bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in
the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes
Authors: MALKOFF-SCHWARTZ S. , FRANK E. , ANDERSON B. P. , HLASTALA S. A. , LUTHER J. F. , SHERRILL J. T. , HOUCK P. R. , KUPFER D. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. An association between social rhythm disruption (SRD) and
onset of manic episodes has recently been observed. Whether other types of bipolar
(depressive and cycling) or unipolar depressive episodes are similarly related to
SRD is unclear, as is the association between severely threatening life events and
onset of bipolar manic, depressed and cycling episodes.

Methods. Bipolar patients with purely manic (N = 21), purely
depressed (N = 21) and cycling (N = 24) episodes, and 44 patients
with recurrent unipolar depression, were interviewed with the Bedford College Life
Events and Difficulties Schedule. The presence of severe and SRD events during the
year prior to index episode onset was then determined.

Results. More manic than cycling and unipolar subjects experienced SRD
events during 8- and 20-week pre-onset periods, and severe events during 20-week
pre-onset periods. Controlling for age and prior number of episodes left most findings
unchanged. An earlier finding of more manic subjects with SRD events in an 8-week
pre-onset versus control period was also replicated.

Conclusions. It appears that manic onsets are influenced by stressful
life events, especially those involving SRD, in a unique manner compared to onsets of
other types of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Onset of bipolar cycling episodes,
in contrast, seems to be relatively unaffected by SRD or severe life events.
These findings refine the hypothesis that SRD may precipitate onset of affective
episodes to be specific to manic onsets.
The survey form of SCAN: the feasibility of using
experienced lay survey interviewers to administer a
semi-structured systematic clinical assessment of
psychotic and non-psychotic disorders
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , NIENHUIS F. , BAGCHI D. , SMITH J. , MELTZER H.
Published: July 2002

Background. The success of large scale surveys depends on well designed questionnaires and the
skills of lay interviewers. Discrepancies in prevalence rates between epidemiological surveys and
poor agreement between survey interviewer and clinician diagnostic interviews are giving rise to
increasing concern among researchers, public health planners and policy developers. New
approaches to information collection are called for. The feasibility of training experienced survey
interviewers in semi-structured, clinical, diagnostic interviewing has never been investigated
systematically across the range of neurotic and psychotic disorders.

Methods. Eight experienced survey interviewers from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) were
selected and underwent extended training in a Survey Form of SCAN (SCAN-SF). Sixty-four
adults, including a majority of psychiatric in-patients were assessed by ONS interviewers and re-interviewed within a week by SCAN-trained clinicians. Feedback was sought from interviewers and
trainers.

Results. Trainers found lay interviewers coped at least as well with psychotic as with neurotic
symptoms. Concordance for any disorder was 0·74 (95% CI: 0·57 to 0·91); for any specific psychotic
disorder 0·63 (0·40 to 0·86); for any specific neurotic disorder 0·63 (0·43 to 0·83). Sensitivity ranged
from 0·6 to 0·9 and specificity from 0·8 to 0·9. There was no evidence of rater bias.

Conclusions. These preliminary findings are very promising. However, before the SCAN-SF,
administered by carefully trained lay interviewers, can be recommended in large scale surveys,
further evaluations of its feasibility and reliability in the general population are needed.
The structure of genetic and environmental risk
factors for three measures of disordered eating
Authors: WADE T. , MARTIN N. G. , NEALE M. C. , TIGGEMANN M. , TRELOAR S. A. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MADDEN P. A. F. , HEATH A. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. The study explored the genetic and environmental risk factors for both the behaviours
and attitudes characteristic of disordered eating.

Methods. In three waves of data collection, information was collected from female twins regarding
their eating and attitudes towards eating, weight and shape. The first assessment consisted of a
self-report questionnaire (1988–9) with 1682 women. The second assessment consisted of a semi-structured psychiatric interview schedule (1992–3), completed by 1852 women, many of whom had
completed Wave 1 assessment. The third assessment, with 325 women chosen from Waves 1 and 2
(1995–6), consisted of a semi-structured interview (the Eating Disorder Examination).

Results. As only one twin pair was concordant for lifetime bulimia nervosa at Wave 3 assessment,
ordinal measures of all assessments were used in a multivariate genetic analysis. Results indicated
that additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences best explained variance in liability to
disordered eating, with about 60% (95% CI 50–68) of the variance explained by genetic factors.
Comparison with a model allowing for the effects of shared environment indicated genetic factors
accounted for a similar degree of variance (59%, 95% CI 36–68).

