bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of emergent cardiac catheterization following pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Asoh Kentaro , Hickey Edward , Dorostkar Parvin C. , Chaturvedi Rajiv , van Arsdell Glen , Humpl Tilman , Benson Lee N.
Published: December 2008

Background: Although there is agreement of the importance of cardiac catheterization, especially interventional procedures, cardiac catheterization in postoperative critical care unit (CCU) period is often debated. The focus of this study was to explore the indications for and determinants of outcome after cardiac catheterization in this setting. Methods: Between March 2004 and October 2006, 49 children (2.8% of cardiac surgeries) underwent 62 catheterizations before discharge from the CCU. Morphological, surgical, and catheterization data were accrued and analyzed using parametric competing risks models and multivariable risk‐hazard analysis. Results: Median age at surgery was 167 days (0–13.5 years) and time to catheterization was 8.5 (0–84) days following surgery. Catheterization procedures were either interventional (n = 35) or noninterventional (n = 27). Children who required a more urgent investigation following initial surgery more often had deployment of a stent at catheterization (P = 0.01) or subsequent surgical pulmonary artery augmentation (P < 0.01). Surgical reoperation was required following 23 (37%) catheterizations and was more common following index surgery involving a cavopulmonary shunt. Overall mortality was high (43%). Delayed invasive investigation beyond 2–3 weeks (P = 0.04) or a splinted sternum (P < 0.001) were risk factors for death. In addition, reoperation after a noninterventional catheterization predicted worse survival (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The need for invasive investigation in the immediate CCU period is associated with a poor outcome, especially when the investigation is delayed or an intervention is not possible. Identification of at‐risk patients may improve outcomes. Best outcomes follow expedient catheterization with definitive management (often stent deployment or pulmonary artery augmentation). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of the transradial and the transfemoral approach in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Rathore Sudhir , Hakeem Abdul , Pauriah Maheshwar , Roberts Elved , Beaumont Andrew , Morris John L.
Published: December 2008

Background: Transradial coronary intervention is a safe and effective method of percutaneous revascularization. Furthermore, the indications for transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are expanding. However, there is limited data on the efficacy and the safety of the transradial approach for chronic total occlusion (CTO) PCI. Methods: We examined 468 patients who underwent CTO PCI between January 2003 and December 2005, and compared the radial (318 patients) and the femoral (150 patients) approach. Results: Baseline demographics, lesion location, and the vessel treated were similar in both groups. Angiographic success was 82% in radial versus 86% in femoral group, P = 0.28, similar in both groups. Total fluoroscopy time (24.49 ± 13.18 vs. 24.07 ± 14.12 min, P = 0.36), total procedure time (54.22 ± 25.35 vs. 60.23 ± 28.15 min, P = 0.23), and the use of total contrast volume (395.54 ± 180.25 vs. 406.15 ± 173.98 ml, P = 0.27) were similar in radial and femoral group, respectively. In hospital MACE [radial: 12 MI (3.8%) vs. femoral: 1 death (0.7%) and 5 MI (3.5%), P = 0.26] were similar in both groups. Access site vascular complications [radial: 11 (3.5%) vs. femoral: 17 (11.3%), P ≤ 0.001] were significantly less in radial group. Conclusions: The radial approach in CTO PCI is as fast and successful as the femoral approach with comparable in hospital MACE. However, there are far less access site complications with radial approach. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Covered Cheatham‐Platinum stents for serial dilation of severe native aortic coarctation
Authors: Bruckheimer Elchanan , Dagan Tamir , Amir Gabriel , Birk Einat
Published: December 2008

Objectives: To report on the early results of treatment of native coarctation of the aorta by implantation and serial dilations of covered stents. Background: Transcatheter dilation of native coarctation of the aorta carries a risk of aneurysm or rupture. Covered stent implantation requires a large delivery system with the risk of vascular damage. Methods: Covered stents on balloons of diameter sufficient to anchor the stent in the coarctation were implanted using the smallest delivery system possible. Dilation with larger diameter balloons was performed until the pressure gradient was <20 mm Hg and the stent was opposed to the aortic wall. Results: Twenty‐two patients with native coarctation underwent stent implantation. Coarctation diameter increased from 3.6 ± 1.9 to 12.6 ± 1.9 mm (P < 0.001). Peak pressure gradient decreased from 29.4 ± 8.5 to 6.7 ± 5.7 mm Hg (P < 0.001). Nine patients underwent further dilation on average 5 months later. Residual pressure gradient decreased from 12.3 ± 5.8 to 2.1 ± 2.9 mm Hg (P = 0.002). The stent achieved the diameter of the transverse arch in all cases. Complications included a small tear at further dilation treated with a second stent and a femoral pseudoaneurysm. At short‐term follow‐up of 18.5 months all patients are alive and well with no evidence of recoarctation or aneurysm. Conclusions: These initial results show that serial dilation of covered Cheatham‐Platinum stents is feasible, safe, and an effective percutaneous method for the treatment of native coarctation of the aorta. However, long‐term follow up is required. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed and repeated cardiac tamponade following microleak in RCA successfully treated with intra arterial sterile glue injection
Authors: Goel Pravin K.
Published: December 2008

