bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross Sectional Study of Association of HLA typing with Haemoglobin Level in Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Alserihi Raed , Kabrah Saeed , Alsadoun Hadeel
Published: September 2021

Background: Sickle-cell Disease (SCD) is the most common blood cell disorder affecting millions of people. In severe cases, regular blood transfusion is an essential practice to relieve clinical symptoms. However, since regular blood transfusion can lead to alloimmunization to foreign human leukocyte antigens (HLA), this may result in severe anemia due to red blood cell destruction. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between the hemoglobin level and the presence of HLA genotypes among Sickle Cell Anemia patients. 

Methodology: A total of 64 SCD patients and 21 healthy donors seen at King Abdulaziz hospital between November 2019 and February 2021 were recruited for this study. Demographic data including ABO/Rhesus blood groups, hemoglobin concentration, were among the clinical information obtained. HLA genotyping was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO). The data were cleaned using the Microsoft Excel and analysed using the statistical packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.

Results: The incidence of SCD is not strictly gender-related because of its transmission as an autosomal recessive disorder. Sixty-four individuals (33 females; 31 males) having SCD were analyzed. O blood group recorded the highest prevalence compared to other ABO blood groups in SCD patients. After analysing allelic association, HLA-A*02 was more frequent in SCD patients compared to control. After further allelic combination analysis of patients and compared with the control group, HLA-DQB1*02 was majorly involved in overexpression and decreasing hemoglobin level and significantly different among control and experimental groups.

Conclusion: Rhesus-positive blood types were more associated with the SCA. HLA- type II alleles could influence the clinical course of sickle cell disease and HLA-DQB1*02 was significantly different among SCD group and control individuals, which signifies the concept that the allele was overexpressed among patients resulting in low Hb level.
The Dynamics of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Sars Cov-2 Infection and Its Limitations in Human Beings
Authors: Etido Akpanda , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Chijioke Udunma Olive , Vincent C. C. N. , Mojo-Eyes Genevieve C.
Published: September 2021

This article deals with the dynamics of the innate and adaptive immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection. SARSCoV2 is the viral factor that causes the current global coronavirus pandemic disease 2019 (COVID2019).

In terms of person-to-person transmission, it is contacted by inhaling the sneeze droplets of infected people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 attacks lung cells first in its binding mechanism because there are many conservative receptor entries, such as angiotensin converting enzyme 2. The presence of this virus in host cells triggers a variety of protective immune responses, resulting in leads to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the SarsCoV2 infection process, virus replication, immune response, and inflammatory response are dynamic events that can change rapidly; leading to different results, involving the dynamic expression of pro-inflammatory genes, peaking after the lowest point of respiratory function and leading to a cytokine storm, research on the interleukin 1 (IL1) pathway has shown that it is a factor related in severe respiratory diseases. The weakened expression of cytokines associated with mild infections will also delay T cell immunity to SARSCoV2, thereby prolonging the infection time; this indicates that such afebrile (afebrile) infections and undifferentiated COVID19 cases may promote the virus in the community Spread. This review aims to provide a general overview of the dynamics involved in the human immune response to this viral infection. It also includes a brief description of its structure, discovery history and pathogenesis to facilitate the understanding of this article.
Quantification of bromide ion in biological samples using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Yamauchi Takenori , Nagashima Daichi , Okubo Shigeko , Kokaze Akatsuki , Yamano Yuko
Published: September 2021

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to establish a method for quantifying bromide ions (Br−) in blood and urine using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with a headspace sampler, for biological monitoring of workers exposed to methyl bromide.

Methods

Samples were mixed with dimethyl sulfate, and Br− ions were detected using GC-MS with a headspace sampler. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated based on most of the US FDA guidance. The values obtained were compared with reference values by analysis using SeronormTM Trace Elements Whole Blood L-1 RUO.

Results

The calibration curve showed good linearity in the Br− concentration range of 0.1−20.0 mg/L, and the coefficient of determination R2 value was >.999. Intraday and interday accuracy values were 99.3%−103.1% and 97.4%−101.8%, respectively. The measured and reference values of Seronorm were concordant. Herein, eight urine and serum samples of workers were analyzed; the samples’ Br− concentrations were known. The correlation coefficients of urine and serum samples were 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, and results were consistent.

Conclusions

This study established a simple and rapid method for the determination of Br− concentration in biological samples using GC-MS with a headspace sampler. Moreover, it can be used for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to methyl bromide and for the determination of Br− concentration in a wide range of biological samples.
MEK/ERK MAP kinase limits poly I:C‐induced antiviral gene expression in RAW264.7 macrophages by reducing interferon‐beta expression
Authors: Freed Shawn M. , Baldi Danielle S. , Snow Jason A. , Athen Sierra R. , Guinn Zachary P. , Pinkerton T. Scott , Petro Thomas M. , Moore Tyler C.
Published: September 2021

Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double‐stranded RNA (or the synthetic dsRNA analog poly I:C) and induces a signal transduction pathway that results in activation of transcription factors that induce expression of antiviral genes including type I interferon (IFN‐I). Secreted IFN‐I positively feeds back to amplify antiviral gene expression. In this report, we study the role of MEK/ERK MAP kinase in modulating antiviral gene expression downstream of TLR3. We find MEK/ERK is a negative regulator of antiviral gene expression by limiting expression of IFN‐β. However, MEK/ERK does not limit antiviral responses downstream of the type I interferon receptor. These findings provide insights into regulatory mechanisms of antiviral gene expression and reveal potential targets for modulating antiviral immunity.
Elizabethkingia
Authors: Nicholson Ainsley , Bernardet Jean‐François , Kämpfer Peter
Published: September 2021

E.li.za.beth.king'i.a. N.L. fem. n.Elizabethkingianamed in honor of Elizabeth O. King, who first described it as a bacteria associated with infant meningitis, notably (Flavobacterium)meningosepticumin 1959.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Weeksellaceae / Elizabethkingia

The genusElizabethkingiais classified within the familyWeeksellaceae, orderFlavobacteriales, classFlavobacteriia. On most commercially‐available media, colonies are white or very pale yellow. Cells are rod shaped and Gram‐staining‐negative. Strains grow optimally at 25‐37°C, pH 7.0, and aerobically. Most of the species are halotolerant. Menaquinone‐6 is the only or major respiratory quinone.

Species from this genus are inherently resistant to many antibiotics, and the type strains from most species were isolated from human clinical specimens, and are often found in hospital environments, particularly sinks. Certain strains are the causative agent of a contagious disease among farmed frogs.Elizabethkingiaisolates have been derived from a variety of animals, including insects, horses, and fish.

DNA G+C content (mol%): 35.0‐38.2 (HPLC). The range calculated from whole genome sequence (WGS) data suggests a narrower range, from 35.5 to 36.5%.

Type species:Elizabethkingia meningosepticaKim et al. 2005VP(basonym:Flavobacterium meningosepticumKing 1959AL)
Investigation of optimum minimum segment width on VMAT plan quality and deliverability: A comprehensive dosimetric and clinical evaluation using DVH analysis
Authors: Yoosuf AB Mohamed , Ahmad Muhammad Bilal , AlShehri Salem , Alhadab Abdulrahman , Alqathami Mamdouh
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Minimum segment width (MSW) plays a fundamental role in the shaping of optimized apertures and creation of segments of varying sizes and shapes in complex radiotherapy treatment plans. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of MSW on dose distribution in patients planned with VMAT for various treatment sites using dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis.

Materials and methods

For the validation of optimum MSW, 125 clinical treatment plans were evaluated. Five groups were identified (brain, head and neck, thorax, pelvis, and extremity), and five cases were chosen from each group. For each case, five plans were created with different MSW (0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 cm). The quality of treatment plans created using different MSW were compared using dosimetric indicators such as target coverage (D98—dose to 98% of the planning target volume (PTV), maximum dose (D2—maximum dose to 2% of the PTV), monitor units (MU), and DVH parameters related to organs at risk (OAR). The effect of the MSW on delivery accuracy was quantitatively analyzed using the measured fluence utilizing ionization chamber‐based transmission detector and model‐based dose verification system. Traditional global gamma analysis (2%, 2 mm) and dose volume information was gathered for the PTV and organs at risk and compared for different MSWs.

Results

A total of 125 plans were created and compared across five groups. In terms of treatment plan quality, the plans using MSW of 0.5 cm was found to be superior in all groups. PTV coverage (D98) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the MSW increased. Similarly, the maximum dose (D2) was found to be increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the MSW increased from 0.5 cm, with MSW of 1.5 cm being the least in terms of plan quality for both PTVs and OARs. In terms of plan deliverability using DVH analysis, treatment planning system (TPS) compared to measured fluence, VMAT plans produced with MSW of 0.5 cm showed a better dosimetric index and a smaller deviation for both PTVs and OARs. The deliverability of the plans deteriorated as the MSW increased.

Conclusion

Dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis demonstrated that treatment plans with minimal MSW showed better plan quality and deliverability and provided clinical relevance as compared to gamma index analysis.
Association of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index and Damage Accrual in Longstanding Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lima Kaitlin , Legge Alexandra , Hanly John G. , Lee Jungwha , Song Jing , Chung Anh , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind
Published: September 2021

Objective

To externally validate the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index (SLICC‐FI) in a prevalent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort and to assess the ability of the SLICC‐FI to predict organ damage accrual among individuals with longstanding SLE.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of data from the Study of Lupus Vascular and Bone Long‐Term Endpoints (SOLVABLE) cohort, which consists of adult women from the Chicago Lupus Database who met the 1997 revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SLE. There were 185 patients with SLE enrolled, of whom 149 patients were included in a 5‐year follow‐up analysis. The SLICC‐FI and SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI) scores were calculated at baseline and 5‐year follow‐up. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models estimated the association of baseline SLICC‐FI scores (per 0.05 increase) with damage accrual at 5‐year follow‐up.

Results

At enrollment the mean ± SD age of the 149 patients was 43.30 ± 10.15 years, the mean ± SD disease duration was 11.93 ± 8.46 years, and the mean ± SD SDI score was 1.64 ± 1.83. At baseline, the mean ± SD SLICC‐FI score was 0.18 ± 0.08, and 36% of participants were categorized as frail (SLICC‐FI score >0.21). In a model adjusted for age, race, and disease duration, each 0.05‐unit increase in the baseline SLICC‐FI score was associated with 28% higher odds of subsequent damage accrual (odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.63).

