bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Substructure of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Similarities between Nocturnal and Diurnal Spiny Mice
Authors: Cohen Rotem , Kronfeld-Schor Noga , Ramanathan Chidambaram , Baumgras Anna , Smale Laura
Published: March 2010

Evolutionary transitions between nocturnal and diurnal patterns of adaptation to the day-night cycle must have involved fundamental changes in the neural mechanisms that coordinate the daily patterning of activity, but little is known about how these mechanisms differ. One reason is that information on these systems in very closely related diurnal and nocturnal species is lacking. In this study, we characterize the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary brain structure involved in the generation and coordination of circadian rhythms, in two members of the genus Acomys with very different activity patterns, Acomys russatus (the golden spiny mouse, diurnal) and Acomys cahirinus (the common spiny mouse, nocturnal). Immunohistochemical techniques were used to label cell bodies containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), vasopressin (VP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and calbindin (CalB) in the SCN, as well as two sets of inputs to it, those containing serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), respectively. All were present in the SCN of both species and no differences between them were seen. On the basis of neuronal phenotype, the SCN was organized into three basic regions that contained VIP-immunoreactive (-ir), CalB-ir and VP-ir cells, in the ventral, middle and dorsal SCN, respectively. In the rostral SCN, GRP-ir cells were in both the VIP and the CalB cell regions, and in the caudal area they were distributed across a portion of each of the other three regions. Fibers containing NPY-ir and serotonin (5-HT)-ir were most concentrated in the areas containing VIP-ir and CalB-ir cells, respectively. The details of the spatial relationships among the labeled cells and fibers seen here are discussed in relation to different approaches investigators have taken to characterize the SCN more generally.
Distribution of the Neuronal Gap Junction Protein Connexin36 in the Spinal Cord Enlargements of Developing and Adult Opossums, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Lemieux Maxime , Cabana Thérèse , Pflieger Jean-François
Published: March 2010

We use opossums Monodelphis domestica to study the development of mammalian motor systems. The immature forelimbs of the newborn perform rhythmic and alternating movements that are likely under spinal control. The hindlimbs start moving in the second week. Chemical synapses are scant in the spinal enlargements of neonatal opossums and the presence of electrochemical synapses has not been evaluated in this species or in other marsupials. As a first step aiming at evaluating the existence of such synapses in the neonatal spinal cord, we have investigated the presence of the exclusively neuronal gap junction protein connexin36 (Cx36) by immunohistochemistry in light microscopy. At birth, Cx36 immunoreactivity is moderate in the presumptive gray matter in both enlargements. Thereafter, it decreases gradually, except in the superficial dorsal horn where it increases to a plateau between P10 and P20. Cx36 labeling is detected in the presumptive white matter at birth, but then decreases except in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus, where it is dense between P10 and P20. Cx36 has become virtually undetectable by P52. The presence of Cx36 in the spinal enlargements of postnatal opossums suggests that neurons might be linked by gap junctions at a time when chemical synapses are only beginning to form. The greater abundance of Cx36 observed transiently in the superficial dorsal horn suggests a stronger involvement of this protein in spinal sensory systems than in direct motor control of the limbs.
Hysterectomy and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Nonrandomized Comparison of Vaginal and Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Lakeman M.M.E. , van der Vaart C.H. , Roovers J.P.W.R. ,   on behalf of the HysVA study group
Published: March 2010

Background/Aims: It has been reported that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are more prevalent in patients who have undergone hysterectomy. However, the effects of surgical approach of hysterectomy on micturition have not been well documented. The aim of this study is to compare LUTS between patients who underwent vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Methods: Prospective observational study among 430 patients undergoing vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease other than genital prolapse. Participating patients completed a validated disease-specific questionnaire before surgery, 6 months and 3 years after surgery. Results: 112 women underwent vaginal hysterectomy and 318 abdominal hysterectomy. After correction for differences in uterine size, descent of the uterus and other differences, LUTS were more common at 3 years after surgery following vaginal than following abdominal hysterectomy (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–4.0). After adjustment for descent of the uterus, uteral size, parity and indication for hysterectomy, this difference was still statistical significant (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4–6.2). Conclusion: As compared to abdominal hysterectomy, LUTS appear to be more common following vaginal hysterectomy.
Atypical ST Segment Elevation and Ventricular Fibrillation without Structural Heart Disease: A New Electrocardiographic Presentation of a Channelopathy?
Authors: Lebreiro Ana , Sousa Alexandra , Silva Anabela , Campos Júlio , Maciel Maria Júlia
Published: March 2010

Primary electrical syndromes are a group of rare inherited diseases that predispose to arrhythmias in the absence of structural abnormalities of the heart, and are associated with several ion channel mutations. Extrinsic factors, such as fever, may contribute to the development of electrical instability in these patients. We report the case of a 52-year-old patient who was admitted for syncope and had an in-hospital episode of ventricular fibrillation, who presented with an admission ECG showing marked precordial ST segment elevation (maximum 5 mm in V2). The patient did not have structural heart disease and during the hospital stay there was progressive ST segment normalization, with features suggestive of Brugada pattern. An automated defibrillator was implanted for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. We believe that these findings may represent a new form of presentation of a genetic electrical syndrome.
Fibro-Fatty Volume of Culprit Lesions in Virtual Histology™ Intravascular Ultrasound Is Associated with the Amount of Debris during Carotid Artery Stenting
Authors: Matsumoto Shoji , Nakahara Ichiro , Higashi Toshio , Iwamuro Yasushi , Watanabe Yoshihiko , Takezawa Masahiro , Murata Daiki , Yokota Tadaaki , Kira Jun-ichi , Yamada Takeshi
Published: March 2010