Postinterventional pericardial leaks mostly occur intraprocedure or immediately postprocedure and call for an aggressive management right then. Also, once controlled for 24–48 hr, the leaks usually seal themselves spontaneously. We herein describe an unusual case of delayed and continued pericardial leak over 10 days as a result of micro perforation of RCA from the distal wire tip and which was successfully managed by intracoronary injection of sterile synthetic glue, which to the best of our knowledge is the first report of its kind. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intermolecular Olefin Functionalisation Involving Aryl Radicals Generated from Arenediazonium Salts
Authors: Heinrich Markus R.
Published: December 2008

This minireview is aimed at giving an overview of recent advances in olefin functionalisation reactions involving aryl radicals generated from arenediazonium salts. Based on the well‐known Meerwein arylation, in which an aryl and a halogen substituent are coupled to an olefinic substrate, new reaction types have been developed that allow the introduction of a broad spectrum of other atoms and functional groups at the place of the original halogen atom and that are applicable to an extended range of olefinic substrates.
Heterogeneous Versus Homogeneous Palladium Catalysts for Ligandless Mizoroki–Heck Reactions: A Comparison of Batch/Microwave and Continuous‐Flow Processing
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Findenig Silvia , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: December 2008

Mizoroki–Heck couplings of aryl iodides and bromides with butyl acrylate were investigated as model systems to perform transition‐metal‐catalyzed transformations in continuous‐flow mode. As a suitable ligandless catalyst system for the Mizoroki–Heck couplings both heterogeneous and homogeneous Pd catalysts (Pd/C and Pd acetate) were considered. In batch mode, full conversion with excellent selectivity for coupling was achieved applying high‐temperature microwave conditions with Pd levels as low as 10−3 mol %. In continuous‐flow mode with Pd/C as a catalyst, significant Pd leaching from the heterogeneous catalyst was observed as these Mizoroki–Heck couplings proceed by a homogeneous mechanism involving soluble Pd colloids/nanoparticles. By applying low levels of Pd acetate as homogeneous Pd precatalyst, successful continuous‐flow Mizoroki–Heck transformations were performed in a high‐temperature/pressure flow reactor. For both aryl iodides and bromides, high isolated product yields of the cinnamic esters were obtained. Mechanistic issues involving the Pd‐catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck reactions are discussed.
Early steps in the assembly of photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the mouse retina: The involvement of precursor spheres
Authors: Regus‐Leidig Hanna , tom Dieck Susanne , Specht Dana , Meyer Lars , Brandstätter Johann Helmut
Published: December 2008

The retinal photoreceptor ribbon synapse is a chemical synapse structurally and functionally specialized for the tonic release of neurotransmitter. It is characterized by the presynaptic ribbon, an electron‐dense organelle at the active zone covered by hundreds of synaptic vesicles. In conventional synapses, dense‐core transport vesicles carrying a set of active zone proteins are implicated in early steps of synapse formation. In photoreceptor ribbon synapses, synaptic spheres are suggested to be involved in ribbon synapse assembly, but nothing is known about the molecular composition of these organelles. With light, electron, and stimulated emission depletion microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we investigated a series of presynaptic proteins during photoreceptor synaptogenesis. The cytomatrix proteins Bassoon, Piccolo, RIBEYE, and RIM1 appear early in synaptogenesis. They are transported in nonmembranous, electron‐dense, spherical transport units, which we called precursor spheres, to the future presynaptic site. Other presynaptic proteins, i.e., Munc13, CAST1, RIM2, and an L‐type Ca2+ channel α1 subunit are not associated with the precursor spheres. They cluster directly at the active zone some time after the first set of cytomatrix proteins has arrived. By quantitative electron microscopy, we found an inverse correlation between the numbers of spheres and synaptic ribbons in the postnatally developing photoreceptor synaptic terminals. From these results, we suggest that the precursor spheres are the transport units for proteins of the photoreceptor ribbon compartment and are involved in the assembly of mature synaptic ribbons. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:814–824, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea lamprey: Comparison with γ‐aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity
Authors: Villar‐Cerviño Verona , Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Anadón Ramón , Rodicio María Celina
Published: December 2008

