bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF WILTED-ALFALFA SILAGE AND ALFALFA HAY PRESERVED WITH PROPIONIC ACID IN CORN-SILAGE-BASED DIETS FOR MILKING COWS
Authors: ATWAL A. S. , ERFLE J. D.
Published: March 2010

Thirty cows (9 uniparous and 21 multiparous) were fed three diets during weeks 5–16 of lactation. The dietary ingredients were adjusted weekly to reflect their oven dry matter (DM). The control diet was a low-fiber diet containing urea-treated corn silage (UCS), well-dried alfalfa hay and buffered concentrate (525:125:350 DM basis). The two test diets contained corn silage and either wilted-alfalfa silage (WAS) or alfalfa hay treated with propionic acid (PAH) and concentrate (300:300:400 DM basis). For the three blended diets, acid detergent fiber (169, 195 and 212 g kg−1 DM) and digestible energy (12.73, 12.50 and 12.25 MJ kg−1 DM) were different (P < 0.05). The crude protein content of the WAS diet was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the PAH diet (164 vs. 154 g kg−1 DM). Average DM intakes (21.8, 22.5 and 21.2 kg d−1) and solids-corrected milk yields (26.9, 27.9 and 26.6 kg d−1) were similar for the three treatments. Also there was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on milk composition and acetate/propionate ratios of rumen fluid. Thus WAS and PAH diets supported similar production and equalled the low fiber control diet. Key words: Lactation, urea, corn silage, alfalfa, wilted silage, propionic acid treatment.
INFLUENCE OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT CATTLE
Authors: KENNELLY J. J. , MATHISON G. W. , BOER G. de
Published: March 2010

Three factorial experiments were conducted to determine the relative feeding value of dry barley (DB) and high-moisture barley (HMB), and to evaluate the influence of method of ensiling (Pit vs. Harvestore® (HAV) silo), source of roughage (hay vs. silage), and level of concentrate (90 vs. 75%) on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. In exp. 1, 252 steers (initial wt 357 kg) were assigned on the basis of weight to six treatments (two pens × 21 animals per pen). A mixed diet consisting of 85.2% barley grain (dry matter (DM) basis) was offered free choice. The barley portion of the ration consisted of either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% DB with the balance being HMB from a pit silo. The sixth treatment consisted of feeding 100% HMB for the first 57 d and 100% DB for the remainder of the trial. Overall average daily gain (ADG) for steers fed 100% DB (1.70 kg d−1) was significantly higher than observed for animals fed 100, 75 or 50% HMB (1.46, 1.49 and 1.56 kg d−1, respectively). The kg of feed DM required per kg gain (FC) varied between 5.76 and 7.13 and was not (P > 0.05) influenced by treatment. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in carcass characteristics. In exp. 2, 360 steers (initial wt 340 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments designed to evaluate the effect of source (Pit vs. HAV) and level of HMB, in diets containing 10.2% silage, on animal performance. Overall ADG (1.11 – 1.17 kg d−1), FC (6.66 – 7.01) and carcass characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) for animals fed Pit HMB, HAV HMB and DB. In exp. 3, 264 weanling calves (initial wt 216 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments which differed in type of barley (HMB vs. DB), source of roughage (hay vs. silage) and level of concentrate (75 vs. 90%; DM basis). The feeding period was 127 d. Daily gains varied between 0.78 and 0.91 kg d−1 and FC ranged from 6.40 to 7.10 and were not influenced (P > 0.05) by source of barley or source or level of roughage. While animals fed DB had significantly higher ADG than those fed HMB in exp. 1, the overall results from the three experiments indicate that on a DM basis HMB has similar feeding value to DB, and that there is no major difference between Pit and HAV-stored HMB for feedlot cattle. Key words: High moisture, barley, cattle, gain, feed conversion
IN SITU DEGRADABILITY OF BARLEY STRAW IN CATTLE FED A BARLEY STRAW AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH ISOBUTYRIC ACID
Authors: MIR P. S. , MIR Z.
Published: March 2010

A feeding trial was conducted using a 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of isobutyric acid (IBA) supplementation of a diet containing 60% barley straw and 37% crested wheatgrass hay, on voluntary intake, rate of passage of solids from the rumen and in situ degradability of barley straw. IBA supplementation at 0, 2 and 4% of dietary dry matter (DM) resulted in voluntary intakes of 6.6, 7.1 and 7.6 kg d−1. Although the rate of passage of solids from the rumen of the diet supplemented with IBA at 4% of DM was 2.82% h−1 and was 1.89 and 1.97 times that of the other two diets, it was not statistically different (P > 0.05). Effective in situ degradability of either DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) of barley straw was not affected by IBA supplementation. However, potentially digestible DM, NDF and ADF were increased at the 4% level of IBA supplementation. Rumen ammonia levels were similar across all treatments and ranged from 5.33 to 5.93 mg dL−1. Supplementation with IBA did not affect molar percent of the rumen volatile fatty acids other than acetic acid and IBA. Although not significant, supplementation of the diet with 4% of dietary DM with IBA resulted in a 13.7% increase in intake. Key words: Cattle, barley straw, in situ degradability, isobutyric acid
INFLUENCE OF AMMONIATION OF HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY ON ITS IN SITU RUMEN DEGRADATION AND INFLUENCE ON RUMEN FERMENTATION IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: ROBINSON P. H. , KENNELLY J. J.
Published: March 2010

