bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrast of Degraded and Restored Stream Habitat Using an Individual-Based Salmon Model
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Gard Mark , Harvey Bret C. , White Jason L. , Zimmerman Julie K. H.
Published: March 2013

Stream habitat restoration projects are popular, but can be expensive and difficult to evaluate. We describe inSALMO, an individual-based model designed to predict habitat effects on freshwater life stages (spawning through juvenile out-migration) of salmon. We applied inSALMO to Clear Creek, California, simulating the production of total and large (>5 cm FL) Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha out-migrants at a degraded and a restored site. The calibrated model reproduced observed redd locations and out-migrant timing and size. In simulations, the restored site had a much higher production of fry that established and grew before out-migration; it provided higher survival and positive growth due to moderate velocities, shallow depths, and cover for feeding and hiding. The restored site did not produce more total out-migrants because at both sites spawning gravel was sufficient and the vast majority of fry moved downstream soon after emergence. Simulations indicated that at both sites increasing food and cover availability could further increase production of large, but not total, out-migrants; spawning gravel, temperature, and flow appear nearly optimal already. Further gravel addition was predicted to increase total fry production but have little or even a negative effect on production of large out-migrants, illustrating that actions benefitting one life stage can negatively affect others. The model predicted that further enhancements (e.g., in cover availability) would be more beneficial at the restored site than at the degraded site. Restoration efforts may be most effective when concentrated in “hot spots” with good habitat for growth and predator avoidance as well as for spawning. Contradicting the traditional notion of “limiting factors,” the model indicated that several factors each have strong effects. The model provided more understanding of restoration effects than would field studies alone and could be useful for designing projects to meet specific restoration objectives.

Received June 23, 2012; accepted January 2, 2013
An Evaluation of Liquid Ammonia (Ammonium Hydroxide) as a Candidate Piscicide
Authors: Ward David L. , Morton-Starner R. , Hedwall Shaula J.
Published: March 2013

Eradication of populations of nonnative aquatic species for the purpose of reintroducing native fish is often difficult because very few effective tools are available for removing aquatic organisms. This creates the need to evaluate new chemicals that could be used as management tools for native fish conservation. Ammonia is a natural product of fish metabolism and is naturally present in the environment at low levels, yet is known to be toxic to most aquatic species. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of using liquid ammonia as a fisheries management tool by evaluating its effectiveness at killing undesirable aquatic species and its persistence in a pond environment. A suite of invasive aquatic species commonly found in the southwestern USA were introduced into two experimental outdoor ponds located at the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. Each pond was treated with ammonium hydroxide (29%) at 38 ppm. This target concentration was chosen because previous studies using anhydrous ammonia reported incomplete fish kills in ponds at concentrations less than 30 ppm. Water quality was monitored for 49 d to determine how quickly the natural bacteria in the environment converted the ammonia to nitrate. Ammonia levels remained above 8 ppm for 24 and 18 d, respectively, in ponds 1 and 2. Nitrite levels in each pond began to rise approximately 14 d after dosing with ammonia and stayed above 5 ppm for an additional 21 d in pond 1 and 18 d in pond 2. After 49 d all water in both ponds was drained and no fish, crayfish, or tadpoles were found to have survived the treatment, but aquatic turtles remained alive and appeared unaffected. Liquid ammonia appears to be an effective tool for removing many problematic invasive aquatic species and may warrant further investigation as a piscicide.

Received October 26, 2012; accepted January 2, 2013
Effects of Water Temperature, Photoperiod, Eyestalk Ablation, and Non-Hormonal Treatments on Spawning of Ovary-Mature Red Swamp Crayfish
Authors: Liu Shengli , Gong Shiyuan , Li Jinmei , Huang Wenhu
Published: March 2013

This study evaluated the temperature and photoperiod requirements of spawning in ovary-mature red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and examined the feasibility of inducing spawning in them by inexpensive and practical, nonhormonal treatments. In a spawning induction experiment lasting 20 d, four water temperature gradients (12–14°C, 16–18°C, 20–22°C, 24–26°C) and four photoperiods (completely light [CL], 16 h light: 8 h dark [16L:8D], 12 h light: 12 h dark [12L:12D], and completely dark [CD]) were evaluated. Spawning in ovary-mature red swamp crayfish could be observed in a relatively broad temperature range, from 16°C to 22°C. A period (5–14 d) of low temperature (16–18°C) significantly induced spawning in ovary-mature females (p < 0.01), but hibernation began to occur and spawning could not be observed when the temperature was below 14°C. Spawning occurred in both CD and CL circumstances, but long-period light-groups showed a higher spawning rate—68.9 ± 10.2% (mean ± SD) for CL and 69.6 ± 6.4% for 16L:8D—than that in short-period light-groups—53.3 ± 5.7% for 12L:12D and 33.3 ± 8.3% for CD (p < 0.05). In another spawning induction experiment lasting 3 d, eyestalk interventional stimulating with a high concentration of Na+ combined with a low concentration of Ca2+ induced spawning with a high survival rate (SR = 95.8 ± 7.3% [mean ± SD]) in ovary-mature females. A high concentration of K+ combined with a high concentration of Ca2+ caused no spawning and a high mortality rate (SR = 20.8 ± 19.0% [mean ± SD]). In this study we also observed that water removal or removing from water can be a stimulating factor of inducing fast and synchronous spawning in ovary-mature crayfish, inducing 46 (16.0%) of 288 ovary-mature red swamp crayfish spawned in 10–185 s.
Proof of a conjecture by Ahlgren and Ono on the non-existence of certain partition congruences
Authors: Radu Cristian-Silviu
Published: March 2013

