bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CLRM-07. INCREASING EFFICIENCY IN EARLY PHASE MULTICENTER IMAGING BIOMARKER TRIALS: EMERGING STRATEGIES FROM THE GABLE (GLIOBLASTOMA ACCELERATED BIOMARKER LEARNING ENVIRONMENT) TRIAL
Authors: Barboriak Daniel , Steingrimsson Jon , Gatsonis Constantine , Schiff David , Kleinberg Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Validated biomarkers that more accurately predict prognosis and/or measure disease burden in patients with high-grade gliomas would help triage which treatment strategies are most promising for evaluation in Phase III multicenter trials. Multicenter trials to evaluate imaging biomarkers in this group face particular challenges; these trials have historically been slow to accrue and have not recently succeeded in validating new imaging biomarkers useful in treatment development. Due to variability in image acquisition protocols, scanner hardware, image analysis, and interpretive schemes, promising results obtained in single centers are poor predictors of success in the multicenter setting. Multicenter preliminary data to support further evaluation of imaging biomarkers is rarely available. The need for more efficient trial designs that bring multicenter data earlier into the process of biomarker development has become increasingly clear. In this presentation, the planning process within ECOG-ACRIN’s Brain Tumor Working Group for a platform multicenter trial called GABLE (Glioblastoma Accelerated Biomarker Learning Environment trial) designed to evaluate biomarkers for distinguishing pseudoprogression from true progression in patients with newly diagnosed GBM is described. In our planning process, it was determined that efficiencies can be gained from evaluating multiple biomarker types in parallel rather than serially; in the context of the proposed trial, not only conventional imaging biomarkers but plasma biomarkers and radiomic biomarkers can be evaluated simultaneously. Patient tolerance limits the feasibility of evaluating multiple non-standard-of-care imaging biomarkers in parallel. For this group of biomarkers, a “fast-switching” serial evaluation strategy using multiple interim analyses was developed to triage out biomarkers unlikely to succeed in identifying patient groups with clinically significant differences in median survival. For biomarker triage, an endpoint of event-free survival (events of either death or NANO progression) was proposed. Simulations were used to evaluate alpha and beta error using this evaluation strategy.
CLRM-14. OPEN-LABEL, MULTINATIONAL, MULTICENTER, PHASE 3B/4 STUDY OF TRASTUZUMAB DERUXTECAN (T-DXD) IN PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT BASELINE BRAIN METASTASIS (BM) WITH PREVIOUSLY TREATED ADVANCED/METASTATIC HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2–POSITIVE BREAST CANCER (HER2+ BC): DESTINY-BREAST12
Authors: Lin Nancy U , Ciruelos Eva , Jerusalem Guy , Müller Volkmar , Niikura Naoki , Viale Giuseppe , Oscroft Emma , Anand Shawn , Walker Graham , Harbeck Nadia
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Despite treatment advances, up to 50% of patients with advanced HER2+ BC develop BM (Zimmer. Cancer Rep. 2020). Patients with HER2+ BC with BM have a worse prognosis than patients without BM. In DESTINY-Breast01, T-DXd demonstrated efficacy in the overall population and preliminary efficacy in a subgroup with stable BM, with a confirmed objective response rate (ORR) of 61.4% and an extracranial confirmed ORR by independent central review (ICR) of 58.3%, median progression-free survival (PFS) of 19.4 and 18.1 mo, and median duration of response (DOR) of 20.8 and 16.9 mo (Modi. Cancer Res. 2021; Jerusalem. Ann Oncol. 2020). Here we describe a trial evaluating T-DXd in patients with previously treated advanced/metastatic HER2+ BC ±BM.

DESIGN

DESTINY-Breast12 (NCT04739761) is an open-label, multicenter, international (86 sites in the US, Europe, Australia, and Japan), phase 3b/4 study assessing T-DXd 5.4 mg/kg q3w efficacy and safety in patients with previously treated advanced/metastatic HER2+ BC ±BM that progressed with ≥1 prior anti-HER2–based regimen and received ≤2 lines of therapy in the metastatic setting (excluding patients with prior tucatinib). Patients (n=250/cohort) will be enrolled in cohort 1 (−BM at baseline) or 2 (+BM at baseline). BM must be untreated and not needing immediate local therapy or previously treated and stable or progressing. Primary endpoints are ORR (cohort 1) and PFS (cohort 2) (both by RECIST version 1.1 per ICR). Secondary endpoints are OS, DOR, time to progression, duration of subsequent therapy, PFS2, safety, and changes in symptoms, functioning, and QOL in both cohorts; incidence of new symptomatic CNS metastasis (CNSM) in cohort 1; and ORR and CNS ORR by RECIST 1.1 per ICR, CNS PFS and DOR, and time to new CNSM in cohort 2. This is an encore; the original presentation will be at The European Society for Medical Oncology 2021.
IMMU-02. PHASE I/II STUDY OF LASER INTERSTITIAL THERMOTHERAPY (LITT) COMBINED WITH CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA (RGBM): PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Sloan Andrew , Buerki Robin , Murphy Christopher
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) has poor response rate and survival. Laser Interstitial Thermotherapy (LITT), a minimally invasive approach, improves survival but is not curative alone. Previous studies of LITT suggested the possibility of an abscopal effect. Indeed, GBM are known to harbor elevated levels of immunosuppressive cells such as Treg, M2 macrophages and MDSC both in the tumor microenvironment as well as in the systemic circulation. Checkpoint inhibition (CPI) immunotherapy has proven highly effective for some solid tumors. CPI in newly diagnosed GBM demonstrated safety in phase I trials (NRG BN-002). Further, preclinical studies targeting PD-1 with concurrent RT appears to be synergistic and improve survival. We hypothesized that LITT would block tumor-induced immunosuppression and introduce tumor neoantigens. However, there was no data regarding safety of pembrolizumab combined with LITT. We thus conducted a phase I/II study of LITT + pembrolizumab starting at three times relative to LITT.

