bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The continuing effects of head injury
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter
Published: November 2023

When the staff at the hospital talked to you about what the future might hold for your relative or friend they probably used the terms ‘brain damage’ or ‘brain injury’. Obviously the outcome depends on the amount of damage but the words suggest a gloomy outlook to most people. The amount of recovery that you have seen up until the time the head-injured person is ready to leave hospital will have been a great source of reassurance to you, and you are right to assume that it will continue. You need to realize, however, that although the patient is well enough to leave hospital, there are many problems still to be faced. If you know about these in advance then you will be better prepared to deal with them.
Suggestions for further reading
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter
Published: November 2023

Bryant, Beverley (1992) In search of wings: A journey back from traumatic brain injury. Wings Press, South Paris, Maine Weiss, L., Thatch, D., and Thatch, J. with Gray, L. (1983). I wasn’t finished with life. E. Hart Press, Dallas, Texas. Levin, H. S., Eisenberg, H. M., and Benton, A. L. (ed) (1989) Mild head injury. Oxford University Press, New York. Lezak, Muriel, D. (ed) (1989) Assessment of the Behavioural consequences of head injury. Alan R. Liss, New York. Ponsford, Jennie (1995) Traumatic brain injury: Rehabilitation for everyday adaptive living. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, East Sussex
Introduction: a story of stories
Authors: Roberts Glenn
Published: November 2023

The significance of stories in psychiatry and psychotherapy is paradoxical and contradictory. They are at once ephemeral, ‘only a story’, flimsy remnants of an anecdote-based medicine, the stuff of propaganda and inculcation, arising from a flabby subjectivism, and seductive dissimulations, and at the same time rich, iconic evocations of meaning, foundational and inescapable, accessing all that is unique and personal, containers of our origins, our tribal tales, and the myths we live by.
The psychodynamic narrative
Authors: Phillips James
Published: November 2023

An account of the role of narrative in psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic therapies must begin with a recognition of the role of narrative and narrative identity in our lives in general. Considerations of narrative identity do not begin, after all, in the consulting room. They are with us, implicitly or explicitly, throughout our lives. We live in and through the stories we tell and imagine about ourselves. The narrative ‘I’ is that story-spinning self that tells stories about itself, exists in those stories, and conceives its identity in terms of those stories. To quote the literary critic Peter Brooks (1984) on this theme:
Defensive and creative uses of narrative in psychotherapy: an attachment perspective
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of darkness begins and ends on a packet ship moored on the River Thames, with the narrator Marlow sucking at his guttering pipe. In between the reader has been taken on a compelling and horrific journey into the interior. The book is a story within a story, framed by the river itself, whose reaches, unlike stories, are unpunctuated: stretching in a spacial continuum from London across the oceans to the heart of the Congo, and in time from the present day back to the Roman invasion of Britain. This contrast between the structure and boundedness of the story, and the fluidity and formlessness of reality, forms the background to this chapter. There is also an opposition between artifice and nature, which can be expressed psychoanalytically as a contrast between the apparent actuality of the dream narrative and the patchwork of fragmented associations and ‘day’s residues’ that a dream evokes. Bollas (1995) takes this as a general paradigm for the activity of the unconscious, which he sees as continuously fashioning lived life into stories, and then dismantling and dispersing those stories in the light of further experience.
Holding on to the story: older people, narrative, and dementia
Authors: Bruce Errollyn
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I put forward some attempts to weave together ideas about attachment through out the life course, and narratives in dementia. However, for the vast majority of people, the backdrop to dementia is ageing, and to set dementia in context I begin with a discussion of the place of older people’s narratives, in particular their reminiscence stories. Older people have a place in fairy stories as tellers of wonderful tales. Other parts of children’s literature offer a multiplicity of images for older people, from the evil killjoys of Dahl, through the wildly eccentric, good-fun grannies, to the supportive older person who, often unexpectedly, comes up trumps when all other adults seem to be against the young. Over a period of time, social change and the communication revolution have eroded the traditional role of elders as repositories of culture, passing on customs and tribal wisdom to younger generations. Increasingly, younger people have been able to turn to other sources to access the accumulated know ledge of humankind, and old customs have been challenged as irrelevant to a fast-changing world.
Prognosis: luck and judgement
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Fulford Bill (Kwm)
Published: November 2023

Many of the most pressing problems of current clinical practice turn on questions of risk — balancing care and control in the management of suicide, maintaining unstable patients in the community, steering a path between taking advantage of new treatments and waiting for the benefits of hindsight, stepping into the unknown with research. In all these and a host of related ways, psychiatry is a risky business. As we put it in the introduction to this book, in psychiatry uncertainty is the norm.

