bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Promethazine HCl on Osteoporotic Femora of Adult Castrated Male Rats
Authors: Wink Carole S. , Hill Elizabeth M.
Published: July 2008

Promethazine HCl (Phenergan) was added to the drinking water (2.4–9.6 mg/kg/day) of castrated adult male Holtzman rats. One group of castrates and a group of normal rats received no drug and served as controls. Treatment was started at castration and continued for 4 months. After controlling for body weight, analyses of covariance and Student-Newman-Keuls tests revealed that promethazine did not prevent the development of femoral osteoporosis in the castrate rats. However, control rats (normal and untreated castrates) had significantly wider femora and thicker cortices at midshaft than did promethazine-treated animals. The results indicated that promethazine HCl had no effect on the development of femoral osteoporosis and retarded normal femoral expansion in the adult castrate male rats.
Ultrastructural Localization of Calcium in Matrix Vesicles and Preodontoblasts of Developing Rat Molar Tooth Germs during Initial Dentinogenesis
Authors: Kogaya Yasutoku , Furuhashi Kuhei
Published: July 2008

We investigated the ultrastructural localization of calcium in progenitor predentine and preodontoblasts of developing rat molar tooth germs using the potassium pyroantimonate technique. At the precalcification stage, antimonate reaction product was sparsely, randomly distributed in the preodontoblasts and in the progenitor predentine but no significant reaction could be noticed associated with matrix vesicles. At the matrix vesicle calcification stage, large amounts of antimonate reaction product tended to be localized in the region adjacent to the distal, outer surface membrane of preodontoblasts in which moderate antimonate reaction activity could be observed in mitochondria. Strong antimonate reaction was detected preferentially on the outer surface membrane of some matrix vesicles at this stage. At the subsequent collagen calcification stage definite antimonate reaction was no longer seen within mitochondria of the late preodontoblasts, instead precipitate was mainly distributed in Golgi area, secretory granules and lateral intercellular spaces. It is suggested that although matrix vesicles contain few calcium capable of reacting to antimonate immediately after their biogenesis, subsequently, large amounts of calcium are accumulated associated with the outer surface membrane of matrix vesicles in the extracellular matrix.
Functional Architecture of the Splenic Vein in the Adult Human
Authors: Reis Francisco Prado , Ferraz de Carvalho Cláudio A.
Published: July 2008

The spatial arrangement of the muscular, elastic and collagenous fibers was examined in 20 splenic veins of adult humans. Histologic and panorganographic sections were stained by the following methods: azan, resorcin-fuchsin (Weigert) Verhoeff-van Gieson’s stain and Masson’s trichrome. Unstained sections were examined under polarized light. The results show that the muscular and collagenous fibers of the splenic vein exhibit an elongated spiral arrangement with no polarization. The elastic fibers form a threedimensional network disposed predominantly in a longitudinal direction. Hemodynamics are discussed based on the spatial structure of the muscular, elastic and collagenous elements of the vein wall and its relationship with the circulatory functions of the spleen.
Comparative Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study of the Lingual Papillae in Two Species of Domestic Mammals (Equus caballus and Bos taurus)
Authors: De Paz Cabello P. , Chamorro C.A. , Sandoval J. , Fernandez M.
Published: July 2008

The mechanical papillae of the horse and cow were studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine their morphostructural characteristics and the differences between the two species.The horse has only thin, small and interlaced filiform papillae, while the cow shows robust and more ordered filiform papillae. Furthermore, the cow tongue presents conical and lenticular papillae surrounded by a papillary groove. A characteristic distribution of stratified scales and channeled tracts is observed in conical and lenticular papillae but not in the filiform papillae. The morphostructural features of each papilla are analyzed and compared in each species and their possible significance is discussed.
Structure and Postnatal Transformation of the Intermediate Epithelium Lining the Mouse Nasopalatine Duct
Authors: Nakano T. , Yoshioka I. , Muto H.
Published: July 2008

In the epithelium lining the nasopalatine duct of the infant mouse, a transitional zone between the stratified squamous epithelium and the ciliated columnar one can be observed. The epithelium lining the transitional zone shows gradations ranging from the stratified squamous through the stratified cuboidal to the ciliated stratified low-columnar type, and gradually transforms into the stratified squamous epithelium with advancing ages. In the adult mouse, the nasopalatine duct is lined with the stratified squamous epithelium throughout up to the vicinity of the nasal cavity, and changes abruptly into the ciliated columnar epithelium lining the nasal cavity. It is suggested that the epithelium lining the transitional zone is identical with the ‘intermediate epithelium’ in the mouse nasopharynx and epiglottis.
Spatial Distribution of Trabeculae in Iliac Bone from 145 Osteoporotic Females
Authors: Chappard D. , Alexandre C. , Riffat G.
Published: July 2008

