bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial of low carbohydrate and low fat/high fiber diets for weight loss.
Authors: Baron J A , Schori A , Crow B , Carter R , Mann J I
Published: November 2008

Among 135 overweight subjects, we conducted a three-month randomized controlled trial of two sets of dietary advice, each providing approximately 1,000 calories per day but differing in fiber, carbohydrate, and fat content. Information on weight and eating habits, as well as measures of lipoprotein and glucose metabolism were obtained at entry and one and three months later. We found that dieters given low carbohydrate/low fiber dietary advice tended to lose more weight than those given a higher carbohydrate/higher fiber regimen (5.0 vs 3.7 kg on average at three months). This pattern was particularly marked among women, and among participants who were under age 40 or of lower social class. There were no differences between the diet groups in the proportion complaining of hunger but, in general, members of the low carbohydrate group complained of more problems in dieting. There were only minor differences in the serum lipoprotein patterns during the diet period. In view of these results, we believe previous claims of the benefits of fiber for weight loss may have been overstated.
Pack size, reported cigarette smoking rates, and public health.
Authors: Kozlowski L T
Published: November 2008

The relation between packs containing 25 or 20 cigarettes each and self-reports of daily cigarette intake was examined in surveys of smoking habits from the United States and Canada. More Canadian than US smokers report smoking 25 cigarettes per day (19.3 per cent vs 2.1 per cent). As market share of packs of 25 increases across six regions in North America, reports of smoking 25 cigarettes per day increase. Even if smoke exposure remains constant, smoking statistics are likely to be influenced by pack size.
The relationship of family income to the incidence, external causes, and outcomes of serious brain injury, San Diego County, California.
Authors: Kraus J F , Fife D , Ramstein K , Conroy C , Cox P
Published: November 2008

Among residents of San Diego County, California the incidence and external causes of serious brain injury were related to the median family income of the census tract of residency. Low income tracts had high incidence rates--a finding not changed by adjustment for age and race/ethnicity. For those injured, the type of emergency transport, time from injury to treatment, and outcome of treatment were not related to the median income of the census tract of residency.
Seat belt use laws and occupant crash protection in the United States.
Authors: Williams A F , Lund A K
Published: November 2008

Current federal rule-making requires restraints such as air bags or automatic seat belts in new cars starting with model year 1987 unless states with two-thirds of the United States population enact seat belt use laws meeting certain criteria. Belt use laws have been enacted by 26 states and the District of Columbia as of July 1, 1986. The first laws to go into effect increased use from less than 20 per cent to 50-70 per cent in the first month; in most cases rates subsequently dropped to below 50 per cent. Texas has been an exception to this trend because it has had much tougher enforcement of its seat belt law than other states. This pattern is similar to the experience of Canadian provinces that passed laws in the mid-1970s; enforcement/publicity programs in Canada have produced belt use rates that are currently greater than 60 per cent. An enforcement program in Elmira, New York also increased use rates sharply. New York, which had the first and one of the strongest and most successful laws so far, had an estimated fatality reduction of 9 per cent during the first nine months of the law. It is likely that a 10 per cent reduction in fatalities is the maximum that can be expected from belt use laws without special enforcement efforts. Provision of automatic restraints in combination with belt use laws would greatly increase crash protection.
Smoking behavior and attitudes toward smoking among hospital nurses.
Authors: Becker D M , Myers A H , Sacci M , Weida S , Swank R , Levine D M , Pearson T A
Published: November 2008

We examined smoking prevalence, smoking behavior, and attitudes toward smoking in hospitals in 1,380 respondents among 1,719 registered nurses in a large urban teaching hospital. In this group, current prevalence of smoking in hospital nurses (22 per cent) was less than women in the general population (29 per cent). Smoking nurses were more likely than nonsmokers to hold attitudes which potentially reduce their efficacy in helping patients to stop smoking.
A community-based analysis of ambulatory surgery utilization.
Authors: Lagoe R J , Milliren J W
Published: November 2008

We conducted a study to determine the utilization level for ambulatory surgery and the proportions of specific procedures which could be performed in certain ambulatory settings in one community, Syracuse, New York, which has used this service extensively. It was estimated that, in 1983, 26.9 surgery cases per 1,000 population in Syracuse were performed in ambulatory settings. This level amounted to approximately 37 per cent of hospital-based surgery in the area. Analysis of surgery utilization in two hospital-integrated and freestanding ambulatory surgery facilities indicated that more than 95 per cent of myringotomies, tonsillectomies, and adenoidectomies as well as substantial proportions of carpal tunnel releases, lens extractions, sterilizations, circumcisions, and inguinal hernia repairs in these two facilities were performed in ambulatory settings. The availability of dedicated facilities and full-time staff produced higher utilization for these procedures in freestanding facilities. The utilization levels for individual procedures identified in the study can be employed in the planning of hospital-integrated and freestanding programs.
Lessons from the Visual Acuity Impairment Survey pilot study.
Authors: Ederer F , Krueger D E , Mowery R L , Connett J , Wentworth D
Published: November 2008

