bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychogenic, Nonepileptic Seizures Associated with Video‐EEG–Verified Sleep
Authors: Orbach Darren , Ritaccio Anthony , Devinsky Orrin
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Nonepileptic seizures (NES) are expressions of a psychiatric disease state, usually conversion disorder, that mimic epileptic seizures (ES) but are not associated with the neurophysiologic changes of epilepsy. Conversion has not been demonstrated to emerge from the sleeping state. Emergence out of sleep is usually considered a virtual exclusion criterion for NES, signifying the presence instead of ES. We sought to test this hypothesis.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the video‐EEG of all patients admitted to our epilepsy unit over a 3‐year period, who were suspected of manifesting NES. We examined the relation between NES and the patients' sleep/wake state in this cohort. Two epileptologists blindly reviewed an intermixture of cases suspected to represent NES emerging out of sleep, together with control cases. Classification of each case was made independently.

Results: We found that in a small minority of patients (<1%), NES began either while the patient was sleeping, or within several seconds of arousal, well before a plan to simulate a seizure could likely have been formulated in the wakeful state.

Conclusions: In some cases, NES are not the product of the awake mind, but rather represent a psychiatric condition that can be manifest in sleep.
Metabolic Properties of Band Heterotopia Differ from Those of Other Cortical Dysplasias: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Munakata Mitsutoshi , Haginoya Kazuhiro , Soga Takashi , Yokoyama Hiroyuki , Noguchi Rie , Nagasaka Tatsuo , Murata Takaki , Higano Shuichi , Takahashi Shoki , Iinuma Kazuie
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To assess the biochemical properties of band heterotopia in comparison with other cortical developmental malformations (CDMs) by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS).

Methods: We performed localized single‐voxel 1H‐MRS studies on 13 patients [five band heterotopia (BH), two focal cortical dysplasia (CD), two unilateral CD, one bilateral perisylvian dysplasia, three hemimegalencephaly]. CDMs other than BH were categorized as CD. Spectra were acquired from volumes of interest (VOIs) localized in the CD and in normal‐appearing cortex on the contralateral side. In BH patients, the VOIs were the external cortex and the laminar heterotopia. For the BH study, spectra also were obtained from the cortex of age‐matched normal volunteers.

Results: The spectra of CD lesions were characterized by significantly lower ratios of N‐acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and by higher choline to Cr (Cho/Cr) ratios than in the contralateral remote cortex (p = 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios of the external cortex of BH were not significantly different from those of normal volunteers. The NAA/Cr ratio of the laminar heterotopia was not significantly different from that of the external cortex (p = 0.12) or normal volunteers (p = 0.60), whereas Cho/Cr was significantly higher in laminar heterotopias than in the external cortex (p = 0.04) or controls (p = 0.03).

Conclusions: 1H‐MRS can distinguish between the metabolic properties of BH and CD.
Expressive Aprosody and Amusia as a Manifestation of Right Hemisphere Seizures
Authors: Bautista Ramon Edmundo D. , Ciampetti Maribel Z.
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Aprosody and amusia are disorders commonly associated with right hemisphere abnormalities. They are regarded as negative phenomena and usually seen after strokes. We report a case of a patient who had both expressive aprosody and amusia as a clinical manifestation of right temporooccipital seizures.

Methods: A 43‐year‐old woman had a 1‐month history of monotonic speech and difficulty singing. Her examination revealed both expressive aprosody and amusia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head was normal, but her EEG revealed several electrographic seizures of right temporooccipital origin.

Results: Treatment with phenytoin (PHT) almost immediately caused her speech and singing to return to baseline. A repeated EEG was normal

Conclusions: Seizures of right temporooccipital origin can manifest with expressive aprosody and amusia.
What Do You Do When They Grow Up? Approaches to Seizures in Developmentally Delayed Adults
Authors: Devinsky Orrin
Published: March 2003

Summary: Epilepsy and developmental disabilities (DD) often occur together but affect individuals differently and have a complex causal relationship. Most epilepsy in the population with DD is partial or symptomatic generalized. Seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can further delay development, and the DD can complicate treatment and adjustment to epilepsy. Medical care and decision making require careful coordination of health care providers and the family, especially because of the trend for the patients to live in group homes. Behavioral and psychiatric disorders are difficult to diagnose but common in those with DD and epilepsy; psychiatric disorders are perhaps up to sevenfold higher in this group than in the general population. Psychotropic medications—antidepressants, anxiolytics (but use caution with benzodiazepines), antipsychotics, and stimulants—are appropriate for those with psychiatric disorders. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to undertreatment, and the motivation to lessen certain behaviors may lead to overtreatment. Because those with DD may be unusually sensitive to adverse effects of both seizures and AEDs, cognitive and behavioral side effects must be carefully monitored. Few relevant studies exist. For some patients, comorbid psychiatric disorders may be treated with one AED, such as carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate. Phenobarbital and phenytoin may be inappropriate for those with epilepsy and DD. Studies have shown some success with oxcarbazepine (for partial and generalized epilepsy) and with adjunctive lamotrigine. For those on medication regimens, perhaps taking combinations of drugs for numerous years, queries about earlier attempts to reduce AEDs and gradual efforts to substitute less toxic mediations are worthwhile. Vagus nerve stimulation and epilepsy surgery for those with medically refractory epilepsy may be options after careful evaluation.
EEG in Benign and Malignant Epileptic Syndromes of Childhood
Authors: Drury Ivo
Published: March 2003

