bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Evolution of Adult Education in America
Authors: Liddell Terry
Published: September 2012

This chapter focuses on the history of adult education in the United States, but the implication is that the formation of the field is dependent upon the social, economic, and political needs, resources, and priorities of a given time and place. This is true anywhere in the world as was demonstrated in modern history such as the role of adult education in the post- World War II reconstruction in Europe and Japan, or more recently, in Southern Africa with the dramatic changes after the fall of apartheid (officially in South Africa and symbolically in other countries). For example, in the past ten years, universities in Southern African countries have consolidated Departments of Adult Education with Departments of Community Development in recognition of the symbiotic and reciprocal relationship between the two fields of study during this time of reconstruction of inclusive participatory democracy. The role of various institutions and the influence on the direction and resources for adult education are explored. The role of change and acculturation is also visited.
Electronic Health Record Implementation in the United States Healthcare Industry
Authors: D’Abundo Michelle Lee
Published: September 2012

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act (2009) was legislation passed focused on improving health care delivery and patient care in America through the development of health information technology (HIT). The mission of this chapter is to review how American health care practitioners and organizations will integrate one aspect of HIT, the use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs), into the workplace. While objectives and deadlines have been established and aligned with incentives for the meaningful use of EHRs, it seems the missing component is a strategic plan that could be applied by health care organizations to guide the implementation process. The use of a program planning model is suggested to frame a strategic implementation process informed by principles of change management.
Doctoral Student Experiences in an Online Degree Program
Authors: Fletcher Edward C.
Published: September 2012

With the proliferation of distance education as a common educational delivery mode in higher education, increased scrutiny and criticism has seriously challenged its merit. Despite the widespread hesitancy to embrace distance education as a legitimate component of the higher educational system, the access it affords to adult learners pursuing graduate education is undeniable. To that end, this chapter briefly discusses the history of distance education; reviews the distance education literature; presents findings from a study exploring the experiences of doctoral students regarding the benefits and challenges of pursuing an online degree; discusses emerging trends for distance education; and concludes with recommendations for administrators, faculty, and students in higher education.
Online Graduate Programs and Intellectual Isolation
Authors: Kevany Kathleen M. , Lange Elizabeth , Cocek Chris , Abidi Catherine Baillie
Published: September 2012

With more flexibility in higher education, the authors argue that online graduate programs have a significant but unrecognized potential for interprofessional learning. Interprofessional learning is an emerging trend that is considered necessary to address the “wicked problems” in our society that defy simple solutions, disciplinary silos, and cause/effect thinking. This chapter examines the challenges of: fostering good adult education pedagogy in an online context, encouraging peer collaboration and an intellectual culture in an online, self-directed graduate program, and creating the conditions for interprofessional learning.
If at First You Don’t Succeed, Become a Lifelong Learner
Authors: King Kathleen P. , Partin Christina M. , Manibusan Hidelisa C. , Sadhi Gillian M.
Published: September 2012

In this chapter, the authors propose examining online learning in higher education as a mechanism for promoting lifelong learning skills, and thus, as a way to provide capital to students. With that in mind, they provide a theoretical foundation to demonstrate the need for workforce development as well as interdisciplinary perspectives on the skills and requisites necessary for successful lifelong learning, and how both are important to the central mission of higher education. This chapter explores the literature and major issues surrounding the importance and use of capital and lifelong learning skills, and how both can be gained through online learning. The authors argue that lifelong learning skills can be generated through transformative leaning experiences and that facilitating these experiences should be a goal of online learning in higher education in order to ensure that students have the skills necessary to gain social, cultural, and economic capital in order to remain relevant through their lives in a 21st century, learning society. In this chapter, the authors discuss several relevant examples of “Tools for Lifelong Learning” including specific examples to demonstrate how online classes can serve as a mechanism to generate capital for students in higher education settings. They provide a model and build upon theory across higher education, sociology, adult learning, and educational psychology to provide a new perspective of the importance of lifelong learning as well as best practices for achieving these goals.
Improving the Workforce in Kazakhstan through Distance Learning Technologies
Authors: Parker Judith E. , Tazhina Gainiya
Published: September 2012

