bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representations of Relationships to Teachers, Parents, and Friends as Predictors of Academic Motivation and Self-Esteem
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Stiller Jerome D. , Lynch John H.
Published: March 2007

In this study early adolescents' (N = 606) representations of relationships to teachers, parents, andfriends are examined in relation to each other and to various measures of school adjustment, motivation and self-esteem. The relationship dimensions tapped included felt security, emotional and school utilization, and emulation with respect to each targetfigure. It was hypothesized that parent representations would predict those of both teachers and friends, whereas friend and teacher variables would not be significantly associated. It was predicted also that more positive representations of relationships to parents and teachers would each uniquely predict school functioning indices, whereas representations offriends would be largely unrelated to school-related outcomes. Representations of teachers, parents andfriends all were expected to correlate with self-esteem relevant outcomes. These hypotheses were generally confirmed. The findings are discussed in terms of the significance of relatednessformotivation generally and the importance of the affective quality of adult-student relationshipsfor educational outcomes in particular.
An Existential View of Adolescence
Authors: Hacker Douglas J.
Published: March 2007

Adolescence is viewed from an existential point of view. Incorporating contributions from developmental approaches, the author looks at the development of abstract thought in the adolescent and examines the focus of the adolescent's abstract thinking capabilities on the conditions of existence and the conflicts born of them. The author provides an existential paradigm that presents adolescent behavior as the manifestation of the adolescent's defense mechanisms developed in response to conflict arising from experiencing the fundamental concerns of existence that all individuals must face. Specific existential concerns dealt with include dread of death, confusion of indecision, hopeless-ness of meaninglessness, and despair of isolation.
Physiological, Behavioral, and Psychological Effects Associated with Television Viewing in Schoolboys: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Myrtek Michael , Scharff Christian , Brügner Georg , Muller Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

This study of 50 eleven-year-old boys demonstrates a new procedure for gathering physiological, psychological, and behavioral data on television viewing in the home environment on a normal school day, using a special ambulatory monitoring device capable of storing 23-hour records. The mean time spent watching TV was 123 minutes per day, during which the boys watched mostly entertainment and action shows. Heart rate as compared to the other programs was low for entertainment and high for action shows. Additional heart rate indicating emotional arousal was highest for action shows as well. Compared to school and leisure time, additional heart rate during TV viewing was much higher As opposed to boys who watched little TV, those with high TV consumption displayed lower heart rate and lower emotional arousal during TV viewing. Boys with high TV consumption read fewer books, showed diminished activities outside home, a tendency for reduced school-related homework, and reduced interest in hobbies.
Gender Role Characteristics and Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents
Authors: Hart B. Indra , Thompson Janice M.
Published: March 2007

The influence of three gender role related variables-instrumentality, silencing-the-self and ruminating-on depressive symptomatology among 73 adolescents with a mean age of 14.5 years was examined for this study. Girls reported more symptomatology and ruminating than did boys. Girls had higher scores on one facet of silencing-the-self externalized self-perception, than did boys. Positive correlations were found between symptomatology and both ruminating and silencing-the-self; both for boys and for girls. Instrumentality was correlated negatively with silencing-the-self for both sexes and with symptomatology for boys. In a hierarchical regression analysis, instrumentality, silencing-the-self and ruminating accounted for 59% of the variance in depressive symptomatology. Being male or female did not account for an additional increment in the variance in symptomatology after instrumentality silencing-the-self and ruminating had been entered into the regression. It is argued that the gender difference in depressive symptomatology among adolescents may be related to gender role typing. Specifically, low instrumentality and undesirable or exaggerated feminine traits were associated with increased symptomatology.
Predictors of Friendship Quality and Peer Group Acceptance at Summer Camp
Authors: Hanna Nancy A.
Published: March 2007

Relations between friendship quality and peer acceptance were examined by assessing predictors of, and quality of adolescents' (N = 118) relationships at summer camp. Having a positive friendship before camp predicted the development of a positive friendship and the acceptance by peers at camp. Peer acceptance before camp predicted peer acceptance but not friendship quality at camp. Self-reported sociability predicted peer acceptance at camp but not friendship quality; hostility predicted antagonism in friendships and peer group relationships. Physical attractiveness was a stronger predictor of positive friendships and peer acceptance than was sociability. Results indicated that in a new peer group, behaviors necessary for peer acceptance may differ from those necessary for positive friendships, but attractiveness may be important to both.
The Additive Effects of Semistructured Classroom Activities on Student Learning: An Application of Classroom-Based Experiential Learning Techniques
Authors: Hamer Lawrence O.
Published: March 2007