Summary: Characteristic appearances of epileptiform EEG activity in children aged between 2 and 10 years are described. Emphasis is placed on the value of careful analysis of background EEG and how the epileptiform activity itself may overlap between benign and malignant epileptic syndromes. Illustrations are used to underscore this emphasis. Irrespective of how “classic” an EEG appearance is, accurate classification of a child's epileptic syndrome requires integration of all available clinical data. EEG is just one component of this equation.
Morphologic Study of Neuronal Death, Glial Activation, and Progenitor Cell Division in the Hippocampus of Rat Models of Epilepsy
Authors: Tooyama Ikuo , Bellier Jean‐Pierre , Park Masami , Minnasch Petra , Uemura Shuji , Hisano Tadashi , Iwami Mika , Aimi Yoshinari , Yasuhara Osamu , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To clarify the relationship of neuronal death to cellular responses, we studied neuronal death as well as reactions of glia and progenitor cells in the hippocampus of two rat models of epilepsy.

Methods: Seizures were induced by either kainic acid (KA) administration or electrical kindling. Neuronal degeneration was assessed by in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. Reactions of glial cells were studied by immunohistochemistry. Progenitor cell division was evaluated using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling method.

Results: DNA fragmentation and reactive microglia were observed in the CA1, CA3, and hilus region for 24 h to 4 weeks after KA injection, but not detected in the kindling model. Reactive astrocytes and enhancement of progenitor cell division were seen in both animal models. The number of BrdU‐positive cells began to increase on day 3 after KA injection, peaked on day 5, and returned to baseline on day 10. After kindling, the number of BrdU‐positive cells began to increase after five consecutive experience of stage I seizures.

Conclusions: These observations show that neuronal degeneration is not necessary for triggering the upregulation. Microglial activation is closely related to the neuronal death process induced by KA.
Some Problems and Pitfalls in Developing Countries
Authors: Murthy J. M. K.
Published: March 2003

Summary: In developed countries with well‐structured health care and reimbursement systems, epilepsy care is evidence based. By contrast, in developing countries, patients with epilepsy encounter several significant barriers to adequate treatment and are more often managed according to local ethnic, racial, religious, economic, educational, and cultural diversities. Cost is one issue that clearly determines antiepileptic drug (AED) selection, and it is reasonable to recommend one of the traditional, and cheaper, AEDs as first‐line therapy. However, the appropriate choice of drug in an individual patient is a balance of efficacy, tolerability, and cost and should be tailored to individual affordability.
Rapid Resolution of Left Ventricular Thrombus in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Willens Howard J. , Lowery Maureen H. , Lopez Edelman , Ewing Marzyeh H. , Myerburg Robert J.
Published: March 2003

A 43‐year‐old male with recurrent cerebral infarctions and high titers of antiphospholipid antibodies was found to have a thrombus in his left ventricular outflow tract by transthoracic echocardiography. This thrombus disappeared after less than 24 hours of intravenous heparin therapy due to resolution or asymptomatic embolism. Left ventricular thrombi in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and rapid disappearance of left ventricular thrombi with heparin therapy are infrequently reported occurrences. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, January 2003)
Die ablative Therapie der Immunhyperthyreose unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der endokrinen Orbitopathie
Authors: Lind P.
Published: March 2003

Zusammenfassung: Der Einfluss einer ablativen Therapie einer immunogenen Hyperthyreose auf den Verlauf der endokrinen Orbitopathie wird weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Die vorliegende Datenlage ist sehr uneinheitlich, da es sich zum Teil um retrospektive Studien, zum Teil um prospektive Untersuchungen mit unterschiedlichen Nachbeobachtungszeiträumen und unterschiedlichen Patientenkollektiven handelt. Grundsätzlich scheint die Operation (near total resection) durch die weit­gehende Entfernung des thyreoidalen Antigens eher einen günstigen Einfluss auf den Verlauf der endokrinen Orbitopathie zu haben. Die meisten Untersuchungen belegen auch, dass die Radiojodtherapie die endokrine Orbitopathie ungünstig beeinflusst, da es in bis zu einem Drittel der Patienten zu einer Exazerbation oder zum Neuauftreten der endokrinen Orbitopathie kommt. Weitgehender Konsens besteht darüber, die Radiojodtherapie einer immunogenen Hyperthyreose unter Kortisonschutz durchzuführen. Die frühzeitige Gabe von L‐Thyroxin nach Radiojodtherapie wirkt sich günstig auf die endokrine Orbitopathie aus, während eine zusätzliche Gabe von Methimazol keinen Einfuss zu haben scheint.
18F‐FDG‐PET in the Follow‐up of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lind P. , Kresnik E. , Kumnig Gerhild , Gallowitsch H.‐J. , Igerc Isabel , Matschnig Sabine , Gomez Iris
Published: March 2003

