bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereotypes towards Stuttering for Those Who Have Never Had Direct Contact with People Who Stutter: A Randomized and Stratified Study
Authors: Craig Ashley , Tran Yvonne , Craig Magali
Published: August 2011

Research suggests that many people hold pervasive negative stereotypes towards persons who stutter and that to date, success in changing these attitudes has been limited. However, few studies have selected people who had not had direct contact with a person who stutters or employed a true randomized and stratified selection of people from the community to assess attitudes towards stuttering. To assess stereotypes, a randomized and stratified investigation was conducted by telephone interview to assess the type of stereotypes 502 people from households in the state of New South Wales, Australia have about stuttering. Consenting persons were given a brief introduction to the research and a description of stuttering. Then they were asked if they or any person living in their household stuttered or whether they knew or had ever met any one who stuttered If answers were no, they were asked to participate. If they answered yes to either question they were thanked and not asked to participate. Analysis showed that a large number believe persons who stutter are shy, self-conscious, anxious people who lack confidence. In contrast, many also believe they would not be embarrassed talking to someone who stutters, that they have average or above average intelligence, and are capable of holding responsible work-related positions. While this research yields a mixture of negative and positive community stereotypes, a significant portion of society continue to show little knowledge of the causes of the disorder.
Influence of Mental Practice on Development of Voluntary Control of a Novel Motor Acquisition Task
Authors: Creelman Jim
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether mental practice facilitates the development of voluntary control over the recruitment of the abductor hallucis muscle to produce isolated big toe abduction. A sample of convenience of 15 women and 20 men with a mean age of 28.8 yr. ( SD = 5.7) and healthy feet, who were unable voluntarily to abduct the big toe, were randomly assigned to one of three groups, a mental practice group, a physical practice group, and a group who performed a control movement during practice. Each subject received neuromuscular electrical stimulation to introduce the desired movement prior to each of five practice bouts over a single session lasting 2 hr. Big toe abduction active range of motion and surface electromyographic (EMG) output of the abductor hallucis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles were measured prior to the first practice bout and following each practice bout, yielding seven acquisition trials. Acquisition is defined as an improvement in both active range of motion and in the difference between the integrated EMG of the abductor hallucis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles during successive acquisition trials. Seven members of both the mental and physical practice groups and one member of the control group met the acquisition criteria. Chi-square analysis indicated the group difference was statistically significant, suggesting mental practice was effective for this task.
Instruction in Learning a Temporal Pattern on an Anticipation-Coincidence Task
Authors: Albinet C. , Fezzani K.
Published: August 2011

Using a computer-simulated anticipation-coincidence task, the main aim of the study was to examine the effect of the type of instruction on learning a temporal pattern. For this task, participants must learn to anticipate the appropriate time to launch a projectile to hit a moving target. The experiment involved three instructional conditions. In the Explicit-rule Discover Instruction Condition participants were informed that target speed could change from trial to trial and that change is controlled by a regular pattern. Their task was then to search, to identify, and to use such pattern to enhance their anticipation. In the Explicit-Informative Instruction Condition, participants were, however, allowed before practice to examine attentively the regular pattern. Participants were also explicitly urged to use the pattern they observed to ensure a better interception of the target. Finally, in the Implicit Instruction Condition, participants were only informed that their task was to hit, or at least, to place the projectile as near as possible to the target. No additional information was provided about the target's behaviour. Analysis indicated that learning the temporal pattern was more important in Implicit than in Explicit-rule Discover Instruction Condition. However, the Explicit-Informative Instruction Condition produced unambiguously the highest learning. Overall, the study highlights the role of information over guidance in the understanding of the effect of the instructions on learning. Finally, we discussed the implications of these results on the comprehension of the variability of the effects of the instruction on learning.
Effect of Two Different Videotaped Instructional Models on Motor and Verbal Behaviors of Adults' Lifting: A Pilot Study
Authors: McPherson Sue L. , Bull Jeannette R.
Published: August 2011

