bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational Capital, Urban Globalisation and Cross‐Border Solidarity: the Case of the South African Municipal Workers
Authors: Barchiesi Franco
Published: March 2003

The article discusses the redefinition of strategies of international solidarity and action in South African organised labour, with particular regard to the South African Municipal Workers' Union (SAMWU). SAMWU has recently been challenged by the pervasive penetration of global capital and multinational corporations in schemes of “PublicÃPrivate partnership” in the delivery of municipal infrastructures. These developments carry potential dangers for trade union organisation and for public services in a context of extreme inequality. SAMWU has identified international action against global capitalism as a decisive terrain of struggle for workers' and citizens' rights. However, the union's difficulties in articulating an effective confrontation at this level reflects broader problems in internationalist approaches adopted by South African labour. These refer primarily to a problematic conceptualisation of new subjects of opposition and of alliances with emerging global social movements.
Coming in From the Cold: The Role of Trade Unions on Public Policy Bodies at a Regional Level, with a Focus on London, the Southeast and the East of England
Authors: Heselden Laurie
Published: March 2003

This short article will review the comparative contribution of trade unions to the design and implementation of public policy before and after the election of the Labour government, 1 May 1997. The article will then explore those factors that have proved to be obstacles to trade union’s greater or more effective engagement in public policy formulation. Finally, I will recommend possible remedies to alleviate those obstacles.
“Sophisticated People Versus Rednecks”: Economic Restructuring and Class Difference in America’s West
Authors: Jarosz Lucy , Lawson Victoria
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we argue for the importance of constructing a human geography of white class difference. More particularly, we present a theoretical framework for understanding the cultural politics of class and whiteness in the context of rural restructuring. We theorize these politics through an examination of the national discourse of redneck that has emerged in the US. We analyze the term “redneck” as one of several rhetorical categories that refer to rural white poor people. We argue that while various terms are employed in geographically specific ways and cannot be used interchangeably, they nonetheless function similarly in positioning the white rural poor. Our examination of redneck discourse exemplifies these processes and points up the need for a broader analysis of representational strategies that reinforce class difference among whites. Drawing upon three case studies of white rural poverty, we deconstruct these imagined rural spaces by situating discourses about white rural poor people in the context of geographically specific political economies of power and social relations in Kentucky, Florida, and Washington. These case studies, as well as the national discourse of redneck, represent rural poverty as a lifestyle choice and as an individualized cultural trait. Abstract rural spaces are construed as poor, underdeveloped, and wild; rural, white poor people are represented as lazy, dirty, obsolescent, conservative, or alternative. A focus upon the political economy of community resource relationships and the construction and reproduction of redneck discourses reveals how exploitative material processes are justified by naming others and blaming the persistence of rural poverty upon the poor themselves.
Adjusting to Equity: The Contradictions of Neoliberalism and the Search for Racial Equality in Peru
Authors: Laurie Nina , Bonnett Alastair
Published: March 2003

This article traces the development of race equity initiatives in Peru in the context of economic “liberalisation” and Western cultural hegemony. Drawing on interviews with Peruvian antiracist educators, we argue that the development of race equity programmes is being shaped by contradictory sociopolitical pressures. On the one hand, these initiatives reflect the forces of neoliberal intervention and reorganisation. On the other, they are the products of the challenges presented to conservative and antiegalitarian traditions by those committed to social justice. The paper also examines how the “new” equity paradigms associated with neoliberalism are acting to obscure the existence of other antidiscrimination traditions within Peru.
A sea of islands — a myriad of indicators: on the interface between demography and planning in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Haberkorn Gerald
Published: March 2003

While in recent years much has been written, and even more spoken, about the interrelationships between population and development, and particularly the importance of acknowledging population parameters in development planning and policy formulation, reality in most Pacific island countries and territories falls short of this rhetoric. Long‐term development plans and strategic development frameworks are still compiled without due consideration of demographic circumstances, and economic and public sector reform proceeds in many countries seemingly oblivious of contemporary population dynamics.

