bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Titanium In Fuming Nitric Acid
Authors: RITTENHOUSE J. B. , PAPP C. A.
Published: July 2014

Storage tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of oxygen in inhibiting the corrosion reaction of titanium in fuming nitric acid (FNA). In these tests, which were of 28 days duration at a temperature of 30 C, the samples investigated were ½-inch squares (0.020 inch thick) of commercially pure titanium (75A) and a binary 8 percent-manganese alloy (C110M). The specimens were stored in Teflon-lined aluminum pressure vessels at 50 percent ullage. The pressure vessels were of the following types: vented to the atmosphere, sealed with air in the vapor space, sealed with oxygen atmosphere in the vapor space, and equipped for a 1-ml/minute oxygen flow through the vapor space. Results of the investigation indicated no inhibition of titanium corrosion by oxygen, but confirmed the inhibiting effect of a water content of 1 to 2 percent by weight in the FNA. 4.3.2
Coal Tar Creosote Studies (Part 2—An Evaluation of Certain Fractions For Their Resistance to Marine Borer Attack)★
Authors: SWEENEY T. R. , PRICE T. R. , MILLERS S. M.
Published: July 2014

A study was made of the effect of certain creosote fractions in preventing attack of wood by marine borers. Pine panels used in tests were impregnated with creosote over a range of 5 to 20 pounds per cubic foot and with fraction equivalents of 10 to 15 pounds per cubic foot. Tests were made to determine both initial borer resistance and long-term protective ability of cresote fractions. Data given include the relative performance rating compared to whole creosote of base-free creosote, acid-free creosote acid-and base-free creosote, solids-free creosote, tar-free creosote, petroleum ether-soluble creosote, distillation-residue-depleted creosote, distillation residue, acid-free petroleum-ether-soluble-creosote, and six distillation-fraction-depleted creosotes. 3.3.3
A Critical Analysis of Pitting Corrosion★
Authors: GREENE N. D. , FONTANA M. G.
Published: July 2014

A critical analysis of the literature on pitting corrosion published during the past 35 years is presented. The definition of pitting and the factors influencing this type of attack are considered. An examination of the theories of pitting corrosion and the methods used to study this form of corrosion are also included. 3.2.2
An Electrochemical Study Of Pitting Corrosion in Stainless Steels (Part 1—Pit Growth)
Authors: GREENE N. D. , FONTANA M. G.
Published: July 2014

By means of a unique artificial pit specimen, pit growth on 18 percent chromium-8 percent nickel stainless steel has been measured and characterized. The effects of solution composition, agitation, atmosphere, corrosion current interruption, chloride ion concentration, and inhibitor additions have been investigated. Pit interaction during pit growth has also been determined. The autocatalytic nature of pitting has been verified, and evidence of ion screening at pit sites has been experimentally observed for the first time. 3.2.2
Methods for Investigating the Characteristics of Reactive Coatings★
Authors: KRONSTEIN MAX
Published: July 2014

Characteristics of iron, zinc and manganese phosphate treatments are described. Methods are given for preparing standards whose content of reaction coatings can be used for comparison in determining the weight of reaction coatings on specimen coupons, through the use of emission spectroscopy. The role of the so-called metal accelerators is defined. Greater thicknesses can be obtained by using ultrasonic waves, especially on parts of intricate cross-section.

Data are given for zinc and manganese conversion coatings, and tests are described whereby the thicknesses of these coatings can be determined with a high order of accuracy. A method of determining volume of conversion coating through use of the decreasing resistance of a wash water is described.

Investigation showed that the function of a dichromate sealer is to release chromate ions, which are inhibitive. Coatings containing chromic compounds apparently have no inhibitive effect.

The investigation showed that a reaction product formed underneath organic coatings on steel and that it differed considerably from the composition of the paint. The amount of this reaction coating is small compared to that produced by liquid phosphatizing solutions and there was evidence that chromates in the paint are the active inhibiting agents. Another type of reaction not involving liquid phosphoric acid solutions is described for oleo-resinous paints. 5.9.4
Effect of Silicon on High Temperature Oxidation Of Stainless Steels★
Authors: RADAVICH JOHN F.
Published: July 2014

Growth of oxide films at 600 and 800 C on a series of 16 Cr-10 Ni-bal Fe stainless steels with silicon contents ranging from 0.17 to 3.55 percent was studied by electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques. Oxide scales and sub-scales formed during oxidation at 1000 C were studied optically in cross section as well as by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis.

Results show that as silicon content increases oxidation resistance increases rapidly until at the high silicon level, 3.55 percent, a very thin oxide film is formed at 60u and 800 G and very little oxide scale forms at 1000 C.

Mechanism of oxidation resistance imparted by silicon appears to be that it decreases the number of defects in the initial oxide films formed at the metal-oxide interface. With a lesser number of defects in the thin film, an enrichment of Cr at the metal-oxide interface and in the oxide films occurs and the rate of diffusion of iron outward to form the oxide scale is greatly retarded. 2.3.7
Corrosivity of Soil
Authors: TOMASHOV N. D. , MIKHAILOVSKY Y. N.
Published: July 2014

Consideration is given to the merits and drawbacks of methods used to determine the corrosive activity of soils. Data obtained by all methods considered failed to give comprehensive characteristics of the corrosive properties of soils.

