bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF MACRO-INVERTEBRATES IN RIFFLES AND POOLS OF MARDI AND VIJAYPUR STREAMS POKHARA, NEPAL
Authors: Pokharel K. K.
Published: November 2014

Present paper deals with the spatio-temporal variations in diversity and density of macro invertebratesin riffles and pools of the Mardi and the Vijayapur streams, Pokhara, Nepal. It was the pioneeringwork to study the biotic assemblage. Altogether 47 genera (32 from the riffles and 34 from the pools)belonging to 38 families and 12 orders were recorded during the study period. The taxa richness washigher (38 genera) in the Mardi stream than in the Vijayapur stream (30 genera). Total density at bothsites observed major peak and down fall in the spring and summer seasons, respectively. The averagetotal density during the spring peak was higher (967.42 m-2 in riffle and 652.10 m-2 in pool) at Site 1(Mardi stream) than at Site 2 (Vijaypur stream) (541.02 m-2 in riffle and 537.43 in pool). This peakwas mainly contributed by the order ephemeroptera. Ephemeroptera, diptera and trichoptera werefound predominant orders comprising 11, 8 and 8 genera, respectively. Heptagenidae, baetidae andleptophlebidae; chironomidae, ceratopogonidae and tipulidae, and hydropsychidae, psychomyidaeand polycentropodidae were dominant families among ephemeroptera, diptera and trichopterarespectively. The dominant genera were, Heptagenia Walsh, Rhithrogena Eaton and Baetis Leach;Tendipes Meigen, Culicoides Latreille and Simulium Hagen; Hydropsyche Pictet and PsychomyiaPictet; Psephenus Haldeman and Heterlimnius Hinton; Octogomphus Selys and Argia Rambur andPlanaria Girard among ephemeroptera, diptera, trichoptera, plecoptera, coleoptera, odonata andtricladida, respectively. The lower taxa richness at Site 2 having urban influence reflects theperturbation of stream environment due to urbanization, industrialization and application of inorganicfertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural lands, which needs regular ecological monitoring andmeasures to control further deterioration.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11442ECOPRINTAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 20, 2013Page: 61-70
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEED VIABILITY LOSS AND SEED BANK REDUCTION OF OROBANCHE AEGYPTIACA PERS. USING NON-HOST CROPS
Authors: Acharya Bipana Devi
Published: November 2014

Orobanche spp. are serious and difficult weed to control to many economically important plants. Theseed bank of this noxious weed in soil can be reduced by using trap crop. But all the seed bankreduction is not due to trap crop only; some reduction is also contributed by edaphic and/orpathogenic factors. So in the present study, the relationship between reduction in Orobanche seedbank in soil and loss of seed viability due to trap crop has been investigated in pots and naturalinfested fields at Vedabari (Field A) and Beldia (Field B). Results of viability loss and seed bankreduction indicated that nearly 11% to 25% of the reduction of seed density of Orobanche in soil iscontributed by seed viability loss due to trap crops. On combining data of all three experiments, itwas found that the loss of seed viability in Orobanche due to combined effects of treatments with testcrops was nearly 24%. When the value obtained from viability loss and seed bank reduction iscompared with the value obtained in control treatment, it is found that the contribution of edaphicfactors for seed bank reduction is about 76% and that of tested trap crops is about 24%, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v20i0.11471ECOPRINT An International Journal of EcologyVol. 20, 2013page: 97-106
The Link between Pronunciation Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in the Foreign-Language Classroom: The Polish EFL Context
Authors: Baran-Łucarz Małgorzata
Published: November 2014

Abstract:

Anxiety and L2 self-confidence have been suggested as vital determinants of willingness to communicate (WTC) in a foreign-language (FL) learning environment. Studies also demonstrate that it is a concern over pronunciation mistakes that is particularly likely to cause embarrassment and apprehension in FL students. Linking these two facts may lead to an explanation for why many post-puberty learners avoid participating in speaking tasks in the FL classroom. The present article reports the outcomes of a study adopting a mixed-methods approach, which showed that pronunciation anxiety (PA) – conceptualized as pronunciation self-perception, fear of negative evaluation, and beliefs concerning the pronunciation of the target language – is related to WTC (r = −.60 at p < .001). Moreover, results of t-tests suggested that high-PA learners have statistically lower degrees of WTC than their low-PA classmates. A link between the two constructs was further observed through the following situational variables: level of familiarity with interlocutor(s), group size, type of task, and target-language proficiency level. The quantitative data were supported by answers to open-ended questions.
A Study of the Bubbles in UV Micro Roll-to-Roll Imprinting
Authors: Ye H. C. , Shen L.-G. , Tao B. , Li M.-J.
Published: November 2014

Roll to roll (R2R) UV micro-imprinting lithography was investigated by both experimental and numerical methods. A maximum imprinting velocity without bubble defects was found through experiments and numerical simulations. This velocity changes while the imprinting processes were conducted without cleaning the imprinting roll. The processes of resin filling into patterned cavities were simulated at various resin viscosities, contact angles of resin on substrate and on the roller. The predicted velocity showed a good agreement with experimental measurement. The results indicated that a larger imprinting velocity can be used with lower viscosity resin. It also showed that bubble trapping was affected by the contact angles between resin and mold (substrate). Finally, the influences of pattern aspect ratio in the filling processes were also studied.
An Annular Rotating-Die Technique in Extrusion Process: Effect of Mandrel Rotating Speed on Extrudate Swell Behavior of HDPE Parison
Authors: Intawong N-T. , Darajang A. , Udomsom S. , Yoochooshai T. , Kantala C.
Published: November 2014

