bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORAL HEALTH STATUS
Authors: IQBAL MUHAMMAD PERVAIZ , KAUSAR LUBNA
Published: September 2021

Oral health, although an important aspectof the general health, unfortunately is an ignored aspect, by almost all population strata. Poverty, lack of education andlack of public awareness programs add to the dilemma. Aims & Objectives: Evaluation of the oral health, toothcleaning devices and at the top, awareness about such devices, among the most ignored and deprived group ofpopulation. The evaluation of oral hygiene of the poor railway coolies, was the objective of this study. Materials &Methods: A very simple proforma in Urdu was designed. It included some questions about personal data, tooth cleaninghabits, the devices used for the purpose and the reasons for not using the tooth brush. DMFT and the periodontalconditions were then noted in the same proforma. About 120 coolies agreed to participate in the study. Examinationwas made in day light with a mirror and a blunt probe. Results: The age varied from 15-60 years. There was about100% periodontal involvements, while DMFT increased with age (0.75 to 12.5). About 49.5 % used brush, 41.5%miswak, 5.3% tooth powder, while 3.5 % did not use any of these. Tooth brush users had least DMFT while powderusers had the maximum. Of the non brush users 50.9% of people could not buy brush, 33.9% did not like it while15.09% were ignorant of it. Conclusion: Poverty, illiteracy and lack of dental awareness are the major causes of dental/ periodontal problems. The tooth brushing techniques must be taught to the public.
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Authors: MIRZA TAHIR IQBAL , ALI MUHAMMAD , SHAHID NAEEM , Shukar Irfan
Published: September 2021

Surgical patients often present with conditions that have eitherimpaired ability to maintain their nutrition before operation or have made it impossible for them to obtain optimalnourishment by conventional means after surgical intervention. As rationing of the health care services became anincreasing reality, the pressure to justify intervention such as nutrition support was intensified. The study was designedto see the indications, management and anticipated complications of total parentral nutrition in adult surgical patients.Design: Retrospective controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: During August 1997 to August 1998 at surgicaldepartment Pakistan Naval Ship (PNS) Hospital Shifa Karachi. Material and Methods: 30 indoor patients wereselected. They were divided into three groups according to the pathological entities. After assessing nutritional status,providing emergency treatment of relative pathology and calculating calories, central line was maintained byapproaching subclavian (76.6%), femoral or antecubital vein. TPN was monitored, clinically and with laboratoryinvestigations. Results: The group-I lagged approximately three days behind the others in achieving goal calories.Weight gain in most of the patients was significant after two weeks. Initially all three groups showed hyperglycemia,which was tapered by regular insulin over a Period of 3 to 3.5 days and rescheduling the nutrient substrates. Albumindid not change significantly. Catheter sepsis was evident in third group. Conclusion: It was concluded that Judicioususe of TPN by thoughtful and conscientious nutritionist surgeons in surgical patients decreased morbidity/mortality rate,improved quality of life, with smooth recovery, convalescence and rehabilitation, decreased hospital stay andacceptable cost: benefit ratio.
ANALGESIA
Authors: HUSSAIN FAYYAZ , SIDDIQUE MOHAMMAD , HAFIZ AMRAN
Published: September 2021

Pain following tonsillectomy in childrenis a significant problem that tends to be underestimated. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in themanagement of mild to moderate post-operative pain in children. They can decrease or even eliminate the need foropioid analgesia, thus reducing the opioid-induced side effects. In this study, I used paracetamol alone and acombination of paracetamol with either mefenamic acid or ibuprofen and examined the analgesia produced by all thesethree regimens by using Wong and Baker facial pain scale. Patients and method: The study comprised of three groupsA, B, and C (50 patients in each group selected by non probability convenient method and randomly divided). Analgesiawas achieved in group A with paracetamol 20mg/kg, with paracetamol 20mg/kg plus mefenamic acid 10mg/kg in groupB and paracetamol 20mg/kg plus ibuprofen 5mg/kg in group C orally in syrup form. Post-operative pain was assessedby Wong & Baker faces pain scale at recovery, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Supplementary analgesia was given with oralmefenamic acid (10 mg/kg) in-group B and ibuprofen (5mg/kg) in-group C; otherwise regular oral paracetamol (20mg/kg-6 hourly) was given routinely in all three-study groups post-operatively. Results: Pain score was significantlyhigher in paracetamol group as compared to mefenamic acid or ibuprofen groups (P<0.05), however there was nosignificant difference in pain scores between mefenamic acid and ibuprofen groups. Conclusion: Although there is stillneed for improving analgesia for tonsillectomy pain in children but I can acclaim that a combination of mefenamic acidor ibuprofen with paracetamol is still the most useful, cheap and safe strategy in children, which avoids all opioids sideeffects.
LOW SERUM CALCIUM ASSOCIATED WITH TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: BAIG M AKHTER , KHANI GHULAM MUSTUFA KAIAM , BALOCH LUTUFULLAH , Qureshi Mushtaque Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Design: A prospective study. Place and Duration of study: Department of Orthopedic at Liaquatmedical college from January 1997 to June 2001 and continued at Dow medical college from Oct 2001 to march 2005.Patients and Methods: 33 patients suffering from tuberculosis out of them 22 was female and 11 were male. In thisstudy we are able to pin point the exact nutritional factor responsible for the development of tuberculosis. Results:We are able to find that in our all-33 tuberculous patients serum calcium was low. Conclusion: We conclude that lowserum calcium have definite roll in the development of tuberculosis. Calcium supplements along with Vitamin D shouldbe added for the treatment and prevention of the disease.
HOOKWORM INFECTION;
Authors: ANJUM MUGHEES
Published: September 2021

