bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concepts and Practice of Statistics: Part 3 - Graphics
Authors: McLean Alan L.
Published: January 2024

The process of analysis of a set data aims to detect patterns, especially relationships between variables, in the data. Statistical techniques can be described broadly as techniques to detect particular types of patterns, and to test whether such patterns ‘really exist’. The use of graphs to aid in pattern detection is long established. A picture can be used to make a point quickly and easily. In the context of data analysis, it is making the point more powerfully than does a table of data. A well chosen and well drawn graph makes its point - reveals a pattern - very powerfully. Equally, a badly chosen or dishonestly drawn graph makes a point incorectly - but equally powerfully.
A re-assessment of serial extraction
Authors: Jacobs Stanley G.
Published: January 2024

Serial extraction procedures have been of interest to dentists for many years. This article defines the procedures, explains the rationale, indicates signs of developing disharmony, describes the criteria for suitable cases and explores mixed dentition analysis. It mentions some of the developmental and growth changes that are pertinent, details the extraction sequences, wams of precautions to be observed, outlines some advantages and disadvantages of the procedure and reviews and discusses some of the literature. It concludes that the procedure can no longer be recommended especially if it is not possible to complete the management with competent fixed appliance treatment.
What my O.P.G. † tells me: Some radiographical and radiological aspects of panoramic tomography
Authors: Keur Johannes J.
Published: January 2024

Panoramic tomography is becoming increasingly popular in general .and specialist dental practice. Adequate interpretation is, however, militated against by the intricate composition of the image and therefore the diagnostic yield of this examination is often reduced. This paper aims to provide sufficient background information to enable the reader to recognise regular landmarks and positioning errors. In addition, typical advantages and disadvantages of this type of radiological examination are discussed. Finally, some observations with respect to radiation safety are made.
A comparison of archwires used for initial alignment in Begg treatment
Authors: Lew Kenneth
Published: January 2024

Since the introduction of the Begg technique, the Wilcock 0 016” archwire* has been invariably used at the start of Stage I. The recent past has witnessed advances in clinical orthodontic archwire metalallurgy and with it, many flexible archwires have emerged. The impact of these wires, popular with the Edgewise operators, has yet to be felt in the Begg technique. The present study showed that flexible archwires such as the 0 016” Japanese NiTi wire‡, 0 016” Nitinol wire† and 0 010” Supreme Wilcock wire can all significantly (p <0-001) decrease the time taken for initial alignment of teeth as compared to the Wilcock 0 016” wire. Of the flexible archwires tested in this study, 0 016” Japanese Niti wire was most efficient in obtaining initial alignment (p<0 00l). Therefore, in minimal to moderate anchorage cases where bite opening is not of a major concern, initiating Begg treatment with flexible archwires can shorten treatment time. The use of such flexible archwires is also consistent with the Begg philosophy of using light forces to stimulate tooth movement.
The Possibility of Renewable Energy Development Through Prosumer Energy
Authors: Przybylska Monika
Published: January 2024

This paper is devoted to the prosumer energy market. Particular attention was paid to legislative changes regarding the normative definition of a prosumer. According to the author, it is the definitional scope that sets the directions for the development of the prosumer energy market, and ultimately the entire renewable energy market.
AN EXTENDED APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA) MODEL IN PREDICTING TOURIST LOYALTY: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF DESIRE IN HEALTH & SPA TOURISM
Authors: Lucian Breabăn , Remus-Ion Hornoiu , Ionut-Andrei Militaru
Published: January 2024

This research sought to examine the predictive power of an extended version of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model that incorporates desire to understand tourists' loyalty intentions towards a health & spa center. The findings substantiate the model's high explanatory capacity and underline its relevance in the context of health tourism. It was found that positive attitudes towards health tourism services and the influence of subjective norms, which embody the opinions of tourists' social contacts, significantly influence loyalty intentions. Importantly, desire, which was included as an extension of the traditional TRA model, emerged as a crucial factor in this relationship, serving as a significant mediator between both attitudes and subjective norms and loyalty intentions. Our study highlights the central importance of understanding and considering desires when designing management strategies and recommends the implementation of targeted marketing campaigns, personalized offers and the continuous collection of customer feedback based on desire-based segmentation. This study contributes to the existing literature by extending the application of the TRA model to the health and wellness tourism sector and emphasizing the crucial role of desire as a mediator in promoting customer loyalty.
DARK TOURISM IN ROMANIA: THE BELLU CEMETERY
Authors: Sandu Maria-Alexandra
Published: January 2024

