bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Biosynthese von Lupanin und Hydroxylupanin in Lupinus angustifolius
Authors: Schütte Horst Robert , Hindorf Horst
Published: July 2007

Durch übersichtlichen Abbau der nach Lysin‐[2‐14C]‐Applikation aus Lupinus angustifolius erhaltenen markierten Alkaloide Lupanin (II) und Hydroxylupanin (V) wird gezeigt, daß eine Radioaktivitätsverteilung vorliegt, die derjenigen nach einer Cadaverin‐[1.5‐14C]‐Fütterung entspricht. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß — wie Spartein (I) in Lupinus luteus und Sarothamnus scoparius und wie Matrin in Sophora flavescens — auch II und V in Lupinus angustifolius aus Lysin entstehen können, wobei durch Decarboxylierung die Stufe des Cadaverins durch‐schritten wird. Piperidyllupinin ist wahrscheinlich kein Intermediäres dieser Synthese, wie sich nach Verabreichung der [2′.6′‐14C]‐Verbindung erweist.
Biosynthese von Matrin in Sophora tetraptera
Authors: Schütte Horst Robert , Lehfeldt Jürgen , Hindorf Horst
Published: July 2007

Die Radioaktivitätsverteilung im Matrin (I) aus Sophora tetraptera nach Fütterung von Cadaverin‐[1.5‐14C] zeigt, daß dieses Alkaloid aus drei Cadaverin‐Einheiten aufgebaut werden kann. Es wird ferner nachgewiesen, daß die Biosynthese bei Verabreichung von Lysin‐[2‐14C] über Cadaverin oder ein ähnliches symmetrisches Zwischenprodukt verläuft.
Biogeneseähnliche Alkaloidsynthesen durch oxydative Kondensation, VI. Synthese von Isopilocerein und Pilocerein
Authors: Franck Burchard , Blaschke Gottfried , Lewejohann Klaus
Published: July 2007

Lophocerin‐brombenzylat (IVa) und ‐jodmethylat (IVb) werden oxydativ mit 64–79‐proz. Ausbeute zu quartären Derivaten (V bzw. VI) des Pilocereins und des Isopilocereins kondensiert. Hydrogenolytische Entbenzylierung der erhaltenen Brombenzylate Va bzw. VIa ergab die freien tertiären Basen Pilocerein (I) bzw. Isopilocerein (II). Die Massenspektren der Syntheseprodukte werden beschrieben.
Triterpenglykoside (Mubenine) aus Samen von Stauntonia hexaphylla
Authors: Takemoto Tsunematsu , Kometani Koichi
Published: July 2007

Aus den Samen von Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne. werden drei saure Triterpenglykoside isoliert und als Mubenin A, B und C. bezeichnet. Als Aglykone werden Oleanolsäure (aus Mubenin A und B) und Hederagenin (aus Mubenin C) erhalten. Die Permethylierung der einzelnen Glykoside sowie die Untersuchung der daraus erhaltenen methylierten Zucker und Aglykone ermöglichte Konstitutionsvorschläge (I–III) für die drei Glykoside.
Reduktionen in flüssigem Ammoniak, XVII. 2‐Methyl‐naphthalin und 1.2.4‐Trimethyl‐naphthalin
Authors: Hückel Walter , Wartini Manfred
Published: July 2007

Die reduzierende Methylierung von 2‐Methyl‐naphthalin mit Natrium und Methylbromid in flüssigem Ammoniak führt zum 1.2.4‐Trimethyl‐dihydronaphthalin und nicht, wie früher angegeben, zum 1.2.3‐Derivat. 2‐Methylnaphthalin wird im substituierten Kern unter Bildung von Δ2‐Dihydroprodukt angegriffen. Bei Zugabe von Alkohol nach Birch oder auch durch Natrium und Alkohol allein erfolgt die Reduktion untergeordnet auch im unsubstituierten Kern. 1.2.4‐Trimethyl‐naphthalin wird ausschließlich im nicht substituierten Kern unter Bildung von Δ6‐Dihydroverbindung angegriffen, sowohl bei der Reduktion als auch bei der reduzierenden Methylierung. Letztere führt zur 1.2.4.5.8‐Pentamethylverbindung. Beide Reaktionen erfordern, wie auch sonst, freie α‐Stellungen, von denen die 1.4‐Stellungen besetzt werden. 1‐Methyl‐naphthalin gibt dementsprechend nach Birch überwiegend die Δ6‐Dihydroverbindung. Aus dieser entstehen nach vorhergehender Verschiebung der Doppelbindung in konjugierte Lage 1‐Methyl‐5.6.7.8‐tetralin und weiter 1‐Methyl‐Δ2(3), 9(10)‐hexahydronaphthalin. — Die Dihydrokohlenwasserstoffe werden untereinander in ihren Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten mit Benzopersäure verglichen.
IR‐Spektren methylierter und partiell hydrierter Naphthaline
Authors: Hückel Walter , Jennewein Carl‐Martin , Wartini Manfred , Wolfering Jürgen
Published: July 2007

Durch Reduktion und durch reduzierende Methylierung von Naphthalin und methylierten Naphthalinen mit Natrium und Methylbromid in flüssigem Ammoniak1) ist eine große Anzahl von methylierten Naphthalinen und Hydronaphthalinen erhalten worden. Diese sind durch ihre IR‐Spektren charakterisiert worden. Dabei haben sich Gesetzmäßigkeiten in der Lage der Absorptions‐banden ergeben, die in Beziehung zu bereits bekannten Regelmäßigkeiten in den Spektren aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe gesetzt werden.
3.6‐Dihydro‐2H‐1.2‐oxazine durch Diels‐Alder‐Synthesen mit Nitrosoverbindungen
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Weyerstahl Peter , Fligge Manfred , Kratzer Jakob
Published: July 2007

