bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Studies on the Influence of Surface Symmetry on the Growth of MoSe2 Monolayer on Sapphire Using Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy and Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Huang Yufeng , Li Mengjiao , Hu Zhixin , Hu Chunguang , Shen Wanfu , Li Yanning , Sun Lidong
Published: September 2024

The surface symmetry of the substrate plays an important role in the epitaxial high-quality growth of 2D materials; however, in-depth and in situ studies on these materials during growth are still limited due to the lack of effective in situ monitoring approaches. In this work, taking the growth of MoSe2 as an example, the distinct growth processes on Al2O3 (112¯0) and Al2O3 (0001) are revealed by parallel monitoring using in situ reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), respectively, highlighting the dominant role of the surface symmetry. In our previous study, we found that the RAS signal of MoSe2 grown on Al2O3 (112¯0) initially increased and decreased ultimately to the magnitude of bare Al2O3 (112¯0) when the first layer of MoSe2 was fully merged, which is herein verified by the complementary DRS measurement that is directly related to the film coverage. Consequently, the changing rate of reflectance anisotropy (RA) intensity at 2.5 eV is well matched with the dynamic changes in differential reflectance (DR) intensity. Moreover, the surface-dominated uniform orientation of MoSe2 islands at various stages determined by RAS was further investigated by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). By contrast, the RAS signal of MoSe2 grown on Al2O3 (0001) remains at zero during the whole growth, implying that the discontinuous MoSe2 islands have no preferential orientations. This work demonstrates that the combination of in situ RAS and DRS can provide valuable insights into the growth of unidirectional aligned islands and help optimize the fabrication process for single-crystal transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers.
High-Quality Single Crystalline Sc0.37Al0.63N Thin Films Enabled by Precise Tuning of III/N Atomic Flux Ratio during Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Yin Yuhao , Liu Rong , Zhao Haiyang , Fan Shizhao , Zhang Jianming , Li Shun , Sun Qian , Yang Hui
Published: September 2024

We attained wurtzite ScxAl1−xN (0.16 ≤ x ≤ 0.37) thin films by varying the Sc and Al fluxes at a fixed active nitrogen flux during plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Atomic fluxes of Sc and Al sources via measured Sc percentage in as-grown ScxAl1−xN thin films were derived as the feedback for precise determination of the ScxAl1−xN growth diagram. We identified an optimal III/N atomic flux ratio of 0.78 for smooth Sc0.18Al0.82N thin films. Further increasing the III/N ratio led to phase separation under N-rich conditions, validated by the observation of high-Sc-content hillocks with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. At the fixed III/N ratio of 0.78, we found that phase separation with high-Al-content hillocks occurs for x > 0.37, which is substantially lower than the thermodynamically dictated threshold Sc content of ~0.55 in wurtzite ScxAl1−xN. We postulate that these wurtzite-phase purity degradation scenarios are correlated with adatom diffusion and the competitive incorporation process of Sc and Al. Therefore, the ScxAl1−xN growth window is severely restricted by the adatom kinetics. We obtained single crystalline Sc0.37Al0.63N thin films with X-ray diffraction (002)/(102) ω rocking curve full-width at half-maximums of 2156 arcsec and 209 arcsec and surface roughness of 1.70 nm. Piezoelectric force microscopy probing of the Sc0.37Al0.63N epilayer validates unambiguous polarization flipping by 180°.
Optimal Computational Modeling and Simulation of QCA Reversible Gates for Information Reliability in Nano-Quantum Circuits
Authors: Jeon Jun-Cheol
Published: September 2024

As the relationship between energy and information loss and reversible gates was revealed, much interest in reversible gate design arose, and as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) gained attention as a next-generation nano circuit design technology, various reversible gates based on QCA emerged. The proposed study optimizes the performance and design costs of existing QCA-based reversible gates including TR, RUG, PQR, and URG. According to most indicators, the proposed circuits showed significant improvement rates and outperformed existing studies. In particular, the proposed optimal TR, RUG, PQR, and URG showed performance improvements of 266%, 265%, 300%, and 144% in CostAD, respectively, compared with the best existing circuit. This shows outstanding improvement and superiority in terms of area and delay, which are the most important factors in the performance of nano-scale circuits that are becoming extremely miniaturized. Additionally, the exceptionally high-output polarization of the proposed circuits is an important indicator of the circuit’s expansion and connection and increases the circuit’s reliability.
Research on CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots-Doped Polymer Fibers and Their Gain Characteristics
Authors: Peng Xuefeng , Wu Zhijian , Ding Yang
Published: September 2024

