bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prey‐dependent retention of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by mixotrophic dinoflagellates
Authors: Lee Hyunwoo , Park Ki‐Tae , Lee Kitack , Jeong Hae Jin , Yoo Yeong Du
Published: September 2011

We investigated the retention of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in phototrophic dinoflagellates arising from mixotrophy by estimating the cellular content of DMSP in Karlodinium veneficum (mixotrophic growth) fed for 7–10 days on either DMSP‐rich Amphidinium carterae (phototrophic growth only) or DMSP‐poor Teleaulax sp. (phototrophic growth only). In K. veneficum fed on DMSP‐poor prey, the cellular content of DMSP remained almost unchanged regardless of the rate of feeding, whereas the cellular content of DMSP in cells of K. veneficum fed on DMSP‐rich prey increased by as much as 21 times the cellular concentration derived exclusively from phototrophic growth. In both cases, significant fractions (10–32% in the former case and 55–65% in the latter) of the total DMSP ingested by K. veneficum were transformed into dimethylsulfide and other biochemical compounds. The results may indicate that the DMSP content of prey species affects temporal variations in the cellular DMSP content of mixotrophic dinoflagellates, and that mixotrophic dinoflagellates produce DMS through grazing on DMSP‐rich preys. Additional studies should be performed to examine the universality of our finding in other mixotrophic dinoflagellates feeding on diverse prey species.
Acute primary canine herpesvirus‐1 dendritic ulcerative keratitis in an adult dog
Authors: Gervais Kristen J. , Pirie Christopher G. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Pizzirani Stefano
Published: September 2011

We present a report of dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a 4‐year old locally immunosuppressed dog suspected to result from acute primary canine herpesvirus‐1 (CHV‐1) infection. The dog was presented for evaluation of mild blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye (OD) shortly after attending a public boarding facility. For approximately 3 months, the dog had been receiving topical prednisolone acetate 1.0% and tacrolimus 0.02% in both eyes (OU) q12h for treatment of follicular conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic examination revealed three regions of corneal fluorescein retention OD. The lesions had a dendritic pattern, were approximately 2–3 mm in length, and were located at the dorsomedial, lateral, and ventromedial aspects of the cornea. No additional abnormalities were noted on complete ophthalmic and physical examinations. CHV‐1 was identified in conjunctival samples OD by polymerase chain reaction, and paired CHV‐1 serum virus neutralization antibody titers were positive and consistent with acute infection. Topical prednisolone acetate and tacrolimus were discontinued. The dog was treated with cidofovir 0.5% OU q12h for a period of 4 weeks, with resolution of corneal disease noted within 1 week of treatment. In conjunction with previous studies, this case report supports a central role for alterations in host immune status in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CHV‐1 ocular disease in dogs.
Sleep disturbances and insulin resistance
Authors: Van Cauter E.
Published: September 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1455–1462 (2011)

The causes and risk factors of insulin resistance remain insufficiently understood. After taking into account the important roles of adiposity, age, sex and race/ethnicity, up to 50% of the individual variability in insulin resistance remains unexplained. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support a role for sleep disturbances, including insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and insomnia, and obstructive sleep apnoea, as independent risk factors for the development and exacerbation of insulin resistance. The present review summarizes the evidence. We will start with a brief introduction to sleep and its disorders and then examine in succession the role of the three major types of sleep disturbances of modern society, namely insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality and/or insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of the polycystic ovary syndrome, the most common endocrine pathology in women, and the last section of this review will discuss the role of obstructive sleep apnoea in the insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of reduced mild hypoglycaemia in subjects with Type 1 diabetes treated with insulin detemir or NPH insulin in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands
Authors: Valentine W. J. , Jendle J. , Saraheimo M. , Thorsteinsson B. , Pollock R. F. , Lammert M.
Published: September 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 303–312 (2012)

Aims  To estimate short‐term cost‐effectiveness of insulin detemir vs. NPH insulin based on the incidence of mild hypoglycaemia in subjects with Type 1 diabetes in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands.

Methods  A model was developed to evaluate cost‐effectiveness based on mild (self‐treated) hypoglycaemia and pharmacy costs over 1 year. Published rates of mild hypoglycaemia were used for NPH insulin and insulin detemir. Effectiveness was calculated in terms of quality‐adjusted life expectancy. Pharmacy costs were accounted using published prices and defined daily doses for both insulins. Costs were expressed in 2010 euros (€).

Results  Treatment with insulin detemir was associated with fewer mild hypoglycaemic events than NPH insulin (mean rates of 26.3 vs. 35.5 events per person‐year), leading to an improvement in mean quality‐adjusted life expectancy of approximately 0.019 (0.030) quality‐adjusted life years (standard deviation). Annual costs were € 573.55 (110.42) vs. € 332.76 (62.18) in Denmark for insulin detemir and NPH insulin, respectively. These values were € 545.79 (106.54) vs. € 306.12 (57.78) in Sweden, € 720.10 (140.74) vs. € 408.73 (78.61) in Finland and € 584.01 (109.47) vs. € 359.60 (64.84) in the Netherlands. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were approximately € 12 644 (Denmark), € 12 612 (Sweden), € 16 568 (Finland) and € 12 216 (the Netherlands) per quality‐adjusted life year gained for insulin detemir vs. NPH insulin.