Conclusion

In a prevalent cohort of women with established SLE, higher baseline SLICC‐FI scores were associated with a higher risk of subsequent damage accrual at 5‐year follow‐up.
Finite time adaptive fault‐tolerant controller based on neural networks for switched stochastic nonlinear systems with actuator failures and disturbance
Authors: He Qingzhi , Mu Xiaowu , Cheng Guifang
Published: September 2021

This article investigates the novel finite time adaptive neural fault‐tolerant controller (FTC) for strict‐feedback switched stochastic systems under arbitrary switching signals and takes into actuator failures including loss of effectiveness faults and bias faults consideration concurrently. Neural networks are utilized to approximate the unknown external disturbance and internal dynamics. On the basis of Itô differential equation and backstepping technique, an adaptive neural finite time FTC method is put forward. It is attested that the closed‐loop systems are semiglobal practical finite time stable in probability and the tracking effects are great. Finally, to further demonstrate the high efficiency of proposed control method, two simulation examples are given.
Formation and Cellular Impact of Cholesterol Crystals in Health and Disease
Authors: Baumer Yvonne , McCurdy Sara G. , Boisvert William A.
Published: September 2021

Cholesterol crystals (CCs) were first discovered in atherosclerotic plaque tissue in the early 1900 and have since been observed and implicated in many diseases and conditions, including myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurism, kidney disease, ocular diseases, and even central nervous system anomalies. Despite the widespread involvement of CCs in many pathologies, the mechanisms involved in their formation and their role in various diseases are still not fully understood. Current knowledge concerning the formation of CCs, as well as the molecular pathways activated upon cellular exposure to CCs, will be explored in this review. As CC formation is tightly associated with lipid metabolism, the role of cellular lipid homeostasis in the formation of CCs is highlighted, including the role of lysosomes. In addition, cellular pathways and processes known to be affected by CCs are described. In particular, CC‐induced activation of the inflammasome and production of reactive oxygen species, along with the role of CCs in complement‐mediated inflammation is discussed. Moreover, the clinical manifestation of embolized CCs is described with a focus on renal and skin diseases associated with CC embolism. Lastly, potential therapeutic measures that target either the formation of CCs or their impact on different cell types and tissues are highlighted.
Material Selection Methodology for an Induction Welding Magnetic Susceptor Based on Hysteresis Losses
Authors: Martin Romain Georges , Johansson Christer , Tavares Jason Robert , Dubé Martine
Published: September 2021

Induction welding is a fusion bonding process relying on the application of an alternating magnetic field to generate heat at the joining interface. Herein, magnetic hysteresis losses heating elements, called susceptors, which are made of magnetic particles dispersed in a thermoplastic polymer, are investigated. A methodology to identify the parameters influencing the heating rate of the susceptors and to select suitable magnetic particles for their fabrication is proposed. The applied magnetic field amplitude is modeled based on the induction coil geometry and the alternating electrical current introduced to it. Then, properties of the evaluated susceptor particles are obtained through measurements of their magnetic hysteresis. A case study is presented to validate the suitability of the proposed methodology. Particles of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and magnetite (Fe3O4) are evaluated as susceptor materials in polypropylene (PP) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrices. Heating rates are predicted using the proposed method, and samples are produced and heated by induction to experimentally verify the results. Good agreement with the predictions is obtained. Ni is the most suitable susceptor material for a PP matrix, while Fe3O4is preferable for PEEK.
Giant Red‐Shifted Emission in (Sr,Ba)Y2O4:Eu2+ Phosphor Toward Broadband Near‐Infrared Luminescence
Authors: Yang Zhiyu , Zhao Yifei , Zhou Yayun , Qiao Jianwei , Chuang Yu‐Chun , Molokeev Maxim S. , Xia Zhiguo
Published: September 2021

Near‐infrared (NIR) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) light sources are desirable in photonic, optoelectronic, and biological applications. However, developing broadband red and NIR‐emitting phosphors with good thermal stability is always a challenge. Herein, the synthesis of Eu2+‐activated SrY2O4 red phosphor with high photoluminescence quantum efficiency and broad emission band ranging from 540 to 770 nm and peaking at 620 nm under 450 nm excitation is designed. Sr/Ba substitution in SrY2O4:Eu2+ has been further utilized to achieve tunable emission by modifying the local environment, which facilitates the giant red‐shifted emission from 620 to 773 nm while maintaining the outstanding thermal stability of SrY2O4:Eu2+. The NIR emission is attributed to the enhanced Stokes shift and crystal field strength originated from the local structural distortions of [Y1/Eu1O6] and [Y2/Eu2O6]. The investigation in charge distribution around Y/Eu provides additional insight into increasing covalency to tune the emission toward the NIR region. As‐fabricated NIR phosphor‐converted LEDs demonstration shows its potential in night‐vision technologies. This study reveals the NIR luminescence mechanism of Eu2+ in oxide‐based hosts and provides a design principle for exploiting Eu2+‐doped NIR phosphors with good thermal stability.
Spin‐Printing of Liquid Crystal Polymer into Recyclable and Strong All‐Fiber Materials
Authors: Gantenbein Silvan , Mascolo Chiara , Houriet Caroline , Zboray Robert , Neels Antonia , Masania Kunal , Studart André R.
Published: September 2021