Polymer fibers are considered ideal transmission media for all-optical networks, but their high intrinsic loss significantly limits their practical use. Quantum dot-doped polymer fiber amplifiers are emerging as a promising solution to this issue and are becoming a significant focus of research in both academia and industry. Based on the properties of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and PMMA material, this study experimentally explores three fabrication methods for CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped PMMA fibers: hollow fiber filling, melt-drawing, and melt extrusion. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and key issues in fiber fabrication are analyzed. Utilizing the CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped PMMA fibers that were fabricated, we theoretically analyzed the key factors affecting gain performance, including fiber length, quantum dots doping concentration, and signal light intensity. Under the conditions of 1.5 W power and 445 nm laser pumping, a maximum on-off gain of 16.2 dB was experimentally achieved at 635 nm. Additionally, using a white light LED as the signal source, a broadband on-off gain with a bandwidth exceeding 70 nm and a maximum gain of 12.4 dB was observed in the 580–650 nm range. This research will contribute to the development of quantum dots-doped fiber devices and broadband optical communication technology, providing more efficient solutions for future optical communication networks.
Effects of Heat Stress-Induced Sex Hormone Dysregulation on Reproduction and Growth in Male Adolescents and Beneficial Foods
Authors: Ko Seong-Hee
Published: September 2024

Heat stress due to climate warming can significantly affect the synthesis of sex hormones in male adolescents, which can impair the ability of the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, which leads to a decrease in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which ultimately negatively affects spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis. For optimal spermatogenesis, the testicular temperature should be 2–6 °C lower than body temperature. Heat stress directly affects the testes, damaging them and reducing testosterone synthesis. Additionally, chronic heat stress abnormally increases the level of aromatase in Leydig cells, which increases estradiol synthesis while decreasing testosterone, leading to an imbalance of sex hormones and spermatogenesis failure. Low levels of testosterone in male adolescents lead to delayed puberty and incomplete sexual maturation, negatively affect height growth and bone mineral density, and can lead to a decrease in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass. In order for male adolescents to acquire healthy reproductive capacity, it is recommended to provide sufficient nutrition and energy, avoid exposure to heat stress, and provide foods and supplements to prevent or repair testosterone reduction, germ cell damage, and sperm count reduction caused by heat stress so that they can enter a healthy adulthood.
Development and Management of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Food Neophobia in Pediatric Patients with Food Allergy: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Nocerino Rita , Mercuri Caterina , Bosco Vincenzo , Giordano Vincenza , Simeone Silvio , Guillari Assunta , Rea Teresa
Published: September 2024

