bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial contamination in imported fish feed to Iraq
Authors: Al-Musawi Muhsin L , Hussein Siham B , Hassan Zainab A. Abdel , Hamd Marwa T , Jasim Riyam I.
Published: September 2021

This study provides insight into the microbial contamination in imported fish feed to Iraq because this contaminated feed may cause a decrease in production of fish and increase mortality resulting economic losses. 125 samples were collected from Iraqi border points; microbiological analysis were down. Bacteriological analysis results identified Gram-negative bacteria (45) isolates at (56.3%) of samples include: E.coli (17) isolates, Acinetobacter spp. (10) isolates, Citrobacter spp. (8) isolates, providencia spp. (6) isolates, Shigella spp. (5) isolates, and proteus spp. (2) isolates but we don’t detected (Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Yersinia spp. and Enterobacter spp. Mycological analysis results shown presence of mycotoxogenic fungi in (51) isolates at (63.8%) of samples include: Aspergillus flavus (16) isolates, Fusarium spp. (12) isolates, Penecillium spp. (10) isolates, Aspergillus niger (7) isolates, Aspergillus fumigates (3) isolates, Alternaria spp. (2) isolates and Rhizopus spp. (1) isolates. Mycotoxin results show total Aflatoxin in (45) samples, T2/HT2 in (56) samples and Ochratoxin A in (37) samples. This study concluded presence of microbial contamination in some tested samples, therefore, it must be assessed the microbiological tests of imported fish feed by responsible authorities to ensure its safety.
Gas-sensing performance enhancement in ZnS/polymer films by homogenous morphology surface
Authors: Badran Hussain Ali , Alfahed Fakher R. K. , Abbas Abu Talib Y , Mghames Aqeel L.
Published: September 2021

The ZnS/polymer films have been successfully prepared by casting technique with different thickness (10,12,13.5 and 14 ) and to carry out a comprehensive study of their gas detection performance. All the different ZnS polymer films thickness demonstrates excellent selectivity and accuracy and stability. ZnS- doped PMMA films show higher sensitivity to ethanol vapors. Further, the films show fast response and recovery to methanol and methanol vapors at higher operating temperatures. The methanol-ethanol sensing mechanism of the film has been explained.
A study effecting of the Power settings for Holmium - YAG laser on lithotripsy time Intra corporeal
Authors: Nazal Ferial. Y. , Al Husseini Hussein , Akal Hazim R.
Published: September 2021

Among the many devices for lithotripsy inside the body, the lithotripsy device using the Holmium-YAG laser has evolved into the widely used tool for treating urinary tract stones. Purpose: The aim of this research is to show the effect of parameters for Ho-YAG laser (2100 nm) on fragmentation time Intra Corporeal and stone composition for stone disease through is to investigating of stone composition and setting pulsed holmium laser energy with calculating time period for crushing stone. Patients & Methods: from the period of March 2020 to august. 2020 a 63 patient were selected to include in this study (outcome of surgery for lithotripsy ureteral stone below 17 mm by laser) has been 10-85 years for male and female collected from the Hussein Teaching hospital department of urology. using Ho- YAG laser irradiation wave length 2.12 μw interaction absorption coefficient (30 cm-1) at maximum output power 0.5-1.2J for width of the laser pulse is 350 microseconds in an optical fiber with a diameter of 272-550 microns with an energy of 0.8 - 1.2 joules at 6-10 hertz. The samples obtained were selection collections of fragments retrieved following lithotripsy. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical compositions of urinary stones that had been removed, Use infrared spectroscopy Within the range (400-4000) cm-1 using a (Bruker FTIR - Spectrometer) device. Results: This study show mean stone size below 14 mm was (2.758±0.919) mm for First group of 21 stones of the same composition ( oxalate calcium ) with pulse energies of o.8, 1.2 and 1.2 J with repetition rate was 6, 8 and 10 HZ respectively for ureteric stone which included 12 male 57.14 % with 9 female 42.85 %. second groups of 21 stones of the same composition (Uric acid) with pulse energies of o.8, 1.2 and 1.2 J with repetition rate was 6, 8 and 10 Hz respectively for ureteric stone below 17 mm which comprised 13 male 61.9 % with 8 female 38.09 % Third group of 21 stones of the same composition (Struvite Stones) with pulse energies of o.8, 1.2 and 1.2 J with repetition rate was 6, 8 and 10 HZ respectively for ureteric stone below 16 mm which included 11 male 52.3 % with 10 female 47.61 % Conclusion: That Ho-YAG Laser lithotripsy of ureteral stones is an excellent treatment method, which is related to the period of time required for fragmentation with the type of stones and the different laser settings used.
Spectroscopic Study for Effect of Heating Temperatures on the Black Seed Oil
Authors: Abd Nawras k. , Chiad Bahaa T.
Published: September 2021

