bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publication trends in hidradenitis suppurativa from 2008 to 2018
Authors: Savage K.T. , Gonzalez Brant E. , Flood K.S. , Salian P. , Porter M.L. , Kimball A.B.
Published: January 2020

Background

Increased interest in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) research is encouraging. A critical analysis of the state of HS literature may demonstrate the strength of existing knowledge and highlight current gaps.

Objectives

To analyse changes in HS literature from 2008 to 2018 with focus on quantity and quality of annual publications.

Methods

Review of all indexed publications reporting on HS on PubMed. Publications were categorized based on study design, study topic and treatment type where applicable. Publications were dichotomized into high level of evidence and low level of evidence groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the change in publication number over time. Annual average growth rate and distribution of high versus low level of evidence publications were calculated.

Results

Publication number increased over time overall (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.003) and for all publication types except randomized clinical trials. Case reports and case series represented the majority of HS publications (n = 479, 40.3%). Treatment was the main focus of publications (n = 445, 37.6%) with increasing interest in medical management evident in recent years. Distribution of low level of evidence studies (n = 974) compared with high level of evidence studies over time (n = 209) was significant (x2: 11.45, P = 0.0007). High level of evidence studies had a higher average annual growth rate (49.9%) compared with low level of evidence studies (23.7%). Few randomized clinical trials were performed (n = 16), focusing equally on medical or procedural treatments.

Conclusions

Hidradenitis suppurativa research is undergoing a tremendous shift, suggesting rapid maturation of the field. Current HS literature, however, remains primarily based on limited clinical observation data, with a particular lack of randomized clinical trials. Despite this, the increase in high level of evidence studies is encouraging and may herald a shift towards improved disease understanding and treatment paradigms.
Interprofessional Education Between Midwifery Students and Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents: An American College of Nurse‐Midwives and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Collaboration
Authors: Avery Melissa D. , Jennings John C. , Germano Elaine , Andrighetti Tia , Autry Amy M. , Dau Kim Q. , Krause Susan Agard , Montgomery Owen C. , Nicholson Tonya B. , Perry Audrey , Rauk Phillip N. , Sankey Heather Z. , Woodland Mark B.
Published: January 2020

Despite areas of excellence, US perinatal care outcomes lag behind most developed countries. In addition, a shortage and maldistribution of health care providers exists. The American College of Nurse‐Midwives and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) partnered to obtain funding to develop interprofessional education modules and other learning activities for midwifery students and obstetrics and gynecology residents in 4 demonstration sites. The multidisciplinary 2016 ACOG document Collaboration in Practice: Implementing Team‐Based Care was adopted as a framework. Core competencies of values and ethics, roles and responsibilities, interprofessional communication, and teams and teamwork developed by the Interprofessional Education Collaborative were used to guide the work. Seven modules have been developed including guiding principles, patient‐centered care, role clarification, collaborative practice, history and culture, care transition, and difficult conversations. Learners participate in laboratory and simulation activities and work together in clinical care settings. Stakeholder experiences as well as barriers to implementation are discussed. Learning materials and activity descriptions are open resourced and shared on a project website for use by programs interested in implementing an interprofessional curriculum. Ongoing formal evaluation including pilot testing of a program evaluation method is described.
Endodontic therapy and incident cardiovascular disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
Authors: Cowan Logan T. , Lakshminarayan Kamakshi , Lutsey Pamela L. , Beck James , Offenbacher Steven , Pankow James S.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Previous studies on a potential association between endodontic infection (EI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) produced mixed results. Endodontic treatment (ET) may also be linked to cardiovascular risk, as a marker for prior chronic dental infection and subclinical EI in other teeth. We tested the hypothesis that ET is associated with elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke (IS), heart failure (HF), or venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Methods

ARIC participants who completed the dental ancillary study exam 4 (1996–1998; n = 6,638) were included in the analyses. Participants were followed through 2013 for CHD, stroke, and HF and 2011 for VTE. Cox‐proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CHD, IS, HF, and VTE across ET classifications adjusting for age, sex, race/center, education, income, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, statin use, family history of CHD, physical activity, diet quality, insurance status, last dental visit, dental visit frequency, having a current dentist, and tooth loss due to gum disease.

Results

Among participants, 21.0% reported a single ET, while 28.5% reported multiple ETs. Over a median of 15.8 years of follow‐up, there were 506 incident CHD events, 311 IS events, 739 HF events, and 219 VTE events. There were no significant associations between self‐reported history of ET and any of our outcomes (HR (95%CI): CHD = 1.16 (0.87,1.44), IS = 0.77 (0.55,1.09), HF = 1.00 (0.81,1.24), VTE = 0.98 (0.67,1.43)) after adjustment.