Summary: Differentiated thyroid cancer is a rare tumour with an incidence of 4 – 9/100 000/year. For preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules, ultrasonography (US) and US‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy are the methods of choice to detect thyroid cancer. The value of preoperative fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET) in differentiating malignant from benign nodules, especially in cases of follicular proliferation, has not yet been evaluated. After thyroidectomy and radioiodine remnant ablation, several methods are used to follow patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, including serum thyroglobulin, ultrasonography of the neck, iodine‐131 (131I) whole body scintigraphy (WBS) and scintigraphy with nonspecific tracers such as technetium‐99 m (99mTc) Tetrofosmin or Sestamibi. Whereas the specificity of 131I‐WBS is high, sensitivity is low, especially if one takes into account that only two‐thirds of recurrences or metastases store iodine. With the introduction of 18F‐FDG in oncology, it is also used for the detection of local recurrences and metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer. Elevated thyroglobulin but negative 131I‐WBS belongs to the 1a indications for 18F‐FDG‐PET in oncology according to the German Consensus Conference 2000. The sensitivity for detecting 131I‐negative metastases with 18F‐FDG‐PET can be increased by elevated thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) after withdrawal of thyroid hormone therapy or after intramuscular injection of recombinant TSH. Most of the 131I‐negative metastases demonstrate 18F‐FDG uptake, which represents rapid tumour growth and poor differentiation, whereas most of the 131I‐positive metastases are 18F‐FDG negative. The combination of 131I‐WBS and 18F‐FDG‐PET leads to an increase in the detection rate to more than 90 – 95 % in cases of elevated thyroglobulin, because well‐ and less‐differentiated cancer cells may be present in one patient. In rare cases, a recurrent tumour or metastasis may accumulate 131I as well as 18F‐FDG. In these patients, it may be possible that well‐ and less‐differentiated cells are present in one metastasis. The early use of 18F‐FDG‐PET in patients with elevated thyroglobulin, especially in the case of negative 131I‐WBS, changes the therapeutic strategy in up to half of the patients (surgery, external radiation).
Interaction of mismatch repair protein PMS2 and the p53-related transcription factor p73 in apoptosis response to cisplatin
Authors: Shimodaira Hideki , Yoshioka-Yamashita Atsuko , Kolodner Richard D. , Wang Jean Y. J.
Published: March 2003

Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins contribute to genome integrity by correcting replication errors. In higher eukaryotes, MMR proteins also regulate the cellular response to DNA lesions such as oxidized, alkylated, or crosslinked bases. Previous studies have linked MMR proteins to the activation of apoptosis through p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. MMR-deficient cells exhibit variable defects in the induction of p53 and its related p73, which are activators of apoptosis. However, the specific role of each MMR protein in the regulation of apoptosis has not been determined. Here, we describe an interaction between PMS2, an MMR protein, and p73. This interaction causes the stabilization of p73 and the redistribution of PMS2 to the nuclear compartment. Exposure to cisplatin enhances the association between PMS2 and p73. Moreover, stimulation of the p73 proapoptotic function by cisplatin requires PMS2. These results suggest that PMS2 contributes to genome integrity not only through DNA repair but also by enhancing DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
MecA, an adaptor protein necessary for ClpC chaperone activity
Authors: Schlothauer Tilman , Mogk Axel , Dougan David A. , Bukau Bernd , Turgay Kürşad
Published: March 2003

ClpC of
Bacillus subtilis
is an ATP-dependent HSP100/Clp protein involved in general stress survival. A complex of ClpC with the protease ClpP and the adaptor protein MecA also controls competence development by regulated proteolysis of the transcription factor ComK. We investigated the
in vitro
chaperone activity of ClpC and found that the presence of MecA was crucial for the major chaperone activities of ClpC. In particular, MecA enabled ClpC to solubilize and refold aggregated proteins. Finally, in the presence of ClpP, MecA allowed the ClpC-dependent degradation of unfolded or heat-aggregated proteins. This study demonstrates that adaptor proteins like MecA through interaction with their cognate ClpC proteins can have a dual role in the protein quality-control network by rescuing, or together with ClpP, by degrading, aggregated proteins. MecA can thereby coordinate substrate targeting with ClpC activation, adding another layer to the regulation of HSP100/Clp protein activity.
Virtual transfer factors
Authors: Gordon Julia , Hales Thomas
Published: March 2003

The Langlands-Shelstad transfer factor is a function defined on some reductive groups over a

p
p

-adic field. Near the origin of the group, it may be viewed as a function on the Lie algebra. For classical groups, its values have the form

q
c

s
i
g
n

q^c\,\mathrm {sign}

, where

s
i
g
n

∈
{
−
1
,
0
,
1
}

\mathrm {sign}\in \{-1,0,1\}

,

q
q

is the cardinality of the residue field, and

c
c

is a rational number. The

s
i
g
n

\mathrm {sign}

function partitions the Lie algebra into three subsets. This article shows that this partition into three subsets is independent of the

p
p

-adic field in the following sense. We define three universal objects (virtual sets in the sense of Quine) such that for any

p
p

-adic field

F
F

of sufficiently large residue characteristic, the

F
F

-points of these three virtual sets form the partition.

