bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apports des prospections non destructives a la connaissance du quartier artisanal antique de l'Essarte, Epomanduodurum, commune de Mathay, Doubs
Authors: Opitz Rachel , Laplaige Clement , Fruchart Catherine , Bossuet Gilles
Published: July 2018

The Essarté workshop area, dating to the Classical period, is situated in the town of Mathay (Doubs). Excavated in the 1980s and 90s, it has been interpreted as an area specializing in ceramics production. This study of this area takes place in the context of an ongoing, broader project focused on the ancient town of Mandeure-Mathay (Epomanduodurum) and its surroundings, currently conducted within the framework of a PCR (collective research project). To undertake a more detailed study of the Essarté area fieldwalking surveys were carried out in 2006 and a synthesis of previous excavations, based on the available documentation, was completed in 2009. Geophysical surveys were conducted in 2009 and 2010. In addition, a LiDAR survey of Mandeure-Mathay and its surroundings realized in 2009 included the Essarté area. This paper contextualizes the data provided by excavations and aerial surveys carried in the 1980s and 90s by integrating it with the data obtained through the magnetometry survey – providing additional information on sub-surface features - and the data obtained through fieldwalking and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) surveys - used to characterize the micro-topography of the terrain surface and associated materials in detail. This new study, in addition to adding details to the existing picture of the Essarté area, demonstrates that this locale was used as a burial area prior to the Roman phase of the site
Methodological Issues in Studying Cultural Dimensions with Special Reference to Educational Context
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alshahrani Abdulaziz
Published: July 2018

The aim of this review was to evaluate certain methodological issues related to the measurement of cultural dimensions and their effects with special reference to educational contexts. Using Google Scholar with the exact topics as search terms, 50 research reports were obtained. The results obtained from the critical analysis of the methodologies used in these reports are discussed in this review. Most studies were on power distance and individualism/collectivism dimensions of culture. A large number of conceptual frameworks and as many as 121 measurement instruments have been proposed by different workers. Research approach in any particular study is determined by the framework and the instrument chosen or self-developed instruments. Surveys and interviews are more commonly used. Not estimating internal consistency or reliability tests in some works makes it difficult to judge the validity of the method of data analysis. Generally the sample size is in the range of 200-500 participants in surveys. Small sample sizes used in a few works may affect the validity and applicability of their findings. It is concluded that large groups of scientists doing a common research programme across several countries is better than individual researches. Meta-analyses are also superior to individual researches. Such methods ensure validity and replicability of the findings. Although none of the research used scenario analysis, it is also a promising method.
The Effects of a Creativity Training Program on Students’ Initial Perceptions of Creativity: The Case Study of Mohamed First University, Morocco
Authors: Journal Arab World English , DIHI Mohamed , BOUAMRI Abderrahmane
Published: July 2018

Incorporating creativity in education is widely accepted to be a necessity in today's rapidly changing world. However, in the case of Moroccan educational settings, it is noticed that schools continue to be characterized by traditional and conventional instruction. It is true that some students excel in traditional teaching delivery; however, creative learners are neglected and at risk of being rejected. Understanding the nature of creativity and putting it into action are of paramount importance for students to pursue creative opportunities in their own life. This study aims at (1) assessing 22 Moroccan Master’s students’ general perceptions and attitudes towards creativity; (2) improving students’ creativity by introducing them to a list of creativity techniques; (3) evaluating how effectively the proposed creativity training workshops have influenced students’ initial views of creativity. The study used questionnaire inquiry data analysis to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings reveal that students hold positive attitudes towards creativity in education. More importantly, the study shows how the proposed creativity training workshops have positively affected students’ initial perceptions and attitudes towards creativity.
Let Others Go First: How Pitch Order Affects Investor Interest in Elevator Pitches
Authors: Clingingsmith David , Shane Scott
Published: July 2018

The start-ups with the most potential to innovate and generate employment are the ones most likely to rely on capital provided by outside investors. Several institutional developments including the rise of business accelerators, angel groups, and startup competitions, have meant that founders seeking this type of capital increasingly pitch their business ideas to investors in group settings, raising the question of whether the order in which ideas are pitched affects outcomes. Research on order effects in other competitive environments indicates that judges often have high expectations and calibrate their evaluations to the lower average performance of competitors at the beginning of competition, making it difficult for those going early to do as well as those performing later. We test empirically whether this calibration effect is also present for efforts by founders to pitch investors by conducting a field experiment. Entrepreneurs participating in elevator pitch competitions were randomly assigned the position in which they pitched. We find evidence of this calibration effect: investor-judges expressed substantially lesser interest in pursuing investment in the first and second ventures pitched to them.
Modeling Network Dynamics
Authors: Marcum Christopher Steven , Schaefer David R.
Published: July 2018

