bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kidney Function and Size in Children With Down Syndrome: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Padoan Flavia , Stifano Rossella , Brugnara Milena , Guarnaroli Matteo , Piazza Michele , Lauriola Silvana , Piacentini Giorgio , Pietrobelli Angelo , Pecoraro Luca
Published: February 2025

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a high prevalence of congenital heart, gastrointestinal, and endocrine anomalies, as well as a heightened risk for kidney and urinary tract abnormalities. The renal anomalies occur in up to 3.2% of DS cases at birth—four to five times higher than in the general population. Despite this, current DS management guidelines lack routine kidney evaluations, even though risk factors like neonatal acute kidney injury, renal hypoplasia and obesity may predispose DS children to chronic kidney disease (CKD). In a cross‐sectional study, we analysed kidney size and function in 54 DS children. Results revealed that 25% of patients exhibited renal hypoplasia, 26% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 Among adolescents, 55.5% showed eGFR values below 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 Additionally, 29.6% of the cohorts were overweight and 7.4% obese. There is a need for early kidney assessments in DS patients to detect initial renal decline and underscore the importance of close monitoring, particularly in adolescents. Further studies are needed to identify specific prognostic factors to better assess CKD risk in DS children, and limited research exists on renal replacement therapies for this population.
Functional dissection of three pollen‐side quantitative trait loci against multiple stylar unilateral incompatibility mechanisms in Solanum pennelliiLA0716
Authors: Ma Wenchun , Li Yumei , Gao Haoran , Ma Yi , Zhu Zhe , Wu Xuna , Baldwin Ian T. , Guo Han
Published: February 2025

In Solanum pennellii LA0716, three stylar UI (sui) factors and one pollen UI (pui) factor were shown to be involved in S‐RNase‐independent unilateral incompatibility (UI). However, additional pui factor(s) and the antagonistic relationships among pui and sui factors remain to be investigated.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, functional and genetic analysis of LA0716‐based crosses, and integrated multi‐omics data are used to identify pui QTLs and functionally dissect pui QTLs from various types of stylar UI.

In addition to the reported pui10.1 (SpFPS2), two pui QTLs (pui6.2 and pui12.1) were identified. In LA0716 styles, the three pui loci additively attenuate stylar UI, among which pui6.2 and pui12.1 appear to antagonize the sui factor, SpHT, via independent mechanisms. Furthermore, pui12.1′s function was found to be conserved in the SC styles of Solanum habrochaites LA0407 and Solanum chmielewskii LA1028. Candidate genes linked to pui6.2 and pui12.1 are identified for further analysis.

This study reveals several mechanisms for three newly described types of stylar UI and the corresponding pui QTLs in LA0716, which advance our understanding of the complex genetic mechanisms underlying UI in the tomato clade.
Polish Version of the Malocclusion Impact Questionnaire (MIQ): Translation, Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Validation
Authors: Motyl Sylwia , Gibas‐Stanek Marta , Stós Wojciech , Fudalej Piotr S.
Published: February 2025

Aim

To translate the malocclusion impact questionnaire (MIQ) into Polish, adapt it for Polish cultural conditions, and validate its usage.

Subjects and Methods

The original MIQ was translated into Polish following a seven‐stage cross‐cultural adaptation protocol. A total of 121 orthodontic patients participated in the study: 21 in the translation and cultural adaptation phase (5 males, 13.4 ± 1.5 years; 16 females, 13.6 ± 1.9 years) and 100 in the validation phase (53 males, 13.1 ± 1.6 years; 47 females, 12.9 ± 1.7 years). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to confirm the one‐dimensional structure of the MIQ_PL. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for test–retest reliability, whereas construct validity was evaluated by comparing MIQ_PL scores with responses to global questions 1 and 2 from the MIQ_PL questionnaire and the aesthetic component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN‐AC).

Results

The MIQ_PL was generally well understood by the test group and required only minor adjustments, indicating it is well adapted to the Polish cultural context. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.68, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for test–retest reliability was 0.75, indicating adequate reliability. Many questionnaire items had a high floor effect. The correlation coefficients between global questions 1 and 2 and the MIQ_PL scores were 0.269 and 0.407, respectively, whereas the correlation between the IOTN‐AC and MIQ_PL was 0.235.

