bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributing Factor of Proximal Arch Dilation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve—Wall Shear Stress or Upward Extension of Ascending Aorta Dilation?
Authors: Li Fei , Gao Qi , Qiao En , Yin Gang , Zhang Ru-Jiao , Zhao Shi-Hua , Wang Wei
Published: June 2020

Purpose: The dilation of proximal arch (PArc) was suspected to develop as a result of valve-related hemodynamics or in consequence to the upward extension of the ascending aorta (AAo) dilation. We aimed to investigate the one that could be the possible contributing factor in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV).
Methods: All enrolled BAV patients underwent four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging. Contour-averaged circumferential wall shear stress (WSScirc,avg) and the diameter of the middle of AAo (mid-AAo) were compared between the patients with and without PArc dilation. Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between WSScirc,avg and aortic diameter at PArc section, as well as the correlation between the diameter of mid-AAo and that of PArc.
Results: No significant difference was observed in WSScirc,avg at PArc section between the patients with and without PArc dilation (P = .621). However, the diameter of mid-AAo in the patients who suffered PArc dilation was higher than those without it (P = .007). In addition, the aortic diameter did not correlate with the WSScirc,avg at PArc level (R = -0.068, P = .701). The correlation was observed between PArc diameter and mid-AAo diameter (R = 0.521, P = .002).
Conclusion: Hemodynamics may not contribute to the development of PArc dilation. PArc diameter correlated with mid-AAo diameter, indicating PArc dilation may be secondary to the upward extension of AAo dilation. The influence of AAo dilation extending upward could be treated by AAo replacement; hence, a selective approach to transverse PArc replacement might be appropriate.
A história da normatização contábil americana com ênfase na mundial
Authors: Chaves da Silva Rodrigo Antônio
Published: June 2020

El movimiento normativo actual presenta una historia que nos hace comprender mejor su condición. No se puede entender las reglas modernas sin una breve visión del pasado. En este sentido, el propósito del trabajo es presentar algunos enfoques de la historia de las entidades y los órganos de emisión de las normas del país americano, con la hipótesis de que tal movimiento haya sido fuerte para relevar el proceso de convergencia que hemos vivenciado. Como la normatividad está en gran relevancia, discutir su cronología es necesario, lo que vuelve este estudio importante, siendo uno de los pocos que exploran el tema. Por lo tanto, se pretende explicar el fenómeno de las normas internacionales desde una investigación exploratoria, con fundamentación bibliográfica, por ser asunto circunscrito a la historia de la Contabilidad.
Genomics of Clinal Local Adaptation inPinus sylvestrisUnder Continuous Environmental and Spatial Genetic Setting
Authors: Tyrmi Jaakko S , Vuosku Jaana , Acosta Juan J , Li Zhen , Sterck Lieven , Cervera Maria T , Savolainen Outi , Pyhäjärvi Tanja
Published: June 2020

Understanding the consequences of local adaptation at the genomic diversity is a central goal in evolutionary genetics of natural populations. In species with large continuous geographical distributions the phenotypic signal of local adaptation is frequently clear, but the genetic basis often remains elusive. We examined the patterns of genetic diversity in Pinus sylvestris, a keystone species in many Eurasian ecosystems with a huge distribution range and decades of forestry research showing that it is locally adapted to the vast range of environmental conditions. Making P. sylvestris an even more attractive subject of local adaptation study, population structure has been shown to be weak previously and in this study. However, little is known about the molecular genetic basis of adaptation, as the massive size of gymnosperm genomes has prevented large scale genomic surveys. We generated a both geographically and genomically extensive dataset using a targeted sequencing approach. By applying divergence-based and landscape genomics methods we identified several loci contributing to local adaptation, but only few with large allele frequency changes across latitude. We also discovered a very large (ca. 300 Mbp) putative inversion potentially under selection, which to our knowledge is the first such discovery in conifers. Our results call for more detailed analysis of structural variation in relation to genomic basis of local adaptation, emphasize the lack of large effect loci contributing to local adaptation in the coding regions and thus point out the need for more attention toward multi-locus analysis of polygenic adaptation.
Referentes internacionales para el rediseño de un plan de estudios: competencias para una carrera en Informática
Authors: Garita-González Gabriela , Villalobos-Murillo Johnny , Cordero-Esquivel Carmen , Cabrera-Alzate Sandra
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar y contrastar referentes internacionales en busca de estándares de calidad para la definición de los principales componentes de una carrera de formación superior en Computación. La investigación cualitativa y exploratoria inició en enero de 2019, con un equipo de 21 académicos universitarios e investigadores expertos; la técnica focus group se aplicó en tres talleres realizados con personal y autoridades de la carrera de Sistemas de Información de la Universidad Nacional en Costa Rica. Uno de los resultados principales fue la construcción de una base consensuada de competencias profesionales formativas del grado de bachillerato con una base troncal en Computación y el énfasis en Sistemas de Información. Se concluye que los componentes diseñados contemplan los criterios técnicos internacionales y, en especial, el perfil de salida que se puntualizó considera las competencias técnicas, técnicas del énfasis y las transversales.
Método activo en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas en niños de la cultura Awajún, Perú
Authors: Chávez-Epiquén Abdías , Moscoso-Paucarchuco Ketty Marilú , Cadillo-León Juan Raúl
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer la relación entre el uso de aprendizaje activo y el desarrollo de competencias del área de matemática en los estudiantes del tercer grado de primaria de la cultura awajún. El diseño de investigación fue preexperimental pretest/postest, enfoque mixto, aplicado y explicativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 22 estudiantes de tercer grado de primaria de la cultura awajún, distrito de El Cenepa, provincia Condorcanqui, departamento del Amazonas Perú, 2018. Las técnicas aplicadas fueron observación y prueba pedagógica. Los instrumentos corresponden a la prueba pedagógica y la ficha de observación. Los resultados del pretest indican que no hubo estudiantes que alcanzaran los niveles de logro y logro destacado en las capacidades matemáticas evaluadas. Los resultados postest indican que el 72 % de los estudiantes alcanzaron los niveles de logro y logro destacado posterior a la aplicación de la didáctica basada en el aprendizaje activo. Se concluye que el uso del aprendizaje activo influyó el desarrollo de competencias del área de matemática en los alumnos del tercer grado de primaria de la cultura awajún del distrito de El Cenepa, provincia Condorcanqui, departamento del Amazonas Perú, en 2018.
La Escape Room educativa como propuesta de gamificación para el aprendizaje de la Historia en Educación Infantil
Authors: Sanz Yepes Noemí , Alonso Centeno Almudena
Published: June 2020