In this chapter, we explore two of the more common ethical problems arising directly from the uncertainty of prognostic judgements of dangerousness, concerned respectively with confidentiality and clinical practice guidelines.
The prevalence and characteristics of male sexual assault
Authors: King Michael , Coxell Adrian , Mezey Gill
Published: November 2023

Until recently there was little acknowledgement that men could suffer sexual molestation. Although sexual assault was recognized as a problem in prisons (Sagarin 1976; Anderson 1982) and other all male institutions (Goyer and Eddleman 1984), sexual assault of men in the community was thought to be an unusual event. Statistics on male sexual molestation were rare and encouraged the belief that the phenomenon itself was rare. This was due in part to a narrow legal definition of rape in English law and in the legal systems of many states in the USA. In English law the term ‘rape’ was restricted to forced penile penetration of the vagina and thus could not apply to sexual assaults against men. In 1994 the offence of rape was extended to include anal or vaginal penetration by a penis. This change in the law arose because of increasing recognition that sexual attacks on men were more common than previously believed. Recorded annual statistics show that large numbers of men are victims of sexual crime. In 1996 there were 3142 indecent assaults and 227 rapes of men (HMSO 1996). The figure for rape represents an increase of 51 per cent from 1995 (HMSO 1996). Very few sexual crimes, however, are reported to the police (Mayhew et al. 1989) and research is required to assess more accurately their prevalence and effects on victims.
Male children and adolescents as victims: a review of current lcnowledge
Authors: Watkins Bill , Bentovim Arnon
Published: November 2023

The normally accepted definition of sexual abuse is ‘the involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children or adolescents in sexual activities they do not truly comprehend, and to which they are unable to give informed consent and that violate the sexual taboos of family roles’ (Schechter and Roberge 1976). Researchers usually define the age difference between abuser and victim as needing to be of 5 years or more. However, Johnson (1988, 1989) has proposed a 2-year age difference, along with other criteria, to define sexual activities that are clearly abusive. Cantwell (1988) has proposed a defini tion for child abusers without specifying an age criterion for the perpetrator and focused entirely on the behavioural element. Thus, subjecting a child to oral-genital contact or penetration of the vagina or anus with fingers or objects would be regarded as deviant and abusive.
Surviving sexual assault and sexual torture
Authors: Turner Stuart
Published: November 2023

Sexual violence may occur in many settings – in established relation ships or between strangers – but in its nature it is an attack which always challenges intimacy and trust. The specific psychological re actions, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the other sequelae must be seen in the context of more pervasive and potentially more fundamental changes in which, for example, the nature of human relationships is laid bare for re-examination and re-evaluation. Although in this chapter, the basic reactions to psychological threat and trauma will be examined in more detail, the other personal sequelae should not be seen as less important.
Treatment of male victims of sexual assault
Authors: Mezey Gillian , King Michael
Published: November 2023

Sexual assault is a frightening and degrading experience that is pro foundly traumatic for the victim. Men experience rape as an aggressive attack on their sexuality and a violation of their physical and psychological boundaries. Although most men develop strategies that enable them, to a greater or lesser extent, to cope with the experience, a minority develop long-term psychological problems which may require professional help. The experience frequently results in pro found alterations to a person’s attitudes, behaviour, and perspective on life (Mezey and King 1989; McMullen 1990), including a shatter ing of basic assumptions about one’s vulnerability, the safety and predictability of the future, and the belief that disasters happen only to other people (Janoff Bulman 1992).
Vascular access in children
Authors: Polo José R
Published: November 2023

In the first five children who underwent haemodialysis, vascular access was obtained by means of plastic catheters placed in both the radial artery and the saphenous vein (Mateer 1955). Even 10 years later, only 37 children treated by haemodialysis had been reported in the literature (Anderson et al. 1965). During this period, nylon catheters placed in the inferior vena cava through the saphen¬ous veins were used as vascular access.
Describing Symptoms and Signs
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

The description of signs and symptoms is the first stage in the measurement of psychopathology. Signs and symptoms can be regarded as the basic building blocks from which diagnostic categories are constructed. Also, they often provide the basis for items used in constructing continuous measures such as clinical rating scales (see chapters I, 7 and 10). Traditionally, most emphasis hasbeen on symptoms, the things of which patients complain, and psychiatry has sometimes been described as ‘neurology without physical signs’ (Miller I961). This is not strictly true, because important parts of a mental state examination include direct observations of, for example, the individual’s behaviour, appearance and form of speech (signs). That said, most research, dating back to the introduction of structured or semistructured interviews (Wing et al. 1974) (see also chapter 5) shows that the rating of symptoms tends to more reliable than the rating of signs.
Validity, Reliability, and Utility
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

