bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditions for the Formation of Oil and Gas Pools in Tertiary Volcanics in the Western Part of the Huimin Sag, Shandong and Their Distribution
Authors: Zerong Liu , Quanlin Xin , Yongjie Wang , Piqin Xu , Xiaofeng Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Conditions for the formation of oil and gas pools in Tertiary volcanics in the western part of the Huimin sag, Shandong and their distribution have been studied based on the geological, seismic and well‐logging information. In this paper, the types and lithofacies of the volcanic rocks in the western part of the Huimin sag are described; the relationship between rocks and electrical properties, the seismic reflection structures, the development and distribution of the volcanic rocks are expounded; and the fourfold role of the volcanic activities in the formation of the oil and gas pools is also dealt with. It is considered by the authors that the volcanic activities were not destructive to the formation of oil and gas pools but a factor favourable to the accumulation of organic matters and their conversion to hydrocarbon. The volcanic rocks might have served as reservoir rocks and cap rocks, or as a synsedimentary anticline. The prerequisites and important factors for the formation of oil and gas pools and their distribution are pointed out in the paper.
Exploration of Complicated Oil and Gas Fields1
Authors: Xiangning Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Complicated oil and gas fields occupy an important position in oil and gas exploration. In this paper, complicated oil and gas fields are grouped into four types: fault‐block, lithologic, stratigraphic and fissure types. On the basis of the new theory of petroleum geological exploration in composite oil and gas accumulation areas within continental basins, a new exploration sequence suitable for complicated oil and gas fields has been established, which comprises four stages: (1) initial exploration; (2) preliminary exploration; (3) early step‐by‐step exploration and development; and (4) late step‐by‐step exploration and development. The idea of cybernetics has been taken to control various links of a systematic exploration project so as to fully, effectively and comprehensively utilize the new exploration techniques, eventually realizing the optimization of exploration with the aim of raising the efficiency of exploration of complicated oil and gas fields.
Dating Model of Illite Grain Rb‐Sr Isochron and Its Application to Precambrian Stratigraphy1
Authors: Yunjun Li
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the Rb‐Sr geochemical behaviour of illites in the sedimentary process, and points out that illites of the 1md and 1m types could reach Sr‐isotopic equilibrium with its environmental medium during the sedimentary process and initial stage of diagenesis, and illite grains of different sizes have various Rb contents. A new dating method for sedimentary rocks—a dating model of illite grain Rb‐Sr isochron—is established, in consideration of the geochemical process of Sr‐isotopic homogenization and differentiation in the course of their formation and evolution. In addition, the paper concerns the application of the dating model to the Precambrian unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks in western Henan Province, which gives satisfactory results coincident with the geological facts.
Tectonodynamic Adjustment of Crustal Materials in the Middle‐Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River1
Authors: Shuwen Dong
Published: August 2010

Abstract Under the tectonodynamic process, crustal materials tend to experience two modes of adjustment: (1) structural (physical) adjustment, manifested by folding, faulting, uplifting, downwarping, etc.? (2) compositional adjustment, represented by element migration, concentration and dispersion, crystalline and dynamic differentiation of crystals, metamorphism, etc. (Yang Kaiqing, 1986; Yang Kaiqing et al., 1986). The dynamic adjustment of crustal materials in the middle‐ lower reaches of the Yangtze mainly occurred in the Mesozoic under the conditions of intense collision between the North China (Dabie) massif and the Yangtze massif. The structural adjustment refers to various types of deformation within the two massifs and the intensive shortening of the stratigraphic cover of the Yangtze massif, whereas the compositional adjustment implies the structural remelting of the basement and the ore‐ and rock‐ forming processes in the two massifs.
A Comprehensive Evaluation on the Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary Stratotype Candidate Section in Nanbiancun, Guilin, Guangxi1
Authors: Changmin Yu
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation on the Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) section in Nanbiancun, Guilin, Guangxi on the basis of Palaeontological, biostratigraphical and sedimentary petrological studies as well as microfacies analysis, REE and trace element analysis and isotopic dating.

The DCB at this section conforms to the definition of this boundary and essentially measure up the criteria and conditions for selection of the boundary stratotype. Up to 14 fossil groups are contained in the section. The section presents a general biostratigraphical framework with multispecies fossils zones, assemblage zones and multiple groups of fossils and has latent preponderant conditions for magnetostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic studies. The boundary and point occur in a persistent and continuous monofacial carbonate succession, and the section is located in a tourist city with convenient communication, where various facies of DCB sections are developed, allowing the correlation within a small area. So it is an ideal candidate boundary stratotype.
Ordovician‐Silurian Boundary Extinction and Its Relationship to Iridium and Carbon Isotope Anomalies
Authors: Xiaofeng Wang , Zhifang Chai
Published: August 2010

