bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced Dynamics
Authors: Greenwood Donald T.
Published: March 2013

Advanced Dynamics is a broad and detailed description of the analytical tools of dynamics as used in mechanical and aerospace engineering. The strengths and weaknesses of various approaches are discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on learning through problem solving. The book begins with a thorough review of vectorial dynamics and goes on to cover Lagrange's and Hamilton's equations as well as less familiar topics such as impulse response, and differential forms and integrability. Techniques are described that provide a considerable improvement in computational efficiency over the standard classical methods, especially when applied to complex dynamical systems. The treatment of numerical analysis includes discussions of numerical stability and constraint stabilization. Many worked examples and homework problems are provided. The book is intended for use on graduate courses on dynamics, and will also appeal to researchers in mechanical and aerospace engineering.
Asymptotic Statistics
Authors: Vaart A. W. van der
Published: March 2013

This book is an introduction to the field of asymptotic statistics. The treatment is both practical and mathematically rigorous. In addition to most of the standard topics of an asymptotics course, including likelihood inference, M-estimation, the theory of asymptotic efficiency, U-statistics, and rank procedures, the book also presents recent research topics such as semiparametric models, the bootstrap, and empirical processes and their applications. The topics are organized from the central idea of approximation by limit experiments, which gives the book one of its unifying themes. This entails mainly the local approximation of the classical i.i.d. set up with smooth parameters by location experiments involving a single, normally distributed observation. Thus, even the standard subjects of asymptotic statistics are presented in a novel way. Suitable as a graduate or Master's level statistics text, this book will also give researchers an overview of research in asymptotic statistics.
Cosmochemistry
Authors: McSween, Jr Harry Y. , Huss Gary R.
Published: March 2013

How did the Solar System's chemical composition evolve? This textbook provides the answers in the first interdisciplinary introduction to cosmochemistry. It makes this exciting and evolving field accessible to undergraduate and graduate students from a range of backgrounds, including geology, chemistry, astronomy and physics. The authors - two established leaders who have pioneered developments in the field - provide a complete background to cosmochemical processes and discoveries, enabling students outside geochemistry to understand and explore the Solar System's composition.
Topics covered include:
- synthesis of nuclides in stars
- partitioning of elements between solids, liquids and gas in the solar nebula
- overviews of the chemistry of extraterrestrial materials
- isotopic tools used to investigate processes such as planet accretion and element fractionation
- chronology of the early Solar System
- geochemical exploration of planets
Boxes provide basic definitions and mini-courses in mineralogy, organic chemistry, and other essential background information for students. Review questions and additional reading for each chapter encourage students to explore cosmochemistry further.
Introduction to Phenomenology
Authors: Sokolowski Robert
Published: March 2013

This book presents the major philosophical doctrines of phenomenology in a clear, lively style with an abundance of examples. The book examines such phenomena as perception, pictures, imagination, memory, language, and reference, and shows how human thinking arises from experience. It also studies personal identity as established through time and discusses the nature of philosophy. In addition to providing a new interpretation of the correspondence theory of truth, the author also explains how phenomenology differs from both modern and postmodern forms of thinking.
Markov Chains
Authors: Norris J. R.
Published: March 2013

Markov chains are central to the understanding of random processes. This is not only because they pervade the applications of random processes, but also because one can calculate explicitly many quantities of interest. This textbook, aimed at advanced undergraduate or MSc students with some background in basic probability theory, focuses on Markov chains and quickly develops a coherent and rigorous theory whilst showing also how actually to apply it. Both discrete-time and continuous-time chains are studied. A distinguishing feature is an introduction to more advanced topics such as martingales and potentials in the established context of Markov chains. There are applications to simulation, economics, optimal control, genetics, queues and many other topics, and exercises and examples drawn both from theory and practice. It will therefore be an ideal text either for elementary courses on random processes or those that are more oriented towards applications.
Matrix Algebra
Authors: Abadir Karim M. , Magnus Jan R.
Published: March 2013

Matrix Algebra is the first volume of the Econometric Exercises Series. It contains exercises relating to course material in matrix algebra that students are expected to know while enrolled in an (advanced) undergraduate or a postgraduate course in econometrics or statistics. The book contains a comprehensive collection of exercises, all with full answers. But the book is not just a collection of exercises; in fact, it is a textbook, though one that is organized in a completely different manner than the usual textbook. The volume can be used either as a self-contained course in matrix algebra or as a supplementary text.
Automotive Control Systems
Authors: Ulsoy A. Galip , Peng Huei , Çakmakci Melih
Published: March 2013

