bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fingerend- und Fingermittelgelenksinfektionen: 4-wöchige Ruhigstellung zwischen Primäreingriff mit Gelenkresektion und sekundärer Arthrodese ausreichend
Authors: Küenzlen Lara , Vorderwinkler Karl-Paul , Stievano Simona , Mühldorfer-Fodor Marion , van Schoonhoven Jörg , Prommersberger Karl-Josef
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund Unser 2011 veröffentlichtes Behandlungsregime bei Infektionen eines Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes sah bei bereits vorhandenem Knorpelschaden die Resektion des betroffenen Gelenkes mit nachfolgender Ruhigstellung mittels Fixateur externe für 6 Wochen bis zur sekundären Arthrodese vor. 2013 reduzierten wir im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie die Ruhigstellungsdauer auf 4 Wochen.

Ziel Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen der Verkürzung der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen zwischen Primäreingriff und sekundärer Arthrodese bei einer bakteriellen Infektion eines Fingermittel- und Endgelenkes.

Patienten und Methoden 20 Patienten, bei denen aufgrund eines Infektes eines Fingermittel- oder Endgelenkes zwischen März 2013 und Juli 2014 primär eine Gelenkresektion mit sekundärer Arthrodese nach einer verkürzten Immobilisierung von 4 Wochen erfolgte, wurden nach median 5,7 (4,6–10,5) Monaten klinisch und radiologisch nachuntersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch ausgewertet und mit den Ergebnissen von 2011 verglichen.

Ergebnisse Die Reduktion der Ruhigstellung von 6 auf 4 Wochen führte zu keinem signifikanten Unterschied in der Revisionsrate (p = 0,148). Bei 18/20 Patienten war die Infektion nach 4 Wochen zuverlässig saniert und die folgende Arthrodese konsolidierte. Eine Patientin benötigte eine Revision aufgrund eines persistierenden Infektes, ein zweiter Patient erhielt eine Revision der Arthrodese aufgrund einer Materialdislokation. Das Bewegungsausmaß des betroffenen Fingers betrug 147,5 (30–220)°. Mit einer Griffkraft von 26 (4–64) kg erreichte die operierte Hand 88,5 (47,8–223,1) % der Gegenseite. Die subjektive Handfunktion war gut (DASH-Score 37,9 (3,3–71,7), Krimmer-Score 2 (1–4)). Eine anhaltende Schmerzsymptomatik in Ruhe (VAS 0 (0–3)) und bei Belastung (VAS 1,3 (0–7)) bestand nicht. Eine Kälteempfindlichkeit wurde von 50 % der Patienten bejaht. Die Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchung von 2011 ergaben vergleichbare Werte (ROM des betroffenen Fingers 142,5 (30–220)°, Griffkraft 95 (33–127)%, DASH-Score 23,3 (0–130), Krimmer Score 2 (1–4), VAS Ruhe 0 (0–7), VAS Belastung 4,5 (0–9), Kälteempfindlichkeit bei 41 % der 27 Patienten).

Schlussfolgerung Eine Verkürzung der Ruhigstellungszeit zwischen Primäreingriff mit Gelenkresektion und sekundärer Arthrodese bei Infekt des Fingermittel- und Fingerendgelenkes von 6 auf 4 Wochen hat keine negativen Auswirkungen. Die beschriebene Therapie führt zu einer sicheren Infektionsausheilung mit guter postoperativer Funktion des Fingers und geringer, subjektiver Beschwerdesymptomatik.
Two-color interferometer for study of dense low-ionized plasma on the target in high-power pulse linear accelerator
Authors: Danilov V. V. , Skovorodin D. I. , Popov S. S. , Burdakov A. V. , Trunev Yu. A. , Kurkuckekov V. V. , Anikeev M. A. , Atlukhanov M. G. , Kolesnikov P. A. , Politov V. Yu.
Published: June 2021

A two-color infrared interferometer has been developed for the investigation of high-density weakly ionized tantalum plasma in x-ray complexes based on linear induction accelerators (1.6 kA electron beam current, 4.6 MeV energy, and 100 ns pulse duration). Simultaneous probing at two different wavelengths makes it possible to independently measure the density of neutral and electron components. The interferometer uses wavelength values of 1.064 µm (Nd:YAG laser) and 10.6 µm (CO2 laser). To attenuate the effect of sample beam refraction in inhomogeneous plasma, the interferometer used a refraction suppression scheme composed of spherical mirrors focusing the object beam into the region occupied by the plasma. In addition, the power of the sample beam transmitted through the plasma was controlled in order to analyze whether there was a distortion of the interference pattern because of strong sample beam refraction and absorption in the plasma cloud. To calibrate the initial phase shift of the probe radiation, a movable mirror mounted on a piezoelectric element and oscillating according to a harmonic law with amplitude greater than the laser wavelengths was used. In initial experiments, the parameters of target plasma registered by this interferometer are as follows: the linear density of neutrals reached 1.5 · 1017 cm−2, and the degree of ionization was of the order of 10−2. The target plasma expansion velocity is determined as ∼6 km/s.
Uncertainty principles associated with the directional short-time Fourier transform
Authors: Mejjaoli Hatem , Shah Firdous A.
Published: June 2021

