bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The virtually mature B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP1‐32) is a precursor for the more effective BNP1‐30
Authors: Schwiebs Anja , Wang Yong , Moore Andrew M. , Zhu Xudong , Pankow Kristin , Siems Wolf‐Eberhard , Walther Thomas
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose

The B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP1‐32) exerts vasorelaxing and cardioprotective activity. BNP is used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of cardiopathological conditions and recombinant BNP1‐32 as a drug for the treatment of such. BNP1‐32 has a short half‐life and thus, similar to other vasoactive peptides like angiotensin II and bradykinin, can be enzymatically truncated forming bioactive metabolites. We aimed to investigate the metabolism of BNP1‐32 in the mouse lung, to identify potential new BNP metabolites and to disclose their biological activity compared to the BNP1‐32, in vitro and in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Using HPLC and MS, we identified a new BNP metabolite, BNP1‐30, in the lung being generated by endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1.

Key Results

BNP1‐30 is more efficient in stimulating the guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptor A and, in contrast to BNP1‐32, is also able to profoundly stimulate the GC‐B. In vivo, BNP1‐30 reduced the mean arterial BP of normotensive mice after acute infusion significantly more than BNP1‐32. In a model of severe hypertension, a 3‐day infusion of BNP1‐30 was able to reduce systolic BP by 30 mmHg and to improve markers of heart failure, while BNP1‐32 was without significant effect.

Conclusions and Implications

Our results suggest that BNP1‐32 is the precursor for the biologically more active BNP1‐30 leading to a fundamental extension of the natriuretic peptide system. Due to expanded activity, BNP1‐30 might be a promising treatment option for cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, its potency as a new diagnostic marker of specific cardiac diseases should be evaluated.
Business Collaboration within the Nazi War Machine: Corporations and the State in the Austrian Semiperiphery
Authors: Lo Clarence Y.H.
Published: November 2019

The military strength of German National Socialism was based on the collaboration of large corporations with the Nazi state. Business provided capital, loans, taxes, managerial expertise and production for war industries. I elaborate four ideal‐typical modes of business collaboration. Each mode is illustrated by a case study of a German corporation that acquires an Austrian firm: Krupp (traditional mode); the Reichswerke state conglomerate (coercive); Deutsche Bank (managerial nationalist); and IG Farben (competitive investment mode). The first and the last modes occurred when the state was highly dependent on large businesses for the economic requisites of war. The acquired firms in the Austrian semiperiphery contributed to Nazi war mobilization, as they exploited labor and resources from the peripheral regions of southeastern Europe. Patterns of the state's resource dependency on business led to bargaining interactions between state and business, over time shaping the mix between state and private ownership of war industry.
Vasodilator oxyfedrine inhibits aldehyde metabolism and thereby sensitizes cancer cells to xCT‐targeted therapy
Authors: Otsuki Yuji , Yamasaki Juntaro , Suina Kentaro , Okazaki Shogo , Koike Naoyoshi , Saya Hideyuki , Nagano Osamu
Published: November 2019

The major cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) protects cancer cells from oxidative damage that can lead to the induction of ferroptosis, an iron‐dependent form of cell death triggered by the aberrant accumulation of lipid peroxides. Inhibitors of the cystine‐glutamate antiporter subunit xCT, which mediates the uptake of extracellular cystine and thereby promotes GSH synthesis, are thus potential anticancer agents. However, the efficacy of xCT‐targeted therapy has been found to be diminished by metabolic reprogramming that affects redox status in cancer cells. Identification of drugs for combination with xCT inhibitors that are able to overcome resistance to xCT‐targeted therapy might thus provide the basis for effective cancer treatment. We have now identified the vasodilator oxyfedrine (OXY) as a sensitizer of cancer cells to GSH‐depleting agents including the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine (SSZ). Oxyfedrine contains a structural motif required for covalent inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes, and combined treatment with OXY and SSZ was found to induce accumulation of the cytotoxic aldehyde 4‐hydroxynonenal and cell death in SSZ‐resistant cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Microarray analysis of tumor xenograft tissue showed cyclooxygenase‐2 expression as a potential biomarker for the efficacy of such combination therapy. Furthermore, OXY‐mediated ALDH inhibition was found to sensitize cancer cells to GSH depletion induced by radiation therapy in vitro. Our findings thus establish a rationale for repurposing of OXY as a sensitizing drug for cancer treatment with agents that induce GSH depletion.
Bone tissue formation around two titanium implant surfaces placed in bone defects filled with bone substitute material or blood clot: A pilot study
Authors: Trento Guilherme dos Santos , Spin‐Neto Rubens , Bassi Ana Paula Farnezi , Okamoto Roberta , Gabrielli Marisa Aparecida Cabrini , Pereira‐Filho Valfrido Antonio
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the peri‐implant bone tissue formation around titanium implants with different surface treatments, placed in bone defects filled or not with bone substitute material (BSM).