The Visual Acuity Impairment Survey (VAIS) pilot study was carried out in three large metropolitan areas of the United States to determine whether it would be feasible to conduct a large two-stage survey of the prevalence of visual acuity impairment and its causes. The study was conducted in conjunction with the Health Interview Survey (HIS), performed by the National Center for Health Statistics and the Census Bureau. In the first stage, a simple vision screening test was administered to 1,868 adults in their homes by specially trained Census Bureau interviewers. All those who failed the test, and a sample of those who passed it, were invited to a local clinic for a check on the accuracy of the screen and a detailed eye examination to establish the cause of the impairment. About 89 per cent of the HIS interviewees took the vision screening test in the home and agreed to have the results released, making it possible for the clinic to invite them for an examination. The principal obstacle to the success of the feasibility study was a low rate (less than 50 per cent) of participation in the clinic examination by the target population. Such low participation would leave the survey open to a serious question about its representativeness. The methods and findings of the pilot study are presented because the lessons may be of value to those attempting similar studies in the future. Suggestions are made for methodological modifications that may enhance the chances for success.
Early subsequent pregnancy among economically disadvantaged teenage mothers.
Authors: Polit D F , Kahn J R
Published: November 2008

This study investigated the antecedents and short-term consequences of an early subsequent pregnancy in a sample of economically disadvantaged teenage mothers. Data were gathered over a two-year period from a sample of 675 young mothers living in eight United States cities. Within two years of the initial interview, when half the sample was still pregnant with the index pregnancy, nearly half of the sample experienced a second- or higher-order pregnancy. Characteristics of the young women at entry into the study were relatively poor predictors of which teenagers would conceive again by the final interview. An early repeat pregnancy was associated with a number of negative short-term consequences in the areas of education, employment, and welfare dependency, even after background characteristics were statistically controlled.
The effects of infant feeding on rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis: a prospective study.
Authors: Duffy L C , Byers T E , Riepenhoff-Talty M , La Scolea L J , Zielezny M , Ogra P L
Published: November 2008

The relationship between feeding method and risk of rotavirus infection was studied by following a cohort of 197 infants from low income households through the winter diarrhea season of 1983-84. Fecal specimens were systematically collected and tested for the presence of rotavirus particles by electron microscopy, confirmed by ELISA. The attack rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis were similar for breast-fed and bottle-fed infants (20 per cent, 17 per cent, respectively); however, the clinical course of rotavirus gastroenteritis was quite different. Infants who were breast-fed had illnesses which were characterized by milder symptoms of shorter duration. Of the 10 breast-fed infants who acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis, nine (90 per cent) were classified as mild illnesses while of the 25 bottle-fed infants who acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis, only nine (36 per cent) were classified as having mild illnesses. These data suggest that factors associated with breast-feeding, although not affecting rotavirus infection rates, may moderate the clinical course of rotavirus gastroenteritis.
Associations of moderate and severe overweight with self-reported illness and medical care in Dutch adults.
Authors: Seidell J C , de Groot L C , van Sonsbeek J L , Deurenberg P , Hautvast J G
Published: November 2008

Data on height, weight, illness, medical care consumption, and demographic variables for 19,126 Dutch adults aged 20 years or older were obtained from three annual Health Interview Surveys. Data on severely overweight (Body Mass Index 30.0-40.0 kg/m2) and moderately overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) subjects were compared with those on non-overweight persons (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2), taking into account effects of sex, age, and educational level. In men, severe overweight was associated with hypertension, especially in men under 50 years of age. In women, severe overweight was associated with hypertension, diabetes, varicose veins, asthma/bronchitis, and hemorrhoids. Increased utilization of medical care and medications were also associated with severe overweight. For moderately overweight subjects, these associations were less clear or absent.
National and state trends in use of prenatal care, 1970-83.
Authors: Ingram D D , Makuc D , Kleinman J C
Published: November 2008

Using birth certificate data, national trends in prenatal care use are examined for White and Black mothers overall, as well as for 10 separate subgroups defined by marital status, maternal age, and educational attainment. The per cent of Black mothers with early prenatal care increased each year during the 1970s but the average annual percentage point increase for 1976-80 (1.2) was smaller than that for 1970-75 (2.3). Furthermore, the per cent of Black mothers with early care declined from 62.6 in 1980 to 61.4 in 1982 and remained at this lower level in 1983. Similar changes in trends were observed for all of the 10 Black subgroups despite substantial variation among the subgroups in the level of early prenatal care use. Analyses of state trends provide further evidence of a change in trend for Black mothers. For White mothers, average annual increases in the per cent with early care were similar for 1970-75 and 1976-80 (0.8 and 0.6 percentage points). In addition, the per cent with early care has remained stable since 1980.
Epidemic campylobacteriosis associated with a community water supply.
Authors: Sacks J J , Lieb S , Baldy L M , Berta S , Patton C M , White M C , Bigler W J , Witte J J
Published: November 2008