The development of glycine immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea lamprey was studied by use of immunofluorescence techniques at embryonic to larval stages. Glycine distribution was also compared with that of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) by use of double immunofluorescence. The first glycine‐immunoreactive (ir) cells appeared in the caudal rhombencephalon of late embryos, diencephalon of early prolarvae, and mesencephalon of late prolarvae, in which glycine‐ir cells were observed in several prosencephalic regions (preoptic nucleus, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, pretectum, and nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle), mesencephalon (M5), isthmus, and rhombencephalon. In larvae, glycine‐ir populations were observed in the olfactory bulbs, preoptic nucleus and thalamus (prosencephalon), M5 and oculomotor nucleus (mesencephalon), dorsal isthmic gray, isthmic reticular formation, and various alar and basal plate rhombencephalic populations. No glycine‐ir cells were observed in the larval optic tectum or torus semicircularis, which contain glycine‐ir populations in adults. A wide distribution of glycine‐ir fibers was observed, which suggests involvement of glycine in the function of most lamprey brain regions. Colocalization of GABA and glycine in prolarvae was found mainly in cell groups of the diencephalon, in the ventral isthmic group, and in trigeminal populations. In larvae, colocalization of GABA and glycine was principally observed in the M5 nucleus, the reticular formation, and the dorsal column nucleus. The present results reveal for the first time the complex developmental pattern of the glycinergic system in lamprey, including early glycine‐ir populations, populations transiently expressing glycine, and late‐appearing populations, in relation to maturation changes that occur during metamorphosis. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:747–767, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Avian nucleus retroambigualis: Cell types and projections to other respiratory‐vocal nuclei in the brain of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Wild J.M. , Kubke M.F. , Mooney R.
Published: December 2008

In songbirds song production requires the intricate coordination of vocal and respiratory muscles under the executive influence of the telencephalon, as for speech in humans. In songbirds the site of this coordination is suspected to be the nucleus retroambigualis (RAm), because it contains premotor neurons projecting upon both vocal motoneurons and spinal motoneurons innervating expiratory muscles, and because it receives descending inputs from the telencephalic vocal control nucleus robustus archopallialis (RA). Here we used tract‐tracing techniques to provide a more comprehensive account of the projections of RAm and to identify the different populations of RAm neurons. We found that RAm comprises diverse projection neuron types, including: 1) bulbospinal neurons that project, primarily contralaterally, upon expiratory motoneurons; 2) a separate group of neurons that project, primarily ipsilaterally, upon vocal motoneurons in the tracheosyringeal part of the hypoglossal nucleus (XIIts); 3) neurons that project throughout the ipsilateral and contralateral RAm; 4) another group that sends reciprocal, ascending projections to all the brainstem sources of afferents to RAm, namely, nucleus parambigualis, the ventrolateral nucleus of the rostral medulla, nucleus infra‐olivarus superior, ventrolateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex; and 5) a group of relatively large neurons that project their axons into the vagus nerve. Three morphological classes of RAm cells were identified by intracellular labeling, the dendritic arbors of which were confined to RAm, as defined by the terminal field of RA axons. Together the ascending and descending projections of RAm confirm its pivotal role in the mediation of respiratory‐vocal control. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:768–783, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paraventricular thalamic nucleus: Subcortical connections and innervation by serotonin, orexin, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone in macaque monkeys
Authors: Hsu David T. , Price Joseph L.
Published: December 2008

The present study examines subcortical connections of paraventricular thalamic nucleus (Pa) following small anterograde and retrograde tracer injections in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). An anterograde tracer injection into the dorsal midline thalamus revealed strong projections to the accumbens nucleus, basal amygdala, lateral septum, and hypothalamus. Retrograde tracer injections into these areas labeled neurons specifically in Pa. Following a retrograde tracer injection into Pa, labeled neurons were found in the hypothalamus, dorsal raphe, and periaqueductal gray. Pa contained a remarkably high density of axons and axonal varicosities immunoreactive for serotonin (5‐HT) and orexin/hypocretin (ORX), as well as a moderate density of fibers immunoreactive for corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). A retrograde tracer injection into Pa combined with immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ORX and 5‐HT axons originate from neurons in the hypothalamus and midbrain. Pa‐projecting neurons were localized in the same nuclei of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and midbrain as CRH neurons, although no double labeling was found. The connections of Pa and its innervation by 5‐HT, ORX, and CRH suggest that it may relay stress signals between the midbrain and hypothalamus with the accumbens nucleus, basal amygdala, and subgenual cortex as part of a circuit that manages stress and possibly stress‐related psychopathologies. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:825–848, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of Hydroxyl on Ni(111)
Authors: Shan Junjun , Kleyn Aart W. , Juurlink Ludo B. F.
Published: December 2008