One of the great lessons from the last half century of research on social networks is that relationships are constantly in flux. While much social network analysis focuses on static relationships between actors, there is also a rich tradition of work extending back to foundational studies in network science focused on the notion that network change is an indelible aspect of social life for human and non-human actors alike (e.g., Bott, 1957; Heider, 1946; Newcomb 1961; Rapoport, 1949; Sampson, 1969). Today, social network researchers benefit from this history in that a host of methods to collect and analyze such dynamic network data have been developed. Among them, the methods based on stochastic process theory have given rise to a paradigm where inferences and predictions can be made on the mechanisms that drive changes in social structure.
Diverging Patterns of Union Transition among Cohabitors by Race-Ethnicity and Education: Trends and Marital Intentions
Authors: Raley Kelly , Kuo Janet Chen-Lan
Published: July 2018

The rise of cohabitation in family process among American young adults and declining rates ofmarriage among cohabitors are considered by some scholars as evidence for the importance ofsociety-wide ideational shifts propelling recent changes in family. With data on two cohabitingcohorts from the NSFG 1995 and 2006-10, the current study finds that marriage rates amongcohabitors have declined steeply among those with no college degree, resulting in growingeducational disparities over time. Moreover, there are no differences in marital intentions byeducation (or race-ethnicity) among recent cohabitors. We discuss how findings of this studyspeak to the changes in the dynamics of social stratification system in the United States andsuggest that institutional and material constraints are at least as important as ideational accountsin understanding family change and family behavior of contemporary young adults.
Intellectual Property Litigation Clearinghouse: Data Overview
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Intellectual Property Litigation Clearinghouse (IPLC) will be acomprehensive online information source on IP lawsuits. Modeled on therenowned Stanford Securities Class Action Clearinghouse, the IPLC will hostgeneral statistical information, as well as text-searchable dockets,complaints, select motions, judicial opinions, and related data.
Open Science in Archaeology
Authors: Marwick Ben , Barton C Michael , Bates Lynsey , Bollwerk Elizabeth , Bocinsky R. Kyle , Carter Alison Kyra , Conrad Cyler , Costa Stefano , Crema Enrico R. , Davies Benjamin , Drake Lee , Dye Thomas S. , Giusti Domenico , Graham Shawn , Hawks John , Huffer Damien , Madsen Mark E , Neiman Fraser D. , Opitz Rachel , Riel-Salvatore Julien , Riris Philip , Romanowska Iza , Ullah Isaac , Wren Colin D.
Published: July 2018

In archaeology, we are accustomed to investing great effort into collecting data from fieldwork, museum collections, and other sources, followed by detailed description, rigorous analysis, and in many cases ending with publication of our findings in short, highly concentrated reports or journal articles. Very often, these publications are all that is visible of this lengthy process, and even then, most of our journal articles are only accessible to scholars at institutions paying subscription fees to the journal publishers. While this traditional model of the archaeological research process has long been effective at generating new knowledge about our past, it is increasingly at odds with current norms of practice in other sciences. Often described as ‘open science’, these new norms include data stewardship instead of data ownership, transparency in the analysis process instead of secrecy, and public involvement instead of exclusion. While the concept of open science is not new in archaeology (e.g., see Lake 2012 and other papers in that volume), a less transparent model often prevails, unfortunately. We believe that there is much to be gained, both for individual researchers and for the discipline, from broader application of open science practices. In this article, we very briefly describe these practices and their benefits to researchers. We introduce the Society of American Archaeology’s Open Science Interest Group (OSIG) as a community to help archaeologists engage in and benefit from open science practices, and describe how it will facilitate the adoption of open science in archaeology.
Social Networks and Religion: The Role of Congregational Social Embeddedness in Religious Belief and Practice
Authors: Stroope Samuel
Published: July 2018

Previous literature argues that social networks influence religiosity, but surprisingly, no studies have used national data of a variety of religious traditions to assess the relationship between embeddedness in congregation-based friendship networks and different dimensions of religiosity. This study uses new national data (Baylor Religion Survey 2007) to estimate models of religious activity (church activities and devotional activities) and of religious belief (supernatural beliefs, biblical literalism, and religious exclusivity). Among U.S. Christians, congregational social embeddedness is a robust predictor of all religiosity outcomes and is among the largest effects in models. These effects are not substantially moderated by religious tradition, although Catholic affiliation attenuates the positive relationship between social embeddedness and church activities. These findings strongly suggest that social sanctions and solidarity rewards within congregational social networks play an important role in heightening religiosity. Religious research would be enhanced by devoting greater attention to the importance of congregational social embeddedness.
Reflective Professional Development Journals for Constructivist Evaluation of Teacher Learning and Reactions
Authors: Journal Arab World English , BENAMOR Youcef
Published: July 2018

