bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ler o arquivo em análise de discurso
Authors: Barbosa Filho Fábio Ramos
Published: March 2022

Este artigo busca investigar de que maneira o alienismo brasileiro se constitui em estreita relação com as teorias raciais, com a memória antiafricana e com novas formas de organização do direito e do espaço urbano no século XIX. Ancorado teoricamente na Análise de Discurso materialista, o texto busca dar visibilidade aos processos históricos da produção do sentido, montando um arquivo que permita escutar a conjuntura discursiva do Brasil oitocentista. O presente estudo permite, pois, uma compreensão semântica das contradições e das relações de sentido a partir da montagem e da leitura de um arquivo singular, que abre espaço para a formulação de um dispositivo distinto do historiográfico, pondo em primeiro plano o funcionamento material, ou seja, histórico, da língua.
O PCB e o marxismo de São Paulo
Authors: Andreto Lucas
Published: March 2022

O presente texto pretende ser uma divulgação da tese de doutorado intitulada O Comunismo Paulistano: a especificidade do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) na cidade de São Paulo (1922 – 1938). Assim, buscamos apresentar a tese de que o PCB em São Paulo desenvolveu-se de forma relativamente isolada em relação aos núcleos ideológicos e organizativos mais consistentes do Partido, o que, de um lado, limitou sua capacidade de penetração no movimento operário paulista e, de outro, possibilitou ao longo de sua trajetória o surgimento de intelectuais donos de um marxismo relativamente diferenciado diante daquele que predominava na direção do Partido, o que constituiu, durante o período de 1922 a 1938, a particularidade do PCB paulista. Objetivamos, com isso, apontar o cerne da contradição de o PCB ter atuação deficitária no então maior centro fabril do país durante suas primeiras décadas de vida.
Suicidios en el Perú: Descripción epidemiológica a través del Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones (SINADEF) en el periodo 2017-2021.
Authors: Contreras-Cordova Coco R. , Atencio-Paulino Joel  I. , Sedano Carlos , Ccoicca-Hinojosa Francklin J. , Paucar Huaman Waldir
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: Descripción de características epidemiológicas de suicidios ocurridos en el Perú durante el periodo 2017-2021. Material y Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo-comparativo, basado en la revisión del Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones entre los años 2017-2021; la muestra final incluyó un total de 2579 suicidios. Resultados: El 69,5% de los suicidios ocurrieron en el género masculino, el promedio de edad fue 34,87 años, 79,5% solteros y 26,6% con instrucción secundaria completa. Los departamentos con mayor frecuencia de suicidio fueron Lima (20,3%), Arequipa (19,2%), Cusco (9,5%) y Junín (7,8%). Según CIE-10 la causa principal de muerte fue edema cerebral (20,06%) y el domicilio, el lugar más frecuente (63,4%). Las modalidades utilizadas fueron ahorcamiento (56,6%), envenenamiento (29,2%), arma de fuego (4,0%), precipitación (3,1%) y arma blanca (1,7%). Se pudo establecer diferencias significativas con un p <0,05 entre tipo de suicidio y género, identificando un 74% de casos por ahorcamiento en el sexo masculino; entre tipo de suicidio y región natural: 60% de ahorcamientos en la costa; entre rango etario y tipo de suicidio: ahorcamiento 10-19 años (27,7%) y envenenamiento 20-29 años (26,5%), La mayoría (70,7%) cometió suicidio por ahorcamiento en su domicilio, seguida por envenenamiento en establecimientos de salud (56,9%) y por precipitación en la vía pública (16,8%). Conclusiones: El tipo más frecuente de suicidio fue por ahorcamiento, en personas jóvenes-adultas de sexo masculino y por envenenamiento en personas de sexo femenino.
Efektivitas Pemberian Ekstrak Minyak Kelapa Hijau (Cocos Nucifera) dengan Cara Oral dan Pemijatan terhadap Produksi ASI Ibu Postpartum di Kota Pangkalpinang
Authors: Devriany Ade , Kardinasari Emmy , Harindra Harindra
Published: March 2022

