bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finishing the Story
Authors: Heinz Donald
Published: November 2023

Fifty percent of deaths of the aged occur in the three months following their birthdays, while only 10 percent occur in the three months preceding their birthdays. People hold on to observe a final milestone. The completion of story has its own inner drive and promise. But we do not know what form it will take; sometimes we do not know how to begin. In recent decades there has been a recovery of the significance of narrative or story in theology.
The Woman Warrior versus the Chinaman Pacific,Must a Chinese American Critic Choose between Feminism and Heroism?
Authors: Cheung King-Kok
Published: November 2023

The Title O F The anthology notwithstanding, I will primarily be speaking not about topics that divide feminists but about conflicting politics of gender, as reflected in the literary arena, between Chinese American women and men.1 There are several reasons for my choice. First, I share the frustrations of many women of color that while we wish to engage in a dialogue with “mainstream” scholars, most of our potential readers are still unfamiliar with the historical and cultural contexts of various “minorities.” Furthermore, whenever I encounter words such as “conflicts,” “common differences,” or “divisive issues” in feminist studies, the authors more often than not are addressing the divergences either between French and Anglo-American theorists or, more recently, between white and nonwhite women. Both tendencies have the effect of recentering white feminism.
Place on the Edge
Authors: Lane Belden C
Published: November 2023

Wild places have always tantalized the human imagination, captivating even as they unnerve. Vast and indifferent landscapes, from the Sinai Pen¬ insula in a bitter February to the rugged coast of Iona in rainy August, have a way of disarming one by with their austere beauty. In the eyes of poet and mystic, they become bearers of a forgotten yet insistent truth. Lawrence Kushner argues that: The memories of a place become a part of it. Places and things never forget what they have been witnesses to and vehicles of and entrances for. What has happened there happened nowhere else. Like ghosts who can neither forget what they have seen nor leave the place where they saw it, such are the memories tied to places of ascent.
Sinai and Tabor
Authors: Lane Belden C
Published: November 2023

In the year 383/384 the Spanish nun and inveterate traveler Egeria concluded her famous pilgrimage to the Holy Land. She visited, among other places, two sacred mountains, making her way up the rough, granite slopes of Jebel Mussa in the barren desert of southern Sinai, and subsequently climbing Har Tavor, the lush, olive-green hill rising out of the plains of central Galilee in the north. By that time, in the late fourth century, these two sites were already associated by tradition with the great events of Moses’ encounter with Yahweh in Exodus 24 and Jesus’ transfiguration on the mount in Mark 9.3 According to legend, even Saint Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine, had been drawn there, building churches in both places.
Epilogue
Authors: Lane Belden C
Published: November 2023

The desert demands the last word—even though it remains a silent place of forbidding mystery, absorbing the sound of all other voices in its fierce terrain. A group of white settlers learned this the hard way in the fall of 1849 as they set out from the Utah Territory toward gold fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California. They called themselves the Sand Walking Company, based upon their mispronunciation of the destination toward which they traveled. Taking a “shortcut” recommended to them by the leader of a passing pack train, they headed into a 140 mile-long stretch of desert waste known to us today as Death Valley. It was a tragic mistake.
William James and the Origins of Mystical Experience
Authors: Barnard G William
Published: November 2023

SEVERAL DECADES AGO, Western philosophers of religion frequently claimed that mystical experiences were the result of direct contact with an undefined, but usually vaguely Christian, Ultimate Reality. In recent years, however, a significant philosophical shift has taken place. In most contemporary philosophical discussions of mysticism, it is now almost axiomatic that mystical experiences are not so much revelations of a transcendent Ultimate Reality as they are highly refined, culturally produced, linguistically structured phenomena.
Saints’ Lives and the Rhetoric Of Gender
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: November 2023

Medieval lives of female saints have attracted wide attention in recent years. Some scholars have argued that such texts reveal a distinctive form of female sanctity which only female hagiographers managed properly to articulate, and important writings have been attributed to female authors on that assumption. In this revisionist work, John Kitchen tests such claims through a close examination of several texts--lives of both male and female saints, by authors of both sexes--from sixth century France. He argues that sometimes the “authentic voice” of the female writer or saint sounds emphatically male. This study gives examples of how both male and female authors sometimes depicted holy women talking, acting, or even dressing like their male counterparts. Ultimately, the author aims to cast doubt on the assumption that male authors were ignorant of or hostile toward certain—specifically female—concerns. By the same token, Kitchen’s work raises serious methodological problems with the gender approach to the hagiographic literature of the early Middle Ages.
Conclusion: A World Turned Upside-Down
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: November 2023

