bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniformly Dispersed Ultrasmall Fe(Co)Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Embedded in Thin‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High‐Performance Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Zhang Biao , Zhang Yue , Tang Yakun , Ma Wenjie , Dong Sen , Liu Lang , Yan Siqi , Cao Yuliang
Published: July 2024

Fe‐group nanoalloys are one of the most promising next‐generation anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their low cost, high capacity, excellent electrical conductivity, and lithium‐storage capability. However, the difficulties in constructing nanostructures and the tendency for alloy nanoparticles to agglomerate limit their practical application. Herein, a hybrid embedding structure with microporosity–mesoporosity is constructed by using thin‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) as the support. Within this structure, ultrasmall FeNi/CoNi alloy nanoparticles (10 nm) are uniformly embedded into the walls of thin‐walled CNTs (FNNT/CNNT). Benefit from this hybrid structure is that the agglomeration of FNNT/CNNT is effectively suppressed, leading to excellent cycling stability and high capacity (596.6 mA h g−1 for FNNT and 557.1 mA h g−1 for CNNT after 300 cycles at 1 A g−1) as anodes for LIBs. In the present method, a reference can be provided for the preparation of metal alloy/carbon nanocomposites.
Technoeconomic assessment of indirect‐contact HDH desalination unit driven by boiler blowdown of steam power plant
Authors: Kahani Mostafa , Zamen Mohammad , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Sadri Somayyeh
Published: July 2024

Humidification and dehumidification (HDH) desalination units compared with the other thermal desalination systems have relative advantages due to working under ambient pressure and low temperatures and are more attractive. In this research, the application of an HDH desalination unit with indirect‐contact of air and water streams in a steam power plant is investigated. To increase the energy efficiency of the system, a closed air cycle has been considered. Also, by application of the closed water cycle in the humidifier, the recovery rate of the desalination unit increases according to the concentration of discharge flow. The flow rate of boilers blowdown in the studied steam power plant is around 2.2 kg/s and can be used as a unique source of required thermal energy in the desalination system to produce freshwater from power plant chemical effluents. On the basis of the available cooling water (30 m3/day), this stream is considered as the limiting flow in the modeling. The detailed design of different parts of the desalination unit, including the humidification tower, condensers, wet air circulation fans, the required pumps, and the heat exchanger, is presented in this study. The maximum production of freshwater and the minimum energy intensity are obtained for the circulating air flow rate of 4 kg/s. By 14% recovery of lost steam in the power plant, 20.8 m3/h of desalinated water is produced. The gain output ratio and the energy intensity of the system are 1.025 and 2201 kJ/L, respectively. The production cost with the proposed indirect‐constant HDH system is equal to 0.56 $/m3 of freshwater.
Comparison of antioxidant, phenolic profile, melatonin, and volatile compounds of some selected plant samples
Authors: Binici Halil İbrahim , Şat İhsan Güngör , Yilmaz Bilal
Published: July 2024

It was aimed to examine the antioxidant, phenolic profile, and volatile compound contents of seven different aromatic plant samples (broccoli, yarpuz, walnut leaves, marshmallow, wild clary, harmala, and common yarrow) collected from Adilcevaz district of Bitlis province in Türkiye. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) device was used for the volatile profile of the plant varieties. The most abundant volatile compounds were generally heptacosane compound that showed anticancer and antimicrobial effects. Piperitone oxide was detected only in yarpuz samples. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the plant samples were found to be highly significant (p < .01). When the amounts of total flavonoids were ranked from the largest to the smallest according to plant varieties, it was determined as wild clary > walnut leaves > yarpuz > common yarrow > marshmallow > harmala > broccoli. According to both antioxidant activity methods, wild clary had the lowest IC50 (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration) value, i.e. the highest antioxidant activity. The highest amount of epicatechin was determined in yarpuz (898.30 μg/g) and the lowest amount of epicatechin was determined in wild clary (86.09 μg/g). No epicatechin was detected in the other four plant samples. Among the samples, melatonin hormone was detected only in common yarrow, harmala, and broccoli and the highest value was determined in common yarrow (3996.27 ng/g). Therefore, it shows that plant samples are rich sources of phytochemicals that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases related to oxidative stress in traditional medicine treatment as functional food sources.
Option‐Implied Ambiguity and Equity Return Predictability
Authors: Liu Yanchu , Liu Chen , Chen Yiyao , Sun Xianming
Published: July 2024

We propose a model‐guided option‐implied ambiguity measure to capture uncertainty regarding the return distribution of a risky asset underlying a set of options, and investigate its predictive power on the asset return. A representative investor's ambiguous beliefs or prior distributions on the underlying asset returns are extracted from the market prices of options, the expected volatility of which is then defined as the option‐implied ambiguity and is calculated in line with Brenner and Izhakian. Simulated paths of the calibrated models are utilized to compute all pertinent probability characteristics from a forward‐looking perspective. The empirical results with SSE 50 ETF options indicate that the proposed option‐implied ambiguity has strong predictive power for future returns of SSE 50 ETF. Out‐of‐sample tests also verify the significant predictive ability of the option‐implied ambiguity to the equity returns.
Cerebellum and social abilities: A structural and functional connectivity study in a transdiagnostic sample
Authors: Kong Yue , Roser Mathilde , Bègue Indrit , Elandaloussi Yannis , Neu Nathan , Grigis Antoine , Duchesnay Edouard , Leboyer Marion , Houenou Josselin , Laidi Charles
Published: July 2024

