bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rôle et évolution de l'hygiène scolaire dans l'enseignement secondaire de 1800 à 1910
Authors: Tschirhart Annie
Published: April 2010

Cet article a pour l’objectif d’identifier les caractéristiques de l’hygiène scolaire et sa spécificité au regard de l’hygiène publique. Ainsi l’étude des textes officiels, des traités hygiénistes, des enquêtes et des articles (revues spécialisées et congrès) met en évidence les liens entre les deux types d’hygiène influencés tous deux par la médecine et plus globalement les sciences. Mais les résistances sont fortes et si, de 1827 à 1870, les préoccupations hygiénistes, qui ont pour objectif la santé physique, intellectuelle et morale des élèves, s’accentuent progressivement au sein de l’enseignement secondaire public, c’est sans grande réalisation concrète, faute de moyen et de volonté. En revanche, c’est avec la Troisième République et jusqu’en 1913, que l’hygiène scolaire prend son essor grâce à l’instruction primaire qui devient son champ d’investigation et d’expérimentation afin de maintenir la République et de former une nouvelle classe de citoyens.
Petite histoire de l'enseignement mutuel : l'exemple du département de la Somme
Authors: Poucet Bruno
Published: April 2010

Cet article est une mise en perspective his-torique : il s’agit de rappeler ce qu’a été la méthode de l’enseignement mutuel pour mieux comprendre en quoi aujourd’hui ceux qui peuvent s’en réclamer s’en distinguent et s’en inspirent. L’exemple du département de la Somme est pertinent parce que la méthode a été tôt expérimentée, a servi de modèle et a perduré bien après la loi Guizot. On présente ainsi les pratiques pédagogiques des moniteurs et la discipline pratiquée, les résultats obtenus, les limites de la méthode et les problèmes rencontrés.
Le professeur d'éducation physique et sportive : un enseignant comme les autres ?
Authors: Bret Dominique
Published: April 2010

Les PLC2 EPS ressemblent-ils plus que leurs aînés aux enseignants des autres disciplines ? Par quels traits s’en rapprochent-ils ? Quelles caractéristiques les distinguent ? Sont-ils « comme les autres » versus « différents » par les trajectoires, modes d’accès à l’enseignement, dans les manières de professer ? Ils sont venus au métier par goût pour les pratiques physiques ce qui les marque collectivement. Ils sont issus de milieux plutôt favorisés à faible habitus universitaire. Ils ont effectué un parcours direct qu’ils jugent inachevé. Ils projettent de s’investir fortement dans l’établissement en EPS et hors EPS sans exclure de s’engager en club sportif. Leur premier vécu professionnel est, à bien des égards, similaire à leurs condisciples, révélant un nouveau métier d’enseignant : vision floue de l’établissement, de ses membres ; plaisir à enseigner, à évoluer, .... Sur certains points, ils restent imprégnés de l’histoire de la discipline : une identité scolaire à faire valoir.
Multi appartenance et éducation à la citoyenneté dans un conseil à l'école primaire
Authors: Froment Mireille
Published: April 2010

L e Conseil initiant au débat, lequel apparaît aux yeux de beaucoup comme l’emblème des sociétés démocratiques, contribuerait au développement de l’esprit civique et préparerait à la vie sociale. Cet article s’intéresse à la (nécessaire) construction du lien entre éducation à la citoyenneté et pratiques langagières, dans les Conseils. Il présente brièvement les conditions dans lesquelles la question de la citoyenneté se pose actuellement en milieu scolaire et met l’accent sur les effets de l’appartenance de chacun à divers groupes sociaux. A partir de l’analyse des échanges dans une séance représentative des Conseils, deux grands points sont discutés. Le premier souligne que les relations interpersonnelles, les façons d’être, de dire et de faire ne sont pas dépendantes du seul langage, mais engagent également l’affect, l’action et la pratique. Le second discute des limites du pouvoir du débat. L’observation des échanges dans la séance, portant sur les différends entre enfants et l’élaboration des points de vue, rendent manifestes les divergences entre les participants. Ce qui permet de suggérer que tous les conflits ne peuvent se résoudre par la parole, et que la mise en mots peut être porteuse d’arbitraire, de violence même... alors que l’on parle pour chercher un consensus.
Le débat, outil didactique pour le développement du jugement moral et la didactique professionnelle
Authors: Numa-Bocage Line
Published: April 2010

C et article présente une étude d’un moment du développement du jugement moral à travers une situation didactique de débat scolaire en classe de CP. Cette étude se situe dans le cadre d’un accompagnement d’une démarche innovante de mise en œuvre du débat à partir de dilemmes à l’école primaire, à l’initiative des enseignantes. Le temps de débat est un moment scolaire nouvellement institué à l’école élémentaire. La mise en œuvre et la réalisation concrète du débat posent de nombreux problèmes aux enseignants. Cette étude empirique et l’analyse de contenu des dilemmes et des remarques tirées des autoconfrontations permettent d’étudier des éléments de la transposition didactique dans le cas de savoir-être et de valeurs relevant de pratiques sociales ainsi que la médiation didactique mise en œuvre dans ces situations. Nous avons ainsi identifé des concepts pragmatiques utilisés par l’enseignante suivie pour aider les élèves dans leur conceptualisation de la morale, dans leur développement d’une attitude coopérative et dans la maîtrise de leur violence naturelle. L’utilisation didactique du débat à l’école primaire peut s’envisager en didactique professionnelle de l’enseignant.
Gouvernance : l'université chilienne comme référence ?
Authors: Rich Joël , Nunez Carmen
Published: April 2010

