bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic symptom management in the IMPACT Consortium: rationale and design for 3 effectiveness-implementation trials
Authors: Smith Ashley Wilder , DiMartino Lisa , Garcia Sofia F , Mitchell Sandra A , Ruddy Kathryn J , Smith Justin D , Wong Sandra L , Cahue September , Cella David , Jensen Roxanne E , Hassett Michael J , Hodgdon Christine , Kroner Barbara , Osarogiagbon Raymond U , Popovic Jennifer , Richardson Kimberly , Schrag Deborah , Cheville Andrea L ,   IMPACT Consortium, Cella David , Cheville Andrea , Hassett Michael J , Osarogiagbon Raymond U , Schrag Deborah , Wong Sandra L , Kroner Barbara L , Smith Ashley Wilder , DiMartino Lisa , Garcia Sofia , Griffin Joan , Jensen Roxanne , Mitchell Sandra , Ruddy Kathryn , Smith Justin D , Yanez Betina , Bian Jessica J , Dizon Don S , Hazard-Jenkins Hannah W , Ardini Mary-Anne , Ahrens Paige , Austin Jessica , Barrett Fiona , Bass Michael , Begnoche Megan , Cahue September , Caron Kimberly , Chlan Linda , Coughlin Ava , Cronin Christine , Dias Samira , Farisiv Nicolas , Flores Anne Marie , Garcia Martha , Hemming Karla , Herrin Jeph , Hodgdon Christine , Kircher Sheetal , Kroenke Kurt , Lam Veronica , Lancki Nicola , Mai Quan H , Mallow Jennifer , McCleary Nadine J , Norton Wynne , O'Connor Mary , Pachman Deirdre , Pearsonil Loretta , Penedo Frank , Podratz Jewel , Popovic Jennifer , Preiss Liliana , Rahman Parvez , Redmond Sarah , Reich James , Richardson Joshua , Richardson Kimberly , Ridgeway Jennifer , Rutten Lila , Schaepe Karen , Scholtens Denise , Poirier-Shelton Tiana , Silberman Philip , Simpson Jaclyn , Tasker Laura , Tesch Nathan , Tofthagen Cindy , Tramontano Angela , Tyndall Benjamin D , Uno Hajime , Wehbe Firas , Weiner Bryan
Published: November 2023

Cancer and its treatment produce deleterious symptoms across the phases of care. Poorly controlled symptoms negatively affect quality of life and result in increased health-care needs and hospitalization. The Improving the Management of symPtoms during And following Cancer Treatment (IMPACT) Consortium was created to develop 3 large-scale, systematic symptom management systems, deployed through electronic health record platforms, and to test them in pragmatic, randomized, hybrid effectiveness and implementation trials. Here, we describe the IMPACT Consortium’s conceptual framework, its organizational components, and plans for evaluation. The study designs and lessons learned are highlighted in the context of disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Emerging Signals of Change that Could Shape the Future of Forestry: a Horizon Scan
Authors: Bengston David N , Westphal Lynne M , Adelson Paul , Crabtree Jason , Dockry Michael J , Hines Andy , Kubik George H , Romero Maria , Van Stanley Zach , Zimmerman Nicole L
Published: November 2023

Foresight is essential for long-term planning and forward-looking decision-making in forestry, where planning horizons often span many decades. But generating foresight is challenging due to the increasing pace and complexity of change and growing uncertainty about the future. Most change that could affect or even disrupt forestry in the future originates outside of the field, such as social, technological, economic, and environmental changes. The Forest Futures Horizon Scanning project (Forest Horizons) aims to generate foresight by identifying early signals of change from outside forestry that professionals within the field may not be aware of or pay close attention to. This article draws on the database of signals of change uncovered in the Forest Horizons project and identifies fifteen key emerging changes that could help shape the long-term future of forestry.

Study Implications: The long-term nature of forestry has compelled foresters to be forward-looking and plan many decades ahead. Horizon scanning is a tool that can enhance foresight in forestry by identifying emerging signals of change that could affect the field in the future. Fifteen wide-ranging early signals of change are highlighted in this article. Consideration of these emerging changes in long-term and strategic planning could help forestry decision makers prepare for change and avoid being blindsided. Horizon scanning is a useful approach to help generate essential foresight in an era of increasingly rapid, complex, and often surprising change.
Inclusion, democracy, and philosophy of education: Nuraan Davids and Yusef Waghid's Democratic education as inclusion
Authors: Enslin Penny
Published: November 2023

For philosophers of education who hold on to the optimistic hope that democracy education can play a part in halting the decline of democracy, Davids and Waghid point the way towards its potential contribution when approached by making inclusion foundational to democratic education. Taking a poststructuralist approach as the best way to articulate an expanded conception of inclusion, this book makes the case that there is an urgent need for a reconsidered conception of democratic education that appropriately addresses race, ethnicity and gender. This review's critical appreciation of Davids and Waghids book explores their analysis of inclusion, noting its illuminating use of examples of exclusion in South African education which are also relevant to wider contexts beyond the specificities of apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa. In raising some questions about their arguments, I express reservations about the book's predominant focus on race, ethnicity and gender as markers of identity. This is at the expense of class and material exclusion—and hence of distributive justice as a dimension of democratic inclusion. The review concludes with a discussion of how philosophy of education itself might be democratically inclusive, in response to the authors' account of whiteness and their experiences of exclusion.
An unusual case of B-cell lymphoma of the scalp
Authors: Chaudhry Nadeem , Qureshi Abid , Gollamudi Sindhuri , Kasbawala Kinjal , Clopton Brittni J , Moore Colton , Genato Romulo , Xiao Philip , Asarian Armand
Published: November 2023

