bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bactericidal Effect of Sulfanilamide upon Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Staphylococci
Authors: Spink Wesley W.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal effect of sulfanilamide upon nineteen strains of staphylococci was studied. Twelve strains belonged to the pathogenic group, and seven were considered nonpathogenic. Sulfanilamide in high concentrations had little or no bactericidal effect upon organisms suspended in peptone-broth and incubated at 37°C. When the mixtures of organisms and the drug were incubated at 40°C., the bactericidal effect was more pronounced. Sulfanilamide was bactericidal for all the strains, when the organisms were suspended in urine. The maximum effect took place at an incubation of 40°C., and was not dependent upon the initial pH of the urine. The presence of small quantities of added peptone in urine completely interfered with the bactericidal action of the drug. The significance of this action of peptone is discussed.
Serological Studies with Free-Living Protista
Authors: Tanzer Charles
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A modified medium for the cultivation of bacteria-free ciliates and flagellates has been described. Immune sera against various species of Protista have been produced by injecting the living organisms into laboratory animals. These sera contain thermostable immobilizing antibodies. The cross-immobilization and the cross-absorptive technics have been applied to the flagellates. Colpidium campylum, Colpidium striatum, and Glaucoma pyriformis have again been shown to be very closely-related antigenically. Khawkinea halli and Khawkinea ocellata have been shown to be antigenically different. Serological tests have indicated that the Astasias, Euglenas, and Khawkineas are closely related. The taxonomic significance of these findings has been discussed.
Failure of the Human Convalescent Type-Specific Antipneumococcic Antibody to Fix Complement
Authors: Stats Daniel , Bullowa Jesse G. M.
Published: January 2023

Repeated samples of blood-serum from 8 typed cases of sulfonamide-treated pneumococcic pneumonia in adults were studied for the presence of antibodies by precipitation, agglutination and complement fixation. Specific antibodies were demonstrated by agglutination and precipitation; antibodies could not be demonstrated by complement fixation. During the course of the complement-fixation reaction, three instances of complement fixation with homologous and heterologous SSS were found. Two of these are presented in detail. A comparison of antibodies that fix complement and those that do not fix complement is presented.
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Landow Harold
Published: January 2023

Intravenous injection of 0.03 mg of rabbit antibody-nitrogen will passively sensitize a guinea pig so that fatal anaphylaxis will result on injection of 1 mg of antigen in the egg-albumin system or 0.1 mg of specific polysaccharide in the type 3 pneumococcus system. The anaphylactic response is dependent to a very great extent on the amount of antigen used. The best anaphylactic response occurs in the region of large antigen-excess. The isolated guinea-pig uterus has about the same range of sensitivity as the intact animal, though it need contain amounts of antibody of the order of only 0.01 μg for contraction to be produced. The relation of these findings to the in vitro methods of detecting antibody is discussed.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry
Published: January 2023

The comparative rates of dialysis of crystalline ovalbumin and of the allergenic protein-carbohydrate fraction, CS-1A, from cottonseed were determined. CS-1A was detectable, by gross anaphylaxis, in the dialysates from mixtures of ovalbumin and CS-1A, and from mixtures of ovalbumin and cottonseed extracts, or from a solution of CS-1A alone, 30 minutes after the beginning of dialysis. Ovalbumin could not be detected in dialysates from these mixtures or from a solution of ovalbumin alone until dialysis had proceeded for a week or more. CS-1A was, therefore, shown to contain a readily diffusible antigen.

The predominant antigen appearing in the dialysate from unfractionated aqueous extract of cottonseed is closely similar to or identical with the allergenic proteic fraction, CS-51R.
Influence of Environmental Temperature and Vitamin-Deficiency Upon Phagocytic Functions
Authors: Cottingham Esther , Mills C. A.
Published: January 2023

Recent studies in this laboratory (1) have shown that tropical moist heat lowers resistance to infection in experimental animals, although this is not accompanied by any appreciably interference with normal antibody production. It seemed advisable, therefore, to investigate possible changes in the activity of the body's phagocytes at different levels of environmental temperature, to see whether a reduced phagocytic function might account for the findings. Since we had also found a marked heightening of thiamin- and choline-requirements in the heat (2, 3), there existed the possibility that vitamin-deficiency might be playing a part. Hence we decided to use only synthetic diets containing weighed amounts of crystalline vitamins, and to investigate the possible role of vitamin-deficiency and environmental temperature in otherwise normal phagocytic processes.

Most of the studies concerning the influence of vitamin-deficiency upon resistance to infection were made before the B complex had been separated into its component parts, so that the earlier interpretations of results were not clearcut.
Phagocytic Activity as Affected by Protein-Intake in Heat and Cold
Authors: Mills C. A. , Cottingham Esther
Published: January 2023

Increasing emphasis is now being placed on the rôle of body proteins in resistance to infection and on the maintenance of acquired immunity. Cannon's excellent discussion of the subject1 pictures the loss of protein-attached immune bodies as tissue reserves of protein are depleted from any cause (blood-loss, proteinstarvation, and the malnutrition accompanying vitamin-deficiency, debilitating disease or old age). No mention has been made, however, of the part reduced phagocytosis might play in such loss of resistance. Hence we decided to study this phase of the subject in conjunction with our work on vitamin-deficiency and differences in protein-requirement in heat and cold.