High-moisture barley (HMB) was ammoniated at levels of 0, 0.65, 1.30, and 1.95% of dry matter (DM) and stored in 6-t lots in large plastic silage bags. In situ rumen degradation rate of DM in HMB decreased with increased level of ammoniation, nitrogen component degradation was little influenced, and neutral detergent residue degradation increased. Three dairy cows with large rumen cannulae were fed totally mixed diets twice daily in five experimental periods. Diets contained 490 g kg−1 oat silage, 385 g kg−1 HMB, and 125 g kg−1 of a protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. Measurements were made from weeks 18 to 33 of lactation to determine effects of ammoniation of HMB on levels and patterns of feed intake, as well as parameters of rumen fermentation. Cows tended to eat diets more rapidly as ammoniation level of substituted HMB increased, although total DM intake was not influenced. Rate of decline of rumen pH, and accumulation of butyrate, post-feeding was less pronounced as level of ammoniation of substituted HMB increased, supporting reduced rate of rumen degradation of HMB. However, total extent of change was greater, perhaps reflecting more rapid feed consumption post-feeding. Increased rumen acetate and butyrate concentrations as well as reduced concentration of 3 methyl butyrate suggests greater rumen fiber fermentation may have occurred as level of ammoniation of substituted HMB increased. Key words: Cows (dairy), ammoniation, high-moisture barley
AN ASSESSMENT OF ENSILING THE PROCESSING WASTES FROM DOGFISH TO PRODUCE A PROTEIN FEED FOR MONOGASTRIC ANIMALS
Authors: STRASDINE G. A. , JONES YVONNE M. , BEAMES R. M. , FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

Dogfish (Squalus acanthias) processing wastes were readily hydrolyzed in the presence of 1.5% formic acid to produce a stable, liquid product free of bones and scales. The rate and the extent of solubilization is temperature dependent. A temperature of 45 °C provided a maximum digestion without denaturing the hydrolytic enzymes present in the fish silage. The resultant acidified product was stable at ambient temperature for 6 mo. The dogfish silage contained 74.4% moisture, 3.0% nitrogen, and 3.4% ash. In a protein evaluation trial with rats the true digestibility of the nitrogen fraction of the silage was estimated to be 93.5%. However, when fed alone, the biological value of the silage was low and was not appreciably improved by the addition of lysine or methionine. It was concluded from this pilot study that waste from the processing of dogfish could be successfully made into fish silage but that the end product would need to be combined with amino acids or other protein concentrates for it to be of value as a supplement for barley in diets for monogastric animals. Key words: Monogastric, dogfish, silage, processing
CANOLA MEAL AND EGG SIZE
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S. , SPRATT D.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of canola-meal-supplemented laying diets on egg size. In diets where canola protein made up half or all of the supplemental protein, egg size was significantly reduced as compared to a corn-soybean control diet. With the canola meal diets, on a percentage basis, feed intake was reduced by a percentage similar to that of egg weight. Reduced egg size was also observed when laying hens were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 10% canola meal with various dietary supplements. In most cases where smaller egg size was noted, the energy intake of the hens was also reduced. Measurement of egg shell, yolk and albumen weight indicated that a reduction in a particular component of the egg is not the reason for the smaller egg size. It would appear that reduced feed intake or more specifically, reduced energy intake, may account for the smaller egg size that has been reported with canola-meal-supplemented laying diets. Key words: Canola meal, egg size, laying hens
APPARENT FEED PARTICLE SIZE PREFERENCE BY BROILERS
Authors: PORTELLA F. J. , CASTON L. J. , LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

Broiler chicks of different ages were used to study particle size disappearance and the effect of particle size on feed intake. The disappearance of particles larger than 1.18 mm was obvious at all ages. However, it was noticed that at 8 and 16 d disappearance of particles between > 1.18 mm and < 2.36 mm was most pronounced. As birds became older, disappearance rate was greatest for particles > 2.36 mm. Throughout a 24-h period, particle breakdown was noted. Birds did eat these smaller particles at the end of a 24-h period, especially when the concentration of large particles was reduced. Chemical analysis revealed that birds selected material on the basis of particle size, since nutrient composition of the diet and of different diet fractions did not change throughout the day. Changing particle size abruptly from crumbles to pellets did not adversely affect overall feed consumption (P > 0.05) or bird performance. Key words: Broiler, particle size preference, crumbles, pellets
LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF GROWER AND FINISHER PIG DIETS BASED ON HIGH PROTEIN BARLEY, WHEAT AND SOYBEAN MEAL OR CANOLA MEAL, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THYROID AND ZINC STATUS
Authors: BELL J. M. , KEITH M. O. , DARROCH C. S.
Published: March 2010

