bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Gibson Edward , Piantadosi Steven T.
Published: February 2022

Previous findings suggest that mentally representing exact numbers larger than four depends on a verbal count routine (e.g., “one, two, three . . .”). However, these findings are controversial because they rely on comparisons across radically different languages and cultures. We tested the role of language in number concepts within a single population—the Tsimane’ of Bolivia—in which knowledge of number words varies across individual adults. We used a novel data-analysis model to quantify the point at which participants ( N = 30) switched from exact to approximate number representations during a simple numerical matching task. The results show that these behavioral switch points were bounded by participants’ verbal count ranges; their representations of exact cardinalities were limited to the number words they knew. Beyond that range, they resorted to numerical approximation. These results resolve competing accounts of previous findings and provide unambiguous evidence that large exact number concepts are enabled by language.
A comprehensive gene expression profile of allergic rhinitis-derived nasal fibroblasts and the potential mechanism for its phenotype
Authors: Li Zhengwen , Zou Wentao , Sun Jingwen , Zhou Shuang , Zhou Yue , Cai Xiaojing , Zhang Jiaxiong
Published: February 2022

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common immunoglobulin E-mediated immune response involved various cell types, while the role of nasal fibroblasts (NFs) in the pathogenesis of AR is less understood.

Purpose

The study aimed to uncover the gene expression profile of AR-derived NFs and the potential mechanism for the changed phenotype of AR-NFs.

Research Design

The primary NFs were isolated from 3 AR patients (AR-NFs) and 3 controls (Ctrl-NFs), and the proliferation, migration and interleukins production abilities of NFs were detected respectively. RNA-sequence was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AR-NFs. Transcription factor (TF) regulatory network and bioinformatic analyses were both conducted to clarify the biological roles of DEGs including the TFs. The DEG with the highest validated |fold change (FC)| value, detected by qPCR, was selected for further confirmation.

Results

AR-NFs showed a higher proliferation and migration abilities as well as released higher levels of IL-33 and IL-6, compared to Ctrl-NFs. A total of 729 DEGs were screened out in AR-NFs. TF regulatory network indicated that BARX homeobox 1 (BARX1) and forkhead box L1 were the major node TFs. Bioinformatic analyses showed that a large number of DEGs including several target genes of BARX1 were both enriched cytokine-related GO terms, and immune- or inflammation-related pathways. BARX1 had the highest |FC| value, and silencing BARX1 in AR-NFs resulted in the significant downregulation of proliferation and migration abilities, and the production of interleukins.

Conclusions

Our study for the first time provided the gene expression profile of AR-derived NFs, and BARX1 could be developed as a potent target to alleviate the pathogenesis of AR.
Female Labour Force Participation Rates in Assam: Trends, Composition and Determinants
Authors: Boruah Chayanika , Das Debarshi
Published: February 2022

In India, since the 1970s, there is a declining trend in the female labour force participation. Given the fast economic growth, declining fertility rate and rising women’s educational enrolment in the past few decades, this decline is puzzling. Assam is not an exception to this trend of declining female labour force participation rate (LFPR). This study is an attempt to analyse the patterns and determinants of female LFPR in Assam during the period from 2004 to 2011. The analyses are based on National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit-level data of three rounds of employment and unemployment surveys. This article probes female LFPR across age cohorts, education, economic groups, social groups, status, etc. Probit regression models are used on the latest available data. An important result of the article is, status concerns measured by caste interacted with land possession impede the labour force participation of women.
Study on the hydraulic leveraged dynamic anti-resonance vibration isolator with nonlinear damping characteristics
Authors: Duan Ningyuan , Yu Haiting , Zhang Zhenguo , Hua Hongxing
Published: February 2022

The hydraulic leveraged dynamic anti-resonance vibration isolator with nonlinear damping characteristics are analyzed under harmonic excitations. A nonlinear mathematical model is proposed considering both the nonlinear damping of the fluid resistance and the volumetric stiffness induced by the bulge effect. The harmonic balance method, combined with the arc-length continuation algorithm, is performed to investigate the steady-state response and vibration transmissibility quantitively. The optimization of isolator parameters are obtained using the fixed-point theory, which leads to the relation between the damping coefficients and isolation performance. Parametric studies are then carried out to investigate the effects of the volumetric stiffness, bellows stiffness, and lever ratio on the isolation performance. The results indicate the importance of the damping parameters on the design of the band-stop characteristics to achieve the anticipated performance of anti-resonance isolators. Furthermore, the inertia-amplification ratio of the anti-resonance isolator needs to be balanced against its stopband suppression performance for the fluid-type leveraged system.
Using Pet Therapy to Decrease Patients’ Anxiety on Two Diverse Inpatient Units
Authors: Mulvaney-Roth Patricia , Jackson Carla , Bert Lynn , Eriksen Sharon , Ryan Marybeth
Published: February 2022

Background:

The physical benefits for patients who spend time with a therapy dog have been reported, including decreased anxiety. Pet therapy has decreased anxiety in various hospitalized patient populations. The human–animal bond is the foundation for the positive interaction therapy dogs create.