Materials and Methods

Ten animals were divided into two groups according to implant surface treatment. In each tibia, a bone defect was created followed by the placement of one implant. On the left tibia, the defect was filled with blood clot (BC), and on the right tibia, the defect was filled with biphasic hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium‐phosphate (HA/TCP) generating four subgroups: BC‐N: blood clot and porous surface; BC‐A: blood clot and porous‐hydrophilic surface; HA/TCP‐N: BSM and porous surface; HA/TCP‐A: BSM and porous‐hydrophilic surface. The animals were submitted to euthanasia 60 days after implant installation. After light‐curing resin inclusion, the blocks containing the implant and the bone tissue were stained and evaluated by means of histomorphometry to assess the percentages of bone implant contact (% BIC). Data was normally distributed and the group differences were examined using the parametric tests of Two‐Way ANOVA.

Results

The BC‐A group presented the higher mean value of BIC (46.43%). The HA/TCP‐A group presented the higher mean value of BIC. The porous‐hydrophilic surfaces presented better results of BIC when compared to the porous surface in both conditions of defect filling. No statistically significant differences were found among all groups (95% confidence interval and P < .05).

Conclusion

According to histomorphometric analysis, after 60‐days in a rabbit model, hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces have the same behavior in the presence or absence of HA/TCP.
Changes in health‐related quality of life with intensive behavioural therapy combined with liraglutide 3.0 mg per day
Authors: Chao Ariana M. , Wadden Thomas A. , Walsh Olivia A. , Gruber Kathryn A. , Alamuddin Naji , Berkowitz Robert I. , Tronieri Jena S.
Published: November 2019

This study examined the effects of intensive behavioural therapy (IBT) for obesity (IBT‐alone), IBT plus liraglutide 3.0 mg/day (IBT‐liraglutide), and IBT‐liraglutide combined with 12 weeks of a portion‐controlled diet (Multicomponent) on changes in general health‐related (HR) quality of life (QoL) and weight‐related QoL. Adults with obesity (79.3% female; 54.0% white; 44.7% black; mean age = 47.6 ± 11.8 years and body mass index = 38.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were randomized to IBT‐alone (n = 50), IBT‐liraglutide (n = 50) or Multicomponent (n = 50). General HRQoL was measured with the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36), and weight‐related QoL was assessed with the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite scale. At week 52, participants in the three groups lost 6.1 ± 1.3%, 11.5 ± 1.3% and 11.8 ± 1.3% of initial body weight, respectively. Both liraglutide‐treated groups were significantly more likely than IBT‐alone to achieve clinically meaningful improvements in total weight‐related QoL. They also both achieved greater improvements than IBT‐alone in weight‐related public distress and in general mental health, as measured by the SF‐36 mental component summary score. Independent of treatment group, greater categorical weight loss was associated with greater improvements in several domains of both general and weight‐related QoL. The addition of liraglutide to IBT appeared to improve aspects of both general HRQoL and weight‐related QoL.
ADOLESCENT VIDEO GAME PLAYING AND FIGHTING OVER THE LONG‐TERM
Authors: Ward Michael R.
Published: November 2019

I present new evidence of the link between video game play and fighting. The General Learning Model predicts that increased aggression from playing violent video games. These predictions are tested using a large longitudinal data set tracking adolescents over time. Consistent with previous research, there is a positive raw correlation between video game playing as an adolescent and aggressive outcomes, in this case fights, even more than a decade later. However, multivariate and instrumental variables estimators do not find a causal relationship. Some implications are: support policy for further interventions is undermined, future research should be more careful about identification threats, and similar methodological approaches can be applied to the effects of other new communication technologies. (JEL D18, L86, O35)
Changes in the commercial brand of tacrolimus lead to subtherapeutic trough levels and acute rejection in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Arreola‐Guerra José Manuel , Alberú Josefina , Chew‐Wong Alfredo , Macias Dulce Maria , Hernández‐Rosales Jesus , Zuñiga‐Macías Leslie , Delgadillo‐Castañeda Rodolfo , Ricalde‐Ríos Guadalupe , Haro‐Alcalde Fabian , Villafán‐Bernal J. Rafael , Ramos‐Medellín Carmen L. , Reyes‐Acevedo Rafael
Published: November 2019

Background

The vigilance of tacrolimus (TAC) trough levels is an essential part of renal transplant follow up. Reduced TAC trough levels and high variability are related to adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of brand changes on tacrolimus (TAC) subtherapeutic (SubT) trough levels, acute rejection (AR), and kidney function.

Methods

This is a prospective, observational cohort study of renal transplant recipients, between January 2016 and October 2018. Tacrolimus trough levels and brand used by the patient were both registered at every consult. Tacrolimus values ≤3.5 ng/mL were considered SubT.

Results

445 patients were included. The median number of TAC brand changes was 2 (IQR, 1‐4). Patients were grouped according to the number of brand changes: Group 1 = 0 (n = 107), Group 2 = 1‐4 (n = 236), and Group 3 = ≥5 (n = 102). Patients with the greatest number of brand changes had a greater proportion and number of SubT TAC trough levels (Group 1 = 36.4%, average 0.53; Group 2 = 39.8%, average 0.65, Group 3 = 59.8%, average 1.17, P < .001) and AR (Group 1 = 0.9%, Group 2 = 11%, Group 3 = 14.7%, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, SubT levels and the number of brand changes were related to AR.

