bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROBOTIC SURGERY HAS PROVEN ITSELF AS AN
INDISPENSABLE EXTENSION OF
GENITOURINARY SURGERIES--- A REVIEW
ARTICLE
Authors: Sengupta Soumish , Kumar Dey Ranjan
Published: April 2021

Robotic surgery evolved in an era of technically cumbersome laparoscopic surgery with its associated steep learning
curve. The difficulty faced by laparoscopic surgeons in negotiating this learning curve led to the evolution of robotics.
The real benefits of robotic surgery stem from the enhanced surgical precision, miniaturization of the incision,
diminished blood loss, reduced pain, and more rapid convalescence. Other advantages of robotic-assisted laparoscopic
surgery are the possibility of articulation beyond the normal limits of the human wrist and three-dimensional
stereoscopic vision with higher magnification. The advantages of robot assistance with regard to many ablative and
reconstructive uro-surgical procedures are too numerous for urologists to ignore, and some of these are discussed later
in this review. However, the long-term benefits of robotic assistance in urological laparoscopic surgery (other than in
robot-assisted radical prostatectomy) and the associated cost utility issues remain to be ascertained.
WOMEN, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Vijayakumar Madhumitha
Published: April 2021

Gender discrimination can undermine economic development of any society.The traditional methods of discrimination
are very common like discrimination against women in jobs. The process of development itself will create a number
disadvantages for women. One of the main and growing concerns in the process of development is the issue of
sustainable development.This is normally looked at from the point of view of excessive degradation of resources leading
to reduced income generation for future generations.
Evaluation of Flushed Oil with Respect to New Oil
Authors: Al-Safwani Maitham
Published: April 2021

The paper address the tests required to be conducted for lubrication
oil. It investigates the change of properties of new oil after it is being used
for flushing. The recommendations of changing flushed oil or keeping it made on
different analysis and studies, however, if the oil properties are not
changing, then using the flushed oil is recommended as the new oil will not be
as clean as flushed oil. The paper listed several oil cleaning methods and highlighted
several causes which could result on bearing failure. The bearing lifetime was
discussed and how the impact of different parameter could impact the bearing
life span if it is generating additional forces, for example, due to the
increase of friction force which contribute to the equivalent dynamic bearing
load.
Clinical Outcome of Pars Plana Vitrectomy With Or Without Intravitreal Bevacizumab As A Pretreatment in Advanced Diabetic Eye Disease
Authors: Gull Ambreen , Ahmad Sairam , Khan Niazi Fuad Ahmad , Raza Ali
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the clinical outcome of Pars Plana Vitrectomy with and without Intravitreal Bevacizumab as a pretreatment in advanced diabetic eye disease.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology department of holy family hospital Rawalpindi, from January 2018 to December 2018.

Methods:  Sixty patients with advanced proliferative diabeticretinopathy wereincluded. Patients were divided into two groups. In group A, patients had pars plana vitrectomy with pre procedure injection of intravitreal Bevacizumab and group B had vitrectomy without pre procedure intravitreal Bevacizumab. Amount of bleeding during vitrectomy, surgical time and rate of iatrogenic tears were noted in both groups. Outcome measures were post operative best corrected visual acuity at 6 months and post operative recurrent vitreous hemorrhage.

Results:  Patients had a mean age of 63.83 ± 7.314. In group A, mild bleeding was seen in 33%, moderate in 6.7% and severe in 0%. In group B, mild bleeding was seen in 13.3%, moderate in 46.7%, and severe bleeding in 40%. After 6 months, 27 (90%) patients in group A showed improvement in best corrected visual acuity while it was seen in 12 (40%) patients in group B. Iatrogenic tearswere seen in 10% in group A and 36% in group B. Mean time of surgery in group A was 59.27 ± 6.823 minutes and in group B was 77.87 ± 9.637 minutes. Rate of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy was 6.7% in group A and 40% in group B.

Conclusion:  Intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab is helpful in reducing surgical time and also decreases intraoperative and post operative bleeding.

Key Words:  Bevacizumab, Vitrectomy, Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.
Histopathological Features of Group E Retinoblastoma Eyes after Upfront Enucleation
Authors: Viyani Usman , Mughal Jamal , Arshad Muhammad Owais , Javed Anum , Nasir Javeria , Chatni Muhammad Hanif
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To study histopathological features of eyes with intraocular Group E retinoblastoma primarily treated by enucleation at a tertiary care centre in Karachi, Pakistan.

Study Design:  Retrospective histopathological study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Patel Hospital, Karachi, January 2012 to August 2019.

Methods:  Seventy five eyes of children diagnosed with Group E retinoblastoma, on clinical examination, examination under general anaesthesia along with MRI and then enucleated were examined histopathologically after being primarily enucleated. Histological features were enlisted for the presence of choroidal invasion, extent of optic nerve invasion, anterior chamber involvement, scleral and extra-scleral invasion along with tumour differentiation. Demographic variables (age at presentation, gender, laterality of the disease, median follow-up) and the histopathological features of tumour along with high risk features were assessed using SPSS version 24.

Results:  Out of 75 eyes, 48 (64%) eyes showed high risk histopathological features including post lamina cribrosa involvement, choroidal invasion, scleral involvement, anterior chamber involvement (angle, iris, ciliary body). All high risk features were significantly more in the poorly differentiated group of tumours. All patients showing high risk features were given post enucleation systemic chemotherapy accordingly.