This paper deals with the study of some uncertainty principles associated with the directional short-time Fourier transform. First, we develop the Beckner’s uncertainty principle by invoking the well-known Pitt’s inequality and then study some logarithmic Sobolev-type inequalities. Second, we present a couple of concentration uncertainty principles, including the Benedick–Amrein–Berthier inequality and the local-type uncertainty principle. We culminate our study by formulating the Donoho–Stark-type uncertainty principles for the directional short-time Fourier transform.
Resonance fluorescence of single In(Ga)As quantum dots emitting in the telecom C-band
Authors: Nawrath C. , Vural H. , Fischer J. , Schaber R. , Portalupi S. L. , Jetter M. , Michler P.
Published: June 2021

An emission wavelength around 1550 nm (telecom C-band) is highly appealing for nonclassical light sources, among others, due to the absorption minimum in standard glass fibers. In particular, semiconductor quantum dots at this wavelength promise to provide the outstanding results achieved with this emitter type in the near-infrared spectral region. Here, we study resonance fluorescence from InAs/GaAs quantum dots emitting in the telecom C-band under continuous wave and pulsed excitation. For the prior case, the quantum dot is excited in the strong driving regime and the characteristic Mollow triplet is observed allowing to draw conclusions on the nature and quantitative influence of different decoherence mechanisms on the emission. Furthermore, under pulsed excitation, highly pure single-photon emission (g(2)(0)=0.023 ± 0.019) is demonstrated and a measurement of the photon indistinguishability (VTPI=0.144 ± 0.015; full width at half maximum of the time window for post-selection of (305 ± 33)ps with an associated maximally attainable value VTPI,p=0.955) is presented. In the process of making the emission properties of telecom quantum dots comparable to their well-established counterparts emitting in the near-infrared spectral region, these results represent a benchmark and provide valuable information for future optimization of sample structures.
From active learning to deep reinforcement learning: Intelligent active flow control in suppressing vortex-induced vibration
Authors: Zheng Changdong , Ji Tingwei , Xie Fangfang , Zhang Xinshuai , Zheng Hongyu , Zheng Yao
Published: June 2021

In the present work, an efficient active flow control strategy in eliminating vortex-induced vibration of a cylinder at Re = 100 has been explored by two machine learning frameworks, from active learning to reinforcement learning. Specifically, an adaptive control scheme by a pair of jets placed on the poles of the cylinder as actuators has been discovered. In the active learning framework, a Gaussian progress regression surrogate model is used to predict vibration amplitude of the cylinder using a limited number of numerical simulations by combining the Bayesian optimization algorithm with specified control actions while in the reinforcement learning framework, soft actor-critic deep reinforcement learning algorithm is adopted to construct a real-time control system. The results have shown that the triangle control agent in the active learning framework can reduce the vibration amplitude of the cylinder from A = 0.6 to A = 0.43. The real-time control in the reinforcement learning framework can successfully suppress the vibration amplitude to 0.11, which is decreased by 82.7%. By comparison, there are some similarities in the amplitude and phase of the action trajectories between two intelligent learning frameworks. They both aim at keeping track of the antiphase between the position and the action, which will restrain the cylinder at a low-amplitude vibration. The underlying physics shows that the jet will contain suction in the stage of vortex generation and injection in the stage of vortex shedding. The current findings have provided a new concept to the typical flow control problem and make it more practical in industrial applications.
Theoretical rovibronic spectroscopy of the calcium monohydroxide radical (CaOH)
Authors: Owens Alec , Clark Victoria H. J. , Mitrushchenkov Alexander , Yurchenko Sergei N. , Tennyson Jonathan
Published: June 2021

The rovibronic (rotation–vibration–electronic) spectrum of the calcium monohydroxide radical (CaOH) is of interest to studies of exoplanet atmospheres and ultracold molecules. Here, we theoretically investigate the Ã2Π–X̃2Σ+ band system of CaOH using high-level ab initio theory and variational nuclear motion calculations. New potential energy surfaces (PESs) are constructed for the X̃2Σ+ and Ã2Π electronic states along with Ã–X̃ transition dipole moment surfaces (DMSs). For the ground X̃2Σ+ state, a published high-level ab initio PES is empirically refined to all available experimental rovibrational energy levels up to J = 15.5, reproducing the observed term values with a root-mean-square error of 0.06 cm−1. Large-scale multireference configuration interaction calculations using quintuple-zeta quality basis sets are employed to generate the Ã2Π state PESs and Ã–X̃ DMSs. Variational calculations consider both Renner–Teller and spin–orbit coupling effects, which are essential for a correct description of the spectrum of CaOH. Computed rovibronic energy levels of the Ã2Π state, line list calculations up to J = 125.5, and an analysis of Renner–Teller splittings in the ν2 bending mode of CaOH are discussed.
Band alignment of Sb2O3 and Sb2Se3
Authors: Shiel Huw , Hobson Theodore D. C. , Hutter Oliver S. , Phillips Laurie J. , Smiles Matthew J. , Jones Leanne A. H. , Featherstone Thomas J. , Swallow Jack E. N. , Thakur Pardeep K. , Lee Tien-Lin , Major Jonathan D. , Durose Ken , Veal Tim D.
Published: June 2021

