bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A gestão por processos e as atividades intensivas em conhecimento: um estudo na indústria de bebidas
Authors: Rossés Gustavo Fontinelli , Sccott Carla Rosane Da Costa , Godoy Leoni Pentiado , Silva Alexandre Fontinelli da , Viero Claudinei
Published: October 2017

The growth of the beverage industry in Brazil, in the case of volumes produced and consumed, infers the constant pursuit of strategies, tools and innovative attitudes, in which the process management and knowledge management play a key role. Thus, the focus of this study is focused on analysis of knowledge-intensive activities in a given process in the organizations of the knowledge society, contextualized, through case study, in a beverage industry of the City of Santa Maria, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Descriptive and qualitative methods were needed to support the methodology, whose collection was done through interviews, document analysis and observation, so as to make possible the analysis of the data. That said, it was observed that the organization studied is knowledge intensive and recognizing process management as a tool for organizational management oriented optimization strategies and results. It is noteworthy, however, that it lacks proper structuring of these activities. Thus, after analysis it was possible contributing suggesting a new process more detailed and focused on knowledge-intensive activities considered.
Impactos da adesão aos níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa sobre a estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras
Authors: Junqueira Luis Renato , Soares Carlos Henrique , Bressan Aureliano Angel , Bertucci Luiz Alberto
Published: October 2017

The Substitution Hypothesis assumes that both debt as Corporate Governance can reduce agency conflicts, allowing the manager to choose one of these options. In this sense, the aim of this research was to verify if the adherence to the Corporate Governance practices reduces the leverage of the Brazilian companies. In addition, we analyzed other variables such as profitability, size, and depreciation, whose influence on decision-making process about the leverage of the organizations has been tested in several studies. The statistical method employed, after the tests required, was the Generalized Least Square (GLS). Regarding to the variables of the Corporate Governance, the results of levels 1 and 2 were not statistically significant. Already the New Market indicated a inverse relations with the debt, confirming the hypothesis presented in this paper, and its coefficient was statistically significant. Concerning the profitability, the result achieved was also consistent with the proposition presented, in which, the higher the profitability of a company, the lower will be its indebtedness. The coefficient of the variable Depreciation contradicted the initial hypothesis, indicating a direct relationship between it and leverage. Despite the inconsistency, such a result has support in other studies published. The size factor did not reveal statistically significant and, therefore, there has been no further inference about the same.
Facebook “verde amarelo” e preferência de uso da rede para os brasileiros
Authors: Ferreira Naiara Silva , Arruda Filho Emílio José Montero , Farias Filho Milton Cordeiro
Published: October 2017

The social network Facebook comprises a large web users worldwide, corresponding to approximately 1,4 billions of users. The Brazil is the second most visited site by Internet users and the preferred network among those who seek interaction, sociability and entertainment. In this context, the object of the study was to analyse the usability of Facebook among brazilians users in online environments, given that intense connection share content and range of information available on the organizations website. Two complementary qualitative methods were developed, with the first based on netnographic research and the second applying questionnaires via Facebook and email. Results show seven (7) categories of users that emphasize the different behaviors of use and treat the values that stimulate or repress the usability. In this context, these groups of users open approaches to the various possibilities of organizations to reach consumers generating insights for marketing.
The Culture of Exclusion in Mathematics Education and Its Persistence in Equity-Oriented Teaching
Authors: Louie Nicole L.
Published: October 2017

In this article, I investigate the influence of the dominant culture characterizing mathematics education—which I term the culture of exclusion—on efforts to teach for equity. Analyzing a year of observations in an urban high school mathematics department, I found that this culture structured everyday instruction even for teachers who expressed strong commitment to equity and who participated in ongoing equityoriented professional development. Through their classroom practice, the 4 focal teachers in this study often framed mathematics as a fixed body of knowledge to be received, and they positioned students as deficient, unintentionally excluding many students from rich learning opportunities. However, these teachers also asserted alternatives to the culture of exclusion, showing how resistance to this culture might take shape in everyday mathematics instruction.
A Review of Tools and Mathematics: Instruments for Learning
Authors: Hollebrands Karen F. , Okumus Samet
Published: October 2017

In Tools and Mathematics: Instruments for Learning, authors John Monaghan, Luc Trouche, and Jonathan M. Borwein devote 19 chapters, divided into four parts, to portraying various issues and developments related to tools, artefacts, and instruments with a focus on theoretical approaches. They present different theories, highlight how they relate to the use of tools in mathematics, and envisage future issues and trends. Chapters 6 and 11 appear at the end of Parts I and II, respectively. These chapters take the form of a dialogue between the three authors and include Richard Noss, who contributes his thoughts about the issues presented in each part. The authors provide an interlude in Chapter 16 and reflect on the future as it relates to the use of tools in the teaching and learning of mathematics.
Cleft Lip and Palate Repair Using a Surgical Microscope
Authors: Kato Motoi , Watanabe Azusa , Watanabe Shoji , Utsunomiya Hiroki , Yokoyama Takayuki , Ogishima Shinya
Published: October 2017

Background Cleft lip and palate repair requires a deep and small surgical field and is usually performed by surgeons wearing surgical loupes. Surgeons with loupes can obtain a wider surgical view, although headlights are required for the deepest procedures. Surgical microscopes offer comfort and a clear and magnification-adjustable surgical site that can be shared with the whole team, including observers, and easily recorded to further the education of junior surgeons. Magnification adjustments are convenient for precise procedures such as muscle dissection of the soft palate.