Conclusion. Liability to the development of the behaviours and attitudes characteristic of eating
disorders is best explained by both environmental and genetic factors, with covariation between the
three measures best explained by a single latent phenotype of disordered eating which has a
heritability of 60%.
Swinburne on ‘mental’ and ‘physical’
Authors: Oppy Graham
Published: July 2002

This paper examines Richard Swinburne's definitions of ‘mental
property’ and
‘physical property’. After some preliminary tidying up (Section
1), the
paper introduces eight putative counter-examples to Swinburne's definitions
(Section 2).
The paper then considers amendments to Swinburne's account of ‘mental

property’ (Section 3) and ‘physical property’ (Section
4) which deal with these
counter-examples. Finally, the paper closes with some brief remarks about
the
metaphysics of properties (Appendix). Along the way, the paper provides
various
reasons for thinking that Swinburne's definitions are hardly likely
to be acceptable
to non-theists.
The consequential complexity of history and gratuitous evil
Authors: DURSTON KIRK
Published: July 2002

History is composed of a web of innumerable interacting causal chains,
many of which are composed of millions of discrete events. The complexity of
history puts us in a position of having knowledge of only a minuscule portion of the
consequences of any event, actual or proposed. Our almost complete lack of
knowledge of the data necessary to know if an event is gratuitous makes it very
likely that we would be mistaken about a very large number of events. The
complexity of history, therefore, poses a significant challenge to certain types of
evidential arguments from evil that begin with our observations of evils that appear
to be gratuitous.

For want of a nail the shoe is lost,

For want of a shoe the horse is lost,

For want of a horse the rider is lost,

And all for the want of a nail.

Benjamin Franklin, 1757
The origin of the suffix -men [Chinese character] in Chinese
Authors: ILJIC ROBERT
Published: July 2002

This article examines the competing theories dealing with the origin of the so-called plural suffix -men in Chinese. Their internal consistency is assessed both diachronically and—in a novel approach—on the conceptual level, that is, with reference to the fundamental value of -men today. As a result, the theses favouring an autochthonous development come out on top, to the detriment of those postulating an exogenous source. -Men is in all likelihood an outcome of the grammaticalization of the notion of ‘clan’, operating on a substratum of ancient Chinese collectives.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND NINE May to July 1998
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health care

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Local government

11 Gender

12 Demography
R. E. Asher & T. C. Kumari, Malayalam. (Descriptive
grammars.) London & New York: Routledge, 1997. Pp. xxvi, 491.
Authors: Bright William
Published: July 2002

Malayalam, a member of the Dravidian family, is
the official language of Kerala state in southwest India.
Asher is an experienced Dravidianist of Edinburgh University,
as well as editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of language
and linguistics (10 vols., Oxford: Pergamon, 1994);
his co-author is a native speaker of Malayalam, and a former
professor at a college in Kerala.
Converging evidence for a cognitive anomaly in early psychopathology
Authors: Fernandes Leyan O.L. , Keller Jennifer , Giese‐Davis Janine E. , Hicks Blair D. , Klein Daniel N. , Miller Gregory A.
Published: July 2002

Subcomponents of the N200 component of the event‐related brain potential believed to be differentially sensitive to involuntary and voluntary cognitive processes were examined. Nonpatients (N= 131) identified initially by the Chapman and Depue research scales and classified later on the basis of diagnostic symptom clusters and family psychiatric history provided converging evidence for an intact mismatch negativity subcomponent. In contrast, the N2b subcomponent distinguished several groups of subjects. Results suggested abnormal voluntary cognitive processing, perhaps reflecting compensatory efforts in subjects at risk for or manifesting psychopathology, particularly those showing negative symptoms.
Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects
Authors: Globisch Jutta , Hamm Alfons O. , Esteves Francisco , Öhman Arne
Published: July 2002

The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear‐relevant and fear‐irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was investigated. Thirty‐eight high‐fear and 48 low‐fear volunteers viewed photos of snakes and spiders and pictures of neutral and pleasant content. The slides were presented for 6 s or for only 150 ms, depending on the group. Acoustic startle probes were presented at five different times after slide onset. Relative potentiation of the startle responses started 300 ms after onset of snake/spider pictures in fearful subjects. This fear‐potentiated startle effect was maintained for the later probe times and was identical in the 150‐ms condition. Fear‐relevant pictures also prompted a sympathetically dominated autonomic response profile in fearful persons. These data support the idea that fear can be activated very rapidly, requiring only minimal stimulus input.
Does the finding of statistical significance justify the rejection of the null hypothesis?
Authors: Sohn David
Published: July 2002

The soundness of Chow's (1996; 1998a) argument depends on the soundness of his assertion that statistical significance may be understood to signify that chance may be excluded as the reason for results. The examples and arguments provided here show that statistical significance signifies no such thing.
Fleshing out a dual-system solution
Authors: Friedrich James
Published: July 2002

A prospective integration of evolutionary and other approaches to understanding rationality, as well as incorporation of individual difference concerns into the research agenda, are major contributions of Stanovich & West's analysis. This commentary focuses on issues of concern in detailing a dual-system or dual-process model of the sort they propose and using it as a basis for improving judgment.
The ability is not general, and neither are the conclusions
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West rely for many of their conclusions on correlations of reasoning tasks with SAT scores. The conclusions they draw are suspect because the SAT is not a particularly good measure of so-called g; g is not necessarily causal, SAT scores are no arbiter of what is true, and in any case it is not suprising that reasoning tests correlate with reasoning tests.
Accounting for infant perseveration beyond the manual search task
Authors: Berger Sarah E.
Published: July 2002

