bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The origins of the welfare state in Portugal: the new frontiers between public and private*
Authors: Halpern Pereira Miriam
Published: November 2005

The period chosen for our study - the first two decades of the twentieth century - is especially relevant for the history of the welfare state in Portugal. It is a period in which we can analyse, at a crucial moment in its history, the change which was then taking place in terms of
attitude of the state and of society towards the welfare state. Before 1910 state social policy had a very limited scope. Even accidents at work were still regulated in accordance with the Civil Code. From 1919 onwards a fully-fledged system of social security began to be set up. Portuguese
social legislation, which up to then had not accompanied the progress made in this area by other European countries, came to the forefront of the movement in a relatively short time, by the side of Germany, the Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom and Spain, and ahead of France. This
progress was not easy and had to face resistance from several quarters.
In search of a new society: an intellectual between modernism and Salazar
Authors: Zúquete José Pedro
Published: November 2005

This article examines the ideological journey taken by the Portuguese intellectual and writer, António Ferro, during his early years. It follows Ferro from his participation in the modernist movement to his adhesion to Salazar’s Estado Novo (New State) as its director of
propaganda. Like so many modernists of his time, Ferro was vocal in his admiration for the dynamism and vitality that epitomized fascism, and called for the creation of a new society that could recreate Portugal. The author analyses the process of Ferro’s inner intellectual evolution,
which led to both the taming of his modernism and his adoption of a more conventional, traditionalist approach to politics and life. However, the author argues that Ferro’s modernist upbringing was never fully buried, and that his desire for a more radical and ‘total’ project
for Portugal was still possible, at least until his appointment as head of propaganda in 1933.
Lysophosphatidic acid affinity chromatography reveals pyruvate kinase as a specific LPA-binding protein
Authors: Desmaret Sophie , Qian Lian , Vanloo Berlinda , Meerschaert Kris , Van Damme Jozef , Grooten Johan , Vandekerckhove Joël , Prestwich Glenn D. , Gettemans Jan
Published: November 2005

Lysophosphatidic acid is a pleiotropic lipid signalingmolecule that evokes a broad array of cellular responses including proliferation, tumor cell invasion, neurite retraction, cytoskeletal rearrangements and smooth muscle contraction. Generally, lysophosphatidic acid triggers physiological responses through interaction with specific plasma membrane receptors called LPA 1–4. There is, however, increasing evidence in support of intracellular proteins that interact with LPA. We employed Affigel-immobilized LPA to isolate cytoplasmic proteins that interact with this lysophospholipid. Among the proteins retained by this affinity matrix, pyruvate kinase, clathrin heavy chain and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were identified by mass spectrometry. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that pyruvate kinase contains onebinding site for LPA (Kaapprox. 106 M-1). Furthermore, LPA dissociates enzymatically active pyruvate-kinase tetramers into less active dimers, and is maximally active at concentrations close to its critical micelle concentration. These effects were not mimicked by other lysophospholipids. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that pyruvate kinase interacts with clathrin, and confocal imaging revealed co-localization between clathrin and pyruvate kinase in the perinuclear region of cells. Our data suggest that pyruvate kinase partly exists in complex with clathrin in subcellular membranous areas, and that locally increased LPA levels can trigger inactivation of the metabolic enzyme.
Mycobacterial Infection in Laboratory-Maintained Atlantic Menhaden
Authors: Stine Cynthia B. , Baya Ana M. , Salierno James D. , Kollner Mary , Kane Andrew S.
Published: November 2005

Mycobacteriosis can be a chronic wasting disease found in many species of fish examined from wild-caught, cultured, and aquarium-reared populations. An Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus with an open ulcer from a wild-caught, laboratory-maintained population was sampled for microbiology. Mycobacterium spp. was recovered from the ulcer and M. fortuitum complex was recovered from the spleen of this fish. Subsequently, 20 additional fish were subsampled from this population to determine the prevalence of the infection. Bacteriology samples were taken from the brain, liver, and kidney. Spleens were homogenized and plated on media enriched for mycobacterial growth, full necropsies were performed, and samples were taken for histology. Bacteriology results showed 100% of the fish in the subsample were infected with mycobacteria. Three species of mycobacteria were isolated from the spleen tissues: M. marinum, M. fortuitum complex, and M. gordonae. Histology results revealed that granulomas, characteristic of mycobacteriosis, were most prevalent in livers but were also found in spleens, posterior kidneys, and hearts. This report adds Atlantic menhaden to the list of species susceptible to mycobacteria.
Estimation of Pathogen Prevalence in Pooled Samples Using Maximum Likelihood Methods and Open-Source Software
Authors: Williams Christopher J. , Moffitt Christine M.
Published: November 2005

