bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Chapter Less
Authors: Shilina-Conte Tanya
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 dwells on the black or white screen as a force of deterritorialization in minor cinema. This chapter draws upon the connection between modern cerebral cinema and minor (or modern political) cinema in Gilles Deleuze’s theory. The chapter examines minor cinema as a blended form of minor(itarian) cinema—a resistant cinema of experimentation that under certain conditions also embraces a cinema of minorities. This chapter shifts emphasis from the molar and the molecular to the major and the minor. Minor language has the potential to undermine major discourse, infiltrating conventional means of expression through a deterritorialized language. In this respect, the use of the black or white screen impairs the stable system of established (major) filmmaking codes, causing deviations and mutations. Movements of deterritorialization, relative or absolute, enabled by the black or white screen in minor cinema, can take place by stuttering and mutism. Drawing upon the clinical and the critical in Deleuze’s work, and continuing the previous comparison between Theodor W. Adorno’s and Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s respective philosophies of negativity and affirmativity, this chapter argues that stuttering and mutism, as negative disorders or pathologies, can be reconceived in minor cinema as creative (dis)orders of enunciation. The chapter contends that stuttering and mutism, as tools of film-philosophy, permit us to supersede traditional film analysis and examine absence and silence not as interpretive (either critical or clinical) conditions at the level of the plot but as critical-clinical modes of experimentation. It is in the cinema of minorities that mutism becomes affirmatively elective, as the refusal to represent acquires the positive valence of a defiant protest.
Folds to Black or White in Minor Cinema and Art Practice
Authors: Shilina-Conte Tanya
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5 elucidates the theory of “folds to black or white” in minor cinema. The concept of folds to black or white expands on both fade-ins and fade-outs as rational transitions and black or white screens as irrational cuts (or interstices) in cinema. Folds to black or white counter impossibilities and impediments in the social sphere, inviting alternative readings of history and memory. The chapter fuses Laura U. Marks’s enfolding-unfolding model of “Experience—Information—Image,” with Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s concept of the abstract machine of faciality, or the “white wall” and “black hole” system. The machine of faciality not only dictates the politics of the face but is also deeply embedded within the signifying forms of social life, which makes minoritarian artists attuned to its mechanisms of operation. Minoritarian artists think (or fold) outside of majoritarian history and psychological memory, in absolute memory and pure time. Folds to black or white in minor cinema manifest as blackouts or whiteouts in various degrees of dissolving, blurring, or thinning out. These strategies deterritorialize the figurative in cinema by effacing visuals, proceeding not by negative erasure but by the folding and unfolding of matter. Drawing upon Marks’s three planes of “Experience—Information—Image,” the chapter further argues that folds to black or white in minor artworks entail the enfolding of suppressed or dismissed minor memory and material experience and the enfolding of censored or erased minor history, information, and images, as well as their selective unfoldings by the dominant powers and mainstream media.
Fade-Out: Conclusion
Authors: Shilina-Conte Tanya
Published: November 2024

The concluding chapter places the author’s remix-assemblage, This Video Does Not Exist (2015/2024), within the emergent discourse of scholar-practitioners in film and media studies working at the interstices between theory and practice. Fully embracing the capacity of the filmmaking machine to generate sensations and affects calls for a new breed of scholar-practitioner engaged in critical-creative practice. Machines are performative rather than representational, and therefore it is only possible to show the filmmaking machine machining and producing through the flow of images themselves. A separate yet related extension of this multimodal project, the remix-assemblage This Video Does Not Exist connects to the forces and flows of the book as theoretical assemblage. The film, a montage of monochrome screens throughout cinematic history, invokes Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s nomad philosophy of the war machine. Instead of collecting iconic or acclaimed images, the film celebrates non-images as moments of irresolution and uncertainty. This Video Does Not Exist also queries the habituation of our perception, as we tend to override absences, including the cinematic. We see them, but it is as though they do not exist.
Love in the Christian Tradition
Authors: McPherson David
Published: November 2024

This essay traces some of the main contours of Christian love and examines key issues pertaining to it. The first section explores the picture of love that arises from the New Testament. The second section considers Augustine’s and Aquinas’s accounts of the “order of love,” which address tensions inherent to the New Testament teachings on love, especially regarding (1) love for the Creator and created things and (2) universal and particular love. It is shown that Christian ethics is above all concerned with rightly ordered love. The third section examines the relationship between agape and eros, especially in light of Anders Nygren’s work, which criticizes the way of thinking about love that is exemplified in the work of Augustine and Aquinas. Against Nygren, it is argued that Christian agape-love should be regarded as involving appraisal love that is both conditional and unconditional, in different respects, and as connected to eros-love in meeting our desire for fulfillment.
Beyond the realms of dream that fleeting shade
Authors: Grace Eve
Published: November 2024

