bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative detergency of several built polyethenoxy alkanoates
Authors: Ballun A. T. , Schumacher J. N. , Kapella G. E. , Karabinos J. V.
Published: January 2007

Polyethenoxy alkanoates of varying ethenoxy chain length were prepared, and comparative detergency values were obtained on these substances. It was noted that approximately two‐thirds of one ethenoxy group for each carbon atom in the hydrophobic portion of the molecule was essential for optimum detergency values. The nonionic esters prepared from lauric and myristic acids possessed substantially greater detergency than pelgargonic and stearic acids. 12‐Hydroxystearic acid was likewise condensed with ethylene oxide, and curiously enough no ethenoxy groups were found attached to the secondary hydroxyl group. A partial explanation for this behavior based on the addition of ethylene oxide to the hydroxyl group of greatest acidity is presented.
Problems and outlook in evolving food regulation
Authors: Burditt George M.
Published: January 2007

Oil chemists and other food technologists are confronted by a rapidly changing food regulatory environment. New concepts of standards, procedures, tolerances, etc., are being reviewed amid the emergence of significant recent and foreseeable legislation. Designed foods such as margarine are significantly affected. Major changes involve a new federal food regulatory organization different from the traditional FDA, problems of interrelationship of FDA and USDA controls and procedures, a mixed situation in state regulatory work where federallaw, funding and leadership is strengthening in some sectors, but where other phases of enforcement may become more state oriented. A definite new problem of uniformity and government intervention has emerged. Leadership personnel also is changing. Net, the responsibility of oils and food technologists is increasing. It is necessary to reexamine their relationships and goals in the regulatory field interest of continued development of food products and public acceptance of existing standards of preparation and handling.
Studies on the physical properties of the system: Barium caproate‐water and propanol‐1
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Varma R. P.
Published: January 2007

The critical micelle concentration of barium caproate has been determined by studying the density and viscosity of the soap solutions in water‐propanol‐1 mixtures of varying composition. Studies on solubility, density, viscosity and molecular conductivity confirm that the change in the nature of the micelles occurs between 50% and 60% propanol‐1 concentrations.
N‐phenylaminomethylation: A one‐step route to N‐substituted anilines from unsaturated fatty derivatives and olefins
Authors: Grimm Robert A.
Published: January 2007

Unsaturated fatty materials, such as ethyl oleate and oleonitrile, are found to react with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and aniline at 150 C to give N‐monoalkylanilines. The alkyl group is derived from the unsaturated fatty material plus the group H‐CH2added across the double bond. Similarly 1‐decene, in a rapid reaction, gives N,N‐di‐n‐undecylaniline and N‐undecylaniline as major and minor products respectively. 1,2,3‐Tris‐(triphenylphosphine)trichlorohodium is an excellent catalyst for this reaction.
A new color test for detecting pongam(Pongamia glabra) seed oil
Authors: Thirumala Rao S. D. , Ramachar D. , Murthy G. Krishna
Published: January 2007

A rapid color test for the detection of 3% or more of pongam (Pongamia glabra) seed oil in other fats, based on the intense yellow to bright orange color which the oil gives on coming in contact with antimony trichloride, has been described.
Electrophoretic mobility studies of colloidal particles in aqueous solutions of various phosphates
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya
Published: January 2007

Electrophoretic mobilities of carbon black, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide and bentonite particles have been systematically measured in solutions of a series of sodium polyphosphates and metaphosphates. The mobilities of those particles carrying negative charge in phosphate solutions are relatively high as compared with those in solutions of various electrolytes other than phosphates. This would be indicative of strong adsorption of phosphate ions onto the surface of the particle. In polyphosphate (Nan+2PnO3n+1) solutions the mobility increases with increasing n in the region of n≤3 and then becomes constant at n>3, while in metaphosphate (NanPnO3n) solutions the mobility is nearly constant independent of n except the case with n of 3. The electrophoretic behavior of the particles is highly dependent on the pH of the solutions—the higher the pH of the solution, the greater the mobility of the particle. However, the mobilities in phosphate solutions are in general much higher than those expected from the pH of the solutions. The electrophoretic data in solutions of acid and neutral phosphates have also been included.
Temperature effects during the storage of cottonseed
Authors: Harris W. B.
Published: January 2007

A recently published formula (1) enables persons storing cottonseed to predict the amount of deterioration to be expected as a function of storage time. It permits expected storage losses to be weighed against other economic alternatives such as accelerated processing. However, the formula has a serious limitation inasmuch as it is useful only when the storage temperature remains constant. This paper discusses the effect of temperature upon the seed deterioration rate and it extends the formula to cover the effect of changing temperature conditions.
Process gas chromatography of fatty acid distillation streams. II. Design and construction of the process chromatograph
Authors: Stoll E. H. , Metcalfe L. D. , Nuding N. E. , Hartsuch G. P. , Shapiro S. H.
Published: January 2007

