bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Norwegian Storting: ``People's Parliament" or Coop for ``Political Broilers"?
Authors: Narud Hanne M. , Valen Henry
Published: October 2008

The article is concerned with the Norwegian Storting and the composition of its MPs over the last 60 years. It asks whether a professionalization of the legislative body has taken place, and then discusses it in terms of social, economic and demographic backgrounds. To what extent has there been a replacement of certain groups, so that some are represented whereas others are falling out? How representative are the elected representatives for the population at large? In analyzing these questions, the article demonstrates how central features of the recruitment system impact the composition of the political elite.
Hard Measures for Soft Stuff: Citizenship Indicators and Educational Policy under the Lisbon Strategy
Authors: Holford John
Published: October 2008

How far is the European Union a vehicle for inclusion and empowerment of a new range of policy actors in education? This article explores the role of actors in policy formation through a case study. It examines European Union attempts since 2000 to develop indicators of ‘active citizenship’ and ‘education and training for active citizenship’. It is based on two main sources: policy documents on the development of indicators and benchmarks; and a case study of an exercise (2005–07) to develop such indicators, initiated by the European Commission's Directorate General for Education and Culture. It shows that policy actors have attempted to take advantage of the Open Method of Coordination, often seen as a neo-liberal control mechanism, to ensure that citizenship remains on the policy agenda.
Does Formal Education Have an Impact on Active Citizenship Behaviour?
Authors: Hoskins Bryony , D'Hombres Béatrice , Campbell Joann
Published: October 2008

In the European context Active Citizenship has been promoted within the education and training Lisbon Strategy as a tool to support the continuation of democracy, human rights and greater social inclusion. In this article the authors analyse the impact of education on Active Citizenship and contribute to the existing debates relating to education levels and participation. The results of their analysis uniformly suggest that there is a significant democratic return associated with formal education. Indeed, using a large sample of individuals from the 2006/2007 European Social Survey, it was found that education is positively and significantly correlated with Active Citizenship behaviour. Tertiary education has by far the biggest impact and this impact is the strongest for the domain of Protest. The findings are robust to the introduction of a large set of control variables and to alternative measures of educational attainment.
Intracellular Angiotensin II Production in Diabetic Rats Is Correlated With Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiac Fibrosis
Authors: Singh Vivek P. , Le Bao , Khode Renu , Baker Kenneth M. , Kumar Rajesh
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Many of the effects of angiotensin (Ang) II are mediated through specific plasma membrane receptors. However, Ang II also elicits biological effects from the interior of the cell (intracrine), some of which are not inhibited by Ang receptor blockers (ARBs). Recent in vitro studies have identified high glucose as a potent stimulus for the intracellular synthesis of Ang II, the production of which is mainly chymase dependent. In the present study, we determined whether hyperglycemia activates the cardiac intracellular renin-Ang system (RAS) in vivo and whether ARBs, ACE, or renin inhibitors block synthesis and effects of intracellular Ang II (iAng II).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Diabetes was induced in adult male rats by streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with insulin, candesartan (ARB), benazepril (ACE inhibitor), or aliskiren (renin inhibitor).

RESULTS—One week of diabetes significantly increased iAng II levels in cardiac myocytes, which were not normalized by candesartan, suggesting that Ang II was synthesized intracellularly, not internalized through AT1 receptor. Increased intracellular levels of Ang II, angiotensinogen, and renin were observed by confocal microscopy. iAng II synthesis was blocked by aliskiren but not by benazepril. Diabetes-induced superoxide production and cardiac fibrosis were partially inhibited by candesartan and benazepril, whereas aliskiren produced complete inhibition. Myocyte apoptosis was partially inhibited by all three agents.

CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes activates the cardiac intracellular RAS, which increases oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis. Renin inhibition has a more pronounced effect than ARBs and ACE inhibitors on these diabetes complications and may be clinically more efficacious.
Respiratory alkalosis and primary hypocapnia in Labrador Retrievers participating in field trials in high–ambient-temperature conditions
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Wright James C.
Published: October 2008

Objective—To determine whether Labrador Retrievers participating in field trials develop respiratory alkalosis and hypocapnia primarily in conditions of high ambient temperatures.

Animals—16 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedures—At each of 5 field trials, 5 to 10 dogs were monitored during a test (retrieval of birds over a variable distance on land [1,076 to 2,200 m]; 36 assessments); ambient temperatures ranged from 2.2° to 29.4°C. For each dog, rectal temperature was measured and a venous blood sample was collected in a heparinized syringe within 5 minutes of test completion. Blood samples were analyzed on site for Hct; pH; sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, glucose, lactate, bicarbonate, and total CO2 concentrations; and values of PvO2 and PvCO2. Scatterplots of each variable versus ambient temperature were reviewed. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature (≤ 21°C and > 21°C) on each variable.

