bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Supervisee Developmental Level and Supervision Environment Across Supervisor Experience
Authors: Chagnon Jean , Russell Richard K.
Published: December 2011

Supervisors representing different levels of experience viewed videotape vignettes of counselors demonstrating the first three developmental levels of Stoltenberg's (1981) Counselor Complexity Model. Supervisors assessed each counselor on his or her developmental level and on the supervision environment he or she would provide for the trainee. Results indicated that supervisor experience did not influence the assessment of developmental level or the ability to make accurate environmental matches. Nevertheless, supervisors had the most difficulty accurately assessing counselors representing Level 2 in Stoltenberg's model and tended to make relative judgments about counselor developmental level. Implications for training and further research are discussed.
Linking Career Counseling to Personality Disorders
Authors: Kjos Diane
Published: December 2011

This article relates personality disorders to career development issues and counseling interventions. Case examples suggesting career‐focused treatment interventions for dependent, borderline, obsessive‐compulsive, and passive‐aggressive personality disorders are presented.
Alcoholics Anonymous and the Counseling Profession: Philosophies in Conflict
Authors: Lê Christine , Ingvarson Erik P. , Page Richard C.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the contribution of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) to drug and alcohol treatment. The potential for AA's steps to encourage growth is discussed, and their consistency with counseling philosophy examined. To stimulate constructive discussion, 12 new steps based on counseling theory are proposed and contrasted with AA's steps. The need for counselors to be aware of these differences is emphasized and the move toward more solid boundaries between AA and the counseling profession is advocated.
Cultural Awareness and Ethnic Loyalty: Dimensions of Cultural Variability Among Mexican American College Students
Authors: Arbona Consuelo , Flores Carmen L. , Novy Diane M.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the adequacy of Keefe and Padilla's (1987) model of cultural orientation on a sample of Mexican American students enrolled either in a technical college (N= 125) or a state university (N= 239) in southern Texas. Specifically, the goodness of fit of the factor model for the Cultural Awareness and Ethnic Loyalty scales was tested using confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicated an excellent fit for the model, which suggests that cultural variables among Mexican American college students may be described in terms of these two dimensions. Implications of these findings for research and counseling with Mexican American populations are discussed.
Romantic Emotional Attachment: Additional Factors in the Development of the Sexual Orientation of Men
Authors: Johnston Michael W. , Bell Alan P.
Published: December 2011

This retrospective study compared reports of gay and heterosexual male college students about particular behaviors and feelings during childhood and adolescence. The results were interpreted as providing general support for Bell's heterogamy principle that regardless of a person's sexual orientation, his or her romantic attachments will be to people perceived different from themselves.
A Model Faculty Peer Review Process for Counselor Education Programs
Authors: Osborne W. Larry , Purkey William W.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a counselor education faculty peer review model that addresses the professional functioning of each member of the counselor education faculty regardless of her or his rank, salary, status, or administrative responsibilities.
A National Survey of AIDS Training in Counselor Education Programs
Authors: House Reese M. , Eicken Sigrid , Gray Lizbeth A.
Published: December 2011

A review of the literature suggests that counseling professionals may not be receiving substantive training related to AIDS. In this article, all U.S. counselor education programs were surveyed to determine the extent of such training. The responding programs (N = 243) identified AIDS as a high priority for inclusion in curricular programming, yet nearly 40% of the responding programs did not include any AIDS training in their curricula. Implications for counselor education and the counseling profession are discussed, and suggestions are made for including AIDS‐related training in programs.
Emerging Administrative Strategies for College and University Counseling Centers
Authors: Bishop John B.
Published: December 2011

The current environment in higher education is influencing college and university counseling centers in several new ways. Issues surrounding funding patterns, definitions of service entitlement, and personnel policies have emerged, as have a variety of responses on the part of counseling centers. Administrative and managerial strategiesfor dealing with these issues are described and discussed.
The Specter of Metaphysics in Counseling Research and Practice: The Qualitative Challenge
Authors: Hanna Fred J. , Shank Gary
Published: December 2011

After decades of scientific research, the specter of metaphysics pervades and hinders virtually all aspects of counseling research, theory, and practice. Qualitative research is suggested as capable of coming to terms with such issues. This article notes that qualitative research will gain acceptance when it takes a significant step toward solving a major problem in the discipline. A tentative outline of an approach to metaphysical problems involving radical empiricism and phenomenology is provided. Along the way, some necessary cognitive shifts are delineated, involving dialectical and abductive reasoning processes.
Male Gender Role Conflict, Depression, and Help Seeking: Do College Men Face Double Jeopardy?
Authors: Good Glenn E. , Wood Phillip K.
Published: December 2011