When applied to fatty acid process chromatography, conventional instrumentation is inadequate because of the temp required for effective vaporization of the sample. The instrument described uses a special injector operating at 300C for analysis of distillate streams containing fatty acids C6 through C18. Tape programmed operation presents analytical data as a chromatogram or as digital printout of electronically integrated peak areas. Details of construction are discussed together with some design problems.
Removing 99.99998% of oil aerosols from compressed air and other gases
Authors: Benner Don W.
Published: January 2007

The oil and water particulates in compressed air and other gases are present as sprays, mists, fogs, smoke, fumes and vapors. The best method found to date for removing the oil and water contaminants from compressed air is a combination of direct impaction, inertial compaction, diffusion (Brownian motion) and coalescence, the latter being the main method of removing them. Baffles, centrifugal flow and flow directional changes of the air stream are helpful in causing coalescence and impingement. Flowing the air through porous media also is effective. The best way to coalesce liquid particulates from compressed air is to control the air flow and velocity as it passes through a fibrous bed that has predetermined porosity and which has minute strands and permanent electrostatic charges. An element designed with a prefilter with tiny pores in a cloth‐like layer such as silicon‐treated borosilicate enhances coalescing of the liquids. The air passageway between the random microfibers of inert strands located in the next layer through which air travels, and at right angles to the air stream, is very small. he strands must also be very fine (0.5 μ mean diameter). Because of the smaller open area and the smaller diameter of the fibers, this material is more effective as a coalescer of liquid droplets from 5 μ in size down to 0.01 μ in size. This structure also removes small solid particulates by diffusion (Brownian motion) and direct or inertial impaction. As long as air is flowing this design results in an almost continuous film of liquid on the outer layer. Ordinarily excessive air velocities in an element of this kind will cause subdivision of coalesced droplets. An outer cover of a material like a soft plastic, porous foam traps the coalesced film of liquid something like a sponge sleeve would “soak” liquids off a wetted outer cylinder wall. By gravity the liquids migrate down within the foam cover, dropping off the bottom of it and into the sump, out of the gas system.
Controlled foam laundry formulations
Authors: Katstra Richard D. , Sosis Paul
Published: January 2007

Heavy duty laundry systems are complex formulations containing a large number of ingredients. They can be formulated to produce a variety of foam profiles. This work has demonstrated that laundry detergent systems, which consist principally of biodegradable nonionic active components, may be formulated to exhibit low and moderate controlled foam profiles under typically American and European working conditions. In addition these formulations demonstrate excellent detergency properties when compared to currently distributed commercial brands.
Analysis of arsenic and bromine in marine and terrestrial oils
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand
Published: January 2007

Samples of marine and terrestrial oils of both plant and animal origin have been analyzed for arsenic and bromine content. Two oil samples (cod liver oil and oil extracted from mackerel fillets) were fractionated on silica gel columns and bromine was determined in the different fractions. The results obtained indicate that lipid soluble bromine and arseno organic compounds are characteristic components of marine animal and marine plant oils (seaweed). The results also show that the bromine is not localized in any particular compound or type of compounds. The bromine‐containing compounds seem to be relatively stable, but the arseno‐containing compounds are not. When oils containing arsenic and bromine were saponified, some of the arsenic and bromine compounds were found in the fatty acid fraction while others appeared in the water soluble fraction.
The glyceride structure of camphor(Cinnamomum camphora) seed fat
Authors: Mathur J. M. S.
Published: January 2007

The glyceride structure of a specimen ofCinnamomum camphora seed fat has been studied using oxidation procedure for determining the trisaturated and the gravime tric azelaogly ceride analysis technique for determining di‐ and monosaturated glycerides. The fat contains 93% saturated acids and the molecular proportions of tri‐, di‐ and monosaturated and triunsaturated glycerides are found to be 80,17,1 and 2% respectively. The pattern of acyl group distribution is in close agreement with the requirements of Random Distribution, Glyceride Type Distribution Rule, Widest Distribution and the three theories of Gunstone. There is no restriction in synthesis of fully saturated glycerides. The mean position of first double bond in fatty acids suggests the presence of positional isomers.
Trace phosphate analysis in silicate‐containing detergents
Authors: Domsky I. I. , Graber M. B. , Goldstein M. M.
Published: January 2007

A colorimetric method has been developed, suitable for determining low levels (10–200 ppm) of phosphorous in detergent formulations containing large amounts of silicate. Samples are ashed to remove organic matter, hydrolyzed to convert all phosphates to ortho‐phosphate, and centrifuged to remove any SiO2, carbon or other solids. Phosphomolybdic acid is formed and extracted into an organic solvent, where it is reduced to the classic molybdenum blue color by stannous chloride. The procedure yields accurate and reproducible results, with reliability at the 25 ppm phosphorous level of ±3 ppm.
Crystallization and fractionation of milk fat
Authors: Sherbon J. W.
Published: January 2007

