bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Penelopiad and Weight : Contemporary Parodic and Burlesque Transformations of Classical Myths
Authors: Staels Hilde
Published: November 2009

This essay closely examines the narrative form of Margaret Atwood’s and Jeanette Winterson’s revisionary stories about the mythical figures Penelope and Atlas. Both novelists rely on the narrative tools of parody and burlesque travesty to challenge the genre conventions of high epic art. They parodically use mythologizing and de-mythologizing devices to achieve a semantic transformation of the classical myths and employ burlesque travesty to bring about their stylistic modification. The revision of the ancient mythical stories is underscored by the prominent use of the trickster transformation archetype. In both The Penelopiad and Weight , the protagonists wish to liberate themselves from the limitations imposed on them by the traditional narratives. Atlas’s desire to break free from the boundaries of the ancient epic story world is explored alongside the desire of Winterson’s alter ego to free herself from the weight of her personal past and the burden of tyrannical (fictional) conventions.
Work and Class in the Box Store University: Autobiographies of Working-Class Academics
Authors: Mazurek Raymond A.
Published: November 2009

The autobiographies of working-class academics look at the American university from a working-class perspective that critiques the practices of American universities, especially their unreasonable hierarchies, their denigration of teachers and teaching, and their labor practices. Focusing on two of the seven collections of essays by academics from working-class backgrounds—Ryan and Sackrey’s Strangers in Paradise (1984) and Janet Zandy’s Liberating Memory (1995)—we can trace the alienation of working-class academics and the increasing extent to which this alienation becomes part of an explicit opposition to the corporate university’s labor practices. As the university becomes dominated by flexible labor patterns with parallels to those initiated by companies such as Wal Mart, “working-class academic” now refers not only to academics with working-class backgrounds, but also to those in the new white collar working class that includes part-time faculty. Autobiographical essays by part-time faculty such as those in Michael Dubson’s collection Ghosts in the Classroom (2001) are part of the effort to end the exploitation of academic labor.
Archibald MacLeish and Professional Leadership
Authors: Augspurger Michael
Published: November 2009

In the late 1930s, a group of writers associated with the journal Partisan Review viciously attacked the poetry, public profile, and political essays of Archibald MacLeish. In the eyes of these critics, MacLeish, a respected poet, accomplished journalist, and outspoken opponent of totalitarianism, was not only a hack and a sell-out, but a nascent fascist. In revisiting these critiques, however, this essay argues that the vehemence of the feud between MacLeish and Partisan Review was rooted in a profound clash over the proper role of the professional class. While the Partisan writers insisted that intellectuals needed to separate themselves completely from the masses, MacLeish proclaimed that poets, artists, and other professionals had a responsibility to provide an affirmative vision of a democratic American future. Revising this story helps not only to defend MacLeish against the Partisan writers’ influential attacks, but also highlights the importance—often underestimated—of debates over professional identity in American literary history.
Mad Girls’ Love Songs: Two Women Poets—a Professor and Graduate Student—Discuss Sylvia Plath, Angst, and the Poetics of Female Adolescence
Authors: Greenberg Arielle , Klaver Becca
Published: November 2009

The legacy of Sylvia Plath’s poetry and the received notion of the teenage girl writer wallowing in self-pity are discussed in terms of their significance to adolescent female readers and their ramifications for girlhood culture at large. Plath’s legacy endures in part because of the recognition that a fluctuation in moods and personas is often the experience of young women, of writers, of those who struggle with depression or anxiety (and the overlap between these populations), and also because of Plath’s ability to craft the fever of her emotions into poems that rely on bold and rich figurative language. This essay uses memoir, a survey of Plath’s popular and critical reception, and a close reading of Plath poems that take on more adolescent concerns and themes, then concludes by looking at contemporary women poets whose aesthetics, attitudes and themes are relevant to contemporary teenage girl readers.
The 2006 Protest at Gallaudet University: Reflections and Explanations
Authors: Christiansen John B.
Published: November 2009

Events leading to the selection of Jane Fernandes as Gallaudet University's ninth president in May 2006 are described, as are protest-related activities that occurred subsequent to her selection. An explanation of these activities is offered, and some comparisons with the Deaf President Now protest of 1988 are made.
Deaf on the Lifeline of Mumbai
Authors: Kusters Annelies
Published: November 2009