Conclusions

The MIQ_PL is culturally adapted for Polish conditions but demonstrates lower than expected reliability and internal consistency. Further validation in non‐clinical settings with a more diverse sample is recommended.
A combination of salt stress and waterlogging provides protection to tomato plants against the negative effects of waterlogging individually applied
Authors: Anee Taufika Islam , Rachman Rido Ramadano , Ziqi Zhao , Suzuki Nobuhiro
Published: February 2025

Salt stress and waterlogging are two of the most common abiotic stresses in nature, often occurring concurrently. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying responses of plants to a combination of these stresses remains limited. In this study, we investigated growth, physiological and biochemical responses of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro‐Tom to salt stress, waterlogging and the combination of both. Under waterlogging individually, plants showed increased plant height and longer root length. However, they exhibited a significantly smaller leaf area, fewer leaves, reduced fresh and dry weights, and lower relative water content compared to plants grown under controlled conditions. These effects were more severe than those caused by salt stress alone. Interestingly, the growth inhibition from waterlogging was alleviated under combined salt and waterlogging stress. This attenuation may be associated with decreased accumulation of H₂O₂ and oxidized lipids, along with increased proline and photosynthetic pigment contents compared with waterlogging individually applied. However, ROS accumulations and contents of photosynthetic pigments were not straightforwardly linked to the activity of photosynthesis. In addition, activities of various antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPX and GST as well as those involved in the AsA‐GSH cycle were differently altered by salt stress and waterlogging, individually and in combination. Taken together, these results suggest that the response of tomato plants to salt stress and waterlogging, individually and in combination, can be differently modulated via fine‐tuning of acclimation mechanisms to oxidative stress.
Mechanoimmunology of T‐Cell Activation
Authors: Wu Xuelan , Ye Zhiyi
Published: February 2025

T‐cell activation, a pivotal process in the adaptive immune response, is initiated when the T cell receptor (TCR) recognises and binds to antigenic peptide‐major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on the cell membrane. Emerging evidence indicates that mechanical cues regulate T‐cell activation by modulating TCR signalling and mechanotransduction pathways, although the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This review highlights recent findings suggesting that the TCR functions as a mechanosensor, capable of sensing and transmitting mechanical forces through conformational changes. Key steps in T‐cell mechanotransduction are discussed, including the roles of the cytoskeleton, mechanosensitive channels such as Piezo 1 and microvilli in facilitating activation. Additionally, we analyse the mechanical responses of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Understanding the mechanobiological mechanisms underlying T‐cell activation offers novel insights and potential strategies for advancing immunotherapies and treating immune‐related disorders.
Enhancing Logit Modeling With GIS Integration for Advanced Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of Multimodal Transport Preferences Between Istanbul and Ankara
Authors: Adalıoğlu İsmail , Ergün Murat
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes an integrated approach that enhances traditional logit modeling by dynamically incorporating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for more advanced spatial analysis. Conventional logit models often overlook spatial factors in decision making, but this approach incorporates spatial data to provide a deeper understanding of how geography influences choices. By using GIS in the postmodeling phase, spatial utility functions are calculated to visualize and analyze decision patterns across regions. A case study on multimodal public transportation preferences between Istanbul and Ankara, using survey data from 2757 participants, validates this approach. The results reveal distinct spatial patterns, with private vehicle users favoring airports due to better connectivity and public transport users preferring bus terminals. These findings emphasize the strategic importance of transportation hubs and the influence of spatial accessibility on user preferences. This GIS‐logit integration offers significant implications for transportation planning and policy, providing a scalable framework for analyzing spatially influenced decisions in various fields.
Theories of Social Welfare Functions: A Semantical Approach
Authors: Miroiu Adrian
Published: February 2025

The paper develops a semantical approach to the theories of social welfare functions (SWFs). On this approach, to present a theory is to give a (structured) family of models, that is, of possible applications of the theory. The structuralist approach in the philosophy of science is applied to the example of the theory of the simple majority rule. This theory is reconstructed in two versions, as a structured set of appropriately defined models. The adequacy of the two reconstructions is proved. An important implication of the reconstructions is that the collective preference is characterised, in structuralist terms, as a theoretical concept of the theory.
Transfusion quantities associated with 24‐h mortality in trauma patients
Authors: Wallace Mary L. , Kingrey Ryan A. , Rizzo Julie A. , April Michael D. , Fisher Andrew D. , Braverman Maxwell A. , Yazer Mark H. , Schauer Steven G.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Data on the correlation between transfusion volumes and trauma mortality are limited. The association between the total number of red blood cell (RBC) and low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) units, as well as the total volume of all transfused products that were administered up to 4‐h after admission and 24‐h mortality was determined.

Methods

The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) datasets from 2020 to 2022 were reviewed to identify patients aged ≥15 who received any volume of blood products. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were constructed along with the calculated area under the ROC curve (AUROC) to determine the association between the quantity of transfusion and 24‐h mortality.

Results

There were 144,379 encounters that met inclusion, with 22,467 patients who died within the first 24 h. There was a 90% probability of 24‐h mortality following the transfusion of 56 RBC/LTOWB units (AUROC 0.673), with the 90% specificity, Youden's index, and 90% sensitivity surrounding this probability occurring after the transfusion of 8, 4, and 2 units, respectively. In terms of the volume of transfusion, there was a 90% probability of 24‐h mortality following the transfusion of 36,000 mL of all blood products combined (AUROC 0.662), with the 90% specificity, Youden's index, and 90% sensitivity surrounding this probability occurring after the transfusion of 4400, 2000, and 500 mL, respectively.