L a recherche entreprise dans une perspective comparatiste tend à mettre en évidence des logiques de gouvernance entre des universités placées dans des contextes sociohistoriques et socioéconomiques différents. Ce travail fait suite à un premier travail d’observation des publicités réalisées en contexte libéral, pour les universités de Santiago du Chili. A partir des universités sélectionnées au Salon de l’étudiant de Paris, les auteurs complètent leur première observation par une comparaison des sites web des universités chiliennes et françaises. Ce travail débouche sur une réfexion à propos des enjeux que présupposent les transformations à venir pour l’université française.
Le médiateur de l'information de France 2 : une « mise en places » de la médiation
Authors: Noyer Jacques
Published: April 2010

France 2 a mis en place, en 1998, un médiateur de l'information chargé d?assurer, à propos de l'offre informative de la chaîne publique, des formes diverses de régulation entre la rédaction et le public. Cet article a pour objectif d?analyser comment, dans l'émission hebdomadaire (« L?Hebdo du médiateur») qui constitue la face publique de cette médiation, la relation est construite entre les différents acteurs de celle-ci. Il met plus particulièrement l'accent sur le rôle du médiateur et les différentes places occupées par celui-ci dans l'interaction, en pointant ce qui, dans le discours du médiateur, est révélateur de rôles effectifs assurés.
Le “scandale” du bilinguisme
Authors: Gadet Françoise , Varro Gabrielle
Published: April 2010

Ce texte constitue une présentation de l’ensemble du numéro, montrant comment les différents articles qui le composent s’inscrivent dans des questionnements généraux sur le bilinguisme. Il revient sur une série de définitions reçues, souvent en opposition, qui courent le risque de dichotomiser les cas de bilinguisme, alors que ceux-ci sont d’une extrême diversité. Sont ainsi interrogés l’objet même “bilinguisme”, les possibilités de typologie (selon différents modes), et le lien à des questions comme les identités ou les transmissions inter-générationnelles. Les contacts de langues, considérés sous un angle d’écologie des langues, touchent à des questions théoriques en sciences du langage comme en sciences sociales ou en philosophie, notamment la problématique du “Un” qui semble avoir grevé toute reconnaissance du multiple. Cette notion permet d’éclairer pourquoi, malgré tout le savoir accumulé qui montre le bilinguisme comme un phénomène fort bien partagé à travers le monde, le bilingue continue à apparaître à ce point exceptionnel, pour les locuteurs comme souvent pour les chercheurs.
Du bilinguisme à la bilittéracie Comparaison entre élèves bilingues turc-français et élèves monolingues français
Authors: Akinci Mehmet-Ali
Published: April 2010

L’étude porte sur l’analyse de l’évolution des productions écrites des jeunes bilingues turc-français en France et la compare à celle des monolingues français. À travers cette comparaison, l’objectif est de comprendre comment les élèves bilingues et monolingues de différents âges (par rapport aux adultes) construisent des textes narratifs et expositifs écrits. Pour ce faire, nous nous servons des connecteurs comme outil de cohésion syntaxique dans les textes. Les résultats montrent que le développement des compétences textuelles suit la même trajectoire chez les bilingues et les monolingues, puisque l’ensemble des résultats, quels que soient l’âge et le type de texte, sont très proches. Au terme de cette étude, nous affirmons que les craintes de certains parents, concernant la notion que les enfants d’immigrés présenteraient des compétences langagières moindres du fait de la présence d’une langue autre que le français au foyer en comparaison avec des enfants monolingues, sont sans fondement.
Emeritus Professor Warren Ranjithan Breckenridge 1938 – 2009
Authors: Editor The
Published: April 2010

DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v38i2.1863 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 38 (2): 95, 2009
Audio-Only Telehealth Use Among Traditional Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Yu Jiani , Civelek Yasin , Casalino Lawrence P. , Jung Hye-Young , Zhang Manyao , Pierre Reekarl , Khullar Dhruv
Published: May 2024

This cross-sectional study analyzes how use of audio-only telehealth services by Medicare beneficiaries changed from 2020 to 2022 and assesses which patients would be most affected by policy reforms.
Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ye Zipeng , Chen Huiang , Qiao Yi , Wu Chenliang , Cho Eunshinae , Wu Xiulin , Li Ziyun , Wu Jinlong , Lu Simin , Xie Guoming , Dong Shikui , Xu Junjie , Zhao Jinzhong
Published: May 2024

Importance

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been considered a promising treatment for musculoskeletal disorders. The effects of PRP on clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are controversial.

Objective

To compare subjective outcomes and graft maturity in patients undergoing ACLR with and without postoperative intra-articular PRP injection.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This surgeon- and investigator-masked randomized clinical trial included patients treated at a national medical center in China who were aged 16 to 45 years and scheduled to undergo ACLR. Participants were enrolled between March 21, 2021, and August 18, 2022, and followed up for 12 months, with the last participant completing follow-up on August 28, 2023.

