bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CATIONIC CONDUCTIVITY IN MIXED POLYFERRITES
Authors: Anikanova L.G. , Dvoretskii N.V. , Malysheva Z.G.
Published: June 2018

The effect of chemical composition on the cationic conductivity of mixed alkali metals β"-polyferrites was established. Cationic conductivity is determined by the mobility of alkali metal ion in inter-unit space which in turn depends on the ratio of cation radius and width of inter-unit space. The conductivity increases with z, and at the same z in the range of 0.28 – 0.4 becomes constant (z in the formula Me2-zAdzFe11O17, where Me - the basic alkali metal, Ad - introduced alkali metal ion, which has the larger radius (Cs, Rb)) for all samples. This is due to the structural features of polyferrites.
Comparative Abundance, Species Composition, and Demographics of Continental Shelf Fish Assemblages throughout the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Murawski Steven A. , Peebles Ernst B. , Gracia Adolfo , Tunnell John W. , Armenteros Maickel
Published: June 2018

We analyzed the results of the first comprehensive, systematic, fishery independent survey of Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental shelves using data collected from demersal longline sampling off the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. In total, 166 species were sampled from 343 longline sets during 2011–2017, which deployed 153,146 baited hooks, catching 14,938 fish. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon–Wiener diversity indices by station were highest in mid shelf depths (~100 m), declining by about half in deeper waters. Six spatial assemblages were identified by testing the results of cluster analysis using similarity profile analysis and then plotting the geographic location of identified station clusters. A high degree of depth related and horizontal zonation was evident for demersal fish species. Multispecies CPUE (number per 1,000 hook hours) was highest off the north central (NC) and northwestern (NW) GoM and lower on the West Florida Shelf (WFS), Cuba (CUB), Yucatan Peninsula (YP), and southwestern (SW) GoM. Snappers and groupers were most abundant in the WFS and CUB, while elasmobranchs were the dominant taxa in the NC and NW GoM. Pelagic species were relatively rare everywhere (owing to the use of demersal longline gear), but were most dense off CUB. Species richness was highest in the NC and WFS subareas and lowest in the NW and CUB. Slopes of multispecies size spectra, which integrated mortality, recruitment, growth, and species interactions among size groups, were shallowest in the NW and NC GoM and steepest off the WFS and YP. These results provide a basis for evaluating the relative resiliency potential of species assemblages across the continental shelves of the GoM, and thus for identifying subareas that are most vulnerable to acute and chronic perturbations from cumulative effects of fishing, climate change, pollution (including oil spills), habitat loss, and invasive species.
Fake fur, fruit leather, and ferrofluids: Challenges to managing a materials library in the Middle East
Authors: Lombard Richard , Andres Amy
Published: June 2018

The Materials Library at Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar is the only one of its kind in the Arab Gulf region. The library's mission is to provide students and faculty with access to various industries’ most innovative materials and products. But collection efforts are frequently challenged by the school's geographical location. How can a diverse and eclectic materials collection develop and expand in the face of strict customs regulations, exorbitant shipping costs, and, most recently, a political crisis that has severely restricted the country's airspace and shipping routes? A supportive administration and a creative approach to materials procurement have helped the library become an academic and community hub for the research and creative productivity of students, faculty, and local artists and designers.
The importance of characterisations in geometry
Authors: Josefsson Martin
Published: June 2018

When studying geometry, it is natural to choose an object and try to determine what properties it has. Take for example a trapezium (trapezoid in American English): a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite parallel sides. Then we probably want to know how to calculate its area, the length of the diagonals, what other properties the diagonals might have, if it has some angle properties, how to calculate the length of the midsegment and so on. All these are interesting investigations. But when they are done (and in many textbooks the story is not allowed to continue even this far), then it is very common to consider the exploration of the trapezium finished. The truth is that here we are only half way. The most interesting part of the journey is the second half. So far we only know necessary conditions in the trapezium, that is, given that we have a quadrilateral that is a trapezium, what properties it has. But what about the reverse question? Which of these properties are unique to the trapezium, that is, which are the sufficient conditions? Or in other words: which properties characterise trapezia and separate them from all the other quadrilaterals? To me that is the really interesting question!
SCEPTICISM AT THE BIRTH OF SATIRE: CARNEADES IN LUCILIUS’CONCILIVM DEORVM
Authors: Goh Ian
Published: June 2018