Conclusions

In Mexico, changes in TAC brand are associated with an elevated frequency of SubT levels. Brand changes and SubT levels are independently associated with acute rejection. The supply policies on TAC brands in Mexico require revision to avoid changing brands as much as possible.
THE MARGARET MEE FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME ARTIST SCHOLARSHIPS
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: November 2019

The Margaret Mee Fellowship Programme's Artist Scholar‐ships effectively celebrate their thirtieth anniversary this year, 2019. Christabel King has been the Artist Scholars' mentor throughout. A chronological list of Artist Scholars is provided. Officially, there have been 23 Brazilian Artist Scholars; Mark Fothergill was the first ‘unofficial’ scholar. Illustrations of a limited number of paintings of some of the Artist Scholars is provided, showing examples of their competition entries and work completed during their scholarship stay in Kew. A bibliography gives references of selected plant portraits published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine.
Historical processes constrain metacommunity structure by shaping different pools of invertebrate taxa within the Orinoco basin
Authors: González‐Trujillo Juan David , Donato‐Rondon Jhon Ch. , Muñoz Isabel , Sabater Sergi
Published: November 2019

Aim

To identify and characterize the distribution of invertebrate taxa in the Orinoco basin and how their distribution affects the metacommunity structure along the river network.

Location

Meta and Guaviare sub‐basins, Orinoco basin, Colombia, South America.

Methods

We characterized the invertebrate communities and environmental characteristics of 25 streams from six ecoregions in the Orinoco basin. The ecoregions present different historical evolution, altitude, slope, climate and vegetation features. We used multiplicative diversity partitioning to compare the contributions of riffle (α and β1), stream (β2) and ecoregional (β3) scales to the overall gamma diversity of the basin. We also applied the Elements of Metacommunity Structure framework to delineate metacommunity types and a distance‐based redundancy analysis to assess the relative relevance of environmental, spatial and ecoregional drivers in species compositions of invertebrate communities.

Results

Streams showed significant differences in community composition among the ecoregions. Several discrete pools of invertebrate taxa occurred in the basin that largely matched the distribution of the ecoregions. Consequently, the metacommunity in the basin resembled a Clementsian idealized structure. The species composition of invertebrate communities was mostly explained by ecoregion type and its interaction with the local environment, particularly its physiographic features.

Main conclusions

Historical and evolutionary processes have resulted in species pools differing between the ecoregions of the Orinoco basin. At the basin scale, the metacommunity structure seems to be constrained by ecoregional features rather than by spatial structure or the local environment. Hence, using the basin as a unit for biodiversity conservation and river management would not adequately reflect the diversity and distribution patterns in highly heterogeneous basins such as the Orinoco basin.
Effect of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor, on gluconeogenesis in proximal renal tubules
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Ko Hae Young , Wang Hye Jin , Lee Hyangkyu , Yun MiJin , Kang Eun Seok
Published: November 2019

Aims

To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on renal gluconeogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.

Materials and methods

We treated HK‐2 cells (human renal proximal tubule cells) and mouse primary renal proximal tubule cells with dapagliflozin, and evaluated the process of renal gluconeogenesis. We also examined the effect of dapagliflozin on renal gluconeogenesis in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice.

Results

Dapagliflozin enhanced renal gluconeogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. It increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor‐gamma co‐activator 1α (PGC‐1α) and phosphorylated cyclic‐AMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression and decreased phosphorylated Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) expression in HK‐2 cells, mouse primary renal proximal tubule cells, and the mouse renal cortex. Glutamine enhanced the gluconeogenic effect of dapagliflozin in HK‐2 cells. Also, dapagliflozin increased 14C‐glutamine utilization in HK‐2 cells. Glucagon did not affect dapagliflozin‐induced enhancement in renal gluconeogenesis in HK‐2 cells. SGLT2 gene knockdown with siRNA resulted in an increase of gluconeogenic gene expression and associated transcription factors in HK‐2 cells. Dapagliflozin reduced fasting plasma glucose levels and improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in high‐fat diet‐fed hyperglycaemic mice, although renal gluconeogenesis was enhanced.

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin increased levels of gluconeogenic enzyme in the renal cortex and consequently increased renal gluconeogenesis, which is mediated by SGLT2 inhibition.
Peptide YY (1–36) peptides from phylogenetically ancient fish targeting mammalian neuropeptide Y1 receptors demonstrate potent effects on pancreatic β‐cell function, growth and survival
Authors: Lafferty Ryan A. , Tanday Neil , McCloskey Andrew , Bompada Pradeep , De Marinis Yang , Flatt Peter R. , Irwin Nigel
Published: November 2019

Aim

To investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of enzymatically stable Peptide YY (PYY) peptides from phylogenetically ancient fish.