This article is a result of my MSc Deaf Studies dissertation that is situated on an intersection between Deaf geography, anthropology and Deafhood theory. During five weeks of participatory observation and interviews in Mumbai, my attention was drawn to the city's lifeline: the suburban train system. It appeared that Deaf people tend to travel in specific compartments for people with disabilities that were set up about eight years ago. They started to use these compartments—and also the train platforms—as important meeting places. The article explains how this evolved and the reasons for traveling in compartments for disabled people rather than in general train compartments—reasons that have nothing to do with a "deficit" perspective on deafness. Not only has this way of traveling several sociocultural consequences that appear to strengthen links in the Mumbai Deaf community; in addition the visibility of signing Deaf groups has caused a growth in Deaf awareness among hearing people in these "disabled" compartments in particular and at the train stations in general. It is because of Mumbai's geography, its resulting population density and the heavy use of suburban trains unique for this city, that these several different effects were so strongly spread in both the Deaf community and among hearing people.
Signs in Which Handshape and Hand Orientation Are Either Not Visible or Are Only Partially Visible: What Is the Consequence for Lexical Recognition?
Authors: ten Holt G. A. , van Doorn A. J. , de Ridder H. , Reinders M. J. T. , Hendriks E. A.
Published: November 2009

We present the results of an experiment on lexical recognition of human sign language signs in which the available perceptual information about handshape and hand orientation was manipulated. Stimuli were videos of signs from Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN). The videos were processed to create four conditions: (1) one in which neither handshape nor hand orientation could be observed, (2) one in which hand orientation could be extracted but not handshape, (3) one in which an approximation of the handshape could be seen, and (4) one where the video was unmodified. In general, recognition of the signs was almost impossible in the first two conditions, while condition 3 showed a rise in recognition rate to about 60 percent However, some signs were recognized well even in conditions 1 and 2. Their success rate cannot be linked to a single sign property but seems to be due to a combination of factors. In general, handshape information appears more salient for resolving the lexical meaning of a sign than hand orientation.
Engineering Education and the Identities of Engineers in Colombia, 1887–1972
Authors: Valderrama Andrés , Camargo Juan , Mejía Idelman , Mejía Antonio , Lleras Ernesto , García Antonio
Published: November 2009

In this article the authors analyze the history of engineering education in Colombia from 1887 to 1972. The main theme of the analysis is how engineering educators actively contribute to the shaping of the identity of their profession in response to different societal influences in the forms of codes of meaning. The authors pay especial attention to the role of foreign models of educating engineers and the regional tensions that emerge between competing schools in the country. These two tensions are related to the different ideals or metrics of progress advocated by government officials, politicians, industrialists, and engineering educators themselves in various cities of the country. As the twentieth century passes its midpoint the code of meaning of the discourse on development becomes the main influence shaping the identities of engineers in Colombia.
John Bell Rae and the Automobile 1959, 1965, 1971, 1984
Authors: Lucsko David N.
Published: November 2009

This essay revisits the work of John B. Rae, a founding member of SHOT and the individual responsible for making the history of the automobile a respectable scholarly field of study. Rae’s four main books on the history of the automobile, the first of which was published in 1959, reflected a progressive optimism that has come to be out of vogue among transportation scholars over the last forty years. Accordingly, his work is read less closely with each passing year. Nevertheless, this reviewer argues that Rae’s work on the subject deserves a more prominent place within the historiography precisely because it offers an alternative, less-popular take on the good and the bad of the automobile in America.
The Normativities of Engineers: Engineering Education and History of Technology
Authors: Brown John K. , Downey Gary Lee , Diogo Maria Paula
Published: November 2009

This special issue of

Technology and Culture

examines the normativities of engineering education—how practices of engineering formation prepare engineers to serve specific social agendas as they rework the material world. It also calls new attention to the relationship between history of technology and its audiences. The history of technology originated in 1959 among scholars based largely in engineering education, yet interest in technological history among engineers and engineering educators has waned in recent years. Matthew Wisnioski shows the contested role of the “liberal studies” in American engineering schools during the broad cultural critiques of the 1960s. Ross Bassett details an alliance between Indian and American engineering educators that advanced Indian mastery of digital computing. Andrés Valderrama et. al. explore how engineering education emerged in Colombia amidst regional competition to define the country as a whole. Today’s historians of technology could benefit by rebuilding ties to engineering education while retaining their independent, analytical stances on the past.
Earning and Conversion Handicaps and the Welfare Economics of Disability
Authors: Connelly Luke B.
Published: November 2009

Sen (2004) has distinguished between two types of handicap that are commonly associated with disabilities, viz. an ‘earning handicap’ and a ‘conversion handicap’. In this article, these concepts are considered, extended, and developed conceptually within the framework of a Grossman-type model. This model is then used to consider how the welfare implications of disability and the attendant handicaps may be conceived. A utilitarian framework of the kind associated with conventional welfare economics is invoked, but extra-welfarist-type policies are also discussed. The article shows how the concepts of disability and handicap may be given a tractable conceptual economic basis, and how the welfare effects of social policies towards people with disabilities can usefully be analysed within the resulting framework.
Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth—The History Tellers
Authors: Lynne Kimberley
Published: November 2009