This chapter offers an exploration of Rousseau’s account of love as a limitless longing for what is not, a longing that is impossible to satisfy, for the internal contradictions between the various hopes inspired by romantic love necessarily destroy love the more ardently it seeks to attain its object. Moreover, while love, rather than reason, is the potent teacher of virtue and the genuine source of happiness, the enthusiasm by which it elevates human life is inherently unstable, for it must in the end be faced as an illusion. Rousseau’s inspiring and yet dark account of love in great measure gave rise to the melancholic sensibility later associated with Romanticism
Prologue
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

The prologue sets the scene in Washington, D.C., at the time of Dickinson’s death in February 1808 and gives an overview of his life. It was a small and primitive town that was growing quickly. Congress was conducting ordinary business on February 22, which paused for the senators to acknowledge Dickinson’s passing on February 14. The narrative gives an overview of his character, relationships, accomplishments, and reputation as a leading patriot. It mentions friends and allies such as Charles Thomas and Mercy Otis Warren and enemies such as Joseph Galloway and John Adams. It describes the republicanism in his manner and his Quakerly concern for those less fortunate. Thomas Jefferson’s words acknowledge Dickinson’s significance to the Founding.
“Nursd in the Arms of Liberty”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter One describes the Quaker family into which Dickinson was born and life in colonial Maryland and Pennsylvania, when he was a boy. After brief accounts of his parents, Samuel and Mary Cadwalader Dickinson, it explains the colonial social hierarchy—with wealthy planters, of which Samuel Dickinson was one, at the top and enslaved people at the bottom—the volatile mercantile economy, and the Quaker history and culture in which John Dickinson was raised. Although Dickinson was never a formal member of the Religious Society of Friends, he inherited Quaker values from his parents and the culture around him. Quakers had always been religious dissenters who stubbornly resisted governmental oppression through peaceful means, becoming willing martyrs for the cause of justice. Dickinson’s parents raised him to undertake this work as a lawyer, sending him to Philadelphia to read law with former king’s attorney John Moland. This chapter paints a picture of 1750s Philadelphia with its orderly streets, multitude of voluntary organizations, and raucous Quaker politics. At the end of his time, Dickinson passed the bar and prepared to embark on further legal training in London.
“Defending the Innocent & redressing the Injurd”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

In Chapter Three, Dickinson begins his law practice in Philadelphia. He took all manner of cases ranging from the collection of small debts to murder, and he traveled the court circuit around all the counties in Pennsylvania, including the Three Lower Counties, now called Delaware. His highest-profile work was representing Reverend William Smith in his sham trial by the Pennsylvania Assembly for libel. Although it was clear Smith would not prevail, Dickinson made eloquent arguments in favor of liberty of the press. He also made an enemy of assemblyman Joseph Galloway. His most lucrative cases were in the Admiralty Court. Representing American merchants in flag-of-truce cases convinced him that Britain should allow Americans to trade freely with France, the enemy, provided they did not trade arms or warlike stores.
“Pursue moderate measures with vigour”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

In Chapter Eight, Dickinson continues to monitor British activities while cautioning Americans to refrain from violent measures. Pennsylvania resisted in fits and starts, while leaders around the colonies looked to Dickinson for guidance and assistance. After the so-called Boston Massacre, John Adams and Josiah Quincy used the Farmer’s words in their successful defense of the British soldiers. The Rhode Island legislature wrote for Dickinson’s advice on how to minimize the consequences of the burning of the Gaspee. Radical New York leader Alexander McDougall begged Dickinson to serve as his council in his libel trial. Samuel Adams sought Dickinson’s counsel when he realized things had gone too far with the Boston Tea Party. And the Lees of Virginia sought his opinion and implored him to take up his pen against the Intolerable Acts. Meanwhile, Dickinson married Mary (Polly) Norris, daughter of a leading Quaker politician, with whom he eventually had two daughters, and he continued his law practice, frequently defending the least fortunate members of society against charges of heinous crimes.
“I love Mankind”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

