bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial reconstitution of the RNAi response in human cells using Drosophila gene products
Authors: Kennedy Edward M. , Kornepati Anand V.R. , Bogerd Hal P. , Cullen Bryan R.
Published: November 2016

While mammalian somatic cells are incapable of mounting an effective RNA interference (RNAi) response to viral infections, plants and invertebrates are able to generate high levels of viral short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that can control many infections. In Drosophila, the RNAi response is mediated by the Dicer 2 enzyme (dDcr2) acting in concert with two cofactors called Loqs-PD and R2D2. To examine whether a functional RNAi response could be mounted in human somatic cells, we expressed dDcr2, in the presence or absence of Loqs-PD and/or R2D2, in a previously described human cell line, NoDice/ΔPKR, that lacks functional forms of human Dicer (hDcr) and PKR. We observed significant production of ∼21-nt long siRNAs, derived from a cotransfected double stranded RNA (dsRNA) expression vector, that were loaded into the human RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and were able to significantly reduce the expression of a cognate indicator gene. Surprisingly, dDcr2 was able to produce siRNAs even in the absence of Loqs-PD, which is thought to be required for dsRNA cleavage by dDcr2. This result may be explained by our finding that dDcr2 is able to bind the human Loqs-PD homolog TRBP when expressed in human cells in the absence of Loqs-PD. We conclude that it is possible to at least partially rescue the ability of mammalian somatic cells to express functional siRNAs using gene products of invertebrate origin.
Characterization of 5-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan for PET imaging of the pancreas
Authors: Abbas Ahmed , Beamish Christine , McGirr Rebecca , Demarco John , Cockburn Neil , Krokowski Dawid , Lee Ting-Yim , Kovacs Michael , Hatzoglou Maria , Dhanvantari Savita
Published: November 2016

Purpose: In diabetes, pancreatic beta cell mass declines significantly prior to onset of fasting hyperglycemia. This decline may be due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the system L amino acid transporter LAT1 may be a biomarker of this process. In this study, we used 5-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan (18F-L-FEHTP) to target LAT1 as a potential biomarker of beta cell function in diabetes.

Procedures: Uptake of 18F-L-FEHTP was determined in wild-type C57BL/6 mice by ex vivo biodistribution. Both dynamic and static positron emission tomography (PET) images were acquired in wild-type and Akita mice, a model of ER stress-induced diabetes, as well as in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ). LAT1 expression in both groups of mice was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy.

Results: Uptake of 18F-L-FEHTP was highest in the pancreas, and static PET images showed highly specific pancreatic signal. Time-activity curves showed significantly reduced 18F-L-FEHTP uptake in Akita mice, and LAT1 expression was also reduced. However, mice treated with STZ, in which beta cell mass was reduced by 62%, showed no differences in 18F-L-FEHTP uptake in the pancreas, and there was no significant correlation of 18F-L-FEHTP uptake with beta cell mass.

Conclusions: 18F-L-FEHTP is highly specific for the pancreas with little background uptake in kidney or liver. We were able to detect changes in LAT1 in a mouse model of diabetes, but these changes did not correlate with beta cell function or mass. Therefore, 18F-L-FEHTP PET is not a suitable method for the noninvasive imaging of changes in beta cell function during the progression of diabetes.
Investigation of oxidizing polymerization processes at high velocities of initiation in technique of laser stereolithography
Authors: Малов Илья , Malov Ilya
Published: November 2016

The paper deals with the investigation of polymerization processes in acryl compositions which were developed first for stereolithography using a promising photo-initiating laser emission of a visible range. The processes of oxidizing polymerization of a photo-polymerizing composition at very low concentrations of an antioxidant [X] and a concentration of dissolved oxygen [O2] > 10-7 ÷ 10-8 mole/l are considered. It is shown that the appearance of an induction period is typical just of reactions passing in a closed system, and in an open one a reaction passes without an induction period. Under these conditions the reaction products are poly-peroxides of a low-molecular structure. There are also considered the processes of polymerization at the dissolved oxygen concentration [O2] > 10-7 ÷ 10-8 mole/l and at high concentrations of anti-oxidant X. It is determined that after a lapse of time when an oxidant is spent a velocity of oxygen expense increases as a result of which in the layers more remote from the boundary of phase division the composition – air the open system transforms into a closed one. In these layers the rate of oxygen diffusion appeared to be less of the rate of its expense in reactions of monomer oxidation. The investigation results explain the mechanism of a track formation at the irradiation of a photo-polymerizing composition with a laser beam.
Technological prospects in combination of electro-erosion and electro-chemical processes in pinholes working
Authors: Леонтьев Игорь , Leontiev Igor , Рахимянов Харис , Rakhimyanov Kharis , Василевская Светлана , Vasilevskaya Svetlana
Published: November 2016