Many authors have suggested the use of experiential techniques, such as semistructured classroom activities, as a means of encouraging and facilitating student learning. This article reports a study that investigated the relationship between the use of multiple experiential techniques and student learning. The study found that student learning increased when multiple experiential techniques were used relative to learning that occurred when a single experiential technique was combined with a lecture format. In addition, the data suggest that the use of multiple experiential techniques also influenced the type of information students learned.
A Comparison of Traditional and Web-Based Tutorials in Marketing Education: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sweeney Jillian C. , Ingram Deborah
Published: March 2007

Crucial to achieving educational effectiveness and academic credibility is the systematic evaluation of innovative practices. Despite the rapid advance of cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet and the World Wide Web into higher education, this imperative still remains. The present study investigates marketing students’ perceptions of different modes of tutorial that supplements rather than replaces traditional face-to-face lectures. The three alternative modes investigated were a face-to-face approach and two Web-based approaches— one asynchronous (bulletin boards) and one synchronous (chat rooms). Findings indicate that face-to-face tutorials are most highly rated in terms of the effectiveness of the learning environment and several other criteria. While gender and Internet experience did not affect perceptions of different tutorial types, ethnicity did. Findings and implications are discussed.
An Exploratory Study of Integrating Interactive Technology into the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Ueltschy Linda C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to suggest ways to use interactive technology in the classroom and to examine the educational outcomes of doing so. This technology will be related to teaching marketing courses and the international marketing module within international business courses. It has been used in many diverse types of educational settings and could be integrated into any classroom in any discipline. The use of this technology and the study of its outcomes was conducted at an AACSB-accredited midwestern university with 177 business students, both graduate and undergraduate. The findings of this study indicate that use of this interactive technology in the classroom increases student participation, recall and understanding of the material, team-building skills, and enjoyment of the course and the learning process itself. Suggestions for other courses in the marketing curriculum in which this technology might be used effectively are offered.
Tailoring a Marketing Course for a Non-Marketing Audience: A Professional Services Marketing Course
Authors: Barr Terri Feldman , McNeilly Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

Understanding the strategic implications of marketing is important to non-marketing majors, just as finance, accounting, and management are important to marketing majors. The need is real to develop ways to bring integrated, cross-functional insights into the classroom. To that end, various ways have been presented to integrate business courses. Team teaching using faculty from different functional areas and combining two or more functional areas to cover relevant topics are two ways to accomplish the task. This article focuses on a third approach to integration. By using principles of market segmentation, the authors have developed a professional services marketing course that focuses on the specific needs of various non-marketing audiences. Their objective was to develop a framework for an integrative course that would provide non-majors with an understanding of what marketing of professional services requires and an appreciation of its value in the creation of new business opportunities.
The Job Hunting Seminar Series: Applied Marketing for Graduating Seniors
Authors: Walker Bruce J.
Published: March 2007

The search for a post-graduation job is a tremendously important task facing graduating seniors. However, many seniors may not be adequately prepared to carry out an effective job search. Graduating seniors' job hunting effectiveness can be improved if the task is viewed from a marketing perspective. Also, marketing edu cators can assist graduating seniors by offering a job hunting seminar series. A ration ale and description for this type of educational program are presented in this article.
Tutorial on Multiple Choice Items
Authors: Weaver Pamela
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the marketing educator with regard to multiple choice test items. Major emphasis is given to the advantages and disadvantages of the multiple choice item and the effects of certain item-writing practices on reliability and validity. General suggestions for writing multiple choice items are made.
Group Behavior and Leadership Patterns as Determinants of Success in Business Games
Authors: Rich Stuart U.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research project was to explore the relations between interpersonal behavior patterns and group task performance when the task was a business game. Group behavior and leadership patterns were measured and hypotheses were tested during the game play by means of personal observations and a sociometric questionnaire.
Marketing Student Attitudes toward Advertising: Implications for Marketing Education
Authors: Dubinsky Alan J. , Hensel Paul J.
Published: March 2007

Student attitudes toward advertising may influence the content of marketing courses that address advertising-related issues. This article reports the results of a study that (1) assessed marketing students' attitudes toward advertising and (2) compared male and female marketing students' attitudes toward advertising. In addition, implications for marketing education are offered.
Shaping the Marketing Curriculum: The CEO Perspective
Authors: McDaniel Stephen W. , Hise Richard T.
Published: March 2007

