bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where are miners’ unions going? trade unions in Vorkuta, Russia
Authors: Fairbrother Peter , Ilyin Vladimir
Published: July 2007

The emergence of alternative unions in the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, suggested that new forms of unionism were developing. However, in the coalfields, the Independent Miners’ Union was unable to realise its initial promise, while the successors of the official unions began a complicated process of union renewal. This has laid the foundation for some form of reunification between the two types of unions.
Unions and restructuring in the Mexican automobile industry: a comparative assessment
Authors: Tuman John P.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the variation in union responses to restructuring initiatives in the Mexican automobile industry. The research indicates that militant responses were more likely to occur in unions characterised by internal democracy and autonomy from Mexico's state‐corporatist labour confederations.
Merger propensity and merger outcomes among British unions, 1986‐1995
Authors: Willman Paul
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the relationship between merger propensity and merger success in British trade unions. Using survey data it reveals that more unions seek merger than achieve it; most mergers in the period are accounted for by few unions. However, some merger discussions are protracted and the determinants of propensity are distinct from those of success.
Shop stewards in the 1990s: a research note
Authors: Godfrey Graham , Marchington Mick
Published: July 2007

Evidence suggests that the unions suffered badly during the 1980s, but how has this affected the lynch‐pin of workplace industrial relations, the shop steward? The evidence of this research is that the shop stewards of the 1990s display remarkable stability in their influence and role when compared to earlier surveys.
The Concept of Privacy from a Symbolic Interaction Perspective
Authors: FODDY W. H. , FINIGHAN W. R.
Published: July 2007

Privacy is defined within a symbolic interaction framework in terms of identity definition and maintenance processes. It is argued that defining privacy within a symbolic interaction framework both generates a number of hypotheses involving the concept of privacy and allows the theorist to draw together several social psychological concepts within the one conceptual schema.
The Psychologic of Implication
Authors: NOSANCHUK T. A.
Published: July 2007

This paper is a preliminary inquiry into the nature of implication; how things are seen as ‘going together’ or following one from another. The argument presented here is that implication is non‐logical and is central to the routine process of reason, induction and generalization. The organizing force underlying implication and practical inference is argued to be Von Domarus’ Principle (VDP), by which similarity on some dimension of interest ‘carries over’ to some other dimension of interest.

One major difficulty with this formulation is that where VDP is the only organizing force, incoherent utterances resembling the word salad of the schizophrenic are likely to result, quite a departure from the routine utterances of normals that a useful model should generate. Two important ways that normal speech and word salad differ are that, in the latter, associations are, first, often implausible or bizarre, and second, they are likely to be so personalistic as to be virtually inaccessible to others.

These considerations led to a search for elements that would provide the corrections necessary to bring the products of a VDP based model of implication close to normal utterances in these two areas. One element that appears central, concerns the role of subjective probability in evaluating plausibility of associations. Also considered are aspects of ambiguities in ordinary language especially concerning number and probability. The problem of making associations accessible to others is mitigated by providing elements in the setting or the communication itself that act to highlight or salience the association intended to be communicated. Finally, suggestions for further research are presented.
Interests and the Growth of Uncertainty
Authors: SMITHSON MICHAEL
Published: July 2007

The sociology of knowledge and related work in social psychology have been biased towards overvaluing shared perspectives and the attainment of certainty. This paper moves to fill a theoretical gap created by relative inattention to the roles of nonshared perspectives and uncertainty by outlining a middle‐range theory of the connections between human interests and uncertainty. It is proposed that individuals and groups find instrumental uses for uncertainty, just as they do for other states of mind, and that these uses arise from particular interests which characteristically belong to certain types of individuals or groups.
Obscenity Reactions: Toward a Symbolic Interactionist Explanation
Authors: FODDY WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2007

It is suggested that there is a syndrome of reactions elicited by stimuli people define as obscene and that these reactions can be explained within a symbolic interactionist framework. More specifically, it is argued that they are reactions to the denial or destruction of a person's ability to achieve and/or maintain an identity that is socially acceptable to him within a particular situation.
Piaget's Social Psychology
Authors: KITCHENER RICHARD F.
Published: July 2007

Piaget's social psychology is not widely discussed among psychologists, partly because much of it is still contained in untranslated French works. In this article I summarize the main lines of Piaget's social psychology and briefly indicate its relation to current theories in social psychology. Rejecting both Durkheim's sociological holism and Tarde's individualism, Piaget advances a sociological relativism (relationalism) in which all social facts are reducible to social relations and these, in turn, are reducible to rules, values and signs. Piaget's theory of social values takes the form of a social exchange theory characterized in an abstract logical way. Piaget claims social exchange requires normative principles of reciprocity and that individual social development results in such an equilibrium because rationality itself is social and based upon social cooperation. These views, in turn, derive from Piaget's orthogenetic views concerning the course of evolution: development can be characterized as an increase in equilibrium manifested both in individual action and in social interaction.
A Structuralist Interpretation of the Fishbeinian Model of Intention
Authors: SMITH JOHN L.
Published: July 2007