This study correlation of hookworm infection and packed cell volume, was conducted in rural population of Mustafaabad (Lulliani) District Kasur. Through a stratified random sampling 1010 adult male subjects were selected from the locality.253.ie; 25.05% were found hookworm positive. The positive cases were subjected to detailed stool examination and blood examination. A thorough study was conducted on 253 hookworm positive cases for correlation of PCV and No. of hookworm ova per gram of faeces, with coefficient of correlation as r = - 0.841, being a high degree of negative correlation.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: MEMON BADARUDDIN A.
Published: September 2021

Nosocomial infections are an important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. This paper highlights some of the serious but avoidable aspects of this largely ignored but vital issue of nosocomial infections in Pakistan. Also this paper aims to alert the health policy makers, medical staff, microbiologists and other experts to consider more clearly the serious threat of nosocomial infections. This is for the Pakistan Ministry of Health to become actively involved in the development of a structured and coherent approach to the problem.
EPIDURAL VS NON-EPIDURAL ANALGESIA IN LABOUR
Authors: AHMAD FAROOQ
Published: September 2021

Objectives: To determine the effects of epidural analgesia compared with non-epidural forms of pain relief in labour. Design Randomised controlled trials comparing epidural analgesia with alternative forms of pain relief in labour. Setting Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Period. March 2002 to Feb 2003. Results: Epidural analgesia was more effective than nonepidural methods in providing pain relief. Adverse effects suggested by the rather small trials reviewed include motor blockade, longer first and second stages of labour, increased oxytocin use, malrotation, instrumental delivery and Caesarean section (particularly for dystocia). Conclusions: Epidural analgesia is an effective method of pain relief during labour. Further research is needed to define the adverse effects more accurately, particularly potential long-term adverse effects, and to evaluate different regional analgesia techniques.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Authors: FARHAT RAHEELA , ROOHI DR. MAHNAAZ
Published: September 2021

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intra venous iron sucrose(venofer) as comparedto oral iron in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy. Study Design: Prospective study. Pregnantwomen with iron deficiency anaemia were selected from ante natal clinic. Patients were divided into two groups. GroupA: These patients were given oral iron. Group B: These patients were given intravenous sucrose. All patients wereevaluated for adverse effects, clinical and laboratory response >. Results: Intravenous group achieved a higher Hblevel in a shorter period. Group B showed no major side effects while (80%) of patients in Group A developedgastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: Intravenous iron sucrose is safe and effective in treatment of iron deficiencyanemia during pregnancy.
TREATMENT OF TETANUS
Authors: SHEIKH SAJID , REHAN A.G. , AJMAL MOHAMMAD , Shah Muhammad Yousaf
Published: September 2021

Objective: (1) To find out the result of drug to what extent it reduces the need for sedatives. (2) Tocompare the results with other treatment. Study Design: Prospective analytical. Setting: Tetanus ward D.H.Q.Hospital Faisalabad/ Subjects & Methods: Six patients with Tetanus were studied Inclusion Criteria: Adultmale&females suffering from Tetanus. Exclusion Criteria: Patient with known peptic ulcer disease and benignprostatic hyperplasia. Results: Six patients were given trial of Atropine infusions with continuous monitoring of pulseand blood pressure. Patients were provided conventional sedation along with Atropine infusion. The requirement ofsedative drug was significantly reduced when the dose of Atropine was gradually increased. The patients remainedmentally alert with marked reduction in muscle spasm, convulsion ,no element of anxiety or agitation. Respiratoryproblems were minimized. One female expired probably due to septic shock from induced abortion. Conclusion:Atropine sulphate is cheaper drug ,easily available ,short half life, minimal side effect and much important in developingand under developed countries where ICU facilities are not available.
ANEMIA IN POSTNATAL PATIENTS
Authors: KHAN SADIA , HUSSAIN ARSHAD , NAWAZ SOBIA
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the severity and the type of anemia in the postnatal patients admitted atRGH. Study Period: June 2006 - December 2006. Study Design: A descriptive observational study. Material &Methods: 160 female patients with anemia were clinically evaluated to establish the relationship between severity/typeof anemia with the socioeconomic status, age, parity and the past obstetric history. Results: Among 160 cases ofanemia, the iron deficiency anemia was the most common (87.5%), $ thalassaemia trait was in 3% of the cases. 47.5%of women were between 25-30 years of age. 83.7% of them belonged to the lower socioeconomic class. 52.5% ofpatients were multigravida. 67.5% of patients had moderate anemia. Conclusion: The present study concludes thatthe iron deficiency anemia of moderate severity is the most prevalent anemia in our lower socioeconomic class.
STROKE
Authors: QURESHI FRAZ SAEED , KHAN RIZWAN RASOOL , BILAL AHMED , Khalid Ghazala
Published: September 2021