METHODS

This is a three armed Phase I/II study based on timing of pembrolizumab (200 mg q 21 days) relative to LITT at 35d or 14d post-op, or 7d pre-op, with an expansion cohort phase II arm conducted at the earliest tolerated time of CPI administration. Adults with proven supratentorial rGBM with KPS >=70 and <= 2mg/d of dexamethasone were eligible.

RESULTS

Arm 1-2 of the phase I trial demonstrated no SAEs grade II or greater, but limited evidence of response. Arm 3 (neoadjuvant) pembrolizumab appears to be equally safe and has been expanded to phase II, demonstrating at least two CR among the first 3 patients (66.6%) with >= 9 month follow-up and patients remain clinically stable at 10 and 15 months post-op.

CONCLUSIONS

Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab combined with LITT for rGBM appears to be safe in this phase I trial, and demonstrates early evidence of response. The phase II trial is ongoing.
NEIM-02. TRIAL IN PROGRESS: A MULTICENTER PHASE 3 STUDY TO ESTABLISH THE DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF 18F-FLUCICLOVINE PET IN DETECTING RECURRENT BRAIN METASTASES AFTER RADIATION THERAPY (REVELATE)
Authors: Chao Samuel T , Chaglassian Alain , Tainer Nancy , Teoh Eugene J
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Brain metastases occur in up to 40% of patients with cancer and are associated with poor prognosis and considerable levels of recurrence. Consequently, close follow-up with serial brain MRI is performed post-treatment to monitor for recurrent disease. Although conventional MRI (CE-T1-weighted and FLAIR/T2-weighted) is the recommended follow-up modality, it has poor specificity with limited ability to differentiate between true disease recurrence and treatment-related changes such as radiation necrosis. Therefore, alternative imaging options are sought in order to help physicians confidently diagnose treatment-related changes and thus reliably stratify the risk of continuation of a therapeutic regimen, especially given the morbidity associated with current treatments. Amino acid PET imaging agent, 18F-fluciclovine, has increased uptake in brain tumors relative to normal tissue and may be useful for detecting recurrent brain metastases.

METHODS

NCT04410133 is a prospective, open-label, single-arm, single-dose (185 MBq ±20%) study with a primary objective to confirm the diagnostic performance of 18F-fluciclovine PET (read with conventional MRI for anatomical reference) for detection of recurrent brain metastases where MRI is equivocal. Approximately 150 subjects with solid tumor brain metastases who have undergone radiation therapy will be enrolled in this multicenter trial (~18 US sites) if they have a lesion considered equivocal on MRI that requires further confirmatory diagnostic procedures such as biopsy/neurosurgical intervention or clinical follow-up. Subjects will undergo 18F-fluciclovine PET <42 days after the equivocal MRI and 1–21 days pre-biopsy/neurosurgical intervention. Clinical follow-up will occur for 6m post-18F-fluciclovine PET. Secondary objectives include evaluation of subject- and lesion-level 18F-fluciclovine negative and positive percent agreement (equivalent to specificity and sensitivity, respectively) for recurrent brain metastases, inter-reader and intra-reader agreement, and safety evaluations. Enrolment began in October 2020 and the trial is open at the time of submission.
NEIM-05. [GA68]DOTATATE PET/MRI-BASED RADIOSURGICAL RESPONSE ASESSMENT IN MENINGIOMA
Authors: Ivanidze Jana , Kim Sean , Roytman Michelle , Ramakrishna Rohan , Pannullo Susan , Schwartz Theodore , Osborne Joseph , Magge Rajiv , Lin Eaton , Knisely Jonathan
Published: September 2021

PURPOSE

Postoperative PET/MRI with [68Ga]-DOTATATE can differentiate residual meningioma from postsurgical change, aid in target delineation, and portend a more favorable dosimetry with decreased PTV and organ-at-risk dose. Our purpose was to demonstrate utility of DOTATATE PET/MR for radiosurgical treatment (RT) response assessment in meningiomas.

