bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrared Drying Kinetics and Color Qualities of Organic and Conventional Sweet Red Peppers
Authors: ARSLAN Aysel , SOYSAL Yurtsever , KESKİN Muharrem
Published: April 2021

This study compares the infrared drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy and color qualities of organically and conventionally produced sweet red peppers (Capsicum annum L.) dried at three different temperatures (60, 70 and 80°C). Results showed that the entire drying process for both organic and conventional sweet red peppers took place mainly in falling rate period. Increasing the drying temperature decreased the drying time considerably. No significant difference was found between the drying times of organic and conventional red peppers. The Midilli model yielded the best fit for all data points for organic and conventional peppers. The drying coefficient of the Midilli model increased with the increase in the drying temperature. The effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy values of organic pepper samples were found slightly higher than those of the conventional samples. This result was found to be compatible with the drying coefficient of Midilli model and characteristic drying rate curves. Higher drying temperatures resulted in brighter red pepper powder color which is more preferable by consumers. Infrared drying at 60°C for organic pepper samples produced the best pepper powders in terms of color quality. Moreover, infrared drying at 60°C and 70°C was also judged as the acceptable drying applications in terms of color quality since they gave the nearest redness to yellowness ratios and higher brightness values as compared to the color of fresh peppers. Overall, infrared drying at 70°C instead of 60°C resulted in about 22% savings in drying time and can be used to produce high quality organic or conventional sweet red pepper powder with better color quality.
Noise Exposure Levels in Black Tea Processing Factories and Its Effects on Employees
Authors: ÇİÇEK Gıyasettin , SÜMER Sarp Korkut
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the daily noise exposure levels in black tea processing factories and to evaluate its effects on employees' occupational health and safety. In the study, the sound pressure level dBA values were measured at the ear levels of the employees in each production unit in three tea factories operating in Artvin Province. These factories where the measurements were made consist of withering, curling, oxidation, drying (boiler and stove) and classification units. These units include various systems and mechanisms formed by conveyors, fans, steam heaters, boilers, reducers, pallets, hoods, screens, gears, and drums. In the measurements performed considering the ISO 9612:2009 (Acoustics Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure Engineering Method) standard, a sound pressure level meter in Type-2 class complying with the requirements of the IEC 61672-1: 2002 was used. A weighted equivalent sound pressure levels were determined using the measured values. Considering these values and working times, personal daily noise exposure levels were calculated. It was determined that the equivalent sound pressure levels and daily personal noise exposure levels at the employee ear level were in the range of 77-87 dBA and 74-83 dBA, respectively. Curling units have the highest equivalent sound pressure level (86.81 dBA) and daily personal noise exposure level value (83.10 dBA) compared to other units, while boilers have the lowest equivalent sound pressure level (76.75 dBA) and daily personal noise exposure level value (73.55 dBA). Considering the regulation on protection of employees from noise related risks, it was concluded that the daily noise exposure level reached the lower exposure action value (80 dBA) in these factories. The study showed that the health and work efficiency of the employees could be adversely affected by noise in tea factories, considering various research results and Regulations on noise.
Yulaf Çim Suyunun Bazı Yabancı Ot ve Kültür Bitkisi Tohumlarının Çimlenme ile Fide Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: KARAMAN Ruziye , TÜRKAY Cengiz , AKGÜN İlknur
Published: April 2021

Çalışma, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri laboratuvarında 2020 yılında, yulaf çim suyunun bazı kültür bitkisi ve yabancı ot tohumlarının çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla kurulmuştur. Çalışmada kültür bitkileri olarak arpa, buğday, yulaf, fasulye, mercimek, şeker pancarı, ayçiçeği, İtalyan çimi, kırmızı üçgül ve yonca tohumları; yabancı ot tohumu olarak ise, horozibiği ve yabani hardal tohumları kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Uygulama olarak tohumlara yulaf çim suyu ve santrifüj edilmiş yulaf çim suyunun farklı dozları (%25, 50, 75 ve 100) yapılmıştır. Araştırmada çimlenme oranı, çimlenme indeksi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, sürgün ve kök uzunluğu ile yaş ve kuru ağırlık özellikleri incelenmiştir. Denemede çimlenme oranları fasulyede % 33.59-90.0; mercimekte %0-76.8; arpada %0- 71.6; buğdayda %0-77.9; yulafta %0-55.6; ayçiçeğinde %11.5-90.0 ve yoncada %36.16-68.20 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çimlenme indeksi fasulyede 1.08-6.62; mercimekte 0-16.04; arpada 0-13.96; buğdayda 0-6.93; yulafta 0-6.88; ayçiçeğinde 0.19-7.31 ve yoncada 2.93-10.28 arasında değişmiştir. Sürgün uzunluğu fasulye hariç, mercimek, arpa ve yulaf bitkilerinde; kök uzunluğu ise mercimek, arpa, buğday ve yulafta %25 santrifüj edilmiş yulaf çim suyu (YÇS) uygulaması ve kontrol gruplarında belirlenmiştir. Artan santrifüj edilmiş YÇS dozları ve YÇS uygulamaları ile bazı türlerde (ayçiçeği ve yonca) çimlenme olmuş ancak sürgünler ölçüm yapılamayacak kadar küçük olması sebebiyle sürgün ve kök uzunluğu belirlenememiş olup, buna paralel olarak yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları tespit edilememiştir.Elde edilen verilere göre, çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine yulaf çim suyu uygulaması ve artan santrifüj edilmiş çim suyu dozlarının etkisinin olumsuz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yulaf çim suyunun mineral madde, vitaminler, protein ve antioksidan içerikleri yönünden zengin olmasına rağmen, tohum çimlenmesi ve fide gelişiminde doğrudan bioaktivatör olarak kullanılamayacağı belirlenmiştir. Yulaf çim suyunun içerdiği birçok allelopatik etkiye sahip maddeler (saponin (avenacins), hidroxamik asit, skopoletin, L–triptofan ) tohum çimlenmesini engellemiştir.
Determination of Germination Biology of Some Sage (Salvia ssp.) Species Under Salinity Stress
Authors: KADIOĞLU Banu
Published: April 2021

Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Salinity negatively affects the soil as well as causes negativity in the plants grown on it. In plants exposed to salt stress, processes such as germination, emergence and sprout are affected, as well as many morphological and physiological negativities and the plant develops mechanisms that can tolerate these negativities. In addition, such plants gain importance in terms of the evaluation of soils with salinity problems. It is necessary to know and make use of the species and varieties that can make use of such soils in conditions where salinity removal is difficult and uneconomical for different reasons. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family grows in a wide area and different species of salvia and sideritis genus belonging to this family are known as sage. Stress factors in plants cause the growth and development periods of plants to slow down and their metabolic functions to deteriorate, thus causing death in plants. The response of different plants or even different species of a plant to salt concentrations may be different. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effects of salt stress on seed germination in some sage species. Seven different (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) of three sage species (S. nemorosa L., S. verticillata L., S. officinalis L.) salt concentration applied. In the study, germination rate, germination speed, average daily germination, peak value and germination values were examined. When the properties investigated were evaluated, it was determined that the woodland sage species, whose germination rate and germination rate decreased as the salt concentration increased, gave the best results. It was determined that lilac sage type gave the best results for the peak value and germination values where the average daily germination value was obtained from 25 mM salt application in three species.
Siyah Alaca Süt Sığırlarında Mevsim ve Laktasyon Sırasının Sütün Bileşimi ve Kalitesine Etkisi
Authors: ÖNAL Ahmet Refik , ÖZKAN Mahmut , TUNA Yahya Tuncay
Published: April 2021

Bu araştırmada, Siyah Alaca ırkı süt sığırlarından elde edilen sütlerin Somatik Hücre sayıları (SHS) tespit edilerek, SHS’nın mevsim ve laktasyon sırasına göre değişimi ile süt verimi ve süt kalitesine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 30 baş sağmal ineğin bir yıl boyunca her ay alınan sütleri değerlendirilmiştir. Alınan süt örnekleri 250 ml’lik numune kaplarına doldurulmuş ve +4 C soğuk zincir ile laboratuvara götürülerek analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında süt örneklerinin protein, yağ, kuru madde, laktoz, oranları ve Somatik Hücre Sayıları Bentley Merkim Nexgen Series Model 1 cihazı ile otomatik olarak yapılmıştır. Laktasyon sırasına göre süt bileşenlerinden oransal yağ, protein, kurumadde ve ortalama günlük verimleri arasında istatistik olarak fark olmadığı gözlenmiştir (p>0.05). Laktasyon sırasına göre sütlerin % laktoz ve SHS içerikleri bakımından istatistik fark olduğu gözlenmiştir (p<0.01). Sütlerin SHS içerikleri incelendiğinde en yüksek SHS 4. laktasyon (928.30±117.93) ve en düşük SHS içeriğine sahip sütlerin 1. laktasyondaki (356.47±50.55) hayvanlardan elde edildiği, yine mevsime göre SHS içerikleri en yüksekten en düşüğe sırasıyla kış (1003.88±83.53), ilkbahar (877.63±97.43), sonbahar (575.81±63.97) ve yaz (212.36±17.94) mevsimlerine ait olduğu gözlenmiştir. SHS ile süt verimi arasında tüm gruplarda negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu ve 2., 3. ve 4. laktasyonda ise bu ilişkinin önemli olduğu gözlenmiştir (p<0.01). Araştırma sonucunda, laktasyon sırası ve mevsime göre Siyah Alaca ırkı sığırlarda SHS ile süt verimi arasında genel olarak negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu, bu ilişkinin 1. Laktasyon ve yaz mevsimi hariç diğer tüm guruplarda önemli düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çiğ sütlerin SHS içerikleri değerlendirildiğinde 1. laktasyon grubu ile yaz mevsimi gurubu hariç diğer tüm gruplarda Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ Süt Tebliği’ne göre belirtilen eşik değerin üzerinde olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids and tetrahydrocurcuminoids on equine activated neutrophils and myeloperoxidase activity
Authors: Franck T , Kohnen S , Grulke S , Neven P , Goutman Y , Peters F , Pirotte B , Deby-Dupont G , Serteyn D
Published: April 2021

