bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A possible source mechanism for magnetotail current sheet flapping
Authors: Juusola Liisa , Pfau-Kempf Yann , Ganse Urs , Battarbee Markus , Brito Thiago , Grandin Maxime , Turc Lucile , Palmroth Minna
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The origin of the flapping motions of the current sheet in the Earth's
magnetotail is one of the most interesting questions of magnetospheric
dynamics yet to be solved. We have used a polar plane simulation from the
global hybrid-Vlasov model Vlasiator to study the characteristics and source
of current sheet flapping in the center of the magnetotail. The
characteristics of the simulated signatures agree with observations reported
in the literature. The flapping is initiated by a hemispherically asymmetric
magnetopause perturbation, created by subsolar magnetopause reconnection,
that is capable of displacing the tail current sheet from its nominal
position. The current sheet displacement propagates downtail at the same pace
as the driving magnetopause perturbation. The initial current sheet
displacement launches a standing magnetosonic wave within the tail resonance
cavity. The travel time of the wave within the local cavity determines the
period of the subsequent flapping signatures. Compression of the tail lobes
due to added flux affects the cross-sectional width of the resonance cavity
as well as the magnetosonic speed within the cavity. These in turn modify the
wave travel time and flapping period. The compression of the resonance cavity
may also provide additional energy to the standing wave, which may lead to
strengthening of the flapping signature. It may be possible that the
suggested mechanism could act as a source of kink-like waves that have been
observed to be emitted from the center of the tail and to propagate toward
the dawn and dusk flanks.
Evaluation of simulated biomass damage in forest ecosystems
induced by ozone against observation-based estimates
Authors: Franz Martina , Alonso Rocio , Arneth Almut , Büker Patrick , Elvira Susana , Gerosa Giacomo , Emberson Lisa , Feng Zhaozhong , Le Thiec Didier , Marzuoli Riccardo , Oksanen Elina , Uddling Johan , Wilkinson Matthew , Zaehle Sönke
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Regional estimates of the effects of ozone pollution on forest growth depend on the availability of reliable damage functions that estimate a representative ecosystem response to ozone exposure. A number of such damage functions for forest tree species and forest functional types have recently been published and subsequently applied in terrestrial biosphere models to estimate regional or global effects of ozone on forest tree productivity and carbon storage in the living plant biomass. The resulting impacts estimated by these biosphere models show large uncertainty in the magnitude of ozone effects predicted. To understand the role that these damage functions play in determining the variability of estimated ozone impacts, we use the O-CN biosphere model to provide a standardised modelling framework. We test four published damage functions describing the leaf-level, photosynthetic response to ozone exposure (targeting Vcmax or net photosynthesis) in terms of their simulated whole-tree biomass responses against field data from 23 ozone filtration/fumigation experiments conducted with European tree species at sites across Europe with a range of climatic conditions. Our results show that none of these previously published damage functions lead to simulated whole-tree biomass reductions in agreement with the observed dose-response relationships derived from these field experiments, and instead lead to significant over- / or underestimations of the ozone effect. By re-parameterising these photosynthetic based damage functions we develop linear, plant functional type specific dose-response relationships, which provide accurate simulations of the observed whole-tree biomass response across these 23 experiments.
PyTrx: A Python toolbox for deriving velocities, surface areas and
line measurements from oblique imagery in glacial environments
Authors: How Penelope , Hulton Nicholas R. J. , Buie Lynne
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Terrestrial time-lapse photogrammetry is a rapidly growing method for deriving measurements from glacial environments because it provides high spatio-temporal resolution records of change. However, glacial photogrammetry toolboxes are limited currently. Without prior knowledge in photogrammetry and computer coding, they are used primarily to calculate ice flow velocities or to serve as qualitative records. PyTrx (available at https://github.com/PennyHow/PyTrx) is presented here as a Python-alternative toolbox to widen the range of photogrammetry toolboxes on offer to the glaciology community. The toolbox holds core photogrammetric functions for point seeding, feature-tracking, image registration, and georectification (using a planar projective transformation model). In addition, PyTrx facilitates areal and line measurements, which can be detected from imagery using either an automated or manual approach. Examples of PyTrx's applications are demonstrated using time-lapse imagery from Kronebreen and Tunabreen, two tidewater glaciers in Svalbard. Products from these applications include ice flow velocities, surface areas of supraglacial lakes and meltwater plumes, and glacier terminus profiles.
The Case for Technological Mysticism
Authors: Landau Iddo
Published: July 2018