Latar Belakang: Air Susu Ibu merupakan makanan terbaik untuk tumbuh dan kembang bayi. Selain itu diketahui ASI yang memiliki kandungan gizi lengkap, bagi bayi juga mendapatkan stimulus sensori yang dari Ibu dengan menyusu. Berdasarkan WHO (2016) bahwa pemberian ASI eksklusif di seluruh dunia hanya selama periode 2007-2014 sekitar 36%. Pemberian ASI eksklusif di Indonesia adalah sebesar 54,3% pada tahun 2016. Tumbuhan kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera) sebagai salah satu hasil pertanian Indonesia yang banyak mengandung antosianin. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) diketahui memiliki potensi antioksidan alami. Minyak kelapa menjadi sumber utama asam lemak laurat yang merupakan komponen asam lemak di dalam ASI. Kekayaan komponen asam lemak dalam VCO membuatnya mampu menjadi bahan dasar untuk produksi asam lemak yang mirip dengan ASI.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi efektifitas ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera) melalui oral dan backrolling massage terhadap produksi ASI Ibu di Kota Pangkalpinang.Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah quasi-eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian Static-Group Comparison. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Wilayah Kota Pangkalpinang pada 36 Ibu postpartum yang terdiri dari 3 kelompok sampel yaitu 12 sampel pada kelompok intervensi oral ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau, 12 sampel pada kelompok intervensi dengan backrolling massage dengan ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau dan 12 sampel pada kelompok kontrol. Uji statistik yang digunakan untuk menilai efektivitas terhadap eksperimen dilakukan Uji One Way Annova dengan menggunakan aplikasi pengolah data statistik.Hasil: Rata-rata volume ASI total tertinggi adalah 97,2 ml yaitu kelompok yang diberikan backrolling massage dengan ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau dan yang terendah adalah 79,2 ml yaitu kelompok yang diberikan konsumsi ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau. Tidak ada perbedaan produksi ASI pada hari ketujuh pada kelompok Ibu postpartum yang diberikan konsumsi ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera), diberikan backrolling massage dengan ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera) maupun kelompok control (nilai p=0,537)aKesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan produksi ASI kelompok Ibu yang diberikan konsumsi ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera), diberikan back rolling massage dengan ekstrak minyak kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera) maupun kelompok kontrol.
Proračunska transparentnost kao aspekt dobrog upravljanja
Authors: Čepo-Aušperger Antonija , Petek Ana
Published: March 2022

Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati
razvoj lokalne proračunske politike u smjeru veće
proračunske transparentnosti.
Provedena je studija slučaja Bjelovara u kojoj su
korištene dvije kvalitativne
metode prikupljanja podataka – intervju i selekcioniranje
dokumenata. Prikupljena građa
kodirana je prema pravilima kvalitativne
analize sadržaja. Četiri su
glavna elementa političkog odlučivanja o bjelovarskoj
proračunskoj politici:
transparentnost kao cilj, aplikacija Transparentno
kao osnovni informacijski
instrument, gradonačelnik zajedno sa svojim suradnicima
kao ključni akter i građani kao
glavna ciljana skupina. Analiza pokazuje
kako su zajednička temeljna
načela i lokalne proračunske politike i koncepta
dobrog upravljanja
transparentnost i odgovornost. Podaci navode i na zaključak
kako su to nužni, ali ne i
dovoljni uvjeti za ostvarenje dobrog upravljanja, s obzirom
na to da njihovo uvođenje ne
osigurava veću participaciju neformalnih aktera,
posebice udruga civilnog društva.
Ovaj rad predstavlja politološki pogled
na ovu prvenstveno ekonomski
analiziranu temu, te kroz uvide o empirijskom
slučaju pokazuje važnost procesne
dimenzije transparentnosti – važno je i koliko
se transparentno odlučuje o
proračunu, a ne isključivo transparentnost samog
proračuna.
Critique of Instrumentalist and Primordialist Theories
Authors: Filić Goran Patrick
Published: March 2022

Beyond the mainstream conflict in former Yugoslavia, an incomplete research ‎exists on the micro-military ethnic alliances and micro-conflicts on the local‎ and regional levels particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The article attempts ‎to fill this knowledge gap through the examination of the theoretical frameworks, ‎instrumentalism and primordialism as the two most frequently used ‎frameworks in explaining the Yugoslav disintegration. In terms of instrumentalism, ‎the article expands on the overreaching assumptions on the account of ‎elitist capacity to instrumentilize ethnic violence in multiethnic societies. Article ‎adds to the existing literature that instrumentalism can and often does ‎inadvertently neglect identifying instances where the elitist’s instrumentalisation ‎of the masses did not materialize. Conversely, primordialism an approach ‎that fell out of favor and an unfit framework in regards to Yugoslav dissolution,‎ was substantially and eagerly applied as an explanans, particularly in the first ‎stages of the war. In principle, the primordialism erroneously characterized the‎Yugoslav dissolution as the ancient ethnic grievances coming to the surface in ‎the absence of strong central government and the primordialist never bothered‎ to further that analysis. Hence, this article will go beyond the basic primordialist‎assumption, it confirms that primordialism, the genetically based‎ argument, cannot adequately tackle conflicts in multiethnic societies as seen ‎in Yugoslavia however, and omitted from the literature, the article posits that ‎the approach has an inexplicably staunch and protracting capacity to linger and ‎spread through the pores of society as a mechanism often utilized by nationalists ‎elites to manipulate and sustain their radical views. This capacity in principle‎ effectively protracts hostilities as attested in all former Yugoslav republics.‎
The Role of Seawater and Saline Solutions in Treatment of Respiratory Conditions
Authors: Štanfel Danijela , Kalogjera Livije , Ryazantsev Sergej V. , Hlača Kristina , Radtsig Elena Y. , Teimuraz Rashidov , Hrabač Pero
Published: March 2022

