bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is community-based electrocardiography education feasible in the early phase of an undergraduate medical curriculum?
Authors: Larson Carol O. , Bezuidenhout Johan , Van der Merwe Lynette J.
Published: April 2018

Accreditation authorities expect medical schools to increase their teaching standards and civic engagement, despite limited resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of community-based (CB) electrocardiography (ECG) instruction in semesters 4and/or 5 of the undergraduate MBChB programme at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa. A literature review and 34 structured interviews were employed, using a mixed-methods QUAN (þqual) research design. Regarding the preclinical phase, 18 interviewees strongly supported community-based learning (CBL) and 21strongly supported task-based (TB) CBL. Responses were more conservative regarding the practicability of TB CBL. Twenty-two interviewees supported preclinical phase ECG-specific CBL. There was more support for implementing CB ECG in the clinical phase than in the preclinical phase. Challenges identified included finances, transport, personnel availability, clinic space, curriculum time constraints, student and driver absenteeism, and ethical aspects. Solutions for the preclinical phase included combining electrocardiography with other CBL tasks. Many interviewees supported preclinical phase TB CBL, although several factors determine its feasibility. Availability of human and other resources and curriculum time significantly impact CB ECG learning. Solutions necessitate additional location-specific research.
Ocular allergy
Authors: Mashige Khathutshelo P.
Published: April 2018

Aim: To systematically review relevant literature investigating the classification and nomenclature, epidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as diagnosis and treatment of ocular allergy.Method: The Medline, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases were used to search for evidence-based literature on ocular allergy.Main outcome measures: Classification and nomenclature, epidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis and management of ocular allergy.Results: The search retrieved 5200 number of studies of which 6 met the criteria.Conclusions: While numerous studies regarding pharmacological and immunological research have identified new treatment options, there is a dearth of clinical studies to discover the biomarkers and immune therapeutic management to control sensitisation and effector phases of this condition. Given the complexity of this condition due to the multifactorial nature of the possible aetiologies, rigorous well-designed scientific studies are needed to determine the exact classification, prevalence and underlying immune pathological processes of ocular allergy.
Cost-savings accruable to removing value added tax from antiretrovirals in the South African private health sector
Authors: Bangalee Varsha , Suleman Fatima
Published: April 2018