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) and food neophobia present significant challenges in pediatric healthcare, particularly among children with food allergies (FAs). These eating disorders, characterized by the persistent avoidance or restriction of food, can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies and psychosocial impairments. The presence of FAs further complicates these eating behaviors, as the fear of allergic reactions exacerbates avoidance and restrictive patterns. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on ARFID and food neophobia, focusing on their definitions, characteristics, and the unique challenges they present in the context of FAs. The review explores the critical role of healthcare professionals, especially nurses, in integrating psychological and clinical care to improve outcomes for affected children. A multidisciplinary approach, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family-Based Therapy (FBT), is emphasized as essential in addressing the complex needs of these patients. The review also highlights the need for standardized treatment protocols and further research on the long-term outcomes of these disorders, aiming to enhance therapeutic strategies and family support systems. Effective management of ARFID and food neophobia in the context of FAs requires a holistic and integrated approach to mitigate the profound impacts on a child’s growth, development, and overall well-being.
Evaluation of Muscle Mass and Malnutrition in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition Criteria and Comparing Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Computed Tomography Measurements
Authors: de Luis Roman Daniel , López Gómez Juan José , Muñoz Marife , Primo David , Izaola Olatz , Sánchez Israel
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the discrepancies between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and computed tomography (CT) in assessing skeletal muscle mass and identifying low muscle mass in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: This study recruited 137 patients with colorectal cancer from February 2028 to December 2023. CT scans were analyzed at the Lumbar 3 vertebral level to determine the area of skeletal muscle, which was then utilized to estimate whole-body skeletal muscle mass. [BIA] was also employed to measure skeletal muscle. Both skeletal muscle mass values [kg] were divided by height2 [m2] to calculate the skeletal muscle index [SMI, kg/m2], denoted as SMI-CT and SMI-BIA, respectively. Results: The median age was 69.8 + 9.5 years, with the sex ratio being 88/49 [male/female]. Whereas more than one-third of the patients were classified as malnourished based on the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition GLIM-CT criteria using L3-SMI [n = 36.5%], fewer patients were classified as malnourished based on GLIM-BIA using SMI-BIA [n = 19.0%]. According to the CT analysis [low SMI-L3], 52 [38.0%] patients were diagnosed as having poor muscle mass, whereas only 18 [13.1%] patients were identified as having low muscle mass using BIA [low SMIBIA]. The measured SMI showed a positive association with SMI-CT in all patients [r = 0.63, p < 0.001]. Using Bland–Altman evaluation, a significant mean bias of 0.45 + 1.41 kg/m2 [95% CI 0.21–0.70; p < 0.001] between SMI-BIA and SMI-CT was reported. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to detect poor muscle mass using SMI-BIA with CT as the gold standard. The area under the curve (AUC) for SMI-BIA in identifying poor muscle mass was 0.714 (95% CI: 0.624–0.824), with a good cut-off value of 8.1 kg/m2, yielding a sensitivity of 68.3% and a specificity of 66.9%. Conclusions: BIA generally overestimates skeletal muscle mass in colorectal cancer patients when contrasted to CT. As a result, BIA may underestimate the prevalence of poor muscle mass and malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria in this patient population.
The Quality of Life in Elderly Patients in Comprehensive Conservative Management or Hemodialysis: A Case–Control Study in Analogous Basal Conditions
Authors: Martino Francesca K. , Campo Daniela , Stefanelli Lucia Federica , Zattarin Alessandra , Piccolo Daria , Cacciapuoti Martina , Bogo Marco , Del Prete Dorella , Nalesso Federico , Calò Lorenzo A.
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Comprehensive conservative management (CCM) is a viable treatment option for elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, it involves a significant change in dietary habits, such as adopting a low-protein diet. Therefore, it is crucial to understand its impact on the patient’s quality of life (QoL), particularly when compared to hemodialysis (HD). The study aims to evaluate the differences in the QoL between patients undergoing CCM and HD. Methods: The study included 50 patients over 75 with ESKD, with 25 patients in the CCM group and 25 in the HD group. The CCM group followed a personalized low-protein diet, while the HD group did not have protein restrictions. Various parameters were assessed, including demographic data, urine output, blood tests, comorbidity index, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and hospitalization. The SF-12 questionnaire assessed the QoL, and the Physical Composite Score (PCS) and Mental Composite Score (MCS) were calculated. Results: The study revealed no age and comorbidity index differences between CCM and HD patients. In contrast, CCM patients reported significantly better physical and mental well-being than HD patients. In univariate analysis, CCM (B 0.24, p = 0.001), protein intake (B −0.004, p = 0.008), hospitalization (B −0.18, p = 0.024), urine output (B 0.25, p = 0.001), and VAS (B −0.26, p < 0.001) influenced the PCS. At the same time, only the type of treatment (B = 0.15, p = 0.048), urine output (B 0.18, p = 0.02), and VAS (B −0.14, p = 0.048) influence the MCS. In contrast, in multivariate analysis, only CCM contributed to an improved PCS (B 0.19, p = 0.003) and MCS (B 0.16, p = 0.03), while a higher VAS worsened the PCS (B −0.24, p < 0.001) and MCS (B −0.157, p = 0.0024). Conclusions: In elderly patients with similar basal conditions, health-related QoL perception is better in CCM than in HD patients.
Health-Related Behaviors and Perceived Health Status According to Water and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake in Korean Adolescents
Authors: Kim Yoon Sun , Kim Hyun Ja
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, health behaviors, and self-perceived health status using data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The subjects included in this analysis were 57,302 Korean adolescents from the 7th to 12th grades. The intake patterns of water and SSBs were categorized into four groups: Group I, adequate water intake (≥4 cups/day) and low frequency of SSB intake (≤1–2 times/week); Group II, adequate water intake and high frequency of SSB intake; Group III, inadequate water intake (<4 cups/day) and low frequency of SSB intake; Group IV, inadequate water intake and high frequency of SSB intake (≥3 times/week). Complex sample analyses were used for considering strata, clusters, and weights for samples. Significant differences were observed in the distribution of sociodemographic characteristics between the water and SSB intake groups. As grade levels increased or if students were female, there was a significant increase in the proportion of students characterized by low water intake and high consumption of SSB. Adolescents with healthier beverage habits, characterized by adequate water intake and low frequency of SSB consumption (Group I), generally abstained from smoking and alcohol, were more physically active, and maintained a desirable diet, reporting a better perceived health status. In contrast, those with higher SSB consumption and inadequate water intake (Group IV) were more likely to perceive their health as poor, with higher rates of smoking and alcohol use, lower physical activity levels, and poorer dietary habits compared to Group I. In conclusion, adolescents with desirable beverage consumption habits differed by sex and grade and they reported positive health behaviors and better overall health status. This suggests that there is a need for more active education and intervention in schools and families, as well as increased efforts by adolescents to promote healthy beverage habits.
A Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet Has Similar Efficiency as Low FODMAP in IBS—A Randomized Non-Inferiority Study
Authors: Roth Bodil , Nseir Mohamed , Jeppsson Håkan , D’Amato Mauro , Sundquist Kristina , Ohlsson Bodil
Published: September 2024