Conclusions

Both the total number of RBC and LTOWB units transfused and the total volume of all blood products transfused demonstrated poor predictive association with the risk of 24‐h mortality in the civilian trauma population.
Biomechanical analysis of orthogonal and unilateral locking plate constructs in a fracture gap model
Authors: Welsh Peter J. , Nylund Adam M. , Gilbert Peter J. , Smith Nick A. , Smith Lloyd V.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To compare unilaterally plated (UP) constructs and orthogonally plated (OP) constructs of differing sizes (3.5 mm + 2.0 mm locking plates [OP2.0], 3.5 mm + 2.4 mm locking plates [OP2.4] and 3.5 mm + 3.0 mm locking plates [OP3.0]) under cyclic and static axial compression load to failure testing using a fracture gap model.

Study design

In vitro experimental biomechanical study.

Sample population

Acetal homopolymer (Delrin) rods stabilized with locking plates and screws (Arthrex OrthoLine).

Methods

One of four stabilization techniques (UP, OP2.0, OP2.4, OP3.0) was applied to rods with a fixed fracture gap. Constructs were fatigue tested under axial compression (90,000 cycles; 4–196 N) followed by static load to failure. Cyclic displacement was evaluated after the first, middle, and last 100 cycles. Stiffness and strength were analyzed during static axial compression load to failure.

Results

During cyclic testing, UP experienced 3.5, 3.8, and 4.1 times the gap strain of OP2.0, OP2.4, and OP3.0, respectively (p < 0.0075). Fatigue and construct design had significant effects on displacement (p < .0001). OP2.0, OP2.4, and OP3.0 demonstrated 2.5, 3.0, and 4.1 times the strength and 3.0, 3.6, and 4.2 times the stiffness of UP, respectively (p < .0002).

Conclusion

In the present in vitro fracture gap model, OP constructs were stronger and stiffer than UP under dynamic and static axial compression, and OP stiffness increased with increasing implant size.

Clinical significance

The results of this study demonstrate objective biomechanical advantages of OP compared to UP. Based on these results, orthogonal plating can be considered when increased fixation strength and stiffness are warranted.
The Transformative Power of Mindset in Africa’s Development: A Collaborative Governance Model for Ghana
Authors: Asiedu Isaac Yaw
Published: February 2025

This study explores the role of mindset transformation in Ghana’s development, arguing that shifting from an individualistic "I" mentality to a collective "We" mindset is key to overcoming governance inefficiencies. Despite its stable political environment and natural wealth, Ghana struggles with systemic issues such as corruption, weak institutions, and inefficiencies in public services. These challenges stem from societal attitudes that prioritize personal gain over collective well-being.To address this issue, the paper introduces the Collaborative Governance and Accountability Model (CGAM), a framework linking mindset transformation with governance effectiveness. It also presents the Governance Quality (GQ) Metric, which assesses governance performance through Engagement (E), Accountability (A), and Transparency (T). Unlike traditional governance models focused solely on institutional reforms, this study emphasizes the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of governance.Using a mixed-method approach, including qualitative surveys and in-depth interviews, the research demonstrates how fostering a collective mindset can reduce corruption, enhance institutional efficiency, and increase civic participation. The CGAM framework serves as both a theoretical foundation and a practical policy tool for governance improvements.The findings contribute to governance studies by establishing a direct link between mindset transformation and governance effectiveness. The study ensures consistency in the application of the GQ metric throughout the analysis, integrating it into all governance discussions and visual representations. While focused on Ghana, the CGAM model offers a replicable framework for nations facing similar governance challenges.
Recent advances in structural characterization of volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs)
Authors: Karakas Erkan , Strange Kevin , Denton Jerod S.
Published: February 2025

Volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs) encoded by the LRRC8 gene family play essential roles in diverse and fundamentally important physiological processes in vertebrate cells. The recent determination of high‐resolution cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structures of homomeric and heteromeric LRRC8 channel complexes has created unprecedented opportunities for understanding the molecular basis of VRAC structure, function and pharmacology. Native LRRC8 channels are obligatory heteromers composed of at least one LRRC8A subunit together with one of the other paralogues (LRRC8B‐E) with an unknown stoichiometry. This heteromeric nature of endogenously expressed VRACs and the difficulties associated with controlling the composition and stoichiometry of heterologously expressed LRRC8 channels present considerable experimental challenges. The development of LRRC8 chimeras, which exhibit normal functional and regulatory properties and that can be expressed as homomeric channels, circumvents many of these challenges. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the structural characterization of LRRC8 channels, with a primary focus on the cryo‐EM structures of one such chimera, created by swapping 25 residues from LRRC8A subunits to LRRC8C subunits and termed as 8C‐8A(IL125).

