bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fehler als arithmetische Lernhürden und -chancen
Authors: Wartha Sebastian , Benz Christiane
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Um Lernhürden adäquat zu diagnostizieren ist die Erfassung der Bearbeitungsprozesse wesentlich, denn eine Beschränkung auf die Anzahl richtiger oder falscher Lösungen in einzelnen Inhaltsgebieten liefert in der Regel keine Anhaltspunkte für die ggf. aus- bzw. umzubauenden gedanklichen Prozesse. Da eine prozessorientierte Diagnostik von arithmetischen Kompetenzen ressourcenaufwändig ist, wird ein Ansatz diskutiert, bei dem ausgehend von Fehlern Hypothesen über die zu Grunde liegenden Bearbeitungsprozesse und damit auf nicht überwundenen Lernhürden formuliert werden können. Diese Vorgehensweise wird an den zentralen Lernhürden Überwindung von Zählstrategien und Aufbau eines Stellenwertverständnisses beschrieben. Methode: Analysen zu Häufigkeiten typischer Fehler bei der Normierung der Lernstandsanalyse ILeA plus (N > 3000). Ergebnisse und Diskussion: Es wird aufgezeigt, dass ein nennenswerter Anteil falscher Ergebnisse durch typische Fehler erklärt werden kann. Diese Fehleranalysen können somit Hypothesen auf Bearbeitungsprozesse und damit Hinweise generieren, wie quantitativ konzipierte Testinstrumente für die Förderarbeit nutzbar gemacht werden können. Da korrekte Lösungen auch über problematische Prozesse erzielt werden können, sind Fehleranalysen kein Ersatz für prozessorientierte Beobachtungen.
Multi‐scenario Interpretations From Sparse Fault Evidence Using Graph Theory and Geological Rules
Authors: Godefroy Gabriel , Caumon Guillaume , Laurent Gautier , Bonneau François
Published: December 2020

The characterization of geological faults from geological and geophysical data is often subject to uncertainties, owing to data ambiguity and incomplete spatial coverage. We propose a stochastic sampling algorithm which generates fault network scenarios compatible with sparse fault evidence while honoring some geological concepts. This process is useful for reducing interpretation bias, formalizing interpretation concepts, and assessing first‐order structural uncertainties. Each scenario is represented by an undirected association graph, where a fault corresponds to an isolated clique, which associates pieces of fault evidence represented as graph nodes. The simulation algorithm samples this association graph from the set of edges linking the pieces of fault evidence that may be interpreted as part of the same fault. Each edge carries a likelihood that the endpoints belong to the same fault surface, expressing some general and regional geological interpretation concepts. The algorithm is illustrated on several incomplete data sets made of three to six two‐dimensional seismic lines extracted from a three‐dimensional seismic image located in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. In all cases, the simulation method generates a large number of plausible fault networks, even when using restrictive interpretation rules. The case study experimentally confirms that retrieving the reference association is difficult due to the problem combinatorics. Restrictive and consistent rules increase the likelihood to recover the reference interpretation and reduce the diversity of the obtained realizations. We discuss how the proposed method fits in the quest to rigorously (1) address epistemic uncertainty during structural studies and (2) quantify subsurface uncertainty while preserving structural consistency.
Interactions between tumor-derived proteins and Toll-like receptors
Authors: Jang Gun-Young , Lee Ji won , Kim Young Seob , Lee Sung Eun , Han Hee Dong , Hong Kee-Jong , Kang Tae Heung , Park Yeong-Min
Published: December 2020

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are danger signals (or alarmins) alerting immune cells through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to begin defense activity. Moreover, DAMPs are host biomolecules that can initiate a noninflammatory response to infection, and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) perpetuate the inflammatory response to infection. Many DAMPs are proteins that have defined intracellular functions and are released from dying cells after tissue injury or chemo-/radiotherapy. In the tumor microenvironment, DAMPs can be ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on immune cells and induce cytokine production and T-cell activation. Moreover, DAMPs released from tumor cells can directly activate tumor-expressed TLRs that induce chemoresistance, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, DAMP-induced chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment causes an increase in immunosuppressive populations, such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Therefore, regulation of DAMP proteins can reduce excessive inflammation to create an immunogenic tumor microenvironment. Here, we review tumor-derived DAMP proteins as ligands of TLRs and discuss their association with immune cells, tumors, and the composition of the tumor microenvironment.
Prediction of the COVID-19 outbreak in China based on a new stochastic dynamic model
Authors: Zhang Yuan , You Chong , Cai Zhenhao , Sun Jiarui , Hu Wenjie , Zhou Xiao-Hua
Published: December 2020

The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global crisis due to its quick and wide spread over the world. A good understanding of the dynamic of the disease would greatly enhance the control and prevention of COVID19. However, to the best of our knowledge, the unique features of the outbreak have limited the applications of all existing dynamic models. In this paper, a novel stochastic model was proposed aiming to account for the unique transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and capture the effects of intervention measures implemented in Mainland China. We found that: (1) instead of aberration, there was a remarkable amount of asymptomatic virus carriers, (2) a virus carrier with symptoms was approximately twice more likely to pass the disease to others than that of an asymptomatic virus carrier, (3) the transmission rate reduced significantly since the implementation of control measures in Mainland China, and (4) it was expected that the epidemic outbreak would be contained by early March in the selected provinces and cities in China.
Development and validation of a timely and representative finite element human spine model for biomechanical simulations
Authors: El Bojairami Ibrahim , El-Monajjed Khaled , Driscoll Mark
Published: December 2020