Methods We performed a comparative investigation of 18 cleft operations that utilized either surgical loupes or microscopy. Paper-based questionnaires were completed by staff nurses to evaluate what went well and what could be improved in each procedure. The operating time, complication rate, and scores of the questionnaire responses were statistically analyzed.

Results The operating time when microscopy was used was not significantly longer than when surgical loupes were utilized. The surgical field was clearly shared with surgical assistants, nurses, anesthesiologists, and students via microscope-linked monitors. Passing surgical equipment was easier when sharing the surgical view, and preoperative microscope preparation did not interfere with the duties of the staff nurses.

Conclusions Surgical microscopy was demonstrated to be useful during cleft operations.
Análise SWOT de duas instituições de ensino superior no estado de São Paulo: potencialidades para a expansão da educação à distância
Authors: Lara Felipe Ferreira de , Rosatti Luis Artur , Jovetta Robson
Published: October 2017

A partir da matriz SWOT, a pesquisa parte de uma abordagem qualitativa e se utiliza de duas IES particulares para analisar a realidade dos cursos, sua inserção de mercado e estruturação. Foi possível observar que em termos de forças, a inserção da IES no mercado regional é um fator relevante. Em termos de fraquezas, tais como a competitividade na captação de alunos e a oscilação de quadro funcional, que denota uma necessidade de atenção para o fator humano na análise ou em relação à necessidade de alinhamento dos objetivos de gestão com a definição de metas.
Como pequenas empresas de tecnologia constroem sua base de conhecimento para o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores
Authors: Lucena José Gilson , Zilber Moisés Ari
Published: October 2017

É a partir da base de conhecimento de uma organização que a criatividade e as ideias para novos produtos fluirão. Essa base de conhecimento dá suporte para a capacidade de inovação da empresa. Mas, de que forma pequenas empresas de tecnologia iniciam suas atividades, constrói sua base de conhecimento e se inovam? Responder a estes questionamentos é o principal objetivo desta pesquisa, de caráter exploratório descritivo, realizada em três pequenas empresas de tecnologia que passaram pelo processo de incubação. Na análise e interpretação dos dados foi usada a técnica de análise de conteúdo a partir das respostas obtidas através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, junto aos empresários idealizadores das empresas. Os resultados evidenciaram que à construção da base de conhecimento das três empresas, tiveram influência do modelo de transferência utilizado em parques tecnológicos, onde cientistas acadêmicos concebem ideias de laboratório através de P&D e os desenvolvem em produtos reais.
A Survey of English Use and Needs in Norwegian Export Firms
Authors: Hellekjær Glenn Ole
Published: October 2017

The present needs analysis study uses data from a quantitative survey of language use and needs in 302 export firms to identify for which tasks and in which communicative situations English is used, and to what extent language difficulties are encountered. The survey data are then triangulated with those of two studies of job advertisements. The findings indicate that while a large number of staff in Norwegian export firms use English fairly well, many still experience difficulties involving language proficiency as well as communication skills. An important implication is that Norwegian institutions of higher education need to meet their students’ need for advanced proficiency in General English, English for Specific Purposes as well as the communication skills needed in occupational contexts. The findings also indicate that the prevailing focus on communication skills in recent studies of Business English as a Lingua Franca is inadequate, and that such skills must be complemented with advanced English proficiency.
New Experiences in Pedagogical Lexicography: Two Cuban School Dictionaries
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: October 2017

The Santiago-based Centro de Lingüística Aplicada has produced two school dictionaries, the Diccionario Escolar Ilustrado and the Diccionario Básico Escolar, which together cover the 12 grades from Primary School over Secondary Basic School to High School. In various ways they are innovative in terms of the solid preparatory work, the design and content of the articles, the cheap production methods, and the work that has been carried out with a view to effectively reaching the target user group with an output of until now more than 100 000 printed copies as well as their accessibility on CD, the Internet and the Cuban national Intranet (soon). The article analyses the two dictionaries in terms of their methodology, functions, content, structure, and layout and presents some suggestions for future editions as well as for pedagogical lexicography in general.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Pilegaard Morten
Published: October 2017

No abstract
Developing an English Language Course for Serbian Doctors
Authors: Kandijaš Sofija Micic
Published: October 2017

