bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permeable Asphalt Hydraulic Conductivity and Particulate Matter Separation With XRT
Authors: Marchioni Mariana , Fedele Roberto , Raimondi Anita , Sansalone John , Becciu Gianfranco
Published: March 2022

Permeable asphalt (PA) is a composite material with an open graded mix design that provides a pore structure facilitating stormwater infiltration. PA is often constructed as a wearing course for permeable pavements and on impervious pavements to reduce aquaplaning and noise. The pore structure of PA functions as a filter promoting particulate matter (PM) separation. The infiltrating flow characteristics are predominately dependent on pore diameter and pore interconnectivity. X-Ray microTomography (XRT) has successfully estimated these parameters that are otherwise difficult to obtain through conventional gravimetric methods. Pore structure parameters allow modeling of hydraulic conductivity (k) and filtration mechanisms; required to examine the material behavior for infiltration and PM separation. In this study, pore structure parameters were determined through XTR for three PA mixture designs. Additionally, the Kozeny-Kovàv model was implemented to estimate k. PM separation was evaluated using a pore-to-PM diameter categorical model. This filtration mechanism model was validated with data from a rainfall simulator. The filtration model provided a good correlation between measured and modeled data. The identification of filtration mechanisms and k facilitate the design and evaluation of permeable pavement systems as a best management practice (BMP) for runoff volume and peak flow as well as PM and PM-partitioned chemical separation.
Developing a robust and sensitive analytical method to detect off-flavor compounds in fish
Authors: Lindholm-Lehto Petra Camilla
Published: March 2022

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off-flavors that accumulate in fish muscle tissue can be problematic in terms of consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Although off-flavors are not toxic at low concentrations, they often give fish muscle earthy, muddy, or other unwanted flavors. Traditionally, muddy off-flavors caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been detected, but a variety of other compounds and flavors have also been identified. In this study, a method based on solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy was developed to identify and quantify 14 off-flavor–inducing compounds in RAS–farmed fish. The selected off-flavors were quantified in circulating water and in fish from a pilot-scale RAS rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The method showed high accuracy and precision with limits of detection and quantification at a low ng L−1 level. In this study, 13 compounds were found in the fish muscle which decreased in concentrations during the 15-day depuration period. This study showed that off-flavors in fish can also be induced by other compounds besides GSM and MIB. This emphasizes the need for sufficient off-flavor control in the RAS, but also the importance of an accurate and reliable analytical quantitation method.
Diffusion-weighted MRI radiomics of spine bone tumors: feature stability and machine learning-based classification performance
Authors: Gitto Salvatore , Bologna Marco , Corino Valentina D. A. , Emili Ilaria , Albano Domenico , Messina Carmelo , Armiraglio Elisabetta , Parafioriti Antonina , Luzzati Alessandro , Mainardi Luca , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To evaluate stability and machine learning-based classification performance of radiomic features of spine bone tumors using diffusion- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Material and methods

This retrospective study included 101 patients with histology-proven spine bone tumor (22 benign; 38 primary malignant; 41 metastatic). All tumor volumes were manually segmented on morphologic T2-weighted sequences. The same region of interest (ROI) was used to perform radiomic analysis on ADC map. A total of 1702 radiomic features was considered. Feature stability was assessed through small geometrical transformations of the ROIs mimicking multiple manual delineations. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) quantified feature stability. Feature selection consisted of stability-based (ICC > 0.75) and significance-based selections (ranking features by decreasing Mann–Whitney p-value). Class balancing was performed to oversample the minority (i.e., benign) class. Selected features were used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate benign from malignant spine tumors using tenfold cross-validation.

Results

A total of 76.4% radiomic features were stable. The quality metrics for the SVM were evaluated as a function of the number of selected features. The radiomic model with the best performance and the lowest number of features for classifying tumor types included 8 features. The metrics were 78% sensitivity, 68% specificity, 76% accuracy and AUC 0.78.

Conclusion

SVM classifiers based on radiomic features extracted from T2- and diffusion-weighted imaging with ADC map are promising for classification of spine bone tumors. Radiomic features of spine bone tumors show good reproducibility rates.
The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Authors: Jeon Young-Dae , Cho Sung-Do , Youm Yoon-Seok , Song Joon-Yeon , Lee Kyung-Joo , Park Ki-Bong
Published: March 2022

Purpose

We investigated and compared the serum 25-OH vitamin D [25(OH)D] level and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) between patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and healthy participants through a matched analysis.

Methods

The unmatched case group consisted of 824 patients who underwent TKA and the unmatched control group 2,794 healthy participants examined at our institution. The control group was matched on the various characteristics—sex, age, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood chemistry, and season of sampling—through propensity score matching (PSM). After PSM, 501 and 721 patients were matched in the case and control group, respectively. Levels of blood chemistry including 25(OH)D were examined and VDD was defined as < 20 ng/mL.