METHODS

Patients underwent postoperative radiation treatment planning using DOTATATE PET/MRI as part of our IRB-approved prospective trial. Both DOTATATE PET and gadolinium-enhanced T1 weighted MR imaging were incorporated in RT-planning. All patients underwent follow-up DOTATATE PET/MRI at 6-12 months following completion of radiosurgery. Maximum absolute standardized uptake value (SUV) and SUV ratio (SUVR) of lesion/ superior sagittal sinus SUV were obtained. RANO criteria were applied to determine significance of change in size. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests.

RESULTS

13 patients (15% WHO-I, 54% WHO-II, 23% WHO-III, 8% WHO grade unknown) were followed postoperatively with pre- and post-RT DOTATATE PET/MRI. 29 meningiomas were treated. 46% (6/13) of subjects received SBRT and 54% (7/13) received SRS. Post-RT DOTATATE PET/MRI demonstrated a 46.4% SUV decrease (p-value = 0.0001) and a 60.8% SUVR decrease (p-value < 0.0001). Of 21 measurable lesions, the size product decreased by 21%; while this decrease was statistically significant (p-value = 0.0008), it was below the 25% decrease defined as clinically significant by RANO guidelines. To date, all patients remain stable radiographically without evidence of recurrence (mean follow-up post RT: 14 months; range: 6-24 months).

CONCLUSIONS

DOTATATE PET SUV and SUVR demonstrated marked, significant decrease post radiosurgery. Lesion size decrease was statistically significant but not clinically significant by RANO criteria. DOTATATE PET/MR thus represents a promising approach to aid in response assessment for radiosurgically treated meningiomas. Longer-term follow-up is needed to determine the correlation between the degree of post-RT SUV and/or SUVR decrease and progression-free-survival.
SYST-01. MULTICENTER INVESTIGATOR-INITIATED PHASE 2 STUDY OF E7090 IN SUBJECTS WITH ADVANCED OR RECURRENT SOLID TUMORS WITH FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (FGFR) GENE ALTERATION: FORTUNE STUDY
Authors: Takahashi Masamichi , Chiba Yohei , Sudo Kazuki , Kojima Yuki , Okuma Hitomi , Kohsaka Shinji , Ichimura Masahiko , Okita Natsuko , Nakamura Kenichi , Machida Ryunosuke , Kinoshita Ichiro , Takahashi Masanobu , Matsubara Junichi , Kusaba Hitoshi , Yonemori Kan
Published: September 2021

Background

Genetic alterations of FGFRs are known to play an important role in the proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells as well as tumor angiogenesis and drug resistance. E7090 is an orally available selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor for FGFR1-3. A global Phase 2 study of E7090 in subjects with unresectable advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR2 gene fusion is ongoing (NCT04238715). We recently reported FGFR alterations that are highly sensitive to E7090 using a high-throughput functional evaluation method called MANO method (Nakamura et al. npj Precision Oncology, in press), narrowing down the most promising FGFR alteration targets. Here, we designed a single-arm, open-label, investigator-initiated multicenter Phase 2 basket study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of E7090 in subjects with advanced or recurrent solid tumors harboring FGFR gene alterations, focusing on alterations identified by MANO method, as a sub-study under the nationwide large registry for rare cancers in Japan (MASTER KEY Project).

Methods

The key eligibility criteria are: 1) Histologically confirmed metastatic or locally advanced solid tumor; 2) Ineffective to or intolerant to first line treatment, or for which standard treatment is no longer available; and 3) Confirmed FGFR gene alterations via next-generation sequencing assays that are reimbursed by insurance. Subjects will receive E7090 140 mg orally once daily until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is objective response rate (ORR) by independent central review (RECIST v1.1), and the secondary endpoints include ORR by investigator assessment, progression-free survival, overall survival, disease control rate, safety, duration of response, and time to response. For primary brain tumors, RANO criteria is also applied in assessment of response. The study enrolls approximately 45 subjects. (Clinical Trial Registry: jRCT2031210043)
Setting the Stage for Emerging Adulthood Sexuality
Authors: Cary Kyla M , Reese-Weber Marla
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which sexuality development during adolescence sets the stage for sexuality development in emerging adulthood. Sexual experiences and perceptions constructed within adolescence set in motion trajectories that will continue into emerging adult development. This chapter discusses the implications of adolescent experiences with sexual activity, sexual risk, parent–adolescent relationships, and trauma on the development of sexuality in emerging adulthood, while keeping in mind the diverse experiences of adolescents of varying identities. This is followed by implications and suggestions for future research. Understanding the connections between adolescent and emerging adult sexuality can provide a more nuanced view of sexuality development in emerging adulthood.
Method Tutorial
Authors: Wood Erica P. , Cook Stephanie H
Published: September 2021

