bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faseranalyse der vorderen und hinteren Rückenmarkswurzeln des Menschen auf Grund unterschiedlicher Acetylcholinesteraseaktivität
Authors: Zenker W. , Stelzig M. , Sulzgruber S.C. , Neumann A.
Published: February 2009

Marked differences in the AChE activity of myelinated nerve fibres of ventral and dorsal roots could be established in human post mortem material. After a fixation time of 3 h and a critical incubation period of 24 h, in the mean 96% of the myelinated ventral root but only 4% of dorsal root fibres showed reaction product, detectable by the light microscope. The percentage of stained fibres varies, to some extent, in the different segments. Groups of very thin myelinated fibres within the ventral roots between the segments C-8 and L-3, showing a conspicuous high enzyme activity, are interpreted as pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres; similar elements in the sacral ventral roots may represent parasympathetic fibres. The method of Karnovsky, applied under conditions established in this study, can be used for analysis of fibre types in a given human peripheral nerve.
Histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Pal Chandra , Chandra Girish
Published: February 2009

The histochemistry of mucins in the submaxillary salivary gland has been studied in 10 buffaloes of different age groups. The acidic mucins exhibited moderate to intense reaction in new-born and young animals; in adult animals, these were noticed in patches. Neutral and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces and in mild amounts, respectively, in the mucous secretory end-pieces of different age groups; sialomucins were seen in moderate to intense concentrations. The seromucous end-pieces revealed traces of neutral mucins in new-born buffalo calves and moderate to intense concentrations in young and adult animals. These structures showed mild concentration of acidic mucins, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins. Sulphated and non-sulphated mucins were observed in traces in the seromucous end-pieces. The apical border of the lining cells of the intra- and interlobular ducts contained moderate to intense concentrations of acidic mucins. In young and adult animals, the epithelial cells showed mild to moderate reaction for neutral mucins. Goblet cells of the interlobular ducts exhibited the presence of mild and intense concentrations of sialo- and sulphomucins, respectively.
Microdensitometry of acetylcholinesterase in subfields of the hippocampal pyramidal layer and fascia dentata
Authors: Dajas Federico , Silveira Rodolfo , Echagüe Antonio
Published: February 2009

A quantitative acetylcholinesterase enzyme-histochemical study was performed with microdensitometric methods in the hippocampus of the rat in order to correlate this enzymatic activity with the different zones of the hippocampal pyramidal layer. Higher values of acetylcholinesterase activity were found in the CA3 pyramidal zone. CA1 and CA4 showed the same activity, while the stratum oriens at CA3 showed the highest values among the hippocampal layers studied. The results were correlated with differences in septal afferences.
The brain of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Prado Reis Francisco , Abrantes Erhart Eros
Published: February 2009

The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies óî the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering the brain because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.
Micro-indentation hardness studies on human bones
Authors: Ramrakhiani Meera , Pal Deepti , Murty T.S.
Published: February 2009

Bones from different portions of human skeleton are polished and cut to suitable sizes and then subjected to micro-indentation at various loads using Vicker’s diamond pyramidal indenter. The Vicker’s hardness number is found to differ slightly from portion to portion of the skeleton. Interferometric studies of the indentation reveal that the applied stress of indentation causes a ‘pile-up’ of material near the corners of the pyramidal indents.
Light- and electron-microscopic observations on the closure of the secondary palate with the primary palate and the nasal septum
Authors: Chaudhry Anand P. , Shah Ravindra M.
Published: February 2009

Closure between the secondary palate and the primary palate and between the former and the nasal septum was studied in the Syrian golden hamster at light- and electron-microscopic level. Sequential changes in the epithelia before, during and after the closure of the primary and the secondary palate were described. A characteristic epithelial thickening was observed prior to epithelial fusion between the nasal septum and the secondary palatal shelf. Fusion of the opposing epithelia was characterized by formation of desmosomes. An unilateral or bilateral empty space was observed on each side of the epithelial seam, and it was suggested that this may represent the incisive foramen in the adult.
Mechanical structure and function of the craniofacial skeleton of the domestic dog
Authors: Roberts David
Published: February 2009

Masticatory habit is a major factor determining the morphology of the craniofacial skeleton. The craniofacial skeleton essentially comprises a series of bony stress-bearing bridges forming a structural framework. The structural framework of the skull of dog has been described as a rigid trestle-like structure; it can be illustrated by mechanically removing nonresistant areas of bone. It is then found that a framework is produced which is partially rigid (cranium) and partly flexible (rostrum). It is postulated that the flexibility of the rostrum acts to absorb shock and it is suggested that the primate postorbital bar is developed in response to craniofacial morphology which increases compressive bite forces.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Colchizin auf Knorpelgewebe aus Organkulturen von Extremitätenknospen (Mäuseembryonen)
Authors: Feller B. , Merker H.-J.
Published: February 2009

