bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fontes teóricas sobre representações sociais: um perfil bibliométrico de textos citados em periódicos científicos nacionais da área de Saúde
Authors: Rummler Guido
Published: January 2008

Observa-se, em atividades que levam à formulação de políticas, serviços, pesquisa e educação, que nem sempre os processos de obtenção ou utilização de dados empíricos encontram-se ancorados em bases teóricas. Observam-se, também, informações teóricas desvinculadas da experiência empírica. Por outro lado, no âmbito da publicação científica em Saúde, nota-se a crescente presença da abordagem qualitativa e, também, a crescente adesão de pesquisadores que fundamentam sua metodologia na Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). No presente estudo, por meio de análise de citações relacionadas a 45 relatos de trabalhos empíricos embasados na TRS, foram identificadas 69 fontes bibliográficas dessa teoria. Formula-se uma listagem dessas fontes com o intuito de favorecer uma eventual busca por parte de estudantes ou pesquisadores interessados. Traça-se, também, um perfil bibliométrico referente a diversos aspectos das fontes identificadas e sua ocorrência no conjunto analisado.
Produtividade e potencial hídrico foliar do cafeeiro Catuaí, em função da época de irrigação
Authors: Silva Antonio C. , Silva Antônio M. da , Coelho Gilberto , Rezende Fátima C. , Sato Fabio A.
Published: January 2008

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes épocas de irrigação (A - entre 1 de junho a 30 de setembro; B - entre 1 a 30 de setembro, e, C (Testemunha) - sem irrigação), sobre a produtividade, o rendimento de grãos e o potencial hídrico foliar do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.), cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, IAC 44. O experimento foi instalado sobre uma cultura com 18 anos, com espaçamento de 3,5 m entre as linhas de planta por 0,8 m entre plantas. O potencial hídrico foliar foi monitorado, as 6 h e 12 h, no período de maio a outubro, nos anos de 2003 e 2004. Identificou-se elevada sensibilidade deste indicador fisiológico às épocas de irrigação sendo que a irrigação realizada no período de 01/06 a 30/09 (Tratamento A) mostrou sempre o melhor status hídrico, bem como maior produtividade, com valor médio de 4617 kg ha-1. Esses resultados ratificam o fato de que a produtividade da cultura guarda relação direta com o seu status hídrico e, sobretudo, o potencial hídrico foliar, que demonstrou ser um indicador fisiológico com poder discriminante, portanto, adequado para ser utilizado como referencial no manejo da irrigação, nas condições estudadas.
Doses de N e K no tomateiro sob estresse salino: II. Crescimento e partição de matéria seca
Authors: Blanco Flávio F. , Folegatti Marcos V.
Published: January 2008

A presença de certos nutrientes na solução do solo pode estimular o crescimento de plantas quando cultivadas sob estresse salino. Desenvolveu-se um estudo para avaliar a resposta do tomateiro, híbrido Facundo, a diferentes doses de N e K, sob irrigação com água salina. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em um ambiente protegido e os tratamentos se compunham da combinação de três doses de N (7,5; 15,0 e 22,5 g por planta) e três doses de K (8, 16 e 24 gK2O por planta) aplicados via fertirrigação por gotejamento, no esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com cinco repetições sendo que, à água de irrigação, também foram adicionados os sais cloreto de sódio e cloreto de cálcio para obtenção de condutividade elétrica da água de 9,5 dS m-1. A altura, o diâmetro da haste, a área foliar e o número de dias para o florescimento, não foram afetados pelas doses de N e K, havendo efeito das doses de K para matéria seca de haste+cachos e matéria seca total dentro das doses mais baixas de N. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de doses elevadas de N e K não contribuiu para o aumento da tolerância do tomateiro à salinidade.
Modelo numérico do transporte de nitrogênio no solo. Parte II: Reações biológicas durante a lixiviação
Authors: Rocha Felizardo A. , Martinez Mauro A. , Matos Antônio T. , Cantarutti Reinaldo B. , Silva Joseane O. da
Published: January 2008

Analisar o efeito da temperatura e umidade do solo nos processos de mineralização e nitrificação do nitrogênio e comparar as concentrações de nitrato e amônio, simuladas pelo modelo SIMASS-C, com aquelas obtidas experimentalmente, foi o objetivo que norteou o presente trabalho, razão por que se conduziram dois experimentos, o primeiro em câmeras de incubação, variando temperatura e teor de água do solo, e um segundo, em colunas de lixiviação montadas em laboratório. A temperatura e a umidade afetaram as transformações de nitrogênio, cujos efeitos foram mais pronunciados a partir de 15 dias de incubação, sobretudo nas temperaturas acima de 25 °C e umidades superiores à capacidade de campo. Ao se estimular as reações biológicas sofridas pelo nitrogênio, altos teores de água no solo causaram maiores erros entre as concentrações de nitrato e amônio simuladas e observadas.
Balanço do nitrogênio (15N) da uréia nos componentes de uma pastagem de capim-marandu sob recuperação em diferentes épocas de calagem
Authors: Oliveira Patrícia Perondi Anchão , Trivelin Paulo Cesar Ocheuze , Oliveira Wladecir Salles de
Published: January 2008

