bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraining the preservation of organic compounds in Mars analog nontronites after exposure to acid and alkaline fluids
Authors: Gil-Lozano Carolina , Fairén Alberto G. , Muñoz-Iglesias Victoria , Fernández-Sampedro Maite , Prieto-Ballesteros Olga , Gago-Duport Luis , Losa-Adams Elisabeth , Carrizo Daniel , Bishop Janice L. , Fornaro Teresa , Mateo-Martí Eva
Published: September 2020

The presence of organic matter in lacustrine mudstone sediments at Gale crater was revealed by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover, which also identified smectite clay minerals. Analogue experiments on phyllosilicates formed under low temperature aqueous conditons have illustrated that these are excellent reservoirs to host organic compounds against the harsh surface conditions of Mars. Here, we evaluate whether the capacity of smectites to preserve organic compounds can be influenced by a short exposure to different diagenetic fluids. We analyzed the stability of glycine embedded within nontronite samples previously exposed to either acidic or alkaline fluids (hereafter referred to as “treated nontronites”) under Mars-like surface conditions. Analyses performed using multiple techniques showed higher photodegradation of glycine in the acid-treated nontronite, triggered by decarboxylation and deamination processes. In constrast, our experiments showed that glycine molecules were preferably incorporated by ion exchange in the interlayer region of the alkali-treated nontronite, conferring them a better protection against the external conditions. Our results demonstrate that smectite previously exposed to fluids with different pH values influences how glycine is adsorbed into their interlayer regions, affecting their potential for preservation of organic compounds under contemporary Mars surface conditions.
Factors associated with psychological stress and distress among Korean adults: the results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Cheon Yejin , Park Jinju , Jeong Bo Yoon , Park Eun Young , Oh Jin-Kyoung , Yun E Hwa , Lim Min Kyung
Published: September 2020

The prevalence of stress and distress has been increasing and being important public health issues; nevertheless, few studies have assessed the factors associated at the population level. This study identified factors associated and how they differentially influence stress and distress. A total of 35,105 individuals aged 19 years and older using nationally representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2012) were included in the study. Subjects were differentiated by gender and psychological state (no symptoms, stress, distress). The associations of socio-demographics, psychosocial factors, health behaviours, and chronic illness with psychological states were analysed by gender. Socio-demographics and psychosocial factors such as lower household income, lower education level, living alone or negative outcome of marriage, and unemployment were associated with distress in both genders. Male and female educated higher and with short sleep duration, male living alone and with higher household income, and female married and with a lower household income was associated with stress. A perceived body image of slim or fat was associated with distress and stress in both genders. Behavioural factors, such as smoking, higher alcohol consumption, and abnormal calorie intake, were associated with stress and distress in both genders, with the exception of alcohol consumption in distress and abnormal calorie intake in stress of male. Socio-economic deprivation and negative psychosocial and behavioural factors were differently associated with psychological distress or stress by gender. Intervention strategies for distress and stress should be specifically tailored regarding these differences.
Using GRACE satellite observations for separating meteorological variability from anthropogenic impacts on water availability
Authors: Hosseini-Moghari Seyed-Mohammad , Araghinejad Shahab , Ebrahimi Kumars , Tang Qiuhong , AghaKouchak Amir
Published: September 2020

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations provide information on Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) which is a key variable for drought monitoring and assessment. The so-called Total Water Storage Deficit Index (TWSDI) based on GRACE data has been widely used for characterizing drought events. Here we show that the commonly used TWSDI approach often exhibits significant inconsistencies with meteorological conditions, primarily upon presence of a trend in observations due to anthropogenic water use. In this study, we propose a modified version of TWSDI (termed, MTWSDI) that decomposes the anthropogenic and climatic-driven components of GRACE observations. We applied our approach for drought monitoring over the Ganges–Brahmaputra in India and Markazi basins in Iran. Results show that the newly developed MTWSDI exhibits consistency with meteorological drought indices in both basins. We also propose a deficit-based method for drought monitoring and recovery assessment using GRACE observations, providing useful information about volume of deficit, and minimum and average time for drought recovery. According to the deficit thresholds, water deficits caused by anthropogenic impacts every year in the Ganges–Brahmaputra basin and Markazi basins is almost equal to an abnormally dry condition and a moderate drought condition, receptively. It indicates that unsustainable human water use have led to a form of perpetual and accelerated anthropogenic drought in these basins. Continuation of this trend would deplete the basin and cause significant socio-economic challenges.
The SDGs and human well-being: a global analysis of synergies, trade-offs, and regional differences
Authors: De Neve Jan-Emmanuel , Sachs Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2020

