bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
M Gene Reassortment in H9N2 Influenza Virus Promotes Early Infection and Replication: Contribution to Rising Virus Prevalence in Chickens in China
Authors: Pu Juan , Sun Honglei , Qu Yi , Wang Chenxi , Gao Weihua , Zhu Junda , Sun Yipeng , Bi Yuhai , Huang Yinhua , Chang Kin-Chow , Cui Jie , Liu Jinhua
Published: February 2017

Segment reassortment and base mutagenesis of influenza A viruses are the primary routes to the rapid evolution of high-fitness virus genotypes. We recently described a predominant G57 genotype of avian H9N2 viruses that caused countrywide outbreaks in chickens in China during 2010 to 2013, which led to the zoonotic emergence of H7N9 viruses. One of the key features of the G57 genotype is the replacement of the earlier A/chicken/Beijing/1/1994 (BJ/94)-like M gene with the A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (G1)-like M gene of quail origin. We report here the functional significance of the G1-like M gene in H9N2 viruses in conferring increased infection severity and infectivity in primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts and chickens. H9N2 virus housing the G1-like M gene, in place of the BJ/94-like M gene, showed an early surge in viral mRNA and viral RNA (vRNA) transcription that was associated with enhanced viral protein production and with an early elevated release of progeny virus comprising largely spherical rather than filamentous virions. Importantly, H9N2 virus with the G1-like M gene conferred extrapulmonary virus spread in chickens. Five highly represented signature amino acid residues (37A, 95K, 224N, and 242N in the M1 protein and 21G in the M2 protein) encoded by the prevalent G1-like M gene were demonstrated to be prime contributors to enhanced infectivity. Therefore, the genetic evolution of the M gene in H9N2 virus increases reproductive virus fitness, indicating its contribution to the rising virus prevalence in chickens in China.

IMPORTANCE
We recently described the circulation of a dominant genotype (genotype G57) of H9N2 viruses in countrywide outbreaks in chickens in China, which was responsible, through reassortment, for the emergence of H7N9 viruses that cause severe human infections. A key feature of the genotype G57 H9N2 virus is the presence of the quail-origin G1-like M gene, which had replaced the earlier BJ/94-like M gene. We found that H9N2 virus with the G1-like M gene, but not the BJ/94-like M gene, showed an early surge in progeny virus production and more severe pathology and extrapulmonary virus spread in chickens. Five highly represented amino acid residues in the M1 and M2 proteins derived from the G1-like M gene were shown to mediate enhanced virus infectivity. These observations enhance what we currently know about the roles of reassortment and mutations in virus fitness and have implications for assessing the potential of variant influenza viruses that can cause a rising prevalence in chickens.
Lung consolidation responding to chemotherapy
Authors: Balasubramaniam Prasanth , Nampoothiri Ram V , Gupta Nalini , Malhotra Pankaj
Published: February 2017

Consolidations in the pulmonary parenchyma are mostly infective, although they can rarely be due to autoimmune and neoplastic processes. Consolidations, especially in the setting of underlying immunosuppressive haematological malignancy, are usually presumed infective by the treating physician. Pulmonary involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia presenting as consolidations and type 1 respiratory failure, responding to systemic chemotherapy, is a rare and uncommon presentation.
Low temperature Raman scattering study of barium doped lead ytterbium tantalate ceramics
Authors: Rout Dibyaranjan , Praharaj Swetapadma , Subramanian V. , Sivasubramanian V.
Published: February 2017

Raman spectra of a complex perovskite system (Pb[Formula: see text]Ba[Formula: see text](Yb[Formula: see text]Ta[Formula: see text])O3, [Formula: see text] and 0.2 have been studied at low temperature in the range of 10–250[Formula: see text]K. The fascination of the system is that it undergoes a crossover from a highly ordered antiferroelectric ([Formula: see text]) to ferroelectric ([Formula: see text]) to disordered relaxor ferroelectric ([Formula: see text]). The nature of splitting that prevails in F2g ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]), F1g ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) modes and their gradual merging and disappearance with [Formula: see text] indicates an orthorhombic symmetry for [Formula: see text] and a pseudo-cubic structure for [Formula: see text]. The mode at 420[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] suggests the existence of rhombohedral distortion in all the compositions. The soft mode behavior of the F2g modes has been analyzed by fitting the data with the power law [Formula: see text].
KBNN Based on Coarse Mesh to Optimize the EBG Structures
Authors: Chen Yi , Tian Yu-bo , Sun Fei-yan
Published: February 2017

