bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication Patterns in Interdependent Relationships
Authors: de Montes Lorena Gil , Semin Gün R. , Valencia Jose F.
Published: September 2003

Two studies were designed to investigate how the type of interdependence (cooperative vs. competitive) between a speaker and a recipient influences communicators' descriptions of positive and negative target behaviors. The target-addressee relationship was a positive one in the first study. It was expected that speakers in the cooperative condition would describe positive target behaviors in a more abstract way, whereas in the competitive condition, negative target behaviors would be described in a more abstract way. In the second study, the addressee-target relationship was negative. Here we expected that the positive target behaviors would be described more concretely in the cooperation condition, whereas the reverse pattern was predicted in the competition condition. The results broadly supported these predictions. The implications of these findings for the linguistic intergroup bias are described.
Capacity, Management, and Performance
Authors: Hou Yilin , Moynihan Donald P. , Ingraham Patricia Wallace
Published: September 2003

Amid the focus of public management reforms on improving the performance of public organizations and their managers, there has been little empirical attention to the links between performance and management systems and activities; little attention has been paid to how and under what circumstances `management matters.' This study reports data from the Government Performance Project (GPP), with information of all 50 states. The GPP model argues that fundamental management systems are not only amenable to comparison across states but can provide critical components of the capacity that is basic to longer term effectiveness and performance. This article considers the extent to which capacity facilitates performance in financial management, analyzing the factors that contribute to the maintenance of rainy day funds (RDFs). The authors argue that arriving at positive performance for such indicators requires not only administrative capacity but also rules that shape political behavior that will support performance.
An International Perspective of Privatization: The Need to Balance Economic and Social Performance
Authors: Prizzia Ross
Published: September 2003

Based on the results of a review, synthesis, and comparative analysis of existing international data and research, it seems that the role of privatization—as a means of reforming the public sector—has expanded internationally in scope and at such a rapid pace that, in many cases, the importance of objective and balanced measures of its overall effectiveness and impact on the affected communities need to be reexamined. The results of this research reveal that the negative consequences of privatization are often masked or go undetected because the effectiveness of privatization is based primarily on economic performance. I recommend that those responsible for planning of future privatization activities should refocus the present economic emphasis and strive for a balance of economic and social performance to improve long-term benefits for all sectors of the affected communities.
Contingent Coordination
Authors: Kettl Donald F.
Published: September 2003

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks stunned Americans. They also created new and unprecedented challenges for public administration, in theory and practice. A careful look at these challenges, however, reveals a familiar core: At its foundation, homeland security is about one of public administration's oldest puzzles—coordination. Although the field has a great deal to say about solving this puzzle, homeland security introduces new and especially difficult dimensions: matching place-based problems with functionally organized services; defining and achieving a minimum level of protection that all citizens ought to receive; building a reliable learning system for problems that, with luck, occur only rarely; balancing the new homeland security mission with existing missions that remain important; and meeting citizens' expectations in a fragmented governance system. These challenges demand a new, more effective system of contingent coordination, one that flexibly develops and matches government's capacity to new and unpredictable problems.
The Ideal of Diversity in Organizations
Authors: Levine David P.
Published: September 2003

This article offers a psychodynamic exploration of the organizational commitment to diversity. Based on a brief review of organizational rhetoric, two themes are identified. The first is the denial of hatred, which is argued to express the operation of a fantasy of the organization as the peaceable kingdom. This fantasy imagines the organization as a home for those with strong originary group identifications, while refusing to consider how attachment to group identity can foster hate and exclusion. The second theme is the equation of knowledge useful to the organization with life experience connected to group identity. The emphasis in the rhetoric of diversity on the value of experience is linked to a strategy for coping with loss that seeks to make the experience of loss a source of strength. The importance of acknowledging the reality of hate and of coping with, rather than denying, the consequences of loss is emphasized.
New Urbanism and the Challenges of Designing for Diversity
Authors: Day Kristen
Published: September 2003

New Urbanism is increasingly applied to revitalize diverse urban neighborhoods. New Urbanism relies on an ideal of “community” that makes its suitability for these contexts questionable. This article examines the use of New Urbanism to revitalize neighborhoods with diverse populations, investigating the following concerns: (1) physical changes may not be the best solutions for the social problems that often face such neighborhoods, (2) New Urbanist ideas may have different meanings to different groups of neighborhood residents, (3) New Urbanist neighborhood renovation may displace low-income residents, and (4) New Urbanist participatory design processes may not accommodate diversity. The article presents findings from a case study of the Westside of the city of Costa Mesa, California. Recommendations suggest alternative planning and design strategies to support and reinvigorate diverse, urban neighborhoods.
Urban Planners” Skills and Competencies
Authors: Guzzetta Jacqueline D. , Bollens Scott A.
Published: September 2003