Today, medical practitioners everywhere need to use Medical English (ME) at work or for study. To keep up-to-date with medical science, they need to be competent in ME and take appropriate courses. There has been no such course at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, and the present paper provides suggestions for how to develop such a course, taking into account common and context-specific features. The objective of this article is hence to provide an outline of a ME course for Serbian doctors to increase the doctor’s proficiency in written and spoken communication in the context of current medical practice and patient care. Furthermore, the aim of the article is for the Serbian doctors to be well trained to successfully perform their professional tasks in the English language of medicine.
Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Advanced Learners’ L1 and L2 Mastery of Polysemous Words
Authors: Karlsson Monica
Published: October 2017

In the present investigation, 15 first-term university students were faced with forty decontextualised polysemous words in English (L2) and Swedish (L1) respectively and asked to indicate which, of a set of six meanings, adhered to the item in question (two to five of the meanings were correct). The polysemous words were of varying frequency. The investigation thus addresses the following research question:In quantitative and qualitative terms, what knowledge do advanced students have of polysemous words in their L2 as compared to their L1?Results show that most students have a relatively poor knowledge of polysemous words in both languages, especially in their L2. Furthermore, while the frequencies of the test items have no impact on the students’ achievements, the relative frequencies of the meanings of the test items and the number of meanings of each test item stand in direct relation to whether the item is known or not in both languages.
Neural computations underlying inverse reinforcement learning in the human brain
Authors: Collette Sven , Pauli Wolfgang M , Bossaerts Peter , O'Doherty John
Published: October 2017

In inverse reinforcement learning an observer infers the reward distribution available for actions in the environment solely through observing the actions implemented by another agent. To address whether this computational process is implemented in the human brain, participants underwent fMRI while learning about slot machines yielding hidden preferred and non-preferred food outcomes with varying probabilities, through observing the repeated slot choices of agents with similar and dissimilar food preferences. Using formal model comparison, we found that participants implemented inverse RL as opposed to a simple imitation strategy, in which the actions of the other agent are copied instead of inferring the underlying reward structure of the decision problem. Our computational fMRI analysis revealed that anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex encoded inferences about action-values within the value space of the agent as opposed to that of the observer, demonstrating that inverse RL is an abstract cognitive process divorceable from the values and concerns of the observer him/herself.
Phylogenomic analysis of the Chilean clade ofLiolaemuslizards (Squamata: Liolaemidae) based on sequence capture data
Authors: Panzera Alejandra , Leaché Adam D. , D’Elía Guillermo , Victoriano Pedro F.
Published: October 2017

The genusLiolaemusis one of the most ecologically diverse and species-rich genera of lizards worldwide. It currently includes more than 250 recognized species, which have been subject to many ecological and evolutionary studies. Nevertheless,Liolaemuslizards have a complex taxonomic history, mainly due to the incongruence between morphological and genetic data, incomplete taxon sampling, incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. In addition, as many species have restricted and remote distributions, this has hampered their examination and inclusion in molecular systematic studies. The aims of this study are to infer a robust phylogeny for a subsample of lizards representing the Chilean clade (subgenusLiolaemus sensu stricto), and to test the monophyly of several of the major species groups. We use a phylogenomic approach, targeting 541 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) and 44 protein-coding genes for 16 taxa. We conduct a comparison of phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and several species tree inference methods. The UCEs provide stronger support for phylogenetic relationships compared to the protein-coding genes; however, the UCEs outnumber the protein-coding genes by 10-fold. On average, the protein-coding genes contain over twice the number of informative sites. Based on our phylogenomic analyses, all the groups sampled are polyphyletic.Liolaemus tenuis tenuisis difficult to place in the phylogeny, because only a few loci (nine) were recovered for this species. Topologies or support values did not change dramatically upon exclusion ofL. t. tenuisfrom analyses, suggesting that missing data did not had a significant impact on phylogenetic inference in this data set. The phylogenomic analyses provide strong support for sister group relationships betweenL. fuscus,L. monticola,L. nigroviridisandL. nitidus, andL. plateiandL. velosoi. Despite our limited taxon sampling, we have provided a reliable starting hypothesis for the relationships among many major groups of the Chilean clade ofLiolaemusthat will help future work aimed at resolving theLiolaemusphylogeny.
Significance of Splenectomy for Upper Gastric Carcinoma With Invasion to the Greater Curvature
Authors: Nishida Takahiro , Nanashima Atsushi
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to clarify the significance of splenectomy (Sp) for upper gastric carcinoma with invasion to the greater curvature. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) conducted a phase III randomized clinical trial (JCOG 0110), where the significance of Sp in total gastrectomy (TG) for upper gastric carcinoma without invasion to the greater curvature was not proved because Sp did not contribute to an improved prognosis. From 1992 to 2010, 167 patients underwent TG for carcinoma of the upper stomach, except for patients with carcinoma of the residual stomach. Among them, 60 patients with tumor invasion to the greater curvature of the upper stomach (Gre group) were enrolled. Within the Gre group, the following factors were compared between the Sp group (n = 30) and non-Sp group (n = 30): patient background, postoperative staging, rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical outcomes and rates of R0 resection, morbidity, adjuvant chemotherapy, and overall survival (OS). The Gre group patients were relatively younger, and tumor size and the numbers of Borrmann type 4 tumors, circumferential lesions, undifferentiated type lesions, and advanced cases were significantly larger than those in the non-Gre group. There were also significant differences in patient age and organs resected other than the spleen between the Sp group and non-Sp group. There was no significant difference in OS between the 2 groups. The significance of Sp for upper gastric carcinoma with invasion to the greater curvature was equivocal because the patients received no survival benefit by undergoing Sp.
Growth of Brachiaria brizantha planted at different densities and seasons in Santa Fé system with a culture of soybean
Authors: Erasmo Eduardo A L , Gonçalves Rogério C , Mata Jhansley F Da , Oliveira Vinícius A , Benício Luíz P F
Published: October 2017