The cerebellum has been involved in social abilities and autism. Given that the cerebellum is connected to the cortex via the cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical loop, the connectivity between the cerebellum and cortical regions involved in social interactions, that is, the right temporo‐parietal junction (rTPJ) has been studied in individuals with autism, who suffer from prototypical deficits in social abilities. However, existing studies with small samples of categorical, case–control comparisons have yielded inconsistent results due to the inherent heterogeneity of autism, suggesting that investigating how clinical dimensions are related to cerebellar–rTPJ functional connectivity might be more relevant. Therefore, our objective was to study the functional connectivity between the cerebellum and rTPJ, focusing on its association with social abilities from a dimensional perspective in a transdiagnostic sample. We analyzed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) scans obtained during naturalistic films watching from a large transdiagnostic dataset, the Healthy Brain Network (HBN), and examined the association between cerebellum–rTPJ functional connectivity and social abilities measured with the social responsiveness scale (SRS). We conducted univariate seed‐to‐voxel analysis, multivariate canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and predictive support vector regression (SVR). We included 1404 subjects in the structural analysis (age: 10.516 ± 3.034, range: 5.822–21.820, 506 females) and 414 subjects in the functional analysis (age: 11.260 ± 3.318 years, range: 6.020–21.820, 161 females). Our CCA model revealed a significant association between cerebellum–rTPJ functional connectivity, full‐scale IQ (FSIQ) and SRS scores. However, this effect was primarily driven by FSIQ as suggested by SVR and univariate seed‐to‐voxel analysis. We also demonstrated the specificity of the rTPJ and the influence of structural anatomy in this association. Our results suggest that there is a complex relationship between cerebellum–rTPJ connectivity, social performance and IQ. This relationship is specific to the cerebellum–rTPJ connectivity, and is largely related to structural anatomy in these two regions.

Practitioner Points

We analyzed cerebellum–right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) connectivity in a pediatric transdiagnostic sample.

We found a complex relationship between cerebellum and rTPJ connectivity, social performance and IQ.

Cerebellum and rTPJ functional connectivity is related to structural anatomy in these two regions.
Survival rates and extra‐regional migration patterns of children and adolescents with cancer in Italy: The 30‐year experience of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) with the Italian hospital‐based registry of pediatric cancer (Mod. 1.01)
Authors: Pession Andrea , Quarello Paola , Zecca Marco , Mosso Maria Luisa , Rondelli Roberto , Milani Lorenzo , De Rosa Marisa , Rosso Tiziana , Maule Milena , Fagioli Franca
Published: July 2024

Since the 1970s, Italian pediatric oncologists have collaborated through the Italian Association for Pediatric Hematology Oncology (AIEOP) network using a common centralized system for the registration of childhood cancer, known as Model 1.01 (Mod. 1.01). In this study, we report on recruitment trends, extra‐regional migration and changes in outcome over time in the Italian population of children (0–14 years) and adolescents (15–19 years) registered and treated within the national AIEOP network in the period between 1989 and 2017. In almost 30 years, a cohort of 43,564 patients with a neoplasia diagnosis was registered in Mod. 1.01. The analysis of national extra‐regional migration showed that patients tend to migrate from the South to the North and, to a lesser extent, to the Center of the country. During the study period, migration apparently decreased, especially for lymphohematopoietic diseases, whereas it remained substantial for solid tumors. Our data showed a progressive and significant increase in the cumulative survival 5 years after diagnosis since the 1990s, reaching almost 84% for all patients diagnosed in the last decade. Survival rates of Mod. 1.01 patients are similar to those provided by the main national and international reports showing childhood cancer surveillance estimates. The AIEOP Mod 1.01 has proved to be an invaluable tool from both an epidemiological and a health policy point of view, allowing us, in this study, to examine the survival experience of the largest cohort of Italian pediatric cancer patients with a very long follow‐up.
Evaluating recovery capital to promote long‐term recovery for justice‐involved persons in South Florida
Authors: Howard Heather , Skinner‐Osei Precious , Freeman Katherine , Hulick John
Published: July 2024

Researchers used a longitudinal design panel to examine the impact of housing stability and peer support on long‐term recovery and recidivism reduction for individuals with justice involvement and substance use histories (N = 97). Using the Recovery Capital Index, bivariate associations were assessed at 90 days for personal capital, rearrest, and housing stability. Of 97 participants, 14 (14%) experienced rearrest and 74 (76%) achieved housing stability. Results showed as social capital increases, personal capital increases (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrates that peer support specialists, care coordination, and building community connections significantly support long‐term recovery and reducing recidivism rates.
Functional characterization of native Piezo1 as calcium and magnesium influx pathway in human myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Vasileva Valeria Y. , Lysikova Daria V. , Sudarikova Anastasia V. , Khairullina Zuleikha M. , Kirillova Polina I. , Morachevskaya Elena A. , Chubinskiy‐Nadezhdin Vladislav I.
Published: July 2024