Materials and methods

N‐terminally stabilized, PYY (1–36) sequences from Amia calva (bowfin), Oncorhynchus mykiss (trout), Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) and Scaphirhynchus albus (sturgeon), were synthesized, and both biological actions and antidiabetic therapeutic efficacy were assessed.

Results

All fish PYY (1–36) peptides were resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) degradation and inhibited glucose‐ and alanine‐induced (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) insulin secretion. In addition, PYY (1–36) peptides imparted significant (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) β‐cell proliferative and anti‐apoptotic benefits. Proliferative effects were almost entirely absent in β cells with CRISPR‐Cas9‐induced knockout of Npyr1. In contrast to human PYY (1–36), the piscine‐derived peptides lacked appetite‐suppressive actions. Twice‐daily administration of sea lamprey PYY (1–36), the superior bioactive peptide, for 21 days significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) decreased fluid intake, non‐fasting glucose and glucagon in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. In addition, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic insulin and glucagon content were significantly improved. Metabolic benefits were linked to positive changes in pancreatic islet morphology as a result of augmented (P < 0.001) proliferation and decreased apoptosis of β cells. Sturgeon PYY (1–36) exerted similar but less impressive effects in STZ mice.

Conclusion

These observations reveal, for the first time, that PYY (1–36) peptide sequences from phylogenetically ancient fish replicate the pancreatic β‐cell benefits of human PYY (1–36) and have clear potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Left ventricular rotational mechanics in hypereosinophilic syndrome—Analysis from the three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiographic MAGYAR‐Path Study
Authors: Nemes Attila , Kormányos Árpád , Domsik Péter , Kalapos Anita , Ambrus Nóra , Modok Szabolcs , Borbényi Zita , Marton Imelda
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a very heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic tissue/end‐organ damage. Three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) was used for assessment of left ventricular (LV) rotational mechanics in HES patients.

Methods

The study comprised 13 HES patients, from which one patient was excluded due to insufficient image quality. The remaining patient population consisted of 12 HES cases (mean age: 59.7 ± 13.7 years, eight males). The control group consisted of 36 healthy volunteers (mean age: 52.9 ± 8.3 years, 23 males). 3DSTE was used for the evaluation of LV rotational abnormalities.

Results

Both LV apical rotation (4.86 ± 1.92 degree vs 10.07 ± 3.92 degree, P < .0001) and LV twist (8.52 ± 2.79 degree vs 14.41 ± 4.26 degree, P < .0001) showed significant deteriorations in most of HES patients. Time‐to‐peak LV apical rotation (380 ± 115 ms vs 344 ± 69 ms, P = .56), LV basal rotation (335 ± 148 ms vs 337 ± 111 ms, P = .89), and LV twist (348 ± 91 ms vs 320 ± 60 ms, P = .64) were not significantly different between HES patients and controls. No correlations could be detected between absolute eosinophil count and eosinophil ratio and apical LV rotation (r = 0.12, P = .51 and r = 0.23, P = .45, respectively) and LV twist (r = 0.24, P = .39 and r = 0.31, P = .34, respectively). In two subjects, the absence of LV twist called LV “rigid body rotation” (RBR) was detected.

Conclusions

Reduced LV apical rotation and twist could be demonstrated in HES. LV‐RBR could be detected in some HES patients.
Onset and transition of and recovery from adverse development: Study methodology
Authors: Wigman Johanna T.W. , Pijnenborg Gerdina H.M. , Bruggeman Richard , Vos Maarten , Wessels Anita , Oosterholt Inez , Nauta Maaike , Stelwagen Renee , Otto Lana , Wester Anniek , Wunderink Lex , Sportel Esther , Boonstra Nynke
Published: November 2019

Aim

Early intervention programs for first‐episode psychosis have led to the awareness that the period before onset of a first episode is important in light of early intervention. This has induced a focus on the so‐called ‘at risk mental state’ (ARMS). Individuals with ARMS are at increased risk for later psychotic disorder, but also for other psychiatric disorders as well as poor psychosocial functioning. Thus, adequate detection and treatment of ARMS is essential.

Methods

Since 2018, screening for and treatment of ARMS is recommended standard care in the Netherlands. Implementation is still ongoing. We initiated a naturalistic long‐term cohort study of ARMS individuals, the onset and transition of and recovery from adverse development (OnTheROAD) study, with the aim to monitor course and outcome of symptoms and psychosocial functioning over time, as well as patterns of comorbidity and associations with factors of risk and resilience. To this end, participants complete a broad battery of instruments at baseline and yearly follow‐up assessments up to 3 years. Outcome is defined in terms of symptom severity level, functioning and quality of life. In particular, we aim to investigate the impact of negative symptoms as part of the ARMS concept. Results from this study can aid in refining the existing ARMS criteria, understanding the developmental course of ARMS and investigating the hypothesized pluripotentiality in outcome of ARMS. New knowledge may inform the further development of specialized early interventions.