The theory of arithmetic motivic integration associates a virtual Chow motive with each of the three virtual sets. The construction in this article achieves the first step in a long program to determine the (still conjectural) virtual Chow motives that control the behavior of orbital integrals.
Subnuclear Localization and Cajal Body Targeting of Transcription Elongation Factor TFIIS in Amphibian Oocytes
Authors: Smith Abigail J. , Ling Yan , Morgan Garry T.
Published: March 2003

We have examined the localization and targeting of the RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription elongation factor TFIIS in amphibian oocyte nuclei by immunofluorescence. Using a novel antibody against Xenopus TFIIS the major sites of immunostaining were found to be Cajal bodies, nuclear organelles that also contain pol II. Small granular structures attached to lampbrush chromosomes were also specifically stained but the transcriptionally active loops were not. Similar localization patterns were found for the newly synthesizedmyc-tagged TFIIS produced after injection of synthetic transcripts into the cytoplasm. The basis of the rapid and preferential targeting of TFIIS to Cajal bodies was investigated by examining the effects of deletion and site-specific mutations. Multiple regions of TFIIS contributed to efficient targeting including the domain required for its binding to pol II. The localization of TFIIS in Cajal bodies, and in particular the apparent involvement of pol II binding in achieving it, offer further support for a model in which Cajal bodies function in the preassembly of the transcriptional machinery. Although our findings are therefore consistent with TFIIS playing a role in early events of the transcription cycle, they also suggest that this elongation factor is not generally required during transcription in oocytes.
DrosophilaMcm10 Interacts with Members of the Prereplication Complex and Is Required for Proper Chromosome Condensation
Authors: Christensen Tim W. , Tye Bik K.
Published: March 2003

Mcm10 is required for the initiation of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have cloned MCM10 from Drosophila melanogaster and show that it complements a ScMCM10 null mutant. Moreover, Mcm10 interacts with key members of the prereplication complex: Mcm2, Dup (Cdt1), and Orc2. Interactions were also detected between Mcm10 and itself, Cdc45, and Hp1. RNAi depletion of Orc2 and Mcm10 in KC cells results in loss of DNA content. Furthermore, depletion of Mcm10, Cdc45, Mcm2, Mcm5, and Orc2, respectively, results in aberrant chromosome condensation. The condensation defects observed resemble previously published reports for Orc2, Orc5, and Mcm4 mutants. Our results strengthen and extend the argument that the processes of chromatin condensation and DNA replication are linked.
Genotyping on a Thermal Gradient DNA Chip
Authors: Kajiyama Tomoharu , Miyahara Yuji , Kricka Larry J. , Wilding Peter , Graves David J. , Surrey Saul , Fortina Paolo
Published: March 2003

Silicon-based chips with discrete, independently temperature-controlled islands have been developed for use in DNA microarray hybridization studies. Each island, containing a heater made of a diffusion layer and a temperature sensor based on a p–n junction, is created on a silicon dioxide/nitride surface by anisotropic etching. Different reactive groups are subsequently added to the surface of the islands, and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes are attached to discrete spots on the chip. Hybridization is performed with Cy5-tagged single-stranded targets derived by PCR from genomic DNA. Results are assessed by measuring fluorescence of bound dye-tagged targets after hybridization and washing. Temperatures at each island can be set at different values to obtain optimal distinction between perfect matches and mismatches. This approach facilitates definition of optimal temperatures for probe/target annealing and for distinction between perfectly matched versus mismatched solution-phase targets. The thermal gradient DNA chips were then tested for genotyping, and the results for four different loci in two genes are presented. Unambiguous typing was achieved for clinically relevant loci within the factor VII and hemochromatosis genes.
Thinking deeply about the future
Authors: Rockman Ilene F.
Published: March 2003

Posits that libraries have planned ahead and taken their services to where users require them most rather than becoming too insular or denying users the chance to learn in a modern environment using virtual reference services, for instance. Contends that librarians need to be proactive and to think creatively about delivery of service – perhaps moving from behind a desk to help students at computers when they are in need.
Technology, cluelessness, anthropology, and the memex: the future of academic reference service
Authors: Rettig James
Published: March 2003

The future of the academic library and the future of reference service are inextricably interdependent. These include information technology, the role of the library as place, users’ values, and users’ naïveté about the complexity of information. Significant user values include immediacy, interactivity, personalization, and mobility. In order to develop services that respond to users’ need, librarians need to develop an anthropological understanding of their user communities. They also need to play a significant role in developing information systems. These need to provide personalized service. These ideas are not new; however, information technology has advanced to a point where they can be applied both practically and effectively. As librarians take a larger role in adapting information technologies to meet users’ information needs in ways that respond to their values, reference service must remain user‐centered; high‐tech and high touch are equally important.
Simulation modelling in virtual manufacturing analysis for integrated product and process design
Authors: Chan Danny S.K.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the work on the implementation of developing graphical simulation models. The work of development emphasises the integrated approach in the product and process design, where same product data source has been shared and used for analyses in virtual environment of various manufacturing activities including product development, production planning, assembly analysis, work study, workplace design, operation simulation and plant layout. It describes the methodology adopted and a discussion is given on the pros and cons of using an e‐manufacture software for the development.
The Beveridge curve and unemployment fluctuations in Canada
Authors: Archambault Richard , Fortin Mario
Published: March 2003