Results—Compared with findings at ambient temperatures ≤ 21°C, venous blood pH was increased (mean, 7.521 vs 7.349) and PvCO2 was decreased (mean, 17.8 vs 29.3 mm Hg) at temperatures > 21°C; rectal temperature did not differ. Two dogs developed signs of heat stress in 1 test at an ambient temperature of 29°C; their rectal temperatures were higher and PvCO2 values were lower than findings in other dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When running distances frequently encountered at field trials, healthy Labrador Retrievers developed hyperthermia regardless of ambient temperature. Dogs developed respiratory alkalosis and hypocapnia at ambient temperatures > 21°C.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety for use of two sedation and analgesia protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation of healthy dogs
Authors: Ethier Michael R. , Mathews Karol A. , Valverde Alexander , Kerr Carolyn , Bersenas Alexa M. , Nykamp Stephanie G. , Davis Clive
Published: October 2008

Objective—To determine the effectiveness and safety of 2 sedative-analgesic protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation in healthy dogs.

Animals—12 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Mean dosages for protocol 1 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3 dogs]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), morphine (0.6 mg/kg/h [6]), and medetomidine (1.0 μg/kg/h [6]). Mean dosages for protocol 2 were diazepam (0.5 mg/kg/h [n = 3]) or midazolam (0.5 mg/kg/h [3]), fentanyl (18 μg/kg/h [6]), and propofol (2.5 mg/kg/h [6]). Each dog received the drugs for 24 consecutive hours. All dogs were mechanically ventilated with adjustments in minute volume to maintain normocapnia and normoxemia. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. A numeric comfort score was assigned hourly to assess efficacy. Mouth care, position change, and physiotherapy were performed every 6 hours. Urine output was measured every 4 hours.

Results—Use of both protocols maintained dogs within optimal comfort ranges > 85% of the time. The first dog in each group was excluded from the study. Significant decreases in heart rate, oxygen consumption, and oxygen extraction ratio were evident for protocol 1. Cardiac index values in ventilated dogs were lower than values reported for healthy unsedated dogs. Oxygen delivery, lactate concentration, and arterial base excess remained within reference ranges for both protocols.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of both protocols was effective for facilitating mechanical ventilation. A reduction in cardiac index was detected for both protocols as a result of bradycardia. However, oxygen delivery and global tissue perfusion were not negatively affected.
Association of pruritus with anxiety or aggression in dogs
Authors: Klinck Mary P. , Shofer Frances S. , Reisner Ilana R.
Published: October 2008

Objective—To evaluate the association between pruritus and anxiety-related and aggressive behaviors in dogs.

Design—Cross-sectional survey.

Animals—238 dogs between 1 and 8 years old.

Procedures—Information including a score for general degree of pruritus (visual analogue scale from 0 to 10) and frequency of anxiety-related and aggressive behaviors was collected via a survey distributed to clients at 3 privately owned practices.

Results—Median score for pruritus was 2.4. Dogs were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of pruritus score (nonpruritic [0 to 2.4] and pruritic [2.5 to 10]). There was no significant difference between pruritic and nonpruritic dogs with regard to aggression or with regard to reactivity to being alone; to thunderstorms or noises; or to unfamiliar people, animals, or objects. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly more reactivity to thunderstorms or noises in dogs treated with glucocorticoids (18/37 [49%]) than in those not administered glucocorticoids (57/197 [29%]).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An association was not detected between pruritus and aggressive, anxious, or fearful behavior in dogs. There was greater reactivity to thunderstorms or noises in glucocorticoid-treated dogs. These findings do not preclude the possibility of a relationship between certain dermatoses or pruritic conditions and behavior. However, a concurrent behavioral abnormality cannot be assumed to result from a dermatosis and be expected to resolve with treatment of only the skin disease. Dogs with behavioral disorders and pruritic disease require primary treatment of both conditions. Additional studies to examine the effect of disease and glucocorticoids on canine behavior are warranted.
Osteolysis of the radius and ulna induced by a circumferential foreign body in a cat
Authors: Brisson Brigitte A. , Théoret Marie-Claude
Published: October 2008

Case Description—A 1-year-old neutered male cat was examined because of a 6-month history of recurrent swelling and draining wounds affecting the craniomedial aspect of the distal portion of the left forelimb.

Clinical Findings—No lameness or neurologic deficits were evident. Examination of craniocaudal and lateromedial radiographic views revealed nonprogressive circumferential osteolysis and a mildly radiopaque, ring-shaped foreign body surrounding the radius and ulna.

Treatment and Outcome—During surgery, a tight elastic band surrounded by a thick fibrous tissue capsule was found encircling the limb. Microbial culture yielded a Staphylococcus sp that was susceptible to clindamycin. Follow-up monitoring via telephone communication with the owners 1.5 years after removal of the foreign body indicated that the cat had healed with no recurrence of drainage.