Fiber‐reinforced polymers are widely used as lightweight materials in aircraft, automobiles, wind turbine blades, and sports products. Despite the beneficial weight reduction achieved in such applications, these composites often suffer from poor recyclability and limited geometries. 3D printing of liquid crystal polymers into complex‐shaped all‐fiber materials is a promising approach to tackle these issues and thus increase the sustainability of current lightweight structures. Here, we report a spin‐printing technology for the manufacturing of recyclable and strong all‐fiber lightweight materials. All‐fiber architectures are created by combining thick print lines and thin spun fibers as reinforcing elements in bespoke orientations. Through controlled extrusion experiments and theoretical analyses, we systematically study the spinning process and establish criteria for the generation of thin fibers and laminates with unprecedented mechanical properties. The potential of the technology is further illustrated by creating complex structures with unique all‐fiber architectures and mechanical performance.
Self‐Polymerization of Monomer and Induced Interactions with Perovskite for Highly Performed and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Ruiman , Zheng Jiawei , Tian Yu , Li Can , Lyu Benzheng , Lu Linyang , Su Zhenhuang , Chen Li , Gao Xingyu , Tang Jian‐Xin , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: September 2021

While there is promising achievement in terms of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), long‐term stability has been considered the main obstacle for their practical application. In this work, the authors demonstrate the small monomer 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) with unsaturated carboxylic acid ester bond in the antisolvent for perovskite formation to improve the PCE and stability. The results show that DMAEMA is self‐polymerized and uniformly distributed in the film, contributing to the improved crystallinity of the perovskites. Equally important, it is found that there are newly established interactions of Pb2+ and DMAEMA, and iodine and ternary amine between DMAEMA and perovskites, which improves the uniformity of the lead (II) iodide vertical distribution along with the films and thus phase stability, as well as largely decreases defects density in the film. Overall, the inverted PSCs with DMAEMA exhibit a open‐circuit voltage of 1.10 V, short‐circuit current of 23.86 mA cm−2, fill factor of 0.82, and finally PCE reaches 21.52%. Meanwhile, the PSC stability is significantly improved due to the inhibition of the formation of iodine, reduction of the uncoordinated Pb2+, and suppression of phase segregation.
Highly Efficient Green‐Emitting Phosphor BaZnAl10O17:Mn2+ with Ultra‐Narrow Band and Extremely Low Thermal Quenching for Wide Color Gamut LCD Backlights
Authors: Li Haoran , Liang Yujun , Liu Shiqi , Zhang Weilun , Bi Yanying , Gong Yuming , Lei Wen
Published: September 2021

Narrow‐band green‐emitting phosphors have attracted increasing attention for designing wide color gamut devices with high quality. However, the development of highly efficient and thermally stable green phosphor with narrow band is still a significant challenge. Herein, a novel green narrow‐band phosphor, BaZnAl10O17:Mn2+ (BZAO:Mn2+) is developed owing to the weak coupling interaction of Mn ions in the highly symmetric BZAO with rigid structure. Upon 450 nm excitation, BZAO:0.20Mn2+ shows an intense green emission peaking at 516 nm with a full width at half maximum of 31 nm, a color purity of 78%, and an internal quantum efficiency of 85.59%. Moreover, when temperature rises to 423 K the emission peak intensity still maintains 95% of that at 298 K, and the color and brightness present no obvious degradation, indicating an extremely indistinctive thermal quenching behavior. The fabricated light emitting diode (LED) device exhibits bright white light with corrected color temperature (CCT) of 6732 K and its color gamut (CG) value reaches as wide as 110% National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard. These results demonstrate BZAO:0.20Mn2+ can be considered as a potential efficient phosphor with green narrow‐band emission for wide color gamut backlight.
Design of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Reducing Lead Leakage
Authors: Zhang Hua , Li Kang , Sun Man , Wang Fanglin , Wang Huan , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: September 2021

Environment‐related degradation and lead leakage in perovskite solar cells have posed a big challenge for their commercialization. Here, design of superhydrophobic surfaces is demonstrated as an effective strategy toward these issues, in which thiol‐functionalized perfluoroalkyl molecules are employed to chemically modify the lead halide perovskite film and metal electrode via a vapor‐assisted self‐assembly process. Due to the van der Waals forces, the generation of self‐assembly monolayer prefers to pack in a dense way, resulting in the formation of a closest‐packed, crystalline‐like molecular array. This dense array is endowed with a low‐surface‐energy chemistry that can not only enhance the water and oxygen resistance of the completed device but also reduce the defect density on the perovskite surfaces. These merits eventually boost the efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells up to 21.79% along with a substantially improved long‐term stability. More importantly, the thiol‐functionalized superhydrophobic array can immobilize most of the undercoordinated lead ions on the perovskite surfaces by metal‐thiol coordination effect, which results in suppressing the lead leakage from the water‐soluble lead halide perovskites. Therefore, an avenue is pointed out here to fabricate stable perovskite solar cells with reducing lead leakage, representing a substantial step toward practical applications.
Judge it by its shape: a pollinator‐blind approach reveals convergence in petal shape and infers pollination modes in the genus Erythrina
Authors: Bilbao Gonzalo , Bruneau Anne , Joly Simon
Published: September 2021

Premise

Pollinators are thought to exert selective pressures on plants, mediating the evolution of convergent floral shape often recognized as pollination syndromes. However, little is known about the accuracy of using petal shape for inferring convergence in pollination mode without a priori pollination information. Here we studied the genus Erythrina L. as a test case to assess whether ornithophyllous pollination modes (hummingbirds, passerines, sunbirds, or mixed pollination) can be inferred based on the evolutionary analysis of petal shape.