El aprendizaje de la Historia frecuentemente se relaciona con etapas educativas diferentes de la Educación Infantil, dado el carácter estructural que tradicionalmente presenta la asignatura. Desde este punto de vista, considerarnos la gamificación como una estrategia didáctica de primer orden para introducir en el aula de Educación Infantil el concepto de temporalidad, cambio e Historia, tomando como punto de partida el diseño de una Escape Room Educativa. El empleo del elemento lúdico en el aprendizaje de la Historia permite conectar al alumnado con su entorno más próximo para relacionar distintos contenidos y competencias y lograr un conocimiento multidisciplinar.
Improving the Process of Managing the IT Infrastructure of an Enterprise in the Energy Sector of the Republic of Mordovia
Authors: Bazhanova Svetlana V. , Uchvatkina Ekaterina V.
Published: June 2020

Introduction. The study is of relevance due to the need for rational management of the IT infrastructure by large industry enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of their economic activities. The objective of this paper, based on the results of the study of the activities of enterprises in the energy sales industry, is to consider the ways of increasing the efficiency of management of the IT infrastructure of a company through the introduction of domestic software.

Materials and Methods. The study used materials of scientific publications and the ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) methodology to describe the IT infrastructure of an enterprise. The principles of systemic and integrated approaches, general scientific methods and techniques were applied. The analytic hierarchy process was used in order to perform a comparative analysis of domestic automated information systems.

Results. Based on the analysis of the activities of the Watt company, a regional monopolist in the energy sales industry of the Republic of Mordovia, shortcomings in the automation of supporting business processes of large companies have been revealed. The reasons for the low efficiency of the management processes of the IT infrastructure of an enterprise have been considered. The solution to the problems identified through the domestic software has been substantiated. A comparative analysis of a number of Russian automated information Service Desk systems has been carried out.

Discussion and Conclusion. The necessity of improving such a supporting process as that of managing the IT infrastructure of an enterprise has been substantiated. The results obtained can be used in the practice of large companies in the reengineering and modernization of the main and supporting business processes. The results of the comparative analysis of Russian automated information Service Desk systems can be taken into account when deciding on the use of domestic software.
Features of Public Perception of Corruption-Related Crimes in the Nizhny Novgorod Region: A Criminological and Sociological Analysis
Authors: Gluhova Anna A. , Iudin Alexander A. , Shpilev Dmitry A.
Published: June 2020

Introduction. The study is of relevance due to the need to explore and understand the nature of corruption in terms of Sociology, which is often hampered by the lack of effective tools for studying corruption in individual countries, regions, and cities. The purpose of the study is to identify real characteristics and features of perceptions of corruption by the population of the Nizhny Novgorod Region on the basis of relevant empirical data obtained using specific tools devised by the authors.

Materials and Methods. The study is based on the materials of the questionnaire “Features of Corruption-Related Crimes in the Nizhny Novgorod Region: A Criminological Analysis” carried out using specific tools devised by the authors – the developed scales making it possible to identify respondents’ attitudes to various corruption situations and the reasons that cause them by using a system of indirect questions (the projection method). Scales (with a minimum variable part) were also used in the subsequent questionnaire of representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, and police officers, making it possible to perform a comparative analysis of attitudes towards corruption in different groups of respondents.

Results. Perception of corruption-related crimes by the population of the Nizhny Novgorod Region has been analyzed; patterns of the general level of tolerance for corruption, the correlation of sex, age, education, and place of residence of respondents with their attitude to corruption have been revealed. Attitudes of residents of the Nizhny Novgorod Region to corruption in everyday life have been systematized. The authors have identified significant factors affecting the level of corruption. A number of recommendations for employees of the internal affairs bodies involved in the implementation of preventive measures on corruption-related crimes have been formulated.