Conclusions

Our results do not support an independent association between ET and development of CHD, IS, HF, or VTE.
Responses of Two Coastal Algae (Skeletonema costatum and Chlorella vulgaris) to Changes in Light and Iron Levels1
Authors: Wang Bo , Chen Min , Zheng Minfang , Qiu Yusheng
Published: January 2020

Iron (Fe) is essential for phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis, and is proposed to be an important factor regulating algal blooms under replete major nutrients in coastal environments. Here, Skeletonema costatum, a typical red‐tide diatom species, and Chlorella vulgaris, a widely distributed Chlorella, were chosen to examine carbon fixation and Fe uptake by coastal algae under dark and light conditions with different Fe levels. The cellular carbon fixation and intracellular Fe uptake were measured via 14C and 55Fe tracer assay, respectively. Cell growth, cell size, and chlorophyll‐α concentration were measured to investigate the algal physiological variation in different treatments. Our results showed that cellular Fe uptake proceeds under dark and the uptake rates were comparable to or even higher than those in the light for both algal species. Fe requirements per unit carbon fixation were also higher in the dark resulting in higher Fe: C ratios. During the experimental period, high Fe addition significantly enhanced cellular carbon fixation and Fe uptake. Compared to C. vulgaris, S. costatum was the common dominant bloom species because of its lower Fe demand but higher Fe uptake rate. This study provides some of the first measurements of Fe quotas in coastal phytoplankton cells, and implies that light and Fe concentrations may influence the phytoplankton community succession when blooms occur in coastal ecosystems.
Blue‐blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: Effects on actigraphy‐derived sleep parameters
Authors: Henriksen Tone E. G. , Grønli Janne , Assmus Jörg , Fasmer Ole Bernt , Schoeyen Helle , Leskauskaite Ieva , Bjorke‐Bertheussen Jeanette , Ytrehus Kjersti , Lund Anders
Published: January 2020

Improvement of sleep is a central treatment goal for patients in a manic state. Blue‐blocking (BB) glasses as adjunctive treatment hasten overall recovery from mania. This method is an evolvement from dark therapy and builds on the discovery of the blue‐light‐sensitive retinal ganglion cell that signals daytime to the brain. We report effects of adjunctive BB glasses on actigraphy‐derived sleep parameters for manic inpatients as compared to placebo. Hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder in a manic state aged 18–70 years were recruited from five clinics in Norway from February 2012 to February 2015. The participants were randomly allocated to wearing BB glasses or placebo (clear glasses) as an adjunctive treatment from 18:00 to 08:00 hours for seven consecutive nights. Sleep and wake were monitored by actigraphy. From 32 eligible patients, 10 patients in each group qualified for the group analyses. The BB group's mean sleep efficiency was significantly higher at night 5 as compared to the placebo group (92.6% vs. 83.1%, p = .027). The 95% confidence interval (CI) was 89.4%–95.8% in the BB group and 75.9%–90.3% in the placebo group. There were fewer nights of interrupted sleep in the BB group: 29.6% versus 43.8% in the placebo group. The BB group received less‐intensive sleep‐promoting pharmacological treatment and showed significantly higher sleep efficiency and more consolidated sleep as compared to the placebo group. Our findings suggest sleep‐promoting effects through deactivating mechanisms. Adjunctive BB glasses seem to be useful for improving sleep for manic patients in the hospital setting.
Uncovering the genetics of cirrhosis: New plots for the usual suspects
Authors: Valenti Luca
Published: January 2020

See Article on Page 405
With the best will in the world: How benevolent sexism shapes medical careers
Authors: Stone Louise , Phillips Christine , Douglas Kirsty A.
Published: January 2020

A compliment is not a compliment when it stereotypes, undermining self‐efficacy and performance. To overcome "benevolent sexism" we must recognise and act on unconscious behaviour such as complimenting women's relational skills over their agency and competence.
A novel Pezizomycotina‐specific protein with gelsolin domains regulates contractile actin ring assembly and constriction in perforated septum formation
Authors: Mamun Md. Abdulla Al , Katayama Takuya , Cao Wei , Nakamura Shugo , Maruyama Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2020

Septum formation in fungi is equivalent to cytokinesis. It differs mechanistically in filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina) from that of ascomycete yeasts by the retention of a central septal pore in the former group. However, septum formation in both groups is accomplished by contractile actin ring (CAR) assembly and constriction. The specific components regulating septal pore organization during septum formation are poorly understood. In this study, a novel Pezizomycotina‐specific actin regulatory protein GlpA containing gelsolin domains was identified using bioinformatics. A glpA deletion mutant exhibited increased distances between septa, abnormal septum morphology and defective regulation of septal pore closure. In glpA deletion mutant hyphae, overaccumulation of actin filament (F‐actin) was observed, and the CAR was abnormal with improper assembly and failure in constriction. In wild‐type cells, GlpA was found at the septum formation site similarly to the CAR. The N‐terminal 329 residues of GlpA are required for its localization to the septum formation site and essential for proper septum formation, while its C‐terminal gelsolin domains are required for the regular CAR dynamics during septum formation. Finally, in this study we elucidated a novel Pezizomycotina‐specific actin modulating component, which participates in septum formation by regulating the CAR dynamics.
A Response to Paul Griffiths’ Annihilationist Proposal
Authors: Brotherton Joshua R.
Published: January 2020