Background: Despite the important and essential role that medicines play in any society, all medicines, including those identified as essential, are uniformly subjected to 14% value added tax (VAT), regardless of their therapeutic value in the private healthcare sector of South Africa. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential cost-saving attained from the removal of VAT from the private sector pricing of essential medicines, using antiretroviral treatment as an example.Methods: An empirical analysis was undertaken to illustrate the potential cost-saving achieved by removing VAT from the Single Exit Price and the dispensing fee of essential medicines. This outcome was demonstrated by applying the methodology to an adult fixed dose combination 1st line antiretroviral regimen as well as to a group of 3rd line antiretroviral medicines.Results: The potential saving for the lowest priced generic and originator 1st line antiviral regimen accrued to ZAR 693.84 and ZAR 1085.04 over a year respectively. Regarding the 3rd line antiretroviral drugs, results yielded an annual saving of ZAR 1678.68 (darunavir), ZAR5741.04 (maraviroc) and ZAR 159.48 (rilpivirine).Conclusions: Lobbying for the removal of VAT from the supply chain of medicines should be intensified. Policy development to monitor and recover lost government revenue through the removal of taxes should be explored.
Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions
Authors: Huang Yaoxian , Unger Nadine , Storelvmo Trude , Harper Kandice , Zheng Yiqi , Heyes Chris
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We apply the NCAR CAM5-Chem global aerosol-climate model to quantify the net global radiative effects of black and organic carbon aerosols from global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions for the year 2010. Our assessment accounts for the direct radiative effects, changes to cloud albedo and lifetime (aerosol indirect effect, AIE), impacts on clouds via the vertical temperature profile (semi-direct effect, SDE) and changes in the surface albedo of snow and ice (surface albedo effect). In addition, we provide the first estimate of household solid fuel black carbon emission effects on ice clouds. Anthropogenic emissions are from the IIASA GAINS ECLIPSE V5a inventory. A global dataset of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) measurements from surface sites and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from AERONET is used to evaluate the model skill. Compared with observations, the model successfully reproduces the spatial patterns of atmospheric BC and OA concentrations, and agrees with measurements to within a factor of 2. Globally, the simulated AOD agrees well with observations, with a normalized mean bias close to zero. However, the model tends to underestimate AOD over India and China by  ∼  19 ± 4 % but overestimate it over Africa by  ∼  25 ± 11 % (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). Without BC serving as ice nuclei (IN), global and Indian solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions have net global cooling radiative effects of −141 ± 4 mW m−2 and −12 ± 4 mW m−2, respectively (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). The net radiative impacts are dominated by the AIE and SDE mechanisms, which originate from enhanced cloud condensation nuclei concentrations for the formation of liquid and mixed-phase clouds, and a suppression of convective transport of water vapor from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere that in turn leads to reduced ice cloud formation. When BC is allowed to behave as a source of IN, the net global radiative impacts of the global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions range from −275 to +154 mW m−2 and −33 to +24 mW m−2, with globally averaged values of −59 ± 215 and 0.3 ± 29 mW m−2, respectively. Here, the uncertainty range is based on sensitivity simulations that alter the maximum freezing efficiency of BC across a plausible range: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. BC–ice cloud interactions lead to substantial increases in high cloud (<  500 hPa) fractions. Thus, the net sign of the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstoves on global climate (warming or cooling) remains ambiguous until improved constraints on BC interactions with mixed-phase and ice clouds are available.
Determination of the refractive index of insoluble organic extracts from atmospheric aerosol over the visible wavelength range using optical tweezers
Authors: Shepherd Rosalie H. , King Martin D. , Marks Amelia A. , Brough Neil , Ward Andrew D.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Optical trapping combined with Mie spectroscopy is a new technique used to
record the refractive index of insoluble organic material extracted from
atmospheric aerosol samples over a wide wavelength range. The refractive
index of the insoluble organic extracts was shown to follow a Cauchy equation
between 460 and 700 nm for organic aerosol extracts collected from urban
(London) and remote (Antarctica) locations. Cauchy coefficients for the
remote sample were for the Austral summer and gave the Cauchy coefficients of
A = 1.467 and B = 1000 nm2 with a real refractive index of
1.489 at a wavelength of 589 nm. Cauchy coefficients for the urban samples
varied with season, with extracts collected during summer having Cauchy
coefficients of A=1.465±0.005 and
B=4625±1200 nm2 with a representative real refractive index
of 1.478 at a wavelength of 589 nm, whilst samples extracted during autumn
had larger Cauchy coefficients of A = 1.505 and B = 600 nm2
with a representative real refractive index of 1.522 at a wavelength of
589 nm. The refractive index of absorbing aerosol was also recorded. The
absorption Ångström exponent was determined for woodsmoke and humic
acid aerosol extract. Typical values of the Cauchy coefficient for the woodsmoke
aerosol extract were A=1.541±0.03 and
B=14800±2900 nm2, resulting in a real refractive index of
1.584 ± 0.007 at a wavelength of 589 nm and an absorption
Ångström exponent of 8.0. The measured values of refractive index
compare well with previous monochromatic or very small wavelength range
measurements of refractive index. In general, the real component of the
refractive index increases from remote to urban to woodsmoke. A
one-dimensional radiative-transfer calculation of the top-of-the-atmosphere
albedo was applied to model an atmosphere containing a 3 km thick layer of
aerosol comprising pure water, pure insoluble organic aerosol, or an
aerosol consisting of an aqueous core with an insoluble organic shell. The
calculation demonstrated that the top-of-the-atmosphere albedo increases by
0.01 to 0.04 for pure organic particles relative to water particles of the
same size and that the top-of-the-atmosphere albedo increases by 0.03 for aqueous
core-shell particles as volume fraction of the shell material increases to
25 %.
Aerosol optical properties at SORPES in Nanjing, east China
Authors: Shen Yicheng , Virkkula Aki , Ding Aijun , Wang Jiaping , Chi Xuguang , Nie Wei , Qi Ximeng , Huang Xin , Liu Qiang , Zheng Longfei , Xu Zheng , Petäjä Tuukka , Aalto Pasi P. , Fu Congbin , Kulmala Markku
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Aerosol optical properties (AOPs) and supporting parameters – particle
number size distributions, PM2.5 mass concentrations, and the
concentrations of trace gases (NOx and NOy) – were measured at
SORPES, a regional background station in Nanjing, China from June 2013 to
May 2015. The aerosol was highly scattering: the average scattering
coefficient was σsp=403 ± 314 Mm−1, the
absorption coefficient σap=26 ± 19 Mm−1, and
the single-scattering albedo SSA = 0.93 ± 0.03 for green light.
The SSA in Nanjing appears to be slightly higher than published values from
several other sites in China and elsewhere. The average Ångström
exponent of absorption (AAE) for the wavelength range 370–950 nm was 1.04
and the AAE range was 0.7–1.4. These AAE values can be explained with
different amounts of non-absorbing coating on pure black carbon (BC) cores and different
core sizes rather than contribution by brown carbon. The AOPs had typical
seasonal cycles with high σsp and σap in
winter and low ones in summer: the averages were σsp=544 ± 422 and σap=36 ± 24 Mm−1 in
winter and σsp=342 ± 281 and σap=20 ± 13 Mm−1 in summer. The intensive AOPs had no
clear seasonal cycles, the variations in them were rather related to the
evolution of pollution episodes. The diurnal cycles of the intensive AOPs
were clear and in agreement with the cycle of the particle number size
distribution. The diurnal cycle of SSA was similar to that of the air
photochemical age, suggesting that the darkest aerosol originated from fresh
traffic emissions. A Lagrangian retroplume analysis showed that the
potential source areas of high σsp and σap are
mainly in eastern China. Synoptic weather phenomena dominated the cycle of
AOPs on a temporal scale of 3–7 days. During pollution episodes, modeled
boundary layer height decreased, whereas PM2.5 concentrations and
σsp and σap typically increased gradually and remained
high during several days but decreased faster, sometimes by even more than
an order of magnitude within some hours. During the growth phase of the
pollution episodes the intensive AOPs evolved clearly. The mass scattering
efficiency MSE of PM2.5 grew during the extended pollution episodes
from ∼ 4 to ∼ 6 m2 g−1 and the mass fraction of BCe decreased from
∼ 10 to ∼ 3 % during the growth phase of the episodes.
Particle growth resulted in the backscatter fraction decreasing from more than
0.16 to less than 0.10, SSA growing from less than 0.9 to more than 0.95, and
radiative forcing efficiency (RFE) changing from less than −26 W m−2 to more than −24 W m−2, which means that
the magnitude of RFE decreased. The RFE probability distribution at SORPES
was clearly narrower than at a clean background site which is in agreement
with a published RFE climatology.
Surface roughness during depositional growth and sublimation of ice crystals
Authors: Chou Cedric , Voigtländer Jens , Ulanowski Zbigniew , Herenz Paul , Bieligk Henner , Clauss Tina , Niedermeier Dennis , Hartmann Susan , Ritter Georg , Stratmann Frank
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Ice surface properties can modify the scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals and therefore affect the radiative properties of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. The Ice Roughness Investigation System (IRIS) is a new laboratory setup designed to investigate the conditions at which roughness develops on single ice crystals, based on their size, morphology and growth conditions (relative humidity and temperature). Ice roughness is quantified through the analysis of speckle in 2-D light scattering patterns. Characterisation of the setup shows that a supersaturation of 20 % with respect to ice and a temperature at the sample position as low as −40 °C could be achieved within IRIS. Investigations of the influence of humidity show that higher supersaturations with respect to ice lead to enhanced roughness and irregularities of ice crystal surfaces. Moreover, relative humidity oscillations lead to gradual “ratcheting up” of roughness and irregularities, as the crystals undergo repeated growth-sublimation cycles. This memory effect also appears to result in reduced growth rates in later cycles. Thus, growth history, as well as supersaturation and temperature, influences ice crystal growth and properties, and future atmospheric models may benefit from its inclusion in the cloud evolution process, and allow more accurate representation of not just roughness but crystal size too, and possibly also electrification properties.
The Influence of Humidity on the Performance of Low-Cost Air Particle Mass Sensors and the Effect of Atmospheric Fog
Authors: Jayaratne Rohan , Liu Xiaoting , Thai Phong , Dunbabin Matthew , Morawska Lidia
Published: April 2018