This engineering textbook is designed to introduce advanced control systems for vehicles, including advanced automotive concepts and the next generation of vehicles for ITS. For each automotive control problem considered, the authors emphasise the physics and underlying principles behind the control system concept and design. This is an exciting and rapidly developing field for which many articles and reports exist but no modern unifying text. An extensive list of references is provided at the end of each chapter for all the topics covered. It is currently the only textbook, including problems and examples, that covers and integrates the topics of automotive powertrain control, vehicle control, and intelligent transportation systems. The emphasis is on fundamental concepts and methods for automotive control systems, rather than the rapidly changing specific technologies. Many of the text examples, as well as the end-of-chapter problems, require the use of MATLAB and/or SIMULINK.
Opera
Authors: Cannon Robert
Published: March 2013

What is opera and how does it work? How has this dramatic form developed and what is its relevance in the modern world? Perfect for music students and opera-goers, this introductory guide addresses these questions and many more, exploring opera as a complete theatrical experience. Organised chronologically and avoiding technical musical terminology, the book clearly demonstrates how opera reflected and reacted to changes in the world around it. A special feature of the volume is the inclusion of illustrative tables throughout. These provide detailed, easy to follow analysis of arias, scenes and acts; visual guides to historical movements; and chronologies relating to genres and individual composers' works. Overall, the book fosters an understanding of opera as a living form as it encounters and uses material from an ever expanding repertoire in time, place and culture.
Geometry
Authors: Brannan David A. , Esplen Matthew F. , Gray Jeremy J.
Published: March 2013

This richly illustrated and clearly written undergraduate textbook captures the excitement and beauty of geometry. The approach is that of Klein in his Erlangen programme: a geometry is a space together with a set of transformations of the space. The authors explore various geometries: affine, projective, inversive, hyperbolic and elliptic. In each case they carefully explain the key results and discuss the relationships between the geometries. New features in this second edition include concise end-of-chapter summaries to aid student revision, a list of further reading and a list of special symbols. The authors have also revised many of the end-of-chapter exercises to make them more challenging and to include some interesting new results. Full solutions to the 200 problems are included in the text, while complete solutions to all of the end-of-chapter exercises are available in a new Instructors' Manual, which can be downloaded from www.cambridge.org/9781107647831.
A Course in Model Theory
Authors: Tent Katrin , Ziegler Martin
Published: March 2013

This concise introduction to model theory begins with standard notions and takes the reader through to more advanced topics such as stability, simplicity and Hrushovski constructions. The authors introduce the classic results, as well as more recent developments in this vibrant area of mathematical logic. Concrete mathematical examples are included throughout to make the concepts easier to follow. The book also contains over 200 exercises, many with solutions, making the book a useful resource for graduate students as well as researchers.
Sports Economics
Authors: Blair Roger D.
Published: March 2013

Sports Economics, the most comprehensive textbook in the field by celebrated economist Roger D. Blair, focuses primarily on the business and economics aspects of major professional sports and the NCAA. It employs the basic principles of economics to address issues such as the organization of leagues, pricing, advertising and broadcasting as well as the labor market in sports. Among its novel features is the candid coverage of the image and integrity of players, teams, managers and the leagues themselves, including cases of gambling, cheating, misconduct and steroids. Blair explains how economic decisions are made under conditions of uncertainty using the well-known expected utility model and makes extensive use of present value concepts to analyze investment decisions. Numerous examples are drawn from the daily press. The text offers ample boxes to illustrate sports themes, as well as extensive use of diagrams, tables, problem sets and research questions.
The Life and Letters of George John Romanes
Authors: Romanes George John
Published: March 2013

George John Romanes (1848–94) was an influential evolutionary biologist whose work focused on the evolution of mental faculties. Although criticised for his anecdotal method, he is credited as being one of the pioneers of comparative psychology for his work on animal intelligence, and he also contributed to the development of the theory of natural selection. Romanes and Charles Darwin (1809–82) were close friends, and Darwin gave Romanes his notes on psychology for use in his studies. First published in 1896, this biography was written by his wife Ethel (1856–1927), also an author on religious topics. This reissue is of the second printing (also 1896): including correspondence between Darwin and Romanes, it is a rich source of information on both men and the development of their work. This book is also fascinating for its account of Romanes' mental conflict between his Christian faith and belief in evolution.
Geometric Analysis
Authors: Li Peter
Published: March 2013