The history of saline nasal irrigation (SNI) is indeed a long one, beginning from the ancient Ayurvedic practices and starting to gain a foothold in the west at the beginning of 20th century. Today, there is a growing number of papers covering effects of SNI from in vitro studies to randomized clinical trials and literature overviews. Based on the recommendations of most of the European and American professional associations, seawater, alone or in combination with other preparations, has its place in treatment of numerous conditions of the upper respiratory tract (URT), primarily in chronic (rhino)sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, acute URT infections and postoperative recovery. Additionally, taking into account its multiple mechanisms of action and mounting evidence from recent studies, locally applied seawater preparations may have an important role in prevention of viral and bacterial infections of the URT. Therefore, in this review we discuss results published in the past years focused on the seawater preparations and their use in clinical and everyday conditions, since such products are superior to saline, have an excellent safety profile and are recommended by most professional associations in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
Motor of Mutual Retention
Authors: Nunes da Silva Marco Aurélio
Published: March 2022

This work proposes a new theoretical approach for the next generation of extremely efficient motors, whose impact will be substantial for future sustainable technological development. Building on well-known physical concepts, this approach introduces the concept of equilibrium of mutual retention, upon which a device remains in an equilibrium state between movement and attraction-repulsion. This new theoretical approach showed promising results in computer simulation experiments, indicating that the equilibrium of mutual retention can allow for a new way of modeling an extremely efficient motor. Finally, a theoretical efficiency analysis showed the need to expand the limits of some physical concepts already established.
Neuromelanin in Parkinson’s Disease: Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Tyrosinase
Authors: Nagatsu Toshiharu , Nakashima Akira , Watanabe Hirohisa , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa
Published: March 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aging-related and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The main symptoms of PD are movement disorders accompanied with deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the striatum due to cell death of the nigro-striatal DA neurons. Two main histopathological hallmarks exist in PD: cytosolic inclusion bodies termed Lewy bodies that mainly consist of α-synuclein protein, the oligomers of which produced by misfolding are regarded to be neurotoxic, causing DA cell death; and black pigments termed neuromelanin (NM) that are contained in DA neurons and markedly decrease in PD. Synthesis of human NM is regarded to be similar to that of melanin in melanocytes; Melanin synthesis in skin is via DOPAquinone (DQ) by tyrosinase, whereas NM synthesis in DA neurons is via DAquinone (DAQ) by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). DA in cytoplasm is highly reactive and is assumed to be oxidized spontaneously or by an unidentified tyrosinase to DAQ and then synthesized to NM. Intracellular NM accumulation above a specific threshold was reported to be associated to DA neuron death and PD phenotypes. This review reports recent progress in biosynthesis and pathophysiology of NM in PD.
Charging Mobile Devices in Indoor Environments
Authors: Matos Diogo , Pereira Ricardo , Ribeiro Helena , Mendes Bernardo , Belo Daniel , Oliveira Arnaldo , Carvalho Nuno Borges
Published: March 2022

Wireless power transfer promises to revolutionize the way we use and power mobile devices. However, low transfer efficiencies prevent this technology from seeing wide scale real-world adoption. The aim of this work is to use quasioptics to develop a system composed of a dielectric lens fed by a phased array to reduce spillover losses, increasing the beam efficiency, while working on the antenna system’s Fresnel zone. The DC-RF electronics, digital beamforming and beam-steering by an FPGA, and radiating 4x4 microstrip patch phased array have been developed and experimented upon, while the lens has been designed and simulated. This paper details these preliminary results, where the phased array radiation pattern was measured, showing that the beam is being generated and steered as expected, prompting the lens construction for the complete system experimentation.
Large Power Transformers: Time Now for Addressing Their Monitoring and Failure Investigation Techniques
Authors: Costa Jonathan Velasco , Silva Diogo F.F. , Branco P.J. Costa
Published: March 2022

Large power transformers are generally associated with a maximum capacity rating of 100 MVA or higher. These large liquid dielectric power transformers are a custom-built piece of equipment, thus very expensive, and a backbone element of the power grid. In extreme cases as, for example, severe geomagnetic disturbances, permanently monitoring their condition will enhance their electrical reliability and resilience to guarantee efficient management of its life cycle. However, some traditional monitoring/diagnosis techniques have singular features when applied to large power transformers and their interlinked subsystems. In this context, and since that information is hardly put in evidence and compiled in the literature, this paper reviews the particularities of monitoring and diagnosing those assets.
Diferencias socioespaciales entre homicidios y suicidios en Argentina, 1994-2014
Authors: Leveau Carlos Marcelo
Published: March 2022

Los objetivos de este estudio son descubrir la conformación de conglomerados espaciotemporales de los suicidios, homicidios y muertes por lesiones de intención no determinada (MLIND) en Argentina, durante el período 1994-2014, y analizar la asociación espaciotemporal entre conglomerados de suicidios u homicidios y conglomerados de MLIND en Argentina durante el mismo período. Las unidades espaciales fueron los departamentos de Argentina. Se hizo un rastreo estadístico espaciotemporal para la detección de conglomerados por sexo y grupos de edad (10 a 29, 30 a 59 y 60 o más años). Se utilizaron dos modelos espaciotemporales: multinomial y Bernoulli. La emergencia de conglomerados de homicidios en hombres estuvo más asociada a caídas más abruptas en los niveles de empleo, entre 1991 y 2001, en comparación a los suicidios. Las áreas con densidades poblacionales altas y porcentajes más altos de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI) tendieron a estar incluidas en conglomerados de homicidio en hombres en comparación a los suicidios. Hubo un mayor solapamiento espaciotemporal entre MLIND y homicidios. Los resultados obtenidos apoyan las hipótesis de 1) una diferenciación geográfica entre homicidios y suicidios en tiempos de crisis económica y 2) la representación mayoritaria de MLIND en homicidios ocultos.
A2-Type Granites from the Bastar Craton, South-Central India, and Their Implication in Archean-Paleoproterozoic Tectonics in Indian Peninsula
Authors: Satpathi Kausik , Hifzurrahman  , Xie Hang-Qiang , Ganaie Ab Majeed , Misra Sagar , Nasipuri Pritam
Published: March 2022