This study examined two different videotaped instructional models on subsequent motor and verbal behaviors of adults ( N = 9) learning how to lift properly. The correct model group viewed a narrated videotape of a skilled individual demonstrating lifting; the learning model group viewed a videotape of an unskilled individual being taught lifting by an instructor, and the controls received no intervention. Adults lifted from floor to waist a plastic crate during 15 acquisition and 3 retention trials and lowered the crate from waist to floor during 3 transfer trials. Learning and correct model motor performances were similar yet higher than those of controls during acquisition and transfer trials. Verbal reports indicated learning, and correct models generated more extensive and associated mechanical concepts than controls yet rarely monitored such concepts during performance. A single presentation of videotapes of proper lifting using either correct or learning models is effective in enhancing motor performance and proper lifting knowledge.
Stress Symptoms of Two Groups before and after the Terrorist Attacks of 9/11/01
Authors: Piiparinen Richard A. , Smith Jonathan C.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated stress symptoms before and after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Responses to the Smith Stress Symptoms Inventory were compared for Chicago area college students assessed 1 to 5 weeks after 9/11 ( n = 149) and a comparable sample tested up to 5 months prior to 9/11 (n = 320). Post-9/11 participants scored higher on Attention Deficit. Contrary to prior research, post-9/11 participants did not score higher on distress, including Worry, Autonomic Arousal/Anxiety, Striated Muscle Tension, Depression, and Anger. It is suggested that those indirectly exposed to a terrorist attack may display traditional symptoms of distress and arousal (as suggested by previous research). Later symptoms of attention deficit and distancing may emerge. This work was based on independent pre- and post-9/11 samples and must be replicated longitudinally as a test-retest to draw conclusions regarding change over time.
Re-Evaluation of a Possible Proximity Effect on Muscular Strength
Authors: Kendler Barry S. , Keating Tedd M.
Published: August 2011

Inconsistent findings of a proximity effect of sucrose on muscular strength and a potential interaction of nutritional status prompted the current study. Double-blind, counterbalanced assessments of grip strength were performed with and without 76 subjects holding a container of sucrose. No main effect was found for proximity of glucose, and no interaction was found for prandial status.
Binocular Rivalry Alternation Rate Declines with Age
Authors: Ukai Kazuhiko , Ando Haruna , Kuze Junko
Published: August 2011

The effect of aging on the time of spontaneous perceptual alternation in binocular rivalry was examined in 59 subjects. An earlier study reported the change of alternation time by comparing middle-age and elderly subjects. We also observed age-related prolongation in alternation time by comparing subjects in a lower age group (20–34 years) with those in both a middle-age group (35–49 years) and a higher age group (50–64 years). Aging of visual optical functions such as presbyopia or the reduction of contrast sensitivity has an accelerating effect over age and may not be related to the age-associated monotonic prolongation of alternation time in binocular rivalry. The origin of aging in binocular rivalry is still unclear but a neural interval generator for perceptual switching is suggested.
The Finno-Ugrian Suicide Hypothesis: Variation in European Suicide Rates by Latitude and Longitude
Authors: Voracek Martin , Fisher Maryanne L. , Marušiš Andrej
Published: August 2011

The marked variation regarding the suicide rate in 34 European countries is well described by regressing the national suicide rate on the capital cities' latitudes and on an interaction term of squared latitude multiplied with longitude. The interaction term explains 40.8% and 29.1% of men's and women's suicide rate, respectively, and latitude explains a further significant increment of 10.9% and 10.6% variance of men's and women's suicide rate, respectively. This regression model quantifies the Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis of Kondrichin and of Marušiš and Farmer. The European countries highest in suicide rate constitute a contiguous, J-shaped belt, spanning from Finland to Austria. This area maps onto the second principal component identified for European gene distribution, representing ancestral adaptation to cold climates and the Uralic language dispersion. Thus, population differences in genetic risk factors may account for the spatial pattern in European suicide rates.
Visual Image Analysis by Square Wavelets: Empirical Evidence Supporting a Theoretical Agreement between Wavelet Analysis and Receptive Field Organization of Visual Cortical Neurons
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: August 2011

It was proposed that the human visual system analyzes images into square wavelets. To test this view, comparisons were made between the perceived similarity-dissimilarity of alphabet letters and the wavelet analyses of those same letters. For the proposal to be considered tenable, the coefficients of the wavelet analysis of similar letters must be similar, and the coefficients of the wavelet analysis of dissimilar letters must be dissimilar. From a selection of 12 letters, four pairs of letters had been reported by Van der Heijden, Malhas, and Van den Roovaart as very similar, and four other pairs of letters dissimilar. Each of the 12 letters was separately depicted in 8×8 matrices, and the signal represented by each of the matrices was analyzed into square wavelets using a new and original procedure which yielded a single set of coefficients for each matrix. Correlations between sets of coefficients were high ( r ranged from .88 to 58) for those letter pairs judged high in similarity; correlations were low ( r ranged from −02 to .29) for those letter pairs judged low in similarity. When the correlations between the coefficients of wavelets of all eight-letter pairs were compared with the judged similarity-dissimilarity of all eight-letter pairs, the linear agreement was statistically significant. Agreement was found between the neurophysiological mapping of receptive fields of visual cortical neurons and the vectors or the pattern of pluses and minuses which characterized the wavelet analysis. Furthermore, regeneration of the visual image, or the pattern of neural activity representing the image, could be described by a tree-like flow of information among visual cortical neurons which received response data from visual receptive fields, the response data being wavelet coefficients. Results indicate the analysis accurately produces reliable transformations of visual patterns and may be a process used by the visual system.
What Difference Does it Make? Implications of the Size of the Difference between the Means of Two Groups
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