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) possesses great potential in the field of photovoltaics (PV) due to its suitable properties for use as a solar absorber and good prospects for scalability. Previous studies have reported the growth of a native antimony oxide (Sb2O3) layer at the surface of Sb2Se3 thin films during deposition and exposure to air, which can affect the contact between Sb2Se3 and subsequent layers. In this study, photoemission techniques were utilized on both Sb2Se3 bulk crystals and thin films to investigate the band alignment between Sb2Se3 and the Sb2O3 layer. By subtracting the valence band spectrum of an in situ cleaved Sb2Se3 bulk crystal from that of the atmospherically contaminated bulk crystal, a valence band offset (VBO) of −1.72 eV is measured between Sb2Se3 and Sb2O3. This result is supported by a −1.90 eV VBO measured between Sb2O3 and Sb2Se3 thin films via the Kraut method. Both results indicate a straddling alignment that would oppose carrier extraction through the back contact of superstrate PV devices. This work yields greater insight into the band alignment of Sb2O3 at the surface of Sb2Se3 films, which is crucial for improving the performance of these PV devices.
Spatiotemporally resolved subcellular phosphoproteomics
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Zeng Ruxin , Wang Ruixuan , Weng Yicheng , Wang Ruixiang , Zou Peng , Chen Peng R.
Published: June 2021

Significance

As one of the most important post-translational modifications, phosphorylation is both highly abundant and dynamically regulated in cells. Characterizing subcellular phosphoproteome with high temporal resolution should shed light on their contributions to diverse cellular processes. By integrating an activatable proximity labeling enzyme with an orthogonal phosphorylation enrichment scheme, we have developed the SubMAPP strategy for mapping the phosphorylation dynamics of subcellular proteome in living systems. The high sensitivity of SubMAPP enabled the identification of phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), revealing ER-to-mitochondria protein translocation under ER stress.
Effect of N and P fertilization on the allocation and fixation of photosynthesized carbon in paddy soil
Authors: Zhran Mostafa , Ge Tida , Tong Yaoyao , Zhu Zhenke , Deng Yangwu , Fahmy Ahmed , Chen Ming , Lynn Tin Mar , Wu Jinshui , Gunina Anna
Published: June 2021

Potted rice seedlings independently treated with N, P, and NP were continuously
13
CO2 labeled to investigated the influence of N and P application on the contribution of photosynthesized C to the rhizosphere versus bulk soil and particulate organic matter (POM) versus mineral fraction (MIN). N and NP enhanced net assimilated 
13
C on day 14 (D14), with maximum C assimilation occurring on day 22 (D22) under NP. Aboveground biomass retained more 
13
C than belowground biomass for all treatments. 13C incorporation into the rhizosphere exceeded that in bulk soil, with the maximum (6–10%) found under N addition. Newly assimilated 
13
C incorporated into POM increased in the rhizosphere under N and NP conditions, whereas MIN remained largely unaffected. 
13
C-MBC proportion in the total microbial biomass C (MBC) pool revealed that N and NP stimulated microbial activity to a greater degree than P. The main portion of 
13
C in the rhizosphere and bulk soil was found in POM on D14, which decreased over time due to microbial utilization. Contrastingly, root-derived 
13
C in the MIN remained unchanged between sampling days, which indicates that the stabilization of rhizodeposits in this fraction might be the potential mechanism underlying SOM sequestration in paddy soils.
Inhibiting BRD4 to generate BETter T cell memory
Authors: Kasmani Moujtaba Y. , Cui Weiguo
Published: June 2021

BRD4 is a bromodomain-containing protein that binds acetylated histones to regulate transcription. In this issue of JEM, Milner et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20202512) show that BRD4 plays a critical role in the effector function of CD8 T cells responding to infection and cancer.
Corrigendum to “On two classes of simultaneous Pell equations with no solutions”
Authors: Walsh P.
Published: June 2021

In this short note, we identify an error made in an earlier paper [Math. Comp. 68 (1999), no. 225, pp. 385–388] on simultaneous Pell equations, provide a revised statement of the main results contained therein, and show how this modification lends itself to the correctness of the proofs given in the earlier paper.
Krieger’s type of nonsingular Poisson suspensions and IDPFT systems
Authors: Danilenko Alexandre , Kosloff Zemer
Published: June 2021

Given an infinite countable discrete amenable group

Γ
\Gamma

, we construct explicitly sharply weak mixing nonsingular Poisson

Γ
\Gamma

-actions of each Krieger’s type:

I
I

I
λ

III_\lambda

, for

λ
∈
[
0
,
1
]

\lambda \in [0,1]

, and

I

I
∞

II_\infty

. The result is new even for

Γ
=

Z

\Gamma =\mathbb {Z}

. As these Poisson suspension actions are over very special dissipative base, we obtain also new examples of sharply weak mixing nonsingular Bernoulli

Γ
\Gamma

-actions and infinite direct product of finite type systems of each possible Krieger’s type.
Central Limit Theorem in high dimensions: The optimal bound on dimension growth rate
Authors: Das Debraj , Lahiri Soumendra
Published: June 2021