Retention of emerging adult sexual minority men (SMM) in longitudinal studies including biospecimens collection is often poor. To date, very few methodological examinations exist pertaining to strategies that may increase retention among potentially difficult-to-reach populations, including emerging adult SMM. This chapter describes a multifaceted financial incentive (FI) structure utilized in two daily diary study designs. First, the chapter discusses why typical FI structures may be insufficient for retaining emerging adult SMM in intensive longitudinal study designs due to factors such as increased participant burden. Second, it details two FI approaches utilized in two 5-day daily diary studies examining stress physiology and health behaviors among emerging adult SMM in the Midwest and the Northeast. Last, it discusses how the differing FI structures impacted participation and retention across the two studies. The chapter concludes by providing future directions to researchers who seek to employ intensive longitudinal study designs in emerging adult populations.
Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Killoren Sarah E.
Published: September 2021

Emerging adults’ relationships with parents and other family members are important for their sexuality development. Primarily, research on the roles of family members focuses on parents. Communication with parents, support from parents, and parents’ behaviors have both direct and indirect implications for emerging adults’ sexual values and behaviors. Furthermore, studies show that there are similarities and differences in how parents are influential on emerging adults’ sexuality based on gender, sexual minority status, race and ethnicity, and religious beliefs and practices. Although limited, there is evidence that family members other than parents, such as siblings and extended family, are important for emerging adults’ sexuality, particularly for certain cultural groups. The findings reviewed in this chapter have implications for practitioners working with families. Directions for future research are recommended.
Sexuality and Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Maheux Anne J , Choukas-Bradley Sophia
Published: September 2021

Sexual experience is considered an important developmental milestone for emerging adults. Whereas some sexual experiences incur benefits, others are associated with negative mental health outcomes. This chapter first describes the cultural context in which emerging adults experience their sexuality, including sexualized media, sexual scripts, hookup culture, and technology, and the impact of these contextual forces on emerging adults’ psychological well-being. The mental health effects of sexual behaviors are also discussed as they relate to various relational contexts, including committed romantic relationships, casual “hookups,” and ongoing casual relationships (e.g., “friends with benefits”), with an emphasis on the disproportionate negative outcomes for women and the limited empirical research on the impact of these experiences on racial and sexual minority individuals. The chapter further discusses the mental health outcomes affecting emerging adults with sexual and gender minority identities. The chapter concludes with important directions for future work, including longitudinal studies and greater attention to intersectionality.
Mistrusting Authorities in an Unstable World
Authors: Vermeulen Karla
Published: September 2021

The chapter “Mistrusting Authorities in an Unstable World” examines how members of Generation Disaster engage with the political system today, having grown up in a post-9/11, wartime climate when many felt lied to or misrepresented by politicians and other authorities. That was followed by the extreme divisiveness of U.S. politics in general during their adolescence and as they moved into emerging adulthood. While some have chosen to disengage entirely, others have been moved to protest, vote at record levels, and generally continue the tradition of trying to recapture power from older people they feel aren’t representing them adequately. The importance of civic engagement as a marker of adulthood, and the history of social movements in the United States, are also discussed.
Pornography and Body Image
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

There is a concern that the bodies that are shown to us in sexually explicit media are changing what we think is beautiful, are making us anxious and depressed, and even are pushing us to engage in self-harmful behavior. This chapter provides theoretical explanations for why pornography images could impair health and reviews studies that have investigated this question. The chapter covers findings related to pubic hair removal, labiaplasty, vulva acceptance, men’s genital dissatisfaction, satisfaction with body shape and size, self-esteem and self-confidence, and expectations of partners’ bodies. The chapter concludes that pornography likely harms some people’s self-image, and for a minority of those who are harmed, it drives them to extreme behaviors and has mental health consequences. For the majority, pornography either has no effect, improves how they feel about their bodies, or underscores the body-related attitudes that they have already acquired from non-sexually-explicit media.
The Changing Face of US and Global Capitalism
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas
Published: September 2021

A rising tide of crises—from the Covid-19 pandemic to climate change to widening inequality -- threaten global well-being and the advances in public health of the last century. This chapter analyses how changes in 21st-century capitalism have made it more difficult for people in the United States and elsewhere to find what they need to protect the health of their families and communities. It shows how globalization, the rise of the financial sector, privatization, deregulation, and monopoly concentration have undermined people’s capacity to find healthy food, adequate education, affordable health care, safe and adequately paid work, non-polluting transportation, and meaningful connections to others. It spells out the costs of a worldview shaped by the inevitable logic of markets that requires people to align their individual and collective goals and aspirations with that logic and highlights the many organizations and movements that seek alternative visions for the future.
Healthcare
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas
Published: September 2021