145 women showing clinical and radiological signs of involutional osteoporosis of the spine were biopsed at the ilium for histomorphometric analysis of bone mass including trabecular bone volume and parameters reflecting the spatial distribution of bony elements (mean trabecular plate thickness, density and separation). Results were compared with an age-matched population of 22 healthy females. Postmenopausal osteoporotics (i.e. younger than 75 years) were characterized by a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume, plate density and thickness, while senile osteoporotics (i.e. older than 75 years) did not exhibit any difference with controls. 51% of the osteoporotic patients had a trabecular bone volume higher than the spontaneous vertebral crush threshold defined by Meunier. Osteoporotic patients with trabecular bone volume under the vertebral crush threshold had a significant decrease in all trabecular parameters. On the opposite, patients with trabecular bone volume above the vertebral crush threshold had only a significant decrease in the number of trabeculae. A negative correlation was found between age and plate density in both osteoporotic patients and controls. Alinear correlation was found between trabecular bone volume and plate density, but thickness and density of trabecular plates were not correlated. This study confirms that involutional osteoporosis is not only a decreased bone mass disorder. A modified spatial distribution of trabeculae or a«mechanically less resistant bone matrix could be additional factors.
Development and Arterial Supply of the Supraventricular Crest during the Human Embryonic and Fetal Periods
Authors: Doménech-Mateu J.M.
Published: July 2008

Several works have concerned themselves with the anatomy of the supraventricular crest, for example, analyzing its role in the physiology of the right ventricle; nevertheless, its structure and arterial supply have been less studied. We have studied the morphogenesis of the architecture and the arterial supply of the supraventricular crest, in 25 embryos and human fetuses of 13–71 mm crown-rump length. The muscular organization of the crest (proper muscular bundles and parietal bundles of the right ventricle) and the development of the supraventricular crest’s artery as well as its trajectory and its distribution during the fetal period were examined.
Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in the Goat Nasolabial Skin with Special Reference to Eccrine Glands
Authors: Tsukise Azuma , Fujimori Osamu , Yamada Kazuyori
Published: July 2008

The histochemistry of glycoconjugates in the nasolabial skin of the goat has been studied by means of a series of selected methods of light microscopy. The epidermis of the nasolabial skin was found to contain neutral and acid glycoconjugates with different saccharide residues. The secretory epithelial cells and secretory substances of the sebaceous glands contained primarily neutral glycoconjugates, whereas those of the apocrine glands involved largely strongly acidic and neutral glycoconjugates. In the epithelial cells and secretory substances of the nasolabial eccrine glands, glycoconjugates involved were characteristically strongly neutral but weakly acidic in nature. From the present results, the histophysiological significance of glycoconjugates in the particular histologic structures of the nasolabial skin has been discussed with special reference to the functions of this particular skin type in the goat.
Histochemical Detection of Horseradish Peroxidase Activity in the Rat by the Vibratome-Paraplast Method
Authors: Liem R.S.B. , Rokx J.T.M. , Van Willigen J.D.
Published: July 2008

A method is described for the histochemical detection of horseradish peroxidase in Paraplast Plus® embedded brain sections. The procedure uses 150-µm-thick Vibratome-cut slices of glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde-fixed brain tissue. Tetramethylbenzidine stabilized by diaminobenzidine/cobalt/H202 is used as chromogen. The Vibratome-cut slices are dehydrated through a graded series of acetone, cleared in toluol and flat-embedded in Paraplast Plus embedding medium. Serial sections can be cut as thin as 5–7 µm.The method is universal in its application and permits optimal visualization of labeled neurons with great morphological detail at the light-microscopic level.
Assessment of the Relative Locations of the Greater Palatine Foramen in Adult Chinese Skulls
Authors: Wang Teen-Meei , Kuo Kuen-Jia , Shih Chung , Ho Lin-Lin , Liu Jiang-Chuan
Published: July 2008

One hundred dry skulls of adult Chinese of both sexes were studied. They were homogeneous in the form of maxillary arch and having full eruption of the upper third molar, without missing teeth and malposition of teeth. Our findings revealed that the mean distance from the center of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) to the midsagittal plane of the hard palate was 16.00 mm, and to the posterior border of the hard palate, 4.11 mm. The location of the GPF related to the maxillary molars was expressed as percentage in 5 relations. We found that the most common location of the GPF was between the maxillary second and third molars (relation III: 48%) and less common was lingual to the maxillary third molar (relation IV: 33.5%). The usually accepted description of the GPF location was lingual to the second molar (relation II), but in our study this relative position occurred in only 17% of the skulls. The long axis of the greater palatine canal directing to the GPF in the oral cavity was found to be directed anteriorly in 181 openings (90.5%) of the 200 GPF, and only 19 openings (9.5%) directed vertically. The bilateral symmetry of GPF on both sides of each skull was remarkable. The discrepancy of our observations on the Chinese skulls from those on other ethnic groups was discussed. Our findings suggest, therefore, the existence of an ethnic variation and the necessity of a more accurate method of locating the GPF in clinical practice.
Substance-P-Containing Fibers in the Incisive Papillae of the Rat Hard Palate
Authors: Hirata Kazuho , Miyahara Hatsuyo , Kanaseki Takeshi
Published: July 2008

