bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Here-and-Now” and “There-and-Then” Disclosures on Cohesion and on Students' Attitudes toward Specific Courses
Authors: Slavin Roberta L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between aspects of self-disclosure, cohesion, and students' attitudes toward the particular courses in which they were enrolled. The subjects consisted of 108 women and 56 men, predominantly enrolled in undergraduate courses at a New Jersey state college. Their ages ranged from 18 to 21 years. The several artitudinal ratlng wales assessed attitude rowad topic of the class, “here-and-now” and “there-and- hen” disclosures, and cohesion. Although the hypothesis that self-disclosure can be used as a prehctor variable for attitude toward college courses was not confirmed, interesting possibilities which might account for this lack of codirrnation are discussed.
MMPI Scores of Female Victims
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Holen Michael C. , Albott William L.
Published: August 2011

Samples of MMPIs of women who were victims of abuse or manifested a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder were drawn from two private practice settings, one urban and one in a small town. Each PTSD sample included 21 persons. For comparison, two contrast samples of 15 persons each were drawn from the same populations. A cut-off point of T = 65 for PK yielded a 69% hit rate for classifying PTSD and contrast subjects. Since scores on PS and PK were so highly correlated, no independent analyses were warranted. Although the PTSD group yielded a more elevated mean profile, there were no characteristic 2-point codes. Therefore, PK is more useful in identifying Posttraumatic Stress Disorder than either profile elevation or configuration.
Gough's F – K Dissimulation Index on the MMPI-2
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

Comparisons were made of Gough's 1950 F – K dissimulation index on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the MMPI-2. Results vary with the norms used, but positive MMPI-2 F – K indexes appear comparable to MMPI indexes which are 1 point greater.
MCMI-II Profiles and Typologies for Patients Seen in Marital Therapy
Authors: Craig Robert J. , Olson Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II profiles of 145 patients in marital therapy, seen in a private-practice outpatient setting, were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct clusters were found (MCMI-II Codetypes 58B4, 8A6B8B5, 3217, and 37). Each of these clusters suggested different therapeutic goals. There were some scale differences by gender, with women tending to score higher on the Dependent Scale. We argue that private-practice settings generate a wealth of data which can be taken from such files and used to address empirical questions.
Gender and Depression in Undergraduates: A Comment
Authors: Lester David , Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

Gender differences in responses of 376 students to the Beck Depression Inventory for American and Nigerian students did not replicate 1994 results reported by Nolan and Willson.
Chronic Pain and Depression: Is Social Support Relevant?
Authors: Trief Paula M. , Carnrike C. L. M. , Drudge Owen
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between social support and depression for 70 patients with chronic back pain. We also explored whether the family environments of these patients related to depression and whether the patients' depression predicted outcome subsequent to involvement in a functional restoration program. The patients completed a battery of psychological questionnaires to assess depression, social support, and family environment. Outcome of a rehabilitation program was measured in terms of physical gains, vocational gains, and progress made toward program goals. Analysis indicated that the 25 depressed and 23 nondepressed patients differed as to perceived social support and quality of family environment; however, no association was found between depression and rehabilitation outcome. Implications for family interventions are discussed.
Everyday Thinking of College Students and Their Parents and Students' Simulations of Each Parent's Thinking
Authors: Finke Helene L. , Hurley John R.
Published: August 2011

Each parent and 42 male and 76 female undergraduates separately completed Epstein and Meier's 1989 Constructive Thinking Inventory. Students also simulated each parent's inventory responses, generally depicting parental everyday thinking as more constructive than their own but less constructive than parents' actual responses and overestimating parental Naive Optimism and Categorical Thinking. On measures of Emotional Coping, Constructive Thinking, and Categorical Thinking, women scored below men, perhaps reflecting men's less concern about how others view them. Sons, but not daughters, significantly underestimated their mothers' Constructive Thinking. These and parallel father-related discrepancies correlated positively with student-reported conflict with either parent. Student-parent correlations were largely gender-concordant. Additional variables seem likely to influence the intergenerational transmission of everyday thinking.
Inner Speech as a Cognitive Process Mediating Self-Consciousness and Inhibiting Self-Deception
Authors: Siegrist Michael
Published: August 2011

The cognitive processes which mediate self-consciousness are unknown, although Morin and others have suggested that inner speech may mediate self-consciousness. We developed a questionnaire which measures the extent to which one talks to oneself about oneself. As expected, the correlation between inner speech and self-consciousness was significant. A German version of the 1979 self-deception questionnaire by Sackeim and Gur correlated negatively with the scores on inner speech, suggesting the validity of the questionnaire. We also replicated the negative association between depression and self-deception in a different culture.
Attitudes of Women toward Homosexual Behavior as a Function of Veteran Status
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Harger Bruce S. , Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from the General Social Surveys: 1972–1992 indicated no difference between 49 women who were veterans of military service and 5402 women who were not veterans in approval of homosexual behavior.
Preliminary Data on a Relation between Self-Talk and Complexity of the Self-Concept
Authors: Morin Alain
Published: August 2011