We estimate the impact of cyclical, sectoral, and participation shocks and that of the trend on both the Canadian unemployment rate and the job vacancy rate over the 1969 to 1998 period. We conclude that a rise in the Canadian unemployment rate of almost 5 percentage units occurred between 1972 and 1982 because of participation rate shocks and a trend movement. Because the trend also explains the leftward shift of the Beveridge curve observed in the 1990s, this shift cannot be interpreted as a decline in the natural unemployment rate.

La courbe de Beveridge et les fluctuations du chômage au Canada. Les auteurs évaluent la contribution des chocs sectoriels, des changements dans le taux d'activité, des fluctuations cycliques et de la tendance sur les mouvements du taux de chômage et du taux de postes vacants pendant la période 1969–98. Ils concluent que le taux de chômage non conjoncturel s'est accru de près de 5 points de pourcentage entre 1972 et 1982 en raison de chocs dans le taux d'activité et d'un mouvement tendanciel. Le déplacement vers la gauche de la courbe de Beveridge observé dans les années 1990 est pour sa part le résultat d'une baisse tendancielle des postes vacants et n'indique nullement que le taux de chômage naturel ait diminué pendant cette période.
Can subsidies for MARs be procompetitive?
Authors: Krishna Kala , Roy Suddhasatwa , Thursby Marie
Published: March 2003

In contrast to recent literature, we show that market access requirements (MARs) can be implemented in a procompetitive manner even in the absence of threats in related markets. By focusing on subsidies that are paid only when the requirement is met, we show that a MAR can increase aggregate output relative to free trade provided that the right set of firms is targeted. In the context of a model with multiple Japanese and U.S. firms, we show that a MAR on U.S. imports is procompetitive as long as the U.S. firms are the ones targeted to receive the subsidy. JEL Classification: F13

Est‐ce que les subventions pour promouvoir la pénétration du marchéétranger peuvent promouvoir la concurrence? Contrairement à ce qui ressort de la littérature spécialisée récente, les auteurs montrent que l'on peut mettre en place des mesures pour promouvoir la pénétration du marchéétranger de telle manière que cela promeuve la concurrence, et ce même en l'absence de menaces dans des marchés reliés. En mettant l'accent sur les subventions payées quand les objectifs de pénétration sont remplis, on montre que de telles pratiques peuvent accroîre le niveau de production par rapport à ce qu'il serait dans un monde de libre‐échange pourvu que le bon ensemble de firmes soit ciblé. Dans un modèle où coexistent plusieurs firmes américaines et japonaises, on montre que de tels efforts quand ils portent sur les importations en provenance des Etats‐Unis promeuvent la concurrence tant que ce sont les firmes américaines qui reçoivent la subvention.
Weakly non‐separable preferences and the Harberger‐Laursen‐Metzler effect
Authors: Ikeda Shinsuke
Published: March 2003

We examine the current account effect of a terms‐of‐trade deterioration for a small country model, incorporating weakly non‐separable preferences à la Shi (1994) under endogenous time preference. This enables us to emphasize a welfare change as an important determinant of the current account. Even with increasing marginal impatience, the Harberger‐Laursen‐Metzler effect occurs if consumers' preference toward imports is sufficiently wealth enhanced: in that case a terms‐of‐trade deterioration must reduce steady‐state welfare to shift preference away from imports to exports. Several empirical implications are also derived. JEL Classification: F41; F32

Préférences faiblement nonséparables et l'effet de Harberger‐Laursen‐Metzler. L'auteur examine l'effet sur le compte courant d'une détérioration des termes d'échange dans un modèle d'un petit pays, quand les préférences sont faiblement nonséparables à la Shi (1994) et que la préférence temporelle est endogène. Cela permet de souligner qu'un changement dans le niveau de bien‐être est un déterminant important du compte courant. Contrairement à ce qu'on trouve dans la littérature spécialisée, même quand on postule une impatience marginale croissante, l'effet Harberger‐Laursen‐Metzler se produit si la préférence des consommateurs pour les importations est suffisamment dépendante du niveau de richesse: dans ce cas‐là, une détérioration des termes d'échange doit réduire le niveau de bien‐être en régime permanent de manière à déplacer les préférences des importations vers les exportations. On déduit certaines implications empiriques de ces résultats.
Political economy, sectoral shocks, and border enforcement
Authors: Hanson Gordon H. , Spilimbergo Antonio
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we examine the correlation between sectoral shocks and border enforcement in the United States, the U.S. government's main policy instrument for combating illegal immigration. We see whether border enforcement falls following positive shocks to sectors that are intensive in the use of undocumented labour, as would be consistent with political economy models of illegal immigration. We find that border enforcement is negatively correlated with lagged relative price changes in the apparel, fruits and vegetables, and livestock industries and with housing starts in western United States, suggesting that authorities relax border enforcement when demand forundocumented labour is high.