A diet with low content of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) is established treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with well-documented efficiency. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) has shown similar promising effects. The primary aim of this randomized, non-inferiority study was to test SSRD against low FODMAP and compare the responder rates (RR = ∆Total IBS-SSS ≥ −50) to a 4-week dietary intervention of either diet. Secondary aims were to estimate responders of ≥100 score and 50% reduction; effects on extraintestinal symptoms; saturation; sugar craving; anthropometric parameters; and blood pressure. 155 IBS patients were randomized to SSRD (n = 77) or low FODMAP (n = 78) for 4 weeks, with a follow-up 5 months later without food restrictions. The questionnaires Rome IV, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) were completed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks and 6 months. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressures were measured. Comparisons were made within the groups and between changes in the two groups. There were no differences between groups at baseline. The responder rate of SSRD was non-inferior compared with low FODMAPs at week 2 (79.2% vs. 73.1%; p = 0.661;95% confidence interval (CI) = −20–7.2) and week 4 (79.2% vs. 78.2%; p = 1.000;95%CI = −14–12). Responder rate was still high when defined stricter. All gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms were equally improved (p < 0.001 in most variables). SSRD rendered greater reductions in weight (p = 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.005), and sugar craving (p = 0.05), whereas waist circumference and blood pressure were equally decreased. Weight and BMI were regained at follow-up. In the SSRD group, responders at 6 months still had lowered weight (−0.7 (−2.5–0.1) vs. 0.2 (−0.7–2.2) kg; p = 0.005) and BMI (−0.25 (−0.85–0.03) vs. 0.07 (−0.35–0.77) kg/m2; p = 0.009) compared with baseline in contrast to non-responders. Those who had tested both diets preferred SSRD (p = 0.032). In conclusion, a 4-week SSRD intervention was non-inferior to low FODMAP regarding responder rates of gastrointestinal IBS symptoms. Furthermore, strong reductions of extraintestinal symptoms were found in both groups, whereas reductions in weight, BMI, and sugar craving were most pronounced following SSRD.
The Association between Diet Quality and Metabolic Syndrome among Older African American Women
Authors: Grant Alex , Dash Chiranjeev , Adams-Campbell Lucile L.
Published: September 2024

Diet is a modifiable lifestyle factor that could impact the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components. MetS prevalence is high and diet quality is suboptimal among older African American women. MetS has been associated with many individual food groups, however, emerging research suggests that analyzing overall diet quality provides insight into the synergistic effects of food groups on health outcomes. In the current cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between diet quality and MetS, and investigated associations between diet quality and MetS components among older African American women. This study was based on 357 African American women between 45 and 65 years from the NHANES 2011–2018 datasets. This analysis utilized the NCEP ATP III (2001) criteria for women to diagnose MetS. MetS was dichotomized in addition to a MetS z-score being calculated for each participant using a sex- and race-specific equation. Participants’ diet quality was measured using the HEI-2015. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to assess the association between HEI-2015 diet quality and metabolic syndrome and its components. 65% of African American women aged 45–65 in the NHANES 2011–2018 had MetS. Study participants had an average HEI-2015 score of 55.4 out of 100. As HEI-2015 quartiles increased, the mean MetS z-score decreased (p-value: 0.0011). Age-adjusted models demonstrated statistically significant inverse relationships between HEI-2015 and waist circumference (β: −0.217; 95% CI: −0.372, −0.063), systolic blood pressure (β: −0.215; 95% CI: −0.359, −0.072), blood glucose (β: −0.344; 95% CI: −0.681, −0.0066), and triglycerides (β: −0.652; 95% CI: −1.05, −0.251). Significant associations could not be established between MetS and diet quality, assessed with the HEI-2015, among African American women aged 45–65 enrolled in NHANES 2011–2018. However, statistically significant relationships were observed between increased HEI-2015 scores and lowered risks of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and systolic hypertension. The findings of this study affirm the necessity of public health strategies to improve diet quality among African-American women which could help to reduce their risks of chronic diseases.
Correction: Yokoi et al. Erythritol Can Inhibit the Expression of Senescence Molecules in Mouse Gingival Tissues and Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4050
Authors: Yokoi Haruna , Furukawa Masae , Wang Jingshu , Aoki Yu , Raju Resmi , Ikuyo Yoriko , Yamada Mitsuyoshi , Shikama Yosuke , Matsushita Kenji
Published: September 2024

Upon review, we have identified an error in the human TNF-α primer sequence reported in Table 1 of our paper titled “Erythritol can inhibit the expression of senescence molecules in mouse gingival tissues and human gingival fibroblasts” [...]
Carotenoids from Different Pumpkin Varieties Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Pinna Nicola , Ianni Federica , Conte Carmela , Codini Michela , di Vito Raffaella , Urbani Stefania , Selvaggini Roberto , Cossignani Lina , Blasi Francesca
Published: September 2024

