bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cleaning Up the MESS: Can Machine Learning Be Used to Predict Lower Extremity Amputation after Trauma-Associated Arterial Injury?
Authors: Bolourani Siavash , Thompson Dane , Siskind Sara , Kalyon Bilge D. , Patel Vihas M. , Mussa Firas F.
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Thirty years after the Mangled Extremity Severity Score was developed, advances in vascular, trauma, and orthopaedic surgery have rendered the sensitivity of this score obsolete. A significant number of patients receive amputation during subsequent admissions, which are often missed in the analysis of amputation at the index admission. We aimed to identify risk factors for and predict amputation on initial admission or within 30 days of discharge (peritraumatic amputation [PTA]).

STUDY DESIGN:

The Nationwide Readmission Database for 2016 and 2017 was used in our analysis. Factors associated with PTA were identified. We used XGBoost, random forest, and logistic regression methods to develop a framework for machine learning-based prediction models for PTA.

RESULTS:

We identified 1,098 adult patients with traumatic lower extremity fracture and arterial injuries; 206 underwent amputation. One hundred and seventy-six patients (85.4%) underwent amputation during the index admission and 30 (14.6%) underwent amputation within a 30-day readmission period. After identifying factors associated with PTA, we constructed machine learning models based on random forest, XGBoost, and logistic regression to predict PTA. We discovered that logistic regression had the most robust predictive ability, with an accuracy of 0.88, sensitivity of 0.47, and specificity of 0.98. We then built on the logistic regression by the NearMiss algorithm, increasing sensitivity to 0.71, but decreasing accuracy to 0.74 and specificity to 0.75.

CONCLUSIONS:

Machine learning-based prediction models combined with sampling algorithms (such as the NearMiss algorithm in this study), can help identify patients with traumatic arterial injuries at high risk for amputation and guide targeted intervention in the modern age of vascular surgery.
Inventorying St Alban’s College Library in 1767: The Process and its Records
Authors: Revilla-Rivas Marta
Published: October 2020

St Alban’s English College in Valladolid, established at the height of the Catholic Reformation for the training of English secular clergy under the rule of Spanish Jesuits, underwent an alteration in its management after the expulsion of the religious order from Spain in 1767. As part of this process, numerous valuable archival records were produced which have not, thus far, been studied. This article analyses a portion of these documents: the surviving manuscript inventories of the library. It also considers the series of governmental orders issued by the Spanish authorities as part of the process of expulsion and examines how these orders shaped the production of the library inventories. It offers an overview of the contents of the catalogues, with descriptions of some of those specific book entries that make these inventories unique. The study of these archival documents provides insight into, and understanding of, a key moment in the College history: its shift from Spanish Jesuit control to an English secular one and the difficulties that the Spanish authorities faced because of this change in the College’s national identity.
POINTS OF SMALL HEIGHT ON AFFINE VARIETIES DEFINED OVER FUNCTION FIELDS OF FINITE TRANSCENDENCE DEGREE
Authors: GHIOCA DRAGOS , NGUYEN DAC-NHAN-TAM
Published: October 2020

We provide a direct proof of a Bogomolov-type statement for affine varieties V defined over function fields K of finite transcendence degree over an arbitrary field k, generalising a previous result (obtained through a different approach) of the first author in the special case when K is a function field of transcendence degree
$1$
. Furthermore, we obtain sharp lower bounds for the Weil height of the points in
$V(\overline {K})$
, which are not contained in the largest subvariety
$W\subseteq V$
defined over the constant field
$\overline {k}$
.
Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD
Authors: Gui Anna , Mason Luke , Gliga Teodora , Hendry Alexandra , Begum Ali Jannath , Pasco Greg , Shephard Elizabeth , Curtis Charles , Charman Tony , Johnson Mark H. , Meaburn Emma , Jones Emily J. H. ,   the BASIS-STAARS team
Published: October 2020

Identifying developmental endophenotypes on the pathway between genetics and behavior is critical to uncovering the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental conditions. In this proof-of-principle study, we explored whether early disruptions in visual attention are a unique or shared candidate endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We calculated the duration of the longest look (i.e., peak look) to faces in an array-based eye-tracking task for 335 14-month-old infants with and without first-degree relatives with ASD and/or ADHD. We leveraged parent-report and genotype data available for a proportion of these infants to evaluate the relation of looking behavior to familial (n= 285) and genetic liability (using polygenic scores,n= 185) as well as ASD and ADHD-relevant temperament traits at 2 years of age (shyness and inhibitory control, respectively,n= 272) and ASD and ADHD clinical traits at 6 years of age (n= 94).