Although the dynamic field model predicts infants' perseverative behavior in the context of the A-not-B manual search task, it does not account for infant perseveration in other contexts. An alternative cognitive capacity explanation for perseveration is more parsimonious. It accounts for the graded nature of perseverative responses and perseveration in different contexts.
Magical attention
Authors: Milner Peter M.
Published: July 2002

Cowan postulates that the capacity of short-term memory is limited to the number of items to which attention can be simultaneously directed. Unfortunately, he endows attention with unexplained properties, such as being able to locate the most recent inputs to short-term memory, so his theory does little more than restate the data.
Constructivism, nativism, and explanatory adequacy
Authors: Bickerton Derek
Published: July 2002

Constructivism is the most recent in a long line of failed
attempts to discredit nativism. It seeks support from true (but
irrelevant) facts, wastes its energy on straw men, and jumps
logical gaps; but its greatest weakness lies in its failure to match
nativism's explanation of a wide range of disparate phenomena,
particularly in language acquisition.
Neurotrophic factors, neuronal selectionism, and neuronal proliferation
Authors: Elliott T. , Shadbolt N. R.
Published: July 2002

Quartz & Sejnowski (Q&S) disregard evidence that
suggests that their view of dendrites is inadequate and they ignore
recent results concerning the role of neurotrophic factors in synaptic
remodelling. They misrepresent neuronal selectionism and thus erect
a straw-man argument. Finally, the results discussed in section 4.2
require neuronal proliferation, but this does not occur during the
period of neuronal development of relevance here.
Has Glenberg forgotten his nurse?
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M. , Ziegler Johannes C.
Published: July 2002

Glenberg's conception of “meaning from and for
action” is too narrow. For example, it provides no satisfactory
account of the “logic of Elfland,” a metaphor used by
Chesterton to refer to meaning acquired by being told something.

All that we call spirit and art and ecstasy only means that for one
awful instant we remember that we forget.

G. K. Chesterton (in Gardner 1994, p. 101)
Internal context and top-down processing
Authors: König Peter , Chiang Carl , von Stein Astrid
Published: July 2002

Recent experimental work suggests that the concept of
contextual fields should be generalized to allow the modulation of
local information extraction by both external and internal context.
The external context relates to the coherent information of the
stimulus; the internal context refers to the parts of this information
which are relevant for behavior. This dual interaction, present at
every level of the hierarchy, requires a fundamental unit of
processing more complex than a single neuron appears today. We
argue that the cortical column supplies the required mechanisms for
a separate top-down and bottom-up processing and allows for
interaction without destructive cross-talk. This flexibility might
explain why the same basic architecture of a cortical column is
used in the whole isocortex.
Beyond embodiment: Cognition as interactive skill
Authors: Maglio Paul P.
Published: July 2002

The target article makes a compelling case for the idea that
agents rely on the world for external memory in fast-paced perceptual
tasks. As I argue, however, agents also rely on the external
environment for computational hardware that helps to keep cognitive
computations tractable. Hence the external world provides not only
memory for computations involving perceptual system actions, but it
provides domain-level actions that figure in cognitive computations as
well.
Why can't a woman be more like a man?
Authors: Unruh Anita M.
Published: July 2002

berkley's line of reasoning about sex and
pain experience suggests a completely different perspective on sex
differences in human experimental, clinical, and epidemiological pain
research. Although physiological mechanisms may place women at
greater risk for pain, women may have found ways to dampen the
effect of these mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to
extrapolate physiological mechanisms in human phenomena from
outcomes observed in animal models.
Reading the generalizer's mind
Authors: Thornton Chris , Clark Andy
Published: July 2002

In his new commentary, Damper re-emphasises his claim
that parity is not a generalisation problem. But when proper account
is taken of the arguments he puts forward, we find that the proposed
conclusion is not the only one that can be drawn.
Leaky virtual machines and the best of both worlds
Authors: Bundy Alan
Published: July 2002

The concept of virtual machine allows us to combine the
dynamical and computational hypotheses in an investigation of
cognition. Van Gelder explicitly rejects this approach, but not only
does it allow us to use the modelling technique most appropriate to
the task, it also opens up a new range of phenomena where these
techniques interact.
Feature extraction and feature interaction
Authors: Ohl Frank W. , Scheich Henning
Published: July 2002

The idea of the orderly output constraint is compared with
recent findings about the representation of vowels in the auditory
cortex of an animal model for human speech sound processing (Ohl &
Scheich 1997). The comparison allows a critical consideration of the
idea of neuronal “feature extractors,” which is of
relevance to the noninvariance problem in speech perception.
No evidence for neural filling-in – vision as an illusion – pinning down “enaction”
Authors: O'Regan J. K.
Published: July 2002