Discussion and Conclusion. In the ordinary perception of the region’s inhabitants, the concepts of ‘corruption-related crimes’ and ‘corruption’ do not coincide. Attribution of certain acts to manifestations of corruption-related crimes in some cases is caused not only by the general legal literacy of the population, but also by the peculiarities of the national mentality, culture, and sometimes professional affiliation. The results of the study are of both theoretical and practical significance and can be used to improve the work of regional divisions of the internal affairs bodies engaged in countering corruption.
Política e reformas fiscais no Brasil recente
Authors: LOUREIRO MARIA RITA , ABRUCIO FERNANDO LUIZ
Published: June 2020

RESUMO Este estudo enfoca o quadro econômico e político em que ocorreram mudanças fiscais no Brasil nas duas últimas décadas, no contexto geral da reforma do Estado. A ênfase é dada às reformas do governo Cardoso, que são examinadas não apenas do ponto de vista macroeconômico, mas também do ponto de vista da responsabilidade democrática. Sem desconsiderar o papel das conjunturas críticas, o artigo também enfatiza a natureza incremental dessas reformas e indica que as bem-sucedidas ocorrem de forma gradual e que cada passo dado influência o caminho a seguir.
Pandemia por COVID-19 no Brasil: análise da demanda e da oferta de leitos hospitalares e equipamentos de ventilação assistida segundo diferentes cenários
Authors: Noronha Kenya Valeria Micaela de Souza , Guedes Gilvan Ramalho , Turra Cássio Maldonado , Andrade Mônica Viegas , Botega Laura , Nogueira Daniel , Calazans Julia Almeida , Carvalho Lucas , Servo Luciana , Ferreira Monique Félix
Published: June 2020

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a pressão sobre o sistema de saúde no Brasil decorrente da demanda adicional gerada pela COVID-19. Para tanto, foi realizado um conjunto de simulações para estimar a demanda de leitos gerais (microrregiões de saúde), leitos de UTI e equipamentos de ventilação assistida (macrorregiões de saúde) em diferentes cenários, para intensidade (taxas de infecção equivalentes a 0,01, 0,1 e 1 caso por 100 habitantes) e horizontes temporais (1, 3 e 6 meses). Os resultados evidenciam uma situação crítica do sistema para atender essa demanda potencial, uma vez que diversas microrregiões e macrorregiões de saúde operariam além de sua capacidade, comprometendo o atendimento a pacientes principalmente aqueles com sintomas mais severos. O estudo apresenta três mensagens relevantes. Em primeiro lugar, é necessário reduzir a velocidade de propagação da COVID-19 na população brasileira, permitindo um tempo maior para a reorganização da oferta e aliviando a pressão sobre o sistema de saúde. Segundo, é necessário expandir o número de leitos disponíveis. Ainda que o setor privado contribua para amortecer o déficit de demanda, a oferta conjunta dos dois setores não seria suficiente em várias macrorregiões. A construção de hospitais de campanha é importante, tanto em locais onde historicamente há vazios assistenciais como também naqueles onde já se observa uma pressão do lado da demanda. A terceira mensagem diz respeito à organização regionalizada dos serviços de saúde que, apesar de adequada em situações de demanda usual, em momentos de pandemia este desenho implica desafios adicionais, especialmente se a distância que o paciente tiver de percorrer for muito grande.
Propostas governamentais brasileiras de ações de prevenção e controle do sobrepeso e obesidade sob perspectiva municipal
Authors: Ramos Doralice Batista das Neves , Burlandy Luciene , Dias Patrícia Camacho , Henriques Patrícia , Castro Luciana Maria Cerqueira , Teixeira Márcia Regina Mazalotti , Bocca Cláudia Roberta , Araujo Thays da Silva , Caldas Fernando de Andrade , Souza Thamillys Rodrigues , Souza Simone Raimondi de , Cruz Myrian Coelho Cunha
Published: June 2020