In Chapter Fourteen, Dickinson continues public service in two additional roles before he finally became a private citizen and activist. In 1791–92, he was president of the Delaware constitutional convention, where he played an active role. The following year, he served as a senator in the Delaware legislature. Together with his wife Polly, he continued his philanthropy, donating to causes from medicine to religion and founding institutions such as libraries, schools, and the first prison reform society. He published a treatise on the education of youth. He also became a citizen activist, protesting Federalist policies such as the Jay Treaty. His concern was to maintain good relations with America’s first ally, France, which he also expressed in several publications. He began mentoring his kinsman, Pennsylvania politician George Logan, who shared his love of France. Logan also adopted Dickinson’s former penname, “Farmer,” and was instrumental in founding the first democratic agrarian societies.
Introduction
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

The introduction places Thomas Wentworth Higginson in a historiographical context by showing how particular aspects of his long career are well known to scholars, but only in their separate fields, from historians of reform and abolitionism to feminist scholars and specialists in nineteenth-century poetry, literature, and philosophy. At a time when most reformers devoted their lives to a single cause, Higginson was a man of many worlds, and he refused to prioritize one crusade over another. He was at once a radical minister, an advocate of rights for laboring people in New England factories, a militant abolitionist, a sometimes political candidate, an officer of a pioneering Black regiment, a women’s rights activist, and a mentor to poet Emily Dickinson.
“War always educates men to itself”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the thirty-four-year-old ban on slavery in the Midwest, Kansas collapsed into a civil war between pro- and antislavery settlers. Higginson, who had found another pulpit in Worcester, at first was content to raise money to support Free Soil pioneers, but he soon found it necessary to run weapons into the troubled territory. Back in the East, Higginson found time to join Susan B. Anthony and Lucretia Mott in women’s rights conventions, and after conducting the wedding ceremony of Lucy Stone, Higginson helped draft what became known as the “Marriage Protest,” which omitted the word “obey” from the traditional wedding vows.
“A fighting parson”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Many New England abolitionists, either because of their Garrisonian pacifist tendencies or because the Lincoln administration initially refused to use the conflict with the Confederacy to attack slavery, found it difficult to support the Union effort. As a “physical-force” abolitionist who had no patience for pacifism, Higginson ignored his own doubts about the Republican Party and agreed to serve as a captain in the 51st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. As a desk officer, Higginson believed he would be able to remain in Massachusetts and routinely check on his wife, Mary, whose health grew ever more precarious. The chapter ends with Higginson being contacted by General Rufus Saxton about serving as colonel to the troubled First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, a regiment comprised of contraband soldiers from Florida and the Carolina coast.
“Path of duty is the way to glory”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

As colonel of the First South Carolina, Higginson found himself leading the first regiment of African Americans to be approved by the War Department. What made his unit different from other Black regiments was their geographical cohesion, as the soldiers had fled in groups from estates in northern Florida and coastal Carolina, often bringing their families with them. Higginson recognized their connections to one another, and to the region, and was content to allow his Black sergeants to control the men while he planned upriver raids in search of necessary provisions and to liberate more Black Southerners. The chapter ends with Higginson’s brush with death while raiding up the Edisto River. He was mustered out due to his wounds and spent the remainder of the war lobbying Washington politicians to equalize pay between Black and white soldiers.
“The happiest day of my life”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

After a period of mourning the death of his first wife, Higginson met and married the much younger Mary Thatcher, a fellow poet and writer. Higginson had always admitted that his lack of children was a great sorrow, so he was thrilled when, late in life, he became the father of two daughters, though one of them died very young. To support his family, Higginson returned to writing, publishing short essays in the Atlantic Monthly, and also longer works like his popular 1875 Young Folks’ History of the United States. His public support for New York Democrat Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election cost him the friendship of Lucy Stone, who abhorred Cleveland’s fathering a child out of wedlock.
The Fourteen Regions
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

A survey of the distribution and topography of the Fourteen Regions into which, in the fashion of Rome though possibly only in the reign of Theodosius, Constantinople was divided. The intra-urban Regions (excluding XIII at Sycae and XIV, possibly at Regium) are classified in three groups, and each group described separately, with the help of schematic plans transferring the institutions listed by the Notitia, together with the geographical indications given by the text, onto the ground plan of the city. It is emphasized in this and succeeding chapters that the urban area involved is that contained by the walls of Constantine and not those of Theodosius II.
Urban Development (3)
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

See Chapter 6 for the contents Chapters 7 and 8, which discuss the monumental and other developments of the times of Constantius II, Julian, Valens, and Theodosius I and II, and trace the westwards shift of economic and social focus in the city, based on the establishment of new forums and new harbours with their attendant facilities on its southern coastline. Particular attention is given in Chapter 8 to the visual evidence preserved in the narrative frieze of the column of Arcadius.
Epilogue
Authors: Maler Anabel
Published: November 2024