Piezo1 is a Ca2+‐permeable mechanically activated ion channel that is involved in various physiological processes and cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. The study of biophysical characteristics of Piezo1 is important for understanding the mechanisms of its function and regulation. Stretch activation, a routine approach that is applied to stimulate Piezo1 activity in the plasma membrane, has a number of significant limitations that complicate precise single‐channel analysis. Here, we aimed to determine pore properties of native Piezo1, specifically to examine permeation for physiologically relevant signaling divalent ions (calcium and magnesium) in human myeloid leukemia K562 cells using Piezo1‐specific chemical agonist, Yoda1. Using a combination of low‐noise single‐current patch‐clamp recordings of Piezo1 activity in response to Yoda1, we have determined single‐channel characteristics of native Piezo1 under various ionic conditions. Whole‐cell assay allowed us to directly measure Piezo1 single currents carried by Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions in the absence of other permeable cations in the extracellular solutions; unitary conductance values estimated at various concentrations of Mg2+ revealed strong saturation effect. Patch clamp data complemented with fluorescent imaging clearly evidenced Ca2+ and Mg2+ entry via native Piezo1 channel in human leukemia K562 cells. Mg2+ influx via Piezo1 was detected under quasi‐physiological conditions, thus showing that Piezo1 channels could potentially provide the physiological relevant pathway for Mg2+ ion transport and contribute to the regulation of Mg2+‐dependent intracellular signaling.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the New Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Govorestat (AT‐007) After a Single and Multiple Doses in Participants in a Phase 1/2 Study
Authors: Perfetti Riccardo , Bailey Evan , Wang Stella , Mills Richard , Mohanlal Ramon , Shendelman Shoshana
Published: July 2024

In classic galactosemia (CG) patients, aldose reductase (AR) converts galactose to galactitol. In a phase 1/2, placebo‐controlled study (NCT04117711), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of govorestat were evaluated after single and multiple ascending doses (0.5‐40 mg/kg) in healthy adults (n = 81) and CG patients (n = 14). Levels of govorestat in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood levels of galactitol, galactose, and galactose‐1‐phosphate (Gal‐1p) were measured for population PK and PK/PD analyses. Govorestat was well tolerated. Adverse event frequency was comparable between placebo and govorestat. Govorestat PK displayed a 2‐compartment model with sequential zero‐ and first‐order absorption, and no effect of demographic factors. Multiple‐dose PK of govorestat was linear in the 0.5‐40 mg/kg range, and CSF levels increased dose dependently. Elimination half‐life was ∼10 h. PK/PD modeling supported once‐daily dosing. Change from baseline in galactitol was −15% ± 9% with placebo and −19% ± 10%, −46% ± 4%, and −51% ± 5% with govorestat 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively, thus was similar for 20 and 40 mg/kg. Govorestat did not affect galactose or Gal‐1p levels. In conclusion, govorestat displayed a favorable safety, PK, and PD profile in humans, and reduced galactitol levels in the same magnitude (∼50%) as in a rat model of CG that demonstrated an efficacy benefit on neurological, behavioral, and ocular outcomes.
A NSC‐34 cell line‐derived spheroid model: Potential and challenges for in vitro evaluation of neurodegeneration
Authors: Arnaldi Pietro , Casarotto Elena , Relucenti Michela , Bellese Grazia , Gagliani Maria Cristina , Crippa Valeria , Castagnola Patrizio , Cortese Katia
Published: July 2024

Three‐dimensional (3D) spheroid models aim to bridge the gap between traditional two‐dimensional (2D) cultures and the complex in vivo tissue environment. These models, created by self‐clustering cells to mimic a 3D environment with surrounding extracellular framework, provide a valuable research tool. The NSC‐34 cell line, generated by fusing mouse spinal cord motor neurons and neuroblastoma cells, is essential for studying neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where abnormal protein accumulation, such as TAR‐DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43), occurs in affected nerve cells. However, NSC‐34 behavior in a 3D context remains underexplored, and this study represents the first attempt to create a 3D model to determine its suitability for studying pathology. We generated NSC‐34 spheroids using a nonadhesive hydrogel‐based template and characterized them for 6 days. Light microscopy revealed that NSC‐34 cells in 3D maintained high viability, a distinct round shape, and forming stable membrane connections. Scanning electron microscopy identified multiple tunnel‐like structures, while ultrastructural analysis highlighted nuclear bending and mitochondria alterations. Using inducible GFP‐TDP‐43‐expressing NSC‐34 spheroids, we explored whether 3D structure affected TDP‐43 expression, localization, and aggregation. Spheroids displayed nuclear GFP‐TDP‐43 expression, albeit at a reduced level compared with 2D cultures and generated both TDP‐35 fragments and TDP‐43 aggregates. This study sheds light on the distinctive behavior of NSC‐34 in 3D culture, suggesting caution in the use of the 3D model for ALS or TDP‐43 pathologies. Yet, it underscores the spheroids' potential for investigating fundamental cellular mechanisms, cell adaptation in a 3D context, future bioreactor applications, and drug penetration studies.