It is not always lack of basic and timely data that accounts for this malaise, as is evident from a myriad of demographic indicators reported by a variety of government agencies and regional and international organisations. However, these often manage to portray quite different demographic scenarios using identical data sources. This paper examines the institutional and methodological context within which Pacific island population data are collected and demographic information is produced. It concludes by discussing ways in which demography and demographers can contribute towards more realistic planning and policymaking in the Pacific.
Japanese service sector multinationals and the hierarchy of Pacific Rim cities
Authors: Edgington David W. , Haga Hiro
Published: March 2003

The explosive growth of Japanese service sector activities overseas since 1985 has had a significant impact on Pacific Rim cities. However, previous accounts of Japanese direct foreign investment in services have been constrained by official statistics which provide comparative information only at a national level. This paper uses establishment level data to assess changes in the spatial patterns of Japanese service firms among 35 cities as well as changes in the hierarchy of cities in the Pacific during the years 1985 to 1995. The period saw important changes in Japan’s economy such as the emergence of a ‘bubble economy’ up to 1990 and domestic recession after that. The results show the importance of Hong Kong, Singapore and Los Angeles as centres of Japanese service firms. However, the analysis indicates that a shift occurred in Japanese service sector focus over the study period, across the Pacific Rim from North America and Oceania to cities of the Asia‐Pacific region. Along with that shift the concentration of services in just a few cities has remained unchanged, even though some new cities have emerged in importance.
Intensification, and Alternative Approaches to Agricultural Change
Authors: Brookfield Harold
Published: March 2003

The context of the intensification debate is widened by calling attention to two aspects that have been insufficiently taken into account in the large post‐Boserup literature. These are farmers' use of capital investment of all forms, and the importance of organisational skills, as distinct from the technical skills on which the literature has concentrated. It is suggested that diversification of production and livelihood opportunities, investment, and finding new ways of using and managing resources are important roads to agricultural change and that ‘intensification’, explained in a reductionist manner as a response to pressures, is only a part of the story. Adaptation, innovation, and the seizing of opportunity can take place within a wide range of social, demographic and environmental conditions.
Land Use Change and Intensification in Papua New Guinea 1975–1996
Authors: McAlpine J.R. , Freyne D.F.
Published: March 2003

Land use intensity mapping of Papua New Guinea (circa 1975) has been updated to 1996 and analysed with respect to changes in area, population distribution and preferred environments for land use. Although the rural population has increased approximately 50 per cent over that time, the area of village land use has expanded only 11 per cent. Those environments that were most preferred for village agriculture in 1975 have tended to experience proportionately greater population increase over the period 1975–96 than elsewhere.
Indigenous wealth and development: micro–credit schemes in Tonga
Authors: Horan Jane C.
Published: March 2003

‘Women in Development’ aid–funded credit schemes in the Kingdom of Tonga were designated as ‘failures’ by the funders because the recipient groups of textile producers, who were meant to be engaging in commercial handicraft production as development, were instead making and seemingly ‘retaining’ textile koloa (indigenous wealth). It is my contention that rather than making low–valued, low–priced textiles for tourist consumption the women made koloa textiles for the Tongan ceremonial economy where a greater range of ideological, spiritual and material gains including cash were available to them. Even though the default rate on the loans was low, and the women were engaged in a Tongan notion of development known as fakalakalaka, the funders and the critics of the schemes were either unable to or would not recognise development taking place, so driven by macroeconomic indices were their criteria and assessment.

This paper looks at the implications of this disjuncture and the funders’ lack of understanding (and/or rejection) of indigenous global economic systems and hybrid notions of development inherent in the women textile producers’ actions. It explores a contemporary reality where indigenous wealth is thriving in the global economy, contributes to the literature on hybrid economic systems and challenges macroeconomically driven development policy in the Pacific.
Foreign Investment in Southeast Asia in Historical Perspective
Authors: Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: March 2003

This paper places today's spectacular boom in foreign investment throughout Southeast Asia in its appropriate historical perspective. It contrasts the most authoritative statistical evidence pertaining to the late 1930s and the late 1980s and identifies features of change and continuity between the late‐colonial period and today. It is observed that nationalities of investors and targets of foreign investment have changed dramatically whereas the hierarchy of recipients, the investment climate and the function of foreign investment in the host country economy all display a certain continuity. The salient question is whether the impact of contemporary foreign investment on economic growth in the host country will be more lasting than was the case in colonial days.
China's Trade Liberalization and Structural Adjustments for the World Economy
Authors: Feng Lei , Huang Yiping
Published: March 2003

While China's open‐door policy has benefited the world economy, there are anxieties, both in China and abroad, about increased competition and the cost of dramatic adjustments. This paper attempts to analyse the implications of China's trade reform for structural change and welfare in China and the rest of the world. Three sets of experiments are implemented with the GATP model. The study finds that China is the biggest gainer from its own liberalization, its labour‐intensive sector will expand but other sectors, including agriculture will contract. The structural adjustment for other countries is likely to be concentrated on the clothing sector. But the economies which experience the biggest adjustments are also the biggest gainers. Multilateral trade liberalization, such as the APEC free trade process, increases the gain both for the rest of the world and for China.
The Impact of APROC on Taiwan’s Economy: A CGEAnalysis of Deregulation
Authors: Wang Shiu‐Tung , Chou Ji , Kuo Nai‐Fong
Published: March 2003