The existing investigation explains the effect of temperature on black seed oil, what are the changes that occur to the oil when it is heated to a temperature higher than (100 C°), and what is the effect of that change on human health when using this oil.it was heated to several temperatures ranging from (30 C°) to (150 C°). The absorbance of the samples was measured before and after heating using the UFI device. The intensity was also measured by irradiating each sample using a red laser. It has been found that when the oil is heated to a temperature higher than 100 C°, a change occurs in the composition of the oil with a change in its physical properties such as color, smell, taste … etc. and the formation of another compound, and the new compound may be toxic.
Enhancement The Properties of Aluminum by Adding Boron Carbide by the Powder method
Authors: Ibraheem Ahmed M. , Allah Sabah Mahmoud Aman , Darweesh Salih Y.
Published: September 2021

Powder technology can be used in many different applications that require strength in durability and lightness in weight such as aircraft parts and internal combustion engines, the current work includes this technology to produce models from a mineral base of (Al) aluminum and reinforced with Al2O3with a fixed rate of 5%, and with different proportions of boron carbide. B4C is (0,5,10,15,20) %. The preparation process was done by mixing the powders for three consecutive times (2,4,6) hours using of a homemade mill containing steel powder and steel balls, a hydraulic press was used for the purpose of the formation of samples at a pressure of (100 bar) and for a time of one minute, and the sintering process was carried out at 560°C and for a time of two hours by means of an English furnace of origin. Included (true density and porosity), the results showed that the X-ray diffraction between the identity of the materials used is clearly observed, noting that the intensity of the phases increases with each grinding time and that the true density decreases with the increase of the support ratios while the real porosity is the one that increases with Each increase in cementing ratios, as for the hardness, was increased with the increase in cementing ratios, and it was thus found that the best grinding time gave good physical, mechanical and structural properties was six hours, and the best reinforcement percentage wear 20% B4C when sintering at 560°C.
Use of Bees Colony algorithm to allocate and improve reliability of complex network
Authors: Abdullah Ghazi , Hassan Zahir Abdul Haddi
Published: September 2021

The allocation of reliability and optimization for each part of the complex system has been determined in this paper, in order to solve the problem of allocation and to improve network stability we will use Bees Colony Optimization (BCO). The three cost functions are also introduced (exponential behavior with feasibility factor model, exponential behavior model and logarithmic model). After solving the allocation problem. The aim of this paper is to compare the effects of the three cost functions using Bees Colony algorithm in terms of reliability allocation and optimization to determine which is more efficient.
A modified technique to compute the minimal path sets for the reliability of complex network
Authors: Abd Alsharify Fouad Hamza , Mudhar Ghufran Aziz , Haddi Hassan Zahir Abdul
Published: September 2021

Consider a complex network whose components either work or fail, there probabilities are known. Our paper study two methods for the exact computation of the reliability network, the first one is a decomposition method which may be used even after the community can go through no further modular decomposition, is based on a partition the vertices of network into sets that can be analyzed them sequentially. This method involves choosing one component as a key and then calculate the reliability network twice the first when the key work and the other if the key failed. These two probabilities are then combined to obtain the reliability network. The second method is inclusion-exclusion method which is one of the earliest techniques to compute complex network reliability expressions using the probability laws. We get the same polynomial by using two methods. In both methods, we need to calculate all of the minimum paths so we calculated them by use the adjacency matrix.
The maximum order statistic of doubly truncated Inverted Gamma distribution
Authors: Abid Salah H. , Kadhim Fadhl J.
Published: September 2021

Dealing with phenomena is developing rapidly as a result of the evaluation of the phenomena themselves. Some phenomena benefit us from the maximum values within a certain period as a variable, for example the highest electricity load, the largest stretch of the beach, the longest period of a specific disease in the patient’s body and so on. In this paper, we present the distribution of Maximum order statistic from doubly truncated Inverted Gamma distribution (MOSDTIGD). The rth raw moments function form derives for new density. Stress-strength reliability, Shannon and relative entropies have also been discussed.
A compact Fourth-Order Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta Type Method for Solving Diffusive Lotka–Volterra System
Authors: Sabawi Younis A. , Pirdawood Mardan A. , Sadeeq Mohammed I.
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to developed a high-order and accurate method for the solution of one-dimensional Lotka-Volterra-diffusion with Numman boundary conditions. A fourth-order compact finite difference scheme for spatial part combined with implicit-explicit Runge Kutta scheme in temporal are proposed. Furthermore, boundary points are discretized by using a compact finite difference scheme in terms of fourth order accuracy. A key idea for proposed scheme is to take full advantage of method of line (MOL), this is consequently enabling us to use implicit-explicit Runge Kutta method, that are of fourth order in time. We constructed fourth order accuracy in both space and time and is unconditionally stable. This is consequently leading to a reduction in the computational cost of the scheme. Numerical experiments show that the combination of the compact finite difference with IMEX- RK methods give an accurate and reliable for solving the Lotka-Volterra-diffusion.
£-Smarandache Pseudo Fresh and fantastic Fuzzy Ideal of a pseudo BH –algebra.
Authors: Atshan Falah Mahdi , Mshachal J.K. , Majdi A.Q.
Published: September 2021

