bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Mobility and the Survey Method: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: November 2023

It goes without saying that the study of social mobility is fundamental to the study of social structures and relationships. The processes which inhibit and facilitate social mobility play a vital role in constructing and transmitting social inequalities (e.g. Blau and Duncan 1967; Goldthorpe et al. 1980; Parkin 1979). And, the factors which affect an individual’s life chances include virtually every aspect of social life-including labour market processes, the family, education, locale, social networks, gender, ethnicity, and race. Finally, people’s experience of mobility through social space is encoded in their life-styles, attitudes and actions, both individual and collective (e.g. Bourdieu 1984; Giddens 1973). In short, the study of social mobility is central to any social scientific analysis. However, in the years since 1945 its study has become a highly specialized branch of sociological inquiry detached from the concerns of most historians and many sociologists, and it can be argued that much work in the field no longer realizes the promise of its subject-matter.
Transformation and the Remembrance of Things Past
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

Some men may feel sure that they are innocent, that they have done nothing wrong. But in the eyes of the ancestors at the Cemetery Temple, there is another kind of knowledge—these eyes see all our thoughts and deeds, and the things we say. The ancestors can sometimes discern observances and violations of the law, even though we are not aware of what we are doing. Later, if we have been doing all the right things, a report may occur reassuring us that we are on the right path, and entreating us not to change our thoughts and deeds, for they are now beyond reproach. Now, today, I want to advise Kivung supporters in Dadul as follows: when the reports tell us that something is wrong, then there is no point in all the men arguing about it. We must ask the ancestors to show us what is wrong and help us mend our ways. We must get the ancestors to show us exactly how we have violated the laws.
Religion in Modern Europe
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: November 2023

Religion in Modern Europe examines religion as a form of collective memory. This is a memory held in place by Europe’s institutional churches, educational systems, and the mass media — all of which are themselves responding to rapid social and economic change. The book also examines the increasing diversity of Europe’s religious life.
Variant Patterns of Capitalist Development
Authors: Scott John
Published: November 2023

The Anglo-American pattern that I have described in Chapters 4 and 5 rests upon a particular framework of property, contract, and commercial law, though the ‘social function’ of these legal norms is shaped by the specific economic, cultural, and political circumstances shared by the Anglo-American economies. In Chapter 1, however, I showed that there are a number of other legal frameworks of business regulation, and I suggested that these might be associated with differences in banking practice and share-ownership, with variations in patterns of class structure and wealth-holding, and with divergent state strategies.
Part-Time Work in Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Drobnic Sonja
Published: November 2023

In most Western European countries, the number of people engaged in some type of non-standard employment has increased considerably in both absolute and relative terms in recent years. Also, part-time employment, defined as any employment arrangement involving normal weekly working hours below the ‘standard’ duration of working time, grew remarkably, especially compared to full-time jobs (Biichtemann and Quack, 1990; Hakim, 1993; Kiernan, 1991; Meulders and Plasmann, 1992). These devel¬ opments prompted intensive theoretical and policy debates, and revealed disparate views on the advantages and disadvantages of part-time work.
Full-Time and Part-Time Employment of Women in Greece: Trends and Relationships with Life-Cycle Events
Authors: Symeonidou Haris
Published: November 2023

In Greece after the Second World War there was no notable development of the welfare state similar to that observed in almost all Western societies. It was only as recently as 1974 that Greece became actively interested in devel¬oping collective consumption. However, the welfare state developed mostly at a statutory level, while state expenditure on social welfare remained very low. Expansion of the social budget was impeded by economic recession. Taking into account the very low level of state support for the family and, by extension, for working women with children, and given that Greek women continue to bear most responsibility for the care of family members, the very low rate of participation of women in the labour force (35 per cent in 1993) is not surprising.
Conclusion
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha
Published: November 2023

We began the research which led to this book ten years ago with one overarching question, a question which then and now arises for all of us from personal and professional experience: if children are to grow up in stepfamilies, what is it that distinguishes the experience of those who fare relatively well and relatively badly? It was fundamental to our viewpoint that stepchildren, like human beings at any point in their lives, have an innate capacity for change, even for innovation, and that this can be crucial in helping them to overcome difficulties at any point in the life cycle. We wanted to know whether the experiences of Joss, transitions, and stepfamily Jiving could bring them new strengths and skills as well as pain in the face of difficulties.
The Experience of Change in the UK Public Services
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil
Published: November 2023