The Taiwan Government defines the Asia‐Pacific Regional Operations Center (APROC) project as designed ‘to transform Taiwan into a regional economic center through overall liberalization and internationalization’. From this definition and the targets of APROC as set by the Taiwan Government, it is not difficult to see that deregulation is one of the basic means of achieving its goals. In this paper, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to evaluate the possible effects of this deregulation. The effects of deregulation on the economy go through four channels in the model: (i) deregulation liberalizes the market; (ii) deregulation moderates factor market distortion; (iii) deregulation attracts foreign investment, speeds up capital accumulation and enlarges capital stock in Taiwan; and (iv) deregulation attracts foreign investment and hence improves technology. Six simulations are conducted in this paper. All of the simulations show positive effects on Taiwan’s economy as a whole, while for individual sectors the effects are various.
Demand Diversification Under Uncertainty and Market Power
Authors: Seo John J. Y.
Published: March 2003

This paper justifies theoretically and empirically the diversification behaviour of an importing firm when it chooses the mixture of potentially differentiated products of its major input under price uncertainty. The paper investigates an equilibrium relationship among three key explanatory variables, which are the expected price, the systematic risk of price, and monopolistic market power of the suppliers in the market. The theoretical section shows that there exists a conflict between the risk–diversification effect and the agent's preference over certain products when the importer chooses the vector of optimal quantity shares. The latter effect may disturb or even dominate the former, which can be represented in an equilibrium relationship similar to the framework of the CAPM. As an empirical application, the Chinese wheat import market is examined and analysed to answer the questions raised by the basic statistics.

JEL classification: F12; F14; L22
Transaction Costs and Exchange: Nine Case Studies of Australian and Malaysian Firms
Authors: Dogan Ergun , Smyth Russell , Wills Ian
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the transaction costs of cross–cultural exchange, drawing on interviews with senior management of Australian and Malaysian firms. Parties to a transaction need to undertake a number of costly activities, including identifying an exchange partner, measuring the quantity/quality dimensions of the good or service exchanged, definition of the parties' rights and obligations in respect of whatever is exchanged and contract enforcement. This paper uses a contractual approach focusing on each of these issues to examine the various factors, particularly cultural differences, which add to the costs of international exchange for Australian and Malaysian firms.

JEL classification: F2; K0; Z1
Agglomeration Effects versus Policy Effects: The Case of the Electronics Industry in Malaysia
Authors: Togo Ken , Arikawa Yasuhiro
Published: March 2003

The present study analyses investments within the Malaysian electronics industry in 1991 to assess the effectiveness of development policy in light of strong agglomeration effects in the electronics industry. We ﬁnd that agglomeration and the use of industrial estates as development policy have had positive effects on ﬁrms’ location choice. However, agglomeration has a much larger effect than industrial estates. In addition, we ﬁnd that the marginal effect of industrial estates is positively correlated with the degree of agglomeration. This suggests that improvement of problems of regional inequality by industry estates would be very difﬁcult in reality.
Causal Analyses in Interpersonal Relations: On Importance of the Control Condition
Authors: Singh Ramadhar
Published: March 2003

Most studies of interpersonal relations employ the high and low levels of an independent variable and attribute the high–low difference to the high level only. However, such a difference can be due to the positivity effect of the high level, the negativity effect of the low level, or both. To specify the loci of the high–low difference, a control condition is necessary. In my research into interpersonal attraction and impression formation, I ascertained the magnitude of the positivity and negativity effects relative to the response to a control condition of no‐individuating information. The negativity effects of dissimilar attitudes and negative traits were greater than the positivity effects of similar attitudes and positive traits. One source of this positive–negative asymmetry was the person positivity bias in the participants. A greater weighting of negative than positive level could be another factor. Research is needed to separate the contributions of these two variables to the positive–negative asymmetry demonstrated.
Group Dynamics in Japan
Authors: Sugiman Toshio
Published: March 2003