Research Highlights

3D spheroid generation: NSC‐34 spheroids, developed using a hydrogel‐based template, showed high viability and distinct shapes for 6 days.

Structural features: advanced microscopy identified tunnel‐like structures and nuclear and mitochondrial changes in the spheroids.

Protein dynamics: the study observed how 3D structures impact TDP‐43 behavior, with altered expression but similar aggregation patterns to 2D cultures.

Research implications: this study reveals the unique behavior of NSC‐34 in 3D culture, suggests a careful approach to use this model for ALS or TDP‐43 pathologies, and highlights its potential in cellular mechanism research and drug testing applications.
Synthesis of 6‐R‐N‐aryl‐4‐(trichloromethyl)‐4H‐1,3,5‐oxadiazin‐2‐amines based on N‐(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(3‐R‐thioureido)ethyl)carboxamides: Their spectral characteristics and molecular structure
Authors: Lomynoha Yelyzaveta R. , Zadorozhnii Pavlo V. , Kiselev Vadym V. , Kharchenko Aleksandr V.
Published: July 2024

In this work, we report the synthesis of a series of new 4H‐1,3,5‐oxadiazine derivatives. The method of their production is based on the dehydrosulfurization reaction of N‐(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(3‐R‐thioureido)ethyl)carboxamides under the action of a mixture of iodine and triethylamine in DMF. A possible reaction mechanism has been proposed. The target products have been obtained in 58%–75% yield. The structure of the obtained compounds has been confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy data, and x‐ray diffraction analysis carried out for 6‐(tert‐butyl)‐N‐phenyl‐4‐(trichloromethyl)‐4H‐1,3,5‐oxadiazin‐2‐amine.
Programme science methodologies and practices that address “FURRIE” challenges: examples from the field
Authors: Hargreaves James R , Baptiste Solange , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Cowan Frances M , Herce Michael E , Lauer Krista , Sikazwe Izukanji , Geng Elvin
Published: July 2024

Introduction

“Programme science” deploys scientific methods to address questions that are a priority to support the impact of public health programmes. As such, programme science responds to the challenges of making such studies: (1) feasible to undertake, (2) useful, (3) rigorous, (4) real‐world‐relevant, (5) informative, and undertaken by (6) equitable partnerships. The acronym “FURRIE” is proposed to describe this set of six challenges. This paper discusses selected HIV/STI (sexually transmitted infection) programme science case studies to illustrate how programme science rises to the FURRIE challenges.

Discussion

One way in which programme science is made more feasible is through the analysis and interpretation of data collected through service delivery. For some questions, these data can be augmented through methods that reach potential clients of services who have not accessed services or been lost to follow‐up. Process evaluation can enhance the usefulness of programme science by studying implementation processes, programme−client interactions and contextual factors. Ensuring rigour by limiting bias and confounding in the real‐world context of programme science studies requires methodological innovation. Striving for scientific rigour can also have the unintended consequence of creating a gap between what happens in a study, and what happens in the “real‐world.” Community‐led monitoring is one approach to grounding data collection in the real‐world experience of clients. Evaluating complex, context‐specific strategies to strengthen health outcomes in a way that is informative for other settings requires clear specification of the intervention packages that are planned and delivered in practice. Programme science provides a model for equitable partnership through co‐leadership between programmes, researchers and the communities they serve.

Conclusions

Programme science addresses the FURRIE challenges, thereby improving programme impact and ultimately health outcomes and health equity. The adoption and adaptation of the types of novel programme science approaches showcased here should be promoted within and beyond the HIV/STI field.
Academic accountability to local communities and society through Programme Science: a case study from the HPV self‐sampling programme HOPE in Peru
Authors: Garcia Patricia Jannet , Santos Carlos , Chiappe Marina , Valderrama María , Carcamo Cesar Paul
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Health challenges in the 21st century underscore the need for adaptable and innovative approaches in public health. Academic institutions can and should contribute much more effectively to generate and translate scientific knowledge that will result in better programmes to improve societal health. Academic accountability to local communities and society requires universities to actively engage with local communities, understanding the context, their needs, and leveraging their knowledge and local experience. The Programme Science initiative provides a framework to optimize the scale, quality and impact of public health programmes, by integrating diverse approaches during the iterative cycle of research and practice within the strategic planning, programme implementation and programme management and evaluation. We illustrate how the Programme Science framework could be a useful tool for academic institutions to accomplish accountability to local communities and society through the experience of Project HOPE in Peru.

Discussion

Project HOPE applied the Programme Science framework to introduce HPV self‐sampling into a women's health programme in Peru. Collaboration with local authorities and community members was pivotal in all phases of the project, ensuring interventions aligned with community needs and addressing social determinants of health. The HOPE Ladies—community women trained and empowered to promote and provide the HPV kits—crafted the messages used through the study and developed strategies to reach individuals and provided support to women's journey through health centres. By engaging communities in co‐creating knowledge and addressing health inequities, academic institutions can generate contextually relevant and socially just scientific knowledge. The active participation of community women in Project HOPE was instrumental in improving service utilization and addressing barriers to self‐sampling.