This study employed a model with two normal distributions of scores to study group differences and similarities as a function of the distance between group means. The mean of one distribution was systematically moved further and further away from the mean of the other. A table was developed of associated measures of group overlap and separation, e.g., r, eta, percent correct classification, percentage of overlap, for several levels of d' (difference between means expressed in standard deviation units). The implications of various d' values for the selection of extreme groups, e.g., top 1% of scorers, were discussed. It was noted that even small differences between means could result in an extremely disproportionate inclusion of members from the two original groups in a high-scoring subgroup.
Instructions Emphasizing Velocity, Accuracy, or Both in Performance and Kinematics of Overarm Throwing by Experienced Team Handball Players
Authors: Van Den Tillaar Roland , Ettema Gertjan
Published: August 2011

On motor tasks like the overarm throw, velocity and accuracy are two important parameters of performance that may be incompatible and require different strategies in the execution of the motor task. The purpose was to investigate the effects of instruction (emphasizing velocity, accuracy, or both) on performance and kinematics of overarm throwing. Results for 9 experienced male team handball players ( M age = 24 ± 2.2 yr.) showed type of instruction affected the maximal ball velocity. The difference in ball velocity reflected the significant difference in maximal linear velocity of the wrist, elbow, and hip segments together with their absolute timing before ball release. The subjects did not seem to change their throwing technique, i.e., the relative timing of movement initiation of the different body segments.
Plasma Cholesterol Levels and Irlen Syndrome: Preliminary Study of 10- to 17-Yr.-Old Students
Authors: Sparkes D. L. , Robinson G. L. , Dunstan H. , Roberts T. K.
Published: August 2011

The preliminary study investigated metabolic anomalies in children and teenagers with Irlen Syndrome, particularly in relation to the levels of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids, plasma cholesterol levels, and the relative abundance of plasma saturated fatty acids. The experimental group involved 13 subjects with Irlen Syndrome ( M=13.3 yr., SD = 2.5 yr.), with a comparison group of 16 age- and sex-matched controls ( M=13.8 yr., SD = 2.4 yr.). The Irlen Syndrome group were selected from people referred for help with reading and writing problems. The control group were primarily recruited from the general public. All subjects were screened for symptoms of the syndrome using the Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome Screening Manual. Samples of whole blood were collected and plasma extracted. Metabolites were compared using the Student t test. There were no differences in n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids between Irlen Syndrome and control groups, although the former group had lower mean levels in most of these essential fatty acids. Total plasma cholesterol level was significantly decreased for the Irlen Syndrome group, and there was a significant increase in the relative abundance of the odd-chain fatty acid, heptadecanoic acid. The differences in heptadecanoic acid may have implications for altered membrane function and neurotransmission. The differences in plasma cholesterol levels, as well as heptadecanoic acid, may also point to the presence of viral or bacterial infection.
Web-Based Communication Patterns of Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Pellett Tracy L. , Henschel-Pellett Heidi A.
Published: August 2011

Web-based bulletin board use and topics were examined for 48 physical education student teachers during their 16-wk. student teaching experience. Analysis showed web-based communication was positive in fostering discussion from peers, feedback, and support.
Scores on Test of Gross Motor Development of Children with Dysphasia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rintala Pauli , Linjala Jari
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to assess the gross motor skill and trainability of children with dysphasia using the Test of Gross Motor Development. 27 children from 7 to 12 years ( M = 9.6 yr., SD=1.3) from four different classes in one special school participated. The gross motor skill scores of a sample of children with dysphasia, their trainability of the gross motor skills, and the intrarater reliability of the test were examined. Based on the videotaped performances the intrarater reliability was .93 to .97 for total scores, but lower for individual test items. Mean motor skill scores of these children with dysphasia were interpreted as ‘poor’ relative to those of the standardization and the reference group. The 8-wk. intervention showed statistically significant improvement from pre- to posttest values. Mean locomotor skills improved from 2.7 ( SD = .4) to 2.8 ( SD=.4), and the object control skills from 2.4 ( SD = .7) to 2.8 ( SD = .7). It appears these children with language disorders do not possess a similar basic gross motor level as their peers without language problems.
Left- versus Right-Hand Tracking Performance by Right-Handed Boys and Girls: Examination of Performance Asymmetry
Authors: Carey James R. , Lojovich Jeanne M. , Comnick Kathleen T. , Lindgren Bruce R.
Published: August 2011