The best-known fact about the interaction of the Republican Roman poet Gaius Lucilius (c.180–103/102b.c.e.), the inventor of the genre of Roman verse satire, with the doctrine of Scepticism is probably a statement of Cicero: that Clitomachus the Academician dedicated a treatise to the poet (Cic.Luc. 102). Diogenes Laertius makes much of that writer's, Clitomachus’, industry (τὸ φιλόπονον, 4.67), with the comment: ‘to such lengths did his diligence (ἐπιμελείας) go that he composed more than four hundred treatises’. This phraseology surely reminds those interested in Lucilius’ influence on later Latin poetry of Horace's disparaging comment,in hora saepe ducentos, | ut magnum, uersus dictabat(‘as a bravura display, he would often dictate two hundred verses in an hour’,Sat.1.4.9–10); moreover, Horace shortly afterwards calls his predecessorgarrulus atque piger scribendi ferre laborem(‘talkative and too lazy to bear the work of writing’, 1.4.12). Yet, a sceptical view of Horace's critique might have to think of Lucilius as hard-working, like his putative friend the Academic philosopher, Clitomachus.
REASSESSING FRONTLINE MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS OF THE BRITISH CIVIL WARS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL WORLD
Authors: PELLS ISMINI
Published: June 2018

Medical provision in Civil War armies has generally suffered a poor reputation. Medical matters have been excluded from assessments of how far Civil War armies confirm evidence of the so-called ‘Military Revolution’, whilst Harold Cook argued that it was not until after the Glorious Revolution that the medical infrastructure of the armed forces was brought in line with continental practices, particularly those of the Dutch army. Despite the recent rehabilitation of early modern practitioners elsewhere, frontline military practitioners continue to be dismissed as uneducated, unskilful and incompetent. This is largely due to the lack of a fresh perspective since C. H. Firth publishedCromwell's Armyin 1902. This article argues that the English were well aware of current medical practice in European armies and endeavoured to implement similar procedures during the Civil Wars. Indeed, almost all the developments identified by Cook for the later seventeenth century can be found in Civil War armies. Whilst failures may have occurred, most of these can be attributed to administrative and financial miscarriages, rather than ignorance of contemporary medical developments. Moreover, there is little to suggest that medics mobilized for Civil War armies were any less capable than those who practised civilian medicine in this period.
A FAMILY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAGUERRE PLANES OF KLEINEWILLINGHÖFER TYPE II.A.2
Authors: STEINKE GÜNTER F.
Published: June 2018

Kleinewillinghöfer classified Laguerre planes with respect to linearly transitive groups of central automorphisms. Polster and Steinke investigated two-dimensional Laguerre planes and their so-called Kleinewillinghöfer types. For some of the feasible types the existence question remained open. We provide examples of such planes of type II.A.2, which are based on certain two-dimensional Laguerre planes of translation type. With these models only one type, I.A.2, is left for which no two-dimensional Laguerre planes are known yet.
AUTONOMY AND DECENTRALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL IMPERIAL CRISIS: THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND THE SOVIET UNION IN 1905–1924
Authors: SABLIN IVAN , SEMYONOV ALEXANDER
Published: June 2018

This article brings the case of imperial transformation of the Russian Empire/Soviet Union into global discussions about empire, nationalism, and postimperial governance, and highlights the political and legal imaginaries that shaped this transformation, including their global and entangled character. This article argues that the legal and political discourses of decentralization, autonomism, and federalism that circulated at the time of the imperial crisis between the Revolution of 1905 and the adoption of the Soviet Constitution in 1924 contributed to the formation of an ethno-national federation in place of the Russian Empire, despite both the efforts of the Bolsheviks to create a unitary state, and the expectations of a different future among contemporary observers. At the same time, the postimperial institutional framework became a product of political conjunctures rather than the legal discourse. Its weakness before the consolidating party dictatorship made the Soviet Union a showcase of sham federalism and autonomism.
At the heart of programming: the role of micro-RNAs
Authors: Siddeek B. , Mauduit C. , Yzydorczyk C. , Benahmed M. , Simeoni U.
Published: June 2018

Epidemiological and experimental observations tend to prove that environment, lifestyle or nutritional challenges influence heart functions together with genetic factors. Furthermore, when occurring during sensitive windows of heart development, these environmental challenges can induce an ‘altered programming’ of heart development and shape the future heart disease risk. In the etiology of heart diseases driven by environmental challenges, epigenetics has been highlighted as an underlying mechanism, constituting a bridge between environment and heart health. In particular, micro-RNAs which are involved in each step of heart development and functions seem to play a crucial role in the unfavorable programming of heart diseases. This review describes the latest advances in micro-RNA research in heart diseases driven by early exposure to challenges and discusses the use of micro-RNAs as potential targets in the reversal of the pathophysiology.
Energy transport pathway in proteins: Insights from non-equilibrium molecular dynamics with elastic network model
Authors: Wang Wei Bu , Liang Yu , Zhang Jing , Wu Yi Dong , Du Jian Jun , Li Qi Ming , Zhu Jian Zhuo , Su Ji Guo
Published: June 2018