Recent progress in understanding milk fat crystallization and fractionation is reviewed. Extent of fat solidification in butter can be altered by variations in thermal treatment of cream prior to churning. Because of its compositional complexity, milk fat rarely exhibits polymorphism. As with mixtures of closely related triglycerides, milk fat forms solid solutions. A typical milk fat begins melting below −40 C, maximum melting occurs at 15–18 C, and the highest melting fraction appears 20–37 C as a shoulder on the main peak. Dispersion of fat in emulsions increases its tolerance to supercooling, thereby altering the properties and composition of the solid phase. Most studies of milk fat fractionation have used progressive fractional crystallization, either of the melt or of solutions. Both procedures result in fractions showing larger changes in mp than in composition. The high melting glyceride fraction, ca. 5% total fat, influences crystallization out of proportion to concentration. The Alfa‐Laval system, using an aqueous suspension of partially crystalline fat, produces two fractions. Typical high melting fractions have softening points ca. 3C higher than the original fat. The softening point of typical low melting fractions is lowered 10 C. Refractionation is easier with the high melting fraction. Melting thermograms of these fractions show them as resembling fractions prepared from melted fat.
Chromatographic separation of lactone precursors and tentative identification of the े‐lactones of 4‐hydroxy octanoic and 4‐hydroxy nonanoic acids in butterfat
Authors: Kinsella J. E. , Patton S. , Dimick P. S.
Published: January 2007

A combination of silicic acid column and thin layer chromatography which separates े‐ and ै‐hydroxy acid containing glycerides from butterfat is described. This procedure facilitates the isolation of the े‐ and ै‐hydroxy acids (lactone precursors) while avoiding lactonization. The method indicated that the hydroxy acids are entirely esterified to the glyceride in fresh butterfat. Hydrolysis, using pancreatic lipase, showed that these polar acids are located on the ॅ‐positions of the glycerides. The े‐lactones of 4‐hydroxy octanoic and 4‐hydroxy nonanoic acids were tentatively identified by gas liquid chromatography. These occurred in quantities of 0.25‐0.5 ppm and approximately 0.2 ppm respectively in the butterfat samples investigated.
The effects of seed pretreatments and extraction conditions on the amount of minor components in seed oils. I. Lipid peroxides
Authors: Appelqvist L. ‐Ɨ.
Published: January 2007

Procedures are described for careful extraction of rape and mustard seeds resulting in oils with no detectable peroxides (<0.02 meq/kg) if high quality viable seeds are used. Oils from heatdamaged seeds contain peroxides even after very careful extraction of the seeds. The effects of separate precautions such as prewashing of equipment and the exclusion of light and heat on the peroxide value of the oil extracted are shown to differ, depending on the kind and quality of seed. Oils from white mustard seed obtain lower peroxide values than oils from rapeseed when subjected to pro‐oxidative conditions during extraction.
Synthesis of long chain alkyl glyceryl ethers from triglycerides using boron trifluoride etherate and lithium aluminum hydride
Authors: Go H. C. , Branen A. L.
Published: January 2007

A procedure for direct conversion of long chain triglycerides to their corresponding ether derivatives has been accomplished using a combination of lithium aluminum hydride and boron trifluoride etherate. Reaction products obtained from reduction of tristearin or trimyristin were isolated by thin layer and column chromatography and identified using infrared spectroscopy. Glyceryl triethers, glyceryl monoethers, and aliphatic alcohols were the major reaction products, making up 2–3%, 9–19%, and 43–75%, respectively, of the theoretical molar yields. Yields of both ether derivatives were increased when a lithium aluminum hydride solution was added to a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate rather than adding a mixture of triglyceride and boron trifluoride etherate to lithium aluminum hydride. Increasing the quantities of lithium aluminum hydride increased glyceryl triether yield, but decreased glyceryl monoether yield.
Transitions of saturated monoacid triglycerides: Modeling conformational change at glycerol during α→β′→β transformation
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A.
Published: January 2007

The glycerol region geometry of modeled saturated monoacid triglycerides was altered by bond rotations and minor angle distortions to convert theoretical α‐forms into bent β′‐ and β‐forms. Direct α to β conversion involves lateral disruption of fatty chain packing to generate side‐chain character typical of the β‐form. Such disruption, which could contribute to fat bloom, allows additional molecular movement and shifts in molecular mechanics energy (MME) that may approximate thermal changes observed by differential scanning calorimetry during α to β transformations. Energy calculations at 100 points throughout each transformation identified plausible conversion routes. A two‐stage conversion, α to either of two stereospecific β′‐forms bent at glycerol followed by subsequent conversion to β, showed less chain movement and more favorable MME than direct α to β conversion. The preferred path, based on energy profiles of each conversion, involves a β′‐D form and rotation of carbonyl to α‐carbon bonds in chain #2 and a side chain (chain #3).
An automated gas‐liquid chromatographic method of measuring free fatty acids in canola
Authors: May William E. , Hume D. J.
Published: January 2007

An automated method for measuring free fatty acids (FFA) in canola seed was developed by using gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The results from the GLC method were linearly related (r2=+0.98) to those obtained with the traditional method involving Soxhlet extraction followed by a titration. In a nested experiment of over 11 different seedlots, the extraction and injection errors were 0.11 and 0.018%, respectively, of the total variation. The variation attributed to sampling within a seedlot was twice the variation attributed to extraction and injection errors combined. A seed sample size of at least 10 mL was needed to prevent the standard deviation from increasing as the FFA mean increased. The GLC method was precise and rapid, and also identified which fatty acids were being cleaved from the oil, but a linear adjustment improved accuracy.
A‐ring oxidation products from γ‐irradiation of cholesterol in liposomes
Authors: Maerker G. , Jones K. C.
Published: January 2007