Economie politique, chocs sectoriels et vigilance aux frontières. Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs examinent la corrélation entre les chocs sectoriels et la vigilance aux frontières aux Etats‐Unis. La vigilance aux frontières est le principal instrument de politique publique utilisé par le gouvernement américain pour combattre l'immigration illégale. On se demande si la vigilance aux frontières se relâche à la suite de chocs positifs dans des secteurs qui utilisent relativement plus de travailleurs illégaux, ainsi que le suggèrent les modèles d'économie politique de l'immigration illégale. Les principaux résultats indiquent que la vigilance aux frontières est co‐reliée négativement (avec un délai) avec les changements de prix relatifs dans les secteurs du vêtement, des fruits et légumes, et du bétail, ainsi qu'avec le nombre de mises en chantier dans la construction domiciliaire dans l'ouest des Etats‐Unis. Voilà qui suggère que les autorités relâchent la vigilance aux frontières quand la demande de travailleurs illégaux augmente.
Exchange rate pass‐through and its determinants in Canadian manufacturing industries
Authors: Kardasz Stanley W. , Stollery Kenneth R.
Published: March 2003

In this paper the pass‐through of exchange rate changes into the real prices of domestically produced and imported goods in Canadian manufacturing industries is examined through industry estimates of the pass‐through elasticities and a cross‐section analysis of their determinants. We find that the domestic pass‐through elasticity increases with the effect of the exchange rate on domestic costs of production, the export share, the elasticity of substitution between imports and domestic goods, and the domestic advertising intensity. The import elasticity increases with the elasticity of substitution and the rate of price protection and decreases with advertising intensity. JEL Classification: L60, F14

Les effets de changements dans le taux de change sur les prix réels dans les industries manufacturières canadiennes. Ce mémoire examine les effets des changements dans le taux de change sur les prix réels des biens produits au Canada ou importés pour les industries manufacturières canadiennes en construisant des estimés par secteur des élasticités de transfert et en examinant leurs déterminants dans une analyse trasnversale. On montre que l'élasticité de transfert domestique s'accroît à proportion que l'effet du taux de change sur les coûts internes de production, la part des exportations, l'élasticité de substitution entre importations et biens domestiques, et l'intensité de publicité au plan interne sont importants. L'élasticité des importations s'accroît avec l'élasticité de substitution et le taux de protection des prix, et décroît avec le niveau d'intensité de la publicité.
The Impact of Airport Noise and Proximity on Residential Property Values
Authors: Espey Molly , Lopez Hilary
Published: March 2003

The hedonic price method is used to estimate the relationship between residential property values and airport noise and proximity to the airport in the Reno‐Sparks area. Empirical results suggest there is a statistically significant negative relationship between airport noise and residential property values, with the average home in areas where noise levels are 65 decibels or high selling for about $2400 less than equivalent homes in quieter areas. However, in direct contrast to the study by Tomkins et al.(1998) who found proximity to the Manchester airport to be an amenity, this study finds proximity to the Reno‐Sparks airport to have a significant negative value.
Growth Effects of Governmental Policies: A Comparative Analysis in a Multi‐Country Context
Authors: Brons Martijn R.E. , De Groot Henri L.F. , Nijkamp Peter
Published: March 2003

The potential interactions among governmental policies, investments andeconomic growth are complex and manifold. This paper will perform a systematic comparative analysis of the various economic insights that are currently available on these complex relationships, both theoretically (by a selective literature review) and empirically (by reviewing the empirically obtained insights). Despite the wide variety of potential theoretical relationshipsbetween government expenditures, taxation and growth, most empirical analyses are restricted to simple linear regressions of growth on some measure of government expenditures. We will indicate directions for future empirical research that may enrich our knowledge about the complex relationship between fiscal policies and economic growth, not only nationally but also regionally.
A Many‐Sorted Natural Deduction
Authors: Cimatti A. , Giunchiglia F. , Weyhrauch R. W.
Published: March 2003

The goal of this paper is to motivate and define yet another sorted logic, called SND. All the previous sorted logics that can be found in the Artificial Intelligence literature have been designed to be used in (completely) automated deduction. SND has been designed to be used in interactive theorem proving. Because of this shift of focus, SND has been designed to satisfy three innovative design requirements: it is defined on top of a natural deduction calculus, and in a way to be a definitional extension of such calculus; and it is implemented on top of its implementation. In turn, because of this fact, SND has various innovative technical properties; among them: it allows us to deal with free variables, it has no notion of well‐sortedness and of well‐sortedness being a prerequisite of well‐formedness, its implementation is such that, in the default mode, the system behaves exactly as with the original unsorted calculus.
Probabilistic Inference in Influence Diagrams
Authors: Zhang Nevin Lianwen
Published: March 2003