The closing remarks in the previous chapter anticipate a few final observations that we can now make after having considered a significant body of hagiographic texts. Let us begin by summarizing the findings related to Gregory’s account of Monegund’s life because, of all the sources considered, this story offers the most unambiguous evidence. Certainly, there is a tendency among male writers to problematize gender when the subject of a biography is female. But a reference such as the one made by Gregory of Tours in his Life of Saint Monegund to women taking part in the manly contest for salvation is hardly out of keeping with what is now regarded as the “authentic voice” of some prominent holy women. If Gregory is negatively viewed on that count, then we shall also have to offer a similar assessment of sources such as those de­ scribing Perpetua’s vision or Caesaria’s letter to Radegund, texts highly regarded in the current research as documents that record the religious mentalite of early Christian women. However, the explicit reference to the “inferior sex” is something that we do not encounter even in those instances when women speak like men. Certainly, this attention to gender and the negative view of women as inferior mark a fundamental change in his rhetorical strategy. But aside from that phrase and initial focus, we cannot find other evidence that Gregory’s approach to the genre was significantly altered when he wrote about a female saint.
Maidservants of London: Sisterhoods of Kinship and Labor
Authors: Jones Ann Rosalind
Published: November 2023

Most Of Shakespeare’S Plays, comic and tragic, include ladies in waiting, often articulate ones such as Maria of Twelfth Night, who hatches a plot to protect her mistress against her steward’s ambition to marry her. Othello’s Emilia dies attempting to save her mistress’ reputation; Cleopatra’s Iras and Charmian, attendants so “conspicuously loyal” (as Elizabeth Brown reminds us in an essay in this volume) that they follow their queen in suicide. But ladies in waiting are gentlewomen, close in rank to the queens or aristocrats they serve. Companions to noblewomen in early modern courts and country estates historically constituted a very small percentage of women in service.
Women, Work, and Plays in an English Medieval Town
Authors: Wack Mary
Published: November 2023

Although The Chester mystery cycle has been called the most “medieval” and conservative of the great dramatic cycles, when viewed from the perspective of women and work, it seems rather an uneasy negotiation between past and present, between medieval traditions and sixteenthcentury social commentary . Two scenes, often termed instances of “comic realism” added late in the cycle’s history and considered textually problematic, are powerful representations of change and loss in women’s lives that exemplify the liminal position of the Chester cycle. In the Noah play, Noah’s wife refuses to enter the ark when Noah orders her to board the boat. Verbal and physical sparring follow; in modern productions, this is usually played for comic effect.2 She then desires to join her friends and to divorce Noah. The passage concludes with a “good gossips’” drinking song sung as the waters of the flood rise and engulf the gossips before the eyes of Mrs. Noah and the audience (stanzas 25-31).
Women’s Networks and the Female Vagrant: A Hard Case
Authors: Mikalachki Jodi
Published: November 2023

Writing About Female vagrants and women’s networks might be described as an exercise in futility. The very term “female vagrant” evokes Wordsworth’s solitary wanderer, and perhaps the equally lonely career of Tess Durbeyfield, her descendant in the Victorian novel. The reflex of historicization, that is, looking to the research of early modern social and cultural historians to help us “get behind” Enlightenment and nineteenth-century constructions of gender and other social categories, initially offers no better hope for discussion of networks of female vagrants. Quantitative research on migrancy (including vagrancy) in early modern England informs us that networking among vagrants of either sex was a literary myth developed in the popular and wholly fictional genre of the rogue pamphlet. Furthermore, these statistical surveys suggest that women did not constitute an important part of the vagrant population; the surveys’ interpretive conclusions understandably concentrate on the dominant statistical profile of the single, young adult male laborer or servant, within fifty miles of his parish of origin, and travelling alone.1 Neither does the proscribed vision of a vagrant antisociety in the rogue pamphlets provide any framework for imagining women’s networks, depicting women largely in alliances with men.2 Even a recent feminist revision emphasizes the marginality of the female vagrant, comparing her to that great early-modern icon of the exceptional woman, Elizabeth I (Amussen, 1994).
The Appropriation of Pleasure in The Magnetic Lady
Authors: Ostovich Helen
Published: November 2023

What Is True Pleasure, and who is allowed to have it? Or rather, who is allowed to have her? In The Magnetic Lady, Ben Jonson reduces these questions to matters of gender and class, allegorizing pleasure as two nubile fourteen-year-old girls, one the heiress Placentia, the other her foster-sister and waiting-woman Pleasance. Both names suggest delights ranging from sweet amiability to sexual gratification, although neither girl offers much beyond her own ignorance in the way of personality. But then Jonson does not offer them as anything other than figures of male fantasy, to be contemplated and competed for in the presence of other men, ratifying and ranking male victories or losses. The girls are conventional objects of desire, tokens of economic and social exchange, female bodies whose reproductive powers men appropriate as vehicles for transmitting and securing property. These blanket binaries inhibit more complicated characterizations that might otherwise mitigate the satirical context. But they do allow Jonson to establish the rightness of this system of feminine “nature” in the service of masculine “culture” by showing what happens when a household of women reappropriates maternity and motherhood in the course of their own pursuit of independent pleasure or profit.
Female Alliance and the Construction of Homoeroticism in As You Like It and Twelfth Night
Authors: Tvordi Jessica
Published: November 2023

