bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis Framework for Examination Timetabling
Authors: Arbaoui Taha , Boufflet Jean-Paul , Moukrim Aziz
Published: November 2022

An examination timetabling problem taken from real world universities was proposed at the International Timetabling Competition (ITC2007). The aim was to establish a common base for comparing different solution approaches. This paper presents new preprocessing methods that disclose hidden constraints and significantly increase the number of new edges that can be added to the conflict graph. Results show that the size of the maximum clique of the obtained conflict graph has been more than doubled for two instances as a result of our preprocessing. These larger cliques mean that instances can be analyzed in advance of a solution and end users gain useful information for making decisions. In addition, we have looked at the different criteria that compose the objective function, in order to provide more useful insights into the difficulty of problems in practice. We propose new integer programming formulations using clique inequalities to compute optimal solutions for 4 criteria and to obtain lower bounds for the 3 others. Results are presented and discussed for all the benchmark instances.
Planning Paths with Fewer Turns on Grid Maps
Authors: Xu Hu , Shu Lei , Huang May
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we consider the problem of planning any-angle paths with small numbers of turns on grid maps. We propose a novel heuristic search algorithm called Link* that returns paths containing fewer turns at the cost of slightly longer path lengths. Experimental results demonstrate that Link* can produce paths with fewer turns than other any-angle path planning algorithms while still maintaining comparable path lengths. Because it produces this type of path, artificial agents can take advantage of Link* when the cost of turns is expensive.
Multi-Heuristic A*
Authors: Aine Sandip , Swaminathan Siddharth , Narayanan Venkatraman , Hwang Victor , Likhachev Maxim
Published: November 2022

We present a novel heuristic search framework, called Multi-Heuristic A* (MHA*), that simultaneously uses multiple, arbitrarily inadmissible heuristic functions and one consistent heuristic to search for complete and bounded suboptimal solutions. This simplifies the de- sign of heuristics and enables the search to effectively combine the guiding powers of different heuristic func- tions. We support these claims with experimental results on full-body manipulation for PR2 robots.
Handling All Unit Propagation Reasons in Exact Max-SAT Solvers
Authors: Abrame Andre , Habet Djamal
Published: November 2022

Unit propagation (UP) based method are widely used in Branch and Bound (BnB) Max-SAT solvers for detecting disjoint inconsistent subsets (IS) during the lower bound (LB) estimation. UP consists in assigning to true (propagating) all the literals which appear in unit clauses. The existing implementations of UP only consider the first unit clause causing the assignment of each variable, thus the propagations must be done and undone chronologically to ensure that all the unit clauses are properly exploited. Max-SAT BnB solvers transforms the formulas to ensure IS disjointness. These transformations remove clauses from the formula thus propagations are frequently undone. Since the propagations are undone in chronological order, many useless unassignments and reassignments are performed. We propose in this paper a new unit propagation scheme which considers all the unit clauses causing the assignment of the variables by UP. This new scheme allows to undo propagations in a non-chronological way and thus it reduces the number of redundant propagation steps made by BnB solvers. We also show how the information available with this new scheme can be used to influence the characteristics of the IS built by BnB solvers. We propose a heuristic which aims at reducing their size, and thus improving the quality of the LB estimation. We have implemented the new propagation scheme as well as the IS building heuristic in our solver MSsolver. We present and discuss the results of the experimental study we have performed.
Suboptimal Variants of the Conflict-Based Search Algorithm for the Multi-Agent Pathfinding Problem
Authors: Barer Max , Sharon Guni , Stern Roni , Felner Ariel
Published: November 2022

The task in the multi-agent path finding problem (MAPF) is to find paths for multiple agents, each with a different start and goal position, such that agents do not collide. A successful optimal MAPF solver is the conflict-based search (CBS) algorithm. CBS is a two level algorithm where special conditions ensure it returns the optimal solution. Solving MAPF optimally is proven to be NP-hard, hence CBS and all other optimal solvers do not scale up. We propose several ways to relax the optimality conditions of CBS trading solution quality for runtime as well as bounded-suboptimal variants, where the returned solution is guaranteed to be within a constant factor from optimal solution cost. Experimental results show the benefits of our new approach; a massive reduction in running time is presented while sacrificing a minor loss in solution quality. Our new algorithms outperform other existing algorithms in most of the cases.
Speedy Versus Greedy Search
Authors: Wilt Christopher , Ruml Wheeler
Published: November 2022

In work on satisficing search, there has been substantial attention devoted to how to solve problems associated with local minima or plateaus in the heuristic function. One technique that has been shown to be quite promising is using an alternative heuristic function that does not estimate cost-to-go, but rather estimates distance-to-go. Empirical results generally favor using the distance-to-go heuristic over the cost-to-go heuristic, but there is currently little beyond intuition to explain the difference. We begin by empirically showing that the success of the distance-to-go heuristic appears related to its having smaller local minima. We then discuss a reasonable theoretical model of heuristics and show that, under this model, the expected size of local minima is higher for a cost- to-go heuristic than a distance-to-go heuristic, offering a possible explanation as to why distance-to-go heuristics tend to outperform cost-to-go heuristics.
Time-Bounded Best-First Search
Authors: Hernandez Carlos , Asin Roberto , Baier Jorge
Published: November 2022

