bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elective visceral hybrid repair of type III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Marjanovic Ivan , Jevtic Miodrag , Misovic Sidor , Zoranovic Uros , Tomic Aleksandar , Rusovic Sinisa , Sarac Momir
Published: March 2012

Introduction. According to the classification given by Crawford et al. type
III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) is dilatation of the aorta from
the level of the rib 6 to the separation of the aorta below the renal
arteries, capturing all the visceral branch of aorta. Visceral hybrid
reconstruction of TAAA is a procedure developed in recent years in the world,
which involves a combination of conventional, open and endovascular aortic
reconstruction surgery at the level of separation of the left subclavian
artery to the level of visceral branches of aorta. Case report. We presented
a 75-years-old man, with elective visceral hybrid reconstruction of type III
TAAA. Computerized scanning (CT) angiography of the patient showed type III
TAAA with the maximum transverse diameter of aneurysm of 92 mm. Aneurysm
started at the level of the sixth rib, and the end of the aneurysm was 1 cm
distal to the level of renal arteries. Aneurysm compressed the esophagus,
causing the patient difficulty in swallowing act, especially solid food, and
frequent back pain. From the other comorbidity, the patient had been treated
for a long time, due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
hypertension. In general endotracheal anesthesia with epidural analgesia, the
patient underwent visceral hybrid reconstruction of TAAA, which combines
classic, open vascular surgery and endovascular procedures. Classic vascular
surgery is visceral reconstruction using by-pass procedure from the distal,
normal aorta to all visceral branches: celiac trunk, superior mesenteric
artery and both renal arteries, with ligature of all arteries very close to
the aorta. After that, by synchronous endovascular technique a complete
aneurysmal exclusion of thoracoabdominal aneurysm with thoracic stent-graft
was performed. The postoperative course was conducted properly and the
patient left the Clinic for Vascular Surgery on postoperative day 21. Control
CT, performed 3 months after the surgery showed that the patient's vascular
status was uneventful with functional visceral by-pass and with good position
of a stent-graft without a significant endoleak. Conclusion. Visceral hybrid
reconstruction represents a complementary surgical technique to that with
open reconstruction of TAAA. This approach is far less traumatic to a
patient, and is especially important in patients with lot of comorbidities,
because there is no need for thoracotomy, and ischemicreperfusion injury of
the body is reduced to a minimum.
Unilateral optic nerve aplasia associated with microphthalmos
Authors: Stankovic-Babic Gordana , Oros Ana , Cekic Sonja , Vujanovic Milena , Babic Rade
Published: March 2012

Intraduction. Optic nerve aplasia is a rare developmental anomaly
characterised by the congenital absence of the optic nerve, central retinal
vessels and retinal ganglion cells that is seen most often in a unilaterally
malformed eye. Case report. We reported a girl with a very rare anomaly of
the eye, unilateral aplasia of the optic nerve and microphthalmia. We carried
out a complete ophthalmological examination, A- and Bscan ultrasonography,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit and brain, pediatrician,
neurological examinations and karyotype determination. The examined child was
a third child from the third regular pregnancy, born at term (39 GS, BM 3100
g). Family ocular history was negative. The right corneal diameter was 7.5 mm
and left 10 mm. On dilated fundus examination, the right eye showed the
absence of optic nerve and central retinal vessels. B-scan echography showed
a small right globe (axial length 13.80 mm), normal size left globe (axial
length 18.30 mm) and the absence of optic nerve on the right eye. Physical
and neurological findings and karyotype was normal. MRI of the orbits and
brain marked asymmetry of globe size and unilateral absence of the optic
nerve. The patient is under the control of a competent ophthalmologist and
prosthetic. Conclusion. Further aesthetic and functional development of a
young person is the primary goal in tracking this rare congenital optic nerve
anomalies in the malformed eye.
Class II Histone Deacetylases Downregulate GLUT4 Transcription in Response to Increased cAMP Signaling in Cultured Adipocytes and Fasting Mice
Authors: Weems Juston C. , Griesel Beth A. , Olson Ann Louise
Published: March 2012

Insulin-mediated glucose uptake is highly sensitive to the levels of the facilitative glucose transporter protein, GLUT4. Repression of GLUT4 expression is correlated with insulin resistance in adipose tissue. We have shown that differentiation-dependent GLUT4 transcription was under control of class II histone deacetylases (HDACs). We hypothesized that HDACs may regulate gene expression in adipocytes as a result of adrenergic activation. To test this hypothesis, we activated cAMP signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in mice after an overnight fast. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed the association of HDAC4/5 with the GLUT4 promoter in vivo and in vitro in response to elevated cAMP. Knockdown of HDACs by small interfering RNA in cultured adipocytes prevented the cAMP-dependent decrease in GLUT4 transcription. HDAC4/5 recruitment to the GLUT4 promoter was dependent on the GLUT4 liver X receptor (LXR) binding site. Treatment of cells with an LXR agonist prevented the cAMP-dependent decrease in GLUT4 transcription. A loss of function mutation in the LXR response element was required for cAMP-dependent downregulation of GLUT4 expression in vitro, in fasted mice, and in mice subjected to diet-induced obesity. This suggests that activation of LXR signaling can prevent loss of GLUT4 expression in diabetes and obesity.
GLUT4 and Glycogen Synthase Are Key Players in Bed Rest–Induced Insulin Resistance
Authors: Biensø Rasmus S. , Ringholm Stine , Kiilerich Kristian , Aachmann-Andersen Niels-Jacob , Krogh-Madsen Rikke , Guerra Borja , Plomgaard Peter , van Hall Gerrit , Treebak Jonas T. , Saltin Bengt , Lundby Carsten , Calbet Jose A.L. , Pilegaard Henriette , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F.P.
Published: March 2012