Substance P (SP)-containing fibers in the incisive papillae of rat hard palates, which include various components of sensory receptors, i.e. mechanoreceptors, free nerve endings and chemosensory corpuscles (taste buds), were examined using immunoperoxidase techniques and light and electron microscopes. Immunolabeled fibers were consistently distributed in the medial part of the orifice of the incisive canals, i.e. in the taste-bud-enriched region. Dense immunolabeled fibers were found in subgemmal regions and in the lamina propria papillae. Some fine fibers entered and ascended the taste buds or occasionally the epithelium outside the taste buds. In addition, a rich innerva-tion by SP-containing fibers close to blood capillaries was clearly identified. Electron microscopy revealed no specialized synaptic contact between the immunolabeled fibers and taste bud cells. Synaptic-like images could be found only between nonimmunolabeled nerve endings and the underlying taste bud cells. In the lamina propria papillae, mechanoreceptors observed in the present study contained no immunoperoxidase end products, whereas free nerve endings with an immunolabeled small-diameter axon (630–730 nm in diameter) were frequent. Similar axons were located at the adventitia of the blood capillaries.The possible functional role of SP-containing fibers in the incisive papillae was given attention.
Sensory and Secretory Potencies and Differentiations of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Oksche A.
Published: July 2008

Secretory neurons capable of elaborating neuropeptides and biogenic amines are an integral component of nervous systems. This apparatus is more extended than assumed during an earlier period of investigations. It is involved in short- and long-range communication by means of paracrine, transmitter-like, modulatory and neurohormonal types of messages. This finely adjusted activity of secretory neurons serves the control of a variety of important biological functions. Secretory pinealocytes are derivatives of pineal photoreceptors, primary sensory cells of neuronal character. In contrast to these neuron-like or paraneuronal elements, the secretory cells of the subcommissural organ are of ependymal origin.
Change in Structure of Tight Junctions between Epithelial Cells in the Uterine Tube of the Rat during Early Pregnancy
Authors: Murphy C.R. , Turner V.F.
Published: July 2008

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been used to study tight junctions of epithelial cells in the rat fallopian tube. At oestrus junctions were found to consist of strands parallel to the surface whereas at day 6 of pregnancy, junctions were deeper and extensively interconnected. We consider the involvement of ovarian hormones and the cross-tissue significance of our findings.
Pale and Dark Bipolar Cells in the Chicken Retina
Authors: Quesada A. , Chmielewski C. , Espinar A. , Ambrosiani J. , Prada F.A.
Published: July 2008

Ultrastructurally, two different bipolar cell types can be distinguished in the retina of the chick embryo: one pale or electron-lucent and the other dark or electron-dense. The different electron density was seen over the whole cell, from its enclave in the outer limiting membrane to its termination in the inner plexiform layer.These observations prompted us to study the content and cytoplasmic variations of both cell types. The pale bipolar cell has a higher vacuole, vesicle and endoplasmic reticulum content and a lower number of microtubules and glycogen than the dark bipolar cell. The presence of these two cell types is probably due to a characteristic physiologic state, and the difference between the pale and dark bipolar cells can be attributed to the diverse number of gap unions which they establish with A II amacrine cells.
The Facial Motor Nucleus of the Dog
Authors: Prats-Galino A. , Costa-Llobet C. , Arroyo-Guijarro J. , Ruano-Gil D.
Published: July 2008

A study of the facial motor nucleus of the dog by means of cytoarchitectonic and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction methods has been made. We identified three regions in this structure: lateral, intermediate and medial. Taking into account the different patterns of neuron aggregation, the following subdivisions were noted: in the first, the ventrolateral and dorsolateral subnuclei; in the second, the intermediate subnucleus, and in the third, the ventromedial, intermediate-medial and dorsomedial subnuclei.Their cytological characteristics are described.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Arterial Pattern of the Upper Limbs in Lorisiformes (Prosimiae, Primates)
Authors: Ikeda Akira , Miyake Shinichiro , Ikeda Kazuo , Hayama Sugio
Published: July 2008

A study of the arterial patterns of the upper limbs in Lorisiformes (Prosimiae), especially those of the rete mirabile and their correlating arteries, was carried out by three-dimensional arteriographic analysis.The rete displayed at least two types of plexiform distribution: (1) a vascular bundle in Lorisidae, which consists of a division of the main artery into a principal trunk surrounded upwards by about 50 small arteries, and (2) a simple network pattern in Galagidae, which, at most, is composed of simple vascular networks of the nature of a few widely scattered anastomoses. The arterial patterns of the upper limb in Lorisiformes are basically the same, but the position of divergence and the number and size of the vessels in the rete differ. The arterial patterns of the upper limbs in Lorisiformes closely resemble the development of the vessels in the 21- to 23-mm stages of human embryonic growth. In this study, we observed some similarity in the patterns between the rete mirabile and the superficial brachial artery in man.
Changes in Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Nerves in the Pregnant and Postpartum Uterus of the Albino Rat and Guinea Pig
Authors: Moustafa Fatma A.
Published: July 2008

