopted and extended to every government body even in the area of private law.
The Labour Courts and Their Place in the Legal and Labour Relations Systems of Israel
Authors: Bar-Niv Zvi H.
Published: May 2019

One of the events marking the legal development of this country which has taken place since the first International Congress of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, is the coming into being of a new system of Courts—the Labour Courts. Israel thus joined the ever increasing number of states having a special judiciary to adjudicate in matters of labour.

The Law establishing the Labour Courts came into operation on September 1, 1969, exactly four years ago. This period is too short for a sound evaluation and because of my position, I am to some extent, disqualified from evaluating results and achievements, even in as far as already warranted by experience.

Being fully aware of these limitations, in this address I will try to present this new component of the Judiciary of Israel, and to outline the place of the Labour Courts in the Legal and Labour Relations Systems of Israel.

Before dealing with the Labour Courts, their composition and jurisdiction, it would, I believe be proper to make some remarks on the labour relations system of Israel, and to comment on some basic features of our labour law. This has to be done, since the Labour Courts, although institutionally and constitutionally part of the Judiciary, are an integral component of the labour relations system, just as the Judiciary as a whole is an integral component of the socio-economic and political system of any state.
Criminal Responsibility: A Survey of Developments in Israel Legislation and Precedent
Authors: Levy Yuval
Published: May 2019

It is difficult to compress within thirty minutes or so, a talk on the general part of the criminal law in Israel, its sources, development, present status and future projection. The very nature of the topic, the wealth of detail connected with issues of criminal responsibility, the multitude of theories and controversial approaches, prevents this, particularly when bearing in mind that in such a talk one purports to cover a period of twenty-five years of dynamic development with a law operating in a changing society, in an emerging State in a world in flux.

I shall thus merely attempt to outline some of the salient features of legislation and precedent in the field of criminal responsibility, employing broad generalizations, and perhaps glean in some detail certain opinions—touching variously upon the responsibility issue—which appear to be in the nature of landmark decisions, introducing a new trend in the development of the law.
International Law, Conflict Resolution and Peace Research: A Concise Orientation
Authors: Boasson Charles
Published: May 2019

It is my contention that the concepts which hide behind the terms constituting the title of this essay, have many traits in common and to a large extent deal with the same problem.

This, however, is not sufficiently admitted. Further theoretical and philosophical clarification is overdue.

In the first place the theorist in each field finds it difficult to confess to what extent the prevailing terminology is misleading; the more so because in spite of defective terminology he is—in a general way—in agreement with his fellow-specialists as to the object of their study.

In the second place the theorist in each field, finding it hard enough to follow the torrent of literature in his chosen specialty, tends to neglect developments in fields which however closely interrelated are considered to be distinct.
Illegal Associations in English Law
Authors: Rosenthal Abraham
Published: May 2019

One cannot overemphasize the basic rule that the maxims ex turpi causa and in pari delicto operate negatively, that is to say, only so as to bring about the rejection of actions tainted with illegality in its widest sense; but they never operate so as to outlaw culprits or deprive even habitual offenders of their civil rights.

Some doubt may, however, arise whether the same rule applies to illegal associations. After all, associations are not natural human beings, whose rights as such are regarded as fundamental human rights or safeguarded by Bills of Rights. Associations and corporations, of all kinds, owe their very existence to a legal concept which regards them as something additional, sometimes even entirely different from their members.

It is not self-evident then, that illegal associations should or should not be recognized for any civil law purpose, and it is not surprising, therefore, that there has been a diversity of legal opinion on that point.
Independent Development of Israeli Law
Authors: Friedmann Daniel
Published: May 2019

It is not always easy to decide when we must turn to English law. And once it has been determined that reference to English law is appropriate, there is the further question of the substance and application of principles drawn from English law. In such case, English law forms part of the local law, and need not be ascertained as required by the rules of private international law in respect of foreign law.

This makes the local law directly dependent upon English case-law, which itself is constantly being renewed and developed. Such dependence may seem to impair the independence of the Israeli legal system. The question could not, of course, be raised during the Mandatory period at a time when there existed a possibility of appeal from the Mandatory Supreme Court to the Privy Council in Westminster. But after the establishment of the State Cheshin J. said:

It is unthinkable that a sovereign nation with its own laws and its own legal system would continue to be subject to the authority of a foreign nation's legal system and to changes in rulings which are likely to be introduced in her courts, only because in the past, when there was a strong tie between the two nations, the former drew from the legal system of the latter.
Rural–urban differentials in fertility levels and fertility preferences in West Bengal, India: a district-level analysis
Authors: Chatterjee Sayantani
Published: May 2019

Fertility in West Bengal is one of the lowest in India, and this relies heavily on the use of traditional methods of contraception. Social scientists and demographers have pointed to the historical role of the diffusion process of adhering to a small family size. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Kolkata district, the state capital, is the lowest in the country, and has been a centre of low fertility historically. However, stark differences in rural–urban fertility rates have existed over the last few decades in West Bengal, but these have now started to narrow. This study aimed to capture the macro-level rural–urban differences in fertility levels and preferences in the West Bengal, and understand how socioeconomic factors affect these. Data were drawn from the Census of India (2011) and NFHS-4 (2015–16). Using census data and the Reverse-Surviving Method, the TFR of West Bengal was estimated to be 1.9, varying between 2.1 and 1.7 in rural and urban areas. The rural–urban gap in the district-level fertility rates was prominent, specifically in districts with higher levels of fertility. Kolkata, Hugli and North Twenty-Four Parganas had the lowest-low fertility (TFR = <1.5). Fewer than half of women with only one living child wanted further children, and this was somewhat higher in rural areas. Around 40% of women had achieved their desired number of children. However, a substantial proportion (43.1%) had a lower number of children than desired, varying between 45.9% and 41.7% in urban and rural areas, respectively. Contraception use, female education and age at marriage, along with the other socioeconomic factors, had a greater influence on rural fertility rates than on urban counterparts in the districts of West Bengal. Further research should be directed at understanding the contemporary fertility decline as well as the gap between ideal and desired number of children, specifically in those districts with very low fertility rates.