A factorial experiment with four dietary levels of supplemental lysine (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25%), three protein supplements (soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), CM + 50 mg iodinated casein per kg diet), and two sexes of pigs (barrows, gilts) was conducted. Crossbred Lacombe × (Yorkshire × Landrace), specific pathogen-free pigs were randomly allotted at 23 ± 1 kg weight in four replicates to pens of four pigs, individually fed. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 ± 2 kg. The diets were based on barley and wheat (2:1) and were pelleted (4.8 mm diam.). Average daily gain (ADG) responses during the growing period (23–57 kg) to increments of lysine were not significant (P > 0.05) but when ADG was adjusted by regression for variation in feed consumption there was a significant (P < 0.05) linear response (743, 748, 757, 772 g d−1). Feed:gain ratio also showed improvement (P < 0.05): 2.45, 2.44, 2.40, 2.35. Responses to lysine were similar for SBM and CM diets but pigs fed SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed CM (779 vs. 745 g). There was no response to added lysine in the 57–100 kg weight range but pigs fed SBM had greater adjusted ADG than those fed CM (908 vs. 873 g) and better feed:gain ratio (3.33 vs. 3.46). Thyroid status was not affected but iodinated casein improved grower period feed:gain ratio. Carcass quality index was not affected (P > 0.05) by lysine level, protein source, iodinated casein or sex of pig. Pigs fed CM had lower serum zinc than those fed SBM. It was estimated that the addition of 0.25% lysine to diets containing 0.8% lysine resulted in 7% improvement in ADG and efficiency of feed utilization. Key words: Lysine, canola meal, zinc, thyroid, pigs
TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT OF SALERS BULLS TO ONE YEAR OF AGE
Authors: COULTER G. H. , BAILEY D. R. C.
Published: March 2010

Scrotal circumference measurements were taken on 255 Salers bulls located at five growth performance test stations at the 56-d (26.9 ± 0.2 cm), 84-d (28.8 ± 0.2 cm) and 140-d weighings (30.8 ± 0.2 cm) in 1986, and on 248 Salers bulls located at four test stations at the 140-d weighing (31.3 ± 0.1 cm) in 1987. The estimated scrotal circumference measurement for Salers bulls at 365 d of age was 29.4 cm. Test station, percentage of Salers breeding within test station, sire of bull within year and test station, and the covariate body weight all contributed to the variance in scrotal circumference measurements. Incorporation of sire of bull within year and test station into the statistical model accounted for a much higher proportion of the variance in scrotal circumference measurements (r2 = 65%) than when percentage of Salers breeding within test station was substituted (r2 = 32%). Key words: Testicular development, scrotal circumference, Salers bulls, recommendations
YEARLY TRENDS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF BULLS ENTERED AT THE SASKATOON ROP BULL TEST STATION
Authors: KOOTS K. R. , COHEN R. D. H. , NICHOLSON H. H.
Published: March 2010

Trends were determined for the performance traits of beef bulls of five breeds tested at the Saskatoon ROP bull Test Station between 1965 and 1986. Means were calculated for each year for each breed with respect to start-of-test weight, end-of-test weight, average daily gain-on-test, and adjusted 200-day weight. A significant (P < 0.05) year-of-test effect was found for each of the four traits studied for Angus; for start-of-test, end-of-test and 200-d weight for Hereford and Shorthorn; for start-of-test and end-of-test weight for Simmental; and for only start-of-test weight for Charolais. These data suggest that bulls in all five breeds were significantly heavier each year when entering the test and that all except Charolais were heavier each year when completing the test but that only the Angus breed gained weight on test at a significantly faster rate each year. Key words: Record of performance, bull, beef
MEASUREMENT OF 16-ANDROSTENES (5α-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE/5α-ANDROST-16-EN-3α-OL) IN SALIVA OF MATURE BOARS OF TWO BREEDS FOLLOWING CASTRATION
Authors: GRINWICH D. L. , CLIPLEF R. L. , McKAY R. M.
Published: March 2010

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of salivary C19-delta-16-steroids (16-androstenes) in six Lacombe and seven Yorkshire mature boars (1 wk pre-castration and 12 wk postcastration) plus 13 intact control boars (seven Lacombe and six Yorkshire) was tested as a "noninvasive" method to estimate boar taint in porcine fat. Salivary 16-androstenes (P < 0.05) decreased 4–5 wk after castration, fluctuated over the next 7 wk and were still 27.5% of initial levels by the 12th wk, when boar taint in the fat had decreased to undetectable levels. In conclusion, the RIA measurement of 16-androstenes in saliva is not a reliable indirect method of estimating boar taint levels in fat. Key words: Boar taint, castration, 16-androstenes, salivary steroids
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATION AND MOVEMENTS OF THE RUMINANT STOMACH
Authors: LIRETTE A. , KELLY J. M. , CHRISTOPHERSON R. J. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

The coincidence between respiratory movements and regular movements of the ruminant stomach was investigated using four steers with rumen cannulas and four sheep with rumen and abomasal cannulas. The second peak of the biphasic reticular contraction coincided with inspiration 66% of the time. This synchrony may facilitate digesta flow to the omasum. Key words: Respiration, forestomach movements, ruminants, pressure
THE INFLUENCE OF GILT AGE ON THE ENDOCRINE AND OVULATORY RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT DOSES OF ESTRADIOL BENZOATE
Authors: KIRKWOOD R. N. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

Fifty-five prepubertal Yorkshire × Landrace gilts were randomly assigned to one of six treatments involving the injection (i.m.) of estradiol benzoate (EB) at either 10 or 20 μg kg−1 body weight at gilt ages of 130, 150 or 170 d. Blood samples were taken by jugular vein puncture at 0, 24, and 36 h, and then at 6-h intervals until 84 h, after injection and assayed for plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. The mean magnitude of the EB-induced LH peak was 6.1 ± 0.2 ng mL−1, and was not affected by treatment. Fifty-six percent of gilts ovulated in response to EB injection, and 34% had a subsequent ovulation. The initial ovulation rate was unaffected by EB dose, but was higher (P < 0.05) in 170 d (9.9 ± 1.0) compared to younger gilts (4.2 ± 1.1 and 5.5 ± 1.1 for 130-dand 150-d gilts, respectively). Subsequent ovulation rates were unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that EB treatment will usually induce a phasic release of LH from prepubertal gilts, but this release is not necessarily accompanied by normal estrous cyclicity. Key words: Estradiol, gilts, ovulation
DIGESTIBILITY IN VITRO AND BY SHEEP OF SUNFLOWER HULLS TREATED WITH SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND AMMONIUM HYDROXIDES
Authors: SHARMA B. K. , CLARK A. K. , DRACKLEY J. K. , SAHLU T. , SCHINGOETHE D. J.
Published: March 2010