This paper is about reducing influence diagram (ID) evaluation into Bayesian network (BN) inference problems that are as easy to solve as possible. Such reduction is interesting because it enables one to readily use one's favorite BN inference algorithm to efficiently evaluate IDs. Two such reduction methods have been proposed previously (Cooper 1988; Shachter and Peot 1992). This paper proposes a new method. The BN inference problems induced by the new method are much easier to solve than those induced by the two previous methods.
An Algorithmic Framework for Specifying the Semantics of Discourse Relations
Authors: Knott Alistair
Published: March 2003

In this paper, a new framework is proposed for defining the semantics of discourse relations and for defining the semantics of the utterances that relations link together. The proposal is to define relations in terms of the operation of an algorithm simulating the mental state of an agent interacting with the world. The algorithm interleaves perception, theorem proving, and action: The denotation of a complex utterance containing a relation between two simpler utterances is taken to be the description of the operation of the algorithm during the time interval identified by their Reichenbachian reference times. This proposal is presented in detail for two discourse relations. Its potential application in the treatment of mood, tense, aspect, and dialogue structure is also discussed in very general terms.
Choices for Lexical Semantics
Authors: Nirenburg Sergei , Raskin Victor
Published: March 2003

The modern computational lexical semantics reached a point in its development when it has become useful to compare the goals and methods of the various approaches to it. This article proposes several choices in terms of which these goals and methods can be discussed. It is argued that the central questions include the use of lexical rules for generating word senses; the role of syntax and formal semantics in the specification of lexical meaning; the use of a world model, or ontology, as the organizing principle for lexical‐semantic descriptions; the relation between static and dynamic resources; the commitment to descriptive coverage; the tradeoff between generalization and idiosyncracy; and finally, the adherence to the “supply side” (method‐oriented) or “demand side” (task‐oriented) ideology of research. The discussion is inspired by, but not limited to, the comparison between the generative lexicon approach and the ontologic semantic approach to lexical semantics.
Rule Quality Measures for Rule Induction Systems: Description and Evaluation
Authors: An Aijun , Cercone Nick
Published: March 2003

A rule quality measure is important to a rule induction system for determining when to stop generalization or specialization. Such measures are also important to a rule‐based classification procedure for resolving conflicts among rules. We describe a number of statistical and empirical rule quality formulas and present an experimental comparison of these formulas on a number of standard machine learning datasets. We also present a meta‐learning method for generating a set of formula‐behavior rules from the experimental results which show the relationships between a formula's performance and the characteristics of a dataset. These formula‐behavior rules are combined into formula‐selection rules that can be used in a rule induction system to select a rule quality formula before rule induction. We will report the experimental results showing the effects of formula‐selection on the predictive performance of a rule induction system.
Social Mental Shaping: Modelling the Impact of Sociality on the Mental States of Autonomous Agents
Authors: Panzarasa Pietro , Jennings Nicholas R. , Norman Timothy J.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a framework that captures how the social nature of agents that are situated in a multi‐agent environment impacts upon their individual mental states. Roles and social relationships provide an abstraction upon which we develop the notion of social mental shaping. This allows us to extend the standard Belief‐Desire‐Intention model to account for how common social phenomena (e.g. cooperation, collaborative problem‐solving and negotiation) can be integrated into a unified theoretical perspective that reflects a fully explicated model of the autonomous agent’s mental state.
The Fate of ‘Big Government’ in the United States:Not Over, But Undermined?
Authors: Peterson Mark A.
Published: March 2003

Big government in the United States has never been as expansiveas the big state abroad. Whatever its scope, there is little evidence that the days of big government are numbered. Among both the public and organized interests there is at once antagonism toward big government and yet consistent support for many of the protections it affords, including those provided by the U.S. federal government's largest, and sure to get larger, social programs. The most important story is not the threat of a reduced state, but rather itstransformation. Continuing attempts to privatize its administration could put much of the big state, including its social programs, in the hands of big business.
Globalization and the Boundaries of the State: A Framework for Analyzing the Changing Practice of Sovereignty
Authors: Cohen Edward S.
Published: March 2003

The impact of globalization on the sovereignty of the modern state has been a source of great controversy among political scientists. In this article, I offer a framework for understanding the state as a boundary‐setting institution, which changes shape and role over time and place. I argue that, rather than undermining the state, globalization is a product of a rearrangement of the purposes, boundaries, and sovereign authority of the state. Focusing on the United States, the article traces the changing shape of state sovereignty through a study of the patterns of immigration policy and politics over the past three decades. Immigration policy, I argue, provides a unique insight into the continuities and changes in the role of the state in an era of globalization.
Globalization, Governance, and the Political‐Economy of Public Policy Reform in East Asia
Authors: Beeson Mark
Published: March 2003

In the wake of the crisis that developed in East Asia during 1997, perceptions of the region have been transformed. Critics claim that East Asian political practices and economic structures must be reformed if the region is to prosper in an era of globalization. In short, the region must adopt a different sort of public policy, one associated with an influential agenda of “good governance.” This paper critically assesses this discourse and the predominately “Western” assumptions that underpin it. It is argued that, not only is this reformist agenda likely to be resisted by powerful vested interests, but the institutional infrastructure to support such a style of governance is inadequately developed in East Asia.
Culture and Individual Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Weber Elke , Hsee Christopher
Published: March 2003