The microwave devices are usually optimized by combining the precise model with global optimization algorithm. However, this method is time-consuming. In order to optimize the microwave devices rapidly, the knowledge-based neural network (KBNN) is used in this paper. Usually, the a priori knowledge of KBNN is obtained by the empirical formulas. Unfortunately, it is difficult to derive the corresponding formulas for the most electromagnetic problems, especially for complex electromagnetic problems; the formula derivation is almost impossible. We use precise mesh model of EM analysis as teaching signal and coarse mesh model as a priori knowledge to train the neural network (NN) by particle swarm optimization (PSO). The NN constructed by this method is simpler than traditional NN in structure which can replace precise model in optimization and reduce the computing time. The results of electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures optimally designed by this kind of KBNN achieve increase in the bandwidth and attenuation of the stopband and small passband ripple level which shows the advantages of the proposed KBNN method.
Pinning Control Strategy of Multicommunity Structure Networks
Authors: Ding Chao , Yao Hong , Du Jun , Peng Xing-zhao , Wang Zhe
Published: February 2017

In order to investigate the effects of community structure on synchronization, a pinning control strategy is researched in a class of complex networks with community structure in this paper. A feedback control law is designed based on the network community structure information. The stability condition is given and proved by using Lyapunov stability theory. Our research shows that as to community structure networks, there being a threshold hT ≈ 5, when coupling strength bellows this threshold, the stronger coupling strength corresponds to higher synchronizability; vice versa, the stronger coupling strength brings lower synchronizability. In addition the synchronizability of overlapping and nonoverlapping community structure networks was simulated and analyzed; while the nodes were controlled randomly and intensively, the results show that intensive control strategy is better than the random one. The network will reach synchronization easily when the node with largest betweenness was controlled. Furthermore, four difference networks’ synchronizability, such as Barabási‐Albert network, Watts‐Strogatz network, Erdös‐Rényi network, and community structure network, are simulated; the research shows that the community structure network is more easily synchronized under the same control strength.
The Anatomic Relationship of the Tibial Nerve to the Common Peroneal Nerve in the Popliteal Fossa: Implications for Selective Tibial Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Silverman Eric R. , Vydyanathan Amaresh , Gritsenko Karina , Shaparin Naum , Singh Nair , Downie Sherry A. , Kosharskyy Boleslav
Published: February 2017

Background. A recently described selective tibial nerve block at the popliteal crease presents a viable alternative to sciatic nerve block for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. In this two-part investigation, we describe the effects of a tibial nerve block at the popliteal crease. Methods. In embalmed cadavers, after the ultrasound-guided dye injection the dissection revealed proximal spread of dye within the paraneural sheath. Consequentially, in the clinical study twenty patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty received the ultrasound-guided selective tibial nerve block at the popliteal crease, which also resulted in proximal spread of local anesthetic. A sensorimotor exam was performed to monitor the effect on the peroneal nerve. Results. In the cadaver study, dye was observed to spread proximal in the paraneural sheath to reach the sciatic nerve. In the clinical observational study, local anesthetic was observed to spread a mean of 4.7+1.9 (SD) cm proximal to popliteal crease. A negative correlation was found between the excess spread of local anesthetic and bifurcation distance. Conclusions. There is significant proximal spread of local anesthetic following tibial nerve block at the popliteal crease with possibility of the undesirable motor blocks of the peroneal nerve.
Closed-Form Exact Solutions for the Unforced Quintic Nonlinear Oscillator
Authors: Beléndez Augusto , Arribas Enrique , Beléndez Tarsicio , Pascual Carolina , Gimeno Encarnación , Álvarez Mariela L.
Published: February 2017

Closed-form exact solutions for the periodic motion of the one-dimensional, undamped, quintic oscillator are derived from the first integral of the nonlinear differential equation which governs the behaviour of this oscillator. Two parameters characterize this oscillator: one is the coefficient of the linear term and the other is the coefficient of the quintic term. Not only the common case in which both coefficients are positive but also all possible combinations of positive and negative values of these coefficients which provide periodic motions are considered. The set of possible combinations of signs of these coefficients provides four different cases but only three different pairs of period-solution. The periods are given in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and the solutions involve Jacobi elliptic function. Some particular cases obtained varying the parameters that characterize this oscillator are presented and discussed. The behaviour of the periods as a function of the initial amplitude is analysed and the exact solutions for several values of the parameters involved are plotted. An interesting feature is that oscillatory motions around the equilibrium point that is not at x=0 are also considered.
Automatic Calibration of an Unsteady River Flow Model by Using Dynamically Dimensioned Search Algorithm
Authors: Lin Fu-Ru , Wu Nan-Jing , Tu Chen-Hao , Tsay Ting-Kuei
Published: February 2017

Dynamically dimensioned search (DDS) algorithm is a new‐type heuristic algorithm which was originally developed by Tolson and Shoemaker in 2007. In this study, the DDS algorithm is applied to automate the calibration process of an unsteady river flow model in the Tamsui River basin, which was developed by Wu et al. (2007). Data observed during 2012 and 2013 are collected in this study. They are divided into three groups, one for the test case, one for calibration, and one for the validation. To prove that the DDS algorithm is capable of solving this research problem and the convergence property, a test simulation is first performed. In the studied area, the whole river systems are divided into 20 reaches, and each reach has two parameters (nd and nu) to be determined. These two parameters represent resistance coefficients for low‐ and high‐water conditions. Comparing with another algorithm, it is shown that the DDS algorithm has not only improved on the efficiency but also increased the stability of calibrated results.
A Novel Protection Scheme against Fault Resistance for AC Microgrid
Authors: Liu Xinrui , Xie Zhiyuan , Sun Qiuye , Wang Zhiliang
Published: February 2017