Aims:

This study’s purpose was to explore the use of pet therapy as an intervention to decrease patients’ anxiety levels on two diverse inpatient units: Behavioral Health (BHU) and Pediatrics (PEDS).

Methods:

This was a quantitative study using a convenience sample, with systematic assignment to the experimental and control group. The State Anxiety Scale (SAS), a 6-item, Likert-type Short Form version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, was used with adults and children; a Pediatric Emoji Method was constructed to assist children with the SAS. After consent, both groups completed the SAS pretest. Intervention patients then spent up to 15 minutes with a therapy dog and handler. The SAS posttest was completed 1 hour later by the experimental and control group. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used, including an independent samples t test, paired-sample t test, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results:

Findings revealed that the therapy dog visitations had a positive effect on lowering anxiety supporting the hypothesis. Both the PEDS and BHU participants experienced a significant decrease in their anxiety level following the dog visits.

Conclusion:

Patients on the BHU and PEDS units benefitted from their visit with a therapy dog by experiencing a decrease in their anxiety level.
Cabergoline treatment in cats with diabetes mellitus and hypersomatotropism
Authors: Miceli Diego D , García Jorge D , Pompili Gustavo A , Rey Amunategui Juan P , Ferraris Sergio , Pignataro Omar P , Guitelman Mirtha
Published: February 2022

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cabergoline to control hypersomatotropism (HST) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study. Twenty-three cats with HST and concurrent DM were enrolled. Cats received a dose of 10 μg/kg cabergoline q48h PO for 6 months. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and fructosamine concentrations, insulin dose and Insulin Resistance Index (IRI) were measured at the time of diagnosis of HST and at the start of cabergoline treatment (t0), and 3 months (t1) and 6 months (t2) during cabergoline treatment.

Results

A decrease and normalization of serum IGF-1 concentration was observed in 35% and 26% of cats, respectively. Median IGF-1 (t0: 1350 ng/ml [range 832–1501]; t1: 1284 ng/ml [range 365–1501]; t2: 1240 ng/ml [range 263–1501]; P = 0.016) decreased significantly. Twelve cats underwent diagnostic imaging of the pituitary area. The median pituitary height at t0 of cats that experienced an IGF-1 reduction (n = 5/12) was significantly lower compared with those that did not experience an IGF-1 reduction (n = 7/12) (3.2 mm [range 3.1–3.7] vs 6 mm [range 3.5–9.5]; P = 0.011). Median fructosamine (t0: 628 µmol/l [range 400–963]; t1: 404 µmol/l [range 249–780]; t2: 400 µmol/l [range 260–815]; P <0.0001), insulin dose (t0: 1.3 IU/kg [range 0.5–4.6]; t0: 0.5 IU/kg [range 0–2.3]; t2: 0.4 IU/kg [range 0–2.1]; P <0.0001) and IRI (t0: 800 µmolIU/kgl [range 257–2700]; t1: 300 µmolIU/kgl [range 0–1498]; t2: 250 µmolIU/kgl [range 0–1498]; P <0.0001) decreased significantly during cabergoline treatment. Eight cats achieved diabetic remission between months 1 and 6 of cabergoline treatment (median time to achieve remission: 3 months [range 1–6]). Three cats experienced asymptomatic hypoglycemia.

Conclusions and relevance

Cabergoline was effective in normalizing IGF-1 concentration in 26% of cats. Cabergoline improved diabetes control and was associated with remission of DM in 35% of cases. Cabergoline could be a treatment option for cats with HST and DM, especially in those cases with a relatively small pituitary tumor.
Association between serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations and blood calcium levels in chronic kidney disease cats with upper urolithiasis
Authors: Miyakawa Hirosumi , Hsu Huai-Hsun , Ogawa Mizuki , Akabane Ryota , Miyagawa Yuichi , Takemura Naoyuki
Published: February 2022

Objectives

This study investigated whether serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 concentrations are associated with serum total calcium (tCa) and blood ionised calcium (iCa) concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and upper urolithiasis.

Methods

Serum samples and the medical records of cats with CKD with nephroliths, ureteroliths or both were investigated retrospectively. Cats with a serum creatinine concentration >250 μmol/l and/or a serum phosphorus concentration ⩾1.50 mmol/l were excluded. Based on cut-offs for serum tCa (2.70 mmol/l) or blood iCa (1.40 mmol/l), cats were divided into the following groups: total hypercalcaemia (H-tCa) (>2.70 mmol/l) and total normocalcaemia (N-tCa) (⩽2.70 mmol/l) groups, or ionised hypercalcaemia (H-iCa) (>1.40 mmol/l) and ionised normocalcaemia (N-iCa) (⩽1.40 mmol/l) groups, respectively. Serum FGF-23 concentrations were compared between groups and correlation analysis was performed.