Limited in scope, this paper deliberately foregrounds the evaluation stage of a suggested 5-month constructivist professional development (PD) programme for Algerian novice middle school English teachers (N=14) who were willingly involved in the whole process of its planning, implementation and evaluation and whose needs, preferences and reflections were valued. Evaluating this programme, assessment rubrics, classroom observation notes, project presentations and professional development journals (PDJs) were analysed. Precisely, amongst these constructivist evaluative tools, this study aimed to explore the participants’ post-programme learning and reactions through a qualitative content analysis of their reflective PDJs. The revelations of this evaluative analysis about the participants’ learning and reactions would inevitably assess the value of this constructivist programme as well as its effectiveness and help make decisions for its improvement. Additionally, this analysis would significantly confirm the usefulness of PDJs as effective constructivist reflective tools for teachers’ conceptual and practical development. After being collected, repeatedly read and qualitatively content-analysed, the participants’ coded PDJs (N=14) disclosed themes (N=6) and sub-themes (N=14) reflecting an amalgam of their learning and reactions. This cognitive and affective analysis of the participants’ reflections revealed signs of constructions of different ELT- and PD-related concepts, correction of some misconceptions together with traces of satisfaction, self-confidence and willpower. In the light of this study, the researcher strongly recommends PDJs for teachers to self/peer-assess and develop their teaching concepts and practice, and for programme facilitators to uncover and, therefore, meet teachers’ individual cognitive and affective needs.
Movement of lithics by trampling: An experiment in the Madjedbebe sediments
Authors: Marwick Ben
Published: July 2018

Understanding post-depositional movement of artefacts is vital to making reliable claims about the formation of archaeological deposits. Human trampling has long been recognised as a contributor to post-depositional artefact displacement. We investigate the degree to which artefact form (shape-and-size) attributes can predict how an artefact is moved by trampling. We use the Zingg classification system to describe artefact form. Our trampling substrate is the recently excavated archaeological deposits from Madjedbebe, northern Australia. Madjedbebe is an important site because it contains early evidence of human activity in Australia. The age of artefacts at Madjedbebe is contentious because of the possibility of artefacts moving due to trampling. We trampled artefacts in Madjedbebe sediments and measured their displacement, as well as modelling the movement of artefacts by computer simulation. Artefact elongation is a significant predictor of horizontal distance moved by trampling, and length, width, thickness and volume are significant predictors of the vertical distance. The explanatory power of these artefact variables is small, indicating that many other factors are also important in determining how an artefact moves during trampling. Our experiment indicates that trampling has not contributed to extensive downward displacement of artefacts at Madjedbebe.
Change in and through practice: Pierre Bourdieu, Vincent Pouliot, and the end of the Cold War
Authors: Schindler Sebastian , Wille Tobias
Published: July 2018

The end of the Cold War led to intense debates about how change happens in international politics. In this article, we argue that practice theory has great potential for illuminating this question. Drawing on Vincent Pouliot's empirical analysis of NATO-Russia relations after the end of the Cold War, we elaborate how change happens in and through practice. We show that post-Cold War security practices are inherently unstable, because there is a fundamental uncertainty about whether the Cold War is really over or whether the Cold War logic of bipolar confrontation still applies. Uncertainty about the meaning of the past destabilizes present practices and thus makes sudden and drastic change possible. To date, many contributions to the literature on international practices have, however, failed to grasp the inherent instability of practice. We argue that this failure is due to a particular conception of change that can be found in the works of Pierre Bourdieu. Through a close reading of Pouliot's Bourdieusian analysis of post-Cold War politics, we demonstrate the limitations of such a perspective, notably that it is unable to grasp how change originates in practice.
Genetic Ancestry Testing among White Nationalists
Authors: Panofsky Aaron , Donovan Joan
Published: July 2018