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the amount of aspirated debris during distal balloon-protected carotid artery stenting (CAS) and the pre-intervention plaque composition, as assessed by Virtual Histology™ (VH) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Methods: The study subjects were 25 consecutive patients (mean age, 73.0 ± 5.2 years; 20 males and 5 females) who underwent CAS under distal balloon protection. The average rate of carotid stenosis was 74.6 ± 12.9% by North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria. We assessed culprit plaque components by VH-IVUS before CAS. Aspirated debris was filtered, stained with HE and mounted onto glass slides. The quantity of debris was evaluated by measuring its surface area. We evaluated the relationship between the quantity of aspirated debris and VH-IVUS measurements before CAS. Results: The amount of debris during CAS was positively correlated with the total plaque volume in grayscale IVUS (Rs = 0.480, p = 0.015) and fibro-fatty volumes over the entire lesion length in VH-IVUS (Rs = 0.561, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Culprit lesions with large plaque volumes, especially larger fibro-fatty volumes, as imaged by VH-IVUS, are associated with large amounts of debris during balloon-protected CAS.
Pentoxifylline Inhibits Integrin-Mediated Adherence of 12(S)-HETE and TNFα-Activated B16F10 Cells to Fibronectin and Endothelial Cells
Authors: Jain Meenakashi , Ratheesh Aparna , Gude Rajiv P.
Published: March 2010

Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibits homing of metastatic B16F10 melanoma cells to the lung. Studies on the mechanism of action of PTX showed inhibition of adhesion of cultured melanoma cells to various extracellular matrix substrates and inhibition of cell surface integrin expression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PTX on surface expression of integrin and integrin-mediated adhesion induced by biological mediators, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), in B16F10 cells. Materials and Methods: B16F10 cells were treated with 12(S)-HETE (1 µM, 1 h), TNFα (5 ng/ml, 2 h) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (400 nM, 20 min), and the effect of PTX on these treatments was studied by flow cytometry, adhesion assay and confocal microscopy. Results: 12(S)-HETE and TNFα brought about an increase in the surface expression of β1 integrins and F10 cell adhesion to fibronectin and endothelial cells; this increased adhesion was mediated at least in part by alterations in the localization of β1 integrins. Pretreatment with PTX was able to completely abrogate this induction in integrin expression. Conclusion: PTX can inhibit surface expression of integrin and integrin-mediated adhesion induced by several biological mediators, and this might be a possible mechanism for its antimetastatic action, in vivo.
Determinants of Venous Return in the Fetal Lamb
Authors: Gilbert Raymond D.
Published: March 2010

Measurements have been made of the peripheral vascular factors influencing venous return, and hence cardiac output, in the fetus. These measurements show the fetus maintains a high venous return by means of a high mean systemic pressure, or driving pressure for venous return, and a low resistance to venous return. Increases in fetal blood volume cause increases in mean systemic pressure with no change in resistance to venous return and, as a result, venous return is increased. These studies show the possible importance of peripheral vascular factors in the control of cardiac output.
Intrauterine Pressure Wave Form Characteristics of Successful and Failed First Stage Labor
Authors: Seitchik Joseph , Chatkoff Marvin L.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study was designed to contrast the intrauterine pressure wave form characteristics of hypocontractile labor in patients with and without obstruction and before and after oxytocin therapy. No differences were observed between the patient groups (vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section), either before or after oxytocin. Problems in defining adequate contractility in patients with possible obstructed labors are discussed, and new parameters of potential value are identified.
Molecular Arrangement of Cervical Mucus: a Reevaluation Based on Laser Light-Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Wylie I. , Verdugo Pedro , Blandau R.J. , Gaddum-Rosse P.
Published: March 2010

Evidence obtained from laser light-scattering spectroscopy suggests that the molecular arrangement of cow estrous cervical mucus is an ensemble of entangled random-coiled macromolecules rather than a cross-linked macromolecular network, the model heretofore widely accepted. This new model can account for the following phenomena: The viscoelastic properties of the estrous mucus and human mid-cycle cervical mucus are the result of the way in which the glycoproteins are entangled. Variations of these properties during the reproductive cycle may simply be due to changes in the water content of the cervical mucus. Penetration of spermatozoa in mucus may be entirely mechanical without involving any kind of enzymatic lysis of cross-links (this is supported by changes in the pattern of spermatozoa flagellation during sperm penetration of cervical mucus as shown in motion picture films). The orientation of spermatozoa in the cervical mucus need not be due to the presence of ‘channels’ between micelles but simply to an artifact, the stretching or flow of the mucus, which orients the entangled macromolecules and thus facilitates the penetration of spermatozoa in an axis parallel to them.
Sequential Evaluation of the Supine Hypertension or ‘Roll-Over' Test in a High Risk Population
Authors: O’;Grady John P. , Hamilton Cynthia , Morris John A. , Davidson Ezra C.
Published: March 2010

