bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presentación del signo distintivo Semillero ECOWATT
Authors: Oscar Rojas , Yenny Hernández , Santiago Correal , David Rojas , Andrés Guzmán
Published: January 2021

Este documento da cuenta de la presentación del signo distintivo del semillero ECOWATT
Primera parte. Del conflicto armado a la paz ambiental. Capítulo 3. Discordancia jurídica sobre un tema ambiental en Colombia. La naturaleza como sujeto de derechos y las tasas retributivas
Authors: John Reymon Rúa Castaño
Published: January 2021

Las discordancias involucran inconsistencias lógicas del sistema o no ausencia de posibles contradicciones, antinomias, posibles situaciones de dilemas morales (Martínez Zorrilla, 2007, págs. 86, 89). La ley 99/93 “por la cual se crea el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, se reordena el Sector Público encargado de la gestión y conservación del medio ambiente y los recursosnaturales renovables, se organiza el Sistema Nacional Ambiental, SINA, y se dictan otras disposiciones”, en su artículo 42 permite el pago de tasas retributiva y compensatorias por la utilización directa o indirecta de la atmósfera, el agua y del suelo, para introducir o arrojar desechos o desperdicios agrícolas, mineros o industriales, aguas negras o servidas de cualquier origen, humos, vapores y sustancias nocivas que sean resultado de actividades antrópicas o propiciadas por el hombre, o actividades económicas o de servicio, sean o no lucrativas, se sujetará al pago de tasas retributivas por las consecuencias nocivas de las actividades expresadas. De otro lado la Corte Constitucional colombiana en la sentencia T-622/16, que al referirse al río Atrato, señaló al Río Atrato como, su cuenca y afluentes como una entidad sujeto de derechos a la protección, conservación, mantenimiento y restauración a cargo del Estado y las comunidades étnicas, e hizo énfasis en los derechos bioculturales, entendidos como la interdependencia entre la naturaleza y la especie humana. Este texto, pretende poner un signo de interrogación sobre la coherencia y la completitud del sistema jurídico colombiano, en lo referente a las normas legales que regulan los vertidos y las emisiones de las industrias.
Presentación de Signo Distintivo Grupo de investigación ESPED
Authors: Dina Luz Rojas Jovel , William Alejandro Aristizabal Bossa , Jennifer Vega-Barbosa
Published: January 2021

Este documento da cuenta de la Presentación del Signo Distintivo del Grupo de investigación ESPED
Presentación Signo Distintivo de la Feria de Emprendimiento y Empresarismo Innovador de Alto Impacto CAU Villavicencio
Authors: Jennifer Vega Barbosa , Laura Lorena Araujo Medina , William Peñaranda Zárate , Jorge Alberto Ojeda Cortés
Published: January 2021

Este documento da cuenta de la Presentación Signo Distintivo de la Feria de Emprendimiento y Empresarismo Innovador de Alto Impacto CAU Villavicencio
Plan Estratégico Red Académica Ágora Internacional
Authors: Salomé Avila Camacho , Paloma Alejandra Amado Mahecha , Matías Díaz Alexandra , María Camila Mahecha Camacho
Published: January 2021

Plan Estratégico Red Académica Ágora Internacional busca generar ambientes pedagógicos que propician el pensamiento crítico y creativo de los estudiantes mediante el desarrollo de propuestas orientadas a la solución de problemáticas sociales del contexto y a la construcción de proyectos de vida fundamentados en valores éticos.
LA LOLLA DI RISO COME ADDITIVO NATURALE PER L’ADOBE: DALLE PROVE IN LABORATORIO AL PROGETTO DI UN CENTRO CIVICO PER CEPITÁ (COLOMBIA)
Authors: Paradiso Michele , Cruz Hernández Ricardo Alfredo , Arrigoni Fabrizio F.V. , Bigi Costanza , Cartesio Stefano
Published: January 2021

