bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writhing and coiling of closed filaments
Authors: Maggioni Francesca , Ricca Renzo L
Published: May 2006

The kinematics of writhing and coiling of circular filaments is here analysed by new equations that govern the evolution of curves generated by epicycloids and hypocycloids. We show how efficiency of coil formation and compaction depend on writhing rates, relative bending, torsion and mean twist energy. We demonstrate that for coiling formation hypocycloid evolution achieves higher writhing rates, but in terms of deformation energy, the epicycloid evolution is much more effective. We also show how the occurrence and multiple appearance of inflexional configurations determine coil formation. Compaction and packing rate are also briefly examined. These results are fundamental and provide useful information for physical applications and for modelling natural phenomena, including relaxation of magnetic fields in the solar corona, magnetic dynamos in astrophysical flows, tertiary folding of macromolecules in chemical-physics, and DNA packing in cell biology.
The
ideal
pseudo-rigid continuum
Authors: Casey James
Published: May 2006

In the literature on pseudo-rigid bodies and their applications, it is generally assumed that these bodies can undergo only a restricted class of motions, without questioning how this restriction is to be strictly enforced. In 2004, I proposed in these
Proceedings
that such a restriction may be regarded as a ‘global constraint’ on a deformable continuum, and influenced by ideas of Antman & Marlow from the early 1990s, I assumed that the constraint is enforced by a field of reactive stresses, and I constructed a mathematical model that idealizes pseudo-rigid bodies as globally constrained continua of finite size. In a recent article in
Proceedings of the Royal Society A
, the validity of this model was challenged. Essentially, the controversy revolves around the issue of
working definitions
versus
idealized mathematical models
of pseudo-rigid bodies.
Free energy of the three-state
τ
2
(
t

q

) model as a product of elliptic functions
Authors: Baxter R.J
Published: May 2006

We show that the free energy of the three-state

model can be expressed as products of Jacobi elliptic functions, the arguments being those of an hyperelliptic parametrization of the associated chiral Potts model. This is the first application of such a parametrization to the
N
-state chiral Potts free-energy problem for
N
>2.
Cryptic gentes revealed in pallid cuckoosCuculus pallidususing reflectance spectrophotometry
Authors: Starling M , Heinsohn R , Cockburn A , Langmore N.E
Published: May 2006

Many cuckoo species lay eggs that match those of their hosts, which can significantly reduce rejection of their eggs by the host species. However, egg mimicry is problematic for generalist cuckoos that parasitize several host species with different egg types. Some generalist cuckoos have overcome this problem by evolving several host-specific races (gentes), each with its own, host-specific egg type. It is unknown how generalist cuckoos lacking gentes are able to avoid egg rejection by hosts. Here we use reflectance spectrophotometry (300–700 nm) on museum egg collections to test for host-specific egg types in an Australian generalist cuckoo reported to have a single egg type. We show that the colour of pallid cuckoo (Cuculus pallidus) eggs differed between four host species, and that their eggs closely mimicked the eggs of the host they parasitized. These results reveal that pallid cuckoos have host-specific egg types that have not been detected by human observation, and indicate that gentes could be more common than previously realized.
Reduced mortality selects for family cohesion in a social species
Authors: Griesser Michael , Nystrand Magdalena , Ekman Jan
Published: May 2006

Delayed dispersal is the key to family formation in most kin-societies. Previous explanations for the evolution of families have focused on dispersal constraints. Recently, an alternative explanation was proposed, emphasizing the benefits gained through philopatry. Empirical data have confirmed that parents provide their philopatric offspring with preferential treatment through enhanced access to food and predator protection. Yet it remains unclear to what extent such benefits translate into fitness benefits such as reduced mortality, which ultimately can select for the evolution of families. Here, we demonstrate that philopatric Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) offspring have an odds ratio of being killed by predators 62% lower than offspring that dispersed promptly after independence to join groups of unrelated individuals (20.6% versus 33.3% winter mortality). Predation was the sole cause of mortality, killing 20 out of 73 juveniles fitted with radio tags. The higher survival rate among philopatric offspring was associated with parents providing nepotistic predator protection that was withheld from unrelated group members. Natal philopatry usually involves the suppression of personal reproduction. However, a lower mortality of philopatric offspring can overcome this cost and may thus select for the formation of families and set the scene for cooperative kin-societies.
Asymmetries in specialization in ant–plant mutualistic networks
Authors: Guimarães Paulo R , Rico-Gray Victor , Furtado dos Reis Sérgio , Thompson John N
Published: May 2006