γ‐Irradiation of cholesterol in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) at 0–4°C causes oxidation of the A‐ring. Two A‐ring oxides formed in considerable amounts are cholest‐4‐en‐3‐one (10) and cholest‐4‐ene‐3,6‐dione (12) in addition to the usual B‐ring oxides. Lesser amounts of cholesta‐4,6‐dien‐3‐one (11) are also generated. Compounds 10 and 12 were detected and measured in cholesterol irradiated at less than 0.5 kGy in liposomes containing saturated or unsaturated phospholipids. Lesser amounts of 10 and 12, as well as lesser amounts of other cholesterol oxides, were formed when a major constituent of the MLV was dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine. Autoxidation of cholesterol in MLV also gave rise to small amounts of 10, 11 and 12.
Factice from oil mixtures
Authors: Erhan Selim M. , Kleiman Robert
Published: January 2007

High‐quality brown factice is produced from meadowfoam and rapeseed oils, while a poorer‐quality factice is produced from soybean oil, a less expensive oil. A one‐to‐one mixture of soybean and meadowfoam or rapeseed oil produces a factice that has similar physical characteristics as factice produced from 100% meadowfoam or rapeseed oils. In addition, meadowfoam oil and rapeseed oil act as accelerators when mixed with castor or jojoba oils. White factice productions from soybean oil can also be improved when mixed with meadowfoam or rapeseed oils. The difference in cost, obtained by using as much as 50% soybean oil instead of the higher‐costing oil, will translate into significant savings for the factice and rubber industries.
Effect of plant population densities and application of growth retardants on cottonseed yield and quality
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M. , Basyony Ahmad E. , McCuistion Willis L. , El Farra Abdel Hamid A.
Published: January 2007

In field trials at Giza in 1986–1987, cotton cv. Giza 75 was sown at 166,000, 222,000 and 333,000 plants/ha and given foliar applications of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat) or Alar (daminozide). As plant density increased, there was a decrease in cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed protein content, oil and protein yields/ha, oil refractive index, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and unsaturated fatty acids (myristoleic, oleic and linoleic). In contrast, as plant density increased, there was an increase in oil acid value, saponification value and saturated fatty acids (caprylic, capric, lauric, tridecylic, myristic, palmitic and stearic). Application of Cycocel or Alar increased cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed protein content and oil and protein yield/ha, oil refractive index, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and unsaturated fatty acids. However, there was a decrease in oil acid value and saponification value. There were no differences among application rates of either chemical on cottonseed yield/ha. The highest oil and protein yield/ha was observed with Cycocel applied at 750 ppm, followed by Alar at 250 ppm. Applying Cycocel at 250 ppm gave the highest oil refractive index and unsaponifiable matter, and the lowest acid value. Application of Alar at 250 ppm gave the highest oil iodine value and the lowest saponification value, and also at 250 or 500 ppm gave the highest oil unsaturated fatty acid composition. Interaction was positive between plant density, Cycocel and Alar and affected cottonseed yield/ha. The 166,000 plants/ha and application of Cycocel at 750 and Alar at 250 ppm are recommended for the improvement of cottonseed yield and quality.
Transesterification of cocoa butter by fungal lipases: Effect of solvent on 1,3‐specificity
Authors: Goh S. H. , Yeong S. K. , Wang C. W.
Published: January 2007

Transesterification and alcoholysis reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipases fromMucor miehei andHumicola lanuginosa in hexane gave fatty acid esters that did not reflect the expected 1,3‐specificity of the enzymes, due to competing acyl migrations in the partial glyceride products. However, both lipases were 1,3‐specific in reactions when diethyl ether was used as a solvent, and this provided a convenient analytical methodology in combination with gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the determination of fatty acid distribution within triglycerides.
Transesterification of oil by fatty acid‐modified lipase
Authors: Murakami Mototake , Kawasaki Yoshihiro , Kawanari Masami , Okai Hideo
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid was covalently attached to lipase (EC 3.1.1.3.) fromPhycomyces nites, yielding a modified lipase of higher specific activity in hydrolytic and synthetic reactions in organic solvents. Attached long‐chain fatty acids solubilized the lipase in organic solvent and, therefore, promotion of dispersibility in organic solvent resulted in much higher reactivity. The initial rate of transesterification by modified lipase was almost 40 times that of native lipase in organic solvent. The specificities and selectivity of the modified lipase depended on the kind of attached fatty acid.
Enzymatic modification of canola/palm oil mixtures: Effects on the fluidity of the mixture
Authors: Kurashige J. , Matsuzaki N. , Takahashi H.
Published: January 2007

The bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra‐micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated. The adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fats in micro aqueous phase.