The traditional paradigm for research relating to the Fishbeinian model of intention is described and some of its limitations are discussed. A structuralist interpretation of the Fishbeinian equation is then put forward from the standpoint of the ethogenic perspective advocated by Harré and Secord. Each component of the Fishbeinian equation is assumed to be the symbolic expression of an account (or accounts) which is attributable to the agent and relates to the act in question. The equation as a whole is then interpreted as a rule governing the intelligibility of a cluster of such accounts. Empirical studies are reported which examine the consequences of transgressing the rule of intelligibility and which use instances of transgression as a means to theoretical development. In this development, the importance of the executive facet of action is acknowledged by utilising Abelson's schemes for the representation of plans. The paper concludes with a speculative discussion as to how this radically different conceptual and methodological approach might be used in future research on the intention‐behaviour relation.
Mutual Intention
Authors: POWER RICHARD
Published: July 2007

This paper takes as its starting point the problem of characterizing, in a precise way, situations in which two people collaborate to achieve a common goal. It is suggested that collaboration is normally based on an apparently paradoxical state of mind which I call “mutual intention”. Mutual intention is a concept belonging to the same family as Lewis's and Schiffer's “mutual knowledge”. These concepts have the paradoxical feature that they require, for their definition, an infinite series of propositions of the form X knows (or intends, or assumes) p, where X is a single agent and p is a proposition. The source of these infinite series is traced, and it is shown that they can be represented in a plausible and enlightening way by means of a recursive notation. Finally, three applications of the concept of “mutual intention” are given: (i) in the semantic analysis of certain sentences with plural subjects; (ii) in the analysis of agreement and related speech acts; and (iii) in the clarification of the phenomenon of “implicit agreement”.
Comparative Narratives: Some Rules for the Study of Action
Authors: ABELL PETER
Published: July 2007

The paper explores the concept of a Narrative which is defined as a connected structure on a set of constrained actions and forbearances. Explanation via Narratives is compared with explanation through variable centred methodology and an interpretation of correlations in terms of Narratives is also outlined.
Action as a Text: Gadamer's Hermeneutics and the Social Scientific Analysis of Action
Authors: HEKMAN SUSAN
Published: July 2007

This paper argues that Gadamer's hermeneutics offers a methodological perspective for social and political theory that overcomes the impasse created by the dichotomy between the positivist and humanist approaches to social action. Both the positivists’attempt to replace the actors’subjective concepts with the objective concepts of the social scientist and the humanists’attempt to describe meaningful action strictly in the social actors’terms have been called into question in contemporary discussions. Gadamer's approach, which is based on the hermeneutical method of textual interpretation, offers an alternative to both the positivist and humanist perspectives. Gadamer argues that understanding a text involves the fusing of the conceptual schemes of author and interpreter. Relying on Ricoeur's analysis of the parallels between actions and texts, it is argued that this understanding of the process of textual interpretation can be profitably applied to the analysis of social action. This application, furthermore, provides a means of analyzing social action that transcends the dichotomy between the positivist and humanist approaches. Gadamer's approach legitimizes the imposition of the observer's conceptual scheme without denying the constitutive role of the social actors’concepts.
On the captivity of the will: Sympathy, caring, and a moral sense of the human
Authors: SABINI JOHN , SILVER MAURY , Sabini John
Published: July 2007

We are concerned in this paper with the question of what more there is to human nature than cognition, with what it is to be a person (or animal) in the sense of something that would justify our sympathy. We examine pain, emotion, and the abrogation of values as sources of our sympathy for one another. We further argue that our sympathy over each of these unfortunate events is connected with our sense that they are beyond a person' s (or an animal' s) will. Computers, we suggest, ought not to engage our sympathy not because of their limited cognitive capacity, and not because they lack intent, but because their wills are too free.
Values as constraints on affordances: Perceiving and acting properly
Authors: HODGES BERT H. , BARON REUBEN M.
Published: July 2007

At the bottom of all human activities are “values,” the conviction that some things “ought to be” and others not. Science, however, with its immense interest in mere facts seems to lack all understanding of such‘requiredness.’… A science … which would seriously admit nothing but indifferent facts … could not fail to destroy itself. (Kohler, 1938/1966, p. 38‐39)
James Mark Baldwin: A bridge between social and cognitive theories of development
Authors: KAHLBAUGH PATRICIA E.
Published: July 2007

Traditionally, developmental psychology has been characterized by two approaches, one predominantly social and the other, cognitive. Despite this separatism, develop‐mentalists have expressed the need for a better understanding of how these two facets of the person interact ‐ a need for a better account of development within the person as a whole. However, such an integration has been difficult given the incompatibility of underlying assumptions guiding these two areas of inquiry. James Mark Baldwin's integration of social and cognitive development into one theory highlights the utility of historical analyses for further progress in the field. In this paper, Baldwin's dialectical theory of personal growth is placed in historical context, highlighting similarities and differences between his approach and that taken by Piaget, and the legacy of his theory in current theory and research. The importance of self, the development of knowledge in the context of social relationships and the function of imitation are emphasized.
A Social‐Cognitive Theory of Desire
Authors: HOWE R.B.K.
Published: July 2007