The prospects are shown in the combination of the processes of electro-chemical dilution and electro-erosion removal of material worked at pinholes broaching with a fixed cathode-tool. The procedure of high-voltage pulses formation for the parameter control of integrated working is presented. The source ensuring the formation of high-voltage pulses with voltage up to 400 V, duration of 4 mcs and a period from 12 to 50mcs is developed. The experimental plant has been developed for the integrated electro-erosion and electro-chemical broaching of pinholes at electrolyte supply under pressure through a fixed cathode-tool. It is shown that the introduction of an electro-erosion constituent in the course of working increased a broaching rate more than 10 times. The creation of channels of discharge on a gas-vapor jacket in a spark gap allows realizing current densities from 50…100 a/cm2 at the primary moment and up to 10…15 a/cm2 by the end of working. The limitations were established to ensure the accuracy of a hole formed and connected with the instability of the value of a spark gap. There is offered a way to increase a hole accuracy at the expense of the use of the working procedure with the stabilization of the value of a spark gap.
H is for our articulated hands…
Authors: Hammond Paula , Lillie Stephen
Published: November 2016

This month, we continue our series that takes the form of an extended alphabetical adventure around the body, helping children to get to know themselves a little better.
Latest developments
Authors: Howard Debbie , Relief Comic
Published: November 2016

Send your letters, news stories or latest developments to: The Editor, Child Care, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, Herne Hill, London, SE24 0PB email: childcare@markallengroup.com
Evaluating CPD provision using Guskey's five levels
Authors: Clay Bridget
Published: November 2016

Thomas Guskey's five levels for evaluating CPD provide a strong base to ensure your school's CPD offer is effective. Bridget Clay looks at how you might apply these principles in your school
Four steps to developing teaching excellence
Authors: Espin Emma
Published: November 2016

Good teaching is vital for improving pupil outcomes, so how can you ensure your teachers are supported to be their best. Emma Espin sets out four practical strategies for unleashing excellence in teaching
Testing for urinary tract infections in residential care
Authors: Armstrong Kirsty
Published: November 2016

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem that can cause major distress for those living in care and can be a difficult condition to manage. In this article, Kirsty Armstrong describes the identification and treatment of UTIs in the care home
Children missing in education
Authors: Pickworth Frances
Published: November 2016

As part of a drive to protect children missing education from harm, the government has introduced new requirements for sharing information. Frances Pickworth takes a look
O caso do Ensino Médio Politécnico e a avaliação de sua implementação nas escolas públicas gaúchas
Authors: Ribeiro Jorge Alberto Rosa , Simionato Margareth Fadanelli
Published: November 2016

Este artigo analisa o processo de implementação de uma política pública para o ensino médio, proposta por uma Secretaria Estadual de Educação, período 2011-2014, bem como sua ressignificação através das escolas de Ensino Médio do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa em 106 escolas públicas e meios de comunicação específicos do RS, Brasil. Os procedimentos metodológicos, com base no referencial teórico-analítico do ciclo de políticas públicas, foram: coleta de dados primários e secundários, em documentos, produções acadêmicas e publicações na mídia; aplicação de formulário online enviado às escolas pesquisadas; e realização de grupo focal com especialistas. Amparando-se no marco teórico-metodológico, foram definidas as categorias de análise: autonomia, politecnia, trabalho como princípio educativo, ação pedagógica e avaliação. Os resultados evidenciaram que: a) a autonomia das escolas não foi respeitada na implementação da política pública; b) grande parte dos sujeitos pesquisados, professores das escolas, não se apropriou da concepção pedagógica de trabalho como princípio educativo e, também do conceito de politecnia; c) a ação pedagógica das escolas ressignificou a formulação da referida política; e d) houve uma desestabilização nas certezas sobre avaliação da aprendizagem.
Quadro de análise da sustentabilidade para instituições de ensino superior: Aplicação em um estudo de caso
Authors: Machado Diego de Queiroz , Matos Fátima Regina Ney , Sena Augusto Marcos Carvalho de , Ipiranga Ana Silvia Rocha
Published: November 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as atividades sustentáveis de uma instituição de ensino superior, considerando suas dimensões econômica, social e ambiental (triple bottom line), a partir da aplicação de um novo quadro de análise. Para tanto, optou-se pela utilização da metodologia de estudo de caso, realizada em uma IES, a Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor), selecionada como caso para esta pesquisa pelas diversas premiações recebidas nos últimos anos por suas ações e projetos voltados para a sustentabilidade. Como fontes de coleta sobre a IES foram utilizados dados documentais relacionados à universidade e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com vice-reitores, diretores e chefes de divisões da universidade, sendo tais dados organizados e analisados com o auxílio do software de análise de dados qualitativos NVivo (versão 10) e a aplicação da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Como resultados, os destaques em termos de maiores capacidades sustentáveis foram as atividades relativas às consequências econômicas das atividades, projetos de responsabilidade social e relacionamento com agentes relevantes. Em contrapartida, as atividades dentro da dimensão ambiental, de gestão ambiental e educação ambiental, foram as de menor nível de desenvolvimento de capacidades sustentáveis. Assim, a aplicação do novo quadro de análise permitiu evidenciar o atual estágio de desenvolvimento da universidade em torno de suas atividades sustentáveis, destacando tal quadro como alternativa aos quadros de análise já desenvolvidos neste âmbito.
In incontinence developing after radical prostatectomy the role of nurses on implementing behavioral therapy
Authors: Aydın Sayılan Aylin
Published: November 2016