Conclusions  Insulin detemir is likely to be cost‐effective vs. NPH insulin in subjects with Type 1 diabetes in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands. Increased pharmacy costs with insulin detemir should not be a barrier to therapy based on these findings.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat
Authors: Ismail I. , Keating S. E. , Baker M. K. , Johnson N. A.
Published: September 2011

It is increasingly recognized that the location of excess adiposity, particularly increased deposition of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), is important when determining the adverse health effects of overweight and obesity. Exercise therapy is an integral component of obesity management, but the most potent exercise prescription for VAT benefit is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of aerobic exercise (AEx) and progressive resistance training (PRT) and to directly compare the efficacy of AEx and PRT for beneficial VAT modulation. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of exercise interventions on VAT content/volume in overweight and obese adults. Relevant databases were searched to November 2010. Included studies were randomized controlled designs in which AEx or PRT in isolation or combination were employed for 4 weeks or more in adult humans, where computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for quantification of VAT pre‐ and post‐intervention. Of the 12196 studies from the initial search, 35 were included. After removal of outliers, there was a significant pooled effect size (ES) for the comparison between AEx therapy and control (−0.33, 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.14; P < 0.01) but not for the comparison between PRT therapy and control (0.09, 95% CI: −0.17 to −0.36; P = 0.49). Of the available nine studies which directly compared AEx with PRT, the pooled ES did not reach statistical significance (ES = 0.23, 95% CI: −0.02 to 0.50; P = 0.07 favouring AEx). The pooled ES did not reach statistical significance for interventions that combined AEx and PRT therapy vs. control (−0.28, 95% CI: −0.69 to 0.14; P = 0.19), for which only seven studies were available. These data suggest that aerobic exercise is central for exercise programmes aimed at reducing VAT, and that aerobic exercise below current recommendations for overweight/obesity management may be sufficient for beneficial VAT modification. Further investigation is needed regarding the efficacy and feasibility of multi‐modal training as a means of reducing VAT.
Gender, Top Management Compensation Gap, and Company Performance: Tournament versus Behavioral Theory
Authors: Vieito Joao Paulo Torre
Published: September 2011

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: This study is among the first to investigate the impact of gender on the relationship between the compensation gap of the CEO and Vice‐Presidents on company performance, testing if companies managed by a female CEO or a male CEO follow tournament or behavioral theory. Tournament theory suggests that a large compensation gap between CEO and company Vice‐Presidents (VPs) leads to higher company performance; behavioral theory states that higher performance may be achieved with a small compensation gap between CEO and VPs. Additionally the study also investigates if companies managed by a female CEO perform better, or not, than those managed by a male CEO, and if the factors that explain the compensation gap between CEO and VPs in these two groups of companies are the same, or not. Data for the investigation emanated from the USA during the period 1992 to 2004.

Research Findings/Insights: The results reflect something quite new in the area – on average, companies managed by a female CEO perform better, and have a smaller compensation gap between the CEO and VPs than companies managed by a male CEO. In companies managed by a female CEO, a smaller difference in the total compensation gap between CEO and Vice‐Presidents leads, on average, to higher company performance, however, when the CEO is a male, a higher compensation gap is required to obtain higher company performance. The results provide empirical support that the behavioral theory is predominant in companies managed by a female whereas tournament theory is predominant in companies managed by a male.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: The paper fills an important gap in the existing literature by providing econometric evidence that males and females CEOs have a different impact on the relationship between CEO and VPs compensation gap and company performance, and that it is not indifferent to choosing a male or a female CEO in terms of company performance.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study offers an insight to practitioners and policy makers suggesting that gender influences the relationship between the CEO and Vice‐Presidents compensation gap and company performance. Boards may be able to improve company performance if they limit the compensation gap between CEO and VPs when the CEO is a female and extend it, when it is a male.
Effectiveness of Different Pinyin Presentation Formats in Learning Chinese Characters: A Cognitive Load Perspective
Authors: Lee Chee Ha , Kalyuga Slava
Published: September 2011

This article reports the results of an experiment designed to investigate the effectiveness of pinyin (a phonic transcription system) in learning vocabulary of Chinese as a second language from the perspective of cognitive load theory. In the reported experiment, the learning effects of the vertical and horizontal layouts of characters, pinyin, and English translations were compared. Results indicated a significant advantage of the vertical format that was attributed to the elimination of split attention. It is suggested that the commonly used horizontal layout format for presenting pinyin may impose high levels of cognitive load and hinder the learning of characters at the beginner level.
Using Raters From India to Score a Large‐Scale Speaking Test
Authors: Xi Xiaoming , Mollaun Pam
Published: September 2011

