bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying Machine‐Learning Methods to Laser Acceleration of Protons: Lessons Learned From Synthetic Data
Authors: Desai Ronak , Zhang Thomas , Felice John J. , Oropeza Ricky , Smith Joseph R. , Kryshchenko Alona , Orban Chris , Dexter Michael L. , Patnaik Anil K.
Published: November 2024

In this study, we consider three different machine‐learning methods—a three‐hidden‐layer neural network, support vector regression, and Gaussian process regression—and compare how well they can learn from a synthetic data set for proton acceleration in the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration regime. The synthetic data set was generated from a previously published theoretical model by Fuchs et al. 2005 that we modified. Once trained, these machine‐learning methods can assist with efforts to maximize the peak proton energy, or with the more general problem of configuring the laser system to produce a proton energy spectrum with desired characteristics. In our study, we focus on both the accuracy of the machine‐learning methods and the performance on one GPU including memory consumption. Although it is arguably the least sophisticated machine‐learning model we considered, support vector regression performed very well in our tests.
Instability Mechanism of Cohesive Soil Slope Based on Discrete‐Continuous Coupled Method
Authors: Li Yuqi , Jing Yuting , Yang Zhaoyu
Published: November 2024

This paper employed PFC3D and FLAC3D to conduct a three‐dimensional discrete‐continuous dual‐scale coupled simulation and stability analysis of cohesive soil slope through discrete‐continuous coupled algorithm and the gravity increase method. In the discrete element model zone, the progressive failure process of cohesive soil slope was studied by setting particles with different displacements to different colours, the evolutions of porosity and coordination number in the shear, sliding and stability zones of slope were analysed by arranging measurement spheres, and the variation law of particle position was obtained by the vertical layering of the soil. In the continuous model zone of coupled slope model, the horizontal and vertical stresses were verified with those of a pure FLAC3D model of slope. Furthermore, a comparative instability analysis of cohesive soil slope and gravelly soil slope was also performed. The safety factor for the cohesive soil slope in this work was determined to be 1.7 according to the mesoscopic fabric evolution of slope particles and the gravity increase method. The work in this paper broadens the application scope of the dual‐scale coupled algorithm, highlights the differences in the mesoscopic instability mechanism between cohesive soil slop and gravelly soil slop, and provides new theoretical support for slope design and risk assessment in engineering practice.
First Prospective Study on Single‐Port Robotic Tongue Base Resection for Sleep Apnea
Authors: Jeong Yeonsu , Rha Min‐Seok , Kim Chang‐Hoon , Cho Hyung‐Ju
Published: November 2024

Background

This first prospective study evaluates the efficacy and safety of single‐port transoral robotic surgery (SP TORS) for tongue base resection (TBR) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients.

Methods

A single‐center, single‐surgeon clinical investigation enrolled 25 subjects from April 2021 to September 2022. Pre‐ and postsurgery polysomnography reports and standardized sleep quality assessments were collected. Surgical parameters and complications were documented.

Results

According to Sher's success criteria (50% reduction in AHI and AHI < 20), the success rate was 76% (19/25 patients). Preoperative AHI decreased from 58.56 ± 26.40 to 18.19 ± 22.02 postsurgery. Symptoms such as foreign body sensation and taste dysfunction improved within 3 months. Major complications, including hemorrhage, occurred in two patients (8%).

Conclusions

SP TORS TBR effectively manages OSA, significantly improving AHI outcomes and safety. Its precision and targeted tissue removal highlight its advantages over traditional methods, warranting further clinical investigation.

Traial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04795817.
Acceptance‐Hesitancy of COVID‐19 Vaccination and Factors Affecting It in Adults: Systematic Review Study
Authors: Darbandi Atieh , Koupaei Maryam , kiani Parisa , Ghanavati Roya , Najafi Parisa , Hosseini Jalil , Shokouhamiri Mohammad Reza , Parsapour Roxana , Asadi Arezoo
Published: November 2024

Background

Despite the advent of vaccines against COVID‐19, there is considerable variation in the acceptance and hesitancy towards the vaccination program across different countries. The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of hesitancy and acceptance regarding the use of the vaccine against the novel coronavirus, also known as COVID‐19, and to identify the factors that influence these attitudes.

Materials and Methods

All the cross‐sectional studies were retrieved from the PubMed databases, the Web of Science ISI, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Papers published in English between 2 November 2019 and 23 May 2023 were subjected to further assessment based on their title, abstract, and main text, with a view to ensuring their relevance to the present study.

Results

Following an exhaustive investigation, 59 studies were selected for screening in this systematic review. The most frequently employed method of data collection was the online survey. The study sample comprised 59.12% women and 40.88% men, with ages ranging from 16 to 78 years. The proportion of individuals accepting the vaccine ranged from 13% to 96%, while the proportion of those exhibiting hesitancy ranged from 0% to 57.5%. The primary reasons for accepting the COIVD‐19 vaccine were a heightened perception of risk associated with the virus and a general trust in the healthcare system. The most frequently cited reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the context of the ongoing pandemic include concerns about the potential dangers of the vaccines, the rapid pace of their development, the possibility of adverse effects (such as infertility or death), and the assumption that they have been designed to inject microchips.