Using a data set drawn from the website Stormfront, this paper presents a qualitative analysis of online discussions of white nationalist individuals’ genetic ancestry test (GAT) results. Seeking genetic confirmation of personal identities and having a strong ideology of the genetic basis of race and the value of white “purity,” white nationalists using GATs are sometimes confronted with information they consider evidence of non-white or non-European ancestry. Despite their essentialist views of race, Stormfront posters use GAT information to police individuals’ membership far less commonly than working to develop a variety of scientific and anti-scientific responses enabling them to repair identities by rejecting or reinterpreting GAT results. Simultaneously, however, Stormfront posters use the particular relationships made visible by GATs to debate the collective boundaries and constitution of white nationalism. Bricoleurs with genetic knowledge, white nationalists use a “racial realist” interpretive framework that departs from canons of genetic science but cannot be dismissed simply as ignorant.
Taking the Regulatory Nature of IP Seriously
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Ted Sichelman’s paper in the Texas Law Review makes an importantcontribution by encouraging us to take the essentially regulatory characterof IP seriously, arguing that public, not private, interest shoulddetermine remedies. In this comment, I both extend and critique hisapproach, suggesting that private law remedies may play an important roleeven in a patent system properly understood as public law rather thanproperty law. Nonetheless, understanding the regulatory nature of patentremedies has some significant implications for setting those remedies,including the recognition that the optimal patent damages award willsometimes be $0.
Florida Bioarchaeology: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Wilkin Shevan , Killgrove Kristina
Published: July 2018

In an effort to situate the bioarchaeology of Florida within the general field, we synthesize in this article past and current research and offer prospection for future work with human remains in the state. We first detail the beginnings of archaeology in Florida, and the initial public and governmental interests regarding the area’s past occupants. Next, it is essential to consider regional and taphonomic issues in preservation of human skeletal remains and then summarize the time scale of bioarchaeological work. Past and present research programs in Florida bioarchaeology are then discussed in depth by research topic, including questions asked and methods used. Where possible, we note the location at which skeletal collections are currently stored. The future of Florida bioarchaeological study in an era following the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is also explored, including how new alliances between tribes and researchers can open a path to utilizing modern methods on previously excavated ancestral materials and new collections.
Neoliberalism and contemporary reform efforts in Mississippi's public education system
Authors: Strunk Kamden K , Locke Leslie , McGee Melandie
Published: July 2018

Mississippi’s performance on educational outcomes has consistently ranked among the lowest in the nation. As such, reform efforts have been continuous. However, the condition of Mississippi’s public educational system cannot be fully understood without first considering historical factors, such as desegregation and integration, which have shaped contemporary reform efforts. The push for racial equality in Mississippi education faced strict opposition by Whites following the Brown (1954) court ruling. Over time, this resistance led to resegregated school systems in which whites fled to private schools and public schools became majority Black. Contemporary reform efforts favor white students while resisting progression towards equity. It is through the neo-conservative movement that neoliberal reforms, such as accountability in schools and performance based funding, emerge and extend their influence to public higher education. A discussion of these neoconservative and neoliberal influences is provided as well as a call for educational reforms grounded in social justice.
Scratch Commuinty Blocks: Supporting Children as Data Scientists
Authors: Dasgupta Sayamindu , Hill Benjamin Mako
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we present Scratch Community Blocks, a new system that enables children to programmatically access, analyze, and visualize data about their participation in Scratch, an online community for learning computer programming. At its core, our approach involves a shift in who analyzes data: from adult data scientists to young learners themselves. We first introduce the goals and design of the system and then demonstrate it by describing example projects that illustrate its functionality. Next, we show through a series of case studies how the system engages children in not only representing data and answering questions with data but also in self-reflection about their own learning and participation.
Transadapting the Cultural Realia of Soviet Russia to an Arab Audience: The Case of the Film Утомленные Солнцем (Burnt by the Sun)
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Panasiuk Katsiaryna , Yahiaoui Rashid
Published: July 2018

Since the advent of the cinema, films started playing an important role in promoting knowledge about different countries and peoples. Taking the film Утомленные Солнцем (Burnt by the Sun) as a case study, the authors aim to describe translation strategies for transadapting cultural realia in their own Arabic dubbing script, and to look at them from the perspective of the translation norms that are operational in the Arab society. For the analysis of strategies of transadapting cultural realia into Arabic, the researchers use the taxonomy developed by Pedersen (Pedersen, 2005). They also employ the concept of norms by Toury (Toury, (1995/2012)) since these norms take into account cultural and social constraints of the community, which have an impact on the translator’s choices. The results of the study show that mostly source text-oriented strategies were used for transadapting the Soviet Russia cultural realia, with the exception of the realia belonging to the category of linguistic culture. It is true, however, that the norms operating in the Arab society and the constraints of the dubbing and subtitling modes can impact the translator’s choice to a large extent.
Review of "Making Things International 2: Catalysts and Reactions" (M Salter, ed.)
Authors: Wang Sean H.
Published: July 2018

Wang, SH. 2017. Review of "Making Things International 2: Catalysts and Reactions" (M Salter, ed.). The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 61(3), e52-e53.
Qualitative Data Sharing: Data Repositories and Academic Libraries as Key Partners in Addressing Challenges
Authors: Mannheimer Sara , Pienta Amy , Kirilova Dessi , Elman Colin , Wutich Amber
Published: July 2018