B-cell lymphoma is a lymphoproliferative non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from B cells, a type of immune lymphocytes that produces antibodies in the follicles of lymph nodes. Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL), a subtype of B cell lymphoma, originates within cutaneous tissue without evidence of extracutaneous involvement. There are very few reports of PCBCLs originating in the scalp. The most common tumors of the scalp are usually benign with only 1%–2% being malignant, most being basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma. Primary cutaneous follicular cell lymphoma (PCFCL) is regarded as the most common lymphoma of the skin with an indolent course and favorable prognosis due to the response rate to treatment methods such as surgical removal with local radiotherapy, topical drugs, and intralesional therapies. This report highlights a rare case of PCFCL originating in the scalp, to raise awareness of a topic that requires continued established management.
“I didn’t know there were so many kinds of people and so many sorts of provincialism in the world’’: Tracking Provincialism Through the Nineteenth-Century Corpus
Authors: O’Neill Helen Anne
Published: November 2023

Beginning with a full text search for the term ‘provincialism’ across all entries in the OED Online, this article tracks ‘provincialism’ through the digitized fiction of the nineteenth century, eavesdropping on the ways in which the term was used in a dataset of references drawn from 165 nineteenth-century novels brought together from the British Library 19th Century Collection and the Hathi Trust Digital Library. The focus is not on a close reading of a small number of novels, a novel subgenre, or iterations of a single novel, but on a close reading of multiple short, references to the term ‘provincialism’ drawn from a large number of nineteenth-century digitized novels. Attention is concentrated on the textually small, the fleeting yet potent uses of the term deployed by nineteenth-century novelists writing in a mass cultural medium with a local and global reach. The findings offer up a relational and multidimensional picture of the term aggregated from the textually small, as it plays out in relation to class, gender, the city, the four nations of the UK, the British Empire and the wider world.
Pediatric Obesity Prevalence in the U.S. Military Health System, Fiscal Years 2012-2018
Authors: Bleach Cortney C , Brooks Daniel I , Larson Noelle S
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Obesity prevalence in Military Health System (MHS) children has been reported through fiscal year (FY) 2012 as consistently lower than in the general population. Our study reports military pediatric overweight, obesity, and severe obesity prevalence through FY2018. We compared FY2018 prevalence to a sample of the general population using National Health and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 data.

Materials and methods

The MHS Data Repository was queried for all children aged 2-17 years seen at any military treatment facility between FY2012 and FY2018. We calculated overweight and obesity (classes 1, 2, and 3) prevalence for each FY and performed subgroup analysis for sex, age, and sponsor rank. We also compared FY2018 to NHANES 2017-2018 data. This study was approved by the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Institutional Review Board.

Results

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was stable from FY2012 (14.4% and 11.3%, respectively) to FY2018 (14.1% and 10.7%). Rates of classes 2 and 3 obesity combined were also stable at around 2.5% of all children. In FY2018, obesity prevalence was greater in assigned males, increased with age, and was highest in 16-17-year-olds (odds ratio: 2.75) and children with an enlisted military sponsor (odds ratio: 1.78). Compared to NHANES, MHS children had lower rates of obesity (10.7% versus 19.3%) with a smaller proportion of severe obesity (24% versus 32%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of pediatric overweight and obesity in the MHS was stable over time. Disparities were observed between age and sponsor rank groups. When compared to the general population, overall obesity prevalence was lower in younger military children. Further research is needed to explore disparities and to identify optimal strategies to mitigate the increase in obesity prevalence with age.
Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance in soils from Switzerland
Authors: Schürch Stéphanie , Gindro Katia , Schnee Sylvain , Dubuis Pierre-Henri , Codina Josep Massana , Wilhelm Matthieu , Riat Arnaud , Lamoth Frédéric , Sanglard Dominique
Published: November 2023

Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal species causing diverse diseases in humans. The use of azoles for treatments of A. fumigatus diseases has resulted in azole resistance. Azoles are also widely used in the environment for crop protection, which resulted in azole resistance. Resistance is primarily due to mutations in cyp51A, which encodes the target protein for azoles. Here we addressed the occurrence of azole resistance in soils from a vast part of Switzerland. We aimed to associate the use of azoles in the environment with the occurrence of azole resistance. We targeted sample sites from different agricultural environments as well as sites with no agricultural practice (natural sites and urban sites). Starting from 327 sites, 113 A. fumigatus isolates were recovered (2019–2021), among which 19 were azole-resistant (15 with TR34/L98H and four with TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mutations in cyp51A). Our results show that azole resistance was not associated with a specific agricultural practice. Azoles could be chemically detected in investigated soils, however, their presence was not associated with the occurrence of azole-resistant isolates. Interestingly, genetic markers of resistance to other fungicides were detected but only in azole-resistant isolates, thus reinforcing the notion that A. fumigatus cross-resistance to fungicides has an environmental origin.