Developing after radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence (UI) is a major health problem affecting the quality of life of men. Urinary incontinence patients in their care and treatment purpose is to provide continence.In the treatment of urinary incontinence surgery, medication and behavioral treatments are used. For the purposes of behavioral therapy; increasing the capacity of the bladder function and is aimed at promoting bladder control. Behavioral treatments for incontinence; diet, exercise bladder training and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is located. Diet is regulated by the bladder diary. PFME is first identified in 1948 by Arnold Kegel, which is aimed pelvic to strengthen the muscles of the base and are expressed in improving the urethral sphincter function. In the literature, in the treatment of incontinence; with drug therapy or surgery, it should be emphasized also behavioral therapy.
Predicting hopelessness by coping styles, depression and meaning in life
Başa çıkma stilleri, depresyon ve yaşamda anlamın umutsuzluğu yordama düzeyi
Authors: Savi Çakar Firdevs , Karataş Zeynep , Tagay Özlem
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study is to determine whether levels of hopelessness are predicted by variables of coping styles, depression and meaning in life. This research is in survey model and the study was conducted with 152 teacher candidates (68 males, 84 females) who were senior students of the faculty of educational. It is used Beck Hopelessness Scale, Coping Styles Survey Short Form, Beck Depression Scale and Meaning in Life Scale. For the analysis of data, progressive regression analysis and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient were used.In this respect, coping style,  depression  andmeaning in life are significantly predicted the sense of students’ hopelessness. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, başa çıkma stilleri, depresyon ve yaşamda anlamın umutsuzluğu anlamlı düzeyde yordayıp yordamadığının saptanmasıdır. Bu araştırma betimsel bir çalışma olup, çalışma grubunu Eğitim Fakültesi son sınıfında okuyan 152 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan ölçme araçları Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği, Başa Çıkma Stilleri Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Yaşamda Anlam Ölçeği’dir. Araştırmanın verilerinin analizi Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Katsayısı ve Aşamalı Regresyon Analizi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda başa çıkma stilleri, depresyon ve yaşamda anlam eğitim fakültesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin umutsuzluğunu anlamlı düzeyde yordamaktadır.
Isolation and identification of the marine diatom Entomoneis sp. MMOGRB 0374S (Bacillariophyta): a strain with high arachidonic acid composition
Authors: He Lijuan , Lou Sulin , Lin Xiangzhi , Qian Xueqiao , Xie Shouqi , Wang Zhaokai
Published: November 2016

A unicellular marine diatom,
Macroscopic sexual dimorphism in Fucus radicans (Phaeophyceae) with implications for its reproductive ecology
Authors: Schagerström Ellen , Kautsky Lena
Published: November 2016

Sexual dimorphism on a macroscopic scale is unusual within the Phaeophyceae. We report for the first time macroscopic sexual dimorphism in
Advances in laboratory diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Farias Mariela Granero
Published: November 2016

Among the red cell membrane disorders, hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is one of the most common causes of inherited hemolytic anemia. HS results from the deficiency or dysfunction of red blood cell membrane proteins, such as α spectrin, β spectrin, ankyrin, anion channel protein (Band-3 protein), protein 4.1 and protein 4.2. Conventionally, HS diagnosis is established through a series of tests, which include spherocytes identification in peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, osmotic fragility, etc. Currently, different hematological analyzers provide erythrocyte indicators that estimate the presence of spherocytes and correlate that with HS, which can be useful for disease screening. The most traditional method is the osmotic fragility (OF) test, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming to perform and presents low sensitivity and specificity values. Thus, new methods have been developed for HS diagnosis, such as flow cytometry. Current guidelines recommend the use of flow cytometry as a screening test for HS diagnosis using the eosin-5′-maleimide (EMA) binding test. Thus, HS diagnosis is the result of a collaboration between clinicians and laboratories, who should take into account the family history and the exclusion of other causes of secondary spherocytosis.
The sum of modules of Walsh coefficients of Boolean functions
Authors: de la Cruz Jimenez Reynier A. , Kamlovskiy Oleg V.
Published: November 2016

We obtain achievable lower and upper bounds for the sums of modules of Walsh coefficients of Boolean functions of nvariables. An average value of such sums in the class of all Boolean functions of n variables and in its subclass consisting of all balanced functions is evaluated. We present some classes of nonlinear balanced functions whose sums of modules of Walsh coefficients are close to the obtained lower and upper bounds
The algorithm for identical object searching with bounded worst-case complexity and linear memory
Authors: Gasanov El’yar E. , Zubkov Andrey M. , Klykova Natalia V.
Published: November 2016

We propose and investigate new algorithms permitting to find an identical object in the database using the number of operations not depending on the volume of the database. One algorithm requires memory size that depends linearly on the database volume in the average.
Tests of contact closure for contact circuits
Authors: Popkov Kirill A.
Published: November 2016

The paper is concerned with the problem of synthesis of two-pole contact circuits implementing n-place Boolean functions and admitting short fault detection and diagnostic tests with respect to closures of contacts. It is shown that almost all n-place Boolean functions are implemented by irredundant two-pole contact circuits admitting single fault detection, complete fault detection and single diagnostic tests of constant length. We also prove that: 1) any Boolean function f(x
1,...,x
n) may be implemented by an irredundant two-pole contact circuit containing at most one input variable distinct from the variables x
1,...,x
n and admitting single and complete fault detection tests of length at most 2n; 2) any Boolean function f(x
1,...,x
n) may be implemented by an irredundant two-pole contact circuit containing at most two input variables distinct from the variables x
1,...,x
n and admitting single diagnostic test of length at most 4n.
Existence of Solutions of a New Class of Impulsive Initial Value Problems of Singular Nonlinear Fractional Differential Systems
Authors: Liu Yuji
Published: November 2016

Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of solutions of impulsive boundary value problems for singular nonlinear fractional differential systems. We allow the nonlinearities

p
(
t
)
f
(
t
,
y
)

$$p(t)f(t,y)$$

and

q
(
t
)
g
(
t
,
x
)

$$q(t)g(t,x)$$

in fractional differential equations to be singular at

t

=

0

$$t\!=\!0$$

. Both

f

$$f$$

and

g

$$g$$

may be super-linear and sub-linear. The analysis relies on some well-known fixed point theorems. The initial value problem discussed may be seen as a generalization of some ecological models. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the main theorems. A conclusion section is given at the end of the paper.
Precise Point Positioning Model Using Triple GNSS Constellations: GPS, Galileo and BeiDou
Authors: Afifi Akram , El-Rabbany Ahmed
Published: November 2016

This paper introduces a comparison between dual-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) post-processing model, which combines the observations of three different GNSS constellations, namely GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou and real-time PPP model. A drawback of a single GNSS system such as GPS, however, is the availability of sufficient number of visible satellites in urban areas. Combining GNSS observations offers more visible satellites to users, which in turn is expected to enhance the satellite geometry and the overall positioning solution. However, combining several GNSS observables introduces additional biases, which require rigorous modelling, including the GNSS time offsets and hardware delays. In this paper, a GNSS post-processing PPPP model is developed using ionosphere-free linear combination. The additional biases of the GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou combination are accounted for through the introduction of a new unknown parameter, which is identified as the inter-system bias, in the PPP mathematical model. Natural Resources Canada’s GPSPace PPP software is modified to enable a combined GPS / Galileo / BeiDou PPP solution and to handle the newly inter-system bias. A total of four data sets at four IGS stations are processed to verify the developed PPP model. Precise satellite orbit and clock products from the IGS-MGEX network are used to correct of the GPS, Galileo and BeiDou measurements. For the real-time PPP model the corrections of the satellites orbit and clock are obtained through the international GNSS service (IGS) real-time service (RTS). GPS and Galileo Observations are used for the GNSS RTS-IGS PPP model as the RTS-IGS satellite products are not available for BeiDou satellites. This paper provides the GNSS RTS-IGS PPP model using different satellite clock corrections namely: IGS01, IGC01, IGS01, and IGS03. All PPP models results of convergence time and positioning precision are compared to the traditional GPS-only PPP model. It is shown that combining GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou observations in a PPP model reduces the convergence time by 25 % compared with the GPS-only PPP model.
An Intelligent System for Identifying Influential Words in Real-Estate Classifieds
Authors: Abdallah Sherief
Published: November 2016

This paper focuses on the problem of quantifying how certain words in a text affect, positively or negatively, some numeric signal. These words can lead to important decisions for significant applications such as E-commerce. For example, consider the corpus of real-estate classifieds, which we developed as a case study. Each classified has a description of a real-estate property, along with simple features such as the location and the number of bedrooms. The problem then is to identify which keywords influence the price of the property. Such identification is complicated due to the existence of simple features (numeric and nominal attributes) that also affect the price. In this research, we propose a two-stage regression model to solve this problem. To assess our contribution, we analyze, as a case study, four corpora of real-estate classifieds. The analysis shows that our model predicts the price of a real-estate unit more accurately using the accompanying text, compared to the prediction relying only on simple features. We also demonstrate the capability of our model to annotate (automatically) words that affect the price positively or negatively.
Crystal structure of a P4-bridged (η
5-pentamethyl-cyclopentadienyl)(η
5-adamantylcyclopentadienyl) titanium(III)complex, C50H66P4Ti2
Authors: Oswald Tim , Beermann Thomas , Saak Wolfgang , Beckhaus Rüdiger
Published: November 2016

C50H66P4Ti2, orthorhombic, P21212 (no. 18), a = 14.3799(5) Å, b = 15.4444(6) Å, c = 9.5555(5) Å, V = 2122.17(16) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0338, wRref(F2) = 0.0643, T = 153(2) K.
Crystal structure of cis-tetrabromidobis(pyridine-κN)platinum(IV), C10H10Br4N2Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: November 2016

C10H10Br4N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.0172(4) Å, b = 13.1989(7) Å, c = 13.8836(8) Å, β = 95.995(3)°, V = 1461.10(14) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0477, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1189, T = 223(2) K.
Antibacterial potential of nanocomposite-based materials – a short review
Authors: Karwowska Ewa
Published: November 2016

Nanotechnology allows for the development of new types of materials containing antimicrobial properties. Nanocomposite-based products are increasingly applied in medicine, industry and everyday life. Antibacterial features allow the use of nanoproducts in filters for water and air purification, textiles, food packages, medical materials and devices, ceramics, glass, plastics, paints, cosmetics and personal care products. Numerous studies concern the synthesis of novel antimicrobial nanoproducts as well as modification of already existing nanomaterials in order to supply them with antibacterial activity. However, some problems related to the potential emission of nanocomponents into the environment can appear and should be considered.
Membrane mimetics for solution NMR studies of membrane proteins
Authors: Mineev Konstantin S. , Nadezhdin Kirill D.
Published: November 2016