This article focuses on the most important aspects of dark tourism and deals with the Romanian population's perception of the Bellu Cemetery of Bucharest, a must-see dark tourism attraction. The main purpose of this research was to collect and analyze the opinions of Romanians regarding dark tourism, especially their opinion about the practice of tourism in this cemetery. The objectives to be achieved were (1) to determine the main motives for visiting the cemetery, (2) to determine the most popular gravestones, (3) to determine if and why people believe the cemetery is haunted, and (4) to determine the ethical concerns of being a tourist there. Accordingly, a survey was conducted for the defined scope. It was found that Romanians of all ages are positive about the concept of dark tourism and are willing to practice it.
Intellectual Capital, Nilai Perusahaan dan Profitabilitas sebagai Variabel Mediasi
Authors: Widyati Ni Ketut Ari , Astika Ida Bagus Putra
Published: January 2024

Optimizing company value is the main goal of establishing a company. This research aims to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of intellectual capital on the value of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018-2021 which is mediated by profitability. There are 3 theories used in this research, namely agency, stakeholder and resource theory. The population in this study was 49 banking companies with 28 companies selected as samples using the purposive sampling method. The data was then analyzed using path analysis techniques, with SPSS 26.0 for Windows software. The results of the analysis prove that intellectual capital has no effect on company value, intellectual capital has a positive effect on profitability, profitability has a positive effect on company value, and profitability is proven to mediate the effect of intellectual capital on company value.

Keywords: Intellectual Capital; Profitability; Firm Value
Dewan Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Firm Growth, Leverage dan Manajemen Laba
Authors: Dwija Putri I  Gusti Ayu Made Asri , Wirawati Ni Gusti Putu
Published: January 2024

Profit information is of particular concern to investors and potential investors in assessing management performance. The company's demand to achieve predetermined profit targets motivates management to carry out profit management practices so that the resulting financial reports look good to investors. The aim of this research is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of the independent board of commissioners, audit committee, firm growth and leverage on earnings management. This research was conducted on health sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. Determining the number of samples used a purposive sampling technique and a sample of 50 observations was obtained. The data analysis technique is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this research show that the Independent Board of Commissioners has no effect on earnings management, the audit committee has no effect on earnings management, firm growth has a negative effect on earnings management, and leverage has a positive effect on earnings management.

Keywords: Profit management; Board of Commissioners; Audit Committee; Firm Growth; Leverage
WAKAF PRODUKTIF DAN PENINGKATAN TARAF HIDUP UMAT (STUDI KASUS WAKAF PRODUKTIF DI PIMPINAN DAERAH MUHAMMADIYAH METRO)
Authors: Sabdo Sabdo , Fajar Mokhammad Samson
Published: January 2024

Productive Waqf is one of the fiqh ijtihad in the development of waqf syari'at in Islamic law. In Indonesia, the regulations governing waqf have so far been contained in the Basic Agrarian Law Number 5 of 1060, Government Regulation Number 28 of 1977 concerning Ownership of Owned Land. In addition, million is contained in the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), based on Presidential Instruction No.1 of 1991. Finally, the laws and regulations governing waqf legally are starting to gain a stronger position, namely the enactment of Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf. and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 42 of 2006 concerning Implementing Regulations of Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf. Legally, the position of waqf is very strong in religious life. However, the legal norms of productive waqf have not been immediately implemented in the lives of the people, so research is needed to examine how the relationship of productive waqf in improving the standard of living of people in the Regional Leadership of Metro City The method used is a qualitative method with a management science approach, namely planning, organizing, actuating and controlling. With the hope that it will be understood how the implementation of productive waqf in improving the standard of living of people in Metro City
INDEPENDENT EDUCATION FUNDING THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP-BASED CURRICULUM AT ISLAMIC EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Findiana Finda , Bahar Herwina
Published: January 2024

Funding for the education budget under the auspices of the Ministry of Religion by the government cannot fully cover the need for education costs, so the managers of Islamic education institutions must try to find other alternative sources to be able to cover the lack of education costs. One way to get this alternative source is to carry out education with an entrepreneurship-based curriculum. This study uses literature study research on articles that have the same variables studied. The results of this literature study conclude that the Islamic education institutions that adding an entrepreneurship-based curriculum are able to provide solutions to the problem of managing educational financing. They must be properly managed based on management principles and use the guidance based on Al Quran and Hadist. The Islamic education institution that success conducting all those requirements can even provide students with free school fees and living expenses and graduates from these educational institutions have an entrepreneurial spirit and the provision of skills and expertise to create their own jobs.
EFFORTS TO PREVENT BULLYING BEHAVIOR AFTER THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Nahuda Nahuda
Published: January 2024

