bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Threshold responses of riverine fish communities to land use conversion across regions of the world
Authors: Chen Kai , Olden Julian D.
Published: June 2020

The growing human enterprise has sparked greater interest in identifying ecological thresholds in land use conversion beyond which populations or communities demonstrate abrupt nonlinear or substantive change in species composition. Such knowledge remains fundamental to understanding ecosystem resilience to environmental degradation and informing land use planning into the future. Confronting this challenge has been largely limited to inferring thresholds in univariate metrics of species richness and indices of biotic integrity and has largely ignored how land use legacies of the past may shape community responses of today. By leveraging data for 13,069 riverine sites from temperate, subtropical, and boreal climate zones on four continents, we characterize patterns of community change along diverse gradients of urbanization and agricultural land use, and identity threshold values beyond which significant alterations in species composition exists. Our results demonstrate the apparent universality by which freshwater fish communities are sensitive to even low levels of watershed urbanization (range of threshold values: 1%–12%), but consistently higher (and more variable) levels of agricultural development (2%–37%). We demonstrated that fish community compositional thresholds occurred, in general, at lower levels of watershed urbanization and agriculture when compared to threshold responses in species richness. This supports the notion that aggregated taxon‐specific responses may better reflect the complexity of assemblage responses to land use development. We further revealed that the ghost of land use past plays an important role in moderating how current‐day fish communities respond to land use intensification. Subbasins of the United States experiencing greater rates of past land use change demonstrated higher current‐day thresholds. Threshold responses of community composition, such as those identified in our study, illustrate the need for globally coordinated efforts to prioritize country‐specific management and policy initiatives that ensure that freshwater fish diversity is not inevitably lost in the future.
‘It struck at the heart of who I thought I was’: A meta‐synthesis of the qualitative literature examining the experiences of people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Desborough Jane , Brunoro Crystal , Parkinson Anne , Chisholm Katrina , Elisha Mark , Drew Janet , Fanning Vanessa , Lueck Christian , Bruestle Anne , Cook Matthew , Suominen Hanna , Tricoli Antonio , Henschke Adam , Phillips Christine
Published: June 2020

Background

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have varied experiences and approaches to self‐management. This review aimed to explore the experiences of people with MS, and consider the implications of these experiences for clinical practice and research.

Methods

A meta‐synthesis of the qualitative literature examining experiences of people with MS was conducted using systematic searches of ProQuest, PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We incorporated feedback from team members with MS as expert patient knowledge‐users to capture the complex subjectivities of persons with lived experience responding to research on lived experience of the same disease.

Results

Of 1680 unique articles, 77 met the inclusion criteria. We identified five experiential themes: (a) the quest for knowledge, expertise and understanding, (b) uncertain trajectories (c) loss of valued roles and activities, and the threat of a changing identity, (d) managing fatigue and its impacts on life and relationships, and (f) adapting to life with MS. These themes were distributed across three domains related to disease (symptoms; diagnosis; progression and relapse) and two contexts (the health‐care sector; and work, social and family life).

Conclusion

The majority of people in the studies included in this review expressed a determination to adapt to MS, indicating a strong motivation for people with MS and clinicians to collaborate in the quest for knowledge. Clinicians caring for people with MS need to consider the experiential and social outcomes of this disease such as fatigue and the preservation of valued social roles, and incorporate this into case management and clinical planning.
Correlation of novel ALKATI with ALK immunohistochemistry and clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Shah Kabeer K , Neff Jadee L , Erickson Lori A , Jackson Rory A , Jenkins Sarah M , Mansfield Aaron S , Moser Justin C , Harris Antoneicka L , Copland John A , Halling Kevin C , Flotte Thomas J
Published: June 2020

Aims

Recently, a novel isoform of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, with alternative transcription initiation (ALKATI), has been described in melanoma and is susceptible to targeted ALK‐inhibitor therapy. Clinical outcomes of patients with ALKATI mutated melanoma as well as correlation with immunohistochemical (IHC) methods have not yet been described.

Methods and results

Clinicopathological characteristics were abstracted for 324 patients with metastatic melanoma (MM). IHC, fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation and RNA‐based digital molecular analysis assays were performed on archival tissue from 173 stage III and 192 stage IV tumours. ALKATI was identified in 12.7 and 4.8% stage III and IV tumours, respectively. Discrete presentations of the ALKATI are seen: isolated ALKATI (n = 20) and mixed ALKATI (combined ALKATI and ALKWT; n = 7). Isolated ALKWT expression (n = 4) was seen with no ALK fusions. Stage III patients showed improved survival with ALKATI expression compared to those with ALKWT or no expression [5‐year survival 80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 57–100% versus 43%, 95% CI = 34–55%, P = 0.013]. Clinicopathological characteristics were not statistically significant. Strong diffuse cytoplasmic staining of ALK IHC (n = 12) has a sensitivity of 52.2%, specificity 100%, PPV of 100% and NPV of 92.5% of detecting isolated ALKATI.

