bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid Modeling Based on a New Paradigm
Authors: Yoshida Norimasa , Shiokawa Masato , Yamaguchi Fujio
Published: March 2003

The technique of solid modeling is essential in CAD/CAM applications, and is currently well established. However, problems remain, such as the lack of uniformity in geometric computations and the lack of stability of Boolean operations of two solids. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical solid modeling system that operates on boundary representations of polyhedral objects and is based on a new paradigm. The characteristics of the system are the following: (I) in Boolean Operations and modeling transformations, all geometric computations are performed by the 4 × 4 determinant method or the 4 × 4 matrix method in homogeneous space, which allows the system to avoid division operations, (2) all geometric computations are performed by the exact integer arithmetic, which makes the geometric algorithms stable and simple, and (3) primitive solids are constructed consistently in the integer domain, and the consistency is assured throughout Boolean operations and transformations.
Chebyshev Polynomials for Boxing and Intersections of Parametric Curves and Surfaces
Authors: Fournier Alain , Buchanan John
Published: March 2003

Parametric curves and surfaces are powerful and popular modelling tools in Computer Graphics and Computer Aided Design. Ray‐tracing is a versatile and popular rendering technique. There is therefore a strong incentive in developing fast, accurate and reliable algorithms to intersect rays and parametric curves and surfaces.

We propose and demonstrate the use of Chebyshev basis functions to speed up the computation of the intersections between rays and parametric curves or surfaces. The properties of Chebyshev polynomials result in the computation of better and tighter enclosing boxes. For surfaces they provide a better termination criterion to decide on the limits of subdivision, and allow the use of bilinear surfaces for the computation of the intersection when needed.

The efficiency of the techniques used depends on the relative magnitude of the coefficients of the Chebyshev basis functions. We show from a statistical analysis of the characteristics of several thousands surfaces of different origin that these techniques will result most of the time in significant improvement in speed and accuracy over other other boxing and subdivision techniques.
Parallel ray tracing based upon a multilevel topological knowledge acquisition of the scene
Authors: RIS Philippe , ARQUÈS Didier
Published: March 2003

Including the standard parallelization by grouping primary rays, this paper presents a new parallel ray‐timing method based upon a topological knowledge acquisition of the scene. This topological knowledge focuses on relative positions between objects and processes and uses a new type of message. Indeed, instead of exchanging database pages or rays, processes exchange topological information. This information is used by each process to decrease its own list of objects to test against rays The acquisition of information about relative positions between objects and processes is obtained by a careful ordering of he pixel calculation. The processes are dispatched on a computer network including a parallel computer The organization of the processes on this network is a multilevel one leading to different levels of topological message exchanges This method is characterized by topological messages describing the scene, dynamic optimization of the database, easy parallelization on any network (no deadlock, fault tolerance, easily expandable and simple routing), and gives interesting results with true or simulated parallelism.
Triangulating multiply‐connected polygons: A simple, yet efficient algorithm.
Authors: Ronfard Remi P. , Rossignac Jarek R.
Published: March 2003

We present a new, simple, yet efficient algorithm for triangulating multiply‐connected polygons. The algorithm requires sorting only local concave minima (sags). The order in which triangles are created mimics a flooding process of the interior of the polygon. At each stage, the algorithm analyses the positions and neighborhoods of two vertices only, and possibly checks for active sags, so as to determine which of five possible actions to take. Actions are based on a local decomposition of the polygon into monotonic regions, or gorges (raise the water level in the current gorge, spill into an adjacent gorge, jump to the other bank of a filled gorge, divide a gorge into two, and fill a gorge to its top). The implementation is extremely simple and numerically robust for a large class of polygons. It has been tested on millions of cases as a preprocessing step of a walkthrough and inspection program for complex mechanical and architectural scenes. Extensive experimental results indicate that the observed complexity in terms of the number of vertices, remains under in all cases.
Raycasting of Nonregularly Structured Volume Data
Authors: Frühauf Thomas
Published: March 2003

Raycasting is an efficient, but computation‐intensive technique for the direct rendering of volumetric data. Nonregularly structured volume data is produced in a variety of applications, such as numerical simulation, ultrasonic inspection, or seismic measurement. Unfortunately, in raycasting nonregulary structured grids, sampling data along the rays is even more computation‐intensive. One idea might be to resample the data onto a regular grid for further processing. It is shown, that resampling typical grids results either in extreme sub‐ sampling of the most interesting areas or in data sets too huge to handle. Additionally, no better hardware will overcome the fact that all topology and context information is lost through resampling. Therefore, dedicated algorithms for the raycasting of nonregularly structured volumes are required.