Recent empirical work in social cognition suggests that in building a self-concept people make inferences about themselves based on overt behavior or private thoughts and feelings. This article addresses the question of how, exactly, people make these inferences about themselves and raises the possibility that they do so through self-talk. It is proposed that the more on talks to oneself to construct a self-image, the more this image will gain coherence and sophistication. A correlational study was conducted to explore the relation between richness of the self-concept (using the W-A-Y) and natural disposition to talk to oneself (using a pilot questionnaire). A moderate but positive correlation of .30 is obtained. The article concludes with clinical implications.
Decision Style, Incongruity Preference and Leadership Style
Authors: Hunsaker Phillip L. , Landkamer Mary J.
Published: August 2011

Comparisons of scores for 215 management students on the Least Preferred Co-worker Scale, the Driver Decision Style Exercise, and the General Incongruity Adaptation Level Self-description Test showed that decision style was positively related to incongruity preference, but neither of these measures was related to leadership style.
The Type 2 Construct and its Relation to Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Espnes Geir Arild
Published: August 2011

The main aim of this study was to scrutinise the link postulated in 1988 between the Type 2 construct of Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, and Vetter and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Self-report data were collected from 58 men who had suffered an infarct, had been hospitalised, and had later enrolled at a physical outpatient clinic as well as from a randomly assigned control group of 70 men. Analysis showed that the Type 2 scores in the infarct group did not differ significantly from those of the control group or from measures taken immediately after an acute myocardial infarction and measures taken 3 months later. The results do not support the hypothesis of a strong association between coronary heart disease and Type 2 scores.
Correlations among College Students' Grade Point Averages and American College Test Scores
Authors: Pettijohn Terry F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether students who did well in high school continued their success in college. For the 42 students who completed the survey, a significant correlation of .62 was found between 4-yr. high school GPA and college GPA and a significant correlation of .63 between American College Test scores and college GPA. Apparently, students who succeeded in high school continue to succeed in college.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXIX. The Academic Elite in Social Work: Linkages among Top-Ranked Graduate Programs
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron , Bair Kendra E.
Published: August 2011

The 11 top-ranked graduate programs in social work, based on a national survey of deans, top administrators, and senior faculty, were substantially linked to one another by hiring one another's graduates. It is suggested that this linkage helps these programs to maintain and enhance their prestige.
Retroductive Reasoning in a Proposed Subtype of Partial Seizures, Evoked by Limbic “Kindling”
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: August 2011

This analysis provides a specific example of the generally applicable process of creative delineation of a novel pattern while searching for an explanatory hypothesis for puzzling observations. In so doing, the neglected retroductive form of inference or abduction was used. Central to such a process is the delineation of a specific “generative mechanism” capable of uniting and explaining heretofore unexplained phenomena. Herein the neurophysiologically known mechanism of limbic seizure “kindling” is offered as a unifying explanation for a dozen-bizarre phenomena, proposed as a new subtype of partial seizures, “Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction.” This new syndrome has been proposed over 15 years in 17 male social loners. Upon encounter with an individualized stimulus, which revived in memory prior moderately hurtful experiences, these men suddenly committed motiveless, unplanned acts with flat affect, transient psychosis and autonomic arousal, showing no quantitative impairment of consciousness and so without memory loss for their perplexing homicidal acts (13 cases), firesetting (3 cases), or bank robbery (1 case). Events occurred in three phases reminiscent of seizures: (1) aura-like puzzlement, (2) transient ictus with a limbic release of predatory or defensive aggression (circa 20 min.), and (3) postictal inefficient actions, implicating a transient frontal lobe system dysfunction secondary to the limbic hyperactivation. The 17 men were of diverse backgrounds, but all without history of prior violence or severe emotional trauma. Seven of 17 had some abnormal brain tests at some time during their lives and eight known histories of typically overlooked closed-brain injury. Brain damage may facilitate seizure “kindling” but has been traditionally observed in mammals and in a few humans without such damage.
Is There a Denominational Difference in Scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude towards Christianity among Northern Irish Adults?
Authors: Maltby John
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether a significant difference occurs between Roman Catholic and Protestant adults for scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude Towards Christianity among a Northern Irish sample. 205 Northern Irish adults (131 Roman Catholics and 74 Protestants) completed the Adult Form of the Francis attitude scale on which no significant difference was found between Roman Catholic and Protestant adults' scores. This finding facilitates the use of the Francis attitude scale among Northern Ireland adult samples without the need to make separate reference to the two main religious denominations.
Machiavellianism among Business School Students: A Multi-Institution Comparison
Authors: Greenlee Janet S. , Cullinan Charles P. , Morand David A.
Published: August 2011

