bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vericiguat improves cardiac function and microcirculation of a male patient with Fabry disease: A case report
Authors: Zhou Bingyang , Ren Ning , Geng Jie
Published: April 2024

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X chromosome‐linked disorder and can be easily misdiagnosed. Here, we report the case of a 69‐year‐old male patient with FD who developed heart failure and showed extremely high pulmonary artery pressure. His initial symptom was recurrent atrial fibrillation. The left and right atrial inner diameters were large, and the ventricular wall was thick. Gene analysis which showed GLA c.215T>C p.Met72Thr mutation and single photon emission computed tomography indicated the diagnosis of FD with coronary microvascular dysfunction. The patient was prescribed anti‐heart failure drugs, including vericiguat. Following the treatment, his heart function and microvascular perfusion significantly improved, which might be due to the beneficial effects of vericiguat.
Cue card conversations to investigate domestic practices and energy demand
Authors: Harada Theresa , Waitt Gordon
Published: April 2024

This article discusses using cue cards, also known as flashcards, and metaphorical cards to prompt and enhance conversations on the implications of domestic practices and energy demand. This cue card methodology has a long pedigree in qualitative sociological and cultural studies research. We discuss the challenges and benefits of cue card methodology in geographical research. To do this, we share our insights from applying cue cards within a mixed‐method study conducted on domestic energy practices in relation to aging well at home. The study focused on individuals aged over 60, living in the Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia. We conclude that when mindful of potential constraints, cue card conversations can effectively assist participants reflect on domestic practices and energy demand.
Preoperative difficulty factors in delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Tokyo Guidelines 2018 surgical difficulty score analysis
Authors: Naito Kei , Suda Kotaro , Shinoda Kimio , Hashiba Takahiro , Sano Wataru , Chiku Tsuyoshi , Ando Katsuhiko , Ohtsuka Masayuki
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18) recommend early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for low‐risk acute cholecystitis (AC); however, some patients undergo delayed LC (DLC) after conservative treatment. DLC, influenced by chronic inflammation, is a difficult procedure. Previous studies on LC difficulty lacked objective measures. Recently, TG18 introduced a novel 25 findings difficulty score, which objectively assesses intraoperative factors. The purpose of this study was to use the difficulty score proposed in TG18 to identify and investigate the predictors of preoperative high‐difficulty cases of DLC for AC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 100 patients with DLC after conservative AC treatment. The surgical difficulty of DLC was evaluated using a difficulty score. Based on previous studies, the highest scores in each category were categorized as grades A–C.

Results

The severity of AC was mild in 51 patients and moderate in 49. Surgical outcomes revealed a distribution of difficulty scores, with grade C indicating high difficulty, showing significant differences in operative time, blood loss, achieving a critical view of safety, bailout procedures, and postoperative hospital stay compared with grades A and B. Regarding the preoperative risk factors, multivariate analysis identified age >61 years (p = .008), body mass index >27.0 kg/m2 (p = .007), and gallbladder wall thickness >6.2 mm (p = .001) as independent risk factors for grade C in DLC.

Conclusion

The difficulty score proposed in TG18 provides an objective framework for evaluating surgical difficulty, allowing for more accurate risk assessments and improved preoperative planning in DLC for AC.
Social identity, mental health and the experience of migration
Authors: Brance Kristine , Chatzimpyros Vasileios , Bentall Richard P.
Published: April 2024

Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging, enhance resilience against psychological strain and safeguard well‐being. This applies to first‐generation migrant populations facing adverse experiences, including prejudice and disconnection from previous identities during host country integration, negatively impacting their well‐being. The importance of social identity also extends to first‐generation migrant descendants, confronting dual‐identity challenges and experiencing exclusion and discrimination despite being native born. Building on the social identity approach to mental health, 20 semi‐structured interviews were conducted to investigate how migrants construct their social identities, their perspective on the challenges and changes they experience in relation to group memberships and ultimately, the influence this has on their psychological well‐being. Findings emphasize the significance of social identity continuity and gain pathways in first‐generation migrants' successful adjustment and psychological well‐being. For second‐generation migrants, dual‐identity development is especially difficult during adolescence due to social exclusion and discrimination in schools. Even in early adulthood, pressure to maintain heritage identity can lead to negative mental health outcomes over time. The current study contributes to and strengthens the social identity approach to migrant mental health and has wider implications for psychological interventions and policy.
Disagreement reduces overconfidence and prompts exploration in young children
Authors: Langenhoff Antonia F. , Srinivasan Mahesh , Engelmann Jan M.
Published: April 2024

Can the experience of disagreement lead young children to reason in more sophisticated ways? Across two preregistered studies, four‐ to six‐year‐old US children (N = 136, 50% female, mixed ethnicities, data collected 2020–2022) experienced either a disagreement or an agreement with a confederate about a causal mechanism after being presented with ambiguous evidence. We measured (1) children's confidence in their belief before and after the (dis)agreement, and (2) how long children searched for information about the correct answer. Disagreement, especially with an expert (Experiment 2), reduced overconfidence and prompted children to search longer for information, compared to agreement. Together, our findings suggest possibilities for interventions aimed at fostering humility and learning across the lifespan.
Prediction of new‐onset heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes derived from ALTITUDE and CANVAS
Authors: Said Fatema , Arnott Clare , Voors Adriaan A. , Heerspink Hiddo J. L. , ter Maaten Jozine M.
Published: April 2024

Aim

To create and validate a prediction model to identify patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at high risk of new‐onset heart failure (HF), including those treated with a sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor.