Marketing educators must ensure that the university marketing curriculum is in tune with the needs of business. This article reports the results of a study in which 236 chief executive officers of U.S. industrial corporations were asked to evaluate the importance of various marketing activities in their firm. Their responses provide valuable insight relative to the structuring of the marketing curriculum.
Perceptions of Interviewers' Evaluative Criteria for the Initial Job Interview: Implications for Marketing Our Students
Authors: Lammers Marilyn L. , Bennett James C. , Olney Robert J. , Lammers H. Bruce
Published: March 2007

Two hundred and sixty job interviewers and 110 marketing students rated the importance of 25 positive and 25 negative attributes of the interviewee in the initial job interview. Factor analysis of the interviewers' ratings indicated that they tended to focus on seven factors (evaluative criteria). Students accurately perceived the importance of four of these factors, but significantly misperceived the importance of the other three. No support for a negativity bias was found. Implications for grooming the students were discussed.
The Views of Marketing Recruiters, Alumni and Students about Curriculum and Course Structure
Authors: Ursic Michael , Hegstrom Craig
Published: March 2007

There is a general lack of information regarding the most appropriate manner of structuring marketing curricula and courses. This article reports the results of a survey of marketing recruiters, alumni and students regarding their attitudes about the importance of various marketing skills, courses and teaching methods and presents several practical implications regarding curriculum and course design.
A Modified Delphi Approach for the Development of Student Evaluations of Faculty Teaching
Authors: Grunenwald Joseph P. , Ackerman Leonard
Published: March 2007

Using a modified delphi technique in which students served as the delphi panel, the authors isolated eight factors considered by the students to be important to effective teaching. These factors were availability, communication skills, grading, interaction with students during class, knowledge of the subject, rapport with students, teaching skills, and testing. Students and faculty differed in the importance they attached to these factors; for example, faculty rated knowledge of subject as most important, whereas students rated that factor third in importance.
How Difficult is it to Read Marketing Related Journals?
Authors: Clark Gary L. , Geisler Jerry
Published: March 2007

The Fog Index was used to compute readability scores for 10 journals over a 20-year time period. A master's degree is required to easily read and understand the journals analyzed. Journals have not become easier to read despite complaints that articles in the journals are difficult to read and comprehend.
Specialization in Marketing Curricula
Authors: Conover Jerry N. , Byron Austin
Published: March 2007

This study examines the pros and cons of curricula in which students specialize in particular subfields within the marketing discipline. The results of a survey of marketing programs are presented, with insights into the characteristics of specialization programs. Suggestions are offered for educational institutions considering such marketing curriculum specialization.
Expert Systems Technology Applied to Marketing Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Term Project
Authors: Cook Robert Lorin , Jenicke Lawrence O.
Published: March 2007

Expert systems used as decision support tools have resulted in significant improvements in marketing decision making effectiveness and efficiency. This article provides a rationale for incorporating expert system technology into the marketing curriculum, presents an interdisciplinary expert system term project, and suggests guidelines for expert system term project development.
A Pedagogical Model: Bringing Current Events and Realism into the Retail Classroom
Authors: Taylor Ruth Lesher
Published: March 2007

Teachers of retailing have the dual tasks of transmitting the theoretical knowledge and principles that underlie the field of retailing and of bringing current events and realism into the retail classroom. This article describes a pedagogical model used to accomplish these tasks concurrently.
Student and Employer Evaluation of Hiring Criteria for Entry-Level Marketing Positions
Authors: Kelley Craig A. , Gaedeke Ralph M.
Published: March 2007

Marketing education has many facets, including recruiting students as marketing majors, educating students in marketing concepts and applications, and placing marketing graduates in the business world. This study reports the results of a survey which investigated student and employer evaluations of potential hiring criteria for entry-level marketing positions. Suggestions of how marketing educators can use the results to help their marketing graduates also are discussed.
Searching for Excellence in Marketing Education: The Relationship between Service Quality and Three Outcome Variables
Authors: Allen Jeff , Davis Duane
Published: March 2007

This study examines the influence of perceived service quality of the M.B.A. programs of two institutions on the recommendation, donation, and identification behaviors of graduate students and current alumni. Research and educational implications for the development of more effective marketing graduate business programs are explored.
The Impact of Uncapping Mandatory Retirement and other Factors Affecting Marketing Faculty Retirement Plans
Authors: Rao C. P. , Kurtz David L. , Claxton Reid
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the retirement plans of marketing professors. This void is particularly significant given the fact that, as of January 1994, college faculties will no longer be subject to mandatory retirement at age 70. This study examines factors affecting marketing professors' retirement planning and offers tentative conclusions.
Bringing Reflective Learning to the Marketing Research Course: A Cooperative Learning Project Using Intergroup Critique
Authors: Graeff Timothy R.
Published: March 2007