In The Drama Tic Literature staged during the early modern period in England, female characters frequently form primary alliances with other women-alliances characterized by friendship, familial duty, socioeconomic dependence, service, the rejection of heterosexuality, and, in some cases, homoerotic desire. Although these alliances are often central to the plays that depict them, they are frequently dissolved in order to bring about heterosexual pairings, that work to limit female autonomy both socially and sexually. Rarely is there an effort by these female characters to resist this heterosexual imperative and acknowledge a space that privileges female alliances outside its purview. The alliances formed by Celia and Rosalind in As You Like It and Maria and Olivia in Twelfth Night are representative of this resistance. Characterized by a combination of female loyalty and socioeconomic dependence, the participants in these relationships support one another in the face of male challenges to female authority, and they rely upon one another to secure their positions within social and economic hierarchies. Whereas Rosalind and Olivia turn away from the security of the female alliance toward relationships with men, Celia and Maria oppose Rosalind’s and Olivia’s interests in heterosexual involvements, revealing that they are thoroughly invested in their friendships and are willing to take extreme measures to maintain them.
“Companion Me with My Mistress”: Cleopatra, Elizabeth I, and Their Waiting Women
Authors: Brown Elizabeth A
Published: November 2023

The Court Of Elizabeth I provides a useful model for the staged version of Cleopatra’s court in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra (Jankowski, 1989, 1992; Morris; Rinehart). Comparisons of Elizabeth and Shakespeare’s Cleopatra tend to focus on how these queens managed display and spectacle as a component of their political power. However, the differences in the ways they structured their courts, specifically their attendant women, are also striking. This investigation of the complex correspondences between the courts of these two queens focuses on the alliance between the monarch and her waiting women. Although historians have often discounted the role of Elizabeth’s female courtiers and critics have largely ignored the waiting women in Shakespeare’s play, an examination of the presence or absence of an extensive network of family members, courtiers, advisors, and servants who provide support for and validation of power reveals a surprising strength of Elizabeth’s use of her Privy Chamber and a corresponding weakness in Cleopatra’s use of her household as a strategy of power.
Tracing Women’s Connections from a Letter by Elizabeth Ralegh
Authors: Robertson Karen
Published: November 2023

Assembling Evidence Of Women’ s alliances presents a challenge because historical records tend to privilege male experiences as performed within the major institutional structures of a society. Evidence that women engaged in collective rather than singular activity remains frustratingly elusive; while men’s connections in early modern England were often marked by formal legal instruments such as indenture or guild membership, women’s groupings were often more informal and less frequently documented.1 Letters by and about women are a resource that can provide suggestions of women’s connections, even though women’s letters in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries tend to have somewhat restricted purposes and are often written to men, usually those with greater power in the patronage network. This essay considers one tantalizing example of collective activity by women: a list of women’s names added as an endorsement to the back of a letter written by Elizabeth Throckmorton, Lady Ralegh, soon after her husband’s conviction for treason. At first glance, the list of names seems arbitrary and difficult to identify, the titles and surnames uncontextualized by place or institutional rank. Identifying the names, in itself a difficult task, provides suggestive evidence that this list marks an informal alliance of women based in a kinship network.
The Dearth of the Author
Anonymity’s Allies and Swetnam the Woman-hater
Authors: Wayne Valerie
Published: November 2023

And undoubtedly, I thought, looking at the shelf where there are no plays by women, her work would have gone unsigned. That refuge she would have sought certainly. It was the relic of the sense of chastity that dictated anonymity to women even so late as the nineteenth century.... Thus they did homage to the convention that publicity in women is detestable. Anonymity runs in their blood. Virginia Woolf VIRGINIA WOOLF’S REMARK ABOUT anonymity is valuable not only as an observation on women’s probable condition in early modern print culture but also as a description of women’s recurring position as a subject of indeterminate gender, sexuality, and language, a subject never fully present or adequately articulated in texts-but notentirely absent, either. Yet however useful anonymity and pseudonymity might have been to women authors, those modes of publication prompt a host of questions for critics doing gender-based analysis.
Afterword: Producing New Knowledge
Authors: Howard Jeane.
Published: November 2023

The Time Seems Right for this volume, focusing as it does on women’s alliances in the early modern period, partly because it allows us to mark the distance we as feminists have come since we unself-consciously embraced the slogan: “Sisterhood is powerful.” Sisterhood is powerful, of course, but it is also often achieved by some women at the expense of others and is notoriously unstable, because “woman” is not in any simple sense a unitary social category. What is particularly bracing about the present volume is its hardheaded acknowledgment of the many things that separate women from one another-status and class, age, race, marital status, geographical location-and at the same time its optimism about the ways in which such knowledge opens possibilities for forging more adequate collectivities.
Mahākāśyapa’s Smile Silent Transmission And The Kung-An (Koan) Tradition
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: November 2023

