bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Sicily and North Africa
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 7 narrates the adventures of Melania, Pinian, and Albina as they left the Italian peninsula, encountering danger in their sea travel, first to Sicily. In Sicily, a favored location for the estates of Roman aristocrats, Melania gathered sixty women, slave and free, to join her in ascetic practices. Whether Melania’s estate was as lush as the Villa del Casale at Piazza Armerina remains unknown. From Sicily also comes the ascetic treatise On Riches (probably by a Pelagian author), the most scathing critique of wealth from late antiquity. Roman Christian aristocrats, including Melania and her circle, expressed considerable interest in the Pelagian branch of Christianity, away from which bishop Augustine of Hippo tried to steer them. From Sicily, the trio left for agriculturally rich Roman North Africa before the end of 410. On one of their North African estates, Melania built monasteries, developed her ascetic practices, and enriched local churches. North African Christians in this era were divided between Donatist and Catholic factions; pagans and Manicheans were also present. To service the area’s agricultural production, vast numbers of slaves and seasonal laborers were needed. The trio lived in North Africa for seven years before departing for Jerusalem.
To Jerusalem
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 8 depicts the voyage to and settlement in Jerusalem, with a stop in Alexandria and surroundings, to meet bishops and holy men. On a return trip to Egypt, they visited the so-called desert fathers and attempted to leave them funds. Egypt and Palestine (called the “Holy Land” by Christians in this era) were the prime destinations for Christian pilgrims, women as well as men, from the fourth century onward. Some “Westerners” settled there and founded monasteries, including Melania’s own grandmother and other Roman aristocrats. The Bible provided a virtual tour guide for pilgrims in Palestine. The family of Constantine saw to the erection of the churches of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Accompanying these developments was the burgeoning quest for relics (of the “True Cross,” of the body parts of martyrs and saints). Melania, too, sought relics for the monasteries she established in Jerusalem. For some years before undertaking the building of monasteries and soliciting inhabitants for them, however, she lived in semi-solitary confinement on the Mount of Olives. The author of the Life describes the ascetic practices in these establishments. After the monasteries were built, there is little evidence that Melania participated much in the larger worship life of Jerusalem, which is described in other sources. The author of the Life aligns his heroine with his own religious preferences and depicts her as a fierce opponent of “heresy.”
Introduction
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The introduction establishes the critical and cultural contexts of the study and makes the case for the value of an archival exploration of Vivien Leigh’s working life and career. It positions the book in relation to existing work on Leigh and on star archives and explains how the book as a whole seeks to reframe her legacy. More broadly, the case is made for a reframing of star studies through feminist historiography, focusing on the laboring life of female stars. The introduction outlines the major claims of the book and how it navigates the fields of feminist film historiography, archival theory, and star studies, and details the main archival collections with which the book engages.
“The Vivien Leigh room”
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 looks beyond the international and national stories of Vivien Leigh’s archives to examine her presence within one specific region: the South West of England. The chapter explores material collections in regional museums that house a range of artifacts and ephemera related to Leigh’s life. Through Leigh’s first in-laws, the Devon-based Holman family, a material history of her presence in the region has been retained and displayed in a range of local museums, including one founded by her former sister-in-law, Dorothy Holman. By delving into these museums and their collections and working closely with their curators, the chapter examines alternative stories of Leigh’s stardom. It considers the vernacular articulations of global stardom in local environments for local audiences, developed by distinctly localized curatorial agendas.
Introduction
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

During Alban Berg’s lifetime, Vienna witnessed a change in the outlook for modern music from optimism to pessimism. In the later nineteenth century music flourished in Vienna, supported by a devoted middle-class audience, the talent of the city’s many Jewish musicians, the stimulus provided by other arts, and a general optimism about the future. A pronounced division in musical taste existed in Vienna between conservatives and progressives. The latter developed a controversial harmonic style associated with modernism that came to be termed “atonality.” The collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy and the turbulent aftermath to World War I signaled an end to tolerance for musical modernism.
Berg’s Musical Apprenticeship, 1899–1911
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

In Chapter 2 Berg’s early musical activities are outlined, and his musical studies with Arnold Schoenberg are examined in detail. His first efforts as a composer were songs, some thirty-three of these composed before he had formal training in music. His studies with Schoenberg began in 1904, beginning with exercises in counterpoint and fugue, then progressing to composition per se. In these disciplines Schoenberg emphasized a mastery of traditional musical forms and materials. The emphasis on time-honored forms had a lasting impact on Berg’s later music, and Schoenberg’s philosophy concerning musical evolution reinforced Berg’s own musical instincts. Berg’s early compositions—songs, piano works, and his Opp. 1–3—are discussed and described to show their relation to contemporary musical developments and Berg’s impulse toward originality. Whenever possible Berg’s own descriptions and analyses of his early music are cited, and Berg’s approach to “atonal” harmony is described.
The Celebrated Composer, 1928–34
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

