bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
­­Design And Characteristic Research of Contact Probe For High-Precision 3D Thread-Measuring Machine
Authors: YU Jing , Lin Xi-meng , Yang Yan-ling , Cai Jin-hui
Published: August 2021

A probe is an important part of high-precision thread-measuring machines. Probe design affects the ability of the machine to achieve precision. The development of three-dimensional (3D) thread-measuring machines has mandated strict requirements for matching measuring heads. A contact scanning probe offers the advantages of a relatively high measurement accuracy and stable performance. In this study, the structure of the scanning probe was designed. First, a micro-force probe model was established according to 3D thread characteristics. The “T”-shaped, ballpoint-pen shaped needle was selected according to the characteristics of the detection hole and thread. Thereafter, the dimension parameters of the measuring ball, measuring bar, parallel spring plates, and other components were designed to enable the measuring head to meet the precision requirements. The flexural deformation of the measuring rod was analyzed to determine the appropriate length and diameter of the measuring rod. Finally, the effective static and dynamic characteristics of the head were demonstrated through finite element simulation and experimental measurements. In addition, the static characteristics of the probe were measured. The return error was 0.29 µm, and the repeatability error was 0.24 µm. The dynamic characteristics were tested using the percussion method, and the natural frequency was 180 Hz. These results help ensure the precision of the probe and improve the measuring precision of the machine.
Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Artemisinin Resistance-related pfubp1 and pfap2mu Genes in Imported Plasmodium Falciparum to Wuhan, China
Authors: Cheng Weijia , Wu Kai , Song Xiaonan , Wei Wang , Du Weixing , Li Jian
Published: August 2021

BackgroundMolecular markers for monitoring resistance could help improve malaria treatment policies. Delayed clearance of Plasmodium falciparum by Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) has been reported in several countries. In addition to the PfKelch13 (pfk13), new drug resistance genes, the ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (pfubp1) and the eadaptor protein complex 2 mu subunit (pfap2mu) have been identified as being linked to ACTs. This study investigated the prevalence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in clinical P. falciparum isolates pfubp1 and pfap2mu imported from Africa and Southeast Asia (SEA) to Wuhan, China, to provide baseline data for antimalarial resistance monitoring in this region.MethodsPeripheral Blood samples were collected in Wuhan, China, from August 2011 to December 2019. The SNPs of Pfubp1 and pfap2mu of P. falciparum were determined by nested PCR and Sanger sequencing. ResultsIn total, 296 samples were collected. Subsequently, 92.23% (273/296) were successfully amplified and sequenced for the Pfubp1. There were 60.07% (164/273) wild strains and 39.93% (109/273) mutant strains. For the pfap2mu gene, it was divided into three fragments for amplification, 82.77% (245/296), 90.20% (267/296) and 94.59% (280/296) were sequenced successfully respectively. Genotypes reportedly associated with ACTs resistance detected in this study included pfubp1 D1525E as well as E1528D and pfap2mu S160N. The mutation prevalence rates were 10.99% (30/273), 13.19% (36/273) and 11.24% (30/267), respectively. These are all focused on Congo, Nigeria and Angola. And known delayed-clearance parasite mutation has also been found in SEA.ConclusionsThe existence of mutation sites of known clearance genes detected in the isolates in this study, including D1525E and E1528D in the pfubp1 gene, and S160N in the pfap2mu gene, further proved the risk of ACTs resistance. Constant vigilance is therefore needed to protect the effectiveness of ACTs, and to prevent the spread of drug-resistant P. falciparum. Further studies in malaria-endemic countries are needed to further validate potential genetic markers for monitoring parasite populations in Africa and SEA.
Clinical Evaluation of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers
Authors: Sullivan Stacey J.L. , Rinaldi Jean E. , Hariharan Prasanna , Casamento Jon P. , Baek Seungchul , Seay Nathanael , Vesnovsky Oleg , Topoleski Timmie
Published: August 2021

Background:Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are being widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic as a temperature-measurement tool for screening and isolating patients in healthcare settings, travelers at ports of entry, and the general public. Methods:To understand the accuracy of NCITs, a clinical study was conducted with 1113 adult subjects using six different commercially available NCIT models. A total of 60 NCITs were tested with 10 units for each model. The NCIT-measured temperature was compared with the oral temperature obtained using a reference oral thermometer. Results:The mean difference between the reference thermometer and NCIT measurement (clinical bias) was different for each NCIT model. The clinical bias ranged from just under -0.9 °C (under-reporting) to just over 0.2 °C (over-reporting). The individual differences ranged from -3 °C to +2 °C in extreme cases, with the majority of the differences between -2 °C and +1 °C. Depending upon the NCIT model, 48% to 88% of the individual temperature measurements were outside the labeled accuracy stated by the manufacturers. The sensitivity of the NCIT models for detecting subject’s temperature above 38 °C ranged from 0 to 0.69. Conclusions: Overall, our results indicate that some NCIT devices may not be consistently accurate enough to determine if subject’s temperature exceeds a specific threshold of 38 °C. Model-to-model variability and individual model accuracy in the displayed temperature were found to be outside of acceptable limits. Accuracy and credibility of the NCITs should be thoroughly evaluated before using them as an effective screening tool.
Abdominal Aortic Calcification is an Independent Predictor of Left Ventricular Mass Deterioration in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Zhang Ai-hua , Guo Wei-kang , Han Dong-wan , Zhu Min , Liu Wen-hu
Published: August 2021