(1) The purported evidence for neural filling-in is not
evidence for filling-in, but just for long-range dynamic interactions.
(2) Vision is perhaps not an “illusion,” but at any rate
it is not “pictorial.” (3) The idea of the “world as
an outside memory” as well as MacKay's “conditional
readiness for action” may help approach an
“enactive” theory of vision.
What is the point of attempting to make a case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception?
Authors: Crassini Boris , Broerse Jack , Day R. H. , Best Christopher J. , Sparrow W. A.
Published: July 2002

We question the usefulness of Pylyshyn's dichotomy
between cognitively penetrable and cognitively impenetrable mechanisms
as the basis for his distinction between cognition and early vision.
This dichotomy is comparable to others that have been proposed in
psychology prompting disputes that by their very nature could not be
resolved. This fate is inevitable for Pylyshyn's thesis because
of its reliance on internal representations and their interpretation.
What is more fruitful in relation to this issue is not a difficult
dichotomy, but a different look at perception such as proposed
by Gibson (1979).
The neural bases of recollection and familiarity: Preliminary tests of the Aggleton–Brown mode
Authors: Pickering Alan D.
Published: July 2002

Aggleton & Brown suggest that whereas familiarity
is computed in perirhinal cortex, the hippocampus contributes to
recollection. This account raises issues about the definition of
amnesia, clarifies confusion about dual-process models of recognition,
and sits comfortably with accounts of hippocampal function from
outside the amnesia literature. The model can – and should
– be tested. Some preliminary data suggest that it may need
changes.
Introspection and the secret agent
Authors: Newton Natika
Published: July 2002

The notion of introspection is unparsimonious and unnecessary to
explain the experiential grounding of our mentalistic concepts. Instead,
we can look at subtle proprioceptive experiences, such as the experience
of agency in planning motor acts, which may be explained in part by the
phenomenon of collateral discharge or efference copy. Proprioceptive
sensations experienced during perceptual and motor activity may account
for everything that has traditionally been attributed to a special
mental activity called “introspection.”
Autopoiesis and Lifelines: The importance of origins
Authors: Thompson Evan , Varela Francisco J.
Published: July 2002

Lifelines provides a useful corrective to
“ultra-Darwinism” but it is marred by its failure
to cite its scientific predecessors. Rose's argument could
have been strengthened by taking greater account of the theory
of autopoiesis in biology and of enactive cognitive science.
Perceptions of perceptual symbols
Authors: Barsalou Lawrence W.
Published: July 2002

Various defenses of amodal symbol systems are addressed,
including amodal symbols in sensory-motor areas, the causal theory
of concepts, supramodal concepts, latent semantic analysis, and
abstracted amodal symbols. Various aspects of perceptual symbol
systems are clarified and developed, including perception, features,
simulators, category structure, frames, analogy, introspection,
situated action, and development. Particular attention is given
to abstract concepts, language, and computational mechanisms.
Inflectional morphology in a family with inherited specific language impairment
Authors: ULLMAN MICHAEL T. , GOPNIK MYRNA
Published: July 2002

The production of
regular and irregular past tense forms was investigated among the members of an
English-speaking family with a hereditary disorder of language. Unlike the control subjects, the
family members affected by the disorder failed to generate overregularizations (e.g.,
digged) or novel regular forms (plammed, crived), whereas they
did
produce novel irregularizations (crive–crove). They showed word
frequency effects for regular past tense forms (looked) and had trouble producing
regulars and irregulars (looked, dug). This pattern cannot be easily
explained by deficits of articulation or of perceptual processing, by previous simulations of
impairments to a single-mechanism system, or by the extended optional infinitive hypothesis.
We argue that the pattern is consistent with a three-level explanation. First, we posit a
grammatical deficit of rules or morphological paradigms. This may be caused by a dysfunction
of a frontal/basal-ganglia “procedural memory” system previously implicated
in the implicit learning and use of motor and cognitive skills. Second, in contexts requiring
inflection in the normal adult grammar, the affected subjects appear to retrieve word forms as a
function of their accessibility and conceptual appropriateness (“conceptual
selection”). Their acquisition and use of these word forms may rely on a
“declarative memory” system previously implicated in the explicit learning and
use of facts and events. Third, a compensatory strategy may be at work. Some family members
may have explicitly learned a strategy of adding suffix-like endings to forms retrieved by
conceptual selection. The morphological errors of young normal children appear to be similar to
those of the affected family members, who may have been left stranded with conceptual selection
by a specific developmental arrest. The same underlying deficit may also explain the impaired
subjects' difficulties with derivational morphology.
Hamiltonian stability in the plane
Authors: JARQUE XAVIER , NITECKI ZBIGNIEW
Published: July 2002

We characterize the Hamiltonian flows in the plane which are structurally stable (in a global sense) among Hamiltonian flows. This notion is closely related to, but distinct from, the topological stability of the generating function as a map from the plane to the line.
Cocycles, Hausdorff measures and cross ratios
Authors: HAMENSTÄDT URSULA
Published: July 2002