Conclusion

Presence of ALKATI is a good prognostic indicator in MM. ALK IHC and digital molecular analysis can be incorporated into MM evaluation to identify patients with ALKATI for targeted therapy.
Automated separation of tail fraction for fruit distillates by means of in‐line conductivity measurement
Authors: Liebminger Andreas , Holstein Markus , Dietrich Volker , Goessinger Manfred
Published: June 2020

The distillation cuts between head, heart and tail fraction of a fruit distillate are still done in an empirical fashion, based on the distiller’s sensorial experience. There has been an unmet need for a long time to provide an objective method for determining the point of tails independent of fruit type and distillation technique. In this study, the authors provide a new method for separating the tail robustly from the heart fraction. For the first time, this is based on an in‐line measurement of conductivity together with a suited algorithm for differentiating the conductivity increase before and after the point of tails. The method has been validated with three different fruit mashes of different sugar content, distilled applying different levels of rectification due to different settings of the dephlegmator of the still. Verification with sensory analysis confirmed the validity of the method.
Reconciling protective and pathogenic roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in leishmaniasis
Authors: Harrington Valerie , Gurung Prajwal
Published: June 2020

Leishmaniasis is a global health problem that affects more than 2 billion people worldwide. Recent advances in research have demonstrated critical roles for cytoplasmic sensors and inflammasomes during Leishmania spp. infection and pathogenesis. Specifically, several studies have focused on the role of nod‐like receptor family, pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and inflammasome‐associated cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18 in leishmaniasis. Despite these studies, our understanding of the priming and activation events that lead to NLRP3 inflammasome activation during Leishmania spp. infection is limited. Furthermore, whether NLRP3 plays a protective or pathogenic role during Leishmania spp. infection is far from resolved, with some studies showing a protective role and others showing a pathogenic role. In this review, we performed a critical review of the literature to provide a current update on priming and activating signals required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation during Leishmania spp. infection. Finally, we provide a thorough review of the literature to reconcile differences in the observed protective vs pathogenic roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome during Leishmania spp. infection.
Control of foreign Ag‐specific Ab responses by Treg and Tfr
Authors: Wing James B. , Lim Ee Lyn , Sakaguchi Shimon
Published: June 2020

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play a critical role in the control of immune homeostasis including the regulation of humoral immunity. Recently, it has become clear that a specialized subset of Tregs, T‐follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), have a particular role in the control of T‐follicular helper (Tfh) cell‐driven germinal center (GC) responses. Following similar differentiation signals as received by Tfh, Tfr gain expression of characteristic chemokine receptors and transcription factors such as CXCR5 and BCL6 allowing them to travel to the B‐cell follicle and deliver in situ suppression. It seems clear that Tfr are critical for the prevention of autoimmune antibody induction. However, their role in the control of foreign antigen‐specific antibody responses appears more complex with various reports demonstrating either increased or decreased antigen‐specific antibody responses following inhibition of Tfr function. Due to their recent discovery, our understanding of Tfr formation and function still has many gaps. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of both Tregs and Tfr in the context of humoral immunity and how these cells might be manipulated in order to better control vaccine responses.
Nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Lin Hongyu , Cao Xuetao
Published: June 2020

Innate sensors recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate innate immune response by activating downstream signaling. These evolutionarily conserved innate sensors usually locate in the plasma membrane or cytoplasm. However, the nucleus‐localized innate sensors are recently found to detect pathogenic nucleic acids for initiating innate response, demonstrating a complicated crosstalk with cytoplasmic sensors and signaling molecules to form an elaborate tiered innate signaling network between nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, these nuclear innate sensors evolve varied mechanisms for discriminating self from non‐self nucleic acids to maintain immune homeostasis and avoid autoinflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the identification of nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids, such as hnRNPA2B1, IFI16, SAFA, and their roles in host defense and inflammatory response.
What drives the attentional bias for fearful faces? An eye‐tracking investigation of 7‐month‐old infants’ visual scanning patterns
Authors: Segal Shira C. , Moulson Margaret C.
Published: June 2020