Results showed that longer peak looks at the face were associated with elevated polygenic scores for ADHD (β = 0.078,p= .023), but not ASD (β = 0.002,p= .944), and with elevated ADHD traits in mid-childhood (F(1,88) = 6.401,p= .013,$\eta _p^2$=0.068; ASD:F(1,88) = 3.218,p= .076), but not in toddlerhood (ps > 0.2). This pattern of results did not emerge when considering mean peak look duration across face and nonface stimuli. Thus, alterations in attention to faces during spontaneous visual exploration may be more consistent with a developmental endophenotype of ADHD than ASD. Our work shows that dissecting paths to neurodevelopmental conditions requires longitudinal data incorporating polygenic contribution, early neurocognitive function, and clinical phenotypic variation.
Nuove osservazioni sul tempio del santuario extraurbano di Tusculum
Authors: De Stefano Francesco , Pizzo Antonio
Published: October 2020

La Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma (EEHAR–CSIC) realizza ormai da 25 anni scavi archeologici e ricerche su Tusculum e il suo territorio, trattandosi di uno dei progetti di più lunga durata di una scuola straniera su territorio italiano. I risultati ottenuti da diversi gruppi di lavoro hanno restituito un′immagine straordinaria della città con la scoperta di una serie di complessi (foro, teatro, acropoli, chiese) che illustrano archeologicamente l'articolazione urbana del sito e le ulteriori possibilità di sviluppo delle ricerche. Dall′inizio dei lavori, nel 1994,1 la ricerca si è sviluppata in varie fasi contraddistinte da una strategia istituzionale coerente che ha facilitato la continuità del progetto, grazie anche alla partecipazione della XI Comunità Montana. In questi anni sono state numerose le pubblicazioni che hanno messo in circolazione i dati provenienti dalle varie campagne di scavo.2
Baitolo, a native shipowner‘s vessel, and the participation of northern Iberians in the Laietanian wine-trade under the Late Republic
Authors: Sinner Alejandro G. , Ferrer i Jané Joan
Published: October 2020

This paper discusses a unique artifact1 of considerable archaeological, philological and historical value, as well as its implications for our understanding of the rôle that the native inhabitants of NE Spain, especially those known as the Laeetani (Plin., NH 3.3.21), played in the major economic undertaking that the export of wine from Tarraconensis in the 1st c. B.C. was to become. To do so, we first briefly describe the typological and physical characteristics of the lead stock and interpret the double Iberian inscription, baitolo, with which it was marked, probably a place-name, either that of the Ibero-Roman town of baitolo/Baetulo, which issued coins with the same legend (baitolo) in the second quarter of the 1st c. B.C., or the name of the nearby river, the modern Besòs.2 Subsequently, we contextualize the lead stock within the corpus of Greco-Roman lead stocks to show that no other specimen, either among stocks or any instrument or component of a ship‘s naval architecture, is known to have an inscription in the Iberian language. To contextualize the artifact, we will turn our attention to the native character of baitolo‘s population, always from a linguistic perspective, and discuss its importance as a key centre in the wine trade. Thereafter, we make an epigraphic and archaeological re-assessment of the prior evidence for the participation of the indigenous peoples of NE Hispania in all the phases (whether land or maritime) of the chaîne opératoire that resulted in the production and commercialization of large amounts of wine for Narbonne and elsewhere. First, we reconsider all the Iberian inscriptions that have a maritime context or that can be related to the production and commercialization of wine. Second, we examine the archaeological evidence, especially shipwrecks, suggesting that Iberian-speaking individuals during the 1st c. B.C. owned ships and participated in trade by sea, an activity that can now be confirmed thanks to the new lead stock (fig. 1), which is of small dimensions (77 cm long, 11 cm high, 8 cm in width in the central box) and of modest weight (25.9 kg).
Beyond Managerialism: After the Death of the Corporate Statesperson
Authors: Danley John
Published: October 2020

Ignited in this and other countries by the rapid rise of the modem corporation to a position of strategic importance, both nationally and internationally, an intense debate continues today unabated. At the heart of the debate is a fundamental question: What role should the modern corporation play in a free society? And, as corporations become increasingly multinational, the fundamental question might more accurately be stated as a question about the role the multinational corporation should play in a free society, indeed, in the world. This question, I believe, should provide the orientation for research inquiries in Business Ethics and Business and Society.

Within the business community in the U.S., two dominant responses to the fundamental question emerged quite early in the century, responses which have been characterized as the Classical and Managerial business ideologies. Approaching the 21st century, these remain the two major alternatives, reflecting not merely the competing ideological frameworks of the business community, but of the larger society in the U.S. as well. That these constitute the dominant alternatives is extremely regrettable, even dangerous, for, as I have argued elsewhere, both are seriously inadequate.
Social Categories and Business Ethics
Authors: Messick David M.
Published: October 2020

In this article, I want to draw attention to one strand of the complex web of processes that are involved when people group others, including themselves, into social categories. I will focus on the tendency to treat members of one’s own group more favorably than nonmembers, a tendency that has been called ingroup favoritism. The structure of the article has three parts. First I will offer an evolutionary argument as to why ingroup favoritism, or something very much like it, is required by theories of the evolution of altruism. I will then review some of the basic social psychological research findings dealing with social categorization generally, and ingroup favoritism specifically. Finally, I will examine two problems in business ethics from the point of view of ingroup favoritism to suggest ways in which social psychological principles and findings may be mobilized to help solve problems of racial or gender discrimination in business contexts.
A connected history of political economy in Asia and Europe, ca 1750–1914
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: October 2020

