bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Cryptorchid Castration in Standing Horses
Authors: HENDRICKSON DEAN A. , WILSON DAVID G.
Published: February 2008

Objective— This article describes a new technique for laparoscopic cryptorchid castration in standing horses.

Study Design— Prospective study.

Animals or Sample Population— Eight horses aged 11 months to 3 years and weighing between 300 and 643 kg.

Methods— Food was withheld for 24 to 36 hours, and then horses were sedated with detomidine HC1 (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg). The paralumbar fossa region was desensitized with 2% mepivacaine in an inverted “L” pattern and caudal epidural anesthesia was administered with either xylazine (0.18 mg/kg diluted to 10 to 15 mL with 0.9% sodium chloride) or a combination of 2% mepivacaine and xylazine (0.18 mg/kg). Initial laparoscopic exploration was performed from the left flank; in three horses, right flank laparoscopy was needed to complete the procedure. The spermatic cord was ligated within the abdomen with one or two sutures of 0 polydioxanone suture, and the testis or testes removed through a flank incision.

Results— In five horses with no palpably descended testes, standing laparoscopy was the only procedure performed, whereas in two horses, the abdominal testis was removed laparoscopically, and the descended testis was removed under short acting anesthesia. In one horse, with nonpalpable testes, it was determined by laparoscopic observation that the testes were in the inguinal canal, and castration was performed under general anesthesia. No surgical or postoperative complications were noted. The right side of the abdomen, and especially the right vaginal ring, could be easily observed from the left side by passing the laparoscope through a small perforation in the mesocolon of the descending colon or by elevating the descending colon with an instrument or by use of an arm in the rectum.

Conclusions— The standing laparoscopic approach combined with or without short‐acting anesthesia to remove the descended testis is easily performed.

Clinical Relevance— This approach will provide surgeons with another option to castrate cryptorchid stallions.
Effect of Platelet‐Activating Factor Antagonist L‐691,880 on Low‐Flow Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury of the Large Colon in Horses
Authors: MOORE RUSTIN M. , MUIR WILLIAM W. , BERTONE ALICIA L. , OLIVER JULIAN L.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the effect of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) antagonist L‐691,880 on low‐flow ischemia and reperfusion (I‐R) of the large colon in horses.

Animals—12 adult horses.

Experimental Design—Horses were anesthetized, and the large colon was exteriorized through a ventral median celiotomy and instrumented. Colonic arterial blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline (BL) and maintained for 3 hours; flow was then restored, and the colon was reperfused for 3 hours. One of two solutions was administered intravenously 30 minutes before reperfusion: group 1, 10 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl; and group 2, 5 mg/kg PAF antagonist L‐691,880 in 0.9% NaCl. Hemodynamic variables were monitored and recorded at 30‐minute intervals. Systemic arterial and colonic venous blood were collected for measurement of blood gas tensions, oximetry analyses, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein concentrations. Colonic venous blood was collected for determination of lactate, 6‐keto prostaglandin F1α(6‐kPG), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and thromboxane B2(TXB2) concentrations. Full‐thickness biopsy specimens were harvested from the left ventral colon for histological evaluation.

Results—There were no significant differences between the two groups for any hemodynamic or metabolic variables. Colonic venous pH decreased, and carbon dioxide tension and lactate concentration increased during ischemia but returned to BL values during reperfusion. Colonic venous 6‐kPG concentration was significantly increased above BL value at 2 hours and remained increased through 6 hours in horses of both groups. Colonic venous PGE2concentration was significantly greater in group 2 compared with group 1 throughout the study. Colonic venous PGE2concentration was increased above BL value from 3 to 6 hours in horses of both groups. Colonic venous TXB2concentration was not different between groups but was significantly increased above the BL value for the first hour of reperfusion. Low‐flow I‐R of the large colon caused significant mucosal necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration; however, there were no differences in histological variables between vehicle‐control and PAF antagonist‐treated horses.

Conclusion—No protective effects of PAF antagonist L‐691,880 were observed on colonic mucosa associated with low‐flow I‐R. Additionally, deleterious drug‐induced effects on hemodynamic and metabolic variables and colonic mucosal injury were not observed.
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Horses
Authors: RAGLE CLAUDE A. , SOUTHWOOD LOUISE L. , HOWLETT MARK R.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To report a ventral abdominal approach and a ligating loop technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.

Study Design—Prospective.

Sample Population—Six horses, aged 1 to 5 years, with retained testes.

Methods—One laparoscopic portal and three to four instrument portals were used for ventral abdominal laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. Laparoscopic instruments were used to maneuver and secure the testis through a ligating loop (modified Roeder knot) that was secured from outside the abdominal cavity. Only minimal enlargement of one instrument portal was used to remove the testicle.

Results—Three horses were bilateral cryptorchids, and three were unilateral (left side, two; right side, one) cryptorchids. Operative time, defined as the time from laparoscope insertion to removal, ranged from 20 to 25 minutes for unilateral cryptorchids and from 40 to 50 minutes for bilateral cryptorchids.