This paper introduces the idea of £-Smarandache pseudo fuzzy ideal of a pseudo BH–algebra. Some suggestions and examples are given to comprehend the features of this idea and to decide the connected aspects among them with the £-Smarandache pseudo ideal of a pseudo BH–algebra.
Secret Keys Extraction Using Light Weight Schemes for Data Ciphering
Authors: Hussein Sahar Najah , Al-Alak Saif Mahmood
Published: September 2021

One of the most essential methods used to provide security services is encryption. One key is used for encoding in symmetric encryption. The symmetric encryption depends on the encryption block, switching, and replacing. Therefore, it is a problem if the received secret keys from protocols are frequents in some states or they have less randomness. In this paper, a Light Weight Multiple Key Generating (LWM) is proposed to generate the secret keys which are using Light Weight Schemes (LWS). In this work, six experiments are implemented. Three LWA are utilized, which are Xtea, RC5, and Tea algorithms. The SHA2 hash function is used to merge the chains. The diehard test is used in all experiments to determine the randomness of the secret key produced. The entropy is a measure of the uncertainty of a random variable.
Using Unique Node ID TO Control IPv6 ID Spoofing
Authors: Ali Maytham Hakim , Al-Alak Saif
Published: September 2021

Intemet Protocol (IP) has a resent version knowns as (IPv6). Computers on networks could be located and identified via IP. Meanwhile, by monitoring the routing data traffic across internet. Protecting an Identity of IPV6 Packet against ID Spoofing Based on Cryptographic and Steganography techniques are proposed. One of the most considered point is the reliable communication by using security side especially in IPv6 network applications. The faced problems in general cases are DoS attack, IP-Spoofing, and commonly passive attacks types. In this paper an approach is suggested depending on generate an unique identity for each node randomly. In this work, nine experiments are implemented, which are the proposed method based on generate ipv6 address, which is passed to the chaotic logistic map and RSA function with SHA 2. The results show the proposed system provides high randomness for generated ID, and it hides identity of node inside packet.
Study on the optical and structure properties of TiO2 for different thickness prepared by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Abdullah Muhaj T. , Dagher Hala F. , Abd Ahmed N.
Published: September 2021

Thin films TiO2 prepared by thermal pyrolysis technique were examined for different thickness (75 to 375 step 75 nm). The results showed that the best transfer was 75 nm (89%), the allowable direct transfer calculation is equal to (3.4- 3.68 eV).
Enhancing Photovoltaic Performance of Porous Silicon Solar Cells with Al2O3 Nanoparticles prepared by electrolysis method
Authors: Khalifa M.J. , Jaduaa Alzubaidy Muneer H. , Abd Ahmed N.
Published: September 2021

In this work nanocrystalline porous silicon (PSi) prepared by electrochemical etching of p type silicon wafers. PSi is characterised by means of XRD, FTIR and AFM. Crystallites length become expected with the aid of X-Ray diffraction. Atomic Force microscopy confirmed the nanometric size. Colloidal Al2O3 nanoparticles prepared via electrolysis method and deposited using drop-casting method as a thin film. The structural, morphological, optical homes of Al2O3 NPs were investigated. The effect of Al2O3 NPs diffusion at the holes of PSi sun mobile have stated which exhibits an improvement in (Ag/Al2O3/PSi/Si/Al) solar cell performance.
Nonlinear characterization and optical switching of Acid red 27 dye
Authors: Jawad Amenah Jamal , Salman Qussay Mohammed , Jassim Jassim Mohammed
Published: September 2021

In this paper the linear and nonlinear optical properties(n2, β), also switching behavior of Acid Red 27 by Z-scan technique is used to study the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction behavior of the organic dye Acid Red of laser at 532 nm with 5.26 mW, Where the value of the nonlinear absorption coefficient of the highest concentration 10-4 is 1.558*10-3(cm/W) and the value of the nonlinear refractive index was of the highest concentration 10-4 is 8.362*10-7 (cm2/W )and. The results show the behavior of Acid Red 27 is saturable also the dye have negative refractive index (self -defocusing)for all concentration studied according to the nonlinear results the behavior of optical switch have been studied by using laser at 532 nm as a pump and 632.8 nm as a prop, where it is observed that the amplitude of prop laser decreases with increasing modulation frequency. The effect of intensity and concentration on the number of diffraction rings was also studied, the results show the number of ring increased with increasing intensity of laser and concentration of dye.
Investigation of a dynamically positioned floating offshore wind turbine concept
Authors: Alwan R , Babarit A , Gilloteaux J C
Published: September 2021

The dynamically positioned wind turbine concept consists of a floating platform equipped with a wind turbine and propellers. In contrast to a conventional floating offshore wind turbine, it has no moorings. Instead, the propellers are used to keep the wind turbine stationary. It may also be equipped with an on-board energy storage system (e.g. batteries, hydrogen, etc.) to avoid grid-connection. This concept is well suited for deployment in the far-offshore, where grid-connection and installation operations are challenging.