This communication reports novel geochemical and geochronological data of granite from the southeastern part of the Bastar Craton, Central India. The studied samples are leucocratic in appearance and composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and biotite in decreasing order of abundances. Apatite, sphene, and zircon occur as accessory minerals. The SiO2 and Al2O3 content of the studied sample varies between 61 and 69 wt.% and 13 and 15 wt.%, respectively. The alkali oxides, K2O, and Na2O content ranges between 3 and 6 wt.% and 2 and 3 wt. %, respectively. In the primitive mantle normalized spider diagram, the granites exhibit a negative Nb–Ti, Sr anomaly, and a positive Pb–Th anomaly. Similarly, in the REE normalized spider plot, the granites exhibit a strongly fractionated trend La/YbCN=10.90−28.4 with a negative Eu anomaly (0.42-0.70). The zircon saturation in silicate melt yields crystallization temperature (Tzr) ~650 to 800°C for the Eastern Bastar Craton rocks. The P-T pseudosection modeling implies EBC granites which are crystallized at 700-750°C, at 0.4 to 0.6 GPa. The SHRIMP U-Pb ages from magmatic zircon yield an upper intercept at ~2470 Ma and a lower intercept at ~2100 Ma. When combined with the results of P-T pseudosection modeling, the geochemical and geochronological data classifies the Eastern Bastar Craton rocks as A2 granites that were emplaced during the amalgamation of Archean blocks leading to extended Ur formation. The ~2100 Ma age is correlated with mafic dyke emplacement and the Bastar Craton–Yilgarn Craton block disintegration before Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent assembly.
Data-Driven Integrated Reservoir Development of a Mature Condensate-Rich Gas Field in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: van Gilst Roeland , Al Kindi Ahmed , Al Balushi Naila , Abri Al Mutasem , Al Busaidy Ahmed , Al-Khusaibi Aida
Published: March 2022

Recent observations indicate a distinct hydrocarbon composition change in a mature condensate rich gas field in the Sultanate of Oman, which will drastically change the next development decisions.

The new insights were a result of: 1) data analysis and visualization and 2) collaboration between Development Planning (DP), Well & Reservoir Management (WRM) and Exploration. Field data such as well tests, fluid samples and production logging tests were integrated with geological concepts to deliver reservoir models that could assist late field life decision making.

The outcome of the data analysis was summarized in the so-called "Plumbing Diagram", which combines reservoir architecture, structural elements, fluid fill and a reservoir connectivity analysis. The diagram was also used as a collaboration tool between Development, WRM and Exploration, which enabled the non-core team members to quickly understand the key uncertainties, risks and opportunities.

Field data indicated vertical changes in hydrocarbon composition across the field. These new observations were combined with exploration burial diagrams and thin section analysis from core data. This led to the insight that the gas field is not just rich in condensate, but has gone through various hydrocarbon charge stages starting with an initial oil charge. A recently drilled well confirmed the existence of the oil charge with solid bitumen indicating a subsequent thermal cracking phase.

Integration with wire line log evaluations made it possible to define two field-wide fluid zones, referred to by the team as: 1) Free Gas (FG) and 2) Condensate Rich Gas (CRG). The split of the two fluid zones will have a major impact on the field Development and WRM strategy as the focus is shifting towards development of the CRG zone, which is more challenging mainly due to the fluid fill mixture of oil, bitumen, gas and condensate.

This paper describes how field data, observations and collaboration between teams improved the total hydrocarbon system understanding driving the future development decisions. The success of the changes in the development and WRM strategy will serve as blueprint for condensate rich gas fields with a similar burial and charge history in the north of Oman.
Practical Solution for Rigless Water Shut off Without Using Thru- Tubing Bridge Plug in offshore Gas Lift Well, GUPCO - Egypt
Authors: Abdulmageed Mohamed , Elkordy Aly , Vazquez Maria
Published: March 2022

The Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) is one of the main production Companies in Egypt. Most of production rate in GUPCO is dependent on gas lift method for lifting reservoir fluid to the surface. Many reservoirs in Gulf of Suez are depletion (solution gas drive); so GUPCO injects about 150,000 BWPD to compensate reservoir pressure, and GUPCO has several active water drive reservoirs which water increasing comes from bottom intervals in some cases. As the water cut increases in the well, water shut off (WSO) is required; based on production logging tool (PLT) data, to avoid water loading (backpressure on formation), allow low quality sand/ intervals to share in production, avoid corrosion of wellbore tubing, and scale build up in the tubing which may cost a lot of money for cleaning.