In May 1983, an estimated 865 cases of epidemic gastrointestinal disease occurred in Greenville, Florida. Surveillance of pharmacy sales of antidiarrheal medicines suggested that the outbreak was confined to Greenville and its immediate vicinity. Surveys demonstrated that the gastrointestinal illness attack rates inside and outside the city limits were 56 per cent (72/128) and 9 per cent (7/77), respectively (relative risk (RR) = 6.2); consumption of city water was associated with illness (RR = 12); and as water consumption increased, the attack rate also increased (p less than 0.001). Four adults were hospitalized and one outbreak-related case of Guillain-Barre' syndrome was identified. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from specimens from 11 ill persons; serologic studies showed the development of Campylobacter-specific antibodies. Fecal coliforms were found in water samples, but Campylobacter was not recovered from water. The city water plant, a deep well system, had numerous deficiencies including an unlicensed operator, a failure of chlorination, and open-top treatment towers. Birds were observed perching on the open-top treatment tower. Of 38 birds trapped seven weeks later, 37 per cent harbored C. jejuni; however, plasmid and serotyping studies showed that strains were not the same as the common strain from ill persons. This outbreak suggests that water systems that are unprotected from contact with birds may become contaminated and a source of outbreaks of human campylobacteriosis.
Comparison of occupation and industry information from death certificates and interviews.
Authors: Schumacher M C
Published: November 2008

Information on occupation and industry obtained via an interview prior to death was compared to occupation and industry on the death certificate of 184 colon cancer patients in Utah. The data were coded blindly using a five-digit code. Overall, agreement in the five-digit codes was found for 63 per cent. The industry codes agreed for 67 per cent of the individuals, and the occupation was identical for 68 per cent. Agreement by subjective evaluation of the two data sources, disregarding the five-digit codes, was 73 per cent. There were no differences in agreement of the five-digit codes by age, sex, and county of residence. The number of years worked at the job given by interview was related to agreement. Misclassification occurred in a random manner. It is concluded that the use of death certificates to study the association of occupation and disease is most appropriate for pilot studies.
Primary prevention and coronary heart disease: the economic benefits of lowering serum cholesterol.
Authors: Oster G , Epstein A M
Published: November 2008

We examined the expected economic benefits of cholesterol lowering for adult men with significant elevations of total serum cholesterol (above 260 mg/dl), incorporating estimates of direct benefits from anticipated reductions in lifetime expenditures for medical care, and estimates of indirect benefits related to extension of work-life secondary to reductions in morbidity and premature mortality. Our findings yield discounted lifetime direct benefits of a 15 per cent reduction in total serum cholesterol of $3 to $208 per person, and discounted lifetime indirect benefits of $1 to $8,946. Benefits increase with an individual's initial cholesterol level and decrease with the age at which an intervention is initiated. Economic benefits increase approximately twofold in the presence of other coronary risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and hypertension. Results suggest that cholesterol-lowering interventions, no matter what their cost, are unlikely to result in substantial direct savings to the health care system. However, the indirect benefits of intervention are quite high for young and middle-aged adults, as well as for those with severe elevations of cholesterol or with additional coronary risk factors.
Poisoning hospitalizations and deaths from solids and liquids among children and teenagers.
Authors: Trinkoff A M , Baker S P
Published: November 2008

Twenty-four deaths and 4,271 hospital admissions due to poisoning occurred in the 0-19 year age group in Maryland during 1979-82. Four-fifths of the deaths (83 per cent) and two-thirds of the admissions involved teenagers. Among teenagers, four out of five admissions and deaths were of suicidal or undetermined intent. Black males had the highest hospitalization rate among young children, and White females among teenagers. The most common poisons ingested by children aged 0-4 years were aspirin, solvents and petroleum products, tranquilizers, and iron compounds. Among teenagers, aspirin, tranquilizers, sedatives, and antidepressants were the most common substances ingested, with antidepressants and stimulants most common among the fatalities. Reducing the availability and toxicity of the most hazardous drugs is important if morbidity and mortality from poisoning are to be prevented.
Group participation and survival among patients with end-stage renal disease.
Authors: Friend R , Singletary Y , Mendell N R , Nurse H
Published: November 2008

All 126 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients who entered dialysis between 1971 and 1981 at the Harlem Hospital Center, New York City, were separated into those who had participated in a patient support group and those who had not done so. Patients who engaged in the group activities survived considerably longer than non-participants. Family history of renal disease, psychiatric illness, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were also related to survival, but, education, religion, marital status, and age were not. When 13 psychosocial and physiological covariates were controlled for in a Cox proportional hazard analysis, the group participation effect remained substantial.
State trends in infant mortality, 1968-83.
Authors: Kleinman J C
Published: November 2008

This paper presents an analysis of state trends in infant mortality rates (IMRs) for 1968-83. In order to take into account the large random error component associated with state IMRs, weighted least squares estimates are used to fit log-linear models to these trends. Using simulated data, these estimates are shown to be nearly unbiased and to provide valid significance tests. However, the power to detect changes in trend is rather limited, especially in small states. Using these methods, separate analyses of White IMRs in 49 states and non-White IMRs in 30 states were completed. Nine states are identified which had infant mortality trends less favorable than the national experience and 1981-83 rates more than 5 per cent above the national average.
Infectious diseases and field water supply and sanitation among migrant farm workers.
Authors: Arbab D M , Weidner B L
Published: November 2008

