bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Preparation of 3‐Substituted‐2,6‐difluoropyridines: Application to the Synthesis of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines.
Authors: Katoh Taisuke , Tomata Yoshihide , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Nakada Yoshihisa
Published: February 2016

A facile method for the difluorination of 3‐substituted‐2,6‐dichloropyridines including highly selective 2,6‐difluorination of 3‐halo‐2,6‐dichloropyridines is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Stereochemistry of cis‐2,6‐Diphenyl‐1‐alkylpiperidines.
Authors: Rao H. Surya Prakash , Poonguzhali Elamvazhuthi
Published: February 2016

The facile microwave‐assisted protocol allows the synthesis of the title piperidines via reductive amination cyclization reaction of 1,5‐diketone (I) with alkylammonium formates.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Redox‐Annulation of Cyclic Amines.
Authors: Kang YoungKu , Chen Weijie , Breugst Martin , Seidel Daniel
Published: February 2016

Regio‐divergent cyclizations of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline or ‐2‐azacarbazole with chiral 4‐nitrobutyraldehydes lead to highly substituted polycyclic ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3‐d]isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridin‐6‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Jin Pei‐Pei , Liu Xue‐Cheng , Liu De‐Qi , Huang Zhi‐Bin , Shi Da‐Qing
Published: February 2016

Some of the compounds show antiproliferative properties against hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis in Water: First One‐Pot Synthesis of a Novel Class of Polysubstituted Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines via Intramolecular SNAr.
Authors: Behbehani Haider , Ibrahim Hamada Mohamed
Published: February 2016

A novel green and straightforward one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazopyridazines such as (II) and (V) (31 examples in all) via microwave promoted reaction of hydrazonopropanals with 3‐oxopropionitrile derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐ and Oxidant‐Free Synthesis of Quinazolinones from β‐Ketoesters with o‐Aminobenzamides via Phosphorous Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclocondensation and Selective C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Li Zhongwen , Dong Jianyu , Chen Xiuling , Li Qiang , Zhou Yongbo , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: February 2016

2‐Alkyl‐ and 2‐arylquinazolinones are prepared from 2‐aminobenzamides and β‐keto esters or 1,3‐diketones in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Access to New 4‐Substituted Aminopyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Belhadj Fatima , Kibou Zahira , Cheikh Nawel , Choukchou‐Braham Noureddine , Villemin Didier
Published: February 2016

The simple two‐step synthesis of the title compounds from aminopyridines involves formamidine formation followed by selective nucleophilic addition with primary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenoxide Leaving Group SNAr Strategy for the Facile Preparation of 7‐Amino‐3‐aryl Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines from a 3‐Bromo‐7‐phenoxypyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Intermediate.
Authors: Catalano John G. , Gaitonde Vishwanath , Beesu Mallesh , Leivers Anna L. , Shotwell J. Brad
Published: February 2016

A selective nucleophilic substitution of the 3,7‐dihalogenated pyrazolopyrimidine (I) with phenolate at the 7‐position, subsequent Suzuki coupling at the 3‐position and final substitution of phenoxy with primary and secondary amines offers a useful strategy for the synthesis of 3‐aryl‐7‐aminopyrazolopyrimidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Y Zeolite‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization Cascade: An Atom‐ and Step‐Economical Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,6‐a]quinoline.
Authors: Ramanathan Devenderan , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: February 2016

This regio‐ and stereoselective copper(I)‐Y zeolite‐catalyzed termolecular [2+2+2]/[NC+CC+NC] cycloaddition cascade reaction involves two molecules of the in situ generated N‐sulfonylketenimines and quinoline to afford functionalized pyrimidoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azepines via a [6 + 1] Annulation of Ynenitriles with Reformatsky Reagents.
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Miki , Fujimura Yu , Ito Yukiteru , Goto Yusuke , Kobayashi Yuka , Wasada Hiroaki , Hatae Noriyuki , Tanabe Genzoh , Muraoka Osamu
Published: February 2016

Cyclization of N‐tethered alkyne nitriles with bromoacetates gives dihydroazepinecarboxylates with excellent functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Borylation of Aliphatic Terminal Alkenes with Pinacolborane.
Authors: Morimoto Masao , Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro
Published: February 2016

Optimized conditions including norbornene as sacrificial hydrogen acceptor are presented for the reaction of terminal alkenes with pinacolborane.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Rh‐Catalyzed C—H Borylation of Arene Derivatives under Photochemical Conditions.
Authors: Bheeter Charles Beromeo , Chowdhury Abhishek Dutta , Adam Rosa , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2016

A novel, photocatalytic method for the borylation of arenes is established.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Irregular Trihydroxy Sesquiterpene from Teucrium mascatense
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Hussain Imtiaz , Rizvi Tania Shamim , Khan Abdul Latif , Shujah Shaukat , Al‐Sahi Jawahar Mohammed Salim , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Hussain Javid
Published: February 2016

isolation and structure determination of title compound (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Dammarane‐Type Triterpene Saponins from Panax ginseng Root.
Authors: Lee Dong Gu , Lee Ah Young , Kim Kyung‐Tack , Cho Eun Ju , Lee Sanghyun
Published: February 2016