Hydroxyl (OH) is identified and characterized on the Ni(111) surface by high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. We find clear evidence of stretching, bending, and translational modes that differ significantly from modes observed for H2O and O on Ni(111). Hydroxyl may be produced from water by two different methods. Annealing of water co‐adsorbed with atomic oxygen at 85 K to above 170 K leads to the formation of OH with simultaneous desorption of excess water. Pure water layers treated in the same fashion show no dissociation. However, the exposure of pure water to 20 eV electrons at temperatures below 120 K produces OH in the presence of adsorbed H2O. In combination with temperature‐programmed desorption studies, we show that the OH groups recombine between 180 and 240 K to form O and immediately desorbing H2O. The lack of influence of co‐adsorbed H2O at 85 K on the OH stretching mode indicates that OH does not participate in a hydrogen‐bonding network.
Targeting tumor vascular endothelium: an emerging concept for cancer therapy
Authors: Dhanabal Mohanraj , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Sukhatme Vikas P.
Published: December 2008

Although traditional chemotherapeutic agents have saved thousands of lives over the years and delayed tumor progression, they have limited efficacy due to toxicity and lack of tumor cell selectivity. Recently some of the more promising anticancer therapy approaches tested and proven in clinical studies have used a combinatorial approach of using new molecularly targeted agents with standard therapies. In this regard, inhibition of angiogenesis represents a new approach to cancer therapy. To date, many anti‐angiogenic agents have been developed and are in different stages of clinical development. Targeting tumor cell‐associated endothelial cells may represent a potential powerful adjunct to traditional cancer therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of different approaches involved in discovery and development of anti‐angiogenic agents and discuss the clinical impact of these agents. Finally, we present and summarize some of the emerging concepts such as resistance to anti‐angiogenic drugs, anti‐angiogenic therapy‐related toxicity, and integrated treatment modalities. Drug Dev Res 69:340–351, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of ‘Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses’
Authors: Milne Andrea
Published: December 2008

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Jefferson T, Foxlee R, Del Mar C, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Hewak B, Prabhala A, Nair S, Rivetti A. Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006207. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Antibiotics to reduce post‐tonsillectomy morbidity’ with a response from the review author
Authors: Bromwich Matthew , Myer Charles M. , Dhiwakar M.
Published: December 2008

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Dhiwakar M, Clement WA, Supriya M, McKerrow WS. Antibiotics to reduce post‐tonsillectomy morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005607. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005607.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Antibiotics to reduce post‐tonsillectomy morbidity’
Authors: van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M.
Published: December 2008

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Dhiwakar M, Clement WA, Supriya M, McKerrow WS. Antibiotics to reduce post‐tonsillectomy morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005607. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005607.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Commentary and Summary articles. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses’
Authors: van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M.
Published: December 2008

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Jefferson T, Foxlee R, Del Mar C, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Hewak B, Prabhala A, Nair S, Rivetti A. Interventions for the interruption or reduction of the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006207. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Commentary and Summary articles. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters’
Authors: van Dalen E. C. , Offringa M.
Published: December 2008

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shah PS, Shah VS. Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002772. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002772.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Commentary and Summary articles. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy’
Authors: van Dalen E. C. , Offringa M.
Published: December 2008

These are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Jacobs SE, Hunt R, Tamow‐Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003311. DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Commentary and Summary articles. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results—no 12: Outcomes—don't be misled by results in which you are not interested
Authors: van der Lee Johanna H.
Published: December 2008

This twelfth article for ‘Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results’ in Evidence Based Child Health is, like the previous ones, aimed at helping readers to understand the results of systematic reviews and to use the results in clinical practice. This time, we focus on outcomes. The information in this article is based on earlier papers, the Cochrane Handbook, and the experience of the author in teaching evidence‐based medicine. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters’
Authors: Bauman Mary E. , Massicotte M. Patricia
Published: December 2008

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shah PS, Shah VS. Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002772. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD002772.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables. Copyright © 2008 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
1H NMR characterization of a combination model of the mixed micelle taurocholate and 1,2‐ethylene‐di‐N‐n‐butylcarbamate
Authors: Chiou Shyh‐Ying , Huang Chuan‐Fu , Cheng Yu‐Ru , Lu Chun‐Ping , Lin Gialih
Published: December 2008