Numerous spine Finite Element (FE) models have been developed to assess spinal tolerances, spinal loadings and low back pain-related issues. However, justified simplifications, in terms of tissue decomposition and inclusion, for such a complex system may overlook crucial information. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop and validate a comprehensive and representative spine FE model inclusive of an accurate representation of all major torso elements. A comprehensive model comprised of 273 tissues was developed via a novel FE meshing method to enhance computational feasibility. A comprehensive set of indirect validation tests were carried out to validate every aspect of the model. Under an increasing angular displacement of 24°–41°, the lumbar spine recorded an increasing moment from 5.5 to 9.3 Nm with an increase in IVD pressures from 0.41 to 0.66 MPa. Under forward flexion, vertical vertebral displacements simulated a 6% and 13% maximum discrepancy for intra-abdominal and intramuscular pressure results, all closely resembling previously documented in silico measured values. The developed state-of-the-art model includes most physiological tissues known to contribute to spinal loadings. Given the simulation’s accuracy, confirmed by its validation tests, the developed model may serve as a reliable spinal assessment tool.
Pluridisciplinary evidence for burial for the La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child
Authors: Balzeau Antoine , Turq Alain , Talamo Sahra , Daujeard Camille , Guérin Guillaume , Welker Frido , Crevecoeur Isabelle , Fewlass Helen , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Lahaye Christelle , Maureille Bruno , Meyer Matthias , Schwab Catherine , Gómez-Olivencia Asier
Published: December 2020

The origin of funerary practices has important implications for the emergence of so-called modern cognitive capacities and behaviour. We provide new multidisciplinary information on the archaeological context of the La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal skeleton (grand abri of La Ferrassie, Dordogne, France), including geochronological data -14C and OSL-, ZooMS and ancient DNA data, geological and stratigraphic information from the surrounding context, complete taphonomic study of the skeleton and associated remains, spatial information from the 1968–1973 excavations, and new (2014) fieldwork data. Our results show that a pit was dug in a sterile sediment layer and the corpse of a two-year-old child was laid there. A hominin bone from this context, identified through Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) and associated with Neandertal based on its mitochondrial DNA, yielded a direct 14C age of 41.7–40.8 ka cal BP (95%), younger than the 14C dates of the overlying archaeopaleontological layers and the OSL age of the surrounding sediment. This age makes the bone one of the most recent directly dated Neandertals. It is consistent with the age range for the Châtelperronian in the site and in this region and represents the third association of Neandertal taxa to Initial Upper Palaeolithic lithic technocomplex in Western Europe. A detailed multidisciplinary approach, as presented here, is essential to advance understanding of Neandertal behavior, including funerary practices.
Hemoglobin drop following postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Yefet Enav , Yossef Avishag , Suleiman Abeer , Hatokay Aliza , Nachum Zohar
Published: December 2020

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is defined as blood loss of ≥ 500–1000 ml within 24 h after delivery. Yet, assessment of blood loss is imprecise. The present study aimed to profile the hemoglobin (Hb) drop after vaginal delivery with versus without PPH. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of women who delivered vaginally. Women were included if complete blood counts (CBC) before and after delivery were taken until stabilization (N = 419). Women were categorized into the PPH group and controls, for whom post-delivery CBCs were performed due to indications unrelated to bleeding. The PPH patients were then classified as either overt or occult PPH (symptoms related to hypovolemia without overt bleeding) subgroups. The primary endpoint was mean Hb drop after delivery. One hundred and ten (26%) and 158 (38%) women presented with overt PPH or occult PPH, respectively; 151 (36%) women were included in the control group. Mean Hb decrease from baseline was 3.0 ± 1.6, 2.0 ± 1.4 and 0.9 ± 1.0 g/dl, respectively (p < 0.0001). In all groups, maximal rate of Hb decline was in the first 6–12 h postpartum and plateaued after 24–48 h. At 48 h post-delivery, 95% and 86% of women who had dropped to Hb ≤ 9.5 and < 7 g/dl, respectively, reached those thresholds. Taken together, an Hb decrease ≥ 2 g/dl was consistent with PPH diagnosis and should be followed for at least 48 h after delivery.
The variability of functional MRI brain signal increases in Alzheimer's disease at cardiorespiratory frequencies
Authors: Tuovinen Timo , Kananen Janne , Rajna Zalan , Lieslehto Johannes , Korhonen Vesa , Rytty Riikka , Mattila Heli , Huotari Niko , Raitamaa Lauri , Helakari Heta , Elseoud Ahmed Abou , Krüger Johanna , LeVan Pierre , Tervonen Osmo , Hennig Juergen , Remes Anne M. , Nedergaard Maiken , Kiviniemi Vesa
Published: December 2020