This article aims to provide an overview of efforts to prevent bullying behavior in the Islamic Education Institution environment. Lately, the problem of bullying that has occurred in the educational institution environment is rampant, this has happened a lot after the start of face-to-face (offline) learning / post-pandemic Covid 19. Almost two years of learning at home (online). One of the problems that arise after online learning is the change in the behavior of children - children who are very worried about bullying behavior and bad words among school children. Efforts to prevent bullying behavior need to be made by Islamic Education Institutions so that there are not many victims of bullying among children. This article answers how the efforts of Islamic Education Institutions in preventing bullying with a good and maximum religious approach. The method of writing this article is descriptive qualitative based on a literature study approach. From the data analysis, several strategies are offered to develop the management of Islamic Education Institutions in an effort to prevent bullying among children. The management includes directing efforts, monitoring children's behavior, optimizing educational facilities, and the role of teachers, especially guidance counseling (BK) teachers.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPHETIC LEADERSHIP IN NON-FORMAL EDUCATION IN THE ERA OF DISRUPTION
Authors: Fadliah Ine Ratu
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to describe how prophetic leadership in non-formal education in the era of disruption. Prophetic leadership is leadership that originates from the leadership of the prophet by prioritizing Sidiq, amanah, tabligh and fatonah in order to achieve goals. While disruption talks about global challenges that lead to changing times due to technology. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis with the method of library research, with a case study at the Tilawati Center Jabar I.  The results of this study offer that prophetic leadership inherent in non-formal education institutions can move the institutions they lead to achieve their vision, mission and goals.
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Yazid Abu
Published: January 2024

The era of globalization and information has brought major changes to the order of human life, including in the field of education, especially in Islamic educational institutions. Facing this competition requires quality human resources, having high competence and professionalism. One way to improve competence and professionalism is to develop human resource management for educators and educational staff, independently or together.
KNOWLEDGE ITS IMPORTANCE AND HOW TO OBTAIN IT
Authors: Jarong Isman
Published: January 2024

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengertian ilmu dan kepentingannya, jenis ilmu, dan cara memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan. Menurut hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa ada berbagai definisi di kalangan ulama salah satunya adalah ilmu itu adalah pengetahuan akan sesuatu sebagaimana adanya, ilmu dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori: yang bermanfaat dan yang berbahaya. Metode memperoleh pengetahuan ada lima kategori:  Empirisme, Rasionalisme, Fenomenalisme, Intuisionisme dan Metode Ilmiah. Sumber pengetahuan ada tiga : wahyu, akal, dan empiri
The Philosophy of Education According to Badiuzzaman Said Nursi and the Necessity of its Application: In the field of Islamic Education in an Era of Disruption
Authors: Shirazy Habiburrahman El , Setiyadi Alif Cahya
Published: January 2024

This article is aims to present the education philosophy of Said Nursi as an alternative strategy for Islamic education in the disruption era. Said Nursi is a Turkish prominent scholar and thinker who is well known with his acclaimed works called Risale-i Nur. This research is a qualitative research based on literature with a comprehensive, qualitative, and interpretive approach. An inductive approach is used to draw conclusions. The outcome of the research indicates that the educational philosophy of said Nursi which is based on faith, affection, and spiritual humanism, are worth implementing in facing the post-truth era. Moreover, Said Nursi's educational concept which holistically balances between medreses, modern schools, and Sufi tekkes is considered appropriate to deal with the challenges on the disruption era as it requires speed and innovation without having to abandoned Islamic root. The outcome of this study is expected to give more insight to improve the Islamic education amidst the huge challenges of the disruption era.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION (Case Study at SMPIT Bintang – South Tangerang City)
Authors: Dahari Dahari
Published: January 2024

This article aims to give an overview of humans in an organization always faced with conflicts both individually and in groups. Conflict is inevitable. Every group in an organization in which there is interaction between one another is very prone to conflict. Conflicts can also occur within an Educational Institution. The implementation of conflict management turns out to be able to create a good working relationship in order to build mutual respect between fellow members of the organization and respect for diversity, to prevent disharmony between members of the organization, so as to focus on the vision and mission of the organization, to increase the creativity of the members of the organization by taking advantage of the conflicts that occur. The method of writing this article is descriptive qualitative based on a library research approach (literature study). The purpose of this study is to get an overview of the application of conflict management in SMPIT Bintang. In addition, the purpose of this study is to find out how the principal in optimizing the application of conflict management. The result of this research is that conflict management practices have been implemented by the Principal at SMPIT Bintang. The conflict management practice implemented by the Head of SMPIT Bintang refers to the theory of conflict management styles, namely by practicing the style of competition, collaboration, compromise, avoidance, accommodating.
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЕ МИСТЕЦТВО: МИСТЕЦТВО ПІСЛЯ ФІЛОСОФІЇ ЧИ МИСТЕЦТВО ЯК ФІЛОСОФІЯ
Authors: МАФТІЙ Анна-Любов
Published: January 2024