Discussion

A variety of socio‐demographic factors are implicated in determining the rate of vaccine acceptance. A number of socio‐demographic factors have been identified as influencing vaccine acceptance. These include high income, male gender, older age, marriage, the presence of older children who have been vaccinated and do not have chronic diseases, high education, and health insurance coverage.

Conclusion

Eliminating vaccine hesitancy or increasing vaccine acceptance is a crucial factor that should be addressed through various means and in collaboration with regulatory and healthcare organizations.
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Authors: Li Guoyi , Li Shenghong , Ahmed Jahangeer , Tian Wei , Li Liang
Published: November 2024

A flexible perovskite photodetector with room‐temperature self‐healing function without external trigger is developed. A crosslinked polyurethane network is filled to the grain boundary of perovskite film, which not only improves the crystal quality of perovskite and mechanical stability but also enables flexible perovskite photodetectors to self‐heal at room temperature.

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Trimming the fat: Identifying 15 underlying concepts from 26 in the social skills domain
Authors: Ross Roxanne L. , Toth Allison A. , Heggestad Eric D. , Banks George C.
Published: November 2024

A large number of concepts have been proposed to describe social skills and explain social goal attainment. In this work, we identified dozens of such concepts, which have been studied for many decades across a wide variety of social science disciplines. It has been suggested that the social skills literature lacks parsimony and conceptual clarity. We take stock of these challenges and describe their origins. We identify three conceptual limitations that impede progress studying social skills and social goal attainment: redundancy (i.e., jangle fallacy), conflation (i.e., haphazard mixing of different conceptual types), and drift (i.e., jingle fallacy). We used best practices for concept revision and development, assisted by the use of machine learning, to undertake domain‐level conceptual clarification, analyzing 756 definitions across six decades of research. This process led us to propose 15 core social skills‐related concepts (a 42% reduction). These concepts were located within the social skills framework to begin to depict how they might relate to one another during the pursuit of social goals. This paper contributes to theory by decluttering, organizing, and simplifying the messy and redundant social skills literature and, by doing so, improves theoretical clarity. We close by suggesting areas for future research.
Exploring the Role of Ethical Leadership in Mitigating Earnings Management
Authors: Almasarwah Adel , Al‐Wreikat Assyad , Lutz Jonathan , Rossi Matteo , Salloum Charbel
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the relationship between ethical leadership and earnings management in corporations, offering insights to enhance corporate governance and financial reporting integrity. By conducting semi‐structured interviews with leaders and managers from 21 firms across 16 countries, this study examines how ethical leadership affects earnings management across various industries. The results indicate a significant negative correlation between ethical leadership and earnings management practices, emphasizing the role of ethical leaders in fostering financial transparency. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of how organizations can leverage ethical leadership to mitigate earnings manipulation and promote financial integrity.
Reconfiguration of Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits Using Auxiliary Fields
Authors: Wang Ying‐De , Chen Yang , Hu Zhi‐Yong , Sun Yi‐Ke , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Chen Qi‐Dai , Guo Guang‐Can , Tian Zhen‐Nan , Ren Xi‐Feng
Published: November 2024

Manipulating photons in quantum photonic integrated circuits (QPICs) is essential for quantum communications and computation, demanding precise control over phase shifts and photon coupling. Despite the challenges arising from the low electro‐optic and thermo‐optic coefficients of glass waveguides, femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology offers a rapid method for QPIC preparation. In this work, the use of auxiliary fields is proposed to reconfigure QPICs with FsLDW. Through adiabatic elimination, modulations of inter‐waveguide coupling are achieved, allowing for arbitrary, controllable beam‐splitting ratios and error correction in discrete quantum walking networks. The experiments also demonstrate full‐period phase shift modulation over 2π in a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer by employing an adjustable auxiliary field. Particularly, high‐quality two‐photon quantum interference and high‐fidelity quantum logic function conversion between a controlled‐NOT gate and a controlled‐PHASE gate are exhibited. This novel approach provides a promising mechanism for modulating the phase and coupling between photons in 3D and large‐scale QPICs.
Non‐traditional yeasts from cool‐climate vineyards for novel low‐alcohol wines
Authors: Fan Lihua , Doucette Craig , McSweeney Matthew B. , English Marcia , Song Jun , Vinqvist‐Tymchuk Mindy , Kernaghan Gavin
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Climate warming and demand for fuller‐bodied wines has resulted in increased grape sugar contents and, therefore, increased alcohol in wines. Concurrently, there are increased warnings about the health risks of alcohol, and consumers seek low‐alcohol options as part of a healthy lifestyle. High alcohol levels can also impact the flavor balance of wines, resulting in economic losses. However, exploration of native vineyard yeasts shows that fermentation with novel species can result in both alcohol reduction and improved wine flavor. Our findings show that native yeasts have the potential to bring the North American cool‐climate wine industry into a healthier future.