Abstract The abundance distributions of more than 40 elements in the No. 502 Ordovician‐Silurian (O/S) boundary section at Fenxiang, Yichang have been studied by RNAA and INAA. The results show that in the boundary bed, there is a distinctive Ir anomaly because the Ir concentration abruptly increases to 0.64 ppb. Furthermore, the Ir is positively correlated in abundance variation with some siderophile and sulphophile elements. In the same bed of the O/S boundary section at Huanghuachang, Yichang, there is also a δ13C excursion. These geochemical signs support the hypothesis that the terminal Ordovician mass extinction was probably related to extraterrestrial event, and provide new evidence for defining the O / S boundary between the Hirnantia‐Kinnella and G. persculptus Zones.
The Pre‐Sinian Basement and Mineralization on the Western Margin of the Yangtze Paraplatform
Authors: Benzhi Feng
Published: August 2010

Abstract The pre‐Sinian basement on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze paraplatform consists of three metamorphic rock series of different ages. Being products of different tectonic events and environments, they differ markedly in original rock sequences, metamorphism, tectonic style and characteristics of granitoids and mineral deposits. The Late Archean Kangdian craton mainly comprises the Kangding and Julin Groups with a metamorphic age of nearly 2500 Ma. They are supracrustal rocks dominated by mafic volcanics enclosed in trondhjemitic rocks. The craton is believed to represent a granite‐greenstone terrane of Late Archaean age. There occur mineral deposits such as graphite and kyanite deposits of metamorphic origin, muscovite deposits in pegmatites and gold quartz veins in gneissic granites, banded hornblende‐magnetite mineralization and copper and zinc mineralizations related to felsic volcanics. Large V‐Ti‐bearing magnetite deposits were also formed in the mafic‐ ultramafic stratiform intrusions emplaced on the margins of the craton during the Middle Proterozoic. Copper and nickel deposits are found in several ultramafic intrusions. Extending in a north‐south direction, the Proterozoic mobile belt consists mainly of the Early Proterozoic Hekou Group and Middle Proterozoic Huili and Kunyang Groups, and they are thought to be accumulations in a Proterozoic rift trough or aulacogen. During the Early Proterozoic, the rift trough was characterized by intense volcanism and presence of iron ore deposits of volcano‐magmatic type, iron‐copper deposits of exhalative‐sedimentary type. The Mid‐Late Proterozoic of the rift trough mainly witnessed the formation of sedimentary stratiform copper deposits and submarine sedimentary iron deposits. In the wake of the emplacement of the Jinningian and Chengjiangian granites in the Late Proterozoic, skarn‐type tin and tin‐iron ore deposits were formed.
Middle and Late Tertiary Palaeogeography and Palaeoenvironment on the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea
Authors: Weiwu Duan , Yongyang Huang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Based essentially on research results of calcareous nannofossils, combined with some other microfossil data and several secondary depositional breaks, this paper discusses the criteria of division and comparison of the middle and late Tertiary marine sediments, palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental evolution and palaeoclimates on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, comprising the Tainan basin, Pearl River Mouth basin, Southeast Hainan basin and Beibu Gulf basin. Study shows that the upper Oligocene to Pliocene strata in the whole area consist essentially of marine sediments except in the Beibu Gulf basin. They include littoral, neritic and deltaic sediments as well as carbonate rock‐bioherm limestone. The sea advanced from southeast to northwest. During the transgression there appeared three culminations coinciding to the stages of deposition of nannofossil zones NN4‐5, NN11 and 13‐15.
Discussion on Rb‐Sr Isochron Ages of Granitoids in the Hengduan Mountains1
Authors: Yuquan Zhang , Bingquan Zhu , Yingwen Xie
Published: August 2010

Abstract Based on the Rb‐Sr isotopic study of the granitoids in the Hengduan Mountains, the classification and geologic significance of whole‐ rock Rb‐ Sr isochrons as well as the factors influencing homogenization of the isotopic systems are discussed. Usually, there is no good linear correlation of isochrons for diorites and alkali‐rich intrusive rocks (including alkaline rock and alkalic granite). But by means of the external isochron of monominerals from the rocks, isochrons with good linear correlation as well as ages and Sr initial ratios with a high confidence can be obtained. In order to obtain a satisfactory isochron, the discriminant parameters should be calculated from the Rb / Sr ratios and estimated ages of samples. Only those that meet the requirements can be used as the Rb‐Sr isochrons. The quality of an isochron should be judged from three factors, i.e. correlation coefficient, MSWD and homogenization degree.
The Mechanism of Structural Control of Ore Formation and Geochemical Characteristics in the Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Wushan Copper Ore Field, Jiangxi
Authors: Xun Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract The ore‐controlling mechanism of the bedding fault system in the massive sulfide deposits of the Wushan copper orefield may be generalized as the control of ore deposition by optimum surface in an ore‐ forming structural trap. The mechanism has three major features: (1) timing of mineralization; (2) positioning of host formation; and (3) dependence of ore‐controlling structure on properties of rocks. The “optimum surface” is a divisional structural plane which marks obvious difference in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and is favorable for mineralization. It is also a unity of structures, lithofacies and orebodies.