A survey asks 638 planning, planning-related, and nonplanning professionals in Southern California which job skills they value most. The authors want to know whether planners” perceptions of significant skills are different from other professions, whether the context within which planners operate makes a difference, and whether the perceived importance of skills evolves with career experience. They find communication skills to be valued more than technical and quantitative skills across all three groups. However, planners value certain types of communication—report writing and writing for the public—more than planning-related and non-planning professionals. Professional planning con-text matters; public-sector planners value written communication more than private-sector planners. And, planners” valuation of skills changes with length of planning experience, implying an evolutionary model. The authors discuss implications for graduate education and training curricula.
Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities
Authors: Brown Jeffrey , Hess Daniel Baldwin , Shoup Donald
Published: September 2003

Universities and public transit agencies in the United States have together invented an arrangement—called Unlimited Ac-cess—that provides fare-free transit ser-vice for all students (and, on some campuses, faculty and staff as well). Unlimited Access is not free transit but is instead a new way to pay for it. The university pays the transit agency for all rides taken by eligible members of the campus community.

This article evaluates the results of the Un-limited Access program at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Bus ridership for commuting to campus in-creased by 56 percent during BruinGO's first year, and solo driving fell by 20 per-cent. Because these startling results were achieved in a city famous for its addiction to cars, they suggest that Unlimited Access can succeed almost anywhere.
Environmental Justice on the Streets
Authors: Harwood Stacy Anne
Published: September 2003

This article argues that environmental racism should be broadened to include the maldistribution of beneficial environmental conditions and proposes that advocacy planning may be an effective way to address the spatial absence of beneficial environmental services and amenities. The article examines advocacy in the context of neighborhood improvement, specifically around the placement of a streetlight and stop sign. Neighborhood infrastructure and transportation planning are vital for safety and quality of life, especially for communities of color, yet planning at this level often revolves around physical aspects of the neighborhood with minimal attention paid to planning processes and outcomes likely to marginalize and even endanger communities. Through an examination of one municipality's neighborhood-based advocacy approach to neighborhood improvement, this article considers the opportunities and challenges in using advocacy planning as a strategy to promote environmental justice on the streets and sidewalks of distressed urban neighborhoods.
Does Neotraditional Development Build Community?
Authors: Nasar Jack L.
Published: September 2003

Neotraditionaldevelopment has captured the attention of planners, architects, and developers. The various kinds of development under this label claim to replace the traditional auto-dependent suburb with pedestrian-oriented mixed-use development that builds sense of community. The present study tests two claims of neotraditional plans. In a community having a traditional suburb and nearby a traditional small-town center, on which neotraditional development is modeled, interviewers surveyed 120 residents—60 from each area. The analyses compared measures of sense of community, auto use, and reasons the residents chose to live in each area. The results support the claim that higher density mixed-use developments have lower auto use, but they failed to show that this form of development or the reduced use of autos translates into in-creased sense of community.
The Road Less Traveled
Authors: Greenwald Michael J.
Published: September 2003

In JPER volume 15, Crane (1996b) challenged the New Urbanist arguments that urban design traits such as street orientation, density, mix of land uses, and transit access automatically get travelers to substitute walking and transit for personal auto-mobile use. The work presented here starts to address that point, formally testing New Urbanist ideas about travel mode substitution. Using data from the 1994 Household Activity and Travel Behavior Survey conducted in Portland, Oregon, these findings suggest New Urbanist concepts serve to increase walking substitution; transit is not affected. These findings hold even in the face of travelers self-selecting into specific residential environments.
Social Equity in Redevelopment and Housing
Authors: Thomas June Manning , Hwang Hee-Yun
Published: September 2003

Although the two countries of the United States and South Korea are different in many ways, they have had some parallel experiences with urban redevelopment. Both have created policies designed to re-form previous problems in such areas as forced relocation and lack of provision of low-income housing. This article reviews the parallel history of each concerning urban redevelopment, describing several key programs. The authors suggest that in four areas—lack of oppressive practices, just compensation, decision making, and “fairness”—each nation still has many challenges, since reforms have had limited effectiveness.
Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Living at Home in France: Costs and Consequences of the Disease
Authors: Rigaud Anne-Sophie , Bayle Catherine , Fagnani Francis , Latour Florence , Traykov Latchezar , Forette Françoise
Published: September 2003

