bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryoprotectant agent characterization via acoustical and optical analyses
Authors: Casacchia Alicia , Uden Matthew J. , Hutter Tanya , Wilson Preston S. , Hamilton Mark F.
Published: July 2024

In the field of cryopreservation, there exists a class of substances known as cryoprotectant agents (CPAs), which display an ability to vitrify. These CPAs are used to prevent cellular damage during the preservation of human tissues. In a vitrified state, cells exist in a glass-like state, meaning there is no formation of mechanically damaging ice crystals during cryogenic freezing and thawing. Although a CPA’s ability to vitrify increases with concentration, its toxicity limits viable levels of use. This work seeks to find a correlation between acoustic properties of various CPAs and their concentrations via analyses of cavitation noise and cavitation jets, to accompany future studies on CPA toxicity. Four common CPAs, namely, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and formamide were investigated at various concentrations in aqueous mixtures and compared to pure water. The acoustic spectra of each CPA show an observable dependence on concentration levels and provide a potential way to probe the hydrogen bonding dynamics within the mixtures. [This is a SAWIAGOS project.]
Nonlinear waveform steepening in time reversal focusing of airborne, one-dimensional sound waves, and the absence of Mach stems
Authors: Hogg Michael M. , Patchett Brian D. , Anderson Brian E.
Published: July 2024

Time reversal (TR) is a process that can be used to generate high amplitude focusing of sound. Previous research has shown that TR in reverberant environments can generate peak levels that exceed 200 dB with airborne, audible sound [Patchett and Anderson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 151(6), (2022)], and 134 dB with airborne ultrasound [Wallace and Anderson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150(2), (2021)]. Particularly, in the focusing of audible sound, these high amplitude focused waveforms exhibit multiple nonlinear properties including waveform steepening and a nonlinear increase in compressions due to the generation of free space Mach stems. This study attempts to remove the Mach stems by generating the focus in a 1D system, since Mach stems require higher dimensional spaces to form. The system of pipes used ensures a planar 1D reverberant environment. Results show that waveform steepening remains as expected but that the nonlinear increase in compression amplitudes disappears without the ability for Mach stems to form. This provides further confirmation that Mach stems are the cause of the nonlinear increase in compression amplitudes observed with high amplitude TR.
Simultaneous in-air versus in-water measurements of humpback whale breathing sounds
Authors: Radermacher Max , Schinault Matthew E. , Seri Sai Geetha , Ratilal Purnima
Published: July 2024

Humpback whales produce an assortment of sounds ranging from moans and songs to surface-breaching, breathing, and foreflipper flaps. During a sea trial of Northeastern University’s coherent hydrophone array at the Great South Channel in US Northeastern coastal waters, the HF subaperture consisting of 32 hydrophone elements at 0.375 m spacings was deployed vertically with half of the hydrophones in air and the other half submerged underwater on September 6th, 2021. Many instances of humpback whale breathing sounds were recorded over several hours of observation. Visual sightings and video recordings were used to coregister sounds recorded on individual hydrophones of the HF subaperture. Here, we examine and compare the simultaneously recorded humpback whale breathing sound spectra, bandwidth, and duration for in-air versus underwater hydrophones. Whale distances to the vertical HF subaperture could be calculated from curved time of arrival differences due to close proximity of the array. These distances are applied to correct the received underwater sound pressure level for transmission loss and estimate underwater recorded whale breathing sound source level. A consistent broadband dip in the measured underwater sound spectra with null centered at 15 kHz is investigated by propagation modelling, considering both modal interference and attenuation from loud bubbles.
Chemical recycling of mixed textile waste
Authors: Andini Erha , Bhalode Pooja , Gantert Evan , Sadula Sunitha , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: July 2024

Globally, less than 0.5% of postconsumer textile waste is recycled, with the majority incinerated or ending up in landfills. Most postconsumer textiles are mixed fibers, complicating mechanical recycling due to material blends and contaminants. Here, we demonstrate the chemical conversion of postconsumer mixed textile waste using microwave-assisted glycolysis over a ZnO catalyst followed by solvent dissolution. This approach electrifies the process heat while allowing rapid depolymerization of polyester and spandex to their monomers in 15 minutes. A simple solvent dissolution enables the separation of cotton and nylon. We assess the quality of all components through extensive material characterization, discuss their potential for sustainable recycling, and provide a techno-economic analysis of the economic feasibility of the process.
Nasal tau immunotherapy clears intracellular tau pathology and improves cognitive functions in aged tauopathy mice
Authors: Gaikwad Sagar , Puangmalai Nicha , Sonawane Minal , Montalbano Mauro , Price Rachel , Iyer Malini S. , Ray Anamika , Moreno Sandra , Kayed Rakez
Published: July 2024