The supine hypertensive or ‘roll-over’ test (ROT) was performed serially in 24 primigravid patients between 27 and 35 weeks of gestational age. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) developed in 3 women (12.5%). Test reproducibility one week to the next in the same patient was poor. A false-positive ROT was noted for 83% of our patients, a false-negative test for 12.5%. We conclude that serial testing reveals marked variations in response that reflect inherent biologic fluctuations that limit the predictive value of the ROT for screening outpatients.
Fetal Metabolism during Recovery from Surgical Stress
Authors: Clapp, III James F. , Abrams Robert M. , Patel Naren
Published: March 2010

10 fetal lambs prepared with sampling catheters in the common umbilical vein and distal aorta were studied at 2 h, 2 and 4 days postoperatively. Umbilical blood flow was measured by a diffusion equilibrium method. Oxygen, lactate, pyruvate, glucose and α-amino nitrogen concentrations were determined on umbilical arterial (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) blood. Fetal oxygen consumption averaged 10.4, 10.6 and 1.0 ml kg-1min-1 for the three study periods. Lactate/pyruvate ratios were higher in UV than in UA in 17 of 20 experiments. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) in (1) maternal mixed venous-UA glucose concentration difference, and (2) UA glucose concentrations occurred at 2 and 4 days compared to the 2-hour period. Fetal α-amino nitrogen balance was negative at the 2-hour period, but positive 2 days and 4 days postoperatively.
Cell Contacts and Distribution of Nerves in the Smooth Muscle of Estrogen-Dominated Rabbit Oviduct
Authors: Henderson Ruth M. , Johns A. , Paton D.M.
Published: March 2010

The types of cell-to-cell contacts and the relationship between the nerve endings and the smooth muscle of the estrogen-treated rabbit oviduct have been investigated. The cell contacts most consistently found in the oviduct were simple appositions, with a 20-nm cell separation, which occasionally included a more dense region, and interdigitations of muscle cell processes with the same separation distances. Very rarely, wider intermediate contacts were present. Gap junctions (nexuses) were absent. It seems likely that simple appositions and interdigitations form the low resistance pathway for conduction of electrical activity. Nerves containing small dense-cored vesicles were present both within and near muscle bundles; they were rarely found close to smooth muscle cells.
Bulk Flows through Human Fetal Membranes
Authors: Abramovich D.R. , Page K.R. , Jandial L.
Published: March 2010

Bulk water flows across term human amnio-chorion are studied in vitro. The hydrodynamic permeability is found to vary with both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. The coefficient characterizing flows generated by hydrostatic pressure is substantially larger than that characterizing osmotic flows. The measurements are utilised to predict in vivo bulk flows across the amnio-chorion. These lead to the prediction that at most a flux of 34–83 ml/day may occur across amnio-chorion directed outwards from the amniotic cavity, the principal contribution to this arising from the effects of hydrostatic pressure.
Plasma Precursors of Estrogen
Authors: MacDonald Paul C. , Edman Clare D. , Kerber Irwin J. , Siiteri Pentti K.
Published: March 2010

The utilization of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone for estrogen production was studied in 4 normal young nonpregnant women and in one young surgical castrate woman. The mean transfer constant for total conversion to estrogen, [∑]DEBU’ was 0.0016 of which about one third (0.0005) could be accounted for by conversion of dehydroisoandrosterone first to plasma androstenedione which in turn was converted to estrone. The remaining fractional conversion appeared to result principally in estradiol formation via a pathway probably not involving plasma androstenedione. The conversion of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to estrogen was similar in the surgical castrate to that observed in the ovulating women. It is concluded that plasma dehydroisoandrosterone is converted to estrogen at extraglandular site(s) but this contribution represents only a minor fraction of total estrogen production in normal young women.
Permeability of Chorion laeve to Succinylcholine in vitro
Authors: Eichhorst Bradley C. , Seeds Elmore
Published: March 2010

The simultaneous diffusion of 14C-succinylcholine and p-amino hippo rate across human placental tissue in vitro was measured. Column chromatographic purification of the radioactivity followed by paper chromatographic analysis showed little alteration of the succinylcholine during the course of these experiments. Similar chloroform-buffer partition coefficients for the two solutes were measured. Thus in these experiments, the nearly identical transfer rates of these two similar sized, lipid-insoluble compounds indicated that succinylcholine crosses human placental tissue in quantities compatible with its molecular size and lipophobic nature, and that the diffusion rate is not significantly influenced by its increased molecular charge.
Effect of Cis- and Trans-Clomiphene on the Uterine Blood Flow of Oophorectomized Ewes
Authors: Still J. Gordon , Greiss Frank C.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the left uterine artery blood flow (UBF) after intraarterial administration of estradiol-17β and cis- and trans-clomiphene citrate to conscious, oophorectomized ewes were monitored by chronically implanted electromagnetic flow probes. Cis-clomiphene produced UBF increases comparable to or greater than those produced by estradiol-17β but at dose levels 20 times greater. Comparison of UBF response curves for cis-clomiphene with those for estradiol-17β showed a delayed onset of initial vasodilation and a delayed peak response. The duration of uterine vasodilation produced by cis-clomiphene was dose-dependent and exceeded that produced by estradiol-17β. Similar responses were observed with trans-clomiphene but at dose levels at least 1,000 times those of estradiol-17β. The characteristics of clomiphene-induced UBF responses that differed from those after estradiol-17β may reflect differences in estrogen receptor activation between the compounds.
Alterations in Metabolism of 3H-Epinephrine in the Pregnant and Non-Pregnant State and in Males
Authors: Parvez Simone , Parvez Hasan
Published: March 2010