An examination of our preconceptions about desire, together with a comparison of these with the available empirical evidence, leads to a theory in which desire is characterized as a cognitive phenomenon which is heavily influenced by social learning. Following an introductory outline, the second section clarifies what exactly is at issue in attempting to reduce conation to cognition. Section 3 assesses the conditions required for knowledge of our own desires, and this concern is extended in 4 to an appraisal of the role played by self‐knowledge in the process of change through psychotherapy. The concluding section argues that the Social‐cognitive Theory of Desire is compatible with contemporary neo‐Dar‐winian views of evolution.
A Sense of Identity: Prolegomena to a Social Theory of Personal Identity
Authors: GREENWOOD JOHN D
Published: July 2007

A philosophical account of personal identity ‐ in terms of the maintenance of fundamental beliefs, principles and commitments by spatiotemporally continuous particulars ‐ is sketched, an account which is able to incorporate a social and relational conception of personal identity, and thus serve as the basis for a social psychological theory of personal identity ‐ in terms of the pursuit of identity projects’within social collectives. Some implications of this theory are developed, concerning the relation between identity and individualism, responsibility and social labeling. The theory develops an account of the social constitution of personal identity that is consistent with a realist conception of social psychological theories of identity: as objective theoretical descriptions of the social dimensions of identity.
Intentionality in Nature. Against an All‐Encompassing Evolutionary Paradigm: Evolutionary and Cognitive Processes are not Instances of the Same Process
Authors: ATLAN HENRI
Published: July 2007

Three examples of theoretical analysis of evolutionary processes are presented. It is shown that the mechanisms involved have little to do with cognitive processes except for superficial and formal analogies. That is the case not only for classical models of adaptive evolution (example I), but also for more recent ones (exanples II and HI) making use of neural network computation and self‐organization theories.

Recent works on functional self‐organization exhibiting some features of intentionality are discussed in this context. It is argued that Dennett's (or other) intentional stance cannot be used as a theoretical framework common to human prepositional attitudes, animal behaviour and adaptive (or non‐adaptive) evolution. Indeed, a physical theory of intentionality could account, at least in principle, for the production of intentional self‐organizing systems. However, except for a renewed theological “argument from design”, there is no justification to attribute intentionality to evolutionary processes and “Mother Nature”, for the reason that they have produced organisms endowed with intentional psycholinguistic capabilities.
Seeing the Insane in Textbooks of Abnormal Psychology: The Uses of Art in Histories of Mental Illness
Authors: SCHOENEMAN THOMAS J. , BROOKS SHANNON , GIBSON CARLA , ROUTBORT JULIA , JACOBS DIETER
Published: July 2007

Pictures in historical chapters of textbooks convey information about the values and assumptions of the authors’professions and the larger culture. We scrutinized 15 recent abnormal psychology textbooks for reproductions of art created before 1900. Thirteen works appeared in three (20%) or more textbooks. Overall, these pictures support a “Whiggish” account of history that celebrates the present and gives a distorted, incomplete rendering of the past. The 13 pictures tended to depict the mentally ill as an underclass who are released from their literal and metaphorical shackles by men who are “ahead of their time” in their struggles against prevailing ignorance. The pictures also emphasized the difference of the mentally ill by presenting a catalogue of stereotypic visual elements attributed to insanity throughout Western history. We argue for the inclusion in textbooks of “history for the sake of the past” as a way of genuinely engaging different ideologies and thereby stimulating interest in ourownimplicit values and biases.
Structure, Agency and Social Transformation
Authors: NEW CAROLINE
Published: July 2007

Revisiting the structure/agency debate, the article puts forward the broad position shared by Giddens’structuration theory and Bhaskar's transformational model. It defends Giddens’concept of structure as‘rules and resources’against charges of idealism, arguing that its strength is its focus on the interface of structure and agency. But both Giddens and Bhaskar emphasise social reproduction as an unintended consequence of social action. Taking issue with postmodern pessimism, the article goes on to consider the conditions of possibility, and requisite forms of knowledgeability, for deliberate social transformation.
Biological Realism and Social Constructivism
Authors: SABINI JOHN , SCHULKIN JAY
Published: July 2007

In this paper we attempt to reconcile two important, current intellectual traditions: Darwinism and social constructionism. We believe that these two schools have important points of contact that have been obscured because each school has feared that the other wanted to put it out of business. We try to show that both traditions have much to of offer psychology, a discipline that has often been too individualistic, too concerned with the private and the subjective. The spirit of American pragmatism can be found in both camps; like the social constructivists, pragmatists focused on social transaction rather than internal happening, and like the Darwinian they were rooted in functionalism and the biological.
Meaning's Reach
Authors: BUNZL MARTIN
Published: July 2007