Christie and Geis' Mach IV test was given to 231 senior accounting and management majors at two different universities to assess whether institution attended and specific business major may be associated with Machiavellianism. Scores on Machiavellianism did not vary between accounting and management majors but may be sensitive to the institution which the students choose to attend.
Shyness and Loneliness: Relationship to the Exercise Frequency of College Students
Authors: Page Randy M. , Hammermeister Jon
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the current study was to estimate the relationship between exercise frequency and measures of shyness and loneliness in a sample of 882 college students. Analysis provided evidence that higher shyness and loneliness scores were associated with not exercising and infrequent exercising. Also, subjects who exercise 7 times a week scored significantly lower than the other exercise-frequency groups. Analysis of covariance, controlling for possible confounding variables, gives further support.
Authoritarianism, Anti-Authoritarianism, and Locus of Control
Authors: McCollaum Bruce , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 45 undergraduates, anti-authoritarian attitudes were associated with scores on a measure of external locus of control.
Correlations between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Neo Personality Inventory Facets
Authors: MacDonald Douglas A. , Anderson Peter E. , Tsagarakis Catherine I. , Holland Cornelius J.
Published: August 2011

Using data obtained from 48 male and 161 female undergraduate students in psychology, correlations between scores on the scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the facets of the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness domains of the NEO Personality Inventory were low to moderate.
Identity Strivings within the Mother-Daughter Relationship
Authors: Smith Linda M. , Mullis Ronald L. , Hill E. Wayne
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine mother-daughter relationships and their individual perceptions of autonomy, intimacy, conflict, and quality of relationship. For 221 matched pairs of postadolescent females and their mothers, scores on autonomy were explored in relation to ratings of intimacy, conflict, and quality of relationship. Multiple regression analysis for daughters yielded two significant predictor variables for quality of relationship, conflict and one measure of autonomy. The regression for mothers yielded two significant predictor variables, conflict and intimacy. Implications for these findings were discussed in relation to development of identity of mothers and their adult daughters.
Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Training Program
Authors: Wege Johan W. , Möller André T.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between problem-solving efficiency, defined in terms of the quality of alternative soludons selected, and measures of behavioral competence (self-efficacy and locus of control) was investigated as well as the effectiveness of a problem-solving training program. Subjects were 29 undergraduate students assigned to an effective ( n = 16) and an ineffective ( n = 13) problem-solving group. Analysis indicated that the ineffective problem-solvers appraised their problem-solving skills more negatively and reported low self-efficacy expectations and an external control orientation. Problem-solving training led to improved general self-efficacy expectancies, greater confidence in problem-solving, a more internal control orientation, and improved problem-solving skills. These improvements were maintained at follow-up after two months.
Comment upon Some Personality Correlates of Alexithymia
Authors: Rubino I. Alex
Published: August 2011

A recent study by I. Fukunishi on some personality correlates of alexithymia is partially reinterpreted using further correlational data on alexithymia, panic-fear personality, and expressed hostility.
Catholicism and Indices of Social Pathology in the States
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

In 50 states, percentages of Catholic residents correlated negatively with suicide and divorce rates and positively with abortion rates. The percentages of Catholic residents did not correlate with homicide and illegitimacy rates.
Personality Assessment of Adolescents: An Analysis of the Junior Self-Monitoring Scale
Authors: Howells Gary N. , Fishfader Vicki L.
Published: August 2011

The factor structure and reliability of Graziano, Musser, Leone, and Lautenschlager's 1987 Junior Self-monitoring Scale was examined using the responses of 1279 students in Grades 6 to 9. Analyses suggested that the scale contains two main factors which represent Concern for Social Appropriateness and Ability to Modify Self-presentation. We suggest using a 20-item version of the scale (rather than the original 24-item version) to provide increased reliability and that the scale may be more appropriate than the Adolescent Self-monitoring Scale by Pledger for use with younger children because it is easier to read and has abundant situational cues.
Effects of Group Norms and Learning on Unethical Decision Behavior
Authors: Hegarty W. Harvey
Published: August 2011