Kazakhstan’s emergence as an independent nation began with the fall of the U.S.S.R. twenty years ago. Increasing globalization has opened up new opportunities for today’s students in the country to step into leadership positions in emerging and growing organizations. New policies at academic institutions have required lecturers to earn a diploma in their field. Both of these situations have created a need for training and the earning of a diploma by adults across the country. Since many of these potential students do not live within commuting distance to a university, distance education provides a method of meeting the educational needs of this 21st century workforce. The distance education program and its students at the University of International Business in Almaty, Kazakhstan are reviewed as a model for distance education in the region, and the results of recent research are reported. This research focuses on the demographics of these online learners, the perception of their distance education experience, and the implications for their lifelong learning.
Lifelong Learning in Europe
Authors: Yilmaz Harun , Sahin Sami
Published: September 2012

Lifelong learning has become an indispensable concept in our lives in the 21st century with the advent of technologies and the development of knowledge-based economies and societies. This concept has given a variety of names, such as lifelong education, recurrent education, and adult education. With the establishment of the European Union (EU), economic and civic issues have become more important in terms of social integration and economic competitiveness in Europe in 1980s. As a solution to these challenges, several lifelong learning programs were launched by the EU, including Erasmus, Socrates, Leonardo da Vinci, and Grundtvig. Since the Erasmus program covers university students in terms of a formal schooling period and staff in the higher education setting and people employed by private businesses, it seems a hybrid and prominent solution for lifelong learning in Europe. Therefore, after some information about lifelong learning and adult education are provided, how the Erasmus program works is explained, and some statistics are given to emphasize its importance for Europe.
Affective Side of Technology Incorporation in the Workplace
Authors: Farmer Lesley S. J.
Published: September 2012

The need for critical use of technology is more important than ever in a digital world. This changing informational environment affects the workplace, and also emphasizes the need for lifelong education and learning organizations. Additionally, the intersection of technology and globalization has led to more intense and pluralistic interactions across societies. Affective factors that impact workplace learning in order to integrate technology are discussed: on the personal, social, and organizational level. Change theory, cultural issues, and emerging trends are also noted.
Partnerships between Business and Adult Education Providers
Authors: Schmidtke Carsten
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the benefits and challenges of partnerships between adult education providers and businesses. The chapter addresses reasons for engaging in partnerships, the typical partners involved, types of partnerships, partnership activities, and the process of building a partnership. The theory is then used to analyze a specific case, the partnership between a technical college and an industrial park. Based on that case, lessons learned and future trends in educational partnerships as they relate to economic development and America’s ability to remain globally competitive are discussed.
Nation Building through Andragogy and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Henschke John A.
Published: September 2012

This chapter addresses the author’s international experience of and involvement in the very essence of exemplifying my conception of the following in various countries around the globe – nation building through andragogy and lifelong learning: on the cutting edge educationally, economically, and governmentally. Although I have been privileged to engage adult learners in research and learning experiences in a dozen countries through andragogical and lifelong learning processes, the chapter presents only a sketch of the author’s personally unique approach of work and learning in what he calls nation building with people in five countries: Brazil, South Africa, Mali, Thailand, and Austria. The purpose is to clearly articulate some of the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the most successful facilitation activities of helping adults learn in such a way that any adult educator, who may be disposed and committed to do so, could learn these processes and replicate them with others.
Integrated Information and Computing Systems for Advanced Cognition with Natural Sciences
Authors: Rückemann Claus-Peter
Published: September 2012

This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the present status of Integrated Information and Computing Systems for complex use cases and system architectures in order to exploit new resources for opening up new cognitive insights for natural sciences applications. It shows up with the challenges creating complex integrated information and computing components and covers implementation, frameworks, and security issues with these processes and how the overall complexity can be reduced using collaboration frameworks with Distributed and High Performance Computing resources in natural sciences disciplines for building integrated public / commercial information system components within the e-Society. The focus is on using a collaboration framework for integrating computing resources with information system components, interfaces for data and application interchange, based on current developments and embedding development, operational, up to strategical level. Referenced are the case studies within the long-term GEXI project, GISIG framework and Active Source components used in heterogeneous environments. The Collaboration house framework has been created over the last years and is being used for a number of scenarios in research environments, using High End Computing resources. The application of these methods for commercial service structures affords the consideration of various legal, security, and trust aspects. This has already been used by international partners from geosciences, natural sciences, industry, economy, and education though this concept has been found a solution for the component integration and cooperation for information systems, e.g., in natural sciences and archaeology. Nevertheless the different aspects and situations need to be collected in order to provide and disseminate them for wider use. Examples are Envelope Interfaces for geoscientific processing, from advanced scientific computing up to High Performance Computing and Information Systems as well as enabling object security and verification for Integrated Information and Computing Systems.
Software Design for Passing Sarbanes-Oxley in Cloud Computing
Authors: Lasluisa Solomon , Rodero Ivan , Parashar Manish
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this chapter is to identify and analyze the challenges of creating new software in the public cloud due to legal regulations. Specifically, this chapter explores how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) will indirectly affect the development and implementation process of cloud computing applications in terms of software engineering and actual legality of said software solutions. The goal of this chapter is twofold - to bring attention to the need for specific analysis of legal issues in public clouds (as opposed to general analysis), and to illustrate the need for cloud developers to address legal constraint while creating their platforms, in order to increase their viability in the corporate environment.
Awareness-Based Security Management for Complex and Internet-Based Operations Management Systems
Authors: Inden Udo , Lioudakis Georgios , Rückemann Claus-Peter
Published: September 2012