Kimberley Lynne wrote and directed a play entitled One Particular Saturday, a compilation of witness accounts of the Baltimore '68 riots. Her article describes the process of creating this theatrical production and its impact on the community. Tracking her experience from reading the witness transcriptions to organizing post-show discussions, Lynne describes the process of responding to neighborhood concerns through the medium of a restorative play. Theater began as a religion, and it still wields a cathartic power that can change people's opinions and make history current. Theater also proves a useful teaching device; the play was included twice as part of curricula that teach history and conflict management.
Conventional vs. Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems in Ontario: Weed Control, Diversity, and Yield
Authors: Gulden Robert H. , Sikkema Peter H. , Hamill Al S. , Tardif Francois , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: November 2009

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops have been adopted rapidly since their commercial introduction, and with the increase in commercially available crops resistant to glyphosate, continuous use of the same herbicide mode of action is now possible in some crop rotations. A 6-yr study was initiated to investigate the effects of conventional herbicides compared with continuous use of glyphosate in GR or Roundup Ready corn and GR soybean in a corn–soybean and a corn–soybean–winter wheat rotation. Individual experiments were fully phased and established at three locations under conventional tillage (CT) and at two locations under no-tillage (NT). Results indicated that midseason weed ground cover was lower when weeds were controlled with glyphosate; however, in most cases, this did not result in improved corn or soybean yields. Within locations, species richness, which strongly influenced other diversity indicators, was most affected by the herbicide treatments. Including winter wheat in the crop rotation had little effect on corn and soybean weed ground cover, density, and community structure and only affected soybean yield. Moreover, no effects of herbicide system used in previous corn and soybean were observed in winter wheat, with the exception of species diversity in NT, where species diversity tended to be greater when weeds in previous corn and soybean were treated with conventional herbicides. After 6 yr, the effects of continuous use of GR crops in rotation were similar to those reported in previous studies; however, continued monitoring and longer-term investigations of these systems are necessary to detect the early stages of development of herbicide-resistant biotypes.
Resistance of Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) Seeds to Harsh Environments and the Implications for Dispersal by Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) in Georgia, U.S.A
Authors: Goddard Russell H. , Webster Theodore M. , Carter Richard , Grey Timothy L.
Published: November 2009

The potential dispersal of Benghal dayflower seeds by mourning doves was studied in southern Georgia, U.S.A. The gut contents (both crop and gizzard) of mourning doves harvested in the autumn months were investigated to determine if mourning doves fed on Benghal dayflower and whether seeds can survive conditions in the bird gut. Research indicated that mourning doves fed selectively on Benghal dayflower with some harvested birds containing hundreds of Benghal dayflower seeds and capsules in their guts. Further, some seeds recovered remained highly viable. Germination rates in seeds taken from bird crops were similar to controls over the first 4 wk of germination and enhanced over control treatments during the latter 16 wk of a 20-wk germination study. Ultimately, seeds extracted from dove crops had 92% germination as compared to 80% for control seeds. Seeds extracted from dove gizzards had 45% germination, about half that of controls. Benghal dayflower seeds have a structurally reinforced seed coat that probably aids in survival of mechanical damage through bird intestinal tracts. Benghal dayflower seeds exposed to 1.0 M HCl treatment for 2 h had little loss in viability, successfully germinating after such treatment. When evaluating mechanisms for the eradication of Benghal dayflower from agricultural crops, consideration needs to be given to the large number of mourning doves and other bird species that visit cropland and potentially aid in its dispersal.
Frequency, Distribution, and Characterization of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Biotypes with Resistance to Glyphosate and ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides
Authors: Kruger Greg R. , Davis Vince M. , Weller Stephen C. , Stachler J. M. , Loux M. M. , Johnson William G.
Published: November 2009

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in 266 Indiana horseweed populations, both glyphosate-susceptible and glyphosate-resistant, and to characterize the response of selected biotypes to combinations of glyphosate and cloransulam. Populations with individuals resistant to ALS inhibitors were more frequent in the northern half (38% of the populations in the NW and 50% of the populations in the NE) of Indiana than in the southern half (26% of the populations in the SW and 5% of the populations in the SE). Only 2% of the populations appeared to be resistant to both glyphosate and ALS inhibitors in an initial greenhouse study. Horseweed populations with resistance to ALS inhibitors exhibited herbicide doses required for 50% reduction in plant growth (GR50) values ranging from 14 to 255 g ai ha−1of cloransulam. The resistant : susceptible (R : S) ratio for four horseweed populations with suspected resistance to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors ranged from 0.3 to 50 and from 2.5 to 8.1 for cloransulam and glyphosate, respectively. The tank mixtures exhibited an antagonistic response to 3 of the 16 combinations of cloransulam and glyphosate on the susceptible population. The tank mixtures exhibited primarily an additive response to those same combinations in the multiple-resistant populations, but the response was occasionally synergistic for two of the four populations. The additive response between glyphosate and cloransulam indicates that, where the level of resistance is fairly low, combinations of these herbicides should be more effective for control of multiple-resistant populations compared with application of a single herbicide.
Amicarbazone, a New Photosystem II Inhibitor
Authors: Dayan Franck E. , Trindade Maria L. B. , Velini Edivaldo D.
Published: November 2009