In this chapter aspects of Berg’s life during his last eight years are recounted. Berg’s childhood friend Hermann Watznauer proposed a biography of Berg, in which project the composer concurred. Berg was offered an academic appointment at the Berlin Musikhochschule, but he preferred to stay in Vienna, hoping for a position at the Vienna Music Academy, which did not materialize. His complex relations with his family contributed to a slowing of his attention to music. As his mood darkened, he complained of losing his ability to compose, and he attempted to revive his spirits by flirtations with two women, Anny Askenase and Edith Edwards. Berg purchased a summer retreat, the Waldhaus, in 1932. From about this time, with the rise of the Nazis, Berg’s music had few performances in Germany and Austria and he gradually faced a financial crisis. In 1929 he received a lucrative commission from the soprano Ružena Herlinger to compose a concert aria for her use. Berg then composed Der Wein, a setting for voice and orchestra of poetry by Baudelaire. The work was his first to bring in styles from popular dance music such as the tango.
Lulu
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

Berg had several early ideas for a text for his second opera, and his choice finally fell on Frank Wedekind’s plays Earth Spirit and Pandora’s Box. Berg adapted the plays into a single three-act structure and made other changes in the names of characters and their attributes, and he titled his opera Lulu, after the central figure. The subject matter of the opera was highly controversial, with a perverse eroticism and sordid violence. Given the political climate of the early 1930s, prospects for a performance of the work were dim. The chronology by which Berg created the libretto for Lulu and its music reveals many delays that suggest a struggle on the composer’s part in grappling with the subject and with his relatively new twelve-tone method of composing. Berg completed the basic compositional work for the opera in spring 1934, and he then created a concert suite from the work, much as he had done with Wozzeck, which he titled Symphonic Pieces from the Opera “Lulu.” The necessary revisions to the opera that Berg foresaw and most of the orchestration of Act 3 remained incomplete at the time of his death in December 1935, and the opera was performed in its entirety only in 1979. In Lulu Berg fully developed his own distinctive twelve-tone method of composing but continued to invoke traditional musical forms.
Helene Berg and the Management of Berg’s Legacy, 1936–76
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

Following Berg’s death the most pressing problem was the completion of the opera Lulu. Universal Edition contracted with Arnold Schoenberg to complete the work but Schoenberg subsequently declined. The opera was premiered in a two-act version in Zurich in 1937. Helene Berg’s involvement with anthroposophy shaped her contention that Berg was still in communication with her and that Lulu’s third act should never be completed. Universal Edition commissioned the completion by Friedrich Cerha, and the premiere of the three-act version was held in Paris in 1979, after Helene Berg’s death. Helene Berg undertook a publication of her husband’s letters to herself, created the Alban Berg Foundation, and donated Berg’s manuscripts and papers to the Austrian National Library. Helene Berg died in 1976. Biographies of Berg were first written by his friends and students, including Willi Reich and Soma Morgernstern, later by those outside of his circle such as Hans F. Redlich.
Epilogue
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

HOW SHOULD WE ASSESS ALBAN BERG’S PLACE IN MUSIC OF THE modern era? In the present day—far more than in the past—the question defies any broadly acceptable answer. Serious music from Berg’s time to our own has undergone such radical and continuing changes that any ideology supporting its critical evaluation seems temporary and arbitrary. The riots that greeted the Altenberg Songs at the Musikverein in 1913 or the Chamber Concerto in Paris in 1928 are unthinkable at performances in the present day. Equally unimaginable at present is the chartering of a train to bring audiences from New York to Philadelphia to hear a new opera, as happened for the American premiere of ...
Antecedents of Managers’ People Management
Authors: Knies Eva , Beeck Sophie Op de , Hondeghem Annie
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines managers’ role in people management within a public sector setting and the factors explaining differences in people management performance between managers. The main question guiding this contribution is: What are the antecedents (favoring and hindering factors) of public managers’ HRM implementation and leadership behavior? The AMO model is used as a conceptual framework to map and examine the antecedents of public managers’ people management. Under the Ability category of the AMO model, the focus is on managers’ people management abilities and management development. Under the Motivation category, the focus is on managers’ willingness to take up people management responsibilities and their priorities. Under the Opportunities category, support from different organizational stakeholders (HR department, upper management, etc.) and (personnel) red tape are covered. As such, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the impact that typical public sector characteristics have on managers’ people management performance.
Berkeley’s Stoic Notion of Spiritual Substances
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