Let $f$ be a flip-invariant Hölder continuous function
on the
unit tangent bundle $T^1 M$ of a closed negatively curved Riemannian manifold
$M$. We show that conditionals on strong unstable manifolds
of the Gibbs equilibrium state defined by $f$
can be realized as Hausdorff measures. Moreover,
cohomology classes of flip invariant cocycles are in
one-to-one correspondence to cross ratios on the space of
four pairwise distinct points
of the ideal boundary of the universal covering $\tilde M$ of $M$.
$C^0$-densité globale des systèmes produits-croisés sur le cercle réductibles
Authors: KRIKORIAN RAPHAËL
Published: July 2002

Nous prouvons que dans l'ensemble $SW^0({\bf T}^1,SU(2))$ des difféomorphismes de ${\bf T}^1\times SU(2)$ de la forme $(\theta,y)\to (\theta+\alpha,A(\theta).y)$, $A\in C^{\infty}({\bf T}^1,SU(2))$, $\alpha\in{\bf T}^1$, les systèmes $(\alpha,A)$ réductibles, c'est-à-dire ceux qui admettent une écriture de la forme $A(\theta)= B(\theta+\alpha)A_0B(\theta)^{-1}$, $B\in C^{\infty}({\bf T}^1,SU(2))$, $A_0\in SU(2)$, forment une partie dense pour la $C^0$-topologie. Ce théorème est à comparer à un résultat de Herman [7], qui dit qu'il en est de même des systèmes non réductibles. Ceci démontre (une forme d')une conjecture de Rychlik (cf. [14]).
Flots magnétiques en courbure négative
Authors: GROGNET STÉPHANE
Published: July 2002

Consider a magnetic field on a closed Riemannian manifold of negative curvature. A geometric study provides dynamical properties of the associated flow stronger than expected for general perturbations of the geodesic flow. Under natural assumptions, a magnetic flow on a closed surface cannot be ${\mathcal C}^1$-conjugate to a geodesic flow.
A renormalization group for Hamiltonians, with applications to KAM tori
Authors: KOCH HANS
Published: July 2002

We describe a family of renormalization group transformations which apply to the problem of stability of invariant tori for analytic Hamiltonians. Each of these transformations corresponds to a fixed rotation vector, within a certain class of vectors in ${\mathbb R}^d$. As an application, we prove a KAM-type theorem that yields analytic invariant $d$-tori depending analytically on the Hamiltonian.
‘You're never too old’: beliefs about physical activity and playing sport in later life
Authors: GRANT BEVAN C.
Published: July 2002

It was evident from interviews with 15 men and women over 70 years of age that the experiences derived from being physically active and playing sport in later life are expansive, dynamic and completely imbued with multiple interpretations. Furthermore, their beliefs support the notion that the physically active body should be considered more than a physical object, as it represents a conscious, feeling, thinking and reflective self. The findings signify much is to be gained by regularly partaking in deliberate physical activity during later life although this is not always as easy as it sounds. At a personal level, changes in functional capacity and dealing with the sometimes ailing body can serve as a deterrent. From a broader perspective, the stigma associated with being older also poses a significant physical, sociological and psychological challenge, particularly during the initial phases. In conclusion, the study discusses why change must occur at a personal and societal level before a greater proportion of the older population become more physically active.
Returning Home from Residential Care?
Patient Preferences and their Determinants
Authors: NORO ANJA , ARO SEPPO
Published: July 2002

The objective of the study was to discover what fairly independent residents
living in long-term residential care think about home care as an alternative.
A stratified systematic sample was drawn from a one-day census of patients in
all residential homes in Finland on 2 December, 1991. A postal survey was
used for data collection in December, 1992. Respondents who preferred home
care were compared with respondents preferring residential care according to
length of stay, health, functional ability and health-related quality of life.
Most respondents preferred institutional care. Preference for home care was
explained most strongly by emotional factors, unwillingness for residential
care at admission, and still having a home to return to. Shorter length of stay
also predicted preference for home care. Those who preferred home care
admitted they would need much formal care after discharge. People living in
residential homes are rarely ready for discharge home, because of limitations
in their physical ability or of their unwillingness to change their site of care.
Employers and older workers: attitudes
and employment practices
Authors: TAYLOR PHILIP , WALKER ALAN
Published: July 2002

The research on which this article is based examined the relationship between
attitudes towards older workers held by personnel managers and directors in
large organisations (500 or more employees) across virtually the whole range
of industrial sectors (excluding agriculture), and their employment practices.
The aims of the research were to explore the operation of workplace social
closure and the social construction of age in organisations, and to provide
practical information to better inform policy making towards older workers.
Analysis indicated that attitudes associated with recruitment, training and
promotion practices were: perceived trainability, creativity, cautiousness,
physical capabilities, the likelihood of having an accident, and ability to
work with younger workers. Attitudes which showed no relationship with
employment practices were: perceived productivity, reliability, ability to
adapt to new technology, interest in technological change and flexibility. It is
argued that these findings stress the need to target stereotypical attitudes
towards older workers if age barriers in employment are to be removed.
However, it is also argued that educational campaigns alone are likely to exert
only limited influence against a background of a long-term decline in
economic activity rates among older workers. The research also indicates that
future research studies need to take greater account of potential differences
between different groups of older workers.
Body images among men and women of different ages
Authors: ÖBERG PETER , TORNSTAM LARS
Published: July 2002