Objective: To find out the frequency of major categories of stroke (i.e. cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage) Design: A descriptive study. Place & Duration of Study:Medical unit III Allied Hospital Faisalabad from January 2005 to June 2005. Patients and Methods: 112 patients wereenrolled after taking verbal consent. After complete physical examination and investigations a sample size of 100patients was calculated using 5% level of significant and margin of error as 5%. Results: This study revealed frequencydistribution of various categories of stroke as cerebral infarction 62 cases (62%), cerebral haemorrhage 30 cases (30%)and sub-arachnoid haemorrhage 8 cases (8%) out of 100 cases in total. Conclusion: Intra-cerebral bleed has got ahigher trend in Asia than in western countries and is more common in female gender while cerebral infarction is morecommon in males and its frequency although the highest among the major categories of stroke in Asia but relativelyless as compared to that in western countries.
BIER’S BLOCK
Authors: AHMAD MALIK JAMIL , NASIR MUHAMMAD , LATIF KHAWAR
Published: September 2021

. Objective: To compare the duration of anaesthesia and degree of analgesia during intravenousregional anaesthesia using lignocaine alone and lignocaine with ketorolac. Design: This international quasiexperimental study Setting: Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: Six months (from June 2004 to November 2004).Material and Methods: Patients with known allergy to local anaesthesia or keteroloca and with hepatic, renal diseasewere not included in the study. Results: Mean pain score at 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 in both groups after release of tourniquet.The quality of analgesia observed in both groups showed that 20 patients in lignocaine + ketorolac group had excellentanalgesia compared with only 4 patients in lignocaine group. Tourniquet pain was not experienced in any patient inboth groups; owing most probably to the inflation of distal tourniquet cuff on the anaesthetized part of the arm withrelease of proximal tourniquet, 10 minutes after injection of solution. Conclusion: It is concluded that 30 mg ketorolacadded to lignocaine in IVRA increases degree of anaesthesia and also provides prolonged postoperative analgesia.
DIABETES MELLITUS;
Authors: YAR HAFIZ MUHAMMAD , ANWAR MUHAMMAD , SHABBIR KHALID , Ali Rashid
Published: September 2021

. Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus and to assess the level of awarenessabout diabetes amongst persons attending a free health camp in cultural festival of Rahim Yar Khan. Study Design:Cross sectional observational study. Place and duration of study: Three days free health camp arranged in a culturalfestival in Rahim Yar Khan. Results: Over all frequency of type II diabetes was 19.38% and the frequency of diabetesincreased both in men and women with increasing age (p<0.001). Newly diagnosed subjects were 6.77% and thesedo not know that they were suffering from diabetes. 18.92% subjects were having glucose intolerance and 61.70%subjects were having random blood glucose level within normal limits. Diabetes was correctly defined by 57% subjectsand this was significantly associated with educational level, suffering from the disease and presence of diseaseamongst family members. 14.62% gave history of presence of disease in their families. As compared to females, maleswere more suffering from disease and these were consuming more foods and snacks than females (p<.0.01).Conclusion: High frequency of diabetes mellitus was observed amongst the study population. This may be due tohealth consciousness and higher level of educational status in the subjects who participated. Emphasis on healtheducation and preventive strategies are needed to increase public awareness and early detection of high risk groupsand risk factors of this common disease in our country. The lifestyle behaviors and environmental factors are strongmodifiers of diabetes The life style changes and interventions in early age may prove to be more effective thaninterventions done at a later stage.
CATARACT SURGERY;
Authors: JAVED EJAZ AHMAD , SULTAN MUHAMMAD
Published: September 2021

Objectives: To describe the variation of axial length in patients undergoingcataract surgery. Study design: A retrospective case series. Place and duration of study: At OpthalmologicalDepartment, Allied Hospital, PMC, Faisalabad from May 2006 to June 2007. Patients and methods: The axial lengthof 566 patients who were admitted for cataract surgery were measured with A. scan (Axis II, Quantel). The elevenpatients with age below 15 years and above 90 years and with history of trauma, corneal scarring were excluded. Sothere were 555 patients for this study. A careful history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, trauma, previous history ofsurgery, glaucoma and uveitis was taken, and slit lamp examination, tonometry, pupillary reactions, perception andprojection of light was done. The data collected was entered in specially designed Performa. An average of tenreadings of axial lengths with A-Scan for each patient was taken. Results: Out of 555 patients, there were 350 male(63.06%) and 205 female (36.94%) patients. There were 250(45.05%) patients having age between 46 to 60 years.There were 27(4.86%) patients having age between 15 to 30 years and the same number 27(4.86%) of patients wasseem having age between 76 to 90 years. The most of the patients 273(49.18%) had axial length between 23mm to25 mm. There were only 3 patients with axial length between 29.01 to 31 mm. There were a significant number ofpatients, 230(41.45%) having axial length between 21.01 to 23mm. Conclusion: The biometry depends upon axiallength, kratometry and anterior chamber depth. Most of the formulae supposed for IOL calculations depend upon onlytwo factors, the axial length and the keratometry. In our community, short and long eyes are very rare and so SRK-Tformula for IOL calculations provides satisfactory postoperative results. The axial length carries more importance asits variation causes a gross change in IOL power and postoperative refractive errors.
PANCYTOPENIA;
Authors: Hayat Atif Sitwat , Khan Abdul Haque , Baloch Ghulam Hussian , Shaikh Naila
Published: September 2021