Lontano dalla frenesia delle metropoli sudamericane, incastonato sul fondo del secondo cañón più grande del mondo, sorge il pueblito di Cepitá, un gioiello fermo nel tempo, patrimonio tangibile dell’architettura colombiana. È dalla sua terra che nasce questo progetto. La prima parte di questo studio ha luogo in un laboratorio; il materiale, analizzato nelle sue proprietà fisiche mediante prove di caratterizzazione, ha preso forma diventando vero e proprio elemento costruttivo: l’adobe. Le sue potenzialità meccaniche sono state quindi messe alla prova. Riallacciandosi alla tradizione del luogo, ma anche apportando delle innovazioni, ne è stato migliorato il comportamento meccanico grazie all’utilizzo di un additivo naturale, ottenuto dagli scarti della lavorazione del riso, la lolla. È a questo punto che il materiale diviene architettura: il progetto di un centro civico riempie uno degli isolati di Cepitá, con lo scopo di diventare polo attrattivo sia per la popolazione locale sia per i visitatori. Si tratta di un complesso costituito da quattro corpi di fabbrica, collegati tra loro attraverso ampi camminamenti che delineano tre corti. L’edificio si integra pienamente nel contesto in cui sorge, sia per forma sia per dimensioni, creando continuità con l’intorno. Il fulcro visivo dell’intero progetto, però, è rappresentato da tre cupole tronche, che, in parte rompendo i ritmi e gli andamenti ortogonali del piccolo centro abitato, in parte guardando alle capanne a pianta circolare delle popolazioni precolombiane, portano all’estremo la tecnologia costruttiva della terra cruda.
PECULIARITIES OF THE DIAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS OBTAINED AT SUBMILISECOND DURATION OF DISCHARGE PULSES SPARK-EROSIVE ALUMINUM PARTICLES AND CAVERNS ON THE SURFACE OF ITS GRANULES
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Shidlovska N.A. , Zakharchenko S.M. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Perekos A.O. ,   G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, blvd. Academician Vernadsky, 36, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
Published: January 2021

The conditions and technique for obtaining single-mode size distributions of spark-erosive aluminum particles are given. The statistical parameters of the size distributions of spark-erosive aluminum particles and caverns on the surface of its granules, obtained at a submilisecond duration of discharge pulses were calculated. A comparative analysis of the volumes of metal of erosion caverns and particles is carried out. The agreement of the diameter distributions of spark-erosive particles and caverns obtained in practice with the following theoretical distributions of a continuous random variable: Gauss, Weibull, the integral of the Rosin-Rammler function, and also log-normal distribution is verified. In this case, the parameters of theoretical distributions were calculated both by the statistical parameters of the distributions obtained in practice, and by the criterion of the smallest value of the average module of the relative deviation of the theoretical and practical distributions. It has been shown that for the values of the parameters of theoretical distributions that correspond to the statistical parameters of practical distributions, the distribution of erosive particles by diameters is in the best agreement with the Gauss distribution, and the caverns – with the distribution of integral of the Rosin-Rammler function. References 27, figures 2, tables 3.
Optimalisasi Peran Perempuan Sebagai Strategi Alternatif Kebijakan Publik Dalam Menekan Penyebaran Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Susilowati Ida , Hakiem Fadhlan Nur
Published: January 2021