As we have already discussed, in much of the assessment of psychopathology the focus is on internal, unobservable processes of which there is only indirect evidence. In chapter 2, we described the signs and symptoms that comprise the main types of psychopathology. We mentioned that in addition to complaints of subjective distress (symptoms), evidence for the presence of psychopathology may also be shown in the form of abnormal behaviour, which may be self-reported by the subject or observed by a clinician/researcher or other informant (observational measures or signs). One such example of this type of evidence can be noted in the examination of children with suspected attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence regarding a subject’s ADHD could consist of both the individual’s own description of their perceptions, cognitions and emotions and of observations by a clinician or, for that matter, by a parent or a teacher. Probably, the simplest way of measuring psychopathology is by the means of questionnaires. The subject or an informant/observer (such as a spouse, a close friend, parent or teacher) answers a series of questions about the subject’s behaviour and experiences, either in a written pencil and paper or computerized form. Some examples of the use of questionnaires are given in more detail elsewhere, particularly in chapters 7,8 and 9.
Consultation liaison geriatric psychiatry
Authors: Draper Brian
Published: November 2023

Nearly 50% of general hospital inpatients are over 65 years of age and they comprise an increasing proportion of referrals to consultation liaison (CL) services. Between 27 and 95% of older patients in general hospitals have mental disorders, particularly organic disorders and depression. Service delivery models for CL geriatric psychiatry vary according to the type of service provider and the style of service delivery. A literature review of psychiatric service delivery to the elderly in general hospitals found that there were few differences in outcomes according to service type, though geriatric psychiatry is more likely than CL psychiatry to consider post- discharge issues.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie
Published: November 2023

The seminal vesicles lie alongside the prostate and look like small bunches of grapes. They produce over half the volume of the ejaculate, producing substances such as sugars that nourish the sperm and activate them prior to ejaculation. They drain into the lower area of the prostate. They are usually removed by the operation termed a radical prostatectomy, and irradiated if necessary during treatment by radical radiotherapy.
Death and dying
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

In the twentieth century with changes in culture, religion, public health, and medical advances, death became seen as the enemy of the doctor. No longer was it the clergy wrestling with the one dying to prepare for an afterlife, but rather the doctor actively intervening to prevent early and premature death. Along with the reduction in infant and maternal mortalities, the change in the pattern of mortality, increased life expectancy, and developments in modern medicine, death became removed from the community. Although most of the last year of life is still spent at home, death commonly occurs in an institutional setting and within a medical context. Many adults will never have seen a relative die and may not experience a close bereavement until their 30s or later. Although the twentieth century saw an unparalleled increase in human-induced and violent death, such as the concentration camps, world wars, and atomic bombs, doctors practise in a death-denying culture. Death is the modern taboo.
The child protection process
Authors: Pace Melanie
Published: November 2023

This chapter will guide health professionals through the child protection process in steps from identification, reporting, investigation and intervention. At each stage in the process the law/guidance available will be outlined, and the anxieties/dilemmas for health professionals explored. The chapter will focus on the personal/professional responses to the child protection systems and the perspective of the child/young person. It is aimed at facilitating reflection on how we respond to child protection concerns and why it may be that a mandate to respond of itself cannot be relied upon to ensure multi-agency cooperation.Detailed information about child abuse, signs and indicators, roles and responsibilities etc. is contained elsewhere in this book. This chapter will, therefore, focus on the process of child protection systems, the potential blocks to implementation and the requirement that, above all else, professionals keep the welfare of the child above all other consideration.
Domestic violence and child protection: Issues for the primary care team
Authors: Davidson Leslie L , Lynch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

All professionals who provide care for children and their families must acknowledge the vulnerability of children living in families where domestic violence is present. If a member of the primary care health team (PCHT) identifies domestic violence within a family, then the adverse impact on child welfare must be actively considered. In particular, the co-occurrence of physical and emotional child abuse with domestic violence must be borne in mind and referral to Social Services may be necessary. Even when children are not as yet suffering demonstrable significant harm, they may well meet the criteria for Children in Needas defined in the Children Act of 1989, and subsequently benefit from an assessment following the new Framework for Assessment of Children and their Families (Department of Health 2000a). Conversely, in situations where child protection is being considered (such as a child protection case conference), domestic violence is often not recognized. Furthermore, when recognized, the implications of domestic conflict upon child welfare are infrequently addressed during the assessment of risk process or following definition of child protection plans (Farmer and Owen 1995).
Education and training for primary care organizations
Authors: Johnson Neil
Published: November 2023