Left ventricular mass (LVM) is related to poor outcomes of HD patients. Possible contributions of vascular calcification to LVM changes over time have not been well established. This is a prospective cohort study. At baseline, left lateral lumbar spine radiograph was conducted. The echocardiogram was performed respectively at baseline and 2 years later. The dialysis records were documented in the first week of the first month for each quarter during the two years. Fasting blood samples were collected. The averages were calculated. After the second echocardiogram, patients were followed up for another five years. One hundred and four patients were enrolled, with 57 males (54.8%) and an average age of 60.0 ± 11.1 years. Ninety-one patients had AAC (87.5%). The average level of LVMI changes 2 years later was 3.31 (− 1.51 ~ 8.18) g/m2.7, and 68 patients had increased LVMI. After another five years, 28 patients died (26.9%). Patients with worsening LVMI had significantly higher baseline AAC scores (8.0 (3.0 ~ 12.0) vs 4.0 (1.3 ~ 7.0), P = 0.022). The 5-year mortality rate was also higher (23/68 vs 5/31, P = 0.029). Multiple stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that baseline AAC was an independent predictor for increased LVMI (P = 0.005). For one point increase in AAC scores, LVMI increased by 0.27g/m2.7 2 years later. The independent correlated factors baseline AAC were age and hs-CRP. In conclusion, AAC is an independent predictor of LVMI deterioration over time in HD patients. Whether direct intervention for LVM can benefit MHD patients is controversial. Prevention and treatment of VC may be an important intervention target to improve LVM and prognosis.
Pharmacists’ and Mental Health, Between Perceptions and Practice: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Akour Amal , Halloush Shiraz , Nusair Mohammad , Barakat Muna , Abdulla Fatima , Momani Malik Al
Published: August 2021

Background

Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are usually underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medications are one primary modality in the management of mental health problems. Hence, pharmacists have a vital role in supporting patients regarding medications’ efficacy and safety. However, the potential role of pharmacists in managing mental health issues in Jordan has not been well established.
Aim

This study aimed at assessing attitudes and actual practices of Jordanian pharmacists regarding providing mental health services.
Method:

This was a cross-sectional study that used a convenience sample of 347 pharmacists using a self-reported-based questionnaire, which took place in Amman, the capital of Jordan.
Results

Participating pharmacists had a positive attitude towards providing care for patients with mental health problems. However, their actual practice did not resonate with their enthusiasm, especially when it comes to long-term follow-up of disease symptom, medications’ side effects and adherence. Pharmacists were eager to collaborate with their colleagues, but the level of actual cooperation was less than desired. The most commonly reported barrier was the lack of education on mental health issues (71.5%), followed by lack of privacy in the pharmacy settings (53.9%). To effectively involve pharmacist in the care of mental health patients, pharmacists should receive adequate education/training in the mental health topics, and pharmacies should be redesigned to provide a private area for patient counseling.
Conclusion

To effectively involve pharmacist in the care of mental health patients, pharmacists should receive adequate education/training in the mental health topics, and pharmacies should be redesigned to provide a private area for patient counseling.
Longitudinal Resting-State fMRI Study: A Seed-Based Connectivity Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Boren Seth B. , Savitz Sean I. , Elimore Timothy M. , Silos Christin , George Sarah , Parekh Maria A. , Arevalo Octavio D. , Haque Muhammad E.
Published: August 2021

The primary aim of the research was to compare the impact of post-ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke on brain connectivity and recovery using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). We serially imaged 20 stroke patients, ten with ischemic (IS) and 10 with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), at 1, 3, and 12 months after ictus. Data from ten healthy volunteers were obtained from a publically available imaging dataset. All functional and structural images underwent standard processing for brain extraction, realignment, serial registration, unwrapping, and de-noising using SPM12. A seed-based group analysis using CONN software was used to evaluate the Default Mode (DMN) and the Sensorimotor Network (SMN) connections by applying bivariate correlation and hemodynamic response function (hrf) weighting. In comparison to healthy controls (HC), both IS and ICH exhibited disrupted interactions (decreased connectivity) between these two networks at 1M. Interactions then increased by 12M in each group. Temporally, each group exhibited a minimal increase in connectivity at 3M as compared to 12M. Overall, the ICH patients exhibited a greater magnitude of connectivity disruption compared to IS patients, despite a significant intra-subject reduction in hematoma volume. We did not observe any significant correlation between change in connectivity and recovery as measured on the National Institute Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at any time point. These finding demonstrate that largest changes in functional connectivity occur earlier (3M) rather than later (12M) and show subtle differences between IS and ICH during recovery and should be explored further in larger samples.
Validity and Reliability of The Persian Version of The Short-Form Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14
Authors: Naseri Navid , Hamedani Shahram , Baherimoghadam Tahereh , Ghafoori Alireza
Published: August 2021