Clinical Relevance—Pressure osteolysis of the bones of the forelimb can be caused by a circumferential foreign body without associated neurologic abnormalities or lameness.
Changes of Natural Environment in Kraków Downtown - Its Chronology and Directions. Case Geoarchaeological Studies of Krupnicza Street Site
Authors: Sokołowski Tadeusz , Wacnik Agnieszka , Wardas Marta , Pawlikowski Maciej , Pazdur Anna , Madeja Jacek , Woronko Barbara , Madej Paweł
Published: October 2008

Sediments exposed in a construction excavation form a sequence: alluvial deposits > black soil > made ground. Peat-like deposits, organic muds and occasionally sand occur between the soil and the made ground. High aeolization of alluvial sediments allows relating their age to the Late Vistulian. The sediments were eroded and in the washout at first organic muds were deposited and subsequently sands. The lowest layer, radiocarbon-dated at 4510±60 uncal. years BP (Gd-12724), can be probably linked to climate moistening at the transition between the Holocene Atlantic and the Subboreal period. Pollen grains found in muds, black soil and peat-like deposits reflect the changes of local plant cover from dominated by pine woodlands (at the transition between the Atlantic and the Subboreal period) to strongly deforested with single trees, meadows, small crop fields and gardens in the Medieval period. Palynological results describing the character of vegetation might have been influenced also by direct human activity on site, e.g. by storage of wood and branches (then used as construction material or fuel), crops, fodder or waste. Microartefacts found in soil suggest metal processing in the vicinity during the Bronze Age. In the made ground, which has been accumulating since the 14th century, quartz, clay minerals and micas were identified together with fragments of bricks, concrete, ceramics, bones, slag, charcoal, organic matter, limestone fragments and metals. Horizons enriched in slag fragments are also high in metals: Fe, Mn and Pb, which reveal a twofold increase in metal processing activity.
TL and OSL Dating of Sediment and Pottery from Two Syrian Archaeological Sites
Authors: Sánchez Jorge , Mosquera Daniel , Montero Fenollós Juan
Published: October 2008

Luminescence dating is widely applied nowadays, mainly for archaeological material and artefacts and sediments of all types and origins. However, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) from archaeological sediment, originated from mud brick buildings has been hardly studied. The archaeological sites of Tall Abu Fahd and Tall Qsubi are located in the Middle Euphrates Valley, Deir ez-Zor district, Syria. These two Bronze Age sites were recently discovered by a Spanish-Syrian team from the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (Damascus) and the University of Coruña. Both sites were dated (about 3.5 ka BC) by typological pottery classification. Sediment and pottery samples from these archaeological sites were collected for luminescence dating. Several analytical procedures for obtaining equivalent doses were tested on the sediment samples. Blue OSL from quartz subsamples and IRSL, post IRSL Blue OSL from feldspar contaminated quartz and polymineral subsamples were performed to obtain OSL ages. For the pottery samples, additive dose TL on a coarse grain feldspar contaminated quartz subsample was performed as well. Results have shown agreement among all the luminescence procedures tested on the Tall Abu Fahd site samples after fading correction, showing ages around 2.7 ka BP. Obtained ages from the other site samples show disagreement among quartz blue OSL and the other subsamples. Fading ratios allow correcting age underestimations from the polymineral post-IR OSL signal. However, the polymineral IRSL signal still shows underestimation. Final sediment and pottery ages have shown good agreement. Older 14C independent age (3.32 ka BP) corresponds to occupational periods of the site while sediment ages are attributed to a post occupation phase.
Combined IRSL/OSL Dating on Fine Grains from Lake Baikal Sediments
Authors: Moska Piotr , Poręba Grzegorz , Bluszcz Andrzej , Wiszniowska Agnieszka
Published: October 2008

In this work we present luminescence dating results obtained for samples taken from a gravity core of sediments of the Lake Baikal. The initial attempts to date coarse quartz grains failed because such grains were very sparse and dim. Fine grain quartz was also relatively dim and only IRSL signal from fine grain polymineral fraction was sufficient to obtain absorbed dose estimates. We made the measurements on 6-12 μm fraction extracted by differential precipitation in a water column. Samples were collected from the sediment depth range between 80-750 cm which, basing on paleomagnetic data, were expected to cover the period up to ca. 150 ka. The equivalent absorbed doses measured by means of OSL grow with depth down to 350 cm where they reach about 100-120 Gy and then apparently saturate. For the depth range 80-350 cm IRSL ages also grow almost linearly from 11 to 50 ka. Calibrated radiocarbon ages obtained for micro samples of pollen from the same site yielded an average sedimentation rate of 6.86±0.21 cm/ka for the period between 15-1 ka BP. This is in good agreement with the sedimentation rate deduced from IRSL dating (6.15±0.55).
Biologically Relevant Small Radicals
Authors: Bauer Georg , Speier Gabor , Merenyi Gabor , Kaizer Jozsef , Goldstein Sara , Golding Bernard T. , Gescheidt Georg , Gebicka Lidia , Gebicki Jerzy L. , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Wardman Peter
Published: October 2008

Biologically relevant small radicals are at the focus of the working group 4 (WG4) of the COST Action CM0603 (Free Radicals in Chemical Biology, CHEMBIORADICAL). This article surveys the areas of research being undertaken by the partners in WG4. The character of the radicals is described
together with experimental techniques utilized to follow their structure and reactivity. Specifically, C-, S-, N- and O-centered radicals of small size, and their interaction with different biomolecules are described. Processes at the molecular level exemplifying important biological signaling
and damaging pathways are introduced.
Biomimetic Chemistry on Tandem Protein/Lipid Damages under Reductive Radical Stress
Authors: Atrian Sílvia , Bobrowski Krzysztof , Capdevila Mercè , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Ferreri Carla , Houée-Levin Chantal , Salzano Anna Maria , Scaloni Andrea , Torreggiani Armida
Published: October 2008

The study of radical stress in the biological environment needs a comprehensive vision of all possible reactive species and their mechanisms. Among them, reductive stress is evaluated for its selective target of sulfur-containing compounds. The selective attack of reducing species like
H• atoms or eaq?/H+ to sulfur-containing amino acid residues has been proved in different substrates, peptides and proteins. The transformations include methionine to ?-aminobutyric acid and cysteine/cystine residues to alanine,
as recognized in several sequences so far, such as RNase A, lysozyme, Met-enkephalin, amyloid ?-peptide and metallothioneins. The amino acid desulfurization is accompanied by the formation of low-molecular-weight sulfur-centered radicals that may cause geometrical cis–trans
isomerization of unsaturated fatty acid residues in lipid bilayer. Thus, tandem protein/lipid damage is accomplished. Progress in research has given us a more comprehensive overview of the protein modifications and their roles, and the chemical biology approach will make its vital contribution
to the study of free radical reactions, linking chemistry to biology and medicine.
Stabilization and Reactions of Sulfur Radical Cations: Relevance to One-Electron Oxidation of Methionine in Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Bobrowski Krzysztof , Houée-Levin Chantal , Marciniak Bronislaw
Published: October 2008

Methionine is a key amino acid that has numerous roles in essential vital processes. Moreover, methionine oxidation is biologically important during conditions of oxidative stress and represents an important step in the development of some severe pathologies. Considerable work has been
performed to understand the mechanisms of one-electron oxidation of the Met-residue as a function of its proteic environment. The most important recent results obtained by means of time-resolved techniques (laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis) on model peptides containing single or
multiple Met-residues and in selected naturally occurring peptides (Met-enkephalin and ?-amyloid peptide) and proteins (thioredoxin and calmodulin) have been reviewed.
DNA Damage and Radical Reactions: Mechanistic Aspects, Formation in Cells and Repair Studies
Authors: Cadet Jean , Carell Thomas , Cellai Luciano , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Gimisis Thanasis , Miranda Miguel , O'Neill Peter , Ravanat Jean-Luc , Robert Marc
Published: October 2008

Several examples of oxidative and reductive reactions of DNA components that lead to single and tandem modifications are discussed in this review. These include nucleophilic addition reactions of the one-electron oxidation-mediated guanine radical cation and the one-electron reduced
intermediate of 8-bromopurine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides that give rise to either an oxidizing guanine radical or related 5',8-cyclopurine nucleosides. In addition, mechanistic insights into the reductive pathways involved in the photolyase induced reversal of cyclobutadipyrimidine and pyrimidine
(6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts are provided. Evidence for the occurrence and validation in cellular DNA of •OH radical degradation pathways of guanine that have been established in model systems has been gained from the accurate measurement of degradation products. Relevant
information on biochemical aspects of the repair of single and clustered oxidatively generated damage to DNA has been gained from detailed investigations that rely on the synthesis of suitable modified probes. Thus the preparation of stable carbocyclic derivatives of purine nucleoside containing
defined sequence oligonucleotides has allowed detailed crystallographic studies of the recognition step of the base damage by enzymes implicated in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Detailed insights are provided on the BER processing of non–double strand break bistranded clustered
damage that may consist of base lesions, a single strand break or abasic sites and represent one of the main deleterious classes of radiation-induced DNA damage.
Excerpts from the Voices of Feminism Oral History Project
Authors: Beal Frances M. , Ross Loretta J.
Published: October 2008

In this oral history, Frances M. Beal describes her unique childhood as the daughter of parents of refugee Jewish, African American, and Native American descent. The interview focuses on her activism in the United States and in France, including founding the Women's Committee of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). Beal's story captures the challenges of anti-racist, anti-fascist, and anti-imperialist organizing with a gender perspective.
Fire's Queer Anti-Communalism
Authors: Barron Alexandra Lynn
Published: October 2008

While many critics have pointed out how Fire's (1996) reception reveais much about the Hindutva agenda of fundamentalists and their use of women as symbols for the nation, no one has traced the critique of fundamentalism embedded in the film itself in the haunting figure of the Hindu-Muslim union that is visible, and, in fact, audible throughout. Two of the songs in Fire come from Bombay (1995) and reference that film's allegory of an inclusive, secular India. In contrast to other critics who focus only on Fire's reception, I read scenes such as the ones featuring the Bombay score in order to show how a number of interrelated fundamentalist debates are alluded to in the text itself.
Prichard and the Concept of Moral Insanity
Authors: Whitlock F. A.
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the generally accepted belief that the English physician, J. C. Prichard, under the heading of “moral insanity”, gave the first description of psychopathic disorder (sociopathy). The historical evidence indicates quite clearly that Prichard was using the term “moral” to denote affective disorder and not antisocial or unethical behaviour. Despite this, lawyers and doctors of the 19th century believed that he was describing persons whose illness was shown by persistent immoral acts and behaviour. The subsequent controversy has been traced out and the manner in which this has influenced current legal and forensic thought on psychopathic offenders is described. It is suggested that in order to clarify our thinking about this issue it is necessary to delete references to Prichard's moral insanity concept when psychopathic disorder is being considered; and that jurists should understand that moral insanity, with all its legal implications, has nothing to do with present-day concepts of psychopathic disorder.
Emergency Psychiatry: Referrals from a Personal Advisory Service
Authors: Guile Leslie A.
Published: October 2008

The technique of dealing with psychiatric referrals from a telephone emergency service is described. A personal series of 50 cases is analysed in terms of diagnosis, disposal and treatment methods.

The psychiatric intervention is discussed in terms of “crisis theory”, with the suggestion that immediate application of short-term treatment methods may be the most efficient way of using professional man-power.

A plea is made for the abandonment of the traditional treatment approach via “assessment” and assignment to a waiting list. It is also suggested that psychiatric “casualty services” for acute cases should be freely available.
Lesbianism in the Maori
Authors: Gluckman L. K.
Published: October 2008

Lesbianism was unknown to the pre-European Maori, or the older present generation of Maori women. It is not rare in the present generation of younger Maori women. It is postulated that in the Maori lesbianism is determined by social, cultural and environmental pressures.

This paper incorporates three studies.

(a) That of a Maori woman frigid except with European women. This condition has been termed Heterochromophobia.

(b) The evolution of lesbianism in environments impossible in earlier Maori society.

(c) The differing incidence of lesbianism in European and Maori prostitutes.

All studies support the premise that lesbianism in the Maori is culturally determined.
Assessment of Improved Techniques for Introducing New Patients to a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Yeomans N. T. , Hennessy B. L. , Hay R. G.
Published: October 2008

Developments in the community therapeutic programme of Fraser House are described. The Personal Adjustment Record, a research and case-history recording questionnaire, designed by the authors, is introduced. Sending the Personal Adjustment Record to newlyreferred patients before their first attendance was followed by a significant increase in attendance. An Introductory Group technique for welcoming, informing and assessing newly referred patients and families is described. This was followed by a significant increase in the acceptance of therapy. The concept of the family as a group acting as a decision maker for its individual members is introduced.
Erotic Professional Indiscretions, Actual or Assumed, and Alleged
Authors: Medlicott R. W.
Published: October 2008

Actual and alleged erotic professional indiscretions are viewed as extensions of parentchild incest with professional privilege as the equivalent of the incest barrier.
Transsexualism and Transvestitism (II)
Authors: Ball J. R. R.
Published: October 2008

A comparative study of 30 transsexualist, 30 homosexual, and 30 exhibitionist cases, together with 94 neurotics, has been carried out and reported in the previous issue. It emphasises the apparent importance of parental relationships for normal sexual identification and eventual choice of sexual object. Pathological development is seen in its most severe form amongst the transsexualists.

It would seem that further prospective studies of male children who have paternal deprivation, and especially of children with transsexualist fathers, would be of value. Developments in the clarification of influences predisposing towards such abnormal development may lead to major advances in prophylaxis.
Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: October 2008

Major differences in personality structure between obsessional neurotics and their relatives are against the hypothesis that there is a strong genetic component in obsessional states. Analysis of symptom patterns contradict a major role for aggression, either overt or controlled, in this condition. Anxiety of endogenous origin is seen as the major basic cause and obsessional symptoms act as defences against mounting pathological anxiety. This process needs to be studied more closely if rational treatment is to eventuate.
The Capgras Syndrome? A Rarity
Authors: Ball J. R. B. , Kidson M. A.
Published: October 2008

The history is presented of a case of the Capgras Syndrome occurring in Paranoid Schizophrenia. It is suggested that the syndrome is rarely reported but may be more prevalent than has been previously thought.
A Questionnaire Survey of Psychiatric Symptoms in Australian Medical Students
Authors: Davies Brian , Mowbray R. M. , Jensen Damien
Published: October 2008

Psychiatric problems amongst students are an important field of study. The paper discusses a questionnaire survey of psychiatric symptoms in 2,363 Australian medical students. The findings are discussed and compared with those from other surveys. A positive correlation was found between higher academic performance and questionnaire-assessed “neuroticism”.
Some Problems of Classification, with Particular Reference to Child Psychiatry
Authors: Ashburner J. V.
Published: October 2008