There is recent interest in developing wines fermented with non‐traditional yeasts that reflect the microbial terroir of the grape‐growing region. These native yeasts inhabit grape skins and can produce wines with distinctive flavor profiles, and when used in concert with traditional wine yeast, the risk of incomplete fermentation is minimized. Non‐traditional yeasts can also produce wines with relatively low alcohol content, an attractive characteristic given the health and societal issues associated with overconsumption.

Yeasts isolated from L'Acadie and Pinot Noir grapes grown at Nova Scotia vineyards were identified by DNA sequencing and characterized regarding fermentative properties. Promising isolates of Saccharomyces uvarum, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Zygotorulaspora florentina were selected for mixed and sequential fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on their ethanol and SO2 tolerance, β‐glucosidase activity, and low H2S production. The resulting wines were evaluated for sensory properties by 15 experienced panelists.

Alcohol levels of many of the fermentations that included non‐traditional yeasts were significantly lower than those made with traditional yeast alone, while fructose was higher, and total phenolic contents were similar. Experienced panelists also found that these fermentations resulted in wines with novel fruit and floral attributes.

Our results demonstrate that native yeasts from cool‐climate wine regions can be used in concert with traditional wine yeast to produce novel, lower alcohol wines with a low risk of fermentation failure. This unlocks the potential of naturally occurring yeasts from these vineyards to create wines with flavor profiles that reflect the local wine‐making regions.
The Longitudinal Association Between Negative Life Events and Problematic Social Media Use Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of FoMO and the Moderating Role of Positive Parenting
Authors: Yuan Xue‐Qing , Dou Kai , Li Yan‐Yu
Published: November 2024

Negative life events are one of the risk factors leading to problematic social media use (PSMU) among Chinese college students, but the underlying mechanism between them remains unclear. Based on compensatory internet use theory, a moderated mediation model was examined, with two dimensions of fear of missing out (FoMO) considered as parallel mediators and positive parenting as a moderator. A total of 525 college students (57.3% females, Mage = 21.94, SDage = 1.16) participated in this three‐wave longitudinal study (6 months apart). We investigated their negative life events at Time 1, FoMO at Time 2, positive parenting at Time 2 and PSMU at Time 3. The structural equation model results indicated that, after controlling for demographic variables, negative life events positively impacted students' PSMU directly and indirectly by increasing their fear of missing novel information and fear of missing social opportunities. Moreover, positive parenting moderated the mediating effect of fear of missing social opportunities but not fear of missing novel information. In conclusion, this study reflected the underlying mechanism linking negative life events to PSMU, supporting the stress‐buffering model while highlighting the protective role of positive parenting.
Dual‐Integrin‐Targeted Supramolecular Peptide Nanoarchitectonics for Enhanced Hepatic Delivery and Antifibrotic Therapy
Authors: Li Bowen , Bao Jianwei , Huang Yan , Liu Jikang , Yan Xuehai , Zou Qianli
Published: November 2024

The integration of integrin‐binding peptides within self‐assembling building blocks is crucial for the development of targeted nanoarchitectonics. However, such constructs typically incorporate only a single integrin‐binding peptide, limiting their multifunctionality. Herein, a rationally designed self‐assembling peptide with dual integrin‐binding motifs for α5β1 and αvβ3 is presented. This peptide forms highly ordered nanofibers or nanoparticles (VH‐NPs) with tailored secondary structures. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that VH‐NPs target activated hepatic stellate cells via dual‐integrin interactions, enabling selective targeting to fibrotic livers and suppressing α5β1 and αvβ3. Notably, VH‐NPs can encapsulate rhein through noncovalent interactions, resulting in peptide‐rhein nanoarchitectonics that display augmented antifibrotic effects. These findings highlight the potential of self‐assembling peptides that leverage multiple targets and therapeutic modules as a promising strategy for constructing multifunctional nanoarchitectonics.
Analysis of Metal–Organic Framework and Polyamide Interfaces in Membranes for Water Treatment and Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Pilevar Mohsen , Jafarian Hesam , Behzadnia Nima , Liang Qiaoli , Aghapour Aktij Sadegh , Thakur Anupma , Gonzales Adriana Riveros , Arabi Shamsabadi Ahmad , Anasori Babak , Warsinger David , Rahimpour Ahmad , Sadrzadeh Mohtada , Elliott Mark , Dadashi Firouzjaei Mostafa
Published: November 2024