This paper explores the empirical links between achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and subjective well-being. Globally, we find that in terms of well-being, there are increasing marginal returns to sustainable development. Unpacking the SDGs by looking at how each SDG relates to well-being shows, in most cases, a strong positive correlation. However, SDG12 (responsible production and consumption) and SDG13 (climate action) are negatively correlated with well-being. This suggests that in the short run there may be certain trade-offs to sustainable development, and further heterogeneity is revealed through an analysis of how these relationships play out by region. Variance decomposition methods also suggest large differences in how each SDG contributes to explaining the variance in well-being between countries. These and other empirical insights highlight that more complex and contextualized policy efforts are needed in order to achieve sustainable development while optimising for well-being.
Assessing the population-wide exposure to lead pollution in Kabwe, Zambia: an econometric estimation based on survey data
Authors: Yamada Daichi , Hiwatari Masato , Hangoma Peter , Narita Daiju , Mphuka Chrispin , Chitah Bona , Yabe John , Nakayama Shouta M. M. , Nakata Hokuto , Choongo Kennedy , Ishizuka Mayumi
Published: September 2020

This study quantitatively assessed the population-wide lead poisoning conditions in Kabwe, Zambia, a town with severe lead pollution. While existing data have reported concerning blood lead levels (BLLs) of residents in pollution hotspots, the data representing the entire population are lacking. Further, selection bias is a concern. Given the lack of compulsory testing schemes, BLLs have been observed from voluntary participants in blood sampling surveys, but such data can represent higher or lower BLLs than the population average because of factors simultaneously affecting participation and BLLs. To illustrate the lead poisoning conditions of the population, we expanded the focus of our surveys and then econometrically estimated the BLLs of individuals representing the population, including those not participating in blood sampling, using background geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic information. The estimated population mean BLL was 11.9 μg/dL (11.6–12.1, 95% CI), lower than existing data because of our wide focus and correction of selection bias. However, the scale of lead poisoning remained immense and 74.9% of residents had BLLs greater than 5 μg/dL, the standard reference level for lead poisoning. Our estimates provide a deeper understanding of the problem and a foundation for policy intervention designs.
Rate of torque development and striatal shape in individuals with prodromal Huntington's disease
Authors: Cruickshank Travis , Reyes Alvaro , Pulverenti Timothy S. , Rankin Tim , Bartlett Danielle M. , Blazevich Anthony J. , Poudel Govinda , Ziman Mel , Trajano Gabriel S.
Published: September 2020

The aim of the present study was to quantify explosive joint torque or the ability to develop joint torque rapidly, typically measured as the rate of torque development, in individuals with prodromal Huntington’s disease and healthy controls and its associations with measures of disease burden and striatal pathology. Twenty prodromal Huntington’s disease and 19 healthy control individuals volunteered for this study. Plantar flexor isometric rate of torque development values were evaluated using isokinetic dynamometry. Pathological changes in striatal shape were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Disease burden was evaluated using the disease burden score and cytosine-adenine-guanine age product score. No statistical differences in the rate of torque development were observed between individuals with prodromal Huntington’s disease and healthy controls. However, significant associations were observed between the rate of torque development values and measures of disease burden (r = −0.42 to −0.69) and striatal pathology (r = 0.71–0.60) in individuals with prodromal Huntington’s disease. We found significant associations between lower rate of torque development values and greater striatal shape deflation and disease burden and striatal pathology in individuals with prodromal Huntington’s disease. While no significant differences in the rate of torque development were found between prodromal Huntington’s disease and healthy controls, the noted associations suggest that differences may emerge as the disease advances, which should be investigated longitudinally in future studies.
Concentration of fifteen elements in herbaceous stems of Ephedra intermedia and influence of its growing soil
Authors: Liu Anli , Li Siqi , Cen Nana , Mao Fuying , Yang Ruixia , Li Linfei , Sui Hong , Zhao Yunsheng
Published: September 2020

Mineral nutrients play important roles in the growth and metabolism of Ephedra intermedia, and are affected by soil factors. Fifteen elements were measured from wild E. intermedia as well as their growing soils using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to investigate the influences and characteristics of herb elements. The pH, cation exchange capacity, humus and soil mechanical composition were also determined in rhizosphere soils. Results showed that E. intermedia stems contained high N, low P concentrations in macronutrients and high Fe in micronutrients, and enriched N, S, Cl, P and Sr from soils. The 15 herb elements were affected by one or more soil factors, and K, P, Zn, Fe and Mn were important soil elements that influenced the mineral accumulation of E. intermedia. This study was useful for the artificial cultivation of wild E. intermedia.
Proximity-based vocal networks reveal social relationships in the Southern white rhinoceros
Authors: Jenikejew Julia , Chaignon Brenda , Linn Sabrina , Scheumann Marina
Published: September 2020

Vocal communication networks can be linked to social behaviour, allowing a deeper understanding of social relationships among individuals. For this purpose, the description of vocal dyads is fundamental. In group-living species, this identification is based on behavioural indicators which require a high level of reactivity during social interactions. In the present study, we alternatively established a proximity-based approach to investigate whether sex-specific differences in vocal communication reflect social behaviour in a species with rather loose social associations and low levels of reactivity: the Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). We performed audio- and video recordings of 30 captive animals from seven groups. Vocal networks for the four most common call types were constructed by considering conspecifics at close distance (≤ 1 body length) to the sender as potential receivers. The analysis of the resulting unidirectional structures showed that not only the sex of the sender but also the sex of the potential receiver, the quality of social interactions (affiliative or agonistic) as well as association strength predict the intensity of vocal interactions between group members. Thus, a proximity-based approach can be used to construct vocal networks providing information about the social relationships of conspecifics—even in species with loose social associations where behavioural indicators are limited.
Attosecond betatron radiation pulse train
Authors: Horný Vojtěch , Krůs Miroslav , Yan Wenchao , Fülöp Tünde
Published: September 2020