Pathological tau aggregates cause cognitive decline in neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These aggregates are prevalent within intracellular compartments. Current tau immunotherapies have shown limited efficacy in clearing intracellular tau aggregates and improving cognition in clinical trials. In this study, we developed toxic tau conformation–specific monoclonal antibody-2 (TTCM2), which selectively recognized pathological tau aggregates in brain tissues from patients with AD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). TTCM2 potently inhibited tau-seeding activity, an essential mechanism underlying tauopathy progression. To effectively target intracellular tau aggregates and ensure rapid delivery to the brain, TTCM2 was loaded in micelles (TTCM2-ms) and administered through the intranasal route. We found that intranasally administered TTCM2-ms efficiently entered the brain in hTau-tauopathy mice, targeting pathological tau in intracellular compartments. Moreover, a single intranasal dose of TTCM2-ms effectively cleared pathological tau, elevated synaptic proteins, and improved cognitive functions in aged tauopathy mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that TTCM2-ms cleared intracellular, synaptic, and seed-competent tau aggregates through tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21), an intracellular antibody receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase known to facilitate proteasomal degradation of cytosolic antibody-bound proteins. TRIM21 was found to be essential for TTCM2-ms–mediated clearance of tau pathology. Our study collectively provides evidence of the effectiveness of nasal tau immunotherapy in targeting and clearing intracellular tau pathology through TRIM21 and enhancing cognition in aged tauopathy mice. This study could be valuable in designing effective tau immunotherapies for AD and other tauopathies.
Draft genome sequences of
Weissella cibaria
GM93m3, a promising probiotic strain from raw goat milk
Authors: Akinyemi Muiz O. , Oyedele Oluwawapelumi A. , Kleyn Mariska S. , Onarinde Bukola A. , Adeleke Rasheed A. , Ezekiel Chibundu N.
Published: July 2024

The draft genome of a previously documented potential probiotic
Weissella cibaria
strain GM93m3 from raw goat milk in Nigeria is reported. The total genome size was 2,447,229 with 46 contigs and G+C content of 44.86%.
The Mount Distin assemblage: Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Nome Complex of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA
Authors: Miller Elizabeth L. , Hudson Travis L. , Amato Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2024

Proterozoic to Paleozoic rocks involved in Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous (Brookian) orogenesis and subsequently extended, metamorphosed at high temperature and intruded by Cretaceous plutons, are widespread on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA. These blueschist and greenschist facies metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks make up the highly deformed Nome Complex. We describe and bracket the age of a distinct Precambrian succession in the Nome Complex, the Mount Distin assemblage (informal). The Mount Distin assemblage consists of marble, impure marble, calc-schist, quartz mica schist, and lesser quartzite that was originally a shelfal succession. Metamafic bodies, originally dikes and/or sills, are minor but common components. Three new U-Pb detrital zircon (DZ) samples are characterized by numerous peaks between 1.5 Ga and 1.0 Ga, with minor ages of 1000–900 Ma and 2000–1500 Ma and only 1–2 grains 3.0–2.5 Ga, indicating maximum depositional ages of 1000–900 Ma. A new U-Pb zircon age for an orthogneiss lens in marble is 661 ± 3 Ma like others previously dated in the Nome Complex. Orthogneiss ages provide an upper age limit for the Mount Distin assemblage of ca. 687 Ma, the oldest reported date. Zircons in three other orthogneiss bodies are interpreted as inherited as they have a range of U-Pb ages like those in their country rocks. The Mount Distin assemblage DZ ages are like those from schist-bearing carbonate sequences in the Central and Schist belts of the Brooks Range and inherited zircon populations in Neoproterozoic plutons on Wrangel Island, Russia. The discovery and documentation of the Mount Distin assemblage explains the previously reported enigmatic lack of country rocks to Neoproterozoic orthogneiss bodies, establishes the continuity of older rocks across the entire extent of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka microplate, and further confirms this microplate’s Baltica affinities.
Maximum depositional ages and provenance analysis of the Precambrian Manyovu redbeds, Tanzania: Implications for Neoproterozoic tectonics
Authors: Bonar Alicia L. , Soreghan Gerilyn S. , Msabi Michael , Soreghan Michael J.
Published: July 2024

The Manyovu redbeds are an up to 600 m succession of fine-grained, siliciclastic strata in northwestern Tanzania and are part of the Neoproterozoic Bukoban Supergroup. Previous authors estimated the age of the Manyovu redbeds to be Neoproterozoic or older based on the K-Ar dates of underlying volcanic rocks (ca. 800 Ma). However, no other age constraints exist for these Neoproterozoic units. U-Pb detrital zircon results from six stratigraphic intervals of the Manyovu units, including both sandstone and siltstone samples, indicate maximum depositional ages as young as 614 ± 6 Ma, almost 200 m.y. younger than the underlying volcanics, with primary detrital contributions from Pan-African orogens, which indicates that these units are syn-tectonic accumulations associated with the assembly of Greater Gondwana/Pannotia. Detrital zircon spectra and modal compositions reveal that the sediment that formed these strata was sourced from a range of terranes, including continental blocks (i.e., Tanzania Craton), magmatic arcs (i.e., Mozambique Belt and Arabian-Nubian Shield), and recycled orogens (e.g., Ubendian-Usagaran belts). Together, these data indicate that the Manyovu redbeds accumulated following the Marinoan Snowball Earth event (ca. 635 Ma) and record the initiation of collision along the Mozambique Belt during Pan-African orogenesis and the formation of greater Gondwana.
Erratum to: Air Composition over the Russian Arctic: 3—Trace Gases
Authors: Antokhina O. Yu. , Antokhin P. N. , Arshinova V. G. , Arshinov M. Yu. , Ancellet G. , Belan B. D. , Belan S. B. , Davydov D. K. , Ivlev G. A. , Kozlov A. V. , Law K. , Nédélec P. , Rasskazchikova T. M. , Paris J.-D. , Savkin D. E. , Simonenkov D. V. , Sklyadneva T. K. , Tolmachev G. N. , Fofonov A. V.
Published: July 2024