Integrating biocidal nanoparticles (NPs) into polyamide (PA) membranes shows promise for enhancing resistance to biofouling. Incorporating techniques can tailor thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes for specific water purification applications. In this study, silver‐based metal–organic framework Ag‐MOFs (using silver nitrate and 1,3,5‐benzentricarboxylic acid as precursors) are incorporated into PA membranes via three different methods: i) incorporation, ii) dip‐coating, and iii) in situ ultrasonic techniques. The characterizations, such as top‐surface and cross‐section scanning and transmission microscopy, reveal that the incorporation methods for the modified TFN membranes substantially control morphology and surface characteristics. For example, the in situ ultrasonically interlayered Ag‐MOFs showed the largest pores (average pore diameter of 14 Å ± 0.1), resulting in the highest water permeance (water flux of 10.9 LMH/bar for Na2SO4). It also show superior antifouling and anti‐biofouling performance, with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 94.1% in both fouling tests due to its improved surface hydrophilicity and the antibacterial properties of incorporated Ag‐MOFs. Conversely, the surface‐grafted dip‐coated Ag‐MOFs offered the highest salt rejection, attributed to its highly negatively charged surface and a dense PA network with narrow pores (average pore diameter of 10 Å ± 0.06).
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of COVID‐19 association with human semen quality: Changes in semen parameters pre‐ and post‐COVID
Authors: Supit Wempy , Supit Tommy , Sherryn Sherryn
Published: November 2024

Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which may infect the cells through binding with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors that can also be found in the male reproductive organs. Relevant studies were searched in medical databases and gray literature using controlled search terms including COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2, semen, and sperm, among other related keywords. The authors of this systematic review assessed the eligibility of selected articles, followed by analysing the quality and reliability of the studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Exposure (ROBINS‐E) tool. Collected data were processed using RevMan5 software, with a random effects model for meta‐analysis. Combined mean difference and confidence intervals of semen parameters were obtained by using inverse variance method for assigning the weight of each included article. Seven studies with complete pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 semen analysis data of the same individuals were included in the systematic review. Compiled data from a total of 153 participants revealed that COVID‐19 is associated with semen quality impairment, with meta‐analysis showing significant decrease of sperm concentration and progressive motility. However, the risk of bias analyses considered all the included studies as “very high risk.” This study revealed the susceptibility of semen parameter impairments in association with COVID‐19. However, this finding is limited by the small number of high‐quality studies and the lack of control for other confounding variables of semen quality and male fertility.
Selection of priority watershed for water environment management
Authors: Choi Jiyeon , Lee Young Mee , Kang Tae‐Woo , Ha Don‐Woo , Hwang Seong‐Yun , Lee Youngjea , Lee Won‐Seok
Published: November 2024

As part of the National Water Management Basic Plan, this study conducted research to identify priority management watersheds in the Yeongsan River basin to respond to changes in water environmental conditions and improve water quality. Analysis of water quality over the past decade revealed that points located in the middle and lower of the Yeongsan River exceeded the target water quality standards. As based on the results, pollution sources and loads indicated that the W‐1 watershed, classified as urban areas, exhibited high levels in residential, industrial, and urban landuse characteristics, whereas the W‐6 watershed, classified as rural areas, showed high levels in livestock farming, aquaculture, and agricultural landuse (wet and dry filed) categories. To understand the impact of point source (PS) and non‐point source (NPS) pollution within the watershed, load duration curve (LDC) analysis was conducted, indicating that downstream segments of all flow ranges exceeded the target water quality standards, necessitating management of both PS and NPS. Multivariate log‐linear analysis also confirmed the influence of PS and NPS, suggesting that watershed management should concurrently address both types of pollution. Based on the results, priority management watershed rankings were derived through the calculation of standard and integrated indicators, with the analysis indicating the following order: W‐1 > W‐6 > W‐3 > W‐4 > W‐2 > W‐5 > W‐7 > W‐8.

Practitioner Points

Priority management watersheds that urgently need water environment management can be identified.

The priority management watershed rankings were derived through the calculation of integrated indicators data on BOD, TP concentration, and loads.

Serve as a guide for future diagnostic assessments of pollution sources and the development of effective management strategies.

Anticipated to significantly contribute to the establishment of robust water quality management practices in the basin.
Small circle expansion for adjoint QCD2 with periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Dempsey Ross , Klebanov Igor R. , Pufu Silviu S. , Søgaard Benjamin T.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study 1 + 1-dimensional SU(N) gauge theory coupled to one adjoint multiplet of Majorana fermions on a small spatial circle of circumference L. Using periodic boundary conditions, we derive the effective action for the quantum mechanics of the holonomy and the fermion zero modes in perturbation theory up to order (gL)3. When the adjoint fermion mass-squared is tuned to g2N/(2π), the effective action is found to be an example of supersymmetric quantum mechanics with a nontrivial superpotential. We separate the states into the ℤN center symmetry sectors (universes) labeled by p = 0, . . . , N – 1 and show that in one of the sectors the supersymmetry is unbroken, while in the others it is broken spontaneously. These results give us new insights into the (1, 1) supersymmetry of adjoint QCD2, which has previously been established using light-cone quantization. When the adjoint mass is set to zero, our effective Hamiltonian does not depend on the fermions at all, so that there are 2N−1 degenerate sectors of the Hilbert space. This construction appears to provide an explicit realization of the extended symmetry of the massless model, where there are 22N−2 operators that commute with the Hamiltonian. We also generalize our results to other gauge groups G, for which supersymmetry is found at the adjoint mass-squared g2h∨/(2π), where h∨ is the dual Coxeter number of G.
Prospective study of the application of a 3D exoscope system (VITOM 3D) in ear surgery compared to conventional surgical microscopes: part I - analysis of objective parameters
Authors: Tao Hai Yen , Morgenstern Joseph , Müller Christoph , Lasurashvili Nikoloz , Zahnert Thomas , Beleites Thomas , Neudert Marcus
Published: November 2024