High-intensity X-ray sources are essential diagnostic tools for science, technology and medicine. Such X-ray sources can be produced in laser-plasma accelerators, where electrons emit short-wavelength radiation due to their betatron oscillations in the plasma wake of a laser pulse. Contemporary available betatron radiation X-ray sources can deliver a collimated X-ray pulse of duration on the order of several femtoseconds from a source size of the order of several micrometres. In this paper we demonstrate, through particle-in-cell simulations, that the temporal resolution of such a source can be enhanced by an order of magnitude by a spatial modulation of the emitting relativistic electron bunch. The modulation is achieved by the interaction of the that electron bunch with a co-propagating laser beam which results in the generation of a train of equidistant sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses. The distance between the single pulses of a train is tuned by the wavelength of the modulation laser pulse. The modelled experimental setup is achievable with current technologies. Potential applications include stroboscopic sampling of ultrafast fundamental processes.
Statistical learning in domestic chicks is modulated by strain and sex
Authors: Santolin Chiara , Rosa-Salva Orsola , Lemaire Bastien S. , Regolin Lucia , Vallortigara Giorgio
Published: September 2020

Statistical learning is a key mechanism for detecting regularities from a variety of sensory inputs. Precocial newborn domestic chicks provide an excellent model for (1) exploring unsupervised forms of statistical learning in a comparative perspective, and (2) elucidating the ecological function of statistical learning using imprinting procedures. Here we investigated the role of the sex of the chicks in modulating the direction of preference (for familiarity or novelty) in a visual statistical learning task already employed with chicks and human infants. Using both automated tracking and direct human coding, we confirmed chicks’ capacity to recognize the presence of a statistically defined structure underlying a continuous stream of shapes. Using a different chicken strain than previous studies, we were also able to highlight sex differences in chicks’ propensity to approach the familiar or novel sequence. This could also explain a previous failure to reveal statistical learning in chicks which sex was however not determined. Our study confirms chicks’ ability to track visual statistics. The pivotal role of sex in determining familiarity or novelty preferences in this species and the interaction with the animals’ strain highlight the importance to contextualize comparative research within the ecology of each species.
Experimental neoichnology of post-autotomy arm movements of sea lilies and possible evidence of thrashing behaviour in Triassic holocrinids
Authors: Gorzelak Przemysław , Salamon Mariusz A. , Brom Krzysztof , Oji Tatsuo , Oguri Kazumasa , Kołbuk Dorota , Dec Marek , Brachaniec Tomasz , Saucède Thomas
Published: September 2020

Echinoderms exhibit remarkable powers of autotomy. For instance, crinoids can shed arm and stalk portions when attacked by predators. In some species, it has been reported that the autotomized arms display vigorous movements, which are thought to divert the attention of predators. This phenomenon, however, has not been well explored. Here we present results of experiments using the shallowest water species of living stalked crinoid (Metacrinus rotundus) collected at 140 m depth. A wide range of movements of detached arms, from sluggish writhing to violent flicks, was observed. Interestingly, autotomized arms produce distinct traces on the sediment surface. They are composed of straight or arched grooves usually arranged in radiating groups and shallow furrows. Similar traces were found associated with detached arms of the oldest (Early Triassic) stem-group isocrinid (Holocrinus). This finding may suggest that the origins of autotomy-related thrashing behaviour in crinoids could be traced back to at least the Early Triassic, underscoring the magnitude of anti-predatory traits that occurred during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. A new ethological category, autotomichnia, is proposed for the traces produced by thrashing movements of shed appendages.
Predictors of normalized HbA1c after gastric bypass surgery in subjects with abnormal glucose levels, a 2-year follow-up study
Authors: Ekberg Neda Rajamand , Falhammar Henrik , Näslund Erik , Brismar Kerstin
Published: September 2020