Methods

A prediction model was developed from the Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiorenal Endpoints (ALTITUDE), a trial in T2D patients with albuminuria or cardiovascular disease. We included 5081 patients with baseline N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) measurement and no history of HF. The model was developed using Cox regression and validated externally in the placebo arm of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS), which included 996 participants with T2D and established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk, and in patients treated with canagliflozin.

Results

ALTITUDE participants (mean age 64 ± 9.8 years) had a median serum NT‐proBNP level of 157 (25th–75th percentile 70–359) pg/mL. Higher NT‐proBNP level, troponin T (TnT) level and body mass index (BMI) emerged as significant and independent predictors of new‐onset HF in both cohorts. The model further contained urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, glycated haemoglobin, age, haematocrit, and use of calcium channel blockers. A prediction model including these variables had a C‐statistic of 0.828 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.801–0.855) in ALTITUDE and 0.800 (95% CI 0.720–0.880) in CANVAS. The C‐statistic of this model increased to 0.847 (95% CI 0.792–0.902) in patients after 1 year of canagliflozin treatment.

Conclusion

In patients with T2D, higher NT‐proBNP level, TnT level and BMI are independent and externally validated predictors of new‐onset HF, including patients using an SGLT2 inhibitor. This newly developed model may identify patients at high risk of new‐onset HF, contributing to early recognition and possibly prevention.
Artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models in dental education: Worldwide survey of educators
Authors: Uribe Sergio E. , Maldupa Ilze , Kavadella Argyro , El Tantawi Maha , Chaurasia Akhilanand , Fontana Margherita , Marino Rodrigo , Innes Nicola , Schwendicke Falk
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Interest is growing in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots and large language models like OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Gemini, particularly in dental education. To explore dental educators‘ perceptions of AI chatbots and large language models, specifically their potential benefits and challenges for dental education.

Materials and Methods

A global cross‐sectional survey was conducted in May–June 2023 using a 31‐item online‐questionnaire to assess dental educators' perceptions of AI chatbots like ChatGPT and their influence on dental education. Dental educators, representing diverse backgrounds, were asked about their use of AI, its perceived impact, barriers to using chatbots, and the future role of AI in this field.

Results

428 dental educators (survey views = 1516; response rate = 28%) with a median [25/75th percentiles] age of 45 [37, 56] and 16 [8, 25] years of experience participated, with the majority from the Americas (54%), followed by Europe (26%) and Asia (10%). Thirty‐one percent of respondents already use AI tools, with 64% recognising their potential in dental education. Perception of AI's potential impact on dental education varied by region, with Africa (4[4–5]), Asia (4[4–5]), and the Americas (4[3–5]) perceiving more potential than Europe (3[3–4]). Educators stated that AI chatbots could enhance knowledge acquisition (74.3%), research (68.5%), and clinical decision‐making (63.6%) but expressed concern about AI's potential to reduce human interaction (53.9%). Dental educators' chief concerns centred around the absence of clear guidelines and training for using AI chatbots.

Conclusion

A positive yet cautious view towards AI chatbot integration in dental curricula is prevalent, underscoring the need for clear implementation guidelines.
Swimming problems: Hegel, Kant, and the demand for metatheory
Authors: Hettig‐Rolfe Kasey
Published: April 2024

Hegel argues that Kant's critical project is analogous to the attempt to learn to swim before getting in the water. Some have taken this to indicate the broadly anti‐epistemological nature of Hegel's philosophical system. In this paper, I offer a novel interpretation of the swimming argument which is both (i) compatible with a broadly epistemological conception of his Logic and (ii) more obviously efficacious against its intended target (viz. Kant). Briefly stated, the swimming argument is intended to reveal the reflexive or self‐implicating nature of any critical‐reflection.
Lower serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio as a predictor of poor functional outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Xu Jinghan , Jiang Xin , Liu Qian , Liu Jiaxin , Fang Jinghuan , He Li
Published: April 2024

Background and purpose

The ratio of serum uric acid (SUA) to serum creatinine (SCr), representing normalized SUA for renal function, is associated with functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients. However, its effect on AIS patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the SUA/SCr ratio on clinical outcome in MT‐treated AIS patients.

Methods

Acute ischaemic stroke patients who underwent MT were continuously enrolled from January 2018 to June 2023. Upon admission, SUA and SCr levels were recorded within the initial 24 h. Stroke severity was determined using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Clinical outcome included poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score >2) at 90 days, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage and death.