To improve the handling properties of palm oil at rather low temperature, palm oil was blended with canola or soybean oil, and then these blended oils were modified by enzymatic selective interesterification in a solvent‐free, ultra‐micro aqueous bioreactor system with an immobilized lipase that had 1,3‐positional specificity. The effects of enzymatic interesterification were confirmed by triglyceride determination, by solid fat content profiles and by cloud point profiles, which were also compared to products of chemical interesterification. The improvement in the fluidity of blended oils with canola oil by the enzymatic reaction was bigger than with soybean oil, and chemical interesterification had no effects on the fluidity of blended oils.
Determination of total carbonyl compounds in aqueous media
Authors: Yukawa Natsuko , Takamura Hitoshi , Matoba Teruyoshi
Published: January 2007

A method for the quantitative determination of total carbonyl compounds in aqueous media has been developed. The analysis is based on the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine with aldehydes and the subsequent formation of the quinoidal ion under basic conditions. The aldehydes react with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine in both ethanol and aqueous‐ethanol media. The optimal wavelength to determine the total carbonyl compounds is 425 nm where the molar absorption coefficient of saturated aldehydes equals that of unsaturated aldehydes. The method can be used to determine all aldehydes in aqueous food media.
Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment for mechanical expelling of soybeans
Authors: Smith D. D. , Agrawal Y. C. , Sarkar B. C. , Singh B. P. N.
Published: January 2007

Mechanical expelling of soybeans with enzymatic hydrolysis as pretreatment was investigated, and the process parameters were optimized by means of response surface methodology. Enzyme pretreatment enhanced both the amount of extractable oil in soybeans and oil extractability. A second‐order response surface model was developed to predict the expelled oil as a function of the six process parameters investigated. The optimum was found at: Moisture content during hydrolysis, 23.00% wet basis (w.b.); enzyme concentration, 11.84% vol/wt; incubation period, 13.24 h; moisture content during pressing, 9.36% w.b.; pressing pressure, 75 MPa; and pressing time, 5.36 min. The parameters had no interactive effects on expelled oil. Pressing pressures above 75 MPa caused extrusion. Under the optimal conditions, oil expelled from dehulled cracked soybeans by static pressing at room temperature (18°C) was 63.5% of the total extractable oil. Much higher oil recovery would be expected in actual screw expellers due to dynamic pressing and higher operating temperature. Oil recovery could be further increased by adding one or more conventional pretreatments to the enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment investigated in this study.
High‐resolution gas chromatographic determination of alkanols in oils extracted from olives
Authors: Frega N. , Bocci F. , Lercker G.
Published: January 2007

Polar columns with stationary phases characterized by high thermal stability have attracted a great deal of interest in the study of lipid compounds that have, until recently, been studied with nonpolar columns. Such polar columns have also proved useful in the study of the entire unsaponifiable matter of a lipid and in determining the alkanols of extra‐virgin olive oil, husk oil and their relative mixtures. The proposed procedure permits the study of alkanols without having to isolate them from the other classes of compounds present in the unsaponifiable matter by means of thin‐layer chromatography.
Densities and viscosities of trichloroethylene miscellas of cottonseed oil, fish oil, and beef tallow
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G. , Arvidson Harold C.
Published: January 2007

Data on the densities and viscosities of miscellas from trichloroethylene and cottonseed oil, fish oil, and beef tallow for four different temperatures are presented. Equations, with the necessary constants, are given for calculating both densities and viscosities.
Solvent extraction of cottonseed meats
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G.
Published: January 2007

In the experimental countercurrent extraction of flaked cottonseed meats by trichloroethylene the residual oil content of the extracted flakes decreased with: first, a decrease in the final oil content of the final miscella; second, decrease in the flake moisture down to 8.64%; third, decrease in flake thickness; fourth, increase in temperature; and fifth, increase in extraction time. For the batch of cottonseed meats used the following equation was developed:urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0613:equation:aocs0613-math-0001 whereR is percent residual extractables,b is flake thickness in feet,D is meat diameter in feet,ϑ is extraction time in hours,μ in viscosity, lb. per ft. hr.,ρ is density, lb. per cu. ft., andt is extraction temperature in degrees F.

Not enough data were secured by extraction with hexane to check the equation developed for trichloroethylene extraction. Hexane is a poorer solvent for cottonseed oil than trichloroethylene. The amount of oil remaining in the meal is affected to a greater extent by the miscella concentration in hexane extraction than in trichloroethylene extraction.
Precursors of alk‐2,4‐dienals in autoxidized lard
Authors: Kimoto W. I. , Gaddis A. M.
Published: January 2007