The history of political-economic thought has been built up over the centuries with a uniform focus on European and North American thinkers. Intellectuals beyond the North Atlantic have been largely understood as the passive recipients of already formed economic categories and arguments. This view has often been accepted not only by scholars and observers in Europe but also in many other places such as Russia, India, China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire. In this regard, the articles included in this collection explicitly differentiate from this diffusionist approach (“born in Western Europe, then flowed everywhere else”).
Stakeholder and field surveys on weed issues and research needs in rice production in Texas
Authors: Liu Rui , Singh Vijay , Zhou Xin-Gen , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar
Published: October 2020

A paper-based survey was conducted from 2015 to 2017 among stakeholders of the Texas rice industry on current weed management challenges and factors influencing management decisions. A total of 108 survey questionnaires were completed by stakeholders at the rice Cooperative Extension meetings conducted in the rice-growing counties of Texas. In addition, late-season field surveys were conducted prior to harvest in 2015 and 2016 across the rice-growing counties to understand dominant weed escapes occurring in rice fields. Results from the questionnaire survey revealed that rice–fallow–rice was the most common rotation practiced in Texas rice production. Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus spp. were the top three problematic weed issues faced by the respondents. Among the Leptochloa species, Nealley’s sprangletop, a relatively new species in rice fields, was indicated as an emerging concern. Clomazone was the most frequently used PRE herbicide, whereas quinclorac, propanil, imazethapyr, and cyhalofop were the popular POST herbicides. Most respondents (72%) made weed-control decisions on the basis of economic thresholds, whereas 63% made decisions on the basis of weed problems from previous years. Most respondents (88%) expressed moderate to high concern for herbicide-resistant weeds in their operations. Strategies to manage herbicide-resistant weeds and economical weed management practices were among the top suggested research needs. The field survey revealed that jungle rice, Nealley’s sprangletop, and hemp sesbania were the top three late-season weed escapes in rice production in Texas, with frequencies of occurrence of 28%, 19%, and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, average field area infested by a species was the greatest for jungle rice (13%), followed by hemp sesbania (11%) and weedy rice (11%). Findings from the stakeholder and field surveys help direct future research and outreach efforts for sustainable weed management in Texas rice.
Eddy‐Induced Acceleration of Argo Floats
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Gille Sarah T. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Zilberman Nathalie V. , Du Yan
Published: October 2020

Float trajectories are simulated using Lagrangian particle tracking software and eddy‐permitting ocean model output from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) project. We find that Argo‐like particles near strong mean flows tend to accelerate while at their parking depth. This effect is pronounced in western boundary current regions and in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system. The acceleration is associated with eddy‐mean flow interactions: Eddies converge particles toward regions with stronger mean currents. Particles do not accelerate when they are advected by the eddy or mean flow alone. During a 9‐day parking period, speed increases induced by the eddy‐mean flow interactions can be as large as 2 cm s−1, representing roughly 10% of the mean velocity. If unaccounted for, this acceleration could bias velocities inferred from observed Argo float trajectories.
Physiographic and Climatic Controls on Regional Groundwater Dynamics
Authors: Haaf Ezra , Giese Markus , Heudorfer Benedikt , Stahl Kerstin , Barthel Roland
Published: October 2020

The main goal of this study is to explore whether the ideas established by surface water hydrologists in the context of predictions in ungauged basins can be useful in hydrogeology. The concrete question is whether it is possible to create predictive models for groundwater systems with no or few observations based on knowledge derived from similar groundwater systems which are well observed. To do so, this study analyzes the relationship between temporal dynamics of groundwater levels and climatic and physiographic characteristics. The analysis is based on data from 341 wells in Southern Germany with 10‐year daily groundwater hydrographs. Observation wells are used in confined and unconfined sand and gravel aquifers from narrow mountainous valleys as well as more extensive lowland alluvial aquifers. Groundwater dynamics at each location are summarized with 46 indices describing features of groundwater hydrographs. Besides borehole log‐derived geologic information, local and regional morphologic characteristics as well as topography‐derived boundary and climatic descriptors were derived for each well. Regression relationships were established by mining the data for associations between dynamics and descriptors with forward stepwise regression at a confidence level >95%. The most important predictors are geology and boundary conditions and, secondarily, climate, as well as some topographic features, such as regional convergence. The multiple regression models are in general agreement with process understanding linked to groundwater dynamics in unconfined aquifers. This systematic investigation suggests that statistical regionalization of groundwater dynamics in ungauged aquifers based on map‐derived physiographic and climatic controls may be feasible.
The Bay of Bengal and the Curious Case of the Missing Rift
Authors: Talwani Manik , Desa Maria
Published: October 2020

In a classic detective story, clues from data new and old helped researchers reveal the puzzling chain of tectonic events that followed the Early Cretaceous split between India and Antarctica.
An Early Neogene—Early Quaternary Contourite Drift System on the SW Barents Sea Continental Margin, Norwegian Arctic
Authors: Rydningen T. A. , Høgseth G. V. , Lasabuda A. P. E. , Laberg J. S. , Safronova P. A. , Forwick M.
Published: October 2020