The Epilogue returns to the notion of resilience, showing how musical elements are resilient across modality. The conclusion notes, however, that the resilience of musicality within Deaf communities is only remarkable because of the ways in which the hearing majority have oppressed Deaf music-making and imposed hearing standards upon Deaf ways of knowing and creating music. This oppression continues to the present day, leaving many Deaf children without access to sign language music. The book’s conclusion urges us to value Deaf musical knowledge and practice by making space in music scholarship for our Deaf, DeafBlind, and hard-of-hearing colleagues, respecting their musical expertise, and following their lead.
Origin Stories and Atlantic Migrations
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses origins stories and Atlantic migrations. As more and more Europeans migrated into the region, they pushed the Indigenous inhabitants out in which Delaware unity and identity were forged in dealings with other peoples and powers. Thus, migration and relocation were deeply rooted within the Delaware people's history and identity. The chapter cites that dissenting Protestantism became an important element in the identity, character, and world views of an Ulster-Scots community and culture, which then migrated to America. It explains that the migration of the people who became the Scotch-Irish in North America was part of a broader Irish historical experience of migration and diaspora.
A Devil’s Bargain
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter looks into how the relentless expansion of colonial settlers put repeated pressure on borderland regions. Scotch-Irish colonists advanced on Indigenous lands and created a hard edge of settler colonialism that grated against Indian country, while some tribal peoples constructed layered buffer zones to protect themselves and their interests. Borderland peoples were perpetually on the move and often jostled for position. The chapter also notes that the Iroquois pursued a formal policy of neutrality after 1700 to avoid entanglement in conflicts between Britain and France. It cites the devil's bargain of Indigenous people protecting their backers with the expectation of receiving some protection as well.
Hard Neighbors
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter highlights that Scotch-Irish communities perched on the edge of Indian country. It notes that the Paxton Boys’ murders with which this book opened forever gave the Scotch-Irish a reputation as Indian- killers. In theory and in general, settler colonialism required and effected the elimination of Native people. Meanwhile, Scottish-Irish settlement practices and patterns rarely complied with the expectations of government officials who hoped for stable communities built on property ownership. The chapter explains how Scotch-Irish and Indian peoples turned borderlands that were intended to serve as barriers into zones of cooperation, competition, and bicultural communities, while also considering the heightened violence due to cultural tensions.
Across the Mississippi
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the migration over the Mississippi. It explains that Scotch-Irish Americans in Missouri and Arkansas often found themselves sharing and contesting lands with Native peoples. After the American Revolution, Spain tried to make the Mississippi a barrier for its northern provinces, and its Mexican silver mines. The vast territory west of the Mississippi became the new land of opportunity after the Louisiana Purchase as thousands of people dreaming of independence migrated to the Ozarks. The chapter also notes that the Louisiana Purchase also opened commercial opportunities and possibilities for some Scotch-Irish Americans who entered the fur trade via the gateway to the Missouri River at St. Louis.
How the Scotch-Irish Became Americans and Americans Became Scotch-Irish
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter looks into how Scotch-Irish became Americans and Americans became Scotch-Irish. For three hundred years, Scotch-Irish and Indian people were pushed together by colonial, political, and economic forces. As the Scotch-Irish and their descendants moved into every part of Native America, they became part of the fabric of American society. Meanwhile, other Americans of Scotch-Irish descent were working hard to establish a distinctive Scotch-Irish identity and role in the history of the United States. The chapter explains that old core areas of Scotch-Irish settlement felt robbed in modern America following an unholy alliance between white elites and people of color.
Innovation and Intellectual Property
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the book. It explains the importance of innovation for productivity, economic growth, and welfare. The chapter reviews the various topics that the textbook will cover: the importance of innovation in economic growth, the innovation process, innovation strategy, and innovation policy. The emphasis is on the economic analysis of these phenomena, and on the ways in which firms use intellectual property rights to secure returns to their innovation investments. There is a brief review of the concepts of non-rivalry and non-excludability as they relate to the production of new knowledge and innovative output. A final section describes the many ways in which the textbook might be used, depending on the nature of the course offered.
Returns to R&D and Innovation
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the basic framework for estimating the returns to R&D and innovation. The main discussion centers on the private (firm-level) returns, although social returns are also considered; their estimation is deferred until Chapter 9. The methods of estimation presented here include the production function, rate-of-return estimation, and the market value approach. Issues and challenges in using these methods are discussed, with an emphasis on the problem of estimating the depreciation of R&D capital, a crucial ingredient in the computation of returns. The chapter also presents hedonic prices, that is, prices as a function of the characteristics that determine consumer demand. The hedonic framework is useful both as method for estimating quality change in products due to innovation, and as the basis for the market value approach to valuation of innovation assets.
Diffusion
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the diffusion of new technologies, which is an important and necessary process if the economy is to receive the benefits of innovation. The workhorse model of diffusion is presented in two ways, as arising from consumer heterogeneity or from information epidemics. The real options model of technology adoption is also presented briefly. The role of network externalities and general-purpose technology (GPT) in slowing diffusion via their requirement for complementary investments is emphasized, along with the fact that network goods tend to exhibit increasing returns in adoption. The empirical evidence on factors affecting adoption choices is summarized at the end of the chapter.
Trademarks and Brands
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers trademarks and related marks such as collective marks, geographical indications, and certification marks. It presents the basic structure and purpose of these marks and the process by which they are obtained along with their economic justification. Empirical evidence on the connection between trademarks and product market competition, and the relationship of trademarks to economic performance is shown. The practical use of trademarks, sometimes in negative ways, is also discussed, such as squatting, cluttering, and congestion. The use of trademarks in combination with other IP rights such as patents or copyright and also the use of domain names are also covered.
Patent Litigation and Enforcement
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers patent litigation and its role in patent enforcement and dispute resolution. The basic structure of patent litigation is presented first. This is followed by models of litigation in general and patent litigation in particular. Patent litigation is a special case, which typically decides two things: validity and infringement. The different design choices of litigation systems, such as bifurcation, cost, duration, patent court specialization, and so forth, are reviewed. A final section describes the main characteristics of some of the most important patent litigation systems around the world, those in the United States, Europe, and China.
“You Win or You Die”
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter is focused on the popular HBO television show Game of Thrones and closely analyzes the character arc of the protagonist of the first season, Ned Stark, who embodies the traditional narrative tropes of honor and heroism in the show, in order to sketch out a more complex understanding of honor which is grounded in the conceptual framework of subjectivity and the politics of recognition. It analyzes the tight connection between tradition and honor that binds and constrains his every move and reads this alongside Aristotle’s account of honor, family, and tragedy. Hegel’s account of chivalric honor is then used to explore honor’s inherent vulnerability to recognition by others and is developed further through an engagement with Patchen Markell’s work on the limits of recognition and Judith Butler’s work on power and subjectivity.
The Ornamental Politics of Honor
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes Hilary Mantel’s Booker Prize–winning novel Wolf Hall and its central character, Thomas Cromwell, to construct an ornamental concept of honor that is deeply rooted in aesthetics, perspective, and sensory experience. It reads Mantel’s portrayal of Cromwell alongside works by Machiavelli and Rancière to explore how the fungible exercise of honor as ornamental—as badges to be pinned on when required, and dispensed with when necessary—is crucial to the art of power and the expansion of political imagination.
Slavery and Race-Based Trauma
Authors: Coker Ross Carolyn
Published: November 2024