Results

The average serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in the OA group (15.3 ng/mL) than that in the control group (19.9 ng/mL, p < 0.001). When categorized using a 20 ng/mL cutoff, the VDD prevalence was 75.0% in the OA group and 59.4% in the control group. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 18.4% in the OA group and 24.5% in the control group. The prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency was 6.8% in the OA group and 15.9% in the control group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The patients who underwent TKA had lower serum 25(OH)D level and higher VDD prevalence compared to the healthy participants who matched using PSM. There were no differences in VDD rates by sex or obesity and the VDD prevalence was more than 70% during all season. Therefore, in patients undergoing TKA, general attention to VDD is required regardless of sex, obesity, and season.

Summary

Serum 25-OH vitamin D [25(OH)D] level and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) prevalence were compared between patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and healthy individuals. The differences in serum 25(OH)D level and VDD prevalence were significant between the two groups after propensity score matching
Omentopexy Effect on the Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and the Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Findings in Patients Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Abosayed Amir K. , Mostafa Mohamed Saber
Published: March 2022

Background

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has gained acceptance worldwide. However, SG has its own complications that need a specialized management. Omentopexy is a technique in which the sleeved part of the stomach is fixed to the greater omentum.

Aim of the Study

The present work aimed to investigate the potential effect of omentopexy on the upper GIT disturbances in patients with severe obesity and undergoing LSG.

Patients and Methods

This study included patients who were recruited for LSG in our institution from June 2019 to October 2020. Patients having no upper GIT symptoms, no esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) GERD signs, and no hiatus hernia were eligible for the study. Patients were randomly enrolled into the omentopexy group (underwent LSG with omentopexy) and the non-omentopexy group (underwent LSG only). Patients were followed up 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after the operation. EGD was performed at the 1-year follow-up.

Results

Forty-five patients constituted the omentopexy group and forty-six constituted the non-omentopexy group. Omentopexy was associated with significant reduction in the early post LSG upper GIT symptoms, and less EGD evident reflux esophagitis at the 1-year follow-up (statistically non-significant).

Conclusion

The current work adds a new evidence of the omentopexy benefits in patients undergoing sleeve gastrostomy, with an overall better outcome in regard to the upper GIT upset and GERD compared to LSG alone.

Graphical abstract
HDAC3 Inhibition Stimulates Myelination in a CMT1A Mouse Model
Authors: Prior Robert , Verschoren Stijn , Vints Katlijn , Jaspers Tom , Rossaert Elisabeth , Klingl Yvonne E. , Silva Alessio , Hersmus Nicole , Van Damme Philip , Van Den Bosch Ludo
Published: March 2022

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, with currently no effective treatment or cure. CMT1A is caused by a duplication of the PMP22 gene, which leads to Schwann cell differentiation defects and dysmyelination of the peripheral nerves. The epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been shown to negatively regulate myelination as well as its associated signaling pathways, PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK. We showed that these signaling pathways are indeed downregulated in the C3-PMP22 mouse model, similar to what has been shown in the CMT1A rat model. We confirmed that early postnatal defects are present in the peripheral nerves of the C3-PMP22 mouse model, which led to a progressive reduction in axon caliber size and myelination. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pharmacological HDAC3 inhibition could be a valuable therapeutic approach for this CMT1A mouse model. We demonstrated that early treatment of CMT1A mice with the selective HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 increased myelination and myelin g-ratios, which was associated with improved electrophysiological recordings. However, a high dose of RGFP966 caused a decline in rotarod performance and a decline in overall grip strength. Additionally, macrophage presence in peripheral nerves was increased in RGFP966 treated CMT1A mice. We conclude that HDAC3 does not only play a role in regulating myelination but is also important in the neuroimmune modulation. Overall, our results indicate that correct dosing of HDAC3 inhibitors is of crucial importance if translated to a clinical setting for demyelinating forms of CMT or other neurological disorders.
SEOM—GECOD clinical guideline for unknown primary cancer (2021)
Authors: Losa Ferrán , Fernández Isaura , Etxaniz Olatz , Giménez Alejandra , Gomila Paula , Iglesias Lara , Longo Federico , Nogales Esteban , Sánchez Antonio , Soler Gemma
Published: March 2022

Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is defined as a heterogeneous group of tumors that appear as metastases, and of which standard diagnostic work-up fails to identify the origin. It is considered a separate entity with a specific biology, and nowadays molecular characteristics and the determination of actionable mutations may be important in a significant group of patients. In this guide, we summarize the diagnostic, therapeutic, and possible new developments in molecular medicine that may help us in the management of this unique disease entity.
What Are the Predictors of Self-Reported Change in Physical Activity in Older Adults with Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Tak Erwin C. P. M. , Verweij Lisanne M. , Chorus Astrid M. J. , Hopman-Rock Marijke
Published: March 2022

Background

Although physical activity (PA) has been shown to be beneficial in older adults with osteoarthritis (OA), most show low levels of PA. This study evaluated if self-efficacy, attitude, social norm, and coping styles predicted change in PA in older adults with OA in the knee and/or hip.

Methods

Prospective study following 105 participants in a self-management intervention with baseline, post-test (6 weeks), and follow-up (6 months). Univariate associations and multivariate regression with self-reported change in PA as the dependent variable were measured. Potential predictors in the model: demographic, illness-related, and behavioral variables (attitude, self-efficacy, social norm, and intention), coping style, and pain coping.

Results

Forty-eight percent of participants reported increased PA at 6 weeks and 37% at 6 months which corresponded with registered PA levels. At 6 weeks, use of the pain coping style “resting,” intention, and participation in the intervention was univariately and multivariately, positively associated with more self-reported change, whereas being single and less use of the pain coping style “distraction” predicted less change. Higher pain severity only predicted less change multivariately. At 6 months, univariate associations for age, general coping style “seeking support,” and participation in the intervention were found; higher age was associated multivariately with less self-reported change.

Conclusion

At short term, self-reported change of PA was predicted by the behavioral factors intention and several pain coping styles. Together with other predictors of self-reported change (pain severity, higher age, being single), these could be addressed in future interventions for enhancing PA in older adults with OA.
Delivering “less but better” meat in practice—a case study of a farm in agroecological transition
Authors: Resare Sahlin Kajsa , Carolus Johannes , von Greyerz Karin , Ekqvist Ida , Röös Elin
Published: March 2022

Eating “less but better” meat can be a strategy to guide meat consumption in Western or high-income countries towards sustainability, but what “better” means depends on the perspective. Multiple studies and reports suggest that agroecological farming systems could contribute to a broad range of sustainability benefits, but few studies have examined the implications for people and nature following trade-offs between sustainability priorities at the farm level. Therefore, this study explored the effects on a broad range of sustainability themes following agroecological transition on a case farm in east-central Sweden. We applied a novel mixed-methods approach, combining the indicator-based SMART-Farm tool with additional quantitative and qualitative analysis of the farm’s climate impact, contribution to global food security, economic performance, and working conditions. The results showed improvements for aspects within environmental, social, economic, and governance-related sustainability dimensions, with corroborating results across methods. The case farm thus served as an example of transition to a more sustainable production system, but as expected, there were both trade-offs and synergies between sustainability aspects. Negative effects were found for economic aspects at the farm and societal level. For this case, one may conclude that “better” meat production both supports and depends on, a more sustainable farm; but that “better” meat and a more sustainable farm cannot be viewed in isolation from the wider food system. Also, “better” can be described by several states along a transition pathway. Key contributions of the study are threefold, a) articulation of the links between agroecology and the concept “less but better,” b) empirically demonstrating synergies and trade-offs in striving for more sustainable meat production, and c) a novel methodological approach for sustainability assessment.
Distortion in the group of circle homeomorphisms
Authors: BANECKI JULIUSZ , SZAREK TOMASZ
Published: March 2022

Let G be the group
$\text {PAff}_{+}(\mathbb R/\mathbb Z)$
of piecewise affine circle homeomorphisms or the group
${\operatorname {\mathrm {Diff}}}^{{\kern1pt}\infty }(\mathbb R/\mathbb Z)$
of smooth circle diffeomorphisms. A constructive proof that all irrational rotations are distorted in G is given.
Accurate prediction of the particle image velocimetry flow field and rotor thrust using deep learning
Authors: Oh Sehyeok , Lee Seungcheol , Son Myeonggyun , Kim Jooha , Ki Hyungson
Published: March 2022

With particle image velocimetry (PIV), cross-correlation and optical flow methods have been mainly adopted to obtain the velocity field from particle images. In this study, a novel artificial intelligence (AI) architecture is proposed to predict an accurate flow field and drone rotor thrust from high-resolution particle images. As the ground truth, the flow fields past a high-speed drone rotor obtained from a fast Fourier transform-based cross-correlation algorithm were used along with the thrusts measured by a load cell. Two deep-learning models were developed, and for instantaneous flow-field prediction, a generative adversarial network (GAN) was employed for the first time. It is a spectral-norm-based residual conditional GAN translator that provides a stable adversarial training and high-quality flow generation. Its prediction accuracy is 97.21 % (coefficient of determination, or R2). Subsequently, a deep convolutional neural network was trained to predict the instantaneous rotor thrust from the flow field, and the model is the first AI architecture to predict the thrust. Based on an input of the generated flow field, the network had an R2 accuracy of 94.57 %. To understand the prediction pathways, the internal part of the model was investigated using a class activation map. The results showed that the model recognized the area receiving kinetic energy from the rotor and successfully made a prediction. The proposed architecture is accurate and nearly 600 times faster than the cross-correlation PIV method for real-world complex turbulent flows. In this study, the rotor thrust was calculated directly from the flow field using deep learning for the first time.
The controlled impact of elastic plates on a quiescent water surface
Authors: Wang An , Wong Kit Pan , Yu Miao , Kiger Kenneth T. , Duncan James H.
Published: March 2022

The impact of flexible rectangular aluminum plates on a quiescent water surface is studied experimentally. The plates are mounted via pinned supports at the leading and trailing edges to an instrument carriage that drives the plates at constant velocity and various angles relative to horizontal into the water surface. Time-resolved measurements of the hydrodynamic normal force ($F_n$) and transverse moment ($M_{to}$), the spray root position ($\xi _r$) and the plate deflection ($\delta$) are collected during plate impacts at 25 experimental conditions for each plate. These conditions comprise a matrix of impact Froude numbers${Fr} = V_n(gL)^{-0.5}$, plate stiffness ratios$R_D= \rho _w V_n^2 L^3D^{-1}$and submergence time ratios$R_T= T_sT_{1w}^{-1}$. It is found that$R_D$is the primary dimensionless ratio controlling the role of flexibility during the impact. At conditions with low$R_D$, maximum plate deflections on the order of$1$ mm occur and the records of the dimensionless form of$F_n$,$M_{to}$,$\xi _r$and$\delta _c$are nearly identical when plotted vs$tT_s^{-1}$. In these cases, the impact occurs over time scales substantially greater than the plate's natural period, and a quasi-static response ensues with the maximum deflection occurring approximately midway through the impact. For conditions with higher$R_D$($\gtrsim 1.0$), the above-mentioned dimensionless quantities depend strongly on$R_D$. These response features indicate a dynamic plate response and a two-way fluid–structure interaction in which the deformation of the plate causes significant changes in the hydrodynamic force and moment.
A data-driven model based on modal decomposition: application to the turbulent channel flow over an anisotropic porous wall
Authors: Le Clainche S. , Rosti M.E. , Brandt L.
Published: March 2022

This article presents a data-driven model based on modal decomposition, applied to approximate the low-order statistics of the spatially averaged wall-shear stress in a turbulent channel flow over a porous wall with two anisotropic permeabilities, producing drag increase or reduction when compared with the case of an isotropic porous wall. The model is comparable to a neural network architecture using a linear map to a classification. To create this model, we use high-order dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) to identify the structures describing the main flow dynamics, and then test different linear combinations of these modes to estimate the time evolution of the stress at the porous interface. The coefficients of the model are obtained by training the model against the results of direct numerical simulations over different time intervals. Depending on the number and the way of combining the DMD modes, the reduced-order models presented can reconstruct the wall-shear stress with relative error smaller than 0.01 % and reproduce its statistical variations for at least 1500 time units with relative error in the standard deviation or the mean smaller than 5 %. The model has also been tested to approximate the statistics of the wall-shear stress over the whole wall, showing that the regeneration of the flow structures can be reproduced by the nonlinear interaction of modes. Finally, considering the DMD modes as communities in a neural network, we examine the influence of the mode-to-mode interaction on the nonlinear flow dynamics, which explains the performance of the different models.
Experimental pub crawl from Rayleigh–Bénard to magnetostrophic convection
Authors: Grannan Alexander M. , Cheng Jonathan S. , Aggarwal Ashna , Hawkins Emily K. , Xu Yufan , Horn Susanne , Sánchez-Álvarez Jose , Aurnou Jonathan M.
Published: March 2022

The interplay between convective, rotational and magnetic forces defines the dynamics within the electrically conducting regions of planets and stars. Yet their triadic effects are separated from one another in most studies, arguably due to the richness of each subset. In a single laboratory experiment, we apply a fixed heat flux, two different magnetic field strengths and one rotation rate, allowing us to chart a continuous path through Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC), two regimes of magnetoconvection, rotating convection and two regimes of rotating magnetoconvection, before finishing back at RBC. Dynamically rapid transitions are determined to exist between jump rope vortex states, thermoelectrically driven magnetoprecessional modes, mixed wall- and oscillatory-mode rotating convection and a novel magnetostrophic wall mode. Thus, our laboratory ‘pub crawl’ provides a coherent intercomparison of the broadly varying responses arising as a function of the magnetorotational forces imposed on a liquid-metal convection system.
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: Linking the adjective and statement-based inventories with the Big Five Inventory in English and German-speaking samples
Authors: Rozgonjuk Dmitri , Davis Kenneth L. , Sindermann Cornelia , Montag Christian
Published: March 2022

Jaak Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory is of high relevance not only for a better understanding of affective brain disorders but also in personality research. To make Panksepp’s theory more accessible for psychologists and psychiatrists, Davis, Panksepp, and Normansell (2003) developed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS). These scales assess the manifestation of the primary emotional traits in humans based on a personality trait approach. Given their putative foundation in old subcortical areas in the brain, these primary emotional traits (assessed via the ANPS) could represent the evolutionarily oldest manifestations of personality (but this notion is still a matter of a debate). However, the ANPS inventories were based on using contextual items (e.g., about specific attitudes, behaviors, and feelings in specific situations). Recently, an adjective-based ANPS (ANPS-Adjective Ratings or ANPS-AR) was developed for a less context-dependent and more efficient assessment of Panksepp’s primary emotional systems in humans for use by both individuals and independent observer raters. The present work introduces the first German version of the ANPS-AR. Moreover, the current work investigates the original and ANPS-AR versions of the ANPS and their associations with the Big Five personality traits in two independent English- and German-speaking samples. The results show that the ANPS measures are very similarly correlated with the Big Five personality traits across different samples and scales. This work replicates the previous findings in an English version, and demonstrates the reliability and validity of the adjective-based German ANPS-AR.
SOLVABILITY OF A SYSTEM OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS MODULO PRIMES
Authors: JÄRVINIEMI OLLI
Published: March 2022

Let F be a system of polynomial equations in one or more variables with integer coefficients. We show that there exists a univariate polynomial
$D \in \mathbb {Z}[x]$
such that F is solvable modulo p if and only if the equation
$D(x) \equiv 0 \pmod {p}$
has a solution.
Gifted Children, Youth Culture, and Popular Individualism in 1970s and 1980s Britain
Authors: Crane Jennifer
Published: March 2022

This article examines a niche space: youth clubs created by small voluntary organizations for ‘gifted children’ in 1970s and 1980s Britain. It asks how individualism shaped everyday life and demonstrates how youth culture was much broader than just the permissiveness that dominates the literature. Gifted children are currently missing from accounts of modern Britain, which focus on mainstream educational categories. Yet, including them in our analysis provides new insights into the diversity of youth cultures that existed in these decades. Drawing on new uncatalogued archives, and centrally poetry, letters, and stories from young people themselves, the article shows that conservative and radical visions co-existed. Young people shaped their own culture, subverting and challenging ideas of themselves as distinctive future leaders.
The disintegrated theory of consciousness: Sleep, waking, and meta-awareness
Authors: Zadra Antonio , Levitin Daniel J.
Published: March 2022

The study of sleep and wakefulness can inform debates about the nature of consciousness. We argue that sleep and wakefulness fall along a multidimensional continuum and that inconsistencies and paradoxes with the accounts put forth by Merker et al. and Tononi can be understood in terms of a pervasive false dichotomy between these two states.
Axioms and postulates: Finding the right match through logical inference
Authors: Negro Niccolò
Published: March 2022

Merker et al. argue that integrated information theory (IIT) is not a theory of consciousness because the IIT formalism does not match phenomenology. I argue that the authors ultimately fail to articulate the problem of the inference of the postulates from the axioms. I suggest a different version of this problem, and argue that this can help rethink IIT's potential for consciousness science.
‘Swallow medicine, eat rice, pray about health’: health, health care and health-seeking experiences of South-East Asian older refugees
Authors: Kelley Amber N. , Seponski Desiree M. , Lewis Denise C.
Published: March 2022

South-East Asian refugees have lived in the United States of America for nearly four decades, with early refugee immigrants experiencing ageing and later life within the refugee context. As refugees age, health concerns of this older population grow, highlighting the need for ongoing assessment of refugee health and health-seeking behaviours. This study builds on previous literature that assessed the health and health-seeking patterns of South-East Asian refugees in the early years following resettlement, exploring how health and health-seeking is understood among older refugees 40 years after immigration. This paper includes a subset of 37 older refugees from a larger, community-based participatory, mixed-methods intergenerational study of Cambodian and Laotian refugee families conducted over four years (quantitative N = 433; qualitative N = 183). Thematic analysis of 34 semi-structured interviews with these older refugees in coastal Alabama revealed trends in health and health-seeking practices. Older refugees reported high rates of diabetes and hypertension within their generational cohort, and indicated a shift in health-seeking behaviours, whereby Western biomedicine is sought first for such chronic concerns, followed by traditional medicines for mild ailments such as headaches or colds. Older refugees underscored barriers of language, finances and transportation as limiting access to Western health care. Implications for engaging in community health practices and incorporating services to specifically meet the needs of the ageing refugee population are discussed.
Increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark during UEFA European championships
Authors: Bennedbæk Marc , Button Mia Sarah Fischer , Nielsen Lise Birk , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Wiid Svarrer Christina , Møller Karina Lauenborg , Kristensen Brian , Legarth Rebecca , Gunalan Vithiagaran , Zenas Ditte Rechter , Irshad Irfatha , Gubbels Sophie , Sieber Raphael N. , Stegger Marc , Valentiner-Branth Palle , Rasmussen Morten , Møller Camilla Holten , Fonager Jannik , Moller Frederik Trier
Published: March 2022

Denmark hosted four games during the 2020 UEFA European championships (EC2020). After declining positive SARS-CoV-2 test rates in Denmark, a rise occurred during and after the tournament, concomitant with the replacement of the dominant Alpha lineage (B.1.1.7) by the Delta lineage (B.1.617.2), increasing vaccination rates and cessation of several restrictions. A cohort study including 33 227 cases was conducted from 30 May to 25 July 2021, 14 days before and after the EC2020. Included was a nested cohort with event information from big-screen events and matches at the Danish national stadium, Parken (DNSP) in Copenhagen, held from 12 June to 28 June 2021. Information from whole-genome sequencing, contact tracing and Danish registries was collected. Case–case connections were used to establish transmission trees. Cases infected on match days were compared to cases not infected on match days as a reference. The crude incidence rate ratio (IRR) of transmissions was 1.55, corresponding to 584 (1.76%) cases attributable to EC2020 celebrations. The IRR adjusted for covariates was lower (IRR 1.41) but still significant, and also pointed to a reduced number of transmissions from fully vaccinated cases (IRR 0.59). These data support the hypothesis that the EC2020 celebrations contributed to the rise of cases in Denmark in the early summer of 2021.
Ups and Downs of Science during a Tumultuous Period of History: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Petersen Ole H.
Published: March 2022

Science has undergone remarkable changes both in scale, organization and influence over the last half century. It has changed the way we live and is more essential than ever before. Although the scientific effort today is more international than it was 50 years ago, only a small part of the world is fully engaged in this process. It is of course impossible in a single article to provide an overall balanced account of these developments and this is not an attempt to do so. Instead, certain trends are illustrated here, based solely on the personal experiences of an individual who – during a long career in the Life Sciences, and through work in many international science organizations – has been a witness and played a role in some of the changes that have occurred, often influenced by major political events.
WTO Subsidy Disciplines
Authors: Gulotty Robert
Published: March 2022

Decades of negotiation to extend the GATT/WTO system to address subsidies have never produced the sort of uniform, scheduled rules that apply to tariffs or even services. Instead, WTO members have developed rules to demarcate permissible and impermissible subsidies. In this paper, I argue that the WTO approach is now hampered by shifts in the share of global trade away from geopolitically aligned, wealthy states and the growth of global supply chains. These pressures were magnified by the accession of China, with its centrality to global trade and recurrent geopolitical tensions with the United States. The challenges in facing cooperation over subsidies suggest limits to the ability for a ‘rules based’ approach to handle substantial changes in the global trading system.
Ratgeber Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung
Authors: Rassenhofer Miriam , Berthold Oliver , Kliemann Andrea , Ziegenhain Ute , Fegert Jörg M. , Hoffmann Ulrike
Published: March 2022

Kindesmisshandlung und Vernachlässigung betreffen viele Kinder und Jugendliche unterschiedlichen Alters in allen Gesellschaftsschichten. Die belastenden Erfahrungen können deutlich negative Auswirkungen auf die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen haben. Um die gefährdenden Situationen zu beenden und die Kinder und Jugendlichen zu schützen, braucht es unterstützende Erwachsene in ihrem Umfeld. Viele Erwachsene reagieren jedoch verständlicherweise verunsichert, wenn der Verdacht auf Misshandlung oder Vernachlässigung aufkommt. Welche Reaktion auf einen solchen Verdacht ist angemessen? Welche Schritte kann, darf oder sollte man gehen? Welche Hilfen und Anlaufstellen gibt es? Was brauchen betroffene Kinder und Jugendliche? Diese und weitere Fragen werden im Ratgeber beantwortet.
Im Ratgeber werden die verschiedenen Formen der Kindesmisshandlung und Vernachlässigung beschrieben. Es wird erläutert, wie es dazu kommen kann, dass Kinder und Jugendliche misshandelt oder vernachlässigt werden. Weiterhin werden mögliche Folgen und Hinweise auf Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung sowie die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Kinderschutzes dargestellt. Handlungsempfehlungen, die sich aus diesen rechtlichen Regelungen ergeben, werden formuliert und das nicht so einfach zu durchschauende deutsche Hilfesystem mit seinen verschiedenen Beteiligten, wie etwa Psychotherapeutinnen und Psychotherapeuten, Beratungsstellen, medizinische Einrichtungen, Jugendamt bis hin zu den Strafverfolgungsbehörden vorgestellt. Das Ziel ist, Erwachsene zu ermutigen, aufmerksam zu sein und gut auf die Kinder und Jugendlichen in ihrem Umfeld zu achten, ihnen aus der gefährdenden Situation herauszuhelfen und sie gegebenenfalls im Anschluss auf dem Weg der Bewältigung angemessen zu unterstützen.
Ressourcen erkennen und fördern bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Authors: Sachse Rainer
Published: March 2022

Personen mit Persönlichkeitsstilen oder Persönlichkeitsstörungen produzieren durch ihr Verhalten nicht nur hohe psychologische „Kosten“, sie weisen durchaus auch ein hohes Ausmaß an Ressourcen auf. Die Art der Ressourcen ist dabei abhängig von der jeweiligen Persönlichkeitsstörung. Der Zugang zu den jeweiligen Ressourcen ist den Betroffenen jedoch oft nicht möglich. Um sie dennoch nutzen zu können, sind daher besondere therapeutische Vorgehensweisen notwendig, die weit über eine „Ressourcen-Aktivierung“ hinausgehen.
Das Buch beschreibt, welche Arten von Ressourcen bei den einzelnen Persönlichkeitsstilen und -störungen zu finden sind und wie diese nutzbar gemacht werden können. Es unterstreicht deutlich, dass eine Persönlichkeitsstörung nicht nur problematische Komponenten und Handlungen impliziert, sondern auch potenziell positive Aspekte aufweist, wenn spezifische Blockaden abgebaut werden können.
Cryosphere Sciences Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science
Authors: Brugger Sandra O. , Jimenez Adrian A. , Ponsoni Leandro , Todd Claire
Published: March 2022

This article is composed of two independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508554.1) in cryosphere science and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: (Section 2) observational and modeling data research and application in cryosphere sciences and (Section 3) expanding undergraduate research experiences in cryosphere science. We found that many cryosphere‐related research projects and data sharing initiatives engage in ICON research. These efforts should be continued and improved. Specifically, we recommend standardizing methodologies and data, and removing existing barriers to data access and participation in our field. We acknowledge that such ICON‐Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable‐aligned efforts are cost‐ and labor‐intensive. They require leadership and accountability but they also have the potential to increase the diversity and knowledge of the cryosphere research community in the future.
Transient Behavior of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Associated With Eastward Eddy Shedding
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Randel William , Pan Laura , Wu Yutian , Zhang Pengfei
Published: March 2022

The Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) exhibits a trimodal distribution of sub‐vortices and the western Pacific is one of the preferred locations. Amplification of the western Pacific anticyclone (WPA) is often linked with eastward eddy shedding from the AMA, although the processes are not well understood. This study investigates the dynamics driving eastward eddy shedding associated with the emergence of the WPA in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere on synoptic scales. Using reanalysis data during 1979–2019, our composite analysis reveals that amplified WPA events are tied to the upstream Silk Road (SR) wave‐train pattern over midlatitude Eurasia as identified in previous studies. The quasi‐stationary eastward propagating eddies result from baroclinic excitation along the westerly jet, as identified by coherent eddy heat fluxes and weakening of the low‐level temperature gradient. The upper‐level westerly jet is important in determining the longitudinal phase‐locking of wave trains, which are anchored and amplify near the jet exit. Occasionally enhanced convection near the Philippines also triggers anticyclonic eddies that propagate upward and northeastward via the Pacific‐Japan (PJ) pattern, forming the WPA in the upper troposphere. Correlation analysis suggests that the SR and PJ mechanisms are not physically correlated.
Seasonal and Multiyear Flow Variability on the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island: 2009–2019
Authors: Dalton Abigail , Van Wychen Wesley , Copland Luke , Gray Laurence , Burgess David
Published: March 2022

Over the last two decades, Trinity, Wykeham, Ekblaw, and Cadogan glaciers have retreated and been identified as the primary sources of iceberg flux from Prince of Wales (POW) Icefield, Ellesmere Island, accounting for ∼83% of total solid ice discharge. In this study, we used a total of 167 Radarsat‐2 Synthetic Aperture Radar scene pairs collected between 2009 and 2019 to derive winter surface velocities of these four major basins of the POW Icefield. Over this period both Cadogan and Ekblaw glaciers underwent multiyear acceleration and deceleration limited to their lower parts, consistent with characteristics of “pulse‐type” glaciers. Trinity and Wykeham glaciers are currently the fastest flowing glaciers in the CAA and are grounded below sea level for ∼40 km up‐glacier from their termini. Both glaciers underwent multiyear repeating periods of velocity acceleration between 2009 and 2019 which coincided with significant thinning at their termini. As of 2017, Trinity and Wykeham were each within ∼10 m of flotation over their lowermost 4 km. We also identified a shift in flow since 2014 on Trinity and Wykeham, after which winter flow rates began to propagate up‐glacier and were nearly identical to flow rates observed throughout the rest of the year, indicating that seasonal variability in flow has become less apparent in recent years. Our findings suggest that Trinity and Wykeham glaciers have transitioned to a flow type dominated by dynamic thinning, which is strongly influenced by subglacial topography and may be susceptible to instability of the glacier front and large‐scale collapse.
High‐Resolution Seismic Imaging of Fault‐Controlled Basins: A Case Study From the 2009 Mw 6.1 Central Italy Earthquake
Authors: Bruno Pier Paolo G. , Villani Fabio , Improta Luigi
Published: March 2022

We present the first seismic reflection images of the Paganica and Bazzano basins, two tectonic basins developed in the hanging wall of the Paganica‐San Demetrio Fault System, the causative fault of the 2009 Mw 6.1 L'Aquila earthquake, Italy. Five high‐resolution seismic profiles were acquired along a main, 7 km long transect cutting across the strands of an active fault system in urbanized areas with widespread sources of seismic noise. Three processing approaches were chosen to tackle a variable and site‐dependent data quality . To aid interpretation of this complex setting, we complemented seismic amplitude images with energy and similarity attributes as well with post‐stack acoustic impedance inversion. The final seismic sections expose, with unprecedented resolution, the basins' structure and the uppermost splays of the 2009 earthquake. The seismic data show fine details of the subsurface stratigraphic setting, revealing continental depocenters carved in the marine Meso‐Cenozoic substratum and displaced by a series of conjugate normal faults, mostly unknown before this study. Several of the imaged fault strands connect to the 2009 coseismic surface ruptures. Matching the seismic interpretation with constraints from surface geology and shallow boreholes, published data from field surveys and scientific drilling, we present a structural map of the Bazzano and Paganica basins with an estimation of the depth of the Meso‐Cenozoic substratum. This map highlights a different structure, evolution, and age of the two basins, with the older Bazzano basin that likely began to form in late Pliocene.
Disruption of GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical in choroid plexus carcinoma development
Authors: Li Qun , Han Zhiyuan , Singh Navleen , Terré Berta , Fame Ryann M. , Arif Uzayr , Page Thomas D. , Zahran Tasneem , Abdeltawab Ahmed , Huang Yuan , Cao Ping , Wang Jun , Lu Hao , Lidov Hart G. W. , Surendran Kameswaran , Wu Lizhao , Virga James Q. , Zhao Ying-Tao , Schüller Ulrich , Wechsler-Reya Robert J. , Lehtinen Maria K. , Roy Sudipto , Liu Zhongmin , Stracker Travis H. , Zhao Haotian
Published: March 2022

Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in the brain reside in the ependyma and the choroid plexus (CP) epithelia. The CP secretes cerebrospinal fluid that circulates within the ventricular system, driven by ependymal cilia movement. Tumors of the CP are rare primary brain neoplasms mostly found in children. CP tumors exist in three forms: CP papilloma (CPP), atypical CPP, and CP carcinoma (CPC). Though CPP and atypical CPP are generally benign and can be resolved by surgery, CPC is a particularly aggressive and little understood cancer with a poor survival rate and a tendency for recurrence and metastasis. In contrast to MCCs in the CP epithelia, CPCs in humans are characterized by solitary cilia, frequent TP53 mutations, and disturbances to multiciliogenesis program directed by the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional network. GMNC and MCIDAS are early transcriptional regulators of MCC fate differentiation in diverse tissues. Consistently, components of the GMNC-MCIDAS transcriptional program are expressed during CP development and required for multiciliation in the CP, while CPC driven by deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 in mice exhibits multiciliation defects consequent to deficiencies in the GMNC-MCIDAS program. Previous studies revealed that abnormal NOTCH pathway activation leads to CPP. Here we show that combined defects in NOTCH and Sonic Hedgehog signaling in mice generates tumors that are similar to CPC in humans. NOTCH-driven CP tumors are monociliated, and disruption of the NOTCH complex restores multiciliation and decreases tumor growth. NOTCH suppresses multiciliation in tumor cells by inhibiting the expression of GMNC and MCIDAS, while Gmnc-Mcidas overexpression rescues multiciliation defects and suppresses tumor cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings indicate that reactivation of the GMNC-MCIDAS multiciliogenesis program is critical for inhibiting tumorigenesis in the CP, and it may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of CPC.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase c-subunit leak channel triggers cell death upon loss of its F1 subcomplex
Authors: Mnatsakanyan Nelli , Park Han-A , Wu Jing , He Xiang , Llaguno Marc C. , Latta Maria , Miranda Paige , Murtishi Besnik , Graham Morven , Weber Joachim , Levy Richard J. , Pavlov Evgeny V. , Jonas Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2022

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is vital not only for cellular energy production but also for energy dissipation and cell death. ATP synthase c-ring was suggested to house the leak channel of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), which activates during excitotoxic ischemic insult. In this present study, we purified human c-ring from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts to biophysically characterize its channel activity. We show that purified c-ring forms a large multi-conductance, voltage-gated ion channel that is inhibited by the addition of ATP synthase F1 subcomplex. In contrast, dissociation of F1 from FO occurs during excitotoxic neuronal death suggesting that the F1 constitutes the gate of the channel. mPT is known to dissipate the osmotic gradient across the inner membrane during cell death. We show that ATP synthase c-subunit knock down (KD) prevents the osmotic change in response to high calcium and eliminates large conductance, Ca2+ and CsA sensitive channel activity of mPT. These findings elucidate the gating mechanism of the ATP synthase c-subunit leak channel (ACLC) and suggest how ACLC opening is regulated by cell stress in a CypD-dependent manner.
Observation of solid-state bidirectional thermal conductivity switching in antiferroelectric lead zirconate (PbZrO3)
Authors: Aryana Kiumars , Tomko John A. , Gao Ran , Hoglund Eric R. , Mimura Takanori , Makarem Sara , Salanova Alejandro , Hoque Md Shafkat Bin , Pfeifer Thomas W. , Olson David H. , Braun Jeffrey L. , Nag Joyeeta , Read John C. , Howe James M. , Opila Elizabeth J. , Martin Lane W. , Ihlefeld Jon F. , Hopkins Patrick E.
Published: March 2022

Materials with tunable thermal properties enable on-demand control of temperature and heat flow, which is an integral component in the development of solid-state refrigeration, energy scavenging, and thermal circuits. Although gap-based and liquid-based thermal switches that work on the basis of mechanical movements have been an effective approach to control the flow of heat in the devices, their complex mechanisms impose considerable costs in latency, expense, and power consumption. As a consequence, materials that have multiple solid-state phases with distinct thermal properties are appealing for thermal management due to their simplicity, fast switching, and compactness. Thus, an ideal thermal switch should operate near or above room temperature, have a simple trigger mechanism, and offer a quick and large on/off switching ratio. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that manipulating phonon scattering rates can switch the thermal conductivity of antiferroelectric PbZrO3 bidirectionally by −10% and +25% upon applying electrical and thermal excitation, respectively. Our approach takes advantage of two separate phase transformations in PbZrO3 that alter the phonon scattering rate in different manners. In this study, we demonstrate that PbZrO3 can serve as a fast (<1 second), repeatable, simple trigger, and reliable thermal switch with a net switching ratio of nearly 38% from ~1.20 to ~1.65 W m−1 K−1.