Conclusions—The reported technique allowed decreased tension on the tissues during ligation and removal of the testis from the peritoneal cavity. Improved observation of the abdominal cavity, ligation security, shortened patient confinement time, and minimally invasive technique are all considered to be benefits of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.

Clinical Relevance—Direct observation of retained testes and intraabdominal castration are distinct advantages of the use of laparoscopy in horses that have had previous unsuccessful surgical attempts, horses with unknown histories that have retained testicular tissue, or bilateral abdominal cryptorchids.
Hinged Ilizarov External Fixation for Correction of Antebrachial Deformities
Authors: MARCELLIN‐LITTLE DENIS J. , FERRETTI ANTONIO , ROE SIMON C. , DEYOUNG DAVID J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate hinged circular external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities in dogs.

Study Design—Uncontrolled clinical trial.

Animal Population—Seven client‐owned dogs.

Methods—Six dogs had one radius corrected and one dog had both radii corrected. Preoperative planning included measurement of the craniocaudal and mediolateral angular deformities, rotational deformity, length deficit, origin of deformity, graphical or mathematical determination of the amplitude and direction of the actual limb deformity, and frame assembly.

Results—Preoperatively, function and cosmesis were assessed to be fair to poor in all dogs. Deformity correction started 48 to 60 hours postoperatively and ranged from 0.46 mm to 1.36 mm twice daily. Hospitalization time ranged from 4 to 6 days. Corrections were mostly made by the owners, at home. Lengthening and angular correction ranged from 3 to 38 mm and 18° to 48°. Mean residual deformities were 2.7% of radial length and 2.7°. The time duration with the circular external fixators in place ranged from 29 to 71 days. Two additional surgeries were necessary in one dog because of wire breakage. Mean follow‐up was 40 months. Long‐term function and cosmesis were good to excellent in all dogs.

Conclusion—Although complications were present in six of seven dogs, the outcome of hinged Ilizarov external fixation was successful in all dogs treated for deformities of the antebrachium.

Clinical Relevance—Despite complex preoperative planning, the placement of hinged circular external fixators is straightforward, and allows precise correction of complex antebrachial deformities with minimal tissue trauma.
Single‐Stage Revision Using an Uncemented, Porous‐Coated, Anatomic Endoprosthesis in Two Dogs
Authors: MASSAT BRUNO J. , MILLER RICHARD T. , DEYOUNG BONNIE A. , SCHILLER RICHARD A. , ABERMAN HAROLD M. , DEYOUNG DAVID J.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the clinical and radiographic features of septic and aseptic failure of two femoral endoprostheses and their successful revision.

Study Design—Case report.

Animals or Sample Population—Two skeletally mature male research dogs.

Methods—An uncemented porous‐coated anatomic (PCA) endoprosthesis was implanted in a single‐stage revision procedure after thorough debridement and lavage of the femoral canal. An autogenous cancellous bone graft was used in dog 2 (aseptic loosening). Serial clinical and radiographic examinations were performed postoperatively. The dogs were euthanatized 1 year (dog 1) and 2 years (dog 2) after revision surgery, and necropsy was performed. High‐resolution contact radiographs and histopathologic evaluation of femoral sections were obtained.

Results—The cause of implant failure was septic loosening in dog 1 and aseptic loosening in dog 2. In both dogs, clinical function returned to normal after revision. Serial radiographic assessment after revision documented disappearance of the bone pedestal and the periprosthetic lucency. Cancellous hypertrophy seen adjacent to the proximal porous‐coated region of the implants provided radiographic evidence of bony fixation. Histological evaluation of femoral sections documented successful implant integration with bone and fibrous tissue.

Conclusion—Revision with an uncemented implant in a single‐stage procedure was successful in the two dogs described in this report.

Clinical Relevance—This report provides a detailed description of the clinical course and serial radiographic assessment of septic and aseptic loosening of two femoral endoprostheses. Single‐stage revision is a potential treatment for either condition as demonstrated by the successful outcome in these two dogs.
Holding Power of Different Pin Designs and Pin Insertion Methods in Avian Cortical Bone
Authors: DEGERNES LAUREL A. , ROE SIMON C. , ABRAMS C. FRANK
Published: February 2008

Objective—To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow‐speed power and hand insertion methods.

Study Design—Axial pin extraction was measuredin vitroin avian bones.

Animal Population—Four cadaver red‐tailed hawks and 12 live red‐tailed hawks.

Methods—The pullout strength of four fixator pin designs was measured: smooth, negative profile threaded pins engaging one or two cortices and positive profile threaded pins. Part 1: Pins were placed in humeri and tibiotarsi after soft tissue removal. Part 2: Pins were placed in tibiotarsi in anesthetized hawks using slow‐speed power or hand insertion.

Results—All threaded pins, regardless of pin design, had greater pullout strength than smooth pins in all parts of the study (P< .0001). The cortices of tibiotarsi were thicker than the cortices of humeri (P< .0001). There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between threaded pin types within or between bone groups. There were no differences between the pullout strength of pins placed by slow‐speed power or by hand.