There are two major challenges in relation to education and training to the primary care organizations (PCOs) that are developing in the United Kingdom. The first centres on the responsibility of these organizations for the development of individuals to serve in the current and future health service workforce. The second centres on the need for organizations to maintain the development of the organization. This chapter examines these two issues.
Quality, audit, and education and training
Authors: Schofield John , Jackson Neil
Published: November 2023

Our hope is to convince you that there is merit in considering quality methods in the development of primary care educational programmes. The significance of these ideas not only encompasses the education and training of medical staff but also the provision for the ‘customer’ of the best of services and the permeating of a quality culture throughout the health care environment.
Information, learning and new technologies
Authors: Jamieson Alex , Rennison Tony
Published: November 2023

Alex Jamieson is a GP with 12 years’ experience in Continuing Education for GPs both as a GP Tutor and as an Associate Dean of Postgraduate GP Education. Tony Rennison is an Information Technology specialist who has considerable experience as a teacher in the use of primary care computer systems by health-care professionals. He is also the author of a book on the subject, and is a non-GP who is an Associate Dean of Postgraduate GP Education.
Higher degrees: their role in education and training for primary care
Authors: Howe Amanda
Published: November 2023

‘Higher degrees’ are all postgraduate qualifications that involve a substantive piece of original research work: this definition covers Masters (MMedSci, MSc, MPhil) and doctorates (PhD, or MD for those with a previous medical qualification). They range from taught courses to independently completed single theme projects, usually span 1–6 years of study depending on whether full-or part-time, and can be undertaken at any point in one’s adult life. Holding such a qualification is regarded as an essential step to an academic career, but also by many as evidence of serious scholarship and intellectual attainment.
Educational interface between primary and secondary care
Authors: Bannon Michael , Paice Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

The international primary care movement may trace its more recent origins from the pivotal conference held at Alma Ata, USSR, in 1978, where it was determined that the goal of achieving the best possible results in health gain for the world’s population by the year 2000 should be met through the platform of primary health care.1 Subsequently, many countries have endorsed the objectives set at Alma Ata by means of effecting a shift in emphasis, with primary rather than secondary care being the main focus in health-care delivery. In addition, more attention is now devoted towards activities that promote healthy lifestyles and disease prevention. With respect to the NHS, change in this respect has been driven by successive reforms, which has led to the development of GP fundholding in the 1990s and more recently, the emergence of primary care groups and primary care trusts.
Mentoring in education and training
Authors: Freeman Rosslynne
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a distinction between the two activities of training and education which influence the take up of the mentor’s role. The traditional role of a mentor is described, then compared with the role of modem mentors in nursing, education, and medicine to consider what this might tel1 us about the role of mentors in primary care settings. The requisite skills and knowledge base for mentors is placed within the context of education, before finally considering the potential for tasks for mentors in primary care.
The effect of immunosuppressive agents on the defence against infection
Authors: Amlot P L
Published: November 2023

Susceptibility to infection is characteristic of patients with immune deficiency. Deficiencies of B cells and polymorphonuclear phagocytes affect antibody responses thereby preferentially increasing bacterial infection. Deficiencies affecting T cells and mononuclear phagocytes increase viral and intracellular pathogenic infections preferentially. There is a great deal of overlap between these two arms of the immune system, and effective control of particular infectious diseases requires the coordination of both arms of the immune system. For example, deficiency of T helper cells can increase the risk of bacterial infection because of a requirement for T helper cells in providing growth factors for B cells involved in antibody production.
Infection in renal transplantation
Authors: Rubin Robert H
Published: November 2023

Over the past three decades renal transplantation has been established as the best possible means of rehabilitating patients with end-stage renal disease of virtually any aetiology. Recently published data from the United States have documented that the 1-year survival rate now stands at 94% (with a subsequent half-life of 22 years) for allografts from living related donors and 88% for cadaveric donor allografts (with a subsequent half-life of 14 years).
Mucormycosis in dialysis patients
Authors: Coburn Jack W , Maung Hla M
Published: November 2023

The term mucormycosis refers to the diseases produced by various fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. The terms phycomycosis and zygomycosis have also been used to describe such disorders; however, these terms are less familiar to the clinician. Several different species occur in association with clinical diseases. These fungi have a relatively low pathogenicity, and most episodes have occurred in patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, and in those who are immunocompromised for one or more reasons.
Infection and Immunity
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