What has been attempted in the UK over the past two decades is nothing less than a wholesale transformation of public services, involving radical organizational and cultural change. This transformation (sometimes referred to as ‘reinventing government’) has been based on the introduction of measures derived from market principles.
Statements Of Mutual Faith: Soft Contracts In Social Care
Authors: Lapsley Irvine , Llewellyn Sue
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we examine contracting for social care in action, employing a perspective which allows us to study the emergence of contracting processes. Two benchmarks are employed to evaluate these processes: first, the arguments of proponents for market solutions to public sector problems (the origins of the impetus for contracts as mechanisms for the rationing of health and social care) and secondly, the commentaries and guidance (official and unofficial) which has followed. This study reveals a tension between, on the one hand, the convictions of proponents of market solutions and, on the other, the emerging modes of contract-setting. For market proponents, there is a certainty implicit in the various dimensions of contracting, that is, over the setting (the market-place), the activity (bargaining over prices paid, negotiating over detailed specifications), the mechanism (arms-length relationships), and the outcome (the contract). However, when we examine this idea of the contract from the perspective of the concepts underpinning it (in particular trust, but also expectations about trust and mistrust), we show that the instruments and processes by which contracts are implemented are not passive, neutral, and unable to influence events.
Introduction
Authors: Shimotani Masahiro , Shiba Takao
Published: November 2023

In the 1980s, when Japanese firms were still boasting impressive growth compared with their competitors in many other nations, their special brand of inter firm relations was cited as an important asset by observers from around the world in business, academia, and government. The word that was most commonly used to designate these ‘special ‘ Japanese inter firm relations was the term ‘keiretsu ‘, and they were seen as a major source of strength for Japanese firms. The ‘keiretsu ‘ organizations were also the targets of not a few complaints: e.g. ‘Large Japanese firms engage in exclusive transactions within their “keiretsu “ organizations, preventing firms from other countries from entering Japanese markets ‘, or ‘Costs that should be borne by Japanese firms are actually forced onto their “keiretsu “ subsidiaries. ‘ Prime examples of this type of representation were seen during the USA-Japan bilateral Structural Impediments Initiatives.

However, the word ‘keiretsu ‘ is extremely ambiguous; its exact content depends inordinately heavily on the person using it and on the context involved. Some commentators have used it to describe Japan ‘s complexes of huge firms that are connected to each other via extensive mutual share holdings. Others have used it to refer to the structure in which a major firm operates together with a group of subsidiaries more or less as a single entity. Still others have identified the word ‘keiretsu ‘ with the practice of a large firm establishing semi-permanent transactional relationships with small and medium-sized subcontractors. It should appear dubious that a single word can be used to describe such a diverse range of relationships.
The History and Structure of Business Groups in Japan
Authors: Shimotani Masahiro
Published: November 2023

The USA-Japan bilateral Structural Impediments Initiatives (SIi}, which began in 1989, marked the start of serious debate concerning business groups and keiretsu, as interest mounted in the nature of the special inter firm networks formed by Japanese companies, and in their role in promoting Japan ‘s resilient international competitiveness. Seemingly unique Japanese business practices, along with the closed or exclusive nature of Japanese corporate complexes, were also addressed. Specifically, the mutual stockholding arrangements forming the basis for the six major complexes became a focus of attention, and the exclusivity of intra complex transactions was made a target for criticism. However, the six major complexes are not the only significant constellations of firms in the Japanese economy. There are, for example, pyramid-like ‘corporate groups ‘ featuring a large enterprise at the apex, supported by a large number of subsidiaries. These are generally known by the parent ‘s name, as in the Toyota group, the Matsushita group, or the Sony group.
Structure and Strategy of Belgian Business Groups (1920-1990)
Authors: Hentenryk G Kurgan-Van
Published: November 2023

As the first country of continental Europe where the process of industrialization was initiated, Belgium experienced early in the nineteenth century the concentration of some industrial branches under banking control. The early development of universal banks, with the prominent Societe Generale, profoundly shaped the structure of the Belgian economy. During the last third of the nineteenth century, a number of industrial groups emerged, becoming powerful after the First World War.
Lone Motherhood in Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s lone mothers reached the top of the political agenda, viewed as both a drain on public expenditure and a moral threat. What has been missing from the debate is an understanding of how we have got to where we are. This timely new study, by three leading experts in the field, sets out first to investigate the demographics of lone motherhood - how the pathways into lone motherhood have changed, and whether the changes of the last quarter of a century are as dramatic as they appear. Second, it looks at the wider context for the changes in lone motherhood in terms of ideas about marriage, and the changes in the construction of the never-married mother, from victim in the 1950s to parasite in the late 1980s. Finally, it examines the way in which policies have defined the problem of lone motherhood over time and the way in which lone mothers have been treated with regard to housing, social security, and employment. The study concludes that there is little possiblility of putting the genie back in the bottle in terms of reducing the number of lone mothers—efforts to do so by reducing public expenditure on them may be effective, but at the expense of the children involved. Instead, the authors urge policy-makers to change focus again, and pay more attention to investing in children.
Constructions of Unmarried Motherhood in the Post-War Period
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane
Published: November 2023