As the propellers which are used to control the position of the wind turbine require power supply, the aim of this study is to investigate whether and in what conditions there can be a positive net power production. To this end, we have developed a velocity and power prediction program (VPPP) to estimate the power consumed by the propellers and the power generated by the wind turbine, as a function of wind conditions, and design parameters (e.g. diameter of the wind turbine and characteristics of the propellers rotors). The VPPP is based on Newton’s first law of motion. The forces applied on the system are: the wind turbine thrust, the mean wave drift, and the propellers thrust.

Inspired by an existing floating offshore wind concept, an example design has been developed. The diameter of the wind turbine’s rotor is 78 m. Its rated power is 2 MW. The wind turbine is mounted on a 40 m square barge. The diameter of the propellers’ rotor is 6 m. Using the VPPP, the power performance of this example design has been investigated as function of wind conditions. The maximum generated power is 0.89 MW. It is obtained for a true wind speed of 13.4 m/s. If deployed in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, this design could achieve a capacity factor of 15%, which is low in comparison to the 70% capacity factor which would be achieved by a moored floating offshore wind turbine if deployed at the same location.
Verification of interface between an aeroelastic code and a time domain Rankine solver for completing structural analysis of floating wind turbine foundation design
Authors: Bakhshandehrostami Ali , Han Kai-Jia , Parkinson Steven , Alblas Laurens , Collier William , Sun Flora C.W.
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to verify a new interface between an aeroelastic code, Bladed, and a 3D potential flow solver, Sesam’s Wasim. The interface is developed to transfer floater kinematics and sea state from a fully-coupled time domain simulation of a floating wind turbine into a 3D time domain potential flow solver to compute a time history of the pressure distribution on the foundation, and at the same time transfer the loads of wind turbine and mooring forces calculated in the coupled analysis. The pressure distribution, together with the other loads, can then be used for performing the structural analysis and post-processing of the floater. The functionality of the interface has been verified with various test cases. The verification study shows that the interface works properly.
Reliability of an offshore wind turbine with an uncertain S-N curve
Authors: Drexler Sebastian , Muskulus Michael
Published: September 2021

Probabilistic methods in wind turbine design are becoming more important in order to achieve a higher and more economic utilization of the structural resources. A design is thereby evaluated through its reliability by taking uncertainties into account. The influence of uncertainties emerging specifically within the fatigue limit state can be essential on a structure’s reliability. For that reason, this study investigates two different sources for uncertainties within probabilistic fatigue design. The influence of a reduced approach, where the random behavior of a structural failure is only represented through an uncertain critical Miner sum, is compared to an approach, where also the S-N curve is subjected to uncertainties. For this, an offshore wind turbine with monopile support structure is investigated. The reliability analysis is performed through crude Monte Carlo simulations which utilize a Gaussian Process regression model in order to determine the wind turbine’s structural response. The results show that both sources of uncertainties, the critical Miner sum and the S-N curve, contribute differently to the overall reliability. Uncertainties of the critical Miner sum have a rather small influence, whereas the implementation of an uncertain S-N curve leads to a noticeable increase of the reliability.
Identification of wave drift force QTFs for the INO WINDMOOR floating wind turbine based on model test data and comparison with potential flow predictions
Authors: Fonseca Nuno , Thys Maxime , Berthelsen Petter Andreas
Published: September 2021

The paper presents a comparison between empirical and numerical quadratic transfer functions (QTFs) of the horizontal wave drift loads on the INO WINDMOOR floating wind turbine. The empirical QTFs are determined from cross bi-spectral analysis of model test data obtained in an ocean basin. Validation of the identified QTF is provided by comparing low frequency motions reconstructed from the empirical QTF with measurements. The numerical QTFs are calculated by a panel code that solves the wave-structure potential flow problem up to the second order. Systematic comparisons between numerical and empirical QTFs allows identification of tendencies of empirical QTFs and limitations of the second order potential flow predictions. The study is limited to hydrodynamic loads from waves only, i.e. without current. For small seastates, the results indicate that the second order potential flow predictions of the surge QTFs agree quite well with the wave drift coefficients identified empirically from the model test data. For moderate and high seastates, second order predictions underestimate the surge wave drift coefficients for all compared diagonals of the QTFs. The discrepancies between predictions and empirical coefficients are not small, especially at the lower frequency range (below around 0.10 Hz) where the potential flow wave drift forces tend to zero.
OC6 semisubmersible response to waves in offset positions caused by constant thrust loads
Authors: Gueydon Sébastien , Bayati Ilmas , Ridder Erik-Jan de
Published: September 2021