In July 1989, just four months before the Wall was reduced to souvenir-sized rubble, Berlin hosted the seventh International Congress of Immunology Societies. The brand new International Conference Centre buzzed with research students, lecturers, professors, clinicians, specialists in biochemistry, genetics, haematology, allergy, rheumatic disease, transplant surgery, from fifty countries, six and a half thousand of them altogether – plus some very nervous German security guards. It was the city’s chance to show what it could do, the World Cup of immunology.
Immunodeficiency
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

If there were people who had never thought much about immunodeficiency, or indeed about immunity at all, the AIDS epidemic must have opened their eyes. For immunologists, it was a nightmare come true. Here as we watched, fascinated and horrified, was the proof of all the things we had been teaching our rather bored students for years – that you needed T lymphocytes to control tuberculosis, that there were parasites that only became pathogenic when immunity failed, that one animal’s harmless parasite could be another’s deadly pathogen, that one infection could influence another, that vaccines were not always straightforward to make. It was all true! In the quarter century that followed, HIV has become more notorious than any previous plague. T lymphocyte levels are monitored as closely as blood pressure and cholesterol.
The Constitutional Language of Slavery
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

The Framers’ Intentional Non-disclosure of Their Legitimization of Slavery and Their Implementation of the Precept of Black Inferiority

It Is indeed ironic that the first time the word “slavery” appeared in the United States Constitution was when the institution of slavery was abolished by ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.
The Supreme Court’s Legitimization of Racism
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

On June 7, 1892, Homer A. Plessy, who had “seven eighths Caucasian and one eighth African blood,” took a seat on a “white” railway car. At the time, he had probably not anticipated that his act marked the beginning of the most important civil-rights case that would come down from the Supreme Court in the decades following the Civil War, and one of the three most important race relations cases ever to be decided by the Court. He could not have known that it would take sixty-two years before an enlightened Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education would modify the tragic error that would be made in his case. In 1954, during the era of Chief Justice Earl Warren, a unanimous Supreme Court adopted in substance the argument Plessy had made in 1896: that the scope of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited state-imposed racial discrimi nation. Brown implicitly overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, but it is shocking to think of the millions of injustices and tragic consequences that state-imposed segregation thrust upon African Americans during the interim, between 1896 and 1954, as a result of the decision in Plessy’s case in 1896.
A Distant Shore
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase’s appearance in the Matilda case proved to be a turning point in his career. His lengthy argume11t probing the uncertain boundaries between federal and state relations and his eloquent discussion of natural right may not have satisfied the court, but it did gain him the respect of many thoughtful citizens in Cincinnati and elsewhere. He had his argument printed and circulated widely in pamphlet form. Those who read it carefully could see that Chase was no abolitionist, but simply an earnest and learned individual who was pleading for human rights irrespective of color.
Climbing the Slippery Pole
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

On a overcast morning in late November 1845, Chase rose early, “as usual of late before sunrise.” After washing and dressing, he went to the library and began again to write in his diary, as he said, “after a long intermission, during which the saddest affliction has fallen upon me.” He was referring to Lizzie’s death and with these painful thoughts in mind he breakfasted with his sister Alice and little Kate. As soon as Vina, the black maid, cleared the table, Chase reached for one of his Bibles, kept always close at hand, and sought a lesson that he thought would help relieve his somber mood. He indulged little selfpity when he chose the book of Job but there was also the hope of deliverance after Job’s confession of his sins and his acceptance of God’s will. Little Kate “listened and seemed to be pleased, probably with the solemn rhythms,” said Chase; “for she certainly can understand very little. “ Vina had taken her place at the table, but not the other two household servants, both of whom were Roman Catholic, “and one of them a German unacquainted with our language,” as Chase remarked.
Mixed Results
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

On an evening in late January 1863 Chase departed from his customary routine of relaxing with a book in his library. Instead he was writing letters at his table and he was in a grim mood, which matched the disagreeable weather outside the window. It had been a month since that ugly interlude in the White House when Lincoln exploded so adroitly the case Chase had been building up against the administration. He still felt acutely the humiliation he had suffered on that occasion. And he was still seeking to justify a stand he believed was correct. If he did not himself write, he certainly encouraged a memorial urging a reconstruction of the Cabinet that had been circulating among radical groups in New York for the past two weeks.
A Trip South
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Before Chase broached the idea of a trip south to Johnson, he had learned from Mellen that Secretary McCulloch had entrusted him with a special mission to New Orleans and that he would travel south in the revenue cutter Wayanda, then undergoing refit at New York. The Wayanda was an ocean-going, single-screw steamer and from all accounts could accommodate several passengers. McCulloch was delighted to make the vessel available to his former chief.
Universal Suffrage, Universal Amnesty
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