The faults characteristics of the lines in AC microgrid are weakened due to the fault resistance, which may refuse protection action. To solve the problems caused by different types of the faults through fault resistance (FTFR, the faults where the fault point resistance is greater than zero) in AC microgrid, a novel FTFR protection scheme based on the active power of 0‐frame component or d‐frame component consumed by fault resistance is proposed in this paper as the backup protection of FTFR. This proposed protection scheme utilizes the active power of 0‐frame component or d‐frame component consumed by fault resistance to identify internal FTFR and external faults. It performs well in grid‐connected mode and islanded mode by adopting self‐adaptive threshold and is not affected by the factors such as the fault position and the fault resistance value. The theoretical analysis and various simulations show that this protection scheme can identify and isolate different types of internal FTFR in AC microgrid with high reliability and high sensitivity.
Longitudinal Changes in Volumetric Breast Density with Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors
Authors: Engmann Natalie J. , Scott Christopher G. , Jensen Matthew R. , Ma Lin , Brandt Kathleen R. , Mahmoudzadeh Amir Pasha , Malkov Serghei , Whaley Dana H. , Hruska Carrie B. , Wu Fang Fang , Winham Stacey J. , Miglioretti Diana L. , Norman Aaron D. , Heine John J. , Shepherd John , Pankratz V. Shane , Vachon Celine M. , Kerlikowske Karla
Published: February 2017

Background: Reductions in breast density with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors may be an intermediate marker of treatment response. We compare changes in volumetric breast density among breast cancer cases using tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AI) to untreated women without breast cancer.

Methods: Breast cancer cases with a digital mammogram prior to diagnosis and after initiation of tamoxifen (n = 366) or AI (n = 403) and a sample of controls (n = 2170) were identified from the Mayo Clinic Mammography Practice and San Francisco Mammography Registry. Volumetric percent density (VPD) and dense breast volume (DV) were measured using Volpara (Matakina Technology) and Quantra (Hologic) software. Linear regression estimated the effect of treatment on annualized changes in density.

Results: Premenopausal women using tamoxifen experienced annualized declines in VPD of 1.17% to 1.70% compared with 0.30% to 0.56% for controls and declines in DV of 7.43 to 15.13 cm3 compared with 0.28 to 0.63 cm3 in controls, for Volpara and Quantra, respectively. The greatest reductions were observed among women with ≥10% baseline density. Postmenopausal AI users had greater declines in VPD than controls (Volpara P = 0.02; Quantra P = 0.03), and reductions were greatest among women with ≥10% baseline density. Declines in VPD among postmenopausal women using tamoxifen were only statistically greater than controls when measured with Quantra.

Conclusions: Automated software can detect volumetric breast density changes among women on tamoxifen and AI.

Impact: If declines in volumetric density predict breast cancer outcomes, these measures may be used as interim prognostic indicators. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 930–7. ©2017 AACR.
Six Sinopoda species (Araneae: Sparassidae) from Fujian and Yunnan Provinces in China
Authors: ZHONG YANG , CAO XIAOWEI , LIU JIE
Published: February 2017

Five new Sinopoda species collected from China are diagnosed, described and illustrated: S. afflata sp. nov. (♀, Yunnan), S. horizontalis sp. nov. (♀, Fujian), S. liui sp. nov. (♀, Fujian), S. mamillata sp. nov. (♂♀, Yunnan), S. separata sp. nov. (♀, Yunnan). The female of S. anguina Liu, Li & Jäger, 2008 is described for the first time from Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture and Baoshan City, Yunnan province, China.
Dominant Covarying Climate Signals in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea Ice Influence during the Last Three Decades
Authors: Cerrone D. , Fusco G. , Simmonds I. , Aulicino G. , Budillon G.
Published: February 2017

A composite dataset (comprising geopotential height, sea surface temperature, zonal and meridional surface winds, precipitation, cloud cover, surface air temperature, latent plus sensible heat fluxes, and sea ice concentration) has been investigated with the aim of revealing the dominant time scales of variability from 1982 to 2013. Three covarying climate signals associated with variations in the sea ice distribution around Antarctica have been detected through the application of the multiple-taper method with singular value decomposition (MTM-SVD). Features of the established patterns of variation over the Southern Hemisphere extratropics have been identified in each of these three climate signals in the form of coupled or individual oscillations. The climate patterns considered here are the southern annular mode (SAM), the Pacific–South American (PSA) teleconnection, the semiannual oscillation (SAO), and the zonal wavenumber-3 (ZW3) mode. It is shown that most of the sea ice temporal variance is concentrated at the quasi-triennial scale resulting from the constructive superposition of the PSA and ZW3 patterns. In addition, the combination of the SAM and SAO patterns is found to promote the interannual sea ice variations underlying a general change in the Southern Ocean atmospheric and oceanic circulations. These two modes of variability are also found to be consistent with the occurrence of the positive SAM/negative PSA (SAM+/PSA−) or negative SAM/positive PSA (SAM−/PSA+) combinations, which could have favored the cooling of the sub-Antarctic region and important changes in the Antarctic sea ice distribution since 2000.
Effects of trace reinforcements on microstructure and tensile properties of in-situ synthesized TC18 Ti matrix composite
Authors: Sun Shuyu , Lu Weijie
Published: February 2017