In the horse, the inflammation response to various pathologies
(intestinal strangulations, laminitis, etc.) involves an excessive
stimulation of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils releasing
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The
aim of the present work was to study the effect of natural
polyphenols, curcuminoids and tetrahydrocurcuminoids (THC) on
isolated stimulated equine neutrophils and on the activity of
purified MPO. The ROS production and the release of MPO by
activated neutrophils were measured by chemiluminescence and
ELISA techniques, respectively. The activity of purified MPO was
measured by studying its nitration, chlorination or oxidation
capacity and by using an original method called SIEFED allowing
the study of drug interaction with the enzyme without
interferences of the medium. Curcuminoids and THC had dosedependent inhibitory effects on ROS production and MPO release
by activated neutrophils and on purified MPO activity. We
suggest that the higher efficacy of curcuminoids versus THC
could be explained, at least partially, by its chemical structure:
the conjugated double bounds and the plane structure of
curcuminoids made easier the neutralization of the radical
species generated by activated neutrophils and the interaction of
the drug with the active site of MPO. These inhibitory effects of
curcuminoids on the oxidant activity of equine neutrophils and on
MPO activity open therapeutic perspectives in equine pathologies
with excessive inflammatory reactions.
Even mild changes in free thyroxine could influence the degree of heart failure measured by its biological surrogates
Authors: Mayer O , Šimon J , Čech J , Rosolová H , Hrbková J , Pikner R , Trefil L
Published: April 2021

Both, severe hypo- or hyperthyroidism may alter hemodynamic
parameters. The aim of our study was to ascertain, whether also
distinct changes within normal range of free thyroxine (fT4)
would be associated with an impairment of left ventricle function
in patients with chronic heart failure. Hundred-forty-eight
patients (m121, f27, mean age 63.8±1.14 years) with chronic
heart failure, fT4 levels within the normal range (9-22 pmol/l)
and without thyrostatics or substitution treatment. Degree of
heart failure was quantified by plasma B-type natriuretic peptide
(BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP). Patients with fT4 in
the range 11.9-14.6 pmol/l [optimal, 2nd-3th quintile] had
significantly lower NT-proBNP (718±70.4 pg/ml), than those with
fT4< 11.8 [low-normal, bottom quintile](1236±223.6 pg/ml;
p<0.03) and those with fT4 over 14.6 pmol/l [high-normal, top
two quintiles] (1192±114.9 pg/ml; p<0.0002). These differences
remain significant, also if adjusted for age, gender and other
confounders; adjusted odds ratio was 1.30 (1.05-1.59) for
optimal vs. low-normal and 1.27 (1.04-1.55) for optimal vs. highnormal. Similar statistical differences were also found in BNP, but
only when optimal and high-normal fT4 ranges were compared.
In conclusion, the severity of heart failure seems to be also
influenced by only mild deviations of fT4 concentrations from
optimal levels.
Adiponectin and resistin gene polymorphisms in patients with anorexia nervosa and obesity and its influence on metabolic phenotype
Authors: Křížová J , Dolinková M , Lacinová Z , Sulek Š , Doležalová R , Housová J , Krajíčková J , Haluzíková D , Bošanská L , Papežová H , Haluzík M
Published: April 2021

Genes for adiponectin and resistin are candidate genes of insulin
resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was
to determine the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNP) 45T>G and 276G>T of the adiponectin gene and 62G>A
and -180C>G of the resistin gene in patients with obesity (OB),
anorexia nervosa (AN) and in control healthy normal-weight
women (NW) and to study the influence of particular genotypes
on serum concentrations of these hormones and on insulin
sensitivity. Serum adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor
alpha (TNF-alpha), insulin, cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin
(HbA1c) and blood glucose levels were measured in 77 patients
with OB, 28 with AN and 38 NW. DNA analysis was carried out by
polymerase chain reaction with restriction analysis of PCR
product. The presence of SNP ADP+276 G>T allele was
accompanied by higher cholesterol levels in AN patients, higher
adiponectin concentrations in OB patients and lower HbA1c levels
in NW. SNP of the resistin gene 62G>A was associated with
lower HbA1c in NW and higher cholesterol concentrations in OB
group. The carriers of the minor G allele in the position -180 of
the resistin gene within AN group had significantly higher BMI
relative to non-carriers. We conclude that polymorphisms in
adiponectin and resistin genes can contribute to metabolic
phenotype of patients with obesity and anorexia nervosa.
Effect of hindlimb unweighting on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, and their receptors in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Wagatsuma A
Published: April 2021