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind physical inactivity–induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, 12 young, healthy male subjects completed 7 days of bed rest with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies obtained before and after. In six of the subjects, muscle biopsies were taken from both legs before and after a 3-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp performed 3 h after a 45-min, one-legged exercise. Blood samples were obtained from one femoral artery and both femoral veins before and during the clamp. Glucose infusion rate and leg glucose extraction during the clamp were lower after than before bed rest. This bed rest–induced insulin resistance occurred together with reduced muscle GLUT4, hexokinase II, protein kinase B/Akt1, and Akt2 protein level, and a tendency for reduced 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. The ability of insulin to phosphorylate Akt and activate glycogen synthase (GS) was reduced with normal GS site 3 but abnormal GS site 2+2a phosphorylation after bed rest. Exercise enhanced insulin-stimulated leg glucose extraction both before and after bed rest, which was accompanied by higher GS activity in the prior-exercised leg than the rested leg. The present findings demonstrate that physical inactivity–induced insulin resistance in muscle is associated with lower content/activity of key proteins in glucose transport/phosphorylation and storage.
Enhanced Cerebral but Not Peripheral Angiogenesis in the Goto-Kakizaki Model of Type 2 Diabetes Involves VEGF and Peroxynitrite Signaling
Authors: Prakash Roshini , Somanath Payaningal R. , El-Remessy Azza B. , Kelly-Cobbs Aisha , Stern Javier E. , Dore-Duffy Paula , Johnson Maribeth , Fagan Susan C. , Ergul Adviye
Published: March 2012

We previously reported enhanced cerebrovascular remodeling and arteriogenesis in experimental type 2 diabetes. This study tested the hypotheses that 1) cerebral but not peripheral angiogenesis is increased in a spatial manner and 2) peroxynitrite orchestrates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated brain angiogenesis in diabetes. Stereology of brain, eye, and skeletal muscle microvasculature was evaluated in control and diabetic rats using three-dimensional images. Migration and tube formation properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were analyzed as markers of angiogenesis. Vascular density, volume, and surface area were progressively increased from rostral to caudal sections in both the cerebral cortex and striatum in diabetic rats. Unperfused new vessels were more prominent and the pericyte–to–endothelial cell ratio was decreased in diabetes. Vascularization was greater in the retina but lower in the peripheral circulation. VEGF and nitrotyrosine levels were higher in cerebral microvessels of diabetic animals. Migratory and tube formation properties were enhanced in BMECs from diabetic rats, which also expressed high levels of basal VEGF, nitrotyrosine, and membrane-type (MT1) matrix metalloprotease (MMP). VEGF-neutralizing antibody and inhibitors of peroxynitrite, src kinase, or MMP blocked the migration. Diabetes increases and spatially regulates cerebral neovascularization. Increased VEGF-dependent angiogenic function in BMECs is mediated by peroxynitrite and involves c-src and MT1-MMP activation.
Can the 8-Coil Shakti Alter Subjective Emotional Experience? A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Gendle Mathew H. , McGrath Megan G.
Published: March 2012

At present, a commercially available device (the 8-coil Shakti) claims to produce weak and complex magnetic fields that alter neurobiological processes. The effects of the Shakti on emotional responses to photographs that varied on emotional valence were investigated. Participants ( N = 37) were exposed to either 30 min. of magnetic fields or a sham condition and rated their emotional reactions to a set of 54 color photographs. Although participants indicated significantly different emotional responses to images with distinct emotional valences, exposure to magnetic fields did not affect these responses, nor significantly interact with image emotional valence. Although the device's “amygdala signal” had no effect on the emotive response to images in this study, additional investigations examining the effects of weak and complex magnetic fields on various aspects of perception and cognition are warranted.
Improved Mental Representation of Space in Beginner Orienteers
Authors: Notarnicola Angela , Vicenti Giovanni , Tafuri Silvio , Fischetti Francesco , Laricchia Luigi , Guastamacchia Rodolfo , Moretti Biagio
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to monitor any improvement in orienteering skills attributable to acquiring a better mental representation of space. Two groups were examined: the experimental group, who attended 6 mo. of orienteering lessons, versus the control group, who did jogging training instead. Each group, consisting of 20 children, was tested on the Corsi Block-tapping Test, run Forward and Backward, and the Star-Butterfly Test. Pre- and post-tests were administered. In the experimental group, scores increased in mean complexity from pre- to post-test on the Forward and the Backward Corsi tests, while on the Star-Butterfly Test both time and mistakes had decreased after the training. In the control group, mean complexity and Star-Butterfly Test scores were unchanged from pre- to post-test. These results showed that after continual training in orienteering techniques, the orienteering group was able to remember and repeat sequences of events with greater precision than before the training, while these skills were unchanged in the control group after training in jogging.
Sinuosity and the Affect Grid: A Method for Adjusting Repeated Mood Scores
Authors: Russell Yvan I. , Gobet Fernand
Published: March 2012