Conclusions

The Programme Science approach offers a pathway for academic institutions to enhance their accountability to communities and society at large. By embedding researchers within public health programmes and prioritizing community engagement, academic institutions can ensure that research findings directly inform policy improvements and programmatic decisions. However, achieving this requires a realignment of research agendas and recognition of the value of community engagement. Establishing Programme Science networks involving academia, government and funding entities can further reinforce academic accountability and enhance the impact of public health programmes.
The resister, the talker and the confessor: A closer look at suspect responses in investigative interviews
Authors: Kelly Christopher E. , Jenaway Elizabeth M. , Kyong‐McClain Akiko , McClary Michael , Meehan Nathan
Published: July 2024

Research on investigative interviewing tends to focus on a limited number of interview methods employed during an interview in pursuit of a singular outcome. The present study took an expansive view of the techniques used, questions asked and interviewer disposition, and related them to three interview goals—overcoming resistance, gathering information and eliciting confessions. Drawing upon theory and prior research, we hypothesised that certain methods would be more relevant to certain outcomes than others, such as question types would have a greater effect on information gain than techniques or interviewer disposition. Using a sample of 43 suspect interviews provided by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD), we found partial support for our hypotheses. Rapport‐based approaches and a respectful disposition reduced resistance, open‐ended questions elicited more information than closed‐ended ones and in the final model, only open‐ended questions increased confessions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Distribution of active ingredients and quality control of Forsythia suspensa with AP‐MALDI mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Liu Yongli , Wang Cheng , Chen Zhenhe , Yuan Hao , Lei Rong , Li Xiaodong , Ma Shuangcheng , Liu Changxiao
Published: July 2024

The fruits of Forsythia suspensa (F. suspensa) have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for 2000 years. Currently, the quality control of F. suspensa strictly follows the instructions of Chinese Pharmacopeia, which mainly controls the content of forsythoside A, phillyrin, and volatile oil. In this study, air pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (AP‐MALDI MSI) was used to evaluate the quality of F. suspensa fruits and the distribution of dozens of active ingredients. The variation of active ingredients was measured for more than 30 batches of samples, regarding harvest time, cultivated environment, shelf‐life, and habitat. Fifty‐three active ingredients could be detected in F. suspensa fruits with AP‐MALDI MSI. Seven active ingredients were upregulated, four ingredients downregulated, and 15 ingredients did not change in ripe fruits. A sharp variation of active ingredients in late September was observed for the Caochuan fruits harvested in 2019, which is closely related to the appearance of the ginger color of the pericarp under the microscope observation. The microscope observation is a reliable way to classify ripe and green fruits instead of outlook. Just considering forsythoside A and phillyrin, it is found that wild fruits are better than cultivated fruits, but cultivated fruits have high contents of other ingredients. The shelf‐life of F. suspensa fruits is proposed to be 3 years, considering the 26 ingredients investigated. It was found that Luoning wild fruits are better than those from Caochuan with a new evaluation method. Mass spectrometry imaging is an easy, objective, and effective method to evaluate the quality of F. suspensa fruits.
Neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and JN.1 variants after COVID‐19 booster‐vaccination and infection
Authors: Springer David N. , Camp Jeremy V. , Aberle Stephan W. , Deutsch Josef , Lammel Oliver , Weseslindtner Lukas , Stiasny Karin , Aberle Judith H.
Published: July 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron lineages continue to emerge and evolve into new sublineages, causing infection waves throughout 2022 and 2023, which has been attributed to immune escape. We examined neutralizing antibody responses to the recently emerged SARS‐CoV‐2 JN.1 variant in comparison to ancestral D614G and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, and XBB.1.5 variants. We tested 79 human sera from cohorts with different combinations of vaccinations and infections, including 23 individuals who had been repeatedly exposed to Omicron. Individuals with a monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccine booster or XBB.1.5 breakthrough infection had robust antibody levels against all variants tested; however, JN.1 evaded antibodies in individuals after single Omicron BA.1, BA.2 or BA.5 breakthrough infections. Moreover, in the non‐vaccinated cohort, serum antibodies demonstrated almost no cross‐neutralization activities against D614G, XBB.1.5 and JN.1. after infections with earlier Omicron variants. These findings show that SARS‐CoV‐2‐immunity is heterogeneous, depending on different combinations of vaccinations and infections, and emphasize the importance of considering different immune‐backgrounds when evaluating novel variants.
Deciphering Indigenous Bacterial Diversity of Co‐Polluted Sites to Unravel Its Bioremediation Potential: A Metagenomic Approach
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Saini Harvinder Singh
Published: July 2024

