bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic Factors Affecting the Success of University Students
Authors: Abdiyeva Raziya
Published: December 2019

Having qualified and educated people is very important for the sustainable development of the country. Having well-educated, qualified and employed people will contribute to the economic growth. In the paper we analyzed demographic factors that affect the performance of students. Results of ordered probit analyze showed that the performance of those students whose parents are living together are for 4,9 % higher than students whose parents are divorced. Also, the performance of students whose mother is working is higher for 2.7%. The surprising results related the level of the income of the family. The performance of the students from highest income level is lower for 12.2 %.
Consumers' Perceived Risks and Risk Reduction Efforts in Internet Shopping
Authors: Kalburan Çetin , Haşıloğlu Selçuk Burak
Published: December 2019

Becoming widespread of Internet increases share of electronic commerce (E-commerce) in the economy each passing day. Therefore, analysis of the behaviors of consumers who are shopping on the Internet has become more important for companies. Consumers have more or less risk perception because of possible problems they may face in the post-shopping. Usually, consumers make an effort to reduce this risk. These efforts to reduce risk play a key role between perceived risk and perceived benefit. On the other hand, perceived risk and risk reduction methods vary on the Internet in comparison to traditional commerce. From this point of view, in this study, for online shopping, the relationships between perceived risk and risk reduction variables were investigated on the basis of the different products.
Private Pension Fund Performance and Comparison with Basic Investment Instruments in Turkey
Authors: Özkan Turgut , Demirkale Özge
Published: December 2019

In 2001, after the preparation of legal infrastructure in Turkey, private pension fund system started to be complementary to the Social Security system. There are many expectations from the private pension fund system both socially and economically. Social expectation is to direct individuals to alternative investment instruments to provide additional income for retirement. Economic expectation is to provide long-term funding to support the economic development. Pension fund companies have the most important responsibility to meet these expectations. In this study, the profits of investment instruments and individual pension funds are compared in a long term perspective, using three basic portfolio performance measures. The term between January 2004 and September 2014 have been considered. Investment alternatives have been discussed in detail. BIST100, deposit, gold and currency basket (USD+EUR) are the investment instruments that are compared with individual pension funds. In addition, individual pension funds have been analyzed on company basis and the achievements of the pension fund companies have been revealed during the term mentioned above. According to our analysis, it has been concluded that personal retirement funds lost value considerably, especially due to inflation.
Security Perceptions of the Tourists Visiting Alanya According to Their Home Country
Authors: Aksu Muharrem , Aktaş Ali Rıza , Demir Mehmet Özer , Şentürk Faruk Kerem
Published: December 2019

In today’s world there exists severe competition in all sectors, in tourism sector as well. That’s why countries with successful destinations consider tourism security concept as part of the tourism concept in order to maximize tourist demand. On the other hand, tourism security and risk perception of a destination is one of the principal components of destination image. Tourism security seems to be the most important appealing factor of the demand. The aim of the study is to research the risk perception differences between the tourists’ home countries when grouped (North European, East European, Middle European, West European and the others). According to Data set from 500 respondents different countries visiting Alanya is analyzed, findings suggest that there exits differences among the places (beach, recreation center, public transportation etc.) and factors (traffic, terror, day and night treks, mugging, theft etc.) effecting respondents’ risk perceptions.
Causality Relationship between Export and Economic Growth: The Case of Russia
Authors: Uysal Özgür , Sat Sultan
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, together with the process of globalization, the relation between export and economic growth has begun to gain importance when decisions regarding economic situation of a country are taken, and when estimations concerning economy are made. The relation between economic growth and export has become one of the most disputable issues of the economic literature. The main objective of this study is to find out the direction of the relation between export and economic growth in Russia. Analysis was performed by using quarterly export and economic growth data of belonging from 1997:01 to 2014:04.The stability of the variables was initially determined by using Augmented Dickey – Fuller (ADF) unit root test. Subsequently, the existence of co-integration between variables was investigated by using Johansen Co–integration Test. In the last stage, the direction of the relationship between variables was determined by using Granger Causality Test. As a result of the analyses carried out, it was determined that bi-directional causality exists between export and economic growth in Russia between the years 1997-2014.
Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State
Authors: Kozhobekov Muratbek
Published: December 2019

According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.
Preconditions of Entering of Kyrgyzstan into the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Pirimbaev Jusup
Published: December 2019