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa as ações de prevenção e controle do sobrepeso e da obesidade que vêm sendo desenvolvidas nos 92 municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com base em princípios que fundamentam a tipologia clássica de políticas públicas desenvolvidas por Lowi e a Linha de Cuidado do Sobrepeso e Obesidade, valendo-se das seguintes dimensões de análise: programas e ações de prevenção e controle da obesidade, caracterização das macropolíticas segundo a tipologia de Lowi e caracterização das ações segundo princípios da Linha de Cuidado do Sobrepeso e Obesidade. O estudo é parte de uma pesquisa realizada entre 2014 e 2018 que teve como objetivo identificar as estratégias adotadas e os desafios enfrentados para consolidar as ações previstas na Linha de Cuidado do Sobrepeso e Obesidade, com base nos métodos de análise de dados secundários e documentos governamentais; busca nos sites oficiais dos municípios; entrevistas, grupos focais e questionários eletrônicos com profissionais e gestores de saúde. Os documentos apontam uma série de ações como a consulta individual, grupos de apoio, academia da saúde, programa saúde na escola, entre outros, que foram reforçadas pelas narrativas dos entrevistados. Mesmo diante de tantas iniciativas, os municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro passam por desafios como recursos humanos reduzidos e estrutura de unidades e equipamentos de saúde precários. Para que haja maior mobilização em relação às ações frente à obesidade, o tema deve ser tratado de forma particular nas agendas estaduais e municipais, e não dissolvido dentro de outras ações e programas.
Progesterone and estrogen receptor expression by canine cutaneous soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Loures Fabricia H. , Conceição Lissandro G. , Amorim Renee L. , Nobrega Juliano , T. Neto Rafael , Costa Eduardo P. , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT: Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STS) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies that share similar histopathological features, a low to moderate recurrence rate and low metastatic potential. In human medicine, the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) in sarcomas has been studied to search for prognostic factors and new treatment targets. Similar studies have yet to be conducted in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the ER and PR expression in a series of 80 cutaneous and subcutaneous sarcomas in dogs with histopathological features of peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) and perivascular wall tumor (PWT). All cases were positive for PR and negative for ER. Tumors of high malignancy grade (grade III) exhibited higher PR expression than low-grade tumors (grade I). Tumors with mitotic activity greater than 9 mitotic figures/10 high power fields also exhibited higher PR expression. In addition, there was a positive correlation between cell proliferation (Ki67) and PR expression. Therefore, it is possible that progesterone plays a greater role than estrogen in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Future studies should explore the potential for selective progesterone receptor modulators as therapeutic agents in canine STS, as well as evaluating PR expression as a predictor of prognosis.
Hemoplasma infection in wild captive carnivores
Authors: Carneiro Filipe T. , Scalon Marcela C. , Amorim Gabrielle , Silva Wanessa A.C. , Honorato Sandy M. , Pereira Fernanda M.A.M. , Silva Luisa H.R. , Aquino Larissa C. , Paludo Giane R.
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT: Hemoplasmas are bacteria able to adhere themselves loosely to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and may parasitize several species of mammals. There are three known species of hemoplasmas that parasitize domestic and wild cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’. Dogs are infected by at least two species of hemoplasmas: ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’ and Mycoplasma haemocanis. The hemoplasmoses are very important in veterinary clinics, either because of its worldwide distribution and severity of clinical signs, depending on parasite species and host immune competence, or due to its zoonotic potential and capability of infecting endangered species. This study set out to investigate which hemoplasmas species parasitize different captive wild carnivores in order to clarify the epidemiology of hemoplasmoses in wild animals. Furthermore, the research intended to characterize the hematological changes caused by different species of hemotropic mycoplasmas infection in order to establish their clinical importance to wild species and the capacity of these species to become a reservoir of studied agents. Samples of 33 wild felids and 18 wild canids were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect hemoplasmas DNA and it was observed that the occurrence of infection in these species is 45.5% and 83.3%, respectively. Factors such as age, gender or anaemia are not more frequent in animals positive for the infection. Therefore, it is concluded that infection caused by hemoplasmas in wild carnivores has high prevalence, and either agent pathogenicity is low, or chronic stage is more frequent, resulting in a low rate of diagnosis.
Uncommon anatomical sites and anatomopathological presentations of lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Mazaro Renata D. , Luz Flávia S. , Herbichi Alana P. , Lorenzetti Douglas M. , Cogliati Bruno , Fighera Rafael A.
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT: Lymphomas are the tumors most frequently associated with the death or euthanasia of dogs in most parts of the world. In dogs, they almost always occur as disseminated (multicentric lymphoma), gastrointestinal (alimentary lymphoma), or nodal mediastinal (mediastinal lymphoma) diseases. However, other uncommon presentations can occasionally occur. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of these unusual types of lymphoma and demonstrate to veterinary pathologists how they present pathologically. From a total of 100 cases of lymphoma in dogs diagnosed between 1965 and 2017, 16 cases (16/100) were considered by us as non-traditional presentations of the disease: follicular lymphoma, (5/100), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS (2/100), angiocentric lymphoma (2/100), intravascular large T-cell lymphoma (2/100), lymphomatoid granulomatosis (1/100), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (1/100), hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (1/100), and chronic small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma, intermediate type (1/100). We hope that the results presented here can help veterinary pathologists to recognize such cases of “atypical lymphoma” in their diagnostic routines.
Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base
Authors: Sabec-Pereira Dayane Kelly , Lima Fabiano C. , Melo Fabiano R. , Melo Fabiana Cristina S.A. , Pereira Kleber Fernando , Vulcani Valcinir Aloisio S.
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT: We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent. The interhemispheric artery goes to the midbrain region and the corpus callosum knee divides into pericalous artery and callosarginal artery, which will supply the pre and post-central regions of the cerebral hemispheres of this species, as well as other non-human and human primates. It is noted that in the first part of the left rostral cerebral artery, there is a direct inosculation between the recurrent branch of the rostral cerebral artery and left middle cerebral artery to supply the entorhinal region. This fact also occurs in Pongo spp. The middle cerebral artery travels along the lateral sulcus where it emits several superficial branches to irrigate the superior and inferior lateral cortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It is not part of the arterial circle but is the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. A. belzebul can be considered to depend on two sources of supply to the brain: the vertebra-basilar and carotid systems, contributing to the intervention of veterinarians during clinical and surgical procedures in other primates, as well as the preservation of wild animals.
Integrating Relation Constraints with Neural Relation Extractors
Authors: Ye Yuan , Feng Yansong , Luo Bingfeng , Lai Yuxuan , Zhao Dongyan
Published: June 2020