Intra-molecular energy transport between distant functional sites plays important roles in allosterically regulating the biochemical activity of proteins. How to identify the specific intra-molecular signaling pathway from protein tertiary structure remains a challenging problem. In the present work, a non-equilibrium dynamics method based on the elastic network model (ENM) was proposed to simulate the energy propagation process and identify the specific signaling pathways within proteins. In this method, a given residue was perturbed and the propagation of energy was simulated by non-equilibrium dynamics in the normal modes space of ENM. After that, the simulation results were transformed from the normal modes space to the Cartesian coordinate space to identify the intra-protein energy transduction pathways. The proposed method was applied to myosin and the third PDZ domain (PDZ3) of PSD-95 as case studies. For myosin, two signaling pathways were identified, which mediate the energy transductions form the nucleotide binding site to the 50 kDa cleft and the converter subdomain, respectively. For PDZ3, one specific signaling pathway was identified, through which the intra-protein energy was transduced from ligand binding site to the distant opposite side of the protein. It is also found that comparing with the commonly used cross-correlation analysis method, the proposed method can identify the anisotropic energy transduction pathways more effectively.
Assessment of Fv/Fm absorbed by wheat canopies employing in-situ hyperspectral vegetation indexes
Authors: Tan Chang-Wei , Wang Dun-Liang , Zhou Jian , Du Ying , Luo Ming , Zhang Yong-Jian , Guo Wen-Shan
Published: June 2018

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of Fv/Fm, as an important index for evaluating crop yields and biomass, is key to guide crop management. However, the shortage of good hyperspectral data can hinder the accurate assessment of wheat Fv/Fm. In this research, the relationships between wheat canopy Fv/Fm and in-situ hyperspectral vegetation indexes were explored to develop a strategy for accurate Fv/Fm assessment. Fv/Fm had the highest coefficients with normalized pigments chlorophyll ratio index (NPCI) and the medium terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI). Both NPCI and MTCI were increased with the increase in Fv/Fm. However, NPCI value ceased to increase as Fv/Fm reached 0.61. MTCI had a descending trend when Fv/Fm value was higher than 0.61. A piecewise Fv/Fm assessment model with NPCI and MTCI regression variables was established when Fv/Fm value was ≤0.61 and >0.61, respectively. The model increased the accuracy of assessment by up to 16% as compared with the Fv/Fm assessment model based on a single vegetation index. Our study indicated that it was feasible to apply NPCI and MTCI to assess wheat Fv/Fm and to establish a piecewise Fv/Fm assessment model that can overcome the limitations from vegetation index saturation under high Fv/Fm value.
Rotating Bioreactors: Concept, Designs and Applications
Authors: Boodhoo Kamelia
Published: June 2018

Rotating technologies, also known as HiGee technologies, typically involve the application of high gravity fields, of the order of 100–1000g, in order to intensify the fluid dynamics, mixing and heat/mass transfer in processing fluids. Research into such technologies for bioprocessing applications has a long history, with much progress achieved in a number of relevant applications from wastewater treatment to production of value-added chemicals such as bioethanol, citric acid etc. for the food, fuel and pharma industries. This chapter reviews the progress made in developing and applying rotating reactors for bioprocessing, focusing on whole cell fermentation and biotransformations. A background to bioreactor design requirements is first introduced followed by general considerations of rotating reactor concepts. Four configurations/modes of operation of rotating bioreactor designs are presented and discussed: the rotating fluidised bed, the rotating bed bioreactor, the rotating biofilm contactor and the rotating membrane reactor. Examples of industrially-relevant applications for each are also highlighted.
Adopting combined strategies to make state of charge (SOC) estimation for practical use
Authors: Du Qiang , Han Qi , Zhang Yiming , Liu Zhaoping , Tian Shuang , Zhang Zhimin
Published: June 2018

The estimation of state of charge (SOC) requires the tradeoff between high accuracy and robustness in the design of the battery management system. There are varieties of studies being carried out around this issue, aiming to balance the model complication, algorithm complexity, estimation accuracy, as well as robustness. In this work, in order to solve the SOC estimation problem under real complex working conditions, we introduce a strategy that combines battery modeling tactics and algorithm developing techniques to make it. In detail, we employ a combined model and build discrete state-space equations based on it. For improving the estimation accuracy, we use the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor to identify the parameters of the model. The particle filter embedded genetic algorithm is employed for SOC estimation, which overcomes the particle degradation and diversity loss for further enhancing the accuracy and robustness of estimation. Finally, real road test data is applied to investigate the estimation performance of the developed SOC estimation strategy.
Determining the Rotational Orientation of Directional Deep Brain Stimulation Leads Employing Flat-Panel Computed Tomography
Authors: Hunsche Stefan , Neudorfer Clemens , Majdoub Faycal El , Maarouf Mohammad , Sauner Dieter
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Directional deep brain stimulation (DBS) constitutes an emerging technology that allows selective stimulation of target structures via partitioned electrode contacts. In order to effectively perform target-tailored stimulation, knowledge of the rotational orientation of the segmented leads is imperative.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a universally applicable and reliable method for determination of lead orientation angles in DBS using flat-panel computed tomography (fpCT).