Of all the groups of lone mothers, the unmarried have fared worst historically. At the turn of the century the options for single, pregnant women were few. The mortality of children born outside marriage was high, as a result both of natural causes and infanticide (Arnot 1994; Higgenbotham 1989). During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there was also the possibility of informal adoption. Most local newspapers contained numerous advertisements for and by people wanting children to nurse before adoption was made a legal procedure in 1926. The majority of unmarried mothers would have had to resort to the poor law and were usually forced to enter the workhouse, where, because of their moral taint, they were more likely than other women to be employed on the unpleasant task of picking oakum (Thane 1978).
Hybrid Organization, Contractual Governance, and Compulsory Competitive Tendering in the Provision of Local Authority Services
Authors: Vincent-Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an evaluation of the contractual processes involved in compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) for UK local services under the Local Government Act 1988. It goes on to consider the possible role of contract in the provision of these services should the element of compulsion be relaxed or abolished by in future by government. At the present time, the legal requirement to submit local services to competition is unique in Europe (Council of Europe 1993), although a movement away from voluntary competitive tendering towards CCT is gaining ground in some states in Australia (Cotter 1995).
Conceptualizing Contractual Disputes in the National Health Service Internal Market
Authors: Mchale Jean , Hughes David , Griffiths Lesley
Published: November 2023

A feature of the last decade has been the introduction of a contractual culture into the public sector with the development of quasi-markets. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 established an internal market in health care with a split between. Health care purchasers—GP fundholding practices and district health authorities—nd providers of care, including the new NHS trusts (Hughes 1991). Within this quasi-market, parties contract for the provision of clinical services. The market within which these contracts have been formed is not only imposed but highly regulated in its nature. Operation of such a market structure is complex where, as in the NHS, parties are contracting within a statutorily imposed framework subject to continual regulation by central NHS management. Contracts made between parties in the NHS internal market were initially intended to be binding and enforceable: however, at an early stage in the development of the internal market, the option of judicial enforce-ability was rejected and instead a statutory dispute resolution procedure was established. This chapter considers whether it is possible adequately to conceptualize the operation of the NHS internal market within existing contract law models, which involve implicit comparisons with contracting practices in the commercial world. We focus on the process of dispute resolution, which we take to provide a revealing indication of the nature of the NHS contracting process.
The Relational Constitution of Contract and the Limits of ‘Economics’: Kenneth Arrow on the Social Background of Markets
Authors: Campbell David
Published: November 2023

I have previously argued that, in the terms of the modern philosophy of science, the classical law of contract is a research programme which is now so unproductive that it should be regarded as falsified (Campbell 1992b). However, exposure of the weaknesses of the classical law alone will not effect that falsification. One should rightly be reluctant to abandon what obviously has been an enormously productive research programme, and falsification of the classical law is dependent on the emergence of a sufficiently attractive rival. I am of the opinion that recent steps taken towards the development of a relational theory of contract stressing co-operation between the parties in certain ‘socio-legal’ contract works constitute the initial development of such a programme (Campbell, forthcoming b). In this chapter, I want to attempt to direct the development of this ‘embryonic’ (Adams and Brownsword 1995: 299) theory in a way which might initially appear unusual.
Education and Labour-Market Entry in Germany
Authors: Moller Walter , Steinniann Susanne , Ell Ren A Te
Published: November 2023

In studies of labour-market organization, it is common to emphasize spe cific characteristics of the German education and training system and its relationship to the national labour market. In their seminal study, Maurice, Sellier and Silvestre (1982) describe the German labour market as patterned in a qualificational :,pace in contrast to the organizational space of France. Using the vocabulary of labour-market segmentation, Marsden (1990) describes Germany as a typical case of a labour market, which is mainly segmented along occupational lines in contrast to labour markets mainly segmented between firms.
Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Transition from School to Work in Israel
Authors: Kraus Verefj , Shavit, Yossi , Yaish Meir
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the pattern of association between educational qualifications and labour-market outcomes for men and women in Israel. We compare the effects of academic and vocational qualifications on occupational prestige and class of labour-force entry, and study the relation ship between qualifications and unemployment. In addition to gender comparisons, we also examine ethnic differences in the relationship between educational qualifications and occupational outcomes.
Education and Early Occupation in the Netherlands around 1990 Categorical and Continuous Scales and the Details of a Relationship
Authors: graaf Paul m. De , Ultee wout c.
Published: November 2023