Using the phagocytic technic and basal diets described in the preceding paper, we have adjusted the protein- and sugar-content of the basal diet to give 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 percent protein and corresponding reductions in sugar. All vitamins were kept at optimal levels, with the needed increases in thiamin and choline in the hot room.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry
Published: January 2023

The proteic-polysaccharidic fraction KS-1A isolated from kapok seed by the same procedure as used to isolate CS-1A from cottonseed was shown to be a preformed, native protein.

Three antigens common to cottonseed and kapok seed have been demonstrated by the Schultz-Dale technic. Fraction KS-1A was shown to contain a small amount of antigen which reacted like and is probably identical with CS-51R from cottonseed. Serological tests indicated that KS-1A contained in the order of 0.05 to 0.1 per cent of protein immunologically similar to CS-51R. A second common antigen, distinguished from CS-51R or KS-1A, was shown to be present in the aqueous extracts of kapok seed and cottonseed. The third common antigen, distinguished from CS-51R and KS-1A and distinguished also from the second water-soluble common antigen, was present in saline extracts and was associated with the globulin-fraction of kapok seed and cottonseed.
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Coates W. A. , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: January 2023

Almost 200 volunteer patients suffering from chronic relapsing vivax malaria were divided into three series. One group received routine therapy for relapses; a second group received injections of formalinized human red cell stromata containing Pl. vivax in varying degrees of concentration; a third group was injected with normal human red cell stromata. The relapse rates in the three groups were the same.
Differences in Toxicity of the S- and R-Variants of Shigella Dysenteriae
Authors: Tal Chloe
Published: January 2023

The thermostable somatic substance of the sedimented R-variant of Shigella dysenteriae does not produce in rats a decrease in the level of the liver glycogen and of the adrenal ascorbic acid. Nor does it bring about decidual-placental hemorrhages in pregnant mice and adrenal hemorrhages in guinea pigs. It is also unable to act as a preparing factor for the Shwartzman phenomenon, and its lethal effect in mice follows injection of quantities which are about eight times more than those needed for the corresponding S-variant. On the other hand, it can cause hypothermia and leucopenia when administered in five- to tenfold the quantities compared with the corresponding S-variant.
Evaluation of the Agglutination of Erythrocytes Sensitized by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) As a Serologic Test in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Kilham Lawrence
Published: January 2023

Agglutination of hen erythrocytes sensitized by the adsorption and elution of an Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), assayed as a serologic test in 32 patients with infectious mononucleosis, gave titers ranging from 1:160 to 1:40,960 in 27 and titers of 1:80 or below in 5. Among sera from 48 control patients, only 8 agglutinated the NDV-sensitized erythrocytes to titers of 1:160 or slightly higher. Of these 8, 4 had diseases which were never definitely diagnosed. In the others active liver disease was present, 2 having alcoholic cirrhosis and 2 infectious hepatitis.
The Electron Microscopy of Fowl Pox Virus Within the Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Morgan Councilman , Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: January 2023

Electron micrographs have been made of sections through chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos infected with fowl pox. These show the vacuolation and granulation that are aspects of the degeneration of the proliferated epithelium. Clumps of virus particles are seen both at the surface and deep within this diseased epithelium.
Antiviral Properties of Ehrlichin, an Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces Lavendulae
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Frankel Jack W. , Lechevalier Mary P. , Waksman Selman A.
Published: January 2023

A preparation endowed with specific antiviral properties was obtained from culture filtrates of a non-streptothricin-producing strain of Streptomyces lavendulae. This preparation, designated Ehrlichin, was found to be inhibitory to influenza A and influenza B viruses in vitro with activity in vivo limited to influenza B virus. Concentrates of Ehrlichin were heat stable, non-dialyzable and resistant to tryptic digestion. Ehrlichin was inactive against representative species of bacteria, fungi, Chlamydozoaceae, pox viruses and bacterial viruses. Concentrates of Ehrlichin were found to be more effective in suppressing the formation of viral hemagglutinin when inoculated after rather than before infection of eggs with influenza B virus and exerted a slight but detectable suppressive effect on the degree of pulmonary consolidation in mice.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies. XIII. The in Vivo Localization of Anti-Liver-Blood-Vessel Antibodies in the Rat
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila , Korngold Leonhard
Published: January 2023

Antisera were prepared in rabbits by injecting rat liver blood vessels. The localization properties of the antibodies were investigated by following the in vivo disposition of radioactivity from the radioiodinated globulin fractions of the sera. Kidney-, liver-, and lung-localizing antibodies could be demonstrated in the serum.

When the radioiodinated antibodies which had localized in liver, kidney and lung were eluted at pH 11 and reinjected into recipient rats, the pattern of localization was determined by the organ from which the material was isolated. The localization favored the organ of initial fixation.