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856024330017
Analysis of New Measurements of 18O-substituted Isotopic Species 16O16O18O and 16O18O16O of Ozone in the THz and Far-Infrared Ranges
Authors: Starikova E. N. , Barbe A. , Manceron L. , Grouiez B. , Burgalat J. , Tyuterev V. G.
Published: July 2024

High-resolution spectra corresponding to the rotational and the ν2–ν2 bands of the two most abundant isotopic species of ozone with one heavy 18O oxygen atom were recorded using SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source in the range 30–200 cm−1. Additionally, the ν2 vibrational-rotational bands were recorded between 550 and 880 cm−1 using a classical glowbar source that made it possible to extend and refine information compared to published data on the observed transitions of these bands. The analyses of recorded spectra permitted us to deduce experimental set of energy levels for the ground (000) and the first bending (010) vibrational states, which significantly exceeds literature data in terms of rotational quantum numbers. For both isotopic species, the weighted fits of all experimental line positions were carried out including previously published microwave data. As a result of this work, the improved values of rotational and centrifugal distortion parameters for the states (000) and (010) were obtained that permitted modelling the experimental line positions with a weighted standard deviation of 1.284 (2235 transitions) and 0.908 (4597 transitions), respectively, for 16O16O18O, and 1.168 (824 transitions) and 1.724 (2381 transitions) for 16O18O16O.
Retained foreign body in nose following eye injury
Authors: Sagar Milind , Singh Shuchita , Jhajharia Hemant , Garg Shreya
Published: July 2024

A man in his 60s presented with diminution of vision of the left eye with nasal bleeding after accidental fall. On examination his left upper eyelid was lacerated and left temporal sclera was punctured which was repaired under local anaesthesia after which he was discharged by ophthalmologists but continued to complain of pain and left nasal obstruction. A non-contrast CT of paranasal sinuses revealed fracture of medial wall of left orbit, left ethmoid haemosinus and a metallic foreign body (FB) in the septum and anterior face of sphenoid. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy performed to remove the metallic FB showed plastic splinters embedded in the mucosa of nasal cavity which was unexpected. Hence, the FB was removed in two sittings because of diagnostic dilemma.
Measles in the vaccinated host
Authors: Stout Rebecca , Muir David , Sriskandan Shiranee
Published: July 2024

A woman in her 40s known to have systemic lupus erythematosus presented with a maculopapular rash on her face, neck and chest following measles exposure. She had received a single-dose measles vaccine as a child in the 1970s and was therefore presumed to be immune, and thus not infectious. As a result, she was initially managed in an open bay. Measles virus IgM antibody in serum was undetectable; however, measles virus RNA was subsequently detected in throat swab by PCR, which is consistent with current infection. Measles is one of the most transmissible diseases in the world and cases are rising both in the UK and globally. Our case and literature review highlight the risk of vaccine failure in measles, especially in people who have not received two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It also highlights the challenges in diagnosing measles in previously vaccinated individuals.
Acute intravascular haemolysis associated with scrub typhus
Authors: Ganguly Debapratim , Chandra Atanu , Maitra Swarnojit , Malakar Shobhan Lal
Published: July 2024

Scrub typhus, a prevalent tropical infection, may sometimes manifest with unusual complications. Here, we present the case of a young man who was admitted to our facility with a fever for the past 3 days and passage of dark-coloured urine since that morning. On investigation, we identified intravascular haemolytic anaemia. Through meticulous examination, a black necrotic lesion (eschar) was discovered on his right buttock, a pathognomonic sign of scrub typhus infection. Treatment was initiated with oral doxycycline 100 mg two times a day. Subsequently, diagnosis of scrub typhus was confirmed through positive results from scrub typhus IgM via ELISA and PCR analysis from the eschar tissue. The patient responded well to oral doxycycline and his symptoms resolved within the next few days. This case highlights severe intravascular haemolysis associated with scrub typhus infection.
Long-read sequencing identifies an SVA_D retrotransposon insertion deep within the intron ofATP7Aas a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome
Authors: Yano Naoko , Chong Pin Fee , Kojima Kenji K , Miyoshi Tomoichiro , Luqman-Fatah Ahmad , Kimura Yu , Kora Kengo , Kayaki Taisei , Maizuru Kanako , Hayashi Takahiro , Yokoyama Atsushi , Ajiro Masahiko , Hagiwara Masatoshi , Kondo Teruyuki , Kira Ryutaro , Takita Junko , Yoshida Takeshi
Published: July 2024

Background

SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons move from one genomic location to another in a ‘copy-and-paste’ manner. They continue to move actively and cause monogenic diseases through various mechanisms. Currently, disease-causing SVA retrotransposons are classified into human-specific young SVA_E or SVA_F subfamilies. In this study, we identified an evolutionarily old SVA_D retrotransposon as a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome (OHS). OHS is an X-linked, copper metabolism disorder caused by dysfunction of the copper transporter, ATP7A.