It has, somewhat facetiously, been remarked that there is a great divide in the literature on social stratification. On the one hand, there are various studies regarding the social scale as one long continuum. On the other hand, although two-class schemas are no longer used, a great many analyses still treat a society’s structure as a limited number of discrete classes. Consequently research conducted against the background of the first assumption primarily employs linear regression techniques, and research involving the second assumption log-linear models and multinomial logis tic regression techniques.
Ford’s Hermosillo Plant: The Trajectory of. Development of a Hybrid Model
Authors: Carrillo Jorge , Montiel Yolanda
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the reorganization of production in the assembly and stamping plants of Ford-Hermosillo, Mexico. It concerns an attempt by Ford to introduce a production system based on a Japanese model, and its subsequent hybridization. Ford sought to combine high technology, just-in-time, total quality control, and an inexperienced Mexican labour force. The company succeeded in achieving international levels of competitiveness at a greenfield site in a less developed country, but also encountered worker resistance, high labour turnover, and endemic labour conflict. The use of work teams has diminished and unions have recovered a significant shop floor role. Ford’s adaptation has not been systematic because of the company’s failure to prioritize the stabilization and upgrading of working conditions.
Volkswagen’s Shanghai Plant: Between Chinese Tradition and Modernization Strategy
Authors: Kiefer Thomas
Published: November 2023

‘Fundamentally Chinese, but foreign whenever it suits the purpose better.’ Joint ventures in the Chinese automobile industry mirror this ancient Chinese dictum. Although the management systems are Western in their form, their content remains Chinese. Informal production processes and ‘correct’ relationships (Guanxi) complement the relationships set by markets and formal organizations. The forms and the teamwork of Chinese groups differ from those in the West. Yet these Chinese specificities are difficult to comprehend, because of serious linguistic and conceptual obstacles and the absence of effective social scientific investigation of these domains of informality.
Introduction
Authors: Pacini Andrea
Published: November 2023

In the Arab and Turkish areas of the Middle East today Islam undoubtedly represents the majority culture, although to a lesser extent than in presentday Maghreb,’ which is almost totally homogeneous. Until today in fact, the regions of the Mashreq have been inhabited throughout the centuries by people of many different religions. Thus Muslims, Jews, and Christians have traditionally lived together within the same social system, although the institutional and social terms on which this system was based have undergone changes during the course of history up to our most recent era.
The Law of the Nation-State and the Status of non-Muslims in Egypt and Syria
Authors: Botiveau Bernard
Published: November 2023

The institutional ‘re-Islamization’ currently in progress in several Arab countries poses an important question today. In which way and how far does the process affect the level of citizenship achieved by individuals in these countries since the beginning of the century, under the effect of various factors, particularly political decisions in which the law has often had a decisive role? How important is this phenomenon and how can it be analysed globally in spite of all the risks this involves? One way of answering this question is to reflect on the role of law in the political processes which have characterized the formation of these nation States, bearing in mind that they have always been voluntary to a certain extent, thus influencing the result of conflicts generated from changes in the status of individuals or communities.
The Christians of Syria
Authors: Moussalli Habib
Published: November 2023

A geographer once described Syria as ‘an Orient of deserts and churches’. Although this definition refers to a long time ago, it nevertheless shows that the presence of Christians left a mark on the land and the history of the country. Many years have passed since then; the deserts have been eroded and the churches are now surrounded by a thousand and one mosques.If I had to name a place which was emblematic of the different religions which have lived alongside each other in Syria, I would choose Aleppo, where there is a boulevard named ‘Elias N, Patriarch of the Arabs’, after Elias Mu’awwad, Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox and of the Church of the Desert, described as a huge tent erected in the desert of Hauran.
Soka Gakkai in America
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W
Published: November 2023

This is the first-ever in-depth study of the Soka Gakkai Buddhists in the United States of America (SGI-USA). Drawing on unprecedented access to the organization through surveys and interviews, it provides a definitive and revealing picture of one of the fastest-growing religions in the world. The authors shed light on contemporary American society and show how many members of SGI-USA are drawn from a growing `transmodern' subculture in America. In addition the book traces the development of the organization in the USA, examining how it adapted to the peculiar circumstances of America's cultural life and showing how SGI-USA became a very American phenomenon.
The Decline of the Male Breadwinner: Explanations and Interpretations
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: November 2023