Results

Amongst 734 patients, 432 (58.8%) exhibited poor functional outcome at 90 days. The SUA/SCr ratio exhibited a negative correlation with NIHSS score (ρ = −0.095, p = 0.010). Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between SUA/SCr ratio and poor functional outcome. After adjusting for confounders, the SUA/SCr ratio remained an independent predictor of functional outcome (adjusted odds ratio 0.348, 95% confidence interval 0.282–0.428, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis highlighted the ability of the SUA/SCr ratio to predict functional outcome, with a cutoff value of 3.62 and an area under the curve of 0.757 (95% confidence interval 0.724–0.788, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The SUA/SCr ratio is correlated with stroke severity and may serve as a predictor of 90‐day functional outcome in AIS patients undergoing MT.
Respiratory emergencies in adult horses
Authors: Dunkel Bettina
Published: April 2024

Although respiratory distress is encountered infrequently in equine practice, it can be serious and potentially fatal, requiring immediate and decisive intervention. History and physical examination can often give sufficient clues to identify the cause of respiratory distress and initiate emergency treatment. Ultrasonography can also be invaluable when assessing distress caused by lower respiratory tract issues. Upper respiratory tract obstruction, tension pneumothorax and occasionally pulmonary oedema can be rapidly fatal and require immediate intervention by emergency tracheotomy, thoracocentesis and evacuation of pleural air or administration of furosemide and oxygen, if available. Acute severe asthma and substantial pleural effusion are often not an immediate threat to life but nonetheless require fast intervention including administration of bronchodilators and corticosteroids or pleurocentesis, respectively.
Equine bone marrow MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles mitigate the inflammatory effects of interleukin‐1β on navicular tissues in vitro
Authors: Quam Vivian G. , Belacic Zarah A. , Long Sidney , Rice Hilary C. , Dhar Madhu S. , Durgam Sushmitha
Published: April 2024

Background

Safe, efficacious therapy for treating degenerate deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and navicular bone fibrocartilage (NBF) in navicular horses is critically necessary. While archetypal orthobiologic therapies for navicular disease are used empirically, their safety and efficacy are unknown. Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (EV) may overcome several limitations of current orthobiologic therapies.

Objectives

To (1) characterise cytokine and growth factor profiles of equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM‐MSC)‐derived extracellular vesicles (BM‐EV) and (2) evaluate the in vitro anti‐inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ECM) protective potentials of BM‐EV on DDFT and NBF explant co‐cultures in an IL‐1β inflammatory environment.

Study design

In vitro experimental study.

Methods

Cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐1ra and TNF‐α) and growth factors (TGFβ1, VEGF, IGF1 and PDGF) in equine BM‐EV isolated via ultracentrifugation and precipitation methods were profiled. Forelimb DDFT and NBF explant co‐cultures from seven horses were exposed to media alone, or media containing 2 × 109 ± 0.1 × 109 particles/mL or 10 μg/mL BM‐EV (BM‐EV), 10 ng/mL interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), or IL‐1β + BM‐EV for 48 h. Co‐culture media IL‐6, TNF‐α, MMP‐3, MMP‐13 concentrations and explant sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content were quantified.

Results

IL‐6, IGF1 and VEGF concentrations were 102.1 (37.61–256.2) and 182.3 (163.1–226.3), 72.3 (8–175.6) and 2.4 (0.1–2.6), 108.3 (38.3–709.1) and 211.4 (189.1–318.2) pg/mL per 2 × 109 ± 0.1 × 109 particles/mL or 10 μg/mL 10 μg of BM‐EV isolated via ultracentrifugation and precipitation methods, respectively. Co‐culture media MMP‐3 in BM‐EV‐ (p = 0.03) and BM‐EV + IL‐1β‐treated (p = 0.01) groups were significantly lower than the respective media and IL‐1β groups. DDFT explant sGAG content of BM‐EV (p = 0.003) and BM‐EV + IL‐1β groups were significantly higher compared with IL‐1β group.

Main limitations

Specimen numbers are limited, in vitro model may not replicate clinical case conditions, lack of non‐MSC‐derived EV control group.

Conclusions

Equine BM‐EV contains IL‐6 and growth factors, IGF1 and VEGF. The anti‐inflammatory and ECM protective potentials of BM‐EV were evident as increased IL‐6 and decreased MMP‐3 concentrations in the DDFT‐NBF explant co‐culture media. These results support further evaluation of BM‐EV as an acellular and ‘off‐the‐shelf’ intra‐bursal/intrasynovial therapy for navicular pathologies.
Phase field simulations on the rate‐ and grain‐size‐dependent crack propagation of polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy
Authors: Xiong Junyuan , Xu Bo , Kang Guozheng
Published: April 2024