Membrane proteins are one of the most challenging and attractive objects in modern structural biology, as they are targets for the majority of medicines. However, studies of membrane proteins are hindered by several obstacles, including their low ability to crystallize, highly dynamic behavior of some of their domains, and need for membrane-like environment. Although solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a very powerful technique of structural biology in terms of the amount of provided data, it imposes several limitations on the object under investigation, with the main constraint being related to the size of the object. For this reason, the membrane mimetic has to form particles of small size and simultaneously to properly simulate the bilayer membrane to be applicable for solution NMR spectroscopy. Here we review the recent advances in the field of membrane mimetics for solution NMR studies, discuss the advantages and drawbacks of specific membrane-like environments, and formulate the criteria for the selection of proper environment for a particular membrane protein or domain.
A multilevel governance framework for regulation of nanomedicine in India
Authors: Bhatia Pooja , Chugh Archana
Published: November 2016

Nanomedicine is a novel and challenging field in terms of its governance. It is gradually emerging that the existing regulatory regimes may not be able to accommodate the requirements of nanomedicine without amendments or supportive measures. Further, its multidisciplinary essence poses challenges and indicates a need for an adaptive regulatory framework for governance as well as promotion of innovation system. The best strategy to govern nanomedicine remains highly debatable across the globe. Although, major challenges posed by nanomedicine are universal, some of them are specific to each country, hence, making a jurisdiction-based framework essential to address unique needs of a nation. In India, a clear framework for the regulation of nanomedicine is lacking, as this governance gap has been realized through various studies. Keeping this in view, the authors propose a multi-level national governance system for regulation of nanomedicine in India based on four principles. The hierarchical governance model proposed involves regulatory space, policy regime, sites of governance and lifecycle of nanomedicine. The proposed system is inclusive of its various stakeholders. The system can play a significant role in sustainable growth of nanomedicine in India.
Virtual modelling of novel applicator prototypes for cervical cancer brachytherapy
Authors: Petric Primoz , Hudej Robert , Al-Hammadi Noora , Segedin Barbara
Published: November 2016

Background

Standard applicators for cervical cancer Brachytherapy (BT) do not always achieve acceptable balance between target volume and normal tissue irradiation. We aimed to develop an innovative method of Target-volume Density Mapping (TDM) for modelling of novel applicator prototypes with optimal coverage characteristics. Patients and methods. Development of Contour-Analysis Tool 2 (CAT-2) software for TDM generation was the core priority of our task group. Main requests regarding software functionalities were formulated and guided the coding process. Software validation and accuracy check was performed using phantom objects. Concepts and terms for standardized workflow of TDM post-processing and applicator development were introduced.

Results

CAT-2 enables applicator-based co-registration of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) structures from a sample of cases, generating a TDM with pooled contours in applicator-eye-view. Each TDM voxel is assigned a value, corresponding to the number of target contours encompassing that voxel. Values are converted to grey levels and transformed to DICOM image, which is transported to the treatment planning system. Iso-density contours (IDC) are generated as lines, connecting voxels with same grey levels. Residual Volume at Risk (RVR) is created for each IDC as potential volume that could contain organs at risk. Finally, standard and prototype applicators are applied on the TDM and virtual dose planning is performed. Dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters are recorded for individual IDC and RVR delineations and characteristic curves generated. Optimal applicator configuration is determined in an iterative manner based on comparison of characteristic curves, virtual implant complexities and isodose distributions.

Conclusions

Using the TDM approach, virtual applicator prototypes capable of conformal coverage of any target volume, can be modelled. Further systematic assessment, including studies on clinical feasibility, safety and effectiveness are needed before routine use of novel prototypes can be considered.
Endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms of cavernous and ophthalmic segment of internal carotid artery with flow diverter device Pipeline
Authors: Jevsek Marko , Mounayer Charbel , Seruga Tomaz
Published: November 2016

Background

Intra-arterial treatment of aneurysms by redirecting blood flow is a newer method. The redirection is based on a significantly more densely braided wire stent. The stent wall keeps the blood in the lumen of the stent and slows down the turbulent flow in the aneurysms. Stagnation of blood in the aneurysm sac leads to the formation of thrombus and subsequent exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate flow diverter device Pipeline for broad neck and giant aneurysm treatment.

Methods

Fifteen patients with discovered aneurysm of the internal carotid artery were treated between November 2010 and February 2014. The majority of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery were located intradural at the ophthalmic part of the artery. The patients were treated using a flow diverter device Pipeline, which was placed over the aneurysm neck. Treatment success was assessed clinically and angiographically using O’Kelly Marotta scale.

Results

Control angiography immediately after the release of the stent showed stagnation of the blood flow in the aneurysm sac. In none of the patients procedural and periprocedural complications were observed. 6 months after the procedure, control CT or MR angiography showed in almost all cases exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation and normal blood flow in the treated artery. Neurological status six months after the procedure was normal in all patients.