AbstractCorona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a hot topic since the end of 2019.  The virus, which was first discovered in Wuhan, has become a global security pandemic, namely health security that has an impact on economic security. The significance of the increase in covid-19 cases cannot be underestimated because it has caused hundreds of thousands of victims to die in approximately 6 months. Various national policies are implemented in each country to deal with it. This article seeks to present alternative policies for the government through a bottom up pattern, namely through the strength of civil society as the impact of the pandemic, which is integrated with local government policies, considering society as the foundation of a country's strength. The role of civil society here is focused on the role of women as one of the strategic agents of public policy dissemination, to increase public awareness of Covid-19 as an effort to reduce the number of Covid-19 cases. Women are considered to be able to play a dual role in a pandemic situation and have a strategic role through their families in increasing public awareness of Covid-19. So that by optimizing the role of women, it is hoped that they will be able to help the government in reducing the number of Covid-19 cases.Keywords: Role of Women, Covid-19 Pandemic, Alternative Policy, Civil Society AbstrakCorona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) menjadi trending topik sejak akhir 2019 hingga saat ini. Virus yang pertama kali ditemukan di Wuhan ini menjadi sebuah pandemi keamanan global, yaitu keamanan kesehatan yang berdampak terhadap keamanan ekonomi. Signifikansi peningkatan kasus covid-19 menjadi hal yang tidak dapat dianggap remeh karena telah menyebabkan ratusan ribu korban meninggal dalam waktu kurang lebih 6 bulan. Berbagai kebijakan nasional diterapkan di setiap negara untuk menghadapinya. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menyuguhkan kebijakan alternatif bagi pemerintah melalui pola bottom up, yaitu melalui kekuatan masyarakat sipil sebagai terdampak pandemi, yang diintegrasikan dengan kebijakan pemerintah setempat, mengingat masyarakat sebagai pondasi kekuatan suatu negara. Peran civil society disini difokuskan pada peran perempuan sebagai salah satu agen strategis sosialisasi kebijakan publik, untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap covid-19 sebagai upaya menekan angka kasus covid-19. Perempuan dinilai mampu berperan ganda dalam situasi pandemi dan memiliki peran strategis melalui keluarga dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap covid-19. Sehingga dengan mengoptimalkan peran perempuan, diharap mampu membantu pemerintah dalam menekan angka kasus covid-19.Kata Kunci: Peran Perempuan, Pandemi Covid-19, Kebijakan Alternatif, Civil Society
The Jurisdiction of Sharia Supervisory Board in Indonesia Sharia Capital Market
Authors: Heradhyaksa Bagas
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe capital market is an institution that brings together those who need funds, to develop their business, and those who are excess funds, to make investments. Unlike the concept of financing in banks, the capital market uses the concept of buying and selling shares. So that it can be a solution for a company that wants to develop its business without using debt. Investors can also get profits that are higher than the profits from bank deposits. Thus, the capital market is growing in the middle of society. However, there are some activities in the capital market that are contrary to Islamic principles. Therefore, the Islamic capital market emerged. To oversee activities in the Islamic capital market, the role of the Sharia Supervisory Board is needed. The objective of this article is to find out the jurisdiction governing the Sharia Supervisory Board in the Islamic capital market in Indonesia. The methodology used is qualitative research. The data used in this study is library data. This study found that the existence of the Sharia Supervisory Board already has a legal basis based on the Indonesian Financial Services Authority Regulation. However, there are no specific laws governing the Islamic capital market. So it is necessary to make a special law that accommodates all aspects of sharia in the Islamic capital market, specifically with regard to the Sharia Supervisory Board.Keywords: Capital Market, Sharia Capital Market, Sharia Supervisory Board, Jurisdiction, Indonesia. AbstrakPasar modal adalah lembaga yang mempertemukan mereka yang membutuhkan dana, untuk mengembangkan usahanya, dan mereka yang memiliki kelebihan dana, untuk melakukan investasi. Berbeda dengan konsep pembiayaan di bank, pasar modal menggunakan konsep jual beli saham. Sehingga dapat menjadi solusi bagi perusahaan yang ingin mengembangkan usahanya tanpa menggunakan hutang. Investor juga bisa mendapatkan keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dari keuntungan dari deposito bank. Dengan demikian, pasar modal tumbuh di tengah masyarakat. Namun, ada beberapa aktivitas di pasar modal yang bertentangan dengan prinsip syariah. Oleh karena itu, pasar modal syariah muncul. Untuk mengawal aktivitas di pasar modal syariah, diperlukan peran dari Dewan Pengawas Syariah. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui yurisdiksi yang mengatur Dewan Pengawas Syariah di pasar modal syariah di Indonesia. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data perpustakaan. Studi ini menemukan bahwa keberadaan Dewan Pengawas Syariah sudah memiliki dasar hukum berdasarkan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Namun, tidak ada undang-undang khusus yang mengatur pasar modal syariah. Sehingga perlu dibuat undang-undang khusus yang mengakomodir semua aspek syariah di pasar modal syariah, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan Dewan Pengawas Syariah.Kata Kunci: Pasar Modal, Pasar Modal Syariah, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Yurisdiksi, Indonesia
Activities of Local Historians on Conservation Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Kursk Province during the Civil War
Authors: Listopad Kirill A.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The local history movement, which was formed on a voluntary basis in the Russian Empire, was placed in difficult conditions during the Civil War: a fratricidal war, which did not spare human lives, also destroyed the country’s historical and cultural values. This served as an impetus for the activation of the activity of local historians in the center, and especially in the localities. In the center are active figures of local lore S. F. Oldenburg and V. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky called on the intelligentsia to make efforts to preserve cultural values maximumly; the All-Russian Collegium for Museums and the Preservation of Antiquities was created as part of the People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR, which included, inter alia, the famous artists I. E. Grabar, A. V. Grishchenko, K. S. Malevich. In the provinces, local historians united into the Academic Archival Commissions. They fought against the robbery of noble estates, collected and preserved cultural and historical values, and organized educational conversations. Methods. The solution of the research problems was provided by a set of interconnected theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of sources, hermeneutic) methods. Results. The local history movement in the Soviet Russia was placed under the control of the state authorities. During the Civil War local historians performed the function of preserving the cultural and historical heritage, organized another area of work – the history of studying the activities of the Bolshevik party on the fieldwork. Conclusion. The dedicated work of members of local history organizations in extreme conditions helped to save many cultural heritage objects from destruction: in the Kursk province, for example, the noble estates of the Nelidovs, Baryatinsky, Yusupovs and others. They managed to maintain the personnel of the organizations. Their budget even existed, which indicates a high organization of their work.
French Industrial Enterprises in the Russian Empire: Big Business in a Transnational Perspective