In conclusion, this study reveals the spreading of azole resistance in A. fumigatus from the environment in Switzerland. The proximity of agricultural areas to urban centers may facilitate the transmission of resistant strains to at-risk populations. Thus, vigilant surveillance is required to maintain effective treatment options for aspergillosis.
The High Time Resolution Universe Pulsar survey – XVIII. The reprocessing of the HTRU-S Low Lat survey around the Galactic Centre using a Fast Folding Algorithm pipeline for accelerated pulsars
Authors: Wongphechauxsorn J , Champion D J , Bailes M , Balakrishnan V , Barr E D , Bernadich M C i , Bhat N D R , Burgay M , Cameron A D , Chen W , Flynn C M L , Jameson A , Johnston S , Keith M J , Kramer M , Ng C , Possenti A , Sengar R , Shannon R M , Stappers B , van Straten W
Published: November 2023

The HTRU-S Low Latitude survey data within 1° of the Galactic Centre (GC) were searched for pulsars using the Fast Folding Algorithm (FFA). Unlike traditional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) pipelines, the FFA optimally folds the data for all possible periods over a given range, which is particularly advantageous for pulsars with low-duty cycles. For the first time, a search over acceleration was included in the FFA to improve its sensitivity to binary pulsars. The steps in dispersion measure (DM) and acceleration were optimized, resulting in a reduction of the number of trials by 86 per cent. This was achieved over a search period range from 0.6 to 432-s, i.e. 10 per cent of the observation time (4320s), with a maximum DM of 4000 pc cm−3 and an acceleration range of ±128 m s−2. The search resulted in the re-detections of four known pulsars, including a pulsar that was missed in the previous FFT processing of this survey. This result indicates that the FFA pipeline is more sensitive than the FFT pipeline used in the previous processing of the survey within our parameter range. Additionally, we discovered a 1.89-s pulsar, PSR J1746-2829, with a large DM, located 0.5 from the GC. Follow-up observations revealed that this pulsar has a relatively flat spectrum (α = −0.9 ± 0.1) and has a period derivative of ∼1.3 × 10−12 s s−1, implying a surface magnetic field of ∼5.2 × 1013 G and a characteristic age of ∼23 000 yr. While the period, spectral index, and surface magnetic field strength are similar to many radio magnetars, other characteristics such as high linear polarization are absent.
MIGHTEE: Multi-wavelength counterparts in the COSMOS field
Authors: Whittam I H , Prescott M , Hale C L , Jarvis M J , Heywood I , An Fangxia , Glowacki M , Maddox N , Marchetti L , Morabito L K , Adams N J , Bowler R A A , Hatfield P W , Varadaraj R G , Collier J , Frank B , Taylor A R , Santos M G , Vaccari M , Afonso J , Ao Y , Delhaize J , Knowles K , Kolwa S , Randriamampandry S M , Randriamanakoto Z , Smirnov O , Smith D J B , White S V
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we combine the Early Science radio continuum data from the MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration (MIGHTEE) Survey, with optical and near-infrared data and release the cross-matched catalogues. The radio data used in this work covers 0.86 deg2 of the COSMOS field, reaches a thermal noise of 1.7 μJy beam−1 and contains 6102 radio components. We visually inspect and cross-match the radio sample with optical and near-infrared data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) and UltraVISTA surveys. This allows the properties of active galactic nuclei and star-forming populations of galaxies to be probed out to z ≈ 5. Additionally, we use the likelihood ratio method to automatically cross-match the radio and optical catalogues and compare this to the visually cross-matched catalogue. We find that 94 per cent of our radio source catalogue can be matched with this method, with a reliability of 95 per cent. We proceed to show that visual classification will still remain an essential process for the cross-matching of complex and extended radio sources. In the near future, the MIGHTEE survey will be expanded in area to cover a total of ∼20 deg2; thus the combination of automated and visual identification will be critical. We compare the redshift distribution of SFG and AGN to the SKADS and T-RECS simulations and find more AGN than predicted at z ∼ 1.
Constraining exotic dark matter models with the dark ages 21-cm signal
Authors: Mondal Rajesh , Barkana Rennan , Fialkov Anastasia
Published: November 2023