To investigate the previously untested hypothesis that college men with higher levels of male gender role conflict (MGRC) experience both increased risk of depression and more negative attitudes toward seeking counseling services, this study used latent variable modeling to examine these relations. Two components of MGRC were identified: restriction‐related MGRC, which predicted 25% of the variance in help‐seeking attitudes, and achievement‐relatedMGRC, which predicted 21% of the variance in depression. It is suggested that outreach programs designed to increase college men's willingness to use counseling services attempt to counter the option‐limiting aspects of male gender roles, whereas counseling with depressed college men incorporate an examination of their perceptions of success and achievement.
A Comparison of Verbal Response Modes Used by Master's‐Level Career Counselors and Other Helpers
Authors: Nagel Diana P. , Hoffman Mary Ann , Hill Clara E.
Published: December 2011

The verbal response modes of 4 master's‐level career counselors, each in middle sessions of career counseling with 2 adult clients, were categorized and compared with those of other types of helpers. Career counselors primarily used information, direct guidance, paraphrase, and closed question. In comparison with data presented in Hill, Thames, and Rardin (1979) Toro (1986) and Levy (1989) career counselors were most similar to Albert Ellis, mental health professionals, psychologists on radio talk shows, and family practice lawyers in that all frequently used information and direct guidance. They were most dissimilar to Carl Rogers, who used more paraphrase, interpretation, and confrontation.
The Doctoral Degree in Counselor Education and Supervision
Authors: West John D. , Bubenzer Donald L. , Brooks David K. , Hackney Harold
Published: December 2011

The doctoral degree in Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) is a terminal or final degree in the field of counseling. This article, provides an abbreviated look at the development of the CES doctoral degree, reviews the development of accreditation standards, reports on current status of the doctoral degree, and comments on the possible future of the CES doctoral degree.
Counseling Specialties: A Case of Basic Preparation Rather Than Advanced Specialization
Authors: Hosie Thomas W.
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on many of the issues and questions involved in creating counseling specialties. The determination and means of creating specialties by other professions are discussed and compared with the current status and proliferation of means for determining specializations in the counseling profession. An argument, supported by relevant research, is presented to counter suggestions that specializations are necessary for counselor employment and competent practice with clients. Recommendations for providing a uniform approach to specialty designation and creation within the counseling profession along with potential outcomes affecting professional unity are included.
The 1994 ACA Model Legislation For Licensed Professional Counselors
Authors: Glosoff Harriet L. , Benshoff James M. , Hosie Thomas W. , Maki Dennis R.
Published: December 2011

Model legislation seeks to facilitate uniformity of counselor licensure laws and promote accepted professional standards. The text of the model bill as endorsed by the 1994 American Counseling Association Governing Council is provided with commentary accompanying those sections in which significant changes have occurred. The article concludes with 15 specific suggestions based on experiences gained in the development and implementation of previous legislation for licensed professional counselors.
Scriptotherapy: Therapeutic Writing as a Counseling Adjunct
Authors: Riordan Richard J.
Published: December 2011

Major perspectives concerning the use of writing in counseling are given, with the goal of clarifying the nature of what has proved to be a useful but vague and poorly defined technique. This article reviews the practice of what this author calls “scriptotherapy” and cites examples. Practitioners and researchers have tended to avoid the problem of defining scriptotherapy or establishing guidelines for its use, perhaps because systematic empirical research that supports the value of therapeutic writing has been lacking. Drawing, however, from the increasing flow of both anecdotal and controlled studies that point to the specific benefits of writing, the author proposes recommendations for the use of scriptotherapy.
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy Scale
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

A thorough psychometric evaluation of the Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy Scale (CDMSES; Taylor & Betz, 1983) is provided. The construct of career decision‐making self‐efficacy, stemming from Bandura's (1977) self‐efficacy theory, is discussed. A summary of the initial construction and development of the scale is provided, followed by a comprehensive review of the results of various investigations on the reliability and validity of the CDMSES. An overall evaluation of the CDMSES's psychometric strengths and weaknesses is given. The article concludes with ideas for additional psychometric research of the CDMSES and discusses the usefulness of the scale in career counseling and career development research.
A Program and Cost Analysis of a Self‐Directed Career Decision‐Making Program in a University Career Center
Authors: Reardon Robert
Published: December 2011