Let

p
(
n
)

p(n)

denote the number of partitions of

n
n

. Let

A
,
B
∈

N

A,B\in \mathbb {N}

with

A
>
B

A>B

and

ℓ
≥
5

\ell \geq 5

a prime, such that
\[

p
(
A
n
+
B
)
≡
0

(
mod

ℓ
)
,

n
∈

N

.

p(An+B)\equiv 0\pmod {\ell }, \quad n\in \mathbb {N}.

\]
Then we will prove that

ℓ

|

A

\ell |A

and

(

24
B
−
1

ℓ

)

≠

(

−
1

ℓ

)

\left (\frac {24B-1}{\ell }\right ) \neq \left (\frac {-1}{\ell }\right )

. This settles an open problem by Scott Ahlgren and Ken Ono. Our proof is based on results by Deligne and Rapoport.
CytoHiC: a cytoscape plugin for visual comparison of Hi-C networks
Authors: Shavit Yoli , Lio' Pietro
Published: March 2013

Summary: With the introduction of the Hi-C method new and fundamental properties of the nuclear architecture are emerging. The ability to interpret data generated by this method, which aims to capture the physical proximity between and within chromosomes, is crucial for uncovering the three dimensional structure of the nucleus. Providing researchers with tools for interactive visualization of Hi-C data can help in gaining new and important insights. Specifically, visual comparison can pinpoint changes in spatial organization between Hi-C datasets, originating from different cell lines or different species, or normalized by different methods. Here, we present CytoHiC, a Cytsocape plugin, which allow users to view and compare spatial maps of genomic landmarks, based on normalized Hi-C datasets. CytoHiC was developed to support intuitive visual comparison of Hi-C data and integration of additional genomic annotations.

Availability: The CytoHiC plugin, source code, user manual, example files and documentation are available at: http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/cytohicplugin

Contact:  yolisha@gmail.com or ys388@cam.ac.uk
CistromeFinder for ChIP-seq and DNase-seq data reuse
Authors: Sun Hanfei , Qin Bo , Liu Tao , Wang Qixuan , Liu Jing , Wang Juan , Lin Xueqiu , Yang Yulin , Taing Len , Rao Prakash K. , Brown Myles , Zhang Yong , Long Henry W. , Liu X. Shirley
Published: March 2013

Summary: Chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNase I hypersensitivity assays with high-throughput sequencing have greatly accelerated the understanding of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, although data reuse for the community of experimental biologists has been challenging. We created a data portal CistromeFinder that can help query, evaluate and visualize publicly available Chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNase I hypersensitivity assays with high-throughput sequencing data in human and mouse. The database currently contains 6378 samples over 4391 datasets, 313 factors and 102 cell lines or cell populations. Each dataset has gone through a consistent analysis and quality control pipeline; therefore, users could evaluate the overall quality of each dataset before examining binding sites near their genes of interest. CistromeFinder is integrated with UCSC genome browser for visualization, Primer3Plus for ChIP-qPCR primer design and CistromeMap for submitting newly available datasets. It also allows users to leave comments to facilitate data evaluation and update.

Availability:  http://cistrome.org/finder.

Contact:  xsliu@jimmy.harvard.edu or henry_long@dfci.harvard.edu
Impact of right ventricular reserve on exercise capacity and survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Blumberg Friedrich C. , Arzt Michael , Lange Tobias , Schroll Stephan , Pfeifer Michael , Wensel Roland
Published: March 2013

Aims

Pulmonary hypertension is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular failure and death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are key subgroups of this disorder with comparable clinical and pathological findings. Resting pulmonary haemodynamics correlate only moderately with functional parameters and do not predict prognosis in these patients sufficiently accurately. We therefore correlated exercise haemodynamics with peak oxygen uptake (peakVO2) and determined their prognostic significance.

Methods and results

Thirty‐six consecutive patients (21 female, 54 ± 15 years) with PAH (n = 21) or inoperable CTEPH were studied. The mean follow‐up period was 1709 ± 837 days. All patients underwent right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Patients had severe pulmonary hypertension at rest (mean pulmonary artery pressure 46 + 11 mmHg, cardiac index 2.2 ± 0.6 L/min/m2, pulmonary vascular resistance 861 ± 330 dynes/s/cm5). Exercise cardiac index correlated with peakVO2 (r = 0.59, P < 0.001) and was the only independent predictor of peakVO2 on multivariate stepwise linear regression analyses (P < 0.001). PeakVO2 was the strongest predictor of survival (χ2 = 14.5, P = 0.003). Among haemodynamic variables, only exercise cardiac index (χ2 = 5.6, P = 0.018) and the slope of the pressure/flow relationship (χ2 = 4.1, P = 0.04) were significant prognostic indicators.