The exterior territories, or surfaces, of the body have become symbols of
the self in late modernity. People are increasingly overwhelmed with messages
of youthful ideals: how to stay young or how to get old without signs of
ageing. However, studies of the effects of these images on people's own
experiences as they grow older seem to be lacking. The present paper reports
an empirical study which focuses on body image for men and women of
different ages. Four hypotheses, derived from social gerontological theories,
are developed and tested against data: the female beauty hypothesis, the
double marginality hypothesis, the ageing mask hypothesis and the ageless self
hypothesis. The survey, undertaken by 2,002 Swedes, reveals a response
pattern with basically positive body images that, for women, is increasingly
positive with age. The results are, thus, in sharp contrast to the gerontophobic
messages from consumer culture as well as contrary to some gerontological
theories.
‘Young at heart’: discourses of age
identity in travel agency interaction
Authors: YLÄNNE-McEWEN VIRPI
Published: July 2002

This paper examines, through discourse analysis at a micro level, how age
identities become interactionally constructed through talk. After a brief
overview of the constructivist arguments, the focus is on a single-case
interaction between an older client couple and three travel agency assistants.
The various means by which age is made salient by the participants and the
ensuing age identities that are created for and by the couple in particular are
investigated. The images of the ‘elderly’ as portrayed in holiday brochures,
providing one dimension of the context of this encounter and being significant
in older travellers' self-identity construction, are also looked at. It is argued
that discourse analysis has a useful contribution to make in social gerontology
in that it can illuminate the interactive processes through which ageing and
old age can be defined.
Ageing in an autobiographical context
Authors: HEIKKINEN RIITTA-LIISA
Published: July 2002

A cohort study was carried out in 1990 in Jyväskylä, central Finland among 80-year-old residents as part of the Evergreen project. A total of 262 people born in 1910 were interviewed. In addition to epidemiological data, tape-recorded narrative stories focusing on the ageing experience were collected from a subsample of 20 people (10 men and 10 women). A five-year follow-up was carried out with the same cohort in 1995. Out of the 20 people in the original subsample, 17 (8 women and 9 men) were still alive to describe their ageing experience at 85. The analysis proceeded along the hermeneutic circle in the form of dialogue, first with the elderly narrators and then with the tape-recorded material. Unlike five years previously, most of the narrators said they had now crossed the line into old age. These findings are considered in light of the concepts of ageing, bodiliness and temporality.
Farewell to the Working Class?
Authors: Eley Geoff , Nield Keith
Published: July 2002

By the early 1980s, the class-centered politics of the socialist
tradition was in crisis. In this situation, leading commentators took
apocalyptic tones. By the end of the 1980s, the Left remained deeply
divided between the advocates of change (“New Times”
required new politics) and the defenders of the faith (class politics
could be practiced, mutatis mutandis, much as before). By the
mid-1990s the former had mainly carried the day. We wish to present this
contemporary transformation not as the “death of
class,” but as the passing of one particular type of
class society, one marked by the process of working-class formation
between the 1880s and 1940s and the resulting political alignment,
reaching its apogee in the social democratic construction of the postwar
settlement. As long-term changes in the economy combined with the attack
on Keynesianism in the politics of recession from the mid-1970s, the
unity of the working class ceased to be available in the old and
well-tried way, as the natural ground of left-wing politics. While one
dominant working-class collectivity went into decline (the classic male
proletarians of mining, transportation, and manufacturing industry, with
their associated forms of trade unionism and residential concentration),
another slowly and unevenly materialized to take its place
(predominantly female white-collar workers in services and all types of
public employment). But the operative unity of this new working-class
aggregation—its active agency as an organized political
presence—is still very much in formation. To reclaim the political
efficacy of the socialist tradition, some new vision of collective
political agency will be needed, one imaginatively keyed to the emerging
conditions of capitalist production and accumulation at the start of the
twenty-first century. Class needs to be reshaped, reassembled, put back
together again in political ways. To use a Gramscian adage: The old has
been dying, but the new has yet to be born. Class decomposition
is yet to be replaced by its opposite, the recomposition of class into a
new and coherently shaped form.
Civil society at the turn of the millenium: prospects for an alternative world order
Authors: COX ROBERT W.
Published: July 2002

The meaning of ‘civil society’ has evolved considerably since its use in the context of the 18th century European Enlightenment. Then it signified the realm of private interests, in practice the realm of the bourgeoisie, distinct from the state. While one current of thought retains that meaning and its implications, others view civil society rather as the emancipatory activity of social forces distinct from both state and capital. Antonio Gramsci's thought embraced both meanings: civil society was the ground that sustained the hegemony of the bourgeoisie but also that on which an emancipatory counterhegemony could be constructed. Is civil society today in the latter sense, a surrogate for revolution that seems a remote possibility towards the attainment of an alternative social and world order? It is useful to test this proposition by examining the potential for civil society in different parts of the world.
Liberalism since the Cold War: an enemy to itself?
Authors: HAWTHORN GEOFFREY
Published: July 2002