Seven‐month‐old infants display a robust attentional bias for fearful faces; however, the mechanisms driving this bias remain unclear. The objective of the current study was to replicate the attentional bias for fearful faces and to investigate how infants’ online scanning patterns relate to this preference. Infants’ visual scanning patterns toward fearful and happy faces were captured using eye tracking in a paired‐preference task, specifically exploring if the fear preference is driven by increased attention to particular facial features. Infants allocated increased attention toward the fearful face compared to the happy face overall, thus successfully replicating the attentional bias, and greater attention toward the fearful eyes was associated with a greater magnitude of the fear preference. The current findings suggest that the fearful eyes are a salient facial feature in capturing infants’ attention toward the fearful face and that increased scanning of the fearful eyes may be one mechanism driving the overall fear preference. In addition, scanning patterns, and attention to critical features specifically, are highlighted as a strategy for examining the mechanisms underlying the development of emotion recognition abilities in infancy.
Clinical phase II and III studies of an AS03‐adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine produced in an EB66® cell culture platform
Authors: Endo Masafumi , Tanishima Mitsuyoshi , Ibaragi Kayo , Hayashida Kenshi , Fukuda Tadashi , Tanabe Tetsuro , Naruse Takeshi , Kino Yoichiro , Ueda Kohji
Published: June 2020

Background

We have developed an AS03‐adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine produced in an EB66® cell culture platform (KD‐295).

Objectives

In accordance with Japanese guidelines for development of pandemic prototype vaccines, the phase II study was conducted in a double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group comparison study and the phase III study was conducted in an open‐label, non‐randomized, uncontrolled study.

Methods

Healthy adult volunteers aged 20 ‐ 64 years enrolled in the phase II and III studies (N = 248 and N = 369) received KD‐295 intramuscularly twice with a 21‐day interval. After administration, immune response and adverse events were evaluated. In the phase II study, four different vaccine formulations were compared: MA (3.75 μg hemagglutinin [HA] antigen + AS03 adjuvant system), MB (3.75 μg HA + 1/2AS03), HA (7.5 μg HA + AS03), and HB (7.5 μg HA + 1/2AS03). In the phase III study, the MA formulation was further evaluated.

Results

In the phase II study, all four vaccine formulations were well‐tolerated and no SAE related to vaccination were observed. The MA formulation was slightly more immunogenic and less reactogenic among the vaccine formulations. Therefore, the MA formulation was selected for the phase III study, and it was well‐tolerated and no serious adverse drug reactions were observed. The vaccine fulfilled the three immunogenicity criteria described in the Japanese guidelines.

Conclusions

These data indicate that the MA formulation of KD‐295 was well‐tolerated and highly immunogenic and it can be considered a useful pandemic and pre‐pandemic influenza vaccine.
Becoming a boy in a homoparental situation: a psychoanalytic approach
Authors: Ducousso‐Lacaze Alain , Grihom Marie‐José , Atani Torasso Louise
Published: June 2020

This article examines a case of gay parenting analysed in the context of a collective, interdisciplinary research project funded by the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche). Its authors use a clinical psychoanalytical approach, applying this methodology to the single case study of a lesbian couple and their son, who was eight and half years old at the time of the research project. The clinical data were gathered using several techniques: interviews with the parents and the completion of a family tree, a projective test, and a game with the child. The analysis, drawing on psychoanalytical conceptual frameworks, describes how belonging and difference are both constructed and transmitted along family lines. Data obtained relating to the mothers reveal how the relationship within the couple is articulated with Oedipal configurations, ancestral history and representations of the sperm donor that interact with intrapsychic conflicts and the differences they promote, including those along the lines of gender. Analysis of the data produced with the child suggest that he uses these situations to create a representation of his place within the successive generations in his family, his own gender identity and his fantasies spun out around the identity of the sperm donor.
When does gender diversity enhance team performance? The dual need for visionary leadership and team tenure
Authors: Kelemen Thomas K. , Matthews Samuel H. , Zhang Xin‐an , Bradley Bret H. , Liu Huihua
Published: June 2020