Conclusions—There is little advantage of one threaded pin type over another in avian humeri and tibiotarsi using currently available pin designs. There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between humeri and tibiotarsi bones. It is possible that the ease of hand insertion in thin cortices minimizes the potential for wobbling and therefore minimizes the difference between slow‐speed drill and hand insertion methods.

Clinical Relevance—Threaded pins have superior bone holding strength in avian cortices and may be beneficial for use with external fixation devices in birds.
Cardiovascular Effects of Enoximone and Epinephrine on Heparin Reversal With Protamine in Conscious Dogs
Authors: SARITAS ZÜLFIKAR , SAMSAR ERDOGAN , GÖKGE PERRAN , KATIRCIOGLU S. FEHMI
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare enoximone with epinephrine as treatments for the cardiotoxic effects of protamine sulfate.

Study Design—Prospective randomized study.

Animal Population—12 healthy cross‐bred dogs weighing 23 ± 4 kg.

Methods—The dogs were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine to allow instrumentation. Femoral arterial and venous catheters were inserted for pressure monitoring and to allow drug infusion. A thermodilution catheter mounted with a fast response thermistor was inserted into the pulmonary artery via the jugular vein to measure cardiac output and right ventricular volumes. Heparin 300 units/kg followed by protamine 4.5 mg/kg were administered 45 minutes after the xylazine/ketamine. Four animals were not treated (controls), four received enoximone, and four were given epinephrine. Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored for a period of 30 minutes.

Results—Cardiac index was 104 ± 15 mL/kg/min in the enoximone group, 72 ± 13 mL/kg/ min in the epinephrine group, and 63 ± 10 mL/kg/min in the control group (P < .05 enoximone versus control and epinephrine). Right ventricular end systolic volume was 18 ± 3, 27 ± 4, and 29 ± 6 mL in the enoximone, epinephrine, and control groups (P < .05 enoximone versus control and epinephrine). There were no differences in mean arterial pressure or pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance between the groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, enoximone was more effective than epinephrine at reversing the hemodynamic changes associated with protamine sulfate administration.
Repair of Complete Dorsal Fracture of the Proximal Phalanx in Two Horses
Authors: DECHANT JULIE E. , MACDONALD DAVID G. , CRAWFORD WILLIAM H.
Published: February 2008

Simple complete dorsal fractures of the proximal phalanx were repaired in 2 mature pleasure horses with cortical bone screws placed in lag fashion. Healing occurred within 12 weeks and both horses returned to their previous performance level of light pleasure riding within 6 months of injury.
Urinary Bladder Marsupialization for Treatment of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Male Goats
Authors: MAY K.A. , MOLL H.D. , WALLACE L.M. , PLEASANT R.S. , HOWARD R.D.
Published: February 2008

Objectives—To describe a surgical procedure for urinary bladder marsupialization and to report the results obtained from its use in the treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats.

Study Design—Retrospective evaluation.

Animals or Sample Population—Male goats with obstructive urolithiasis.

Methods—Medical records of male goats that had urinary bladder marsupialization for the treatment of obstructive urolithiasis were reviewed. Data retrieved from the medical records included signalment, postoperative treatment, duration of hospitalization, and short‐term and long‐term complications. Median values for measured variables were calculated.

Results—A total of 18 of 19 goats survived. Urinary flow was re‐established in all 19 goats at the conclusion of surgery. Short‐term postoperative complications (bladder mucosal prolapse and death) were observed in 2 goats. Long‐term postoperative complications (cystitis and fibrotic stomal closure) occurred in 2 animals. Median duration of hospitalization was 4 days. At the time of follow‐up, mild urine scald was reported for all goats. Clinical signs of upper urinary tract disease or obstruction were not reported. A total of 15 of 17 owners were satisfied with the procedure.

Conclusions—Urinary bladder marsupialization provided long‐term resolution of urinary outflow obstruction in all goats with acceptable morbidity.

Clinical Relevance—Urinary bladder marsupialization is a procedure that provides a good prognosis for long‐term resolution of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats.
Comparison of High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Immunoassay Methods for Measurement of Cyclosporine A Blood Concentrations After Feline Kidney Transplantation
Authors: McANULTY JONATHAN F. , LENSMEYER GARY L.
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare two methods of whole blood cyclosporine A (CsA) measurement in cats.

Study Design—Whole blood samples were analyzed for CsA concentrations with use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and monoclonal immunoassay methods.

Animals—Blood (n = 36 samples) was obtained from six cats after renal transplantation.

Methods—Results were compared by linear regression analysis using both pooled and individual patient data. Eight samples were off‐scale on the immunoassay and were excluded.

Results—There was significant correlation between CsA measured using HPLC and immunoassay methods (P < .001; r= .942; r2= .887). However, individuals varied nonrandomly from the mean pooled patient data. Correlation between the assay methods was higher for individual patients using data only from that specific individual (mean r value = .976; r2= .955). Clinical utility of the immunoassay (ie, results would prompt an appropriate CsA dosage adjustment) was good when based on individually derived conversion factors (27 of 28 [96.5%] of decision events).