Radioiodinated normal serum proteins are likewise fractionated in vivo by the liver, kidney and lung when injected into rats. Here, the eluted radioactivity obtained from the liver, kidney and lung also returned preferentially to the organ of initial localization, but to a lower extent than shown by localizing antisera. This fractionation of normal serum proteins was attributed to the ability of the various organs to fix selectively different proteins.

Purification of antibodies in vitro was carried out by adsorbing radioiodinated anti-liver serum with liver blood vessel antigen and then eluting the adsorbed radioactivity at pH 11. These preparations showed increased localization in the liver and kidney while no increased localization was observed in the controls.
The Occurrence of Newcastle Disease Antihemagglutinin in Human Sera and Its Relationship to Mumps Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S.
Published: January 2023

A serological and epidemiological survey of poultry workers exposed to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) thru infections in their chickens failed to reveal evidence that this agent had been responsible for human illness in this group. An inhibitor of hemagglutination by NDV was found in sera from such exposed individuals and just as frequently in sera from individuals not similarly exposed. The occurrence of this inhibitor was found to be closely related to the occurrence of mumps antibodies. Cross absorption studies of such sera with NDV and mumps virus suggested that the NDV inhibitor represented an immunological overlap to infection by mumps virus. Similar interrelationships were not demonstrable in such sera by cross absorption experiments with influenza virus, nor in absorption experiments with specific antisera to NDV or mumps virus. NDV may share antigenic components similar to or identical with antigenic components present in other infectious agents.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F.
Published: January 2023

From the beginning of his work upon the diagnosis and specific treatment of the allergies (hay fever, asthma, the urticarias), Robert A. Cooke (1, 2) has employed for both the diagnostic and therapeutic injections, fluid extracts of the various materials containing the exciting agents of these conditions. These extracts were originally made with physiological salt solution to which was added the usual percentage of carbolic acid. The preparations were standardized according to their nitrogen content. Cooke and also Cooke and Vander Veer, and Vander Veer, have reported their successes in the use of these extracts as diagnostic and therapeutic preparations At the time when these investigators became associated with the writer in the organization that has been established in the New York Hospital for the diagnosis and treatment of the allergies, some of the extracts that had been in use were subject to certain disadvantages.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F.
Published: January 2023

Serum disease differs from other forms of human hypersensitiveness in the almost constant characteristic of the incubation period and in its high percentage incidence. Dermatitis venenata differs from the other forms of human hypersensitiveness in which the skin is affected in the constant and characteristic nature of the lesion. Statistical study and some experiments reveal the following differences in the age incidence of the “natural” allergies, serum disease and dermatitis venenata: The age incidence of the “natural” allergies increases rapidly in the early age periods but probably does not greatly exceed 10 per cent in any period. The age incidence of dermatitis venenata increases greatly from childhood to adult life and reaches a high percentage (probably about 90 per cent). The age incidence of serum disease seems not to change during life.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B.
Published: January 2023

Lymph node cells obtained from donor rabbits not injected with homologous antigen were incubated in vitro with rabbit serum in which Shigella paradysenteriae had been incubated. The cells were washed and then injected into X-irradiated recipient rabbits. On the fourth day, and occasionally on the third day, after transfer, agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared in the sera of the recipients. This did not occur when the lymph node cells were heated prior to being transferred. Agglutinins also appeared when untreated lymph node cells and treated serum were injected into the recipients separately.

Within this system the following observations were made: The treated serum was an effective source of antigen in the range of undiluted to 100-fold dilution.The effect described occurred within the range of 14 million to 225 million lymph node cells, with a general correlation between the numbers of cells transferred and the mean agglutinin titer found subsequently.Incubation of cells and treated serum for 30 minutes at 37°C was found to be optimal. Agglutinins did not appear in the sera of recipients when cells and treated serum had been incubated at icebath temperature for 10 minutes, and appeared in low titer after 30 minutes' incubation in an icebath.Agglutinins appeared after the transfer of cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes which had been incubated with treated serum, but not after the transfer of cells of the thymus.

Agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared in the sera of non-irradiated recipients after the transfer of untreated lymph node cells incubated in vitro with treated serum. Occasionally agglutinins also appeared following the transfer of heated cells to such recipients, always in lower titer. It was found that there were no differences in titer when the lymph node cells were heated either prior to or after incubation with the treated serum.
Growth of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus in Murine Nervous Tissue Tumors
Authors: Pearson Harold E. , Lagerborg Dorothy L.
Published: January 2023

Theiler's GDVII strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus can be propagated in certain murine nervous tissue tumors but not in others. Tumor tissue grown in mice, embryonated eggs or tissue cultures varied considerably in its capacity to support growth of virus.