This study aims to evaluate the density and planting period of the grass Brachiaria brizantha in consortium with the soybean. The study was conducted under field conditions at the experimental station of University of Tocantins. The experimental design used was a randomized block design, in factorial scheme of (2 x 5) + 4, with four repetitions, including both sowing of Brachiaria brizantha (20 and 30 days after the emergence – DAE, of soybeans), five Brachiaria seeding densities (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12kg of seed ha-1) and Brachiaria grown individually in the four densities tested, constituting itself as witness reference. To assess the growth of the Brachiaria, the plants contained in an area of ​​(0.33 x 0.40m) to 140 DAP of soy were collected in each plot, determining the number of tillers per plant; height and dry weight of shoots; leaf dry mass and dry mass stalk. Data were submitted to regression analysis. The cultivation of Brachiaria intercropped with soybean provoked a decrease in all parameters evaluated. The increase in the density of sowing promoted a reduction in the tillering and an increase in dry matter production and height of the plant.
Bread quality improvement by means of selected pregelatinized waxy rice flour (PWRF)
Authors: Yang Shihang , Cheng Peiyi , Wang Litang , Lin Shenchung , Yang Chiching , Wang Tzuching
Published: October 2017

The objective of the present study was attempted to develop a pregelatinized waxy rice flour (PWRF) retarding agent formulation by merging with α-amylase and monoglycerides, as well as using pregelatinizing and lyophilizing technologies to improve bread characteristics such as staling and retrogradation. The major methods, including texture profile analysis (TPA) and sensory evaluation were employed to assess bread qualities. Research results demonstrated the amylose complexing index (ACI) of the PWRF-adding bread samples were higher than that of groups α-amylase-adding, monoglycerides-adding and control. PWRF-adding bread samples exhibited higher starch digestibility and water activity (aw) and showed softer texture, lower hardness and soluble starch content than the groups α-amylase-adding, monoglycerides-adding and control after storage. The PWRF-D exhibited the best effect among all formulations. Further, either fresh or after storage PWRF-adding bread samples acquired the higher sensory score. The bread qualities were improved by PWRF and the staling and retrogradation were further retarded.
Mutant Resources and Mutagenomics in crop plants
Authors: Prasanna Suprasanna , Jain S. Mohan
Published: October 2017

Agricultural sustainability and food security are major challenges facing continued population growth. Integration of existing and new technologies for the induction and exploitation of genetic diversity towards developing healthier, nutritious and productive crops is the need of the hour. Mutagenesis is a proven technology for the development of improved or novel varieties with desirable traits. Several mutant genes have been successfully explored, either directly or indirectly, to complement crop productivity. The advent of genomics approaches and plant genome sequencing has benefitted mutation discovery and mutant characterization. Plant mutant repositories are being established to serve as platforms for basic and applied research in crop improvement. This review briefly outlines the impact and molecular/genomic characterization of induced mutations in crop improvement.
Effects of HACCP system implementation on reproduction, milk quality, and milk sanitation on dairy farms in Korea
Authors: Nam Insik
Published: October 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system implementation on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle, milk quality, and veterinary medicine use in dairy farms across Korea. Data were collected from 50 dairy farms before and after the implementation of the HACCP system. Importantly, somatic cell number and bacterial count in raw milk, and monthly expenses for medicine were lower after HACCP system implementation (p<0.05). However, the breeding interval, use of different classes of antibiotics, milk protein, and milk fat content were not changed by implementing the HACCP system. These results indicated that implementation of the HACCP system on dairy farms may reduce the use of veterinary medicine and improve milk sanitation levels.
Estimation of Intrinsic Length Scales of Flow in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Assouline Shmuel , Ciriello Valentina , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: October 2017