An audit for fecal-related symptoms was performed on clinic patient charts of 936 migrant farm workers without access to water and sanitation facilities in the work fields and on an urban poor population of 8,968 patients. Migrants displayed a clinic utilization rate for diarrhea 20 times higher than that of the urban poor; similar findings for other enteric disease symptoms were documented. The data suggest that a water and sanitation standard mandating facilities in the work field for farm workers would reduce the incidence of fecal-related disease.
The severity of breast cancer at diagnosis: a comparison of age and extent of disease in black and white women.
Authors: Satariano W A , Belle S H , Swanson G M
Published: November 2008

A comparison was made of the incidence rates of localized, regional, and remote breast cancer between Black and White women by age at diagnosis. The analysis is based on 17,361 cases of breast cancer, newly diagnosed between 1973 and 1982, in Black and White female residents of the Detroit metropolitan area. Cases with breast cancer classified as local, regional, or remote were drawn from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System of the Division of Epidemiology at the Michigan Cancer Foundation, a participant in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. The findings indicate that older women, particularly Black women, are at elevated risk for being diagnosed with the most advanced form of breast cancer.
Contraceptive practices among female heroin addicts.
Authors: Ralph N , Spigner C
Published: November 2008

In a sample of 115 heroin-addicted women, 25.8 per cent reported any type of contraception compared to 48.5 per cent of a national sample. Matching for age, ethnic group, and income level, reported contraceptive rates for the heroin-addicted sample versus the national sample for the never married, married, and formerly married groups were 40.1 per cent versus 37.7 per cent; 64.9 per cent versus 22.0 per cent; and 51.9 per cent versus 19.9 per cent, respectively.
Bicycle helmet use by children: knowledge and behavior of physicians.
Authors: Weiss B D , Duncan B
Published: November 2008

A survey of pediatricians and family physicians in Tucson, Arizona revealed that the majority knew that bicycle accidents are an important cause of childhood mortality and were aware that head trauma causes most bicycle-related deaths. Ninety-two per cent knew that children rarely use bicycle helmets and most believed this was due to inadequate parental awareness of the importance of helmets. Despite this, many physicians never include bicycle safety in patient education provided during well-child care.
Etiology of developmental disabilities in Soweto, South Africa.
Authors: Rubin I L , Davis M
Published: November 2008

A retrospective review was undertaken of the records of 725 children who attended the neurodevelopmental clinic at the Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, South Africa. Most children presented at an early age (less than 2-6 years). The etiological factors were prenatal, 4 per cent; perinatal, 41 per cent; postnatal, 21 per cent. Seventy-one per cent of the perinatal factors were a result of birth related problems in full-term infants; only 22 per cent of this group were represented by premature and low birthweight infants, contrasting sharply with data from industrialized centers. Almost a third of the postnatal causes were a result of acute intracranial infections. Another 13 per cent were a result of the metabolic consequences of acute gastroenteritis. Thus a high proportion of problems were preventable through provision of adequate nutrition, mass immunization campaigns, and adequate primary health care services including antenatal and obstetric management.
The relationship between vitamin C intake, general health practices, and mortality in Alameda County, California.
Authors: Enstrom J E , Kanim L E , Breslow L
Published: November 2008

To evaluate the relation between vitamin C intake and mortality, a prospective follow-up study was carried out among 3,119 noninstitutionalized adult residents of Alameda County, California who had completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire around the beginning of 1974. During 10 years of follow-up, 276 deaths have been identified. The questionnaire information and mortality data indicate that this sample is fairly representative of the county population and similar to the United States population. There is no important relation between the estimated 1974 vitamin C intake at levels above and below 250 mg per day and subsequent mortality from cancer, circulatory disease, all other causes, or all causes combined. However, there is an inverse relation between combinations of several health habits and total mortality. The health habits include never smoking cigarettes, regular physical activity, moderate or no use of alcohol, 7-8 hours of sleep per day, and maintaining proper weight. The conclusions with regard to vitamin C are limited by the crudeness with which the dietary intake has been estimated and changes in intake over time. Nevertheless, these results are not consistent with any substantial relation between vitamin C intake and subsequent mortality.
INFANT MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES DURING ONE YEAR OF WAR
Authors: Crum Frederick S.
Published: November 2008

Dr. Crum shows that infant mortality is largely related to season and place. The effect of these factors is greatest where extremes of temperature and humidity are greatest. He suggests for the most hopeful method of attack the education of the mother. He lays emphasis on the importance of breast feeding.
VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL IN THE MILITARY FORCES
Authors: Sawyer Wilbur A.
Published: November 2008

Major Sawyer asks this question,—“The army is being sent home clean. Will your community make it easy or difficult for the men to remain so?” His short paper is an introduction to the longer one that follows it.
MENTAL HYGIENE AND DEPARTMENTS OF HEALTH
Authors: Hincks C. M.
Published: November 2008