Background: Pancytopenia is an important hematological problem encounteredin our day-to-day clinical practice. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical features andetiological pattern of pancytopenia at tertiary care settings in Abbottabad. Methods: Thisprospective study was conducted at Northern Institue of Medical Sciences (NIMS) and AyubTeaching Hospital Abbottabad from 25th August 2009 to 31st July 2010. A total of 85 patientsfulfilling the criteria of pancytopenia were randomly selected by time-based sampling.Pancytopenia was diagnosed by anemia (hemoglobin ≤ 10.0g/dl), leucopenia (WBC ≤ 4.0×109/L)and thrombocytopenia (platelets ≤ 150×109/L). All data has been entered and analyzed by SPSSversion 10.0. Results: Out of 85 patients, 62(72.94%) were males and 23(27.05%) females withM to F ratio of 2.69:1. The mean age (±SD) of males was 30.20±15.42 years, while that of females35.12±16.31 years (p=0.20). Among clinical features, anemia and generalized weakness werethe commonest (97.64%), followed by shortness of breath (88.23%). Majority 54(63.52%) hadnon-malignant disorders responsible for pancytopenia. Overall, the most common cause ofpancytopenia was aplastic anemia noted in 30(35.29%) cases, followed by megaloblastic anemia15(17.64%) and hypersplenism in 13(15.29%). Conclusions: On conclusion, aplastic anemiawas the most common cause of pancytopenia in our study predominantly affecting young adultmales. It
ELDERLY IN ABBOTTABAD
Authors: Afaridi Nazar , Mahmood Hamid , Mashoori Abdullah , Waqar Ammara , Hassan Sitara
Published: September 2021

Research Question: What are the health-related problems of the aged and whydo they feel lonely? Objective: To study the health-related problems and loneliness among theelderly in different micro-environment groups. Participants: Aged persons of age 65 years andabove. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Urban and rural area of Abbottabad. Period: 1st Jan,2012 to 31st Dec, 2012. Statistical Analysis: t-test and Z-test. Results: During the study, it wasfound that out of the total 361 aged persons of Abbott bad, 311 (86.1%) persons reported one ormore health-related complaints, with an average of two illnesses. The illness was higher amongthe females (59.5%) as compared to males (40.5%). The main health-related problems weredisorders of the circulatory system (51.2%), musculoskeletal system and connective tissue(45.7%). It was also found that loneliness was prevalent more in females (72.8%) as compared tomales (65.6%). Loneliness was more prevalent among persons who lived alone (92.2%) ascompared to those who lived with their spouse (58.9%) or when husband and wife lived with thefamily (61.4%). It was higher among the widows (85.2%) and widowers (75.8%) who lived with thefamily as compared to the aged who lived with the spouse (58.9%) and the aged husband andwife who lived with the family (61.4%). Conclusions: Special geriatric services should be startedin the hospitals as the majority of the aged have one or more health-related problems. The agedpersons should be involved in social activities to avoid loneliness among them.
DEPRESSION
Authors: Ghous Misbah , Gul Shehla , Siddiqi Furqan Ahmed , Pervaiz Sanna , Bano Shafaq
Published: September 2021

Depression has been estimated to have an increased prevalence amongst allpopulation and particularly among diseased population. Objectives: To determine prevalenceof depression among amputees after major traumas by using Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), in different hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Methodology: A descriptive Crosssectional survey was done with a sample of 110 amputees of age between 15-60 years, indifferent hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The study duration was completed from 1stJune 2013 to 1st January 2014. Details of data were collected through structured questionnaire.Questionnaire contained causes responsible for this depression and Beck’s Inventory Score tomeasure level of depression. Results: According to the data analyzed results shows that outof 110 amputees 28(25.5%) were having no depression, 35(31.8%) were mildly depressed,16(14.5%) were borderline depressed, 14(12.7%) were moderately depressed, 8(7.3%) wereseverely depressed and 9 (8.2%) were extremely depressed according to BDI. Conclusions:The current study suggests that amputees in sample have mostly mild mood disturbance BDI,as they were following rehabilitation and using assistive devices which reduces the impact ofdisability and dependency and helps coping with depression. Sample selection was from thosehospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad where a proper Rehabilitation setup was working and alot of emphasis was laid on the Rehabilitation regime after Amputation. So on the whole mostlypatients were mildly depressed according to BDI.
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Dasti Mashooq Ali , Hashmi Syed Fasih Ahmed , Jaffri Muhammad Sajid Abbas , Raza Syed Ali , Junejo Shoaib Zahoor , Akhtar Saeem , Shah Syed Zulfiquar Ali
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the cardiac manifestations in patients with pulmonarytuberculosis. Study Design: Case series study. Period: Jan 2014 to June 2014. Setting:Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Methods: All the patients presented with shortness ofbreath, cough with sputum, fever, haemoptysis, anorexia and weight loss were recruited andthen the subjects with early morning sputum positive for acid fast bacilli and radiological lesionssuggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis, of ≥20 years of age and either gender were enrolled andentered in the study. The data was analyzed in SPSS 16 and the frequency and percentage wascalculated. Results: Total one hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluatedfor cardiac manifestation during six months study period. The mean ±SD for age of patientswith pulmonary tuberculosis was 45.21±8.95. The mean age ±SD of patient with cardiacmanifestations was 48.95±5.53. The majority of the subjects were in 30-49 years age groupwith male predominance (p<0.01). The electrocardiographic findings were observed in 72/100(72%) patients whereas echocardiographic changes were observed in 50/72 (69.4%) patientswith pulmonary tuberculosis. The common ECG findings identified were tachycardia 30.5%,P-pulmonale 12.5% and PR prolonged in 9.7% patients with tuberculosis whereas the commonechocardiographic findings noticed were pericardial effusion 42% and multiple abnormalitiesin 24% subjects with tuberculosis. Conclusions: The sinus tachycardia, cor-pulmonale andlow voltage QRS complexes were predominant abnormalities on electrocardiograph whereaspericardial effusion was the common abnormality on echocardiography in patients withpulmonary tuberculosis.
Depression and anxiety in patients with suspected renal artery stenosis
Authors: Ludvig Hallberg , Anders Gottsater , Anders Isaksson , Asa Westrin
Published: September 2021