We investigated the scoring of the Speaking section of the Test of English as a Foreign Language™ Internet‐based (TOEFL iBT®) test by speakers of English and one or more Indian languages. We explored the extent to which raters from India, after being trained and certified, were able to score the TOEFL examinees with mixed first languages accurately and consistently. The effectiveness of a special training package designed for scoring Indian examinees was examined as well. We found that the raters from India performed as well as the operational U.S.‐based raters in scoring both Indian and non‐Indian examinees. The special training also helped the raters score Indian examinees more consistently and confidently.
Expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins p53, bcl‐2 and bax in recurrent aphthous ulceration
Authors: Pinto Rodrigues J.F.N. , Fujiyama Oshima C.T. , Ribeiro Paiotti A.P. , Franco M. , Miki Ihara S.S. , Ribeiro D.A.
Published: September 2011

Background  Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is considered to be an acute inflammatory disease of unknown pathogenesis. Apoptosis may represent an important event in the control of inflammation.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to investigate apoptosis process in RAU using immunohistochemistry.

Methods  We studied the expression and location of p53, bcl‐2 and bax in ulcerated lesions clinically diagnosed as RAU (n = 12) and compared it with that of oral clinically normal mucosa (n = 6) and of other inflammatory chronic disease such as oral fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia (FIH; n = 18).

Results  Significant statistically differences (n < 0.05) in p53 expression were noticed in RAU when compared with normal mucosa. No significant statistically differences (P > 0.05) were noticed between FIH and RAU. Bcl‐2 and bax did not show remarkable differences between groups.

Conclusions  Taken together, the data suggest that RAU induces p53 immunoexpression. Therefore, the protein might be related to the aetiopathogenesis of the ulcerated oral lesions.
Themed section: molecular pharmacology of GPCRs
Authors: Summers RJ
Published: September 2011

As our knowledge and understanding of the way in which GPCRs operate continues to grow rapidly, many new opportunities are emerging to develop novel therapeutic agents. This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology contains a series of papers that cover recent developments and identify approaches that may help determine future directions. Many of these papers contain material that was presented at the 6th International Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors meeting held at the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Melbourne Australia in late 2010.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on the Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐6. To view the 2010 themed section on the same topic visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐5/issuetoc
Polymorphisms of ADORA2A modulate psychomotor vigilance and the effects of caffeine on neurobehavioural performance and sleep EEG after sleep deprivation
Authors: Bodenmann S , Hohoff C , Freitag C , Deckert J , Rétey J V , Bachmann V , Landolt H‐P
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prolonged wakefulness impairs sustained vigilant attention, measured with the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and induces a compensatory increase in sleep intensity in recovery sleep, quantified by slow‐wave activity (SWA) in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). These effects of sleep deprivation are counteracted by the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, implying involvement of the adenosine neuromodulator/receptor system. To examine a role for adenosine A2A receptors, we investigated whether variation of the A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) modified effects of caffeine on PVT and SWA after sleep deprivation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A haplotype analysis of eight single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of ADORA2A was performed in 82 volunteers. In 45 young men carrying five different allele combinations, we investigated the effects of prolonged waking and 2 × 200 mg caffeine or 2 × 100 mg modafinil on psychomotor vigilance, sleepiness, and the waking and sleep EEG.

KEY RESULTS Throughout extended wakefulness, the carriers of haplotype HT4 performed faster on the PVT than carriers of non‐HT4 haplotype alleles. In haplotype HT4, caffeine failed to counteract the waking‐induced impairment of PVT performance and the rebound of SWA in recovery sleep. However, caffeine was effective in non‐HT4 allele carriers, and modafinil reduced the consequences of prolonged waking, independently of ADORA2A haplotype.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Common genetic variation of ADORA2A is an important determinant of psychomotor vigilance in rested and sleep‐deprived state. It also modulates individual responses to caffeine after sleep deprivation. These findings demonstrate a role for adenosine A2A receptors in the effects of prolonged wakefulness on vigilant attention and the sleep EEG.
Anti‐obesity efficacy of LH‐21, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist with poor brain penetration, in diet‐induced obese rats
Authors: Alonso Mónica , Serrano Antonia , Vida Margarita , Crespillo Ana , Hernandez‐Folgado Laura , Jagerovic Nadine , Goya Pilar , Reyes‐Cabello Carmen , Perez‐Valero Vidal , Decara Juan , Macías‐González Manuel , Bermúdez‐Silva Francisco Javier , Suárez Juan , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Pavón Francisco Javier
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peripheral blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors has been proposed as a safe and effective therapy against obesity, putatively devoid of the adverse psychiatric side effects of centrally acting CB1 receptor antagonists. In this study we analysed the effects of LH‐21, a peripherally acting neutral cannabinoid receptor antagonist with poor brain penetration, in an animal model of diet‐induced obesity.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To induce obesity, male Wistar rats were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD; 60 kcal% fat) whereas controls received a standard diet (SD; 10 kcal% fat). Following 10 weeks of feeding, animals received a daily i.p. injection of vehicle or 3 mg·kg−1 LH‐21 for 10 days. Plasma and liver samples were used for biochemical analyses whereas visceral fat‐pad samples were analysed for lipid metabolism gene expression using real‐time RT‐PCR. In addition, the potential of LH‐21 to interact with hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms and cardiac human Ether‐à‐go‐go Related Gene (hERG) channels was evaluated.