The aim of this graduate-level text is to equip the reader with the basic tools and techniques needed for research in various areas of geometric analysis. Throughout, the main theme is to present the interaction of partial differential equations and differential geometry. More specifically, emphasis is placed on how the behavior of the solutions of a PDE is affected by the geometry of the underlying manifold and vice versa. For efficiency the author mainly restricts himself to the linear theory and only a rudimentary background in Riemannian geometry and partial differential equations is assumed. Originating from the author's own lectures, this book is an ideal introduction for graduate students, as well as a useful reference for experts in the field.
Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley
Authors: Huxley Leonard , Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95), the English biologist and naturalist, was known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', and is best remembered today for his vociferous support for Darwin's theory of evolution. He was, however, an influential naturalist, anatomist and religious thinker, who coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his own beliefs. Almost entirely self-educated, he became an authority in anatomy and palaeontology, and after the discovery of the archaeopteryx, he was the first to suggest that birds had evolved from dinosaurs. He was also a keen promoter of scientific education who strove to make science a paid profession, not dependent on patronage or wealth. Published in 1903, this three-volume work, edited by his son Leonard Huxley, is the second and most complete edition of Huxley's biography and selected letters. Volume 1 covers the period 1825–69, including his expedition to Australasia and the publication of the On the Origin of Species (1859).
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. In Volume 5, Huxley discusses the doctrines of Christianity and explains how his dissatisfaction with conventional religion led him to agnosticism.
Lectures and Essays
Authors: Clifford William Kingdon
Published: March 2013

A fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and of the Royal Society, William Clifford (1845–79) made his reputation in applied mathematics, but his interests ranged far more widely, encompassing ethics, evolution, metaphysics and philosophy of mind. This posthumously collected two-volume work, first published in 1879, bears witness to the dexterity and eclecticism of this Victorian thinker, whose commitment to the most abstract principles of mathematics and the most concrete details of human experience resulted in vivid and often unexpected arguments. Volume 1 includes a detailed biographical introduction by Clifford's colleague, Frederick Pollock, who situates his close friend's interests in Darwin and Spinoza within a larger, life-long devotion to the principles of scientific enquiry and experiment. This volume also features two important essays, 'On Some of the Conditions of Mental Development', his first public lecture delivered at the Royal Institute in London, and 'The Philosophy of the Pure Sciences'.
Elementary Particles
Authors: Hughes I. S.
Published: March 2013

This is now the third edition of a text that is already well established as one of the standard undergraduate books on the subject of elementary particle physics. Professor Hughes has updated the whole text in line with current particle nomenclature and has added material to cover important new developments. There is also a completely new major chapter on particle physics and cosmology, an exciting subject which has become an area of increasing importance in recent years. In this field much can be learnt from the way the subject developed, and so, where this helps its understanding, an historical treatment is used. At all stages the theoretical development is closely linked to the relevant experimental measurements, providing a sound foundation to what might otherwise appear as a rather abstract subject. This book will fill the need for an introductory undergraduate textbook aimed at students taking a first course in this fascinating area of modern physics.
Physical Properties of Polymers
Authors: Mark James , Ngai Kia , Graessley William , Mandelkern Leo , Samulski Edward , Koenig Jack , Wignall George
Published: March 2013

The third edition of this well known textbook discusses the diverse physical states and associated properties of polymeric materials. The contents of the book have been conveniently divided into two general parts, 'Physical States of Polymers' and 'Characterization Techniques'. Written by seven of the leading figures in the polymer science community, this third edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded. As in the second edition, all of the chapters contain general introductory material and comprehensive literature citations designed to give newcomers to the field an appreciation of the subject and how it fits into the general context of polymer science. Containing numerous problem sets and worked examples this third edition provides enough core material for a one semester survey course at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level.
Paradoxes
Authors: Sainsbury R. M.
Published: March 2013

A paradox can be defined as an unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Unlike party puzzles or brain teasers, many paradoxes are serious in that they raise serious philosophical problems, and are associated with crises of thought and revolutionary advances. To grapple with them is not merely to engage in an intellectual game, but to come to grips with issues of real import. The second, revised edition of this intriguing book expands and updates the text to take account of new work on the subject. It provides a valuable and accessible introduction to a range of paradoxes and their possible solutions, with questions designed to engage the reader with the arguments and full bibliographical references to both classic and current literature on the topic.
Introduction to the Physics of Electrons in Solids
Authors: Tanner Brian K.
Published: March 2013

This book aims to introduce the reader to the behaviour of electrons in solids, starting with the simplest possible model, and introducing higher-level models only when the simple model is inadequate. Unlike other solid state physics texts, this book does not begin with complex crystallography, but instead builds up from the simplest possible model of a free electron in a box. The approach is to introduce the subject through its historical development, and to show how quantum mechanics is necessary for an understanding of the properties of electrons in solids. It does not treat the dynamics of the crystal lattice, but proceeds to examine the consequences of collective behaviour in the phenomena of magnetism and superconductivity. Throughout the mathematics is straightforward and uses standard notation. This text is suitable for a second or third year undergraduate course in physics, and would also be suitable for an introductory solid state course in materials science or materials chemistry.
Dental Anthropology
Authors: Hillson Simon
Published: March 2013