Hindlimb unweighting (HU) leads to capillary regression in
skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanism(s) remains
to be elucidated. To gain insight into the regulation of this
process, we investigated gene expression of hypoxia-inducible
factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
angiopoietin, and their receptors in the atrophied muscle induced
by HU. The hindlimbs of mice were unweighted by tailsuspension and then the gastrocnemius muscles were isolated
after 10 days. To assess the capillary distribution, the capillary
endothelium in frozen transverse sections was identified by
staining for alkaline phosphatase. The mRNA levels were
analyzed using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction. After 10 days of HU, the number of capillaries around a
muscle fiber was significantly decreased by 19.5 %, suggesting
that capillary regression appears to occur. The expression of HIF1α was significantly down-regulated after 10 days of HU. The
expression of VEGF remained unchanged, whereas those of Flt-1,
KDR/Flk-1, and neuropilin-1 were significantly down-regulated,
suggesting that VEGF signaling through these receptors would be
attenuated. The expression of angiopoietin-1, and -2, as well as
their receptor, Tie-2 were also significantly down-regulated,
suggesting that angiopoietin-1 signaling through Tie-2 would be
attenuated. These findings suggest that alterations in expression
of VEGF, angiopoietins, and their receptors may be associated
with capillary regression after HU.
The Use of the Six English Tenses in Students’ Daily Conversation
Authors: Aditya Maulana Yusuf , Chairuddin Chairuddin
Published: April 2021

Abstract. For English learners, there are important aspects to consider such as vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar to master their speaking skills. Speaking is used to express people’s ideas and feelings in daily life or to communicate with others both personal talks and transactional conversation.  The objective of the study is to figure out how the students of SMKN 2 Bangkalan can use the six English tenses in daily conversation. The research was done within two weeks starting from 22th April to 06th May 2019. Observation and interview were performed to collect the data. Observation was made to see what was going on in the class, focusing on the students’ conversation. On the other hand, Interview was carried out to know the students’ problems in using the correct tenses in conversation, and to find out how the students solve the problems. The observation shows that in using the six English tenses, the students likely found it hard to apply the correct tenses in the conversation with their friends and the teacher. The students tended to use one tense in all situations and the tense mostly used was the simple present one. From the interview, it is found that the students do not really understand what tenses are, either the meaning or the uses.Keywords: daily conversation, tenses, observation, interview, contexts of situationAbstrak. Bagi pembelajar Bahasa Ingggris, terdapat aspek penting seperti kosakata, pengucapan dan tatabahasa yang harus diperhatikan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Inggrisnya. Kemampuan berbicara khususnya digunakan untuk menyampaikann semua yang ada dalam benak kita seperti misalnya ide dan perasaan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik itu berupa perkataan pribadi atau pun percakapan transaksional. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana murid dapat menggunakan enam kala (tenses) dalam percakapan sehari-hari sesuai dengan kontek situasi, di SMKN 2 Bangkalan. Penelitian dilakukan selama 2 minggu dimulai tanggal 22 April s/d 06 Mei 2019. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 2 langkah seperti observasi dan wawancara. Observasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui yang terjadi dalam selama proses pembelajaran dan fokus pada cara murid bercakap. Wawancara dilakukan oleh peneliti untuk mengetahui permasalahan pada murid dalam menggunakan tenses yang benar dan bagaimana murid mengatasi masalah penggunaan kala yang benar tersebut. Dari hasil observasi dapat diketahui bahwa penggunaan enam kala dalam percakapan sehari-hari dari murid adalah buruk, mereka tidak bisa mengaplikasikan kala yang sesuai dalam percakapan, baik dengan teman dan guru. Mereka cenderung menggunakan satu kala dalam  percakapan dalam konteks situasi yang berbeda dan tense yang digunakan adalah Simple Present Tense.Kata kunci: percakapan, kala, observasi, wawancara, konteks situasi
ANALISIS PENYAJIAN SOAL LATIHAN PELAFALAN BAHASA MANDARIN DALAM BUKU ELEMENTARY COMPREHENSIVE COURSE I
Authors: Ting Yuk
Published: April 2021

Pronunciation is the entrance to speaking skills. The presentation of structured and planned teaching materials will greatly help language learners in mastering pronunciation techniques. There are many textbooks that provide creative and interesting pronunciation practice questions, but they do not pay attention to the importance of regularity and the correct stages of presentation.The Elementary Comprehensive Course I (???????? (I) F?zh?n Hàny? Ch?jí Z?nghé (I) textbook) is one of the books published by the PRC which is also widely used by Mandarin students in Indonesia. In the book series for the beginner level there are similarities in layout, namely pronunciation practice questions, new vocabulary lists, texts / discourses, practice questions to strengthen understanding of texts / discourses. The focus of this research is on the part of pronunciation practice questions. In it, there are various forms of practice questions aimed at strengthening pronunciation mastery, but many users of this book still complain about the difficulty of mastering Mandarin pronunciation. What is the reason? This study will describe the questions contained in the Elementary Comprehensive Course I textbook, then identify the accuracy in the presentation of existing practice questions, based on the principles of presenting the practice questions from ??? (Zhào J?nmíng).
3 Kasım 2020 Tarihinde Gerçekleşen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanlık Seçiminin Ardından Yaşanan Tartışmalar Işığında Mektupla Oy Verme ve Elektronik Oy Verme Usulleri
Authors: GÜLER Fatih
Published: April 2021

