bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling algorithms for learner interaction with training courses
Authors: Gorovik Alexander , Lazareva Marina , Khasanova Makhinur , Yuldosheva Dilfuza
Published: April 2024

This paper considers learning as a process of mastering a knowledge domain, investigating the interaction of learners with courses of study and the influence of learner actions on the state of mastery of the knowledge space in order to define a learning control function and to model algorithms for constructing the knowledge space. Key aspects of the interaction process, variables that can be changed to customise the learning model, are given. A threshold to mastery of a course element is formulated and a scale of mastery level for a particular knowledge element is described. As a result, algorithms for forming, expanding and segmenting the knowledge space were created. The research presented the concept of learning as a guided wave process of knowledge mastery, where the learner's actions correspond to the structure of the knowledge space and are determined by its properties.
Research of physical-mechanical and physical-chemical properties of foam concrete with complex polymer - mineral additive of a new generation based on local raw materials
Authors: Mirzajanov Mamurjon , Mamatov Khamidulla , Otakulov Bakhromjon , Abduganiyev Numonjon , Abdullaev Ulugbek , Otajonov Olmosbek , Kuziboev Shoirjon
Published: April 2024

The results of physical-mechanical and physical-chemical analysis using X-ray phase analysis of foam concrete and the processes of change in hydration, crystallization in cement systems, with the addition of complex chemical additives of the new generation of the Relaxol KDJ-3 series are presented. It has been established that in cement systems these additives help create new formations that crystallize in a finely dispersed form, clog the pores and capillaries of Portland cement stone, compacting and strengthening its structure.
A new method used in the process of cleaning channels from turbidity and sediments
Authors: Arifjanov Aybek , Vokhidova Umida , Tursunova Elza , Melikuziyev Sarvar
Published: April 2024

Article mentions the use of a new technology for cleaning irrigation systems from muddy sediments. This technology was modeled and tested using Ansys Mechanical Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software for Structural Engineering. Analytical analyzes were carried out to maintain the design parameters of irrigation system coatings. As a result of the analysis, a deformable tooth device using a wedge with a unit of k (N/m) is applied to the coating with an impact force F (N) at an angle of α =100-300, so that it is compressed in the range of Δl =5-15 (mm) without damaging the coating of the irrigation system. determined.
Research of the plowing quality with a unit based on a modular traction-transportation vehicle
Authors: Chaplinskyi Andrii , Nadykto Volodymyr
Published: April 2024

The implementation of modular traction-transportation vehicles (MTTV-80) will allow, to a large extent, to solve problems related to the range of tractors. MTTV-80 consists of an energy-rich tractor (energy module - EM) and a trolley with an active drive of its movers (technological module - TM). Such a vehicle has a variable nominal traction force, as it makes it possible to use it both as part of the EM + TM and as a separate energy module, and therefore has high production versatility and technological adaptability. The creation of MTTV-80 allows it to be used both as vehicles and as devices on the basis of which it is possible to create machine-tractor units (MTU) for agricultural enterprises. The variable traction force of these devices will allow to significantly increase the annual workload of tractors in farms. According to the results of the research, it was found that the longitudinal-vertical oscillations of the MTTV-80 energy module of the plowing MTU, created on the basis of the MTTV-80, have a much smaller effect on the longitudinal-vertical oscillations of the plow. As a result, this allows the unit based on a modular device to plow with less variation in its depth. The frequency of the plowing depth exceeding the accepted agrotechnical tolerance ∆ = ±2 cm for the MTTV-80-based MTU is 2.7 times lower than that of the tractor-based MTU.
Räumliche Erreichbarkeit von Gedächtnisambulanzen – Eine
geographische Analyse im Rahmen von digiDEM Bayern
Authors: Rühl Jana , Brinkmann Sebastian T. , Schaufler Dominik , Gräßel Elmar , Walker Blake Byron , Kolominsky-Rabas Peter
Published: April 2024

Hintergrund Gedächtnisambulanzen können maßgeblich zu einer qualifizierten
Demenzdiagnostik beitragen. Da die Erreichbarkeit medizinischer Einrichtungen
ein wichtiger Prädiktor für deren Inanspruchnahme ist, war es Ziel dieser
Arbeit, die Erreichbarkeit von Gedächtnisambulanzen für Menschen mit Demenz in
Bayern zu ermitteln.

Methodik Mit Hilfe eines Geographischen Informationssystem (GIS) wurden
anhand von OpenStreetMap Straßennetzdaten die Reisezeiten von allen bayerischen
Gemeinden zur jeweils nächstgelegenen Gedächtnisambulanz bestimmt.

Ergebnisse Die Mehrheit der modellierten Anzahl an Menschen mit Demenz in
Bayern (40%; n = 93.950) lebt in Gemeinden mit einer durchschnittlichen
Fahrtzeit von 20 bis 40 Minuten bis zur nächstgelegenen Gedächtnisambulanz.
Knapp 7.000 (3%) benötigen mehr als eine Stunde. Besonders Personen aus
ländlichen Gemeinden müssen deutlich längere Fahrtzeiten zurücklegen, als
Menschen aus städtischen Gebieten.