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients remitted for endovascular treatment of renal artery stenosis (RAS), and whether symptoms of depression and anxiety can be reduced after the treatment of RAS with percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA). Methods Patients: Selected for renal angiography with pressure measurement in the renal arteries due to suspected RAS were invited to participate in the study. 37 patients agreed to answer a questionnaire. Eighteen patients also agreed to a clinical psychiatric examination including the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. 6.0) to be diagnosed according to the DSM-IV. Results: Twenty-one of the 37 patients completing the questionnaire were found to have a pressure gradient of ≥ 10 mmHg at angiography, indicating significant stenosis. Ten of the 18 examined patients met the criteria for current DSM-IV anxiety diagnosis and two patients had a current depression. Three of the 18 examined patients had previously made a suicide attempt. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that patients with suspected RAS have a high psychiatric comorbidity, as 56% of the patients undergoing psychiatric examination met the DSM-IV criteria for a current anxiety disorder.
Potential Benefits of Remote Continuous Care for Depression
Authors: Forman-Hoffman Valerie L. , Kvedar Joseph C. , Ranta Kristian
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Depression is a burdensome and costly disease. Treatment is not sought by over half of depressed patients, and many who suffer remain depressed despite treatment. Furthermore, there is no single treatment efficacious for all patients, with optimal outcomes precluded by access, adherence, and patient satisfaction issues. The recent proliferation of telehealth solutions has increased access to care, especially during the COVID pandemic, but problems with several of its traditional types of delivery models still exist. Rather than the provision of traditional episodic mental health care, creative mental health solutions that can provide continuous care with frequent patient-provider interactions are urgently needed. This Perspective explores how digital health solutions enable the provision of continuous types of remote care to provide relief for some of the access and capacity problems exacerbated by requirements for face-to-face types of care.
Impact of different doses of deltamethrine on soil microbial density and crop growth
Authors: Akien-Alli IJ  , Dokubo, KO  , Otali CC  , Braide W
Published: September 2021

The effects of agrochemicals pollution on soil nutrients, soil microbes as well as plants cultivated on the soil were studied. Insecticide and herbicide were used to impact on the soil samples across concentration gradients. Bean and maize seeds were planted in separate experiments to monitor the effects of the agrochemicals on the plants. The microbial diversity and the physicochemical characteristics of the soil before and after pollution were determined using standard methods. Chlorophyll contents of the leaves were also determined after planting. Results indicated that bacterial isolates such as Enterococcus sp 54(40%), Staphylococcus sp 8(13%), Bacillus sp 46(34%) and Micrococcus sp 15(11%) and fungal isolates such as Penicillium sp 41(34%), Saccharomyces sp 67(56%), Yeast sp 4(3%), Geotrichum sp 6 (5%) and Aspergillus sp 1(1.8%) were recovered from treated and untreated soil with the percentages representing after planting. From the results, the herbicide treated soils indicated that the Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC) increased after cultivation while the Total Heterotrophic Fungal Count (THFC) decreased after cultivation. On the other hand, the insecticides treated soils recorded a general decrease in THFC and THBC after cultivation. The total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) had no significant differences before and after planting while the exchangeable potassium (EP) had significant increase recorded after planting. Plants generally had poor growth characteristics recorded by stem girth and length, as well as chlorophyll content.
Kaya kütle makaslama dayanımının geri analiz yöntemi ile belirlenmesi: Bir vaka analizi
Authors: Varol Ogün Ozan , Ayhan Mustafa , Akın Mutluhan
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışma kapsamında, Avnik (Bingöl) demir açık ocak işletmesinde meydana gelen şev duraysızlıkları incelenmiştir. Duraysızlıklar, ileri derecede kırıklı çatlaklı fillit ve şist birimlerinde meydana gelmiştir. Limit denge analiz yöntemi ile geri analizler yapılmış ve duraysız şevlerin makaslama dayanım parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Limit denge yöntemi ile makaslama dayanım parametreleri belirlenirken Hoek – Brown yenilme ölçütü kullanılmıştır. Geri analizler neticesine elde edilen GSI değerleri (35 - 32) ile arazi çalışmalarından elde edilen GSI değerleri (41 – 35) birbirleri ile uyumludur. Geri analizler neticesinde fillit ve şist birimleri için Hoek – Brown parametreleri sırası ile mb:0.147, 0.173 s: 3.305e-005, 8.566e-005 a: 0.516, 0.511 olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Von der Berührung zur Trajektorie
Authors: Moser Ulrich
Published: September 2021