Biomarkers sensitive to prodromal or early pathophysiological changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) symptoms could improve disease detection and enable timely interventions. Changes in brain hemodynamics may be associated with the main clinical AD symptoms. To test this possibility, we measured the variability of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in individuals from three independent datasets (totaling 80 AD patients and 90 controls). We detected a replicable increase in brain BOLD signal variability in the AD populations, which constituted a robust biomarker for clearly differentiating AD cases from controls. Fast BOLD scans showed that the elevated BOLD signal variability in AD arises mainly from cardiovascular brain pulsations. Manifesting in abnormal cerebral perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid convection, present observation presents a mechanism explaining earlier observations of impaired glymphatic clearance associated with AD in humans.
Wnt-inducible Lrp6-APEX2 interacting proteins identify ESCRT machinery and Trk-fused gene as components of the Wnt signaling pathway
Authors: Colozza Gabriele , Jami-Alahmadi Yasaman , Dsouza Alyssa , Tejeda-Muñoz Nydia , Albrecht Lauren V. , Sosa Eric A. , Wohlschlegel James A. , De Robertis Edward M.
Published: December 2020

The canonical Wnt pathway serves as a hub connecting diverse cellular processes, including β-catenin signaling, differentiation, growth, protein stability, macropinocytosis, and nutrient acquisition in lysosomes. We have proposed that sequestration of β-catenin destruction complex components in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is required for sustained canonical Wnt signaling. In this study, we investigated the events that follow activation of the canonical Wnt receptor Lrp6 using an APEX2-mediated proximity labeling approach. The Wnt co-receptor Lrp6 was fused to APEX2 and used to biotinylate targets that are recruited near the receptor during Wnt signaling at different time periods. Lrp6 proximity targets were identified by mass spectrometry, and revealed that many endosomal proteins interacted with Lrp6 within 5 min of Wnt3a treatment. Interestingly, we found that Trk-fused gene (TFG), previously known to regulate the cell secretory pathway and to be rearranged in thyroid and lung cancers, was strongly enriched in the proximity of Lrp6. TFG depletion with siRNA, or knock-out with CRISPR/Cas9, significantly reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cell culture. In vivo, studies in the Xenopus system showed that TFG is required for endogenous Wnt-dependent embryonic patterning. The results suggest that the multivesicular endosomal machinery and the novel player TFG have important roles in Wnt signaling.
Repurposing INCI-registered compounds as skin prebiotics for probiotic Staphylococcus epidermidis against UV-B
Authors: Balasubramaniam Arun , Adi Prakoso , Tra My Do Thi , Keshari Sunita , Sankar Raman , Chen Chien-Lung , Huang Chun-Ming
Published: December 2020

Repurposing existing compounds for new indications may facilitate the discovery of skin prebiotics which have not been well defined. Four compounds that have been registered by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) were included to study their abilities to induce the fermentation of Staphylococcusepidermidis (S. epidermidis), a bacterial species abundant in the human skin. Liquid coco-caprylate/caprate (LCC), originally used as an emollient, effectively initiated the fermentation of S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and provoked robust electricity. Application of LCC plus electrogenic S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 on mouse skin significantly reduced ultraviolet B (UV-B)-induced injuries which were evaluated by the formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), and skin lesions. A S. epidermidis S2 isolate with low expressions of genes encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh), and phosphate acetyltransferase (pta) was found to be poorly electrogenic. The protective action of electrogenic S. epidermidis against UV-B-induced skin injuries was considerably suppressed when mouse skin was applied with LCC in combination with a poorly electrogenic S. epidermidis S2 isolate. Exploring new indication of LCC for promoting S. epidermidis against UV-B provided an example of repurposing INCI-registered compounds as skin prebiotics.
Sunflower inflorescences absorb maximum light energy if they face east and afternoons are cloudier than mornings
Authors: Horváth Gábor , Slíz-Balogh Judit , Horváth Ákos , Egri Ádám , Virágh Balázs , Horváth Dániel , Jánosi Imre M.
Published: December 2020

The mature inflorescence of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) orients eastward after its anthesis (the flowering period, especially the maturing of the stamens), from which point it no longer tracks the Sun. Although several hypothetical explanations have been proposed for the ecological functions of this east facing, none have been tested. Here we propose an atmospheric-optical explanation. Using (i) astronomical data of the celestial motion of the Sun, (ii) meteorological data of diurnal cloudiness for Boone County located in the region from which domesticated sunflowers originate, (iii) time-dependent elevation angle of mature sunflower heads, and (iv) absorption spectra of the inflorescence and the back of heads, we computed the light energy absorbed separately by the inflorescence and the back between anthesis and senescence. We found that the inflorescences facing east absorb the maximum radiation, being advantageous for seed production and maturation, furthermore west facing would be more advantageous than south facing. The reason for these is that afternoons are cloudier than mornings in the cultivation areas of sunflowers. Since the photosynthesizing green back of mature heads absorbs maximal energy when the inflorescence faces west, maximizing the energy absorbed by the back cannot explain the east facing of inflorescences. The same results were obtained for central Italy and Hungary, where mornings are also less cloudy than afternoons. In contrast, in south Sweden, where mornings are cloudier than afternoons, west-facing mature inflorescences would absorb the maximum light energy. We suggest that the domesticated Helianthus annuus developed an easterly final orientation of its mature inflorescence, because it evolved in a region with cloudier afternoons.
One pot facile transformation of CO2 to an unusual 3-D nano-scaffold morphology of carbon
Authors: Wang Xirui , Licht Gad , Liu Xinye , Licht Stuart
Published: December 2020