In his recent influential theological work, Paul Griffiths, the esteemed Buddhism scholar and Anglican convert to Catholicism, proposes, among other things, that annihilationism is a viable option for Christians, including Catholics, despite apparent magisterial prohibition. He argues, in effect, that every creature must be naturally mortal because bodily, including the angels. Therefore, de facto immortal creatures are not immortal by nature, but by a positive act of God in addition to the creative act. Accordingly, it makes no sense to assert the existence of an eternal hell. Rather, since sin is fundamentally corrosive, those who opt to continue down the rabbit's hole of sin literally become nothing. Hell, then, is a no‐place and a no‐time. Hence, as long as the damned continue to exist, they have the opportunity for eventual redemption as for eventual self‐annihilation. Griffiths attempts to defend this thesis in dialogue with Augustine, in particular, to the neglect of Aquinas, except to argue that Aquinas’ own arguments for the natural immortality of the human soul are incoherent. I will argue instead that spiritual being exists, that it is naturally immortal, that Aquinas demonstrates both, and that even an Augustinian such as Joseph Ratzinger recognizes Aquinas’ theological insights and builds on them.
Autopsy of a multiple lobar hemorrhage case with amyloid‐β‐related angiitis
Authors: Ichimata Shojiro , Hata Yukiko , Yoshida Koji , Nishida Naoki
Published: January 2020

A 92‐year‐old man died of multiple lobar hemorrhage with amyloid‐β protein (Aβ)‐related angiitis (ABRA) with an unusual pathological appearance. Although he had shown relatively rapid progressive dementia, starting 1 year before death, there was no detailed clinical investigation, and no immunosuppressive or anticoagulant therapy, because of his advanced age. The autopsy showed two lobar hemorrhagic lesions in the right parietal lobe and temporal lobes. Microscopically, almost all the brain's blood vessels showed cerebral amyloid angiopathy with many foci of transmural vasculitis. Infiltrating cells were predominantly CD8‐positive T‐lymphocytes, but we observed no granulomatous inflammation with appearance of multinucleated giant cells. We found fibrinoid necrosis in some blood vessels and disruption of these blood vessels in the arachnoid space–cerebral cortex junction in the hemorrhagic lesion at the temporal lobe. We also observed an unusual, neutrophil‐predominant, abscess‐like vasculitis in the subarachnoid space; almost all such unusual vasculitides were located at a short distance from the two lobar hemorrhagic lesions. Serum anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase and proteinase‐3 antibodies were negative, and the genotype of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene (ApoE) was ε2/ε3. Although we did not observe some of ABRA's typical histopathological findings, transmural and vascular destructive inflammation with Aβ deposition was consistent with ABRA. Vulnerability of blood vessels to fibrinoid necrosis might be associated with disruption of the relevant blood vessels, leading to lobar hemorrhage. ABRA exhibits various clinical and histopathological findings, depending on the patient's age, immune function status, treatment, and ApoE genotype. This is the first case and the oldest (92 years old) autopsy of ABRA associated with ApoE‐ε2/ε3 genotype.
Evolutionary strategies drive a balance of the interacting gene products for the CBL and CIPK gene families
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Li Xiaoxia , Zhao Ran , Zhou Yun , Jiao Yuannian
Published: January 2020

Genes encoding interacting proteins tend to be co‐retained after whole‐genome duplication (WGD). The preferential retention after WGD has been explained by the gene balance hypothesis (GBH). However, small‐scale duplications could independently occur in the connected gene families. Certain evolutionary strategies might keep the dosage balanced.

Here, we examined the gene duplication, interaction and expression patterns of calcineurin B‐like (CBL) and CBL‐interacting protein kinase (CIPK) gene families to understand the underlying principles.

The ratio of the CBL and CIPK gene numbers evolved from 5 : 7 in Physcomitrella to 10 : 26 in Arabidopsis, and retrotransposition, tandem duplication, and WGDs contributed to the expansion. Two pairs of CBLs and six pairs of CIPKs were retained after the α WGD in Arabidopsis, in which specific interaction patterns were identified. In some cases, two retained CBLs (CIPKs) might compete to interact with a sole CIPK (CBL). Results of gene expression analyses indicated that the relatively over‐retained duplicates tend to show asymmetric expression, thus avoiding competition.

In conclusion, our results suggested that the highly specific interaction, together with the differential gene expression pattern, jointly maintained the balanced dosage for the interacting CBL and CIPK proteins.
A randomized controlled trial examining the impact of individual trauma‐focused therapy for individuals receiving group treatment for depression
Authors: Dominguez Sarah , Drummond Peter , Gouldthorp Bethanie , Janson Diana , Lee Christopher William
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Adverse life events are associated with increased likelihood of depression and poorer prognosis. Trauma‐focused treatments (TFT) appear to be effective in decreasing comorbid depressive symptoms. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a TFT on the memories of aversive events for individuals with a primary diagnosis of depression.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 49 participants recruited from a 10‐day outpatient group programme. All participants showed symptoms of depression with a subgroup (80%) meeting the DSM‐5 criteria for a major depressive episode. Participants received treatment as usual (TAU); three additional individual trauma‐focused sessions; or three additional individual assertiveness training sessions. Participants were assessed with regards to depression diagnosis and related symptoms.