This research evaluated ethical decision-making behavior under two different contingencies. When 87 students were presented the “fact” that 20% of the salesmen permitted kickbacks, their subsequent ethical behavior was lower than when they were informed that 80% of the salesmen provided kickbacks. Persons scoring high on Machiavellianism were also less ethical.
Effects of Rapport, Intellectual Excitement, and Learning on Students' Perceived Ratings of College Instructors
Authors: Perkins David , Schenk Terry A. , Stephan Lynn , Vrungos Shelley , Wynants Shelli
Published: August 2011

In two experiments the effects of rapport, intellectual excitement, and learning on students' evaluations of teaching were investigated. College students (135 women, 56 men) were first given a written scenario of an instructor who was described as having either high or low rapport with his students and high or low in intellectual excitement and as someone from whom students learned a great deal or very little. Students were then asked to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of the instructor. While positive descriptions of each of the three dimensions produced significant increases in ratings, the largest effects on global ratings were produced by the manipulation of the dimensions of rapport and intellectual excitement. Relative to the rapport and excitement dimensions, the learning dimension produced a very small effect. Data in Study 2 of 120 students confirmed these results when order of dimensions was controlled.
Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Job Performance among Black Managers in South Africa
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

The relations of self-efficacy beliefs and three indicators of managerial performance were examined among 49 black supervisors working for white superiors in a medium-sized manufacturing company in South Africa. Significantly positive correlations were obtained between self-efficacy beliefs and self-ratings of performance, salary growth since joining the firm, and average ratings of performance from three superiors, confirming results found in western industrialized countries and suggesting that also among these black supervisors encouraging self-efficacy beliefs should have beneficial consequences for job performance.
Validation of the Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction Index: An Update
Authors: Henry Carolyn S. , Plunkett Scott W.
Published: August 2011

This report replicates an earlier validation study of the Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction Index using a sample of 111 subjects ages 13 to 18 years. Reliability was supported for the over-all instrument and subscales. Principal components factoring yielded two factors representing satisfaction with the Parental and Sibling subsystems. Correlations with scores on another instrument indicated concurrent validity of the instrument.
Identification of Managerial Behavior Dimensions in a Federal Health-Care Agency
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Canty Ann L. , Peterson Frederick L. , Cooper Roger F.
Published: August 2011

Understanding the behavior of managers provides an opportunity to assess congruencies between organizational needs and managerial skills. This assessment is critical in federal health-care wherein the environment is rapidly changing. In the current investigation, dimensions of managerial behavior for 267 managers in a federal health-care agency were identified. Recommendations are provided with respect to the relevance of using these dimensions for organizational training and development activities.
Coping and Culture: A Research Note on Diaz-Guerrero's Theory
Authors: Negy Charles
Published: August 2011

Diaz-Guerrero hypothesized in 1967 that Anglo-Americans differed from Mexicans along a dimension of active versus passive coping styles. Specifically, he thought Anglo-Americans preferred to engage in other-modifications (active coping) whereas Mexicans preferred to engage in self-modifications (passive coping) in response to stressful events. In a test of Diaz-Guerrero's proposal the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced was given to 108 Anglo- and Hispanic-American female inmates; no differences between the groups were found on measures of active and passive coping. The Hispanic group did not differ on active or passive coping as a function of measured acculturation; however, for both groups, education and active coping mildly correlated, suggesting that socioeconomic status may be more related to active coping than culture.
Age Differences in Social Desirability
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

To examine the differences between 162 adolescents' and 118 adults' scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory 64 boys ( M age = 20 yr.), 94 girls ( M age = 18.9 yr.), 78 women ( M age = 29 yr.), and 40 men ( M age = 28.8 yr.) from Umtata and the vicinity in Transkei, South Africa were tested. Adolescents scored higher on social desirability than adults did.
Alcohol Consumption, Locus of Control, and Self-Esteem of High School and College Students
Authors: Jih Chwan-Shyang , Sirgo Vivian I. , Thomure James C.
Published: August 2011

An Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire was designed to investigate 104 high school and 104 college students' drinking patterns in actual and hypothetical pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral situations. Students were also given Rotter's I-E Locus of Control Scale and Rosenberg's Self-esteem Inventory. College students drank significantly more than high school students after experiencing hypothetical pleasant events. Both groups drank more after hypothetical pleasant events than hypothetical unpleasant events and hypothetical neutral events. There were no significant group differences after experiencing hypothetical unpleasant events or neutral events. Students with high scores on locus of control tended to have higher self-esteem, greater drinking after hypothetical unpleasant events, hypothetical and actual pleasant events, and hypothetical and actual neutral events. Frequencies of actual drinking and hypothetical drinking were highly correlated.
Psychological Adjustment to Hospitalization: Factorial Structure, Antecedents, and Outcome
Authors: Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou , Quintard Bruno , Paulhan Isabelle , Nuissier Joélle , Cousson Florence
Published: August 2011