Evidence suggested that the low proportions of C10 alk‐2,4‐dienal found in mildly autoxidized linoleate or lard was basically due to a selective scission mechanism of the 13 and 9 conjugated linoleate hydroperoxide isomers. Spontaneous scission tended to be at the carbon linkage between a double bond and the hydroperoxide group. Thus the 13 hydroperoxide isomer produced the typically predominant amounts of hexanal. The 9 hydroperoxide isomer formed little C10 dienal and scission between the 9 and 10 carbons possibly led to some C9 alk‐2‐enal. Earlier studies of free aldehyde formation by autoxidized oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate support such a scission mechanism. Autoxidized linoleate was decomposed by dilute acid to C6 alkanal, some C9 enal and no dienal. Under different stress, such as heat, alkaline conditions and Cu++, large proportions of C10 dienals were formed. This appeared due to a shift in the point of scission to the saturated side of the hydroperoxide group.
Continuous fractionation of chilean anchovy oil with furfural
Authors: Oscar Contreras R. , Aldo Migliaro O. , Andres Raffo R.
Published: January 2007

Useful data for liquid‐liquid extraction were obtained by countercurrent fractionation of Chilean anchovy oil in an extraction column. Furfural was used as the extracting solvent while the oil was dissolved in petroleum naphtha. The data obtained by varying the velocity of agitation, the feed rate, the furfural oil ratio and the naphtha oil ratio are adequate for the design and operation of an extraction system.
Properties of 2‐oleodipalmitin, 2‐elaidodipalmitin and some of their mixtures
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O.
Published: January 2007

The glycerides 2‐oleodipalmitin (POP) and 2‐elaidodipalmitin (PEP) were synthesized and their melting behavior and dilatometric properties were determined. Three mixtures of POP with PEP were examined. Five polymorphs of POP and four of PEP were identified by x‐ray diffraction patterns. Rates of transformation of the lower melting polymorphs were, in general, quite rapid at temperatures just below their melting points. But transformation of unseeded POP to its highest melting form was slow and required several days at a temperature just below melting. Coefficients of expansion were determined for the highest melting polymorph and the liquid form of each triglyceride. Melting dilation was determined for the highest melting polymorph. Mixtures of POP with PEP exhibited different melting ranges depending on the tempering procedures and the composition, but even quickly‐solidified mixtures tempered without melting to the highest melting range as they were slowly heated over a period of 2 hr. Slow cooling from the melt essentially segregated the components.
Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)2
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Matheson K. Lee , Cox Michael F.
Published: January 2007

This paper compares the appearance and detergency properties of LAS solutions in which Ca(LAS)2 has formed either in the presence or absence of a micelle promotion agent.
Technical news feature
Authors: Berger K. G.
Published: January 2007

Conclusion

PORIM can look back at its first six years of existence with pride. It is now permanently housed in its own buildings on a site which provides pleasant working conditions. It has recruited a large, well qualified and enthusiastic staff. This rapid progress is due mainly to the unanimous support and collaboration of the industrial and government organizations involved. Significant contributions to the technology of the industry are being made, and the institute is established on the international scene. However, both individual scientists and PORIM are more interested in the future. They are confident of making continued contributions to the production and use of basic foodstuff which is economical for the world population and of major economic importance to Malaysia.
Limited extraction of soybeans with hexane
Authors: Nash A. M. , Frankel E. N.
Published: January 2007

Soybean flakes were extracted with lower than optimal quantities of hexane in the laboratory and comparisons were made of oil yield, phospholipids yield and phospholipids composition as a function of the volume of hexane. Although the oil yield and the total amount of phosphorus were significantly decreased with limited volumes of hexane, the distribution of phospholipid components remained essentially the same. Because the oil obtained by this limited solvent extraction contained less phosphatides, it is expected to be more easily processed by conventional techniques.
Analytical methodology for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in waters and wastes
Authors: Osburn Q. W.
Published: January 2007

Analytical methodology has been developed for the measurement of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in a broad spectrum of water and wastewater samples. In addition to providing the homolog‐isomer composition of LAS, the gas chromatographic procedure has been quantified by incorporation of an internal standard to provide a specific measurement of LAS. The applicability and sensitivity of the standard, but non‐specific, methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method have been increased by concentration and clean‐up steps that eliminate many of the known interferences. The gas chromatographic procedure has provided specific, as well as significant, information relative to the removal of LAS in the waste treatment process.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group VIII. Synthesis and surface activities for amphoteric oligomeric or polymeric surfactants of β‐alanine type
Authors: Moriya Masafumi , Nishimura Akira , Hosoda Kazuo , Takai Makoto , Hidaka Hisao
Published: January 2007

A series of amphoteric oligomeric and polymeric surfactants of poly(iminoethylene) (PIE) containing both a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group (C12‐HA or C14‐HA) and a 2‐carboxyethyl (CE) group as N‐substituents was studied as follows: PIE having 1,000 or 20,000 molecular weight was treated with 1,2‐epoxydodecane or 1,2‐epoxytetradecane and subsequently methyl acrylate. The adducts were saponified to obtain amphoteric oligomeric surfactants (AO) or amphoteric polymeric surfactants (AP), poly{[N‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐N′‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)]iminoethylene}. Various adducts of which the ratios of CE/HA for one unit of iminoethylene group are 2, 3.5, 8, 17 and 89 were synthesized.