Schlussfolgerung Eine flächendeckend gute Erreichbarkeit von
Gedächtnisambulanzen für alle Menschen mit Demenz, unabhängig von ihrem Wohnort
ist angesichts der demographischen Entwicklungen dringend geboten. Der gezielte
Ausbau von Gedächtnisambulanzen in Gebieten mit langen Fahrtzeiten oder die
Bereitstellung von mobilen Diagnostikangeboten könnte dazu beitragen die
Versorgungssituation zu verbessern.
Die Zusammenhänge von psychischer Struktur, psychodynamischen
Konflikten und Abwehrstilen bei Adoleszenten mit psychischen
Beschwerden
Authors: Akın Aslı , Reichel Paul Magnus , Weber Elisabeth Clara , Kluge Greta , Goth Kirstin , Obbarius Alexander , Seiffge-Krenke Inge , Sarrar Lea
Published: April 2024

Hintergrund Es erfolgte eine Exploration der Zusammenhänge zentraler
psychodynamischer Konstrukte bei Adoleszenten mit psychischen Beschwerden.

Methode 230 Adoleszente (MAlter=18,0±1,9) wurden mittels Struktur- und
Konfliktfragebogen der Operationalisierten Psychodynamischen Diagnostik im
Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie Defense Style Questionnaire für Adoleszente
untersucht.

Ergebnisse Unter Konstanthaltung des Einflusses vom Geschlecht, Alter und
sozioökonomischen Status offenbarten sich geringe bis moderate Zusammenhänge
zwischen hohen Konfliktausprägungen und unreifen Abwehrstilen (r=0,20 bis 0,39,
p<0,05 bis 0,001) sowie strukturellen Defiziten und hohen
Konfliktausprägungen (r=0,15 bis 0,55, p<0,05 bis 0,001) bzw. unreifen
Abwehrstilen (r=0,30 bis 0,69, p<0,001). Psychodynamische Konflikte und
Abwehrstile wurden durch die Strukturdimensionen sowie Alter und Geschlecht
aufgeklärt (R2=0,04 bis 0,49, p<0,05 bis 0,001).

Schlussfolgerung Theoriekonforme Zusammenhänge konnten empirisch
aufgezeigt werden. Dies hat vor dem Hintergrund der Novellierung der
Klassifikation psychisch-struktureller Störungen (ICD-11) im Kindes- und
Jugendalter besondere Relevanz.
Antibacterial Activities of the Algal Bromophenol Methylrhodomelol Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Jacobtorweihen Joshua , Hartmann Anja , Hofer Stefanie , Spiegler Verena
Published: April 2024

Methylrhodomelol (1) is a bromophenol from the red alga Vertebrata lanosa that has been associated with antimicrobial properties. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to assess the antimicrobial potential of this compound in more detail against the gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1 exerted weak bacteriostatic activity against different strains when grown in minimal medium, whereas other phenolics were inactive. In addition, 1 (35 and 10 µg/mL) markedly enhanced the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa toward the aminoglycoside gentamicin, while it did not affect the viability of Vero kidney cells up to 100 µM. Finally, pyoverdine release was reduced in bacteria treated at sub-inhibitory concentration, but no effect on other virulence factors was observed. Transcriptome analysis of treated versus untreated P. aeruginosa indicated an interference of 1 with bacterial carbon and energy
metabolism, which was corroborated by RT-qPCR and decreased ATP-levels in treated bacteria. In summary, the current study characterized the antibacterial properties of methylrhodomelol, revealed its potential as an adjuvant to standard antibiotics, and generated a hypothesis on its mode of action.
Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery for Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation
Authors: Kaneyuki Daisuke , Jordan Andrew M. , Rosen Jake L. , Macmillan Thomas Reese , Morris Rohinton J. , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang
Published: April 2024

Background Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) adversely affects long-term survival; however, isolated tricuspid valve (TV) surgery has been rarely performed due to high operative mortality. In addition, the previous literature included heterogeneous TR etiologies. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate early and long-term outcomes of isolated TV surgery for functional TR.

Methods An electronic search was performed to identify all relevant studies. Baseline characteristics, perioperative variables, and clinical outcomes were extracted and pooled for meta-analysis.

Results This meta-analysis included seven studies. Pooled analyses showed that 68% (35, 89) of patients had preoperative atrial fibrillation or flutter, and 58% (11, 94) had a history of left-sided valve surgery. Seventy-three percent (65, 80) of patients had at least one physical exam finding of right-sided heart failure, and 57% (44, 69) were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. TV replacement was more common than repair. In TV replacement, bioprosthetic valve (39%, 13, 74) was more common than mechanical prosthesis (22%, 18, 26). The early mortality rate was 7%. Twenty percent of patients required a permanent pacemaker postoperatively. The overall 1- and 5-year survival rates were 84.5 and 69.1%, respectively.