There is significant empirical evidence that some types of physical incitement may spur mystical enlightenment. In a matter of a few years, technology may well provide people with a reliable, easy, and safe way to attain mystical experiences. Suppose it were technologically very easy to attain mystical enlightenment by, say, activating an electronic device that temporarily stimulated certain areas in the brain. If such an option were available, should we opt for it? And should we try to develop such a device? I argue in this article that the answer to both questions is positive, defending a position that might be called technological mysticism. Part I discusses some preliminary assumptions. Part II presents arguments for technological mysticism, such as that it would allow more people to attain mystical enlightenment and would diminish suffering and frustration. Part III replies to possible arguments against technological mysticism, such as that it would lead to devaluation of mystical enlightenments or that the technologically achieved enlightenments would not be authentic. I conclude by discussing some of the implications of the claims made in this article.
El laberinto de las movilizaciones: la protesta social en El Salvador
Authors: Tobar Quintero Luis Antonio
Published: July 2018

En la actualidad, las formas de conflictividad social son muy comunes en los países latinoamericanos; los diversos grupos sociales encuentran su resguardo en las formas de movilizarse y con ello pretenden exponer sus demandas al Estado. En El Salvador, al firmarse los Acuerdos de Paz, los diversos movimientos sociales pusieron en marcha nuevas formas de movilización, repertorios de lucha y con ello, nuevas demandas sociales en un contexto diferente. Los nuevos movimientos sociales también ya no presentaron un carácter clasista como lo habían hecho antes de los Acuerdos; esto es así porque la pluralidad de sus actores les dio, en cierta manera, otro enfoque. A ello contribuyó también el carácter de la movilización: no se enfocan en la toma de poder sino en mejoras de las propias condiciones de trabajo, salario, atención al medio ambiente, libertad sexual, entre otras. Este artículo expone algunos aspectos característicos de la conflictividad social expresada por los nuevos movimientos sociales en el contexto de la posguerra.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.21-37

 
The Penal Condition in a Fixed-Term Employment Contract in Accordance with the Jordanian Labor Law and the Provisions of the Jordanian Court of Cassation
Authors: Al-Sarayra Ibrahim Saleh , Al-Fawair Alaa Mohammed
Published: July 2018

The employer shall enter into a penal condition such as an agreement compensation in fixed-term employment contracts, so that the worker shall not leave the work without any of the cases permitted by section 29 of the Jordanian Labor Law No. 8 of 1996 and its amendments.The Jordanian legislator dealt with the case of leaving the worker for a fixed term contract in article 26 (b), which stipulates that the employer is entitled to compensation equivalent to half a month's wages for each month of the remaining period, provided that the employer proves that he was harmed, But not exceeding that amount.By applying the penalty clause in fixed-term employment contracts, an owner has been able to analyze the evidence of the damage and the amount of the compensation is negligible.We concluded by concluding with the conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the penal clause in fixed-term employment contracts is contrary to the general protective regime of workers' rights.
Contesting Indonesia’s Single Origin Coffee Market: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
Authors: Purnomo Mangku
Published: July 2018

Coffee is a commodity that has high value and great demand, then it supply chain tends to be monopolized by big actors certainly for single origin coffee bean. However, increasing number of local coffee shops and consumer awareness of consumed goods, and the emergence of more conscious consumer groups of “coffee lovers” or “connoisseur’s consumers”, sparks an intesive competition among market actors in local level that influence such dominance. This study aims to employ the dynamic capabilities theories (DCs) to analyze how the market actors, namelysmall traders, wholesalers, certified companies, and coffee shop owners build a strategy to secure their coffee supply amidst the tight competition.Selecting the coffee markets in Dampit District, East Java, Indonesia, we find the actors fighting for social space to win the competition by building network, dependency, and legitimacy. Actors build capabilities based on the internal potential to identify opportunities, take the opportunities, and utilize them to transform business organizations to survive rapid environmental changes. Not just looking at dominance behaviors as how it is in the case of asset-based approach, DCs provide a more balanced perspective between the entrepreneur's capacity and asset control. Detailed research to see each actor builds long term strategies is needed in the future to describe in more detail their strategy in maintaining their business sustainability in the more competitive busisness environment.
Main Drivers of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam Trajectory 2000-2011: An Input-Output Structural Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Hoa Thi , Aviso Kathleen B. , Le Dien Quang , Tokai Akihiro
Published: July 2018

