bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—Some new Rock-building Organisms from the Lower Carboniferous Beds of Westmorland
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

In my account of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the North-West of England, published in 1912, I figured an organism, probably the thallus of a calcareous alga, which plays an important part as a rock-builder at the base of the Seminula gregaria sub-zone in Westmorland and Lancashire. More recently, at the meeting of the British Association in Birmingham, I pointed out the need of some distinctive name for this important form, and suggested for it the generic name of ‘Ortonella’, from the village of Orton, near Tebay, in the neighbourhood of which this fossil is specially abundant. Two other structures were mentioned at the same time which occur constantly in microscopic sections of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the North-West of England and elsewhere. The first of these was alluded to under the general descriptive term ‘festoon structure’, and the other was referred to Gurich's somewhat obscure genus Spongiottroma. In view of the zonal value of these organisms in the North-Western Province and the probability that they will be found to be widely distributed in the Lower Carboniferous rocks elsewhere, I propose here to give a somewhat fuller description of these forms than could be attempted in the limits of a presidential address.
IV.—On the Structure and Stratigraphical Relation of Rhobell Fawr
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. , Holland Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

In a paper dealing with some phases of volcanic action in North Wales, it was urged that contemporaneous eruptive rocks occurred on Cader Idris at lower horizons than the acknowledged base of the Arenig, although the actual vents from which they had arisen were lost and concealed under later accumulations. It was pointed out that the mass of Rhobell Fawr was of composite character, but was probably distinct from the series on Cader Idris. The fragmental character of much of its material having been recognized by the author of the Survey-Memoir, several theories are discussed in that work to account for its stratigraphical position. In spite of the lack of detail, when compared with other areas, with which Rhobell Fawr has been represented on Sheet 75 S.E. of the Map of the Geological Survey, the ashes, “breccias,” and other materials piled here upon the edges of the Lingula Flags are fully dealt with in the text of the Memoir, and we are left finally to select the most probable explanation of those put forward.
VI.—Vertebrate Palænotology in some Amercian and Canadian Museums
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

The collection of Fossil Vertebrata in the National Museum at Washington is at present insignificant; and the only type-specimens observed by the writer are the fish-remains described by Prof. Leidy under the names of Clupea humilis, Cladocyclus occidentalis, Phareodus acutus, and Lepidosteus simplex, besides some fragmentary specimens from the Hamilton Group made known by Prof. J. M. Clarke in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 16 (1885). The palæontologist interested in the lower vertebrates, however, finds much to occupy him in the collection of recent fish skeletons made by Prof. Theodore Gill, who has contributed perhaps more than any other ichthyologist to our knowledge of those parts with which the palæontologist is alone able to deal. At the time of the writer's visit, Prof. Gill was occupied with an investigation of the skeletal anatomy of the eels; and a large number of beautiful drawings of the cranial osteology of various great groups of bony fishes, as yet in the Professor's portfolio, are intended for the basis of a forthcoming general work, to which all who are interested in palajichthyology will anxiously look forward.
VII.—On a New form of Spiral in Spirifera glabra
Authors: Glass Norman
Published: May 2009

In Davidson's Monograph of the British Carboniferous Brachiopoda (1857), p. 60, he gives the following specific characters of Spirifera glabra:—“Very variable in shape and proportions; transversely oval, rarely as long or longer than wide. Valves almost equally convex, with a mesial elevation or fold in the dorsal, and a sinus in the ventral valve. Hinge-line much shorter than the greatest width of the shell; cardinal angles rounded; beaks rather approximate, that of the larger or ventral valve prominent, incurved, and of moderate dimensions. A hinge-area in the dorsal valve, that of the ventral one triangular and of moderate dimensions, with its lateral margins more or less sharply defined; fissure partially covered by a pseudo-deltidium. The mesial fold in the dorsal valve is either slightly and evenly convex, rising gradually from the lateral portions of the valve, or abruptly elevated, with a longitudinal depression along its middle, which is also at times reproduced in the sinus of the ventral one. The spiral appendages are large, and occupy the greater portion of the interior of the shell. Surface of valves in general smooth, but sometimes a few obscure rounded ribs may be observed on their lateral portions”
III.—Descriptions of some new Eocene Species of Cypræa and Marginella
Authors: Edwards Fred. E.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication by the palæontographical Society of the third part of my monograph of the ‘Eocene Mollusca’, containing descriptions of the several Eocene species of Cypræa then known, I have obtained from the beds in the New Forest, foeming parts of the Bracklesham Bay series, several additional species; and Mr. Wetherell has also been so fortunate as to obtain another remarkably fine species from the cutting lately made near Highgate for the Highgate and Edgeware Railway. I now forward descriptions of these new Cyprœœ for publication in ‘The Geological Magazine;’ and I avail myself of the same opportunity to correct an error committed by me in the same part of my monograph, in referring to Marginella pusilla, a species described by me from High Cliff, a small Marginella from Headon Hill, which I now propose to seperate under the specific name œstuarina.
II.—On a Sudden Sinking of the Soil in a Field at Lexden in Essex
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