Data sharing is increasingly perceived to be beneficial to knowledge production, and is therefore increasingly required by federal funding agencies, private funders, and journals. As qualitative researchers are faced with new expectations to share their data, data repositories and academic libraries are working to address the specific challenges of qualitative research data. This paper describes how data repositories and academic libraries can partner with researchers to support three challenges associated with qualitative data sharing: (1) obtaining informed consent from participants for data sharing and scholarly reuse; (2) ensuring that qualitative data are legally and ethically shared; and (3) sharing data that cannot be deidentified. This paper also describes three continuing challenges of qualitative data sharing that data repositories and academic libraries cannot specifically address—research using qualitative big data, copyright concerns, and risk of decontextualization. While data repositories and academic libraries can’t provide easy solutions to these three continuing challenges, they can partner with researchers and connect them with other relevant specialists to examine these challenges. Ultimately, this paper suggests that data repositories and academic libraries can help researchers address some of the challenges associated with ethical and lawful qualitative data sharing.
Origins of the Public/Private Theory of Legal Systems
Authors: Turner Christian
Published: July 2018

A book chapter constructing the public/private theory of legal systems and connecting it with other jurisprudential theories
Le Sanctuaire de Saint-Syméon-Stylite-le-Jeune au Mont Admirable à la lumière de la documentation photographique du père Jean Mécérian
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Les résultats définitifs des fouilles menées sur le site du sanctuiaire de Saint-Syméon-Stylitr-le=Jeune au Mont Admirable par le père Jean Mécérian, dans les années trente du XXe siècle, ne furent jamais publiés. Nous ne disposons que de quelques rapports préliminaires de cette mission. Etant donné la disparition d'une partie de la documentation de fouilles, dont les journaux, des photos d'archives de la campagne représentent souvent le seul témoignage sur les structures du sanctuaire, aujourd'hui inexistantes, qui ne figurent dans aucun rapport préliminaire. Ces photos ainsi que les résultats de recherches ultérieures constituent une base documentaire, qui permet d'entreprendre la reconstitution de l'évolution et de la tranformation du sanctuaire. Cette documentation révèle des changements dans la disposition des pièces, jusqu'à présent méconnus, ayant eu un impact important sur la vie de la communauté monastique et des pèlerins. On peut constater sur les photos de père Jean Mécérian que ces changements sont le résultat d'une volonté de réorganiser l'espace existant du sanctuaire en fonction de l'évolution des besoins. Le présent article a pour objectif de faire le point sur l'état actuel des connaissances relatives à l'architecture du sanctuaire de Saint-Symeon-Stylite-le-Jeune au Mont Admirable, ainsi que de les compléter à l'aide des documents photographiques d'archives, dont les publications parues jusqu'à présent n'ont pas tenu compte.
A Rational System of Design Patent Remedies
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

A design patent owner who wins her suit is entitled to the defendant'sentire profit from the sale of the product, whether or not the design wasthe basis for buying the product. No other IP regime has this rule, and itmakes no sense in the modern world, where a design may cover only a smallcomponent of a valuable product. The culprit is section 289 of the PatentAct, a provision added in the nineteenth century, when design patents werevery different than they are today. We should abolish section 289 and bringrationality to design patent remedies.
The Limits of Claim Differentiation
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The process of claim construction - determining the meaning of patentclaims - is the most important part of patent litigation. There are anumber of rules or canons that courts can use in applying the interpretivesources to reach an understanding of what patent claims mean. The canonthat has arguably had the most significant impact on claim construction isthe doctrine of claim differentiation. The claim differentiation doctrinein its broadest reading provides that no two claims in the same patentshould be interpreted to cover the same thing.As a general matter, applying the doctrine of claim differentiation resultsin broader constructions of patent claims, because it is most commonly usedto prevent defendants from limiting a broad genus claim to the range ofembodiments actually disclosed or more explicitly recited in other claims.Sometimes this is the right result, because defendants are improperlyseeking to limit broader genus claims to the preferred embodimentsdisclosed in the specification. But at other times it leads to problematicresults.In this article, I conduct an empirical review of claim differentiationdecisions in the Federal Circuit and in the district courts, and I suggestlimiting principles that can be used to distinguish good uses of thedoctrine from bad.
Transformative Treatments
Authors: Paul L.A. , Healy Kieran
Published: July 2018