Clinical biomarkers can predict normalization of HbA1c after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, but it is unclear which are the most predictive.The aim of this study was to compare biomarkers for insulin sensitivity and other clinical parameters in the prediction of normalization of HbA1c after RYGB surgery. This study included 99 (23 men) obese subjects (BMI > 35 kg/m2) undergoing a laparoscopic RYGB. Clinical and biochemical examinations were performed pre-operatively and up to 2 years after surgery. Pre-operatively, normal fasting glucose levels were found in 25 individuals (NG), prediabetes in 46 and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in 28. At baseline IGF-I (SD), IGFBP-1 and adiponectin levels were low while leptin was high. Weight loss was observed in all three groups, most in the prediabetes group. After 2 years HbA1c was decreased in prediabetes and T2DM. In all three groups insulin, HOMA-IR, lipids and blood pressure improved, IGFBP-1 and adiponectin increased and leptin decreased. IGF-I (SD) increased only in T2DM. In those with prediabetes or T2DM (n = 74), HbA1c at 2 years correlated to baseline BMI (r = -0.27, p = 0.028), age (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), HbA1c (r = 0.37, p = 0.001) and IGFBP-1 (r = 0.25, p = 0.038), and was normalized in 45/74 (61%) at 1 year and in 36 subjects (49%) at 2 years. These responders were younger, had higher BMI, larger waist circumference, lower HbA1c and lower IGFBP-1 levels at baseline. In a multiple regression model age (negative, p = 0.021) and waist circumference (positive, p = 0.047) were the only predictors for normalized HbA1c. RYGB normalized HbA1c in 49% at two years follow-up, which was predicted by low baseline IGFBP-1 level, a marker of hepatic insulin sensitivty and insulin secretion. However,. younger age and larger waist circumference were the only predictors of normalized HbA1c in multivariate analysis.
Morphological composition and fiber partitioning along regrowth in elephant grass CT115 intended for ethanol production
Authors: Rueda José A. , Guerrero-Rodríguez Juan de Dios , Ramírez-Ordoñes Sergio , Aguilar-Martínez Cecilio U. , Hernández-Montiel Wilber , Ortega-Jiménez Eusebio
Published: September 2020

Leaf share, plant age and growth season are often overlooked as modifiers of the biomass quality in energy crops. The current work studied the effect of the given factors on the biomass yield and the biomass quality in Elephant grass CT115, intended for bioethanol production, in Veracruz, Mexico. Two seasons per year, 5 months each, were tracked on a 2-weeks basis. The climate is warm wet with summer rains, 1,142 mm of annual rainfall, and 26 °C monthly temperature. From day 56 of the wet season or from day 84 of the dry season, stems accumulated 12 or 6 Mg ha−1, respectively, while green leaves increased only 1 Mg. Higher biomass quality was recorded for the leaf fraction, or for the wet season regrowth. For instance, lignin contained in stems meant twice that of leaves, whereas stems recorded 20% less lignin in the wet season as compared to the dry season. Despite holocellulose being similar between fractions or seasons, hemicellulose and cellulose showed inverse correlation, while lignin and cellulose contents were directly correlated in stems. Increasing the annual harvest of green leaves will improve biomass quality, which is known to increase biodegradability and might improve the annual ethanol yield.
Age as a decisive factor in general anaesthesia use in paediatric proton beam therapy
Authors: Shimazu Yuzo , Otsuki Rie , Murakami Masao , Konishi Akio , Kan Keiichi , Seto Ichiro , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Tsubokura Masaharu , Hattori Hisashi
Published: September 2020

Proton therapy for paediatric cancer patients is an effective treatment; however, young children have may have difficulties staying still during irradiation. This study investigated the indication of general anaesthesia in paediatric proton therapy. Background information and anaesthesia/treatment protocols were retrospectively extracted from the medical records of cancer patients under 15 years who underwent proton therapy at Southern TOHOKU General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan between April 2016 and December 2018. The anaesthesia and non-anaesthesia groups were compared to evaluate factors determining the need for general anaesthesia. Thirty-two patients who received 285 irradiations were analysed. The median age was 5 years old (range: 1–15), and 13 patients (40.6%) were female. Twelve (37.5%) patients received general anaesthesia. In the general anaesthesia group, airway management using a laryngeal mask was performed in 11 patients (91.6%). Patient age was significantly lower in the general anaesthesia group than in the non-anaesthetised group (p < 0.001). Considering all background factors, only age was strongly associated with anaesthesia in the univariate logistic regression model (odds ratio 0.55 [95% confidence interval 0.35–0.86]; P < 0.01). Thus, age is one of the most important factors determining the need for general anaesthesia during proton therapy in children.
Perfluoropolyether-benzophenone as a highly durable, broadband anti-reflection, and anti-contamination coating
Authors: Lim Soo Min , Lee Myoung Sook , Sohn Eun-Ho , Lee Sang-Goo , Park In Jun , Kang Hong Suk
Published: September 2020

Anti-reflection and anti-contamination coatings prepared from fluorinated polymers have widespread and important applications, ranging from protective films for corrosion resistance to high-tech microelectronics and medical devices due to their transparency, low refractive index, stain resistance, and antifouling properties. However, the application of existing coatings is hindered by low surface adhesion to the target substrate and weakness when exposed to mechanical stress or damage, resulting in significant limitations to their practical applications. Herein, we incorporate perfluoropolyether (PFPE) with benzophenone (BP) to develop an efficient coating material (PFPE-BP) possessing broadband anti-reflectivity, anti-contamination properties, excellent abrasion resistance, and stability under elevated temperatures and relative humidity. The presence of BP allows the coating materials to be homogeneously mixed with a commercial hard coating solution to uniformly coat the target substrate. Furthermore, UV light irradiation on the coating surface results in excellent adhesion between BP groups of PFPE-BP and the hard coating matrix.
Hysteresis branch crossing and the Stoner–Wohlfarth model
Authors: Mathews Scott A. , Ehrlich Alexander C. , Charipar Nicholas A.
Published: September 2020