Sinuosity is a measure of how much a travelled pathway deviates from a straight line. In this paper, sinuosity is applied to the measurement of mood. The Affect Grid is a mood scale that requires participants to place a mark on a 9 × 9 grid to indicate their current mood. The grid has two dimensions: pleasure–displeasure (horizontal) and arousal–sleepiness (vertical). In studies where repeated measurements are required, some participants may exaggerate their mood shifts due to faulty interpretation of the scale or a feeling of social obligation to the experimenter. A new equation is proposed, based on the sinuosity measure in hydrology, a measure of the meandering of rivers. The equation takes into account an individual's presumed tendency to exaggerate and meander to correct the score and reduce outliers. The usefulness of the equation is demonstrated by applying it to Affect Grid data from another study.
Effect of Verbal Cueing on Trajectory Anticipation in the Penalty Kick among Novice Football Goalkeepers
Authors: Shafizadeh Mohsen , Platt Geoffrey K.
Published: March 2012

The effect of a cueing technique on novice goalkeepers' anticipation of trajectory in penalty kicks was investigated. 28 novice football goalkeepers from junior teams were randomly selected and divided into experimental ( n = 14) and control ( n = 14) groups. Following a pre-test, participants performed 30 trials of a simulated penalty-kicking task in a spatially occluded condition. They were required to react to penalty kicks and were informed of their performance in anticipating the direction in which the ball was kicked. The experimental group received cues about the position of the non-kicking foot of the kicker, but the control group did not. The two-way analysis of variance showed the significant main effects of blocks of trials and group, but the interaction was not significant. The experimental group more accurately anticipated the direction of the penalty kicks than the control group. The cueing technique benefited the novice goalkeepers in anticipating the direction of penalty kicks, due to the informative nature of the cue for skill execution.
Anticipating and Training for the Worst-Case Metabolic Scenario: A Comment on Del Vecchio, Hirata, and Franchini (2011)
Authors: Amtmann John
Published: March 2012

Del Vecchio, Hirata, and Franchini (2011) studied the effort:pause ratio of mixed martial arts by analyzing 26 bouts in two separate mixed martial arts events in Sao Paulo, Brazil. They referenced research identifying effort:pause ratios from other combat sports ranging from 10:1 (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu), 2:1 (judo and wrestling), and 1:3/1:4 (taekwondo). The authors identified an effort:pause ratio ranging from 1:2 to 1:4 in the bouts they analyzed, and suggested and described training programs that resemble this ratio. It is important for coaches to anticipate the most challenging metabolic mixed martial arts scenario and to create training programs that mimic that profile. Del Vecchio and associates' research is an important first step in gathering information which can help enhance training programs for injury prevention and performance enhancement.
Age, Training, and Previous Experience Predict Race Performance in Long-Distance Inline Skaters, Not Anthropometry
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Rosemann Thomas , Knechtle Patrizia , Lepers Romuald
Published: March 2012

The association of characteristics of anthropometry, training, and previous experience with race time in 84 recreational, long-distance, inline skaters at the longest inline marathon in Europe (111 km), the Inline One-eleven in Switzerland, was investigated to identify predictor variables for performance. Age, duration per training unit, and personal best time were the only three variables related to race time in a multiple regression, while none of the 16 anthropometric variables were related. Anthropometric characteristics seem to be of no importance for a fast race time in a long-distance inline skating race in contrast to training volume and previous experience, when controlled with covariates. Improving performance in a long-distance inline skating race might be related to a high training volume and previous race experience. Also, doing such a race requires a parallel psychological effort, mental stamina, focus, and persistence. This may be reflected in the preparation and training for the event. Future studies should investigate what motivates these athletes to train and compete.
Age and Sex Differences in Object Control Skills by Children Ages 5 to 14
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A. , Angell Rose M. , Mason Craig A.
Published: March 2012

Object control skills provide children the tools to be physically active—a major societal priority. At the fundamental movement level, object control skills form the foundation of further sports skill development. The purpose of this study was to examine children's (ages 5 to 14 years, Grades K—8) development of four key object control skills: catching, throwing, kicking, and striking. 186 children were tested on selected items from the Object Control Subtest of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, using a cross-sectional and correlational design. As anticipated, significant differences were found for age on all four skills. These improvements were characterized by early, rapid gains at ages 9 to 10, beyond which development occurred at a slower rate for catching, throwing, and kicking; striking development continued at a steady rate to age 14 years. Contrary to previous findings, no overall sex differences were found for catching or kicking. Overall sex differences favoring boys were observed for throwing and striking. Implications for evolutionary contributions to throwing and striking were discussed.
Object and Size Awareness in Preschool-Age Children
Authors: Boyer Caroline E. , Carlson Abby G. , Pasnak Robert
Published: March 2012