Alzheimer's disease (AD) creates a substantial burden on human and financial resources. However, there are few data relating to the cost of AD in France. This retrospective study assesses the total costs of caring for home-based patients with mild to moderate AD. Pattern of care, sociodemographic data, caregiver burden, and estimated net costs of caring for AD patients were assessed in a stratified sample of 50 untreated AD patients. The net costs of caring for all AD patients who completed all study parameters increased with decreasing cognitive ability. Unpaid assistance was the most costly component of the total cost of care. Mini-Mental State Examination scores correlated strongly with functional status, and instrumental activities of daily living scores were a robust indicator of the magnitude of behavioral, cognitive, and dependence problems. This study suggested a significant link between costs of caring for an AD patient at home and disease severity. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:140-145)
Development of Diagnostic Criteria for Defining Sleep Disturbance in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Yesavage Jerome A. , Friedman Leah , Ancoli-Israel Sonia , Bliwise Donald , Singer Clifford , Vitiello Michael V. , Monjan Andrew A. , Lebowitz Barry
Published: September 2003

This article proposes new standards for identifying, defining, and naming sleep/wake cycle disturbances associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to aid in more effective research, including the development and testing of potential treatments. Many AD patients develop sleep/wake cycle disturbances associated with distress, depression, and sleep disturbances in the caregiver, as well as early nursing home placement for the patient. The Food and Drug Administration Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee has emphasized the need for a comprehensive diagnostic system. A key point made by the committee was that behavioral problems associated with dementia (including sleep and chronobiological disturbances) are scientifically and clinically valid targets of pharmacologic treatment. However, current diagnostic criteria preclude development of FDA-acceptable studies of pharmacological interventions because they do not include the required specific indications for treatment. This article attempts to develop better-defined provisional criteria with the goal of promoting epidemiological, physiological, and, especially, pharmacological research on sleep/wake disturbances. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:131-139)
Maze Test Performance and Reported Driving Ability in Early Dementia
Authors: Ott Brian R. , Heindel William C. , Whelihan William M. , Caron Mark D. , Piatt Andrea L. , DiCarlo Margaret A.
Published: September 2003

A battery of standard neuropsychological tests examining various features of executive function, attention, and visual perception was administered to 27 subjects with questionable to mild dementia and compared to a 4-point caregiver rating scale of driving ability. Based on the results of this study, a computerized maze task, employing 10 mazes, was administered to a second sample of 40 normal elders and questionable to moderately demented drivers. Comparison was made to the same caregiver rating scale as well as to crash frequency. In the first study of neuropsychological tests, errors on Porteus Mazes emerged as the only significant predictor of driving ability in a stepwise regression analysis. In the follow-up study employing the computerized mazes, all 10 mazes were significantly related to driving ability ratings. Computerized tests of maze performance offer promise as a screening tool to identify potential driving impairment among cognitively impaired elderly and demented drivers. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:151-155).
Paroxetine-Induced Hyponatremia in the Elderly due to the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Authors: Fabian Tanya J. , Amico Janet A. , Kroboth Patricia D. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Reynolds Charles F. , Pollock Bruce G.
Published: September 2003

This study investigated the development of hyponatremia and its underlying mechanism in elderly patients prescribed paroxetine. Patients were 15 men and women (mean age, 75.7 ± 5.3 years) who were participants in a treatment study of late-life depression and who were without medical illness or other medications known to cause hyponatremia or alter antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Blood samples for measurement of plasma sodium, ADH, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, and osmolality were determined prior to initiation of paroxetine (week 0) and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L) was identified in 6 of 15 patients after 2 weeks of treatment with paroxetine. Despite low plasma osmolality, ADH levels were not suppressed appropriately. Data suggest hyponatremia is a common adverse event in elderly patients prescribed paroxetine and implicates inappropriate secretion of ADH as the potential mechanism. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:160-164).
Gambling Participation and Problems among Older Adults
Authors: Ladd George T. , Molina Cheryl A. , Kerins Gerard J. , Petry Nancy M.
Published: September 2003

Few studies have evaluated rates of gambling participation and problems in older adults. This study recruited 492 adults aged 65 years and older from bingo sites (n = 132) and senior centers (n = 360). Compared to those recruited from senior centers, participants recruited at bingo events had higher South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) scores and greater gambling frequency and expenditures. Lifetime rates of combined problem and pathological gambling were 12.9% in the bingo sample and 9.7% in the senior center sample (10.6% overall). Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem and pathological gamblers were more likely to be younger (73 versus 76 years) and male (52% versus 27%). Overall, 39.1% reported gambling at least twice per month over the past year, and 33.7% wagered $50 or more over the prior 2 months. This study suggests that subsets of active older adults have high rates of gambling participation and problems. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:172-177).
Pica in the Geriatric Mentally Ill: Unrelenting and Potentially Fatal
Authors: Dumaguing Noel I. , Singh Indra , Sethi Mohammad , Devanand D. P.
Published: September 2003