METHODS

A binary template of directional leads DB-2202-30 (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts) and 6170 (Abbott, Plano, Texas) was imported into the 2-dimensional raw data set of a conventional fpCT scan. The template was aligned with and manually rotated around the predetermined lead trajectory. The overall orientation of the segmented lead can be deduced by transferring position and orientation of the lead orientation marker into the 3-dimensional volume. Accuracy of the method was investigated by two raters in a phantom study.

RESULTS

Accuracy were 5.4° ± 4.1° (range: 0.4°-11.9°) for rater 1 and 5.2° ± 3.0° (range: 0.3°-10.2°) for rater 2, when investigating DB-2202-30. For 6170 observed deviations were 2.5° ± 1.7° (range: 0.2°-5.2°) and 4.3° ± 3.6° (range: 0.2°-11.2°) for raters 1 and 2, respectively.

CONCLUSION

fpCT imaging constitutes a precise and accurate means to determine the rotational orientation of directional leads. The approach is universally transferable to different electrode designs as the template can easily be adjusted to the electrodes’ specific measures. The approach is independent from polar implantation angles owing to fpCT- and methodological features.
Moderating influence of advisor personality on the association between financial advice and investor stock trading behavior
Authors: Tauni Muhammad Zubair , Majeed Muhammad Ansar , Mirza Sultan Sikandar , Yousaf Salman , Jebran Khalil
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of financial advice on investor trading behavior by analyzing the influence of advisor personality.

Design/methodology/approach

The study utilized the Big Five personality framework from Costa and McCrae (1992) to measure personality traits of advisors and examined the data collected from 314 stock investor–advisor dyads. Personality traits of advisors were measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1989). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the fitness of the Big Five model. We followed two-stage least square method for estimating endogenous covariate by employing instrumental variable analysis. Probit model was used to evaluate the moderating influence of advisor personality traits on the association between the usage of financial advice and trading behavior.

Findings

The authors found that financial advice positively impacts investors’ stock trading frequency. The authors also provide empirical evidence that financial advice is more likely to increase trading frequency when advisor personality tends to be openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness. On the other hand, information acquired from financial advisors causes fewer adjustments in investors’ portfolios when the personality of advisors is likely to be extraverted and neurotic.

Research limitations/implications

The theoretical model in our study seeks to explain that a psychological factor, namely, advisor personality, influences the way an investor interprets information signals from financial advice, which, in turn, influences the investor’s decision to trade in securities.

Practical implications

This research suggests that characteristics of advisors other than those of investors can be of relevance for policy makers in their attempts to improve their business in the financial services industry.

Originality/value

Survey-based studies in finance are lacking. This study adds to the existing literature of behavioral finance that accounts for the observed variations in investors’ financial decision making explained by psychological factors. No previous study has been conducted so far exploring variations in the impact of financial advice on investors’ stock trading behavior by the Big Five advisor personality, and this paper strives to fill this research gap in Chinese stock market.
Effect of F-doping on temperature dependence of resistivity of vanadium pentoxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Mousavi M. , Khorami Gh. , Kompany A. , Shahtahmasebi N.
Published: June 2018

This paper reports structural and electrical characteristics of F-doped [Formula: see text]V2O5 thin films of different F concentrations. The films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. It was found that F-doping in vanadium pentoxide affects the crystallinity of the samples. The SEM images have shown that by increasing the F-doping level, the size of the nanobelt increases. Electrical measurements indicated that the F-doping in [Formula: see text]V2O5 makes the temperature of phase transition change from semiconductor to metallic phase.
Wireless Brain Wave Classification for Alzheimer’s Patients via Efficient Neural Network Computation
Authors: Sheen Grant
Published: June 2018

Wireless recording and real time classification of brain waves are essential steps towards future wearable devices to assist Alzheimer’s patients in conveying their thoughts. This work is concerned with efficient computation of a dimension-reduced neural network (NN) model on Alzheimer’s patient data recorded by a wireless headset. Due to much fewer sensors in wireless recording than the number of electrodes in a traditional wired cap and shorter attention span of an Alzheimer’s patient than a normal person, the data is much more restrictive than is typical in neural robotics and mind-controlled games. To overcome this challenge, an alternating minimization (AM) method is developed for network training. AM minimizes a nonsmooth and nonconvex objective function one variable at a time while fixing the rest. The sub-problem for each variable is piecewise convex with a finite number of minima. The overall iterative AM method is descending and free of step size (learning parameter) in the standard gradient descent method. The proposed model, trained by the AM method, significantly outperforms the standard NN model trained by the stochastic gradient descent method in classifying four daily thoughts, reaching accuracies around 90% for Alzheimer’s patient. Curved decision boundaries of the proposed model with multiple hidden neurons are found analytically to establish the nonlinear nature of the classification.
Validation of a New Low-Cost, Methanol-Based Fixative for Cervical Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Detection
Authors: Leite Katia Ramos Moreira , Silva Thais , Naum Bruna , Canavez Flavio , Canavez Juliana , Pimenta Ruan , Reis Sabrina , Camara-Lopes Luiz Heraldo
Published: June 2018