Studies in group dynamics in Japan, which started just after the Second World War, are reviewed. This review categorizes the studies into two classes: those conducted in the first generation (up to the 1970s) which still remain influential today, and those which represent the current major research trends in the area. The first generation is characterized by a strenuous catching up of studies conducted in the U.S. The second generation has been a theoretical and empirical expansion of the area, and has emphasized the bilateral, dynamic relations between the nature of human collectivities (including culture) and the individuals’ psychological state. It has been increasingly recognized that what was regarded as an individual psychological phenomenon in the past should be re‐examined from the viewpoint of group dynamics. This goes beyond the traditional definition of small groups research in the laboratory setting. Group dynamics is developing as a field of study in which any kind and size of human collectivity is investigated regarding its dynamic nature and functions that provide a life‐world appearing in front of each individual in the collectivity.
Personality and Roommate Friendship in Chinese Culture
Authors: Lee Royce Yat‐Pui , Bond Michael Harris
Published: March 2003

This study examines the relationship of personality traits to mutual friendship among assigned roommates. It was designed to compare actual and perceived personality similarity and of personality desirability on friendship outcomes in a Chinese cultural setting. Hong Kong university students rated their own and their roommate’s personality on a comprehensive, indigenous measure six months after being paired to room together in the campus dormitories. Wright’s (1991) Acquaintance Description Form was completed by each roommate to assess their friendship. Those roommate pairs where each rated the friendship high were compared with those where each rated the friendship low. The decisive personality variable associated with mutual friendship was the roommate’s perceived higher level on four of the eight desirable dimensions of Chinese personality, namely helpfulness, intellect, openness to experience, and extroversion. There were no associations to friendship for the other roommate’s actual self‐ratings on any of these eight dimensions; nor was friendship related to roommate similarity in personality, whether actual or perceived. These results for perceived roommate desirability in personality are discussed in light of related Western research and the constraints which apply to the assigned roommate relationship.
Rhetorical Unity and Social Division: A Longitudinal Study of Change in Australian Self‐Stereotypes
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Oakes Penelope J. , J. Reynolds Katherine , Mein Justin
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the impact of social division associated with the emergent “race debate” in Australia (and the so‐called “Hanson phenomenon”) on the consensus of Australian students’ stereotypes of their national ingroup. It compares the stereotypes held by a sample of students in 1997 (N = 20) with those revealed in studies conducted from 1992 onwards (N = 102). Results provide strong evidence that stereotype consensus was reduced in the current phase of research and post‐testing also indicates that participants themselves interpreted this as being the product of political change in Australian society. The findings are consistent with the argument that stereotypes are sensitive to changes in intergroup and intragroup relations, and that they respond to the reality of social division rather than to the rhetoric of unity.
Individualism‐collectivism and self‐concept: Social or contextual?
Authors: Parkes Louise P. , Schneider Sherry K. , Bochner Stephen
Published: March 2003

The cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism (I‐C) have been closely identified with different conceptions of the self. In contrast to autonomous, abstract self‐concepts, it has been argued that collectivists have concepts of self which are interdependent with others and connected with particular contexts. This study investigated the extent to which spontaneous social and contextual self‐concepts were connected to each other and to individual‐level I‐C measures. Questionnaires were administered to adult employee samples in Australia and South‐East Asia (N = 581). Although closely intertwined, social and contextual statements were able to be independently tested in relation to I‐C. I‐C was primarily related to the social‐autonomous dimension of self. Controlling for social self‐responses, contextual self‐concepts were not independently related to any of the measures of I‐C.
The variability of the delinquent self: Anti‐authority attitudes and endorsement of neutralization techniques among incarcerated delinquents in Singapore
Authors: Khoo Angeline C. E. , Oakes Penelope J.
Published: March 2003

This study presents research findings showing that the delinquent social identity is not a fixed entity but varies according to situational factors. Participants were incarcerated Singapore delinquents of both genders, who responded to a vignette of a rule‐breaking situation when either their family or their gang social identities are made salient. Another manipulation involves confrontation by authority either in public or in private. Results demonstrate that delinquents’ attitude toward authority and their endorsement of the techniques of neutralization vary depending on the salience of their identities and confrontation by authority. This lends support to self‐categorization theory's concept of the variable self.
Ethnic identity and interethnic dating in Portuguese young adults
Authors: Reich Warren A. , Ramos Jennifer M. , Jaipal Rashmi
Published: March 2003

Forty undergraduate Rutgers‐Newark students (21 women and 19 men) of Portuguese descent, aged 18 to 28, participated in a study on identity com‐mitment and attitudes toward interethnic dating. High commitment to a Portuguese identity was associated with a collectivist orientation and with having a social network densely populated with Portuguese people. High personal concern with the ethnicity of one’s dating partner was positively correlated with commitment to a Portuguese identity, and with having a social network densely populated with Portuguese people. High importance placed on parents’ opinions about the ethnicity of dating and marriage partners was associated with a collectivist orientation. For women but not men, commitment was associated with high concern with one’s partner’s ethnicity. Results are discussed in terms of gender and the development of commitment to an ethnic identity.
Cognitive and social effects in allocation behavior: A new view on loci of developmental differences
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Chong Sharon Sze Kah , Leow Hwei Chyi , Tan Reena Chui Hui
Published: March 2003