Plants, including pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.), are an interesting source of nutrients and bioactives with various health benefits. In this research, carotenoid extracts obtained from the pulp of eight pumpkin varieties, belonging to the C. moschata and C. maxima species, were tested for cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The results showed that pumpkin bioactives exert a cytotoxic action against the tested cells, in particular Butternut extract at a 100 μM (53.69 μg/mL) concentration after 24 h of treatment and Mantovana extract at 50 μM (26.84 μg/mL) after 48 h. Moreover, the carotenoid extracts also showed interesting in vitro antioxidant activity, evaluated by ABTS and ORAC assays. To fully characterize the qualitative and quantitative profile of carotenoids in the tested extracts, a high-performance chromatographic technique was performed, revealing that pumpkin pulp carotenoids were mainly represented by β-carotene, mono- and di-esterified hydroxy- and epoxy-carotenoids. Moreover, the carotenoid dataset was also useful for discriminating samples from two different species. In conclusion, the results of the present study highlight the potential anti-cancer activity of pumpkin carotenoid extracts and the possibility of using them as chemotherapeutic adjuvants.
Monitoring the Influence of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: New Guidelines on Patient Care during the 2011–2012 Multiwaves and Multivariant Outbreak in Hai Phong City, Vietnam
Authors: Duy Nghia Ngu , Huong Le Thi Thanh , Ravel Patrice , Huong Le Thi Song , Dwivedi Ankit , Kister Guilhem , Gavotte Laurent , Devaux Christian A. , Thiem Vu Dinh , Thanh Nguyen Thi Hien , Duong Tran Nhu , Hien Nguyen Tran , Cornillot Emmanuel , Frutos Roger
Published: September 2024

From 2011 to 2012, Northern Vietnam suffered its first large-scale hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemic. Two sets of official guidelines were issued during the outbreak to handle the HFMD crisis. The city of Hai Phong was used as a model to analyze the impact of the released guidelines. A total of 9621 HFMD cases were reported in Hai Phong city from April 2011 to December 2012. Three distinct waves of HFMD occurred. Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 were successively associated with the epidemics. Two periods, before and after the guidelines’ release, could be distinguished and characterized by different patient patterns. The time to admission and severity changed notably. Guideline publications help the health system refocus on the 0.5–3 years age group with the highest incidence of the disease. The three waves showed different special distribution, but the main routes of infection were rivers and local secondary roads, most likely through local trade and occupational movements of people.
Case Report of a Neonate with Complex Gastroschisis: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Balasundaram Palanikumar , Lautz Timothy B. , Gale Rhonda , Remedios-Smith Kimberly G.
Published: September 2024

Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly characterized by herniation of abdominal contents via a defect in the anterior abdominal wall. Gastroschisis can manifest as simple or complex, with additional complications such as atresia, perforation, ischemia, necrosis, or volvulus. While prenatal screening and advancements in surgical techniques have improved outcomes, infants with complex gastroschisis cases pose significant challenges in neonatal care. Vanishing gastroschisis, a rare but dreaded complication with a mortality rate ranging from 10 to 70%, occurs when the abdominal wall closes around the herniated bowel, leading to strangulation. We present a case report focusing on the management of neonatal gastroschisis in a 36-week-old female infant with vanishing gastroschisis. The infant’s clinical course, including surgical interventions, complications, and multidisciplinary management, is discussed in detail. This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing outcomes for infants with complex gastroschisis. Via this case report, we aim to provide insights into the complexities of neonatal gastroschisis management and advocate for a collaborative approach involving neonatology, pediatric surgery, infectious disease, and palliative care to improve outcomes and quality of life for affected infants.
Pharmacophore-Based Study: An In Silico Perspective for the Identification of Potential New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) Inhibitors
Authors: Alkhatabi Heba Ahmed , Alatyb Hisham N.
Published: September 2024

In the ongoing battle against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) has emerged as a significant therapeutic challenge due to its ability to confer resistance to a broad range of β-lactam antibiotics. This study presents a pharmacophore-based virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation approach for the identification of potential inhibitors targeting NDM-1, a critical enzyme associated with antibiotic resistance. Through the generation of a pharmacophore model and subsequent virtual screening of compound libraries, candidate molecules (ZINC29142850 (Z1), ZINC78607001 (Z2), and ZINC94303138 (Z3)) were prioritized based on their similarity to known NDM-1 binder (hydrolyzed oxacillin (0WO)). Molecular docking studies further elucidated the binding modes and affinities of the selected compounds towards the active site of NDM-1. These compounds demonstrated superior binding affinities to the enzyme compared to a control compound (−7.30 kcal/mol), with binding scores of −7.13, −7.92, and −8.10 kcal/mol, respectively. Binding interactions within NDM-1’s active site showed significant interactions with critical residues such as His250, Asn220, and Trp93 for these compounds. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess the stability of the ligand–enzyme complexes, showing low root mean square deviation (RMSD) values between 0.5 and 0.7 nm for Z1, Z2, which indicate high stability. Z2’s compactness in principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that it can stabilize particular protein conformations more efficiently. Z2 displays a very cohesive landscape with a notable deep basin, suggesting a very persistent conformational state induced by the ligand, indicating robust binding and perhaps efficient inhibition. Z2 demonstrates the highest binding affinity among the examined compounds with a binding free energy of −25.68 kcal/mol, suggesting that it could offer effective inhibition of NDM-1. This study highlights the efficacy of computational tools in identifying novel antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria, accelerating drug discovery processes.
Dysregulation of the Arachidonic Acid Pathway in Cystic Fibrosis: Implications for Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression
Authors: D’Orazio Simona , Mattoscio Domenico
Published: September 2024