Conclusion:  By identifying the histopathological pattern and high risk features, we can decrease the chances of metastasis, recurrence, mortality and morbidity of these children which pose an overwhelming physical, psychological, social and financial burden on our society as a whole. Further large, multi-centre prospective studies can provide with a better understanding about the high risk features and histopathological patterns of retinoblastoma in our region.

Key Words:  Retinoblastoma, Enucleation, Chemotherapy.
Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma – A Case Series of 12 Patients from North – West Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Ibrar , Khan Tajamul , Shah Zaman , Ali Zulfiqar
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to find out demographic characteristics, clinical behavior and outcome of this neoplasm in North West Pakistan.

Study Design:  Retrospective Case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan, from 2015 to 2019.

Methods:  All patients with Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma consulting our department were registered and a self-designed proformawas used to document demography, clinical features, management, and follow-up of all cases. At the end of study, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and result compiled.

Results:  Twelve patients with “Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma” were included in the study with mean age of7.2 ± 1.6 years. Majority of patients presented with mass in upper lid with proptosis. On CT-Scan and/or MRI orbit proved that in seven (58.3%) cases the mass was occupying the superior orbit, in 3 (25%) cases inferior orbit and in 2 (16.6%) cases the tumor was advance enough to occupy the whole orbit.Biopsy showed embryonic type (66.7%), alveolar type (25%) and undifferentiated (8.3%). All patients received chemotherapy and radiotherapy with excision of tumor in 16.7% and exenteration in 41.7% patients. The course of follow-up extended from 7 to 24 months. Five (41.7%) patients felt well at the end of last follow-up and four (33.3%) developed recurrence. At the end of follow-up, 3 (25%) patients died of tumor.

Conclusion:  In North West Pakistan patients with Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma present late and the prognosis is poor due to not following the proper protocol for follow-up.

Key Words:  Rhabdomyosarcoma, Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma, IRS Staging.
Outcome of Conventional Trabeculectomy in Terms of Intraocular Pressure and Visual Acuity in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Shahid Erum , Fasih Uzma , Shaikh Arshad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the outcomes of conventional trabeculectomy in terms of decrease in Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) and improvement in visual acuity in patients of primary open glaucoma, coming to a tertiary care hospital.

Study Design:  Retrospective case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology department of a tertiary care hospital from January 2017 to December 2018.

Methods:  Patients undergoing trabeculectomy for Primary open angle glaucoma were included. Patients with repeated trabeculectomy, failed argon laser trabeculoplasty, advance cataract, corneal opacities and absolute glaucoma were excluded. All the trabeculectomies were done under retrobulbar anaesthesia after taking all aseptic measures. Primary outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, number of antiglaucoma medications and failed or successful trabeculectomy.

Results:  Total 52 patients underwent trabeculectomy. There were 36 (69.2%) males and 16 (30.8%) females. Mean age was 56.73 years ± 10.9 SD. Mean preoperative IOP was 30.96 ± 6.71 mm Hg, post operatively IOP at 1 year it was 15.6 ± 4.2 mm Hg. P value was <.000. Mean number of antiglaucoma medications was 3.03 and 1.19, pre and post-operatively respectively (p value <.000). Improvement in visual acuity after trabeculectomy was seen in 32 (61.5%) patients. Complete Surgical success was seen in 28 (53.8%) and qualified success in 21 (40.4%) patients. Failed trabeculectomy was seen in 3 (5.8%) patients.

Conclusion:  Conventional trabeculectomy is effective in lowering IOP in primary open angle glaucoma patients. It maintains IOP within normal range with and without anti-glaucoma medications at 1 year follow-up. Trabeculectomy significantly reduces number of anti-glaucoma medications.

Key Words:  Intraocular pressure, Primary open angle glaucoma, Trabeculectomy.
Manual Sutureless Cataract Surgery (MSCS) in Patients with Pseudo-Exfoliation
Authors: Iqbal Yasir , Khan Qaim Ali , Zia Sohail , Arshad Qureshi Muhammad Usman , Hassan Masud-ul-
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To document the complications of Manual suture-less cataract surgery in eyes with pseudo-exfoliation.

Study Design:  Interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Naseer memorial hospital, Dadyal, Azad Jammu Kashmir, from 4 July 2017 to 3 July 2019.

Methods:  One hundred and fifty patients with pseudo-exfoliation (PEX) and cataract were selected by convenient sampling. Patients with systemic diseases, history of trauma, intraocular pressure ≥15 mm Hg on Applanation tonometry and any other associated ocular disease for example retinal detachment or retinal disease, previous history of glaucoma or narrow/closed angle on Gonioscopy were excluded from the study. Dark brown cataracts were also excluded. Pseudo-exfoliation was diagnosed on slit lamp on the basis of presence of dandruff like material on the pupil and the anterior lens capsule. The patients underwent manual suture less cataract surgery under local anesthesia Intraoperative and post-operative complications were noted. first day postoperatively. The collected data and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21 for analysis.

Results:  The study group consisted of 64% males and 36% females with mean age of 65 ± 15.32 years. The most common difficulty encountered was poor pupil dilatation in 37.3% cases followed by Zonular dehiscence in 7.3%. On the first post-operative day, the most common complication was intraocular lens decentration in 2.6% of the cases.