Berührung ist ein essenzielles Erleben von Nähe und Lebendigkeit. Die Fernsinne Sehen, Riechen, Hören eröffnen Informationskanäle, die im Affektaustausch Trajektorien oder »Felder« erzeugen. Trajektorie ist neben Raum und Zeit ein drittes Grundkonzept, das sich vermutlich genetisch am frühesten ausbildet. Trajektorie ist Spur eines Ablaufes, einer Verbindung, Verknüpfung, im weitesten Sinne ein Informationskanal mit oder ohne Wechselwirkung. Trajektorie ist ein implizites Grundprinzip psychodynamischen Denkens sowie auch von kybernetischen Funktionen. Abstraktes Denken in mathematischen und Computer-Sprachen kann durch Trajektorien visualisiert werden. Der Schilderung verschiedener klinischer Beispiele folgt ein Exkurs in die Struktur von Graph-Theorien und sozialen, neuronalen und artifiziellen Netzwerken. Auch diese Denkstrukturen enthalten spezifische, jedoch vereinfachte, zumeist gerichtete Trajektorien.
Wavelet analysis of the dynamics of waves of coronavirus infection in France, Sweden and Chine.
Authors:   Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fryazino Branch, Anyutin A. P. , Khodykina T. M. ,   I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
Published: September 2021

In this work, the wavelet spectra were calculated and studied for time series representing the dynamics of the new cases of coronavirus infection in France, Sweden and China. It was found that the Wavelet spectra for these countries have characteristic different-scale internal cycles, the number of which depends on the nature of the quarantine activities. It was detected that structure of the Wavelet spectra, their duration is practically independent of the geographic location, density and population size.
AGE OF GOLD MINERALIZATION IN THE YANA-KOLYMA METALLOGENIC BELT, NORTHEAST RUSSIA: FIRST DATA OF RE-OS ISOTOPE GEOCRONOLOGY OF NATIVE GOLD
Authors:   Institute of Diamond and Precious Metal Geology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fridovsky V.Yu. , Goryachev N.А. ,   N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy  of Sciences, Krymsky R.Sh. ,   Federal State Budgetary Enterprise “A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute”, Kudrin M.V. ,   Institute of Diamond and Precious Metal Geology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Belyatsky B.V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Enterprise “A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute”, Sergeev S.А. ,   Federal State Budgetary Enterprise “A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute”
Published: September 2021

Presented are the first results of studying the Re-Os isotope system of native gold from the orogenic Malo-Taryny, Khangalas, and Bazovsky deposits located in the central part of the Yana-Kolyma metallogenic belt. Re concentration in the sampled gold varies from 0.168 to 6.997 mg/t while that of Os changes from 0.068 to 1.443 mg/t. The data obtained enabled calculation of the isochrone age which is consistent, within the limits of error, with 40Ar-39Ar and К-Аr dates of sericite from the above deposits. The results obtained indicate that gold deposits under study were formed in the interv of 147.8–137.1 Ma synchronously with Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous orogenic processes in the Yana-Kolyma metallogenic belt and the eastern margin of the Siberian continent. The initial Os isotope ratios ((187Os/188Os)i= 0.1844–0.2475) in the studied samples and fractions of gold from the Malo-Tarynsky, Khangalas and Bazovsky deposits suggest a significant role of a non-radiogenic component, normally associated with mantle sources.
A review of nano and micro-encapsulated phytochemical compounds for disease management in agriculture
Authors: Tucuch-Pérez Marco Antonio , Arredondo-Valdes Roberto , Laredo-Alcalá Elan Iñaky , Alvarado-Canche Carmen Natividad
Published: September 2021

Plant extracts (PEs) and essential oils (EOs) contain phytochemical compounds (PCs). Nevertheless, PCs can be degraded when applied on field. The use of nano-encapsulates (NEs) and micro-encapsulates (MEs) arise as an alternative to the application of botanical products. However, NEs and MEs with PCs in plant disease control have not been explored enough. This review discusses the use of PCs for plant disease control and the benefits obtained from formulations with NEs and MEs; furthermore, it discusses methods to produce NEs and MEs.
PENERAPAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI SYARIAH DALAM ASURANSI SYARIAH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Kasim Adriandi
Published: September 2021