Ti-5Al-5Mo-5 V-1Fe-1Cr Ti matrix composite reinforced with trace TiB and TiC is fabricated via a consumable vacuum arc-remelting furnace in this work. The effects of the reinforcements on the microstructural homogeneity of the composite are investigated. The experiment shows morphology diversity of α grain in the alloy during isothermal compression. However, most of them are in spheroidized shape in the composite. It is revealed that the shape of α grain should be attributed to the increase of the deformation temperature, the refinement of β phase and the load-bearing of TiB. In addition, the tensile properties of the composite undergoing heat treatment are researched. The composite has a good combination of tensile strength and plasticity. Nevertheless, the yield ratio of the composite is as high as 0.97. The dislocation strengthening increases slowly during the strengthening process of tensile test when the dislocations enter the grain boundaries. Owing to the load-bearing of TiB and the refinement of β phase, the yield ratio of the composite is higher than that of the alloy.
Examining the Performance of the Metropolis–Hastings Robbins–Monro Algorithm in the Estimation of Multilevel Multidimensional IRT Models
Authors: Bashkov Bozhidar M. , DeMars Christine E.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of the Metropolis–Hastings Robbins–Monro (MH-RM) algorithm in the estimation of multilevel multidimensional item response theory (ML-MIRT) models. The accuracy and efficiency of MH-RM in recovering item parameters, latent variances and covariances, as well as ability estimates within and between clusters (e.g., schools) were investigated in a simulation study, varying the number of dimensions, the intraclass correlation coefficient, the number of clusters, and cluster size, for a total of 24 conditions. Overall, MH-RM performed well in recovering the item, person, and group-level parameters of the model. Ratios of the empirical to analytical standard errors indicated that the analytical standard errors reported in flexMIRT were somewhat overestimated for the cluster-level ability estimates, a little too large for the person-level ability estimates, and essentially accurate for the other parameters. Limitations of the study, implications for educational measurement practice, and directions for future research are offered.
New ports of the New World: Angra, Funchal, Port Royal and Bridgetown
Authors: Garcia Ana Catarina Abrantes
Published: February 2017

This article presents a comparative analysis of the port systems of the Portuguese and British Empires in the Atlantic during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is based on the study of four insular ports under the sovereignty of these two imperial polities: Angra in the Azores, Funchal in Madeira, Bridgetown in Barbados, and Port Royal in Jamaica. The aim of the analysis is to compare the main factors that led to the choice of these sites as key places in the structure of the respective Portuguese and British imperial models, how they developed to satisfy trade needs and their most significant problems, as well as the extent to which the development of these colonies conformed to what was ‘expected’ of each imperial project, taking into account the geographical, economic and social factors of the respective port cities. The methodological approach to the study of these Atlantic insular ports brings together data from landscape archaeology, nautical and underwater archaeology, together with historical documentation and cartography.
Connected oceans: New pathways in maritime history
Authors: Polónia Amélia , Ribeiro Ana Sofia , Lange Daniel
Published: February 2017

The Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea are no longer studied as distinct oceanic regions but interrogated as variegated worlds, interconnected in multiple ways. This Forum explores the various ways in which maritime history has been dealing with this trend. It shows how the notion of oceans as interactive spaces requires maritime historians to look beyond the shoreline by placing the interconnectedness of sea and land at the centre of their analysis. Focusing on littorals and port cities, the five papers in this Forum investigate the sea as zone of cultural encounter and vehicle of social and economic exchanges, and thereby illustrate how oceans connected people and ideas across the globe.
The Manila Galleon, Macao and international maritime and commercial relations, 1500–1700
Authors: Barros Amândio Jorge Morais
Published: February 2017

Formal and informal trade were key elements in the establishment of global connections. Using data collected from Portuguese and Spanish archives, as well as the secondary literature, this article examines the early modern Southeast Asian Iberian communities of Macao and Manila, their weakness and resilience. Far from the centres of political decision-making they relied on their own resources and abilities to manage maritime connections with China, Japan and Spanish America through the voyages of the ‘Macao Ship’ and the ‘Manila Galleon’. The rarely mentioned intervention of the Macanese traders in the Manila Galleon route constitutes a central part of this research.
Intersections: Peoples, ports and trade in seventeenth-century Surat and Madras
Authors: Seshan Radhika
Published: February 2017