Conclusion More than half of the patients who underwent isolated TV surgery for functional TR had undergone left-sided valve surgery and had significant heart failure symptoms at the time of surgery. Further studies on the surgical indication for concomitant TV surgery at the time of left-sided valve surgery and the appropriate timing of surgery for isolated functional TR are needed to improve survival.
Processed Electroencephalogram in Intracranial Hypertension and Brain Hypoperfusion: A Case Report
Authors: Martínez-de los Santos César A. , Becerra-Lio Luis C. , Guillén-Ramírez Edwin O. , Pérez-Ruano Luis A. , Figueroa-Sanchez Jose A.
Published: April 2024

Processed electroencephalogram (pEEG) is a record of electrical activity of the brain. In certain circumstances, it can reflect pathophysiological alterations and hemodynamic compromise. A 79-year-old woman diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage and postcardiac arrest status was transferred for emergency ventriculostomy. The frontal monitoring with pEEG (SedLine, Masimo) from baseline showed low frontal activity, left and right spectral edge frequency (SEF) without numerical value, low activity in bilateral density spectral array (DSA), and zero in the patient state index (PSI). After ventricular puncture and placement of the ventriculostomy system, the pEEG showed an increase in the frequency and amplitude of the four-channel waveform of the pEEG, DSA, and numerical value of SEF and PSI. The use of pEEG can determine the depth of anesthesia and perhaps detect various cerebral and systemic pathophysiological and hemodynamic alterations; however, single monitoring may not be as predictive, so the use of multimodal monitoring is recommended.
Real-life experience with inotersen at CEPARM, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Dias Moises , Pinto Luiz Felipe , Pinto Marcus Vinícius , Gervais Renata , Accioli Paula , Amorim Gabriela , Guedes Mariana , Gomes Carlos Perez , Pedrosa Roberto Coury , Waddington-Cruz Márcia
Published: April 2024

Background Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is an inherited, progressive, and fatal disease still largely underdiagnosed. Mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene cause the TTR protein to destabilize, misfold, aggregate, and deposit in body tissues, which makes ATTRv a disease with heterogeneous clinical phenotype.

Objective To describe the long-term efficacy and safety of inotersen therapy in patients with ATTRv peripheral neuropathy (ATTRv-PN).

Methods Patients who completed the NEURO-TTR pivotal study and the NEURO-TTR OLE open-label extension study migrated to the present study and were followed-up for at least 18 more months to an average of 67 months and up to 76 months since day 1 of the inotersen therapy (D1–first dose of inotersen). Disease progression was evaluated by standard measures.

Results Ten ATTRv-PN patients with Val30Met mutation were included. The mean disease duration on D1 was of 3 years, and the mean age of the patients was of 46.8 years. During an additional 18-month follow up, neurological function, based on the Neuropathy Impairment Score and the Polyneuropathy Disability Score, functionality aspects (Karnofsky Performance Status), and nutritional and cardiac aspects were maintained. No new safety signs have been noted.

Conclusion The treatment with inotersen was effective and well tolerated for the average of 67 months and up to 76 months. Our results are consistent with those of larger phase-III trials.
Greenfield investment and job creation in Ghana: a sectorial analysis and geopolitical implications of Chinese investments
Authors: Assamah Daniel , Yuan Shaoyu
Published: April 2024

Multinational investment has attracted mixed reactions from scholars and policymakers concerning their role and impact on job creation in host countries, particularly in developing economies. Using Ghana as a case study, this paper examines the impact of Greenfield investment on job creation. Proponents of multinational corporations (MNCs) argue that foreign direct investment (FDI) leads to economic growth, creates technological spillover, increases exports, and creates jobs, among other benefits. This has encouraged developing economies to adopt developmental strategies around MNC activities. Although most researchers have analyzed the impact of FDI on job creation, the unanswered question is: Does greenfield investment in Ghana lead to significant job creation in the formal sector? Extant literature considers FDI monolithic, without adequately differentiating between Green and Brownfield investments. Using granular data from the FDI Markets, this research paper fills this gap by empirically analyzing the Greenfield investment by 386 multinational companies in Ghana from 2003 to September 2020. Over the specified year range, these companies engaged in 500 projects across Ghana. Adopting the ordinary least square analysis (OLS), the study demonstrates that Greenfield investment has a statistically significant and positive impact on job creation in Ghana. Out of the 31 sectors, only the following sectors contribute significantly to job creation through Greenfield investment in Ghana: Consumer Products, Food & Beverage, Industrial Equipment, and Non-automotive transport OEM. This paper contributes to a better understanding of how government investment in fixed assets (GCF) such as roads, railways, and industrial buildings in the local economy should be managed efficiently so as not to spur inflation, which correlates negatively with jobs. Finally, this paper analyzes Chinese investments in Ghana, comparing them with U.S. investments, and examining their broader geopolitical implications, which highlights the importance of aligning foreign investments with national development strategies and adhering to international norms and standards.
The effects of neighbourhood green spaces on mental health of disadvantaged groups: a systematic review
Authors: Xian Zheng , Nakaya Tomoki , Liu Kun , Zhao Bing , Zhang Junhua , Zhang Jiao , Lin Yuxuan , Zhang Jinguang
Published: April 2024