In the month of May, 1861, there occurred a curious subsidence of the soil in a field on the ‘Malting Farm’ at Lexden in Essex. The cavity thus produced was about twenty-five yards in circumference, of an elliptical form, and about twenty feet in depth, with the sides slightly overhanging. The subsidence took place quite suddenly; some workmen, who were in the field in the forenoon, finding the pit fresh formed on their return from dinner. The ground in which the pit is situated consists of a slightly rising bank of valley-gravel, and is about fifty yards to the south of the little River Colne, which runs past the spot, and gives its name to the ancient town of Colchester. The surface of the field cannot be more than five or six feet above the stream when full.
V. On the Geological Structure of the District around Kingswood Hill, near Bristol; with especial reference to the supposed Development of Millstone-grit in that Neighbourhood
Authors: Cossham Handel
Published: May 2009

I have for some years had serious doubts as to the correctness of the Map of the Geological Survey so for as it relatesto the supposed presence of Millstone-grit in the northern portion of the Bristol Coal-field in the neighbourhood of Kingswood Hill; and in a foot-note to a most valuable lecture delivered by my friend Mr. Robert Etheridge, F.G.S. (of the RoyalSchool of Mines) at the Bristol Mining School in 1857, and published in a volume of Lectures issued by that Institution, Ihad, so long ago as that year, expressed doubts as to the existence of Millstone-grit at the surface near kingswood. Sincethen I have had much greater opportunities of investigating the matter, having taken, with my partners, a large tract of mineral property in that district; and the results of those investigations thoroughly confirm the doubts I had previously entertained, and in fact fully satisfy my mind that what is shown as Millstone-grit on the Government Geological Map, as also on the valuable map lately published by Mr. William Sanders, F.R.S., of Bristol, is really nothing more than one of thesandstones (the ‘Holmes Rock’) so common in the Coal-measures proper, and developed on a grand scale in the Pennant-grit dividing the Upper and Lower Coal-series of all the South-western Coal-fields.
I.—Oxford Fossils. No. 2
Authors: Phillips John
Published: May 2009

No complete list of the Stonesfield Fossils has been drawn up since 1855, when some remarks of mine on the Geology of the vicinity of Oxford appeared in the first series of Oxford Essays. During the last eleven years we have received from that rich locality many additional specimens, but not many species new to the University Museum. One has lately reached my hands which I hope will be of interest to the readers of the Geological Magazine, as adding something to the knowledge of a prevalent group of water-side insects, which had left witnesses of its existence through a very large range of Geological Time, viz. the Neuroptera, and specially the Libellulidœ.
II.—On the Structure of the Thames Valley and of its Contained Deposits
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

While we have in the deposits described no signs of any line of drainage conterminous with the valley through which the Thames now finds its way from London to the sea, until after a series of diverse conditions, and until a most recent date,—that of the Marsh clay, we shall find, in the physical structure of the valley, evidence corroborative of that afforded by the deposits; and showing that the present valley of the Thames is a creation subsequent to all the deposits which it contains that are older than the Marsh clay.
VII.—On the Junction of the Chalk with the Tertiary Beds in East Kent
Authors: Dowker George
Published: May 2009

The Junction of the Chalk with the Lower Tertiaries is nearly always marked by the presence of green-coated flints; and in East Kent, where the Thanet Sands rest on the Chalk, numerous junction-sections are exposed, exhibiting the peculiarities which I now lay before you.
III.—On some Fossils from the Graptolitic Shales of Dumfriesshire
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The Upper Llandeilo Rocks of the South of Scotland have long been known to yield graptolites in great profusion, few other forms of animal life being recognised as occuring in them. Having, this summer, had an opportunity of examining the graptolite-shales of Garple Linn, near Moffat, I was struck with the occurrence in them of numerous bodies, differing from the graptolites in form, though resembling them in mineral texture.
II.—On some Fossil Coniferous Fruits
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

It was my intention to have devoted this paper to the Coniferous Fruits found in Strata of Secondary age in Britain, reserving for future examination, those belonging to the later periods, but in the progress of my investigations I have found that, two remarkable cones, which have hitherto been considered as belonging to the Greensand, are certainly Tertiaryfossils; and having placed them on the plates which illustrate this paper, I shall include them in my descriptions.
II.—The Perched Blocks of Norber Brow and their Levels Relative to their Place of Origin
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In a recent excursion the Liverpool Geological Society visited Norber Brow, near Austwick, to inspect the celebrated perched blocks of Silurian rock lying upon the Carboniferous limestone plateau. The visit was made in very appropriate weather during a storm of hail which added a weird element to the scene and heightened by contrast the blackness of the Silurian blocks. Since returning home I have re-read Prof. McKenny Hughes' interesting paper on the subject, and find that generally speaking my notes and measurements are in accord with his. The angularity of the perched blocks, so different to the rounded and striated erratics of the Boulder Clay Plains of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the absence of Boulder Clay, is very striking, and inevitably suggests their transportal by glacier ice probably at the last phase of the glacial period.
III.—The Lower Cretaceous Series of the Vale of Wardour
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Andrews W. R.
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that certain deposits of Lower Cretaceous age lay between the Gault and the Purbeck group in the Vale of Wardour, but the absence of any good open sections, along the tracts where they reach the surface, has hitherto prevented geologists from ascertaining the exact nature and succession of the beds.