BackgroundThe Child Perception questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ 11-14) is an efficient tool for assessment of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This questionnaire has been shortened to 16 items (CPQ11–14 ISF-16) to facilitate its use. The purpose the present study was to translate CPQ11–14 ISF-16 in the Persian language, culturally adapt and initially validate among adolescent population.Material and methodThe questionnaire was translated to Persian, back-translated to English and underwent cultural adaptation and pretesting. It was then filled out by 318 young adults (175 grils and 143 boys) between 11 to 14 years in Shiraz, Iran. The Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 along with the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and two Suggested global questions were administered among participants to assess its Creition validity.ResultsFactor analysis extracted two domains and the factor loading of domains ranged from 0.423 to 0.837. Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 presented high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.854); It showed excellent criterion validity with PIDAQ (rho= 0.731, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant positive moderate correlation between CPQ11–14 ISF-16 and its factors 1 and 2 and two global questions (first global question: rho= 0.439, p < 0.001; second global question: rho= 0.457, p=0.035)ConclusionThe Persian version of CPQ11–14 ISF-16 has optimal validity and reliability in a general population of 11–14-year-old Persian children.
Trade liberalization – Industrialization nexus; a case study of the nigerian economy
Authors: Danladi. Jonathan D. , EJEKWOLU. Chogozie C. , Falaye Motunrayo Helen
Published: August 2021

This paper explores trade liberalization- industrialization nexus in the Nigerian Economy.
Both long-run and short-run relationships between these variables were explored. The study spanned through 1981- 2016. The study applied the pre-estimation tests, such as the unit root test, the optimal lag length selection test was performed to ensure the appropriate lag length for the individual annual data series. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) analysis was applied following the result of the co-integration test and the pair-wise Granger causality tests was applied to investigate the causal relationship between trade liberalization and industrialization in the Nigerian economy. The results from the VECM analysis revealed a unidirectional long-run causal relationship between trade liberalization and industrialization; but no short run causal relationship between the variables. The pair-wise Granger-causality test result revealed that there was no short run Granger-causal relationship running from trade liberalization to industrialization. The study therefore recommends that the Nigeria government should focus on the production of capital goods and should also make effort at acquiring appropriate technology that will be channeled at the improvement of the industrial sector of the Nigerian economy
Influence of Estrogen Treatment On ESR1+ and ESR1- Cells In ER+ Breast Cancer: Insights From Single-Cell Analysis of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
Authors: Mori Hitomi , Saeki Kohei , Chang Gregory , Wang Jinhui , Wu Xiwei , Hsu Pei-Yin , Kanaya Noriko , Wang Xiaoqiang , Somlo George , Nakamura Masafumi , Bild Andrea , Chen Shiuan
Published: August 2021

Background: Estrogen typically promotes the progression of hormone-dependent breast cancer through activation of estrogen receptor (ER)-α encoded by ESR1. While estrogen-induced tumor suppression in ER+ breast cancer has been clinically observed as an unexpected outcome of aromatase inhibitor (AI)-resistance, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully defined. Characterization of estrogen regulation in two ER+ breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with opposite responses to estrogen offered us an unprecedented opportunity to assess how 17β-estradiol (E2) modulates ER+ cancer.Methods: We established two PDX breast cancer models in mice using ER+ tumors from patients that responded (SC31) or were suppressed (GS3) by exogenous estrogen. In vivo tumor promotion or suppression by estrogen were confirmed through experiments by implanting E2 pellets in mice carrying SC31 or GS3, and then single-cell analysis was performed.Results: E2 promoted SC31 tumor growth but suppressed growth of GS3 in vivo. The E2-mediated suppression of GS3 involves ERα, which was wild-type and not amplified. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed that E2 treatment induced cell cycle promotion in SC31, while E2 induced cell cycle arrest in GS3. However, E2 treatment upregulated the expression of estrogen-regulated genes in both tumors. These gene-expression changes by E2 occurred in both ESR1+ cells and ESR1– cells within the same tumor, demonstrating for the first time the influence of estrogen on ESR1– cells in ER+ breast tumors. E2 also upregulated a tumor suppressor gene, IL24, only in GS3, and lower levels of IL24 were linked to estrogen independence, after three rounds of intermittent E2 treatment. More IL24+ cells were ESR1+ and in G1 phase than IL24– cells. Hallmark apoptosis gene sets were upregulated and the hallmark G2M checkpoint gene set was downregulated in IL24+ cells after E2 treatment.Conclusions: Our study has revealed the effects of estrogen treatment on both ESR1+ and ESR1– cells in ER+ tumors, but not all ER+ cancers respond the same manner to estrogen. SC31 is a tumor that is stimulated by E2, while GS3 is suppressed by E2 via cell cycle arrest. Our results indicate a potential role of IL24 in estrogen-suppressive tumors.
Study of feces of neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) in the Ayuquila-Armería basin, Mexico as biomonitors of the spatiotemporal distribution of pesticides
Authors: Rivera Luis Manuel Martinez , Rodríguez-Aguilar Brian , Martínez-Rivera Luis , Muñiz-Valencia Roberto , Mercado-Silva Norman , Iñiguez-Dávalos Luis ignacio , Peregrina-Lucano Alejandro Aaron
Published: August 2021