The dark ages 21-cm signal is a powerful tool for precision cosmology and probing new physics. We study two non-standard models: an excess radio background (ERB) model (possibly generated by dark matter decay) and the millicharged dark matter (mDM) model. These models were inspired by the possible EDGES detection of a strong global 21-cm absorption during cosmic dawn, but more generally they provide a way to anticipate the potential discovery space. During the dark ages the 21-cm global signal in the ERB model reaches a saturated form for an amplitude Ar = 0.4, where Ar is the radio background intensity at cosmic dawn relative to the cosmic microwave background. This amplitude is one fifth of the minimum required to explain the EDGES signal, and corresponds to just 0.1 per cent of the observed extragalactic background; it would give a signal that can be detected at 5.9σ significance (compared to 4.1σ for the standard signal) and can be distinguished from the standard (no ERB) signal at 8.5σ, all with a 1000 h global signal measurement. The 21-cm power spectrum has potentially more information, but far greater resources would be required for comparable constraints. For the mDM model, over a range of viable parameters, the global signal detection significance would be $4.7-7.2\, \sigma$, and it could be distinguished from standard at $2.2-9.3\, \sigma$. With an array of global signal antennas achieving an effective 100 000 h integration, the significance would be 10× better. Our analysis helps motivate the development of lunar and space-based dark ages experiments.
Intracellular fraction of zona pellucida protein 3 is required for the oocyte-to-embryo transition in mice
Authors: Israel Steffen , Seyfarth Julia , Nolte Thomas , Drexler Hannes C A , Fuellen Georg , Boiani Michele
Published: November 2023

In oocyte biology, the zona pellucida has long been known to operate three extracellular functions downstream of the secretory pathway, namely, encasing the oocytes in ovarian follicles, mediating sperm–oocyte interaction, and preventing premature embryo contact with oviductal epithelium. The present study uncovers a fourth function that is fundamentally distinct from the other three, being critical for embryonic cell survival in mice. Intriguingly, the three proteins of the mouse zona pellucida (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3) were found abundantly present also inside the embryo 4 days after fertilization, as shown by mass spectrometry, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Contrary to current understanding of the roles of ZP proteins, ZP3 was associated more with the cytoskeleton than with secretory vesicles in the subcortical region of metaphase II oocytes and zygotes, and was excluded from regions of cell–cell contact in cleavage-stage embryos. Trim-away-mediated knockdown of ZP3 in fertilized oocytes hampered the first zygotic cleavage, while ZP3 overexpression supported blastocyst formation. Transcriptome analysis of ZP3-knockdown embryos pointed at defects of cytoplasmic translation in the context of embryonic genome activation. This conclusion was supported by reduced protein synthesis in the ZP3-knockdown and by the lack of cleavage arrest when Trim-away was postponed from the one-cell to the late two-cell stage. These data place constraints on the notion that zona proteins only operate in the extracellular space, revealing also a role during the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Ultimately, these data recruit ZP3 into the family of maternal factors that contribute to developmental competence of mouse oocytes.
A Virtual Music-Assisted Wellness Workshop for Family Caregivers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Steiner-Brett Adrienne C , Basu Rashmita
Published: November 2023

Informal or family caregivers (ICGs) are unpaid individuals who assist those with various diagnoses or conditions with their health and/or living-related needs. In 2020, there were an estimated 53 million individuals in the United States who provided informal care, which research indicates can negatively impact physiological and psychological health. Music therapy is a promising nonpharmacological intervention for psychosocial needs, including many that ICGs experience. The purpose of this study was to pilot a single, virtually delivered, music-based wellness workshop to examine feasibility and acceptability amongst ICGs of adults over 50. Additionally, the study aimed to establish the appropriateness of the measurement tools in addressing the research questions. Results of the study (N = 24) revealed a significant reduction in perceived stress score from pre to the post intervention t(23) = 5.71, p < .001. Slight positive increases were also observed from pre- to two weeks post intervention for wellbeing (14.75 vs. 14.79) and quality of life (6.00 vs. 6.08) measures. Additionally, 93.1% of participants completed the study from pre to two-week post-intervention, indicating a high feasibility of the intervention design. Themes emerged related to perceived value of the intervention and resource provided, including positive perception of music and mindfulness techniques along with themes related to difficulty with delivery and future needs of ICGs.
The RNA-binding motif protein 14 regulates telomere integrity at the interface of TERRA and telomeric R-loops
Authors: Wang Yajun , Zhu Wei , Jang Yumi , Sommers Joshua A , Yi Gong , Puligilla Chandrakala , Croteau Deborah L , Yang Yibin , Kai Mihoko , Liu Yie
Published: November 2023

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) and its formation of RNA:DNA hybrids (or TERRA R-loops), influence telomere maintenance, particularly in human cancer cells that use homologous recombination-mediated alternative lengthening of telomeres. Here, we report that the RNA-binding motif protein 14 (RBM14) is associated with telomeres in human cancer cells. RBM14 negatively regulates TERRA expression. It also binds to TERRA and inhibits it from forming TERRA R-loops at telomeres. RBM14 depletion has several effects, including elevated TERRA levels, telomeric R-loops, telomere dysfunction-induced DNA damage foci formation, particularly in the presence of DNA replication stress, pRPA32 accumulation at telomeres and telomere signal-free ends. Thus, RBM14 protects telomere integrity via modulating TERRA levels and its R-loop formation at telomeres.
Long-lived lunar volcanism sustained by precession-driven core-mantle friction
Authors: Yu Shuoran , Xiao Xiao , Gong Shengxia , Tosi Nicola , Huang Jun , Breuer Doris , Xiao Long , Ni Dongdong
Published: November 2023