An electrosynthesis is presented to transform CO2 into an unusual nano and micron dimensioned morphology of carbon, termed Carbon Nano-Scaffold (CNS) with wide a range of high surface area graphene potential usages including batteries, supercapacitors, compression devices, electromagnetic wave shielding and sensors. Current CNS value is over $323 per milligram. The morphology consists of a series of asymmetric 20 to 100 nm thick flat multilayer graphene platelets 2 to 20 µm long orthogonally oriented in a 3D neoplasticism-like geometry, and appears distinct from the honeycomb, foam, or balsa wood cell structures previously attributed to carbon scaffolds. The CNS synthesis splits CO2 by electrolysis in molten carbonate and has a carbon negative footprint. It is observed that transition metal nucleated, high yield growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is inhibited in electrolytes containing over 50 wt% of sodium or 30 wt% of potassium carbonate, or at electrolysis temperatures less than 700 °C. Here, it is found that a lower temperature of synthesis, lower concentrations of lithium carbonate, and higher current density promotes CNS growth while suppressing CNT growth. Electrolyte conditions of 50 wt% sodium carbonate relative to lithium carbonate at an electrolysis temperature of 670 °C produced over 80% of the CNS desired product at 85% faradaic efficiency with a Muntz brass cathode and an Inconel anode.
Evaluation of femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulotomy in the presence of ophthalmic viscoelastic devices (OVDs)
Authors: Mansoor Hassan , Liu Yu-Chi , Wong Yoke Rung , Lwin Nyein C. , Seah Xin Y. , Mehta Jodhbir S.
Published: December 2020

The introduction of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery is an alternative approach to conventional cataract surgery. Our study aimed to determine the effectiveness of femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy in the presence of different ophthalmic viscoelastic devices (OVDs) in the anterior chamber. Fresh porcine eyes (n = 96) underwent LDV Z8-assisted anterior capsulotomy, either in the presence of an OVD (Viscoat, Provisc, Healon, Healon GV or HPMC) or without, using 90% and 150% energies respectively. Following that, the capsule circularity, tag’s arc-length, tag-length, tag-area and rupture strength (mN) of the residual capsular bag were evaluated. We found that increasing energy from 90 to 150% across the OVD sub-groups improved the studied capsulotomy parameters. Amongst the 90% energy sub-groups, the circularity and tag-parameters were worse with Viscoat and Healon GV, which have higher refractive index and viscosity compared to the aqueous humour. Using 150% energy, Healon GV showed a significantly worse total arc-length (p = 0.01), total tag-length (p = 0.03) and total tag-area (p = 0.05) compared to the control group. We concluded that; an OVD with a refractive index similar to aqueous humour and lower viscosity, such as Healon or Provisc, as well as a higher energy setting, are recommended, to enhance the efficacy of laser capsulotomy.
Consistent and chronic cochlear implant use partially reverses cortical effects of single sided deafness in children
Authors: Lee Hyo-Jeong , Smieja Daniel , Polonenko Melissa Jane , Cushing Sharon Lynn , Papsin Blake Croll , Gordon Karen Ann
Published: December 2020

Potentially neuroprotective effects of CI use were studied in 22 children with single sided deafness (SSD). Auditory-evoked EEG confirmed strengthened representation of the intact ear in the ipsilateral auditory cortex at initial CI activation in children with early-onset SSD (n = 15) and late-onset SSD occurring suddenly in later childhood/adolescence (n = 7). In early-onset SSD, representation of the hearing ear decreased with chronic CI experience and expected lateralization to the contralateral auditory cortex from the CI increased with longer daily CI use. In late-onset SSD, abnormally high activity from the intact ear in the ipsilateral cortex reduced, but responses from the deaf ear weakened despite CI use. Results suggest that: (1) cortical reorganization driven by unilateral hearing can occur throughout childhood; (2) chronic and consistent CI use can partially reverse these effects; and (3) CI use may not protect children with late-onset SSD from ongoing deterioration of pathways from the deaf ear.
Inhibition and enhancement of linear and nonlinear optical effects by conical phase front shaping for femtosecond laser material processing
Authors: Alimohammadian Ehsan , Ertorer Erden , Mejia Uzeda Erick , Li Jianzhao , Herman Peter R.
Published: December 2020

The emergence of high-powered femtosecond lasers presents the opportunity for large volume processing inside of transparent materials, wherein a myriad of nonlinear optical and aberration effects typically convolves to distort the focused beam shape. In this paper, convex and concave conical phase fronts were imposed on femtosecond laser beams and focussed into wide-bandgap glass to generate a vortex beam with tuneable Gaussian-Bessel features offset from the focal plane. The influence of Kerr lensing, plasma defocussing, and surface aberration on the conical phase front shaping were examined over low to high pulse energy delivery and for shallow to deep processing tested to 2.5 mm focussing depth. By isolating the underlying processes, the results demonstrate how conical beams can systematically manipulate the degree of nonlinear interaction and surface aberration to facilitate a controllable inhibition or enhancement of Kerr lensing, plasma defocussing, and surface aberration effects. In this way, long and uniform filament tracks have been generated over shallow to deep focussing by harnessing surface aberration and conical beam shaping without the destabilizing Kerr lensing and plasma defocussing effects. A facile means for compressing and stretching of the focal interaction volume is presented for controlling the three-dimensional micro- and nano-structuring of transparent materials.
Visualization of chemical bonding in a silica-filled rubber nanocomposite using STEM-EELS
Authors: Sato Yohei K. , Kuwauchi Yasufumi , Miyoshi Wakana , Jinnai Hiroshi
Published: December 2020