image
Glycerol metabolism is activated in both palmitic acid‐stimulated and adipose tissue macrophages from a murine model of cardiometabolic heart failure
Authors: Luévano‐Martínez Luis Alberto , Méndez‐Fernández Abraham , Rueda‐Munguía Mayte , Bonilla‐Ruelas Diana , Brunck Marion E.G. , García‐Rivas Gerardo
Published: February 2025

Macrophages chronically exposed to saturated fatty acids, such as those encountered in adipose tissue, present a pro‐inflammatory phenotype with a characteristic foamy morphology. This feature is caused by the excess uptake of circulating lipids, yielding large cytoplasmic lipid bodies formed by triacylglycerols and cholesteryl derivatives. Palmitic acid (PA) is a potent inflammatory inducer in macrophages after chronic exposure to this fatty acid. However, acute exposure to this fatty acid is unable to activate a pro‐inflammatory phenotype, although it is sufficient to induce metabolic reprogramming including the formation of small lipid bodies. In the present study, we used an in vitro model of human monocyte‐derived macrophages to unravel the early stages of metabolic reprogramming observed in macrophages exposed to PA. We observed that partial inhibition of the glycerol 3‐phosphate shuttle is necessary for supplying glycerol 3‐phosphate for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Furthermore, we characterized an alternative pathway to increase the concentration of glycerol 3‐phosphate involving an aquaporin and glycerol kinase. Our results suggested that early lipid bodies biogenesis rises as a response mechanism to buffer excessive PA without inducing a pro‐inflammatory program. Additionally, we observed that macrophages chronically exposed to PA eventually upregulate the production of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, our in vitro observations were confirmed in adipose tissue macrophages derived from a preclinical mouse model of cardiometabolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction characterized by heightened adiposity and inflammation.

image

Key points

The glycerol 3‐phosphate shuttle is partially inhibited in palmitic acid‐activated macrophages.

Aquaporin 3 expression is upregulated in macrophages exposed to palmitic acid and in adipose tissue macrophages from a murine model of cardiometabolic heart failure.

Aquaporin 3 participates in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by supplying extracellular glycerol.
World Makers
Authors: Ravn Kenneth
Published: February 2025

Digital twins – realistic digital representations of physical entities, connected by real-time data flow – have spread into varied sectors of society. One sector that deserves further attention is the digital twinning of urban areas. The quick deployment of digital twins of cities and their interactions with the material and social elements of the “smart city” have been enabled by discourses of technological optimism and the hope that smart cities can allow for solutions to “hard problems” like the climate emergency. However, the social and cultural values that underpin the creation and practice of these technologies are not yet well understood. In this essay, I tell the story of Joakim, a man who has created a digital twin of his small hometown. The direction he has taken with his digital twin, one which he believes takes his project beyond the limits of city-centric twins, is guided by his notions of community, democracy and sustainability. Attention to small-scale and grassroots digital twins can help us to reconsider the affordances of digital twins: the ways that they can create multiple representations of reality and can allow users to make actionable predictions. Given digital twins’ increasing importance in the governance of urban areas, a vital first step in becoming more literate in our interactions with the technology is to better understand their social construction.
Objects of affection and competing images of the Swedish North: movements for and against ‘green’ investments and reindustrialization
Authors: Giritli Nygren Katarina , Nyhlén Sara
Published: February 2025

We are witnessing the mobilization of geographical and social peripheries as sites for change in the current industrialization and ‘green’ development of the sparsely populated Swedish North (Norrland). In this article, we aim to explore how objects of affection and images of the Swedish North are framed in movements both for and against the establishment of a new so-called green industry in the northern Swedish countryside. This prospect has been hotly debated in the local community, which has seen both struggles for it (because of job opportunities) and against it (because of the destruction of nature and livelihood opportunities). Combining selective digital archiving with Sara Ahmed’s concept of affective economies and its application to images of place and belonging, we analyze how the region’s re-industrialization both draws upon and contests traditional images of the northern countryside. Our analysis shows that the resistance to and mobilization of such ideas of renewal and escape are rooted both in nostalgia for a pre-industrial past and a desire for the prosperity brought by industrial investments. It also shows how different development goals are invoking different ideas of what is best for the local community, making visible the rural as a conflicted space.
Representación de la violencia en Matar a los Viejos (2001) del escritor chileno Carlos Droguett
Authors: Vidal Barria Cristian
Published: February 2025

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las dimensiones textuales, literarias y discursivas bajo las que el escritor Carlos Droguett representa la violencia histórica ocurrida en Chile. Para ello, se toma como referencia principal la novela póstuma del autor, Matar a los viejos (2001), publicada por LOM Ediciones. A través de la propuesta estética y narrativa del autor es posible reconocer que, junto con representar ficcionalmente la violencia, se abre un espacio literario, excepcional, para la instauración de una revolución.
Desigualdades en el acceso a la educación superior pública
Authors: Martínez-Garrido Cynthia , Márquez-Ortiz Jazmín Amparo
Published: February 2025