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal genetic disease among Caucasian people, with over 2000 mutations in the CFTR gene. Although highly effective modulators have been developed to rescue the mutant CFTR protein, unresolved inflammation and persistent infections still threaten the lives of patients. While the central role of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites in the inflammatory response is widely recognized, less is known about their impact on immunomodulation and metabolic implications in CF. To this end, here we provided a comprehensive analysis of the AA metabolism in CF. In this context, CFTR dysfunction appeared to complexly disrupt normal lipid processing, worsening the chronic airway inflammation, and compromising the immune responses to bacterial infections. As such, potential strategies targeting AA and its inflammatory mediators are being investigated as a promising approach to balance the inflammatory response while mitigating disease progression. Thus, a deeper understanding of the AA pathway dysfunction in CF may open innovative avenues for designing more effective therapeutic interventions.
Recent Advances in Polymeric Delivery Vehicles for Controlled and Sustained Drug Release
Authors: Lu Hong , Cai Zheng , Hu Ping
Published: September 2024

In the realm of modern therapeutics, the development of polymeric delivery vehicles has revolutionized drug administration, offering a sophisticated approach to controlled and sustained drug release [...]
Advancements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management: From Traditional Treatments to Monoclonal Antibodies and Future Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Di Rienzo Annalisa , Marinelli Lisa , Dimmito Marilisa Pia , Toto Eleonora Chiara , Di Stefano Antonio , Cacciatore Ivana
Published: September 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder with two main subtypes: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation. Complications include perianal lesions, strictures, fistulas, perforations, and an increased risk of colon cancer. Clinical classification ranges from mild to fulminant and recurrent disease, with common symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and weight loss. Extraintestinal manifestations include arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, and uveitis. Conventional treatments using aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators have limitations. Biologics, introduced in the 1990s, offer improved efficacy and specificity, targeting factors like TNF-α, integrins, and cytokines. Monoclonal antibodies play a crucial role in IBD management, aiming to reduce relapses, hospitalizations, and surgeries. In conclusion, this review is aimed at summarizing the latest knowledge, advantages, and drawbacks of IBD therapies, such as small molecules, biologics, and monoclonal antibodies, to provide a basis for further research in the IBD field.
Emerging Trends in Dissolving-Microneedle Technology for Antimicrobial Skin-Infection Therapies
Authors: Luo Rui , Xu Huihui , Lin Qiaoni , Chi Jiaying , Liu Tingzhi , Jin Bingrui , Ou Jiayu , Xu Zejun , Peng Tingting , Quan Guilan , Lu Chao
Published: September 2024

Skin and soft-tissue infections require significant consideration because of their prolonged treatment duration and propensity to rapidly progress, resulting in severe complications. The primary challenge in their treatment stems from the involvement of drug-resistant microorganisms that can form impermeable biofilms, as well as the possibility of infection extending deep into tissues, thereby complicating drug delivery. Dissolving microneedle patches are an innovative transdermal drug-delivery system that effectively enhances drug penetration through the stratum corneum barrier, thereby increasing drug concentration at the site of infection. They offer highly efficient, safe, and patient-friendly alternatives to conventional topical formulations. This comprehensive review focuses on recent advances and emerging trends in dissolving-microneedle technology for antimicrobial skin-infection therapy. Conventional antibiotic microneedles are compared with those based on emerging antimicrobial agents, such as quorum-sensing inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, and antimicrobial-matrix materials. The review also highlights the potential of innovative microneedles incorporating chemodynamic, nanoenzyme antimicrobial, photodynamic, and photothermal antibacterial therapies. This review explores the advantages of various antimicrobial therapies and emphasizes the potential of their combined application to improve the efficacy of microneedles. Finally, this review analyzes the druggability of different antimicrobial microneedles and discusses possible future developments.
Exploring Barriers Faced by Community Pharmacists in Serving Patients with Disabilities in Saudi Arabia: Recommendations for Enhancing Healthcare Provisions
Authors: Badr Aisha F.
Published: September 2024

While several studies have explored the barriers to accessing community pharmacies for individuals with physical, hearing, visual, and learning disabilities, most have focused on the perspectives of disabled individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the barriers faced by community pharmacists when serving individuals with physical, visual, and hearing disabilities in Saudi Arabia, with the goal of recommending ways to enhance future healthcare provisions. Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional phenomenological study was conducted among community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia between March and April 2022. Both closed- and open-ended questions were utilized to identify themes related to community pharmacists’ barriers and experiences when providing care to individuals with disabilities. Results: A total of 40 community pharmacists participated in this study. Among them, 57.5% reported encountering difficulties when caring for patients with disabilities, with 65% indicating a lack of specialized services at their respective community pharmacies. Three major themes emerged from the findings: the need for pharmacist training and awareness, technology-guided methods for overcoming communication barriers, and improving overall pharmacy accessibility. Conclusion: This study reveals a significant gap in the provision of services for patients with disabilities in Saudi Arabia. Addressing physical accessibility, providing targeted training, and leveraging technology can enhance care delivery and promote inclusivity. Further research is warranted to assess the effectiveness of technological solutions and the integration of artificial intelligence in improving communication and patient-centered care for individuals with disabilities.
Correction: Freitas, A.; Pires, J. Investigating the Impact of Topology and Physical Impairments on the Capacity of an Optical Backbone Network. Photonics 2024, 11, 342
Authors: Freitas Alexandre , Pires João
Published: September 2024