In general, GUPCO uses thru-tubing bridge plug (TTBP) and capping it with sufficient length of cement column for rigless WSO. As all fields of GUPCO are offshore; so WSO and other jobs are costly in comparison to onshore fields. Based on this, any cost saving, innovation, or idea lead to maximize output in safe manner (e.g. increasing well production oil) is highly appreciated and recommended for execution. Water shutoff techniques are either mechanical methods or chemical methods. These methods can be used individually or together in one job. Mechanical methods are usually used in wellbore WSO, and chemical methods are used in near wellbore (NWB) for plugging perm zones or restricting water flow as relative permeability modifier (RPM) chemical. Water shut off selection depends on many factors as well deviation, well completion type, and others that should be taken in consideration.

This paper details some of the challenges associated with performing conventional WSO using electric-line and how to overcome these challenges. For our interested case, there is no common thru-tubing bridge plug (TTBP) in the market can be set in 9 5/8" and pass through minimum tubing restriction (XN- nipple 2.63" ID). Therefore, the well was planned to perform WSO using CTU with high cost, which is low priority for the time being. The practical WSO method provides solution for these challenges with low cost, and high percentage of success.
Waterflooding Optimisation Using a Multi-Action Technology in the Mature West Siberian Oil Field
Authors: Matveev Sergei , Gazizov Aidar , Shastina Elena , Ishkinov Salavat , Kuznetsov Maxim
Published: March 2022

In mature fields developed by water flooding, oil companies keep trying to fight premature water encroachment in producing wells caused by heterogeneous reservoir permeability and non-uniform displacement front advance. Changes in pressure gradients and flow rates and increased effects of adsorptive, osmotic and capillary forces result in significantly reduced oil permeability and low production from low-permeability intervals.

The chemical technology has been developed for the combined effect of selective water shut-off and change of rock properties from water wet to oil wet or visa versa to form a new phase on the rock surface, which produces significant excess energy used to recover residual oil.

The effectiveness of this technology has been tested in a reservoir modelling laboratory by studying the compatibility between the agents employed and reservoir fluids and flow tests conducted on three areal heterogeneous reservoir models.

Tests have shown that the agents used in the technology retain their functionality at high temperatures of up to 120°C and a formation water salinity of 10–127 g/l with no adverse effect on oil quality. The ultra-fine reagent reducing interfacial tension at the oil-water interface under reservoir conditions to 0.005 mN/m was studied in the laboratory.

Geological and production data show that the main problem of the pilot areas is early encroachment of production wells by injected water because of its breakthrough and subsequent unwanted flow through the most permeable and depleted layers. Tracer studies, conducted in injection wells using tracers that moved through flushed channels towards wells with high production rates and high-water cuts, identified zones of ineffective injection.

Treatments using multi-action technology in four pilot areas of the field produced the following effects: Redistribution of injected water flows by increasing the residual resistance factor in high-permeability zones and redirection of flows into previously inactive reservoir zones.Incremental oil production from four areas over 10 months was 2745 tonnes with a lasting effect.

The novelty of the multi-action technology consists in targeted treatment of oil reservoirs and displacement of residual oil through selective isolation of water-encroached zones. The energy produced at the phase interface is used to separate film-bound oil, move globular oil through pore throats and increase oil flow rate and oil permeability in the reservoir irrespective of its geological and mineralogical characteristics or formation fluid properties.
Successful Implementation of FAL in PDO Gas Wells
Authors: AlYhayaai Faisal , Veeken Cornelis , Razvi Mohammed , Ardia Kusela , AlDaraai Thabit , AlKindi AlMuntaser
Published: March 2022

Saih Nihayda (SN) cluster is one of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) gas assets that contributes by ∼25% out of the overall PDO gas asset's production. SN Deep is one of the biggest SN cluster fields, which was brought on stream since 2006 and started seeing water breakthrough and liquid loading as some of the late field life challenges. This paper provides an overview of successful application of foam-assisted lift (FAL) for deliquification in some wells in SN Deep field that suffered from water production where their production & uptime were heavily impacted. This paper sheds light on the challenges associated with the successful implementation of FAL in SN Deep.
Qualitative & Quantitative Digital Frac Platform for Reservoir Stimulation Operations in Oman Fields
Authors: Al Hinai Adnan Saif , Florez Juan Chavez , Al Hinai Mohamed Said , Al Raisi Khalid Hassan , Budur Guru P. , Gopalappa Anandraju , Al Ghaithi Ali Mohammed
Published: March 2022

The ultimate goal of hydraulic stimulation in terms of business value is "production", especially in those cases where the well is approaching the economic limit, is to increase the hydrocarbon flow, improve the ultimate recovery and make it profitable.

During a sing stage fracturing operation, extensive data is produced. Unfortunately, less than 10% of the data are properly preserved. Finally resides in corporate repositories. Comparable is the case of knowledge, where just in few cases, previous lessons learned are taken into consideration when designing a new job. Data Quality and human talent dedication are not the exception; data completeness levels of just 40% has been estimated. While Production Technologist and Frac Engineers during a normal Frac design, dedicate nearly much of their time on searching for data.

