bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staging joyful spectacles: Exploring the temporalities of positive affect in child-focused NGO programmes
Authors: McCarthy Annie
Published: March 2021

The child has long been a powerfully affective figure in development work – whether as an abject victim or a joyful symbol of brighter futures. While the power of children to produce emotions in donors has been well studied, far less attention has been given to children’s own affective relationships with development organisations. This article explores the role of affect in children’s participation in non-governmental organisation (NGO) programmes in Delhi, India. In particular, by focusing on spectacles of performance, this article highlights the importance of positive affects: happiness, fun, and joy in child-focused NGO programmes. Yet, rather than a cynical critique of the way children’s joy is captured (typically in images) and translated into narratives of successful development, this article seeks to explore the possibilities for sincere ethnographic engagement with happiness itself. Drawing on the work of Sara Ahmed, and exploring the temporal dimensions of positive affects, I seek to engage seriously with children’s joyful experiences in development programmes, while simultaneously questioning any simplistic equation of child happiness with developmental success.
Redevelopment of Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting the Response of Bonded Concrete Overlays of Asphalt for use in a Faulting Prediction Model
Authors: DeSantis John W. , Vandenbossche Julie M.
Published: March 2021

Transverse joint faulting is a common distress in bonded concrete overlays of asphalt pavements (BCOAs), also known as whitetopping. However, to date, there is no predictive faulting model available for these structures. Therefore, the intended research is to develop a predictive faulting model for BCOAs. In addition, it is important to be able to account for conditions unique to BCOA when characterizing the response in a faulting prediction model. To address this, computational models were developed using a three-dimensional finite element program, ABAQUS, to accurately predict the response of these structures. These models account for different depths of joint activation, as well as full and partial bonding between the concrete overlay and existing asphalt pavement. The models were validated with falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data from existing field sections at the Minnesota Road Research Facility (MnROAD) as well as at the University of California Pavement Research Center (UCPRC). A fractional factorial analysis was executed using the computational models to generate a database to be used in the development of the predictive models. The predictive models, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), are used to rapidly estimate the structural response at the joint in BCOA to environmental and traffic loads so that these responses can be incorporated into the design process. The structural response obtained using the ANNs is related to damage using the differential energy concept. Future work includes the implementation of the ANNs developed in this study into a faulting prediction model for designing BCOA.
Unemployment Experts: Governing the Job Search in the New Economy
Authors: Sheehan Patrick
Published: March 2021

In recent years, sociologists have examined unemployment and job searching as important arenas in which workers are socialized to accept the terms of an increasingly precarious economy. While noting the importance of expert knowledge in manufacturing the consent of workers, research has largely overlooked the experts themselves that produce such knowledge. Who are these experts and what kinds of advice do they give? Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork conducted at three job search clubs, the author develops a three-fold typology of “unemployment experts”: Job Coaches present a technical diagnosis that centers mastery of job-hunting techniques; Self-help Gurus present a moral diagnosis focused on the job seeker’s attitude; and Skill-certifiers present a human capital diagnosis revolving around the job seeker’s productive capacities. By offering alternative diagnoses and remedies for unemployment, these experts give job seekers a sense of choice in interpreting their situation and acting in the labor market. However, the multiple discourses ultimately help to secure consent to precarious labor markets by drawing attention to a range of individual deficiencies within workers while obfuscating structural and relational explanations of unemployment. The author also finds that many unemployment experts themselves faced dislocations from professional careers and are making creative claims to expertise. By focusing on experts and their varied messages, this paper reveals how the victims of precarious work inadvertently help to legitimate the new employment regime.
Return on Investment for Adult Basic Education: Existing Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Kim Jeounghee , Belzer Alisa
Published: March 2021

Amidst diminishing federal investment in Adult Basic Education (ABE), there is growing interest in return on investment (ROI) as an economic rationale to support ABE funding. Against this backdrop, we provide an overview of the ROI concept and methods and the empirical evidence on ABE program impacts to broaden the discourse among practitioners and advocates. We point out that the most crucial building blocks necessary for ROI estimations are missing in the literature. We contextualize the current status of the literature by discussing challenges in ABE program evaluations and limitations in ROI methods. We then further our discussions by offering a recommendation for ROI estimation and alternative approaches to ROI. We conclude by calling for an expanded public discourse, beyond ROI, on the social benefits of funding ABE.
The effect of spotwelds and structural adhesives on static and dynamic characteristics of vehicle body design
Authors: Tuncer Gozde , Mansouri Deniz , Şendur Polat
Published: March 2021