In this article, we try to give an answer to the simple question: “What is the optimal growth rate of the dimensionppas a function of the sample sizennfor which the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) holds uniformly over the collection ofpp-dimensional hyper-rectangles ?”. Specifically, we are interested in the normal approximation of suitably scaled versions of the sum∑i=1nXi\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_iinRp\mathcal {R}^puniformly over the class of hyper-rectangles<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper A Superscript r e Baseline equals left-brace product Underscript j equals 1 Overscript p Endscripts left-bracket a Subscript j Baseline comma b Subscript j Baseline right-bracket intersection script upper R colon negative normal infinity less-than-or-equal-to a Subscript j Baseline less-than-or-equal-to b Subscript j Baseline less-than-or-equal-to normal infinity comma j equals 1 comma ellipsis comma p right-brace">Are={∏j=1p[aj,bj]∩R:−∞≤aj≤bj≤∞,j=1,…,p}\mathcal {A}^{re}=\{\prod _{j=1}^{p}[a_j,b_j]\cap \mathcal {R}:-\infty \leq a_j\leq b_j \leq \infty , j=1,\ldots ,p\}, whereX1,…,XnX_1,\dots ,X_nare independentp−p-dimensional random vectors with each having independent and identically distributed (iid) components. We investigate the optimal cut-off rate oflog⁡p\log pbelow which the uniform CLT holds and above which it fails. According to some recent results of Chernozukov et al. [Ann. Probab. 45 (2017), pp. 2309–2352], it is well known that the CLT holds uniformly overAre\mathcal {A}^{re}iflog⁡p=o(n1/7)\log p=o\big (n^{1/7}\big ). They also conjectured that for CLT to hold uniformly overAre\mathcal {A}^{re}, the optimal rate islog⁡p=o(n1/3)\log p = o\big (n^{1/3}\big ). We show instead that under some suitable conditions on the even moments and under vanishing odd moments, the CLT holds uniformly overAre\mathcal {A}^{re}, whenlog⁡p=o(n1/2)\log p=o\big (n^{1/2}\big ). More precisely, we show that iflog⁡p=ϵn\log p =\epsilon \sqrt {n}for some sufficiently smallϵ>0\epsilon >0, the normal approximation is valid with an errorϵ\epsilon, uniformly overAre\mathcal {A}^{re}. Further, we show by an example that the uniform CLT overAre\mathcal {A}^{re}fails iflim supn→∞n−(1/2+δ)log⁡p>0\limsup _{ n\rightarrow \infty } n^{-(1/2+\delta )} \log p >0for someδ>0\delta >0. Therefore, with some moment conditions the optimal rate of the growth ofppfor the validity of the CLT is given bylog⁡p=o(n1/2)\log p=o\big (n^{1/2}\big ).
The spectrum of derived Mackey functors
Authors: Patchkoria Irakli , Sanders Beren , Wimmer Christian
Published: June 2021

We compute the spectrum of the category of derived Mackey functors (in the sense of Kaledin) for all finite groups. We find that this space captures precisely the top and bottom layers (i.e. the height infinity and height zero parts) of the spectrum of the equivariant stable homotopy category. Due to this truncation of the chromatic information, we are able to obtain a complete description of the spectrum for all finite groups, despite our incomplete knowledge of the topology of the spectrum of the equivariant stable homotopy category. From a different point of view, we show that the spectrum of derived Mackey functors can be understood as the space obtained from the spectrum of the Burnside ring by “ungluing” closed points. In order to compute the spectrum, we provide a new description of Kaledin’s category, as the derived category of an equivariant ring spectrum, which may be of independent interest. In fact, we clarify the relationship between several different categories, establishing symmetric monoidal equivalences and comparisons between the constructions of Kaledin, the spectral Mackey functors of Barwick, the ordinary derived category of Mackey functors, and categories of modules over certain equivariant ring spectra. We also illustrate an interesting feature of the ordinary derived category of Mackey functors that distinguishes it from other equivariant categories relating to the behavior of its geometric fixed points.
VPS13D interacts with VCP/p97 and negatively regulates ER- mitochondrial interactions
Authors: Du Yuanjiao , Wang Jingru , Xiong Juan , Fang Na , Ji Wei-Ke
Published: June 2021

Membrane contact sites (MCSs) between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are emerging as critical hubs for diverse cellular events, and alterations in the extent of these contacts are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms that control ER-mitochondrial interactions are so far elusive. Here, we demonstrate a key role of vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D (VPS13D) in the negative regulation of ER-mitochondrial MCSs. VPS13D suppression results in extensive ER-mitochondrial tethering, a phenotype that can be substantially rescued by suppression of the tethering proteins VAPB and PTPIP51. VPS13D interacts with valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) to control the level of ER-resident VAPB at contacts. VPS13D is required for the stability of p97. Functionally, VPS13D suppression leads to severe defects in the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial cellular distribution and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Together our results suggest that VPS13D negatively regulates the ER-mitochondrial MCSs partially through its interactions with VCP/p97.

[Media: see text]
A Dictionary of Nursing
Authors: McFerran Tanya A.
Published: June 2021

Over 10,000 entries

The new edition of this bestselling and trusted dictionary has been fully revised to take account of recent developments in nursing practice and related fields. Updates to this edition cover many areas, with a particular focus on radiography, public health and the NHS, theoretical concepts familiar in nursing education, and key vocabulary used in the 2018 Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards of Proficiency for Registered Nurses.