Recent theories suggest that learning is facilitated when concrete experiences are reflected upon (questioned, analyzed) to form abstract concepts and generalizations that are then used and tested in new situations. This article describes a group research project, for use in an undergraduate marketing research course, that gives students hands-on experience in using survey research methodology to measure potential demand for a new business. This group project is designed to stimulate and encourage reflective learning based on the use of intergroup critique throughout the term. Students formulate and come to understand important concepts based on continuous questioning and reflection at each of the major stages in designing a research project.
From the Student Perspective: Why Enroll in an Introductory Marketing Course?
Authors: Juric Biljana , Todd Sarah , Henry James
Published: March 2007

This study investigates motivational dimensions underlying enrollment in an introductory marketing course and whether students' motivation differs with respect to their intention to major in marketing, year of study, gender, and age. Suggestions regarding marketing course content and teaching methods are made.
Star Program in Kansas City
Authors: Reeves Earl J.
Published: March 2007

This column appears twice a year in the April and October issues of the Midwest Review of Public Administration. Any readers who wish to submit reports for inclusion in this column should send a brief statement (200-500 words) to Earl J. Reeves, University of Tulsa, 600 S. College, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104. Articles for the April issue must be received by March 1, 1974.
Democracy, Bureaucracy and Hypocrisy, by Dwight Waldo. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Governmental Studies, 1977. Pp. 23. Paper $2.50
Authors: Miewald Robert D.
Published: March 2007

When one considers the ratio of wheat to chaff in the material passing their way, book review editors may be excused for having the blues. And in such a funk, it is not easy to resist the temptation to lambaste those works which are plainly a waste of time, money, and paper. But it is probably wisest to let the losers sink from sight without comment and to accentuate the positive. In that spirit, reviewed below are a variety of items which the readers of this journal might appreciate as adding something to the art and science of public administration.
What, if Anything, is Teleology? The Ambiguous History of "Purpose" in Organizational Thought
Authors: Harmon Michael M.
Published: March 2007

A central point of departure of social and organizational systems theory from it origins in structural-functional sociology is the idea, drawn from cybernetic theory, that systems are, or may be interpreted as, naturally purposeful. Although the purposeful-or teleologicall" character of systems is typically defended on ostensibly scientific grounds, this paper argues that: (1) teleology has no valid status as a scientific idea, but is instead a quasi-religious, mystical belief disguised in scientific-sounding jargon; (2) the belief that the purposeful character of machine or nature may be inferred from observations of their behavior alone, rather than through reference to ordinary human intention, is logically untenable; (3) as systems theories have used the term, teleology confuses a system "way of viewing" phenomena with an assertion that they concretely exist (i.e., a confusion of an epistemological with an ontological claim), thus rendering a tautological argument that systems are purposeful; (4) by confusing science with metaphysics in their treatment of teleology, systems theorists have made unwarranted and surreptitious normative judgments disguised as scientific truths; and (5) a plausible reinterpretation of modern cybernetics itself suggests compelling reasons for rejecting purposefulness both as an accurate description, as well as a basis for the normative evaluation, of organizational action.
Statistics, Discrimination, and the Courts: The Fairfax County Example
Authors: Gantz Donald T. , Plant Jeremy F.
Published: March 2007

The nature of judicial decision making in contemporary U.S. courts has increased the influence of statistical reasoning and professional statisticians. Statistical models proving or disproving prima face instances of discrimination in affirmative action litigation are an especially significant development in the past twenty years. Both public and private organizations must justify patterns of recruitment and hiring by assembling relevant data.

Focusing on litigation brought by the U. S. Department of Justice challenging the hiring practice of Fairfax County, Virginia, a large and affluent urban county in the Washington metropolitan area, the article shows how statistical reasoning affects judicial decision making. In addition, a number of management issues are raised: These include whether regional or jurisdictional approaches should guide service delivery; how local governments can best plan for possible litigation; and how court-ordered affirmative action plans impact personnel practices.
Contemporary Perspectives on American Federalism: The Adoption of General Revenue Sharing
Authors: Hero Rodney E.
Published: March 2007

American federalism importantly shapes the nature of American public administration. This article examines various perspectives on American federalism, delineating and developing what appear to be some overarching or underlying major themes. Those themes are examined with respect to a major intergovernmental program of the 1970s, General Revenue Sharing (GRS). More specifically, the paper seeks to show how co-existing perspectives on federalism entered into Congressional negotiations regarding GRS and helped to shape that legislation.
Turnover Rates in Federal White-Collar Employment: Are Women more Likely to Quit than Men?
Authors: Lewis Gregory B. , Park Kyungho
Published: March 2007