Contemporary social-scientific research seeks to identify specific causal mechanisms for outcomes of theoretical interest. Experiments that randomize populations to treatment and control conditions are the “gold standard” for causal inference. We identify, describe, and analyze the problem posed by *transformative treatments*. Such treatments radically change treated individuals in a way that creates a mismatch in populations, but this mismatch is not empirically detectable at the level of counterfactual dependence. In such cases, the identification of causal pathways is underdetermined in a previously unrecognized way. Moreover, if the treatment is indeed transformative it breaks the inferential structure of the experimental design. Transformative treatments are not curiosities or “corner cases”, but are plausible mechanisms in a large class of events of theoretical interest, particularly ones where deliberate randomization is impractical and quasi-experimental designs are sought instead. They cast long-running debates about treatment and selection effects in a new light, and raise new methodological challenges.
Relative contributions of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-handicapping in predicting student procrastination
Authors: Strunk Kamden K , Steele Misty
Published: July 2018

The relative contributions of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-handicapping on student procrastination were explored. College undergraduate participants (N = 138; 40 men, 97 women) filled out the Procrastination Scale, the Self-Handicapping Scale–Short Form (Strube, 1986), and the Self-Regulation and Self-Handicapping scales of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990). A hierarchical regression of the above measures indicated that self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-handicapping all predicted scores on the Procrastination Scale, but self-regulation fully accounted for the predictive power of self-efficacy. The results suggested self-regulation and self-handicapping predict procrastination independently. These findings are discussed in relation to the literature on the concept of “self-efficacy for self-regulation” and its use in the field of procrastination research.
Recent Trends and Characteristics Associated with Influenza Vaccination Disparities among Texas Children
Authors: Potter Lloyd B. , Sparks Corey , Pollock Bradley
Published: July 2018

Adequate immunization of children protects them common infections and may serve as an indicator of access to health care. Racial and ethnic differentials in immunization of children may suggest differentials in access to health care. This research describes racial and ethnic differences in childhood influenza immunization coverage and identifies social and economic characteristics associated with these immunization differentials in Texas.Methods: Using data from the National Immunization Survey racial and ethnic differences in seasonal influenza immunization among children is examined as related to social and economic characteristics of children in Texas over the period of 2004 to 2013.Results: Findings suggest the presence of expected differences in childhood seasonal influenza immunization for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black children compared to non- Hispanic white children. Education and marital status of the mother are predictors of influenza immunization as is participation in WIC.Conclusions: Implications of findings suggest the need for qualitative research to better understand barriers to immunization that differentially affect minority children in Texas. Addressing racial and ethnic immunization differentials among children may potentially result in reductions in other racial and ethnic health disparities as they age.
The Translatability of Schemata in the Holy Quran: Seeing the Invisible
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Abumahfouz Adnan , Al-shboul Yasser
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the correctness and accuracy of some translations of the meanings of the Holy Quran in echoing the schemata of some Quranic terms. It also examines the amount of translation loss resulting from this process. Moreover, the paper highlights some reasons which made translators of the meanings of the Holy Quran lose sight of part of the culture-bound, culture sensitive and language-bound schemata. Euphemism and synonymy, however, were addressed in so far as schemata are concerned. The paper also endeavors to suggest solutions, when possible, to make up for the amount of translation loss resulting from the formal or functional equivalence opted for by many translators of the meanings of the Holy Quran which led to the activation of slightly, and sometimes utterly, different schemata. However, the translation loss is inevitable in many cases. The findings of the present paper are expected to be useful information in the translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran studies and other related areas. Three prominent translations of the meanings of Holy Quran (Abdullah Ali, Pickthall, and Al-Hilali and Khan) were consulted and resorted to tackle the main premise of the study along with one commendable Qur’anic exegesis (Ibn Katheer).
Tracing Anti-deportation Protests: A Longitudinal Comparison of Austria, Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Ruedin Didier , Rosenberger Sieglinde , Merhaut Nina
Published: July 2018

Objective: Trace and characterize anti-deportation protests in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland between 1993 and 2013. Methods: Systematic analysis of media reports of anti-deportation protests. We manually coded 6419 article about 986 protest events. Results: The frequency of anti-deportation protest has increased in Austria and Germany, but not so in Switzerland. Many different kinds of actors are involved in anti-deportation protests, and most commonly these are actors who protest on behalf of those threatened with deportation. These actors come from across the political spectrum, and protest is predominantly local in nature. In the three countries, repertoires of protest vary, but demonstrations are the most common form. In 59% of cases, the focus is on policy reform, and in 41% of cases the focus is on a specific deportation. Conclusion: Much of the protest against deportations seems to take place relatively independent of a transnational movement that may have gained traction in the past few years.
The demographic factors that make Islam the world’s fastest-growing major religious group
Authors: Hackett Conrad , Lipka Michael
Published: July 2018