Results

Thirty-two cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis were included. Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-tCa group (median 573 pg/ml [range 125–3888]; n = 12) were significantly higher compared with the N-tCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94–627]; n = 20) ( P = 0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations in the H-iCa group (median 1479 pg/ml [range 509–3888]; n = 6) increased significantly compared with the N-iCa group (median 245 pg/ml [range 94–637]; n = 26) ( P <0.001). Serum FGF-23 concentrations significantly correlated with serum tCa ( r = 0.511, P = 0.003) and blood iCa concentrations ( r = 0.425, P = 0.015) but not serum creatinine ( r = 0.279, P = 0.122) or phosphorus concentrations ( r = 0.208, P = 0.253). Conclusions and relevance Increased serum FGF-23 concentrations were associated with hypercalcaemia independently of creatinine and phosphate status in cats with CKD and upper urolithiasis.
Effect of Aerobic Exercise Alone or in Conjunction With Diet on Liver Function, Insulin Resistance and Lipids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Mohammad Rahimi Gholam Rasul , Attarzadeh Hosseini Seyyed Reza
Published: February 2022

Background: Physical exercises are the first step of therapy for people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of aerobic exercise training with or without diet to ameliorate liver function, insulin resistance, and lipids in adults. Data sources: We searched relevant databases up to 10 June 2021 for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials lasting 4 or more weeks that investigated the effects of aerobic exercise alone or accompanied by diet on change in liver enzymes, intrahepatic fat (IHF), insulin resistance, and lipids. Results: Sixteen studies including 2255 participants were included. There was a significant pooled weighted mean differences (MD) for the comparison between aerobic exercise versus control in alanine aminotransferase (ALT; p = 0.003), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; p = 0.006), IHF ( p = 0.0004), body mass ( p = 0.0003), and body mass index ( p = 0.004). Moreover, there was a significant pooled MD for the comparison between aerobic exercise plus diet versus control in ALT ( p < 0.0001), AST ( p = 0.01), IHF ( p = 0.02), GGT ( p < 0.00001), insulin ( p < 0.0001), HOMA-IR ( p < 0.00001), body mass ( p < 0.0001), and BMI ( p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a role for aerobic exercise with and without diet protocol as a therapeutic purpose, and suggest that evaluation of aerobic training levels and aerobic training prescription plus diet should be routine in NAFLD.
Neovascular Glaucoma in Children: A case series and a review of the literature
Authors: Nieves-Moreno Maria , Peralta Jesús , Noval Susana
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To study the uncommon causes and treatment options for neovascular glaucoma in children.

Patients and Methods

A review of the literature on neovascular glaucoma in children was conducted and we present three cases of neovascular glaucoma in children.

Results

We present three cases of neovascular glaucoma: two cases were secondary to a retinal vasoproliferative tumor—one to neurofibromatosis type 1 and the other to exudative retinopathy secondary to mild retinopathy of prematurity—and one case was secondary to a central retina vein occlusion secondary to an optic nerve glioma. Vision in the affected eye was severely impaired in all the children.

Conclusion

The diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma in children is challenging and often a complication of a systemic or late-stage ocular condition. An appropriate diagnosis and estimation of the visual potential are essential to determine the correct treatment, especially in young children.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition in Breast Milk Plasma of HIV-infected and Uninfected Mothers in Relation to Infant Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Mabaya Lucy , Matarira Hilda Tendisa , Tanyanyiwa Donald Moshen , Musarurwa Cuthbert , Mukwembi Johannes , Mudluli Taona Emmah , Marera Tatenda
Published: February 2022

Background:

The increased coverage of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services has significantly reduced paediatric HIV infection incidence. The aim of the study was to compare breast milk omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of HIV infected and uninfected mothers and determine the association between fatty acid profiles and postnatal transmission of HIV, morbidity/mortality of HIV exposed and unexposed infants.

Methods:

A prospective cohort study of 57 HIV infected and 57 HIV uninfected lactating mothers was conducted in Gweru, Zimbabwe from July 2019 to March 2020. The women’s 114 babies (term and preterm) were also enrolled and stratified by HIV exposure and infection status. The mother-infant pairs were followed up at 6 weeks, 16 weeks and 6 months postpartum to determine, HIV transmission rate, breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles as well as infant clinical outcomes.

Results:

The mean breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.92; 0.47 ± 0.75 μg/ml respectively) at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher compared to those of HIV infected mothers (0.33 ± 0.32; 0.08 ± 0.14 μg/ml) respectively. The same pattern was observed at 16 weeks postpartum in terms of DHA and EPA mean concentration. However, the arachidonic acid (AA) levels and AA/DHA ratio measured at 6 weeks postpartum were significantly higher in HIV infected mothers (2.31 ± 2.01; 17.18 ± 52.47 respectively) compared to HIV uninfected mothers (0.82 ± 0.54; 9.71 ± 21.80; P < .001). A higher morbidity rate was observed amongst HIV exposed infants than HIV unexposed infants (3.26 ± 0.13; 2.49 ± 0.09; P < .001) respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between AA and infant morbidity ( r = .388; P < .001).

