bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfect active absorption of water waves in a channel by a dipole source
Authors: Euvé Léo-Paul , Pham Kim , Petitjeans Philippe , Pagneux Vincent , Maurel Agnès
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the potential use of an active device to efficiently absorb water waves propagating in a channel. The active device comprises a dipole source consisting of two sources in quasi-opposition of phase. We explore the feasibility of this approach to achieve perfect absorption of guided waves through interference phenomena. To accomplish this, we establish the law governing the waves emitted by the dipole source to optimize the absorption of specific incident waves. The validity of this law is demonstrated through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments, encompassing both the harmonic and transient regimes of the experimental set-up.
Praxis der Sportpsychologie im Wettkampf und Leistungssport
Authors: Beckmann Jürgen , Elbe Anne-Marie
Published: August 2024

Das Buch versteht sich als kurzgefasstes Praxisbuch, in dem Anleitungen für eine sportpsychologische Praxis auf der Grundlage fundierter Erkenntnisse der sportpsychologischen Forschung gegeben werden. Dabei wird ein breites Spektrum von Aufgabenbereichen der sportpsychologischen Praxis im Wettkampf- und Leistungssport angesprochen: von der Diagnostik über die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und Teambildung, vom mentalen Training bis hin zur psychischen Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden. In all diesen Bereichen veranschaulichen Praxisbeispiele, wie Jürgen Beckmann und Anne-Marie Elbe in ihrer praktischen Arbeit vorgehen.
Das Buch ist nicht nur eine vollständige Überarbeitung und thematische Erweiterung der zweiten Auflage der erfolgreichen „Praxis der Sportpsychologie“, sondern zeichnet sich auch durch eine weitergefasste Grundorientierung aus. Es wird nun auch eine systemische Perspektive einbezogen und das Methodenrepertoire z.B. durch die klinische Hypnose erweitert.
Deciphering the Role of Total Water Storage Anomalies in Mediating Regional Flooding
Authors: Sun Alexander Y. , Save Himanshu , Rateb Ashraf , Jiang Peishi , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: August 2024

Regional floods result from various flood generation mechanisms. Traditional analyses mainly link flooding to extreme rainfall, with limited input from soil moisture. Total water storage (TWS) is a holistic measure of basin wetness, including additional storage components from surface water, snow, and groundwater. Utilizing a new 5‐day Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and its Follow On (GRACE(‐FO)) data set, we investigated the linkage between short‐term TWS anomaly (TWSA) and regional flooding. The 5‐day TWSA solutions revealed flood signals missed by monthly TWSA solutions. Global basins exhibit distinct storage‐discharge co‐evolution patterns, offering new insights into flood mechanisms and propensity. Our bivariate event analyses show the annual maximum river discharges co‐occur more often with the TWSA maxima than with precipitation in many basins. Further analyses revealed TWSA's time‐lagged effect on river discharge, particularly in basins susceptible to floods triggered by saturation‐excess runoff. The 5‐day TWSA provides a new source of information for enhancing global flood preparedness.
Modeling the Responses of Phytoplankton Assemblage and Biological Pump Efficiency to Environmental Changes in the Chukchi Borderland, Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Luo Xiaofan , Dong Chunming , Wei Hao , Zhao Wei , Nie Hongtao
Published: August 2024

The Chukchi Borderland, connecting the Chukchi continental shelf and the Canada Basin, has become a hotspot for studying how ecosystems respond to rapid environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean. Based on a long‐term hindcast simulation during 1998–2015 using a coupled ocean‐sea ice‐biogeochemical model, this study investigates the responses of phytoplankton assemblage and the biological carbon pump efficiency within the upper layers (0–100 m) of the Chukchi Borderland. The nitrate concentration is found to be a crucial factor controlling the total phytoplankton biomass and determining the spatiotemporal variations in the evolution pattern of phytoplankton assemblage. In the shelf break adjacent region, nitrate concentration increased after 2009, boosting phytoplankton biomass with diatoms persistently dominating. In the Canada Basin adjacent region, the westward expansion of the Beaufort Gyre after 2009 extended the influence of oligotrophic water, leading to phytoplankton miniaturization and a shift in phytoplankton assemblage evolution, from a pre‐2009 pattern that non‐diatoms at start were succeeded by diatoms, to a post‐2009 scenario that non‐diatoms dominated throughout the growing season. The biological pump efficiency evidently increased in the shelf break region after 2009, due to heightened biomass and intensified horizontal advection‐induced particulate organic carbon (POC) supply. The western Canada Basin adjacent region presented the reduced primary production and vertical POC flux. However, the deeper nitracline deepened the phytoplankton habitat, shortening POC residence time in the upper layers and enhancing the biological pump efficiency.
Monthly Monitoring of Inundated Areas and Water Storage Dynamics in China's Large Reservoirs Using Multisource Remote Sensing
Authors: Chen Yongzhe , Wang Yiming , Li Luoqi , Cui Yanhong , Duan Xingwu , Long Di
Published: August 2024