Анотація. Метою роботи є осмислення феномену концептуального мистецтва, яке розглядається як візуальне філософствування. Для митців концептуального мистецтва важлива не форма, а те, який концепт вона собою виражає, адже концептуальне мистецтво прагне впливати, перш за все, на інтелектуальне, а не лише на емоційне чи естетичне сприйняття глядача. Методологія. Поставлена проблема передбачає задіювання методів герменевтичного розуміння, застосованного не тільки щодо ідейно-концептуального матеріалу, але й до феноменів мистецтва. При роботі з текстами автор дотримувався методу феноменологічної дескрипції, яка йде за самим предметом і дає змогу реалізувати концептуалізоване осмислення поставленої мети. Наукова новизна. Висловлена теза, що концептуальне мистецтво є способом філософствування: художники-концептуалісти входять у вимір філософії, створюючи концепти з метою пізнання світу. Внаслідок цього вони підривають усталені уявлення про те, як має виглядати мистецтво, задаючи питання про суть мистецтва в цілому. Для концептуалізму концепт важливіший за художнє втілення, ними ставиться філософське завдання пробудження рефлексії. Бажання опредметнити та осмислити концепт зближує діяльність художників-концептуалістів з філософією, адже провокує глядача на інтелектуальне осмислення побаченого, що є роботою філософської рефлексії у вимірі мистецтва. В цьому контексті несправедливим буде твердження, що класичне мистецтво обмежується лише емоційним впливом, специфічність концептуального мистецтва у тому, що воно цілеспрямовано ставить завдання вийти за межі мистецтва як такого. Висновки. Концептуальне мистецтво не просто пов’язане з філософією, але постає специфічною формою філософствування, адже ідея концептуального мистецтва спрямована на інтелектуальне споглядання, подібно до деякої філософської теорії. Як і філософія, концептуальне мистецтво спрямоване на те, щоб помислити щось, що знаходиться поза чуттєвим досвідом людини, а для цього і філософія, і концептуальне мистецтво створюють концепти, за допомогою яких можна помислити навколишній світ, людину в світі, історію, екологію тощо.
Early Multidisciplinary Approach for the Management of Dilacerated Permanent Maxillary Incisor: A Case Report
Authors: Jing Wang , Naand Huo , Chuan Cai
Published: January 2024

Management of dilaceration teeth poses a unique challenge to the clinician due to its position within the esthetic zone. This case report describes the management of impacted maxillary central incisor with severe root dilacerations. Surgical exploration was done and orthodontic treatment was planned. The dilacerated incisor was alighed, optimal treatment outcome with esthetic and functional was well done.
Commentary on “Effects of Cough Suppression Therapy on Voice Disorder Severity”
Authors: Suk Amber , LaTour Donn , Murry Thomas
Published: January 2024

Cough Suppression Therapy (CST) is a unique type of voice therapy provided by a Speech Language Pathologist (SLP) that addresses behavioral modifications to manage chronic refractory cough.
Dietary Pattern, Biochemical, and Anthropometric Indices of Preschool Children Age 2-5years in Ogugu Olamaboro Local Government of Kogi State
Authors:   Department Of Agricultural Economics And Extension, Prince Abubakar Audu University, P.M.B 1008 Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria, Victor Alex
Published: January 2024

This study was aimed at dietary pattern biochemical and anthropometric indices of pre-school children aged 2-5 years in Ogugu of Olamaboro local government area of kogi state
DO FEMALE PEDESTRIANS EXPRESS A LOWER DEGREE OF REASSURANCE THAN MALE PEDESTRIANS? AND DOES ROAD LIGHTING HELP?
Authors: Mao Y. , Fotios S. , Uttley J. , Gorjimahlabani S.
Published: January 2024

Female pedestrians tend to report feeling less safe than do male pedestrians, and this difference is greater after dark than in daylight. A field study of pedestrian reassurance was conducted to test whether this was affected by the illuminance offered by road lighting. The results suggest that the male-female difference in reassurance ratings decreases at high illuminance, and hence that higher illuminances might be useful support for female pedestrians. It is also noted, however, that self-report of reassurance may not be representative of the influence of light on walking behaviour and crime.
A CORE LIGHTING CURRICULUM FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Houser K.
Published: January 2024

In collaboration with a group of lighting professionals, learning outcomes were defined, prioritized, organized, and mapped to a three-course sequence of lighting courses within a Bachelor of Science in Architectural Engineering degree program. Syllabi and educational exercises were developed to support the learning outcomes—including classroom activities, homework assignments, and design projects. The learning exercises balance the technical foundations of applied illuminating engineering with the artistic aspects of applied lighting design and are intended to promote significant and lasting learning by providing students with realistic, contemporary, and contextual educational experiences. The process for identifying and prioritizing lighting content is described, a process that could be adapted by other lighting educators to other pedagogical contexts. The syllabi and learning exercises are disseminated for reuse or adaptation, or for self-study by independent learners.
UNTANGLING LIGHT IN “NOISY” LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Martinsons C.
Published: January 2024