In May 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, participation in which requires regulation of the economy, taking into account the goals and objectives of the Union. Today Kyrgyzstan is interested in the future of its membership in the EAEU: can we radically change the economic situation in the country and the structure of the economy. Kyrgyzstan's economy requires coordination with external actors in terms of domestic consumption and increasing export potential. To achieve this it is necessary: first, to develop a reasonable program of development of the industry, including the formation of large enterprises and their balanced arrangement in accordance with the level of productive forces; secondly, to make adjustments to the work of the construction sector in the building of not only housing complex, but also the development of infrastructure in all regions of the country and, thirdly, to follow the path of consolidation of the agricultural enterprises based on specialization, taking into account the export interests of Kyrgyzstan.
Agricultural Support Policies in Turkey
Authors: Tan Sibel , Hasdemir Mehmet , Everest Bengü
Published: December 2019

Agriculture is the leading strategic sector of Turkey as it was in entire world. Despite this strategic significance, risks and uncertainties because of the dependency on natural conditions turn agriculture into a disadvantaged sector. Just because of those disadvantages, agriculture is protected with various support policies throughout the world. Agricultural policies of Turkey have initiated with institutionalization policies of the Republican period and progressed through product supports, input supports and low-interest credit implementations of the planned period. These policies experienced serious reforms at the beginning of 2000s. Within the scope of Agricultural Reforms Implementation Project (ARIP), agricultural supports were tried to be gathered under a single roof and Direct Income Support (DIS) implementations have started. The DIS implementations lasted for 8 years and terminated in 2008. Current agricultural policy tools are implemented as area-based supports, subsidiary payments, rural development and agricultural insurance supports. The budget allocated to agriculture and the share of agricultural supports in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Turkey did not exhibit much change in years. Considering the policies and supports provided in developed countries and especially in European Union (EU) countries, it is recommended for Turkey that share of agricultural supports in total budget should be increased to levels in those countries.
The Power of Interdisciplinary Research: 1+1 > 2
Authors: Çobanoğlu Cihan
Published: December 2019

National Academies defines interdisciplinary research as “a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.” This presentation will outline the power of interdisciplinary research in the context of tourism research. Today’s problems are so complex that it requires different brains, approaches, knowledge sets, methods to work together and explore what has never been seen before. However, conducting interdisciplinary research has many challenges from adopting to work with different styles to finding a reputable outlet to publish the outcomes.
Savings and Incomes of Households and Inclusive Growth
Authors: Uygur Ercan
Published: December 2019

This paper has three aims. The first is to explore the savings behavior of different income groups of households, with an emphasis on those with low incomes. This is achieved by going through the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) in some developing and developed countries. The HBSs reveal that the majority of poor sections of the societies do not save or have negative savings. The second aim of the paper is to explain the economic and social aspects of the savings behaviour of income groups, particularly those with low incomes. The paper explains that the “no saving/dissaving” behaviour of the low income groups and the resultant factors create economic and social problems. In this context, the paper also dwells on wealth distribution and issues of inclusive growth. The third aim of this paper is to examine policies implemented to encourage savings in general and savings of the low income groups in particular. To this end, policies pursued in some developing and developed countries are evaluated with reference to inclusive growth.
The World Bank’s Role in Tourism Development: The Case of Uzbekistan
Authors: Dinçer Mithat Zeki , İstanbullu Dinçer Fatma Füsun , Alrawadieh Zaid
Published: December 2019

After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, Uzbekistan started to build its own national economy with serious attempt to integrate with the international economy. Right after the independence, Uzbekistan joined the international organizations such the World Bank and the United Nations World Tourism Organization. Development projects were initiated and radical changes were noted through developing the infrastructure and building new airports and railways. Tourism was considered a priority and a tool for development in Uzbekistan. With these thoughts in mind, this paper attempts to examine the World Bank’s role in the tourism development in Uzbekistan. For the purpose of this study, the bank’s documents related to 39 projects that were implanted or are being currently implemented in the country were reviewed and content analyzed. The study suggested that, since the independence of Uzbekistan in 1991 and its enrollment to the World Bank in 1992 there has been no tourism-focus projects supported by the bank. Yet, a number of projects that addressed areas such as urban development and human resources development are expected to affect indirectly the growth and development of tourism industry in the country. The paper recommends tourism planners in Uzbekistan to reevaluate their connections with the international organizations to maximize their role in lunching projects that would contribute to the tourism development in the country.
The Short and Long Term Quantitative Analysis of Supply-Demand Equilibrium of Gold as a Financial Asset and Empirical Testing of Gold Price Function
Authors: Apak Sudi , Citak Ali Osman Serdar
Published: December 2019