Conclusion:  Pupils of patients with pseudo-exfoliation dilate poorly and makes surgery difficult. With good pupillary dilatation, careful capsulorhexis and minimal stress on the zonules, MSCS can be safely performed in eyes with cataract and PEX.

Key Words:  Pseudo-exfoliation, Cataract, Pupil.
Surgical Outcomes of Combined Phacoemulsification and Silicone oil Removal in Post Retinal Detachment Surgery Patients
Authors: Haseeb Uzma , Haseeb Muhammad , Rehman Aziz ur
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To evaluate the surgical outcomes of Combined Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation and Silicone oil removal in patients with previous retinal surgery.

Study Design:  Interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Ibrahim eye Hospital Karachi from January 2019 to December 2019.

Methods:  Total 30 eyes of 30 patients between ages of 25 to 65 years, who had retinal detachment surgery with silicone oil used as internal tamponade and later on developed cataract were re-operated once confirming that retinal was attached. The time interval between two surgeries was 8 to 10 months. Phacoemulsification with IOL implantationwas done followed by silicone oil removal by 23-gauge pars plana method. Postoperative follow-ups were done at day 1, 1 month and at 6 months to record visual acuity and retinal status.

Results:  Best corrected Visual acuity was recorded pre and post-operatively using Snellen chart.  Preoperatively 12 patients had visual acuity of 6/60, 12 with vision 6/95 and 6 with 6/120. There was improvement of 2 lines of visual acuity post operatively as recorded by Snellen chart. Retina was attached in 28 (93.33%) patients and 2 (6.66%) had re-detached retina at the end of 6 months.

Conclusion:  Visual outcomes were found to be better with low rate of retinal re-detachment after 6 months follow-up of combined phacoemulsification with IOL implantation and silicone oil removal. Hence, Combined Phacoemulsification with Silicone oil removal is a method that is associated with better visual and anatomical outcomes as well as decrease the chances of patients undergoing third surgery for cataract extraction.

Key Words:  Retinal Detachment, Phacoemulsification, Silicon Oil.
Assisted Reproductive Technology and Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Tanveer Raazia , Abid Imrana
Published: April 2021

Although ART has changed the lives of many people, it has increased the burden on neonatologist and ophthalmologists with all types of complications related to prematurity in multiple births. In the last 20 to 25 years, there has been vast improvements in ART and neonatal intensive care, which has resulted in increased survival of most of the immature infants. There are specialized centers, which provide high‐risk obstetric care, intensive neonatal care, use of steroids in the prenatal care, improved postnatal treatment with surfactant and nitric oxide and better respirators and advanced equipment for the care of extremely immature infants. All these have contributed to improved survival. Therefore, current changes in neonatal care warrant careful ongoing evaluation during the coming years regarding ROP.
Efficacy of Oral Alprazolam and Mefenamic Acid in Relieving Pain During Pan Retinal Photocoagulation
Authors: Haider Muhammad Ali , Sattar Uzma , Ahmad Iftikhar
Published: April 2021

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Purpose:  To find out the efficacy of oral Alprazolam and Mefenamic acid in relieving pain during pan retinal photocoagulation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Al-Ehsan Eye Hospital, Lahore, from January 2018 to December 2018.

Methods:   Patients were divided into two groups; groups A received one tablet of Xanax (Alprazolam 0.5 mg) and 2 tablets of Ponston Forte (Mefenamic acid 500 mg) an hour before PRP. In group B no pain relieving medicines were prescribed. Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% eye drops were instilled in the eye to achieve corneal anesthesia before the procedure in both the groups. Pain was scored, 15 minutes after PRP, using standard verbal rating scale and results were analyzed. Paired sample t-test was used to measure the mean difference in pain between the two groups. A p value of less than 0.01% was considered significant.

Results:  Five hundred and sixty patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) requiring Pan Retinal Photocoagulation (PRP) were enrolled. There were 272 males and 288 females. Mean age of patients was 64.0 ± 6.8 years. Mean pain score for group A was 4.0 ± 0.6 and for group B was 2.1 ± 0.3. Difference in pain score felt by each group was -1.93 ± 0.7 with significant p value of ˂ 0.01%.

Conclusion:  Oral administration of Alprazolam and Mefenamic acid one hour before PRP in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy was effective in reducing pain and in attaining patient cooperation during the procedure.

Key Words:  Pan Retinal Photocoagulation, Pain, Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, Alprazolam, Mefenamic acid.
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) and its Associated Risk Factors among Undergraduate Medical Students in Midst of COVID-19
Authors: Noreen Khola , Ali Kashif , Aftab Kausar , Umar Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of computer vision syndrome and its associated risk factors among under graduate medical students.

Study Design:  Descriptive Cross–sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Gujranwala Medical College and Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan from 5th August to 28th August, 2020.

Methods:  A validated self-designed questionnaire was used for this study. The survey instrument was tailored from a published questionnaire which comprised of questions on demographics, frequency of symptoms of computer vision syndrome, pattern of computer usage and ergonomic practices.