Teams in organizations are becoming more gender diverse as women continue to participate more in the workforce than ever before. Prior theory and research indicate that the characteristics of the team influence whether gender diversity in a team is an asset or a detriment. As such, this research explores a contingency model of the relation between gender diversity and team performance and looks to understand conditions that make this relation positive or negative. Specifically, we examine how leader vision communication (i.e., visionary leadership) affects the relation between gender diversity and team performance. Results from a sample of 595 full‐time employees across 106 teams in China indicate that leader vision communication moderates the relation between gender diversity and team performance such that when leader vision communication is low gender diversity decreases team performance and when leader vision communication is high gender diversity has no significant relation with team performance. We also test whether team tenure changes this relationship. Our results suggest that gender diversity improves team performance when both leader vision communication and team tenure are high. The findings in our sample demonstrate that gender diversity can help teams enhance performance, but only when the conditions are right for gender‐diverse teams to flourish.
A novel prognostic signature of immune‐related genes for patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Jun , Yu Shaojun , Chen Guofeng , Kang Muxing , Jin Xiaoli , Huang Yi , Lin Lele , Wu Dan , Wang Lie , Chen Jian
Published: June 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers with an estimated 1.8 million new cases worldwide and associated with high mortality rates of 881 000 CRC‐related deaths in 2018. Screening programs and new therapies have only marginally improved the survival of CRC patients. Immune‐related genes (IRGs) have attracted attention in recent years as therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to identify an immune‐related prognostic signature for CRC. To this end, we combined gene expression and clinical data from the CRC data sets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into an integrated immune landscape profile. We identified a total of 476 IRGs that were differentially expressed in CRC vs normal tissues, of which 18 were survival related according to univariate Cox analysis. Stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis established an immune‐related prognostic signature consisting of SLC10A2, FGF2, CCL28, NDRG1, ESM1, UCN, UTS2 and TRDC. The predictive ability of this signature for 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival was determined using receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and the respective areas under the curve (AUC) were 79.2% and 76.6%. The signature showed moderate predictive accuracy in the validation and GSE38832 data sets as well. Furthermore, the 8‐IRG signature correlated significantly with tumour stage, invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis by univariate Cox analysis, and was established an independent prognostic factor by multivariate Cox regression analysis for CRC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed a relationship between the IRG prognostic signature and various biological pathways. Focal adhesions and ECM‐receptor interactions were positively correlated with the risk scores, while cytosolic DNA sensing and metabolism‐related pathways were negatively correlated. Finally, the bioinformatics results were validated by real‐time RT‑qPCR. In conclusion, we identified and validated a novel, immune‐related prognostic signature for patients with CRC, and this signature reflects the dysregulated tumour immune microenvironment and has a potential for better CRC patient management.
Small but significant: Insights and new perspectives of exosomes in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Zhang Jianchao , Cui Xiaolin , Guo Jiacheng , Cao Chang , Zhang Zenglei , Wang Bo , Zhang Li , Shen Deliang , Lim Khoon , Woodfield Tim , Tang Junnan , Zhang Jinying
Published: June 2020

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major health problem worldwide, and health professionals are still actively seeking new and effective approaches for CVDs treatment. Presently, extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, have gained its popularity for CVDs treatment because of their function as messengers for inter‐ and extra‐cellular communications to promote cellular functions in cardiovascular system. However, as a newly developed field, researchers are still trying to fully understand the role of exosomes, and their mechanism in mediating cardiac repair process. Therefore, a comprehensive review of this topic can be timely and favourable. In this review, we summarized the basic biogenesis and characterization of exosomes and then further extended the focus on the circulating exosomes in cellular communication and stem cell‐derived exosomes in cardiac disease treatment. In addition, we covered interactions between the heart and other organs through exosomes, leading to the diagnostic characteristics of exosomes in CVDs. Future perspectives and limitations of exosomes in CVDs were also discussed with a special focus on exploring the potential delivery routes, targeting the injured tissue and engineering novel exosomes, as well as its potential as one novel target in the metabolism‐related puzzle.
Calcitonin inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating protein kinase C
Authors: Ge Jun , Cheng Xiaoqiang , Yan Qi , Wu Cenhao , Wang Yingjie , Yu Hao , Yang Huilin , Zhou Feng , Zou Jun
Published: June 2020

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the most critical factor that causes low back pain. Molecular biotherapy is a fundamental strategy for IVDD treatment. Calcitonin can promote the proliferation of chondrocytes, stimulate the synthesis of matrix and prevent cartilage degeneration. However, its effect and the underlying mechanism for IVDD have not been fully revealed. Chondrogenic specific matrix components’ mRNA expression of nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) was determined by qPCR. Protein expression of NPC matrix components and protein kinase C was determined by Western blotting. A rat caudal intervertebral disc degeneration model was established and tested for calcitonin in vivo. IL‐1 induced NPC change via decreasing protein kinase C (PKC)‐ε phosphorylation, while increasing PKC‐δ phosphorylation. Calcitonin treatment could prevent or reverse IL‐1‐induced cellular change on PKC signalling associated with degeneration. The positive effect of calcitonin on IVDD in vivo was verified on a rat caudal model. In summary, this study, for the first time, elucidated the important role of calcitonin in the regulation of matrix components in the nucleus of the intervertebral disc. Calcitonin can delay degeneration of the intervertebral disc nucleus by activating the PKC‐ε pathway and inhibiting the PKC‐δ pathway.
Genomic profiling of late‐onset basal cell carcinomas from two brothers with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Hasan Ali O. , Yurchenko A.A. , Pavlova O. , Sartori A. , Bomze D. , Higgins R. , Ring S.S. , Hartmann F. , Bühler D. , Fritzsche F.R. , Jochum W. , Navarini A.A. , Kim A. , French L.E. , Dermitzakis E. , Christiano A.M. , Hohl D. , Bickers D.R. , Nikolaev S.I. , Flatz L.
Published: June 2020

Background

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. It is commonly caused by mutations in PTCH1 and chiefly characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) developing prior to the age of 30 years. In rare cases, NBCCS presents with a late onset of BCC development.