Limb buds of 11-day-old mouse embryos were cultured. On day 5,0.1 ml colchicine was added for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h in vitro. 3 or 6 h after application of colchicine, electron-dense granula appear to an increasing extent. These granula can be interpreted as collagen-containing secretion granula and as an indication of a secretion inhibition. The peripheral localization of the granula groups speaks for an effect on the actual discharge of the secretion after having passed the Golgi apparatus. Additional effects of colchicine are fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and an increased occurrence of bundles of fine filaments. Since only few microtubuli occur in the periphery of the chondroblasts and recent studies indicate an influence of colchicine not only on the microtubule system, a site of action at the functional unity ‘cell membrane-microfîlaments’ is discussed. 12 or 24 h after colchicine application, the contents of the congested secretion granula change. The occurrence of cross-striated structures indicates an activity of procollagen peptidase in the granula in the case of secretion inhibition. In addition, cytolysosomes (autophagic vacuoles) develop. The occurrence of polymorphism of the granula contents under these conditions is attributed to an effect of lysosomal enzymes.
Increased coronary collateral blood flow
Authors: Terracio Louis , Kubicek William G.
Published: February 2009

β-Histine-HCl has been shown to be effective in modifying the size of developing myocardial infarcts. In the present study the hypothesis that β-hιstine increases the flow of blood through collateral channels and thus supplies blood to ligated areas of the myocardium was investigated in the dog. The methods used were measurement of retrograde coronary blood flow and angiography after coronary artery ligation. β-Histine administration for 6 h increased retrograde blood flow 68.2–91.0% over controls. Coronary angiography demonstrated the existence of collateral channels 200–400 µm in diameter within the myocardium after ligation and 4 h of β-histine administration.
Histochemical analysis of mucosubstances and cytochemical studies of the Golgi region and the secretory granules of the normal gerbil gallbladder principal cells
Authors: Wahlln T.
Published: February 2009

The mucosubstances of the gallbladder epithelium of the Mongolian gerbil have been analyzed histochemically. The results indicated that they are composed of carboxylated and sulfated glycoproteins. A closer study of the principal cell structure with ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques localized the glycoproteins to the glycocalyx, lysosomes, Golgi complexes, immature and mature secretory granules and basement membrane. Acid phosphatase activity was found in the lysosomes, immature granules and the irregular cisternae of the internal region of the Golgi apparatus. It is suggested that the acid-phosphatase-containing internal Golgi membranes may correspond to the GERL (Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes).
Umformung des Rete ovarii zum Rete testis und des Epoophoron zum Nebenhoden nach experimenteller Geschlechtsumkehr bei Gallus domesticus
Authors: Budras K.-D. , Höftmann M. , Wallenburg J.
Published: February 2009

Transformation of the rete ovarii into a rete testis and of the epoophoron into an epididymis after experimental sex reversal in Gallus domesticus is described. After castration of female chicks, the medulla of the left ovary and/or the right gonadal rudiment develop into a testoid or an ovotestis. From general view, this is observed as sex reversal. In case of formation of a testoid, the epoophoron develops into an epididymis and the rete ovarii develops into a rete testis which consists of intra- and extratesticular and intracapsular parts. Thus, a luminated duct system is developed which allows the transport of semen. In case of formation of an ovotestis, the discontinuously side-by-side located parts of the rete ovarii and of the epoophoron are maintained.
The initial development of the human brain
Authors: O'Rahilly Ronan , Gardner Ernest
Published: February 2009

An account of the early development of the human brain has been prepared from the data available for the Carnegie Collection, as well as from published information from other sources. Although the site of the neural plate can be discerned at stage 7, the first visible indication of the nervous system is the neural groove in certain embryos of stage 8, in which the embryonic disc measures more than 1 mm and the notochordal process at least 0.3 mm. The progressive fusion of the neural folds during stage 10, and the closure of the rostral and caudal neuropores at stages 11 and 12, respectively, are detailed with further precision than hitherto. It is emphasized that the major subdivisions of the human brain do not begin as vesicles, but as enlargements of the open neural folds at stage 9. The relationships of the neuromeres to the otic region, the somites, and the neural crest are clarified and illustrated. The early appearance of the telencephalon medium (before cerebral vesicles have formed) is stressed, and the terminological implications for the subdivisions of the brain are discussed.
Histological observations on the testis of the camel, with special emphasis on spermatogenesis
Authors: Osman D.I. , Moniem K.A. , Tingari M.D.
Published: February 2009