Methods

We investigated a 16-year-old boy with OHS whose pathogenic variant could not be detected via routine molecular genetic analyses.

Results

A 2.8 kb insertion was detected deep within the intron of the patient’sATP7Agene. This insertion caused aberrant mRNA splicing activated by a new donor splice site located within it. Long-read circular consensus sequencing enabled us to accurately read the entire insertion sequence, which contained highly repetitive and GC-rich segments. Consequently, the insertion was identified as an SVA_D retrotransposon. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) targeting the new splice site restored the expression of normal transcripts and functional ATP7A proteins. AO treatment alleviated excessive accumulation of copper in patient fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Pedigree analysis revealed that the retrotransposon had moved into the OHS-causing position two generations ago.

Conclusion

This is the first report of a human monogenic disease caused by the SVA_D retrotransposon. The fact that the evolutionarily old SVA_D is still actively transposed, leading to increased copy numbers may make a notable impact on rare genetic disease research.
Measurement properties of the Inclusion Body Myositis Functional Rating Scale
Authors: Salam Sharfaraz , Symonds Tara , Doll Helen , Rousell Sam , Randall Jason , Lloyd-Price Lucy , Hudgens Stacie , Guldberg Christina , Herbelin Laura , Barohn Richard J , Hanna Michael G , Dimachkie Mazen M , Machado Pedro M
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the validity, reliability, responsiveness and meaningful change threshold of the Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) Functional Rating Scale (FRS).

Methods

Data from a large 20-month multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in IBM were used. Convergent validity was tested using Spearman correlation with other health outcomes. Discriminant (known groups) validity was assessed using standardised effect sizes (SES). Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Intrarater reliability in stable patients and equivalence of face-to-face and telephone administration were tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Responsiveness was assessed using standardised response mean (SRM). A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve anchor-based approach was used to determine clinically meaningful IBMFRS change.

Results

Among the 150 patients, mean (SD) IBMFRS total score was 27.4 (4.6). Convergent validity was supported by medium to large correlations (rsmodulus: 0.42–0.79) and discriminant validity by moderate to large group differences (SES=0.51–1.59). Internal consistency was adequate (overall Cronbach’s alpha: 0.79). Test–retest reliability (ICCs=0.84–0.87) and reliability of telephone versus face-to-face administration (ICCs=0.93–0.95) were excellent, with Bland-Altman plots showing good agreement. Responsiveness in the worsened group defined by various external constructs was large at both 12 (SRM=−0.76 to −1.49) and 20 months (SRM=−1.12 to −1.57). In ROC curve analysis, a drop in at least two IBMFRS total score points was shown to represent a meaningful decline.

Conclusions

When administered by trained raters, the IBMFRS is a reliable, valid and responsive tool that can be used to evaluate the impact of IBM and its treatment on physical function, with a 2-point reduction representing meaningful decline.

Trial registration number

NCT02753530.
Therapeutic effect of epidural dexamethasone palmitate in a rat model of lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: ­LI Mei Hui , Zheng Haiyan , Choi Eun Joo , Nahm Francis Sahngun , Choe Ghee Young , Lee Pyung Bok
Published: July 2024

Background

Dexamethasone palmitate (DEP), a prodrug of dexamethasone (DEX), is a synthetic corticosteroid medication distinguished by the inclusion of a fatty acid component known as palmitate. This study introduces DEP as a novel therapeutic option for spinal epidural injection, aiming to provide safer and longer-lasting pain relief as an alternative to for patients with spinal stenosis.

Methods

40 rats were randomly divided into four groups: those receiving epidural administration of normal saline (NS), and DEP in the lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) model, and non-model rats receiving epidural NS administration. Paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimulation and motor function (neurogenic intermittent claudication) were observed for up to 21 days. Hematology and blood chemistry analyses were performed 1 week after drug therapy. Tissue samples were collected for steroid pathology examination to evaluate adhesion degree, perineural area inflammation, and chromatolysis in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and adrenal gland.

Results

The DEX and DEP groups demonstrated significant recovery from mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction after 2 weeks of drug therapy (p<0.001). However, by the third week, the effect of DEX started to diminish while the effect of DEP persisted. Furthermore, the DEP group exhibited reduced fibrosis and less chromatolysis than the NS group. No steroid overdose or toxin was observed in any group.