In order to analyze gold as a financial asset requires evaluation both technical features of precious metals and financial markets in the analytical framework.
The aim of this study is to analyze the demand and supply functions of gold under the market conditions which are dominated by bullion banks and central bank in both short and long terms. Finally, as first step the mathematical infrastructure of gold price function analyzed and as second step gold price function has been estimated by using econometrical methods.
In this study, the one period lagged data of gold price in US dollar and return of US treasury bonds have used for estimating of the model and reached statistically significant results.
Turkey and Uzbekistan Relations within the Scope of Economic and Political Integration of Central Asia
Authors: Karluk S. Rıdvan , Gencer Ayşen Hiç
Published: December 2019

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared her sovereignty on June 20th, 1990 and her independence on September 1st, 1991. Turkey was the first country to recognize the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 16th, 1991. On March 4th, 1992, diplomatic relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan were established and more than 90 bilateral agreements and protocols were signed. Among the Central Asian countries, Uzbekistan has an important geopolitical location and has the largest Turkish population. Turkish and Uzbek people share the same culture and language (Uzbek-Chagatai Turkish). Prime Minister Erdoğan and President Kerimov emphasized the necessity of improving the Turkish-Uzbek relations at the opening ceremony of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoğlu's visit on July 10th, 2014 started improving bilateral relations that had come to a halt in 2003. This paper analyzes Turkish-Uzbek relations in the framework of integration in Central Asia and with respect to the structural economic changes in Uzbekistan and her foreign trade policy.
Testing the Relationship Between Government Spending and Revenue: Case of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Çetintaş Hakan , Baigonushova Damira
Published: December 2019

Sound fiscal policy is very important to promote price stability and sustainable growth in real economy. Thus, understanding the relationship between government spending and revenue is also essential to evaluate how to address fiscal imbalances. So, the focus of this research is to investigate the relationship between government revenue and spending in Kyrgyzstan. For this purpose, we have used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), also Variance Decomposition approach and found that these two data are cointegrated. Findings support “the tax- spend hypothesis” for fiscal discipline in Kyrgyzstan over the period of 1995-2014. In other words, according to the results, increase in real government revenue results in even higher public expenditure.
Compulsory Health Insurance in Kyrgyzstan: Problems and Development
Authors: Japarova Damira
Published: December 2019

In Kyrgyzstan, the "compulsory health insurance" is not a true model of insurance. Mandatory contributions to compulsory health insurance (CHI) are a kind of state tax and state-funding of the health system. Employers are not motivated to support health insurance, as the payers don’t know how his payments are used. Therefore, the main contributors of CHI in Kyrgyzstan are public sector workers. Some people working in private sector, with higher incomes, is almost not covered by health insurance. Foreign citizens living in Kyrgyzstan are not able to insure their health. Therefore it is necessary to reform the current fiscal and insurance system of financing healthcare to the system of financing based on the insurance principle.
State in Terms of Structure and Function: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Durgun Şenol
Published: December 2019

This study deals with the concept of the state in terms of structure and function and aims to comparatively analyze the perception of the state in the Turkish thought. In the literature on the state today, there is a tendency to reject a universal state theory. It is argued that there can be a conception of the state for each country in their own context. The type of organization and conditions of each state can cause the formation of different structures and functions, and hence to insist on a universal approach would not be appropriate. However, to understand the conception of state in terms of structure and function in our political culture, the dominant Western thought on the state constitutes an important criterion.
The Study of the Scale to Determine Attitudes on Labor Force Participation of Turkish Migrant Women in Germany
Authors: Karaca Erol , Gökçek Karaca Nuray
Published: December 2019