The onset and evolution of the middle to late Cenozoic “icehouse” world was influenced by the development of the global ocean circulation linking the Norwegian–Greenland Sea‐Arctic Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. The evolution of the early Neogene to early Quaternary Bjørnøyrenna Drift, located at the SW Barents Sea continental margin, shed new light on this important hydrological event. By analyzing seismic data and exploration wellbores, it is found that the drift likely started to form in the early/middle Miocene, probably as a result of an ocean circulation reorganization following the opening of the Fram Strait gateway (c. 17 Ma) and subsidence of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (c. 12 Ma). Thus, the onset of drift growth is considered to have happened close in time to the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum at 16–14 Ma, and was part of a regional onset of large‐scale ocean circulation in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea that influenced the subsequent climate cooling. The drift continued to grow under the influence of early Quaternary glacimarine sedimentation, and later overtopping of the drift mound by downslope transfer of glacigenic sediments during full‐glacial conditions resulted in a submarine failure. For the first time, minimum average sedimentation rates of a Neogene to Quaternary drift in this area is calculated, giving rates of 0.020–0.031 m/Kyr. These values are comparable to average deep‐sea sedimentation rates from modern low‐latitude river systems such as the Amazon and Mississippi, but lower than the Quaternary glacial sedimentation rates from the Barents Sea and Fennoscandian continental margins.
Scratching the Surface: A Marine Sediment Provenance Record From the Continental Slope of Central Wilkes Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Tooze Sian , Halpin Jacqueline A. , Noble Taryn L. , Chase Zanna , O'Brien Philip E. , Armand Leanne
Published: October 2020

The geology of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, is masked by kilometers of ice and remains largely unexplored. Defining the sediment provenance adjacent to this hidden region is important for distinguishing the proximal subglacial basement terranes and refining the dynamic regional glaciological history. This study presents a detrital sediment provenance record spanning c. 23.5 ka from the continental slope of central Wilkes Land. Sediment provenance was characterized using U‐Pb geochronology and trace element geochemistry from detrital zircon, titanite and apatite, and Pb isotopic signatures from detrital feldspar. These data were compared with new feldspar Pb‐isotopic signatures and existing U‐Pb zircon data sets from rare nearby coastal outcrop. A principally igneous source was revealed with dominant age populations between c. 1,360‐1,100 Ma and c. 1,620‐1,490 Ma, characteristic of rocks of the proximal Wilkes and Banzare provinces, respectively. Minor detritus was additionally sourced from the proximal Nuyina Province (c. 1,450‐1,390 Ma). Temporal variation in the climate and ice sheet configuration are likely responsible for subtle downcore changes observed in detrital sediment provenance. High sedimentation rates during the glacial period suggest reworking of continental shelf sediments and downslope transport in debris flows during ice sheet advance. Glacial meltwater fluxes fed largely by the Totten Glacier were responsible for supplying detritus during deglaciation. During interglacials, detritus was derived from a broad coastal region and delivered to the slope via multiple glacial outlets. These results present the first substantial offshore evidence to support recent interpretations that the subglacial crust of central Wilkes Land has a dominantly Mesoproterozoic history.
Combined Effects of Tidal Mixing in Narrow Straits and the Ekman Transport on the Sea Surface Temperature Cooling in the Southern Indonesian Seas
Authors: Nagai T. , Hibiya T.
Published: October 2020

Although the SST cooling events around the Lesser Sunda Islands (LSIs), which contribute to the seasonal variation of SST in the southern Indonesian Seas, are thought to be controlled by tidal mixing, the distribution of tidal mixing was highly idealized in previous studies. This study reinvestigates the mechanisms of such SST cooling events using MITgcm, which incorporates the realistic distribution of tidal mixing. The observed SST variability is well reproduced in the numerical experiment; SST is largely reduced along the northern (or southern) coast of the LSIs during austral summer (or winter). Particle tracking suggests that the narrow tidal straits between the LSIs, where well‐mixed waters are produced by vigorous tidal mixing, play a key role in controlling the SST cooling. During austral summer, the cold SST signal of well‐mixed waters propagates both northward and southward from the narrow straits as baroclinic Kelvin waves. On the northern side of the LSIs, in particular, coastal upwelling caused by the northwest monsoon raises the background thermocline, which affects the propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves such that the accompanying cold SST signal becomes much enhanced compared with that on the southern side of the LSIs. During austral winter, in contrast, the Ekman transport enhances southward through‐strait flow so that baroclinic Kelvin waves can propagate only southward affecting the SST on the southern side of the LSIs. This demonstrates the importance of the combined effects of tidal mixing in narrow straits and the Ekman transport on the SST cooling in the southern Indonesian Seas.
Climate‐Driven Changes in the Ocean's Ventilation Pathways and Time Scales Diagnosed From Transport Matrices
Authors: Holzer Mark , Chamberlain Matthew A. , Matear Richard J.
Published: October 2020