The present study was undertaken to investigate the structural changes in both cholinesterase(ChE)-positive nerve fibers and adrenergic nerves with formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in pregnant and postpartum uteri of both the albino rat and guinea pig. Particular attention was directed to the relationship between these changes and the local factors associated with the growing fetus. ChE reaction was absent in the control and pregnant uterus of the guinea pig. In the albino rat, there were signs of degeneration in pregnancy. These were evidenced by vacuolation of large nerve trunks and the presence of focal segments with very faint reaction along the course of the nerve bundles. Myometrial segments from fetus-containing horns showed some fragmented nerve fibers, but at the same time some other normal ones. Most of the fine nerve bundles gave a weak reaction. Three weeks after delivery, multiple ChE fibers were found in the uterus of the albino rat. The normal appearance was, however, not regained and some nerve fibers were still fragmented. Noradrenergic (NA) nerve fibers were disintegrated and markedly reduced in number in the myometrium of the pregnant uterus of both the guinea pig and albino rat, particularly in the uterine horns that were distended by fetuses. The number of NA fibers was not significantly reduced in the tubal ends of the albino rat uterus. Three weeks after delivery, normal NA fibers were seen in the myometrium of both the albino rat and guinea pig uterus. Nerves with reduced fluorescence reaction were observed less frequently.
Cytochemical Demonstration of Actin Filaments in Myoepithelial Cells of the Human Parotid Gland
Authors: Yoshihara Toshio , Kanda Takashi , Nagata Hiroshi , Nomoto Minoru , Kaneko Toshio , Kato Yuichi , Yaku Yuji
Published: July 2008

Ultrastructurally, myoepithelial cells were shown to contain numerous fine filaments in their cytoplasm and resembled smooth muscle cells. The myoepithelial cell of the salivary gland has been considered to play an important role in the secretion of saliva. The present study showed that all the thin filaments (actin filaments) in the myoepithelial cell of the human parotid gland bound heavy meromyosin (HMM) and formed characteristic arrowhead structures. These filaments ran in two opposite directions with the poles at different ends. On the other hand, there was no binding of HMM with thicker filaments (10-nm filaments), plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, collagen fibrils, basement membrane or other cytoplasmic organelles.The present results strongly suggest that myoepithelial cells possess a contractile function parallel to the long axis of the cell for supporting the secretion of saliva in the parotid gland.
On Counting Cranial Nerves
Authors: O'Rahilly R.
Published: July 2008

The enumeration of the cranial nerves is traced briefly from Galen’s seven to Willis’ ten and to von Söm-merring’s twelve. The system of von Sömmerring, which has been followed for some 200 years, is a useful convention, although it is merely one of several possibilities. The naming of the cranial nerves was standardized nearly 100 years ago.
Ultrastructural Study of Contacts between Cells of the Dorsal Ectoderm and Chordamesoderm during Gastrulation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Bates A.W. , Burgess Ann M.C. , Field Catherine M. , Katchburian E.
Published: July 2008

In gastrulae of Xenopus laevis, various morphological types of intercellular approximation occur between the dorsal ectoderm and chordamesoderm. Ruthenium red staining reveals that in some areas the glycocalyces of heterotypic cells appear to come into contact. These observations, in conjunction with the results of previous studies, suggest that cell contacts offer a possible pathway for the transmission of inductive stimuli, and that they may be important in the regionalisation of the neuralised ectoderm.
Disruption of Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cell Tight Junctions and Regression of Spermatogenesis in Vitamin-A-Defícient Rats
Authors: Huang Hosea.F.S. , Yang Chung S. , Meyenhofer Markus , Gould Sandy , Boccabella Anthony V.
Published: July 2008

The relationship between the intactness of sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tight junctions and the status of spermatogenesis was examined in rats fed a vitamin-A-deficient diet after weaning (VAD rats). Both serum and testicular retinol concentrations of the VAD rats declined to a nadir by 80 days of age. At this time, it was observed that Sertoli cell tight junctions of the VAD animals were intact and complete spermatogenesis was maintained. Leakage in Sertoli cell tight junctions, as demonstrated by the presence of lanthanum in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium, was first observed in 90-day-old VAD rats. Severe regression of spermatogenic cells was noted in 100-day or older VAD animals. These results suggest that severe germ cell loss observed during chronic vitamin A deficiency may result from abnormal intratubular environment due to the disruption of the blood-testis barrier.
Histology of the Caprine Hemal Node
Authors: Ezeasor D.N. , Singh A.
Published: July 2008

Caprine hemal nodes were studied by light microscopy after glutaraldehyde fixation and epoxy resin embedding. Anode consisted of a capsule, subcapsular and other sinuses, cortex, medulla and hilus. Elements of circulating blood filled the interstices of the reticular meshwork and associated macrophages which traversed the lumina of subcapsular and medullary sinuses. The latter were rare in 1-month-old goats, progressively increased in number and size in 2- to 4-month-old goats and coalesced with each other and the subcapsular sinus in adult animals. The cortical tissue appeared as lymphoid nodules. Circumferential lymphatic vessels abutted on outer margins of the nodules and gave origin to several radial lymphatics which branched and anastomosed between the medullary blood sinuses. Medullary cords were organized around the radial lymphatics. A single efferent lymphatic was formed at the hilum by confluence of the radial lymphatics. Our study, in contrast to earlier reports, shows that caprine hemal nodes possess efferent lymphatics. The present data suggest that the hemal nodes are involved, in addition to classical functions, in blood storage by hemoconcentration.
Comparative Anatomical Study of Arteriographs of the Hand of Primates
Authors: Ikeda Akira , Matsumoto Shin , Tanaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2008