The structural and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits indicate the migration trend of the major characteristic elements in the ore‐ controlling fault belt: elements with a small radius (Si, Fe, Mg and Al) moved towards and concentrated at the center of the belt while large‐radius ones (Ca, K and Na) were remote from the center.
A Lower Ordovician Carbonate Contourite Drift on the Margin of the South China Paleocontinent at Jiuxi, Northern Hunan
Authors: Taizhong Duan , Jianhua Guo , Zhenzhong Gao , Zenghua Li , Yunfu Zeng
Published: August 2010

Abstract Carbonate contourite drift at Jiuxi, Taoyuan, northern Hunan, was developed in a deep‐water area of northern Hunan on the margin of the Early Ordovician South China paleocontinent. The Lower Ordovician sequence in the area is more than 350 m thick and contains well‐developed contourites that can be grouped into the following five types: the calcilutitic, the arenitic, the siltitic, the fine ruditic and the bioclastic. The first three often constitute a complete or incomplete contourite succession. The arenitic contourite is nearly uniformly distributed as interlayers throughout the succession, creating a monotonously rhythmic texture in the contourite drift. The pattern of spatial distribution of the succession shows that the contourite drift is a huge ridge‐like sedimentary body extending along the trend of paleoslope. Numerous marks of flow direction have pointed to an eastward paleoflow direction along the slope.
Formation Mechanism of the Tongyu Gold Deposit, Shaanxi —— A Discussion of a Model for the Formation of Syntectonic Gold Deposits
Authors: Zhengguo Hu , Zhuangzhi Qian
Published: August 2010

Abstract The formation of the Tongyu gold deposit, controlled by regional polyphase deformation‐metamorphism, is closely related to the regional composite antiform‐shear slip fracture zone. Late‐stage reworking of the Taihua Group accounts for the enrichment of ore substances. It is a typical syntectonic gold deposit.

The formation and evolution of the deposit involved four stages: ( I ) the stage of preparation of ore substances, in which primary source beds originated; (II ) the stage of remobilization of ore substances, in which regional progressive metamorphism and migmatization and thermodynamic‐chemical differentiation led to remobilization of gold and its initial local concentration; (III) the stage of gold deposit formation, in which regional folding produced concordant and cross shear‐slip fractures and under the dynamic action gold was separated and migrated in a certain direction and concentrated to form a gold deposit; (IV ) the stage of superpositon, reworking and exposure of orebodies, in which the block uplifted and the deposit again underwent reworking through faulting and mechanical differentiation. Thermodynamic mineralization played a dominant role in the formation of the deposit.
Metabasic Dyke Swarms in a High‐Grade Metamorphic Terrane—A Case Study in the Taipingzhai‐Jinchangyu Area, Eastern Hebei Province
Authors: Manyun Chen
Published: August 2010

Abstract Geological and penological studies indicate that three phases of metabasic dykes are present in the Taipingzhai‐ Jinchangyu area within the high‐ grade metamorphic terrane of eastern Hebei. Garnet and hornblende in metabasic dykes of the second and third phases occur separately, forming two mineral aggregate areas gt+cpx+pl± hy and hb+cpx+pl± hy. PH2O in the rocks appears to be the main factor controlling the formation of the two aggregate areas. Both were formed simultaneously at the same metamorphic temperature.

The second‐phase basic dykes underwent metamorphism of pyroxene‐granulite facies at a temperature pf some 825°C ; later the dykes, together with the third‐ phase basic dykes experienced metamorphism of amphibole‐granulite facies at a temperature of about 750°C under pressure of 0.9GPa.
A New Fauna—Qinghezhen Fauna—from the Northern Margin of the North China Platform
Authors: Xiaoliang Liu , Dongfang Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform, it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suite similar to the Early Palaeozoic Ondor Sum Group in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The strata have been named in northern Liaoning as the Qinghezhen Group. The emphasis of this paper is on the discussion of the small shelly fossils found in the siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Qinghezhen Group. This ophiolite suite stretches in an E‐W direction for about 1000 km along the northern margin of the North China Platform, in which 15 fossil localities with stable stratigraphic horizons have been discovered. In this paper. 4 types. 7 genera (including 5 new ones) and 10 species (including 8 new ones and 1 new subspecies) are described, which are collectively referred to as the Qinghezhen Fauna. The characteristics of these fossils are: shell form simple, the maximum length not exceeding 4 mm, with obvious shell wall and wall ornaments. The Qinghezhen Fauna is comparable in shell structure of some genera and species with the Meishucun Fauna in South China, but differs from the latter in having only monotonous fossil groups developed in a distinctly varied ecological environment. The two faunas may belong to the same evolutionary stage of the Early Cambrian but have developed parallelly in different regions. The existence of the Qinghezhen Fauna represents an important biological event in the Early Cambrian in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The discovery of the Qinghezhen Fauna will bring new knowledge and profound influence to a series of problems on basic geology and mineral deposit prospecting such as the Cambrian faunas, biogeographical povincialism in China and the geotectonic features of the northern margin of the North China Platform.
The Dynamic Mechanisms for the Formation of Primary Metal Zoning of Cassiterite‐Sulfide Deposits in the Gejiu Metallogenic Province, Yunnan
Authors: Chongwen Yu , Yaosong Jiang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Copper and tin in cassiterite‐sulfide deposits of the Gejiu metallogenic province are intimately associated and show peculiar primary metal zoning. The authors made use of computer techniques to simulate numerically the zoning of these ore deposits. The study shows that the regular spatial zoning probably resulted from the succession of multiple, intermittent and pulsatory mineralizations. The successive transports with diverse velocities along channelways of the ore‐forming solutions, taking place under conditions of definite difference between metal concentrations, in solutions and wallrocks, followed by differential deposition, constitute possible dynamic mechanisms for the primary metal zoning.
On the Geotectonics of Southern China
Authors: Jishun Ren
Published: August 2010