Time-Bounded A* (TBA*) is a single-agent deterministic search algorithm that expands states of a graph in the same order as A* does, but that unlike A* interleaves search and action execution. Although the idea underlying TBA* can be generalized to other single-agent deterministic search algorithms, little is known about the impact on performance that would result from using algorithms other than A*. In this paper we propose Time-Bounded Best-First Search (TB-BFS) a generalization of the time-bounded approach to any best-first search algorithm. Furthermore, we propose restarting strategies that allow TB-BFS to solve search problems in dynamic environments. In static environments, we prove that the resulting framework allows agents to always find a solution if such a solution exists, and prove cost bounds for the solutions returned by Time-Bounded Weighted A* (TB-WA*). We evaluate the performance of TB-WA* and Time-Bounded Greedy Best-First Search (TB-GBFS). We show that in pathfinding applications in static domains, TB-WA* and TB-GBFS are not only faster than TBA* but also find significantly better solutions in terms of cost. In the context of videogame pathfinding, TB-WA* and TB-GBFS perform fewer undesired movements than TBA*. Restarting TB-WA* was also evaluated in dynamic pathfinding random maps, where we also observed improved performance compared to restarting TBA*. Our experimental results seem consistent with theoretical bounds.
From Fork Decoupling to Star-Topology Decoupling
Authors: Gnad Daniel , Hoffmann Joerg , Domshlak Carmel
Published: November 2022

Fork decoupling is a recent approach to exploiting problem structure in state space search. The problem is assumed to take the form of a fork, where a single (large) center component provides preconditions for several (small) leaf components. The leaves are then conditionally independent in the sense that, given a fixed center path p, the compliant leaf moves - those leaf moves enabled by the preconditions supplied along p - can be scheduled independently for each leaf. Fork-decoupled state space search exploits this through conducting a regular search over center paths, augmented with maintenance of the compliant paths for each leaf individually. We herein show that the same ideas apply to much more general star-topology structures, where leaves may supply preconditions for the center, and actions may affect several leaves simultaneously as long as they also affect the center. Our empirical evaluation in planning, super-imposing star topologies by automatically grouping the state variables into suitable components, shows the merits of the approach.
Partial Domain Search Tree for Constraint-Satisfaction Problems
Authors: Sharon Guni
Published: November 2022

The traditional approach for solving Constraint satisfaction Problems (CSPs) is searching the Assignment Space in which each state represents an assignment to some variables. This paper suggests a new search space formalization for CSPs, the Partial Domain Search Tree (PDST). In each PDST node aunique subset of the original domain is considered, values are excluded from the domains in each node to insure that a given set of constraints is satisfied. We provide theoretical analysis of this new approach showing that searching the PDST is beneficial for loosely constrained problems. Experimental results show that this new formalization is a promising direction for future research. In some cases searching the PDST outperforms the traditional approach by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, PDST can enhance Local Search techniques resulting in solutions that violate up to 30% less constraints.
A Preliminary Selection of Problems in Heuristic Search
Authors: Linares López Carlos , Saffidine Abdallah
Published: November 2022

The Heuristic Search community has been concentrating much effort during the last decades in solving more and more efficiently the SHORTEST PATH problem (SPP). As a result, a valuable body of scientific results has been produced, mostly in the form of heuristics and search algorithms. However, not much attention has been given to other problems even if they result from slight variations of the typical problems addressed by the community. Furthermore, other communities attempt at solving hard combinatorial problems which might be well solved with heuristic search. In this paper, an attempt is presented to introduce a preliminary selection of relevant problems that goes well beyond the classical SPP.
Expected Path Degradation when Searching over a Sparse Grid Hierarchy
Authors: Kolchmeyer Robert , Dobson Andrew , Bekris Kostas
Published: November 2022

The traditional focus of combinatorial search research is to speed up the search algorithm. An alternative, however, is to create a sparser representation of the search space. This relates to the idea of spanners from graph theory. These are subgraphs which retain paths between any two vertices of the original graph while guaranteeing a maximum stretch in path length. In practice, the path degradation of graph spanners is significantly smaller than the theoretical bound. Even so, expected path degradation of graph spanners is typically not studied. This work focuses on grid path-finding to propose an algorithm that constructs a grid spanner, where analysis for the obstacle-free case shows that significant performance gains can be achieved with a small decrease in expected path quality. This is an important first step towards studying the expected performance of spanners. Experiments on game maps show that expected path quality with obstacles is only sometimes marginally lower than that in the obstacle-free case and that a significant reduction in the size of the search space can be achieved.
A Theoretical Framework for Constraint Propagator Triggering
Authors: Cohen David , Jefferson Christopher , Petrie Karen
Published: November 2022