Results

For participants with a major depressive episode, the addition of trauma‐focused sessions significantly increased the likelihood of remission when compared to TAU, or additional assertiveness training. While no significant treatment difference was noted in depressive symptom change post‐treatment, six weeks after treatment those who received an adjunct treatment were more likely to maintain treatment gains than those who received TAU. Furthermore, at 12‐week follow‐up, participants who received a TFT reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms than those who received assertiveness training.

Conclusions

While differences in outcomes were minimal immediately post‐treatment, differences among treatment groups increased over time. Thus, as few as three additional TFT sessions may impact positively on symptom change for people completing a group programme for the treatment of depression.

Practitioner points

Depression is the greatest cause of disability worldwide.

Adverse experiences are linked with an increased likelihood of depression, more severe symptoms and poor treatment outcomes following evidence‐based interventions.

As few as three trauma‐focused sessions can improve treatment outcomes in terms of depression diagnosis and related symptoms for individuals receiving group cognitive behavioural therapy.
A novel mutation of keratin 5 in epidermolysis bullosa simplex with migratory circinate erythema
Authors: Yalici‐Armagan Basak , Kabacam Serkan , Taskiran Zihni Ekim , Gököz Özay , Utine Gülen Eda , Ersoy‐Evans Sibel
Published: January 2020

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex migratory circinate erythema (EBS‐Migr) is an uncommon subtype of EBS. We report a case of EBS‐MIGR with a novel heterozygous pathogenic mutation in exon 9 (frameshift deletion c.1650delC) and likely benign heterozygous mutation in exon 2 (missense c.591C > A) of keratin 5. This novel pathogenic mutation inKRT5expands the molecular spectrum of this rare subtype of EBS.
Anterior insula activity and the effect of agency on the Stimulus‐Preceding Negativity
Authors: Hackley Steven A. , Hirao Takahiro , Onoda Keiichi , Ogawa Keiko , Masaki Hiroaki
Published: January 2020

If you know that you are the author of a freely chosen action and that you bear responsibility for its outcome, then you are said to have “a sense of agency.” When there is a delay between action and outcome, this response must be remembered if you are to learn from the experience. Previous studies have shown that the Stimulus‐Preceding Negativity (SPN) recorded during the delay interval is larger under conditions that foster a sense of agency. In an EEG experiment (N = 27), we confirmed that the SPN is larger when participants have a choice between two responses in a gambling task as compared to when there is only a single button and the computer determines the monetary outcome. This SPN agency effect was largest over right prefrontal cortex and it did not vary significantly between trial blocks in which only gains or only losses were possible. Participants in a second experiment (N = 26) performed the same task while activity in anterior insular cortex, a known SPN generator, was measured via functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI). An essentially identical pattern of results was obtained: Activity was greater on choice than no‐choice trials, especially for the right hemisphere, and no effect of contextual valence was observed. Although parallel observations such as these cannot warrant causal inference, our findings are consistent with the assumption that anterior insular cortex contributes to the effect of agency on the SPN.
Using the web to increase access to oral health care for patients with special health care needs in South Carolina: A replicable model
Authors: Ziegler Michelle E. , Pilcher Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Aim

To create an accessible web‐based resource of providers willing to provide dental services for patients with special health care needs (SCHNs).

Methods

With a grant from The Duke Endowment, surveys were sent to dentists in South Carolina

Results

Data showed that the majority of providers expressed willingness to treat patients with one or more mild SHCN, but fewer expressed willingness to treat those with one or more moderate or severe SHCN. Additionally, the data showed that among general practitioners specifically, only one‐third were willing to treat mild and moderate/severe manifestations of all categories listed. The number of practitioners willing to treat moderate to severe manifestations of SHCN and accept Medicaid and willing to take new Medicaid patients dropped even further.

These results demonstrated a need to increase the number of providers in South Carolina who are willing to treat patients with SHCN, and a need to provide an accessible resource for patients with SHCN to be able to find these providers. Data collected populated the web‐based resource for the Special Adult Network of Dentists url:www.sandsc.org1

Conclusion

This resource may be used by patients, caregivers, and health care providers and could be replicated in other states or designed as a national resource.
Don’t touch: Developmental trajectories of toddlers’ behavioral regulation related to older siblings’ behaviors and parental discipline
Authors: van Berkel Sheila R. , Song Ju‐Hyun , Gonzalez Richard , Olson Sheryl L. , Volling Brenda L.
Published: January 2020