A detailed discussion is given of the peculiarities of formation and functioning of macro- and micro-corrosion elements in corrosion of soils. Corrosion elements of differential aeration on the metal surface in soil resulted from the following developments: non-uniform oxygen diffusion of neighboring portions of the soil, local heterogeneity of soils, greater oxygen diffusion on the end of the structure and different depth of separate parts of the structure.

Theoretical foundations of a suggested method for the appraisal of the corrosiveness of soils are discussed in detail. A description is given of an apparatus designed to measure corrosion characteristics of soil under field conditions. Good results were obtained in field tests made with the instrument. Data are given to show the correlation between instrument readings and corrosion rates in various types of soils. 4.5.3
Effect of Molten Boron Oxide On Selected High Temperature Alloys★
Authors: ROLLER DAVID , ANDREWS C. R.
Published: July 2014

This paper reports certain initial studies wherein unstressed selected high temperature alloys, representing four main classes by composition, were exposed to molten boron oxide. Test conditions ranged from 1600 to 2000 F in air and inert atmospheres for time periods of about 150 hours. A special, high temperature furnace operating under reproducible and closely controlled conditions, alternately cycled the specimens between the molten boron oxide liquid and gas atmosphere environments. Results showed that molten boron oxide is very corrosive, particularly to iron and cobalt base alloys at temperatures over 1800 F. Some alloy constituents as carbon, aluminum, titanium and iron at low concentration levels appear to reduce alloy resistance to molten boron oxide. Mechanical strength data showed that the alloy's plastic properties are more rapidly affected than the elastic properties. The effect of atmosphere, temperature, alloy composition and other factors are evaluated. Several mechanisms of corrosive attack by molten boron oxide are postulated to explain the data. 4.7
The Effect of Sigma Phase vs Chromium Carbides On The Intergranular Corrosion Of Type 316 and 316L Stainless Steel (Part 1—A Survey of the Literature)★
Authors: WARREN DONALD
Published: July 2014

A detailed survey of the literature on the intergranular corrosion of stainless steels is given to determine the relative effects of chromium carbides and sigma phase. The survey showed that at least eight different acids can cause intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steels if a continuous carbide network is present: acetic, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, lactic, nitric, phosphoric, sulfurous and sulfuric acid. Only limited information was available on the effect of sigma phase on the intergranular corrosion resistance of stainless steels in these same acid environments. 3.2.2
Selecting Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors For Cooling Water★
Authors: SHIELDS HOBART , SORG L. V. , STUTZ R. L.
Published: July 2014

Corrosion inhibitors for refinery cooling water were subjected to four phases of testing: bench-scale, pilot plant, small size commercial cooling tower, and full plant-scale. Only three of the 50 inhibitors investigated in the past nine years were given full-scale trial. Of these, only the chromate type proved satisfactory in all phases of testing. Organic chromates were found to be particularly effective for the river water used in the refinery concerned. Phosphates, while exhibiting fair corrosion protection, had the disability of depositing scale, even at low pH values.

Tests were run for both carbon steel and Admiralty metal. Metal penetration rate and scale deposition data are given for specimens used in bench and pilot-plant tests in the presence of phosphate and chromate inhibitors. 5.8.1
Study of Chemical Factors Affecting Corrosion of Carbon Steel AISI 1020 By Liquid-Phase Fuming Nitric Acid
Authors: RITTENHOUSE JOHN B. , MASON DAVID M.
Published: July 2014

Corrosion rates of cold reduced and annealed plain carbon steel AISI 1020 tubing in fuming nitric acid (FNA) were obtained by measuring the change in electrical resistance of the tube with time. Corrosion rates decreased with increasing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in FNA in the range 0 to 14 weight percent and also decreased with increasing H2O content in the range 0 to 3.5 weight percent. This behavior indicates the possibility that nitronium ion (NO2+) or nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are involved in the rate-controlling step in the corrosion process.

Tentative or short-time passivation of the steel was obtained when the NO2 concentration was greater than about 9 weight percent and H2O concentration was 3.5 weight percent at the upper concentration range studied. Short-time passivation was also obtained when an oxide film formed under appropriate conditions was initially present on the specimen surface. Inhibition in the FNA media occurred only in those cases where the maximum rate of metal removal was less than 0.025 mil/min, corresponding to a weight of metal removed of approximately 0.1 mg/cm2 of apparent surface. Adding 1.5 weight percent of either perchloric acid (HClO4) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 0.5 weight percent hydrofluoric acid (HF) produced inhibition in short-time experiments. 4.3.2
Performance of Organic Coatings in Tropical Environments★
Authors: ALEXANDER A. L. , FORGESON B. W. , SOUTHWELL C. R.
Published: July 2014

Seven-, six-, three-, and one-year exposures have provided quantitative data on the ability of organic coating systems to protect metals from the five corrosion environments characteristic of tropical latitudes. Data are reported on the performance of more than 350 coating systems in which alkyds, epoxys, synthetic rubbers, phenolics, vinyls and bitumens were used singly or in combinations and mixtures. 2.2.5
Wash Primer Development and Characteristics★
Authors: WHITING L. R.
Published: July 2014

Development, characteristics and properties of wash primers are explained. Data are given on wash primers principally because of their efficiency and wide use. Reactive and non-reactive types resulted from efforts to undertand better the reactions involved and as a result of efforts to produce a one-package system.