Conclusion

The epidural administration of DEP demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in reducing allodynia and hyperalgesia resulting from chronic DRG compression, thus offering prolonged pain relief. These findings underscore the potential of DEP as a promising treatment alternative for pain associated with LSS, serving as a viable substitute for .
Estimating thaw settlement of coarse-grained permafrost sediments
Authors: Mohammadi Zakieh , Hayley Jocelyn L.
Published: July 2024

Thaw settlement, a frequently reported issue for infrastructure built on permafrost, contributes to high maintenance costs, reduced life cycles, and compromised serviceability of infrastructure. This paper presents a new method to estimate the thaw settlement in coarse-grained permafrost sediments, crucial for northern infrastructure planning. Utilizing available test results from the Canadian Arctic, an overview of the existing data for coarse-grained permafrost sediments is presented. The proposed method uses input parameters derived from particle size distribution to estimate the minimum void ratio of thawed sediments. The minimum void ratio is then used to infer the thawed void ratio, enabling the calculation of thaw strain. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by validating predicted thaw strains against measured values for over 60 permafrost samples. A comparison with existing empirical methods shows improved accuracy and reduced bias, further supporting the applicability of the approach. Additionally, an average thawed void ratio assigned to seven groups of granular soils proved valuable for predicting thaw strain when only visual descriptions of sediments are available. Tailored for granular materials and utilizing easily obtainable index properties, this approach provides a reliable and cost-effective method for predicting thaw settlement, benefiting engineers and planners in infrastructure development.
Progress and challenges in small systems
Authors: Noronha Jorge , Schenke Björn , Shen Chun , Zhao Wenbin
Published: July 2024

We present a comprehensive review of the theoretical and experimental progress in the investigation of novel high-temperature quantum chromodynamics phenomena in small systems at both the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. We highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with studying small systems, by which we generally mean collision systems that involve at least one light ion or even a photon projectile. We discuss perspectives on possible future research directions to better understand the underlying physics at work in the collisions of small systems.
ELUCIDATING THE FRACTAL NATURE OF THE POROSITY OF NANOFIBER MEMBERS IN THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS
Authors: LI XIAO-XIA , LUO YE-CHENG , ALSOLAMI ABDULRAHMAN ALI , HE JI-HUAN
Published: July 2024

Electrospinning is an amazing process that enables the production of primarily nanofiber membranes. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the formation of two-dimensional (2D) nonwoven structure remains a fascinating enigma. This paper presents a novel morphology of nanofiber membranes with a cluster structure that bears resemblance to the solar nebula. The mechanism of nanofiber cluster structures in the electrospinning process is elucidated through the geometric potential theory, which begins with a zero-dimensional receptor, progresses to a one-dimensional (1D) receptor, a 2D receptor, and ultimately culminates in a fractal-like lattice receptor. Moreover, a three-dimensional (3D) printing-like novel approach is presented for the manipulation of nanofiber membrane’s shape through the use of a lattice-structured receptor. The fabrication process of the cluster structure nanofiber membranes by electrospinning is presented, and their remarkable potential applications are discussed.
Bulk viscous cosmological model in F(T) gravity
Authors: Debnath Partha Sarathi , Mondal Chanchal , Paul Bikash Chandra
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we have presented bulk viscous cosmological model of the universe in the modified gravity in which the Lagrangian of the gravitational action contains a general function [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] denotes torsion, for flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spacetime with isotropic fluid. We have studied cosmological solution in [Formula: see text] theory of gravity, especially of a particular preference [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are coupling constants, in the presence of bulk viscosity described by Eckart theory, Truncated Israel Stewart theory and Full Israel Stewart theory. The physical and geometrical prospectives of the models in Eckart, Truncated Israel Stewart theory and Full Israel Stewart theory are deliberated in details. The investigation of the variation of bulk viscous pressure, energy density, scale factor, Hubble parameter and deceleration parameter with cosmic growth is furnished in the relevant theories. The models are analyzed by comparison with recent observational data. The cosmological models are well-matched with observations.
The role of shape operator in gauge theories
Authors: Zatloukal Václav , Vedl Šimon
Published: July 2024

We introduce the concept of shape operator and rotating blade (also known in the theory of embedded Riemannian manifolds as the second fundamental form and the Gauss map) in the realm of Yang–Mills theories. Hence we arrive at new gauge-invariant variables, which can serve as an alternative to the usual gauge potentials.
Sustainable Regeneration Principles in Historic Cities Exploring Landscape Approach
Authors: MOAZZENI KHORASGANI Ali , ASADI ESKANDAR Ghazal
Published: July 2024

In studies of revitalizing historical cities, various factors and indicators have received significant attention. There are different theories and perspectives, each addressing specific aspects of the subject. Among these, there exists a holistic perspective. A holistic approach can have an influential impact on sustainable solutions in the revitalization of historic cities. Urban planning, with its tools, can contribute to providing a roadmap in this regard. Theoretical resources and research conducted in this regard have focused on identifying criteria and practical indicators for revitalizing historical areas. An urban planning approach with features such as storytelling and mediation can enhance the sense of place, belonging, and social participation. In urban planning, objective and subjective perspectives can comprehensively examine all factors influencing the rejuvenation of areas, which is effective in planning and managing revitalization projects. On the other hand, examining guidelines and recommendations provided by organizations and authorities such as UNESCO reflects the results and experiences of various global researches. These recommendations are based on principles instrumental in developing a comprehensive understanding of the sustainable revitalization of historic cities. Therefore, this research aims to provide a general and comprehensive overview of historic areas and their sustainable management principles. When dealing with historical cities, the following question arises: What are the general principles of revitalizing them, and what subcategories do they encompass? Studies on this topic show that the general classification of factors and principles of sustainable revitalization in historical cities can be summarized into five categories: history and heritage, economy and society, innovation and creativity, ecosystem and environment, and governance and governments. These principles and their subcategories should be examined and given attention from a functional perspective in four main formats. Some focus on why attention should be given to historical areas (Why?) and how to deal with them (How?). In contrast, others concentrate on the practical operational factors in cities (Who?) and their elements (What?). A descriptive-analytical research method was employed. Data collection was conducted through library research based on a review of relevant literature, documents, and extensive studies related to prominent research in the landscape, landscape perspectives, place identity, sense of place, and their various dimensions. Ultimately, using a qualitative content analysis approach, solutions for regenerating historical contexts from a landscape perspective are presented.
New Computer Evaluation Metrics for a Changing World
Authors: Vahdat Amin , Ma Xiaoyu , Patterson David
Published: July 2024