This work aims to propose an annular rotating-die technique which is specifically designed and constructed in order for the mandrel to rotate in the stationary barrel during extrusion. The annular rotating-die was employed to study the effect of the mandrel rotating speeds on the extrudate swell behavior of HDPE parison in single screw extruder at a test temperature of 210°C. The results of experiment found that rotation of mandrel caused significant change in dimension of HDPE parison after it flowed out from the annular rotating-die. It was also found that at the same apparent shear rate, the diameter swell decreased with increasing mandrel rotating speed whereas the thickness swell yielded opposite results. These results could be explained by the change of flow direction during the flow of HDPE melt in the annular rotating-die. Furthermore, the annular rotating-die technique proposed in this research could be applied in adjusting size of diameter and thickness and in predicting thickness of HDPE parison during extrusion with no need to change any production parameter in the polymer extruder.
Verifying the Melting Behavior in Single-Screw Plasticization Units Using a Novel Simulation Model and Experimental Method
Authors: Aigner M. , Praher B. , Kneidinger C. , Miethlinger J. , Steinbichler G.
Published: November 2014

We report on the development of a novel non-invasive ultrasonic measurement system for determining the melting behavior in a single-screw plasticization unit (35/22D) and on a modified drag-induced melt removal model that builds upon that by Tadmor and Gogos (2006). The solid bed to melt pool ratio is quantified using a non-invasive ultrasonic system based on reflection measurements. Automated analysis of the reflected pulses – measured at different axial positions along the barrel – allows the melting process to be monitored online. Our analysis of the delay section incorporates viscous dissipation into Tadmor's drag-induced melt removal model. We link temperature profile and melt film thickness via differential equations and consider viscous dissipation. By segmenting the delay section in the axial direction, the temperature dependency of the thermo-physical material properties is also considered. Using the melting behavior measured for different materials, we verified the mathematical model. Additionally, the effect of reduced screw length on the plasticization process, important for the injection molding process, was investigated.
Daily Collision Prediction with SARIMAX and Generalized Linear Models on the Basis of Temporal and Weather Variables
Authors: Chen Yongsheng , Tjandra Stevanus
Published: November 2014

Short-term collision prediction is a relatively new area of research in the field of traffic safety because of the high randomness of data and the methodological complexity. Motivated by requirements from frontline traffic operations and enforcement services, the authors conducted this study to develop models that predicted daily total collisions. The study started with decomposition analysis of time series data to determine trends, seasonality, and randomness of daily collisions before it proceeded with an investigation of potential collision contributors. Temporal factors (i.e., months, weekdays, and holidays) and weather forecasts (i.e., daily mean temperature, amount of rainfall, and amount of snowfall) were selected as predictive factors. Accordingly, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model with external regressors (SARIMAX) was identified, and a series of SARIMAX models of different orders was estimated and diagnosed. A generalized linear model (GLM) was also developed and compared with the SARIMAX models by validation measures. Finally, a calibration mechanism was recommended to optimize predictions. Model validations provide evidence that both SARIMAX and GLM are adaptable; however, the SARIMAX models are a viable and preferable option because they can provide greater accuracy than GLM in the short-term prediction of collisions. The models developed in this paper are now being applied (a) to support scheduling of traffic operations, maintenance and enforcement, and dispatch of material and personnel resources and (b) to provide situation awareness for all road users and stakeholders.
Assessing the Effect of Weather States on Crash Severity and Type by Use of Full Bayesian Multivariate Safety Models
Authors: El-Basyouny Karim , Barua Sudip , Islam M. Tazul , Li Ran
Published: November 2014

Rather than investigate the isolated effects of individual weather elements on crash occurrence, this study investigated the aggregated effect of weather states, defined as a combination of various weather elements (e.g., temperature, snow, rain, and wind speed), on crash occurrence. The main argument was that a combination of weather elements might better represent a particular weather condition and subsequent safety outcome. Therefore, to explore the effect of various weather states on crash severity and type, this study defined 12 weather states, based on temperature, snow, rain, and wind speed, and developed multivariate safety models by using 11 years of daily weather and crash data for Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The proposed models were estimated in a full Bayesian context via a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, while a posterior predictive approach assessed the models’ goodness of fit. Results suggested that property-damage-only (PDO) crashes increased by 4.5% to 45% because of adverse weather states and showed that PDO crashes were more affected by adverse weather states than were severe (injury and fatal) crashes. For crash type, adverse weather states were associated with an increase of 9% to 73.7% for all crash types, with the highest increase for run-off-the-road crashes. Duration of daylight was found to be significant and negatively related to all crash types and PDO crashes. Sudden weather changes of major snow or rain were statistically significant and positively related to all crash types. Days of the week and seasons of the year were used as dummy variables and were statistically significant in relation to crash occurrence.
Identification of Secondary Crashes on a Large-Scale Highway System
Authors: Zheng Dongxi , Chitturi Madhav V. , Bill Andrea R. , Noyce David A.
Published: November 2014