Dr. Fitton, whose account of the Vale of Wardour is wonderfully good and accurate, distinctly recognized the existence both of Wealden and Vectian (Lower Greensand), stating that certain sands, containing traces of marine shells, occurred beneath the Gault and above the clays which he regarded as Wealden.
VII.—On the British Earthquakes of 1889
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Time of occurrence, 22h. 36 m.: Intensity, VI. Epicentrum about two miles N.N.E. of Bolton, half a mile west of the village of Bradshaw.

This interesting earthquake affected a district for the most part thickly populated, and the accounts of it are consequently numerous. In the newspapers mentioned below, records are given of observations from 156 towns and villages, situated within a nearly circular area about 55 miles in diameter. Considering the smallness of this area, I suppose that but few previous earthquakes have afforded materials so abundant for the seismologist.
III.—Some Tertiary Dykes of the Clyde Area
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The very numerous Tertiary dykes of the Clyde islands (Arran, Bute, and the Cumbraes), and of the adjacent mainland and peninsulas, have been little studied either from the geological or petrographical point of view; but they are of great interest, not only in themselves, but as providing a link between the dykes of the better known areas of the North of England, and of Skye and Mull. The material is not yet gathered on which could be based a complete account of the series. The present paper is designed to present a full description of a hitherto unrecognized type of Tertiary dyke, typically exposed in the Great Cumbrae, and to indicate its relationships to other types already described from Mull and the North of England. Furthermore, a few other dykes from the Clyde area, all of basaltic composition, will be briefly described.
III.—Evidence suggestive of Charnian Movement in East Kent
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

A Comparative study of the whole of the evidence concerning the Palæozoic floor beneath the South-East of England and the manner in which the various members of the Mesozoics are disposed upon it has led the present writer to conclude that the area, originally defined by Professor P. F. Kendall, over which the effects of the operation of a “posthumous” Charnian axis may be discerned, can be greatly extended, more particularly to the eastward. The evidence, indeed, strongly suggests the presence of a second Charnian axis beneath Suffolk, proceeding thence south-eastward to North France.
I.—On the Chemistry of the Primeval Earth
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

It will, no doubt, be admitted by all, that it is highly conducive to the advancement of any science, that some one of its votaries, more courageous than his colleagues, and endowed with a more generalizing turn of mind, shall, by the comprehensive and exact study of accumulating observations, endeavour to elevate himself above the level of the more plodding but invaluable collectors of facts, by attempting the arrangement and organization of such data, and the deduction therefrom of the laws which regulate their existence and govern their movements.
II.—On the Gorge of the Avon, at Clifton
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: May 2009

I obtained, the other day, on my way into South Devon, another peep at the Bristol Channel, and the gorge of the Avon, at Clifton, which I had long been wishing for. It showed me, as I anticipated, that the hypothesis of atmospheric erosion, which I was compelled to adopt, a year or two ago, to explain the formation of the river valleys of the South of Ireland, is applicable to the Clifton gorge as to all other similar places.
I.—The Petrography of Arran
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The phenomenon of which this paper treats occurs in a basalt dyke exposed in a small quarry by the roadside north-east of Dippin, near the twelfth milestone from Brodick. This dyke runs from north-west to south-east, and is intrusive into the great teschenite (or crinanite) sill of Dippin. It is probably the one referred to in the Geological Survey Memoir on North Arran, South Bute, and the Cumbraes (1903), p. 119. It averages 12 feet in thickness, although it is extremely irregular, owing perhaps to the difficulty experienced in penetrating the tough, coarse, massive rock of the sill. The contacts are not plane, but about against the crinanite in a very intricate manner, sometimes along vertical or horizontal joints, sometimes along irregular surfaces unconnected with jointing. Both contacts show thin films of tachylyte, which, as the rock is quarried, are left adhering to the irregular surfaces of the sill rock. Another dyke-like mass, 1 foot thick, is seen in the same quarry, and is doubtless an offshoot from the larger dyke.
IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandinavia and its importance in the Post-Tertiary History of Western Europe
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago I was allowed to publish in the Geological Magazine some papers on the recent geological history of the Baltic, in which I tried to bring before English readers the very important discoveries of the Northern geologists as affecting the general geology of the north-west of Europe and to extend their deductions. I was obliged to interrupt them for other work. Perhaps you will allow me to continue them some steps further, as we had reached a stage of some interest.
III.—Notes on Some Post-Liassic Species of Acrodus
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