This study compared left- versus right-hand performance within healthy, right-handed, 8- or 9-yr.-old boys and girls on a finger-movement tracking task 38 boys and 38 girls were randomly assigned to use either the left hand first and right hand second or vice versa in tracking a sine wave target with extension and flexion movements of the index finger. The data were analyzed with a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures followed by pair-wise comparisons with a Bonferroni correction. Analysis yielded a significant hand × test interaction and a significant improvement for subjects tracking with the right hand on Test 1 and left hand on Test 2. No significant change occurred for subjects tracking with the left hand on Test 1 and right hand on Test 2. No interaction was observed with sex as a factor. This study suggests that asymmetry of performance favoring the left hand occurs in right-handed boys and girls during finger-movement tracking
Relations between Sport Team Identification and Optimism
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Pierce Stephanie , Padgett Bart , Evans Amanda , Krill Kelli , Romay Aloha
Published: August 2011

Previous research indicated a positive relation between identification with a local sport team and psychological well-being. The current study was done to extend this line of research by examining the relation between identification and optimism. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the two variables were not significantly correlated for these 137 undergraduates.
Sex Differences in Public Restroom Handwashing Behavior Associated with Visual Behavior Prompts
Authors: Johnson H. Durell , Sholcosky Danielle , Gabello Karen , Ragni Robert , Ogonosky Nicole
Published: August 2011

Handwashing after using the restroom is generally poor across the population, and one common method used to increase the frequency of handwashing is to place signs reminding individuals to wash their hands. The current study examined the association between the absence and presence of signs reminding one to wash their hands and handwashing in public restrooms. Signs prompting handwashing behavior remind restroom patrons of acceptable behavior, and the presence of these signs is hypothesized to be associated with an increase in handwashing. Observation of 175 individuals (95 women and 80 men) using public restrooms on a university campus indicated that 61% of the women and 37% of the men observed washed their hands, e.g., washing hands with soap, in the absence of the sign, and 97% of the women and 35% of the men observed washed their hands in the presence of the sign. Further, 53% of the men and 38% of the women observed rinsed their hands, e.g., washing hands without soap, in the absence of the sign, and 55% of the men and 2% of the women observed rinsed their hands in the presence of the sign. Results are discussed in terms of possible factors associated with sex differences in handwashing and the absence and presence of visual prompts for handwashing behavior.
Bright Light as a Sleepiness Prophylactic: A Laboratory Study of Subjective Ratings and EEG
Authors: Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Landström Ulf , Byström Marianne , Nordström Bertil , Wibom Roger
Published: August 2011

Sleepiness is a major problem when driving a vehicle and contributes to 15 to 30% of all road accidents. One possible countermeasure may be exposure to light. This study was designed to test whether 30 min. of exposure to a bright light would reduce subjective sleepiness and EEG indicators of sleepiness, such as alpha and theta power density. 10 female and 10 male university students (recruited through advertisements) participated in a laboratory study, consisting of 30 min. of dim light followed by 30 min. of bright light (or red light in the control condition) exposures and then by 30 min. of dim light exposure. In the dim light exposure, the luminance was 20 cd/m2, and the illuminance was about 5 Lux. In the bright exposure, the luminance was 500 cd/m2 and the illuminance about 2000 Lux. In the red light exposure, the luminance was 10 cd/m2 and the illuminance about 30 Lux. The subject sat in a chair with a seating comfort corresponding to that of a driver's seat. Analysis showed that the subjects became subjectively sleepier during the pre-exposure condition, and alpha and theta power density increased in their EEGs. The intervention significantly reduced subjective sleepiness but did not have significant effects on alpha or theta power density. The results suggest that a short (30 min.) exposure to bright light may not be a useful prophylactic against sleepiness for the period following the exposure.
Effects of Haptic Feedback and Turbulence on Landing Performance Using an Immersive Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)
Authors: Repperger D. W. , Gilkey R. H. , Green R. , Lafleur T. , Haas M. W.
Published: August 2011

An investigation was conducted in which subjects had to land a simulated F-16 aircraft using a CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) facility. This was a three-dimensional virtual setting consisting of multiple mirrors, 3-D video-projected displays in a highly stressful environment employing a haptic joystick. 6 subjects learned a task which required landing in wind turbulence with a reduced visual scene. Analyses indicated that during landing, performance error variables which occurred in the same direction as the haptic forces were significantly reduced. This was true, especially when the visual scene was occluded and more reliance on the proprioceptive condition was beneficial.
Neural Mechanism for Noise Exclusion in Spatial Cueing
Authors: Domijan Drazen
Published: August 2011

Spatial cueing in an orientation discrimination task with targets embedded in high or low external noise indicates noise exclusion as a primary mechanism for attentional modulation. To implement noise exclusion in a neural network, a new mechanism is proposed based on a dendritic computation of difference between self-inhibition and lateral inhibition signals. A computer simulation illustrates that the model exhibits a strong cueing effect for high noise input and no effect when the noiseless input is presented, as is consistent with behavioral signatures of noise exclusion. It is argued that the model could also exhibit object-based selection if uniform activity distribution is assumed for all cells representing the object.
Asymmetric Activation in the Prefrontal Cortex by Sound-Induced Affect
Authors: Kim Wuon-Shik , Yoon Young-Ro , Kim Kyo-Heon , Jho Moon-Jae , Lee Sang-Tae
Published: August 2011