To find a path to grow AI and cloud computing efficiently and responsibly, we need new metrics. Computing systems should be measured on their use of available power and on their carbon footprint.
Fly Me to the Micron: Microtechnologies for Drosophila Research
Authors: Sonmez Utku M. , Frey Nolan , LeDuc Philip R. , Minden Jonathan S.
Published: July 2024

Multicellular model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), are frequently used in a myriad of biological research studies due to their biological significance and global standardization. However, traditional tools used in these studies generally require manual handling, subjective phenotyping, and bulk treatment of the organisms, resulting in laborious experimental protocols with limited accuracy. Advancements in microtechnology over the course of the last two decades have allowed researchers to develop automated, high-throughput, and multifunctional experimental tools that enable novel experimental paradigms that would not be possible otherwise. We discuss recent advances in microtechnological systems developed for small model organisms using D. melanogaster as an example. We critically analyze the state of the field by comparing the systems produced for different applications. Additionally, we suggest design guidelines, operational tips, and new research directions based on the technical and knowledge gaps in the literature. This review aims to foster interdisciplinary work by helping engineers to familiarize themselves with model organisms while presenting the most recent advances in microengineering strategies to biologists.
Lithium Redistribution Mechanism within Silicon-Graphite Electrodes: Multi-Method Approach and Method Validation
Authors: Hogrefe Christin , Paul Neelima , Boveleth Lioba , Bolsinger Marius , Flügel Marius , Danner Timo , Latz Arnulf , Gilles Ralph , Knoblauch Volker , Wohlfahrt-Mehrens Margret , Hölzle Markus , Waldmann Thomas
Published: July 2024

Li redistribution processes within Si-graphite composite (SiG) electrodes are analyzed using in situ and operando X-ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ light microscopy (LM), in situ optical microscopy of cross-sectioned full cells (CS-IOM), and 3D microstructure-resolved simulations of full cells. First, the lithiation behavior of graphite and SiG full cells (Si content 20.8 wt.-%) is analyzed. The results are used as validation of the methods (XRD, LM, CS-IOM, simulation). Second, the Li redistribution between the graphite component and Si component within SiG electrodes is investigated: By operando XRD measurements during charging in comparison with relaxed cells, a higher lithiation degree in the graphite component is found during charging compared to the relaxed state, indicating Li redistribution from graphite to Si during relaxation. The Li redistribution is directly observed by in situ and ex situ optical microscopy, where the golden LiC6 phase disappears during a 24 h relaxation period. The results are supported by simulations showing the variation in the Li concentration, not only in graphite but also within the Si component. Furthermore, all methods find that the Li redistribution is more pronounced at a higher C-rate of 0.5 C, suggesting a preference for graphite lithiation over Si lithiation.
Practical Alloy-Based Negative Electrodes for Na-ion Batteries
Authors: Garayt Matthew D. L. , Zhang Libin , Zhang Yixiang , Obialor Martins C. , Deshmukh Jay , Xing Yingjie , Yang Chongyin , Metzger Michael , Dahn J. R.
Published: July 2024

The volumetric capacity of typical Na-ion battery (NIB) negative electrodes like hard carbon is limited to less than 450 mAh cm−3. Alloy-based negative electrodes such as phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) more than double the volumetric capacity of hard carbon, all having a theoretical volumetric capacity above 1,000 mAh cm−3 in the fully sodiated state. These alloy materials have massive volume expansion, with P expanding by almost 300% and both Sn and Pb expanding to about 400% of their initial volumes when fully sodiated. This work shows that despite this large volume change, Sn and Pb have excellent half-cell cycling performance, including high Coulombic efficiency. A blended P-hard carbon cell shows promising initial performance despite P having far lower electronic conductivity than either Sn or Pb. Overall, it is expected that these Na-alloying elements will be needed to increase the volumetric energy density of NIBs to compete with low-cost lithium iron phosphate-based cells. In fact, one company, UNIGRID, has recently demonstrated cylindrical Na-ion cells that use a pure tin negative electrode, dramatically increasing the volumetric energy density of Na-ion technology.
Introducing Ionic Transport Islands in Graphite Anode towards Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Honggang , Zhang Yidan , Zhao Fenggang , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui
Published: July 2024