Abstract The tectonic nature of southern China has changed again and again in the Phanerozoic. In the Caledonian cycle, there existed three tectonic units‐the Yangtze paraplatform, Indosinian‐South China Sea paraplatforrn and Caledonian South China fold belt, of which the last unit is not a collisional orogenic belt but a scissor‐shaped aulacogen‐ type geosyncline opening towards Yunnan and Vietnam. In the Indosinian cycle, South China belonged to the Tethyan tectonic domain, and no abyssal oceanic basin existed there. Since the Late Triassic, especially in the Yanshanian orogenic stage, it became a component part of the peri‐Pacific continental‐margin activation belt of eastern Asia. No Alpine‐type orogenic belt occurs in the interior of the continent of southern China.
The Origin of the Mesozoic Associated Multiseries Granitoid Magma in the Shandong Peninsula
Authors: Jingqian Lin , Dongjuan Tan
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three melting events of the eartr's crust occurred during the period of 220‐120 Ma in the Shandong Peninsula. Three subcycles of granitoid magma including six rock series were generated in the faulted granitoid magma belt. The parent magma of several rock series formed earliest originated from the lower crust of granulite facies; following the increase of geothermal temperature the source magma would migrate into the middle crust of amphibolite facies! In the diapiric granitoid magma belt, the granitoid magma was formed first in granitic layer of the upper crust, and then in the middle crust. In each subcycle the generation of magma started with the generation of more mafic one and finished with low eutectic one; they were formed in the form of layered melting in a particular position of the crust.
Preliminary Study of the Characteristics and Genesis of Arsenate Minerals in the Oxidized Zone of the Debao Skarn‐Type Cu‐Sn Ore Deposit in Guangxi
Authors: Yi Li , Lairen Lai
Published: August 2010

Abstract Through the study of the oxidized zone of the Debao skarn‐type Cu‐Sn deposit in Guangxi, the authors have found 14 arsenate minerais, most of which are for the first time reported in China. They are mainly Cu arsenate minerais with subordinate Cu‐Pb arsenate minerais and minor Fe‐Pb‐Ba varieties.

Based on their paragenesis these minerais may be divided into the following series: (1) the clinoclasite‐olivenite‐cornwallite‐cornubite‐debaoite‐copper silicarsenate association, (2) the scorodite‐carminite‐beudan‐tite‐bayldonite‐ duftite association, and (3) the scorodite‐Ba‐bearing pharmacosiderite‐ dussertite association.

Arsenate minerais are formed generally in the oxidized zone of the sulfide‐type deposits which lie in the warm, humid and rainy torrid‐subtropical zone with pH = 6‐8 and contain large amounts of arsenopyrite and carbonate rocks.
An SIMS Study on the Fingerprint Characteristics of Minerais with Special Reference to Minerais from the Jinningian Granites in the Yunnan Sector of the Xikang‐Yunnan Axis
Authors: Shitao Zhou , Yongkang Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this paper such minerais as apatite, zircon and biotite from granites were determined and analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for their isotopic ages, REE composition, trace elements and volatile components with an attempt to shed light on the origin and formation environments of the Jinningian granites in the Yunnan sector of the Kangdian (Xikang‐ Yunnan) earth's axis. The results show that the apatites, zircons and biotites of different geneses possess different fingerprint characteristics. Some correlations have been found between trace elements and volatile components contained in the minerais from granties.
Kaolin Deposits of Weathering‐Residual in the Coastal Area of Guangdong Province
Authors: Guoping Zhou , Yuchuan Lin
Published: August 2010