In nanocomposites, the adhesion between nanofillers and the polymeric matrix is key to the mechanical properties. The strength and spatial distribution of the adhesive layer around the nanofillers are important, particularly the presence of chemical bonding between the nanofillers and matrix. In this work, we studied a styrene-butadiene rubber composite filled with silica nanoparticles to visualize the spatial distribution of the adhesive layer. A silane coupling agent (SCA) was added to the nanocomposite for strong adhesion. The reaction involving the SCA on the silica surface was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Si-L2,3 spectra of the silica-filled rubber nanocomposite without the SCA were the same around the nanofillers, whereas in the nanocomposite containing the SCA the spectra were position-dependent. The spectra were fitted with the intensity profiles of the Si-L2,3 spectra of silica and SCA by multiple linear least-squares fitting. The fitting coefficients of silica and SCA were used to map the spatial distribution of the chemical bonding between silica and rubber chains. Chemical bonding was observed around the silica nanoparticles but not in the SBR matrix region, providing direct evidence of the reinforcing mechanism in the silica-filled rubber nanocomposite.
Fluorine-based color centers in diamond
Authors: Ditalia Tchernij S. , Lühmann T. , Corte E. , Sardi F. , Picollo F. , Traina P. , Brajković M. , Crnjac A. , Pezzagna S. , Pastuović Ž. , Degiovanni I. P. , Moreva E. , Aprà P. , Olivero P. , Siketić Z. , Meijer J. , Genovese M. , Forneris J.
Published: December 2020

We report on the creation and characterization of the luminescence properties of high-purity diamond substrates upon F ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. Their room-temperature photoluminescence emission consists of a weak emission line at 558 nm and of intense bands in the 600–750 nm spectral range. Characterization at liquid He temperature reveals the presence of a structured set of lines in the 600–670 nm spectral range. We discuss the dependence of the emission properties of F-related optical centers on different experimental parameters such as the operating temperature and the excitation wavelength. The correlation of the emission intensity with F implantation fluence, and the exclusive observation of the afore-mentioned spectral features in F-implanted and annealed samples provides a strong indication that the observed emission features are related to a stable F-containing defective complex in the diamond lattice.
Mutation of hilD in a Salmonella Derby lineage linked to swine adaptation and reduced risk to human health
Authors: Tambassi Martina , Berni Melissa , Bracchi Chiara , Scaltriti Erika , Morganti Marina , Bolzoni Luca , Tanner Jennifer R. , Thilliez Gaëtan , Kingsley Robert A. , Pongolini Stefano , Casadei Gabriele
Published: December 2020

Salmonella enterica variants exhibit diverse host adaptation, outcome of infection, and associated risk to food safety. Analysis of the distribution of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby (S. Derby) subtypes in human and swine identified isolates with a distinct PFGE profile that were significantly under-represented in human infections, consistent with further host adaptation to swine. Here we show that isolates with this PFGE profile form a distinct phylogenetic sub-clade within S. Derby and exhibit a profound reduction in invasion of human epithelial cells, and a relatively small reduction in swine epithelial cells. A single missense mutation in hilD, that encodes the master-regulator of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1), was present in the adapted lineage. The missense mutation resulted in a loss of function of HilD that accounted for reduced invasion in human epithelial cells. The relatively small impact of the mutation on interaction with swine cells was consistent with an alternative mechanism of invasion in this pathogen-host combination.
Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation to degrade iopamidol in water: parameters optimization and degradation paths
Authors: Dong Zijun , Chen Guanhan , Li Mu , Sun Feiyun , Jiang Chengchun , Bharti Bandna
Published: December 2020

Iodinated contrast media (ICM), which was widely used in medical imaging and was difficult to remove by conventional wastewater treatment methods, attained much attention due to its potential environmental impacts. Herein, iopamidol (IPM), one typical compound of ICM, was found to be rapidly degraded by ferrous activated persulfate oxidation (Fe(II)/PS) as compared with PS or Fe(II) alone. With a persulfate concentration of 1 mmol L−1, n(Fe(II))/n(PS) of 1:10, and a pH of 3.0, 78% IPM was degraded within 60 min, with a degradation rate of 0.1266 min−1. It was demonstrated that IPM degradation and deiodination were favored by a high temperature, while affected positively by acidic and neutral conditions. Radical quenching experiments and Electron Paramagnetic Resonace (EPR) spectra showed that the combined effects of SO4−· and ·OH contributed dominantly to degrade IPM, while the ·OH played an essential role during the degradation reaction. Through the Discrete Fourier Transform quantum chemical calculation, the possible reaction pathways for the oxidation of IPM by ·OH are as follows: IPM-TP651-TP667-TP541-TP557, IPM-TP651-TP525-TP557, IPM-TP705-TP631-TP661, and IPM-TP705-TP735. The obtained results showed that IPM could be degraded effectively by Fe(II)/PS system, giving a promising technique for IPM removal from water.
Global genetic deletion of CaV3.3 channels facilitates anaesthetic induction and enhances isoflurane-sparing effects of T-type calcium channel blockers
Authors: Feseha Simon , Timic Stamenic Tamara , Wallace Damon , Tamag Caesare , Yang Lingling , Pan Jen Q. , Todorovic Slobodan M.
Published: December 2020