Aliphatische α‐Nitroso‐ketone und α‐Nitroso‐carbonsäureester liefern mit konjugierten Dienen Derivate des 3.6‐Dihydro‐2H‐1.2‐oxazins. Geminale Nitronitrosokohlenwasserstoffe reagieren in einer Stufe zu den 2‐Nitroso‐3.6‐dihydro‐2H‐1.2‐oxazinen, wobei während der Reaktion keine freie, abfangbare salpetrige Säure auftritt. Durch α‐ständige Phenylgruppen aktivierte aliphatische Nitrosokohlenwasserstoffe vermögen ebenfalls noch eine Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion einzugehen. Die Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsfähigkeit der Nitrosoverbindungen von der Substitution und den Reaktionsbedingungen ermöglicht Aussagen über die notwendige Aktivierung der N=O‐Gruppe und die Stabilität der Nitrosoverbindung.
Änderungen des Molekülbaus bei chemischen Reaktionen, XVI. (Solvolyse von Toluolsulfonsäureestern, XXI). Isofenchol
Authors: Hückel Walter , Kern Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2007

exo‐Isofenchol wird durch Formolyse von endo‐Fenchyl‐p‐toluolsulfonat und aus cyclo‐Fenchen nach Bertram‐Walbaum gewonnen, wobei der Verlauf dieser Reaktionen als Stufenreaktion aufgeklärt wird. cyclo‐Fenchen wird durch Pyrolyse von endo(nicht von exo)‐Fenchyl‐acetat in fast quantitativer Ausbeute erhalten und ebenso aus endo(nicht aus exo)‐Isofenchyl‐acetat gebildet. – Allgemein werden Solvolysen von endo‐exo‐isomeren Estern in ihren Geschwindigkeiten wie in ihren Reaktionsweisen, speziell auf dabei stattfindende Retropinakolinumlagerungen, verglichen. endo‐ und exo‐Isofenchol werden nach ihrem Verhalten in diese Betrachtungen eingeordnet und dabei mit endo‐ und exo‐Fenchol verglichen. Ungeachtet des enormen Geschwindigkeitsunterschiedes (bei der Äthanolyse exo: endo ≈︁ 3000:1) sind die Reaktionsprodukte aus Methanolyse und Acetolyse jeweils auch in ihrer Menge fast gleich. Der Substitutionsvorgang an dem durch Umlagerung gebildeten tertiären Ion ist bei der Methanolyse streng, bei der Acetolyse weitgehend stereospezifisch. Hierfür wird eine Erklärung unter Berücksichtigung der Beteiligung des übernächsten Kohlenstoffatoms (vom Brückenkopf her) mit seinem Elektronenpaar (C‐6 → C‐1) beim exo‐Isomeren gegeben. Die Verhältnisse der Solvolysegeschwindigkeiten bei Bicycloheptan‐Derivaten werden in quantitative Beziehung zu den Vorgängen der innermolekularen Beteiligung, der Unterstützung und der durch Verteilung der Methylgruppen bedingten sterischen Verhältnisse gesetzt. – Das noch unvollständig bekannte Verhalten der aus Isofenchol und aus ß‐ wie γ‐Fenchen erhältlichen Chloride wird skizziert.
Umsetzungen mit Trivinylcyclohexan
Authors: Derichs† Fritz , Schade Wolfgang , Glosauer Otto , Franke Walter
Published: July 2007

Aus Cyclododecatrien‐(1.5.9) ist durch Isomerisierung 1.2.4‐Trivinyl‐cyclohexan (1) leicht zugänglich. Da diese Verbindung mit Säure verharzt, wird die Zahl der möglichen Reaktionen stark eingeschränkt. Wir haben besonders drei Umsetzungen von 1 studiert: 1) die Isomerisierung zu 1.2.4‐Triäthyl‐benzol (2); 2) die Epoxidierung zu den Mono‐ und Diepoxid‐Isomeren 5 bzw. 6a–c sowie dem Triepoxid 7; 3) die Oxo‐Synthese, die zu einem Gemisch isomerer Ketone (9) führt. Reaktionen und Hydrierung von 9 werden untersucht.
Über die Reaktion einiger Vinylmagnesiumhalogenide mit Natrium‐phenylacetat
Authors: Blagoev Blagoi , Ivanoff Dimiter , Momtchev Momtcho
Published: July 2007

Untersucht wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen Natrium‐phenylacetat und einigen Vinylmagnesiumbromiden (Normant‐Verbindungen). Styrylmagnesiumbromid ergibt die δ‐Ketosäure 3, während man mit 2.2‐Diphenyl‐vinyl‐, 2‐Methyl‐2‐phenyl‐vinyl‐ und Propenylmagnesiumbromid ms‐Diphenylbernsteinsäure (4) erhält. Die metallierende Wirkung der Normant‐Reagenzien wird mit derjenigen aliphatischer und aromatischer Grignard‐Verbindungen verglichen.
Über die Reaktion von o‐Chinonen mit Enaminen
Authors: Ried Walter , Torok Emilio
Published: July 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß Enamine leicht mit o‐Chinonen zu substituierten p‐Dioxinen (Tabb. 1 und 2) umgesetzt werden können.
Über Nitriloxyde, IV. Dicyan‐di‐N‐oxyd
Authors: Grundmann Christoph , Mini Vinicio , Dean Judith M. , Frommeld Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2007