Surface activities such as surface tension, solubilization of orange OT, and foaming power, and physicochemical properties such as turbidity, isoelectric point, and the dissociation constant, were studied. Particular attention was paid to the dependence of solubilization, viscosity and turbidity on pH value.
Enrichment of arachidonic acid: Selective hydrolysis of a single‐cell oil fromMortierella withCandida cylindracea lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Sugihara Akio , Maruyama Kazuaki , Nagao Toshihiro , Nakayama Suguru , Nakano Hirofumi , Tominaga Yoshio
Published: January 2007

Three lipases, isolated previously in our laboratory, and a known lipase fromCandida cylindracea were screened for the enrichment of arachidonic acid (AA). The enzyme fromC. cylindracea was the most effective for the production of oil with high concentration of AA. When a single‐cell oil fromMortierella alpina, containing 25% AA, was hydrolyzed with this lipase for 16 h at 35°C, the resulting glycerides contained 50% AA at 52% hydrolysis. After this, no further hydrolysis occurred, even with additional lipase. However, when the glycerides were extracted from the hydrolyzate and were hydrolyzed again with new lipase, the resulting oil contained 60% AA, with a recovery of 75% of its initial AA content. Triglycerides were the main components of the resulting oil. The release of each fatty acid from the oil depended on the hydrolysis rate of its ester. The fatty acid, whose ester is the poorest substrate for the enzyme, is concentrated in the glycerides.
Oxidative stability of soybean oil products obtained by regioselective chemical interesterification
Authors: Konishi Hiroaki , Neff William E. , Mounts Timothy L.
Published: January 2007

Oxidative stability of products produced as potential margarine basestock from soybean oil and methyl stearate by a novel chemical regioselective interesterification was evaluated. The oxidative stability of the products was evaluated by peroxide formation and volatile analysis during storage in the dark with oxygen at 60°C for 72 h. The product obtained by regioselective interesterification resulted in the lowest peroxide formation and volatile concentration sample in comparison with soybean oil and the randomized product of the regioselective interesterified product. Regioselective interesterification of soybean oil with methyl stearate produced a product with increased oxidative stability.
Capillary GC of triglycerides in fats and oils using a high temperature phenylmethylsilicone stationary phase. Part II. The analysis of chocolate fats
Authors: Geeraert E. , Sandra P.
Published: January 2007

The analyses of the fats and oils used in the chocolate industry are reported. Triglyceride mixtures are directly injected on an FSOT column coated with a phenylmethylsilicone gum stationary phase. On phenylmethylsilicone phase, besides a carbon number separation, the triglycerides are separated according to the different combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides. Cocoa butters of different origin were analyzed and their POP:POS:SOS ternary diagram is discussed. The profiles of the non‐cocoa butter fats such as butter oil, oils originating from nuts (e.g., hazelnut, almond, Brazil nut, walnut) and cocoa butter equivalents are presented. The elucidation of a complex chocolate fat mixture is shown and discussed in view of the recognition of the different constituents (pattern recognition) and in view of the detection and quantification of adulterations.
International
Authors: Kim Dong Hoon
Published: January 2007

The consumption of edible fats and oils in Korea is expected to reach 600,000 MT, a three‐fold increase, in 10 years from 1979 to 1989. Even if the best efforts are applied to increasing the production of indigenous oil resources such as rice bran, rapeseed, sesame, perilla, peanut, and soybean, the dependence on imported fats and oils (about 80%) likely will continue. The rapid increase in consumption of edible fats and oils in future will certainly warrant intensified research efforts related to fat and oil production and consumption.
Viewpoint
Authors: Bartbolomew David
Published: January 2007

Conclusion

These are the major considerations in the study of how Chicago soybean futures affect prices of fats and oils. There are some very dynamic forces at work. Rather small changes can have an important leverage on the interplay between the two categories. Keen perception of these changes is necessary to keep them in focus. Even today’s advanced development of mathematical elegance is inefficient in capturing all the nuances that are involved. But the intrigue is there for those who enjoy the challenge.
Botanical trash analysis of cottonseed oil mill process streams
Authors: Morey P. R. , Bethea R. M.
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the content of bract and leaf (likely carriers of suspect byssinotic agent[s]) in the process and trash streams in a cottonseed oil mill. A rapid procedure is described to determine the percentage of bract and leaf particles in trash sieved from cottonseed samples. Using this technique, it was found that bract and leaf particles were largely removed from cottonseed by the sum total of processing steps occurring during cleaning and delintering. With the exception of the trash streams from the safety shaker, bract and leaf particles were almost nonexistent in the hulling and separating room. Processing of linters through cleaners and beaters was ineffective in removing the bract and leaf fragments entangled in the fiber mass.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable oils
Authors: Larsson B. K. , Eriksson A. T. , Cervenka M.
Published: January 2007