Authors: Kulikov Volodymyr A.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article explores the presence of French enterprises in the late Russian Empire in order to better understand the role and weight of French firms in global big business on the eve of World War I. The author argues that the presence of large industrial enterprises operated by French businesses should be taken into consideration when discussing the organizational capabilities of modern French enterprises. This may change the perception of France as a “follower in Western Europe” in the historiography of big industrial businesses. Materials and Methods. Large French enterprises operated in the late Russian Empire are identified based on primary sources (lists of enterprises and joint-stock companies), the RUSCORP database of Russian corporations compiled by Thomas Owen, and with the help of secondary sources. Results. The paper demonstrates that several companies operated in the Russian Empire, and owned or controlled by French businesses meet the criteria of “big business” by international standards. However, because they operated beyond the borders of France, scholars did not include these firms in the lists of French big business. In addition, many companies in the Russian Empire were established on French capital and run by French managers but registered as Russian firms. It seems that French businesses were more successful in establishing and running large industrial enterprises abroad than in the territory of their own country. This might explain why French companies are relatively poorly represented in the global ranks of the largest companies before World War I. Discussion and Conclusions. It was not only French businesses that created large industrial enterprises in Russia. There were also several British, German, Belgian, and American big businesses, so these should all be taken into account when discussing the presence of big foreign businesses in Russia. To have precise evaluations, we need to develop further the global list of the largest enterprises, which would include multinationals and free-standing companies as well. The argument of researchers who placed France to the cohort of the “followers in Western Europe” was that France, in principle, was retarded with creating large industrial enterprises. The transnational approach revealed that while in France, there were few big industrial businesses, French entrepreneurs developed them successfully outside the country. The Russian case demonstrates that French business was able to establish and operate large industrial enterprises. The presence of many large French manufacturing and mining enterprises abroad is the evidence against the thesis that French industrialists were unable to benefit from the scale and scope effect.
Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in the Territory of the Penza Province in 1884–1895
Authors: Kisteneva Natalia A.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The agrarian reforms of the mid-19th century led not only to the liberation of peasants from serfdom, but also to fundamental economic changes in the agrarian sector of the country’s economy. The peasantry was involved in the civil legal relations related to the purchase and sale of land, having been able not only to cultivate it but also to acquire ownership. It is obvious that this estate was the weakest in pre-revolutionary Russia in economic terms, the low purchasing power limited the activity of the peasantry in the land market and hindered the solution of the pending land issue. In order to help low-income peasants to buy land, a special credit institution was set up to grant loans on favorable terms against the collateral of land acquired, the main activities of which in the territory of the Penza province are devoted this article. Materials and Methods. An analysis of the main performance indicators of the Peasant Land Bank was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the credit institution’s records for the period 1884 to 1895. The study was carried out using a number of historical and economic methods, in particular comparative, statistical, quantitative, systemic and others. Results. On the basis of the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the first period of its operation are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations and the ways in which peasants acquire land through the intermediary of a bank are examined, as well as the regional characteristics of the processes being investigated. Discussion and Conclusions. In general, the activities of the bank in the territory of the Penza province during the period from 1884 to 1895. This was done in the general framework of its credit policy in the territory of the Russian Federation, but possessed a certain specificity: peasants here were more willing to take loans to buy land in rural societies than in partnerships, as was the case in the country as a whole: The price of the land purchased in the province under the mediation of the Peasant Land Bank in 1888 and from 1891 to 1895 dropped below market, which was not the case for European Russia as a whole. At the same time, the volume of activity of the bank in the governorate was negligible, accounting for only about 1 % of the total volume of transactions carried out by the bank in the country as a whole.
Public Works as a Measure of Famine Relief in Russia. 1891–1914
Authors: Belokurov Evgenii V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article deals with the program of public works introduced by Russian government in the late XIX – early XX centuries as a measure of famine relief. It provides the detailed account of public works campaign of 1911–1912, which was the largest in terms of government spending and number of employed persons. Materials and Methods. The study relies on a large body of archival sources and published statistical data. Results. The study demonstrates the increasing scale of public works programs between 1891 and 1914. The number of employed persons rose from several tens of thousands in 1891 to almost 3 million in 1911. The share of wages in total expenses grew from 40 percent in 1891 to 80 percent in 1911. There is also some evidence for considerable improvement of quality of the public works projects. Discussion and Conclusions. On the example of public works, I demonstrate how the bureaucratic apparatus of Russia adapted to the implementation of the new managerial objectives. I conclude that Tsarist state was capable to implement the urgent and effective measures of government economic intervention to prevent social collapse.
Peculiarities of Organization of Beer Production in Russia in late 19th – early 20th century
Authors: Vyasovchenko Lyubov’ I.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The tax history of the Russian Empire is very specific: since the 17th century, indirect taxes have taken an increasing place among the objects of taxation, and indirect taxes have become increasingly important for the formation of the treasury. In this regard, beer was also referred to as excise goods, the production and sale of which began to receive increased attention from the State. If until the middle of the 19th century there was no special control over production, after the introduction of the “Regulation on Drinking Collection” of 1861 the situation changes. In addition to checking excise payments, the functional duties of excise officials included inspection and evaluation of equipment (tank, barrels), technological processes, including the number and volume of congestion, compliance with the plant technical characteristics. In this regard, it is of interest to study the structure of beer factories and their technical characteristics. The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the structure of beer factories in the Russian Empire and its profitability. Materials and Methods. Solving research tasks was provided by a set of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of sources, hermeneutic) methods. Result. There was no uniform regulation to the technical characteristics of beer plants. In its arrangement, brewers were pushed against the capabilities of the raw material base, the quality and depth of groundwater, and the possible mark. Discussion and Conclusion. The largest beer production was in the western territories of the Russian Empire. In the central provinces and in the east of the country, beer did not have much demand, so there were fewer factories there, and their organization and modernization were rare.
NDM-approach - an interdisciplinary approach in the education system of the 21st century
Authors: Georgieva Marga , Grozdev Sava
Published: January 2021