So little is known of the extension through later Mesozoic deposits of Selachian teeth belonging to the familiar type of Acrodus, as represented in the Lias, that any additional evidence upon the subject is invested with considerable interest. It is impossible, of course, from these isolated relics, to determine whether the original Sharks were as closely allied as the resemblances in their dentition might at first lead one to suspect;inone case, indeed, it has been proved that the complete fish differs much from the Liassic species; but the persistence of the dental type is at any rate of some significance, and it may therefore be acceptable to offer a few notes upon the undescribed Jurassic and Cretaceous Acrodonts preserved in the British Museum. These specimens furnish evidence of at least two new specific modifications, and they are also suggestive of novel points in regard to some of those already known.
IV.—The Faunas of the Ffynnon Beuno Caves, and of the Norfolk Forest Bed
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

From Mr. Newton's letter in the February Number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, I am inclined to think that he has somewhat misunderstood my meaning where I referred to the fauna of the Norfolk Forest Bedinmy paper in the December Number. Prof. Hughes had stated in his paper that the bones from the caverns “belong to the newer group of animals found elsewhere in undoubtedly Post-Glæial river deposits.” As Mr. Newton admits “that most of these species have been found in the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed of Norfolk, and it is probable that others of them will yet be found,” it is clear that I was correct in my contention that “a very large proportion of the animals occur in the Norfolk Forest Bed.”
VII.—Supplementary Note on Euphoberia Ferox, Salter
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

When I noticed this species in the January Number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (pp. 1–10, Plate I.), I had not prepared a figure of the original specimen from the Hope Collection at Oxford, which had been kindly lent me by Prof. J. O. Westwood for that purpose.
II.—Additional Notes on the Petrography of South Georgia
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The rocks which form the subject of this paper were collected by the captain of a whaling vessel belonging to the fleet of Messrs. Salvesen & Co., of Leith, stationed at Leith Harbour, South Georgia. The collection reached me, for description, through the kind offices of Mr. D. Ferguson, Mem. Inst. M.E., who recently visited the island, and who has described its geological features. Two previous collections of rocks from South Georgia have been described by me, one collected by Mr. Ferguson during his visit, the other collected in the same way as the present set.
I.—Coal in Spitsbergen
Authors: Wilcockson W. H.
Published: May 2009

Although the existence of coal in Spitsbergen has been known for a very long time, it is only of recent years that development has been undertaken on any considerable scale. As early as 1610 explorers brought back with them small amounts of coal to burn on the voyage home, and in 1614 the islands were formally claimed for James I by the Muscovy Company. The coal was also described from the scientific point of view by Nathorst and others at various dates, but no attempt was made to work it till about 1904, when the Arctic Coal Company, an American concern, opened a mine at Advent Bay.
II.—Notes on Yunnan Ctstidea. II. The Species of Sinocystis
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Specimens I, 1–8 were studied. Probably those measured under Dr. Reed's heads I and II refer to 1 and 3 respectively. Specimen I is hereby selected as Holotype.
II.—The Structure and Later Geological History of New Zealand
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

As is well known, the skeleton or oldermass of New Zealand is largely composed of a mass of deformed sedimentary rocks, the precise ages of the members of which are in doubt but do not affect the problem under consideration. The most profound deformation of this vast sedimentary group took place in late Jurassic or early Cretaceous times during what may be termed the “Mesozoic orogenic period”, when probably a great mountain range came into existence.
V.—Note on a gigantic Cephalopod Mandible
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The British Museum has recently received (in the James W. Butler collection, presented by his daughter, Miss Daisy Butler) a particularly fine mandible of a gigantic fossil Cephalopod. Unfortunately the locality of the fossil is not recorded, but as the collection contained quite a number of specimens from Bradford Abbas (Dorset) and the immediate neighbourhood, and the matrix of this specimen agrees very closely with that of those examples, there can be little doubt that the locality of the fossil is almost certainly Bradford Abbas, or the immediate neighbourhood, and that the specimen is of Bajocian age.
IV.—The Two Magmas of Strathbogie and Lower Banffshire
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

The field-work upon which this communication is based was carried out in 1917 and 1918, in preparation for the Geological Survey map of Sheet 86 (Huntly).
I.—Recent Iron-ore Developments in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

Whilst the basis of the prosperity of a country is admittedly agriculture, its industrial growth is founded on mineral resources, and its participation in the world's markets is chiefly dependent on the extent to which these raw materials can be applied to home manufactures.
III.—Notes on Myriopoda. XIX. A Revision of some Fossil Material from Sparth Bottoms, Lancs.
Authors: Jackson J. Wilford , Brade-Birke Hilde K. , Brade-Birke S. Graham
Published: May 2009

A Careful examination of four fossil millipedes from the Middle Coal-measures of Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale, three preserved in the Manchester Museum and one in Mr. H. Howard's private collection, has revealed some striking features which seem to justify a re-description of the whole material.
III.—The Origin of Cretaceous Flint
Authors: Richardson W. Alfred
Published: May 2009