The dammarane‐type triterpene saponins ginsenoside‐Rg18, 6‐acetyl ginsenoside‐Rg3, ginsenoside‐Rs11, and ginsenoside‐Re7 exhibit good hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and anti‐bacterial activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: Racemization Free Longer N‐Terminal Peptide Hydroxamate Synthesis on Solid Support Using Ethyl 2‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyloxyimino)‐2‐cyanoacetate.
Authors: Manne Srinivasa Rao , Thalluri Kishore , Giri Rajat Subhra , Paul Ashim , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: February 2016

The novel protocol allows the racemization free conversion of various carboxylic acids including amino acids to the corresponding hydroxamic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Penicamedine A, a Highly Oxygenated Hexacyclic Indole Alkaloid from Penicillium camemberti
Authors: Zhang Yonghui , et al.
Published: February 2016

isolation, structure elucidation, cytotoxic and anti‐HIV activities of title alkaloid (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Salinazinones A and B: Pyrrolidinyl‐Oxazinones from Solar Saltern‐Derived Streptomyces sp. KMF‐004.
Authors: Kim Min Cheol , Lee Jung Hwan , Shin Bora , Subedi Lalita , Cha Jin Wook , Park Jin‐Soo , Oh Dong‐Chan , Kim Sun Yeou , Kwon Hak Cheol
Published: February 2016

Compounds (I) and (II) are evaluated for their inhibition activity towards LPS‐induced NO‐production by BV‐2 microglia cells, with (I) inhibiting NO production without cellular toxicity and (II) being inactive.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Ba2GeO4:Mn4+ Novel Deep Red‐Emitting Phosphor.
Authors: Cao Renping , Luo Wenjie , Xiong Qingqiang , Jiang Shenhua , Luo Zhiyang , Fu Jingwei
Published: February 2016

The title phosphor is synthesized by solid state reaction of BaCO3, GeO2, and MnCO3 (air; 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods and Strategies for the Synthesis of Diverse Nanoparticles and Their Applications: A Comprehensive Overview
Authors: Dhand Chetna , Dwivedi Neeraj , Loh Xian Jun , Jie Ying Alice Ng , Verma Navin Kumar , Beuerman Roger W. , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: February 2016

Review: 396 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: State of the Art of Nanoforest Structures and Their Applications
Authors: Kharisov Boris I. , Kharissova Oxana V. , Garcia Beatriz Ortega , Mendez Yolanda Pena , de la Fuente Idalia Gomez
Published: February 2016

Review: nanoforest structures are mainly represented by carbon nanotubes, Zn and Ti oxides, Au, and less frequently by other metals, oxides, arsenides and phosphides; 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Clusters in Luminescent Materials
Authors: Mukherjee Sanjoy , Thilagar Pakkirisamy
Published: February 2016

Review: [75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Well‐Defined, Mononuclear BiI and BiII Compounds: Towards Transition‐Metal‐Like Behavior
Authors: Lichtenberg Crispin
Published: February 2016

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoisomers of Organoplatinum Complexes
Authors: Melnik Milan , Mikus Peter
Published: February 2016

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applied Aspects of Tin(IV) and Organotin(IV) Complexes of Various Schiff Bases
Authors: Dubey Raj Kumar , Singh Avadhesh Pratap
Published: February 2016

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organomonophosphines in Pt(II) Coordination Complexes. Part I. Monomeric Square Planar (PtP4, PtP3X and PtP2X2)
Authors: Melnik Milan , Mikus Peter
Published: February 2016

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles @ MOFs
Authors: Falcaro Paolo , Ricco Raffaele , Yazdi Amirali , Imaz Inhar , Furukawa Shuhei , Maspoch Daniel , Ameloot Rob , Evans Jack D. , Doonan Christian J.
Published: February 2016

Review: 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kaolinite Properties and Advances for Solid Acid and Basic Catalyst Synthesis
Authors: Alaba Peter Adeniyi , Sani Yahaya Muhammad , Ashri Wan Daud Wan Mohd
Published: February 2016

Review: 161 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Applications of the Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Ahmadi Tahereh , Ghavidel Mahdieh , Heidari Bahareh , Hamidi Hoda
Published: February 2016

Review: 588 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Biphase H2O/CO2 System as a Versatile Reaction Medium for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pigaleva Marina A. , Elmanovich Igor V. , Kononevich Yuriy N. , Gallyamov Marat O. , Muzafarov Aziz M.
Published: February 2016

Review: applications of an acidic but self‐neutralizing biphase H2O/CO2 system in modern organic synthesis within the green chemistry paradigm; 223 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in 1,2,4‐Triazepines Chemistry
Authors: Elattar Khaled M. , Abozeid Mohamed A. , Mousa Ibrahim A. , El‐Mekabaty Ahmed
Published: February 2016

Review: theoretical calculations of conformations and tautomerism, syntheses, reactions and biological activities; 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Comprehension of Complex Chemical Evolution and Diversification of Terpene and Phenylpropanoid Pathways in Ocimum Species
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Kalunke Raviraj M. , Giri Ashok P.
Published: February 2016

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Synthesis of 5‐Unsubstituted Pyrrolidines via [3 + 2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Li Jundong , Zhao Huaibo , Zhang Yandong
Published: February 2016

Review: [16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium and Benzimidazolium Salts: A Veritable Playground for Organic and Supramolecular Chemists
Authors: Gauchot Vincent , Gravel Julien , Vidal Marc , Charbonneau Mathieu , Kairouz Vanessa , Schmitzer Andreea R.
Published: February 2016

