bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-5-methyl-N-(thiophene-2-sulfonyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide
Authors: Aydin Abdullah , Akkurt Mehmet , Gur Zehra Tugce , Banoğlu Erden
Published: April 2018

In the title compound, C16H13Cl2N3O3S2, the thiophene ring is disordered in a 0.762 (3):0.238 (3) ratio by an approximate 180° rotation of the ring around the S—C bond linking the ring to the sulfonyl unit. The dichlorobenzene group is also disordered over two sets of sites with the same occupancy ratio. The molecular conformation is stabilized by intramolecular C—H...Cl and C—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming rings with graph-set notation S(5). In the crystal, pairs of molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with graph-set notation R
2
2(8) and R
1
2(11), which are connected by C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions into ribbons parallel to (100). The ribbons are further connected into a three-dimensional network by C—H...π interactions and π–π stacking interactions between benzene and thiophene rings, with centroid-to-centroid distances of 3.865 (2), 3.867 (7) and 3.853 (2) Å. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been used to confirm and quantify the supramolecular interactions.
Orthorhombic lysozyme crystallization at acidic pH values driven by phosphate binding
Authors: Plaza-Garrido Marina , Salinas-Garcia M. Carmen , Camara-Artigas Ana
Published: April 2018

The structure of orthorhombic lysozyme has been obtained at 298 K and pH 4.5 using sodium chloride as the precipitant and in the presence of sodium phosphate at a concentration as low as 5 mM. Crystals belonging to space groupP212121(unit-cell parametersa= 30,b= 56,c= 73 Å, α = β = γ = 90.00°) diffracted to a resolution higher than 1 Å, and the high quality of these crystals permitted the identification of a phosphate ion bound to Arg14 and His15. The binding of this ion produces long-range conformational changes affecting the loop containing Ser60–Asn74. The negatively charged phosphate ion shields the electrostatic repulsion of the positively charged arginine and histidine residues, resulting in higher stability of the phosphate-bound lysozyme. Additionally, a low-humidity orthorhombic variant was obtained at pH 4.5, and comparison with those previously obtained at pH 6.5 and 9.5 shows a 1.5 Å displacement of the fifth α-helix towards the active-site cavity, which might be relevant to protein function. Since lysozyme is broadly used as a model protein in studies related to protein crystallization and amyloid formation, these results indicate that the interaction of some anions must be considered when analysing experiments performed at acidic pH values.
Abusive supervision and job outcomes: a moderated mediation study
Authors: Pradhan Sajeet , Jena Lalatendu Kesari
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Based on the conservation of resources theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the linkage between abusive supervision (a workplace stressor) and subordinate’s intention to quit by focusing on the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. The study also explores the conditional mediation model by testing the moderational role of perceived coworker support on the mediated abusive supervision-intention to quit relationship via emotional exhaustion.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the proposed hypotheses, the study draws data from 382 healthcare employees working in several hospitals and clinics in the eastern and north-eastern states of India. The authors collected data on the predictor and criterion variables at two time points with a separation of three to four weeks in a reversed order to counter priming effect.

Findings

The findings of the study reported that emotional exhaustion partially mediated the abusive supervision-intention to quit relationship. The result also supported the assertion that perceived coworker support will moderate the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinate’s intention to quit. The authors also found support to the moderated mediation hypothesis, that suggest perceived coworker support will reduce the mediating effect of abusive supervision-intention to quit relationship via emotional exhaustion.

Originality/value

This study is among few empirical investigations to investigate and report the interactional effect of perceived coworker support (a buffer) on the indirect relationship between abusive supervision and subordinate’s intention to quit via emotional exhaustion.
Artificial intelligence arrives in the library
Authors: Massis Bruce
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this column is to examine artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential relationship to the library.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature review and commentary on this topic have been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners.

Findings

The very disruptive nature of any new technology could be viewed as a threat to many institutions, including the library. But with the eventual acceptance and incorporation of AI into its services, it is certainly possible to speculate that this latest technology “intrusion” could also offer many potential positive enhancements into a multitude of library services, many of which are only being examined, considered and piloted in their early stages of development.

Originality/value

The value in exploring this topic is to present a look at the potential of using AI in the library and to open a discussion of its potential benefits.
Addressing student plagiarism from the library learning commons
Authors: Bell Stephanie
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize principled plagiarism education in library learning commons.

Design/methodology/approach

The synthesis of literature from library and information science, writing studies, and study skills illuminates academic cultures of speech reporting, causes of undergraduate student cheating behaviors and blunders in source use and attribution, and recommended best teaching practices.

Findings

Library learning commons are particularly well positioned to address student plagiarism as student-centric spaces with the potential to foster prosocial behaviors among students. Learning commons’ partner literatures reveal understandings of academic citation practices as multiple and fluid, tacit, ideological and skillful information literacies. Best practices for plagiarism education are developmental approaches aimed at socializing students into academic cultures of knowledge construction. These approaches to plagiarism education may preclude teaching academic integrity policy or participating in the enforcement of those codes of conduct.

Research limitations/implications

No survey of programs or their effectiveness was done for this paper. The effectiveness of the approach conceptualized here merits further study.