Demokratik sistemlerde siyasi iktidarların meşruiyet kaynağı adil ve dürüst seçimlerdir. Seçimlerin adil ve dürüst bir şekilde gerçekleşmesi kadar önemli olan diğer bir husus ise seçimlere katılım oranıdır. Seçimler adil ve dürüst bir şekilde gerçekleşse dahi seçime katılım oranı düşük ise bu durum görece bir meşruiyet sorunu teşkil edebilir. Seçime katılım oranı ile siyasi iktidarın meşruiyet oranı arasında doğru bir orantının olduğu söylenebilir. Kamu otoriteleri seçimlere katılım oranını arttırmak amacıyla elektronik oy kullanma, mektupla oy kullanma gibi bazı yöntemlere başvurmaktadırlar. Türkiyede seçime katılım oranını arttırmak amacıyla yurt dışında yaşayan vatandaşlarımızın oy kullanma yöntemleri arasına 2008 yılında 298 sayılı Kanun’da değişiklik yapılarak mektupla oy kullanma ve elektronik oy verme ilave edilmiştir. Mektupla oy verme ve elektronik oy verme yöntemleri seçime katılma oranını artırmasına rağmen seçimin güvenilirliği üzerinde şüphe oluşturabilme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, 2020 yılı Kasım ayında gerçekleşen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanlık seçimi ardından başlayan tartışmalar ışığında, elektronik oy verme ve mektupla oy verme yöntemleri değerlendirecektir.
Suriyelilere Yapılan Yardımlar ve Kamusal Hizmetlerin Etkinliği
Authors: GÜL İsmail
Published: April 2021

2011 yılından itibaren Suriye’de iç savaşın başlamasıyla birlikte milyonlarca Suriyeli ülkesinden ayrılmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Özellikle Türkiye’ye göç etmek zorunda kalan Suriyelilerin sayısı 2020 Nisan ayı itibarıyla 3 milyon 500 bin 66 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yaşanan savaş nedeniyle göç etmek zorunda bırakılan veya savaşı fırsat bilerek ülkesinden ayrılan veya ayrılmak zorunda kalan Suriyeliler birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmişlerdir. Göçün başlamasıyla Türkiye’ye sığınan sığınmacılar başta misafir olarak kabul edilsede savaşın uzun sürmesi sebebiyle kalıcı olarak görülmektedir. Misafir olarak kabul edilen Suriyeli sığınmacılar özellikle sınır bölgesindeki illere dağılmış ve yerleşmiştir. Halkla uyum sağlamada kısmen yasal olarak zorluklar yaşanmamasına rağmen birçok sorunlarıda beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu sorunların en başında barınma, güvenlik, sağlık, eğitim ve ekonomik sorunlar gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada sığınmacılara yapılan ulusal ve uluslararası yardımlar ve yapılan kamusal hizmetler ve sığınmacıların temel sorunları üzerinde durulacaktır.
Atatürk Dönemi Türkiye-Irak İlişkileri
Authors: SEVİNÇ Hüseyin
Published: April 2021

Cumhuriyet döneminde Türkiye’nin temel dış politikası öncelikle olarak bağımsızlığın sürdürülmesi ve milli menfaatlerin korunması temeline dayanıyordu. Bu politika çerçevesinde yürütülmesi gereken diplomasi, iyi komşuluk ilişkilerini geliştirmek ve dünya politikasında söz sahibi devletlerle işbirliğine gitmek şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Yeni dış politika belirlenirken özellikle Osmanlı’nın son dönemindeki gibi kendi coğrafyasında yalnız kalmamaya ve bu çerçevede kendisine karşı bir düşman bloğunun oluşmamasına özen gösterilmiştir. Atatürk’ün barışçıl dış politikası, komşularla ilişkilerde öncelikli olarak uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda komşu ülkelerle iyi ilişkiler kurulmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Türkiye, bu dönemde Ortadoğu ülkeleri ile münasebetlerini geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu ilişkileri geliştirirken barışçıl bir dış politika çerçevesinde komşu ülkeler ile dostane ilişkiler kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Atatürk dönemi Türkiye- Irak ilişkileri; Irak’ın kuruluşu, Musul sorunu ve Sadabat Paktı çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Sadabat Paktı, beklenen sonuçları ortaya çıkaramamış olsa da Balkan Antantına benzer bir biçimde Türkiye'nin bölgesel bir aktör olabilmesi açısından dış politikada yaşanmış önemli bir gelişmedir.
Efficiency of mineral fertilizers for growing Althaea officinalis L. under conditions of irrigation
Authors: Pryvedeniuk N. , Hlushchenko L. , Тrubka V.
Published: April 2021