Mental disorders affect many different groups around the world, and disadvantaged groups are often more severely affected. Neighbourhood green spaces (GS) can improve mental health, especially in disadvantaged groups. Many countries address social inequality and inequity through GS interventions. However, current evidence shows inconsistencies, which may result from the study site, research design, socio-demographically diverse samples, inclusivity considerations, and the different metrics used to quantify GS exposure and mental health benefits. Few conceptual models explain how neighbourhood greenery can act as a structural intervention. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and retrieved 5559 documents from eight databases to examine whether neighbourhood GS can modify mental health associations in disadvantaged groups. We found that neighbourhood GS had substantial protective effects on the mental health of disadvantaged groups. However, disadvantaged people are more influenced by GS quality than by other GS exposures, such as GS usage, distance, and accessibility. Improvements in subjective well-being were most pronounced in terms of mental health outcomes. Mechanistically, neighbourhood GS improves mental health mainly through increased social cohesion and, green visibility, and young people receive further benefits from physical activity (PA). These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the associations and mechanisms between neighbourhood GS and the mental health of disadvantaged groups, addressing health equities that are induced by the unfair distribution of GS, and thus promoting health-oriented environmental planning and policies.
The influence of hyperchaoticity, synchronization, and Shannon entropy on the performance of a physical reservoir computer
Authors: Rosa Lucas A. S. , Brugnago Eduardo L. , Delben Guilherme J. , Rost Jan-Michael , Beims Marcus W.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we analyze the dynamic effect of a reservoir computer (RC) on its performance. Modified Kuramoto’s coupled oscillators are used to model the RC, and synchronization, Lyapunov spectrum (and dimension), Shannon entropy, and the upper bound of the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy are employed to characterize the dynamics of the RC. The performance of the RC is analyzed by reproducing the distribution of random, Gaussian, and quantum jumps series (shelved states) since a replica of the time evolution of a completely random series is not possible to generate. We demonstrate that hyperchaotic motion, moderate Shannon entropy, and a higher degree of synchronization of Kuramoto’s oscillators lead to the best performance of the RC. Therefore, an appropriate balance of irregularity and order in the oscillator’s dynamics leads to better performances.
Improved crystallographic order of ScAlN/GaN heterostructures grown at low temperatures under metal rich surface conditions
Authors: Motoki Keisuke , Engel Zachary , McCrone Timothy M. , Chung Huijin , Matthews Christopher M. , Lee Sangho , Marshall Emily N. , Ghosh Aheli , Tang Amanda , Doolittle W. Alan
Published: April 2024

Sc0.18Al0.82N/GaN with state-of-the-art x-ray diffraction figures of merit grown by metal modulated epitaxy under metal-rich conditions and a low substrate temperature of 400 °C is demonstrated to have improved crystalline order [250 arc sec for the (0002) reflection and 469 arc sec for the (101¯5)] compared to a previous state-of-the-art sample grown at a more conventional temperature of 650 °C. While both samples show a columnar structure, the higher substrate temperature sample has a good symmetric rocking curve (RC) of 229 arc sec, but unlike the lower temperature sample, the RC of the (101¯5) asymmetric reflection could not be measured, indicating a more columnar structure common among ScAlN films. Local lattice constant maps (LLCMs) from 4D-STEM depict abrupt strain relaxation within ∼2 nm from the ScAlN/GaN interface for the sample grown at Tsub = 400 °C. Since these LLCMs suggest a lattice mismatch in the a-lattice constant, and since the films show a sudden roughening, the composition for lattice match to GaN may be less than the accepted 18%–20% Sc, consistent with the average GaN lattice match from lattice constant values reported in the literature of 12%. Compared to traditional III-Nitrides, ScAlN films have substantially more screw and mixed-type threading dislocations, suggesting substantial shear forces that result in significant twist and distortion leading to orthorhombic diffraction patterns as viewed from plan-view TEM in the Tsub = 650 °C sample. These results offer the possibility of ScAlN integration into low-thermal-budget processes including CMOS but further indicate that structural understanding of ScAlN remains lacking.
High-magnification Faraday rotation imaging and analysis of X-pinch implosion dynamics
Authors: Dowhan G. V. , Shah A. P. , Sporer B. J. , Jordan N. M. , Bland S. N. , Lebedev S. V. , Smith R. A. , Suttle L. , Pikuz S. A. , McBride R. D.
Published: April 2024

An X-pinch load driven by an intense current pulse (>100 kA in ∼100 ns) can result in the formation of a small radius, runaway compressional micro-pinch. A micro-pinch is characterized by a hot (>1 keV), current-driven (>100 kA), high-density plasma column (near solid density) with a small neck diameter (1–10 µm), a short axial extent (<1 mm), and a short duration (≲1 ns). With material pressures often well into the multi-Mbar regime, a micro-pinch plasma often radiates an intense, sub-ns burst of sub-keV to multi-keV x rays. A low-density coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense plasma neck could potentially shunt current away from the neck and thus reduce the magnetic drive pressure applied to the neck. To study the current distribution in the coronal plasma, a Faraday rotation imaging diagnostic (1064 nm) capable of producing simultaneous high-magnification polarimetric and interferometric images has been developed for the MAIZE facility at the University of Michigan. Designed with a variable magnification (1–10×), this diagnostic achieves a spatial resolution of ∼35 µm, which is useful for resolving the ∼100-μm-scale coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense core. This system has now been used on a reduced-output MAIZE (100–200 kA, 150 ns) to assess the radial distribution of drive current immediately surrounding the dense micro-pinch neck. The total current enclosed was found to increase as a function of radius, r, from a value of ≈50±25 kA at r ≈ 140 µm (at the edge of the dense neck) to a maximal value of ≈150±75 kA for r ≥ 225 µm. This corresponds to a peak magnetic drive pressure of ≈75±50 kbar at r ≈ 225 µm. The limitations of these measurements are discussed in the paper.
Coherent diffractive imaging with twisted X-rays: Principles, applications, and outlook
Authors: Nazirkar Nimish P. , Shi Xiaowen , Shi Jian , N'Gom Moussa , Fohtung Edwin
Published: April 2024