One THE most famous kung-an in the Ch’an tradition relates the story of how the Buddha’s disciple, Mahakasyapa, broke into a smile when the Buddha held up a flower to an assembly of the san:zgha on Vulture Peak. The standard version of this well-known story is recorded in one of the most widely used kung-an (koan) collections, the Wu-men kuan (J. Mumonkan).
Koan And Kensho In The Rinzai Zen Curriculum
Authors: Hori G Victor Sogen
Published: November 2023

According to a widely accepted model, a koan is a clever psychological device designed to induce satori or kensho. The koan is said to pose to the Zen practitioner a paradox unsolvable by the rational, intellectualizing mind. Driven into an ever more desperate corner by his repeated futile attempts to solve what cannot be rationally solved, the practitioner finally breaks through the barrier of rational intellection to the realm of preconceptual and prelinguistic consciousness variously called pure consciousness, no-mind, without-thinking, or emptiness. This breakthrough is called satori or kenshi5. The cleverness of the koan consists in the fact that rather than attacking reason and logic from outside, the koan uses reason to drive itself into a selfcontradiction and cause its own destruction. In this picture, the koan is fundamentally an instrument and has no use except as a means for psychologically inducing kensho. These two notions-the koan as nonrational, psychological instrument, and kenshi5 as the breakthrough to nonrational, noncognitive, pure consciousness-nicely support each other.
Prologue: August 1945
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

At 700 P.M. EWT (Eastern War Time) on August 14, 1945, President Harry Truman announced to a packed press conference that World War II had ended. It was Victory over Japan (V-J) Day. Hearing the news, crowds that had stood all day in front of the White House set up a chant, “We want Harry.” Truman, with his wife Bess at his side, shortly appeared on the lawn. “This is a great day,” he said. “The day we’ve all been looking for. ... We face the greatest task ... and it is going to take the help of all of you to do it.”
Veterans, Ethnics, Blacks, Women
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Many things that middle-class Americans took for granted by the 1960s scarcely existed for the 139.9 million people who inhabited the forty-eight states in 1945 or for the 151. 7 million in 1950. Consider a few of these things: supermarkets, malls, fast-food chains, residential air-conditioning, ranch-style homes, freezers, dishwashers, and detergents. Also ballpoint pens, hi-fis, tape recorders, long-playing records, Polaroid cameras, computers, and transistors. And four-lane highways, automatic transmissions and direction signals, tubeless tires, and power steering. In 1945 only 46 percent of households had a telephone; to get long distance, people paid a good deal and asked for an operator. In 1950, 10 percent of families had television sets and 38 percent had never seen a TV program. Although 33 million of America’s roughly 38 million households in 1945 had radios, these were for the most part bulky things cased in wooden cabinets, and they took time to warm up. Some 52 percent of farm dwellings, inhabited by more than 25 million people, had no electricity in 1945.
Booms
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and expectations in the postwar era. The prosperity of the period broadened gradually in the late 1940s, accelerated in the 1950s, and soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. One economist, writing about the twenty-five years following World War II, put it simply by saying that this was a “quarter century of sustained growth at the highest rates in recorded history.” Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that the United States at the time was enjoying “the greatest prosperity the world has ever known.”
Hardening of the Cold War, 1945-1948
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

In coping with the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1948, Truman’s foreign policies went through three interrelated phases. The first, lasting until early 1946, exposed a good deal of floundering and inconsistency as Truman sought to find himself. The second, dominant through the end of 1946, revealed a little more floundering and uncertainty but also a stiffening of purpose. Although Truman and his advisers still hoped to ameliorate gathering tensions, they made only half-hearted efforts to accommodate the Soviets, or even to negotiate seriously with them. In the third phase, clear by February 1947, the administration hit on a more consistent, clearly articulated policy: containment. The essential stance of the United States for the next forty years, the quest for containment entailed high expectations. It was the most important legacy of the Truman administration.
Domestic Politics: Truman’s First Term
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

The shadow of Roosevelt fell heavily on Truman early in his first term. Jonathan Daniels, one of FDR’s White House aides, remembers seeing Truman in the Oval Office shortly after Roosevelt died. “He swung around in the President’s chair as if he were testing it, more uncertain than even I was about its size.”, Truman’s uncertainty was entirely understandable, for to millions of Americans, especially the poor, Roosevelt had been an almost saintly father figure. Liberals had regarded him as the very model of strong presidential leadership in battles for social change. Although FDR had lost most of these battles after 1937, progressive Americans blamed Congress and “the interests,” not the President. As recently as 1944 Roosevelt had rallied reformers—and raised popular expectations—by calling for an “Economic Bill of Rights” after the war. It is not too much to say that liberals were shattered when FDR died in April 1945. For them and many other Americans, no man could have filled Roosevelt’s chair.
World Affairs, 1953-1956
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