Self-awareness is a skill developed during the first few years of life. Although some research demonstrates that this ability may be incomplete in toddlers, there is little to no literature relating to preschoolers. This study tested 44 preschool-age children on 8 tasks to assess their awareness of the structural characteristics of their own size and weight as well as the size and weight of external objects. The most frequently observed behavior was for children to make an attempt at something that was inappropriate for their size and weight, but overall participants showed a better understanding of their own bodies than other objects. Both the number of attempts required to solve the problems and accuracy of their solutions demonstrated these task differences. These results indicate that the development of body awareness skills is far from complete for 3- and 4-year-olds.
Twenty-Year Trends of Authorship and Sampling in Applied Biomechanics Research
Authors: Knudson Duane
Published: March 2012

This study documented the trends in authorship and sampling in applied biomechanics research published in the Journal of Applied Biomechanics and ISBS Proceedings. Original research articles of the 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009 volumes of these serials were reviewed, excluding reviews, modeling papers, technical notes, and editorials. Compared to 1989 volumes, the mean number of authors per paper significantly increased (35 and 100%, respectively) in the 2009 volumes, along with increased rates of hyperauthorship, and a decline in rates of single authorship. Sample sizes varied widely across papers and did not appear to change since 1989.
Asymmetry in Human Cognition: Further Replication and Extension
Authors: Anderson James A. , Ramirez Devan , Stephenson Drew
Published: March 2012

Vladimir Lefebvre proposed an algebraic model of self-reflexion in the 1980s. He viewed reflexion as a product of the structure and computational rules of Gamma algebra and his equations are considered metaphors for how consciousness is structured. From the framework of this model, Lefebvre hypothesized an asymmetry in human cognition. One of the early studies supporting his model was conducted by Victorina Lefebvre. Over the years, other studies have been conducted, but not all have shown similar support as the original findings of Victorina Lefebvre. This study attempted to extend her findings in testing whether or not other ambiguous stimuli could be used in support of the model.
Coincident Orientation of Objects and Viewpoint-Dependence in Scene Recognition
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Kan
Published: March 2012

Viewpoint-dependence is a well-known phenomenon in which participants' spatial memory is better for previously experienced points of view than for novel ones. In the current study, partial-scene-recognition was used to examine the effect of coincident orientation of all the objects on viewpoint-dependence in spatial memory. When objects in scenes had no clear orientations (e.g., balls), participants' recognition of experienced directions was better than that of novel ones, indicating that there was viewpoint-dependence. However, when the objects in scenes were toy bears with clear orientations, the coincident orientation of objects (315°), which was not experienced, shared the advantage of the experienced direction (0°), and participants were equally likely to choose either direction when reconstructing the spatial representation in memory. These findings suggest that coincident orientation of objects may affect egocentric representations in spatial memory.
Predicting Perceived Image Quality: A Critique of Lin and Kuo (2011)
Authors: Badano Aldo
Published: March 2012

A recent study by Lin and Kuo reported on the image quality of a small mobile display under different ambient illumination levels. In this commentary, the present author discusses the limitations of their approach with respect to the rigorous quantification of image quality and the caveats associated with preference studies of new display technologies. Quantitatively predicting image quality using preference-based methods can be useful for initial decisions in early phases of product development, but provides limited value for the rigorous quantification of image quality of display devices.
Discrimination of Differences in Digitally Manipulated Phoneme Length during Speech
Authors: Kawai Norimune , Carrell Thomas D.
Published: March 2012

The present study investigated differences in the thresholds of phoneme duration in word and sentence contexts by participants' sex. In the word condition, 27 participants listened to two pairs of words in a dual pair discrimination task. One pair contained the same durations of /s/, and the other pair contained different durations of /s/. Participants were to select the pair which contained different durations of /s/ in the words. In the sentence condition, the other set of 27 participants listened to two pairs of sentences and selected the pair containing different durations of /s/ in the sentences. Throughout these tasks, the participants' just-noticeable-difference and trials-to-completion were analyzed. The results showed that the participants demonstrated better performance in detecting just-noticeable-difference in the sentence condition than in the word condition. In addition, a sex difference was found in just-noticeable-difference in both conditions with better performance in men than women. No significant differences in trials-to-completion were found in either condition.
Nonlinear reaction-diffusion: a microscopic approach
Authors: Boon Jean , Lutsko James , Lutsko Christopher
Published: March 2012