Objective: To test the performance of a new fixative for pap smear collection for liquid-based cervical cytology, CellPreserv® and compare it with the commercially available, PreservCyt® used in the diagnosis and detection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Methods: Seven hundred twenty five women participated in this study after signing an informed consent. The specimens were collected using a traditional device, agitated in PBS, and equally divided in both fixatives. The slides were prepared routinely, stained by Papanicolaou, examined blindly by 2 cytologists, and reviewed by one cytopathologist. To search for HPV, 1,000 μL from each fixative was taken and processed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Considering the adequacy of samples, both fixatives had similar results – 0.33 and 0.32% of the cases unsatisfactory for PreservCyt® and CellPreserv®, respectively. Considering the 701 satisfactory cases and comparing the new fixative to the traditional fixative, there was 99.3% concordance between both. The results regarding the HPV detection was 100% concordant between the 2 fixatives. Conclusion: The new methanol-based fixative, CellPreserv®, is cheaper and equally efficient for treating cervical cancer screening and for HPV detection, and can be safely used by the health system prevailing in low-income countries.
A metabolomic study of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) raises a warning about Antarctic pollution
Authors: Zhang Fengying , Zhao Ming , Ma Chunyan , Wang Lumin , Feng Chunlei , Li Lingzhi , Ma Lingbo
Published: June 2018

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most successful species on Earth and serves as the largest potential protein bank for both Antarctic animals and humans. Research on this species is of great value for exploitation of Antarctic biotic resources. In this study, the metabolomics of E. superba were investigated using the GC-MS method. A total of 293 compounds were initially identified; these compounds could be divided into several classes, including amino acids, sugars and polyols, metabolic intermediates, small molecules and other metabolites. However, a serious problem was that both 2-hydroxybiphenyl and dioctyl phthalate were also detected in these krill tissues. Moreover, some intermediates of pesticides and medicinal or chemical compound products were found in krill tissue as well. This is the first survey to investigate the occurrence of chemical contamination in metabolites of Antarctic krill. These findings suggest that international contracts or policies should be developed to protect the pristine ocean.
A review of the millipede genus Rupidesmus Schubart, 1952 (Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae)
Authors: BOUZAN RODRIGO SALVADOR , INIESTA LUIZ FELIPE M. , BRESCOVIT ANTONIO DOMINGOS
Published: June 2018

The chelodesmid genus Rupidesmus Schubart, 1952 is revised. Currently, the genus contains only Rupidesmus ruber Schubart, 1952, herein redescribed, and the new species Rupidesmus aclys n. sp., added. A revised diagnosis for the genus and a distribution map for the two species are provided.
Evidence-Based Policy in the Real World: A Cautionary View
Authors: Gamoran Adam
Published: June 2018

The evidence movement has attended more to improving the supply of evidence than to increasing demand, so even as rigorous evidence production has increased, the use of evidence remains all too rare. A growing body of research indicates that the quality of relationships between researchers, policy-makers, and intermediaries plays a central role in whether rigorous evidence informs decisions in policy and practice. Creating structures to support such relationships remains a major challenge. Yet even when high-quality evidence is used, the intended benefits may not ensue because of broader challenges in society at large. Consequently, we should temper our expectations for the benefits of evidence-based policymaking, but not give up the effort.
Parental Perceptions of Surviving Sibling Grief Responses to an Adolescent’s Violent and Sudden Death by the Sewol Ferry Disaster in South Korea
Authors: Khang Minsoo , Lee Dong Hun , Kim Yewon
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to provide empirical descriptions of responses to the death of a sibling to the sinking of the Sewol ferry in South Korea. 16 bereaved parents are interviewed regarding their surviving children's grief responses at approximately 2 years after the death. The surviving siblings described by the bereaved parents are 14 in total, including 8 teens in their 10s and 4 young adults in their 20s. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a qualitative content analysis method. The following themes emerged: (a) negative behavioral changes, (b) expressions of grief, (c) change in relationship with parents, (d) school adjustment problems, and (e) social changes. Unique aspects of the grief responses among the surviving siblings in this study are noted. Discussions and implications are provided based on the results.
Women Entrepreneurship in India: Evidence from Economic Censuses
Authors: Samantroy Ellina , Tomar J. S.
Published: June 2018