Abstract. While low-cost particle sensors are being increasingly used in numerous applications, most of them have no heater or dryer at the inlet to remove water from the sample before measurement. Deliquescent growth of particles and the formation of fog droplets in the atmosphere can lead to significant increases in particle number concentration (PNC) and mass concentrations reported by such sensors. We carried out a detailed study using a Plantower PMS1003 low-cost particle sensor, both in the laboratory and under actual ambient field conditions, to investigate its response to increasing humidity and the presence of fog in the air. We found significant increases in particle number and mass concentrations at relative humidity above about 75 %. During a period of fog, the total PNC increased by 28 %, while the PNC larger than 2.5 µm increased by over 50 %. The PM10 concentration reported by the PMS1003 was 46 % greater than that on the standard monitor with a charcoal dryer at the inlet. While there is a causal link between particle pollution and adverse health effects, the presence of water on the particles is not harmful to humans. Therefore, air quality standards for particles are specifically limited to solid particles and standard particle monitoring instruments are fitted with a heater or dryer at the inlet to remove all liquid material from the sample before the concentrations are measured. This study shows that, although low-cost sensors can accurately report the particle number and mass concentrations in the environment, it is important to understand that the results cannot be used to ascertain if air quality standards are being met.
A Method for Computing the Three-Dimensional Radial Distribution Function of Cloud Particles from Holographic Images
Authors: Larsen Michael L. , Shaw Raymond A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Reliable measurements of the three-dimensional radial distribution function for cloud droplets are desired to help characterize microphysical processes that depend on local drop environment. Existing numerical techniques to estimate this three-dimensional radial distribution function are not well suited to in situ or laboratory data gathered from a finite experimental domain. This manuscript introduces and tests a new method designed to reliably estimate the three-dimensional radial distribution function in contexts where (i) physical considerations prohibit the use of periodic boundary conditions and (ii) particle positions are measured inside a convex volume that may have a large aspect ratio. The method is then utilized to measure the three-dimensional radial distribution function from laboratory data taken in a cloud chamber from the Holographic Detector for Clouds (HOLODEC).
Comparison of several satellite-derived databases of surface solar radiation against ground measurement in Morocco
Authors: Marchand Mathilde , Ghennioui Abdellatif , Wey Etienne , Wald Lucien
Published: April 2018