Las universidades son cada vez más determinantes para el desarrollo de las sociedades. Su apertura a sectores de la población tradicionalmente excluidos demuestra la apuesta global por una educación superior alineada con los principios de la justicia social. Desgraciadamente, las desigualdades en el acceso a la educación universitaria, con sus profundas raíces y consecuencias sociales, evidencian una prolongada injusticia enquistada en los sistemas educativos del mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las políticas educativas y lineamientos institucionales que determinan el acceso a las facultades de educación de universidades públicas de Colombia y España. Para dar respuesta a este objetivo, se realizó un análisis documental de la regulación para el acceso a dos de las principales universidades públicas de estos países. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran las desigualdades para acceder a la educación superior en ambos sistemas educativos y caracterizan modelos de admisión que dejan entrever múltiples barreras de acceso que excluyen sistemáticamente a diversos sectores de la sociedad y contribuyen a la injusta distribución de las y los estudiantes en instituciones educativas estratificadas.
Eddy currents of a magnet falling through a copper pipe with slits
Authors: Zengel Keith , Boehnert Lauren , Medina Jared , Fang Jieping , Coe Juliet , Curtis Abby , Fredenberg William
Published: February 2025

We present a theoretical model for the eddy currents induced by a cylindrical magnet falling through a copper pipe with vertical slits and the resulting inductive drag force. This system maintains the mathematically convenient cylindrical geometry of the classic intact pipe problem while introducing boundary conditions that result in fascinating eddy current patterns. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the inductive drag force is smaller in a slit pipe than in an intact pipe of the same radius, suggesting that the presence of slits reduces but does not eliminate the horizontal induced eddy currents required to produce a vertical drag force. Our theoretical model suggests that the horizontal eddy currents are reduced in slit pipes partly because the formation of a slit requires the removal of conducting material where eddy currents would otherwise have formed, and partly because the induced currents must flow purely vertically along the slit walls. We show that our theoretical model is consistent with our experimental data for the terminal velocities of magnets falling through copper pipes with different size slits and different numbers of slits. This experiment might serve as an advanced undergraduate laboratory activity.
School Factors Associated With Physical Activity Participation in Children and Adolescents With Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Deng Yuyang , Li Xuecheng , Huang Jiafu , Liang Xiao , Sit Cindy H.P. , Li Chunxiao
Published: February 2025

This systematic review synthesizes quantitative evidence on school factors associated with physical activity (PA) participation in children and adolescents with disabilities (CAD). A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases, and studies were included if they quantitatively measured PA levels and examined school factors associated with PA participation among CAD. Methodological quality was assessed, and a semiquantitative synthesis was performed. Twenty-four studies with good to excellent methodological quality were included. Five primary and 21 secondary school factors linked to PA engagement in CAD were identified: school time structure, school PA characteristics, school physical environment, school social environment, and school organizational factors. Among these, four factors of the school time structure (i.e., physical education time, recess time, lunch time, and before- and/or after-school time) showed the most consistent positive associations with PA. This review highlights the critical role of structured school time for school-based PA promotion in CAD.
Validity and Sensitivity of a Submaximal Fitness Test for Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Response to Preseason Training Load in Female Football Players
Authors: MacKenzie Lachlan , Lovell Ric , Atkinson Lana , Naumovski Daniel , Shushan Tzlil
Published: February 2025

Purpose: To evaluate the within-athlete sensitivity, validity, and dose–response relationships of exercise heart rate (HRex) from a submaximal fitness test (SMFT) as a proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: This study follows an observational, repeated-measures design. Twenty-five trained female football players’ training loads (GPS and HR metrics) were collected throughout an 8-week preseason period. A 4-minute continuous-fixed SMFT protocol was administered weekly to evaluate HRex. A running time-trial assessment was conducted in weeks 2 and 8 to calculate mean velocity (5-min–30-s time-trial mean velocity) as a proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. SMFT HRex measurement properties were determined via within- and between-athletes correlations and linear mixed models. Results: The overall preseason change in SMFT HRex derived from weekly repeated measures was −4.7% points (90% CIs, −3.9 to −5.6). The association between SMFT HRex and 5-minute–30-second time-trial mean velocity changes was large (−0.55), with 90% CIs ranging from negative moderate to negative very large magnitudes (−0.31 to −0.71). A 1% point decrease in SMFT HRex corresponded to an increase in 5-minute–30-second time-trial mean velocity of 0.13 (90% CIs, 0.03–0.24) km·h−1. Within-athlete correlations between training loads and SMFT HRex demonstrated moderate inverse relationships with external-load parameters (−0.39 to −0.47) and small inverse relationships with HR-based internal metrics (−0.25 to −0.29). Accumulated high- and very high-speed running throughout the entire preseason showed consistent inverse dose–response relationships with SMFT HRex (moderate and large, respectively), while all other load measures displayed unclear associations. Conclusions: SMFT HRex is a sensitive and valid tool to evaluate preseason cardiorespiratory-fitness changes in female football players.
From Parents to Children: The Intergenerational Transference of Parents’ Sport Club Participation From Childhood to Adolescence: The 40-Year Young Finns Study
Authors: Kaseva Kaisa , Stenbacka Sini , Kukko Tuomas , Pahkala Katja , Rovio Suvi , Hirvensalo Mirja , Raitakari Olli T. , Tammelin Tuija , Lehtimäki Terho , Suominen Tuuli , Salin Kasper
Published: February 2025