The social sciences-and sociology in particular-underwent a period of rapid expansion from the 1960s onwards. However, during this period in which the social sciences were putting down their roots in academe, they were virtually gender free. Major social actors were, implicitly or explicitly, assumed to be men. Sociological theory was grounded in the classic trilogy of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Each of these theorists treated gender relations as being of little or no relevance in developing their explanations of the social.
Dual Breadwinners between State and Market
Authors: Ellingsjeter Anne Lise
Published: November 2023

A profound reorganization of contemporary work and family life is taking place in all advanced capitalist societies: ’More women-and also more men-are facing dual and often conflicting labour market and family responsibilities. Ensuring the compatibility of employment and family commitments within individual lives is a major challenge emerging from the process of structural change’ (OECD 1994: 1). A major problem is that modern dual-breadwinner practices generate tensions when they confront structures and cultures in work life built around the traditional male-breadwinner model and the industrial time regime. Structural and social reform is widely regarded as essential to modify these problems. Adjustment policies recommended generally include social infrastructures, such as childcare services, flexible work hours, and measures to prevent the negative effects of career breaks (OECD 1994).
Myths and Memories of the N1ation
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Nations and nationalism remain powerful phenomena in the contemporary world. Why do they continue to inspire such passion and attachments? Myths and Memories of the Nation explores the roots of nationalism by examining the myths, symbols and memories of the nation through a ‘ethno-symbolic’ approach. The book reveals the continuing power of myth and memory to mobilise, define and shape people and their destinies. It examines the variety and durability of ethnic attachments and national identities, and assesses the contemporary revival of ethnic conflicts and nationalism. The book analyses the depth of ethnic attachments and the persistence of nations to this day.
Rational Action Theory for Sociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

IN PAPERS that have appeared over the last decade or so, a number of soci- ologists have sought to persuade their colleagues to become more familiar with rational choice, or—as I would prefer to call it—rational action theory (RAT), and to make greater use of it in their substantive work (see e.g. Coleman 1986a; Friedman and Hechter 1988; Lindenberg 1990; Abell 1992; Hedström 1996). I am in general sympathy with the arguments that these authors have advanced; and it may be useful here to say that I also share in (i) their commitment to methodological (as distinct from ontological) individualism or, that is, to the explanatory primacy of individual action in relation to social phenomena;

(ii) their belief that a theory of action must therefore be central to the sociological enterprise; and

(iii) their further belief that, while in the choice of such a theory, its aptness to problems of the macro-to-micro link is an obvious consideration, yet more important is the fact that analytic primacy in sociology lies with the consequences (intended or unintended) of individual action or, that is, with the converse, micro-to-macro link (see esp. Coleman 1990: ch. 1).
Choice: Origins and Consequences
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with a largely novel situation in human lite: the possibility of choosing a religion. There have been some societies, though not many, that have allowed religious minorities to follow their Gods in peace, but never before have so many people been free to choose or had such a range to choose from. To put it another way, it used to be possible to guess peoples religion from their nationality, region, and class. An eighteenth-century Swede was a Lutheran. A nineteenth-century citizen of Cork of native Irish stock was a Roman Catholic; if descended from English settlers, an Episcopalian Protestant. Such regularities are now rare.
Pluralism and Religion: Europe
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

THE previous chapter considered the application of the supply-side model to religion in Britain and its former colonies: the USA, Canada, and Australia. I would now like to consider the very different societies of continental Europe: de Tocqueville’s old world of Catholic, Lutheran, and Orthodox churches. What light, if any, does the rational choice approach shed on the recent history of religion in Europe?
Liberal Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

ONE common response to the argument presented in Chapter 1 and to the details of declining church membership and church attendance scattered throughout this book is to argue that, while religion may have changed its shape, it has not actual1y declined. What we see in the twentieth century is not secularization but merely the adaptation of religion. This case is commonly made by Christians looking for some reason to be cheerful (some of whom go so far as to suggest that what is left is ‘better’ religion than that which prevailed in, say, the eighteenth century because it is Jess entangled with the mundane and hence more pure). It is also made by those scholars who believe that there is something about the human condition that gives us a perpetual need for religion or something very much like it.
Living away from relatives: kinship and geographical reasoning
Authors: Mason Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Living near relatives can be a mixed blessing. The warmth and security which can come from feeling that you are a member of a local kin network can also make you feel too close for comfort. Living near enough to provide or receive help can mean being expected always to be the first to help, or can feel like a compromise of your own or someone else’s independence. Local and everyday familiarity with each others’ lives can feel intrusive as well as friendly and supportive. Yet living far away is problematic too. Independence may feel easier to establish and maintain, but it is easy also to feel too far away, especially in times of crisis or need.
The impact of family change on older people: the case of stepfamilies
Authors: Bornat Joanna , Dimmack Brian , Jones David , Peace Sheila
Published: November 2023