Using various methods of observation, the psychological status of 211 patients of both sexes was assessed after the surgery or treatment justifying their hospitalization. Intercorrelations of scores on 40 variables obtained to describe the state of the patients were submitted to a principal components analysis. The latter yielded a factor of maladjustment to hospitalization associated with various psychosociological antecedents of the patients and a short-term unfavorable development of their physical health. This dimension seems to correspond not just with personal characteristics but to involve the interaction of medical staff members and patients in a manner detrimental to patients' recovery.
Decrease Violence in a Day Program: Community-Based Endeavors
Authors: Belcher Terence L.
Published: August 2011

Aggressive behaviors of two men with mental retardation were investigated during sheltered workshop and community employment. The first year of community work showed a monthly average reduction in aggressive behaviors of 93%. Changing to a typical work setting with regular expectations led to this decrease.
Typological Description of the Chronic Low Back-Pain Syndrome Using the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory
Authors: Murphy Michael A. , Tosi Donald J.
Published: August 2011

The Millon Behavioral Health Inventory was administered to 67 individuals with chronic low back pain who participated in a rehabilitation program on pain and stress. Base-rate scores from the 20 scales, submitted to cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance method, gave four subtypes. Discriminant analysis accurately classified 98.51% of the sample. The discriminant functions were interpreted and labeled as I: somatic distress and II: inhibition-dependency. The groups were then examined for differences and similarities with respect to those dimensions, and the groups were labeled I–introversive, II–denial/minimizers, III–conformers, and IV–severe psychophysiological reaction. The types were next compared across medical, vocational, and demographic data. With the exception of sex of subject, no other data were significant by type. The results were discussed, and recommendations for research were made.
Perceptions of Childhood Obesity of Undergraduate Students in Physical Education
Authors: Savage Michael P.
Published: August 2011

A sample ( N = 200) of undergraduate students in physical education from 12 universities in a midwestern state was sent the 1990 Price questionnaire; 178 responded (89%). 96% of the respondents indicated that normal weight is very important in children, 88% agreed that physical education teachers should play major roles in treating childhood obesity. 92% believed their college courses prepared them to administer exercise programs to help children reduce weight, and 70% supported school-based weight-reduction strategies. Over-all, the students seemed to want to help eliminate childhood obesity and indicated they should become significantly involved in school programs designed to achieve this goal.
Responses of Noninterviewable Long-Term Care Patients before and after Interinstitutional Relocation
Authors: Mirotznik Jerrold
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the health consequences of an interinstitutional relocation on a sample of 103 noninterviewable, cognitively impaired patients in long-term care. Relocated patients functioned as their own controls. Specifically, data were abstracted from the patients' medical records on 16 health indicators for the 6 months prior to and following relocation as well as for the same months in the year before. Multivariate analysis indicated patients in general exhibited good health pretransfer but worse health posttransfer. In addition, less impaired patients were somewhat more affected by relocation.
Use of Dreams in Therapy: A Survey of Clinicians in Private Practice
Authors: Keller John W. , Brown Gina , Maier Katja , Steinfurth Korinne , Hall Shelly , Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

A literature review indicated a dearth of research on how dreams are used in therapeutic settings so a questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 500 members of the Florida Psychological Association to assess (a) the extent of dream use in therapy, (b) theoretical approaches applied to dream interpretation, and (c) basis for experience and expertise in dream work. Of the 500 potential clinicians, 228 returned survey forms for a response rate of 46%. Analysis indicated that 83% of the respondents used dream material at least occasionally in their practice and that Freudian and Gestalt approaches were most often used in dream interpretation. Interestingly, most respondents gained their ‘experience’ in dream work through self-study and continuing education workshops and seminars.
Distributed Reinforcement during Delay to Large Reinforcement May Increase “Self-Control” in Rats
Authors: Flora Stephen R. , Workman Matthew D.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of rats were tested for self-control. In Exp. 1 all rats were impulsive. In Exp. 2, when subjects entered one goal box, the rats would receive 3 pellets immediately, the impulsive choice. When Standard Group rats entered the other goal box, they received 7 pellets after a delay of 10 sec., the self-control choice. When Distributed Group rats made a self-control choice in Phase 1 they received 1 pellet immediately, 3 after 3 sec., and 3 pellets 7 sec. later (10 sec. total); in Phase 2 they received 1 pellet immediately and 6 after 10 sec.; and in Phase 3 they received 7 pellets after a delay of 10 sec. Rats in the Distributed Group, but not rats in the Standard Group, tended to be self-controlled throughout the experiment.
Intelligence and Suicide in Ireland and the United Kingdom
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Mean estimated intelligence test scores for the residents of Ireland and 12 regions of the United Kingdom were associated with suicide rates but probably as a result of association with other social characteristics such as income and urbanization.
War and Suicide in France, 1850–1913
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In France from 1850 to 1913, during periods of war the suicide rates were lower than during periods of peace, while the military participation rate was positively associated with the suicide rate.
Influence of the Alpha2 Noradrenergic Antagonist Piperoxane on Longevity in the Fischer-344 Rat: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Compton David M. , Dietrich Kerri L. , Smith Jeff S.
Published: August 2011

