bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of chitosan and self‐assembled distearoylphosphatidic acid molecules at liquid/liquid and air/water interfaces. Effect of temperature
Authors: Cámara Candelaria I. , Riva Julieta S. , Juárez Ana V. , Yudi Lidia M.
Published: October 2016

The effect of the polyelectrolyte, chitosan (CHI), on distearoylphosphatidic acid (DSPA) films was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, surface pressure‐area isotherm, and Brewster angle microscopy. Distearoylphosphatidic acid films formed at liquid/liquid interface produced a blocking effect to the electrochemical transfer of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) cation from the aqueous to the organic phase, as can be deduced from the cyclic voltammetry experiments. Monolayers of DSPA were performed at different experimental conditions, temperature, subphase solutions (LiCl or CaCl2), and CHI concentration. Both aqueous electrolytes studied exert strong interaction with the negative‐charged polar head groups of phospholipids, which enhance the lateral interactions of the hydrocarbon chains, forming a very structured film. Under these conditions the presence of CHI produces a shift of TEA+ transfer potential toward more positive values because of the less availability of negative sites of the phospholipids for TEA+ adsorption, because they are occupied by the positive‐charged amine groups in CHI chain.

Surface pressure‐molecular area isotherms for DSPA monolayers change in the presence of CHI, demonstrating that this polymer produces an expansion of the DSPA film and modifies the surface elasticity of the film. The effect of the temperature was also studied; an exothermic phase transition was observed in the surface pressure‐molecular area isotherms for DSPA‐CHI monolayers, which involves the rupture of interactions between them. Images of Brewster angle microscopy evidence an increase in the optical thickness of the DSPA films in presence of CHI that indicates that the polymer interacts with DSPA molecules at all molecular areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mometasone furoate (MF) improves lung function in pediatric asthma: A double‐blind, randomized controlled dose‐ranging trial of MF metered‐dose inhaler
Authors: Amar Niran J. , Shekar Tulin , Varnell Tracey A. , Mehta Anish , Philip George
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Mometasone furoate (MF), delivered via dry‐powder inhaler (DPI) QD in the evening (PM), is a treatment option for pediatric patients with asthma. We evaluated MF delivered via a metered‐dose inhaler (MDI), in children ages 5–11 years with persistent asthma.

Methods

This was a 12‐week double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled trial. Pateints were randomized to the following treatments: MF‐MDI 50 mcg BID, MF‐MDI 100 mcg BID, MF‐MDI 200 mcg BID, MF‐DPI 100 mcg QD PM, and placebo. The primary analysis assessed MF‐MDI doses versus placebo, on the change in %‐predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) from baseline to week‐12; a secondary analysis compared MF‐MDI 50 mcg BID versus MF‐DPI 100 mcg QD PM. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout the trial.

Results

For change from baseline in %‐predicted FEV1 at week 12, least‐squares (LS) mean differences from placebo were 3.87 (P = 0.019), 6.29 (P < 0.001), and 5.34 (P = 0.001) percentage‐points for MF‐MDI 50, 100, and 200 mcg BID, respectively. The LS mean difference for MF‐MDI 50 mcg BID versus MF‐DPI 100 mcg QD PM was 1.39 (P = 0.368). AE incidences were similar among all treatment groups. There were no reports of oropharyngeal candidiasis or dysphonia, which were AEs pre‐specified for analysis,.

Conclusions

In children ages 5–11 years with persistent asthma, all three doses of MF‐MDI (50, 100, and 200 mcg BID) demonstrated significant improvement in FEV1 after 12 weeks of treatment. MF was generally well tolerated with no new safety concerns identified in this trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:310–318. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multidisciplinary treatment in children with problematic severe asthma: A prospective evaluation
Authors: Verkleij Marieke , Beelen Anita , van Ewijk Bart E. , Geenen Rinie
Published: October 2016