Everybody seems to realize the importance of mental hygiene, yet no one seems to know just how to begin. Dr. Hincks strikes the key-note of the situation. He says that the experimental stage is passed. It needs the backing of public opinion and the sound financial footing of support from public health funds.
RELATIVE VALUE OF CULTURAL AND INOCULATION TESTS FOR DETECTION OF B. TETANI
Authors: Bengtson Ida A. , McCoy G. W.
Published: November 2008

These authors call attention to the fact that the “safety test” used in the detection of B. tetani is not quite so “safe” as the cultural test.
LIPOVACCINES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH WORK
Authors: Whitmore Eugene R.
Published: November 2008

Colonel Whitmore tells in plain language just what lipovaccines are and within what limits their usefulness lies. His paper will dispel any misunderstanding about them in the minds of those not specialists.
A DANGEROUS TENDENCY IN PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Rankin W. S.
Published: November 2008

The “dangerous tendency” is that towards a division in Federal and state health administration. Its remedy lies in planning and developing a strong, alert Federal health agency properly related in its activities to the public health interests of the States.
REMARKS ON THE CONDUCT OF CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN ENGLAND
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: November 2008

In England a link has always existed between the central and the local health administrative bodies. This has been helpful in solving problems, standardizing methods, and stimulating local effort through-out the Kingdom.
FUTURE COÖPERATION BETWEEN THE AMERICAN RED CROSS AND PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES
Authors: Farrand Livingston
Published: November 2008

Since the cessation of hostilities in Europe health officers have been asking “What is the Red Cross going to do in Public Health?” Dr. Farrand here assures the public health profession that the Red Cross proposes to be a coöperative agency and not unless circumstances seem to demand it, an operative one.
PROPER RELATION OF FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH WORK
Authors: McLaughlin Allan J.
Published: November 2008

How far should the Federal Government go in dictating state health policy? Dr. McLaughlin says that it should coördinate state departments just as these coördinate the departments of cities. “The United States Public Health Service,” he says, “has a detailed, comprehensive nation-wide program for every public health problem, but these programs can not be put into effect without adequate funds.”
PRESENT STATUS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE
Authors: Cecil Russell L.
Published: November 2008

Out of 13,460 soldiers at Camp Wheeler who were vaccinated with pneumococcus lipovaccine less than one in one hundred was sick enough for the hospital. The camp pneumonia rate for unvaccinated soldiers was five times (crude) or twenty times (corrected) that for vaccinated. Civil life has important uses for such vaccination.
SO-CALLED NONRESIDENT DEATHS
Authors: Eichel Otto R.
Published: November 2008

“What constitutes a nonresident death?” is a very vexing statistical question. Much propaganda and commercial announcement depend on how the term is interpreted. Dr. Eichel gives some formulated rules, and presents some illustrative tables.
REDUCTION OF INFANT MORTALITY BY ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT AND BY HEALTH EDUCATION
Authors: Levy Julius
Published: November 2008

This is an argument for maternal nursing to reduce infant mortality. Dr. Levy does not place much responsibility on poverty as a cause of loss of infants, but emphasizes the effect of women in industries. He argues for education of the midwife because she is the family adviser of many foreign-born groups. He argues from results in Newark.
Characterizing englacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Catania Ginny A. , Neumann Thomas A. , Price Stephen F.
Published: November 2008

Rapid, local drainage of surface meltwater to the base of the Greenland ice sheet is thought to result in surface velocity variations as far inland as the equilibrium zone (Zwally and others, 2002). Ice-penetrating radar surveys throughout this region allow us to characterize englacial drainage features that appear as vertically stacked diffraction hyperbolae in common-offset profiles. These data are used with a radar-simulation model, which allows for variations in geometry, penetration depth and infill material, to understand the characteristics of these hyperbolae and the likelihood that they are produced by moulins. We find only a moderate correlation between the locations of these possible moulins and supraglacial lakes, indicating that many lakes drain over the surface of the ice sheet, or do not contain sufficient water to reach the bed through moulin formation. We find a strong correlation between moulin location in the ablation region and elevated along-flow tension (due to flow over rough bedrock), which generates surface crevassing and provides an entry point for meltwater. Although theory suggests that moulins may form anywhere on the ice sheet given sufficient meltwater input, our data suggest that they are far more common in the ablation zone than near, or inland from, the equilibrium line.
Tidal influence on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica: observations of surface flow and basal processes from closely spaced GPS and passive seismic stations
Authors: Aðalgeirsdóttir G. , Smith A.M. , Murray T. , King M.A. , Makinson K. , Nicholls K.W. , Behar A.E.
Published: November 2008