Results and Conclusions

In this article, we describe the rationale, outline and set‐up of OnTheROAD.
DRG2 supports the growth of primary tumors and metastases of melanoma by enhancing VEGF‐A expression
Authors: Yoon Nal Ae , Jung Se Jin , Choi Seong Hee , Ryu Jin Hyun , Mani Muralidharan , Lee Unn Hwa , Vo Mai‐Tram , Jeon Do Yong , Chung Su Wol , Ju Lee Byung , Koh Young Wha , Park Soon Eun , Shin Yong Joon , Kang Sang Soo , Cho Wha Ja , Cha Hee Jeong , Park Jeong Woo
Published: November 2019

Malignant metastatic melanoma (MM) is the most lethal of all skin cancers, but detailed mechanisms for regulation of melanoma metastasis are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that developmentally regulated GTP‐binding protein 2 (DRG2) is required for the growth of primary tumors and for metastasis. DRG2 expression was significantly increased in MM compared with primary melanoma (PM) and dysplastic nevi. A correlation between DRG2 expression and poor disease‐specific survival in melanoma patients was also identified. Furthermore, inhibition of DRG2 suppressed the binding of Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α to the VEGF‐A promoter region, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A, and formation of endothelial cell tubes. In experimental mice, DRG2 depletion inhibited the growth of PM and lung metastases and increased survival. These results identify DRG2 as a critical regulator of VEGF‐A expression and of growth of PMs and lung metastases.
Molecular mechanisms of acclimation to long‐term elevated temperature exposure in marine symbioses
Authors: Alves Monteiro Homère J. , Brahmi Chloé , Mayfield Anderson B. , Vidal‐Dupiol Jérémie , Lapeyre Bruno , Le Luyer Jérémy
Published: November 2019

Seawater temperature rise in French Polynesia has repeatedly resulted in the bleaching of corals and giant clams. Because giant clams possess distinctive ectosymbiotic features, they represent a unique and powerful model for comparing molecular pathways involved in (a) maintenance of symbiosis and (b) acquisition of thermotolerance among coral reef organisms. Herein, we explored the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the clam hosts and their photosynthetically active symbionts over a 65 day experiment in which clams were exposed to either normal or environmentally relevant elevated seawater temperatures. Additionally, we used metabarcoding data coupled with in situ sampling/survey data to explore the relative importance of holobiont adaptation (i.e., a symbiont community shift) versus acclimation (i.e., physiological changes at the molecular level) in the clams’ responses to environmental change. We finally compared transcriptomic data to publicly available genomic datasets for Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates (both cultured and in hospite with the coral Pocillopora damicornis) to better tease apart the responses of both hosts and specific symbiont genotypes in this mutualistic association. Gene module preservation analysis revealed that the function of the symbionts’ photosystem II was impaired at high temperature, and this response was also found across all holobionts and Symbiodiniaceae lineages examined. Similarly, epigenetic modulation appeared to be a key response mechanism for symbionts in hospite with giant clams exposed to high temperatures, and such modulation was able to distinguish thermotolerant from thermosensitive Cladocopium goreaui ecotypes; epigenetic processes may, then, represent a promising research avenue for those interested in coral reef conservation in this era of changing global climate.
Geography and the water–energy–food nexus: Introduction
Authors: Scott Marian , Larkin Alice
Published: November 2019

This themed section was initiated after the 2016 Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society‐Institute of British Geographers, which had the overall theme of Nexus Thinking, and which included assessment of geographical dimensions of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. In this short editorial introduction, we outline the context for this assessment, and introduce the particular focus of the four papers that make up the section. We then show how they add to our understanding of the nexus in terms of the multiple and inter‐dependent geographical scales at which the WEF nexus can be analysed, and be the subject of governance, policy and action.
Association between quality of life and sleep time among community‐dwelling stroke survivors: Findings from a nationally representative survey
Authors: Kim Yoonjung , Moon Hye‐Mi
Published: November 2019

Aim

This study aimed to examine the association between quality of life and sleep time among adult stroke survivors.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2013), and analyzed data on 504 adult stroke survivors.

Results

Findings showed that stroke survivors' daily sleep time significantly varied by sex (P < 0.001), education (P = 0.006) and body mass index (P = 0.012). The EuroQOL‐5 Dimension index (P < 0.001), and its dimensions of mobility (P = 0.011), usual activities (P < 0.001) and pain/discomfort (P = 0.005) showed significant differences among people with different sleep times. In the final model, after adjusting for covariates, respondents who slept ≤5 h had odds ratios of 1.82 (95% confidence interval 1.05–3.16) for usual activities and 1.95 (95% confidence interval 1.16–3.27) for pain/discomfort compared with respondents who slept 6–8 h. Respondents who slept ≥9 h had an odds ratio of 3.03 (95% confidence interval 1.43–6.43) for usual activities compared with those who slept 6–8 h. Adjusted means for the EuroQOL‐5 Dimension index showed significant differences: 0.76 for ≤5 h, 0.85 for 6–8 h and 0.75 for ≥9 h (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings show an association between quality of life and sleep time among adult stroke survivors. Sleep time should be considered in efforts to improve stroke survivors' quality of life, including education and interventions that encourage 6–8 h of sleep. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1226–1230.
The Impact of International Trade on Migration by Skill Levels and Gender in Developing Countries
Authors: Uprety Dambar
Published: November 2019