Objective: For children with problematic severe asthma, achieving adequate control of asthma is difficult. The aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the effects of intensive multidisciplinary inpatient treatment on multiple outcome variables in children with problematic severe asthma. Methods: Participants were 89 children with problematic severe asthma (mean age 13.6 ± 2.5 years) treated in tertiary care clinics at high altitude (Switzerland) or sea level (Netherlands) and their parents (85 mothers, 55 fathers). The primary outcome variable was the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C‐ACT). Other outcome variables were forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), quality of life [PAQLQ(S)], children's coping (UCL‐A), parents’ report of behavioral problems (CBCL), and parenting stress (PSI/NOSI). Evaluations were taken pre‐treatment, post‐treatment, and 3–6 months follow‐up. Median [P25;P75] treatment duration 74 [56;80] days; Median follow‐up interval 131 [103;177] days. Results: The percentages of children showing controlled asthma (C‐ACT) were 18% (pre‐treatment), 69% (post‐treatment), and 44% (follow‐up). The vast majority of the children (80%) showed an improvement on C‐ACT with 4% showing a deterioration. On C‐ACT, FeNO, quality of life, and behavioral problems, improvements at post‐treatment were highly significant. Improvements generally remained at a functional level at follow‐up. Children's coping and parenting stress in parents did not change. Conclusions: The improvement in asthma control and other outcome variables suggests that multidisciplinary inpatient treatment is an effective approach for a heterogeneous group of children with asthma that remained uncontrolled in secondary care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:588–597. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensitivity of newly defined impulse oscillometry indices in preschool children
Authors: Knihtilä Hanna , Kotaniemi‐Syrjänen Anne , Pelkonen Anna S. , Kalliola Satu , Mäkelä Mika J. , Malmberg L. Pekka
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been recognized. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is suitable for assessment of lung function also in preschool children, and some novel indices have been connected to assessment of small airway function. However, limited data exist on the sensitivity of these new indices to detect lung function deficits in young symptomatic children. Methods: IOS measurements of 103 healthy preschool children were evaluated to establish reference equations for the difference between respiratory resistance at 5 and 20 Hz (R5‐20), the relative difference of R5‐20 (R5‐20%), and area under the reactance curve (AX). Thereafter, IOS results of children with late‐onset troublesome lung symptoms (n = 20), a history of early wheeze (n = 37), or a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, n = 8) were compared to healthy children. Results: None of the patient groups differed from healthy regarding respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), and only children with a history of BPD differed from healthy regarding respiratory reactance at 5 Hz (X5). In contrast, z‐scores of R5‐20, R5‐20%, and AX were significantly higher in all patient groups than in healthy children (P < 0.001), showing improved sensitivity (20–55%) compared to R5 and X5 (5–6%). Conclusion: R5‐20, R5‐20%, and AX are superior to conventional IOS parameters in distinguishing children with current or past lower respiratory tract symptoms from healthy, and may prove valuable for screening early lung function deficits. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:598–605. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Burning Rates and Thermal Behavior of Bistetrazole Containing Gun Propellants
Authors: Lavoie Jonathan , Petre Catalin‐Florin , Paradis Pierre‐Yves , Dubois Charles
Published: October 2016

The influence of two selected bistetrazoles, 5,5′‐bis(1H‐tetrazolyl)‐amine (BTA) and 5,5′‐hydrazinebistetrazole (HBT), on the combustion behavior of a typical triple‐base propellant was investigated. Seven propellant formulations, one reference and six others incorporating 5 %, 15 %, and 25 % of either HBT or BTA compounds, respectively, were mixed and extruded into a cylindrical, no perforations, geometry. The resulting propellants showed high burning rates, up to 93 % higher than the reference formulation at 100 MPa. However, the increase in burning rates came at the cost of higher burning rate dependency on pressure, with a pressure exponent as high as 1.4 for certain formulations. HBT‐containing propellants showed notably lower flame temperature when compared to the reference formulation, with a flame temperature reduction of up to 461 K for the propellant containing 25 % HBT. The thermal behavior of the propellants was also investigated through DSC experiments. The addition of bistetrazoles provided lower decomposition temperatures than the pure nitrogen‐rich materials, indicating that the two compounds probably react readily with the −ONO2 groups present in the nitrocellulose and the plasticizers used in the formulation. The onset temperature of all propellants remained within acceptable ranges despite the observed decrease caused by the addition of the bistetrazole compounds.
Anti‐Dermatophyte and Anti‐Malassezia Activity of Extracts Rich in Polymeric Flavan‐3‐ols Obtained from Vitis vinifera Seeds
Authors: Simonetti Giovanna , D'Auria Felicia Diodata , Mulinacci Nadia , Innocenti Marzia , Antonacci Donato , Angiolella Letizia , Santamaria Anna Rita , Valletta Alessio , Donati Livia , Pasqua Gabriella
Published: October 2016

Several human skin diseases are associated with fungi as dermatophytes and Malassezia. Skin mycoses are increasing and new alternatives to conventional treatments with improved efficacy and/or safety profiles are desirable. For the first time, the anti‐dermatophytes and the anti‐Malassezia activities of Vitis vinifera seed extracts obtained from different table and wine cultivars have been evaluated. Geometric minimal inhibitory concentration ranged from 20 to 97 µg/mL for dermatophytes and from 32 to 161 µg/mL for Malassezia furfur. Dried grape seed extracts analyzed by HPLC/DAD/ESI/MS showed different quali–quantitative compositions in terms of monomeric and polymeric flavan‐3‐ols. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for Trichophyton mentagrophytes and for M. furfur were inversely correlated with the amount of the polymeric fraction (r = −0.7639 and r = −0.7228, respectively). Differently, the antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes was not correlated to the content of flavan‐3‐ol monomers (r = 0.2920) and only weakly correlated for M. furfur (r = −0.53604). These results suggest that extracts rich in polymeric flavan‐3‐ols, recovered from V.  vinifera seeds, could be used for the treatment of skin fungal infections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Evidential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Using Linguistic Terms
Authors: Li Zhen , Xiao Fuyuan , Fei Liguo , Mahadevan Sankaran , Deng Yong
Published: October 2016