Review: [35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chirality Transfer from Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Vazquez‐Nakagawa M. , Rodriguez‐Perez L. , Herranz M. A. , Martin N.
Published: February 2016

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Xanthones: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Negi J. S. , Bisht V. K. , Singh P. , Rawat M. S. M. , Joshi G. P.
Published: February 2016

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Complex‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Sun Jian , Deng Liang
Published: February 2016

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning the Redox Properties of the Titanocene(III)/(IV)‐Couple for Atom‐Economical Catalysis in Single Electron Steps
Authors: Gansaeuer A. , Hildebrandt S. , Vogelsang E. , Flowers, R. A. II
Published: February 2016

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination‐Driven Supramolecular Macromolecules via the Directional Bonding Approach
Authors: Cook Timothy R. , Stang Peter J.
Published: February 2016

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Fluorination Reactions ‐ A Promising Research Field for Continuous‐Flow Synthesis
Authors: Rehm Thomas H.
Published: February 2016

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron Bis(oxazoline) Complexes in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Ollevier Thierry
Published: February 2016

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Research Progress in the Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Ferrocene‐Based Derivatives and Polymers with Azobenzene
Authors: Zhai Xiaoting , Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Deng Zheng , Abdin Zain‐ul , Tong Rongbai , Yang Xianpeng , Chen Yongsheng , Saleem Muhammad
Published: February 2016

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modification of Condensed Tannins: From Polyphenol Chemistry to Materials Engineering
Authors: Garcia Danny E. , Glasser Wolfgang G. , Pizzi Antonio , Paczkowski Sebastian P. , Laborie Marie‐Pierre
Published: February 2016

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Study on Solid‐Phase Reduction of Silica‐Supported Nickel Oxide Species
Authors: Yamashita Shohei , Yamamoto Yusaku , Katayama Misaki , Inada Yasuhiro
Published: February 2016

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomedical Potential of Natural Products Derived through Metagenomic Approaches
Authors: Sanka Loganathachetti Dinesh , Muthuraman Sundararaman
Published: February 2016

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Cancer Treatment by Iron Chelators
Authors: Corce Vincent , Gouin Sebastien G. , Renaud Stephanie , Gaboriau Francois , Deniaud David
Published: February 2016

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inspired by Nature: The 3‐Halo‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazole Moiety as a Novel Molecular Warhead for the Design of Covalent Inhibitors
Authors: Pinto Andrea , Tamborini Lucia , Cullia Gregorio , Conti Paola , De Micheli Carlo
Published: February 2016

Review: [30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designing Irreversible Inhibitors — Worth the Effort?
Authors: Gonzalez‐Bello Concepcion
Published: February 2016

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Research Progress on Design Strategies, Synthesis and Performance of LiMn2O4‐Based Cathodes
Authors: Mao Fangxin , Guo Wei , Ma Jianmin
Published: February 2016

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Obtaining Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Transistor Applications
Authors: Islam Ahmad E. , Rogers John A. , Alam Muhammad A.
Published: February 2016

Review: 282 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery, Development, and Commercialization of Gold Catalysts for Acetylene Hydrochlorination
Authors: Johnston Peter , Carthey Nicholas , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: February 2016

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Plant‐Derived Nanostructures: Types and Applications
Authors: Mohammadinejad Reza , Karimi Samaneh , Iravani Siavash , Varma Rajender S.
Published: February 2016

Review: 350 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Gel Materials: Applications in Green and Sustainable Chemistry
Authors: Marr Patricia C. , Marr Andrew C.
Published: February 2016

Review: 271 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Chemistry vs. Flow Analysis
Authors: Trojanowicz Marek
Published: February 2016

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Porphyrinoids as Efficient Platforms for New Photonic Materials, Sensors, and Therapeutics
Authors: Bhupathiraju N. V. S. Dinesh K. , Rizvi Waqar , Batteas James D. , Drain Charles Michael
Published: February 2016

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Approaches to Control Spin Dynamics in Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
Authors: Mananga Eugene Stephane
Published: February 2016

Review: 190 refs.
Construction of Mouse‐Embryonic‐Cell‐Derived 3D Pacemaker Tissues by Layer‐by‐Layer Nanofilm Coating
Authors: Amano Yuto , Igarashi Takuya , Nishiguchi Akihiro , Matsusaki Michiya , Saito Yukihiro , Nakamura Kazufumi , Ito Hiroshi , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: February 2016

For the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, electronic pacemakers are often employed. However, they have issues such as bio‐incompatibility and battery limitations. Recently, the use of cells expressing hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated 4 (HCN4) channels for use as pacemaker cells instead of electronic pacemakers has attracted increasing attention. However, the cell transplantation treatment was not sufficiently effective because of the low engraftment rate of the transplanted cells and the risk of inflammatory reactions. Here, in order to overcome these issues, we constructed 3D‐pacemaker tissues composed of mouse‐embryonic‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (mESC‐CMs) in which the HCN4 gene had been introduced by the cell accumulation technique. The obtained tissues beat faster than control tissues and beats per minute (BPM) increased clearly with tissue thickness. This is the first report suggesting the relation between BPM and tissue thickness. Moreover, the pacemaker tissue could control the beating of the patched tissue.
Excitation Dynamics in Hetero‐bichromophoric Calixarene Systems
Authors: Tosi Irene , Segado Centellas Mireia , Campioli Elisa , Iagatti Alessandro , Lapini Andrea , Sissa Cristina , Baldini Laura , Cappelli Chiara , Di Donato Mariangela , Sansone Francesco , Santoro Fabrizio , Terenziani Francesca
Published: February 2016