Written by medical and nursing specialists, the dictionary provides comprehensive coverage of the ever-expanding vocabulary of the nursing professions. As well as nursing-specific terms, there are also many entries in the fields of medicine, anatomy, physiology, ethics, psychiatry, nutrition, statistics, and pharmacology. Almost 100 helpful illustrations and tables, and 16 appendices covering the calculation of drug dosages, essential skill clusters, religion and nursing practice, recommended alcohol intake, and much more, help to make this an essential reference tool for all nursing students and professionals.
Fat Embolism After Autologous Facial Fat Grafting
Authors: Dhooghe Nicolas S , Maes Sebastiaan , Depypere Bernard , Claes Karel E Y , Coopman Renaat , Kubat Bela , Piette Michel H , Monstrey Stan
Published: June 2021

Background

Autologous facial fat grafting has gained popularity in recent years and is considered to be safe. This paper presents the case of a patient who died due to massive cerebral microfat embolism after facial fat grafting.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to raise awareness and provide more evidence on the prevention and treatment of this potentially lethal complication of facial fat grafting.

Methods

A detailed report was made of the case. Two online databases were searched for similar cases of facial fat embolism resulting in neurologic and/or visual symptoms. Thereafter a literature search was conducted to verify the etiology, current treatment options, and preventive measures.

Results

Forty-nine cases with similar events were found in the literature. The most common injected area was the glabella (36.1%), and an average of 16.7 mL fat was injected. The main complications were visual impairment, with 88.5% of cases resulting in permanent monocular blindness, and neurologic symptoms, some of which never fully recovered. Including the present patient, 7 cases were fatal. Fat embolism can occur in the veins and arteries of the face. Two possible pathways for fat embolism exist: the macroscopic, mechanical pathway with immediate signs, and the microscopic, biochemical pathway with delayed symptoms. Mechanical embolectomy and corticosteroids are suggested treatment options but evidence for their efficacy is lacking. Several different preventive measures are described.

Conclusions

Although facial fat grafting is considered a safe procedure, one should be aware of the risk of fat embolism. Underreporting of this adverse event is likely. With no effective treatment and often detrimental outcomes, preventive measures are of utmost importance to improve patient safety.

Level of Evidence: 4
The effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on cardiac reverse remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy—the IRON-CRT trial
Authors: Martens Pieter , Dupont Matthias , Dauw Jeroen , Nijst Petra , Herbots Lieven , Dendale Paul , Vandervoort Pieter , Bruckers Liesbeth , Tang Wai Hong Wilson , Mullens Wilfried
Published: June 2021

Aims

Iron deficiency is common in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and negatively affects cardiac function and structure. The study the effect of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) on cardiac reverse remodelling and contractile status in HFrEF.

Methods and results

Symptomatic HFrEF patients with iron deficiency and a persistently reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <45%) at least 6 months after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implant were prospectively randomized to FCM or standard of care (SOC) in a double-blind manner. The primary endpoint was the change in LVEF from baseline to 3-month follow-up assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. Secondary endpoints included the change in left ventricular end-systolic (LVESV) and end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) from baseline to 3-month follow-up. Cardiac performance was evaluated by the force–frequency relationship as assessed by the slope change of the cardiac contractility index (CCI = systolic blood pressure/LVESV index) at 70, 90, and 110 beats of biventricular pacing. A total of 75 patients were randomized to FCM (n = 37) or SOC (n = 38). At baseline, both treatment groups were well matched including baseline LVEF (34 ± 7 vs. 33 ± 8, P = 0.411). After 3 months, the change in LVEF was significantly higher in the FMC group [+4.22%, 95% confidence interval (CI) +3.05%; +5.38%] than in the SOC group (−0.23%, 95% CI −1.44%; +0.97%; P < 0.001). Similarly, LVESV (−9.72 mL, 95% CI −13.5 mL; −5.93 mL vs. −1.83 mL, 95% CI −5.7 mL; 2.1 mL; P = 0.001), but not LVEDV (P = 0.748), improved in the FCM vs. the SOC group. At baseline, both treatment groups demonstrated a negative force–frequency relationship, as defined by a decrease in CCI at higher heart rates (negative slope). FCM resulted in an improvement in the CCI slope during incremental biventricular pacing, with a positive force–frequency relationship at 3 months. Functional status and exercise capacity, as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and peak oxygen consumption, were improved by FCM.

Conclusions

Treatment with FCM in HFrEF patients with iron deficiency and persistently reduced LVEF after CRT results in an improvement of cardiac function measured by LVEF, LVESV, and cardiac force–frequency relationship.
Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated With Human Adenovirus Type 4 at the United States Coast Guard Academy, 2019
Authors: Chu Victoria T , Simon Esan , Lu Xiaoyan , Rockwell Patrick , Abedi Glen R , Gardner Christopher , Kujawski Stephanie A , Schneider Eileen , Gentile Micah , Ramsey Lee Ann , Liu Robert , Jones Sydney , Janik Christopher , Siniscalchi Alan , Landry Marie L , Christopher Jeffrey , Lindstrom Stephen , Steiner Shane , Thomas Dana , Gerber Susan I , Biggs Holly M
Published: June 2021

Background

Although a human adenovirus (HAdV) vaccine is available for military use, officers-in-training are not routinely vaccinated. We describe an HAdV-associated respiratory outbreak among unvaccinated cadets at the US Coast Guard Academy and its impact on cadet training.