KEY RESULTS LH‐21 reduced feeding and body weight gain in HFD‐fed animals compared with the control group fed SD. In adipose tissue, this effect was associated with decreased gene expression of: (i) leptin; (ii) lipogenic enzymes, including SCD‐1; (iii) CB1 receptors; and (iv) both PPARα and PPARγ. Although there were no significant differences in plasma parameters between HFD‐ and SD‐fed rats, LH‐21 did not seem to induce hepatic, cardiac or renal toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results support the hypothesis that treatment with the peripherally neutral acting CB1 receptor antagonist, LH‐21, may promote weight loss through modulation of visceral adipose tissue.
Function of hyperekplexia‐causing α1R271Q/L glycine receptors is restored by shifting the affected residue out of the allosteric signalling pathway
Authors: Shan Qiang , Han Lu , Lynch Joseph W
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glycine receptor α1 subunit R271Q and R271L (α1R271Q/L) mutations cause the neuromotor disorder, hereditary hyperekplexia. Studies suggest that the 271 residue is located within the allosteric signalling pathway linking the agonist binding site to the channel gate. The present study aimed to investigate a possible mechanism for restoring the function of the α1R271Q/L glycine receptor.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A 12‐amino‐acid segment incorporating the 271 residue on the glycine receptor α1271Q/L subunit was replaced by the homologous segment from the glycine receptor β subunit (α1Ch271Q/L). The function of the α1Ch271Q/L glycine receptor was examined by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording and voltage‐clamp fluorometry techniques.

KEY RESULTS The function of the α1Ch271Q/L glycine receptor was restored to the level of the wild‐type (WT) α1 glycine receptor. Moreover, in the α1Ch glycine receptor, in contrast to the α1 glycine receptor, the channel function was not sensitive to various substitutions of the 271 residue, and the conformational change in the vicinity of the 271 residue was uncoupled from the channel gating.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The 271 residue is shifted out of the allosteric signalling pathway in the α1Ch glycine receptor. We propose that this mechanism provides a novel drug design strategy not only for glycine receptor α1R271Q/L‐caused hereditary hyperekplexia, but also for any pathological condition that is caused by missense mutation‐ or covalent modification‐induced disorders involving residues in allosteric signalling pathways. Such a strategy makes it possible to design an ideal drug, which only corrects the function of the mutant or modified protein without affecting the WT or naive protein.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Nussinov, pp. 2110–2112 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01793.x
QRS Characteristics Fail to Reliably Identify Ventricular Tachycardias That Require Epicardial Ablation in Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: MARTINEK MARTIN , STEVENSON WILLIAM G. , INADA KEIICHI , TOKUDA MICHIFUMI , TEDROW USHA B.
Published: September 2011

Criteria for Epicardial Origin in Ischemic VT. Objectives: We tested proposed algorithms for idiopathic and nonischemic tachycardias for their ability to identify epicardial LV‐VT origins.

Backgroud:
Several ECG features have been reported to identify epicardial origins for left ventricular tachycardias (LV‐VTs) in the absence of myocardial infarction. Only limited data exist in postinfarction patients.

Methods:
The QRS features of 24 VTs that were ablated from the epicardium and 39 left ventricular VTs ablated from the endocardium were retrospectively analyzed for various 12‐lead ECG features previously reported.

Results:
No ECG feature consistently predicted an epicardial LV‐VT origin in infarct‐related tachycardias, with epicardial VTs showing slightly longer QRS durations (189 ± 32 ms in epicardial vs 179 ± 37 ms in endocardial, P = 0.28). Pseudo‐delta duration was 38 ± 27 versus 47 ± 27 ms (P = 0.2), intrinsicoid deflection time 93 ± 35 versus 86 ± 32 ms (P = 0.4), shortest RS 97 ± 38 versus 99 ± 32 ms (P = 0.77), and median deflection index 0.82 ± 0.25 versus 0.87 ± 0.22 (P = 0.43).

The finding of a Q wave in lead I and the absence of a Q wave in the inferior leads failed to predict an epicardial origin in superior LV‐VT sites. Q waves in any inferior lead and aVR/aVL‐ratio<1 were not specific for an epicardial origin in inferior sites (all P = ns). Furthermore, all inferior LV‐VTs showed a Q wave in the inferior leads which correlated with pre‐existing Q‐waves in sinus rhythm (P = 0.045).