Piperoxane is an α2-noradrenergic antagonist with demonstrated excitatory effects on neurons in the locus coeruleus, causing a corresponding increase in norepinephrine in many forebrain areas. 16 male Fischer-344 rats approximately 16 months of age were injected with 3 mg/kg of piperoxane or .09% saline. The piperoxane-treated rats lived an average of 127.1 days longer than the saline-treated rats. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of strategies designed to enhance brain levels of catecholamine and their effect on the aging process. A discussion of further research is also presented.
Optimistic Bias in Cancer Risk Perception: A Cross-National Study
Authors: Fontaine Kevin R. , Smith Sylvia
Published: August 2011

Results are presented from a pilot study in which risk perceptions for developing cancer in samples of American and British adults were compared. 61 American and 43 British people estimated the likelihood of cancer happening to themselves and the average person. As a group, participants tended to judge their personal likelihood of developing cancer as less than the average, supporting the presence of an optimistic bias. However, compared to the Americans, British respondents tended to perceive both themselves and the average person to be less likely to develop cancer. There were no gender differences or interactions between the variables. Discussion centered on possible variations between the two countries with respect to perceptions of control and responsibility for one's health status which may account for the findings.
Big-Five Adjective Marker Scales for Use with College Students
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L.
Published: August 2011

This report evaluated the psychometric integrity of an 80-item bipolar adjective scale which assesses the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Using a college sample of 149 women and 30 men, a principal components analysis employing an orthogonal Procrustes rotation identified the five factors which were comparable to factor structures found with adults. Researchers can therefore have some confidence in using these marker scales with college students.
Job Satisfaction of Special Education Teachers
Authors: Darcy Paula , Kusznikow Tiffany , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In four elementary schools 31 special education teachers did not differ in job satisfaction from 31 teachers of regular classrooms.
16 PF Profiles and Typologies for Patients Seen in Marital Therapy
Authors: Craig Robert J. , Olson Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the personality characteristics of 145 patients seen in outpatient marital therapy in private practice. Cluster analysis of the entire sample resulted in five separate typologies which were statistically significant and clinically meaningful and which suggested different goals for counseling. Patients seeking marital therapy were significantly more tense, anxious, worrisome, suspicious, bold, and shrewd than the normal persons in the 16 PF standardization sample.
Differential Diagnostics and Treatment of an Inpatient Adolescent Showing Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Mania
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Gerbino-Rosen Ginny
Published: August 2011

A study of a l6.8-yr.-old female is presented to highlight aspects of Asperger's Syndrome as distinguished from cognate developmental and mood disorders. Brief therapy and pharmacological implications are mentioned.
The Vengeance Scale: Comparison of Groups and an Assessment of External Validity
Authors: Holbrook Mark I. , White Melinda H. , Hutt Michelle J.
Published: August 2011

When the Vengeance Scale was developed, it was tested on 600 undergraduate students and showed high criterion validity and high construct validity; however, external validity was in question given the homogeneity of the group sampled. In the present study three groups—20 male and 48 female college students, 37 male and 5 female prison inmates, and 10 male and 3 female police officers—were involved in assessing external validity of the scale. We hypothesized inmates would score the highest with police officers and students ranking second and third, respectively. As predicted the inmates reported a significantly higher score than did the police officers and the students.
Humor Preferences among Angered Males and Females: Associations with Humor Content and Sexual Desire
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has indicated a connection between the appreciation of different content types of humor and the effectiveness of laughter to reduce a hostile mood. Although a person's state of arousal can influence the preferences shown for a particular type of humor, little research has examined how sexual desire may contribute to preferences for humor. Anger was experimentally induced in 180 men and 180 women who had noted sexual desire before exposure to humor with sexual, sexist, and neutral content. Assessment of appreciation scores showed that angered men and women preferred sexual and sexist humor when they reported high sexual desire. Mood assessment indicated this appreciation related to the removal of anger and the reporting of a happy state with low ratings of sexual desire. Participants preferred neutral humor and showed least appreciation of sexist humor. Also, they did not enjoy a reduction in their hostile mood following exposure to humor.
Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes: Psychometric Properties of a Self-Rating Scale
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Griego Jacqueline A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the psychometric properties of a self-rating scale designed to test the executive functions of the frontal lobes. A set of 16 items was selected, based on face validity, from the 200-item Coolidge Axis II Inventory. Cronbach scale reliability for the new scale was .72 on 1,223 purportedly normal participants. A factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure, Decision-making difficulties (8 items, 23% of the variance, scale reliability .77), Poor planning (4 items, 15% of the variance, scale reliability .63), and Task incompletion (6 items, 9% of the variance, scale reliability .66). A multivariate analysis of variance, performed on the over-all scale sum and the three subscales, between 17 closed head-injured patients and a matched control group was significant. The head-injured patients scored significantly higher on the over-all measure of executive dysfunction and higher on the decision-making difficulties subscale but not on the other two subscales.
Comparison of Alternative Response Formats for an Abbreviated Version of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Barnett Tim , Lanier Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