Interventions

Participants were randomized 1:1 to the PRP group (n = 60), which received 3 doses of postoperative intra-articular PRP injection at monthly intervals, or to the control group (n = 60), which did not receive postoperative PRP injection. Both groups had the same follow-up schedule.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the mean score for 4 subscales of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS4) (range, 0-100, with higher scores indicating better knee function and fewer symptoms) at 12 months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes, graft maturity (on magnetic resonance imaging), and physical examinations at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

Among the 120 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 29.0 [8.0] years; 84 males [70%]), 114 (95%) were available for the primary outcome analysis. The mean KOOS4 scores at 12 months were 78.3 (SD, 12.0; 95% CI, 75.2-81.4) in the PRP group and 76.8 (SD, 11.9; 95% CI, 73.7-79.9) in the control group (adjusted mean between-group difference, 2.0; 95% CI, −2.3 to 6.3; P = .36). Secondary outcomes were not statistically significantly different between the 2 groups except for sports and recreation level and graft maturity at 6 months. Intervention-related adverse events included pain at the injection site and knee swelling after injection.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial among patients undergoing ACLR, the addition of postoperative intra-articular PRP injection did not result in superior improvement of knee symptoms and function at 12 months compared with no postoperative injection. Further studies are required to determine appropriate indications for PRP in musculoskeletal disorders.

Trial Registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2000040262
US County-Level Variation in Availability and Prevalence of Black Physicians in 1906
Authors: Chrisinger Benjamin W.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Black physicians are substantially underrepresented in the US health care workforce, with detrimental effects on the health and health care experiences of Black individuals. These contemporary gaps can be traced to the early days of the medical profession using the first edition of the American Medical Directory (AMD).

Objective

To identify state- and county-level patterns related to the training and availability of Black physicians relative to their White counterparts in the 1906 AMD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this cross-sectional study, data for 41 828 physician entries in 18 US states in or adjacent to the South as well as the District of Columbia were extracted from the 1906 AMD and aggregated to 1570 counties. Data analysis was performed between September 2023 and January 2024.

Exposures

County-level exposure variables included population density, racial composition, and illiteracy rate among US-born White residents as well as an index of terrain ruggedness and the number of lynchings in the previous decade. Median values of physicians’ distance from place of practice to place of medical training (by race of physician) were also used as an exposure variable.

Main Outcomes and Measures

There were 4 county-level outcomes: (1) presence of any Black physician, (2) proportion of Black physicians per Black population, (3) proportion of White physicians per White population, and (4) community representativeness (reported as the community representativeness ratio). The cross-sectional analysis used generalized additive mixed models with state-level random effects.

Results

Across 1570 counties, Black physicians comprised 746 (1.8%) of the 41 828 physicians in the dataset. Black physicians tended to train further from their place of practice than their White counterparts. The proportion of Black physicians per 1000 Black residents was 0.08 compared with 1.62 for White physicians; these proportions varied substantially by state. At the county level, the presence of any Black physician was associated with percentage Black population (odds ratio [OR], 28.94 [95% CI, 9.77 to 85.76];P ≤ .001), population density (OR, 2.63 [95% CI, 2.03 to 3.40];P ≤ .001), and distance to the nearest Black medical school (OR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.42 to 0.92];P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

A variety of structural disadvantages are illustrated in this cross-sectional study of county-level sociodemographic and geographic characteristics associated with the prevalence of Black physicians in the earliest days of the profession. To demonstrate its broader utility for health disparities research, the dataset has been made publicly available with a visualization platform.
Risk Assessment Models for Venous Thromboembolism in Medical Inpatients
Authors: Häfliger Emmanuel , Kopp Basil , Darbellay Farhoumand Pauline , Choffat Damien , Rossel Jean-Benoît , Reny Jean-Luc , Aujesky Drahomir , Méan Marie , Baumgartner Christine
Published: May 2024

Importance

Thromboprophylaxis is recommended for medical inpatients at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Risk assessment models (RAMs) have been developed to stratify VTE risk, but a prospective head-to-head comparison of validated RAMs is lacking.

Objectives

To prospectively validate an easy-to-use RAM, the simplified Geneva score, and compare its prognostic performance with previously validated RAMs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study was conducted from June 18, 2020, to January 4, 2022, with a 90-day follow-up. A total of 4205 consecutive adults admitted to the general internal medicine departments of 3 Swiss university hospitals for hospitalization for more than 24 hours due to acute illness were screened for eligibility; 1352 without therapeutic anticoagulation were included.

Exposures

At admission, items of 4 RAMs (ie, the simplified and original Geneva score, the Padua score, and the IMPROVE [International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism] score) were collected. Patients were stratified into high and low VTE risk groups according to each RAM.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Symptomatic VTE within 90 days.

Results

Of 1352 medical inpatients (median age, 67 years [IQR, 54-77 years]; 762 men [55.4%]), 28 (2.1%) experienced VTE. Based on the simplified Geneva score, 854 patients (63.2%) were classified as high risk, with a 90-day VTE risk of 2.6% (n = 22; 95% CI, 1.7%-3.9%), and 498 patients (36.8%) were classified as low risk, with a 90-day VTE risk of 1.2% (n = 6; 95% CI, 0.6%-2.6%). Sensitivity of the simplified Geneva score was 78.6% (95% CI, 60.5%-89.8%) and specificity was 37.2% (95% CI, 34.6%-39.8%); the positive likelihood ratio of the simplified Geneva score was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.03-1.52) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.28-1.18). In head-to-head comparisons, sensitivity was highest for the original Geneva score (82.1%; 95% CI, 64.4%-92.1%), while specificity was highest for the IMPROVE score (70.4%; 95% CI, 67.9%-72.8%). After adjusting the VTE risk for thromboprophylaxis use and site, there was no significant difference between the high-risk and low-risk groups based on the simplified Geneva score (subhazard ratio, 2.04 [95% CI, 0.83-5.05]; P = .12) and other RAMs. Discriminative performance was poor for all RAMs, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 53.8% (95% CI, 51.1%-56.5%) for the original Geneva score to 58.1% (95% CI, 55.4%-60.7%) for the simplified Geneva score.