Among the world’s major religious groups, Muslims have the lowest median age and the highest fertility rates. Due to these demographic factors, Muslims are expected to increase in number faster than any other major group in the period between 2015 and 2060, growing at more than twice the pace of global population growth.
The Abider-Avoider Achievement Gap: The Association Between GPA and Religiosity in Public Schools
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M
Published: July 2018

Religion is a powerful social force that is typically ignored in sociological studies of educational attainment. Using nationally representative survey data (N = 2,569) and semi-structured interviews from the National Study of Youth and Religion (N = 30), I test for and explain differences in school grades of five common profiles of religiosity among adolescents in the U.S: Abiders, Adapters, Assenters, Avoiders and Atheists. My quantitative findings suggest that abiders report better grades than avoiders, and the difference is greatest among middle-class families. This pattern holds after controlling for race, religious denomination, sex, mother’s education level, and income. More importantly, the association between religiousness and grades remains after accounting for other factors associated with religiousness, such as increased parental supervision and reduced likelihood of drinking and having sex. My qualitative evidence suggests that this association is a function of greater conscientiousness and agreeableness among abiders. Therefore, I suggest that middle and high schools reward students who are obedient, respectful, and agreeable. Although it is well known that academic performance is associated with income, school grades are also driven by dispositions stemming from religious engagement. This study has implications for how we think about the academic achievement gap.
Copyright and the New Materialism
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Copyright has long rested upon a series of dualistic doctrinal structures, including the fundamental dichotomy between the immaterial "work" and its fixation in a physical "copy." This distinction, which was never entirely coherent even in traditional media, has broken down in the face of digital instantiations of creativity. The disconnection between legal doctrine and new media has now resulted in decades of incomprehensible decisions regarding the fixation of works in computer circuitry or the transmission of works across telecommunications media, particularly the Internet. However, during the past several years, an increasing number of scholars in a variety of fields have begun to re-emphasize the centrality of matter in their exploration of the world. New materialism might offer copyright a path out of such unsustainable distinctions, by providing a viewpoint that traverses the artificial opposition of work and copy, recognizing the primacy of matter in the development of creative expression.
From the accidental to articulated smart city: The creation and work of ‘Smart Dublin’
Authors: Coletta Claudio , Heaphy Liam , Kitchin Rob
Published: July 2018

While there is a relatively extensive literature concerning the nature of smart cities in general, the roles of corporate actors in their production, and the development and deployment of specific smart city technologies, to date there have been relatively few studies that have examined the situated practices as to how the smart city as a whole unfolds in specific places. In this paper, we chart the smart city ecosystem in Dublin, Ireland, and examine how the four city authorities have actively collaborated to progressively frame and mobilise an articulated vision of Dublin as a smart city. In particular, we focus on the work of ‘Smart Dublin’, a shared unit established to coordinate, manage and promote Dublin’s smart city initiatives. We argue that Smart Dublin has on the one hand sought to corral smart city initiatives within a common framework, and on the other has acted to boost the city-region’s smart city activities, especially with respect to economic development. Our analysis highlights the value of undertaking a holistic mapping of a smart city in formation, and the role of political and administrative geographies and specialist smart city units in shaping that formation.
A Man is Known by His Cup: Signaling Commitment via Costly Conformity
Authors: Kim Minjae
Published: July 2018

Commonly persisting are management practices that are recognized as inefficient and widely deplored, and they can often be characterized as “unpopular norms,” i.e., norms to which individuals widely conform despite widespread disapproval. Why might such norms persist? Existing approaches see this issue as an information problem, where individuals misconstrue a norm as popular among others, and conform so as to feign their endorsement. But even when the unpopularity of the norm is revealed, conformity sometimes continues. My theory thus identifies when and why individuals might conform to such visibly unpopular norms by focusing on the need to credibly signal commitment to their interactants in nascent relationships. For embedded relationships to be beneficial, individuals need to discern whether their relationship partners are committed to collective interests over individual interests. In this context, conformity to a visibly unpopular norm signals that the conformist is willing to violate her own preference to meet a behavioral standard demanded by the collective (i.e., norm). Insofar as actors recognize this signaling value, visibly unpopular norms persist. Using both qualitative and experimental methods, I leverage a visibly unpopular “ideal-worker” norm – norm around excessive drinking in after-hour business gatherings in South Korea – to test this theory. A macro implication is that an unpopular norm might persist not despite visible unpopularity but precisely because of visible unpopularity.
Music perception: No strong evidence to reject innate biases
Authors: Savage Patrick E. , Currie Thomas E.
Published: July 2018