Spotwelding and structural adhesive applications are two important processes in the automotive industry as they are closely associated with the functional requirements, weight, and cost of the vehicle. Even though there is a vast body of literature on their mathematical models, the effect of these processes on key vehicle performance indices and optimization is rather limited. Besides, the weight benefit of these processes in terms of functional requirements has not been investigated. There are multiple objectives of the paper to fill this gap: (i) to quantify the effect of structural adhesives on the key performance indices (KPIs) of a vehicle body, (ii) to rank the components based on their gauge sensitivities for body KPIs using topometry optimization, (iii) to assess the weight impact of the structural adhesive applications using the gauge sensitivity results, (iv) to determine the optimum layout of the structural adhesive applications using topology optimization, (v) to present a methodology for automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to determine the “critical welds” on the vehicle body and reduce the number of spotwelds as a potential cost reduction action. For this purpose, a validated finite element model of 2010 Toyota Yaris has been used. Optimization of the structural adhesives and spotwelds was carried-out using SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) based topology optimization. The thickness of each panel is ranked using topometry optimization results. Automotive OEMs can use the proposed methodology to optimize the structural adhesives or spotwelding processes in their product development cycle.
Experimental and modeling analysis on the optimization of combined VVT and EGR strategies in turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engines with VNT
Authors: Galindo José , Climent Héctor , de la Morena Joaquín , González-Domínguez David , Guilain Stéphane , Besançon Thomas
Published: March 2021

The combination of a growing number of complex technologies in internal combustion engines (ICE) is commonplace, due to the need of complying with the tight pollutant regulations and achieving high efficiencies. Hence the work of calibration engineers is led by a constant increase in degrees of freedom in ICE design. In this research work, a wide analysis on the optimization of combined variable valve timing (VVT) and exhaust gases recirculation (EGR) strategies is developed, in order to reduce fuel consumption in a EURO 6 1.3l 4-stroke 4-cylinder, gasoline, turbocharged, direct-injection engine, also equipped with a variable nozzle turbine (VNT). For that purpose, a methodology which combines 1D engine simulations with limited experimental work was applied. First, the data from 25 experimental tests distributed into three steady engine operating conditions was used to calibrate a 1D model. Then, modeling parametric studies were performed to optimize VVT and EGR parameters. A total of 150 cases were simulated for each operating point, in which VVT settings and EGR rate were varied at iso-air mass flow and iso-intake manifold temperature. The optimization was based on finding the configuration of VVT and EGR systems which maximizes the indicated efficiency. All different cases modeled were also evaluated in terms of pumping and heat losses. Moreover, a deep assessment of instantaneous pressure traces and mass flows in intake and exhaust valves was given, to provide insights about the optimization procedure. Finally, the findings obtained by simulation were compared with the results from a design of experiments (DOE) composed of more than 300 tests, and the impact on engine fuel consumption was analyzed.
A new simpler approach to measure the strength of toe plantar flexion requiring no mechanical restraint with a light-weight device
Authors: Komuro Yuko , Ohta Yuji
Published: March 2021

Conventionally, the strength of toe plantar flexion (STPF) is measured in a seated position, in which not only the target toe joints but also the knee and particularly ankle joints, are usually restrained. We have developed an approach for the measurement of STPF which does not involve restraint and considers the interactions of adjacent joints of the lower extremities. This study aimed to evaluate this new approach and comparing with the seated approach. A thin, light-weight, rigid plate was attached to the sole of the foot in order to immobilize the toe area. Participants were 13 healthy young women (mean age: 24 ± 4 years). For measurement of STPF with the new approach, participants were instructed to stand, raise the device-wearing leg slightly, plantar flex the ankle, and push the sensor sheet with the toes to exert STPF. The sensor sheet of the F-scan II system was inserted between the foot sole and the plate. For measurement with the seated approach, participants were instructed to sit and push the sensor with the toes. They were required to maintain the hip, knee, and ankle joints at 90°. The mean values of maximum STPF of the 13 participants obtained with each approach were compared. There was no significant difference in mean value of maximum STPF when the two approaches were compared (new: 59 ± 23 N, seated: 47 ± 33 N). The coefficient of variation of maximum STPF was smaller for data obtained with the new approach (new: 39%, seated: 70%). Our simple approach enables measurement of STPF without the need for the restraints that are required for the conventional seated approach. These results suggest that the new approach is a valid method for measurement of STPF.
Investigating factors influencing quality-of-life effects of home care services in Austria, England and Finland: A comparative analysis
Authors: Trukeschitz Birgit , Hajji Assma , Kieninger Judith , Malley Juliette , Linnosmaa Ismo , Forder Julien
Published: March 2021