A three-dimensional angiographic analysis ofthe deep palmar arterial arches and their correlating arteries in Cercopithecidae, Pongidae and Hominidae revealed the following features. In Cercopithecidae, 3 deep palmar arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 2nd dorsal metacarpal artery: 2 proximal arches (the catella volaris proximalis and the arcus volaris profundus) and 1 distal arch (the catella volaris distalis). The intermetacarpal arteries arise from the catella volaris proximalis and the palmar metacarpal arteries arise from the arcus volaris profundus. In Pongidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they are composed of only the catella volaris proximalis and catella volaris distalis. In Hominidae, the arches are formed by the perforating branches of the 1st dorsal metacarpal artery, and they consist of the arcus volaris profundus and an incomplete catella volaris distalis.
Mechanoreceptors in the Human Medial Meniscus
Authors: Zimny Marilyn L. , Albright Daniel J. , Dabezies Eugene
Published: July 2008

Medial menisci, obtained at autopsy, were sectioned into radial segments which were stained in bulk using a modified gold chloride method following pretreatment with Triton X-100. Segments were then sectioned on a sliding microtome at 100 µm, mounted on slides, dehydrated and coverslipped. Axons were seen penetrating from the perimeniscal tissue into the outer third of the meniscus with a heavier concentration at the horns. Neural elements were identified in the perimeniscal tissue and in the outer and middle thirds of the meniscus, but not in the inner third. The medial meniscus is capable of afferent input to the central nervous system of importance to the biomechanical function of the joint.
Development and Growth of Palatal Rugae in the Mouse
Authors: Luke D.A.
Published: July 2008

Palatal rugae began to develop in the mouse, before the elevation of the palatal shelves, as localized regions of epithelial proliferation and thickening. Subsequently, fibroblasts and collagen fibres accumulated in the connective tissue subjacent to the thickened epithelium and later assumed a distinctive orientation, the fibres running anteroposteriorly within the core and in concentric curves across the base of each ruga. The role of collagen in rugal morphogenesis was examined after inhibiting its formation by feeding the lathyritic agent β-aminopropionitrile to pregnant females. This substance markedly affected the eventual height of the rugae at birth, confirming the importance of collagen in rugal development.
Autoradiographic Investigation of Effects of High-Dose Colchicine on Dentinogenesis in Rat Incisors
Authors: Nogueira T.O. , Zorn T.M.T. , Stene T. , Koppang H.S.
Published: July 2008

Twelve female Wistar rats received 1.5 mg/kg of colchicine (CLC) intravenously. Control animals were similarly injected with isotonic saline solution. The animals were killed 5 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after injection. Ninety minutes prior to sacrifice, all animals received an intraperitoneal injection of 3H-proline. Autoradiograms of maxillary incisors showed that CLC increased the retention of the labeled precursor in the odontoblasts. It was also shown that the odontoblasts in the different sectors of the rat incisor present different sensitivities to the CLC action.
Craniofacial Growth in Apert Syndrome as Measured by Finite-Element Scaling Analysis
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: July 2008

A new tool for the study of biological form change is applied in a comparison of craniofacial growth in normal children and those affected with Apert syndrome. Using finite-element scaling analysis, the magnitude of size change during postnatal growth in the Apert sample was determined to be generally less than normal, and the magnitude of shape change was generally greater than normal. No consistent, statistically significant, alteration from normal growth was defined in the Apert sample, however. There appears to be no consistent effect on general cell and tissue proliferation in Apert syndrome. Rather, specific subpopulations of cells and tissues may be affected differentially over time.
Cellular Heterogeneity and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Immunoreactivity among Epiphysial Growth Plate Chondrocytes in the Pig
Authors: Simon Mark R. , Cooke Paul S.
Published: July 2008

The localization of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I, also called somatomedin C) production in porcine epiphysial growth plates of the distal humerus was studied by immunohistochemistry. Counterstaining with Alcian blue-van Gieson demonstrated two cell types (blue and red cells) in the germinal (reserve) proliferating and hypertrophic zones; only those chondrocytes of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones that stained red were also immunoreactive to the antibody to IGF-I. The results indicate that there exists a functional heterogeneity among the chondrocytes of both the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of growth cartilage and that IGF-I is locally produced in only the red cells of these zones. Because the red cells of the germinal zone were not immunoreactive, the results suggest that the red cells of the germinal zone and the red cells of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones are also functionally distinct.
The Collateral Ligaments of the Knee Joint in the Cat and Man
Authors: Prosé Poliacu , Lohman A.H.M , Huson A.
Published: July 2008