There was no correlation between the capacity of brain tissue of a given strain of mice and the capacity of tumor tissue from the same strain to support virus proliferation.
Kinetic Studies of Complement Fixation I. A method
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Hill Betsy M.
Published: January 2023

A kinetic procedure is described for the study of C′ fixation in highly dilute immune systems. Evidence pertaining to the validity of the method is presented along with data which indicate that the fixation of C′ does not necessarily yield a reliable index of antibody content.
Kinetic Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Hill Betsy M. , Osler Abraham G.
Published: January 2023

Data obtained from kinetic studies of C′ fixation with a polysaccharide immune system are presented to show that the C′-fixing potency of an immune serum may be related to the aggregating properties of the antibody. The evidence at hand points to the fact that antibody which flocculates readily with homologous antigen not only fixes C′ efficiently but is more readily subject to a steric hindrance effect in the fixation of C′ by preformed aggregates. In addition, experiments are described which indicate that the variations in the specific C′-fixing potency observed in different sera may also exist among different portions of the antibody in a single immune serum.
Inhibition of the Local Shwartzman Reaction by Dicumarol
Authors: Spanoudis S. , Eichbaum F. , Rosenfeld G.
Published: January 2023

Dicumarol was given to rabbits in amounts sufficient to lower the prothrombin time level below 1%; this treatment inhibits the local Shwartzman reaction.

Temporary thrombocytopenia occurs in Dicumarol-inhibited Shwartzman-negative rabbits, in Shwartzman-positive animals, and also after a single intravenous injection of Serratia marcescens toxin, without previous dermal preparation (sensitization). There was no direct relation between the fall of platelets in the peripheral blood and the appearance or nonappearance of a positive Shwartzman reaction.
The Growth and Cytopathogenicity of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Bachrach H. L. , Callis J. J. , Hess W. R.
Published: January 2023

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) produces a cytopathogenic effect in roller-tube cultures of bovine tongue epithelium and guinea-pig kidney. Infectivity is first detected at about 15 hours by the formation of microscopic plaques of killed epithelial cells. Later the plaques increase in size and give the epithelial sheets a moth-eaten appearance.

A titration-passage technique was devised to carry New Jersey type VSV in serial passage to a final dilution of 10-62. In this method each effective passage is made with a dilution of the preceding fluid which contains a minimal number of infectious units. The tissue culture virus retained its ability to infect chick embryos and to produce typical vesicular stomatitis in guinea pigs and cattle. The cytopathogenic activity of New Jersey type culture virus was neutralized by New Jersey immune but not by normal or Indiana immune guinea pig serum.

Guinea pig cell clusters prepared by trypsinization were found to produce extensive coverage of the tube with cellular outgrowth. This technique was used for virus assay in which titers were read by color changes in the pH indicator as well as by cytologic change. Conventional serial passage of New Jersey type VSV in such cultures produced material with a tissue culture ID50 value of 106.2 per ml. Indiana type VSV extracted from infected bovine tongues gave tissue culture ID50 values of this same magnitude.
Antibody Production by Thymus and Peyer's Patches Intraocular Transplants
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Hale William M.
Published: January 2023

Thymus and Peyer's patch tissue produce tetanus antitoxin when transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eyes of cobalt-60 γ-irradiated mice. Intraocular transplants of thymus and Peyer's patch tissue exhibit a recall antibody response when recipient mice are given an intravenous injection of the specific antigen. Peyer's patch and thymus transplants produced antitoxin when the tissues were obtained from donor mice immunized by subcutaneous and intra-abdominal routes. These tissues failed to produce significant amounts of antitoxin as intraocular transplants when the donor tissue was taken from mice immunized by intravenous route. Thymus transplants obtained from immunized donor mice 6 to 15 months of age produce tetanus antitoxin as well as intraocular thymus transplants obtained from donor animals 2 to 3 months of age.
Quantitative Studies on the Bactericidal Actions of Serum and Complement
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Treffers Henry P.
Published: January 2023

Measurements of the bactericidal activity toward Salmonella typhosa of a variety of human and rabbit antisera have been made with the photometric growth assay technique. The strains employed were the 0901, Vi I and Ty 2, which differ in their content of the O- and Vi-antigens. Increases in bactericidal activity of human sera have been demonstrated following immunization with T.A.B. vaccine, or during the course of typhoid fever. The presence of Vi-antibody has been shown to increase the slope of the response curve. It has been discussed whether this may be related to the relative efficiencies of O- and Vi-antibodies in animal infections with S. typhosa.
Quantitative Titration of Vaccinia Virus on the Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Overman John R. , Tamm Igor
Published: January 2023

Detailed studies of vaccinia virus titrations on the chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonated egg are described. Experiments to determine the optimal experimental techniques for such titrations indicate that the use of membranes free from non-specific damage is essential. In addition, 12-day-old eggs inoculated with 0.2 ml of virus suspension and incubated for 3 days give results of considerable precision. Within a range of 3 to 20 pocks per membrane, a linear relationship exists between the number of pocks and virus dilution. Precision is greatest when pock counts number between 10 and 20 per membrane. Various aspects of pock-counting titrations with vaccinia virus are discussed.
Transmission of West Nile (B956 Strain) and Semliki Forest Virus (MBB26146-M-404744-958 Strain) to Suckling Hamsters During Lactation
Authors: Reagan Reginald L. , Yancey Frances S. , Chang Sing Chen , Brueckner A. L.
Published: January 2023