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) has been extensively used in reliability engineering domain. Risk priority number (RPN), defined as the product of occurrence (O), severity (S), and detection (D) of a failure, is the most important measure used in FMEA for prioritizing risk. In this paper, a new evidential FMEA using linguistic term is presented. First, the linguistic terms have been applied in the form of assessment distribution, which enables the experts to express their assessments in a more realistic way and hence improving the applicability of the FMEA. Second, a novel method to transform the experts' linguistic judgments into basic probability assignments (BPAs) is proposed. Third, the flexibility of assigning a weight to each criterion in the FMEA provides a means of specifically identifying weak areas in the system/component studied. At the same time, the weights can be utilized as the discounting coefficients to address the problem existing in conflicting evidence combination. An example is illustrated to show the practical application of the proposed FMEA methodology in engineering. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dilute‐and‐shoot flow‐injection tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of phenobarbital in urine
Authors: Alagandula Ravali , Zhou Xiang , Guo Baochuan
Published: October 2016

Rationale

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is the gold standard of urine drug testing. However, current LC‐based methods are time consuming, limiting the throughput of MS‐based testing and increasing the cost. This is particularly problematic for quantification of drugs such as phenobarbital, which is often analyzed in a separate run because they must be negatively ionized.

Methods

This study examined the feasibility of using a dilute‐and‐shoot flow‐injection method without LC separation to quantify drugs with phenobarbital as a model system. Briefly, a urine sample containing phenobarbital was first diluted by 10 times, followed by flow injection of the diluted sample to mass spectrometer. Quantification and detection of phenobarbital were achieved by an electrospray negative ionization MS/MS system operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the stable‐isotope‐labeled drug as internal standard.

Results

The dilute‐and‐shoot flow‐injection method developed was linear with a dynamic range of 50–2000 ng/mL of phenobarbital and correlation coefficient > 0.9996. The coefficients of variation and relative errors for intra‐ and inter‐assays at four quality control (QC) levels (50, 125, 445 and 1600 ng/mL) were 3.0% and 5.0%, respectively. The total run time to quantify one sample was 2 min, and the sensitivity and specificity of the method did not deteriorate even after 1200 consecutive injections.

Conclusions

Our method can accurately and robustly quantify phenobarbital in urine without LC separation. Because of its 2 min run time, the method can process 720 samples per day. This feasibility study shows that the dilute‐and‐shoot flow‐injection method can be a general way for fast analysis of drugs in urine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new generator of causal ideal internal dynamics for a class of unstable linear differential equations
Authors: Quan Quan , Cai Kai‐Yuan
Published: October 2016

The generator design for causal ideal internal dynamics (IID), namely, solving IID, is a fundamental problem in a nonminimum‐phase output tracking process. In this paper, for a class of unstable matrix differential equations, a new causal IID generator is proposed, whose parameters are partly chosen via
optimization. Compared with existing similar design schemes, it is applicable to matrix differential equations with singular system matrices. Also, it requires less computation, avoids taking higher order derivatives, and can be easily extended to treat slowly time‐varying matrix differential equations without the need for extra computation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Networks, platforms, and strategy: Emerging views and next steps
Authors: McIntyre David P. , Srinivasan Arati
Published: October 2016

Research summary: A substantial and burgeoning body of research has described the influence of platform‐mediated networks in a wide variety of settings, whereby users and complementors desire compatibility on a common platform. In this review, we outline extant views of these dynamics from the industrial organization (IO) economics, technology management, and strategic management perspectives. Using this review as a foundation, we propose a future research agenda in this domain that focuses the on the relative influence of network effects and platform quality in competitive outcomes, drivers of indirect network effects, the nature and attributes of complementors, and leveraging complementor dynamics for competitive advantage.

Managerial summary: In many industries, such as social networks and video games, consumers place greater value on products with a large network of other users and a large variety of complementary products. Such “network effects” offer lucrative opportunities for firms that can leverage these dynamics to create dominant technology platforms. This article reviews current perspectives on network effects and the emergence of platforms, and offers several areas of future consideration for optimal strategies in these settings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent Porous Polymers Based on Aggregation‐Induced Mechanism: Design, Synthesis and Functions
Authors: Dalapati Sasanka , Gu Cheng , Jiang Donglin
Published: October 2016

Enormous research efforts are focusing on the design and synthesis of advanced luminescent systems, owing to their diverse capability in scientific studies and technological developments. In particular, fluorescence systems based on aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) have emerged to show great potential for sensing, bio‐imaging, and optoelectronic applications. Among them, integrating AIE mechanisms to design porous polymers is unique because it enables the combination of porosity and luminescence activity in one molecular skeleton for functional design. In recent years rapid progress in exploring AIE‐based porous polymers has developed a new class of luminescent materials that exhibit broad structural diversity, outstanding properties and functions and promising applications. By classifying the structural nature of the skeleton, herein the design principle, synthetic development and structural features of different porous luminescent materials are elucidated, including crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), and amorphous porous organic polymers (POPs). The functional exploration of these luminescent porous polymers are highlighted by emphasizing electronic interplay within the confined nanospace, fundamental issues to be addressed are disclosed, and future directions from chemistry, physics and materials science perspectives are proposed.
Bistable Epigenetic States Explain Age-Dependent Decline in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity
Authors: Hamidouche Zahia , Rother Karen , Przybilla Jens , Krinner Axel , Clay Denis , Hopp Lydia , Fabian Claire , Stolzing Alexandra , Binder Hans , Charbord Pierre , Galle Joerg
Published: October 2016