“Slavery and Race-Based Trauma: The Impact of Historical and Intergenerational Trauma on Health” explores the impact of trauma, including race-based trauma, on African Americans and how its effects can be seen as a legacy of slavery that has been passed from one generation to another over 400 years. Race-based traumatic stress is most common in Black, Indigenous, and people of color individuals and can cause psychological symptoms resembling posttraumatic stress disorder. Historical trauma theory illuminates the devastating subjugation that began with the enslavement of Africans brought to the Americas and has continued to modern times, leaving Black Americans with trauma effects that cause mental and physical health disparities, economic devastation, and the mass incarceration of Black Americans. Despite the painful history of Black people in America and the systemic racism based on the notion of White supremacy Black Americans have had to endure, they have made enormous contributions to America through their innate resilience and their belief in the American dream.
Before Race. After Race. Post Racial.
Authors: Tatham Nerine
Published: November 2024

Before race, families, ethnic groupings, and cultures existed for countless millennia and rose and fell due to a variety of natural and manmade causes. After race, artificial control of the global balance of power was imposed. Written from an American and diasporic lens, “Before Race. After Race. Post Racial” explores the parallel impacts of the creation of the concept of race. It covers a brief historical review of the fabrication of race and a racial hierarchy as a means of control of natural resources by an elite few. This chapter posits that the fabrication of race is a strategy based in antiblackness and has been psychologically harmful to all. Moreover, the only way we can all survive is through the dismantling of anti-Black (-Indigenous, -African) White supremacy racism and the establishment or re-establishment of an antiracist global structure in which we all can survive.
Do You See Me or Am I Invisible?
Authors: Ramsey Colleen P.
Published: November 2024