Methods

We characterized the two‐dimensional dissected shape of standard, keel, and wing petals from 106 Erythrina species using geometric morphometrics and reconstructed a phylogenetic tree of 83 Erythrina species based on plastid trnL‐F and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We then used two phylogenetic comparative methods based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models, SURFACE and l1OU, to infer distinct morphological groups using petal shape and identify instances of convergent evolution. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by comparing the groups inferred to known pollinators.

Results

We found significant petal shape differences between hummingbird‐ and passerine‐pollinated Erythrina species. Our analyses also revealed that petal combinations generally provided better inferences of pollinator types than individual petals and that the method and optimization criterion can affect the results.

Conclusions

We show that model‐based approaches using petal shape can detect convergent evolution of floral shape and relatively accurately infer pollination modes in Erythrina. The inference power of the keel petals argues for a deeper investigation of their role in the pollination biology of Erythrina and other bird‐pollinated legumes.
Evidence for human‐caused founder effect in populations ofSolanum jamesiifound at archaeological sites: I. Breeding experiments and the geography of sexual reproduction
Authors: Pavlik Bruce M. , Baker Margaret , Bamberg John , del Rio Alfonso , Kinder David , Louderback Lisbeth A.
Published: September 2021

Premise

Plant domestication can be detected when transport, use, and manipulation of propagules impact reproductive functionality, especially in species with self‐incompatible breeding systems.

Methods

Evidence for human‐caused founder effect in the Four Corners potato (Solanum jamesiiTorr.) was examined by conducting 526 controlled matings between archaeological and non‐archaeological populations from field‐collected tubers grown in a greenhouse. Specimens from 24 major herbaria and collection records from >160 populations were examined to determine which produced fruits.

Results

Archaeological populations did not produce any fruits when self‐crossed or outcrossed between individuals from the same source. A weak ability to self‐ or outcross within populations was observed in non‐archaeological populations. Outcrossing between archaeological and non‐archaeological populations, however, produced fully formed, seed‐containing fruits, especially with a non‐archaeological pollen source. Fruit formation was observed in 51 of 162 occurrences, with minimal evidence of constraint by monsoonal drought, lack of pollinators, or spatial separation of suitable partners. Some archaeological populations (especially those along ancient trade routes) had records of fruit production (Chaco Canyon), while others (those in northern Arizona, western Colorado, and southern Utah) did not.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that archaeological populations could have different origins at different times—some descending directly from large gene pools to the south and others derived from gardens already established around occupations. The latter experienced a chain of founder events, which presumably would further reduce genetic diversity and mating capability. Consequently, some archaeological populations lack the genetic ability to sexually reproduce, likely as the result of human‐caused founder effect.
Dispersal evolution in temporally variable environments: implications for plant range dynamics
Authors: Oldfather Meagan F. , Van Den Elzen Courtney L. , Heffernan Patrick M. , Emery Nancy C.
Published: September 2021

Dispersal—the movement of an individual from the site of birth to a different site for reproduction—is an ecological and evolutionary driver of species ranges that shapes patterns of colonization, connectivity, gene flow, and adaptation. In plants, the traits that influence dispersal often vary within and among species, are heritable, and evolve in response to the fitness consequences of moving through heterogeneous landscapes. Spatial and temporal variation in the quality and quantity of habitat are important sources of selection on dispersal strategies across species ranges. While recent reviews have evaluated the interactions between spatial variation in habitat and dispersal dynamics, the extent to which geographic variation in temporal variability can also shape range‐wide patterns in dispersal traits has not been synthesized. In this paper, we summarize key predictions from metapopulation models that evaluate how dispersal evolves in response to spatial and temporal habitat variability. Next, we compile empirical data that quantify temporal variability in plant demography and patterns of dispersal trait variation across species ranges to evaluate the hypothesis that higher temporal variability favors increased dispersal at plant range limits. We found some suggestive evidence supporting this hypothesis while more generally identifying a major gap in empirical work evaluating plant metapopulation dynamics across species ranges and geographic variation in dispersal traits. To address this gap, we propose several future research directions that would advance our understanding of the interplay between spatiotemporal variability and dispersal trait variation in shaping the dynamics of current and future species ranges.
Expanding on the phenotypic spectrum ofWoodhouse‐Sakatisyndrome due to founder pathogenic variant inDCAF17: Report of 58 additional patients from Qatar and literature review
Authors: Ali Rehab , Al‐Dewik Nader , Mohammed Shayma , Elfituri Mahmud , Agouba Sahar , Musa Sara , Mahmoud Laila , Almulla Mariam , El‐Akouri Karen , Mohd Howaida , Bux Reem , Almulla Hajer , Othman Amna , Al‐Mesaifri Fatma , Shahbeck Noora , Al‐Muriekhi Mariam , Khalifa Amal , Al‐Sulaiman Reem , Ben‐Omran Tawfeg
Published: September 2021