This study explores the impact of trade on (i) migration by skill levels and (ii) migration by gender. To do so, we estimate different dynamic panel data models using stocks of migrants in OECD countries by educational attainment and gender from 1980 to 2010. We use imports, exports, and total trade as the main variables of interest and both external and internal instrumental variable approaches to address endogeneity issues. The results suggest that imports and total trade are positively associated with the stocks of high‐skilled migrants. Exports are negatively associated with the stocks of low‐skilled migrants. The associations are not significant for the medium‐skilled. These results can be explained by the fact that developing countries, abundant in low‐skilled labour, tend to export low‐skilled‐intensive goods and import high‐skilled intensive goods as in the Heckscher‐Ohlin model. Therefore, an increase in imports tends to decrease the reward of high‐skilled individuals (who are relatively scarce in developing countries), thus increasing their incentive to migrate. Vice versa, an increase in export tends to decrease low‐skilled migration. Finally, while comparing the migration effects of trade upon the skilled, we find a stronger positive impact of trade on high‐skilled female migration than that on high‐skilled male. A clearer understanding of the channels through which trade will be a determinant of skilled migration in developing countries may assist policymakers to craft an appropriate policy environment which enhances import substitution of skill‐intensive goods that would serve to discourage skilled emigration.
The relative frequency of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in New Zealand: A 10‐year review of a national specialist centre
Authors: Yu Zhihan , Seo Benedict , Hussaini Haizal M. , Meldrum Alison. M. , Rich Alison. M.
Published: November 2019

Background

There has been no previous report of the prevalence of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in a New Zealand oral pathology diagnostic service.

Aim

The aim of this study was to review cases of paediatric oral pathology to determine relative frequencies of oral lesions in this age group.

Design

Paediatric oral pathology cases (≤15 years of age) received between 2007 and 2016 were retrieved from the electronic database of the Oral Pathology Centre, University of Otago. Data collected included diagnoses (categorised into 12 groups), age at diagnosis, and gender. The prevalence of each diagnosis was calculated in terms of percentage of all diagnoses made. Male‐to‐female ratio and mean age at diagnosis were also determined.

Results

A total of 1139 paediatric cases were identified representing 5.2% of all cases. The most common diagnostic group was salivary gland pathology (25.4%), followed by dental (24.8%) pathology. The most prevalent lesion was mucocoele (23%), followed by dental follicle (14.1%). Malignancies were rare with only two cases identified.

Conclusion

The findings provide an insight into the prevalence of paediatric oral pathology for clinicians. Mucocoele was the most common diagnosis made, suggesting a high prevalence of soft tissue injury as a main presenting concern warranting diagnosis and management through biopsy.
Consequentialism, Animal Ethics, and the Value of Valuing
Authors: Perrine Timothy
Published: November 2019

Peter Singer argues, on consequentialist grounds, that individuals ought to be vegetarian. Many have pressed, in response, a causal impotence objection to Singer’s argument: any individual person’s refraining from purchasing and consuming animal products will not have an important effect on contemporary farming practices. In this article, I sketch a Singer‐inspired consequentialist argument for vegetarianism that avoids this objection. The basic idea is that, for agents who are aware of the origins of their food, continuing to consume animal products is morally bad because it leads to not appropriately disvaluing the origins of their food. That is a morally bad outcome that can be avoided by becoming vegetarian.
Extrusion cooking of gluten‐free whole grain flour blends
Authors: Toledo Vanessa C. S. , Carvalho Carlos W. P. , Vargas‐Solórzano Jhony W. , Ascheri José L. R. , Comettant‐Rabanal Raúl
Published: November 2019

Whole grain flour blends from maize, rice, and sorghum were processed in a single screw extruder to produce puffed snacks and the physical properties of the extrudates were determined. Blends from sorghum or maize at high proportions (70%) produced extrudates with low expansion, high apparent density, and small and uniformly distributed air bubbles in their structures that affected texture. Suspensions rich in sorghum reduced setback viscosities. Extrudates produced from equal proportion of maize, rice, and sorghum presented low compression forces and minimum crispness work, whereas blends with high proportion of sorghum affected these textural responses negatively. The choice of a blend of equal proportion of whole grain flours of those three components would allow to produce nutritious puffed snacks with relatively higher dietary fiber content, provided by maize and sorghum, higher protein content by sorghum component, and higher crispness by rice.

Practical applications

The use whole grains is growing in gluten‐free products, due to the benefits of its components (dietary fiber, phytochemicals, protein, vitamins, and minerals) which make them attractive raw materials for designing new alternative foods with health benefits. Gluten‐free cereals: maize, rice, and sorghum are available sources in the Americas, particularly in Brazil and in the United States. The thermoplastic extrusion is a cooking technique that allows the combination of heat and shear causing unique changes to the textural properties of the final product. Therefore, whole grain flours with appropriate modulation of the extrusion parameters can be used to create fiber rich cereal products.