Sunflower hulls (SFH) treated with sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxides were evaluated for digestibility in vitro and by sheep. Untreated sunflower hulls were poorly digestible (18–22%), but digestibilities were improved to 30 and 28% by treatment with 2.45 g NaOH or KOH per 100 g SFH. Twenty-four-hour treatment with 3.42 g NH4OH per 100 g SFH did not improve digestibility. Key words: Sunflower hulls, alkali treatment, digestibility, sheep
PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG LAMBS FED A CLOTTING OR A NON-CLOTTING MILK REPLACER
Authors: DELISLE JOCELYNE , PETIT HÉLÈNE V. , GIGUÈRE FRANCINE
Published: March 2010

Sixteen male lambs weighing 2.8 – 5.8 kg and 3–5 d old were fed for 5 wk a clotting milk replacer with or without an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation in the abomasum. Milk replacers were fed ad libitum at room temperature using formalin (0.1% vol vol−1) as preservative. Dry matter intake and average daily gains were the same (P > 0.05) for both the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and lipids was also similar (P > 0.05) for both treatments. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, clotting, coagulation, digestibility
EFFET DE L'IMPOSITION DE DEUX RÉGIMES LUMINEUX À DEUX STADES PHYSIOLOGIQUES SUR LE TAUX DE RÉFORME POUR ANOESTRUS ET NON GESTATION CHEZ LA COCHETTE ET LA TRUIE
Authors: PAGÉ SYLVAIN , CHARUEST JEAN-PIERRE , DUFOUR JACQUES J.
Published: March 2010

During a 3-yr period, Landrace-Yorkshire gilts of an average age of 225 d were randomly assigned to 4 h light — 20 h dark (4) or 16 h light — 8 h dark (16), as they entered the herd. In the gestation room (G), the two light treatments were maintained until culling or 1 wk prior to farrowing. For the lactation period (L), the gilts were either maintained on the same light treatment as the gestation or switched to the opposite one before going back again at weaning to the light treatment received in gestation. Four light treatments were then formed, namely: G4-L4, G4-L16, G16-L4 and G16-L16 and the practical consequences of such light regimens evaluated in a commercial herd. In gilts, the culling rate for anestrus (at 304 d of age) was 6.6% for the 956 gilts available for the study and was unaffected by photoperiod imposed during gestation. The culling rate for failure to maintain pregnancy was 4.7% for the 1150 gilts available and was higher (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to the 4 h light (G4). In primiparous sows, the culling rates for anestrus (40 d after weaning) and failure to maintain pregnancy were 10.7% and 6.2%, respectively, for the 475 and 678 sows available for the study. The culling rates for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy were higher for sows exposed to the 16 h light in lactation (L16, P < 0.06 and P < 0.02, respectively). After two and three farrowings, the culling rates were negligible for all treatments. Among females culled for anestrus, 62% of gilts and 58% of primiparous sows showed luteal structures (corpora lutea and/or corpora albicantia) at slaughter and were unaffected by treatments. Among females culled for anestrus and failure to maintain pregnancy, 24% of gilts and 19% of primiparous sows had genital abnormalities. These data indicate that the effect of photoperiod on the culling rate for reproductive failure in swine was dependent upon parity and physiological stage at which it is imposed. Key words: Gilt, sow, photoperiod, culling, anestrus, failure to maintain pregnancy
EFFET DU RÉGIME LUMINEUX IMPOSÉ DURANT LA GESTATION ET LA LACTATION SUR LES PERFORMANCES REPRODUCTIVES DES TRUIES À LEURS QUATRE PREMIERES PORTÉES
Authors: CHARUEST JEAN-PIERRE , PAGE SYLVAIN , DUFOUR JACQUES J.
Published: March 2010

During a 3-yr period, 902 Landrace-Yorkshire gilts were randomly assigned to a 4 h light: 20 h dark (4) or a 16 h light: 8 h dark (16) photoperiod as they entered the reproductive herd at an average age of 225 ± 15 d. The two light regimens were maintained throughout gestation (G) until 1 wk prior to farrowing. For the lactation period (L) the gilts were either maintained on the same light regimen as during gestation or switched to the opposite one before being returned at weaning to the light regimen imposed during gestation. Four light regimens were then formed, namely G4-L4, G4-L16, G16-L4 and G16-L16, and the practical consequences of such light regimens evaluated in a commercial herd. Conception rate at first service, age at first farrowing and litter size in gilts were not influenced by light regimens. At first weaning, more sows in the L16 groups failed to be bred by 32 d postweaning (P < 0.08) while at second and third weanings only a few sows on either light regimen failed to be bred. The proportion of sows bred between days 4–7 postweaning was higher for the G4-L4 and G16-L16 light regimens in first, second and third sows (P < 0.03, 0.02 and 0.06 respectively). Litter size at second farrowing was greater in sows of the G16-L4 regimen than in any other one (P < 0.03) but was similar in all groups at third and fourth farrowings. These data indicate that alternation of light regimens between gestation and lactation increases the weaning-estrus interval while a G16-L4 sequence improves conception rate and litter size of second parity sows. Key words: Swine, photoperiod, productivity, physiological stage, parity
ÉTUDE SUR LES PORCS DE RACE CONTRÔLÉS À LA FERME AU QUÉBEC. 2. ESTIMATION DES PARAMÈTRES GÉNÉTIQUES ET PHÉNOTYPIQUES
Authors: SAVOIE YVAN , MINVIELLE FRANCIS
Published: March 2010