McDermott et al. (Nature 535, 547–550; 2016) used a cross-cultural experiment to show that an isolated South American indigenous group, the Tsimane', exhibit indifference to musical dissonance. The study acts as an important counterweight to common beliefs that musical preferences reflect universal, mathematically based harmonic relationships that are biologically determined by low-level perceptual mechanisms. While we applaud their cross-cultural approach, the limited number of populations studied (n=5) makes it difficult to draw strong conclusions about causal processes. In particular, the conclusion that consonance is thus "unlikely to reflect innate biases" seems too strong, as innateness does not require complete universality. Exceptions are always found in any phenomenon as complex as human music. Indeed, our own global analysis of traditional music found dozens of aspects of music that were common cross-culturally, but none that were absolutely universal without exception (Savage et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 8987-8992; 2015). We showed a consistent tendency to avoid dissonance, yet we still found many examples of sustained dissonance in Western and non-Western music (e.g., Eastern European harvest songs, Papua New Guinean lullabies).Such trends and exceptions are not necessarily indicative of the degree of innateness of aspects of music (which, like other domains of culture, likely reflects some combination of nature and nurture). For example, humans and other animals display an innate aversion to bitter and sour foods, but these can be overridden by cultural conventions and developmental experience (Chandrashekar et al. Nature 444, 288-293; 2006). Diversity in musical perception and production could emerge in the context of weak cognitive biases or relaxation in selective pressures (such as the unusual absence of group performance among the Tsimane'). Broader cross-cultural studies of both perception and production of music and other aspects of human behavior (including cultural evolutionary and developmental frameworks) will be needed to clarify the roles of nature and nurture in shaping human diversity.
Transnational alternative policy groups in global civil society: Enablers of post-capitalist alternatives or carriers of NGOization?
Authors: Carroll William K. , Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

Since the 1970s, transnational alternative policy groups (TAPGs) have generated visions and strategies pointing to alternatives to capitalist globalization. However, TAPGs are also embedded in networks of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and foundations, and may thus be subject to NGOization. This paper examines two bodies of data relevant to this issue: (1) network data that highlight TAPGs’ links to major sources of funds as well as key IGOs; (2) reflections of TAPG protagonists gleaned from in-depth interviews conducted at these groups. While our network analysis is consistent with the NGOization narrative, and while our participants offered many narratives of their own in line with it, they also provided more nuanced accounts that begin to specify the contingencies mediating between, on the one hand, resort to formal organization and to working with IGOs and foundations, and on the other hand, descent into hegemonic incorporation. In a neoliberal political-economic environment, the future of counter-hegemonic politics hinges partly on our identifying how ‘preventative measures’ can be brought to bear on processes of NGOization.
Do Algorithms Dream of “Data” Without Bodies?
Authors: Savirimuthu Joseph
Published: July 2018

The question whether algorithms dream of “data” without bodies is asked with the intention of highlighting the material conditions created by wearables for fitness and health, reveal the underlying assumptions of the platform economy regarding individuals’ autonomy, identities and preferences and reflect on the justifications for intervention under the General Data Protection Regulation The article begins by highlighting key features of platform infrastructures and wearables in the health and fitness landscape, explains the implications of algorithms automating, what can be described as “rituals of public and private life” in the health and fitness domain, and proceeds to consider the strains they place on data protection law. It will be argued that technological innovation and data protection rules played a part in setting the conditions for the mediated construction of meaning from bodies of information in the platform economy.
Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students
Authors: Levecque Katia , Anseel Frederik , De Beuckelaer Alain , Van der Heyden Johan , Gisle Lydia
Published: July 2018

Research policy observers are increasingly concerned about the potential impact of current academic working conditions on mental health, particularly in PhD students. The aim of the current study is threefold. First, we assess the prevalence of mental health problems in a representative sample of PhD students in Flanders, Belgium (N=3659). Second, we compare PhD students to three other samples: (1) highly educated in the general population (N=769); (2) highly educated employees (N=592); and (3) higher education students (N=333). Third, we assess those organizational factors relating to the role of PhD students that predict mental health status. Results based on 12 mental health symptoms (GHQ-12) showed that 32% of PhD students are at risk of having or developing a common psychiatric disorder, especially depression. This estimate was significantly higher than those obtained in the comparison groups. Organizational policies were significantly associated with the prevalence of mental health problems. Especially work-family interface, job demands and job control, the supervisor’s leadership style, team decision-making culture, and perception of a career outside academia are linked to mental health problems.
Constitutional Perspectives on Machine Learning
Authors: Gupta Harsh
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses the notions of individual fairness and group fairness discussed in the fairness, accountability and transparency in machine learning (FATML) literature, in the light of equality and anti-discrimination provisions in The Constitution of India.