For Berkeley, minds are not Cartesian spiritual substances because they cannot be said to exist (even if only conceptually) abstracted from their activities. Similarly, Berkeley’s notion of mind differs from Locke’s in that, for Berkeley, minds are not abstract substrata in which ideas inhere. Instead, a mind is a substance in a way consistent with the Stoic logic of the seventeenth-century Ramists on which Leibniz and Jonathan Edwards draw. The Stoic character of Berkeley’s philosophy is recognizable only when we see how it is based on a doctrine in which perceptions or ideas are intelligible precisely because they are always embedded in the propositions of a discourse or language.
Berkeley’s Pantheistic Discourse
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Berkeley’s immaterialism has more in common with views developed by Henry More, the mathematician Joseph Raphson, John Toland, and Jonathan Edwards than those of thinkers with whom he is commonly associated (e.g. Malebranche and Locke). The key for recognizing their similarities lies in appreciating how St. Paul’s remark that, in God “we live and move and have our being” is an invitation to think of God as the space of discourse in which minds and ideas are identified. This way of speaking about God, adapted by Karl Barth and Paul Tillich, opens up new ways to think about the relation between God and finite minds.
Berkeley on God’s Knowledge of Pain
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Since nothing about God is passive, and the perception of pain is inherently passive, then it seems that God does not know what it is like to experience pain. Nor would he be able to cause us to experience pain, for his experience would then be a sensation (which he does not have). My suggestion is that Berkeley avoids this situation by describing how God knows about pain “among other things” (i.e. as something whose identity is intelligible in terms of the integrated network of things). This avoids having to assume that God has ideas (including pain) apart from his willing that there be perceivers who have specific ideas that are in harmony or not in harmony with one another.
The Vehiculum Dei
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 explores the influence of the scholarly community circulating Ragley Hall—most notably, Henry More, Anne Conway, and Francis Mercury van Helmont—on Quaker Christology. This group were influenced by Kabbalist ideas, and introduced the notion of a ‘middle substance’ into Quakers’ understanding of the ‘inward Christ’. This intellectual influence was immortalized in Robert Barclay’s Apology, and is most prominent in his account of the ‘vehiculum Dei’. While George Keith claimed to have given Barclay his ideas as expressed in the Apology, this chapter argues that Barclay was engaging with the Ragley Hall group directly during this period. That such an important contribution towards the Quakers’ understanding of Christ’s body was produced out of conversations regarding the most pressing philosophical issues of the day demonstrates strikingly how the development of Quaker theology was guided directly by wider intellectual trends of the seventeenth century
Divine Reason
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

This chapter elucidates a dispute regarding the proper understanding of the ‘Divine Logos’, between the philosopher John Norris and the Quaker Richard Vickris in the early 1690s. It draws on the commentary of the priest Edmund Elys to contextualize the dispute in terms of the publication of John Locke’s Essay and the empiricist ascendancy towards the end of the seventeenth century. A more nuanced understanding of Quaker theology allows for a fuller understanding of what was at stake in this intellectual moment: while the period has generally been characterized in terms of an epistemological crisis evidenced by the outworking of rationalist and spiritualist excess, deism, scepticism, and the growing influence of natural theology—that is, a reconfiguration of the relationship between natural and revealed religion—these epistemological issues were often deeply imbued with (and perhaps more fundamentally driven by) Christological reflection
Engines and Refrigerators
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

The laws of energy conservation and entropy increase put limits on the efficiency of any heat engine and any refrigeration device working over a given temperature range. The limits are independent of the details of how these machines operate, so this chapter first explains them by considering only energy and entropy flows. The detailed mechanisms are still interesting, however, so the chapter ends with descriptions of a variety of engine and refrigeration mechanisms, including methods of reaching temperatures near absolute zero.
Free Energy and Chemical Thermodynamics
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

When a system is held at constant temperature (and sometimes constant pressure) through interactions with its surroundings, its thermodynamic behavior is governed by a combination of energy and entropy, called free energy. This chapter defines free energy and interprets it in two ways: as available work, and as a force toward equilibrium. Extensive applications follow: electrochemistry, phase transformations, mixtures, and chemical equilibrium. The worked examples and problems explore many specific applications including muscle contraction, cloud formation, geochemistry, metallurgy, and gas ionization.
Boltzmann Statistics
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