From mid-September to mid-November, 1866, Chase resumed his working vacation in New York City and New England, and took a leisurely fishing excursion with Jay Cooke at his summer home, “Gibraltar”1 among the picturesque solitude of the Lake Erie islands. Everywhere he went, with every person of consequence he met-including Governor John A. Andrew, William P. Fessenden, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Samuel Hooper, Charles Sumner, of course, and George Bancroft-he pressed his ideas of universal suffrage as the key measure for Reconstruction. By the end of Chase’s travels, President Johnson had reconstructed all of the former Confederate states except Texas and had begun pardoning former Confederate officers, both military and civil, who had been excluded from his general amnesty proclamations. Like others of his close friends and associates, Chase feared that Johnson had entrusted the fate of over 4 million blacks to their former white masters. If they did not restore slavery, the plantation owners would in all likelihood establish a system of peonage or other forms of forced labor equivalent to slavery.
“Times of Ferment and Confusion”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“The utmost Harmony subsists between the several Branches of the Legislature. There are no Parties existing in the Province. All is Peace and Quietness, & likely to remain so.”-William Franklin to Lords of Trade, 1765. “I have had a difficult Part to manage so as to steer clear of giving any Umbrage to the People here, and of embarrassing myself with the Ministry in England.”William Franklin to Benjamin Franklin, 1767.
“An Enemy to the Liberties of This Country”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“No Office or Honour in the Power of the Crown to bestow, will ever influence me to forget or neglect the Duty I owe my Country, nor the most furious Rage of the most intemperate Zealots induce me to swerve from the Duty I owe his Majesty.”-William Franklin to the New Jersey Assembly, 1776. “That, in the opinion of this Congress, the said William Franklin Esquire, has discovered himself to be an enemy to the liberties of this country; and that measures ought to be immediately taken for securing the person of the said William Franklin, Esquire.”-New Jersey Council of Safety, 1776.
The Search Framework: Econometrics
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

Search models for the behavior of the unemployed have implications for reservation wages over time. These in turn have implications for the distribution of unemployment durations across individuals and for the distribution of accepted wages. The econometric problem is to use data to assess and refine the search approach. What features of the search model are consistent with patterns found in the data? What features arc clearly at odds with the data? Are some of the variations and extensions listed in Chapter 2 better for understanding economies and economic behavior than the simple model or should alternatives be developed? The inference problem ls complicated by the fact that reservation wages are rarely observed (studies with observations on reservation wages arc presented in Chapter 4). Without observations on reservation wages, researchers must rely on data on unemployment durations and wages.
Labor Market Histories
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

We have restricted our attention so far to studies of the transition into employment. Here, we broaden the scope of our attention and examine analyses of labor market histories. We start with studies of worker movement in both directions between employment and unemployment (or no nemployment, more generally). Studies based on threestate models of the labor market, which distinguish unemployment and nonparticipation, follow. Studies in the third section focus on transitions out of unemployment, but distinguish un employmeut spells following temporary and permanent layoffs. In the last section, we turn to studies based on alternative multistate models of the labor market that do not fit neatly into the categories listed above.
How the Other Half Searches: Evidence from the Demand Side of the Labor Market
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

Employers play a passive role in the studies previously reviewed. Workers are modeled as facing a distribution of employment opportunities and it is their optimizing behavior that is the focus of attention. Even in the studies based on matching models, only minor attention is paid to attempts by employers to learn about the productivity of prospective employees before hiring. This emphasis in the empirical search literature has not reflected ignorance about the presence of uncertainty on the demand side of the labor market. Nor has it been a matter of favoritism on the part of the researchers. It simply reflects the relative scarcity of demand-side data. Microdata sets for firms are rare. Moreover, when firm level data have been collected, the data have typically been taken from records kept by firms-and firms rarely keep records on search activity.
The Legacy of Maternal Possessiveness
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In 1879, while still at the university in Bonn, Wilhelm fell in love with the woman who would become his wife, Princess Auguste Viktoria of Schleswig Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. His experience in the regiment and attachment to Dona, as she was known, when combined with his prolonged contact with his grandfather, Wilhelm I, precipitated Wilhelm’s personal and political break with his parents. In his regiment, Wilhelm had found the affirmation he had never had at home. In the emperor, he found an admirable and responsive German man to compensate for his weak and largely absent father. In Dona, he found the unequivocal and unwavering devotion that had been missing in his relationship with his mother. To fully appreciate Dona’s psycho logical significance for Wilhelm, however, it is necessary to consider one further aspect of his relationship with Victoria and of her dissatisfaction with him.
Nec: A Multiproduct, Multiprocess Factory Network
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