A three‐dimensional non‐isothermal phase field model of polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) was established based on the Ginzburg–Landau's theory, which considered the interaction between crack growth and martensite transformation (MT). Then, the crack propagation of polycrystalline NiTi SMA and its dependence on the system's grain size and loading rate were studied by the phase field simulations. The results show that the proposed phase field model can characterize the MT behavior, temperature field changes, and stress‐displacement response of NiTi SMA during the crack growth with different grain sizes and loading rates. That is the higher the loading rate, the higher the fracture toughness is; the larger the grain size, the higher the fracture toughness is and the more significant the influence of grain boundary on the crack growth path becomes. Meanwhile, as the grain size increases, the fracture mode gradually changes from the transgranular fracture (for the fine‐grained alloy with a grain size ≈ 15 nm) to the intergranular one (for the coarse‐grained alloy with a grain size ≈ 100 nm).
Development of a novel continuum damage mechanics‐based machine learning approach for vibration fatigue assessment of fastener clip subjected to high‐frequency vibration
Authors: Dong Yifei , Zhan Zhixin , Sun Linlin , Hu Weiping , Meng Qingchun , Berto Filippo , Li Hua
Published: April 2024

This paper proposes a novel method based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and machine learning (ML) models to evaluate the vibration fatigue behavior of W1‐type railway fastener clips subjected to high‐frequency vibration. Firstly, static and fatigue tests are conducted on 60Si2Mn spring steel to acquire elastic modulus, tensile strength, and P‐S‐N curves. Subsequently, a CDM model is established, and numerical simulations are performed under various working conditions to obtain the fatigue characteristics of the clips. Finally, the ML model is trained using numerical simulation results, thereby establishing a mapping model between the working conditions and fatigue characteristics. The developed ML model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting the vibration fatigue life of the clips. Moreover, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) algorithm is employed to elucidate the ML model, revealing that the vibration frequency has a greater impact on the fatigue life of the clips compared to the vibration displacement.
Calibrating autonomy: How bureaucratic autonomy influences government quality in Brazil
Authors: Bersch Katherine , Fukuyama Francis
Published: April 2024

The interactions between bureaucratic agencies and political actors shape governance outcomes, yet scholars disagree about how bureaucratic autonomy relates to government quality. Some claim that enhancing autonomy improves quality, whereas others maintain the opposite. An influential article by Fukuyama (2013) in Governance suggests a curvilinear relationship, moderated by capacity. This article evaluates the theory empirically, focusing on within‐country variation and two dimensions of autonomy: independence and discretion. Drawing on an original survey of over 3200 public sector workers in Brazil and administrative data on 325,000 public servants, we find evidence suggesting that the relationship between perceived autonomy and quality depends on the type of perceived autonomy and level of capacity. Public servants' perceptions of independence from political actors are associated with increased perceptions about governance quality in a linear fashion. For perceived discretion, we find initial evidence of a Goldilocks relationship: too little reduces perceptions of government quality but so does too much, especially in low‐capacity areas. Our findings offer initial evidence that may qualify claims that limiting bureaucratic discretion while increasing political oversight improves governance; instead, context may be crucial.
High‐Resolution Direct Push NMR Tools for Groundwater Investigations
Authors: Morozov Darya , Walsh David , McLaughlin Cristina , Nguyen Anh , Grunewald Elliot , Caldwell Warren , Pipp Daniel , Basore Nicholas , Christy and Thomas , Macedo Jorge
Published: April 2024

A small‐diameter nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology optimized for use with direct push (DP) and cone penetrometer test (CPT) drilling has been developed. The DP NMR tool can be deployed through 2.25‐in. diameter DP and CPT drilling rods allowing high‐resolution NMR logging measurements to be acquired during retraction of drill rods. DP NMR technology runs from a person‐portable battery‐powered control unit and provides significantly higher resolution in both the spatial (vertical) dimension and in the time domain of the NMR measurement than previously available NMR technology. In this study, we summarize the development of two different DP NMR tools and demonstrate their application at different sites within the United States. We believe that this technology can provide a leap forward in adoption of NMR technology for high‐resolution hydrological and geophysical investigations in groundwater resources and environmental remediation applications.
The oxidation life analysis method for SiC/SiC composite components based on an equivalent diffusion coefficient model
Authors: Shi Xiaoting , Ni Zheng , Ma Wenbing , Sui Zhengqing , Yu Guoqiang , Gao Xiguang , Song Yingdong , Wang Fang
Published: April 2024

A method for the oxidation life analysis of SiC/SiC composite structures was proposed to predict the oxidation life of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components. In this paper, multiscale diffusion–oxidation simulation of the CMCs’ structure can be carried out by establishing the equivalent diffusion coefficient model, to get the microscopic oxidation morphology parameters at each point. Based on the results, the residual stiffness is calculated with the homogenization method. Then, the residual stiffness is taken as the material parameter of element to calculate the stress distribution after oxidation in the CMC structure. And the residual strength of CMCs was calculated by progressive damage analysis. The oxidation life of CMC component is analyzed by judging the failure condition of each element. Finally, the oxidation life prediction of the CMC adjustment sheet under specific loading environment is realized, which is about 1 200 h. The results show that this method is feasible for the calculation of hot end parts under actual complex loads.
Impact of MgCl2 on the mechanical properties of alite pastes at mesoscale and nanoscale
Authors: Sun Yanjie , Tao Yong , Pellenq Roland J. M. , Poon Chi Sun
Published: April 2024