The Stoner–Wohlfarth model predicts the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the hysteretic magnetization curve. This crossing behavior has widely been dismissed, with the claim that it violates the laws of thermodynamics. Experimental verification of hysteresis branch crossing has not been acknowledged in the literature. Here we show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the crossing of the ascending and descending branches of the magnetization curve is a robust, reproducible phenomenon which does not violate any fundamental law.
Water droplet friction and rolling dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Backholm Matilda , Molpeceres Daniel , Vuckovac Maja , Nurmi Heikki , Hokkanen Matti J. , Jokinen Ville , Timonen Jaakko V. I. , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: September 2020

Superhydrophobicity is a remarkable surface property found in nature and mimicked in many engineering applications, including anti-wetting, anti-fogging, and anti-fouling coatings. As synthetic superhydrophobic coatings approach the extreme non-wetting limit, quantification of their slipperiness becomes increasingly challenging: although contact angle goniometry remains widely used as the gold standard method, it has proven insufficient. Here, micropipette force sensors are used to directly measure the friction force of water droplets moving on super-slippery superhydrophobic surfaces that cannot be quantified with contact angle goniometry. Superhydrophobic etched silicon surfaces with tunable slipperiness are investigated as model samples. Micropipette force sensors render up to three orders of magnitude better force sensitivity than using the indirect contact angle goniometry approach. We directly measure a friction force as low as 7 ± 4 nN for a millimetric water droplet moving on the most slippery surface. Finally, we combine micropipette force sensors with particle image velocimetry and reveal purely rolling water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces.
Ambipolar Organic Polymers for Thin-film Transistors
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2020

Organic semiconducting polymers containing dye and pigment components in the main chain often show ambipolar charge-transporting properties due to the narrow band gaps. By designing the main chain backbone and side chain alkyl structures, the charge-carrier mobilities can be optimized. In addition, the device structures and measurement conditions significantly affect the charge polarity in thin-film transistors.
Halide Perovskites With Ambipolar Transport Properties for Transistor Applications
Authors: Li Feng , Zheng Rongkun
Published: September 2020

Recently, halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention as newly emerging semiconducting materials because of their excellent optoelectronic properties, low cost, and facile processing. These features make halide perovskites attractive for use in high-efficiency energy-related devices and optoelectronic applications, including photovoltaic cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and lasers. Beyond their wide usage in various energy and optoelectronic technologies, these materials are also promising candidates in transistor applications because of their state-of-the-art carrier transporting features, particularly their ambipolar characteristics and high charge carrier mobilities. Field-effect transistors based on halide perovskites with various structures and dimensions have already been developed; however, the low stability and ion migration issues of these materials are still major challenges that need to be addressed to realize their further applications and commercialization. This chapter mainly summarizes the recent progress of halide perovskite transistor devices, with an emphasis placed on detailed discussions of their ambipolar transport features. First, following a brief introduction of halide perovskites, the advantages of their charge transport behaviours for transistors are presented in detail. Thereafter, the development of halide perovskite transistors is systematically reviewed. The challenges and further opportunities of halide perovskite transistor applications are then discussed. Finally, a summary and outlook for transistors containing halide perovskites are outlined.
The Family of Two-dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenides Materials
Authors: Zhang Lu-Hua , Shi Yumeng , Li Henan
Published: September 2020

With atomic thickness and a dangling-bond-free surface, two-dimensional materials exhibit excellent electronic properties and have great potential in the field of next-generation electronics. Five different categories of two-dimensional semiconductors are reviewed in this chapter. We classify various two-dimensional materials by their elemental composition and then discuss their electronic properties and device performance. This classification according to element composition is beneficial to understanding the general characteristics of each category of two-dimensional semiconductors.
Ambipolar Transistors for Logic Operation
Authors: Sun Qi-Jun
Published: September 2020

Ambipolar transistors are a type of transistor where both electrons and holes can be transported within the semiconductor layer depending on the applied gate bias. Due to their potential applications in bipolar memories and logic circuits, great effort has been devoted to materials synthesis and construction of novel device configurations in the past a few years. In this chapter, we first give a brief introduction to unipolar transistors, including their working principles and important parameters used to estimate device performance. Then, we introduce the working principles of organic ambipolar transistors, with the ambipolar transistors divided into three types according to the type of semiconductor used. Recent examples and working mechanisms for these three kinds of ambipolar transistors and logic circuits based on them are then introduced and discussed. Additionally, we introduce ambipolar transistors based on two-dimensional semiconductors. We have also included a table to summarize and compare the performance of many reported ambipolar transistors and logic circuits based on them, before providing some concluding remarks.
A novel electrochemical aptasensor for the sensitive detection of kanamycin based on UiO-66-NH2/MCA/MWCNT@rGONR nanocomposites
Authors: Yao Xin , Shen Jinhui , Liu Qingyan , Fa Huanbao , Yang Mei , Hou Changjun
Published: September 2020