Vietnam’s rapid economic growth has resulted in serious environmental concerns both at local and global scales. In-depth understanding of the key factors behind the rapid growth of CO2 emissions is of great significance in the development of local and global climate policies. Furthermore, this provides insight into how emerging economies can develop a low emission future. Recent works have demonstrated the effectiveness of the input–output model and structural decomposition analysis in analyzing how changes in different socio-economic factors affect energy-based CO2 emissions in the sectoral level using production and consumption-based perspectives. In the context of Vietnam’s economy, such aspects have not been fully explored in previous literature. This study thus analyzes the driving forces responsible for the increase in CO2 emissions in Vietnam from both production and consumption perspective during periods 2000 – 2007 and 2007 - 2011. The results using the production perspective indicate that during 2000 - 2011 the incremental change in CO2 emissions in Vietnam is driven mainly by the consumption structure (100.5%) and consumption volume (219.4%) which are offset by the decline in technology (-132.7%) and production structure (-22.5%). Population (24.1%) had a small effect on total CO2 emissions. Results using the consumption perspective show that even with large variations between the two periods, household, export and investment are the main drivers responsible for the sharp increase in CO2 emissions. This is offset by the decrease in import factor. Policy implications indicate that improving technology, adjusting production and consumption structure, and optimizing international trade are important factors for alleviating CO2 emissions in Vietnam.
Effect of Physical Changes on the Spatial Structure of Historical Area, the Historical District of Urmia City as a Case Study
Authors: Lotfata Yasin , Lotfata Aynaz
Published: July 2018

Recently, urbanism interventions have caused major changes in the spatial and physical structure of Iran cities. These interventions have changed primary spatial organization pattern and the city′s main structure. In the process of this physical development in many historical cities, it has not been enough attention to the structure and historic core shape of the city and subsequently, problems such as the inability to adapt to the new physical changes, the lack of appropriate linkage with the available network structure and its diminution in the minds of people, have aggravated the historical cores. Recognition of the main cities structure and skeleton based on analysis of all components of cities is difficult and impossible. Space organization theory (space syntax) is one of the methods that has responded to the needs of cities’ spatial analysis.This research, with the aim of investigating the impact of urban development plans on the spatial structure of the historical boundaries of Urmia investigating and analyzing the city structure in four important periods (2016-1996-1974-1930), using space organization method. Results of this study, demonstrated that was decreased functionality and coherence of the historical area and its relation to the totality of city structure affected by physical changes over time. And the inner structure of this area could not be linked to the city's overall structure. Also, a large part of the identity and physical values of texture are demolished by discontinuity of the main elements of the area. The functional importance of historical orders has been weakened and this means that rapid physical changes, had negative effects on the spatial structure of historical area.
Predicting Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Liquid Pollination and Polycarbonate Drying House Technologies: A Case Study from the Date Palm Growers in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Dhehibi Boubaker , Salah Mohamed Ben , Frija Aymen , Aw-Hassan Aden , Raisi Youssef M. Al , Bousaidi Ibrahim Al , Amri Suleiman Al , Sobahi Said Al , Shoaili Khaled Al
Published: July 2018

The aim of this research paper is to assess the adoption level of the two technologies (liquid pollination and polycarbonate drying houses) in the Sultanate of Oman with emphasis on identifying influencing factors of the adoption process and exploring resulting policy implications. The methodological framework used is based on the implementation of the ADOPT (Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool) tool in two localities of the Sultanate of Oman through focus groups discussion (FGD’s). Empirical findings obtained from the assessment of the Liquid Pollination (LP) technology indicate that peak adoption rate for liquid pollination technology in “North Al Batinah” is high and predicted to be around 95% (of the total population) after a period of 14.5 years. The predicted adoption level after 5 and 10 years from introducing the technology in the region is estimated to be 46.9% and 91.5%, respectively. The assessment of the rate of adoption of the Polycarbonate Drying Houses (PDH) technology and the identification of factors affecting the peak and adoption levels, and constraints that limit the adoption process and widespread of such technology among the date palm growers of Oman indicates that peak adoption rate for PDH technology in the target study region is predicted to be 95% after a period of 21 years. The predicted adoption level after 5 and 10 years is expected to be 23.5% and 72.9%, respectively. The presented results suggest that sustainable increase in date palm productivity can be achieved if farmers are encouraged to adopt the LP and PDH technologies. However, the adoption of such technology needs to be accompanied by a supporting extension system and an enabling policy environment to ensure the scaling-up and widespread use of these promising and profitable technologies.
KILKA UWAG O WŁĄCZANIU SIĘ DO RUCHU. STUDIUM PRZYPADKU
Authors: Żołna Małgorzata Maria
Published: July 2018

Niniejsza publikacja dotyczy problematyki włączania się do ruchu z drogi podporządkowanej. Jest to tylko z pozoru nieskomplikowany manewr w ruchu drogowym, który powinien zostać wykonany dynamicznie, ale przy zachowaniu szczególnej ostrożności. Włączanie się do ruchu to sytuacja, która inicjuje udział kierującego w ruchu drogowym i z tego względu na włączającym się do ruchu ciążą określone obowiązki. Niemniej jednak kierujący poruszający się drogą z pierwszeństwem powinni pamiętać o tym, że inni kierujący nie zawsze i w każdej sytuacji im go ustąpią.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMS RISK MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE
Authors: Brendak Alina
Published: July 2018