This article describes a procedure for analyzing personnel salary costs of a self‐directed career decision‐making program using actual client data. These data are then compared to hypothetical data for a comparable individual career counseling program. Policy and management issues related to self‐directed and individual career counseling service delivery program models are discussed.
HIV/AIDS Training in CACREP‐Approved Counselor Education Programs
Authors: Hunt Brandon
Published: December 2011

This article presents the results of a survey mailed to 64 CACREP‐approved counselor education graduate programs to explore the amount and the level of training provided on HIV/AIDS. The results show that 51% of the programs offered at least a colloquium on basic information about HIV/AIDS. The survey also explored course work that might be indirectly related to HIV/AIDS, as well as other courses directly related to the topic. Suggestions are made for ways to incorporate HIV/AIDS training into counselor education programs.
Rounding Out the Cube: Evolution to a Global Model for Counseling Centers
Authors: Pace Diana , Lee Stamler Virginia , Yarris Elizabeth , June Lee
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the present realities of college and university counseling centers as the bases for proposing a more adaptive and interactive model of the original Cube developed by W. H. Morrill, E, R. Oetting, and J. C. Hurst (1974). The article conceptualizes an evolved model of the Cube, here termed the global model, which allows counseling centers to function, in light of current and future demands, with greater flexibility, interdependency, and collaboration vis‐á‐vis the campus community.
Disclosure and Self‐Advocacy Regarding Disability‐Related Needs: Strategies to Maximize Integration in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Lynch Ruth Torkelson , Gussel Lori
Published: December 2011

This article reviews issues related to disclosure of disability and disability related needs by students in postsecondary education. The first section familiarizes counselors with research related to disclosure; to benefits and concerns regarding disclosure: and to attitudes that are relevant to the issue of disclosure. The second section provides counseling and systems change strategies to enhance the disclosure and self‐advocacy skills of students with disabilities regarding disabilily‐related needs.
Promoting Resilience in At‐Risk Children
Authors: Rak Carl F. , Patterson Lewis E.
Published: December 2011

Intervening effectively with youths at risk from early deprivation, family dysfunction, poverty, abuse, and other factors is a major concern for educational and social service policymakers. Current research suggests that a majority of at‐risk youths do not experience drastic outcomes, but many exhibit protective factors that buffer them from negative consequences. Longitudinal studies from Hawaii, the continental United States, and Great Britain have identified several personality, familial, and environmental variables that promote resiliency in youths at risk. This article discusses these variables and provides counselors with an assessment technique and strategies to promote a salutogenesis perspective.
Adapting Basic Skills to Counsel Children
Authors: Erdman Phyllis , Lampe Richard
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to help counselors modify basic adult interviewing skills, often the focus of the skill development component in counselor education programs, for more effective application with elementary‐age children. In particular, 4 specific areas regarding counseling skills are presented: (a) establishing the appropriate physical environment, (b) building trust, (c) maintaining the counselor's facilitative attitude, and (d) using questions appropriately. Recommendations on how these skills can be modified are also discussed.
Perfectionists: Study of a Criterion Group
Authors: Slaney Robert B. , Ashby Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2011

The literature on perfectionism was reviewed and was found to be primarily based on a biased sample of perfectionists in treatment and a negative perception of perfectionism related to common definitions. This negative set also influenced the empirical attempts to measure the construct. Based on these conclusions, the present study was designed to examine perfectionism by locating and interviewing a sample of participants who either considered themselves to be perfectionists or were considered to be perfectionists by others who knew them well. Results are presented and discussed along with suggestions for further research and the implications for counseling.
Outcome Studies in the Treatment of Panic Disorder: A Review
Authors: Beamish Patricia M. , Granello Paul F. , Granello Darcy Haag , McSteen Patricia B. , Bender Barbara A. , Hermon David
Published: December 2011

The authors review outcome studies in the treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia for an adult population. Empirical evidence is presented to support the efficacy of psychopharmacological and cognitive‐behavioral interventions. In addition, this article can serve as the basis for the development of emerging standards of cure for the diagnosis and treatment of panic disorder.
The Future Is Now: Promoting Professionalism Among Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Spruill David A. , Benshoff James M.
Published: December 2011