Perkembangan ekonomi dunia yang semakin pesat telah menghasilkan berbagai macam perusahaan dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan di Indonesia, baik itu bank ataupun non bank. Sejalan dengan perkembangan tersebut juga memicu pemikiran masyrakat muslim akan keberadaan serta aktivitas dari perusahaan dan lembaga keuangan. masyrakat muslim meragukan aktivitas lembaga keuangan, sehingga berdirilah lembaga  keuangan dengan basic syariah. Namun perkembangan lembaga keuangan syariah yang semakin pesat juga memicu masyarakat akan perlakuan akuntansinya yang sama dengan lembaga keuangan konven lainnya, sehingga ditetapkanlah sistem akuntansi syariah untuk lembaga keuangan syariah. Dalam hal ini penulis membahas sistem akuntansi syariah dalam asuransi syariah dengan menggunakan metode penelitian jenis kajian yang datanya di ambil dari buku hingga jurnal ilmiah.  Hasil diskusi yang penulis peroleh pada penelitian artikel kali ini yaitu Akuntansi syariah merupakan proses pencatatan, pernggolongan, pengikhtisaran dan pelaporan keuangan di dalam satu perusahaan selama periode tertentu yang mengacu pada syariat islam. Sistem Akuntansi dalam asuransi yang berbasis syariat terdapat pada perlakuannya, prinsipnya yakni keadilan, dan penerapannya.Berbeda  dengan akuntansi pada umumnya, akuntansi syariah mengutamakan prinsip-prinsip syariah. penerapan akuntansi pada asuransi syariah salah satunya yaitu diakui dalam laporan keuangan periode selanjutnya apabila perolehan premi insurance tersebut terjadi sebelum tanggal transaksi. Dari hasil tersebut penulis menyimpulkan bahwasannya asuransi syariah sudah menerapkan akuntansi sesuai dengan syariat Islam yakni akuntansi syariah. Akuntansi syariah ini sangat penting dalam pembuatan laporan keuangan pada asuransi syariah dan juga lembaga syariah lainnya. Semakin luas kita memahami konsep akuntansi syariah maka akan semakin baik pula pelaporan yang akan kita buat.
ІНТЕГРОВАНИЙ ПІДХІД ЩОДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОХІДНОЇ ФУНКЦІЙ, ЗАДАНИХ НА НЕПЕРЕРВНИХ ТА ДИСКРЕТНИХ МНОЖИНАХ
Authors: Лукашова Тетяна , Страх Олександр
Published: September 2021

Важливим елементом у підготовці майбутнього фахівця у галузі математики є набуття ним комплексних знань шляхом вивчення узагальнюючих теорій та методів, за допомогою яких визначаються основні фундаментальні поняття. На сьогодні існує цілий ряд таких теорії і їх використання виокремлюється навіть у самостійні наукові напрямки. Застосування елементів узагальнення та порівняння об’єктів вивчення різних математичних дисциплін у навчальному процесі також відіграє важливу роль в побудові міждисциплінарних зв’язків, які у свою чергу сприяють всебічному розвитку майбутнього спеціаліста, реалізації його потенціалу у науковій та професійній діяльності.
Формулювання проблеми. Аналізуючи основні положення диференціального та різницевого числень, неважко помітити значну схожість між властивостями похідної та різницевого оператора, що є ключовими характеристиками функцій, які визначені на неперервних та дискретних множинах відповідно. Виявляється, що ця схожість не випадкова, і вказані поняття є частинними випадками поняття дельта-похідної функції.
Матеріали і методи. Авторами використовувались наступні методи: системний аналіз наукової, навчальної та методичної літератури; порівняння та синтез теоретичних положень; спостереження за ходом педагогічного процесу;  узагальнення власного педагогічного досвіду та досвіду колег з інших закладів вищої освіти. Окрім того, були використані деякі загально математичні та спеціальні методи диференціального та різницевого числень і теорії часових шкал.
Результати. У статті розглянуто загальний підхід до вивчення двох фундаментальних математичних понять – поняття похідної та різницевого оператора з точки зору спеціальної теорії часових шкал, а також шляхи використання такого підходу щодо встановлення зв’язків між різними математичними теоріями з метою формування у студентів цілісного уявлення про математичні об’єкти, їх властивості та застосування.
Висновки. Встановлення зв’язків між моделями і методами дослідження, які використовуються при вивченні різних математичних дисциплін, що входять у програму підготовки майбутніх фахівців-математиків, дозволяє сформувати у студентів цілісне уявлення про математичні об’єкти, алгоритми та теорії, і як наслідок, робить їх знання системними і практично більш значущими. Це сприяє інтелектуальному розвитку студентів, формуванню в них системних математичних знань, підвищенню рівня математичної грамотності та інтересу до предмету.
Protecția proprietății în raport de criza în domeniului mediului înconjurător. Noțiune, obiect și mijloace în dreptul francez
Authors:   Institutul de Științe Criminale și Justiție, Universitatea din Bordeaux, ZABALZA Alexandre
Published: September 2021

The model of civil property, which regulates man’s relations with things, is today deeply criticized, accused of being the institutional tool that legitimizes the progressive destruction of our environment. The idea of property protection raises a question of fundamental environmental justice: how to protect an institution that no longer protects or protects?
Cultura - parte componentă a relațiilor internaționale ale Uniunii Europene
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, DUMITRAȘCU Mihaela-Augustina
Published: September 2021

"According to the European Commission, culture and creativity are at the heart of the European project. Cultural diversity is an asset for the EU, but according to the findings of this institution, linguistic and cultural differences have the effect of fragmenting the market. At the same time, Europe's culture and creation sector contributes to economic growth, employment, innovation and social cohesion, the European creation and culture sector being more resilient than other sectors in an economic crisis, accord to the official site of the European Commission. From the point of view of competences, it should be noted that each EU country addresses cultural and audiovisual issues in its own way. EU action is complementary to national measures, bringing a new dimension, these are complementary competences. In the Commission's wording, the information gathered by the EU can be used as a support for national decisions or can provide examples of good practices from which others might inspire. With regard to the EU's cultural objectives, we have to mention the 2007 European Agenda for Culture, a very important document that promotes: cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue, culture as a catalyst for creativity and innovation and culture as a component of relations international relations of the EU. An important aspect is also the fact that as part of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the EU has committed itself to transforming cultural diversity into an essential element of its external action and giving Europe a more active cultural role in international relations. In this article, we will go through EU's competences regarding culture within its borders, but we will also see how this organization addresses culture as an element of its international relations. And then, we will have a brief look at how multiculturalism is currently approached within the EU, in the special and complex context of migration."
Solid Domestic Waste classification using Image Processing and Machine Learning
Authors: Otero Gomez Daniel , Toro Mauricio , Hoyos William
Published: September 2021