We present a new approach for this task, which is based on sending rays through the computational space of a nonregular grid, instead of conventionally raycasting the physical space. This technique overcomes the difficulties in sampling data along the rays, since the computational space is regular by definition. The paper outlines the mathematical operations of this technique as well as its embedding in a rendering algorithm. We have implemented the new raycasting strategy as a module of our interactive visualization system, providing the users with an additional tool for the efficient exploration of their data.
Visualization of Regular Polytopes in Three and Four Dimensions
Authors: Hausmann Barbara , Seidel Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2003

Nontrivial regular polytopes only exist in three and four dimensions. This paper describes a software package that allows to interactively visualize and analyze these regular polytopes. The following four tools are available: Display of the Schlegel diagrams, perspective projections with the possibility of interactively rotating the polytope in three‐/four‐dimensional space before projection, interactive slicing along various directions, cut‐throughs and fold‐downs. Various examples illustrate the approach.
An Integrated Line Tracking and Vectorization Algorithm
Authors: van Nieuwenhuizen Peter R. , Kiewiet Olaf , Bronsvoort Willem F.
Published: March 2003

A method is presented to compute a vector representation of an arbitrary line in a bi‐level raster image The line may have varying line width and irregular borders. Furthermore, at line crossings and branches the user is offered the opportunity to choose from the directions in which line tracking may he continued The method avoids thinning and vectorization of chain codes. Instead, a contour follower is used at both sides of the line, and median line calculation is integrated with contour following. This leads to an efficient algorithm, in particular when individual lines have to be interactively extracted from a raster image.
A Median Cut Algorithm for Efficient Sampling of Radiosity Functions
Authors: Feda Martin , Purgathofer Werner
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an efficient method for sampling the illumination functions in higher order radiosity algorithms. In such algorithms, the illumination function is not assumed to be constant across each patch, but it is approximated by a function which is at least C1 continuous. Our median cut sampling algorithm is inspired by the observation that many form factors are computed at higher precision than is necessary. While a high sampling rate is necessary in regions of high illumination, dark areas can be sampled at a much lower rate to compute the received radiosity within a given precision. We adaptively subdivide the emitter into regions of approximately equal influence on the result. Form factors are evaluated by the disk approximation and a ray tracing based test for occlusion detection. The implementation of a higher order radiosity system using B‐splines as radiosity function is described. The median cut algorithm can also be used for radiosity algorithms based on the constant radiosity assumption.
Reducing The Latency In Head‐Mounted Displays By A Novel Prediction Method Using Grey System Theory
Authors: Wu Jiann‐Rong , Ouhyoung Ming
Published: March 2003

In this paper we propose a novel prediction method for the head motion using Grey System theory, where a 6D tracker is attached to an HMD on a user's head in virtual reality applications. Our prediction method using Grey System Model can greatly reduce the latency by at least one half and reduce image jittering. A system latency below 100 ms or even 50 ins can be achieved, even though without prediction the latency is around 200 ms. Using 6 points in prediction with Grey System Model is currently the best in tracker prediction as we tried from 2 points to 10 points.

In order to measure the latency, we also propose a way to measure it in an HMD system precisely and conveniently. During the process, we have implemented four different prototypes respectively on a PC486, a SUN SparcStation10, an SGI IndigoR4000, and a high performance computer image generator. The computation complexity of our prediction method is relatively low and therefore real time requirement is easily met.
Ray Traversal of Spatial Structures
Authors: Kuzmin Yevgeniy P.
Published: March 2003

This article presents an efficient algorithm for ray traversal of uniform and hierarchical spatial structures. Only simple integer and logical operations are used. The problem of error accumulation during ray casting is considered. The algorithm is well suited for efficient software and hardware implementation.
A Schematic Entry Drawing Capability in a Linearised Hypermedia System
Authors: Benest I. D.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a linearised hypermedia system, called the Book Emulator, that generally supports the capture of diagrammatic specifications such as SSADM and electronic circuit diagrams, and the capture of mathematical notations such as Z. Since the Book Emulator can be closely coupled to applications, it can be used as the user‐interface to that application. Doing so automatically provides a conferencing mechanism on behalf of applications and a mechanism for recording the engineering analyses performed by the application. It is argued that this is the next and higher step in the trend to separate the user‐interface from the application. The schematic entry mechanism has been designed to minimise the user's physical and mental effort so that the user may concentrate on drawing strategy. This is achieved by minimising the number of selections (steps) required to reach an atomic goal, and by refraining from hiding functionality in menus. The paper concludes with an indication of how the generalised schematic capture mechanism might be exploited in systems that allow end‐ users to organise and specify their information requirements.
A Constraint‐Based Reasoning Framework for Behavioural Animation
Authors: Mah Sang , Calvert Thomas W. , Havens William
Published: March 2003

Behaviour is a reflection of a reasoning process that must deal with constraints imposed by an external environment, internal knowledge and physical structure. This paper proposes a framework for behavioural animation that is based on the next generation of object‐oriented, constraint‐based expert systems technology, and applies a control structure of knowledge agents and knowledge units to determine the behaviour of objects to be animated. Knowledge agents are responsible for planning, plan implementation and information extraction from the environment. The activity of an agent is dependent on the knowledge units ascribed to them by the animator. The interaction between agents and knowledge units is resolved by the reasoning engine, and thus, influences the eventual motion displayed. An example given is NSAIL, a pilot implementation using the model‐based ECHIDNA constraint logic programming shell. With this approach, the motion for a sailing scenario and other behavioural domains can be specified at a high level through the characterization of the knowledge agents.
The Compositing Buffer: A Flexible Method for Image Generation and Image Editing
Authors: Lau Wing Hung , Wiseman Neil
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we describe a new buffer architecture called the Compositing Buffer. Although it is based on the A‐buffer architecture described by Carpenter1, the new architecture introduces two important ideas which make image generation more flexible. The first idea is the storing of bitmask index instead of the bitmask. This allows accurate images to be generated while at the same time, minimising memory usage. The second idea is the introduction of the concept of dynamic object. This allows images to be edited interactively. Applications of the two ideas will also be discussed in the paper.
Extraction of Typographic Elements from Outline Representations of Fonts
Authors: Shainir Ariel , Rappoport Ari
Published: March 2003

Digital typefaces for computer graphics and multimedia applications should be capable of supporting operations such as font variations, transformations. deformations and blending. A powerful implementation of such operations must rely on the inherent typographic attributes of the typeface. However, even today's most advanced typeface representations support only geometric outline representations and basic font variations.

In this paper we discuss high‐level typeface representations which we term Parametric Typographic Representations (PTRs). We present an algorithm for automatically extracting typographic elements of typefaces from their outline representation, which, is an essential initial step in converting typefaces from outline representations to PTRs. The extracted typographic elements include serifs, bars. sterns, slants, bows, arcs, curve stems and curve bars. Most notable is the treatment of serifs, which are represented by finite‐automata. The algorithm only needs to learn a serif type once, and is then capable of automatically recognizing it in different typefaces.

We show an application of a PTR for automatic high‐quality hinting of fonts, which is one of the most important stages in, digital font production. Our system was used to generate hints for dozens of thousands of Kanji, Roman and Hebrew characters.
Investor Relations and Corporate Governance in Large UK Companies
Authors: Craven B.M. , Marston C.L.
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on a large and comprehensive survey of the investor relations process in large UK companies. The survey was primarily designed to investigate investor relations, secondarily to explore links between investor relations procedures and improvements in corporate governance. Of the independent variables, the size of company has the greatest association with measures of well organised and controlled investor relations. The use of a non–executive chairman also has a positive association. The proportion of non–executive directors does not appear to influence whether investor relations are well organised and successful.
The Role of the Non‐Executive Board and the CEO in Managing the Change: a survival battle in Finnish Banking
Authors: Myllys Kirsi
Published: March 2003

This study describes the survival cases of two local savings banks in Finland during fundamental changes in 1990’s when 90% of the Finnish Savings Bank Group did not survive. Survival is studied through the roles of the non‐executive boards and the CEOs in the context of three change periods. Institutional theory is used as a framework in describing and explaining the survival. The cases describe how radical renewals can be made despite dominant actors and generally agreed ways of change in the field. It is suggested that the CEO and the non‐executive board of directors were in a key role in changing the future of a local savings bank. Old institutions can die, but the active role of the small banks themselves was decisive; by taking active role they recreated and renewed their organizations (c.f. Greenwood and Hinings 1996).
The Corporate Governance Agenda
Authors: Cadbury Sir Adrian
Published: March 2003

The name of Sir Adrian Cadbury has become synonymous with the development of corporate governance. His original involvement was chairing the UK Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance in 1991, whose report has taken the name of Cadbury into the annals of the subject. Since then Sir Adrian has visited 28 countries, contributing massively to the raising of board level standards around the world. Now he reports that he has enjoyed this governance odyssey, but is “retiring from this particular field”. His contributions as a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of this journal have been very significant. Here he draws some conclusions on the state of corporate governance and likely developments in the future.
The Opportunity for Re‐inventing Corporate Governance in Joint Venture Companies
Authors: Carver John
Published: March 2003

Joint venture boards – compared with widely held companies – may prove more amenable to changes in corporate governance theory that significantly alter traditional patterns for directors, chairmen, and chief executive officers. Parent companies’ control over directors is more direct than that exercised by widely scattered shareholders or even institutional investors. Therefore, parent companies have a vested interest in joint venture board strength in order that parents be fittingly represented. Yet they also understand the crucial importance of relatively robust management. This dual, albeit competing, motivation makes attractive any approach to governance that assures strong directors, a rigorous chain of accountability, and, at the same time, an appropriately empowered chief executive. The author’s Policy Governance model offers these improvements to board leadership, but compels fundamental changes from traditional board practice. The ownership circumstances found in joint venture companies are favourable for implementing the new paradigm.
Corporate Governance under ‘New Public Management’: an exemplification
Authors: Clatworthy Mark , Mellett Howard , Peel Michael
Published: March 2003

A key feature of the ‘New Public Management’ reforms has been the adoption, by public sector bodies, of modes of organisation and governance more usually associated with the private sector. This paper seeks to identify the general model of corporate governance prevailing in the private sector and reviews the extent to which its elements are paralleled in the public sector. It uses NHS trusts as exemplars to examine whether sufficient congruity exists between them to allow governance models created in the private sector to be applied to the public sector. If such a transfer is not appropriate, trusts would require tailor made governance models. It would also highlight the extent to which private sector techniques can be transferred to the public sector without modification. The conclusion is that the study of corporate governance in NHS trusts shows that the transplant of private sector culture, as reflected in modes of corporate governance, is not complete, necessary or possible.
Corporate Governance and Workers’ Participation
Authors: Goodijk Rienk
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses and describes the possible role and responsibility of workers (via their representatives) in the process of strategic decision‐making at corporate level, especially in the Netherlands where the Works Council (Ondernemingsraad) has achieved a certain degree of maturity in the last decade. It is a reaction to the lack of attention to workers’ participation in the actual debate on Corporate Governance. From our point of view workers also have to be seen as equal ‘stakeholders’ and partners in decision‐making. In several Dutch companies forms of partnership in corporate governance are starting to develop. But also in other countries (like Germany) and at European level Works Councils are starting to discuss strategic topics with the Board of Directors. After describing the position and role of the most important boards and stakeholders at corporate level (the Board of Directors, the Supervisory Board, the shareholders, the trade unions and the works councils), the paper presents a stakeholder model in which also the workers participate and exercise influence on strategic decision‐making. Finally it gives practical suggestions for the improvement of the position of workers’ participation in corporate governance. These suggestions and recommandations are mainly based on experiences in Dutch companies.
Corporate Governance in a Third World Country with Particular Reference to Nigeria
Authors: Yakasai Alhaji G. A.
Published: March 2003

The paper discusses the issue of power relations and sharing as the basis for instituting a corporate governance procedure. It argues that the peculiar and unstructured nature of the developing economies makes the running of many existing limited liability companies remarkably different from the governance processes of modern Plc and multinational corporations which are controlled (at least in principle) by the owners through shareholder democracy enshrined in the Annual General Meetings. The need for an understanding of the concepts, processes and problems of corporate governance both from the perspective of those who direct, those concerned with returns and accountability, and those concerned with corporate regulation encouraged the author to provide a menu of hypotheses of corporate governance and its relevance to Nigerian corporate bodies. The paper then zeroes in to discuss corporate governance in the banking industry as well as the problems and consequences of the quality of such a governance. In section four of the paper, a crystal eye‐ball and prognostic view was taken of corporate governance in the Nigerian banks in the twenty first century. The paper concludes by providing the recipes that would ensure good corporate governance in the private sector, particularly in Nigerian banks, in the short and long‐run.
The Cumbersome Route from Research Data to Knowledge Use
Authors: Grønhaug Kjell , Haukedal Willy
Published: March 2003

Why do some firms within an industry make use of commissioned research while others don't? To answer this important, but far from understood research question a guiding perspective borrowing from the “two‐community‐metaphor”, cognitive psychology, and studies on knowledge use was developed. A quasi‐experiment was conducted among two groups each one consisting of four firms from the hotel industry. Semi‐structured, longitudinal personal interviews were conducted with top manager and assistant managers in each firm. The findings showed that utilization of research data may be cumbersome, requiring considerable cognitive efforts and elaboration to become useful knowledge applicable for practical purposes. It was also demonstrated that knowledge utilization involves innovative activities, including the construction of new routes of actions. During this process the initial research data were transformed, diffused and elaborated among organization members. It was also observed that when substantial “language” barriers exist between research providers and users, competent personal assistance in interpretation and further elaboration of the research data may facilitate knowledge use. Theoretical and managerial implications are highlighted.
‘Search Widely, Choose Wisely’: A Proposal for Linking Judgemental Decision‐Making and Creative Problem‐Solving Approaches
Authors: Proudlove Nathan
Published: March 2003

Brainstorming was pioneered by Alex Osborn as a technique to support idea generation in individual and team applications. The emphasis on divergence was moderated in subsequent technique systems, including the Parnes‐Osborn approach and its derivatives. These systems place emphasis on both divergence and convergence, in one or more search/choice sequences. Nevertheless, an emphasis on divergence remained, both in training and practical application. Only more recently have the processes of converging attracted the attention of practitioners and researchers. In some contrast, there is a body of knowledge on judgmental decision‐making which has focused on the convergent processes within individual and team problem‐solving, while being less concerned with search procedures. A way of combining the two paradigms is suggested, illustrated by an example from a team applying such techniques in an exercise seeking to assess the creativity of organizations.
Innovations in Time: What can we learn from history?
Authors: Proctor Tony
Published: March 2003

Failure to move with customer wants and/or adopt technical improvements led to the decline and fall of the British Watch making industry. The lessons learned by the 19th century entrepreneurs has many ramifications for business today. British manufacturers were pioneers in watch‐making. They invented, developed and marketed all the improvements associated with watches and yet they fell victim to the shadow of obsolescence for they failed to implement all of their own inventions. Invention is not enough of itself it must be linked to the demands in the market place and marketed as and when the occasion demands. Firms with the best notion of what the customer really wants can turn inventions into real innovations. There is a need to monitor closely market drivers and to assess the impact they have on innovation.
Where Do Teachers Get Their Ideas From?
Authors: Tomic Welko , Brouwers André
Published: March 2003

The study investigated where and in what way secondary school teachers in the Netherlands generate ideas linked to their work environment using a self‐report measure. Before idea generation teachers prefer to be alone in a quiet environment, almost always away from work. They consult colleagues, professional periodicals and specialized books. Also during the moment of idea generation, teachers are usually alone at home. In bed turns out to be a good place for generating new ideas. The work environment is not an appropriate place for getting ideas. After an idea occurs to them, teachers write it down immediately, talk to experts to evaluate it and to develop it in further detail, searching for facts supporting the idea.
Innovation as an Enhancer of Brand Personality: Globalization Experience of Titan Industries
Authors: Bhat Bhaskar , Bowonder B
Published: March 2003

Effective management of innovation involves creatively managing the process of creative destruction. For a product like a watch, capturing market share requires the careful enmeshing of brand reputation and innovation. Positioning itself uniquely through a comprehensive visioning exercise, Titan became a market leader. Titan Industries became the most admired brand in selling watches in forty countries. It is a leader in analog watches, designer clocks and branded jewelry. This paper analyzes the experience of interweaving brand reputation, organizational and technological innovation.
Using Neuroimaging to Measure Mental Representations
Authors: Engel Stephen A.
Published: March 2003

To date, most neuroimaging studies have tried to localize large regions in the brain that are responsible for specific behaviors or mental operations. Psychological theory, however, is more concerned with the nature of mental functions than with the locations of their neural substrates. This article reviews work that moves beyond functional anatomy to measure how color is represented by neurons in visual cortex. The general approach has three basic steps: First, the areas under investigation are localized in the brain. Second, responses of these areas are measured to sets of systematically varying stimuli, designed to uncover the nature of cortical representations. Third, the neuroimaging data are compared with behavioral data measured with the same stimuli. Results obtained using this approach support the hypothesis that primary visual cortex contains color-opponent neurons that support perception.
The Spotlight Effect and the Illusion of Transparency
Authors: Gilovich Thomas , Savitsky Kenneth
Published: March 2003

We review a program of research that examines people s judgments about how they are seen by others. The research indicates that people tend to anchor on their own experience when making such judgments, with the result that their assessments are often egocentrically biased. Our review focuses on two biases in particular, the spotlight effect, or people s tendency to overestimate the extent to which their behavior and appearance are noticed and evaluated by others, and the illusion of transparency, or people s tendency to overestimate the extent to which their internal states leak out and are detectable by others.
Stress, Positive Emotion, and Coping
Authors: Folkman Susan , Moskowitz Judith Tedlie
Published: March 2003

There is growing interest in positive aspects of the stress process, including positive outcomes of stress and antecedents that dispose individuals to appraise stressful situations more as a challenge than as a threat. Less attention has been given to the adaptational significance of positive emotions during stress or to the coping processes that sustain positive emotions. We review evidence for the occurrence of positive emotions under conditions of stress, discuss the functional role that positive emotions play under such conditions, and present three types of coping that are associated with positive emotion during chronic stress. These findings point to new research questions about the role of positive emotions during stress and the nature of the coping processes that generate these positive emotions.
Estrogen and Neural Plasticity
Authors: Foy Michael R. , Henderson Victor W. , Berger Theodore W. , Thompson Richard F.
Published: March 2003

Converging clinical evidence suggests that postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women is associated with improved cognition and a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. In experimental work, investigators have found estrogen to promote changes in synaptic plasticity within the nervous system. In this article, we review both the clinical and the experimental literature, and consider mechanisms of action of estrogen on neurons and synaptic plasticity, and how they might protect against the cognitive impairments of old age.
The Effect of Reminders of Death on Reckless Driving
Authors: Taubman — Ben-Ari Orit
Published: March 2003

Why do young people, especially young men, engage in reckless driving despite the fact that this behavior contradicts the basic biological imperative of self-preservation? Answering this interesting and crucial question may lead to effective interventions. A series of studies, based on terror management theory, examined the effects of reminders of death on risk taking while driving. The dependent measures were either self-reported behavioral intentions of risky driving or driving speed in a car simulator. Findings showed that mortality-salience inductions led to more risky driving than the control condition only among individuals who perceived driving as relevant to their self-esteem. The introduction of positive feedback about driving eliminated this effect. The complex role of self-esteem in the process of risk taking is discussed.
Psychology and Neuroscience
Authors: Miller Gregory A. , Keller Jennifer
Published: March 2003

There has been no historically stable consensus about the relationship between psychological and biological concepts and data. A naively reductionist view of this relationship is prevalent in psychology, medicine, and basic and clinical neuroscience. This view undermines the ability of psychology and related sciences to achieve their individual and combined potential. A nondualistic, nonreductionist, noninteractive perspective is recommended, with psychological and biological concepts both having central, distinct roles.
Biological Bases of Maternal Attachment
Authors: Maestripieri Dario
Published: March 2003

In recent years, there has been growing interest in investigating the processes affecting caregiving behavior. Recent studies of human and nonhuman primates have suggested that hormones can account, at least in part, for changes in caregiving motivation during pregnancy and the postpartum period and for variability in caregiving motivation and behavior among individuals. Although hormones may not be the primary determinants of caregiving, future research cannot afford to overlook the contribution that biological processes can make to normative and pathological attachment and parenting.
Evidence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Nolan Jennifer H. , Wright Charles E.
Published: March 2003

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes rarely occur together, a finding that provides a possible clue as to the development of AD. Abnormal glucose metabolism is not limited to diabetes, but also can include impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. AD patients have significantly varying insulin levels after drinking sugared sodas and thus may be classified as insulin resistant. After reviewing the literature on impaired glucose tolerance and insulin production in AD, we present several hypotheses as possible explanations for the relationship between insulin resistance and AD. Finally, we suggest future studies, including studies on use of thiazolidinediones (currently used in the treatment of diabetes) in AD.
How U.S. Children and Adolescents Spend Time: What It Does (and Doesn't) Tell Us About Their Development
Authors: Larson Reed W.
Published: March 2003

Young people develop as “the sum of past experiences,” and data on their time use are one means of quantifying those experiences. U.S. children and adolescents spend dramatically less time than in the agrarian past in household and income-generating labor. Because such labor is usually repetitive and unchallenging, this reduction has probably not deprived youths of crucial developmental experience. The schoolwork replacing this time has a clearer relationship to developmental outcomes. American teens, however, spend less time on schoolwork than teens in other industrialized countries. American teenagers have more discretionary time, much spent watching television or interacting with friends; spending large amounts of time in these activities is related to negative developmental outcomes. Increasing amounts of young people's discretionary time, however, appear to be spent in structured voluntary activities, like arts, sports, and organizations, which may foster initiative, identity, and other positive developmental outcomes.
Positive and Negative: Infant Facial Expressions and Emotions
Authors: Messinger Daniel S.
Published: March 2003

One path to understanding emotional processes and their development is the investigation of early facial expressions. Converging evidence suggests that although all infant smiles index positive emotion, some smiles are more positive than others. The evidence stems both from the situations in which infants produce different facial expressions and from naive observers’ ratings of the emotional intensity of the expressions. The observers’ ratings also suggest that similar facial actions—such as cheek raising—lead smiles to be perceived as more positive and lead negative expressions (cry-faces) to be perceived as more negative. One explanation for this parsimony is that certain facial actions are associated with the intensification of both positive and negative emotions.
Good-Enough Representations in Language Comprehension
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda , Bailey Karl G.D. , Ferraro Vittoria
Published: March 2003

People comprehend utterances rapidly and without conscious effort. Traditional theories assume that sentence processing is algorithmic and that meaning is derived compositionally. The language processor is believed to generate representations of the linguistic input that are complete, detailed, and accurate. However, recent findings challenge these assumptions. Investigations of the misinterpretation of both garden-path and passive sentences have yielded support for the idea that the meaning people obtain for a sentence is often not a reflection of its true content. Moreover, incorrect interpretations may persist even after syntactic reanalysis has taken place. Our good-enough approach to language comprehension holds that language processing is sometimes only partial and that semantic representations are often incomplete. Future work will elucidate the conditions under which sentence processing is simply good enough.
How Infants Adapt Speech-Processing Capacities to Native-Language Structure
Authors: Jusczyk Peter W.
Published: March 2003

As infants learn the sound organization of their native language, they use this developing knowledge to make their first attempts to extract the underlying structure of utterances. Although these first attempts fail to capture the full complexity of features that adults use in perceiving and producing utterances, they provide learners with the opportunity to discover additional cues to the underlying structure of the language. Three examples of this developmental pattern are considered: learning the rhythmic organization of the native language, segmenting words from fluent speech, and identifying the correct units of grammatical organization.
Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Peer Maltreatment: Studies of Relational Victimization
Authors: Crick Nicki R. , Casas Juan F. , Nelson David A.
Published: March 2003

Although many past studies of peer maltreatment have focused on physical victimization, the importance of an empirical focus on relational victimization has only recently been recognized. In relational victimization, the perpetrator attempts to harm the target through the manipulation of relationships, threat of damage to them, or both. We review what is currently known about relational victimization with three issues in mind: (a) developmental changes in the manifestation of relational victimization, (b) gender differences in the likelihood of being victimized, and (c) evidence that relational victimization is harmful.
Psychology and Aging: Enhancing the Lives of an Aging Population
Authors: Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: March 2003

A pressing need for upcoming decades is ensuring that older adults, who constitute an increasing percentage of the population, are able to function independently and maintain an acceptable quality of life. One important concern is the usability of new technologies. Unfortunately, the science that could direct proper design and implementation of current and future technological advancement is underdeveloped and less mature than the engineering that supports technological advancement. We review data documenting age-related usability issues and how psychological science can remedy such problems. We also outline how training principles can be applied to older adults. We conclude that psychological science has much to contribute to the goal of enhancing the lives of older adults.
Math Anxiety: Personal, Educational, and Cognitive Consequences
Authors: Ashcraft Mark H.
Published: March 2003

Highly math-anxious individuals are characterized by a strong tendency to avoid math, which ultimately undercuts their math competence and forecloses important career paths. But timed, on-line tests reveal math-anxiety effects on whole-number arithmetic problems (e.g., 46 + 27), whereas achievement tests show no competence differences. Math anxiety disrupts cognitive processing by compromising ongoing activity in working memory. Although the causes of math anxiety are undetermined, some teaching styles are implicated as risk factors. We need research on the origins of math anxiety and on its “signature” in brain activity, to examine both its emotional and its cognitive components.
Land sales in eighth‐ and ninth‐century Bavaria: legal, economic and social aspects
Authors: Hammer Carl I.
Published: March 2003

Based upon an examination of the Bavarian law code and detailed analysis of thirty eighth‐ and ninth‐century deeds from Bavarian cartularies, this article argues that land sales were common in early medieval Bavaria and generally followed codified procedures, derived in part at least, from late‐Roman vulgar law. The essential element in the sale was the payment of the purchase price (pretium) which established its validity. This purchase price, even when expressed in monetary forms, was seldom executed in specie and was determined by customary social as well as strictly economic considerations. The Church probably was the primary purchaser of land to consolidate properties obtained by gift, and lay men and women sold land to meet public obligations, to obtain necessary stock and to satisfy personal wants.
The image of authority in Carolingian coinage: the image of a ruler and Roman imperial tradition
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar H.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the influence of Roman imperial symbols of authority on Carolingian coinage. During the brief period of a specific &1squo;renewal’ in Carolingian coinage in the 810s, there was an evident turn to the Roman tradition of demonstrating authority. As a result, the image of a peace‐making emperor on Roman coins during the late third to early fourth century was employed on Carolingian coins for the purpose of legitimizing the new imperial authority of the Carolingians. This image, however, was not long‐lived and gradually disappeared in the 820s to 830s.
Complementary pensions in the European Union
Authors: Daykin Chris
Published: March 2003

In some countries of the European Union (EU) complementary pension schemes represent a major part of pension provision, whereas in others they play a relatively marginal role. An important factor is whether the social security scheme provides earnings‐related benefits and whether the ceiling on eligible earnings for social security purposes leaves room for there to be a demand for supplementary pensions arrangements, in particular for the higher paid. Pressures on the financing of social security, especially with the expected ageing of the population in the first 30 years of the next century, are encouraging many countries to develop complementary provision, and a number of new pension laws have been passed in recent years. However, important though the growth of complementary provision is, it should not be forgotten that investment markets are also likely to be affected by the ageing of the population. There are increasing pressures for greater investment freedom for complementary pension schemes, but little progress has been made by the EU in harmonisation of the regulatory regimes for complementary pensions. If mobility of labour between the countries of the EU is to become a reality, progress needs to be made soon on these pensions issues.
The British economy: the way forward
Authors: Ball James
Published: March 2003

The present government's commitment to economic stability and its depoliticisation of monetary policy are welcome. But saving has been penalised, the flexibility of the labour market has been reduced and so far there has only been tinkering with welfare provision. The government seems intent on joining the single currency but the arguments in favour are weak.
A Declaration of Independence
Authors: Graham David
Published: March 2003

Television was a true mass medium, its ‘classic’ output located within the concerns and lives of ordinary people. Television was also the amphitheatre of the nation, in which great events were played out. As a result of its massive power, regulation was imposed on it. By the 1970s, the unitary power of national channels was beginning to break down, first with the arrival of the VCR, then with satellite and cable. Along with this, came a growing separation of the broadcasting from the creative or programme making function driven by ‘independent’ producers. This divergence is now being hastened by the end of ‘spectrum scarcity’. Creative companies and teams will strive to control their work and share in the rewards of their success in a way that will create a very different kind of entertainment industry in the 21st Century.
The Public Interest in Converging Communications
Authors: Thomson Caroline
Published: March 2003

The convergence of broadcasting, telecommunications and computing raises the question of whether the converged markets will continue to meet the public interest. That interest is in seeing the full potential benefits of convergence – including benefits to the economy, to consumers and to society. Neither the marketplace, nor external regulation of the marketplace, will online deliver those benefits to the fullest possible extent. The BBC's role is more important than ever, in helping to ensure that the powers of digital technology are harnessed for the benefit of all.
NHS malaise: diagnosis and treatment options
Authors: Gage Heather
Published: March 2003

The paper questions whether the recent reform package of the NHS will solve its ongoing problems, or whether a more fundamental reappraisal of the system is required.
The rhetoric and reality: employer responses to the national minimum wage
Authors: Crossman Alfred
Published: March 2003

The national minimum wage (NMW) was introduced to Britain in April 1999 amid much speculation. This paper considers the political reasons for introducing the NMW and the economic effects of doing so. It also addresses the issue of the additional costs created by the NMW and the strategies adopted by employers to defray them. The paper provides evidence from the hotel sector that suggests some wage gains but no significant disemployment effects. The value of conventional labour market models as predictive tools is questioned.
THE LIQUIDITY TRAP AND PRICE‐LEVEL TARGETING
Authors: Lilico Andrew
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the liquidity trap and why Keynesian fiscal expansion is not the way out. Inflation‐targeting is argued to make things worse, but price‐level targeting evades the trap altogether.
The 1940s Nationalizations in Britain: Means to an End or the Means of Production?
Authors: Millward Robert
Published: March 2003

This article aims to account for the 1940s nationalizations and to develop a general theme which embraces the whole of British industry. It argues that natural monopoly and externalities go a long way towards explaining why transport and fuel were taken into public ownership and why manufacturing was not. The neo‐marxist characterization of capitalist society plays only a limited role. Similarly the presence of a Labour government accounts for many of the institutional arrangements, but the shift to public ownership was ultimately determined by economic factors present throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The rise of the professional accountant in British management
Authors: Matthews Derek , Anderson Malcolm , Edwards John Richard
Published: March 2003

This article quantifies the growth in the number of professional accountants in British management, charts their influence over the past century, and analyses the causes. It is most likely that Britain initially spawned large numbers of accountants because of the particular nature of its capital market which led to demands for the independent auditing of company accounts. British companies then recruited their accountants from this ever growing pool of professionally qualified auditors and the reason why these accountants rose to the top in British management was probably that the profession provided virtually the only formal management training available in Britain.