Mutualistic networks involving plants and their pollinators or frugivores have been shown recently to exhibit a particular asymmetrical organization of interactions among species called nestedness: a core of reciprocal generalists accompanied by specialist species that interact almost exclusively with generalists. This structure contrasts with compartmentalized assemblage structures that have been verified in antagonistic food webs. Here we evaluated whether nestedness is a property of another type of mutualism—the interactions between ants and extrafloral nectary-bearing plants—and whether species richness may lead to differences in degree of nestedness among biological communities. We investigated network structure in four communities in Mexico. Nested patterns in ant–plant networks were very similar to those previously reported for pollination and frugivore systems, indicating that this form of asymmetry in specialization is a common feature of mutualisms between free-living species, but not always present in species-poor systems. Other ecological factors also appeared to contribute to the nested asymmetry in specialization, because some assemblages showed more extreme asymmetry than others even when species richness was held constant. Our results support a promising approach for the development of multispecies coevolutionary theory, leading to the idea that specialization may coevolve in different but simple ways in antagonistic and mutualistic assemblages.
Pathogen responses to host immunity: the impact of time delays and memory on the evolution of virulence
Authors: Fenton A , Lello J , Bonsall M.B
Published: May 2006

Current analytical models of the mammalian immune system typically assume a specialist predator–prey relationship between invading pathogens and the active components of the immune response. However, in reality, the specific immune system is not immediately effective following invasion by a novel pathogen. First, there may be an explicit time delay between infection and immune initiation and, second, there may be a gradual build-up in immune efficacy (for instance, during the period of B-cell affinity maturation) during which the immune response develops, before reaching maximal specificity to the pathogen. Here, we use a novel theoretical approach to show that these processes, together with the presence of long-lived immune memory, decouple the immune response from current pathogen levels, greatly changing the dynamics of the pathogen–immune system interaction and the ability of the immune response to eliminate the pathogen. Furthermore, we use this model to show how distributed primary immune responses combine with immune memory to greatly affect the optimal virulence of the pathogen, potentially resulting in the evolution of highly virulent pathogens.
Disruptive coloration, crypsis and edge detection in early visual processing
Authors: Stevens Martin , Cuthill Innes C
Published: May 2006

Many animals use concealing markings to reduce the risk of predation. These include background pattern matching (crypsis), where the coloration matches a random sample of the background and disruptive patterns, whose effectiveness has been hypothesized to lie in breaking up the body into a series of apparently unrelated objects. We have previously established the effectiveness of disruptive coloration against avian predators, using artificial moth-like stimuli with colours designed to match natural backgrounds as perceived by birds. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which disruptive patterns reduce detectability, using a computational vision model of edge detection applied to photographs of our experimental stimuli, calibrated for bird colour vision. We show that, disruptive coloration is effective by exploiting edge detection algorithms that we use to model early visual processing. Thus, ‘false’ edges are detected within the body rather than at its periphery, so inhibiting successful detection of the animal's body outline.
Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. II. Differing constraints on available character space among clades
Authors: Wagner Peter J , Ruta Marcello , Coates Michael I
Published: May 2006

Radiations of large clades often accompany rapid morphological diversification. Evolutionary biologists debate the impact of external restrictions imposed by ecology, and intrinsic constraints imposed by development and genetics, on the rate at which morphological innovations are gained. These issues are particularly interesting for groups such as tetrapods, which evolved novel body plans relative to their piscine ancestors and which also invaded new ecosystems following terrestrialization. Prior studies have addressed these issues by looking at either ranges of morphological variation or rates of character change. Here, we address a related but distinct issue: the numbers of characters that freely vary within a clade. We modify techniques similar to those used by ecologists to infer species richnesses to estimate the number of potentially varying characters given the distributions of changes implied by a model phylogeny. Our results suggest both increasing constraints/restrictions and episodes of ‘character release’ (i.e. increasing the number of potentially varying characters). In particular, we show that stem lissamphibians had a restricted character space relative to that of stem amniotes, and that stem amniotes both had restrictions on some parts of character space but also invaded new character space that had been unavailable to stem tetrapods.
Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change
Authors: Ruta Marcello , Wagner Peter J , Coates Michael I
Published: May 2006

Although numerous studies have examined morphological diversification during major radiations of marine taxa, much less attention has been paid to terrestrial radiations. Here, we examine rates of character change over phylogeny and over time for Palaeozoic limbed tetrapods. Palaeozoic tetrapods show significant decreases in rates of character change whether the rate is measured per sampled cladistic branch or per million years along phylogeny. Given changes per branch, rates decrease significantly from the Devonian through the Pennsylvanian, but not from the Pennsylvanian through the Permian. Given changes per million years, rates decrease significantly over each boundary, although the decrease is least significant over the Pennsylvanian–Permian boundary. Decreasing rates per million years through the Permian might be an artefact of the method being able to ascribe longer durations to Permian branches than to Carboniferous ones; however, it is difficult to ascribe the general pattern of decreasing rates of change over time to sampling biases or methodological biases. Thus, the results implicate biological explanations for this pattern.
Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution
Authors: Cavalier-Smith Thomas
Published: May 2006