Das von W. Steinkopf beobachtete thermische Zerfallsprodukt von Dichlordioxim (1) wird als Dicyan‐di‐N‐oxyd (2) erkannt, unter dessen mesomeren Formen 2b überwiegt. Krist. monomeres 2 ist bei –78° weitgehend haltbar, zersetzt sich bei –45° i. Vak. plötzlich ohne Explosion unter Aussendung weißen Lichtes, detoniert bei Raumtemperatur und polymerisiert in Lösung zum Polyfuroxan 8. Die Dämpfe von 2 reizen die Atmungsorgane. 2 läßt sich gravimetrisch als Dibromdioxim und titrimetrisch nach Reaktion mit Triphenylphosphin als Dicyan bestimmen. – Halogenwasserstoffsäuren (außer Fluorwasserstoff) werden von 2 elektrophil zu den Dihalogendioximen addiert. Mit je 2 Moläquivv. NaOH, Ba(OH)2 und Cu(II)‐acetat entstehen die entsprechenden Salze von aci‐Nitro‐acethydroxamsäure (13); Reaktion von 2 mit Alkoxyl‐Ionen führt zu den Estern von 13. Mit Ammoniak entsteht aus 2 Oxalyldiamid‐dioxim (14); mit Anilin, Cyclohexylamin und Diäthylamin bilden sich in nucleophiler Reaktion substituierte Amidoxime (15–17). 1.2‐Diamine reagieren mit 2 zu 1.4‐Diazinen (18, 19); tertiäre Amine liefern unbeständige innere Salze trisubstit. Amidoxime (z. B. 20a), die sich in einigen Fällen als Halogenide quartärer Oxaldiamidinium‐dioxime (20b) fassen lassen und die auch aus den tert. Aminen und 1 entstehen. Phenylhydrazin reduziert 2 teils zu Dicyan, teils wird es zu Oxalyl‐bis‐phenylhydrazid‐dioxim (22a) addiert, das Ringschluß zu 22b erleidet. Mit Sulfid‐Ionen reagiert 2 zu Dithio‐oxaldihydroxamsäure (23) und Tetraoximino‐1.4‐dithian (24), mit Cyanid‐Ionen zu Dicyandioxim (26). Mit Äthylenen bzw. Acetylenen geht 2 1.3‐dipolare Additionen zu cis‐ und trans‐3.3′‐Bi‐Δ2‐isoxazolinylen (z. B. 34a und 34b) bzw. zu 3.3′‐Bi‐isoxazolylen (29–31) ein, welch leztere zu Furoxanen (28, 32) weiterreagieren. Entsprechende Ringschlüsse werden bei der Reaktion von 2 mit Dienen (z. B. zu 37–39) beobachtet.
Über die Struktur und Hydrolyse eines aus Tritylnatrium, Triphenylbor und Kohlenmonoxyd gebildeten Komplexsalzes
Authors: Wittig Georg , Gonsior Leonhard , Vogel Herward
Published: July 2007

Tritylnatrium, Triphenylbor und Kohlenmonoxyd — eine Partnerschaft, die nur im Dreibund reaktionsbereit ist — bilden ein Komplexsalz, dessen Struktur 13 aufgeklärt und durch unabhängige Synthese gesichert wurde. Die Phenylwanderungen vom Bor zum Nachbarkohlenstoff bei der Entstehung und Hydrolyse von 13 werden mit der Terminologie der at‐ und onium‐Komplexe gedeutet und in Modellreaktionen bestätigt.
Umlagerungen von Derivaten hochchlorierter C4‐Säuren
Authors: Maahs Günther
Published: July 2007

Unter der katalytischen Wirkung von Eisen lagert sich Perchlorcrotonylchlorid zu Hexachlordihydrofuran um; aus Perchlorcrotonsäureäthylester entsteht Dichlormaleinsäuredichlorid. Aus dem unterschiedlichen Verhalten von cis‐ und trans‐α‐H‐Tetrachlorcrotonsäure wird geschlossen, daß die cis‐Konfiguration Voraussetzung für diese Reaktion ist.
1.4‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, I. Reaktionen der Azomethine mit Acetylendicarbonsäureester
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Herbig Klaus
Published: July 2007

Die 1.4‐Dipolare Cycloaddition folgt dem Schema 4 + 2 → 6. Der 1.4‐Dipol, durch Elektronenlücke und Elektronenpaar in 1.4‐Stellung gekennzeichnet, entsteht meist in situ durch Vereinigung einer elektrophilen und einer nucleophilen Mehrfachbindung. — 3.4‐Dihydroisochinolin tritt mit Acetylendicarbonsäure‐dimethylester je nach den Bedingungen zum 1 : 2‐bzw. 2 : 1‐Addukt zusammen, deren Konstitution geklärt wird. Aus Benzyliden‐alkylaminen werden mit zwei Moll. Acetylendicarbonester Dihydropyridin‐Abkömmlinge gebildet, die sich mit Brom aromatisieren lassen. Das Addukt des Cinnamyliden‐anilins ermöglicht durch NMR‐Analyse seines Dihydroderivats den Nachweis, welches der C‐Atome des Dihydropyridinringes gesättigt auftritt. — Die aus Ketiminen und Acetylendicarbonester hervorgehenden 1.4‐Dipole stabilisieren sich durch Protonwanderung zu Dienaminen.
Reaktionen mit cyclischen Enaminen, III1). N‐Heterocyclen aus Cycloalkenylamin‐Isocyanat‐ bzw. ‐Isothiocyanat‐Addukten
Authors: Ried Walter , Käppeler Walter
Published: July 2007

Die Addukte aus cyclischen Enaminen und Aryliso(thio)cyanaten werden ebenso wie ihre Hydrolyseprodukte, die Cycloalkanon‐(2)‐(thio)carbonsäureanilide, mittels starker Säuren zu 3.4‐Polymethylen‐carbostyrilen bzw. ‐2‐mercapto‐chinolinen (n = 3, 4, 5) cyclisiert. Zur Darstellung dieser N‐Heterocyclen werden, entsprechend den Substituenten der Enamine und der Art der verwendeten Isocyanate oder Senföle, verschiedene Verfahren angegeben. — Zur Synthese von Heterocyclen eignet sich auch das Addukt aus 1‐Morpholino‐cyclohexen‐(1) und Sulfuryldiisocyanat, für dessen Reaktionsfähigkeit Beispiele aufgeführt werden.
Über Herzglykoside, XXII. Neue Primärglykoside aus den Blättern von Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
Authors: Kaiser Fritz , Haack Erich , Spingler Helmut
Published: July 2007