From this observation it appears that West Nile virus and Semliki Forest virus may be transmitted from lactating hamsters to suckling hamsters. One hundred per cent of the mothers from both virus groups showed symptoms of central nervous system involvement from 9 to 10 days after exposure to the respective viruses. Thirteen of 18 suckling hamsters in the West Nile group developed West Nile disease, and 11 of 16 in the Semliki Forest group developed Semliki Forest symptoms.
Growth of Histoplasma Capsulatum in Normal, Superinfected, and Immunized Mice
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Huber Margret
Published: January 2023

Chronic infections were produced in mice by small numbers of viable yeast cells of Histoplasma. After initial rapid multiplication of Histoplasma, there was progressive decline in the number of viable organisms in tissues of mice. Chronically infected mice were resistant to the death-producing effects of large doses of yeast cells. Growth of Histoplasma was inhibited in superinfected mice. Growth of Histoplasma in mice was not affected by treatment of mice with serum from chronically infected mice or rabbits. Growth of Histoplasma in mice was not affected by immunization of the mice with a vaccine of Histoplasma.
The Establishment of Strains of Human Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: January 2023

The establishment of five human cell lines has been described. They were derived from human embryonic intestine, liver, lung, skin and muscle explants, and from a liver biopsy. The early cultures revealed fibroblasts and histiocyte-like cells but after 60 to 92 days of total cultivation new types of cells appeared, which grew rapidly and could be maintained thereafter in serial passage, whereas the earlier types of cells were lost. The cells finally established fall into two groups: (I) epithelial-like cells (intestine 407, liver 407, R and MAF-E lines) which resemble morphologically other cell strains derived from malignant (HeLa, KB) and normal human tissues (Chang's intestine, liver, kidney and conjunctiva); and (II) small, round, or irregularly shaped cells (Lung To) which are indistinguishable from McCulloch's MCN cells obtained from leukemic bone marrow. The implications of these findings have been discussed.
Studies on Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Combined Immunization in Children
Authors: Chen Bei-Loo , Chow Chi-Tao , Huang Chien-Tao , Wang Yao-Tung , Ko Hsiu-Hua , Huang Wang-Cheng , Ling Che-Fu
Published: January 2023

A group of 68 children was given a booster dose of 0.5 or 0.2 ml of DPT vaccine 11–15 mo after the primary vaccination. The serum antibody content of the three systems titrated 30–45 days after booster injection showed that all the children were adequately protected according to generally accepted criteria.

Over the range of prevaccination titers studied, a rectilinear relationship was shown to exist in all the three systems between the log prevaccination titer and the log fold-increase in titer after booster injection. The slopes of the 0.2-ml dose were steeper than those of the 0.5-ml dose, moving beyond the hypothetical positions toward the higher initial titer side. The departure was ascribed to the interference effect of high levels of pre-existing antibodies upon the homologous antigens introduced.

Some general problems in secondary immunization like the dose-response relationship, the comparison between groups, and the choice of use of large versus small dose, etc., were discussed in the light of the observations made.
Report of a Blood Group System in Swine
Authors: Saison Ruth
Published: January 2023

A blood group system in swine is described involving 4 factors, Ea, Eb, Ec and Ed. Four combinations of these 4 factors have been observed. The genetics of the system are consistent with the existence of 4 alleles. When the gene for factor Ea is present on a chromosome as 1 member of the allelic pair, the other 3 genetic factors are missing. The corresponding allele is identified, therefore, as Ea - - -, the dashes representing the absence of the genetic factors of the other 3 known antigens of the system. A chromosome not possessing the genetic factor for antigen Ea appears always to carry the genetic factor for Ed and at least 1 of the 2 remaining genetic factors and may carry all 3:e.g.-EbEcEd, -Eb-Ed, or - - EcEd, the dash again representing a missing genetic factor. An animal may possess a combination of any 2 of these 4 groups of genetic factors. That these groups of factors behave as alleles is demonstrated by the fact that when a chromosome possesses any of the groups described above, these factors appear to be inherited as a block or complex similar to those in some blood group systems of cattle.

The system exhibits no dominance; each character present can be detected in the corresponding phenotype, whether in the homozygous or heterozygous state.

The inheritance of this blood group system is illustrated by the results of tests of the red cells of the sires and dams of 8 matings and their offspring with antisera specific for the 4 factors. In each litter the phenotypes of the young agree with the mode of inheritance described.
Rift Valley Fever Virus in the One-Day-Old Chick Embryo
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Saburi Yasuo , Nishi Ichiro
Published: January 2023

Rift valley fever virus, pantropic and neurotropic, proliferates very well when inoculated in the blastoderm of the 1-day-old hen's egg. Parallel titrations gave slightly lower titers in day-old embryos than in mice with both the pantropic and neurotropic viruses. The virus multiplication declines with the age of the developing embryo. Embryos of two or three days of age support virus multiplication as well as those one day old and then multiplication declines to a very low level by seven days of age. Serial passage of the virus was readily accomplished in day-old embryos. However, during the course of the serial passage, the virus showed no changes in antigenicity, pathogenicity for mice or growth rate in fertile eggs of various ages.
Relation of Secondary Antigen Injection to Time of Irradiation on Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Makinodan T. , Friedberg Betsy H. , Tolbert M. Guthrie , Gengozian N.
Published: January 2023