Polluted drains across the globe are affected due to reckless disposal of untreated industrial effluents resulting in significant water pollution affecting microbial community structure/dynamics. To elucidate this, polluted samples were collected from Budha Nala (BN) drain, Tung Dhab (TD) drain, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) receiving an inflow of organic pollutants as well as heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities. The sample of unpolluted pristine soil (PS) was used as control, as there is no history of usage of organic chemicals at this site. The bacterial diversity of these samples was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform by amplifying the V3/V4 region of 16S rRNA. The majority of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) at polluted sites belonged to phyla Proteobacteria specifically Gammaproteobacteria class, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, WS6, and TM7, whereas unpolluted site revealed the prevalence of Proteobacteria followed by Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Nitrospirae. The data sets decode unclassified species of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and WS6, along with some unclassified bacterial species. The study provided a comparative study of changed microbial community structure, their possible functions across diverse geographical locations, and identifying specific bacterial genera as pollution bio‐indicators of aged polluted drains.
Increase proportion of di‐rhamnolipids biosynthesized from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and evaluation of relationship between activity and di‐rhamnolipids proportion
Authors: Wu Yuting , Wang Baohang , Wang Yanru , Yang Yitong , Zhao Feng
Published: July 2024

Rhamnolipids, simply divided into mono‐rhamnolipids and di‐rhamnolipids, their physicochemical properties are structure‐dependent. This study explored to increase the proportion of di‐rhamnolipids biosynthesized from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and evaluate the relationship between activity and di‐rhamnolipids proportions. P. aeruginosa SGrhlC was constructed by increasing the rhlC gene in P. aeruginosa SG. HPLC‐MS results indicated that SGrhlC produced more di‐rhamnolipids (62.32%) than that of the wild‐type strain SG (45.24%). Both the species and proportion of di‐rhamnolipids were increased, mainly Rha‐Rha‐C8‐C10 and Rha‐Rha‐C10‐C10. The rhamnolipids produced by SGrhlC was thermostable and salt‐tolerant. The SGrhlC rhamnolipids decreased surface tension of water to 27.0 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 50 mg/L and emulsified crude oil with an emulsification index of 66.9 ± 1.5%. The SGrhlC rhamnolipids exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Cladosporium sp. with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values less than 15 mg/L, and washed 73.02% ± 1.77% of oil from petroleum‐contaminated soil. Physicochemical activities of three bacterial rhamnolipids varied with their di‐rhamnolipids proportions. Results indicated that the higher proportions of di‐rhamnolipids were, the lower CMC, better surface activity and higher washing oil rate were, while the weaker emulsifying activity and lower antimicrobial activity were. The SGrhlC rhamnolipids showed better surface activity and a lower critical micelle concentration, which was superior for wetting, foaming, desorbing and dispersing. This study revealed that P. aeruginosa can be genetically regulated to biosynthesize rhamnolipids with specific structure. Perspectives of the customized biosynthesis and applications of rhamnolipids were also discussed.
Enhancing anthocyanin extraction efficiency in vegetables and fruits: a high‐speed shear homogenization technology
Authors: Ren Yuhang , Zhang Shuangling , Zhao Bingnan , Qian Yaru , Cheng Xiaofang , Chen Chengwang , Liu Heping , Zhang Cheng
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

To extract anthocyanins with high efficiency, a hypothesis for high‐speed shear homogenization extraction (HSHE) method was established through a combination of solvent and ultrasonic‐assisted extractions. The efficacy of this hypothesis was demonstrated by performing qualitative and quantitative analyses of 16 anthocyanins extracted from five northern vegetables, and five berry fruits using ultra‐high‐performance Q‐Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Single‐factor experiments were conducted by varying ethanol concentration, temperature, pH and extraction cycles to determine the optimal conditions for this method.

RESULTS

Optimal extraction conditions (ethanol 70–80%, 40–50 °C, pH 3–4, performed twice) were determined using an HSHE (5 min, 10 000 rpm, 25 °C) assisted shaker (60 min) and ultrasonication (40 kHz, 160 W cm−2, 30 min, 25 °C) procedure. Compared to the traditional non‐HSHE method, the total anthocyanin content obtained through HSHE extraction showed a significant increase, ranging from 1.0 to 3.9 times higher, with purple cabbage exhibiting the most pronounced enhancement in content. More types of anthocyanins were detected in blueberry (9), black bean (7) and raspberry (5), of which malvidin was the major anthocyanin (0.426 g kg−1) in blueberry, having an amount five times than previously obtained.

CONCLUSION

The established HSHE method has been proven to be a superior technique for anthocyanin extraction, with higher extraction efficiency and concentrations. This technique also provides a new avenue for extracting bioactive compounds from diverse food sources, with potential applications in improving the functional properties of food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Development of a mouse model of chronic ventral spinal cord compression: Neurobehavioral, radiological, and pathological changes
Authors: He Zhongyuan , Tang Tao , Zhu Zhengya , Wang Fuan , Li Jianfeng , Zhang Fu , Tung Nguyen Tran Canh , Liu Shaoyu , Liu Xizhe , Zhou Zhiyu
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to establish a mouse model of spinal ligament ossification to simulate the chronic spinal cord compression observed in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The study also aimed to examine the mice's neurobiological, radiological, and pathological changes.