Characteristic lengths govern processes related to flow in unsaturated porous media, e.g., during drainage or evaporation. One can estimate these lengths, i.e., air‐entry pressure head and critical capillary head, from either a water retention curve (WRC) or a hydraulic conductivity function (HCF). We provide new analytical expressions for the characteristic lengths based on a linearized analysis of the WRC and HCF curves. These are then used to investigate the impact of model selection on length‐scale estimates, to assess their sensitivity to model parameters, and to provide guidelines for the choice of the alternative expressions under flow scenarios of interest.
Discontinous Quantifiers, Primarily in French
Authors: Puskás Genoveva
Published: October 2017

Discontinuous quantification refers to the phenomenon in which a quantified DP is spelled out as a discontinuous phrase, the quantified expression being stranded from its restriction. The phenomenon includes so‐calledfloating quantificationas well asquantification at a distanceandbinominal quantifiers. The phenomenon is mostly described for French, not necessarily because it is more productive in this language – it turns out, in fact, that many languages exhibit more or less productive instances of the similar constructions – but mainly because, from an early stage in the theory, there has been a continuous, if not intense, interest for the question among researchers working on French.

Discontinuous quantification raises several questions that have been addressed in slightly different perspectives by many authors. The first one revolves around the nature of the quantificational element itself. The broad alternative appears to be the following: either the quantifier syntactically modifies in some way the DP that is interpreted as its restriction, or it functions as an adverbial element that modifies some larger constituent and gets interpreted as associated with the DP.

A second question, which clearly follows from the first, is the relation between the quantifier and its restriction. Again, proposals range from an analysis in terms of a movement analysis that strands the DP from the quantifier to co‐indexation with the DP via a null element.

Discontinuous quantification can be extended, especially in French, to discontinuouswh‐expressions. The relevance of interrogative discontinuous structures lies in the fact that they unveil interesting intervention effects, which also shed light on the nature and internal structure of discontinuous quantified expressions.
Condition C Violations and Strong Crossover
Authors: Lasnik Howard , Funakoshi Kenshi
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides historical overview of Condition C and strong crossover (SCO). These conceptions grew out of investigations into studies of conditions on backward pronominalization in English. Central to many of these investigations were developing notions ofcommand(Ross 1967a; Langacker 1969; Culicover 1976; Lasnik 1976). The core idea of the Condition C account of SCO had been developed by Wasow (1972), who proposed reducing SCO to a condition on backward pronominalization. Wasow was revising and refining the account of Postal (1971), who first discussed crossover without distinguishing the weak and strong varieties. Alternative approaches to SCO were subsequently developed, as were attempts to extend the Condition C account to related domains. Some important problems for the Condition C account were raised by Higginbotham (1980; 1983) and Cable (2008).
Quantifier‐Float
Authors: Chocano Gema , Torrego Esther
Published: October 2017

Quantifier‐float (‘Alllinguists have readAspects’ to ‘Linguists haveallreadAspects’) has posed many research questions since the mid‐1970s. At the center of debate has been the nature of the syntactic relation between Q and its associate. In Sportiche's influential analysis, QF signals anNP‐trace, the product of A‐movement. Extensive research on QF, initially in French and English (on which Sportiche's proposal is mainly based), but later for other languages as well, reveals a great deal of both cross‐linguistic and intra‐linguistic variation, sometimes in conflict with the stranding approach. Variation in the QF phenomenon includes matters of distribution (floating off a subject versus floating off a complement; floating from finite versus non‐finite clauses). Furthermore, floating is not invariably A‐movement and can have the nominal associate in an apparent island. From a semantic perspective, there are differences in interpretation between split and non‐split quantifier phrases as well as the reason why the inventory of elements that may appear in the split structure is not cross‐linguistically uniform. In the face of these complexities, recent research has taken three main routes. The first one keeps the basic insights in the stranding approach, while crucially introducing refinements necessary for a broader coverage of the available data. The second one, commonly known as theadverbial approach, revives the hypothesis, first defended in the 1980s, that floating quantifiers are VP‐adverbs and, therefore, there is no stranding at all. The third and most recent view is the so‐calledhybrid approach, which contends that languages may use one strategy (stranding), the other (VP‐adverbs), or both, which would explain the wide range of diversity attested. Needless to say, proposals have changed substantially in accord with different theoretical frameworks.
Topicalization in Asian Languages
Authors: Xu Liejiong
Published: October 2017

Typologists classify languages as subject‐prominent, topic‐prominent, subject‐prominent and topic‐prominent, and neither subject‐prominent nor topic‐prominent. Some Asian languages that have a large population of speakers, notably Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, are often cited as representatives of topic‐prominent languages. They use topic structures extensively and have a greater variety of them as compared with other languages. A typical topic construction consists of a topic at the left periphery and a comment clause, which is often a full sentence, with or without a gap coreferential with the topic. Where there is no gap, the topic may be semantically or pragmatically related to a certain expression in the comment. The relations are typically those of whole and part, set and member, possessor and possessed, and so on. In some cases, the topic is not related to a particular expression but to the comment as a whole. It is controversial whether gapless topic structures or even gapped ones are formed by movement or by merge, given the fact that island constraints may be violated. Whereas topics are explicitly marked in some topic‐prominent Asian languages like Japanese and Korean, marking is optional in Chinese, so it is debatable whether the sentence‐initial expression is the topic or the subject or other syntactic elements of the sentence. Furthermore, topic also occurs in postsubject and preverbal position in Chinese. Since focus and topic are often not syntactically marked or morphologically distinguishable in Chinese, a nominal expression between the subject and the verb is calledtopicby some linguists andfocusby others. Diagnostic tests are needed to ascertain what it is.
Tough‐Movement
Authors: Hicks Glyn
Published: October 2017