Allocations become more equitable with age in America but not in Asia. The authors hypothesized that age affects perception of inputs but a combination of perceived inputs and social value determines allocation behavior. The subtractive model guided data gathering from Chinese in Singapore. Experiment 1 confirmed the Asian age‐trend, and demonstrated age differences in perceived inputs. Rated importance of perceived inputs decreased but that of group harmony increased from 5 to 17 years. In Experiment 2, the relationship between perception of ‘fair’ shares driven by perceived inputs and pay allocations by 11–15‐year‐olds was non‐linear, showing considerable adjustments in allocation behavior. In Experiment 3, allocation behaviors and perceived inputs of 5–21‐year‐olds had the Asian and American age‐trends, respectively. Obviously, allocation behavior in Asia is a compromise between the conflicting prescriptions of cognitive and social development.
When social psychology became less social: Prasad and the history of rumor research
Authors: Bordia Prashant , DiFonzo Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Rumor research, in general, and its delayed incorporation of the work of rumor researcher Jamuna Prasad, in particular, exemplify how the intellectual climate of American social psychology discouraged the development of social approaches. In the present paper, we explain his conceptualization of how rumors start and spread, and explore findings from subsequent research supporting or negating his propositions. It is our contention that, although Prasad had identified the basic variables involved in rumor generation and transmission correctly, mainstream social psychological research in the 1940s did not incorporate his contributions. Instead, mirroring the Zeitgeist of American social psychology, rumor research was approached from a predominantly individual level of analysis. In the present paper, the authors have tried to resurrect some of the group‐level variables from Prasad’s treatment of rumor and to suggest that social psychology adopt a more ‘social’ approach to rumor.
Interpersonal behaviors and friendship in a Chinese culture
Authors: Tam Bonnie K.Y. , Bond Michael Harris
Published: March 2003

This research is designed to assess the links between interpersonal behaviors and relationship development. A measure of friendship, labeled ‘communion’, was developed that focused exclusively on the characteristics of the relationship itself. It was hypothesized that greater use by both parties of behaviors promoting the interests of the other, ‘beneficence’, and of behaviors respecting the rights of the other, ‘restraint’, would result in greater communion between the roommates by the end of their first 6 months together. Both dimensions of behavior proved to be related to communion, although beneficence by both parties was relatively stronger than restraint. These findings were discussed in terms of other types of relationships where there is less freedom of involvement and greater hierarchy.
The Electronics Industries of the Asia–Pacific: Exploiting International Production Networks for Economic Development
Authors: Hobday Mike
Published: March 2003

Although the electronics industry has been one of the main driving forces behind the export‐led growth of the newly industrialising economies (NIEs) of the Asia–Pacific, there has until recently been little empirical research showing how the various NIEs managed to enter international markets and gain technology. This paper describes the overall characteristics of the electronics sector in the NIEs, highlighting the main organisational innovations which have enabled local firms to enter international markets and acquire foreign technology. The OEM (original equipment manufacture) system, prevalent in East Asia, is contrasted with the TNC (transnational company)‐led growth dominant in Southeast Asia. The paper also discusses the emerging ‘contract electronics manufacturing’, or CEM, which could threaten traditional OEM and TNC‐subsidiary production in the NIEs. The electronics sector proves to be a rich source of empirical material, both for understanding the processes of economic development and for illustrating the role of latecomer enterprise in engaging with and exploiting international production networks.
Applications: Comparing the Performances of NSW and Victorian Students in a First‐Year Mathematics Course (with Discussion)
Authors: Catchpole E.A. , Anderson B.R.
Published: March 2003

The Australian Defence Force Academy takes in enough students from all over Australia to allow some comparisons to be made between students from different states. Since 1995, Victoria and New South Wales have used a similar ranking system to produce a Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER), and we use this as a basis for comparing the performances of students from these states in our first‐year mathematics course. We find that on average, students from NSW perform significantly better than Victorian students with the same TER.
Theory & Methods: Jackknifing the Mantel–Haenszel Estimator in Sparse Contingency Tables
Authors: Pigeot I. , Strugholtz H.
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the performance of two jackknife techniques under an asymptotic model in which the number of 2 × 2 tables increases but the possible marginal configurations remain fixed. These approaches are applied to the Mantel–Haenszel estimator, or transformed versions of this estimator, respectively. The resulting jackknife estimators are shown to be consistent for the common odds ratio. Their asymptotic distributions are derived; they can be used for constructing appropriate sparse‐data confidence intervals.
Theory & Methods: Mixture model clustering using the MULTIMIX program
Authors: Hunt Lynette , Jorgensen Murray
Published: March 2003