The article discusses the ways in which, in the seventeenth century, as India drew the attention of more Europeans, both as private traders and as part of larger east India companies, networks of contacts were established. Two ports in particular, Surat and Madras (now Chennai), became points of intersection of Europeans and Asians, through the multi-pronged trade networks that linked these two ports to other ports in the Indian Ocean world, through traders from across regions. Focus is on the English in particular, as their main port of trade for Mughal North India was Surat, and Madras, their first fortified establishment on the coast of India.
The void in public discourse and the limitations of the equal education campaign in Beijing
Authors: Zhou Mujun
Published: February 2017

Because of the huge impact of the hukou system (户口制度) on the allocation of educational resources in China, migrant children’s access to schools has long been circumscribed. Since 2009, a group of migrant parents in Beijing has been involved in a movement demanding their children’s right to sit for the college entrance exam in the city. Using ethnographic methods, this article reviews how the idea of equal education was contested among four groups: (1) liberal intellectuals as the leaders of the movement; (2) middle-class migrant parents as the major activists; (3) working-class migrant parents as the subjects for mobilization; and (4) participants in counter-movements. Despite the involvement of liberal intellectuals that has helped the movement make an inclusive claim, the movement has largely remained parochial, and to some extent it even served to reinforce inequality in China’s education system. I use the equal education movement as a case to reflect upon the ‘boundary pushing’ approach in studies on China’s public sphere, and contend that researchers should pay more attention to the internal power dynamics of social movement.
Local Politics of Environmental Disaster Risk Management
Authors: Valdivieso Patricio , Andersson Krister P.
Published: February 2017

Why do some local governments successfully address issues related to environmental disaster risk management (EDRM), while others do not? This research contributes to a growing literature about the relationships between institutions, multilevel governance, and EDRM at the local level in developing countries. Supported by the frameworks of institutional analysis and polycentric governance, as well as an in-depth case study of three municipalities in Chile (Cauquenes, Lebu, and Panguipulli) with data from primary sources (e.g., interviews, surveys applied to representative samples of householders, and archival research), this study identifies the types of institutional responses that appear to improve governance outcomes. The analysis reveals that municipal operational rules combined with representation, municipal structures, institutional trajectories, and polycentric relationships between municipal governing councils and society are influential factors for successful EDRM.
A Rare Case of Solitary Giant Congenital Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: A Case Report
Authors: Vignault Catherine , Bourgeault Émilie , Gagné Éric , Bujold Janie
Published: February 2017

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most frequent form of non–Langerhans cell histiocytosis. We present a case of giant congenital JXG in a 7-week-old boy, who had a firm and incompressible lesion, measuring 3 × 4 cm in diameter, on his right flank. The clinical appearance of the lesion and the ultrasound results suggested a vascular tumor, such as a hemangioma. Histology confirmed a JXG, although there was an absence of Touton cells, which are usually pathognomonic of JXG. In light of these findings, it would be important to include JXG in the differential diagnosis of congenital tumours, particularly vascular lesions.
Assessment of Forearm Rotational Control Using 4 Upper Extremity Immobilization Constructs
Authors: Rahman Ayesha M. , Montero-Lopez Nicole , Hinds Richard M. , Gottschalk Michael , Melamed Eitan , Capo John T.
Published: February 2017

Background: Forearm immobilization techniques are commonly used to manage distal radius, scaphoid, and metacarpal fractures. The purpose of our study was to compare the degree of rotational immobilization provided by a sugar-tong splint (STS), short arm cast (SAC), Munster cast (MC), and long arm cast (LAC) at the level of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), carpus, and metacarpals. Methods: Seven cadaveric upper extremity specimens were mounted to a custom jig with the ulnohumeral joint fixated in 90° of flexion. Supination and pronation were unrestricted. K-wires were placed in the distal radius, scaphoid, and metacarpals using fluoroscopic guidance to measure the total arc of rotation referenced to the ulnar ex-fix pin. Baseline measurements followed by sequential immobilization with well-molded STS, SAC, MC, and LAC were obtained with 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 ft-lb of supination and pronation force directed through the metacarpal K-wire. Each condition was tested 3 times. Digital photographs were taken perpendicular to the ulnar axis to analyze the total arc of motion. Results: The most effective constructs from least to greatest allowed rotational arcs were LAC, MC, SAC, and STS. Above-elbow constructs (MC, LAC) demonstrated superior immobilization compared with below-elbow constructs (SAC) ( P < .001). Circumferential constructs (SAC, MC, LAC) were superior to the noncircumferential construct (STS) ( P < .001). There were no significant differences between the MC and LAC in all conditions tested. Conclusions: Both circumferential and proximally extended immobilization independently improved rotational control of the wrist. However, extending immobilization proximal to the epicondyles did not confer additional stability.
A randomized clinical trial of diabetes self-management for Mexican Americans: Are there serendipitous health benefits for supporters of study participants?
Authors: Brown Sharon A , García Alexandra A , Orlander Philip R , Hanis Craig L
Published: February 2017

Objectives:

Studies of social support in diabetes have focused on the effects of support on the person with type 2 diabetes. We explored diabetes prevention effects of a culturally tailored diabetes self-management intervention in individuals without diabetes who were supporters of intervention participants.