Behavioral regulation is one of the key developmental skills children acquire during early childhood. Previous research has focused primarily on the role of parents as socializing agents in this process, yet it is likely that older siblings also are influential given the numerous daily interactions between siblings. This exploratory longitudinal study investigated developmental heterogeneity in behavioral regulation during toddlerhood and the early preschool years (18 to 36 months) and relations with older siblings’ control and behavioral regulation while taking into account parental discipline. Toddlers were visited at home at 18, 24, and 36 months and observed during a gift‐delay task with their older sibling in 93 families. Behavioral regulation of both siblings and gentle and harsh control of the older sibling were coded during the sibling gift‐delay task, which was validated using parent‐reports of toddlers’ internalized conduct. Analyses revealed five distinct developmental trajectories among toddlers’ behavioral regulation, revealing different patterns of developmental multifinality and equifinality. Older siblings’ harsh control and parental discipline differed across toddler trajectory groups. Older siblings’ behaviors covaried with the toddlers’ behavioral regulation suggesting that older siblings may be acting as models for younger siblings, as well as disciplining and teaching toddlers to resist temptation.
A blinded clinical study using a subepidermal moisture biocapacitance measurement device for early detection of pressure injuries
Authors: Okonkwo Henry , Bryant Ruth , Milne Jeanette , Molyneaux Donna , Sanders Julie , Cunningham Glen , Brangman Sharon , Eardley William , Chan Garrett K. , Mayer Barbara , Waldo Mary , Ju Barbara
Published: January 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of subepidermal moisture (SEM), a biomarker employed for early detection of pressure injuries (PI), compared to the “Gold Standard” of clinical skin and tissue assessment (STA), and to characterize the timing of SEM changes relative to the diagnosis of a PI. This blinded, longitudinal, prospective clinical study enrolled 189 patients (n = 182 in intent‐to‐treat [ITT]) at acute and post‐acute sites (9 USA, 3 UK). Data were collected from patients' heels and sacrums using a biocapacitance measurement device beginning at admission and continuing for a minimum of 6 days to: (a) the patient developing a PI, (b) discharge from care, or (c) a maximum of 21 days. Standard of care clinical interventions prevailed, uninterrupted. Principal investigators oversaw the study at each site. Blinded Generalists gathered SEM data, and blinded Specialists diagnosed the presence or absence of PIs. Of the ITT population, 26.4% developed a PI during the study; 66.7% classified as Stage 1 injuries, 23% deep tissue injuries, the remaining being Stage 2 or Unstageable. Sensitivity was 87.5% (95% CI: 74.8%‐95.3%) and specificity was 32.9% (95% CI: 28.3%‐37.8%). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.6713 (95% CI 0.5969‐0.7457, P < .001). SEM changes were observed 4.7 (± 2.4 days) earlier than diagnosis of a PI via STA alone. Latency between the SEM biomarker and later onset of a PI, in combination with standard of care interventions administered to at‐risk patients, may have confounded specificity. Aggregate SEM sensitivity and specificity and 67.13% AUC exceeded that of clinical judgment alone. While acknowledging specificity limitations, these data suggest that SEM biocapacitance measures can complement STAs, facilitate earlier identification of the risk of specific anatomies developing PIs, and inform earlier anatomy‐specific intervention decisions than STAs alone. Future work should include cost‐consequence analyses of SEM informed interventions.
Un aporte a la cronología de las cartas paulinas
Authors: Serna Eduardo De la
Published: January 2020

Las cartas de Pablo no son fáciles de ordenar cronológicamente y las opiniones al respecto son dispares. Tras presentar diferentes posturas, este artículo se inclina por fechar la Carta a los Gálatas como posterior a la primera de Corintios. Un ejemplo que alude a la mujer y al varón “en Cristo” (Gálatas), o su ausencia (1Corintios), ilustra la importancia del tema.
Benchmark Analyses on the Elastic–Plastic Behavior of Carbon Steel Pipes Under Seismic Load
Authors: Nakamura Izumi , Watakabe Tomoyoshi , Otani Akihito , Shibutani Tadahiro , Morishita Masaki , Shiratori Masaki
Published: January 2020

A series of inelastic benchmark and parametric analyses was conducted on the tests of a pipe elbow and a piping system model made from carbon steel to investigate variabilities of elastic–plastic analysis results and clarify the factors affecting the analytical results. The analysis on the pipe elbow was the inelastic static analysis and the analysis on the piping system model included the inelastic dynamic analysis under the random input motion. From the benchmark analysis results, we found that setting the yield stress in the material property approximation had a significant influence on the inelastic analytical results, while the work hardening modulus in the bilinear approximation of the stress–strain curve had little influence. The parametric analysis was performed with the viewpoint to examine the influence of the yield stress and the work hardening modulus when the material property was approximated as the bilinear relation. The results also showed that the setting of the yield stress had larger impact on the analytical results than the setting of the work hardening modules. The parametric analysis results confirmed that the variation in the analytical results among different analysts would be reduced by using the same material property approximation.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Use of Guide Vanes in the Dilution Zone
Authors: Selim Osama M. , Elgammal Tarek , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: January 2020