This study sought to develop a Likert type scale which is valid and reliable in order to investigate attitudes on labor life participation of the migrant women. The research was carried out with 570 Turkish migrant women in Germany, living in Cologne (172), Stuttgart (150), Bremen (109), Munich (53) and Berlin (86), Germany, in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire consisting of two sections, developed by the researchers to determine attitudes on labor life participation of migrant women. The first part is the form related to demographic and personal information, consisting of items about the gender, age, marital status, status, if they find their income level sufficient, if they look at the future with confidence and perceptions about being unionized. The second part includes 15 expressions related to attitudes on labor life participation of migrant women on a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 5 choices, from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Data which were collected through that The Attitude Scale on Labor Life Participation were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. The findings of the study revealed that the scale was valid and reliable.
The Future Expectations and Laboration of Migrant Women From Turkey in Germany
Authors: Gökçek Karaca Nuray , Karaca Erol
Published: December 2019

This study sought to investigate future expectations and laboration of the migrant women from Turkey in Germany. The research was carried out with 570 migrant women from Turkey in Germany in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire developed by the researcher based on a literature review. Data were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. According to the research results, a significant number of women said that they are housewives but not working. This result points out the continuity of perception and evaluation of being a housewife “as not a profession and form of labor”. The data about women except from housewives reveals the difficulties in their labor life and also the effectiveness of informal networks on laborization process. Overwhelming majority of these women have experienced various jobs and indicated lower and inadequate wages as the reason of these experiences. In addition, the most effective means in the process of finding jobs is the circle of acquaintances rather than job-creating agencies, trainings and employment tests. As a result of the inadequacy of formal structure, a significant number of women has to work with low wages and not obtained sufficient social benefits. In spite of the difficulties faced by women in their laborization process, a great majority of women have the social security right. The presence of social security, however, could not prevent feeling insecure about their future and negative evaluation about their economic conditions.
Analysis of Income Distribution and Economic Growth Relation in Process of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Turkey
Authors: İncekara Ahmet , Mutlugün Betül
Published: December 2019

Income inequality has long been the economic, social, political and moral concern for many countries. Attaining more fair income distribution along with economic growth and development has started to gain importance. But in spite of the vast literature on income distribution and economic growth, there remains disagreement on the effect of income inequality on economic growth. With the transformation process as a result of neoliberal policies implemented since the late 1970’s, unequal distribution of income became more apparent in terms of economic and social issues. In this study, the effect of neoliberal economic policies on income inequality and economic growth has been analyzed in the context of social classes.
The Impact of Exchange Rate on Output: Evidence from Transition Countries
Authors: Çağlayan Akay Ebru , Abdiyeva Raziya , Oskonbaeva Zamira
Published: December 2019

This study investigates the impact of exchange rate on aggregate output for a group of 10 transition economies using panel simultaneous equation model. The model is estimated by generalized two-stage least squares method. The annual data used in the study cover the period from 1998 to 2014 for selected transition countries which are: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Latvia.
The result of the study indicates that there is a relationship between exchange rate and macroeconomic variables under consideration. It can be concluded that output effect of exchange rate changes is contractionary in the first year. In the second year this impact is completely reversed. Thus, the impact of exchange rate on output is neutral in the long run. The findings of the study will provide useful information to researchers and policymakers focusing on exchange rate issues in transition countries.
Determination of the Level of Intra Industry Trade and Sectoral Competition Power between Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Countries
Authors: Azgün Sabri , Yurttançıkmaz Ziya Çağlar , Gerni Mine , Sarı Selahattin
Published: December 2019

In terms of Intra-industry trade, international investments, technology transfer and capital movements, has increased the interdependence of countries and increasingly have similar economic structures of countries. Intra-industry trade, is of goods and services with the same or similar factor intensity in production or, two-way trade of goods and services that are close substitutes for each other as the demand side. Intra-industry trade, is extremely important in terms of the determination of competitive aspects and of foreign exchange earnings of the country and industry. The aim of this study is to determine the level of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries and productive product and sectors to be advantageous in Turkey's intra-industry trade. In this study, Using The Balassa and Grubel-Lloyd index of Intra-ındustry trade measurement methods will be analyzed the development of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries for the period 1995-2013 and highly competitive industry and products will be determined on the basis of foreign trade data in STIC 9 digit.
Role of Seljuk Maritime Trade on the Integration of Anatolian Economy with World Economy
Authors: Kuşçu Ayşe Dudu
Published: December 2019