While the MgCl2 mixing alite paste causes degradation of the modulus and hardness of C–S–H formed, the underlying degradation mechanism needs to be better understood. This study comprehensively analyzed the mechanical properties of alite pastes mixed with MgCl2 solutions, examining the effects at both mesoscale and nanoscale. The in situ X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the formation of brucite occurred at a very early age together with the formation of portlandite, which may induce a loosened packing density of C−S−H and served as the primary cause of modulus and hardness degradation. We used Bayesian statistical models to fit the nanoindentation data of C−S−H. By extrapolation at a packing fraction equal to unity, we were able to extract elastic properties (modulus and hardness) of the C−S−H nanograins. The nanoscale C−S−H elastic modulus showed no significant alterations in the mechanical properties of the C−S−H nanostructures. Atomistic simulations also suggested that Mg2+ ions preferably substitute interlayer Ca rather than intralayer Ca in C−S−H, and the Mg docking in CSH induced a very modest volume contraction.
Why geopolymers and alkali‐activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution
Authors: Kriven Waltraud M. , Leonelli Cristina , Provis John L. , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Attwell Cyril , Ducman Vilma S. , Ferone Claudio , Rossignol Sylvie , Luukkonen Tero , van Deventer Jannie S. J. , Emiliano José V. , Lombardi Jérôme E.
Published: April 2024

This perspective article delves into the transformative potential of alkali‐activated materials, acid‐activated materials, and geopolymers in mitigating climate change and market challenges. To harness the benefits of these materials, a comprehensive strategy is proposed. This strategy aims to integrate these materials into existing construction regulations, facilitate certification, and promote market access. Emphasizing research and innovation, the article advocates for, increased funding to refine the chemistry and production of these materials, prioritizing low‐cost alternatives and local waste materials. Collaboration between academia and industry is encouraged to expedite technological advances and broaden applications. This article also underscores the need to develop economic and business models emphasizing the long‐term benefits of these materials, including lower life‐cycle costs and reduced environmental impact. Incentivizing adoption through financial mechanisms like tax credits and subsidies is suggested. The strategy also includes scaling up production technology, fostering industrial collaboration for commercial viability, and developing global supply chains. Educational programs for professionals and regulators are recommended to enhance awareness and adoption. Additionally, comprehensive life‐cycle assessments are proposed to demonstrate environmental benefits. The strategy culminates in expanding the applications of these materials beyond construction, fostering international collaboration for knowledge sharing, and thus positioning these materials as essential for sustainable construction and climate change mitigation.
Using juvenile movements as a proxy for adult habitat and space use in long‐lived territorial species: a case study on the golden eagle
Authors: Hemery Arzhela , Duriez Olivier , Itty Christian , Henry Pierre‐Yves , Besnard Aurélien
Published: April 2024

Effective conservation management of wildlife species depends on understanding their space and habitat use. Telemetry has become the primary source of data for information on how species use space and habitats. However, animals can be difficult to capture, leading to limited sample sizes and thus low quality inferences. As some individuals may be easier to capture than others, it may be tempting to use them to make inferences about the studied population as a whole. Juvenile birds, in contrast to adults, are easy to capture while they are still in the nest. However, there are few studies on when and how they might serve to obtain a representative characterization of the habitat or space use of adults. This study investigated this by using GPS‐tracking data of 35 adult/juvenile dyads of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos, with the juvenile and adult in a dyad sharing the same home‐range. We assessed juvenile‐to‐adult home‐range overlap and also compared their relative use of habitats within that space. We also analysed how these metrics evolved throughout the post‐fledging dependence period (PFDP). During this period, juvenile‐to‐adult similarity was more than 80% for the entire home‐range, whereas it was lower for the core area (approximately 60%). Habitat‐use similarity was high, at approximately 90% for both the home‐range and core area, both in land‐cover and topography. The similarity increased following the improvement of juvenile flight skills over a period of two months, to the extent that two months after fledging and until the end of the PFDP, habitat and space use of juveniles can be used to infer the home‐range and habitat requirements of adults. It would be valuable to study this ‘adult‐by‐juvenile replacement' approach in other species to determine whether it could be generalized, notably for species with a shorter dependence period or more complex social interactions.
Young male blackcaps with blood parasite coinfections cope with oxidative stress favouring anthocyanin‐rich food during migratory fattening
Authors: Jiménez‐Gallardo Lucía , López‐Arrabé Jimena , Pérez‐Tris Javier , Remacha Carolina
Published: April 2024