A microscopic theory for reaction-difusion (R-D) processes is developed from Einstein’s master equation including a reactive term. The mean field formulation leads to a generalized R-D equation for the n-th order annihilation reaction A + A + A + ... + A → 0, and the steady state solutions exhibit long range power law behavior showing the relative dominance of sub-diffusion over reaction effects in constrained systems, or conversely short range concentration distribution with finite support describing situations where diffusion is slow and extinction is fast. We apply the theory to analyze experimental data for morphogen gradient formation in the wing disc of the Drosophila embryo.
Wave propagation and Landau-type damping in liquids
Authors: Molinari Vincenzo , Mostacci Domiziano
Published: March 2012

Intermolecular forces are modeled by means of a modified Lennard-Jones potential, introducing a distance of minimum approach, and the effect of intermolecular interactions is accounted for with a self consistent field of the Vlasov type. A Vlasov equation is then written and used to investigate the propagation of perturbations in a liquid. A dispersion relation is obtained and an effect of damping, analogous to what is known in plasmas as “Landau damping”, is found to take place.
Validation of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for Multiple Sclerosis From the Perspective of Physical Therapists
Authors: Conrad Andrea , Coenen Michaela , Schmalz Henriette , Kesselring Jürg , Cieza Alarcos
Published: March 2012

Background

The Comprehensive ICF Core Set for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and represents the typical spectrum of problems in the functioning of people with MS.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to validate the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS from the perspective of physical therapists.

Design

A 3-round survey based on the Delphi technique was used.

Methods

Physical therapists experienced in the management of MS were asked about problems and resources of people with MS as well as environmental aspects treated by physical therapists (eg, use of assistive devices, support). Statements were linked to the ICF and compared with the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS.

Results

Eighty physical therapists from 23 countries mentioned 2,133 issues that covered all of the ICF components. Two hundred thirty-eight ICF categories were linked to the statements. Forty-six categories in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS were confirmed by physical therapists at the same level or a more specific level of classification. Nineteen additional ICF categories were reported by at least 75% of the participants.

Conclusions

The results of this study support the content and face validity of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS. Areas of functioning and health that physical therapists believe should be assessed were identified. The findings of this study as well as the results of completed and ongoing validation studies will further elucidate the validity of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS from different perspectives.
Scanning Probe Microscopy of Atoms and Molecules on Insulating Films: From Imaging to Molecular Manipulation
Authors: Meyer Gerhard , Gross Leo , Mohn Fabian , Repp Jascha
Published: March 2012

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of single atoms and molecules on ultrathin insulating films have led to a wealth of novel observations and insights. Based on the reduced electronic coupling to the metallic substrate, these techniques allow the charge
state of individual atoms to be controlled, orbitals of individual molecules to be imaged and metal–molecule complexes to be built up. Near-contact AFM adds the unique capabilities of imaging and probing the chemical structure of single molecules with atomic resolution. With the help
of atomic/molecular manipulation techniques, chemical binding processes and molecular switches can be studied in detail.
Electron Transport at Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Bobisch Christian A. , Möller Rolf
Published: March 2012

Here we present two techniques which give insight on transport phenomena with atomic resolution. Ballistic electron emission microscopy is used to study the ballistic transport through layered heterogeneous systems. The measured ballistic fraction of the tunneling current provides information
about lossless transport channels through metallic layers and organic adsorbates. The transport characteristics of Bi(111)/Si Schottky devices and the influence of the organic adsorbates perylene tetracaboxylic dianhydride acid and C60 on the ballistic current are discussed. Scanning
tunneling potentiometry gives access to the lateral transport along a surface, thus scattering processes within two-dimensional electron systems for the Bi(111) surface and the Si(111)(?3 × ?3)-Ag surface could be visualized.
Dynamics in Self-assembled Organic Monolayers at the Liquid/Solid Interface Revealed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: De Feyter Steven , Xu Hong , Mali Kunal
Published: March 2012

The liquid/solid interface provides an interesting medium for molecular self-assembly and scanning tunneling microscopy is the preferred technique to analyse the structural features of the surface-supported self-assembled monolayers in this medium. An interesting aspect is the phenomenon
of molecular dynamics at the liquid/solid interface. In this mini-review, we report on our efforts and strategies to investigate and even induce molecular dynamics at the liquid/solid interface, bringing insight to various kinds of processes such as conformational, translational and adsorption/desorption
dynamics.
Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Gentz Knud , Wandelt Klaus
Published: March 2012

The electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope was the first tool for the investigation of solid–liquid interfaces that allowed in situ real space imaging of electrode surfaces at the atomic level. Therefore it quickly became an important addition to the repertoire of methods
for the determination of the local surface structure as well as the dynamics of reactions and processes taking place at surfaces in an electrolytic environment. In this short overview we present several examples to illustrate the powerful capabilities of the EC-STM, including the observation
of clean metal surfaces as well as the adsorption of thin metal layers, specifically adsorbed anions and non-specifically adsorbed organic cations. In several cases the electrode potential has a significant influence on structure and reactivity of the surface that can be explained by the observations
made with the EC-STM.
Olten Meeting 2011 – Where Benign Cells Meet
Authors: Heinzelmann Elsbeth
Published: March 2012