Abstract Kaolin deposits of weathering‐residual type make up a large proportion in different types of kaolin deposits and are widely used in ceramics, electron ceramics, rubber and paper industries. This paper discusses sys‐tematically this type of kaolin deposit with respect to their features of occurrence, mineralogical and chemical composition and transformation of minerais during supergene processes, thus providing some basic data for the rational exploitation and utilization of the kaolin resources.
The Depositional Environment of the Cretaceous Kizilsu Group in Xinjiang—With a Discussion of the Lowermost Marine Horizon of the Cretaceous in the Western Tarim Basin
Authors: Xianpu Guo
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this paper, it is demonstrated that there exist marine horizons in the upper part of the lower subcycle and the upper subcycle of the Kizilsu Group in Xinjiang, based on new evidence of authigenic glauconite, boron content, carbon and oxygen stable isotopic analyses, and lithological and sedimentary features. The upper part of the lower subcycle is the lowermost marine horizon of the Cretaceous in the western Tarim Basin, which is inferred to be of Barremian age.
The Sedimentation and Formation Mechanism of Lacustrine Endogenic Debris Flow
Authors: Deping Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract The debris flow formed by mass transportation of lacustrine deltaic sediments is quite unique compared with subaerial one, and is called “endogenic debris flow” in this paper. The major diagnostic features of endogenic debris flow sediments are muddy rip‐ups, sandy lumps, randomly distributed carbonaceous plant leaves and rhyotaxitic structure. However, such debris flow can not be completely generalized by the conclusion that larger granules are supported by cohesive strength of the matrix. The fact that sediments can be transported in plastic state is considered to be related with two different functions of combined clay‐water materials: serving as a matrix in texture and as an adhesive between grains. This paper also discusses the origin and sediment types of endogenic debris flow as well as the general concepts of matrix and debris flow.

From the viewpoint of “true debris flow”, this paper attempts to generalize and illustrate the basic features and variation of endogenic debris flow sediments on the basis of the Bingham (Coulomb‐viscosity) model.
A Further Research on the Precambrian‐Cambrian Boundary at Meishucun Section of Jinning, Yunnan, China
Authors: Huilin Luo , Zhiwen Jiang , Xiche Wu , Lin Ouyang , Xueliang Song , Xiaofeng Xue
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper gives a brief report on the latest results in litho‐, bio‐, and chrono‐stratigraphy obtained from the authors' further research on the Meishucun section during 1987–1988. More attention was paid to the study of the microtexture of Lapworthella and some new materials of trace fossils. Phycodes pendum Seilacher, an important index for correlation, was also discovered in the Zhongyicun Member. In the Yu' anshan Member many worms, medusas and arthropods of the Chengjiang fauna have been found by other workers. A supplemental study was made on the fossil zones of the Meishucunian stage. Based on new isotopic data, the age of the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary should now be 597 Ma. It is further suggested that point “B” remains as an optimum selection for defining the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary.
Rare Earth Elements in Manganese Nodules from the Central Pacific Ocean
Authors: Shiqin Guo , Wenhong Sun
Published: August 2010

Abstract Manganese nodules in areas CP and CC of the central Pacific are rich in REE. Comparatively speaking, the REE contents of nodules in area CP are hihger than those in area CC; and the REE contents of nodules from seamounts are higher than those of nodules from sea‐floor plains and hills. Within the nodules, the REE show a zonal distribution. The REE distribution patterns of the nodules are similar to those of the sediments and have a mirror image relationship with those of the sea water. Trivalent REE were not obviously differentiated when they entered into the nodules from the sea water.

A major factor causing the difference of REE abundances between nodules and sediments is the redox conditions. The redox intensity of the ocean floor of the Pacific is controlled mainly by Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The iron‐bearing facies in the nodules is the main carrier of REE.
Study of the Stacking Sequences of an Irregular Mixed—Layer Illite / Smectite (I / S) Clay Mineral1
Authors: Qi Lu , Xinrong Lei , Huifang Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed—layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed—layer illite / smectite clay minerals (I / S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian—Triassic (P / T) boundary bed, the authors found that I / S clay minerals are developed in all P / T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I / S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X—ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I / S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.
Discovery of Trace Fossils from the Sinian—Cambrian Boundary Beds in Eastern Yunnan and Their Significance for Global Correlation1
Authors: Jicheng Yin , Daqing Li , Tinggui He
Published: August 2010

Abstract There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian—Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian—Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.
A Comparative Study of Numercial Solution of PDE in Geosciences
Authors: Hongren Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract A number of phenomena and processes in geosciences can be summarized by second order partial differential equations. The major numerical methods for their solution include the classical finite difference method and the finite element method newly developed in the last two or three decades. Since 1977 the author has proved that for the Laplace and Poisson equations, these two methods are identical and are different only in the process of formulation. For transient problems, such as heat conduction in the earth and the groundwater and oil‐gas unsteady flow in porous media, there are some differences in resulting linear algebraic euqations. In general, two methods give similar results, but when the time step is decreased to some extent, the resulting. algebraic equation will be consistent with the anti‐heat conduction equation rather than the original heat conduction equation. This is the reason why unrealistic potentials are produced by the finite element method. Such a problem can be overcome by using the lumped mass procedure, but it makes the two methods identical again.