Teeth are one of the best sources of evidence for both identification and studies of demography, biological relationships and health in ancient human communities. This text introduces the complex biology of teeth and provides a practical guide to the:
• excavation, cleaning, storage and recording of dental remains
• identification of human teeth including those in a worn or fragmentary state
• methods for studying variation in tooth morphology
• study of microscopic internal and external structure of dental tissues, and methods of age-determination
• estimation of age-at-death from dental development, tooth wear and dental histology
• recording of dental disease in archaeological and museum collections
Dental Anthropology is the text for students and researchers in anthropology and archaeology, together with others interested in dental remains from archaeological sites, museum collections or forensic cases.
Superconductivity
Authors: Ketterson J. B. , Song S. N.
Published: March 2013

This is a three-part text on the subject of superconductivity, an area of intense research activity worldwide. The first part covers the London, Pippard and Ginzburg-Landau theories, which are used to discuss a wide range of phenomena involving surface energies, vorticity, the intermediate and mixed states, boundaries and boundary conditions, the upper critical field in bulk, thin film and anisotropic superconductors, and surface superconductivity. The second section discusses the microscopic theory of Bardeen, Cooper and Schreiffer. The theory is used to discuss quasi particle tunneling and the Josephson effects from a microscopic point of view. The final part of the book treats non-uniform superconductors using the Bogoliubov-de Gennes approach with which it is possible to extract many important results without invoking Green's function methods. This text will be of great interest to graduate students and research workers in the fields of superconductivity, superfluidity, many body theory, and quantum liquids.
Computational Physics
Authors: Thijssen Jos
Published: March 2013

First published in 2007, this second edition describes the computational methods used in theoretical physics. New sections were added to cover finite element methods and lattice Boltzmann simulation, density functional theory, quantum molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulation, and diagonalisation of one-dimensional quantum systems. It covers many different areas of physics research and different computational methodologies, including computational methods such as Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics, various electronic structure methodologies, methods for solving partial differential equations, and lattice gauge theory. Throughout the book the relations between the methods used in different fields of physics are emphasised. Several new programs are described and can be downloaded from www.cambridge.org/9781107677135. The book requires a background in elementary programming, numerical analysis, and field theory, as well as undergraduate knowledge of condensed matter theory and statistical physics. It will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in theoretical, computational and experimental physics.
Features
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: March 2013

Features are a central concept in linguistic analysis. They are the basic building blocks of linguistic units, such as words. For many linguists they offer the most revealing way to explore the nature of language. Familiar features are Number (singular, plural, dual, …), Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and Tense (present, past, …). Features have a major role in contemporary linguistics, from the most abstract theorizing to the most applied computational applications, yet little is firmly established about their status. They are used, but are little discussed and poorly understood. In this unique work, Corbett brings together two lines of research: how features vary between languages and how they work. As a result, the book is of great value to the broad range of perspectives of those who are interested in language.
Can barotropic tide–eddy interactions excite internal waves?
Authors: Lelong M.-P. , Kunze E.
Published: March 2013

The interaction of barotropic tidal currents and baroclinic geostrophic eddies is considered theoretically and numerically to determine whether energy can be transferred to an internal wave field by this process. The eddy field evolves independently of the tide, suggesting that it acts catalytically in facilitating energy transfer from the barotropic tide to the internal wave field, without exchanging energy with the other flow components. The interaction is identically zero and no waves are generated when the barotropic tidal current is horizontally uniform. Optimal internal wave generation occurs when the scales of tide and eddy fields satisfy resonant conditions. The most efficient generation is found if the tidal current horizontal scale is comparable to that of the eddies, with a weak maximum when the scales differ by a factor of two. Thus, this process is not an effective mechanism for internal wave excitation in the deep ocean, where tidal current scales are much larger than those of eddies, but it may provide an additional source of internal waves in coastal areas where horizontal modulation of the tide by topography can be significant.
Performance and feeding behaviour of two biotypes of the black currant-lettuce aphid,Nasonovia ribisnigri, on resistant and susceptibleLactuca sativanear-isogenic lines
Authors: ten Broeke Cindy J.M. , Dicke Marcel , van Loon Joop J.A.
Published: March 2013