It will be recalled that to the list of theories relating to the origin of flint Liesegang has added another, namely, that the flint is due to the rhythmic precipitation of a silica solution diffusing through the Chalk. Cole in an admirable essay has made this view accessible to English readers, and at the same time somewhat expanded the original suggestion. Yet little by way of evidence is offered beyond a certain plausibility in the idea, and its undoubted competence to explain better than any other hypothesis yet suggested the remarkably regular recurrence of flint lines. When reading over the chief Cretaceous literature with this problem in mind, there seemed to me to be a not inconsiderable body of fact lending support to this view. Accordingly the object of this paper is to examine existing data in the light of Liesegang's suggestion in order to see whether or not it may be regarded as a reasonable working hypothesis.
VI.—British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bournemouth, 1919
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: May 2009

Another direction in which the work of the Survey could with advantage be extended is in the execution of deep borings on carefully thought-out schemes by which a maximum of information could be obtained. Both in Holland and Germany borings have been carried out to discover the nature of the older rocks beneath the Secondary and Tertiary strata, and Professor Watts, in his Presidental Address to the Geological Society in 1912 (Proc. Geol. Soc., pp. lxxx–xc), has dwelt on the importance of exploring systematically the region beneath the wide spread of the younger rocks that covers such a great extent of the East and South of England. Professor Boulton, my predecessor in this Chair, has endorsed this appeal, but nothing has been done or is apparently likely to be done in this direction. It seems extraordinary that no co-ordinated effort should have been made to ascertain the character and potentiality of this almost unknown land that lies close beneath our feet and is the continuation of the older rocks of the west and north to which we owe so much of our mineral wealth. It is true that borings have been put down by private enterprise, but, being directed only by the hope of private gain and by rival interests, they have been carried out on no settled plan, and the results and sometimes the very existence of the borings have been kept secret. The natural consequences of this procedure have been the maximum of expense and the minimum of useful information.
I.—Fossil Fishes in the Devonian Rocks of North Devon
Authors: Rogers Inkermann
Published: May 2009

The Devonian rocks in Devon, like those of the Old Red Sandstone of which they are the equivalents, have been divided into three groups. Mr. T. M. Hall, writing in 1879, quoted no less than five separate classifications suggested for the beds of North Devon, nor has uncertainty been removed by the conclusions arrived at by geologists since that date. But we may for present purposes take the following as the nearest approach to a generally accepted succession:—

While examining the rocks of the Middle and Upper series for fossil plants during the past eleven years (1907–18), the results of which have already in part been published, other discoveries were made incidental to the work of collection of plant remains. Among these the discovery of fossil fish remains seems worthy of special notice.
II.—The Facial Suture of Trilobites
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

Trilobites in common with all other Arthropods shed their more or less rigid external covering or exoskeleton periodically. To accomplish this ecdysis it is necessary for this covering to split somewhere; and it is highly probable that the facial suture was the line along which such splitting took place. There seems, however, to be a tendency to assume that all lines which served this purpose are homologous. This has introduced unnecessary difficulties into the study of Trilobite classification. The object of this paper is to do something towards the elimination of this source of error.
III.—Notes on Yunnan Cystidea. III. Sinocystis compared with similar Genera
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Essentially the pores of Megacystis are diplopores, for they are arranged in pairs. This is evident on the inner surface of a plate (E 16169, E 7671). Here each pore-pair lies in a shallow depression, and each pore again lies in a slight depression at the bottom of this (fig. 14). Compare Sinocystis yunnanensis (antea, p. 538).
V.—Pleochroism in a Tin-bearing Mineral from Siam
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

In 1915 a heavy concentrate of sand from an unknown locality in Siam was submitted to me for identification. The sand consisted of rather coarse grains of a dark mineral, and finer grains of ilmenite, monazite, tourmaline, zircon, and topaz, with some of the same dark mineral as that occurring in coarse grains.
III.—The Mineral Composition of the Lower Greensand Strata of Eastern England
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1913 the author formed the intention of carrying out a comprehensive investigation of the mineral composition of the Lower Greensand strata of England, in order to ascertain whether any definite conclusions could be drawn as to the sources of the material and the geographical conditions that existed while the deposits were being formed. A large number of specimens were collected along the out crop from the Wash to the borders of Buckinghamshire and examined by the usual laboratory methods. This work was interrupted by the outbreak of war, and on returning to Cambridge after an absence of nearly four years on Government service circumstances proved to be unfavourable to a continuance of the work on the scale originally contemplated. The district already dealt with forms in itself a fairly well-defined unit, and it was decided to publish an account of the results already attained, in the hope that they may be of service to future workers in this interesting field of petrological and stratigraphical research.
I.—Note on a Mounted Skeleton of Myotragus balearicus, Bate
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