CSP instances are commonly solved by backtracking search combined with constraint propagation. During search, constraint solvers aim to remove any literals (variable-value pair) that can be shown not to be part of any solution. This literal removal, called propagation, is the beating heart of modern constraint solvers. A significant proportion of the runtime of propagating constraint solvers is spent running propagation algorithms. Therefore any mechanism for reducing how frequently propagators are called leads directly to significant performance improvements. One family of popular techniques is dynamic triggering — these techniques aim to avoid invoking a propagator when it would remove no literals. While this technique has been successful in practice, it has not yet been studied theoretically. This paper provides a theoretical framework for understanding when dynamic triggering will be successful. In particular, we prove when a literal deletion does not require a propagator to be executed. To achieve this, we describe supports: a support for a constraint is a set of literals whose presence in a search state ensures that propagating the constraint will not remove any literals. Therefore running the propagator when a literal outside the support is deleted is a waste of time. By characterising supports and giving a definition of dynamic and static supports for the CSP, we provide the framework for a proper analysis. We show how the number of triggers required for different constraints varies widely. For some constraints, dynamic triggering allows very small supports, for others the number of required supports is provably large.
Searching for Real-Time Heuristic Search Algorithms
Authors: Bulitko Vadim
Published: November 2022

Heuristic search is a core area of Artificial Intelligence with applications to planning, scheduling and game playing. Real-time heuristic search applies to search problems where plan execution needs to start before a complete solution can be computed. Since the inception of real-time heuristic search in the early 1990s a great number of algorithms have been proposed and evaluated. In this paper we break them down into building blocks and conduct a search in the space of such building blocks. Even simple tabulated and iterative searches find new real-time heuristic search algorithms outperforming manually crafted contemporary algorithms.
Using an Algorithm Portfolio to Solve Sokoban
Authors: Froleyks Nils , Balyo Tomas
Published: November 2022

The game of Sokoban is an interesting platform for algorithm research. It is hard for humans and computers alike. Even small levels can take a lot of computation for all known algorithms. In this paper we will describe how a search based Sokoban solver can be structured and which algorithms can be used to realize each critical part. We implement a variety of those, construct a number of different solvers and combine them into an algorithm portfolio. The solver we construct this way can outperform existing solvers when run in parallel, that is, our solver with 16 processors outperforms the previous sequential solvers.
Understanding the Search Behaviour of Greedy Best-First Search
Authors: Heusner Manuel , Keller Thomas , Helmert Malte
Published: November 2022

A classical result in optimal search shows that A* with an admissible and consistent heuristic expands every state whose f-value is below the optimal solution cost and no state whose f-value is above the optimal solution cost. For satisficing search algorithms, a similarly clear understanding is currently lacking. We examine the search behaviour of greedy best-first search (gbfs) in order to make progress towards such an understanding. We introduce the concept of high-water mark benches, which separate the search space into areas that are searched by a gbfs algorithm in sequence. High-water mark benches allow us to exactly determine the set of states that are not expanded under any gbfs tie-breaking strategy. For the remaining states, we show that some are expanded by all gbfs searches, while others are expanded only if certain conditions are met.
The Minimal Set of States that Must Be Expanded in a Front-to-End Bidirectional Search
Authors: Shaham Eshed , Felner Ariel , Chen Jingwei , Sturtevant Nathan
Published: November 2022

A* is optimal among admissible unidirectional algorithms when searching with a consistent heuristic. Recently, similar optimality bounds have been established for bidirectional search, but no practical algorithm is guaranteed to always achieve this bound. In this paper we study the nature of the number of nodes that must be expanded in any front-to-end bidirectional search. We present an efficient algorithm for computing that number and show that a theoretical parameterized generalization of MM, with the correct parameter, is the optimal front-to-end bidirectional search. We then experimentally compare various algorithms and show how far they are from optimal.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at SoCS 2017 in the Previously Published Paper Track
Authors: Fukunaga Alex , Kishimoto Akihiro
Published: November 2022

This document gathers the abstracts for the papers that were presented as part of the Previously Published Paper Track.
Using Algorithm Configuration Tools to Generate Hard SAT Benchmarks
Authors: Balyo Tomáš , Chrpa Lukáš
Published: November 2022

Algorithm configuration tools have been successfully used to speed up local search satisfiability (SAT) solvers and other search algorithms by orders of magnitude. In this paper, we show that such tools are also very useful for generating hard SAT formulas with a planted solution, which is useful for benchmarking SAT solving algorithms and also has cryptographic applications. Our experiments with state-of-the-art local search SAT solvers show that by using this approach we can randomly generate satisfiable formulas that are considerably harder than uniform random formulas of the same size from the phase-transition region or formulas generated by state-of-the-art approaches. Additionally, we show how to generate small satisfiable formulas that are hard to solve by CDCL solvers.
El derecho desde las ciencias sociales, las ciencias y la sociedad desde el derecho
Authors: Valencia Hernández Javier Gonzaga
Published: November 2022

La aparente completud del derecho y de los sistemas jurídicos de la modernidad que proclamaron los juristas modernos como fin de una era de sistematización, sintetización y universalización lógica formal de un derecho consuetudinario e irracional se tambalea por los nuevos acontecimientos sociales, económicos, políticos y ambientales
Letras coloniales en la Cartago virreinal de la Nueva Granada
Authors: Mazuera-Ayala Paula
Published: November 2022