The molecular mechanisms by which heterogeneity, a major characteristic of stem cells, is achieved are yet unclear. We here study the expression of the membrane stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) clones. We show that subpopulations with varying Sca-1 expression profiles regenerate the Sca-1 profile of the mother population within a few days. However, after extensive replication in vitro, the expression profiles shift to lower values and the regeneration time increases. Study of the promoter of Ly6a unravels that the expression level of Sca-1 is related to the promoter occupancy by the activating histone mark H3K4me3. We demonstrate that these findings can be consistently explained by a computational model that considers positive feedback between promoter H3K4me3 modification and gene transcription. This feedback implicates bistable epigenetic states which the cells occupy with an age-dependent frequency due to persistent histone (de-)modification. Our results provide evidence that MSC heterogeneity, and presumably that of other stem cells, is associated with bistable epigenetic states and suggest that MSCs are subject to permanent state fluctuations.
Zeb2 Regulates Cell Fate at the Exit from Epiblast State in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Stryjewska Agata , Dries Ruben , Pieters Tim , Verstappen Griet , Conidi Andrea , Coddens Kathleen , Francis Annick , Umans Lieve , van IJcken Wilfred F. J. , Berx Geert , van Grunsven Leo A. , Grosveld Frank G. , Goossens Steven , Haigh Jody J. , Huylebroeck Danny
Published: October 2016

In human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) the transcription factor Zeb2 regulates neuroectoderm versus mesendoderm formation, but it is unclear how Zeb2 affects the global transcriptional regulatory network in these cell-fate decisions. We generated Zeb2 knockout (KO) mouse ESCs, subjected them as embryoid bodies (EBs) to neural and general differentiation and carried out temporal RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) analysis in neural differentiation. This shows that Zeb2 acts preferentially as a transcriptional repressor associated with developmental progression and that Zeb2 KO ESCs can exit from their naïve state. However, most cells in these EBs stall in an early epiblast-like state and are impaired in both neural and mesendodermal differentiation. Genes involved in pluripotency, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and DNA-(de)methylation, including Tet1, are deregulated in the absence of Zeb2. The observed elevated Tet1 levels in the mutant cells and the knowledge of previously mapped Tet1-binding sites correlate with loss-of-methylation in neural-stimulating conditions, however, after the cells initially acquired the correct DNA-methyl marks. Interestingly, cells from such Zeb2 KO EBs maintain the ability to re-adapt to 2i + LIF conditions even after prolonged differentiation, while knockdown of Tet1 partially rescues their impaired differentiation. Hence, in addition to its role in EMT, Zeb2 is critical in ESCs for exit from the epiblast state, and links the pluripotency network and DNA-methylation with irreversible commitment to differentiation.
Reinigen, Funktionalisieren und Beschichten
Authors: Vohrer Uwe , Bosse Ralf , Hoder Tomáš , Černák Mirko , Thomas Michael
Published: October 2016

Die Plasmatechnologie ist mit ihren unterschiedlichen Ausführungsformen, dem Niederdruck‐ oder dem Atmosphärendruckplasma, eine der bedeutendsten Technologien, um nahezu jede Materialoberfläche zu aktivieren, zu reinigen zu funktionalisieren oder zu beschichten. Dieser Artikel fokussiert auf die Atmosphärenplasmen und zeigt anhand von Beispielen auf, dass zunehmend bisherige Domänen der Niederdruckplasmabehandlung auch durch Atmosphärendruckplasmen erschlossen werden. Am Beispiel der Textilbehandlung wird gezeigt, dass unter Berücksichtigung des gesamten textilen Herstellungsprozesses, die Plasmabehandlung auch ökonomisch in den Prozess integrierbar ist. Weiterhin ermöglicht die Entwicklung des Diffuse Coplanar Surface Barrier Discharge (DCSBD)‐Verfahrens nun auch die einseitige Funktionalisierung sehr sensitiven Materialien. Auch komplexe dreidimensionale Kunststoffbauteile können z. B. vor einer Metallisierung homogen aktiviert werden. Abschließend werden dann noch Beispiele für den Einsatz der Atmosphärendruckplasmatechnologie in der Biofunktionalisierung dargestellt.
Compatibility of Biosimilar Filgrastim with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy during the Treatment of Malignant Diseases (VENICE): A Prospective, Multicenter, Non-Interventional, Longitudinal Study
Authors: Fruehauf Stefan , Otremba Burkhard , Stötzer Oliver , Rudolph Christine
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious and frequent complication of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Biosimilar filgrastim (Nivestim™, Hospira Inc, A Pfizer Company, Lake Forest, IL, USA) is a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor licensed for the treatment of neutropenia and FN induced by myelosuppressive chemotherapy. The primary goal of this VENICE study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01627990) was to observe the tolerability, safety and efficacy of biosimilar filgrastim in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.

Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, longitudinal study. Consenting adult patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies for whom cytotoxic chemotherapy and treatment with biosimilar filgrastim was planned were enrolled.

Results

Among the enrolled patients (N = 386), 81% were female, with a median age (range) of 61 (22–92) years, with 39% >65 years old. Most patients (n = 338; 88%) had solid tumors and the remainder (n = 49; 13%) had hematological malignancies. The majority of the patients (64%) received biosimilar filgrastim as primary prophylaxis and 36% as secondary prophylaxis. At the follow-up visits, for the majority of patients (95.6%) there had been no change in chemotherapy dose due to FN. For two patients (0.5%) the chemotherapy was discontinued due to FN and for four patients (1.0%) the chemotherapy dose was reduced due to FN. For the majority of patients (96.9%) the chemotherapy cycle following the first biosimilar filgrastim treatment was not delayed due to FN. For 3 patients (0.8%), the chemotherapy was delayed following the first biosimilar filgrastim treatment. Less than one-third (29.8%) of the patients experienced ≥1 adverse event that was at least potentially related to biosimilar filgrastim treatment.

Conclusions

Biosimilar filgrastim was effective and well-tolerated in both the primary and secondary prophylactic setting in patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors and hematological malignancies.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01627990.

Funding

Hospira Inc, A Pfizer Company, Lake Forest, IL, USA.
Synchronous MT surveys with laterally inhomogeneous excitation
Authors: Plotkin V.V.
Published: October 2016

Magnetotelluric (MT) responses are commonly interpreted assuming vertical plane-wave excitation. However, the primary electromagnetic (EM) field can be laterally inhomogeneous along the surface near auroral zones and its sources. It is suggested to use synchronous records of MT responses to an inhomogeneous source field with a dominant spatial harmonic. The applicability of this approach is checked using spatial filtering of synchronous wave data and a calculated directional pattern, which has its maximum along the wave vector of the dominant harmonic. The parameters of this harmonics are further estimated by optimization, with the EM field being presented as a sum of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The TM mode, which forms in the presence of surface structures, is responsible for galvanic distortions. Inversion of the EM field components recorded synchronously at three or more sites gives the amplitudes of the two field modes and period-dependent apparent resistivities, while the static shift in the data becomes removed. The algorithm has been successfully tested on data from the BEAR project in the Fennoscandian Shield.
The escaping set of transcendental self-maps of the punctured plane
Authors: MARTÍ-PETE DAVID
Published: October 2016

We study the different rates of escape of points under iteration by holomorphic self-maps of $\mathbb{C}^{\ast }=\mathbb{C}\setminus \{0\}$ for which both zero and infinity are essential singularities. Using annular covering lemmas we construct different types of orbits, including fast escaping and arbitrarily slowly escaping orbits to either zero, infinity or both. We also prove several properties about the set of fast escaping points for this class of functions. In particular, we show that there is an uncountable collection of disjoint sets of fast escaping points, each of which has $J(f)$ as its boundary.
Kazantsev model in non-helical 2.5-dimensional flows
Authors: Seshasayanan K. , Alexakis A.
Published: October 2016

We study the dynamo instability for a Kazantsev–Kraichnan flow with three velocity components that depend only on two dimensions $\boldsymbol{u}=(u(x,y,t),v(x,y,t),w(x,y,t))$ often referred to as 2.5-dimensional (2.5-D) flow. Within the Kazantsev–Kraichnan framework we derive the governing equations for the second-order magnetic field correlation function and examine the growth rate of the dynamo instability as a function of the control parameters of the system. In particular we investigate the dynamo behaviour for large magnetic Reynolds numbers $Rm$ and flows close to being two-dimensional and show that these two limiting procedures do not commute. The energy spectra of the unstable modes are derived analytically and lead to power-law behaviour that differs from the three-dimensional and two-dimensional cases. The results of our analytical calculation are compared with the results of numerical simulations of dynamos driven by prescribed fluctuating flows as well as freely evolving turbulent flows, showing good agreement.
William Boog Leishman: parasitologist and politician
Authors: VINCENT H. M.
Published: October 2016