The global commitment to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030 focusses on poverty, tackling inequality and injustice, setting different targets including the economic empowerment and the wellbeing of women. Central to an inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the need to harness the economic potential of women and for that entrepreneurship remains critical. The present article is contextualised against the backdrop of the SDGs and tries to address questions of women’s empowerment, agency building and wellbeing through an analysis of the entrepreneurial activities of women. To this end, the article tries to provide policy recommendations indicating that entrepreneurship is not only an economically rewarding activity but also needed to address larger questions on reducing gendered vulnerabilities across social groups and building a women’s agency for sustained labour market participation. The article is based on the secondary data largely drawn from the Economic Census and the reports of the National Sample Survey.
Book review: Sujit Kumar Mishra and R. Siva Prasad (Eds), Displacement, Impoverishment and Exclusion: Political Economy of Development in India
Authors: Vinayan Soumya
Published: June 2018

Sujit Kumar Mishra and R. Siva Prasad (Eds), Displacement, Impoverishment and Exclusion: Political Economy of Development in India. Delhi: Aakar Books, 2018, 422 pp., ₹1,495.
Intangible machines: Patent protection for software in the United States
Authors: Sherman Brad
Published: June 2018

Intellectual property law has been interacting with software for over sixty years. Despite this, the law in this area remains confused and uncertain: this is particularly evident in patent law. Focusing on U.S. patent law from the 1960s through to the mid-1970s, this article argues that a key reason for this confusion relates to the particular way that the subject matter was construed. While the early discussions about subject matter eligibility were framed in terms of the question “is software patentable?”, what was really at stake in these debates was the preliminary ontological question: what is software? Building on work that highlights the competing ways that software was construed by different parts of the information technology industry at the time, the article looks at the particular way that the law responded to these competing interpretations and how in so doing it laid the foundation for the confusion that characterizes the area. When engaging with new types of subject matter, patent law has consistently relied on the relevant techno-scientific communities not only to provide the law with a relatively clear understanding of the nature of the subject matter being considered; they have also provided the means to allow the law to describe, demarcate, and identify that new subject matter. The inherently divided nature of the nascent information technology industry meant that this was not possible. As a result, the law was forced to develop its own way of dealing with the would-be subject matter.
Riotous assemblage and the materials of regulation
Authors: Bulstrode Jenny
Published: June 2018

In the stores of the British Museum are three exquisite springs, made in the late 1820s and 1830s, to regulate the most precise timepieces in the world. Barely the thickness of a hair, they are exquisite because they are made entirely of glass. Combining new documentary evidence, funded by the Antiquarian Horological Society, with the first technical analysis of the springs, undertaken in collaboration with the British Museum, the research presented here uncovers their extraordinary significance to the global extension of nineteenth century capitalism through the repeal of the Corn Laws. In the 1830s and 1840s the Astronomer Royal, George Biddell Airy; the Hydrographer to the Admiralty, Francis Beaufort; and the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, collaborated with the virtuoso chronometer-maker, Edward John Dent, to mobilize the specificity of particular forms of glass, the salience of the Glass Tax, and the significance of state standards, as means to reform. These protagonists looked to glass and its properties to transform the fiscal military state into an exquisitely regulated machine with the appearance of automation and the gloss of the free-trade liberal ideal. Surprising but significant connections, linking Newcastle mobs to tales of Cinderella and the use of small change, demonstrate why historians must attend to materials and how such attention exposes claims to knowledge, the interests behind such claims, and the impact they have had upon the design and architecture of the modern world. Through the pivotal role of glass, this paper reveals the entangled emergence of state and market capitalism, and how the means of production was transformed in vitreous proportions.
The effects of rotation on radiological parameters in the spine
Authors: Wong Christian , Hall Johanna , Gosvig Kasper
Published: June 2018

Background

Vertebral rotation in straight spines or in spines with small scoliosis may potentially affect measurement of radiological parameters in both the frontal and sagittal plane. This is important, since it could lead to potential misdiagnosis of scoliosis and other clinical consequences, and until now, this has not been examined.

Purpose

To examine the effect of axial vertebral rotation of the spine on measurement of common radiological parameters.

Material and Methods

Reconstructions from computed tomography scans of 40 consecutive included and anonymized patients with straight spines or small scoliosis. Fourteen sagittal and coronal reconstructions covering the whole pelvis and spine were executed. Radiographic parameters in both the frontal and sagittal plane were measured blinded and separately by three doctors. These parameters were evaluated for inter-rater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient and mixed model analysis for the effects of rotation. The parameters were also analyzed sub-stratified according to “Lenke's classification” and 15 sub-categories of thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angle (CA).

Results

Vertebral rotation in general does not have any significant effects in both the frontal and sagittal plane. However, there are significant effects on CA and spinopelvic radiologic parameters in extreme rotation or for larger scoliosis. Inter-rater reliability was very good to good.