Reacted wash primers are made by reacting phosphoric acid and chromium oxide in a solution of butyral resin at high temperature, producing a clear green lacquer. Non-reactive primers are prepared by dispersing chromates of lead, strontium and barium in a solution of butyral resin and then adding phosphoric acid. A stable wash primer was prepared by dispersing chromic phosphate in a solution of PVB. 5.4.5
Evaluation of Protective Coatings for Ship Bottoms
Authors: BROWN J. R.
Published: July 2014

Requirements for a practical system to evaluate ship bottom coatings are listed. Panel trials are shown to be better than service trials for coating evaluations.

Application of the d-c technique of coating evaluation is illustrated by comparison of three coating systems in static immersion and by a study of the influence of number of coats on performance.

Investigation of drydock variables shows the reduction in coating performance resulting from rusting and the detrimental effect of 5 percent H3PO4 as an inhibitor after sandblasting. 2.1.2
Comparisons of Wagner's Analysis of Cathodic Protection With Operating Data for Ships
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H.
Published: July 2014

The predicted values of the key parameters in Wagner's analytical expression for the conditions for cathodic protection are compared with values found empirically from operating experience in the protection of ships. Agreement is good over certain ranges of the key parameters. Discrepancies in values and possible reasons for their occurrence are discussed. 5.2.4
Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Of Austenitic Stainless Steels In Chloride Waters★
Authors: STAEHLE R. W. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G.
Published: July 2014

Stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels was studied under various conditions of stress, chloride concentration, complete immersion of specimens, intermittent wetting and drying, and presence of oxygen. Stress-corrosion cracking will occur at stresses as low as 2,000 psi at 50 ppm NaCl. A three-dimensional analysis of stress-corrosion cracks was made and a mechanism of cracking proposed. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Type 310 Stainless Steel By Synthetic Fuel Oil Ash★
Authors: LOGAN HUGH L.
Published: July 2014

In an investigation of the corrosion of Type 310 stainless steel in synthetic fuel oil ash, the minimum temperatures at which the steel was attacked by a mixture of V2O5 and Na2SO4 and by mixtures of V2O5 and NaVO3 were determined. The minimum temperatures ranged from 1075 F for a mixture of 67 percent V2O5 and 33 percent NaVO3 to 1220 F for a mixture of 88.5 percent V2O5 and 11.5 percent NaVO3. An unidentified phase was produced at the interface between the steel and a vanadium compound or mixtures of compounds in the temperature range 1075 F to 1890 F. There was evidence that this phase penetrated into the steel at grain boundaries. Steel heated above 1700 F in contact with a vanadium compound or a mixture of these contained nodules of an unidentified phase at the grain boundaries. Spectrochemical analyses of the slag (fused synthetic mixture) indicated that it contained some of the components of the steel in the same proportions as they were present in the steel. 4.3.3
Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Tetrachloride—Water Vapor Atmospheres
Authors: CALKINS K. W. , HAWLEY R. W.
Published: July 2014

The use of various inhibitors for the prevention of mild steel corrosion in a system of carbon tetrachloride and water vapor was investigated. An attempt also was made to establish a corrosion mechanism. Of the 48 inhibitors tested, 2-aminoethanol appeared to be the most effective. It was found that 0.4 percent by weight of 2-aminoethanol in carbon tetrachloride decreased the corrosion rate of mild steel in a carbon tetrachloride-water vapor atmosphere by 99 percent. The next most effective inhibitor decreased the rate by about 95 percent.
Factors Influencing Corrosion★
Authors: AKIMOV G. V.
Published: July 2014

External and internal factors influencing the rate and distribution of corrosion are discussed. Among the external factors considered are: pH of the solution, influence of elements acting as inhibitors or as stimulants of corrosion, the concentration of neutral salts, the temperature of solution and the rate of solution movement. Corrosion damage caused by stray electric currents is described in detail and measures eliminating or minimizing their effect are suggested.

Internal factors considered include the inherent chemical properties of elements (that is, their position in periodic table). However, a distinction is made between chemical and corrosion stability, because of the possibile formation of protective films. Furthermore, the influence of internal stresses as well as of alternating stresses in metals in corrosive media (corrosion fatigue) is described. Surface conditions influencing corrosion are mentioned. Stability of monophasic and of heterophasic alloys and the influence of grain size on corrosion are discussed. Finally, experimental data on stability limits of solid solutions and related phenomena such as dezincification are given and some attempts at the explanation of stability limits of solid solutions are mentioned. 3.8.4
Corrosion Processes in Carbonated Beverage Cans★
Authors: KOEHLER E. L , DALY J. J. , FRANCIS H. T. , JOHNSON H. T.
Published: July 2014