Famous for the discovery of the parasite, Leishmania, named after him, and the invention of Leishman's stain, William Boog Leishman should perhaps be better known for his work in military and public health, particularly the prevention of typhoid. Leishman was a Medical Officer in the British Army from 1887 until his death in 1926. His early research was on diseases affecting troops posted to stations within the British Empire. He saw cases of Leishmaniasis while stationed in India, and was able to identify the causative organism from his detailed records of his observations. Leishman's most important contribution to public health, however, was his work with typhoid, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the army. Leishman planned experiments and the collection of data to demonstrate the efficacy of anti-typhoid inoculation and, using his considerable political skills, advocated the adoption of the vaccine. He planned for the inoculation of troops in an emergency so, when war broke out in 1914, the vaccine was available to save thousands of lives. Leishman's colleagues and mentors included Ronald Ross and Almroth Wright. Leishman was less outspoken than either Ross or Wright; this paper shows how the different contributions of the three men overlapped.
Psychological distress in mid-life: evidence from the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts
Authors: Ploubidis G. B. , Sullivan A. , Brown M. , Goodman A.
Published: October 2016

Background

This paper addresses the levels of psychological distress experienced at age 42 years by men and women born in 1958 and 1970. Comparing these cohorts born 12 years apart, we ask whether psychological distress has increased, and, if so, whether this increase can be explained by differences in their childhood conditions.

Method

Data were utilized from two well-known population-based birth cohorts, the National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Cohort Study. Latent variable models and causal mediation methods were employed.

Results

After establishing the measurement equivalence of psychological distress in the two cohorts we found that men and women born in 1970 reported higher levels of psychological distress compared with those born in 1958. These differences were more pronounced in men (b= 0.314, 95% confidence interval 0.252–0.375), with the magnitude of the effect being twice as strong compared with women (b= 0.147, 95% confidence interval 0.076–0.218). The effect of all hypothesized early-life mediators in explaining these differences was modest.

Conclusions

Our findings have implications for public health policy, indicating a higher average level of psychological distress among a cohort born in 1970 compared with a generation born 12 years earlier. Due to increases in life expectancy, more recently born cohorts are expected to live longer, which implies – if such differences persist – that they are likely to spend more years with mental health-related morbidity compared with earlier-born cohorts.
International Women's Trade Unionism and Education
Authors: Cobble Dorothy Sue
Published: October 2016

This keynote address, delivered in December 2015 at the International Federation of Workers’ Education Association General Conference in Lima, Peru, refutes the standard trope of labor movement decline and provides evidence for the global rise and feminization of labor movements worldwide. Trade union women’s commitment to emancipatory, democratic worker education helped spur these changes. The origins and effects of two historical examples are detailed: the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers held in the United States annually from 1921 to 1938 and the first International Women’s Summer School of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) held in France in 1953. The latter experiment, attended by women labor leaders from 25 countries, energized the Women’s Committee of the ICFTU. It led to the adoption of “The Charter of Rights of Working Women” by the ICFTU in 1965 and helped make possible the election of Sharan Burrow and other women to top office in the International Trade Union Confederation. The address concludes with a discussion of what the history of trade union women’s education teaches about strengthening future labor movements.
Popular Adult and Labor Education Movement in Sweden—History, Content, Pedagogy
Authors: Gougoulakis Petros
Published: October 2016

In Sweden, workers’ education—Arbetarbildning—is part of the all-embracing popular adult education movement that assumed its organizational consolidation in the late 1800s. Popular education—Folkbildning—is a culturally determined practice of social communication with roots in the Reformation and the Enlightenment, playing a decisive role in the shaping of the Swedish labor movement in the late 1800s, the history of which is intertwined with democratization and the transformation of Sweden into a highly developed welfare society. The pedagogical and ideological configuration of labor education in Sweden is surveyed from a historical perspective through the lenses of the Workers’ Educational Association (ABF) and the labor movement's most powerful branches: the Social Democratic Party (SAP) and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO). Workers’ education was utilized as a political strategy for a just and equitable society, via successive reforms, based on knowledge and initiated and supported by well-informed citizens.
Toward a General Theory and Global History of Workers’ Education
Authors: Merrill Michael , Schurman Susan J.
Published: October 2016

Workers’ education, understood to mean the education of workers by workers for purposes they themselves determine, has always been highly contested terrain, just like work itself. If there is to be an adequate global history of workers’ education, it will need to be guided by a suitable general theory. Hegel most expansively and Durkheim most persuasively argued that societies are cognitive and moral projects, of which education is constitutive: knowing and social being are inextricably bound up with one another. In the global democratic revolutions of the last 250 years, the labor movement distinguished itself as simultaneously a social movement, an education in democracy, and a struggle for a democratic education. The history of workers’ education is a history of workers striving to remake their communities into democracies and themselves into democrats. This brief essay introduces a collection of essays representative of a new generation of scholarship on the history of workers’ education, which we hope will help both traditional and emerging labor movements understand their past and think more clearly about their future.
Studying the use and effect of graph decomposition in qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning
Authors: Sioutis Michael , Salhi Yakoub , Condotta Jean-François
Published: October 2016