The structures of micelles of taurocholate (TC) have been debated for many years. According to Funasaki's model based on 2D NMR studies, anti‐parallel and parallel back‐to‐back dimers have been proposed as two major fragments in the micellar TC. However, according to Galantini's model based on X‐ray crystal structure, anti‐parallel and parallel face‐to‐face dimers have been proposed as two major fragments in the micelle. We propose a combined model from these two models for the structures of micelles of TC and suggest that these structures are equally composed of these four dimeric fragments. Lipid molecules can only insert into back‐to‐back dimeric fragments but not into face‐to‐face dimeric fragments in the mixed micelles of TC and lipid. A short‐chain analog of glycerol lipid, 1,2‐ethylene‐di‐N‐n‐butylcarbamate (1), was synthesized and was mixed with the micellar TC to form the mixed micelle of TC and compound 1. From the 1H NMR spectra, the ω‐methyl and β‐methylene protons of compound 1 split after formation of the mixed micelle with TC. Therefore, half of the compound 1 molecules insert into the anti‐parallel back‐to‐back dimers in the mixed micelle, and the other half of the compound 1 molecules insert into the parallel back‐to‐back dimers in the mixed micelle.
Incorporating environmental impact assessment into conceptual process design: A case study example
Authors: Seay Jeffrey R. , Eden Mario R.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this contribution is to present a case study illustrating how environmental impact assessment using the U.S. EPA Waste Reduction Algorithm has been incorporated into conceptual process design. This will be achieved via the introduction of a simple methodology for integrating environmental impact assessment into the standard heuristics of conceptual process design to ensure that environmental and sustainability goals are met while maintaining economic viability. The case study presented to illustrate the methodology is based on a process to manufacture industrially important C3 compounds from the dehydration of bio‐based glycerol. The selected case study is important from the perspective of sustainability because glycerol is produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of biodiesel from vegetable oils. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Experimental and analytical studies on the response of freestanding laboratory equipment to earthquake shaking
Authors: Konstantinidis Dimitrios , Makris Nicos
Published: December 2008

This paper presents results of a comprehensive experimental program on the seismic response of full‐scale freestanding laboratory equipment. First, quasi‐static experiments are conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of the contact interface between the laboratory equipment and floors. Based on the experimental results, the response analysis that follows adopts two idealized contact friction models: the elastoplastic model and the classical Coulomb friction model. Subsequently, the paper presents shake table test results of full‐scale freestanding equipment subjected to ground and floor motions of hazard levels with corresponding displacements that can be accommodated by the shake table at the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Center. For the equipment tested, although some rocking is observed, sliding is the predominant mode of response, with sliding displacements reaching up to 60 cm. Numerical simulations with the proposed models are performed. Finally, the paper identifies a physically motivated intensity measure and the associated engineering demand parameter with the help of dimensional analysis and presents ready‐to‐use fragility curves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Temperature on Fecundity, Life Span and Morphology of Long‐ and Short‐Spined Clones of Brachionus caudatus f. apsteini (Rotifera)
Authors: Athibai Sujiporn , Sanoamuang La‐Orsri
Published: December 2008

We investigated the effect of temperature (20, 25 and 30 °C) on fecundity, life span and morphology of the rotifer Brachionus caudatus f. apsteini. For each temperature, short posterior‐spined and long posterior‐spined clones of B. caudatus f. apsteini were individually cultured for up to six generations. The rotifers were fed Chlorella sp. at a density of 1 × 106 cells ml–1. Morphometric data (body size and spine length) were collected. Total number of offspring producing by a single female per life cycle at high temperature was higher than at low temperature. The duration of juvenile period, reproductive period, post‐reproductive period and life span of both clones of B. caudatus f. apsteini decreased with increasing temperature. All offspring of short posterior‐spined clone produce posterior spines at 20 and 25 °C, with an average length of 19.8 ± 6.6 and 11.9 ± 2.6 μm, respectively. In contrast, they cannot develop posterior spines at 30 °C, at which the average length of the posterior spine remnant was 6.4 ± 1.3 μm. On the other hand, all offspring of long posterior‐spined clone have long posterior spines with average lengths of 36.8 ± 6.1, 36.3 ± 5.2 and 36.6 ± 6.2 μm at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively. This study indicated that the production of posterior spines can be induced by low temperature and that short posterior‐spined and long posterior‐spined clones are genetically different. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interspecific Variations in Responses of Mangrove Seedlings to Two Contrasting Salinities
Authors: Jayatissa L. P. , Wickramasinghe W. A. A. D. L. , Dahdouh‐Guebas F. , Huxham M.
Published: December 2008

The growth performance of seedlings of seven species of true mangroves (Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Sonneratia caseolaris) in response to two contrasting salinity regimes, low (i.e., 3–5) and medium (i.e., 25–27), was studied. Species represented all categories relevant to vivipary (i.e., true viviparous species, cryptoviviparous species and non‐viviparous species), and included closely related pairs as well as species commonly used in replanting in Sri Lanka. Species could be ranked in descending order of salinity tolerance as A. marina > R. mucronata > R. apiculata >B. gymnorrhiza > A. officinalis > B. sexangula > S. caseolaris, hence taxonomically similar species and those sharing vivipary characteristics may be distant in salinity tolerance. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrological Connectivity as a Shaping Force in the Zooplankton Community of Two Lakes in the Paraná River Floodplain
Authors: de Paggi Susana Beatriz José , Paggi Juan César
Published: December 2008