Woodhouse‐Sakati syndrome (WSS) is a rare autosomal recessive neuroendocrine and ectodermal disorder caused by variants in theDCAF17gene. In Qatar, the c.436delC variant has been reported as a possible founder pathogenic variant with striking phenotypic heterogeneity. In this retrospective study, we report on the clinical and molecular characteristics of additional 58 additional Qatari patients with WSS and compare them to international counterparts' findings. A total of 58 patients with WSS from 32 consanguineous families were identified. Ectodermal and endocrine (primary hypogonadism) manifestations were the most common presentations (100%), followed by diabetes mellitus (46%) and hypothyroidism (36%). Neurological manifestations were overlapping among patients with intellectual disability (ID) being the most common (75%), followed by sensorineural hearing loss (43%) and both ID and aggressive behavior (10%). Distinctive facial features were noted in all patients and extrapyramidal manifestations were uncommon (8.6%). This study is the largest to date on Qatari patients with WSS and highlights the high incidence and clinical heterogeneity of WSS in Qatar due to a founder variant c.436delC in theDCAF17gene. Early suspicion of WSS among Qatari patients with hypogonadism and ID, even in the absence of other manifestations, would shorten the diagnostic odyssey, guide early and appropriate management, and avoid potential complications.
Extending the clinical phenotype of SPTAN1: From DEE5 to migraine, epilepsy, and subependymal heterotopias without intellectual disability
Authors: Marco Hernández Ana Victoria , Caro Alfonso , Montoya Filardi Alejandro , Tomás Vila Miguel , Monfort Sandra , Beseler Soto Beatriz , Nieto‐Barceló Juan José , Martínez Francisco
Published: September 2021

Mutations in SPTAN1 gene, encoding the nonerythrocyte αII‐spectrin, are responsible for a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE5) and a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, as epilepsy with or without intellectual disability (ID) or ID with cerebellar syndrome. A certain genotype–phenotype correlation has been proposed according to the type and location of the mutation. Herein, we report three novel cases with de novo SPTAN1 mutations, one of them associated to a mild phenotype not previously described. They range from (1) severe developmental encephalopathy with ataxia and a mild cerebellar atrophy, without epilepsy; (2) moderate intellectual disability, severe language delay, ataxia and tremor; (3) normal intelligence, chronic migraine, and generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Remarkably, all these patients showed brain MRI abnormalities, being of special interest the subependymal heterotopias detected in the latter patient. Thus we extend the SPTAN1‐related phenotypic spectrum, both in its radiological and clinical involvement. Furthermore, after systematic analysis of all the patients so far reported, we noted an excess of male versus female patients (20:9, p = 0.04), more pronounced among the milder phenotypes. Consequently, some protection factor might be suspected among female carriers, which if confirmed should be considered when establishing the pathogenicity of milder genetic variants in this gene.
Hydroxychloroquine for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Koch Marcus W. , Kaur Sharanjit , Sage Kayla , Kim Janet , Levesque‐Roy Myriam , Cerchiaro Graziela , Yong Voon Wee , Cutter Gary R. , Metz Luanne M.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) does not respond well to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment. Chronic activation of microglia has been implicated in the pathophysiology of PPMS. The antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reduces the activity of human microglia and has neuroprotective effects in vitro.

Methods

We conducted a single‐arm, phase II futility trial of 200 mg oral HCQ twice daily for 18 months. In an effort to investigate disability worsening in the absence of overt focal inflammation, we excluded participants with contrast enhancing lesions on a screening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The primary end point was ≥20% worsening on the timed 25‐foot walk measured between 6 and 18 months of follow‐up.

Results

Based on original trial data, 40% of the cohort were expected to worsen. We used a Simon 2‐stage design to compare a null hypothesis of 40% of the cohort worsening against the one‐sided alternative of 20%. Using a 5% type 1 error rate and 80% power, HCQ treatment would be deemed successful if fewer than 10 of 35 participants experienced clinically significant worsening. The study met its primary end point, as only 8 of 35 participants worsened between 6 and 18 months. HCQ was overall well‐tolerated, with adverse events in 82% and serious adverse events in 12% of participants. All serious adverse events were unlikely related to HCQ use.