Originality/value

Contributions to fostering academic integrity support student success and the integrity of degrees and institutional reputation more broadly. This paper provides a model for interdisciplinary learning commons’ research.
Financial distress prediction of Islamic banks using tree-based stochastic techniques
Authors: Halteh Khaled , Kumar Kuldeep , Gepp Adrian
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Financial distress is a socially and economically important problem that affects companies the world over. Having the power to better understand – and hence aid businesses from failing, has the potential to save not only the company, but also potentially prevent economies from sustained downturn. Although Islamic banks constitute a fraction of total banking assets, their importance have been substantially increasing, as their asset growth rate has surpassed that of conventional banks in recent years. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a data set comprising 101 international publicly listed Islamic banks to work on advancing financial distress prediction (FDP) by utilising cutting-edge stochastic models, namely decision trees, stochastic gradient boosting and random forests. The most important variables pertaining to forecasting corporate failure are determined from an initial set of 18 variables.

Findings

The results indicate that the “Working Capital/Total Assets” ratio is the most crucial variable relating to forecasting financial distress using both the traditional “Altman Z-Score” and the “Altman Z-Score for Service Firms” methods. However, using the “Standardised Profits” method, the “Return on Revenue” ratio was found to be the most important variable. This provides empirical evidence to support the recommendations made by Basel Accords for assessing a bank’s capital risks, specifically in relation to the application to Islamic banking.

Originality/value

These findings provide a valuable addition to the limited literature surrounding Islamic banking in general, and FDP pertaining to Islamic banking in particular, by showcasing the most pertinent variables in forecasting financial distress so that appropriate proactive actions can be taken.
A new self-adjusting PI controller for power control in a wind turbine generator
Authors: Parida Shubhranshu Mohan , Choudhury Subhashree , Rout Pravat Kumar , Kar Sanjeeb Kumar
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel self-adjusting proportional integral (SA-PI) controller, for controlling the active and reactive power of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) when subjected to variable wind speed and parameter variations.

Design/methodology/approach

The proportional and integral gains of the proposed SA-PI controller are based on tan-hyperbolic function and adjust themselves automatically within pre-fixed limits according to the error occurring during transient situations.

Findings

The proposed SA-PI controller is able to evade the problems usually encountered while using a constant gain PI controller, such as lack of robustness, adaptability and a wide range of operation. It also damps out system oscillations faster with reduced settling time and fewer overshoots.

Originality/value

Simulation results and comparative studies with conventional PI controller and the differential evolution–optimized PI (DE-PI) controller reveal the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. MATLAB is used to perform the simulation studies.
Systematic review of the prevalence of nodal metastases and the prognostic utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tejera‐Vaquerizo Antonio , García‐Doval Ignacio , Llombart Beatriz , Cañueto Javier , Martorell‐Calatayud Antonio , Descalzo‐Gallego Miguel A. , Sanmartín Onofre
Published: April 2018

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer and its incidence is rising. The prognosis is mostly good but patients with high‐risk cSCC have a greater risk of recurrence and death. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review analyzing the prevalence, predictors and prognostic utility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) involvement in cSCC. We performed a published work search in Ovid MEDLINE and reviewed the reference lists of selected studies. Based on the 23 studies included in the systematic review, the proportion of patients with cSCC and positive SLN biopsy findings was 8% (95% confidence interval, 5.1–10.8%; I2= 44.51%). We found no studies reporting on predictors of SLN involvement in cSCC or on the prognostic utility of this finding following adjustment for confounders. The rate of positive SLN in cSCC is less than previously reported. Criteria for recommending SLN biopsy as a staging tool for cSCC vary considerably from study to study, and none of the studies were large enough to reliably identify predictors of SLN positivity. No randomized controlled trials have yet analyzed whether SLN biopsy may improve the prognosis of cSCC. More studies are required on the prognostic value of SLN positivity and the associated risk factors in cSCC.
Grazer effects on soil carbon storage vary by herbivore assemblage in a semi‐arid grassland
Authors: Chang Qing , Wang Ling , Ding Shiwen , Xu Tongtong , Li Zhiqiang , Song Xuxin , Zhao Xuan , Wang Deli , Pan Duofeng
Published: April 2018

Accounting for 10%–30% of global soil organic carbon, grassland soils potentially present a large reservoir for storing atmospheric CO2. Livestock grazing management can substantially affect grassland soil carbon (C) storage, but few controlled experiments have explored how herbivore assemblages (different herbivore species and combinations) affect soil C storage.

We examined effects of moderate grazing by different herbivore assemblages (no grazing; sheep grazing; cattle grazing; mixed grazing by sheep and cattle) on soil organic carbon storage in two types of grassland communities (high forbs/high diversity and low forbs/low diversity), within a semi‐arid grassland with a 5‐year grazing history.

We found that herbivore assemblage generated varying effects on soil C storage and the effects were subject to grassland community types. In the low diversity community, none of three herbivore assemblages studied had obvious effects on soil C storage. In the high diversity community, however, sheep grazing significantly decreased soil C storage due to high selectivity for high quality forbs, and cattle grazing had no effects on soil C storage, while mixed grazing by sheep and cattle significantly increased soil C storage. Overall, soil C storage was highest in mixed‐grazed grassland sites with high diversity.

Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that explicitly incorporating grazer species and the combination of grazing livestock into grassland grazing management may help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Caution should be exercised when using grazer species with high food selectivity in grazing management aimed at climate mitigation, especially in grasslands with abundant high quality forbs and high plant diversity, as sheep grazing may reduce soil carbon (C) storage. Moreover, mixed grazing, including multiple herbivore species, may contribute to a reduction in foraging selectivity for a plant community by means of complementary foraging. It could therefore be considered as an optimal grazing management strategy to maintain and improve soil C storage.
‘Ingredients’ of a supportive web of caring relationships at the end of life: findings from a community research project in Austria
Authors: Wegleitner Klaus , Schuchter Patrick , Prieth Sonja
Published: April 2018

In accordance with the pluralisation of life plans in late modernity, the societal organisation of care at the end of life is diverse. Although the public discourse in western societies is dominated by questions about optimising specialised palliative care services, public health approaches, which take into account the social determinants and inequalities in end‐of‐life care, have gained in importance over the last decade. Conceptual aspects, dimensions of impact and benefit for the dying and their communities are well discussed in the public health end‐of‐life care research literature. Our research focuses on the preconditions of a supportive caring web in order to understand how communities can build on their social capital to deal with existential uncertainty. As part of a large‐scale community research project, we carried out focus groups and interviews with community members. Through dispositive analysis, we generated a set of care‐web ‘ingredients’, which constitute and foster a caring community. These ‘ingredients’ need to be cultivated through an ongoing process of co‐creation. This requires: (i) a focus on relationships and social systems; (ii) the creation of reflective spaces; and (iii) the strengthening of social capital, and d) the addressing of inequalities in care.
Observations often trump experiments
Authors: Thorp John
Published: April 2018

Deputy Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr John Thorp, discusses his top articles from this issue in an audio podcast available at: https://soundcloud.com/bjog/may-editors-choice-2018
Predictors for unsuccessful pessary fitting in women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse: a prospective study
Authors: Mao M , Ai F , Zhang Y , Kang J , Liang S , Xu T , Zhu L
Published: April 2018

Objective

To evaluate the success rate of vaginal pessary fitting and identify the risk factors associated with unsuccessful pessary fitting in a large cohort of patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.

Population

Women with symptomatic POP between May 2015 and December 2016 (n = 343).

Methods

A successful pessary fitting was defined as a patient fitted with a pessary at the initial fitting and continued use 2 weeks later. The independent samples t‐test, non‐parametric test, Chi‐square test, Fisher's exact test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used for the data analysis.

Main outcome measures

The success rate of vaginal pessary fitting and the risk factors associated with unsuccessful pessary fitting.

Results

302 patients had successful pessary fitting (88.0% success rate). A higher body mass index [BMI; 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 in the successful group versus 25.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2 in the unsuccessful group, odds ratio (OR) 1.174, 95% CI 1.055–1.307, P = 0.003] and a shorter TVL [8.0 (8–9) cm in the successful group versus 7.0 (6.8–8) cm in the unsuccessful group, OR 0.338, 95% CI 0.223–0.513, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of an unsuccessful pessary fitting. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that patients with a total vaginal length (TVL) less than 7.3 cm had a higher unsuccessful pessary fitting rate (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.64).

Conclusions

A higher BMI and shorter TVL were independent predictors of an unsuccessful pessary fitting. Patients with a TVL <7.3 cm are not appropriate candidates for a vaginal pessary.

Tweetable abstract

A higher BMI and shorter TVL (<7.3 cm) were independent predictors of an unsuccessful pessary fitting.
Petrological and Os Isotopic Characteristics of Zedong Peridotites in the Eastern Yarlung–Zangbo Suture in Tibet
Authors: LAI Shengmin , YANG Jingsui , DILEK Yildirim , XIONG Fahui , JIANG Rui , CHEN Yanhong
Published: April 2018

The Zedong ophiolites in the eastern Yarlung–Zangbo suture zone of Tibet represent a mantle slice of more than 45 km2. This massif consists mainly of mantle peridotites, with lesser gabbros, diabases and volcanic rocks. The mantle peridotites are mostly harzburgite, lherzolite; a few dike‐like bodies of dunite are also present. Mineral structures show that the peridotites experienced plastic deformation and partial melting. Olivine (Fo89.7–91.2), orthopyroxene (En88–92), clinopyroxene (En45–49Wo47–51Fs2–4) and spinel [Mg#=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe)]=49.1–70.7; Cr#=(100×Cr/(Cr+Al)=18.8–76.5] are the major minerals. The degree of partial melting of mantle peridotites is 10%–40%, indicating that the Zedong mantle peridotites may experience a multi–stage process. The peridotites are characterized by depleted major element compositions and low REE content (0.08–0.62 ppm). Their “spoon–shaped” primitive–mantle normalized REE patterns with (La/Sm)N being 0.50–6.00 indicate that the Zedong ultramafic rocks belong to depleted residual mantle rocks. The PGE content of Zedong peridotites (18.19–50.74 ppb) is similar with primary mantle with Pd/Ir being 0.54–0.60 and Pt/Pd being 1.09–1.66. The Zedong peridotites have variable, unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions with 187Os/188Os=0.1228 to 0.1282. A corollary to this interpretation is that the convecting upper mantle is heterogeneous in Os isotopes. All data of the Zedong peridotites suggest that they formed originally at a mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) and were later modified in supra–subduction zone (SSZ) environment.
Isotope Geochronologic and Geochemical Constraints on the Magmatic Associations of the Collisional Orogenic Zone in the West Kunlun Orogen, China
Authors: WANG Chan , LIU Hao , DENG Jianghong , LIU Xianfan , ZHAO Fufeng , WANG Chun , TIAN Xin
Published: April 2018