The maximum depression period of the secondary antibody response takes place when antigen is injected 1 day before to 1 hr after x-radiation. Recovery of the secondary immune mechanism of irradiated mice takes place within 2 weeks. Above-normal mean total titers were observed when a second antigen injection is given 5 and 10 days after 710 r. No significant decrease or increase in mean peak titer was observed regardless of the x-radiation-secondary antigen injection time relationship.
Studies on Measles Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Underwood Gerald E. , Weed Sheldon D.
Published: January 2023

Measles virus was grown in tissue cultures prepared from human amnion, from HeLa cells and from monkey kidney cells. The identity of the virus was established by the marked rise in neutralizing antibodies found in convalescent serum obtained from measles patients. Growth curves for the virus were prepared and it was found that the initial virus inoculum could be very low without sacrificing titer, provided the time of harvest coincided with maximum cytopathogenicity. Somewhat higher infectivity titers were obtained when infected cultures were maintained at 32°–33.5°C, rather than at 37°C. A plaque assay for measles virus, using a plasma overlay, was described. This method appeared to be more sensitive and more useful for quantitation than the roller tube assay. Using the plaque assay, a minimum adsorption time of 1 hr for measles virus on HeLa cells was obtained.
A Quantitative Study of Cellular Immunity
Authors: Snell G. D. , Winn H. J. , Kandutsch A. A.
Published: January 2023

Mice were injected subcutaneously with either foreign or native strain thymus cells labeled with P32, and the radioactivity of DNA, extracted from the draining nodes and spleen, was determined at days 1 and 2. Intense activity was already present in the nodes and a lesser (although considerable) level of activity was present in the spleens at day 1. This is taken to mean that in mice immunized with thymus, large amounts of antigen reach the lymphoid organs within 24 hr.

In mice thus immunized, and in mice immunized with implanted embryo, the fluctuations with time of the cellular immunity of draining nodes and spleens, and in some cases of contralateral nodes or of pooled nodes and of thymus, were measured. The measure used was the assay of Winn, in which serial dilutions of presumptively immune cells are mixed with target tumor cells and implanted subcutaneously in appropriate hosts. Weight of the tumors at 1 week measures the level of immunity.

In mice immunized with thymus, a rapid rise to peak immunity was found on days 5 or 6, followed by a rapid decline. The rise in the draining nodes preceded the rise in contralateral nodes and spleen by about 1 day. Immunity persisted at a low level to day 31 when observations were terminated. There was a suggestion of a low point in immunity about days 14 to 17 with a slight rise about day 24. The height of the peak at 5 to 6 days indicated a tremendous production of immune cells. There was measurable immunity in the thymus on day 6, although much less than in the other organs assayed.

In mice immunized with embryo, a high level of cellular immunity was also attained, but the immune level dropped less rapidly, and the lag in the spleen as compared with the draining nodes was greater in these mice than in mice immunized with thymus.

The cell yield of the draining nodes showed a 2- or 3-fold increase at the time of peak immunity, and fell again as the immunity fell. There was no comparable increase in the spleen, although the immunity per cell was essentially the same in the two organs.

The timing of the immune response found in this study is compared with the timing found in histologic studies of the lymphoid organs and with the time relationships of the homograft reaction. An adequate antigenic stimulus sets in motion an abundant production of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen. Mitoses begin at about 2 days; mature lymphocytes are present at about 6 days and are probably rapidly released. This is concordant with the peak in cellular immunity which we find at days 5 and 6. Also concordant are descriptions of the homograft reaction which show a massive invasion of tumor transplants by lymphocytes or histiocytes (which we presume to be derived from lymphocytes) on approximately day 6. The graft, which flourishes up to this point, at once begins to show degenerative changes. All these facts emphasize the role of the lymphocyte as a specifically immune cell.

The possible significance of the immune cell in disease is briefly discussed.
A Comparison of Cytopathology Caused by Myxoviruses
Authors: Bader John P. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

A comparison of cytopathology in HeLa and L cells caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), PR8-influenza virus and mumps virus demonstrated that all viruses produced cytopathic effects (CPE) in both cell lines but mumps virus, which failed to lyse L cells. A high virus/cell ratio was required for production of CPE by PR8 virus in HeLa cells and for PR8 virus and NDV in L cells. Replication of infectious virus could be demonstrated only for NDV and mumps virus in HeLa cells, but noninfectious hemagglutinins were produced in both cell lines after infection with high multiplicities of NDV or PR8 virus. The production of these noninfectious hemagglutinins by individual cells was demonstrated by a modification of the hemadsorption technique.