Methods:

This is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial that involved 256 Mexican Americans with diabetes. Each study participant designated a supporter—spouse, relative, friend—who attended intervention sessions and assisted participants in attaining effective diabetes self-management. Supporter’s glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) data were tracked for 1 year to determine diabetes conversion rates in supporters without diabetes at baseline.

Results:

Fewer individuals in the intervention group (n = 9) converted to an A1C above the 7% threshold, compared to the 1-year wait-listed control group (n = 16). We found a statistically significant difference (p = .021) at 12 months in the number of individuals whose A1C was ⩽8%, with fewer supporters above threshold in the intervention group (reduction of 48%). Supporters in the intervention group with prediabetes, based on baseline A1C, experienced a slight reduction in A1C, while control group supporters with prediabetes experienced an increase.

Discussion:

The results suggest that there are potential benefits for family members and other supporters of persons with diabetes who participated in diabetes self-management programs.
Nursing Students’ Perceptions on Characteristics of an Effective Clinical Instructor
Authors: Niederriter Joan E. , Eyth David , Thoman Joan
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To identify characteristics and teaching techniques of effective clinical instructors that can be utilized or implemented to improve the student nurse clinical experience.

Background

The clinical instructor is an integral part of a quality clinical experience. They help students transfer didactic information to the practice setting. The clinical nursing experience is a vital component in the developmental process of the nursing student. Research has been done on this subject, but gaps remain. The need for a more in-depth understanding of students’ perceptions of the characteristics and teaching techniques that best aid their comprehension and learning will help instructors to maximize student learning experiences in the practice setting.

Method

This qualitative research study utilized the phenomenological research method. Three open-ended questions were posed to 14 nursing students to identify the characteristics and teaching techniques they believed comprised an effective clinical instructor. Individual interviews were conducted and transcribed interviews were reviewed to identify common themes. Three faculty members provided member checking to prevent bias by reviewing the transcribed interviews for common themes.

Findings

Participants identified four main themes which include a trusting relationship, experience or knowledge, coach, and role model. The students found that they gained more knowledge, developed more critical thinking, and felt more confident with instructors who utilized characteristics and techniques from these four areas.

Conclusion

Clinical instructors play an important role in preparing the student nurse in becoming a competent nurse in the practice setting. This information can be used to provide a foundation in creating an educational opportunity to inform nurse educators in the ways to become a more effective clinical instructor.
The trajectory of anti-communism in South Korea
Authors: Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: February 2017

This article deals with the historical trajectory of anti-communism in South Korea since 1945. Anti-communism has been working as a powerful ideological and institutional constraint to suppress political opposition to authoritarian regimes and to hinder development of critical thoughts in South Korea. However, the demise of East European socialist countries and globalization has transformed the nature of anti-communism, by equating non-market ideologies with communism. Even though there have been political and economic change in the 21st century, anti-communism has still played an important role in constraining policy development as well as political discourse.
Does Extending Unemployment Benefits Improve Job Quality?
Authors: Nekoei Arash , Weber Andrea
Published: February 2017

Contrary to standard search models predictions, past studies have not found a positive effect of unemployment insurance (UI) on reemployment wages. We estimate a positive UI wage effect exploiting an age-based regression discontinuity design in Austria. A search model incorporating duration dependence predicts two countervailing forces: UI induces workers to seek higher-wage jobs, but reduces wages by lengthening unemployment. Matching-function heterogeneity plausibly generates a negative relationship between the UI unemployment-duration and wage effects, which holds empirically in our sample and across studies, reconciling disparate wage-effect estimates. Empirically, UI raises wages by improving reemployment firm quality and attenuating wage drops. (JEL J31, J64, J65)
Modeling the electron temperature distribution in F2 region of high-latitude ionosphere for winter solstice conditions
Authors: Голиков Иннокентий , Golikov Innokentiy , Гололобов Артем , Gololobov Artem , Попов Василий , Popov Vasiliy
Published: February 2017

Using the three-dimensional model of the high-latitude ionosphere in Euler variables, which takes into account the mismatch between geographic and geomagnetic poles, we study the behavior of the electron temperature Te in the F2 region as a function of universal time. We present results of the numerical modeling of spatial-temporal distribution of electron temperature in the F2 region for winter solstice, minimum solar activity, and moderate geomagnetic activity. The electron temperature distribution in the F2 region of the high-latitude ionosphere in winter is shown to be characterized by a Te increase in dawn and dusk sectors. Further, the mismatch between the poles leads to regular longitudinal features in Te distribution during Earth’s daily rotation. Thus, at 05 UT, when the Eastern Hemisphere is illuminated, the elevated Te zone is formed only in the dawn sector, and at 17 UT, when the Western Hemisphere is illuminated such zones are observed in both the sectors. We discuss reasons for the formation of the regions with elevated electron temperature depending on the universal time. Results of numerical experiments are compared with similar results obtained with other models.
Long-term variations in the neutral gas composition of the thermosphere over Norilsk (2003–2013)
Authors: Кушнаренко Галина , Kushnarenko Galina , Яковлева Ольга , Yakovleva Olga , Кузнецова Галина , Kuznetsova Galina
Published: February 2017