This study is based on previous information regarding asymmetric activation in the prefrontal cortex by film-induced affects, as well as the inverse proportionality of prefrontal cortex activity to power in the alpha band of EEG. To search for a specific EEG band where the asymmetric activation in the prefrontal cortex by sound-induced affects is mainly reflected, we measured 32 college students' EEGs; 11 bands ranged from 6.5 to 35.0 Hz, at Fp1 and Fp2 sites. The power in the alpha band (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) at Fp2, especially in the alpha-2 band (9.0 to 11.0 Hz) increased while the students listened to music, during which participants reported positive affect. In contrast, the power at Fp1 increased while the students listened to noise, during which participants reported negative affect. These results imply that sound-induced positive affect increases relative left-sided activation in the prefrontal cortex, whereas induced negative affect elicits the opposite pattern of asymmetric activation.
Using Microswitches with Persons Who Have Profound Multiple Disabilities: Evaluation of Three Cases
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , O'Reilly M. F. , Singh N. N. , Oliva D. , Groeneweg J.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effectiveness of microswitch programs in promoting and maintaining responding of persons with profound multiple disabilities. Three participants were provided one or two microswitches. Their responding (microswitch activation) produced favorite stimuli. Analysis showed that all participants increased responding significantly, albeit with clear differences among them, during the intervention period of a few weeks. Two participants continued with the microswitch program in the daily context and had 3-mo. follow-up data similar to the intervention data. One participant did not continue with the program (reportedly because of inconsistent/low responding) and so did not receive a follow-up assessment. Links between responding and vigilance conditions and stereotypy are discussed.
Role of Movement Amplitude to Timing Control in Bimanual Coordination
Authors: Tajima Makoto
Published: August 2011

A bimanual coordinative pattern consists of the movement frequency, movement amplitude, and relative phase between the two hands. This study examined a role of the movement amplitude to timing in the bimanual coordination. 12 subjects (8 men and 4 women; mean age of 21.8 yr.) reproduced 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, and 5:3 polyrhythmic tapping patterns. No difference was shown between the amplitudes of the two hands in each pattern. However, the amplitude of complex (3:2 and 5:3) patterns was larger than of simple (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) patterns. It is concluded that the complicated timing control is attained by increasing the amplitude.
Relations of Women Exercisers' Mastery and Performance Goals to Traits, Fitness, and Preferred Styles of Instructors
Authors: Harju Beverly L. , Twiddy Sarah E. , Cope John G. , Eppler Marion E. , McCammon Michael
Published: August 2011

This study addressed the influence of both mastery and performance goals of 144 women ( M = 21.8 yr.) exercising at a campus fitness center. Five goal patterns were compared: mastery alone, performance alone, both-low, mastery-performance, and, performance-mastery. These five patterns were compared in terms of optimism, social physique anxiety, and fitness as well as preferences for instructors' mastery, performance, or supportive responses. Those with dual motivational goals (mastery-performance and performance-mastery) preferred instructors to emphasize mastery and supportive responses, and they had higher fitness than the mastery or low groups. However, the performance-mastery group endorsed significantly lower optimism than all other groups. There were no group differences on the measure of anxiety about physique. Results support the importance of addressing both mastery and performance goals when seeking to understand and influence the attitudes of women who work out in a fitness center. Instructors would do best to emphasize autonomy and supportiveness and avoid comparisons among women exercisers.
Increased Proportions of Sensed Presences and Occipital Spikes with 1- and 10-Msec. Point Duration of Continuous 7-HZ Transcerebral Magnetic Fields
Authors: Booth J. N. , Koren S. A. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesis that the numbers of “sensed presences” induced by the application of weak (1 microTesla) magnetic fields over the right hemisphere was subject to an optimal time of presentation, digital-to-analogue computer generated 7-Hz sine-waves were applied with point (“pixel”) durations of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, or 20 msec. for 5 min. each in a sequential counterbalanced order for six subjects. The proportion of numbers of sensed presences reported along the subjects' left sides and the proportions of electroencephalographic spikes over the occipital regions were greatest when 1- or 10-msec. point durations were employed. These results indicate that the specific duration of each successive field strength composing a complex sequence should be considered when designing optimal configurations for intercalating with neurecognition.
Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Ears with Normal Hearing Sensitivity: Test-Retest Variability
Authors: Hallenbeck Helen , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

4 women and 4 men with normal hearing sensitivity were tested for variability in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, with two measurement sessions per day for 4 days spread over a 2-wk. period. Most test-retest variations were small, on the order of 2 dB. Extreme variations of 6 dB or greater occurred most often at the highest test frequency and should not be considered clinically positive unless such differences are found at lower frequencies also.
Introversion and Neuroticism: A Persistent Relationship
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: August 2011