We designed and synthesized a nanocomposite comprising an amine-functionalized MOF (UiO-66-NH2), a multiwalled carbon nanotube@reduced graphene oxide nanoribbon (MWCNT@rGONR) and a covalent organic framework synthesized using melamine and cyanuric acid monomers.
Correction: Cu2O template synthesis of high-performance PtCu alloy yolk–shell cube catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Ye Sheng-Hua , He Xu-Jun , Ding Liang-Xin , Pan Zheng-Wei , Tong Ye-Xiang , Wu Mingmei , Li Gao-Ren
Published: September 2020

Correction for ‘Cu2O template synthesis of high-performance PtCu alloy yolk–shell cube catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells’ by Sheng-Hua Ye et al., Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 12337–12340, DOI: 10.1039/C4CC04108A.
A series of lanthanide(iii) metal–organic frameworks derived from a pyridyl-dicarboxylate ligand: single-molecule magnet behaviour and luminescence properties
Authors: Zhang Chengcheng , Ma Xiufang , Cen Peipei , Jin Xiaoyong , Yang Jinhui , Zhang Yi-Quan , Ferrando-Soria Jesús , Pardo Emilio , Liu Xiangyu
Published: September 2020

The zero-field single-molecule magnet behaviour and luminescence properties of 3D Ln-MOFs with a versatile pyridyl-decorated dicarboxylate.
Efficiency progress of inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Lin Xuesong , Cui Danyu , Luo Xinhui , Zhang Caiyi , Han Qifeng , Wang Yanbo , Han Liyuan
Published: September 2020

A comprehensive review on the efficiency progress of inverted perovskite solar cells towards future development and commercialization.
Engineering the surface of graphene oxide with bovine serum albumin for improved biocompatibility inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sivaselvam S. , Mohankumar A. , Thiruppathi G. , Sundararaj P. , Viswanathan C. , Ponpandian N.
Published: September 2020

We have developed a safer GO formulation by decorating its surface with BSA and characterized its biological effect usingC. elegans. The GO-BSA mitigates the toxic effect of bare GO. This provides insight into the de novo design of safer nanomaterials.
Are TiO2 nanoparticles safe for photocatalysis in aqueous media?
Authors: Valério Alexsandra , Sárria Marisa P. , Rodriguez-Lorenzo Laura , Hotza Dachamir , Espiña Begoña , Gómez González Sergio Yesid
Published: September 2020

Herein TiO2 nanoparticles toxicological assessment under the application framework is shown, depicting the relation among photocatalysis, catalyst release, and the associated potential environmental hazards using zebrafish embryos.
Aromatic carbohydrate amphiphile disrupts cancer spheroids and prevents relapse
Authors: Brito Alexandra , Pereira Patrícia M. R. , Reis Rui L. , Ulijn Rein V. , Lewis Jason S. , Pires Ricardo A. , Pashkuleva Iva
Published: September 2020

Phosphorylated carbohydrate amphiphile acts as a potent antimetabolite due to glycolysis inhibition and in situ formation of supramolecular net. Its efficiency is higher in spheroids as compared to the conventional 2D cultures.
(Gold nanorod core)/(poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) shell) nanostructures and their monolayer arrays for plasmonic switching
Authors: Liang Lili , Lam Shiu Hei , Ma Lijuan , Lu Wenzheng , Wang Shi-Bin , Chen Aizheng , Wang Jianfang , Shao Lei , Jiang Nina
Published: September 2020

(Gold nanorod core)/(poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) shell) nanostructures are prepared. The nanostructure arrays exhibit a remarkable and reversible plasmon peak shift of about 70 nm by controlling the doping level of the polymer shell.
Cubic nano-silver-decorated manganese dioxide micromotors: enhanced propulsion and antibacterial performance
Authors: Liu Wenjuan , Ge Hongbin , Ding Xiaoyong , Lu Xiaolong , Zhang Yanan , Gu Zhongwei
Published: September 2020

A novel strategy for combating bacteria is proposed based on MnO2@Ag micromotors. Due to synergistic reaction of MnO2 and Ag, rapid movement was realized and an enhanced E. coli death was achieved by coupling intense motion with Ag+ sterilization.
Correction: Mixed mechanisms of bond exchange in covalent adaptable networks: monitoring the contribution of reversible exchange and reversible addition in thiol–succinic anhydride dynamic networks
Authors: Podgórski Maciej , Spurgin Nathan , Mavila Sudheendran , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: September 2020

Correction for ‘Mixed mechanisms of bond exchange in covalent adaptable networks: monitoring the contribution of reversible exchange and reversible addition in thiol–succinic anhydride dynamic networks’ by Maciej Podgórski et al., Polym. Chem., 2020, 11, 5365–5376, DOI: 10.1039/D0PY00091D.
Graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes: a new material for emerging applications
Authors: Stroyuk Oleksandr , Raievska Oleksandra , Zahn Dietrich R. T.
Published: September 2020

The current state of the synthesis and applications of nano- and micro-tubes of graphitic carbon nitride is critically reviewed.
Microencapsulated UV filter@ZIF-8 based sunscreens for broad spectrum UV protection
Authors: Sharma Anu , Kumar Abhishek , Li Changning , Sharma Rakesh Kumar , Swihart Mark T.
Published: September 2020