Background

This prospective study compared the application of a 3D exoscope (VITOM 3D) with surgical microscopes (SM) in ear surgery.

Methods

62 patients were included (exoscope group (E+) n = 31; SM group (E-) n = 31). Procedures included cochlea implantation (nE + = 10, nE- = 10), reconstructive middle ear surgery due to chronic otitis media with (COMwC; nE + = 11, nE- = 11) and without cholesteatoma (COMsC; nE + = 10, nE- = 10). Objective (e.g. set-up time and wrap-up time, corrected cut-suture-time, pure operating time, adjustment time, time per adjustment procedure, learning curves) and subjective perioperative parameters were evaluated. This paper only addressed the analysis of the objective parameters.

Results

The pooled data showed that the mean time delay in the E + group was significantly higher compared to the E- group with regard to set-up time and wrap-up time, corrected cut-suture time, adjustment time and time per adjustment procedure. Time delay tended to be higher for pure operating time. In all subgroups of the E + group, the objective time parameters also showed at least a tendency to be prolonged on average compared to the corresponding subgroups in the E- group. The learning curve analysis showed that the E + group (corrected cut suture time for CI surgery, mean time per adjustment procedure across all subgroups) approached the times of the E- group during the course of the study.

Conclusions

Based on the pooled data from the study arms, the exoscope tends to be inferior to the microscope for the objective time parameters evaluated when used in ear surgery. However, due to the small group sizes, no solid conclusions could be drawn regarding the individual surgical procedures. In addition, further studies with a longer observation period are needed to minimize the influence of the learning curve on the results.
Our approach for out-of-center initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and subsequent interhospital transport
Authors: Hermann Alexander , Schellongowski Peter , Robak Oliver , Buchtele Nina , Nagler Bernhard , Müller Martin , Staudinger Thomas
Published: November 2024

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) initiation at a non-ECMO-capable facility by specialized mobile teams aims for a stabilization prior to center admission, internationally referred to as ECMO retrieval. It is a recommended strategy to avoid primary interhospital transfer of compromised patients with a high risk of life-threatening incidents and potentially death. Deploying the unique skill set of ECMO installation and transportation to an unfamiliar environment, however, adds a further degree of complexity to the demanding fields of both transporting the critically ill and ECMO management itself. Although recommendations for the initiation of ECMO retrieval programs exist, centers globally tailor their course of action to local individual needs and so do we.

The purpose of this work is to portray the decision-tree-based protocol of the intensive care unit 13i2 (Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna) with its operational standards for optimal patient selection and transport organization.
The functional TNF-α−308G > a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629): association with the predictive indices of breast cancer carcinogenesis
Authors: Refaat Sherif , Al-Rashidi Hanan E. , El Azeem Rania A. Abd , Nouh Walaa E. , Hamed Sahar , Attia Zeinab R.
Published: November 2024

Background

Compared with all other cancer types, Breast cancer (BC) among women has now exceeded them all as the primary reason for cancer worldwide. The BC represents 11.7% of all cancer cases and accounts for a predestined 2.3 million new cases. It is the fourth primary reason for cancer-associated deaths in women. With a staggering 200–400% increase in the relative incidence of BC in Egypt, there is an urgent need for new diagnostic or predictive markers.

Purpose

The current investigation aims to explore the connection of the functional TNF-α−308G > A (rs1800629) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with different breast cancer predictive indices.

Methods

The ARMS-PCR method was used for genotyping TNF-α−308G > A SNP. Three groups were recruited for the study: 79 patients with benign breast inflammation (BBI); 163 with breast cancer (BC) and 144 controls (C).