Abstract. HelioClim-3v4 (HC3v4), HelioClim-3v5 (HC3v5) and the radiation service
version 2 of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS-Rad) are
databases that contain hourly values of solar radiation at ground level.
These estimated hourly irradiations are compared to coincident measurements
made at five stations in Morocco. The correlation coefficients between
measurements and estimates are similar for the three databases and around
0.97–0.98 for global irradiation. For the direct irradiation, the
correlation coefficients are around 0.70–0.79 for HC3v4, 0.79–0.84 for
HC3v5 and 0.78–0.87 for CAMS-Rad. For global irradiation, the bias relative
to the average of the measurements is small and ranges between −6 and
−1 % for HC3v4, −4 and 0 % for HC3v5, and −4 and 7 % for
CAMS-Rad; HC3v4 and HC3v5 exhibit a tendency to slightly underestimate the
global irradiation. The root mean square error (RMSE) ranges between 53
(12 %) and 72 Wh m−2 (13 %) for HC3v4, 55 (12 %) and
71 Wh m−2 (13 %) for HC3v5, and 59 (11 %) and 97 Wh m−2
(21 %) for CAMS-Rad. For the direct irradiation, the relative bias ranges
between −16 and 21 % for HC3v4, −7 and 22 % for HC3v5, and −18 and
7 % for CAMS-Rad. The RMSE ranges between 170 (28 %) and
210 Wh m−2 (33 %) for HC3v4, 153 (25 %) and 209 Wh m−2
(40 %) for HC3v5, and 159 (26 %) and 244 Wh m−2 (39 %) for
CAMS-Rad. HC3v5 captures the temporal and spatial variability of the
irradiation field well. The performance is poorer for HC3v4 and CAMS-Rad
which exhibit more variability from site to site. As a whole, the three
databases are reliable sources on solar radiation in Morocco.
Synthetic ozone deposition and stomatal uptake at flux tower sites
Authors: Ducker Jason A. , Holmes Christopher D. , Keenan Trevor F. , Fares Silvano , Goldstein Allen H. , Mammarella Ivan , Munger J. William , Schnell Jordan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We develop and evaluate a method to estimate O3 deposition and stomatal O3 uptake across networks of eddy covariance flux tower sites where O3 concentrations and O3 fluxes have not been measured. The method combines standard micrometeorological flux measurements, which constrain O3 deposition velocity and stomatal conductance, with a gridded dataset of observed surface O3 concentrations. Measurement errors are propagated through all calculations to quantify O3 flux uncertainties. We evaluate the method at three sites with O3 flux measurements: Harvard Forest, Blodgett Forest, and Hyytiälä Forest. The method reproduces 83 % or more of the variability in daily stomatal uptake at these sites with modest mean bias (21 % or less). At least 95 % of daily average values agree with measurements within a factor of two and, according to the error analysis, the residual differences from measured fluxes are consistent with the uncertainty in the underlying measurements. The product, called synthetic O3 flux or SynFlux, includes 43 FLUXNET sites in the United States and 60 sites in Europe, totaling 926 site-years of data. This dataset, which is now public, dramatically expands the number and types of sites where O3 fluxes can be used for ecosystem impact studies and evaluation of air quality and climate models. Across these sites, the mean stomatal conductance and O3 deposition velocity is 0.03–1.0 cm s−1. The stomatal O3 flux during the growing season (April–September) is 0.5–11.0 nmol m−2 s−1 with a mean of 4.5 nmol m−2 s−1 and the largest fluxes generally occur where stomatal conductance is high, rather than where O3 concentrations are high. The conductance differences across sites can be explained by atmospheric humidity, soil moisture, vegetation type, irrigation, and land management. These stomatal fluxes suggest that ambient O3 degrades biomass production and CO2 sequestration by 20–24 % at crop sites, 6–29 % at deciduous broadleaf forests, and 4–20 % at evergreen needleleaf forests in the United States and Europe.
Quantifying changes in spatial patterns of surface air temperature dynamics over several decades
Authors: Zappalà Dario A. , Barreiro Marcelo , Masoller Cristina
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We study daily surface air temperature (SAT) reanalysis in a grid over the
Earth's surface to identify and quantify changes in SAT dynamics during the
period 1979–2016. By analysing the Hilbert amplitude and frequency we identify
the regions where relative variations are most pronounced (larger than
±50 % for the amplitude and ±100 % for the frequency). Amplitude variations are interpreted as
due to changes in precipitation or ice melting, while frequency variations are interpreted as due to a
northward shift of the inter-tropical
convergence zone (ITCZ) and to a widening of the rainfall band in the western Pacific
Ocean.
The ITCZ is the ascending branch of the Hadley cell, and thus by affecting
the tropical atmospheric circulation, ITCZ migration has far-reaching
climatic consequences. As the methodology proposed here can be applied to
many other geophysical time series, our work will stimulate new research that
will advance the understanding of climate change impacts.
ARTS, the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator – version 2.2, the planetary toolbox edition
Authors: Buehler Stefan A. , Mendrok Jana , Eriksson Patrick , Perrin Agnès , Larsson Richard , Lemke Oliver
Published: April 2018