Pica has rarely been reported in patients with geriatric mental illness. The authors describe 3 male patients with pica in the geriatric unit of a state mental hospital. Two of these patients had a diagnosis of developmental delay with concomitant diagnoses of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, respectively. The third patient was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. In all 3 cases, pica started late in life and was unrelenting and unresponsive to psychotropic medications, with limited to no response to behavioral interventions. In the 2 patients who died, pica was implicated as the direct cause of death in 1 and the likely cause of death in the other. When pica occurs in elderly patients with mental illness, the risk of mortality should be taken into account in clinical management. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:189-191).
Prazosin Reduces Trauma-Related Nightmares in Older Men with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Peskind Elaine R. , Bonner Lauren T. , Hoff David J. , Raskind Murray A.
Published: September 2003

Trauma-related nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rarely respond to pharmacologic treatment. Neurobiologic data suggest that enhanced brain responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of trauma-related nightmares in PTSD. Nine older men with chronic PTSD secondary to military or Holocaust trauma were prescribed the lipophilic alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin for treatment-resistant trauma-related nightmares. Prazosin 2 mg to 4 mg 1 hour before bedtime substantially reduced nightmares and moderately or markedly reduced overall PTSD severity in 8 of 9 subjects. Prazosin was well tolerated. These open-label results are consistent with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of prazosin for PTSD nightmares and sleep disturbance in a recent placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam veterans. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:165-171).
HSP70-2 (HSPA1B) is Associated with Noncognitive Symptoms in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Clarimón Jordi , Bertranpetit Jaume , Boada Mercè , Tàrraga Lluís , Comas David
Published: September 2003

Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their phenotypic expression might be related to physiopathological and genetic causes. Multiple studies have implicated oxidative stress to the pathogenesis and possible etiology of AD. One of the mechanisms to protect cells from oxidative stress is the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSP). HSPA1B (alternatively known as HSP70-2) has been related to AD pathophysiology. In the present analysis, 77 AD patients were classified according to their cognitive status with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and were genotyped for an insertion/deletion (A1/A2) polymorphism. The A2 allele conferred a significant increase of psychiatric morbidity in an allele-dose manner ( P < .05). This pattern can be attributed to all AD stages and the severity of the behavioral disturbances was higher for those patients carrying one or two A2 alleles. These results indicate a possible association between the A2 allele and an overexpression of noncognitive symptoms in AD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003: 16-146-150).
Folic Acid Supplementation in Dementia: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Sommer Barbara R. , Hoff Anne L. , Costa Martin
Published: September 2003

Recent work on high plasma homocysteine levels in patients at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease has led to the hypothesis that folic acid supplementation might reduce risk in such patients. The authors report on the effects of folic acid 10 mg/day versus placebo on 11 patients (only 7 completers) with dementia and low-normal folic acid levels. This is the first study evaluating folic acid or placebo in patients with dementia. Subjects had low-normal baseline folic acid levels. The magnitude of change between baseline and second testing was not statistically significant between the 2 groups. However, there was a trend for the folate group to perform worse on two specific cognitive measures, suggesting a possible trend toward worsening of some cognitive abilities after the folic acid. The folic acid in very high doses was well tolerated. Larger studies are necessary before empirically administering folic acid to patients already suffering from dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:156-159).
Recognition and Treatment of Depression in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Moberg Paul J. , Duda John E. , Katz Ira R. , Stern Matthew B.
Published: September 2003

Depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is common, but little is known about its recognition and treatment. The authors report the antidepressant experience (N = 100) and outcome of depression assessment (n = 77) of a convenience sample of patients at a PD center. Subjects were assessed with a psychiatric and neurological battery, and information was gathered on depression treatment. One third (34%) of subjects met criteria for a depressive disorder, and two thirds (65%) of them were not currently receiving antidepressant treatment. Approximately one quarter (23%) of subjects were taking an antidepressant, but almost half (47%) of them still met criteria for a depressive disorder. Few antidepressant users with persistent depression had received either antidepressant treatment at dosages within the highest recommended range (11%) or more than 1 antidepressant trial (33%). Most depressed patients are untreated, and half of antidepressant users remain depressed, suggesting that even when delivered, treatment is often inadequate or ineffective. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:178-183).
The Beneficial Effect of Donepezil on Visual Hallucinations in Three Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kurita Akira , Ochiai Yusuke , Kono Yu , Suzuki Masahiko , Inoue Kiyoharu
Published: September 2003