Interpretation

HCQ treatment was associated with reduced disability worsening in people with PPMS. HCQ is a promising treatment candidate in PPMS and should be investigated further in randomized controlled clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:940–948
Achieving High‐Performance 3D K+‐Pre‐intercalated Ti3C2Tx MXene for Potassium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors via Regulating Electrolyte Solvation Structure
Authors: Zhao Shuoqing , Liu Zhichao , Xie Guanshun , Guo Xin , Guo Ziqi , Song Fei , Li Guohao , Chen Chi , Xie Xiuqiang , Zhang Nan , Sun Bing , Guo Shaojun , Wang Guoxiu
Published: September 2021

The development of high‐performance anode materials for potassium‐based energy storage devices with long‐term cyclability requires combined innovations from rational material design to electrolyte optimization. A three‐dimensional K+‐pre‐intercalated Ti3C2Tx MXene with enlarged interlayer distance was constructed for efficient electrochemical potassium‐ion storage. We found that the optimized solvation structure of the concentrated ether‐based electrolyte leads to the formation of a thin and inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the K+‐pre‐intercalated Ti3C2Tx electrode, which is beneficial for interfacial stability and reaction kinetics. As a proof of concept, 3D K+‐Ti3C2Tx//activated carbon (AC) potassium‐ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) were assembled, which exhibited promising electrochemical performances. These results highlight the significant roles of both rational structure design and electrolyte optimization for highly reactive MXene‐based anode materials in energy storage devices.
Mechanical properties of rice husk and rice husk ash filled maleated polymers compatibilized polypropylene composites
Authors: Ezenkwa Obinna E. , Hassan Azman , Samsudin Sani A.
Published: September 2021

This study compares the mechanical properties of rice husk (RH) and rice husk ash (RHA) filled polypropylene (PP) composites and the effects of ethylene‐acrylic‐ester‐maleic anhydride (E‐AE‐MA) and PP‐g‐maleic anhydride (MAPP) as compatibilizer. In this study, PP/RH and PP/RHA composites were blended at the ratios of 85/15 wt% and compatibilizers at four parts per hundred each, via melt extrusion in a twin‐screw extruder prior to injection molding. Mechanical tests were tensile, flexural and impact tests. A morphological study was conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that PP/RHA composite exhibited a 4% significant increase in tensile strength compared to PP/RH composite (р ˂ 0.05) while, PP‐RH composite increased significantly by 5 and 3% in flexural and impact strength compared to PP‐RHA composite (р ˂ 0.05). MAPP increased significantly the flexural strength of PP‐RH and PP‐RHA composites by 23 and 21% (р ˂ 0.05) compared to E‐AE‐MA. PP‐RHA‐MAPP composite increased significantly the impact strength by 18% compared to PP/RHA/E‐AE‐MA composite (р ˂ 0.05). There was no significant difference in impact strength between PP/RH/MAPP and PP/RH/E‐AE‐MA composites (р ≥ 0.05). Overall results indicate that RH imparts better reinforcing effect in PP composite than RHA, while MAPP is a better compatibilizer. SEM study indicates that both compatibilizers improved the filler‐matrix interfacial adhesion.
Tracking control of an uncertain heavy load robot based on super twisting sliding mode control and fuzzy compensator
Authors: Ren Huanhuan , Zhang Lizhong , Su Chengzhi
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a new combined strategy to control an uncertain heavy load robot with position disturbance caused by flexible foot, and the control strategy is realized only by position feedback. Firstly, deformation during motion is analyzed, and the position transformation generated by this deformation is treated as periodic position disturbance and non‐periodic position disturbance. Then, a control method combined by computed torque controller (CTC), super twisting sliding mode (STSM) controller, and fuzzy compensator is designed for the robot dynamic system to track ideal trajectory. Meanwhile, a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller based on CTC is designed as a comparison to verify the trajectory tracking performance and robustness of the combined strategy under external disturbances. Finally, simulation results show that CTC‐STSM is clearly found to converge faster and to show stronger ability to suppress interference than CTC‐PID. The addition of fuzzy compensator (CTC‐STSM‐Fuzzy) can further reduce the sliding mode chattering effect and improve the performance.
Investigating possible unification of Seyfert galaxies and blazars in Fermi‐Large Area Telescope sample
Authors: Iyida Evaristus U. , Eya Innocent O. , Odo Finbarr C.
Published: September 2021

Statistical analyses are invaluable methods used to understand intrinsic emission processes and the unification of extragalactic radio sources. In this paper, we collected radio, X‐ray, and data of blazars from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi‐LAT) and Seyfert galaxies from the INTEGRAL/IBIS survey and investigated the relationship between the emission properties of Seyfert galaxies and blazar subclasses of flat‐spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lac objects (BL Lacs). The results show from the average values that these objects follow a sequence that is indicative of probable Seyfert galaxies‐BL Lacs‐FSRQs unification. We discovered that Seyfert galaxies, BL Lacs, and FSRQs share similar emission characteristics in X‐ray luminosity (), suggestive of fundamental connection while the () and radio () luminosities of Seyfert galaxies are the least powerful, signifying an evolving structure. From the two‐dimensional Kolmogorov–Smirnov () test, we found that Seyfert galaxies differ from the blazar subclasses in while there is no significant difference between them in and which implies that high‐energy emissions in Seyfert galaxies and blazar subclasses may come from the same emission mechanism. Significant positive correlations (with coefficient r > 0.60) exist between the high‐energy luminosities (X‐ray and ) and the low‐energy components (radio) within the whole sample of blazars and Seyfert galaxies implying a form of connection between them. These results are not only consistent with the prediction of the unified scheme for blazars but also show that Seyfert galaxies have an evolutionary link with blazar subclasses.
Assessment of herbaceous feedstock supply for locating biorefineries in the Piedmont, USA
Authors: Resop Jonathan P. , Cundiff John S.
Published: September 2021