Abstract. This article describes the latest stable release (version 2.2) of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS), a public domain software for radiative transfer simulations in the thermal spectral range (microwave to infrared). The main feature of this release is a planetary toolbox that allows simulations for the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter, in addition to Earth. This required considerable model adaptations, most notably in the area of gaseous absorption calculations. Other new features are also described, notably radio link budgets (including the effect of Faraday rotation that changes the polarization state) and the treatment of Zeeman splitting for oxygen spectral lines. The latter is relevant, for example, for the various operational microwave satellite temperature sensors of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) family.
Prognostic parameterization of cloud ice with a single category in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM(v6.3.0)-HAM(v2.3)
Authors: Dietlicher Remo , Neubauer David , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A new scheme for stratiform cloud microphysics has been implemented in the
ECHAM6-HAM2 general circulation model. It features a widely used description
of cloud water with two categories for cloud droplets and raindrops. The
unique aspect of the new scheme is the break with the traditional approach to
describe cloud ice analogously. Here we parameterize cloud ice by a single
category that predicts bulk particle properties (P3). This method has already
been applied in a regional model and most recently also in the Community
Atmosphere Model 5 (CAM5). A single cloud ice category does not rely on
heuristic conversion rates from one category to another. Therefore, it is
conceptually easier and closer to first principles. This work shows that a single category is a viable approach to describe cloud
ice in climate models. Prognostic representation of sedimentation is achieved
by a nested approach for sub-stepping the cloud microphysics scheme. This
yields good results in terms of accuracy and performance as compared to
simulations with high temporal resolution. Furthermore, the new scheme allows
for a competition between various cloud processes and is thus able to
unbiasedly represent the ice formation pathway from nucleation to growth by
vapor deposition and collisions to sedimentation. Specific aspects of the P3 method are evaluated. We could not produce a
purely stratiform cloud where rime growth dominates growth by vapor
deposition and conclude that the lack of appropriate conditions renders the
prognostic parameters associated with the rime properties unnecessary.
Limitations inherent in a single category are examined.
Paleocene orthophragminids from the Lakadong Limestone, Mawmluh Quarry section, Meghalaya (Shillong, NE India): implications for the regional geology and paleobiogeography
Authors: Özcan Ercan , Pignatti Johannes , Pereira Christer , Yücel Ali Osman , Drobne Katica , Barattolo Filippo , Saraswati Pratul Kumar
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The late Paleocene orthophragminids, hitherto poorly known from the Himalayan foreland basins, are studied from the Lakadong Limestone in Meghalaya, northeastern India, in order to establish a systematic, biostratigraphic, and paleobiogeographical framework for them in the eastern Tethys. In the Mawmluh Quarry section (MQS) on the Shillong Plateau, to the southeast of Tibet, orthophragminids are associated with typical Paleocene orbitoidiform taxa endemic to the Indian subcontinent, i.e., Lakadongia Matsumaru & Jauhri (= Setia Ferràndez-Cañadell) and Orbitosiphon Rao, and various species of alveolinids, miscellaneids, and rotaliids, characterizing the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) 3 and 4. The orthophragminids belong to two lineages of the genus Orbitoclypeus Silvestri: O. schopeni (Checchia-Rispoli) and O. multiplicatus (Gümbel), both well known from the peri-Mediterranean region and Europe (western Tethys). The latter species is identified here for the first time from the eastern Tethys. Previous records of the genus Discocyclina Gümbel from the Lakadong Limestone actually correspond to misidentified Orbitoclypeus; this implies that the late Paleocene orthophragminid assemblages from Meghalaya and eastern Tethys were less diverse than in the western Tethys. The lineage of Orbitoclypeus schopeni in the lower part of the Lakadong Limestone (SBZ 3) is identified as O. schopeni cf. ramaraoi based on the morphometry of a few specimens, whereas in the upper part (SBZ 4) it corresponds to a transitional development stage between O. schopeni ramaraoi and O. schopeni neumannae (with average Dmean values ranging between 192 and 199 µm). The embryon diameters of O. multiplicatus, recorded only in SBZ 4, range between 300 and 319 µm on average, corresponding to transitional development stages of O. multiplicatus haymanaensis and O. multiplicatus multiplicatus. Our data, along with a review of previous Paleocene and Eocene records from India and Pakistan, suggest that Orbitoclypeus is the only orthophragminid in the Paleocene of the eastern Tethys, whereas Discocyclina first appears in early Eocene times, being mainly represented by endemic taxa confined to the Indian subcontinent. Facies change in the MQS from a marine to continental setting within SBZ 4 corresponds to the oldest record from the Indian plate in the Paleogene, which may be linked to the flexural uplift of the passive margin of the Indian plate, marking the onset of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Short commentary on marine productivity at Arctic shelf breaks: upwelling, advection and vertical mixing
Authors: Randelhoff Achim , Sundfjord Arild
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The future of Arctic marine ecosystems has received increasing attention in
recent years as the extent of the sea ice cover is dwindling. Although the
Pacific and Atlantic inflows both import huge quantities of nutrients and
plankton, they feed into the Arctic Ocean in quite diverse regions. The
strongly stratified Pacific sector has a historically heavy ice cover, a
shallow shelf and dominant upwelling-favourable winds, while the Atlantic
sector is weakly stratified, with a dynamic ice edge and a complex
bathymetry. We argue that shelf break upwelling is likely not a universal but
rather a regional, albeit recurring, feature of “the new Arctic”. It is the
regional oceanography that decides its importance through a range of diverse
factors such as stratification, bathymetry and wind forcing. Teasing apart
their individual contributions in different regions can only be achieved by
spatially resolved time series and dedicated modelling efforts. The Northern
Barents Sea shelf is an example of a region where shelf break upwelling
likely does not play a dominant role, in contrast to the shallower shelves
north of Alaska where ample evidence for its importance has already
accumulated. Still, other factors can contribute to marked future increases
in biological productivity along the Arctic shelf break. A warming inflow of
nutrient-rich Atlantic Water feeds plankton at the same time as it melts the sea ice,
permitting increased photosynthesis. Concurrent changes in sea ice cover and
zooplankton communities advected with the boundary currents make for a
complex mosaic of regulating factors that do not allow for Arctic-wide
generalizations.
Benefits of Coherent Large Beamwidth Processing of Radio-Echo
Sounding Data
Authors: Heister Anton , Scheiber Rolf
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Coherent processing of radio echo sounding data of polar ice sheets is known to provide indication of bedrock properties and detection of internal layers. We investigate the benefits of coherent processing of a large azimuth beamwidth to retrieve and characterize the orientation and angular backscattering properties of the surface and subsurface features. MCoRDS data acquired over two distinct test areas in Greenland are used to demonstrate the specular backscattering properties of the ice surface and of the internal layers, as well as the much wider angular response of the bedrock. The coupling of internal layers' orientation with the bed topography is shown to increase with depth. Spectral filtering can be used to increase the SNR of the internal layers and for mitigating the surface multiple.
Improving Met Office seasonal forecasts of Arctic sea ice using
assimilation of CryoSat-2 thickness
Authors: Blockley Edward W. , Peterson K. Andrew
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Interest in seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice has been increasing in recent years owing, primarily, to the sharp reduction in Arctic sea ice cover observed over the last few decades, which is projected to continue. The prospect of increased human industrial activity in the region, as well as scientific interest in the predictability of sea ice, provides important motivation for understanding, and improving, the skill of Arctic predictions. Several operational forecasting centres now routinely produce seasonal predictions of sea ice cover using coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice models. Although assimilation of sea ice concentration into these systems is commonplace, sea ice thickness observations, being much less mature, are typically not assimilated. However many studies suggest that initialisation of winter sea ice thickness could lead to improved prediction of Arctic summer sea ice. Here, for the first time, we directly assess the impact of winter sea ice thickness initialisation on the skill of seasonal summer forecasts by assimilating CryoSat-2 thickness data into the Met Office's coupled seasonal forecasting system (GloSea). We show a significant improvement in predictive skill of Arctic sea ice extent and ice-edge location for forecasts of September Arctic sea ice made from the beginning of the melt season. The improvements in sea ice cover lead to further improvement of near-surface air temperature and pressure fields across the region. A clear relationship between modelled winter thickness biases and summer extent errors is identified which supports the theory that Arctic winter thickness provides some predictive capability for summer ice extent, and further highlights the importance that modelled winter thickness biases can have on the evolution of forecast errors through the melt season.
Análisis del impacto del valor añadido del gestor sobre el binomio Rentabilidad-Riesgo, medido mediante el ratio de Sharpe, en los Fondos de Inversión Socialmente Responsables
Authors: Medina Castaño Arturo , Iturrioz del Campo Javier
Published: April 2018

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el impacto e influencia del valor añadido que aporta el gestor en los Fondos de Inversión Socialmente Responsables (FISR), sobre el obtenido por un indicador de referencia. En este trabajo el valor añadido del gestor se mide mediante el ratio financiero Alpha mientras que el binomio rentabilidad-riesgo se analiza mediante el ratio de Sharpe, tomado en varios momentos del horizonte temporal. El posible impacto se analiza, tanto de forma directa como de manera indirecta, a través del Retorno de los Fondos. También se mide la influencia de ciertas variables de control sobre el binomio como: las Divisas, el Tamaño de los Fondos, la Inversión Mínima, la Estrategia de Inversión o la Volatilidad. La muestra está compuesta por fondos de todas las áreas geográficas del mundo y la información ha sido obtenida de la base de datos de información económico-financiera Bloomberg. Inicialmente la muestra comprendía un total de 2.660 fondos, quedándose finalmente para el estudio con 709 fondos a nivel mundial. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, se utiliza un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales, también conocido como modelo PLS. En dicho modelo se diferencia entre el modelo externo y el modelo interno, así como la significatividad estadística a la hora de obtener los resultados de las diferentes hipótesis planteadas. Para la obtención de los resultados de la investigación a través del modelo PLS se han realizado tres procesos diferenciados, en primer lugar, se ha llevado a cabo el cálculo del Algoritmo PLS, posteriormente se procedió con el proceso de Bootstrapping con un total de 5.000 iteraciones y por último el proceso de Blindfolding.
Mineral composition of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) seeds of vegetable and grain usage by ARHIVBSP selection
Authors: Gins Murat Sabirovich , Gins Valentina Karlovna , Motyleva Svetlana Mikhailovna , Kulikov Ivan Mikhailovich , Medvedev Sergei Mikhailovich , Kononkov Petr Fedorovich , Pivovarov Viktor Fedorovich
Published: April 2018

The questions of the practical usage of the analytical scanning electron microscope JSM 600 LA by JEOL company (Japan) with EDS system - microanalysis for the studying of the ash elemental composition of seeds 9 breeds (Vegetable and Grain application) 4 species genus Amaranthus L. - A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor. Plant seeds by Federal center of vegetable production selection were envisaged. We studied the concentration of 14 basic elements (in weight %) contained in the mineral part of amaranth seeds. In the amaranth seeds of vegetable forms the accumulation order of the elements is the following: Ca >K >P >Mg >Si >Se >Fe >Mo ≈ S ≈ Cl ≈ Zn >Na >Al. In the seeds of the grain forms the order is different: К >P >Ca >Si >Se >Mg >Fe >Na >Mo >Cl ≈ S ≈ Mn ≈ Zn ≈ Al. The amaranth seeds of the grain forms are rich in macro - and microelements. P, K, Cl and S in the seeds of the grain forms are accumulated on 50, 37, 15 and 5% more and Si, Fe and Al in 2.6 and 1.8 times more than in the vegetable forms seeds. The breeds with the high concentration of the elements are recommended for using in the selection process. The elevated level of the essential macro- and microelements such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl stipulates the perspective of the functional products creation on the base of the studied amaranth seeds for the enrichment of the food stuffs.
Seeing is Believing: A Case Study of Interdisciplinary, Experiential Science Education
Authors: Majumdar Saswati
Published: April 2018

Situated in a rural, impoverished town in Northeast Louisiana, this case study takes a deep look into two highly effective teachers’ pedagogical practices along with the concomitant patterns in attitudes towards scientific literacy among their students, as well as the role of the emergent curriculum in the process. It explored nuances of a unique approach to bring in interdisciplinary science through the backdoor, since science received little importance in the context of the school as well as community. Using qualitative measures, the study examined the teachers’ pedagogical practices and students’ attitudes towards science as well as subtle, everyday interactions involving the discourse of science and the resulting, emergent curriculum surrounding an innovative, teacher-designed intervention. Qualitative findings showed that the emergent curricular models in different teachers’ classrooms shaped the outcomes. Classroom interactions surrounding the intervention vis a vis the emergent curricula encompassed an open, dialogic and interactive discourse closer to a post-modern approach, where both teachers and students seemed to excel and together shaped a rich, recursive, relational, and rigorous process of learning and integration of the intervention, within a small creative window situated in a transitional context of K-12 education.
Exponence, allomorphy and haplology in the number and State morphology of Modern Hebrew
Authors: Faust Noam
Published: April 2018

This paper provides an account of the regularities of plural exponence in Modern Hebrew. There are two genders in Modern Hebrew, each with its specific plural marker. Nouns can appear in the Construct or Free states, and the State of a noun also has an effect on the plural marking, though only in the case of masculine nouns. Finally, in nouns with possessive suffixes and in newly-formed dual nouns, plural number seems to be marked twice in the feminine noun, but only once in the masculine noun. The analysis first formalizes the distribution of the plural allomorphs of gender and State in the language using the Vocabulary Items of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993). It is then claimed that the morpho-syntactic structures of N+possessive and of new duals involve two number projections, and therefore two plural exponents are expected in both constructions. However, in the masculine case the vocabulary Items provided in the paper result in the repetition of two overly similar exponents, creating an OCP violation. The repair is to delete one of the two, and so the double marking does not survive in the phonetic form. In the feminine case the two markers are not similar, and so there is no OCP violation, and double marking is surface-true.
Campanhas e legislação eleitoral: Análise da “Minirreforma” no contexto das eleições municipais brasileiras de 2016
Authors: Alves Mercia , Lima Barbara
Published: April 2018

As eleições 2016 foram marcadas pelas mais significativas alterações na legislação eleitoral das duas últimas décadas. Essas mudanças foram promovidas principalmente pela minirreforma eleitoral de 2015, que alterou o perfil de financiamento e o tempo das campanhas eleitorais. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a dinâmica financeira das campanhas em 2012 e 2016, a partir da minirreforma e do caso das eleições municipais. Foram selecionadas as campanhas eleitorais vitoriosas de dez capitais brasileiras, sendo elas: São Paulo, BeloHorizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Cuiabá, Manaus, Campo Grande e Recife. Foram analisados, especificamente, 1) dados sobre os colégios eleitorais nos dez municípios, para as eleições de 2012 e 2016, e 2) as prestações de contas oficiais elaboradas pelos partidos e entregues ao TSE, também referentes às campanhas de 2012 e 2016.
A Participação de feministas na burocracia estatal: dinâmicas e efeitos
Authors: Belançon Milena Cristina
Published: April 2018

O ativismo estatal, ou institucional, caracterizado pela atuação de militantes de movimentos sociais na burocracia estatal, foi adotado por parcelas de movimentos feministas no Brasil, principalmente a partir da redemocratização, momento em que as mulheres passaram a buscar vias de luta por direitos para além das instâncias tradicionais de representação e dos repertórios característicos da ação direta. Nesse trabalho, buscou-se contextualizar a trajetória do movimento feminista que adentrou ao Estado e suas dinâmicas uma vez inserido na burocracia institucional. O foco do trabalho está em compreender a execução desse repertório e suas implicações para os movimentos e o Estado a partir da exploração de distintas trajetórias de mulheres que atuaram em cargos públicos não eletivos.
Modelling Excess Zeros in Count Data with Application to Antenatal Care Utilisation
Authors: Yusuf Oyindamola B , Afolabi Rotimi Felix , Ayoola Ayoola S
Published: April 2018