Com o objetivo de avaliar a fertilização nitrogenada com uréia, realizou-se um experimento com duas formas de aplicação de uréia (incorporada ou em superfície) e com calagem em duas épocas (março e agosto), para balanço do nitrogênio (15N) em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha. A recuperação e retenção do N-uréia foram obtidas para cada estrutura do sistema solo-pastagem, comprovando que a coroa da planta é um importante órgão de reserva do nitrogênio proveniente do fertilizante uréia. A calagem no mês de março favoreceu a produção de forragem e melhorou a eficiência de uso do N quando se incorporou a uréia. A incorporação melhorou a recuperação e a retenção de nitrogênio na maioria das estruturas de braquiária. A diferença na recuperação de N entre o melhor tratamento (calagem em março e incorporação de uréia) e o pior (calagem em março e uréia em superfície) foi de 50 kg de N/ha após um ano.
Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos
Authors: Siqueira Gustavo Rezende , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Schocken-Iturrino Ruben Pablo , Pires Aureliano José Vieira , Bernardes Thiago Fernandes , Amaral Rafael Camargo do
Published: January 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos (uréia 1,5%; benzoato de sódio 0,1%; ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) 1% na matéria natural) combinados ou não com inoculantes (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum ou Lactobacillus buchneri). Foram avaliadas 12 silagens: uma controle, sem inoculante e sem aditivo químico; três sem inoculante, mas com um dos aditivos; uma com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum, sem aditivo químico; três com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum e um dos aditivos; uma com L. buchneri, sem aditivo químico; e três com L. buchneri e um dos aditivos. Os dados foram analisados em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 com três repetições para cada tratamento. Foram determinadas as perdas ocorridas durante o processo fermentativo nas formas de gases e de efluentes e a recuperação da MS. Durante a exposição aeróbia, determinaram-se a recuperação da MS e a estabilidade aeróbia medida pela variação da temperatura. A associação de L. buchneri e NaOH reduziu as perdas por gases e efluentes e elevou a recuperação da MS. No período após abertura, destacou-se a atuação do benzoato de sódio em manter o pH com variação de apenas 0,1 unidade em cinco dias de exposição aeróbia e dos inoculantes L. buchneri e P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum em prolongar o tempo para elevação da temperatura de 34 horas nas silagens controle para 54 e 50 horas, respectivamente. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar requer a inclusão de algum aditivo eficiente no controle das perdas quantitativas durante a fermentação e a exposição aeróbia.
Reproductive period and fecundity of Serrapinnus piaba (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from the rio Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors: Silvano Jacira , Oliveira Cristina L. C. , Fialho Clarice B. , Gurgel Hélio C. B.
Published: January 2008

Specimens of Serrapinnus piaba were collected monthly from April 2001 to April 2002 in the rio Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The reproductive period, determined through the monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and maturation stages, occurred from January to April. Non-parametric Spearman test was performed in order to test correlation of monthly GSI variation in males and females with water temperature, rainfall and day length. Rainfall and Temperature were correlated with GSI variation in females only and day length showed a negative correlation with GSI variation of males only. It was verified the presence of hooks on the anal fin of mature and maturing males along all the period of study. The absolute fecundity mean was 441 (±178.08) oocytes, determined by the number of yolky oocytes counted in 27 mature female gonads. The relative fecundity, estimated by the number of yolky oocytes divided by milligram of total body weight was 0.74 (± 0.19).
Comparative dietary analysis of two populations of Mimagoniates rheocharis (Characidae: Glandulocaudinae) from two streams of Southern Brazil
Authors: Dufech Ana Paula S. , Azevedo Marco A. , Fialho Clarice B.
Published: January 2008

The diet of two populations of Mimagoniates rheocharis, from two freshwater streams of the rio Tramandaí, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are described and compared. The specimens were collected monthly from January 1998 to March 1999, with dip nets and seine nets and preserved in 10% formalin. In laboratory, the standard length of each specimen was measured. The stomachs were removed and dissected for identification of the alimentary items. The data were analyzed using the frequency of occurrence, percent composition and index of alimentary importance methods, being the last two compared among different classes of standard length. Three methods of analysis showed the highest values for allochthonous insects, regardless the locality of collection or body size of the specimens.
Movement of Cichla species (Cichlidae) in a Venezuelan floodplain river
Authors: Hoeinghaus David J. , Layman Craig A. , Arrington D. Albrey , Winemiller Kirk O.
Published: January 2008