We provide the computer program code to estimate pathogen prevalence and calculate confidence intervals for estimates based on maximum likelihood methods for the open-source statistical and graphics package R and a commercially licensed statistical package, the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). We correct a previously published SAS program to allow use of newer versions of the SAS software and provide a second SAS program that will work in either version of SAS. All of the programs allow users to calculate prevalence from any number of pooled samples representing different numbers of individuals, and two of these programs allow users to make estimates from data pools that are entirely test-positive or test-negative.
Identification and First Documentation of Larval Rockfishes in Southeast Alaskan Waters Was Possible Using Mitochondrial Markers but Not Pigmentation Patterns
Authors: Gray Andrew K. , Kendall Arthur W. , Wing Bruce L. , Carls Mark G. , Heifetz Jonathan , Li Zhuozhuo , Gharrett Anthony J.
Published: November 2005

More than 30 species of rockfish (genus Sebastes) occur in Alaskan waters, but their larvae generally cannot be identified by morphology. Consequently, knowledge of life histories is incomplete for this commercially and ecologically valuable taxon, and the locations and habitats of the larvae of specific species have not been determined. We used mitochondrial DNA markers, which now can delineate most Alaskan rockfishes, to identify larvae collected in ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in Southeast Alaskan waters. We report the occurrence of 15 species or species groups. Sebastes zacentrus (sharpchin rockfish), S. proriger (redstripe rockfish), and members of the indistinguishable group S. variegatus (harlequin rockfish)−S. wilsoni (pygmy rockfish)−S. emphaeus (Puget Sound rockfish) were observed every year and in most collections in Chatham Strait and along western Prince of Wales Island. Sebastes zacentrus was abundant only in Chatham Strait; S. auriculatus (brown rockfish) and S. elongatus (greenstriped rockfish) were abundant only along Prince of Wales Island. All of the larvae detected occur in Southeast Alaskan waters as adults. In addition, we investigated whether pigmentation patterns can be used for visual identification. Larvae were divided into groups of similar pigmentation distribution and identified by means of mitochondrial markers. Pigment patterns on preflexion larvae do not appear to offer an effective way of identifying the species. Only the patterns of S. maliger (quillback rockfish) and S. caurinus (copper rockfish) in the subgenus Pteropodus were unique, and those patterns may be diagnostic for that subgenus. Intraspecific variation in pigmentation probably reflects a combination of ontogenetic change and adaptive responses to environmental variation.
PEPA‐1* Genotype Affects Return Rate for Hatchery Steelhead
Authors: Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Hayes Michael C. , Rubin Stephen P. , Wetzel Lisa A. , Baker Bruce M.
Published: November 2005

Allozymes continue to be useful as genetic markers in a variety of studies; however, their utility often hinges on the selective neutrality of the allelic variation. Our study tested for neutrality between the two most common alleles (*100and *110) at the cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase locus (PEPA‐1*) in steelheadOncorhynchus mykissfrom Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Idaho. We tested for differential growth and survival among fish with the *100/100, *100/110, and *110/110genotypes rearing in a hatchery or a natural stream. We repeated the study for two year‐classes, using heterozygous (*100/110) adults to make the experimental crosses. This design avoided differences in family contribution among genotypes because each cross produced all three genotypes. We divided the progeny from each family into two groups. One group was reared in a hatchery for 1 year and then released for migration to the sea and subsequent return to the hatchery as adults. The other group was released into a natural stream and monitored for 3 years. We found no significant differences in size or survival amongPEPA‐1* genotypes for either the naturally reared fish or the hatchery‐reared fish immediately prior to release as smolts. For females, survival to returning adult also was similar among genotypes; however, hatchery‐reared males with the *110/110genotype returned at a higher rate than did males with the *100/100genotype; heterozygous males were intermediate. These results indicate that selection occurs at thePEPA‐1* locus or at one or more loci tightly linked to it. The finding of nearly equal frequencies for these two alleles in the source population suggests that selection differentials among genotypes reverse or vary from year to year; otherwise, steady directional selection would drive the *100allele to low frequencies or extinction. LocusPEPA‐1* seems inappropriate for genetic marks in studies of steelhead that span the full life cycle and probably should be avoided for any portion of the life cycle. Inferences about gene flow and population structure from studies that are substantially influenced byPEPA‐1* allele frequencies might be misleading.
Improvement of Bioenergetics Model Predictions for Fish Undergoing Compensatory Growth
Authors: Whitledge Gregory W. , Bajer Przemyslaw G. , Hayward Robert S.
Published: November 2005