It was not only Turkish history to be changed when Seljuk conquered Anatolia but also the destiny of Anatolia changed. Anatolia that was the center of east – west and north – south trade since Assyria trade colonies was lost its commercial importance during the conquer by Turks, long time ago. Before Seljuk, the region was a part of the Byzantine Empire and it lost its commercial activities.
It was a long time for Seljuk to revitalise the Anatolian trade. The war in Myriokephalon reduced the problems of Turkish Seljuk and enabled the establishment of a strong state in Anatolia. Myriokephalon War deeply impacted Byzantine and the Seljuk Sultan Kılıç Arslan focused on to develop the economy of the county and made very important achievements. He was the first who tried to conquer Antalya that is a port city.
Kılıç Arslan and succeeding Sultans of Seljuk State followed the same path. Izeddin Keykavus conquered Sinop. Alâeddin Keykubâd conquered Alanya, so Seljuk had its third port city. The volume of domestic and international trade of Seljuk made it very powerful economy of the region.
In this study, the factors which made for Seljuk to conquer these port cities in the Black Sea and Mediterranean easy, and the contribution of maritime trade to Seljuk economy, with reference to the sources form the era.
The Settlement of Compansation Disputes through Peace before Administrative Judiciary
Authors: Özkan Gürsel
Published: December 2019

According to the Article 13 of the Law No. 2577, even though one must apply to the authorities as a preliminary condition of court case before filing a fully judicial lawsuit in terms of the administrative action, Article 13 of Law No. 2577 with its current form does not provide a contribution to the provision of the pre-trial dispute resolution. The Decree Law No. 659 set up the way for application which would also include the compensation claims arising from administrative actions that were designed according to The Article 13 of Law No. 2577. In this arrangement , the preference is left to the person concerned to make a choice either to refer to peace or not to against losses arising from administrative processes; one is not given the chance to eliminate the loses by means of peace during the process of law after administrative process is cancelled by law; this also prevents us to come to the desired objective because it doesn’t provide adequate legal assurance to the top executives and members of the legal disputes commission for their business and operations.
Tourism Perspectives in Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Kamalova Anara
Published: December 2019

The level of services is increasing in modern economic development of Kyrgyz Republic, and tourism plays an important role in this process. Tourism in Kyrgyz Republic is one of the prioritized spheres of economy that can create opportunities for further integration of Kyrgyz economy into the Eurasian Economic Union.
This paper includes theoretical issues of tourism development in Kyrgyz Republic and simultaneously gives an analysis of its development. Article allots a special section for tourism development along the path of Silk Road in Central Asian countries. Moreover, current problems of tourism are emphasized and recommendations on further development of tourism are given.
The Effects of the 2008 Financial Crisis on the Financial Performance of Turkish Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Karcıoğlu Reşat , Ağırman Ensar , Yıldırım Durmuş
Published: December 2019

The financial crisis of 2007-2010 also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, was considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. It contributed to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars, substantial financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity. The financial crisis of 2007/08 which began in the United States had little impact on Turkish economy in the beginning stages. However, as a result of the economic downturn in global economics, Turkish economy has been also affected by its domino effect.
The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on the financial performance of manufacturing companies listed on Borsa Istanbul, Turkey. Financial analysis will be conducted on 192 publicly listed manufacturing companies. Twelve financial ratios will be examined to determine the profitability, liquidity, activity, leverage and solvency of these companies over the period between 2006 and 2010. A data envelopment analysis will be applied to measure the performance of manufacturing firms before and after the financial crisis of 2008. Findings of this paper may be used by the managements to mitigate the effects and to enhance future performance of these companies have been uncovered. The analysis and observations will be invaluable to researchers intending to study how the manufacturing industry responds to a future slump in demand.
Turkey's Direct and Indirect Taxation Policy in terms of Tax Justice
Authors: Çelik Sabahat Binnur
Published: December 2019

Public finance is a branch of science which examines the activities' economic and finance aspects of the public sector. Public finance has three main objectives such as keeping the economy in balance, providing justice in the distribution of income and providing the economic development / growth. State has to create and apply some finance and economic policies according to those objectives.
State can use mainly three tools which are public incomes (mostly taxes), public expenditures and public debt for to keep and to protect the economy in balance. While keeping and protecting the economy in balance, state must consider "justice" in every chosen policy. This work's subject is examining the taxation policy according to the types of taxes from the view of "justice in taxation" in Turkey. In order to reach a successful comment about this subject, we will consider the rate of direct and indirect taxes to total tax revenue.
If there isn’t justice in taxation, this means that state couldn't apply appropriate policies in a successful way or didn't apply them because of its other purposes. We know that in this century the state is intrusive, effective and very powerful, so we can easily claim that state has responsibility from the lack of justice in taxation. It should not be forgotten that, ensuring "justice in taxation" is so important principle that, Turkish Constitution edited it as an order.
Effect of Efficiency on Interest Rate in Microfinance Systems of Some Transition Economies
Authors: Bayrak Metin , Sultakeev Kadyrbek , Aseinov Dastan
Published: December 2019