Results:  Final analysis was run on 326 under graduate medical students. Females were 228 (69%) and 98 (30%) were males. Age of the participants ranged between 17 to 25 years. Overall frequency of CVS was found to be 98.7%. Twenty nine percent students experienced extra ocular complaints and 71% had ocular symptoms. Symptoms of CVS were more commonly observed among those using desktop/laptop at less than forearm length (p = 0.001). Distance of < 12 inches from mobile phone was found to be associated with eye irritation and neck shoulder pain (p = 0.001). Frequency of break of more than 60 minutes was found to be significantly associated with eye irritation (p = 0.002) and excessive blinking and light sensitivity (p = 0.001). The students not using ergonomically comfortable chair were found to suffer more with  symptoms of CVS as compared to those using ergonomically designed chair (p = 0.049).

Conclusion:  Health issues related to excessive use of digital devices has become alarmingly high during COVID-19 pandemic. Symptoms of CVS are significantly associated with distance from digital device and less frequent break intervals.

Key Words:  COVID-19, Computer Vision Syndrome, Digital eye syndrome, ergonomics, visual display terminals.
Visual Outcome After Sutureless Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lens
Authors: Sajid Munir Muhammad , Ramzan Muhammad , Arshad Muhammad , Nazir Shahid , Rizwan Ullah Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To study the results of sutureless scleral fixation of intraocular lens (IOL) in cases of complicated cataract surgery.

Study Design:  Interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Niazi Medical and Dental College Sargodha from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019.

Methods:  Twenty-five eyes of 25 consecutive patients were selected for this study. Patients of traumatic cataract with zonular dehiscence, patients who had per-operative complications like PC rent with insufficient capsular bag, and children with subluxated lens of Marfan, Ehler Danlos syndrome were included in this study. After routine investigation all patients were operated under local anesthesia except children, who were operated under general anesthesia. Sclerotomies were made at 3 and 9 o’clock positions with MVR blade. Sutureless scleral fixation of intraocular lens was done. The haptics of lenses were buried in the scleral pockets which were already made at 3 and 9 o‘clock position. Post-operative antibiotics and steroids were given for 8 weeks and patients were followed up for two years.

Results:  Out of 25, 18 (72%) female patients and 7 (28%) male patients underwent surgery. Most of the patients had previous surgical complications of Posterior capsular rent 15 (60%). Four (16%) patients had eye trauma, three had lens subluxation for pseudo-exfoliation and 3 patients (children) were suffering from Marfan Syndrome. Seventy-two percent patients had visual acuity of more than 6/18, 16% had 6/18 to 6/24 and 12% had 6/24 to 6/60.

Conclusion:  Properly done suture-less scleral fixation is a safe technique with little chance of IOL dislocation.

Key Words:  Scleral fixation, Intraocular lens, Cataract.
Late within the Capsular Bag Intraocular Lens Dislocation (Ten – Year Experience)
Authors: Baig Munir Amjad , Munir Rabeeya
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the frequency and causes of within the bag intraocular lens dislocation.

Study Design:  Descriptive, retrospective study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Federal Government Services Hospital Islamabad, from 2008 to 2018.

Methods:  Records of all the patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification were studied. Patients with Pseudoexfoliation and glaucoma were excluded. Out-of-the bag IOL dislocations and early dislocations that occurred within first three months after the cataract surgery were also not included. Percentage of patients with dislocated lens within the capsular bag after three months or more was calculated and the cause of dislocation was found. Results were presented in percentages.

Results:  Three thousand patients underwent uneventful phacoemulsification. Two thousand nine hundred thirty two (2932) patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria while 68 patients did not return for follow up. Age ranged between 25 and 75 years. There were 1600 males and 1332 were females. One thousand seven hundred and sixty were right eyes and one thousand one hundred and seventy two were left eyes. Sixty one (2.08%) developed late IOL dislocations, 35 (57.3%) males and 26 (42.7%) females. Patients of age group 50 – 75 years had more IOL dislocations. Causes of dislocation included; advanced mature cataract 21.3%, 19.7% with postoperative trauma, uveitis 14.7%, Myopia 9.8%, Silicon plate design in 9.8%, eccentric capsulorhexis 8.1%, small capsulorhexis 6.5%, retinitis pigmentosa 3.2% and in 6.5% no cause was found.

Conclusion:  Advanced mature cataract and postoperative trauma were the commonest causes of IOL dislocation.

Key Words:  Cataract surgery, Phacoemulsification, Trauma, Capsulorhexis. Intra ocular lens dislocation.
Frequency of Diabetic Retinopathy and Factors for Suboptimal Diabetic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Trust Hospital of Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Sidrah , Jahangir Tehmina , Khan Tariq
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the frequency of diabetic retinopathy and factors responsible for poor diabetic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a trust hospital.

Place and duration of Study:  Akhtar Saeed Medical College, from January 2018 to December 2019.

Study Design:  Descriptive cross-sectional study.

Methods:  Total 395 diabetic patients belonging to lower socioeconomic class were included in the study. Type 1diabetes, age below 20 years, high myopia, papilledema, dense cataract, corneal scar and patients on dialysis were excluded. Age, gender, duration of disease, family history of diabetes, drugs used for diabetic control, compliance with drug, random serum sugar level at presentation, HBA1c level, best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp and fundus findings were noted.