“Tough‐movement” describes the putative derivation for a syntactic configuration into which a relatively restricted group of predicates (predominantly in the semantic class ofeasy/a cinch/hard/tough) enter, as inJohn is tough to please. The “tough‐construction” has largely eluded satisfactory analysis through successive transformational generative frameworks, which have typically placed importance on relating its derivation to its analog constructions (e.g.,It is tough to please John;To please John is tough) and sought to achieve this through movement. While thetoughconstruction undoubtedly bears the hallmarks of syntactic movement, much of the theoretical difficulty in its analysis centers on two apparent paradoxes. First,toughconstructions appear to instantiate A‐movement, yet the movement required (to raise an embedded clause object to matrix subject position) violates firmly established constraints on locality. Second,toughconstructions robustly satisfy diagnostics for A′‐movement, while no phrase is easily identified as undergoing this A′‐movement. This chapter reviews classical debates in the generative literature concerning analyses based on raising of the subject and on base‐generation of the subject (the latter also with associated A′‐movement), and the extent to which the different positions can explain the empirical facts particular to the construction. It is shown that developments in the analysis of the construction have proceeded synergistically with developments of various major theoretical concepts, including movement, θ‐theory, and grammatical levels of representation; in some cases the former have been instrumental in supporting the latter. The analysis oftoughconstructions is shown to encounter significant theoretical obstacles, though these are largely overcome by analyses incorporating a combined role for A‐movement and A′‐movement operations. Finally, some challenges for future research intotoughconstructions are identified, with an exposition of how one of these challenges – explaining the set of restrictions ontoughconstructions that are not attested in the analog sentences – can be approached.
Logophoricity
Authors: Reuland Eric
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the main issues in current discussion of logophoricity. Logophoric pronouns and free anaphors with logophoric interpretation give rise to the following questions: (i) How can logophoric interpretation be characterized? (ii) How can free anaphors escape the locality conditions on anaphor binding? (iii) Is long‐distance anaphora a unified phenomenon? (iv) How can free anaphors be interpreted as logophors, althoughprima faciethey have no specific feature composition to impose a logophoric interpretation? (v) What are the principles governing the cross‐linguistic variation observed? In answer to question (i), it is argued that logophoric interpretation expresses event orientation; more specifically, logophors can be viewed as non‐D‐linked first‐person pronouns. In answer to question (ii), it is argued that free anaphors can escape the locality conditions on anaphor binding, since there is no absolute binding requirement on anaphors. Question (iii), of whether long‐distance anaphora is a unified phenomenon, is discussed in two other chapters. The answer is negative for reasons set out there. Although free anaphors appear to have no specific lexical properties imposing a logophoric interpretation, they can nevertheless be interpreted logophorically – which answers question (iv). Due to their poverty of grammatical features, they reflect the unmarked properties of personal pronouns, that is, they express orientation. Quite plausibly it is the grammatical number feature that enables fully specified pronouns to bypass expressing orientation. As for question (v), cross‐linguistic variation in free anaphors is essentially due to the interaction of grammatical features with independent properties of grammatical structure, including patterns of variation in accessing the left periphery. In the end, the logophoric use of pronouns is just a reflection of basic properties of the pronominal system in its relation to independent properties of the structure the pronoun is embedded in.
Logophoric Anaphora in Icelandic
Authors: Reuland Eric
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews the interplay between structural factors and discourse factors in the interpretation of the third‐person anaphorsigin Icelandic. It focuses on the question of whether the interpretation of long‐distancesigin subjunctive and infinitival domains is subject to the same conditions. More specifically, it addresses the roles of c‐command and perspective in the interpretation ofsig. Results from the literature indicate that the c‐command requirement on anaphor binding is strictly enforced in the infinitival domain. Non‐c‐commanding antecedents (or even the absence of a linguistic antecedent) are allowed in the subjunctive domain, but only if the envisaged antecedent is a perspective holder. It appears that the Icelandic data are only consistent with analyses that allow a differentiation between the mechanisms governing long‐distancesigin subjunctives and in infinitives.
Phrasal Stress and Syntax
Authors: Zubizarreta María Luisa , Vergnaud Jean‐Roger
Published: October 2017