The pesticides used have contributed to increasing food production, it has also caused them to be found in most ecosystems and have negative effects on biota. The neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) is vulnerable to pesticides accumulation and is characterized by being elusive, so it is necessary to address the use of indirect techniques that evaluate its populations' state in an efficient, logistically simple, and non-invasive way. This study aimed to determine the concentration of 20 pesticides in neotropical otter feces in the Ayuquila-Armería basin and to describe the spatiotemporal variation of these pesticides. The presence of 11 pesticides was determined. Imazalil, picloram, and malathion the pesticides with the highest concentrations; emamectin, λ-cyhalothrin, methomyl, and picloram were present in all samples. Emamectin was the only pesticide that presented significant differences concerning the temporality of the samplings, presenting higher concentrations in the wet season. Molinate concentrations showed significant differences concerning the location of the sampling sections in the basin, the lower part of the basin presented higher concentrations. The distribution of the populations of L. longicaudis in the Ayuquila-Armería basin does not respond to the degree of contamination by pesticides in surface waters or to the proximity to agricultural activities, and this in places with evident chemical and organic contamination and human presence. The use of otter feces for pesticide monitoring is an accepted non-invasive method to assess the degree of exposure and can be used to determine sites with pollution problems.
Central role of the habenulo-interpeduncular system in
the neurodevelopmental basis of susceptibility and resilience to anxiety
Authors: Rakotobe Malalaniaina , Fjerdingstad Niels , Ruiz-Reig Nuria , Lamonerie Thomas , D'Autréaux Fabien
Published: August 2021

Experiencing stress during sensitive periods of brain development has a major impact on how individuals cope with later stress. Although many become more prone to develop anxiety or depression, some appear resilient. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. Key answers may lie in how genetic and environmental stressors interact to shape the circuits controlling emotions. Here we studied the role of the habenulo-interpeducuncular system (HIPS), a critical node of reward circuits, in early stress-induced anxiety. We found that a subcircuit of this system, characterized by Otx2 expression, is particularly responsive to chronic stress during puberty, which induces HIPS hypersensitivity to later stress and susceptibility to develop anxiety. We further show that Otx2 deletion restricted to the HIPS counteracts these effects of stress.
Together, these results demonstrate that Otx2 and stress interact, around puberty, to shape the HIPS stress-response, revealed here as a key modulator of susceptibility/resilience to develop anxiety.
Trading deforestation - Why the legality of forest-risk commodities is insufficient
Authors: Reis Tiago , Faria Vinicius , Lopes Gabriela , Sparovek Gerd , West Christopher , Rajão Raoni Guerra Lucas , Ferreira Mariana , Elvira Marcelo , Vale Raul
Published: August 2021

Consumer countries and blocs, including the UK and the EU, are defining legal measures to tackle deforestation linked to commodity imports, potentially requiring imported goods to comply with the relevant producer countries’ land-use laws. Nonetheless, this measure is insufficient to address global deforestation. Using Brazil’s example of a key exporter of forest-risk commodities, here we show that it has ~3.25 Mha of natural habitat (~152.8 million tons of CO2) at a high risk of legal deforestation until 2025. Additionally, the country’s legal framework is going through modifications to legalize agricultural production in illegally deforested areas. What was illegal may become legal shortly. Hence, a legality criterion adopted by consumer countries is insufficient to protect forests and other ecosystems and may worsen deforestation and conversion risks by incentivizing the weakening of social-environmental protection by producer countries.
Reflective Groundcover Improves Fruit Skin Color in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Grown under Protective Netting
Authors: Mupambi Giverson , Valverdi Nadia A. , Camargo-Alvarez Hector , Reid Michelle , Kalcsits Lee , Schmidt Tory , Castillo Felipe , Toye Jonathan
Published: August 2021

In semiarid apple (Malus domestica) growing regions, high temperatures and excessive solar radiation can increase the risk of sunburn development. Protective netting is increasingly used as a cultural practice under these conditions to mitigate fruit sunburn losses. However, fruit skin color development can be negatively affected under protective nets due to the reduction in light availability. Reflective groundcovers have been previously reported to increase fruit color development, particularly in the inner parts of the tree canopy. Here, we compared two types of reflective groundcover: a woven polyethylene fabric and a film material with a grassed control without reflective material under a protective netting installation that reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 17%. The experiment was conducted in a semiarid climate on a 5-year-old ‘Cameron Select Honeycrisp’ apple orchard near Quincy, WA. Light penetration into the canopy was measured with a PAR sensor. At harvest, fruit quality, yield, and size were assessed. The use of reflective groundcover between the rows significantly increased reflected PAR into the lower canopy. Moreover, reflective groundcovers significantly increased the amount of fruit with greater than 25% skin red color compared with the control. Reflective groundcover did not affect fruit weight, yield, and fruit number. The use of reflective groundcover under protective netting can increase light penetration into the canopy, thereby improving fruit skin red coloration in apple.
Carbon flux and alkaline volcanism: Evidence from carbonatite-like carbonate minerals in trachytes, Ulleung Island, South Korea
Authors: Chen ShuangShuang , Ren Minghua , Lee Hyejeong , Smith Eugene , Huang Shichun , Lee Seung Gu , Lee TaeJong , Gao Rui
Published: August 2021