Describes work undertaken to minimize occurrence of perforations and excessive iron pick up in carbonated beverage cans. Corrosion mechanism was one of attack on steel base of cans stimulated by reduction processes occuring at areas of exposed tin or other cathodic regions. Best solution was limiting galvanic current in the can through reducing corrosivity of beverage and control of metal exposure in the can. Short time test methods were devised to evaluate beverage corrosivity. A low air content was essential and control over other depolarizers in beverage led to lower corrosivities. Improvements made in organic coating systems and metal exposure in the side seam and double seam regions reduced corrosion currents so that perforations were no longer a problem and so that iron pick up was effectively reduced. 8.3.2
Planning a Maintenance Coating Program For a Pulp and Paper Plant★
Authors: Belue M. W.
Published: July 2014

Reviews action taken by a Texas paper and fiber company to alleviate corrosion problems by a carefully planned coatings program. Factors which stimulated the interest and action of management are given. Phases of a program submitted to management for approval are discussed. Includes objectives of program, selection of materials, surface preparation, application, inspection, records and estimated cost of program. Other items such as estimating and special coatings and linings are given briefly. 5.11
Choroidal metastasis as the sole initial presentation of metastatic lung cancer
Authors: Salah Samer , Khader Jamal , Yousef Yacoub , Salem Ahmed , Al-Hussaini Maysa , Al-Asady Rafid
Published: July 2014

Choroidal metastasis as an initial presenting feature of metastatic lung cancer is exceedingly rare. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is an effective and widely accepted therapeutic modality. However, data addressing the effectiveness of other treatment strategies is limited. We present a patient with choroidal metastases secondary to lung cancer and review the relevant literature. A 25-year-old male presented with deterioration of vision. His evaluation revealed bilateral choroidal metastasis secondary to adenocarcinoma of the lung. unfortunately, his vision continued to deteriorate despite treatment with EBRT and chemotherapy. Choroidal metastasis as an initial presentation of metastatic lung cancer is exceedingly rare, as only 30 cases have been reported. EBRT and systemic chemotherapy are effective therapeutic modalities. This case report could prove helpful to clinicians faced with a similar exceedingly rare scenario.
JAK2 mutation-negative essential thrombocythemia in a child presenting with cerebral venous thrombosis
Authors: Ahmad Khan Afaq , Kumar Vijay , Anand Ish , Kumar Meet , Sharma Prashant , Bhargava Manorama
Published: July 2014