A histological study of the testis of the camel has been carried out; this includes the description of the different cell types of the testis, stages and frequency of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The testis is characterized by the presence of abundant Leydig cells found in large masses in the intertubular areas and in the mediastinum. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was divided into eight stages (I–VIII) according to the method of Ortavant. The frequency of the stages I–VIII of the cycle is not affected by season and was found as follows: I: 21.93%; II: 11.07%; III: 13.42%; IV: 8,24%; V: 10.32%; VI: 9.34%; VII: 9,25%; VIII: 16.43%.
Le processus rétro-articulaire ou tubercule rétro-mandibulaire du squelette crânien chez l’homme
Authors: de Oliveira Yara
Published: February 2009

The frequency, morphology, symmetry and asymmetry of the retro-articular process of the human temporal bone are studied in 811 adult skulls, being 386 from whites (301 men and 85 women), 245 from Negroes (137 men and 108 women), 138 from mulattoes (94 men and 44 women) and 42 from Japanese (31 men and 11 women). In 1,591 out of the 1,622 observations there was an evident retro-articular process. It was classified according to its shape as mam-millary, pyramidal, tubercular, crest-like or molar. Furthermore, in each one of these above referred types the process showed to be large, middle or small in size. The author states that in 98.4% of the skulls studied an evident retro-articular process could be observed; it was symmetrical in 790 cases, asymmetrical in 713 cases. These results are against the literature on the subject because it has been stated that in the present-day man the retro-articular process is very rare and, when present, usually very small.
Neuronal degeneration and regeneration in the olfactory epithelium of pigeon following transection of the first cranial nerve
Authors: Graziadei P.P.C. , Okano M.
Published: February 2009

The pigeon olfactory nerve has been sectioned to explore the course of retrograde degeneration of the sensory neurons’ perikarya, which are located in the olfactory neuroepithelium. Both light- and electron-microscopic observations have shown that from 3 to 8 days after axotomy the sensory neurons undergo retrograde, irreversible degeneration. Following disappearance of the mature neurons, the basal cells of the neuroepithelium actively divide and differentiate into mature olfactory sensory neurons. Consequently, the basal cells represent true stem cells of the olfactory sensory neurons. The olfactory mucosa regains a structural organization close to normal in a period of 30–50 days after axotomy. These observations indicate that, when the primary olfactory neurons degenerate as a consequence of the experimental section of their axons, restitutio adintegrum of the sensory olfactory connections can be reestablished by new elements which differentiate from basal cells of the olfactory neuroepithelium.
The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in the female rat
Authors: Baljet B. , Drukker J.
Published: February 2009

The extrinsic innervation of the abdominal organs in neonatal and adult female rats is described. Mainly an in toto acetylcholinesterase method was used; moreover, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase were demonstrated in sections. The major splanchnic nerve has its origin in the ninth and tenth thoracic sympathetic trunc ganglia. In the major splanchnic nerve a suprarenal ganglion is present. Sometimes the minor splanchnic nerve, arising from the tenth thoracic ganglion, joins the distal part of the suprarenal ganglion. The left and right major splanchnic nerves join the left and right celiac ganglia in the plexus. The left celiac ganglion is always bigger than the right one. The celiac plexus and the celiac inferior mesenteric plexus are joined by the intermesenteric plexus. Para-aortic nerves, originating in the caudal part of the thoracic sympathetic truncs, also join the abdominal prevertebral plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves, not symmetrical in their origin, join the prevertebral plexuses and give off branches to the abdominal organs. The suprarenal glands receive bundles of nerve fibers, sometimes ganglionated, from the suprarenal ganglion. The kidneys are innervated from the celiac plexus, the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves and the intermesenteric plexus. The ovarian nerves are derived from the celiac plexus, the intermesenteric plexus and the upper lumbar splanchnic nerves. Bundles of nerve fibers run from the suprarenal ganglion in the celiac plexus in the direction of the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In many respects this description is at variance with existing literature on the autonomic innervation in the rat. These differences with the standard literature are relevant to those workers engaged in experiments on the sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera.
Die Arteria falcea anterior des Erwachsenen
Authors: Müller F.
Published: February 2009

The anterior falcate artery, which is the continuation of the anterior ethmoidal, supplies the dura mater in the region of the superior sagittal sinus as far almost as the coronal suture. Graphic reconstructions show its relationships to the veins, the sinus, and the arachnoid granulations. Histological studies of the artery emphasize its adaptation to longitudinal stretching. The complexity of its relationships suggests a functional significance beyond that of nourishing the dura.
Cellular thorn-like projections in human endocervical epithelium
Authors: Chrétien F.C. , Guillon G.
Published: February 2009