In their native habitats of black- and clear-water Neotropical rivers, large predatory cichlids of the genus Cichla are an important food and recreational resource. Understanding patterns of movement for these species is necessary for effective management and conservation; however, no information is available on movement in natural fluvial populations. Therefore, we initiated a cooperative mark-recapture program with local sport-fishing groups to evaluate movement of Cichla in the Cinaruco River, Venezuela and to promote conservation awareness. Between January 1999 and May 2003, we tagged 2,224 individuals of three species of Cichla (C. temensis, C. orinocensis, and C. intermedia) with uniquely numbered floy tags. Over 52 months, 2.8% of the tagged fishes were recaptured. Most recaptures occurred within 1 km of the tagging location; however, a few large C. temensis moved up to 21 km, demonstrating the potential for longer distance movement in this species. The distance between tagging and recapture locations was not significantly correlated with the time interval between tagging and recapture. Distance moved was significantly related to fish size and period of the annual hydrological cycle. Implications for management and conservation of these species and future research directions are discussed.
Myxiops aphos, new characid genus and species (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Zanata Angela M. , Akama Alberto
Published: January 2008

Myxiops aphos, new genus and species, is described from a river in the eastern portion of Bahia State, Brazil. Myxiops is distinguished from all other characid genera by the combination of the following features: infraorbitals fused in a unique fashion, resulting always in less than six autogenous bones; a single tooth row in the premaxilla; presence of somewhat pedunculate teeth, expanded and compressed distally, with cusps similar in shape and perfectly aligned along distal margin; ventral margin of toothed portion of maxillary curved towards ventral margin of premaxilla and maxillary teeth forming a continuous series with premaxillary teeth; margins of pre- and postzygapophyses with projections anteriorly and posteriorly directed; accumulation of epithelial cells forming globular structures distributed over head and scales; and base of anal fin without scales covering basal portion of unbranched and anterior branched rays. The presence of these features in other characids is discussed.
Food resource partitioning in a fish community of the central Amazon floodplain
Authors: Mérona Bernard de , Rankin-de-Mérona Judy
Published: January 2008

Diets of most of fish species inhabiting a floodplain lake in central Amazonia were studied over a two years and half period. Based on the percentage of relative occurrence of 11 major food categories a classification of species in 11 feeding guilds is proposed. Many species were found to be specialized feeders. Fish, detritus and insects were the most important food resources supporting the fish community in both seasons, but the proportions of fruits, invertebrates and fish were reduced during the low water season. At the community level mean diet overlap between species was low, suggesting efficient resource partitioning within the community. However mean overlap between unspecialized feeders was high. Based on the 23 most abundant species belonging to the different feeding guilds, there was no difference in mean overlap between seasons. Whereas individual species exhibited diet changes between high water and low water seasons, there was no general pattern of seasonal change within feeding guilds.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Triportheus Cope, 1872 (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Malabarba Maria Claudia S. L.
Published: January 2008

The genus Triportheus Cope, 1872 is revised and a total of 16 species (including 3 new species) are recognized from most of the major river drainages of South America. Triportheus magdalenae (Steindachner, 1878) is the sole species occurring west of the Andean Cordilleras. Triportheus paranensis (Günther, 1874) is considered a junior synonym of Triportheus nematurus (Kner, 1858) and a new Triportheus species is described for the río Paraguay basin. Chalcinus rotundatus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941 and Chalcinus elongatus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941 are placed into the synonymy of Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 and T. culter (Cope, 1872) respectively. The name Salmo clupeoides employed by Natterer (in Kner, 1860) is considered a nomen nudum. Neotypes are designated for Chalceus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829, Chalceus rotundatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1841 and Chalcinus auritus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850. Lectotypes are designated for Chalcinus brachipomus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 and Chalcinus nematurus. Identification keys are provided for the Triportheus species in the major drainage basins of South America.
Reproductive biology of Bryconamericus iheringii (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from rio Vacacaí, RS, Brazil
Authors: Lampert Vinicius Renner , Azevedo Marco Aurélio , Fialho Clarice Bernhardt
Published: January 2008

In this paper we describe some aspects of the reproduction and development of secondary sexual characters of Bryconamericus iheringii, based on the analysis of 194 females and 210 males collected monthly in the rio Vacacaí (30º21'34"S and 54º18'48"W), from April 2001 to March 2002. The reproductive period occurred from September to January (spring and summer in the Southern Hemisphere), as described for other characids of the same area. The absolute fecundity mean was 933.71 ± 303.10 oocytes, and the relative fecundity mean was 0.36 ± 0.08 oocytes per mg of total weight, being the species a multiple spawner. There was no correlation between the values of GSI and variation of biotic (stomach repletion and hepatosomatic indexes) and abiotic data (rainfall, day length and temperature) but we suggest that these factors can influence the reproduction of the species acting as "starters" of the beginning of gonadal maturation. Fin-ray hooks consist in a sexually dimorphic character of the species. Well developed hooks were found mainly in mature males, during the reproductive period and in the largest individuals.
Fishing resources in the rio Cuiabá basin, Pantanal do Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Mateus Lúcia. A. F. , Penha Jerry M. F. , Petrere Miguel
Published: January 2008