High‐frequency monitoring of reservoir inundation and water storage changes is crucial for reservoir functionality assessment and hydrological model calibration. Although the integration of optical data with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering coefficients (backscatters) offers an effective approach, conventional methods struggle to consistently provide accurate retrievals over diverse regions and seasons. In this study, we introduce reservoir‐ and monthly‐specific classification models to enhance the integration of Sentinel‐1 SAR backscatters with optical‐based water dynamics. Our method covers 721 reservoirs with a capacity greater than 0.1 km3 in China during 2017–2021. Furthermore, we leverage multisource satellite altimetry records (e.g., ICESat‐2, CryoSat‐2, and GEDI) and digital elevation models to derive hypsometry relationship (i.e., water level–water area relationship) for reservoirs, enabling the transformation of inundated areas into monthly water storage changes for 662 reservoirs, representing 93% of the total storage capacity of large reservoirs. Validation against in‐situ measurements at 80 reservoirs reveals improved monthly inundated area monitoring compared to existing data sets. Additionally, our reservoir water storage change estimates exhibit an average R2 of 0.79 and a mean relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 21%. Our findings highlight reservoir water increases from May/June to November and declines in winter–spring in most regions. However, the inter‐annual patterns vary among regions, with increases in Northeast China, the Yellow River basin (YR), and Southwest China, contrasted by declines in Eastern and Northwest China. Inter‐ and intra‐annual variability in reservoir water storage is mainly influenced by natural inflow in Northeast and Northwest China, while anthropogenic factors dominate in the YR, Eastern, and Southwest China.
Impact of Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Effects on Annular Mode Persistence in Idealized Simulations
Authors: Vishny David N. , Wall Casey J. , Lutsko Nicholas J.
Published: August 2024

The mechanisms by which clouds impact the variability of the mid‐latitude atmosphere are poorly understood. We use an idealized, dry atmospheric model to investigate the relationship between Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Effects (ACRE) and annular mode persistence. We force the model with time‐varying diabatic heating that mimics the observed ACRE response to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Realistic ACRE forcing reduces annular mode persistence by 5 days (−16%), which we attribute to a weakening of low‐frequency eddy forcing via modified low‐level temperature gradients, though this effect is partly compensated by reduced frictional damping due to zonal wind anomalies becoming more top‐heavy. The persistence changes are nonlinear with respect to the amplitude of ACRE forcing, reflecting nonlinearities in the response of the eddy forcing. These results highlight the ACRE's impact on low‐frequency eddy forcing as the dominant cause of changes in annular mode persistence.
How Do Substorms Influence Hemispheric Asymmetries in Equivalent Currents?
Authors: Elhawary R. , Laundal K. M. , Reistad J. P. , Madelaire M.
Published: August 2024

Ionospheric dynamics exhibits a distinct hemispheric asymmetry, influenced primarily by the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) By component, dipole tilt, or a combination of both. Previous studies have indicated a reduction in these asymmetries during substorms. In this study, we conduct a superposed epoch analysis using ground magnetometer data from the northern hemisphere to examine the impact of substorms on ionospheric current asymmetry. This analysis uses the assumption of mirror symmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres when IMF By and dipole tilt are reversed. We observe a significant reduction in nightside equivalent current asymmetry indicating the IMF By and dipole tilt have minimal influence on the substorm current. On the other hand, we find that substorms exert minimal or negligible effects on dayside currents. This difference in response between nightside and dayside currents emphasizes the need to incorporate nightside dynamics into existing climatological models, which presently rely mainly on upstream parameters due to a lack of robust parameters effectively representing them. Our findings provide important insights for future modeling efforts, highlighting the distinct interactions between substorms and ionospheric currents across different hemispheric regions.
The Elusive Role of Aseismic Slip Along a Seaward Dipping Normal Fault in the Indirect Triggering of a Normal Faulting Earthquake Sequence in Northeast Japan Following the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Megathrust
Authors: Magen Yohai , Inbal Asaf , Ziv Alon , Baer Gidon , Bürgmann Roland , Periollat Axel , Sagiya Takeshi
Published: August 2024

Although blind normal faults are common in subduction environments, their rheology, kinematics and interaction with the upper crust are poorly constrained. A month‐long shallow normal faulting sequence in the Ibaraki‐Fukushima prefectural border (IFPB), northeast Japan, which followed the Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (TOE) and culminated in the Mw6.7 Iwaki earthquake, provides a window into megathrust‐to‐normal fault interaction. Stress change calculations indicate that direct triggering by the TOE co‐ and post‐seismic slip does not provide a plausible explanation for the IFPB earthquake sequence. In quest for an alternative triggering mechanism, we analyzed post‐TOE GNSS data from eastern IFPB. A key step in this analysis is the removal of the large‐scale post‐TOE displacement field, after which a distinct highly‐localized strain along the coastline becomes apparent. The accumulation of this strain was mostly aseismic, and migrated with time prior to the Iwaki earthquake in a manner that correlates well with post‐TOE local seismicity. We attribute the pre‐Iwaki earthquake strain accumulation to aseismic slip along low‐angle seaward dipping blind normal fault, activated by the TOE. Stresses transferred by this slip episode accelerated the failure along the IFPB shallow normal faults. This indirect triggering of the Iwaki earthquake sequence by the TOE highlights the complexity of stress transfers in subduction environments.
Compaction and Permeability Evolution of Tuffs From Krafla Volcano (Iceland)
Authors: Heap Michael J. , Bayramov Kamal , Meyer Gabriel G. , Violay Marie E. S. , Reuschlé Thierry , Baud Patrick , Gilg H. Albert , Harnett Claire E. , Kushnir Alexandra R. L. , Lazari Francesco , Mortensen Anette K.
Published: August 2024