Methods

We defined a case as a cadet with new onset cough or sore throat during August 1–October 4, 2019. We reviewed medical records and distributed a questionnaire to identify cases and to estimate impact on cadet training. We performed real-time polymerase chain reaction testing on patient and environmental samples and whole genome sequencing on a subset of positive patient samples.

Results

Among the 1072 cadets, 378 (35%) cases were identified by medical records (n = 230) or additionally by the questionnaire (n = 148). Of the 230 cases identified from medical records, 138 (60%) were male and 226 (98%) had no underlying conditions. From questionnaire responses, 113 of 228 (50%) cases reported duty restrictions. Of cases with respiratory specimens, 36 of 50 (72%) were HAdV positive; all 14 sequenced specimens were HAdV-4a1. Sixteen (89%) of 18 environmental specimens from the cadet dormitory were HAdV-positive.

Conclusions

The HAdV-4-associated outbreak infected a substantial number of cadets and significantly impacted cadet training. Routine vaccination could prevent HAdV respiratory outbreaks in this population.
The Reflective Process
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

The term “reflection” is often used informally with different meanings. This chapter lays out the core components of the reflective process that can be used as a tool for professional identity formation and lifelong learning and why and how reflection ought to be incorporated into daily practice. Reflective practice in healthcare education is an emerging topic with a substantial theoretical basis. Various theoretical frameworks of reflection are introduced, such as Schon’s concepts of reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action and Brookfield’s concept of critical reflection. These are used to question hegemonic assumptions in the field. Practical models for the reflective process are presented, including the Gibbs framework and the Kolb’s cycle of experiential learning. Team reflection supports bases for continued learning, problem-solving, improved patient outcome, and quality improvement initiatives. Narrative medicine focuses on treating patients as individuals with their own unique stories, and reflective writing is an important part of developing narrative competency.
Professional Boundaries and Digital Professionalism
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

The relationship between physicians and patients is unlike any other personal or working relationship in modern society. The patients must put their utmost trust in the abilities and intentions of their physicians, and in return, physicians must put the needs of patients above their own (described as a physician’s fiduciary duty). Often, the physician-–patient relationship crosses over boundaries that are present in other aspects of our lives. These so-called professional boundaries must be observed to avoid potential ethical or legal problems. Physicians ought to abide by the most conservative guidelines for professional boundaries established by their institution, state, and medical organization. Increased use of digital technology in medicine is blurring the lines of these boundaries. Physicians’ use of social media, email, and telemedicine all offer potential benefits as well drawbacks that should be considered before social media is incorporated into their practice.
Teams in Medicine
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

To effectively diagnose and treat patients, physicians must often cooperate, coordinate, and problem-solve with other healthcare workers. Successful teams in medicine define and work toward shared goals, employ the pertinent and appropriate qualifications of each member, and establish trust in other team members. Task-shifting passes certain roles onto other team members so that physicians can focus on their key areas of responsibility. A number of medical schools have adopted interprofessional education to train today’s physicians, but there are other strategies that are also being explored. Training modules such as Crew Resource Management and TeamSTEPPSTM are being adapted to the needs of the healthcare field. High-fidelity patient simulations are being used to replicate common situations encountered by healthcare workers. Also, many medical schools are using problem-based or team-based learning practices through which students work with one another to tackle and reason through clinical scenarios.
Spirituality, Religion, and Humanism
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

As a humanistic, patient-centered approach to medicine becomes more accepted, physicians are moving from a purely objective, systematic approach to medicine toward a more holistic approach adapted to individual patients and their values and beliefs. While doctors are often uncomfortable discussing religion and spirituality with patients, some patients may actually benefit from the integration of these beliefs into the treatment process. While the terms are often used interchangeably, “religion” and “spirituality” have different meanings; religion refers to an organized system of beliefs, while spirituality relates to how individuals seek and express meaning in life through their connections to the self, others, nature, and the sacred. Religion or spirituality can improve treatment outcomes by providing patients with a more positive perspective, a greater sense of purpose, and healthier coping strategies. Prayer and meditation can inspire the relaxation response, which can improve many health indicators. The HOPE Questions for Spiritual Assessment and the FICA Spiritual History Tool are two methods that can be used to assess patients’ attitude toward the spiritual and how treatment should acknowledge these beliefs. Medical humanism encompasses many of these practices, because it is based on the idea that the physician should focus on the whole patient, including patients’ religious or spiritual beliefs.
Predicting 21 cm-line map from Lyman-α emitter distribution with generative adversarial networks
Authors: Yoshiura Shintaro , Shimabukuro Hayato , Hasegawa Kenji , Takahashi Keitaro
Published: June 2021