Core-mantle friction induced by the precession of the Moon’s spin axis is a strong heat source in the deep lunar mantle during the early phase of a satellite’s evolution, but its influence on the long-term thermal evolution still remains poorly explored. Using a one-dimensional thermal evolution model, we show that core-mantle friction can sustain global-scale partial melting in the upper lunar mantle until ∼3.1 Ga, thus accounting for the intense volcanic activity on the Moon before ∼3.0 Ga. Besides, core-mantle friction tends to suppress the secular cooling of the lunar core and is unlikely to be an energy source for the long-lived lunar core dynamo. Our model also favours the transition of the Cassini state before the end of the lunar magma ocean phase (∼4.2 Ga), which implies a decreasing lunar obliquity over time after the solidification of the lunar magma ocean. Such a trend of lunar obliquity evolution may allow volcanically released water to be buried in the lunar regolith of the polar regions. As a consequence, local water ice could be more abundant than previously thought when considering only its accumulation caused by solar wind and comet spreading.
Hepatic Steatosis and Weight Gain During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Impact of Therapy With Tenofovir Alafenamide
Authors: Santos Marta , Corma-Gómez Anais , Martin-Carmona Jesica , Pérez-García Margarita , Martín-Sierra Carmen , Rincón-Mayo Pilar , González-Serna Alejandro , Pineda Juan Antonio , Real Luis Miguel , Macías Juan
Published: November 2023

Background

Lockdown due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to increases in weight in part of the population. Weight gain leads to hepatic steatosis (HS). Antiretroviral treatment could also influence HS in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). The impact of lockdown on HS in PWH is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in HS, as measured by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), during the COVID-19 pandemic in PWH.

Methods

This was a cohort study that included PWH who attended a tertiary care center in southern Spain from January 2018 to December 2021. The CAP was evaluated by transient elastography. Only those who had a valid CAP before and after March 2020 were included. HS was defined as CAP ≥248 dB/m.

Results

Six hundred eighty PWH were attended and 488 (71.8%) were included. Two hundred and fourteen (43.9%) had HS at baseline and 239 (49%) at the end of the follow-up (P = .036). The median change in CAP among PWH taking tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) was 8.5 (interquartile range [IQR], −24 to 46.3) dB/m versus −4 (IQR, −35 to 27) dB/m among PWH receiving TAF-free regimens (P = .003). After multivariate analysis, adjusted by sex and age, weight gain (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.09 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.05–1.14]; P < .001), TAF therapy (AOR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.07–2.35]; P = .021), plasma triglycerides (AOR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1–1.01]; P < .001), and fasting blood glucose (AOR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1–1.02]; P = .027) were associated with HS at the end of follow-up.

Conclusions

The frequency of HS increased during the COVID-19 pandemic among PWH. TAF is associated with HS development, regardless of metabolic factors.
Prior Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Among Patients Diagnosed With Tuberculosis Disease: Missed Opportunities?
Authors: Fischer Heidi , Qian Lei , Li Zhuoxin , Garba Saadiq , Bruxvoort Katia J , Skarbinski Jacek , Ku Jennifer H , Lewin Bruno J , Mahale Parag S , Shaw Sally F , Spence Brigitte C , Tartof Sara Y
Published: November 2023

Background

California has the largest number of tuberculosis (TB) disease cases in the United States. This study in a large California health system assessed missed opportunities for latent tuberculosis (LTBI) screening among patients with TB disease.

Methods

Kaiser Permanente Southern California patients who were ≥18 years old with membership for ≥24 months during the study period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2019 were included. Prior LTBI test (tuberculin skin test or interferon-γ release assay) or diagnosis code prior to TB disease diagnosis was assessed among patients with observed TB disease (confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and/or culture). In the absence of current treatment practices, more patients screened for LTBI may have developed TB disease. We estimated hypothetical TB disease cases prevented by multiplying LTBI progression rates by the number of LTBI-positive patients prescribed treatment.

Results

A total of 1289 patients with observed TB disease were identified; 148 patients were LTBI positive and 84 were LTBI negative. Patients not prescreened for LTBI made up 82.0% of observed TB disease cases (1057/1289). Adding the hypothetical maximum estimate for prevented cases decreased the percentage of patients who were not prescreened for LTBI to 61.7% [1057/(1289 + 424)].

Conclusions

One-fifth of patients were screened for LTBI prior to their active TB diagnosis. Assuming the upper bound of cases prevented through current screening, almost 62% of TB disease patients were never screened for LTBI. Future work to elucidate gaps in LTBI screening practices and to identify opportunities to improve screening guidelines is needed.
Association of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex With Colorectal Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Ouranos Konstantinos , Gardikioti Angeliki , Bakaloudi Dimitra Rafailia , Mylona Evangelia K , Shehadeh Fadi , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: November 2023

Background

Invasive infection with Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) bacteria is associated with underlying colorectal neoplasia. However, the link between intestinal or fecal colonization with SBSEC isolates or antibody responses to SBSEC members and colorectal cancer is not thoroughly investigated in the literature.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for case–control studies as well as retrospective or prospective cohort studies reporting an association between SBSEC bacteria and colorectal neoplasia.