Carbon flux metasomatism in the subduction environment is an important process, but it remains poorly understood. The paucity of exposed lower crust and upper mantle rocks in continental arcs renders xenoliths a major target for studying the slab-derived carbon cycle. This study of the carbonate phases in volcanic rocks from three drill cores in Ulleung Island, South Korea, sheds light on the interaction of carbon flux in the upper mantle and lower crust in a back-arc setting. The volcanic rocks from Ulleung Island range in composition from trachybasalt to trachyte and contain abundant euhedral pseudomorphic carbonate grains, ulvöspinel-hosted and biotite-hosted carbonate-silicate melt inclusions, and irregular carbonate globules. Integrated petrographic and geochemical studies of a variety of phenocrysts, carbonate phases, and carbonate-silicate inclusions in biotite and ulvöspinel indicate that recharging of carbon flux affected magma evolution. Carbon and oxygen isotopes of the pseudomorphic carbonate grains overlap with mantle values, indicating a carbonatite-like origin of the carbonate phases. The (MgO, FeO, CaO)-rich silicates in ulvöspinel-hosted silicate inclusions and pseudomorphic carbonate grains likely represent a primary melt, which formed from the partial melting of carbonated eclogite of the subducted slab within the mantle wedge beneath Ulleung Island. A petrogenetic model is proposed to illustrate that the crystal mush in the magma chamber was intruded by carbonate-rich liquids and caused alteration of cumulate crystals to generate the euhedral pseudomorphic carbonate grains. The extrusive magma captured those pseudomorphic grains and erupted to form the trachybasalt-trachyte units. The observed carbonate phases and their geochemical characteristics indicate that carbon flux metasomatism played a fundamental role in this back-arc magmatism.
Lumping and splitting: Toward a classification of mineral natural kinds
Authors: Hazen Robert M. , Morrison Shaunna M. , Krivovichev Sergey V. , Downs Robert T.
Published: August 2021

How does one best subdivide nature into kinds? All classification systems require rules for lumping similar objects into the same category, while splitting differing objects into separate categories. Mineralogical classification systems are no exception. Our work in placing mineral species within their evolutionary contexts necessitates this lumping and splitting because we classify “mineral natural kinds” based on unique combinations of formational environments and continuous temperature-pressure-composition phase space. Consequently, we lump two minerals into a single natural kind only if they: (1) are part of a continuous solid solution; (2) are isostructural or members of a homologous series; and (3) form by the same process. A systematic survey based on these criteria suggests that 2310 (~41%) of 5659 IMA-approved mineral species can be lumped with one or more other mineral species, corresponding to 667 “root mineral kinds,” of which 353 lump pairs of mineral species, while 129 lump three species. Eight mineral groups, including cancrinite, eudialyte, hornblende, jahnsite, labuntsovite, satorite, tetradymite, and tourmaline, are represented by 20 or more lumped IMA-approved mineral species. A list of 5659 IMA-approved mineral species corresponds to 4016 root mineral kinds according to these lumping criteria.

The evolutionary system of mineral classification assigns an IMA-approved mineral species to two or more mineral natural kinds under either of two splitting criteria: (1) if it forms in two or more distinct paragenetic environments, or (2) if cluster analysis of the attributes of numerous specimens reveals more than one discrete combination of chemical and physical attributes. A total of 2310 IMA-approved species are known to form by two or more paragenetic processes and thus correspond to multiple mineral natural kinds; however, adequate data resources are not yet in hand to perform cluster analysis on more than a handful of mineral species.

We find that 1623 IMA-approved species (~29%) correspond exactly to mineral natural kinds; i.e., they are known from only one paragenetic environment and are not lumped with another species in our evolutionary classification. Greater complexity is associated with 587 IMA-approved species that are both lumped with one or more other species and occur in two or more paragenetic environments. In these instances, identification of mineral natural kinds may involve both lumping and splitting of the corresponding IMA-approved species on the basis of multiple criteria.

Based on the numbers of root mineral kinds, their known varied modes of formation, and predictions of minerals that occur on Earth but are as yet undiscovered and described, we estimate that Earth holds more than 10 000 mineral natural kinds.
Universal features of higher-form symmetries at phase transitions
Authors: Wu Xiao-Chuan , Jian Chao-Ming , Xu Cenke
Published: August 2021

We investigate the behavior of higher-form symmetries at various
quantum phase transitions. We consider discrete 1-form symmetries, which
can be either part of the generalized concept “categorical symmetry”
(labelled as \tilde{Z}_N^{(1)}Z̃N(1))
introduced recently, or an explicit Z_N^{(1)}ZN(1)
1-form symmetry. We demonstrate that for many quantum phase transitions
involving a Z_N^{(1)}ZN(1)
or \tilde{Z}_N^{(1)}Z̃N(1)
symmetry, the following expectation value \langle \left( O_\mathcal{C}\right)^2 \rangle⟨(O𝒞)2⟩ takes the form \langle \left( \log O_\mathcal{C} \right)^2 \rangle \sim - \frac{A}{\epsilon} P + b \log P⟨(logO𝒞)2⟩∼−AϵP+blogP, where O_\mathcal{C}O𝒞
is an operator defined associated with loop
\mathcal{C}𝒞
(or its interior \mathcal{A}𝒜),
which reduces to the Wilson loop operator for cases with an explicit
Z_N^{(1)}ZN(1)
1-form symmetry. PP
is the perimeter of \mathcal{C}𝒞,
and the b \log PblogP
term arises from the sharp corners of the loop
\mathcal{C}𝒞,
which is consistent with recent numerics on a particular example.
bb
is a universal microscopic-independent number, which in
(2+1)d(2+1)d
is related to the universal conductivity at the quantum phase
transition. bb
can be computed exactly for certain transitions using the dualities
between (2+1)d(2+1)d
conformal field theories developed in recent years. We also compute the
"strange correlator" of O_\mathcal{C}O𝒞:
S_{\mathcal{C}} = \langle 0 | O_\mathcal{C} | 1 \rangle / \langle 0 | 1 \rangleS𝒞=⟨0|O𝒞|1⟩/⟨0|1⟩
where |0\rangle|0⟩
and |1\rangle|1⟩
are many-body states with different topological nature.
A map of South Africa’s perennial rivers. Non-perenn
Authors: Mantel Sukh
Published: August 2021