European countries have developed a range of long-term care (LTC) policy responses to support the increasing share of older people. However, little is known about the effectiveness of LTC services and benefits, particularly their impact on older peoples’ quality of life (QoL). This paper investigates the role of personal, care service and environmental characteristics on the effects of home care services on QoL across England, Finland and Austria. We used data from surveys conducted in England, Finland and Austria. In total, 811 older adults were included in the analysis. OLS regression including main effects and country-specific interactions was used to explore variation in gains in long-term care service-related quality-of-life (LTC-QoL). Explanatory variables were derived from the production of welfare framework and comprised home care service user socio-demographics, needs indicators, social support and environmental variables and characteristics of home care service provision. In all three countries, LTC-QoL gains increased with needs, indicating that home care services perform well, with additional gains declining the higher the needs. Also, better process quality contributed to LTC-QoL improvements in all three countries. In addition, the availability of informal care, social contact, financial household situation and living alone, were associated with changes in LTC-QoL only in one or two of the countries. Home care services increased service users’ QoL in all three European countries. The increase in QoL, however, varied across the countries. The results also provide insights into the benefits and limits of home care service provision and areas for future improvements.

JEL: I31, I38, J14
Mediation effects that emulate a target randomised trial: Simulation-based evaluation of ill-defined interventions on multiple mediators
Authors: Moreno-Betancur Margarita , Moran Paul , Becker Denise , Patton George C , Carlin John B
Published: March 2021

Many epidemiological questions concern potential interventions to alter the pathways presumed to mediate an association. For example, we consider a study that investigates the benefit of interventions in young adulthood for ameliorating the poorer mid-life psychosocial outcomes of adolescent self-harmers relative to their healthy peers. Two methodological challenges arise. First, mediation methods have hitherto mostly focused on the elusive task of discovering pathways, rather than on the evaluation of mediator interventions. Second, the complexity of such questions is invariably such that there are no well-defined mediator interventions (i.e. actual treatments, programs, etc.) for which data exist on the relevant populations, outcomes and time-spans of interest. Instead, researchers must rely on exposure (non-intervention) data, that is, on mediator measures such as depression symptoms for which the actual interventions that one might implement to alter them are not well defined. We propose a novel framework that addresses these challenges by defining mediation effects that map to a target trial of hypothetical interventions targeting multiple mediators for which we simulate the effects. Specifically, we specify a target trial addressing three policy-relevant questions, regarding the impacts of hypothetical interventions that would shift the mediators’ distributions (separately under various interdependence assumptions, jointly or sequentially) to user-specified distributions that can be emulated with the observed data. We then define novel interventional effects that map to this trial, simulating shifts by setting mediators to random draws from those distributions. We show that estimation using a g-computation method is possible under an expanded set of causal assumptions relative to inference with well-defined interventions, which reflects the lower level of evidence that is expected with ill-defined interventions. Application to the self-harm example in the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study illustrates the value of our proposal for informing the design and evaluation of actual interventions in the future.
Institutional Factors That Affect Inclusive Businesses: The Case of Banana Cooperatives in the Magdalena Region (Colombia)
Authors: Maestre-Matos Marcela , Lombana-Coy Jahir , Mesías Francisco J. , Elghannam Ahmed
Published: March 2021

Inclusive business as a model at the base of the pyramid is a relatively recent unit of study in academic literature. From the institutional perspective, businesses are affected by norms, processes, rules of moral and ethical behaviour, which have not been studied for the base of the pyramid in inclusive businesses, much less in agricultural cooperatives. The objective of this research is to identify institutional factors that can affect agribusiness inclusive models. In this research, agricultural cooperatives of banana production in the province of Magdalena, Colombia, are the unit of analysis to identify institutional factors. The method of review of institutional factors is the multiple cases (six banana cooperatives) with a simple unit using inductive analysis. The results show that institutional factors—both formal (certifications, quality standards, social responsibility policies and economic incentives) and informal (cooperation, improvement of quality of life, generation of social capital)—promote the development of inclusive businesses in cooperatives of the base of the pyramid. The research is a first step to show its potential replication in other agricultural industries and even in other economic sectors.
The Journey of Humanizing Care for People With Disabilities
Authors: Clark Lauren , Watts Cherisse
Published: March 2021

The Max Bramer keynote address at the annual Special Care Dentistry Association (SCDA) conference provided an opportunity for reflection on our journey as health care professionals to humanize care for all people, and particularly those who are disabled. It is important to review the history of disability and discrimination to understand the progress made to date, and then consider the array of steps possible in further refining the humanistic dimensions of dental care. The typologies of tourist, traveler, adventurer, and scout were formulated to consider varieties of humanized care found within articles published in Special Care in Dentistry. Considering exemplars for each of these four typologies leads to reflections about how dentistry can embrace understanding, improve training of new dental professionals, tailor care for people with disabilities, and advocate for equity.
Examining What We Know in Relation to How We Know It: A Team-Based Reflexivity Model for Rapid Qualitative Health Research
Authors: Rankl Felicia , Johnson Ginger A. , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia
Published: March 2021