Conclusion:

Deficiencies in breast milk omega-3 fatty acids were observed in HIV infected women. Maintaining a healthy balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid diets is critical for breast feeding mothers regardless of their HIV status. The adverse clinical outcomes observed amongst HIV exposed infants emphasise their vulnerability under conditions of maternal universal antiretroviral therapy.
Toward evidence-informed child rearing: Measurement of time-out implementation in a community sample
Authors: McLean Rebecca K , Roach Alex , Tully Lucy , Dadds Mark R
Published: February 2022

Background

Time-out (TO) is a widely used parental discipline strategy with strong research support in programmes that promote positive child development. Concerns have been raised, however, regarding adverse impact on child mental health (CMH) in part driven by evidence of widespread variability in appropriate implementation. There are no existing measures of TO. We present the first measure of procedural implementation of TO in a community sample of parents of children aged 6–8 years.

Methods

A nationally representative sample ( N = 474) of parents completed a survey on the implementation of TO, parent-child relationships, and emotional and behavioural difficulties. The scale of TO use was used to test the convergent validity between TO implementation and parenting practices/family adjustment and CMH.

Results

Consistent with international research, >70% of parents have used TO with their children. There was high variability in the levels of appropriate implementation of TO. Scale reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) was acceptable and tests of convergent validity indicated that as expected, less appropriate implementation of TO was associated with worse CMH and poorer parenting and family adjustment.

Conclusions

The current findings suggest that the scale is a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring the appropriate procedural implementation of TO with young children.
“I agree with you, bot!” How users (dis)engage with social bots on Twitter
Authors: Wischnewski Magdalena , Ngo Thao , Bernemann Rebecca , Jansen Martin , Krämer Nicole
Published: February 2022

This article investigates under which conditions users on Twitter engage with or react to social bots. Based on insights from human–computer interaction and motivated reasoning, we hypothesize that (1) users are more likely to engage with human-like social bot accounts and (2) users are more likely to engage with social bots which promote content congruent to the user’s partisanship. In a preregistered 3 × 2 within-subject experiment, we asked N = 223 US Americans to indicate whether they would engage with or react to different Twitter accounts. Accounts systematically varied in their displayed humanness (low humanness, medium humanness, and high humanness) and partisanship (congruent and incongruent). In line with our hypotheses, we found that the more human-like accounts are, the greater is the likelihood that users would engage with or react to them. However, this was only true for accounts that shared the same partisanship as the user.
Conspiracy theories in online environments: An interdisciplinary literature review and agenda for future research
Authors: Mahl Daniela , Schäfer Mike S. , Zeng Jing
Published: February 2022

Research on conspiracy theories in digital media has grown considerably in recent years. As a result, the field of research has become more multidisciplinary and diverse. To bridge disciplinary boundaries, identify foci of analysis and research gaps, this study provides an interdisciplinary systematic literature review (2007–2020), analyzing current research on conspiracy theorizing online, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Findings show that the majority of studies lack a definition of conspiracy theories and fail to conceptually delineate conspiracy theories from other forms of deceptive content. We also found that while the field employs a variety of methodological approaches, most studies have focused on individual, “mainstream” social media platforms, “Western” countries, English-language communication, and single conspiracy theories. We use the findings of our review to remedy conceptual and empirical shortcomings and to provide suggestions on how to move forward in research on conspiracy theories online.
Values at stake at the end of life: Analyses of personal preferences among Swedish physicians
Authors: Lynøe Niels , Lindblad Anna , Engström Ingemar , Sandlund Mikael , Juth Niklas
Published: February 2022

Background

Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial issue and has sometimes raised emotion-laden reactions. Against this backdrop, we have analyzed how Swedish physicians are reasoning about physician-assisted suicide if it were to be legalized.

Methods and participants

We conducted a cross-sectional study and analyzed 819 randomly selected physicians’ responses from general practitioners, geriatricians, internists, oncologists, psychiatrists, surgeons, and all palliativists. Apart from the main questions about their attitude toward physician-assisted suicide, we also asked what would happen with the respondents’ own trust in healthcare if physician-assisted suicide were legalized. Response options were that trust would decrease, not be influenced, or would increase.

Results

We identified a strong statistical association between on the one hand those whose own trust would increase and who were pro physician-assisted suicide, and on the other hand those who were against physician-assisted suicide and whose own trust would decrease [relative risk: 16.7 (95% confidence interval: 10.2–27.2)]. Among those whose own trust would not be influenced (n = 456), 60% were pro pysician-assisted suicide, 16% were against, and 24% were undecided. Of those whose trust would increase or not be influenced, a large majority supported autonomy-based arguments, whereas those whose trust would decrease supported non-maleficence-based arguments.