To improve the traditional finite difference method, it is quite desirable to introduce the common practice of the finite element method to define the parameters in elements rather than on nodes.
Isotopic Ages of the Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt and Their Geotectonic Implications1
Authors: Guang Zhu , Jiawei Xu , Fitches W. R. , Fletcher C. J. N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt is the only remaining cover of the Archaean to Early Proterozoic crystalline basement in eastern Shandong. The ages of deposition of the Penglai Group and of its deformation and metamorphism have long been a subject of speculation. Whole‐rock Rb‐Sr ages, illite‐whole‐rock pair Rb‐Sr ages and illite K ‐ Ar ages recently obtained from the Penglai Group slates are reported and interpreted in this paper. On the basis of structural and metamorphic studies coupled with analyses of illite crystallinity, XRD and SEM, a whole‐rock age of 473 ± 32 Ma (Ordovician) is interpreted as the time of termination of burial metamorphism experienced by the Penglai Group. Therefore, the age of the Penghai Group is older than Ordovician. The first‐phase folding and syntectonic low greenschist facies metamorphism in the Penglai Group, i.e. the Penglai Movement, took place before 299±4 Ma B.P., i.e in the Late Carboniferous. The Penglai Movement that occurred in the Jiaobei Belt on the southern margin of the North China Plate is attributed to collision between the North China and Yangtze plates along the Jiaonan Collision Belt. This demonstrates that the continent‐continent collision between the North China and Yangtze plates east of the Tan‐Lu Fault Zone took place in the Late Carboniferous. The collision caused N‐S compression and deformation in the southern margin belt of the North China Plate north of the Qinling‐Dabieshan‐Jiaonan Collision Belt.
The System Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Rock Slopes1
Authors: Guoyu Luo , Changhong Yan
Published: August 2010

Abstract The principal of preferred plane analysis is a new research view and model of rock slope engineering geology. It advocates that the rock slope stability, boundary conditions and failure model are controlled by preferred planes. Therefore, the problem of slope stability evaluation can be converted into the search for preferred planes and determination of preferred separating bodies. The organic combination of the deterministic model and the indeterministic model can be realized by applying the systems engineering principle and the research model and method of reliability analysis in the quantitative evaluation and prediction of rock slope stability. Finally, the paper presents the case studies of slopes of the Yangtze Gorge Project and the Ma'anshan openpit mine.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Red Beds in the Hengyang Basin
Authors: Tongming Ge , Jian Liu , Limin Fan , Shuixian Zhong , Nengyou Wu , Vindell Hsu , Baksi A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the Cretaceous‐Tertiary magnetic polarity sequence of the the Hengyang Basin on the basis of magnetostratigraphic study. The age of each stratigraphic unit has been determined with the magnetic polarity time scale combined with 39Ar/40Ar dating, thus providing evidence for determining the geological ages of different formations. The authors assign the age of the Dongjing Formation of the Hengyang Basin to Early Cretaceous, the Shenhuangshan Formation to Early‐Late Cretaceous, the Daijiaping Formation to Late Cretaceous, and the Dongtang and Xialiushi formations to Palaeocene.
Early Palaeozoic Evolution of the Zhen'an‐ Xichuan Block and the Small Qinling Multi‐Island Ocean Basin
Authors: Hongfu Yin , Dinghua Huang
Published: August 2010

AbstractBased on studies of palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography, palaeomagnetism, geochemistry and volcanism, this paper proposes that the Zhen'an ‐Xichuan area was a small Early Palaeozoic block rifted away from South Qinling and suturing onto North Qinling earlier than the other parts of South Qinling. In the Early Palaeozoic Qinling was a small archipelagic ocean basin with 5 rows of islands including the Zhen'an ‐Xichuan block. The drifting of the Yangtze and North China plates and the islands between them in the same direction at different speeds caused their suturing process to be different from the classic plate collision, which is the major feature of the suturing of the multi‐island Tethys ocean basin. This also explains the problem that the Caledonian collision did not result in orogeny in eastern Qinling.
Hercynian–Indosinian Sedimento–Tectonic Evolution of the Nanpanjiang Basin
Authors: Jianhua Qin , Yinglin Wu , Yangji Yan , Zhongfa Zu
Published: August 2010

Abstract Following the orogeny in the Early Palaeozoic, the tectonic evolution of the Nanpanjiang basin in the Hercynian–Indosinian stage constituted a complete Wilson Cycle, made up of the stages of early rifting (D–P1), late rifting and passive margin developement (P2–T1), and peripheral foreland basin developement (T2–T3). The REE data of the initial Early Triassic basalts from the southern part of the basin has verified the existence of the oceanic crust once in the basinal evolution. The basin developed into a foreland one in the Middle–Late Triassic, indicating that the Yangtze plate once collided with the Indo–Sinian plate along the Black River fracture zone.
Oxygen Isotope Exchange Kinetics Between Coexisting Minerals and Water in the Aral Granite Pliiton of the Altay Mountains, Northern Xinjiang
Authors: Wei Liu , Baichu He , Zhensheng Chen
Published: August 2010