Amicarbazone is a new triazolinone herbicide with a broad spectrum of weed control. The phenotypic responses of sensitive plants exposed to amicarbazone include chlorosis, stunted growth, tissue necrosis, and death. Its efficacy as both a foliar- and root-applied herbicide suggests that absorption and translocation of this compound is very rapid. This new herbicide is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, inducing chlorophyll fluorescence and interrupting oxygen evolution ostensibly via binding to the QB domain of photosystem II (PSII) in a manner similar to the triazines and the triazinones classes of herbicides. As a result, its efficacy is susceptible to the most common form of resistance to PSII inhibitors. Nonetheless, amicarbazone has a good selectivity profile and is a more potent herbicide than atrazine, which enables its use at lower rates than those of traditional photosynthetic inhibitors.
A new method of measuring plastic limit of fine materials
Authors: SIVAKUMAR V. , GLYNN D. , CAIRNS P. , BLACK J.A.
Published: November 2009

Index properties such as the liquid limit and plastic limit are widely used to evaluate certain geotechnical parameters of fine-grained soils. Measurement of the liquid limit is a mechanical process, and the possibility of errors occurring during measurement is not significant. However, this is not the case for plastic limit testing, despite the fact that the current method of measurement is embraced by many standards around the world. The method in question relies on a fairly crude procedure known widely as the ‘thread rolling' test, though it has been the subject of much criticism in recent years. It is essential that a new, more reliable method of measuring the plastic limit is developed using a mechanical process that is both consistent and easily reproducible. The work reported in this paper concerns the development of a new device to measure the plastic limit, based on the existing falling cone apparatus. The force required for the test is equivalent to the application of a 54 N fast-static load acting on the existing cone used in liquid limit measurements. The test is complete when the relevant water content of the soil specimen allows the cone to achieve a penetration of 20 mm. The new technique was used to measure the plastic limit of 16 different clays from around the world. The plastic limit measured using the new method identified reasonably well the water content at which the soil phase changes from the plastic to the semi-solid state. Further evaluation was undertaken by conducting plastic limit tests using the new method on selected samples and comparing the results with values reported by local site investigation laboratories. Again, reasonable agreement was found.
Undrained collapse of a shallow plane-strain trapdoor
Authors: MARTIN C.M.
Published: November 2009

The problem considered here is the plastic collapse of a strip trapdoor overlain by a relatively thin layer of homogeneous undrained clay (idealised as a rigid–plastic Tresca material). Although the simple ‘vertical slip' solution is intuitively appealing, and provides an upper bound that previous authors have found difficult to improve, it cannot be exact, because it implies an inadmissible stress field. This note describes the stress and velocity fields of a new slip-line solution that improves the upper bound slightly, but more importantly, satisfies all the boundary conditions of the problem (and is therefore a candidate for exactness). A comparison with closely bracketed bounds obtained using finite element limit analysis suggests that for cover ratios up to about 1·3, the new analytical solution is indeed the exact one.
Nitrogen removal process optimization in New York City WPCPS: a case study of Wards Island WPCP
Authors: Ramalingam K. , Fillos J. , Musabyimana M. , Deur A. , Beckmann K.
Published: November 2009

The New York City Department of Environmental Protection has been engaged in a continuous process to develop a nitrogen removal program to reduce the nitrogen mass discharge from its water pollution control plants, (WPCPs), from 49,158 kg/d to 20,105 kg/d by the year 2017 as recommended by the Long Island Sound Study. As part of the process, a comprehensive research effort was undertaken involving bench, pilot and full scale studies to identify the most effective way to upgrade and optimize the existing WPCPs. Aeration tank 13 (AT-13) at the Wards Island WPCP was particularly attractive as a full-scale research facility because its aeration tank with its dedicated final settling tanks and RAS pumps could be isolated from the remaining treatment facilities. The nitrogen removal performance of AT-13, which, at the time, was operated as a “basic step feed BNR Facility”, was evaluated and concurrently nitrification kinetic parameters were measured using in-situ bench scale experiments. Additional bench scale experiments provided denitrification rates using different sources of carbon and measurement of the maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria. The combined findings were then used to upgrade AT-13 to a “full” BNR facility with carbon and alkalinity addition. This paper will focus on the combined bench and full scale results that were the basis for the consequent upgrade.
Treatment of fatty solid waste from the meat industry in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor: start-up period and establishment of the design criteria
Authors: Martinez-Sosa D. , Torrijos M. , Buitron G. , Sousbie P. , Devillers P. H. , Delgenès J. P.
Published: November 2009