On March 1, 1954, the United States tested the world’s first hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. More awesome than scientists anticipated, it proved to be 750 times more powerful than the A-bomb dropped at Hiroshima. Radioactive debris from the blast spread across 7,000 square miles of the Pacific, including inhabited islands, and enveloped a small Japanese fishing boat, Fukuryu Maru (the Lucky Dragon) that was some ninety miles east of Bikini at the time. Radioactive ash rained down on the fishermen. Some lost their appetites and grew nauseous. Their skin turned darker, and sores broke out on their fingers and necks, which had been most exposed to the radiation. When the boat got back to Japan two weeks later, twenty-three of the crew were said to be suffering from radiation sickness. Fishermen on other Japanese boats returned to port and also complained of contamination. An outcry arose, peaking six months later when Aikichi Kuboyama, a Lucky Dragon fisher­ man, died. American authorities said he had been felled by hepatitis acquired from a blood transfusion, but his organs revealed pronounced effects of radiation. Admiral Lewis Strauss, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, stated that the fishermen had belonged to a “Red spy outfit.”,
The Biggest Boom Yet
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Widely used words and phrases evoke the dynamism and quest for “fun” that pervaded the remarkably buoyant years of the mid-195os, especially for the ever more numerous and steadily better-off middle classes. Hear a few: gung ho, cool jazz, hot rod, drag strip, ponytail, panty raid, sock hop, cookout, jet stream, windfall profit, discount house, split-level home, togetherness, hip, hula hoops, Formica, and (in 1959) Barbie Dolls. The whole world, many Americans seemed to think by 1957, was turning itself over to please the special, God-graced generation-and its children-that had triumphed over depression and fascism, that would sooner or later vanquish Communism, and that was destined to live happily ever after (well, almost) in a fairy tale of health, wealth, and happiness.
Race
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Color-consciousness has always blighted life in the United States. Light- skinned people, fearful of “pollution” from “coloreds,” historically erected formidable barriers against “non-white” Americans. Between the late 1940s and 196o these barriers opened up a bit, and a few outsiders crept through the cracks. But only for a little way. The vast majority of non-whites-including not only African-Americans but also American Indians, Asians, and many Hispanics--could not get through. In matters of color and of racial consciousness the United States held firm.
A Center Holds, More or Less, 1957-1960
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Public opinion polls in the late 1950s and in 196o, one historian reminds us, reported that the American people were “relaxed, unadventurous, comfortably satisfied with their way of life and blandly optimistic about the future.” A few writers, however, have perceived a more restless citizenry. The scholar Morris Dickstein, a college student at the time, recalled these years as “a fertile period, a seedbed of ideas that would burgeon and live in the more activist, less reflective climate that followed.” Richard Pells, a historian, adds, “Beneath the ordinary American’s placid exterior, there seemed to lurk a hunger for corrosive wit, jangling sounds, disruptive behavior, defiant gestures, a revival of passion and intensity. ”
The Polarized Sixties: An Overview
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

The year 1960, one historian writes, marked “the definitive end of the Dark Ages, and the beginning of a more hopeful and democratic period” that lasted until the early 1970s. Another historian calls the 196os a modern Great Awakening which ignited a “Burned-Over Decade” of cultural change akin to the turbulent 1840s. William Braden, a contemporary observer, labeled the era an Age of Aquarius that heralded “a new American identity-a collective identity that will be blacker, more feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more exuberant— and, just possibly, better than the old one.”
The Approach Adopted in This Commentary
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

The initial problem in developing a commentary is to find an appropriate method of approaching the text. Where does one begin? A glance at existing commentaries shows there is no agreed format, and this uncertainty is aggravated by recent discussion about exegetical method in general. The very role of commentaries is uncertain (Anderson, 1982). To some extent, of course, uncertainty is appropriate. Interpretation, in many ways, is a circular process-the proverbial “hermeneutical circle” -and in that process “we can only comprehend the details of a work by projecting a sense of the whole, just as conversely, we can only achieve a view of the whole by working through its parts” (Armstrong, 1983, 341). Thus, there is no escape from a procedure of trial and error.
An Outline of the Essence of John’s Theology: Jesus as the Spirit-Giving Healer of Human Dividedness
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

John’s theology is not a single coherent system. Rather it is a map of the progress of life and of faith, and such progress, by its nature, is beset with changes, set backs, and surprises. To inquire about John’s theology is like asking about the meaning of a symphony. The meaning, Beethoven would say, is not in talking about it but in listening to it. In the case of the gospel, the meaning lies in living it. What follows, therefore, is not the meaning; it is an abstraction-an abstraction, it is to be hoped, which is useful and which prepares the way for meaning.
The Translation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