Se indaga el Archivo Histórico de la Casa del Virrey de Cartago, Valle del Cauca, en una línea de tiempo que comprende el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada (documentos fechados a partir de 1614 - 1824) e interrelaciona los cambios de la época colonial de forma sincrónica. Para tal fin se ha vuelto sobre el archivo, las pilas mortuorias, herencias, fallos, pruebas y testimonios de los habitantes ilustres de Cartago, con objeto de desvelar esta urdimbre, la cual cohesiona los intereses monárquicos y los intereses de la Iglesia en el proceso de conquista y colonia. Se verá cómo las Leyes de Indias serán la respuesta simbólica a las guerras fratricidas del siglo XIX y a la burocracia contemporánea como forma de enajenación social, al basar la ley en el despotismo ilustrado y hacer de la cultura un monopolio monárquico ejecutado por apoderados, alcaldes y representantes de la Iglesia.
Derecho de las familias a participar en el contexto escolar : análisis desde las constituciones chilena y española.
Authors: Castillo Cárdenas Leonardo , Saracostti Schwartzman Mahia , Castellanos Claramunt Jorge , Morales Trapp Soledad
Published: November 2022

Está comprobado que la participación colaborativa de las familias en el contexto escolar permite soluciones más eficientes y duraderas a problemas sociales como la deserción escolar o las vulneraciones de derechos; hecho que favorece el desarrollo integral de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. El objetivo del artículo es contrastar la regulación del derecho de las familias a participar en el contexto escolar consagrada en las constituciones chilena y española, a través del método de la dogmática jurídica, por medio de la cual se realizó un análisis comparado entre el inciso final del Artículo 19 Nº 10 de la Constitución chilena y los Artículos 27.5 y 27.7 de la Constitución española. Como principal resultado se halló que el deber contributivo de la comunidad al desarrollo de la educación conlleva implícitamente el derecho de participación de las familias en el contexto escolar. También se encontró que la Constitución chilena, a diferencia de la española, no contempla normas que garanticen explícitamente este derecho; de modo que el derecho/deber de educar a los hijos e hijas queda trunco al no asegurar su participación más allá de escoger el tipo de establecimiento educacional.
La conciliación en equidad. Herramienta para la construcción de paz en Colombia
Authors: Salazar Zuluaga Lina María , Cabello Tijerina Paris A.
Published: November 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre cómo la conciliación en equidad es una herramienta para la construcción de paz en el marco del acuerdo de paz suscrito entre el Estado colombiano y las FARC-EP. Para ello, en primer lugar se hace referencia a los métodos de solución de conflictos diferentes a la justicia formal, entre ellos, la conciliación en equidad, y la manera como están contemplados en la legislación colombiana; en segundo, se hace una descripción sobre laconstrucción de paz en lo que se refiere al acuerdo de paz; posteriormente se hace referencia los métodos de solución de conflictos como herramientas para la construcción de paz y para ello se revisan algunas concepciones sobre la paz y la cultura de paz; y finalmente se puntualiza sobre cómo la conciliación en equidad funge como herramienta para la construcción de paz en el sentido dado por el acuerdo.
EFL Teachers’ Practices and Challenges Towards Implementing Critical Thinking Skills Online During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Alasmari Nasser
Published: November 2022

This study examined the extent to which EFL teachers at the University of Jeddah are aware of the importance of implementing critical thinking skills. It also investigated their practices of such skills while teaching remotely and discussed the current impediments that distract the effective application and acquisition of such skills by the Saudi learners. Data came from a teacher’s questionnaire and semi- structured interviews carried out online. The results found were congruent with other topic-related researches in some aspects and incongruent in some other aspects. As a matter of fact, the EFL teachers in this work believed in the importance of teaching critical thinking to their learners, however, their teaching practices do not reflect this belief. One of the important variables that distract the effective development of critical thinking is the learners’ disengagement. More and more researches need to be conducted to investigate the relationship between the aforementioned variables.
A Multimodal Ecological Discourse Analysis of Presentation PowerPoint Slides in Business English Class
Authors: Qi Wenjin , Hu Yutao
Published: November 2022

This study applies the visual grammar theory to the multimodal ecological discourse analysis of the students’ presentation PPT slides in business English class. It investigates the process of meaning construction through a quantitative analysis of 160 images and a thorough qualitative analysis of 2 specific images. The results reveal that students’ ecological values embedded in PPT design are delivered via intersemiotic play of multimodal semiotic resources. And it is found that students’ ecological values are in accordance with the ecosophy of “Diversity and Harmony, Interaction and Co-existence”, which highlights the harmonious coexistence between man, society and nature.
Enhancing EFL Learners’ Verbal Communication Engagement Through WhatsApp Chat Group’s Voice Messages Using Referential and Display Questions
Authors: Minalla Amir Abdalla
Published: November 2022