The rio Cuiabá is one of the most important tributaries of the upper rio Paraguay basin that form the Pantanal wetlands. The fishing resources of the rio Cuiabá basin were studied based on landing data obtained from the Fish Market of the city of Cuiabá, State of Mato grosso, Brazil. A description is given of the composition and origin of the 2000 and 2001 catch. The rio Cuiabá is the main source of fish for Cuiabá, although some fish sold locally comes from the rio Paraguay. The 2000-2001 catch consisted mainly of migratory species. The main landed species were the pimelodids pintado -Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, cachara -Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, and jaú -Paulicea luetkeni, and the characiforms pacu -Piaractus mesopotamicus, piraputanga -Brycon microlepis, piavuçu -Leporinus macrocephalus, and dourado -Salminus brasiliensis. Large catfishes (Pimelodidae) represented 70% of the landed fish, among which pintado was the most abundant. The data indicate that current catches are smaller than those recorded in the early 1980s and fish are caught far off the urban zone. Moreover, although the number and composition of species caught were similar to those of the 80s, the distribution of species abundance has changed. Currently, fisheries catch more carnivorous species than fish from lower trophic levels. These findings cannot be credited solely to overfishing, but appear to result from a complex interaction of factors, i.e., environmental degradation, changes in market preferences, and restrictive legal fishing regulations.
Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Regression Models in the Prediction of Urban Stormwater Quality
Authors: May D. , Sivakumar M.
Published: January 2008

Urban stormwater quality is influenced by many interrelated processes. However, the site‐specific nature of these complex processes makes stormwater quality difficult to predict using physically based process models. This has resulted in the need for more empirical techniques. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to model urban stormwater quality. A total of 5 different constituents were analyzed—chemical oxygen demand, lead, suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Input variables were selected using stepwise linear regression models, calibrated on logarithmically transformed data. Artificial neural networks models were then developed and compared with the regression models. The results from the analyses indicate that multiple linear regression models were more applicable for predicting urban stormwater quality than ANN models.
Sanitation Assessment of Wastewater Treated by Stabilization Ponds for Potential Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation Sanitation Assessment
Authors: Pivelli R. P. , Günther W. M. R. , Matté G. R. , Razzolini M. T. P. , Cutolo S. A. , Martone‐Rocha S. , Peternella F. A. S. , Dória M. C. O. , Matté M. H.
Published: January 2008

Wastewater reuse has become an important alternative to agricultural irrigation; on the other hand, it poses concern with regard to public health. Total coliform and Escherichia coli concentration, presence of helminth eggs and Salmonella, and physical–chemical parameters were evaluated in raw and treated wastewater. Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was 74.6 and 77.9%, respectively. As for organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids, total efficiency removal was 17.4, 12.5, and 32.9%, respectively. The average density of total coliforms and E. coli was 3.5 × 109 and 1.8 × 108 MPN/100 mL and 1.1 × 107 MPN/100 mL and 3.9 × 105 MPN/100 mL for raw and treated wastewater, respectively. Ascaris eggs were observed in 80.8% of the samples collected, and viable eggs in 42.3% of the samples. Salmonella was detected in 36.4% of the samples. The values observed in treated wastewater did not show the adequate bacteriological quality, as recommended by World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland). Therefore, additional measures should be taken to achieve an improved microbiological and parasitological quality.
Preparation of a Porous Clay Heterostructure and Study of its Adsorption Capacity of Phenol and Chlorinated Phenols from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Arellano‐Cárdenas Sofía , Gallardo‐Velázquez Tzayhrí , Osorio‐Revilla Guillermo , López‐Cortez Ma. del Socorro
Published: January 2008

A porous clay heterostructure (PCH) from a Mexican clay was prepared and characterized, and its aqueous phenol and dichlorophenols (DCPs) adsorption capacities were studied using a batch equilibrium technique. The PCH displayed a surface area of 305.5 m 2/g, 37.2 Å average porous diameter, and a basal space of 23.2 Å. The adsorption capacity shown by the PCH for both phenol and DCPs from water (14.5 mg/g for phenol; 48.7 mg/g for 3,4‐DCP; and 45.5 mg/g for 2,5‐DCP) suggests that the PCH has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, as a result of the presence of silanol and siloxane groups formed during the pillaring and calcination of the PCH. The values of maximal adsorption capacity for dichlorophenols were higher than those reported for aluminum pillared clays and some inorgano‐organo clays and comparable with some ionic exchange resins.
Using Customized Rate-Coding and Recruitment Strategies to Maintain Forces During Repetitive Activation of Human Muscles
Authors: Chou Li-Wei , Kesar Trisha M , Binder-Macleod Stuart A
Published: January 2008

Background and Purpose

During functional electrical stimulation (FES), clinicians typically increase stimulation intensity to offset fatigue and maintain functional levels of force production. However, recent studies have suggested that increasing the stimulation frequency is an effective strategy for overcoming fatigue during FES. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5 stimulation strategies on maintaining forces during repetitive isometric muscle activation.