In 2019, a semisubmersible floating wind foundation was tested in the Concept Basin of MARIN in waves and under several levels of constant thrust. This paper compares the motion of the floater and the tensions in its mooring lines in waves under different levels of thrust. The end goal of this work is to present experimental results of the response of a floating wind turbine semisubmersible under the combined effects of waves and constant thrust. As these new experiments were focused on the hydrodynamic response of the floater in its offset position, their results represent reference data for the validation of numerical tools that account for this offset in the calculation of the hydrodynamic loading and response.
Verification of SIMPACK-MoorDyn coupling using 15 MW IEA-Wind reference models Activefloat and WindCrete
Authors: Mahfouz M Y , Roser T , Cheng P W
Published: September 2021

The modelling of mooring lines and their behaviour is essential for the research and development of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs). Mooring lines’ dynamics impact the platform motions and hence the loads on the turbine’s blades. Therefore, coupling the mooring lines’ dynamics in the aero-hydro-servo-elastic models is a necessity. In this paper we couple Moordyn to SIMPACK which is a multibody system simulation software. Afterwards, we verify the coupling by comparing the results to OpenFAST v2.1. The IEA Wind 15 MW reference wind turbine coupled to Activefloat and WindCrete floaters, introduced in COREWIND project, are used for the verification process. The two floaters have two different mooring configurations; WindCrete is a spar floater with a symmetric delta shape catenary mooring line system, while Activefloat is a semi-submersible with simple catenary mooring configurations. During the verification, both steady and dynamic load cases are used for the responses of two mooring systems. After the verification, the coupling procedure is open access and can be used to model new innovations in FOWTs using SIMPACK benefiting from the tool’s flexibility.
Assessment of mooring configurations for the IEA 15MW floating offshore wind turbine
Authors: Pan Qi , Mahfouz Mohammad Youssef , Lemmer Frank
Published: September 2021

To achieve cost-effective deployment of floating offshore wind farms, it is necessary to reduce mooring costs of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs). Beyond the cost, in terms of environmental impact, the seabed disrupted area due to mooring lines should be mitigated with care. The objective of this paper is to shed light on design parameters for cost- effective and low-footprint mooring configurations for FOWTs using coupled dynamic analyses. A design space is explored for mooring configurations with different pretension ratios, laid down length ratios and clump weight sizes. Ultimate and fatigue load cases are simulated in OpenFast to compute the floater motions, mooring line tensions and fatigue damage. With constant pretension ratio of 0.15 and adding clump weights of 40t, mooring line length, mooring footprint and peak tension can be reduced by 14%, 15% and 9% respectively, while maximum surge and fatigue damage increase by 25% and 12% respectively. This paper will serve as a basis for further work on mooring design in the EU H2020 funded project COREWIND and provide a practical reference for the mooring system design for FOWTs.
Suspended cable model for layout optimisation purposes in floating offshore wind farms
Authors: Rapha J I , Domínguez J L
Published: September 2021

The cable layout optimisation for floating offshore wind farms is a complex task due to the number of elements involved and their nature, such as dynamic cables with buoyant sections. The first step is defining a model of the suspended cables that connect wind turbines between them or to cables on the seabed (risers). A lumped mass model and the finite element method are used to find the static position and mechanical stresses of the cables, keeping a balance between computational time and the quality of the results. The model allows the inclusion of standard ancillary equipment such as bend stiffeners, buoyancy modules, clamps and tethers in order to simulate multiple configurations: double hanging, single hanging (catenary), lazy wave, steep wave and tethered wave. The external actions considered are marine growth and currents and the main cable properties are taken into account to calculate its weight, buoyancy, tensions, moments and drag forces. The information obtained after the simulation includes cable tensions, curvature, laid and suspended lengths and tether tension, when applicable. Next steps include the optimisation of the suspended cables and the full network in the farm.
Impact of vessel logistics on floating wind farm availability
Authors: Trueba Virginia , Rodríguez-Luis Álvaro , Fernández-Ruano Sergio , Guanche Raul
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a study of the impact of the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) vessel logistics over the power availability of an Offshore Wind Farm. In particular, the vessel size and availability are considered. The study is performed with a life-span simulator, based on historical metocean data, walk-to-walk characterization based on a frequency domain hydrodynamic modelling of multibody systems, wind farm fault simulator (based on a catalogue of more than 1800 faults) and an algorithm to reproduce the O&M intelligence (i.e. sea transportation, workability, among others). The frequency domain model is applied on an hourly basis considering the specific significant wave height, peak period, peak enhancement factor, mean heading, directional spreading, and a wave-by-wave strategy is used to find if personnel transfer and workability criteria are met. The WindFloat Atlantic wind farm, located off the coast of Viana do Castello (Portugal), was chosen together with the TRL+ project semi-submersible platform and the 10MW turbine as a reference case. Different vessel logistics options are compared, including full vessel availability and several options of waiting times. The power availability changes among the different cases of study could be compared with the cost changes, optimizing the LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) of the wind farm. The presented study is a valuable example of the potential of the proposed O&M simulation model as an optimization tool.
Design of die adjustment component vector decomposition method for metal screw forming
Authors: Wen C C , Chiu C H
Published: September 2021