In this work, the dynamics of electronic energy transfer (EET) in bichromophoric donor–acceptor systems, obtained by functionalizing a calix[4]arene scaffold with two dyes, was experimentally and theoretically characterized. The investigated compounds are highly versatile, due to the possibility of linking the dye molecules to the cone or partial cone structure of the calix[4]arene, which directs the two active units to the same or opposite side of the scaffold, respectively. The dynamics and efficiency of the EET process between the donor and acceptor units was investigated and discussed through a combined experimental and theoretical approach, involving ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy and density functional theory based characterization of the energetic and spectroscopic properties of the system. Our results suggest that the external medium strongly determines the particular conformation adopted by the bichromophores, with a direct effect on the extent of excitonic coupling between the dyes and hence on the dynamics of the EET process itself.
Catalytic Response and Stability of Nickel/Alumina for the Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Water
Authors: Perret Noémie , Grigoropoulos Alexios , Zanella Marco , Manning Troy D. , Claridge John B. , Rosseinsky Matthew J.
Published: February 2016

The catalytic response of Ni on Al2O3 obtained from Ni–Al layered double hydroxides was studied for the liquid‐phase hydrogenation of hydroxymethyl furfural to tetrahydrofuran‐2,5‐diyldimethanol (THFDM) in water. The successive calcination and reduction of the precursors caused the removal of interlayer hydroxyl and carbonate groups and the reduction of Ni2+ to Ni0. Four reduced mixed oxide catalysts were obtained, consisting of different amount of Ni metal contents (47–68 wt %) on an Al‐rich amorphous component. The catalytic activity was linked to Ni content whereas selectivity was mainly affected by reaction temperature. THFDM was formed in a stepwise manner at low temperature (353 K) whereas 3‐hydroxymethyl cyclopentanone was generated at higher temperature. Coke formation caused deactivation; however, the catalytic activity can be regenerated using heat treatment. The results establish Ni on Al2O3 as a promising catalyst for the production of THFDM in water.
Organic Linker Defines the Excited‐State Decay of Photocatalytic MIL‐125(Ti)‐Type Materials
Authors: Santaclara Jara G. , Nasalevich Maxim A. , Castellanos Sonia , Evers Wiel H. , Spoor Frank C. M. , Rock Kamila , Siebbeles Laurens D. A. , Kapteijn Freek , Grozema Ferdinand , Houtepen Arjan , Gascon Jorge , Hunger Johannes , van der Veen Monique A.
Published: February 2016

Recently, MIL‐125(Ti) and NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti), two titanium‐based metal–organic frameworks, have attracted significant research attention in the field of photocatalysis for solar fuel generation. This work reveals that the differences between these structures are not only based on their light absorption range but also on the decay profile and topography of their excited states. In contrast to MIL‐125(Ti), NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti) shows markedly longer lifetimes of the charge‐separated state, which improves photoconversion by the suppression of competing decay mechanisms. We used spectroelectrochemistry and ultrafast spectroscopy to demonstrate that upon photoexcitation in NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti) the electron is located in the Ti‐oxo clusters and the hole resides on the aminoterephthalate unit, specifically on the amino group. The results highlight the role of the amino group in NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti), the electron donation of which extends the lifetime of the photoexcited state substantially.
Supporting health science students' communication skills: Avoiding pitfalls
Authors: Jain Neera R. , Meeks Lisa M.
Published: February 2016

Communication is an area fraught with difficulty, particularly in the health science arena, where communication is central to patient safety and student progress. Indeed, the ability to communicate effectively is one of the mandatory curricular content areas for medical students as outlined by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education's 2016–17 accreditation standards, “7.8 Communication Skills: The faculty of a medical school ensure that the medical curriculum includes specific instruction in communication skills as they relate to communication with patients and their families, colleagues, and other health professionals.”
Apply business‐world techniques to disability services leadership
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: February 2016

College staff members and administrators tend to spend more time in meetings than they'd like. But they also understand how important it is for everyone to have a voice.
β‐catenin and Kras/Foxm1 signaling pathway are critical to restrict Sox9 in basal cells during pulmonary branching morphogenesis
Authors: Ustiyan Vladimir , Zhang Yufang , Perl Anne‐Karina T. , Whitsett Jeffrey A. , Kalin Tanya V. , Kalinichenko Vladimir V.
Published: February 2016