Conclusions

Treatment of aneurysms with flow diverter Pipeline device is a safe and significantly less time consuming method in comparison with standard techniques. This new method is a promising approach in treatment of broad neck aneurysms.
Respiratory toxicity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles: experimental study
Authors: Hurbankova Marta , Volkovova Katarina , Hraskova Dominika , Wimmerova Sona , Moricova Stefania
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

In the medical field, nanoparticles (NP) Fe3O4 are currently considered to be a relatively inert carrier for therapeutic and diagnostic pharmaceuticals, and they are also presumed for intravenous (i.v.) administration. Because they have nano dimensions, they probably can penetrate through various membranes and pass from the bloodstream to other organs in the body (Borm P, Muller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in medicine, 2007, Chapter 21, pp. 387–413, Particle Toxicology, ed. Donaldson K, Borm P, Taylor & Francis Group, USA, 434 p., ISBN 0-8493-5092-1). Therefore, in our experiment, we have examined the impact of a NP Fe3O4 instilled i.v. (to a tail vein of an animal) on the select parameters of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The aim of our study was to determine whether the NP investigated by us, pass through the vascular system to the respiratory tract, and if so, how they affect the selected inflammatory and cytotoxic parameters of BAL.

Materials and methods:

Wistar rats were intravenously given a suspension of Fe3O4 and after time intervals of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, the animals were sacrificed, BAL was performed and selected inflammatory and cytotoxic BAL parameters were examined.

Conclusion:

Based on the results obtained by us, Fe3O4 NP exposure, compared to the control, induced inflammatory response, the cytotoxic damage and respiratory toxicity. The results further show that Fe3O4 NP, 28 days after i.v. instillation, were eliminated from the respiratory tract by defense mechanisms.
Air exchange rates and alternative vapor entry pathways to inform vapor intrusion exposure risk assessments
Authors: Reichman Rivka , Roghani Mohammadyousef , Willett Evan J. , Shirazi Elham , Pennell Kelly G.
Published: November 2016

Vapor intrusion (VI) is a term used to describe indoor air (IA) contamination that occurs due to the migration of chemical vapors in the soil and groundwater. The overall vapor transport process depends on several factors such as contaminant source characteristics, subsurface conditions, building characteristics, and general site conditions. However, the classic VI conceptual model does not adequately account for the physics of airflow around and inside a building and does not account for chemical emissions from alternative “preferential” pathways (e.g. sewers and other utility connections) into IA spaces. This mini-review provides information about recent research related to building air exchange rates (AERs) and alternative pathways to improve the accuracy of VI exposure risk assessment practices. First, results from a recently published AER study for residential homes across the United States (US) are presented and compared to AERs recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The comparison shows considerable differences in AERs when season, location, building age, and other factors are considered. These differences could directly impact VI assessments by influencing IA concentration measurements. Second, a conceptual model for sewer gas entry into buildings is presented and a summary of published field studies is reported. The results of the field studies suggest that alternative pathways for vapors to enter indoor spaces warrant consideration. Ultimately, the information presented in this mini-review can be incorporated into a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach for assessing site-specific VI exposure risks.
Emerging roles of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes in metabolic diseases
Authors: Petriello Michael C. , Hoffman Jessie B. , Morris Andrew J. , Hennig Bernhard
Published: November 2016

Mammalian systems have developed extensive molecular mechanisms to protect against the toxicity of many exogenous xenobiotic compounds. Interestingly, many detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450s and flavin-containing monooxygenases, and their associated transcriptional activators [e.g. the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], have now been shown to have endogenous roles in normal physiology and the pathology of metabolic diseases. This mini-review will focus on two such instances: the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the formation of the cardiometabolic disease biomarker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and the role of AhR as a sensor of endogenous ligands such as those generated by the gut microbiota. Understanding the roles of xenobiotic sensing pathways in endogenous metabolism will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of how exposure to environmental pollutants can perturb these physiological processes.
Effect of alkali treatment on hair fiber as reinforcement of HDPE composites: mechanical properties and water absorption behavior
Authors: Srivastava Prashant , Sinha Shishir
Published: November 2016

This research work investigated the effect of fiber loading and alkali treatment on hair fiber (HF)-reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites in terms of mechanical properties and water absorption behavior. The mechanical stability of the composite material was studied by Universal Testing Machine. The alkali treatment of HF-reinforced HDPE composites was responsible for the investigation of the mechanical and water absorption properties. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also done for the study of the reinforced polymer composites. The results of the SEM analysis were very helpful for the study of the morphology of the fiber-matrix interface for better/optimum mechanical properties.
Evidence for deletion in as-parentheticals
Authors: LaCara Nicholas
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates the use of ellipsis diagnostics to determine whether deletion has occurred in
Three variants of novel Co(II) complex with NSAID mefenamic acid and N,N′-donor ligand neocuproine
Authors: Smolková Romana , Zeleňák Vladimír , Smolko Lukáš , Dušek Michal
Published: November 2016