The specificity of the cytopathic action of these myxoviruses was indicated by the facts that the CPE were dependent on adsorption of the viruses to the cells and that when the cell surface was altered by RDE that the viral CPE were prevented. Cellular receptors involved in the viral CPE appeared to be identical for all three viruses since RDE was uniformly effective for all three viruses, and saturation of cells with one virus prevented the adsorption of a second virus.

The CPE of these viruses on HeLa and L cells were shown to involve two stages, the first of which was dissociable by RDE which prevented the CPE. Following this initial stage at 37°C, the initial virus-cell complex proceeded rapidly to a stage which was not affected by RDE or specific antibody since the cells were lysed on further incubation.
On the Nature of the “Cohesive Factor” in Spontaneous Agglutination of Bacteria
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Hastings W. S. , Anastasia C.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. This study purports to make inquiry into the physico-chemical nature and methods of combating the marked cohesion exhibited by many bacteria. As the studies of Northrup and DeKruif (1) have shown, cohesion plays an important part in the well known phenomenon of spontaneous agglutinability which interferes in serologic work with such strains. In previous papers (2, 3, 4) we have shown for the first time that the factor of cohesion may be intimately associated with the hereditary mechanism of the bacterial cell. Stable variants could be bred from certain large pleomorphic forms arising from the agglutinable strain, proving conclusively that physiologic differences may so arise in pure lines of bacteria. The primitive sexual nature that one of us (Mellon) has shown elsewhere for certain of these forms readily explains such physiologic differences, thus entitling them to an evolutionary rating instead of the involutionary one customarily attached to them.
A Further Study of Agglutination of Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Doyle Dorothy G.
Published: January 2023

The use of a widely polyvalent serum for the determination of the presence of diphtheria bacilli in field cultures has received little or no attention up to the present time. Various phases of the serological relations of B. diphtheriae have been investigated. Durand (1), Mason (2), Park, Williams, and Mann (3), Paxson and Redowitz (4), Bell (5), Baxter and Eagleton (6), and others, using specific monovalent serum, have established the fact that there exist several serological types of B. diphtheriae which may be differentiated by agglutination reactions. Durand and Mason, by means of the agglutination reaction, have distinguished strains of true B. diphtheriae from diphtheroids.

The exact number of existing serological types of diptheria bacilli is unknown. Havens has found two, Durand distinguishes five different groups, while Scott (7) has divided his total strains into eight groups. We have isolated four different groups to date.
Role of the Thymus in Tolerance
Authors: Toullet Francine T. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: January 2023

Neonatally thymectomized A mice, grafted at 3 weeks with 3-week-old isogenic thymus or injected with 100 × 106 thymus cells, showed a nearly normal ability to reject CBA and C57B1/Ks skin grafts, which differ from A by a strong histocompatibility gene. When grafted with thymus or injected with thymus cells from mice tolerant to CBA, they showed a specific inability to reject CBA skin. On the basis of control experiments, it appeared that these animals had adoptive tolerance conveyed by the tolerant thymus cells and depending on thymus chimerism.
Antibody Responses in Bursa-Deficient Chickens
Authors: Claflin Alice J. , Smithies O. , Meyer R. K.
Published: January 2023

Normal and bursa-deficient chickens (obtained by surgery or 19-nortestosterone treatment) were immunized at 6 weeks with killed Brucella abortis. Antibody responses were assayed by a sensitive microagglutination test.

Chickens with bursa weight > 1000 mg showed a rapid increase in mean log2 total antibody titer from 7 to a maximum of 21 at day 5 after immunization. Bursaless animals showed an increase from 3 to a maximum of 15 at day 7. The antibodies were chiefly mercaptoethanol-sensitive (IgM). By day 9 the total antibody titers in the bursaless and normal animals were almost the same—14 and 16. Bursaless chickens showed a very low ME-resistant (IgG) antibody titer (2) at day 9 when the normal chickens had IgG titers of 9.

The IgG titers at day 9 of all animals, normal and bursa-deficient, were strongly correlated with the IgM titers at the time (day 2) of the first clearly detectable response. The log2 antibody titer on day 2 in turn was linearly related to log bursa weight from 6000 mg down to about 200 mg. When the bursa weight was below about 100 mg, the day 2 response was not different from that of bursaless animals.

The observed subnormalities of bursa-deficient animals are consistent with a decrease in a largely bursa-dependent early immune response (and IgM antibody level) which determines the later, more severe impairment of IgG antibody synthesis.
γM and γG Antibodies in Mice: the Response to S. Adelaide and the Effect of Splenectomy
Authors: Blinkoff Richard C.
Published: January 2023

The primary antibody response to S. adelaide has been studied in mice using a flagellar immobilization assay. The change in spleen weight is bimodal with time: the first peak occurring on day 4 of the response and the second on day 10. Spleen homogenate supernatants also exhibit two distinct antibody peaks, but there is no direct correlation between the size of a spleen and its antibody content.