Conclusions and Relevance

This head-to-head comparison of validated RAMs found suboptimal accuracy and prognostic performance of the simplified Geneva score and other RAMs to predict hospital-acquired VTE in medical inpatients. Clinical usefulness of existing RAMs is questionable, highlighting the need for more accurate VTE prediction strategies.
APA theme for annual meeting and current journal: Addiction
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

Last week's annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) featured much more than the usual addiction‐focused programming, which has been growing year by year. It was, under the direction of outgoing president Petros Levounis, M.D., himself an addiction psychiatrist, based on addiction. So is the current issue of the APA's flagship journal, the American Journal of Psychiatry, which featured three major articles on addiction. Two were presented last week; one, a commentary by Keith Humphreys, Ph.D., and colleagues, focused on the barriers to Medicaid reimbursement for treatment, mainly erected by a few states (ADAW will cover that in depth next week).
Comments on White House idea of rescheduling marijuana
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

Last week the Biden administration announced plans to reschedule (remove from illegal status) marijuana. The suggestion is to move marijuana from Schedule I (banned) to Schedule III. ADAW asked several key addiction groups for their response.
NIDA starts new study, at infancy, complementary to ABCD
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has a new study underway, designed to look at how environmental exposures, especially to opioids and other drugs, affect infant and child brain development. The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study recruits pregnant women to study their infants from birth. NIDA is conducting this study as part of the multi‐agency Helping to End Addiction Long‐term (HEAL) Initiative of the National Institutes of Health (see ADAW https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.32345).
Getting ready for AATOD: If you want to learn, go to Las Vegas
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

This week the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) holds its conference in Las Vegas, at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino. The meeting theme is “Treating Opioid Use Disorder: So much more than medication.” That is very timely, considering that there is a move to make treatment with methadone, what opioid treatment programs are allowed to prescribe and dispense, medication‐only by office‐based physicians. This move is codified in proposed legislation. As we have pointed out many times, only rarely in this country has methadone been prescribed for OUD outside of an OTP, and when it is, only highly qualified methadone‐experienced physicians have been allowed to do it. We will be at AATOD looking at how the organization and its members are working to improve treatment for patients.
Stable Photo‐Rechargeable Al Battery for Enhancing Energy Utilization
Authors: Chen Li‐Li , Bu Xudong , Song Wei‐Li , Chen Hao‐Sen , Wang Wei , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: May 2024

Photovoltaic cells (PVs) are able to convert solar energy to electric energy, while energy storage devices are required to be equipped due to the fluctuations of sunlight. However, the electrical connection of PVs and energy storage devices leads to increased energy consumption, and thus energy storage ability and utilization efficiency are decreased. One of the solutions is to explore an integrated photoelectrochemical energy conversion‐storage device. Up to date, the integrated photo‐rechargeable Li‐ion batteries often suffer from unstable photo‐active materials and flammable electrolytes under illumination, with concerns in safety risks and limited lifetime. To address the critical issues, here a novel photo‐rechargeable aluminum battery (PRAB) is designed with safe ionic liquid electrolytes and stable polyaniline photo‐electrodes. The integrated PRAB presents stable operation with an enhanced reversible specific capacity ≈191% under illumination. Meanwhile, a simplified continuum model is established to provide rational guidance for designing electrode structures along with a charging/discharging strategy to meet the practical operation conditions. The as‐designed PRAB presents an energy‐saving efficiency ≈61.92% upon charging and an energy output increment ≈31.25% during discharging under illumination. The strategy of designing and fabricating stable and safe photo‐rechargeable non‐aqueous Al batteries highlights the pathway for substantially promoting the utilization efficiency of solar energy.
Crystalline Silicon Photocathode with Tapered Microwire Arrays Achieving a High Current Density of 41.7 mA cm⁻2
Authors: Jin Wonjoo , Lee Youri , Shin Changhwan , Park Jeonghwan , Jang Ji‐Wook , Seo Kwanyong
Published: May 2024

To design a high‐efficiency crystalline silicon (c‐Si) photocathode, the photovoltage and photocurrent generated by the device must be maximized because these factors directly affect the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, a c‐Si p–n junction is used to enhance the photovoltage of the c‐Si photocathode, and a tapered microwire array structure is introduced to increase the photocurrent. When tapered microwire arrays are employed on the front surface of the c‐Si photocathode, a current density of ≈41.7 mA cm−2 is achieved at 0 VRHE (reversible hydrogen electrode); this current density is the highest among all reported photocathodes including c‐Si, approaching the theoretical maximum value for c‐Si. Furthermore, a Ni foil/Pt catalyst is introduced on the opposite side of the incident light, simultaneously serving as an electrocatalyst to reduce side reactions in the HER and encapsulation layer to prevent c‐Si from contacting the electrolyte. Thus, a stable device is developed using c‐Si photoelectrochemical cells that have an efficiency exceeding 97% for >1000 h.
Broadband Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Limiting at a Porphyrin‐Based 2D Polymer
Authors: Liu Fang , Guan Zihao , Wei Zhiyuan , Fu Lulu , Zhao Yang , Chen Lu , Shan Naying , Huang Zhipeng , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: May 2024