Although the share of microfinance institutions in financial sector of Transition Economies are increasing, the level of interest rates charged by microfinance institutions are very high than normal bank interest rates. Because in these countries the main reasons of high interest rates are operational cost, funding costs, credit risk, inflation and target profit of MFIs. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of efficiency on interest rate in microfinance system of sampled transition economies. This study uses MIX data that runs from 2000 to 2014 for transition economies countries. The efficiency of microfinance institutions in sampled transition economies measured by applying Stochastic Frontier Approach. The impact of efficiency on interest rate will be analyzed using fixed effects and random effects panel data models.
The Impact of Microfinance on Poverty: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Sultakeev Kadyrbek , Bayrak Metin
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, the microfinance market is growing rapidly. Microfinance is becoming more common in the Kyrgyzstan market, complementing the traditional banking segment. However, how much microfinance affected the poverty is a subject for debate. Giving low income household money may lift them out of poverty for a short period of time but when the credit is spent borrowers fall back into poverty.
The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of microfinance practices on poverty in Kyrgyzstan. The data were obtained from 521 microfinance clients in all districts and two largest cities. These are: Chuy, Naryn, Talas, Jalal Abad, Osh, Batken districts and Osh and Bishkek cities. A logit regressional analysis was used to determine the variables that affected poverty in Kyrgyzstan.
A Comparative Analysis of Turkey’s and Other OECD Countries’ Decent Work Structures
Authors: Haykır Hobikoğlu Elif , İncekara Ahmet
Published: December 2019

This study examines all the efforts paid since the year 2000 for improving the working conditions of decent work which is a concept that has been in use by the International Labour Organization. A comparative analysis of Turkey's and other OECD counties' decent work structures is presented in our study which has been conducted by looking at such indicators as wages paid for labour, working conditions, social security rights, union rights, income security, annual leave durations, existence of social dialogue, labour participation rates, social assistance, social protections, the state of human development index.
The Quality of Medical Services in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Japarova Damira , Baigonushova Damira
Published: December 2019

Human health determines the measure of socioeconomic development of the country. Inspiration of health workers’ work’s quality does not go beyond the salary. Doctors noted a lack of motivation to improve the quality of medical services. The reason for the low quality of treatment is the lack of modern technology and the deficiency of specialists. A significant part of the funds should be directed to financing of outpatient level instead of expensive hospital care. It is necessary to implement financing on disease prevention. The quality of polyclinics should be evaluated by considering the number of prescribed or treated patients, where the patient gives his vote using his personalized account.
Identifying the Factors Affecting the Willingness to Pay for Environmentally Friendly Products: Empirical Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Yayar Rüştü
Published: December 2019

The use of resources for sustainable growth is extremely important in the fight against famine. It should not pollute the environment for sustainable production. Therefore, the consumption of environmentally friendly products is the most important step in the sustainable production. The aim of the study was to determine factors affecting the willingness of consumers to pay more for environmentally friendly products. The willingness of consumers to pay more was analyzed in terms of socio-economic and demographic characteristics of consumers. The study was interviewed with 479 consumers living the city center of Ankara. In the study, ordered probit regression models were estimated. According to the study, there were statistically significant between the willingness of consumers to pay more environmentally friendly products with gender and education level. At the same time, of the variable used in regression model, early majority, late majority, laggards, risk averse and risk moderate were statically significant.
Innovative Management Variables Enlightened
Authors: Taşkın Erdoğan
Published: December 2019

Managers should understand the variables of innovation or the key points of creative innovation to ensure that businesses can decide fast and move correctly. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the key connections of innovation relations and creative innovation on management.
This research will analyze five key issues: The processes of understanding the customers and users of the business. The ability of management to run the business and achieve business objectives. The employees' belief of creative innovation. The creative climate of the business. The support process of the business.
As a result, five innovation variables of businesses will be analyzed and enlightened.
The Relationships among Oil Prices, Export, Employment and Economic Growth in Transition Economies with Being High Dependency on Oil Revenue
Authors: Nişancı Murat , Yurttançıkmaz Ziya Çağlar , Doker Aslı Cansın , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