A relationship between neurotic tendency and introversion has been around since 1924 insofar as test instruments are concerned (we are not concerned herein with speculation per se). Does it still persist? The writer has recently found a significant relationship between Eysenck's main scales for these tendencies which persists despite Eysenck's efforts to obtain scale independence. Similarly, Comrey, who has developed more recent measures of introversion and neuroticism, reports a correlation of .41. We need to know more about the components of sociability-directed scales for extraversion-introversion as well as about bridging factors such as inferiority.
Factors Related to Duration of Counseling in a University Counseling Center
Authors: Jenkins Stephen J. , Fuqua Dale R. , Blum Craig R.
Published: August 2011

A review of the literature concerning factors predictive of duration in counseling indicates, on the whole, inconsistent and often conflicting results. The present study examined the relationship between selected variables related to clients, therapists, and system and duration of counseling with a sample of 428 clients of a university counseling center. The initial interview data indicated that six variables were significantly related to duration but collectively only accounted for 23% of the variance. It is argued that efforts to delineate factors relating to duration of treatment might profitably consider variables pertaining to other phases of the counseling process.
Physical Attractiveness, Message Evaluation, and Compliance: A Structural Examination
Authors: Debevec Kathleen , Madden Thomas J. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: August 2011

The persuasive efficacy of a model's physical attractiveness is examined, using both correlational and structural evidence. Attractive models apparently induce greater compliance by mediating receivers' perceptual processes; receivers initially form cognitive judgments of models based on their (logically unrelated) attractiveness and, in turn, use these judgments as the basis for assessing the persuasiveness of the message the models present. Compliance, although based nominally on rational evaluation of a message, appears to be modified significantly by a beautiful-is-better assessment of the message's presenter.
Measuring Achievement Motivation by Self-Reports
Authors: Ray J. J.
Published: August 2011

Selected references to methods of measuring achievement motivation ate listed.
Effect of a Marriage and Family Therapy Practicum upon Students' Self-Perceived Strengths and Weaknesses
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Polson Cheryl J.
Published: August 2011

52 counseling students were asked to list five of their strengths and five of their weaknesses before and after they participated in their first Marriage and Family Therapy practicum. Responses were classified into 18 categories. The counseling practicum had a strong impact on the students' perceptions of their own strengths and weaknesses. Before the practicum, the students were very skills oriented. After the practicum, the students focused on the self-development and relationship aspects of the therapeutic situation.
The Holistic Living Inventory: Correlations with MMPI
Authors: Stoudenmire John , Batman Debra , Pavlov Michael , Temple Al
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Holistic Living Inventory were correlated with MMPI scores for 129 college students. The results support validity for the Holistic Living Inventory.
Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List: Current Overview and Structural Analysis
Authors: Thayer Robert E.
Published: August 2011

The Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD ACL) is a multidimensional self-rating test constructed and extensively validated for rapid assessments of momentary activation or arousal states. The two core dimensions, energetic arousal (including tiredness) and tense arousal (including calmness) have been replicated repeatedly. They bear a complex relationship to each other involving positive and negative correlations at different levels of intensity. The dimensions are associated with a variety of arousal-related characteristics, including physiological changes, sleep-wake cycles, exercise effects, cognitive and information processing functions, various mood states, and a number of concomitants of stress. Finally, in a reported empirical study designed to investigate the somewhat uncommon self-rating format of this check list, alternative rating scales were employed with the same adjective descriptors. Factor analyses of respondents' ratings indicated that the factor structure of activation descriptors remained essentially the same with each scale. In this context, the importance of the underlying arousal model in relation to the activation descriptors is discussed.
Identification of Boys at High Risk for Delinquency
Authors: Roff James D.
Published: August 2011

A three-step screening procedure identified from a sample of 1224 grade school boys a subsample of 60 subjects at increased risk for delinquency. Peer status, childhood aggression, and predelinquent behavior were used in a sequential set of predictive tables. Relative improvement over chance provided a measure of predictive efficiency. Additional family variables isolated a small group with even higher risk.
Comparison of the WISC—R, PPVT—R, and PPVT for Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Haddad Frederick A.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the WISC—R, PPVT—R, and PPVT were compared for 71 black (42 boys, 29 girls of M age 8.9 yr.) and 63 white learning disabled children (35 boys, 28 girls of M age 8.7 yr.). Separate analyses yielded significantly lower PPVT—R than PPVT mean score; significant differences between the PPVT—R and WISC—R Full Scale IQs, and nonsignificant differences between the PPVT and WISC—R Full Scale IQs. Correlations among standard scores on the three tests obtained separately for each sample, were similar. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Conceptualizing Style Differences of Normally Achieving and Exceptional Students
Authors: Knutson Gay G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to compare 96 normally achieving, learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and mentally retarded students ( ns = 24) on a measure of conceptualizing style. Students' performance on the Sigel Conceptual Styles Test was analyzed using multivariate analyses of variance on the three conceptual styles, descriptive-analytic, categorical, and relational. Significant differences were found between the groups on the vectors containing the proportions of the three styles.
Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examination for Performance in Selected Graduate Psychology Courses
Authors: House J. Daniel , Johnson James J. , Tolone William L.
Published: August 2011