The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) possessing excellent fast charging performance is particularly important for expanding the worldwide application market of LIBs. However, the grievous growth of lithium dendrites during high rate charging and discharging process occurring on the surface of the anode material still restricts the development of commercial fast charging LIBs, which raises capacity deterioration and even enormous safety risks. Herein, we developed simple physical mixing of active carbon (AC) powder into graphite negative slurry to generate the hybrid fast charging anode (called AS anode), which can realize unprecedented fast charging capability whether at room temperature or low temperature, along with greatly improved capacity retention cycling at high 2 C rate. Importantly, the density functional theory calculation and combined characterizations including in situ electrochemical confocal system spectroscopy and lithium ion (Li+) diffusion coefficient analysis can decipher that AC particles with rapid Li+ diffusion and adsorption can act as ion transport islands in graphite electrode to accelerate the transport process of lithium ion inside the whole negative electrode, leading to the faster charging performance. This work not only promotes the development of anode construction with fast charging capability for LIBs, but also deciphers the ion transport mechanism inside the electrode.
Precision mapping of the default network reveals common and distinct (inter) activity for autobiographical memory and theory of mind
Authors: Hughes Colleen , Setton Roni , Mwilambwe-Tshilobo Laetitia , Baracchini Giulia , Turner Gary R. , Spreng R. Nathan
Published: July 2024

We used cutting-edge precision functional MRI (fMRI) methods such as multi-echo fMRI acquisition and denoising, a robust experimental paradigm, and individualized cortical parcellation across 23 participants to provide evidence that remembering one’s past experiences and imagining the thoughts and feelings of others share a common neural substrate. Evidence from activation and connectivity analyses indicate overlapping and distinct functional profiles of these widely studied episodic and social processes.
Achievement of LDL‐Cholesterol Goals in Patients Receiving LLT in Primary Care: TERESA‐AP Study
Authors: Cinza-Sanjurjo Sergio , Barrios Vivencio , Fierro-González David , Polo-García Jose , Pallarés-Carratalá Vicente
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim: Since 2019, LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) is the risk factor with the strictest goals and the most difficult to reach, due to its role in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and, therefore, cardiovascular risk. The objective of the TERESA‐AP study is to analyze the degree of LDL‐C control in patients followed up in primary care with lipid‐lowering drug treatment (LLT).

Methods: Observational, multicenter, cross‐sectional, nationwide study was conducted, in which 50 PC physicians recruited 929 patients who were receiving LLT during at least the preceding 6 months. The variables required to estimate the patients’ cardiovascular risk and LDL control were recorded.

Results: Nearly half of sample was women (50.5%), and the mean age was 67.8 (10.4) years. High blood pressure (65.3%) and sedentary lifestyle (59.7%) were the most frequent risk factors. Recommended goals were reached in 26.0% (95% CI: 23.3%–29.0%) of patients, with a slightly higher percentage in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) (26.7%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (35.5%), and a lower one in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (12.1%). The most frequent drug treatments were statin monotherapy (69.0%) and statin with ezetimibe combination (27.6%), with moderate‐intensity statins being the most commonly used in both groups.

Conclusions: On average, only a quarter of the patients followed up in PC and who receive drug treatment reach their therapeutic targets. This percentage is slightly higher if the patients have CVD and DM and lower if they have CKD. The most commonly used therapeutic strategy is moderate‐intensity statins, both in monotherapy and in combination with ezetimibe.
CD47-SIRPα Blockade Sensitizes Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Cetuximab by Enhancing Macrophage Adhesion to Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Bolei , Hao Yu , He Hongzhi , Fan Yu , Ren Biao , Peng Xian , Zhou Xuedong , Cheng Lei
Published: July 2024

Developing effective treatments for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant challenge. Cetuximab, a first-line targeted therapy for HNSCC, exhibits limited efficacy. Here, we used pooled CRISPR screening to find targets that can synergize with cetuximab and identified CD47 as the leading candidate. Rather than inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, CD47 inhibition promoted cetuximab-triggered antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated cancer cell removal. The combination of CD47-signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) blockade and cetuximab demonstrated strong anticancer activity in vivo. In addition to blocking the phagocytosis checkpoint, CD47-SIRPα inhibition upregulated CD11b/CD18 on the surface of macrophages, which accelerated intercellular adhesion between macrophages and cancer cells to enhance subsequent phagocytosis. Inhibition of the interaction between macrophage CD11b/CD18 and cancer cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) eliminated the intercellular adhesion and phagocytosis induced by CD47-SIRPα blockade. Thus, CD47-SIRPα blockade enhances ADCP through CD11b/CD18-ICAM1-mediated intercellular adhesion and sensitizes HNSCC to cetuximab.

Significance: CD47-SIRPα blockade increases surface CD11b/CD18 on macrophages to enhance adhesion to cancer cells, resulting in robust synergistic phagocytosis in combination with cetuximab treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
mTORC1 Signaling in Brain Endothelial Progenitors Contributes to CCM Pathogenesis
Authors: Min Wang , Qin Lingfeng , Zhang Haifeng , López-Giráldez Francesc , Jiang Ning , Kim Yeaji , Mohan Varsha K. , Su Minhong , Murray Katie N. , Grutzendler Jaime , Zhou Jenny Huanjiao
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Cerebral vascular malformations (CCMs) are primarily found within the brain, where they result in increased risk for stroke, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. The unique feature of the brain vasculature is the blood-brain barrier formed by the brain neurovascular unit. Recent studies suggest that loss of CCM genes causes disruptions of blood-brain barrier integrity as the inciting events for CCM development. CCM lesions are proposed to be initially derived from a single clonal expansion of a subset of angiogenic venous capillary endothelial cells (ECs) and respective resident endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the critical signaling events in the subclass of brain ECs/EPCs for CCM lesion initiation and progression are unclear.