We diagnose changes in the decadal‐mean ocean transport over the 21st century as simulated by the ACCESS‐1.3 model under RCP8.5 forcing. A matrix formulation of advection‐diffusion is used to quantify transport into the ocean interior and from the interior back to the surface. We compute the ocean volumes last ventilated at the surface, as well as the volumes next reexposed to the atmosphere, per unit area, and the distributions of water in transit between key ventilation regions. We find that for the 2090s circulation, Antarctic Bottom Water formation and Antarctic ventilation have collapsed but are compensated by increased mode water formation and ventilation at the poleward edge of the southern subtropical gyres. Reexposure of deep water back to the atmosphere in the Antarctic Southern Ocean is also reduced but compensated by enhanced reexposure in the subpolar Southern Ocean. Labrador Sea ventilation is suppressed, while there is increased ventilation in the eastern subpolar Atlantic. The 2090s surface‐to‐surface interbasin transport is much more sluggish than that of the 1990s, with 30–40% reduced volume flow rates. For transport from last ventilation in the subpolar North Atlantic to next ventilation in the tropical Eastern Pacific, the 2090s residence‐time distribution has a ∼40% longer mode with much more slowly decaying tails and correspondingly lagged path densities. The 2090s mean times since last ventilation, as well as the mean times to reexposure are older in the Antarctic Southern Ocean and elsewhere progressively with depth, by up to ∼1,000 years in the abyss.
Large‐Scale Experiments on Breaching Flow Slides and the Associated Turbidity Current
Authors: Alhaddad Said , Labeur Robert Jan , Uijttewaal Wim
Published: October 2020

Breaching flow slides are accompanied by the generation of turbidity currents. Measurements of these currents are critical for understanding the interaction between the turbidity current and the slope surface, as well as for the validation of numerical models. However, there are insufficient data available detailing the velocity distribution or sediment concentration in these currents. This paper presents experimental results of unique large‐scale physical model experiments on breaching flow slides conducted at the water lab of Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. The model tests were carried out in a tank with a subaqueous sandy slope steeper than the internal friction angle for that sand. We performed a series of novel experiments in which various nonvertical initial slope angles were tested, providing the first quantitative data for such initial conditions. Measurements of flow thickness, velocities, and sediment concentrations are obtained, providing the spatial and temporal evolution of the turbidity currents and the resulting underwater slope morphology. The experimental results reveal that the breaching‐generated turbidity currents are self‐accelerating and that they dominate the problem of breaching flow slides. We evaluated the theoretical expression for the erosion velocity in the case of pure beaching—where the turbidity current has no influence on the erosion—and it overestimated the observed erosion. The analysis of the failure evolution showed that the sand erosion rate increases due to the acceleration of the turbidity currents downslope, until a certain threshold, leading to the steepening of the breach face and thus the occurrence of surficial slides.
Consistent Theoretical and Empirical Predictions of at‐a‐Station Hydraulic Geometry Exponents in Stream Reaches
Authors: Morel M. , Booker D. J. , Gob F. , Lamouroux N.
Published: October 2020

Reach‐scale at‐a‐station hydraulic geometry (AHG) relationships are power laws that describe variations of reach‐averaged water depth, wetted width, and current velocity in stream reaches when discharge varies. Modeling AHG exponents is important, because the variations of hydraulics with discharge in stream networks influence physical habitats of aquatic species, biodiversity, water temperature, nutrient fluxes, and sediment transport. Theoretical approaches indicated that AHG exponents should depend on topographic descriptors of cross sections and roughness elements. Empirical approaches suggested that AHG exponents partly depend on hydraulic characteristics measured at a single discharge. We used a unique data set of AHG observed in 812 stream reaches (obtained from measurements at several discharge rates or from hydrodynamic models) to (1) test the consistency of theoretical and empirical predictions of AHG exponents and (2) test the generality of AHG predictions across rivers of different countries with variable landscape settings. We found that observed AHG depended on topographic predictors (describing cross‐section shape and substrate size) as expected from theory. However, AHG exponents were better predicted by empirical hydraulic characteristics of reaches: the ratio of wetted width to bankfull width and the reach Froude number. The effects of hydraulic variables were consistent with those of topographic predictors. In addition, relations between AHG and hydraulic predictors were significant and with similar direction in different data sets. Despite limited explanatory power, our results help identifying general drivers of AHG exponents. Their application still requires measurements at a single discharge rate but open perspectives of generalized AHG prediction by remote sensing.
Optimal Transport for Assessing Nitrate Source‐Pathway Connectivity
Authors: Husic Admin , Fox James , Mahoney Tyler , Gerlitz Morgan , Pollock Erik , Backus Jason
Published: October 2020