This article puts forth a proposal for the relation between syntax, prosody, and information structure that accounts for the variability observed in the placement of nuclear stress in different syntactic structures in Germanic and the lack of such variability in Romance. It makes use of a parametrized Nuclear Stress Rule that applies to metrically interpreted syntactic structures, where the (in)visibility of functional categories (in particular Tense) plays a major role.
Memory for Textbook Covers: When and Why We Remember a Book by Its Cover
Authors: Hargis Mary B. , McGillivray Shannon , Castel Alan D.
Published: October 2017

There is an important distinction between seeing something and paying attention to it, and this can influence memory. The current study examined incidental memory for the covers and authors of textbooks used in undergraduate psychology courses. Students in several courses were asked to recall the textbook cover design (Studies 1 and 2) and the name of the author of their textbook (Study 2). When the cover design was explicitly connected to a course concept, memory accuracy was positively related to performance in the course. While people may judge a book by its cover, remembering that cover may depend on how well it reflects a key concept of the book. The findings provide novel insight regarding how students attend to book covers and author information and when and why some students remember information that is not anticipated to appear on real‐world course assessments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Reported Beliefs About Verbal Cues Correlate with Deception‐Detection Performance
Authors: Bogaard Glynis , Meijer Ewout H.
Published: October 2017

In this study, we investigated whether people who hold more correct beliefs about verbal cues to deception are also better lie detectors. We investigated police officers and undergraduates' beliefs about (i) cues to deception via an open‐ended question and (ii) 17 specific verbal cues, after which participants were asked to judge the truthfulness of eight video fragments. Results showed that undergraduates and police officers still hold wrongful beliefs about nonverbal cues, but have better insight into verbal cues. Moreover, a better insight in verbal cues was related to an increased accuracy for identifying truthful statements, showing that verbal cues do drive credibility judgments to some extent.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association Between Dose of Glucocorticoids and Coronary Artery Lesions in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Okubo Yusuke , Michihata Nobuaki , Morisaki Naho , Sundel Robert P. , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: October 2017

Objective

Several studies revealed the efficacy of glucocorticoids on prevention of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. However, impacts of different doses of glucocorticoids on clinical outcomes ofKDremain unknown.

Methods

Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database, we evaluatedKDpatients who were treated with normal‐dose (prednisolone 0.5–4.0 mg/kg/day) or high‐dose (methylprednisolone 10–40 mg/kg/day) glucocorticoids. We investigated risks ofCALs and readmission, total hospitalization cost, and length of hospital stay in the acute phase ofKDusing propensity score matching, stabilized propensity‐score inverse probability of treatment weighting, and instrumental variable methods.

Results

We identified a total of 3,220 patients withKDwho were treated with normal‐dose (n = 2,453) or high‐dose (n = 767) glucocorticoids in addition to intravenous immunoglobulin. One‐to‐one propensity‐matched analyses with 744 pairs demonstrated no significant differences between the normal‐dose and the high‐dose groups in risk ofCALs (risk ratio [RR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.49, 1.40) and risk of readmissions (RR0.85, 95%CI0.65, 1.11). Stabilized propensity‐score inverse probability weighting and instrumental variable analyses showed similar results to the propensity score matching analyses.

Conclusion

Risks ofCALs and readmissions and total hospitalization costs were similar between the normal‐dose and the high‐dose glucocorticoids groups for patients withKD, whereas total length of hospital stay was shorter in the high‐dose group than that in the normal‐dose group.
Stereoselective One‐Pot Sequential Dehydrochlorination/trans‐Hydrofluorination Reaction of β‐Chloro‐α,β‐unsaturated Aldehydes or Ketones: Facile Access to (Z)‐β‐Fluoro‐β‐arylenals/β‐Fluoro‐β‐arylenones
Authors: Zhang Jingli , Liu Liran , Duan Junxin , Gu Lianghu , Chen Bifeng , Sun Taolei , Gong Yuefa
Published: October 2017

The monofluoroalkene substructure shows a high potential as a fluorinated synthon in organic synthesis. However, control of the Z/E stereoselectivity of multi‐substituted monofluoroalkene products in one‐pot reactions still remains a challenge. An unprecedented one‐pot approach for the highly regio‐ and stereoselective preparation of functionalized (Z)‐β‐monofluoro tri‐substituted alkenes from readily available β‐chloro‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes or ketones has been explored. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reaction is initiated by dehydrochlorination of the substrates to give alkynyl aldehydes/ketones, followed by their trans‐hydrofluorination. It is worth mentioning that a fluorinating reagent with suitable basicity and nucleophilicity plays a key role in promoting the formation of (Z)‐β‐fluoro‐β‐aryl tri‐substituted monofluoroalkenes.