Three variants of novel cobalt(II) complex with deprotonated mefenamic acid (mef) and N,N′-donor ligand neocuproine (neo) are described, namely; two differently colored and shaped crystal polymorphs of complex [Co(mef)2(neo)] (1a and 1b) and a pyridine solvate [Co(mef)2(neo)]·py (2). The complexes have been characterized by infrared and UV-VIS spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Although the complexes 1a, 1b and 2 crystallize in different crystal systems and space groups and differ in shapes of coordination polyhedra, the crystal structures of all three complexes contain analogous neutral units with Co(II) atom hexacoordinated by two chelate bonded mefenamato ligands and one chelate bonded neocuproine ligand, yielding CoN2O4 chromophore. The main structural difference between 1a, 1b and 2 is the conformation of the coordinated mef ligands, which affects the crystal packing of the complexes.
PEMBUATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN PAKAN PELET DALAM PENDEDERAN BENIH KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla serrata)
Authors: Tamsil Tamsil , Rosni Rosni , Teken Yohannes
Published: November 2016

Kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) sudah mulai dibudidayakan secara komersial di beberapa negara termasuk Indonesia, karena rasa dagingnya yang lezat dan bernilai gizi tinggi, serta menjadi komoditas ekspor. Benih kepiting yang selama ini ditangkap dari alam jumlahnya sudah sangat terbatas, sehingga kegiatan perbenihannya terus diupayakan meskipun belum dapat menghasilkan benih secara massal. Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi adalah tingkat kanibalisme yang tinggi sejak masa megalopa dan tertinggi pada stadia krablet. Pada stadia krablet umumnya diberi pakan ikan rucah dan rebon, yang memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti cepat rusak, mudah kontaminasi, dan musiman (rebon), sehingga perlu dicobakan pakan buatan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan pembuatan dan aplikasi pakan buatan dalam pendederan krablet (benih) kepiting bakau. Pakan buatan diformulasi menggunakan bahan baku lokal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi krablet. Krablet (umur 3-5 hari sejak metamorfosis dari megalopa ke krablet) dipelihara dalam bak fibre glass berukuran 1 m x 1 m x 0.5 m dengan kepadatan 50 ekor/bak. Selama lima minggu pemeliharaan, krablet diberi pakan uji berupa pakan buatan dan pakan rebon sebagai pembanding. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan dan sintasan benih kepiting bakau relatif sama antara yang diberi pakan buatan dan yang diberi pakan rebon. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pakan buatan dapat dimanfaatkan baik oleh benih kepiting bakau untuk pertumbuhannya dan dapat menggantikan penggunaan pakan rebon selama masa pendederan
INDUKSI PEMATANGAN GONAD DAN PENINGKATAN TINGKAT PEMBUAHAN TELUR INDUK UDANG WINDU, Penaeus monodon MELALUI RANGSANGAN HORMONAL TANPA ABLASI MATA
Authors: Laining Asda , Lante Samuel , Usman Usman
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rangsangan hormon gonadotropin (GTH) dan antidopamin (AD) terhadap performa induk betina alam sebagai pengganti ablasi. Dua perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah: 1) rangsangan hormon GTH dan AD pada betina udang windu alam tanpa ablasi; 2) kontrol berupa ablasi induk udang windu tanpa rangsangan hormon. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pemijahan pertama terjadi setelah rangsangan ke-2 yaitu 4 ekor induk (23,5%). Pascainjeksi ke-3, jumlah induk yang memijah meningkat menjadi 92,7% atau sebanyak 11 ekor dari 12 ekor yang diinjeksi. Setelah empat kali rangsangan, dari 17 ekor yang diinjeksi ternyata 14 ekor dapat memijah (82%) dan 3 ekor induk tidak memijah hingga akhir pengamatan. Kontrol menghasilkan 6 ekor induk memijah dari 10 ekor yang diablasi (60%). Fekunditas telur (fertil dan tidak fertil) dari induk yang dirangsang GTH+AD adalah 219.313 butir/induk lebih tinggi dibandingkan induk yang diablasi yaitu 182.848 butir/induk. Tingkat pembuahan pada kontrol adalah 54%, lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah telur yang fertil dari induk yang dirangsang GTH+AD yaitu 76%. Meskipun tingkat pembuahan telur yang dihasilkan oleh induk pascainjeksi lebih tinggi, ternyata tingkat penetasan telurnya hanya 39%, lebih rendah dari induk yang diablasi yaitu 52%. Diameter telur dari induk yang mendapat rangsangan AD+GTH adalah 29,3 μm ± 0,8 (rerata ± SD) lebih besar dari diameter telur induk yang diablasi (25,1 μm ± 0,3). Total asam amino karkas induk udang yang dirangsang GTH+AD adalah 61,4% relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Berdasarkan jumlah induk yang matang gonad dan fekunditas telur yang dihasilkan, aplikasi AD+GTH secara injeksi cukup dilakukan 3x pada dosis 0,3 mL/100 g udang.
EVALUASI DAYA TAHAN IKAN MAS HASIL SELEKSI BERDASARKAN MARKA MOLEKULER MHC-II TERHADAP INFEKSI KOI HERPES VIRUS
Authors: Hayuningtyas Erma Primanita , Syahputra Khairul , Ariyanto Didik
Published: November 2016