Grounded on two use-cases from different domains of operations – aviation network management and service-bundling of small enterprises – the authors develop a management concept for increasingly complex business operations’ systems. These cases exemplify the convergence of new technologies and with this the arising of new organisational and managerial challenges representing both, risk and chance. Soon so-called “Things-that-Think,” profiting from future multi-core chip architectures and autonomously acting in the Internet, will become drivers of massive distribution and parallelisation of stationary and mobile operations’ architectures and lead to hybrid networks of humans, things and systems. These developments require elaborating and implementing new principles and mechanisms of operations’ management – not at least in order to manage holistic operations’ properties raising with the complexity like criticality, resource footprints, or, pars pro toto addressed here, security. The core of the authors’ argumentation is that the increase of operations’ complexity emerging from this combination of massive heterogeneity, distribution and parallelism, on the other side offers new chances of mastering complexity. For taking this change two concepts are paramount: intelligent peer-to-peer systems and self-aware system behaviour e.g. with regard to performance and for sure: security. Rather than struggling with the finally unavailing undertaking of controlling complexity, this chapter suggests implementing self-awareness as added-value service into complex operations’ systems with the goal of managing their “holistic properties” like external effects, criticality, as well as issues of security and trust.
Energy-Efficient Monitoring and Controlling of Computer Systems
Authors: vor dem Berge Micha , Christmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

This chapter aims to describe the current state and the ongoing efforts to integrate a monitoring and controlling architecture in modern computing environments. Benefits to be gained from this architecture include: More knowledge about the available computing resources and the capability to establish a management platform that optimizes energy efficiency as well as the availability of the computer environment in a time of a rapidly growing need for computer systems. In two use cases, namely server virtualisation and High Performance Computing (HPC), implementations of a management system for energy-efficiency were evaluated, showing that it is possible to increase the energy-efficiency by more than 10%, depending on the use case and the workload.
Password Recovery Research and its Future Direction
Authors: Thing Vrizlynn L. L. , Ying Hwei-Ming
Published: September 2012

As users become increasingly aware of the need to adopt strong password, it brings challenges to digital forensics investigators due to the password protection of potential evidentiary data. On the other hand, due to human nature and their tendency to select memorable passwords, which compromises security for convenience, users may select strong passwords by considering a permutation of dictionary words. In this chapter, the authors discuss the existing password recovery methods and identify promising password recovery approaches. They also present their previous work on the design of a time-memory tradeoff pre-computed table coupled with a new sorting algorithm, and its two new storage mechanisms. The results on the evaluation of its password recovery performance are also presented. In this chapter, the authors propose the design of a new password recovery table by integrating the construction of common passwords within the enhanced rainbow table to incorporate the two promising password recovery approaches. They then present the theoretical proof of the feasibility of this technique.
Thermo-Chemical Convection in Planetary Mantles
Authors: Plesa Ana-Catalina , Tosi Nicola , Hüttig Christian
Published: September 2012

Thermo-chemical convection is the primary process that controls the large-scale dynamics of the mantle of the Earth and terrestrial planets. Its numerical simulation is one the principal tools for exploiting the constraints posed by geological and geochemical surface observations performed by planetary spacecrafts. In the present work, the authors discuss the modeling of active compositional fields in the framework of solid-state mantle convection using the cylindrical/spherical code Gaia. They compare an Eulerian method based on double-diffusive convection against a Lagrangian, particle-based method. Through a series of increasingly complex benchmark tests, the authors show the superiority of the particle method when it comes to model the advection of compositional interfaces with sharp density and viscosity contrasts. They finally apply this technique to simulate the Rayleigh-Taylor overturn of the Mars’ and Mercury’s primordial magma oceans.
Biomedical Information Processing and Visualization for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery
Authors: Liao Hongen
Published: September 2012