Recent years have seen rapid progress in identifying predefined relationship between entity pairs using neural networks (NNs). However, such models often make predictions for each entity pair individually, thus often fail to solve the inconsistency among different predictions, which can be characterized by discrete relation constraints. These constraints are often defined over combinations of entity-relation-entity triples, since there often lack of explicitly well-defined type and cardinality requirements for the relations. In this paper, we propose a unified framework to integrate relation constraints with NNs by introducing a new loss term, Constraint Loss. Particularly, we develop two efficient methods to capture how well the local predictions from multiple instance pairs satisfy the relation constraints. Experiments on both English and Chinese datasets show that our approach can help NNs learn from discrete relation constraints to reduce inconsistency among local predictions, and outperform popular neural relation extraction (NRE) models even enhanced with extra post-processing. Our source code and datasets will be released at https://github.com/PKUYeYuan/Constraint-Loss-AAAI-2020.
CopyMTL: Copy Mechanism for Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations with Multi-Task Learning
Authors: Zeng Daojian , Zhang Haoran , Liu Qianying
Published: June 2020

Joint extraction of entities and relations has received significant attention due to its potential of providing higher performance for both tasks. Among existing methods, CopyRE is effective and novel, which uses a sequence-to-sequence framework and copy mechanism to directly generate the relation triplets. However, it suffers from two fatal problems. The model is extremely weak at differing the head and tail entity, resulting in inaccurate entity extraction. It also cannot predict multi-token entities (e.g. Steven Jobs). To address these problems, we give a detailed analysis of the reasons behind the inaccurate entity extraction problem, and then propose a simple but extremely effective model structure to solve this problem. In addition, we propose a multi-task learning framework equipped with copy mechanism, called CopyMTL, to allow the model to predict multi-token entities. Experiments reveal the problems of CopyRE and show that our model achieves significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art method by 9% in NYT and 16% in WebNLG (F1 score). Our code is available at https://github.com/WindChimeRan/CopyMTL
Structure Learning for Headline Generation
Authors: Zhang Ruqing , Guo Jiafeng , Fan Yixing , Lan Yanyan , Cheng Xueqi
Published: June 2020

Headline generation is an important problem in natural language processing, which aims to describe a document by a compact and informative headline. Some recent successes on this task have been achieved by advanced graph-based neural models, which marry the representational power of deep neural networks with the structural modeling ability of the relational sentence graphs. The advantages of graph-based neural models over traditional Seq2Seq models lie in that they can encode long-distance relationship between sentences beyond the surface linear structure. However, since documents are typically weakly-structured data, modern graph-based neural models usually rely on manually designed rules or some heuristics to construct the sentence graph a prior. This may largely limit the power and increase the cost of the graph-based methods. In this paper, therefore, we propose to incorporate structure learning into the graph-based neural models for headline generation. That is, we want to automatically learn the sentence graph using a data-driven way, so that we can unveil the document structure flexibly without prior heuristics or rules. To achieve this goal, we employ a deep & wide network to encode rich relational information between sentences for the sentence graph learning. For the deep component, we leverage neural matching models, either representation-focused or interaction-focused model, to learn semantic similarity between sentences. For the wide component, we encode a variety of discourse relations between sentences. A Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) is then applied over the sentence graph to generate high-level relational representations for headline generation. The whole model could be optimized end-to-end so that the structure and representation could be learned jointly. Empirical studies show that our model can significantly outperform the state-of-the-art headline generation models.
Learning Conceptual-Contextual Embeddings for Medical Text
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Dou Dejing , Wu Ji
Published: June 2020

External knowledge is often useful for natural language understanding tasks. We introduce a contextual text representation model called Conceptual-Contextual (CC) embeddings, which incorporates structured knowledge into text representations. Unlike entity embedding methods, our approach encodes a knowledge graph into a context model. CC embeddings can be easily reused for a wide range of tasks in a similar fashion to pre-trained language models. Our model effectively encodes the huge UMLS database by leveraging semantic generalizability. Experiments on electronic health records (EHRs) and medical text processing benchmarks showed our model gives a major boost to the performance of supervised medical NLP tasks.
CFGNN: Cross Flow Graph Neural Networks for Question Answering on Complex Tables
Authors: Zhang Xuanyu
Published: June 2020

Question answering on complex tables is a challenging task for machines. In the Spider, a large-scale complex table dataset, relationships between tables and columns can be easily modeled as graph. But most of graph neural networks (GNNs) ignore the relationship of sibling nodes and use summation as aggregation function to model the relationship of parent-child nodes. It may cause nodes with less degrees, like column nodes in schema graph, to obtain little information. And the context information is important for natural language. To leverage more context information flow comprehensively, we propose novel cross flow graph neural networks in this paper. The information flows of parent-child and sibling nodes cross with history states between different layers. Besides, we use hierarchical encoding layer to obtain contextualized representation in tables. Experiments on the Spider show that our approach achieves substantial performance improvement comparing with previous GNN models and their variants.
Task-Oriented Dialog Systems That Consider Multiple Appropriate Responses under the Same Context
Authors: Zhang Yichi , Ou Zhijian , Yu Zhou
Published: June 2020