Through years of desegregation and improvements in equitable access to higher education, one might think that the representation of African American women in medicine would be greater. On the contrary, the numbers are suboptimal, the work conditions at times are unacceptable, and support is often not achievable. Black female physicians find themselves too often balancing a tight rope of what to wear, what to say, and how to say it, all the while continuing to be professional without finding themselves isolated. They wear a fascade to cover the frustration and disappointment while manuevering through everyday. “Do You See Me or Am I Invisible? An African American Female Physician Working in a White Male–Dominant Profession” explores one doctor’s experience.
How Not to Be an Ally
Authors: Oware Matthew
Published: November 2024

Over the last decade, Black Lives Matter has transformed from a hashtag to a social movement. Created by three Black women, the movement highlights racial injustice and police brutality. Curiously, there have been cases of White individuals posing as Black who are at the forefront of social justice organizations. Why would a White person pass as Black? Research on Rachel Dolezal and broader reactions to her Black identity claim exist. However, recently exposed imposters Jessica Krug and Satchel Cole deserve focus. Through the lens of critical race theory and Afro-pessimism, “How Not to Be an Ally: Critical Race Theory, Afro-Pessimism, and White Women Who Pass as Black” examines the instances of White women and gender-nonconforming individuals who reverse pass as Black. This chapter argues that these individuals profit from presenting themselves as Black but also express antiblackness.
Antiblackness and the Black Environmentalist’s Conundrum
Authors: Woodson Joyce
Published: November 2024

Environmental racism relentlessly attacks the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of the Black community. Antiblackness and White privilege in the outdoors, nature, and the environment impose taxes on Black Americans and run deep. The lack of trees and vegetation, disproportionate prevalence of hazardous waste sites, and intentional placement of industrial plants in Black neighborhoods create cumulative consequences and oftentimes multi-generational negative impacts. Disparities in health care are also found in the denial of access to public spaces. This denied access results in stunted or lack of opportunity to gain life skills as well as unrealized or underutilized healing properties of nature to cost-effectively treat the trauma that comes with living Black in America. In this chapter, “Antiblackness and the Black Environmentalist’s Conundrum: Ecological Safety or Psychological Surcharge,” the conundrum for the Black American is ecological safety or psychological safety. Both come with costs that impact the psychological budget.
Racial Disparities Within Black Maternal Health
Authors: Saint Jean Ashanda
Published: November 2024

“Racial Disparities Within Black Maternal Health” explores the present landscape of Black birth outcomes in the United States. It further dissects Black maternal health origins through historical medical events that have contributed to medical distrust from past experimentation and medical injustice. Understanding the past allows one to recognize barriers to health care equity and access that exist today. Furthermore, through understanding, strategies may be developed to impact change and alter the course of Black birthing outcomes. As people move toward improving maternal outcomes, they can make an effort to provide positive change to the Black birthing journey, through healing and supportive measures.
Intersections
Authors: McIntosh Keith W.
Published: November 2024

Understanding someone, to truly be aware of the many diverse aspects of their identity, requires more than surface knowledge. It requires humility, curiosity, and intentionality. People need to recognize how little they know about people from different cultures and backgrounds. People should be eager to know more about others and desire to learn something from them. Then they can direct their efforts to developing an understanding of other cultures and perspectives. This chapter, “Intersections: A Cross-Cultural Conversation,” shares examples of how to cultivate humility, curiosity, and intentionality to develop cross-cultural awareness and intelligence.
Rx Racial Healing Through Authentic Narratives
Authors: Christopher Gail C.
Published: November 2024