Results

We identified 22 studies (15 case–control and 7 cohort) that met our inclusion criteria. Among the cohort studies, patients with SBSEC bacteremia were 3.73 times more likely to have underlying colorectal cancer compared with individuals with no bacteremia (relative risk [RR], 3.73; 95% CI, 2.79–5.01), whereas the risk of underlying colorectal adenoma in patients with SBSEC bacteremia was not significantly increased (RR, 5.00; 95% CI, 0.83–30.03). In case–control studies, patients with colorectal cancer were 2.27 times more likely to have evidence of intestinal or fecal colonization with SBSEC isolates (odds ratio [OR], 2.27; 95% CI, 1.11–4.62) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses to SBSEC antigens (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.06–4.86) compared with controls. Patients with colorectal adenoma were not more likely to be colonized with SBSEC isolates compared with controls (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.55–2.25).

Conclusions

Apart from the well-established association of SBSEC bacteremia and underlying colorectal cancer, intestinal or fecal colonization with SBSEC isolates and IgG antibody responses to SBSEC antigens were higher in patients with colorectal cancer compared with controls. Neither bacteremia from SBSEC isolates nor colonization with SBSEC bacteria was associated with underlying colorectal adenoma.
How (Not) to Break Up: Constituent Power and Alternative Pathways to Scottish Independence
Authors: Fasel Raffael N , Stark Shona Wilson
Published: November 2023

In October 2022, the UK Supreme Court unanimously held that the Scottish Parliament lacks the power to legislate for a second referendum on Scottish independence (Indyref 2) absent an enabling Order by the UK government under section 30 of the Scotland Act 1998. With no such Order forthcoming, alternative pathways to Indyref 2 are being investigated. In this article, we examine two such potential pathways—a plebiscitary election and an unauthorised referendum—through the lens of constituent power. We argue that both pathways are theoretically available if one accepts (as we argue) that the Scottish people is the bearer of constituent power. However, we conclude that there are significant obstacles dotting both potential pathways, and as such the only feasible route to internationally recognised statehood for Scotland is via political negotiation.
Poetry and Prose
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

It is usually assumed that there are clear distinctions between poetry and prose. For example, in The Poetry of the Old Testament, T. H. Robinson states on the first page: Most of us know the difference between poetry and prose. When we hear or see a passage we have no difficulty in deciding to which class of literature it belongs. Conventionally and very conveniently, poetry is written in definite lines, each of which is, as it were, a complete whole, and in one way or another stands apart from what precedes and what follows. (p. 11.)
Law Poetry, Wisdom Poetry, and Popular Poetry
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

One convincing defence of this issue has been offered by Hermann Gunkel, in a seminal article on Israelite literature, written in German in 1900. He argues that, in the very first stages of cultural growth, poetry was a powerful mode of communication within the folk-religion of Israel. Poetry, linked to the music and dance of popular religion and folk-culture, was easier to memorize, and hence easier to impart to later generations, than prose. Much of the prophets’ teachings some centuries later was expressed in a poetic fonn precisely because of this feature. Gunkel’s observations in fact fit well with our own considerations concerning the poetic aphorisms found within the Gospels: the brief, binary form of Semitic verse has a distinct performative quality, and in many cases predates the prose literature into which it was later incorporated.
Cultic Poetry
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

In early Israelite culture, the cult and its sacral associations were bound up with the whole of life. It is thus not surprising that cultic poetry is evidenced throughout wisdom, popular, and prophetic traditions, at all stages of lsrael’s history.
Topical anaesthesia
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the use of surface (or topical) anaesthetics in dentistry. Anaesthesia of surface tissues, namely, skin and mucous membranes can be obtained by physical or pharmacological means. In dental practice topical anaesthesia has four uses. First, as a means of reducing the pain of local anaesthetic injections. Second, as a method of reducing the discomfort of venepuncture (e.g. during sedation). Third, local anaesthetic agents are incorporated into proprietary medications for application to painful intraoral lesions such as ulcers, as a symptomatic treatment. The final use is as the sole source of anaesthesia for superficial soft tissue manipulation.
Management of failed local anaesthesia
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Failure of local anaesthesia is distressing for both patient and operator. When confidence in excellent pain control is achieved the optimum dentist/patient relationship can be obtained. When local anaesthetic failure does occur, restoration of patient confidence must be achieved as soon as possible otherwise the patient may be convinced they are ‘resistant’ to local anaesthetics. The key to overcoming failure is to diagnose the cause.
Conscious sedation in dentistry
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Sedative techniques have been used in dental practice for many years, although the description of the phenomenon of conscious sedation is a more recent occurrence. The definition of sedation that is used within dentistry is different from that used in medical fields. The reasons for this difference will become apparent as the topic is discussed. The definition of ‘conscious sedation’ that binds the dental profession in the United Kingdom is that proposed by the General Dental Council in its Amendments to the booklet Professional conduct and fitness to practice, issued in July 19 96. Here in paragraph 23 sedation is defined as:
Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Visser Marianne de , Hoogerwaard Edo M
Published: November 2023