Centre stage in debates about family and society in Britain today is taken by two concerns: the ageing of the population and the rate of family change through divorce and separation. By the mid-1990s, the proportion of the population over the age of 65 had reached 15 per cent, while four in every ten marriages in England and Wales were expected to end in divorce (Raskey 1996b; OPCS 1996a; ONS 1996). The quotations above come from a study carried out in Luton during 1995-6 which investigated the impact of family change on older people. They represent some of the hopes and fears which surface in debates about the future of family life at the end of the twentieth century.
Living alone: evidence from England and Wales and France for the last two decades
Authors: Hall Ray , Ogden Philip E , Hill Catherine
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, living alone moved from being perceived as a somewhat marginal household type concentrated among older people to a more widespread phenomenon with wide-ranging policy implications. In 1991, 27 per cent of all households in Britain,1 and a similar proportion of house holds in France, were made up of people living alone, compared to 18 and 20 per cent respectively around 1970. The continuing rapid increase of one person households has been described as one of the most significant changes that will take place between now and 2020 in England and Wales: of the projected growth of new households in England, 80 per cent will be one-person. By 2020, more than one in three households will be made up of people living alone. Such changes have far-reaching consequences, in terms of both the physical provision for such households and the social implications of increasing numbers of people living alone (DoE 1995,1996; Hall, Ogden, and Hill 1997).
Families of choice: autonomy and mutuality in non-heterosexual relationships
Authors: Weeks Jeffrey , Heaphy Brian , Donovan Catherine
Published: November 2023

The contemporary debate about the family is often presented in terms of a polarity. On the one hand there is an image of mutuality, interdependence, and resilience, represented by an ideal type of the family. Although it is widely acknowledged that the family may have changed radically over the years, at its most evocative this ideal type represents a haven of trust, mutual involvement, and shared responsibilities that many argue offers the best hope for a communitarian culture (Etzioni 1995). On the other hand, set against this is a vivid picture of the search for autonomy, for an individual fulfilment that often eschews commitment, and is the product of an individualistic and hedonistic culture (see, for example, Davies 1993; Dennis and Erdo 1993; Dench 1996b).
From Competition to Collaboration: The Emergence and Evolution of R&D Cooperatives
Authors: Doz Yves L , Baburoglu Og0z
Published: November 2023

The potential benefits of collaboration in research and development (R&D) activities between firms are well known, and obvious, and so are the difficulties faced by such collaboration. There are many reasons for R&D collaboration between firms and R&D seems to be an increasingly frequent component of inter-company alliances (Aldrich and Sasaki, 1995; see Tripsas, Schrader, and Sobrero, 1995 for a summary). Economies of scale and scope in R&D, a desire to avoid duplications, to access complementary technologies and scientific and technical capabilities, and to control the spillovers from innovative activities underlie many collaborative projects in R&D. Despite the clear potential benefits that drive firms into cooperating, the increasingly well recognized difficulties they face in obtaining those benefits makes the choice of form of collaboration, and the relative merits and performance of various forms of collaboration, controversial issues (Hane, 1995). The debate is fuelled partly by the significant commitments of public funds (subject to close political scrutiny) to collaborative R&D in Europe, Japan, and to lesser extent the USA (in the European Union today, for instance, support to the information technology industry,
Assessing Inter-Organizational Collaboration: Multiple Conceptions and Multiple Methods
Authors: Gray Barbara
Published: November 2023

Arguments extolling the importance of inter-organizational collaboration and its benefits have gained prominence in the management and policy literature in the last decade (Gray, 1989; Wood and Gray, 1991; Huxham and McDonald, 1992; Smith, Carroll, and Ashford, 1995; Evans, 1996b; Huxham, 1996b). Two distinct streams of research have emerged: one focusing on strategic alliances and joint ventures among business organizations and the other addressing cross-sectoral alliances among business, governments, schools, NGOs, and other stakeholders concerned about a particular problem domain. Particularly in education, social services, planning health care, and environmental arenas, collaboration among cross-sectoral sets of organizations concerned about a particular problem domain is increasingly necessary and often mandated (Trist, 1983; Carpenter and Kennedy, 1988; Gray, 1989; Potapchuk and Polk, 1993).
Careers, Organizing, and Community
Authors: Parker Polly , Arthur Michael B
Published: November 2023