Recent technological breakthroughs in synchrotron and x-ray free electron laser facilities have revolutionized nanoscale structural and dynamic analyses in condensed matter systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in coherent scattering and diffractive imaging techniques, which are now at the forefront of exploring materials science complexities. These techniques, notably Bragg coherent diffractive imaging and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, x-ray magnetic dichroism, and x-ray correlation analysis leverage beam coherence to achieve volumetric three-dimensional imaging at unprecedented sub-nanometer resolutions and explore dynamic phenomena within sub-millisecond timeframes. Such capabilities are critical in understanding and developing advanced materials and technologies. Simultaneously, the emergence of chiral crystals—characterized by their unique absence of standard inversion, mirror, or other roto-inversion symmetries—presents both challenges and opportunities. These materials exhibit distinctive interactions with light, leading to phenomena such as molecular optical activity, chiral photonic waveguides, and valley-specific light emissions, which are pivotal in the burgeoning fields of photonic and spintronic devices. This review elucidates how novel x-ray probes can be leveraged to unravel these properties and their implications for future technological applications. A significant focus of this review is the exploration of new avenues in research, particularly the shift from conventional methods to more innovative approaches in studying these chiral materials. Inspired by structured optical beams, the potential of coherent scattering techniques utilizing twisted x-ray beams is examined. This promising direction not only offers higher spatial resolution but also opens the door to previously unattainable insights in materials science. By contextualizing these advancements within the broader scientific landscape and highlighting their practical applications, this review aims to chart a course for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
Temporal and spectral signatures of the interaction between ultrashort laser pulses and Bloch surface waves
Authors: Doughan Isaac , Asilevi Atsu L. , Halder Atri , Guo Tian-Long , Mogni Erika , Celebrano Michele , Finazzi Marco , Pellegrini Giovanni , Biagioni Paolo , Descrovi Emiliano , Roussey Matthieu , Turunen Jari
Published: April 2024

The resonant excitation of Bloch Surface Waves (BSWs) in dielectric one-dimensional photonic crystals is becoming a realistic photonic solution for surface integration in many domains, from spectroscopy to local field management. Bringing BSWs to ultrafast and nonlinear regimes requires a deep knowledge of the effects that the photonic crystal dispersion and the resonant surface wave excitation have on the ultrashort laser pulses. We report on the experimental evidence of spectral and temporal modifications of the radiation leaving a planar one-dimensional photonic crystal after coupling to BSWs. In such a resonant condition, a characteristic long temporal tail is observed in the outgoing pulses. Observations are performed by employing both frequency-resolved optical gating and field cross-correlation techniques.
Extended relativistic kinetic model composed of the scalar and two vector distribution functions: Application to the spin-electron-acoustic waves
Authors: Andreev Pavel A.
Published: April 2024

Detailed deterministic derivation of kinetic equations for relativistic plasmas is given. Focus is made on the dynamic of one-coordinate distribution functions of various tensor dimensions, but the closed set of kinetic equations is constructed of three functions: the scalar distribution function, the vector distribution function of dipole moment, and the vector distribution function of velocity (or the dipole moment in the momentum space). All two-coordinate distribution functions are discussed as well. They are presented together with their limits existing in the self-consistent field approximation. The dynamics of the small amplitude spin-electron-acoustic waves in the dense degenerate plasmas is studied within the kinetic model. This work presents the deterministic approach to the derivation and interpretation of the kinetic equations. So, no probability is introduced during the transition from the level of individual particles to the collective functions. The problem of thermalization is not considered, but we can see that the structure of kinetic equations is kept for the system before and after thermalization. Hence, the kinetic equations can be used to approach this item.
Acceleration of laser-driven positron beam in sheath field
Authors: Yan Yonghong , Yang Yue , Wang Shaoyi , Zhang Xiaohui , Yu Minghai , Tan Fang , Wu Yuchi , Su Jingqin , Zhou Weimin , Gu Yuqiu
Published: April 2024

We propose a positron acceleration scheme in which a laser-driven positron beam is injected into a solid target hit by a laser beam and accelerated in the sheath field on the target back side. The positron beam injection and acceleration in the target have been investigated with numerical simulation. The feasibility of such an acceleration scheme was proved according to the simulation results, which show that a 10 MeV positron beam can be accelerated up to 30 MeV. The dependency of the positron beam properties on the positron injection location, injection time, and target thickness was studied. Related acceleration details were obtained and analyzed. The acceleration scheme provides a method in positron energy controlling and its related applications.
Performance limits exploration of sub-5 nm monolayer germanane transistors: A first-principle quantum transport simulation
Authors: Xu Leyao , Liu Jinchang , Shao Cong , Li Hua , Ma WeiQing , Yan Junfeng , Zhang Yunyao , Dai Yang , Lei Xiaoyi , Liao Chenguang , Zhang Zhiyong , Zhao Wu , Lu Jing , Zhang Han
Published: April 2024