We survey the use and effect of decomposition-based techniques in qualitative spatial and temporal constraint-based reasoning, and clarify the notions of a tree decomposition, a chordal graph, and a partitioning graph, and their implication with a particular constraint property that has been extensively used in the literature, namely, patchwork. As a consequence, we prove that a recently proposed decomposition-based approach that was presented in the study by Nikolaou and Koubarakis for checking the satisfiability of qualitative spatial constraint networks lacks soundness. Therefore, the approach becomes quite controversial as it does not seem to offer any technical advance at all, while results of an experimental evaluation of it in a following work presented in the study by Sioutis become questionable. Finally, we present a particular tree decomposition that is based on the biconnected components of the constraint graph of a given large network, and show that it allows for cost-free utilization of parallelism for a qualitative constraint language that has patchwork for satisfiable atomic networks.
When Playing the Woman Card is Playing Trump: Assessing the Efficacy of Framing Campaigns as Historic
Authors: Caughell Leslie
Published: October 2016

Candidate gender has become a major theme in the 2016 presidential campaign. Secretary Clinton appears to be emphasizing her gender to a greater degree than she did in 2008, even invoking gender in primary debates as something that separates her from the political establishment. Her opponent in the general election, Donald Trump, claimed that Clinton was playing the “woman card” and that Clinton has little to offer as a candidate beyond her sex. However, scholars have little sense of the effectiveness of playing the woman card by emphasizing the historic first associated with a candidacy, a strategy with inherent risks. This project examines the effect of playing the woman card by emphasizing the historic nature of a female executive candidate, and demonstrates that playing the woman card may actually benefit female candidates among certain subsets of voters. Playing the gender card appeals to voters traditionally underrepresented in politics and to weak Democrats and independents. These findings suggest that playing the gender card may benefit female candidates, especially Democrats, in elections.
“Please Clap”: Applause, Laughter, and Booing during the 2016 GOP Presidential Primary Debates
Authors: Stewart Patrick A. , Eubanks Austin D. , Miller Jason
Published: October 2016

The 2016 Republican Party presidential primary debates were unprecedented in the amount of media and public interest they generated. Substantially driven by curiosity about reality television celebrity Donald Trump, the initial debates hosted by FOX News and CNN both reflected and validated interest in his candidacy while proffering attention to a full slate of more traditional presidential contenders in front of boisterous audiences. This study considers these audiences’ response. Whether applause, laughter, booing, or combinations thereof, these group utterances provide a reliable metric by which insights may be derived concerning partisan attitudes towards Trump and the other candidates, as well as the unity of the Republican Party. Findings suggest that the debate setting in concert with the demographics of the in-person audience may well have influenced initial response to the candidates and as a result have subtle yet lingering consequences for the 2016 presidential election.
Who Decides When The Party Doesn’t? Authoritarian Voters and the Rise of Donald Trump
Authors: MacWilliams Matthew C.
Published: October 2016

While the party decides theory explains the outcomes of past nomination battles for president, this year in the Republican presidential contest party insiders failed to anoint a standard bearer. Who decides when the party elites don’t? In 2016, it was America’s authoritarian voters. And their candidate of choice, Donald Trump, is anathema to party leaders. I argue that Trump’s rise is in part the result of authoritarian voters’ response to his unvarnished, us-versus-them rhetoric. The failure of Republican Party insiders to coalesce behind one candidate opened the door for Trump. Authoritarian-driven partisan polarization (Hetherington and Weiler 2009), increasing fear of real and imagined threats, and terrorist incidents abroad and at home provided the fuel for Trump’s campaign. And Trump’s message and manner ignited that fuel, propelling him to the Republican nomination for president.
The Growing Spatial Polarization of Presidential Voting in the United States, 1992–2012: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Johnston Ron , Jones Kelvyn , Manley David
Published: October 2016

There has been considerable debate regarding a hypothesis that the American electorate has become spatially more polarized over recent decades. Using a new method for measuring polarization, this paper evaluates that hypothesis regarding voting for the Democratic party’s presidential candidates at six elections since 1992, at three separate spatial scales. The findings are unambiguous: polarization has increased substantially across the country’s nine census divisions, across the 49 states within those divisions, and across the 3,077 counties within the states—with the most significant change at the finest of those three scales.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Donald
Authors: Mutz Diana C.
Published: October 2016

Few empirical studies suggest that fictional stories can influence political opinions. Nonetheless, in this study I demonstrate the relevance of Harry Potter consumption to oppositional attitudes toward Donald Trump and his worldview. Using multivariate observational models and panel data from 2014 to 2016, results suggest that the lessons of the Harry Potter series have influenced levels of opposition to punitive policies and support for tolerance of groups considered outside the American mainstream. Further, they predict public reactions to Donald Trump above and beyond their influence on policies consistent with his views.
Rejecting More of the Same? The 2016 Veepstakes
Authors: Baumgartner Jody C
Published: October 2016

In this article, I present results from a conditional logit model of vice presidential selection that predicts the selection of vice presidential candidates for both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in 2016. Examining contested major party vice presidential nominations from 1960 through 2012, the model finds media exposure, political experience, military service, age, and demographic (gender/racial/ethnic) diversity to be significant factors in the selection process. In the end, the model correctly predicts 15 of the 21 (71.%) contested major party nominations during this period. For 2016 the model correctly and convincingly predicts Mike Pence as Donald Trump’s selection, but incorrectly predicts Cory Booker as Hillary Clinton’s pick. This reduces the overall percentage of correct predictions from 1960 to 2016 to 69.6% (16 of 23), but the approach taken here still represents a more appropriate way for social scientists to think about what factors drive vice presidential selection.
The quest for collapsed/frozen stars in single-line spectroscopic binary systems
Authors: Trimble Virginia
Published: October 2016