Variance and covariance components were estimated from 94 161 observations of growth and backfat taken on purebred pigs born from 8561 sows and 1431 boars. The mixed model used had herd, year-season, parents' birth years, gender and parity number as fixed effects and sire and dam as random effects. Each breed, Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc, was studied separately. Several statistical methods of estimation were used but resulting values of heritability were generally quite similar. Heritability of growth traits obtained from MIVQUEO (minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation) was between 0.21 and 0.40, depending on the breed. Heritability of backfat depth was larger, from 0.49 to 0.77. Genetic correlation of daily gain and backfat varied between 0.08 and 0.56; it was between −0.09 and −0.56 for age at 90 kg and backfat. Corresponding phenotypic correlations were smaller in absolute value but had the same sign as genetic correlations. Key words: Pigs, heritabilities, correlations, backfat, growth, index
SUPPLEMENTATION OF SKIM MILK FED TO VEAL CALVES: CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, CHEMICAL, INSTRUMENTAL, AND SENSORY PARAMETERS
Authors: JOHNSON P. L. , DREVJANY L. A. , REASBECK L. M. , ALLEN O. B.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four veal calves were randomly assigned to dietary treatments providing four different levels of dietary fat. Fat supplementation of skim milk providing greater energy density (54, 100, 123, and 147 kJ g−1 of digestible protein) resulted in improved carcass characteristics and grades. Fat deposition, as evaluated by increased kidney fat, external fat covering, and intramuscular fat, was significantly improved (P < 0.05). Differences were noted between longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in color values, but color differences were unrelated to treatment. Marbling scores reflected fat supplementation values for ST but not LD muscles. Fat supplementation resulted in improved sensory characteristics with significantly higher scores (P < 0.05) for tenderness in both muscles and juiciness in ST muscles. Warner Bratzler shear values for LD muscles were also significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fat-supplemented groups. Overall, the improvement in carcass and palatability characteristics justify the supplementation of skim milk diets with fat. Key words: DE:DP ratios, veal calves, marbling, tenderness
CONTROL OF THE SURGE RELEASE OF LH AND FSH IN ESTRADIOL- AND PROGESTERONE-TREATED OVARIECTOMIZED EWES
Authors: RAWLINGS N. C. , JEFFCOATE I. A. , CURRIE W. D. , COOK S. J.
Published: March 2010

Ovariectomized ewes were treated with silastic rubber implants releasing constant amounts of estradiol. During this time the ewes were treated with progesterone-releasing implants for 8–12 d, followed by a 5-d rest period and a second period of progesterone exposure of approximately 12 d duration. Following the first exposure to progesterone all ewes experienced a transient, but large release of LH and FSH from the pituitary, resembling that seen in intact ewes prior to ovulation (the so called preovulatory LH and FSH surges), but with amplitudes in the lower end of the range for the preovulatory surges in intact ewes. Following the second exposure to progesterone, the amplitudes of LH and FSH surges were reduced in most ewes. Altering mean progesterone levels between 0.9 ± 0.43 ng mL−1 and 2.2 ± 0.26 ng mL−1 in the second exposure did not affect the amplitude of LH or FSH surges, neither did altering estradiol levels from physiological to 4 × physiological. However, altering the temporal pattern of progesterone in both exposures from a sharp increase and decrease at either end of the period, to a more gradual increase and decrease, resembling the normal luteal phase of intact ewes, resulted in an increased amplitude of LH and FSH surges following the second exposure to progesterone. Key words: Ovariectomized ewe, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, estradiol
EFFECT OF THE FEED ADDITIVES CHLORTETRACYCLINE, MONENSIN AND LASALOCID ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING CATTLE, LIVER LESIONS AND TISSUE LEVELS OF CHLORTETRACYCLINE
Authors: BEACOM S. E. , KORSRUD G. O. , YATES W. D. G. , MacNEIL J. D. , MIR Z.
Published: March 2010

Charolais-sired, three way cross steers and heifers (n = 209) were fed ground high-forage diets for 56 d and then were finished on rolled grain based diets. Both diets were supplemented with chlortetracycline (CTC), monensin (MON) or lasalocid (LAS). Cattle fed the high-forage diets supplemented with MON or CTC gained faster (P < 0.05) than those fed an unsupplemented (CON) diet. Dry matter intake was also increased (P < 0.05) by CTC over animals fed the CON diet. Feed efficiency was not affected by CTC but was improved over CON by supplementation with MON or LAS. During the high-concentrate feeding period, inclusion of feed additives did not significantly improve average daily gain or dry matter intake when compared with CON. Of the carcass characteristics, only carcass weight was greater (P < 0.05) and only with CTC supplementation. Monensin and LAS inclusion significantly decreased the acetic to propionic acid ratio in rumen contents. There was no evidence that the incidence of liver lesions differed among the treatments. Analyses of liver, muscle and kidney samples from 61 animals fed CTC and 14 animals fed the CON diet produced no repeatably detectable traces of CTC. Averaged across sex and weight group, returns to labor per animal were $25.83, $61.46, $48.52 and $41.10 for the CON, CTC, MON and LAS treatments, respectively. Key words: Chlortetracycline, monensin, lasalocid, beef steers, heifers, tissue residue
BREED CROSS DIFFERENCES IN FEED INPUTS FOR LACTATING BEEF COWS
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M. , RAHNEFELD G. W. , LAWSON J. E. , NEWMAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