The present investigation of fiber arrangement in the collateral ligaments of the knee was carried out in cats and man in various positions of flexion and extension, without compression load. In all knee joint positions, the fibers of the collateral ligaments are twisted except for the fibers in the meniscal part of the medial collateral ligament which have a parallel arrangement. Furthermore, most of the fibers in the collateral ligaments are taut in all positions of the knee joint in both cat and man. By means of planar models representing different fiber arrangements, the kinematic behavior of the collateral ligaments was analyzed. It appears that a crossed (twisted) arrangement of the fibers is most effective in rotatory movements, whereas a parallel orientation is most effective in translation. Our data further indicate that, in measuring the changes in lengths of ligaments during joint motion, one cannot neglect the internal arrangement of fibers and the geometry of the articular surfaces and menisci.
Microvasculature of the Feline Renal Medulla
Authors: Marais James
Published: July 2008

The microvascular pattern of the feline renal medulla was studied by scanning electron microscopy using corrosion casts. At the corticömeduUary junction, numerous efferent arterioles were observed giving rise to peritubular capillary plexuses and arteriole rectae. Considerable differences in vessel diameters were seen. Arteriolae rectae coursed around interlobar veins before returning to the corticömeduUary area, as venulae rectae. Diffuse capillary papillary plexuses were seen protruding into the renal pelvis.
Aberrant Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh Arising from the Sciatic Nerve in the Human
Authors: Horiguchi M. , Yamada T.K. , Koizumi M.
Published: July 2008

An aberrant cutaneous nerve of the thigh arising from the peroneal portion of the human sciatic nerve or common peroneal nerve was observed in 9 cases (4.6% of sides). After giving a branch to the short head of the biceps femoris muscle and a branch to the knee joint, this cutaneous nerve reaches the subcutaneous tissue by passing between the short head of the biceps femoris and the vastus lateralis or by piercing through the biceps femoris. The authors presume that the cutaneous nerve shows the presence of the potential cutaneous nerve routes from the common peroneal nerve to the skin of the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Ultrastructural Identification of Calbindin-D28k-Immunoreactive Cells in the Rat Superficial Pineal Body
Authors: Krstić Radivoj , Nicolas Dominique
Published: July 2008

The vitamin-D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28k, was detected immunocytochemically in the majority of pericapillary pinealocytes of the rat superficial pineal body. The interstitial cells were calbindin -negative.The significance of these findings is discussed.
Histological, Histometrical and Fluoride Electrode Studies of the Effects of Fluoride on the Mandibular Condyles in Growing Newborn Rats
Authors: Mizohata Masanobu , Kameyama Yoichiro
Published: July 2008

The effects of fluoride on the mandibular condyles in growing newborn rats were studied by histological, histometrical and fluoride electrode methods. The layer of cartilage of the mandibular condyle in the animals administered 5,15, 25 and 35 mg/kg of fluoride for 3 weeks displayed a significant increase in thickness when compared with that of the mandibular condyle in the control animals. The thickening of the cartilage layer was proportioned to the amounts of fluoride administered. The volumetric density of cancellous bone of the condyle in the animals administered 25 and 35 mg/kg of fluoride also increased significantly when compared with that of the condyle in the control animals. The trabeculae of cancellous bone of the condyle in these animals contained large amounts of osteoid. The cancellous bone of the condyle in the animals of the four fluoride groups showed a significantly higher fluoride concentration when compared with that of the condyle in the control animals.The fluoride concentration proportionally increased with the amounts of fluoride administered. The results of the present study indicate that the morphologic changes and the fluoride concentrations in the mandibular condyles of rats receiving fluoride were closely correlated with each other.
Changes in Nucleolar Morphology during Human Macrophage Development: A Morphometric Study
Authors: Sokol R.J.
Published: July 2008

Morphometric methods were used to study the nucleolar ultrastructure during the development of human blood monocytes into macrophages in suspension culture. Nucleolar volume (Vn), surface area (Sn), volume fraction within the nucleus (Vvn), surface-to-volume ratio [(S/V)n] and number of nucleolar profiles per section were measured in 20 healthy adults over a 6-day period, and the results examined using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. Highly significant increases in Vn Sn and^vn occurred with no significant change in the number of nucleolar profiles per section; (S/V)n decreased during culture; no significant differences were found between male and female subjects. These nucleolar changes would be consistent with an increased protein synthesis during macrophage development. The results provide quantitative data against which changes in nucleolar morphology during macrophage development in disease states may be assessed.
Intrahepatic Ramification of the Portal Vein in the Right and Caudate Lobes of the Liver
Authors: Yamane Taka-aki , Mori Katsutaka , Sakamoto Kiyoshi , Ikei Satoshi , Akagi Masanobu
Published: July 2008

We defined the subsegmental divisions and the ramification patterns of the portal vein in the right and caudate lobes using 25 human liver casts. The ramifications of the portal vein and the subdivisions of the liver were classified based on the major portal veins with the largest diameter and those having a diameter of not less than two thirds of the largest vein in each subsegment. The following results were obtained. (l)The portal trunk showed three ramification patterns and the basic pattern was bifurcation (80%). (2) The anterior portal vein first ramified into several anterior-inferior portal veins (P5) and ran toward the superior direction to bifurcate into 2 major portal veins in the anterior-superior subsegment (Sg). (3)There were three types of ramification patterns of the portal veins in S8: bifurcation (84%), trifurcation and one-pedicle type. (4)There were also three branching types of the largest vein (P5-max) in P5: ramification from the anterior portal vein, Pg-anterior vein supplying the anterior region of S8 and Pg-posterior vein supplying the posterior region of S8. (5)The posterior portal vein showed two ramification patterns of the bifurcation (36%) and nonbifurcation type. (6) The major portal veins in the caudate subsegment ramified at various sites such as the portal trunk, left, right and/or other portal veins.
Intranuclear Bundles of Microfilaments and Microtubules in Chromaffin Cells of the Auricle of the Heart of a Lungfîsh, Protopterus aethiopicus
Authors: Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Adriaensen Dirk , De Groodt-Lasseel Marie H.A
Published: July 2008