Legal framework is a core element of every public activity. Customs affairs are not an exception. Main source of customs regulation in Ukraine is a Customs Code adopted in 2012. According to article 320 of Ukrainian Customs Code forms and scope of control, sufficient to ensure that the customs legislation and international treaties of Ukraine are observed at the time of customs clearance, shall be selected by the customs offices (customs stations) on the basis of the risk management system. Thus, proper functioning of risk management system is a crucial thing for selective customs control. Aim of this article is to describe legal basis for customs risk management system application and to find out if there are any gaps in customs legislation, which prevent form its full-fledged functioning and use. So apart of customs risk management legislation, some general provisions are to be analyzed further. Keywords: customs regulations in Ukraine, customs control, risk management system, risks analysis, risks assessment, risk profile, risk indicators.
LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Wołowiec Tomasz
Published: July 2018

A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on real estate that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the real estate property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Real estate properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.
THE DEPENDENCE OF QUALITY THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF UKRAINE ON THE NUMBER OF GREEN SPACES. LEGAL AND ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Mandrazhy Oksana , Lemekhova Alona , Likhnovska Tetiana
Published: July 2018

The article considers the right of everyone to a safe environment for life and health. The right of everyone to a safe environment for life and health and to the compensation for the damage caused by the violation of this right. This right is preceded by the duty of the state to ensure environmental safety and maintain environmental balance on the territory of Ukraine, as stipulated in article 16 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to present current research of authors regarding the observance of the Constitution of Ukraine with regard to the protection of natural assets in Ukraine.
The necessity of impure sovereignty
Authors: Grimshaw Mike
Published: July 2018

This essay arises from an engagement with the reflections and letters of Jacob Taubes to Carl Schmitt (Taubes 2013); central to these writings is the question of the sovereign. If the sovereign is the one who decides the exception, then sovereignty is focused on this decision of what is/is not the exception – and who gets to decide. An engagement with these writings of Taubes as a Jew and friend-enemy of the Nazi jurist offers a way toward what I term the necessity of impure sovereignty. For Taubes the central question is what does pure mean and thus, dialectically, what does impure mean? To engage with this question, I begin with a discussion of Weimar and the situation that gave rise to Schmitt’s work on sovereignty. I make use of the diaries of Count Harry Kessler and also of an essay of Schmitt’s from 1926. I then turn to the writings of Taubes to Schmitt.  In my view, sovereignty as understood by both Schmitt and Taubes is problematic because of its central decision for homogeneity and dictatorial democracy. Therefore, I argue for three counter-decisions. Firstly, for the necessity of the impure sovereign-decision for heterogeneity. Secondly, against the Schmittean katechon, I argue for identification with the chaotic, impure Antichrist. Finally, against history, I argue for hope and so we must make the alternative sovereign-decision to remain impure.
The neoliberal myth of austerity: Debt and solidarity in the forefront of public space
Authors: Vavvos Andreas , Triliva Sofia
Published: July 2018

A multitude of crises have ravaged Greece during the past six years. The ensuing austerity policies, imposed as antidotes, appear to have impacted people's lives gravely. The collapse of a failing social and political system led to the establishment of social solidarity initiatives. One of these initiatives is the Somateio Allilovoithias Ofeileton Rethymnou (SAOR-Network for the Mutual Assistance of Rethymno's Debtors). SAOR offers comradeship by activating citizens to build collective strength and to resist foreclosures actively. In this paper, we present the results of a qualitative study focusing on the lives of the people who are members of the network and are involved in deterring foreclosures. Eleven interviews and a focus group discussion provided by coalition members were analyzed using phenomenologically informed thematic analysis. Three superordinate themes were identified: 1) Living on the precipice: Shocked, hoodwinked and debt-ridden; 2) Mutual anger against the ‘betrayers' and the need for resistance; and 3) The national bankruptcy and unending deliberations regarding country's and the coalition's fate. These themes comprise a story entitled: The neoliberal myth of austerity: Indebted personhood in a bankrupt nation. Indebted citizens described the emotional collapse, the alienation, the feelings of solidarity they experienced and their anger toward politicians.
What predicts threat perceptions toward people opposing to the government? A population-based study following Umbrella Movement, Hong Kong
Authors: Hou Wai Kai , Canetti Daphna , Ma Tsz Wah , Hall Brian J. , Lau Kam Man , Ng Sin Man , Hobfoll Stevan E.
Published: July 2018