We previously documented that the CaV3.3 isoform of T-type calcium channels (T-channels) is inhibited by clinically relevant concentrations of volatile anaesthetics, including isoflurane. However, little is understood about the functional role of CaV3.3 channels in anaesthetic-induced hypnosis and underlying neuronal oscillations. To address this issue, we used CaV3.3 knock-out (KO) mice and a panselective T-channel blocker 3,5-dichloro-N-[1-(2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-fluoro-piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-benzamide (TTA-P2). We found that mutant mice injected with the vehicle showed faster induction of hypnosis than wild-type (WT) mice, while the percent isoflurane at which hypnosis and immobility occurred was not different between two genotypes. Furthermore, we found that TTA-P2 facilitated isoflurane induction of hypnosis in the CaV3.3 KO mice more robustly than in the WT mice. Isoflurane-induced hypnosis following injections of TTA-P2 was accompanied with more prominent delta and theta EEG oscillations in the mutant mice, and reached burst-suppression pattern earlier when compared to the WT mice. Our findings point to a relatively specific value of CaV3.3 channels in anaesthetic induced hypnosis. Furthermore, we propose that T-channel blockers may be further explored as a valuable adjunct to reducing the usage of potent volatile anaesthetics, thereby improving their safety.
Determining soil water characteristic curve of lime treated loess using multiscale structure fractal characteristic
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Hu Chenzhi , Li Fengyan , Gao Hongling
Published: December 2020

Soil–Water characteristic Curve (SWCC) is meant to describe the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil. The present paper focuses on the internal multi-scale microstructure of Xining untreated loess and lime-treated loess with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image processing technique. A new SWCC model was presented based on the fractal dimension of pore size distribution. The SWCC of untreated loess was calculated from fractal dimension and fitted well with curve tested from Fredlund SWCC device. The SWCC of lime-treated loess was then calculated. Two curves of Xining untreated loess and lime-treated loess have been compared and reasons for the difference have also been discussed. The results indicate that the content of large pores in lime-treated loess decreased and the content of micro-pore increased. The bracket pores were changed into cement pores. The pore fractal dimension D of Xining untreated loess is 1.39 and the pore fractal dimension D of Xining lime-treated loess is 1.53. Air-entry value of untreated loess is 12.16 kPa, while lime-treated Loess—35.15 kPa. In transition region, matric suction of lime-treated loess was in the range of 35.15 kPa ~ 4000 kPa, while matric suction of untreated loess—12.16 kPa ~ 2600 kPa. The range of the transition region in lime-treated loess is larger than that in the loess, while in the range of saturation region, the reverse applies. Under the condition of the same matrix suction, the saturation of lime-treated loess is greater than that of untreated loess. In the residual region, the difference of SWCC of soil samples is small.
Assessment of sapropel use for pharmaceutical products according to legislation, pollution parameters, and concentration of biologically active substances
Authors: Pavlovska Ilona , Klavina Aneka , Auce Agris , Vanadzins Ivars , Silova Alise , Komarovska Laura , Silamikele Baiba , Dobkevica Linda , Paegle Linda
Published: December 2020

Development trends need the necessity for wider use of the local resources and available natural materials are one of the priorities around the world. Freshwater sapropel is a common material in the water basement of the lakes, but still not sufficiently explored. The main goal of the project to start detailed and systematic research on the medical properties of sapropel to be obtained in Latvia, promote its scientifically based use in balneology, develop new medical procedures and services, and promote development of new exportable products. The results include the survey, sampling depths, and processing, evaluation of external signs, physical, chemical, and biochemical parameters, and evaluation of microbiological indicators. Active components from the sapropel samples extracted using the alkaline method. Sapropel extracts were characterized by organic carbon content, humic and fulvic acid concentrations, total phenolic content, trace metal and pesticide concentrations, total antioxidant status, and microbiological flora. Summarizing the article's main findings it was concluded that Latvian freshwater sapropel can be used as raw material for obtaining sapropel extract and use it in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and promote the development of new exportable products and services.
Quantitative accuracy of virtual non-contrast images derived from spectral detector computed tomography: an abdominal phantom study
Authors: Holz Jasmin A. , Alkadhi Hatem , Laukamp Kai R. , Lennartz Simon , Heneweer Carola , Püsken Michael , Persigehl Thorsten , Maintz David , Große Hokamp Nils
Published: December 2020