Excessive nitrate threatens a wide range of water resources, aquatic habitats, and sensitive infrastructure. Despite this problem, tracing a nutrient from its eventual fate back to its origin remains an elusive challenge due to heterogeneity in how nutrient sources and hydrologic pathways are connected. Typically, this problem is underdetermined (i.e., too many unknowns, not enough equations) and cannot be solved with existing methodologies. The theory of optimal transport allows for the solution of underdetermined systems, and here we construct a novel formulation for its use in water quality modeling. Our objective was to develop an optimal transport modeling framework—coupled to Bayesian source unmixing, loadograph pathway separation, and geospatial connectivity analysis—to apportion nitrate loading from three sources (soil, fertilizer, and manure) across three pathways (quick, intermediate, and slow), resulting in nine possible source‐pathway couplings (soil‐quick, soil‐intermediate, …, manure‐slow). We apply this model to a 30 month elemental (NO3−) and isotopic (δ15N and δ18O) nitrate data set from a karst watershed in Kentucky, USA. Modeling results indicate that—of the nine possible source‐pathway couplings—nearly 60% of nitrate export is facilitated by just three: fertilizer‐quick (16.4%), manure‐intermediate (15.4%), and soil‐slow (27.2%). Further, we reinforce the need to explicitly consider heterogeneity in source‐pathway connectivity as homogeneous assumptions lead to erroneous inferences. The applicability of the model, its input requirements, and transferability to other sites is discussed. Lastly, we simulated two land management scenarios (field buffers and septic repair) and demonstrate how optimal transport can be used to test nutrient reduction strategies.
Phylogeny resolved, metabolism revealed: functional radiation within a widespread and divergent clade of sponge symbionts
Authors: Taylor Jessica A , Palladino Giorgia , Wemheuer Bernd , Steinert Georg , Sipkema Detmer , Williams Timothy J , Thomas Torsten
Published: October 2020

The symbiosis between bacteria and sponges has arguably the longest evolutionary history for any extant metazoan lineage, yet little is known about bacterial evolution or adaptation in this process. An example of often dominant and widespread bacterial symbionts of sponges is a clade of uncultured and uncharacterised Proteobacteria. Here we set out to characterise this group using metagenomics, in-depth phylogenetic analyses, metatranscriptomics, and fluorescence in situ hybridisation microscopy. We obtained five metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) from different sponge species that, together with a previously published MAG (AqS2), comprise two families within a new gammaproteobacterial order that we named Ca. Tethybacterales. Members of this order share a heterotrophic lifestyle but vary in their predicted ability to use various carbon, nitrogen and sulfur sources, including taurine, spermidine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate. The deep branching of the Ca. Tethybacterales within the Gammaproteobacteria and their almost exclusive presence in sponges suggests they have entered a symbiosis with their host relatively early in evolutionary time and have subsequently functionally radiated. This is reflected in quite distinct lifestyles of various species of Ca. Tethybacterales, most notably their diverse morphologies, predicted substrate preferences, and localisation within the sponge tissue. This study provides new insight into the evolution of metazoan–bacteria symbiosis.
Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity
Authors: Meaden Sean , Capria Loris , Alseth Ellinor , Gandon Sylvain , Biswas Ambarish , Lenzi Luca , van Houte Stineke , Westra Edze R
Published: October 2020

CRISPR-Cas immune systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, but not ubiquitous. Previous work has demonstrated that CRISPR immunity is associated with an infection-induced fitness cost, which may help explain the patchy distribution observed. However, the mechanistic basis of this cost has remained unclear. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and its phage DMS3vir as a model, we perform a 30-day evolution experiment under phage mediated selection. We demonstrate that although CRISPR is initially selected for, bacteria carrying mutations in the phage receptor rapidly invade the population following subsequent reinfections. We then test three potential mechanisms for the observed cost of CRISPR: (1) autoimmunity from the acquisition of self-targeting spacers, (2) immunopathology or energetic costs from increased cas gene expression and (3) toxicity caused by phage gene expression prior to CRISPR-mediated cleavage. We find that phages can express genes before the immune system clears the infection and that expression of these genes can have a negative effect on host fitness. While infection does not lead to increased expression of cas genes, it does cause differential expression of multiple other host processes that may further contribute to the cost of CRISPR immunity. In contrast, we found little support for infection-induced autoimmunological and immunopathological effects. Phage gene expression prior to cleavage of the genome by the CRISPR-Cas immune system is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the observed phage-induced fitness cost.
Genome-wide association study of cardiovascular disease in testicular cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Authors: Steggink Lars C. , Boer Hink , Meijer Coby , Lefrandt Joop D. , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , Gietema Jourik A.
Published: October 2020

Genetic variation may mediate the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chemotherapy-treated testicular cancer (TC) patients compared to the general population. Involved single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might differ from known CVD-associated SNPs in the general population. We performed an explorative genome-wide association study (GWAS) in TC patients. TC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy between 1977 and 2011, age ≤55 years at diagnosis, and ≥3 years relapse-free follow-up were genotyped. Association between SNPs and CVD occurrence during treatment or follow-up was analyzed. Data-driven Expression Prioritized Integration for Complex Trait (DEPICT) provided insight into enriched gene sets, i.e., biological themes. During a median follow-up of 11 years (range 3–37), CVD occurred in 53 (14%) of 375 genotyped patients. Based on 179 SNPs associated at p ≤ 0.001, 141 independent genomic loci associated with CVD occurrence. Subsequent, DEPICT found ten biological themes, with the RAC2/RAC3 network (linked to endothelial activation) as the most prominent theme. Biology of this network was illustrated in a TC cohort (n = 60) by increased circulating endothelial cells during chemotherapy. In conclusion, the ten observed biological themes highlight possible pathways involved in CVD in chemotherapy-treated TC patients. Insight in the genetic susceptibility to CVD in TC patients can aid future intervention strategies.
B7-H3 regulates KIF15-activated ERK1/2 pathway and contributes to radioresistance in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ma Yanchao , Zhan Shenghua , Lu Huimin , Wang Ruoqin , Xu Yunyun , Zhang Guangbo , Cao Lei , Shi Tongguo , Zhang Xueguang , Chen Weichang
Published: October 2020