Encapsulation of organic UV filters in ZIF-8 nanoparticles produces a safer, more stable, and more effective sunscreen.
Nanoparticle induced formation of self-assembled zwitterionic surfactant microdomains which mimic microemulsions for the in situ fabrication and dispersion of silver nanoparticles
Authors: Nakagawa Taichi , Hibara Akihide , Hinze Willie L. , Takagai Yoshitaka
Published: September 2020

The illustration of the mechanism of fabrication of dispersive microemulsion enclosing Ag-NPs.
Lyotropic liquid crystal phase behavior of a cationic amphiphile in aqueous and non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquid mixtures
Authors: Yalcin Dilek , Drummond Calum J. , Greaves Tamar L.
Published: September 2020

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are the largest and most tailorable known class of non-aqueous solvents which possess the ability to support amphiphile self-assembly.
Increasing aspect ratio of particles suppresses buckling in shells formed by drying suspensions
Authors: Al Harraq Ahmed , Bharti Bhuvnesh
Published: September 2020

The article identifies the role of particle shape anisotropy in suppressing the buckling of drying droplets of colloidal suspensions.
Two-dimensional functionalized hexagonal boron nitride for quantum dot photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation
Authors: Abdelkarim Omar , Kaur Jasneet , Liu Jiabin , Navarro-Pardo Fabiola , Zarrin Hadis , Yurtsever Aycan , Bassioni Ghada , Wang Zhiming M. , Selopal Gurpreet Singh , Rosei Federico
Published: September 2020

This work highlights the effect of 2D F-h-BN nanoflakes on the carrier recombination and performance of a photoelectrochemical system.
Polyiodide solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell produced from a standard liquid I−/I3− electrolyte
Authors: Tanaka Ellie , Robertson Neil
Published: September 2020

Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were obtained by drying a standard I−/I3− liquid-electrolyte cell in ambient conditions.
Nickel-doped pyrrhotite iron sulfide nanosheets as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for water splitting
Authors: Jing Zhongxin , Zhao Qingyun , Zheng Dehua , Sun Lei , Geng Jiahui , Zhou Qiannan , Lin Jianjian
Published: September 2020

We synthesized nickel-doped pyrrhotite iron sulfide nanosheets via a one-pot synthetic route, with great oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction activities.
Biomedical application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery systems: a biological safety perspective
Authors: Hosseinpour Sepanta , Walsh Laurence J. , Xu Chun
Published: September 2020

A comprehensive review on the biosafety of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
High-performance lead-free ferroelectric BZT–BCT and its application in energy fields
Authors: Yan Xiaodong , Zheng Mupeng , Gao Xin , Zhu Mankang , Hou Yudong
Published: September 2020

The advances of the ferroelectric BZT–BCT material and its applications are systematically reviewed, providing guidance for the development of lead-free devices.
Solving path planning problem based on logistic beetle algorithm search–pigeon‐inspired optimisation algorithm
Authors: Liu Ang , Jiang Jin
Published: September 2020

Mobile robot path planning is an important part of the mobile robot field. The swarm intelligence optimisation algorithm has certain advantages in solving such multi‐objective optimisation problems, so this Letter proposes to apply the pigeon‐inspired optimisation (PIO) algorithm to the path planning problem. However, the traditional PIO algorithm is suffering from the problems of easy to get into local optimisation, low stability and premature convergence. To overcome its shortcomings, this Letter proposes a logistic beetle algorithm search–PIO (LBAS‐PIO) algorithm. In the optimisation process of the LBAS‐PIO algorithm, the PIO algorithm is initialised by the logistic mapping, making the search space more extensive. Learning from the idea of the beetle algorithm search, each pigeon has its own judgment of the environment and the number of iterations and search time are reduced. Further, the path evaluation function of the algorithm and the execution order of the operators are optimised to make the algorithm smoother and easier to find the global optimal solution. Simulation and experimental results illustrated the superiority of the LBAS‐PIO algorithm and the LBAS‐PIO algorithm better meets the needs of mobile robots for the optimal path planning.
Model predictive combined vector and direct torque control of SM‐PMSM with MTPA and constant stator flux magnitude analysis in the stator flux reference frame
Authors: Heidari Reza
Published: September 2020

This study presents a combined vector and direct torque control (CVDTC) for surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SM‐PMSM). The CVDTC method has a fast dynamic torque response without requiring any conventional PWM signal‐generators. Besides, it provides low‐speed control and standstill operation, torque and flux ripple reduction, minor switching frequency variations, and low computational burden. In this study, CVDTC is mathematically analysed in the stator flux reference frame and then both DTC and CVDTC are simulated and compared for SM‐PMSMs. To further reduce torque and flux ripple, model predictive combined vector and direct torque control (MPCVDTC) with the finite control set is analysed and proposed in the stator flux reference frame. Moreover, maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and constant stator flux magnitude analysis for SM‐PMSM are explored in the stator flux reference frame. Simulation and experimental results substantiate the effectiveness and performance of the CVDTC and MPCVDTC methods over a vast speed range.
Algorithm for load cycling correction to minimise the dry zone influences on the cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation
Authors: Gouda Osama E. , Osman Gomaa F.A.
Published: September 2020