Conclusion

Analyzing the answers after having divided respondents into those whose own trust in healthcare would decrease or increase and not be influenced brings about interesting results such as how the three groups prioritize arguments for and against physician-assisted suicide. This way of analyzing the data seems to be a promising strategy when identifying value-impregnated factual claims.
Protection Motivation Theory and Intentions to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine
Authors: Kowalski Robin M. , Deas Nicholas , Britt Noah , Richardson Emily , Finnell Sophie , Evans Kelly , Carroll Hailey , Cook Andrew , Radovic Emily , Huyck Tanner , Parise Isabella , Robbins Chelsea , Chitty Hannah , Catanzaro Sophie
Published: February 2022

Background. Declared a “public health threat of international concern” by the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 virus has caused the deaths of over half a million individuals in the United States in just the first 23 months after detection. The vaccine has recently been introduced to reduce this public health threat. However, due, in part, to the rapidity with which the vaccine was developed, many individuals display vaccine hesitancy. Purpose. The current study examined the utility of the Protection Motivation Theory of Health (PMT) in predicting intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Method. One hundred twenty-nine unvaccinated respondents (drawn from an initial sample of 255 participants) completed a survey assessing the components of the PMT and intentions to receive the vaccine. Respondents could also provide an open-ended response regarding any concerns they had with the vaccine. Conclusions. The PMT accounted for 76% of the variance in vaccine intentions. Vulnerability, outcome efficaciousness, and maladaptive response rewards each accounted for unique variance. Open-ended responses reflecting concerns with the vaccine fell into 8 categories, with the most common being concern with the long-term side effects of the vaccine. These results suggest that public health campaigns promoting the vaccine should focus on vulnerability to COVID-19, protective functions of the vaccine, and overcoming what people perceive as benefits of not receiving the vaccine.
Intravascular Lithotripsy and Drug-Coated Balloon Angioplasty for Severely Calcified Femoropopliteal Arterial Disease
Authors: Stavroulakis Konstantinos , Bisdas Theodosios , Torsello Giovanni , Tsilimparis Nikolaos , Damerau Sarah , Argyriou Angeliki
Published: February 2022

Introduction:

The combination of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) and drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty for calcified peripheral lesions is associated with promising short-term results. However, data regarding the 12 months performance of this treatment option is missing. This study reports on the outcomes of IVL and DCB angioplasty for calcified femoropopliteal disease.

Methods:

Patients treated with IVL and DCB for calcified femoropopliteal lesions between February 2017 and September 2020 were included into this study. The primary outcome measure of this analysis was primary patency. Secondary patency, freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR) and overall mortality were additionally analyzed.

Results:

Fifty-five ( n = 55) patients and 71 lesions were analyzed. Most patients presented with long-term limb-threatening ischemia ( n = 31, 56%), 47% ( n = 26) were diabetics, and 66% ( n = 36) had long-term kidney disease. The median lesion length was 77 mm (interquartile range: 45-136), and 20% ( n = 14) of the lesions were chronic total occlusions (CTOs). Eccentric calcification was found in 23% of the vessels ( n = 16), and circumferential calcium (peripheral arterial calcium scoring system [PACSS] Class 3 and 4) was present in 78% ( n = 55) of the treated lesions. The technical success after IVL amounted to 87% ( n = 62) and the procedural success to 97% ( n = 69). A flow-limiting dissection was observed in 2 cases (3%). Both the rates of target lesion perforation and distal embolization were 1% ( n = 1). A bail-out scaffold was deployed in 5 lesions (7%). At 12 months the Kaplan-Meier estimate of primary patency was 81%, the freedom from TLR was 92% and the secondary patency 98%. The overall survival amounted to 89%, while the freedom from major amputation to 98%. The presence of eccentric disease, CTOs, or PACSS Class 4 did not increase the risk for loss of patency or TLR.

Conclusions:

In this challenging cohort of patients, the use of IVL and DCB for calcified femoropopliteal lesions was associated with promising 12 months outcomes and an excellent safety profile.
Iron overload cardiomyopathy: Using the latest evidence to inform future applications
Authors: Kumfu Sirinart , Chattipakorn Siriporn C , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: February 2022

Iron overload can be the result of either dysregulated iron metabolism in the case of hereditary hemochromatosis or repeated blood transfusions in the case of secondary hemochromatosis (e.g. in β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia patients). Under iron overload conditions, transferrin (Tf) saturation leads to an increase in non-Tf bound iron which can result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These excess ROS can damage cellular components, resulting in the dysfunction of vital organs including iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC). Multiple studies have demonstrated that L-type and T-type calcium channels are the main routes for iron uptake in the heart, and that calcium channel blockers, given either individually or in combination with standard iron chelators, confer cardioprotective effects under iron overload conditions. Treatment with antioxidants may also provide therapeutic benefits. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial dynamics and regulated cell death (RCD) pathways are potential targets for pharmacological interventions against iron-induced cardiomyocyte injury. In this review, the potential therapeutic roles of iron chelators, antioxidants, iron uptake/metabolism modulators, mitochondrial dynamics modulators, and inhibitors of RCD pathways in IOC are summarized and discussed.
The Weekend Effect in Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Kim Young , Lee Sujin , Tanious Adam , Decarlo Charles S. , Png Chien-Yi Maximilian , Patel Shiv S. , Mohapatra Abhisekh , Dua Anahita
Published: February 2022