This research focuses on the punch case adjustment vector decomposition problem of metal screw forming machines that occurred frequently in fastener manufacturing. The dimension component vectors of screw forming center axial line misalign for die adjustment were often decided by human experience currently and the adjusted results were not always be satisfied. It is a difficult problem to analyze the punch die adjust component vector from screw specific shape measurement information. This research integrates rotation axial optical measurement instrument and die adjustment mechanical specification information of forming machine then using the proposed sampling process so that the adjustment component vectors with respect to the punch case can be decomposed. The result of this research provides the adjustment guidance that includes main items of misalignment component vector. A practical verification is also demonstrated in this paper by using a type of screw forming machine for showing the feasibility of the designed die adjustment method.
Fuzzy tree classification system for fault diagnosis on Ion implanter
Authors: Horng S C , Lin Y L
Published: September 2021

Ion implanter is critical to modern integrated-circuit (IC) manufacturing. Ion implanter requires a long process due to low acceleration and high concentration process, which results in low productivity and becomes a bottleneck in the semiconductor fabrication. Furthermore, the wafer is not re-workable if existing error operation either caused by the operator or the machine. Therefore, it is important to develop a real-time fault detection system to minimize the probable down time of the ion implanter. In this work, a real-time fault detection system, which is based on the Fuzzy Tree Classification Systems (FTCS), is proposed to monitor the operation of the Eaton NV6200A/AV ion implanter. Two datasets, the 26-recipe and the 42- recipe cases, provided by a renowned wafer foundry in Taiwan were used to test the performance of the proposed FTCS. The datasets were obtained through the SECS-II interface. Test results demonstrate that the proposed FTCS can work real-time for fault detection of the Eaton NV6200A/AV ion implanter.
Robust optimum design of maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic power generation systems
Authors: Wu R C , Wang J L , Lee H Y , Guo J J , Chang E C
Published: September 2021

The photovoltaic array’s power-voltage curve usually appears multiple peaks in the presence of partial occlusion and fault conditions, and the habitual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is not easy to discover the MPP of the global space, thus falling into the local range, which extremely decreases the efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation system. In this paper, a robust optimum design technology employing an enhanced terminal attractor (ETA) and a monkey-king genetic algorithm (MKGA) are put forward. The proposed technology can be adopted for the maximum power point tracker of the photovoltaic power generation system, therefore yielding fast limited-time convergence and global extremum. The proposed photovoltaic power generation system is also implemented on the basis of Texas Instruments digital signal processor, to achieve the improvement of the tracking speed and good performance in the transient as well as steady-state. Simulation and experimental results have been provided to demonstrate the virtue of the proposed technology.
Study on pre-acceleration characteristics of servo motor applied on stamping die cushion
Authors: Fann K J , Peng B H
Published: September 2021

In this study, a servo motor controller having only the mutually exclusive switching function between velocity and force control is used to set up a servo mechanical die cushion to explore the technology of force control that can enable the cushion to obtain the pre-acceleration function. Under different torque settings of the servo motor, the final velocity and the travel stroke of the die cushion for a certain time duration have been investigated for each response surface. A design scheme to determine the setting parameters for the pre-acceleration of the die cushion, such as the torque and the time duration, in which its both response surfaces of the velocity and the stroke are used, is thus proposed and verified by examples. The results show that the design scheme is indeed feasible and would be available for corresponding technicians’ reference.
A design of flyback switched-mode power supply with softswitching using the UC3842 controller
Authors: Huang C W , Liang J M , Hsu W T , Yang C C
Published: September 2021

The flyback switched-mode power supply is widely used in various electrical equipments due to its high efficiency and small size. This article is used UC3842 as the core control chip to design a flyback switched-mode power supply. The design includes the input of 36∼48V and an output of 12V and introduces a soft-switching design. The trigger signal of the next cycle arrives after the switching voltage drops to zero and realizes zero voltage switching (ZVS) to reduce switching losses. At the same time, single-ended flyback switching circuits, feedback circuits, and RCD clamp circuits are designed. The simulation result is shown the accuracy for the output voltage is within 1.08%, as well as the ripple factor is below 0.011%.
A novel string-bead EDM mechanism for dressing of the conformal cooling channel fabricated by the SLM-additive manufacture
Authors: Hsue Albert W J , Pan Y D , Lu L W
Published: September 2021