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR) was used to treat the dissolved air flotation skimmings from a cooked pork meat plant. During the start-up period, the reactor was operated in fed-batch mode for 25 days and 7 batches were treated. The SBR was inoculated with sludge taken from a reactor treating distillery vinasse. The results showed that this kind of sludge is a very good source of inoculum for digesters treating residues with a high content in fats and long-chain fatty acids because it was able to adapt very rapidly to the new substrate and, from the second batch on, the sludge was already able to metabolize the fatty residue at quite high rates. The AnSBR was then operated with 5 batches per week for 110 days and the quantity of VS added per batch was regularly increased until the maximum treatment capacity of the reactor (i.e. maximum loading rate) was reached. The maximum organic loading rates were found to be 0.16 g VS/g VSS d, or 0.224 g VS/g VSS.batch when the reactor is fed 5 times a week. The biodegradability of the skimmings was very high, with more than 97% of TS removal, and the methane production was 880±90 mL of methane/g of VSadded.
Adsorption and removal of arsenic from water by iron ore mining waste
Authors: Nguyen Tien Vinh , Nguyen Thi Van Trang , Pham Tuan Linh , Vigneswaran Saravanamuth , Ngo Huu Hao , Kandasamy J. , Nguyen Hong Khanh , Nguyen Duc Tho
Published: November 2009

There is a global need to develop low-cost technologies to remove arsenic from water for individual household water supply. In this study, a purified and enriched waste material (treated magnetite waste, TMW) from the Trai Cau's iron ore mine in the Thai Nguyen Province in Vietnam was examined for its capacity to remove arsenic. The treatment system was packed with TMW that consisted of 75% of ferrous-ferric oxide (Fe3O4) and had a large surface area of 89.7 m2/g. The experiments were conducted at a filtration rate of 0.05 m/h to treat groundwater with an arsenic concentration of 380 μg/L and iron, manganese and phosphate concentrations of 2.07 mg/L, 0.093 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L respectively. The batch experimental results show that this new material was able to absorb up to 0.74 mg arsenic/g. The results also indicated that the treatment system removed more than 90% arsenic giving an effluent with an arsenic concentration of less than 30 μg/L while achieving a removal efficiency of about 80% for Mn2 +  and PO43−. This could be a promising and cost-effective new material for capturing arsenic as well as other metals from groundwater.
The advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part of a ballast water treatment system
Authors: Echardt J. , Kornmueller A.
Published: November 2009

A full-scale 500 m3/h ballast water treatment system was tested according to the landbased type approval procedure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The system consists of disc filters followed by the advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part for disinfection. The test water quality exceeded by far the minimum requirements for type approval testing. Due to the properties of the special electrodes used together with the striking disinfection effect, the disinfectants assumed to be produced inline by the EctoSys cell in river water were hydroxyl radicals, while in brackish water additionally chlorine and consequently the more stable bromine were formed. In river water, no residual oxidants could be detected in accordance with the assumed production of not responding, highly-reactive and short-living hydroxyl radicals. Accordingly, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation was very low and close to the limit of quantification in river water. While in brackish water, initial residual oxidant concentrations were maximum 2 mg/L as chlorine and mostly brominated DBP (especially bromoform and bromate) were found. Overall considering this worst case test approach, the DBP concentrations of the treated effluents were below or in the range of the WHO Drinking Water Guideline values and therefore evaluated as acceptable for discharge to the environment. The stringent discharge standard by IMO concerning viable organisms was fully met in river and brackish water, proving the disinfection efficiency of the EctoSys electrolysis against smaller plankton and bacteria.
Addressing the role of the extrusion pump-bearing pGRT1 plasmid in toluene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E under real case scenarios
Authors: Hernandez M. , Gouveia J. , Segura A. , Muñoz R. , Villaverde S.
Published: November 2009

The role of both the plasmid pGRT1 and the solvent extrusion pump ttgGHI during toluene biodegradation in Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E cultures was investigated in a sterile suspended growth bioreactor operated as chemostat and inoculated independently with a wild type strain, a mutant lacking the pGRT1 plasmid (P. putida DOT-TIE-100), and a mutant with a modified pGRT1 plasmid lacking the genes encoding the ttgGHI solvent efflux pump (P. putida DOT-TIE-28). A similar process performance was recorded in all tested strains at 4 g tol m−3 and dilution rates (D) of 0.1 h−1. However, operation at 10 g tol m−3 and D of 0.2 h−1 revealed a much lower toluene EC (285 g m−3 h−1) in P. putida DOT-T1E-100 cultures when compared to wild type and P. putida DOT-T1E-28 cultures (483–498 g m−3 h−1), which suggests that other mechanisms rather than solvent extrusion by the ttgGHI efflux pump supported this superior process performance. Finally, the plasmid pGRT1 analysed exhibited a remarkable stability towards toluene harmful mediated effects, regardless the strain or toluene loading tested.
Effect of HRT in a continuous flow reactor on orthophosphate removal from swine wastewater and the economic evaluation for the land application
Authors: Çelen İpek
Published: November 2009