It was identified the need for having a centralized database, and avoid the dissemination of "local" customized spreadsheets to track the fracturing activities. At the same time, there were no fracturing workflow identified, instead, multiple version depending on each well/cluster approach. Hydraulic Fracturing Project emerged as a corporate initiative to support the HF evolution, and the vision to provide the business the best tools (knowledge, standard process, data, and technical resources) to get the maximum benefit from this broadly adopted technology.

The paper discusses the analytical aspects, operational workflow and administrative and quality control for properly managing the Frac data, from pre-Frac (job design) to post-Frac (job performance evaluation), embedding Frac execution, and including workflow. The data base allowed efficient management of hydraulic fracturing operations, better identification of the fracture candidates, and better design of fracturing treatment, Hence, Frac Platform will improve efficiency, performance & delivery well targets that could essentially reduce resources in data management.
Modeling Supercritical CO2 and Hydrocarbon Adsorption in Nanopores
Authors: Haghshenas Alireza , Hamedpour Mohammad
Published: March 2022

Secure storage of carbon dioxide in underground reservoirs has been an increasingly interesting topic for the researches in the recent decade. The literature includes great works covering the idea of storing CO2 in depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifer. In this study, long-term adsorption of CO2 and hydrocarbon gases is discussed as another opportunity to permanently store greenhouse gases and reduce the amount of the carbon dioxide that enters atmosphere.

The simplified local-density (SLD) theory was used for matching the experimental data and providing predictions of high-pressure supercritical adsorption isotherms of CO2 and hydrocarbon gases. The SLD model is able to capture the contributions from the fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interactions and, despite the typical assumption of uniform bulk phase density, the model plots the variable density profile of the fluids in nanopore. An extensive set of adsorption measurements available in the literature is used in this evaluation. The slit and cylindrical pore geometry are assessed and the effect of the pressure, temperature, pore size and fluid composition is also discussed in detail.

The results show that the SLD-PR model can predict absolute adsorption of the CO2 and hydrocarbon gases within the experimental uncertainty range. For heavier components (C3+), the model illustrates a thicker adsorbed wall close to the pore surface, the adsorption is enhanced while the pressure is increased to a certain point. This observation is in line with the pore-fluid interaction energy which shows a positive trend in terms of molecular size and pressure. In addition, it is concluded that the pore size lower than 2 nm show an exponentially high interest in adsorbing the gas molecules at supercritical conditions. Finally, the results recommend that the simplified local density model gives promising estimates for converting excess adsorption data to absolute adsorption data and calculating the storage capacity of the reservoir rock.

Using the outcomes of this study, millions of tons of carbon dioxide can be safely stored in carefully selected high-organic content rocks. The proposed method can also have some applications in predicting the hydrocarbon-in-place and production behavior in shale reservoirs with high organic carbon content.
Surfactant Adsorption on Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Bolourinejad Panteha , Groenendijk Dirk , Van Wunnik Johannes , Mooijer- van den Heuvel Miranda
Published: March 2022

In order to improve the waterflooding efficiency, surfactants and polymers are added to the water; this process is called surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding. One of the problems for this process is high adsorption of surfactants to the rock surface and specially to carbonate rock surfaces. The focus of this work is: to quantify experimentally the adsorption of anionic surfactants to carbonate rock surfaces, obtain a qualitative understanding of the mechanisms at play and identify suitable adsorption inhibitors.

The main outcomes of the work are: the adsorption of the surfactants used can be around three times higher (mg per g of rock) on calcite than on sandstone and dolomite. Higher concentrations of divalent ions lead to higher adsorption, and the adsorption also depends on the monovalent ion concentration. Several adsorption inhibitors are identified that can reduce the adsorption substantially, of which polyacrylate showed the most significant reduction. The divalent ions are thought to form a bridge between the anionic surfactants and the charged rock surfaces. The adsorption inhibitors capture the divalent ions, reducing their concentration in solution and, consequently, the adsorption of surfactants. More work is needed on the effectiveness of this concept at higher salinities before a first-pass technical and economic evaluation on the use of adsorption reducing agents on a field-scale can be performed.
Downhole Monitoring Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Fundamentals and Two Decades Deployment in Oil and Gas Industries
Authors: Soroush Mohammad , Mohammadtabar Mohammad , Roostaei Morteza , Hosseini Seyed Abolhassan , Fattahpour Vahidoddin , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Keough Daniel , Tywoniuk Matthew , Mosavat Nader , Cheng Li , Moez Kambiz
Published: March 2022

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) through fiber optic has been deployed in downhole monitoring for over two decades. Several technological advancements led to a wide acceptance of this technology as a reliable surveillance technique. This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of all the applications of DAS.

The paper starts with the fundamentals of fiber optic deployment. Then, an overview of all the applications of DAS including seismic application (vertical seismic profiling), microseismic (hydraulic fracturing characterization), well and pipe integrity (such as leak detection and cement quality), and well and pipe flow monitoring is provided. Flow monitoring contains injection and production flow estimation, phase determination, gas and water breakthrough identification, gas lift surveillance, pump and flow control device performance evaluation, sand production detection, and flow regime recognition.