A number of studies have evaluated the predictive validity of the GRE across several settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive validity of the GRE for performance in selected graduate courses in psychology. Each of the three sections of the GRE aptitude test was evaluated. The predictive validity coefficients observed were comparable to those noted previously. Present results suggest that, while over-all predictive validity of the GRE may be relatively low, there may in fact be some courses for which validity coefficients are considerably higher.
Adjustment to Relocation of Long-Stay Patients with a Psychiatric Hospital Setting
Authors: Hills A. A.
Published: August 2011

A social ecological study was undertaken of involuntary relocation within the long-stay sector of a psychiatric hospital, enforced by ward closures. This was done by monitoring changes in ward atmosphere on 6 of 11 wards before and after the closures. The conclusion is that the so-called ‘disturbed’ patients are easily upset by changes of routine but possibly also because paradoxically the slightly younger patients on these wards do not seem to adjust to the change so well. It may be that the older patients on long-stay wards are already resigned to the process of institutionalization.
Cognitive Patterns of Softcore and Hardcore Felons
Authors: Dunn Terry L. , Kodman Frank , Flesch Richard G.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of 75 incarcerated felons, one described as softcore and the other as hardcore differed from an equal-sized control group and from each other on 514 true-false items depicting attitudes and opinions. Two pools of test items were identified that will serve as test statements along with neutral filler items in a follow-up study to identify soft- and hardcore felons.
Sleep Spindles in the EEGs of Hyperactive Children
Authors: Kiesow Nancy A. , Surwillo Walter W.
Published: August 2011

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 11 boys, aged 3 to 11 yr., who had been diagnosed as Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity were compared with 11 controls matched for age and sex. The purpose was to determine whether there was any difference between the groups in the number of sleep spindles present during Stage 2 sleep. The EEGs of the subjects studied were typical of those performed in most clinical laboratories, with approximately 8 min. of daytime Stage 2 sleep recorded for each child. Most of the subjects in both groups were given Chloral Hydrate to induce sleep. The number of sleep spindles/sec. in Stage 2 sleep and the time spent in Stage 2 sleep were estimated for each subject, and means were obtained for both groups. Findings showed no statistically significant differences between hyperactive and control groups. The results cast doubt on the significance of sleep spindle activity in assessing hyperactivity or in resolving current theoretical issues relating to hyperactivity.
Defensiveness: Another Interpersonal Correlate of Range of Ratings
Authors: Hurley John R. , Myers Arthur W.
Published: August 2011

Common sense suggests that personal defensiveness will tend to correlate negatively with the range that raters employ for appraising own and peers' interpersonal behavior when all ratings are fully shared. Correlations were computed between 78 college students precourse Marlowe-Crowne scores, taken as the defensiveness index, and the range they used 3 and 7 wk. later when rating the within-group conduct of all members of 16 small interpersonal groups on separate measures of acceptance of self and of others. Both Week 3 correlations (−.27) were negative and significant despite severe stability limitations of all measures. Following detailed in-group discussions and reviews of these conduct ratings, the parallel correlations were again negative (−.10) but nonsignificant 4 wk. later. The results support other recent evidence linking raters' range and personal security.
Effects of Exhortation and Scheduled Visits on Improving the Psychological Well-Being of Institutionalized Elderly Persons
Authors: Green Lynne E. , Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

For 8 women and 2 men, elderly nursing home residents, assigned to each of 5 conditions psychological well-being was improved (zest for life and social activities) by scheduled 30-min. visits twice a week with a stranger. Unscheduled visits and exhortation did not enhance ratings.
Smoking and Academic Achievement: A Pilot Study
Authors: Clarke Valerie A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between smoking and academic achievement was assessed using a sample of 326 students of psychology. There was no difference between the smokers' mean marks and the nonsmokers' mean marks on either the individual items of assessment or for the over-all course result, for the total sample or for males or females separately. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was not significantly correlated with academic achievement. However, due to the restricted nature of the sample, generalization of the findings is limited.
Adaptors and Innovators: Application of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory to Bank Employees
Authors: Holland Peter A.
Published: August 2011