A previous evaluation of a bioenergetics model applied to juvenile hybrid sunfish (F1 hybrid of female green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus × male bluegill L. macrochirus) undergoing compensatory growth (CG) indicated that the model substantially overestimated growth and underestimated cumulative consumption. This result suggested that fish bioenergetics models might not adequately account for physiological shifts that occur during CG. However, we demonstrate that application of a recently developed procedure for correcting consumption‐ and growth‐rate‐dependent systematic errors common among bioenergetics models negates much of the predictive error that had been attributed to the physiological complexities of CG. Correction equations for estimating the model‐relative growth rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed mean daily consumption rate (g · g−1 · d−1) and the consumption rate error (predicted less observed; g · g−1 · d−1) from the observed relative growth rate (g · g−1 · d−1) were derived by applying linear regression analysis to data from individual hybrid sunfish not undergoing CG. These independently generated correction equations significantly improved model predictions of growth and cumulative consumption for three groups of fish undergoing CG at one temperature near their growth optimum. The findings indicate that the high consumption and growth rates characteristic of fish undergoing CG merely amplify the consumption‐ and growth‐rate‐dependent errors inherent in bioenergetics models and that model predictions for fish undergoing CG can be significantly improved through application of the correction procedure.
Seasonal Consumptive Demand and Prey Use by Stocked Saugeyes in Ohio Reservoirs
Authors: Denlinger Jonathan C. Sieber , Hale R. Scott , Stein Roy A.
Published: November 2005

Community structure and species composition may be strongly influenced by predator– prey interactions resulting from and leading to episodes of population abundance or scarcity. We quantified diets of stocked saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus × male sauger S. canadensis) and estimated biomass of their primary prey, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, in three Ohio reservoirs at quarterly intervals during July 2002–July 2003 to determine whether saugeye consumptive demand could exceed the supply of available gizzard shad prey, resulting in a shift to alternative prey. We incorporated water temperature and saugeye diet composition, growth, and mortality into walleye bioenergetics models, which allowed us to compare estimated prey‐specific consumption rates by saugeyes with gizzard shad standing stocks estimated with acoustics. Spring and summer were critical seasons. During spring, gizzard shad biomass was low, saugeye consumptive demand was low, and saugeyes consumed primarily alternative prey. During summer, when age‐0 gizzard shad became available as prey, saugeyes consumed similar proportions of gizzard shad and alternative prey. Saugeye cumulative consumptive demand in summer was high and approached the gizzard shad standing stock. However, during fall and winter, gizzard shad supply was adequate to support high (fall) or declining (winter) saugeye consumptive demand. Across reservoirs and seasons, saugeyes consumed alternative prey to varying degrees, primarily sunfishes Lepomis spp., yellow perch Perca flavescens, logperch Percina caprodes, and minnows Pimephales spp. Seasonal asynchrony between saugeye consumptive demand and gizzard shad biomass during spring and summer indicated that a saugeye population with high survival, growth, and consumptive demand will opportunistically increase use of prey other than gizzard shad. The manner in which saugeye predation quantitatively influences these prey species could not be assessed. However, overexploitation of gizzard shad prey appears to be unlikely at current saugeye population sizes, particularly considering the opportunistic use of alternative prey and the high reproductive potential of gizzard shad.
Synchronous Hermaphroditism and Self‐Fertilization in a Captive Shortnose Sturgeon
Authors: Henne James P. , Ware Kent M. , Wayman William R. , Bakal Robert S. , Horváth Ákos
Published: November 2005

The shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum is a federally listed endangered fish species endemic to the East Coast of North America, where captive fish are cultured for recovery efforts. During routine evaluations of broodfish for spawning potential, a single hermaphroditic shortnose sturgeon was discovered. Motile sperm and approximately 7,600 eggs were manually stripped from the individual simultaneously. Eggs were fertilized with the fish's own sperm (self‐fertilized) and with the sperm of two unrelated males (cross‐fertilized). Both self‐ and cross‐fertilization procedures were successful. Viable fry hatched from 9% of the eggs produced by self‐fertilization and from 2% of those produced by cross‐fertilization. Fry survival through 180 d posthatch was 1% in the self‐fertilization treatment and 11% in the cross‐fertilization treatment. Endoscopic evaluation of gonads confirmed the presence of ovotestes with discrete regions of active testicular and ovarian tissues. The present account provides empirical evidence including gross anatomical and histological photodocumentation that advances knowledge of this rare condition in a fish species threatened with extinction.
The Role of the Hyaluronan Receptor CD44 in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration in the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Zhu Hui , Mitsuhashi Noboru , Klein Andrew , Barsky Lora W. , Weinberg Kenneth , Barr Mark L. , Demetriou Achilles , Wu Gordon D.
Published: November 2005