This year's Olten Meeting – the annual get-together of the biotech experts from the Universities of Applied Sciences, Empa, the Swiss Biotech Association and industry – was held on November 23, 2011 under the motto Personalized Medicine and Cleantech by Biotech. Speakers
from academia and the business world gave an insight into cutting-edge research and the chances for the industrial application of pioneering scientific results.
“Oh yes, oh yes, these are the atoms!” A Personal Recollection from the Times of the Invention of the STM
Authors: Rieder Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2012

The scanning tunneling microscope, invented and developed in the 1980s in the IBM research laboratory in Rüschlikon, has become the dominent scientific tool in surface science and together with its younger brother the atomic force microscope, is widely used also in many other modern
research areas. This account contains very personal anecdotal memories from a colleague who worked in a neighboring lab in Rüschlikon describing some events at the periphery of the development of this ingenious instrument.
Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy Treated With Eccentric Stretching Program
Authors: Verrall Geoffrey , Schofield Scott , Brustad Terese , Physio Dip
Published: March 2012

Background: This study assessed the efficacy of a modified eccentric heel-drop program (reduced time and increased duration of stretch) in treating chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: Athletes with at least 12 weeks of symptoms diagnosed clinically as chronic Achilles tendinopathy were enrolled in the study. The only treatment recommended was a 6-week eccentric stretching regimen, with each stretch being maintained for at least 15 seconds. Athletes were followed to assess the response to treatment using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and a patient effectiveness rating for treatment satisfaction as well as time to return to pre-injury activity level. Followup was successful in 156 (82%) of the athletes. A total of 190 athletes were seen with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Results: Mid-substance injuries were diagnosed in 168 (88%) with the remainder 22 (12%) having distal insertional injuries. Pain as assessed by VAS reduced from mean of 7.2 at commencement of the regimen to 2.9 ( p < 0.01) after 6 weeks of stretching. Six months post commencement of program mean pain was 1.1. Patient satisfaction was rated at 7 or above (excellent) in 124 (80%) of the athletes. For mid-substance injuries the satisfaction rating was excellent in 86%. Overall mean time to return to pre-morbid activity was 10 weeks. Conclusion: A modified 6-week eccentric heel-drop training regimen as the only treatment for chronic Achilles tendinopathy resulted in a high degree of patient satisfaction, reduced pain and a successful return to pre-morbid activity levels. These results were best for mid-substance rather than insertional tendinopathy.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Control Study
Comparison of Multi-Drug Injection Versus Placebo After Hallux Valgus Surgery
Authors: Kim Bom Soo , Shim Dong Sik , Lee Jin Woo , Han Seung Hwan , Ko Yong Kon , Park Eui Hyun
Published: March 2012

Background: Hallux valgus surgery is followed by a significant amount of postoperative pain. Local multi-drug injection can be an option for pain control, but few clinical studies exist. Methods: Between May 2008 and July 2009, 30 consecutive patients (60 feet) received simultaneous bilateral proximal osteotomies for the correction of hallux valgus deformities. Each patient received local infiltration of the test solution made with ropivacaine, morphine, ketorolac, and epinephrine on one foot and same amount of normal saline on the other foot. The test side and the control side were randomly selected and both the patient and the surgeon remained blinded until the end of the data collection. Results: The multi-drug injection resulted in significantly less pain at 4 hours after the operation through the night of the first postoperative day. The difference in visual analogue scale (VAS) between the two sides was most significant at 8 hours after the operation, and then gradually decreased through the first and second postoperative day. Mean satisfaction VAS was significantly higher on the injection side (8.2 ± 0.9) compared to the control side (6.2 ± 1.9, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Local multi-drug injection was easy to perform and safe and effective in reducing pain and enhancing patient satisfaction after hallux valgus surgery.

Level of Evidence: I, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Double Blind Study
Interobserver Reliability and Intraobserver Reproducibility of Three Radiological Classification Systems for Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Sayed-Noor Arkan S. , Ågren Per-Henrik , Wretenberg Per
Published: March 2012

Background: The management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures is difficult. One aspect for successful management is the use of a reliable and reproducible fracture classification system (FCS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interob-server reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of Letournel, Sanders, and Zwipp classification systems on CT scan and the Böhler's angle measurement on plain X-ray. Furthermore, we studied if the addition of a CT scan to the plain X-ray influenced the evaluation of fracture extension to the calcaneocuboid joint. Methods: The CT scan and plain X-ray images of 51 intra-articular calcaneal fractures were evaluated two times by three observers (two radiologists and one orthopedic surgeon) within a 5-month interval. The interobserver reliability was measured using the Fleiss kappa while the intraobserver reproducibility was measured using the Cohen's kappa. Results: The mean kappa values for the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the Sanders classification were 0.25 and 0.39, respectively, of Zwipp classification were 0.24 and 0.16, respectively, while those of the Letournel classification were 0.50 and 0.42, respectively. For the Böhler's angle, the mean kappa values for the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were 0.34 and 0.32, respectively. The addition of CT scan images to plain X-ray found a higher incidence of calcaneocuboid joint involvement. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the limitation regarding the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the Letournel, Sanders and Zwipp classification systems for calcaneal fractures. Future studies should attempt to improve the present classification systems.
Precision of Foot Alignment Measures in Charcot Arthropathy
Authors: Hastings Mary K. , Sinacore David R. , Mercer-Bolton Nicole , McCormick Jeremy J. , Hildebolt Charles F. , Prior Fred W. , Johnson Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2012