This synthesis has three main parts. The first discusses the overall tree of life and nature of the last common ancestor (cenancestor). I emphasize key steps in cellular evolution important for ordering and timing the major evolutionary innovations in the history of the biosphere, explaining especially the origins of the eukaryote cell and of bacterial flagella and cell envelope novelties. Second, I map the tree onto the fossil record and discuss dates of key events and their biogeochemical impact. Finally, I present a broad synthesis, discussing evidence for a three-phase history of life. The first phase began perhaps
ca
3.5 Gyr ago, when the origin of cells and anoxic photosynthesis generated the arguably most primitive prokaryote phylum, Chlorobacteria (=Chloroflexi), the first negibacteria with cells bounded by two acyl ester phospholipid membranes. After this ‘chlorobacterial age’ of benthic anaerobic evolution protected from UV radiation by mineral grains, two momentous quantum evolutionary episodes of cellular innovation and microbial radiation dramatically transformed the Earth's surface: the glycobacterial revolution initiated an oxygenic ‘age of cyanobacteria’ and, as the ozone layer grew, the rise of plankton; immensely later, probably as recently as
ca
0.9 Gyr ago, the neomuran revolution ushered in the ‘age of eukaryotes’, Archaebacteria (arguably the youngest bacterial phylum), and morphological complexity. Diversification of glycobacteria
ca
2.8 Gyr ago, predominantly inhabiting stratified benthic mats, I suggest caused serial depletion of
13
C by ribulose 1,5-bis-phosphate caboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to yield ultralight late Archaean organic carbon formerly attributed to methanogenesis plus methanotrophy. The late origin of archaebacterial methanogenesis
ca
720 Myr ago perhaps triggered snowball Earth episodes by slight global warming increasing weathering and reducing CO
2
levels, to yield runaway cooling; the origin of anaerobic methane oxidation
ca
570 Myr ago reduced methane flux at source, stabilizing Phanerozoic climates. I argue that the major cellular innovations exhibit a pattern of quantum evolution followed by very rapid radiation and then substantial stasis, as described by Simpson. They yielded organisms that are a mosaic of extremely conservative and radically novel features, as characterized by De Beer's phrase ‘mosaic evolution’. Evolution is not evenly paced and there are no real molecular clocks.
Gum Arabic: Recent Developments – Pros and Cons
Authors: Anderson D.M.W.
Published: May 2006

Outlines recent developments in the international regulatory
specification for gum arabic and warns prospective buyers of the
loopholes involved.
Improving Public Health by Means of Good Food: The Heinz Approach
Authors: Dickie Nigel
Published: May 2006

The Heinz policy towards dietary guidelines is to make changes in
most core products by reducing the amount of added sugar and salt. By a
number of small changes over a period, it has been possible to make
reductions in salt and sugar levels of up to 25 per cent. Describes the
Weight Watchers from Heinz range of products and the initiatives taken
by Heinz to provide teaching aids which support the National Curriculum
in schools.
Healthy Eating in Old Age
Authors: Herne Sally
Published: May 2006

Early health education messages made the assumption that most
recommendations made on healthy eating were irrelevant to the majority
of elderly people. Discusses a new report by the UK Government which has
challenged this idea and now suggests that the older generation should
also reduce fat, sugar and alcohol intake and increase exercise to fall
in line with the population in general. This approach creates
difficulties because: the elderly are so diverse as a group; those in
care have a range of very practical barriers to healthy eating; and
staff of care homes have to balance nutritional requirements with the
resident′s need for enjoyment. Despite the apparent problems healthy
eating does have a role to play. Elderly people suffer from many
degenerative disorders which respond to healthy eating in the form of
nutritional therapy. This approach has numerous health benefits, not
least because it may reduce the number of drugs a resident requires.
Food Safety Act 1990: Code of Practice No. 16
Authors: Roberts D.C.E.
Published: May 2006

The Food Safety Act 1990 contains, at Section 40 provisions
allowing the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Secretary
of State for Health, the Secretaries of State for Wales and Scotland to
issue codes of practice to enforcement authorities on how they shall
execute and enforce the provisions of the Act. Code 16 deals with food
hazard warning systems. Discusses the Code, and its operation, which
codifies systems used by central government departments and sets out how
local enforcement authorities should categorize hazards and the
procedures they should follow in dealing with food hazards.
Researching the Dietary Beliefs and Practices of Men
Authors: Gillon Ewan , McCorkindale Louise , McKie Linda
Published: May 2006