The influence of sex, pregnancy and parturition on biological accumulation and metabolic fate was studied in Sherman rats. 3H-epinephrine was used as a tracer to determine differences in metabolite formation in normal males and females as well as pregnant rats from 18 day post coitum to the end of parturition. The disappearance of 3H-epinephrine and its metabolites was measured in blood, heart, kidney and brain at different intervals but 20 min after the injection of tracer was found the most appropriate time to find appreciable radioactivity in most of the organs studied. All the comparisons for 3H-epinephrine accumulation and its transformation to metabolites have been reported 20 min post-perfusion period. Marked changes of high statistical significance in 3H-epinephrine accumulation and its transformation to 3H-metanephrine and 3H-acid metabolites were observed between males and females. Heart, adrenals, and spleen showed lower rate of metabolism but higher rate of accumulation during pregnancy. Kidney, ovary, and uterus demonstrated higher rate of metabolism but lower rate of accumulation during gestation. In brain regions, hypophysis discriminated greatly between males and females for the three parameters studied. There were important alterations in metabolite formation during 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. The observed variations have been considered due to modified endocrine activity during pregnancy and parturition.
The Validity of the Atropine Test
Authors: Carlomagno G. , Pezzullo R. , Sabbati M.C. , Mandruzzato G.P.
Published: March 2010

In order to evaluate the clinical validity of the so-called ‘atropine test’, it has been performed in 83 women in their 35th to 43rd week of pregnancy. A statistical evaluation of the data has shown a serious limitation of both diagnostic and prognostic possibilities of the test; this can be attributed to the great variability of maternal environments.
Steroid-Protein Binding: from Circulating Blood to Target Cell Nucleus
Authors: Szego Clara M.
Published: March 2010

The concept of protein binding of steroid hormones is traced from its origins through the period of confirmation and initial extension. Further considerations include cell surface recognition sites, subcellular sources of binding protein, and the new evidence that lysosomes participate in the translocation and intranuclear penetration of the hormone in steroid target cells. This short review thus aims to provide a link between current investigations and the ideas upon which they have been based.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Pregnant Women
Authors: Tomoda Yutaka , Fuma Masakazu , Miwa Tadahito , Saiki Norihiko , Ishizuka Naotaka
Published: March 2010

Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation (PHA-T) was depressed in pregnant women, as compared with that in nonpregnant women. Pregnancy serum had a suppressive action on PHA-T which was enhanced with the advance in pregnancy. Hydrocortisone, progesterone, Α-fetoprotein, and trophoblast-specific antigen, were demonstrated as immune suppressive factors. From these results, it was concluded that cell-mediated immunity might be reduced in pregnant women and that this reduction might be one of the causes for the maintenance of pregnancy.
Free Nucleotides and other Phosphoric Acid Esters in Human Placenta
Authors: Lewandowski Jan
Published: March 2010

42 compounds were identified by means of ion-exchange chromatography of an acid-soluble fraction from 5 kg of human term placentas. Unusual nucleotides: cytidine-, guanosine-, and adenosine-2’-monophosphate have been found. Six sugar nucleotides, namely, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactos-amine, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-glucuronate, and GDP-mannose were stated. The rare derivatives of sugars such as sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate, mannose-1,6-diphosphate, and N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate were noted to occur in placenta. The approximate concentrations of the compounds in the placenta were determined.
An Optoelectronic Instrument for Ovulation Detection in Animals
Authors: Halbert Sheridan A. , Stegall Fred , Ringo John A. , Canfield Donald R. , Blandau Richard J.
Published: March 2010

An optoelectronic instrument for detecting the ovum and its surrounding cumulus mass in the oviductal ampulla of rabbits was successfully tested in the abdominal dish preparation of Blandau. An optical transducer, constructed in the shape of a cuff designed to fit about the oviduct, measures changes in the intensity of light transmitted through it. As a cumulus egg mass passes through the sensor, a large sustained increase in light transmittance is recorded. Since ampullary egg transport follows ovulation within minutes, this instrument may provide a means of accurately determining the time of ovulation.
A Biophysicist's View of Ovum Transport
Authors: Chatkoff Marvin L.
Published: March 2010

Experimental evidence justifying the selection of primary variables in ovum isthmic transport is evaluated. Peristaltic pumping alone cannot account for the observed ovum motions, however, the theory of pressure forcing of pellets through narrow tubes when combined with the dynamic and motile properties of the mucosal and muscular layers of the isthmus, appears capable of modeling the physiological mechanism. In this model the hormonally dependent tubal compliance is a controlling element of transport rate. The contractile activity statistically distributed both spatially and temporally, provides a persistent though irregular directionality to the movement.
Contractility of the Fallopian Tube
Authors: Coutinho E.M. , Maia, Jr. H. , Mattos C.E.R.
Published: March 2010