Maps can be
many things: colourful, or dull; complex, or very simple; helpful, or very
difficult to read. They also have the potential to support the public’s
knowledge of environmental and social issues, and to lay out paths towards
behavioural changes and conservation consciousness.

This
potential is already being explored in some parts of the world. For example,
the FishWerks App uses maps to highlight the
barriers to fish movement in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Based
on the ongoing work with a map of
southern African rivers that went viral two years ago, the same
potential exists to drive conservation awareness and action in the southern
African region.
Map of River Basins of South Africa that went viral
Authors: Mantel Sukhmani , Januchowski-Hartley Stephanie
Published: August 2021

What we learned when our map of southern Africa’s rivers went viral - article published in The Conversation

Can you name the river closest to where you live? Have you ever seen that river on a map? How would you react if you saw that river, and others near you, in a map unlike others you have seen before?

We have spent a lot of time considering these questions and others related particularly to maps since a map of southern Africa’s rivers that one of us, Sukhmani, created and posted on Facebook. The post went viral.
Comparative study on heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic ozonation efficiency in micropollutants' removal
Authors: Psaltou S. , Kaprara E. , Mitrakas M. , Zouboulis A.
Published: August 2021

Catalytic ozonation was applied for the removal of small concentrations (4 μM) of micropollutants benzotriazole, carbamazepine, p-CBA from aqueous solutions at pH 7. These compounds present different physicochemical characteristics and different kinetic rate constants, when reacting with ozone or hydroxyl radicals in the ranges of <0.15–3 × 105, 5.2 × 109, and 8.8 × 109 M−1s−1, respectively. Calcite was used as heterogeneous catalyst and its catalytic activity evaluated, by applying (and optimized) different experimental conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, ozone concentration), concerning the removal efficiency of p-CBA. Study of micropollutants' removal showed all examined organic compounds can be sufficiently removed by application of catalytic ozonation either by use of calcite, or by presence of Co(II) or Fe(II) (applied as homogeneous catalysts), while the optimum catalyst between them was found to be calcite. Carbamazepine with kO3 = 3 × 105 M−1s−1 can be easily removed, even by application of single ozonation, while benzotriazole and p-CBA resulted in 50% and 68.2% higher removal after application of catalytic ozonation within 3 min of oxidation reaction, due to acceleration of hydroxyl radicals' production by presence of calcite in the ozonation system. The contribution of hydroxyl radicals in removal of all three micropollutants was evaluated by extraction of Rct and f•OH parameters.
Quantitative assessment of the dynamics and attribution of arable land water scarcity for arid and semiarid areas based on water footprint framework: the Inner Mongolia case
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Meng Fanhao , Luo Min
Published: August 2021

Growing water shortages have been a systemic risk around the world, especially in arid and semi arid areas, seriously threatening global food security and human well-being. Reasonable and accurate evaluations of the water shortages of cultivated lands provide scientific reference for irrigation strategies. In this study, to better understand the distribution and cause of water scarcity for arid and semiarid areas, we used the arable land water scarcity index (AWSI), based on water footprint theory, to accurately estimate the temporal and spatial patterns of the AWSI of Inner Mongolia in China over 1999–2018, and further reveal the key factors influencing the AWSI distribution. The AWSI distribution pattern of Inner Mongolia was high in the southwest and low in the northeast, with an average value of 0.63 and indicating high water stress for a long time. The AWSI presented an increasing trend in 1999–2018, being slow in the west (change rate2%) and fast in the east (2%). The main factors that significantly affected the AWSI were precipitation, relative humidity, and agricultural planting area. This study can provide scientific reference for the formulation of agricultural water management and sustainable use strategies in arid and semiarid areas.
Preparation and application of an innovative integrated agent product for phosphorus control and oxygen release
Authors: Zhou Zhikang , Liu Yulong , Gu Xiaogang , Yang Chaoxiang , Lyu Shuguang
Published: August 2021