The use of gluten‐free whole grain flours blends includes ready‐to‐eat dietary fiber rich snacks (puffed extrudates) and, with appropriate milling, it could also be used as ingredient for baking applications, dehydrated instant foods (porridge), cereal beverages, as well as for other innovative applications in the food industry.
Does kynurenic acid act on nicotinic receptors? An assessment of the evidence
Authors: Stone Trevor W.
Published: November 2019

As a major metabolite of kynurenine in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenic acid is of considerable biological and clinical importance as an endogenous antagonist of glutamate in the central nervous system. It is most active as an antagonist at receptors sensitive to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) which regulate neuronal excitability and plasticity, brain development and behaviour. It is also thought to play a causative role in hypo‐glutamatergic conditions such as schizophrenia, and a protective role in several neurodegenerative disorders, notably Huntington’s disease. An additional hypothesis, that kynurenic acid could block nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine in the central nervous system has been proposed as an alternative mechanism of action of kynurenate. However, the evidence for this alternative mechanism is highly controversial, partly because at least eight earlier studies concluded that kynurenic acid blocked NMDA receptors but not nicotinic receptors and five subsequent, independent studies designed to repeat the results have failed to do so. Many studies considered to support the alternative ‘nicotinic’ hypothesis have been based on the use of analogs of kynurenate such as 7‐chloro‐kynurenic acid, or putatively nicotinic modulators such as galantamine, but a detailed analysis of the pharmacology of these compounds suggests that the results have often been misinterpreted, especially since the pharmacology of galantamine itself has been disputed. This review examines the evidence in detail, with the conclusion that there is no confirmed, reliable evidence for an antagonist activity of kynurenic acid at nicotinic receptors. Therefore, since there is overwhelming evidence for kynurenate acting at ionotropic glutamate receptors, especially NMDAR glutamate and glycine sites, with some activity at GPR35 sites and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors, results with kynurenic acid should be interpreted only in terms of these confirmed sites of action.

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Nursing Work Environment, Turnover Intention, Job Burnout, and Quality of Care: The Moderating Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Al Sabei Sulaiman Dawood , Labrague Leodoro J. , Miner Ross Amy , Karkada Suja , Albashayreh Alaa , Al Masroori Fatma , Al Hashmi Nasra
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to assess predictors of the turnover intention, burnout, and perceived quality of care among nurses working in Oman, and (b) to examine the potential moderating role of job satisfaction on the relationship between work environment and nurse turnover intention.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was used to collect data from a sample of 207 nurses working in a public hospital in Muscat, Oman.

Methods

An electronic survey was used to assess nurses’ perceptions of work environment, burnout, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and quality of care.

Findings

Participation in hospital affairs, a foundation for quality of care, and staffing adequacy were predictors of burnout among nurses and perceived quality of care. Logistic regression analysis revealed that working in a favorable environment was associated with less turnover intention, but only when job satisfaction was high.

Conclusions

Improving nurse job satisfaction is a mechanism through which future interventions could enhance working conditions and promote better nurse retention.

Clinical Relevance

Organizational strategies are needed to increase nurse job satisfaction by empowering nurses to take more active roles in hospital affairs as a strategy to reduce turnover intention and enhance the quality of patient care.
A meta‐analysis of treatment effects of imiquimod for basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Meng‐Ya , Zhang Xin‐Ping , Duan Xin‐Bo , Cao Xiao‐Ci , Zhao Hai‐Jing
Published: November 2019

Objective

We conducted this meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of imiquimod in comparison with other treatments in patients with BCC.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed in the database of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Outcomes of interest included histological/composite clearance rate, success rate, complete response rate, tumor free survival, and adverse events. Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a fixed‐effects or random‐effects model were determined for each outcome.

Results

A total of 13 studies involving 4256 patients were identified. Imiquimod was associated with significantly higher histological clearance rate (RR = 9.28, 95%CI: 5.56, 15.49; P < .001) and composite clearance rate (RR = 34.24, 95%CI: 21.29, 55.06; P = .001). Moreover, imiquimod also significantly increased complete response rate (RR = 3.15, 95%CI: 1.55, 6.38; P = .001) but had no effect in the success rate (RR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.89, 1.08; P = .727) and probability of tumor‐free survival (RR = 1.15, 95%CI: 0.98, 1.35; P = .088), as compared with other treatments. There were more patients in imiquimod group who developed adverse events than in other treatment group (RR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.39, 2.88; P < .001).

Conclusion

This study indicated the effects of imiquimod in improving the histological/composite clearance rates as compared with other treatments. However, its treatment‐related adverse events also should be noticed. Our findings supported that, imiquimod could be used as the first‐choice treatment for BCC.
Neonate with peeling of skin and blistering
Authors: Ghosh Sudip K , Das Avijit
Published: November 2019

See Answer
Heat‐killed Lactobacillus reuteri and cell‐free culture supernatant have similar effects to viable probiotics during interaction with Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Geraldo Barbara M. C. , Batalha Marianna N. , Milhan Noala V. M. , Rossoni Rodnei D. , Scorzoni Liliana , Anbinder Ana Lia
Published: November 2019

Background and objective

In the last decade, numerous studies have been published to clarify the role of probiotics, especially Lactobacillus reuteri, as an adjunct to conventional periodontal treatment. Although the health benefits of probiotics are numerous, they are live bacteria, and the administration of live organisms is not risk‐free. We evaluated the antimicrobial effect of L reuteri and its cell‐free culture supernatant on Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, in vitro. We also evaluated the influence of this probiotic in its live, heat‐killed (HKL, paraprobiotic) form and its supernatant on the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model after infection by P gingivalis.