Ultrafast lasers have significantly contributed to the advancement of research and technology; however, high‐intensity lasers bring potential risks to precision instruments and the human eye. Developing optical limiting (OL) devices capable of reasonably controlling laser energy to an acceptable energy level is imperative. Nevertheless, achieving both exceptional OL performance and broad‐spectrum laser intensity tunability proves highly challenging. In this work, the synthesis of a porphyrin‐based 2D polymer (Por‐2DP) using a template‐assisted self‐coupling polymerization, constructing a 2D framework through the carbon‐carbon single bond coupling of porphyrin monomer is presented. The resultant Por‐2DP demonstrates remarkable broadband nonlinear absorption performance, spanning the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions under an ultrafast pulse laser (35 fs) for the first time. OL thresholds at excitation wavelengths of 515, 800, and 1550 nm are determined to be 1.44, 0.48, and 0.54 mJ cm−2, respectively, surpassing reported 2D materials to date. Additionally, the Por‐2DP exhibits prominent photostability, enabling sustained operation under intense light conditions for a long time, thereby enhancing OL practical applicability. This study not only introduces a novel OL material and device but also promotes the application of innovative 2D organic polymers in NLO field.
Ultrasensitive Piezochromic Molecular Crystals: Mechanical Pressure‐Induced Controlled Regulation of TADF and RTP
Authors: Pattanayak Pradip , Modak Niladri , Guchhait Shyamal , Ghosh Nirmalya , Purkayastha Pradipta
Published: May 2024

Considering that regulation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is necessary for a fluorophore to survive and properly show its characteristic features, it is successfully shown herein that a carefully designed novel pyrene derivative can exhibit remarkable aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) overcoming the characteristic fast excitonic decay of pyrene compounds. Moreover, it is established that J‐aggregation in the red‐emitting molecular crystals of the compound reduces the singlet‐triplet energy gap (∆EST), allowing TADF with a very high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 72%. Whereas, anisotropic grinding of the same crystals generates well‐defined microcrystals that show RTP as the nature of aggregation changes. Impressively, under isotropic hydrostatic pressure, the crystals show near‐infra‐red (NIR) emission with a very high piezochromic luminescence sensitivity of 46.2 nm GPa−1. The results have established that formation of stable H‐aggregates in the microcrystals is responsible for the ultra‐long RTP. A highly sophisticated full‐spectrum Mueller‐matrix analysis is used for the first time in such systems to demonstrate the details of the effect of perturbation (pressure) on molecular conformation.
Enhancing Fast RISC in Hot‐Exciton Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter Through Fused Ring Modification: A Theoretical Insights
Authors: Nathiya Singaravel
Published: May 2024

Recent progress has shown promising advancements in enhancing the Reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process between high‐energy triplet states (Tn, n ≥ 1) and radiative singlet states (Sm) through the utilization of the classic D‐A‐D' strategy. In this study, 12 molecules employing phenyl carbazole and a peripheral phenanthroimidazole as the donors and fused cores as acceptors are theoretically designed. Additionally, electron‐withdrawing groups such as fluorine and cyano, as well as electron‐donating group like methoxy, are incorporated into anthracene, napthaoxadiazole, and napthothiadiazole derivatives, acting as fused core components. Theoretical analyses reveal that among the molecules examined, eight adhere to the three golden principle rules, demonstrating a large energy gap between S1‐T1, the minimal ΔES1‐T2, and large T2‐T1. Additionally, these molecules exhibit significant Spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) and maintain a strong Hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) character, facilitating the fast hRISC from T2 to S1. The auxiliary inclusion of heteroatoms, such as oxygen and sulfur, on the anthracene core, aligns with the prerequisite strategy, ultimately reinforcing the SOC. Furthermore, replacing the methoxy group on the Nz bridge significantly enhances the SOC, resulting in a substantial increase in the hRISC rate (10 +08 s−1). Overall, the findings substantially elevate the photophysical attributes of the designed molecules through the utilization of the hRISC channel.
Generating Multi‐Depth 3D Holograms Using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Yan Xingpeng , Liu Xinlei , Li Jiaqi , Zhang Yanan , Chang Hebin , Jing Tao , Hu Hairong , Qu Qiang , Wang Xi , Jiang Xiaoyu
Published: May 2024