Pressure and stress perturbations associated with volcanic activity and geothermal production can modify the porosity and permeability of volcanic rock, influencing hydrothermal convection, the distribution of pore fluids and pressures, and the ease of magma outgassing. However, porosity and permeability data for volcanic rock as a function of pressure and stress are rare. We focus here on three porous tuffs from Krafla volcano (Iceland). Triaxial deformation experiments showed that, despite their very similar porosities, the mechanical behavior of the three tuffs differs. Tuffs with a greater abundance of phyllosilicates and zeolites require lower stresses for inelastic behavior. Under hydrostatic conditions, porosity and permeability decrease as a function of increasing effective pressure, with larger decreases measured at pressures above that required for cataclastic pore collapse. During differential loading in the ductile regime, permeability evolution depends on initial microstructure, particularly the initial void space tortuosity. Cataclastic pore collapse can disrupt the low‐tortuosity porosity structure of high‐permeability tuffs, reducing permeability, but does not particularly influence the already tortuous porosity structure of low‐permeability tuffs, for which permeability can even increase. Increases in permeability during compaction, not observed for other porous rocks, are interpreted as a result of a decrease in void space tortuosity as microcracks surrounding collapsed pores connect adjacent pores. Our data underscore the importance of initial microstructure on permeability evolution in volcanic rock. Our data can be used to better understand and model fluid flow at geothermal reservoirs and volcanoes, important to optimize geothermal exploitation and understand and mitigate volcanic hazards.
Upwelling in Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Eddies at the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelf‐Break Front
Authors: Hirzel Andrew J. , Zhang Weifeng (Gordon) , Gawarkiewicz Glen G. , McGillicuddy Dennis J.
Published: August 2024

Despite the ubiquity of eddies at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight shelf‐break front, direct observations of frontal eddies at the shelf‐break front are historically sparse and their biological impact is mostly unknown. This study combines high resolution physical and biological snapshots of two frontal eddies with an idealized 3‐D regional model to investigate eddy formation, kinematics, upwelling patterns, and biological impacts. During May 2019, two eddies were observed in situ at the shelf‐break front. Each eddy showed evidence of nutrient and chlorophyll enhancement despite rotating in opposite directions and having different physical characteristics. Our results suggest that cyclonic eddies form as shelf waters are advected offshore and slope waters are advected shoreward, forming two filaments that spiral inward until sufficient water is entrained. Rising isohalines and upwelled slope water dye tracer within the model suggest that upwelling coincided with eddy formation and persisted for the duration of the eddy. In contrast, anticyclonic eddies form within troughs of the meandering shelf‐break front, with amplified frontal meanders creating recirculating flow. Upwelling of subsurface shelf water occurs in the form of detached cold pool waters during the formation of the anticyclonic eddies. The stability properties of each eddy type were estimated via the Burger number and suggest different ratios of baroclinic versus barotropic contributions to frontal eddy formation. Our observations and model results indicate that both eddy types may persist for more than a month and upwelling in both eddy types may have significant impacts on biological productivity of the shelf break.
Seismic Reservoir Characterization With Implicit Neural Representations
Authors: Romero Juan , Heidrich Wolfgang , Luiken Nick , Ravasi Matteo
Published: August 2024

Seismic reservoir characterization refers to a set of techniques aimed at estimating static and/or dynamic physical properties of subsurface geological formations from seismic data, with applications ranging from exploration and development of energy resources, geothermal production, carbon capture and storage, and the assessment of geological hazards. Extracting quantitative information from seismic recordings, such as an acoustic impedance model, is however a highly ill‐posed inverse problem due to the band‐limited and noisy nature of the seismic data. As such, seismic inversion techniques strongly rely on additional prior information that penalizes (or promotes) some features in the recovered model. This paper introduces IntraSeismic, a novel hybrid seismic inversion method that combines implicit neural representations as an effective way to parameterize a subsurface model with the physics of the seismic modeling operator. We demonstrate its effectiveness in both pre‐stack and 3D/4D post‐stack seismic inversion using synthetic and field data sets. Key features of IntraSeismic are (a) unparalleled performance in 2D and 3D pre‐stack/post‐stack dynamic and static seismic inversion, (b) rapid convergence rates, (c) ability to seamlessly include hard constraints (i.e., well data) and perform uncertainty quantification, and (d) potential data compression and fast randomized access to specific portions of the inverted model.
Sea Level Modulation of Atlantic Nitrogen Fixation Over Glacial Cycles
Authors: Auderset Alexandra , Fripiat François , Creel Roger C. , Oesch Lukas , Studer Anja S. , Repschläger Janne , Hathorne Ed , Vonhof Hubert , Schiebel Ralf , Gordon Laura , Lawrence Kira , Ren Haojia Abby , Haug Gerald H. , Sigman Daniel M. , Martínez‐García Alfredo
Published: August 2024