Background: Physical activity has been shown to transfer across generations, but more information is needed regarding the transference of different physical activity modes. This study examined (1) whether parents’ sport club participation at the ages 9–18 was associated with their offspring’s sports club participation at the same ages and (2) whether the associations were robust against adjusting for demographic, health-related, and socioeconomic covariates. Methods: The participants (parents, G1, N = 309–539 and children, G2, N = 131–332) were from the ongoing, population-based Young Finns Study. Participants’ sports club participation was assessed through self-reports during 1980–1992 (G1) and 2018/2020 (G2). The analyses were conducted using generalized estimation equations controlling for participants’ sex, number of children’s siblings, children’s body mass index, health status, and living area as well as parents’ educational status and income. Results: Parents’ sports club participation at the age of 9 was favorably associated with their children’s participation at the age of 9 (odds ratio = 5.23; 95% CI, 1.59–17.17; Tjur R2 = .27) and 12 (odds ratio = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.06–6.18; Tjur R2 = .14) adjusting for the covariates. Conclusions: Parents’ sports club participation at the age of 9 was favorably associated with their offspring’s sports club participation at childhood and early adolescence. Childhood might be one of the most essential periods to conduct physical activity interventions or motivational programs to support children’s sports club participation.
Parental Perceptions of Environmental Factors on Preschoolers’ Outdoor Play in 19 Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries
Authors: Maddren Claudia I. , Dhamrait Gursimran , Ghogho Mounir , Jáuregui Alejandra , Engberg Elina , Veldman Sanne L.C. , Widyastari Dyah Anantalia , El Hamdouchi Asmaa , Abdeta Chalchisa , Byambaa Ankhmaa , Chelly Mohamed-Souhaiel , Chia Michael , Ghofranipour Fazlollah , Kontsevaya Anna , Lubree Himangi , Mwase-Vuma Tawonga , Nusurupia Jackline , Oluchiri Amonje Moses , Oluwayomi Aoko , Sultoni Kuston , Teo Wei-Peng , Turab Ali , Užičanin Edin , Zarghani Najmeh Hamzavi , Okely Anthony D.
Published: February 2025

Background: Environmental factors influence children’s development. However, their impact on outdoor play among children from international settings remains understudied. This study examined associations between parent perceptions of environmental factors and outdoor play among an international sample of preschool-aged children. Methods: Data were sourced from the pilot phases of the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s outdoor play and environmental factors that influenced their child’s participation in outdoor play in the past 3 days. Results: 1855 children from 19 countries (16 low- and middle-income countries) were examined. Heat (−25.6; 95% CI, −44.6 to −6.6), cold (−26.9; 95% CI, −45.9 to −8.4), and rain (−24.8; 95% CI, −43.3 to −6.6) were negatively associated with weekday outdoor play. Cold (−41.2; 95% CI, −62.4 to −20.0) and social instability (−40.7; 95% CI, −61.5 to −20.3) were negatively associated with weekend outdoor play. Playing at friend’s or relative’s homes (29.5 [95% CI, 18.6 to 40.5]; 37.9 [25.6 to 50.4]), greenspaces (23.1 [95% CI, 9.6 to 36.6]; 30.4 [95% CI, 15.1 to 45.8]), and on the street (41.4 [95% CI, 26.9 to 55.7]; 34.9 [95% CI, 18.2 to 51.3]) were associated with weekday and weekend day outdoor play, respectively. Playing on the family’s property was also associated with weekend day outdoor play (25.5 [95% CI, 18.2 to 51.3]). Conclusions: The environmental context is important to consider when developing interventions to promote outdoor play in young children across diverse international settings. Future research from representative populations is needed to confirm these findings.
Experimental evolution of evolvability
Authors: Barnett Michael , Meister Lena , Rainey Paul B.
Published: February 2025