Conclusion—HPLC is superior for measurement of blood CsA concentrations in cats after kidney transplantation. However, an immunoassay may provide reliable information for CsA management if a comparative database (HPLC v immunoassay) has been previously determined in a specific patient.

Clinical Relevance—Locally available monitoring of CsA by immunoassay in cats may provide significant advantages when shipping of blood samples to distant locations is required to obtain analysis by HPLC. These advantages may include cost and timeliness of results in circumstances where daily blood CsA concentrations may be desired, such as when managing an acute rejection reaction.
Second/Foreign Language Learning as a Social Accomplishment: Elaborations on a Reconceptualized SLA
Authors: FIRTH ALAN , WAGNER JOHANNES
Published: February 2008

In this article, we begin by delineating the background to and motivations behindFirth and Wagner (1997), wherein we called for a reconceptualization of second language acquisition (SLA) research. We then outline and comment upon some of our critics' reactions to the article. Next we review and discuss the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological impact the article has had on the SLA field. Thereafter, we reengage and develop some of the themes raised but left undeveloped in the 1997 article. These themes cluster around the notions of and interrelationships between language use, language learning, and language acquisition. Although we devote space to forwarding the position that the dichotomy of languageuseandacquisitioncannot defensibly be maintained (and in this we take up a contrary position to that held in mainstream SLA), our treatment of the issues is essentially methodological. We focus on describing a variety of aspects oflearning‐in‐action, captured in transcripts of recordings of naturally occurring foreign, second, or other language interactions. Through transcript analyses, we explore the possibilities of describing learning‐in‐action devoid of cognitivistic notions of language and learning. In so doing, we advance moves to formulate and establish a reconceptualized SLA.
Border Crossings? Exploring the Intersection of Second Language Acquisition, Conversation Analysis, and Foreign Language Pedagogy
Authors: MORI JUNKO
Published: February 2008

This article explores recent changes in the landscape of second language acquisition (SLA) and foreign language pedagogical (FLP) research. Firth and Wagner's (1997) proposal for the reconceptualization of SLA has been supported by SLA and FLP researchers who share the sentiment concerning the need for increased attention to social and contextual dimensions beyond the diversity of their theoretical and methodological orientations. In the meantime, a growing number of studies have adopted conversation analysis (CA), the sociological methodology on which Firth and Wagner have built their arguments, to examine data involving second language speakers, even though not all these studies may be viewed as addressing the issue of language learning and therefore may not belong to the category of SLA studies. The review of developments in the last decade points to potentials and remaining issues in using CA to conduct SLA and FLP research and to draw pedagogical implications.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of A‐Site Modified Ba(Co0.7Zn0.3)1/3Nb2/3O3 by La3+
Authors: Bian Jian Jiang , Dong Yun Fei , Song Guo Xiang
Published: February 2008

The sintering behavior, ordering state, and microwave dielectric properties of Ba1−xLa2x/3(Zn0.3Co0.7)1/3Nb2/3O3 Ceramics (0≤x≤0.06) were investigated in this paper. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results show that all samples exhibit a single perovskite phase except for the sample with x≥0.03. The sinterability is slightly improved by La doping. The long range order (LRO) degree on B‐site is greatly increased with the increase of x value up to x=0.015 and then slightly decreased with the further increase of x due to the increasing amount of second phases. The dielectric constant at microwave frequency decreases slightly with the increase of x when x<0.015 and increases slightly with further increasing x for the samples sintered at 1375°C/10 h. The Q×f value increases with x up to x=0.015 and then decreases with further increase of x, which is consistent with the variation trend of LRO degree. The τf value decreases slightly with the increase of x up to 0.006, then increases greatly with the further increase of x. An optimized dielectric properties of ɛr=34, Q×f=63 159, GHz and τf=5.21 ppm/°C were obtained for the x=0.01 sample sintered at 1425°C/10 h.
A Prospective Study of the Impact of Multiple Patient Transports on Care Provided during Aeromedical Transport
Authors: Hooker Edmond A. , Drigalla Dorian , O’Brien Daniel J. , Hignite Jodie
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  The purpose of the current study was to determine reasons for multiple‐patient transports using a helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) and to observe for any negative impact on patient care caused by the presence of the second patient.

Methods:  The study was a prospective observational study of all two‐patient trauma transports (doubles) over a 12‐month period, from January 2004 through December 2004. The authors selected a sample of 20% of single‐patient transports (singles) from the same time period for comparison. Flight crews completed a study form after the flight. Information requested included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and negative impact on care of the primary patient caused by transporting the secondary patient. Data were analyzed using Mann‐Whitney rank test and descriptive statistics.

Results:  There were a total of 59 double‐trauma transports. A total of 269 single‐trauma transports were identified for comparison. Although there was no statistically significant difference in GCS score or RTS (single vs. primary double), doubles never included the most severely injured trauma patients. The secondary patients from the doubles were the least severely injured. There were nine patients in whom the crew felt there was a negative impact from the second patient. Need for trauma center evaluation of the second patient and distance of transport were common reasons for double transports.