N2 fixation in low‐latitude surface waters dominates the input of fixed nitrogen (N) to the global ocean, sustaining ocean fertility. In the Caribbean Sea, higher foraminifera‐bound (FB‐)δ15N indicates a decline in N2 fixation during ice ages, but its cause and broader implications are unclear. Here, we report three additional Atlantic FB‐δ15N records, from the subtropical North and South Atlantic gyres (MSM58‐50 and DSDP Site 516) and the equatorial Atlantic (ODP Site 662). Similar glacial and interglacial δ15N in the equatorial Atlantic suggests a stable δ15N for the nitrate below the gyre thermoclines. The North Atlantic record shows a FB‐δ15N rise during the ice ages, resembling a previously published FB‐δ15N record from the South China Sea. The commonality among the FB‐δ15N records is that they resemble sea level‐driven variation in regional shelf area, with high FB‐δ15N (inferred reduction in N2 fixation) during periods of low shelf area. The South China Sea shows the largest δ15N signal, the subtropical North Atlantic shows less, and the South Atlantic shows the least, the same ordering as the ice age reductions in continental shelf area in the different regions. Reduced shelf sedimentary denitrification would have increased the nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus ratio of the nutrient supply to open ocean surface waters, leading to decreased N2 fixation and thus higher gyre thermocline nitrate δ15N, explaining the higher FB‐δ15N of peak ice ages. These observations identify shelf sediment denitrification as an important regional driver of modern N2 fixation and imply strong basin‐scale coupling of fixed nitrogen losses and inputs.
Targeting miR-497-5p rescues human keratinocyte dysfunction upon skin exposure to sulfur mustard
Authors: Egea Virginia , Lutterberg Karina , Steinritz Dirk , Rothmiller Simone , Steinestel Konrad , Caca Jan , Nerlich Andreas , Blum Helmut , Reschke Sarah , Khani Sajjad , Bartelt Alexander , Worek Franz , Thiermann Horst , Weber Christian , Ries Christian
Published: August 2024

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent. Exposure to SM results in various pathologies including skin lesions with subsequent impaired wound healing. To date, there are no effective treatments available. Here we discover a SM-triggered pathomechanism involving miR-497-5p and its target survivin which contributes to keratinocyte dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) revealed that SM evoked differential expression of 1896 mRNAs and 25 miRNAs with many of these RNAs known to be involved in keratinocyte function and wound healing. We demonstrated that keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation were efficiently regulated by miRNAs induced in skin cells after exposure to SM. The inhibition of miR-497-5p counteracted SM-induced premature differentiation and stimulated proliferation of NHEK. In addition, we showed that microneedle-mediated transdermal application of lipid-nanoparticles containing miR-497-5p inhibitor restored survivin biosynthesis and cellular functionality upon exposure to SM using human skin biopsies. Our findings expand the current understanding of SM-associated molecular toxicology in keratinocytes and highlight miR-497-5p as feasible clinical target for specific skin therapy in SM-exposed patients and beyond.
Molecular control via dynamic bonding enables material responsiveness in additively manufactured metallo-polyelectrolytes
Authors: Lee Seola , Walker Pierre J. , Velling Seneca J. , Chen Amylynn , Taylor Zane W. , Fiori Cyrus J.B.M , Gandhi Vatsa , Wang Zhen-Gang , Greer Julia R.
Published: August 2024

Metallo-polyelectrolytes are versatile materials for applications like filtration, biomedical devices, and sensors, due to their metal-organic synergy. Their dynamic and reversible electrostatic interactions offer high ionic conductivity, self-healing, and tunable mechanical properties. However, the knowledge gap between molecular-level dynamic bonds and continuum-level material properties persists, largely due to limited fabrication methods and a lack of theoretical design frameworks. To address this critical gap, we present a framework, combining theoretical and experimental insights, highlighting the interplay of molecular parameters in governing material properties. Using stereolithography-based additive manufacturing, we produce durable metallo-polyelectrolytes gels with tunable mechanical properties based on metal ion valency and polymer charge sparsity. Our approach unveils mechanistic insights into how these interactions propagate to macroscale properties, where higher valency ions yield stiffer, tougher materials, and lower charge sparsity alters material phase behavior. This work enhances understanding of metallo-polyelectrolytes behavior, providing a foundation for designing advanced functional materials.
Emergence of fluctuating hydrodynamics in chaotic quantum systems
Authors: Wienand Julian F. , Karch Simon , Impertro Alexander , Schweizer Christian , McCulloch Ewan , Vasseur Romain , Gopalakrishnan Sarang , Aidelsburger Monika , Bloch Immanuel
Published: August 2024