The Jiajiwaxi pluton in the southern portion of the West Kunlun Range can be divided into two collision–related intrusive rock series, i.e., a gabbro–quartz diorite–granodiorite series that formed at 224±2.0 Ma and a monzonitic granite–syenogranite series that formed at 222±2.0 Ma. The systematic analysis of zircon U‐Pb geochronology and bulk geochemistry is used to discuss the magmatic origin (material source and thermal source), tectonic setting, genesis and geotectonic implications of these rocks. The results of this analysis indicate that the parent magma of the first series, representing a transition from I‐type to S‐type granites, formed from thermally triggered partial melting of deep crustal components in an early island–arc–type igneous complex, similar to an I‐type granite, during the continental collision orogenic stage. The parent magma of the second series, corresponding to an S‐type granite, formed from the partial melting of forearc accretionary wedge sediments in a subduction zone in the late Palaeozoic–Triassic. During continued collision, the second series magma was emplaced into the first series pluton along a central fault zone in the original island arc region, forming an immiscible puncture‐type complex. The deep tectonothermal events associated with the continent–continent collision during the orogenic cycle are constrained by the compositions and origins of the two series. The new information provided by this paper will aid in future research into the dynamic mechanisms affecting magmatic evolution in the West Kunlun orogenic belt.
A Uniform Orogen‐parallel Extension System of the Shear Zones in the Tongbai‐Dabie Orogenic Belt, Central China
Authors: LIU Huan , LIN Shoufa , SONG Chuanzhong
Published: April 2018

Large‐scale magmatism affected the Tongbai‐Dabie orogenic belt during post‐collisional lateral tectonic extension in the Cretaceous, which was suggested to account for the widespread deformation and migmatization in the Tongbai‐Dabie complexes. However, it cannot explain the most deformations in the shear zones. The northwest‐southeast shear zones are developed around or wrapped the Tongbai‐Dabie complexes. They play an important role for the interpretation of the tectonic evolution of the Tongbai‐Dabie orogenic belt. By a systematically observation and description of the geometry and kinematics of these shear zones, we found that the shear zones to the north dip NE and have a uniform sinistral shear sense, the shear zone to the south dips SW and has a uniform dextral shear sense, and the shear zones at the core are sub‐horizontal and have a uniform top‐to‐NW sense of shear. Combining with the comparison of previous and our geochronological studies, we interpret these associations as indicating that these shear zones were originally a single, more flat‐lying and sub‐horizontal shear zone with a uniform top‐to‐NW shear sense before the folding‐doming of the Tongbai‐Dabie complexes and suggest that the Tongbai‐Dabie orogenic belt experienced a uniform top‐to‐NW orogen‐parallel extension in the ductile lithosphere before the widespread magmatism in the Cretaceous.
Discovery of the Plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao Ophiolite, Southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Inner Mongolia, China and Its Tectonic Significance
Authors: LI Yingjie , WANG Jinfang , WANG Genhou , DONG Peipei , LI Hongyang , HU Xiaojia
Published: April 2018

In this study, plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao ophiolite of the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (Altaids) were investigated for the first time. The plagiogranites are composed predominantly of albite and quartz, and occur as irregular intrusive veins in pillow basalts. The plagiogranites have high SiO2 (74.37–76.68wt%) and low Al2O3 (11.99–13.30wt%), and intensively high Na2O (4.52–5.49wt%) and low K2O (0.03–0.40wt%) resulting in high Na2O/K2O ratios (11.3–183). These rocks are classified as part of the low‐K tholeiitic series. The plagiogranites have low total rare earth element contents (ΣREE)(23.62–39.77ppm), small negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.44–0.62), and flat to slightly LREE‐depleted chondrite‐normalized REE patterns ((La/Yb)N=0.68–0.76), similar to N‐MORB. The plagiogranites are also characterized by Th, U, Zr, and Hf enrichment, and Nb, P, and Ti depletion, have overall flat primitivemantle‐normalized trace element patterns. Field and petrological observations and geochemical data suggest that the plagiogranites in the Diyanmiao ophiolite are similar to fractionation‐type plagiogranites. Furthermore, the REE patterns of the plagiogranites are similar to those of the gabbros and pillow basalts in the ophiolite. In plots of SREE–SiO2, La–SiO2, and Yb–SiO2, the plagiogranites, pillow basalts, and gabbros show trends typical of crystal fractionation. As such, the plagiogranites are oceanic in origin, formed by crystal fractionation from basaltic magmas derived from depleted mantle, and are part of the Diyanmiao ophiolite. LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircons from the plagiogranites yielded ages of 328.6±2.1 and 327.1±2.1Ma, indicating an early Carboniferous age for the Diyanmiao ophiolite. These results provide petrological and geochronological evidence for the identification of the Erenhot–Hegenshan oceanic basin and Hegenshan suture of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean.
Fenitized Wall Rock Geochemistry of the First Carbonatite Dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: WANG Kaiyi , ZHANG Jien , YU Liangjun , FANG Aimin , DONG Ce , HU Fuyou
Published: April 2018