The article presents NDM-approach, which plays an interdisciplinary approach to education. It can also be called integrated approach, because it is considered the subject in its entirety and its functions are methodological, which determines the heuristic role. Emphasis is placed on didactic and mathematical modeling, based on integration, which is the major trend in the development of science. The aim of this approach is reaching the optimal development of learners’ intellect throughout their lives.
Innovative approaches for teaching and learning with the use of teaching technology and entrepreneurship in elementary school
Authors: Kalinova Angelina
Published: January 2021

New curriculum in technology and entrepreneurship is the starting point to search for opportunities to justify the innovative approaches that would help conducting technological training. The subjects are innovative approaches as a consequence of the content and organizational changes in the teaching of technology and entrepreneurship. We assume that innovation approaches are determined by the idea of achieving unity between the teaching and the management of cognitive and practical activities for students - on the one hand and on the other - performed by trained educational staff. Innovative approaches should complement the traditional approaches used at the same time be equally useful for teachers and students.
Digital Challenge to Education
Authors: Gyurova Viara
Published: January 2021

Technological innovations, especially in the field of digital technologies, undoubtedly occupy a leading place among the factors that have the greatest impact on life and education in the 21st century. Thanks to them, the model of education and management of education at its various levels, the characteristics of students and their attitudes to learning, the educational environment and the learning process (teaching methodology), teachers and the requirements for their competencies are changing. All these changes are a serious challenge to education and its subjects, provoked by digital technologies. The author's aim is to comment on how and to what extent education can meet this challenge.
PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR REALIZATION OF BULGARIAN ORGANIC PRODUCTION
Authors: Nikolova Marina
Published: January 2021

The modern ecological crisis that the world is experiencing today is much more threatening than economic and threatens us all because of the increased exploitation of the Earth's natural resources.
This is why there is a growing talk of organic production and more precisely organic farming.
Organic farming is an important priority in agriculture development policy in the Republic of Bulgaria and one of the highlights of the common agricultural policy for the period 2014-2020. It is a fact that interest in organically produced food and drink is strengthened in Global scale.
The purpose of our research is related to the study of the market environment in Bulgaria for the realization of organic production.
The research methods used in the study include: general scientific research Methods, survey, generalization and synthesis, logical method, tabular, graphical and schematic representation of characteristics and trends.
The results of the survey can be systematised in several directions: the growth of production and the number of farmers in the bio-production sector in recent years is mainly due to increased market demand, as well as to The increase in interest on the question "food quality with which we eat"; There is still an underdeveloped market for organic production in Bulgaria; The main problems are related to limited channels for distribution of production in the country, low market share of organic products, difficulties in the production process, presence of counterfeit organic products; High cost; Not sufficient consumer information, etc.
The fact that the number of bio-based products is growing is an indicator that agro-entrepreneurs see potential for development in this direction, despite the general negative trends in economic development as a whole, and consumers remain interested.
In conclusion, measures to improve the supply chain of organic products in Bulgaria should be directed towards a strong horizontal and vertical integration between the key figures in the sector. The effect of producer associations on a territorial/regional scope would be particularly pronounced.
The Agreement between Serbia and Hungary on the Protection of National Minority Rights –Revision Welcomed
Authors: Beretka Katinka , Korhecz Tamás
Published: January 2021

This paper analyzes the bilateral agreement on the reciprocal protection of minorities that Serbia has signed with Hungary. The provisions of this agreement is examined, with the application of the legal-dogmatic, descriptive and comparative legal methods, and compared with the corresponding provisions in other bilateral agreements that Serbia has signed with neighboring countries, as well as with the provisions on the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities as stated in the Constitution and laws of Serbia. The study pays special attention to the work of the mixed government commission; the state authorities’ measures regarding the implementation of the agreement and the judicial protection. There is the formulation some recommendations through which this legal instrument could become a more effective legal remedy for the protection of national minorities. This analysis seeks an answer to the question of to what extent the bilateral agreement has contributed to the international and domestic legal framework for the legal protection of national minorities in Serbia, and whether it is today mainly a political instrument without particular legal relevance.
EVALUATION OF SOLAR RADIATION ESTIMATED FROM HIMAWARI-8 SATELLITE OVER VIETNAM REGION
Authors: Pham Nga Thi Thanh , Nguyen Hao Thi Phuong , Nguyen Cong Tien , Vu Hang Thanh , Pham Ha Thanh , Nakamura Kenji
Published: January 2021