Subjects and Methods

The right quadriceps femoris muscles of 12 subjects with no history of lower-extremity orthopedic, neurological, or vascular problems were tested. The 5 stimulation strategies were: progressively increasing the frequency, progressively increasing the intensity, and 3 combination protocols that first increased the intensity and then increased the frequency. The only difference among the 3 combination protocols was the starting frequency used in each protocol (20, 30, or 40 Hz). For all protocols, the stimulation frequency or intensity was increased progressively every time the peak force declined more than 10% from a targeted force level. The specific step increases in frequency or intensity were customized for each subject. A contraction was defined as successful when its peak force exceeded 90% of the targeted force level.

Results

The results showed that progressively increasing only the frequency produced 59% more successful contractions than progressively increasing only the intensity. In addition, the combination stimulation protocol that began with 30-Hz trains produced the most successful contractions (mean=1,205 contractions; 35%–74% more than the other 4 protocols tested).

Discussion and Conclusions

The results suggest that increasing the stimulation intensity and then the frequency is the best strategy to maintain muscle performance and could help clinicians design optimal stimulation protocols to use for each patient during FES.
Les sanglots longs de la violence de l’automne : French Diplomacy Reacts to the October Crisis
Authors: Meren David
Published: January 2008

Employing information gathered chiefly from the archives of France's Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (MAE), this article examines official French perceptions of the October Crisis, and how these were influenced by evolving attitudes in Paris regarding Quebec and Canada. It is argued that French official perceptions of the October Crisis were shaped foremost by a belief that arose in the 1960s among elements in the French political class that Quebec was evolving toward some form of international sovereignty. The October Crisis, thus, was perceived in French circles as a manifestation of Quebec's larger political evolution; Ottawa's hard-line response was seen as misguided and ultimately exacerbating the crisis, and as consistent with federalist resistance to Quebec épanouissement. These French perceptions were reinforced by the invocation of the War Measures Act. The result was a rather ambiguous response from Paris that condemned FLQ actions out of a general opposition to political violence, but that was tempered by a concern that the reaction of Canadian and Quebec authorities, notably the former, not be permitted to interfere with the French view of the Québécois interest.

À partir d’informations recueillies principalement aux archives du ministère français des Affaires étrangères (MAE), cette étude examine les perceptions françaises officielles concernant la Crise d’octobre, et la manière dont ces perceptions ont été influencées par l’attitude qu’a adoptée Paris à l’égard du Québec et du Canada. Cet article soutient que les perceptions françaises officielles concernant la Crise d’octobre ont avant tout été influencées par une conviction, parmi certains membres de la classe politique française dans les années 60, que le Québec s’acheminait vers une forme de souveraineté internationale. Ainsi, dans les milieux français, la Crise d’octobre a été perçue comme une manifestation de l’évolution politique générale du Québec; la réaction intransigeante d’Ottawa a été perçue comme une erreur qui avait contribué à l’aggravation de la crise et qui illustrait l’opposition fédéraliste à l’épanouissement du Québec. Ces perceptions n’ont été que renforcées par le décret de la Loi des mesures de guerre. Il en a résulté une réponse plutôt équivoque de la France, qui a condamné les actes du FLQ par opposition à toute violence politique, mais dont la condamnation a été tempérée du fait qu’elle ne voulait pas que la réaction des autorités québécoises et, surtout, canadiennes contrarie les intérêts québécois tels que les concevaient les Français.
Global Warming Damages and Canada's Oil Sands
Authors: Shiell Leslie , Loney Suzanne
Published: January 2008

The social net benefit of energy investments differs from private profitability by the value of environmental damages, among other things. Estimates of damages associated with greenhouse gas emissions are obtained from the literature, ranging from $15 to $64 (C$ 2004) per tonne of carbon. These values are shown to be equivalent to $2 to $8 per barrel of crude oil obtained from Canada's oil sands, based on emissions intensities of Suncor Energy Inc. It is estimated that taking these costs into account would lower the social net benefit of Suncor's oil sands production for 2004–2005 by a central value of 18 percent.
Reframing Garbage: Solid Waste Policy Formulation in Nova Scotia
Authors: Wagner Travis
Published: January 2008

A series of powerful focusing events established solid waste as a national problem in Canada and a provincial and local problem in Nova Scotia. The traditional approach, expanding and improving disposal options, was rejected at the provincial and local levels. Instead, both levels simultaneously developed and implemented policies that focused on maximizing the recovery of solid waste. In both cases, crucial to policy adoption was the reframing of solid waste from a useless by-product to a valuable economic resource. This reframing was the result of the intervention of powerful policy actors, environmental justice concerns, media attention, and the sustained presence of the issue on the agenda. This case study provides important lessons to governments interested in developing an alternative policy for solid waste other than the traditional disposal-reliance paradigm.
Tobacco Warning Labels and the Protection Motivation Model: Implications for Canadian Tobacco Control Policy
Authors: Cismaru Magdalena , Lavack Anne M.
Published: January 2008