Conclusion
: Proposed 12‐lead ECG features for differentiation of epicardial versus endocardial sites for nonischemic LV‐VTs do not reliably identify VTs that require ablation from the epicardium. Endocardial mapping should be the first approach to catheter ablation for VTs in patients with ischemic heart disease. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 188‐193, February 2012)
Quantitative biomechanical analysis of the influence of the cortical bone and implant length on primary stability
Authors: Hong Jongrak , Lim Young‐Jun , Park Sang‐Oh
Published: September 2011

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of cortical bone and increasing implant fixture length on primary stability. Further investigation considered the correlation between the presence of cortical bone at the marginal bone and implant stability measured by insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA), as well as implant length, were determined.

Materials and methods

Two different types of polyurethane bone models were compared. (Group 1: with cortical and cancellous bone; Group 2: with cancellous bone only). A total of 60 external type implants (∅ 4.1, OSSTEM®, US II®) with different lengths (7, 10, and 13 mm) were used. IT was recorded automatically by a computer which was connected to the Implant fixture installation device during the placement. RFA was conducted to quantify the primary implant stability quotient (ISQ). All two measurements were repeated 10 times for each group.

Results

All these differences were statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.001) and intragroups (P < 0.001). Upon comparing the IT, cortical bone appears to have a greater influence on implant stability than implant lengths, whereas the RFA value strongly affects implant length rather than the presence of the crestal cortical bone.

Conclusions

The quantitative biomechanical evaluations clearly demonstrated that primary implant stability seems to be influenced by the presence of a cortical plate and total surface area of the implant fixture appears to be the decisive determinant for ISQ value.
Soft tissue surrounding switched platform implants: an immunohistochemical evaluation
Authors: Dellavia Claudia , Canullo Luigi , Allievi Cristina , Lang Niklaus P. , Pellegrini Gaia
Published: September 2011

Objectives

This clinical and immunohistochemical study was designed to characterize the cellular and molecular patterns for bone loss of soft tissues surrounding implants restored with different implant platform configurations.

Material and methods

A total of 32 implants were restored using abutments with the following mismatches: 0 mm (control group), 0.25 mm (test group1), 0.5 mm (test group2) and 0.85 mm (test group3). Four years after, loading all sites were clinically healthy, and soft tissue samples were harvested and processed for immunohistochemical analysis. Amounts of lymphocytes T (LyT) ‐B (LyB), IL‐17 and RANKL were assessed.

Results

No significant difference was found between groups (P > 0.05) in terms of infiltrated T and B cell counts, IL‐17 and RANKL expressions. When pooled data were analysed, lymphocytes T counts and IL‐17 were higher than lymphocytes B counts and RANKL. LyT and LyB counts were highly negatively correlated (Pearson's r > 0.7) and IL‐17 was correlated (Pearson's r > 0.4, <0.7) to LyT and LyB.

Conclusions

After prolonged exposure of abutments in the oral cavity, the configuration of the implant abutment interface does not seem to affect the inflammatory cellular and molecular pattern responsible for bone loss.
Evaluation of the safety and efficiency of novel metallic ultrasonic scaler tip on titanium surfaces
Authors: Baek Seung‐Ho , Shon Won‐Jun , Bae Kwang‐Shik , Kum Kee‐Yeon , Lee Woo‐Cheol , Park Young‐Seok
Published: September 2011

Aim

To evaluate the safety and efficiency of novel ultrasonic scaler tips, conventional stainless‐steel tips, and plastic tips on titanium surfaces.

Material and methods

Mechanical instrumentation was carried out using conventional ultrasonic scalers (EMS, Nyon, Switzerland) with novel metallic implant tip (BS), a plastic‐headed tip (ES), a plastic tip (PS) and a conventional stainless‐steel tip (CS) on 10 polished commercially pure titanium disks (Grade II) per group. Arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and maximum height roughness (Ry) of titanium samples were measured and dissipated power of the scaler tip in the tip‐surface junction was estimated to investigate the scaling efficiency. The instrumented surface morphology of samples was viewed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and surface profile of the each sample was investigated using contact mode with a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM).

Results

There were no significant differences in surface roughness (Ra and Ry) among BS, ES, and PS group. However, CS group showed significant higher surface roughness (Ra and Ry). The efficiency of CS tip is twice as much higher than that of BS tip, the efficiency of BS tip is 20 times higher than that of PS tip, and the efficiency of BS tip is 90 times higher than that of ES tip.

Conclusion

Novel metallic copper alloy ultrasonic scaler tips may minimally influence the titanium surface, similar to plastic tip. Therefore, they can be a suitable instrument for implant maintenance therapy.
Osseointegration of dental implants installed without mechanical engagement: a histometric analysis in dogs
Authors: Jung Ui‐Won , Kim Sungtae , Kim Young‐Hee , Cha Jae‐Kook , Lee In‐Seop , Choi Seong‐Ho
Published: September 2011

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the healing pattern of sand‐blasted, large grid, acid‐etched (SLA)‐surfaced implants at two healing periods in a model that represents loosened implants (LIs) installed without mechanical engagement.