We examined the incidence and predictors of threat perceptions toward people who oppose government action (i.e., protestors) following the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong (September 28th to December 15th, 2014). A population-representative sample of 1,208 citizens (mean age = 46.89 years; 52.4% female) was recruited two months after the conclusion of the Movement using random digit dialing. Upon giving their informed consent, respondents reported sociodemographics, perceived threats of protestors to the prospects of democracy, ways of life, and the economy, anxiety symptoms (STAI), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9). More than half disagreed that protestors threatened the prospects of democracy (54.7%, 95% CI = .52, .57), ways of life (52.2%, 95% CI = .49, .55), and the economy (51.4%, 95% CI = .49, .54). Regression analyses revealed that male sex was associated with lower odds of perceiving threats to the prospects of democracy and ways of life. Being unmarried was associated with lower odds of perceiving threats to the economy. Secondary education level and depressive symptoms were associated with higher odds of perceiving threats to ways of life and the economy, respectively. This is one of the first population-based studies that measured socioeconomic and mental health correlates of political attitudes immediately following pro-democracy movements.
Self-censorship orientation: Scale development, correlates and outcomes
Authors: Sharvit Keren , Bar-Tal Daniel , Hameiri Boaz , Zafran Anat , Shahar Eldad , Raviv Amiram
Published: July 2018

Self-censorship is defined as intentionally and voluntarily withholding information from others in absence of formal obstacles. We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal research to develop a quantitative measure of individuals’ Self-Censorship Orientation (SCO) and investigated its correlates and outcomes in the context of the intractable Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Stage 1 investigated the factor structure of the scale and its convergent and discriminant validity in a representative sample (N = 499). Findings revealed two negatively related factors representing preferences for self-censorship and for disclosure of information. The factors were distinct from measures of similar constructs and correlated as expected with variables representing conservatism, ingroup commitment and universalistic values. In Stage 2, participants were re-surveyed five months later to establish test-retest reliability and predictive validity. SCO factors assessed at Stage 1 predicted readiness to conceal or reveal information portraying the ingroup’s conduct in the conflict negatively beyond all Stage 1 measures. The SCO scale provides a reliable and valid instrument for future investigations of self-censorship and its individual and societal implications.
Efecto del seguimiento telefónico en la adherencia al tratamiento en los pacientes con falla cardiaca
Authors: Achury Saldaña Diana Marcela , Aponte Luisa Fernanda , Gomez Joahana , Roa Buitrago Nubia
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del seguimiento telefónico en los niveles de adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico en los pacientes que asisten a un programa de falla cardiaca de una institución de cuarto nivel de atención.
Método: Ensayo clínico controlado (n = 61) en el que los pacientes se aleatorizaron a seguimiento telefónico o a seguimiento usual. Para determinar el efecto de la intervención se realizaron tres mediciones de los niveles de adherencia: antes del seguimiento, a los 12 meses y 6 meses después de finalizar el seguimiento. Se utilizaron la prueba de tendencia de Cochrane-Armitage y un análisis multivariado con un modelo logístico mixto de cuantiles.
Resultados: Los pacientes con seguimiento telefónico tuvieron tendencia a clasificarse en niveles de mayor adherencia que los del grupo control (p < 0.0001). En el modelo multivariado se encuentra una asociación entre los puntajes de adherencia y el seguimiento telefónico, que dependen del tiempo, en los percentiles estudiados en la distribución. Hubo mayor adherencia con la intervención de la segunda visita en los cuantiles bajos de la distribución (P10 y P25) y, en la tercera, en los cuantiles más altos (P50, P75 y P90). Variables como sexo masculino (P10 y P25), universitarios (P10 y P90) y presencia de cuidador (P90) estuvieron asociadas con mayores niveles de adherencia.
Conclusiones: El seguimiento telefónico se convierte en una intervención efectiva que promueve la motivación, la autogestión y la comunicación asertiva con el paciente, siempre y cuando se realice de manera estandarizada y a lo largo del tiempo.
Factores demográficos, prácticas sexuales y características del VIH asociados a la percepción de estigma
Authors: Cardona Garzón John Edisson , Correa Torres Dora Patricia , López Mendoza Eliana María , Berbesi Fernández Dedsy Yajaira
Published: July 2018

Introducción: El estigma se considera una marca impuesta por la sociedad para negativamente diferenciar unas personas de otras y ser causa de rechazo, en este caso por ser portadoras de VIH.
Objetivo: Explorar los factores demográficos, las prácticas sexuales y las características de la enfermedad relacionados con la percepción de estigma en un grupo de personas con VIH en la ciudad de Medellín en el 2014.
Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, donde se incluyeron 217 pacientes de Medellín con diagnóstico de VIH para explorar el estigma mediante la escala de Berger, Se realizaron medidas de resumen y frecuencia, regresión logística binaria.
Resultados: La edad promedio fue 39,3 (DE 10,79), predominaron los hombres con un 83,9 %, los solteros 67 %, los homosexuales 51,2 %, 41 % llevan más de cinco años con la enfermedad. El estigma se presenta en un 50,7%, siendo más elevado en los hombres (78,2 %), las mujeres tenían 2,3 veces la probabilidad de percepción de estigma alto con respecto a los hombres (IC 95% 1,12 - 5,26), las personas en la categoría “separado/divorciado/viudo” tenían 2,9 veces la probabilidad de percepción de estigma alto que en la categoría “casado/unión libre” (IC 95% 1,02 - 8,44).
Conclusiones: Se logró explorar la asociación entre percepción de estigma en pacientes con VIH. Se evidencia que ser del sexo femenino presenta una prevalencia alta al estigma por su condición tal como se ha descrito en otros estudios, así como ser “soltero/separado/viudo” se asocia a la percepción de estigma alto.
Práticas de ortotanásia e cuidados paliativos em pacientes com câncer terminal: uma revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Almeida Hélen Rimet Alves de , Melo Cynthia De Freitas
Published: July 2018