One of the objectives of this study was to evaluate a laboratory-scale continuous reactor for orthophosphate (OP) removal from swine wastewater and to minimise HRT so as to minimise the volume of reactor such that a continuous-flow device could be developed for land application of swine manure. The laboratory-scale reactor exhibited very high OP removal when the wastewater was enriched with magnesium (Mg2 + ) and the solution pH was increased to 8.5 with NaOH at room temperature. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) (150, 90, 40, and 10 min) were tested in the laboratory, and OP removals were 96, 94, 93, and 95%, respectively. Also, in this research, economic evaluation based on the chemical cost, several devices, pumps, and processing of product (minus income) are reported for an up-scale process. The whole process costs $113,756/year.
Integrating wastewater reuse in water resources management for hotels in arid coastal regions - Case Study of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Authors: Lamei A. , van der Zaag P. , Imam E.
Published: November 2009

Hotels in arid coastal areas use mainly desalinated water (using reverse osmosis) for their domestic water supply, and treated wastewater for irrigating green areas. Private water companies supply these hotels with their potable and non-potable water needs. There is normally a contractual agreement stating a minimum amount of water that has to be supplied by the water company and that the hotel management has to pay for regardless of its actual consumption (“contracted-for water supply”). Hotels have to carefully analyse their water requirements in order to determine which percentage of the hotel's peak water demand should be used in the contract in order to reduce water costs and avoid the risk of water shortage. This paper describes a model to optimise the contracted-for irrigation water supply with the objective function to minimise total water cost to hotels. It analyses what the contracted-for irrigation water supply of a given hotel should be, based on the size of the green irrigated area on one hand and the unit prices of the different types of water on the other hand. An example from an arid coastal tourism-dominated city is presented: Sharm El Sheikh (Sharm), Egypt. This paper presents costs of wastewater treatment using waste stabilisation ponds, which is the prevailing treatment mechanism in the case study area for centralised plants, as well as aerobic/anaerobic treatment used for decentralised wastewater treatment plants in the case study area. There is only one centralised wastewater treatment plant available in the city exerting monopoly and selling treated wastewater to hotels at a much higher price than the actual cost that a hotel would bear if it treated its own wastewater. Contracting for full peak irrigation demand is the highest total cost option. Contracting for a portion of the peak irrigation demand and complementing the rest from desalination water is a cheaper option. A better option still is to complement the excess irrigation demand from the company that treats and sells wastewater, if available or from another wastewater treatment company at a higher cost (but at a cost cheaper than that of desalination water) mainly due to the high demand season and the additional cost of trucking. In some cases, however, like in Sharm, the amount of treated wastewater is limited and variable during the year and some hotels have no choice but to partially use desalination water for irrigation. A conscious strategy for water management should rely solely on treated wastewater on-site. This can be achieved by: increasing the efficiency of the irrigation system, reducing the area of high-water consuming plantation (e.g. turf grass) and/or shifting to drought resistant plants including less water-consuming or salt tolerant turf grass.
Parametric and Sensitivity Analysis of Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration
Authors: Huang Di , Keith Jason
Published: November 2009

Particulate matter emissions from diesel-fueled cars, trucks, and buses are regulated by state and federal government agencies. Although improvements in engine performance have taken place, aftertreatment is necessary to meet the existing emissions standards. In order for a particulate emissions control system to function under real driving conditions, real-time model predictive control is needed.As a first step towards this goal, we perform a parametric study to compare two existing models of diesel particulate trap regeneration: a one-dimensional plus time model that tracks gas and solid temperatures and the particulate deposit thickness developed by Bissett (Chemical Engineering Science, 1984, 39, 1233-1244) and a one-dimensional plus time model that uses averaging theory to focus solely on the thermal evolution in the diesel particulate trap developed by Zheng and Keith (AIChE Journal, 2007, 53, 1316-1324). We use both models to predict the ignition time and ignition location within the diesel particulate trap. In this parametric study, three operating parameters are varied: the initial deposit thickness, the exhaust gas flowrate, and the exhaust gas temperature. It was found that the Zheng and Keith model agrees very well with the Bissett model under most operating conditions except when the initial deposit thickness and exhaust gas temperatures are low and the gas flow rate is high. These studies suggest the Zheng and Keith model may be appropriate for real time control of diesel particulate filter regeneration.We then perform a sensitivity analysis of the ignition time and ignition length to changes in the initial deposit thickness and gas flowrate under various conditions using the averaged model. We have found that the ignition time and ignition length are most sensitive to changes in deposit thickness when the deposit thickness and exhaust temperature is low. Also, the ignition time is relatively insensitive to changes in gas flow rate, but the ignition length is most sensitive to changes in gas flow rate at low exhaust temperatures. These studies are useful towards the ultimate development of a predictive particulate emissions control system for diesel-fueled vehicles.
Employer Perceptions of Knowledge, Competency, and Professionalism of Baccalaureate Nursing Graduates from a Problem-Based Program
Authors: Williams Bev , Day Rene A.
Published: November 2009