The primary antibody response consists of the early, transient production of γM antibodies followed by the production of γG antibodies. This response is quantitatively reduced by the removal of spleens from mice before antigen injection. Splenectomy does not, however, alter the proportion of γM to γG as compared to intact mice.
Preparative Purification of Lung-Localizing Rabbit Anti-Rat Lung Antibodies in vitro
Authors: Tsuzuku Osamu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

A “new” blood factor Kc of chimpanzee red cells is described, defined by an antiserum produced in a chimpanzee cross-immunized with white cell enriched human blood. This is the third distinct blood factor of chimpanzees demonstrated by such cross-immune anti-human chimpanzee sera.
Chimpanzee Red Cell Isoantibody of a “New” Specificity, Anti-Kc, Produced by Cross-Immunization of Chimpanzees With Human Blood
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Hanly Carey , Moor-Jankowski Jan , Gordon Eve B.
Published: January 2023

A “new” blood factor Kc of chimpanzee red cells is described, defined by an antiserum produced in a chimpanzee cross-immumized with white cell enriched human blood. This is the third distinct blood factor of chimpanzees demonstrated by such cross-immune anti-human chimpanzee sera.
Dissociation of Immune Responses by the Induction of Partial Unresponsiveness
Authors: Borel Yves , Fauconnet Marthe , Miescher Peter
Published: January 2023

Administration of dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin to newborn guinea pigs resulted in the specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to this antigen after immunization with the same antigen in complete adjuvant in about half of the animals. The duration of the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity appears to be related to the dose of antigen administered in the 1st week of life.

Delayed hypersensitivity was successfully transferred with sensitized lymph node cells to recipient animals which had been rendered “partially tolerant.”

Complement-fixing but not passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibody were also suppressed at 6 and 8 weeks of age in about half of the animals injected neonatally with a large dose of antigen.

A similar state of “partial unresponsiveness” was obtained in adult animals, although under these experimental conditions, larger amounts of antigen appear to be necessary.

No correlation was found between the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity and the formation of γ1 (PCA) and complement-fixing antibody. These data support the assumption that the various immune phenomena evolve independently of each other. Some biologic implications of a state of “partial unresponsiveness” are discussed.
Protein Conjugates of Polysaccharide from Cryptococcus Neoformans
Authors: Goren Mayer B. , Middlebrook Gardner M.
Published: January 2023

Soluble polysaccharide from culture filtrates of Cryptococcus neoformans can be made potently antigenic in mice if it is coupled to a heterologous protein by a reaction sequence that permits retention of the ester functions (specifically identified as acetate) in the native polysaccharide.

The key step in the reaction sequence which was developed rests on the utility of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as an aprotic homogeneous reaction solvent for the polysaccharide. This allows controlled nitrocarbanilation of the carbohydrate without cleavage of the acetyl functions. The aminocarbanilate derived from the nitro compound was diazotized and coupled to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) to yield gelled protein-azocarbanilate-polysaccharide conjugates. Homogenized conjugates dispersed in Freund's adjuvant were potent antigens in mice and stimulated production of humoral anti-BGG and antipolysaccharide. De-acetylated polysaccharide coupled to BGG and polysaccharide-mouse globulin conjugate were essentially inert.

The polysaccharide and its derivatives were subject to ready insolubilization by what is judged to be an intermolecular crosslinking. It is suggested that the physical integrity of the cryptococcal capsule may be a consequence of a similar behavior in vivo. In addition, DMSO is an effective decapsulating agent for this yeast.
Further Studies on Effect of Endotoxin on Antibody Response of Rabbit to Common Antigen of Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Neter E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Neutralization and precipitation of bacteriophage f2 by γG-immunoglobulin, 5S pepsin fragments and Fab′ fragments were used to test the hypothesis that steric hindrance is important in virus neutralization.

There was no demonstrable difference in the capacity of intact γG-immunoglobulin and 5S pepsin fragments to precipitate bacteriophage. The zones of equivalence with γG-immunoglobulin and 5S pepsin fragments were broad. These results suggested that there was no difference in the combining capacities of f2 for bivalent antibodies or for bivalent antibody fragments. As expected, the Fab′ fragments did not precipitate with bacteriophage f2.

The antibody to antigen ratios necessary to produce neutralization of bacteriophage correspond to points on the antibody excess end of the equivalence zone of the precipitin curve. In all cases the kinetics of neutralization were first order. The γG-immunoglobulin was most active and the Fab′ fragment was least active. The 5S pepsin fragments were intermediate in activity. However, the neutralization constants were not strictly proportional to molecular weights. This suggests that virus neutralization may not be entirely explicable on the basis of steric hindrance.
Gamma heavy chain disease associated with T-cell large granular lymphocyte lymphoproliferative disorder: case report and literature review.
Authors: Bisegna Maria Laura , Limongiello Maria Assunta , Fiori Stefano , De Propris Maria Stefania , Della Starza Irene , Trasarti Stefania
Published: January 2023

Heavy chain diseases are rare B-cell neoplasms consisting of the production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin composed of the only heavy chain without corresponding light chains. It is a rare adult disease that may involve several sites with a variable clinical course. It manifests itself on a large spectrum from indolent to rapidly progressive. We present a case of heavy chain disease and concomitant T- cell large granular lymphoproliferative disorder, an association described in only six cases before.