Despite significant attempts to raise verbal communicative skills in the Arab world, the verbal production of English-language EFL learners still falls short of expectations. By employing display and referential questions to start a conversation in WhatsApp chat groups, this study aims to expand verbal communication outside of academic settings.  The participants in two WhatsApp chat groups (Groups "A" and "B") using voice messages were exposed to the same learning material as part of an integrated activity for the traditional classroom. On the basis of the various question types used by each group, the performance of the two groups was then statistically assessed. Comparing the verbal responses of group (A) using display questions to group (B) using referential questions, the data revealed a considerable improvement. It is clear that EFL beginners interact more naturally with question types about which they already have information or experience. In contrast to asking referential questions, the display question format verbally encouraged EFL beginners to participate. Because the traditional EFL classroom is no longer appropriate for providing enough opportunities for EFL learners' verbal interaction, using display questions on WhatsApp chat groups through voice messages can be advised as an effective technique to improve EFL beginners' verbal interactions outside of classroom contexts.
Effectiveness of urethral endosphincteroplasty in children with urinary incontinence, myelodysplasia, and epispadias
Authors: Demidov Alexandr A. , Mlynchik Elena V.
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: Periurethral injections of various materials in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence have been known since 1938. In the literature, we could not find reports of endosurgical correction of urinary incontinence as the main method of treatment in children with myelodysplasia and epispadias and a pathogenetically based examination algorithm to predict the result of the injection, taking into account the endoscopic technique and volume of the injected drug.
AIM: To present an assessment of long-term results, i.e., correction of stress urinary incontinence in children with myelodysplasia and epispadias, after endoimplantation of a stable synthetic volume-forming polymer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed 38 patients (517 years old) with urinary incontinence with myelodysplasia and epispadias: boys and girls with epispadias (n = 9 and n = 3, respectively) and with myelodysplasia (n = 10 and n = 16), respectively. For diagnostic purposes, clinical and instrumental (excretory urography, cystography, cystoscopy, uroflowmetry, electrophysiological, and urodynamic) examination methods were used. To correct incontinence, intra- and paraurethral endoinjections of a stable polyacrylamide mesh polymer with silver ions were performed.
RESULTS: According to the literature, the effectiveness of the intraurethral administration of stable implants with urinary incontinence in catamnesis for up to 12 months reached 50%; with longer follow-up, positive results did not exceed 40% of observations. In this study, complete retention of urine was achieved in 25 (66%) children. Satisfactory result (incontinence in the afternoon up to 40 mL) was observed in 8 (21%) children, and unsatisfactory in 5 (13%) children.
DISCUSSION: Indications for endosphincteroplasty in children with stress incontinence having myelodysplasia and epispadias with a stable implant should be determined considering urodynamics, blood circulation, innervation, and functional (urethral profilometry) parameters in the detrusor-sphincters-pelvic floor system.
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with myelodysplasia and epispadias with isolated insufficiency of urethral sphincters, surgical treatments can be performed independently, and their effectiveness can reach 70%.
First experience of using a vacuum bell in the treatment of pectus excavatum in children
Authors: Shominova Alena O. , Mitupov Zorikto B. , Razumovsky Aleksandr Yu.
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: To date, N.F. Filatov Childrens Hospital has great experience in the surgical correction of pectus excavatum in children. For 22 years, 1000 minimally invasive repair procedures of pectus excavatum were performed in the thoracic surgery department. Despite the satisfactory and excellent outcomes of the surgical correction of pectus excavatum, the search for alternative nonsurgical methods of treating this pathology continues. In world practice, a vacuum bell is used as a conservative treatment. However, its effectiveness and indications are still in question.
AIM: To evaluate the first experience of using a vacuum bell in the treatment of pectus excavatum in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A vacuum bell is a device consisting of sight glass, silicone ring, and manual pump, lifting chest wall deformities through a vacuum. The device is selected individually depending on the growth and shape of the ventral surface of the chest. According to instructions, the vacuum bell should be used a minimum of 1 h per day. All patients underwent a standardized assessment of the results of treatment every 36 months: measuring the depth of deformation, visual treatment control, analysis of photo documentation, and questionnaires.
RESULTS: In the N.F. Filatov Childrens Hospital from 2015 to 2021, treatment results of 35 children using vacuum bell for 636 months were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the percentage of deformation correction. The first group included 23 (65.7%) patients, and the percentage of correction was 50%. The second group included 12 (34.3%) patients, and the percentage of correction was 50%. In these groups, the main differences in the age of treatment initiation, regularity of use, and time of daily use have influenced the results. In the first and second groups, the average ages were 8.7 2.69 and 13.7 3.56 years, and the average daily use times were 5.7 2.04 and 3.6 1.61 h/day, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum bell therapy is an effective and safe method for correcting pectus excavatum in children, and in some cases, it can be an alternative to surgical treatments.
Sağlıkta İklim Değişikliği Müfredatı: Türkiye Tıp Fakülteleri İçerik Analizi
Authors: ÖZMEN Ayşen , EVCİ KİRAZ Emine Didem
Published: November 2022