Employer evaluation of graduates is a critical component of professional program evaluation and contributes a viewpoint rarely reported in the literature. It has been proposed that Problem-Based Learning (PBL) enhances knowledge acquisition, clinical competency and professional behavior. Students assume the role of a registered nurse as they work through real practice scenarios on a daily basis in the classroom. The purpose of this study was to explore employer perceptions of graduates' knowledge, competency and professionalism, following completion of a PBL program. Nurse employers (N=53) participated in 10 focus group discussions. Four main themes were derived from employer descriptions of their experience with PBL graduates: still rough around the edges, we want them to succeed, a new generation of practitioner, and potential to lead the profession into the future. Please add what the implications of these findings are to nursing education.
Clinical Evaluation of a Nanofilled Fissure Sealant Placed with Different Adhesive Systems: 24-month Results
Authors: Yazici A. R. , Karaman E. , Baseren M. , Tuncer D. , Yazici E. , Ünlüer S.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

The use of an etch-and-rinse adhesive prior to the placement of sealants yielded better retention than did the use of a self-etch adhesive.
Clinical Evaluation of a Two-step Etch&Rinse and a Two-step Self-etch Adhesive System in Class II Restorations: Two-year Results
Authors: Ermis R. B. , Kam O. , Celik E. U. , Temel U. B.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

The two-step etch&rinse and the two-step self-etch adhesive systems tested in this study demonstrated similar clinical performance in Class II cavities after two years.
Effect of Double-application of Three Single-step Self-etch Adhesives on Dentin Bonding and Mechanical Properties of Resin-dentin Area
Authors: Wei S. , Shimada Y. , Sadr A. , Tagami J.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

Double-application enhanced the hardness of bonding layer and resin-dentin interface for all the adhesives used; however, it only improved the bond strength to dentin for some of the single-step self-etch adhesives.
Two-year Water Degradation of Self-etching Adhesives Bonded to Bur Ground Enamel
Authors: Abdalla A. I. , Feilzer A. J.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

All the adhesives tested showed no difference in bond strength after 24-hours of water storage. After two years of water storage, the bonds produced by some self-etch adhesives were significantly reduced.
The Influence of Plastic Light Cure Sheaths on the Hardness of Resin Composite
Authors: Pollington S. , Kahakachchi N. , van Noort R.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

Disposable sheaths are now recommended as a method of cross infection control when light curing resin composite. However, these sheaths may affect the depth of cure of the resin composite, resulting in a compromise of the mechanical properties of the restorative material.
Effect of 10% Sodium Ascorbate and 10% α-tocopherol in Different Formulations on the Shear Bond Strength of Enamel and Dentin Submitted to a Home-use Bleaching Treatment
Authors: Sasaki R. T. , Flório F. M. , Basting R. T.
Published: November 2009

Clinical Relevance

A significant reduction in bond strength of restorative materials to dentin and enamel after home-use bleaching treatment has been reported. Antioxidizing agents may be a procedure to increase bond strength values. Although no reversal of bond strength values was found for sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol formulated in solution resulted in a significant increase in bond strength of bleached enamel.
Management of Idiopathic Subgingival Amalgam Hypertrophy–The Common Amalgam Overhang
Authors: Chan D. C. N. , Chung A. K-H.
Published: November 2009

An amalgam overhang is defined as an extension of amalgam restorative material beyond the confines of a cavity preparation. The pseudo pathology term “idiopathic subgingival amalgam hypertrophy” is used in the title for shock effect and as a scare tactic to catch the attention of our readers. From various studies, it is apparent that such overhangs are alarmingly common. The overhang is largely iatrogenic, caused by poor operator skill exacerbated by unusual dental morphology. Creep may also play a role in the gingival overhang of large amalgam restorations. Maybe we, as clinicians, are becoming complacent and lax in our techniques and matrixing while restoring such a routine restoration. This article revisits the pros and cons of different methods of amalgam overhang management with clinical cases for illustration.
Response of Different Level of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Grain Yield, Oil Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean
Authors: Jahangir AA , Mondal RK , Nada K , Sarker MAM , Moniruzzaman M , Hossain MK
Published: November 2009

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield, oil contents and quality and nutrient uptake of soybean. The maximum plant height and number of pod per plant were recorded by the application of 40kg N / ha. Single application of phosphorus also bring significant increased in oil content of soybean. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potash content of soybean seed and straw varied with different treatment of NP. Interaction showed oil content of soybean was influenced with increasing level of nitrogen and phosphorus. The percent of oil and yield of soybean were found maximized by the application of 40kg N / ha + 30kg P2O5 / ha. However, moisture, density, refractive index and peroxide value of soybean oil remain more or less same throughout the experiment. Key words: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Oil quality, Nutrient content, Grain and Straw yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3670 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 187-192, 2009
Study on Consistency of Salt Iodization in Salt Factories
Authors: Jabin SA
Published: November 2009