Conclusions:  Patients transported as doubles do not include the most severely injured trauma patients. In only a small percentage of doubles did the second patient have a perceived impact on care of the primary patient.
Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction‐based Screening Assay for Bacterial Biothreat Agents
Authors: Yang Samuel , Rothman Richard E. , Hardick Justin , Kuroki Marcos , Hardick Andrew , Doshi Vishal , Ramachandran Padmini , Gaydos Charlotte A.
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To design and evaluate a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay for detecting Eubacteria and performing early screening for selected Class A biothreat bacterial pathogens.

Methods:  The authors designed a two‐step PCR‐based algorithm consisting of an initial broad‐based universal detection step, followed by specific pathogen identification targeted for identification of the Class A bacterial biothreat agents. A region in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene containing a highly variable sequence flanked by clusters of conserved sequences was chosen as the target for the PCR assay design. A previously described highly conserved region located within the 16S rRNA amplicon was selected as the universal probe (UniProbe, Integrated DNA Technology, Coralville, IA). Pathogen‐specific TaqMan probes were designed for Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis. Performance of the assay was assessed using genomic DNA extracted from the aforementioned biothreat‐related organisms (inactivated or surrogate) and other common bacteria.

Results:  The UniProbe detected the presence of all tested Eubacteria (31/31) with high analytical sensitivity. The biothreat‐specific probes accurately identified organisms down to the closely related species and genus level, but were unable to discriminate between very close surrogates, such as Yersinia philomiragia and Bacillus cereus.

Conclusions:  A simple, two‐step PCR‐based assay proved capable of both universal bacterial detection and identification of select Class A bacterial biothreat and biothreat‐related pathogens. Although this assay requires confirmatory testing for definitive species identification, the method has great potential for use in ED‐based settings for rapid diagnosis in cases of suspected Category A bacterial biothreat agents.
Systematic Bias Introduced by the Informed Consent Process in a Diagnostic Research Study
Authors: Mitchell Alice M. , Kline Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To determine population characteristics, outcomes, and reasons for unsuccessful enrollment among potential study subjects approached for written, informed consent in a minimal‐risk emergency department (ED) study. The authors hypothesized that the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) would be lower among study participants and that medical acuity and refusal to provide a blood sample would be the most common reasons for nonparticipation.

Methods:  The authors requested prospective, written, informed consent for a blood sample and follow‐up from consecutive ED patients undergoing evaluation for pulmonary embolism (PE) and recorded spontaneously stated reasons for refusal. VTE was diagnosed or excluded using a combination of D‐dimer testing and selective computed tomography (CT) angiography of the chest with venography of the lower extremities. The primary outcome was defined by the number of CT scans positive for VTE among ED patients evaluated for PE.

Results:  Over 16 weeks, 260 of 287 (91%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 87 to 94%) eligible patients were approached and consent was obtained from 183 patients (64%, 95% CI = 58% to 69%). The prevalence of VTE was 6% among participants and 13% among nonparticipants (95% CI [of the difference] = 1% to 15%). The proportions of African Americans, uninsured, and Medicaid patients were significantly higher among nonparticipants. No significant differences were found in the proportions of nonparticipants who disliked or distrusted research or desired financial reimbursement, compared to those not enrolled due to medical acuity or refused a blood sample.

Conclusions:  These data implicate the written, informed consent process as a significant source of bias on estimated disease prevalence.
Revisiting the Emergency Medicine Services for Children Research Agenda: Priorities for Multicenter Research in Pediatric Emergency Care
Authors: Miller Steven Zane , Rincón Helena , Kuppermann Nathan ,   the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To describe the creation of an Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) research agenda specific to multicenter research. Given the need for multicenter research in EMSC and the unique opportunity afforded by the creation of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), the authors revisited existing EMSC research agendas to develop a PECARN‐specific research agenda. They sought to prioritize PECARN research efforts, to guide investigators planning to conduct research in PECARN, and to describe the creation of a prioritized EMSC research agenda specific for multicenter research.

Methods:  The authors used the Nominal Group Process and Hanlon Process of Prioritization (HPP), which are recognized research prioritization methods incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection in group settings. The formula used to generate the final priority list heavily weighted practicality of conduct in a multicenter research network. By using size, seriousness, and practicality measures of each health priority, PECARN was able to identify factors that could be scored individually and were weighted relative to each other.

Results:  The prioritization processes resulted in a ranked list of 16 multicenter EMSC research topics. Top among these priorities were 1) respiratory illnesses/asthma, 2) prediction rules for high‐stakes/low‐likelihood diseases, 3) medication error reduction, 4) injury prevention, and 5) urgency and acuity scaling.

Conclusions:  The PECARN prioritization process identified high‐priority EMSC research topics specific to multicenter research. PECARN has the capacity to answer long‐standing, important clinical controversies in EMSC, largely due to its ability to conduct randomized controlled trials and observational studies on a large scale.
Diabetes and schizophrenia – effect of disease or drug? Results from a randomized, double‐blind, controlled prospective study in first‐episode schizophrenia
Authors: Saddichha S. , Manjunatha N. , Ameen S. , Akhtar S.
Published: February 2008

Objective:  There have been innumerable advances in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, but problems have emerged hand‐in‐glove, such as the presence of treatment‐emergent glucose intolerance and frank diabetes mellitus (DM).