Intranuclear microtubular-microfilamentous rod-like inclusions were investigated in chromaffin cells of the auricle of the heart of lungfishes. In conventional electron microscopy, these inclusions reveal a wide variety in appearance, depending on their orientation to the plane of sectioning. Whereas originally they were merely interpreted as a bundle of microfilaments, application of a goniometer stage showed the rod- or spindle-shaped intranuclear inclusions to have a basic substructure of parallel arranged microtubules among microfilaments, which are clearly connected to chromatin granules, occasionally penetrating dense areas of chromatin.The chemical nature and biological significance of these structures, which so far remain enigmatic, are discussed.
Application of Immunohistochemistry to the Isolated Mucosa of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract, with Special Reference to Somatostatin Cells
Authors: Satoh Y. , Oomori Y. , Ishikawa K. , Satoh T. , Ono K.
Published: July 2008

In the present study, in order to easily grasp whole images of somatostatin (D) cells, the isolated mucosa of the mouse gastrointestinal tract was immunohistochemically treated. The present study revealed that: (1) in the stomach, small-intestinal villi and colon, about 20% of the D cells extrude basal cytoplasmic processes, showing terminal expansions in many cases; on the other hand, in the crypts of the small intestine, few D cells possess basal processes, and (2) in the stomach, there is no determined tendency in the direction of the basal processes of the D cells; on the other hand, in the small-intestinal villi and colon, most D cell basal processes run toward the villus base and colon crypt bottoms. The direction of the basal processes of the D cells in the gastrointestinal tract seems to be mostly in favor of the migration pattern of epithelial cells described previously. It is likely that, if the targets of the D cells are near the D cells the basal process is not necessary for local secretion of somatostatin. During migration however, D cells might extrude basal processes to keep relationships with their targets.
Ultrastructural Study of Synovial Membrane from the Antebrachiocarpal Joint of Calves
Authors: Leach Douglas H. , Caldwell Sarah J. , Ferguson James G.
Published: July 2008

The synovial intima from the antebrachiocarpal joint of 4-month-old calves was between 1 and 3 cells in thickness and did not have a basal lamina. Numerous areas of the intimal matrix were in direct contact with the joint lumen. The synovial membrane was comprised mainly of A-type synoviocytes usually located adjacent to the joint lumen. These cells were characterized by numerous filopodia (or lamellipodia), large, empty-appearing vacuoles, numerous lysosomes, large vacuoles containing granular material separated from the vacuolar membrane by a radiolucent band, and coated micropinocytotic vesicles. Smooth micropinocytotic vesicles were seen only rarely in these cells. In contrast, B-type cells had few filopodia, numerous smooth micropinocytotic vesicles, few coated micropinocytotic vesicles, a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria that were longer and had a denser matrix than that of A cell mitochondria, and surprisingly, only few maturing or fully formed secretory granules. A distinct intermediate (C or AB) type synoviocyte could not be unequivocally identified. Desmosome-like structures were present between synoviocytes, although it was considered questionable if these were true intercellular junctions. No other junctions were present.
Ultrastructure of Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells in the Bovine Testis
Authors: Sinowatz Fred , Amselgruber Werner
Published: July 2008

In the present communication, ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of mature bovine Sertoli cells and their relationship to the different stages of germ cell development are described. As in other mammalian species, different types of junctional specializations exist between Sertoli and germ cells in the bovine seminiferous epithelium, including desmosome-like junctions, Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations and tubulobulbar complexes. The functional significance of the morphological results and the interactions of Sertoli and germ cells during spermatogenesis are discussed.
Effects of Taxol on Endothelial Cells of the Developing Semilunar Heart Valves in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Garcia-Martinez V. , Hurle J.M.
Published: July 2008

Recent ultrastructural studies have revealed that there are differences in endothelial cell shape and cyto-skeletal architecture between the arterial and ventricular faces of developing semilunar valves. In the present work we have analyzed valvular endothelial cell response to taxol in the chick embryo. Following taxol administration, abnormal mitotic cells appear in the endothelium of both faces of the cusps. Interphase cells show few structural alterations. No differential response of the valvular endothelium to the drug was observed in the arterial or ventricular faces of the cusps.
Ultrastructural Features of the Ventral Prostate Epithelial Cells in the Australian Plains Rat, Pseudomys australis
Authors: Wong Y.C. , Breed W.G. , Chow P.H.
Published: July 2008