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Nonlocal Response in Infrared Detector with Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes and Graphdiyne
Authors: Zheng Zhe , Fang Hehai , Liu Dan , Tan Zhenjun , Gao Xin , Hu Weida , Peng Hailin , Tong Lianming , Hu Wenping , Zhang Jin
Published: October 2017

Semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (s‐SWNTs) are regarded as an important candidate for infrared (IR) optical detection due to their excellent intrinsic properties. However, the strong binding energy of excitons in s‐SWNTs seriously impedes the development of s‐SWNTs IR photodetector. This Communication reports an IR photodetector with highly pure s‐SWNTs and γ‐graphdiyne. The heterojunctions between the two materials can efficiently separate the photogenerated excitons. In comparison to device fabricated only with s‐SWNTs, this IR detector shows a uniform response in the whole channel of the device. The response time is demonstrated to be below 1 ms. The optimal responsivity and detectivity approximately reach 0.4 mA W−1 and 5 × 106 cmHz1/2 W−1, respectively.
The Ti3AlC2 MAX Phase as an Efficient Catalyst for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n‐Butane
Authors: Ng Wesley H. K. , Gnanakumar Edwin S. , Batyrev Erdni , Sharma Sandeep K. , Pujari Pradeep K. , Greer Heather F. , Zhou Wuzong , Sakidja Ridwan , Rothenberg Gadi , Barsoum Michel W. , Shiju N. Raveendran
Published: October 2017

Dehydrogenation or oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes to produce alkenes directly from natural gas/shale gas is gaining in importance. Ti3AlC2, a MAX phase, which hitherto had not been used in catalysis, efficiently catalyzes the ODH of n‐butane to butenes and butadiene, which are important intermediates for the synthesis of polymers and other compounds. The catalyst, which combines both metallic and ceramic properties, is stable for at least 30 h on stream, even at low O2:butane ratios, without suffering from coking. This material has neither lattice oxygens nor noble metals, yet a unique combination of numerous defects and a thin surface Ti1−yAlyO2−y/2 layer that is rich in oxygen vacancies makes it an active catalyst. Given the large number of compositions available, MAX phases may find applications in several heterogeneously catalyzed reactions.
The Metal–Support Interaction Concerning the Particle Size Effect of Pd/Al2O3 on Methane Combustion
Authors: Murata Kazumasa , Mahara Yuji , Ohyama Junya , Yamamoto Yuta , Arai Shigeo , Satsuma Atsushi
Published: October 2017

The particle size effect of Pd nanoparticles supported on alumina with various crystalline phases on methane combustion was investigated. Pd/θ, α‐Al2O3 with weak metal‐support interaction showed a volcano‐shaped dependence of the catalytic activity on the size of Pd particles, and the catalytic activity of the strongly interacted Pd/γ‐Al2O3 increased with the particle size. Based on a structural analysis of Pd nanoparticles using CO adsorption IR spectroscopy and spherical aberration‐corrected scanning/transmission electron microscopy, the dependence of catalytic activity on Pd particle size and the alumina crystalline phase was due to the fraction of step sites on Pd particle surface. The difference in fraction of the step site is derived from the particle shape, which varies not only with Pd particle size but also with the strength of metal–support interaction. Therefore, this interaction perturbs the particle size effect of Pd/Al2O3 for methane combustion.
In‐Situ Microfluidic Study of Biphasic Nanocrystal Ligand‐Exchange Reactions Using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor
Authors: Shen Yi , Abolhasani Milad , Chen Yue , Xie Lisi , Yang Lu , Coley Connor W. , Bawendi Moungi G. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: October 2017

Oscillatory flow reactors provide a surface energy‐driven approach for automatically screening reaction conditions and studying reaction mechanisms of biphasic nanocrystal ligand‐exchange reactions. Sulfide and cysteine ligand‐exchange reactions with as‐synthesized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are chosen as two model reactions. Different reaction variables including the new‐ligand‐to‐QD ratio, the size of the particles, and the original ligand type are examined systematically. Based on the in situ‐obtained UV/Vis absorption spectra during the reaction, we propose two different exchange pathways for the sulfide exchange reaction.
A Multivalent Structure‐Specific RNA Binder with Extremely Stable Target Binding but Reduced Interaction with Nonspecific RNAs
Authors: Lee Jeong Min , Hwang Ahreum , Choi Hyeongjoo , Jo Yongsang , Kim Bongsoo , Kang Taejoon , Jung Yongwon
Published: October 2017

By greatly enhancing binding affinities against target biomolecules, multivalent interactions provide an attractive strategy for biosensing. However, there is also a major concern for increased binding to nonspecific targets by multivalent binding. A range of charge‐engineered probes of a structure‐specific RNA binding protein PAZ as well as multivalent forms of these PAZ probes were constructed by using diverse multivalent avidin proteins (2‐mer, 4‐mer, and 24‐mer). Increased valency vastly enhanced the binding stability of PAZ to structured target RNA. Surprisingly, nonspecific RNA binding of multivalent PAZ can be reduced even below that of the PAZ monomer by controlling negative charges on both PAZ and multivalent avidin scaffolds. The optimized 24‐meric PAZ showed nearly irreversible binding to target RNA with negligible binding to nonspecific RNA, and this ultra‐specific 24‐meric PAZ probe allowed SERS detection of intact microRNAs at an attomolar level.