Black holes are now commonplace, among the stars, in Galactic centers, and perhaps other places. But within living memory, their very existence was doubted by many, and few chose to look for them. Zeldovich and Guseinov were first, followed by Trimble and Thorne, using a method that would have identified HDE 226868 as a plausible candidate, if it had been in the 1968 catalogue of spectroscopic binaries. That it was not arose from an unhappy accident in the observing program of Daniel M. Popper long before the discovery of X-ray binaries and the identification of Cygnus X-1 with that hot, massive star and its collapsed companion.
The Zeldovich & Adhesion approximations and applications to the local universe
Authors: Hidding Johan , van de Weygaert Rien , Shandarin Sergei
Published: October 2016

The Zeldovich approximation (ZA) predicts the formation of a web of singularities. While these singularities may only exist in the most formal interpretation of the ZA, they provide a powerful tool for the analysis of initial conditions. We present a novel method to find the skeleton of the resulting cosmic web based on singularities in the primordial deformation tensor and its higher order derivatives. We show that the A3 lines predict the formation of filaments in a two-dimensional model. We continue with applications of the adhesion model to visualise structures in the local (z < 0.03) universe.
Structure of the Canes Venatici I cloud of galaxies
Authors: Makarov Dmitry I. , Makarova Lidia N. , Uklein Roman I.
Published: October 2016

We study the spatial distribution of the sparse cloud of galaxies in the Canes Venatici constellation. We determined distances of 30 galaxies using the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method. This homogeneous sample allows us to distinguish the zone of chaotic motions around the center of the system. A group of galaxies around M94 is characterized by the mass-luminosity ratio of M/LB=159 (M/L)⊙. It is significantly higher than the typical ratio M/LB=159 (M/L)⊙ for the nearby groups of galaxies. The CVn I cloud of galaxies contains 4–5 times less luminous matter compared with the well-known nearby groups, such as the Local Group, M 81 and Centaurus A. The central galaxy M 94 is at least 1 mag fainter than any other central galaxy of these groups. However, the concentration of galaxies in the Canes Venatici may have a comparable total mass.
Environmental density of galaxies from SDSS via Voronoi tessellation
Authors: Dobrycheva D. , Melnyk O. , Elyiv A. , Vavilova I.
Published: October 2016

The aim of our work was to determine the environmental density of galaxies from SDSS DR9 using the Voronoi tessellation. We constructed the 3D Voronoi tessellation for the volume-limited galaxy sample within 0.02 <z<0.1 and -24 Mr-20.7 using an inverse volume of Voronoi cell as a parameter describing the local environmental density of a galaxy. It allowed us to inspect the morphology - density relation. We obtained that the early type galaxies prefer to reside in the Voronoi cells of smaller volumes (i.e. dense environments) than the late type galaxies, which are located in the larger Voronoi cells (i.e. sparse environments).
Luminosity function for galaxy clusters
Authors: Bajan K. , Biernacka M. , Flin P. , Godłowski W. , Panko E. , Popiela J.
Published: October 2016

We constructed and studied the luminosity function of 6188 galaxy
clusters. This was performed by counting brightness of galaxies
belonging to clusters in the PF catalogue, taking galaxy data from
MRSS. Our result shows that the investigated structures are
characterized by a luminosity function different from that of
optical galaxies and radiogalaxies (Machalski & Godłowski
2000). The implications of this result for theories
of galaxy formation are briefly discussed.
Testing Gravity using Void Profiles
Authors: Cai Yan-Chuan , Padilla Nelson , Li Baojiu
Published: October 2016

We investigate void properties inf(R)models using N-body simulations, focusing on their differences from General Relativity (GR) and their detectability. In the Hu-Sawickif(R)modified gravity (MG) models, the halo number density profiles of voids are not distinguishable from GR. In contrast, the samef(R)voids are more empty of dark matter, and their profiles are steeper. This can in principle be observed by weak gravitational lensing of voids, for which the combination of a spectroscopic redshift and a lensing photometric redshift survey over the same sky is required. Neglecting the lensing shape noise, thef(R)model parameter amplitudesfR0=10-5and 10-4may be distinguished from GR using the lensing tangential shear signal around voids by 4 and 8 σ for a volume of 1 (Gpc/h)3. The line-of-sight projection of large-scale structure is the main systematics that limits the significance of this signal for the near future wide angle and deep lensing surveys. For this reason, it is challenging to distinguishfR0=10-6from GR. We expect that this can be overcome with larger volume. The halo void abundance being smaller and the steepening of dark matter void profiles inf(R)models are unique features that can be combined to break the degeneracy betweenfR0and σ8.