Many expected that after the Cold War, there would be peace, order, increasing prosperity in expanding markets and the extension and eventual consolidation of civil and political rights. There would be a new world order, and it would in these ways be liberal. In international politics, the United States would be supreme. It would through security treaties command the peace in western Europe and east Asia; through its economic power command it in eastern Europe and Russia; through clients and its own domination command it in the Middle East; through tacit understanding command it in Latin America; and, in so far as any state could, command it in Africa also. It could choose whether to cooperate in the United Nations, and if it did not wish to do so, be confident that it would not be disablingly opposed by illiberal states. In the international markets, it would be able to maintain holdings of its bonds. In the international financial institutions, it would continue to be decisive in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; it would be an important influence in the regional development banks; and it would be powerful in what it was to insist in 1994 should be called the World (rather than Multinational) Trade Organisation. Other transactions in the markets, it is true, would be beyond the control of any state. But they would not be likely to conflict with the interests of the United States (and western Europe) in finance, investment and trade, and would discipline other governments.
Bohemian rhapsodies: operatic influences on rock music
Authors: McLEOD KEN
Published: July 2002

Opera and operatic images have invaded nearly all aspects of popular culture. Films (even silent films), radio, television, literature and numerous other media have all, to one degree or another, appropriated either actual opera or operatic devices and conventions. One important realm of popular culture that has appeared relatively immune to operatic influence, however, is rock music. Though several studies have illustrated the impact of ‘classical’ instrumental music on heavy metal and pop music, no serious scholarship has as yet explored the considerable influence exerted by opera, and its conventions, on various forms of rock music (Aledort 1985; McClary and Walser 1990; Walser 1992; Covach 1997). This essay examines the various manifestations of opera in rock music with particular concentration on works by Queen, Nina Hagen, Klaus Nomi and Malcolm McLaren that employ specific instances of operatic vocality or borrowing. Such opera–rock fusions are often predicated upon the transgression of conventional musical boundaries and often reflect an analogous rejection of traditional cultural boundaries surrounding sexual orientation, gender and class. Long overlooked, recognising opera's cross-relations with rock offers new insights into the postmodern blurring of traditional distinctions between ‘high’ and ‘low’ art and broadens our understanding of both genres.
Glamour and evasion: the fabulous ambivalence of the Pet Shop Boys
Authors: Maus Fred E.
Published: July 2002

Shifty harmonies in ‘West End Girls’

This first section is for readers interested in technical musical analysis. Others may wish to skip ahead to the next section: while one of my goals is to link technical, interpretive and political concerns, it is possible to read this paper with relatively little attention to the technicalities.

At the beginning of the Pet Shop Boys' ‘West End Girls’, after some street sounds and a sustained chord, there is a three-chord progression (Cmaj7, D, E), mingling harmonies from the keys of e minor and E major (0:21-0:24; see Example 1). The bass-line goes up, with a major triad over each note; only the third chord is free of additional, dissonant notes. The second chord sounds like a way of passing smoothly from the first one to the third.
Clinical potential and design of programmable mechanical impedances for orthotic
applications
Authors: Harwin William S. , Leiber Lee O. , Austwick Gregory P. G. , Dislis Chryssa
Published: July 2002

A person with a moderate or severe motor disability will often use specialised or adapted tools to assist their interaction with a general environment. Such tools can assist with the movement of a person's arms so as to facilitate manipulation, can provide postural supports, or interface to computers, wheelchairs or similar assistive technologies. Designing such devices with programmable stiffness and damping may offer a better means for the person to have effective control of their surroundings.

This paper addresses the possibility of designing some assistive technologies using impedance elements that can adapt to the user and the circumstances. Two impedance elements are proposed. The first, based on magnetic particle brakes, allows control of the damping coefficient in a passive element. The second, based on detuning the P-D controller in a servo-motor mechanism, allows control of both stiffness and damping. Such a mechanical impedance can be modulated to the conditions imposed by the task in hand. The limits of linear theory are explored and possible uses of programmable impedance elements are proposed.
Localization using infrared beacons
Authors: Brassart Eric , Pegard Claude , Mouaddib Mustapha
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we deal with a localization system allowing one to determine the position and orientation of a mobile robot. This system uses active beacons distributed at the ceiling of the navigation area. These beacons can transmit a coded infrared signal which allows the robots to identify the sender. A CCD camera associated to an infrared receiver allows one to compute the position with a triangulation method which needs reduced
processing time. Calibration and correcting distortion stages are performed to improve accuracy in the determination of the position. Dynamic localisation is established for most actual mobile robots used in indoor areas.
The application of the Alexander Technique to flute teaching: two case studies
Authors: Bosch Amanda , Hinch John
Published: July 2002