Background

Recent studies report a limited window in which carotid endarterectomy (CEA) provides the greatest benefit for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Given the time-sensitive nature of CEA for symptomatic stenosis, it is important to understand whether patient outcomes are adversely affected by undergoing CEA over the weekend. Currently, it is unclear whether CEA is impacted by the “weekend effect” phenomenon. Methods A multi-institutional database was queried for all patients undergoing CEA for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis from 2015 to 2020 via ICD-9 codes. A total of 288 patients were identified during the study period. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to compare outcomes based on weekend vs weekday surgery. Results A total of 261 patients (90.6%) underwent weekday CEA, as compared to 27 (9.4%) on the weekend. There were no differences in age, race, gender, or medical comorbidities between groups. Primary surgeon specialty was predominantly vascular surgery (77.0% weekday and 74.1% weekend) followed by neurosurgery (19.9% weekday and 25.9% weekend). Operative time was similar between groups (3.1 (weekday) vs 2.9 hr (weekend), P = .33) as well as estimated blood loss (100 vs 100 mL, P = .54). Hospital length of stay did not differ between groups ( P = .69). Combined stroke and 30-day mortality rate was 2.0% on weekdays, compared to 3.7% on weekends ( P = .75). On multivariate analysis, weekend surgery was not predictive of postoperative stroke or 30-day mortality (odds ratio .11 [95% CI: −1.57 to 1.85], P = .90). Conclusion In our multi-institutional experience, we did not identify a “weekend effect” in patients undergoing CEA for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Surgical revascularization should not be withheld on account of a weekend procedure in similar academic medical centers.
Inhibition of mitochondrial fission alters neo-intimal hyperplasia via PI3K/Akt signaling in arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Wang Feng , Fan Xueqiang , Kong Jie , Wang Cheng , Ma Bo , Sun Weiliang , Ye Zhidong , Liu Peng , Wen Jianyan
Published: February 2022

Background/Objective

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis of patients with end-stage renal disease. However, there is a high incidence of AVF failures caused by insufficient outward remodeling or venous neo-intimal hyperplasia formation. Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role in many cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal VSMC proliferation and migration could be abolished by inhibition of mitochondrial division.

Method

We found that abnormal proliferation and migration of VSMCs and increased mitochondrial fission were associated with AVF stenosis in patients. We also investigated the mechanisms, particularly the role of mitochondrial dynamics, underlying these VSMC behaviors. In vitro, we observed that inhibition of mitochondrial fission and Akt phosphorylation can diminish proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). In vivo, daily intraperitoneal injections of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) decreased VSMC proliferation and reduced AVF wall thickness in a rat AVF model.

Conclusion and Result

Our results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial fission improves AVF patency by reducing wall thickening through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, inhibition of mitochondrial fission has the clinical potential to improve AVF patency.
A comparative analysis of financial literacy levels and initiatives among students in five European countries
Authors: Cannistrà Marta , Agasisti Tommaso , Amagir Aisa , Poder Kaire , Holz Oliver , Vartiak Lukas , De Witte Kristof
Published: February 2022

Given the expected advantages for individuals and societies, financial literacy is high on the policy agenda in many countries. This paper reports the results from a unique survey conducted on a sample of 13–16-year-old students in five European countries, aimed at measuring and comparing their level of financial literacy skills. The results indicate significant differences in the level of financial literacy across countries that are interpreted in the light of the differences in the countries’ educational policies and experiences with financial education. The findings suggest that supra-national coordinated action is needed to guarantee better financial knowledge and safeguard economic stability in future crises.

JEL-classification: I21; G53; O57; O16.
Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation before gonadotoxic treatments: Principles of safe ovarian stimulation, a systematic review
Authors: Ozcan Meghan CH , Snegovskikh Victoria , Adamson G David
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Review the safety of fertility preservation through ovarian stimulation with oocyte or embryo cryopreservation, including cycle and medication options.

Evidence review:

A systematic review of peer-reviewed sources revealed 2 applicable randomized control trials and 60 cohort studies as well as 20 additional expert opinions or reviews.

Results:

The capacity for future family building is important for the majority of reproductive age people, despite life-altering medical or oncologic diagnosis. Modern fertility preservation generates a high rate of oocyte yield while utilizing protocols that can be started at multiple points in the menstrual cycle and suppressing supra-physiologic levels of estrogen. Finally, more than one quarter of fertility preservation patients will return to later utilize fertility services.