The first carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo is well exposed on the surface for a length and width of approximately 60 m and 1.1–1.5 m, respectively. Along its strike, the fenitized H1 (Qs) and H2 (Cs) quartzite is replaced by Na‐amphiboles, aegirines, and alkali‐feldspars, intermittently stretching as far away as 800 m in length. Based on petrographical characteristics, the dyke's fenitized wall rocks are divisible into different zones: (1) outer, (2) middle, and (3) inner. The outer zone is 5–17 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The middle zone is located at 3.5–5 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The inner contact zone is located between direct contact with the dyke and 3.5 m from the dyke. In the outer zone, upon visual examination, no evidence of outcrop fenitization was found and the major elemental rock composition is nearly identical to the unaltered H1 and H2 lithologies. In the thin sections, however, small amounts of Na‐amphibole and phlogopite are present. Despite relatively poor development throughout the 5 m of fenitization, the wall rocks have retained at least a small geochemical signature comparable to the original sedimentary protolith. The fenites occurring in the inner zone exhibit distinct variations, not only for the sharp contact at the outcrop scale, but also for variations in major, rare earth elements (REE), and trace elements and Sm‐Nd isotope composition. The wall rocks within 3.5 m have undergone strong fenitization, inheriting the geochemical signature derived from the carbonatite dyke. Fenitization in the middle zone was not as strong, at least compared to the inner zone, but was stronger than the outer zone. Compared to some trace elements and REEs, the major elements are relatively immobile during fenitization. The Sm‐Nd isotope data for the carbonatite dyke and the adjacent fenitized wall rocks, where the Sm and Nd originate solely from the dyke, plots as a six‐point isochron with an age of 1308±56 Ma. This age is identical to that of ore‐bearing dolomite carbonatite and the related ore‐forming events, indicating that there may be a petrogenetic link between the two. Based on Sr and Nd isotope compositional data, the first carbonatite dyke may be derived from an enriched mantle.
Occurrence of the Iron–rich Melt in the Heijianshan Iron Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Insights into the Origin of Volcanic Rock–hosted Iron Deposits
Authors: LI Houmin , LI Lixing , DING Jianhua , LI Yanhe , SONG Zhe , MENG Jie , MA Yubo
Published: April 2018

Long‐standing controversy persists over the presence and role of iron–rich melts in the formation of volcanic rock‐hosted iron deposits. Conjugate iron–rich and silica–rich melt inclusions observed in thin‐sections are considered as direct evidence for the presence of iron‐rich melt, yet unequivocal outcrop‐scale evidence of iron‐rich melts are still lacking in volcanic rock‐hosted iron deposits. Submarine volcanic rock‐hosted iron deposits, which are mainly distributed in the western and eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are important resources of iron ores in China, but it remains unclear whether iron‐rich melts have played a role in the mineralization of such iron ores. In this study, we observed abundant iron‐rich agglomerates in the brecciated andesite lava of the Heijianshan submarine volcanic rock–hosted iron deposit, Eastern Tianshan, China. The iron‐rich agglomerates occur as irregular and angular masses filling fractures of the host brecciated andesite lava. They show concentric potassic alteration with silicification or epidotization rims, indicative of their formation after the wall rocks. The iron‐rich agglomerates have porphyritic and hyalopilitic textures, and locally display chilled margins in the contact zone with the host rocks. These features cannot be explained by hydrothermal replacement of wall rocks (brecciated andesite lava) which is free of vesicle and amygdale, rather they indicate direct crystallization of the iron‐rich agglomerates from iron‐rich melts. We propose that the iron‐rich agglomerates were formed by open‐space filling of volatile‐rich iron‐rich melt in fractures of the brecciated andesite lava. The iron‐rich agglomerates are compositionally similar to the wall‐rock brecciated andesite lava, but have much larger variation. Based on mineral assemblages, the iron‐rich agglomerates are subdivided into five types, i.e., albite‐magnetite type, albite‐K‐feldspar‐magnetite type, K‐feldspar–magnetite type, epidote‐magnetite type and quartz‐magnetite type, representing that products formed at different stages during the evolution of a magmatic‐hydrothermal system. The albite‐magnetite type represents the earliest crystallization product from a residual iron‐rich melt; the albite‐K‐feldspar‐magnetite and K‐feldspar‐magnetite types show features of magmatic‐hydrothermal transition, whereas the epidote‐magnetite and quartz‐magnetite types represent products of hydrothermal alteration. The occurrence of iron‐rich agglomerates provides macroscopic evidence for the presence of iron‐rich melts in the mineralization of the Heijianshan iron deposit. It also indicates that iron mineralization of submarine volcanic rock‐hosted iron deposits is genetically related to hydrothermal fluids derived from iron‐rich melts.
Complex Febrile Seizures, Lumbar Puncture, and Central Nervous System Infections: A National Perspective
Authors: Lee Jane , DeLaroche Amy M. , Janke Alexander T. , Kannikeswaran Nirupama , Levy Phillip D.
Published: April 2018

Objectives

The objective was to determine the national lumbar puncture (LP) practice patterns relative to the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections among children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with complex febrile seizures (CFS).