This chapter demonstrates a particular application of biomedical information processing and visualization techniques for minimally invasive diagnosis and therapy in neurosurgery. Computer-assisted surgical navigation provides surgeons valuable information on the precision location of surgical targets and critical areas, as well as the positions of surgical instruments. However, most navigation systems use pre-/intra-operative images, which are displayed on a two-dimensional (2D) display situated away from the surgical field. These setups force the surgeon to take extra steps to match navigation information on the display with the actual surgical target of the patient. Two typical medical information-based navigation systems for neurosurgery are described in this chapter. First, an integration system with fluorescence-based intra-operative diagnosis and laser ablation-based, high-precision, minimally invasive treatment is introduced. Second, an autostereoscopic image-guided surgical system developed for minimally invasive neurosurgery is discussed. The autostereoscopic image and corresponding augmented reality with three-dimensional (3D) image overlay have been used in open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided neurosurgery. These techniques enable intra-operative visualization of surgical targets for precision tumor resection.
Image Fusion Method and the Efficacy of Multimodal Cardiac Images
Authors: Fukami Tadanori , Wu Jin
Published: September 2012

Currently, there is no single type of medical image that provides an indispensable tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment: Rather, different imaging devices are used for different diseases. Each imaging device has both advantages and disadvantages. To provide a more complete picture and to improve accuracy in diagnosis, techniques that combine images taken by different imaging modalities have recently used more in clinical practice. In addition, researchers continue to develop these techniques. Previously, images taken by different devices at different times were integrated using image processing techniques. After the development of hybrid imaging devices that can connect two kinds of devices, complicated processing by software was reduced. In this chapter, the authors review some representative imaging modalities that are commonly used as diagnostic tools and discuss the use and efficacy of image fusion techniques for clinical use.
The Development of a Quantitative Method for the Detection of Periarticular Osteoporosis Using Density Features within ROIs from Computed Radiography Images of the Hand
Authors: Murakami Seiichi , Kim Hyoungseop , Tan Joo Kooi , Ishikawa Seiji , Aoki Takatoshi
Published: September 2012

Periarticular osteoporosis of the hands and feet is one of the major diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a quantitative method to detect periarticular osteoporosis using radiographs has not been reported. In this chapter, the authors propose a quantitative method for the detection of periarticular osteoporosis using density features of regions of interest (ROIs) from computed radiography (CR) images of the hand. The proposed method measures the density features of ROIs using histogram analysis, co-occurrence matrices, Fourier analysis, and the extraction of line components. Periarticular osteoporosis is detected using a discernment function based on these measurements. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method was assessed using 188 joints from 17 cases, including 6 normal cases (without periarticular osteoporosis) and 11 abnormal cases (with periarticular osteoporosis). The sensitivity of the method was 88.9%, and the specificity was 98.1%. Therefore, the authors consider this method to be potentially useful to radiologists for detecting periarticular osteoporosis in the hands.
Construction of Digital Statistical Atlases of the Liver and their Applications to Computer-Aided Diagnosis
Authors: Chen Yen-Wei
Published: September 2012

Digital atlases of the human anatomy are a new and hot topic in medical image analysis. The basic idea of the digital atlas is to capture the variability of an organ’s location, shape, and voxel intensity (texture) from a training set. In this chapter, the authors present current progress toward constructing digital atlases of the liver and their applications to liver segmentation and diagnosis of hepatic disease. They also introduce a new mathematic framework (generalized N-dimensional principal component analysis) based on multi-linear algebra for medical volume analysis.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Control for Restoration and Rehabilitation of Motor Function
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Miura Naoto
Published: September 2012

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been studied and clinically applied to restoring or assisting motor functions lost due to spinal cord injury or cerebrovascular disease. Electrical stimulation without control of functional movements is also used for therapy or in rehabilitation training. In recent years, one of the main focuses of FES studies has been its application for rehabilitation of motor function. In this review, the authors first present the basics of applying electrical stimulation to the neuromuscular system for motor control. Then, two methods of FES control are discussed: controllers for FES based on feedback error learning (FEL) and on cycle-to-cycle control of limb movements. The FEL-FES controller can be practical in FES applications that need to control the musculoskeletal system that involves various nonlinear characteristics and delay in its responses to electrical stimulation. The cycle-to-cycle control is expected to be effective in controlling repetitive movements for rehabilitation training. Finally, a study on ankle dorsiflexion control during the swing phase using an integrated system of FES control and motion measurement with wearable sensors for rehabilitation is presented.
A Strength Training Machine with a Dynamic Resistance Control Function Based on Muscle Activity Level
Authors: Moromugi Shunji , Ishimatsu Takakazu
Published: September 2012