By means of scanning electron-microscopic investigations, thorn-like projections (TLP) were observed in the cilio-secretory epithelium of the ventral surface of the human endo-cervix. These projections, which seem to be characteristic of a new cell type, were seen at different stages of the menstrual cycle (days 8, 14 and 21) in 4 apparently healthy fertile women. Striking differences in length, with a maximum size at midcycle, suggest an evolutive process throughout the menstrual cycle. The origin and possible physiological role of TLP in the reproductive process are discussed.
Aging in retinas and optic nerves of 2.5- to 9-month-old mice
Authors: Yew David T.
Published: February 2009

Aging of the retina and optic nerve was studied in 2.5- to 9-month-old albino mice. A change was found in the number of visual cells and in the distribution of large versus small optic nerve fibers. No significant change was found in the number of retinal phagosomes and in the total number of optic nerve fibers.
Delayed maturation of the male cerebral cortex in rats
Authors: Yanai Joseph
Published: February 2009

45 male and female Wistar rats were given a single injection of 3H-thymidine (10µ Ci/g body weight) on day 1, 7, 14 or 21. All animals survived until 60 days of age when they were perfused with 10% neutral formalin and the brains were removed and prepared for autoradiography. The sagittal section of the cortex (L980 µm) was 6.8% larger in the males (p < 0.05) but the packing density of the cortical cells was 5.9% higher in the females (p < 0.01), thus bringing the total number of cells to the male levels. The diameter of the female cortical cells was 3.8% smaller than those of the males (p < 0.05). The greatest difference was among the smaller cells (3–9 µm). The rate of postnatal acquisition of cortical cells was indicated by the number of radioactive-labelled cells. Males had more labeled cells after each injection; it was most pronounced (32% difference) on day 7 (p < 0.05). This may reflect a delayed acquisition rate of cells formed before birth, since more cells could be labeled by the postnatal injection.
Asymmetry in the skull
Authors: Jain K.K. , Jain B.K.
Published: February 2009

Various linear and angular measurements were taken in 118 normal skulls of adult humans. The two halves of the skulls were found to be symmetrical. The phenomenon of asymmetry of various parts of the body, in relation to cerebral dominance and specific skills has been discussed in view of the findings of the study and in the light of the available literature.
Absence of the mental foramen in dry human mandibles
Authors: de Freitas V. , Madeira M.C. , Toledo Filho J.L. , Chagas C.F.
Published: February 2009

The absence of the mental foramen was investigated in 1,435 dry human mandibles (2,870 sides). The foramen was absent twice in the right side (0.06%) and once in the left side (0.03%). The meaning of this anatomical variation was commented.
Improved utilization of tissue blocks for electron microscopy
Authors: Rømert P. , Matthiessen M.E.
Published: February 2009

Liver tissue from miniature pig fetuses was immersion-fixed in fixative mixtures with various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. The preservation quality of hepatocytes was evaluated ultrastructurally in a peripheral zone (30–130 µm below the surface) and a central zone (500 µm below the surface). In the peripheral zone the best preservation was obtained with a fixative mixture containing 2% formaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde and in the central zone with a fixative mixture containing 8% formaldehyde and 8% glutaraldehyde. It is concluded that a better utilization of fairly large tissue blocks for ultrastructural investigation can be obtained by division of the block and subsequent fixation in fixatives containing various concentrations of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
Scapular correlates of muscle morphology in Papio cynocephalus
Authors: Kimes Kyle R. , Doyle W.J. , Siegel M.I.
Published: February 2009

The scapula responds to the compressive states of its surrounding matrix produced by muscle functioning and weight bearing in the upper extremity with discernible structural correlates. These structural correlates can be utilized to infer locomotor behavior. After dissection and drying, the weights of several muscles of the shoulder region of 11 adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were statistically compared to various dimensions of the bony scapula. A significant correlation was obtained between the weights of the individual compressive muscles, the combined weights of the compressive muscles and a scapular dimension of width. A nonsignificant correlation between these muscles and a scapular dimension of length was also found. The results of this study were compared to those of a previous study of the scapular musculature in Macaca and opposing conclusions were obtained. The advisability of lumping macaques and baboons into a single gross locomotor category is rejected.
A study on the occurrence of alkaline phosphatase in the sutura interfrontalis of Wistar rats
Authors: Markens I.S. , Oudhof H.A.J.
Published: February 2009

The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of alkaline phosphatase during various stages in development and closure of the sutura interfrontalis. The histological sections reveal that this enzyme could primarily be demonstrated in the dura mater of this suture. In further developmental stages, alkaline phosphatase could be observed within the intermediate zone as well as the pericranium. These findings are brought in relation with the occurrence of synostosis which can be induced under experimental conditions.
Rat small intestinal morphology with special reference to villi: effects of maternal protein deficiency and hydrocortisone
Authors: Subramoniam A.
Published: February 2009