A fundamental principle of chaotic quantum dynamics is that local subsystems eventually approach a thermal equilibrium state. The corresponding timescales increase with subsystem size as equilibration is limited by the hydrodynamic build-up of fluctuations on extended length scales. We perform large-scale quantum simulations that monitor particle-number fluctuations in tunable ladders of hard-core bosons and explore how the build-up of fluctuations changes as the system crosses over from integrable to fully chaotic dynamics. Our results indicate that the growth of large-scale fluctuations in chaotic, far-from-equilibrium systems is quantitatively determined by equilibrium transport coefficients, in agreement with the predictions of fluctuating hydrodynamics. This emergent hydrodynamic behaviour of subsystem fluctuations provides a test of fluctuation–dissipation relations far from equilibrium and allows the accurate determination of equilibrium transport coefficients using far-from-equilibrium quantum dynamics.
Benchmarking bacterial taxonomic classification using nanopore metagenomics data of several mock communities
Authors: Van Uffelen Alexander , Posadas Andrés , Roosens Nancy H. C. , Marchal Kathleen , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C. J. , Vanneste Kevin
Published: August 2024

Taxonomic classification is crucial in identifying organisms within diverse microbial communities when using metagenomics shotgun sequencing. While second-generation Illumina sequencing still dominates, third-generation nanopore sequencing promises improved classification through longer reads. However, extensive benchmarking studies on nanopore data are lacking. We systematically evaluated performance of bacterial taxonomic classification for metagenomics nanopore sequencing data for several commonly used classifiers, using standardized reference sequence databases, on the largest collection of publicly available data for defined mock communities thus far (nine samples), representing different research domains and application scopes. Our results categorize classifiers into three categories: low precision/high recall; medium precision/medium recall, and high precision/medium recall. Most fall into the first group, although precision can be improved without excessively penalizing recall with suitable abundance filtering. No definitive ‘best’ classifier emerges, and classifier selection depends on application scope and practical requirements. Although few classifiers designed for long reads exist, they generally exhibit better performance. Our comprehensive benchmarking provides concrete recommendations, supported by publicly available code for reassessment and fine-tuning by other scientists.
A new dataset for video-based cow behavior recognition
Authors: Li Kuo , Fan Daoerji , Wu Huijuan , Zhao Aruna
Published: August 2024

A new video based multi behavior dataset for cows, CBVD-5, is introduced in this paper. The dataset includes five cow behaviors: standing, lying down, foraging,rumination and drinking. The dataset comprises 107 cows from the entire barn, maintaining an 80% stocking density. Monitoring occurred over 96 h for these 20-month-old cows, considering varying light conditions and nighttime data to ensure standardization and inclusivity.The dataset consists of ranch monitoring footage collected by seven cameras, including 687 video segment samples and 206,100 image samples, covering five daily behaviors of cows. The data collection process entailed the deployment of cameras, hard drives, software, and servers for storage. Data annotation was conducted using the VIA web tool, leveraging the video expertise of pertinent professionals. The annotation coordinates and category labels of each individual cow in the image, as well as the generated configuration file, are also saved in the dataset. With this dataset,we propose a slowfast cow multi behavior recognition model based on video sequences as the baseline evaluation model. The experimental results show that the model can effectively learn corresponding category labels from the behavior type data of the dataset, with an error rate of 21.28% on the test set. In addition to cow behavior recognition, the dataset can also be used for cow target detection, and so on.The CBVD-5 dataset significantly influences dairy cow behavior recognition, advancing research, enriching data resources, standardizing datasets, enhancing dairy cow health and welfare monitoring, and fostering agricultural intelligence development. Additionally, it serves educational and training needs, supporting research and practical applications in related fields. The dataset will be made freely available to researchers world-wide.
Inferring building height from footprint morphology data
Authors: Stipek Clinton , Hauser Taylor , Adams Daniel , Epting Justin , Brelsford Christa , Moehl Jessica , Dias Philipe , Piburn Jesse , Stewart Robert
Published: August 2024

As cities continue to grow globally, characterizing the built environment is essential to understanding human populations, projecting energy usage, monitoring urban heat island impacts, preventing environmental degradation, and planning for urban development. Buildings are a key component of the built environment and there is currently a lack of data on building height at the global level. Current methodologies for developing building height models that utilize remote sensing are limited in scale due to the high cost of data acquisition. Other approaches that leverage 2D features are restricted based on the volume of ancillary data necessary to infer height. Here, we find, through a series of experiments covering 74.55 million buildings from the United States, France, and Germany, it is possible, with 95% accuracy, to infer building height within 3 m of the true height using footprint morphology data. Our results show that leveraging individual building footprints can lead to accurate building height predictions while not requiring ancillary data, thus making this method applicable wherever building footprints are available. The finding that it is possible to infer building height from footprint data alone provides researchers a new method to leverage in relation to various applications.
Age-related changes in ultrasound-assessed muscle composition and postural stability
Authors: Mongold Scott J. , Georgiev Christian , Naeije Gilles , Vander Ghinst Marc , Stock Matt S. , Bourguignon Mathieu
Published: August 2024