One of the difficulties inherent in moving any large diversified corpora­ tion toward more standardized methods and tools, or more centralized and coordinated management, is the need to accommodate variety in products and customer requirements. In contrast to SDC, Hitachi, and Toshiba, where managers centered their initial factory efforts on one facility before considering extensions, NEC attempted to structure as well as tailor process technology across several product divisions and subsidiaries almost simultaneously by promoting common goals such as standardization and quality improvement, automation, and reusability.
Technology Transfer and Sino-Japanese Relations*
Authors: Harris Martha Caldwell
Published: November 2023

Japanese technology transfer to China is a case of the half-full glass. Japan remains China’s largest trading partner, providing China with a large share of its machinery, transport, and telecommunications equipment needs. Japan is also China’s largest aid donor and an important provider of external financing. Japanese firms, like Mitsui, are on the ground in China, with offices in most major cities and representatives in even distant regions.
Comparing Japanese and American Technology Transfer in China: Assessing the “Fit” Between Foreign Firms and Chinese Enterprises
Authors: Grow Roy F
Published: November 2023

Ed Adams was a contented man. He was flying back to corporate head quarters in the United States after closing an important deal in China. His company, United Food Products, would transfer food processing technologies to an enterprise near Dalian in Liaoning province.
Import Substitution and Changes in Structural Interdependence: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Pal D P
Published: November 2023

In an input-output framework, import substitution in a sector influences and is influenced by import substitution in other sectors because of the simultaneity that exists between the sectors. The higher the degree of such simultaneity, the higher the extent of indirect repercussion. Estimates of import substitution made in an inter industry framework may thus be called measures of the total (direct plus indirect) import substitution. In this case the functional interdependence of the different sectors is considered in estimation.
Philosophy’s Influence on Economics: Early Exchanges
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Rewriting economics in view of one of the frameworks of the contemporary philosophy of science has become the vogue in economics in recent years. Although much intellectual energy has been devoted to this end, the application of a philosophy of science framework to economics, as Coats (1983a, p. 312) has observed, has as yet failed to yield a “major conceptual or historiographical breakthrough.” At the same time, the “crisis” in economics (about which it has become so fashionable to speak since the 1970s) seems to have deepened, if one can measure its depth by the increase in literature devoted to methodology and by the wide range of economists engaged in this criticism. There is indeed a plethora of literature amassing on the methodology of economics: since 1970 more than fifty books alone on economic methodology have been published (since 1975 at least forty-six books; since 1980 at least thirty-one books).
Japan’s Version of Managerial Capitalism
Authors: Dore Ronald
Published: November 2023

The best solution [for overhasty diversification] is for Japanese firms to sell unwanted subsidiaries and buy firms which fit with their core business, even if this requires a hostile takeover. To make such a reshuffle of assets possible, the Japanese will have to ease the regulations governing mergers and acquisitions. Last year a Tokyo district court ruled that firms that find themselves the target of an unwelcome takeover bid can no longer resort to the age-old practice of selling shares at knockdown prices to friendly white knights. This has been the favourite way of diluting a hostile investor’s stake to below the critical 33 percent level-above which an investor has the right to call a shareholder’s meeting and demand changes. The ruling has since been contradicted by another court. What is needed now is a government edict to put some administrative resolve into the first court’s ruling.
Corporate Restructuring and Organizational Behavior
Authors: Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Many of the nation’s corporations underwent major restructurings during the 1980s. In response to threats of international competition, unfriendly tender offers, declining profit margins, and other pressures, divisions were sold to other companies, plants were closed, and thousands of employees were redeployed. Boards of directors urged top management to enhance earnings, and ownership interests reasserted control through hostile takeovers and leveraged buyouts. American business has always undergone periods of reorganization and adaptation to the environment, but the scope and direction of corporate change during the mid- to late 1980s would appear to have been significantly different from that of earlier decades.
Informal Information Trading Between Firms
Authors: Schrader Stephan
Published: November 2023