Artificial light sources, including displays and luminaires, often exhibit rapid light fluctuations called temporal light modulation (TLM). TLM can be seen as their electrical footprint. This work demonstrates that TLM can be remotely detected and used to perform in situ photometric and spectroradiometric measurements of very low light levels superimposed to intense backgrounds. Illuminance levels about 500 000 times smaller than the background were reliably measured by lock-in detection, allowing photometric measurements to be performed during daytime, even with sunny conditions. Using a new type of optical lock-in spectrometer, it becomes possible to retrieve the spectral distribution of light, based on the TLM of the light source. Spectral irradiance was measured against a background 100 times more intense. Lock-in detection is an excellent technique to perform in situ measurements of artificial light, even at very low level, in the presence of daylight and other background lights.
ROAD LIGHTING AND ROAD USER ALERTNESS AT NIGHTTIME: TESTING THE NULL FINDINGS OF GIBBONS AND BHAGAVATHULA
Authors: Alshdaifat A. , Fotios S.
Published: January 2024

While lighting is expected to have some impact on alertness, previous research in the context of walking or driving in the evening did not reveal a significant effect. Those studies used lighting conditions similar to those considered acceptable for road lighting application. The null finding was tested in the current work by conducting an experiment which also included a lighting condition that would otherwise be considered extreme for road lighting. It was confirmed that alertness was affected for a lighting of CCT 5800 K delivering 83 lx photopic illuminance at the eye.
INSIGHTS INTO SPECTRALLY RESOLVED LIGHT-DOSIMETRY DATA
Authors: Hartmeyer S. , Baldursdottir B. , Agustsson G. , Gudjonsson I. , Andersen M. , Valdimarsdottir H.
Published: January 2024

Modern life in predominantly indoor environments has led to a profound alteration in the amount, spectral composition, and pattern of light humans are daily exposed to. Given the role of light in health and wellbeing, and with the aim to understand how modern living can be better aligned with human biology, light-dosimetry plays an important role in characterising personal light exposure across individuals. To consider the spectral composition in light-dosimetry and evaluate the variability and effects of individual “spectral diets”, a sufficient spectral resolution is required. In this paper, we present selected analyses of spectrally resolved light-dosimetry data that were collected during a dynamic lighting intervention study in Iceland. To process the collected data, unsupervised clustering was performed and clusters were classified using various reference spectra. The results show that different spectral types can not only be sufficiently well discriminated but can also be used to verify the experimental conditions effectively experienced by participants and to start evaluating the effect of other factors (e.g., daylength, or impact of time outside experimental conditions). Taken together, our findings highlight the benefits and potential uses of spectrally resolved light-dosimetry, which will hopefully contribute to, first, better understand and, ultimately, improve our contemporary relationship with light.
DEPENDENCE OF TEMPORAL FREQUENCY AND CHROMATICITY ON THE VISIBILITY OF THE PHANTOM ARRAY EFFECT
Authors: Kong X. , Martinsons C. , Heynderickx I. , Tengelin M. , Vogels R.
Published: January 2024

The effect of both temporal frequency and chromaticity on the visibility of the phantom array effect has been reported in literature. However, how the visibility changes with the temporal frequency is not consistently answered yet and, therefore, needs additional measurements. As for the effect of chromaticity, literature describes studies with different luminaires (i.e., with different chromaticities and peak wavelengths) and settings (i.e., different intensities and viewing geometry); as a consequence, it is challenging to compare these results directly. Therefore, we investigate the effect of temporal frequency on the visibility of the phantom array effect again, but with a special interest in how the peak frequency changes with chromaticity. The results of our experiment show a bandpass-shaped sensitivity function for the phantom array effect with a peak at 600 Hz, without significant change as a function of the chromaticities used in our experiment. However, the peak sensitivity value is found to be higher with red light than with green and white light.
ON SITE PHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF WET PAVEMENTS
Authors: Muzet V. , Gublin G. , Rohmer T.
Published: January 2024

Depending on the climatic region, the road surface may be wet or moist for a large part of the year, reducing lighting performance. With the current technological developments introduced by LED luminaires, it now seems possible to adapt lighting to the surface condition of pavements, to meet energy and safety requirements. However, photometric characterisation of wet pavements is very difficult because their surface condition changes rapidly, whereas r-table measurements conducted in the laboratory are generally time-consuming. We propose a simple and pragmatic wetting protocol which, associated with the COLUROUTE rapid portable device, allows pavements characterisation for different wetting conditions both in the laboratory and on site. The results obtained showed that the use of standard CIE W wetting tables is not relevant for all pavement types and different wetting states. In addition, we found a correlation between Q0 and S1 for the different wetting conditions.
DAYLIGHT REQUIREMENTS: AN OVERVIEW OF DEFINITIONS, PROGRESS AND GAPS
Authors: Pinheiro A. , Amorim C.
Published: January 2024