While the simultaneous degradation of muscle composition and postural stability in aging are independently highly investigated due to their association with fall risk, the interplay between the two has received little attention. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore how age-related changes in muscle composition relate to postural stability. To that aim, we collected posturography measures and ultrasound images of the dominant Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Brachii from 32 young (18–35 year old) and 34 older (65–85 year old) participants. Muscle properties were quantified with echo-intensity and texture-based metrics derived from gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis, and postural stability with the variability of the center of pressure during bipedal stance tasks. Ultrasound parameters revealed that young muscle possessed lower echo-intensity and higher homogeneity compared to the elderly. Echo-intensity and muscle thickness, and several texture-based parameters possessed outstanding young versus older classification performance. A canonical correlation analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between ultrasound and postural measures only within the young group (r = 0.53, p < 0.002), where those with ‘better’ muscle composition displayed larger postural sways. Our results indicate that, in older individuals, postural stability and muscle composition, two common fall risk factors, are unrelated. In view of this decoupling, both may contribute independently to fall risk. Furthermore, our data support the view that texture-based parameters provide a robust alternative to echo-intensity in providing markers of muscle composition.
Identification of BiP as a temperature sensor mediating temperature-induced germline sex reversal in C. elegans
Authors: Shi Jing , Sheng Danli , Guo Jie , Zhou Fangyuan , Wu Shaofeng , Tang Hongyun
Published: August 2024

Sex determination in animals is not only determined by karyotype but can also be modulated by environmental cues like temperature via unclear transduction mechanisms. Moreover, in contrast to earlier views that sex may exclusively be determined by either karyotype or temperature, recent observations suggest that these factors rather co-regulate sex, posing another mechanistic mystery. Here, we discovered that certain wild-isolated and mutant C. elegans strains displayed genotypic germline sex determination (GGSD), but with a temperature-override mechanism. Further, we found that BiP, an ER chaperone, transduces temperature information into a germline sex-governing signal, thereby enabling the coexistence of GGSD and temperature-dependent germline sex determination (TGSD). At the molecular level, increased ER protein-folding requirements upon increased temperatures lead to BiP sequestration, resulting in ERAD-dependent degradation of the oocyte fate-driving factor, TRA-2, thus promoting male germline fate. Remarkably, experimentally manipulating BiP or TRA-2 expression allows to switch between GGSD and TGSD. Physiologically, TGSD allows C. elegans hermaphrodites to maintain brood size at warmer temperatures. Moreover, BiP can also influence germline sex determination in a different, non-hermaphroditic nematode species. Collectively, our findings identify thermosensitive BiP as a conserved temperature sensor in TGSD, and provide mechanistic insights into the transition between GGSD and TGSD.
Electrical contact property and control effects for stable T(H)-TaS2/C3B metal–semiconductor heterojunctions
Authors: Cao Shengguo , Li Zhanhai , Han Jianing , Zhang Zhenhua
Published: August 2024

T(H)-TaS2/C3B metal–semiconductor heterostructures are constructed by different-phase T(H)-TaS2 monolayers combined with C3B monolayer, and their geometry, electronic structure, electrical contact properties, and control effects are studied deeply.
Strontium stannate nanoparticles decorated on graphitic carbon nitride sheets for the electrochemical detection of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine
Authors: Radha Aravind , Wang Sea-Fue
Published: August 2024

The environmental consequences of overusing chronic toxic nitro compounds are severe as they result in the discharge of substantial quantities of toxins into the biosphere of organisms.
Morphology-controlled synthesis, growth mechanism, and applications of tellurium nanostructures
Authors: Li Jinshu , Yang Qingshan , He Dawei , Wang Yongsheng , Hwang Euyheon , Yang Yajie
Published: August 2024

This review covers a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods, morphological control, properties, and potential applications of Te-based nanostructures, providing a broad overview for readers interested in this exciting field.
Nitrogen-rich cobalt metal–organic framework as a heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of organic dye pollutants in water via peroxymonosulfate activation
Authors: Xie Wei , Yuan Yuan , Xu Guang-Juan , Zhang Shu-Ran , Xu Yan-Hong , Su Zhong-Min
Published: August 2024

A Co3-btca heterogeneous catalyst can activate PMS to efficiently degradate organic dyes rhodamine B and methyl violet in water.
Modulated assembly and structural diversity of heterometallic Sn–Ti oxo clusters from inorganic tin precursors
Authors: Zhao Hui-Fang , Liu Fang-Fang , Ding Qing-Rong , Wang Di , Zhang Jian , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2024

A series of heterometallic Sn–Ti oxo clusters was prepared using inorganic tin precursors and polyhydroxyalkane stabilizing ligands, which exhibited record-high nuclearity and different electrocatalytic behaviours.
Directed regioselective arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides using Rh(iii) catalysis
Authors: Jahan Kousar , Sood Mehak , Jain Osheen , Sahoo Subash C. , Bharatam Prasad V.
Published: August 2024

We introduced, for the first time, N-methoxyamide directed proximal C–H bond activation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines for C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation via a transition metal catalysed approach to obtain C-5 arylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Selective sensing of cyanide ions: impact of molecular design and assembly on the response of π-conjugated acylhydrazone compounds
Authors: Barkale Harshal V. , Dey Nilanjan
Published: August 2024