In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) actively migrated to cardiac allografts and contributed to graft fibrosis and, to a lesser extent, to myocardial regeneration. The cellular/molecular mechanism responsible for MSC migration, however, is poorly understood. This paper examines the role of CD44-hyaluronan interaction in MSC migration, using a rat MSC line Ap8c3 and mouse CD44−/− or CD44+/+ bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation of MSC Ap8c3 cells significantly increased the levels of cell surface CD44 detected by flow cytometry. The CD44 standard isoform was predominantly expressed by Ap8c3 cells, accounting for 90% of the CD44 mRNA determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mouse CD44−/− BMSCs bonded inefficiently to hyaluronic acid (HA), whereas CD44+/+ BMSC and MSC Ap8c3 adhered strongly to HA. Adhesions of MSC Ap8c3 cells to HA were suppressed by anti-CD44 antibody and by CD44 small interfering RNA (siRNA). HA coating of the migration chamber significantly promoted passage of CD44+/+ BMSC or Ap8c3 cells, but not CD44−/− BMSCs, through the insert membranes (p < .01). Migration of MSC Ap8c3 was significantly inhibited by anti-CD44 antibodies (p < .01) and to a lesser extent by CD44 siRNA (p = .05). The data indicate that MSC Ap8c3 cells, in response to PDGF stimulation, express high levels of CD44 standard (CD44s) isoform, which facilitates cell migration through interaction with extracellular HA. Such a migratory mechanism could be critical for recruitment of MSCs into wound sites for the proposition of tissue regeneration, as well as for migration of fibroblast progenitors to allografts in the development of graft fibrosis.
Hematopoiesis from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Overcoming the Immune Barrier in Stem Cell Therapies
Authors: Priddle Helen , Jones D. Rhodri E. , Burridge Paul W. , Patient Roger
Published: November 2005

The multipotency and proliferative capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them a promising source of stem cells for transplant therapies and of vital importance given the shortage in organ donation. Recent studies suggest some immune privilege associated with hESC-derived tissues. However, the adaptability of the immune system makes it unlikely that fully differentiated tissues will permanently evade immune rejection. One promising solution is to induce a state of immune tolerance to a hESC line using tolerogenic hematopoietic cells derived from it. This could provide acceptance of other differentiated tissues from the same line. However, this approach will require efficient multilineage hematopoiesis from hESCs. This review proposes that more efficient differentiation of hESCs to the tolerogenic cell types required is most likely to occur through applying knowledge gained of the ontogeny of complex regulatory signals used by the embryo for definitive hematopoietic development in vivo. Stepwise formation of mesoderm, induction of definitive hematopoietic stem cells, and the application of factors key to their self-renewal may improve in vitro production both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Long-term performance of contaminant barrier systems
Authors: Rowe R. K.
Published: November 2005

This lecture describes the latest findings with respect to the long-term performance of modern municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill barrier systems. Field data relating to the clogging of leachate collection systems and the latest techniques for predicting their performance are examined. It is indicated that the primary leachate collection systems may have service lives that range from less than a decade to more than a century, depending on the design details, waste characteristics and mode of operation. Recent data indicate that landfill liner temperatures can be expected to reach at least 30–40°C for normal landfill operations. With recirculation of leachate the liner temperature increases faster than under normal operating conditions, and may be expected to exceed 40°C. Temperatures (up to 40–60°C) may occur at the base of landfills where there is a significant leachate mound. Temperature is shown to have a significant impact on both contaminant migration and the service life of the liner system. Field measurements and theoretical calculations show that composite liners are substantially better than single liners in terms of controlling leakage from landfills. Also, the leakage rates with a composite liner are very small, and diffusion will dominate as a transport mechanism for contaminants that can readily diffuse through a geomembrane (GM). Composite liners involving a GM over a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) gave rise to substantially less leakage than those involving a compacted clay liner (CCL). The observed leakage through composite liners can be explained by the holes in, or adjacent to, wrinkles/waves in the GM, and this leakage can be calculated using simple equations. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) GMs provide an excellent diffusive barrier to ions. However, some organic compounds readily diffuse through HDPE GMs, and a combination of GM and an adequate thickness of liner and attenuation layer are required to control impact to negligible levels. The long-term performance of HDPE GMs is discussed. Based on the currently available data, the service life for HDPE GM in MSW landfill is estimated to be about 160 years for a primary liner at 35°C and greater than 600 years for a secondary GM provided it is at a temperature of less than 20°C. Clay liners are susceptible to both shrinkage and cracking during construction (due to heating by solar radiation or freezing) and after placement of the waste (due to temperature gradients generated by the waste). The former can be controlled by quickly covering the liner with a suitable protection layer. The latter can be controlled by appropriate design. The use of numerical models for predicting the service lives of engineered systems and long-term contaminant transport is demonstrated.
Limiting cavity depth for spudcan foundations penetrating clay
Authors: Hossain M. S. , Hu Y. , Randolph M. F. , White D. J.
Published: November 2005