Employees frequently exchange proprietary information informally with colleagues in other firms, including direct competitors. Such information exchange builds on reciprocity. Information is traded for other information. Employees give information in the expectation of receiving valuable information in return (Von Hippel, 1987).
The English Background of Early American Collegiate Sport
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The Superintendent OF the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail road, James Elkins, was enjoying the company of Yale College ‘s James Whiton, a junior and member of the Yale Boat Club in 1852. They might well have been discussing whether the underground railroad would be suppressed by the Fugitive Slave Act passed two years before and whether the attempt to prevent blacks in southern states from achieving their freedom northward would be success ful. Elkins, though, was likely more interested in the freedom to pursue his own dream-a profitable above-ground line which would increase his passenger traffic as the railway passed from Boston to Montreal through the vacation lands of New Hampshire.
From the Burial of Football to the Acceptance of Rugby
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Well before Harvard and Yale lifted an oar together or Amherst and Williams faced each other with bat and ball, collegians were playing football on the various campuses. College football, an out growth of upperclassmen ‘s hazing and initiation rites imposed upon freshmen, was a well-established ritual on most college campuses when intercollegiate crew and baseball arose in the 1850s. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a writer of some renown, reminisced about Harvard in the days before intercollegiate rivalries: “I can recall, “ wrote Higginson of the 1840s, “the feeling of exhilaration as one drew near to the ‘Delta, ‘ on some autumn evening, while the game was in progress,-the joyous shouts, the thud of the ball, the sweet smell of crushed grass ... [and] the magnificent ‘rush. ‘
The Rise of the Professional Coach
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The problem of Inter-Institutional control was made even more difficult and pressing by the rise of the professional coach. The premium placed upon winning by individual institutions was extremely high prior to the advent of professional coaches, but it intensified when an individual ‘s coaching career was dependent principally upon turning out winners. “Players like to win, “ argued a former Yale all-American football player, Frank Butterworth, “but head coaches and especially paid coaches, had to win. “1 Each coach wanted to develop advantages which would give him and his team the winning edge. Uniform rules determined by inter-institutional action might take away the freedom of the pro coach to win using whatever method he devised to accomplish his task.
About The Psychiatric Interviews
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

On the evening of December 14, 1982, Jurema Cardozo, aged sixty-one, was hospitalized at the Psychiatric Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Earlier that day her family had taken her to a general hospital for emergency cases. She was then transferred to the psychiatric institute, where she was hospitalized (an involuntary entrance). This was her fifth hospitalization in five years, the first one in this institution. No medication was given to her on admission. Doctor Edna Lopes, a recently graduated doctor, was assigned to take care of Jurema.
Toward Listening
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

Laing says that people experience madness as a major breakdown, ‘‘an exile from the scene of being as we know it’: a breakdown in communication, in interaction, in relationships. One stops relating to the other, to the world, and even to oneself. One becomes a stranger by losing one’s sense of self, one’s feelings, one’s place in the world as we know it ([1967] 1974:110). It is not surprising, therefore, that a person remembers so little after a psychotic episode. In Dona Jurema’s discharge interview, for instance, the queries by the doctor about the patient’s earlier experiences remain mostly unanswered: Laing tells us, however, that a psychotic episode does not need to be experienced as a breakdown (f 19671 1974:110). A visit to the inner world need not lead to great estrangement. One way of bridging the gap may be by listening to those that have traveled beyond. In listening, a different kind of understanding may come into being.
Expressing Gratitude in American English
Authors: Eisenstein Miriam , Bodman Jean
Published: November 2023

Expressing gratitude has important social value in American English. One indication of its importance is that it is one of the few functions that most speakers can remember being explicitly taught as children. Used frequently in a wide range of interpersonal relationships, this function, when appropriately expressed, can engender feelings of warmth and solidarity among interlocutors. Conversely, the failure to express gratitude adequately can have negative consequences for the relationship of speaker and listener.
Perception and Performance in Native and Nonnative Apology
Authors: Bergman Marc L , Kasper Gabriele
Published: November 2023

In terms of their actional characteristics, apologies relate in important ways to other frequently studied expressive speech acts. Like the speech acts of thanking, complimenting, and complaining, apologies occur post-event. Complimenting and thanking involve events deemed praiseworthy by prevailing social norms; complaints and apologies refer back to events that constitute norm infringements. By complimenting and thanking, an event is made into a praiseworthy occasion; by complaining about or apologizing for its occurrence, an event is made into a transgression. In terms of value attribution, the relationship between event and speech act is reflexive rather than unilateral. Complaints, thanks, and compliments commonly hold the addressee to be causally involved in the preceding event; the agent assuming responsibility for the event necessitating the apology is the speaker. Compliments differ from thanks in that thanks require that the addressee’s preceding action be beneficial to the speaker; compliments refer to addressee-related events, which do not need to be beneficial to anybody in particular. The actional descriptors referred to above allow us to distinguish compliments, thanks, complaints, and apologies schematically (Table 4.1).