Methods

In the previous study, a genetically modified mouse strain was created using Crispr‐Cas9 technology, namely, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa‐Cre (C57/B6 background), to establish the OPLL model. Wild‐type (WT) mice without compression were used as controls. Functional deficits were evaluated through motor score assessment, inclined plate testing, and gait analysis. The extent of compression was determined using CT imaging. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, luxol fast blue staining, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence staining, qPCR, and Western blotting were performed to evaluate levels of apoptosis, inflammation, vascularization, and demyelination in the study.

Results

The results demonstrated a gradual deterioration of compression in the Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa‐Cre mice group as they aged. The progression rate was more rapid between 12 and 20 weeks, followed by a gradual stabilization between 20 and 28 weeks. The scores for spinal cord function and strength, assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale and inclined plate test, showed a significant decline. Gait analysis revealed a noticeable reduction in fore and hind stride lengths, stride width, and toe spread. Chronic spinal cord compression resulted in neuronal damage and activated astrocytes and microglia in the gray matter and anterior horn. Progressive posterior cervical compression impeded blood supply, leading to inflammation and Fas‐mediated neuronal apoptosis. The activation of Bcl2 and Caspase 3 was associated with the development of progressive neurological deficits (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The study presents a validated model of chronic spinal cord compression, enabling researchers to explore clinically relevant therapeutic approaches for OPLL.
Ultrasound‐Based Multi‐Planar Bilateral Comparisons as a Diagnostic and Treatment‐Definition Method for Unilateral Peripheral Nerve Entrapment
Authors: Yu Miao , Ding Wenquan , Shao Guoqing , Li Miaozhong , Zhou Xiaoling , Liu Linhai , Li Xueyuan
Published: July 2024

Objective

The primary goal was to determine the performance of the cross‐section area swelling rate (CSASR) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes based on the reference standard of electrodiagnosis examination (EDX) in this diagnostic test study.

Methods

First, patients with symptoms like unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS), and radial nerve compression (RNC) underwent EDX and ultrasound examination. Second, patients with positive ultrasound were calculated for the CSASR of diseased nerve. Based on previously established CSASR criteria, each patient was categorized as having or not having peripheral nerve entrapment, and for those meeting diagnostic criteria, non‐surgical or surgical treatment was recommended. Then, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy rate (ACC) of ultrasound diagnosis and therapeutic decision‐making were calculated based on the reference standard of EDX that had been historically used in the practice.

Results

The total sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and ACC of ultrasound diagnosis are respectively 93.4, 85.2, 94.7, 82.1, and 91.3%. Which of therapeutic decision‐making by ultrasound are, respectively, 83.3, 52.2, 78.4, 60.0, and 73.2%.

Conclusion

The sensitivity and Youden's index of CSASR diagnostic threshold for CuTS is higher than other ultrasound methods. The CSASR diagnostic threshold for CuTS has a potential diagnostic role, but the current date is still not enough to support the potential diagnostic role for CTS or RNS. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that CSASR for CuTS can be used in isolation for diagnosis. Additional research is needed to confirm the diagnostic role of CSASR. The current results suggest that this ultrasound examination method is not suitable for therapeutic decision‐making.
The angle of the lower portion of the posterior cruciate ligament assists in the diagnosis of partial anterior cruciate ligament tears
Authors: Yang Yang , Zheng Binbin , Zhang Mengqin , Lin Xiaofang , Zhang Wei , Han Dawei , Chen Haixiao , Zhou Xiaobo
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To compare the difference of angle of the lower portion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with and without partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and to investigate the effectiveness of the angle of the lower portion of the PCL in diagnosing partial ACL tears.

Methods

From January 2022 to December 2022, a cohort of consecutive patients presenting with ACL tears who underwent ACL reconstruction and patients with isolated meniscus tears undergoing arthroscopic surgery were enroled for this study. The angle of the inferior portion of the PCL comprises α and β angles, and the posterior offset of the lateral condyle were measured on the MRI and compared between the partial ACL tear and control groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves, the areas under the curve (AUCs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to identify cutoff values for diagnosing partial ACL injuries.

Results

Following an assessment of cohort eligibility and matching for age and sex, 100 patients were included in this study. The mean age of the cohort was 46.1 ± 10.3 years. The AUC for the α angle was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82–0.94), with a sensitivity of 0.74 and specificity of 0.84 for predicting partial ACL ruptures; the α angle cutoff value was 73.6° (diagnostic odds ratio (OR), 14.10; 95% CI, 5.33–37.28). The AUC for the β angle was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79–0.93), with a sensitivity of 0.64 and a specificity of 0.92 for predicting partial ACL ruptures; the β angle cutoff value was 73.3° (diagnostic OR, 14.54; 95% CI, 5.76–36.68).