The fine structure of epithelial cells of the small ventral prostate of Pseudomys australis males was studied. The cells were sometimes binucleated, exhibited relatively little granular endoplasmic reticulum, generally few secretory granules (probably reflecting a low proteinaceous secretory activity) but had abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) similar to that in steroidogenic cells. Some of the mitochondria also showed tubular cristae. Furthermore, most cells had some irregular dense bodies in the cytoplasm which may have developed, by a gradual transformation process, from the membranes of AER, mitochondria and other organelles; they could be the product of degenerative changes in these organelles. These findings indicate a significant difference in the structure of these cells from those present in the ventral prostate of the hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. It is speculated that this gland secretes relatively little protein but perhaps more lipid or cholesterol-derived substance.
Ultrastructural Morphology of the Canine Thoracic Duct and Cisterna chyli
Authors: Marais J. , Fossum T.W.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructural morphology of the thoracic duct and cisterna chyli of the dog was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Examination of the cisterna chyli, reservoir of the lymphatic system, featured a number of afferent lymphatics draining into the cisterna; valves were however absent. The luminal surface of the endothelial lining of both the thoracic duct and cisterna demonstrated ovoid endothelial nuclei with numerous cellular ridges. Considerable variation existed in the number of smooth muscle cells lining the duct and cisterna in the contracted and distended state. Organelles and inclusions characteristic of endothelium and smooth muscle were identified. Reflux of lymph into the thoracic duct was prevented by a mono- and bicuspid valve situated at the lymphatico-venous junction.
Development and Morphology of the Periderm of Mouse Embryos (Days 9–12 of Gestation)
Authors: M’Boneko V. , Merker H.-J.
Published: July 2008

Systematic investigations on time, site and mechanism of the periderm development are not yet available, although this superficial layer also appears to be of morphogenetic importance.Therefore, we investigated the surface epithelium (epidermis) of mouse embryos of days 9–12 of gestation using light- and electron-microscopic techniques. On early day 9 it is one-layered. On late day 9 the periderm starts to develop in the region of the upper limb buds, on early day 10 in the region of the lower limb buds, on late day 10 in the back and head regions, and on early day 11 in the ventral region. On day 11 the surface of the limb buds is completely covered by a periderm, in the other regions the periderm development is not yet completed on day 12. The formation of this surface layer starts in many regions and from many cells. The cells form flat, squamous processes that push over neighbouring cells. Subsequently, they detach from the basal lamina, migrate to the surface and adopt an endothelium-like shape. In the contact areas of the periderm cells we find almost exclusively tight junctions. From these findings it can be concluded that the periderm does not have a general protective function against the amniotic fluid, but that it initially protects against regions with a morphogenetically ‘active’ basal epithelium. A linkage at the basal layer via desmosomes and a well-developed cytoskeleton speak for an additional mechanical function. The occurrence of a protein-synthesizing and secreting apparatus suggests an influence on the composition of the amniotic fluid. Aresorbing activity cannot be demonstrated with morphological techniques.
Erosion of the Foramen transversarium of the Axis
Authors: Taitz Cecil , Arensburg Baruch
Published: July 2008

Six hundred foramina transversaria (FT) of the axis vertebrae of 4 population groups were examined for the presence of erosion of the lateral articular mass. Of these, 127 (21%) and 72 (12%) presented with moderate and marked erosion, respectively. Evidence is presented incriminating the tortuosity of the vertebral artery as well as congenital factors in the etiology of the erosion of the FT. Attention is drawn to the possible correlation between angulation of the transverse process of the axis and erosion of the FT.
Structural Changes of the Guinea Pig Prostatic Epithelial Cells after Gossypol Treatment
Authors: Wong Y.C. , Tarn C.C.
Published: July 2008

The effect of gossypol acetic acid on the prostate gland of the guinea pig was assessed ultrastructurally. The three lobes of the gland showed differences in sensitivity and reacted differently to gossypol treatment. In the lateral prostate, there was a reduction in the profile of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and dense secretory granules with a concurrent appearance of smaller clear granules and an increase in cytoplasmic filamentous bundles. The latter feature was similar to that of the coagulating gland. In the dorsal prostate, the general reaction was similar to that in the lateral prostate except that there was no increase in filamentous content. In the coagulating gland, there was a reduction or total disappearance of apical secretory blebs and an increase in lysosomes, a feature not found in the lateral and dorsal lobes. Damages to mitochondria were observed in the dorsal prostate and coagulating gland but not in the lateral prostate. It is concluded that gossypol affects not only the testis, but also alters the structure and functions of the prostate gland.
Configuration of the Magnocellular Nuclei in the Basal Forebrain of the Human Adult
Authors: Ulfig N.
Published: July 2008

With the use of gapless series of thick sections (800 µm) stained for lipofuscin pigment as a stable intra-neuronal characteristic, it was found in the human brain that the three magnocellular nuclei in the basal forebrain – the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus of the diagonal band (vertical and horizontal limb) and the basal nucleus of Meynert located within the substantia innominata – were tightly connected with each other. A band-like anteromedial subnucleus and a semilunar posterolateral subnucleus could be delineated in the basal nucleus and were found to be embedded in a zone of low cell density, the substantia innominata, which medially blends into the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus. A three-dimensional reconstruction was made to demonstrate the complex shape of the magnocellular basal forebrain nuclei.