Two-dimensional germanium is considered a promising new channel material to replace silicon owing to its lower effective mass and larger electron–hole mobility. To investigate the transport characteristics of single-layer germanane transistors with gate lengths (Lg) below 5 nm, we utilize an ab initio quantum transport methodology. It was found that the n-type germanane transistors having Lg of 3 and 5 nm satisfy the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) requirements for the on-state current (Ion), effective delay time, and power-delay products of high-performance (HP) devices. Notably, by introducing a negative capacitive (NC) dielectric layer, the p-type germanane transistor having an Lg of 5 nm is almost able to meet the ITRS demands for HP devices. Despite reducing the gate length to 2 nm through the incorporation of the NC dielectric layer, the on-state currents for both n-type and p-type still satisfy approximately 80% of the ITRS standard. Therefore, monolayer germanane presents promising potential as a channel material in a sub-5 nm scale for HP applications.
Rogue wave pattern of multi-component derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Lin Huian , Ling Liming
Published: April 2024

This paper studies the multi-component derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (n-DNLS) equations featuring nonzero boundary conditions. Employing the Darboux transformation method, we derive higher-order vector rogue wave solutions for the n-DNLS equations. Specifically, we focus on the distinctive scenario where the (n+1)-order characteristic polynomial possesses an explicit (n+1)-multiple root. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of the asymptotic dynamic behaviors and pattern classification inherent to the higher-order vector rogue wave solution of the n-DNLS equations, mainly when one of the internal arbitrary parameters is extremely large. These patterns are related to the root structures in the generalized Wronskian–Hermite polynomial hierarchies.
Gas–solid flow mechanism of spherocylindrical particles with various aspect ratios in spouted bed
Authors: Zhou Ling , Wang Bo , Zhen Dongfang , Bai Ling , Yan Hao
Published: April 2024

Spherocylindrical particles encompass elongated spherical particles, such as biomass particles utilized in thermal reactions and capsule pills in the pharmaceutical industry, along with various other particles found in industrial production processes. Understanding the flow behavior of spherocylindrical particles within a spouted bed holds significant practical importance. This study delves into investigating the fluidization characteristics of spherocylindrical particles with varying aspect ratios within a spouted bed. Key parameters studied include particle void fraction, velocity, orientation, and mixing. These were analyzed using the computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method, and the simulation model's accuracy was verified through high-speed photography experiments. The findings revealed distinct void fraction distributions at different locations within the bed. Particles in the higher-bed region exhibited larger void fractions with flatter peaks compared to those in the lower-bed region. Moreover, the correlation between particle aspect ratio and void fraction varied at different heights within the bed. Notably, there was no significant correlation observed between particle aspect ratio and particle velocity. However, the larger the particle aspect ratio/gas velocity, the better the particle mixing quality. Additionally, gas velocity and particle aspect ratio had little effect on particle orientation, but there was a tendency for particle orientation angles to hover around 45°–60° near the wall region.
Role of polarized force on dust-acoustic structures in the presence of suprathermal electrons
Authors: Sarkar Jit , Saha Asit
Published: April 2024

The modulational instability (MI) of dust-acoustic wave (DAW) in an unmagnetized dusty plasma including dust, ions, and electrons is studied. Electrons are kappa-distributed, ions follow a Maxwellian distribution, and negatively charged dust particles display dynamic behavior. A nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is generated using the Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky approach to explore MI. Using the essential physical characteristics, the steady and unstable portions of the modulated wave packets are properly characterized. The impact of polarization force, suprathermal index (κ), effective temperature of electron to ion temperature ratios, and other physical factors in stable and unstable DAW zones is numerically studied. In unstable zones, unpredictable amplitude perturbations cause freak/rogue waves for which the essential studies on the localized solutions of the NLSE are done extensively.
Full wave modeling of radio-frequency beams in tokamaks in the electron cyclotron frequency range
Authors: Svidzinski V. A. , Zhao L. , Kim J. S. , Barov N.
Published: April 2024

Simulation of full wave, without paraxial approximation, high-resolution solution of wave equations in frequency domain in the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) frequency range for realistic Tokamak plasma parameters became possible by using recently formulated hybrid iterative algorithm [Svidzinski et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 082509 (2018)] for numerically solving discretized wave equations. This approach combines time evolution and iterative relaxation techniques into iteration cycles. This algorithm is implemented in 2D code FullWave, solving wave equations in Tokamaks in cold and hot plasma models, and it has been tested in 3D full wave iterative RF beams simulation tool, which is presently being developed to model 3D ECRH RF beams in fusion devices using dynamic grid adaptation. The results of 2D full wave modeling, assuming specified toroidal mode number, of ECRH RF beams in DIII-D plasma, performed in the cold and hot plasma models for outboard and top launch scenarios using FullWave are presented. Nonlocal hot plasma response model, based on accurate numerical solution of linearized Vlasov equation, is used to model beam propagation and absorption in the 2nd electron cyclotron harmonic region. Demonstration of capability of the hybrid iterative algorithm to model ECRH RF beams in 3D is made by simulating a substantial part of realistic beam in DIII-D, launched from outboard side of the machine. All relevant physics of RF beam propagation, most of which is not captured in paraxial approximation, such as beam's divergence, interference between the X and O modes in the beam, X-O mode conversion, beam splitting into the X and O mode beams, transformation of beam's cross section, and absorption at the 2nd electron cyclotron harmonic, is captured in the simulations. A numerical technique to find an optimal beam polarization at the launcher to launch a nearly pure X or O mode beam in plasma is developed and tested.
Attractor reconstruction with reservoir computers: The effect of the reservoir’s conditional Lyapunov exponents on faithful attractor reconstruction
Authors: Hart Joseph D.
Published: April 2024