Conversations have an intrinsic one-to-many property, which means that multiple responses can be appropriate for the same dialog context. In task-oriented dialogs, this property leads to different valid dialog policies towards task completion. However, none of the existing task-oriented dialog generation approaches takes this property into account. We propose a Multi-Action Data Augmentation (MADA) framework to utilize the one-to-many property to generate diverse appropriate dialog responses. Specifically, we first use dialog states to summarize the dialog history, and then discover all possible mappings from every dialog state to its different valid system actions. During dialog system training, we enable the current dialog state to map to all valid system actions discovered in the previous process to create additional state-action pairs. By incorporating these additional pairs, the dialog policy learns a balanced action distribution, which further guides the dialog model to generate diverse responses. Experimental results show that the proposed framework consistently improves dialog policy diversity, and results in improved response diversity and appropriateness. Our model obtains state-of-the-art results on MultiWOZ.
Co-Attention Hierarchical Network: Generating Coherent Long Distractors for Reading Comprehension
Authors: Zhou Xiaorui , Luo Senlin , Wu Yunfang
Published: June 2020

In reading comprehension, generating sentence-level distractors is a significant task, which requires a deep understanding of the article and question. The traditional entity-centered methods can only generate word-level or phrase-level distractors. Although recently proposed neural-based methods like sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) model show great potential in generating creative text, the previous neural methods for distractor generation ignore two important aspects. First, they didn't model the interactions between the article and question, making the generated distractors tend to be too general or not relevant to question context. Second, they didn't emphasize the relationship between the distractor and article, making the generated distractors not semantically relevant to the article and thus fail to form a set of meaningful options. To solve the first problem, we propose a co-attention enhanced hierarchical architecture to better capture the interactions between the article and question, thus guide the decoder to generate more coherent distractors. To alleviate the second problem, we add an additional semantic similarity loss to push the generated distractors more relevant to the article. Experimental results show that our model outperforms several strong baselines on automatic metrics, achieving state-of-the-art performance. Further human evaluation indicates that our generated distractors are more coherent and more educative compared with those distractors generated by baselines.
Clinical Characteristics and Mutation Analyses of Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors
Authors: Yuan Zhen , Huo Xiao , Jiang Dezhi , Yu Mei , Cao Dongyan , Wu Huanwen , Shen Keng , Yang Jiaxin , Zhang Ying , Zhou Huimei , Wang Yao
Published: June 2020

Background

There are limited studies on Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs) and no data in the population of Chinese patients with SLCTs from the genetic level. In addition, previous studies on SLCTs have focused exclusively on mutations in the DICER1 gene and no data exists on the genetic landscape of SLCTs.

Methods

Patients with moderately or poorly differentiated SLCTs who underwent surgical resection between January 2012 and October 2018 in our institution were recruited. Whole exome sequencing was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue and peripheral blood or normal tissue samples.

Results

Seventeen patients were recruited with 19 tumor samples. The rate of tumor-associated germline mutations was 6 of 17 (35.3%), and that of DICER1 germline mutations was 4 of 17 (23.5%). Regarding clinical relapse, patients with germline tumor-associated mutations had significantly poorer prognosis than those without (p = .007), and those with germline DICER1 mutations were relatively more likely to exhibit clinical relapse, although not to a significant degree (p = .069). Regarding somatic mutations, firstly, the subclone evolution analysis demonstrated that the two tumors on the contralateral ovary were primary tumors, respectively. Secondly, somatic mutations were most commonly found in CDC27 (10/19, 52.6%), DICER1 (4/19, 21.1%), and MUC22 (4/19, 21.1%). And the analysis of cancer cell fractions showed that DICER1 mutations were correlated with tumorigenesis of SLCTs. The rates of germline and somatic DICER1 mutations were higher in patients who were younger than 18 years than those in older patients (p = .022 and p = .001, respectively).

Conclusion

Our study indicates that genetic testing may have important clinical significance for patients with SLCTs, particularly for younger patients.

Implications for Practice

Bilateral ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors were verified to be primary tumors from the genetic perspective. The rates of germline and somatic DICER1 mutations were 4 of 17 (23.5%) and 4 of 19 (21.1%), respectively. The rates of germline and somatic DICER1 mutations were higher in patients who were younger than 18 years than those in older patients (p = .022 and p = .001, respectively).
Musannifek’in Eserlerinin Arap Dil Bilimi ve Dil Öğretimine Katkısı
Authors: Tala Murat
Published: June 2020