A unique machine for strength training is introduced in this chapter. This training machine dynamically controls the amount of electronically generated resistance to provide a varying resistance force that follows a desired pattern during the exercise. This pattern or trajectory of desired muscle activity levels can be easily set prior to exercise through an interactive panel on the computer screen. It is predicted that this technology could facilitate more safe and effective strength training. The methodology for the muscle activity-based resistance control and the mechanism of the proposed system are detailed using a leg press prototype machine. The unique training features offered by the prototype are presented with data recorded from demonstrations and experiments.
Medical Manipulators for Surgical Applications
Authors: Duan Xing-guang , Wang Xing-tao , Huang Qiang
Published: September 2012

Great advances have been made over the last decade with respect to medical manipulators for surgical robots. Although they cannot replace surgeons, they can increase surgeons’ abilities to perform surgeries with greater therapeutic effectiveness. These advanced surgical tools have been implemented in complex, precise, repetitive, and difficult surgeries. This chapter reviews medical manipulators used in surgical applications. At present, several kinds of medical manipulators have been developed to perform a variety of surgical procedures and can be classified into different categories. Here, the authors discuss general design principles and summarize and classify medical manipulators based on joint category and level of autonomy, with illustrations of applications. Finally, a brief synopsis is provided.
Design of and Experimentation with a Walking Assistance Robot
Authors: Lixun Zhang , Dapeng Bai , Lei Yi
Published: September 2012

To help patients with lower limb disabilities walk, a robot was designed to help train patients to stand up. An experimental prototype was developed, and experiments to train patients stand up and walk were performed using this robot. The results show that the robot can help patients to stand from a sitting position, which is the purpose of standing-up training. At the same time, the standing-up mechanism can coordinate with the walking assistance mechanism in the walking training mode, allowing the robot to help patients to perform rehabilitation walking training. The justification of the mechanism design was demonstrated, and thus, the robot can be used for stranding-up training and walking training.
Biomedical Robotics for Healthcare
Authors: Kurita Yuichi , Ikeda Atsutoshi , Nagata Kazuyuki , Okajima Masazumi , Ogasawara Tsukasa
Published: September 2012

Haptic information is crucial in the execution of precise and dexterous manipulations. During minimally invasive surgery, medical doctors are required to indirectly sense force-related information from body organ tissue via forceps because they cannot directly touch the tissue. The evaluation of force-based skill is critical in the judgment of whether a person has adequate manipulation skills to conduct surgery procedures. Currently, simulation training in minimally invasive surgery is a required component of general surgery residency training. A primary obstacle in the development of a training simulator with a haptic feedback capability is its high cost. This chapter addresses two research issues that must be integrated in the development of a cost-effective haptic training system: the challenge of skill evaluation during laparoscopic surgery by measuring the force applied to forceps, and a novel haptic display based on a haptic augmented reality (AR) technique.
Functional Electrical Stimulation Based on Interference-Driven PWM Signals for Neuro-Rehabilitation
Authors: Yokoi Hiroshi , Kato Ryu , Mori Takashi , Yamamura Osamu , Kubota Masafumi
Published: September 2012

Disorders of the nervous system can cause paraplegia, which prevents human mobility and decreases quality of life. A major therapeutic goal is to recover motor and sensory function in individuals who have sensory or motor impairments, due to an accident or illness, and to provide support for the performance of daily life activities. For this purpose, the authors developed a multi-functional system based on interference-driven electrical stimulation that can promote the recovery of sensory-motor functions. The interference-driven electrical stimulation method was developed using a mixed stimulation signal with a carrier wave at a frequency that has been shown to stimulate human muscle. The parameters of electrical stimulation were optimized using a grasp/open hand task and a flexion/extension foot task based on the brain activity following electrical stimulation. This chapter reports the experimental results of the effects of electrical stimulation on motor function and brain activity in partially paralyzed stroke patients during the three phases of stroke symptoms.
Biomedical Robotics for Healthcare
Authors: Ohuchida Kenoki , Hashizume Makoto
Published: September 2012