The present study analyzed the factor structure of an abbreviated version of Rotter's (1966) locus of control scale. The 11-item scale was administered in both the original forced-choice format and a 4-point rating format. The data were derived from administration of the scale as part of the National Longitudinal Survey (N = 7,407). Maximum likelihood factor analysis with oblique rotation gave a three-factor solution for both the forced-choice and rating formats, but the resulting factors were not easily interpretable, and the subscales had high intercorrelations and unacceptably low reliability coefficients. Subsequent analyses suggested that a single-factor solution was more appropriate. The 4-point rating format appeared to be more interpretable and had the highest reliability coefficient.
A Behavioral Nosology for Tinnitus
Authors: Briner Wayne
Published: August 2011

Studies of the physiological and psychological characteristics of tinnitus and its treatment have yielded a variety of conclusions The variation in results may reflect heterogeneous patient populations. Although the sources of variation are many, one may be derived from combining patients of several severities of tinnitus into a single group. A nosology is proposed for tinnitus severity to be classified by the patient's behavioral responses. Classifying patients allows direction to specific treatment modalities and will facilitate research. The concept of phantom auditory pain and a rational basis for the use of antidepressant therapy are discussed.
Prednisolone Blocks Extreme Intermale Social Aggression in Seizure-Induced, Brain-Damaged Rats: Implications for the Amygdaloid Central Nucleus, Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor, and Electrical Seizures
Authors: Bedard A. W. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

In two separate blocks of experiments, the extreme within-group aggression which is typically associated with limbic seizure-induced brain Injury in male rats was attenuated or abolished within two days by the administration of prednisolone in the water supply. The effect was specific to the aggression and was not simulated by dexamethasone. The results support the hypothesis that interference with inhibitory inputs to the central nucleus of the amygdala and the enhanced stimulation by corticotrophin-releasing factor facilitates physical aggression within groups of male rats. Potential relevance to curbing aggression (“conflict”) between groups of male humans is discussed.
Attitudes toward Applied Statistics of Postgraduate Students in Education in the Lebowa Region of South Africa
Authors: Glencross Michael J. , Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

The 1990 McCall, Belli, and Madjidi Statistics Altitude Scale was administered to 50 postgraduate students in education at the University of the North, Lebowa, South Africa at the end of a course on educational research methods. The estimate of internal consistency was .92. Analysis supported the 1992 findings of Glencross and Cherian obtained elsewhere in South Africa.
Myths about Childhood Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Myths about childhood suicide were quite commonly believed by college students and associated with general misinformation about suicide in a sample of 106 undergraduates (34 men and 72 women).
Psychometric Evaluation of the Hall Professionalism Scale
Authors: Kennedy Karen Norman , Ramsey Rosemary
Published: August 2011

An assessment of the psychometric properties of the Hall Professionalism Scale (1968) was made to evaluate its use in today's dynamic business environment. Responses of 143 salespeople did not support the original five dimensions in confirmatory factor analysis. Through exploratory statistical techniques, modifications to this scale are discussed. Further research is recommended.
Enhancing Courteous Job Performance: The Contribution of a Preemployment Screening Inventory
Authors: Borofsky Gerald L. , Alexander Jean , Coleman Roland , Reimers Craig , Wackenheim George , McCormick Bruce
Published: August 2011