In the Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine, a study was carried out to establish the effect of mineral fertilizers and drip irrigation on the yield of dry raw material. It was found that irrigation significantly increases productivity of althaea, by eliminating the deficit of soil moisture in critical periods of growth and development. The yield increase caused by the use of drip irrigation in the first year of vegetation of the crop was 1.27–1.98 t/ha for dry grass, for leaves — 0.69–1.17 t/ha, for roots 0.22–0.39 t/ha. For the second growing season, the yield increase was: 1.52–4.7 t/ha for grass, 0.46–1.35 t/ha for leaves and 1.5–2.76 t/ha for roots. It was also found that increase of the mineral fertilizers main application dose caused increase of the yield. The highest yield of dry raw material of the culture was obtained in both the first and second years of the growing season with the introduction of N180P180K180. With the application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N180P180K180 under conditions of drip irrigation, the yield of dried althaea grass was 8.09 t/ha, leaves — 3.88 t/ha, roots — 3.08 t/ha, which exceeded the option without fertilizers and without irrigation by 4.08 t/ha for grass, 2.04 t/ha for leaves, 1.44 t/ha for roots. The highest yield was obtained in the second year of vegetation using the variant with the application of the highest dose of mineral fertilizers under drip irrigation, where the yield of dry grass was 15.78 t/ha, leaves — 4.42 t/ha, roots — 6.24 t/ha. On the plantation of the second year of vegetation in the variant without irrigation and without fertilizers, the yield of raw materials was the lowest. It was 6.85 t/ha for grass, 1.88 t/ha for leaves and 2.12 t/ha for roots.
Environmental marketing as an optimal system of marketing and certification as a part of commodity policy
Authors: Rashchenko A.
Published: April 2021

The article reveals some aspects of environmental marketing. The issue of choosing the optimal sales system and certification as part of enterprise policy is studied. It is established that products with excellent environmental characteristics, when organizing the system of its distribution often require specific conditions of storage of goods and compliance with certain rules in its sale. It was found that in order to choose the distribution channels of environmentally friendly products was optimal, it is necessary to follow a certain algorithm. Firstly, it is advisable to have a clearly defined purpose of organizing the sales channel. Secondly, to formulate the conditions and restrictions under which a certain distribution system is chosen. Thirdly, determine sales goals and measures to achieve them. The developed algorithm will ensure compliance of the selected system with environmental, economic, and consumer criteria for the operation of the enterprise within the concept of environmental marketing. Within the concept of environmental marketing, the certification procedure is a means of confirming the presence in the products or activities of the enterprise of different environmental characteristics, which are the core of product policy and are declared in communications. The main role of certification in the formation of demand and promotion of pro-environmental products is to disseminate information about certain characteristics of products or activities of the enterprise and confirm the reliability of such information. The effectiveness of certification as a tool of environmental marketing is to provide consumers and other members of the contact audience with certain guarantees to ensure that all stages of production (or product components) meet certain standards or requirements, as well as minimize the likelihood that the company will adversely affect the environment.
Revenue Recognition on Percentage of Completion Basis and Firm Value
Authors: Namryoung Lee  , Kyung-Heon Kwon
Published: April 2021

Revenue recognition timing has caused conflicts between the reliability and usefulness of accounting information and become an important issue. Unbilled receivables are inevitable in long-term construction projects,but they can also result frompremature revenue recognition for earnings management. This study evaluated the correlation between unbilled receivables and earnings management,between unbilled receivables and firm value, and between unbilled receivables with loss allowances andfirm value from 2010 to 2016. The analysis results confirmed that companies engaged inearnings management viaunbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables had a significantly negative correlation with firm value. The result implied that unbilled receivables were interpreted as a signal of poor management,and the market responded negatively. However, for companies that had established loss allowances for unbilled receivables, the correlation results were not significant or less significantthan they were for companies without loss allowances. The results revealed that the market responded less negatively when loss allowanceswere established appropriately.
Work-Family Conflict and Job Performance: Moderating Effect of Social Support among Employees in Malaysian Service Sector
Authors: Nurhafizah Zainal  , Dahlia Zawawi  , Yuhanis Abdul Aziz  , Mass Hareeza Ali
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine the relationship between work-family conflict (work interference family and family interference work) and job performance among employees in Malaysian service sector. In addition, this study focuses on exploring the moderating effect of social support received from supervisors and family members on the relationship of work-family conflict dimensions with employee’s job performance. This study is employed quantitative method whereby the questionnaires are used to gather the data.The data for the present study were collected from a total of 250 employees working in Malaysian service sector.The mean, standard deviations, correlations, and moderated hierarchical regression analysis were performed in analyzing the data by using the IBM SPSS statistics software 23. The results of the study indicate that work interference family and family interference work are negatively correlated with employee’s job performance. Moreover, social support received from supervisors and family members is observed to significantly moderate the relationship of work interference family and family interference work with employee’s job performance.
The Effects of People- and Technical- Oriented TQM on Productivity: The Mediating Role of Production Performanc
Authors: Arawati Agus  , Rajni Selvaraj
Published: April 2021

The purpose this study is to examine the importance of incorporating both technical-oriented and people-oriented Total Quality Management (TQM) within the context of the Malaysian manufacturing industry with the aim of improving overall productivity within the industry. The study adopts a quantitative approach usingPearson’s correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the relationships between technical- and people-oriented TQM, production performance and productivity on a sample of 169 senior production or TQM managers. The results demonstrated substantial evidence whereby technical-oriented TQM dimensions, namely ‘benchmarking’, ‘quality measurement’ and ‘process improvement’ exhibited significant impact on production performance and productivity. Furthermore, people-oriented TQM dimensions, namely ‘employee focus’, ‘customer focus’ and ‘supplier relations’ played a significant role in enhancing productivity. As such, the results of the study suggest that both TQM orientations are crucial for a successful adoption of TQM. The findings of the effect of TQM dimensions on production performance and productivity of Malaysian manufacturing organizations have been encouraging. Future studies should exploredeterminants of productivity that is in line with the business landscape of specific industries, in order to meet the growing demands of high-quality outputs.
Board Capital Effect on Firm Performance: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Maria Kontesa  , Andreas Lako  , Wendy
Published: April 2021