Recently, a robotic system was developed in the biomedical field to support minimally invasive surgery. The popularity of minimally invasive surgery has surged rapidly because of endoscopic procedures. In endoscopic surgery, surgical procedures are performed within a body cavity and visualized with laparoscopy or thoracoscopy. Since the initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 1987, the implications for endoscopic procedures have continuously expanded, and endoscopic surgery is currently the standard for an increasing number of operations. Advances in laparoscopic surgery have led to less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and an earlier return to work for many patients. However, performing laparoscopic procedures requires several skills that have never been required for conventional open surgery. The surgeon needs to coordinate his/her eyes and hands and acquire a skillful manner using long-shaft instruments as well as mentally interpret a two-dimensional environment as a three-dimensional one. Because learning such skills is stressful for most surgeons, performing a laparoscopic procedure is more physically and mentally demanding than performing an open procedure.
Tough Double-Network Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yang Jing Jing , Liu Jian Fang , Kurokawa Takayuki , Kitamura Nobuto , Yasuda Kazunori , Gong Jian Ping
Published: September 2012

Hydrogels are used as scaffolds for tissue engineering in vitro & in vivo because their three-dimensional network structure and viscoelasticity are similar to those of the macromolecular-based extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissue. Especially, the synthetic hydrogels with controllable and reproducible properties were used as scaffolds to study the behaviors of cells in vitro and implanted test in vivo. In this review, two different structurally designed hydrogels, single-network (SN) hydrogels and double-network (DN) hydrogels, were used as scaffolds. The behavior of two cell types, anchorage-dependent cells and anchorage-independent cells, and the differentiation behaviors of embryoid bodies (EBs) were investigated on these hydrogels. Furthermore, the behavior of chondrocytes on DN hydrogels in vitro and the spontaneous cartilage regeneration induced by DN hydrogels in vivo was examined.
Non-Contact Pulse Monitoring Using Live Imaging
Authors: Ohta Yuji , Uchida Miki
Published: September 2012

In this paper, the authors describe a novel non-invasive technique for monitoring pulse rate using live imaging. This method is based on the finding that brightness of the skin varies with pulsation due to the effects of blood scattering. The technical methods for image capture and data processing are described. The mechanism of light reflection inside the skin is also described using a layer model consisting of stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis. This non-contact measurement method can yield natural physiological data during regular daily activities, and thus appears suitable for in-home healthcare monitoring.
Modularity of Biochemical Networks
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki
Published: September 2012

To reveal the relationships between large-scale, heterogeneous biochemical networks and their associated functions, called design principles in biology, it is critically important to disintegrate the networks into topology- or function-based subnetworks to analyze the mechanism of how each subnetwork generates a specific biological function, and to synthesize them as the whole system in the same manner as engineering, where a variety of parts are assembled into functional machines. This synthesis and analysis approach can be carried out by a computer. In this review, the author describes several methodologies that serve to disintegrate biological systems into biologically meaningful modules, with practical consequences for systems biology studies.
Methods for the Analysis of Intracellular Signal Transduction Systems
Authors: Nakakuki Takashi , Okada-Hatakeyama Mariko
Published: September 2012

This chapter introduces some practical methods for the analysis of intracellular signal transduction systems. If a biological system is described by a linear ordinary differential equation, various analytical tools are available to elucidate a control mechanism for the system in question. However, few systematic methods are available for nonlinear systems in which it is more capable of wide application for practical problems to describe a biological phenomenon by nonlinear modeling. Here, three effective methods for nonlinear systems analysis are demonstrated with a practical example involving a large-scale nonlinear model that includes signal transduction pathways, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and both transcriptional and translational control. Two methods of metabolic control analyses (MCA) are explained; the classical type can be applied to static conditions, and the alternative method can be used to analyze dynamic properties, such as peak, duration, and integral of time-course responses. Unlike MCA that cannot be experimentally verified because of technical limitations, the authors next explain an analytical method with a large perturbation. Finally, they introduce a parameter sensitivity analysis and explain that, by changing input characteristics, such as amplitude and frequency, some analysis of robustness can be achieved.
Brain–Machine Interface Using Brain Surface Electrodes
Authors: Hirata Masayuki , Yanagisawa Takufumi , Matsushita Kojiro , Sugata Hisato , Kamitani Yukiyasu , Suzuki Takafumi , Yokoi Hiroshi , Goto Tetsu , Shayne Morris , Saitoh Youichi , Kishima Haruhiko , Kawato Mitsuo , Yoshimine Toshiki
Published: September 2012