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder occurring predominantly in the elderly population. Its occurence in the pediatric age group is even more rare. We report a 13-year-old girl who presented with isolated cerebral venous thrombosis and was diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia. Family screening for any thrombocytosis was 20 negative. With no secondary cause apparent for persistent thrombocytosis, we looked for the JAK2 mutation, but the result was negative. In contrast to linkage of JAK2 mutation positivity with increased thrombotic risk, our case showed that thrombosis can occur in the absence of JAK2 mutation in a case of essential thrombocythaemia. The indications for treatment and the best treatment of children with ET are currently not known, and guidelines for the management of children with ET are needed. Adult patients have near-normal life expectancy because of the low rate of leukemic conversion, but no child has been monitored long enough to assess prognosis.
The biomass burning aerosol influence on precipitation over the Central Amazon: an observational study
Authors: Gonçalves W. A. , Machado L. A. T. , Kirstetter P.-E.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Understanding the aerosol influence on clouds and precipitation is an important key to reduce uncertainties in simulations of climate change scenarios with regards to deforestation fires. Here, we associate rainfall characteristics obtained by an S-Band radar in the Amazon with in situ measurements of biomass burning aerosols for the entire year of 2009. The most important results were obtained during the dry semester (July–December). The results indicate that the aerosol influence on precipitating systems is modulated by the atmospheric instability degree. For stable atmospheres, the higher the aerosol concentration, the lower the precipitation over the region. On the other hand, for unstable cases, higher concentrations of particulate material are associated with more precipitation, elevated presence of ice and larger rain cells, which suggests an association with long lived systems. The results presented were statistically significant. However, due to the limitation imposed by the dataset used, some important features such as wet scavenging and droplet size distribution need further clarification. Regional climate model simulations in addition with new field campaigns could aggregate information to the aerosol/precipitation relationship.
Science impact of MODIS C5 calibration degradation and C6+ improvements
Authors: Lyapustin A. , Wang Y. , Xiong X. , Meister G. , Platnick S. , Levy R. , Franz B. , Korkin S. , Hilker T. , Tucker J. , Hall F. , Sellers P. , Wu A. , Angal A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The Collection 6 (C6) MODIS land and atmosphere datasets are scheduled for release in 2014. C6 contains significant revisions of the calibration approach to account for sensor aging. This analysis documents the presence of systematic temporal trends in the visible and near-infrared (500 m) bands of the Collection 5 (C5) MODIS Terra, and to lesser extent, in MODIS Aqua geophysical datasets. Sensor degradation is largest in the Blue band (B3) of the MODIS sensor on Terra and decreases with wavelength. Calibration degradation causes negative global trends in multiple MODIS C5 products including the dark target algorithm's aerosol optical depth over land and Ångström Exponent over the ocean, global liquid water and ice cloud optical thickness, as well as surface reflectance and vegetation indices, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). As the C5 production will be maintained for another year in parallel with C6, one objective of this paper is to raise awareness of the calibration-related trends for the broad MODIS user community. The new C6 calibration approach removes major calibrations trends in the Level 1B (L1B) data. This paper also introduces an enhanced C6+ calibration of the MODIS dataset which includes an additional polarization correction (PC) to compensate for the increased polarization sensitivity of MODIS Terra since about 2007, as well as de-trending and Terra–Aqua cross-calibration over quasi-stable desert calibration sites. The PC algorithm, developed by the MODIS ocean biology processing group (OBPG), removes residual scan angle, mirror side and seasonal biases from aerosol and surface reflectance (SR) records along with spectral distortions of SR. Using the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm over deserts, we have also developed a de-trending and cross-calibration method which removes residual decadal trends on the order of several tenths of one percent of the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance in the visible and near-infrared MODIS bands B1–B4, and provides a good consistency between the two MODIS sensors. MAIAC analysis over the southern USA shows that the C6+ approach removed an additional negative decadal trend of Terra ΔNDVI ~ 0.01 as compared to Aqua data. This change is particularly important for analysis of vegetation dynamics and trends in the tropics, e.g., Amazon rainforest, where the morning orbit Terra provides considerably more cloud-free observations compared to the afternoon Aqua measurements.
Multi-scale influence of vapor pressure deficit on fire ignition and spread in boreal forest ecosystems
Authors: Sedano F. , Randerson J. T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Climate-driven changes in the fire regime within boreal forest ecosystems are likely to have important effects on carbon cycling and species composition. In the context of improving fire management options and developing more realistic scenarios of future change, it is important to understand how meteorology regulates different aspects of fire dynamics, including ignition, daily fire spread, and cumulative annual burned area. Here we combined Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fires (MCD14ML), MODIS imagery (MOD13A1) and ancillary historic fire perimeter information to produce a data set of daily fire spread maps for Alaska during 2002–2011. This approach provided a spatial and temporally continuous representation of fire progression and a precise identification of ignition and extinction locations and dates for each wildfire. The fire-spread maps were analyzed with daily vapor pressure deficit (VPD) observations from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and lightning strikes from the Alaska Lightning Detection Network (ALDN). We found a significant relationship between daily VPD and likelihood that a lightning strike would develop into a fire ignition. In the first week after ignition, above average VPD increased the probability that fires would grow to large or very large sizes. Strong relationships also were identified between VPD and burned area at several levels of temporal and spatial aggregation. As a consequence of regional coherence in meteorology, ignition, daily fire spread, and fire extinction events were often synchronized across different fires in interior Alaska. At a regional scale, the sum of positive VPD anomalies during the fire season was positively correlated with annual burned area during the NARR era (1979–2011; R2 = 0.45). Some of the largest fires we mapped had slow initial growth, indicating opportunities may exist for suppression efforts to adaptively manage these forests for climate change. The results of our spatiotemporal analysis provide new information about temporal and spatial dynamics of wildfires and have implications for modeling the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Investigating the influence of topographic irregularities and two-dimensional effects on surface ground motion intensity with one- and two-dimensional analyses
Authors: İnce G. Ç. , Yılmazoğlu L.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this work, the surface ground motion that occurs during an earthquake in ground sections having different topographic forms has been examined with one and two dynamic site response analyses. One-dimensional analyses were undertaken using the Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Response Analysis (EERA) program based on the equivalent linear analysis principle and the Deepsoil program which is able to make both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses and two-dimensional analyses using the Plaxis 8.2 software. The viscous damping parameters used in the dynamic site response analyses undertaken with the Plaxis 8.2 software were obtained using the DeepSoil program. In the dynamic site response analyses, the synthetic acceleration over a 475-year return period representing the earthquakes in Istanbul was used as the basis of the bedrock ground motion. The peak ground acceleration obtained different depths of soils and acceleration spectrum values have been compared. The surface topography and layer boundaries in the 5-5' cross section which cuts across the study area west to east were selected in order to examine the effect of the land topography and layer boundaries on the analysis results, and were flattened and compared with the actual status. The analysis results showed that the characteristics of the surface ground motion change in relation to the varying local soil conditions and land topography.
A high-resolution bedrock map for the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Huss M. , Farinotti D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Assessing and projecting the dynamic response of glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula to changed atmospheric and oceanic forcing requires high-resolution ice thickness data as an essential geometric constraint for ice flow models. Here, we derive a complete bedrock data set for the Antarctic Peninsula north of 70° S on a 100 m grid. We calculate distributed ice thickness based on surface topography and simple ice dynamic modelling. Our approach is constrained with all available thickness measurements from Operation IceBridge and gridded ice flow speeds for the entire study region. The new data set resolves the rugged subglacial topography in great detail, indicates deeply incised troughs, and shows that 34% of the ice volume is grounded below sea level. The Antarctic Peninsula has the potential to raise global sea level by 69 ± 5 mm. In comparison to Bedmap2, covering all Antarctica on a 1 km grid, a significantly higher mean ice thickness (+48%) is found.
BRAND LOYALTY & LOYALTY OF BRANDS: A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Khoury Amir H.
Published: July 2014