The development of Solar energy system is growing rapidly in Vietnam in recent years by encouragement of the Government in renewable energy. Requirement for accurate knowledge of the solar radiation reaching the surface is increasingly important in the successful deployment of Solar photovoltaic plants. However, measurements of different components of solar resources including direct normal irradiance (DNI) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) are limited to few stations over whole country. Satellite imagery provides an ability to monitor the surface radiation over large areas at high spatial and temporal resolution as alternatives at low cost. Observations from the new Japanese geostationary satellite Himawari-8 produce imagery covering Asia-Pacific region, permitting estimation of GHI and DNI over Vietnam at 10-minute temporal resolution. However, accurate comparisons with ground observations are essential to assess their uncertainty. In this study, we evaluated the Himawari-8 radiation product AMATERASS provided by JST/CREST TEEDDA using observations recorded at 5 stations in different regions of Vietnam. The result shows good agreement between satellite estimation and observed data with high correlation of range 0.92-0.94, but better in clear-sky episodes.Because of AMATERASS outperform, we used it for validating ERA-Interim reanalysis in the spatial scale. The comparison was made dividedly for 7 climate zones and 4 seasons. The conclusion is that ERA-Interim is also well associated with satellite-based estimates in seasonal trend for all season, but in average the reanalysis has negative bias towards satellite estimates. This underestimation is more pronounced in the months of JJA and SON periods and in the north part of Vietnam because of unpredicted cloud in the ERA reanalysis.
In the Service of the Empire: Pope Zosimus and the Roman Synod of 417
Authors: Gratsianskiy Mikhail , Norkin Konstantin
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The brief pontificate of Pope Zosimus (417–418) was marked by the Roman Synod in September 417, the decisions of which were of great importance both for the subsequent church-administrative development of Southern Gaul and for the development of the concept of papal primacy.

Methods. The task of the authors of the article is to analyse the church-political actions of Pope Zosimus in the broad historical context of the early 5th c. and to determine the degree of his independence in decision-making.

Analysis. The article analyses the measures of the Ravenna court to restore control over the region of Southern Gaul in the situation when the imperial administration lost this control as a result of mutinies and the arrival of barbarian tribes, as well as the role assigned to the Roman bishop in this process. In this context, the article investigates the events of the Roman Synod of September 417, at which church-political and church-administrative affairs related to Gaul and Africa were examined. There were considered two groups of cases, related to one another due to the involvement of same persons, who, in their turn, had been involved into ecclesiastical politics in Gaul during the usurpation of Constantine III. These persons, former bishop of Arles Heros, former bishop of Aquae Sextiae (Aix en Provence) Lazarus and bishop of Marseille Proculus, became subjects of conciliar condemnation. At the same time, within the framework of the same process, the Synod undertook the rehabilitation of Pelagius and Caelestius, who had previously been condemned by the African Synod and pope Innocent I (401–417). The latter circumstance actually implied the undermining of the authority of both Innocent and the papacy.

Results. The authors conclude that the agenda of the Synod was entirely dictated by state interests and aimed at eliminating the consequences of the usurpations in Southern Gaul and reintegrating this region into the administrative system of the Western Roman Empire.
Turkels – a Turkic Family in the Byzantine Civil Service
Authors: Vinogradov Andrey , Kashtanov Denis , Chkhaidze Viktor
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The paper considers the two Byzantine lead seals of the second half of the 11th century, the owner of which was a translator (ermeneutes) with a non-Christian name Turkeles.

Analysis. The correct reading of the owner’s name was possible by comparing the sigillographic texts with the inscription on a silver bucket found in Perm region (Russia). This richly ornamented vessel made in the last third of the 11th – 12th c., belonged, according to the inscription, to a Christian person called Theodore Turkeles. The most probable etymology of this very rare name is Turkic. Because both seals originate from the territory of the Old Rus, we can suppose that he was involved in the northern policy of Byzantium.

Results. It can be assumed that the owner of the seal, Turkeles, became the first Rhomaios in his family, entering the service of the Emperor as a translator from Turkic languages. The owner of the bucket, Theodore was called by the second name Turkeles, either from his father or as a family name. Since no other Turkeles is attested in the Byzantine sources, the bearers of this name were not very successful in cultivating their family tree, and the patronymic could simply not have time to turn into a family nickname.
Persians-Khurramites in the Byzantine Military Service During 833–839/840: Military Rank and Functions of Persian Military Units
Authors: Mekhamadiev Evgeniy
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The scope of this paper is 1) to consider the forms of military service of the Persians within the Byzantine army during the first half of the 9th c., 2) to arrange the chronological order of events related to the involvement of the Persians in Byzantine military service as precisely as possible. The author means the Persians called Khurramites who were representatives of the anti-Islamic and anti-Arabic national movement at the north-west of Iran (territories of modern provinces of East Azerbaijan and Khamadan in the Republic of Iran).