The radio observation of 21 cm-line signal from the epoch of reionization (EoR) enables us to explore the evolution of galaxies and intergalactic medium in the early Universe. However, the detection and imaging of the 21 cm-line signal are tough due to the foreground and instrumental systematics. In order to overcome these obstacles, as a new approach, we propose to take a cross correlation between observed 21 cm-line data and 21 cm-line images generated from the distribution of the Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) through machine learning. In order to create 21 cm-line maps from LAE distribution, we apply conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) trained with the results of our numerical simulations. We find that the 21 cm-line brightness temperature maps and the neutral fraction maps can be reproduced with correlation function of 0.5 at large scales k < 0.1 Mpc−1. Furthermore, we study the detectability of the cross-correlation assuming the LAE deep survey of the Subaru Hyper Suprime Cam, the 21 cm observation of the MWA Phase II, and the presence of the foreground residuals. We show that the signal is detectable at k < 0.1 Mpc−1 with 1000 h of MWA observation even if the foreground residuals are 5 times larger than the 21 cm-line power spectrum. Our new approach of cross-correlation with image construction using the cGAN cannot only boost the detectability of EoR 21 cm-line signal but also allow us to estimate the 21 cm-line auto-power spectrum.
Introduction
Authors: Sonn Tamara
Published: June 2021

If Edward Said is known for identifying the political implications of negative stereotypes of Islam, John L. Esposito is known for correcting them. This chapter summarizes the significance of Esposito’s contributions to the study of Islam and his leadership in inspiring other scholars around the world. The best-known scholar of Islam in North America, Esposito has published more than seventy books, as well as handbooks, encyclopedias, and other sources that have become standard academic references. He has served as president of the American Council for the Study of Islamic Societies, the Middle East Studies Association, and the American Academy of Religion. This chapter also introduces the chapters contained in this volume, which extend his work in four areas: the secular bias of Orientalism, its failure to recognize both the enormous diversity within Islam and profound similarities between Islam and other religions, and the current iteration of Orientalism: Islamophobia.
“After Enlightenment, Return to the Marketplace”
Authors: Armstrong Karen
Published: June 2021

Ever since John Locke argued that religion was essentially a “private search” and must be radically excluded from political life, we have prided ourselves in the West on the separation of church and state. John Esposito, of course, has famously ignored this shibboleth. In the past, students were not content to acquire a purely academic understanding of their faith; their aim was not to earn a doctorate or a professorship. Instead, they expected to be spiritually transformed by their studies—an experience that propelled them out of the classroom and back into the mundane, messy, and tragic world of politics. This essay traces this theme in Indian and Chinese traditions as well as in the three monotheistic faiths. All insist that poverty, inequity, cruelty, and exploitation are matters of sacred import and that after achieving Enlightenment one must, as the Buddha insisted, “return to the marketplace” and work practically and creatively to heal the suffering of humanity—a message that is sorely needed in our tragically broken world.
How Islamic Is ISIS?
Authors: Hashmi Sohail H.
Published: June 2021

The emergence of ISIS has again unleashed a debate on how “Islamic” a terrorist group is, with some analysts claiming its ideology is rooted in Islamic sources and history and others denying any connections to Islam. This chapter argues that ISIS should be viewed as a religious cult that has an apparent but slight connection with Islam. Through its ideology and actions, it has placed itself outside the broad mainstream of the Islamic tradition. Analysis of its claims regarding two key concepts, the caliphate and jihad, demonstrates just how extreme its positions are. ISIS claims it is fulfilling a religious mandate by establishing a caliphate, but this institution does not have its origins in the Qur’an or the teachings and practice of the Prophet Muhammad. As for ISIS’s claims on jihad, mainstream Muslim thought rejects ISIS’s expansive list of enemies and the indiscriminate means it uses to fight them.
Orientalism, Empire, and The Racial Muslim
Authors: Aziz Sahar
Published: June 2021

To protect the security of all, we must curtail the liberty of Muslims. That is the narrative the US government has peddled to the American public since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. As a result, national security has effectively served as the pretext for myriad forms of discrimination against Muslims by public and private actors. This overt targeting of a religious minority reveals a glaring contradiction: Muslims are being treated with open hostility by government and private actors alike despite America’s foundational embrace of religious freedom. The author argues that the reason for this lies in the social construction of Muslims as a racial minority, rather than or in addition to being a religious minority—what the author calls The Racial Muslim. This chapter explores the role of Orientalism (European and American) and American imperialism in the Middle East in the racialization of Muslims in the United States.
Pluralism, Authority, and Islamophobia
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: June 2021

One of the aims of Professor Esposito’s scholarship has been to emphasize the pluralistic nature of Islamic thought. The North American Muslim community presents a vivid example of Islam’s pluralism, with almost all major trends in global Islam represented. Ironically, the very pluralism of North American Islam undermines North American Muslims’ ability to speak collectively in the public square regarding the place of Islam in democratic life. The fragmentation of the Muslim public sphere effectively cedes control over the discourse about Islam to much better funded and better organized groups with a long history of anti-Muslim sentiments, especially Evangelical Christianity, for whom Islam and Muslims are demonic actors who must be defeated in order to usher in universal salvation. Until Muslims create institutions of sufficient scale to allow them to speak with one voice on matters of public concern, it is unlikely that scholarly endeavors alone can succeed in dispelling Islamophobia.
Grace and Conformity
Authors: Hampton Stephen
Published: June 2021