In the original publication [...]
An Extended Application of the Fast Multi-Locus Ridge Regression Algorithm in Genome-Wide Association Studies of Categorical Phenotypes
Authors: Zhang Jin , Shen Bolin , Zhou Ziyang , Cai Mingzhi , Wu Xinyi , Han Le , Wen Yangjun
Published: September 2024

Categorical (either binary or ordinal) quantitative traits are widely observed to measure count and resistance in plants. Unlike continuous traits, categorical traits often provide less detailed insights into genetic variation and possess a more complex underlying genetic architecture, which presents additional challenges for their genome-wide association studies. Meanwhile, methods designed for binary or continuous phenotypes are commonly used to inappropriately analyze ordinal traits, which leads to the loss of original phenotype information and the detection power of quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN). To address these issues, fast multi-locus ridge regression (FastRR), which was originally designed for continuous traits, is used to directly analyze binary or ordinal traits in this study. FastRR includes three stages of continuous transformation, variable reduction, and parameter estimation, and it can computationally handle categorical phenotype data instead of link functions introduced or methods inappropriately used. A series of simulation studies demonstrate that, compared with four other continuous or binary or ordinal approaches, including logistic regression, FarmCPU, FaST-LMM, and POLMM, the FastRR method outperforms in the detection of small-effect QTN, accuracy of estimated effect, and computation speed. We applied FastRR to 14 binary or ordinal phenotypes in the Arabidopsis real dataset and identified 479 significant loci and 76 known genes, at least seven times as many as detected by other algorithms. These findings underscore the potential of FastRR as a very useful tool for genome-wide association studies and novel gene mining of binary and ordinal traits.
Characteristics of Phenotypic Variation of Malus Pollen at Infrageneric Scale
Authors: Fan Junjun , Wang Yun , Hao Zhenping , Peng Ye , Ma Jingze , Zhang Wangxiang , Zhao Mingming , Zai Xueming
Published: September 2024

Pollen carries extensive genetic information, which may provide clues regarding the kinship of Malus, whose genetic relationships are complex. In this study, the phenotypic variation of pollen from 107 Malus taxa was investigated using combined methods of intraspecific/interspecific uniformity testing, cluster analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. The family aggregation distributions in Malus sections, species, and cultivars were analyzed to infer their pedigree relationships. The results showed that (1) compared with pollen size and morphology, aberrant pollen rate and ornamentation were highly interspecifically differentiated, but ornamentation was also intraspecifically unstable, especially perforation densities (c.v.¯ > 15%). (2) The pollen alteration direction from the original to the evolutionary population of Malus was large to small, with elliptic to rectangular morphologies, large and compact to small and sparse ridges, and low to high perforation densities. However, there was no significant change in pollen size. (3) The 107 studied taxa were divided into four groups. Malus species were relatively clustered in the same section, while homologous cultivars showed evidence of family aggregation distribution characteristics (92.60% of cultivars were clustered with their parents). (4) M. baccata and M. pumilar var. neidzwetzkyana were high-frequency parents, participating in 38.7% and 20.7% of cross-breeding, respectively. Overall, this study provides a reference for identifying Malus’ pedigree relationship.
The Physiological Mechanism of Exogenous Melatonin on Improving Seed Germination and the Seedling Growth of Red Clover (Trifolium pretense L.) under Salt Stress
Authors: Liu Rui , Wang Ting , Wang Jiajie , Yan Di , Lian Yijia , Lu Zhengzong , Hong Yue , Yuan Xue , Wang Ye , Li Runzhi
Published: September 2024

Salt stress can affect various physiological processes in plants, ultimately hindering their growth and development. Melatonin (MT) can effectively resist multiple abiotic stresses, improving plant stress resistance. To analyze the mechanism of exogenous MT to enhance salt tolerance in red clover, we conducted a comprehensive study to examine the influence of exogenous MT on various parameters, including seed germination indices, seedling morphological traits, and physiological and photosynthetic indicators, using four distinct red clover varieties (H1, H2, H3, and H4). This investigation was performed under various salt stress conditions with differing pH values, specifically utilizing NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 as the salt stressors. The results showed that MT solution immersion significantly improved the germination indicators of red clover seeds under salt stress. The foliar spraying of 50 μM and 25 μM MT solution significantly increased SOD activity (21–127%), POD activity, soluble sugar content, proline content (22–117%), chlorophyll content (2–66%), and the net photosynthetic rate. It reduced the MDA content (14–55%) and intercellular CO2 concentration of red clover seedlings under salt stress. Gray correlation analysis and the Mantel test further verified that MT is a key factor in enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of red clover under salt stress; the most significant improvement was observed for NaHCO3 stress. MT is demonstrated to improve the salt tolerance of red clover through a variety of mechanisms, including an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulation ability, and cell membrane stability. Additionally, it improves photosynthetic efficiency and plant architecture, promoting energy production, growth, and optimal resource allocation. These mechanisms function synergistically, enabling red clover to sustain normal growth and development under salt stress.
Orientation Control of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Films via Addition of 1,2,4-Triazole during Casting
Authors: Miyajima Tatsuya , Saito Susumu , Okuyama Takumi , Matsushita Satoshi , Shimohira Tetsuji , Matsuba Go
Published: September 2024

Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers are used as electrolyte membranes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. To investigate the effect on proton conductivity through structural orientation control, we added 1,2,4-triazole to PFSA films during casting to impart anisotropy to the ion-cluster structure of the films. The proton conductivities of the films were found to be high in the film-surface direction and low in the film-thickness direction. Structural analysis using small-angle X-ray scattering suggested that the anisotropy in proton conductivity was due to anisotropy in the ion-cluster structure, which in turn was attributed to the formation of a phase-separated structure via strong bonding between sulfonic acid groups and 1,2,4-triazole during cast film formation and the surface segregation of fluorine. We expect the findings of this study to aid in the fabrication of PFSA films with controlled ion clusters.
Crack-Based Composite Flexible Sensor with Superhydrophobicity to Detect Strain and Vibration
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Wu Huansheng , Liu Linpeng , Yang Yang , Zhang Changchao , Duan Ji’an
Published: September 2024

Vibration sensors are widely applied in the detection of faults and analysis of operational states in engineering machinery and equipment. However, commercial vibration sensors with a feature of high hardness hinder their usage in some practical applications where the measured objects have irregular surfaces that are difficult to install. Moreover, as the operating environments of machinery become increasingly complex, there is a growing demand for sensors capable of working in wet and humid conditions. Here, we present a flexible, superhydrophobic vibration sensor with parallel microcracks. The sensor is fabricated using a femtosecond laser direct writing ablation strategy to create the parallel cracks on a PDMS film, followed by spray-coating with a conductive ink composed of MWCNTs, CB, and PDMS. The results demonstrate that the developed flexible sensor exhibits a high-frequency response of up to 2000 Hz, a high acceleration response of up to 100 m/s2, a water contact angle as high as 159.61°, and a linearity of 0.9812 between the voltage signal and acceleration. The results indicate that the sensor can be employed for underwater vibration, sound recognition, and vibration monitoring in fields such as shield cutters, holding significant potential for mechanical equipment vibration monitoring and speech-based human–machine interaction.
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Comprehensive Overview, Perspectives and Challenges
Authors: Geszke-Moritz Małgorzata , Moritz Michał
Published: September 2024

In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (BPNPs) as the carriers for various therapeutic agents in drug delivery systems. BPNPs have the potential to improve the efficacy of numerous active agents by facilitating targeted delivery to a desired site in the body. Biodegradable polymers are especially promising nanocarriers for therapeutic substances characterized by poor solubility, instability, rapid metabolism, and rapid system elimination. Such molecules can be efficiently encapsulated and subsequently released from nanoparticles, which greatly improves their stability and bioavailability. Biopolymers seem to be the most suitable candidates to be used as the nanocarriers in various delivery platforms, especially due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Other unique properties of the polymeric nanocarriers include low cost, flexibility, stability, minimal side effects, low toxicity, good entrapment potential, and long-term and controlled drug release. An overview summarizing the research results from the last years in the field of the successful fabrication of BPNPs loaded with various therapeutic agents is provided. The possible challenges involving nanoparticle stability under physiological conditions and the possibility of scaling up production while maintaining quality, as well as the future possibilities of employing BPNPs, are also reviewed.
Mechanical Properties of Latex-Modified Cement Stone under Uniaxial and Triaxial Cyclic Loading
Authors: Tian Qizhong , Yang Lianzhi , Zhang Jie , Xing Zhenzhong
Published: September 2024

During the cyclic injection and extraction process in underground storage wellbores, the cement sheath undergoes loading and unloading stress cycles. In this study, we investigated the mechanical properties of latex-modified cement stone (LMCS), widely used in oil and gas wells, through uniaxial and triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various loading conditions on the compressive strength and stress–strain behavior of LMCS. The results show that the stress–strain curve of LMCS exhibits a hysteresis loop phenomenon, with the loop intervals decreasing throughout the entire cyclic loading and unloading process. As the number of cycles increases, the cumulative plastic strain of the LMCS increases approximately linearly. Under uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading conditions, the elastic modulus tends to stabilize. However, under triaxial conditions, the elastic modulus increases continuously as the number of cycles increases. This result provides data for engineering predictions. Furthermore, a comparison of the uniaxial and triaxial cyclic loading and unloading of LMCS shows that its cumulative plastic strain develops rapidly under uniaxial conditions, while the elastic modulus is larger under triaxial conditions. These findings provide a valuable reference for constructing underground storage wellbores.