In Fortsetzung des in der 20. Mitteilung beschriebenen Trennungsgangs werden aus Äthanolextrakten unfermentierter Blätter von Digitalis lanata die Primärglykoside Neo‐odorobiosid G (4), Neo‐digitalinum verum (5), Digitoxigenin‐glucosido‐glucomethylosid (8) und Glucodigitoxigenin‐bis‐digitoxosid (9) isoliert. Die Existenz der Glykoside Neo‐gluco‐verodoxin (6), Digitoxigenin‐glucosido‐acetylglucomethylosid, Digoxigenin‐digilanidobiosid, Digoxigenin‐glucosido‐bis‐digitoxosid und Gluco‐neodigoxin wird bewiesen und ihre Stellung im Chromatogramm festgelegt.
Die Aktivierung von Acylaminosäuren und Acylpeptiden mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid
Authors: Schnabel Eugen
Published: July 2007

Aus Acylaminosäuren und Acylpeptiden bilden sich mit äquivalenten Mengen Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid entweder unter Abscheidung der theoretischen Dicyclohexylharnstoffmenge Azlactone, oder es entstehen symmetrische Anhydride, wobei nur etwa 50% Dicyclohexylharnstoff anfällt. Bei Zugabe von Glycinäthylester zu den Anhydridlösungen fällt eine weitere Menge Dicyclohexylharnstoff an, und die entsprechenden Peptidderivate bilden sich in guten Ausbeuten. Die symmetrischen Anhydride der Acylaminosäuren racemisieren partiell während der Synthese und Aminolyse. Auch die Aminolyse der teilweise optisch aktiven Azlactone verläuft unter mehr oder weniger starker Racemisierung, die sich mit Essigsäure zurückdrängen, aber nicht vermeiden läßt.
Mechanisms of dominant negative G‐protein α subunits
Authors: Barren Brandy , Artemyev Nikolai O.
Published: July 2007

G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of membrane proteins and are the targets of 25–50% of drugs currently on the market. Dominant negative mutant Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G‐proteins have been extensively utilized to delineate G‐protein signaling pathways and represent a promising new tool to study GPCR‐dependent signaling in the CNS. There are different regions in various types of Gα subunits in which mutations can give rise to a dominant negative phenotype. Such a mutant Gα would compete with wild‐type Gα for binding to other proteins involved in the G‐protein cycle and either block or reduce the response caused by wild‐type Gα. To date, there are three different mechanisms described for dominant negative Gα subunits: sequestration of the Gβγ subunits, sequestration of the activated GPCR by the heterotrimeric complex, and sequestration of the activated GPCR by nucleotide‐free Gα. This review focuses on the development of dominant negative Gα subunits, the different mechanisms used by various mutant Gα subunits, and potential structural changes underlying the dominant negative effects. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systemic and developmental exposure to lead causes spatial memory deficits and a reduction in COX‐2 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of male rats
Authors: Soodi Maliheh , Sharifzadeh Mohammad , Naghdi Nasser , Ostad Nasser , Abdollahi Mohammad , Roghani Ali
Published: July 2007

Chronic lead exposure during development is known to produce learning deficits. In the present study, we investigated the effects of developmental exposure to lead on spatial memory, as shown in the Morris water maze, and on expression of inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 protein in the hippocampi of male rats. Rats were separated into four groups according to which concentration of lead acetate at which developmental stage they were exposed. One group was exposed maternally to lead acetate at a concentration of 250 parts per million (ppm), one group was exposed continuously to 250 ppm lead, one group was exposed maternally to 750 ppm lead, and one group was exposed continuously to 750 ppm lead. Increases were observed in both average escape latency and traveled distance of the rats in the maternally and continuously 750 ppm lead‐exposed groups, indicating significant impairment of spatial memory. Quantitative immunostaining analysis by optical density measurement of brain sections from rats in all lead‐exposed groups revealed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the intensity of cyclooxygenase‐2 immunoreactivity in the Ammon's horn region 1 (CA1) and the dentate gyrus areas of the hippocampus. This reduction was concentration‐dependent, with the maximum reduction observed in rats exposed to 750 ppm lead. Taken together, these findings suggest that exposure to lead causes spatial memory deficits in male rats and a significant reduction in cyclooxygenase‐2 immunoreactivity in the CA1 and dentate gyrus areas. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical downscaling of extremes of daily precipitation and temperature and construction of their future scenarios
Authors: Hundecha Yeshewatesfa , Bárdossy András
Published: July 2007

Two statistical downscaling methods have been tested in terms of their ability to construct indices of extremes of daily precipitation and temperatures from large‐scale atmospheric variables with the aim of developing a tool for the construction of future scenarios of the extremes. One of the methods implements an approach for constructing seasonal indices of extremes of precipitation and temperature from seasonal measures of large‐scale variables, while the other method implements a stochastic model for generating daily series of precipitation and temperature whose parameters are conditioned on large‐scale circulation patterns. While both models generally tend to perform fairly well in reproducing indices of precipitation in winter, their performance for the summer season is not attractive. For indices of temperature, the performance of both models is better than the corresponding performance for indices of precipitation and the seasonal variation in performance is less prominent. The models were applied to construct scenarios of the extremes for the end of the 21st century using predictor sets simulated by the Hadley Centre GCM (HadAM3P) forced by two of the special report on emission scenarios (SRES) emission scenarios. Both models project an increase in both the mean daily minimum and mean daily maximum temperatures for future climate change scenarios in all seasons. The summer increase is accompanied by an increase in the inter‐annual variability of the temperatures. On the other hand, they show consistency in the direction of the projected changes in indices of precipitation only in winter, where they projected an increase in both the magnitude and frequency of extremes as well as the mean precipitation. The disparity in the changes simulated by the two models revealed the existence of considerable inter‐model uncertainty in predicting changes for future climate. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling of Slurry Polymerization of Ethylene Using a Soluble Cp2ZrCl2/MAO Catalytic System
Authors: Ahmadi Mostafa , Nekoomanesh Mehdi , Jamjah Roghieh , Zohuri Gholamhossein , Arabi Hassan
Published: July 2007