Objective

To investigate BCC tumorigenesis in two brothers, who showed characteristic features of NBCCS but developed their first BCCs only after the age of 40 years. Two other siblings did not show signs of NBCCS.

Results

We obtained blood samples from four siblings and nine BCCs from the two brothers with NBCCS. Whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing revealed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of PTCH1 in eight out of nine tumours that consistently involved the same haplotype on chromosome 9. This haplotype contained a germinal splice site mutation in PTCH1 (NM_001083605:exon9:c.763‐6C>A). Analysis of germline DNA confirmed segregation of this mutation with the disease. All BCCs harboured additional somatic loss‐of‐function (LoF) mutations in the remaining PTCH1 allele which are not typically seen in other cases of NBCCS. This suggests a hypomorphic nature of the germinal PTCH1 mutation in this family. Furthermore, all BCCs had a similar tumour mutational burden compared to BCCs of unrelated NBCCS patients while harbouring a higher number of damaging PTCH1 mutations.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that a sequence of three genetic hits leads to the late development of BCCs in two brothers with NBCCS: a hypomorphic germline mutation, followed by somatic LOH and additional mutations that complete PTCH1 inactivation. These genetic events are in line with the late occurrence of the first BCC and with the higher number of damaging PTCH1 mutations compared to usual cases of NBCCS.
Type locality and species identity of Pareuchiloglanis sinensis (Hora & Silas) with a description of a new species of the genus from the upper Yangtze River basin in southern China
Authors: Li Xu , Dao Wei , Zhou Wei
Published: June 2020

The genus Pareuchiloglanis, distributed in the Salween, Mekong, Red, Pearl and Yangtze River basins in China, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, consists of 20 valid species and 5 uncertain species. This study provided a taxonomic revision to Pareuchiloglanis occurring in the Yangtze River. According to the results of a morphological comparison, the type locality of Pareuchiloglanis sinensis was updated to the Nanpan‐jiang (the upper Pearl River) basin; five species were identified in Pareuchiloglanis from the Yangtze River basin. Specimens formerly identified as Pareuchiloglanis sinensis from this basin were described as a new species, Pareuchiloglanis chui sp. nov. Moreover, Pareuchiloglanis tianquanensis was synonymized with Pareuchiloglanis sichuanensis. This study provided a key to these two species and three others (Pareuchiloglanis anteanalis, Pareuchiloglanis hupingshanensis and Pareuchiloglanis robusta) from the Yangtze River basin, including information about their geographical distribution. These findings provide an insight into the evolution, distribution and taxonomy of this genus for future studies.
From gametogenesis to spawning: How climate‐driven warming affects teleost reproductive biology
Authors: Alix Maud , Kjesbu Olav S. , Anderson Kelli C.
Published: June 2020

Ambient temperature modulates reproductive processes, especially in poikilotherms such as teleosts. Consequently, global warming is expected to impact the reproductive function of fish, which has implications for wild population dynamics, fisheries and aquaculture. In this extensive review spanning tropical and cold‐water environments, we examine the impact of higher‐than‐optimal temperatures on teleost reproductive development and physiology across reproductive stages, species, generations and sexes. In doing so, we demonstrate that warmer‐than‐optimal temperatures can affect every stage of reproductive development from puberty through to the act of spawning, and these responses are mediated by age at spawning and are associated with changes in physiology at multiple levels of the brain–pituitary–gonad axis. Response to temperature is often species‐specific and changes with environmental history/transgenerational conditioning, and the amplitude, timing and duration of thermal exposure within a generation. Thermally driven changes to physiology, gamete development and maturation typically culminate in poor sperm and oocyte quality, and/or advancement/delay/inhibition of ovulation/spermiation and spawning. Although the field of teleost reproduction and temperature is advanced in many respects, we identify areas where research is lacking, especially for males and egg quality from “omics” perspectives. Climate‐driven warming will continue to disturb teleost reproductive performance and therefore guide future research, especially in the emerging areas of transgenerational acclimation and epigenetic studies, which will help to understand and project climate change impacts on wild populations and could also have implications for aquaculture.
Interactions between coral restoration and fish assemblages: implications for reef management
Authors: Seraphim Marie J. , Sloman Katherine A. , Alexander Mhairi E. , Janetski Noel , Jompa Jamaluddin , Ambo‐Rappe Rohani , Snellgrove Donna , Mars Frank , Harborne Alastair R.
Published: June 2020