While many researchers have commented on the relationship between
men and food, most empirical research has focused on men′s dietary
beliefs and practices as perceived by women. Yet the consumption of food
is a process instilled with cultural values and meanings that offers an
insight into the workings of society, in particular household relations.
In addition, research exploring the link between diet and health has
emphasized the need to identify and work with the dietary beliefs of men
in the design and implementation of health promotion programmes.
Outlines the origins of a research project which seeks to identify and
examine the dietary beliefs and practices of 30 men drawn from the
service sector. The research will be conducted in both the workplace and
the home of respondents, over the next two years.
Future Challenges in Wales
Authors: Howson Helen
Published: May 2006

Heartbeat Wales is the first national heart disease prevention
initiative of its kind in the UK. Describes the progress which has been
achieved since the programme was launched in 1985. Gives details of how
alliances have been forged with commerce and industry with the objective
of promoting improvements in nutrition.
Meals, Mood and Mental Performance
Authors: Smith Andrew P.
Published: May 2006

Argues that consumption of lunch frequently leads to a drop in
alertness and reduced ability to perform tasks involving sustained
attention, with corresponding shifts in mood. These effects of lunch may
be modified by the nature of the meal, characteristics of the person
eating the meal and consumption of caffeinated beverages. There is less
information on the effects of breakfast but what data there are show
that it produces different effects from those seen after lunch. Indeed,
recent research suggests that one of the most reliable effects of
breakfast is to improve memory. Evening meals also require further study
but, again, their effects appear to differ from those of lunch or
breakfast.
The Use of a Survey to Establish Service Priorities in the
Library of the National Museums of Scotland
Authors: McClure Sheila
Published: May 2006

In 1991 the library of the National Museums of Scotland undertook a
survey of the information needs of library users among NMS staff. The
aim of the survey was to obtain users′ views about what services they
required, to assist in the establishment of clear priorities for future
library activity. A questionnaire was sent to 176 staff, and the
response rate was 72 per cent. The results showed that respondents
placed a high value on traditional services, such as books and journal
supply and the catalogue, but that there was significant interest in
newer services such as access to JANET. There was also a need for better
publicity about the library and its range of services. The library has
developed an action plan for implementing some improvements to services,
which were identified as desirable by the survey.
Public Libraries and Questions about the Environment
Authors: Hodges Sally , Cooke Madeleine , Meadows Jack
Published: May 2006

Investigates whether public libraries are capable of providing a
basic science enquiry service. Examines the range of environmental
enquiries handled by five participating libraries as a part of their
everyday business. During the study some 110 detailed enquiries where
recorded: somewhat less than 20 per cent of these concerned local
environmental questions; the rest related to environmental queries at
the national or global level. The three most popular topics were:
pollution; names/addresses of environmental organizations and people;
and recycling. Enquirers were evenly split between school attenders and
adults. Most of the enquiries could be answered by making use of the
resources already available in the library; no more than 10 per cent had
to be referred elsewhere for an answer.
A Library and Information Certificate Course in the
Seychelles
Authors: Ainscough Peter John
Published: May 2006

Describes a library assistant′s certificate course designed and
organized under a VSO appointment from 1991‐1993. The syllabus draws on
the work of other institutions, but has been varied according to local
needs. The students include a range of library, archives, information
and documentation staff, all with at least one year′s experience; but
basic educational standards are very variable. A variety of teaching
methods is used. Describes the curriculum and analyses and evaluates the
course. Presents conclusions and future recommendations.
Availability and Use of Information Technologies in
Nigerian University Libraries
Authors: Abifarin F.P.
Published: May 2006

Reports a questionnaire survey which identifies information
technology presently available within Nigerian University Libraries. The
survey also examines the use of IT and benefits derived from it.
Discusses constraints on availability and use of IT in Nigerian
University Libraries.
Special Libraries and Documentation Centres in Ethiopia
Authors: Alemie Leulseged
Published: May 2006

Reviews special libraries and documentation centres in Ethiopia in
terms of their infrastructure, bookstock, financial resources,
organization and use of facilities and impact on the research process.
Results indicate the inadequacy of government libraries and
documentation services in Ethiopia to meet research needs. Discusses
some of the factors which have impeded the development of satisfactory
government libraries.
Managing Automation in Developing Countries: A Current View
Authors: Mambo Henry L.
Published: May 2006

Outlines the advantages of automating libraries in developing
countries and considers the problems relating specifically to finance,
technology and management. Notes reliance on overseas aid and donations
and points to local problems relating to maintenance and technology.
Discusses availability of funds for maintenance, and of skilled staff to
operate systems, and also organizational changes following automation.
The Administration of Libraries and Documentation Centres
in Botswana: A Review
Authors: Thapisa A.P.N.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the full range of library services in Botswana and public
services, including village reading rooms and book box services. The
information activities of the Botswana National Library Service,
University of Botswana Library, National Institute of Development
Research and Documentation Library and the Southern African Development
Co‐ordination Conference Library, are all considered.
Stress at Work: Do Managers Really Count the Costs?
Authors: McHugh Marie
Published: May 2006