Au cours des deux dernie`res de´cennies, on a beaucoup publie´ sur la culture et la psychologie interculturelle d’une part, sur le jugement et la prise de de´cision d’autre part (judgment and decision making: J/DM). Ces deux domaines ont e´te´ rapproche´s par peu de chercheurs dont on passe ici en revue les travaux. On s’inte´resse plus particulie`rement a` quatre the`mes J/DM qui ont e´te´ aborde´s d’un point de vue interculturel: l’e´valuation de la probabilite´, la perception du risque, l’attrait du risque et les formes de prise de de´cision. Notre investigation souligne une orientation positive dans les recherches J/DM interculturelles a` savoir le passage d’une simple description des diffe´rences nationales a` travers les comportements apparents a` l’examen des processus sous‐jacents qui rendent compte de ces diffe´rences grâce au recours aux valeurs et aux perceptions marque´es par la culture. Pour encourager cette tendance, nous insistons pour que les futures e´tudes J/DM interculturelles soient davantage mode´lise´es (c’est‐a`‐dire qu’elles recherchent l’impact de V.I. changeant avec les cultures et ne se contentent pas de de´crire des diffe´rences entre groupes) et adoptent une approche en mosïque dans le recueil des donne´es (c’est‐a`‐dire une approche qui fait appel a` des me´thodes diversifie´es et met en e´vidence des preuves convergentes pour retenir ou rejeter un mode`le).
Psychology at the National University of Singapore: The First 15 Years
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Kaur Susheel
Published: March 2003

L’histoire de la psychologie à l’Université Nationale de Singapour (NUS) est assez courte. Le premier cycle de psychologie remonte à 1986. Néanmoins, le secteur psychologie du Département de Travail Social et de Psychologie s’est considérablement développé pour ce qui est de l’enseignement, de la recherche et des services. Les auteurs décrivent le développement de la psychologie à la NUS depuis son introduction. Nous décrivons le cursus, l’équipe enseignante et ses activités, et l’infrastructure de recherche. L’analyse des documents ofﬁciels prouve que ce département est un succès institutionnel. En outre, ce projet a contribué au développement de la psychologie théorique et appliquée.

The history of psychology at the National University of Singapore (NUS) is rather short. The undergraduate degree with psychology as a subject ﬁrst became available in 1986. Nevertheless, the psychology program of the Department of Social Work and Psychology has grown considerably in terms of teaching, research, and service. The authors describe how psychology has been developing at NUS since its inception. The present review pertains to the existing academic programs, the teaching staff and their activities, and the infrastructure for psychological inquiry. Analyses of the ofﬁcial data disclosed that the Department of Social Work and Psychology at NUS can be regarded as a successful experiment in institution‐building. Moreover, the psychology program has contributed to both basic and applied psychology.
Effect of Causal Explanations on Work‐related Judgments
Authors: Pansu Pascal , Gilibert Daniel
Published: March 2003

Quatre études, réalisées en entreprise, portent sur la valeur des explications internes et externes relatives à des événements professionnels. Les résultats de la première étude montrent que les managers choisissent préférentiellement des explications internes lorsqu’on leur demande de donner une image favorable d’eux‐mêmes (vs une image défavorable). Dans les trois études suivantes on observe que les managers jugent plus favorablement un candidat lorsque celui‐ci est connu pour avoir produit des explications internes (vs externes). De plus, des différences de valeur sont observées au sein des registres explicatifs internes et externes. Les explications internes en termes d’efforts comportementaux apparaissent les plus valorisées pour rendre compte des réussites et échecs professionnels. Ces résultats sont discutés en regard de la norme sociale d’internalité et des pratiques d’évaluation.

Four studies investigated the value granted to internal versus external causal attributions of events in the workplace. The results showed that (a) managers provided more internal explanations when they were asked to present a favorable self‐image, and (b) managers favored targets (job applicants) who had expressed internal rather than external explanations. The results also showed that not all internal explanations are valued equally: “efforts” are preferred over “traits” in explanations of job outcomes. The results are discussed in terms of a norm that regulates social judgments: the norm of internality.
Globalization and Virtuality: Analytical Problems Posed by the Contemporary Transformation of African Societies
Authors: Van Binsbergen Wim
Published: March 2003

In response to the need for further conceptual development in the field of anthropological globalization studies, this article concentrates on the concept of virtuality, arguing that this constitutes one of the key concepts for a characterization and understanding of the forms of globalization in Africa. The article first defines virtuality and globalization and provisionally indicates their theoretical relationship. The problematic heritage of a locality‐obsessed anthropological tradition (as explored in the article) then provides the analytical framework within which virtuality makes an inspiring topic. The transition from theory to empirical case studies is made by examining the problem of meaning in the African urban environment. Finally, an ethnographic situation is invoked (urban puberty rites in present day Zambia) which illustrates particular forms of virtuality as part of the globalization process.