Corals create complex reef structures that provide both habitat and food for many fish species. Because of numerous natural and anthropogenic threats, many coral reefs are currently being degraded, endangering the fish assemblages they support. Coral reef restoration, an active ecological management tool, may help reverse some of the current trends in reef degradation through the transplantation of stony corals. Although restoration techniques have been extensively reviewed in relation to coral survival, our understanding of the effects of adding live coral cover and complexity on fishes is in its infancy with a lack of scientifically validated research. This study reviews the limited data on reef restoration and fish assemblages, and complements this with the more extensive understanding of complex interactions between natural reefs and fishes and how this might inform restoration efforts. It also discusses which key fish species or functional groups may promote, facilitate or inhibit restoration efforts and, in turn, how restoration efforts can be optimised to enhance coral fish assemblages. By highlighting critical knowledge gaps in relation to fishes and restoration interactions, the study aims to stimulate research into the role of reef fishes in restoration projects. A greater understanding of the functional roles of reef fishes would also help inform whether restoration projects can return fish assemblages to their natural compositions or whether alternative species compositions develop, and over what timeframe. Although alleviation of local and global reef stressors remains a priority, reef restoration is an important tool; an increased understanding of the interactions between replanted corals and the fishes they support is critical for ensuring its success for people and nature.
Spatiotemporal variations in density and biomass of rocky reef fish in a biogeographic climatic transition zone: trends over 9 years, inside and outside the only nearshore no‐take marine‐protected area on the southern Brazilian coast
Authors: Anderson Antônio B. , Joyeux Jean‐Christophe , Floeter Sergio R.
Published: June 2020

Biogeographical transition zones are important areas to investigate evolutionary ecological questions, but long‐term population monitoring is needed to better understand ecological processes that govern population variations in such edge environments. The southernmost Brazilian rocky reefs are the southern limit of distribution for 96% of the tropical ichthyofauna of the western Atlantic. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve is the only nearshore no‐take marine‐protected area (MPA) located in this transition zone. The main aim was to investigate how the populations of rocky reef fish species vary in density and biomass in space and over time, inside and outside the Arvoredo MPA. This study presents results based on a 9 year (2008–2017) underwater visual census monitoring study to evaluate the density and biomass of key fish species. Variations in density and biomass were detected for most species. Factors and mechanisms that may have influenced spatial variation are habitat structural complexity and protection from fisheries. Temporal variations, otherwise, may have been influenced by species proximity to their distributional limit, in synergy with density‐dependent mechanisms and stochastic winter temperature oscillations. The MPAs harbour higher density and biomass for most species. Nonetheless, a prominent temporal decline in the recruitment of Epinephelus marginatus calls into question the continuous effectiveness of the MPA.
Impacts of bisphenol A analogues on zebrafish post‐embryonic brain
Authors: Coumailleau Pascal , Trempont Sarah , Pellegrini Elisabeth , Charlier Thierry D.
Published: June 2020

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely studied and well‐recognised endocrine‐disrupting chemical, and one of the current issues is its safe replacement by various analogues. Using larva zebrafish as a model, the present study reveals that moderate and chronic exposure to BPA analogues such as bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF may also affect vertebrate neurodevelopment and locomotor activity. Several parameters of embryo‐larval development were investigated, such as mortality, hatching, number of mitotically active cell, as defined by 5‐bromo‐2'‐deoxyuridine incorporation and proliferative cell nuclear antigen labelling, aromatase B protein expression in radial glial cell and locomotor activity. Our results show that exposure to several bisphenol analogues induced an acceleration of embryo hatching rate. At the level of the developing brain, a strong up‐regulation of the oestrogen‐sensitive Aromatase B was also detected in the hypothalamic region. This up‐regulation was not associated with effects on the numbers of mitotically active progenitors nor differentiated neurones in the preoptic area and in the nuclear recessus posterior of the hypothalamus zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, using a high‐throughput video tracking system to monitor locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae, we show that some bisphenol analogues, such as bisphenol AF, significantly reduced locomotor activity following 6 days of exposure. Taken together, our study provides evidence that BPA analogues can also affect the neurobehavioural development of zebrafish.
What Is the Perceived Value of Certification Among Registered Nurses? A Systematic Review
Authors: Van Wicklin Sharon Ann , Leveling Mark E. , Stobinski James X.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To explore how registered nurses (certified, noncertified, and managers) value certification as determined by the Perceived Value of Certification Tool, review the psychometric properties of the instrument, and ascertain the benefits and barriers to nursing specialty certification.

Design

Systematic review (without meta‐analysis) of 18 studies representing 26,534 registered nurses.

Methods

Rigorous processes were used to minimize bias; to identify, appraise, and synthesize studies to explore how registered nurses value certification; and to ascertain the benefits and barriers to nursing specialty certification. Psychometric properties of the Perceived Value of Certification Tool were also reviewed and evaluated. Methods and results are presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines.