Recordings of intratubal pressure in women reveal a complex pattern of tubal contractions. Overall activity of the fallopian tube is increased during ovulation. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, activity is depressed but never suppressed. The fallopian tube remains active during gestation in contrast with the uterus which is quiescent. The early puerperal tube displays a pattern of activity similar to that recorded during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Activation occurs during suckling and in response to exogenous oxytocin, prostaglandins, nor-adrenergic compounds, and ergot derivatives. It is concluded that contractility of the fallopian tube is less influenced by ovarian steroids than that of the uterus.
Sperm Transport to and Survival in the Human Fallopian Tube
Authors: Ahlgren Mats
Published: March 2010

A review is given on sperm migration to and sperm survival within the human Fallopian tube. Sperm migration from the external os can be very fast. The survival time of spermatozoa in the oviduct has been demonstrated to be 85 h. Spermatozoa normally enter the abdominal cavity through the open fimbriated end. Laterally closed oviducts retain spermatozoa resulting in a larger number of spermatozoa than in the normal oviduct, where the number of sperm at the site of fertilization is very low. The morphology of spermatozoa reaching the ampulla of the oviduct is mostly normal, which seems to be based on the correlation between normal morphology and good motility. Spermatozoa within the abdominal cavity do not cause antibody formation of any importance for the fertility of the woman.
Egg Transport in the Fallopian Tube
Authors: Croxatto Horacio B. , Ortiz María-Elena S.
Published: March 2010

The transport of eggs from the site of ovulation to the site of implantation is a fundamental step of the reproductive process in the female. The fallopian tube effects the major part of this function and times the passage of eggs into the endometrial environment. As a result of different combinations of speed of progression and retention periods through the various regions of the oviduct, the pattern of transport differs from one species to another. The roles of muscular contraction, ciliary movement and flow of secretions in the mechanisms of progression and retention are still poorly understood. Estrogens and progestins have a pronounced influence upon egg transport, but the responses to exogenous hormones are quite variable and depend mainly upon species, dose and time of administration. Species differences prevent from broader generalizations at this time and indicate the need for further comparative studies.
Capacitation, Ovum Maturation, Fertilization and Preimplantation Development in the Oviduct
Authors: Mastroianni, Jr. Luigi , Komins Jeffry
Published: March 2010

The oviduct provides a temporary environment for spermatozoa, the ovum, and the embryo during the first 3 days of development. The milieu in the tubal lumen is ideal for fertilization and then events which precede it. Conditions which influence spermatozoa and the ovum are assessed, and the factors responsible for fertilization and normal development thereafter analyzed. Constituents of tubal fluid which have functional significance include bicarbonate, lactate, and pyruvate as well as ions in a suitably balanced ratio following ovulation. The functional significance of cyclic changes in protein patterns remains to be explored. Further analysis of tubal fluid content and its regulation, and additional exploration of conditions which support fertilization and early development are needed to provide a more complete understanding of the role of the oviduct in reproduction.
Biochemistry and Physiology of Oviductal Secretions
Authors: Stone Sarah Lipford , Hamner Charles E.
Published: March 2010

The tubal environment holds a strategic location with respect to the reproductive processes. Histological visualization and biochemical analysis have shown that both oviductal tissue activity and fluid constituents are influenced by the hormonal state of the female. Also, tubal epithelial synthetic activity appears to be affected by the proximal embryo. The functional importance of differential oviductal secretions is presently unclear. However, the techniques of in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, and culture aid in defining minimal developmental requirements and effects of cyclic secretions on embryologic events.
Clinical Implications of Oviductal Physiology and Biochemistry
Authors: Pauerstein Carl J.
Published: March 2010

Current investigations of the oviduct including methods for studying oviductal physiology, electrophysiology, contractility, roles of the autonomic nervous system and prostaglandins on oviductal motility and egg transport are summarized in this article. In addition, current knowledge of the transport and survival of sperm, egg transport, capacitation, ovum maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation development in the oviduct and the biochemistry and physiology of oviductal secretions are reviewed. An attempt is made to place these investigations in clinical context and to identify promising areas for future investigations pertinent to human reproduction.
Binding Interactions of Progesterone and other C21 Steroids with Rat Uterine Cytosol
Authors: Booth Barbara A. , Colás Antonio E.
Published: March 2010

The binding of progesterone and other C21 steroids by rat uterine cytosol preparations was studied by equilibrium dialysis. Scatchard plots and preliminary computer-assisted analysis indicated at least two types of binding sites for progesterone. Individual Scatchard plots for cortisol and corticosterone binding were linear with Ka’s 0.4 and 1.4 × 109 M––1, respectively. Inhibition analyses and modeling of competition experiments suggest, however, that the situation is more complex. There was no binding of labeled dexamethasone.
Localization of Anti-HPL in Fetal, Placental, and Maternal Renal Tissues
Authors: Gusdon, Jr. John P. , Caudle Michael R. , Herbst Glenn A.
Published: March 2010

Anti-human placental lactogen (HPL) was given to pregnant rats. An analysis of various tissues including lung, muscle, placenta, kidney and fetal localizes the heterologous antibody at the placenta. It is presumed that whatever destructive effect it has takes place there.
Fetal Circulation Times and their Implications for Tissue Oxygenation
Authors: Power Gordon G. , Longo Lawrence D.
Published: March 2010