Reflexivity constitutes a core component of qualitative research and has been actively integrated into long-term and “lone ranger” approaches to qualitative research. However, its application to team-based approaches and particularly to rapid qualitative team-based approaches continues to lag behind. In this article, we introduce a reflexivity model we developed for teams undertaking rapid qualitative studies. Utilizing our most recent application of this model to a rapid qualitative appraisal of health care workers’ experiences delivering care during the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, we identify the steps to put this model into practice and its main outcomes. Our application of the model revealed that the team’s practices could be grouped along four dimensions: design assumptions, data collection and analysis processes, multidisciplinary collaboration, and responsible dissemination. Reflexivity can improve the relations within the team and the quality of the research output, if it is implemented as a continuous and iterative process.
Conversion From Continuous Infusion Fentanyl to Continuous Infusion Hydromorphone in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Harkin Maura , Miller Jamie L. , Lim Sin Yin , Neely Stephen B. , Walsh Christina K. , Johnson Peter N.
Published: March 2021

Background:

Opioid rotations from fentanyl to hydromorphone may reduce opioid/sedative exposure in critically ill children.

Objective:

The primary objective was to determine the conversion percentage from fentanyl to hydromorphone infusions using equianalgesic conversions (0.1 mg fentanyl = 1.5 mg hydromorphone). Secondary objectives included identification of the median time and hydromorphone rate at stabilization (defined as the first 24-hour period no hydromorphone rates changed, 80% of State Behavioral Scale [SBS] scores between 0 and −1, and <3 hydromorphone boluses administered). Additional outcomes included a comparison of opioid/sedative requirements on the day of conversion versus the three 24-hour periods prior to conversion.

Methods:

This retrospective study included children <18 years old converted from fentanyl to hydromorphone infusions over 6.3 years. Linear mixed models were used to determine if the mean cumulative opioid/sedative dosing differed from the day of conversion versus three 24-hour periods prior to conversion.

Results:

A total of 36 children were converted to hydromorphone. The median conversion percentage of hydromorphone was 86% of their fentanyl dose (interquartile range [IQR] = 67-100). The median hydromorphone rate at stabilization was 0.08 mg/kg/h (IQR = 0.05-0.1). Eight (22%) were stabilized on their initial hydromorphone rate; 8 (22%) never achieved stabilization. Patients had a significant decrease in opioid dosing on the day of conversion versus the 24-hour period prior to conversion but no changes in sedative dosing following conversion.

Conclusion and Relevance:

A median 14% fentanyl dose reduction was noted when transitioning to hydromorphone. Further exploration is needed to determine if opioid rotations with hydromorphone can reduce opioid/sedative exposure.
Design and analysis of a vibration isolation system with cam–roller–spring–rod mechanism
Authors: Zhang Yonglei , Wei Guo , Wen Hao , Jin Dongping , Hu Haiyan
Published: March 2021

The vibration isolation system using a pair of oblique springs or a spring-rod mechanism as a negative stiffness mechanism exhibits a high-static low-dynamic stiffness characteristic and a nonlinear jump phenomenon when the system damping is light and the excitation amplitude is large. It is possible to remove the jump via adjusting the end trajectories of the above springs or rods. To realize this idea, the article presents a vibration isolation system with a cam–roller–spring–rod mechanism and gives the detailed numerical and experimental studies on the effects of the above mechanism on the vibration isolation performance. The comparative studies demonstrate that the vibration isolation system proposed works well and outperforms some other vibration isolation systems.
Implementation Adherence and Perspectives of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: A Process Evaluation
Authors: Szpunar Monika , Johnson Andrew M. , Driediger Molly , Burke Shauna M. , Irwin Jennifer D. , Shelley Jacob , Timmons Brian W. , Vanderloo Leigh M. , Tucker Patricia
Published: March 2021

The Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) policy was an evidence-informed, eight-item institutional-level policy document targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario, participated in this cluster, randomized controlled trial. Early Childhood Educators allocated to the experimental group, from five childcare centers in London, Ontario, implemented the policy for young children (18 months to 4 years) for 8 weeks and documented adherence to each policy item (i.e., dose) in daily logs. Program evaluation surveys ( n = 21) and interviews ( n = 10) were completed postintervention to assess Early Childhood Educators’ perspectives of feasibility, context, enjoyment, communication between researchers and childcare staff, and likelihood of future implementation. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and thematic analysis was conducted. Adherence to policy items ranged from 16.5% (for delivery of shorter, more frequent outdoor periods) to 85.9% (for delivery of unstructured/child-directed play). Participants reported effective communication between the research team and childcare centers (0 = not at all effective to 5 = very effective; M = 4.20; SD = 0.83) but noted that they were unlikely to continue the implementation of more frequent outdoor periods (0 = not at all likely to 5 = extremely likely; M = 2.19; SD = 1.21). Interview themes included weather as a prominent barrier and the use of verbal prompts as a solution for implementing the policy. As this was a small and short-term intervention, this pilot study offers important insight on larger scale policy interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and minimizing sedentary time among children enrolled in childcare.
Is There a Civilizing Effect on Citizens? Testing the Pre-Conditions for Body Worn Camera-Induced Behavior Change
Authors: Patterson Quin , White Michael D.
Published: March 2021