Methods. The author considers the single events (Byzantine military campaigns, in which the Persians took part, and also the facts of Persians’ arriving in Byzantium) in a more or less strict chronological order. The researcher turns to an analysis of event history and makes a step-by step, consecutive representation of the process of Persians’ arriving to Byzantine military service. The sources were works of Arabic, Armenian, Georgian and Greek authors (chroniclers, geographers, hagiographers) and seals (evidence of sigillography).

Analysis. In 833/834 Byzantine Emperor Theophilos received a group of Persian refugees, who escaped from the Arabs and came to Byzantium. These Persians were headed by two chiefs, Theophobos and Naser, obviously, Naser was Theophobos’ father. Part of the Persians with Naser as a chief located in the Byzantine theme (a military-administrative and territorial district) of Anatolikoi, while another part subordinated to Theophobos located in the theme of Armeniakoi. In 837 Theophilos hosted another group of the Persians, who were commanded by Babek.

Conclusions. The analysis shows that both in 833/834 and 837 Theophilos established regular military units of the Persians called thourmai, while Persian leaders mentioned above became Byzantine military officials, that are tourmarchoi, i.e. that were those Persian leaders who commanded over Persian ethnic tourmai. These ethnic units continued their existence up to the mid-10th c.
Fusion of Ancient Heritage and Christian Doctrine in the Poem of John of Gaza “Description of the Cosmic Table”
Authors: Lopatina Marina
Published: January 2021

Introduction. John of Gaza is the only known grammarian poet who belongs to the cultural environment of the Gaza School. His work “Description of the Сosmic Table” is a unique extant poetic work that corresponds to the ancient literary genre. Despite the final Christianization of Gaza at the end of the 4th century, the classical elements did not outlive their usefulness. The poem by John of Gaza written in the genre of ekphrasis is a vivid example of this phenomenon. The author actively appealed to the works of ancient authors and to a lesser extent to the Christian works when he created his poem. Therefore, the main purpose of our study is to identify sources – exact quotes, expressions that can be identified in another work – paraphrased or repeated verbatim.

Methods. The author conducts his research on the basis of the historical and comparative method, which allows to compare the work of John of Gaza with the works of other authors. Thus, it allows to reveal the sources used in the poem.

Analysis. The author in his work divides conditionally cited authors into ancient and Christian, and also argues the thesis that the works of the former occupy an important place as a source of borrowings.

Results. Based on the analysis, the author identified four main characteristics that clearly indicate the echoes of the cultural heritage of antiquity. Interpretation and understanding of allegorical and Christian images in Early Byzantium with the help of Homer, Nonne of Panopolis, Aristophanes, Menander, etc. still occupied an important place in the life of the Gazans. The citation of Christian authors, first of all John Chrysostom, is explained by the historical time associated with the transformation of religious consciousness. In general, it can be noted that the poem of the Byzantine poet John of Gaza is a “fusion” of ancient heritage and Christian doctrine.
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos on Croats in Early Medieval Southern Pannonia (DAI, c. 30, 75–78): A Note on Concept and Method of Byzantine History Writing
Authors: Gračanin Hrvoje
Published: January 2021

The paper endeavours to discuss anew a scholarly puzzle related to the Croatian early Middle Ages and centred on a few lines from Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos’s De administrando imperio, which in English translation are as follows: And of the Croats who arrived to Dalmatia one part separated and ruled Illyricum and Pannonia. And they also had an independent ruler who was sending envoys, though only to the ruler of Croatia from friendship. Taking a different approach from the complete dismissal of the two sentences as a pure fiction or a mere literary device, the paper instead attempts to trace the concept behind this account as well as its underlying meaning. On the one hand, it seeks to detect the methods or strategies used by the royal compiler in trying to elucidate the past. On the other hand, it aims to provide a thorough historical analysis and offer a possible interpretation in opposition to the view, still largely extant in the Croatian scholarship, that this account is an evidence for an early presence of the group called Croats in southern Pannonia.
Byzantino-Slavic and Bulgarian Middle Ages in the Recent Works by Scholars from the University of Lodz
Authors: Polyvyannyy Dmitry
Published: January 2021