The disease is named after the well-known German geneticist Prof. P.E. Becker. However, as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), others gave the first description of this particular muscular dystrophy. In 1934, Kostakow reported on 14 patients from a kindred from an area in the vicinity of Bonn, Germany, who were suffering from an X-linked, progressive proximal myopathy.
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Authors: Toniolo Daniela
Published: November 2023

dystrophy (EMD) is an inherited disorder characterized by early onset contractures, progressive weakness in humero-peroneal muscles, and car- diomyopathy with conduction block. The disease may have been described for the first time in 1902 (Cestan and Lejonne 1902). However, in 1966, Emery examined a large Virginian family affected with an X-linked muscular dystrophy (Emery and Dreifuss 1966) whose members had been reported earlier by Dreifuss and Hogan (1961) as having a possible benign form of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). and intellectual impairment (Emery 1989; Emery and Dreifuss 1966; Emery and Emery 1995). Similar symptoms were later described in other families and in 1979 Rowland suggested the term ‘Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD)’ for this distinctive disease (Rowland et al. 1979).
Medical management and treatment of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Manzur Adnan Y
Published: November 2023

The last decade has seen major advances in the understanding of the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of the muscular dystrophies (Dubowitz 1998; Emery 1997; 1998), and this in turn has raised expectations of a curative treatment. This is not yet available and symptomatic and palliative treatment is essential to enhance the patient’s quality of life. Physical therapy for prevention of contractures and promotion of ambulation is the mainstay of treatment. Judicious surgical intervention may improve or stabilize motor function in carefully selected patients. Early detection and treatment of function and quality of life. The early detection and treatment of cardiac and respiratory complications, so crucial to improve survival, is covered in Chapters 11 and 13.
Language and the Representation of Experience
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

Literature is a creative use of language-not the only form of creativity in language, as we shall see, but certainly the one that people most immediately acknowledge as creative. What is created, and how? ‘How?’ is answered in this book’s exploration of linguistic technique. In this chapter I begin to explain what is created, starting with some observations on the relationship between language and experience. We need to consider the sources of the habitual meanings of language before we can build on our understanding to see how literature Oike criticism and other linguistic practices) unsettles the familiar creatively.
Some Aspects of Dialogue
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter encourages a view of texts as discourses, as interactions between speakers and addressees who might be real, implied, or fictional. In my opinion, this is a most important emphasis, a corrective to the older view in linguistic criticism that literary texts are just formal structures of language; and to the traditional claim in literary criticism that texts are objects rather than interactions: ‘verbal icons’, ‘monuments’, or ‘wellwrought urns’. The latter phrase is taken from a poem of Donne’s by the critic Cleanth Brooks, and applied to all poetry: we are meant to recall Keats’s silent Grecian Um, an unspeaking but meaningful artefact. But ‘literary’ texts, like all texts, do speak: they participate in society’s communicative practices, and are an important means of influencing world-view and social structure. In this chapter, I want to examine some aspects of linguistic structure which concern interaction directly: dialogic structures.
Making Movies Black
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

Cripps’s Slow to Fade To Black: The Negro In American Film, 1900–1942, is considered the basic work on blacks’ involvement in film, both in Hollywood and outside it. Making Movies Black continues the story up into the 1950s. It discusses the greater attention to black life in films of the early war years, including the all-black Cabin in The Sky, indicates the difficult time black leaders had with Hollywood studios in bringing pressure for better depictions of blacks on screen, describes the discovery of race-related subjects in such postwar films as Pinky and Intruder In The Dust, and depicts the rise of black stars like Sidney Poitier in Hollywood. As in Slow Fade to Black, these events are put into a broader social context.
The Making of The Negro Soldier
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

During the New Deal the Roosevelt administration had been as diffident toward producing its own film propaganda as the Congress had been wary of it, at least until Pare Lorentz’s famous pair, The River and The Plough That Broke the Plains, Paul Strand’s The City, and the Farm Security Administration’s photographers revealed how art and message might be combined without the appearance of shameless tubthumping. At a level closer to bedrock, a nation built upon deeply running feelings of the right of the individual to oppose his rulers, to claim “counter-vailing” powers, the idea of awarding government the right of self-advertisement seemed anathema. Wartime, for a while at least, would perhaps be different, because, as Feibleman’s Theory of Culture had asserted, wars against external enemies induced a “tendency toward similarity” that invited the government to take a bolder hand in defining its war aims as well as its means of prosecuting the war. In other words, the government felt entitled to assert Why We Fight-to borrow the title of its most famous film series. Having shed their coyness toward propaganda, their feeling that only the enemy resorted to it, the government’s film-makers and psychologists rushed to their work with the fervor of converts and with a faith in “social engineering”-the altering of collective belief-that seemed boundless. But what to teach America about racism? Luckily, as one wit said, “Hitler gave racism a bad name”; that is, the nature of the enemy helped modulate a prickly regional issue into a collective, liberalizing mentality.
Hollywood Wins: The End of “Race Movies”
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