The cause(s) of reduced use of force and complaints following police body-worn camera (BWC) deployment remain unclear, though some argue that BWCs generate a civilizing effect on citizen behavior. This potential effect rests on four pre-conditions: (1) BWC presence and citizen awareness; (2) BWC activation; (3) Escalated citizen behavior or the potential for escalation; (4) Citizen mental capacity for BWC awareness. Prior research has not established the civilizing effect’s existence, or how often these pre-conditions are met; this study aims to fill that gap. Data was collected during systematic social observation (SSO) of 166 encounters between citizens and officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. The results tell a simple story. Two pre-conditions (activation, citizen mental capacity) are consistently met; awareness and escalated behavior are not. Overall, 1.2% of encounters saw all pre-conditions met. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for research on BWCs.
Conditions for reflexive practices in leadership learning: The regulating role of a socio-moral order of peer interactions
Authors: Larsson Magnus , Knudsen Morten
Published: March 2021

Peer interaction is a standard aspect of most leadership development programmes and is seen to be conducive to learning. Realising deeper and critical reflexivity in peer interaction is, however, challenging. This study employs conversation analysis to empirically explore peer interactions in a leadership development programme for first-line managers in the public sector in Denmark. The analysis shows that a socio-moral order, that is normative expectations inherent in interactions, guide peer discussions and shape the conditions for reflection and deeper reflexivity. The socio-moral order was based on a central principle of treating each other as experts on one’s own practice. This principle allowed for reflection but turned attention away from critical reflexive practices. As a result, peer discussions took a more conservative rather than a transformational orientation. The study extends the theoretical understanding of the conditions for critical reflexivity as it demonstrates how the socio-moral order of interaction regulates engagement in critically reflexive practices.
‘We should have been told what would happen’: Children’s and parents’ procedural knowledge levels and information-seeking behaviours when coming to hospital for a planned procedure
Authors: Bray Lucy , Appleton Victoria , Sharpe Ashley
Published: March 2021

Children continue to be poorly prepared and informed about clinical procedures, despite increased evidence of the worth of preparation and the availability of information resources. This study used a concurrent mixed-methods approach to explore the information accessed by children and their parents before attending hospital for a procedure. Information was collected separately from 40 children (aged between 8 and 12 years) and their parents using a paper booklet to examine self-reported perceived procedural knowledge and information-seeking behaviours. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis techniques. The findings indicate that many children (70%, n = 28) and their parents (65%, n = 26) have low procedural knowledge levels. The majority of children (85%, n = 36) reported not receiving or seeking information about their procedure, despite identifying a desire and preference for more information. This study shows a mismatch between the current provision of procedural information and children and parents’ expectations that information will be provided directly to them by health professionals. In order for this ‘information hole’ to be filled, there needs to be a concerted effort to develop and systematically use meaningful information materials and for children and their parents to have the opportunity to discuss their procedural knowledge with health professionals.
(Re)Establishment of fatherhood among fathers of children with mental disorders: A qualitative metasynthesis
Authors: Esper Marcos V , Montigny Francine de , Polita Naiara B , Alvarenga Willyane de A , Leite Ana Carolina A B , Silva-Rodrigues Fernanda M , Neris Rhyquelle Rhibna , Wendland Jaqueline , Nascimento Lucila C
Published: March 2021

This metasynthesis synthesized and interpreted qualitative research results on the experience of fathers who care for children with mental disorders. It followed the guidelines from the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research statement. A search was conducted in five databases. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative research checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (Grade-CERQual) approach was used to assess review findings. Thematic analysis of 12 articles included yielded the theme (re)establishment of fatherhood and four subthemes: redefinition of expectations, redefinition of the fatherhood role, benefits achieved with increased father involvement, and strengths and challenges in fatherhood, all of which demonstrated how repercussions from diagnosis and redefinition of expectations of masculinity and fatherhood affected the way fathers exercise fatherhood. Fathers were participative and attentive to their child’s needs, even in a challenging context demanding integration of care with work obligations. This metasynthesis highlights challenges faced by fathers in acquiring new skills and competencies while caring for their children. The findings identify a need for interventions to facilitate fathers’ involvement in caring for their children.
Negotiating a sociophysical space for elders with dementia in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: March 2021