Between 1976 and 1986, women's gross turnover rates were about one-third higher than men's in the federal civil service. Such differences frequently are cited as a justification for preferring men for positions with high training costs or as one explanation why men earn so much more than women. Using a 1% sample of federal personnel records for 1976-86, this paper shows how misleading gross turnover rates can be. Male-female differences seem to be almost entirely due to differences in average age, salary, and length of service. Men and women in similar circumstances have very similar turnover probabilities.
Public Participation in Environmental Policy Implementation: Case of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Authors: Desai Uday
Published: March 2007

Environmental legislation enacted in the last two decades contains many provisions and mechanisms for public participation. However, little systematic information is available on actual use of different mechanisms of participation in different stages of policy implementation. This study describes the use of various mechanisms by participants in one major environmental policy, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA). Our data indicate that the enforcement stage of policy implementation generates most individual citizen involvement, and citizen complaints are the most widely used mechanism for citizen participation. However, our aggregate data indicate that overall citizen participation in the implementation of SMCRA has been modest. The paper concludes with thoughts on why extensive legislative provisions for citizen participation are nevertheless justified.
Symbolism and Economic Development Work: Perceptions of Urban Economic Development Practitioners
Authors: Rubin Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

To elaborate themes suggested by Edelman's model of symbolic politics, data from a national survey of economic development practitioners are examined. In response to the uncertainty of municipal economic development efforts, economic development practitioners claim they undertake formalistic activities and indicate that city leaders encourage symbolic economic development projects. Concerns with formalism and symbolism are most prevalent among those economic development practitioners who work in cities with a larger number of economic problems, those who feel their own task is hard to define, and among those feeling most pressured by local politicians or economic development boards to "do something." Implications of symbolic efforts for the practice of economic development are examined.
Public Sector Professionals: The Effects of Public Sector Jobs on Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Work Involvement
Authors: Emmert Mark A. , Taher Walled A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on an empirical study of the job characteristics of public sector professionals and the impact of these characteristics on motivation, job satisfaction, and work involvement. We collected data from a random sample of professional and blue-collar workers in state government. The findings are: 1) though public sector professionals job characteristics are consistent with the normative data from the job diagnostic survey, job satisfaction and work involvement are lower than those of blue-collar workers, and work motivation is no higher than that of blue-collar workers; 2) job characteristics do not explain variations in professionals' satisfaction, motivation, and involvement, rather they are explained by social satisfaction, fulfillment of employees' intrinsic needs (especially growth needs), and information from others on job performance. These findings contradict some studies in organizational behavior literature and raise questions about the nature of public sector work. We specifically discuss the role of job design for improving public sector professional work.
Ethics in Public Administration: Thinking and Doing
Authors: Beam George D.
Published: March 2007

The study of ethics in public administration, as evidenced by the five books reviewed here, is characterized by a number of assertions about human behavior (some of them conflicting) and at least one major omission. This essay identifies these assertions and the omission to improve our thinking about ethics and the ability to do what's right.
Ethics Education and Training in the Public Service
Authors: Garofalo Charles , Geuras Dean
Published: March 2007

This paper contrasts two concepts of ethics education or training of public administrators. One concept, expressed by Daniel Callahan, advocates that ethics education should improve public officials' ability to recognize and analyze ethical issues but should not indoctrinate them or attempt to change their moral behavior. The other concept, expressed by Dalton Lee, argues that normative training should go beyond rational analysis of ethical theory to inculcate moral behavior in public officials.

We argue that both concepts rely upon the assumption that ethical values cannot be derived through purely rational or empirical analysis. We maintain that, rather than accepting or rejecting a questionable assumption to determine practice, we should allow practice to itself confirm or deny the assumption. We therefore recommend rationally and empirically based ethics education with the intent of improving ethical behavior. The success or failure of such education provides evidence for or against the questionable assumption.

We examine the Kohlberg model and the organization development model as possible methods of moral education. We find those models promising but in need of refinement.
Government's Role in the under Representation of Latinas in Public Employment
Authors: Yaffe Jerry
Published: March 2007

The under representation of Latinas (Hispanic women) in management positions in local government may be determined more by the failure of elected officials to rationally and equitably apply equal employment policies to Latinas than to demographic, availability, or educational factors. This research explores entrenched patterns of under representation between Latinas and their non-Hispanic female counterparts through an analysis of triangulated data and trends from these sources relative to the representation of Latinas in management (decision-making) positions in the largest county government work force in the nation. Employment patterns for Latinas in management positions show that 25 years after Los Angeles County enacted comprehensive affirmative action and equal employment policies, across both gender and ethnic or racial lines, Latinas remain the most underrepresented of any protected group in management. The few theories and hypotheses accounting for historic ethnic and gender labor force under representation in public employment fail to clarify and account for these patterns of sustained underutilization. Government's failure to exercise its power and accept responsibility for these results appears as the most obvious and consistent contributor to employment discrimination of Latinas. County government officials must carefully weigh the ramifications of various legal options available to Latina employees.
Administrative Innovation among Ohio Local Government Finance Officers
Authors: Gianakis Gerasimos A. , McCue Clifford P.
Published: March 2007

This study centers on a mailed survey of Ohio local government finance officers that recorded a 43% response rate. It seeks to determine the extent to which the represented jurisdictions have adopted innovative administrative management tools and techniques, to identify possible determinants of adoption, and to explore potential outcomes of adoption. The authors conducted a longitudinal analysis to provide for the identification of potential outcomes. they found that Ohio local governments have been less innovative than jurisdictions surveyed in national surveys and that smaller local governments in Ohio tend to be more innovative than larger governments. The authors were unable to identify determinants of adoption or to construct a model of adoption. The article concludes that the adoption of administrative innovations appears to be an idiosyncratic process. Adoption does not appear to lead to greater satisfaction with the quality of the services provided by the respondent's jurisdiction or with the overall efficiency of the service delivery system. However, the adoption of administrative innovations appears to be positively related to fund balances in future years—that is, innovation appears to pay off.
Toward a New Jurisprudence of Constitutional Federalism
Authors: Rosenbloom David H. , Ross Bernard H.
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s, narrow majorities on the Supreme Court have reinvigorated constitutional federalism by strengthening dual sovereignty and developing a new jurisprudence for analyzing key principles of federalism. The new dual sovereignty enhances the Reserve Clause, limits Congress's Commerce Clause powers, and broadens the 11th Amendment's sovereign immunity. The new jurisprudence promotes policy and administrative diversity among the states, thereby enhancing their ability to serve as laboratories for the development of public management theories and practices. The new reality of enforceable constitutional limits to national power can invigorate discourse about federalism within the public administration community. In practice, the new jurisprudence makes some national cooperative federalism arrangements more costly or impossible. The jurisprudence is conceptualized as federalism, not intergovernmental relations, and it does not speak specifically to local governmental matters. In addition, it is not well suited for analyzing and resolving collective action problems.
Marketing and Economic Development: A Case Study from Classical India
Authors: Darian Jean C.
Published: March 2007

A study of marketing in Classical India demonstrates that a substantial expansion of marketing activity promoted ideologies conducive to economic development, with major social and political consequences. This raises ethical, political and strategic issues for those intent on fostering the expansion of marketing in developing countries today.
1986 Macromarketing Seminar Abstracts
Authors: Klein Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The 1986 Macromarketing Seminar was hosted by the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, August 7-10. Donald Shawver, University of Missouri, was Program Chairman. Charles Goeldner, University of Colorado, was Arrangements Chairman. More than 40 participants discussed macromarketing research and theory. Abstracts of papers formally presented at the seminar follow. Readers wishing complete copies of these papers may request them directly from authors.

The Twelfth Macromarketing Seminar will be held at the Loyola Campus of Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, following the American Marketing Association Educators Conference, in August 1987. Program Chairman is Charles Ingene, University of Washington. Arrangements Chairman is Christopher Ross, Concordia University.
An Examination of Marketing Ethics: Role of the Decision Maker, Consequences of the Decision, Management Position, and Sex of the Respondent
Authors: Fritzsche David J.
Published: March 2007

The magnitude of the consequences of an unethical act as well as the role played by the decision maker (as actor or requestor and in terms of gender) are examined in order to assess their effect upon the likelihood of an ethical decision being made. Managers appear to be practicing situational ethics. Differences were found by magnitude of consequence and role for situations involving bribery. Differences were found by magnitude of consequence, gender, and management level for conflict-of-interest issues. Differences were found by actor-requestor in whistleblowing situations. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Reification and Realism in Marketing: In Defense of Reason
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: March 2007

Recent Journal of Macromarketing articles by Monieson (1988) and Dholakia (1988) attack "positivism" and "positivistic social science" which, they contend, dominate contemporary marketing and social science. Although their articles constructively extend marketing's "Xcrisis literature" on several dimensions, numerous aspects of their articles are problematical and a historical. This article reviews and evaluates three major themes that emerge in the articles by Monieson and Dholakia: (1) the law-like generalizations issue, (2) the rigor/relevance issue, and (3) the reification/realism issue.
Analytic Approaches to Strategic Marketing Planning for Area Economic Development
Authors: McKee Daryl
Published: March 2007

While interest in economic development is growing and increasingly urgent, relatively little conceptual or empirical research has been conducted on the subject of area marketing. Generally, area marketers have adapted techniques from the industrial location schools of economic geography, without sharing the purpose or assumptions upon which these techniques are based. This article develops a framework for analytic approaches to area marketing planning, based on a review of existing and potential techniques.
Application of a General Learning Algorithm to the Control of Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Miller W. Thomas , Glanz Filson H. , Kraft L. Gordon
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we discuss the use of a general learning algo rithm for the dynamic control of robot manipulators. Unlike some other learning control schemes, learning is based solely on observations of the input-output relationship of the system being controlled and is independent of control objectives. Information learned previously can be applied to new control objectives as long as similar regions of the system state space are involved. The control scheme requires no a priori knowl edge of the robot dynamics and is easy to apply to a particu lar control problem or to modify to accommodate changes in the physical system. The control scheme is computationally efficient and well suited to fixed-point implementation. The learning controller is evaluated in a series of computer simu lations involving a two-axis-articulated robot arm during simulated repetitive and nonrepetitive movements. We inves tigate the effects of varying learning algorithm parameters as well as control system performance in the presence of obser vation noise and changing manipulator payloads. The learn ing control system presented promises to provide good dy namic performance in complex situations at a reasonable cost as measured in terms of both hardware and software devel opment.
Design and Experimental Demonstration of Rapid, Precise End-Point Control of a Wrist Carried by a Very Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Chiang Wen-Wei , Kraft Raymond , Cannon Robert H.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the very high performance achieved experimentally with a wrist carried on a very flexible arm and designed for extremely quick, precise pick-and-place tasks.

There are substantial potential advantages to using robot manipulators that are very lightweight and flexible- advantages in power, quickness, and performance, as well as in weight. Control using end-point sensing is of course essen tial in such a system. However, the closed-loop control band width of a robot manipulator is still physically limited ulti mately by its structural flexibility, as the end effector and the actuator are separated. Basically, there is a wave propaga tion time delay.

A minimanipulator can be added to the end of such a main robot arm to perform special tasks with high accuracy and bandwidth and thus to enhance significantly and funda mentally the robot's performance. However, dynamic interac tion between the minimanipulator and the structural flexibil ity of the main robot arm may tend to destabilize the system, making the control design very difficult and sensitive to parameter variations.

In the research described in this article, analyses were performed to'study the dynamic interaction between the mo tion of a minimanipulator and the structural flexibility of the main robot arm that carries it. A general geometric relation between end effector/sensor location and the center ofpercus sion was found, which assures that a simple controller design can be obtained that is insensitive to modeling uncertainty while achieving good stability and high performance.

A plane-motion mechanical mini-macro manipulator system was designed and built, and with it fast, precise ma neuvers of several demanding kinds were demonstrated ex perimentally. The end-effector position control bandwidth achieved was more than eight times the frequency of the beam's first mode, and accuracy was excellent.

1. Only the case of a one-degree-of-freedom wrist is analyzed here. The corresponding characteristic in a multidimensional case will be more complicated because of the nonlinear coupling effect.
A Linear Complementarity Approach to the Frictionless Gripper Problem
Authors: Al-Fahed A.M. , Stavroulakis G.E. , Panagiotopoulos P.D.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with static unilateral phenomena arising in grasping mechanisms and caused by the possible loss of contact between elastic grippers and rigid objects.

The problem is formulated as a linear complementarity problem (LCP) that is derived from the equilibrium equations of forces and the compatibility equations for the displacements, as well as from the complementarity inequality restriction describing the contact.

A variant of the infeasibility-reducing, complementary pivot al gorithm of Lemke is used for the numerical solution of the arising LCP. Form and force closure conditions are fulfilled in an auto matic way from the solution of the aforementioned LCP. The used algorithm guarantees rapid convergence to the solution of the problem. The theory is illustrated by numerical examples.
Improving Active Accident Prevention in Robotized Manufacturing Plants
Authors: Giusti Roberto , Tucci Mario
Published: March 2007

This work describes the design strategy and preliminary test ing of an active protection system characterized by low-cost commercial sensors of proven reliability. In the system, each risk level is defined and a particular robot reaction assigned to it. The risk calculation is based on the recursive solution of the manipulator's kinematic problem for the evaluation of the horizontal distance components and the relative speed between operator and machine. Computational effort is minimized, since (1) the protection system procedures can be performed directly in the robot controller with the robot kinematic and dynamic calculations and (2) only the cylinder-shaped volumes around the operator's estimated position have to be defined in order to perform a probabilistic evaluation of the risk levels. Prelim inary testing on a simplified setup has validated the system's reliability, its insensitivity to background disturbances, and the ease of use of the sensors.
3D Motion and Shape Representations in Visual Servo Control
Authors: Fermüller Cornelia , Cheong LoongFah , Aloimonos Yiannis
Published: March 2007

The study of visual navigation problems requires the integration of visual processes with motor control. Most essential in approaching this integration is the study of appropriate spatiotemporal represen tations that the system computes from the imagery and that serve as interfaces to all motor activities. Since representations resulting from exact metric reconstruction of the environment have turned out to be very hard to obtain in real time, the authors argue for the necessity of representations that can be computed easily, reliably, and in real time and that recover only the information about the 3D world that is really needed to solve the navigational problems at hand. In this paper, the authors introduce a number of such rep resentations capturing aspects of 3D motion and scene structure that are used to solve navigational problems implemented in visual servo systems.
The Behavior of a Biped Walking Gait on Irregular Terrain
Authors: McCown-McClintick Barbara E. , Moskowitz Gordon D.
Published: March 2007

Biped locomotion on nonlinear ground surfaces was studied using computer simulations of two- and three-dimensional bipeds with hip and knee joints. The dynamic models included all of the nonlinear terms in the equations of motion. The three-dimensional motion consisted of body torsion about the biped vertical axis. A walking gait was defined with a combination of linear and quadratic con straint equations that defined the biped joint motion. The gait was a dynamic walking gait that did not depend on a predefined location for the foot to land. Four gait variations were studied on the differ ent ground surfaces. The ground surfaces were rigid and included sinusoidal, randomized, and chaotic terrain. It was found that the gait had the potential to be used as a basic gait for locomotion over a wide variety of surfaces. There were certain gait features, such as the phasing of the knee constraint and the body torsional mo tion, that could be used to enhance the biped system's stability and efficiency. The importance of correctly defining the ground surface was clearly seen by the biped behavior on the different surfaces.
A Test-Retest Reliability Study of the Residual Music Skills Test
Authors: York Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to examine the test-retest reliability of the Residual Music Skills Test (RMST, York, 1994), developed by the author to systematically identify musical skills of persons diagnosed with Possible and Probable Alzheimer identify musical skills of persons diagnosed with Possible and Probable Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Subjects in early to middle stages of AD were identified at American nursing homes, adult day centres, and Alzheimer's centres who met inclusion criteria. Subjects were administered the RMST initially and again after a two-week interval. Ninety-five subjects completed the testing procedure. Data analysis consisted of descriptive analyses, one-way ANOVA procedures, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to determine the magnitude of the relationship between test and retest scores. Correlational analysis revealed a test-retest correlation coefficient of 9168, indicating high test-retest reliability. The ANOVA procedure examined factors of location, age, and musical training on the test results. No significant interactions were evident in regard to location (p < .32), age (p < .06), or musical training (p < 83). The RMST is believed to be a useful quantitative tool for assessing and documenting the musical skills of persons with Possible and Probable Alzheimer's disease. When used in conjunction with facility-based assessments currently used in American nursing homes and adult day facilities, the RMST may prove useful in referral and in documenting treatment outcomes in music therapy.
The Timing of Grace Notes in Skilled Musical Performance at Different Tempi: A Preliminary Case Study
Authors: Windsor Luke , Aarts Rinus , Desain Peter , Heijink Hank , Timmers Renee
Published: March 2007

An empirical study is reported which investigates the relationship between musical structure and the timing of 11 grace notes in 45 performances by the same performer of a short Beethoven piano piece at a range of tempi. These performances were recorded and analysed so as to extract timing measurements, and the pianist was interviewed to gain insights into his conscious performing strategies. Significant differences in the relative length of different grace notes were found: the two grace notes with a large descending pitch interval were played significantly longer than the others. Additionally, the grace notes were timed such that they did not "take time" from the note they are nominally attached to, but from the preceding time interval. Close attention to interview data provided by the pianist reveals that the relative timing of the grace notes corresponds to his claims that he was mimicking the motor constraints of vocalists and string players. Lastly, the data provided additional evidence against the notion that changes in overall tempo always leave the relative proportion of adjacent events invariant. Grace notes with a longer mean duration tended to deviate significantly from proportional duration, whilst shorter grace notes were roughly invariant over tempo.