Balai Penelitian Pemuliaan Ikan telah menghasilkan populasi ikan mas tahan Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) generasi pertama (F-1) melalui program selective breeding. Seleksi dilakukan dengan metode walk-back selection menggunakan marka gen MHC-II spesifik pada lokus Cyca-Cyca-DAB 1*05. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengevaluasi daya tahan benih ikan mas F-1 terseleksi terhadap infeksi KHV melalui uji tantang. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan ikan mas populasi benih F-1 non-seleksi dan populasi benih ikan mas dari unit pembenihan rakyat (UPR). Ikan uji berupa benih ikan mas Rajadanu berumur dua bulan dengan bobot ratarata 5,5±0,5 g. Jumlah benih pada masing-masing wadah perlakuan sebanyak 30 ekor dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Wadah pengujian berupa akuarium berukuran 40 cm x 60 cm x 40 cm dengan kepadatan 1 ekor/L. Parameter yang diamati adalah sintasan, deteksi KHV, analisis ekspresi gen MHC-II, dan gambaran darah ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi benih F-1 terseleksi memiliki daya tahan lebih baik dengan sintasan 93,33% dibandingkan populasi benih F-1 non-seleksi sebesar 85,55% dan populasi benih dari UPR sebesar 81,11%. Daya tahan yang tinggi pada populasi benih F-1 terseleksi didukung oleh hasil deteksi KHV yang negatif dan ersentase jumlah limfosit yang lebih tinggi sebesar 91,67%; serta rendahnya persentase monosit dan heterofil, selain itu, tidak adanya eosinofil dan basofil. Ekspresi gen MHC-II terdeteksi pada berbagai organ, ekspresi tertinggi ditemukan pada organ limpa.
PENINGKATAN KINERJA REPRODUKSI, KUALITAS TELUR, DAN LARVA MELALUI SUPLEMENTASI Spirulina DIKOMBINASI DENGAN INJEKSI OOCYTE DEVELOPER PADA INDUK IKAN LELE (Clarias sp.) BETINA
Authors: Nainggolan Armen , Sudrajat Agus Oman , Utomo Nur Bambang Priyo , Harris Enang
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempercepat maturasi, meningkatkan kualitas telur, dan kuantitas larva ikan lele (Clarias sp.) melalui pemberian kombinasi suplementasi Spirulina pada pakan dan penyuntikan Oocyte developer (Oodev). Perlakuan yang diberikan terdiri atas: pakan A1: Spirulina 0% dengan Oodev 0 IU; pakan A2: Spirulina 0% dengan Oodev 15 IU; pakan B1: Spirulina 1% dengan Oodev 0 IU; pakan B2: Spirulina 1% dengan Oodev 15 IU; pakan C1: Spirulina 2% dengan Oodev 0 IU; pakan C2: Spirulina 2% dengan Oodev 15 IU; pakan D1: Spirulina 3% dengan Oodev 0 IU; pakan D2: Spirulina 3% dengan Oodev 15 IU. Selama 30 hari pemeliharaan, induk ikan diberi pakan perlakuan dengan feeding rate sebesar 3% dari bobot badannya dengan frekuensi pemberian dua kali sehari pada pukul 8.00 dan 17.00 WIB. Parameter yang diamati adalah Gonado Somatic Index (GSI), konsentrasi estradiol-17, konsentrasi protein vitelogenin, fekunditas dan viabilitas larva. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai GSI tertinggi selama penelitian diperoleh pada perlakuan D2 (9,94%) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lain. Hasil analisis estradiol-17 dan vitelogenin pada perlakuan D2 mengindikasikan kematangan gonad lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lain. Selanjutnya fekunditas tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan D2 sebesar 81.953±164 butir dengan derajat penetasan 90,70±0,24 dan sintasan larva tertinggi (umur empat hari) yakni sebesar 92,94±0,064. Dengan demikian, suplementasi Spirulina dengan dosis 3% pada pakan yang dikombinasikan dengan Oodev dosis 15 IU adalah yang terbaik untuk mempercepat kematangan gonad induk dan menstimulasi kinerja reproduksi terutama pada perkembangan gonad, kualitas telur, larva, dan ketahanan hidup larva.
TOKSISITAS DAN IMUNOGENISITAS PRODUK EKSTRASELULER Mycobacterium fortuitum PADA IKAN GURAME (Osphronemus gouramy)
Authors: Fatimah Siti , Indrawati Agustin , Lusiastuti Angela Mariana
Published: November 2016

Mycobacterium fortuitum merupakan bakteri patogen dengan kejadian penyakit bersifat kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat toksisitas dan imunogenisitas produk ekstraseluler M. fortuitum pada ikan gurame. Pengujian toksisitas dilakukan pada ikan dengan bobot 15 g yang diinjeksi secara intraperitoneal (i.p) dengan konsentrasi ECP berbeda yaitu 7,15 μg/ikan; 14,3 μg/ikan; 28,6 μg/ikan; 57,2 μg/ikan; sedangkan kontrol dengan menggunakan PBS. Pengujian imunogenisitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan ikan seberat 25-30 g. Ikan dibagi dalam tiga perlakuan yaitu: ECP dengan Freund Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA), ECP, dan kontrol (sauthon broth). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa ECP M. fortuitum hingga konsentrasi 57,2 μg/ikan tidak toksik pada ikan gurame. Sementara, tingkat imunogenisitas menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang diinjeksi dengan ECP ditambah FIA dan ECP saja memiliki respons imun non-spesifik dan spesifik yang lebih tinggi dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ECP M. fortuitum bersifat imunogenik pada ikan gurame sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai vaksin guna penanggulangan mycobacteriosis.