Results:  There were 270 (68.4%) females and 125 (31.6%) males (total 395). Random serum sugar was below 200mg/dl in 188 (47.6%). Family history of diabetes was positive in 145 (36.7%). Duration of diabetes was below ten years in 288 (73%). Visual acuity was less than 6/60 in 36 (6.3%) patients. HbA1c was within normal range in only 124 (31.4%). CSMO was present in 199 (50.37%) patients. Diabetic retinopathy was observed in 57 (14.43%) patients. Patients using oral hypoglycemic agents were 225 (57%), on insulin 151 (38.23%) and19 (4.8%) were using both oral drugs and insulin. Compliance was poor in 294 (74.4%).

Conclusion:  Poor monetary resources compounded with lack of knowledge about disease, misconceptions regarding insulin and imbalanced diet are big hurdles in achieving optimal glycemic control in lower socio-economic class.

Key Words:  Diabetic Retinopathy, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood serum sugar, clinically significant macular edema.
Demographic Characteristics and Causes of Acquired Non-senile Ptosis: Experience at a Tertiary Oculoplastic Center
Authors: Idris Mohammad , Yaqoob Hassan , Khan Muhammad Adnan , Zar Adnan , Alam Muhib ul
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the demographic characteristics and causes of acquired, non-senile ptosis in patients presenting to an oculoplastic clinic of a tertiary care centre.

Study Design:  Observational case series.

Place and Duration of Study: Lady Reading Hospital, from January 2016 to December 2017.

Methods:  Twenty eight patients were fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study. Detailed history with complete examination and investigations like electromyography, acetylcholine receptor antibody test and CT/MRI brain were performed when required. Cause of each ptosis was determined and the relative proportions were calculated.

Results:  There were 28 cases with acquired, non-senile ptosis. Fifty seven percent were males while females were 42.9%. Patients were divided into four age groups. Most of the patients were in age group of 42–62 years. Eyelid/orbit tumor and Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) was seen in 3.6% and 7.1% patients of < 20 years of age respectively. Myasthenia gravis and thyroid related pseudoptosis was common in patients of 21-41 years. In patients with age 42-62 years, Pseudoptosis due to thyroid disorder was the commonest. In patients with age more than 63 years, 3rd nerve palsy, eyelid/orbital mass and Myasthenia gravis was seen. Third nerve palsy and Pseudoptosis secondary to thyroid and eyelid/orbit mass were more common in males while Myasthenia gravis was more common in females. CPEO was equally seen in both genders with p = 0.575.

Conclusion:  Thyroid related eyelid pseudoptosis of the contralateral eye was the commonest cause in this case series.

Key Words:  Blepharoptosis, Third nerve palsy, Myasthenia gravis.
Comparison of AC/A Ratio in True and Simulated Divergence Excess Exotropia
Authors: Sagheer Sana , Haider Muhammad Ali , Bukhari Attaullah Shah , Sattar Uzma , Ahmed Iftikhar
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the accommodation convergence per accommodation ratio (AC/A) in true and simulated divergence excess exotropia.

Study Design:  Comparative cross sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of ophthalmology, Punjab Rangers teaching hospital, Lahore, from July 2019 to December 2019.

Methods:  The study included 20 patients each of intermittent exotropia (XT) true and simulated divergence excess exotropia (XT).All the subjects underwent complete orthoptic assessmentthat included AC/A ratio calculation through heterophoria method after monocular occlusion.

Results:  The Results showed that patients with true divergence excess exotropia have a high AC/A ratio as compared to patients with simulated divergence excess exotropia who have a normal AC/A ratio. 57% patients showed true divergence excess exotropia with high AC/A ratio while 43% had divergence excess with normal AC/A ratio.

Conclusion:  The response of AC/A was found to be higher in patients with true divergence excess exotropia after monocular occlusion.

Key Words:  Intermittent exotropia, True simulated divergence excess exotropia, simulated divergence excess exotropia.
Laparoscopic-Assisted Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients With Prior Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Case Series of Technical Challenges
Authors: Aloun Abdulrahman , Al Abeidi Fahad , Alzahrani Ali , Swied Abdul Monem
Published: April 2021

Accessing the biliary ducts for performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and relevant interventional procedures after gastric bypass surgery is technically difficult and frequently unsuccessful due to anatomical alterations. To overcome such technical challenges, laparoscopic-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP) is used to approach the biliary ducts via nonperoral reliable access for performing different endoscopic biliary interventions. In this case series, we report a total of three patients with different anatomical alterations who underwent LA-ERCP.
A tecnologia digital como uma ferramenta de aprendizagem nas aulas de Matemática: criação de aplicativos para estudo do Teorema de Pitágoras.
Authors: Pereira Gilmar De Evangelho , De Andrade Adriana Dada
Published: April 2021