In Fritjof Capra’s book The Web of Life (1996) there is an illustration. On the left-hand side of the illustration are several circles, meant to represent life’s phenomena as we usually understand them. The phenomena may be any commonly recognized units: parts of the human anatomy, collectives of people, members of other biological species, rivers, forests, oceans, and so on. From each circle, and connecting it to other circles, flow multiple lines. The representation concurs with how we usually think in social science, in viewing the world as relationships among similar phenomena or units of anallysis. For instance, individuals, groups, social classes, institutions, governments, countries, and —not least —private or public companies, are popular units of analysis in psychology, social psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and organizational and management science.
Career, Community, and Social Architecture: An Exploration of Concepts
Authors: Goffee Rob , Jones Gareth
Published: November 2023

It is commonplace to assert that high rates of change and uncertainty within the industrial economies have buried, perhaps once and for all, the conventional notion of the career as an orderly, cumulative trajectory, organizationally bounded and marked by measurable shifts in status and social recognition. While some observers argue that the term should be disposed of altogether, others seek broader redefinitions that understand the career as ‘the evolving sequence of a person’s work over time’ (Arthur et al. 1989). This sequence of experiences, it is often claimed, is increasingly owned and shaped by individuals. Personal intentions, aspirations, and abilities have become more salient determinants of career ‘outcomes’, how¬ ever they may be defined-earning a living, achieving promotion, building a family, and so on. But one may embrace changing conceptions of careers without endorsing this increasingly individualist paradigm.
Social Capital: A Review and Critique
Authors: Schuller Tom , Baron Stephen , Field John
Published: November 2023

SOCIAL capital—broadly, social networks, the reciprocities that arise from them, and the value of these for achieving mutual goals—has become an influential concept in debating and understanding the modern world. It features in much scholarly discourse, across a variety of disciplines; it also rever berates through the politics of the centre-left, as well as in new thinking about international economic development and social renewal. An idea that draws attention to the importance of social relationships and values such as trust in shaping broader attitudes and behaviour is clearly highly attractive to many people.
Social Capital, Innovation, and Competitiveness
Authors: Maskell Peter
Published: November 2023

THE contemporary process of globalization has dramatically enhanced the economic importance of what a diverse group of current scholars (Bourdieu 1980; Coleman 1988b; Burt 1992; Putnam 1993a; Fukuyama 1995; Woolcock 1998) has called ‘social capital’. Social capital refers to the values and beliefs that citizens share in their everyday dealings and which give meaning and provide design for all sorts of rules. The use of the word ‘capital’ implies that we are dealing with an asset. The word ‘social’ tells us that it is an asset attained through membership of a community. Social capital is accumulated within the community through processes of interaction and learning. But social capital is not a commodity for which trade is technically possible or even meaningful.
Social Capital Trumping Class and Cultural Capital? Engagement with School among Immigrant Youth
Authors: Lauglo Jon
Published: November 2023

WHY do certain groups cope much better with school than one would expect, given their humble social class position and their lack of familiarity with the culture transmitted by school? Special talents and particularities of life histories can be invoked to explain the case of individual persons. But how to explain the relative success of groups? Is social capital a productive analytic tool that is useful for that purpose? As noted in the introductory chapter of this volume, the concept of social capital as initially sketched out by Bourdieu (Bourdieu 1997; Bourdieu and Passeron 1970) tended to be presented as yet another resource that was possessed disproportionately by groups who in other respects also would be advantaged.
Social Capital and Health: Contextualizing Health Promotion within Local Community Networks
Authors: Campbell Catherine
Published: November 2023

On the one hand, millions of dollars are committed to alleviating ill-health through individual intervention. Meanwhile we ignore what our everyday experience tells us, i.e. the way we organize our society, the extent to which we encourage interaction among the citizenry and the degree to which we trust and associate with each other in caring communities is probably the most important determinant of our health.
Organizing for Innovation: Co-ordinating Distributed Innovation Capabilities
Authors: Coombs Rod , Metcalfe J Stan
Published: November 2023