Abstract Coexisting quartz, feldspar and biotite vary widely in their δ18O values and display a remarkable 18O / 16O disequilibrium relation; especially, a quartz–feldspar reversal (Δ 18OQuartz−feldspar<0) exsists in the Aral granite pluton of the Altay Mountains, northern Xinjiang. The 18O / 16O exchange reaction definitely occurred between granite and water. Initial δ18O values of the granite and exotic fluid are evaluated by the mass balance consideration. The conventional method of discrimination between various magma derivations simply with δ18O values of either whole rock or separate minerals is misleading and unreliable. Experiments carried out by the authors show that the 18O / 16O exchange reaction is not accompanied by what geologists describe as petrological and mineralogical alteration effect. This decoupling relation implies that exchange reaction occurs at a relatively high temperature during subsolidus–postmagmatic cooling of magmas. The exchange mechanism is mainly diffusion–controlled. It is demonstrated through quantitative modelling that the hydrothermal system associated with the Aral pluton is long–lived (0.8—6 Ma), with a relatively high fluid flow rate (3 x 10−14 mol. s−1) and high W/ R ratio (0.79‐6.14). This means that an intense flow and convection may exist at the midcrustal level of orogenic magmatic arcs.
Factors Associated With the Risk of West Nile Virus Among Crows in New York State
Authors: DeCarlo C. H. , Clark A. B. , McGowan K. J. , Ziegler P. E. , Glaser A. L. , Szonyi B. , Mohammed H. O.
Published: August 2010

West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted between avian hosts in enzootic cycles by a mosquito vector. The virus has significant disease effects on humans and equines when it bridges into an epizootic cycle. As the initial epidemic of WNV in 1999, perennial outbreaks in New York State suggest the local establishment of natural foci with perpetuation of the virus among susceptible hosts rather than reintroduction of the virus. The factors that play a role in the perpetuation of the virus are not fully understood. American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are known to be highly susceptible to infection with the virus. We investigate the factors that put crows at risk of infection in Tompkins County, New York during the period of 2000–2008 in a case–control study. Cases were crow carcasses that were found dead and tested positive for WNV using real time reverse transcription or VecTest®. Data on putative risk factors were collected and assessed for significance of association with the presence of WNV using logistic regression analysis to evaluate the significance of each factor while simultaneously controlling for the effect of others. The risk of a crow carcass testing WNV positive varied with age, season of the year and ecological area where the carcass was found. Crows that were more than 1‐year‐old were four times more likely to be WNV positive in comparison to birds that were less than 1 year of age. It was three times more likely to find WNV positive carcasses in residential areas in comparison to rural areas. The risk of testing WNV positive did not vary by sex of the crow carcasses.
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: AN ADVANCED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE FOURTH DECISION TIER DISPATCH OR SHORT‐INTERVAL SCHEDULING
Authors: FORDYCE KENNETH , DUNKI‐JACOBS RAY , GERARD BARRY , SELL RICHARD , SULLIVAN GERALD
Published: August 2010

The Logistics Management System (LMS) is a real‐time transaction‐based system combining decision technologies from AI, MS/OR, and decision support system that serves very successfully as a dispatcher or short‐interval scheduler by monitoring and controlling the manufacturing flow of IBM's semiconductor facility near Burlington, Vermont. LMS coordinates the actions and decisions of several logically isolated participants in a serially dependent system of activities. Therefore, it balances the requirements of several goals (cycle time, output, serviceability, and inventory management) that compete for the same resource, exploits emerging opportunities on the manufacturing floor, and reduces the distortion from unplanned events. This paper provides an overview of the LMS application, the concept of interrelated decision tiers in manufacturing decision making, and the need for the dispatch decision tier to successfully reduce apparent randomness. Historically, production and operations management has ignored this decision tier. This has significantly limited our ability to make an impact on the performance of the manufacturing operation.
MODELS FOR OPTIMAL LEAD TIME REDUCTION
Authors: HILL ARTHUR V. , KHOSLA INDER S.
Published: August 2010

Most inventory and production planning models in the academic literature treat lead times either as constants or random variables with known distributions outside of management control. However, a number of recent articles in the popular press have argued that reducing lead times is a dominant issue in manufacturing strategy. The benefits of reducing customer lead times that are frequently cited include increased customer demand, improved quality, reduced unit cost, lower carrying cost, shorter forecast horizon, less safety stock inventory, and better market position.