As an important modality for the local control of colorectal cancer (CRC), radiotherapy or neoadjuvant radiotherapy is widely applied in the clinic, but radioresistance has become a major obstacle for CRC radiotherapy. Here we reported that B7-H3, an important costimulatory molecule, is associated with radioresistance in CRC. The expression of B7-H3 was obviously increased in CRC cells after irradiation. The enhanced expression of B7-H3 promoted, while the knockdown of B7-H3 inhibited, colony formation and cell activity in CRC cells following radiation treatment. B7-H3 overexpression reduced S phase arrest and protected cell apoptosis induced by radiation, whereas B7-H3 knockdown had the opposite effects. In addition, B7-H3 blockade by 3E8, a specific B7-H3 antibody, significantly sensitized CRC cells to irradiation in vivo. Mechanistic analysis revealed that B7-H3 regulated KIF15 via RNA sequencing, which was in dependent of NF-κB pathway. And small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated KIF15 silencing or KIF15 blockade by the inhibitor SB743921 abolished the effect of B7-H3 on radioresistance in vitro and in vivo. Similar to B7-H3, we find that the protein expression levels of KIF15, which showed a positive correlation with B7-H3, was abnormal upregulated in cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues and associated with TNM stage. Finally, B7-H3/KIF15 enhanced resistance against irradiation in CRC cells via activating ERK1/2 signaling, a key pathway involved in radioresistance in cancer. Our findings reveal an alternative mechanism by which CRC cells can acquire radioresistance via the B7-H3/KIF15/ERK axis.
Morphology-dependent photocatalytic and gas-sensing functions of three-dimensional TiO2–ZnO nanoarchitectures
Authors: Liang Yuan-Chang , Zhao Wei-Cheng
Published: October 2020

Nanocomposites consisting of three-dimensional ZnO nanorods-decorated TiO2 nanorod templates (TiO2–ZnO) have been prepared by combining sputtering and hydrothermal growth strategies.
Site-selective halogenation on meso-mesityl substituents of 10,20-dimesityl-5,15-diazaporphyrins with an AuX3/AgOTf combination
Authors: Longevial Jean-François , Miyagawa Kazuya , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2020

An AuBr3/AgOTf combination achieves site-selective bromination on the mesityl substituents of 10,20-dimesityl-5,15-diazaporphyrins.
Imidazole fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands for the preparation of multimodal Re(i) and 99mTc(i) probes
Authors: Slikboer Samantha R. , Pitchumony Tamil Selvi , Banevicius Laura , Mercanti Natalie , Edem Patricia E. , Valliant John F.
Published: October 2020

A small library of [2 + 1] 99mTc(i) complexes based on phenyl-imidazole-fused phenanthroline (PIP) ligands were synthesized and evaluated as multimodal molecular imaging probes.
Modular microreactor with integrated reflection element for online reaction monitoring using infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Lozeman Jasper J. A. , Elsbecker Tobias , Bohnenn Sylvie , de Boer Hans L. , Krakers Max , Mul Guido , van den Berg Albert , Odijk Mathieu
Published: October 2020

We present a modular microfluidic chip, containing a microreactor and mixing channels, hyphenated with ATR-FTIR for real-time online analysis.
A graphene-sandwiched DNA nano-system: regulation of intercalated doxorubicin for cellular localization
Authors: Nandi Semonti , Kale Narendra , Patil Ashwini , Banerjee Shashwat , Patil Yuvraj , Khandare Jayant
Published: October 2020

Regulation and control over the cellular localization employing graphene oxide (GO) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs and sandwiched deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) intercalated with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX).
Label-free fluorescence detection of protein–ligand interactions based on binding-induced enzymatic cleavage protection
Authors: Duan Lunxi , Yao Hongliang , Xie Yong , Pan Ke
Published: October 2020

Label-free fluorescence monitoring protein–ligand interaction based on binding induced enzymatic cleavage protection.
Highly sensitive and wide-detection range pressure sensor constructed on a hierarchical-structured conductive fabric as a human–machine interface
Authors: Chen Tao , Zhang Shao-Hui , Lin Qi-Hang , Wang Ming-Jiong , Yang Zhan , Zhang Yun-Lin , Wang Feng-Xia , Sun Li-Ning
Published: October 2020

A novel hierarchical conductive fabric-based wearable interface is proposed to control the motion of an unmanned aerial vehicle.
Optimized ultrafast flow synthesis of CON-type zeolite and improvement of its catalytic properties
Authors: Chokkalingam Anand , Iyoki Kenta , Hoshikawa Naoki , Onozuka Hiroaki , Chaikittisilp Watcharop , Tsutsuminai Susumu , Takewaki Takahiko , Wakihara Toru , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: October 2020

The fast synthesis of CON-type zeolite could be an option for mass production using a continuous flow synthesis system.
The impact of carbonate salts on char formation and gas evolution during the slow pyrolysis of biomass, cellulose, and lignin
Authors: Jalalabadi Tahereh , Drewery Matthew , Tremain Priscilla , Wilkinson John , Moghtaderi Behdad , Allen Jessica
Published: October 2020