Since 2000, Canada has mandated the use of a set of 16 rotating graphic warning labels that cover the top 50 percent of the front and back of each cigarette package. This paper examines the issue of tobacco warning labels within the context of the Protection Motivation Model. Based on this psychological model, we provide recommendations as to how tobacco warning labels could be revised to include specific recommendations and coping advice that would outline the benefits of quitting (response efficacy) and offer encouragement (self-efficacy).
Modeling On-Road Particle Number Emissions from a Hybrid Diesel–Electric Bus
Authors: Sonntag Darrell Bruce , Gao H. Oliver , Holmén Britt A.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this econometric analysis is to model the concentration of particle number emissions from a hybrid diesel–electric bus in terms of operating characteristics. Particle number concentrations are modeled instead of particle mass, and the emissions are recorded by using on-board instrumentation in real-world driving conditions. The operating characteristics included in the final models are two engine parameters (fuel rate and engine speed) and two vehicle parameters (velocity and acceleration). The emissions data possess properties that frequently cause problems in regression analysis: nonstationarity, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. Methods for overcoming and minimizing the effects of these properties are implemented. Aggregation is used to reduce the nonstationarity of the data, and one of the potential operating characteristics is removed to decrease the multicollinearity. The Newey–West autocorrelation consistent covariance estimator is implemented by using ordinary least squares to produce a model that accounts for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, without requiring assumptions to be made about the structure of the model disturbances. A first-order autoregressive process is used with feasible generalized least squares as a comparative model. The two models have similar coefficients, fit, and predictive capability. However, the models are specific in scope to typical freeway driving conditions. In future studies, the researchers anticipate applying econometric analysis to model particle number emissions among different routes, bus technologies, aftertreatments, and atmospheric conditions.
Diesel Truck Idling Emissions
Authors: Miller Terry L. , Fu Joshua S. , Hromis Boris , Storey John M. , Parks James E.
Published: January 2008

The University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducted a 5-month-long air monitoring study at the Watt Road interchange on I-40 in Knoxville, Tennessee, where 20,000 heavy-duty trucks travel the Interstate each day. In addition, three large truck stops are situated at this interchange, where as many as 400 trucks idle engines at night. As a result, high levels of PM2.5 have been measured near the interchange, often exceeding National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This paper presents the results of the air monitoring study, illustrating average hourly patterns of PM2.5 resulting from diesel truck emissions on the Interstate and at the truck stops. Most of the PM2.5 concentrations detected occurred during the night, when the largest contribution of emissions was from idling trucks rather than trucks on the Interstate. A nearby background air monitoring site was used to identify the contribution of regional PM2.5 emissions, which were also a significant factor in the concentrations measured at the site. The relative contributions of regional background, local truck idling, and trucks on the Interstate to local PM2.5 concentrations are presented and discussed in the paper. The results indicate the potential significance of diesel truck idling emissions to the occurrence of hot spots of high PM2.5 concentrations near large truck stops, ports, or border crossings. The significance of truck idling emissions is similar to the findings of other studies.
Commercial Bus Emissions and Fuel Use
Authors: Darr Linda Bauer , Buchanan Brandon , Jack Jason , Lowell Dana , Shires Christopher
Published: January 2008

This paper summarizes the results of emissions testing conducted on six motor coaches with engines between model years 1997 and 2004. Each bus was tested while idling and also while being driven in simulated low-speed urban traffic. The intent of this program was to evaluate the potential effects of idle restriction policies on coach buses, particularly when coaches are forced to circulate in urban traffic to maintain appropriate cabin temperatures if restricted from idling. All tested buses used more fuel and emitted more nitrogen oxides (NOx) when being driven in simulated urban traffic than when idling. Fuel use at least doubled for all tested buses when driven compared with idling. For older coaches, NOx also doubled, whereas for newer coaches NOx emissions increased by 40%. If a coach bus is forced to circulate in traffic to maintain appropriate cabin temperatures, rather than idling while stationary, it will use up to 375 more gallons of fuel and emit up to 22 lb of excess NOx annually for only 1 h/day of circulating. Both fuel use and NOx emissions generally increased for all buses when the air conditioning was on, compared with when it was not, both while idling and while being driven. In this test program, the increase was less during urban driving than while idling, but given the relatively low ambient temperatures during the testing, the results may not be fully reflective of actual summer results in many parts of the country. For both idling and urban driving, the two newest buses (2004 engines) produced significantly less NOx than the four older buses. This finding is consistent with more stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards for newer engines.
Interactive Forecasting Tool for Impact of New Engine Technologies on Fuel Consumption and Emissions
Authors: Fischbeck Paul S. , Gerard David , Rice David
Published: January 2008