Conclusion

In conclusion, axial spinal rotation does not influence common radiological parameters in the frontal and sagittal plane, except in cases of extreme rotation or large scoliosis for selected parameters; thus, this does not lead to potential misinterpretation in scoliosis diagnosis, treatment, or research.
Field Investigation of Relationship between Pavement Surface Texture and Friction
Authors: Kouchaki Sareh , Roshani Hossein , Prozzi Jorge A. , Garcia Natalia Zuniga , Hernandez Joaquin Bernardo
Published: June 2018

Proper tire–pavement interaction is essential for the safety of motorists. Pavement surface texture is a major contributing factor to tire–pavement friction. This study performed a series of statistical analyses of field-measured friction and texture data to find the texture–friction correlation. Three test sections with different pavement types were selected within the state of Texas. Data were collected at three locations in the right wheel path and three locations in the center of the lane for each test section. To measure the texture data, the researchers used the circular track meter (CTM) and a prototype measurement device developed in-house and consisting of a line laser scanner (LLS). Friction measurements were obtained with the dynamic friction tester (DFT) and Grip-Tester. The mean profile depth (MPD) was calculated by using the measured texture data. The relationship between the MPD values and the friction numbers obtained from the Grip-Tester and DFT was investigated at speeds of 50 and 70 km/h (31.1 and 43.5 mph). The repeatability and reliability of both the developed LLS prototype and the Grip-Tester were also evaluated, as well as the effect of test speed on friction measurement. The results indicated a strong positive correlation between the texture and friction data. In addition, the developed LLS prototype was able to scan the pavement surface texture more reliably and precisely than the CTM in terms of vertical and horizontal resolution. The Grip-Tester showed promising results compared with the DFT with regards to the friction measurement.
Drivers’ Speeding Behavior on Expressway Curves: Exploring the Effect of Curve Radius and Desired Speed
Authors: Dias Charitha , Oguchi Takashi , Wimalasena Kasun
Published: June 2018

Speed profiles can be considered as a key input for assessing safety, comfort and efficiency of highway or expressway segments. Therefore, understanding drivers’ speeding behavior, particularly on expressway curve sections, is important. Most previous studies have modeled the speed on highway curve sections mainly as constant or a piecewise linear profile. Such approaches may not realistically represent the properties of speed and acceleration behavior. Furthermore, mechanisms underlying the speeding behavior through curve sections have not been comprehensively studied. In this study, the minimum-jerk concept, which was originally applied in neuroscience and robotics domains, is utilized to explore drivers’ speeding behavior on expressway curve sections. GPS-based naturalistic driving data of vehicles travelling on the Tomei expressway in Japan under free-flow conditions were used to explore the applicability and validity of the proposed approach. How the proposed approach can be used to evaluate the effect of horizontal geometry and desired driving speed on drivers’ speeding and acceleration behavior on expressway curve sections is also discussed. The findings of this study could be useful in modeling speed and acceleration choice behaviors on highway curve sections which could potentially be applied in highway design consistency evaluations. Furthermore, the outputs of this study may be useful in other advanced applications, such as modeling and visualizing realistic vehicle movements in driving simulators and virtual reality applications and trajectory planning of autonomous vehicles.
Effects of Imperfections in Heat Straightening Repair of Steel Beam Bridges
Authors: Sohn Young Moo , Varma Amit H. , Connor Robert J.
Published: June 2018

A 40 ft. long two-span continuous steel bridge with two composite beams was constructed in the laboratory and subjected to damage followed by heat straightening repair. A36 steel section (W30 × 90) was used for the main girders (beams). Four spans (specimens) of the test bridge were statically damaged at each midspan using a hydraulic actuator, and subsequently repaired by applying Vee heats and restraining forces in the damaged region. Restraining force magnitude (corresponding to 0.4 Mp: 6.2 kips and 0.6 Mp: 9.5 kips), maximum heating temperature (800°F, 1200°F, and 1400°F), and the number of multiple damage-repair cycles (one and three cycles) were considered as the test parameters. The steel material properties were measured by taking samples from the repaired areas, and compared with undamaged steel material properties. Samples taken from specimens subjected to overheating (up to 1400°F) had similar structural properties and fracture toughness values as those taken from specimens subjected to normal heating (up to 1200°F). Specimens repaired with overstraining (0.6 Mp) combined with underheating (up to 800°F) required the largest number of heating cycles to fully repair the same damage. The fracture toughness of samples taken from specimens subjected to multiple (three times) damage-repair cycles was lower (decreased to about 84%) than the fracture toughness of samples taken from specimens subjected to only one damage-repair cycle. Therefore, multiple heat straightening repairs of a damaged beam should be performed with caution. With reference to serviceability performance for AASHTO HL-93 live load, the midspan deflections of beam specimens subjected to damage and heat straightening repair were comparable to those of undamaged beam specimens.
Establishing Concurrent Validity for a Brief PTSD Screen Among Women in a Domestic Violence Shelter
Authors: Symes Lene , McFarlane Judith , Maddoux John , Levine Lisa Beth , Landrum Kimberly S. , McFarlane Cari Delgado
Published: June 2018