What are the prospects for a realist account of meaning that is not in the head? This paper uses some case studies to demonstrate the difficulty that any such account faces is how to rule out letting an account of meaning in the head in through the back door. As illustrated, one way a cognitivist account can come back into the picture is by no way of appeals to ‘reasonableness’. Another is by way of questions of what is termed the‘reach’of meaning.
Women as Mothers and the Making of the European Mind: A Contribution to the History of Developmental Psychology and Primary Socialization
Authors: NIESTROJ BRIGITTE H.E.
Published: July 2007

A major purpose of this essay is to show that our assumptions regarding human development in general, and in particular, the mother and child have their roots in a Christian‐humanistic tradition. I also wish to locate the origins of the discourse on the mother and child within a critical historical review of notions of a changing anthropology of the human subject. The working hypothesis is as follows: A changing view of the human being is associated with a changing approach to child care and child development. This changing approach to child is accompanied by a ‘new woman’. Women are newly constructed when children, and thus a future person and a future society is defined.
Cultural Stereotypes and Positioning Theory
Authors: LANGENHOVE LUK VAN , HARRÉ ROM
Published: July 2007

This paper addresses the application of positioning theory, a new emerging theoretical scheme on the issue of cultural stereotyping. First, a critical conceptual analysis of the words‘cultural stereotype’is presented. Secondly, the basic tenets of positioning theory are outlined. Finally, it will be demonstrated how the framework of positioning theory can be used to analytically refine the concept of cultural stereotype. The main upshot of the article is that within social psychology, the concept of cultural stereotype is used in a conceptually vague and blurred way and that, with the necessary conceptual refinements, other research‐agendas on stereotypes will have to be tackled if social psychologists want to contribute anything to the societal efforts of changing stereotypes.
The Identification of Self
Authors: TRAVERS ANDREW
Published: July 2007

The approach is by a winding road about nine miles long, boldly cut out of the rock … the road comes to an end in front of a long underground passage leading into the mountain, enclosed by a heavy double door of bronze. At the far end of the underground passage a wide lift, panelled with sheets of copper, awaits the visitor. Through a vertical shaft of 330 feet cut right through the rock, it rises up to the level of the Chancellor's [Hider's] dwelling place. Here is reached the astonishing climax. The visitor finds himself in a strong and massive building containing a gallery with Roman pillars, an immense circular hall with windows all around … It gives the impression of being suspended in space … The whole, bathed in the twilight of the autumn evening is grandiose, wild, almost hallucinating. The visitor wonders whether he is awake or dreaming.
The Evolution of Emotions in Humans: A Darwinian–Durkheimian Analysis
Authors: TURNER JONATHAN H.
Published: July 2007

Alexandra Maryanski's cladistic analysis of the last common ancestor to humans and apes reveals biological propensities in hominoids for autonomy, individualism, and weak‐tie formation. The evolution of emotional capacities in humans, and the neuroanatomical bases for these capacities, are viewed as representing one of the many compensatory mechanisms for overcoming the low sociality contained in humans’ape ancestry. Speculation on the selection forces involved in hominids’growing capacity to use complex arrays of emotions for (a) mobilizing energy, (b) attuning, (c) sanctioning, (d) moral coding, (e) exchanging and (f) decision‐making is conducted with an eye towards redirecting micro‐level theorizing in sociology.
Blameless, Constructive, and Political Anger
Authors: SWAINE LUCAS A.
Published: July 2007

Scholars of the emotions maintain that all anger requires an object of blame. In order to be angry, many writers argue, one must believe than an actor has done serious damage to something that one values. Yet an individual may be angered without blaming another. This kind of emotion, called situational anger, does not entail a corresponding object of blame. Situational anger can be a useful force in public life, enabling citizens to draw attention to the seriousness of social or political problems, without necessarily vilifying political officials.
H.L.A. Hart's Contribution to Legal Anthropology
Authors: HUND JOHN
Published: July 2007

In the first half of this paper I show how H. L. A. Hart's theory of rules can resolve, or at least clarify, a central methodological problem in legal anthropology that was first posed in Llewellyn and Egebel's The Cheyenñe Way In the second half I explore and develop Hart's theory (a) of rules, and apply it to problems of agency and behaviourism in legal anthropology, and (b) of legal development, and apply it to the problem of rule‐scepticism in legal anthropology as it is posed in Roberts and Comaroffs Rules and Processes and elsewhere.
The Psychological Subject and Harré's Social Psychology: An Analysis of a Constructionist Case
Authors: SCOTT CAMPBELL L. , STAM HENDERIKUS J.
Published: July 2007