Seasonal variations in relative values of the main gas components of the thermosphere [O]/[N2] and [O2]/[O] were obtained at the station Norilsk during the period 2003–2013. Estimates were made using a technique we devel-oped and data from the Norilsk digisonde (69° N, 88° E) for heights below the ionospheric F1-layer peak height under quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions in different seasons. We established that the [O2]/[O] ratio under quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions in all seasons by the end of 2013 decreased from 10 to 20 % relative to the values of 2003. The [O]/[N2] ratio for the same conditions increased to 17 %.
Self-Signaling and Prosocial Behavior: A Cause Marketing Experiment
Authors: Dubé Jean-Pierre , Luo Xueming , Fang Zheng
Published: February 2017

We test an information theory of prosocial behavior whereby ego utility and self-signaling crowd out the effect of consumption utility on choice. The data come from two field experiments involving purchases of a consumer good bundled with a charitable donation. Across experimental cells, we randomize the price level and the donation level. A model-free analysis of the data reveals nonmonotonic regions of demand when the good is bundled with relatively large charitable donations. Subjects also self-report lower ratings of “feeling good about themselves” when offered bundles with large donations and price discounts. The evidence suggests that price discounts crowd out consumer self-inference of altruism. Alternative motivation-crowding theories are rejected due to their inability to explain the nonmonotonic data moments. The standard use of interaction effects and other falsification checks to explore the underlying choice mechanism in an experimental setting is complicated in our self-signaling context. Instead, a novel feature of our analysis consists of using the experimental data to estimate the structural form of a model of consumer demand with self-signaling. We specify a model in which consumers obtain both consumption and ego utility from their choices. Ego utility derives from a consumer’s posterior self-beliefs after making her choice. An estimator is proposed that handles the potential multiplicity of equilibria that can arise in the self-signaling model. The model estimates allow us to quantify the economic role of ego utility and to explore the underlying signaling mechanism. Nested tests reject the hypothesis of no self-signaling. Alternative model specifications that potentially allow for nonmontonic demand without the self-signaling structure exhibit an inferior fit to the data. The model estimates imply that consumer response to the donations are mainly driven by ego utility and not by consumption utility (i.e., not by altruistic motives). The findings from the combination of a field experiment and a structural model contribute to a growing literature on self-signaling and consumer behavior by quantifying the magnitude of self-signaling on preferences and choices. The results also have implications for the design of a cause marketing campaign and the potential negative synergies between price and nonprice promotions.

Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2016.1012 .
The Outer Ring of the Galaxy Revealed by Young Open Clusters
Authors: Mel’nik A. M. , Rautiainen P. , Glushkova E. V. , Dambis A. K.
Published: February 2017

The distribution of young open clusters in the Galactic plane suggests the existence of the outer ring R
1
R′2 in the Galaxy. The solar position angle θ
b providing the best agreement between the observed and model distribution is θ
b = 35±10°. We compared the θ
b values derived from three different catalogues of open clusters and they appear to be consistent within the errors.
Creative Personality Profile in Social Sciences: The Leading Role of Autonomy
Authors: Kirsch Christiane , Lubart Todd , Houssemand Claude
Published: February 2017

The literature on creativity has often focused on the analysis of artists and scientists. The ability to generalize these findings to respective professional sub-disciplines is examined. In particular, the present study addresses the generalizability of the personality profile of creative scientists to creative social scientists. Autonomy was found to be the most important personality feature for creativity in social sciences. These results suggest the importance of fostering an autonomous working style.
Children’s Drawing in the Context of the Visual Language of New Media. Research Report
Authors: Didkowska Bernadeta
Published: February 2017

The present time is a period of dynamic development of new media, which should be accompanied by a more profound reflection over their impact on human development. The research on the impact of new media on children seems to be important as children become increasingly exposed to the virtual world, at the same time exploring reality. The time and commitment with which they “absorb” media images is bound to take its toll on a child’s psyche, which manifests itself in the imaging. The article presents the research on drawing activity of children from 3 to 12 years old in the context of changes occurring in these activities brought about by the visual language of new media. The fact that this extensive research has been carried out over an interval of 10 years (in 2004 I carried out an analysis of 4180 drawings of children and youth aged 3 to 18 years, while in the study repeated in 2014 I examined 2134 drawings of children aged 3 to 12 years), makes it possible to compare the results of the two studies, and also to confront them with descriptions of children’s drawings found in the specialized literature. In this way, the obtained characteristics may be referred to the visual language used to construct the new media image. Qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as a comparison of the results, have allowed not only changes in the children’s drawing activities to be determined, but also indicate the direction of these changes. For the research, it was also important to find arguments in favour of media education with reference to visual education and defined as training, that pertains to the entire contemporary iconosphere.
Introduction
Authors: Lucey Michael , McEnaney Tom
Published: February 2017