Background: Lung morphogenesis is regulated by interactions between the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 signaling pathways that establish proximal‐peripheral patterning of lung tubules. How these interactions influence the development of respiratory epithelial progenitors to acquire airway as compared to alveolar epithelial cell fate is unknown. During branching morphogenesis, SOX9 transcription factor is normally restricted from conducting airway epithelial cells and is highly expressed in peripheral, acinar progenitor cells that serve as precursors of alveolar type 2 (AT2) and AT1 cells as the lung matures. Results: To identify signaling pathways that determine proximal‐peripheral cell fate decisions, we used the SFTPC gene promoter to delete or overexpress key members of Wnt/β‐catenin and Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways in fetal respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Activation of β‐catenin enhanced SOX9 expression in peripheral epithelial progenitors, whereas deletion of β‐catenin inhibited SOX9. Surprisingly, deletion of β‐catenin caused accumulation of atypical SOX9‐positive basal cells in conducting airways. Inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling by KrasG12D or its downstream target Foxm1 stimulated SOX9 expression in basal cells. Genetic inactivation of Foxm1 from KrasG12D‐expressing epithelial cells prevented the accumulation of SOX9‐positive basal cells in developing airways. Conclusions: Interactions between the Wnt/β‐catenin and the Kras/ERK/Foxm1 pathways are essential to restrict SOX9 expression in basal cells. Developmental Dynamics 245:590–604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vegetation as self‐adaptive coastal protection: Reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer
Authors: Carus Jana , Paul Maike , Schröder Boris
Published: February 2016

By reducing current velocity, tidal marsh vegetation can diminish storm surges and storm waves. Conversely, currents often exert high mechanical stresses onto the plants and hence affect vegetation structure and plant characteristics. In our study, we aim at analysing this interaction from both angles. On the one hand, we quantify the reduction of current velocity byBolboschoenus maritimus,and on the other hand, we identify functional traits ofB. maritimus’ramets along environmental gradients. Our results show that tidal marsh vegetation is able to buffer a large proportion of the flow velocity at currents under normal conditions. Cross‐shore current velocity decreased with distance from the marsh edge and was reduced by more than 50% after 15 m of vegetation. We were furthermore able to show that plants growing at the marsh edge had a significantly larger diameter than plants from inside the vegetation. We found a positive correlation between plant thickness and cross‐shore current which could provide an adaptive value in habitats with high mechanical stress. With the adapted morphology of plants growing at the highly exposed marsh edge, the entire vegetation belt is able to better resist the mechanical stress of high current velocities. This self‐adaptive effect thus increases the ability ofB. maritimusto grow and persist in the pioneer zone and may hence better contribute to ecosystem‐based coastal protection by reducing current velocity.
Assemblages of saproxylic beetles on large downed trunks of oak
Authors: Milberg Per , Bergman Karl‐Olof , Sancak Kerem , Jansson Nicklas
Published: February 2016

Old living oaks (Quercus robur) are known as a very species‐rich habitat for saproxylic beetles, but it is less clear to what extent such veteran trees differ from an even rarer feature: downed trunks of large oaks. In this study, we set out to sample this habitat, using window traps, with two aims: (1) to describe the variation of assemblages among downed trunks of different type and (2) to compare beetles on downed oaks with data from veteran standing trees. The results showed that trunk volume and sun exposure better explained assemblages as well as species numbers on downed trunks than did decay stage. Furthermore, species classified as facultative saproxylic species showed weak or no differentiation among downed trunks. Species with different feeding habits showed no apparent differentiation among downed trunks. Furthermore, species composition on dead, downed oak trunks differed sharply from that of living, veteran oaks. Wood or bark feeders were more common on veterans than downed trunks, but there was no difference for those species feeding on fungi or those feeding on insects and their remains. In conclusion, for a successful conservation of the saproxylic beetle fauna it is important to keep downed oak trunks, and particularly large ones, in forest and pastures as they constitute a saproxylic habitat that differs from that of living trees.
M‐Doped TiO2 and TiO2–MxOy Mixed Oxides (M = V, Bi, W) by Reactive Mineralization of Cellulose – Evaluation of Their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Plumejeau Sandrine , Rivallin Matthieu , Brosillon Stephan , Ayral André , Boury Bruno
Published: February 2016

M‐doped TiO2 and mixed oxides MxOy–TiO2 (M = V, Bi, W) were synthesized by the reactive mineralization of ash‐free filter paper under anhydrous conditions. Mixtures of metal chlorides (TiCl4 with VOCl3, WCl6, or BiCl3) were reacted directly with cellulose, and three different Ti/M atomic ratios were used (99, 19, and 9). The resulting materials consist of original nanoflower assemblies of needle‐shaped primary particles. Their physicochemical characteristics were investigated by various techniques (X‐ray diffraction, diffuse‐reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and elemental analysis). The incorporation of the doping metal or the formation of mixture of oxides with TiO2 (WO3, Bi2O3) depends on the metal and the proportions used. The photocatalytic activities of the materials were tested for the degradation of phenol. The vanadium‐doped materials exhibit true solid‐solution formation and their band gaps shift into the visible range.
Transition Metal Mediated C–H Activation and Functionalization: The Role of Poly(pyrazolyl)borate and Poly(pyrazolyl)alkane Ligands
Authors: McKeown Bradley A. , Lee John P. , Mei Jiajun , Cundari Thomas R. , Gunnoe T. Brent
Published: February 2016

The emergence of hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) and related ligands has had a substantial influence in the field of organometallic chemistry with regards to C–H activation. The electronic and structural properties of Tp and related ligands, such as poly(pyrazolyl)alkane ligands, play an important role in the ability of several transition metal complexes to mediate C–H activation and functionalization. Herein, several studies of stoichiometric and catalytic C–H activation by platinum group metals are reviewed.
How Hydrogen Bonds Affect Reactivity and Intervalence Charge Transfer in Ferrocenium‐Phenolate Radicals
Authors: Neidlinger Andreas , Förster Christoph , Heinze Katja
Published: February 2016