Taking Rom Harré's social constructionism as a focus we point to and discuss the issue of the a priori psychological subject in social constructionist theory. While Harré indicates that interacting, intending beings are necessary for conversation to occur, he assumes that the primary human reality is conversation and that psychological life emerges from this social domain. Nevertheless, we argue that a fundamental and agentive psychological subject is implicit to his constructionist works. Our critical analyses focus upon Harré's understandings of persons, human development and human agency. Our intention is neither to suggest that this latent entity must be understood in a Cartesian sense nor is it to ask for an explicit accounting of an autonomous agent. Rather, our claim is simply that psychological subjectivity is reflexively entailed in Harré's human psychology. We suggest that this pertains more generally to social constructionist theory.
On the Possible Non‐Existence of Emotions: The Passions
Authors: SABINI JOHN , SILVER MAURY
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to demonstrate, at least for the passions, that while emotions are important elements of common sense psychological thought, they are not psychological, neural, or mental entities. People talk of emotions, we claim, in two sorts of cases: Firstly, when it is believed that someone has done something that she shouldn't because she has been overwhelmed by desire (a motive) and secondly, when someone is found to be compelled to devote cognitive resources to an act she knows she will never carry out. In this case motivational states command attention and cognitive and physiological resources, distract us, even though they will not issue in action. In either case pointing to an emotion is pointing to a partial, aborted, or misdirected desire. We discuss why emotions are considered important in common sense and professional psychology though they do not exist.
Social Origins of Cognition: Bartlett, Evolutionary Perspective and Embodied Mind Approach
Authors: SAITO AKIKO
Published: July 2007

This paper explores new avenues of research on social bases of cognition and a more adequate (than those extant) framework to conceive the phenomena of the human mind. It firstly examines Bartlett's work on social bases of cognition, from which three pertinent features are identified, namely multi‐level analyses, evolutionary perspective and embodied mind approach. It then examines recent works on social origins of cognition in ethology and paleoanthropology, and various forms of the embodied mind approach recently proposed in neuroscience and cognitive science. The paper concludes that extending the embodied mind approach would provide the most potent framework to enable, amongst others, the conceptual integration of the biological, psychological and social bases of the human mind, which have in the past been treated mainly as competing alternatives.
The Narrative of Parents
Authors: MASS MILI
Published: July 2007

A conception of parental experience is proposed to enhance the move of the study of parenting into the interpersonal realm by describing parental subjectivity from the parent's point of view. Explanations are based on that which the parent can be accountable for, on parental dialogues with observers/clinicians about their dialogues with their infants. This conception of parental subjectivity is compared with other conceptions which define parental subjectivity as the mental apparatus of the parent and not as representing the evolving relation of the parent with the infant, and with explanations which consider parental reports in terms of the parent's psychodynamics and cognitive abilities rather than in terms of the on‐going dialogues between themselves and their infants. The paper introduces a typology of parental dialogues with observers/clinicians about their dialogues with their infants, within the context of the non‐verbal nature of the infant's communication. The findings from empirical examinations of this typology are presented, and their implications for the proposal that the study of parental relations with their infants should consider the parent's accountability are discussed.
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Oxymorphone in Hypovolemic Dogs
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Copland Virginia S. , Patz John D.
Published: July 2007

Blood was withdrawn from 15 dogs over the course of about 1 hour until the mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 60 mm Hg. Small aliquots of additional blood were withdrawn in order to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure near 60 mm Hg for an additional hour. Oxymorphone (0.4 mg/kg) was then administered intravenously to ten dogs, and all measurements were repeated in 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Five dogs served as controls.

Heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, oxygen extraction, and pH significantly decreased after oxymorphone administration, while systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, systemic vascular resistance (transiently), breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, venous admixture, venous oxygen, arterial and venous carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate concentration increased significantly. Cardiac output was also increased, but the change was not statistically significant. Oxymorphone was associated with significantly lower heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, and pH, and higher systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, venous oxygen, and arterial and venous carbon dioxide, compared to the control group, which did not receive oxymorphone.

Oxymorphone significantly improved cardiovascular performance and tissue perfusion in these hypovolemic dogs. Oxymorphone did cause a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in arterial oxygenation. Oxymorphone is an opioid agonist that may represent a reasonable alternative for the induction of anesthesia in patients who are candidates for induction hypotension.
Ventilatory and Metabolic Compensation in Dogs With Acid‐Base Disturbances
Authors: de Morais Helio S. Autran , DiBartola Stephen P.
Published: July 2007

Ventilatory and metabolic compensation to acid‐base disturbances is reviewed. The mechanisms for compensation as well as the values obtained from several studies using normal dogs and dogs with experimentally induced diseases are provided. Compensation is not the same in dogs and human beings. Dogs have a better ability to adapt to most respiratory disorders, and human beings adapt better to metabolic acidosis. In metabolic alkalosis and chronic respiratory acidosis there is no difference in compensation between these species. Ventilatory compensation for metabolic disorders in dogs is the same whether they have metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis, whereas metabolic compensation in respiratory disturbances is less effective in acidosis. Values for the expected changes in PCO2 in dogs with metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, and for bicarbonate concentration (HCO3‐) in dogs with acute and chronic respiratory alkalosis and acidosis are presented.
High‐Frequency Jet Ventilation in Anesthetized, Paralyzed Dogs and Cats Via Transtracheal and and Endotracheal Tube Routes
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Orima H. , Yamamoto Y. , Patz John D.
Published: July 2007