The financial services sector is undergoing rapid change, and as a result it is becoming a riskier market. The High Street banker in particular is facing challenges from existing and new competitors. Data on Kirton's measure of adaptiveness and innovativeness indicate that established branch managers may not cope too readily with such changes.
Effects of Supervisors' Age, Sex, Number of Subordinates, and Tenure on Disciplinary Intentions
Authors: Ward Edward
Published: August 2011

A literature review indicated little research on punishment in work settings despite the prevalence of punishment as a control technique. In the current study, 45 female supervisors and 36 male supervisors rated a list of 40 job-related behaviors as to the intensity of discipline they would administer to a subordinate who did any of the job-related behaviors. A multivariate analysis of variance of the ratings indicated no significant difference associated with sex of the rater as to the intensity of the discipline they would administer. Nonsignificant correlations were noted on disciplinary intentions with increasing age, tenure, and number of subordinates. These findings, along with other studies of sex differences in the work force, indicate such study of sex differences may need to be limited to a narrow field in which sex differences have been reported, such as perceived stress.
Learning Disabilities and other Attributes as Factors in Delinquent Activities among Adolescents in a Nonurban Area
Authors: Fleener Fran Trocinsky
Published: August 2011

62% of 50 adjudicated delinquents in the Palouse area of eastern Washington and northern Idaho showed learning disabilities when tested. Among the learning disabled and nonlearning disabled delinquents, there was no difference in kind or seriousness of delinquent activity. The typical delinquent of the nonurban Palouse area tends to be white, male and has a learning disability. His reading and mathematics skills are at least two years below grade. His family is large; his real parents are divorced. He comes from a poorer economic and cultural background than do the nondelinquents. This analysis suggests that the academic treatment of the learning disabled youngster should not be ignored as a factor in delinquency, especially in economically and culturally poor families.
Differentiating under- and Overcontrolled Behavior of Adolescent Outpatients with the High School Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T. , Ambler James E.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated whether the High School Personality Questionnaire could reliably distinguish between groups of adolescents with under- and overcontrolled behavior as identified by DSM-III diagnoses. Clients for outpatient psychotherapy from a mental health agency completed these questionnaires at intake and were later assigned DSM-III diagnoses by their therapists without reference to the questionnaires. As predicted, subscales of the questionnaire reliably discriminated diagnostic groups; however, mean differences for the discriminating variables were small. While the High School Personality Questionnaire has limited utility in the diagnostic process with adolescents, it did provide information concerning potential strengths or behavioral assets.
Adolescents' Self-Disclosure of Potentially Embarrassing Events
Authors: Denholm Carey J. , Chabassol David J.
Published: August 2011

Intended self-disclosure of 12 embarrassing events was measured for 71 adolescents. Considered most embarrassing were events involving physical self-concept with subjects selecting same-sex friends and mothers as primary preferences for self-disclosure.
Attributions for Success and Failure in Algebra among Men and Women Attending American Samoa Community College
Authors: Choroszy Melisa , Cool Brent A. , Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy
Published: August 2011

The Mathematics Attribution Scale-Algebra was designed to assess attributions for success and failure in algebra to ability, effort, task, and environment. It was the purpose of this study to examine the attributional patterns of men and women attending the American Samoa Community College. For 126 Samoan students (57 men, 69 women) the attributional patterns did not appear to differ. Both groups attributed success in mathematics to effort and a conducive learning environment and did not attribute failure in algebra to the difficulty of the topic.
Development of Conservation and Academic Achievement in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Goh David S. , Wood Joy M. Hanson
Published: August 2011

To investigate learning disabled children's development of conservation concepts and its relationship with academic achievement 24 normal and 23 learning disabled children were individually administered the Concept Assessment Kit-Conservation, the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Analysis indicated that learning disabled children showed slower development in acquisition of conservation concepts than their normal peers. Age affected conservation development of learning disabled children. Correlations were moderate to high for conservation concepts with reading and mathematics achievement in learning disabled children. Educational implications of the findings were discussed.
Hassles and Uplifts during the Freshman Year of Medical School
Authors: Wolf Thomas M. , Kissling Grace E. , Burgess Lisa A.
Published: August 2011

New Hassles and Uplifts Scales were administered monthly for 9 mo. to a representative sample of 55 (of 180) freshman medical students. Hassles most frequently reported related to academic-social concerns and uplifts to hedonic concerns. No significant sex differences were found.
Factors Related to Decline in Preferred Frequency of Sexual Intercourse among Young Couples
Authors: Doddridge Rock , Schumm Walter R. , Bergen M. Betsy
Published: August 2011

In a nonrandom sample of 30 church-affiliated couples, preferred frequency of sexual intercourse declined as a function of age, duration of marriage, and number of children. Husbands indicated a higher preferred frequency than wives, although their preferred frequencies were significantly correlated. Preferred frequencies were not correlated with birth order, socioeconomic status, or education. For wives only, preferred frequency was correlated positively with marital satisfaction and length of premarital acquaintance.