Conclusion

The ability of the right ventricle to increase the cardiac index during exercise is an important determinant of exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension. It also predicts prognosis and might therefore be useful in the clinical assessment of these patients.
ATCA survey of H2O masers in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Imai H. , Katayama Y. , Ellingsen S. P. , Hagiwara Y.
Published: March 2013

We have analysed archival data taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) during 2001–2003 and detected nine new interstellar and circumstellar H2O masers in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This takes the total number of star formation H2O masers in the LMC to 23, spread over 14 different star-forming regions and 3 evolved stars. Three H2O maser sources (N105a/MC23, N113/MC24, N157a/MC74) have been detected in all the previous observations that targeted these sites, although all show significant variability on time-scales of decades. The total number of independent H2O maser sources now known in the LMC means that through very long baseline interferometry astrometric measurements it will be possible to construct a more precise model of the galactic rotation of the LMC and its orbital motion around the Milky Way Galaxy.
Livy
Authors: Levene David
Published: March 2013

Livy (Titus Livius) was born in (probably) 59 bce, in Patavium (the modern Padua); he died in (probably) 17 ce. Little is known of his life; he is not attested as having held any political or military office. Later sources mention his acquaintance with the imperial family: he is said to have been on good terms with the emperor Augustus and to have encouraged the future emperor Claudius to study history. Although he is attested as having written on other topics, his reputation in the twenty-first century, as in Antiquity, rests on his vast 142-volume history of Rome from its foundation to his own time. Approximately a quarter survives virtually intact: Books 1–10 and 21–45 (though sections of Books 41, 43, 44, and 45 are lost); they are clearly structured in blocks of five books (known as “pentads”) and ten books (“decades”). The contents of the remainder are known from a variety of indirect sources, above all the so-called Periochae, a brief summary of all but two of the books of the history. Livy’s monumental work formed the standard narrative of the Roman republic for all later generations; it is written from a strongly patriotic perspective, focusing on the development of Roman institutions and the growth of Roman power. In the past most scholars saw the core of the history as a simple celebration of Rome; however, much modern scholarship has emphasized the complex and ambivalent morality that underlies the celebration, since a narrative of moral decline sits side by side with the growth of empire, and surprisingly few of Livy’s protagonists live up wholeheartedly to the virtuous traditions embodied by the city.
Jonang
Authors: Sheehy Michael
Published: March 2013

Jonang (also known as jo nang, jo nang pa, or Jonangpa) is a distinct order of Buddhism in Tibet. Early forefathers of the Jonang include Tsen Kawoché (b. 1021) and the Kālacakra master Yumo Mikyo Dorje (b. 1027). The term Jonangpa first occurred in reference to those who settled in the surrounding caves in the Jomonang (jo mo nang) valley in south-central Tibet, starting with the arrival of Kunpang Tukjé Tsöndru (b. 1243–d. 1313) in the year 1294. By the early 14th century, with the presence of Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (b. 1292–d. 1361) at the Jonang mountain hermitage, the Jonangpa community of hermits and yogis had grown to form a distinct identity with their own scholastic tradition and esoteric lineage transmissions. Dolpopa became renowned in Tibet for his innovative exegesis on Indian Buddhist philosophical literature, most notably on the Prajñāpāramitā and Kālacakra Tantra. Interpreting Buddhist sutras and tantras, Dolpopa’s works enunciate a view that qualifies relative reality to be empty of inherent existence, termed rangtong (self-empty, rang stong), juxtaposed to zhentong (other-empty, shentong, gzhan stong), that which is empty of everything other than the ultimate enlightened essence or tathāgata-garbha. These teachings on zhentong sparked historic controversy in Tibet and became a hallmark of the Jonang contemplative and philosophical tradition. By the 16th century, the Jonang order played an integral role in the religious, intellectual, and cultural life of Tibet, having established nearly thirty monasteries and formed institutional relations with the Sakya, Kagyü, and Kadampa Buddhist orders. Much of this was due to Kunga Drolchok (b. 1507–d. 1566), who assumed leadership at Jonang for nearly twenty years, and undertook the nonsectarian project of recording essential practice instructions from Tibet’s disparate Buddhist lineages. With Kunga Drolchok’s successor, the renaissance figure Tāranātha (b. 1575–d. 1635), the Jonangpa were at their historical apex, and the newly founded Takten Phuntsok Ling Monastery became the center for Jonangpa activity. Patronized by the governor of Tsang, Tāranātha’s power-seat became a political target during the rise of the Fifth Dalai Lama and the Mongol army. After Tāranātha’s death, Phuntsok Ling Monastery, along with each Jonang monastery in central Tibet, was forcefully confiscated by the Geluk order. Sequestered from their homeland, the Jonangpa made their way across the Tibetan plateau and resettled in the remote valley of Dzamthang. During the mid- to late-19th century, the Jonangpa underwent a revival with the emergence of several extraordinary Jonang masters and the Rimé eclecticism put forth by Jamgön Kongtrul and Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo. The Jonangpa continue to transmit their tradition and establish monasteries throughout far-eastern Tibet.
Leon Battista Alberti
Authors: Marsh David
Published: March 2013