The argument of natural resources’ curse explains that natural resource wealth of the country, leading to a kind of inertia in the economy causes “spendthrift” position. Accordingly, in the first place, the discovery of natural resources and its price rise have positive repercussions on country’s income and welfare. In the long run, obtained this easy enrichment may well lead to remain barren of other sectors and also affect negatively on diversification of national income and export in natural resource-rich countries. In this study, along with the collapse of the former eastern bloc, the functioning of the argument of natural resources’ curse in the natural resources-rich four transition economies, as the subject of descriptive study was conducted. In the literature of natural resources’ curse, with creating crowding-out effect, natural resources income might well brake to the development of other sectors. In addition, this situation is defined such that with increasing weight of defense industry among other sectors in aggregate income and employment, also not transferred to the social and physical infrastructure investment, particularly in education. In this study, it is examined whether there is oil prices sensitivity on the export, employment, public expenditure and national income in natural resource-rich transition economies. From the analysis results, it can be said that there is significant movements between oil prices and chosen variables and considering those findings, strong/powerful of natural resources’ curse is on process for chosen transition economies.
The Role of Extensive and Intensive Margins in Export Growth of Turkey to Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Akbulut Gizem
Published: December 2019

In the recent years, Central and Eastern Europe Countries-10 (CEEC-10) countries are implementing policies for developing in international trade relations and these countries are relatively small and open economies. On the other hand, they increase both provide a dynamic increase in exports and export market share, to facilitate the European Union (EU) and their activities to integrate into world trade.
The purpose of this study, with CEEC-10 of Turkey’s sectoral export growth rates decomposes into extensive and intensive margins. Also intensive margin decomposes into price and quantity components. By building on the methodology pioneered by Feenstra (1994) and Hummels and Klenow (2005) and then “the decomposition of export growth rates” method developed by Bingzhan (2011). Intensive margin is the growth in products that were exported in both periods. Extensive margin is the growth in product variety or new trade partners. In the empirical part of the study were used the BACI international trade database from CEPII. The database provides the export values and quantities for Turkey to CEEC-10 at the Harmonized System’s (HS96) six-digit level over period 2006 to 2013.
Foreign trade activities of countries is an important channel both to gain of international qualification and to the realization of economic growths and/ or in terms of sustainability of the current growth rates. According to results of a study, with CEEC-10 Turkey’s export is mainly explained generally by the quantity growth rather than price growth. In other words, export growth carries with the low added value product.
Corporate Sustainability Approach – An Example
Authors: Gürül Binnur
Published: December 2019

Today there are various corporate sustainability indexes which are indicators of company performance. However, establishing exactly corporate sustainability indicators for all companies is quite difficult. Because corporate sustainability includes not only internal factors but also external factors (for example environmental factors) that affect company performance. In this study; firstly, sustainability, corporate sustainability and dimensions of corporate sustainability concepts will be explained, then corporate sustainability performance of an international company (X Company) will be evaluated. Data were acquired from the company’s annual reports. Indexes, which used in previous studies on this topic, were based; thus corporate sustainability indicators have been established. In the study, the company’s corporate sustainability performance will be analyzed with TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) Method that is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method. In this study, the objective has been reached and accurate results were obtained because of mathematical methods for the assessment of corporate sustainability performance. Corporate sustainability performance with more indicators can be analyzed in the future studies. Also; other methods (for example; AHP, ELECTRE Method or Fuzzy Set Theory), which are instead of Entropy and TOPSIS methods, will be used in the future studies.
The Developing Countries External Debt and Growth Issues and Example of Turkey
Authors: Bal Oğuz
Published: December 2019