Human capital effects have been ignored as important resources to induce the organization’s performance in firm-level research. The proponents of human capital theory and resource-based view theory argue that the human resources attached to each board member, such as networking, education, and experience, might induce the performance. Yet, agency theory argues those strategic resources might bring higher transaction costs and entrenchment costs. Therefore, this study aims to examine the board's capital effect on firm performance for a sample of 252 listed firms in Indonesia over 2011–2017. Using dynamic GMM panel regression, we confirm the hypothesis about board capital and performance. The results imply that board members’ networking and experience are two important factors for firm performance. However, boar members’ education does not give any impact. It confirms prior theories whereby the capability and competency of directors are an important source for the firm to achieve its objective. Networking and experience might help the firm to avoid financial distress. It furthers implies that shareholders should choose board members with a high level of networking and experience, not education.
Increasing the Impacts of Information Technology Usage on Business Value
Authors: Agus Prayitno
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine a conceptual model of the relationship between the use of information technology, information technology strategy, and information technology business value and to formulate strategic priorities to increase the business value of information technology. The data of this research were the perceptions of 126 executives of large manufacturing companies in Central Java about indicators of information technology use, information technology strategy, and information technology business value. The analysis used descriptive and explanatory methods with multiple linear regression to explain the causalrelationship of the variables of information technology usage, information technology strategy, and information technology business value. The results show that the use of information technology and information technology strategies has a positive effect on business value. Surprisingly, the information technology strategy was proved to be a moderating variable and was able to increase the effect of information technology usage on business value.
Malaria and Natural Disasters: Evidence Using GMM Approach
Authors: Harpaljit Kaur  , Muzafar Shah Habibullah  , Shalini Nagaratnam
Published: April 2021

Natural disasters not only disrupt accessibility to education, health care, food supplies and clean water, but causes outbreak of diseases. These issues deteriorate the health conditions among the victims of disasters and reduce human capital accumulation that adversely affects the economic development of the country. This paper examines the impact of total disasters and floods on malaria incidences using panel data over the period 2008 to 2014 for 79 countries. For robustness check, we use two measures on each of these natural disasters; the number of occurrences and number of people affected by these disasters. Employing the system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) model, the findings show that the occurrences and the number of people affected by total disasters and flood, significantly increases cases of malaria. Income and education negatively impact the incidences of malaria whereas urbanization and deforestation increase the rates of malaria cases.
Structural Differentiation and Organisational Learning Capability s Predictors of Corporate Venturing and Business Growth among SMEs in South Africa
Authors: Ralebitso Kenneth Letshaba  , Eugine Tafadzwa Maziriri  , Tinashe Ndoro  , Tinashe Chuchu
Published: April 2021

In this ever-changing business milieu, growth is generally perceived positively for business as it is considered a measure of success and a key driver in the creation of wealth, employment, and economic development. This paper therefore investigates the relationship between structural differentiation, organisational learning capability, co-operative venturing and business growth from the perspective of SME managers. To this end, a unique conceptual model was developed and empirically tested. The survey method was adopted where a questionnaire was administered to SME managers within the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25 and Smart PLS 3.0 to generate the sample profile and to test the proposed hypothesis, respectively. Organisational learning capabilities had a noticeably stronger impact on successful corporate venturing as compared to structural differentiation, suggesting that SMEs have to invest more resources toward improving employees’ knowledge of the job within their respecting roles within SMEs.
The Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Job Satisfaction Mediated with Spiritual Leadership
Authors: Achmad Sani Supriyanto  , Vivin Maharani Ekowati  , Abd. Haris  , Budi Eko Soetjipto  , Rudi Harianto  , Muchlis Yahya
Published: April 2021

This study aims to determine the direct effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on job satisfaction mediated with spiritual leadership. Data were randomly selected from 115 employees of Bank Jatim Syariah in the central office, Surabaya, and analyzed using the Partial Least Square. The study shows that Organizational Citizenship Behavior has a direct effect on job satisfaction with spiritual leadership. The practice of OCB has the ability to shape the subordinate mindset to be always responsible for their work. Organizational citizenship behavior underlies the leadership pattern to commit to workload.
‘Relative Social Standing’: Reference Group Effect on Wealth Accumulation – An Experimental Approach
Authors: Boon-Lian Poh  , Nor Ghani Md Nor  , Jamal Othman  , Mansor Jusoh
Published: April 2021