Centrifuge model tests and finite element (FE) analysis have been conducted to study the penetration of spudcan foundations in uniform clay with nominally constant strength with depth. In particular, the transition between shallow penetration, with soil heaving to the ground surface, and deep penetration, with a localised flow-round mechanism, has been investigated. This transition governs the onset of back-flow and hence the depth of soil lying on the installed spudcan, which in turn influences the bearing capacity and also the potential for suction to develop and hence the uplift capacity and moment resistance of the foundation. The maximum cavity depth above the spudcan prior to any back-flow is therefore a critical issue for spudcan assessment in clay. In the centrifuge model tests, a half-spudcan model penetrating against a transparent window has been used to visualise the soil flow mechanisms around the spudcan during penetration. The formation of a cavity above the spudcan is revealed by both centrifuge modelling and FE analysis. It is found that there are three distinct penetration mechanisms during spudcan installation: during initial penetration, an open cavity is formed with vertical walls; with further penetration, soil flows partially around the spudcan into the cavity; during deep penetration, the spudcan is fully embedded and the soil flow mechanism is entirely localised. Over the wide range of normalised soil strengths explored, the soil back-flow in the second stage was shown to be due to a flow failure that was triggered by the spudcan penetration and not by wall failure, that is, the collapse of the vertical sides of the soil cavity. This observation is supported by FE analysis. The cavity depth due to flow failure is much shallower than the criterion for wall failure that is incorporated in current design guidelines. Instead, a new design chart and expression is suggested with the normalised cavity depth expressed as a function of the soil shear strength, normalised by the effective unit weight of the soil and the spudcan diameter.
Lundberg-type Bounds for the Joint Distribution of Surplus Immediately Before and at Ruin under a Markov-modulated Risk Model
Authors: Ng Andrew C.Y. , Yang Hailiang
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we consider a Markov-modulated risk model (also called Markovian regime switching insurance risk model). Follow Asmussen (2000, 2003), by using the theory of Markov additive process, an exponential martingale is constructed and Lundberg-type upper bounds for the joint distribution of surplus immediately before and at ruin are obtained. As a natural corollary, bounds for the distribution of the deficit at ruin are obtained. We also present some numerical results to illustrate the tightness of the bound obtained in this paper.
Pricing General Insurance Using Optimal Control Theory
Authors: Emms Paul , Haberman Steven
Published: November 2005

Insurance premiums are calculated using optimal control theory by maximising the terminal wealth of an insurer under a demand law. If the insurer sets a low premium to generate exposure then profits are reduced, whereas a high premium leads to reduced demand. A continuous stochastic model is developed, which generalises the deterministic discrete model of Taylor (1986). An attractive simplification of this model is that existing policyholders should pay the premium rate currently set by the insurer. It is shown that this assumption leads to a bang-bang optimal premium strategy, which cannot be optimal for the insurer in realistic applications.

The model is then modified by introducing an accrued premium rate representing the accumulated premium rates received from existing and new customers. Policyholders pay the premium rate in force at the start of their contract and pay this rate for the duration of the policy. It is shown that, for two demand functions, an optimal premium strategy is well-defined and smooth for certain parameter choices. It is shown for a linear demand function that these strategies yield the optimal dynamic premium if the market average premium is lognormally distributed.
Elasticity of Solids with a Large Concentration of Point Defects
Authors: Greenberg M. , Wachtel E. , Lubomirsky I. , Fleig J. , Maier J.
Published: November 2005

The elastic behavior of solids with a large concentration of interacting point defects has been analyzed. The analysis predicts that, in such solids, mechanical stress may be partially relieved by a shift in the association/dissociation equilibrium of the point defects. Association/dissociation of the point defects in response to an external stress will proceed until the decrease in elastic energy is balanced by the increased chemical energy of the defect distribution. The resulting change in the linear dimensions may be called “chemical strain”, in analogy to the previously studied “chemical stress”. A solid in which chemical strain may develop in response to external stress should exhibit two distinct Young's moduli: relaxed, on a time scale which allows the defects to reach equilibrium; and unrelaxed, on a time scale which is too short for the defect equilibrium to be established. Our analysis suggests that materials exhibiting the chemical‐strain effect are capable of reversible adaptation to external mechanical constraints. Measurements on a self‐supported film of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 strongly support the theoretical predictions.
Microfluidics for Processing Surfaces and Miniaturizing Biological Assays
Authors: Delamarche E. , Juncker D. , Schmid H.
Published: November 2005

This review is an account of our efforts to develop a versatile and flexible microfluidic technology for surface‐processing applications and miniaturizing biological assays. The review is presented in the context of current trends in microfluidic technology and addresses some of the major challenges for confining chemical and biochemical processes on surfaces: the sealing of a microchannel with a surface, the world‐to‐chip interface, the displacement of liquids in small conduits, the sequential delivery of multiple solutions, the accurate patterning of surfaces, the coincident detection of various analytes, and the detection of analytes in a small and dilute sample. Our solutions to these problems include the use of reversible sealing, capillary phenomena for powering and controlling liquid transport, and non‐contact microfluidics for spotting and drawing (on surfaces) with flow conditions. These solutions offer many advantages over conventional techniques for handling minute amounts of liquids and may find applications in lithography, biopatterning (e.g., the patterning of biomolecules), diagnostics, drug discovery, and also cellular assays.
Cover Picture: A Phthalocyanine Clathrate of Cubic Symmetry Containing Interconnected Solvent‐Filled Voids of Nanometer Dimensions (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46/2005)
Authors: McKeown Neil B. , Makhseed Saad , Msayib Kadhum J. , Ooi Li‐Ling , Helliwell Madeleine , Warren John E.
Published: November 2005