The black currant-lettuce aphid,Nasonovia ribisnigri, is an important pest of cultivated lettuce,Lactuca sativa.Since 1982, the control of this aphid on lettuce is largely based on host plant resistance, conferred by theNrgene, introgressed fromLactuca virosa. The resistance mechanism remains to be identified.N. ribisnigripopulations virulent on theNr-based resistance in lettuce have emerged in several locations in Europe since 2007. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance mechanism mediated by theNrgene in lettuce by detailed studies of aphid feeding behaviour and performance. Both avirulent (Nr:0) and virulent (Nr:1) biotypes ofN. ribisnigriwere studied on five resistant and two susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs). In addition, survival and colony development were quantified. Nr:0 aphids showed a strong decrease in sieve element ingestion and took longer to accept a sieve element on resistant NILs compared with susceptible NILs, and no aphids survived on the resistant NIL. Nr:1 aphids fed and performed equally well on the resistant and susceptible NILs. The resistance mechanism against Nr:0 aphids encoded by theNrgene seems to be located in the phloem, although we also observed differences in feeding behaviour during the pathway phase to the phloem. Nr:1 aphids were highly virulent to the resistance conferred by theNrgene. The consequences of the appearance of Nr:1 aphids for control ofN. ribisnigriare discussed.
The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad: Expected Profits and Government Intervention
Authors: Duran Xavier
Published: March 2013

Construction of the first transcontinental railroad, financed with large federal subsidies, is an important event in American history. Were the subsidies necessary to induce private investment in the railroad? The ex-ante investment decision examined uses contemporary reports and a simulation model to show that investors expected the railroad to be profitable. Evidence also shows that the railroad created political conflicts in Congress between the North and South. The secession removed the South as a disputant in Congress, reducing short-term political conflict but not long-term conflict. Subsidies reduced political risk, rather than transport market failure, and encouraged private investment.
Harvests and Financial Crises in Gold Standard America
Authors: Hanes Christopher , Rhode Paul W.
Published: March 2013

Most American financial crises of the postbellum gold standard era were caused by fluctuations in the cotton harvest due to exogenous factors such as weather. The transmission channel ran through export revenues and financial markets under the pre-1914 monetary regime. A poor cotton harvest depressed export revenues and reduced international demand for American assets, which depressed American stock prices, drained deposits from money center banks and precipitated a business cycle downturn—conditions that bred financial crises. The crises caused by cotton harvests could have been prevented by an American central bank, even under gold standard constraints.
Reference materials for the study of polymorphism and crystallinity in cellulosics
Authors: Fawcett T. G. , Crowder C. E. , Kabekkodu S. N. , Needham F. , Kaduk J. A. , Blanton T. N. , Petkov V. , Bucher E. , Shpanchenko R.
Published: March 2013

Eighty specimens of cellulosic materials were analyzed over a period of several years to study the diffraction characteristics resulting from polymorphism, crystallinity, and chemical substitution. The aim of the study was to produce and verify the quality of reference data useful for the diffraction analyses of cellulosic materials. These reference data can be used for material identification, polymorphism, and crystallinity measurements. Overall 13 new references have been characterized for publication in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) and several others are in the process of publication.
Synthesis and X-ray powder diffraction data of 7-fluoro-2-exo-(2-methylpropen-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxybenzo[b]azepine
Authors: Macías M. A. , Henao J. A. , Acosta Lina María , Palma Alirio
Published: March 2013

The stereoselective synthesis of 7-fluoro-2-exo-(2-methylpropen-1-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxybenzo[b]azepine was developed by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the nitrone derived from the corresponding 2-allyl-4-fluoro-N-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)aniline. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern for the new compound was analyzed and found to crystallize in a monoclinic system with space group P21/m (No. 11) and refined unit-cell parameters a = 11.655(5) Å, b = 5.850(2) Å, c = 18.314(4) Å, β = 104.27(3) and V = 1210.1 (6) Å3.
Characterization of chitin preparations using powder and film X-ray diffraction methods
Authors: Deschamps Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2013

Chitin is a natural polysaccharide found in many diverse phyla and almost always occurs in association with protein. In this study the chitin polymer is characterized by X-ray diffraction from its naturally occurring unprocessed state through various steps used in the purification procedure. In addition, the effect of different treatments on the final product is examined. These studies show that native chitin has a characteristic diffraction pattern that is not altered by the mild treatments used to isolate relatively pure chitin. Chitins prepared from different sources exhibit the same characteristic diffraction pattern. In addition, chitin films prepared using non-degrading solvents retain most of the characteristic patterns. De-acylation of chitin to produce chitosan results in large changes to the diffraction pattern. To a very limited extent features present in the diffraction pattern of native chitin can be recovered by re-acylation of chitosan.
In or Out of their Place: The Migrant Poor in English Art, 1740–1900
Authors: SNELL K.D.M.
Published: March 2013