Brand loyalty has become a truism in trademark discourse. Consumers tend to formulate their purchasing decisions by the power of consumption-momentum. That is to say they buy what they have already bought in the past and opt for the brands that they have already had a positive experience with. Experienced consumers manifest devotion to their preferred brands. This is the essence of Brand Loyalty. But should this Brand Loyalty be reciprocated by the brand owner? Is there such loyalty by the brand towards the consumer? Should the brand owner sustain the quality of products covered by his brand? Even more so, should he maintain any other defining attribute of the product (or service) marketed under his brand? And are such demands from the brand owner still of relevance in an age of expanding outsourcing? This paper explains why all of these questions should be answered in the affirmative. This paper argues that just as there is Brand Loyalty, there is (or, at least, there should be) Loyalty of the Brand. My assertion is that Loyalty of the Brand constitutes a morally sound concept which is inherently compatible with the general philosophy underlying trademarks and brands, and which rests firmly on numerous legally accepted disciplines and doctrines that form the backbone of commercial-contractual law. Loyalty of the Brand, thus, constitutes the counterbalance to Brand Loyalty, and should exist on par; not only as a legal phenomenon but as a practical one as well. It is, in the context of brand-consumer relationship, the other side of the same coin.
Front Matter
Authors: Coogan Leigh Argentieri
Published: July 2014

Volume 32 Issue 2
RUBBER CONTACT PHENOMENA
Authors: Roberts Alan D.
Published: July 2014

Research on rubber wiper blades led to the establishment of the now widely used Johnson, Kendall, Roberts (JKR) equilibrium equation that determines the strength of adhesion between surfaces. The equation was adapted to allow for the viscoelasticity of rubber, leading to explanations of how adhesion can impact on tack; rebound resilience; and rolling, static, and sliding friction. The adhesion of rubber to ice was found to depend on salt concentration in the ice, thus providing insight into winter tire performance. The development of optical techniques has greatly aided studies, particularly for measuring the thickness of thin liquid films sandwiched between rubber surfaces. Measurements on water films squeezed between rubber and glass revealed the action of repulsive surface forces that can reduce adhesion and friction. The efficacy of water lubrication depends upon whether surfactants are present and upon the acidity or alkalinity of the water. Improved understanding of adhesion and friction mechanisms offers design guidance for a range of rubber articles.
UNMODIFIED LDH AS REINFORCING FILLER FOR XNBR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME-RETARDANT ELASTOMER COMPOSITES
Authors: Basu Debdipta , Das Amit , George Jinu Jacob , Wang De-Yi , Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Wagenknecht Udo , Leuteritz Andreas , Kutlu Burak , Reuter Uta , Heinrich Gert
Published: July 2014

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), inorganic clay materials with mixed metals present in the structure along with some interlayer cations, have immense potential for use as a filler in rubbers. We report the preparation and properties of a set of novel nanocomposites consisting of a LDH dispersed in carboxylic–acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (XNBR). We succeed in obtaining significantly improved physical properties by altering the chemical structure of a LDH with Zn and Al ions (Zn-Al LDH). In particular, we discover a significant reinforcing effect. This occurs despite the size difference between the LDH and traditional reinforcing fillers such as precipitated silica and carbon black. Both the elastic modulus and tensile strength increase. This increase is a function of the LDH concentration and, reaches a maximum value when the LDH concentration is at 100 phr. Experimental evidence suggests that this reinforcing effect is due to direct ion-to-ion interaction between the filler and the matrix. In addition, we report that the presence of the nanofiller positively affects the flame retardence and thermal decomposition of the nanocomposites. We attribute this effect to the presence of a layer formed by the nanofiller.
REACTION KINETICS OF HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE AND POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Ye Min-Tzung , Hong Shinn-Gwo
Published: July 2014

The kinetics of the reaction between hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and polypropylene glycols (PPG) of different molecular weights toward the synthesis of polyurethanes with versatile properties was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). From the dynamic exotherms observed in DSC, it was found that the Kissinger equation modified by an additional temperature term in its frequency factor term was able to accurately describe the isothermal reaction kinetics of all HDI/PPG reactions. The modification can be justified by analyses with the Ozawa method and the modulus observed under DMA measurements. Regardless of the type of PPG used, the frequency factors changed with respect to the degree of conversion and maximized at near 70% conversion. The derivation of the modified kinetic equation is presented. In addition, the empirical equations describing the dependence of the activation energies and frequency factors on the molecular weights of PPG were also derived.
Bioethics and Infancy: An Ethical Commitment to the Future
Authors: Sarmiento Pedro ,   Universidad de La Sabana
Published: July 2014

La responsabilidad bioética con la infancia, más allá de las tradicionales consideraciones clínicas, es un imperativo moral cuyo impacto sobre el futuro es definitivo. Las circunstancias actuales que afrontan millones de niños en el globo son verdaderamente graves: hambre, desnutrición, enfermedad, analfabetismo, violencia, exposición a riesgos, explotación y abuso contrastan con la debilidad jurídica y la desatención de los gobiernos. En el presente trabajo se exploran las necesidades y los problemas bioéticos que suscitan las reflexiones sobre la infancia desde un marco global y local.
Formación en ética y profesionalismo para las nuevas generaciones de médicos
Authors: Hernández-Escobar Claudia , Hernández-Camarena Julio , González-González Luis , Barquet-Muñoz Salim ,   Tecnológico de Monterrey
Published: July 2014