Se objetivó investigar la producción científica sobre la práctica de ortotanasia y cuidados paliativos en pacientes con cáncer terminal. Para eso, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura por medio de búsqueda de artículos en el portal de periódicos de la “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (Capes), publicados en portugués, en el intervalo de 2011 a 2016, que presentaban los descriptores: "Ortotanasia" AND "Cáncer" (f = 6); OR "Cuidados Paliativos" AND "Cáncer" (f = 70). Después de la selección por medio de criterios de exclusión, se analizaron 19 artículos. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de la obstinación terapéutica. Por otro lado, refuerzan la importancia del proceso de humanización de la muerte y de la toma de decisión sobre la ortotanasia hecha por profesionales, pacientes y familiares.
Teoria da ação racional e suas características em pesquisas na enfermagem
Authors: De Sousa Mailson Marques , Almeida Taciana de Costa Farias , Andrade Smalyanna Sgren da Costa , Gouveia Bernadete De Lourdes André , Oliveira Simone Helena Dos Santos
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Identificar una producción científica relacionada con el uso de la Teoría de la Acción Racional en las investigaciones del área de Enfermería.
Método: Estudio bibliométrico, realizado con 22 artículos publicados en el período 2006-2016, seleccionados en bases de datos CINAHL y Scopus.
Resultados: Año 2006 para el que mayor número de publicaciones (18,2%). Los Estados Unidos de América se destacaron en el mayor cuantitativo de las investigaciones (36,3%), y en el periódico internacional de estudios de enfermería presentó el mayor factor de impacto, 3.561. Los resultados demostraron hegemonía de las publicaciones en los periódicos internacionales, mostrando una aplicación global del modelo teórico en diversos contextos.
Conclusiones: Se espera el uso de este referencial teórico en las producciones científicas del área, así como en la difusión de su aplicabilidad en el predecir las intenciones y el comportamiento en el contexto de la salud, ayudando a favorecer la promoción de la salud, la prevención de problemas y adhesión terapéutica relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas.
Hemiplegic Syndrome After Chopstick Penetration Injury in the Lateral Soft Palate of a Young Child
Authors: Daudfar Syna , Gorman Codee , Pham John T.
Published: July 2018

Soft palate penetrating injuries have been reported among children, particularly in children falling with objects in their mouth. The authors present a case of a healthy 14-month-old child who fell onto a blunt-ended chopstick, the subsequent cerebrovascular accident, and the role of the osteopathic tenets thereafter. The child had an acute infarction to the region of his right middle cerebral artery secondary to right internal carotid artery occlusion. Physicians should consider the neurologic sequelae of lateral soft palate injuries and damage to the surrounding anatomical structures. A thorough, whole-patient approach to physical examination is critical.
Attendance, engagement and performance in a medical school curriculum: early findings from competency-based progress testing in a new medical school curriculum
Authors: Laird-Fick Heather S. , Solomon David J. , Parker Carol J. , Wang Ling
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Medical students often do not value attending in-person large group sessions. It is also not clear from prior research whether attendance at large group sessions impact on performance in medical school. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between voluntary attendance in large group sessions organized as a “flipped classroom” in a new innovative curriculum and students’ mastery of clinical applications of basic science knowledge.

Methodology

Our students’ ability to apply basic science knowledge to clinical problems is assessed via progress testing using three methodologies: a locally developed multiple-choice examination, written examination developed through the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Customized Assessment Services Program and post encounter questions included in a clinical skills examination. We analyzed the relationship between voluntary attendance at weekly large group “flipped classroom” sessions and the students’ performance on examinations given at four intervals over the initial 24-week module of the medical school curriculum.

Results

Complete data were available for 167 students. A total of 82 students (49.1%) attended all large group sessions, 65 students (38.9%) missed one or two sessions and 20 students (12.0%) missed three or more sessions. There were no difference between the students in the groups on their medical admission (MCAT) examination scores. The growth in performance from each time point until the next was statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in growth between the students who had no absences and those who had one or two absences. Students who missed three or more sessions performed significantly lower than their peers over the 24 week module and were more likely to score one or more standard deviations below the class mean on the assessments.