The ferrocenyl‐phenol 2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐(ferrocenylcarbamoyl)phenol (H‐1) forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds which are absent in its constitutional isomer 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(ferrocenylcarbamoyl)phenol (H‐2). Their corresponding bases 1– and 2– show intra‐ and intermolecular NH···O hydrogen bonds, respectively. The phenolate 1– is reversibly oxidized to 1·, whereas 2– only undergoes a quasi‐reversible oxidation to 2·, which suggests a higher reactivity. The radical pools of 1· and 2· formed by the oxidation/deprotonation of H‐1 and H‐2 have been probed by (rapid‐freeze) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and by spin‐trapping techniques to elucidate the types of radicals present. Ferrocenium phenolate [1a]· featuring an NH···O intramolecular hydrogen bond is the most stable radical and undergoes thermal and photoinduced valence isomerization to the phenoxyl radical valence isomer [1b]· with participation of the NH stretching mode (proton‐coupled electron transfer). A ferrocenium iminolate radical [1c]· is present as well and equilibrates with the carbon‐centered ferrocenyl radicals [1Cp]· and [1β]·. The latter radicals are intercepted by nitrobenzene to give the corresponding stable nitroxyl radicals [6Cp]· and [6β]·. All the radicals 2·, which lack intramolecular hydrogen bonds, are transient in nature due to rapid follow‐up reactions. However, rapid‐freeze EPR spectroscopy indicated the presence of ferrocenium iminolate [2c]·, the phenoxyl radical [2b]·, and/or carbon‐centered radicals [2Cp]· and [2β]·. The carbon‐centered radicals [2Cp]· and [2β]· are selectively trapped as the corresponding nitroxide radicals [7Cp]· and [7β]·. These diverse reactivity patterns are relevant for cytostatic ferrocenyl‐phenols such as ferrocifen.
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of CuI Complexes with Chelating Phosphinito Phosphinine Ligands
Authors: Chen Xiaodan , Li Zhongshu , Yanan Fan , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: February 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Hansjörg Grützmacher, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and Zhongshu Li, Sun Yat‐Sen University, Guangzhou, China. The cover image shows the synthesis of dinuclear copper(I) halide complexes from a new diphenylphosphinite phosphinine as chelating ligand and simple CuI halides.
An efficient catalytic three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols
Authors: Fodran Peter , Das Nick J. L. C. , Eisink Niek N. H. M. , Welleman Ilse M. , Kloek William , Minnaard Adriaan J.
Published: February 2016

With the developments in high performance chromatography and mass spectrometry, the analysis of complex mixtures of closely related triacylglycerols has come within reach. Currently, however, the availability of chemically pure triacylglycerols is limited, mainly due to the lack of efficient synthetic methods that allow their synthesis. Here, we report an efficient and operationally simple three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols with yields ranging from 79 to 92%, that tolerates a broad range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, we developed an automated protocol, which might greatly facilitate the synthesis of triacylglycerol libraries.

Practical applications: The analysis of the composition of milk fat and as analytical standards in lipidomics.

An efficient three‐step synthesis of enantiopure triacylglycerols with yields ranging from 79 to 92% is reported. This is accompanied by an automated protocol for triacylglycerol synthesis.
Exploration of Ring‐Closing Enyne Metathesis for the Synthesis of ­Azonino[5,4‐b]indoles
Authors: Solé Daniel , Bennasar M.‐Lluïsa , Roca Tomàs , Valldosera Magdalena
Published: February 2016

The use of the ring‐closing enyne metathesis (RCEYM) as a methodology for the synthesis of the azonino[5,4‐b]indole system, featuring the tricyclic substructure of the alkaloids cleavamine and quebrachamine, has been explored. Three series of enyne substrates were studied for their compatibility with the RCEYM reaction. In addition to the usual substrates bearing either a terminal or an internal alkyne, for the first time enynes with an alkynyl halide moiety were also considered. Although the metathesis cyclization allowed for assembly of the azoninoindole nucleus in all three series, an effective catalytic cycle was only noted for internal alkyne substrates. On the basis of the experimental results, the “yne‐then‐ene” pathway seems to be the mechanism at play in these reactions.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrocarboxylation of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Jeschke Janine , Engelhardt Tony B. , Lang Heinrich
Published: February 2016

The application of the highly efficient ruthenium catalyst [Ru(CO)2{P(p‐CF3–C6H4)3}2(O2CPh)2] (1) in the selective syn‐addition of carboxylic acids to internal alkynes, yielding valuable trisubstituted enol esters with (E)‐configuration, is described. All reactions feature excellent stereoselectivities and good regioselectivities. The regioselectivity is dictated by electronic and steric aspects of the alkyne substituents and the acidity of the carboxylic acid. The catalytic activity can be significantly increased by the addition of catalytic amounts of B(C6F5)3. Relative to known catalysts for the synthesis of (E)‐enol esters, this methodology offers improved selectivity and requires lower catalyst loadings. Moreover, a broad range of alkynes and carboxylic acids can be successfully converted to their corresponding (E)‐enol esters in high yields.
Indium‐Triflate‐Catalyzed Ritter Reaction in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Posevins Daniels , Suta Krista , Turks Māris
Published: February 2016