When a system is held at a fixed temperature, its higher-energy states are less probable than its lower energy states by an amount that depends on how the energy compares to the temperature. The formula that quantifies this idea is called the Boltzmann distribution. This chapter derives the Boltzmann distribution and shows how to use it to predict the thermal behavior of any system whose microscopic states we can enumerate. The examples go beyond the three simple model systems studied already in Chapters 2 and 3 to include detailed properties of gases, stellar spectra, and paramagnetic materials.
Quantum Statistics
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

This chapter begins by extending the Boltzmann distribution to the case of a system that exchanges particles with its environment. This idea finds direct applications ranging from hemoglobin adsorption to ionization of atoms in stars. But the main applications are to dense “gases” in which the quantum behavior of identical particles comes into play. Examples include conduction electrons in metals and semiconductors; white dwarf and neutron stars; photon gases and thermal radiation from incandescent objects; neutrino and electron-positron production in the early universe; quasiparticles associated with vibrations and magnetic excitations in solids; and Bose-Einstein condensation of ultracold clouds of atoms.
Systems of Interacting Particles
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents two examples of the application of Boltzmann statistics to systems with nontrivial interactions between particles. The first example is a nonideal gas, treated approximately using a series expansion that we can visualize in terms of simple diagrams. The second example is a model of a ferromagnet as a collection of two-state particles interacting with their nearest neighbors. It is easy to solve this model exactly in one dimension, and to gain a semi-quantitative understanding of why the system magnetizes below a critical temperature in two or three dimensions. The most powerful tool for studying this model, however, is numerical simulation on a computer using a random-sampling algorithm based on the Boltzmann distribution.
Inquiry, Knowledge, and Understanding
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

What is knowledge? What is understanding? Why should we care about them? And how much, if anything, can we know and understand? These are among the most fundamental questions in the theory of knowledge. This book develops a new way of answering all of them in a systematic manner. The key idea is to approach these questions by thinking about inquiry. It argues that knowledge and understanding are the central aims of inquiry and that this insight serves to shed light on the nature, value, and extent of our knowledge and understanding.
Ethical Decision-Making in School Mental Health
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Ethical decision making in school mental health provides mental health professionals with a seven-step approach to managing ethical predicaments. It combines guidance from four major codes of ethics, including the American School Counseling Association, National Association of School Nurses, National Association of School Psychologists, and National Association of Social Workers. Ethical issues are endemic for mental health professionals working with minors in a host setting like schools. New interventions, evolving technologies, and a patchwork of ethical and legal guidelines create a constant stream of new ethical dilemmas. Longstanding and complex questions rarely give way to quick and easy answers. The seven-step model presented here enables readers to apply a practical process that minimizes their liability and protects their students. Beginning with an introduction of the moral, legal, and clinical foundations that undergird ethical practice, the authors present an ethical decision-making model with seven steps: know yourself and your responsibilities, analyze the dilemma, seek consultation, identify courses of action, manage clinical concerns, enact the decision, and reflect on the process. The second edition includes meticulously updated chapters based on recent changes to all of the codes of ethics over the past 10 years. It also has a new chapter on the universal issue of ethical recordkeeping. This handy guide is written for multidisciplinary teams of mental health professionals, including school social workers, school psychologists, school nurses, and school counselors. It provides a trusty resource with the following elements: Clearly organized chapters that introduce a process approach to ethical decision-making; Interprofessional and collaborative approach to working with other stakeholders; Case examples and practice exercises illustrate real work application of ethical guidelines; and Glossary, web resources, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions on students’ civil rights.
Sewing and Designing—Incrementally—Innovation-Based Growth
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter, utilizing the tools and concepts developed in chapter 5, presents the cases for stage 3 second-generation product and component innovation and for stage 2 design, prototype development, and production engineering. Analyzing these stages, we learn not only how to excel in them, but also their considerable advantages for long-term and equitable local growth compared to trying to copy the Silicon Valley model. A thorough and historical analysis of the growth of the Taiwanese ICT industry is used to make stage 3 lessons concrete. Similarly, for stage 2 we utilize the case of the transformation of the Riviera del Brenta in Northeastern Italy into the most important center in the world for luxury women shoes.
Conclusion
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter concludes the book, reminding the reader that the act of innovation is what makes humans unique, and urging for a strong belief in human ingenuity. It also briefly summarizes the main points of the book, namely innovation versus invention, innovation and local economic growth, global fragmentation of production, innovation stages, the only two innovation actors, the three goals of innovation policy, and how to adhere to the four fundamentals (flows of local-global knowledge, demand, and inputs; the supply and creation of public and semi-public goods; building a local ecosystem that reinforces the firm-level benefits of the previous two fundamentals; and the co-evolution of the previous three fundamentals).
Motivation, Perception, and Engagement
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