Material and methods

Five mongrel dogs were used, in which 20 dental implants were prepared. The implants were divided into two groups according to the absence or presence of initial mechanical engagement: LIs) and control, respectively. An oversized drill was used to prepare the implant area for the LI group. The implants were allowed to heal for 4 or 8 weeks. After the healing period, the experimental animals were sacrificed and block sections were obtained for histological analysis and histometric measurements.

Results

All implants were in intimate contact with the host bone and were without any inflammation after both 4 and 8 weeks of healing. While the mean amount of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) was constant in the control group, it tended to increase in the LI group with increasing healing period. However, neither BIC nor bone density differed significantly between the groups or with the healing period.

Conclusion

From the results of the study, it can be conjectured that the submerged and unloaded SLA‐surfaced implants could result in successful osseointegration, even if the mechanical engagement was not obtained at placement of the implants.
Single‐tooth Morse taper connection implants placed in fresh extraction sockets of the anterior maxilla: an aesthetic evaluation
Authors: Mangano Francesco , Mangano Carlo , Ricci Massimiliano , Sammons Rachel Lilian , Shibli Jamil Awad , Piattelli Adriano
Published: September 2011

Objective

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the aesthetic outcome of single‐tooth Morse taper connection implants placed in fresh extraction sockets of the anterior maxilla, by means of the pink aesthetic/white aesthetic score (PES/WES) index.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐six adult patients (18 men, 8 women, aged between 20 and 62 years; average: 48.7 years) who were treated with an immediate, single‐tooth Morse taper connection implant (Leone Implant SystemR, Florence, Italy) in the aesthetic area of the anterior maxilla, were enrolled in this retrospective study. An independent calibrated examiner applied the PES/WES index to 26 single‐tooth implant‐supported restorations, respectively, 3 months and 2 years after implant placement.

Results

No implants were lost. All 26 anterior maxillary single‐tooth implants fulfilled the established success criteria for dental implants with regard to osseointegration, including the absence of pain, suppuration, clinically detectable implant mobility, peri‐implant radiolucency and prosthetic complications at the implant‐abutment interface, with an overall implant‐crown success of 100.0%. At the 2‐year examination, the mean DIB was 0.44 ± 0.14 mm (95% CI: 0.41–0.47); the mean total PES/WES was 14.30 ± 2.78 (range 8–19); the mean PES was 7.30 ± 1.78 (range 4–10) and the mean WES was 7.00 ± 1.35 (range 4–10).

Conclusions

The immediate placement of single‐tooth Morse taper connection implants in the anterior maxilla seems to represent a successful procedure, from an aesthetic point of view. Further studies are needed to evaluate the aesthetic outcome of single‐tooth Morse taper connection implants placed in fresh extraction sockets of the anterior maxilla.
Influence of implants with different sizes and configurations installed immediately into extraction sockets on peri‐implant hard and soft tissues: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Caneva Marco , Botticelli Daniele , Rossi Fabio , Cardoso Leandro Carvalho , Pantani Fabio , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: September 2011

Aim

To study the influence on the healing of soft and hard peri‐implant tissues when implants of different sizes and configurations were installed into sockets immediately after tooth extraction.

Material and methods

Transmucosal cylindrical implants, 3.3 mm in diameter in the control sites, and conical 5 mm in diameter in the test sites, were installed into the distal socket of the fourth mandibular premolars in dogs immediately after tooth extraction. After 4 months, the hard and soft tissue healing was evaluated histologically.

Results

All implants were integrated in mineralized mature bone. Both at the test and control sites, the alveolar crest underwent resorption. The buccal bony surface at the implant test sites (conical; 3.8 mm) was more resorbed compared with the control sites (cylindrical; 1.6 mm). The soft tissue dimensions were similar in both groups. However, in relation to the implant shoulder, the peri‐implant mucosa was located more apically at the test compared with the control sites.

Conclusion

The present study confirmed that the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the buccal alveolar bony crest influenced the degree of resorption of the buccal bone plate. Consequently, in relation to the implant shoulder, the peri‐implant mucosa will be established at a more apical level, if the distance between the implant surface and the outer contour of the alveolar crest is small.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of NobelActiveTM dental implants
Authors: Ho Danny S. W. , Yeung Stephen C. H. , Zee Kwan Yat , Curtis Bradley , Hell Peter , Tumuluri Vijay
Published: September 2011

Objectives

To conduct a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the short‐term clinical and radiographic efficacy of the NobelActive™ system and to evaluate the relative importance of achieving primary stability at placement.

Materials and methods

A total of 32 subjects were recruited and, using a split‐mouth design, the NobelActiveTM implant was compared with a contralaterally matched Brånemark implant. Both implants were placed in a single surgical procedure into healed sites using a one‐stage protocol and reviewed at monthly intervals. NobelActiveTM implants were functionally loaded with provisional restorations at 1 month and all implants were restored with final crowns 3 months post‐implant placement. The implant was assessed using peak insertion torque values, resonance frequency analysis (RFA), clinical parameters, digital subtraction radiography, and cone beam computed tomography.