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin iklim değişikliği eğitimi alıp almadığını tespit etmek, iklim değişikliği dersi verilen tıp fakültelerinin ders içeriğini analiz etmek, iklim değişikliği-sağlık ilişkisinin önemini vurgulamak ve bu konuyu ulusal literatüre kazandırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada nitel veri toplama yöntemi olan içerik analizi yöntemi kullanıl-mıştır. Türkiye’deki Türkçe eğitim veren vakıf ve devlet üniversitelerindeki tıp fakültelerinin Bologna Bilgi Paketi-Öğretim Programı ders içerikleri(boş olması halinde ders programları) taranmış, iklim değişikliği eğitimi veren tıp fakültelerinin ders içerikleri incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Türkçe tıp eğitimi veren 84 devlet, 25 vakıf, iki KKTC olmak üzere toplam 111 üni-versitenin ders içerikleri iklim eğitimi veren tıp fakültelerini ve iklim ilişkili ders veren dört tıp fakültesinin ders içeriklerinin incelemesini oluşturmaktadır.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Gelecekte küresel iklim değişikliğinin yaratacağı sağlık sorunları ve olayla-rının belirsizliğiyle başa çıkabilecek donanımlı sağlık profesyonellerine ihtiyaç duyulacaktır. Çalışma sonucunda Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği ve sağlık kavramının tıp müfredatına enteg-rasyonunun hiç olmadığı görülmüştür. Gerekli çalışmaların hızla yapılması gerektiğini aynı zamanda değişim çağrısının aciliyetini de vurguluyoruz.
Transient Global Amnesia in the Reykjavik area
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, University Iceland, Gauksdóttir Auður , Sveinsson Ólafur Árni ,   Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a benign syndrome characterized by sudden anterograde memory loss, that resolves spontaneously within 24 hours. TGA appears without other focal neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to study TGA in the greater Reykjavik-area. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the medical history of patients with a diagnosis of TGA (ICD-10 G45.4) at the University Hospital in Iceland in 2010-2021. Medical records were reviewed, and information about year and age at diagnosis, sex, symptoms, precipitating events, imaging results and risk factors were collected. Statistical processing was performed with Excel and Rstudio. RESULTS: Overall, 348 attacks of TGA were identified with a mean frequency of 29 attacks/year, where 9.9% had an earlier history of TGA. The mean age was 64.1, with 50% of subjects between 58-70 years old. The sex distribution was equal (49.9% female). Possible precipitating events were found in 53.7% of cases, with physical activity being the most common one (24.4%), followed by sudden temperature change and emotional stress. In 96% of patients a computerized tomography was performed (no sign of acute changes were found), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 36.2% of cases. MRI showed restricted diffusion in the hippocampal area in 10.3% of cases. DISCUSSION: TGA is not a rare but a benign syndrome. Our findings regarding age, sex distribution and precipitating events were in accordance with other studies. TGA is thought to result from a temporary hippocampal dysfunction supported by the clinical presentation and MRI findings. The cause of TGA is however still unknown.
Serval et Barkhane : des interventions aux multiples conséquences
Authors: Goyet Gabrielle
Published: November 2022

En février 2022, la France a officiellement retiré ses forces armées du territoire malien. Cette annonce est survenue un peu plus de 9 ans après le coup d’envoi de la mission Serval au Mali, elle-même suivie de l’opération Barkhane dans le grand Sahel un an plus tard. Ces deux initiatives avaient pour but de lutter contre le terrorisme, notamment en s’attaquant à des groupes djihadistes, dont Al-Qaïda au Maghreb islamique (AQMI) et Ansar Dine. Si l’arrivée de l’armée française était initialement applaudie, le narratif a connu un revirement important au fil des ans : les soldats français sont rapidement devenus des symboles d’un post-colonialisme, représentant l’ancienne métropole coloniale infiltrée dans les affaires nationales d’une ancienne colonie. Au lendemain du retrait des troupes, il est d’autant plus important de se pencher sur les effets de l’intervention militaire française au Mali, et plus généralement dans la région sahélienne. Les interventions militaires apportent leur lot de conséquences sur le pays hôte, mais également sur les populations locales. On constate donc parmi les grands impacts l’affaiblissement de l’État malien et l’expansion de la crise sécuritaire à l’échelle régionale, mais aussi une restructuration du paysage djihadiste et une dégradation des conditions socio-économiques pour la population. Le retrait des forces françaises laisse donc planer une question particulière : le bilan de Serval et Barkhane s’avère-t-il positif ou négatif pour le Mali?
An Insecure North?
Authors: Mattachione Julian
Published: November 2022

State actors are becoming increasingly interested in the economic potential and security dynamics of the Arctic space as the effects of global climatic change rapidly shape the world’s polar spaces. National governments have responded to these changing dynamics by tailoring their defence policies to reflect what they believe to be the most pressing challenges to their presence in the region. This article asks; how is the north framed and whose voices are reflected in Canadian defence policy? It concludes that the conventional framing of Canada’s north remains deeply influenced by the idealized and imagined narratives of Canadian governance with little inclusion of disparate voices.

By examining the defence white papers of prime ministers Chretien, Martin, Harper, and Trudeau, this article determines that Canadian Arctic security discourse has increased significantly in the post-Cold War era while the region’s Inuit population remain external to its dialogue. This absence of Indigenous voice in Canadian defence policy reflects an unsustainable Eurocentric viewing of the North that is unable to adequately address the region’s changing dynamics. As such, Canada’s future defence policy must acknowledge the distinct and transnational value of Inuit traditional knowledge to overcome the limitations of conventional trans-Atlantic policy frameworks.
REDD+ But Not Ready
Authors: Junger Sawyer
Published: November 2022