O presente relato de experiência descreve atividades desenvolvidas com a turma Totalidade 8 da modalidade de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) de uma escola da rede pública estadual no município de Osório/RS, a maioria dos estudantes dessa turma eram jovens egressos do ensino regular, que devido as inúmeras evasões e repetências estavam fora da idade-série, tendo como oportunidade para concluírem seus estudos a EJA. Como uma alternativa diferente do ensino tradicional para abordar o Teorema de Pitágoras, surgiu a ideia de propor aos estudantes a criação de aplicativos relacionados ao assunto nas aulas de Matemática. Foi usada a plataforma App Inventor, que possibilita o desenvolvimento de aplicativos de maneira intuitiva utilizando o computador e a instalação desses aplicativos nos smartphones dos estudantes no final do projeto. Constatou-se que as atividades desenvolvidas contribuíram para auxiliar o estudante na construção do seu conhecimento de forma autônoma, despertaram a motivação e o interesse dos mesmos durante as aulas de Matemática. Assim, a proposta de criação de aplicativos apresentou-se como uma excelente alternativa para utilização no ensino dos conteúdos de Matemática.
Caminhos da Educação do Campo de Nova Santa Rita/RS
Authors: Moreira Rodrigues Andressa Luana , Da Rosa Sabrina Silveira , Lima Robaina José Vicente
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho tem por objetivo traçar um panorama sobre os caminhos percorridos pela Educação do/no Campo da E.M.E.F Rui Barbosa, de 2013 até 2019, e investigar as atividades pedagógicas introduzidas no contexto escolar desta instituição, a partir do seu Clube de Ciências.  Estudo de cunho bibliográfico e descritivo, o qual se ateve para descrição dos dados, diários de bordo de um Clube Ciências, diário de bordo da COOPERB – Cooperativa Escolar, diários de estágios da Faculdade Lecampo-UFRGS, registros dos eventos, cursos e palestras de âmbito municipal. Percebe-se pelos dados que o Clube de Ciências alavancou o trabalho interdisciplinar da escola e também possibilitou a implantação de projetos que auxiliam na formação integral dos educandos, como a cooperativa escolar, o galinheiro pedagógico e a reestruturação do currículo escolar.
Desenvolvimento de uma proposta de formação de professores sobre a Pesquisa em Sala de Aula na Educação Infantil
Authors: Hartleben Carla Hax , Trombetta Fernanda , Maciel Ribeiro Marcus Eduardo
Published: April 2021

Ao ser planejada a rotina e pensada as atividades para crianças espera-se abranger o seu desenvolvimento integral, observando as singularidades e as características. Sugere-se que sejam observados questionamentos, curiosidades e a construção do conhecimento, as quais elas desenvolvem ainda na infância. Nessa perspectiva, a questão que norteou a pesquisa é: O que emerge sobre a Pesquisa em Sala de Aula pelos educadores que atuam na Educação Infantil nas escolas municipais de Igrejinha-RS? Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram convidados os Educadores Multimeios da rede municipal de Igrejinha-RS, que atuam com crianças de quatro a seis anos nas Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil e de Ensino Fundamental. O objetivo geral foi proporcionar uma discussão reflexiva acerca da Pesquisa em Sala de Aula e as possibilidades de aplicabilidade como um princípio pedagógico na Educação Infantil por meio de uma Comunidade Aprendente. Foi utilizada a metodologia baseada na pesquisa-ação. Uma formação de professores por meio de uma Comunidade Aprendente foi realizada com os Educadores Multimeios sendo possível discutir sobre as práticas pedagógicas adotadas na Educação Infantil, bem como refletir e experenciar a utilização da Pesquisa em Sala de Aula como um princípio pedagógico para as crianças nas escolas da rede municipal de Igrejinha-RS.
Sala de aula invertida com experimentação no ensino da óptica geométrica em uma escola pública da rede estadual de ensino do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Confortin Carolina Krupp Consul , Costa Rosângela Menegotto , Espinosa Tobias
Published: April 2021

O presente artigo apresenta, discute e analisa uma aplicação da Sala de Aula Invertida (SAI) com experimentação no ensino da óptica geométrica. A SAI é um modelo de ensino que propõe colocar o aluno como parte central, ativa e responsável no processo de aprendizagem. Na SAI ocorre uma inversão no processo: as atividades usualmente feitas em casa são realizadas em aula e as tarefas geralmente realizadas em aula são feitas em casa. A referida aplicação foi realizada em duas turmas de 2° ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual. A SAI foi vinculada com atividades experimentais e uso de tecnologias digitais. Os alunos receberam o material didático por uma rede social em um momento anterior ao presencial. O celular esteve presente durante todo o processo para consulta e registro das atividades. O material foi constituído de explicações conceituais e atividades. Durante os momentos presenciais discutiram-se dúvidas, foram realizados questionários, rodas de conversas e atividades experimentais. Através das atividades experimentais os alunos puderam visualizar na prática os conceitos estudados. Foi possível observar que os alunos se engajaram nas atividades, demonstrando interesse e dedicação nas atividades.
A incrível proeza dos alunos-pesquisadores na construção de conhecimentos geográficos e na leitura do lugar – Experiências do projeto #SomosMario
Authors: Nunes Juliana Garcia
Published: April 2021

O artigo “A incrível proeza dos alunos-pesquisadores na construção de conhecimentos geográficos e o espantoso poder da Geografia na leitura do lugar – Experiências do projeto #SomosMario” foi um projeto de intervenção, construído por educandos (as) do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal do Bairro Mário Quintana, comunidade da periferia de Porto Alegre/RS. A pesquisa teve como objetivo abordar, através de conceitos geográficos (espaço, lugar, território), a história, a cultura, a identidade e a espacialidade do Bairro Mário Quintana, em que os educandos, a partir de suas dúvidas, curiosidades, ansiedades, problematizações e interesses, produziram conhecimentos geográficos a respeito da localidade, enxergando o bairro como um Lugar, alterando regimes de visibilidade, de um espaço violento, perigoso, estigmatizado como “território do crime” pelos constantes homicídios e “toques de recolher” para uma visibilidade que fortaleceu e valorizou a identidade do lugar e o sentimento de pertencimento, construindo uma cidadania espacial nos adolescentes participantes do projeto. A aplicação da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, entendida como uma intervenção pontual em problema coletivo a ser solucionado, proporcionou aos educandos voz sobre as vivências na localidade, e compreendê-las, papel do ensino de Geografia: “entender o lugar para compreender o mundo”.
Experimentação multissensorial para ensino de Cinética e Cinemática na perspectiva do aluno deficiente visual: Relato de experiência de oficinas pedagógicas
Authors: Peixoto Maura Luise Bruckchem , Ignácio Patrícia , Godoi Marcelo
Published: April 2021

Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados obtidos durante a aplicação de oficinas pedagógicas que inseriram tópicos de Cinética Química e Cinemática em aulas de Ciências no nono ano do Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com um aluno de baixa visão e quatorze videntes, em uma escola na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. As oficinas objetivaram a realização de atividades multissensoriais que possibilitassem melhor motivação, participação e facilitação do processo de aprendizagem do referido aluno com a turma e com os conteúdos trabalhados durante o desenvolvimento das mesmas. Após a análise de resultados, percebeu-se que a adaptação de recursos contribui significativamente para melhor assimilação dos conceitos trabalhados.
Formação de professores em comunidade: uma experiência com docentes que ensinam matemática nos anos iniciais
Authors: Mumbach Simone , Guidotti Charles Dos Santos
Published: April 2021

Este relato apresenta uma experiência formativa em comunidade aprendente, constituída por professores que ensinam Matemática nos anos iniciais.  A referida comunidade, organizada em torno do estudo do Referencial Curricular Gaúcho, desenvolveu atividades assíncronas e síncronas durante o ano de 2019, totalizando 40 horas de formação. Nesta escrita, são apresentadas as compreensões teórico-práticas emergentes sobre o processo formativo constituído. A contar do movimento de análise dos materiais desenvolvidos pelos professores em formação na comunidade, o movimento de entrelaçamento entre teoria (currículo – as expectativas) e prática (ação pedagógica – colocar o currículo em ação) pode representar uma alternativa para o aperfeiçoamento da ação docente. Aponta-se, a formação no coletivo como instrumento instigador de reflexão, possibilitando que os professores repensem suas ações através da partilha de experiências e da discussão coletiva.
Acolhida Cidadã/Solidária da FURG: uma política de acolhimento aos ingressantes com protagonismo da comunidade universitária
Authors: Schirmer Sirlei Nadia , Barros Jardim Daniele , Godinho da Costa Tatiane , Rejane Pardo Maurell Joice
Published: April 2021

Este relato tem como objetivo apresentar o Programa de Acolhida Cidadã/Solidária da FURG, enquanto metodologia institucional de acolhimento aos estudantes ingressantes, que substitui o trote universitário, bem como aposta no protagonismo dos envolvidos no desenvolvimento das atividades. O Programa traduz uma nova cultura que propôs ações solidárias e respeitosas à dignidade e à boa convivência nos espaços sociais, dentro e fora do ambiente universitário, substituindo, nessa última década, o conhecido trote. Partindo da premissa de Caetano Veloso que já dizia “É proibido, proibir”, a universidade criou em 2010 a Acolhida Cidadã, fazendo com que o conceito e a cultura do trote universitário fosse se desconstruindo entre os estudantes. O referencial teórico está baseado nas elucidações de Brandão (2002), Freire (1997, 2000 e 2007), Gadotti (2003), Mattozo (1985) e Vázquez (1999). Como resultados, percebemos que os vínculos estabelecidos pelos veteranos no processo de acolhimento têm um impacto positivo na adaptação dos calouros, o que influencia consequentemente no desempenho acadêmico e, muitas vezes, minimiza os processos de retenção e evasão, que muito tem nos mobilizado no seu enfrentamento, enquanto instituição. Atinente, as atividades da Acolhida Cidadã têm contribuído para melhorar a qualidade do ensino e da formação ampliada dos estudantes.
Uma experiência de orientação de pesquisas científicas nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental do Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS
Authors: Hugo Nedel Oliveira Victor
Published: April 2021

A prática pedagógica da iniciação científica na escola básica vem ganhando relevância na contemporaneidade, na medida em que a construção do conhecimento perpassa os processos de buscas por respostas de questionamentos feitos pelos estudantes a partir de suas experiências. O principal objetivo do presente texto é relatar o desenvolvimento de uma experiência de orientação de pesquisa científica no âmbito da escola, a partir da descrição das etapas envolvidas das investigações de estudantes-pesquisadores do ensino fundamental do Colégio de Aplicação da UFRGS. Para tanto, verificou-se o papel do docente orientador e de seis estudantes na disciplina de Iniciação Científica, formando o corpus da investigação. Considera-se, portanto, que a ação discutida possibilita entender os estudantes como protagonistas de suas aprendizagens, a partir do emprego da Iniciação Científica na escola básica. Ao mesmo tempo, o processo do exercício reflexivo entre as atividades dos estudantes e do orientador coloca em ação as perspectivas de uma práxis docente conectada com as exigências contemporâneas.
A Prática Docente na Educação Básica e as relações com a Educação CTS
Authors: Kist Daiane , München Sinara
Published: April 2021