The study elucidated the distinct behavior of compounds 1 and 2 in response to various anions in CH3CN–water (7 : 3) medium. Both compounds exhibited color-changing response towards cyanide ions, leading to ratiometric change in absorption signal.
Development of an assay for colorimetric and fluorometric detection of H2S
Authors: Ghosh Priyotosh , De Diptiman , Sahoo Prithidipa
Published: August 2024

Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of H2S by 2-hydroxy naphthaldehyde derivatives.
Experimental observation and characterization of amorphous carbon generated in graphene on gold nanoparticles
Authors: Mitra Surjyasish , Hamada Natalie , Mitra Sushanta K.
Published: August 2024

Unraveling amorphous carbon generation due to the interaction of graphene with gold nanoparticles.
Nighttime wildlife object detection based on YOLOv8‐night
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Ren Siyu , Zhang Haiyan
Published: August 2024

Monitoring nocturnal animals in the field is an important task in ecological research and wildlife conservation, but the complexity of nocturnal images and low light conditions make it difficult to cope with traditional image processing methods. To address this problem, researchers have introduced infrared cameras to improve the accuracy of nocturnal animal behaviour observations. Object detection in nighttime images captured by infrared cameras faces several challenges, including low image quality, animal scale variations, occlusion, and pose changes. This study proposes the YOLOv8‐night model, which effectively overcomes these challenges by introducing a channel attention mechanism in YOLOv8. The model is more focused on capturing animal‐related features by dynamically adjusting the channel weights, which improves the saliency of key features and increases the accuracy rate in complex backgrounds. The main contribution of this study is the introduction of the channel attention mechanism into the YOLOv8 framework to create a YOLOv8‐night model suitable for object detection in nighttime images. When tested on nighttime images, the model performs well with a significantly higher mAP (0.854) than YOLOv8 (0.831), and YOLOv8‐night scores 0.856 on mAP_l, which is obviously better than YOLOv8 (0.833) in terms of processing large objects. The study provides a reliable technical tool for ecological research, wildlife conservation and environmental monitoring, and offers new methods and insights for the study of nocturnal animal behaviour.
A Wasserstein distributionally robust model for transmission expansion planning with renewable‐based microgrid penetration
Authors: Rahim Sahar , Wang Zhen , Sun Ke , Chen Hangcheng
Published: August 2024

This article introduces a Wasserstein distance‐based distributionally robust optimization model to address the transmission expansion planning considering renewable‐based microgrids (MGs) under the impact of uncertainties. The primary objective of the presented methodology is to devise a robust expansion strategy that accounts for both long‐term uncertainty and short‐term variability over the planning horizon from the perspective of a central planner. In this framework, the central planner fosters the construction of appropriate transmission lines and the deployment of optimal MG‐based generating units among profit‐driven private investors. The Wasserstein distance uncertainty set is used to characterize the long‐term uncertainty associated with future load demand. Short‐term uncertainties, stemming from variations in load demands and production levels of stochastic units, are modeled through operating conditions. To ensure the tractability of the proposed planning model, the authors introduce a decomposition framework embedded with a modified application of Bender's method. To validate the efficiency and highlight the potential benefits of the proposed expansion planning methodology, two case studies based on simplified IEEE 6‐bus and IEEE 118‐bus systems are included. These case studies assess the effectiveness of the presented approach, its ability to navigate uncertainties, and its capacity to effectively optimize expansion decisions.
A detailed reinforcement learning framework for resource allocation in non‐orthogonal multiple access enabled‐B5G/6G networks
Authors: Omheni Nouri , Amiri Anis , Zarai Faouzi
Published: August 2024

The world of communications technology has recently undergone an extremely significant revolution. This revolution is an immediate consequence of the immersion that the fifth generation B5G and 6G have just brought. The latter responds to the growing need for connectivity and it improves the speeds and qualities of the mobile connection. To improve the energy and spectral efficiency of these types of networks, the non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is seen as the key solution that can accommodate more users and dramatically improve spectrum efficiency. The basic idea of NOMA is to achieve multiple access in the power sector and decode the required signal via continuous interference cancelation. A resource allocation approach is proposed for the B5G/6G‐NOMA network that aims to maximise system throughput, spectrum and energy efficiency and fairness among users while minimising latency. The proposed approach is based on reinforcement learning (RL) with the use of the Q‐Learning algorithm. First, the process of resource allocation as a problem of maximising rewards is formulated. Next, the Q‐Learning algorithm is used to design a resource allocation algorithm based on RL. The results of the simulation confirm that the proposed scheme is feasible and efficient.
Design and analysis of a decoupled three‐phase coil array for inductive power transfer systems
Authors: Almulla Osama A. , Thrimawithana Duleepa J. , Covic Grant A. , Kim Seho
Published: August 2024