Dual-energy CT allows for the reconstruction of virtual non-contrast (VNC) images. VNC images have the potential to replace true non-contrast scans in various clinical applications. This study investigated the quantitative accuracy of VNC attenuation images considering different parameters for acquisition and reconstruction. An abdomen phantom with 7 different tissue types (different combinations of 3 base materials and 5 iodine concentrations) was scanned using a spectral detector CT (SDCT). Different phantom sizes (S, M, L), volume computed tomography dose indices (CTDIvol 10, 15, 20 mGy), kernel settings (soft, standard, sharp), and denoising levels (low, medium, high) were tested. Conventional and VNC images were reconstructed and analyzed based on regions of interest (ROI). Mean and standard deviation were recorded and differences in attenuation between corresponding base materials and VNC was calculated (VNCerror). Statistic analysis included ANOVA, Wilcoxon test and multivariate regression analysis. Overall, the VNCerror was − 1.4 ± 6.1 HU. While radiation dose, kernel setting, and denoising level did not influence VNCerror significantly, phantom size, iodine content and base material had a significant effect (e.g. S vs. M: − 1.2 ± 4.9 HU vs. − 2.1 ± 6.0 HU; 0.0 mg/ml vs. 5.0 mg/ml: − 4.0 ± 3.5 HU vs. 5.1 ± 5.0 HU and 35-HU-base vs. 54-HU-base: − 3.5 ± 4.4 HU vs. 0.7 ± 6.5; all p ≤ 0.05). The overall accuracy of VNC images from SDCT is high and independent from dose, kernel, and denoising settings; however, shows a dependency on patient size, base material, and iodine content; particularly the latter results in small, yet, noticeable differences in VNC attenuation.
ATP-binding cassette transporter 13 mRNA expression level in schizophrenia patients
Authors: Qian Lu , Qin Yu , Chen Xinyu , Zhang Fuquan , Yang Bixiu , Dong Kunlun , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Kai
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical role of ATP-binding cassette transporter 13 (ABCA13) gene previously shown to be associated with schizophrenia (SZ) through Genome-wide association studies studies. Thirty-two first-episode drug-naive SZ patients and forty-eight age and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. We measured ABCA13 mRNA expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR at baseline and 12 weeks after antipsychotic therapy. Moreover, clinical symptoms were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and 12-week follow-up. We found that ABCA13 mRNA levels were significantly lower in SZ patients compared with healthy controls at baseline. SZ patients’ symptoms were decreased, but ABCA13 mRNA levels were increased after 12 weeks antipsychotic therapy. In addition, there was a significant difference in ABCA13 mRNA levels among SZ patients at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The ABCA13 mRNA levels were not associated with age, BMI, years of education. Of the clinical symptoms measured, the ABCA13 mRNA levels were negatively associated with the PANSS scores at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The results indicated that the ABCA13 mRNA expression level is of interest, and upon further studies, it could be used as a biomarker for SZ treatment outcome.
Subtoxic cell responses to silica particles with different size and shape
Authors: Kersting Markus , Olejnik Mateusz , Rosenkranz Nina , Loza Kateryna , Breisch Marina , Rostek Alexander , Westphal Götz , Bünger Jürgen , Ziegler Nadine , Ludwig Alfred , Köller Manfred , Sengstock Christina , Epple Matthias
Published: December 2020

Health risks from particles are a priority challenge to health protection at work. Despite the ubiquitous exposure to a wide range of particles and the many years of research in this field, there are fundamental unresolved questions regarding the prevention of particle-related respiratory diseases. Here, the highly relevant particulate material silicon dioxide was analyzed with emphasis on defined size and shape. Silica particles were prepared with different size and shape: Spheres (NS nanospheres 60 nm; SMS submicrospheres 230 nm; MS microspheres 430 nm) and rods (SMR submicrorods withd = 125 nm,L = 230 nm; aspect ratio 1:1.8; MR microrods withd = 100 nm,L = 600 nm; aspect ratio 1:6). After an in-depth physicochemical characterization, their effects on NR8383 alveolar macrophages were investigated. The particles were X-ray amorphous, well dispersed, and not agglomerated. Toxic effects were only observed at high concentrations, i.e. ≥ 200 µg mL−1, with the microparticles showing a stronger significant effect on toxicity (MS≈MR > SMR≈SMS≈NS) than the nanoparticles. Special attention was directed to effects in the subtoxic range (less than 50% cell death compared to untreated cells), i.e. below 100 µg mL−1where chronic health effects may be expected. All particles were readily taken up by NR8383 cells within a few hours and mainly found associated with endolysosomes. At subtoxic levels, neither particle type induced strongly adverse effects, as probed by viability tests, detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein microarrays, and cytokine release (IL-1β, GDF-15, TNF-α, CXCL1). In the particle-induced cell migration assay (PICMA) with leukocytes (dHL-60 cells) and in cytokine release assays, only small effects were seen. In conclusion, at subtoxic concentrations, where chronic health effects may be expected, neither size and nor shape of the synthesized chemically identical silica particles showed harmful cell-biological effects.
Pan-cancer analysis of genomic properties and clinical outcome associated with tumor tertiary lymphoid structure
Authors: Lin Ziying , Huang Lixia , Li ShaoLi , Gu Jincui , Cui Xiaoxian , Zhou Yanbin
Published: December 2020