In the volume of this Magazine for the year 1909 (p. 385) Miss D. M. A. Bate gave a short account with some figures of a remarkably modified goat-like ruminant discovered in some remnants of cave-deposits in Majorca.1 The chief peculiarities of this curious creature are that (1) instead of possessing the three pairsof incisors and pair of canines in the lower jaw, usual in the group,only the median pair of incisors remains, and these teeth are modifiedto form large permanently growing teeth like the incisors of arodent; (2) the cannon bones on both the front and hind foot areextraordinarily shortened, this being especially marked in the former.
II.—The Genera of Recent and Tertiary Rhynchonellids
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

Owing to the marked persistence of general external form and internal characters in the Rhynchonellidæ, it is necessary in this family to seize on slighter differences for the foundation of genera than is elsewhere necessary or advisable. The object of this paper is to point out the characters that have been used and others which may advantageously be introduced in the discrimination of the genera of Recent and Tertiary representatives of the group. These are not at present distributed by authors amongst the genera Rhynchonella, Fischer; Acanthothyris, d'Orbigny ; Hemithyris, d'Orbigny ; Cryptopora, Jeffreys (syn. Atretia, Neatretia); Frieleia, Dall; and Basiola, Dall.
V.—Polar Climates
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Perhaps one of the most unexpected facts concerning the geology of the Polar regions is the almost entire absence of pre-Quaternaryrocks composed of glacial detritus, and the presence there mainly ofsediments containing floras and faunas indicating warm climaticconditions. This is true of the rocks composing the AntarcticContinent as well as of the land masses in the neighbourhood of theArctic Sea. Indeed, it is not until rocks of late Tertiary or Quaternarytimes are reached that we get any signs of continuous frigid conditionsat the Poles.
VI.—The Chawfordjohn Essexite and Associated Rocks
Authors: Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

Although the so-called Crawfordjohn essexite has been mentioned several times in petrographic literature, no detailed description of the occurrence has been given. In 1888 Teall described the main rock of the intrusion as an abnormal variety ofthe N. W.-S.E. Kainozoic dykes and noted the porphyritic augite andthe abundance of felspar, olivine, and apatite. Lacroix, in a generalpaper on the teschenites, mentioned the occurrence of nephelite in the same rock, which he described as an “olivine-teschenite, passing instructure to a tephrite”. Bailey, in the Glasgow memoir, remarked on the close similarity between the Crawfordjohn and Lennoxtown rocks and classed them with the essexites on account of their chemical similarity to the Brandberget rocks, while Tyrrell, on account ofthis similarity and also of the resemblance to the Carclout essexite, included them in the late Palaeozoic alkaline group.
III.—On some new Uniserial Cretaceous Cheilostome Polyzoa
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In 1890 Vine described Membranipora gaultina a uniserial Cheilostome from the Cambridge Gault. A peculiarity of this species was ‘a puckering’ or ‘folding-in of the wall below the area’ shown by Vine in his figure of the type-specimen. Unfortunately this specimen cannot be found; but a well-preserved paratype specimen (from the same horizon and locality) exhibits the same structure and shows that this is due to the collapse of the extra-terminal front wall along a median line proximal to the aperture. Other zoœcia of the same specimen show the extra-terminal front wall entire and a thin median seam—or rhamma—running proximally from the aperture. The rhamma appears in some instances as a ridge and in others as a depression; in some zoœcia it is not apparent; and when visible is extremely fine. In many cases the front wall is broken along it (as in Vine's figure) and thus the rhamma probably indicates a line of weakness. It is suggested that the rhamma is a ridge bounded by two furrows and that the front wall is thicker at the ridge and thinner in the furrows. The rhamma, then, would easily be broken off, and in such specimens a depression would appear in its place; and a thin groove on each side would constitute a general line of weakness which would account for the frequent breaking down of the front wall.
II.—An Investigation of some Wealden Sands
Authors: Relf Florence J.
Published: May 2009

The sands which are the subject of this investigation were taken from various parts of the Wealden area, and from different horizons, though all, except the French ones, are below the Weald Clay and represent the lowest division of the Cretaceous rocks, that is, the Hastings Beds.
V.—The Structure and Later Geological History of New Zealand
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

Supported by the great weight of Hutton's authority, his views, with which those of Haast and the early views of Hector were in general agreement, have gained wide acceptance, notwithstanding the opposition of McKay. Marshall, for example, as late as 1911 wrote as follows: “The great elevation [Mesozoic orogenic movement] was succeeded by nearly as great a depression. The majestic mountain ranges were gradually lowered until nothing but a chain of islands showed above sea level. To what a great extent this movement prevailed is seen at Lake Te Anau, where the Oamaru formation, some 3,000 feet thick, rises to the tops of the mountains. At Wakatipu and in the Rangitata valley the Oamaru rocks are found in the recesses of the mountains. In the Trelissick basin and between the masses of the Kaikoura ranges there was deep water. The valleys of the tributaries of the Buller are filled with Oamaru sediments.”
II.—On Denudation with reference to the Configuration of the Ground
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

The consideration of the subject of Denudation requires so extensive an acquaintance with Forms of the Ground in a field large enough to embrace all countries, that general conclusions must be advanced with more or less reserve, in proportion to the extent of our research.
I.—On the relative Ages of the Coast Boulder-clay of the Eastern Counties, and that on the Higher Ground
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

The discussion on Mr. Boyd Dawkins's paper, “ On the age of the Lower Brick-earths of the Thames valley,” at the meeting of the Geological Society of London, 9th of January, induces me to submit a view of the relative ages of the Boulder-clays of the east of England, which seems to bring into harmony the views of Mr. Dawkins, and the physical evidence suggested in the discussion that seemed to conflict with them.