Mobile news as the focal concept of study is explicated as a multidimensional construct. This chapter elaborates on the attributes of mobile media and implications of these attributes for mobile news consumption. The chapter then presents the analytical framework with five dependent variables of mobile news consumption and predictors of the consumption at individual and societal levels. Finally, to achieve a systematic study of mobile news consumption in Asia, a comparative model is proposed; it highlights the similarities of the four Asian cities with different social political systems for cross-societal comparisons.
Discrimination and Delegation
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

What explains state responses to the refugees they receive? This book identifies two puzzling patterns: states open their borders to some refugee groups while blocking others (discrimination), and a number of countries have given the United Nations (UN) control of asylum procedures and refugee camps on their territory (delegation). To explain this selective exercise of sovereignty, the book develops a two-part theoretical framework in which policymakers in refugee-receiving countries weigh international and domestic concerns. Internationally, leaders use refugees to reassure allies and exert pressure on rivals. Domestically, policymakers have incentives to favor those refugee groups with whom they share an ethnic identity. When these international and domestic incentives conflict, shifting responsibility to the UN allows policymakers to placate both refugee-sending countries and domestic constituencies. The book then carries out a “three-stage, multi-level” research design in which each successive step corroborates and elaborates the findings of the preceding stage. The first stage involves statistical analysis of asylum admissions worldwide. The second stage presents two country case studies: Egypt (a country that is broadly representative of most refugee recipients) and Turkey (an outlier that has limited the geographic application of the Refugee Convention). The third stage zooms in on sub- or within-country dynamics in Kenya (home to one of the largest refugee populations in the world) through content analysis of parliamentary proceedings. Studying state responses to refugees is instructive because it can help explain why states sometimes assert, and at other times cede, their sovereignty in the face of refugee rights.
Selective Sovereignty and the Refugee Regime
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

This introductory chapter lays out the book’s central question: why do states sometimes assert, and at other times cede, their sovereign prerogatives in the face of refugee flows? The overview of refugee rights around the world presented in the chapter reveals two puzzling trends: governments treat some refugees well and others poorly (the “discrimination puzzle”), and governments often hand over asylum policymaking to the UN (the “delegation puzzle”). These patterns complicate a conventional wisdom that pits state sovereignty against human rights. This chapter’s discussion sets the stage for subsequent chapters by establishing the present-day significance of state responses to refugees, the prevalence of discrimination and delegation, and the inadequacy of existing explanations for these phenomena.
The Role of Foreign Policy and Ethnic Politics
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides the theoretical answer to the puzzles posed in chapter 1. It starts by defining the central dependent variable, asylum policy. To compare asylum policy across countries and refugee groups, it introduces a set of indicators that cover admission at the border, freedom to reside outside camps, access to the labor market, and other aspects of the refugee experience. The chapter then develops the argument that countries’ approaches to refugees are shaped by a two-level dynamic involving foreign policy and ethnic politics. It details the causal pathways whereby relations with the sending country and domestic ethnic competition may result in relative inclusiveness, restrictiveness, or delegation. The chapter concludes by explaining the methods and data used to investigate this theory.
Conversion to Islam
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: March 2021