Methods

This was a retrospective study of ED visits for CFS from 2007 to 2014 in patients aged 0 to 5 years using a national sample. Primary outcomes include the frequency of LP, incidence of CNS infections, and ED disposition.

Results

Of 28,810 ED visits for CFS (44.4% female; mean age = 1.39 years), LP was performed in 7,445 (25.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.5%–28.2%). There was no significant difference in the proportion due to hospital teaching status or geographical region. The proportion decreased from 31.4% to 17.8% over the study period (Rao‐Scott statistic = 5.85, p < 0.001). CNS infection was diagnosed in 80 (0.3%) encounters (95% CI = 41–112). The most commonly associated infections were otitis media (16.8%), upper respiratory infections (15.8%), and other viral infections (14.6%). A total of 14,696 encounters (51.0%, 95% CI = 47.9%–54.1%) resulted in a hospital admission.

Conclusions

Although rates have been declining, LP was performed in one‐fourth of ED encounters for CFS over the 8‐year study period. The incidence of CNS infections was very low, however, suggesting that this procedure could be avoided in many patients.
Timing of elective pre‐labour caesarean section: A decision analysis
Authors: Wilmink Freke A. , Pham Clarabelle T. , Edge Nicole , Hukkelhoven Chantal W.P.M. , Steegers Eric A.P. , Mol Ben W.
Published: April 2018

Background

Since caesarean sections (CSs) before 39+0 weeks gestation are associated with higher rates of neonatal respiratory morbidity, it is recommended to delay elective CSs until 39+0 weeks. However, this bears the risk of earlier spontaneous labour resulting in unplanned CSs, which has workforce and resource implications, specifically in smaller obstetric units.

Aim

To assess, in a policy of elective CSs from 39+0 weeks onward, the number of unplanned CSs to prevent one neonate with respiratory complications, as compared to early elective CS.

Materials and Methods

We performed a decision analysis comparing early term elective CS at 37+0–6 or 38+0–6 weeks to elective prelabour CS, without strict medical indication, at 39+0–6 weeks, with earlier unplanned CS, in women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. We used literature data to calculate the number of unplanned CSs necessary to prevent one neonate with respiratory morbidity.

Results

Planning all elective CSs at 39+0–6 weeks required 10.9 unplanned CSs to prevent one neonate with respiratory morbidity, compared to planning all elective CSs at 38+0–6 weeks. Compared to planning all elective CSs at 37+0–6 weeks we needed to perform 3.3 unplanned CSs to prevent one neonate with respiratory morbidity.

Conclusion

In a policy of planning all elective pre‐labour CSs from 39+0 weeks of gestation onward, between three and 11 unplanned CSs have to be performed to prevent one neonate with respiratory morbidity. Therefore, in our opinion, fear of early term labour and workforce disutility is no argument for scheduling elective CSs <39+0 weeks.
Teacher beliefs about the aetiology of individual differences in cognitive ability, and the relevance of behavioural genetics to education
Authors: Crosswaite Madeline , Asbury Kathryn
Published: April 2018

Background

Despite a large body of research that has explored the influence of genetic and environmental factors on educationally relevant traits, few studies have explored teachers’ beliefs about, or knowledge of, developments in behavioural genetics related to education.

Aims

This study aimed to describe the beliefs and knowledge of UK teachers about behavioural genetics and its relevance to education, and to test for differences between groups of teachers based on factors including years of experience and age of children taught.

Sample

Data were gathered from n = 402 teachers from a representative sample of UK schools. Teachers from primary and secondary schools, and from across the state and independent sectors, were recruited.

Methods

An online questionnaire was used to gather demographic data (gender, age, years of experience, age of children taught, and state vs. independent) and also data on beliefs about the relative influence of nature and nurture on cognitive ability; knowledge of behavioural genetics; openness to genetic research in education; and mindset. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlations, and multiple regression.

Results

Teachers perceived genetic and environmental factors as equally important influences on cognitive ability and tended towards a growth mindset. Knowledge about behavioural genetics was low, but openness to learning more about genetics was high. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups based on age of children taught (openness higher among primary teachers) and state versus independent (more growth‐minded in state sector).

Conclusions

Although teachers have a limited knowledge of behavioural genetics, they are keen to learn more.
Barriers and facilitators to health care professionals discussing child weight with parents: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative studies
Authors: Bradbury Daisy , Chisholm Anna , Watson Paula M. , Bundy Christine , Bradbury Nicola , Birtwistle Sarah
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Childhood obesity is one of the most serious global public health challenges. However, obesity and its consequences are largely preventable. As parents play an important role in their children's weight‐related behaviours, good communication between parents and health care professionals (HCPs) is essential. This systematic review provides a meta‐synthesis of qualitative studies exploring the barriers and facilitators experienced by HCPs when discussing child weight with parents.