The use of liquid sulfur dioxide as a reaction solvent facilitates the Ritter reaction between alcohols and nitriles. In(OTf)3 was found to be a viable catalyst for this transformation. The newly developed catalytic conditions for the Ritter reaction were successfully applied to the synthesis of various amides, which were formed in good to excellent yields. The catalytic activation of secondary alcohols for Ritter reactions in liquid sulfur dioxide was also found to be effective.
Electrochemical Amination of Less‐Activated Alkylated Arenes Using Boron‐Doped Diamond Anodes
Authors: Herold Sebastian , Möhle Sabine , Zirbes Michael , Richter Frank , Nefzger Hartmut , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: February 2016

The anodic C–H amination of aromatic compounds is a powerful and versatile method for the synthesis of aniline derivatives. By using boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anodes, a method initially described by Yoshida et al. for electron‐rich arenes was expanded to less‐activated aromatic systems e.g., simple alkylated benzene derivatives. Anodes based on sp3 carbon seem to be the key for the electrochemical amination reaction. The corresponding primary anilines are obtained in good yields. Despite the cationic intermediates of the electrolytic reaction tert‐butyl moieties are tolerated.
A Self‐Assembled Rectangular Host with Terpyridine–Platinum(II) Moieties That Binds Unsubstituted Pentacene in Solution
Authors: Yamaki Yusuke , Nakamura Takashi , Suzuki Sayuri , Yamamura Masaki , Minoura Mao , Nabeshima Tatsuya
Published: February 2016

Pentacene has attracted much attention as an organic electric material, but it often suffers from its very low solubility. We now report self‐assembled rectangular host 18+ that has two pairs of terpyridine–PtII moieties aligned parallel to each other and connected by diyne linkers. The host encapsulated unsubstituted pentacene (2) with a remarkably strong binding constant of Ka ≈ 107 M–1 and solubilized it in acetonitrile up to the millimolar level. For smaller acenes (i.e., naphthalene to tetracene), a planar arrangement of two molecules inside the cavity was achieved. These results made it possible to analyze the acenes in the solution phase and provided a way to align the guests by a solution‐processing method as a possible application, and thus, they contribute to fundamental physical organic chemistry as well as organic electronics.
Internal C–C Bond Rotation in Photoisomers of α‐Bisimines: a Light‐Responsive Two‐Step Molecular Speed Regulator Based on Double Imine Photoswitching
Authors: Greb Lutz , Eichhöfer Andreas , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: February 2016

Benzil‐based α‐bisimines are implemented as photoswitches for the construction of a speed‐regulating molecular device, in which, by application of light, three different states may be addressed, showing distinct frequencies of internal C–C bond rotation, spanning 12 orders of magnitude. Bond rotation barriers were determined experimentally and elucidated by DFT‐methods.
Altered function of intracortical networks in chronic lateral epicondylalgia
Authors: Burns E. , Chipchase L.S. , Schabrun S.M.
Published: February 2016

Background

Lateral epicondylalgia (LE) is a musculotendinous condition characterized by persistent pain, sensorimotor dysfunction and motor cortex reorganization. Although there is evidence linking cortical reorganization with clinical symptoms in LE, the mechanisms underpinning these changes are unknown. Here we investigated activity in motor cortical (M1) intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks in individuals with chronic LE and healthy controls.

Methods

Surface electromyography was recorded bilaterally from the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle of 14 LE (4 men, 41.5 ± 9.9 years) and 14 control participants (4 men, 42.1 ± 11.1 years). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of M1 was used to evaluate resting and active motor threshold, corticomotor output, short‐ (SICI) and long‐latency intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) of both hemispheres.

Results

In individuals with LE, SICI (p = 0.005), ICF (p = 0.026) and LICI (p = 0.046) were less in the M1 contralateral to the affected ECRB muscle compared with healthy controls. Motor cortical threshold (rest: p = 0.57, active: p = 0.97) and corticomotor output (p = 0.15) were similar between groups. No differences were observed between individuals with LE and healthy controls for the M1 contralateral to the unaffected ECRB muscle.

Conclusions

These data provide evidence of less intracortical inhibition mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and less intracortical facilitation in the M1 contralateral to the affected ECRB in individuals with LE compared with healthy controls. Similar changes were not present in the M1 contralateral to the unaffected ECRB. These changes may provide the substrate for M1 reorganization in chronic LE and could provide a target for future therapy.

What does this study add

Lateral epicondylalgia (LE) is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by elbow pain and sensorimotor dysfunction. The excitability and organization of the motor cortical representation of the wrist extensor muscles is altered in LE, but the mechanisms that underpin these changes are unknown. evidence of less intracortical inhibition mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and less intracortical facilitation mediated by NMDA receptors, in the M1 contralateral to the affected extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle in chronic LE compared with healthy controls. Altered activity in intracortical networks may contribute to altered motor cortex organization in LE and could provide a potential target for future treatments.
Formation and Electrical Evaluation of a Single Metallized DNA Nanowire in a Nanochannel
Authors: Himuro Takahiro , Sato Shinobu , Takenaka Shigeori , Yasuda Takashi
Published: February 2016