The translation is based on the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament (3d ed., corrected). As far as possible, important individual Greek words have been rendered by a single English term. Occasionally the word order is strained to reflect the original. The oldest Greek manuscripts do not contain punctuations, quotation marks, capitalizations, or parentheses, and so the presence of these markers in translations gives the gospel text a clarity which originally it did not have. This clarity is generally an advantage, but occasionally it hides the rich ambiguity of the original-an ambiguity which is sometimes heightened by the ambivalence conveyed by specific words. In the present translation the ambiguity of certain significant words is reflected by a slash (for example, “overcome/grasped’’ in 1:5).
Part 3A □The Third Year
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

From its opening verse, this part of the gospel (chaps. 7-12) is shadowed by the threat of death. The Jews seek to kill Jesus, and so he stays away from Judea (7:1). Death had been referred to before, but it had never had such an immediate influence on Jesus’ decisions. In subsequent episodes the threat of death increases. During the feast of Tents (chaps. 7-8) Jesus alludes to his departure, and thus to his death (7:33-34; 8:21). At Dedication, when the Jews surround and almost stone him (10:22—39), the threat comes even closer. Then he loses a friend, Lazarus (chap. 11). And finally his own death is decided and, at Passover, it closes in (11:49-55; 12:7,16,23— 27).
Reading Sarmiento Once More, with Passion
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

There is Perhaps no better representative figure of the relentless drive toward modernity in Spanish America than the Argentine writer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Conceived, as he claimed in his autobiographical text Recuerdos de provincia, in the same year that the struggle for in­ dependence from Spain began, Sarmiento’s life and writings would seem to mobilize at one moment or another all of the topoi of the modernizing program that in its various manifestations characterized political and cultural life in nineteenth-century Spanish America. He despised the indigenous element in all its variations, branded it “barbarous” and opposed it to a concept of civilization that was firmly anchored in European circumstances and ideology. He read widely from metropolitan sources and used them indiscriminately to analyze Spanish American reality in a dramatic and Procrustean fashion. He espoused incentives to entice European immigrants, whom he thought would transform the Argentine landscape for the better through their habits and ethnic composition.
Strange Fruit
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

This Chapter is unconventional in its articulation and rhetorical procedure because the argument that will be presented in it thwarts the customary evidentiary process deployed in critical discourse. Most of what will be adduced here revolves around conveying the existence of a problematics that is exceedingly hard to describe, much less grasp in all its ramifications. But I believe that the object identified and delimited by this critical approach may lead to a novel understanding of one of the most important textual productions of the Spanish American nineteenth century: the Cuban antislavery discourse.
Oedipus in the Pampas
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

As a Cultural Movement, romant1c1sm manifested itself in Spanish America primarily as a multifaceted enterprise to express a nature that was understood to be in need of articulation, a nature that was alternately and variously conceived in linguistic, geographic, historical, or literary terms. But this need did not arise from the perception that this was a suppressed essence with roots in a remote past-as was the case in European romanticism-but rather from the understanding (and the conceit) that this essence was thoroughly new and distinct. Spanish American intellectuals and writers of the nineteenth century embraced romanticism because they (mis)interpreted it as constituting a quintessentially modern phenomenon, and not especially or necessarily on account of the specific programs or ideological constructs advanced by that movement.
The Closing of the Circle: The End of Modernity in Spanish America
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

The Present Postmodern Moment, with its heady promises of deliver­ ance from the ideological and political programs of modernity, has been both benevolent and unkind to the so-called developing nations. The new dominant cultural configuration has reassured intellectuals of marginalized states that the goals their societies were striving for were illusory and that they should release themselves from the self-imposed pressures and concomitant frustrations under which they labored for countless years. Nonetheless, there is a lingering suspicion in peripheral intellectual circles about the concept of the postmodern, a suspicion that is articulated in a number of fashions but that invariably revolves around the issue of historical timing: why is it that at the precise moment in which developing cultures and oppressed groups seem to be poised to stake a claim for participation in history, history is declared to have ended and the individual subject is discarded as a philosophical phantasm? Neil Larsen gives voice to these concerns when he says poignantly that “I, at least, have often found myself wondering in private whether we ought even to bother with the question at all, whether just consenting to raise the ‘issue’ of ‘Latin America and postmodernism’ is already to fall into a clever sort of neocolonizing trap.”1 Yet the many variegated possibilities delineated by the rhetoric of the postmodern still beckon, with their suspicion of rigid ideological commitment, their affirmation of local circumstance, and their depiction of a heterogeneous sphere for political agency.
Introduction
Authors: Freedman Jonathan , Millington Richard
Published: November 2023