This article details the design process for a new three‐phase coil array. All of the coils are made to be mutually decoupled from one another which is achieved by introducing a high reluctance path in the ferrite structure for mutual flux using an airgap in addition to controlling the coil overlap. Simulation and experimental results of a matched three‐phase primary and secondary coupler, designed using the proposed novel decoupling mechanism, are presented to show that the high reluctance path introduced to decouple the coils still allows the main couplings to be maintained within an acceptable range. In contrast, negligible interphase couplings between coils in the primary or secondary were observed. Effective coupling, voltage and uncompensated power measurements are shown to verify the design is able to meet SAE J2954 WPT3 requirements. Finally, the leakage magnetic flux density, simulated under WPT3 conditions, shows that its RMS value remains significantly less than 27 µT at a 800 mm distance from the centre of the secondary coupler.
Radar detectability of light aircraft micro‐Doppler modulation
Authors: Berndt Robert John , Abdul Gaffar Mohammed Yunus , Nel Willem Andries Jacobus , O’Hagan Daniel W.
Published: August 2024

The critical role of specifying micro‐Doppler mode performance in the modelling and development of modern radar systems is investigated. The authors focus on the detection of micro‐Doppler modulation from light aircraft, analysing data from eight helicopters and nine propeller aircraft. With the growing need for accurate target classification in radar technology, incorporating micro‐Doppler detection metrics into radar performance specifications has become increasingly important. This research offers a novel approach to measuring the detectability of micro‐Doppler modulation relative to returns from the main fuselage. The investigation covers the impacts of various preprocessing techniques, polarisation, and aspect angle on detection capabilities. Findings reveal that, on average, micro‐Doppler modulation from propellers is detectable at distances between 50% and 100% of the range at which the fuselage is detected. For helicopters, this range decreases to between 30% and 80%. Additionally, the study introduces empirically derived statistical models designed to predict micro‐Doppler detection ranges in relation to fuselage returns, enhancing the predictability and specificity of radar system performance. This novel contribution presents a basis for improving radar system specifications, leading ultimately to more predictable and reliable light aircraft classification.
Effect of temperature anisotropy formed by fast electron beams moving in the flare loop on its excited electron-cyclotron maser instability
Authors: Tang J. F. , Wu D. J. , Chen L. , Tan C. M. , Wang J. B.
Published: August 2024

Context. The electron-cyclotron maser instability (ECMI) is a significant coherent radio emission mechanism widely utilized in various astrophysical radio phenomena. It is well known that the velocity anisotropic distribution of energetic electrons, which leads to an inverted perpendicular population in the vertical direction with ∂fb/∂v⊥ > 0, can provide the free energy necessary for the ECMI.

Aims. The initial velocity distribution of energetic electrons leaving the acceleration region is typically isotropic or beam-like. However, as these energetic electrons travel along the magnetic field as fast electron beams (FEBs) in magnetic plasma, various velocity anisotropic distributions can emerge. In this paper, we examine the impact of temperature anisotropy formed by beam electrons traveling along a flare loop on the ECMI.

Methods. By neglecting the energy loss of energetic electrons as they traverse the corona and invoking the conservation of energy and magnetic moments, we established the relationship between momentum dispersion and the magnetic field. Utilizing the magnetic field model of the flare loop, we calculated the evolution of momentum dispersion and the growth rates of the ECMI as FEBs precipitate along the flare loop.

Results. The results demonstrate that the temperature anisotropy arising as FEBs descend along the flare loop significantly impacts the ECMI. The maximum growth rates of the excited modes exhibit a gradual increase initially and then decline rapidly after reaching a critical height for β0 = 0.2c and 0.15c. The results also show that the growth rates of the O2 mode are one order of magnitude smaller than those of the O1 and X2 modes. This indicates that the harmonic radiation is X-mode polarized. Notably, the temperature anisotropy of FEBs as they precipitate along the flare loop with different magnetic field models or at different heights has similar effects on the ECMI.
Bayesian self-calibration and imaging in very long baseline interferometry
Authors: Kim Jong-Seo , Nikonov Aleksei S. , Roth Jakob , Enßlin Torsten A. , Janssen Michael , Arras Philipp , Müller Hendrik , Lobanov Andrei P.
Published: August 2024

Context. Self-calibration methods with the CLEAN algorithm have been widely employed in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data processing in order to correct antenna-based amplitude and phase corruptions present in the data. However, human interaction during the conventional CLEAN self-calibration process can impose a strong effective prior, which in turn may produce artifacts within the final image and hinder the reproducibility of final results.

Aims. In this work, we aim to demonstrate a combined self-calibration and imaging method for VLBI data in a Bayesian inference framework. The method corrects for amplitude and phase gains for each antenna and polarization mode by inferring the temporal correlation of the gain solutions.

Methods. We use Stokes I data of M87 taken with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at43 GHz, pre-calibrated using the rPICARD CASA-based pipeline. For antenna-based gain calibration and imaging, we use the Bayesian imaging software resolve. To estimate gain and image uncertainties, we use a variational inference method.

Results. We obtain a high-resolution M87 Stokes I image at 43 GHz in conjunction with antenna-based gain solutions using our Bayesian self-calibration and imaging method. The core with counter-jet structure is better resolved, and extended jet emission is better described compared to the CLEAN reconstruction. Furthermore, uncertainty estimation of the image and antenna-based gains allows us to quantify the reliability of the result.

Conclusions. Our Bayesian self-calibration and imaging method is able to reconstruct robust and reproducible Stokes I images and gain solutions with uncertainty estimation by taking into account the uncertainty information in the data.