Feed inputs for lactation were measured over a period of approximately 120 d in dry lot confinement, for each of three successive summers, for two herds of mature beef cows. Each herd, one located at Brandon, Manitoba and one at Manyberries, Alberta, included 10 breed crosses. Nine crosses were produced by mating Charolais (C), Simmental (S), and Limousin (L) sires with Angus (A), Hereford (H), and Shorthorn (N) dams. The Hereford × Angus (HA) served as the control. The data for analysis represented a total of 760 cow years. Cow weight at the start of test (approximately 1 June) was used for estimating the basic daily feed requirements. Average subcutaneous fat at the start of test was also considered at Manyberries. Daily feed inputs were adjusted at approximately 28-d intervals with allowances increased (decreased) as required to correct for losses (gains) of weight or fat of the drylot cows relative to contemporary lactating cows on pasture. This procedure resulted in feed inputs that were considerably in excess of the estimated (NRC-NAS) daily allowances for cows of superior milking ability during the first 3–4 mo of lactation. The heaviest breed cross (CH at Manyberries and CN at Brandon) consumed the most feed, while the lightest breed crosses (HA and LA) consumed the least. Estimated digestible energy offered in the final year averaged 20% (Brandon) and 14% (Manyberries) above National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council (1984) requirements, but these feeding levels were not sufficient to maintain body weight during lactation. Particularly large weight losses at both locations (12–29 kg) were recorded by the LN, SH, SA and SN breed crosses, although the feed allowances for these crosses were above the station averages at both locations. Key words: Beef cows, crossbreds, energy requirements, lactation
FEEDING VALUE AND PRESERVATION OF HIGH MOISTURE GRAIN TREATED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE
Authors: MATHISON G. W. , ELOFSON R. M. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfur dioxide as a moist grain preservative. In exp. 1 barley containing 30% moisture was treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% (wt/wt) sulfur dioxide and stored in 300-kg lots in wooden boxes from May to August. Grains treated with the two highest levels of chemical were well preserved. Sulfur dioxide treatment did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) or energy. In exp. 2, approximately 26 t of barley (22% moisture) were preserved with 1% sulfur dioxide. This material was in good condition when fed after 6 mo of storage; however, grain thiamin levels were below detectable limits and the sulfur content of the grain was increased from 0.27 to 0.68% (DM basis). Daily gains and gain: feed DM ratios were similar (P > 0.05) for 23 steers given dry barley and 24 steers given sulfur dioxide-treated barley during a 104-d feeding period when the grains were included in diets containing 90% concentrate with or without added thiamin. Dry matter intake of steers fed sulfur dioxide-treated grain tended (P < 0.10) to be reduced in the first 28 d of the trial (6.9 vs. 7.3 kg d−1) and final carcass backfat depths were reduced from 1.17 to 0.92 cm (P < 0.05) when treated grain was fed. In exp. 3 a barley/oat grain mixture (21% moisture) was treated with 1% sulfur dioxide in September 1983 and stored in a 22-t bin. The grain was well preserved when removed from the bin in November 1983. Sulfur dioxide treated-grain or addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet had no influence (P > 0.05) on rate of gain, feed conversion or carcass weight when compared to dry grain when 16 heifers per treatment were fed 0.75 kg hay plus concentrate ad libitum. Carcass backfat depths were reduced (P < 0.05) from 1.16 to 0.92 cm when sulfur dioxide-treated grain was fed but were increased to 1.47 cm when sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet containing treated grain. In exp. 4 sodium metabisulfite preserved damp grain from October to January. In the last experiment the movement of sulfur dioxide through grain was examined. It was found that the chemical was ineffective when added at a single location at the bottom of a bin. It was concluded that sulfur dioxide and sodium metabisulfite are useful preservatives for high-moisture grain in small bins when the moisture content is below 30% and the ambient temperatures are cool. Key words: Sulfur dioxide, sodium metabisulfite, high-moisture grain, preservatives, cattle
EFFECT OF AGE AND DIET ON IN VITRO METABOLISM IN RUMEN EPITHELIUM FROM HOLSTEIN CALVES
Authors: BUSH ROY S.
Published: March 2010