This paper reviews the basics of DAS, fiber types, installation methods, types of recorded data, data processing, historical development, current applications and limitations. The paper provides a concise review using several field cases from over two hundred published papers of Society of Petroleum Engineering (SPE) and journal databases. The applications of DAS in downhole monitoring can be generally divided into the qualitative and quantitative applications. The study discusses deployment methods, case by case worldwide field performance and interpretation/modeling. It also summarizes main lessons, key results, and challenges including data quality, signal to noise ratio effect, and operational conditions such as the installation of the fiber and the complexity of quantitative production prediction and flow profiling. In addition, a comparison between deployment of DAS and other methods is reviewed.

This study is the foundation for an ongoing study on wellbore and reservoir surveillance through real time distributed fiber optic sensing (DAS) records along the wellbore. It summarizes the historical development and current limitations to identify the existing gaps and reviews the lessons learned during the two decades of the application of DAS in downhole monitoring.
The Petrophysical Basis of Gas Transportation in Coal Reservoirs-Implications on Sorption and Diffusion
Authors: Naveen Paul , Ojha Keka
Published: March 2022

Comprehensive and systematic analysis of complex pore networks is vital in elucidating the transportation of gas in coal reservoirs. In this study, multiscale heterogeneity of high volatile bituminous (hvBb) coal was reconstructed to replicate the pore connectivity. Furthermore, LPA-N2 data provides information about pore characteristics. With the digital and physical data, reliable pore-scale modelling was developed for the prediction of pore filling, sorption and diffusion of gases, including the network of pores and flow paths. The results obtained from this systematic approach is informative and gives complete details about the internal structure of coal that is viable for transportation of gas. Pore-scale modelling replicates familiar lab results. Consequently, geoscientists and reservoir engineers will be able to shorten traditional cycle times dramatically, better understand increasingly complex heterogeneous coal reservoirs, and evaluate exploratory wells, asses field development potential, and investigate early production strategies, as well improved recovery scenarios.
Incident Learning: Addressing the Functional Safety Life Cycle Requirements in PDO
Authors: Kannan Palaniappan , Aziz Abri Abdul
Published: March 2022

The complete lifecycle of Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) in process industry should be well managed to achieve the right level of risk reduction. The lifecycle phases in accordance to IEC60511 can be broadly divided in to Analysis, Realization and Operation. Normally, the main focus is on the Analysis phase wherein Safety Integrity Levels(SILs) are determined, Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is calculated to arrive at the optimum design, and Safety Requirement Specification is developed for detailed design. However, the rest of the phases in the lifecycle are not addressed with the same vigor. The lesser attention given to later phases of safety lifecycle worsen the PFD calculated in design phase and keeps safety systems vulnerable to failures. When failures become certain, incidents happen and can lead to catastrophic effects.

During a vessel level high-high (LZHH) demand in PDO, the inlet valves (two in series) failed to close leading to carry over of liquid hydrocarbon to the flare stack that led to liquid release from flare in a form of fire balls. The incident investigation revealed that even though required risk reduction levels were achieved in design by installing two valves in series, the rest of the Safety Instrumentation lifecycle phases were not rigorously adhered to resulting in the incident. In this paper the Authors endeavor to present various actions taken by PDO in order to make sure that what is designed, is operated and maintained as intended and in the process fulfilling the SIF lifecycle requirements.
Production Optimisation by Retrofitting Autonomous Inflow Control Devices into an ICD Well in a Oil Reservoir Offshore China
Authors: Gao Xiaofei , Dai Ling , Liu Jia , Zou Xinbo , Xu LiQian , Yang Guang , Moradi Mojtaba , Konopczynski Michael , Hua Jingheng
Published: March 2022

In the 2018 intervention campaign, CNOOC aimed to improve production by retrofitting a horizontal well offshore of China. Water mobility in the reservoir was at least 20 times higher than oil mobility and a strong aquifer was located below the well. The well was drilled along a heterogeneous formation with varying properties resulting in an uneven reservoir influx toward the wellbore. Although the well was already completed with passive ICDs, oil production from the well started suffering severely from an early water breakthrough in a couple of weeks after starting production.

It was recognized that the challenges could be mitigated by deploying Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs) which can control the reservoir fluid influx toward the wellbore and therefore optimise the well performance. An AICD is an active flow control device that delivers a variable flow restriction in response to the properties of a fluid and the rate of flow passing through.

An integrated workflow comprising history matching and performance evaluation of the existing completion and sensitivity analyses was adopted to determine the best retrofit completion for the well. A well with a horizontal length of 300m was drilled in a thin formation with the oil column averaging 15ft. The optimum retrofit completion was to install a 2 3/8″ inner string consisting of AICD subs, swellable packers inside the existing ICD completion. The well was segmented in three compartments and a tailored AICD completion based on log data from the well was designed to properly restrict the production of water. The string was then connected to a redesigned ESP pump lifting the fluids to the surface. Through teamwork between the companies, the well was successfully re-completed with RCP AICD completions.

Over a 9-month period of production, the well performance has been optimised with AICD devices. The AICDs significantly reduced the water cut (WC) of the well from 97% to 87% helping produce 200% more oil compared to production prior to re-completion. This application not only saved the cost of treating extra water but also added value by producing more oil. It also facilitated the connection of another well to the production system due to the enhanced capacity of the system which was then producing a lower volume of liquid.