Freeway incidents are major sources of nonrecurrent congestion, and resultant secondary crashes can prolong traffic impact and increase costs. Research on secondary crashes to support statewide transportation system management has been limited. In this study, a two-phase automated procedure was developed to identify secondary crashes on large-scale regional transportation systems. In the first phase, a crash-pairing algorithm was developed to extract spatially and temporally nearby crash pairs. The accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm were validated by comparing it to an ArcGIS-based program. In the second phase, two filters were proposed to reduce the crash pairs for secondary crash identification: the first filter selected crash pairs whose earlier crashes were on mainline highways; the second filter selected crash pairs whose later crashes happened within the dynamic impact areas (i.e., backup queues) of the earlier crashes. Shockwave theory was used to model the dynamic impact of a primary incident. The two-phase procedure used a linear referencing system for crash localization and can be applied to any regional transportation system with a similar data structure. A case study using 2010 data was conducted on nearly 1,500 mi of freeways in Wisconsin. Among the crash pairs produced by the two-phase procedure, 73 secondary crashes were confirmed with police reports. Preliminary analyses showed that (a) secondary crashes occurring in the same traffic direction as the primary incidents were about three times as frequent as secondary crashes in the opposing direction, and (b) two-vehicle rear-end collisions, multiple-vehicle rear-end collisions, and sideswipes were three major types of secondary crashes (about 84%).
Limiting Driveway Access at Intersections
Authors: Pratt Michael P. , Bonneson James A. , Zegeer Charles V.
Published: November 2014

Transportation agencies are faced with unclear decisions when choosing among competing proposed research ideas. Research projects on the effectiveness of safety improvement treatments typically enhance the practice by yielding better information about where and when the treatment of interest should be implemented, if at all. This information is intended to reduce the frequency of incorrect decisions, including the decisions to treat when the cost is not justified or not to treat when the cost is justified. However, with limited resources for both research and treatment and with project evaluation criteria that may be subjective, identifying the best allocation of research funding is often difficult. A method called the value-of-research (VOR) evaluation has been documented as a way to quantify potential benefits of a proposed safety research project. The method accounts for considerations such as the number of analysis units (e.g., intersections or roadway segments) in existence that might be treated, frequency and cost of crashes targeted by the treatment of interest, effectiveness of the treatment, and knowledge about treatment effectiveness that could be gained through additional research. By collecting and analyzing these types of macroscopic data, decision makers can make more-informed decisions about the potential benefit of competing proposed research projects. The VOR evaluation method is demonstrated for the example treatment of removing major-street driveway access to corner businesses at signalized intersections.
Geographic Information System–Based Community-Level Method to Evaluate the Influence of Built Environment on Traffic Crashes
Authors: Ouyang Yiqiang , Bejleri Ilir
Published: November 2014

Most current research analyzing traffic crashes is done at either the spot level or the regional level. Less attention is placed at the community level. In addition, the effects of changes in land use, population growth, and transportation networks on community traffic safety have not been systematically studied. Although a number of studies have defined some variables to describe the influence of the built environment on traffic crashes, no research has looked at this problem through a comprehensive framework of relevant built-environment variables. This study explored a geographic information system–based community-level method to understand the effects of the built environment on traffic crashes. The census block group was selected as the analysis unit for the study. The framework of D transportation variables, including the dimensions of density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit, was used to characterize the built environment. The crash and built-environment data were processed in a geographic information system, and the negative binomial model was applied. The results showed that density had little influence on any type of crash; however, the mixed land use was positively associated with all crash categories. Furthermore, street length and number of segments under the design variables resulted in positive coefficients. However, the number of intersections was negative to all crash types. Moreover, whereas the number of bus stops showed a positive influence on crashes, the coefficient that designated the distance of crashes from bus stops and commercial sites was negative.
To Russia with love
Authors: Frederiksen Martin Demant
Published: November 2014

Among young unemployed or underemployed men in the port city of Batumi, the regional center of the Autonomous Republic of Ajara in Georgia, the Black Sea is a social and imaginary horizon that signifies both geographical mobility and confinement. Since Georgia gained independence, Batumi went from being a Soviet borderland to being an opening to the West. However, due to visa regulations, “the West”—and the opportunities associated with it—has long been limited to the other Black Sea countries of Turkey and Ukraine. Following the August 2008 war, Russia, although being a much more desirable destination, became out of reach for the majority of these men. Through the notions of social and geographical horizons, this article argues that the young men, despite their sense of confinement, manage to forge alternative connections to Russia via Internet sites, where the online dating of Russian women was used as a means to gain access to Russia via marriage.
Ideology, history, and politics in service of repatriation
Authors: Voutira Eftihia
Published: November 2014