Today; country economies are dealt with from a global perspective. International capital, and technological developing, had accelerated the flow of factors also. This case demonstrates the international economic interdependence. In industrialized countries after the Second World War, while exports of industrial products increased by busy; In 1970's years, the oil crisis shocks had been lived. In the 1980s, in the world debt problems emerged. In the 1990s, world economy, has become multi-polar world with together globalization, and in order to the crisis by IMF and World Bank were began effective interventions, in the 2000s there has been a global crisis together with debt crises. The economic problem is a basic reason of the main of all crises. These crises are occurring frequently in emerging markets such as Turkey. For Turkey the real economy to financial fragility adversely affects and therefore the Current Account Balance / GNP status is important. This problem cited above, were discussed in five parts in the article. In the first part; In the case of Turkey was discussed; in general, the increase causes in imports were discussed. In the second chapter; increase in exports and imports coverage rate was examined. In the third chapter, the growth phenomena of dependent to import was discussed. In the fourth chapter; borrowing requirements, growth and debt relations were discussed. In the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations took place. The method used; the deductive method. CBT, Treasury data, World Bank data, Turkey Statistical Institute data were used.
The Eu's Influence on Eastern European Stability in the Context of Ukrainian Crisis
Authors: Uğur Ömer
Published: December 2019

The Ukraine crisis that started with the Euromaidan protests in November 2013 appears to be a most important security crises of the post-Cold War security order. Russia's aggression against Ukraine has not just threaten the territorial integrity or sovereignty of the EU's largest neighbour, but also it has led to a rivalry between the former Cold War enemies again and even it led to the start of a period that may cause to conflict between them. The EU's approach that established the Free Trade Area between the EU and Ukraine did not give any chance of talking to third country or organizations such as the Eurasian Union. Therefore, Russia worked hard to influence on Ukraine to abandon to sing the agreement and this happened to see Ukraine’s choice as a zero-sum game.
In order to understand the effect of crisis on the EU and Russia, it have to be analysed the economic sanctions imposed by the EU against Russia to resolve the crisis through diplomatic and economic means. Thus, it is necessary to look at the economic relations between Russia and the EU and this data will be obtained in Eurostat.
As a result, economic sanctions helped to move the conflict from the military to the diplomatic levels. Indeed, Russia has seen that European unity gave rise to a significant impact on its economy. Also, the EU realized that the sanctions is the most powerful tool in the hands of the EU in absence of military power.
The Necessity of Diversification of Industry of Azerbaijan
Authors: Hamidova Lala
Published: December 2019

The article reveals the benefits of diversification of industry, measures for overcoming of "curse of natural resources" in relation to the conditions of Azerbaijan and moving from the resource development industry in the country are studied there.
This issue has three aims. Firstly, it is disclosure of necessity of diversification of industry, secondly - justification of the benefits of diversification, the third aim - the development of scientifically based recommendations for opportunities of diversification of the economy of the country. Two ways are used for fight against "curse of natural resources": backup of oil revenues in the State Oil Fund of the Azerbaijan Republic and the creation of the necessary political and economic institutions.
The results of the research show that diversification is necessary in the countries depending on export of hydrocarbon resources. Diversification of economy of Azerbaijan should be directed to increase in human capital, development of infrastructure, support of financial institutions and stimulation of development of private business.
A Research on Enterprising Tendencies of Undergraduate Tourism Students: The Case of Sakarya University
Authors: Ulama Şevki , Sarıışık Mehmet
Published: December 2019

Tourism sector is an area that offers very attractive opportunities for young entrepreneurs. It is possible to set up tourism businesses with comparatively low capital and by benefiting from various supports. Young entrepreneurs who have innovative ideas and creative products may provide financial support from their families, benefit from Turkish Organization of Small and Medium Enterprises Development (KOSGEB) supports; use credit in appropriate conditions, or collaborate with the owners of capital who want to invest in the tourism sector. When the tourism literature is examined, the subject of young entrepreneurs in tourism has not been observed wide enough. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to specify enterprising tendencies and personality traits of undergraduate tourism students. It is thought to be important for offering expedient recommendations to young entrepreneurs. In the scope of the study, a survey is conducted to identify entrepreneurial characteristics, enterprising tendencies and personality traits of tourism students who would be graduated in the near future. Data were obtained from questionnaire responses and analyzed by and quantitative techniques. It is identified that there are correlations between (i) calculated risk taking and openness, (ii) need for achievement and conscientiousness and extraversion, (iii) locus of control and conscientiousness and extraversion and openness, and (iv) creative tendency and openness. Alongside some significant differences are stated for enterprising tendencies according to demographic variables. The results were reached by interpreting the findings and some suggestions were developed for graduate candidates based on the results.