A clathrate formed from a zinc phthalocyanine has an unusual crystal structure with exceptionally large solvent‐filled voids (>8 nm3). The “fold‐up cube” in the cover picture shows how six phthalocyanine molecules assemble to form each nanovoid. Solvent molecules, including water, can be exchanged between the voids, while the metal centers embedded in each face offer the potential for catalysis. For more details, see the Communication by N. B. McKeown and co‐workers on page 7546 ff.
Antibacterial and antifungal ferrocene incorporated dithiothione and dithioketone compounds
Authors: Chohan Zahid H.
Published: November 2005

Two antibacterial and antifungal ferrocene incorporated compounds have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. Results show that these compounds have significant activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains and thus introduce a novel class of ferrocene incorporating antibacterial and antifungal compounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building interoperable vocabulary and structures for learning objects
Authors: Qin Jian , Hernández Naybell
Published: November 2005

The structural, functional, and production views on learning objects influence metadata structure and vocabulary. The authors drew on these views and conducted a literature review and in‐depth analysis of 14 learning objects and over 500 components in these learning objects to model the knowledge framework for a learning object ontology. The learning object ontology reported in this article consists of 8 top‐level classes, 28 classes at the second level, and 34 at the third level. Except class Learning object, all other classes have the three properties of preferred term, related term, and synonym. To validate the ontology, we conducted a query log analysis that focused on discovering what terms users have used at both conceptual and word levels. The findings show that the main classes in the ontology are either conceptually or linguistically similar to the top terms in the query log data. The authors built an “Exercise Editor” as an informal experiment to test its adoption ability in authoring tools. The main contribution of this project is in the framework for the learning object domain and the methodology used to develop and validate an ontology.
Operability and early outcome in 100 consecutive laparotomies for peritoneal malignancy
Authors: Moran B J , Mukherjee A , Sexton R
Published: November 2005

Background

Peritoneal malignancy is common at the terminal stages of many intra-abdominal neoplasms. In selected patients a novel approach of complete macroscopic tumour removal by extensive surgical cytoreduction, combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, provides a possibility of cure. Initial experience with 100 consecutive laparotomies is reported.

Methods

Between 1994 and 2002, 218 patients with peritoneal malignancy were referred to a specialized unit. One hundred underwent laparotomy, of whom 85 had a primary appendiceal tumour. Treatment aims were complete macroscopic tumour excision combined with intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Results

Sixty-five patients had complete macroscopic tumour excision, 28 palliative major cytoreduction and seven were inoperable. The overall mortality rate was 8 per cent. The most common complications were pulmonary (25 per cent) and wound (14 per cent) infection. At a median follow-up of 30 (range 3–113) months, 44 of 51 patients with primary appendiceal tumours who had complete macroscopic cytoreduction were alive and 36 were disease free.

Conclusion

Cytoreduction combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an emerging technique with promising results in selected patients with peritoneal malignancy.
Radial nerve contribution to brachialis in the UK Caucasian population: Position is predictable based on surface landmarks
Authors: Blackburn S.C. , Wood C.P.J. , Evans D.J.R. , Watt D.J.
Published: November 2005

The midline of the brachialis muscle is now regarded by many surgeons as an internervous plane, between the musculocutaneous nerve supply to the medial portion and a radial nerve contribution to the lateral portion, a principle applied in anterior approaches to the humerus. The radial nerve to brachialis has been described previously in East Asian specimens (Ip and Chang, 1968, Anat Rec 162:363–371; Mahakkanukrauh and Somsarp, 2002, Clin Anat 15:206–209). We sought to investigate the occurrence and character of this nerve in the UK Caucasian population. Dissection of the musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve was carried out in Caucasian cadaveric arms (n = 42). The radial nerve was dissected from the spiral groove to the lateral epicondyle. Where a branch to brachialis was encountered, its course and level of origin relative to the length of the arm were noted. The musculocutaneous nerve innervated the brachialis in all specimens. Upon investigation 67% of specimens were found to have a radial nerve branch to brachialis. Sixty‐one percent of these branches went straight into the muscle, 13% descended, and 26% recurred. The level of origin of the radial nerve branch to brachialis was at a mean of 23% of the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the acromion (n = 31, range 17–37%, SD = 5.3). In three specimens, two branches were observed. A radial nerve contribution to the innervation of the brachialis was present in 67% of UK Caucasian cadavers, which is less than that noted by others in East Asian specimens. The level of the origin of these branches is predictable based on surface landmarks. This fact may be of use during humeral surgery. Clin. Anat. 20:64–67, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoothing and transporting video in QoS IP networks
Authors: Shuaib Khaled , Lakas Abderrahmane , Sallabi Farag
Published: November 2005