The importance of gas turbine blades is to convert the thermal energy into shaft work output, which makes the turbine blades as one of the critical components of the gas turbines. Besides the mechanical stresses caused by the centrifugal force and the fluid forces, the thermal stresses arise because of the temperature gradient within the blade materials. This paper aims to have a uniform circumferential temperature field at the combustor exit, consequently reducing the thermal stresses caused by the non-uniform temperature distribution along the turbine blade. The validation of the simulation results with the experiments showed an acceptable agreement with the available experimental data. The agreement includes the uniformity factor and the normalized mixture fraction at two different flowrates. Furthermore, another location of the guide vanes, external guide vanes, was experimentally and numerically tested. The results show that the external guide vanes with a 30 deg orientation gave the most uniform temperature flow for the two different flowrates. Compared with the internal guide vanes with the same orientation, the external guide vanes gave a 7.5% higher uniformity factor and a 2% lower pressure drop. The main reason for this result is that the external guide vanes direct the cold stream to penetrate the dilution zone with an angle enhance the swirling effect which are the main factors for excellent mixing, while the pressure drop is lower as the external guide vanes are facing the lower flowrate which is the secondary stream. Another advantage of the external guide vanes over the internal ones is that they are subjected to less thermal stresses as they are facing the cold flow. Furthermore, the external guide vanes are reachable and easy to maintain compared with the internal guide vanes.
Investigation of Liquid Breakup Process Solid Rocket Motor Part A: Horizontal Converging–Diverging Nozzle
Authors: Chen Wei-Lin , Abbas Ahmad I. , Ott Ryan N. , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a solid rocket motor (SRM), both experiment and simulation of alumina molten flow patterns using the cold flow case. The combustion of aluminum composite propellants in SRM chambers causes high-temperature and pressure conditions resulting in the liquid alumina (Al2O3) as a combustion product, and it tends to agglomerate into molten droplets, which impinge on the propulsion chamber walls and then flow along the nozzle wall. This liquid alumina in the flow creates problems such as chemical erosion of the propellant and mechanical erosion of the nozzle. Thus, particle size and droplet distribution are considered to affect the erosive behavior. Furthermore, for the rocket motor, converging–diverging (C–D) of the nozzle is used because of its high performance in terms of the rate of change of momentum. In this study, to investigate the relationship between air velocity and molten particle size, the study was mainly focused on the horizontal arrangement of the combustion chamber with the cold flow with the liquid.
Polymethyl methacrylate: Optical properties from 191 to 1688 nm (0.735–6.491 eV) by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Roychowdhury Tuhin , Shah Dhruv , Hilfiker James N. , Linford Matthew R.
Published: January 2020

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), known commercially by the trade name Plexiglas®, is an important polymer with numerous applications. This acrylic-based glass is often used as an alternative to conventional glass. Herein, the authors derive the optical functions of PMMA from reflection spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and transmission ultraviolet-visible intensity data. These functions were obtained from a 3 mm thick commercial sample of PMMA from 191 to 1688 nm. Reflection SE data were taken from the polymer surface at three different angles of incidence, where the backside of the sample was roughened prior to these measurements. To model the small absorption of the PMMA, transmission intensity measurements were also obtained with an ellipsometer at normal incidence to the sample surface. Both the reflection and transmission data were reasonably fit using a summation of a Cody-Lorentz oscillator and 14 Gaussian oscillators to account for absorptions in the sample. The optical functions obtained in this work agree well with previously reported values. For example, the authors obtained the following nx values, where x is the wavelength in nanometers, of n300 = 1.528, n500 = 1.492, and n1000 = 1.479.
Angular resolved mass-energy analysis of species emitted from a dc magnetron sputtered NiW-target
Authors: Rausch Martin , Mráz Stanislav , Kreiml Patrice , Cordill Megan J. , Schneider Jochen M. , Winkler Jörg , Mitterer Christian
Published: January 2020

A Ni81W19 target was dc sputter eroded at constant target power density from a tiltable magnetron at different Ar pressures. The combination with a stationary mass-energy analyzer allowed investigating the abundance of different species within the plasma as well as the ion energy distribution functions of 40Ar+, 58Ni+, and 184W+ at any given angle θ between 0° and 90° from the target normal. Ar+ ions are detected at θ angles close to the target normal, whereas metal atoms are observed at larger θ angles. Ni is emitted at smaller θ angles compared to W. Both investigated metal ion energy distributions exhibit a high energy tail with energies up to 50 eV. Increasing the Ar pressure first affects the trajectories of Ni before W atoms. This can be understood by considering the smaller mass difference between Ni and Ar compared to W and Ar. This enables more effective energy transfer and larger scattering angles of Ni undergoing collisions with Ar compared to W. Subsequent film depositions on a spherical-shell substrate holder, covering angles between 0° and 80° from the target normal, allowed for a comparison of the angular dependent film- and plasma-compositions. This correlative analysis suggests that selective resputtering of Ni by energetic Ar neutrals, reflected from the target, leads to the observed difference between the target and film composition during sputter deposition from a multielement NiW target.
An “Organizational Triangle” to Coordinate Talent Development: A Case Study in Danish Swimming
Authors: Mathorne Ole Winthereik , Henriksen Kristoffer , Stambulova Natalia
Published: January 2020