This article discusses the post–Cold War repatriation to the Black Sea of people deported to Central Asia after World War II, Crimean Tatars and Pontic Greeks. It reflects on their novel ethnic and religious identifications, not available to them before their exile. Religious labeling is now used by officials as a criterion for allocating people to places, and by people as expressions of loyalty and belonging. Politically, such labeling is used for negotiating appropriate sites for resettlement schemes for the two groups in the region. The Crimean Tatar strategy is to argue in favor of “indigenous group” status, while the Pontic Greeks opt for dual commitment between repatriation to their “kin state” (Greece) and their pre-WWII places of residence in the Crimea. The comparison of the dilemmas faced by the two communities upon repatriation elucidates the role of the Black Sea region in the pragmatics of “returning home” and people's sentiments of belonging.
The many faces of Turkish Odessa
Authors: Skvirskaja Vera
Published: November 2014

The article discusses regional territoriality by looking at the heterogeneous community of Turkish male migrants and the multiple alliances they establish in post-Soviet Odessa, Ukraine. In its public image, the city plays down ideas of urban continuities with the Ottoman past, but new relations between Turkish newcomers and various Turkic-speaking groups in the area both create different and overlapping “ecumenical communities” and actualize long-forgotten connections or marginal historical visions. These migrants also generate important links to the area through marriage and intimate relations with Slav women. I argue that alliances between Turkish migrants and Turkic-speaking minorities and local women not only allow them to make the city their own, but also create a distance from wider Odessan society.
International Market Leakage from China’s Forestry Policies
Authors: Hu Xin , Shi Guoqing , Hodges Donald
Published: November 2014

Carbon leakage can be a problem when seeking to reduce carbon emissions through forest policy. International market leakage is mainly caused by supply and demand imbalances in the timber market. This paper selects China, which is implementing forestry policy changes, as the research object. We begin by offering a brief analysis of China’s forestry policy changes, such as the logging quota and Six Key Forestry Programs to determine whether those policies affect timber supply. Second, through the use of three shock variables, carbon leakage is simulated under different scenarios by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The results reveal that the magnitude of leakage caused by implementing China’s forestry policies is between 79.7% and 88.8% with carbon leakage mainly displaced to Russia, Southeast Asia, and the EU. Two effective scenarios for reducing market leakage are presented: forest tenure reform and fast growing forest projects to improve domestic timber production, and raising tariffs on timber imports to reduce imports.
Current Experience in Testing Mitochondrial Nutrients in Disorders Featuring Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Rational Design of Chemoprevention Trials
Authors: Pagano Giovanni , Aiello Talamanca Annarita , Castello Giuseppe , Cordero Mario , D'Ischia Marco , Gadaleta Maria , Pallardó Federico , Petrović Sandra , Tiano Luca , Zatterale Adriana
Published: November 2014

An extensive number of pathologies are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) and oxidative stress (OS). Thus, mitochondrial cofactors termed “mitochondrial nutrients” (MN), such as α-lipoic acid (ALA), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and l-carnitine (CARN) (or its derivatives) have been tested in a number of clinical trials, and this review is focused on the use of MN-based clinical trials. The papers reporting on MN-based clinical trials were retrieved in MedLine up to July 2014, and evaluated for the following endpoints: (a) treated diseases; (b) dosages, number of enrolled patients and duration of treatment; (c) trial success for each MN or MN combinations as reported by authors. The reports satisfying the above endpoints included total numbers of trials and frequencies of randomized, controlled studies, i.e., 81 trials testing ALA, 107 reports testing CoQ10, and 74 reports testing CARN, while only 7 reports were retrieved testing double MN associations, while no report was found testing a triple MN combination. A total of 28 reports tested MN associations with “classical” antioxidants, such as antioxidant nutrients or drugs. Combinations of MN showed better outcomes than individual MN, suggesting forthcoming clinical studies. The criteria in study design and monitoring MN-based clinical trials are discussed.
Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Response Requires Janus Kinase 2-Histone Deacetylase 2 Signaling
Authors: Ying Huang , Xu Mao-Chun , Tan Jing-Hua , Shen Jing-Hua , Wang Hao , Zhang Dai-Fu
Published: November 2014

Pressure overload induces cardiac hypertrophy through activation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the current study, we tested whether histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) was involved in the process. We found that angiotensin II (Ang-II)-induced re-expression of fetal genes (Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)) in cultured cardiomyocytes was prevented by the Jak2 inhibitor AG-490 and HDAC2 inhibitor Trichostatin-A (TSA), or by Jak2/HDAC2 siRNA knockdown. On the other hand, myocardial cells with Jak2 or HDAC2 over-expression were hyper-sensitive to Ang-II. In vivo, pressure overload by transverse aorta binding (AB) induced a significant cardiac hypertrophic response as well as re-expression of ANP and BNP in mice heart, which were markedly reduced by AG-490 and TSA. Significantly, AG-490, the Jak2 inhibitor, largely suppressed pressure overload-/Ang-II-induced HDAC2 nuclear exportation in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, TSA or HDAC2 siRNA knockdown reduced Ang-II-induced ANP/BNP expression in Jak2 over-expressed H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Together, these results suggest that HDAC2 might be a downstream effector of Jak2 to mediate cardiac hypertrophic response by pressure overload or Ang-II.
Efficacy of an Essential Oil-Based Pesticide for Controlling Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) Infestations in Apartment Buildings
Authors: Wang Changlu , Singh Narinderpal , Cooper Richard
Published: November 2014

Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus F.) are among the most difficult urban pests to manage. Many essential oil-based bed bug control products that are considered reduced risk to mammals compared to synthetic insect neurotoxins have become commercially available, but their effectiveness as a stand-alone control method is unknown. This study assessed the field efficacy of an essential oil-based bed bug control product (EcoRaider; a.i. 1% geraniol + 1% cedar oil + 2% sodium lauryl sulfate) compared to a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid mixture spray (0.075% Temprid SC; a.i. beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid). After 12 weeks, the three treatments—EcoRaider, Temprid SC, and EcoRaider + Temprid SC caused 92.5 ± 2.7, 92.9 ± 3.0, and 91.7% ± 2.7% bed bug count reduction, respectively. No significant differences existed in the bed bug reduction among the treatments. Bed bugs were eliminated from only 22% of the treated apartments. Among those still with bed bugs, 76% of the residents did not know bed bugs were present. We documented the residents’ self-control practices and discussed the potential of using essential oil-based insecticides in bed bug management programs to minimize the health risks to building occupants and pets and to slow down the development of insecticide resistance.
Coupled Microwave/Photoassisted Methods for Environmental Remediation
Authors: Horikoshi Satoshi , Serpone Nick
Published: November 2014

The microwave-induced acceleration of photocatalytic reactions was discovered serendipitously in the late 1990s. The activity of photocatalysts is enhanced significantly by both microwave radiation and UV light. Particularly relevant, other than as a heat source, was the enigmatic phenomenon of the non-thermal effect(s) of the microwave radiation that facilitated photocatalyzed reactions, as evidenced when examining various model contaminants in aqueous media. Results led to an examination of the possible mechanism(s) of the microwave effect(s). In the present article we contend that the microwaves’ non-thermal effect(s) is an important factor in the enhancement of TiO2-photoassisted reactions involving the decomposition of organic pollutants in model wastewaters by an integrated (coupled) microwave-/UV-illumination method (UV/MW). Moreover, such coupling of no less than two irradiation methods led to the fabrication and ultimate investigation of microwave discharged electrodeless lamps (MDELs) as optimal light sources; their use is also described. The review focuses on the enhanced activity of photocatalytic reactions when subjected to microwave radiation and concentrates on the authors’ research of the past few years.
Vegan Killjoys at the Table—Contesting Happiness and Negotiating Relationships with Food Practices
Authors: Twine Richard
Published: November 2014

This article reports upon research on vegan transition, which I bring into dialogue with Sara Ahmed’s figure of the killjoy. Ahmed’s work on affect and the feminist killjoy is found to be apt for considering contemporary vegans and their transgression of normative scripts of happiness and commensality in a dominant meat and dairy consuming culture. The decentring of joy and happiness is also found to be integral to the critical deconstructive work of the vegan killjoy. Ahmed’s ideas further complement the frame of practice theory that I draw upon to understand the process of transition especially in the sense of opposing the meanings of dominant practices. Although food and veganism are not commented upon by Ahmed, the vegan subject constitutes, I argue, a potent further example of what she terms an “affect alien” who must willfully struggle against a dominant affective order and community. Drawing upon interviews with 40 vegans based in the UK, I illustrate examples of contestation and negotiation by vegans and those close to them. The article finds in the figure of the killjoy not only a frame by which to partly understand the negotiation of relationships between vegans and non-vegans but also an opportunity for further intersectional labour between veganism and feminism.
Market-Based Instruments for the Conservation of Underutilized Crops: In-Store Experimental Auction of Native Chili Products in Bolivia
Authors: Garcia-Yi Jaqueline
Published: November 2014

Native chilies (Capsicum spp.) are currently underutilized in Bolivia, one of this crop’s centers of diversity. Fewer local farmers cultivate native chilies annually due to low market demand. Increasing its private use value can lead to the in-situ conservation of this crop. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the market acceptability of three native chili products: (a) chili marmalade; (b) chili cooking paste; and (c) pickled chilies. Multi-product Becker-DeGroot-Marschak experimental auctions and hedonic tests were conducted with 337 participants in La Paz and Santa Cruz. Data were analyzed using seemingly unrelated regressions. Results suggest that consumers are willing to pay price premiums of about 25–50 percent. Biodiversity conservation and improvements in farmers’ quality of life statements would not have influence on first purchase decisions but rather on repurchase decisions and therefore on consumers’ product loyalty. This in turn could lead to sustainable agro-biodiversity conservation, centered on consumers’ purchase of these products over time.
The Determinants of Green Radical and Incremental Innovation Performance: Green Shared Vision, Green Absorptive Capacity, and Green Organizational Ambidexterity
Authors: Chen Yu-Shan , Chang Ching-Hsun , Lin Yu-Hsien
Published: November 2014