No disease strikes more fear than cancer and none is more resistant to medical progress. This chapter illuminates the weaknesses of a health care system driven by profit rather than human need in addressing cancer. It explains how modern capitalism has undermined progress in cancer prevention and treatment. Reducing tobacco smoking has succeeded in reducing cancer, but pharmaceutical and other industries have not emphasized this approach because it is not profitable. Instead, they develop precision medicines, high intensity radiation, and private equity-financed high-tech oncology centers. While these have helped some patients, they have made cancer care exorbitantly expensive, out of reach of many Americans, and bankrupted those who can afford them. In response, cancer patients and their families, oncologists and other providers, and public officials are demanding a new approach to cancer, one that puts less emphasis on profitable drugs and devices and more on integrated prevention, early intervention, and affordable treatment approaches.
Visually Verifying the Corporeal Christ
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter approaches the question of God becoming manifest in human flesh from the perspective of Jesus’s own embodied fleshliness. After surveying early Christian views of Jesus’s humanity, the chapter focuses on the ways in which Luke uses visual verification to demonstrate that Jesus is an embodied human. From his birth to his resurrection, Luke uses the sense of sight, as well as touch, as a means to prove Jesus’s humanity and even his fleshliness (a move that may point ahead to future docetic debates). In this way, Luke’s account of Jesus’s embodiment goes beyond any biblical account of God’s embodiment, for God is never explicitly depicted in terms of “flesh.” But if one understands that God can become manifest in human form, and specifically Jesus’s form, then God’s form in fact finds its most concrete expression in the flesh-and-bone body of Jesus.
The Heritage of Ibn Sīnā’s Concept of the Self
Authors: Kaukua Jari
Published: September 2021

This contribution discusses Ibn Sīnā’s (the Latin Avicenna, d. 1037 CE) introduction of a new concept of self-awareness by looking at four of the most important arguments related to it. The main claim is that we can reconstruct a plausible concept of self-awareness underlying all of these arguments. The contribution also addresses briefly some of the most important phases in the reception of Ibn Sīnā’s new concept in both the Latin and the Arabic Middle Ages.
Locke on Being Self to My Self
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: September 2021

John Locke accepts that every perception gives me immediate and intuitive knowledge of my own existence. However, this knowledge is limited to the present moment when I have the perception. If I want to understand the necessary and sufficient conditions of my continued existence over time, Locke argues that it is important to clarify what “I” refers to. According to Locke, persons are thinking intelligent beings who can consider themselves as extended into the past and future and who are concerned for their happiness and accountable for their actions. I show that the concept of self that he develops in the context of his discussion of persons and personal identity is richer and more complex than the I-concept that he invokes in his version of the cogito. In the final section I turn to the reception of Locke’s view by some of his early critics and defenders, including Elizabeth Berkeley Burnet, an anonymous author, and Catharine Trotter Cockburn.
Reflection
Authors: Metcalfe Janet
Published: September 2021

Contemporary psychology has explored the concept of the self in relation to the second order characteristics of metacognition. On the dominant theoretical framework, cognitive processes are taken to be split into two specifically interrelated levels called the object level and the metalevel, with the latter monitoring and controlling the former. The metalevel is thought to be self referential. For example, retrieving an answer to a question, or making a response to a cue, at the object level, does not involve reflection and is not self-referential. By contrast, judgments about whether the response was or was not true, or about whether one would be able to remember the response later entails second-order or metalevel processing, and it thought to be self-referential and to involve consciousness. This Reflection presents some of recent work on self-referential thought in humans. It also reviews studies of the neurological basis of these judgments, and investigations which have sought to determine whether any animals other than humans have this capacity.
The Idea of Self in Hume’s Treatise
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: September 2021

Hume’s account of the idea of self is highly distinctive but not fully elaborated. The first section of this chapter describes some of the most important roles that the idea of self plays in Hume’s Treatise, and it highlights three questions that naturally arise from this description. The second section describes Hume’s rejection of the doctrines of some philosophers about the idea of self in favor of his own contrasting approach, and it highlights five further questions that naturally arise from this description. The third section explains and elaborates Hume’s positive theory of the nature and origin of the idea of self. The fourth section uses this elaborated theory to answer the eight questions raised in the first two sections. The final section comments briefly on the origins of Hume’s account of the idea of self and on the significance of its absence from his later works.
Reflection
Authors: Loh Maria H.
Published: September 2021

Self-portraiture is a familiar artistic genre, but it involves complex self relations. Normally the individual’s sense of self is borne partly in the reflection of another person’s gaze. In self-portraiture, however, a layering of multiple subjectivities occurs, as the maker grapples with the task of seeing himself/herself first as an externalized other and then as an intimate construction crafted by the active self. Objecthood and subjecthood collapse a little, the one into the other. This Reflection looks at two very different examples from Caravaggio, one where he presents himself as the severed head of Goliath, another where he presents himself as the beautiful Narcissus, arguably the ‘originator’ of self-portraiture.
Self-Awareness and the “I” in the Phenomenological Tradition
Authors: Golob Sacha
Published: September 2021