Parasites may alter host physiology, which may promote behavioural adaptations to counteract their effect. Adaptive feeding may help individuals to cope with infection, especially during physiologically demanding life stages. For instance, migrating birds need fuel for long‐distance flights and repair oxidative damage caused by intense aerobic exercise, and parasites may influence on how individuals balance these needs. Infected birds may face increased oxidative challenges, which could induce them to favour antioxidant defences over other needs, such as fattening. We tested whether migrating birds can adaptively choose food according to their needs, favouring dietary antioxidants to cope with oxidative stress caused by haemosporidian blood parasites during migration. During autumn migration, we mist‐netted young male Eurasian blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla stopping over in central Spain. We placed the birds in cages where they were offered fat and anthocyanin‐enriched food alternatives. We measured preference for each food offer. We tested their infections with haemosporidian parasites by PCR techniques and their parasitaemia by blood smear inspection. We also measured physiological variables that account for nutritional and oxidative status in red blood cells and plasma. We found that birds with multiple infections favoured anthocyanin‐enriched food controlling for an effect of body mass on food preference (lean blackcaps preferred anthocyanins, likely because they are urged to repair oxidative damage upon arrival on stopover with depleted energy reserves). Haemosporidian‐infected birds had a lower antioxidant capacity of plasma, although no effect of infections on oxidative damage was detected, and individuals with more oxidative damage preferred anthocyanin‐enriched food. Our results suggest that haemosporidian infections may increase individual antioxidant needs, which could affect migratory performance if the urge to find dietary antioxidants reduces the rate of fuel consumption.
Genetic investigations on backfat thickness and body condition score in German Holstein cattle
Authors: Schmidtmann Christin , Mugambe Julius , Blaj Iulia , Harms Carsten , Thaller Georg
Published: April 2024

Up to now, little has been known about backfat thickness (BFT) in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the lactation curve and genetic parameters for BFT as well as its relationship with body condition score (BCS) and milk yield (MKG). For this purpose, a dataset was analysed including phenotypic observations of 1929 German Holstein cows for BFT, BCS and MKG recorded on a single research dairy farm between September 2005 and December 2022. Additionally, pedigree and genomic information was available. Lactation curves were predicted and genetic parameters were estimated for all traits in first to third lactation using univariate random regression models. For BCS, lactation curves had nadirs at 94 DIM, 101 DIM and 107 DIM in first, second and third lactation. By contrast, trajectories of BFT showed lowest values later in lactation at 129 DIM, 117 DIM and 120 DIM in lactation numbers 1 to 3, respectively. Although lactation curves of BCS and BFT had similar shapes, the traits showed distinct sequence of curves for lactation number 2 and 3. Cows in third lactation had highest BCS, whereas highest BFT values were found for second parity animals. Average heritabilities were 0.315 ± 0.052, 0.297 ± 0.048 and 0.332 ± 0.061 for BCS in lactation number 1 to 3, respectively. Compared to that, BFT had considerably higher heritability in all lactation numbers with estimates ranging between 0.357 ± 0.028 and 0.424 ± 0.034. Pearson correlation coefficients between estimated breeding values for the 3 traits were negative between MKG with both BCS (r = −0.245 to −0.322) and BFT (r = −0.163 to −0.301). Correlation between traits BCS and BFT was positive and consistently high (r = 0.719 to 0.738). Overall, the results of this study suggest that BFT and BCS show genetic differences in dairy cattle, which might be due to differences in depletion and accumulation of body reserves measured by BFT and BCS. Therefore, routine recording of BFT on practical dairy farms could provide valuable information beyond BCS measurements and might be useful, for example, to better assess the nutritional status of cows.
Fire–climate–human dynamics over the last 1800 years in the mesic Araucaria‐Nothofagus forests
Authors: Martel‐Cea Alejandra , Abarzúa Ana M. , González Mauro E. , Jarpa Leonora , Hernández Marjorie
Published: April 2024

Aim

Few palaeoenvironmental studies have been performed in Araucaria‐Nothofagus forests, which are highly vulnerable to ongoing threats from climate change and anthropogenic activities. The primary goal of this work is to reconstruct past environmental changes related to fire disturbances over the last 1800 years in Tolhuaca National Park (TNP), Chile.

Location

TNP, Araucanian region (38.2°S; 71.8°W), Northwestern Patagonia, Chile.

Taxa

Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae), Nothofagus spp. (Nothofagaceae).

Methods

We completed charcoal and pollen analyses to create two new palaeoecological records that span 1800 years. We compared the lake‐based reconstruction with the available local tree‐ring fire scar chronologies from the last 430 years. Using these data, we compute forest index changes, biomass burning trends and compare with estimates of archaeological radiocarbon density. We place our inferences with context of published regional palaeoclimatic proxies from the Patagonian‐Andean region.

Results

Our results showed that fire activity was higher than present between 200 and 1500 CE, with peaks around 200–400 CE and 1100–1500 CE. Periods with high fire activity are associated with reduced forest cover, as Araucaria declined when mixed‐severity fire regime occurred for extended periods. Pollen assemblages suggested a shift from dry to wet climate conditions at 1500 CE, and from 1750 CE onward, the arrival of exotic species reflected the land‐use changes related to forest clearance and transhumance practices.