Although the costs of reducing lead times in the long term may be relatively insignificant compared with the benefits, in the short term these costs can have a significant impact on the profitability of a firm. This article develops a conceptual framework within which the costs and benefits of lead time reduction can be compared. Mathematical models for optimal lead time reduction are developed within this framework. The solutions to these models provide methods for calculating optimal lead times, which can be applied in practice. Sensitivity analysis of the optimal solutions provides insight into the structure of these solutions.
A FRAMEWORK AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT FOR JUST‐IN‐TIME MANUFACTURING
Authors: SAKAKIBARA SADAO , FLYNN BARBARA B. , SCHROEDER ROGER G.
Published: August 2010

While Just‐in‐Time (JIT) manufacturing has emerged as one of the major tools to enhance manufacturing competitiveness, no attempt has been made to develop a reliable and valid measurement instrument for empirical research in JIT. Without such an instrument, generalization beyond the immediate sample is difficult or misleading. We have proposed a JIT framework and developed a valid and reliable instrument with 16 summated scales for dimensions that capture essential aspects of JIT useful in assessing its impact in manufacturing environments. In addition, we discuss in detail the interactive nature of JIT practice. And, we propose a step‐by‐step approach to reliability and validity testing. Four JIT practices (equipment layout, pull system support, supplier quality level, and Kanban) are identified as major contributing factors to JIT performance.
COMMON DUE‐WINDOW SCHEDULING
Authors: KRÄMER FRANZ‐JOSEF , LEE CHUNG‐YEE
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we solve common due‐window scheduling problems within the just‐in‐time window concept, i.e., scheduling problems including both earliness and tardiness penalties. We assume that jobs share the same due window and incur no penalty as long as they are completed within the due window. We further assume that the earliness and tardiness penalty factors are constant and that the size of the window is a given parameter.

For cases where the location of the due window is a decision variable, we provide a polynomial algorithm with complexity O( n * log ( n)) to solve the problem. For cases where the location of the due window is a given parameter, we use dynamic programming with pseudopolynomial complexity to solve the problem.
A BRANCH AND BOUND PROCEDURE FOR SETUP PROBLEMS IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
Authors: DENIZEL‐SIVRI MELTEM , ERENGUC S. SELCUK
Published: August 2010

We address a medium‐ to short‐term production planning problem in a flexible manufacturing environment. First we present a single‐machine, mixed integer programming model for part type selection and lot‐sizing problems over a T‐period planning horizon. Demand for part types changes dynamically through the periods. The objective is to meet the demand for part types during the periods they are demanded. Available machine time and tool magazine capacities are the system constraints in our models. We next extend on the single‐ machine model to include multiple machines. In addition to part type selection and lotsizing decisions, the extended model also addresses the machine‐loading decision. We present exact branch and bound procedures based on linear programming relaxations for the two models. We also report the results of our computational experiments.
SHIFTING PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS: CAUSES, CURES, AND CONUNDRUMS
Authors: LAWRENCE STEPHEN R. , BUSS ARNOLD H.
Published: August 2010

We examine the phenomenon of shifting production bottlenecks from an analytic perspective. We quantify the propensity of a work center to be a bottleneck, defined as maximal queue length, using a simple Jackson production network model. Comparison of the analytic model against an empirical simulation‐based model shows that the two are in good agreement. A scalar measure of bottleneck shiftiness is proposed and used to investigate several policies for mitigating shiftiness. Simulation experiments show that several commonly observed managerial policies for coping with shifting bottlenecks actually increase shiftiness, but that shiftiness declines when the capacity of nonbottleneck resources is increased.
APPROXIMATE QUEUEING NETWORK MODELS FOR CLOSED FABRICATION/ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS. PART I: SINGLE LEVEL SYSTEMS
Authors: RAO P. CHANDRASEKHAR , SURI RAJAN
Published: August 2010

We address the issue of performance analysis of fabrication/assembly (F/A) systems, which are systems that first fabricate components and then join the components and subassemblies into a product. Here we consider an F/A system consisting of a single assembly station with input from K fabrication stations. We assume that the system uses a Kanban control mechanism with a fixed number of kanbans circulating between each input station and the assembly station. Even with Markovian assumptions, computing an exact solution for the performance evaluation of such systems becomes intractable due to an explosion in the state‐space. We develop computationally efficient algorithms to approximate the throughput and mean queue lengths. The accuracy of the approximations is studied by comparison to exact results ( K = 2) and to simulations ( K > 2). Part II of this paper demonstrates how these models can be used as building blocks to evaluate more complex F/A systems with multiple levels of assembly stations.
AN OPTIMIZATION‐BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RELEASE SCHEDULING
Authors: DESSOUKY MAGED M. , LEACHMAN ROBERT C.
Published: August 2010

Operational‐level scheduling decisions on the factory floor include the release policy and the dispatching rule. Recent work by researchers suggests that factory performance depends heavily on the release policy. Several heuristic factory release rules have been developed that generate release decisions based on the status of the bottleneck machine. The heuristic rules perform very well in reducing the work‐in‐process inventory. However, factory output schedules generated by these rules generally fail to match the demand pattern, creating excessive finished goods inventory and/or excessive backorders. To overcome these difficulties, a computationally efficient integer programming model is proposed for release scheduling.