This case study in Danish swimming was informed by a holistic ecological approach in talent development and aimed to explore (a) collaborative relationships between the Danish swimming federation, a municipality, and a local swimming club, termed “an organizational triangle,” and (b) factors influencing the success of their collaboration at the local level. Data collection and analysis were guided by the athletic-talent-development-environment (working) model and a newly developed collaboration-success-factors (CSF) model. Methods included interviews with talent-development coordinators representing the organizations and analysis of documents. Results allowed the authors to transform the CSF (working) model into an empirical model containing the collaboration preconditions (e.g., power to make decisions), processes (e.g., strategic planning), and initiatives (e.g., efficient use of the swimming pool) and shared assumptions of the talent-development philosophy (e.g., long-term focus). The success of this organizational triangle was visible in the way the organizations increased the quality of talent development in the local swimming club.
The Acute Effect of Mental Fatigue on Badminton Performance in Elite Players
Authors: Kosack Mathias H. , Staiano Walter , Folino Rasmus , Hansen Mads B. , Lønbro Simon
Published: January 2020

Purpose: Several studies have examined the effect of MF on sport performance, but no studies have been conducted on badminton performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effect of mental fatigue (MF) on badminton performance in elite players. Methods: In total, 19 elite Danish badminton players completed 2 test days in randomized order, separated by 48 h. On day 1, to elicit MF, a 60-min incongruent Stroop task was performed. On day 2, 60 min of an emotionally neutral documentary was used for the control condition. After either condition, subjects performed a badminton-specific test (BST) where performance time was measured, as well as countermovement-jump height, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and lactate. Psychological questionnaires were answered under both conditions. Results: Subjects were significantly more mentally fatigued (P = .002) after the Stroop intervention than in the control. No differences between conditions were detected in the BST (control 32.43 [1.96] vs MF 32.43 [2.36] s; P = .99, Student t test). In addition, no effect of condition (P = .64), time (P = .14), or condition × time (P = .87) was found (2-way analysis of variance). Furthermore, no differences in heart rate, countermovement jump, or rating of perceived exertion were observed between conditions. Lactate showed no effect of condition (P = .46). Conclusion: Despite being more mentally fatigued after the Stroop test than in the control condition, performance was not negatively affected during a BST. In addition, no differences in physiological measures were observed.
Genetic basis of oxygen sensing in the carotid body: HIF2α and an isoform switch in cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
Authors: Bishop Tammie , Ratcliffe Peter J.
Published: January 2020

HIF2α and COX4I2 are necessary for carotid body oxygen sensing (Moreno-Domínguez
et al.
in 21 January 2020 issue).
Too much stretching is bad for the lungs
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: January 2020

Excessive mechanical strain on alveolar stem cells induces TGF-β signaling and progressive lung fibrosis.
In-Depth Profiling of Calcite Precipitation by Environmental Bacteria Reveals Fundamental Mechanistic Differences with Relevance to Application
Authors: Reeksting Bianca J. , Hoffmann Timothy D. , Tan Linzhen , Paine Kevin , Gebhard Susanne
Published: January 2020

Biomineralization triggered by bacteria is important in the natural environment and has many applications in industry and in civil and geotechnical engineering. The diversity in biomineralization capabilities of environmental bacteria is, however, not well understood. This study surveyed environmental bacteria for their ability to precipitate calcium carbonate minerals and investigated both the mechanisms and the resulting crystals. We show that while urease activity leads to the fastest precipitation, it is by no means essential. Importantly, the same quantities of calcium carbonate are produced by nonureolytic bacteria, and the resulting crystals appear to have larger volumes and more organic components, which are likely beneficial in specific applications. Testing both precipitation mechanisms in a self-healing concrete application showed that nonureolytic bacteria delivered more robust results. Here, we performed a systematic study of the fundamental differences in biomineralization between environmental bacteria, and we provide important information for the design of bacterially based engineering solutions.
Nfa34810 Facilitates
Nocardia farcinica
Invasion of Host Cells and Stimulates Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion through Activation of the NF-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways via Toll-Like Receptor 4
Authors: Ji Xingzhao , Zhang Xiujuan , Li Heqiao , Sun Lina , Hou Xuexin , Song Han , Han Lichao , Xu Shuai , Qiu Xiaotong , Wang Xuebing , Zheng Ningwei , Li Zhenjun
Published: January 2020

The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of
Nocardia
is not fully known. The Nfa34810 protein of
Nocardia farcinica
has been predicted to be a virulence factor. However, relatively little is known regarding the interaction of Nfa34810 with host cells, specifically invasion and innate immune activation. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of recombinant Nfa34810 during infection. We demonstrated that Nfa34810 is an immunodominant protein located in the cell wall.
Dysregulation of Magnesium Transport Protects Bacillus subtilis against Manganese and Cobalt Intoxication
Authors: Pi Hualiang , Wendel Brian M. , Helmann John D.
Published: January 2020