Why did non-Muslims convert to Islam during Muhammad’s life and under his immediate successors? How did Muslim historians portray these conversions? Why did their portrayals differ significantly? To what extent were their portrayals influenced by their time of writing, religious inclinations, and political affiliations? These are the fundamental questions that drive this study. Relying on numerous works, including primary sources from over a hundred classical Muslim historians, this investigation is the first scholarly study to detect, trace, and analyze conversion themes in early Muslim historiography. It emphasizes how classical Muslims remembered conversion, and how they valued and evaluated aspects of it. This study examines the interplay between history and historiography, as it scrutinizes the influence of religio-political and sociocultural contexts on historical narratives. While this study focuses on historical accounts, its conclusions are contrasted with recent findings of non-historiographical research on conversion to Islam. Readers will join an intellectual journey, exploring numerous early Muslim sources and wrestling with critical observations regarding the sources’ reliability. They will question whether Islam actually spread by the sword and deduce unconventional meanings of conversion. They will unearth the hidden link between historical narratives and historians’ religious sympathies and political agendas. This study leads readers through a complex body of literature, provides insights regarding historical context, and creates a vivid picture of conversion to Islam as early Muslim historians sought to depict it.
From Humanity to Sovereignty
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 analyzes Locke’s notion of a “trespass against the whole species” in the Second Treatise of Government. It reconstructs his argument for private property and political government through the lens of universal crime in a colonial context. Once humanity is stipulated as the earth’s stakeholder in the state of nature, the failure to enclose land via labor wastes the earth’s potential and instantiates an offense against mankind. Presenting the figure of the Native American as the quintessential universal criminal failing to perform agricultural labor as a dictate of natural law, Locke’s argument reveals an inclusionary Eurocentrism that includes non-European peoples insofar as they violate humanity’s supposedly universal norms. Furthermore, once the introduction of money enables accumulation without spoilage, those wasting the earth’s productivity become scarcely recognizable as universal criminals, and humanity as the natural law’s subject becomes destabilized. Founding separate peoples under sovereign government hence becomes necessary to recreate law-governed collective life.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

This chapter constructs a moral reality of the ethics and moral culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) by (1) identifying critical and distinctive pre-moral convictions that manifest the revealed realities of the LDS religious worldview and (2) providing a substantive exposition of formative principles, values, and virtues of LDS ethics that constitute a restored morality. The pre-moral values highlighted include a progressive salvation narrative, the harmony of religion and biomedicine, embodiment, and family. These values are supplemented by five core ethical principles, including love, hospitality to strangers, covenant, justice, and respect for agency and self-determination. These principles display moral continuities with the moral values and ethical teachings of other philosophical, religious, and cultural traditions.
Back to the Future
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) practice of research on genealogy and family history has contributed to momentous advances in identifying, testing, and treating genetic-based diseases. This chapter examines the ethical dimensions of genetic testing and interventions in the human genome. The ethical questions raised by various forms of genetic testing for diseases carry over into innovative developments in human gene editing technologies to prevent diseases. Gene editing also holds out the prospect of enhancing human physiological and cognitive capabilities. Enhancements are a feature of contemporary technology appropriated by LDS theologies of transhumanist perfectionism. The chapter presents a framework of normative ethical principles for personal, professional, and policy decisions on these controversial questions.
Epilogue
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) has not addressed the structure of health care delivery in the United States that is simultaneously expensive far beyond the levels of any other nation and yet fails to provide access to basic health services for nearly 10% of the population. The concept of adequate health care in LDS teaching on welfare principles provides a basis for constructing an LDS argument for universal access to basic health care. This epilogue draws on the examples of Church advocacy of health care reform in Utah—and Church priorities in international humanitarian assistance programs—to construct a framework of ethical principles to assess proposals and criteria for a social commitment to provide adequate health care to all citizens.
Introduction
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

The history of Gluck’s music in Paris during its first hundred years is thought to be well understood: a successful series of productions and revivals from the 1770s to around 1800, followed by a series of more fitful revivals from 1811 until the end of the Bourbon Restoration in 1830. At that point, so the story goes, Gluck effectively disappears until the revival of ...
Gluck in Performance
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

Although Gluck’s works for the French theatre were absent from the stage after 1830, Gluck’s music was widely known through various forms of concert: the concert historique, the concert series and freely-promoted concerts. Of great importance were the initiatives of François Delsarte who not only programmed large amounts of Gluck but who also developed a realistic mode of delivery which was to spill over eventually into the theatre.
Paris Imagines Gluck
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

The promotion of Gluck’s music between c1830 and c1870 was supported by interlocking networks of impresarios, publishers and vocal artists. The efforts of these agents overlapped directly with the performative undertakings described in the previous chapter, while literary and artistic figures established sites of Gluck reception independent of strictly musical enterprises.
Gluck in the Theatre
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

The 1859 revival of Gluck’s Orphée at the Théâtre-Lyrique is well known, the revival of Alceste at the Opéra in 1861 less so. Taken together with the 1867 production of the composer’s L’arbre enchanté and the 1868 one of Iphigénie en Tauride describes a history of decline with the success of the revivals in inverse proportion to the levels of participation of the 1859 Orphée, Pauline Viardot.
The World’s Oldest Tsunami Victim at the Gateway to the Pacific—and Beyond
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