Findings

All studies included in the review were cross‐sectional studies with observational, descriptive designs published between 2003 and 2019. The average study participant was a 49‐year‐old Caucasian woman with a bachelor of science in nursing degree and 20 years of experience working as a staff nurse in a hospital. In accordance with the results reported in all studies included in the systematic review, the highest level of agreement and strong agreement occurred with the intrinsic value statements of enhances feeling of personal accomplishment (n = 16,697; 97.8%), provides personal satisfaction (n = 16,607; 92.7%), and validates specialized knowledge (n = 16,697; 97%). The lowest levels of agreement and strong agreement occurred with the extrinsic value statements of promotes recognition from employers (n = 16,607; 78.6%), increases consumer confidence (n = 16,607; 73.3%), and increases salary (n = 16,607; 41.9%).

Conclusions

The vigorous statistical work completed on the developmental study for the instrument conducted in 2003 has yet to be duplicated in the multiple studies published subsequently. The chiefly descriptive studies detailed in this systematic review are of limited usefulness in guiding future research. The Perceived Value of Certification Tool has proven useful in stimulating interest; however, a revision of the instrument is now required to promote research and patient outcome studies regarding the self‐perceived value of certification in nursing specialties.

Clinical Relevance

This report systematically reviews 18 studies that have used the Perceived Value of Certification Tool, a tool that has been widely used since 2003, to measure the perceptions of registered nurses regarding specialty certification. This review provides evidence that the instrument has potential for expanded use in patient outcomes studies and should be revised to better serve the needs of researchers.
The 577‐nm pro‐yellow diode laser as a reliable and effective tool for facial telangiectasia
Authors: Mohammed Essam‐Elden M. , Makki Mahmoud A. , Solyman Zeinab S. , Elsaie Mohamed L.
Published: June 2020

Background

Laser treatment of vascular skin conditions is very useful option yet remains to be a very challenging task.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy of 577‐nm diode laser for treating facial telangiectasia.

Patients and methods

Thirty patients with facial telangiectasia were included in this prospective study. All participants received 3 sessions of a single‐pass 577‐nm diode laser. Sessions were delivered on a monthly basis, and digital photographic assessment was made at baseline and on follow‐up 1 month after the last treatment.

Results

At the final visit, there was a significant improvement (> 50%) reported in 21/30 (70%) patients while a poor response was reported in 2/30 (6.7%) patients. The skin phototype and site of the lesions significantly affected the result outcome (P < .05) while none of the patients’ age, sex, or duration of facial telangiectasia significantly affected the treatment outcome (P > .05). Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation occurred in 2(6.7%) patients which resolved within 1.5 months.

Conclusion

Facial telangiectasia can be successfully treated with a 577‐nm diode laser with minimal side effects.
Evaluation of quality of life of patients with hirsutism among Turkish women: A single‐center cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kutlu Ömer
Published: June 2020

Background

Patients with hirsutism have an increased number of psychological diseases including depression, anxiety, and social isolation with decreased quality of life.

Aims

We aimed to investigate changes in the quality of life of patients with hirsutism among Turkish women.

Methods

A total of 57 patients diagnosed with hirsutism were included in this study. The patients were investigated in terms of Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, concomitant clinical findings, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Modified Ferriman‐Gallwey (mFG) was used for the diagnosis of hirsutism.

Results

The mean DLQI score of the patients was 9.80 ± 6.50, while the median value of the mFG score was 25 (minimum 8, maximum 34). The mean DLQI score of patients who had an mFG score of four only in one region of the face was statistically higher than women with an mFG score less than four (P = .033). No statistically significant correlation was found between DLQI and mFG scores (P = .254). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of DLQI between women with acne, seborrhea, androgenetic alopecia, menstrual irregularity, or acanthosis nigricans versus those without them (P >.05). The mean DLQI score was statistically significantly higher for patients with PCOS than for those without PCOS (P = .004).

Conclusion

As shown by mFG score, quality of life is affected in certain areas for women with hirsutism. The mFG score is not correlated with the quality of life score. Certain areas of excessive hair that lead to stigma may be more important in quality of life for these women. The quality of life seems to be significantly more affected in hirsutism patients with PCOS than those without PCOS. Finally, clinical symptoms and signs appear to have no important role in the quality of life of patients with hirsutism.
Interventions to prevent in‐hospital falls in older people with cognitive impairment for further research: A mixed studies review
Authors: Stockwell‐Smith Gillian , Adeleye Adeniyi , Chaboyer Wendy , Cooke Marie , Phelan Maggie , Todd Jo‐anne , Grealish Laurie
Published: June 2020

Background

While advances in falls prevention in the adult population have occurred, the care requirements for older patients with cognitive impairment at risk of falling are less established.