Zooplankton in two river‐lake systems of the Paraná River (Argentina) floodplain were studied during ordinary hydrological situations as well as during an extreme flood (El Niño event) over a period of more than 20 years. The studied lakes were selected because of their position at opposite ends of a surface connectivity gradient. Los Matadores Lake, with high connectivity, has a direct connection to the river via a short channel that is active during a large part of the year. At the other extreme, the low connectivity El Tigre Lake has an indirect connection to the river through a swampy area that is only active for short periods. During ordinary hydrologic periods, zooplankton abundance and species richness appear to be controlled by the degree of connectivity of the lakes. Abundance was higher in El Tigre, which is isolated for longer periods and consequently has a longer water‐residence time. Contrary to expectations, species richness was also higher in this lake, a result that was surprising because water bodies with low conectivity/disturbance are predicted to have a lower biodiversity. This unexpected outcome reflects the nature of the connecting route, which crosses a long and complex swampy ecotone. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Temporal Asynchrony of Planktonic Cladocerans Population at Different Environments of the Upper Paraná River Floodplain
Authors: Takahashi Erica Mayumi , Lansac‐Tôha Fábio Amodêo , Velho Luiz Felipe Machado , Bini Luis Mauricio
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of synchronic fluctuation patterns in cladoceran populations of the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The following hypothesis were tested: (i) the populations of a given species present the same fluctuation pattern in abundance for different environments and (ii) synchrony is higher when we consider subsets of neighboring environments or those belonging to the same category (e.g., lagoons, rivers). Samplings were performed every three months from February 2000 to November 2002 at 11 sites. To evaluate spatial synchrony, the intraclass correlation coefficient was used. The results showed no significant correlation for the most abundant species, meaning that fluctuation patterns of planktonic cladocerans were asynchronous. Asynchrony indicated that the influence of floods and regional climatic factors was not strong enough to synchronize the populations, suggesting that local factors were more important than regional effects in determining zooplankton abundance patterns. The implications of these results are that the observations from a single environment cannot be extrapolated to other environments in a manner that would allow its use as a sentinel site. This means that a monitoring program for floodplain systems, or at least for the Paraná River floodplain, has to comprise greater spatial extents. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced biocompatibility of CoCr implant material by Ti coating and micro‐arc oxidation
Authors: Han Cheol‐Min , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Kim Yong‐Sik , Han Suk‐Ku
Published: December 2008

The biocompatibility of CoCr alloy was significantly improved by forming a rough TiO2 layer on its surface. The TiO2 layer was formed by coating the CoCr alloy with titanium (Ti) through electron beam deposition followed by microarc oxidation (MAO). When Ti was coated on the surface, the biocompatibility of the CoCr alloy was enhanced and it was further improved by the MAO treatment. There were close relationships between the phase, morphology, and thickness of the TiO2 layer and the applied voltage. The biocompatibility of the specimens coated with Ti and subjected to MAO treatment was evaluated by in vitro alkaline phosphatase activity tests. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Analysis of diffusion and binding in cells using the RICS approach
Authors: Digman Michelle A. , Gratton Enrico
Published: December 2008

The movement of macromolecules in cells is assumed to occur either through active transport or by diffusion. However, the determination of the diffusion coefficients in cells using fluctuation methods or FRAP frequently give diffusion coefficient that are orders of magnitude smaller than the diffusion coefficients measured for the same macromolecule in solution. It is assumed that the cell internal viscosity is partially responsible for this decrease in the apparent diffusion. When the apparent diffusion is too slow to be due to cytoplasm viscosity, it is assumed that weak binding of the macromolecules to immobile or quasi immobile structures is taking place. In this article, we derive equations for fitting of the RICS (Raster‐scan Image Correlations Spectroscopy) data in cells to a model that includes transient binding to immobile structures, and we show that under some conditions, the spatio‐temporal correlation provided by the RICS approach can distinguish the process of diffusion and weak binding. We apply the method to determine the diffusion in the cytoplasm and binding of Focal Adhesion Kinase‐EGFP to adhesions in MEF cells. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The defensive secretion of Carabus lefebvrei Dejean 1826 pupa (Coleoptera, Carabidae): Gland ultrastructure and chemical identification
Authors: Giglio Anita , Brandmayr Pietro , Dalpozzo Renato , Sindona Giovanni , Tagarelli Antonio , Talarico Federica , Brandmayr Tullia Zetto , Ferrero Enrico A.
Published: December 2008