Results

The TNF-α−308G > A SNP was distributed among different groups in a unique pattern; in the control group 63.9% of cases were in the GG, 34% were in the GA, and 2.1% were in the AA. The BC group had 14% GG, 79% GA, and 7% AA, while the BBI group had 24% GG, 76% GA, and 0% AA. The AA genotype and A allele represented a strong significant correlation with risk factors in the BC group (ORAA: 14.67 [95% CI = 3.78–56.91] and ORA: 0.27 [95% CI = 0.19–0.39], respectively; P < 0.0001) in contrast to the control group. However, in the BBI group, a strong significant correlation was noted with the GA genotype (ORGA: 5.93 [95% CI = 3.18–11.04] P < 0.0001). In the BC group, the AA genotype shows a significant increase in Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) in positive ER and PR in contrast to the relevant negative ones (P = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively). However, the GA genotype significantly increased NPI in positive Her2 and metastatic patients (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

This research is the first to correlate TNF-α−308G > A (rs1800629) SNP in Egyptian BC patients. The A allele, GA & AA genotypes, and the Overdominant model of the TNF-α−308G > A gene variants were recorded as prognostic risk factors for BC carcinogenesis.
Flexible Working Arrangements and Fertility Intentions: A Survey Experiment in Singapore
Authors: Wang Senhu , Dong Hao
Published: November 2024

This study examines how young, unmarried, working people’s fertility intention is shaped by future scenarios where flexible working arrangements (FWAs) are the default. The unmarried population remains to be an under-studied part of the working population at reproductive ages, who nevertheless becomes increasingly significant for fertility research due to rising ages at marriage and the first birth. Despite significant public anticipation regarding the potential of FWAs to facilitate work–family balance and fertility, there is little research on the effects of FWAs on fertility intentions. We conduct a population-based vignette survey experiment to identify the causal effects of FWAs by randomly manipulating three scenarios of FWAs policy changes—reducing hours, increasing work-schedule flexibility, and increasing workplace flexibility—in Singapore, where both overwork norm and low fertility co-exist. All three types of FWAs improve fertility intentions. The effects are especially substantial for women, for which anticipated work–family conflict is an important mediator. Moreover, FWAs matter particularly to those in professional and managerial occupations. These findings call for policies facilitating a more family-friendly environment to tackle low fertility in the future of work.
Unveiling novice instructional designers’ professional identity: exploring dispositions through future-oriented reflections
Authors: Duan Suzhen , Hsieh Chi-Jia , Dong Liu , Jiang Shiyan , Xu Fan , Watson Sunnie , Yu Ji Hyun
Published: November 2024

Research and educational programs in instructional design in higher education have traditionally focused on knowledge and skills, with less emphasis on professional identity, particularly dispositions and aspirations. This qualitative study explores students’ professional identity and dispositions through future-oriented reflections in a foundational course of an instructional design master’s program at a large Midwest university in the United States. Data were collected over eight semesters from 2020 to 2023, involving 371 students, with 332 completing the reflections. Thematic analysis of 332 reflection essays revealed a strong sense of belonging to the instructional design field, captured ideal working fields and job titles, and categorized 52 dispositions into three main dimensions: becoming (10), being (18), and willing (24). In addition, a novice instructional designer’s professional identity profile was generated based on the findings. This study contributes to the professional education of instructional designers and promotes a deeper understanding of their roles in higher education.
Influences on Mathematics Achievement in Rural Schools: A Nested Study of Underprivileged Learners
Authors: Mafugu Tafirenyika
Published: November 2024

Using a nested design and guided by the Social Control Theory, this study examined the factors that influence learners’ achievement in mathematics in South Africa. The researchers collected data from 32 participants through an online questionnaire with open-ended and closed-ended questions. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS to produce descriptive statistics and correlations, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. The findings indicated several important correlations. The engagement of learners with mathematics was positively correlated with their overall performance (r(30) = 0.468, p = 0.007). Similarly, concentration during mathematics tests was moderately positively correlated with performance (r(30) = 0.362, p < 0.042). In particular, the enjoyment of mathematical problem-solving by the learners showed a highly positive correlation with their overall performance (r(30) = 0.599, p < 0.001). Additionally, the belief of the students in their ability to achieve academic goals through mathematics was strongly correlated with their performance (r(30) = 0.571, p < 0.001). Qualitative data highlighted the lack of regular practice as a significant factor affecting maths performance. This lack of practice was attributed to factors such as limited time due to household responsibilities, ineffective time management, and a lack of motivation. The study underscores the importance of creating a supportive learning environment that fosters students’ enthusiasm for mathematics, ultimately improving academic performance and fostering a positive emotional connection to the subject. It also encourages students to overcome procrastination, laziness, and distractions, enhancing their concentration on their studies.
Invasive Fungal Diseases of Combat Wounds: Burden, Epidemiology, and Mycology
Authors: Roberds Ashleigh , Bobrov Alexander G. , Rautemaa-Richardson Riina , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: November 2024