The ratification of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allows countries to engage in compliance-based carbon markets which will allow countries to offset their own carbon emissions by investing in emissions reductions elsewhere. Given this recent development, it bears considering whether the international system is prepared to adopt existing voluntary carbon markets into a compliance system. Accordingly, this paper examines the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of major REDD+ host countries to determine whether they are prepared to adopt this program under the compliance-based system. Given the well-documented risks of carbon offset markets to indirectly increase emission (via non-additionality, leakage, or incentivizing weak governance from host states), this paper argues that host states need to set clear guidelines towards the roles internal decarbonization policy and what is additional contributions from carbon markets. This paper ultimately argues that REDD+ is ill-equipped to function under a carbon market as host states appear reliant on REDD+ to achieve their own internal climate goals and suggests that better accountability is needed for REDD+ to be adopted under article 6.
Representasi Sensualitas Tubuh Perempuan pada Iklan Softener So Klin
Authors: Anugerah Muhammad Robich , Nurseto Aji , Handoko Jati Alif Nur Rohman Hidayat
Published: November 2022

Tujuan penlitian ini membahas representasi sensualitas tubuh perempuan pada iklan softener soklin. Representasi menjadi konsep penting dalam kajian tentang tanda, termasuk dalamnya adalah kajian tentang tanda yang dihadirkan oleh iklan. Melalui kajian tentang representasi dakam iklan, menampilkan seorang perempuan yang menggunakan pakaian dengan model yang dimana pada bagian punggung terbuka dan bagiang depan terbuka bada garis tengah sehingga terlihat jelas berwarna ungu sehingga berpenampilan sexy, sambil mengatakan bahwa “ Setiap Perempuan Mengidamkan Sentuhan Kemewahan”  menjelas produk Softener Soklin ini juga menghasilkan sebuah kelembutan dan keharuman sehingga selalu memberikan setiap sentuhan, dari perkataan dan penjelasan produk tersebut ditambah adanya perempuan menjadi kurang sopan untuk ditayangkan. Analisis penelitian pada iklan Softener Soklin ini menggunakan semiotika dari Roland Barthes berdasarkan pemikiran Ferdinand de Saussure. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahhui representasi pada tubuh perempuan cantik dalam iklan Softener Soklin yang membuat pakaianya harus lembut dan wangi dalam setiap sentuhan dan keharumannya sehingga memiliki rasa percaya diri yang tinggi. Dari mengiklankan produk Softener Soklin untuk menawarkan produk, dapat menarik perhatian karena yang menonton iklan tidak hanya orang dewasa tetapi semua usia.
Representasi Warna Kulit Perempuan Ideal dalam Iklan K-Natural White Brightening Body Versi Agatha Chelsea
Authors: Ifada Herbi Salsabila Nurainsoctavianis , Wati Agnes Purnama , Afifi Ahmad Yahya
Published: November 2022