In an effort to understand O2, delivery to fetal tissues, we measured circulatory transit times using dye dilution methods in near-term fetuses of 19 ewes. Times from dye injection to peak response ( ± 1 sec) were: femoral vein to carotid artery 2.2, to femoral artery 2.6, to umbilical artery 3.7; jugular vein to carotid artery 1.7, to femoral artery 2.6; umbilical vein to carotid artery 1.9, to femoral artery 3.4, to umbilical artery 5.1, and umbilical artery to umbilical vein 5.4 sec. These rapid transits suggest that changes in placenta and peripheral tissues will quickly affect one another. The time for a complete circuit of blood through the fetus was 12.6 ( ± 1.0 SEM) sec. Following dye injections into an umbilical vein double peaks, separated by 4.9 sec, were recorded in peripheral arteries (44 observations), and the divergence localized to the ductus venosus. Based on relative areas under the two peaks, ductus flow averaged 0.425 ± 0.052 SEM of total flow returning from the placenta with the remainder taking a slow course through liver parenchyma.
Placental Transfer of Phosphomycin
Authors: Ferreres L. , Paz M. , Roman J. , Llopis A. , Gobernado M.
Published: March 2010

The transfer of phosphomycin across the placental barrier was studied after a single injection of the sodium salt of phosphomycin to the mother during active labour. The concentrations of the antibiotic in maternal and fetal blood were determined and a high and rapid transfer of the antibiotic, reaching 50% of the maternal blood level after 1.5 h, was observed, which theoretically could be effective in the fetus against a large number of the germs which can be responsible for intrauterine infections.
Extracorporeal Support of the Fetal Lamb Simulating in utero Gas Exchange
Authors: Standaert T.A. , Alden E.R. , Parks C.R. , Woodrum D.E. , Hessel II E.A. , Murphy J. , Orr R.J. , Hodson W.A.
Published: March 2010

25 fetal lambs with a mean gestational age of 139 days were maintained in the fetal state by extracorporeal gas exchange for periods of 1–11 h and intentionally terminated at a mean of 4 h. Pao2, Paco2, pH, umbilical blood flow, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood glucose and serum electrolytes were maintained within the fetal range. The hematocrit of 30%, was 25% below in utero values due to dilution with priming blood. Hemolysis occurred at a rate of 2 mg hemoglobin/100 ml plasma/h, with a mean drop in hematocrit of 6% in 4 h. Metabolic acidosis was the most common problem. The cardiac output, measured in five lambs using radioactive microspheres, was 65% of in utero values. The fractional distribution appeared normal. It is hypothesized that mild tissue hypoxia, secondary to the reduced cardiac output and reduced oxygen capacity of the blood, was the most likely source of the metabolic acidosis.
Effects of Sympathetic Denervation of the Rabbit Oviduct on Normal Ovum Transport and on Transport Modified by Estrogen and Progesterone
Authors: Pauerstein Carl J. , Hodgson Barrie J. , Fremming Benjamin D. , Martin Joseph E.
Published: March 2010

Oviducts were depleted of endogenous sympathetic neurotransmitter by either surgical denervation, or intraluminal infusion of 6-OH-dopamine or systemic administration of reserpine. Functional denervation was confirmed by histochemical examination of the oviducts. These procedures failed to disrupt normal transport rates of ova as indicated by oviductal ovum recovery rates at 48 and 72 h following HCG injection. However, estrogen-induced ‘tube-locking’ of ova and progesterone-induced acceleration of ovum transport were partially antagonized by depletion of neurotransmitter from the intrinsic adrenergic nerves of the oviduct. These data suggest that the effects of sex steroids on ovum transport are partially mediated through adrenergic processes.
High-Molecular Weight Fatty Acids in Human Cervical Mucus
Authors: Singh Eric J.
Published: March 2010

High-molecular weight fatty acids in human cervical mucus have been studied by temperature-programmed gas chromatography. Human cervical mucus consists of 0.4% C25, 0.6% C26, 0.2% C27 and 0.2% C28 fatty acids in an entire pooled cycle. It is noted that the oral contraceptive Ovral does not effect the composition of high-molecular weight fatty acids in total fatty acids.
Recollections of my Life with Progesterone
Authors: Allen Willard M.
Published: March 2010

This paper gives in narrative style those phases of the corpus luteum story in which the author was an active participant. The first part deals with the exciting days at the University of Rochester where the pure hormone was isolated in 1933 and where many of the effects of the hormone on target tissues were elucidated. The origin of the name, progesterone, is given as a fine example of international cooperation in the selection of a name which has been universally accepted. The accidental discovery of the ‘Blue Color Test’ for DHIA and the development of the Allen-Correction at Washington University in St. Louis are recounted as sideline adventures in science. The final part recounts the steps, extending over a period of 40 years, which have clarified the role of the human corpus luteum in pregnancy.
Fetal Lung Maturation
Authors: Schultz Michael , Jimenez Juan M. , MacDonald Paul C. , Johnston John M.
Published: March 2010