Daylight is fundamental in the built environment. Requirements define, describe, and measure the behavior of daylight. This article conducts a systematic literature review that aims to investigate daylight metrics and requirements in documents regarding buildings, such as standards, regulations, rating systems, guidelines, and building and urban codes to track their progress over time and the remaining gaps. The results show a lack of studies approaching daylight requirements in building and urban codes, regulations and guidelines, showing a gap between research and design practice. There is an evolution on time from static to dynamic metrics as requirements found in international standards and rating systems. Static metrics are still present on some of these documents, but dynamic metrics provide more accurate evaluations. Finally, Spatial Daylight Autonomy and Target Illuminance have similar concepts, as well as Annual Sunlight Exposure and Exposure to Sunlight, which suggests a possible harmonisation in an international context.
EFFECTS OF ZERO BLUE LIGHTING ON SLEEP, MOOD AND SUBJECTIVE ALERTNESS OF OCCUPANTS IN ANTARCTIC
Authors: Yanni W.
Published: January 2024

The continuous darkness during the Antarctic polar night defies the light-dark cycle required for normal human life, and make negative effects on occupants such as sleep disturbances and emotional disorders. The experiment was carried at the Chinese Great Wall Station in Antarctic with 10 male expedition members. Each subject was exposed to zero blue lighting pattern (ZLP) for 1 week and warm white lighting pattern (WLP) for 1 week. During the experiment, participants wore sleep bracelets and filled in sleep diary, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), with filling the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) every half hour during the lighting. The results showed that active intervention lighting during the polar night had a significant effect on the sleep and mood of the expedition members. The lighting parameters should be further investigated on the effective improvement of the physical and psychological health of expedition members.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LED LIGHT HUES AND COLOR SATURATION ON STRESS MITIGATION FOR OFFICE WORKERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Asarasri S. , Suprabha Y. , Bstieler C. , Ounjai K.
Published: January 2024

Currently, office workers encounter various stress issues, especially in the workplace. Thus, more design research for stress relief is crucial. Previous research proposed that the colour light can influence human emotion, especially blue and green light, which showed the effect of stress mitigation. Therefore, this study examines how characteristics of coloured lighting design in the resting area of modern workplaces affect stress reduction for office workers. In this within-subjects experiment, fifty volunteers in the early career age range were asked to wear GSR sensors on their index and middle fingers to measure skin conductance during the experiment. Participants performed n-back tasks to induce stress; subsequently, rest under one of the five pre-set ambient lighting scenes. The results indicated that both hues and saturation of colour lighting impacted stress recovery differently. A low-saturated blue light appeared to reduce stress better than other lighting scenes. Interestingly, the skin conductance results also aligned with self-assessed stress levels. Also, the questionnaire about the most and least relaxing lighting scenes showed the influence of individual preferences or familiarities, contrasting with the self-assessed stress levels. This research shows the potential of colour lighting applications to optimize the benefit of relaxing areas in modern workplaces and enhance office workers' quality of life.
CORRELATING PHOTOPIC AND MELANOPIC REFLECTANCE TO SURFACE COLOUR ATTRIBUTES FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS DESIGN
Authors: Bellia L. , Diglio F. , Sharma A. , Fragliasso F.
Published: January 2024

Reflecting the incident radiation, opaque surfaces contribute to determining visual and non-visual responses to light. Material’s photopic and melanopic reflectance indicate surfaces’ potential in reflecting the radiation able to stimulate the visual system and the circadian one respectively. Classification of materials based on the ratio between these two quantities (M/P) is helpful to drive designers’ choices. This study applies a systematic analysis on 195 samples selected from the Natural Colour System to deepen how colours’ attributes (hue, chromaticness, and blackness) influence photopic and melanopic reflectance (under CIE D65 illuminant) and M/P ratios. Results show that, whatever the blackness, both total photopic and melanopic reflectance linearly decrease as the chromaticness increases and in the meantime, their ratios tend towards 1. So, a model to calculate M/P ratios as a function of colours’ chromaticness is proposed. Finally, an approach to classify colours according to M/P ratios is suggested.
USING DYNAMIC LIGHT TO REGULATE SLOW OSCILLATIONS OF BRAIN TO IMPROVE SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND MEMORY CONSOLIDATION
Authors: Chen Y. , Yang C. , Chen C.
Published: January 2024

Slow oscillations (SOs) have played an important role in slow wave sleep. Slow oscillations refer to the continuous oscillation of the cortex and thalamus neurons in synchronous network patterns, manifested as slow fluctuating activities. Modulating slow oscillations through non-invasive brain stimulation during sleep is a potential treatment for sleep disorders. This study used dynamic light (
CALCULATING SPATIAL EFFICIENCY TO QUANTIFY INDOOR LIGHTING SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Durmus D. , Mahmoudzadeh P. , Davis W. , Hu W.
Published: January 2024