Standar kecantikan yang dikonstruksi oleh iklan di media membawa pengaruh yang sangat besar bagi masyarakat, dalam beberapa iklan produk kecantikan menampilkan kunci cantik adalah memiliki kulit yang cerah dan glowing. Salah satu contohnya yaitu iklan produk K Natural White Brightening Body Wash, penulis memfokuskan pada produk K Natural White Brightening Body Wash yang merepresentasikan bagaimana cantik perempuan ideal seperti perempuan Korea. Seperti yang telah dijelaskan di bagian pendahuluan, penelitian ini akan menelaah mengenai representasi warna kulit perempuan ideal dalam Iklan K-Natural White Brightening Body versi Agatha Chelsea. Demi mendapatkan jawaban dari pembahasan dalam penelitian ini, maka langkah yang kami lakukan adalah dengan memakai metode semiotika. Metode penelitian yang dipilih oleh tim peneliti ini diharapkan mampu memberi jawaban yang diinginkan. Analisis dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan semiotika Roland Barthes, yaitu denotasi, konotasi, dan mitos. Analisis semiotik pada penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa iklan tersebut menampilkan stereotip mengenai gambaran dimana perempuan yang cantik merupakan perempuan yang berkulit cerah glowing seperti orang Korea.
Representasi Bias Gender pada Iklan Susu Ultramilk Pure Passion
Authors: Islami Angelica Mutiara , Amalia Astria Dinda , Diastiningtyas Rahma Tantri
Published: November 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman bias gender serta menganalisis adanya ketidakseimbangan gender pada iklan susu Ultra Milk Pure Passion yang disiarkan di televisi. Iklan pada media seringkali mampu mengubah persepsi masyarakat dari bagaimana iklan tersebut mempromosikan produknya. Pada iklan Susu Ultra Milk Pure Passion ini telah ditemukan beberapa scene yang menunjukkan bagaimana seorang laki-laki dan perempuan direpresentasikan. Di mana hal tersebut menyebabkan adanya pemahaman baru atau pembenaran atas pemahaman terkait adanya ketidakseimbangan gender. Untuk mengkaji hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode representasi dan domestifikasi. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan analisis semiotika. Hasilnya adanya ketidakseimbangan gender pada scene yang ditampilkan oleh iklan Susu Ultra Milk Pure Passion yang memiliki pengaruh untuk membangun persepsi di masyarakat bahwa seorang perempuan tidak jauh lebih baik untuk bekerja di luar ruangan dan laki-laki dianggap lebih dituntut untuk mengerti banyak hal dibanding perempuan.
Representasi Domestikasi dan Streotype Perempuan dalam Iklan Termorex Patch Versi Plester Demam
Authors: Nugraha Nauval Hijran , Wibowo Satrio Mukti , Farelti Muhammad Alvin
Published: November 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini membahas representasi domestikasi dan streotype Perempuan dalam Iklan Termorex Patch Versi Plester Demam tahun 2020. Konsep terpenting dalam kajian ini adalah representasi, termasuk tanda yang ditampilkan dalam sebuah iklan. Melalui penelitian tentang representasi dalam iklan. Perempuan dalam wiliyah domestik merupakan kegiatan atau kehidupan perempuan dibatasi hanya didalam rumah dengan tugas memasak, merawat anak, serta melayani suaminya. Perempuan dalam wilayah domestik sudah menjadi stereotype dimasyarakat secara luas, bahwa seorang perempuan harus menjadi ibu yang baik bagi anaknya dan juga suaminya. Tidak seperti hegemoni yang didapatkan oleh laki-laki dalam kehidupannya sosial, yang kebanyakan didalam lingkup publik. Derajat perempuan sering kali lebih rendang dibandingkan dengan laki-laki, dikarenakan kaum laki-laki lebih mendominasi dalam kehidupan soialnya. Dalam mendapatkan jawaban atas rumusan masalah dari penelitian ini, kami menggunakan metode penelitian semiotika Ronald Barthes. Setelah mempelajari lebih lanjut iklan Iklan Termorex Patch Versi Plester Demam, dengan demikian kami memperoleh hasil bahwa iklan sangat berpengaruh terhadap stereotype yang ada didalam masyarakat sosial, yang dimana stereotype ini perempuan digambarkan selalu ada diwiliyah domestiknya.
The Role of International Law in the Resolution of Boundary Disputes in Africa: A Case Study of Bakassi Peninsula
Authors: Abdulyakeen Abdulrasheed
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates how international law helped Nigeria and Cameroon settle their territorial dispute over the Bakassi Peninsula from 1999 to 2008. The study utilized the case study research design with a qualitative approach which enabled data to be derived from various sources, including documentary records and semi-structured elite interviews. The findings showed that the ICJ’s ruling in October 2002 did not address urgent and immediate compliance. All subsequent attempts at arbitration were guided by the law established by the dispute resolution in the form of an award. Every diplomatic tactic employed was modified to follow the court’s ruling, resulting in a peaceful conclusion of the conflict and enhancing the continued importance of law in international interactions between states.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Formal Labor Market and the Pension System in El Salvador
Authors: Fuentes Nelson , Aguilar Gonzalo , Trillos Camila
Published: November 2022

Using an impact evaluation methodology for interrupted time-series and the IDB Pension Projection Model, this study estimates that the COVID-19 pandemic could have notably effects on the private pension system in El Salvador as a consequence of the relaxation of requirements to repay early withdrawals that was established in the context of the pandemic. This fact could negatively affect passive coverage rate, system incomes, short-run system surplus and replacement rates, generating an increase in the fiscal cost. The problems of the Salvadoran pension system are structural, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated them. Consequently, although it is possible to discuss policies to reduce these effects, it is necessary to frame this discussion in the context of a comprehensive reform of the system.
Assessing Macro-Fiscal Risk for Latin American and Caribbean Countries
Authors: Valencia Oscar , Díaz Juan José , Parra Diego A.
Published: November 2022

This paper provides a comprehensive early warning system (EWS) that balances the classical signaling approach with the best-realized machine learning (ML) model for predicting fiscal stress episodes. Using accumulated local effects (ALE), we compute a set of thresholds for the most informative variables that drive the correlation between predictors. In addition, to evaluate the main country risks, we propose a leading fiscal risk indicator, highlighting macro, fiscal and institutional attributes. Estimates from different models suggest significant heterogeneity among the most critical variables in determining fiscal risk across countries. While macro variables have higher relevance for advanced countries, fiscal variables were more significant for Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) and emerging economies. These results are consistent under different liquidity-solvency metrics and have deepened since the global financial crisis.
A Divulgação Científica da Educação na Perspectivas de Professores
Authors: Quinquiolo Natália , Santana da Silva Wallace
Published: November 2022

Atualmente muito se fala em divulgação científica, principalmente em áreas como ciências naturais e exatas. Entretanto, outras áreas do conhecimento têm atuado para desmistificar a ciência, tornando-a cada vez mais acessível, como a educação. Apesar dos diversos esforços da comunidade acadêmica nesse sentido, ainda há uma certa confusão conceitual sobre comunicação e divulgação científica e como cada uma dessas estratégias deve ser feita. O presente trabalho buscou compreender como os professores compreendem os processos que envolvem a divulgação científica na área da educação, atendendo à necessidade de fomentar a discussão acerca da aproximação da educação enquanto ciência da comunidade não científica. Para tal, utilizou-se da aplicação de questionário virtual a professores de todo país, indagando-os sobre seus conhecimentos acerca da comunicação e divulgação científicas dentro do contexto educacional e demonstrando a necessidade de criação de meios de divulgação científica que busquem reforçar e fortalecer a educação enquanto ciência.