The specific activity of phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAPase) has been determined in the fetal rabbit lung, from day 20 of gestation to 2 days post partum. The activity increases four fold from day 23 to adult levels on day 30. No change was found in the liver phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase or lung CDP-choline:diglyceride transferase activities. The increase in activity of the enzyme in fetal rabbit lung precedes by 24 h, the increase in phosphatidylcholine concentration. The increase in phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase activity may function in the regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the developing lung by increasing the availability of substrates for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
Hormonal Regulation of Myometrial Calcium Transport
Authors: Carsten Mary E.
Published: March 2010

Purified preparations of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from non-pregnant bovine uterus bind calcium from a medium containing ATP and Mg++. This calcium binding was enhanced in the presence of progesterone, while it is decreased in the presence of oxytocin. In the presence of both hormones there was an intermediate effect. PGF2Α, when added to preparations that had previously bound calcium in the presence of progesterone, caused release of limited amounts of calcium. Under these conditions calcium binding was much higher than that observed in the presence of PGF2Α alone. Three steroid analogs showed no effect on ATP-dependent calcium binding.
The Origin of Human Pregnancy Serum Oxytocmase
Authors: Oya M. , Yoshino M. , Mizutani S. , Wakabayashi T.
Published: March 2010

Serial electrophoretic experiments concerning serum and placental oxytocinases were carried out with a direct staining method for cystine aminopeptidase activity. The pregnancy serum oxytocinase and the lysosomal oxytocinase in human placenta shared the same enzymatic characteristics, with regard to heat resistence, sensitivity to L-methionine inhibition and electrophoretic pattern. These similarities suggest that the possible site of production of pregnancy serum oxytocinase is the lysosomes of the placenta, from which the enzyme is released into maternal circulation during pregnancy. Absence of oxytocinase activity in fetal serum indicates that this enzyme does not leak into fetal circulation. The physiological significance of oxytocinase was discussed with special reference to the oxytocin-oxytocinase equilibrium during pregnancy and labor.
Rapid Phospholipid Test for Fetal Pulmonary Maturity
Authors: Singh Eric J. , Zuspan Frederick P.
Published: March 2010

A simple, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive silica gel-impregnated glass fiber paper chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid, using malachite green as staining reagent. Respiratory distress syndrome was not found in infants with high L/S ratios in normal and drug ‘methadone’ abuse pregnancies.
Amniotic Fluid α-Galactosidase Activity: an Indicator of Gestational Age
Authors: Potier M. , Dallaire L. , Melançon S.B.
Published: March 2010

Α-Galactosidase activity has been assayed using 4-methylumbelliferyl-Α-galactoside as substrate in 66 amniotic fluid samples obtained between the 10th and 41st week of gestation. The mean activity decreases slightly between the 10th and 29th week from 2 to 1.4 mU/g protein and then rises rapidly to 8.2 mU/g protein near term. The Α-galactosidase assay of amniotic fluid may be used as an indicator of the 33rd week of gestation.
Intrauterine Fetal Sex Determination by Radioimmunoassay of Amniotic Fluid Testosterone
Authors: Giles Harlan R. , Lox Charles D. , Heine Wayne , Christian C.D.
Published: March 2010

Amniotic fluid testosterone levels were measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique from 75 term pregnancies and from 57 pregnancies prior to 20 weeks gestation. Statististically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between levels for term males (123 pg/ml) and term females (63 pg/ml) and between less than 20-week males (176 pg/ml) versus less than 20-week females (60 pg/ml). However, the hormone levels between term males and less than 20-week males were not significantly different from each other, and, similarly, levels between term females and less than 20-week females were not statistically different. In this study, the sex of 37 out of 38 male fetuses and 19 out of 19 females less than 20 weeks gestation could be correctly predicted solely on the basis of amniotic fluid testosterone levels. The implications are apparent for genetic counseling by using this rapid methodology for intrauterine sex determination instead of, or in addition to, full chromosome analysis.
Regeneration of Rabbit Endometrium Following Intrauterine Instillation of Chemical Agents
Authors: Schenker J.G. , Polishuk W.Z.
Published: March 2010

The effect of local application of different cytotoxic agents to the endometrium, the extent of the chemical injury and the ability of the epithelium to regenerate were studied. The following chemical agents were instilled: 10% formalin, 2% formalin in ethanol, copper sulfate pentahydrate pellets, talc suspension, sodium lauryl sulfate and quinacrine. The extent and type of the endometrial damage varied with the different substances. 10% formalin was the only agent that prevented endometrial regeneration and caused complete occlusion of the uterine cavity by fibrous tissue.
Critical Assessment of the Xenon Washout Technic for Measurement of Placental Blood Flow
Authors: Lippert T.H. , Fridrich R. , Hindemann P. , Kubli F. , Ruettgers H.
Published: March 2010