High-resolution surface velocity measurements and passive seismic observations from Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, 40 km upstream from the grounding line are presented. These measurements indicate a complex relationship between the ocean tides and currents, basal conditions and ice-stream flow. Both the mean basal seismicity and the velocity of the ice stream are modulated by the tides. Seismic activity increases twice during each semi-diurnal tidal cycle. The tidal analysis shows the largest velocity variation is at the fortnightly period, with smaller variations superimposed at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies. The general pattern of the observed velocity is two velocity peaks during each semi-diurnal tidal cycle, but sometimes three peaks are observed. This pattern of two or three peaks is more regular during spring tides, when the largest-amplitude velocity variations are observed, than during neap tides. This is the first time that velocity and level of seismicity are shown to correlate and respond to tidal forcing as far as 40 km upstream from the grounding line of a large ice stream.
Experimental and Theoretical studies on the Mechanism of Grignard Reagent Formation
Authors: Chanon M.
Published: November 2008

n/a
Targeting DNA with Anthracyclines: The Importance of the Sugar Moiety
Authors: Priebe Waldemar
Published: November 2008

n/a
Natural Inhibitors of the Aromatase Enzyme
Authors: Gil Roberto R.
Published: November 2008

The results of three years of search for natural aromatase inhibitors will be presented.
Base-Catalyzed Formation of Imidazole Derivatives
Authors: Vasiliev A. N. , López A. F. , Mocchi A. J.
Published: November 2008

n/a
Thermal Decomposition Reaction of cis-6-Phenyl-5,6-(2-phenylpropilydene)-3,3-tetramethylene-1,2,4-trioxacyclohexane in Different Solvents
Authors: Cafferata L. F. R. , Eyler G. N. , Cañizo A. I. , Mateo C. M. , Rimada R. S.
Published: November 2008

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition reaction of cis-6-phenyl-5,6-(2-phenyl-propilydene)-3,3-tetramethylene-1,2,4-trioxacyclohexane (I) was investigated in the temperature range of 100-130°C in selected solvents of different physicochemical properties to evaluate a solvent effect on the reaction.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bent-rod Liquid Crystals
Authors: Del Rosso Pablo , Hernandez Sandra A. , Garay Raúl O.
Published: November 2008

Two series of diesters with bend-rod shapes were synthesized and their thermal properties characterized by POM and DSC. The central group conformational mobility and polarity as well as the length of the mesogenic groups were varied in order to correlate these parameters with mesophase stability. Results indicate that series II diesters are enantiotropic and that their mesophase sensitivity to central group structural changes is limited.
Computational Study of the Stereoselectivity of Diels-Alder Reactions of D-Glucose-Derived Dienophiles with Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Pellegrinet S. C. , Baumgartner M. T. , Pierini A. B. , Spanevello R. A.
Published: November 2008

A computational study was performed in order to rationalize the high exo stereoselectivity in the cycloaddition reactions of sugar-derived dienophiles with cyclopentadiene.
Phytotoxic Activity of a Benzofuran Isolated from Trichocline reptans
Authors: Vaccarini C. , Alarcón R. , Sosa V.
Published: November 2008

Phytotoxic Activity of the 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-2isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofurane (1) isolated from Trichocline reptans (Asteraceae) was investigated in two weed species. Results indicate that the best growth inhibition effect ocurres on Chenopodium album weed. Phythotoxic effect of the T. reptans chloroformic extract and of the benzofurane are discussed and compared in the two weed species.
A New Rearranged Non-Aromatic Salpichrolide from Salpichroa Origanifolia
Authors: Tettamanzi M. C. , Veleiro A. S. , De La Fuente J. R. , Burton G.
Published: November 2008

From the aerial parts of Salpichroa origanifolia a new withanolide in which the C-13 angular methyl has migrated to C-17, was isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods.
Photochemical Study of the Reactions of the 2-Naphtoxide Ion with Haloadamantanes
Authors: Argüello Juan E. , Puiatti Marcelo , Peñéñory Alicia B.
Published: November 2008

The fluorescent excited state of 2-naphtoxide ion is quenched by haloadamantanes (X-Ada) as electron acceptors according to an electron-transfer mechanism. This mechanism is proposed on the basis of:1) decreasing quenching rate constant as the reduction potential of X-Ada is made more negative and 2) the analysis of reaction products.
Regioselective Opening of Epoxides Catalyzed by Sn (IV). A New Method for the Synthesis of Halohydrins?
Authors: Salomon Claudio J.
Published: November 2008

The regioselective opening of epoxides with organotin oxides 1 and 2, in presence of halogenated alcohols was developed, yielding the halohydrin derivatives.
Relationship Between the Conformation of the Cyclopeptides Isolated from the Fungus Amanita Phalloides (Vaill. Ex Fr.) Secr. and Its Toxicity
Authors: Battista M. E. , Vitale A. A. , Pomilio A. B.
Published: November 2008

The electronic structures and conformational studies of the cyclopeptides, Omethyl-α-amanitin, phalloidin and antamanide, were obtained from molecular parameters on the basis of semiempiric and ab initio methods.
New Withanolides from Two Varieties of Jaborosa Caulescens
Authors: Nicotra Viviana E. , Gil Roberto R. , Oberti Juan C. , Burton Gerardo
Published: November 2008

The phytochemical study of two species of Jaborosa caulescens (var. caulescens and var. bipinnatifida) yielded the four new withanolides 1-4. The structures of the new compounds were determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques (including 1D and 2D NMR) and Molecular Modeling.
Approach to the A-B Ring System of Forskolin through Biotransformation of Toluene
Authors: Schapiro V. , Seoane G. , García G.
Published: November 2008