Fresh rumen epithelial tissue was collected from calves slaughtered at 3, 12, 19, 30 and 60 d of age. These calves were fed milk until 28 d of age and had received starter and hay after 10 d of age. Samples also were collected at 30 and 60 d of age from calves fed only milk. Epithelial tissue was incubated with combinations of volatile fatty acids and sources of ammonia to measure some of the metabolic end products as indicators of metabolism and physiological development. Ketone bodies were the major product of volatile fatty acid metabolism by epithelial tissue under these incubation conditions. By 60 d of age, the weaned calves were producing ketones at rates similar to those reported previously for mature tissue and at approximately 40% of the mature rate at 30 d of age. At 60 d of age, milk-fed calves were producing ketones at 10–15% of mature levels. Very young and milk-fed calves appeared to produce more lactic acid than did older calves that were weaned onto dry feeds. There was no net glucose production, however, there was some accumulation of glucose in the incubations of epithelium from calves at 19 d of age. This may be related to a shift in epithelial metabolism occurring at this age. Key words: Rumen epithelium, metabolism, ketogenesis, milk-fed calf
EVALUATION OF HULLESS BARLEY AS REPLACEMENT FOR WHEAT OR CONVENTIONAL BARLEY IN LAYING HEN DIETS
Authors: CLASSEN H. L. , CAMPBELL G. L. , ROSSNAGEL B. G. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Hulless barley (var. Scout) was evaluated as a potential feedstuff for laying hens in two experiments. In exp. 1 hulless barley was substituted for wheat at four dietary levels (20, 40, 60 or 80%) and in exp. 2 hulless or conventional barley was substituted for wheat at two dietary levels (35.7 or 71.4%). Increasing dietary hulless barley had no effect on egg production or body weight in exp. 1 while feed consumption and feed conversion were significantly lower and egg weight and specific gravity significantly higher. In exp. 2, addition of hulless barley increased hen-day production and decreased egg specific gravity in comparison to hens fed a wheat diet. At the 35.7% dietary inclusion level, hulless barley resulted in more eggs with higher specific gravity than for hens fed conventional barley. Hens fed 71.4% hulless barley were heavier and produced larger eggs than hens fed the same level of conventional barley. It may be concluded that hulless barley was at least equivalent to wheat and surpassed conventional barley as a cereal grain for laying hens. Key words: Laying hens, hulless barley, barley
THE PROVISION OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO COLOSTRUM-DEPRIVED PIGLETS BY BOVINE OR PORCINE SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: DREW M. D. , OWEN B. D.
Published: March 2010

Bovine and porcine serum immunoglobulins were obtained from abattoir blood by sodium polyphosphate fractionation and mixed with sow milk replacer to provide an IgG level of 20 mg mL−1 for diets fed on day 1 and 4 mg mL−1 for diets fed on days 2–14. Control piglets received only sow milk replacer. The control group had a survival rate of 22% compared to 75% for the piglets receiving bovine immunoglobulins and 92% for those receiving porcine immunoglobulins. Diarrhea was more severe in the control group for the first 21 d than in the other two groups. The bovine and porcine groups did not differ in the incidence of diarrhea at any time during the experiment. The average daily gains measured over the 28-d period were significantly different between the three treatments with the controls gaining 83.9 g d−1, bovine immunoglobulin fed piglets 140.6 g d−1 and porcine immunoglobulin fed piglets 169.8 g d−1. Serum immunoglobulins were not detectable until 7 d of age in the controls and the concentration rose to 14.6 mg d−1 on day 21. Porcine immunoglobulins were absorbed to a much higher degree than bovine immunoglobulins. Piglets receiving porcine immunoglobulins had a serum IgG concentration of 19.7 mg d−1 at 1 d of age compared to 5.0 mg d−1 for the bovine treatment piglets. Procine serum immunoglobulins were judged superior to bovine immunoglobulins in providing passive immunity to colostrum-deprived piglets. Key words: Immunoglobulins, colostrum-deprived, piglet, milk replacer
FLUOROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TERBIUM IN FECES
Authors: KARIMI A. R. , OWENS F. N. , HART STEVEN P.
Published: March 2010

A rapid and sensitive method for the fluorometric determination of terbium (Tb) in feces is described. Fecal samples (150 mg) were ashed at 500 °C and 1 mL of 0.1 M disodium EDTA plus 22.5 mL of water were added to the ashed feces. Samples were shaken for 30 min on a wrist-action shaker and filtered. One mL of 0.1 M sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and 0.5 mL of buffer (pH 11.9) were added to the filtrate and Tb content was analyzed fluorometrically (excitation at 320 nm; detection at 545 nm). The Tb-SSA-EDTA complex was determined with little interference from the fecal ash. The extraction and analysis procedure is rapid and sensitive. Key words: Terbium, rare earth, rate of passage, fluorometric analysis
ULTRAFILTRATED WHEY PERMEATE PRODUCTS FOR GROWING-FINISHING STEERS
Authors: SCHINGOETHE D. J. , CASPER D. P. , COSTELLO W. J. , ROLLINS D. G.
Published: March 2010

A 119-d field study with 50 Holstein steers weighing 408 ± 16 kg at the start evaluated feeding ultrafiltrated permeate of whey or three products made from additional processing of the permeate. Liquid permeates provided more than 17% of total dry matter intake while concentrated, ammoniated permeates provided more than 26% of crude protein intake. All whey permeate products tested were utilized well as indicated by weight gains, feed consumption, and carcass quality. Key words: Whey, whey products, cattle
UTILIZATION OF CALCIUM IN CANOLA MEAL SUPPLEMENTED LAYING DIETS
Authors: SUMMERS JOHN D. , SPRATT DIANE , LEESON STEVE
Published: March 2010

White Leghorn pullets were offered a corn, soybean meal laying diet or similar diets containing 15% canola meal. These diets were fed with dietary calcium levels of 3 and 5% and two levels of supplemental phytic acid (0 and 0.2%). A significant decrease in feed intake was noted with the canola meal diets. Poorer shell quality was noted for the canola versus the soybean meal diets, the low vs. high calcium diets and the phytic acid supplemented vs. nonphytic acid supplemented diet. Key words: Canola meal, laying hens, phytic acid, calcium
ENERGY USE IN THE PRODUCTION AND HOUSING OF POULTRY AND SWINE – AN OVERVIEW
Authors: BARBER E. M. , CLASSEN H. L. , THACKER P. A.
Published: March 2010