The review considers the recent works by Polish academicians from two departments of the University of Lodz – History of Byzantium and Slavic Philology dedicated or related to the history and culture of medieval Bulgaria and the entire Byzantino-Slavic community of the 10th – 15th c. aiming to represent them to Russian audience, to reveal their contributions to the mentioned fields and to appreciate the current achievements of the forming academic school of the University of Lodz. Its beginning cannot be divided from the name of the disciple of prominent Polish Byzantinist Professor Halina Ewert-Kappesowa (1904–1985), Professor Waldemar Ceran (1936–2009), whose research and organizational activities led to the establishment of “Byzantina Lodziensia” book series (39 volumes published in 1997–2020), and in 2003 – to the Department of the History of Byzantium opening. These foundations met resonance and support from a new trend of the research activities in the University of Lodz – Old Slavonic literature studies – initiated by highly skilled paleoslavist Professor Georgi Minczew who began his work at the Department of Slavic Philology in the middle of the 1990s. The growing synergy of the Byzantine and Slavic trends resulted in the creation in 2011 of Ceraneum – the Centre of Research in History and Culture of Mediterranean and South-Eastern Europe named after W. Ceran (Centrum Badań nad Historią i Kulturą Basenu Morza Śródziemnego i Europy Południowo-Wschodniej im. prof. Waldemara Cerana, Ceraneum). Under its aegis the University of Lodz is editing annual scholarly journal “Studia Ceranea” (10 issues in 2011–2020) and since 2019 convenes in the historical venue of Bidermann Palace, the residence of the centre, annual international colloquium “Colloquia Ceranea” which attracts leading Polish and international scholars in Byzantine, Slavic and Bulgarian medieval history and culture. The author critically reviews monographs and miscellanies published by academicians of the University of Lodz in the recent five years and concludes upon the main research directions, results and perspectives of the University of Lodz school of Byzantine, Medieval Slavic and Bulgarian research.
The “Latins” on Mangup. Unique Western-European Cross-Encolpion from the Excavations of Prince’s Palace in Ancient Mangup: Problems of Attribution and Dating
Authors: Naumenko Valery
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of a unique cross-encolpion of the WesternEuropean type from the excavations of the Mangup Prince’s Palace.

Methods. The research is complex. When describing the find, traditional methods of art history analysis were used, and data from X-ray fluorescence studies were used to determine the material of the product. Attribution of the cross is made on the basis of the generally accepted method of analogies in archaeological science.

Analysis. The encolpion is related to a small group of cast silver crosses with “Latin” features, which were produced during the third quarter of the 15th century in one of the craft workshops of Kaffa. Their author was a master-scholarship holder who most likely moved to the capital of Genoese Gazaria in the Northern Black Sea region from one of the cities of Northern Italy.

Results. Among the many reasons why this encolpion, as a mandatory attribute of the clothing of a Catholic Priest, could end up on Mangup, the most likely are: unknown in the sources Genoese embassy to the capital of the Principality of Feodoro in the period of 1450–1475 for the purpose of establishing a permanent Catholic mission here; the presence of a Catholic priest in the large embassies of Kaffa to the court of the rulers of Feodoro in 1455, 1465 or around 1471; participation of Genoese, who fled from Kaffa after its capture by the Ottoman army, in the subsequent defense of the Mangup fortress in summer and autumn 1475.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH PROBIOTICS ON COLONIC ANASTOMOSES IN RATS: MORPHOLOGICAL AND TENSIOMETRIC STUDY
Authors: CASTILHO Tiago Jacometo Coelho de , ALMEIDA Gustavo Henrique Doná Rodrigues de , MELLO Eneri Vieira de S. L. , CAMPOS Antônio Carlos L.
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Background: The use of probiotics positively modifies the composition and function of intestinal flora, improving the quality of intestinal anastomosis. Aim: To evaluate the impact of probiotic use on intestinal anastomosis of rats. Method: Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia Mammalia) were used, with body weight ranging from 220-320 g. The animals were housed and acclimated individually in boxes receiving water and ration ad libitum. After initial acclimatization, the control group received perioperative ration ad libitum for 12 days (seven preoperatively and five postoperatively) associated with the maltodextrin formula at a dose of 250 mg/day in isocaloric and isovolumetric form. Likewise, the probiotic group received oral supplementation of probiotics dose of 250 mg/day, associated with isocaloric and isovolumetric diet. The probiotic chosen for this study was composed of strains (doses 1x109 CFU/g)12 Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37, Bifidobacterium lactis HN0019, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Probiotics or placebo were administered orally with the aid of a dosimeter spatula. Both groups underwent two colostomies, one in the right colon and the second in rectosigmoid, followed by reanastomosis with eight separate 6-0 mononylon stitches. The sacrifice took place on the fifth day. The parameters evaluated included tensile strength, histology and collagen densitometry. Results: The rate of intestinal fistula for the control and probiotic groups were, respectively, 22.22% and 11.11% (p=0.6581).Perioperative supplementation with probiotics increased collagen deposition of types I and III (p<0.0001), improved maximum traction force and maximum rupture force, p=0.0250 and p=0.0116 respectively, fibrosis area (p<0.0001), and area of the inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.0115). Conclusions: The use of probiotics had a positive impact on the quality of intestinal anastomosis.