In the present work, we will intend to show that diol I, microbially derived from toluene using Pseudomonas putida 39D, is a suitable synthon for the synthesis of the A-B ring system of forskolin. The functionalization of diol I, to be used as ring-B, and the attempts of ring-A closure, will be disclosed.
Use of Cyclic Di- and Triperoxides as Initiators of Styrene Polymerization at High Temperature with a View to Their Use in Industrial Applications
Authors: Morales G. , Eyler G. N. , Cerna J. R. , Cañizo A. I.
Published: November 2008

In industry, the bulk free radical polymerization of styrene takes place with the aid of peroxide initiators such as benzoyl peroxide. In this work di- and trimeric cyclic peroxides were used as initiators of the styrene polymerization in order to increase the rate of polymerization and molecular weights simultaneously.
Polisaccharides from Cystocarpic Plants of the Red Seaweed Callophyllis Variegata
Authors: Merino E. , Cerezo A. , Matulewicz M.
Published: November 2008

The crude polysaccharide from cystocarpic Callophyllis variegata was fractionated with potassium chloride yielding three minor fractions which precipitated between 0.05-0.10 M KCl, 1.20-1.25 M KCl and 1.80-2.00 M KCl, and a main product soluble in 2.00 M KCl. These fractions were analysed and structural analysis of the major one was carried out by methylation, FT-IR and 13C NMR.
A Simple Method for N-Phenoxyethylation of Anilines
Authors: Romanelli G. P. , Jios J. L. , Guaymas O. , Piovoso R. , Autino J. C.
Published: November 2008

We wanted to search for new reaction conditions to prepare the title compounds, to be checked later in novel syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, there was no report in the literature of any well-established method for the preparation of N-(2-phenoxyethyl)anilines 1.
Development and Validation of a Chromatographic Method for the Analysis of Multicompound Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Ferreyra Carola , Ortiz Cristina , De Bertorello M.
Published: November 2008

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic assay was carried out for the simultaneous determination of two out of three active principles present in a pharmaceutical preparation. This method was developed to assess the quality of the product.
A Conformational Study of Flexible Cyclic Compounds (Hydrocarbon Rings of 9-12 Members)
Authors: Suvire F. , Rodríguez S. , Santagata L. , Rodríguez A. , Enriz R.
Published: November 2008

We report here a conformational study of cyclic flexible compounds (rings with 9-12 members). Two methods of systematic search for the minima were used. The results were compared with those obtained using other exploratory methods.
Reaction Mechanism for the Cyclization of 3-[γ,γ-Dimethylallyl]Coumaric Acid Methyl Ester in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
Authors: Borkowski E. J. , Ardanaz C. E. , Rossomando P. C. , Tonn C. E.
Published: November 2008

n/a
Grindelic Acid Production in Grindelia Pulchella Cell Suspension Cultures Elicited with CuSO4
Authors: Hernández X. E. , Kurina Sanz M. B. , Giordano O. S.
Published: November 2008

n/a
Long-Term Survival and Bipotent Terminal Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC) in Combination with a Commercially Available Three-Dimensional Collagen Scaffold
Authors: Neuss S. , Stainforth R. , Salber J. , Schenck P. , Bovi M. , Knüchel R. , Perez-Bouza A.
Published: November 2008

Researchers working in the field of tissue engineering ideally combine autologous cells and biocompatible scaffolds to replace defect tissues/organs. Due to their differentiation capacity, mesenchym-derived stem cells, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), are a promising autologous cell source for the treatment of human diseases. As natural precursors for mesenchymal tissues, hMSC are particularly suitable for bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue replacement. In this study a detailed histological and ultrastructural analysis of long-term cultured and terminally differentiated hMSC on 3D collagen scaffolds was performed. Standardized 2D differentiation protocols for hMSC into adipocytes and osteoblasts were adapted for long-term 3D in vitro cultures in porous collagen matrices. After a 50-day culture period, large numbers of mature adipocytes and osteoblasts were clearly identifiable within the scaffolds. The adipocytes exhibited membrane free lipid vacuoles. The osteoblasts were arranged in close association with hydroxyapatite crystals, which were deposited on the surrounding fibers. The collagen matrix was remodeled and adopted a contracted and curved form. Human MSC survive long-term culture within these scaffolds and could be terminally differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Thus, the combination of hMSC and this particular collagen scaffold is a possible candidate for bone and adipose tissue replacement strategies.
Behavioral measures of impulsivity and the law
Authors: Mathias Charles W. , Marsh‐Richard Dawn M. , Dougherty Donald M.
Published: November 2008