An overview of energy use in agricultural food systems indicates that, unlike crop production, pork and poultry production will always be an energy sink rather than an energy source. Nevertheless, much more energy is involved in the food system beyond the farm gate than that used in production on the farm. Energy is used in the confinement rearing of swine and poultry for barn heating, ventilation, lights, and feed, water and manure handling. Information on how much energy is used, and on the relative amounts of energy used for each purpose, is far from complete and the differences between production units are large. There are opportunities for energy conservation but these are different for each production stage and for each animal species. Although the list of potential energy conservation opportunities is long, only a few are routinely implemented on even modern, well-managed farms. In many cases, the technical feasibility of energy conservation alternatives is well established, but the economic feasibility cannot be predicted because of missing information on animal-environment interactions. Key words: Energy, animal environments, housing
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS RAISED UNDER SUPPLEMENTARY INFRARED OR MICROWAVE HEAT
Authors: MORRISON W. D. , LAFOREST K. L. , McMILLAN I. , OTTEN L. , PEI D. C. T.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight newly weaned gilts with an average weight of 7.34 kg were randomly allocated in groups of four to either continuous infrared (CI), operant infrared (OI) or operant microwaves (OM) for 12 or 13 d. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for average total weight gain or average feed:gain. Pigs allowed OM demanded heat less often (P < 0.05) than the OI pigs (6.50 min h−1 vs. 14.56 min h−1, respectively). All pigs were then raised under normal conditions until puberty and bred. Various reproductive parameters were studied. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for the age of the gilts at first breeding. However, the gilts raised under OM were significantly (P < 0.05) older at time of farrowing than the gilts raised under CI. More of the OM gilts required a second service. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between gilts raised under OM vs. OI, nor between gilts raised under OI vs. CI for age at farrowing. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between replicates for age at first breeding and age at farrowing. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments or replicates for average number of piglets born alive (overall group mean: 8.5 piglets, ± 2.57), live vs. dead piglets, males vs. females, or average 21-d piglet weights (overall group mean: 5.47 kg, ± 1.00). Key words: Operant conditioning, gilts, microwave, reproduction
VARIATIONS IN AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH PARAMETERS IN YEARLING BEEF BULLS IN SINGLE-SIRE MATING AT PASTURE
Authors: FARID A. , MAKARECHIAN M. , BERG R. T. , PRICE M. A.
Published: March 2010

Yearling bull fertility, measured as pregnancy rate, percentage of calves born during the first 4 and 6 wk of calving and mean and median of calving date distribution, were studied in 109 single-sire breeding herds of two breed groups over a 10-yr period. The breed groups were Herefords bulls mated to purebred and crossbred Hereford cows, and Beef Synthetic bulls mated to Beef Synthetic cows. The bulls averaged 14 mo old at the start of breeding. The average bull-to-cow ratio was approximately 1:22, and the breeding season started on 1 July each year and extended for 60 d. Two out of 109 bulls (1.8%) were subfertile (less than 50% pregnancy of the herd). The Beef Synthetic, which had crossbred foundation, had significantly higher fertility, calved earlier, had smaller phenotypic variance, and lower year-to-year fluctuation in the reproductive traits than the Hereford. Variations in reproductive performances of bulls of the same breed group used in the same year were much larger than those among different years, the former comprised over 75% of phenotypic variance of the traits in the two breed groups. Relationships between fertility of bulls and their weight and growth parameters were negligible, but bull fertility tended (P < 0.10) to improve with age. Bulls that were heavy at weaning, end of feedlot test and breeding settled their mates earlier during the breeding season. Key words: Beef cattle, yearling bull, fertility
COMPARING MATE QUALITY BETWEEN PROVEN AND UNPROVEN DAIRY BULLS
Authors: McEWEN P. L. , SCHAEFFER L. R.
Published: March 2010

Holstein service sire information was obtained from Eastern Breeders Incorporated to compare mate quality between proven and unproven sires. Proven sires were mated to females having higher conformation scores for final classification, mammary system, feet and legs and rump. Size score of mates favored unproven bulls. Advantages in mate estimated transmitting ability value for milk and fat index favored proven sires by 0.60 and 0.63 BCA points, respectively. In general, the difference in mate quality between the two sire groups was relatively small. However, proven sires showed a slight advantage in mate quality for the majority of traits studied. Key words: Dairy, sire, mate
ESTIMATION OF ADDITIVE AND NONADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCES IN NONINBRED POPULATIONS UNDER SIRE OR FULLSIB MODEL
Authors: LIN C. Y. , LEE A. J.
Published: March 2010

The separation of additive and nonadditive genetic variances has been a problem for animal breeding researchers because conventional methods of statistical analyses (least squares or ANOVA type) were not able to accomplish this task. Henderson presented computing algorithms for restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of additive and nonadditive genetic variances from an animal model for noninbred populations. Unfortunately, application of this algorithm in practice requires extensive computing. This study extends Henderson's methodology to estimate additive genetic variance independently of nonadditive genetic variances under halfsib (sire), fullsib nested and fullsib cross-classified models. A numerical example illustrates the REML estimation of additive [Formula: see text] and additive by additive [Formula: see text] genetic variances using a sire model. Key words: Genetic variance, additive, nonadditive, dairy