The study was conducted among the salt factories located in four different zones-Narayangonj, Chittagong, Patiya and Khulna, who have SIP'S (Salt lodization Plant) and produce iodized Salts. A law was enacted which made the mixing of iodine at 45 to 50 ppm level mandatory to all the salt factories in Bangladesh. The objectives of the sutdy were to determine the iodine level of salts maintained by those factories situated in those four zones. Total 2352 samples were collected from 121 open and regularly operating salt factories. Analysis of results of salt samples showed that total 1338 (56.89%) salts had inadequate iodine (<45 ppm), 175 (7.44%) salts had adequate iodine (40 to 50 ppm) and 839 (35.67%) salts contained higher amount of iodine (>50 ppm). Factory wise, 12.40% factories found producing salts containing inadequate level of iodine, 4.96% factories found producing excess level of iodine, 47.93% factories found producing sometime high or low level of iodine (not adequate level at all) and 34.71% factories found mixing iodine sometimes adequately and other time mixing either inadequately or excess level of iodine. So not a single factory out of 121 factories in those four zones maintains consistency in mixing iodine in iodized salt.) Key words: Iodine, Iodized salt, Salt, Iodization plant, Salt factory, Consistency DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3677 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 225-228, 2009
Studies on the Physiological and Biochemical Composition of Different ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) Cultivars at Rajshahi
Authors: Ibrahim M , Shafique MZ , Helali MOH , Rahman MM , Biswas SK , Islam MS
Published: November 2009

An investigation was carried out at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories. Binodpur Bazar, Rajshahi during the period November 2006 to March 2007 to evaluate the physiological and biochemical composition of five cultivars of ber (jujube). Among the fruit cultivars, Thai kul produced the largest fruits (51.85 g each) having the highest pulp (92.38%) and juice (60%) and also the lowest vitamin C content (21.13 mg/100g). The fruit weight of the other cultivars varied from 9.6 0 to 45.09g. The seed weight ranged from 6.38 to 15.00%. Sugar content varied from 6.25% to 9.72% and starch content ranged from 0.715% to 0.963%. The apple kul had the highest qualitative score through organoleptic test while Thai kul had the lowest. The highest edible portion (pulp content) was in Narikeli kul (93.61%) and that of lowest in Apple kul (85.38%) and Local kul (85.38%) respectively. Considering all, fruit characters and yield are potential. Keywords: Ber, Cultivar, Fruit characters, Quality, Yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3678 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 229-232, 2009
Drinking Water Treatment at Home: a Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Molla NA , Mollah KA , Hossain A , Shipin O , Nur HP , Nimmi I , Aminul A
Published: November 2009

The pilot trial on AquatabsTM disinfectant tablets was undertaken over a period of one month (three 10-day period excluding the pre- and post-trial activities) during October-December 2004 in an area of low-income urban communities suffering from a lack of basic health services including a lack of adequate and safe water and sanitation facilities (Lalbagh) as well as adjacent areas of old Dhaka. Drinking water consumed by 347 persons was treated in 50 households comprising 70 children under 5 years old. A pre-trial survey and testing of the water supplies demonstrated that the mean faecal coliform count was > 103 MPN/100mL and that all children (100%) belonged to a "Severe Diarrhoea Group" (> 3 incidences of light diarrhoea or any serious diarrhoeal condition). One effervescent AquatabsTM (67mg sodium dichloroisocyanurate) was added by the mother to the local container (filled from a community tap or standpipe, often through an illegal connection), which held about 20-25 litres of unsafe water, giving a dosage of about 2mg/L free chlorine. During the trial period water samples were tested at 3 x 10-day period for free residual chlorine levels and faecal coliform counts at all households. About 65.7% of children were reported to be free from diarrhoea during the trial period, there was a strong association between "under-chlorinated" water (<0.5mg/L residual free chlorine) and reported diarrhoea incidences. Survey analysis during the pilot trial concluded that 70% of mothers were not aware that health improvements were related to water supply and sanitation. Keywords: AquatabsTM, Diarrhoea, Low income urban community. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3679 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 233-240, 2009
The Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Enrichment CO2 on the Nutrient Contents of Rice Cultivars
Authors: Razzaque MA , Haque MM , Khaliq QA , Solaiman ARM
Published: November 2009

An experiment was conducted during the July -December of 2003 to determine the nutrient compositions of rice under CO2 enrichment of different levels of nitrogen supply. Rice plants were grown from seedlings to maturity inside open top chamber under elevated CO2 (570 ±50) ppm, ambient CO2 (~360ppm) and open field condition. Leaves and root were analyzed for C, N, Zn and Mg. C content was higher in the all plant parts of rice grown at elevated CO2 compare than ambient CO2 and field grown rice. Increased N supplies also increase C content of the plants. Nitrogen concentration was reduced in elevated CO2 compare than other grown condition. Modern variety (BRRIdhan 39) contained higher C than local cultivars (Khaskani and Shakkorkhora). Nitrogen concentration was decreased under elevated CO2 compare to other treatments. Key words : Rice cultivars, Enrichment CO2, C, N, Zn, Mg DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3680 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 241-246, 2009