This study documents the defensive function of flavored humor secreted by the abdominal glands of Carabus lefebvrei pupae. The morphology and the ultrastructure of these glands were described and the volatile compounds of glands secretion were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ultrastructure analysis shows an acinose complex formed by about 50 clusters. Each cluster has 20 glandular units and the unit—composed of one secretory and one canal cell lying along a duct—belongs to the class 3 cell type of Quennedey (1998). In the cytoplasm, the secretory cell contains abundant rough endoplasmatic reticula, glycogen granules, numerous mitochondria, and many well‐developed Golgi complexes producing electron‐dense secretory granules. Mitochondria are large, elongated, and often adjoining electronlucent vesicles. The kind and the origin of secretory granules varying in size and density were discussed. The chemical analysis of the gland secretion revealed the presence of a mixture of low molecular weight terpenes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids. Monoterpenes, especially linalool, were the major products. We supposed that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids have a deterrent function against the predators and monoterpenes provide a prophylaxis function against pathogens. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reflectance confocal‐laser‐scanning microscopy in vivo assessments of cigarette‐induced dynamic alterations of cutaneous microcirculation on histomorphological level
Authors: Altintas Mehmet Ali , Altintas Ahmet Ali , Guggenheim Merlin , Gohritz Andreas , Meyer‐Marcotty Max , Vogt Peter M.
Published: December 2008

Objective: Until now, high resolution reflectance confocal‐laser‐scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used for observation of cutaneous morphology in vivo and in real time. We hypothesized that CLSM also allows observation of dynamic processes of cutaneous microcirculation. Methods: Reflectance CLSM (Vivascope1500; Lucid, Rochester, NY) was performed in 24 young male habitual smokers (23 years, range: 19–26, body mass index 23.9 ± 4.04) with relatively limited cigarette exposure (mean: 3.1 ± 2.4 pack‐years). Eight matched nonsmokers served as controls. The quantitative blood cell flow and the diameter of capillary loops were determined prior (baseline), during, as well as 5 and 10 min after smoking. Results: Baseline value for blood cell flow was 55.50 ± 2.33 cells/min, and decreased over 45% during smoking (30.43 ± 3.76/min; P = 0.02). They were still 22% lower (43.33 ± 2.45/min; P = 0.01) 5 min after smoking and exceeded baseline values 10 min after smoking by 13% (63.00 ± 3.10/min; P > 0.05). The baseline values for capillary loop diameter (9.03 ± 0.22 μm) decreased by 21% (7.18 ± 0.28 μm; P = 0.03) during smoking, remained about 9% (8.23 ± 0.18 μm; P = 0.01) lower 5 min after smoking and exceeded baseline values insignificantly by 4% (9.38 ± 0.28 μm; P > 0.05) 10 min after smoking. There were no significant differences to the controls. Conclusion: Reflectance CLSM enables qualitative and quantitative observation of dynamic processes of cutaneous microcirculation on histomorphological level. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term variation of Eurasian pattern and its relation to winter weather over East Asia
Authors: Sung Mi‐Kyung , Lim Gyu‐Ho , Kwon Won‐Tae , Boo Kyung‐On , Kug Jong‐Seong
Published: December 2008

Winter surface air temperature in East Asia is negatively correlated with a wave pattern over the Eurasian continent, called the Eurasian pattern (EU). While previous studies have reported a correlation between the EU and East Asian winter temperature on a monthly mean time scale, this study focuses on the daily scale. To this end, a new definition of the EU index (EUw) was suggested, and daily lag composite maps were constructed with respect to positive and negative peaks of the daily EUw values. Three days after the peak, an apparent temperature fall/rise appears, accompanied by strong wind advection over East Asia. An analysis of the probabilities of cold and warm weather events also shows strong dependence on the EU phase. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Characteristics and variability of synoptic features associated with cool season rainfall in southeastern Australia
Authors: Risbey James S. , Pook Michael J. , McIntosh Peter C. , Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Meyers Gary
Published: December 2008