requerimientos económicos, políticos y sociales de la comunidad. Sin embargo, en el ámbito de las profesiones relacionadas con la salud, dicho concepto trasciende este entorno al entrar en juego la perspectiva ética en la que, idealmente, el profesional de la salud antepone los intereses de los demás a los propios. De esta manera, la profesión médica se convierte en una forma de vida regida por principios éticos y guiada por los más altos estándares de profesionalismo, constituyéndose en una vocación y no en una simple ocupación. Para devolver a la profesión médica su vocación distintiva, es esencial analizar las motivaciones intrínsecas y la ética de vida de las nuevas generaciones de médicos y, a partir de ahí, desarrollar —a manera de competencias— conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y valores que propicien el desarrollo del profesionalismo, logrando fi nalmente una mejor relación médico-paciente, situando el bienestar de este último como principal interés.
Dependence and Abuse Affecting Elderly Persons with Dementia
Authors: Zúñiga-Santamaría Tirso , Sosa-Ortiz Ana Luisa , Alonso-Vilatela María Elisa , Acosta-Castillo Isaac , Casas-Martínez María de la Luz ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: July 2014

La relevancia del problema de salud pública que representan en el mundo las demencias, su asociación con la dependencia y el riesgo de maltrato en los ancianos con demencia por parte de sus cuidadores primarios o sus familiares, hacen necesario el análisis y la reflexión “de las implicaciones éticas, económicas, jurídicas, políticas y no sólo las consideraciones médicas”, de este problema, que reviste un interés particular dentro del campo de la Bioética. Se realizó una encuesta con el objetivo de determinar la dependencia física y detectar el maltrato, así como la asociación entre maltrato y respeto de sus preferencias en el anciano con demencia. Se evaluaron 61 ancianos con demencia de leve a moderada, de los cuales 73,8% fueron mujeres y 26,2% hombres. El porcentaje de pacientes que sufren maltrato fue de 29,2% en mujeres y 18,8% en hombres. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente signifi cativa entre maltrato y dependencia física. Sin embargo, se encontró un riesgo de maltrato de 47,30% en ancianos con demencia a quienes no se les respetan sus preferencias con respecto a quienes sí se le respetan, medida con signifi cancia estadística (IC 95%, 6,73-495,18).
Elements to Evaluate Assisted Fertilization Methods
Authors: Páez Gustavo ,   Universidad Austral
Published: July 2014

Las técnicas de fecundación artificial siguen desarrollándose día a día. Las dificultades para engendrar —que afectan a un número considerable de parejas— presionan para que profesionales y pacientes recurran a aquellas alternativas que se muestran más efi caces a la hora de solucionar esta situación. Sin embargo, la efi cacia en los resultados no siempre va de la mano con el respeto hacia la dignidad de las personas involucradas. En el presente artículo se plantean los criterios bioéticos que se deben tener en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar un método de fertilización asistida. Para ello se recurre a un análisis antropológico del amor humano, la vida sexual y la procreación. Si la técnica sirve a la persona, se podrá curar la infecundidad sin dañar la dignidad humana.
Homeland and the Common Good: Conscientious Objection and Civil Disobedience
Authors: Casanova-Ríspoli Eduardo ,   Universidad de Montevideo
Published: July 2014

A la luz de la doctrina tomista, a propósito de la justicia, no sólo como bien personal sino social, se plantea, analiza y discute la validez de separar la objeción de conciencia de la desobediencia civil, como actos independientes. Se propone que deberían ir inseparablemente unidos, ya que en la naturaleza del ser humano también existe una inseparable unidad entre el ser humano personal y el ser humano social. La responsabilidad personal privada, y la responsabilidad pública-social, se concluye que han de ir unidas en el servicio al común heredado de nuestros mayores en la patria. Este bien es el que particularmente los rioplatenses consideramos como “rico patrimonio”, con una dignidad que no se comercializa, “que no se vende al bajo precio de la necesidad”, a pesar de los apremios que hoy acosan la dignidad humana, y cuyo respeto es el más rico patrimonio de nuestra patria americana.
Differences between Public and Private Research Ethics Committees in México City: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Pichardo-García Luz María Guadalupe , Casas-Martínez María de la Luz , Reidl-Martínez Lucy , López-Hernández Blanca ,   Universidad Panamericana
Published: July 2014

Describir problemas que enfrentan los Comités de Ética en Investigación (CEI) en la Ciudad de México. Método. Estudio cualitativo con muestreo intencional, grupos de discusión y teoría fundamentada con CEI de sector público y privado en instituciones de salud de la Ciudad de México. Resultados. Se detectaron importantes diferencias entre los CEI públicos y privados. Principalmente en carga de trabajo y prioridades de investigación. Los protocolos aprobados por CEI públicos son asumidos por la institución como un todo. Enfrentan cada caso como equipo de salud. Los CEI privados dirigen la responsabilidad de los protocolos al investigador principal que es quien la asume individualmente. Los CEI privados tienen una agenda centrada en los reportes de efectos adversos y la legalidad del proceso, mientras que los públicos en general se abocan además a la relevancia de la investigación para los pacientes. Ambos reciben pago por la revisión. Ambos coinciden en priorizar la ética de los protocolos en beneficio del paciente. Ambos están al tanto de que la industria farmacéutica les marca sus prioridades de investigación. Los CEI públicos abarcan principalmente investigación epidemiológica. Los CEI privados, esencialmente terapéutica.
Validity and Operation of the Principles of Bioethics in Solving Problems on the Basis of Moral Deliberation and Legal Arguments
Authors: Sánchez-Barroso José Antonio ,   Universidad Panamericana
Published: July 2014