The heights of villi were less in all the segments of mildly undernourished (by increasing litter size) pups at 21 days of age, in comparison with controls, while the heights of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, but not in the ileum, were less in severely undernourished (by maternal protein deficiency) pups. Administration of hydrocortisone during 18–21 days of age to normal pups and to pups undernourished by maternal protein deficiency during lactation showed a marked reduction of villi heights in the ileum but not in other segments of the intestine. When the pups of protein-deficient mothers (during lactation) were fed on a normal diet during the post-weaning period, the villi in the ileum were found to be longer than those of controls. Superimposition of post-weaning protein deficiency over pre-weaning undernutrition only left the heights of ileal villi unaltered, but in other segments deficits in heights of villi were observed. These studies suggest that the suggested ‘villi-reducing factor’ did not appear in the ileum of severely undernourished pups even after the availability of an adequate nutrition in the post-weaning period, probably due to hydrocortisone deficiency at about 21 days of age, and that the hormone has a role in maintaining ileal villi heights. In addition to the heights of villi, other morphological retardations and alterations of enterocyte structure were observed in the severely undernourished intestine. These effects differed in different parts of the intestine and with the degree of neonatal undernutrition. Most of the morphological abnormalities showed a trend for recovery when a normal diet was given in the post-weaning period.
Factors affecting the histochemical composition of reinnervated soleus muscle of rat
Authors: Rymaszewska-Kossakowska Teresa D. , Śliwowski Adam
Published: February 2009

The myofibrillar ATPase reaction was utilized to determine the relative proportion of type II fibres in reinnervated soleus muscle 6 months after transection and reunion of the nerve at various distances from the muscle. In self-reinnervated soleus muscle, a highly significant decrease in the percentage of type II fibres from 10.5 ± 1.6% in normal muscle to 0.7 ± 0.4% was noted. In randomly reinnervated soleus muscle the percentage of type II fibres gradually increased with the distance of the site of nerve transection from the muscle. After transection and reunion of the muscular branch of the tibial nerve, the type II fibres constituted 34.0 ± 1.5% and that of the reinnervated soleus muscle after transection and reunion of the sciatic nerve stump was 73.7 ± 1.7% of the total fibre population. Different factors which might be responsible for the observed differences in the degree of cytochemical transformation of muscle fibre types in the process of reinnervation are discussed.
Serially etched shark enameloid observed by incident light microscopy
Authors: Risnes Steinar , Fosse Gisle
Published: February 2009

Longitudinal and transverse tooth sections oïhums oxyrinchus were serially etched in 2.6% nitric acid. The changing optical properties of the etched surfaces were observed during the serial etchings, and the descent of the enameloid surfaces was measured. Shark enameloid seems to be less effectively etched by acid than human enamel; this difference may be due to differences in solubility between fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. Most of the information regarding the structure of the enameloid was gained during the first five of ten etchings. The reflection of light from the surface was influenced by the orientation of the crystallites, longitudinally sectioned crystallites reflecting the light better than transversely sectioned crystallites. The dentinal extensions were continuous with and of the same structure as the underlying dentine. The radial fibers originated from the dentinal extensions, and they both contained organic material and were accompanied by crystallites. When the specimens were imbibed with water the distinctness of the dentinal extensions and radial fibers was improved.
Cephalic arterial pattern in New World edentates and Old World pangolins with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy
Authors: Bugge J.
Published: February 2009

The cephalic arterial pattern in edentates and pangolins is described on the basis of 9 corrosion specimens, representing all the classical superfamilies, with special reference to their phylogenetic relationship and taxonomy. In this respect, the importance of the manner in which the external carotid artery system annexes the stepedial area of supply and of the course of the internal carotid artery in relation to the tympanic cavity is emphasized. The investigation does not indicate any special relationship between the New World edentates and the Old World pangolins, whereas the marked difference in the course of the internal carotid artery in recent edentates stresses the independent development of the South American anteaters compared with that of the two other edentate groups (armadillos and tree sloths). Most probably the edentates were divided very early into two main lines which have evolved independently since the early Tertiary, i. e. one for the anteaters and one for the tree sloths and armadillos, indicating a probable subdivision of the true edentates into two suborders. This subdivision is markedly different from the classical two-fold division of the edentates.
Vibrissae removal and the phenomenon of unexplained sudden death
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2009

Two earlier theories on the effect of vibrissae removal in rats were tested. One theory stating that vibrissae removal produces impairment of spatial orientation capacity was confirmed. The other stating that it causes a depressive state of hopelessness and sudden death could not be confirmed. It is concluded that the extrapolation from the particular animal experiment to human psychological processes is not justified.
Venous drainage of the urinary bladder
Authors: Shehata Ramzy
Published: February 2009