Organizations are being forced to contend with an increasingly
diverse range of influential factors which have implications for their
efficiency and effectiveness. Such factors are likely to create a
cumulative spiral of pressures for organization members and render them
susceptible to the adverse effects of stress. Increased prevalence of
work stress among employees, coupled with its harmful effects for the
operation of companies, prompted an investigation of managerial
attitudes to stress at work in the clothing industry. Structured
interviews were carried out with managers from 44 companies. Of the
respondents 70.5 per cent believed that employees in their company
experienced stress at work. Many identified a range of causes and
effects, and 81.4 per cent acknowledged that stress is a problem for
individuals and organizations. However, few companies had any mechanisms
for identifying and helping stressed employees. Highlights a need for
companies to take cognizance of the costs of stress within organizations
and to take corrective action.
Union Autonomy in Context: An International Comparison
Authors: Fosh Patricia , Morris Huw , Martin Roderick , Smith Paul , Undy Roger
Published: May 2006

This is the second of two linked articles on the question of union
autonomy; the first appeared in the previous issue of this journal. It
considers state control and approach to union autonomy in the wider
context of state controls on unions′ bargaining activities including
industrial action. Two questions are posed: whether there is any
“balance” between state respect for union autonomy and state
confidence that union collective bargaining activities take place within
a legally prescribed framework; and how the state in the UK was able to
shift so rapidly from the traditional, voluntary approach and the
incipient neo‐corporatism of the 1970s, to the detailed and onerous
regulation of union internal and external activities in the 1980s and
1990s.
How Dangerous Is Human Resource Management?: A Reply to Tim Hart
Authors: Torrington Derek
Published: May 2006

A reaction to an article in a previous issue of the journal about
the dangers of Human Resource Management (HRM). HRM was described as
amoral, anti‐social, uneconomic and ecologically destructive. Whilst
accepting that HRM is flawed, argues that its acceptance is partly
attributable to the dependence of management researchers on the approval
of research councils and employers. Concludes with suggestions for
personnel managers to consider: less obsession with strategy at the
expense of operations; less preoccupation with management at the expense
of other members of the business; and much greater preoccupation with
the recreation of employment.
WHAT DO PEOPLE WANT FROM A LIBRARY?
Authors: Saunders Kate
Published: May 2006

Discusses physical and psychological barriers to library
use, including access, inadequate guiding, noise level,
classification and cataloguing systems and staff
attitudes. Libraries need to play a more proactive role
in encouraging members and potential members to
makc fuller and better use of their services.
THE PROSPECTS FOR AN ELECTRONIC OFFICE IN NIGERIAN LIBRARIES
Authors: Petunola Abifarin Fasola
Published: May 2006

Discusses the benefits of establishing an electronic office in an
organization. Examines the potential applications of an
electronic office in Nigerian libraries. Discusses the technical
and economic problems that might inhibit thc establishment
of an electronic office in these libraries. Makes an attempt to
provide solutions to the highlighted problems.
TOWARDS KAIZEN: THE QUEST FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Martin Di
Published: May 2006

Explores the TQM concept of continuous improvement
(Kaizen) using the Juran model of quality improvement as the
creation of beneficial change. Describes a process for the
identification of priorities for improvement (critical success
factors) in academic libraries with an analysis of the
contributing factors and its application at the University of
Hertfordshire. Outlines a model showing the practical steps to
achieving and maintaining quality improvement with three
examples covering cash handling, delivery of the lecture room
AV service and user education at the University of
Hertfordshire. Concludes that TQM can be approached
incrementally if this is done within a coherent framework and
that there is existing good management practice on which to
build its implementation.
JOB SHARING IN LIBRARIANSHIP
Authors: Stennett Ruth
Published: May 2006

Considers the advantages and limitations of job sharing, with
particular reference to librarians. Stresses the importance of
communication and equitable division of work and includes
two case studies. Concludes that job sharing makes good
sense in a female‐dominated profession but that library
managers need to be more aware of the job‐sharing option
and should create specific job‐sharing contracts. Prospective
job‐sharers need encouragement and can learn from the
experiences of others in similar working environments.
Performance Improvement Intervention: Privatized and Public
Sector Organizations
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: May 2006

United Kingdom employers in recently privatized and public sector
organizations are relying heavily on management training as an
intervention mechanism to increase employee productivity. A survey of
south‐west organizations confirmed this increase in training activity.
Managers, however, did not feel participation in training had
contributed towards improving their performance. Respondents felt their
organizations should give higher priority to other actions such as
increased staff resources and better internal communication systems.
Presents an Organizational Performance Policy Matrix which permits
employers to determine whether restructuring of managerial roles or
training has the potential to increase productivity.
A Creative Decision Support System
Authors: Proctor R.A.
Published: May 2006