Reservoir computing is a machine learning framework that has been shown to be able to replicate the chaotic attractor, including the fractal dimension and the entire Lyapunov spectrum, of the dynamical system on which it is trained. We quantitatively relate the generalized synchronization dynamics of a driven reservoir during the training stage to the performance of the trained reservoir computer at the attractor reconstruction task. We show that, in order to obtain successful attractor reconstruction and Lyapunov spectrum estimation, the maximal conditional Lyapunov exponent of the driven reservoir must be significantly more negative than the most negative Lyapunov exponent of the target system. We also find that the maximal conditional Lyapunov exponent of the reservoir depends strongly on the spectral radius of the reservoir adjacency matrix; therefore, for attractor reconstruction and Lyapunov spectrum estimation, small spectral radius reservoir computers perform better in general. Our arguments are supported by numerical examples on well-known chaotic systems.
PT-symmetric PINN for integrable nonlocal equations: Forward and inverse problems
Authors: Peng Wei-Qi , Chen Yong
Published: April 2024

Since the PT-symmetric nonlocal equations contain the physical information of the PT-symmetric, it is very appropriate to embed the physical information of the PT-symmetric into the loss function of PINN, named PTS-PINN. For general PT-symmetric nonlocal equations, especially those equations involving the derivation of nonlocal terms due to the existence of nonlocal terms, directly using the original PINN method to solve such nonlocal equations will face certain challenges. This problem can be solved by the PTS-PINN method, which can be illustrated in two aspects. First, we treat the nonlocal term of the equation as a new local component so that the equation is coupled at this time. In this way, we successfully avoid differentiating nonlocal terms in neural networks. On the other hand, in order to improve the accuracy, we make a second improvement, which is to embed the physical information of the PT-symmetric into the loss function. Through a series of independent numerical experiments, we evaluate the efficacy of PTS-PINN in tackling the forward and inverse problems for the nonlocal NLS equation, the nonlocal derivative NLS equation, the nonlocal (2+1)-dimensional NLS equation, and the nonlocal three-wave interaction systems. The numerical experiments demonstrate that PTS-PINN has good performance. In particular, PTS-PINN has also demonstrated an extraordinary ability to learn large space–time scale rogue waves for nonlocal equations.
RuAl intermetallic compound of low resistivity scaling and high thermal stability as potential interconnect metallization
Authors: Fang Yi-Ying , Tsai Yung-Hsuan , Chen Yu-Lin , Jhan Dun-Jie , Lu Ming-Yen , Keng Pei Yuin , Chang Shou-Yi
Published: April 2024

Thin films of single-phase ruthenium aluminide (RuAl) intermetallic compound were deposited by magnetron co-sputtering. An ordered B2 body-centered cubic structure of high crystallinity was formed after rapid thermal annealing at 800 °C for 1 min. Data fittings using the Fuchs–Sondheimer and Mayadas–Shatzkes models suggested the very short mean free path of electrons of below 5 nm and the high specularity parameter of 0.9. The short mean free path and the much reduced diffuse scattering of electrons at the interface effectively suppressed the resistivity scaling of the B2 RuAl intermetallic compound as compared to ruthenium metal. At an ultra-small film thickness of below 5 nm, the reflection of electrons by grain boundaries or domain walls might alternatively dominate the increase in resistivity. The RuAl intermetallic compound with an ordered B2 structure and a high cohesive energy (a large negative mixing enthalpy) also demonstrated a superior thermal stability at an extreme temperature up to 900 °C. It could be a promising candidate for potential use as the next-generation interconnect metallization without the need of a diffusion barrier.
A similarity reduction of the generalized Grad–Shafranov equation
Authors: Kuiroukidis A. I. , Kaltsas D. A. , Throumoulopoulos G. N.
Published: April 2024

We extend previous work [Y. E. Litvinenko, Phys. Plasmas 17, 074502 (2010)] on a direct method for finding similarity reductions of partial differential equations such as the Grad–Shafranov equation, to the case of the generalized Grad–Shafranov equation (GGSE) with arbitrary incompressible flow. Several families of analytic solutions are constructed, the generalized Solovév solution being a particular case, which contain both the classical and non-classical group-invariant solutions to the GGSE. Those solutions can describe a variety of equilibrium configurations pertinent to toroidal magnetically confined plasmas and planetary magnetospheres.
Robustness of coupled networks with multiple support from functional components at different scales
Authors: Dong Gaogao , Sun Nannan , Yan Menglong , Wang Fan , Lambiotte Renaud
Published: April 2024