Main Conclusions

The palaeoenvironmental reconstructions showed changes in vegetation, fire and climate over the past 1800 years in TNP. Wildfires have been the main disturbance process modifying the vegetation structure in the Araucaria and Nothofagus forests. Since 1750 CE intensive post‐Hispanic land‐use changes (forest clearances by fire and logging) took place in the study area, reducing the native vegetation cover. Climate variability, modulated by SAM‐like and ENSO‐like conditions, influenced the fire activity (availability and flammability of fuels), concomitantly with high archaeological density. The recent (after 2000 CE) increase of catastrophic wildfires may negatively affect the conservation strategies of Araucaria‐Nothofagus forests.
Spatial distribution pattern of male adults of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in lemon orchards in Northern Portugal
Authors: Costa Jaciley , Madureira Marta , Pereira José Alberto , Rodrigues Isabel
Published: April 2024

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, commonly known as the citrus leafminer, threatens global citrus production. This study focuses on elucidating the population dynamics and spatial distribution of P. citrella in lemon orchards located in Northern Portugal. From May to December, using delta traps with sexual pheromones, the levels of the adult population were monitored, and aggregation indices were calculated. Five distinct density peaks are observed, with the highest recorded in late July to early August. Spatial distribution consistently indicated an aggregated pattern. However, temporal variation in distribution was observed on specific dates. According to our results, it is suggested deploying two or three traps per hectare during peak density periods. This study significantly advances our understanding of P. citrella dynamics, emphasizing the need to consider spatial and temporal patterns for effective pest management. The outcomes underscore the importance of further exploration into factors influencing distribution patterns to refine control strategies. These insights are crucial for devising targeted and efficient measures to mitigate the impact of P. citrella on citrus orchards globally.
Aquatic connectivity: challenges and solutions in a changing climate
Authors: Franklin Paul A. , Bašić Tea , Davison Phil I. , Dunkley Katie , Ellis Jonathan , Gangal Mayuresh , González‐Ferreras Alexia M. , Gutmann Roberts Catherine , Hunt Georgina , Joyce Domino , Klöcker C. Antonia , Mawer Rachel , Rittweg Timo , Stoilova Velizara , Gutowsky Lee Frank Gordon
Published: April 2024

The challenge of managing aquatic connectivity in a changing climate is exacerbated in the presence of additional anthropogenic stressors, social factors, and economic drivers. Here we discuss these issues in the context of structural and functional connectivity for aquatic biodiversity, specifically fish, in both the freshwater and marine realms. We posit that adaptive management strategies that consider shifting baselines and the socio‐ecological implications of climate change will be required to achieve management objectives. The role of renewable energy expansion, particularly hydropower, is critically examined for its impact on connectivity. We advocate for strategic spatial planning that incorporates nature‐positive solutions, ensuring climate mitigation efforts are harmonized with biodiversity conservation. We underscore the urgency of integrating robust scientific modelling with stakeholder values to define clear, adaptive management objectives. Finally, we call for innovative monitoring and predictive decision‐making tools to navigate the uncertainties inherent in a changing climate, with the goal of ensuring the resilience and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) for the treatment of vascular and pigmented lesions
Authors: Arminda Avdulaj
Published: April 2024

Background

IPL devices emit a wide range of wavelengths that can be absorbed by different chromophores in the skin. Selective destruction of a specific chromophore with minimal side effects is controlled by wavelength, pulse duration, and fluence.

Aim

This study aims to evaluate the treatment of vascular and pigmented lesions using narrow‐band Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) with Advanced Fluorescence Technology (AFT), which offers more efficient energy usage per pulse to increase safety, and improve clinical outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of data from 100 patients treated with narrow‐band IPL for vascular and pigmented lesions. Efficacy was measured by the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) and Patient Satisfaction Scale (0–10). Safety was assessed by evaluating pain levels and adverse events.

Results

Mean GAIS scores were 8.02 ± 0.84 for vascular and 8.14 ± 0.9 for pigmented lesions with no significant difference between groups (p=0.49, α=0.05). Patient satisfaction correlated with GAIS scores (correlation coefficient 0.8). No pain was reported and two patients experienced temporary and transient side effects.

Conclusion

Overall, the advanced IPL treatments provided favorable outcomes for vascular and pigmented lesions.
Validation of the names Cavernulicolales, Cavernulicolaceae, Cavernulicola, and Cavernulicola chilensis (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Yoon Hwan Su , Del Guacchio Emanuele
Published: April 2024

A reclassification of Cyanidium chilense under the new genus Cavernulicola was recently proposed together with a new family (Cavernulicolaceae) and a new order (Cavernulicolales). Unfortunately, due to an error in the required citation of the basionym, the name “Cavernulicola chilensis” was invalid and cannot be accepted as the generitype of Cavernulicola. This means that Cavernulicola, Cavernulicolaceae, and Cavernulicolales are likewise invalid names under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN, Shenzhen Code). In this contribution, each of these names is validated.
Insulin‐like growth factor 1 knockdown attenuates high glucose‐induced podocyte injury by promoting the JAK2/STAT signalling‐mediated autophagy
Authors: Zhang Yun , Liu Min , Wu Yan , Xu Yaling , Hong Yuanhao , Xiang Haiyan
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Podocyte injury plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). A high serum level of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) has been observed in patients with DN. This paper is to study the role and mechanism of IGF‐1 in high glucose (HG)‐induced podocyte injury.