The Glossary of Mental Disorders issued by the National Health and Medical Research Council, and the recent Classification of Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood proposed by the Group for Advancement of Psychiatry, are used as the basis of a proposed uniform classificatory procedure. This has involved consideration of the structure and functions of classifications in general, and discussion of some criteria of sound classification.
A New Psychosexual Syndrome—“Ecouteurism”
Authors: Mai F. M. M.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes a case history of a patient who presents an unusual variant of sexual deviation.
Falling in Love and Infatuation
Authors: Christie George L.
Published: October 2008

A distinction is drawn between normal and pathological developments of the falling-in-love process, and the term infatuation is suggested as a suitable inclusive label for the pathological states that can develop. The phenomenology of falling in love and infatuation is outlined in detail and then summarized in a chart. The incidence of infatuation is discussed, and finally a suggestion is made as to its essential dynamic basis.
Recent Advances in Electroencephalography for Psychiatrists
Authors: Harper M. A.
Published: October 2008

After briefly reviewing the principal features of the human E.E.G., some recently described E.E.G. phenomena and the literature on current clinical advances are summarized, including the use of the E.E.G. to determine brain death. The problem of computer analysis of the E.E.G. and the possible significance of studies on the cerebral evoked response are discussed. The discovery of “contingent negative variation”, for which important claims have been made, is described with reviewer's caution. The paper concludes with a summary of the origin of E.E.G. activity relevant to the needs of the clinician.
Effects of Diazepam on Anxiety as Measured by Forearm Blood Flow
Authors: Rosenberg C. M. , Buttsworth F. J.
Published: October 2008

Intravenous diazepam has been shown to produce both a fall in forearm blood flow and coincidental diminution in subjective anxiety, as compared with the resting state and after injection of intravenous saline.
New Developments in the Assessment of Professional Education
Authors: McGuire Christine
Published: October 2008

Increasingly, the products of medical education are being studied by systematic evaluation procedures which include: empirical determination of essential components of professional competence, employment of simulation technique to supplement more conventional methods of assessment, application of pre-established standards, and utilization of numerous feedback mechanisms to assure fuller exploitation of evaluation data. Such data are utilized not only to assess individual achievement of critical performance requirements, but also to identify differential rates and patterns of progress toward these goals, to determine the relation between these patterns and important independent variables in the learning situation, to guide curricular development, and to provide evidence of value in re-defining the goals themselves. It seems clear that this approach can be useful in the evaluation of professional education.
Papua and New Guinea Transcultural Psychiatry
Authors: Burton-Bradley B. G.
Published: October 2008

The first decade of psychiatric experience among the largely non-literate peoples of Papua and New Guinea is discussed. In the early stages the problems are primarily of an administrative nature to be soon overshadowed by those referable to custom, language, and social organization.
The Survivor of a Suicide Pact: R v. Arnold
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A.
Published: October 2008

The accused man was the survivor of a suicide pact and was charged with murder. When he appeared in court the Crown made an application to further present him under the provisions of the Crimes Act (Vic.), 1967—amending legislation that, amongst other things removed the criminal stigma from suicide and attempted suicide. The accused was found not guilty of murder by direction but guilty of aiding and abetting suicide pursuant to a pact. The subsequent contested plea is considered in relation to the problem of punishment and treatment.
Factors Influencing Referrals to a Community Psychiatric Service
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Childs W.
Published: October 2008

Referral patterns to a community psychiatric service have been correlated with demographic variables relating to the population (120,000) served. The total suburban referral rate correlated significantly with social class composition and general practitioner sensitivity. Diagnosis has been considered in relation to referral rates and the demographic characteristics of individual suburbs. These findings suggest that studies of this sort can play an important part in delineating the mental health problems to which a service is sensitive and in helping to discover areas in the region to which special attention might be paid.
Classification in Child Psychiatry
Authors: Ashburner J. V.
Published: October 2008

Following an earlier study, the G.A.P. classes are categorized as “open”, “definitive”, and “residual”, the last comprising the Reactive Disorders and the Developmental Deviations. The kinds of case which should be considered within these last classes are discussed, and the close theoretical relationship between them is clarified. This leads to a proposed revision of the definition of Developmental Deviation, and to a summary restatement of Healthy Response, Reactive Disorder, and Other Disorders.
The King's Evil and its Polynesian Counterpart: A Contribution of Clinical Ethno-Psychiatry to Medical History
Authors: Gluckman L. K.
Published: October 2008

The treatment of scrofula by the ceremony of the royal touch between the 11th century and the 18th century in England is considered in historical perspective. Similar treatments for an analogous clinical situation have been encountered in clinical ethnopsychiatric practice in the New Zealand Maori. A theory of origin for ceremonies of the royal touch is proposed in the light of these clinical observations.
Some Determinants of the Educational Progress of Aboriginal Children
Authors: Watts Betty H.
Published: October 2008