This study proposes a new concept, green organisational ambidexterity, that integrates green exploration learning and green exploitation learning simultaneously. Besides, this study argues that the antecedents of green organisational ambidexterity are green shared vision and green absorptive capacity and its consequents are green radical innovation performance and green incremental innovation performance. The results demonstrate that green exploration learning partially mediates the positive relationships between green radical innovation performance and its two antecedents—green shared vision and green absorptive capacity. In addition, this study indicates that green exploitation learning partially mediates the positive relationships between green incremental innovation performance and its two antecedents—green shared vision and green absorptive capacity. Hence, firms have to increase their green shared vision, green absorptive capacity, and green organisational ambidexterity to raise their green radical innovation performance and green incremental innovation performance.
Data-adaptive image-denoising for detecting and quantifying nanoparticle entry in mucosal tissues through intravital 2-photon microscopy
Authors: Bölke Torsten , Krapf Lisa , Orzekowsky-Schroeder Regina , Vossmeyer Tobias , Dimitrijevic Jelena , Weller Horst , Schüth Anna , Klinger Antje , Hüttmann Gereon , Gebert Andreas
Published: November 2014

Intravital 2-photon microscopy of mucosal membranes across which nanoparticles enter the organism typically generates noisy images. Because the noise results from the random statistics of only very few photons detected per pixel, it cannot be avoided by technical means. Fluorescent nanoparticles contained in the tissue may be represented by a few bright pixels which closely resemble the noise structure. We here present a data-adaptive method for digital denoising of datasets obtained by 2-photon microscopy. The algorithm exploits both local and non-local redundancy of the underlying ground-truth signal to reduce noise. Our approach automatically adapts the strength of noise suppression in a data-adaptive way by using a Bayesian network. The results show that the specific adaption to both signal and noise characteristics improves the preservation of fine structures such as nanoparticles while less artefacts were produced as compared to reference algorithms. Our method is applicable to other imaging modalities as well, provided the specific noise characteristics are known and taken into account.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Ponelle Virginie
Published: November 2014

Résumé L’action humanitaire « vise à préserver la vie dans le respect de la dignité et à restaurer dans leurs capacités de choix des hommes qui en sont privés par les circonstances 1  ». Elle est soutenue par des organismes qui œuvrent au nom des « principes d’humanité, du droit des gens et des exigences de la conscience publique », comme il est dit dans les Conventions de Genève 2 . Si nous acceptons ces définitions, nous considérons alors que l’action humanitaire n’a pas pour but de transformer une société, mais d’aider les personnes qui lui appartiennent à survivre dans une période difficile et que l’intention est identique aux résultats de l’action. Pourtant, la bonne volonté suffit-elle à légitimer les actions ? L’humanitaire n’est-il pas aujourd’hui la figure emblématique de la difficile coexistence de l’éthique et du politique ?
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Emery Grégory
Published: November 2014

Résumé En 2009, la France a vécu sa première expérience de lutte contre une pandémie. Utilisant l’expérience acquise durant la crise du sras , le plan national de prévention et de lutte « Pandémie grippale », élaboré en 2004 et ajusté au fil des années, affirmait que les stratégies de réponse devaient « veiller à maintenir un consensus social autour de principes éthiques ». La pandémie mondiale de grippe A ( h1n1 ) a confirmé à quel point les réponses rapides aux menaces émergentes de maladies infectieuses sont indissociables de problèmes éthiques sérieux. Toutefois, passer de considérations éthiques inscrites dans un plan de préparation, à la mise en œuvre pratique d’un engagement éthique, s’est avéré être un exercice très délicat. La campagne de vaccination contre la grippe A ( h1n1 ) en est l’illustration. Revenons sur certains enjeux éthiques identifiés en amont de cette campagne afin de voir si des réponses y ont été apportées.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Bourguignon Odile
Published: November 2014

Résumé Répondre moralement de soi et de ses actes implique un certain rapport à soi-même comme autonome, construit au fil du temps et aimanté par des valeurs. Être responsable, c’est aussi être capable, avoir les compétences professionnelles attendues, parfois mal identifiées par les autres. S’il n’y a jamais d’action sans responsabilité, celle-ci est parfois difficile à préciser dans un contexte collectif qui peut absorber et diluer la responsabilité individuelle. Mais le travail en équipe ne peut être utilisé pour s’exonérer de sa propre responsabilité.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Michard Jean-François
Published: November 2014

Résumé Devant l’augmentation permanente des dépenses de santé, une réflexion est née dans les pays scandinaves dans les années 1990 pour attribuer de façon cohérente, équitable et éthique des ressources forcément limitées. Une loi de trois principes éthiques a vu le jour en Suède en 1997 1 . Après avoir évoqué les concepts à l’origine de cette loi, nous présenterons les trois principes éthiques ainsi que les quatre groupes prioritaires qu’elle propose. Nous indiquerons en quoi ces principes présentent des limites et comment l’équipe du Centre de priorisation en matière de santé de Suède 2 en a présenté un quatrième.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Daigne Michel
Published: November 2014