Mr. Dawkins' opinion that the lower deposits of Brick-earth at Grays' Thurrock, Crayford, and Erith were super-imposed by a Glacial deposit containing transported materials, was objected to on the grounds that they occur in a valley apparently excavated after the deposition of the Boulder-clay capping the high land to the north of London—implying an interval between the Muswell Hill Boulder-clay, and the supposed Glacial deposits of the Thames Valley, represented by the entire excavation of the valley, and the deposition of the Brick-earths and gravels, containing mammalian remains, underlying the Glacial beds.
II.—Notes on a Collection of Recent Shells discovered among the Ruins of Pompeii, and preserved in the Museo Borbonico at Naples
Authors: Damon Robert
Published: May 2009

Among the many singular discoveries made in the ruins of Pompeii, and deposited in that most interesting of Museums, the Museo Borbonico, in the city of Naples, are a variety of shells, principally species now found in the Mediterranean Sea, and so far of interest as an illustration of the persistency of certain known species within the historic period, no difference whatever being observable between the disinterred and living specimens. On a close examination I observed, besides those from the neighbouring seas, species from distant countries, for example:—Conus textilis, Triton femorale, Meleagrina margaritifera (Pearl Oyster), species only found in the Indian and Eastern seas. I think, therefore, that this may be regarded as part of a Natural History collection. Assuming the truth of this conjecture, its antiquity is without a precedent. Did the original proprietor form one of a Natural History Society of Pompeii, of which the distinguished Naturalist Pliny, who perished at Pompeii, was a member? It would also be curious, in these days of research for priority of names, to know how they were described. Such a discovery might disturb existing nomenclature, and increase the perplexity already felt in naming collections. But laying aside fanciful conjectures, the collection is further instructive from the condition and perfect preservation in which the specimens are found, after an interment of nearly 1,800 years. Besides the collection in the Museo Borbonico, there is still standing in a villa at Pompeii, a fountain decorated with shells of the Mediterranean, one species of which, viz. Murex Brandaris, retains its colour and general freshness and is not to be distinguished from living examples; while the same species, from the Italian Tertiaries, are colourless and in that friable condition characteristic of shells even of the most recent geological period, pointing, like other discoveries, to the great antiquity of the most modern Tertiary deposits as compared with the era of the human race.
III.—New Extinct Bird from South Carolina
Authors: Shufeldt R. W.
Published: May 2009

Early in January, 1916, Dr. O. P. Hay, of Washington, D.C., referred to me for description the fossil bone of a large bird that had been discovered in the eastern part of South Carolina some time previously. This specimen I at once recognized as the lower extremity of the right femur of some bird belonging to a species much larger than any existing form in the United States. I find this specimen to be thoroughly fossilized and of a dull-black colour, the edges of both condyles being considerably chipped off. On the antero-internal aspect the shaft appears to be cut away as if by some shaving implement. This, and where the shaft is broken nearly squarely across above, exposes a filling of a dense, very hard, pale-grey matrix, with a grain as fine as clay. Judging from this there should be no doubt but that this femur was a thoroughly pneumatic one in the living bird, and that the thickness of the osseous wall of the shaft was by no means great, as may be appreciated by examining the figures on the accompanying Plate XV.
IV.—The Crystalline Rock-areas of the Piémontese Alps
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

This, perhaps the most complex crystalline area of the Piémontese Alps, is also eminently sui generis, for it forms a unit of rocks outside, and different from the great calc-schist horizon with pietre verdi of secondary composition. As previously stated, it is the continuation of the mica-schist and minute gneiss belt which skirts the Po Valley from the Rocciacorba group to Avigliana, Monte Musiné, and Lanzo, and, extending from Lanzo to Ivrea, Biella, and Val Sesia, reaches beyond the latter into Lombardy to Lakes Orta and Maggiore. Within the Piémontese Alps, viz. from Lanzo to Val Sesia, it is bounded on the north by the calc-schist and pietre verdi fringe which skirts the Monte Rosa gneiss massif, and on the south by the Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of the Po Valley, its superficial area being roughly 90 by 15 kilometres or 1,350 square kilometres, equal to over 500 square miles. The lower hills of the southern margin vary from 600 to 900 metres in altitude, which in the centre of the area increases to 1,000 and at the northern margin to 2,500 metres. In its general direction south-west to north-east, the area is intersected more or less at right angles by the following affluents of the Po: Stura di Lanzo, Malone, Orco, Chiusella – Dora Baltea, Elvo–Cervo, and Sessera–Sesia. The valley floors vary at the lower limit of the crystalline area from 300 to 500, and in their upper parts from 600 to 1,000 metres in altitude.
I.—Note on the Discovery of Bos Primigenius in the Lower Boulder-clay of Scotland
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