Argues the case for formalized creativity decision support systems.
Technology, both in terms of hardware and software, now supports the
possibility of a decision support system which can benefit from creative
problem‐solving mechanisms. Given the need for creative thinking in
business and the availability of technology for this purpose, it is not
surprising to find considerable progress being made in this area.
Managing Globally with Technology
Authors: Bailey Elaine K. , Cotlar Morton
Published: May 2006

Addresses the critical need for managers to be trained in the use
of current technology. Also discusses strategies to manage more
effectively with technology in the international marketplace.
In Search of Excellence in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Dennis , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Reviews the distinctive cultural patterns found in Taiwan, and then
discusses the management practices of three “excellent”
Taiwanese companies and explores their success in terms of the eight
major characteristics discussed by Peters and Waterman in In Search
of Excellence.
The Model Leader: A Fully Functioning Person
Authors: Hitt William D.
Published: May 2006

Starts with a general theory of leadership and then specifies 25
leadership competences. These, taken together, define the “model
leader”. The term model leader is used as an ideal type to
designate the hypothetical individual who possesses all 25 competences
in full measure, and who could be described as a fully functioning
person. The term “effective leader” is used to designate the
real‐world person who is striving to become a model leader. This latter
individual is the person who is addressed in the hope that it may serve
as a guide to self‐development.
Why Can′t Men Lead Like Women?
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Shapiro Barbara T.
Published: May 2006

While some women have emerged as leaders within contemporary
organizations, they occupy one‐third of managerial and professorial
positions in Canada while composing approximately one‐half of the
workforce. At top managerial levels, they occupy less than 5 per cent of
senior positions. Earlier research identified “female
deficiencies” as a reason why few women have made it to the top.
Other findings have indicated that following a masculine model has both
advantages and disadvantages for aspiring women managers. Developmental
differences between both sexes has helped to explain some of the
problems for leaders and followers. Interactive leadership styles
utilized by women have been beneficial in moving both genders towards a
solution insofar as this style involves four factors: encouraging
participation; sharing power and information; enhancing self‐worth of
others and finally, energizing others. The use of an androgynous
leadership model has not yielded significant findings but there are
common characteristics of successful leaders combining both the
masculine and feminine models. Organizations and their top leaders need
to expand their definition of effective leadership so that an
interactive style can be valued, allowing these organizations to be
flexible in surviving within an increasingly competitive and diverse
environment.
Automation of ILL Management Systems
Authors: Leeves Juliet
Published: May 2006

Interlibrary loan (ILL) management systems are an important
component in the document supply process. They manage, at a local level,
the various processes associated with requesting and obtaining
documents. There may be links with other component systems, such as
location/messaging systems, facilitated by various telecommunications
networks, and integrated library housekeeping systems, for ongoing local
control. ILL management systems can run as stand‐alone systems or as
part of integrated housekeeping systems. Integration can offer, via the
circulation module, ongoing control of interlibrary loans, in addition
to loans from the library′s own stock, using the same borrower file. It
may also be possible to request ILL items via the on‐line catalogue if
the user has failed to find an item in stock. Functions which can be
automated include: input and transmission of requests; receipt and loan;
returns; overdues and recalls; renewals; reports and reapplications;
chasers; and cancellations. Systems can also provide management
information and control the loan of items to other libraries. In the UK,
the links to networks are used, in the main, for transmission of
requests, to BLDSC via ARTTel, or via e‐mail to other libraries. BLDSC
is the major source for inter‐lending in the UK, and the volume of
requests to other libraries is small; however, as network links
increase, ILL will become less centralized and there will be greater
traffic between libraries for the purposes of ILL.
Developments in Document Supply and Interlending in the UK 1992–1993: A PERSONAL REVIEW OF THE YEAR
Authors: Allan Alastair J. , Dean Elaine
Published: May 2006

Presents and analyses the important developments in interlending
during 1992‐1993. Relating trends to a selection of recent publications,
the review concentrates on the developing pattern of service provision
and electronic initiatives as the two broad themes. Particular topics
chosen as the year′s key issues are the British Library strategic plan,
charging between libraries, networking, library and information
planning, the provision of minority language material and the role of
the regional library system. Discusses the implications of redirections
in Government policy.
Consumer Profiles and Perceptions: Country‐of‐origin Effects
Authors: Chao Paul , Rajendran K.N.
Published: May 2006

Country‐of‐origin research has concentrated on the examination of
consumer product perceptions or attitudes towards products made in
different countries based on a variety of intrinsic or extrinsic cues.
This research takes a different approach by examining the impact of
country of origin, levels of foreign product ownership and consumer′s
occupational status on interpersonal perceptions. Since respondents were
not asked to engage in direct evaluations of various products of
domestic or foreign origins, consumer normative response tendencies
should be minimized. This approach also allows the examination of
differential effects of country of origin on different consumer segments
according to the occupational status.
A Cross‐cultural Study of a Global Product in Israel and
Australia
Authors: Kustin Richard Alan
Published: May 2006