Visual hallucinations (VHs) are common psychiatric symptoms in patients with long-standing Parkinson's disease (PD). Treatment with neuroleptics or withdrawal of anti-PD drugs may improve VHs but will worsen motor dysfunctions. The authors report on 3 patients with long-standing PD who were treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil for the treatment of VHs. Each received a daily dose of 5 mg of donepezil, after reducing or discontinuing anti-PD medications had failed to relieve the VHs. In 2 patients (patient 1, 2), donepezil decreased VHs without worsening motor dysfunctions. In addition, the cognitive status of patient 2 improved. In patient 3, donepezil also resolved VHs, but delusions developed during treatment. After discontinuing donepezil, delusions disappeared and VHs reappeared. Donepezil may ameliorate visual hallucinations in PD patients, but controlled, double-blind trials are necessary to further clarify the effect of this drug on VHs in PD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:184-188).
Cultural Constructions of Health and Illness
Authors: Engebretson Joan
Published: September 2003

Nurses have defined their domain as holistic with a focus of promoting health. Cultural conceptualizations of health and illness have been changing toward a more complex understanding enriched by perspectives from many disciplines. Health, a more holistic concept than disease, has invited expanded cognitive constructions that accommodate an understanding of the biology, environment, social position, and the role of the mind, culture, spirituality, race, and sex. These have changed our metaphors of the body and expanded the focus to the health-illness experience. These areas are discussed with implications for nursing.
Caring Presence
Authors: Covington Holly
Published: September 2003

Interest in presence within a caring relationship has gained renewed attention in the past decade. For five decades, presence has been implicit and explicit in nursing theory. Recognizing caring presence as important to nursing, the 13th Annual Caring Research Conference in 1992 spotlighted the topic. Yet few publications appeared in nursing literature between the years 1980 to 1991. Since that time, interest in and literature about the topic has greatly increased. The elusive nature of the phenomenon, however, makes it difficult to define. This article presents a review of literature of presence and suggests a working definition that could be used as the basis for research. Placing presence within the context of caring provides a way for the holistic nurse to offer caring-healing ways of being and relating.
Women Aging with Childhood Onset Disability
Authors: Harrison Tracie
Published: September 2003

Women with childhood onset disabilities (CODs) are living longer and it is time for holistic nurses to focus on understanding such women from a life course perspective. As women with CODs live into later adulthood, nurses must be prepared to anticipate and assist as needed. Without studies designed to understand the life course of these women, nursing can neither gain a clear understanding of the problems they face with aging nor help prevent the high number of social inequities, secondary conditions, and comorbidities experienced. To begin nursing's exploration of the problems faced by women with CODs, the relevant historical changes and literature associated with aging with a COD are reviewed. Next, the life course paradigm is critically analyzed in relation to the lives of these women. In conclusion, it is posited that the life course paradigm provides the most useful guide for a holistic understanding of women with CODs.
Psychosocial Antecedents of Hostility in Persons with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Sofhauser Cynthia D.
Published: September 2003

Although it is known that hostility precedes coronary heart disease (CHD), little is known about factors that influence the development and progression of hostile characteristics. The relations among hostility, self-esteem, self-concept, and psychosocial residual were conceptualized within the modeling and role-modeling theoretical framework and examined in a sample of 85 persons with CHD. There were significant associations between all variables. Regression analyses revealed that self-esteem, mistrust residual, isolation residual, and self-concept contributed significantly, accounting for 31% of the variation in hostility scores. These findings provide support for the belief that the development of hostility in persons with CHD is related to beliefs and attitudes about the self and others. Persons with self-esteem need deficits, and a subsequent build up of negative psychosocial residual, have poor self-concepts. This poor self-concept is hostile in nature and reflects a mistrust of others and a deep sense of isolation.
Holistic Healing for Women with Breast Cancer through a Mind, Body, and Spirit Self-Empowerment Program
Authors: Kinney Carolyn K. , Rodgers Denise M. , Nash Kathleen A. , Bray Christell O.
Published: September 2003