Este artigo tem o objetivo de identificar e analisar como as pesquisas sobre Educação CTS propostas em teses e dissertações conduziram o desenvolvimento das práticas docentes. A abordagem metodológica é qualitativa, composta pela investigação de dissertações e teses da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD) do IBICT (Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologias), iniciando-se com uma busca temática das palavras-chaves “formação de professores”, “CTS” e “prática”. A análise foi realizada de acordo com as etapas da Análise Textual Discursiva. Este artigo estabelece discussões sobre a primeira categoria intermediária que emergiu durante a análise das teses e dissertações, denominada ‘desenvolvimento das práticas docentes na educação básica’. As reflexões realizadas no decorrer desta pesquisa apontam para o que precisa ser repensado e quais as possibilidades para a qualificação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Por fim, concluímos que a inserção dos pressupostos da educação CTS na prática docente ocorre de forma parcial, fato que demonstra a necessidade de serem criados programas de formação continuada voltados às inter-relações da educação CTS.
Estágio Curricular Supervisionado: perspectivas e desafios de constituir-se educador em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Cantoni Jaqueline , Rochembach Eduarda Souza , Chiapinoto Mayara Luza , Lauxen Ademar Antonio
Published: April 2021

Entende-se que o processo de formação de professores exige um conjunto de ações que possibilitem a construção do conhecimento e de saberes relativos à docência, desenvolvendo habilidades, valores e atitudes que entrelaçam teoria e prática. Ao mesmo tempo, compreende-se que esse processo inclui, como um de seus importantes momentos, o desenvolvimento do estágio. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo demonstrar os impactos no planejamento e na execução do estágio em um curso de licenciatura em Química, em decorrência da pandemia de COVID-19. A análise se deu com base nos relatórios finais de nove acadêmicos-estagiários, cujo estágio estava planejado para ser desenvolvido de forma presencial na disciplina de Ciências. Em virtude da incidência da COVID-19, os estagiários vivenciaram a experiência atípica do estágio de forma remota/on-line. Logo, foi necessário o replanejamento das atividades que seriam desenvolvidas no âmbito escolar, adaptando a Situação de Estudo (SE) proposta para a organização dos conteúdos no estágio para o modo remoto. A leitura dos relatórios permitiu a definição das unidades de análise, valendo-se da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). A análise permite afirmar que o Estágio Curricular Supervisionado no Ensino Fundamental, na disciplina de Ciências, mesmo tendo sido desenvolvido por meio do Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE), foi satisfatório, pois os estagiários demonstraram que houve possibilidades de exercer a docência na dimensão crítico-reflexiva, mediando os conceitos científicos envolvidos na proposta de cada SE, percebendo os limites como desafios para melhorar a ação bem como condição para avançar na construção da identidade profissional.
BNCC e as práticas epistêmicas e científicas nos anos finais do ensino fundamental
Authors: Reis Anazia Aparecida , Apolinário de Azevedo Elaine Cristina , Freguglia Junia , Scarabelli Ribeiro Lidiane Dos Santos
Published: April 2021

A Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) orienta o ensino de Ciências na perspectiva do Letramento Científico. Em que pese o debate em torno da BNCC e da definição do termo letramento para a educação científica, este trabalho visa contribuir para a pesquisa e para a prática no ensino de Ciências, apresentando a identificação e análise das práticas científicas e epistêmicas associadas às habilidades propostas pela BNCC para os anos finais do ensino fundamental na área de Ciências da Natureza, tomando como referência pesquisa semelhante realizada por Sasseron sobre os anos iniciais. Assim, constatamos que, em todo o ensino fundamental, a área de Ciências da Natureza da BNCC apresenta maior associação a práticas científicas do que a práticas epistêmicas e que existe um número elevado de habilidades sem associação a práticas epistêmicas, bem como uma elevada quantidade de habilidades que não apresentam práticas epistêmicas e práticas científicas em concomitância. Além disso, há alta incidência de práticas comuns ao ensino tradicionalmente marcado pela passividade dos estudantes e por atividades de reprodução, em detrimento de outras que avançam no sentido da inserção dos estudantes na cultura científica, indicando incoerências e contradições importantes de serem observadas no planejamento de estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem.
Educação em tempos de pandemia: dificuldades e oportunidades para os professores de ciências e matemática da educação básica na rede pública do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Flores Jeronimo Becker , Lima Valderez Marina do Rosário
Published: April 2021

Este artigo versa sobre uma situação particular ocorrida no ano de 2020: o ensino remoto emergencial desenvolvido em função da pandemia da COVID-19. Objetivou-se compreender as dificuldades e oportunidades emergentes desse cenário para os professores de Ciências e Matemática, no contexto do Ensino Fundamental, na rede pública estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Em busca de compreensões para essa temática, realizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa, cujo corpus foi analisado por meio de Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Resultados apontam como principais dificuldades a falta de fluência digital dos professores e o fato de eles não receberem o devido amparo e apoio. Também se percebe a baixa adesão dos estudantes às propostas. Como oportunidades, observou-se que os docentes adotaram práticas alternativas e efetuaram movimentos de incursões na cultura digital. Futuramente, este trabalho poderá ter continuidade, trazendo, assim, compreensões mais ampliadas em relação a essa conjuntura.