This article considers how depictions of the migrant poor in English landscape art changed between 1740 and 1900. A painting by Edward Haytley (1744) is used to illustrate some prevailing themes and representations of the rural poor in the early eighteenth century, with the labouring poor being shown ‘in their place’ socially and spatially. This is then contrasted with the signs of a restless and migrant poor which appear in a few of Gainsborough's paintings, culminating in the poverty-stricken roadside, mobile, vagrant and sometimes gypsy poor who are so salient and sympathetically depicted in George Morland's work between 1790 and 1804. While there were clearly British and European precedents for such imagery long before this period, it is argued here that English landscape art after about 1750, and especially from c. 1790, witnessed a marked upsurge of such restless and migrant imagery, which was related to institutional and demographic transformations in agrarian societies. By George Morland's death in 1804, ‘social realism’ had become firmly established in his imagery of the migrant poor, and this long predated the 1860s and 1870s which are normally associated with such a movement in British painting.
Partial Volume Correction using Structural–Functional Synergistic Resolution Recovery: Comparison with Geometric Transfer Matrix Method
Authors: Kim Euitae , Shidahara Miho , Tsoumpas Charalampos , McGinnity Colm J , Kwon Jun Soo , Howes Oliver D , Turkheimer Federico E
Published: March 2013

We validated the use of a novel image-based method for partial volume correction (PVC), structural–functional synergistic resolution recovery (SFS-RR) for the accurate quantification of dopamine synthesis capacity measured using [18F]DOPA positron emission tomography. The bias and reliability of SFS-RR were compared with the geometric transfer matrix (GTM) method. Both methodologies were applied to the parametric maps of [18F]DOPA utilization rates ( kicer). Validation was first performed by measuring repeatability on test–retest scans. The precision of the methodologies instead was quantified using simulated [18F]DOPA images. The sensitivity to the misspecification of the full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of the scanner point-spread-function on both approaches was also assessed. In the in-vivo data, the kicer was significantly increased by application of both PVC procedures while the reliability remained high (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.85). The variability was not significantly affected by either PVC approach (<10% variability in both cases). The corrected kicer was significantly influenced by the FWHM applied in both the acquired and simulated data. This study shows that SFS-RR can effectively correct for partial volume effects to a comparable degree to GTM but with the added advantage that it enables voxelwise analyses, and that the FWHM used can affect the PVC result indicating the importance of accurately calibrating the FWHM used in the recovery model.
Hypothermia-Induced Neuroprotection is Associated with Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability in a Swine Model of Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Gong Ping , Hua Rong , Zhang Yu , Zhao Hong , Tang Ziren , Mei Xue , Zhang Mingyue , Cui Juan , Li Chunsheng
Published: March 2013

Increasing evidence has shown that mild hypothermia is neuroprotective for comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest, but the mechanism of this protection is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether prolonged whole-body mild hypothermia inhibits mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) in the cerebral cortex after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Thirty-seven inbred Chinese Wuzhishan minipigs were successfully resuscitated after 8 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF) and underwent recovery under normothermic (NT) or prolonged whole-body mild hypothermic (HT; 33°C) conditions for 24 or 72 hours. Cerebral samples from the frontal cortex were collected at 24 and 72 hours after ROSC. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation. At 24 hours, relative to NT, HT was associated with reductions in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, release of pro-apoptotic substances from mitochondria, caspase 3 cleavage, apoptosis, and neurologic deficit scores, as well as increases in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial respiration. Together, these findings suggest that mild hypothermia inhibits ischemia-induced increases in MMP, which may provide neuroprotection against cerebral injury after cardiac arrest.
Hyperlipidemia Disrupts Cerebrovascular Reflexes and Worsens Ischemic Perfusion Defect
Authors: Ayata Cenk , Shin Hwa Kyoung , Dileköz Ergin , Atochin Dmitriy N , Kashiwagi Satoshi , Eikermann-Haerter Katharina , Huang Paul L
Published: March 2013

Hyperlipidemia is a highly prevalent risk factor for coronary and cervical atherosclerosis and stroke. However, even in the absence of overt atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia disrupts endothelial and smooth muscle function. We investigated the impact of hyperlipidemia on resting-brain perfusion, fundamental cerebrovascular reflexes, and dynamic perfusion defect during acute focal ischemia in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice before the development of flow-limiting atherosclerotic stenoses. Despite elevated blood pressures, absolute resting cerebral blood flow was reduced by 20% in apolipoprotein E knockout compared with wild type when measured by [14C]-iodoamphetamine technique. Noninvasive, high spatiotemporal resolution laser speckle flow imaging revealed that the lower autoregulatory limit was elevated in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (60 vs. 40 mm Hg), and cortical hyperemic responses to hypercapnia and functional activation were attenuated by 30% and 64%, respectively. Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion caused significantly larger perfusion defects and infarct volumes in apolipoprotein E knockout compared with wild type. Cerebrovascular dysfunction showed a direct relationship to the duration of high-fat diet. These data suggest that hyperlipidemia disrupts cerebral blood flow regulation and diminishes collateral perfusion in acute stroke in the absence of hemodynamically significant atherosclerosis.
Monitoring dynamics of human adenovirus disassembly induced by mechanical fatigue
Authors: Ortega-Esteban A. , Pérez-Berná A. J. , Menéndez-Conejero R. , Flint S. J. , Martín C. San , de Pablo P. J.
Published: March 2013