Conclusion:

For most patients, fertility preservation can safely be pursued and completed within 2 weeks without affecting disease severity or long-term survival.
Flexor digitorum profundus tendon injuries in Zone 2 repaired with a modified Mantero technique
Authors: Dargai Farouk , Payet Elodie , Guillot Xavier , Fricault Guillaume , Mouhib Taha
Published: February 2022

From January 2010 to January 2017, 81 complete flexor digitorum profundus tendon disruptions in Zones 2B and 2C were treated using the modified Mantero technique. The patients were re-examined at a mean of 62 months (range 30–96) after operation. We analysed outcomes against ages, gender, pulley integrity, associated injuries and follow-up times. The median total range of motion of both interphalangeal joints, distal interphalangeal joint alone and Quick DASH scores were significantly better for the group with pulley vented versus no pulley vented. According to the Strickland and Glogovac criteria, 76 (91%) had excellent or good, five fair and none had poor results. There were no complications except for one deep and one superficial infection at the site of the injury. There were no tendon ruptures and only three patients (3.7%) required secondary tenolysis. The modified Mantero repair is recommended as an alternative in the repair of tendon disruptions in Zone 2B and 2C. The good results and absence of ruptures suggest that the tendon healing and strength of repair are adequate for immediate postoperative motion.

Level of evidence: IV
Dependence on prescription medication
Authors: Lucas Jonathan
Published: February 2022

In recent years there has been a growing concern among patients and clinicians about dependence on prescription medication. Reports of an ‘opioid epidemic’ in the United States have sparked fears of a similar problem arising in the UK. This article will explore how clinicians can assess and manage the risks of medication with potential for abuse.
Centering Place in Ethnographies of “Latinx” Schooling: The Utility of a Multi-Sited Place Project for Revealing Emplaced Narratives
Authors: Burruel Stone Theresa
Published: February 2022

This paper argues for a methodological approach, a multi-sited place project, to center place within ethnographies of schooling and facilitate deeper understandings of socialization into settler relations stemming from and supporting the white settler nation-state. This approach draws upon language socialization and critical place inquiry, tracing settler colonial narratives between schools and local history sites such as California missions, historic city walking tours, and township festivals. The multi-sited place project reveals emplaced narratives, stories that socialize people to particular relations and logics to and within specific places, connecting histories and identities to a particular place in the present, and in the process, shaping possibilities of who people can be in the future. Compelling this approach is a desire for greater understandings of incompatibilities within racialized peoples’ work towards liberation on Indigenous lands that are not our own. Its purpose is to bring together approaches for studies of schooling and place in ways that challenge rather than accept settler futures. A multi-sited place project carried out on unceded Ohlone territory illustrates the approach, advancing understandings of how “Latinx” youth and families, primarily of Mexican origin, were socialized into Californian settler histories and identities via a family day at a historic rancho.
Flossing Your Teeth and Adopting a Puppy: In-Class Exercises for Developing Critical Thinking in a Digital Age
Authors: Kiersch Christa , Nowicki Kelly , McDermott Maggie , Gullekson Nicole
Published: February 2022

This article presents two in-class exercises designed to develop specific skill sets needed to think critically and make decisions in today’s business environment. The first exercise, “Flossing your Teeth” is designed to build information literacy skills needed in the evidence-gathering phase of critical thinking. The second exercise, “Adopting a Puppy,” is designed to develop analytical skills needed to apply research and inform an evidence-based decision. These exercises engage students in memorable active learning experiences and can be implemented during a single class period within a range of management courses. This article provides a description of each exercise, a guide for debriefing students, and sample student responses to the debriefing questions.
The Family Talk Intervention in Pediatric Oncology: Ill Children’s Descriptions of Feasibility and Potential Effects
Authors: Eklund Rakel , Lövgren Malin
Published: February 2022