Results

The insertion torque was significantly greater for the NobelActiveTM implant group (P = 0.02), although no observable difference in RFA values were found. Preliminary results of 6 months follow‐up suggest comparable clinical and radiographic healing responses between the test and control implants. Within the limits of the sample population, the survival rates were lower with the test implants, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The NobelActiveTM implant system requires higher insertion torques and can also achieve greater primary stability compared with a control implant system. Short‐term survival and marginal bone levels of NobelActiveTM and control implants are comparable, although the NobelActiveTM implant system appeared to be more technique‐sensitive.
Exposure to wet work in working Australians
Authors: Keegel Tessa G. , Nixon Rosemary L. , LaMontagne Anthony D.
Published: September 2011

Background. The Australian National Hazard Exposure Worker Surveillance (NHEWS) Survey 2008 was a cross‐sectional survey undertaken by Safe Work Australia to inform the development of exposure prevention initiatives for occupational disease. This is a descriptive study of workplace exposures.

Objectives. To assess the occupational and demographic characteristics of workers reporting exposure to wet work.

Methods. Computer‐assisted telephone interviews were conducted with 4500 workers. Two wet work exposure outcomes (frequent washing of hands and duration of time spent at work with the hands immersed in liquids) were analysed.

Results. The response rate for the study was 42.3%. For hand‐washing, 9.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9–10.7] reported washing their hands more than 20 times per day. For immersion of hands in liquids, 4.5% (95% CI 3.9–5.1) reported immersion for more than 2 hr per day. Females were more likely to report exposure to frequent hand‐washing than males [odds ratio (OR) 1.97, 95% CI 1.49–2.61]. Workers in the lowest occupational skill level jobs were more likely to report increased exposure to hands immersed in liquids than those in the highest (OR 6.41, 95% CI 3.78–10.88). Workers reporting skin exposure to chemicals were more likely to report exposure to hand‐washing (OR 3.68, 95% CI 2.91–4.66) and immersion of the hands in liquids (OR 4.09, 95% CI 2.92–5.74).

Conclusions. Specific groups of workers reported high levels of exposure to wet work. There were differences between the profiles of workers reporting frequent hand‐washing and workers reporting increased duration of exposure to hands immersed in liquids. We also found a high correlation between wet work and chemical exposure.
Effect of pollen from Typha angustata on hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Lee Young Soon , Choi Eun Mi
Published: September 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 171–177

Background:  Typha angustata is a traditional Chinese medicine, commonly used for a variety of clinical disorders, including atherosclerosis and wound healing. In the present study, the protective effects of T. angustata pollen extract (TE) on the response of osteoblast to oxidative stress were evaluated.

Materials and Methods:  Osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells were incubated with H2O2 and/or TE, and markers of osteoblast function and oxidative damage were examined.

Results:  TE treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the cytotoxic effect of H2O2 and this effect was blocked by ICI182780, suggesting that TE’s effect might be partly involved in estrogen action. TE significantly (P < 0.05) increased collagen content, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition of osteoblasts in the presence of H2O2 and these effects were blocked by rottlerin and PD98059, suggesting that the induction of differentiation by TE is associated with increased activation of protein kinase C and ERK. Moreover, H2O2‐induced reduction of osteocalcin was significantly recovered in the presence of TE. Pretreatment with TE also decreased the increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kB ligand, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl induced by H2O2.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that the pollen of T. angustata may be useful for the protection of H2O2‐induced oxidative damage and dysfunction in osteoblasts.
Arts‐based data collection techniques used in child research
Authors: Driessnack Martha , Furukawa Ryoko
Published: September 2011

Purpose.  The purpose of this study was to identify the different arts‐based techniques being used in health‐related research with children.

Design and Methods.  A systematic survey of literature was conducted.

Results.  Two hundred and ten articles were initially identified and reviewed. Of these, 116 met inclusion criteria of arts‐based techniques in research with children 7–12 years of age. The different categories of techniques identified included (a) drawings, (b) photographs, (c) graphics, and (d) artifacts. Only 19% of the studies were health related. Further, 79% were conducted outside the United States, revealing that arts‐based techniques appear to be underused by nurses and other healthcare researchers, especially in the United States.