The central theme of this chapter is the need to combine a capabilities perspective on the innovating firm with the increasingly complex division of labour in the generation of science and technology. It is increasingly the case that technological innovations cannot be accomplished by individual firms acting independently. It is more and more common for firms to act in collaboration with other firms, whether suppliers, customers, or competitors, and with other non commercial knowledge-generating organizations. The nature of these collaborative linkages varies from formal contractual links to informal networks of knowledge exchange, with all sorts of intermediate varieties.
Predicate calculus
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel
Published: November 2023

The fundamental work of the mathematician is to examine structures, to suggest properties that might pertain to these and to ask whether these properties are satisfied or not. Predicate calculus is, in some way, the first stage in the formalization of mathematical activity. Two aspects are involved: first, we provide ourselves with formal tools that are adequate to name these objects (these will be the terms) and to express (some of) their properties (these will be the formulas); second, we study the satisfaction of these properties in the structures under consideration.
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H
Published: November 2023

Logic forms the basis of mathematics, and is hence a fundamental part of any mathematics course. It is a major element in theoretical computer science and has undergone a huge revival with the every- growing importance of computer science. This text is based on a course to undergraduates and provides a clear and accessible introduction to mathematical logic. The concept of model provides the underlying theme, giving the text a theoretical coherence whilst still covering a wide area of logic. The foundations having been laid in Part I, this book starts with recursion theory, a topic essential for the complete scientist. Then follows Godel's incompleteness theorems and axiomatic set theory. Chapter 8 provides an introduction to model theory. There are examples throughout each section, and varied selection of exercises at the end. Answers to the exercises are given in the appendix.
Milestones Of Hot-Electron Research In Semiconductors
Authors: Hess K
Published: November 2023

Electronic transport in semiconductor materials has in the past often been regarded as a branch of lesser importance in the physics of electronic conduction of solids; a feeling that probably arose from, or was at least magnified by, the developments of many-body theory of electronic conduction, particularly superconductivity. Of course, the invention of the transistor and the evolution of the silicon age gave a clear indication that from the viewpoint of applications semiconductor transport had enormous significance. Initial research was therefore logically connected to electrons and holes in devices with particular emphasis on generation-recombination of electrons and holes which was not known from metals and contained many-body aspects.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy Of Low-Dimensional Structures
Authors: Ryan John F
Published: November 2023

Considerable progress has been made over the past few years in understanding the fundamental processes responsible for ultrafast energy and momentum relaxation in low-dimensional semiconductors. Technical developments on the experimental side have led to the routine availability of 100 fs temporal resolution, while 10 fs resolution is no longer the formidable challenge that it once represented, and as a result, it has been possible to study non-equilibrium carrier and phonon dynamics directly in real-time measurements. Much of this effort has been directed at two-dimensional quantum well systems, but as growth and fabrication methods become more sophisticated there has been increasing effort devoted to investigations of quantum wire and quantum dot structures. The interpretation of experiments has also progressed substantially during this period, due to the wider application of Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation techniques, In particular, incoherent carrier-carrier scattering (CCS) and carrier-phonon scattering (CPS) processes have been widely investigated using this method. However, it is also well known that the excitation of interband optical transitions in a semiconductor generates a coherent polarization which persists for -100 fs. In this temporal regime the phase relation between the particles and the light field is a dominant factor, and the decay of the polarization by phase-breaking scattering processes can provide unique information about the earliest stages of carrier relaxation. In this chapter we will focus attention on the former aspect of the problem, where electron-hole correlation can be neglected, and the carrier dynamics can be treated stochastically.
Energy And Momentum Relaxation Of Hot Electrons In Long Quantum Wires
Authors: Cingolani R
Published: November 2023

Carrier relaxation in one-dimensional (ID) heterostructures is a matter of intensive investigation, both theoretical and experimental. The sharp density of states, the lack of strong interband continuum, the modification of the electron-phonon interaction and the phase space restriction of quantum wires are expected to modify the process of carrier relaxation in optically excited ID heterostructures. Qualitatively, the reduction of dimensionality induces a concomitant reduction of the phase space available for carriers which in turn limits the strength of the various scattering mechanisms responsible for energy relaxation. These characteristics are reflected in a peculiar temporal evolution of the optical transitions in quantum wires, namely reduced energy-loss rates and longer decay time of the luminescence. Despite this clear picture, so far there has been no clear evidence of ID effects in the carrier relaxation of quantum wires. Though intersubband recombination from different quantized levels has been time-resolved in various quantum wire heterostructures, the temporal evolution of the optical spectra has been found to be not so different from that of quantum wells. The reason for this surprising finding is twofold: