bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BUNGA BANK DALAM PERSPEKTIF KAPITALISME EKONOMI DAN EKONOMI ISLAM SERTA JALAN TENGAHNYA
Authors: . Mustakim
Published: October 2024

Bunga bank sampai saat ini dikalangan ummat Islam masih menjadi polemik/ khilafiyah yang mesti dilihat dengan kacamata yang jernih, tulis ini sedikit men ggoreskan mengenai kedudukan bungan dalam kapitalisme ekonomi, pandangan Islam tentang bunga, perbedaan pandangan tentang bungan bank itu, serta solusi jalan tengah dari bungabank itu sendiri. Tujuan Penelitian ini ingin mengungkap bahwa bunga adalah alat vital dalam ekonomi kapitalis, dan sebagian kalangan dalam ummat Islam berpendapat bahwa bunga itu riba, namun ada juga yang mengatakan tidak dan dari situ dapat kita dapat melihatnya sebagai kekayaan khazanah dalam pemikiran Islam (moderasi dalam beragama). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif kepustakaan.
MOTIVASI PRODUSEN DALAM PRODUKSI
Authors: Luthfi Ahmad
Published: October 2024

Kegiatan produksi dan konsumsi merupakan sebuah mata rantai yang saling berkait satu dengan lainnya. Al-Qur'an menggunakan konsep produksi barang dalam arti yang luas. Jika kita merujuk pada doktrin ekonomi kapitalis, dapat diketahui bahwa produksi itu sangat bergantung pada harga yang ditentukan oleh penawaran (supply) dan permintaan di pasar bebas. Jadi, pada akhirnya produksi diarahkan oleh kebutuhan konsumen yang tecermin dari peningkatan permintaan dan kenaikan harga.
Strategi Pemerintah Dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran Pajak Di Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Suhidra , Rizkiah Putri , Erina Oktiya
Published: October 2024

This research aims to explore and analyze the strategies implemented by the Indonesian government in an effort to increase tax awareness among the public. In addition, it is also to explain the challenges that must be faced by the government in increasing tax awareness and compliance. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research which aims to describe or illustrate a problem. The data source used is secondary data that researchers obtain from various sources. Some of the strategies that have been implemented by the Indonesian government in increasing tax awareness include: organizing a voluntary disclosure program (PPS), implementing technology in tax services, and tax incentive programs. In increasing tax awareness there are 3 challenges and obstacles faced, namely social challenges, economic challenges and cultural challenges. In this study, the author can conclude that the strategies carried out by the government in increasing tax awareness are 4, the first is to improve services so that taxpayers want to pay taxes voluntarily, the second is to increase the number of auditors at the Directorate General of Taxes to improve the quality of law enforcement, the third is to carry out socialization and education activities on an ongoing basis to increase awareness of the importance of paying taxes, and the third is to carry out socialization and education activities to increase awareness of the importance of paying taxes.
Zakat Gaji Penghasilan Emas, Perak, Maskawin, Dan Hewan Ternak
Authors: Pratama Syahrul , Luthfi Ahmad
Published: October 2024

This research discusses the concept and application of zakat in several categories of property, namely salary, income, gold, silver, maskawin, and livestock. Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam that must be carried out by every Muslim who meets certain conditions. The main focus of this study is how Islamic sharia determines the nisab and zakat rate for each category of property and how it is implemented in the modern context. Through a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, this study analyzes sources of Islamic law, including the Qur'an, Hadith, and the opinions of scholars. The results of the study show that each category of assets has different criteria and methods for calculating zakat, which are determined by their economic value and sustainability potential. For example, salary and income zakat is calculated based on the amount of annual accumulation, while gold, silver, and mascot zakat is based on weight and market value. The zakat on livestock is calculated based on the number and type of livestock owned. This research also found challenges in the implementation of zakat in the modern era, such as the lack of public understanding and the limitations of zakat institutions in distributing zakat effectively.
Pemikiran Al-Ghazali Terhadap Ekonomi Di Era Modern
Authors: Hidayatillah Fajrul , Jalil Abdul
Published: October 2024

Pemikiran sosio ekonomi Al-Ghazali berakar dari sebuah konsep yang disebut sebagai “fungsi kesejahteraan sosial islami”. Tema yang menjadi pangkal tolak seluruh karyanya adalah konsep maslahat atau kesejahteraan sosial atau utilitas. Al-Ghazali juga menyuguhkan pembahasan yang terperinci tentang pemikirannya tentang peranan yang signifikan aktivitas perdagangan yang dilakukan dengan sukarela, serta proses timbulnya pasar yang berdasarkan kekuatan permintaan dan penawaran untuk menentukan harga dan laba. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dan bersifat kualitatif, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemikiran Al-Ghazali terhadap evolusi pasar dan bagaimana relevansinya di era modern.
Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan bersumber dari data primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari kitab terjemahan Ihya’ ‘Ulumuddin dan buku Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari buku, jurnal, modul serta artikel yang mendukung penelitian ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah pendekatan deskriftif kualitatif dan jenis penelitian kepustakaan. Dalam penelitian ini metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu metode analisis isi dan metode hermeneutik objektif.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar teori dari pemikiran Al-Ghazali terhadap evolusi pasar di era modern masih relevan. Hanya saja praktek-praktek ataupun pengaplikasiannya tidak secara menyeluruh dijalankan pada era modern. Perbedaan yang paling mendasar terjadi pada kemajuan teknologinya sehinggga pasar kini jauh lebih kompetitif.
Acceptability of Cookies with Dioscorea Hispida as Local Pastry
Authors: Melendrez M S P , De Guzman R B
Published: October 2024

This study evaluates the acceptance of cookies with different flour compositions, with a particular interest in Dioscorea Hispida, commonly known as Nami flour. Five different formulations of cookies varying in their content of all-purpose and Nami flour were rated by 50 local consumers for appearance, taste, crispiness, crumbliness, texture, and aroma. Results indicated that cookies’ best appearance and aroma were those containing 75% all-purpose flour and 25% Nami flour. On the other hand, a blend of 75% Nami flour and 25% all-purpose flour achieved the highest ratings in taste, crispiness, and overall acceptability. Such findings show that the addition of Nami flour might have the potential to enhance sensory qualities and consumer satisfaction. The recommendations made in this study are to popularize the use of Nami flour in promoting local agriculture, fine-tuning formulations of products, and innovating new products. Further studies on optimizing flour blending, the potential health benefits of using Nami flour, and standardization of methods for sensory evaluation become imperative.
Effect-based evaluation of chemical pollutants and mixture effects in the aquatic environment – implications for water reuse
Authors: Frieberg Kim
Published: October 2024

It is known that pollution of organic micropollutants of the aquatic environment occurs through insufficient wastewater treatment. Environmental water samples therefore contain a complex mixture of known and unknown compounds and their transformation by-products. Effect-based analytical methods using cultured cells can be used to evaluate the impact of the complex mixture of contaminants that occur in environmental water samples. This thesis aimed to investigate the occurrence of pollutants in different water samples, using effect-based methods as tool for evaluating levels of pollutants through various water treatment methods, sample preparation methods and for a complex mixture assessment. First, effect-based methods were used to evaluate a full-scale system of intentional reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production. Where the pollutant burden in the water could be followed through various wastewater treatment steps, out into the recipient water body and finally through drinking water treatment. The highlight of this study was that no negative impact on drinking water quality could be detected from reusing treated wastewater in this system. Next, four different solid-phase extraction methods previously applied in effect-based water quality assessment was evaluated. By assessing three different sample types, treated wastewater, procedural blank and a spiked sample it was concluded that the choice of preparation method was more important for analysing the presence of estrogenic compounds as compared to androgenic compounds in water samples. Lastly, pollutant mixture complexity was investigated by fractioning treated wastewater using high-performance liquid chromatography and comparing bioactivity in the whole, highly complex sample, with sample fractions of reduced complexity. We found that the detected oxidative stress response and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity was fully dependent on mixture effects, highlighting the implications of the complex mixture of pollutants that occur in the aquatic environment.
BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS NA AVIAÇÃO: DESAFIOS E INOVAÇÕES
Authors: Fernandes José Lázaro da Silva , Alves Laio Felipe Rangel da Costa , Mota Mércia Melo de Almeida , Tavares Anna Carolina de Almeida , Santos Thaís Emanuelle Ferreira , Cavalcante Neto Jonas Leite , Ferreira Neto Manoel Pessoa , Gouveia Deyzi Santos
Published: October 2024

A produção de Combustíveis Sustentáveis de Aviação (SAF) está avançando rapidamente, mas enfrenta desafios significativos para a produção em larga escala. Esses desafios incluem a disponibilidade de matéria-prima de qualidade, custos elevados e a necessidade de escalonamento. A competição por recursos alimentares e a dependência de biomassa residual são questões centrais, e a inovação em métodos de produção é crucial. O SAF pode ser derivado de diferentes gerações de matérias-primas, desde óleos comestíveis (primeira geração) e biomassa (segunda geração) até microalgas (terceira geração) e microrganismos geneticamente modificados (quarta geração). Cada tipo possui vantagens e limitações em termos de sustentabilidade e custo. Recentemente, técnicas como a conversão de CO₂ em hidrocarbonetos utilizando plasma não térmico têm mostrado potencial para melhorar a eficiência e reduzir os custos. No entanto, a implementação de eletro combustíveis e hidrogênio verde requer significativas modificações tecnológicas e investimentos em infraestrutura. Este trabalho revisa os principais desafios e avanços na implementação de SAF, destacando a importância de inovação contínua e suporte político para superar obstáculos e promover a descarbonização do setor da aviação.
"Gateway Conspiracy": La desconfianza en la pandemia por COVID-19 como puerta de entrada a teorías de la conspiración
Authors: Taboada-Villamarín Alba , Romero-Reche Alejandro , Torres-Albero Cristóbal
Published: October 2024

El artículo examina cómo la desconfianza hacia la pandemia de COVID-19 ha servido como catalizador para la difusión de teorías conspirativas. Se discute la naturaleza de las teorías conspirativas, su relación con la desconfianza institucional y su representación en redes sociales. La metodología del estudio incluye el análisis de hashtags de más de dos millones de tuits para entender, a través del análisis de redes, cómo se relacionan distintas teorías conspirativas y cómo ciertas teorías actúan como "puertas de entrada" a otras. Los resultados sugieren que hay conexiones lógicas entre diferentes teorías conspirativas, influidas por la desconfianza hacia instituciones específicas y amplificadas por la crisis de la COVID-19. Se concluye que la combinación de teorías conspirativas no es aleatoria, sino que sigue una lógica interna basada en la desconfianza.
Factores asociados a la persistencia académica del estudiantado universitario becado
Authors: Alegre-Sánchez María Ángeles , Agudo-Arroyo Yolanda , Vallès-Segalés Antoni
Published: October 2024

Con el doble objetivo de 1) conocer si se dan diferencias en la persistencia entre estudiantado becado y no becado y 2) analizar los factores asociados a la persistencia del estudiantado universitario becado, se ha analizado la cohorte de estudiantado becado de acceso a estudios de grado de la Universidad de Barcelona en el curso académico 2011-12, conformada por 2.613 estudiantes. Las técnicas bivariadas muestran que el estudiantado becado persiste en mayor medida que el no becado. A su vez, el modelo de regresión logística binaria indica que las variables académicas son las que contribuyen a explicar la persistencia.
Las almas del pueblo negro de Du Bois 120 años después: una filosofía política emancipadora
Authors: Cachón-Rodríguez Lorenzo
Published: October 2024

El artículo comienza mostrando el interés que Max Weber tuvo por Las almas del pueblo negro de Du Bois y lo contrasta con la práctica ignorancia del conjunto de la obra de Du Bois en la sociología en español. A continuación, tras exponer la concepción de Du Bois de la «cuestión negra» como una «cuestión social» (al modo que Marx hizo con la «cuestión judía»), se muestra la nueva filosofía política que formula Du Bois, elevando a las masas negras a la condición de «pueblo negro» y con la que exige para ellos la completa igualdad con los blancos porque tienen una «identidad política compartida». El texto termina exponiendo la retórica que Du Bois despliega apelando a patrones de pensamiento y emoción de los negros y blancos americanos.
Enhancing Web Security: Token-Based Solutions to Prevent CSRF Attacks
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, Hande Prof. K. N , Khan Mehak ,   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, Bhujade Mansi ,   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Published: October 2024

A Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a security vulnerability in web applications where an attacker tricks a user into performing unintended actions on a different website without their knowledge. subverts the user’s trust in a single site and causes the user to perform actions that he or she did not intend to take on that domain. When logged in, an attacker may act even when the user does not intend for them to do so, such as making illegal transactions, modifying user configurations, or deleting information. As discussed in an understanding of Cross-Site Request Forgery: Attacks and Countermeasures, a CSRF attack is dangerous because it takes advantage of the trust the victim has placed in the web application, making it difficult to detect. The This paper explores CSRF attacks by examining their operational principles, common tactics used by attackers, and potential prevention techniques, such as token implementation, Same- site cookie policies, and secure coding practices. As the dependency on web applications continues to grow, the need to encourage and enforce proper security practices against CSRF attacks becomes increasingly important. Key Words: Cross-Site Request Forgery, Web security vulnerability, Anti-CSRF tokens, Defensive coding against CSRF Session validation, Forgery of requests
Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Perekonomian Driver Gojek Medan melalui Program Swadaya
Authors: Sutri Hulu  , Fajar Utama Ritonga
Published: October 2024

Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 13 of 1998 states that social welfare is a system of social life and livelihood, both material and spiritual, which is covered by a sense of safety, decency, inner and outer peace which makes it possible for every citizen to fulfill their physical, spiritual, and spiritual needs. and social matters that are as good as possible for oneself, family and society by upholding human rights and obligations in accordance with Pancasila. Segel and Bruzy (in Kusnadi, 2013: 8) say that social welfare is the prosperous condition of a society which includes health, economic conditions, happiness and quality of life of the people. To encourage welfare for drivers, Gojek Indonesia presents a program that is always held every year. Swadaya is one of the consistent programs presented by Gojek with the aim of reducing partners' operational costs, such as discount vouchers for vehicle maintenance, credit, and assistance with other daily needs, as well as access to financial services such as savings, loans, cheap insurance and partner children's scholarships. . Gojek Swadaya Program, which is an exclusive program to ease the operational burden on driver partners and their families. Launched in 2016, Gojek Swadaya has been used by more than 450 thousand driver partners per month and helps them save up to 15% of operational costs as a partner/driver. Apart from that, the Gojek self-help program helps drivers save more on their daily shopping needs.
Manfaat Program Layanan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Bagi Kesejahteraan Masyarakat
Authors: Indah Lestari Sihombing  , Fajar Utama Ritonga
Published: October 2024

BPJS Employment, formerly known as Jamsostek, has undergone a lengthy evolution in providing protection to workers and their families in Indonesia. Since its inception regulated by a series of laws and regulations, until becoming part of the National Social Security System under Law No. 40 of 2004, BPJS Employment has provided various assurance programs covering work accidents, death, old age, pensions, and job loss. Through interviews with traders, farmers, and factory workers, it is evident that these programs provide significant benefits, such as a sense of security and financial protection, which positively impact work productivity. However, public awareness of the importance of employment social security still needs to be increased through broader socialization. Thus, BPJS Employment is not only a financial protection instrument for workers but also plays a role in improving the overall welfare of society.
Kontribusi Kontrol Diri terhadap Penggunaan Gadget Saat Belajar Siswa Kelas XI SMKN 3 Padang
Authors: Azura Mita  , Linda Fitria  , Rini Sefriani
Published: October 2024

This study was conducted to determine the contribution of self-control the use of gadgets while studying for class XI students of SMK Negeri 3 Padang in the 2024/2025 academic year. The type of research used in this study is quantitative. The population of this study was 464 people, with a sample of 219 people taken using proportionate stratified random sampling. This study examines the contribution of self-control to the use of gadgets. The instrument used for data collection in this study was Likert scale questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using statistical programs on SPSS 29 and Microsoft Excel computers. Based on the data analysis, the results of the hypothesis of the calculated rvalue were 0.586 while the rtable was 0.132 because the calculated r was greater than the rtable (0.586> 0.132) then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted where there was a significant correlation between self-control and the use of gadgets while studying for class XI students of SMK Negeri 3 Padang. The contribution value between self-control and the use of gadgets was obtained 34%. Thus, the use of gadgets by students can be reduced, if students have good self-control, and the rest is influenced by other variables.
Investigating the qualitative components of meaning and the role of the endowment tradition in Iranian urban spaces
Authors: Norouzian Mohammad Mehdi
Published: October 2024

The endowment phenomenon, as one of the forces of the city of Afrin and the shaper of Iranian-Islamic cities, has had a great impact on the shaping of human-made environments and the organization of the physical spaces of cities. In addition to influencing the physical development of the city, the Dedicated lands have also been affected by it, because during the physical development of the city, they have changed from their original state (barren, agriculture, gardens, etc.) and turned into an urban fabric. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, this article tries to investigate how this religious factor is shaped in the Iranian-Islamic city and how the change and transformation of Dedicated lands and its role in the development or non-development of Isfahan city. Finally, relying on the recognition of the effect of this factor on the qualitative components of meaning, such as neighborhood identity and the sense of security of the environment, in Sheikh-Sadoogh and Mehr-Abad neighborhoods, which are respectively old and new neighborhoods of Isfahan city. Describe and analyze data collection through a questionnaire using SPSS software. The results of the research indicate that the presence of endowment as an important factor in the appearance of Islamic cities has a profound effect on the components of meaning, such as neighborhood identity and the sense of security of the environment, in addition to the physical structure of the city. In this regard, neighborhoods with more endowments have a significant relationship with neighborhood identity and a sense of security in the neighborhood, compared to neighborhoods with fewer endowments.
Impacts of displacement: Drought displacement in Gode Woreda, Ethiopia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

Internal displacement linked with drought is one of the main challenges for the Somali region of Ethiopia. IDMC conducted an assessment of the impacts of displacement on the livelihood, housing conditions, health, education and security of internally displaced people (IDPs) and their non-displaced neighbours in Liaanmo, Gode woreda in 2021 in order to inform more comprehensive and inclusive assistance to affected populations. This report presents its key findings.
Unveiling the cost of internal displacement in Africa
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

IDMC published in March 2019 the first estimates of the economic impact of internal displacement at the global level, amounting to $13 billion per year of displacement. This report applies the same methodology to all sub-Saharan African countries affected by internal displacement for which data was available: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan. These new estimates place the total economic impact of internal displacement in sub-Saharan Africa at $4 billion in 2018, a significant burden for already struggling economies. The figures presented in this report uncover just part of the hidden cost of internal displacement, but they amount to a noticeable share of each country’s GDP. Highlighting these financial consequences for IDPs, hosts and governments can inform better planning for prevention and response to internal displacement.
Women and girls in internal displacement
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

More than half of the 41 million people worldwide living in internal displacement at the end of 2018 were women and girls. They experience displacement differently from men and boys, and face specific challenges that must be better understood to provide them with the support they need. This report presents the first global, regional and national estimates of the number of women and girls living in a situation of internal displacement as a result of conflict and violence. Internal displacement situations associated with disasters are also discussed.
Beyond the numbers: monitoring progress to reduce internal displacement
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

The number of people reported to have been internally displaced and the complexity of internal displacement crises across the world have increased substantially in the last decade. Quality information on internal displacement is not easy to come by. The lack of robust data and evidence on the drivers and impacts of conflict and disaster displacement makes it difficult for governments and aid agencies to target appropriate and effective prevention and response strategies. Yet preventing and responding to internal displacement is critical to ensure the wellbeing and protect the rights of affected people, and to achieve development commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This thematic series presents tools and supports monitoring of progress to prevent and address internal displacement at the national and global levels.
Recommendations for addressing internal displacement and cross-border movements in Afghanistan
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

This paper examines three different measures to sustainably end displacement for internally displaced people and returnees in Afghanistan. It concludes that congested urban centres will have to be supported, decongestion encouraged and premature returns from abroad prevented if IDPs and returnees are to achieve durable solutions to their displacement.
"Stuck in the middle" - Seeking durable solutions in post-peace agreement Colombia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

In the 2017 Global Report on Internal Displacement, the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) set out to better understand the relationship between internal displacement and cross-border movements. As part of the resulting Invisible Majority thematic series, this report, based on over two hundred interviews with displaced Colombians, examines drivers of displacement and onward movement of internally displaced people (IDPs) within and across borders, provides better understanding of priorities and preconditions for voluntary return, and examine obstacles to durable solutions for returning refugees and IDPs in Colombia. While the report does not set out to assess the successes and failures of the 2016 Peace Agreement, it nonetheless brings to light a number of challenges to its implementation.
Equitable access to quality education for internally displaced children
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

The exact number of children living in internal displacement worldwide is unknown, but estimated at over 17 million worldwide as a result of conflict and violence, with millions more as a result of disasters. Too many internally displaced children grow up deprived of an education and the long-term opportunities it affords. Access to quality inclusive education brings significant economic, social and health benefits to displaced and host communities alike. Ensuring access to national education systems for internally displaced children is vital, provided it is safe to do so. Far greater priority needs to be given, and efforts and investment devoted to minimising the disruption to education that internal displacement causes, while maximising the potential protection and other vital support that schools provide for their displaced pupils. This policy brief, co-authored with UNICEF, explores the challenges that internally displaced children face accessing education and provides recommendations for governments, humanitarian and development actors to implement.
Assessing the severity of displacement
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

IDMC has developed a methodology to assess the severity of internal displacement, call attention to situations of particular concern, highlight key threats to IDPs’ safety and wellbeing, and better measure progress towards finding solutions to internal displacement. The assessment, conducted between January and July 2019, compares the severity of displacement across groups of IDPs displaced by conflict in different countries and contexts. The severity assessment is qualitative in nature and aims to provide high-quality data which can support governments, humanitarian organisations and other key stakeholders in responding to and preventing situations of displacement. The assessment is a tool to provide contextual information on the living conditions of IDPs and highlight critical areas for intervention in different settings. It should be used as an entry point into further analysis that can support decision-making and informed investments.
From basic needs to the recovery of livelihoods: Local integration of people displaced by drought in Ethiopia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

This report explores the current situation of IDPs three years after the 2017 drought in Ethiopia's Somali region, looking at the same locations as the research carried out in 2019. The report examines local integration efforts carried out through livelihoods projects and how these can serve as durable solutions to displacement.
Bridging a Data Gap: Estimating the cost of internal displacement in Africa with modelled projections
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

IDMC published its first estimates of the economic impact of internal displacement in eight countries in February 2019, using secondary data analysis to measure the cost of meeting the needs of internally displaced people (IDPs) in terms of health, education, security, housing and livelihoods. Country-specific data was mostly found in Humanitarian Response Plans and other reports, which limited the analysis to countries where such reports are available. This paper proposes two methodological approaches to compiling estimates in countries for which there is no secondary data. These methods and the results they yield help to bridge a major knowledge gap on the consequences of internal displacement for economies.
Number of IDPs by age at the end of 2019
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

Information on the age of internally displaced people (IDPs) is essential to assess their needs and design programmes that can support them at every stage of their lives. Assistance must be tailored to respond to the specific necessities and resources of each age group. This paper estimates the age of people who were living in internal displacement at the end of 2019 as a result of conflict, violence and disasters, using national-level demographic distribution data for 98 countries. This information is intended as a first step to inform age-sensitive planning and support to IDPs’ health, education, security, livelihoods and housing conditions.
Addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

This report introduces an analytical framework to better understand the drivers, triggers and impacts of internal displacement in the context of climate change. IDMC's new typology seeks to enable in-depth analysis of displacement linked to desertification, glacial retreat, increasing temperatures, land and forest degradation, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, salinization and sea level rise. It also aims to identify options to prevent and respond in a more systematic manner.
The impacts of internal displacement on education in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

Internal displacement can interrupt children's education, harm their wellbeing and hinder their development. It can reduce their future livelihood opportunities, creating a poverty trap that endures even after displacement. Failing to provide internally displaced children with quality education can cause long-term damage to them, their families and communities and affect their country's progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As this paper demonstrates for the first time, however, most internally displaced children are excluded from educational policies. In this background paper to the Global Education Monitoring Report 2020 of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), IDMC presents the first estimates of the number of children at risk of being affected or out of school because of internal displacement in sub-Saharan Africa and of the cost of providing them with education. It further analyses the educational impacts of internal displacement in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Eswatini and proposes options to ensure inclusive education policies do not leave internally displaced children behind.
Impacts of Displacement: Flood displacement in Beledweyne, Somalia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

Addressing and reducing internal displacement linked with floods is a priority of the Somali government and its partners. To inform planning for flood-related crises and better assistance to affected populations, IDMC conducted an assessment in 2021 of the impacts of flood displacement on the livelihood, housing conditions, health, education and security of displaced people and their non-displaced neighbours in Beledweyne, a city in Somalia heavily affected by recurring floods. This report presents the assessment’s key findings.
No land, no water, no pasture: the urbanisation of drought displacement in Somalia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

IDMC embarked on a research programme in December 2018 to investigate internal displacement associated with slow-onset disasters and environmental change. This study examines displacement associated with drought in Somalia, and the ways in which the phenomenon has affected urbanisation in the country. It also seeks to contribute to a better understanding of policies and programming for durable solutions. The findings presented are based on more than 210 interviews conducted in October and November 2019 in the cities of Burco, Galkayo and Qardho.
Painting the full picture: Displacement data gaps in the NTCA
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

Internal displacement in the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) is a serious and growing issue. However, the complex drivers and triggers of displacement in the region, many of which overlap or are interlinked, make it difficult to capture reliable data with which to fully gauge its magnitude. This report presents the current situation in terms of data on internal displacement in the NTCA. Drawing on research and other reports on the topic it highlights the persistent data gaps in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, and identifies the data needed to capture and understand the phen
UnSettlement: Urban displacement in the 21st Century
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

The increasingly long-term and intractable nature of displacement, particularly for people in low and middle-income countries, means that camp settings are not a viable option in the long term. In the 21st century urban centres have increasingly become destinations for internally displaced people. This is not a new phenomenon, but its real scale at regional and global levels is not known. We also know little about the extent to which cities provide safe havens for those internally displaced and the degree to which they are able to establish new urban lives. And we have only limited insights into how displacement shapes urban systems as well as the way displacement risk is generated within cities. Our new thematic series seeks to fill the information gap by exploring the scale, nature, and dynamics of urban internal displacement across the world from the perspective of both internally displaced people and that of the cities they flee to.
Recommendations for addressing drought displacement in Ethiopia
Authors:   Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC)
Published: October 2024

This paper summarises challenges associated with drought displacement in the Somali region of Ethiopia, and recommendations to achieve durable solutions. Based on a workshop with key humanitarian actors in the region, in partnership with NRC, the recovery of livelihoods (or the generation of new ones) emerged as the cornerstone on which to build the future for displaced Ethiopians.
COMPUTING THE DEGREE-4 INVARIANT POLYNOMIAL BASIS FOR 7 QUBITS
Authors: Amanov A.
Published: October 2024

Understanding the complexity of entangled states within the context of SLOCC (stochastic local operations and classical communications) involving several number qubits is essential for advancing our knowledge of quantum systems. This complexity is often analyzed by classifying the states via local symmetry groups. Practically, tthe resulting classes can be distinguished using invariant polynomials, but the size of these polynomials grows rapidly. Hence, it is crucial to obtain the smallest possible invariants. In this short note, we compute the basis of invariant polynomials of 7 qubits of degree 4, which are the smallest degree invariants. We obtain these polynomials using the representation theory and algebraic combinatorics.
FACTORIZATIONS AND UNIFIED HARDY INEQUALITIES ON HOMOGENEOUS LIE GROUPS
Authors: Apseit K. , Yessirkegenov N.
Published: October 2024

In this note we obtain Hardy and critical Hardy inequalities with any homogeneous quasi-norm in unified way. Actually, we show a sharp remainder formula for these results. In particular, our identity implies corresponding Hardy and critical Hardy inequalities with any homogeneous quasi-norm for the radial derivative operator, thus yielding improved versions of corresponding classical counterparts. Moreover, we discuss extensions of these results in the setting of Folland and Stein’s homogeneous Lie groups. Such a more general setting is convenient for the distillation of those results of harmonic analysis depending only on the group and dilation structures, which is one of our motivations working in the setting. Our approach based on the factorization method of differential operators introduced by Gesztesy and Littlejohn. As an application, we show Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg type inequalities with more general weight. Because of the freedom in the choice of any homogeneous quasi-norm, our results give new insights already in both anisotropic ℝn and isotropic ℝn .
ON THE GENERALIZATION OF SOME CLASSES OF CONVEX IN DIRECTION AND TYPICALLY REAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: Maiyer F. F. , Tastanov M. G. , Utemissova A. A. , Ysmagul R. S.
Published: October 2024

In the article by M.O. Reade (Duke Math. Journal, 1956) using the condition |arg (f'(z)/ g'(z)) | ≤ γπ/2, where g(z) is a convex function,0≤γ≤1 , a class of functions close-to-convex (almost convex) of order γ is introduced. In our paper, we introduce a subclass of the class of close-to-convex (almost convex) order γ functions satisfying the condition |arg [(1-λzn ) f'(z)]| ≤ γπ/2, which, for different parameter values, gives a number of well-known subclasses of univalent (schlicht) functions. Based on this subclass, a class of close-to-starlike (almost star-shaped) functions is constructed, containing a number of subclasses that have been actively studied by many authors in recent years, as well as a classical class of typically real functions. For this classes exact theorems of distortion (growth) and radii of convexity (starlikeness) are obtained, generalizing previously known results. The case is also considered when the functions of the introduced classes have missing members in the power series expansion. The results obtained are accurate and not only generalize previously known results, but also reveal the properties of a number of new subclasses of univalent (schlicht) functions.
INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION OF SILICON NITRIDE AS AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO BROADENING THE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRUM
Authors: Murzalinov D. , Kemelbekova A. , Zhapakov R. , Seredavina T. , Yelemessov K. , Begunov M.
Published: October 2024

The development of devices combining optical and electrical functions based on silicon-containing materials is one of the challenges in microelectronics. By plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition synthesis and subsequent annealing, silicon nitride samples with both excess silicon and excess nitrogen were formed. The high concentration of Si-H and N-H bonds was determined by Raman spectroscopy in samples before annealing. By the transmission electron microscopy, it was determined that in addition to silicon nitride, silicon clusters were formed in the sample’s matrix. The photoluminescence spectra changed significantly for both types of samples during annealing in different gas atmospheres. Heat treatment of samples at 1100 °C after synthesis led to the disappearance of the PL spectrum, and after annealing at 800 °C, photoluminescence increases. It is noted that the highest intensity of photoluminescence was detected after annealing in the air atmosphere and the lowest in the nitrogen. The participation of N centers in recombination processes was confirmed by the method of electron paramagnetic resonance. The different mechanisms of particle interaction leading to photoluminescence and charge storage are considered. Thus, the conditions for the synthesis and annealing of silicon nitride layers are selected to obtain controlled luminescent properties in various spectral ranges.
THE IMPACT OF GAMIFICATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL MOTIVATION IN MOOCS FOR STUDENTS IN EMERGING REGIONS FROM AN UNDERPRIVILEGED GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF THE LEVEL UP COURSE BY GAMELAB KBTU AND UNICEF IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Zhumabayeva N. , Mezin A. , Knysheva A.
Published: October 2024

This paper examines the impact of gamification and external motivation on the engagement and completion rates of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), with a focus on underprivileged groups in emerging regions. The research centres around the “LEVEL UP” course, a gamified MOOC designed to enhance STEM skills among young women in Kazakhstan, developed by GameLab KBTU in collaboration with UNICEF. Utilizing a combination of quantitative data analysis and literature review, the study investigates the efficacy of gamification strategies in increasing course completion rates, which are traditionally low in MOOCs. The findings indicate that the inclusion of gamification and external motivational elements, such as competitive elements and rewards, can improve completion rates. The LEVEL UP course, for example, achieved a completion rate of 10%, which is higher than the average completion rate of MOOC courses, which 5–8%. However, the study also highlights the complexity of balancing external and internal motivational factors to sustain long-term engagement and deep learning. Limitations encountered, including technical issues and platform constraints, underline the challenges of implementing such strategies effectively. Recommendations for further research include exploring the long-term impact of gamification, the optimal balance of motivational elements, and the customization of gamification to individual learner needs. This paper contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of gamification in education, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches that enhance both engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in the context of democratizing education for learners worldwide.
MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY OF PULSED PLASMA FLOW AT THE PW-7 INSTALLATION
Authors: Tazhen A. B. , Dosbolayev M. K. , Pshikov M. I. , Usenov E. A. , Ramazanov T. S.
Published: October 2024

The paper considers two independent methods for measuring the velocity of the plasma flow generated in the PV-7 pulsed plasma accelerator: a method based on observation and evaluation of the Doppler shift of spectral lines, and a method of high-speed visualization of plasma motion. To record the plasma flow radiation spectrum, a monochromator M833 was used. High-speed video recording was carried out at 640,000 fps using a Phantom VEO710S CMOS camera. The results of measurements of the average flow velocity obtained at a working gas pressure of 2⋅10-2 Torr, capacitance and voltage of the capacitor bank of 400 μF and 4 kV are presented. The results obtained by two independent methods were compared with each other. Argon was used as the working gas in the experiments. It is shown that the value of the plasma flow velocity estimated by the first method is 12.5 m/s, and the value of the plasma flow velocity estimated by the second method is 16.7 m/s. From these data the measured flow velocity values have a small discrepancy. Thus, it has been established that high-speed video recording and Doppler shift methods make it possible to obtain comparable estimates of flow velocity within the measurement errors. Determining the magnitude of the plasma flow velocity is of great practical importance.
DEVELOPMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS OF A ROBO-PEN FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE DIAGNOSIS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Bazarbekov I. М. , Ipalakova M. T. , Daineko E. A. , Mukhanov S. B.
Published: October 2024

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) poses a significant challenge in contemporary medicine, necessitating early and accurate diagnostic methods to manage its progression effectively. This study explores the development and application of the Robo-pen, an innovative diagnostic tool designed to detect early signs of cognitive decline through detailed handwriting analysis. The Robo-pen, equipped with an MPU-9250 sensor, captures three-dimensional coordinates, velocity, and acceleration of handwriting movements, crucial for assessing spatial control, movement consistency, speed variations, and the ability to modulate movement speed and force–parameters often disrupted in cognitive impairments like AD. Participants included 20 patients diagnosed with AD and 18 healthy controls, matched in age and educational levels. Data collection involved tasks such as sentence rewriting, figure redrawing, and digit rewriting, processed using CoolTerm software at a sampling rate of 18 Hz. Descriptive statistics revealed that the AD group exhibited lower mean values for gyroscope and acceleration data, indicating slower and less variable movements compared to the control group. T-tests confirmed significant differences (p < 0.001) across all measured parameters between the AD and control groups. The results support the potential of the Robo-pen as a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tool for early detection of AD. By capturing subtle neuromotor changes, the Robo-pen facilitates earlier diagnosis and timely intervention, potentially altering the disease trajectory and improving patient outcomes. This study marks a significant advancement in the early detection of AD, highlighting the Robo-pen’s promise as a transformative tool in neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and management.