The 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami was a significant puzzle for scientists who finally cracked the cause, but it also marks the most recent event of many that can be dated back to at least 6,000 years ago where the skull of the oldest tsunami victim in the world was found. Papua New Guinea was also the starting point for the most remarkable navigational feat in the world, with Polynesians moving rapidly east into the Pacific Ocean, their settlement of the region being punctuated by hiatuses caused by catastrophic tsunamis approximately 3,000, 2,000, and 600 years ago. It was on isolated Pacific islands that humans first came into contact with the deadly Pacific Ring of Fire. Settlement abandonment, mass graves, and cultural collapse mark their progress.
Tsunamis and the US Navy
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents the story of US Navy ships in the Virgin Islands following the Civil War. On November 18, 1867, a tsunami struck, destroying many of the ships; the events that unfolded are told in firsthand accounts. This tsunami would ultimately delay the purchase of the US Virgin Islands for half a century, thus focusing the US Navy on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, with its own major consequences. Less than a year later, two more US Navy ships would be carried ashore by a tsunami, but this time on the coast of Peru. A Peruvian warship, the Americana, lost her captain and some 85 men, and the remaining crew broke into the liquor stores and became drunk. Meanwhile, the warship USS Wateree would lose only 1 sailor, end up permanently stranded on the beach, and eventually be sold to become a seaside hotel.
Strange, But True
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

There are many strange tales of tsunamis that do not fit into researchers’ simple understanding of these events. Intact whale skeletons nearly 150 ft up on top of a cliff, exploding geysers, ships sunk by asteroids, alcoholic beverages running riot through city streets, and the Allies’ development of a tsunami bomb during World War II that was considered equally important as their atomic program are all strange but true stories of the bizarre world of tsunamis. Although none of the events discussed in this chapter necessarily changed the world, they are interesting nonetheless and should change either how scientists search for past tsunamis or how scientists define them.
Megasharknado
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

What happens when an asteroid hits the deep ocean? The public has been assailed with Hollywood’s interpretations such as the movie Deep Impact, but the reality is worryingly real. Approximately 2.5 million years ago, the only know deep-ocean asteroid struck the South Pacific. Initial waves were miles high. It resulted in the extinction of 36% of all life on Earth, including the megashark. The megalodon, or megashark, was big and fast. It preyed upon many cetacean species, such as dolphins and small whales. As a result of the asteroid impact, meter-thick bone beds of dead animals were washed up along Pacific shores, but perhaps even worse, climate changed.
Boxing Day
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