Background: There are few scientifically evaluated psychosocial interventions in pediatric oncology, despite the needs for families. The family-based psychosocial intervention “The Family Talk Intervention” (FTI) has shown promising results in other care contexts and was therefore pilot-tested in pediatric oncology. In this study, we examined the experiences of participating in FTI from ill children's perspectives regarding feasibility and potential effects. Methods: This pilot study involved 26 families in pediatric oncology that had participated in FTI. The paper is focused on those ill children who answered surveys (n = 19) and/or participated in interviews (n = 11) when FTI had ended. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: For most ill children, FTI came at the right time, included a reasonable number of meetings, and the length of the meetings was appropriate. The children felt listened to and understood by the interventionists and almost all children reported that FTI had helped them in some way. The children's perceptions indicated that FTI improved communication within the family and strengthened family relations. Children reported that the parents and their siblings seemed to feel better after participation and became more understanding. Discussion: The findings of this pilot study indicated that a full-scale study could be valuable from the ill children's perspective, as FTI was reported as feasible and had positive effects. The findings showed that FTI gave families an opportunity to open up communication about the illness, adjust their behaviors, and strengthen family relationships. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03650530.
Evaluation of Current Hazardous Drug Exposure Control in Community Pharmacy
Authors: Papastergiou John , Smiley Tom
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To evaluate effectiveness of current hazardous drug exposure control practices in community pharmacies through identification of commonly contaminated surfaces. We also assessed the decontamination effectiveness of 5 different cleaning agents. Methods: This study was prospective and nonrandomized and conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, 15 common areas used in the dispensing process were tested at each of 4 pharmacies in Toronto Ontario, Canada. Testing was conducted using the BD® HD Check System, a rapid, point-of-care, hazardous drug detection system that is able to identify contamination with methotrexate (MTX) and cyclophosphamide (CYP) and doxorubicin. In phase 2, 5 different cleaning agents (70% isopropyl alcohol, Lysol® spray, Ecolab® retail multiquat sanitizer, Ecolab retail multisurface and glass cleaner with peroxide, and Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser) were tested for their ability to eliminate contamination. Results: All 4 pharmacies tested positive for contamination with MTX (25.8% of surfaces). Contamination with CYP was less frequent, with only 3 sites and 18.2% of surfaces testing positive. Of the 5 cleaning agents tested, only Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser was able to eliminate contamination with MTX. None of the agents were successful against CYP. Conclusions: The results illustrate an unacceptable prevalence of hazardous drug contamination in community pharmacy settings. The BD HD Check System can serve to rapidly detect common high-risk areas for surface contamination. Decontamination protocols against MTX may include Ecolab QSR heavy-duty degreaser. Novel agents must be identified to remove contamination caused by CYP.
Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the potential mechanism of seed germination and young seedling growth in Tamarix hispida
Authors: Pang Xin’an , Suo Jiangtao , Liu Shuo , Xu Jindong , Yang Tian’ge , Xiang Niyan , Wu Yue , Lu Bojie , Qin Rui , Liu Hong , Yao Jialing
Published: February 2022

Background

Seed germination is a series of ordered physiological and morphogenetic processes and a critical stage in plant life cycle. Tamarix hispida is one of the most salt-tolerant plant species; however, its seed germination has not been analysed using combined transcriptomics and metabolomics.

Results

Transcriptomic sequencing and widely targeted metabolomics were used to detect the transcriptional metabolic profiles of T. hispida at different stages of seed germination and young seedling growth. Transcriptomics showed that 46,538 genes were significantly altered throughout the studied development period. Enrichment study revealed that plant hormones, such as auxin, ABA, JA and SA played differential roles at varying stages of seed germination and post-germination. Metabolomics detected 1022 metabolites, with flavonoids accounting for the highest proportion of differential metabolites. Combined analysis indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis in young seedling growth, such as rhoifolin and quercetin, may improve the plant’s adaptative ability to extreme desert environments.

Conclusions

The differential regulation of plant hormones and the accumulation of flavonoids may be important for the seed germination survival of T. hispida in response to salt or arid deserts. This study enhanced the understanding of the overall mechanism in seed germination and post-germination. The results provide guidance for the ecological value and young seedling growth of T. hispida.
Correction to: Swiss GPs’ preferences for antidepressant treatment in mild depression: vignette-based quantitative analysis
Authors: Hengartner Michael P. , Neuner-Jehle Stefan , Senn Oliver
Published: February 2022

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
“Antibiotic hardstop” on electronic prescribing: impact on antimicrobial stewardship initiatives in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (IECOPD)
Authors: Galimam Semun , Panozzo Brydon , Muir Kieran , Chavada Ruchir
Published: February 2022

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major public health threat and the exploration of interventions which may reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use are of particular interest. An Antibiotic Hardstop (AH) was included within the eMeds system introduced to the Central Coast Local Health District (CCLHD) in 2018. The function allows prescribers to set a predetermined time at which antibiotic orders would cease. By default, the function set prescribed length to 5 days with a view to encourage prescribers to review existing antimicrobial orders and reduce inappropriate use.

Methods

Records of adult inpatients prescribed broad spectrum antimicrobials with a registered indication of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) or an infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (IECOPD) between the 1st of March 2017 and 31st May 2017 for the pre eMeds cohort and 1st March 2019 and 31st May 2019 for the post eMeds cohort were randomly selected from our local health network’s Guidance MS® system. Baseline demographics, antimicrobial prescribing records and documented adverse events related to the AH function were collated/analysed. The days of therapy (DOT) and length of therapy (LOT) for each encounter were calculated manually and results analysed using a two-tailed t-test or Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

Of patients eligible to have the AH function activated during their admission, 34% (n = 34) had the function deployed at least once. Following the introduction of eMeds mean DOT for the pooled indications cohort was reduced by 3.02 days (CI 95% 0.41–5.63, p < 0.05) and mean LOT by 1.97 days (CI 95% 0.39–3.55, p < 0.05). The hardstop function resulted in 2 cases of delayed or unintentionally ceased therapies.

Conclusions

Following the introduction of electronic prescribing and AH, a significant reduction was observed in the DOT and LOT for antimicrobial use for inpatients with CAP and IECOPD without a significant increase in adverse events. Further research is required to determine the extent to which the AH functionality directly contributed to this effect and if the effect is present across a broader range of indications.