Dry zone formation around underground power cables during load cycling may lead to thermal failure of the cable's insulation. This phenomenon has to be recorded to send an alarm to the maintenance crew when the soil around the cable reaches the critical value at which the dry zone has started to be formed. In this study, the buried cable thermal model is modified to include occurrences of dry band formation during dynamic loading. An algorithm has been proposed for corrections of the cable load cycle to maintain the insulation maximum temperature at 85°C and not exceed this limit. This is suggested for reducing the dry zone formation effect on the cable insulation lifetime. The study is done on different single‐core cables using different soil samples that can be used as backfill materials. The variations in thermal soil resistivity and soil thermal capacitance with temperature and moisture content of backfill soil are considered. The practical system used for monitoring the dry zone formation around the cable has been proposed.
Humane by choice, smart by default: 39 building blocks for cities of the future
Authors: van den Bosch Herman
Published: September 2020

For nearly three decades, becoming smart has been claimed to be a solution to urban problems. This claim is justified, but not unconditionally. This article aims to contribute to the development of a human‐centric smart city agenda, which in effect means the application of social and ecological principles, in conjunction with appropriate technology. In order to achieve this goal, smart city literature has been critically assessed for its contribution to the agenda. Five narratives that represent different ways of framing the role of (digital) technologies in solving urban problems have been summarised and commented on. It was concluded that the use of (digital) technology should be preceded by examining the complexity of social and ecological problems of contemporary cities. This vision resulted in a re‐conceptualisation of the smart city concept into a city that aligns the use of technology with its human‐centric agenda. Kate Raworth' concept of a doughnut economy has proven useful in designing such an agenda. This concept is based on the simultaneous application of principles related to social and environmental sustainability, resulting in an agenda of 39 ‘city actions’ for cities that intent to be humane by choice and smart by default.
Design and Application of A Development Framework Based-on Shared Farm Digital Control Platform
Authors: Liya Xi , Yan Pen
Published: September 2020

Agriculture through science and technology is an effective way to promote the development of agricultural economy. In response to the problem of the shortage of urban arable land and the barrenness of rural land, it is combined with the sharing economy and agriculture through the Internet platform to propose the concept of using idle rural land to realize urban people’s online pastoral life. Based on this, the application research on the integration of agriculture and the Internet has been carried out. Taking the needs of shared farm management as an example, through the analysis and research of Nginx, Flask and FFmpeg technologies, the development framework of NFF (Nginx+Flask+FFmpeg) web server with live broadcast function is designed. Based on the NFF framework, the management about land use patterns and planting methods in shared farms have been realized. Real-time live broadcast of farms has also been realized, which establishes a connection between consumers, growers and managers, and draws closer The distance between consumers and farms. The article focuses on the design ideas and application methods of the NFF framework in the agricultural management system, and the application of Blueprint technology in the live broadcast module. From the perspective of the application of the shared farm management system, the NFF framework can ensure the stability and scalability of the system functions, while also reducing the difficulty of development and improving the efficiency of development. It provides design ideas and application methods for Internet technology in agriculture. It is helpful to promote the sustainable development of the concept of “Internet + Sharing”, provides a stage for the sharing economy to drive agricultural development, and provides a reference for the structure of a new agricultural management system.
Web The Effects of Dracaena Sanderiana Extract on The Rooting of Myrtle Cuttings
Authors: Ma Chaoming , Wu Liqiong , Feng Haiyan , Du Jihua
Published: September 2020

In this paper, to identify a utilization direction for the processing waste of dracaena sanderiana and improve the rooting rate of myrtle cuttings, with rooting rate, average number of roots and average root length as rooting indicators, we discussed the effects of D. sanderiana extract, different concentrations, IAA and other factors on the rooting of myrtle cuttings. The results showed that D. sanderiana aqueous extract had a comparable rooting-promoting effect to that of IAA and suggested that a rooting-promoting substance existed in D. sanderiana extract, which can provide an experimental technical support for a cheap, non-toxic and effective specialized rooting agent for myrtle, as well as the cutting breeding of myrtle.
Effects of ABA on Physiological Characteristics of Tomato under Waterlogging
Authors: Gao Wei , Yin Dongmei , Han Zhuqing
Published: September 2020

The effects of waterlogging on antioxidant enzyme activities responses in five different lines, i.e. ABA-deficient mutant (0673) and its control (0535), two ABA over-production transgenic rd29A:NCED1 lines (#2, #7) and Mill. L. cv. New Yorker (WT) were investigated. The waterlogging was mimicked by treating pot plants with flooding. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity in the leaves were evaluated in all treatments. The results showed that after 7 days waterlogging treatment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in all plants, especially in LA0673. Compared with the LA0673, #2 and #7 significantly increase the activities of SOD, POD and CAT under waterlogging stress. Therefore, ABA could improve the waterlogging tolerance of tomato by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under waterlogging stress.