The ability of the SAV 6 high‐frequency jet ventilator to effectively ventilate three anesthetized, paralyzed cats (3.2–4.2 kg), two small dogs (7.2 and 10.0 kg), six medium‐sized dogs (20.5–25.0 kg), and three large dogs (36.0–43.0 kg) via a 14‐gauge (dogs) or a 16‐gauge (cats) catheter placed percutaneously into the trachea via the cricothyroid membrane or into a preplaced endotracheal tube was evaluated. The lowest driving pressure within the range of 0.25 to 2.0 kg/cm2 (1 kg/cm2= 14.2 psi) and the highest cycle rate within the range of 60 to 240 per minute that would generate a PaCO2 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg were determined.

All animals could be ventilated to a PaC02 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg by the endotracheal tube and transtracheal route, except the largest dogs, which couid be ventilated to an average PaC02 of 36 mm Hg by the transtracheal route. The transtracheal route consistently required higher driving pressures and lower cycle rates than did the endotracheal tube route. Cats could be ventilated with a driving pressure of 0.25 kg/cm2; small dogs could be ventilated with 0.5 to 1.0 kg/cm2; medium‐sized dogs with 1.0 to 1.5 kg/cm2; and large dogs with 1.5 to 2.0 kg/cm2.

The SAV 6 high‐frequency jet ventilator can effectively ventilate cats and dogs (7.2–43.0 kg) via a transtracheal catheter and an endotracheal tube.
Evaluation of Systemic and Splanchnic Visceral Oxygen Variables in Dogs With Surgically Induced Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: Komtebedde J. , Gullford W.G. , Haskins S.C. , Snyder J.R.
Published: July 2007

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV> was surgically induced in ten dogs to evaluate changes in the following variables: surface oxygen partial pressure (PsO2) of splanchnic viscera, systemic O2 transport (DO2), systemic O2 consumption (VO2), and O2 utillization ratio (O2UR). These variables have been shown to be closely correlated to tissue viability and patient survival in a variety of ischemic disorders.

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus was corrected after 2.5 hours and the dogs were given lactated Ringer's solution (90ml/kg) over 30 minutes (resuscitation). At 6 hours, the dogs were euthanized without recovery from anesthesia.

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of splanchnic visceral PsO2 and DO2 and a significant (p < 0.01) increase in O2UR. Systemic O2 consumption did not change significantly during the experiment.

Resuscitation resulted in a translent and significant (p < 0.05) increase in PsO2 to baseline, except for hepatic PsO2. Systemic O2 transport and O2UR increased significantly (p < 0.001) compared to baseline. Surface oxygen partial pressure and D02 were significantly (P < 0.05) below baseline at the conclusion of the experiment, whereas O2UR remained significantly (p < 0.05) above baseline. Surface oxygen partial pressure of all splanchnic viscera, except liver PsO2 correlated DO2 throughout the experiment (r: 0.69–0.78).

Assessment of DO2, VO2, and O2UR may be used to evaluate efficacy of cardiovascular support during corrective surgery for canine GDV.
Oxygen‐Tension Based Indices as Predictors of Survival in Critically III Dogs: Clinical Observations and Review
Authors: Pelt Deborah R. Van , Wingfield Wayne E. , Wheeler Stevan L. , Salman Mowafak D.
Published: July 2007

With respiratory therapy in critically ill veterinary patients becoming more commonplace, a consistent Indicator of pulmonary function status is necessary. Although calculation of the pulmonary shunt fraction correlates well with the degree of pulmonary dysfunction, lts detetmination requires placement of a pulmonary arterial catheter, an invasive procedure that may not be practical in many clinical situations. Using Information obtained from the atterial blood gas, many other oxygen‐tension derived Indices have been suggested as noninvasive measurements of the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange, lncluding the alveoiar‐arterial oxygen tension difference, the ratio of arterial to alveolar oxygen tension, the ratio of arterial to inspired oxygen tension, and the ratio of alveolar‐arterial gradient to arterial oxygen tension. A total of 427 blood gas values from 195 different patients were evaluated. A loglstic regression model using a stepwise algorithm was constructed to assess potential multicollinearity and interaction between factors. The only factors that contributed significantly to the model predictive of survival were age (p < 0.015), base excess (p < 0.029), and the alveolar‐arterial oxygen tension difference (p < 0.014).
Chloride Ion in Small Animal Practice: The Forgotten Ion
Authors: de Morais Helio S. Autran
Published: July 2007