The venous drainage of the urinary bladder was studied in 20 pelvic halves (14 males and 6 females). Vesical and prostatic plexuses draining the bladder (vesical only in females) were found in 16 cases; they supplied blood to the internal iliac vein – usually by two to five veins – the most common number being three. One vein always drained the prostatic plexus. The vesical and prostatic plexuses were absent in 4 male cases, where the vesical veins issuing from the bladder wall drained directly the internal iliac vein. Their number in such cases was minimal : between one and two only, on each side. The union of a vesical vein issuing from any of the two mentioned plexuses (when found) with the obturator, prostatic or vaginal vein was common. A shunt from a common trunk of united obturator and vesical veins to the external iliac vein was noticed in some cases. Occasionally, an inferior vesical vein ending in the obturator vein accompanied an inferior vesical artery initiating from the obturator artery.
Histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of ferret lingual glands
Authors: Poddar S. , Jacob S.
Published: February 2009

The histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of the ferret lingual glands were studied. Both serous and mucous minor salivary glands were present in the posterior part of the tongue. In serous glands, acinar cells and a very few cells of the excretory ducts contained granules which gave reactions for neutral mucopolysaccharides only. The mucous glands, including the duct system, contained mainly weakly sulphated acidic mucin, some neutral mucin but no carboxylated mucin. Occasional goblet cells were present in the excretory ducts of both serous and mucous glands. They contained weakly sulphated mucin.
Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein
Authors: Piffer Carlos R.
Published: February 2009

The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.
Changes in sweat gland morphology in cattle before and during heat stimulation
Authors: Amakiri S.F. , Adepoju J.J.
Published: February 2009

The morphology of apocrine sweat glands in two breeds of cattle, the White Fulani and Friesian was studied histologically using biopsy midside skin samples obtained from the animal at 6.00 a.m. (period 1), 2.30 p.m. (period 2) and 4.00 p.m. (period 3), respectively. Sweat glands with three morphologic types of epithelium were observed. Type 1 consisted of flattened low cüboidal epithelium. Type 2 had tall cuboidal epithelium with cell apical borders slightly indented and the gland lumen narrower than in type 1. A third group of glands had tall columnar epithelial cells (type 3) with bleb-like protuberances on their luminal surfaces. There were also corresponding changes in the morphology of myoepithelial cells from an elongated form in type 1 to a contracted form in types 2 and 3. The morphology of secretory cell surfaces was found to vary with the sampling period; a greater percentage of type 1 glands was seen in period 1 and a preponderance of types 2 and 3 glands (in varying proportions) in periods 2 and 3. Breed differences in the distribution of type of epithelium at various sampling periods were observed. These results are discussed in relation to the functional activity pattern of the sweat glands on stimulation by heat.
Ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fucus
Authors: Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Spoonamore Barry A.
Published: February 2009

This investigation describes the ultrastructure of the atrioventricular node of Eptesicusfuscus. Two conducting cell types (nodal and transitional) are identified which differ in location, myofibrillar content, and types of intercellular junctions. Centrally located nodal cells display variable staining intensity and contain disorganized myofibrils which rarely form sarcomeres. Desmosomes and nexus-like junctions connect the nodal cells. Transitional cells, situated peripherally, exhibit distinct sarcomeres and are attached to the adjacent cells through desmosomes and underdeveloped intercalated discs. Longitudinal arrangement of the mitochondrial cristae is frequently seen in both cell types. In the connective tissue stroma, numerous capillaries (with micropinocytotic vesicles), axons, and possibly axonal terminals, some filled with vesicles, are observed. A large ganglionated nerve trunk is present on the nodal periphery. True nexuses and neuromuscular junctions are not observed. It is suggested that nodal cell types previously reported in different vertebrates under various names are merely simple variations of the two basic types of conducting cells – nodal and transitional. No interspecffic differences are observed between these cells of the big brown bat compared with those in other vertebrates.
Histogenesis of human extraparenchymal Leydig cells
Authors: Nistal Manuel , Paniagua Ricardo
Published: February 2009

From 64 consecutive autopsies of patients with neither testicular nor hormonal pathology, 26 showed extraparenchymal Leydig cells, located mainly in the epididymis and in the spermatic cord. The ultrastructural study of these specimens plus those obtained from 2 patients affected with functional testicular tumors leads to the following conclusions: (1) The origin of ectopic Leydig cells is not interstitial Leydig cells having infiltrated the testicular nerves and migrated along them towards ectopic locations. (2) The ectopic Leydig cells are considered to develop from undifferentiated precursor cells, located extraparenchymally, mainly inside and beside the testicular nerves. These precursor cells are similar to those observed in the testicular interstitium and have an ovoid shape and some cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm contains vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, lipid droplets and abundant microfilament bundles. The transformation from these cells into mature Leydig cells implies a progressive differentiation of the cytoplasmic components involved in steroid biosynthesis.
Anatomy of the auditory tube and related structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Doyle William J. , Rood Stewart R.
Published: February 2009