This study intends to find the effect of reference group influence on wealth accumulation using a lab experiment. Specifically, it seeks to find the link between the scores of the participants in the experiment and the effect of comparison with their chosen referents. The effect of comparison with reference group that contributes to wealth accumulation is termed ‘Relative Social Standing’. 220 university students were recruited and assigned randomly to treatment or control group. A game is used as the activity to produce a measurable outcome which is the number of coins obtained. The treatment group was allowed to view the scores of coins obtained by their referents before the game while the control group did not view any score of others. The difference of outcome between these two groups are attributed to the intervention of viewing others’ scores which creates the effect of comparison. The total amount of coins accumulated in the experiment represents wealth accumulation. The findings showed that the effect of intervention is statistically significant, and there is a negative correlation between the change in score and the effect of comparison. This study gauged the effect of reference group using an experimental approach instead of conventional self-reporting questionnaires.
Receptiveness of Islamic Home Financing among Malaysians: A Revisit
Authors: Khadijah Muhammad Sayuti  , Hanudin Amin  , Dzuljastri Abdul Razak  , Hamid Rizal
Published: April 2021

This study examines the effects of the key factors influencing the intention of first-time house buyers to choose Islamic home financing products. First-time house buyers are selected since they are the major segment of Islamic banks' profit for the Islamic mortgage sector. Drawing upon the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study proposes a model to test the effects of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control on the intention of selecting Islamic home financing. This study also examines the effect of "perceived customer taqwa” on customer receptiveness to Islamic home financing. Based on 150 usable questionnaires, PLS results indicate that attitude and perceived behavioural control of the TPB are instrumental in determining the receptiveness of Islamic home financing products. Besides, the added factor, namely, perceived customer taqwa is influential in explaining the receptiveness- implying that God-fearing and God-conscious in oneself resulted in strong intention to opt for halal products. The findings demonstrate that the enhancement of measurement items for TPB factors as well as generation of new factor reflecting Islamic home financing are relevant in determining one’s decision of Islamic home financing. Besides, the findings could offer support to Islamic bank managers to enhance their planning for Islamic home financing products and develop effective strategies accordingly that benefit their customers.
Does Anyone Care About Support Inside the University? The Mediating Role of Perceived Organisational Support
Authors: Luen-Peng Tan  , Yuen-Onn Choong  , Kum-Lung Choe
Published: April 2021

Social exchange theory evokes the maximization of one’s personal interests or benefits when one is engaging in a relationship. The central tenant of social exchange theory focuses on the notion of reciprocity. Perceived organizational support (POS) should elicit the norm of reciprocity and employees would feel they are obligated to help organizations to achieve goals. The main objective of this study is to examine the mediating effect of POS between organizational justice and supervisory support with affective commitment. More precisely, five hypotheses were tested using a sample of 207 academics of Malaysian private universities. Partial least squares path modeling was utilised to assess the measurement and structural model. In this study, organizational justice is envisaged as a multi-dimensional construct which comprises distinct variables namely - procedural justice, distributive justice and interactional justice. Supervisory support and affective commitment are unidimensional constructs. POS was found to be a mediator for the relationship between organizational justice and supervisory support with affective commitment. The findings of this study were expected to shed light on the scant literature of POS especially its mediating role for the relationship between organizational justice, supervisory support, and affective commitment.
Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship as Mediators of the Relationship between Social Capital and Income Level Of B40 Households
Authors: Syahrin Suhaimee  , Mohd Azlan Shah Zaidi  , Mohd Adib Ismail  , Noorasiah Sulaiman
Published: April 2021

This study examines the role of social capital in improving the B40 household income, where social innovation and social entrepreneurship act as mediators. Past studies provided a limited explanation of the role of social innovation and social entrepreneurship in describing the relationship between social capital and income. The study involved 304 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Using a Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model, the findings showed that social capital factors in all dimensions influence social innovation and social entrepreneurship. Social networks and social responsibility are essential social capitals for increasing social innovation and social entrepreneurship. The findings imply that social entrepreneurship should be empowered to effectively strengthen its role in boosting the B40 household income. Social capital development with an emphasis on social innovation and social entrepreneurship is expected to create an innovative society that can reduce income inequality and enhance well-being of the B40 households.
Assesment of Trends in the Share of Expenditure on Services and Food in the Visegrad Group Member States
Authors: Mateusz Jankiewicz  , Michał Bernard Pietrzak
Published: April 2021

The subject of the article concerns changes in the structure of consumption in the Visegrad countries in the years 1996-2016. The focused was on expenditure on services and food expenditure of households in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. The systematic improvement of the socio-economic situation and institutional changes in the Visegrad Group countries resulted in an increase in expenditure on services and food. This contributed to changes in the structure of household consumption, where the share of expenditure on services in final expenditure increased in the examined period in each of the countries studied, and the share of expenditure on food systematically decreased. The main research objective of the article is to identify trends in the share of household expenditure on selected types of goods in their final expenditure. The different trends in the shaping of expenditure shares for goods considered in the article result from their different nature, where services are a higher order good, while food is a good satisfying basic existential needs of man. The study also attempted to determine the limit values of the share of expenditure on services and the share of expenditure on food in the structure of household consumption in selected countries. The limit values were determined for both types of goods on the basis of estimation of parameters of the Tӧrnquist function of the first type. The limit values established in the study should be treated as the saturation level for the share of goods that the countries are able to achieve with the current trends in their socio-economic development.