Method:  Medication‐naïve patients with schizophrenia (n = 99) underwent baseline fasting and 2 h post‐prandial plasma glucose measurements repeated after 6 weeks after randomization to receive olanzapine, risperidone or haloperidol. The results were compared with a matched healthy control group.

Results:  A significant difference (P = 0.002) in baseline 2 h post‐prandial blood sugar (PPBS) was noted between the control group and the treatment group along with a significant increase in weight (P < 0.001), fasting blood sugar (P = 0.01) and 2 h PPBS (P < 0.001) from baseline to endpoint between the groups. A statistical significance in the incidence of DM at endpoint by the WHO criteria (10.1%) was also noted.

Conclusion:  Male patients with schizophrenia are liable to develop DM. Antipsychotic treatment leads to the development of DM in a significant 10.1% within 6 weeks.
Concordant loss of heterozygosity of DNA repair gene, hOGG1, in melanoma in situ and atypical melanocytic hyperplasia
Authors: Pashaei Shayesteh , Li Liwen , Zhang Haihong , Spencer Horace J. , Schichman Steven A. , Fan Chun‐Yang , Smoller Bruce R
Published: February 2008

Background:  One major risk factor for cutaneous melanoma is chronic sun‐exposure and oxidative stress. Among various oxidative DNA damages, 8‐oxoquanine is the most abundant and is potentially mutagenic if not sufficiently repaired. The human 8‐oxoquanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) gene specifically repairs 8‐oxoguanine, and this gene shows frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in human tumors. In this study, we investigate whether hOGG1 LOH occurs in melanoma in situ (MIS) and adjacent atypical melanocytic hyperplasia (AMH).

Methods:  Twelve skin biopsies with MIS and adjacent AMH were included. DNA samples derived from manual microdissection of tissues were subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification using three fluorescent‐labeled microsatellite makers, followed by fragment analysis.

Results:  Five of 12 cases were informative for both telomeric (3S1297) and centromeric (3S1289 or 3S1300) markers, bordering the hOGG1 locus. Among them, four (80%) MIS and three (60%) AMH showed hOGG1 LOH at both markers.

Conclusions:  These results shows that LOH at hOGG1 gene is associated with MIS and AMH and suggest that the hOGG1 gene may play a role in melanocytic tumor progression.
Immunohistochemistry in ocular carcinomas
Authors: Sramek Brett , Lisle Allison , Loy Timothy
Published: February 2008

Background:  The distinction between ocular sebaceous carcinoma, poorly differentiated ocular squamous cell carcinoma and ocular basal cell carcinoma can be challenging. An appropriate immunohistochemical panel may help to differentiate these lesions.

Methods:  To determine the distribution and use of several immunostains in these specimens, formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from several of each was studied using an immunohistochemical technique.

Results:  Positive staining for cytokeratin (CK)7 was seen in 100% of sebaceous carcinomas, 77.8% of basal cell carcinomas and 67.7% of squamous cell carcinomas. One hundred percent of sebaceous and basal cell carcinomas were positive for cytokeratin CAM 5.2, while only 83.3% of squamous cell carcinomas were positive. Using epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), 100% of squamous cell carcinomas and 80% of sebaceous carcinomas were positive, while basal cell carcinomas were uniformly negative. One hundred percent of basal cell carcinomas and 80% of sebaceous carcinomas were positive for Ber‐EP4, while all squamous cell carcinomas were negative. Finally, 77.8%, 20% and 16.7% of basal cell carcinomas, sebaceous carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas showed immunoreactivity for the androgen receptor.

Conclusion:  An EMA positive, Ber‐EP4 positive immunophenotype supports sebaceous carcinoma, EMA positive, Ber‐EP4 negative result supports squamous cell carcinoma and an EMA negative, Ber‐EP4 positive result supports basal cell carcinoma.
Computer simulation of heterogeneous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the catalase gene indicates structural changes in the enzyme active site, NADPH‐binding and tetramerization domains: a genetic predisposition for an altered catalase in patients with vitiligo?
Authors: Wood John M. , Gibbons Nicholas C. J. , Chavan Bhaven , Schallreuter Karin U.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Patients with vitiligo have low levels/activities of catalase in their lesional and non‐lesional epidermis as well as in their epidermal melanocytes under in vitro conditions while the levels of catalase mRNA are unaltered. This defect leads to a build‐up of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the 10−3 m range in the epidermis of these patients. In this context, it was realized that 10−3 m H2O2 deactivates catalase. Along this line, it was also suspected that catalase in patients with vitiligo possesses a special sensitivity to this reactive oxygen species (ROS), and indeed several heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been documented in the cat gene of these patients. Based on the 3D structure of human catalase monomer, we have modelled the influence of three selected SNPs on the enzyme active site, on the NADPH‐ as well as the tetramerization‐binding domains. Our results show that these SNPs severely alter catalase structurally, which in turn should make the enzyme more susceptible to ROS compared with wild‐type enzyme. Taken together, the work presented herein together with the earlier results on SNPs in the cat gene suggests a genetic predisposition for an altered catalase in patients with vitiligo.
Juvenile growth of two tilapia species in lakes Naivasha and Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Britton J. R. , Harper D. M.
Published: February 2008