This introduction offers an initial account of the usefulness of an interdisciplinary encounter between the fields of linguistic anthropology and literary/cultural studies and, in doing so, introduces a series of key terms from linguistic anthropology and its way of studying language-in-use as a locus in which culture happens: nonreferential (or social) indexicality, entextualization, and metapragmatics. It establishes a set of common attitudes toward language and cultural production found in work by Bourdieu, Bakhtin, and a number of linguistic anthropologists (Michael Silverstein in particular). It suggests three analytical levels on which such an interdisciplinary encounter might take place: analysis of (1) works that themselves show an interest in language-in-use (for example, novels by writers such as Proust, Eliot, or Dostoevsky); (2) the “interactive text,” of which any given literary artifact could be said to be a precipitate (one construal of Bourdieu’s approach to an author like Flaubert); and (3) the role of the ongoing uptake of given language-based artifacts in maintaining and altering their meanings and values.
Percepción acerca del cáncer de mama en un grupo de mujeres de un hospital en Popayán, Colombia
Authors: Molano-Tobar Nancy Janneth , Vélez Varela Patricia Eugenia
Published: February 2017

El objetivo de este artículo fue identificar la percepción del cáncer de mama que tienen un grupo de mujeres en la Ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cualitativo, en el cual se aplicaron técnicas como la observación y la entrevista a profundidad con cuestionarios semiestructurados, grabaciones en audio y bitácoras. El trabajo de campo se realizó entre el I y II periodo de 2015, con 39 pacientes mujeres con edad promedio de 46,70 años, que tuvieron como diagnóstico cáncer de mama estadio II y que asisten al Hospital Universitario San José, de la Ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Resultados. Se obtuvieron cuatro categorías: cáncer una enfermedad heredada; angustia y depresión por el futuro; insatisfacción corporal y sexual; y la familia un apoyo fundamental. Conclusiones. El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad de alto riesgo, tanto económico como social, desde la visión de salud pública. En el ámbito personal, genera en las mujeres sentimientos de angustia y depresión los cuales conllevan a duda por su futuro y temor a heredar la enfermedad. Una particularidad manifestada es la inseguridad e insatisfacción corporal que está afectando sus relaciones sociales y de pareja, propiciando en la mujer un deterioro en su autoestima, autoconfianza y vulnerabilidad emocional, lo que incide en la calidad de vida de la población. Por ello, es importante un equipo interdisciplinario que respalde las diferentes situaciones que afrenta la mujer y su familia.
Visa apimanti politinės atminties rekonstrukcija?
Authors: Krutulys Titas
Published: February 2017

Rec.: Justinas Dementavičius, Tarp ūkininko ir piliečio: modernėjančios Lietuvos politinės minties istorija, Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla,2015.
DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL, STATUS PEMANFAATAN, DAN UPAYA KONSERVASI PESUT MAHAKAM (Orcaella brevirostris) DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Dharmadi Dharmadi , Hartoto Dede Irving , Nasution Syahroma Husni , Oktaviani Dian
Published: February 2017

Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2004 - 2006 di Danau Semayang dan Muara Kaman (bagian dari Sungai Mahakam), Kalimantan Timur, melalui survei lapangan dan wawancara langsung dengan nelayan, masyarakat, dan Dinas Perikanan, Dinas Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebaran secara spasial, status pemanfaatan, dan upaya konservasi pesut Mahakam (Orcaella brevirostris). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa distribusi pesut Mahakam secara spasial terdapat di Muara Kaman, Muara Sungai Pela Kecil, muara Sungai Pela Besar, Danau Semayang, dan Danau Melintang. Pada saat ini, pesut Mahakam di Sungai Mahakam digunakan sebagai wisata air bagi turis domestik maupun luar negeri. Upaya konservasi pesut Mahakan dapat dilakukan melalui perlindungan habitat dari pencemaran dan pendangkalan, perlindungan suaka perikanan yang berfungsi untuk penyedia makanan alami serta meningkatkan peran aktif masyarakat agar turut menjaga kelestarian pesut. This study was conducted during 2004 to 2006 in Semayang and Melintang Lakes, Mahakam segment around Muara Kaman River of East Kalimantan, through field survey methods, and directly interview to respective respondens of fishers, local people, Fisheries Regency Departement and Forest Protection and Natural Resources Conservation. The objective of the study was to elucidate the distribution spasial, utilization status, and conservation effort of freshwater dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Results show that the spasial distributions of freshwater dolphin were found in Kaman, Pela Kecil, Bank of Pela Besar Rivers, Semayang, and Melintang Lakes. Freshwater dolphines was used as echotourism for local and foreign tourisms. There are some efforts to conserve of freshwater dolphin in the East Kalimantan, namely habitat protection from pollution and sedimentation, fisheries area protection for providing natural food and to increase local people role in conserving the existence of these animals.