Efficiently generating 3D holograms is one of the most challenging research topics in the field of holography. This work introduces a method for generating multi‐depth phase‐only holograms using a fully convolutional neural network (FCN). The method primarily involves a forward–backward‐diffraction framework to compute multi‐depth diffraction fields, along with a layer‐by‐layer replacement method (L2RM) to handle occlusion relationships. The diffraction fields computed by the former are fed into the carefully designed FCN, which leverages its powerful non‐linear fitting capability to generate multi‐depth holograms of 3D scenes. The latter can smooth the boundaries of different layers in scene reconstruction by complementing information of occluded objects, thus enhancing the reconstruction quality of holograms. The proposed method can generate a multi‐depth 3D hologram with a PSNR of 31.8 dB in just 90 ms for a resolution of 2160 × 3840 on the NVIDIA Tesla A100 40G tensor core GPU. Additionally, numerical and experimental results indicate that the generated holograms accurately reconstruct clear 3D scenes with correct occlusion relationships and provide excellent depth focusing.
Supramolecular Nanofibers Ameliorate Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Restoring Autophagy
Authors: Zheng Debin , Guo Jiasen , Liang Ziyi , Jin Yueyue , Ding Yinghao , Liu Jingfei , Qi Chao , Shi Kaiwen , Xie Limin , Zhu Meiqi , Wang Ling , Hu Zhiwen , Yang Zhimou , Liu Qian , Li Xiaoxue , Ning Wen , Gao Jie
Published: May 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal interstitial lung disease, with limited therapeutic options available. Impaired autophagy resulting from aberrant TRB3/p62 protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) contributes to the progression of IPF. Restoration of autophagy by modulating the TRB3/p62 PPIs has rarely been reported for the treatment of IPF. Herein, peptide nanofibers are developed that specifically bind to TRB3 protein and explored their potential as a therapeutic approach for IPF. By conjugating with the self‐assembling fragment (Ac‐GFFY), a TRB3‐binding peptide motif A2 allows for the formation of nanofibers with a stable α‐helix secondary structure. The resulting peptide (Ac‐GFFY‐A2) nanofibers exhibit specific high‐affinity binding to TRB3 protein in saline buffer and better capacity of cellular uptake to A2 peptide. Furthermore, the TRB3‐targeting peptide nanofibers efficiently interfere with the aberrant TRB3/p62 PPIs in activated fibroblasts and fibrotic lung tissue of mice, thereby restoring autophagy dysfunction. The TRB3‐targeting peptide nanofibers inhibit myofibroblast differentiation, collagen production, and fibroblast migration in vitro is demonstrated, as well as bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. This study provides a supramolecular method to modulate PPIs and highlights a promising strategy for treating IPF diseases by restoring autophagy.
A Tumor Environment‐Activated Photosensitized Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Precise Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer
Authors: Xiong Mengmeng , Zhang Ying , Zhang Huan , Shao Qiaoqiao , Hu Qifan , Ma Junjie , Wan Yiqun , Guo Lan , Wan Xin , Sun Haitao , Yuan Zhongyi , Wan Hao
Published: May 2024

Aggressive nature of colon cancer and current imprecise therapeutic scenarios simulate the development of precise and effective treatment strategies. To achieve this, a tumor environment‐activated photosensitized biomimetic nanoplatform (PEG2000‐SiNcTI‐Ph/CpG‐ZIF‐8@CM) is fabricated by encapsulating metal‐organic framework loaded with developed photosensitizer PEG2000‐SiNcTI‐Ph and immunoadjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide within fusion cell membrane expressing programmed death protein 1 (PD‐1) and cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47). By stumbling across, systematic evaluation, and deciphering with quantum chemical calculations, a unique attribute of tumor environment (low pH plus high concentrations of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP))‐activated photodynamic effect sensitized by long‐wavelength photons is validated for PEG2000‐SiNcTI‐Ph/CpG‐ZIF‐8@CM, advancing the precision of cancer therapy. Moreover, PEG2000‐SiNcTI‐Ph/CpG‐ZIF‐8@CM evades immune surveillance to target CT26 colon tumors in mice mediated by CD47/signal regulatory proteins α (SIRPα) interaction and PD‐1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) interaction, respectively. Tumor environment‐activated photodynamic therapy realized by PEG2000‐SiNcTI‐Ph/CpG‐ZIF‐8@CM induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) to elicit anti‐tumor immune response, which is empowered by enhanced dendritic cells (DC) uptake of CpG and PD‐L1 blockade contributed by the nanoplatform. The photodynamic immunotherapy efficiently combats primary and distant CT26 tumors, and additionally generates immune memory to inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis. The nanoplatform developed here provides insights for the development of precise cancer therapeutic strategies.
Atom‐Modified gDNA Enhances Cleavage Activity of TtAgo Enabling Ultra‐Sensitive Nucleic Acid Testing
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Miaomiao , Jiang Huan , Sun Huifang , Ren Jianing , Yang Xin , Liu Shanshan , Wang Dongsheng , Huang Zhen , Liu Jianping , Ma Daiyuan , Guo Xiaolan , Luo Guangcheng
Published: May 2024

The DNA‐guided (gDNA) Argonaute from Thermus thermophilus (TtAgo) has little potential for nucleic acid detection and gene editing due to its poor dsDNA cleavage activity at relatively low temperature. Herein, the dsDNA cleavage activity of TtAgo is enhanced by using 2′‐fluorine (2′F)‐modified gDNA and developes a novel nucleic acid testing strategy. This study finds that the gDNA with 2′F‐nucleotides at the 3′‐end (2′F‐gDNA) can promote the assembly of the TtAgo‐guide‐target ternary complex significantly by increasing its intermolecular force to target DNA and TtAgo, thereby providing ≈40‐fold activity enhancement and decreasing minimum reaction temperature from 65 to 60 °C. Based on this outstanding advance, a novel nucleic acid testing strategy is proposed, termed FAST, which is performed by using the 2′F‐gDNA/TtAgo for target recognition and combining it with Bst DNA polymerase for nucleic acid amplification. By integrating G‐quadruplex and Thioflavin T, the FAST assay achieves one‐pot real‐time fluorescence analysis with ultra‐sensitivity, providing a limit of detection up to 5 copies (20 µL reaction mixture) for miR‐21 detection. In summary, an atom‐modification‐based strategy has been developed for enhancing the cleavage activity of TtAgo efficiently, thereby improving its practicability and establishing a TtAgo‐based nucleic acid testing technology with ultra‐sensitivity and high‐specificity.
Intraspecific divergence in a coastal plant, Euphorbia jolkinii, at a major biogeographic boundary in East Asia
Authors: Iwata Hiroyuki , Ito Takuro , Park Jong‐Soo , Kokubugata Goro , Kakezawa Akihiro , Kurosawa Takahide , Nishimura Akihiro , Noda Hiroshi , Takayama Koji
Published: May 2024