Conclusions

We found no relationship between attendance and MCAT scores suggesting the differences in performance on the progress tests was not due to initial differences in knowledge or reasoning skills. While the study was not experimental, it suggests large group sessions using a “flipped classroom” approach to provide reinforcement, feedback and practice may be effective for increasing learning and retention in the application of basic science knowledge among first year medical students.
Near‐Infrared Emitting Materials via Harvesting Triplet Excitons: Molecular Design, Properties, and Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Youming , Wang Yafei , Song Jun , Qu Junle , Li Buhong , Zhu Weiguo , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: July 2018

Near‐infrared (NIR) emitting materials have attracted considerable attention because of their potential applications in organic light emitting diodes, bioimaging, military, etc. The research on NIR‐emitting materials and devices is motivated by fundamental and practical application demands. In these developed NIR‐emitting materials, transition metal complexes, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, which can harvest triplet excitons, have exhibited significant potential because their theoretical internal quantum efficiency can reach 100%. Herein, the development of these NIR‐emitting materials of transition metal complexes and TADF molecules is reviewed and, furthermore, a clear outlook for a broad range of applications in many disciplinary areas is provided.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Fluorinated Pyrazolidinones and Isoxazolidines via a Catalyst‐Free 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of β‐Fluoroalkylated α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Pyridylsulfones
Authors: Kou Ying‐Da , Zhao Zhen‐Ni , Yang Xing , Kalita Subarna Jyoti , Chen Xue‐Jian , Xie Zhi‐Zhong , Zhao Yan , Huang Yi‐Yong
Published: July 2018

A highly atom‐economic, regio‐ and stereospecific synthesis of fluorinated pyrazolidinones and isoxazolidines is disclosed under catalyst‐ and additive‐free mild conditions. The diastereoselectivity with different type of 1,3‐dipoles is elucidated by using DFT calculations in CH3CN. Furthermore, a reaction using a chiral azomethine imine, a gram‐scale synthesis, and a reductive desulfonylation are also presented.
Tests for specific nonparametric relations between two distribution functions with applications
Authors: Deshpande JV , Dewan Isha , Lam KF , Naik‐Nimbalkar UV
Published: July 2018

Let (X,Y) be a random vector and let G and H be the marginal distributions of X and Y, respectively. In this paper, we propose two tests, one of Kolmogorov‐Smirnov type and the other of Wilcoxon type, for the null hypothesis Ψ(G) = H against the alternative Ψ(G) < H, where Ψ() is a function such that Ψ(G) is a distribution function. The tests are based on the empirical distribution functions of the observations on X and Y, which are dependent. We obtain their asymptotic null distributions. A suspected relationship between the distribution functions of two dependent outcomes can be specified as a hypothesis to be tested in examples like the load sharing models, record values, and auction bidding models. As an application, we consider in detail the problem of testing the effect of load sharing in two component parallel systems.
Neural activity patterns between different executive tasks are more similar in adulthood than in adolescence
Authors: Moisala Mona , Salmela Viljami , Carlson Synnove , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Lonka Kirsti , Hakkarainen Kai , Alho Kimmo
Published: July 2018

Background

Adolescence is a time of ongoing neural maturation and cognitive development, especially regarding executive functions. In the current study, age‐related differences in the neural correlates of different executive functions were tracked by comparing three age groups consisting of adolescents and young adults.

Methods

Brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from 167 human participants (13‐ to 14‐year‐old middle adolescents, 16‐ to 17‐year‐old late adolescents and 20‐ to 24‐year‐old young adults; 80 female, 87 male) while they performed attention and working memory tasks. The tasks were designed to tap into four putative sub‐processes of executive function: division of attention, inhibition of distractors, working memory, and attention switching.

Results

Behaviorally, our results demonstrated superior task performance in older participants across all task types. When brain activity was examined, young adult participants demonstrated a greater degree of overlap between brain regions recruited by the different executive tasks than adolescent participants. Similarly, functional connectivity between frontoparietal cortical regions was less task specific in the young adult participants than in adolescent participants.

Conclusions

Together, these results demonstrate that the similarity between different executive processes in terms of both neural recruitment and functional connectivity increases with age from middle adolescence to early adulthood, possibly contributing to age‐related behavioral improvements in executive functioning. These developmental changes in brain recruitment may reflect a more homogenous morphological organization between process‐specific neural networks, increased reliance on a more domain‐general network involved in executive processing, or developmental changes in cognitive strategy.
Understanding the evolution of consumer psychology research: A bibliometric and network analysis
Authors: Jia Han , Zhou Shuhua , Allaway Arthur W.
Published: July 2018