A limited number of tests have been made on the potential of global
products and fewer still on cross‐cultural comparisons. The present
study empirically tested consumer perception of a non‐durable product in
two markets: Israel and Australia. The study does not support several
aspects of globalization theory, but does consider the possibility of a
global product. The results indicate there are considerable differences
in international consumer perceptions.
Developing New Financial Services within UK Building
Societies
Authors: Edgett Scott
Published: May 2006

Today′s British building societies face intense competition in the
marketing of financial services to consumers, and accordingly the risks
attached to new product failure are high. Nevertheless, a study of these
financial institutions demonstrates an alarming lack of strategic
planning in their attempts to gain larger shares of an increasingly
volatile and sophisticated market. Reviews the strategic focus of new
product development, examines related management issues, evaluates the
new product screening and preliminary assessment techniques, and
explores market research practices. The results of this study suggest
that, although approaches to new product development vary, building
societies do not make extensive use of commonly accepted development
procedures.
Banking Services for Young Intellectuals
Authors: Yee‐Kwong Chan Ricky
Published: May 2006

Reports a survey on the banking behaviour of 300 college students
in Hong Kong which confirms several findings from Western countries.
These include: limited banking demand of students; popularity of split
banking in account ownership; price‐consciousness of students; and
importance of locational convenience and on‐campus promotion. Argues
that in order to turn this segment into a lucrative one, bankers need to
adopt a long‐term perspective and place more emphasis on service quality
and promoting the concept of “one‐stop banking”.
Segmenting the Market: A Review of Marketing Trends in
French Retail Banking
Authors: Sturdy Andrew , Morgan Glenn
Published: May 2006

Reviews the current transition in French retail banking from
oligopolistic power and strict state control towards a greater marketing
orientation and competitive challenges. Drawing on research including
interviews with French marketing practitioners, identifies a number of
trends in marketing practice – the expansion and targeting of
products and distribution channels, packaging products and
“personalizing” services. Illustrates the centrality of
market segmentation to these practices by the use of a case study
company, Credit Agricole. Focusing on the organization′s use of a
psychographic study on European lifestyles, shows segmentation to be a
core strategic tool in a changing society and competitive marketplace.
Concludes by noting the parallels between developments in France and
elsewhere, but also highlighting the application of marketing in
particular economic and cultural contexts. In addition, identifies some
possible dangers with targeting and “courting” particular
consumer segments with a “personalized” service.
Self‐service Technologies in Retail Banking: Current and
Expected Adoption Patterns
Authors: Prendergast Gerard P.
Published: May 2006

Three key self‐service technologies exist in banking in New
Zealand: ATMs (automatic telling machines), EFTPoS (electronic funds
transfer at the point of sale), and telephone banking. All three are at
differing stages of the adoption process. Of interest is exactly the
stage where they are and towards which they are heading. Information of
this nature would assist banks in developing marketing strategies. In
order to identify at what stages of adoption these technologies are, and
heading towards, 302 telephone surveys were carried out with randomly
selected respondents. The results indicated that ATMs are at the late
majority stage of the diffusion process, and heading for the laggard
group. The question thus needs to be asked, “Should banks be
spending any resources at all in trying to encourage new users?”
The laggards are the least likely of all customers to adopt, and the
banks′ resources could well be better spent elsewhere. EFTPoS is at the
late stages of the early majority, and heading for the late majority.
Strategies used by the banks to encourage new users need to recognize
that the late majority are typically sceptical about new ideas. Also the
banks need to stress the mobility value of EFTPoS, since members of the
late majority tend to be less mobile. Telephone banking is at the early
stages of the early majority. Banks need to recognize that at this stage
it is word‐of‐mouth which will determine the success or failure of a
product or service. Telephone banking systems should be available to the
market only when the system has been found to be faultless, and customer
service levels are at an optimum.
TIME MANAGEMENT TRAINING: DOES IT TRANSFER TO THE
WORKPLACE?
Authors: Slaven Georgina , Totterdell Peter
Published: May 2006