In discussing some of the determinants of the educational progress of Aboriginal children, the author attempts to identify the variables that help to determine educational progress to indicate the patterns of interrelationships between these variables and to indicate the importance, not only of the variables themselves, but of the child's perceptions and interpretations of these influences. The uniqueness of each learner is emphasized, a uniqueness resulting from the complex interplay of many forces and the child's idiosyncratic response to these.
The Application of the Semantic Differential Test
Authors: Owen Susie E. , Nurcombe Barry
Published: October 2008

The use of the Semantic Differential Test in the case of a manic-depressive 14-year-old girl is reported, and its usefulness is discussed.
A Case of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome Occurring in New Zealand
Authors: De Groot M. H. , Bardwell Betty
Published: October 2008

The rare syndrome of compulsive swearing and tics, named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette, has been recorded previously in the Southern Hemisphere, although these records have been overlooked in many reviews.

The case history of a 17-year-old New Zealand boy is reported. In this case, there is a marked family history of schizophrenia. Some of the features of this patient are discussed.
Restraint in the Treatment of the Mentally Ill in the Late 19th Century
Authors: Edwards Graham A.
Published: October 2008

Attitudes towards restraint in the management of the mentally ill during the late 19th century are discussed, based primarily on the writings of two doctors, one a British mental hospital superintendent, and the other an Australian psychiatrist of the time. The view-points expressed are noted to be on the whole very advanced for this period, and compare favourably with current practices in psychiatric hospital care. Some discussion follows on various forms of restraint and on mental hospital management in that era.
Comparison of Spontaneous and Contraceptive Menstrual Cycles on a Visual Discrimination Task
Authors: Friedman Jeanette , Meares Russell A.
Published: October 2008

21 women with spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles, and 7 women who were regular users of oral contraceptives were investigated over two consecutive menstrual cycles. These two groups were compared on their two flash threshold performance and on mood ratings.

It was found that, for women with ovulatory menstrual cycles, visual sensitivity was enhanced during the late follicular phase of the cycle, as ovulation approached. At other phases of the menstrual cycle (paramenstrual and luteal) visual sensitivity remained constant and comparable to the values found in women who were taking contraceptives. Women who were taking contraceptives showed no significant variation in visual sensitivity with phase of the menstrual cycle.

The overall level of anxiety, as reflected by mood ratings was higher in women with spontaneous cycles compared to those taking contraceptives. Neither group, however, showed significant variation in anxiety with phase of the cycle.
Mothers and Children in Hospital
Authors: Lindsay J. S. B. , Pollard Danuta E.
Published: October 2008

Between 1965–1972 244 individual mothers were admitted on 283 occasions accompanied by 287 children to a general hospital unit. This cohort has been followed up to ascertain re-admission to any New Zealand psychiatric facility for two follow-ups at 1–8 years and 5–12 years.

A postal survey of attitudes was also carried out. The content of the replies has been analysed, with statistical and anecdotal accounts of patients' and husbands' expressed feelings and attitudes. These are compared with observations in the literature about themes of hostility and anxiety. The circumstances surrounding the homicide of a baby in this series together with our various rationalisations, value judgements and assessment of the situations are described.
Marital Interaction in Depression
Authors: Heins Terence
Published: October 2008

The great majority of depressed patients are currently married or formerly married and depression is commonest at ages when marital satisfaction is least. Study of patterns of marital interaction in depression may provide useful leads for understanding the aetiology and therapy of depressive syndromes. Theoretical views of depression as loss, as coerced behaviour and as coercive behaviour suggest useful hypotheses. Both marital interaction and depression are complex variables to define and measure. A literature review suggests reduced general affective involvement, reduced expressions of affection, increased criticism, increased husband domination and a marked struggle for interpersonal control in the marriages of depressed persons. Marital therapy may be the most useful psychotherapeutic approach for depression.
Early Psychiatry in Western Australia: Dr. Nicholas Langley—A Born Loser
Authors: Ellis A. S.
Published: October 2008

Dr. Nicholas Langley was the first recorded “psychiatric” patient in Western Australia. His story provides an insight into the difficulty experienced in managing cases of violent behaviour in a small, isolated group without facilities or expertise. Langley recovered from his symptoms, and was accepted into the local community without undue stigma. He practised as a surgeon in Fremantle, and died at the age of 35, from what was apparently a cerebrovascular accident.
Time—A Neglected Aspect of Psychiatric Treatments
Authors: Stanley O. T.
Published: October 2008

This review attempts to deal with the complex issues involved in the time to heal, with special reference to psychological processes. The questions of convalescence and relapse in organic medicine are explored and extrapolated to psychiatric processes.

The concept of a latency period of change in treatment outcome is discussed with reference to both less complicated reactive states as well as highly charged neurotic processes. The problems of recognizing slow but perceptible change and separating it from failure to respond is analysed. The value of long-term psychotherapy is assessed and comparison made with the newer concept of short-term therapy. Crisis therapy and disaster reactions are discussed within the concept of time to heal.