Consumer psychology is an interdisciplinary subject that ties together theories and methods from psychology, marketing, advertising, economics, sociology, and anthropology. Since the 1960s, the field of consumer psychology has been the focus of hundreds of research contributions and has emerged as a major research field. However, no study has yet provided a unified perspective on the evolution of the field. This research provides a holistic, quantitative overview of 728 papers in consumer psychology from 1960 to 2016. Utilizing a bibliometric approach and networking methods, it maps out the evolution of the research, provides a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the field, and identifies the key authors and their collaboration networks. Results show that this field has grown dramatically, especially since 2006, with research focusing on psychology, business, and social science, with themes extending to cross culture and gender difference. The findings also indicate that the field of consumer psychology is still developing and many themes remain undeveloped.
Three good deeds and three blessings: The kindness and gratitude interventions with Chinese prisoners
Authors: Yang Ying , Zhao Haiyan , Aidi Ma , Kou Yu
Published: July 2018

Background

Studies have found lower well‐being among prisoners than in the general population. Positive psychological interventions provide fruitful ways of enhancing people's well‐being, but little is known about whether these contribute to prisoners' well‐being.

Aims

To test the effects of two typical positive psychological interventions – kindness and gratitude – on Chinese prisoners' well‐being.

Methods

One hundred and forty‐four participants were randomly assigned to three conditions: kindness or gratitude groups in addition to ‘treatment as usual’ and a control condition of treatment as usual alone, with 48 men in each condition. Participants completed established well‐being measures before and after the 6‐week intervention and a similar period in control conditions.

Results

Both kindness and gratitude interventions significantly increased prisoners' well‐being compared to the control group. The kindness intervention promoted higher well‐being than the gratitude intervention.

Conclusions

Although both kindness and gratitude interventions enhanced prisoners' happiness and mitigated negative affect, the weaker effect of the gratitude condition reflects Chinese strongly communal culture, so further cross‐cultural studies would be of interest. Future research should also include longer term follow‐up and expand the work to include women in prison.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease
Authors: Frogoudaki A. A. , Gatzoulis M. A.
Published: July 2018

The number of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension related to congenital heart disease (PAH‐CHD) seen in specialist centers continues to increase. The extreme end of the spectrum, namely Eisenmenger's syndrome, is further compromised with chronic cyanosis and multiorgan disease, In this review we present the current knowledge on definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity that has great impact on CHD patients’ life.
Selenium Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported CoSe2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Electrochemical Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Zhang Chuanxiang , Fan Rong , Li Jingxiu , Hao Yanan , He Jianping , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas , Xue Jianjun
Published: July 2018

Developing efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) based on non‐precious catalytic centers is critical to improve the efficiency of low temperature fuel cells. Herein, we report on a catalyst containing CoSe2 supported on selenium decorated reduced graphene oxide (CoSe2/Se‐rGO), which was synthesized via a one‐pot solvothermal method using Se‐rGO as support. Importantly, the CoSe2/Se‐rGO showed an enhanced catalytic activity for ORR in alkaline medium with an onset potential of 0.903 V vs. RHE and a half‐wave potential of 0.803 V vs. RHE. Its stability and methanol tolerance ability were significantly improved as compared to 20 wt% Pt/C, respectively. The strategy developed here provided a novel and efficient approach to prepare non‐precious electrocatalysts for ORR.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of Alicapistat, a Selective Inhibitor of Human Calpains 1 and 2 for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: An Overview of Phase 1 Studies
Authors: Lon Hoi‐Kei , Mendonca Nuno , Goss Sandra , Othman Ahmed A. , Locke Charles , Jin Ziyi , Rendenbach‐Mueller Beatrice
Published: July 2018

Alicapistat is an orally active selective inhibitor of calpain 1 and 2 whose overactivation has been linked to Alzheimer disease (AD). Three studies were conducted in healthy subjects (18‐55 years), 1 in healthy elderly subjects (≥65 years), and 1 in patients with mild to moderate AD. Four studies assessed pharmacokinetics, 1 study in healthy subjects assessed pharmacodynamics (sleep parameters, particularly rapid eye movement [REM], as a measure of central nervous system [CNS] penetration and activity), and all studies assessed safety. Participants received single doses or multiple twice‐daily doses of alicapistat for up to 14 days. Maximum alicapistat plasma concentrations were reached in 2 to 5 hours; half‐life was 7 to 12 hours postdose. Alicapistat exposure was dose proportional in the alicapistat 50‐ to 1000‐mg dose range. Exposure of the alicapistat R,S diastereomer was approximately 2‐fold greater than exposure of the R,R diastereomer in healthy young and elderly subjects and patients with AD. Alicapistat at 400‐ or 800‐mg twice‐daily doses had no effect on REM sleep parameters, whereas the active control, donepezil at 10 mg twice daily, affected sleep parameters. Across all trials, the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was similar in the placebo and alicapistat groups. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs and laboratory measurements. The lack of an effect of alicapistat on sleep suggests that concentrations in the CNS were inadequate or that preclinical studies do not predict alicapistat effects in humans.