Conclusions

A small α angle and a large β angle were associated with partial ACL tears. The angle of the distal portion of the PCL was simple to measure and reproducible, enhancing the diagnosis of partial ACL tears.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
One‐day surgery is safe and effective in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A prospective comparative study at 1 year of follow‐up
Authors: Petrillo Stefano , Lacagnina Claudio , Corbella Michele , Marullo Matteo , Bargagliotti Marco , Giorgino Riccardo , Perazzo Paolo , Romagnoli Sergio
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To compare the outcomes and complications of two perioperative protocols for the management of patients who underwent medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA): 24 h (1‐day surgery [OS]) versus 72 h (enhanced recovery after surgery [ERAS]) of the length of hospital stay (LOS). In our hypothesis, the reduction of the LOS from 3 to 1 day did not influence the outcomes and complications.

Methods

A total of 42 patients (21 in each group) with isolated anteromedial knee osteoarthritis and meeting specific criteria were prospectively included in the study. Clinical outcomes included Knee Society Score (KSS) and Forgotten joint score while pain evaluation was performed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Functional outcomes were assessed measuring the knee range of motion (ROM) while radiographic outcomes were evaluated measuring the amelioration of the varus deformity through the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA).

Results

Clinical and functional outcomes did not significantly differ between the two groups. Complications occurred in 9.5% of OS and 4.7% of ERAS group patients. Significant improvements in knee ROM, VAS pain, KSS and HKA angle were observed postsurgery, with no significant differences between groups except in KSS expectations and function trends.

Conclusion

The OS protocol is safe and effective and LOS, in a well‐defined fast‐track protocol, did not significantly impact clinical and functional outcomes. OS may lead to reduced hospitalisation costs and potential reductions in complications associated with prolonged stays, benefiting both patients and healthcare facilities. However, further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow‐up periods is needed to confirm these findings. Early mobilisation and rehabilitation protocols are key components of successful patient recovery following UKA procedures.

Level of Evidence

Level II.
Risk factors for anteroposterior laxity increase over time in double‐bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring autografts
Authors: Goto Kazumi , Sanada Takaki , Honda Eisaburo , Sameshima Shin , Murakami Tomoki , Ishida Yutaro , Kuzuhara Ryota , Iwaso Hiroshi
Published: July 2024

Purpose

An anteroposterior (AP) laxity can increase over time after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hamstring tendons; however, the associated risk factors remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of this phenomenon.

Methods

Overall, 151 patients who underwent ACLR using hamstring autografts were recruited. AP laxity was evaluated using Knee Lax 3 arthrometer at 5 months, 1 and 2 years postsurgery. Patients were categorised into groups I (>1 mm increase) and C (<1 mm increase) based on whether they experienced an irreversible increase in AP laxity after 1 or 2 years compared with 5 months. Patient demographics and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at 2 years postsurgery were compared between groups.

Results

Group I (n = 33, 21%) showed a side‐to‐side difference of 4.6 (3.0–7.2) mm in AP laxity preoperatively and 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3), 1.1 (0.2–1.9) and 2.4 (1.7–3.2) mm at 5 months, 1 and 2 years postoperatively, while group C (n = 119, 79%) showed 4.3 (2.8–5.7) mm preoperatively and 1.3 (0–1.9), 0.9 (0.1–1.8) and 0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5) mm, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the overall KOOS at 2 years (n.s.). However, group I was older (36 [22–46] vs. 28 [19–39] years; p = 0.044), had longer surgical waiting periods (122 [69–341] vs. 81 [52–136] days; p = 0.041) and lower preoperative Tegner activity scale scores (6 [5–7] vs. 7 [6,7]; p = 0.002).

Conclusion

While 33 patients (21%) experienced AP laxity increase over time, they had comparable clinical outcomes with group C.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Estimating Cognitive Workload Using Task‐Related Pupillary Responses in Simulated Drilling in Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Vrzáková Hana , Tapiala Jesse , Iso‐Mustajärvi Matti , Timonen Tomi , Dietz Aarno
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Training of temporal bone drilling requires more than mastering technical skills with the drill. Skills such as visual imagery, bimanual dexterity, and stress management need to be mastered along with precise knowledge of anatomy. In otorhinolaryngology, these psychomotor skills underlie performance in the drilling of the temporal bone for access to the inner ear in cochlear implant surgery. However, little is known about how psychomotor skills and workload management impact the practitioners' continuous and overall performance.

Methods

To understand how the practitioner's workload and performance unfolds over time, we examine task‐evoked pupillary responses (TEPR) of 22 medical students who performed transmastoid‐posterior tympanotomy (TMPT) and removal of the bony overhang of the round window niche in a 3D‐printed model of the temporal bone. We investigate how students' TEPR metrics (Average Pupil Size [APS], Index of Pupil Activity [IPA], and Low/High Index of Pupillary Activity [LHIPA]) and time spent in drilling phases correspond to the performance in key drilling phases.

Results

All TEPR measures revealed significant differences between key drilling phases that corresponded to the anticipated workload. Enlarging the facial recess lasted significantly longer than other phases. IPA captured significant increase of workload in thinning of the posterior canal wall, while APS revealed increased workload during the drilling of the bony overhang.

Conclusion

Our findings contribute to the contemporary competency‐based medical residency programs where objective and continuous monitoring of participants' progress allows to track progress in expertise acquisition. Laryngoscope, 134:5087–5095, 2024