In this study, an oxygen-releasing and phosphorus-controlling agent (ORPC) consisting of calcium peroxide (CaO2), bentonite, cement, stearic acid (SA), citric acid (CA) and fine sand was synthesized successfully and used to purify phosphorus-rich river water. The removal of phosphorus using ORPC was studied in actual river water and the results found that over 75.0% phosphorus was removed by adding ORPC at 30 mL h−1 flow rate in initial phosphorus concentrations of 0.76 mg L−1. The ORPC was further used to evaluate the changes of aluminum phosphate (Al-P), ferric phosphate (Fe-P) and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) in sediment. Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P in the sediment increased from 0.14, 0.196, and 1.63 mg g−1 to 0.159, 0.372, and 2.74 mg g−1 respectively within 28 days, indicating that the total dissolved phosphorus in the overlying water could be adsorbed by ORPC and further transformed into Al-P, Ca-P, and Fe-P in the sediment, thus inhibiting the release of endogenous phosphorus in sediment to the water. In addition, the performance of ORPC with various contents of SA and CaO2 was investigated. In summary, ORPC can be employed to adsorb phosphorus in water and prevent phosphorus release from sediment, therefore achieving the purpose of controlling phosphorus and maintaining DO at a reasonable level.
Aprender na prática
Authors: Abreu Santos Maria Iris , De Freitas Silva Gislania
Published: August 2021

Neste artigo propomos discutir a formação para a docência nas licenciaturas em Ciências Sociais a partir do curso ofertado pela Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). Com base nas percepções e experiências de estudantes egressos deste curso, compartilhadas por meio de questionários e entrevistas, problematizamos a hierarquia simbólica associada à dicotomia pesquisador/professor e destacamos a centralidade da relação universidade-escola na formação docente. Seguindo o diálogo entre Antropologia e Educação, refletimos sobre o lugar da prática no processo de aprendizagem e ressaltamos a experiência do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID) em promover a imersão do licenciando na escola desde o início da formação, transcendendo assim as disciplinas de estágio. Concluímos que a aproximação do discente com o ambiente escolar torna patente a indissociabilidade entre pesquisa e ensino, uma vez que vivenciar a escola – seus atores, dinâmicas e relações sociais - pressupõe simultaneamente experimentá-la enquanto prática e torná-la objeto de reflexão socioantropológica.
Identidade docente e prática profissional
Authors: Ribeiro Taynã
Published: August 2021

Este artigo, na forma de uma narrativa autoetnográfica, é fruto de experiências vividas em um curso pré-vestibular popular de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, e pretende refletir sobre um processo de construção de identidade docente a partir das experiências de trabalho do autor. Este processo ocorreu por meio intelectual, físico e emocional através do encontro com os sujeitos, artefatos e instituições que configuram um espaço de educação. Como se dá a relação entre a prática profissional e a construção de uma identidade docente? Como espaços de educação originados em movimentos sociais podem contribuir para a formação de professores da escola básica? O artigo examina essas dinâmicas a partir de trechos de meu caderno de campo e de imagens produzidas durante um período de aulas remotas ocorridas no ano de 2020. Conclui-se pela construção de uma identidade especialmente atravessada por noções de incerteza, produto da imposição de uma “realidade educativa virtual” e de processos históricos que abriram novos horizontes sobre o que é ser professor.
THE IMPACT OF SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODUL ATOR PE0607 ON MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTIONAL STATE IN HE ART OF OVARIECTOMIZED RATS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Kiprich Tetiana
Published: August 2021

The impact of selective estrogen receptor modulator PE0607 on mitochondrial dysfunction in heart of ovariectomized rats with type 2 diabetes was investigated. It was established that oral administration of PE0607 decreases production of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) in cardiomyocyte mitochondria and increasesaconitase activity and cytochromes с, с1, b, аа3concentration by control rate in heart of diabetic rats with hypoestrogenia. These results justify the PE0607 availability as a gender-specific agent to impair cardiovascularrisk in diabetic women with estrogen deficiency.
Optimizing Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Polyphenols Content from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Bulb
Authors: Yusuf Bohari , Astati Selvi Jumiatul , Ardana Mirhansyah , Herman Herman , Ibrahim Arsyik , Rijai Laode , Nainu Firzan , Ahmad Islamudin
Published: August 2021

Application of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) citric acid-glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for total polyphenol content (TPC) enriches the use of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) bulb more widely and commercially. Therefore, this study aims to optimize NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE on the TPC from E. bulbosa bulbs using response surface methodology (RSM). In the present study, the dried sample of E. bulbosa bulb was extracted using the NADES based MAE. Determination of TPC was conducted using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and standard gallic acid, then measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 761 nm. Extraction condition optimization of the NADES based MAE method was performed using RSM with Box Behnken Design (four-factors-three-levels and 29 runs) on Design Expert v12. Based on the results study, the optimum condition extraction on the TPC enrichment was obtained at the NADES ratio (citric acid: glucose) 1:1 g/g; solid-liquid ratio 1:8 g/mL; extraction time of 15 min; and 270 Watt microwave power. The confirmation test and scale-up (50 g samples) were obtained with a 61.63 ± 2.23 mg GA/g sample.
Ionic Surfactant Enhancement of Clay Properties for Heavy Metals Adsorption: Kinetics and Isotherms
Authors: Kayode Adekeye Damilola , Sunday Asaolu Samuel , Oluyemi Adefemi Samuel , Abidemi Ibigbami Olayinka , Folasade Akinsola Abiodun , Gbolahan Awoniyi Marcus , Kayode Popoola Olugbenga
Published: August 2021