Evaluates a two day professional time management course, and
examines the possible influence of personal and work factors on training
outcomes. A multiple measures pre‐and post‐course design was used to
monitor 32 delegates attending two courses presented by the same
trainer. (Delegates also completed motivation and commitment
questionnaires.) Course outcome measures included diary logs, time
management skills, the number of changes made to working practices, and
use of a time management aid. Post‐course interviews and diary logs
provided information on delegates′ self‐reported success in implementing
changes, supplemented by their perceptions of the work environment.
Results indicated improvements in self‐perceptions of time‐use, but this
was not reflected in delegates′ diary log measures. Contrary to
expectations, commitment scores were not related to training outcomes.
As expected a number of work related factors were found to influence
training outcomes.
Empowerment
Authors: Ripley Robert E. , Ripley Marie J.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the problem of managing and empowering
those employees in the USA whose employment is
protected by special legislation – minority groups – when
they do not work responsibly.
The Financial World at Risk: The Dangers of Organized
Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption
Authors: Rider B.A.K.
Published: May 2006

Until recently, the involvement of syndicated and organized
criminals in economic crime, and the idea of its exitence outside (and
to some extent even within) the United States has been discounted if not
scoffed at. Describes the characteristics of organized crime and,
specifically, economic organized crime, and its facilitators. Relates
some “horror stories” to illustrate the seriousness of the
problem. Examines the difficulties involved in combating organized
economic crime and some of the efforts to counter it being made at
international level.
Avoiding Fraud and Irregularities in Financial
Institutions: A Control‐oriented Approach
Authors: Chang Stanley Y. , Morris Roselyn E.
Published: May 2006

While internal auditors in financial institutions have only nominal
direct legal responsibility, there is implied indirect responsibility.
As a defence to such potential, an audit department could substantiate
its “due dilligence” efforts by identifying basic elements
of internal controls and performing audits on a regular basis in areas
with high risk exposures. Presents a list of suggested audit frequencies
and necessary internal controls for some of the most vulnerable areas in
the banking industry. These suggestions should be helpful to audit
departments in planning and scheduling their activities, as well as
helping the institutions in cutting external audit fees that may
otherwise be required in a weak internal control environment.
Consumer “accomplices” in product counterfeiting: a demand side investigation
Authors: Bloch Peter H. , Bush Ronald F. , Campbell Leland
Published: May 2006

Examines the consumer′s role in the proliferation of product
counterfeiting. Describes a demand‐side orientation to the
counterfeiting problem and discusses results from a field experiment
examining consumers′ willingness to select a counterfeit apparel item
knowingly. Indicates that a surprisingly large proportion of adult
consumers will select a counterfeit garment over the genuine good when
there is a price advantage. Investigates product perceptions and
decision criteria and implications for marketer action.
The proposed changes in accounting for advertising costs: impact on financial statements and managers′ behaviour
Authors: Tucci Louis A. , Tucker James J.
Published: May 2006

Examines the Accounting Standards Committee′s proposal that all
advertising costs other than direct response be incurred or expensed the
first time the advertising takes place. Suggests that managers who have
been deferring the write‐off of advertising costs, the proposed rule
change provides incentives to reduce the level of advertising and/or
postpone these expenditures.
Implementing Relationship Marketing: A GOAL INTERDEPENDENCE
APPROACH
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Meredith Lindsay , Wellwood R. Michael
Published: May 2006

Addresses the problem of implementing relationship marketing
systems. Uses LISREL to analyze how co‐operative, competitive and
independent goals affect the ability of a firm′s personnel to work
together in serving customers. Results indicate that goal
interdependence affects employee perceptions of the quality of service
they deliver.
Promoting customer contact people: a key difference in service and product advertising
Authors: Abernethy Avery M. , Butler Daniel D.
Published: May 2006

Employs content analysis of advertisements for both products and services in 13 major newspapers. Seeks to understand how advertising information on service providers is integrated into service advertising strategy. Suggests that service advertising is far more likely than product advertising to contain information about contact people. Offers ways of improving the advertising strategy of service marketers.
Product warranties and post‐purchase service: a model of
consumer satisfaction with complaint resolution
Authors: Halstead Diane , Dröge Cornelia , Bixby Cooper M.
Published: May 2006

Focuses on a group of unsatisfied carpet owners. Examines the roles
of the carpet warranty and the post‐purchase service received during the
complaint process in terms of their effects on customers′ satisfaction
with complaint resolution. Presents some suggestions for customer
service policies, complaint handling procedures, and warranty fulfilment
service.
Five common myths about consumer satisfaction programs
Authors: Halstead Diane
Published: May 2006

Discusses five common myths about perception, management and
implementation of consumer satisfaction programs. Intends to debunk the
more popular myths so that managers can avoid making classic service
delivery mistakes. Integrates current research on customer satisfaction
and consumer complaints. Makes a number of recommendations.
An exploratory investigation of consumer decision making in
the service sector
Authors: Turley L.W. , LeBlanc Ronald P.
Published: May 2006

Explores the set of service firms actually considered by consumers
for a purchase (the evoked set), the ratio of the evoked set to the
total number of service providers, the number of evaluative criteria
used to evaluate services, and the perceptions of risk associated with
the purchase of consumer services.