Leon Battista Alberti (b. 1404–d. 1472), humanist and architect, was born in Genoa, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo Alberti, a Florentine banker in exile. After studies in Padua and Bologna, he was employed as a papal secretary. He was a prolific and innovative writer in both Latin and Italian. More than any of his contemporaries, Alberti succeeded in fusing ancient and modern elements in all of his humanistic projects ranging from literature to architecture.
Identity
Authors: Andriot Angie , Owens Timothy J.
Published: March 2013

We outline four identity theories typically employed by contemporary social psychologists: personal identity, role identity, social identity, and collective identity. Personal identity (see [Personal] Identity Theory), the most elementary of the four identities, was pioneered by American sociological social psychologists (SSPs), particularly Sheldon Stryker. SSPs emphasize how demographic, social, and cultural factors affect human social interaction. Personal identity is what makes every person unique, defining them through their specific biographies (e.g., name, birthplace), unique characteristics (e.g., intelligent, athletic), role identities (e.g., daughter, employee), and particular combination of private and public experiences. Role identify (see Role Identity Theory), also pioneered by American SSPs, particularly George J. McCall and J. L. Simmons, is inspired by the language of dramaturgy. Role identity is defined as the role (or character) people play when holding specific social positions in groups. It is relational, since people interact with each other via their own role identities. Social identity (see Social Identity Theory), pioneered by European psychological social psychologists, particularly Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner, emphasizes how a person’s cognition, affect, and personality traits affect immediate person-to-person social interactions and vice versa. It is the part of an individual’s self-concept formed through the knowledge of his or her membership in meaningful social groups and organizations (e.g., Kiwanis Club, the Cleveland City Club) and categories (e.g., Native American, northerner). In short, it is through our public selves that we are able to simplify the world around us by using categorizations to infer our similarities and differences to other people. Finally, collective identity (see Collective Identity Theory), also pioneered by European psychological social psychologists, especially Alberto Melucci, is the self in action. Collective identities are especially important to social movement participants, political activists, and others banding together to fight for or against social change by working on shared goals and action plans. In short, it is a process by which a set of individuals interacts to create a shared sense of identity or group consciousness.
Bioethics
Authors: Mayes Christopher , Kerridge Ian
Published: March 2013

Public health has made enormous contributions to global health through policies and interventions. However, public health measures have also increased human suffering through policies of forced sterilization, mandatory screening of vulnerable populations, detention of people with infectious diseases, and the quarantine and social isolation of “sick” people or communities. Until the early 21st century, the values and ethics that public health is based on have been assumed to be “good” and have not been subject to critical analysis. Since the first decade of the 21st century, however, bioethics has shifted its attention from the clinic to the public sphere, and many of the ethical issues raised by public health have become the focus both of philosophical and empirical study. Bioethics in public health addresses the tension between local and global health needs; the role of the community in decision making; the duties, obligations, and limitations of the state in relation to the provision of health care; the targeting of vulnerable populations by interventions aimed at preventing disease; and the nature and importance of ethical principles and rights in health care. This article provides a collection of resources that address the ethical theories, theoretical frameworks, key concepts, and practices of public health.
Prisoners
Authors: Ward Thomas J.
Published: March 2013

How to deal with captured combatants is a problem as old as warfare itself. Execution, slavery, conscription, imprisonment, and even assimilation have historically all been means that societies have utilized to deal with warriors taken in arms. Some societies held prisoners for ransom, while others brought them into their societies to increase their numbers. The ancient Greek and Roman Empires both used captured foes for labor or sold prisoners into slavery. The first formal call for the humane treatment of prisoners of war (POWs) came in 1625 from the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius in The Laws of War and Peace. Drawing on Greek and Roman philosophy, Grotius sought to convince European nations to treat prisoners mercifully, often arguing that it was in their own interest to spare the lives of their captives, who could be used for labor or exchange. While Grotius’s appeals for a uniform code of prisoner treatment were not enacted, his work did provide the basis for later models on the treatment of POWs. Beginning in the mid-18th century, numerous attempts were made among nations to standardize protections for soldiers taken in combat. During the Seven Years’ War, the British and French established cartels to deal with the exchange of prisoners, although no formal treaty establishing rules for exchange or the treatment of prisoners was developed. The first formal treaty among nations to codify treatment of enemy prisoners was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1785 between the United States and Prussia; the two nations agreed not use the infamous “prison hulks” that the British held Americans in during the War for Independence. In 1863, at the behest of President Abraham Lincoln, Francis Lieber, a professor of international law, developed a set of rules for both the Union and the Confederate forces to adhere to regarding the treatment of captured soldiers. Influenced by Lieber’s work, during the 19th and 20th centuries, European nations came together numerous times to try to develop international agreements on the treatment of enemy prisoners, most notably at Geneva in 1864, 1906, 1929, and 1949. The Geneva Accords created standard protocols for the treatment of incapacitated men in the field of battle, at sea, and in prison camps and for the protection of civilians during wartime; they remain the standard rules of war to which most of the world’s nations adhere. While this article deals mostly with the experiences of POWs, that is, armed combatants captured by an enemy force during battle, attention is also given, in some cases, to noncombatants imprisoned during wartime.
Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Herringer Carol
Published: March 2013

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church in Britain was small, quiescent, and lacking in power: it was dominated by a few aristocratic families (Arundel, Norfolk) and the rural gentry, and it was popularly characterized as un-English and idolatrous. By the end of the nineteenth century, it was a confident, more prosperous church with an established hierarchy, a much higher public profile, and a grand cathedral under construction at Westminster. Although institutional power had shifted from the laity to the episcopal hierarchy, some aristocrats—most notably the Earl of Shrewsbury, a major Roman Catholic patron—continued to be influential. Reflecting demographic changes in Britain as a whole, the Catholic population became more urban over the course of the century. The middle decades of the century saw the greatest gains for Roman Catholics, beginning with Catholic Emancipation (1829). The conversion of John Henry Newman in 1845 was the first of many high-profile conversions; he was followed most notably by Frederick W. Faber in 1845, Henry Edward Manning in 1851, and several of William Wilberforce’s sons. These well-educated, well-connected converts were crucial in making Roman Catholicism more accepted in British society. Especially at the beginning of Victoria’s reign, the growing public presence of Roman Catholics led to a revival of an energetic public anti-Catholicism that drew on past episodes such as the Gunpowder Plot (1605)—the telling of which identified Roman Catholics with traitors—and the ouster of the Roman Catholic convert James II in the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688–1689, which seemed to confirm the popular equation between Roman Catholicism and absolutism. Although Roman Catholics remained a small percentage of the population (only about 5 percent at mid-century, even after Irish immigration), anti–Roman Catholicism was one of the most intense public emotions of the period. It was so widespread and so accepted that even Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone voiced it. Anti–Roman Catholicism could take a violent turn, as in the riots against Catholic Emancipation and in the annual Guy Fawkes Day celebrations. In 1845, the Maynooth controversy (over Prime Minister Robert Peel’s proposal to increase and make permanent the grant to the Roman Catholic seminary in Maynooth, Ireland) provided another impetus for anti-Catholic sentiment. By the end of the Victorian period, however, anti–Roman Catholicism was in decline. The publication of Newman’s spiritual autobiography, Apologia pro vita sua (1865) helped to make British Protestants more sympathetic toward Roman Catholicism. More significantly, the growth of secularism seems to have convinced Protestants that they had more to fear from nonbelievers than from their fellow Christians.
Anne Sexton
Authors: Wagner-Martin Linda , Golden Amanda
Published: March 2013

Anne Gray Harvey Sexton (b. 1928–d. 1974), born in Newton, Massachusetts, was the third daughter of an established and moderately wealthy family. One ancestor had been the governor of Maine, and her grandfather was editor of the Lewiston Evening Journal. Women’s lives in the family were more ornamental than professional, and the beautiful Anne saw no route into a career. In 1948, she eloped with Alfred Sexton, a wool merchant like her father, after she had attended a finishing school in Boston. The Sextons had two children, Linda and Joy, and, after each was born, in 1953 and in 1955, Anne experienced breakdowns—the term “postpartum depression” was not yet common. During her hospitalizations, her mother-in-law cared for the little girls. But after her suicide attempt in 1956, her therapist suggested that Anne begin writing; language interested her. Her career as a poet began then, aided by her close friendship with the poet and novelist Maxine Kumin; writing courses with John Holmes and Robert Lowell; and friendships with George Starbuck, Plath, and others. Instant publication led to instant recognition that Sexton was a unique “confessional poet,” and, in 1960, her first book of poems appeared. To Bedlam and Part Way Back launched what became a truly meteoric career. All My Pretty Ones followed in 1962, and Sexton brought out Selected Poems in 1964. In 1966, her third collection, Live or Die, won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. By the time of this award Sexton was in demand for poetry readings. Her performative abilities brought out the remarkably distinctive voices of the poems. A Sexton reading became an experience, and she grew to be something of a rock star in the poetry world. Always restless, she sought comfort through love affairs, alcohol, therapy, and her steadfast friendship with Kumin, whose house was connected with hers by a private telephone line. Sexton had won fellowships from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Ford Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Radcliffe Institute; she was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in London; she was nominated for the National Book Award; she taught at Harvard and Radcliffe, lectured at Breadloaf, held the Crashaw Chair at Colgate University, and was a full professor at Boston University. She was the Phi Beta Kappa poet at Harvard. Pressure to continue these successes coupled with unsatisfactory psychiatric counseling and a divorce from her husband in 1973 led to increasing instability, and in November 1974 Sexton committed suicide.
Narcissism
Authors: Zeigler-Hill Virgil , Jordan Christian
Published: March 2013

Narcissism is generally considered to be a pathological form of self-love that is characterized by arrogance, self-absorption, a sense of entitlement, and reactivity to criticism. Interest in narcissism as a personality feature and its clinical variant—narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)—has increased dramatically in recent years. Interest in narcissism and NPD has traditionally been rooted in clinical psychology, social-personality psychology, and psychiatry, but interest has recently spread to other disciplines, including evolutionary psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, business leadership, criminology, and political science. Despite this dramatic increase in the attention given to narcissism, there are important issues that need to be addressed by scholars interested in this construct, including the nature of the distinction between the personality construct of narcissism and the clinical manifestation of NPD as well as the existence and nature of different subtypes of narcissism such as those referred to as grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism.
Indirect Effects in Communities and Ecosystems
Authors: Miller Thomas E. , terHorst Casey P.
Published: March 2013

The goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms, generally by quantifying how abiotic conditions and species interactions contribute to population growth. Much ecology focuses on simple pairwise interactions, such as competition and predation; yet, species naturally exist in much more complex systems in which their abundances are determined by webs of species interactions. An important step for ecologists has been to understand how interactions may occur through loops and webs of connected species: it is these interactions that are now loosely collected together into what we call “indirect effects.” Some types of indirect effects are thought not only to widely occur but also to be particularly important for determining both the abundances of individual species and community properties such as diversity and stability. These include trophic cascades, where predators enhance producer growth by feeding on consumer species, and keystone predation, where predators consume dominant competitors, thus allowing inferior competitors to persist. Identifying and quantifying indirect effects has become a major issue in ecology. Although their general importance is well understood, we have little understanding of the relative importance of different types of indirect effects.
Hasidism
Authors: Biale David
Published: March 2013

Hasidism, an eastern European movement of religious pietism (the word hasidut means piety), has played a key role in Jewish life for the last 250 years. Starting in the mid-18th century, it infused the Jewish religion with new values by democratizing access to the divine and created a new social structure around wonder-working rabbis (rebbes or zaddikim). It also excited intense opposition, first among the Polish-Lithuanian rabbinical elite, which, in turn, devised new cultural values in order to refute Hasidism. In the 19th century, it became the target of sustained attacks by the new movement of Jewish enlightenment (Haskalah), which also developed its ideology at least partly in contradistinction to Hasidism. Despite these opponents, Hasidism gradually became the most influential religious movement among eastern European Jews by the mid-19th century. However, its power was eroded by the forces of modernization, urbanization, and emigration and it was dealt a near-death blow by the Holocaust. Nevertheless, the remnants of the movement reconstituted themselves, particularly in the new state of Israel and North America to the point where Hasidism has now once again become a force to be reckoned with in Jewish religious life.
The Shulhan Arukh and Sixteenth Century Jewish Law
Authors: Davis Joseph M.
Published: March 2013

Rabbi Joseph Karo (b. 1488–d. 1575—more correctly Caro, as his last name is a form of the Spanish name Castro) was the author of the Shulhan Arukh, a code of Jewish law that was eventually accepted, to one degree or another, by nearly every community of Jews in the world, and that remains even to this day a definitive statement of Jewish religious law. Karo is one of a galaxy of scholars who reconstituted Jewish life after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. Karo and the Shulhan Arukh stood at a turning point in the development of Jewish law—what is sometimes described as the shift from “medieval scholars” (rishonim in classic Hebrew terminology) to “modern scholars” (aharonim). Whereas late medieval rabbinic literature was centered in Spain and Germany, Jewish life in the sixteenth century centered in the Ottoman Empire, Poland, and Italy. Furthermore, whereas rabbis before Karo lived in a world of manuscript texts, Karo lived in the new world of printed texts. This bibliography lists a wide selection of the best academic scholarship on Joseph Karo, the Shulhan Arukh, and Jewish law in the sixteenth century. The majority of the scholarly work on Karo and on Jewish law in the sixteenth century has been written in Hebrew, and this bibliography will include many Hebrew items. There is enough material in English, however, to achieve a clear understanding of Karo, his contemporaries, and their place in the history of Judaism and Jewish law.
Angola
Authors: James W. Martin
Published: March 2013

Angola is a land of contrast. It has abundant natural resources—petroleum, diamonds, phosphates, timber, uranium, copper, gold, and fish. It also has numerous rivers for hydroelectric energy and fertile farmland. The people are resilient and keen to improve their socioeconomic status. Although, Angola has suffered through five hundred years of Portuguese colonialism and war, peace has reigned since 2002, yet problems remain. The farmland rife with landmines. In 2022, experts estimate that eleven hundred active land-mine fields remain, with somewhere between a half million to one million land mines buried. Many former combatants remain unemployed, with 159,000 awarded a pension of sixty-seven dollars per month, but budgetary constraints have limited disbursement. Many displaced Angolans still reside in neighboring nations or have been removed from their tribal home areas. Health problems are on the rise with polio and malaria, yet HIV/AIDS is contained. Democracy has yet to fully take root in Angola as the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) continues to dominate the political system. Angola could have a bright future, but first the nation must exorcise the ghosts of the past. On a more positive note, Angola’s artistic culture is reviving through poetry, novels, and theater. More and more Angolan writers, artists, and filmmakers are beginning to explore the rich variety of their nation’s long, varied history and the personalities who shaped it. The government is making a concerted effort to increase tourism.
Political Science and the Study of Africa
Authors: Alence Rod
Published: March 2013

Political science contributes a large share of the social research on Africa, and research on Africa has contributed important insights within the discipline of political science. The region contains more than fifty countries, which have exhibited wide variation on “big” issues that motivate political scientists: issues of war and peace, dictatorship and democracy, poverty and development, and sovereignty and interdependence. Major studies of state collapse, ethnic politics, democratization, the political economy of development, and international humanitarian intervention reflect serious engagement with African experiences. The theoretical orientation of much of the field is broadly “institutionalist” in its attention to the organization of political life, informed by two (not necessarily incompatible) “institutionalisms.” One derives from rational-choice political economy and treats institutions as products of and constraints on goal-oriented actors. The other derives from political sociology and treats institutions as social constructions embedded in their cultural settings. Institutions are unusually important in African politics because they are unusually fragile and because the stakes of institution building and institutional failure are unusually high. The methodological orientation of the field is becoming more pluralistic, with studies that employ familiar qualitative methods joined by a growing body of quantitative and mixed-method work. More than ever, a versatile methodological tool kit comes in handy on the research frontier. This article addresses key areas in the study of African politics, including the structural and institutional context of politics (States), political regimes and regime change (Political Trajectories), and social and economic consequences of politics (Politics of Development). Most works cited are by political scientists, with some contributions by others on themes of interest to political scientists.
Behavioral Approach to Leadership
Authors: Piccolo Ronald F. , Buengeler Claudia
Published: March 2013

After several decades of leadership research that attempted to identify the specific and unique traits characteristic of those in supervisory positions, academic research shifted to pursue the patterns of behavior exhibited by those who were influential in and around positions of formal leadership. The evolution of leadership research, beyond traits, was due in part to the fact that trait approaches to leadership were shown to have limited explanatory utility. In addition, a behavioral approach to leadership afforded practitioners the opportunity to develop training and development programs that could enhance leadership skills of all managers, not just those who were born with a particular set of favorable traits. In the last half century, the leadership literature—in both the academic and popular press—has been filled with varied models, theories, and anecdotes that characterize the behavior of effective leaders.
2 × 2
PT
-symmetric matrices and their applications
Authors: Wang Qing-hai
Published: March 2013

Two formulations for constructing a non-Hermitian matrix with all real eigenvalues are studied. They are called

symmetry and pseudo-Hermiticity in the literature. Explicit 2×2 matrices of both forms are provided. They are characterized by six real parameters and are hence more general than Hermitian matrices. The equivalence of the two formulations is established. A 2×2 matrix with all real eigenvalues is

-symmetric and pseudo-Hermitian at the same time. The application in time-dependent problems is discussed and a new geometry phase is obtained.
Complex
PT
-symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger equation and Burgers equation
Authors: Yan Zhenya
Published: March 2013

The complex

-symmetric nonlinear wave models have drawn much attention in recent years since the complex

-symmetric extensions of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation were presented in 2007. In this review, we focus on the study of the complex

-symmetric nonlinear Schrödinger equation and Burgers equation. First of all, we briefly introduce the basic property of complex

symmetry. We then report on exact solutions of one- and two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations (known as the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in Bose–Einstein condensates) with several complex

-symmetric potentials. Finally, some complex

-symmetric extension principles are used to generate some complex

-symmetric nonlinear wave equations starting from both

-symmetric (e.g. the KdV equation) and non-

-symmetric (e.g. the Burgers equation) nonlinear wave equations. In particular, we discuss exact solutions of some representative ones of the complex

-symmetric Burgers equation in detail.
Linear and nonlinear parity-time-symmetric oligomers: a dynamical systems analysis
Authors: Duanmu M. , Li K. , Horne R. L. , Kevrekidis P. G. , Whitaker N.
Published: March 2013

In the present work, we focus on the cases of two-site (dimer) and three-site (trimer) configurations, i.e. oligomers, respecting the parity-time (

) symmetry, i.e. with a spatially odd gain–loss profile. We examine different types of solutions of such configurations with linear and nonlinear gain/loss profiles. Solutions beyond the linear

-symmetry critical point as well as solutions with asymmetric linearization eigenvalues are found in both the nonlinear dimer and trimer. The latter feature is absent in linear

-symmetric trimers, while both of them are absent in linear

-symmetric dimers. Furthermore, nonlinear gain/loss terms enable the existence of both symmetric and asymmetric solution profiles (and of bifurcations between them), while only symmetric solutions are present in the linear

-symmetric dimers and trimers. The linear stability analysis around the obtained solutions is discussed and their dynamical evolution is explored by means of direct numerical simulations. Finally, a brief discussion is also given of recent progress in the context of

-symmetric quadrimers.
Widespread resetting of DNA methylation in glioblastoma-initiating cells suppresses malignant cellular behavior in a lineage-dependent manner
Authors: Stricker Stefan H. , Feber Andrew , Engström Pär G. , Carén Helena , Kurian Kathreena M. , Takashima Yasuhiro , Watts Colin , Way Michael , Dirks Peter , Bertone Paul , Smith Austin , Beck Stephan , Pollard Steven M.
Published: March 2013

Epigenetic changes are frequently observed in cancer. However, their role in establishing or sustaining the malignant state has been difficult to determine due to the lack of experimental tools that enable resetting of epigenetic abnormalities. To address this, we applied induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming techniques to invoke widespread epigenetic resetting of glioblastoma (GBM)-derived neural stem (GNS) cells. GBM iPSCs (GiPSCs) were subsequently redifferentiated to the neural lineage to assess the impact of cancer-specific epigenetic abnormalities on tumorigenicity. GiPSCs and their differentiating derivatives display widespread resetting of common GBM-associated changes, such as DNA hypermethylation of promoter regions of the cell motility regulator TES (testis-derived transcript), the tumor suppressor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C; p57KIP2), and many polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) target genes (e.g., SFRP2). Surprisingly, despite such global epigenetic reconfiguration, GiPSC-derived neural progenitors remained highly malignant upon xenotransplantation. Only when GiPSCs were directed to nonneural cell types did we observe sustained expression of reactivated tumor suppressors and reduced infiltrative behavior. These data suggest that imposing an epigenome associated with an alternative developmental lineage can suppress malignant behavior. However, in the context of the neural lineage, widespread resetting of GBM-associated epigenetic abnormalities is not sufficient to override the cancer genome.
(E)-3-(Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile and (Z)-3-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile. Corrigendum
Authors: Sonar Vijayakumar N. , Parkin Sean , Crooks Peter A.
Published: March 2013

The chemical names of the title compounds in the paper by Sonaret al.[Acta Cryst.(2007), C63, o743–o745] are corrected.
Feedforward Transient Compensation Control for DFIG Wind Turbines During Both Balanced and Unbalanced Grid Disturbances
Authors: Liang Jiaqi , Howard Dustin , Restrepo Jose , Harley Ronald
Published: March 2013

A feedforward transient compensation (FFTC) control scheme with proportional-integral-resonant current regulators is proposed to enhance the low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) during both balanced and unbalanced grid faults. Compensation for the DFIG stator transient voltage is feedforward injected into both the inner current control loop and the outer power control loop. The FFTC current controller improves the transient rotor-current control capability and minimizes the DFIG control interruptions during both balanced and unbalanced grid faults. Without the need of sequence-component decomposition, the torque ripple is reduced by injecting 60- and 120-Hz rotor-current components during unbalanced stator voltage conditions. The proposed FFTC control introduces minimal additional complexity to a regular DFIG vector-control scheme and shows promising enhancements in the LVRT capability of DFIGs. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FFTC control scheme.
Phenotype flexibility in wild fish: Dolly Varden regulate assimilative capacity to capitalize on annual pulsed subsidies
Authors: Armstrong Jonathan B. , Bond Morgan H.
Published: March 2013

Large digestive organs increase rates of energy gain when food is plentiful but are costly to maintain and increase rates of energy loss when food is scarce. The physiological adaptations to this trade‐off differ depending on the scale and predictability of variation in food abundance.

Currently, there is little understanding of how animals balance trade‐offs between the cost and capacity of the digestive system in response to resource pulses: rare, ephemeral periods of resource superabundance. We investigated the physiological and behavioural tactics of the fish Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) that rear in watersheds with low in situ productivity, but experience annual resource pulses from the spawning migrations of Pacific salmon. The eggs of Pacific salmon provide high‐energy food for Dolly Varden.

Dolly Varden sampled 6 weeks prior to the resource pulse exhibited atrophy of the stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine and liver. Throughout the portion of the growing season prior to the resource pulse, fish exhibited empty stomachs, low indices of energy condition and muscle isotope signatures reflecting the previous resource pulse.

During the resource pulse, Dolly Varden exhibited large digestive machinery, gorged on salmon eggs and rapidly stored energy in fat reserves, somatic growth and gonad development. Dolly Varden appeared to achieve nearly their entire annual energy surplus during the ∼5‐week period when sockeye salmon spawn.

Digestive flexibility provides Dolly Varden the energy efficiency required to survive and reproduce when resource abundance is concentrated into an annual pulse that is predictable, yet highly ephemeral. Although fish are known to incur extremely variable energy budgets, our study is one of the first to document digestive flexibility in wild fish. Our study emphasizes that fish can rely heavily on rare, high‐magnitude foraging opportunities. Human actions that attenuate spikes in food abundance may have stronger than anticipated effects on consumer energy budgets.