This well is an example that demonstrates the possibility of retrofitting AICDs in existing screens successfully. AICD completions ensured a balanced contribution from all reservoir sections and limited water production significantly. The lessons learnt from pre and post-installation studies will be discussed throughout. The AICD completions enabled the operator to implement an optimum reservoir drainage strategy that uses downhole control that can be manipulated autonomously based on well dynamic conditions to produce more oil.
Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitor Batch Treatment Using Newly Developed Downhole Monitoring Tool in Sour Gas Wells
Authors: Chen Tao , Liang Feng , Chang Frank , Mukhles Amro
Published: March 2022

Iron sulfide scale deposition in sour gas wells is a corrosion induced flow assurance issue. Corrosion inhibitor batch treatment is one of the techniques used to mitigate corrosion and iron sulfide deposition on downhole tubing. The objective of this study is to introduce the newly developed Downhole Corrosion and Scale Monitoring tool (DCSM) to evaluate the performance of batch treatment of corrosion inhibitor under real downhole conditions.

An advanced DCSM tool has been designed and developed to monitor and evaluate the performance of the corrosion inhibitor batch treatment in a sour gas well under actual downhole environment and multiphase flow regime. The tool was retrieved after 3-5 months of exposure to the reservoir condition for post-laboratory analysis. The retrieved coupons were thoroughly characterized to assess the performance of corrosion batch treatment and to understand the mechanisms of corrosion and scaling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the mineraological composition of the surface scale deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to characterize the morphology and elemental analysis of the surface deposition. A surface profilometer was used to quantify the size/depth of the general or localized corrosion, as well as the surface deposition.

To evaluate the performance of the corrosion inhibitor batch treatment, two sets of trial tests were conducted in a selected high-temperature sour gas well. One set of the coupons was retrieved after three-month exposure without corrosion inhibitor batch treatment; the other one was retrieved after five-month exposure with corrosion inhibitor batch treatment. The results showed that a very thin layered iron sulfide scale was formed on the surface of test coupons in both cases. General and localized pitting corrosion were found which indicates that corrosion happened first followed by scale layer deposition on metal coupon surface. Less harsh general and localized pitting corrosion were observed in the presence of corrosion inhibitor batch treatment. The corrosion inhibitor treatment did reduce the general corrosion and localized pitting corrosion under scale deposit at a certain level.

The newly developed DCSM tool is an advanced design which allows direct corrosion and scaling monitoring for metal coupons under downhole conditions. Combined with post-laboratory analysis, it provides corrosion and scale mechanism, evaluation on the performance of mitigation, and proper corrosion and scale management programs to minimize corrosion and scale. The DSCM tool can also be deployed and applied in sweet gas wells, oil wells, and water supplier wells to monitor the corrosion and scale under real downhole conditions.
Brine to Enhance the Transport of Encapsulated Petroleum Sulfonates Nanosurfactants Deeper into the High Temperature Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Gizzatov Ayrat , Kawelah Mohammed , Mashat Afnan , Abdel-Fattah Amr I.
Published: March 2022

Development of NanoSurfactants (NSs), encapsulated petroleum sulfonates, is in progress for use as one of the most cost efficient surfactants in chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) applications under extreme conditions. This work provides a better understanding of NS transport though porous carbonate rocks and demonstrates how hot and salty brines can facilitate NS transport when compared to deionized (DI) water.

Transport of NSs at 90 °C in 57,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) brine as well as NS components, petroleum sulfonate and zwitterionic co-surfactant, in 90 °C DI water through limestone core plugs was studied using a core flood apparatus. Effluent samples were measured for the total surfactant concentration using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer, and the dynamic retention values were calculated and compared. Structural integrity of NS assemblies before and after transport through the porous rock structure were studied using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Petroleum sulfonate surfactants are unstable in hot brines with high concentrations of divalent ions, and therefore cannot be transported through porous rock structures. Transforming such unstable sulfonates into NS formulations can overcome these challenges. Dynamic retention results in water-wet limestone demonstrate that NSs can be successfully transported through 150 - 200 millidarcy (mD) reservoir rocks with retention values < 0.4 mg/g of rock. These values are 30-50% lower than the retention of NS components alone, which is < 0.7 mg/g, if measured at the same conditions using DI water. Much lower retention for NSs was observed in brines, when compared to its surfactant components in DI water. This can be attributed to the NSs nanostructure which is designed to encapsulate sulfonates closer to the core while efficiently dispersing in the brines by co-surfactants with zwitterionic heads located at the surface. High salinity brine also helps to screen surface charges present on the rock surface. NMR spectroscopy results confirm that the nano-assembled NS structure does not exhibit noticeable changes after core flood experiments and confirms that the formulation has great potential for CEOR applications.

Results presented in this work demonstrate that NS formulations made of assembled and dispersed nanocapsules enable the application of one of the lowest cost industrial surfactants for CEOR in hot and salty brines. This formulation in brines significantly reduces the loss of surfactants to the carbonate rock when compared to the same surfactant components in fresh water.