There is a particular need for valid scales to screen for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women who seek safe shelter from intimate partner violence. Screening to identify women who are at risk for PTSD can lead to early intervention that reduces the risk for PTSD-related outcomes such as poor decision making, inconsistent parenting, and behavior dysfunction among their children. The gold standard for diagnosing PTSD is the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) (CAPS-5). A seven-item PTSD screen has been used for in this population and has a well-established cutoff score but has not been validated against the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The study purpose was to establish concurrent validity for a seven-item screen for PTSD with the CAPS-5. Participants were 75 women, 18 years or older, who were residents of a 120-bed shelter in the southern United States. They spoke English or Spanish. They reported intimate partner physical or sexual violence within 4 months of their entry into the study. Following informed consent, data were collected in individual interviews, conducted in either English or Spanish. In addition to demographic data, the seven-item PTSD screen and the CAPS-5 were administered. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the concurrent validity of the seven-item PTSD screen with the CAPS-5. The seven-item PTSD screen results were significantly correlated with the CAPS-5 results in this sample (area under the curve [AUC] = .640, z = 2.670, p = .008). Sensitivity was 96.2, and observed specificity was 31.8. The seven-item PTSD screen demonstrates excellent sensitivity (e.g., 96% of true PTSD cases) and acceptable specificity (32% of non-PTSD cases) and can be used to quickly and accurately identify individuals for diagnostic assessment and intervention.
Rationale for “Liking” on Social Networking Sites
Authors: Dhir Amandeep , Khalil Ashraf , Kaur Puneet , Rajala Risto
Published: June 2018

The “ like” feature is popularly utilized by online social media users for different reasons including socializing, giving feedback and giving or seeking attention as well as for pure affection. The “ like” function is a gamified element of social networking sites used billions of times per day. Despite its widespread use in the social media space, little is known about the different factors that influence Facebook users’ “ like” continuation intention or the game mechanics of “ like.” To address this relevant issue, a cross-sectional survey was administered with 728 adolescent Facebook users (12–18 years old). This study utilized the theory of planned behavior to investigate the role of attitude (hedonic motivation, reciprocal benefit, and social presence), subjective norms (primary influence and secondary influence), and perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy and habit) in influencing the continuation intention of “ like” as well as the influence of self-efficacy and habit on the game mechanics of “ like.” This investigation addresses the urgent need to understand better the postadoption issues as well as the intentions to use specific features of social media. The results suggest that social presence, primary and secondary influence, self-efficacy, and habit significantly predicted Facebook “ like” continuation intention. Furthermore, self-efficacy and habit significantly predicted the game mechanics of “ like.” Different theoretical and practical implications of the study are presented and discussed in light of prior information systems literature.
The ‘subject’ of Freeman & Johnson’s reconceived knowledge base of second language teacher education
Authors: Cross Russell
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on reframing the ‘who’ of second language teacher education (SLTE), building on the framework laid out by Freeman and Johnson (FJ) in 1998 with particular attention to their notion of the teacher-as-learner. The first half of this article is conceptual, outlining one way I have found helpful for engaging with this notion since first encountering the framework some twenty years ago. The second half, being more substantive in focus, risks misinterpretation without this broader perspective: propositional ‘who’s’ that lack relevance on their own, not least in the way I see FJ’s call to engage with ‘the who of teaching’, and a focus on not just the individual, but also the context, goals, and background from which one comes to take up that role. This includes a discussion of the teacher-subject as an increasingly communicatively-complex, conflicted-compliant, and collaboratively-creative agent within the kinds of spaces that their roles can be realized against emerging contexts for ELT.
Individual differences in system justification predict power and morality-related needs in advantaged and disadvantaged groups in response to group disparity
Authors: Hässler Tabea , Shnabel Nurit , Ullrich Johannes , Arditti-Vogel Anat , SimanTov-Nachlieli Ilanit
Published: June 2018

Guided by the needs-based model, we explored how individual differences in system justification predict group members’ needs in response to information about group-based disparities. Across two studies ( N = 819), we found that among disadvantaged-group members (LGBTIQ* individuals/women) system justification was negatively related to need for power. Among advantaged-group members ([cis-]heterosexuals/men), system justification was negatively related to motivation to restore their ingroup’s moral essence (i.e., moral shame and wish that the ingroup would act more morally) but positively related to motivation to restore their ingroup’s moral image (i.e., need for positive moral image and expectation that the outgroup should acknowledge the ingroup’s morality). These results theoretically extend the needs-based model by offering a more nuanced picture of morality-related needs. Further, they underline the importance of considering individual differences in system justification for understanding advantaged- and disadvantaged-group members’ responses to social inequality.