This study deals with the modification of chars derived from different biomass samples (woody biomass, cellulose and lignin).
Efficient and stable operation of nonfullerene organic solar cells: retaining a high built-in potential
Authors: Wang Yiwen , Han Jiayin , Cai Linfeng , Li Ning , Li Zhe , Zhu Furong
Published: October 2020

Modification of the HTL helps to attain a high built-in potential (V0) across the BHJ by suppressing the interfacial reaction at the HTL/BHJ interface. It is critical to retain a high and steady V0 to obtain efficient and stable nonfullerene OSCs.
Applications of decellularized materials in tissue engineering: advantages, drawbacks and current improvements, and future perspectives
Authors: Liao Jie , Xu Bo , Zhang Ruihong , Fan Yubo , Xie Huiqi , Li Xiaoming
Published: October 2020

Decellularized materials (DMs) are attracting more and more attention in tissue engineering because of their many unique advantages, and they could be further improved in some aspects through various means.
Photonic nanostructures of nanodiscs with multiple magneto-optical properties
Authors: Zhang Chengcheng , Wu Zhiyi , Chen Zhijie , Pan Liangbin , Li Juan , Xiao Mengqi , Wang Liwei , Li Hai , Huang Zheng , Xu Ao-Bo , Li Chaoran , He Le
Published: October 2020

We demonstrate the modulation of multiple optical properties by a single stimulus in crystalline colloidal arrays of two-dimensional magnetic nanodiscs.
Efficient sharpening CIC filter embedding fifth‐order filter with coefficient optimisation algorithm
Authors: Zhibin Lin , Bo Gao , Ruotong Yin , Min Gong
Published: October 2020

This Letter presents an optimised cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filter sharpening algorithm embedding a fifth‐order finite impulse response filter, which improves the worst‐case alias rejection and simultaneously compensates the passband droop. The sharpening filter is designed without multipliers, which reduces hardware complexity. The results of a fourth‐order CIC filter design practice show that the proposed algorithm improves the worst‐case alias rejection to 128 dB, meanwhile the passband distortion is only 0.015 dB.
Balanced‐to‐unbalanced filtering magic‐T based on circular patch resonator with high selectivity
Authors: Jiao Fei , Zhang Qi , Zhang Qiyun , Gao Xiang , Ma Shuokun , Tang Wanchun
Published: October 2020

This Letter presents a new design of balanced‐to‐unbalanced (B2U) filtering magic‐T based on circular patch resonator. Without additional circuit, the prescribed in‐phase and out‐of‐phase specifications of the magic‐T are achieved by elaborately studying and exploring the electric field distributions of the degenerate resonant modes in the circular patch resonators. Meanwhile, the desired filtering responses are attained by virtue of the coupling extent between the two designed patch resonators in the back‐to‐back form. In the proposed design, a pair of TM11 modes at first make up passband. Meanwhile, nice common‐mode suppression can be achieved at the balanced ports, and high isolation is achieved at the single‐end ports, respectively. For demonstration, a prototype B2U filtering magic‐T working at 4.3 GHz with 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 16.3% is implemented. Measured results coincide well with simulated ones, verifying the proposed design concept.
Step‐controllable RF MEMS tunable capacitor with ultra‐wide tuning range using netted metal membrane
Authors: Cho H. , Kim J. , Park J.Y.
Published: October 2020

In this Letter, step‐controllable radio frequency (RF) micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) tunable capacitor with ultra‐wide tuning range using netted membrane structure has newly proposed, fabricated, and characterised for highly miniaturised and reconfigurable RF devices and systems applications. The proposed tunable capacitor could step‐wise increase the capacitance by introducing a few slits on the movable top membrane with a netted structure. The fabricated tunable capacitor exhibited 2.38–20.04 pF of tuning range and 146 (off‐state) and 28 (full contacted‐state) of quality factors at 1 GHz, respectively.
Partially‐coupled gradient‐based iterative algorithms for multivariable output‐error‐like systems with autoregressive moving average noises
Authors: Ma Hao , Zhang Xiao , Liu Qinyao , Ding Feng , Jin Xue‐Bo , Alsaedi Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar
Published: October 2020

The parameter estimation problem of multivariable output‐error‐like systems with autoregressive moving average noises is investigated in this study, and the primary system is segregated into some subsystems and a subsystem generalised extended gradient‐based iterative algorithm is presented according to the decomposition technique. Nevertheless, there exists the common parameter vector in each subsystem, which increases the calculation. By taking the mean value of the common parameter estimation vectors of the subsystems as the optimal estimate of the current iteration, and substituting it into the next iteration, a partially coupled subsystem generalised extended gradient‐based iterative algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, in the cause of further deepening the coupled relationships between the common parameter estimation vectors of two subsystems and to reduce the computational cost and the redundant estimates, a partially coupled generalised extended gradient‐based iterative algorithm is presented by making use of the coupling identification concept. Finally, the simulation results show that the coupled gradient‐based iterative algorithms are effective.