During the last two decades, wound invasive fungal diseases (WIFDs) have reemerged as important causes of mortality and morbidity in military personnel and civilian casualties in war areas. Historically, mycotic infections acquired in combat operations during Vietnam War and were associated with burn wounds. Modern combat related WIFDs are almost exclusively associated with severe traumatic events which encompass blast exposure as the primary mechanism of injury and subsequent extremity amputation and extensive blood loss. Such infections often lead to deep tissue necrosis, long hospitalizations, extensive surgeries, and more severe amputation. Studies of combat related WIFDs among U.S. military personnel in Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) demonstrated incidence rates of approximately 7% and crude mortality of 8.5%. WIFDs were also seen in U.K. military personnel returning from Afghanistan and are common in the current Ukraine and Gaza conflicts. Mucorales, Aspergillus and Fusarium species are the predominant causes of WIFDs. These molds are opportunistic pathogens which thrive in patients with immune system imbalances following traumatic injury. They are ubiquitous environmental fungi found in a variety of soils but there are significant regional differences depending on the local soil type, vegetation, and climate. The management of WIFDs is complicated by the limited efficacy of current antifungals on many of these environmental species and by emerging antifungal resistance globally. This review provides an overview of the global burden, epidemiology, and clinical features of combat-related fungal infections with the aim to provide a better understanding of the threat posed for wounded Service Members and civilians.
Development of a robust predictive model for neutropenia after esophageal cancer chemotherapy using GLMMLasso
Authors: Sugaya Shuhei , Uchida Masashi , Suzuki Takaaki , Kawakami Eiryo , Ishii Itsuko
Published: November 2024

Background

Neutropenia can easily progress to febrile neutropenia and is a risk factor for life-threatening infections. Predicting and preventing severe neutropenia can help avoid such infections.

Aim

This study aimed to develop an optimal model using advanced statistical methods to predict neutropenia after 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin chemotherapy for esophageal cancer and to create a nomogram for clinical application.

Method

Patients who received 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin chemotherapy at Chiba University Hospital, Japan, between January 2011 and March 2021 were included. Clinical parameters were measured before the first, second, and third chemotherapy cycles and were randomly divided by patient into a training cohort (60%) and test cohort (40%). The predictive performance of Logistic, Stepwise, Lasso, and GLMMLasso models was evaluated by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). A nomogram based on GLMMLasso was developed, and the accuracy of probabilistic predictions was evaluated by the Brier score.

Results

The AUC for the first cycle of chemotherapy was 0.781 for GLMMLasso, 0.751 for Lasso, 0.697 for Stepwise, and 0.669 for Logistic. The respective AUCs for GLMMLasso in the second and third cycles were 0.704 and 0.900. The variables selected by GLMMLasso were cisplatin dose, 5-fluorouracil dose, use of leucovorin, sex, cholinesterase, and platelets. A nomogram predicting neutropenia was created based on each regression coefficient. The Brier score for the nomogram was 0.139.

Conclusion

We have developed a predictive model with high performance using GLMMLasso. Our nomogram can represent risk visually and may facilitate the assessment of the probability of chemotherapy-induced severe neutropenia in clinical practice.
An overview of quantum software engineering in Latin America
Authors: Aparicio-Morales Álvaro M. , Moguel Enrique , Bibbo Luis Mariano , Fernandez Alejandro , Garcia-Alonso Jose , Murillo Juan M.
Published: November 2024

Quantum computing represents a revolutionary computational paradigm with the potential to address challenges beyond classical computers’ capabilities. The development of robust quantum software is indispensable to unlock the full potential of quantum computing. Like classical software, quantum software is expected to be complex and extensive, needing the establishment of a specialized field known as Quantum Software Engineering. Recognizing the regional focus on Latin America within this special issue, we have boarded on an in-depth inquiry encompassing a systematic mapping study of existing literature and a comprehensive survey of experts in the field. This rigorous research effort aims to illuminate the current landscape of Quantum Software Engineering initiatives undertaken by universities, research institutes, and companies across Latin America. This exhaustive study aims to provide information on the progress, challenges, and opportunities in Quantum Software Engineering in the Latin American context. By promoting a more in-depth understanding of cutting-edge developments in this burgeoning field, our research aims to serve as a potential stimulus to initiate pioneering initiatives and encourage collaborative efforts among Latin American researchers.
Trends in Coverage and Content of Maternal and Neonatal Care in Bamako, Mali
Authors: Traoré Mariam , Coulibaly Djeneba , Diawara Fatou , Terera Ibrahim , Dembelé Haoua , Maiga Ababacar I. , Iknane Akory Ag , Maïga Abdoulaye , Amouzou Agbessi
Published: November 2024