Real‐time traffic such as voice and video, when transported over the Internet, demand stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. The current Internet as of today is still used as a best effort environment with no quality guarantees. An IP‐based Internet that supports different QoS requirements for different applications has been evolving for the past few years. Video streams are bursty in nature due to the instant variability of the video content being encoded. To help mitigate the transport of bursty video streams with minimal loss of information, rate‐adaptive shapers (RASs) are usually being used to reduce the burstiness and therefore help preserve the desired quality. When transporting video over a QoS IP network, each stream is classified under a specific traffic profile to which it must conform, to avoid packet loss and picture quality degradation. In this paper we study, evaluate and propose RASs for the transport of video over a QoS IP network. We utilize the encoding video parameters for choosing the appropriate configuration needed to support the real‐time transport of Variable Bit Rate (VBR) encoded video streams. The performance evaluation of the different RASs is based on the transport of MPEG‐4 video streams encoded as VBR. The performance is studied based on looking at the effect of various parameters associated with the RASs on the effectiveness of smoothing out the burstiness of video and minimizing the probability of packet loss. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data link control protocol for broadband wireless networks with adaptive coding rate
Authors: Chan K. S. , Chan Sammy , Ko K. T.
Published: November 2005

One of the challenges of broadband wireless multimedia networks is to design a wireless data link control (W‐DLC) protocol which provides reliable data delivery over the noisy wireless link in an efficient manner. This paper presents our proposal of such a W‐DLC protocol, based on a new coding scheme called multi‐dimensional concatenated zigzag code. Both real‐time and non‐real‐time traffic can be efficiently supported by adopting different error control mechanisms. A distinct feature of the protocol is that the coding rate can be adapted to a wide range of channel conditions. Hence, our protocol utilizes the scarce wireless channel resources more efficiently. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments
Authors: Walter Magnus W.
Published: November 2005

Monoamine reuptake inhibitors are in clinical use for the treatment of major psychiatric disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of depression. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of ADHD and depression. Compounds that enhance multiple monoamines appear to have synergistic effects and have been used for various indications. This review presents highlights from the literature on monoamine reuptake inhibitors published between 2000 and July 2005. It focuses on novel structure‐activity relationship studies in established classes of monoamine reuptake inhibitors and structurally novel types. Drug Dev. Res. 65:97–118, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine receptors as potential therapeutic targets to treat anxiety and depression
Authors: Raber Jacob
Published: November 2005

Increasing evidence supports a role for histamine in anxiety and depression. In most studies, histamine and stimulation of the histamine H1receptor (H1R) or blockade of the histamine H2receptor (H2R) increase measures of anxiety. In contrast, in most studies histamine reduces depression‐like activity, which might be related to effects of histamine on waking. These effects of histamine on anxiety and depression make histamine receptor ligands attractive therapeutic targets. As most studies assessing the potential of histamine receptor ligands on depression did not exclude potential effects of these ligands on locomotor activity, more studies are warranted to determine the exact role of histamine receptor subtypes in depression. The effects of histamine‐mediated signaling on anxiety and depression should also be considered in assessments of the potential of histamine H3receptor (H3R) ligands for conditions characterized by cognitive impairments as well as noncognitive behavioral impairments. Drug Dev. Res. 65:126–132, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HT2 receptors and anxiety
Authors: Bourin Michel , Nic Dhonnchadha Brid Aine
Published: November 2005

The present overview explores the role of the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes (5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B, and 5HT2C) in anxiety models in animals with clinical consideration for the development of anxiolytic drugs in humans. The anxiolytic activities of the serotonin‐selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug paroxetine or the serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drug venlafaxine, respectively, involve 5‐HT2A receptors and both 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2B receptors. The anxiolytic‐like effects of [(±)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane] (DOI) in the four‐plates test and elevated plus maze test indicate a reduced serotonergic activity in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, implicating these structures in the anxiolytic‐like effects subsequent to 5‐HT2A receptor stimulation. The aim of this report was thus to evaluate further the possible involvement of the specific 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes in anxiety‐related responses by reassessing the effects of well‐known 5‐HT2 receptor agonists and antagonists and comparing them to new unfamiliar molecules. Of greater potential importance is the fact that most 5‐HT2 receptor antagonists tested are non‐selective for the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes, displaying high affinities for 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B and 5‐HT2C sites. Drug Dev. Res. 65:133–140, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mood disorders and their treatment: alterations in the regulation of receptor‐G protein coupling
Authors: Schreiber Gabriel , Avissar Sofia
Published: November 2005