At a certain moment, early in Shadow of a Doubt, the two lumpish detectives who have been trailing Uncle Charlie-whom they, and we, know to be the infamous Merry Widow Murderer-pay a call on the home of Charlie’s sister Mrs. Newton, in the hypernormal town of Santa Rosa, California. The detectives disguise themselves as reporters for a major American magazine, there to pay tribute to the perfection of the “average” American home. It is all a cover, of course, for their attempts to get to the back of the house and learn all they can about Charlie, who has taken refuge there; but before they are able to do so, they are forced to watch Mrs. Newton-whose husband is obsessed with homicide, whose brother is a psychopath-eagerly pose for their cameras, breaking eggs for an iconic American cake. The perfect American wife, in other words, is being shown by the fllm to be a perfectly clueless ditz whose obtuseness about her male relations mimics the willed ignorance of human desires enacted throughout her self-idealized small town. But something more is at work here as well. Her very normativeness is being demonstrated to be wholly simulacral, both a pose for and the creation of the media who ostensibly record it-and, it hardly needs to be added, a pose for and a creation of Hitchcock’s self-conscious, self-mocking camera as well.
Love, American Style: Hitchcock’s Hollywood
Authors: Fried Debra
Published: November 2023

Hitchcock responds to American culture in his use of the filmmaking institutions that were put at his disposal when he crossed the Atlantic in 1940. When they begin to be made in Hollywood, Hitchcock’s films join a large body of major studio releases, with their constellation of conventions, techniques, and genres. By looking at how Hitchcock turns these devices to his own account, we can see not only how his American films inflect and enrich the possibilities of such conventions but also how such conventions become a shorthand in his commentary on American culture. This is not to deny that the British studios (Ealing, Gainsborough) had their own, often similar, conventions and procedures, which are to some degree reflected in Hitchcock’s British films. But the power, scale, and rigidity of the institutions of movie-making were markedly greater in America than in Britain.
American Shame Rope, Lames Stewart, And The Postwar Crisis In
American Masculinity
Authors: Lawrence Amy
Published: November 2023

Of all Hitchcock’s American films, the one that has benefited the most from the shifting tides of theory is Rope (1948). Upon its rerelease in the mid1980s, Rope emerged from decades of critical and popular obscurity into the powerful embrace of “high theory” exemplified by the endless play of language a la Derrida in Thomas Hemmeter’s “Twisted Writing” and the bracing heights of “queer theory” in D. A Miller’s “Anal Rope.”
Hitchcock’S Washington: Spectatorship, Ideology, Andthe “Homosexual Menace” In Strangers On A Train
Authors: Corber Robert J
Published: November 2023

A curious freemasonry exists among underground workers and sympathizers [of the Communist party]. They can identify each other (and be identified by their enemies) on casual meeting by the use of certain phrases, the names of certain friends, by certain enthusiasms and certain silences. It is reminiscent of nothing so much as the famous scene in Proust where the Baron de Charlus and the tailor Jupien suddenly recognize their common corruption.
Hitchcock and American Character: The Comedy of Self-Construction in North by Northwest
Authors: Millington Richard H
Published: November 2023

At least since Tocqueville, the nature and condition of the “American character” has been an irresistible subject to analysts, both imported and domestic, of American culture. Hitchcock’s strongest American films can best be seen as an extraordinary contribution-arguably, the richest twentieth-century contribution to this enterprise. Indeed, the issues defined in Democracy in America-the relation between the configuration of a culture and the inner life of its inhabitants; the possibilities for freedom a community makes possible; the ways in which, despite the manifest protection of political freedoms, authority is exercised and inhibition generated-seem also to quicken Hitchcock’s richest American movies, which attempt to arrive at an account of the distinctive condition of American middleclass culture by examining the forms of emotion and behavior that give shape to character. Movies like Shadow of a Doubt, Notorious, Rear Window, The Wrong Man, Vertigo, and Psycho explore the varieties of middle-class entrapment, following their troubled protagonists as they negotiate a terrain configured by the interlinked authority structures-psychic, familial, social, sexual-that endanger pleasure and freedom. In this essay I will look at a work that provides a comic counterweight to this tragic or admonitory strain within Hitchcock’s films, that sets out to rescue its American characters from their capacity for self-entrapment and from the culture that so successfully invites them to it. North by Northwest, in dialogue, we might say, with the films that precede and follow it, proposes a strategy for recovering imaginative agency, for reclaiming the pleasures of being a subject.
The Deputyship of the Shfite Imams
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
Published: November 2023