The slurry homopolymerization of ethylene catalyzed by a Cp2ZrCl2/MAO catalytic system was studied. A simple kinetic model including initiation, propagation, transfer to monomer and cocatalyst, spontaneous transfer and spontaneous deactivation was developed to predict dynamic yield of polymerization and molecular weight of final products. Kinetic constants were estimated by numerical solution of polymerization kinetic model, combined with Nelder‐Mead simplex method. The model predicts that the propagation reaction has the lower activation energy in relation to chain transfer reactions which leads to decrease of molecular weight at elevated temperatures. The initiation reaction has however, the highest activation energy that results in raising the peak of reaction rate at higher temperatures.

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A scheme for solving Anycast scalability in IPv6
Authors: Xiaonan Wang , Huanyan Qian
Published: July 2007

The existing designs for providing Anycast services are either to confine Anycast groups to a preconfigured topological region or to distribute Anycast groups globally across the whole Internet. The latter causes routing tables to grow proportionally to the number of global Anycast groups in the entire Internet and both of the above designs restrict and hinder the application and development of Anycast services. A new kind of Anycast communication scheme is proposed in this paper. This scheme adopts a novel Anycast address structure which can achieve a dynamic Anycast group while allowing Anycast members to freely leave and join the Anycast group without geographical restriction and it effectively solves the expanding explosion of the Anycast routing table. In addition, this scheme can evenly disperse Anycast request messages from clients across the Anycast servers of one Anycast group, thus achieving load balance. This paper analyzes the communication scheme in depth and discusses its feasibility and validity. The experimental data in IPv6 simulation demonstrate that the TRT (Total Response Time) of one Anycast service (e.g., file downloading) acquired through this communication scheme is shorter by 15% than that through the existing Anycast communication scheme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint control for flexible‐joint robot with input‐estimation approach and LQG method
Authors: Ji Chien‐Yu , Chen Tsung‐Chien , Lee Yung‐Lung
Published: July 2007

In this work, the input‐estimation (IE) algorithm and the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller are adopted to design a control system. The combined method can maintain higher control performance even when the system variation is unknown and under the influence of disturbance input. The IE algorithm is an on‐line inverse estimation method involving the Kalman filter (KF) and the least‐square method, which can estimate the system input without additional torque sensor, while the LQG control theory has the characteristic of low sensitivity of disturbance. The design and analysis processes of the controller will also be discussed in this paper. The joint control of the flexible‐joint robot system is utilized to test and verify the effectiveness of the control performance. According to the simulation results, the IE algorithm is an effective observer for estimating the disturbance torque input, and the LQG controller can effectively cope with the situation that the disturbance exists. Finally, higher control performance of the combined method for joint control of the robotic system can be further verified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: more than ‘just a bit of fatty liver’
Authors: Goenka N , Subramanian S , Weston P , Vora J
Published: July 2007

The prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is high in the obese, type 2 diabetic population, and it is probably under‐diagnosed as a cause for cirrhosis in this group. We present a case where a lady, with type 2 diabetes mellitus and abnormal liver function tests, was initially reassured that she had ‘just a bit of fatty liver’. When she was found to have liver cirrhosis just three years later, her glycaemic control was tightened up and she was encouraged to lose weight. Despite this she progressed on to develop liver cirrhosis of sufficient severity as to warrant consideration for a liver transplant.

The diagnosis of NAFLD should be considered in patients with type 2 diabetes who have even mildly deranged liver function tests (especially if obese). Urgent prevalence studies for NAFLD in the diabetes population, together with agreed protocols between diabetologists and hepatologists for the investigation and management of this group, are required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Drug treatment and type 2 diabetes: the impact of liver disease
Authors: Ahmed MH , Byrne CD
Published: July 2007

Although most liver diseases can occur coincidentally and sporadically with diabetes, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with insulin resistance and overweight, and occurs commonly with type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, NAFLD is not only regarded as a hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome, but also as an independent risk factor and a marker for increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Significantly, NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of all‐cause death and predicts future CVD events independently of age, sex, LDL‐cholesterol, smoking and the cluster of features of the metabolic syndrome. Although there was initial concern about drug toxicity with NAFLD, increasing evidence is suggesting that commonly used drugs such as metformin, statins and antihypertensives are probably safe and the glitazone group of drugs may even confer a therapeutic benefit and improve features of NAFLD. Certain sulphonylurea drugs and acarbose may cause an increase in liver enzymes but rarely do these drugs cause overt liver disease. In this review we have focused on the safety and therapeutic impact of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), statins and renin‐angiotensin inhibitors in NAFLD as this is by far the most common liver disease in type 2 diabetes. We also discuss drug‐induced liver toxicity and drug safety in liver disease relevant to diabetes treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
What happened to the prescribing of other COX‐2 inhibitors, paracetamol and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs when rofecoxib was withdrawn in Australia?
Authors: Barozzi Nadia , Tett Susan E.
Published: July 2007

Objectives

To analyse how the prescribing of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors, non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (ns‐NSAIDs) and paracetamol (acetaminophen) changed when rofecoxib was withdrawn in 2004.

Method

COX‐2 inhibitors, paracetamol and ns‐NSAID's use was measured using dispensing data for concession beneficiaries subsidized by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) for the period of 1997–2005. Data were downloaded from the Medicare Australia website and converted, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) (2005), to DDD/1000 concession beneficiaries/day.

Results

In the period 2000–2004, the use of COX‐2 inhibitors was progressively increased. Overall NSAID's use changed from approximately 80 to 105 DDD/1000 concession beneficiaries/day while a decrease of ns‐NSAIDs from about 70 to 40 DDD/1000 concession beneficiaries/day was observed. Following rofecoxib withdrawal, the overall NSAIDs use declined. In 2005, celecoxib prescription declined (23%) while prescription of meloxicam increased by 62%. Use of paracetamol was steady over the period 1997–2004 (around 40 DDD/1000 concession beneficiaries/day). In April 2005, a slight increase in paracetamol use was observed.

Conclusion

Our analysis showed that COX‐2 inhibitors prescribing markedly influenced the overall NSAIDs prescribing in Australia. When COX‐2 inhibitors were introduced their uptake was rapid and extensive. Following rofecoxib withdrawal, the total overall dispensing of NSAIDs returned to a similar value as before COX‐2 inhibitors' introduction. The decrease was due both to rofecoxib withdrawal and to a reduction in celecoxib prescribing. However, meloxicam use increased. Paracetamol prescribing was steady, between 1997 and 2005 and was not affected when the COX‐2 inhibitors were introduced on to the market and after rofecoxib withdrawal, rather than increasing as might have been anticipated after rofecoxib withdrawal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An observational study of CT scanning in psychiatric patients
Authors: Elheis Mwaffaq , Gupta Abhaya , Pansari Kalpana , Syed Mobinulla
Published: July 2007

Opinion is divided on the proper use of brain scans in psychiatry. In this study, the authors reviewed CT scanning in common psychiatric conditions in a district hospital.In their study about 64 per cent of brain scans showed some abnormality. CT scanning influenced patient diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In addition,almost 3 per cent of patient scans identified potential reversible,previously unknown,intracranial pathology. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
CLOCK: Calling time on bipolar disorder
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: July 2007

Mark Greener reports on the development of an animal model that may help elucidate the mechanism of action of drugs that exert an effect on circadian rhythm in conditions such as mania, which are thought to be linked in part to disruption of the rhythm of life. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Wise Up! Primhe Second Annual Conference
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: July 2007

True life drama

Primhe's second annual mental health conference was crammed full of dramatic and engaging sessions offering a wide perspective on how mental health can be achieved. Mental health is a societal problem, not a medical backwater. It's everyone's responsibility and everyone has a part to play: some are given leading roles, some only walk‐on parts. But everyone is important because without any single individual, the whole is diminished and we all suffer. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Studies on curing kinetics of a novel combined liquid crystalline epoxy containing tetramethylbiphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic group with diaminodiphenylsulfone
Authors: Cai Zhi‐Qi , Sun Jianzhong , Wang Daodeng , Zhou Qiyun
Published: July 2007

The curing kinetics of a novel liquid crystalline epoxy resin with combining biphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic unit, diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzoyloxy)‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl biphenyl (DGE‐BHBTMBP), and the curing agent diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) was studied using the advanced isoconvensional method (AICM). DGE‐BHBTMBP/DDS curing system was investigated the curing behavior by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) during isothermal and nonisothermal processes. Only one exothermal peak appeared in isothermal DSC curves. A variation of the effective activation energy with the extent of conversion was obtained by AICM. Three different curing stages were confirmed. In the initial curing stage, the value of Ea is dramatically decreased from ∼90 to ∼20 kJ/mol in the conversion region 0–0.2 for the formation of LC phase. In the middle stage, the value of Ea keeps about ∼80 kJ/mol for cooperative effect of reaction mechanism and diffusion control. In the final stage, a significant increase of Ea from 84 to 136 kJ/mol could be caused by the mobility of longer polymer chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3922–3928, 2007
Patient risk of contact with respiratory pathogens from inanimate surfaces in a cystic fibrosis outpatient clinic. A prospective study over a four‐year period
Authors: Festini Filippo , Taccetti Giovanni , Mannini Claudia , Campana Silvia , Mergni Gianfranco , Vignoli Noemi , Allegretti Nicoletta , Ravenni Novella , Cocchi Priscilla , Neri Stella , Repetto Teresa , de Martino Maurizio
Published: July 2007

Acquisition of respiratory pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Research on the prevalence of these pathogens on environmental surfaces of a CF Center is scanty, and so far no study has determined what risk CF patients have of coming in contact with them during their visits to the CF Center. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of some respiratory pathogens in samples taken systematically during a 4‐year period from inanimate surfaces and sinks in a CF Outpatient Clinic, and to estimate the risk that a non‐PA colonized CF patient has of contact with PA when visiting the CF Center. Microbiological samples were taken and cultured from the inanimate surfaces and sinks of the Outpatient clinic of a CF Center once a month from 2001 to 2005. Four hundred and sixty environmental specimens were collected: 36.3% were positive for respiratory pathogens (23% of rooms' inert surfaces, 49.5% of sinks). Achromobacter xylosoxidans was found in 0.8% of surface samples. PA was isolated in 22.8% samples. The estimated risk for each non‐colonized patient of coming in contact with PA on the surfaces in the Clinic at each visit was 5.4‰ (CI95% 0.9–30.1). Genotyping of a sample of environmental PA strains revealed a genetic relation between environmental and clinical isolates in most cases. Micro‐organisms relevant for CF patients can be found on inanimate surfaces of a CF Center, although the risk for patients of coming in contact with PA during their visits to the CF center seems low. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:779–784. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using bioinformatic resources in the proteomic analysis of biological fluids
Authors: Lisacek Frédérique , Hoogland Christine , Lescuyer Pierre , Hochstrasser Denis F. , Appel Ron D.
Published: July 2007

On‐line databases targeted towards protein contents in biological fluids are scarce. Consequently, the investigation of proteins identified in a biological fluid most importantly depends on crosschecking information gathered from less specific resources. This review summarises the key databases and tools for collecting information on tissue specificity or expression profiles. It also emphasises the high connectivity between databases fruitfully used to corroborate and piece information together. Finally, selected issues related to appropriate bioinformatics tools in the context of clinical applications are succinctly discussed.
From ‘protein’ to the beginnings of clinical proteomics
Authors: Perrett David
Published: July 2007

It has taken over 200 years to move from the view that there was a single unique ‘protein’ to our present understanding that there may be over a million proteins in the human body. This review details the technological developments that led to this increase in knowledge especially in the area of clinical biochemistry. Simple techniques such as total protein assays allowed the quantitation of the amounts of protein in blood plasma and serum. These techniques were then linked to simple fractionation techniques to give further understanding about proteins in disease. The development of electrophoretic and chromatographic separation methods revolutionised our knowledge of proteins as well as of other small molecules in biofluids. The review finishes with the arrival of new technologies such as protein mass spectrometry and the emergence of proteomics.
Characterization of benign and malignant prostate epithelial Hoechst 33342 side populations
Authors: Brown Mick D. , Gilmore Paul E. , Hart Claire A. , Samuel Joanne D. , Ramani Vijay A.C. , George Nicholas J. , Clarke Noel W.
Published: July 2007

Background

The prostate epithelial stem cell has been proposed as the primary origin of neoplastic change in prostate cancer. However, the isolation and characterization of unexpanded prostate epithelial stem cells have proven problematic.

Methods

A prostate epithelial side population (SP) has been isolated utilizing a modified Hoechst 33342 dye efflux assay from both benign and malignant prostate tissue. CD45−ve, integrin α2+ve Hoechst 33342 SP and NSP cells were isolated by FACS, immunophenotyped and functionally characterized in 3D culture.

Results

FACS analysis revealed a verapamil sensitive SP accounting for 0.93 ± 0.12% and 0.57 ± 0.11% of the total epithelial population from both benign and malignant prostates. The benign SP phenotype revealed a heterogeneous cell population consisting predominantly of small basal cells containing minimal cytoplasm. Conversely, the malignant SP was of undetermined acinar origin and with a complete loss of expression of the CDK2 inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1. In vitro androgen‐enhanced 3D culture of the benign and malignant SP cells led to the production of spheroids which had acinus like morphology and expressed primitive and basal cell markers. Incorporation of the CD133 marker isolated a further SP sub‐fraction accounting for 0.037 ± 0.01% of epithelial cells.

Conclusions

Our observations are consistent with the Hoechst 33342 dye efflux assay isolating a stem cell enriched population which can be further sub‐fractionated by CD133 selection. Moreover, the loss of the CDK inhibitor in malignancy is consistent with the hypothesis that neoplastic change originates in the stem cell compartment. Prostate 67: 1384–1396, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prognostic value of E‐cadherin and the cadherin‐associated molecules α‐, β‐, γ‐catenin and p120ctn in prostate cancer specific survival: A long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: van Oort I.M. , Tomita K. , van Bokhoven A. , Bussemakers M.J.G. , Kiemeney L.A. , Karthaus H.F.M. , Witjes J.A. , Schalken J.A.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES

To determine the value of loss of expression of E‐cadherin and cadherin associated molecules as prognostic markers for prostate cancer patients in a long‐term follow‐up study.

METHODS

Sixty‐five prostate cancer specimens, obtained from patients with different stages of prostate cancer who underwent a radical prostatectomy or TUR‐P between 1987 and 1991, were used for immunohistochemical analysis of the expression pattern of E‐cadherin, α‐, β‐, γ‐catenin and p120ctn. Clinical records of these patients were studied for follow‐up data and the prognostic value of expression of these adhesion molecules was determined by Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and multivariable proportional hazard regression analysis.

RESULTS

Normal staining patterns were found in 36 cases (55.4%) for E‐cadherin, 37 cases (56.9%) for α‐catenin, 40 cases (61.5%) for β‐catenin, 25 cases (38.5%) for γ‐catenin, and 40 cases (61.5%) for p120ctn. Overall, a strong correlation was found between the expression of E‐cadherin and other cadherin‐associated molecules. The 5‐year survival rates for each staining were as follows: E‐cadherin (normal 79.2%, aberrant 26.8%), α‐catenin (normal 79.2%, aberrant 26.8%), β‐catenin (normal 73.1%, aberrant 27.3%), γ‐catenin (normal 86.4%, aberrant 37.1%), and p120ctn (normal 72.8%, aberrant 30.0%). There was a significant difference in survival between normal and aberrant expression in each staining (log rank P < 0.0001). The proportional hazard regression model including tumor stage and Gleason score revealed α‐catenin expression as the best prognostic marker for patients with prostate cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data revealed a strong correlation between E‐cadherin expression and other cadherin‐associated molecules. Among these markers, alpha‐catenin seems the best prognostic marker for prostate cancer specific survival. Larger studies are needed to confirm this result. Prostate 67: 1432–1438, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation and expression of human CYP7B1 in prostate: Overexpression of CYP7B1 during progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Olsson Mats , Gustafsson Ove , Skogastierna Cristine , Tolf Anna , Rietz Barbara Du , Morfin Robert , Rane Anders , Ekström Lena
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7B1 is involved in many metabolic processes including androgen metabolism. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7B1 is expressed within the prostate and may determine the levels of the natural estrogen receptor β (ERβ) ligand 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol (3βAdiol) available and hence affect the regulation of prostate proliferation. We hypothesized that CYP7B1 expression is increased in prostate tumors and that promoter methylation contributes to the regulation of CYP7B1 expression in human prostate tissue.

METHODS

Expression of the CYP7B1 gene and protein in clinical prostate tissues and prostate cancer cell lines were investigated using real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The methylation status of the CYP7B1 gene was analyzed using methylation‐specific PCR (MSP).

RESULTS

The immunohistochemical results demonstrate that high expression of CYP7B1 protein occurs in high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and adenocarcinomas. The ERβ/CYP7B1 mRNA ratio was significantly lower in tumor compared to the non‐tumor area. The MSP analysis indicate that local methylation of CYP7B1 promoter region is an important mechanism involved in down‐regulation of CYP7B1 in human prostate tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report showing that CYP7B1 is overexpressed in high‐grade PIN and in prostate cancer and that local methylation of CYP7B1 promoter region may have significant effect on gene transcription. Prostate 67: 1439–1446, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marjoram increases basal gastric acid and pepsin secretions in rat
Authors: Rafsanjani Fatemeh Nabavizadeh , Shahrani Mehrdad , Ardakani Zakieh Vahedian , Ardakani Mohammad Vahedian
Published: July 2007

Considering the high consumption rate of marjoram in the Iranian population, this study was designed to investigate the effects of marjoram extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretion. In this study, Wistar rats (n= 12) were divided into two equal case and control groups. Under general anaesthesia with 50 mg/kg i.p. sodium thiopental, laparatomy was done and a cannula inserted in the duodenum. In the case animals marjoram (12.5 mg/kg) was injected into the stomach through the mentioned cannula. The gastric contents were collected by the wash‐out technique. Acid and pepsin secretions were then measured by titration and the Anson method, respectively. In the marjoram group, basal acid and pepsin secretions were significantly increased compared with the control group (acid: 20 ± 3.36 vs 4.1 ± 0.36 µmol/15 min; pepsin: 9.04 ± 0.01 vs 5.62 ± 0.12 µg/15 min;p< 0.001). In the control group, pentagastrin stimulation increased acid secretion in comparison with the basal level (10.14 ± 1.34 vs 4.1 ± 0.36 µmol/15 min,p< 0.001), while in the marjoram group, there was a significant decline (16.46 ± 3.23 vs 20 ± 3.36 µmol/15 min,p< 0.001). In the marjoram group pentagastrin increased pepsin secretion in comparison with the basal state (12 ± 0.11 vs 9.04 ± 0.1 µg/15 min,p< 0.001). It seems that marjoram contains some components that activate chief and parietal cells and increase basal acid and pepsin secretion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effect of a triterpenoid‐rich extract from bamboo shavings and vasodilator effect of friedelin on phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction in thoracic aortas of rats
Authors: Jiao Jingjing , Zhang Yu , Lou Dingding , Wu Xiaoqin , Zhang Ying
Published: July 2007

Triterpenoids, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, were applied to the development of functional foods as physiological and pharmacological active agents. Some physiological activities of a triterpenoid‐rich extract from bamboo shavings (EBS), i.e. antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects, were systematically evaluated in the present study. The results demonstrated that EBS could reduce the serum total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels, which are the main factors directly leading to pathological changes in cardiovascular diseases, in hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Furthermore, EBS could significantly reduce the systolic pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but its maximum effect time was less than 24 h. Meanwhile, EBS did not influence the heart rate of SHR. On the other hand, the vasodilator effects of friedelin, a main triterpenoid compound separated from EBS, on phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction in the thoracic aortas of rats were also discussed. The results showed that friedelin probably served a function of vasodilator responses in the thoracic aortas of rats in accordance with the antihypertensive effect of EBS. The results also suggested that EBS might prevent some cardiovascular diseases by its impact on lipid metabolism. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schizandra chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis counter stress behaviors in mice
Authors: Lee Seungjoo , Kim Dong Hyun , Jung Ji Wook , Oh Ju Hee , Park Ho Jae , Park Chan , Huh Youngbuhm , Cheong Jae Hoon , Oh Tae Hwan , Ryu Jong Hoon
Published: July 2007

The individual and combined antistress effects of the fruit of Schizandra chinensis and the radix of Scutellaria baicalensis were evaluated using a mouse acute stress model. Stress consisted of immobilization and electric foot shocks over 5 days. Mice were treated with herbal extracts for 7 days before exposing the animals to stress. Before each stressor presentation, the mice were treated with each herbal extract. Reduced locomotor activity and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus‐maze under stress were recovered by treatment with the extract containing equal amounts of S. chinensis and S. baicalensis (CB11) at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The effects of CB11 were greater than the effects of S. chinensis or S. baicalensis alone. CB11 treatment (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum corticosterone levels (p < 0.05). Spleen size and the serum interleukin‐2 level decreases induced by stress were prevented by CB11 (200 mg/kg) (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that S. chinensis and S. baicalensis in equal amounts could be used to treat stress disorders, in part, by preventing corticosterone and IL‐2 level changes and ameliorating stress‐related behavior parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A steroid fraction of chloroform extract from bee pollen of Brassica campestris induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC‐3 cells
Authors: Wu Yao‐Dong , Lou Yi‐Jia
Published: July 2007

Bee pollen of Brassica campestris L. is widely used in China as a natural food supplement and an herbal medicine in strengthening the body's resistance against diseases including cancer. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of a steroid fraction of chloroform extract from bee pollen of Brassica campestris L. on human cancer cell viability. Our studies show that among nine cancer cell lines of different origin (PC‐3, LNCaP, MCF‐7, Hela, BEL‐7402, BCG‐823, KB, A549 and HO8910), this steroid fraction displayed the strongest cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer PC‐3 cells. The mode of cell death appeared to be apoptosis in PC‐3 cells, as shown by flow‐cytometric analysis and fluorescence microscopes. Caspase‐3 activity was obviously enhanced after the cells were treated with the fraction. A time‐dependent decrease in the expression of anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 was also observed by Western blot analysis. It is suggested that the steroid fraction could induce cytotoxicity in prostate cancer PC‐3 cells by triggering apoptosis. The studies indicate that the steroid fraction of chloroform extract from bee pollen of Brassica campestris L. may be a promising candidate for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.