The Physiology of chioride ion and its relationship to clinical disorders in small animall practice is reviewed. Chioride is the major anion in the extracellular fluid and is important in the metabolic regulation of acid‐base balance. A new clinical approach is used to assess chloride ion changes after accounting for changes in free water. Using this approach chloride disorders can be divided into corrected and artifactual. Changes in free water are solely responsible for the chioride ion changes in artifactual disorders, whereas in corrected chloride disorders, chloride ion itself changes. Corrected hypochioremia is associated with increases in the strong ion differece (SID) and metabolic alkalosis and is caused by administration of solution containing a high concentration of sodium relative to chioride (e.g., Sodium bicarbonate) or the excessive loss chioride relative to sodium (e.g., vomiting of stomach contents). Administration of chioride is correction of hypochioremic metabolic alkalosis. Corrected hyperchioremia is associated with a decreased SID and metabolic acidosis and is usually the result of excessive loss of sodium relative to chloride (e.g., diarrhea), chioride retention (e.g., renal tubular acidosis), or therapy with solutions containing a high concentration of chioride relative to sodium (e.g.,0.9% sodium chloride;3–24% hypertonic saline). Treatment with sodium bicarbonate should be attempted in patients with corrected hyperchioremia and a plasma pH beiow 7.2.
Part 2: Treatment of Snail Bait Toxicity in Dogs: retrospective Study of 56 Cases
Authors: Firth Ava M.
Published: July 2007

A retrospective study was done of 26 cases of metaldehyde and 30 cases of methiocarb toxicity in dogs. Physical signs and treatment protocols are described for four stages of toxicity: asymptomatic exposure; initial toxicity; convulsions; and post‐convulsions.

Diazepam‐ketamine combination was used as the primaty anesthetic agent in all cases requiring general anesthesia, and proved effective. Metaldehyde cases required a significantly higher number of sedative and anesthetic doses (p < 0.001). Pentobarbitone was not used. There were no incidents of respiratory or cardiac arrest at the time of anesthesia induction.

Emetics, gastric Iavage, and rectal enemas were productive in removing the molluscicide from the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety percent of the methiocarb patients and 69% of the metaldehyde patients were fit for discharge in 12 hours or less, though there was a wide variation. Both metaldehyde and methiocarb groups had a high survival rate, 100% and 93%, respectively.
Survival Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Kass Philip H. , Haskins Steve C.
Published: July 2007

Dogs and cats receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were evaluated for factors leading to cardiac arrest and for survival following the procedure. One‐hundred‐thirty‐five canine and forty‐three feline patients seen at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital that received CPR between August 1987 and December 1991 were studied. Initial resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful in 72% of dogs and 58% of cats. Five dogs and one cat were still alive 3 days after CPR. Ultimately only four dogs and one cat were discharged from the hospital alive. These five patients with uniquely longer survival all had cardiac arrests associated with drug and/or anesthetic reactions.
Permanent Pacemaker Implantation for Treatment of Symptomatic Bradycardia in Two Cats
Authors: Stamoulis Mark E. , Bond Betsy R. , Fox Philip R.
Published: July 2007

Two cats with bradycardia and syncope were treated by permanent pacemaker implantation. Cat 1 had multiple episodes of syncope intermittently over a 10‐month period and then multiple episodes within 24 hours; cat 2 had episodes of collapse over a 3‐month period. Clinical signs included disorientation, vocalization, and collapse. High‐grade second‐degree AV block was recorded in both cats, with left and right bundle branch block in cat 1 and right bundle branch block in cat 2. Neither responded to pharmacologic therapy. In cat 1, an epimyocardial electrode was implanted into the left ventricular apex by a ventral abdominal transdiaphragmatic surgical approach. Cat 2 had a permanent smooth endocardial pacing lead introduced into the fight external jugular vein and directed into the right ventricular apex. Both cats were clinically normal within three days after implantation. Complications in cat 2 included failure of pacemaker capture, endocardial lead dislodgement, and pulse generator pocket seroma. Cats with symptomatic bradycardia caused by second‐degree and third‐degree AV block can be effectively treated by pacemaker implantation by surgical endomyocardial or perivenous endocardial lead placement.
Practicality, Usefulness, and Limits of Pulse Oximetry in Critical Small Animal Patients
Authors: Hendricks Joan C. , King Lesley G.
Published: July 2007

Pulse oximetry holds the promise of wide application for monitoring and assessing pulmonary function in small animal patients. Although the saturation as read by pulse oximetry (SpO2) has previously been shown to be accurate in healthy dogs, its accuracy and usefulness have not been demonstrated in critical small animal patients. The present study assessed the accuracy and usefulness of a pulse oximeter (Ohmeda Biox 3740, Ohmeda, Louisville, CO) in a small animal intensive care unit. The instrument yielded readings in 48 of 51 attempts in 33 animals (25 dogs, 8 cats). Criteria were developed to reject spurious readings; when these criteria were applied, the actual calculated SaO2 differed from the SpO2 by O.26 +2.2%, with a correlation of 0.87 (p<0.0001). The 95% confidence interval was +4.4%, comparable to the accepted level in humans. No ill effects from SpO2 were apparent in the patients, and the instrument was useful in monitoring the progress of critical animals. However, uncritical use of the oximeter could have led to gross patient mismanagement, as SpO2 readings as much as 29% different from SaO2 were sometimes obtained.
Clinical and Pathological Features of Aortic Thromboembolism in 36 Dogs
Authors: Van Winkle Thomas J. , Liu Serena M. , Hackner Susan G.
Published: July 2007

Thirty‐six dogs with aortic thromboembolism were identified in a retrospective study conducted using case material from the small animal necropsy service of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1977 through 1992. No age, breed, or sex predisposition was found. Thirty dogs presented with primary complaints referable to the aortic thromboembolus and the duration of signs varied from hours to months. In 16 dogs, the presence of the thromboembolus was confirmed antemortem by ultrasound or angiography. Coagulograms were performed in 11 animals, and were consistent with consumptive hemostatic disorders in 8. The aortic occlusions were determined to be emboli in 11 dogs, associated with cardiac disease (9 dogs) and neoplastic emboli (2 dogs). In 18 dogs, the aortic occlusions were determined to be caused by primary aortic thrombi. Nine of these dogs had renal disease and four dogs had severe atherosclerosis associated with thyroid disease. In seven dogs, it could not determined if the aortic occlusions were due to primary aortic thrombi or due to emboli. In 25 dogs, the aorta was the only vessel occluded; but in 11 dogs, thrombi were identified in vessels outside of the systemic arterial system. In 9 dogs, the pulmonary arteries contained thromboemboli; one dog had thrombi in the portal vein and pulmonary arteries, and one dog a cranial vena caval thrombus. Nine of 11 dogs with multiple vascular thrombi, as well as some of the dogs with primary aortic thrombi, may have had either a propensity for thrombosis (a hypercoagulable state) or an inability to lyse thrombi (a hypothrombolytic state).
Application of Airway Pressure Therapy in Veterinary Critical Care: Part I: Respiratory Mechanics and Hypoxemia
Authors: Van Pelt Deborah R. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B. , Linda G
Published: July 2007

Over the past several decades, recognition of acute respiratory failure as the cause of death in patients suffering from various clinical conditions has prompted aggressiv investigation into the area of respiratory physiology and supportive respiratory care. With the evolution of emergency medicine and critical care services in both human and veterinary medicine, many patients previously considered unsalvageable due to the severity of their underlying disease are now being resuscitated and successfully supported, creating a new population of critically ill patients. Where only a decade ago these patients would have succumbed to their underlying disease, they now survive long enough to manifest the complications of shock and tissue injury in the form of acute respiratory failure. Investigation into the pathophysiology and treatment of this acute respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS) has facilitated increased clinical application of respiratory theerapy and machanical ventilation.1 The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic review of respiratory mechanics and the pathophysiology of hypoxemia as they relate to airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients and to review the use of airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients This paper is divided into two parts; part I reviews respiratory mechanics and hypoxemia as they apply to respiratory therapy, while part II deals specifically with airway pressure therapy andits use in clinical cases.
Application of Airway Pressure Therapy in Veterinary Critical Care: Part II: Airway Pressure Therapy
Authors: Van Pelt Deborah R. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B. , Martin Linda G.
Published: July 2007

As the specialties of emergency medicine and critical care have grown and evolved in both human and veterinary medicine, so has the need for more advanced care of patients with primary lung disease. Treatment of acute respiratory failure has been the focus of several articles in the human medical literature of the past few years.1,8 This paper deals with airway pressure therapy and its application in cases of acute respiratory failure in veterinary medicine. The reader is referred to part I of this paper for a reveiw of respiratory mechanics and hypoxemia as they apply to respiratory therapy.
Smoke Inhalation Injury In A Pony
Authors: Kirkland Khristina D. , Goetz Thomas E. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Francisco Charles , Baker Gordon J.
Published: July 2007

A seven year old Welsh pony stallion was admitted to the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for treatment of smoke inhalation injury (SII) sustained in a barn fire. The pony was severly affected and demonstrated the three clinical phases typically described with SII. A nuclear pulmonary perfusion scan demonstrated multiple areas of unperfused lung suggesting reflex hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, while thoracic radiographs showed only a mild increase in broncho‐interstitial pattern. The pony responded well to treatment with oxygen, diuretics, intravenous fluids, bronchodilators, non‐steroidal antiinflammatory agents and antibiotics. A tracheostomy was done to relieve upper airway obstruction and to facilitate removal of tracheobonchial pseudomembranous casts. Ultrasonic nebulization and to facilitate removal of tracheobonchial pseudomembranous casts. Ultrasonic nebulization was utilized to moisturize and break up secretions and casts and to deliver bronchodilatory agents. The pony recovered and seven months following the fire was pasture breeding mares. The pathophysiology and treatment of SII in the equine is discussed.