Methods

Mouse podocytes MPC‐5 were treated with HG to establish a DN model in vitro. db/db diabetic mice and db/m nondiabetic mice were used to evaluate the IGF‐1 role in vivo. Western blotting was used for measuring protein levels of IGF‐1 receptor, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathway‐related markers, podocyte markers podocin and nephrin, apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐related markers in MPC‐5 cells. Immunofluorescence staining was implemented for measuring the expression of nephrin and the autophagy marker LC3. Flow cytometry was used for detecting podocyte apoptosis.

Results

IGF‐1 expression was increased in HG‐stimulated MPC‐5 cells and the kidney of db/db diabetic mice compared with corresponding controls. Knocking down IGF‐1 downregulated IGF‐1R and inhibited JAK2/STAT signalling pathway in HG‐treated MPC‐5 cells and db/db diabetic mice. IGF‐1 silencing attenuated HG‐induced podocyte injury, apoptosis and reduction in autophagy. Activating the JAK2/STAT signalling pathway or inhibiting autophagy reversed the effects of IGF‐1 silencing on HG‐treated MPC‐5 cells.

Conclusion

Knocking down IGF‐1 alleviates HG‐induced podocyte injury and apoptosis by inactivating the JAK2/STAT signalling pathway and enhancing autophagy.

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Comparison of Alignment Accuracy and Clinical Outcomes between a CT‐Based, Saw Cutting Robotic System and a CT‐Free, Jig‐guided Robotic System for Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Zhou Ge , Wang Xinguang , Geng Xiao , Li Zijian , Tian Hua
Published: April 2024

Objective

The different cutting mode of robot‐assisted TKAs may influence the accuracy of alignment. The purpose of this study was to compare alignment accuracy and early clinical outcomes between a CT‐based, saw cutting robotic system (MAKO) and a CT‐free, jig‐guided robotic system (ROSA) for total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

A total of 20 MAKO TKAs and 20 ROSA TKAs from June 2021 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Differences in the postoperative hip‐knee‐ankle (HKA) angle, lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), posterior tibial slope (PTS) and 3° outlier frequency of the HKA, LDFA, MPTA and PTS were studied at 3 months and 1 year of follow‐up. The operative time and total blood loss (TBL) were compared between these two groups. Clinical outcomes at 1 year after surgery, including range of motion (ROM), Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, and Knee Society Score‐2011 (KSS‐2011), were also compared between these two groups.

Results

The baseline characteristics of the two groups were comparable. There were no significant differences in the mean deviations of postoperative HKA, LDFA, MPTA or PTS between the two groups at 3 months or 1 year (all ps > 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the percentage of 3° outliers for HKA, LDFA, MPTA, or PTS between the two groups at 3‐month or 1‐year follow‐up (all ps > 0.05). The mean operation time of MAKO was longer than that of ROSA (112.7 ± 12.8 min vs 94.8 ± 23.0 min, p = 0.001), but the mean TBL (1356.7 ± 648.5 mL vs 1384.5 ± 676.3 mL) and transfusion rate (15.0% vs 5.0%) were not significantly different between the two groups (all ps > 0.05). No significant differences were found in postoperative ROM, WOMAC score or KSS score at 1 year (all ps > 0.05).

Conclusion

The MAKO and ROSA had similar accuracy and precision in TKA alignment. The clinical outcomes at 1 year after surgery were also comparable.
The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs directly suppresses rice immunity by interacting with OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L
Authors: Wang Xin , Ju Yanhu , Wu Tao , Kong Lingguang , Yuan Meng , Liu Haifeng , Chen Xiangsong , Chu Zhaohui
Published: April 2024

The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs includes transmembrane proteins necessary for susceptibility to bacterial blight (BB). These genes are targeted by the specific transcription activator‐like effector (TALE) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and mediate sucrose efflux for bacterial proliferation. However, the mechanism through which OsSWEETs regulate rice immunity has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13 is required for complementing susceptibility to PXO99 in IRBB13 (xa13/xa13). Interestingly, the C‐terminus of ZmXa13, the maize homologue of OsSWEET11a/Xa13, could perfectly substitute for the C‐terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Furthermore, OsSWEET11a/Xa13 interacted with the high‐mobility group B1 (OsHMGB1) protein and the small heat shock‐like protein OsHsp20L through the same regions in the C‐terminus. Consistent with the physical interactions, knockdown or knockout of either OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L caused an enhanced PXO99‐resistant phenotype similar to that of OsSWEET11a/OsXa13. Surprisingly, the plants in which OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L was repressed developed increased resistance to PXO86, PXO61 and YN24, which carry TALEs targeting OsSWEET14/Xa41 or OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Additionally, OsHsp20L can interact with all six members of clade III OsSWEETs, whereas OsHMGB1 can interact with five other members in addition to OsSWEET12. Overall, we revealed that OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L mediate conserved BB susceptibility by interacting with clade III OsSWEETs, which are candidates for breeding broad‐spectrum disease‐resistant rice.