Hunt (1996) implemented the finite mixture model approach to clustering in a program called MULTIMIX. The program is designed to cluster multivariate data that have categorical and continuous variables and that possibly contain missing values. This paper describes the approach taken to design MULTIMIX and how some of the statistical problems were dealt with. As an example, the program is used to cluster a large medical dataset.
Theory & Methods: Calibration of the estimators of variance
Authors: Singh Sarjinder , Horn Stephen , Chowdhury Sadeq , Yu Frank
Published: March 2003

This investigation suggests new techniques to calibrate estimators of variance. Estimators of the variance of simple mean, ratio and regression estimators under different sampling schemes are shown to be special cases of the proposed calibration techniques. The approach has more practical use due to recent advances in programming techniques and computational speed. An empirical study has been carried out to address the properties of these proposed strategies.
Applications: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases – An Overview
Authors: Mackinnon Murray J. , Glick Ned
Published: March 2003

Data mining seeks to extract useful, but previously unknown, information from typically massive collections of non‐experimental, sometimes non‐traditional data. From the perspective of statisticians, this paper surveys techniques used and contributions from fields such as data warehousing, machine learning from artificial intelligence, and visualization as well as statistics. It concludes that statistical thinking and design of analysis, as exemplified by achievements in clinical epidemiology, may fit well with the emerging activities of data mining and 'knowledge discovery in databases' (DM&KDD).
Applications: An Easter Proximity Effect: Modelling and Adjustment
Authors: Zhang Xichuan (Mark) , McLaren Craig H. , Leung Caleb C.S.
Published: March 2003

The timing of Easter Sunday varies from one year to the next and can affect time series data. To reveal the underlying movement of a time series, the date of Easter's occurrence and its impact on the time series have to be taken into account. New approaches are developed to model and remove the impact of Easter. The monthly Australian Total Retail Turnover series is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the modelling approaches.
Theory & Methods: Partitioning Pearson's Chi‐squared Statistic for Singly Ordered Two‐way Contingency Tables
Authors: Beh Eric J.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a partition of Pearson's chi‐squared statistic for singly ordered two‐way contingency tables. The partition involves using orthogonal polynomials for the ordinal variable while generalized basic vectors are used for the non‐ordinal variable. The benefit of this partition is that important information about the structure of the ordered variable can be identified in terms of locations, dispersion and higher order components. For the non‐ordinal variable, it is shown that the squared singular values from the singular value decomposition of the transformed dataset can be partitioned into location, dispersion and higher order components. The paper also uses the chi‐squared partition to present an alternative to the maximum likelihood technique of parameter estimation for the log‐linear analysis of the contingency table.
Theory & Methods: Measure of Asymmetry for Square Contingency Tables Having Ordered Categories
Authors: Tomizawa Sadao , Miyamoto Nobuko , Hatanaka Yusuke
Published: March 2003

For the analysis of square contingency tables with nominal categories, Tomizawa and coworkers have considered measures that represent the degree of departure from symmetry. This paper proposes a measure that represents the degree of asymmetry for square contingency tables with ordered categories (instead of those with nominal categories). The measure proposed is expressed using the Cressie–Read power‐divergence or Patil–Taillie diversity index, defined for the cumulative probabilities that an observation falls in row (column) category i or below and column (row) category j(> i) or above. The measure depends on the order of listing the categories. It should be useful for comparing the degree of asymmetry in several tables with ordered categories. The relationship between the measure and the normal distribution is shown.
Theory & Methods: Detection of influential observations in nonlinear reproductive dispersion models
Authors: Tang Nian‐Sheng , Wei Bo‐Cheng , Wang Xue‐Ren
Published: March 2003

A robust case‐deletion diagnostic which could avoid masking is presented for nonlinear reproductive dispersion models (NRDM) (Jorgensen, 1997) that include generalized linear models and exponential family nonlinear models as special cases. Based on the second‐order approximation of log‐likelihood displacement and Poon & Poon’s (1999) conformal normal curvature, a measure of local influence ranging from 0 to 1 is constructed. An example illustrates application of the techniques.
Theory & Methods: Deviance Residuals for an Angular Response
Authors: De Souza Francisco A.M. , Paula Gilberto A.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses deviance residual approximations in von Mises regression models. By using a relationship between the von Mises and the wrapped normal distributions, the paper shows that the deviance component of the von Mises distribution is approximately a linear function of the standard normal distribution. Two standardized forms are proposed for the deviance residual, and a simulation study is performed to compare the approximation of the proposed residuals to the standard normal distribution. An illustrative example is given.
Capital Markets and Capital Formation in Australia, 1945–1990
Authors: Merrett D. T.
Published: March 2003