Robustness is an essential component of modern network science. Here, we investigate the robustness of coupled networks where the functionality of a node depends not only on its connectivity, here measured by the size of its connected component in its own network, but also the support provided by at least M links from another network. We here develop a theoretical framework and investigate analytically and numerically the cascading failure process when the system is under attack, deriving expressions for the proportion of functional nodes in the stable state, and the critical threshold when the system collapses. Significantly, our results show an abrupt phase transition and we derive the minimum inner and inter-connectivity density necessary for the system to remain active. We also observe that the system necessitates an increased density of links inside and across networks to prevent collapse, especially when conditions on the coupling between the networks are more stringent. Finally, we discuss the importance of our results in real-world settings and their potential use to aid decision-makers design more resilient infrastructure systems.
Quantum information scrambling in two-dimensional Bose–Hubbard lattices
Authors: Tripathy Devjyoti , Touil Akram , Gardas Bartłomiej , Deffner Sebastian
Published: April 2024

It is a well-understood fact that the transport of excitations throughout a lattice is intimately governed by the underlying structures. Hence, it is only natural to recognize that the dispersion of information also has to depend on the lattice geometry. In the present work, we demonstrate that two-dimensional lattices described by the Bose–Hubbard model exhibit information scrambling for systems as little as two hexagons. However, we also find that the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) shows the exponential decay characteristic for quantum chaos only for a judicious choice of local observables. More generally, the OTOC is better described by Gaussian-exponential convolutions, which alludes to the close similarity of information scrambling and decoherence theory.
Determining the pore structure and fluid characteristics of different ranks of coal using nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhou Zhe , Ge Zhaolong , Li Zhongtan , Shangguan Jianming
Published: April 2024

The microstructure of coal reservoirs and their fluid-endowment characteristics are important indicators for evaluating coalbed methane during mining. This study aimed to investigate the influence mechanism of the nanopore structure of different coal ranks on the fluid distribution characteristics. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), centrifugal force, and heat treatment tests were conducted. The results indicated that as the degree of coal metamorphism increases, micro-transition pores increase significantly, mesopores–macropores decrease, and the nonhomogeneity of the pores increases. The optimum centrifugal forces for low-, middle-, and high-rank coals were 1.68, 1.08, and 1.08 MPa, respectively. The corresponding mean T2C1 (first T2 cutoff) values were measured as 8.01, 1.61, and 5.09 ms, respectively, while the mean T2C2 (second T2 cutoff) values were 0.23, 0.26, and 1.25 ms, respectively. Pore sizes less than 11.6 nm indicate unrecoverable fluid, those higher than 88 nm indicate free fluid, and the rest (11.6–88 nm) indicate capillary bound fluid. As the degree of coal metamorphism increases, free fluid saturation decreases, capillary bound fluid saturation increases and then decreases, and unrecoverable fluid saturation increases.
Achieving low-voltage operating high-mobility organic thin-film transistors by a multi-layered gate dielectric
Authors: Xu Qingling , Wei Haitian , Lin Yijie , Yan Zhenxiang , Wang Wei
Published: April 2024

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have attracted great attention for their inherent advantages and promising applications in emerging fields. Simultaneously realizing low-voltage operation and high-mobility in one OTFT is one of prerequisites for the commercialization, which is a huge challenge so far. An important route to address this challenge is to develop an ideal gate dielectric with a high capacitance and a low interfacial trap density at the dielectric/channel. In this Letter, we demonstrate the low-voltage operating high-mobility OTFTs by elaborately designing and processing a multi-layered gate dielectric. The gate dielectric consists of a high permittivity polymer film, a polymer buffing layer with a high surface energy, and an ultrathin long-chain alkane buffer layer. The effects of both the structures and the processes of gate dielectrics on the performances of OTFTs are investigated in detail. In addition, the relevant physical mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the optimal OTFTs exhibit high mobilities with the average and maximum values up to 5.62 and 6.74 cm2/V s, respectively, at low operating voltages below −5 V. Our findings reveal that designing and processing a reasonable multi-layered gate dielectric is a promising strategy to achieve both high-mobility and low-voltage operation in OTFTs, thereby fostering their development.
Competition between phase ordering and phase segregation in the TixNbMoTaW and TixVNbMoTaW refractory high-entropy alloys
Authors: Woodgate Christopher D. , Staunton Julie B.
Published: April 2024

Refractory high-entropy alloys are under consideration for applications where materials are subjected to high temperatures and levels of radiation, such as in the fusion power sector. However, at present, their scope is limited because they are highly brittle at room temperature. One suggested route to mitigate this issue is by alloying with Ti. In this theoretical study, using a computationally efficient linear-response theory based on density functional theory calculations of the electronic structure of the disordered alloys, we study the nature of atomic short-range order in these multi-component materials, as well as assessing their overall phase stability. Our analysis enables direct inference of phase transitions in addition to the extraction of an atomistic, pairwise model of the internal energy of an alloy suitable for study via, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations. Once Ti is added into either the NbMoTaW or VNbMoTaW system, we find that there is competition between chemical phase ordering and segregation. These results shed light on observed chemical inhomogeneity in experimental samples, as well as providing fundamental insight into the physics of these complex systems.