The standard pathway for virus infection of eukaryotic cells requires disassembly of the viral shell to facilitate release of the viral genome into the host cell. Here we use mechanical fatigue, well below rupture strength, to induce stepwise disruption of individual human adenovirus particles under physiological conditions and simultaneously monitor disassembly in real time. Our data show the sequence of dismantling events in individual mature (infectious) and immature (noninfectious) virions, starting with consecutive release of vertex structures followed by capsid cracking and core exposure. Further, our experiments demonstrate that vertex resilience depends inextricably on maturation and establish the relevance of penton vacancies as seeding loci for virus shell disruption. The mechanical fatigue disruption route recapitulates the adenovirus disassembly pathway in vivo, as well as the stability differences between mature and immature virions.
Cerebral hypoperfusion modifies the respiratory chemoreflex during orthostatic stress
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Nakahara Hidehiro , Okazaki Kazunobu , Bailey Damian M. , Miyamoto Tadayoshi
Published: March 2013

The respiratory chemoreflex is known to be modified during orthostatic stress although the underlying mechanisms remain to be established. To determine the potential role of cerebral hypoperfusion, we examined the relationship between changes in MCA Vmean (middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity) and V̇E (pulmonary minute ventilation) from supine control to LBNP (lower body negative pressure; −45mmHg) at different CO2 levels (0, 3.5 and 5% CO2). The regression line of the linear relationship between V̇E and PETCO2 (end-tidal CO2) shifted leftwards during orthostatic stress without any change in sensitivity (1.36±0.27 l/min per mmHg at supine to 1.06±0.21 l/min per mmHg during LBNP; P=0.087). In contrast, the relationship between MCA Vmean and PETCO2 was not shifted by LBNP-induced changes in PETCO2. However, changes in V̇E from rest to LBNP were more related to changes in MCA Vmean than changes in PETCO2. These findings demonstrate for the first time that postural reductions in CBF (cerebral blood flow) modified the central respiratory chemoreflex by moving its operating point. An orthostatically induced decrease in CBF probably attenuated the ‘washout’ of CO2 from the brain causing hyperpnoea following activation of the central chemoreflex.
Transoral Miniplate Fixation of Mandibular Angle Fracture with and without 2 Weeks of Maxillomandibular Fixation: A Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Khiabani Kazem S. , Mehmandoost Meghdad Khanian
Published: March 2013

Background and Objectives

The ideal line of osteosynthesis in mandibular angle fractures indicates that a plate might be placed either along or just below the external oblique ridge. Some authors believe that using one miniplate at this line at the mandibular angle region provides sufficient strength to stabilize the fracture but others imply a second plate is required. Such controversies exist in the use of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). The intention of the present study was to compare efficiency and complications of using one miniplate with and without MMF in mandibular angle fractures.

Methods and Materials

Forty patients with facial trauma with mandibular angle fractures including displaced and unfavorable fractures were categorized into two groups of 20 persons. In all patients, one miniplate was placed on the external oblique ridge. In the first group, patients had light maxillomandibular elastic bands just after surgery but no rigid MMF. In the second group, patients had rigid MMF for 2 weeks after surgery. Patients were followed to evaluate complications and treatment efficiency.

Conclusions

Our study showed that use of a single miniplate in the external oblique ridge is a functionally stable treatment for all types of angle fractures (including displaced and unfavorable fractures) except comminuted and long oblique fractures, which were not included in our study. Use of postoperative MMF did not improve the results.
Effects of flexural and extensional excitation modes on the transmission spectrum of phononic crystals operating at gigahertz frequencies
Authors: Alaie Seyedhamidreza , Su Mehmet F. , Goettler Drew F. , El-Kady Ihab , Leseman Zayd
Published: March 2013