Premise

Quaternary climatic fluctuations and long‐distance seed dispersal across the sea are critical factors affecting the distribution of coastal plants, but the spatiotemporal nature of population expansion and distribution change of East Asian coastal plants during this period are rarely examined. To explore this process, we investigated the genome‐wide phylogenetic patterns of Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae), which grows widely on littoral areas of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

Methods

We used plastome sequences and genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in samples across the species range to reveal phylogeographic patterns and spatiotemporal distributional changes. We conducted ecological niche modeling for the present and the last glacial maximum (LGM).

Results

Genetic differentiation was observed between the northern and southern populations of E. jolkinii, separated by the major biogeographic boundary, the Tokara Gap. These two groups of populations differentiated during the glacial period and subsequently intermingled in the intermorainic areas of the central Ryukyu Islands after the LGM. Ecological niche models suggested that the potential range of E. jolkinii was restricted to southern Kyushu; however, it was widespread in the southern Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan during the LGM.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence of genetic differentiation among coastal plant populations separated by the prominent biogeographical boundary. Although coastal plants are typically expected to maintain population connectivity through sea‐drifted seed dispersal, our findings suggest that genetic differences may arise because of a combination of limited gene flow and changes in climate during the glacial period.
Design, Preparation, and Implementation of Axially Chiral Benzotetramisoles as Lewis Base Catalysts for Asymmetric Cycloadditions
Authors: Lin Zitong , Yu Ying , Liu Rixin , Zi Weiwei
Published: May 2024

Developing novel catalysts with potent activity is of great importance in organocatalysis. In this study, we designed and prepared a new class of benzotetramisole Lewis base catalysts (AxBTM) that have both central and axial chirality. This unique feature of these catalysts results in a three‐dimensional microenvironment with multi‐layers of chirality. The performance of the developed catalysts was tested in a series of cycloaddition reactions. These included the AxBTM‐catalyzed (2+2) cycloaddition between α‐fluoro‐α‐aryl anhydride with imines or oxindoles, and the sequential gold/AxBTM‐catalyzed (4+2) cycloaddition of enynamides with pentafluorophenyl esters. The interplay between axial and central chirality had a collaborative effect in regulating the stereochemistry in these cycloadditions, leading to high levels of stereoselectivity that would otherwise be challenging to achieve using conventional BTM catalysts. However, the (2+2) and (4+2) cycloadditions have different predilections for axial and central chirality combinations.
Omegasomes control formation, expansion, and closure of autophagosomes
Authors: Nähse Viola , Stenmark Harald , Schink Kay O.
Published: May 2024

Autophagy, an essential cellular process for maintaining cellular homeostasis and eliminating harmful cytoplasmic objects, involves the de novo formation of double‐membraned autophagosomes that engulf and degrade cellular debris, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and pathogens. Central to this process is the phagophore, which forms from donor membranes rich in lipids synthesized at various cellular sites, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has emerged as a primary source. The ER‐associated omegasomes, characterized by their distinctive omega‐shaped structure and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate (PI3P), play a pivotal role in autophagosome formation. Omegasomes are thought to serve as platforms for phagophore assembly by recruiting essential proteins such as DFCP1/ZFYVE1 and facilitating lipid transfer to expand the phagophore. Despite the critical importance of phagophore biogenesis, many aspects remain poorly understood, particularly the complete range of proteins involved in omegasome dynamics, and the detailed mechanisms of lipid transfer and membrane contact site formation.
Combinatorial entropy determines the early stages of nucleation
Authors: Koo Da‐Hyun , Park Ho Jun , Choi Jeong‐Mo
Published: May 2024

Biomolecular phase separation, a complex phenomenon within living systems, has garnered significant interest due to its diverse roles in cellular organization and function. Despite its importance, studying phase separation dynamics experimentally, particularly in the early stages, poses challenges. Our study investigates the dynamics of biomolecular phase separation using a graph‐based simulation module, particularly emphasizing its early stages. Through a simplified model, we dissect the influences of various factors on collective behavior, highlighting the crucial role of combinatorial entropy in percolation dynamics. This study offers valuable insights into the fundamental principles governing biomolecular phase separation, with implications for understanding cellular processes and disease mechanisms.
NOE analysis using dual injection DNP‐NMR for studies of solvent–solute interactions at low concentrations
Authors: Kim Jihyun
Published: May 2024