Evolvability—the capacity to generate adaptive variation—is a trait that can itself evolve through natural selection. However, the idea that mutation can become biased toward adaptive outcomes remains controversial. In this work, we report the evolution of enhanced evolvability through localized hypermutation in experimental populations of bacteria. The evolved mechanism is analogous to the mutation-prone sequences of contingency loci observed in pathogenic bacteria. Central to this outcome was a lineage-level selection process, where success depended on the capacity to evolve between two phenotypic states. Subsequent evolution showed that the hypermutable locus is itself evolvable with respect to alterations in the frequency of environmental change. Lineages with localized hypermutability were more likely to acquire additional adaptive mutations, revealing an unanticipated benefit.
Enabling evolvability to evolve
Authors: Kussell Edo
Published: February 2025

A multilevel population architecture enables bacteria to evolve increased adaptability
Conserved lipid-facing basic residues promote the insertion of the porin OmpC into the
E. coli
outer membrane
Authors: Peterson Janine H. , Yang Lixinhao , Gumbart James C. , Bernstein Harris D.
Published: February 2025

Almost all integral membrane proteins that reside in the outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria contain a closed amphipathic β sheet (“β barrel”) that serves as a membrane anchor. The membrane integration of β barrel structures is catalyzed by a highly conserved heterooligomer called the
b
arrel
a
ssembly
m
achine (BAM). Although charged residues that are exposed to the lipid bilayer are infrequently found in outer membrane protein β barrels, the β barrels of OmpC/OmpF-type trimeric porins produced by Enterobacterales contain multiple conserved lipid-facing basic residues located near the extracellular side of the OM. Here, we show that these residues are required for the efficient insertion of the
Escherichia coli
OmpC protein into the OM
in vivo
. We found that the mutation of multiple basic residues to glutamine or alanine slowed insertion and reduced insertion efficiency. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations provided evidence that the basic residues promote the formation of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges with lipopolysaccharide, a unique glycolipid located exclusively in the outer leaflet of the OM. Taken together, our results support a model in which hydrophilic interactions between OmpC and LPS help to anchor the protein in the OM when the local environment is perturbed by BAM during membrane insertion and suggest a surprising role for membrane lipids in the insertion reaction.

IMPORTANCE

The assembly (folding and membrane insertion) of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) is an essential cellular process that is a potential target for novel antibiotics. A heterooligomer called the
b
arrel
a
ssembly
m
achine (BAM) plays a major role in catalyzing OMP assembly. Here, we show that a group of highly conserved lipid-facing basic residues in
Escherichia coli
OmpC, a member of a major family of abundant OMPs known as trimeric porins, is required for the efficient integration of the protein into the outer membrane (OM). Based on our work and previous studies, we propose that the basic residues form interactions with a unique OM lipid (lipopolysaccharide) that promotes the insertion reaction. Our results provide strong evidence that interactions between specific membrane lipids and at least a subset of OMPs are required to supplement the activity of BAM and facilitate the integration of the proteins into the membrane.
Depression, reduced physical activity and the risk of heart disease: a prospective cohort of European middle-aged and older adults
Authors: Peralta Miguel , Nascimento Marcelo , Ferrari Gerson , Gouveia Élvio R , Marques Adilson
Published: February 2025

Objective

To assess the impact of depression and physical activity (PA) of different intensities on the incidence of heart disease.

Methods

A prospective cohort study with 20 645 European middle-aged and older adults (mean baseline age 63 years; 55.1% women; median follow-up 9.5 years) was conducted using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The EURO-D 12-item scale assessed depression. Moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity PA and heart disease diagnoses were self-reported. We classified participants into the following four groups: (1) depression plus low PA, (2) no depression plus low PA, (3) depression plus moderate/high PA, (4) no depression plus moderate/high PA. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders.

Results

Compared with having depression and low PA levels, adjusted HR for heart disease similarly decreased for participants with depression and moderate/high PA (moderate-intensity PA: HR=0.63, 95% CI=0.50, 0.78; vigorous-intensity PA: HR=0.69, 95% CI=0.53, 0.89) and participants without depression and low PA (moderate-intensity PA: HR=0.64, 95% CI=0.50, 0.82; vigorous-intensity PA: HR=0.68, 95% CI=0.58, 0.80). The greatest risk reduction was found in participants without depression and moderate/high PA (moderate-intensity PA: HR=0.46, 95% CI=0.37, 0.55; vigorous-intensity PA: HR=0.48, 95% CI=0.40, 0.58).