Bu araştırma, Şeyh Ali b. Mecdiddîn b. Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd b. Mahmûd b. Muhammed b. ‘Umer eş-Şahrûdî el-Bistâmî’nin (ö. 875/1470)  dil bilimsel eserleri üzerine bir inceleme yapmayı hedeflemektedir. Özellikle onun gramer, belâgat, edebiyat, dil bilimi ve dil felsefesi içerikli eserlerinin Arap dil bilimi ve dil öğretimine katkılarını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmamız bir giriş, üç bölüm, bir değerlendirme kısmı, sonuç, kaynakça ve ekler kısımlarından oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada Şeyh Ali Musannifek’in bütün eserleri ele alınmamış, konu onun doğrudan Arap dil bilimi sahasında kaleme almış olduğu eserleri ve dil bilimsel içeriğe sahip olan diğer eserleri ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırmamızda ele aldığımız konu doküman analizi ve veri analizi metotlarından faydalanılarak irdelenmiştir. Araştırmada incelemesi amaçlanan konu, doğrudan, el yazması formundaki birinci el orijinal kaynaklar kullanılarak ele alınmıştır. Bununla beraber, araştırmanın bazı yerlerinde, Musannifek hakkında bilgi aktaran klasik kaynaklar ile onun eserleri üzerine yapılan bilimsel araştırmalardan da faydalanılmıştır. Ancak söz konusu dil bilimsel eserlerden bazıları yakından incelenirken, doğrudan Musannifek’in kaleminden çıkmış orijinal yazma nüshalar üzerinden yapılan okumalar neticesinde tespit ve değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Sûre Faziletleri Bağlamında Ölülere Yâsîn Okunmasıyla İlgili Hadisin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Bakkal Mustafa Cihad
Published: June 2020

Ölüm, Kur’ân’da da belirtildiği üzere her canlının tadacağı kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. İnsanlar, çoğu zaman dinî bazen de psikolojik sâiklerle hayatlarını kaybeden yakınlarını yâd etme ihtiyacı hissederler. Bu nedenle farklı dinlerde ve kültürlerde ölen kişinin ardından merasimler ve anma törenleri düzenlenmektedir. İslâm dininde de ölüler için bir görev olarak yerine getirilen yıkama, kefenleme ve defin işlemlerinin yanı sıra onların ruhları için Kur’ân okuma ve özellikle de Yâsîn sûresini okuma geçmişten günümüze kadar uzanan bir gelenektir.Bu çalışmada ölülere Yâsîn okuma uygulamasının dinî boyutu araştırılacak, bilhassa konuyla doğrudan alakası olan ve muteber kaynaklarda yer alan “Ölülerinize Yâsîn okuyunuz” hadisi üzerinde durulacaktır. Söz konusu hadis, sened ve metin yönünden tahlil edilecek; ayrıca konu hakkındaki tartışmalara yer verilerek değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Hayatın Anlamı Ve Dindarlık İlişkisi
Authors: Karslı Necmi
Published: June 2020

Hayata ve olaylara dair anlam arayışı en temel manevi ihtiyaçlardandır. Anlam bulma aynı zamanda beden ve ruh sağlığını korumak için de gereklidir. Olaylara anlam veremeyen kişiler daha fazla fizyolojik ve psikolojik sıkıntılarla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Din insan hayatına anlam kazandıran en önemli olgulardan birisidir. Din aynı zamanda bireyin hayata dair tüm yönelimlerinin merkezini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinde dindarlık ve anlam algısı arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemi 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim döneminde Trabzon Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan 430’u kadın, 75’i erkek toplam 505 genç bireyden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ölçme araçları olarak Hayatın Anlam ve Amacı Ölçeği, İçsel Dini Motivasyon Ölçeği ve Ok-Dini Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda özetle şu sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.  Kadınların anlam ve dindarlık düzeyleri erkeklerinkinden daha yüksektir. Sigara ve alkol kullanımı ile hayatta anlam bulma, dini tutum ve içsel dini motivasyon arasında negatif yönlü ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Sağlıklı olma ve dışadönüklük ile hayatta anlam bulma arasında pozitif yönlü ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Dini tutum ve içsel dini motivasyon ile hayatta anlam bulma arasında ise pozitif yönlü ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma dinin eşsiz bir anlam sistemi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Mâlikî Fıkıh Usûlünün Tarihsel Süreci
Authors: Kesgin Hafsa
Published: June 2020