Coverage levels of maternal and neonatal health services in Mali’s major cities vary due to the combined effect of several factors, including poverty and migration to urban centers. This worsened from 2012 due to the security crisis. We conducted an analysis of the trends and differences in several indicators of maternal and neonatal care coverage in Bamako using secondary data from Mali’s Demographic and Health Surveys from 2001 to 2018. Our results highlighted differential access to antenatal and childbirth care for non-poor and non-migrant women compared to their counterparts categorized as poor and migrant. The gaps were much larger depending on migration status (i.e., number of years since resettling in Bamako) and even tended to increase over time. This was particularly the case regarding the number of antenatal visits (ANC 4+), with differences according to poverty level at 7 percentage points in 2001 and 8.3 percentage points in 2018. Migration status showed even larger gaps to the disadvantage of migrant women of 13.4 percentage points (2006) and 24.4 percentage points (2018). There is a higher proportion of cesarean section among non-poor women. The results suggested an opposite pattern for postnatal care of newborns, with a difference of 6.8 percentage points of coverage in favor of the poor in 2018. The high coverage of maternal and newborn health interventions in Bamako city conceals intra-urban disparities to the detriment of poor migrant women and those who recently migrated to the city, partly due to the conflicts and security issues. A redefinition of health programs to include such targets would be desirable from an equity perspective.
Application of machine learning in drug side effect prediction: databases, methods, and challenges
Authors: Zhao Haochen , Zhong Jian , Liang Xiao , Xie Chenliang , Wang Shaokai
Published: November 2024

Drug side effects have become paramount concerns in drug safety research, ranking as the fourth leading cause of mortality following cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. Simultaneously, the widespread use of multiple prescription and over-the-counter medications by many patients in their daily lives has heightened the occurrence of side effects resulting from Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs). Traditionally, assessments of drug side effects relied on resource-intensive and time-consuming laboratory experiments. However, recent advancements in bioinformatics and the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence technology have led to the accumulation of extensive biomedical data. Based on this foundation, researchers have developed diverse machine learning methods for discovering and detecting drug side effects. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in predicting drug side effects, encompassing the entire spectrum from biological data acquisition to the development of sophisticated machine learning models. The review commences by elucidating widely recognized datasets and Web servers relevant to the field of drug side effect prediction. Subsequently, The study delves into machine learning methods customized for binary, multi-class, and multi-label classification tasks associated with drug side effects. These methods are applied to a variety of representative computational models designed for identifying side effects induced by single drugs and DDIs. Finally, the review outlines the challenges encountered in predicting drug side effects using machine learning approaches and concludes by illuminating important future research directions in this dynamic field.
Thermodynamic-based ecological scaling theory in urban metabolic framework: a review
Authors: Liu Gengyuan , Wu Mingwan
Published: November 2024

Prior research has consistently demonstrated that urban economic and social systems adhere to the empirical scaling law. Furthermore, a plethora of evidence, including the scale-free networks of energy metabolism, the allometric growth patterns of species and populations, and the scaling law relationship between exergy and transformity in biosphere systems across various levels, indicates that urban ecosystems exhibit multi-level scaling law characteristics in energy metabolism under self-organization, alongside significant human activity imprints. This study synthesizes these findings to hypothesize that urban ecological components are also aligned with system-level scaling theory within the urban metabolism framework. This encompasses: 1) the existence of multistable coexistence and mutual transformation phenomena, mirroring the dynamic nature of scaling laws; and 2) a nuanced balance between the ecosystem and the socio-economic system, particularly in the realms of spatial competition and output efficiency. The ecosystem scaling theory hypotheses of urban metabolic processes offer a theoretical foundation for identifying ecological security tipping points, which are pivotal in the strategic decision-making for ecological planning and management in the future.
Dual roles of extracellular vesicles in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for disease progression and theranostic strategies
Authors: Lajevardi Mahya Sadat , Ashrafpour Mahshad , Mubarak Shaden M. H. , Rafieyan Behnoosh , Kiani Arash , Noori Effat , Roayaei Ardakani Marzieh , Montazeri Maryam , Kouhi Esfahani Niloofar , Asadimanesh Naghmeh , Khalili Saeed , Payandeh Zahra
Published: November 2024

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous blood cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of immature lymphoid cells due to dysregulated signaling pathways. It is the most common pediatric cancer, with high cure rates in children, but significantly lower survival rates in adults. Current theranostic strategies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and nanomedicine, aim to improve detection and treatment precision but are limited by side effects, drug resistance, high costs, and stability issues. Notably, extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a promising alternative, addressing these limitations through their natural biocompatibility and targeted delivery capabilities. EVs play a dual role in ALL: they contribute to leukemia progression by promoting tumor growth, immune suppression, and drug resistance via the transfer of oncogenic molecules, while also serving as valuable non-invasive biomarkers due to their specific miRNA and protein content. Their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to leukemic cells, combined with their stability and low immunogenicity, makes EVs a compelling tool for improving ALL treatments. Indeed, by targeting the molecular pathways influenced by EVs or leveraging them for drug delivery, innovative therapeutic strategies can be developed to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce side effects. Thus, EVs represent a promising frontier for advancing theranostic strategies in ALL, offering new opportunities to improve diagnosis and treatment while overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies. This review will explore the dual roles of EVs in ALL, addressing their contributions to disease progression and their potential as therapeutic agents and biomarkers for early diagnosis and targeted therapies.