This survey article continues the author's examination of the interaction between domestic capital markets and capital formation by studying the 45 years after the end of World War II. (Part 1 appeared in AEHR 37 (3) 1997.) The significant rise and the sustained increase in the ratio of gross domestic capital formation to gross domestic product (GDP) posed challenges to local deposit taking institutions and capital markets to mobilize savings. The changing balance between public and private investment, and between investment by businesses and households, was reflected in the relative importance of government and private debt, and equity. The capital markets and financial institutions proved themselves to be adaptable enough to finance more than 90 per cent of postwar capital formation. However, the increasing inward and outward flows of foreign direct investment have weakened the nexus between the supply of domestic savings and capital formation.
Guild Socialism and the Historians
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: March 2003

Historians have often marginalised or dismissed Guild Socialism, and biographers have underplayed the Guild Socialist commitment of some of its most prominent adherents. This article details the historiographical neglect of Guild Socialism and argues that it has been due not only to the antipathy of historians steeped in the state socialist traditions, but also to the impossibility of placing Guild Socialism within the dominant historiographical paradigms developed by those traditions. The collapse of state socialism in all its forms affords an opportunity to re‐examine Guild Socialism, which may yield a fuller historical understanding of the progressive politics of the period, and suggest possible avenues for the development of radical politics in the future.
The Two Faces of Economic Insecurity: Reply to Goot and Watson on One Nation
Authors: Turnbull Nick , Wilson Shaun
Published: March 2003

Goot and Watson’s article on One Nation 1 represents a considerable advance on other studies of One Nation, its electoral support and its social foundations. They correctly identify the importance of conservative social attitudes amongst One Nation supporters. However, we take issue with the strong conclusion reached by the authors, which more or less rejects the argument that One Nation has emerged out of the growing economic insecurity of its supporters.2 We do not agree that this conclusion is either the unambiguous finding of their own analysis or a conclusion that can be reached without considering a wider range of factors. Our criticisms fall into four areas:
Promoting Public Service Integrity: A Case for Responsible Accountability
Authors: Gregory Robert , Hicks Colin
Published: March 2003

We discuss below difference between the concepts of accountability and responsibility, in the context of government administration. We argue that New Zealand’s public sector reforms, in particular, have depended on an essentially mechanistic as distinct from an organic interpretation of public organisations. A mechanistic approach focuses disproportionately on notions of organisational accountability at the expense of responsibility, and as a consequence may prove counterproductive over the longer term in maintaining high standards of ethical probity. A concept of responsible accountability needs to be developed further as a means of countering this possibility. We speculate on whether the emphasis on contractualism has enhanced or undermined an integrity‐based as opposed to a compliance‐based ethics regime, and the possible implications of this for the maintenance of ethical standards.
Australian Financial Prudential Supervision: An Historical View
Authors: Thomson Di , Abbott Malcolm
Published: March 2003

Australian financial prudential supervision is still to some degree influenced by the Banking Act 1945 that restricted the Australian central bank’s regulation only to ‘banks’. One of the aims of the Campbell Committee Inquiry of the early 1980s was to increase competitive neutrality in the financial system so those financial intermediaries could be treated on an equal footing. The more recent Wallis Inquiry has advocated that this process should be pushed further. As the Australian government is now in the process of creating a single body, separate from the Reserve Bank, to conduct prudential supervision of all deposittaking institutions it seems an opportune time to reflect on the manner in which the Australian prudential supervision has evolved. This paper provides an historical description of the current institutional approach to regulation of deposit‐taking financial institutions and analyses the reasons behind the predominance of institutional rather than functional financial regulation in Australia to date.
Participatory Governance into the Future: Roles of the Government and Community Sectors
Authors: Edwards Meredith
Published: March 2003

A paradigm shift is occurring in the way in which the government, business and community sectors relate to each other, challenging each to redefine their respective roles and responsibilities. This paper explores those changing relationships, focussing on how the community sector in particular may move beyond delivering services to be given a greater voice in the government's policy development process. Overseas, especially Canadian experience is drawn upon to suggest a possible participatory framework for progressing collaborative arrangements. Challenges the sectors need to confront are discussed before possible future roles and responsibilities are suggested.
Consultants and the Public Service
Authors: Dent Helen
Published: March 2003