Usûl ilminin ortaya çıkmasından sonra her mezhebin kendine özgü bir usûl anlayışı oluşmuştur. Fakihlerin farklı usûl anlayışları temelinde farklı usûller ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda Mâlikî usûlü de usûl eserlerinin telif ve tedvîn edildiği erken dönemlerde eserlerini vermiştir. İmâm Mâlik’in usûle dair bir eseri mevcut olmasa da fetvâ, fıkıh ve hadisleri topladığı el-Muvattâisimli telifi söz konusu usûl faaliyetlerinin temel dayanağı olmuştur. Mâlikî mezhebinde ortaya çıkan Medîne, Mısır, Irâk ve Endülüs ekollerinin farklı bakış açıları usûl ilmine de etki etmiş ve her ekol kendi düşünceleri çerçevesinde eserler ortaya koymuşlardır. İlk usûl çalışmaları Irâk merkezli olmuş daha sonra Endülüs ulemâsı üzerinden gelişme çağı yaşanmış, Mısır ekolü ise Mâlikî usûlünün klasik dönemini şekillendirmiştir. Söz konusu bu süreçlerde fukahâ ve memzûc metod kullanılmış olsa da ağırlıklı olarak mütekellimîn metodu çerçevesinde bir telif geleneği oluşturulmuştur. Usûl anlayışı bakımından ise temel karakteristiği cedel ve hilâf olan Irâk Mâlikî usûl anlayışı, söz konusu bu anlayışa karşı duruş sergileyen Endülüs usûl anlayışı ve bu iki metodu mezceden Mısır usûl anlayışı etken olmuştur. Nihâyi süreçte Irâk’ın etkisinde kalan ve Irâk metodunu esas alan Endülüs usûl ekolü ve Mısır usûl anlayışı mezhepteki hâkmiyetini devâm ettiren iki temel ekol olmuştur. Modern dönemde ise klasik usûl anlayışından çok farklı makâsıd temelli bir usûl anlayışı hâkim olmuştur. Bu makalede Mâlikî usûl ilminin geçirdiği bu dönemlerin kendine has özellikleri ve tarihsel süreci ele alınarak Mâlikî usûlünün gelişim seyrine dair bütüncül ve genel bir resim ortaya konulacaktır.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Mesleğe Hazırlık Eğitim Programının İçerik Ve Etkililiğinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Dam Hasan , Ertürk İdris
Published: June 2020

Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, İslam Dininin inançları, ibadet ve ahlak esasları ile ilgili işleri yürütmek, din konusunda toplumu aydınlatmak ve ibadet yerlerini yönetmekle görevli devlet kurumudur. Başkanlık, bu hizmetleri istihdam ettiği personeli aracılığı ile sürdürmekte; daha etkin hizmet verebilmek için, personelini, kendine ait eğitim merkezlerinde ya da uygun mahallî ortamlarda hizmet içi eğitime tâbi tutmaktadır. Süre ve içerik bakımından farklı programlarla şekillendirilen bu eğitimlere ilgili personel alınmaktadır. Söz konusu eğitim programlarından biri de Mesleğe Hazırlık Eğitimi’dir. Din Hizmetleri sınıfında görev yapmak üzere istihdam edilen Kur’an Kursu Öğreticisi, İmam- Hatip ve Müezzin- Kayyım’ların zorunlu olarak alması gereken bu eğitimle, görevlilerin daha nitelikli hizmetler vermesini ve cami görevlilerinin bilgili ve donanımlı olmalarını temin etmek amaçlanmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, Mesleğe Hazırlık Eğitim Programının hedefleri, içeriği ve etkililiği araştırılmış; programın içeriği tahlil edildikten sonra uygulanan programın katılımcılara etkisi yapılan saha araştırması ile ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nca düzenlenen Mesleğe Hazırlık Eğitim Programının önemine dikkat çekmek, programın başlangıcından sonuna kadar tüm yapısal ve işlevsel sorunları imkânlar ölçüsünde tespit etmek, varsa tespit edilen bu sorunlara çözüm önerileri sunmaktır.
Nisâ Sûresi 3. Âyetinin Dörtten Fazla Evliliğe Delâleti Meselesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: Özdaş Haşim
Published: June 2020

Kur’ân-ı Kerim’in anlaşılmasında Arapçanın öncelikli bir yerinin olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Bu nedenle hem tefsir hem de tefsir usulü eserlerinde Kur’ân’ı yanlış veya eksik anlamamak için lügat, sarf, nahiv ve dile dair benzer ilimlerin bilinmesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca âyetlerin, dilde var olan zayıf, kural dışı veya garîb anlamlara değil, aksine âyetlerin sözdizimine uygun dilde yaygın olarak kullanılan güçlü anlamlara hamledip tefsir etmek gerektiği beyan edilmiştir. Öte yandan pek çok konuya dair hüküm ihtiva eden Nisâ sûresi 3. âyet ile ilgili farklı açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. Âlimlerin kahir ekseriyetine göre, söz konusu âyet, evliliği dört ile sınırlandırmıştır. Buna karşın diğer bazı âlimler ise, âyette zikredilen mesnâ ve sülâse ve rübâ‘a lafızlarının, dörtten fazla evliliğe delâlet ettiğini savunmuştur. Erken dönem tefsir kaynaklarında herhangi bir şahıs veya gruba nisbet edilmeden eleştirilen bu görüş, Hicrî beşinci yüzyıldan sonra yazılmış kaynakların bazılarında Râfizîlerden bir grup ile Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî veya genel olarak Zâhirîlere, diğer bazılarında ise Zeydiyye mezhebine veya Kasım b. İbrahim’e, Hâricîlere, nisbeten geç dönem bazı kaynaklarda ise İmam Nehaî ile İbn Ebû Leylâ’ya nisbet edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Nisâ sûresi 3. âyetin dörtten fazla evliliğe delâletini savunanların kim veya kimler oldukları tesbit edilmeye çalışılacak, daha sonra hem Arap diline hem de Sünnete aykırı olduğu ifade edilen bu görüşün Arap diline uygun olup-olmadığı hususu incelenmeye gayret edilecektir.