The General Theory of Crime proposes that crime is explained by the combination of situational opportunity and lack of self‐control. Impulsivity is one of the important components of self‐control. Because behavioral measures of impulsivity are becoming more commonly utilized to assess forensic populations, this manuscript provides an overview of three current behavioral measures. In doing so, an example of their application is provided using a group of individuals likely to come into contact with the legal system: adolescents with Conduct Disorder. Earlier age of onset of Conduct Disorder symptoms has been shown to be an important predictor of the persistence of poor outcomes into adulthood, including participation in criminal activities. This study found differential behavioral profiles across distinct measures of impulsivity by those with childhood‐ versus adolescent‐onset Conduct Disorder. Legal implications for defining behavioral deficits using behavioral measures of impulsivity and their current limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Internal Donors on the Performance and Structure of MgCl2 Supported Titanium Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Kaur Sukhdeep , Makwana Umesh , Patankar Rajendra B. , Gupta Virendra K.
Published: November 2008

An insight on the influence of ethyl benzoate (EB) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) as internal donors, differing in coordination nature on the structural aspects of MgCl2 matrix in high‐performance MgCl2‐supported titanium catalysts was developed using FTIR spectroscopy and WAXD studies. The analysis of the >CO stretching IR band of internal donors showed their coordination to (104) and (110) lateral cuts of MgCl2 matrix. Transformation of magnesium ethoxide {Mg(OEt)2} to MgCl2 during catalyst preparation resulted in different MgCl2 phases, namely the α‐form, β‐form, and the disordered δ‐form, which were analyzed by WAXD studies. The results from WAXD showed the relative preference of α‐form over β‐form in case of DIBP‐based catalysts, which might be due to interlayer bridging between adjacent layers due to the bidendate nature of DIBP. This can be one of the reasons for the high productivity of dialkyl‐phthalate‐based catalysts in comparison to ethyl‐benzoate‐based catalyst systems.

magnified image
Direct Preparation of Nanoscale Thin Films of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Containing β‐Crystalline Phase by Heat‐Controlled Spin Coating
Authors: Ramasundaram Subramaniyan , Yoon Sun , Kim Kap Jin , Lee Jong Soon
Published: November 2008

Nanoscale thin films of PVDF containing the β‐crystalline phase were directly prepared by heat‐controlled spin coating without the influence of external stimuli either in the form of additives or post‐treatments. Sample preparation was carried out at different temperatures, ranging from 10 to 70 °C. At elevated temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C), PVDF was crystallized into the β‐phase, while at near‐ambient conditions (20 and 30 °C) it was crystallized into the α‐phase. Some samples exhibited a phase‐segregated morphology, with varying particle sizes depending on the preparation temperature. The ferroelectric nature of a typical sample, prepared at 40 °C, was visualized by piezoresponse imaging studies.

magnified image
Improvement of the Long‐Term Performance of Impact‐Modified Polycarbonate by Selected Heat Treatments
Authors: Engels Tom A. P. , Schrauwen Bernard A. G. , Govaert Leon E. , Meijer Han E. H.
Published: November 2008

Next to the intended increase of the impact toughness, impact modification of polycarbonate generally results in an unwanted decrease in yield stress and time‐to‐failure under constant stress. It is demonstrated that this loss in strength can be fully compensated for by an annealing treatment, or by increasing the mold temperature. The influence of impact modification on the short‐ and long‐term strengths of glassy polymers is predicted by the extension of existing models with a scaling rule based on the filler volume percentage. Introduction of this scaling rule in the evolution of yield stress during physical aging even allows for the direct prediction of yield stress on the basis of processing conditions.

magnified image
An adaptive multiresolution method for parabolic PDEs with time‐step control
Authors: Domingues M. O. , Roussel O. , Schneider K.
Published: November 2008

We present an efficient adaptive numerical scheme for parabolic partial differential equations based on a finite volume (FV) discretization with explicit time discretization using embedded Runge–Kutta (RK) schemes. A multiresolution strategy allows local grid refinement while controlling the approximation error in space. The costly fluxes are evaluated on the adaptive grid only. Compact RK methods of second and third order are then used to choose automatically the new time step while controlling the approximation error in time. Non‐admissible choices of the time step are avoided by limiting its variation. The implementation of the multiresolution representation uses a dynamic tree data structure, which allows memory compression and CPU time reduction. This new numerical scheme is validated using different classical test problems in one, two and three space dimensions. The gain in memory and CPU time with respect to the FV scheme on a regular grid is reported, which demonstrates the efficiency of the new method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The controlled release behavior and pH‐ and thermo‐sensitivity of alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) blended hydrogels
Authors: Jao Win‐Chun , Chen Hsin‐Chieh , Lin Chien‐Hong , Yang Ming‐Chien
Published: November 2008

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was blended with sodium alginate (Alg) in various ratios and crosslinked with calcium chloride and made into hydrogel membranes. The dependence of the swelling behavior of these Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels on pH was investigated. The temperature‐dependent swelling behavior of the semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels was examined at temperatures from 2 to 45°C and the enthalpy of mixing (ΔHmix) was determined at various temperatures. The molecular structure of the hydrogels was studied by infrared spectroscopy and their water structure in the semi‐IPN hydrogels was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of Ca2+ content on the network structure of Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels was investigated in terms of the compressive elastic modulus, effective crosslinking density, and the polymer–solvent interaction parameter based on the Flory theory. The loading of alizarin red S (ARS) followed the Langmuir isotherm mechanism and the release kinetics of ARS from the Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.