Cellular metal ion homeostasis is tightly regulated. When metal ion levels are imbalanced, or when one metal is at toxic levels, enzymes may bind to the wrong metal cofactor. Enzyme mismetallation can impair metabolism, lead to new and deleterious reactions, and cause cell death. Beginning with
Bacillus subtilis
strains genetically sensitized to metal intoxication through loss of efflux or by lowering intracellular iron, we identified mutations that suppress the deleterious effects of excess Mn(II) or Co(II). For both metals, mutations in
mpfA
, encoding a Mg(II) efflux pump, suppressed toxicity. These mutant strains have elevated intracellular Mg(II), suggesting that Mg(II)-dependent processes are very sensitive to disruption by transition metals.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Differentiating Infection versus Vaccination Antibody Responses
Authors: Girl P. , Bestehorn-Willmann M. , Zange S. , Borde J. P. , Dobler G. , von Buttlar H.
Published: January 2020

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important central nervous system (CNS) infection in Europe and Asia. It is a flavivirus in the tick-borne group. Effective vaccines against TBE are available in the affected countries. However, diagnosing TBE is challenging due to cross-reactive antibodies between different viruses of the genus
Flavivirus
, family Flaviviridae. Differentiation between infection-induced and vaccine-induced antibodies can be difficult and in many cases impossible, due to the increasing vaccination rate against TBEV.
Novel Transmitted/Founder Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency and Cure Research
Authors: Bauer Anya M. , Ziani Widade , Lindemuth Emily , Kuri-Cervantes Leticia , Li Hui , Lee Fang-Hua , Watkins Meagan , Ding Wenge , Xu Huanbin , Veazey Ronald , Bar Katharine J.
Published: January 2020

Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been successfully used for over 2 decades to study virus-host interactions, transmission, and pathogenesis in rhesus macaques. The majority of Env trimers of most previously studied SHIVs, however, do not recapitulate key properties of transmitted/founder (TF) or primary HIV-1 isolates, such as CCR5 tropism, tier 2 neutralization resistance, and native trimer conformation. Here, we test two recently generated TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which were designed to address these issues as components of a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1 latency. We conclude that the TF SHIV-macaque model reflects several hallmarks of HIV and SIV infection and latency. Results suggest that this model has broad applications for evaluating eradicative and suppressive strategies against the HIV reservoir, including Env-specific interventions, therapeutic vaccines, and engineered T cells.
Phosphosite Analysis of the Cytomegaloviral mRNA Export Factor pUL69 Reveals Serines with Critical Importance for Recruitment of Cellular Proteins Pin1 and UAP56/URH49
Authors: Thomas Marco , Müller Regina , Horn Georg , Bogdanow Boris , Imami Koshi , Milbradt Jens , Steingruber Mirjam , Marschall Manfred , Schilling Eva-Maria , Fossen Torgils , Stamminger Thomas
Published: January 2020

The multifunctional regulatory protein pUL69 of human cytomegalovirus acts as a viral RNA export factor with a critical role in efficient replication. Here, we identify serine/threonine phosphorylation sites for cellular and viral kinases within pUL69. We demonstrate that the pUL97/CDK phosphosites within alpha-helix 2 of pUL69 are crucial for its
cis/trans
isomerization by the cellular protein Pin1. Thus, we identified pUL69 as the first HCMV-encoded protein that is phosphorylated by cellular and viral serine/threonine kinases in order to serve as a substrate for Pin1. Furthermore, our study revealed that betaherpesviral mRNA export proteins contain extended binding motifs for the cellular mRNA adaptor proteins UAP56/URH49 harboring phosphorylated serines that are critical for efficient viral replication. Knowledge of the phosphorylation sites of pUL69 and the processes regulated by these posttranslational modifications is important in order to develop antiviral strategies based on a specific interference with pUL69 phosphorylation.
Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium perfringens Strain TAMU, Which Causes Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Ausland Catherine , Al-Ogaili Adil Sabr , Latorre Juan D. , Tellez-Isaias Guillermo , Hargis Billy M. , Kwon Young Min , Arreguin-Nava Margarita A. , Singh Pallavi
Published: January 2020

Clostridium perfringens
causes severe gastrointestinal diseases, which include necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, a deadly disease worldwide. We report here the draft genome sequence of
Clostridium perfringens
strain TAMU, which was used in developing an NE chicken challenge model. This
C. perfringens
TAMU genome sequence will aid in advancing potential intervention strategies to reduce NE pathogenesis.
Genomic Characterization of Tilapia Lake Virus Isolates Recovered from Moribund Nile Tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) on a Farm in the United States
Authors: Ahasan Mohammad Shamim , Keleher William , Giray Cem , Perry Brenda , Surachetpong Win , Nicholson Pamela , Al-Hussinee Lowia , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Waltzek Thomas B.
Published: January 2020

Here, we present the complete coding sequences of two tilapia lake virus (TiLV) isolates recovered during an investigation of a mortality event in farmed Nile tilapia in the United States. Phylogenetic analysis supported the isolates as each other’s closest relatives and members of a clade of Thai TiLV strains.