This article reports results of an integrated mind-body-spirit self-empowerment program for breast cancer survivors. Fifty-one women at various stages of breast cancer completed a series of eclectic lessons offered in a support group format. The program followed an integrated and cumulative lesson plan that progressively and systematically introduced multiple strategies for creating a balance among mental, emotional, spiritual, and physical health. The program's goals were to enable participants to experience a reduction in distress, improve perceived quality of life, reach a deeper sense of meaning and purpose in life, and experience a greater sense of perceived wellness. Self-assessments were obtained on four well-documented measures relating to both pre- and postprogram participation. Differences in pre- and postscores showed statistically significant improvement and large estimated effect sizes on all four measures. Participants' written comments provide examples of the scope and benefits of the program.
Restoring the Patient's Voice
Authors: Sakalys Jurate A.
Published: September 2003

Reflective and insightful autobiographical accounts of illness not only illuminate fundamental disruptions in selfhood and continuity of life that accompany illness, but authors of such accounts also maintain that narration is an important way to make sense of an illness episode, to restore personhood and connectedness, and to reclaim the illness experience from the medical metanarrative. That witnessing and helping to order illness narratives can be a caring/healing nursing practice modality with significant healing potential is supported both by narrative theory and by nursing's theoretical and philosophical legacy. The challenge for the nurse guided by narrative ideas is to give primacy to the patient's voice, to listen for meaning rather than for facts, and to provide a relationship enabling the evolution of the patient's story.
Politics and the Origins of the Nonprofit Corporation in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, 1780-1820
Authors: Neem Johann N.
Published: September 2003

This article explores the origins of the nonprofit corporation following American independence. Corporations had long been considered state agencies responsible to and under the control of state leaders. Both Federalists and Republicans believed that corporate trustees were political officeholders. Only in the face of intense partisan and religious conflict did they change their minds. By examining debates over the legal status of colleges and churches, this article explains how party politics and religious pluralism convinced leaders in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to distinguish between nonprofit corporations and the state. These debates culminated in the United States Supreme Court case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward . The court ruled that private corporations were protected from state control. The decision provided the legal foundation for the subsequent development of the nonprofit corporation and civil society in the United States.
Democracy and Associations in Denmark: Changing Relationships between Individuals and Associations?
Authors: Torpe Lars
Published: September 2003

In recent years, many have voiced doubts about whether participation in associations still has the same meaning for democracy. These doubts are related to new observations of changes in the relations between individuals and associations. The author confronts these observations with new empirical findings on the relation between members and organizations, including data on the development of membership and activity in Denmark, on the relationship between associational involvement and civic engagement, and on the members' assessment of their influence in organizations. The empirical findings both support and modify the rather pessimistic views on the democratic role of associations. In the final section, the findings are related to consideration of changes in the membership role, particularly among youth, which may signal a looser and more flexible relationship between individuals and associations in the future.
A History of ARNOVA
Authors: Smith David Horton
Published: September 2003

ARNOVA was founded in 1971 by David Horton Smith with the help of some others, particularly Burt R. Baldwin, Richard D. Reddy, and Eugene D. White, Jr. Financial resources were supplied by the Center for a Voluntary Society of Washington, DC, under the leadership first of James Shultz and later John Dixon. Incorporated as a 501(c)(3) in DC from the start, initially named Association of Voluntary Action Scholars, the organization operated very informally for the first 5 years. From 1977 to 1994, there was a more formal volunteer leadership period and then a paid executive director period beginning in 1994. The name was changed to ARNOVA in 1991. The Journal of Voluntary Action Research began publication in 1972, changing its name in 1989 to Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly . Other publications arose over the years. Annual conferences began in 1974. An ARNOVA-L Listserv was begun in 1991 and a CGAP-L Listserv in 1999. An awards program was begun in 1993. Two formal ARNOVA sections, one on teaching and one on community and grassroots associations, have been in existence since 1999. The association prospers with a variety of foundation grants and member revenues. There were more than 1,000 members at year-end 2000 from 34 nations and two U.S. territories.
The Changing Role of Nonprofits in the Network Economy
Authors: Te'eni Dov , Young Dennis R.
Published: September 2003

The new network economy presents fresh challenges to nonprofit organizations. Some of the relative advantages nonprofits now enjoy, compared to business and government, in providing services characterized by information asymmetry and public goods characteristics are likely to be eroded by changes in information technology. At the same time, the network economy also offers nonprofits special opportunities, including a role as trusted intermediaries to help people cope with a deluge of complex information. This article applies economic theory to derive expectations of the changing role of nonprofits in the information age and considers how nonprofits can respond effectively to the new circumstances.
The Compact
Authors: Plowden William
Published: September 2003