The xenon washout technic has been assessed as a method for measuring placental blood flow in humans. In the first group of 20 patients, the 133Xe injection was made blindly into the placenta; in the second group of 20 patients, a new technic was employed to ensure injection into the vascular (intervillous) space. The results have been calculated as clearance half-times, in seconds. Both groups gave widely differing results. After comparing the clearance half-times for 133Xe with those for 99mTc-albumin, it was concluded that with intervillous 133Xe injections, a true xenon washout effect does not occur. Thus, calculations for blood flow in ml/g tissue/unit time are not considered valid. Further, the method cannot be recommended as a test for the action of drugs on placental blood flow. Firstly, under the influence of spontaneous placental pressure variations, single measurements are of limited value. Secondly, as blood examinations have shown the needle puncture itself may damage fetal vessels, permitting possibly dangerous fetomaternal transfusion.
The Characteristic Distribution of Alkaline Phosphatase in the Full-Term Human Placenta
Authors: Hulstaert C.E. , Torringa J.L. , Koudstaal J. , Hardonk M.J. , Molenaar I.
Published: March 2010

The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in the full-term human placenta. Alkaline phosphatase activity is not only found along the plasma membrane lining the microvilli and in vesicles of the syncytiotrophoblast as in other transporting cells, but also along the basal surface of the syncytiotrophoblast. The latter localization is found adjacent to the basal lamina, except, however, in places where a cytotrophoblast is present, where it follows the outer surface of the cytotrophoblast and only part of the basal lamina.
Diffusion Mechanisms Across Human Placental Tissue
Authors: Seeds A.E. , Schruefer J.J. , Reinhardt J.A. , Garlid K.D.
Published: March 2010

The temperature dependence of tritiated water (THO), p-amino hippurate, salicylate and antipyrine diffusion across human placental tissue in vitro was measured. From this data the following activation energies for diffusion of THO were obtained: 4.2 kcal/mol for chorioamnion; 3.6 kcal/mol for chorion leave; 4.7 kcal/mol for amnion. Values of 4.6 kcal/mol for salicylate and 4.3 kcal/mol for p-amino hippurate diffusion across chorion leave were measured. These relatively low activation energies suggest that these solutes cross this tissue principally through large water-filled extracellular channels. An activation energy for antipyrine diffusion of 14.6 kcal/mol between 25 and 38 °C indicates that the increased permeability of chorion leave to this molecule results from a combination of transcellular and extracellular diffusion.
Cold Promoted Activation of Factor VII
Authors: Gjønnæss H.
Published: March 2010

The cold promoted activation of factor VII was induced by treatment with oestrogenic hormones, which increased the frequency of cold activation positive plasmas from under 20 to about 65%. The spontaneous occurrence in untreated subjects was probably also correlated with the oestrogen level. In pregnancy, the frequency of cold activation positive plasmas was about 93%. The participation of hormones other than oestrogens was not indicated. Cold activation was obtained with both steroids and diethylstilboestrol. Neither of these had any in vitro effect. It is suggested that the oestrogenic effect is mediated by an activator.
Ultrastructure of the Rat Ovary Transplanted into the Spleen
Authors: Horvath E. , Kovacs K. , Garg B.D. , Tuchweber B.
Published: March 2010

Intrasplenic ovary autografts in bilaterally ovariectomized rats showed luteinization and progressive hyperplasia. Electron microscopically, 30–105 days after transplantation, the lutein cells were characterized by mitochondria of varying shapes and sizes with tubular cristae and dense matrices. The amount of SER was reduced whereas the RER was prominent. The latter change may reflect increased protein synthesis in the growing graft. The ultrastructural findings presented here provide further support to the assumption that endogenous gonadotrophins have a stimulating influence upon intrasplenic ovary autografts.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum from Pregnant Bovine Uterus
Authors: Carsten Mary E.
Published: March 2010

Preparations of fragmented sarco plasmic reticulum (SR) from bovine uterus were found to be considerably more abundant when originating from pregnant than from non-pregnant cows ATP-dependent calcium binding nant cows. was not significantly different in uterine SR from pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Because of the greater yield, the total calcium binding capacity was significantly increased in SR from pregnant uterus. ATP-dependent calcium binding of the SR preparations was completely inhibited by 3 mM salyrgan, but not by dicumarol. Approximately 25% of the intrinsic calcium was exchangeable with 45Ca. The amount of calcium bound to the sarcoplasmic reticulum suggests that it plays a significant role in myometrial contraction.
Inhibition of the Pregnenolone Δ5–3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-Δ5-4 Isomerase Systems of Human Placenta and Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy
Authors: Depp Richard , Cox Donald W. , Pion Ronald J. , Conrad Suzanne H. , Heinrichs Leroy
Published: March 2010

The inhibition of the pregnenolone Δ5–3Β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-Δ5-4 isomerase systems in microsomes of human placenta or corpus luteum of pregnancy has been investigated using three steroidal substances: 2Α-cyano- 4,4,17Β-trimethylandrost-5-en-17Α-ol-3-one (cyanoketone), 2- hydroxymethylene, 17Α-methyl-5Α-androstan-17Β-ol-3-one (oxymetholone), and estradiol 17Β. The inhibition is of the competitive type with the synthetic steroids. The apparent Ki’s are approximately 0.3xl0-5 M and 0.2xI0-5 m for cyanoketone in the placental and ovarian systems, respectively, and the apparent Ki produced by oxymetholone is 0.6x10-6 m in the ovarian system, however, that for the placental system is much smaller, 5.5xl0-8 M. Approximately 50% inhibition was obtained in both systems with 2–5xl0-5 M estradiol-17Β. Oxymetholone may be useful for the inhibition of corpora luteal function in women.