It had been well over 100 years since a major tsunami had struck the Indian Ocean, an event lost from living memory. The world’s only tsunami warning system operated exclusively in the Pacific Ocean, leaving the Indian Ocean neglected. On the day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake struck off the coast of Indonesia, creating a tsunami that would ultimately leave more than 230,000 dead. The tsunami waves would spread across the Indian Ocean, causing massive death and destruction in Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and even along the east coast of Africa. This chapter presents survivor stories to add a unique perspective to this devastating event. The Indian Ocean now has a tsunami warning system, but it is being seriously neglected. What that portends no one yet knows.
Ungoverned and Out of Sight
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Homelessness is a public health problem. Millions of Americans experience homelessness each year, more than the number of Americans that suffer from opioid use disorders annually. Homelessness is associated with increased mortality and adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Longer durations of homelessness are associated with the higher mortality rates, severe mental illness, and substance use disorders. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, rates of homelessness are once again increasing in the United States. In the face of this crisis, this book seeking to explain why different cities in the United States approach solutions to chronic homelessness in different ways. This research finds that homelessness policy is a highly decentralized and fragmented policy space. This often creates conflicting policy solutions, where publicly funded, evidence-based solutions are often undercut by short-term, reactionary responses, including punitive policing, that may actually promote homelessness in the long term. Overall, the limited coordination between fragmented policy interests and strong trends in decentralization of homeless policy governance contribute to reduced policy opportunities for evidence-based, publicly funded responses.
America’s Homelessness Crisis
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Homelessness is a public health problem. From rising housing costs to discriminatory lending and leasing, natural disasters, and mental illness, homelessness has many different causes and many similar effects: serious adverse consequences for physical and mental health across the life course. This chapter makes the case for homelessness as a public health problem, with chronic homelessness as scope of focus for this book. This chapter then introduces the main question of the book: If municipalities are the site of the U.S. homeless epidemic, what are municipal governments doing to address homelessness, and why? This chapter then outlines the role of governance structures in shaping municipal approaches to chronic homelessness, describes the governance system responsible for designing and delivering solutions to homelessness and chronic homelessness in the United States, and the history of homeless policy in America. Finally, this chapter lays the roadmap for the book and subsequent chapters.
The 1536 Institutes
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This chapter treats the first phase of development in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining the first (1536) edition of the Institutes, which establishes a baseline for his understanding of baptism at the beginning of his ministerial career. The chapter looks first at Calvin’s treatment of the sacraments in general and then at the section on baptism itself. It reaches the conclusion that the widespread scholarly claim that the 1536 Institutes rejects the instrumental character of baptism is only partly true. Calvin does repudiate the idea of baptism as an instrument in the sense of its being a container or cause of salvation, but there are also indications here that he views baptism as an instrument positively as both a means of knowledge, testimony, and assurance and a means of grace.
Works from Calvin’s First Period in Geneva and the Strasbourg Interlude (1536–41)
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This chapter moves to the second phase of development in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining the writings from his first ministry stint in Geneva and his three years in Strasbourg (1536–41). These writings include his first catechism of 1537/1538, the second edition of the Institutes (1539), and his commentary on Romans (1540). During this period, Calvin took a major step forward by explicitly identifying a connection between the sign of baptism and that which it signifies. That notwithstanding, the paucity of instrumental terminology, the fairly even balance between positive and negative references to the sacraments as instruments, and the much heavier emphasis on baptism as a means of assurance than a means of salvation are much the same as we find them in the Institutes of 1536.
Works from after the Consensus Tigurinus to Calvin’s Death (1550–64)
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This chapter explores the fifth and final developmental phase in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining three clusters of documents from the time between the Consensus Tigurinus (1549) and Calvin’s death (1564): his commentaries on Titus (1550), 1 Peter (1551), Isaiah (1551), and Acts (1552, 1554); two treatises from his polemical exchange with the Lutheran Joachim Westphal, Defence of the Sane and Orthodox Doctrine of the Sacraments (1555), and Second Defence of the Pious and Orthodox Faith concerning the Sacraments (1556); and the final edition of the Institutes (1559). The chapter concludes that any new developments in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy in this last phase of his life are few, relatively minor, and rather subtle. What we do find now is a greater equilibrium between baptism as a means of knowledge/assurance and a means of grace and a clearer connection between these two instrumental roles.
Introduction
Authors: Mohamed Saira
Published: March 2021

This book focuses on the central puzzle of how the rules of war regulate the conduct of people already engaged in a prohibited activity—namely, aggressive war. Ripstein’s project is to provide an account of why the laws of war should apply equally to wrongdoers—that is, those who participate in an impermissibly initiated war—and to those who are in the right. The book also includes three comments on Ripstein’s lectures, followed by a reply to the comments. This introduction outlines the primary claims put forward in the lectures, comments, and reply, and it offers some additional points of discussion, including how acknowledging the lawfulness of Security Council-authorized humanitarian intervention can be reconciled with the book’s primary argument.
Lecture II
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: March 2021

Lecture II extends the peace-centered account from the first lecture to the distinction between combatants and civilians, showing how it is already implicit in the wrongfulness of perfidy: perfidy is wrong because it is inconsistent with exiting the conditions of war; targeting civilians or civilian property or infrastructure is wrong because it makes everyone and everything part of the war. In so doing, Lecture II redeems the familiar idea, now thought by many to be naïve, that it is a special wrong for combatants to attack civilians because they are not part of the war. The second part of the lecture explains why an aggressor’s combatants cannot be punished for their participation in a war of aggression, even though such participation is morally wrong.
God
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

A look at the first of Razi’s five principles, a perfectly good and all powerful deity. Razi establishes the existence of God on the grounds of fairly traditional arguments, especially the design argument. He is particularly concerned to explain how God can be both the source of order and goodness in the universe, and absolved of blame for disorder and suffering. To solve this problem he postulates another “active” principle alongside God, namely a foolish universal Soul, which receives wisdom by having God’s light emanated upon it. Another topic in focus in this chapter is the eternity of the world, which Razi denies. On this topic the work On Metaphysics is discussed, and its probable authenticity defended.
Matter
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

This chapter takes a look at Razi’s atomic theory of matter: why it must be posited as an eternal principle alongside God and soul, and how bodies are made up of atoms. It is shown that Razi had a fairly detailed theory as to how atomic density explains the property of elemental bodies, as well as several arguments for the reality of void. The resulting theory is more comparable to that of the ancient atomists than to the atomism of contemporary Islamic theologians. A final section attempts to understand Razi’s writings on alchemy in the light of this atomistic physics, and suggests that alchemical transformations may be explained on his view in terms of the manipulation of atoms.