Dementia, which used to be a private issue due to the stigma and cultural expectations of family-based support in China, has been transformed into a social concern due to its increasing number in recent years. As a response, advocates have introduced the dementia-friendly initiative to deal with related challenges. Yet, as a project mainly proposed by developed countries, we know little about its localisation in developing countries. Based on 20-month ethnographic research in Shanghai, this article explores the localisation process of this global project. While many stakeholders who advocate on behalf of people with dementia and their family caregivers have made remarkable progress in terms of embracing the global concepts and practices, one project – community-based dementia care units – generates a lot of resistance from nearby residents due to the feng shui damage, a specific scheme in traditional Chinese culture. These findings reveal an important source of obstacle – the cultural context that shapes the public understanding of dementia and the ways of arranging dementia care – that may prevent the dementia-friendly initiative from further localisation in China. Through this ethnographic analysis, I call attention to the significance of cultural contexts in the design and implementation of dementia-friendly projects globally.
Animal work, memory, and interspecies care: police horses in multispecies urban imaginaries
Authors: Schuurman Nora
Published: March 2021

Mounted police units around the world have entered social media, with the aim of bringing the police closer to the public. In this paper, I analyze the Facebook page of the mounted police in the city of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. I ask how equine agency, animal work, interspecies care, and the relational networks of memory are interpreted, communicated, and performed on social media, contributing to the co-production of urban imaginaries. I approach the material as performances of animality and human–animal relations, concentrating on shared interpretations and representations of the horses and their agency. To be able to analyze human–animal encounters and interaction in urban space as they are experienced, imagined, remembered, and collectively shared, I suggest a novel concept of multispecies urban imaginary. Developing the concept widens the focus of understanding the multispecies nature of urban environments and includes animals in the experiences and perceptions of city space – where they belong.
An appreciative inquiry into foreign national prisoners’ participation in prison activities: The role of language
Authors: Croux Flore , Vandevelde Stijn , Claes Bart , Brosens Dorien , De Donder Liesbeth
Published: March 2021

This article presents the findings of 51 interviews with foreign national prisoners in Flanders (Belgium). Following an appreciative inquiry stance, the aim is to understand how foreign nationals experience (accessibility to) prison activities (for example, education, work, sports activities and worship) and to investigate if and how this differs between foreign-speaking and Dutch-speaking foreign nationals. A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed several components of the activities offered that were perceived by the foreign nationals to be ‘working well’ and revealed several dreams concerning the activities for foreign nationals. Within each theme considered, similarities and dissimilarities among foreign-speaking and Dutch-speaking foreign nationals are described. This article argues that foreign nationals are confronted with a new pain of imprisonment, namely ‘the pain of (non-)participation’. The findings could enable a shift from supply-driven to tailor-made activities for foreign national prisoners.
Formal Education and Contentious Politics: The Case of Violent and Non-Violent Protest
Authors: Sawyer Patrick S , Korotayev Andrey V
Published: March 2021

This study investigates the effect that formal education, as a factor of socio-economic development, has on the intensity and forms of political protest. By way of increased socialization of democratic values, increased cognitive understanding of the society at large, and human capital to participate in protests, increases in a country’s level of formal education should theoretically lead to increased levels of peaceful protest. However, increases in formal education are also theorized to play a mitigating role on the intensity of violent protests (riots) for the previously mentioned reasons as well as the fact that education acts as a strong factor in increasing social mobility. With data from 1960 to 2010 and spanning 216 countries, our empirical tests demonstrate a significant positive relationship between formal education and the intensity of anti-government protests at the early stages of socio-political development and a strong negative relationship between education and riots along the full range of data, with the later stages of development revealing a particularly strong negative correlation.
To Study the Clinical Profile and Management of Cellulitis of Lower Limb in Northern India
Authors: Bhagat Tripta S. , Kumar Luv , Garg Prakhar , Goel Apoorv , Aggarwal Amit , Gupta Shalabh
Published: March 2021

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues occupying a large proportion of hospital beds. This study was conducted for analysis of patients with cellulitis according to their demographics and clinical presentation and to examine their comorbidities, complications, and its management. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Santosh Medical College and Hospitals involving a total of 60 cases having cellulitis and other soft tissue infections of lower limb. Analysis of their demographic profile, management, and complications was done. Cellulitis is seen commonly in males, 46 (76.6%). The mean age of patients affected by cellulitis in the study was 36.4 ± 1.23 years. The most common site affected is leg involving more people in field jobs. The most common risk factor was trauma in 46.6%, and other factors were diabetes mellitus and smoking, while abscess formation was the most common complication observed in 36.6% of cases. A total of 56.6% cases were managed conservatively, while 43.3% cases required surgical intervention. Mean hospital stay in this study was 5.02 ± 0.23 days. It was concluded that cellulitis is subcutaneous, spreading bacterial infection is more common in males, and its incidence is highest in working age group population. Lower limb is commonly involved. Trauma, smoking, and diabetes are significant risk factors for development of cellulitis. Abscess is the most common complication. About 50% patients with cellulitis can be managed conservatively and the rest require surgical intervention.
Bacterial Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and the Risk of Lower Limb Amputation in Younger and Older Individuals With Diabetic Foot Infection
Authors: Dörr Stefan , Holland-Letz Ann-Kathrin , Weisser Gregor , Chatzitomaris Apostolos , Lobmann Ralf
Published: March 2021