Objectives

To identify interventions to prevent in‐hospital falls in older patients with cognitive impairment for further research and describe the strategies used to implement those interventions.

Design

A seven‐stage mixed studies review was used.

Methods

Seven electronic databases were searched. The SPIDER framework guided the review question and selection of search terms. The Mixed Methods Assessment Tool was used to appraise the quality of research studies, and the Quality Improvement Minimum Quality Data Set was used to appraise the quality of quality improvement projects. A convergent qualitative synthesis was used to analyse the extracted data. The adapted PRISMA guideline informed the procedures.

Results

Ten projects (five quality improvements and five researches) were included. Five themes emerged from the synthesis: engaging with families in falls prevention, assessing falls risk to identify interventions, extending nursing observation through technology, conducting a medication review and initiating nonpharmacological delirium prevention interventions. Implementation was not well described and commonly focused on capital investment to initiate a falls prevention programme and education to introduce staff to the new techniques for practice.

Conclusions

Emerging research and quality improvement studies demonstrate that effective falls prevention with this vulnerable population is possible but requires further investigation before widespread practice recommendations can be made. Further research and quality improvement in this area should consider adoption of an implementation framework to address sustainability.

Relevance to clinical practice

Reducing falls in older people with cognitive impairment requires nurses to work more closely with pharmacists, occupational therapists and social workers to develop strategies that work and are sustainable.
Comparison of the predictive validity of three fall risk assessment tools and analysis of fall‐risk factors at a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Cho Eun Hee , Woo Yun Jung , Han Arum , Chung Yoon Chung , Kim Yeon Hee , Park Hyeoun‐Ae
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

The main purpose of this study was to identify the best fall‐risk assessment tool, among the Morse Fall Scale, the Johns Hopkins fall‐risk Assessment Tool and the Hendrich II fall‐risk Model, for a tertiary teaching hospital. The study also analysed fall‐risk factors in the hospital, focusing on the items of each fall assessment tool.

Methods

Data on falls were obtained from the patient safety reports and electronic nursing records of a tertiary teaching hospital. A retrospective study was conducted to compare the sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden index and accuracy of the Morse Fall Scale, the Johns Hopkins fall‐risk Assessment Tool and the Hendrich II fall‐risk Model. This study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline for reporting case–control studies.

Results

By analysing the association between falls and the items included in the three tools, we identified significant fall‐risk factors such as gait, dizziness or vertigo, changes in mental status, impulsivity, history of falling, elimination disorder, drugs affecting falls, and depression.

Conclusions

The Hendrich II fall‐risk Model had the best predictive performance for falls of the three tools, considering the highest in the area under the curve and the Youden index that comprehensively analysed sensitivity and specificity, while the Johns Hopkins fall‐risk Assessment Tool had the highest accuracy. The most significant fall‐risk predictors are gait, dizziness or vertigo, change in mental state, and history of falling.

Relevance to clinical practice

To improve the fall assessment performance of the Morse Fall Scale at the study hospital, we propose that it be supplemented with four most significant fall‐risk predictors identified in this study.
Contextualising missed care in two healthcare inquiries using a socio‐ecological systems approach
Authors: Phelan Amanda , Kirwan Marcia
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

To examine missed care within two patient safety public inquiries using a socio‐ecological model.

Background

Missed care is a care which has been omitted or rendered incomplete. Possible outcomes of missed care have been identified including poor patient outcomes such as higher mortality rates, reduced care quality and lower patient satisfaction, job dissatisfaction, staff burnout and higher attrition rates.

Design

A qualitative design, specifically document analysis, was used to review two serious case reviews.

Methods

Between August–December 2018, two public patient safety inquiries were examined using a document analysis method. Both inquiries are based in acute hospital care settings of nursing (UK) and midwifery (Ireland). The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist provided a framework to report the study methods, context, findings, analysis and interpretation.

Results

Findings highlighted instances of missed care related to practice which contributed to poor patient outcomes. Missed care was located within contingency factors, such as unintended negative patient health and safety outcomes in multiple system levels which resulted in care deficits.

Conclusions

A socio‐ecological model enabled consideration of how multi‐system deficits combine to impact nursing and midwifery care delivery. To tackle current and future practice challenges, broader contextual issues that influence front‐line cases should be identified and addressed before they create conditions which result in substandard care.

Relevance to clinical practice

This paper adds to the scholarship on missed care by incorporating a greater contextual lens. Findings suggest that some factors contributing to missed care events may be systemic in origin. Practice, policy, research and education should foster nurses’ and midwives’ review of the totality of influencing factors impacting missed care and care deficits. Consequently, early warning signs and proactive responses at a system level should be inherent in all settings that nurses’ and midwives’ practice.