Abstract –  Tilapia species in East African lakes often form the basis of commercial fisheries, with information on their population biology assisting their management. This study utilised otolith microstructure, with validation by modal progression analysis, to provide growth data for two tilapia species in two Kenyan lakes for the first time. Otolith microstructure revealed the growth rate of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis, a sub‐species endemic to Lake Baringo, was fast compared with populations of Oreochromis niloticus; mean daily growth rates were >0.50 mm·d−1 in fish between 12 and 53 mm total length. Growth of Oreochromis leucostictus in Lake Naivasha was also relatively fast when compared with the growth rates of other tilapia species, with mean daily growth rates of approximately 0.35–0.48 mm·d−1 in fish between 10 and 56 mm total length. Growth rates of both species were well described by the Gompertz model and were corroborated by modal progression analysis that revealed similar daily growth rates in modes of young‐of‐the‐year fish.
Evaluating genetic structure among resident and migratory forms of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Northeast Oregon
Authors: Homel K. , Budy P. , Pfrender M. E. , Whitesel T. A. , Mock K.
Published: February 2008

Abstract – Many salmonids express multiple behavioural forms within the same population, representing an evolutionary adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. For bull trout, resident and migratory forms co‐occur in streams, but it is unknown whether the two forms assortatively mate. We assessed genetic differentiation between resident and migratory bull trout (using eight microsatellite loci) in the South Fork Walla Walla River. We PIT‐tagged and fin‐clipped bull trout and assigned individuals to behavioural subpopulations based on movement patterns. The pair‐wiseFSTvalue between resident and migratory subpopulations (0.0037) was statistically insignificant, and individual‐based analyses of structure using both multivariate and Bayesian approaches showed a lack of genetic structure within the population. These results have important implications for assessing population status and management; while the population may be managed as a single reproductive unit, the phenotypic variation within this population may have fitness consequences and thus merits conservation.
Seductive Voices: Rethinking Female Subjectivities in The Wife's Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer
Authors: Scheck Helene
Published: February 2008

This essay provides a summary of recent scholarship on the two female‐voiced Old English elegies, The Wife's Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer, relating to the position or condition of women in Anglo‐Saxon England as ‘witnessed’ in those poems. In doing so I make no attempt to champion a particular view, but try instead to consider the implications of reading in particular ways and think about how the questions raised by these poems may broaden our understanding of female subject positions in Anglo‐Saxon England, even if we cannot ultimately come to any conclusions about what and how those poems mean.
Molecular characterization of toll‐like receptor 2 of ruminants and comparative expression in nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) vs. buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Das D. K. , Saini M. , Dhara A. , Swarup D. , Kumar S. , Gupta P. K.
Published: February 2008

Toll‐like receptors play role in the innate immune responses and orchestrate the adaptive immunity by induction of proinflammatory cytokines and up‐regulation of costimulatory molecules. The present study has characterized TLR2 cDNA in nilgai, buffalo, sheep and goat that recognizes the peptidoglycan of Gram‐positive bacteria. TLR2 coding sequences were amplified from monocytes cDNA and cloned in pGEMT‐easy vector for nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed 2355‐bp‐long TLR2 open reading frame encoding 784 amino acids in all the species studied. Nilgai TLR2 has 97.8% to 95.1% identity at nucleotide level and 96.2% to 92.7% identity at amino acid level with other ruminant species studied. Nonsynonymous substitutions exceeding synonymous substitutions indicated evolution of this receptor through positive selection among ruminants. Furthermore, basal TLR2 messenger RNA expression in different immune cells and tissues quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed highest level in in vitro derived dendritic cells followed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Skin and testes also expressed significant level in both nilgai and buffalo. Comparatively, nilgai immune cells and tissues expressed more TLR2 transcript than buffalo, thus elucidating stronger armamentarium of antibacterial immunity in nilgai as compared to buffalo.
Characterization of two novel HLA class I alleles: HLA‐A*310103 and HLA‐B*9531
Authors: Frison S. , Longhi E. , Andreini E. , Poli F. , Scalamogna M.
Published: February 2008

Two novel human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles were characterized by means of sequencing‐based typing techniques. HLA‐A*310103 was identified in a cord blood unit from a Caucasoid individual. The sequence of this allele is identical to that of HLA‐A*310102 except for a silent mutation in exon 3 at position 480 (G → A). HLA‐B*9531 was found in a Caucasoid female patient registered on the heart transplantation waiting list in the North Italy Transplant programme. This new variant differs from HLA‐B*1503 at position 572 (G → C) in exon 3. This nucleotide change leads to an amino acidic substitution at codon 167 from tryptophan to serine.
Freeze Casting as a Nanoparticle Material‐Forming Method
Authors: Lu Kathy , Zhu Xiaojing
Published: February 2008