The global health problems arising from ingesting toxic metals necessitate the quest for developing efficient materials for their remediation. Surface properties of raw kaolinite clay collected from Ire-Ekiti, South-western Nigeria, were improved by modification using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for the adsorptive removal of Pb, Cr, Ni and Cu from their respective aqueous solution. The raw and modified clays were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry, Scanning electron microscope coupled with EDX and Particle induced x-ray emission technique. A batch adsorption study was used to examine the performance efficiency of the modified clay. Optimization of adsorption conditions like temperature, particle size, concentration, agitation time and pH was performed. The clay after modification showed improved surface properties such as increased pore diameter and number. Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were applied to explicate the adsorption processes, while Pseudo-First order, Pseudo-Second order and the Elovich kinetic models were used to predict possible mechanisms driving the adsorption processes. The adsorption processes driven by chemical mechanisms involved series of complex mechanisms that include ion exchange, direct bonding and surface complexation other than precipitation. The percentage removal of the metals by the modified clay soil reached the values of 98.53, 94.50, 73.82, and 80.40 for Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr.
Synthesis of Low TENORM Zirconium Sulfate from ZrO(OH)2 with Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Amliliana Rahmatika Alfia , Muzakky Muzakky
Published: August 2021

Zirconium sulfate (ZS) has become one of the alternative chemical compounds for substituting traditional tannery substances using chromium(III) which was not environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research was to synthesize ZS from ZrO(OH)2 using H2SO4 with low Technologically Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) content. This ZS synthesis process shortened the old processing flow at which plenty of chemical reactors were used. The results showed that with 300 mg of feed, 600 mL of 95% H2SO4, at a temperature of 250 °C, the contact time of 150 min, the obtained conversion was 77.76%. Furthermore, in this 95% acid leaching reactor, the SiO2 content was still 2.79% and it was not TENORM free yet, but the FTIR and XRD images were in accordance with BDH standards. Moreover, the quenching process results had been free of SiO2 and TENORM content, but they still contained 1.48% HfO2. The surface of the TEM images from the quenching results had been in the form of elongated and transparent crystals. The result of the economic feasibility analysis showed that the new ZS synthesis process was more economical or profitable when it was compared to the old ZS synthesis process, with a BCR value of 1.258.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrofluid-Chitosan-Au Nanoparticles as Brachytherapy Agent Candidate
Authors: Muflikhah Muflikhah , Ramadhan Ahmad Marzuki , Prihatiningsih Maria Christina , Mujamilah Mujamilah , Karo Karo Aloma
Published: August 2021

Brachytherapy is expected to be a solution to the side effect of other cancer therapy methods. This study aims to synthesize ferrofluids (FF)-Chitosan-Au (so-called cold synthesis) as the initial step before using 198Au that is expected to be a targeted and controllable brachytherapy agent. In this research, the preparation of FF-Chitosan was done by the co-precipitation method. Furthermore, FF-Chitosan-Au was produced via self-assembly by the adsorption method. The adsorption followed the Langmuir model with a maximum capacity of 30.24 mg Au/g FF-Chitosan. The X-Ray Diffractometion (XRD) of FF-Chitosan-Au confirms the existence of Au. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) indicates FF-Chitosan-Au has an average size of 82.93 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.175. Morphological and distribution analysis of nanoparticles using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that nanoparticles have a homogenous spherical shape. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurement confirms the superparamagnetic properties of FF-Chitosan and FF-Chitosan-Au with a saturated magnetization of 80.48 and 74.52 emu/g, respectively. The overall results are associated with biomedical requirements, such as high saturation magnetization and good polydispersity. The synthesis can also be applied to produce FF-Chitosan-198Au that has great potential as a brachytherapy agent, which will reduce the nuclear waste and potential danger of radiation received by workers during synthesis.
“No pude aislarme en casa porque el gobierno me dejó sin casa”: despojo y desigualdad socio espacial en tiempos de pandemia en Altos de la Estancia, sur de Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Ávila Martínez Jenny Marisol , Carmona Rojas Madisson Yojan
Published: August 2021

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de investigación del Semillero de Problemas Urbanos Contemporáneos en el sector urbano Altos de la Estancia, en Bogotá, Colombia, durante el confinamiento que impuso el gobierno distrital para frenar los contagios por SARS-CoV-2. Durante dos meses de intervención en el lugar, mayo y junio de 2020, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y visitas de campo para documentar la dinámica de desalojo de residentes de Altos de la Estancia. Se encontró que corresponde a un proceso de desposesión no solo debido a las medidas de protección sanitaria impuestas en la coyuntura del COVID-19, sino a una larga historia de desplazamientos sociales de campesinos en el contexto de la violencia y también a las barreras de las políticas de producción de vivienda social en Colombia. A lo largo del artículo se plantean las problemáticas que los habitantes de Altos de la Estancia han sufrido en más de una ocasión por los efectos perversos del despojo. Primero, cuando fueron desplazados por grupos guerrilleros y paramilitares desde la década de 1980 y obligados a trasladarse desde sus tierras campesinas hasta la ciudad. Posteriormente, al llegar a la ciudad, no obtuvieron una respuesta clara del gobierno para acceder a viviendas sociales y, por último, cuando decidieron de manera informal acceder a lotes ofertados por tierreros. La investigación encuentra que estos actores informales, junto con el gobierno, han convertido a la vivienda social en una mercancía con la que se puede especular para el beneficio privado.