The brain-machine interface (BMI) enables us to control machines and to communicate with others, not with the use of input devices, but through the direct use of brain signals. This chapter describes the integrative approach the authors used to develop a BMI system with brain surface electrodes for real-time robotic arm control in severely disabled people, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. This integrative BMI approach includes effective brain signal recording, accurate neural decoding, robust robotic control, a wireless and fully implantable device, and a noninvasive evaluation of surgical indications.
Preservation and Reproduction of Human Motion Based on a Motion-Copying System
Authors: Katsura Seiichiro
Published: September 2012

In this chapter, a novel method for preserving and reproducing human motion based on haptic technology is described. Haptic technology makes it possible to preserve and reproduce human motion using a paired master and slave system. Because it is possible to preserve motion information based on position trajectory and force input, future human support technology that will facilitate skill acquisition, physical rehabilitation will be developed and will facilitate personal adaptation, tele-communication, et cetera. Once human motions are preserved, it will be possible to process them for various applications. For example, being able to reproduce the speed and trajectory of motion will allow for adjustments that fit the desired function. As a result, the temporal and spatial coupling of perception and action can be attained. This type of physical extension technology based on haptics will be important for the future of human support in society.
Identity Theories and Technology
Authors: Dunn Robert Andrew
Published: September 2012

Modern identity has been shaped by technology, which has in turn shaped theories in understanding identity. How one communicates who they are to others is given limitless possibilities by the advent of the Internet and computer-mediated environments. Thus, identity theory today must take into account computer-mediated communication theory and research. Such research indicates four ways in which identity is affected by technology. First, researchers have discussed the differences between an individual’s true identity and the virtual identity he or she presents, via self-selected text and images, to an online world. Second, researchers have discussed how the Internet can provide both protective anonymity for those who seek it and cathartic disclosure for those who need it. Third, researchers have discussed ways in which users pursue both reflective virtual lives online and role-play with identities, often multiple identities. Fourth, researchers have conducted experiments that reflect the impact that virtual identity has on the practice of communication and the impact communication has on the presentation of the self.
The Language of Technoself
Authors: Fornaciari Federica
Published: September 2012

The goal of this chapter is to suggest theoretical means to address a fundamental question, what strategies do people use when presenting their selves online? This implies another question, how do people react to the context collapse when shaping their online profiles? The chapter analyzes the concept of identity and provides an analytical approach to the presentation of self online where traditional contextual and non-verbal cues lack. It tackles the issue of self presentation online through the frameworks of symbolic interactionism and narrative theory. The initial hypothesis is that individuals create online selves based on their offline selves; they attempt to shape online personas using similar communication strategies than in the offline world, but do so lacking traditional social cues, and this may generate dissonance for individuals who struggle defining the features of an imagined audience.
Of Paradigms, Theories, and Models
Authors: L’Abate Luciano
Published: September 2012

This chapter attempts to define and clarify differences among paradigms, theories, and models in communication science according to a hierarchical conceptual structure or pyramidal flowchart. A paradigm is an overarching, speculative world-view that represents the value system of researchers and scholars who claim to follow it loyally. A theory is a conceptual framework that is amenable to indirect empirical evaluation through interrelated models. A model is a construct defined and evidenced by one or more dimensions that are amenable to empirical verification. Examples of such structure are provided from a general example, from Family Communication, from Communication Science in general, and more specifically from Relational Competence Theory (RCT). Models from RCT are then related to models from Communication Science, including also written communication. Writing allows to link models of RCT to specific workbooks or interactive practice exercises that permit evaluation of models in a more dynamic manner than inert psychological tests. Communications based on distance writing are becoming an important component of techno-self in their multifarious applications to mental health, including promotion of health and prevention and treatment of mental illnesses. From a past auditory/ verbal self, these applications imply a present/digital/visual self.
Mindclone Technoselves
Authors: Rothblatt Martine
Published: September 2012

Ethical issues arise with respect to a digitized analog of a person. Such an analog exists when a person transfers an adequate quantity of digitized memories into a database coupled to software capable of discerning, and reproducing, a close facsimile of the person’s apparent consciousness, including personality, mannerisms, recollections, feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and values. This chapter refers to such a digitized analog of a person as a “mindclone.” The requisite software to create a mindclone is called “mindware,” and the database upon which mindware operates is called a “mindfile.” The purpose of this chapter is to assess two issues with respect to the ethical boundaries and cyber-psychological precepts for mindclone technoselves. First, is the legal identity of the mindclone separate from, or unified with, the identity of the biological original? Second, how does traditional bioethical analysis of biomedical actions toward people morph into a biocyberethical analysis of biomedical actions toward mindclones?
A Run for your [Techno]Self
Authors: Tomasi Alessandro
Published: September 2012