Nanoparticle material forming is challenging because of loose packing and agglomeration issues intrinsic to nanoparticles. Liquid processing shows great potential to overcome such hurdles. This study is focused on nanoparticle colloidal processing and freeze‐casting forming. Al2O3 nanoparticle suspensions are examined, and microstructure evolution of Al2O3 nanoparticle suspension during freeze casting is discussed. The “Fines” effect influences nanoparticle packing on freeze‐cast sample surfaces. Trapped air bubbles in the suspension lead to a porous bulk microstructure. Prerest is necessary for dense and homogeneous green microstructure formation. The green strength, fracture mode, and ability to form fine features by freeze casting are also evaluated.
X-ray hotspot flares and implications for cosmic ray acceleration and magnetic field amplification in supernova remnants
Authors: Butt Yousaf M. , Porter Troy A. , Katz Boaz , Waxman Eli
Published: February 2008

For more than 50 years, it has been believed that cosmic ray (CR) nuclei are accelerated to high energies in the rapidly expanding shockwaves created by powerful supernova explosions. Yet observational proof of this conjecture is still lacking. Recently, Uchiyama and collaborators reported the detection of small-scale X-ray flares in one such supernova remnant, dubbed ‘RX J1713−3946’ (a.k.a. G347.3−0.5), which also emits very energetic, TeV (1012 eV) range, gamma-rays. They contend that the variability of these X-ray ‘hotspots’ implies that the magnetic field in the remnant is about a hundred times larger than normally assumed; and this, they say, means that the detected TeV range photons were produced in energetic nuclear interactions, providing ‘a strong argument for acceleration of protons and nuclei to energies of 1 PeV (1015 eV) and beyond in young supernova remnants’. We point out here that the existing multiwavelength data on this object certainly do not support such conclusions. Though intriguing, the small-scale X-ray flares are not the long sought – after ‘smoking gun’ of nucleonic CR acceleration in supernova remnants.
Rapid variability in TeV blazars: the case of PKS 2155—304
Authors: Ghisellini G. , Tavecchio F.
Published: February 2008

Recent Cherenkov observations of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects showed that the TeV (teraelectron volt) flux of PKS 2155−304 changed by a factor of 2 in just 3–5 min. This fast variability can be accounted for if the emitting region is moving with a bulk Lorentz factor Γ∼ 50 and a similar relativistic Doppler factor. If this Γ is adopted, several models can fit the data, but, irrespective of the chosen model, the jet is matter dominated. The Doppler factor requires viewing angles of the order of 1° or less: if the entire jet is as narrow as this, then we have problems with current unification schemes. This suggests that there are small active regions, inside a larger jet, moving faster than the rest of the plasma, occasionally pointing at us. Coordinated X-ray/TeV variability can discriminate between the different scenarios.
COMBINATION WITH PLANT EXTRACTS IMPROVES THE INHIBITORY ACTION OF DIVERGICIN M35 AGAINST LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: ZOUHIR ABDEL‐MAJEED , KHEADR EHAB , TAHIRI IMANE , BEN HAMIDA JEANNETTE , FLISS ISMAIL
Published: February 2008

The susceptibility of 11 strains of Listeria monocytogenes to divergicin M35, a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium divergens strain M35, and to aqueous extracts of garlic, onion, oregano, red chili and black pepper at 30 and 10C, was evaluated using a microdilution assay. The susceptibility of divergicin‐resistant strains to combinations of these agents was also evaluated. Three strains were resistant to divergicin M35 (>500 µg/mL) at 30C but were more susceptible at 10C. Garlic gave the most inhibitory plant extract, followed by onion, while oregano, red chili and black pepper extracts were less active at both temperatures. Garlic extract and divergicin M35 combined or with other extracts increased inhibitory activity against the divergicin‐resistant strains. The garlic/divergicin combination was the most effective at inhibiting these strains and was bactericidal at both temperatures. Log‐phase cells were the most susceptible to the garlic/divergicin combination. Stationary‐phase cells were much more resistant at both incubation temperatures. Furthermore, the effect of the garlic/divergicin combination at inhibiting divergicin‐resistant L. monocytogenes in a food system was also studied using cold‐smoked salmon as a food model. Results indicated that this combination could efficiently reduce the viability of L. monocytogenes in smoked salmon stored at 10C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is increasing popularity worldwide for chemical preservative‐free, ready‐to‐eat and minimally processed seafood with low salt, fat and sugar content. Bacteriocins produced from lactic acid bacteria can have a potential application to prolong the shelf life of cold‐smoked salmon. Also, plant and spice extracts have been shown to contain antibacterial substances with potential for application in foods. Thus, this research explores the combination of divergicin M35, a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium divergens strain M35, and aqueous extracts of garlic, onion, oregano, red chili and black pepper to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes and to prolong the shelf life of cold‐smoked salmon.