The Phenomenological tradition is defined by its attempt to rethink the self and self-awareness. This chapter provides an overview of some of the fundamental developments within that tradition running from Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty to later writers such as Henry. I begin by sketching the key features: its relationship to naturalistic and transcendental approaches, the centrality of the first person perspective, and the hierarchical model which is central to Phenomenology’s vision of experience. I next introduce the specifics of Phenomenology’s picture of self-awareness, positioning it between the spectatorial model found in Brentano and a Kantian intellectualism. I then turn to some key innovations: Sartre’s notion of non-positional self-consciousness, Heidegger on the links between the self and the social, and finally Merleau-Ponty’s conception of embodiment.
Information Resolution and Subnational Capital Markets
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador
Published: September 2021

This book theorizes that information is a critical factor for subnational government (SNG) capital market formation and development. It empirically tests the stated relationship between information resolution institutions and mechanisms of information resolution on SNG borrowing. Based on empirical results, analyses of underlying fundamentals of city credit quality, and the study of contexts of information resolution reforms, the book recommends policy measures for central governments, regional and local governments, and financial sector firms to build capital markets for subnational borrowing. As subnational governments across the globe, especially cities, bear increasing pressures to provide critical capital infrastructure, responsibilities for the provision of local infrastructure resulting from decentralization efforts and population demands, the need for a wider array of internal and external resources, including bond market alternatives, become a priority. With information resolution, access to capital market financing becomes a feasible option of regional and local government finance. The evidence reported in this book demonstrates that SNG access to capital market financing depends on credit contractibility, which is the nation’s capacity of information resolution. The bases of credit contractibility are transparency of credit information, depth of credit information, dissemination, and regulatory quality. Evidence also shows that the informational content of underlying credit quality is a significant covariate of city-level borrowing and debt composition. Based on empirical findings and focusing on cities, the book argues that SNGs can and should strengthen their agency vis-à-vis the public and financial sector actors, in an environment where global capital is increasingly intertwined with the provision of critical infrastructure finance. Agency is necessary for city policymakers not only to achieve their key governance tasks efficiently, but do so effectively and equitably, consistent with the demands of the citizenry.
Information Resolution, Information Content, and City Debt
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador
Published: September 2021

This chapter furthers an understanding of how information resolution relates to borrowing and debt composition at the city level. The study examines the role of credit ratings, as well as the key informational components of credit quality, for city borrowing levels and debt structure. The informational components of credit quality include economic, fiscal, debt and financial, and governance factors. This chapter evaluates city debt for the largest cities in select countries with SNG market activity across the globe by asking: What debt levels do cities have, and what is the composition of that debt? How does information resolution, both information resolution institutions and the underlying components of credit quality information assessment, influence subnational-level borrowing?
How to manage emotional problems
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

It is important to address your loved one’s emotional problems. Learn to recognize the signs of depression and anxiety. Common symptoms of depression include feelings of sadness, worthlessness or guilt; fixating on past failures; being tearful; irritability or frustration, even over small matters; memory difficulties; trouble concentrating; sleep difficulties; daytime fatigue and lack of energy; changes in appetite; often wanting to stay home; physical slowing; physical aches or pains; loss of interest in activities; loss of interest in sex; loss of interest in living; hopelessness about the future; frequent thoughts of death. Help them to deal with the sadness and frustration that often come with declining abilities. Start by improving your loved one’s abilities and adjust tasks to make them easier. Treat depression and anxiety with aerobic exercise, meditation, relaxation, and talk therapy.
Why and how should you care for yourself?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

Caregivers experience higher rates of emotional and physical illness. They are often so focused on taking good care of others that they put themselves last. This is particularly true for the sandwich generation caring for aging parents and growing children. Remember, you can’t pour from an empty cup. In order to care for others, you must take care of yourself. This means scheduling time for your physical and emotional health. Exercise regularly. Sleep well. Eat a healthy diet. Limit alcohol intake. Get medical care. Maintain your social connections. Take time for yourself. Learn relaxation techniques. Seek professional help when needed. Look for the joys of caregiving.
The Great War and Social Change, 1900–1919
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

In 1914, nationalism was the political “ism” that seemed the motive choice, but ironically that is when “globalization” defined as “extending to other or all parts of the world” became clearly evident. The Great War tied the globe together: colonies participated in the fighting, and thousands of the colonized were sent to Europe to serve in labor or military units. This was not the first sign of a world coming together. The late nineteenth century witnessed globalization’s advance: 52 million Europeans migrated to the Americas, adopting a new culture. Similarly, industrialization globalized, bringing increased commerce on the world scene. At war’s end, the Spanish flu brought the globe together against the pandemic. The war did not change the world’s views on nationalism as the national intrigue and deal making at the Versailles Conference underscores.
Struggling for Equality, Freedom, and Peace, 1966–1979
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