Two case studies of different ages, levels of progress, capabilities and backgrounds are investigated in the light of methods employed by F. M. Alexander for inculcating relaxation in actors and musicians (the so-called ‘Alexander Technique’). The various tensions in the two learners, both physical and mental, were identified, the reasons therefor sought, then solutions provided and effected. The process is described in some detail and the development, most specifically regarding the improvement in tone quality, traced through its various stages. Specific Alexander techniques are described, with their in situ applications documented. The positive effects of correct posture are thereby demonstrated.
COINTEGRATION AND DISTANCE BETWEEN INFORMATION SETS
Authors: Triacca Umberto
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates Granger noncausality and
the cointegrating relation between two time series in the
Hilbert space framework. This framework allows us to analyze
the relationship between cointegration and distance between
two information sets. In particular, we prove that if two
variables, X and Y, are cointegrated,
then the distance between two information sets, concerning
the differenced series ΔX and ΔY,
must be less than the standard deviation of ΔX.
The soft scale (Coccidae) associates of Malaysian ant-plants
Authors: Heckroth Hans-Peter , Fiala Brigitte , Gullan Penny J. , Idris Azarae HJ. , Maschwitz Ulrich
Published: July 2002

Myrmecophytic species of the Paleotropical plant genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) have hollow stems that are almost always occupied by ants of the genus Crematogaster and scale insects of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The coccids have a cryptic endophytic lifestyle and are confined to this microhabitat. They are much more diverse than previously recognised. First data are presented on the diversity, prevalence, specificity and distribution of the coccids associated with myrmecophytic Macaranga species. Twenty-two species of Coccidae in total, including 15 previously unknown from Macaranga, were discovered from 19 species of Macaranga in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The original describers tentatively assigned the known coccid species to Coccus (Coccinae) but the Macaranga coccids still require taxonomic research to establish their correct placing. The coccids varied in their host-plant specificity from species that occurred in most of the sampled Macaranga to one species that was found almost exclusively only on a single host species. In addition to their occurrence on Macaranga, only three species, C. macarangae and C. secretus and morphospecies C. 214 were found on rare occasions in the stem interior of a few other myrmecophytes and in a non-myrmecophytic liana, but did not regularly colonise these plants. Most of the coccids can be regarded as highly specific at the plant genus level.
Fuels and fire at savanna-gallery forest boundaries in southeastern Venezuela
Authors: Biddulph Jason , Kellman Martin
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT. Factors contributing to the resistance of gallery forests in savannas to the entry of fire were investigated using field observations and manipulation experiments. Mass of savanna fuels did not decrease close to forest boundaries, and in some instances increased, while savanna fuels adjacent to forests were moister than in the savanna beyond for only 1 d after rainfall. A fuel drying experiment conducted in both forest and savanna microclimates indicated that both fuel type and microclimate contributed to the resistance of forests to fire entry, although the former played a larger role. While savanna fuels in a savanna microclimate became ignitable in c. 1 d after rain, forest fuels in a forest microclimate required 4 wk to achieve ignitability. A further experiment juxtaposing forest fuels to burning savanna indicated that fire entry into forests was faciliated by deep root mats and the presence of a superficial litter layer, both of which become attenuated at the forest/savanna contact. It is concluded that fuels in these forests can reach an ignitable state late in the dry season, but that frequent fire entry is probably precluded by the tendency of savanna fires to occur earlier in the dry season and by discontinuities in fuels at the savanna/forest contact.

RESUMEN. Se investigaron los factores que contribuyen a la resistencia de la entrada del fuego a los bosques en galería de las savanas mediante observaciones de campo y experimentos de manipulación. La masa de los combustibles de la savana no decrecieron cerca de los bordes del bosque; por el contrario, en algunos casos se incrementaron, mientras que los combustibles de la savana cercanos al bosque eran mas húmedos que en la savana restante, solamente por un día despues de un evento de lluvia. Un experimento de secado de combustible, que fue conducido en los microclimas de bosque y de savana, indica que tanto el tipo de combustible como el microclima contribuyen a la resistencia de los bosques a la entrada del fuego, aunque el primer factor tuvo un papel de mayor importancia. Mientras que los combustibles de la savana en el microclima de la savana se volvieron ‘encendibles’ cerca de un día despues de lluvia, los combustibles del bosque dentro del microlima del bosque tomaron cuatro semanas para llegar a dicho estado. Un experimento que sobrepuso combustibles del bosque a la savana ardiente indicó que la entrada del fuego a los bosques se facilitó por la presencia de mantillos orgánicos profundos y de una capa superficial de hojarasca, presencia que se ve atenuada en la zona de contacto bosque/savana. Se concluye que los combustibles en estos bosques pueden alcanzar un estado de ignición tarde en la estación de sequía, pero que la entrada frecuente del fuego es probablemente evitada por la tendencia que tienen los fuegos de savana a presentarse temprano en la estación seca y por las discontinuidades de combustibles en la zona de contacto savana/bosque.