Conclusion

Moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity PA seems to counteract the increased risk for heart disease associated with depression. This highlights the importance of PA as a possible intervention strategy aiming to manage the risk of heart disease among people with depression.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy—a feasibility study at second trimester ultrasound in the general population (GROUP study): study protocol
Authors: Knabe Lucie , Tanaka Camille , Tebeka Sarah , Neilson Samantha , Cauvin Clothilde , Mercier Nicolas , Cayron Daphné , Savelli Morane , Deruelle Philippe , Fuchs Florent , Pissarra Joana , Molinari Nicolas , Belzeaux Raoul
Published: February 2025

Introduction

During the perinatal period, women have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders, which are highly prevalent in this context. In addition, there are significant delays in diagnosing these conditions, worsening their prognosis and increasing their societal burden. Studies describing psychiatric disorders in the perinatal period often focus on specific disorders; only postpartum depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety disorders are studied. There are also very few evaluations conducted by clinicians based on a semistructured interview, relying on the diagnostic criteria of international nosography.

Methods and analysis

This multicentric prospective study will recruit 140 adult pregnant women based on randomly selected second trimester (T2) ultrasound consultations. The primary outcome is the prevalence of any psychiatric disorder assessed with a standardised psychiatric assessment, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Within 10 days after the T2 ultrasound appointment, we will conduct the M.I.N.I., collect demographic data, evaluate suicidal behaviour with the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, describe negative life events from the past year using the Paykel questionnaire and evaluation of social deprivation (Evaluation of the Deprivation and Inequalities of Health in Healthcare Centres score). Participants will also complete self-administered psychiatric questionnaires that screen for specific pathologies. We will build a biological sample collection. At two months post partum, we will repeat the questionnaires, adding an assessment of mother-child bonding. Patients can choose between in-person or telemedicine visits on both occasions.

Ethics and dissemination

All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. The study has received ethical approval from the French National Committee (‘Comité de Protection des Personnes Ouest VI’) (approval number: 23.03919.000236). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and at scientific conferences and meetings.

Trial registration number

NCT06297252.
Understanding how midwife-led continuity of care can be implemented and under what circumstances: a realist review
Authors: Simmelink Renate , Neppelenbroek Elise , Pouwels Anneke , van der Lee Nadine , Pajkrt Eva , Ziesemer Kirsten A , Harmsen van der Vliet-Torij Hanneke W , Verhoeven Corine J M , de Jonge Ank , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To understand how and under what circumstances midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC) can be implemented in high-income countries.

Design

A realist review was conducted to examine interactions between contexts, mechanisms and outcomes.

Methods

An initial programme theory described a hypothesis of how MLCC might be implemented successfully. Literature from a systematic search on the implementation of MLCC was synthesised and supplemented with unstructured searches to identify literature that reinforced the emerging concepts. The synthesis was an iterative process, endorsed in consultation with stakeholders, leading to a refined programme theory.

Results

A total of 45 documents were included. The mechanisms identified can be grouped around macrolevel challenges, leadership, role ambiguity and conflict, and personal and professional boundaries. Despite strong evidence supporting MLCC, diverse stakeholder interests and power dynamics hinder its implementation. Implementing MLCC disrupts established roles and power structures, creating uncertainty and anxiety at all levels. To successfully navigate healthcare providers through the transition, both formal and informal leaders must demonstrate the courage and vision to challenge existing norms.

Conclusions

Realist methodology allowed the identification of mechanisms that often remain unnoticed but significantly impact the implementation of MLCC. Concrete policies and guidelines are essential to ensure consistency in care delivery. Collaborative efforts and a shared philosophy among all stakeholders, combined with strong leadership that builds trust and addresses anxiety, can create a supportive environment for MLCC implementation.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42023446437.
Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on postoperative delirium in older patients with hip fracture: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zhou Hongyan , Song Ailin , Zhang Hui , Zhang Liang
Published: February 2025

Background

Postoperative delirium (POD) is an acute neurocognitive impairment and is commonly observed in older patients with hip fractures. POD is associated with poor outcomes, including increased postoperative complications, prolonged hospitalisation, high costs and increased perioperative mortality. Therefore, reducing the occurrence of POD and improving cognitive abilities in older patients are critical and urgent. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TAVNS) is a simple, safe, non-invasive treatment and has great potential to improve cognitive function. This clinical study will evaluate the effectiveness of TAVNS in reducing the incidence of POD in older patients and further elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms.

Methods and analysis

This randomised, double-blind, single-centre controlled trial will enroll 154 older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, who will be randomly assigned to the TAVNS group (n=77), receiving TAVNS from 1 hour before anaesthetic induction to the end of the surgery, or the sham stimulation group (n=77), receiving sham stimulation in the same manner. The primary outcome measure will be the incidence of POD during the first 7 days post-surgery, as assessed by the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. The secondary outcomes include the incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery; serum acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase levels; the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and S100β; unplanned intensive care unit admission rates; the length and cost of hospital stay; the incidence of postoperative complications during hospitalisation; and mortality at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery.

Ethics and dissemination

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital on 15 May 2024 (2024-KY-HY-13). The findings will be published in the international peer-reviewed academic journals and presented orally at academic conferences.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR2400085508.