“Rx Racial Healing Through Authentic Narratives” examines why a collective call for truth, healing, and transformation is needed for us to move forward as a viable democracy. The residual belief in a hierarchy of human value—racism—is a major contributing factor to our poor health as individuals and as a nation. This antiquated hierarchy has resulted in widespread stress, sociopolitical separation, and national disinvestment. Our nation must have a strategy for uniting a multiracial, critical mass of people who stand in solidarity to eradicate this false ideology and its harmful consequences. This chapter reveals the power of narrative as a tool to help us heal, bridge divides, and empathize with one another. Told through research and personal narratives, this chapter highlights how the transformative Rx Racial Healing Circle methodology the author has created will help move people beyond needless divides toward the wholeness upon which a viable democracy depends.
Inaugurator
Authors: Browne Stephen H.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses how George Washington established the inaugural address as an abiding ritual of American political life. Why did Washington feel obliged to deliver a speech on the occasion of his assumption to office? Because the first president commanded a very keen grasp of power and how it ought to be managed on behalf of republican government. Citizens of the republic, in turn, expected power to show itself, to identify and explain the principles underwriting the officeholder’s claim to the public trust. Instead of mentioning specific recommendations or legislative priorities, Washington sought to underscore the essential tenets of republican government and the shared commitments upon which it must rest. Everything Washington did as president was, as he acknowledged, a precedent of some kind. The first inaugural address was no exception; the very fact that he chose to deliver it remains a lasting contribution to American civic life.
John Adams’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents John Adams’s inaugural address on March 4, 1797. Adams begins by acknowledging the formation of Congress and the United States government after the Revolutionary war. He recognizes the dangers of negligence of regulations and disobedience to authority in States, saying that “in this dangerous crisis the people of America were not abandoned by their usual good sense, presence of mind, resolution, or integrity.” Adams then recounts how he first saw the Constitution of the United States in a foreign country, highlighting its general principles and its outline of a system of government. He also mentions the right of suffrage before detailing his obligations to support the Constitution.
The Sage of Monticello
Authors: Onuf Peter S.
Published: November 2024

This chapter assesses the First Inaugural Address of Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was famous for drafting the Declaration of Independence, inspiring revolutionary patriots to risk everything to vindicate the new nation’s claims against the former mother country. Now, as Americans retreated from the brink of anarchy and disunion, he counseled his countrymen to seek “that harmony and affection without which liberty, and even life itself, are but dreary things.” Over the preceding decade, deepening partisan divisions between the Federalist administrations of presidents George Washington and John Adams and Jeffersonian Republican insurgents threatened to destroy the union, unleash the “dogs of war,” and reverse the Revolution’s outcome. In his Inaugural Address, Jefferson predicted a glorious future of “peace and prosperity” for the new nation. However, his prophecy would only be fulfilled if his fellow Americans reaffirmed their “attachment to union and representative government.” Jefferson insisted that Americans must return to Revolutionary first principles.
The Man of the People
Authors: Gordon-Reed Annette
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores the Second Inaugural Address of Thomas Jefferson. As he emphasized in the first paragraphs of his address, during the four years of his presidency, the country had been stable and thriving. On foreign policy, his administration had kept the United States at peace with other nations. On the domestic front, Jefferson noted that the administration had favored the end to internal taxes, relying instead on tariffs. Then Jefferson turned to his most important achievement: the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which had doubled the size of the country and was widely popular among white Americans who believed in the goal of westward expansion. After a brief mention of religion, he discussed the “Aboriginals.” He restated a position that he had expressed privately and in Notes on the State of Virginia: Native peoples had to be incorporated into the United States by a process of assimilation.
James Madison’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents James Madison’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1809. Madison begins by acknowledging that “under the benign influence of our republican institutions, and the maintenance of peace with all nations whilst so many of them were engaged in bloody and wasteful wars, the fruits of a just policy were enjoyed in an unrivaled growth of our faculties and resources.” Madison notes that “it has been the true glory of the United States to cultivate peace by observing justice, and to entitle themselves to the respect of the nations at war by fulfilling their neutral obligations with the most scrupulous impartiality.” Finally, he highlights his obligations to “maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations”; “to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities”; and “to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people.”
The Father of the Constitution
Authors: Leibiger Stuart
Published: November 2024

This chapter studies the First Inaugural Address of James Madison. After assuring his listeners of the profound sense of duty impressed upon him “by the call of my Country” to the presidency, Madison candidly pronounced “the present situation” of the nation “full of difficulties.” Yet he could not bring himself to blame the country’s political, economic, and diplomatic woes on the preceding administration; that regime had been led by his good friend Thomas Jefferson. Instead, Madison blamed the nation’s misfortunes on the extreme and desperate measures of Great Britain and France. His First Inaugural Address did not offer new policy proposals to deal with the crisis. Perhaps already anticipating a war with Great Britain, Madison assured that his administration would never use events as an excuse to trample personal rights and liberties enshrined in the Bill of Rights that he himself had authored.
James Monroe’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents James Monroe’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1817. Monroe anticipates that “the United States may be again involved in war.” As such, he emphasizes the importance of establishing security against foreign invasion. Monroe asserts that the “coast and inland frontiers should be fortified, our Army and Navy, regulated upon just principles as to the force of each, be kept in perfect order, and our militia be placed on the best practicable footing.” He then focuses on the “improvement of our country by roads and canals” and the support for manufacturers. Monroe also mentions the cultivation of friendly relations with the “Indian tribes,” as well as the competency of the national resources of the United States for any emergency. Finally, he turns to the issue of the disbursement of public money.
James Monroe’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents James Monroe’s Second Inaugural Address on March 5, 1821. Monroe begins by highlighting progress on national defense. A report of the Board of Engineers and Naval Commissioners illustrates “the advantage of these fortifications and of an augmented naval force.” Monroe then turns to the issue of the war between Spain and the colonies in South America, saying that the Government maintains an attitude of neutrality. He also considers the threat of buccaneering to the commerce of the United States; the treaty with Spain; the acquisition of Florida; the treaty with the British Government; and negotiation with France for the regulation of the commercial relations between the two countries. Monroe addresses the relations with the Barbary Powers; “the situation of the United States in regard to their resources, the extent of their revenue, and the facility with which it is raised”; and “the care of the Indian tribes.”
Old Hickory
Authors: Coens Thomas
Published: November 2024