Recent gasoline price spikes have heightened interest in new technologies to improve vehicle fuel economy. Indeed, policies in the United States and abroad often target new vehicles as a means to improve fuel economy and reduce passenger vehicle emissions. Although fuel economy and emissions performance of new vehicles are easily compared on an individual basis to the extant vehicle stock, information about long-term aggregate effects is much more difficult to obtain. This project addresses this limitation with the development of an interactive tool that allows users to investigate how scenarios of the penetration of new vehicle technologies would affect future fleet fuel consumption and vehicle emissions (CO, HC, NOx, PM, CO2). The attractiveness of this approach is in the transparency of the assumptions, the ease with which input variables can be manipulated, and the incorporation of uncertainty. Users can vary a number of parameter inputs (e.g., growth of the passenger vehicle fleet, the rates of technological diffusion, and future emissions and fuel economy of these technologies) and generate instantaneous forecasts of pollution and fuel consumption compared with 2005 levels, as well as a baseline technology scenario, for the period 2005 to 2020. Currently, the tool runs as an Excel spreadsheet application with 15 variable inputs and output for four criteria pollutants, CO2, and future fuel consumption. This paper describes the motivation for the model, explains its development as a spreadsheet application, and demonstrates its utility with a number of examples. Future work will improve the sophistication of certain default assumptions and upgrade the software from a spreadsheet application to an interactive website.
Identifying and Correcting Errors with Odometer Readings from Inspection and Maintenance Data
Authors: Goh Vincent , Fischbeck Paul S. , Gerard David
Published: January 2008

The analysis of data from state inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs and remote-sensing studies has revealed a number of fundamental insights about vehicle emissions. These include a deterioration effect (emissions increase as vehicles age) and the vintage effect (because of technological improvements, newer model year vehicles are cleaner at any given age than older model year vehicles). As a result, vehicle age and vehicle mileage (from odometer readings) are both important proxies for estimating deterioration and identifying high-emitting vehicles. In this paper, Colorado data are used to demonstrate systematic problems with odometer readings from state I/M data. The paper shows that odometer readings are notoriously poor indicators of actual vehicle miles because of the rollover of five-digit odometers (i.e., from 99,999 to 0) and recording errors. Visual inspection of a distribution of I/M records plotted against odometer readings shows obvious issues with the use of raw odometer readings and implausibly high emissions levels for low-mileage vehicles. A three-part iterative process for identifying and correcting these readings is proposed. After the method is applied, it is found that the rollover problem affects roughly 1 in 20 of the observations in the data set. The problem is particularly acute for older model year vehicles, and negative correlations are observed between miles driven and emissions for certain model years. The results suggest that some results of empirical studies of I/M data need to be reexamined and that emissions improvements resulting from technical change may be overstated.
Urban Transport Scenarios in South Asia
Authors: Bose Ranjan Kumar
Published: January 2008

Motor vehicle ownership and utilization are growing rapidly in Asia, because of rapid urbanization and growing urban incomes. This sudden growth is resulting in increasing traffic congestion, fuel use, and CO2 emissions and in deteriorating air quality. This paper presents a common framework to explore scenarios of vehicle and energy use and emissions in three South Asian cities: Bangalore, India; Colombo, Sri Lanka; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Scenarios are built by separately analyzing transportation activity (in tonne kilometers or passenger kilometers), modal structure (i.e., share of tonne kilometers or passenger kilometers occurring on each mode), modal energy intensity (in energy burned per tonne kilometer or passenger kilometer), and emission factors. Although the types of data available across cities vary widely and there are deficiencies and inconsistencies in the available data, the analysis suggests that motor vehicle use would roughly double in each city by 2020 in the business-as-usual scenario, largely because of expected income increases; fuel use and CO2 emissions would triple; and pollution loading would rise exponentially. An alternative scenario of slower vehicle and energy growth is explored, premised on substitution of personal vehicles with buses and reduction in traffic congestion. Consequently, fuel use and CO2 emissions would only double in Bangalore and Dhaka, whereas in Colombo the increase would not be significantly lower than in the business-as-usual scenario. The cumulative carbon mitigation potential over a 15-year period would be 13% in Bangalore, 9% in Dhaka, and 2% in Colombo. The drop in pollution loading would be different in each city.
Global and Country Inventory of Road Passenger and Freight Transportation
Authors: Borken Jens , Steller Heike , Merétei Tamás , Vanhove Filip
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a comprehensive and validated inventory of road transport emissions worldwide. The bottom-up calculation correlates within 2% and 10% with fuel sales data in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD regions, respectively; this adds credibility to the results. The inventory covers eight exhaust compounds emitted by five vehicle categories and five fuel types each. For many non-OECD countries, road transport exhaust emissions have been calculated for the first time at this level of detail. Furthermore, this paper provides a conservative estimate of primary particulate matter emissions from diesel and gasoline vehicles. The Group of Seven countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) together with Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and Russia account for more than three-quarters of all considered exhaust emissions, followed by major countries in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Action in these 15 countries could reduce emissions for the whole region significantly. Exhaust control and maintenance can focus on motorized two-wheelers, buses, and heavy-duty trucks. The inventory is particularly suited for comparisons across countries and regions. Data uncertainties in transport volumes and real-world emissions, notably of hydrocarbon and particulate matter, should be reduced.
Use of Highway Underpasses by Large Mammals and Other Wildlife in Virginia
Authors: Donaldson Bridget
Published: January 2008