Finally the difficult issue of “miraculous cure” with its therapeutic implications is evaluated.
Personality of a Group of Grossly Obese Women
Authors: Perelberg Harry , Neil Sandra E. , Kahans Daniel , Soccio Mathew G. , Costa Robert A.
Published: October 2008

The current view that the morbidly obese do not show a unique personality pattern is challenged. A sample of 91 obese female patients at a general practice are identified as having a significant personality pattern using the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF) and the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (N.S.Q.). Further the personality factors are consistent with a model that explains aspects of morbid exogenous obesity.
Munchausen Syndrome in a Psychiatric Setting: Three Case Reports
Authors: Sale Ian , Burvill John , Kalucy Ross
Published: October 2008

A primarily psychiatric presentation of Munchausen Syndrome has only rarely been reported and has been assumed to be unusual. Three patients presenting to psychiatric hospitals are discussed. These patients were found to demonstrate the salient features of Munchausen Syndrome: repeated simulation of illness requiring hospital admission, pseudologia phantastica, wanderlust and the use of aliases. It is our view that such presentations are not uncommon.
Urbanization and Mental Health
Authors: Krupinski Jerzy
Published: October 2008

Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with over 85% of the population living in metropolitan and other urban areas. More important, the change from a predominantly rural society to an urbanized society has occurred within the last 100 years. To assess the effects of urbanization on mental health, rates of admissions to psychiatric institutions, suicides and violent crime in Victoria have been analysed for the last hundred years. Data on admissions to psychiatric facilities in Victoria from metropolitan, other urban and rural areas, as well as results of community health surveys carried out in metropolitan and rural areas were compared to examine for evidence of urban-rural differences in psychiatric morbidity. The findings do not support the notion that the level of psychiatric and psychosocial disorders in Victoria are related to urbanization or to urban living.
Mental Symptoms and Electrolyte Imbalance
Authors: Taylor John W.
Published: October 2008

A 75-year-old woman on long term diuretic therapy presented with depression. She was found to have hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia. There was no improvement in her condition with antidepressant-medication but she responded promptly to cessation of spironolactone and prescription of potassium chloride.
Attitudes of Medical Practitioners to Mental Illness
Authors: Kirkby Robert J. , James Annie
Published: October 2008

The O.M.I. Scale was used to evaluate the attitudes to mental illness of a sample of 50 Australian medical practitioners. Although the scores of the Australian subjects did not differ from those of previously-tested British medical practitioners, they were significantly different to those obtained in a study of Czechoslovakian practitioners. The Australian, British and Czechoslovakian medical practitioners scored similarly on Mental Hygiene Ideology which reflects a medical model of mental illness. It was suggested that there were several disadvantages in supporting the medical model and that, through undergraduate and continuing education programs, medical practitioners should be exposed to alternative models of mental illness.
Maternal Deprivation: Can its Ghost Be Laid?
Authors: McConaghy Neil
Published: October 2008

The hypothesis that separation from an established mother figure in early childhood has a detrimental effect on a child's later mental health has been widely promulgated and commonly accepted both in academic and lay circles throughout the Western world. The hypothesis continues to have a significant effect on mother's decisions as to whether they should resume work or not, and on governmental policy concerning the provision of child-care facilities for the children of those mothers who do.

The evidence for the hypothesis is reviewed and it is concluded that it does not satisfy the requirements of scientific methodology. The theory that a child's attachment to its mother figure is the emotional basis for its future love relationships, group affiliations and loyalty to the state, is now being accorded similar acceptance without further evidence than that supporting the original hypothesis.
The Attraction of Opposites—An Object-Relations Understanding of Family Interaction over Three Generations
Authors: Banning Anne
Published: October 2008

Severely dysfunctional families who manifest diametrically opposed, but complementary characteristics in the marital partners and in their children can be understood and treated in terms of Fairbairn's object-relations theory and the concept of egosplitting.

A family history is presented where these problems can be traced through three generations—both maternal and paternal sets of grandparents, parents and finally the children, boy and girl twins.

Therapy was initially family-based and directed at helping the parents remove their projections and foci of differences from their children onto themselves. Later the marital dyad was treated intensively looking at the whole marital relationship, the collusions to maintain the splitting and finally enabling each partner to accept the splitoff part of himself as belonging to himself instead of being projected onto his partner.
Personality Disorder in Transcultural Perspective
Authors: Morice Rodney
Published: October 2008

Personality disorder constitutes one of the most controversial diagnostic categories within clinical psychiatry. Explosive and antisocial personality disorders in particular are central to this controversy. The difficulties for diagnosis encountered when clinician and patient belong to different socio-economic classes are seen to be magnified in the transcultural situation, when cultural and language variables are superimposed. The diagnosis of personality disorder among Australian Aborigines is reviewed, and the face validity of some prevalence rates is challenged. An examination of the terms for anger and aggression used by a Central Australian tribal Aboriginal group demonstrates that Aborigines differentiate them both quantitatively and qualitatively. This facility is seen as providing psychiatrists with a method for enhancing diagnosis of personality disorder in both clinical and epidemiological settings.