Methods

The interaction assay was conducted with P gingivalis and L reuteri preparations (live cells and supernatant preparation). For this, P gingivalis and L reuteri preparations were added to tubes containing Brain Heart Infusion broth and incubated for 3 days. The suspensions were then seeded onto appropriate culture media for the calculation of colony‐forming units per mL (CFU/mL). An in vivo assay with the G mellonella model was also performed. Live L reuteri, HKL, or supernatant was inoculated 2 hours prior to infection with P gingivalis. Survival was evaluated over 7 days, and the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph was estimated 3 hours after P gingivalis infection. Data were then subjected to statistical testing (α = 5%).

Results

Both live L reuteri and its supernatant had antimicrobial activity against P gingivalis (CFU reduction up to 86%, P < .05). Moreover, treatment with live and HKL had similar effects on G mellonella survival (increased survival up to 46%, P < .05). However, only live L reuteri was able to significantly increase the hemocyte density in this invertebrate model.

Conclusion

Lactobacillus reuteri antimicrobial activity against P gingivalis and its effects on G mellonella survival after infection with a periodontopathogen do not depend on cell viability. This allows the development of products without live bacterium while maintaining similar effects.
Difficulties falling asleep among adolescents: Social inequality and time trends 1991–2018
Authors: Holstein Bjørn E. , Ammitzbøll Janni , Damsgaard Mogens Trab , Pant Sofie Weber , Pedersen Trine Pagh , Skovgaard Anne Mette
Published: November 2019

Sleep problems in adolescence are increasingly common, and associated with adverse health and psychological outcomes. Adolescents’ sleep problems may be related to the family’s socioeconomic status, but studies are few and no study has examined whether social inequality in sleep problems changes as sleep problems become increasingly common. This study examined trends in difficulties falling asleep among adolescents in Denmark, whether this sleep problem was associated with socioeconomic status, and whether this association changed from 1991 to 2018. The study applied data from eight comparable surveys among 11–15 year olds in Denmark 1991–2018, the Danish arm of the international Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study, N = 30,002. The prevalence of daily difficulties falling asleep increased from 7.0% to 13.4% in 1991–2018 with higher frequencies among girls and younger adolescents. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for daily difficulties was 1.14 (1.05–1.24) in middle and 1.52 (1.37–1.69) in low compared with high socioeconomic status. The absolute social inequality in difficulties falling asleep was persistent in 1991–2018 whereas the relative social inequality may have decreased. The increasing prevalence and the social inequality in difficulties falling asleep among adolescents is a serious public health concern that calls for more attention and efforts.
Clinical relevance of splenic nodules or heterogeneous splenic parenchyma assessed by cytologic evaluation of fine‐needle samples in 125 dogs (2011‐2015)
Authors: Yankin Igor , Nemanic Sarah , Funes Silvia , de Morais Helio , Gorman Elena , Ruaux Craig
Published: November 2019

Background

Splenic nodules and heterogeneous parenchyma are seen frequently in abdominal ultrasound examinations of dogs, but the clinical importance of these lesions remains unclear.

Objectives

To determine whether specific ultrasonographic findings correlate with clinically relevant cytologic diagnoses and determine what sonographic features are correlated with these diagnoses. Another objective was to develop a scoring rubric to help clinicians make decisions on whether or not certain ultasonographic findings of the spleen warrant evaluation by fine‐needle cytology.

Animals

One‐hundred twenty‐five adult client‐owned dogs with ultrasonographically identified splenic nodules, heterogeneous parenchyma, or both.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively searched for ultrasound‐guided splenic fine‐needle cytology reports. Ultrasonographic images were assessed for nodule number, size, echogenicity and distal enhancement, degree of splenic heterogeneity, and peritoneal fluid. Dogs were divided into 2 groups: those with clinically important or clinically irrelevant cytologic findings. Potentially useful and discriminatory ultrasonographic findings were identified by statistical analysis, and the most useful findings were used to generate the scoring rubric.

Results

The clinically important group included 25 of 125 dogs (22 malignancies, 3 suppurative inflammation). Splenic nodules 1‐2 cm in diameter, peritoneal fluid, and >1 targetoid nodule were associated with clinically important cytologic findings. Receiver operator characteristic analysis showed that the scoring rubric was useful for identifying dogs in the clinically important group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Splenic fine‐needle cytologic findings identified a clinically relevant diagnosis in 20% of dogs, and larger nodule size, number of targetoid lesions, and presence of peritoneal fluid increase the likelihood of detection of clinically important disease.