“Race movies” had not merely risen out of segregation; they had been anointed by it and, after a fashion, prospered from it. At their best as in The Scar of Shame ( 1927), a film by the Colored Players of Philadelphia, they had provided black audiences with a shock of recognition of their plight and put forth a group morale that called upon African Americans to strive for, as one of the character says, “the finer things.” At their worst they fed off black misfortune rather than deal with it, parodied bourgeois life rather than set it as a standard, and gave away credibility by setting life in a dark world unsullied by white people and improbably packed with black crooks and cops, judges and doctors, molls and grandes dames, so that the subsurface play of the text allowed the inference that blacks had only themselves to blame for the hand they had been dealt. Also running through the worst race movies was a half-hidden wish to be white embedded in the frequent tales of garbled identities, lightskinned casts, and mannered behavior. All of these, to be sure, were the outward signs of the “twoness” of American life about which W. E. B. DuBois had written, but sometimes race movies teased and strummed these feelings rather than take them up as part-of the daily round of black life. And sometimes, almost perversely, race-moviemakers drew attention to the unfair comparison of their shoe­ string work with Hollywood gloss by billing their stars as “the colored Mae West” or “the colored Valentino.”
Thermidor
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

Did Sam Goldwyn actually say, “If you want to send a message, call Western Union?” We cannot know with certainty, but on the other hand, we have his written profession of abiding concern for “social justice” in the NUL organ Opportunity, a concern that, he said, came as a result of his reading the charter of the United Nations with its call for international harmony. Of course, neither the epigram nor the essay spoke for the inner values of Hollywood, but their polarity suggested that a wartime tactic-the use of popular culture as a vehicle of political expression-had survived into peacetime and become entangled with the wish to make money, resulting in, as James Agee put it, Hollywood’s learning how to have its liberalism land buttered side up.

And yet from 1945 until 1949, the movielots seemed to lapse into an apparent liberal hiatus over which conservative forces exercised a loose hegemony. How to account for this seeming failing of wartime political energy? Certainly the war exhausted intellectual resources, but also the period lends itself to analysis as, rather than a political desert, a seedbed of wartime racial idiom redefined for peacetime consumption. During these years the major studios, along with a few independents, made more than a half dozen self-consciously political films that kept active the essentials of the wartime mentality we have called conscience-liberalism.
Obdurate Sensation: Pain
Authors: Scarry Elaine
Published: November 2023

Advertisements for aspirin and nonaspirin substitutes are remarkably tedious. They are so uniform in their imagery, so narrow in their claims and so unmemorable in their dramatic methods that it might indeed be difficult to remember them were it not for the sheer frequency of their appearance in the coveted spaces of prime-time television and large­ circulation magazines. Anything endlessly reiterated is likely to be tedious; anything barely noticeable is likely (once noticed) to be tedious; the two together do not produce what would ordinarily be understood as a winning combination. But the opening designation of this tediousness as “remarkable” is not meant only as word-play; for when the advertising industry- not notorious for its restraint-suddenly becomes restrained, something at least moderately remarkable has in fact happened; and this restraint in turn must be recognized as only the visible sign of the anomalous and mystifying conditions that have brought it about.
Movie Anecdotes
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

In this sparkling collection of anecdotes about the stars before and behind the cameras, Peter Hay takes the reader on a delightful if occasionally bumpy-ride through the world that has captivated audiences for almost a century. Moguls’ heads would spin if they reckoned the fees for a cast that includes Chaplin, Garbo, Gable, Bogart, Davis, Crawford, Monroe, Nicholson, Streep, and assorted Hepburns, Fondas, and Hustons, but here they all are, and under the keen directorial eyes of Griffith, Eisenstein, Hitchcock, Kurosawa, Bergman, Welles, Ford, and Visconti, to name but a few. If you think the credits are good wait until you get a look at the plot, which bursts at the seams with battles over money, contracts, and artistic control, overnight sensations, tragic declines, romances, divorces, and any number of scandals. For anyone who has spent a night at the movies, this colourful, incredible, bitter, and hilarious book is a must.
At the Court Of the Grand Mogul
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1931 Sergei Eisenstein came to Hollywood at the invitation of jesse Lasky, then head of Paramount. The connection had been made by the English writer and man about film, Ivor Montagu, who captured the moment when things went wrong for Eisenstein. Lasky had invited the Russian director and his party to dinner at his house. After dinner, the women and men went their separate ways.
Knock On Hollywood
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

New in Town When Shelley Winters first came to Hollywood, she had a house up in the hills, but she was so afraid of being alone that she would ask the waiters and waitresses at Googie’s, an all night restaurant, to come up to her house and read scripts with her. They would either read or listen to her read until sunrise. As word of her various eccentricities spread around town, the actress said: ‘Tm outspoken, but not by many.’‘
The Importance Of Oscar
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

The first Academy Awards were announced on February 18, 1929, but the dinner to hand out the statuettes was not held until three months later, on May 19, at the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. It took only five minutes to distribute the first Oscars. Though there was no suspense, the pattern of star behavior for the awards was beginning to show. None of the three nominated actors bothered to show up. Emil Jannings, who won the first two years, sent a telegram from his native Germany, which was read aloud by Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., first president of the Academy: