bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canine leishmaniosis in Tunisia: Growing prevalence, larger zones of infection
Authors: Bouattour Ali , Amri Amine , Belkhiria Jaber Amine , Rhim Adel , Fezaa Ons , Gantier Jean-Charles , M’ghirbi Youmna
Published: December 2021

Background

Discovered by Nicolle and Comte in 1908 in Tunisia, Leishmania infantum is an intracellular protozoan responsible for zoonotic canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). It is endemic in several regions of the world, including Tunisia, with dogs considered as the main domestic reservoir. The geographic expansion of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) has been linked to global environmental changes that have affected the density and the distribution of its sand fly vectors.

Methodology/Principal findings

In this study, a cross-sectional epidemiological survey on CanL was carried out in 8 localities in 8 bioclimatic areas of Tunisia. Blood samples were taken from 317 dogs after clinical examination. Collected sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT; 1:80) for the presence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 58.3% (185/317). Among positive dogs, only 16.7% showed clinical signs suggestive of leishmaniosis. Seroprevalence rates varied from 6.8% to 84.6% and from 28% to 66% by bioclimatic zone and age group, respectively. Serological positivity was not statistically associated with gender. The presence of Leishmania DNA in blood, using PCR, revealed 21.2% (64/302) prevalence in dogs, which varied by bioclimatic zone (7.3% to 31%) and age group (7% to 25%). The entomological survey carried out in the studied localities showed 16 species of the two genera (Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia). P. perniciosus, P. papatasi, and P. perfiliewi were the most dominant species with relative abundances of 34.7%, 25% and 20.4%, respectively.

Conclusions/Significance

The present report suggests a significant increase of CanL in all bioclimatic areas in Tunisia and confirms the ongoing spread of the infection of dogs to the country’s arid zone. Such an expansion of infection in dog population could be attributed to ecological, agronomic, social and climatic factors that affect the presence and density of the phlebotomine vectors.
Characterization of soils conducive and non-conducive to Prunus replant disease
Authors: Khan Abdur R. , Wicaksono Wisnu A. , Ott Natalia J. , Poret-Peterson Amisha T. , Browne Greg T.
Published: December 2021

Successive orchard plantings of almond and other Prunus species exhibit reduced growth and yield in many California soils. This phenomenon, known as Prunus replant disease (PRD), can be prevented by preplant soil fumigation or anaerobic soil disinfestation, but its etiology is poorly understood and its incidence and severity are hard to predict. We report here on relationships among physicochemical variables, microbial community structure, and PRD induction in 25 diverse replant soils from California. In a greenhouse bioassay, soil was considered to be “PRD-inducing” when growth of peach seedlings in it was significantly increased by preplant fumigation and pasteurization, compared to an untreated control. PRD was induced in 18 of the 25 soils, and PRD severity correlated positively with soil exchangeable-K, pH, %clay, total %N, and electrical conductivity. The structure of bacterial, fungal, and oomycete communities differed significantly between the PRD-inducing and non-inducing soils, based on PERMANOVA of Bray Curtis dissimilarities. Bacterial class MB-A2-108 of phylum Actinobacteria had high relative abundances among PRD-inducing soils, while Bacteroidia were relatively abundant among non-inducing soils. Among fungi, many ASVs classified only to kingdom level were relatively abundant among PRD-inducing soils whereas ASVs of Trichoderma were relatively abundant among non-inducing soils. Random forest classification effectively discriminated between PRD-inducing and non-inducing soils, revealing many bacterial ASVs with high explanatory values. Random forest regression effectively accounted for PRD severity, with soil exchangeable-K and pH having high predictive value. Our work revealed several biotic and abiotic variables worthy of further examination in PRD etiology.
Investigation of reward learning and feedback sensitivity in non-clinical participants with a history of early life stress
Authors: Wilkinson Matthew Paul , Slaney Chloe Louise , Mellor Jack Robert , Robinson Emma Susan Jane
Published: December 2021

Early life stress (ELS) is an important risk factor for the development of depression. Impairments in reward learning and feedback sensitivity are suggested to be an intermediate phenotype in depression aetiology therefore we hypothesised that healthy adults with a history of ELS would exhibit reward processing deficits independent of any current depressive symptoms. We recruited 64 adults with high levels of ELS and no diagnosis of a current mental health disorder and 65 controls. Participants completed the probabilistic reversal learning task and probabilistic reward task followed by depression, anhedonia, social status, and stress scales. Participants with high levels of ELS showed decreased positive feedback sensitivity in the probabilistic reversal learning task compared to controls. High ELS participants also trended towards possessing a decreased model-free learning rate. This was coupled with a decreased learning ability in the acquisition phase of block 1 following the practice session. Neither group showed a reward induced response bias in the probabilistic reward task however high ELS participants exhibited decreased stimuli discrimination. Overall, these data suggest that healthy participants without a current mental health diagnosis but with high levels of ELS show deficits in positive feedback sensitivity and reward learning in the probabilistic reversal learning task that are distinct from depressed patients. These deficits may be relevant to increased depression vulnerability.
Uneven economic burden of non-communicable diseases among Indian households: A comparative analysis
Authors: Behera Sasmita , Pradhan Jalandhar
Published: December 2021

Background

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death and disproportionately concentrate among those living in low-income and middle-income countries. However, its economic impact on households remains less well known in the Indian context. This study aims to assess the economic impact of NCDs in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and its catastrophic impact on NCDs affected households in India.

Materials and methods

Data were collected from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey Office, Government of India, conducted in the year 2017–18. This is the latest round of data available on health, which constitutes a sample of 113,823 households. The collection of data is based on a stratified multi-stage sampling method. Generalised Linear Regression model was employed to identify the socio-economic covariates associated with the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on hospitalisation.

Results

The result shows a higher burden of OOPE on NCDs affected households. The mean expenditure by NCDs households in public hospitals is INR 13,170 which is more than twice as compared to the non-NCDs households INR 6,245. Particularly, the proportion of total medical expenditure incurred on medicines (0.39) and diagnostics (0.15) is troublesome for households with NCDs, treated in public hospitals. Moreover, results from the generalised linear regression model confirm the significant relationship between CHE with residence, caste, religion, household size, and economic status of households. The intensity of CHE is more for the households who are poor, drinking unsafe water, using firewood as cooking fuel, and household size of 1–5 members.

Conclusion

Therefore, an urgent need for a prevention strategy should be made by the government to protect households from the economic burden of NCDs. Specifically, to reduce the burden of CHE associated with NCDs, a customised disease-specific health insurance package should be introduced by the government of India in both public and private facilities.
An experimental evaluation of the effect of escape gaps on the quantity, diversity, and size of fish caught in traps in Montserrat
Authors: Flower Jason , Estep Andy , James Keinan , Ramdeen Robin , Runge Claire A. , Thomas Lennon , Lester Sarah E.
Published: December 2021

Coral reef fisheries are vital to the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide but are challenging to manage due to the high diversity of fish species that are harvested and the multiple types of fishing gear that are used. Fish traps are a commonly used gear in reef fisheries in the Caribbean and other regions, but they have poor selectivity and frequently capture juvenile fish, impacting the sustainability of the fishery. One option for managing trap fisheries is the addition of escape gaps, which allow small fish to escape. We compared catches of traps with and without two 2.5 cm (1 inch) escape gaps on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. No significant differences were found in the mean fish length, total fish biomass, number of fish, fish species richness, and Shannon diversity index between hauls of the two trap designs, though traps with escape gaps did catch larger proportions of wider-bodied fish and smaller proportions of narrow-bodied fish. Furthermore, traps with gaps caught a smaller proportion of small-sized fish and fewer immature fish (though differences were not statistically significant). Linear mixed effect models predict that soak time (the length of time between trap hauls) increases the mean catch length, total catch biomass and total number of species in the catch. The relatively modest evidence for the effect of the gaps on catch may be explained by the long soak times used, which could have allowed most smaller-sized fish to escape or be consumed by larger individuals before hauling in both traps with and without escape gaps. Despite the small differences detected in this study, escape gaps may still offer one of the best options for improving sustainability of catches from fish traps, but larger escape gaps should be tested with varying soak times to determine optimum escape gap size.
Reflections of Durbar in the Diaspora
Authors: Kirkland Teleica
Published: December 2021

This article questions if the propensity of Black men in globally dominant western countries to wear black or dark colours is an outcome of internalized subjugation and an adherence to westernized projections of masculinity. It uses the 2018 Akinola Davies Junior film Zazzau as its backdrop, drawing parallels with other examples of colourful clothing in the context of Black masculinity. Zazzau shows the annual festival of Durbar, a vibrant celebration at the end of Ramadan in Kaduna State, Nigeria, where the Emir of the region and his entourage use traditional dress and contemporary fabrics to demonstrate their sartorial elegance. The bold and flamboyant dress of the men is not only indicative of the pageantry of this procession but is reminiscent of the creative exuberance and stylishness of annual carnivals in the Caribbean. This article uses this comparison as a tool to discuss a reengagement with the creativity, styling and colour of Black men’s clothing, and demonstrates how an engagement with colourful design aesthetics maintains its sense of masculinity. ‘Reflections of Durbar in the Diaspora’ draws parallels between the robes of the Emir, men’s costumes at carnival and the tailoring of Abrantie the Gentleman to examine how social engagement, living culture and traditional fashion intersect to influence and impact the ways in which men’s style is understood in Africa and the African Diaspora.
The internal socio-economic polarization of urban neighborhoods, the case of Marseille
Authors: Gripsiou Argyro , Bergouignan Christophe
Published: December 2021

The socio-economic inequalities of the different metropolitan neighborhoods have been carefully documented and analyzed in the social science literature. Starting from this premise, this article focuses on the less common neighborhoods in which two extremes coexist: very low-income households and high-income households. The objective is to identify the neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization, geolocate them in the urban space, characterize their population and housing stock, and measure their recent evolutionary trends. The empirical analysis focuses on the neighborhoods of Marseille (France), a city characterized by strong socio-spatial segregation between poor neighborhoods in the north and rich neighborhoods on the southern coast, and the presence of neighborhoods in which populations coexist with unequal resources. This empirical study is based on the fiscal and social data (Filosofi file) that allow knowing the income distribution and based on the census data to characterize the socio-demography and the type of housing of the population. In order to identify neighborhoods with intense internal socio-economic polarization and measure their evolution of income distribution, original poverty and wealth indexes have been developed, which synthesize the two extremes of this distribution. These neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization usually present certain distinctive aspects, such as their geographical location or a more or less rapid and intense gentrification process. However, some of them seem to escape this process, as evidenced by the contrasting trends in the recent evolution of income distribution and structural heterogeneity of the housing stock, in which small apartments and old buildings are very overrepresented.
Rock Bravú
Authors: Barros Fernández Francisco
Published: December 2021

El ‘Rock Bravú’ constituyó la cristalización tangible en un género musical de todo un fenómeno sociológico dado en Galiza a finales de los ’90. Definido como “el resultado del choque de lo moderno con lo tradicional” por Xurxo Souto, uno de sus más importantes representantes, fue el resultado de la introducción de la cultura punk D.I.Y y la guitarra eléctrica en las aldeas. Debido a su naturaleza, este género rápidamente asumió un nicho social novedoso, exaltando un sonido moderno con gran énfasis en la fusión musical a la vez que haciendo hincapié en el simbolismo e idiosincrasia de la cultura gallega. En este trabajo se analiza cómo se generó este fenómeno social, cuáles eran sus criterios estéticos e identitarios y qué influencia ha dejado en las generaciones gallegas posteriores; todo ello centrándonos en la figura de Os Diplomáticos de Monte Alto. Para esto nos basamos en el trabajo de campo digital, contactando y entrevistando a numerosas figuras fundacionales de este movimiento, tales como el ya mencionado Xurxo Souto de Os Diplomáticos de Monte Alto, Antón Díaz de Os Papaqueixos, o el regueifeiro Pinto d’Herbón. También se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de la recepción de este fenómeno tanto en personas contemporáneas a este como actuales.
Levels of insulin-like growth factor in bovine, goat, and sheep milk in different lactation periods: The etiological factor of cancer in humans
Authors: Simonov Marian , Vlizlo Vasyl , Stybel Volodymyr , Peleno Ruslan , Salata Volodymyr , Matviishyn Taras , Кhimych Mariia , Gorobei Oleksii
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim: Despite the positive aspects of consuming dairy products, there are also some reservations. Recently, a large number of publications have demonstrated convincing evidence of a relationship between the intake of dairy products and the development of cancer in humans. This study aimed to determine the level of insulin-like growth factor [IGF], which can cause cancer in consumers, in the milk of farm animals (cows, goats, and sheep) obtained at different stages of lactation.

Materials and Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and statistical method were used for data processing. The IGF level in milk was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Milk was collected from cows of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, goats of Alpine and Saanen breed, and sheep of Tsigai and East Friesian breed. Milk samples in cows were collected at the beginning, on the peak, and at the end of lactation.

Results: The obtained results showed that the highest IGF level was detected in milk obtained at the beginning of lactation, but its level depended on the animal species. More specifically, the highest level of the hormone was typical for goat's milk and for cow's milk of Holstein breed. Slightly lower values were revealed in the milk of cows of Black-and-White Ukrainian breed and sheep. During lactation, the absolute content of IGF in the milk of all studied animal species decreased. It should be noted that the most pronounced decrease in the IGF level in milk during lactation was noted in sheep (25-40 times), and minor changes were observed in goats (12-14 times). The results also showed that there were individual variations in the IGF level in milk in farm animals.

Conclusion: The highest IGF level was noted in goat's milk, and the lowest level was observed in sheep's milk. Cow's milk, in this regard, had an intermediate IGF level. The level of this particular hormone depends on the period of lactation and the individual characteristics of the animal. It is advisable to include IGF as one of the assessment factors of dairy products' safety because this hormone can cause cancer in consumers of milk and dairy products.
Metsänomistajat rekisteriaineistojen valossa
Authors: Hänninen Harri , Kotivuori Eetu , Blauberg Kai
Published: December 2021

Yksityismetsänomistajia koskevat kvantitatiiviset tutkimukset on tavallisesti tehty kyselytutkimuksina, joiden ongelmana on kasvava vastauskato, mikä voi vääristää tuloksia. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millaisia tietoja metsänomistajista, heidän omistamistaan metsistä ja niiden käytöstä on saatavissa rekisteripohjaisista aineistoista, ja voitaisiinko niillä korvata kokonaan tai ainakin osittain kyselyaineiston hankinta. Tässä käytettävät rekisteriaineistot perustuvat Digi- ja väestötietoviraston, Suomen metsäkeskuksen ja Maanmittauslaitoksen tietojärjestelmistä saatuihin aineistoihin. Rekisteriaineistojen perusteella metsänomistajien taustapiirteistä (esim. ammatti, sosioekonominen asema, asuuko metsätilalla, tilan hallintamuoto, milloin ja miten tila saatu haltuun, jne.) saadaan varsin kapea kuva, sillä metsänomistajia ja tilan omistustapaa luonnehtivia tietoja rekistereissä on vähän. Sen sijaan metsätilaa ja sen puustoa koskevia tietoja on hyvin kattavasti. Myös metsänomistajien metsätaloudellisesta käyttäytymisestä saadaan varsin hyvä kuva pelkästään rekisteritietojen perusteella. Rekisteripohjaisten tietojen perusteella voidaan muodostaa erilaisia metsänomistajien tavoiteprofiileja, joita voitaisiin hyödyntää esimerkiksi metsänomistajien palvelutarjonnassa. Sen sijaan metsänomistajien metsiinsä liittyviä tulevaisuuden näkemyksiä ja mielipiteitä erilaisista asioista rekisteritiedoille ei saada. Rekisteripohjaisilla aineistoilla voidaan kuitenkin korvata osa kyselyllä hankittavista tiedoista ja näin lyhentää kyselylomaketta ja samalla todennäköisesti pienentää vastauskatoa. Lisäksi rekisteritietojen perusteella voidaan arvioida yksikkövastauskadon aiheuttamaa virhettä ja rakentaa tarvittaessa sitä korjaava painotus. Rekisteriaineistoilla kannattaa täydentää kyselyä sellaisilla tiedoilla, joita monen metsänomistajan on vaikea luotettavasti muistaa tai tietää, kuten esimerkiksi julkisen tuen käyttöä, hakkuita ja metsävarojen määrää. Tässä käytettiin kolmea rekisteripohjaista aineistoa ja niistäkin vain osaa, joten jatkossa tarkastelua kannattaa syventää ja laajentaa erityisesti Verohallinnon tietojärjestelmään sekä erilaisen massadatan hyödyntämiseen.
Creation of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR: Regional Aspect (on the Example of the Penza Region)
Authors: Pavlenko V.V.
Published: December 2021

The article reveals the reasons and conditions for the transformation of the structure of physical education and sports management in Soviet society in the late 1950s within the framework of the concept of building communism in the USSR — the creation of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations (Sport Union) of the USSR — a voluntary association that managed the physical education and sports movement with the active assistance of trade unions and the Komsomol. The main goal of the Sports Union was to give the physical education and sports movement in the USSR a mass and then a national character.

The theoretical provisions of literature of the 1960s are characterized. On the ratio of state and public principles in management under communism, the transition of individual state functions to public organizations, the strengthening of the role of public structures in communist society, etc. Estimates of modern domestic researchers of the goals and factors of changing the form of leadership in physical education and sports in Soviet society in the late 1950s are considered.

The formation of the Sports Union at the regional level is being studied in accordance with the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR «On the Leadership of Physical Culture and Sports in the Country» of January 9, 1959 — in the Penza Region: the formation of an organizing bureau, the holding of constituent conferences, the state of the physical education and sports movement in the region in the late 1950s.
IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM VEGETABLE, FRUITS AND MINI-SURVEY ON PERCEPTION OF URBAN POPULATION TOWARDS BACTERIAL PIGMENTS
Authors: Mahadik Chinmayee , Manoti Neha , Mujawar Aafra Zuzar , Konar Meera Nambidas , Mistry Peenal Arvind , Rathod Sejal
Published: December 2021

Pigments are largely exploited compounds due to their chromophoric variations and enticing properties in several applications such as food, dairy, printing, textile and pharmaceutical industries etc. While synthetic pigments are widely used, toxic reactions and effects of the pigments has led to the prompt diversion of consumers towards natural pigment sources such as microbial pigments (MP). MP hold great promise against existent synthetic counterparts with additional properties such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, therapeutics (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer etc.
PROPUESTA DE UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA CUANTIFICAR LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBACTERIANA DE LA MIEL
Authors: Ferrer A
Published: December 2021

In this study a standardized method for objectively comparing the antibacterial activity of honey was developed. The assay was performed using a strain of S. aureus and four honeys that have been shown antibacterial activity against this strain. The antibacterial activity of honeys were checked by using an agar plate diffusion method using S. aureus (ATCC 29213) as the test organism. On the surface of each agar plate six stainless steel cylinders with a diameter of 8,14 mm were radially disposed. Onto each cylinder 0,1 mL of sample honey at 10% v/v was placed and all Petri dishes were incubated at 35°C during 24 h. Each sample were analyzed by triplicate. The surface of the cylinder diameter was set as reference antibacterial activity equivalent to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antibacterial activity of each honey was quantitated by the relationship between the surface of the inhibitory zone and the surface of the reference activity expressed as multiples of MIC (x MIC). The method allowed establishing differences between the bacterial activities of the different honeys tested and could be used for identifying honeys that could be employed with medicinal purpose for the treatments of wounds.
Independent learner strategies to improve second language academic
writing in an online course
Authors: Kennedy Olivia
Published: December 2021

This article explores how 40 first-year students in a compulsory English
for Academic Purposes (EAP) course undertook written tasks during a semester
suddenly undertaken online. The university in Japan described here provided
on-demand lessons via the Learning Management System (LMS) during the first
COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Students prepared three-minute reflective videos
as part of their course work describing their strategies to improve their
second language (L2) academic writing and their perceptions of how these
strategies affected their learning. These videos were transcribed, coded,
and analysed. The use of Machine Translation (MT) to proofread work before
submission was used by 58% of the participants, of whom 45% report improved
assignment grades and higher levels of confidence in their L2 writing
skills. Results suggest that learners should be encouraged to use MT for
this step in the L2 academic writing process.
Семантична опозиція „верх” – „низ”: прислівники в говорах української мови (епідигматичний аспект)
Authors: Ястремська Тетяна
Published: December 2021

У статті запропоновано аналіз семантичних та мотиваційних особливостей прислівників, які репрезентують семантичну опозицію „верх” – „низ”.Мета дослідження – сформувати узагальнену семантичну структуру дериватів відповідно до семантичних субкомплексів базових слів, виявити епідигматичні особливості дериватів. Основну увагу зосереджено на таких основних моментах, як: кореляція семантичної структури базових слів та дериватів-прислівників, семантичні особливості обставинних (простору – географічного та соціального – та часу) та означальних (способу дії, міри та ступеня), а також функції мовця у формуванні семантики аналізованих прислівників.Джерелами дослідження слугували записи українського говіркового мовлення, діалектні словники та картотеки, тексти, етнографічні й діалектні матеріали від ХІХ ст. і дотепер.
З досвіду опису і картографування українських новожитніх говірок полілінгвального ареалу межиріччя Дністра і Дунаю
Authors: Kolesnykov Andrii
Published: December 2021

Автор аналізує та узагальнює дослідницькі процедури, результати їх застосування для опису і картографування особливого латерального ареалу побутування української мови, в якому вона в неоднакових у просторовому і часовому вимірах соціолінгвальних умовах функціонує у вигляді новожитніх говірок. Вивчення таких полілінгвальних і полідіалектних ареалів спонукає науковців до пошуку шляхів удосконалення методології діалектологічних досліджень і призводить до відкриття нових мовних фактів.
Niezabudka, wasilek, wołoszka – o dylematach w rozstrzyganiu pożyczek i reliktów dawnej wspólnoty na pograniczu polsko-wschodniosłowiańskim
Authors: Rembiszewska Dorota Krystyna , Siatkowski Janusz
Published: December 2021

Na podstawie nazw kwiatów – niezabudka ‘niezapominajka’ i wasilek, wołoszka ‘chaber’ podjęto próbę rozstrzygnięcia problemu metodologicznego, jak traktować niektóre wyrazy gwarowe występujące na pograniczu polsko-wschodniosłowiańskim. Autorzy starają się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy wybrane jednostki leksykalne interpretować z punktu widzenia zapożyczeń, czy też uznawać je za kontynuacje dawnej wspólnoty słowiańskiej.Jednoznaczne rozstrzygnięcie tego zagadnienia wymaga bardzo szczegółowych, wręcz drobiazgowych dociekań i ekscerpcji różnych źródeł – począwszy od słowników historycznojęzykowych przez monografie gwarowe, po publikacje z zakresu geografii językowej. Przedstawione nazwy na ogół pojawiają się dość sporadycznie w polskich gwarach na pograniczu wschodnim. Wydaje się, że trzeba tu przyjąć oddziaływanie również wschodniosłowiańskich języków literackich
Funkcjonowanie słownictwa gwarowego w komunikacji internetowej – problemy metodologiczne
Authors: Kucharzyk Renata
Published: December 2021

Celem tego artykułu jest omówienie niektórych problemów metodologicznych pojawiających się w badaniach nad zjawiskiem funkcjonowania słownictwa gwarowego w komunikacji internetowej. Przedmiotem refleksji jest występowanie dialektyzmów leksykalnych w wypowiedziach internautów na forach internetowych i prywatnych blogach, na których dominuje potoczna odmiana polszczyzny. Poruszone kwestie metodologiczne dotyczą m.in. sposobów prowadzenia kwerendy w Internecie, trudności pojawiających się przy ekscerpcji wyrazów gwarowych wynikających z uwarunkowań fonetyczno-ortograficznych. Zwrócono także uwagę na aspekt semantyczny i funkcjonalny obecności słownictwa gwarowego w Internecie.
Charakterystyka słowotwórcza ekspresywnych nazw człowieka w gwarze polskiej obwodu lwowskiego (wybrane przykłady)
Authors: Kostecka-Sadowa Anna
Published: December 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu są ekspresywne nazwy osób o wysokim ładunku emocjonalnym, głównie negatywnym. Są to leksemy określające w gwarze polskiej obwodu lwowskiego człowieka próżnego, leniwego, powolnego oraz wolno pracującego. Podstawę materiałową analizy stanowią wyrazy rodzime i pochodzenia obcego, typowe dla tej gwary.
Наивная лексикография сельских жителей Пермского края (Россия)
Authors: Bobrova Maria
Published: December 2021

В статье проанализированы образцы так называемой «наивной» лексикографии в Пермском крае (Россия). Выявлено, что 1) словарики краеведов-любителей различаются типологически (по отбору лексики и объему информации); 2) наивные лексикографы ориентированы главным образом на традиции, заложенные В.И. Далем; 3) основным принципом формирования словника является оппозитивность лексики; категориальной является оппозиция свой – чужой; 4) разнообразны функциональные установки авторов; 5) в методологических подходах отражается субъективность составителей, свойства их личности; 6) прагматически «наивные» словари ориентированы на коммуникативный акт с читателем. Сделанные наблюдения подтверждают существование «наивной» лексикографии как практической формы особого феномена – «наивной» лингвистики.
Характерологічні назви в говірках українського Карпатського регіону
Authors: Koliesnik Liudmyla
Published: December 2021

У статті представлено спостереження автора щодо функціонування оцінних слів у говірках українського Карпатського регіону, а саме в гуцульських, закарпатських, бойківських, лемківських говірках та суміжних говірках Буковини й Покуття. Проаналізовано стандартні моделі творення нових віддієслівних та відіменникових похідних. Значну увагу присвячено виокремленню мотиваційних моделей постання метафоричних характерологічних назв. Описано форми міжмовної взаємодії в межах цієї лексичної групи, акцентовано на тісному зв’язку діалектів аналізованого ареалу, що проявляється в спільних тенденціях оцінної номінації.
The linguistic and cultural community of a Slavic village: research project assumptions
Authors: Sierociuk Jerzy
Published: December 2021

The article presents assumptions of a project laying foundations for linguistic and cultural comparative research into the contemporary Slavic village. Relatively complete material obtained from carefully selected thematic micro-fields is intended to give the basis for large-scale corpus research.
Dialektologiczne badania terenowe na podstawie kolekcji muzealnej jako metoda budowania nowych kontekstów kulturowych
Authors: Konczewska Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

Dialektologiczne badania terenowe w areałach charakteryzujących się skomplikowaną sytuacją socjolingwistyczną wymagają od eksploratora wiedzy także historycznej i etnograficznej. W artykule została przedstawiona metoda badań kontaktów językowych na pograniczu w oparciu o materiały archiwalne i obiekty muzealne. Korzystając z tej metody, badacz otrzymuje możliwość odczytania nowych kontekstów kulturowych, pozyskania nowego materiału gwarowego, a nawet łatwiejszego nawiązania kontaktu z informatorami. Metoda ta pozwala także spojrzeć na muzealia jako pomocne instrumentarium w dialektologicznych badaniach terenowych, a nie wyłącznie „martwą” materię.
Synonimia słowotwórcza przymiotników w gwarach – wybrane problemy interpretacyjne
Authors: Jaros Irena
Published: December 2021

Autor prezentuje wybrane problemy analizy odprzymiotnikowych derywatów, które wchodzą w relacje synonimii słowotwórczej. Na przykładzie występujących w gwarach Polski centralnej przymiotników ekspresywnych oraz oznaczających intensyfikację cechy lub jej osłabienie omawia trudności związane z interpretacją znaczenia derywatów oraz funkcji formantów, które je tworzą. Przymiotniki oznaczające wysoki stopień natężenia danej cechy tworzą szeregi synonimów bliskoznacznych, których formanty, pełnią różną funkcję – ekspresywną (np. -uchny, -uśki, -utki, -usi, -usieńki) oraz wzmacniającą i wyolbrzymiającą nazywaną cechę (np. -chny, -achny, -alachny, -aśny, -aśki). Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na kontekst, który odgrywa podstawową rolę w prawidłowym odczytaniu znaczenia przymiotników o znaczeniu cechy niepełnej. Jest on podstawowym narzędziem selekcji materiału, w którym te same formanty (np. -awy, przy-, przy-/-awy) tworzą derywaty wskazujące na osłabienie cechy podstawowej oraz jej nadmiar.
Investigation of Inertial Cavitation of Sonosensitive and Biocompatible Nanoparticles in Flow - Through Tissue- Mimicking Phantoms Employing Focused Ultrasound
Authors: George Benedikt , Savšek Ula , Fischer Dagmar , Ermert Helmut , Rupitsch Stefan J.
Published: December 2021

A promising approach to drug delivery applications for chemotherapeutics is the use of drug carriers to reduce the total amount of cytostatics, minimizing side effects. In addition, the carriers, loaded with the drug, can be guided to the tumorous tissue via the vascular system, which enables a local drug release (LDR). In our case, LDR is activated due to the sonosensitive behavior of the nanocapsules by inertial cavitation (IC) caused by focused ultrasound (FUS). Thereby, IC is excited by employing sound pressures within the recommended limit allowed for diagnostic ultrasound. In order to verify this drug delivery approach for its clinical suitability, a tissue-mimicking flow -through phantom, containing a small vessel, is used. Investigations have shown that the drug releasing cavitation effect associated with the sonosensitive and biocompatible nanocapsules also occurs in fine vessel structures, even in the case of moving particles and vessel diameters dc smaller than the wavelength λ.
Low-cost photolithography system for cell biology labs
Authors: Naggay Benjamin K. , Frey Kerstin , Schneider Markus , Athanasopulu Kiriaki , Lorenz Günter , Kemkemer Ralf
Published: December 2021

Soft lithography, a tool widely applied in biology and life sciences with numerous applications, uses the soft molding of photolithography-generated master structures by polymers. The central part of a photolithography set-up is a mask-aligner mostly based on a high-pressure mercury lamp as an ultraviolet (UV) light source. This type of light source requires a high level of maintenance and shows a decreasing intensity over its lifetime, influencing the lithography outcome. In this paper, we present a low-cost, bench-top photolithography tool based on ninety-eight 375 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs). With approx. 10 W, our presented lithography set-up requires only a fraction of the energy of a conventional lamp, the LEDs have a guaranteed lifetime of 1000 h, which becomes noticeable by at least 2.5 to 15 times more exposure cycles compared to a standard light source and with costs less than 850 C it is very affordable. Such a set-up is not only attractive to small academic and industrial fabrication facilities who want to enable work with the technology of photolithography and cannot afford a conventional set-up, but also microfluidic teaching laboratories and microfluidic research and development laboratories, in general, could benefit from this cost-effective alternative. With our self-built photolithography system, we were able to produce structures from 6 μm to 50 μm in height and 10 μm to 200 μm in width. As an optional feature, we present a scaled-down laminar flow hood to enable a dust-free working environment for the photolithography process.
Stability and Biocompatibility Tests of Alginate as Cochlear Implant Coating Material
Authors: Peck Claas-Tido , Schwieger Jana , Lenarz Thomas , Scheper Verena
Published: December 2021

Inner ear trauma caused by cochlear implantation is a severe clinical problem. It was shown that an electrode alginate coating can reduce the insertion forces in vitro. The grade of the alginate viscosity can be adjusted by using different metal ions for cross-linking the salts of the alginic acid. The aim was to investigate the stability and inner ear biocompatibility of alginate using different in vitro established cross-linkers.

Alginate beads were cross-linked in either calcium chloride (CaCl2) or barium chloride (BaCl2) solution. The beads were cultivated in artificial perilymph and stability and swelling were observed for 13 months. Ototoxicity was tested on cochlear whole mount explants from neonatal rats. Neomycin served as positive control to induce hair cell damage and explants without any addition served as negative control. The beads and explants were co-cultured for 48 hours and the hair cell survival was analysed microscopically.

Neomycin treatment induced an extensive inner and outer hair cell loss. Neither CaCl2 nor BaCl2 cross-linked alginate beads caused any damage to the hair cells. Even though the same volume of alginate and cross-linkers were used, in CaCl2 cross-linked beads were initially almost double the size of in BaCl2 cross-linked beads. None of the cross-linked alginate beads had a significant volume change within 3 months being cultured in artificial perilymph. After 3 months the CaCl2 cross-linked beads swelled massively and dissolved within one week whereas BaCl2 cross-linked alginate beads remained unchanged until month 13 after culture start.

Alginate beads gelled with both cross-linkers are biocompatible with the inner ear sensory epithelium. Both cross-linkers ensure a stable gelation of alginate but a swelling followed by degradation of the in CaCl2 cross-linked beads occurred after 3 months. For coatings, which need to be long term stable, BaCl2 should be chosen whereas CaCl2 may be more suitable for applications where limited stability is needed and the swelling is not affecting the surrounding tissue. Therefore, BaCl2 cross-linking of alginate may be the best choice for cochlear implant coating.
Depression, anxiety and stress among Australian nursing and midwifery undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wynter Karen , Redley Bernice , Holton Sara , Manias Elizabeth , McDonall Jo , McTier Lauren , Hutchinson Alison M. , Kerr Debra , Lowe Grainne , Phillips Nicole (Nikki) M. , Rasmussen Bodil
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To assess depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate nursing and midwifery students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and identify socio-demographic and educational characteristics associated with higher depression, anxiety and stress scores.

Methods

Cross-sectional study during August–September 2020, using an anonymous, online, self-administered survey. E-mail invitations with a survey link were sent to 2,907 students enrolled in the Bachelor of Nursing suite of courses, offered across four campuses of a single university in Victoria, Australia. Depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using the DASS-21. Data on socio-demographic and educational characteristics, self-rated physical health and exposure to COVID-19 were also collected. DASS-21 subscale scores were compared with existing data for various pre-pandemic and COVID-19 samples. Multiple regression was used to investigate factors associated with higher scores on depression, anxiety and stress subscales.

Results

The response rate was 22% (n=638). Mean scores on all DASS-21 subscales were significantly higher (p<0.001) than means from all comparative sample data. The proportions of students reporting moderate to severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were 48.5%, 37.2% and 40.2% respectively. Being a woman, being younger, having completed more years of study and having poorer self-rated general health were all significantly associated (p<0.05) with higher scores on at least one DASS-21 subscale.

Conclusions

Almost half of participants reported at least moderate symptoms of depression; more than a third reported at least moderate symptoms of anxiety or stress. Poor psychological wellbeing can impact students’ successful completion of their studies and therefore, has implications for nursing and midwifery workforce recruitment and retention. During and after pandemics, universities should consider screening undergraduate students not only for anxiety and stress, but also for depression. Clear, low-cost referral pathways should be available, should screening indicate that further diagnosis or treatment is required.
The analysis of FSH beta-subunit gene genotypes in East Anatolian Red, East Anatolian Red×Holstein, and Zavot bulls
Authors: Ardicli Sena
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to investigate the genotypic distribution and population genetic parameters of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located on exon 3 at the FSHB gene in East Anatolian Red (EAR), East Anatolian Red×Holstein (EAR×H), and Zavot (Z) bulls. A total of 68 cattle including EAR (n=34), EAR×H (n=20), and Z (n=14) bulls were used. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples using the phenol/chloroform method. The genotyping of the SNP was carried out by the PCR-RFLP using the PstI restriction enzyme. Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was calculated by using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Population genetics evaluation was performed for effective allele numbers, the polymorphism information content, theoretical heterozygosity, the fixation index, level of possible variability realization, and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. In the present study, the AA and the AB genotypes were predominant in EAR and EAR×H bulls, respectively. Zavot breed was found to be monomorphic. There was a deviation from HWE, concerning the total cattle population. The population genetics evaluation showed that the marker was moderately informative for EAR and the crossbreeds, as well as the total population. Consequently, the polymorphism (rs207774587) within exon 3 of the bovine FSHB can be interpreted as a genetic marker with reliable variability for EAR and the crossbreeds, but not in Zavot cattle.
What the frequency list can teach us about Turkish sign language?
Authors: Makaroğlu Bahtiyar
Published: December 2021

Recent studies on linguistics, cognitive science and psychology have shown that describing lexical frequency characteristics can answer many critical questions on language acquisition, mental lexicon and language use. Given the importance of corpus-based methodology, this study reports the preliminary findings from the objective lexical frequency list in TİD based on 103.087 sign tokens. This paper shows that frequency occurrence has a very decisive role on the linguistics categories and language in use. With respect to the multi-functionality of pointing in signed languages, the top ranked ID-gloss occurrences are mostly shaped by the pronominal references. Moreover, when compared to previous studies in terms of lexical density and lexical diversity, TİD shares both similar and different statistical features observed in other signed languages.
Metformin Reduces Repeat Mild Concussive Injury Pathophysiology
Authors: Underwood Erica L. , Redell John B. , Maynard Mark E. , Kobori Nobuhide , Hylin Michael J. , Hood Kimberly N. , West Rebecca K. , Zhao Jing , Moore Anthony N. , Dash Pramod K.
Published: December 2021

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can initiate complex pathophysiological changes in the brain. Numerous cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologic changes are altered after injury, including those involved in energy utilization, excitotoxicity, ionic disturbances, and inflammation. It is thought that targeting multiple mechanisms may be necessary to produce meaningful reductions in brain pathology and to improve outcome. Previous studies have reported that the anti-diabetic drug metformin can also affect inflammatory, cell survival, and metabolic outcomes, possibly by acting on multiple targets and/or pathways. We therefore questioned whether metformin treatment can reduce pathology after repeat mild closed head injury (rmCHI) in male C57Bl/6 mice. We found that metformin, administered acutely after each head impact, resulted in markedly reduced white matter damage, astrogliosis, loss of hippocampal parvalbumin neurons, and improved mitochondrial function. In addition, both motor and cognitive functions were significantly improved when tested after discontinuation of the treatment. These studies suggest that metformin may be beneficial as a treatment for repeat concussion.
Bayesian Mapping of the Striatal Microcircuit Reveals Robust Asymmetries in the Probabilities and Distances of Connections
Authors: Cinotti François , Humphries Mark D.
Published: December 2021

The striatum's complex microcircuit is made by connections within and between its D1- and D2-receptor expressing projection neurons and at least five species of interneuron. Precise knowledge of this circuit is likely essential to understanding striatum's functional roles and its dysfunction in a wide range of movement and cognitive disorders. We introduce here a Bayesian approach to mapping neuron connectivity using intracellular recording data, which lets us simultaneously evaluate the probability of connection between neuron types, the strength of evidence for it, and its dependence on distance. Using it to synthesize a complete map of the mouse striatum, we find strong evidence for two asymmetries: a selective asymmetry of projection neuron connections, with D2 neurons connecting twice as densely to other projection neurons than do D1 neurons, but neither subtype preferentially connecting to another; and a length-scale asymmetry, with interneuron connection probabilities remaining non-negligible at more than twice the distance of projection neuron connections. We further show that our Bayesian approach can evaluate evidence for wiring changes, using data from the developing striatum and a mouse model of Huntington's disease. By quantifying the uncertainty in our knowledge of the microcircuit, our approach reveals a wide range of potential striatal wiring diagrams consistent with current data.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo properly understand a neuronal circuit's function, it is important to have an accurate picture of the rate of connection between individual neurons and how this rate changes with the distance separating pairs of neurons. We present a Bayesian method for extracting this information from experimental data and apply it to the mouse striatum, a subcortical structure involved in learning and decision-making, which is made up of a variety of different projection neurons and interneurons. Our resulting statistical map reveals not just the most robust estimates of the probability of connection between neuron types, but also the strength of evidence for them, and their dependence on distance.
Elizabeth Urban. Conquered Populations in Early Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020, 217 sayfa.
Authors: YAŞAR Rumeysa
Published: December 2021

Fethedilen topraklardaki toplumsal sınıflar ve sosyal hayatın yanı sıra yeni Müslüman olanların İslâm toplumuna adaptasyonu da modern dönemde araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmektedir. Özellikle İslâm öncesi dönemde toplum mensuplarının kuvvetli kabile bağlarına sahip olması ve köle, azatlı ya da nesebi belirsiz olanların mezkûr kabile bağının dışında kalması nedeniyle bazı anlaşma çeşitleri uygulanarak toplum zemini kabile esasına göre düzenlenmiştir. İslâm’ın gelişiyle bu anlaşmalardan bazıları yeniden düzenlenerek ibkâ edilirken bazıları kaldırılmıştır. Bu çerçevede mevâlî meselesi İslâm tarihi ve hukuku açısından fazlaca incelenmiştir. Elizabeth Urban’ın 2012 yılında Chicago Üniversitesi’nde tamamladığı doktora tezine dayanan ve kimi tasarruf ve ilavelerle yayına hazırlanan Conquered Populations in Early Islam adlı eseri de bu konuyu ilk dönem İslâm tarihinde mevâlî, köle kadınlar (câriye) ve cariyeden doğan çocuklar (hecîn) çerçevesinde ele almaktadır.