In 1996, an independent inquiry into the voluntary sector in England recommended that there should be a `concordat' or `compact' embodying agreed guidelines for relationships between government and the voluntary sector. Since then, work has been continuous on drafting both a basic Compact and more detailed codes to regulate the behavior of both parties in areas such as funding, consultation, the use of volunteers, contacts with Black and ethnic minority organizations, etc. The Compact and several codes are now in force. Current questions include whether their existence can be made known to the thousands of individuals and organizations involved and whether, having no legal force, they can become effective constraints on inappropriate actions.
Differences in the Response of Women's Voluntary Organizations to Shifts in Canadian Public Policy
Authors: Meinhard Agnes G. , Foster Mary K.
Published: September 2003

Executive directors of 351 women's voluntary organizations and 294 `other' (gender neutral) organizations were surveyed to gauge their responses to changing public policy in Canada. Findings indicate that although all organizations are unhappy with the current environmental shifts and pessimistic about the future, women's organizations are more critical of policy changes and their implementation. They also feel more vulnerable and pessimistic about the future. Strategically, they are less likely to adopt a business-like competitive orientation, focusing more on fostering cooperation and collaboration. These findings support evidence in the literature that suggests that women's organizations seek solutions that are more consistent with a collaborative model than a competitive one. They also underline that women's organizations, often serving more marginal niches, have unique concerns and thus respond differently to environmental changes. Furthermore, the data suggest that both ideological orientation and organizational composition may play a role in differentiating between women's and other organizations.
The Changing of the Guard: What Generational Differences Tell us about Social-Change Organizations
Authors: Kunreuther Frances
Published: September 2003

Accounts by executive directors and staff working in progressive social change organizations allude to generation-gap problems in the nonprofit sector that threaten the future work of these groups as they attempt to change `the system'. To see how generational issues might be affecting social-change nonprofits, we conducted a series of in-depth interviews with executive directors (falling into two age groups) and with young staff (under 40 years old).The findings of the study refute the notion of large generational differences. Both older and younger people involved in these organizations have many of the same qualities: commitment, concern, energy, interest, and a strong belief in justice. However, differences are evident between those born in the Baby Boom generation and those who identify with Generation X in respect to their motivations to enter social change work, their concerns about the work/personal life divide, and their views of the future. Understanding these differences can help build strong leadership for the future.
Capitalism or Culture? A Comparative Analysis of the Position in the Labour Process and Labour Market of Lower White-Collar Workers in the Financial Services Sector of Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: September 2003

This paper explores the impact of organizational/technological change on the position in the labour process and labour market of lower white-collar workers in the Financial Services sector of Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. Differences in their position are explained by reference both to the `labour process' debate and to the notion of national cultural distinctions between the two societies. Particular emphasis is given to the system of vocational education and training and the way it shapes values and attitudes of both employers and workers. Different attitudes to skill among British and German employers are then linked to managerial strategies on labour utilization in relation to changing product markets.
Household Production and Economic Efficiency: Arguments for and against Domestic Specialization
Authors: Owen Susan J.
Published: September 2003

Increasing labour force participation by successive cohorts of mothers in post-war Britain has brought about a change in women's economic role, because they no longer specialize completely in domestic activities, except for a relatively short period associated with childrearing. By contrast, men continue to specialize in paid work, taking little responsibility for household tasks. Economic argument and sociological evidence are brought together in this paper to suggest that the demands of economic efficiency no longer require household members to specialize between domestic and market tasks. This idea runs counter to the major recent theory of economic demography, the socalled `new home economics', in which specialization (within marriage, though not necessarily by sex) is of crucial importance because of the particular way in which productivity is assumed to improve as more time is devoted to an activity. The nature of the returns to time spent at domestic and market activities is examined here in some detail — for example it is suggested that experience accrues more to participation in an activity than from the scale of that activity, and empirical evidence from various sources would appear to support this. The implication is that resources may not currently be allocated efficiently, and the paper concludes with a discussion of the factors which may hinder the achievement of efficiency, and how these might be overcome.
Public Enterprise and the Politics of `Commercialism': Changing Industrial Relations in British and Spanish Railways
Authors: Ferner Anthony
Published: September 2003

This article makes use of case studies of British and Spanish railways to examine changing patterns of industrial relations in the public enterprise sector. It looks at how political objectives are characteristically `transmitted' from the state to the public enterprise. Transmission mechanisms include formal rules and direct intervention, as well as political bargaining and `exchange' involving political authorities, enterprise management and, at times, the unions. A typical feature is the pressure towards symbolic courses of action. The article argues that this process influences the way in which industrial relations have responded to recent pressures for greater commercialism in public enterprises, and explores the reasons for the differences in the response of the two railway companies.
Family Networks and Employment in Textiles
Authors: Dick Beryl , Morgan Glenn
Published: September 2003