The effectiveness of architectural lighting systems has traditionally been measured based on individual luminaire efficiency and cannot capture the performance of intelligent lighting systems. To address this, a lighting application efficacy (LAE) framework has been proposed, which consolidates radiant efficiency, visual system sensitivity, and spatial efficiency of lighting systems. Radiance software simulations indicate that spatial efficiency, the amount of radiant flux reaching the target divided by the total emitted radiant flux into a room, is significantly affected by room size, luminaire density, surface reflectance, luminous distribution type, and visual field angle. The LAE framework is flexible and accommodating, allowing other researchers to add and modify each component to address more complex needs in the future. Measures of LAE can enable measuring the energy efficiency of buildings in real time and report integrated and averaged metrics, which can be incorporated into intelligent, dynamic, and integrated building systems to make real-time decisions.
FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR HDR LUMINANCE IMAGING MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Sáez Á. , Ferrero A. , Gevaux L. , Dupiau A. , Maltezos E. , Antonopoulos M. , Rezazadeh Y. , Bouroussis C. , Ledig J. , Schrader C.
Published: January 2024

Luminance distribution measurements with high dynamic range (HDR) are required for various applications (e.g. measurement of new LED- or laser-based car headlights, obtrusive light and glare evaluation of indoor and outdoor scenes) where high contrast levels exist simultaneously in one scene. The overall goal of this work is to develop a methodology to evaluate by simulation the performance of different HDR image algorithms to provide accurate luminance measurements of those high-contrast scenes, when applied to luminance measurements from different cameras.
TONE-MAPPING REQUIREMENTS IN REAL-TIME VIDEOS FOR STUDYING THE DYNAMISM OF VIEWS-OUT IN VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Cho Y. , Wasilewski S. , Andersen M. , Karmann C.
Published: January 2024

Current view representation methods for Virtual Reality (VR), monitors, and projection screens predominantly rely on static photographs and tone-mapping operators without temporal variations, limiting the exploration of dynamic features in a view. Capturing views with real-time video overcomes this limitation but has a limited dynamic range and relies on an unverified built-in tone-mapping process. This study investigates the adequacy and reliability of using real- time video captures of dynamic daylit views in VR. To evaluate the suitability of the camera's built-in tone-mapping procedures, a comparison to normative tone-mapping operators is conducted with a focus on brightness and contrast, based on pixel-by-pixel luminance values from calibrated high dynamic range images. This study finds that real-time video reliably maintains relative contrast, enabling more comprehensive investigations in future studies involving dynamic movements and temporal changes in VR. Furthermore, the proposed method provides the foundations to establish a workflow generalizable to new experimental approaches for the validation of tone-mapping in VR environments.
ERRORS IN GONIOPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERISATION OF SURFACES
Authors: Iacomussi P. , Bernasconi J. , Lindgren M. , Renoux D.
Published: January 2024

The measurement of the spatial distribution of the luminance coefficient, called the q coefficient or BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function), allows an accurate evaluation of the light-to-material interaction. The paper presents the analysis of the metrological performances of goniophotometers used in road luminance coefficient measurements, evaluating the errors introduced by the divergences of the light source and detector optical systems. In the case of road surface measurements, the large dimension of typical samples and the geometrical measurement constraints (lighting and viewing directions) are such that the instrument optical divergence introduces systematic errors, difficult to foresee if the sample BRDF is completely unknown.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHT-SHAPING ATTACHMENTS ON COLOUR PROPERTIES OF THE ORIGINAL LIGHT SOURCE
Authors: Štampfl V. , Ahtik J.
Published: January 2024

The properties of photographic light sources are often described in terms of the type of light source, its power, colour temperature, colour rendering index, and often its distance from the observed scene. These properties affect the lighting conditions at the scene and can be critical to accurate colour reproduction in images. However, light-shaping attachments are often used to alter the original lighting by either focusing the light, diffusing the light beam, or otherwise transforming it. This can affect the colour characteristics of the original light, making the description of the light source inadequate.
The effects of three different light-shaping attachments in combination with five light sources on the colour properties of the photographic scene are presented. The CIEΔE2000 colour differences as well as the differences in lightness, chromaticity, and hue for each combination of attachment and light sources are presented.
IMPACT OF NATURAL LIGHT PENETRATION ON OCCUPANTS IN UNDERGROUND SPACE: AN FIELD QUASI-EXPERIMENT STUDY
Authors: Su H. , Liu X. , Yang B.
Published: January 2024

Due to the architectural constraints, underground spaces lack sufficient natural light, which is detrimental to the physiological and psychological health of the long-term occupants. To explore the effects of different proportion of natural light intervention on the work performance in underground spaces, the current study adopted a quasi-experimental method in the field and selected three underground spaces (Jinan West Railway Station, Olympic Sports Center Station, and Yinli INCITY) with different proportion of natural light intervention in Jinan as the experimental sites. The data of work mood, work state and work efficiency of 12 subjects under different times (daytime and nighttime) and different spaces (with/without natural light intervention) were collected. The degree of impact on work performance was quantified by results of differences-in-differences (DID). The results showed that, in general, the results showed that the higher proportion of natural light brought greater benefit to people worked in underground space. In the process of increasing the natural light penetration of underground space, the depression of occupants was relieved, and concentration was improved firstly. Then the confusion of occupants was reduced, and productivity was increased. The conclusion can provide a reference for the optimization design of light environment in underground spaces.
EVALUATION STRUCTURE OF VISUAL ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY WINDOWS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIEW AND DAYLIGHTING
Authors: Ohki C. , Yoshizawa N. , Hori Y. , Matsunaga S. , Oe Y. , Kato M. , Munakata J. , Matsuda K.
Published: January 2024