Résumé S’interroger sur l’industrialisation de la santé, c’est d’abord chercher à comprendre ce qu’est la santé et ce qu’est l’industrie, puis quelles sont les chaînes plus ou moins solides pouvant relier la santé et l’industrie dans la société. Nous étudierons ensuite les différentes voies que l’industrialisation de la santé emprunte et pourrait emprunter. On montrera la voie qu’ouvre une ingénierie des projets de santé en trois dimensions, d’abord professionnelle et clinique, puis industrielle et technologique, et enfin institutionnelle et sécuritaire. Nous regarderons enfin en quoi une industrialisation plus forte de la santé peut faire apparaître ou accentuer deux enjeux éthiques dans notre société : le rééquilibrage des objectifs de santé et le développement d’une connaissance interprofessionnelle de la santé.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Hirsch François
Published: November 2014

Résumé Après avoir surmonté nombre de freins l’empêchant de se développer sereinement, notre société peut désormais aspirer à un mieux-être qui devrait faire de nous des « hommes immortels ». Les scientifiques en quête de progrès semblent l’avoir parfaitement compris et, à partir de nouvelles technologies telles que les biothérapies, ils proposent un catalogue de nouveaux remèdes toujours plus sophistiqués à l’ensemble de nos maux. Cependant, cette marche en avant de la science a un coût qui rendra l’accès aux biothérapies de plus en plus difficile aux plus démunis d’entre nous. Cette marche pourrait même générer des tensions insupportables que seul un débat participatif avec la société civile permettrait d’adoucir.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Bizouarn Philippe
Published: November 2014

Résumé La médecine factuelle (Evidence Based Medicine) se définit comme une méthode de recherche et d’application consciencieuse et judicieuse des meilleures données actuelles de la recherche clinique dans la prise en charge personnalisée de chaque patient, en supposant que ces données existent. Si cette méthode tend à affirmer sa suprématie sur l’ ancienne médecine, elle n’a pas encore pu montrer son intérêt en pratique, en particulier du fait des nombreuses insuffisances liées la recherche. Les limites et les risques de la médecine factuelle, vue comme justification d’un contrôle institutionnel, doivent être soulignés afin que le soin ne se transforme pas en technique d’application de procédures.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Aggoun Atmane
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les sources doctrinales de l’islam se trouvent dans le Coran et la Sounnah. Le Coran, révélation divine transmise oralement par Dieu au prophète Mohamed, contient les principes d’éthique. La Sounnah est l’ensemble des règles de la vie religieuse et morale édictées par le Prophète, telles qu’elles ressortent de son enseignement. Le « Hadith » rapporte des faits attribués au Prophète ou à ses compagnons et confirme une pratique de la Sounnah. L’expansion de l’islam amènera la formulation d’un droit qui précise les obligations de la loi coranique ou de la Sounnah, et qui s’impose à tout musulman dans des domaines variés. En utilisant le raisonnement analogique, en respectant le consensus d’opinions des érudits musulmans et en cherchant le bien public, le Coran et la Sounnah préciseront les voies à suivre. Qu’en est-il du corps, de la maladie et de la mort ? Radiographie.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Ollivet Catherine
Published: November 2014

Résumé Face aux maladies neurologiques dégénératives dont la plus tristement connue aujourd’hui est la maladie d’Alzheimer, écouter la parole des proches, qu’ils soient familiaux ou professionnels, est une impérative nécessité pour en mesurer les multiples conséquences. La réponse à ces défis que nous impose la vulnérabilité de ces personnes malades ne sera que collective, partenariale, dans une éthique de la responsabilité individuelle.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Alby Nicole , Bourstyn Edwige
Published: November 2014

Résumé En lançant, le 14 juillet 2002, une mobilisation de toutes les ressources de la nation dans la lutte contre le cancer, le président Jacques Chirac suscita l’enthousiasme des malades, des soignants et des chercheurs. Le Plan cancer allait voir le jour avec soixante-dix mesures n’ignorant aucun des aspects de la maladie : prévention, dépistage, organisation et qualité des soins autour du patient, accompagnement social, formation, recherche. La mesure 40 se donnait pour objectif de « permettre au patient de meilleures conditions d’annonce de la maladie ». Un tel projet provoqua un large consensus entre professionnels, malades et proches, désireux d’améliorer la situation existante ressentie par tous comme insatisfaisante. Pourtant, à la lecture des recommandations pour la mise en place du dispositif d’annonce, on ne peut qu’être frappé par l’écart entre les espoirs que ce projet avait pu susciter et son contenu essentiellement normatif. Le recours à la réglementation ne peut que susciter des contradictions quant à la possibilité de fonder sur elle une relation humaine pourtant souhaitée. Ces contradictions sont aggravées par la nature même des informations à communiquer qui sont rebelles à l’uniformisation.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Chneiweiss Hervé
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les connaissances récemment acquises dans le domaine des neurosciences enrichissent notre compréhension du fonctionnement cérébral et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le traitement de maladies fréquentes et souvent lourdement invalidantes. Elles nous conduisent également à découvrir les mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents à certains de nos comportements, de la prise alimentaire à la conduite sexuelle, de la perception visuelle à la capacité d’apprendre. Il en résulte une nouvelle conception de certains de nos mécanismes de pensée comme nos processus de prise de décision, ainsi qu’une capacité jusqu’alors inconnue d’agir sur certains de nos comportements sociaux. Il est dès lors nécessaire d’en examiner les tenants et aboutissants, en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de contrôler le comportement de jeunes enfants, l’humeur d’une population ou d’améliorer des performances intellectuelles. Dès lors, à une bioéthique spécifique de l’organe cérébral doit s’adjoindre un nouveau champ de réflexion : la neuroéthique.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Brunswick Astrid
Published: November 2014