Introduction

A diabetic foot infection (DFI) contributes to high mortality and morbidity in diabetics due to its often rapid progressive and intricately treatable infection. DFIs are usually a polymicrobial infection and characterizing the entire bacterial load is still challenging. Prompt and effective treatment of DFI is nevertheless mandatory to safe limbs and lives. It is therefore crucial to know the local pathogen spectrum and its antibiotic susceptibility.

Methods and Material

For a 12-month period, we investigated 353 individuals with infected diabetic foot ulcer, their bacterial diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility at fist-time visit in a Diabetic Foot Care Center in southern Germany.

Results

Cultures yielded 888 species, most of them gram-positive cocci (primary Staphylococcus aureus). The gram-negative sector was mainly formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriacae. Because the prevalence of multiresistant species was surprisingly low (0.9% of isolated strains), we suggest penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitor in case of gram-positive–dominated infection or piperacillin/tazobactam or rather carbapenems with equal efficacy when gram-negative species are involved.
Comparing a Novel Neuroanimation Experience to Conventional Therapy for High-Dose Intensive Upper-Limb Training in Subacute Stroke: The SMARTS2 Randomized Trial
Authors: Krakauer John W. , Kitago Tomoko , Goldsmith Jeff , Ahmad Omar , Roy Promit , Stein Joel , Bishop Lauri , Casey Kelly , Valladares Belen , Harran Michelle D. , Cortés Juan Camilo , Forrence Alexander , Xu Jing , DeLuzio Sandra , Held Jeremia P. , Schwarz Anne , Steiner Levke , Widmer Mario , Jordan Kelly , Ludwig Daniel , Moore Meghan , Barbera Marlena , Vora Isha , Stockley Rachel , Celnik Pablo , Zeiler Steven , Branscheidt Meret , Kwakkel Gert , Luft Andreas R.
Published: March 2021

Background

Evidence from animal studies suggests that greater reductions in poststroke motor impairment can be attained with significantly higher doses and intensities of therapy focused on movement quality. These studies also indicate a dose-timing interaction, with more pronounced effects if high-intensity therapy is delivered in the acute/subacute, rather than chronic, poststroke period.

Objective

To compare 2 approaches of delivering high-intensity, high-dose upper-limb therapy in patients with subacute stroke: a novel exploratory neuroanimation therapy (NAT) and modified conventional occupational therapy (COT).

Methods

A total of 24 patients were randomized to NAT or COT and underwent 30 sessions of 60 minutes time-on-task in addition to standard care. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity motor score (FM-UE). Secondary outcomes included Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), grip strength, Stroke Impact Scale hand domain, and upper-limb kinematics. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, and days 3, 90, and 180 posttraining. Both groups were compared to a matched historical cohort (HC), which received only 30 minutes of upper-limb therapy per day.

Results

There were no significant between-group differences in FM-UE change or any of the secondary outcomes at any timepoint. Both high-dose groups showed greater recovery on the ARAT (7.3 ± 2.9 points; P = .011) but not the FM-UE (1.4 ± 2.6 points; P = .564) when compared with the HC.

Conclusions

Neuroanimation may offer a new, enjoyable, efficient, and scalable way to deliver high-dose and intensive upper-limb therapy.
Endoscopic-Assisted Oropharyngectomy for Early Oropharyngeal Cancer in Trismus Patients
Authors: Young Chi-Kuang , Huang Shiang-Fu
Published: March 2021