Phononic crystals (PnCs) are a class of materials that are capable of manipulating elastodynamic waves. Much of the research on PnCs, both theoretical and experimental, focus on studying the transmission spectrum of PnCs in an effort to characterize and engineer their phononic band gaps. Although most studies have shown acceptable agreement between the theoretical and experimental bandgaps, perfect matches are elusive. A framework is presented wherein two and three dimensional harmonic finite element analyses are utilized to study their mechanical behavior for the purpose of more accurately predicting the spectral properties of PnCs. Discussions on a Harmonic Finite Elements Analysis formulation of a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary and how reflections from absorbing boundaries can be inferred via standing wave ratios are provided. Comparisons between 2D and 3D analyses are presented that show the less computationally intensive 2D models are equally accurate under certain conditions. Finally, it is shown that a surface excitation boundary condition in a 3D model can significantly improve understanding of the experimental results for PnCs excited by surface mounted excitation sources.
Reduction of chemical reaction networks through delay distributions
Authors: Barrio Manuel , Leier André , Marquez-Lago Tatiana T.
Published: March 2013

Accurate modelling and simulation of dynamic cellular events require two main ingredients: an adequate description of key chemical reactions and simulation of such chemical events in reasonable time spans. Quite logically, posing the right model is a crucial step for any endeavour in Computational Biology. However, more often than not, it is the associated computational costs which actually limit our capabilities of representing complex cellular behaviour. In this paper, we propose a methodology aimed at representing chains of chemical reactions by much simpler, reduced models. The abridgement is achieved by generation of model-specific delay distribution functions, consecutively fed to a delay stochastic simulation algorithm. We show how such delay distributions can be analytically described whenever the system is solely composed of consecutive first-order reactions, with or without additional “backward” bypass reactions, yielding an exact reduction. For models including other types of monomolecular reactions (constitutive synthesis, degradation, or “forward” bypass reactions), we discuss why one must adopt a numerical approach for its accurate stochastic representation, and propose two alternatives for this. In these cases, the accuracy depends on the respective numerical sample size. Our model reduction methodology yields significantly lower computational costs while retaining accuracy. Quite naturally, computational costs increase alongside network size and separation of time scales. Thus, we expect our model reduction methodologies to significantly decrease computational costs in these instances. We anticipate the use of delays in model reduction will greatly alleviate some of the current restrictions in simulating large sets of chemical reactions, largely applicable in pharmaceutical and biological research.
Fractional wave equation and damped waves
Authors: Luchko Yuri
Published: March 2013

In this paper, a fractional generalization of the wave equation that describes propagation of damped waves is considered. In contrast to the fractional diffusion-wave equation, the fractional wave equation contains fractional derivatives of the same order α, 1 ⩽ α ⩽ 2, both in space and in time. We show that this feature is a decisive factor for inheriting some crucial characteristics of the wave equation like a constant propagation velocity of both the maximum of its fundamental solution and its gravity and “mass” centers. Moreover, the first, the second, and the Smith centrovelocities of the damped waves described by the fractional wave equation are constant and depend just on the equation order α. The fundamental solution of the fractional wave equation is determined and shown to be a spatial probability density function evolving in time all whose moments of order less than α are finite. To illustrate analytical findings, results of numerical calculations and plots are presented.
Air flow in a collapsing cavity
Authors: Peters Ivo R. , Gekle Stephan , Lohse Detlef , van der Meer Devaraj
Published: March 2013

We experimentally study the airflow in a collapsing cavity created by the impact of a circular disc on a water surface. We measure the air velocity in the collapsing neck in two ways: Directly, by means of employing particle image velocimetry of smoke injected into the cavity and indirectly, by determining the time rate of change of the volume of the cavity at pinch-off and deducing the air flow in the neck under the assumption that the air is incompressible. We compare our experiments to boundary integral simulations and show that close to the moment of pinch-off, compressibility of the air starts to play a crucial role in the behavior of the cavity. Finally, we measure how the air flow rate at pinch-off depends on the Froude number and explain the observed dependence using a theoretical model of the cavity collapse.
Atomic resolution mapping of interfacial intermixing and segregation in InAs/GaSb superlattices: A correlative study
Authors: Kim Honggyu , Meng Yifei , Rouviére Jean-Luc , Isheim Dieter , Seidman David N. , Zuo Jian-Min
Published: March 2013

We combine quantitative analyses of Z-contrast images with composition analyses employing atom probe tomography (APT) correlatively to provide a quantitative measurement of atomic scale interfacial intermixing in an InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL). Contributions from GaSb and InAs in the Z-contrast images are separated using an improved image processing technique. Correlation with high resolution APT composition analyses permits an examination of interfacial segregation of both cations and anions and their incorporation in the short period InAs/GaSb SL. Results revealed short, intermediate, and long-range intermixing of In, Ga, and Sb during molecular beam epitaxial growth and their distribution in the SL.