The primate nasopharynx-auditory tube-middle ear complex is being used by several researchers to model both normal and pathologic functions of the human auditory tube. An extensive search of the literature has indicated little detailed information on the primate tube/middle ear system. This study was undertaken to define the anatomical characteristic of the system in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and to determine the limits on the use of the monkey as a model of human tubal function. Although the direct application of morphologic data to account for the observed function of a system is a tenuous one, the data on the rhesus monkey auditory tube appear to be consistent with those published for other mammals. The tensor veli palatini muscle appears to be the only muscle to act directly on the tube and effect tubal dilation. The muscle is attached to the lateral membranous tubal wall along its extrabullar extension. The muscle has an inferior attachment to the posterior hard palate and thus possesses a vector directed inferolaterally; contraction would appear to pull the membranous wall inferiorly and laterally, resulting in tubal dilation. The auditory tube relationships of the salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, and internal pterygoid muscles are described. Their possible role in primate tubal function is minimal at best.
Etude radio-anatomique de l’artère médiane
Authors: Huelin Valdecasas , Barreiro F.J. , Barcia Campelo
Published: February 2009

A study of the median artery has been done on 40 forearms, using anatomical and radiological methods. Of the points studied, the following are of particular interest: the mode of origin and the systematization of the various types.
Position of ultimobranchial body cysts in the human fetal thyroid gland
Authors: Fraser B.A. , Duckworth J.W.A.
Published: February 2009

In a series of 21 human fetal thyroid glands examined histologically in serial sections, seven ultimobranchial body cysts were found. The position of these cysts correlated well with the distribution of calcitonin-containing cells found by previous investigators in the adult thyroid gland. Ultimobranchial body cysts found external to the thyroid lobes may offer a developmental explanation for the paucity of calcitonin found in some adult thyroid glands. The close developmental relationship between the parathyroid gland and the ultimobranchial body could explain the presence of calcitonin found in these glands in some adults.
Electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle
Authors: Prado Reis Francisco , de Camargo Armando M. , Vitti Mathias , de Carvalho Claudio A.F.
Published: February 2009

The electromyographic study of the subclavius muscle (SM) was performed in 31 different movements, in 12 subjects (10 male and 2 female) aged from 17 to 28 years. The action potentials were obtained with an electromyograph Teca TE 4. Our findings suggest that the SM acts mainly on the stability of the sternoclavicular joint; with more or less intensity according to the degree of the clavicular interaction with the movements of the peripheral parts of the superior limb. The SM seems to act as a substitute for the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint.
Distribution and nature of desmosomes in the bovine developing ruminal epithelium
Authors: Arias J.L. , Fernandez Soledad , Cabrera Raul
Published: February 2009

Desmosomes entirely similar to those of the deeper layers of ruminal epithelium are seen in the luminal layers of the early fetal ruminal epithelium. In the older fetuses, these desmosomes have morphological features that reveal to some extent the occurrence of processes of keratinization. This could indicate that the basis for cell keratinization is already present in the fetus and that postnatal keratinization corresponds mainly to the full development or the prenatally existing pattern of differentiation.
Die Venen des menschlichen Kleinhirns
Authors: Tschabitscher M.
Published: February 2009

(1) The veins of the human cerebellum, which may be classified into internal and external venous channels, correspond, in this respect, to the veins of the cerebral hemispheres. (2) The external cerebellar veins are arranged in three groups which, in turn, correspond to the three cerebellar surfaces and which communicate extensively. Accordingly, the terminal segments of the cerebellar veins overlap, which implies that no one-to-one relationship exists between the mouths of the individual veins and their respective distributions.(3) The terminal segments of the cerebellar veins are the superior petrosal sinus, the tentorial venous sinuses, the great vein of Galen and the internal vertebral plexus.(4) The tentorial venous channels may form a collateral venous arrangement.(5) The internal cerebellar veins consist of the nuclear veins and the medullary veins.(6) The medullary veins form a cortex-perforating group and a group located in the basal medullary region. The latter form a venous arborization of blood vessels not described thus far. This group of veins opens chiefly into the vein of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle.(7) Attention is called to a ‘venous watershed’ corresponding to the one that exists in the cerebral hemispheres.(8) The veins of the dentate nucleus are composed of several venous channels draining its external surface and one single vein draining its internal surface. The latter has not been described thus far. The external veins of the dentate nucleus open into the venous star and the cortex-perforating veins. The internal nuclear vein, on the other hand, emerging from the hilum of the dentate nucleus, runs along the superior cerebellar peduncle. Thus, the term ‘vena centralis nuclei dentati’ appears to be appropriate to designate this vessel. It ultimately opens into the precentral cerebellar vein.(9) In certain places, various-colored substances used for injection form mixed pools.
Anatomische Gesichtspunkte zur Sternalmarkpunktion
Authors: Valeske P.G.
Published: February 2009