Methods

Searches were conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE (OVID), Psych INFO (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), Web of Knowledge and CINAHL. Thirteen full‐text qualitative studies published in English language journals since 1985 were included. Included studies collected data from HCPs (e.g., nurses, doctors, dieticians, psychologists, and clinical managers) concerning their experiences of discussing child weight‐related issues with parents. An inductive thematic analysis was employed to synthesize findings.

Findings

Emerging subthemes were categorized using a socio‐ecological framework into intra/interpersonal factors, organizational factors, and societal factors. Perceived barriers and facilitators most commonly related to intra/interpersonal level factors, that is, relating to staff factors, parental factors, or professional–parent interactions. HCPs also attributed a number of barriers, but not facilitators, at the organizational and societal levels.

Conclusion

The findings of this review may help to inform the development of future weight‐related communication interventions. Whilst intra/interpersonal interventions may go some way to improving health care practice, it is crucial that all stakeholders consider the wider organizational and societal context in which these interactions take place.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on the subject?

Childhood obesity is one of the United Kingdom's most serious current public health challenges.

Health care professionals are in a prime position to identify child weight issues during routine consultations.

However, they often feel unable or unequipped to raise the topic and provide information on child weight management.

What does this study add?

To our knowledge, this is the first review to synthesize barriers and facilitators to discussing child weight.

This review interprets key barriers and facilitators in the context of the socio‐ecological model.

Supports the development of interventions matched to the appropriate level of the socio‐economic model.
The zircon story of the Nile: Time‐structure maps of source rocks and discontinuous propagation of detrital signals
Authors: Garzanti Eduardo , Vermeesch Pieter , Rittner Martin , Simmons Matthew
Published: April 2018

A new dimension has recently been added to provenance analysis by the rapid development of detrital‐geochronology techniques. The application of any dating method to sediments allows the definition of a unique age pattern of parent rocks, a “time structure” that represents an essential complement to the information on their lithological structure obtained by traditional petrographic and mineralogical methods. This detrital‐geochronology study illustrates the distribution of U‐Pb zircon ages in all parts of the Nile catchment from its equatorial headwaters to the Delta, and surveys how the provenance signal is formed, transmitted, and modified along this huge sediment‐routing system. Age‐spectra obtained by targeting specific parts of zircon grains after cathodo‐luminesce imaging and by our Automated Phase Mapping + LAICPMS “blind‐dating strategy” were compared. The former approach emphasises specific magmatic or metamorphic events in source areas, whereas the latter aims at minimising selection bias and focuses on consistency among samples. Grain‐size and hydraulic‐sorting controls were also checked, but found to have only a minor effect on zircon‐age distributions. The trimodal age spectrum of Kagera zircons sourced from the rift highlands of Burundi and Rwanda, characterised by prominent late Neoarchean (Aruan) and mid‐Mesoproterozoic (Kibaran) peaks with a wider mid‐Palaeoproterozoic (Ubendian) cluster, is lost in the Lake Victoria sediment sink. The sharp unimodal Aruan peak displayed by zircon grains in both Victoria and Albert Nile is supplemented and finally superseded by Neoproterozoic grains across the vast marshlands of South Sudan, where detritus produced in equatorial regions is eventually stored. All Nile tributaries in Sudan and Egypt carry zircon grains yielding predominantly Neoproterozoic ages, with a major peak around 0.6 Ga associated with clusters around 0.8 and 1.0 Ga. A few Oligocene zircons represent the key diagnostic feature of Ethiopian provenance, the Ariadne's golden thread that allowed retracing the palaeo‐Nile to its Ethiopian sources back in the Oligocene. The Nile presents a text‐book case of discontinuous transmission of provenance signals along a segmented ultra‐long drainage system. Zircon‐age fingerprints as well as all other detrital signatures are lost repeatedly in large Ugandan lakes, reconstituted or replaced, lost again in the vast marshlands of South Sudan, and finally homogenised downstream from Ethiopia and Sudan to the Mediterranean Sea.
Individualized predictive signatures for 5‐fluorouracil‐based chemotherapy in right‐ and left‐sided colon cancer
Authors: Song Kai , Zhao Wenyuan , Wang Wen , Zhang Na , Wang Kai , Chang Zhiqiang
Published: April 2018