It Will interest some of your readers to hear that remains of Bos primigenius have recently been obtained from the true till or lower Boulder-clay of Scotland. The specimens hitherto found appear to have come either from the fine Glacial brick-clays, which are posterior in date to the larger portion of our Boulder-clay, or from deposits of still later age. A few days ago I heard that the navvies employed in making the new “Crofthead and Kilmarnock Extension Railway” had come upon what was described to me as a “wounderful big bull's head.” I lost no time in visiting the locality, and saw the fossil in the possession of Mr. John Strain, C.E., who allowed me to examine it, and was afterwards kind enough to accompany me to the railway cutting in order to point out the exact spot from which the relic was taken. The skull is in rather an imperfect state, and only one of the horn-cores remains, the other having been broken off near the base. The perfect core measures 31 inches in length along the outer curve, and gives at its base a circumferences of 14 inches. The breadth of the forehead between the horns is 10 inches. From the character of the flat forehead, from the origin of the cores, and from the direction and curvature of the remaining one, there can be no doubt that the skull is that of Bos primigenius.
V.—Note on the Gravel Beds of Finchley
Authors: Morris
Published: May 2009

The gravel beds of Finchley, which belong to the Drift or Boulder-clay series, have yielded to the researches of Mr. N. T. Wetherell, of Highgrate, many specimens of Flints, containing fossils of the Chalk formation,—of these, the genera Inoceramus and Pecten are most abundant, associated with which are casts of Ammonites, and specimens of Terebratula, Rhynchonella, Dianchora, Lima Hoperi, Spondylus spinosus, and many Echinoderms, as Micraster, Cardiaster, (similar to one from Northfleet,) two or three species of Cidaris, Cyphosoma, Ananchytes, Galerites, but with these it is important to notice there are sometimes found silicified specimens of Venericardia planicosta, a condition in which these shells are rarely found in their original Eocene beds.
V.—On the Classification of Rocks
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: May 2009

No one, I think, will deny that geology is far behind all the other sciences in the classification of those substances which form its special study, viz., rocks. No two authors agree on the subject, and no one seems to have attempted to form a scientific classification, based on a natural system.
I.—The Building up of the North Atlantic Tertiary Volcanic Plateau
Authors: Hawkes Leonard
Published: May 2009

It is many years ago since Sir Archibald Geikie pointed out that the Tertiary basalts of the Western Isles of Scotland and North-East Ireland were remnants of plateaux built up of lavas extruded from fissures after the manner described by von Richthofen. In historic times fissure eruptions have taken place in Iceland, and inThe Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britaina chapter is included on “The Modern Volcanoes of Iceland as illustrative of the Tertiary Volcanic History of North-Western Europe” (1, p. 260). Whilst little remains to be added in support of the very definite analogy exhibited in the nature of the lava streams themselves, the equivalent of the thin bands of red rock so typically intercalated in the Tertiary series has not been particularly examined, and I have visited Iceland in order to study the red beds themselves and search for their counterparts in the modern lava deserts.
IV.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

This district is of especial interest from the palæontological point of view in that the different members of the Upper Trias each afford a representative though not extensive flora and fauna. The scantiness of the material, in so far as the Lower Keuper and in some respects the Dane Hill Series are concerned, is due rather to the absence of good sections. This cannot, however, be said of the Rhætic beds, for the section at Glen Parva is one of the finest in the Midlands.
IV.—On the “Lingula Flags,” or “Festiniog Group” of the Dolgelly District
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: May 2009

The accompanying section shows the succession of beds from the Harlech grits, near the sixth milestone on the road from Dolgelly to Trawsfynydd, across their strike in a south-easterly direction, to the lower ash-bed of the Arenig group at the farm of Blaenau, five miles north-east from Dolgelly. In this section all the beds occur in regular sequence, although they are invaded by many intrusive masses and dykes of diabase; only the larger of which are shown in my section, as it would be impossible, on so small a scale to depict the innumerable protrusions of this rock that occur in the district. The section crosses, at Moel-Cors-y-garnedd, the southern flank of the mountain Rhobell-fawr, which is the largest mass of diabase in Wales. All along the eastern side of Rhobell-fawr the strata are completely inverted, as shown in diagram, so that the Festiniog beds (5 and 6) lie above the more recent Dolgelly beds (7 and 8), from underneath which the Tremadoc beds (9) come up, overlying the beds of slates and ashes belonging to the Arenig Group (10 and 11).
V.—Notes of the Weathering of Rocks near the Sea
Authors: Kinahan G. Henry
Published: May 2009

The following notes on the Weathering of Rocks near the Sea, culled from my note-books, appear to be facts unobserved by the various writers on subaërial denudation. Those agents would seem to act differently near the sea than away from it, not only in the quantity of the work done but also on the colouring matter in the rocks.