Biochemical research in mood disorders has focused, along the cascade of events involved in signal transduction, from studies at the level monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors to mechanisms beyond receptors. Growing evidence suggests that G proteins may be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders: (1) lithium, other antibipolar and antidepressant treatments affect G protein levels, function, and mRNA levels; (2) differential alterations exist in G proteins measures in peripheral blood elements of patients with mood disorders; (3) alterations in G proteins levels exist in postmortem tissues of patients with mood disorders; and (4) candidate G protein–encoding genes as susceptibility loci for bipolar mood disorder and depression were detected. G protein signal transduction is regulated at a proximal point: following phosphorylation by G protein–coupled receptor kinases, receptors bind to arrestins, uncoupling the receptors from G proteins; at a distal regulatory point, regulators of G protein signaling proteins act primarily as GTPase‐activating proteins. Both regulatory points have been recently found to be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mental disorders. It is to be hoped that an admixture of genomics, proteomics, multi‐marker, large‐scale automated measures, together with the “old” biochemical approaches, will enable the development of an objective biological differential diagnostic system for major mental disorders that will also enable monitoring and predicting response to treatments. Drug Dev. Res. 65:147–155, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase C substrate activators: potential as novel antidepressants
Authors: Sun Miao‐kun , Alkon Daniel L.
Published: November 2005

Depression and mood disorders are major public health concerns. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormal functions of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, ubiquitous in the central nervous system, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of major depression and mood disorders. PKC activity and expression in the brain regions that are involved in mood regulation are reduced in suicide victims and are sensitive to stress‐related damage. PKC isozyme dysfunction may contribute to mood dysfunction, while PKC activators exhibit antidepressant pharmacology. Restoration of PKC activity thus represents an important therapeutic goal in antidepressant therapy. PKC substrate activators, therefore, may have important therapeutic value for the treatment of depression, especially when fine‐tuning of selective isoform activity can be effectively achieved pharmacologically. The success of antidepressant therapy with bryostatin‐1‐like agents that act on PKC signaling cascades depends on whether such agents at their effective doses would significantly disrupt or interfere with other vital functions that rely on a narrow range of PKC activities. Drug Dev. Res. 65:156–169, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Novel Integrated X‐ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Approach for Modelling Mixed‐Metal (Zn, Al) Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
Authors: Lombardo Giuseppe M. , Pappalardo Giuseppe C. , Punzo Francesco , Costantino Ferdinando , Costantino Umberto , Sisani Michele
Published: November 2005

A combination of experimental (XRPD) and computational (MD‐simulation) techniques was used for a detailed study of the structural, dynamic and hydration properties of the ZnAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of formula [Zn0.65Al0.35(OH)2]Cl0.35·yH2O (I) and [Zn0.65Al0.35(OH)2](CO3)0.175·yH2O (II), with y = 0.35 and 0.69, respectively. Our approach was based on a direct comparison made, for the firsttime, between the observed XRPD diffraction pattern and the MD‐simulated pattern of each model that was considered. The XRPD curve is affected (reflection angles and line shapes) by dynamic and structural factors, and the interlayer distribution of the water content. Accordingly, its reproduction through MD modelling is the most suitable means of monitoring these properties of the material. Molecular modelling was performed by MD simulations of models of I and II built up through appropriate modifications of their interlayer total water contents and related distribution. The validated models, namely those that provided the best MD‐simulated pattern of I and II, were then used to determine structures and features which have not been previously determined by conventional diffraction techniques. The calculated XRPD curves were corrected to take into account the “size” broadening effect. The approach provided structural data that matched well those obtained by Rietveld analyses for the usual parameters. Furthermore, the study was original in its capability to detect and thus to discriminate between the different interatomic distances Zn–O, Al–O, Al···Al, Zn···Zn, Zn···Al in the slabs. The MD‐simulated models of I and II provided the best reproduction of the XRPD curves for total water of hydration contents of y = 0.25 and y = 0.69, respectively. In the case of II, a domain with a homogeneous distribution of total water contents predominated. Conversely, in the case of I, a nonhomogeneous distribution featured by two (or multiple) shared crystalline domains having different interlayer water contents was evidenced.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The Mechanism of Magnetic Interaction in Spin‐Ladder Molecular Magnets: A First‐Principles, Bottom‐Up, Theoretical Study of the Magnetism in the Two‐Legged Spin‐Ladder Bis(2‐amino‐5‐nitropyridinium) Tetrabromocuprate Monohydrate (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 23/2005)
Authors: Deumal Mercé , Giorgi Giacomo , Robb Michael A. , Turnbull Mark M. , Landee Christopher P. , Novoa Juan J.
Published: November 2005

The cover picture shows the properties of the antiferromagnetic molecular spin‐ladder built by combining the 5NAP+ diamagnetic cations and the CuBr42− radical anions. The upper left box shows the structure of the two ions, the middle box its magnetic topology (the weakly interacting two‐leg ladders are clearly marked), while the lower box shows the experimental and computed magnetic susceptibility curves. Details are discussed in the article by M. Deumal, J. J. Novoa et al. on p. 4697 ff.
The Mechanism of Semibullvalene Bromination
Authors: Wang Selina C. , Tantillo Dean J.
Published: November 2005

A mechanism for semibullvalene bromination is proposed based on quantum chemical calculations. This mechanism involves concerted bromine addition and cyclopropane ring‐opening to form an allylic cation, without the intermediacy of a bromonium or a cyclopropylcarbinyl cation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)