Practice Implications.  To ensure that children actively engage in research involving them, nurses can familiarize themselves with and advocate for the use of arts‐based techniques.
Improving the interpretation of ‘less than’ values in environmental monitoring
Authors: Gardner Mike
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews the approaches used to deal with the interpretation of measurements reported as ‘less than’ a stated reporting limit. The principal current methodologies are examined and their shortcomings discussed. Recent key papers on the subject are summarised. It is concluded that lack of easy‐to‐use alternative methods have led to the continued use of substitution methods that are acknowledged to be biased. With the aim of promoting a more technically sound approach to dealing with ‘less than’ data, a supplementary spreadsheet tool is supplied to provide the reader with ready introductory access to a simple way to apply maximum likelihood methods. Recommendations and simple guidelines for better practice are provided.
Economic Participation and National Self-Identification of Refugees in the Netherlands
Authors: de Vroome Thomas , Coenders Marcel , van Tubergen Frank , Verkuyten Maykel
Published: September 2011

This study examines whether refugees self-identify as a member of the host society. We use survey data of more than 2,500 Somali, Iraqi, Afghani, Iranian, and ex-Yugoslavian refugees in the Netherlands. The results show that economic participation in the host country is positively related to refugees’ national self-identification. In addition, we find that refugees’ social ties with Dutch natives are associated with national self-identification and that the relationship between economic participation and national self-identification is partially explained by these social ties. Perceived discrimination is not related to refugees’ national self-identification. Implications of these findings for debates on immigration and integration are discussed.
The Making and Transnationalization of an Ethnic Niche: Vietnamese Manicurists
Authors: Eckstein Susan , Nguyen Thanh-Nghi
Published: September 2011

The article addresses how Vietnamese immigrant women developed an urban employment niche in the beauty industry, in manicuring. They are shown to have done so by creating a market for professional nail care, through the transformation of nailwork into what might be called McNails, entailing inexpensive, walk-in, impersonal service, in stand-alone salons, nationwide, and by making manicures and pedicures de riguer across class and racial strata. Vietnamese are shown to have simultaneously gained access to institutional means to surmount professional manicure credentializing barriers, and to have developed formal and informal ethnic networks that fueled their growing monopolization of jobs in the sector, to the exclusion of non-Vietnamese. The article also elucidates conditions contributing to the Vietnamese build-up and transformation of the niche, to the nation-wide formation of the niche and, most recently, to the transnationalization of the niche. It also extrapolates from the Vietnamese manicure experience propositions concerning the development, expansion, maintenance, and transnationalization of immigrant-formed labor market niches.
The Role of International Remittances in Health Outcomes in Ecuador: Prevention and Response to Shocks
Authors: Ponce Juan , Olivié Iliana , Onofa Mercedes
Published: September 2011

This article evaluates the impact of remittances on health outcomes in Ecuador using an instrumental-variables approach. Although we do not find significant impacts on long-term child health variables, we find that remittances do have an impact on health expenditures, and on some preventive issues such as de-worming and vaccination. In addition, we find significant effects of remittances on medicine expenditures when illness occurs. In this regard, remittances are used for both preventive and emergency situations. Interestingly, we also find a significant and positive effect of remittances on health knowledge.
The Role of Magnesium in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Houston Mark
Published: September 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:843–847. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Magnesium intake of 500 mg/d to 1000 mg/d may reduce blood pressure (BP) as much as 5.6/2.8 mm Hg. However, clinical studies have a wide range of BP reduction, with some showing no change in BP. The combination of increased intake of magnesium and potassium coupled with reduced sodium intake is more effective in reducing BP than single mineral intake and is often as effective as one antihypertensive drug in treating hypertension. Reducing intracellular sodium and calcium while increasing intracellular magnesium and potassium improves BP response. Magnesium also increases the effectiveness of all antihypertensive drug classes. It remains to be conclusively proven that cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and cardiac arrhythmias can be prevented or treated with magnesium intake. Preliminary evidence suggests that insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy, and dyslipidemia may be improved with increased magnesium intake. Various genetic defects in magnesium transport are associated with hypertension and possibly with cardiovascular disease. Oral magnesium acts as a natural calcium channel blocker, increases nitric oxide, improves endothelial dysfunction, and induces direct and indirect vasodilation.
Tregs in infection and vaccinology: heroes or traitors?
Authors: Berod Luciana , Puttur Franz , Huehn Jochen , Sparwasser Tim
Published: September 2011

The development of effective vaccines against life‐threatening pathogens in human diseases represents one of the biggest challenges in biomedical science. Vaccines traditionally make use of the body's own immune armoury to combat pathogens. Yet, while our immune system is mostly effective in eliminating or controlling a diverse range of microorganisms, its responses are incomplete or somewhat limited in several other cases. How immune responses are restrained during certain infections has been a matter of debate for many years. The discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs), an immune cell type that plays a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling appropriate immune responses, has shed light into many questions. Indeed, it has been proposed that while Tregs might be beneficial in preventing excessive tissue damage during infection, they might also favour pathogen persistence by restraining effector immune responses. In addition, Tregs are believed to limit immune responses upon vaccination. Different strategies have been pursued to circumvent Treg activity during immunization, but the lack of specific tools for their study has led sometimes to controversial conclusions. With the advent of novel mouse models that allow specific depletion and/or tracking of Treg populations in vivo, novel aspects of Treg biology during infection have been unravelled. In this review, we describe the new advances in understanding Treg biology during infection and evaluate Treg depletion as a novel adjuvant strategy for vaccination.