The thickness of the manubrium, the width and thickness of the body of the sternum at the level of second intercostal space as well as the thickness of the spongiosa and outer and inner compact layers have been measured in 67 human cadavers. Consequently, it is recommended that sternal puncture be made at the level of the second intercostal space in the adult and at the manubrium in children. Depth of puncture should not exceed 4 mm. Sternal puncture can thereby be done with greater confidence of avoiding penetration of the sternum, a potentially serious complication.
Histological and histoenzymological studies of medulla oblongata of Taphozous melanopogon Temminck (a Microchiroptera)
Authors: Hafiza B. , Sood P.P.
Published: February 2009

The paper deals with the histological and histoenzymological studies of the medulla oblongata of Taphozous melanopogon Temminck (a microchiropteran bat). Three phosphatases, namely acid phosphatase (ACP), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TTP) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) were studied. All the enzymes were seen in all the neurons. The large neurons of the different nuclei are more strongly positive for ACP than the small neurons. Further, the areas which contain dense populations of neurons are more strongly stained than the area containing scattered neurons. TPP and G-6-P distributions are almost parallel to that of ACP. The functions of these enzymes in synthesis and secretory processes were discussed.
Kanten und Torsion der menschlichen Fibula
Authors: Reimann R.
Published: February 2009

The borders and ridges of the fibula show a difficult aspect caused by the boneforming musculature. These structures are an occasion for misunderstanding and mistaken denominations, which even had a noticeable effect on the PNA. Two thirds of all human fibulae exhibit a clearly prominent ‘crista musculi tibialis posterioris’, giving tendinuous attachment to the tibialis posterior muscle. In diagnosis of borders this crista may lead to errors, because it branches off from the interosseous border underneath the upper fourth of the fibula and reaches the medial crest in the middle of the bone. Most of the borders of the fibula show a twisted course corresponding to the direction of the shaping musculature and effecting a fictitious torsion of the shaft. The proper torsion of the fibula, however, is substantiated by the difference between the absolute torsion (= twist of the two ends of the bone) and the accompanying torsion (= twist enforced by the torsion of the tibia).
Mast cells in the human brain
Authors: Dropp John J.
Published: February 2009

Mast cells, as adjudged by the metachromatic staining of their cytoplasmic granules, were found in 79% of the 97 human brains studied. They were most numerous and most consistently present in the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and choroid plexuses. They were also numerous in the leptomeninges surrounding the pineal organ and infundibulum. Occasional mast cells were also seen within the supraoptic crest, the subfornical organ, the ventricles and the leptomeninges at sites other than over the infundibulum and pineal organ. They were not detectable elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord. In the infundibulum, pineal organ, area postrema and telencephalic choroid plexuses mast cells were most numerous in young individuals (i.e., 0–19 years of age); thereafter, their numbers progressively decreased with aging. Elsewhere mast cell numbers remained about the same with aging. Except in the area postrema where mast cells were more numerous and more consistently present in males, sex-related differences in mast cell number or distribution were not detected. No differences in either the abundance, the distribution or the percentage of individuals possessing mast cells at any of these sites were apparent between ‘normative’ brains, lesioned brains (‘stroke1, lobotomy, etc.) or those from individuals with either congenital or acquired encephalopathies.
Zur Histotopik von Hydrolasen im Nebenhoden des Hundes
Authors: Sinowatz Fred , Skolek-Winnisch Rita , Lipp Walther
Published: February 2009

Localization and activity of five hydrolases (alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and leucylamino-peptidase) were evaluated histochemically in the epididymides of mature dogs. In the ductuli efferentes, cilia and apical parts of the epithelial cells displayed high activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Strong activity of acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and leucylaminopeptidase was present in the basal and supranuclear zones of the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes. Stereocilia of all three segments of the ductus epididymidis showed a high activity of alkaline phosphatase. Positive adenosine triphosphatase reaction was confined to the stereocilia of the initial segment. A complex pattern of acid phosphatase activity was observed in the middle segment. The subdivision of the middle segment in four subsegments was therefore suggested. In the epithelium of the initial segment only a few nonspecific esterase-positive cells were seen. The infranuclear and basal areas of the epithelium in the middle segment and the supranuclear zone of the terminal segment displayed distinct nonspecific esterase activity. The possible contribution of the hydrolases to the function of the epididymis is discussed.
Effect of ligation of various vessels ischaemia and collateral circulation in rabbits and rats
Authors: Jaya Y.
Published: February 2009

Ligation of vessels was performed in rats and rabbits to study ischaemia and collateral circulation. Many authors have worked on this subject. This work was undertaken to study the response of young rabbits in comparison with older animals.