Una forma de evidenciar la relación entre la Bioética y el Derecho es mediante la función prescriptiva y argumentativa de los principios en la solución de casos difíciles. Los problemas bioéticos actuales se caracterizan, entre otras cosas, por la pluralidad moral latente en las sociedades democráticas. Ello exige idear novedosas metodologías que permitan la solución racional y coherente de esos problemas. El eje epistemológico de este trabajo lo constituyen los principios de la Bioética y se aplican a dos ámbitos normativos concretos: a la deliberación moral y a la argumentación jurídica. Mediante el análisis de cada una de esas formas de resolver los casos difíciles se intenta demostrar la vigencia y actualidad de los principios en la Bioética y en el Derecho contemporáneos.
Predicting the Gleason sum of a patient with a prostate biopsy core Gleason ≤7 and a prostate biopsy core Gleason ≥8
Authors: Heimrath Olivier P. , Kos Zuzana , Belanger Eric C. , Cagiannos Ilias , Morash Chris , Gerridzen Ronald G. , Lavallee Luke , Preston Mark A. , Witiuk Kelsey , Breau Rodney H.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: We review a subset of men who had discordant prostate biopsy sums and were treated with radical prostatectomy.Methods: Consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy at The Ottawa Hospital between 2000 and 2012 were reviewed. Those with at least 1 prostate biopsy core of Gleason sum ≥8 and at least 1 prostate biopsy core of Gleason sum ≤7 cancer were included.Results: Of the 764 radical prostatectomies, 661 (87%) were eligible for the study and 35 (5%) met inclusion criteria. Of these, only 16 (46%) had prostatectomy Gleason sum of ≥8. When the highest biopsy core was Gleason sum 8 (n = 24), only 7 (29%) had a prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8. When the highest biopsy core was Gleason 9 (n = 11), 9 (82%) had a prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8 (relative risk [RR] 2.8; p = 0.004). Patients with clinical T3 tumours were at higher risk of Gleason sum ≥8 compared to cT1 patients (RR 3.7; p = 0.008). Patient age (p = 0.89), preoperative prostate-specific antigen (p = 0.34), prostate volume (p = 0.86), number of biopsy cores (p = 0.18), and proportion of biopsy cores with cancer (p = 0.96) were not strongly associated with risk of prostatectomy Gleason sum ≥8.Conclusion: These data should be considered when assigning patients into prognostic risk categories based on prostate biopsy information. Further study to verify our findings using larger samples is warranted.
A surgical challenge: Idiopathic scrotal elephantiasis
Authors: Brotherhood Hilary Laurel , Metcalfe Michael , Goldenberg Larry , Pommerville Peter , Bowman Cameran , Naysmith David
Published: July 2014

Scrotal elephantiasis is a condition rarely encountered in developed nations. It is endemic in tropical regions due to the presence of filariasis (Wucheria bancrofti). We report 2 cases of idiopathic scrotal elephantiasis in Canadian citizens with no history of travel to endemic filariasis regions, malignancy, surgery or radiation. Both patients underwent complete excision of the involved tissue with reconstruction. We found that for advanced cases of scrotal lymphedema, surgery is currently the only solution. In our cases of advanced idiopathic disease, surgical treatment combining the expertise of a plastic surgeon and a urologist provided a successful functional and cosmetic result.
High-grade microscopic hematuria in adult men can predict urothelial malignancy
Authors: Kotb Ahmed Fouad , Attia Doaa
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Microscopic hematuria in men younger than 40 is a confusing issue to urologists, especially when these men have normal radiological findings. We report our experience in looking for urologic malignancy in this group of patients.Methods: We conducted a prospective study for men with vague urological symptoms. We included men under 40 years old, men with microscopic hematuria greater than 25 red blood cells/high power field in 2 properly collected mid-stream urine samples, and men with free urine culture and normal multiphasic computed tomography abdomen and pelvis studies. All patients underwent diagnostic cystoscurethroscopy. If there were no lesions, multiple random biopsies were taken. In cases of apparently normal cystoscopic findings and associated renal colic, uretroscopy was done to the suspected side.Results: Only 20 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients were 34; 2 patients presented with pain. The other 18 patients were presenting with mild recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms. Cystoscopy showed small papillary low-grade tumour in 3 patients. All random biopsies were free of malignancy. Unilateral uretroscopy for the 2 cases presented with pain detected carcinoma in situ in one of them.Conclusion: Cystoscopy is highly recommended for young adult men, with significant levels of microscopic hematuria, due to the 20% incidence rate of associated urological malignancy. Random bladder biopsies, in the absence of suspicious lesions, have no diagnostic role, and should not be done. Uretroscopy is advised for patients with microscopic hematuria and loin pain, even in the absence of suspicious radiological findings.