A novel fabrication process was developed for a single silver nanowire using DNA metallization in a nanochannel, and the electrical properties of this nanowire were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. After being isolated using a nanochannel measuring 500 nm in depth and 500 nm in width, a single λDNA molecule was electrostatically stretched and immobilized between two electrodes separated by a gap of 15 μm by applying an AC voltage of 1 MHz and 20 Vp‐p. Then, naphthalene diimide molecules terminally‐labeled with galactose moieties were intercalated into the λDNA, and the reduction of silver ions along the λDNA led to its metallization with silver. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that two nanowires having different average widths of 154 nm and 250 nm were formed in two individual nanochannels. The nanowires showed the linear current‐voltage characteristics, and their combined resistance was estimated to be 45.5 Ω. The complex impedance of the nanowires was measured, and an equivalent circuit was obtained as a series connection of a resistance and a parallel resistance‐constant phase element circuit. Impedance analysis revealed that the nanowire included silver grain boundaries, and the bulk resistivity of silver grain was estimated to be 8.35×10−8 Ωm.
Characterization and Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Consisting of Nanosized Cobalt Tetraaminophenoxy Phthalocyanine, Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Shumba Munyaradzi , Nyokong Tebello
Published: February 2016

Glassy carbon electrodes were modified with composites containing cobalt tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine nanoparticles (CoTAPhPcNP), multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and gold nanorods (AuNRs). The modified electrodes were studied for their electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Phthalocyanine nanoparticles significantly improved electron transfer kinetics as compared to phthalocyanines which are not in the nanoparticle form when alone or in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). CoTAPhPcNP‐MWCNT‐GCE proved to be suitable for hydrogen peroxide detection with a catalytic rate constant of 3.45×103 M−1 s−1 and a detection limit of 1.61×10−7 M. Adsorption Gibbs free energy ΔGo was found to be −19.22 kJ mol−1 for CoTAPhPcNP‐MWCNT‐GCE.
Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for the MUC1 Protein Based on Multi‐functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Zhang Ning , Li Wenrou , Guo Zhiyong , Sha Yuhong , Wang Sui , Su Xiurong , Jiang Xiaohua
Published: February 2016

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was prepared for the detection of Mucin 1 based on its specific recognition by aptamer immobilized on multi‐functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite, which was prepared with N‐(4‐aminobutyl)‐N‐ethylisoluminol (ABEI) and aptamer chemically bound to the surface of magnetic GO (nanoFe3O4@GO). ABEI and aptamer acted as the electrochemiluminophore and the capture device for Mucin 1 respectively. NanoFe3O4@GO brought multi‐functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite attracted on the surface of magnetic glass carbon electrode through magnetism, enabled all the ABEI immobilized electrochemically active due to its good conductivity and thus then facilitated the sensitive detection of Mucin 1. In addition, the ECL aptasensor can be prepared through a one‐step process. Under optimal conditions, the ECL intensity of the aptasensor decreased proportionally to the logarithmic concentrations of Mucin 1 in the range of 0.005–1000 ng mL−1. This aptasensor displays good specificity, stability, reproducibility and application. This method has a large potential because such a multi‐functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite also may be applied to other ECL‐based aptasensors.
Fabrication and Use of Dual‐function Iridium Oxide Coated Gold SECM Tips. An Application to pH Monitoring above a Copper Electrode Surface during Nitrate Reduction.
Authors: Santos Carla S. , Lima Alex S. , Battistel Dario , Daniele Salvatore , Bertotti Mauro
Published: February 2016

The fabrication of a gold microelectrode modified with iridium oxide film (IrOx) and its use as tip with a dual function in SECM experiments is reported. The defective structure of the coating onto the microelectrode surface was used as strategy to combine the advantages of both amperometric (for current‐distance determination) and potentiometric (for pH sensing) SECM operation modes. Approach curves, using oxygen and hexaammineruthenium(III) as redox mediators, were obtained without significant loss of the performance and reproducibility of the potentiometric pH response. This allowed the precise positioning of the proposed tip above a substrate in SECM experiments and, subsequently, to monitor pH at the substrate surface. The IrOx modified microelectrode was applied successfully in SECM experiments involving the local proton consumption during the nitrate reduction at a copper cathode surface.
Triple‐pulse Method for Monitoring Formate in CO2 Conversion Process
Authors: Jeong Soojin , Shin Woonsup
Published: February 2016

In CO2‐to‐formic‐acid process, real‐time monitoring of formate is pivotal for the efficient control of the process. A stable sensing method that is suitable for measuring the high concentrations of formate produced during this process is required. Here, we developed a triple‐potential‐step method to monitor the formate in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M and showed that a long‐term, continuous monitoring is possible. Among the Pd‐, Pt‐, and Au‐electrode materials tested, Au was the best option due to its low sensitivity and its stability in formate oxidation.
Determination of Amlodipine and Atenolol by Batch Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection on Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Silva Almir A. , Silva Luiz A. J. , Munoz Rodrigo A. A. , Oliveira Aline C. , Richter Eduardo M.
Published: February 2016

This work describes the sequential determination of amlodipine (AML) and atenolol (ATN) by batch injection analysis (BIA) with pulsed amperometric detection (BIA‐PAD). Boron doped diamond (BDD) was used as working electrode. AML was detected at +1.00 V and ATN at +1.65 V. The proposed BIA method is simple, robust, precise (RSD <3.2 %; n=10), presents high analytical frequency (>70 injections h−1), generates reduced volume of waste (without use of organic solvent) and requires minimal sample manipulation (dissolution and dilution in electrolyte). The limits of detection were 0.074 and 0.073 µmol L−1 for AML and ATN, respectively. The results obtained with the proposed BIA method were compared to those obtained by HPLC and similar results were obtained (at 95% of confidence level).