This chapter assesses the Second Inaugural Address of Andrew Jackson. Jackson devoted almost the entirety of his Second Inaugural to outlining, in very general terms, what he considered the “two objects which especially deserve the attention of the people,” namely, “the preservation of the rights of the several States and the integrity of the Union.” On the one hand, he emphasized the importance of safe-guarding the constitutionally protected prerogatives of state governments. At the same time, Jackson encouraged Americans to cherish the federal Union and to give “a liberal support of the General Government in the exercise of its just powers.” The chapter then considers how Jackson’s second inaugural can be read as a justification of his dual decisions, made during his first term, to wage war against the Bank of the United States and against nullification.
Martin Van Buren’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Martin Van Buren’s Inaugural Address on March 4, 1837. Van Buren begins by reflecting on “obstacles avoided and dangers overcome” and “expectations more than realized and prosperity perfectly secured” during the course of American history. He addresses the “capacity of the people for self-government”; the challenge of balancing the powers of the federal and state authorities; and the institution of domestic slavery. Van Buren declares “that the principle that will govern me in the high duty to which my country calls me is a strict adherence to the letter and spirit of the Constitution as it was designed by those who framed it.” With regard to foreign policy, he aims to “cultivate the friendship of all nations,” disclaiming “all right to meddle in disputes, whether internal or foreign, that may molest other countries . . . preserving a strict neutrality in all their controversies.”
Old Tippecanoe
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2024

This chapter studies the Inaugural Address of William Henry Harrison, which remains the longest ever delivered at a presidential inauguration, heralding, ironically, the shortest term ever served by an American president. Harrison conceived his address as a repudiation of the strong presidency that the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson and his designated heir Martin Van Buren had introduced. All too often, in both ancient and modern times, he noted, officeholders neglect promises made before election once they have secured power. Declaring that he regretted the Constitution had permitted presidents to run for re-election, Harrison promised at the outset that he himself would not do so. He then turned his attention to another power the Constitution had bestowed on the federal chief executive: to veto acts of Congress. Harrison also complained about the president’s power to appoint all employees of the federal government. To summarize his moral precepts, Harrison deplored political partisanship.
The President without a Party
Authors: Leahy Christopher J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reflects on John Tyler’s address upon assuming the office of the president of the United States. Tyler’s accession to the presidency marked the first time in American history that a vice president took over the nation’s highest office because of the death of the incumbent. His remarks focused on three areas—foreign affairs, the federal government’s patronage system, and financial matters—and also included a summary statement of his political principles. He also aimed to reassure the nation that, despite the calamity of William Henry Harrison’s death, the government would continue to function smoothly and without interruption. However, the section on the state of the nation’s finances in Tyler’s address set the stage for the inevitable clash with the Whig majority that would result in his banishment from their ranks as he became a president without a party.
Handsome Frank
Authors: Wallner Peter A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter evaluates the Inaugural Address of Franklin Pierce. After a campaign of mutual innuendo and charges by both candidates, on November 2, 1852, Pierce was elected fourteenth president of the United States by a landslide. His opponent was the Whig candidate Winfield Scott, who would serve as the Commander of the Army throughout Pierce’s term despite not getting along with Pierce’s choice for secretary of war, Jefferson Davis. Less than two months before the inauguration, the event was marred by the death of Pierce’s only surviving child, eleven-year-old Benny, in a train wreck. He thus began his address with a statement on the recent death of his son. Ultimately, the address was an eloquent summary of all that Jacksonian democracy stood for. While it did not propose a specific agenda, the speech was generally praised by the press.