The push for renewable energy sources has local government agencies striving to optimize their limited resources. Various energy sources are often explored depending on the region – for example, wind, solar, geothermal, and bioenergy. The Piedmont region of the USA has the potential to be a significant player in the production of biomass to supply a biorefinery. However, before local agencies and private biorefineries can invest in such an endeavor, the potential feedstock supply must be quantified. The goal of this study was to perform a land‐use assessment for the 166 counties spanning five states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama) that make up the bulk of the Piedmont region. For each county, the potential for producing and supplying herbaceous feedstock (i.e., switchgrass) was quantified based on 2017 land use. Only 48% of the counties had the potential to supply a biorefinery larger than 0.5 round bales per min (bpm) (97 000 Mg year–1). To supply a more reasonably sized biorefinery, the Piedmont counties were organized into 34 multi‐county zones. For these zones, the potential switchgrass production to supply a biorefinery ranged from 50 000 Mg year–1 to 360 000 Mg year–1. The total feedstock production for the region was 6 470 000 Mg year–1, equal to a potential production of about 3.3% of the current US consumption of ethanol for blending with gasoline. The development of a bioenergy industry in the Piedmont will require local leadership and initiative; however, this study provides the first step in envisioning the potential of such an industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Rheology of enzyme liquefied corn stover slurries: The effect of solids concentration on yielding and flow behavior
Authors: Szeto Ryan , Overton Jonathan C. , dos Santos Antonio C. F. , Eby Clark , Mosier Nathan S. , Ximenes Eduardo , Ladisch Michael R. , Erk Kendra A.
Published: September 2021

The measurement of yield stress and shear thinning flow behavior of slurries formed from unpretreated corn stover at solids loadings of 100–300 g/L provides a key metric for the ability to move, pump, and mix this lignocellulosic slurry, particularly since corn stover slurries represent a major potential feedstock for biorefineries. This study compared static yield stress values and flow hysteresis of corn stover slurries of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g/L, after these slurries were formed by adding pellets to a cellulase enzyme solution (Celluclast 1.5 L) in a fed‐batch manner. A rotational rheometer was used to quantitate relative yield stress and its dependence on processing history at insoluble solids concentrations of 4%–21% (wt/vol). Key findings confirmed previous observations that yield stress increases with solids loadings and reaches ~3000 Pa at 25% (wt/vol) solids concentration compared to ~200 Pa after enzyme liquefaction. While optimization of slurry forming (i.e., liquefaction) conditions remains to be done, metrics for quantifying liquefaction extent are needed. The method for obtaining comparative metrics is demonstrated here and shows that the yield stress, shear thinning and shear thickening flow behaviors of enzyme liquefied corn stover slurries can be analyzed using a wide‐gap rheometry setup with relative measuring geometries to mimic the conditions that may exist in a mixing vessel of a bioreactor while applying controlled and precise levels of strain.
SEC61G overexpression and DNA amplification correlates with prognosis and immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lu Tianzhu , Chen Yiping , Gong Xiaochang , Guo Qiaojuan , Lin Canyang , Luo Qingfeng , Tu Ziwei , Pan Jianji , Li Jingao
Published: September 2021

Background

The SEC61 translocon gamma subunit (SEC61G) is a component of the SEC61 complex, which import protein into the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the correlation between SEC61G and disease prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear.

Methods

SEC61G expression was analyzed using publicly available datasets. The association between SEC61G and disease prognosis was evaluated. SEC61G methylation and copy number variation were investigated and gene set enrichment analysis and gene ontology analyses identified SEC61G‐associated functions. We also investigated the correlation between SEC61G and immune cell infiltration. Finally, immunohistochemistry was used to detect SEC61G expression in oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Results

SEC61G was overexpressed in pan‐cancers, including HNSCC, and negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001 for TCGA‐HNSCC and p = 0.019 for GSE65858). Moreover, SEC61G was an independent prognostic factor for OS in TCGA and GSE65858 [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.35–2.39, p < 0.001; HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.14–3.07, p = 0.013, respectively). SEC61G DNA amplification (9.66% of patients) was significantly associated with poor OS (p = 0.034). SEC61G overexpression and DNA amplification negatively correlated with B cell (p < 0.001), CD8+ T cell (p < 0.001), CD4+ T cell (p < 0.001), macrophage (p < 0.05), neutrophil (p < 0.001), and dendritic cell infiltration (p < 0.001). Among patients with metastatic urothelial cancer received atezolizumab, patients with high SEC61G expression had an inferior OS (p = 0.006). Furthermore, SEC61G protein expression was also an independent prognostic factor of OS (HR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.15–5.28, p = 0.021) and progression‐free survival (HR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.36–5.85, p = 0.005) for oropharyngeal cancer.

Conclusions

SEC61G is overexpressed in HNSCC and is an independent prognostic factor for OS. SEC61G DNA amplification contributes to overexpression and poor outcome. Interestingly, SEC61G correlates with immune cell infiltration in HNSCC. These findings suggest that SEC61G is a potential broad‐spectrum biomarker for prognosis in HNSCC.