The conformal cooling channel (CCC) fabricated by the SLM method is a unique technology contributed to plastic molds by additive manufacture technology (AM). This paper proposes a novel electrical discharge machining (EDM) mechanism to trim the surface of the inner channel made of the selective laser melting (SLM -AM) and assembles a new string-bead tool, a guide-wheel set, a wire tension adjustment mechanism, and innovative electrode design. The experiments verify the EDM machinability and stability of the driving mechanism in the channel and investigate the feasible EDM parameters. As a result, this method can completely dress a 30mm straight channel with a diameter expansion of about 10%. This mechanism effectively trims the contour into a flat and even smooth tube and the taper to 38/30000, from the entrance to the exit. After EDM dressing, the surface roughness is reduced from the original 15-26 μm to 5.9 μm Ra. But some sort of bamboo-nuts overcutting occurred around the apex, due to the string tension and stumbling of tool electrode motion.
Process design and finite element analysis of multi-station two-roller cassette hot rolling for aluminum alloy 6061 wire
Authors: Ho C J , Yu C H , Kao C Y , Sheu J J
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a round-oval-round roller cassette wire rolling process of the aluminum alloy 6061 was studied for the process and the roller design evaluation. The elliptic groove of roller was designed for the stand of oval cross-sectional profiles. The billet diameter for this 10- stand rolling process simulation is 20mm. The diameters for the round cross-section profile stands are 16mm,12.8mm,10.2mm,8.2mm, and 6mm, respectively. The forming conditions for the CAE simulation is 400 °C for billet temperature, 0.45 for the constant shear friction factor, 20mm/s for the initial rolling speed. The CAE (Computer Aided Engineering, CAE) results had shown the maximum dimension deviation of the billet is less than 0.25 mm at the location of the roller gap and almost perfect match at the other locations. The maximum principal stress distribution on the cross section had shown a two third area was deformed under the rolling process. The CAE results had demonstrated the proposed process and die design was able to make the smaller wire with good geometrical accuracy without breaking the wire during the rolling process because of the more uniform stress distribution at the cross section of wire.
A novel automated guided vehicle for guidance applications
Authors: Lai Y L , Lai Y K , Lan L C , Zheng C Y , Chen S C , Tseng L W
Published: September 2021

In recent years, as a result of the significant development of information and communications technology, people have been paying much attention to automated guided vehicles (AGVs). In the ongoing global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospital services have been seriously impacted. In the severe medical situation in hospitals, there is a serious shortage of human resources. This paper presents a novel automated guided vehicle (AGV) for guidance and service. The AGV is comprised of a microcontroller unit (MCU), a power unit, a human sensing unit, a collision warning unit, and a path sensing unit. The motion speed of the AGV and the distance between the AGV and the person being guided are determined by the MCU, the power unit, sensors, and an algorithm. The collision warning unit comprises three ultrasonic sensors and an infrared sensor in the front of the AGV in order to avoid obstacles. The trajectory results of the planned and actual paths are in good agreement. The AGV provides safe and effective guidance for people moving towards their destination. The AGV achieves excellent guidance results and shows great potential for guidance applications in hospitals.
Vision system based on deep learning for product inspection in casting manufacturing: pump impeller images
Authors: Taweelerd S , Chang C C , Tzou G Y
Published: September 2021

Products inspection is important issues in casting manufacture, because it is the final process before sending products to customers. To prevent a mistake from human operating error, vision systems are widely applied into this process nowadays. However, these systems still have some disadvantages which are sensitive to lightning and setup conditions. In this paper, the proposed approach for products inspection of submersible pump impeller images by the vision system based on deep learning with convolutional neural network architecture for casting manufacture is significant. It achieves the high accuracy of results as 99.7% on the top view of submersible pump impeller images dataset and requires less computational power and time. Moreover, it takes only 56.87 milliseconds for predicting one image. For proposing more details about this research, the submersible pump impeller images dataset is firstly presented. Subsequently, convolutional neural network, methods, evaluation and results are presented. Finally, all works in this study are summarized.
Investigation and Analysis of Renewable Energy from Bio and Solid Waste
Authors: Sakthivel M. , Arun A. , Hussainali E. Akram , Balamurugan G.
Published: September 2021

This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing bio and solid waste to produce power as renewable energy in every residential house. Fossil fuels are depleting very fast and environmental pollution is also caused due to their combustion. An effort is taken to generate electric power by the high combustion rate methane gas released by the bio and solid wastes from the residence. Anaerobic digestion is adopted to produce methane gas from the waste dumped in any house. This methane gas is made to run a single cylinder diesel engine coupled to a single phase alternator. Power thus generated will be sufficient to any single residential house.
Education: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Thomas Gary
Published: September 2021

Education: A Very Short Introduction examines the ideas that have shaped education over the years, showing how and why today’s schools have grown into their current form. It explores how education has been moulded by politics, philosophy, and social science, and focuses especially on arguments over the competing benefits of formality and freedom in teaching. This new edition examines in greater depth the inequalities perpetuated by current education systems, asking whether education makes for social mobility, as often claimed, or, in reality, actually reinforces existing inequity. Looking forward, it evaluates the impact of controversial legislation on future students, and considers how teaching must evolve to keep pace with an increasingly digital world.
2. Oil and water
Authors: Thomas Gary
Published: September 2021