The title of this chapter points to three objectives fought for in this period: equality, freedom, and peace. Among those seeking equality were women and those whose sexual identity was LGBTQ. As the Mexico City meeting showed, women were not of one mind about what issues they should focus on. Those seeking peace were the big “losers.” The 1970s was the context for three genocides. In 1971, the West Pakistan military put East Pakistanis under the gun. Killed by West Pakistani Muslims were 300,000 to 3 million East Pakistanis (many Hindus). The genocide’s basis was nationalism and religious violence. Those raped totaled 200,000 to 300,000. In an ethnic struggle in east-central Africa in 1972, the ethnic Tutsis killed 80,000 to 210,000 Hutus. Then in Cambodia (renamed Kampuchea) from 1975 to 1979, Cambodians slaughtered 2 million of their fellow Cambodians (25% of the population). The slaughtered had followed Western ways and culture before the revolution.
Growing Old: Aging in Crustacea
Authors: Vogt Günter
Published: September 2021

This chapter gives an overview on aging and longevity in the Crustacea. Crustaceans have life spans that range from a few weeks to several decades, depending on taxonomic affiliation, size, lifestyle, and environment. Some short-lived crustaceans can produce dormant eggs that remain viable for decades and centuries. Longevity differences of populations between habitats and geographical regions can be explained by life history theory. Crustaceans possess a variety of highly effective antiaging mechanisms, including molting, adult stem cell activity, removal of cellular waste products, detoxification of environmental toxicants, and immune response against pathogens. The longer-lived, indeterminately growing species show negligible senescence until old age and would thus provide valuable models for biogerontology.
Cannibalism in Crustaceans
Authors: Bleakley Bronwyn
Published: September 2021

Cannibalism is widespread in animal taxa, but perhaps nowhere more so than in crustaceans. It receives considerable research attention because it structures populations, influences the management of economically important species, and affects species of conservation concern on both the endangered and invasive ends of the spectrum. Crustaceans are particularly likely to engage in cannibalism because they molt. Molting is an energetically expensive process, and cannibalism may provide critical nutrition, even in typically herbivorous species. In addition, molting is a dangerous process that puts individuals at risk, and molting creates distinct size classes, with smaller individuals experiencing greater risk of depredation. The occurrence of cannibalism in crustaceans is influenced by many environmental factors, including habitat type and complexity and the availability of refugia, the availability of alternative prey, and the size structure of populations. In addition, the occurrence of cannibalism may be influenced by genetics and kin selection. While all these factors have been found to influence cannibalism in a range of crustacean species, there is significant variation within and among species in the likelihood of cannibalism and which factors are most influential in any given group. Despite much research on the proximate causes of cannibalism in crustaceans, many avenues of research remain, including the genetics of cannibalism and the degree to which kin selection might influence the evolution of crustacean cannibalism.
Roma Youth
Authors: Musso Pasquale , Inguglia Cristiano , Mannoia Michele , Lo Coco Alida
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the importance of integrating research on positive youth development processes in the most disadvantaged youth groups. The authors focused on Roma youth, representing a prototypical low-status minority group. The first part of the chapter examines the demographics and the socially, politically, and ideologically challenging contexts in which Roma young people are embedded, taking into account the case of Italy, one European country with high anti-Roma sentiments. The second part summarizes the literature that deals with social-psychological factors underlying the developmental functioning and optimal well-being of Roma youth in spite of adversity. The third part focuses on the understudied issue of intervention strategies for oppressed populations like Roma and highlights not only the developmental research that provides guidance to the design of effective positive youth development program, but also the significant knowledge produced by persons who have close familiarity with the Roma youth condition and daily encounters to observe and test empirically positive processes of change. The conclusion suggests implications for future research and interventions as well as for current social policy to promote positive development globally, even in the most stigmatized youth.
Out of the Margins
Authors: Vermeersch Peter
Published: September 2021

This chapter starts from the observation that, to address the destitution of any community successfully, the sociopolitical interactions that exist around that community need to be addressed as well. It offers three reasons why youth development policies for young Roma who live in poverty may have an impact on these interactions by changing patterns of social mobility among children and adolescents to facilitate greater, large-scale change. These policies may be pivotal in bringing about new experiences and perceptions of Roma identity. And finally, they may inform and help expand international actions on Roma. By studying the opportunities inherent in youth development initiatives, researchers may gain a deeper understanding not only of the dynamics of exclusion and marginalization facing many Roma but also of the potential positive change within and around their communities.
Emotional Frustration and US Regime Change
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

This chapter contains the theoretical framework of the book and its research design. After presenting the book’s level of analysis and justifying the focus on US presidents, it introduces a full discussion of the book’s core concept, emotional frustration, by turning to its three conceptual components—hegemonic expectations, perceptions of hatred in target state conduct as its cognitive dimension, and negative affect as its affective dimension. Once emotionally frustrated, US presidents put a premium on the use of force and desire the removal of irredeemable foreign leaders. Emotional frustration exhibits negative valence like other anger emotions but is a distinct emotional syndrome. To identify it empirically, the chapter then presents the book’s use of qualitative sentiment analysis and self-reporting. It also justifies the case selection strategy and defines a range of observable implications of the book’s core argument.
US Dealings with Iran, 1979–1980
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