This research concentrates on a bounded version of the waste image classification problem. It focuses on determining the more useful approach when working with two kinds of feature vectors, one construed using pixel values and the second construed from a Bag of Features (BoF). Several image processing techniques such as object centering, pixel value re scaling and edge filtering are applied. Logistic Regression, K Nearest Neighbors, and Support Vector Machines are used as classification algorithms. Experiments demonstrate that object centering significantly improves models’ performance when working with pixel values. Moreover, it is determined that by generating sufficiently simple data relations the BoF approach achieves superior overall results. The Support Vector Machine achieved a 0.9 AUC Score and 0.84 accuracy score.
Student Employment and Education: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kroupova Katerina , Havranek Tomas , Irsova Zuzana
Published: September 2021

Educational outcomes have many determinants, but one that most young people can readily control is choosing whether to work while in school. Sixty-nine studies have estimated the effect, but results vary from large negative to positive estimates. We show that the results are systematically driven by context, publication bias, and treatment of endogeneity. Studies ignoring endogeneity suffer from an upward bias, which is almost fully compensated by publication selection in favor of negative estimates. Net of the biases, the literature suggests a negative but economically inconsequential mean effect. The effect is more negative for high-intensity employment and educational outcomes measured as decisions to dropout, but it is positive in Germany. To derive these results we collect 861 previously reported estimates together with 32 variables reflecting estimation context, use recently developed nonlinear techniques to correct for publication bias, and employ Bayesian and frequentist model averaging to assign a pattern to the heterogeneity in the literature.
Additive manufacturing of ceramics and cermets: present status and future perspectives
Authors: Saha Mainak , Mallik Manab
Published: September 2021

The present decade has witnessed a huge volume of research revolving around a number of Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, especially for the fabrication of different metallic materials. However, fabrication of ceramics and cermets using AM-based techniques mainly suffers from two primary limitations which are: (i) low density and (ii) poor mechanical properties of the final components. Although there has been a considerable volume of work on AM based techniques for manufacturing ceramic and cermet parts with enhanced densities and improved mechanical properties, however, there is limited understanding on the correlation of microstructure of AM-based ceramic and cermet components with the mechanical properties. The present article is aimed to review some of the most commonly used AM techniques for the fabrication of ceramics and cermets. This has been followed by a brief discussion on the microstructural developments during different AM-based techniques. In addition, an overview of the challenges and future perspectives, mainly associated with the necessity towards developing a systematic structure-property correlation in these materials has been provided based on three factors viz. the efficiency of different AM-based fabrication techniques (involved in ceramic and cermet research), an interdisciplinary research combining ceramic research with microstructural engineering and commercialisation of different AM techniques based on the authors’ viewpoints.
Quantifying Component Importance for Disaster Resilience of Communities with Interdependent Civil Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Blagojevic Nikola , Didier Max , Stojadinovic Bozidar
Published: September 2021

Communities and their supporting civil infrastructure systems can be viewed as an assembly of, often numerous, interacting components. Tools that can identify components relevant for community disaster resilience can help to efficiently allocate limited resources to reach community resilience goals. We use Sobol’ indices to measure the importance of vulnerability and recoverability of components for disaster resilience of communities with interdependent civil infrastructure systems. The initial component importance analysis requires no prior knowledge regarding component’s vulnerability and recoverability. We first rank components based on their importance, using their Sobol’ indices. Secondly, we illustrate how the results of the component importance analysis can be used to improve community disaster resilience. Finally, we use component importance to show how model complexity can be reduced by abstracting less important components.
Brain Entropy, Fractal Dimensions and Predictability: A Review of Complexity Measures for EEG in Healthy and Neuropsychiatric Populations
Authors: Lau Zen Juen , Pham Tam , Chen SH Annabel , Makowski Dominique
Published: September 2021

While electroencephalography (EEG) signals are commonly examined using conventional linear methods, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of complexity analysis in quantifying neural activity. On top of revealing complex neuronal processes of the brain that may not be possible with linear approaches, EEG complexity measures have also demonstrated their potential as biomarkers of psychopathology such as depression and schizophrenia. Unfortunately, the opacity of algorithms and descriptions originating from mathematical concepts have made it difficult to understand what complexity is and how to draw consistent conclusions when applied within psychology and neuropsychiatry research. In this review, we provide an overview and entry-level explanation of existing EEG complexity measures, which can be broadly categorized as measures of (1) predictability and (2) regularity. We then synthesize complexity findings across different areas of psychological science, namely in consciousness research, mood and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as changes across the lifespan, while addressing some theoretical and methodological issues underlying the discrepancies in the data. Finally, we present important considerations when choosing and interpreting these metrics.