This chapter introduces, using a race as an allegory, three competing conceptions of man, or three ideals, in its relationship to technology, namely a non-technological conception of man, a paradigmatic human cyborg, and the model of a man free from organic ties, typified by the android. These theories correspond not only to current trends in the philosophy of technology, but also to the possible paths our epochal technological geist can take at this juncture. The ideal of non-technological purity informs all modern versions of luddism. The hybrid model supports an attitude less concerned about technology’s negative effects and more open to a more or less inevitable meshing of man and machine. Finally, the android is taken to be the end-goal of much of the trans-humanist or post-humanist movement, supporting an attitude of an open and total embrace of anything technological. These ideas of the human-machine relationship are paradigmatically competing in a way that will determine our future sense of identity. The chapter neither indicates nor suggests the winner in this paradigmatic race, but proposes a list of qualities that this winner will have to possess.
Cyber Identity
Authors: Ionescu Ana-Cristina
Published: September 2012

The realities of our world are imperatively legitimated by the complex relationship between media, technology, and society. Whether we deal with old or new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the content of the message delivered by the media assumes a fundamental role. The adherence of a large number of individuals to a common idea facilitates the formation of media-enabled personalities and communities within the virtual space. The emergence of Web 2.0 solves the tension from the ‘90s, when the public opinion decomposed into an amalgam of informal opinions of private individuals not entirely convinced by the formal ones, issued by publicistically effective but one-way communication media. While today the Internet provides the most inclusive forum of public deliberation, where communication is negotiated between cyber-women and cyber-men with equal rights, healed of the social diseases of the outer world, an important gap in our knowledge is whether Web 2.0 reflects our existing reality or whether it constructs a new environment, one that is devoid of the old biases. I would like to fill this gap in information, by exploring whether virtual communities represent a continuation, by technical means, of the pre-existing, face-to-face, geographic, stereotyped interactions, or whether they enabled the establishment of substantially different structures with their own intrinsic features and dynamics, where women have access to and control information.
The Empathy Paradox
Authors: Konrath Sara
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize changes in personality traits that have co-occurred with the rise of new social media, and to evaluate the plausibility of the hypothesis that new social media are a partial explanation for these dramatic changes. Studies have found a rise in social disconnection among recent generations of young Americans. Self-esteem and narcissism have been rising in college students from the late 1970s to 2010, with simultaneous declines in empathy. Scholars and lay people alike blame the rise of the internet, and in particular, self-oriented and self-promoting “social” networking sites. This new media landscape could lead to increasing social disconnection even as it superficially increases our social connections, and several studies suggest a direct link between social media use and social disconnection. However, since most research thus far is correlational, interpretations are limited, leaving open more optimistic possibilities for new social media.
Intellectual Disability, Identity, and the Internet
Authors: Chadwick Darren D. , Fullwood Chris , Wesson Caroline J.
Published: September 2012

This chapter provides insight into the nature of online engagement by people with intellectual disabilities, the extent and quality of this engagement in terms of the access that people have, and how people with intellectual disabilities present themselves in the online world. The authors of this chapter provide an overview of the extant literature on intellectual disability, identity, and the Internet. The chapter begins by outlining issues around Internet use and access by people with intellectual disabilities, including potential barriers. It then moves on to address online behaviour and the potential benefits of Internet use for people with intellectual disabilities. The chief focus of the chapter follows, describing the manner in which computer mediated communication affects how people with intellectual disabilities present themselves in the online world as well as considering the role that family members and supporters play in the development and management of people’s online identities. Finally, the chapter introduces future directions for research into intellectual disability, identity, and the Internet.
Avatars
Authors: Fox Jesse , Ahn Sun Joo
Published: September 2012

Avatars are defined as virtual representations that are controlled by a human user. Commonly, we observe avatars in video and online games, social networking sites, and virtual worlds. This chapter explores the use of avatars in the expression, exploration, and evolution of users’ identities, both online and offline. Theoretical explanations for the creation, manipulation, use, and effects of avatars are offered, including identification, transformed social interaction, and the Proteus effect. The adoption of avatars for identity expression, exploration, and change is discussed, including Turkle’s notion of fragmented selves and Nakamura’s concept of identity tourism. Research that has investigated the effects of avatars on self-perceptions and identity in various domains (such as health, marketing, finance, and environmental behaviors) is addressed. Implications and future directions for research in this area are discussed.