This study, conducted in a resort hotel, examined the relationship between preemployment scores on a scale designed to assess the likelihood of courteous job performance and employees' subsequent performance on the job. The scale was administered to job applicants, but scores were not used in making hiring decisions. Subsequently, the questionnaires were scored, and the scores were compared to each individual's 90-day performance appraisal. A relationship was observed between applicants' scores on the Courtesy scale and their subsequent performance on the job. Over-all accuracy in predicting job performance was 65%. Results seem to indicate chat using Courtesy scale scores as one part of the preemployment selection process would be likely to provide an additional increment in validity. For this reason, the scale may be of use to employers in selection for positions in which commitment to service and interacting with customers or guests in a courteous manner are important job elements.
Some Interpersonal and Attitudinal Factors Characterizing Patients Satisfied with Medical Care
Authors: Twemlow Stuart W. , Coyne Lolafaye , Bradshaw Samuel L. , Lerma Barbara H.
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the extent to which interpersonal and attitudinal factors affect the doctor-patient relationship. A questionnaire survey of people living in northeastern Kansas who had experience with medical care was conducted. Dependent measures were over-all patient satisfaction, patient's attitude toward death of self or others, causality orientation, attitude toward health and disease, and perception of the doctor-patient relationship. The majority of test subjects (92%) reported satisfaction with their medical care. A significant correlation between fear of death of significant others and scores on causality scales reflects feelings of not being in control of one's life. Other associations indicate that people who do not feel in control of their lives depend on traditional and folk remedies. Scores showing low fear of own death correlated significantly with the rated greater sense of responsibility for own health and treatment. Patients who rated themselves as more needy were unsatisfied with their care and those whose doctors called them by first name tended to be more content. Even in populations satisfied with their medical care, we suggest that the quality of care could be improved by attention to interpersonal and attitudinal factors.
Elements of Critical Incident Debriefing
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: August 2011

The present paper lists a number of specific therapeutic steps involved in critical incident debriefing. These therapeutic suggestions, while by no means exhaustive, include (a) identification, (b) labeling, (c) articulation, (d) expression, (e) externalization, (f) ventilation, (g) validation, and (h) acceptance. More careful attention to these specific elements—regardless of debriefers' training and backgrounds—might improve therapeutic consistency for trauma victims afflicted with stress-related symptoms. Further applications of these therapeutic steps were also suggested for other types of behavioral problems.
Stroop-Type Interference in Random-Number Generation
Authors: Brugger Peter , Pietzsch Sabine , Weidmann Gabriele , Biro Peter , Alon Eli
Published: August 2011

We describe a positive correlation between the extent of sequential counting in a random-number generation task and the magnitude of the interference effect in Stroop's color-naming task. This finding is compatible with the view that both counting and reading are highly automatized processes which constitute an inevitable source of interference in randomization and Stroop paradigms, respectively. On the other hand, cognitive psychological theories proposing that a generally biased concept of randomness would be responsible for human subjects' inability to generate true random sequences do not readily account for this correlation. Literature on repetition avoidance indicates this universal effect in random generation is likewise not explainable in terms of some “biased concept of randomness.” Repetition avoidance (“spontaneous alternation”) also occurs in lower invertebrates, is largely independent of mathematical sophistication in humans, dissipates with increasing time between consecutive responses, and is diminished by amnesia. We conclude that the failure of functionally intact organisms to display random behavior is due to basic neuropsychological limitations. In neglecting these biological foundations, “concept of randomness” theories of randomization behavior lack explanatory value.
Personality Inferences Drawn about Abusive Mothers
Authors: Davidson William B. , Jennings Carol
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the personality inferences people draw about abusive mothers by having 287 subjects view videotapes of four female targets engaged in social discourse with other adults. Some subjects were primed beforehand to believe that the female targets had physically abused or neglected their child and other subjects viewed the tapes without being primed. Afterward, all subjects rated the targets' personalities using 17 bipolar trait scales and estimating the likelihood of six social behaviors. Analyses compared the ratings of the two types of abuse groups (physical abuse and neglect) with each other and with the unprimed control group. Analysis showed that ratings of one or both of the abuse groups differed from those of the control group on 10 of the 17 trait dimensions and four of six social behaviors. Implications are drawn about the social forces experienced by abusive mothers and the possible role of such forces in therapeutic change.
Personal, Professional, and Corporate Codes of Behavior: Certified Management Accountants and the Potential for Conflict
Authors: Ward Suzanne Pinac , Wilson Thomas E. , Ward Dan R.
Published: August 2011

Primary sources of ethical concepts cited by Certified Management Accountants were personal experience 40%, religious training 30%, education or firm training 7%, and other 18%, with only 5% indicating the professional code of conduct. The strength of these influences can be seen in the results wherein subjects often violated company policy in dealing with ethical situations.
Reliability and Validity of a Short Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among Students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Philipchalk Ronald , Lewis John M. , Lester David , Brown Laurence B.
Published: August 2011

The 7-item short-form of the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity (Adult) was given to four groups of undergraduate students, 378 in the UK, 212 in the USA, 255 in Australia, and 231 in Canada. Analysis supports the reliability and validity of the scale and commends it for further use.