Governments, as well as the community at large, need disinterested analysis and advice. It is important that governments are advised on the options for and against intervention in what some perceive as wrongs, and the potential and likely costs as well as the benefits to the whole community of such interventions. When the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration (RCAGA) was set up, most of this advice came from ‘official sources’: principally the Commonwealth Public Service, supplemented by official bodies such as the Tariff Board and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. RCAGA was concerned about the narrowness of Australian policy discourse (especially in relation to economic policy), and explored several avenues for widening it. Ironically, these possibilities did not include what has turned out to be a very significant alternative to official sources: the use of outside consultants. This paper reviews the growing use of consultants in government, starting from the concerns of RCAGA, and exploring the institutionalisation of ‘outside’ advice, and the impact of this on the capacity of the public service to advise.
Subsidiarity or Subterfuge? Resolving the Future of Local Government in the Australian Federal System
Authors: Brown A. J.
Published: March 2003

During Australia’s centenary of federation (2001), the author, Local Government Association of Queensland and Courier–Mail newspaper surveyed 1,264 Queenslanders for their attitudes to future constitutional change, including a sample of 259 local government opinion leaders from across the state. The results of this pilot suggest ongoing political, functional and theoretical challenges surrounding the position of local government in Australia. Only 22 percent of local government respondents indicated a preference for the federal system to remain the same in another 100 years, against 70+ percent preferring significant structural change (50 percent seeking regional governments that replace the states). This higher–than–expected interest in change suggests that ongoing national reviews of the position of local government will need to reconsider federalism’s values and structures from first principles, including engagement by Commonwealth and states alike with the principle of ‘subsidiarity’, if they are to deliver any long–term gains.
Knowledge and Power in the Clinical Setting
Authors: McMillan John , Anderson Lynley
Published: March 2003

In this paper we consider the three categories offered by Howard Brody for understanding power in medicine. In his book, The Healer's Power Brody separates out power in medicine into the categories of Aesculapian, Social, and Charismatic power. We examine these three categories and then apply them to a case. In this case set in an Obstetric ward, a junior member of the medical staff makes a clinical decision about a patient. This clinical decision is overruled by a senior medical staff member who then carries out his plan with disastrous consequences for the woman and her baby. This case challenges the three categories of power offered by Brody and highlights the need for a further category of Hierarchical power to be added to Brody's framework. We conclude by suggesting that there is a need to recognise the discrepancy in power not only between physician and patient but also between senior and junior staff in a clinical setting.
The Nazi! Accusation and Current US Proposals
Authors: Cavanaugh Thomas A.
Published: March 2003

In contemporary ethical discourse generally, and in discussions concerning the legalization of physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) and voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) specifically, recourse is sometimes had to the Nazi! accusation. Some disputants charge that such practices are or will become equivalent to the Nazi ‘euthanasia’ program in which over 73,000 handicapped children and adults were killed without consent. This paper reflects on the circumstances that lead to the use of this charge and offers reasons for putting the Nazi! charge aside in contemporary discussions of PAS and VAE. A number of the philosophical presuppositions common to both the Nazi ‘euthanasia’ program and the currently proposed practices of PAS and VAE are examined. Noting that racist ideology and violent coercion characterized the Nazi program, the paper concludes with a cautionary consideration of the current circumstances that would specify PAS and VAE in the US.
Anonymity and Informed Consent in Artificial Procreation
Authors: Lebech Anne Mette Maria
Published: March 2003

The practice of informed consent in biomedicine is so widely spread that it must be considered the most important principle within bioethics, and the most universally appealed to within recent legislation. There seems to be a consensus as to its value in research on autonomous persons, but also a problem concerning its application when dealing with people having a serious mental, social or even physical disability.

Within the field of artificial procreation there are even more problems. Informed written consent is often demanded from anonymous donors of gametes in order to ensure their consent to the legal and moral consequences of their anonymity. The child resulting from the artificial procreation, on the contrary, cannot consent to, nor be informed before being conceived, of the secrecy laid on the identity of its genetic parents. Some countries resolve this problem by allowing the children, when they reach their majority, to obtain some information pertaining to the health or the identity of their genetic parents.

This presents ethical problems. It can be argued that the anonymity of the parents chiefly affects the children, so that an agreement on this point among parents, doctors and others must be regarded as invalid. The paper will argue that a law ensuring the complete anonymity of the parents is disregarding the informed consent and the interests of the children resulting from artificial procreation, and is thus doing more damage to society than good.