Objective: Management of the early-stage oropharyngeal carcinoma in trismus patients underlying with multiple head and neck cancer history is a clinical challenge because minimal invasive surgery such as transoral robotic surgery or transoral laser microsurgery is contraindicated, while open surgery or concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) wound cause long-term adverse effect. Therefore, we developed a novel endoscopic surgical approach for these patients. Methods: Four patients were enrolled for endoscopic-assisted oropharyngectomy. The oropharyngeal tumor was resected with an adequate margin via a one-surgeon bimanual approach with the aid of a high-resolution videoendoscopic system, scope holder, and designed surgical instruments. The postoperative surgical margin status, trismus status, perioperative complication, average hospital stay, and follow-up period were recorded. Results: The endoscopic-assisted oropharyngectomy was successfully applied in all 4 patients with en bloc tumor excision and adequate free margin status. The mean hospital stay was 6.5 days, and all patients could tolerate oral diet within 2 weeks. There was no perioperative complication noted. No tumor recurrence was identified in patients followed up 2 years after surgery. Conclusion: Endoscopic-assisted oropharyngectomy for patients with trismus and multiple head and neck cancer history is a safe, minimal invasive, and effective treatment choice other than open surgery or CCRT. It provides a safe option for patients with limited mouth opening.
Incorporation of a Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold in a ;Circular Stapled End-To-End Small Intestine Anastomosis Does Not Have Any Adverse Effects Within 30 days: A Study in Piglets
Authors: Schiellerup Nicolai S. , Wismann Joakim , Madsen Gunvor I. , Le Dang Q S. , Qvist Niels , Ellebæk Mark B.
Published: March 2021

Background . Incorporation of a poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) scaffold in circular stapled anastomoses has been shown to increase the anastomotic tensile strength on postoperative day (POD) 5 in a pig model. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of incorporation of a PCL scaffold in a circular stapled end-to-end small intestine anastomosis, with stricture formation and anastomotic histology as primary outcomes in a 30-day observation period. Methods . A total of 15 piglets were included. In each piglet, three circular stapled end-to-end anastomoses were made in the small intestines. Two were interventional and one was a control. On POD 10, 20, or 30, the anastomoses were subjected to in vivo intraluminal contrast study, and the index for anastomotic lumen was calculated. The anastomotic segment was resected and subjected to a tensile strength test and histological examination. Results . At POD 10, the mean ± SD value for anastomotic index was .749 ± .065 in control anastomoses and .637 ± .051 in interventional anastomosis ( P = .0046), at POD 20, .541 ± .150 and .724 ± .07 ( P = .051), and at POD 30, .645 ± .103 and .686 ± .057 ( P = .341), respectively. No significant difference was observed in maximum tensile strength and histology at POD 30. Conclusions . The incorporation of a PCL scaffold in a circular stapled end-to-end small intestine anastomosis does not increase the risk of stricture or impair wound healing after 30 days.
The Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors on Bone Healing
Authors: White Alexander E. , Henry Jensen K. , Dziadosz Daniel
Published: March 2021

A recently published study, “Risk of Nonunion With Nonselective NSAIDs, COX-2 Inhibitors, and Opioids” by George et al ( J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020;102:1230–1238), assesses whether the use of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitors, or opioids was associated with a risk of long bone fracture nonunion in Optum’s deidentified private health database. This review analyzes the study, including strengths, weaknesses, and areas for future research. The study found an association between COX-2 inhibitor and opioid use with fracture nonunion but not with nonselective NSAID use. Although the literature on this topic is varied, these results are at least partially aligned with several animal studies that show COX-2 inhibitors to be associated with fracture nonunion. The George et al study design has several important limitations, indicating that further research is needed on this topic.
Smashing Backdoors in and the Wandering Eye: An Introduction to Bartenders’ Experiences with Unwanted Sexual Attention while Working in the UK
Authors: Green James Frederick
Published: March 2021

Literature on unwanted sexual attention in the night-time economy has focused predominantly on patrons and ignores those who are employed in it. This paper draws on participant observations of, and interviews with, 10 current, and 5 former, bartenders’ engagement with unwanted behaviors at a public house. Data gathered will outline the common and infrequent forms of unwanted sexual attention and who the perpetrators are. I also remold the concept of ‘feisty femininity’ to reflect female bartenders’ combative strategies against male customers. I end with a suggestion for the implementation of specific training strategies for all employed in licensed venues.
A method for assessing resilience of high-speed EMUs considering a network-based system topology and performance data
Authors: Lin Shuai , Jia Limin , Zhang Hengrun , Wang Yanhui
Published: March 2021

The high complexity of the system topology and the uncertainty of threats necessitate the consideration of the resilience of high-speed electric multiple units (EMUs). This paper first gives a definition of high-speed EMU resilience. Then, the structure of a high-speed EMU is described in the form of a network to enable the application of network science for resilience evaluation based on corresponding mathematical expressions. Afterward, a measure of system performance (MSP) is constructed that considers the influence of the high-speed EMU topology and performance data. According to the definition of resilience of a high-speed EMU, a system resilience measurement (SRM) is proposed that comprehensively considers the degree and time of the change in system performance. The validity of our method is then illustrated by applying it to the system topology and performance data associated with the Chinese standard electric multiple units (CEMUs) that serve on high-speed railways in China. Experiments are reported to illustrate the concept of resilience and the procedure for its measurement and to present comparisons with an existing resilience index. Our results indicate that the SRM proposed here can capture the sensitivity of the response of high-speed EMUs to the disturbances, thereby supporting the optimal design and risk management.