Résumé La médecine fœtale porte son attention sur le fœtus, objet de soin particulièrement vulnérable. À la découverte d’une anomalie, cet enfant potentiel devient l’enjeu de décisions à prendre qui sont d’une extrême complexité. Chaque couple pose des limites différentes quant à l’acception ou au rejet d’un enfant différent, les anomalies ne résonnant pas de la même manière suivant l’histoire de chacun. Passé la phase de choc en réaction à l’annonce, la subjectivité parentale permet de nous aiguiller afin d’adapter la prise en charge qui demeure singulière pour chaque couple, chaque fœtus.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Meningaud Jean-Paul
Published: November 2014

Résumé Certains protocoles de recherche chirurgicale constituent une rupture dans l’histoire de la médecine, telle l’expérimentation humaine sur l’allogreffe de face. Les accords sollicités ont impliqué le Comité consultatif national d’éthique dont la mission est de donner des avis sur les problèmes éthiques soulevés par les progrès de la connaissance, l’Agence de la biomédecine qui se substitue à l’Établissement français des greffes, l’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé qui garantit la qualité et le bon usage de tous les produits destinés à l’homme, notamment les tissus d’origine humaine, et les Comités de protection des personnes, codécideurs dans l’autorisation des recherches biomédicales. Enfin, le Programme hospitalier de recherche clinique permet le financement de ces recherches coûteuses à condition que les recommandations éthiques soient respectées. D’abord perçu comme une contrainte, ce parcours a permis au débat éthique de s’enrichir pour offrir le meilleur équilibre entre l’intérêt collectif et la nécessaire protection des malades qui participent à cette recherche.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Scelles Régine
Published: November 2014

Résumé Il convient d’évoque la manière dont la réflexion éthique peut nourrir utilement la conception du soin auprès de jeunes enfants polyhandicapés et de leur famille. Loin d’une réflexion qui conduit à édicter des règles, cette réflexion éthique doit être un moyen heuristique pour aider les partenaires d’une relation à formuler les fondements de leurs actes et à évoquer les émotions qui y sont associées. Pour cela, il faut que le professionnel, le patient et ses proches puissent se risquer à dire, à penser, à parler, à laisser parler, à laisser sentir d’une manière qui respecte la vulnérabilité de chacun et favorise les processus créatifs aidant à l’invention singulière des solutions.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Bernard Olivier
Published: November 2014

Résumé Le comportement tabagique est source de paradoxes étonnants et d’ambivalences dérangeantes. Cette habitude tue mais peut aussi aider à vivre. Elle rend esclave tout en donnant le sentiment de liberté. Le corps médical simplifie les choses en rangeant désormais la dépendance tabagique dans la catégorie des maladies, avec le traitement correspondant dont la faible efficacité questionne peu. Multifactorielle, complexe, la dépendance tabagique intéresse chacun car elle illustre l’ambiguïté des désirs humains face à la vie et la mort, elle interroge la normalité et elle oblige à repenser le soin.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Dolveck François
Published: November 2014

Résumé La prise de décision en médecine d’urgence est un exercice difficile et un enjeu éthique important. Le médecin urgentiste est fréquemment confronté à la mort et à la fin de vie. La décision de prolonger ou non les traitements devra répondre à une démarche rigoureuse. Le premier temps est de confirmer le problème médical, puis de comprendre le conflit moral qui se joue et enfin de faire le bilan des réponses envisageables. Lorsque la prise de décision est possible, il faut qu’elle soit personnalisée et accompagnée.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Kentish-Barnes Nancy
Published: November 2014

Résumé Nous savons qu’aujourd’hui près de 60 % des Français décèdent dans un établissement de santé (rapport de l’ igas 1 ). Ce que nous savons moins en revanche c’est où l’on meurt au sein de l’hôpital : un décès sur cinq survient en réanimation ou en unité de soins intensifs 2 (soit 20 %) et cette proportion s’élève à 36 % en chu . De plus, au cours de la dernière semaine de vie, un malade sur cinq a passé au moins trois jours en réanimation 3 même s’il n’y décède pas. Enfin, les services de réanimation sont évidemment au premier plan des statistiques de décès avec 20 à 25 % de décès. Ces chiffres sont importants. D’abord, parce que la plupart des citoyens ne savent pas ce qu’est un service de réanimation et ensuite parce que nous ne savons pas comment nous y mourons (alors que nous sommes très nombreux à y mourir). L’objectif de ce texte est d’aborder la mort en réanimation du point de vue de la pratique réelle et de mettre en avant la complexité et les ambiguïtés auxquelles font face les équipes. Les idées et résultats présentés émanent d’une recherche de sociologie menée pendant trois ans dans quatre services de réanimation 4 , trois en France et un en Angleterre, comprenant huit mois d’observation des pratiques et cent cinquante entretiens qualitatifs menés auprès de médecins-réanimateurs, d’infirmières et de familles de patients.