Wildlife crossing structures are gaining recognition by transportation agencies as effective measures to reduce animal–vehicle collisions and to connect wildlife habitats across transportation corridors. For the species that pose the highest risk in terms of animal–vehicle accidents in Virginia, namely, white-tailed deer and black bears, research is lacking on structural and location attributes of effective crossing structures. The Virginia Transportation Research Council began a 1-year study in June 2004 to monitor potential crossing structures and to determine the features that make a crossing successful for Virginia's large mammals. The underpasses, most not specifically designed as wildlife crossings, consist of box culverts and bridges of varying sizes. Remote cameras installed at seven underpass sites have recorded more than 2,700 wildlife photographs and documented 1,040 white-tailed deer crossings in the most heavily used structures. Underpasses with a minimum height of 12 ft were successful in facilitating deer passage. Structures that were suitable for deer passage were also heavily used by a variety of wildlife species, including coyote, red fox, raccoon, groundhog, and opossum. Structures with drainages that mimic natural waterways can encourage use by a diversity of terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic species. If even a minimal number of deer–vehicle collisions are prevented by an effective underpass, the savings in property damage alone can outweigh the construction costs of the structure.
Methodological Framework for Analyzing Institutional Settings in Transport Policy Making
Authors: Zografos Konstantinos G. , Tsanos Christos S.
Published: January 2008

The development of transport policies at a national level is affected by the institutional settings prevalent in the national transport sector. The broadening objectives of transport policy and the increase of constraints and externalities that must be considered in the policy-making process have led to an increase in the number of actors involved in transport policy making. In turn, this has exacerbated the complexity of transport institutional settings and has slowed the policy-making process. The increasing complexity is also an important obstacle in comparative policy assessment across countries or transport modes. One way of dealing with these difficulties is to develop a systematic approach for classifying and analyzing transport institutional settings. This paper presents a methodological framework for analyzing institutional settings in transport policy making on the basis of key dimensions and features that characterize the process. The framework aims not only at describing the organizational structure of transport systems (i.e., actors, roles, and relationships) but also at examining the inherent qualitative elements of the institutional setting that can positively or negatively influence the outcome of the policy-making process. The application of the framework to the analysis of transport institutional settings of four European countries (Finland, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom) and the ensuing classification and analysis of their characteristics have highlighted similarities and differences in the policy-making structure and process across countries. The results can be useful to authorities charged with the design of supranational European transport policy.
Respecting, Enabling, and Involving All Personnel in a Sustainable Continuity of Operations Plan
Authors: West Tim , Miller Steve , Zdunek Tom , McKibben Kim , Paul Roger , Albright David
Published: January 2008

This paper describes implementation of a local government continuity of operations plan and pandemic influenza appendix through the first plan–train–exercise cycle. The potential for pandemic influenza was addressed by the Bernalillo County Public Works Division, New Mexico, as part of an all-hazards approach in continuity of operations planning. The continuity of operations planning process typically emphasizes loss of use of facilities. A pandemic scenario based on the 1918 influenza is used to determine whether adequate staff will be available to ensure that essential functions are performed. Staff reduction during an emergency requires difficult choices among what is “essential.” It also requires redefinition of each member of the staff as currently or potentially providing an essential function. The paper describes how all personnel are involved in the continuity of operations plan. “All personnel” in this agency involves more than 200 employees with diverse job descriptions and skills. All personnel include political appointees, janitorial staff, civil engineers, field technicians, and clerical staff. Each person is considered an essential employee. Respect for each individual as an essential employee was demonstrated by enabling and involving each employee. Human factors addressed during the process included communication to ensure that all staff were informed, education to ensure that all staff could be trained, and organization to ensure that all staff were part of a team. The result of the approach is a near-term capability to maintain essential functions during a pandemic influenza. The effort also supports long-term, all-hazards local government capacity to maintain essential functions.
Developing the Transport Planning Profession in the United Kingdom
Authors: Richards Martin G.
Published: January 2008

To address a shortage of transport planners in the United Kingdom, the Transport Planning Society (TPS) launched a transport planning skills initiative. On the basis of quantitative and qualitative research, the initiative identified some key characteristics of the market for transport planners and the skills that planners require. It also identified the lack of a clear professional identity as a barrier to the choice of transport planning as a career. One of the participants in the initiative was a group of UK universities providing transport master's courses, the Universities Transport Partnership, which has been working with TPS in the development of the profession, in part through its employers' forum. Having identified the need for a stronger professional identity for transport planning, TPS has been working in liaison with employers, professional institutes, and the skills sector on the development of a set of transport planning skill requirements (National Occupational Standards) and qualifications.
Speaking Broadly
Authors: Grieve K.
Published: January 2008

Increased frequency of publication and a Full Paper minimum word count of 5000 are just some of the things that will be new to Advanced Functional Materials this year. In this editorial, the Deputy Editor introduces these and other innovations for 2008 and discusses briefly the advantages of combining a broad range of topics in the same journal.