The paper explores the extent to which the family remains of significance within the workplace. Considering material derived from a study of a textile mill in Yorkshire, the paper shows that family ties remain crucial within the company. It then goes on to consider the significance of these ties. It rejects the view that these ties can be seen as anachronisms or as evidence of paternalism in the manner identified by Martin and Fryer (1973) or Newby (1977). Instead, we argue that the existence of family ties and a family ideology within the firm is a crucial element in giving the firm flexibility within a highly competitive sector of the textile industry. The characteristics of the firm to an extent reflect those of Japanese firms where life-long employment also promotes commitment and flexibility on the part of the workforce. Thus, far from family ties being irrelevant to modern industry, we argue that they have, if anything, an increased relevance in the era of `flexible specialization' (Piore and Sabel 1984).
Occupational Inequality, Gender and Life-Cycle
Authors: Dale Angela
Published: September 2003

This paper uses theories of labour market segmentation to analyse occupational inequalities based upon gender and life-cycle. It is argued that the labour market forms the arena where negotiation over occupational position takes place but that the bargaining power which men and women bring to the labour market depends not only upon experience and qualifications but also upon the conditions under which labour is supplied. The paper explores the way in which supply conditions, as well as demand factors, are important in segmenting the labour market and the way in which these act to the disadvantage of women during the course of family formation.
Second Adolescence? The Transition from Paid Employment
Authors: Schuller Tom
Published: September 2003

The paper examines the process by which men and women finish formal employment. It presents evidence that straightforward retirement is the experience of a diminishing proportion of the population, and explores the implications both for our image of the life-cycle and for social policy.
`Picking Women': The Recruitment of Temporary Workers in the Mail Order Industry
Authors: Collinson David L.
Published: September 2003

This paper describes the procedures used to recruit temporary and part-time warehouse workers in the mail order industry. It seeks to explain how and why temporary `picking' and `packing' jobs continue to remain `women's work' even within a region of severe male unemployment. Theoretically, the evidence suggests that some writers may have been too hasty in their total rejection of the contribution of the reserve army of labour thesis to an understanding of women's relationship to paid employment.
Changes in the Industrial Distribution of Female Employment in Great Britain, 1951-1981
Authors: Mallier A. T. , Rosser M. J.
Published: September 2003

Over each of the three decades between 1951 and 1981 the total female labour force grew both in absolute numbers and relative to the male labour force. However, there was a tremendous variation in the pattern of change across different industrial sectors, which this paper analyses using Census of Population employment data standardised to the 1968 Standard Industrial Classification. Although the cyclical and substitution theories of the demand for female labour offer a partial explanation for the different patterns of change observed, it is also necessary to take into account other relevant features of individual industries, for example the proportion of the female workforce in manufacturing industries which is employed in production related manual jobs.
Subcontracting in Steel
Authors: Fevre Ralph
Published: September 2003

Research on the UK construction industry has identified growth in the use of subcontractors as one explanation for the increased number of small firms (and self-employed workers) in that industry. Other research suggests that there has been growth in the use of contractors in manufacturing industry: has the construction industry pattern been replicated in any manufacturing industry? Data from the steel industry suggests that it has: in steel the increased use of subcontractors has accompanied the increased use of contractors. At BSC Port Talbot, for example, an informal cartel of established, local contractors has been replaced by large national contractors who make use of `cowboy' subcontractors. These subcontractors are economically dependent on the larger firms but legally distinct. The fact that steel turns out to be so similar to the construction industry raises doubts about the `special' circumstances which were thought to have led to the growth of subcontracting in construction.
Dual Earning Couples: Trends of Change in Great Britain
Authors: Bonney Norman
Published: September 2003

Past research on dual career couples has tended to focus upon qualitative studies of a proportionately small number of elite partners. This study is concerned with the social incidence of dual earning partnerships in the different social strata in contemporary UK. Census data and other demographic sources indicate that career-like patterns of labour market participation by females are much more common among women of upper-middle and middle class social origins and destination. Rising levels of education among younger women entering the labour force suggest that such career-like paths will become increasingly common among the more privileged social groups. Social class inequality may be being intensified by rising female employment participation as dual career patterns become much more common among middle class and upper-middle class couples while working class men and women suffer relatively disadvantaged labour market positions.