Poisson and negative binomial regression models have been used as a standard for modelling count outcomes; but these methods do not take into account the problems associated with excess zeros. However, zero-inflated and hurdle models have been proposed to model count data with excess zeros. The study therefore compared the performance of Zero-inflated (Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB)), and hurdle (Hurdle Poisson (HP) and Hurdle negative binomial (HNB)) models in determining the factors associated with the number of Antenatal Care (ANC) visits in Nigeria. Using the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset, a sample of 19 652 women of reproductive age who gave birth five years prior to the survey and provided information about ANC visits was utilised. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ZIP, ZINB, HP and HNB models, and information criteria (AIC/BIC) was used to assess model fit. Participants’ mean age was 29.5 ± 7.3 years and median number of ANC visits was 4 (range: 0 - 30). About half (54.9%) of the participants had at least 4 ANC visits while 33.9% had none. The ZINB (AIC = 83 039.4; BIC = 83 470.3) fitted the data better than the ZIP or HP; however, HNB (AIC = 83 041.4; BIC = 83 472.3) competed favorably well with it. The Zero-inflated negative binomial model provided the better fit for the data. We suggest the Zero-inflated negative binomial model for count data with excess zeros of unknown sources such as the number of ANC visits in Nigeria.
APRECIANDO SIMILARIDADES E VALORIZANDO DIFERENÇAS: Um Estudo sobre Atitudes de Gestores em Relação ao Diverso
Authors: Hanashiro Darcy Mitiko Mori , Albuquerque Marcelo
Published: April 2018

Este artigo objetiva analisar as atitudes de gestores brasileiros em relação ao diverso (Universal-Diverse Orientation - UDO) e seus componentes atitudinais - diversidade de contato (DC), apreciação relativista (AR) e conforto com diferenças (CD) – e sua diferenciação por sexo, raça, idade e experiência no trabalho. A escala Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale-Short (M-GUDS-S), que mensura o constructo UDO, foi aplicada a uma amostra de 484 gestores de uma corporação multinacional do segmento de agronegócios. Foram obtidos valores satisfatórios de confiabilidade e validade convergente e discriminante da escala. De forma geral, os gestores apresentaram elevadas atitudes (UDO), revelando que são capazes de construir conexões, ser mais abertos e expressar mais sensibilidade com pessoas culturalmente diversas. Os testes estatísticos não foram significativos para sexo e raça. No entanto, houve uma correlação significativa e negativa entre idade e UDO global e DC, e entre experiência de trabalho e AR. Os resultados deste estudo têm implicações para a gestão da diversidade nas organizações, especificamente para subsidiar programas de treinamento, de expatriação e de carreira.
“SAIR OU FICAR NO ARMÁRIO”? EIS A QUESTÃO! Estudo sobre as razões e os efeitos do coming out no ambiente de trabalho
Authors: Rabelo Adriana Marques , Nunes Simone Costa
Published: April 2018

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar o Coming Out no ambiente de trabalho considerando os motivos que levam os trabalhadores homossexuais a revelarem sua orientação sexual no trabalho. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados trabalhadores homossexuais que atuam em organizações públicas ou privadas, buscando-se apreender suas histórias de vida. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com roteiro semiestruturado e analisados com base no método análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2006). Os depoimentos sugerem que o coming out traz melhorias para as relações interpessoais e satisfação com o ambiente de trabalho. Entretanto, não se trata de uma escolha isenta de riscos, tendo-se em vista que, em determinados ambientes, a assunção da identidade sexual no trabalho pode impactar negativamente na qualidade do relacionamento com a chefia e diminuir as chances de promoção.
Factoring for Roots
Authors: Clinch Adam
Published: April 2018

Justifications, methods, and results compare two classes of students who used a new technique that ties together procedural fluency and conceptual understanding in a manner unlike other current strategies.
Stacking Algebraic Thinking
Authors: Gold Lindsay A. , Ashurst John
Published: April 2018

This activity explores how grocery stores use horizontal stacking with shopping carts.
La paresse est-elle un symptôme pour la psychanalyse ?
Authors: Chevassus-Marchionni Valérie
Published: April 2018

Après une étude de la notion de symptôme en psychanalyse chez Freud et chez Lacan, la paresse est envisagée précisément comme un symptôme. Mais quel peut être le sens de ce symptôme ? Quelle est la nature du désir inconscient qui préside à son apparition ? Après avoir considéré plusieurs causalités et élaboré quelques interprétations possibles, nous nous intéressons au cas particulier du personnage d’Oblomov dans le roman éponyme d’Ivan Gontcharov. Si la paresse d’Oblomov a un sens qu’il est possible de déterminer à l’aide des outils de la psychanalyse, il est intéressant aussi de ne pas en chercher à tout prix la signification et de l’envisager davantage comme un sinthome au sens lacanien du terme : Oblomov ferait usage de sa paresse comme d’une véritable création visant à contourner son mal-être et à lui permettre de s’accommoder à sa manière des souffrances générées par son existence et sa sensibilité. En conclusion est présenté succinctement le cas de Svevo qui donne de la paresse une illustration bien différente.