The efficiency of the refining process in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from crude vegetable oils was studied. Samples of the crude oils (coconut, soybean and rapeseed oils) and the corresponding refined, deodorized oil were taken on‐line in three Swedish oil refineries and margarine manufacturing plants and analyzed for 20 different PAHs. Of the crude oils, coconut oil had by far the highest PAH levels. However, the PAH levels in the refined coconut oils were very low. This shows that the activated charcoal treatment used for removing PAHs from coconut oil achieves the desired effect. The crude soybean and rapeseed oils contained relatively low, but varying, amounts of PAH. At present these oils are not purified by activated charcoal. Nevertheless, the PAH levels in the refined oils were considerably lower than those in the corresponding crude oils. This probably is due to evaporation of PAH in the deodorization process, where steam is passed through the hot oil under high vacuum. However, deodorization has only a marginal effect on the high molecular PAHs, of which several are classified as carcinogens.
Identification of a pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5′‐phosphate oxidase from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Sang Yuying , Barbosa Jose M. , Wu Hongzhuan , Locy Robert D. , Singh Narendra K.
Published: January 2007

Pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) 5′‐phosphate oxidase (PPOX) catalyzes the oxidative conversion of pyridoxamine 5′‐phosphate (PMP) or pyridoxine 5′‐phosphate (PNP) to pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP). The At5g49970 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana shows homology to PPOX's from a number of organisms including the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDX3 gene. A cDNA corresponding to putative A. thaliana PPOX (AtPPOX) was obtained using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and primers landing at the start and stop codons of At5g49970. The putative AtPPOX is 530 amino acid long and predicted to contain three distinct parts: a 64 amino acid long N‐terminal putative chloroplast transit peptide, followed by a long Yjef_N domain of unknown function and a C‐terminal Pyridox_oxidase domain. Recombinant proteins representing the C‐terminal domain of AtPPOX and AtPPOX without transit peptide were expressed in E. coli and showed PPOX enzyme activity. The PDX3 knockout yeast deficient in PPOX activity exhibited sensitivity to oxidative stress. Constructs of AtPPOX cDNA of different lengths complemented the PDX3 knockout yeast for oxidative stress. The role of the Yjef_N domain of AtPPOX was not determined, but it shows homology with a number of conserved hypothetical proteins of unknown function.
Phonological awareness, letter knowledge, and literacy development in Indonesian beginner readers and spellers
Authors: WINSKEL HEATHER , WIDJAJA VIVILIA
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the grain size predominantly used by children learning to read and spell in Indonesian. Indonesian is an orthographically transparent language, and the syllable is a salient unit. Tasks assessing various levels of phonological awareness as well as letter knowledge, reading familiar words and nonwords, and spelling stem and affixed words were administered to children in Grade 1 and subsequently 1 year later in Grade 2. The results in general indicate that the phoneme is the prominent phonological unit in the early acquisition of reading and spelling in Indonesian, but the syllable also plays a significant role, particularly when reading long multisyllabic affixed words. This highlights the variable nature of grain size used by beginners, which is dependent on developmental stage, the demands of the task administered, and the characteristics of the language and its orthography.
Continental rifting and metamorphic core complex formation ahead of the Woodlark spreading ridge, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Little Timothy A. , Baldwin S. L. , Fitzgerald P. G. , Monteleone B.
Published: January 2007

We evaluate the role of a metamorphic core complex (MCC) on Normanby Island in the Woodlark rift. Located <30 km from an active mid‐ocean ridge (MOR), a >1 km thickness of blueschist‐derived mylonites formed in a midcrustal shear zone during the Pliocene at ∼400–500°C. This top‐to‐the‐north zone appears to have reactivated the gently dipping base of the Papuan ophiolite (Papuan Ultramafic Body, PUB), and its continued activity appears to control the north dipping asymmetry of active half grabens to the north of the MCC and rapid subsidence of the Woodlark Rise. Mylonites in the MCC's lower plate have been exhumed along a detachment as a result of >50 km of slip at rates of >12 mm/yr. The inactive, back‐tilted detachment preserves fault surface megamullions and mylonitic lineations parallel to the Plio‐Pleistocene plate motion. A second SE vergent detachment has been established on the opposite flank of this rolling‐hinge style MCC, probably since <0.5 Ma. Centimeters per year slip rates on these two faults can account for most of the Pleistocene plate motion in this eastern sector of the Woodlark rift, and confirm the important role of MCCs in exhuming very young HP rocks in this rift. Paleopiezometry of mylonites using recrystallized quartz grain size indicates flow stresses of ∼30 MPa before the rocks were overprinted by extension fractures. These results imply high pore fluid pressures (λ > 0.8) at depth, and provide a sufficient mechanism for activating low‐angle normal faults in the rift. MCC inception was not localized to the tip of the Woodlark MOR. Instead, extreme crustal thinning near the MCC preconditioned later continental breakup. The lower crust appears to be weak, thickening beneath unloaded footwalls to uplift MCCs above sea level, and flowing laterally to even out regional crustal thickness contrasts on a 1–6 m.y. timescale. Deep‐seated transforms separate rheologically distinct domains in which extension has been localized along the weak PUB to cause MCC formation, vs. those in which slip is distributed across an imbricate zone of more uniform strength normal faults. The Trobriand fault connects in the eastern Woodlark rift to the Owen Stanley fault in the Papuan Ranges, which is probably moving at nearly the full plate velocity.