Cool season rainfall variability in southeastern Australia is investigated via classification and characterization of the predominant types of synoptic systems occurring in the region. These types are frontal systems, cut‐off low systems, and other systems. Rainfall in the region is dominated by cut‐off systems and these systems are the main influence on the interannual variability of rainfall. Both cut‐off systems and frontal systems display an enhancement of thermal (thickness) gradient as rainfall increases, but the mechanisms for intensification differ. Cut‐off systems intensify in the region in association with local increases in baroclinicity and the subtropical jet, whereas frontal systems tend to intensify via a confluence of subtropical and polar jets. Interannual rainfall variability is examined for groupings of years based on both clustering of continental rainfall patterns and on El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)/Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years. Cut‐off systems exhibit consistent enhancements of thermal gradients for groupings of years in which they produce more rainfall. For ENSO/IOD groupings, the cut‐off thermal gradients are consistent with the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Wet years in southeastern Australia are usually produced by cut‐off systems, but can also be produced by frontal systems. In those cases the mid‐tropospheric flow pattern is reminiscent of the negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM) pattern. The positive SAM pattern is also associated with enhanced rainfall in the southeast via local intensification of blocking and cut‐off systems. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Observed and modelled influence of atmospheric circulation on central England temperature extremes
Authors: Blenkinsop S. , Jones P. D. , Dorling S. R. , Osborn T. J.
Published: December 2008

The regional atmospheric circulation is a major driver of climate for western Europe and so the ability of climate models to accurately simulate its characteristics forms an important part of the rigorous testing of their performance. In this paper we examine the skills of seven regional climate models (RCMs) to reproduce mean daily temperatures for the central England region. Their ability to reproduce observed characteristics of the circulation is then tested using three airflow indices. This is achieved by comparing: (1) the frequency distribution of each index, (2) the relationships between the daily airflow indices and temperature, including daily extremes and (3) the ability of models to reproduce the observed persistence of specific flow regimes and the temperature response to this persistence.

It is demonstrated that RCM selection introduces uncertainty into temperature simulations and that there is no single model which outperforms the others. Although the models qualitatively reproduce the observed distributions of the airflow indices reasonably well, most models produce distributions that are statistically significantly different from the observations. In particular, all models overestimate the frequency of winter westerly flow, and biases in the relationships between circulation and temperature are also noted for extreme values of the airflow indices. The persistence of flow regimes is shown to have a significant effect on the observed temperature, though models have difficulty in reproducing the magnitude of the response to this persistence for some flow types.

The results presented here not only form a useful model validation exercise but also further highlight the need for the use of multi‐model ensembles in the generation of future climate scenarios. Furthermore, they suggest that the use of atmospheric circulation in statistical downscaling methods might be enhanced by the inclusion of persistence, particularly when producing scenarios of temperature extremes. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Ignition time measurements for methylcylcohexane‐ and ethylcyclohexane‐air mixtures at elevated pressures
Authors: Vanderover Jeremy , Oehlschlaeger Matthew A.
Published: December 2008

The ignition of methylcyclohexane (MCH)/air and ethylcyclohexane (ECH)/air mixtures has been studied in a shock tube at temperatures and pressures ranging from 881 to 1319 K and 10.8 to 69.5 atm, respectively, for equivalence ratios of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0. Endwall OH* emission and sidewall pressure measurements were used to determine ignition delay times. The influence of temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio on ignition has been characterized. Negative temperature coefficient behavior was observed for temperatures below 1000 K. These measurements greatly extend the database of kinetic targets for MCH and provide, to our knowledge, the first ignition measurements for ECH. The combination of the MCH measurements with previous shock tube and rapid compression machine measurements provides kinetic targets over a large temperature range, 680–1650 K, for the validation of kinetic mechanisms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 82–91, 2009
The chain‐breaking antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds with different numbers of O‐H groups as determined during the oxidation of styrene
Authors: Tikhonov Ivan , Roginsky Vitaly , Pliss Evgeny
Published: December 2008

The technique based on monitoring oxygen consumption was applied to test 18 polyphenols (PP) and model phenolics as a chain‐breaking antioxidant during the oxidation of styrene initiated by 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitril) at 37°C. The chain‐breaking capability of PP was characterized by two parameters: the rate constant k1 for the reaction of antioxidants with the peroxy radical produced from styrene and the stoichiometric coefficient of inhibition, f, which shows how many kinetic chains are terminated by one molecule of PP. Rate constants k1 × 105 (in M−1 s−1) were found to be 10 (catechol), 27 (pyrogallol), 34 (3,6‐di‐tert‐Bu‐catechol), 4.3 (protocatechic acid), 12 (gallic acid), 15 (caffeic acid), <0.01 (chrysin), 1.3 (kaempferol), 19 (quercetin), 5.3 (baicalein), 16 (epicatechin), 32 (epigallocatechin), 9.0 (dihydroquercetin), 3.3 (resveratrol), and 16 (nordihydroguaiaretic acid). The value of k1 increases when going from one to two and three adjacent O‐H groups in a benzene ring (catechol and pyrogallol derivatives, respectively). At the same time, two O‐H groups in metaposition in a A‐ring of flavonoids actually do not participate in the inhibition. For the majority of PP, f is near to 2 independent of the number of OH groups. The correlation of k1 with the structure of PP and the OH bond dissociation enthalpy has been discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 92–100, 2009