This chapter serves as an introduction to the second part of the book’s empirical analysis by sketching the evolution of US attitudes toward the Middle East. It shows how the United States relied on the British military to safeguard US interests in the region until the end of the 1960s and then on regional proxies after the British military withdrawal from the region. Even after the end of the Cold War, successive US administrations eschewed hegemonic expectations toward the region until the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The chapter concludes by briefly illustrating how the lack of both hegemonic pretensions and perceptions of anti-American hatred in Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait foreclosed US regime change in the 1991 Gulf War.
After Fulvia’s Death
Authors: Schultz Celia E.
Published: September 2021

Two of Fulvia’s sons, Curio and Antyllus, died at Alexandria alongside Antonius and Cleopatra in 30 bce. Her other two sons flourished in reign of Augustus, as Octavian was then known. Claudius, almost an adult when his mother died, reached the praetorship. Iullus was just a toddler when Fulvia died. He became a close confidant of Augustus and was honored with a consulship in 10 bce. He committed suicide eight years later, after being accused of adultery with Augustus’s daughter. Fulvia’s nachleben in popular media (art, literature, and drama) is in keeping with her treatment by ancient sources: they focus on tales of her cruelty and greed, and they often allow her to be overshadowed by the more sexualized characters of her sister-in-law, Clodia, and her romantic successor, Cleopatra. Fulvia’s historical legacy is best seen in the precedents she set for the brazen women of Rome’s imperial house.
Temperance, Liberalism, and Nationalism in the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 turns to temperance and liberalism within the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. In Germany, liberals promoted temperance not through social movements that had no hope of penetrating the closed autocracy, but as incremental policy reforms within the autocratic bureaucracy. Their primary target was the exploitative East Prussian Junker aristocracy and their high-proof schnapps. Along with the “cult of the offensive,” in the lead-up to World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German high command promoted what this chapter calls the “cult of military sobriety”—that a sober army will be a victorious one—which would be emulated worldwide with the outbreak of the Great War. Meanwhile, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the temperance cause is taken up by liberal nationalists, such as Czechoslovak founding father Tomáš Masaryk, who made the case for abstinence, democratic liberation, and self determination.
A Tale of Two Franceses—Temperance and Suffragism in the United States
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 13 examines the Reconstruction Era struggle for women’s rights and African American rights through the American Equal Rights Association, and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), especially the WCTU activism of acclaimed black writer Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. Born of the so-called Woman’s Temperance Crusade of 1873–1974, under the leadership of Frances Willard, the WCTU would become the most successful woman’s organization of all time. Willard’s Do Everything campaign expanded women’s activism, both nationally and globally. Despite racial tensions within the WCTU, temperance activism provided the main avenue of political organization for women across the Reconstruction-Era South, both black and white. By the 1890s Willard had made common cause between not just temperance, equal rights, antilynching leagues, and suffragist movements, but—as a Christian socialist—with both the domestic and international labor movement as well.
The Empire Samples Back
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 moves to the other end of the sonic and acoustic spectrum through a close listening to two well-known tracks from the group, Asian Dub Foundation (ADF). This group has been at the forefront of sampling as a decolonizing musico-cultural practice for some decades. Their music making, and how they deploy the full repertoire of sampling techniques, draw on the Club/DJ cultures of the 1990s on the one hand and, on the other, Jamaican Reggae and Dub, musicalities that played a formative role in the emergence of Rap and Hip-Hop (Chapter 6). ADF made their mark as part of the “Asian Underground” generation of British Asian musicians. Their sampling practices straddle classical Indian music, “Bollywood” soundtracks, Rap vocals, Reggae rhythms, and Dub bass lines for tracks that are not only danceable but also explicitly political, in ways that go beyond the lyrics. ADF’s collaborative, and technologically mediated “crossover” compositions decolonize Western pop music idioms as their musicking evokes contemporary and historical narratives of social injustice and racism, in the UK and around the world.
Conclusion
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

The Conclusion draws on the empirical findings of each chapter in order to theorize—reflect on—our way “out” of these case studies. It follows on from the conceptual and methodological themes laid out in Chapter 1, challenges presented to scholarship across the disciplinary spectrum that looks to locate and track where, and how, “politics” (of race, class, gender, and religion) are now being rendered as and through music. Chapter 7 recapitulates the main themes from each chapter as references to audio clips, suggested listening, in order to underscore the findings of this study: how music-and-politics and, or music-as-politics sound within, and between sociocultural and political economic settings. Getting closer to how these practices and sound archives work means taking into account creative practices and performance cultures not only of music making but also of music taking. This final chapter can also function as an introduction for the book as the flipside of Chapter 1.