The Reformed Conformity that flourished within the Early Stuart English Church was a rich and distinctive theological tradition that has never before been studied in its own right. While scholars have observed how Reformed Conformists clashed with Laudians and Puritans alike, no sustained study of their teaching on grace and their attitude to the Church has yet been undertaken, despite the acknowledged centrality of these topics to Early Stuart theological controversy. This ground-breaking monograph recovers this essential strand of Early Stuart Christian identity. It examines and analyses the teaching and writings of ten prominent theologians, all of whom made significant contributions to the debates that arose within the Church of England during the reigns of James I and Charles I and all of whom combined their loyalty to orthodox Reformed teaching on grace and salvation, with a commitment to the established polity of the English Church. The study makes the case for the coherence of their theological vision by underlining the connections that these Reformed Conformists made between their teaching on grace and their approach to Church order and liturgy. By engaging with a robust and influential theological tradition that was neither Puritan nor Laudian, this monograph significantly enriches our account of the Early Stuart Church, as well as contributing to the ongoing scholarly reappraisal of the wider Reformed tradition. It builds on the resurgence of academic interest in British soteriological discussion, and uses that discussion, as previous studies have not, to gain valuable new insights into Early Stuart ecclesiology.
The Lord’s Supper
Authors: Hampton Stephen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 6 charts the hostility of the Reformed Conformists to the language and liturgical innovations, promoted by some Laudians, that supported the idea that the Eucharist might be understood as a real sacrifice. Drawing particularly on the writings of Williams and Morton, it shows that the Reformed Conformist understanding of Conformity was decisively shaped by their rejection of the Roman Catholic teaching on the sacrifice of the Mass. This rejection informed the Reformed Conformist reading of canon law and inspired their opposition to the erection of altars within English churches. The chapter also returns to Prideaux, whose 1631 Act Lecture on the Mass represented a very public attack on Laudian language and church furnishings at the heart of Laud’s own university.
Episcopacy
Authors: Hampton Stephen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 7 analyses the Reformed Conformist attitude to the Church’s hierarchy. It opens by underlining that the British delegates at Dort had specifically asserted the superiority of the episcopal Church order maintained in the British Isles. It then uses Carleton’s Consensus to establish the high regard in which Reformed Conformists held episcopacy, and reinforces that point through the writings of Ward and Davenant. On that basis, it presents Hall’s notorious work, Episcopacy by Divine Right Asserted, as in fundamental continuity with the Reformed Conformist tradition, despite the editorial interventions of William Laud and Matthew Wren. The chapter then establishes, through Downame’s Two Sermons and Prideaux’s 1624 Oratio, that episcopal ordination played a significant role within Reformed Conformist soteriology.
Imperial Women on Coins and in Roman Cult
Authors: Boatwright Mary T.
Published: June 2021

After an opening focus on Caligula’s three sisters Drusilla, Agrippina the Younger, and Julia Livilla, the first living women figured and identified on centrally struck coins, the chapter addresses coins as evidence for imperial women, and the connections of imperial women to Rome’s public religion and religious culture. Women themselves determined neither their numismatic depictions, nor the choice of deity or abstraction for the reverse of a portrait coin. Further examination delves into imperial women and imperial cult, as priestesses and as recipients of cult; women in oaths and vows; and reports linking them with Judaism and Christianity. Religion is the arena in which imperial women receive the most visibility and honor, but even here they had little agency and were sidelined.
Imperial Women Abroad, and with the Military
Authors: Boatwright Mary T.
Published: June 2021

Beginning with the extraordinary military associations of Julia Domna, Julia Maesa, Julia Soaemias, and Julia Mamaea, this chapter explores the interrelated themes of imperial women’s reported links with Rome’s military, and the issue of their movements abroad. Despite the constant pronounced bias against any woman mixing with Rome’s armed forces or provincial administration, women are sporadically but ever more attested in military settings such as camps and barracks, and even in armed conflict. This applies to non-imperial as well as imperial women, as is clear from archaeology and documentation. By the time of Domna and other Severans, women accompanied the imperial entourage unchallenged, even if decried by authors. The growing ritual of the imperial court, the increasing importance of the imperial family as a whole, and the mounting necessity for the emperor to inspect provinces and armies personally encouraged imperial women to travel more as the principate evolved.
Introduction
Authors: Manko Katina
Published: June 2021

Avon Products employs women as both corporate employees and as sales representatives. Employees receive a salary and work at the office while the representatives are independent contractors who work from home and are paid by commission on their personal sales. Avon Ladies visited the private homes of their customers, cultivating a personalized service integral to the corporate culture. Avon, as a direct sales company, has always sold two products. The first was its line of cosmetics, perfumes, and toiletries as displayed in its catalogs. The second, to which Avon also devoted substantial time and resources, was selling the business opportunity and recruiting women to become Avon Ladies. Avon organized its representatives in city or regional sales offices run by salaried managers, and unlike modern multi-level marketing companies, it did not require representatives to recruit. As a leader in the direct selling industry, Avon occupied an influential position in the twentieth-century conversation about women in business and the value of women’s entrepreneurship.
The California Perfume Company
Authors: Manko Katina
Published: June 2021

David McConnell built the California Perfume Company to sell perfumes, toiletries, extracts, and household products through a system of direct house-to-house sales. To overcome the seedy reputation of itinerant peddlers, common at the turn of the twentieth century, McConnell relied on women. Door-to-door sales representatives sold the products to their family, friends, and neighbors in their hometowns. Traveling Agents were women who travelled the countryside recruiting and training new women to sell. The company managed all of its agents remotely, relying on newsletters, prize offerings, and regular sales reports to motivate representatives to sell. While a relatively small company, the CPC was the only one of its kind to exclusively hire women.