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) offers significant signal enhancement compared to conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in measuring the nuclear Overhauser effect. Owing to this enhancement, DNP enables the quantitative analysis of solvent–solute interactions, which are typically challenging to assess using standard NMR techniques. However, current experimental setups generally require the use of samples with relatively high solute concentrations because of large dilution factors. This limits the studies on solvent–solute interactions for bio‐related molecules, particularly those with low solubility. In such cases, the concentration of solute post‐dilution often falls below the detection limits. Herein, we introduce a novel dual injection system designed to considerably increase the dilution factor, thereby enabling the use of samples with lower solute concentrations while maintaining detectable signal levels. The effectiveness of this system was demonstrated in experiments using trifluoroacetic acid at concentrations 50 times lower than those used in the conventional method.
Development and validation of HPLC‐ultraviolet method for quantitative determination of pritelivir in human placental perfusion medium
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Patrikeeva Svetlana , Nanovskaya Tatiana , Bryant Valentina
Published: May 2024

A simple and reliable HPLC‐ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV) method was developed and validated for the quantification of pritelivir in the samples of medium from the experiments utilizing the ex vivo technique of dual perfusion of the human placental lobule. Phenacetin was used as an internal standard (IS) in our HPLC‐UV method. Chromatographic separation of pritelivir and phenacetin was achieved on a Waters Symmetry C18 HPLC column (100 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) at ambient temperature (22–25°C). The mobile phase was composed of 50% methanol in deionized water (v/v), the flow rate for isocratic elution was established at 0.25 mL/min, and the detection wavelength for pritelivir and IS was set at 254 nm. Pritelivir and IS were extracted with the protein precipitation method using methanol as a solvent. The calibration curve for pritelivir exhibited linearity (r2 > 0.99) within the concentration range from 0.155 to 6.62 μg/mL. Within‐ and between‐day accuracy ranged from 97% to 110% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values not exceeding 10%. The extraction recovery of pritelivir and IS ranged from 89% to 91% with RSD not exceeding 7%. Pritelivir was stable under the storage and sample handling conditions. This validated HPLC‐UV method was utilized to quantify pritelivir in the placental perfusion medium samples, and the resulting concentrations were authenticated with incurred sample reanalysis to confirm the reliability of the method.
Spray‐dried Ni‐Co Bimetallic Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Küchen Gerrit , Olszok Vinzent , Kreitz Bjarne , Mahr Christoph , Rosenauer Andreas , Turek Thomas , Weber Alfred P. , Wehinger Gregor D.
Published: May 2024

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an attractive reaction for synthesis gas production, since it converts two greenhouse gases into valuable chemical feedstock. Silica supported bimetallic catalysts with constant metal loading but varying Ni/Co ratios (xNi=1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0) were produced via spray‐drying for the application in DRM, aiming at the identification of compositions with superior activity. In this study, building block particles refer to an inert framework, supporting the catalyst. The elemental distribution of Si, Ni, and Co within such building block particles was evaluated using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, X‐ray diffraction and temperature‐programmed reduction experiments confirmed that Ni and Co initially exist in an oxidic state within the SiO2 framework after production and later transform into an alloyed metallic state upon reduction with hydrogen, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A systematic comparison of the activity over a temperature range (323–1150 K) was performed using temperature scanning measurements. The highest intrinsic activity was found with the bimetallic Ni40Co60 particles.
The [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐Peroxo Complex as the Key Intermediate for NH3‐SCR Activity and Deactivation of Cu‐CHA Catalysts.
Authors: Janssens Ton V.W. , Borfecchia Elisa , Lomachenko Kirill A. , Grönbeck Henrik , Berlier Gloria
Published: May 2024

In NH3‐SCR over Cu‐CHA catalysts in the low‐temperature range 150–300 °C, the activation of oxygen occurs via oxidation of a pair of mobile (NH3)2CuI‐complexes located in the cages of the zeolite. In this step, a reactive [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐peroxo complex (μ‐η2,η2‐peroxo diamino dicopper(II)‐complex) is formed. The chemistry of this complex determines several catalytic properties of the Cu‐CHA catalyst. The reaction of NO with the [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐peroxo complex governs the NH3‐SCR activity. A reaction of the [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐peroxo complex with ammonia hinders the reaction of NO with the complex, thus leading to an inhibition of the NH3‐SCR reaction. Finally, the deactivation in presence of SO2 is due to a reaction of SO2 with the [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐peroxo complex, leading to the formation of Cu−S compounds in the catalyst. In this review, the characterization and the reactions of the [(NH3)4Cu2O2]2+‐peroxo complex with NO, NH3, and SO2, and mean‐field kinetic models based on first principles calculations for NH3‐SCR activity and SO2 poisoning are discussed.
A Monometallic Bis(cyaphido) Complex
Authors: Levis Madeleine C. , Helm Monte L. , Turner John F. C. , Crossley Ian R.
Published: May 2024

The first example of a bis(cyaphido) complex, trans‐[Ru(dppe)2(C≡P)2], is described, unequivocally demonstrating the synthetic accessibility and stability of complexes that feature more than one cyaphido ligand. Synthesis is achieved from the precedent cation [Ru(dppe)2(C≡P)]+ via sequential coordination and desilylation of the phosphaalkyne Me3SiC≡P. The heteroleptic analogue trans‐[Ru(dppe)2(C≡N)(C≡P)] is also prepared from the same cation and NaCN; both cyaphido complexes are structurally characterized, enabling the first direct comparison of cyaphide with cyanide, its isoelectronic and isolobal counterpart. This demonstrates an enhanced π‐acidity for −C≡P over −C≡N, while computational studies reveal also a higher π‐donor character for the cyaphido ligand.