Daylighting is crucial in creating a comfortable indoor environment. Although several metrics are available for measuring daylight sufficiency, the amount of daylight perceived by occupants does not necessarily match with these quantifiable values. Therefore, this study hypothesized that the quality of the view from windows serves as a basis for assessing both visual and lighting environments, including the psychological adequacy of daylight. The proposed hypothesis was tested and verified by developing an evaluative structure using covariance structure analysis. Our study employed data from both residential and work environments, and the results indicated a causal relationship that the view quality significantly impacts the lighting (daylighting) quality. This finding underpinned our initial assertion that the quality of the view from windows serves as a basis for evaluating daylighting environments in indoor spaces.
THE UGR CORRECTION FACTOR: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Audenaert J. , Bauwens E. , Leloup F.
Published: January 2024

The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) quantifies the level of discomfort glare of indoor light sources and luminaires. UGR values are calculated based on both the luminous intensity distribution and physical dimensions of the light emitting surface of a light source. While a luminous intensity distribution is strictly defined, a light emitting surface is not and can be quite ambiguous to determine, especially with modern LED based luminaires. In this case study, a typical office luminaire is considered and the effective light emitting surface is determined using a luminance based approach, as proposed in a CIE Technical Report. It was found that the luminance based approach to correct the standard UGR values can effectively identify luminous surface areas contributing to glare, thereby putting a stop to discussions surrounding UGR calculations and the ambiguity of what should be taken into account as the light emitting surface.
QUANTIFYING THE BRIGHTNESS OF CHROMATIC LIGHTING IN A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW
Authors: Durmus D.
Published: January 2024

Chromatic lighting is often used in specialised applications such as entertainment, theatre, and signage, but there is lack of consensus on metrics that can estimate the brightness of chromatic stimuli. Researchers have previously adjusted colour appearance models (CAMs) to predict brightness of stimuli seem in narrow fields of view. However, metric performance has not been tested in full field of view. A psychophysical experiment was conducted to test the performance of existing metrics in estimating chromatic brightness of light sources in a wide field of view. Fourteen participants judged the brightness of 18 chromatic test stimuli illuminating a room using a magnitude estimation method compared to two reference light sequentially. The results suggest that CAM16 QHK, luminance, and illuminance can predict the brightness of chromatic lighting in wide field of view. Future research should investigate the metric performance using a large number of stimuli, participants, and spectral variation in stimuli.
THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT COLOUR IS RELATIVE – A PILOT STUDY DESCRIBING PERCEIVED LIGHT COLOUR
Authors: Hiller C. , Wendin K. , Enger J.
Published: January 2024

Perceived light qualities of lighting products are generally insufficiently described, reflecting that perception-based qualities, such as light colour, are not considered to the same extent as physical measures when creating light environments. It is well known that perceptual impressions are affected by, and relative to, surrounding stimuli. To develop descriptions of perceived light colour of white light sources, new concepts were evaluated in a pilot study combining paired comparison tests and descriptive sensory analysis. The findings confirmed that the perception of light colour is relative, demonstrated by cool light sources being perceived as warm/yellowish/reddish in relation to other cool light sources – which was well captured by the combined sensory methods with simultaneous light sources. The newest concepts, cyanish and magentaish light colour, were found to be useful in describing the perceived differences, showing that more concepts than warm, neutral and cool are needed for a richer description of light colour.
PHANTOM ARRAY VISIBILITY ACCORDING TO SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Kang H. , Park S. , Kim J. , Lee C. , Lee J.
Published: January 2024

The phantom array effect is a type of temporal light artefacts (TLA) caused by fluctuations in luminance or spectral distribution, resulting in perceived changes in the spatial position or shape of objects. These temporal light artefacts (TLAs) not only impact visual task performance but also can cause health issues. With the increasing use of LEDs that can change chromaticity and colour temperature, it is important to understand the effect of the spectral distribution of the light source on the phantom array effect. Previous studies have focused on non-overlapping spectral distributions such as red, green, and blue. This study evaluates the threshold frequency of the phantom array effect using LEDs with nine different wavelengths, including amber, royal blue, and violet. The experiment results show a phantom array visibility according to wavelength. In developing the phantom array visibility model, the spectral characteristics of the visibility need to be counted.