‘Oil and water’ examines two streams of thought which run through the history of education: the progressive and the formal. There are not only different understandings about knowledge and learning held by the protagonists of each position, but also different views about children — who they are and how they develop. For the progressives, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and John Dewey, education is about supporting the ability to think critically. It should be child-centred and focused on problem solving. For the formalists, it is a process of imparting and acquiring the skills and knowledge necessary for wellbeing and success in life. Teaching is at the heart of this transmission.
5. Analysts and theorists
Authors: Thomas Gary
Published: September 2021

‘Analysis and theorists’ studies how changes in the style of school — in the ways that teachers teach — came from a new genre of observers and analysts: the social scientists. Psychologists exerted their influence on education through their ideas about the ways children learn. Theirs is a child-centred view of education. An interesting branch of education philosophy is psychometrics, or the measurement of human abilities, which proved to have a profound influence on how education would develop. Meanwhile, sociologists have looked at gender, race, class, and disability to examine how and why school maintains or even exaggerates differences between children, how it creates stigma, or how it incorrectly identifies as ‘problems’ children from certain backgrounds.
Pressure-dependent joint elastic–electrical properties in brine-saturated artificial sandstones with aligned penny-shaped cracks—Part I: Experimental results
Authors: Han Tongcheng , Yan Han , Li Bo , Fu Li-Yun
Published: September 2021

Elastic and electrical properties can be jointly interpreted for better characterizations of rocks with cracks that are common in geological rocks. However, the cross-property relationship between the elastic and electrical properties of cracked rocks, which forms the key to the successful joint elastic–electrical interpretation, remains poorly understood. We investigate the pressure effects on the joint elastic–electrical properties in brine-saturated artificial sandstones with aligned non-interacting penny-shaped cracks that are far from percolation. We measured and compared the anisotropic electrical conductivity and ultrasonic velocity in the artificial sandstones with and without aligned cracks under applied effective stress from 5 to 50 MPa. We showed that the existence of aligned cracks significantly enhanced the elastic and electrical anisotropies of the rocks, and the difference in the elastic and electrical anisotropies between the cracked and intact samples reduced as the effective stress increased. We also showed that the pressure-dependent electrical conductivity and ultrasonic velocity exhibited strong linear correlations in both the intact and cracked samples cored in different directions, and a difference existed in the slopes between the samples with and without aligned cracks. The distinct contributions of the pressure-induced deformation of cracks to the anisotropic elastic and electrical properties, as well as their different sensitivity to the cracks, were found to plausibly explain the observed experimental results. Theoretical modelling for quantitative interpretation of the experimental data is presented in a companion paper.
Interference in Ion-Selective Electrodes Due to Proteins and Lipids
Authors: Datta Sudip Kumar , Chopra Parul
Published: September 2021

Background

Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) have become the mainstay of electrolyte measurements in the clinical laboratory. In most automated analyzers used in large diagnostic laboratories, indirect ISE (iISE) -based electrolyte estimation is done; whereas direct ISE (dISE) -based equipment are mostly used in blood gas analyzers and in the point-of-care (PoC) setting.

Content

Both the techniques, iISE as well as dISE, are scientifically robust; however, the results are often not interchangeable. Discrepancy happens between the two commonly due to interferences that affect the two measuring principles differently. Over the last decade, several studies have reported discrepancies between dISE and iISE arising due to abnormal protein and lipid contents in the sample.

The present review endeavors to consolidate the knowledge accumulated in relation to interferences due to abnormal protein and lipid contents in sample with the principal focus resting on probable solutions thereof.
Spatial Variation in Australian Neonicotinoid Usage and Priorities for Resistance Monitoring
Authors: Maino James L , Cushen Alexander , Valavi Roozbeh , Umina Paul A
Published: September 2021

Australia is the third largest exporting country of cereals and a leader in other major commodity crops, yet little data exist on pesticide usage patterns in agriculture. This knowledge gap limits the management of off-target chemical impacts, such as the evolution of pesticide resistance. Here, for the first time, we quantify spatial patterns in neonicotinoid applications in Australia by coalescing land use data with sales and market research data contributed by agrichemical and agribusiness companies. An example application to resistance management is explored through the development of recommendations for the cosmopolitan crop pest, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), utilizing spatial statistical models. This novel dataset identified Australian neonicotinoid usage patterns, with most neonicotinoid products in Australia applied as cereal, canola, cotton and legume seed treatments and soil applications in sugarcane. Importantly, there were strong regional differences in pesticide applications, which will require regionally specific strategies to manage off-target impacts. Indeed, the estimated spatial grid of neonicotinoid usage demonstrated a statistically significant influence on the distribution of M. persicae neonicotinoid resistance, indicating off-target impacts are unevenly distributed in space. Future research on neonicotinoid usage will be supported by the spatial grids generated and made available through this study. Overall, neonicotinoid pesticides are widely relied upon throughout Australia’s plant production systems but will face increasing pressure from resistance evolution, emerging research on off-target impacts, and stricter regulatory pressures.