The worldview of the faithful in Imami Shlism is dominated by the question of the leadership of the Muslim community-the Imamate-that guides and maintains authoritative perspectives of the faithful in Shrite Islam. The question of the Imamate becomes the focal point of Shi’i religious belief system, especially when the Imam of the Age is in occultation.
The Deputyship of Jurists in wiliiyat al-qadii’ (Administration of Juridical Authority)
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, on the lmamite theory of political authority, I have alluded to the relationship of saltana (exercise of legal and moral authority through the demand of obedience) and the concept of justice in Twelver Shi’ism when I discussed jihad, the struggle to create just order on earth. I have also dealt with the question of al-wilayat al-ilahiyya (the divine sovereignty) and the way it was invested in the Prophet and the Imams for the purpose of creating just social order under the guidance of Islamic revelation.
Conclusion
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
Published: November 2023

The earth shall not remain but there will always be a learned authority (‘iilim) from among us, who will distinguish the truth from falsehood. The prophecy of Imam al-Sadiq, as the present study has demonstrated, has been fulfilled for the Shi”‘i community throughout their history following the occultation of their last Imam, al-Mahdi, during which there has always been an ‘iilim to direct the community to its goal. The presence of a learned authority has, moreover, generated confidence in the Shi’a community to manage its socio-political affairs through the contingencies that have occurred since the occultation of the Imam.
What Would It Mean To Have A “First Amendment” For Sexual Orientation?
Authors: Mcconnell Michal W
Published: November 2023

As the essays in this volume confirm, reasonable thinkers from a wide spectrum of belief systems and communities of conscience disagree about the morality and legality of homosexual acts. The disagreements are deep and seemingly irreconcilable. If the gay rights position is correct, then the teachings of a number of venerable and beloved religious and philosophical traditions—and maybe the Bible itself—must be rejected as bigoted and ignorant. If these teachings are correct, however, then the gay rights movement is committed to the defense of immorality.
The Revitalization of Bruderhof Piety
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

Eberhard Arnold routinized his charismatic community by seeking financial assistance in 1931 from the Hutterian churches and by adopting their traditional, patriarchal, and hierocratic doctrine and community organization. The Bruderhof became an authoritarian sect and thus achieved the doctrinal and organizational stability 11ecessary to survive the episodic crises and deracinations of the 1930s and World War II.
The Chronologies of Genesis 5 and 11
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

The problem of the ages of the ancestors in Genesis 5 and 11 is hinted at by Josephus in an intriguing aside: “The reader should not examine the ages of the individuals at death, for their lifetimes extended into those of their sons and of their sons’ descendants, but should confine his attention to their dates of birth” (Ant 1.88; trans. Thackeray). If one examines the ages of these individuals at death, one discovers the scandal that in G (and its congeners) Methuselah survives the flood by 14 years (see §4.2 on Josephus’s biblical Vorlage). Further, as Eusebius of Caesarea first observed in his Chronicle, the chronlogies of Genesis 5 and 11 diverge significantly among M, S, and G. Jerome notes in his Hebrew Questions on Genesis: “this is a celebrated question, and one which has been publicly aired in argument by all the churches” (Hayward 1995: 35). For Jerome, this problem provided a prime opportunity to argue for the hebraica veritas, against the sins of G. Augustine defended G as inspired Holy Writ, though even he felt compelled to admit: “One thing remains certain: Methuselah did not live on after the Flood” (City of God 15.11; trans. Bettenson [Penguin]), reluctantly following Min this instance.
History and Prayer as Map
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

As this local proverb reminds us, it is important for pilgrims to have certain forms of explanation and glorification of a site in order for them to negotiate it, meaningfully interpret it, and remain focused on its virtues during their ritual journeys.1 In fact, the notion of pilgrimage in the traditional Tibetan understanding would be meaningless without such forms. For example, the most common ritual act at neri, the walking of a main circumambulation path, is essentially the pilgrim ’s reenactment of the well-known narratives of the first such circuits performed there by the original heroes who opened these places. Research on Tibetan pilgrimages continues to show that oral and written texts of all sorts are constantly in play during their stagings. These texts support ritual activities not only by providing inspiring models (pe, which themselves are directly related to the perceived efficacy of the actions they define) but also by acting as aids for negotiating both the gross and sublime dimensions of any site. In the case of neri, which often have rich cultic histories, both the phenomenal and the subtle levels requiring ritual attention on the part of the practitioner can be very complex and thus require a variety of ritual texts to manage. Quite a number of these are still available for the site of Pure Crystal Mountain.
A Tantric Environment
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

In the chapters 6-9 I will introduce and discuss the principal institutions that define the most common ritual relationships between person and place at Pure Crystal Mountain. By a Tibetan reckoning, these fall approximately into three categories: Tantric meditation and specialized circumambulation; three non-Tantric annual circumambulation pilgrimages, all with differing itineraries; and one large twelve-yearly procession and associated tribute ceremony. In dealing with each of these ritual relationships, I shall also investigate their social implications, as well as the connections and continuities between the two cults of esoteric Tantric Buddhism and popular Buddhist worship at the site.