5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) is widely used for the treatment of colon cancer. Colon cancers with different primary tumor locations are clinically and molecularly distinct, implied through their response to 5‐FU‐based ACT. In this work, using 69 and 133 samples of patients with stage II‐III right‐sided and left‐sided colon cancer (RCC and LCC) treated with post‐surgery 5‐FU‐based ACT, we preselected gene pairs whose relative expression orderings were significantly correlated with the disease‐free survival of patients by univariate Cox proportional hazards model. Then, from the identified prognostic‐related gene pairs, a forward‐stepwise selection algorithm was formulated to search for an optimal subset of gene pairs that resulted in the highest concordance index, referred to as the gene pair signature (GPS). We identified prognostic signatures, 3‐GPS and 5‐GPS, for predicting response to 5‐FU‐based ACT of patients with RCC and LCC, respectively, which were validated in independent datasets of GSE14333 and GSE72970. With the aid of the signatures, the transcriptional and genomic characteristics between the predicted responders and non‐responders were explored. Notably, both in RCC and LCC, the predicted responders to 5‐FU‐based ACT were characterized by hypermutation, whereas the predicted non‐responders were characterized by frequent copy number alternations. Finally, in comparison with the established relative expression ordering‐based signature, which was developed without considering the differences between RCC and LCC, the newly proposed signatures had a better predictive performance. In conclusion, 3‐GPS or 5‐GPS can robustly predict response to 5‐FU‐based ACT for patients with RCC or LCC, respectively, in an individual level.
Collagen type I induces EGFR‐TKI resistance in EGFR‐mutated cancer cells by mTOR activation through Akt‐independent pathway
Authors: Yamazaki Shota , Higuchi Youichi , Ishibashi Masayuki , Hashimoto Hiroko , Yasunaga Masahiro , Matsumura Yasuhiro , Tsuchihara Katsuya , Tsuboi Masahiro , Goto Koichi , Ochiai Atsushi , Ishii Genichiro
Published: April 2018

Primary resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) is a serious problem in lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring EGFR mutations. The aim of this study was to examine whether and how collagen type I (Col I), the most abundantly deposited matrix in tumor stroma, affects EGFR‐TKI sensitivity in EGFR‐mutant cells. We evaluated the EGFR‐TKI sensitivity of EGFR‐mutated cancer cells cultured with Col I. Changes in the activation of downstream signaling molecules of EGFR were analyzed. We also examined the association between the Col I expression in tumor stroma in surgical specimens and EGFR‐TKI response of postoperative recurrence patients with EGFR mutations. Compared to cancer cells without Col I, the survival rate of cancer cells cultured with Col I was significantly higher after EGFR‐TKI treatment. In cancer cells cultured with and without Col I, EGFR‐TKI suppressed the levels of phosphorylated (p‐)EGFR, p‐ERK1/2, and p‐Akt. When compared to cancer cells without Col I, expression of p‐P70S6K, a hallmark of mTOR activation, was dramatically upregulated in cancer cells with Col I. This activation was maintained even after EGFR‐TKI treatment. Simultaneous treatment with EGFR‐TKI and mTOR inhibitor abrogated Col I‐induced resistance to EGFR‐TKI. Patients with Col I‐rich stroma had a significantly shorter progression‐free survival time after EGFR‐TKI therapy (238 days vs 404 days; P < .05). Collagen type I induces mTOR activation through an Akt‐independent pathway, which results in EGFR‐TKI resistance. Combination therapy using EGFR‐TKI and mTOR inhibitor could be a possible strategy to combat this resistance.
Gender differences in the quality of psychosocial stimulation in rural Bangladesh homes
Authors: Hossain S. J. , Tofail F. , Hasan M. I. , Mehrin S. F. , Aktar S. , Hamadani J.
Published: April 2018

Background

Little is known about whether and to what extent gender differences affect the stimulation children receive at home, which is crucial to child development. The aim of this study was to document the differences, if any, in the quality of psychosocial stimulation boys and girls receive at home in middle childhood in rural Bangladesh.

Methods

This study was done as a part of a long‐term follow‐up study of a cluster randomized controlled trial in 2015. The Middle Childhood‐Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (MC‐HOME) was adapted and used to measure the quality of home stimulation. Post hoc analysis of the long‐term follow‐up study was done. Data were analysed using t‐test and chi‐squared test for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to control for confounders.

Results

A total of 372 child–mother dyads participated in the study. Socio‐economic and anthropometric characteristics of the boys and girls did not differ except that more girls had electricity at home (p = .027). Girls were found significantly advantaged over boys in total MC‐HOME scores (p = .014) at age around 8 years.

Conclusions

These findings will play a role for child development policy formulation in Bangladesh. However, though the difference is statistically significant, the strength of relationship is very weak and may not be of functional importance.
Dissecting “Peer Presence” and “Decisions” to Deepen Understanding of Peer Influence on Adolescent Risky Choice
Authors: Somerville Leah H. , Haddara Nadia , Sasse Stephanie F. , Skwara Alea C. , Moran Joseph M. , Figner Bernd
Published: April 2018

This study evaluated the aspects of complex decisions influenced by peers, and components of peer involvement influential to adolescents’ risky decisions. Participants (N = 140) aged 13–25 completed the Columbia Card Task (CCT), a risky choice task, isolating deliberation‐reliant and affect‐reliant decisions while alone, while a friend monitors choices, and while a friend is merely present. There is no condition in which a nonfriend peer is present. Results demonstrated the risk‐increasing peer effect occurred in the youngest participants in the cold CCT and middle‐late adolescents in the hot CCT, whereas other ages and contexts showed a risk‐decreasing peer effect. Mere presence was not sufficient to influence risky behavior. These boundaries in age, decision, and peer involvement constrain prevailing models of adolescent peer influence.