How the genomic landscape of a tumor shapes the formation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) and how might TLS alter the clinical outcome or response to immunotherapy had not been systematically explored. Utilizing the genomic and transcriptome data of solid tumors on TCGA, we quantified TLS based on a previous identified 12-chemokine signature and evaluated its correlation with mutation/neoantigen burden, functional mutation of oncogenes and the presence of viral infection. Clinical data was integrated to decide the prognostic significance of TLS for different cancers after surgical treatment. Publicly available data (clinical and transcriptome data) of immunotherapy clinical trials involving melanoma and lung cancer were also collected to evaluate TLS’s association with therapeutic outcome. Mutation burden and predicted neoantigen counts were positively correlated with TLS scoring in multiple cancer types. Mutation in tumor suppressor genes (KEAP1, PBRM1) and genes involved in extrinsic apoptosis (CASP8), antigen-presentation (HLA-A, HLA-B), immune regulation (SMAD4) or DNA repair (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53BP1) correlated with TLS alteration in multiple tumor types, indicating the interaction between mutation landscape and TLS formation. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in gastric cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma were associated with increased TLS scoring. High TLS scoring predicted favorable prognosis in certain cancer after surgical treatment and improved response to immunotherapy in lung cancer and melanoma. Our findings unraveled the genomic properties associated with TLS formation in different solid tumors and highlighted the prognostic and predictive significance of TLS in surgical treatment and immunotherapy.
Evaluation of potential miticide toxicity to Varroa destructor and honey bees, Apis mellifera, under laboratory conditions
Authors: Bahreini Rassol , Nasr Medhat , Docherty Cassandra , de Herdt Olivia , Muirhead Samantha , Feindel David
Published: December 2020

The honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is the world’s most important managed pollinator of agricultural crops, however, Varroa mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, infestation has threatened honey bee survivorship. Low efficacy and development of Varroa mite resistance to currently used Varroacides has increased the demand for innovative, effective treatment tool options that exhibit high efficacy, while minimizing adverse effects on honey bee fitness. In this investigation, the toxicity of 16 active ingredients and 9 formulated products of registered miticides for use on crops from 12 chemical families were evaluated in comparison to amitraz on Varroa mites and honey bees using contact surface and topical exposures. It was found that fenpyroximate (93% mortality), spirotetramat (84% mortality) and spirodiclofen (70% mortality) had greater toxicity to Varroa mites, but high dose rates caused high bee mortality (> 60%). With this in mind, further research is needed to investigate other options to minimize the adverse effect of these compounds on bees. The results also found high toxicity of fenazaquin and etoxazole against Varroa mites causing 92% and 69% mortality, respectively; and were found to be safe on honey bees. Collectively, it is recommended that fenazaquin and etoxazole are candidates for a potential Varroacide and recommended for further testing against Varroa mites at the colony level.
A novel 3D in vitro model of the human gut microbiota
Authors: Biagini Francesco , Calvigioni Marco , Lapomarda Anna , Vecchione Alessandra , Magliaro Chiara , De Maria Carmelo , Montemurro Francesca , Celandroni Francesco , Mazzantini Diletta , Mattioli-Belmonte Monica , Ghelardi Emilia , Vozzi Giovanni
Published: December 2020

Clinical trials and animal studies on the gut microbiota are often limited by the difficult access to the gut, restricted possibility of in vivo monitoring, and ethical issues. An easily accessible and monitorable in vitro model of the gut microbiota represents a valid tool for a wider comprehension of the mechanisms by which microbes interact with the host and with each other. Herein, we present a novel and reliable system for culturing the human gut microbiota in vitro. An electrospun gelatin structure was biofabricated as scaffold for microbial growth. The efficiency of this structure in supporting microbial proliferation and biofilm formation was initially assessed for five microbes commonly inhabiting the human gut. The human fecal microbiota was then cultured on the scaffolds and microbial biofilms monitored by confocal laser and scanning electron microscopy and quantified over time. Metagenomic analyses and Real-Time qPCRs were performed to evaluate the stability of the cultured microbiota in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition. Our results reveal the three-dimensionality of the scaffold-adhered microbial consortia that maintain the bacterial biodiversity and richness found in the original sample. These findings demonstrate the validity of the developed electrospun gelatin-based system for in vitro culturing the human gut microbiota.
Taxonomic composition and seasonal dynamics of the air microbiome in West Siberia
Authors: Gusareva Elena S. , Gaultier Nicolas P. E. , Premkrishnan Balakrishnan N. V. , Kee Carmon , Lim Serene Boon Yuean , Heinle Cassie E. , Purbojati Rikky W. , Nee Ang Poh , Lohar Sachin R. , Yanqing Koh , Kharkov Vladimir N. , Drautz-Moses Daniela I. , Stepanov Vadim A. , Schuster Stephan C.
Published: December 2020

Here, we describe taxonomical composition, as well as seasonal and diel dynamics of airborne microbial communities in West Siberia. A total of 78 airborne biomass samples from 39 time intervals were analysed, within a temperature range of 48 °C (26 °C to − 22 °C). We observed a 5–170-fold decrease in DNA yield extracted from the airborne biomass in winter compared to summer, nevertheless, yielding sufficient material for metagenomic analysis. The airborne microbial communities included Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi as major components, as well as some Streptophyta plants. In summer, bacterial and fungal plant pathogens, and wood-rotting saprophytes were predominant. In winter, Ascomycota moulds and cold-related or stress environment bacterial species were enriched, while the fraction of wood-rotting and mushroom-forming Basidiomycota fungi was largely reduced. As recently reported for the tropical climate, the airborne microbial communities performed a diel cycle in summer, however, in winter diel dynamics were not observed.