Background: Foot deformity associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral neuropathy (PN) contributes to joint instability, ulceration and amputation. This study reports the intrarater and inter-rater measurement precision and least significant change (LSC) of radiological measures of foot deformity in subjects with DM, PN, and foot related complications. Methods: Cuboid height, Meary's angle, calcaneal pitch and hindfoot-forefoot angle were measured from plain-film radiographs on 15 subjects with DM, PN, and foot-related complications. A foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon with 23 years of experience (Rater 1) measured radiographs twice. A foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon with 2 years of experience (Rater 2) and a radiologist in residency training (Rater 3) measured radiographs once. Root mean square standard deviation and LSC were calculated to determine measurement precision and the smallest change considered biologically real, not the result of chance. Results: Intrarater measurement precision was: 0.9 mm for cuboid height, 3 degrees for Meary's angle, and 2 degrees for calcaneal pitch and hindfoot-forefoot angle. Inter-rater measurement precision for rater 1 versus 2 and 1 versus 3 were: 1.7 and 1.6 mm for cuboid height, 4 degrees for Meary's angle, 2 degrees for calcaneal pitch, and 3 degrees for the hindfoot-forefoot angle. The LSC was less than or equal to: 4.7 mm for cuboid, 12 degrees for Meary's angle, 6 degrees for calcaneal pitch, and 8 degrees for hindfoot-forefoot angle. Conclusion: Cuboid height, calcaneal pitch, and hindfoot-forefoot angle measures can be completed with relatively good measurement precision.
Results of Partial Matrixectomy for Chronic Ingrown Toenail
Authors: Kayalar Murat , Bal Emin , Toros Tulgar , Özaksar Kemal , Gürbüz Yusuf , Ademoğlu Yalçin
Published: March 2012

Background: Several treatment modalities which targeted partial matrixectomies, including chemical, laser matrixectomy, and partial nail avulsion, have been used in the dermatology, podiatry, and orthopaedic literature. We report our experience with surgical matrixectomy. Methods: We treated 224 patients with severe ingrowing toenails. Segmental wedge resection of involved margin was performed. Followup time was a minimum of 10 months. Results: Statistical analysis of recurrence and disease parameters such as stage of disease, infection, involved margin, previous surgery, followup time, and age showed no significant correlation ( p > 0.05). Twenty-two patients (9.8%) had a recurrence. Revision surgery was performed in 16 patients (7.1%). Conclusion: We recommend the Winograd technique with a few modifications especially for severe Stage 2 and 3 cases. Both loupe magnification and observation of soft tissue in the postoperative period were important details.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Driving Brake Reaction Time Following Right Ankle Arthrodesis
Authors: Jeng Clifford L , Lin Jason S , Amoyal Karen , Campbell John , Myerson Mark S
Published: March 2012

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the brake reaction time of patients with successful right ankle fusion to normal volunteers without an ankle fusion. Methods: Ten patients who underwent successful right ankle arthrodesis were evaluated using a driving simulator as well as an in-shoe pedobarographic measuring system. Brake reaction time, braking force, peak pressure, contact area, and the center of force between the foot and the brake pedal were recorded. SF-12 scores were obtained from all study patients. A control group of ten age-matched individuals without ankle fusion was included for comparison. Results: Mean brake reaction time for the ankle fusion group (0.42 ± 0.14 seconds) was significantly slower than for the control group (0.33 ± 0.06 seconds) ( p = 0.03). The center of force was consistently isolated to the forefoot in the ankle fusion group compared to controls who distributed the center of force over both the forefoot and midfoot. There was no significant difference between the ankle fusion and control groups with respect to braking force, peak pressure, or contact area. Conclusion: The mean brake reaction time following successful right ankle arthrodesis was significantly slower than that of normal controls. However, the fusion group time was still below the threshold for what is defined as a safe brake reaction time by the United States Federal Highway Administration.

Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Case Series
Hallux IP Arthritis After MP Arthrodesis Managed with Interpositional Arthroplasty of MP Joint and IP Fusion: Case Report
Authors: Babazadeh Sina , Su David , Blackney Mark C.
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Recurrent Ankle Equinus Deformity Due to Intramuscular Hemangioma of the Gastrocnemius: Case Report
Authors: Nakamura Tomoki , Matsumine Akihiko , Nishiyama Masaki , Uchida Atsumasa , Sudo Akihiro
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Avoiding Suture Knot Prominence With Suture Button Along Distal Fibula: Technical Tip
Authors: Hodgson Paul , Thomas Rhys
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Medium- to Long-Term Outcome of Ankle Arthrodesis
Authors: Hendrickx Roel P.M. , Stufkens Sjoerd A.S. , de Bruijn Evelien E. , Sierevelt Inger N. , van Dijk C. Niek , Kerkhoffs Gino M.M.J.
Published: March 2012

Background: Despite improvement in outcome after ankle arthroplasty, fusion of the ankle joint is still considered the gold standard. A matter of concern is deterioration of clinical outcome as a result of loss of motion and advancing degeneration of adjacent joints. We performed a long-term study to address these topics. Methods: Between 1990 and 2005 a total of 121 ankle arthrodeses were performed at our institute. Thirty-five cases were excluded because of simultaneous subtalar arthrodesis. Ten had died and ten were lost to followup. Six had a bilateral ankle arthrodeses, leaving 60 patients (66 ankles) eligible for followup. There were 40 males and 26 females with a mean age at surgery of 47 years. In 60 ankles, fusion was obtained using a two-incision, three-screw technique. All patients were assessed using validated questionnaires and clinical rating systems: Short Form 36 (SF-36), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle and Hindfoot scale, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and a subjective satisfaction rating. Radiological progression of osteoarthritis of the adjacent joints was assessed. Results: Fusion was achieved in 91% after primary surgery. In six patients rearthrodesis was needed to obtain fusion. The mean SF-36 score was 63 (SD, 22) for the physical component scale and 81 (SD, 15) for the mental component scale. The mean FAAM score was 69 (SD, 17) and the mean AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot score was 67 (SD, 12). Ninety-one percent were satisfied with their clinical result. Infection occurred once. No other serious adverse events were encountered. In all contiguous joints significant progression of arthritis was appreciated. Conclusion: Ankle arthrodesis using a two-incision, three-screw technique was a reliable and safe technique for the treatment of end-stage osteoarthritis of the ankle. It resulted in a good functional outcome at a mean followup of 9 years. Progressive osteoarthritis of the contiguous joints was clearly appreciated but the functional and clinical importance of these findings remains unclear.

Level of Evidence
Hammer Toe Correction Using an Absorbable Pin
Authors: Konkel Kurt F. , Sover Eric R. , Menger Andrea G. , Halberg Jennifer M.
Published: March 2012

Background: Fixed flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint with or without hyperextension of the metatarsao-phalangeal joint, hammertoe, is one of the most common foot deformities. Many surgical options have been recommended including the use of a more flexible PDS Orthosorb absorbable pin for fixation. The authors, using the PDS pin technique, reported some coronal angulations with painful soft corns requiring surgical correction. A new proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis procedure for hammer toe deformities utilizing a stiffer poly L-lactate 2-mm absorbable pin for internal fixation is presented. Methods: Forty-seven toe procedures were done on 29 patients followed for an average of 18 (range, 10 to 36) months. Final evaluation included: physical exam, X-rays, MRI scan, AOFAS score, and a patient satisfaction survey. Results: Utilization of the stiffer poly-L-lactate absorbable pin resulted in minimal coronal angulations, no soft corns, high fusion rates and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The stiffer poly-L-lactate absorbable pin technique in this study was found to be superior to the published results using other methods of fixation including the more flexible PDS absorbable pin.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Finite Element Analysis of Nonanatomic Tenodesis Reconstruction Methods of Combined Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Calcaneofibular Ligament Deficiency
Authors: Zhang Ming-Yan , Xu Can , Li Kang-Hua
Published: March 2012

Background: Nonanatomic tenodesis reconstruction procedures have been used for lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. However, there has been no comparison of Watson-Jones, Evans, and Chrisman-Snook procedures with respect to biomechanical characteristics such as kinematics, ligaments and grafts stresses using finite element analysis. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model of the ankle including seven bony structures, cartilage and nine principal ligaments surrounding the ankle joint complex was developed and validated. In addition to the intact model, combined anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) deficient, Watson-Jones reconstruction, Evans reconstruction and Chrisman-Snook reconstruction models were simulated. Then, the forces in the ligaments and grafts and the kinematics of the talus and calcaneus were predicted for an inversion or internal torque of 1.7 N•m and an anterior drawer stress of 150 N through the range of ankle motion. Results: All three operations were able to improve the stability of the ankle, but the effectiveness of each procedure was dependent on the direction of the stress applied and the position of the ankle in dorsiflexion-plantarflexion. Conclusion: This study showed that the Watson-Jones procedure has advantages with regard to anterior and rotational stabilities as well as ligaments and grafts stresses in comparison with other nonanatomic tenodesis reconstruction methods. Clinical Relevance: The knowledge of stress inside the ligaments and reconstructed grafts could help to better understand the biomechanical behavior of the reconstructed joint.
Strong Tendon Repair Using SLLS Technique for Traumatic Disruption of Tibialis Anterior Tendon and Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon to Enable Early Rehabilitation After Surgery
Authors: Imade Shinji , Mori Ryuji , Tanaka Takaaki , Kuwata Suguru , Uchio Yuji
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion