bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concept of a Magnetocaloric Generator with Latent Heat Transfer for the Conversion of Heat into Electricity
Authors: Baliozian Puzant , Corhan Patrick , Hess Tobias , Bartholomé Kilian , Wöllenstein Jürgen
Published: January 2022

Second‐order and first‐order magnetocaloric materials (MCMs) not experiencing hysteresis are characterized by a reversible temperature change when exposed to an applied magnetic field. Due to this property described by the magnetocaloric effect, MCMs are used in magnetic cooling applications. Conversely, a rapid variation of the MCM's temperature around its specific Curie temperature causes a fast change in its magnetic permeability. Cycling the MCM's temperature within a magnetic field allows the possibility of inducing voltage, which would be higher for rapid cycling rates. Herein, latent heat transfer is introduced as an approach to obtain higher heating/cooling cycle frequency in a magnetocaloric generator that converts heat to electricity. In practice, rapid condensation/evaporation cycles of the water on a first‐order magnetocaloric La(Fe,Si) alloy are observed in a high vacuum system. This leads to the fast change of magnetization in an applied magnetic field from which an induced voltage is picked up. With the constructed set‐up, a peak induced voltage 2.75 mVp is obtained from low‐grade heat having reservoir temperature differences of △T = 56 °C. At higher temperature differences, a peak‐to‐peak voltage of around 3.5 mVpp at a cycle frequency of 2 Hz is achieved.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Middle Permian Pingdiquan Formation black shales on the eastern margin of the Junggar Basin, north‐west China: Implications for palaeoenvironmental and organic matter accumulation analyses
Authors: Bai Jianke , Zhang Shaohua , Liu Chiyang , Jia Langbo , Luo Keyong , Jiang Ting , Peng Heng
Published: January 2022

The Middle Permian black shales from the eastern Junggar Basin of northern Xinjiang, north‐west China are one of the richest and thickest lacustrine hydrocarbon source rocks in China. The palaeoenvironmental settings and controlling factors of organic matter accumulation along the margins of the Middle Permian lacustrine basin remain unclear, although the same works have been undertaken in the centre of the Middle Permian lacustrine basins. Here, we performed a combination of mineralogical and geochemical analyses on the black shales of the Middle Permian Pingdiquan Formation from the eastern margin areas of the Junggar Basin. The results show that the Pingdiquan Formation black shales in the study areas are organic‐rich, with total organic carbon (TOC) contents of 0.74–17.61 wt% (avg. 5.81 wt%). Salinity proxies including Sr/Ba and Rb/K ratios, combined with traces of gypsum and halite in a few samples, suggest brackish to saline water conditions. Palaeoclimate proxies indicate a warm‐humid environment during the deposition of the Pingdiquan Formation black shales. The redox proxies V/(V + Ni), V/Cr and U/Th ratios, and Eu and Ce anomalies together indicate dysoxic‐anoxic conditions of lake water. Strong positive correlations between palaeoproductivity proxies (P/Al, Ni/Al, Cu/Al, and Zn/Al) and TOC contents imply that palaeoproductivity may have played an essential role in organic matter accumulation during the deposition of the black shales. In contrast, negative correlations between terrestrial detrital input proxies (Al and Ti) and TOC contents indicate that terrestrial detrital input may have acted as a diluent to organic matter accumulation. Additionally, although the correlation between redox proxies [V/(V + Ni) and U/Th] and TOC contents is not straightforward, dysoxic‐anoxic conditions of lake water are an essential prerequisite for organic matter accumulation in the Pingdiquan Formation black shales.
Gut microbes shape microglia and cognitive function during malnutrition
Authors: Bauer Kylynda C. , York Elisa M. , Cirstea Mihai S. , Radisavljevic Nina , Petersen Charisse , Huus Kelsey E. , Brown Eric M. , Bozorgmehr Tahereh , Berdún Rebeca , Bernier Louis‐Philippe , Lee Amy H. Y. , Woodward Sarah E. , Krekhno Zakhar , Han Jun , Hancock Robert E. W. , Ayala Victoria , MacVicar Brian A. , Finlay Barton Brett
Published: January 2022

Fecal‐oral contamination promotes malnutrition pathology. Lasting consequences of early life malnutrition include cognitive impairment, but the underlying pathology and influence of gut microbes remain largely unknown. Here, we utilize an established murine model combining malnutrition and iterative exposure to fecal commensals (MAL‐BG). The MAL‐BG model was analyzed in comparison to malnourished (MAL mice) and healthy (CON mice) controls. Malnourished mice display poor spatial memory and learning plasticity, as well as altered microglia, non‐neuronal CNS cells that regulate neuroimmune responses and brain plasticity. Chronic fecal‐oral exposures shaped microglial morphology and transcriptional profile, promoting phagocytic features in MAL‐BG mice. Unexpectedly, these changes occurred independently from significant cytokine‐induced inflammation or blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, key gut‐brain pathways. Metabolomic profiling of the MAL‐BG cortex revealed altered polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles and systemic lipoxidative stress. In contrast, supplementation with an ω3 PUFA/antioxidant‐associated diet (PAO) mitigated cognitive deficits within the MAL‐BG model. These findings provide valued insight into the malnourished gut microbiota‐brain axis, highlighting PUFA metabolism as a potential therapeutic target.
Reproducibility of graph measures derived from resting‐state MEG functional connectivity metrics in sensor and source spaces
Authors: Pourmotabbed Haatef , de Jongh Curry Amy L. , Clarke Dave F. , Tyler‐Kabara Elizabeth C. , Babajani‐Feremi Abbas
Published: January 2022

Prior studies have used graph analysis of resting‐state magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize abnormal brain networks in neurological disorders. However, a present challenge for researchers is the lack of guidance on which network construction strategies to employ. The reproducibility of graph measures is important for their use as clinical biomarkers. Furthermore, global graph measures should ideally not depend on whether the analysis was performed in the sensor or source space. Therefore, MEG data of the 89 healthy subjects of the Human Connectome Project were used to investigate test–retest reliability and sensor versus source association of global graph measures. Atlas‐based beamforming was used for source reconstruction, and functional connectivity (FC) was estimated for both sensor and source signals in six frequency bands using the debiased weighted phase lag index (dwPLI), amplitude envelope correlation (AEC), and leakage‐corrected AEC. Reliability was examined over multiple network density levels achieved with proportional weight and orthogonal minimum spanning tree thresholding. At a 100% density, graph measures for most FC metrics and frequency bands had fair to excellent reliability and significant sensor versus source association. The greatest reliability and sensor versus source association was obtained when using amplitude metrics. Reliability was similar between sensor and source spaces when using amplitude metrics but greater for the source than the sensor space in higher frequency bands when using the dwPLI. These results suggest that graph measures are useful biomarkers, particularly for investigating functional networks based on amplitude synchrony.
Towards a Method to Operationalize Modelling, Verification, and Evaluation of Architectural Solutions in the Field of Nuclear Critical Infrastructure Engineering
Authors: Bourdon Jérémy , Couturier Pierre , Chapurlat Vincent , Plana Robert , Richet Victor , Baudouin Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Nuclear infrastructure development projects are increasing in complexity, involving numerous and various stakeholders. Highly constrained, they are often subject to many hazards. This has an impact on the number of desired design alternatives generated throughout the facility life cycle and their evolving assessment. In order to secure the delivery of such projects, the Évaluation for Critical Infrastructures Model‐based system Engineering (EVA‐CIME) method is proposed to implement and operate the architecture evaluation at the scales both of an organization and of projects. This article presents the elements justifying the formalization of such method and the obstacles to overcome. This method must be technically and organizationally usable by the different actors of a nuclear infrastructure development project. It is composed of 5 elements: concepts; languages; operational approach; tools and repository of knowledge and expertise. The good orchestration of these different components allows to set up an environment within the organization to carry out effective architecture evaluations with the aim of helping the architects to choose between the alternatives that they will imagine from the beginning of the project.
Model‐based Commissioning, a New Methodological Approach for Commissioning of Nuclear Basic Facilities
Authors: Gaignebet Alan , Chapurlat Vincent , Zacharewicz Grégory , Plana Robert , Richet Victor
Published: January 2022

This article intents first to formalize commissioning that must be seen as a crucial need and an unavoidable obligation. Second, it aims to introduce a method called COGuiNF (Commissioning Guidelines of Nuclear Facilities) which would allow to prepare in relation with MBSE processes then drive relevant activities for the commissioning of Nuclear Facilities. COGuiNF must define, formalize and feed the inherent relations to be managed between engineering and commissioning. This article focuses on the five components of the COGuiNF method.
Intensive Data and Knowledge‐based Approach for Sustainable and Circular Industrial Systems
Authors: Prioux Nancy , Belaud Jean‐Pierre , Hetreux Gilles
Published: January 2022

The circular economy and its various recirculation loops have become a major study subject over recent years, particularly the transformation of the actual processes into sustainable processes. However, these environmental analyses require a huge quantity of data: foreground data and background data. The collection of these data can be long and tedious. Nevertheless, an increasing number of scientific articles describe the processes, which is a great source of data. This source of information is heterogeneous but big data tools can be used to compile, process and analyze them.

Following this perspective, this paper focus on the creation of methodological framework centered on intensive data and knowledge for an economically viable and ecologically responsible design of industrial processes or systems. Composed of five steps, this approach is oriented towards offering decision support for the researcher or R&D engineer during systems requirements and high‐level design steps of V‐model. It is implemented within the domain of pre‐treatment processes for corn stover.
How the information system utilization context may lead to unintended technology use: A case of a maternal mHealth intervention in Kenya
Authors: Sowon Karen , Chigona Wallace
Published: January 2022

Context contributes to how a repertoire of Information Systems are used. In mHealth, some studies have explored use in light of contextual realities, and fewer considered unintended use of the interventions. This paper presents an analysis of maternal health clients' technology sense‐making against the backdrop of the implementers' goals, and how these perceptions may result in unintended use. The study adopted a cross‐sectional case study method using a purposive sample of 38 participants. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions, observations, informal discussions, and document reviews. The findings show that maternal health clients interacted with the mHealth intervention based on their perceptions of its value as constructed within their healthcare‐seeking context. Their divergent perceptions on the role of the intervention as intended by the mHealth implementers resulted in incongruence. The subsequent unintended use that ensued based on these perceptions include (1) using technology as a substitute for visiting the healthcare provider (2) humanizing technology (anthropomorphism). Subsequently, in the empirical context considered in this study, the unintended use led to undesired outcomes: (3) dissonance in use, and (4) technology coping strategies. Our findings offer insights to mHealth designers and implementers to consider how context may affect use; and how these interactions may influence the usage experience.
Smart laparoscopic grasper integrated with fiber Bragg grating based tactile sensor for real‐time force feedback
Authors: Wang Pingping , Zhang Shengqi , Liu Zhengyong , Huang Yuxin , Huang Jie , Huang Xuemei , Chen Jie , Fang Bimei , Peng Dongxian
Published: January 2022

Minimally invasive surgery, such as laparoscopic surgery, has developed rapidly due to its small wound, less bleeding and quick recovery. However, a lack of force feedback, which leads to tissue damage, is still unsolved. Many sensors have been used to offer force feedback but still limited by their large size, low security and high complexity. Based on the advantages of small size, high sensitivity and immunity to electromagnetic interferences, we propose a tactile sensor integrated with fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) at the tip of laparoscopic grasper to offer real‐time force feedback in the laparoscopic surgery. The tactile sensor shows a force sensitivity of 0.076 nm/N with a repeatable accuracy of 0.118 N. A bench test is conducted in a laparoscopic training box to verify its feasibility. Test results illustrate that gripping force exerted on the laparoscopic grasper in terms of peak and standard deviation values reduce significantly for the novice subjects with force feedback compared to those without force feedback. The proposed sensor integrated at the tip of the laparoscopic grasper demonstrates a better control of the gripping force among the novice surgeons and indicates that the smart grasper can help surgeons achieve precise gripping force to reduce unnecessary tissue trauma.
Ground‐state potential energy functions and vibration‐rotation energy levels of beryllium lithium and its cation
Authors: Koput Jacek
Published: January 2022

The accurate ground‐state potential energy functions of the beryllium lithium dimer, BeLi, and its cation, BeLi+, have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi‐reference averaged coupled‐pair functional (MR‐ACPF) method in conjunction with the correlation‐consistent core‐valence basis sets up to septuple‐zeta quality. The importance of the electron correlation beyond the MR‐ACPF level of approximation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects was discussed. For BeLi+, the similar calculation was performed using the single‐reference coupled‐cluster method, up to the CCSDTQ level of approximation. The vibration‐rotation energy levels of the two species were predicted to near the “spectroscopic” accuracy. Strangely enough, the predicted vibrational term values do not compare well with the recent experimental data for either BeLi or BeLi+, with discrepancies reaching as much as 20–60 cm‐1 for highly excited vibrational levels.
Primitive cycle decompositions of Kn and Kn−I
Authors: Asplund John , Dinavahi Chandra , Owsley Kira , Schroeder Michael W.
Published: January 2022

Let be a graph with a decomposition . We say is a subdecomposition of if is nonempty and is a decomposition of an induced subgraph of , and is a primitive decomposition if contains no proper subdecompositions. In this paper, we prove a reduction result toward classifying when and have primitive ‐decompositions. We also investigate known results on cyclic and 1‐rotational ‐decompositions to prove the existence of primitive ‐decompositions of and for several families of values of and .
The number and average size of connected sets in graphs with degree constraints
Authors: Haslegrave John
Published: January 2022

The average size of connected vertex subsets of a connected graph generalises a much‐studied parameter for subtrees of trees. For trees, the possible values of this parameter are critically affected by the presence or absence of vertices of degree 2. We answer two questions of Andrew Vince regarding the effect of degree constraints on general connected graphs. We give a new lower bound, and the first nontrivial upper bound, on the maximum growth rate of the number of connected sets of a cubic graph, and in fact obtain nontrivial upper bounds for any constant bound on the maximum degree. We show that the average connected set density is bounded away from 1 for graphs with no vertex of degree 2, and generalise a classical result of Jamison for trees by showing that in order for the connected set density to approach 1, the proportion of vertices of degree 2 must approach 1. Finally, we show that any sequence of graphs with minimum degree tending to infinity must have connected set density tending to 1/2.
Detection of Intramyocardial Iron in Patients Following ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction Using Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Das Arka , Kelly Christopher , Teh Irvin , Sharrack Noor , Stoeck Christian T. , Kozerke Sebastian , Schneider Jürgen E. , Plein Sven , Dall'Armellina Erica
Published: January 2022

Background

Intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH) following ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with poor prognosis. In cardiac magnetic resonance (MR), T2* mapping is the reference standard for detecting IMH while cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) can characterize myocardial architecture via fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of water molecules. The value of cDTI in the detection of IMH is not currently known.

Hypothesis

cDTI can detect IMH post‐STEMI.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

A total of 50 patients (20% female) scanned at 1‐week (V1) and 3‐month (V2) post‐STEMI.

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3.0 T; inversion‐recovery T1‐weighted‐imaging, multigradient‐echo T2* mapping, spin‐echo cDTI.

Assessment

T2* maps were analyzed to detect IMH (defined as areas with T2* < 20 msec within areas of infarction). cDTI images were co‐registered to produce averaged diffusion‐weighted‐images (DWIs), MD, and FA maps; hypointense areas were manually planimetered for IMH quantification.

Statistics

On averaged DWI, the presence of hypointense signal in areas matching IMH on T2* maps constituted to true‐positive detection of iron. Independent samples t‐tests were used to compare regional cDTI values. Results were considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

At V1, 24 patients had IMH on T2*. On averaged DWI, all 24 patients had hypointense signal in matching areas. IMH size derived using averaged‐DWI was nonsignificantly greater than from T2* (2.0 ± 1.0 cm2 vs 1.89 ± 0.96 cm2, P = 0.69). Compared to surrounding infarcted myocardium, MD was significantly reduced (1.29 ± 0.20 × 10−3 mm2/sec vs 1.75 ± 0.16 × 10−3 mm2/sec) and FA was significantly increased (0.40 ± 0.07 vs 0.23 ± 0.03) within areas of IMH. By V2, all 24 patients with acute IMH continued to have hypointense signals on averaged‐DWI in the affected area. T2* detected IMH in 96% of these patients. Overall, averaged‐DWI had 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the detection of IMH.

Data Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the parameters MD and FA are susceptible to the paramagnetic properties of iron, enabling cDTI to detect IMH.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Evaluation of childhood hospitalization rates and degree of severity of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, including B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315/P.1 (Beta/Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta)
Authors: Yılmaz Çelebi Miray , Kıymet Elif , Böncüoğlu Elif , Şahinkaya Şahika , Cem Ela , Düzgöl Mine , Akaslan Kara Aybüke , Ayhan Fahri Y. , Bayram Süleyman N. , Devrim İlker
Published: January 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is reappearing with an increasing number of variants every day; this study aimed to determine the effect of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants on hospitalization rates. This single‐center study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital from March 11 to August 27, 2021. Variant analyses of symptomatic patients admitted to the hospital who were found to be positive for COVID 19 PCR was performed. Out of 680 cases, 329 (48.4%) were B.1.1.7 variant, 17 (2.5%) were B.1.351/P.1 variant, and 165 (24.2%) were B.1.617.2 variant. One hundred and sixty‐nine (24.9%) case variant analysis results were negative. The hospitalization rate of patients with the B.1.617.2 variant was 19.4%, the B.1.351/P.1 variant was 18%, the B.1.1.7 variant was 9.4%, and the negative variant was 10.1%. The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, which has become widespread all over the world recently, increases the rate of hospitalization in children.
The measurement of molecular interactions, structure and physical properties of okara cellulose composite hydrogels using different analytical methods
Authors: Wu Changling , McClements David Julian , He Mingyu , Li Yang , Teng Fei
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Aiming to address the practical problems of a low utilization rate and the serious waste of soybean residue, novel composite hydrogels based on okara cellulose before and after 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine oxide (TEMPO) oxidation and high polymers of chitosan (CH), carrageenan (CA) or Arabic gum (AG) were prepared by a homogeneous mixture in ionic liquid.

RESULTS

In the present study, composite hydrogels fabricated from okara cellulose and CH, CA or AG were prepared by dissolving them in an ionic liquid, followed by heating (100 °C, 3 h) and then soaking them in a 1:1 water–isopropanol solution. The composite hydrogels prepared from TEMPO oxidation‐treated cellulose were physically cross‐linked to CH, CA or AG. The results showed that the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the amorphous regions of the cellulose were disrupted, whereas the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the biopolymers were increased, which promoted the formation of composite gels with crystalline structures. The TEMPO treatment increased the gel strength. For example, for the cellulose/CA gels, the hardness, fracturability, springiness and cohesiveness values were 5.9‐, 4.3‐, 2.4‐ and 3.6‐fold higher compared to the non‐treated ones, respectively. The composite hydrogels exhibited good thermal stability, swelling properties and mechanical properties. These novel composite polysaccharide‐based hydrogels may therefore have great potential in various food and non‐food fields.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the addition of polymers (CH, CA or AG) and TEMPO oxidized cellulose was suitable for increasing the swelling, textural properties, thermal stability and rheological properties of hydrogels, which provides new ideas and new methods for the preparation of bio‐based composite hydrogels. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Emitter clogging characteristics under reclaimed wastewater drip irrigation: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Xufei , Zhang Lin , He Xuefei
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Although reclaimed wastewater drip irrigation (RWDI) is an effective technology for alleviating agricultural crop water stress and protecting the environment, the reclaimed wastewater (RW) may cause emitter clogging. Discharge ratio variation (Dra) and coefficient of uniformity (CU) play a key role in exploring the clogging degree of the emitter. Therefore, a meta‐analysis was conducted to identify optimal management methods with an acceptable Dra and CU under RWDI.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the higher the concentration of various substances in RW, the higher is the risk of the emitter clogging. Suitable concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), water hardness and calcium ions (Ca2+) in RW were determined to be 0–0.2, 0–0.02, 0–50, 20–30, 200–250 and 0–40 mg L−1, respectively. Pressure‐compensating emitters with relatively high discharge (>2 L h−1) could prevent clogging in RWDI systems.

CONCLUSION

Based on the data analysis, a cumulative RWDI operation time of 375 h was determined as the most suitable time for lateral flushing to prevent clogging. This study identifies the conditions under which an increase in the service life of RWDI systems can be achieved. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of pollination on the composition of volatile compounds in Coffea arabica L.
Authors: Meireles Desirée Ayume Lopes , Valdez Aldo Sindulfo Barboza , Boroski Marcela , Augusto Solange Cristina , Toci Aline Theodoro
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Pollination enhances coffee quality at the material level, improves the symbolic attributes of coffee and promotes sustainability. The objective of this work was to quantify the composition of volatile compounds in roasted coffee produced in the presence and absence of biotic pollination, aiming at investigating the effects of pollination on the composition of volatile compounds in coffee beans. This is the first report of its kind in the literature.

RESULTS

The analysis of volatile compounds in roasted coffee beans showed that pollination increased the amount of volatile compounds in the beans; there was a significant increase in the amount of the following classes of compounds: pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, alcohols and phenols. Considering that most volatile compounds in roasted coffee are derived from reactions involving carbohydrates, proteins, chlorogenic acids and some alkaloids, our hypothesis is that pollinated coffee beans are better prepared for germination and for defense of the crop against attack by external agents.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study point to the important role played by sustainable practices implemented in coffee cultivation. The results obtained in this study pave the way toward the conduct of further investigations, including the analysis of the chemical composition of aroma precursors and volatile compounds in raw coffee beans, and the study of the sensory aspects of roasted coffee. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Systematic comparison of structural and lipid oxidation in oil‐in‐water and water‐in‐oil biphasic emulgels: effect of emulsion type, oil‐phase composition, and oil fraction
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Wei , Hu Qi‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Xiao , Ma Chuan‐Guo
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Because many common foods are emulsions (mayonnaise, margarine, salad dressing, etc.), a better understanding of lipid oxidation is crucial for the formulation, production, and storage of the relevant consumer products. We prepared oil‐in‐water (O/W) and water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulgels, and their architecture was characterized before monitoring lipid oxidation under thermally accelerated conditions to systematically compare the effect of emulsion type, oil composition, and oil fraction on the structure and lipid oxidation in thee biphasic emulgel systems.

RESULTS

Higher susceptibility of lipids to oxidation (>2.5 times) was observed in the biphasic O/W and W/O emulgels than in soybean oil owing to an interfacial region. In the heterogeneous emulsion systems, W/O emulgels had oxidation resistance than O/W emulgels did. Compared with the oil‐phase composition of high oleic sunflower, soybean, and flaxseed oils, oxidation sensitivity of emulsified lipids was significantly raised as the degree of unsaturation increased from 100.72 to 203.07. Moreover, increasing oil fraction from 75% to 85% led to an obvious increase in total oxidation in O/W emulgels but a decrease in W/O emulgels. In addition to emulsion size and oil unsaturation, viscoelasticity had a remarkable effect on the low‐unsaturated oil oxidation (e.g. high oleic sunflower oil).

CONCLUSION

Physical and structural phenomena played important roles in lipid oxidation based on a mass transport principle. These findings provide novel information for designing the structures of emulsion gels for controlling lipid oxidation through the cooperation of both formulation and architecture principles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Risk Factors for Posttransplantation Mortality in Recipients With Grade 3 Acute‐on‐Chronic Liver Failure: Analysis of a North American Consortium
Authors: Sundaram Vinay , Patel Sarvanand , Shetty Kirti , Lindenmeyer Christina C. , Rahimi Robert S. , Flocco Gianina , Al‐Attar Atef , Karvellas Constantine J. , Challa Suryanarayana , Maddur Harapriya , Jou Janice H. , Kriss Michael , Stein Lance L. , Xiao Alex H. , Vyhmeister Ross H. , Green Ellen W. , Campbell Braidie , Cranford William , Mahmud Nadim , Fortune Brett E. ,   Multi‐Organ Dysfunction and Evaluation for Liver Transplantation (MODEL) Consortium
Published: January 2022

Although liver transplantation (LT) yields survival benefit for patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure grade 3 (ACLF‐3), knowledge gaps remain regarding risk factors for post‐LT mortality. We retrospectively reviewed data from 10 centers in the United States and Canada for patients transplanted between 2018 and 2019 and who required care in the intensive care unit prior to LT. ACLF was identified using the European Association for the Study of the Liver‐Chronic Liver Failure (EASL‐CLIF) criteria. A total of 318 patients were studied, of whom 106 (33.3%) had no ACLF, 61 (19.1%) had ACLF‐1, 74 (23.2%) had ACLF‐2, and 77 (24.2%) had ACLF‐3 at transplantation. Survival probability 1 year after LT was significantly higher in patients without ACLF (94.3%) compared with patients with ACLF (87.3%; P = 0.02), but similar between ACLF‐1 (88.5%), ACLF‐2 (87.8%), and ACLF‐3 (85.7%; P = 0.26). Recipients with ACLF‐3 and circulatory failure (n = 29) had similar 1‐year post‐LT survival (82.3%) compared with patients with ACLF‐3 without circulatory failure (89.6%; P = 0.32), including those requiring multiple vasopressors. For patients transplanted with ACLF‐3 including respiratory failure (n = 20), there was a trend toward significantly lower post‐LT survival (P =  0.07) among those with respiratory failure (74.1%) compared with those without (91.0%). The presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) at LT for patients with ACLF‐3 (n = 15), however, yielded significantly lower survival (91.9% versus 57.1%; P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that PVT was significantly associated with post‐LT mortality within 1 year (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.9‐28.3). No correlation was found between survival after LT and the location or extent of PVT, presence of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, or anticoagulation. LT in patients with ACLF‐3 requiring vasopressors yields excellent 1‐year survival. LT should be approached cautiously among candidates with ACLF‐3 and PVT.
Furan Polymers: State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Gandini Alessandro , M. Lacerda Talita
Published: January 2022

This contribution provides an outlook on the topic of furan polymers, dealing with both its main achievements and the salient recent contributions, together with a critical assessment of their most promising perspectives. Following a brief account of the relevant chemical properties of the furan heterocycle, the main monomers from furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural and their respective polymerization mechanisms are discussed. Chain‐growth polymerizations concentrate on free‐radical and cationic systems, whereas step‐growth polymerizations describe the polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polyureas, poly(Schiff base)s, epoxy resins, and the polycondensation of 5‐methylfurfural. Finally, the use of the Diels–Alder reaction applied to furan polymer synthesis and modification is reviewed.
Travelling Wave Generation of Wrinkles on the Hydrogel Surfaces
Authors: Kashihara Yuka , Asoh Taka‐Aki , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

The dynamic and static properties of structured surfaces have important functions in nature. In particular, wrinkles have important static roles, for example, increasing surface area, but dynamic roles of wrinkles remain poorly understood. Specifically, to understand and utilize the dynamic functions of wrinkles, it is necessary to observe wrinkle formation directly. In this study, a polyion complex (PIC) is formed on a hydrogel surface by electrophoresis, and the process of wrinkle formation through a transparent electrode is directly observed. By quantitative analysis of the wavelength and amplitude of wrinkles, it is found that the wrinkles move randomly in a wavy pattern in the initial stage of growing process. Furthermore, the direction of wavy motion of wrinkles is controlled by the compression of hydrogels in the in‐plane direction. The present study provides important insights into the fabrication of wrinkled surfaces with a controlled flow direction; opening the possibility for active wrinkles used in the development of functional surface structures as actuators that are capable of transporting small objects in water.
Hilbert complexes with mixed boundary conditions part 1: de Rham complex
Authors: Pauly Dirk , Schomburg Michael
Published: January 2022

We show that the de Rham Hilbert complex with mixed boundary conditions on bounded strong Lipschitz domains is closed and compact. The crucial results are compact embeddings which follow by abstract arguments using functional analysis together with particular regular decompositions. Higher Sobolev order results are proved as well.
The minimum entropy principle for a two‐phase flow model
Authors: Thanh Mai Duc , Vinh Duong Xuan
Published: January 2022

Bounded entropy solutions of the Baer–Nunziato model of two‐phase flows are proved to satisfy the minimum entropy principle; that is, the spatial infimum of the specific entropy
is an increasing function of time. The model was derived for the study of deflagration‐to‐detonation transition in granular explosives and consists of seven nonlinear partial differential equations with nonconservative source terms. Apparently, we will also show that the generalized entropy inequality can be reduced in the usual divergence form for standard entropy pairs in gas dynamics equations.
Open questions on the functional biology of the yolk granules during embryo development
Authors: Ramos Isabela , Machado Ednildo , Masuda Hatisaburo , Gomes Fabio
Published: January 2022

Biogenesis and consumption of the yolk are well‐conserved aspects of the reproductive biology in oviparous species. Most egg‐laying animals accumulate yolk proteins within the oocytes thus creating the source of nutrients and energy that will feed embryo development. Yolk accumulation drives the generation of a highly specialized oocyte cytoplasm with maternal mRNAs, ribosomes, mitochondria, and, mainly, a set of organelles collectively referred to as yolk granules (Ygs). Following fertilization, the Ygs are involved in regulated mechanisms of yolk degradation to fuel the anabolic metabolism of the growing embryo. Thus, yolk accumulation and degradation are essential processes that allow successful development in many species. Nevertheless, the molecular machinery and mechanisms dedicated to the programmed yolk mobilization throughout development are still enigmatic and remain mostly unexplored. Moreover, while the Ygs functional biology as a nutritional source for the embryo has been acknowledged, several reports have suggested that Ygs cargoes and functions go far beyond yolk storage. Evidence of the role of Ygs in gene expression, microbiota harboring, and paracrine signaling has been proposed. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge of the Ygs functional biology pointing to open questions and where further investigation is needed.
Axial muscle involvement in patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type R9
Authors: Revsbech Karoline Lolk , Rudolf Karen , Sheikh Aisha Munawar , Khawajazada Tahmina , de Stricker Borch Josefine , Dahlqvist Julia Rebecka , Løkken Nicoline , Witting Nanna , Vissing John
Published: January 2022

Introduction/Aims

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type R9 (LGMDR9) is characterized by progressive weakness of the shoulder and hip girdles. Involvement of proximal extremity muscles is well‐described whereas information about axial muscle involvement is lacking. It is important to recognize the involvement of axial muscles to understand functional challenges for the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of axial and leg muscles in patients with LGMDR9.

Methods

This observational, cross‐sectional study investigated fat replacement of axial and leg muscles in 14 patients with LGMDR9 and 13 matched, healthy controls using quantitative MRI (Dixon technique). We investigated paraspinal muscles at three levels, psoas major at the lumbar level, and leg muscles in the thigh and calf. Trunk strength was assessed with stationary dynamometry and manual muscle tests.

Results

Patients with LGMDR9 had significantly increased fat replacement of all investigated axial muscles compared with healthy controls (P < .05). Trunk extension and flexion strength were significantly reduced in patients. Extension strength correlated negatively with mean fat fraction of paraspinal muscles. Fat fractions of all investigated leg muscles were significantly increased versus controls, with the posterior thigh muscles being the most severely affected.

Discussion

Patients with LGMDR9 have severe involvement of their axial muscles and correspondingly have reduced trunk extension and flexion strength. Our findings define the axial muscles as some of the most severely involved muscle groups in LGMDR9, which should be considered in the clinical management of the disorder and monitoring of disease progression.
Automatic detection of F waves and F‐MUNE in two types of motor neuron diseases
Authors: Oguz‐Akarsu Emel , Sirin Nermin Gorkem , Artug Tugrul , Erbas Bahar , Kocasoy Orhan Elif , Idrisoğlu Halil Atilla , Ketenci Aysegul , Baslo Mehmet Baris , Oge Ali Emre
Published: January 2022

Introduction/Aims

Motor unit number estimation by F waves (F‐MUNE) is an uncommonly used MUNE technique. Our aim in this study was to assess the sensitivity of F‐MUNE values elicited with newly developed software in motor neuron diseases.

Methods

F waves were recorded by 300 submaximal stimuli from abductor digiti minimi and abductor pollicis brevis muscles of 35 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 18 with previous poliomyelitis, and 20 controls. The software determined the surface motor unit action potentials (sMUAPs) and calculated the F‐MUNE values. Compound muscle action potential scans were also recorded to obtain MScanFit.

Results

The sMUAP amplitudes were higher and F‐MUNE values were lower in both muscles of the patients when compared with controls. F‐MUNE values could distinguish patients from controls. Significant correlations were found between F‐MUNE and MScanFit in the patient groups.

Discussion

The new F‐MUNE software offered promising results in revealing motor unit loss caused by motor neuron diseases.
The aorto‐left ventricular tunnel from a fetal perspective: Original case series and literature review
Authors: van Nisselrooij Amber E. L. , Moon‐Grady Anita J. , Wacker‐Gussmann Annette , Tomek Viktor , Malčić Ivan , Grzyb Agnieszka , Pavlova Anna , Kazamia Kalliopi , Thakur Varsha , Sinkovskaya Elena , ten Harkel A. Derk Jan , Haak Monique C.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Aorto‐left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) accounts for <0.1% of congenital heart defects. Evidence on the prognosis from a fetal perspective is limited. With this retrospective international case series, we provide information on the outcome of fetuses with ALVT.

Methods

All members of the Association for European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology's (AEPC) fetal working group and fetal medicine units worldwide were invited for participation. We observed antenatal parameters, neonatal outcome and postnatal follow‐up. Additionally, a systematic search of the literature was performed.

Results

Twenty fetuses with ALVT were identified in 10 participating centers (2001–2019). Fetal echocardiographic characteristics of ALVT included an increased cardiac–thorax ratio (95%), left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (90%) and a dysplastic aortic valve (90%). Extracardiac malformations were rare (5%). Eight fetuses died at a median gestational age (GA) of 21 + 6 weeks (range, 19–24): all showed signs of hydrops prior to 24 weeks or at autopsy. All others (60%, 12/2) were live–born (median GA 38 + 4, range 37–40), underwent surgery and were alive at last follow up (median 3.2 years, range 0.1–17). The literature reported 22 ALVT fetuses with similar outcome.

Conclusions

In the absence of fetal hydrops, ALVT carries a good prognosis. Fetuses who survive to 24 weeks without hydrops are likely to have a good outcome.
Fatigue crack growth behavior and morphological analysis of natural rubber compounds with varying particle size and structure of carbon black
Authors: Chanda Jagannath , Mishra Nitish , Dolui Tuhin , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: January 2022

Carbon black (CB) is an essential ingredient of any rubber compound to achieve the desired strength, stiffness, wear, and fatigue resistance. Depending on the function of a tire component (tread, sidewall, apex, etc.), different types of CBs, varying in particle sizes and structures, are used. On prolonged exposure to cyclic loading, rubber compounds lose their strength due to mechanical fatigue. In this study, the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of unfilled and CB‐filled natural rubber compounds is investigated with varying particle size and structure (N115, N134, N220, N234, N330, and N339). FCG properties have been measured using a Tear and Fatigue Analyzer under various strain levels and temperatures. Microscopic analysis revealed that compounds with lower particle size and high structure CB showed better distribution and dispersion of CB throughout the whole matrix. Lower particle size with higher surface area displayed superior FCG resistance compared to the higher particle size CB. FCG of above compounds has also been studied at three different temperatures such as room temperature (25°C), 70°C, and 100°C. Significant increase in FCG rate was observed with increase in temperature due to the thermo‐oxidative degradation and reduction of strain‐induced crystallization.
Simulation of non‐Newtonian flows in a partially filled twin‐screw extruder by smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Dong Tianwen , Wu Jianchun
Published: January 2022

This study considered numerical applications of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to non‐Newtonian flow in filled or partially filled conveying elements of twin‐screw extruders (TSEs). The algorithms were validated by using a plane Poiseuille flow. Two geometrical configurations with different gap were investigated. A large sound speed was used to prevent particles penetrating the wall boundary of the complex geometry. The velocity field and flow rate of Newtonian flow and non‐Newtonian flow (power law) in filled model and partially filled model were analyzed. The distribution of particles in partially filled conveying element in one rotation is introduced. The rheological properties of material take important effect on the flow in fully filled and partially filled cases. For the fully filled cases, the screw–barrel clearance takes important effect on the flow due to the leakage flow reducing the flow rate. For the partially filled case, the clearance affects the non‐Newtonian flow by changing the rheological properties of the fluid. The effect of clearance on Newtonian flow is very limited due to no back pressure in the partially filled case. This work prepared a groundwork for the accurate analysis of real extrusion by SPH.
Pulsed laser deposition – materials that matter
Authors: Delmdahl Ralph , de Vreede Lennart , Berenbak Bart , Janssens Arjen
Published: January 2022

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is the thin film method of choice for depositing complex oxide films and highly textured epitaxial layers with unsurpassed crystallinity. Excimer laser power scalability and PLD process upscaling have resulted in the first systems with 300 mm wafer capability now entering the market. From mobile communication to autonomous driving, novel materials available to high‐tech volume manufacturing matter in transitioning into a 5G connected future.
Microfluidic chip sealing using femtosecond lasers
Authors: Bayol Julien
Published: January 2022

A femtosecond laser can be used in several steps in the fabrication of microfluidic chips with flexibility and repeatability. However, it seems important to combine it with a beam shaping technique in one particular step: the sealing of the various components of the chip. Cailabs and Lasea have collaborated to demonstrate the benefits of using a custom beam profile compared to a Gaussian beam during chip welding. The results: improved quality and process speed increased nine times.
Photonics lights up financial markets with first thematic index
Authors: Raspa Antonio
Published: January 2022

With a higher start‐up success rate than for most industries, and growing far more rapidly than other technologies, many sensors, systems, and components are emerging that are faster and more miniaturized. A new industry has emerged that rivals the exponential growth of the semiconductor industry.
The long and winding road to market
Authors: Pozo Jose
Published: January 2022

How long it takes before patience pay off can never be known in advance. Sometimes the development of a new product or process is surprisingly quick, even for those who invented it. On other occasions, bringing a good idea to fruition can take a frustratingly long time. In this article, EPIC's CTO Jose Pozo follows the career of and talks to Boris Kobrin, CEO of Innovasonic, a developer of advanced smart glass technologies.
Measuring fear of cancer recurrence in survivors of childhood cancer: Development and preliminary validation of the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI)‐Child and Parent versions
Authors: Tutelman Perri R. , Chambers Christine T. , Heathcote Lauren C. , Fernandez Conrad V. , Flanders Annette , Patton Michaela , Schulte Fiona S. M. , Guilcher Gregory M. T. , Simard Sébastien , MacLeod Julia , Stern Maya
Published: January 2022

Objective

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common and distressing psychosocial concern for adult cancer survivors. Data on this construct in child survivors is limited and there are no validated measures for this population. This study aimed to adapt the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory‐Short Form (FCRI‐SF) for survivors of childhood cancer aged 8–18 years (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory—Child version [FCRI‐C]) and their parents (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory—Parent version [FCRI‐P]) to self‐report on their own FCR and to examine the initial psychometric properties.

Methods

The FCRI‐SF was adapted through expert panel input and cognitive interviews with child survivors <18 years. The factor structure, internal consistency and construct and criterion validity of the FCRI‐C and FCRI‐P were examined in 124 survivors of childhood cancer (43% female;Mage = 14.58 years,SD = 2.90) and 106 parents (90% mothers).

Results

All FCRI‐SF items were retained for the FCRI‐C with simplified language. The internal consistencies of the FCRI‐C (α = 0.88) and FCRI‐P (α = 0.83) were good. Exploratory factor analyses yielded one‐factor structures for both measures. Higher scores on the FCRI‐C and FCRI‐P were associated with greater intolerance of uncertainty and pain catastrophizing. Higher child FCR was also related to more hypervigilance to bodily symptoms. Parents with higher FCR reported contacting their child's doctors and nurses and scheduling medical appointments for their child more frequently. Children reported significantly lower FCR compared to parents.

Conclusions

The FCRI‐C and FCRI‐P demonstrated strong reliability and preliminary validity. This study offers preliminary data to support the use of the FCRI‐C and FCRI‐P to measure FCR in survivors of childhood cancer aged 8–18 years and their parents.