METHODS:

Brain EC-specific CCM3-deficient (
Pdcd10
BECKO
) mice were generated by crossing
Pdcd10

fl/fl

mice with
Mfsd2a
-CreER
T2
mice. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses were performed by the chromium single-cell platform (10× genomics). Cell clusters were annotated into EC subtypes based on visual inspection and GO analyses. Cerebral vessels were visualized by 2-photon in vivo imaging and tissue immunofluorescence analyses. Regulation of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling by CCM3 and Cav1 (caveolin-1) was performed by cell biology and biochemical approaches.

RESULTS:

Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses from P10
Pdcd1
0
BECKO
mice harboring visible CCM lesions identified upregulated CCM lesion signature and mitotic EC clusters but decreased blood-brain barrier–associated EC clusters. However, a unique EPC cluster with high expression levels of stem cell markers enriched with mTOR signaling was identified from early stages of the P6
Pdcd1
0
BECKO
brain. Indeed, mTOR signaling was upregulated in both mouse and human CCM lesions. Genetic deficiency of Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR), but not of Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR), prevented CCM lesion formation in the
Pdcd10
BECKO
model. Importantly, the mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) pharmacological inhibitor rapamycin suppressed EPC proliferation and ameliorated CCM pathogenesis in
Pdcd10
BECKO
mice. Mechanistic studies suggested that Cav1/caveolae increased in CCM3-depleted EPC-mediated intracellular trafficking and complex formation of the mTORC1 signaling proteins.

CONCLUSIONS:

CCM3 is critical for maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity and CCM3 loss–induced mTORC1 signaling in brain EPCs initiates and facilitates CCM pathogenesis.
A new species of Uroptychus Henderson, 1888 (Decapoda: Anomura: Chirostylidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea
Authors: DONG DONG , ZHOU YADONG , LI XINZHENG
Published: July 2024

A new species of the chirostylid squat lobster, Uroptychus ngae sp. nov. is described based on two specimens from the Zhongnan Seamount, north-central South China Sea. The new species can be distinguished from closely related species mainly by the shape of P2–4 propodi, and the spination of the P1 carpus and merus, the anterior branchial margin and the pterygostomial flap. The present paper is the first report of squat lobster from the seamounts in South China Sea. The present new species represents the first report of a squat lobster from the deep-sea seamounts in the South China Sea.
A host, a parasite, and a predator: the dynamics of successive invasions in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: GALIL BELLA S. , INNOCENTI GIANNA
Published: July 2024

The eastern Mediterranean shelf ecosystem has been profoundly disrupted by the influx of invasive alien species introduced through the Suez Canal. Yet, the role of retaining or shedding co-evolved parasitofauna in the success of the invading biota has been scarcely monitored, with the exception of the lesser swimming crab Charybdis (Archias) longicollis Leene, 1938 parasitized by the rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma, 1960. Host size, sex ratio, prevalence of ovigerous females, parasitization, and multiple parasitization, were studied over 30 years to determine long-term host-parasite variation. Our results reveal that C. longicollis crabs have shifted their temporal activity pattern shortly following the domination of their preferred depth niche by the invasive diurnal predator, the silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), which preferentially feeds on C. longicollis locally. A unique set of predator-host-parasite interactions among three successive Erythraean invasive aliens is considered herein.
First records of Parahelice K. Sakai, Türkay & Yang, 2006 and Pseudohelice K. Sakai, Türkay & Yang, 2006 from Vanuatu, with description of a new species of Parahelice (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae)
Authors: HSU JHIH-WEI , SHIH HSI-TE
Published: July 2024

The genera Parahelice K. Sakai, Türkay & Yang, 2006, and Pseudohelice K. Sakai, Türkay & Yang, 2006, are widely distributed in estuarine, mudflats, or mangroves in the Indo-West Pacific, and species of them are often sympatric. Species identification of the two genera is generally difficult, mainly due to the similar morphology and large intraspecific variation. Our study is the first report of the two genera from Vanuatu, including one new species, Parahelice ngankeeae sp. nov., as well as Par. pilimana (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) and Pseudohelice subquadrata (Dana, 1851). These species can be distinguished from similar species by the characters of the suborbital cristae, the male chelipedal manus, and the first gonopods. The new species is also supported by the molecular results from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI).
Shallow-water Trapezioidea (Decapoda: Brachyura) from the South China Sea, including two new records, and notes on Tetralia glaberrima Herbst, 1790
Authors: SUN YU-LI , JIANG WEI , SHA ZHONG-LI
Published: July 2024

A collection of coral symbiotic crabs (Trapezioidea) from the South China Sea reports a total of 24 species, including 12 species of Trapeziidae (including one new record: Trapezia plana Ward, 1941), four species of Domeciidae, and eight species of Tetraliidae (including one new record: Tetralia brengelae Trautwein, 2007). Live color and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence data of all species are provided.