The authors address the need for promoting professionalism among graduate students and new counselors and outline specific, practical suggestions for incorporating professional development activities into training, supervision, professional, and organizational practice.
Parental Alcoholism and Coping: A Comparison of Female Children of Alcoholics With Female Children of Nonalcoholics
Authors: Kelly Virginia A. , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

The authors assessed potential differences between children of alcoholics and children of nonalcoholics in depression and choice of coping strategies. Although significant group differences were detected for level of depression, mean depression scores for both groups fell within the no depression range on the Beck Depression Inventory. No significant differences in coping strategies were detected.
A Sociological Perspective on Contextualism
Authors: Thomas Sydney Carroll
Published: December 2011

Traditional organismic age‐stage theories of development have recently fallen into disrepute because of their failure to adequately explain research understandings of human development. Currently, new contextualist approaches are being advanced to rectify this problem. This article reviews the key assumptions of 2 new contextualist theories (constructivism and interactionism), examines the claims of these new contextualisms, and offers suggestions as to how a sociological analysis of human development can remedy some of the major theoretical failings while building on the basic strengths. The article concludes with a discussion of how a critical contextualism might inform the practice of counselors.
Multicultural Counseling and Qualitative Research: Shared Worldview and Skills
Authors: Merchant Niloufer , Dupuy Paula
Published: December 2011

In this article, similarities are identified between multicultural counseling competencies and the basic assumptions and methodology of qualitative research. Having an understanding of one's own biases, assumptions, and worldviews possessing knowledge and understanding of the culturally different client's (participant's) worldview; and using appropriate strategies and skills are characteristics that are shared by multicultural counseling and qualitative research. These characteristics are addressed under aspects of qualitative research, namely, selection of the research question; researcher as instrument; relationship between researcher and participants; and data collection, analysis, and validity.
Synergetic Counseling and Native American Indian Students
Authors: Herring Roger D.
Published: December 2011

Traditional school counseling efforts have often failed to meet the needs of Native American Indian students. Because many Native American Indian students have spiritual as well as secular concerns, school counselors must become more emphatic and competent in serving these students. This article argues that synergetic counseling efforts with Native American Indian students increase counseling effectiveness. A vignette and suggestions are offered toward that end.
Dimensions of Masculinity: Relations to Date Rape Supportive Attitudes and Sexual Aggression in Dating Situations
Authors: Truman Dana M. , Tokar David M. , Fischer Ann R.
Published: December 2011

Sexual assault in general and date rape in particular are major issues for practitioners, educators, and researchers in counseling. This study sought to extend and refine existing research on the links between masculine gender roles and date rape by exploring 3 masculinity‐related constructs that, until recently, have received relatively little attention in the context of rape research: masculinity ideology, attitudes toward feminism, and homophobia. In general, combinations of masculinity‐related constructs were found to predict self‐reported acceptance or perpetration of sexually coercive behaviors. Specifically, multiple regression analyses revealed that attitudes toward feminism and various, specific dimensions of masculinity ideology (vs. a global assessment, as in previous research) predicted unique variance in several types of date rape‐supportive attitudes and beliefs: the Facade/Counterdependence dimension of masculinity ideology also predicted unique variance in self‐reported history of sexual coercion. Implications for prevention, education, and future research are discussed.
Responding to Allegations of Unethical Conduct
Authors: Chauvin Jane C. , Remley Theodore P.
Published: December 2011

Although relatively few professional counselors will be accused during their careers of unethical conduct, all are susceptible to such charges. This article explains the process used by boards in reviewing charges of unethical conduct, gives advice regarding actions that accused counselors might take to protect themselves legally and emotionally, and offers preventive steps that should be taken to avoid such charges.
The Relevance of Counseling Outcome Research: Current Trends and Practical Implications
Authors: Sexton Thomas L.
Published: December 2011

This systematic review investigated current trends in the publication sources, research focus, and methods of 365 counseling outcome studies. The results suggest that outcome research can provide a considerable knowledge base regarding numerous client concerns and various clinical interventions in individual, career, and school counseling. Counseling practitioners with a thorough knowledge of outcome research methods who use the findings appropriately will find this literature a useful adjunct to clinical decision making. Suggestions for improving the use of counseling research are offered for both practitioners and researchers.
Current Findings Regarding the Effectiveness of Counseling: Implications for Practice
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Cattani‐Thompson Kara
Published: December 2011

Research on the effectiveness of counseling is reviewed, and conclusions are drawn about the consequences for professional practice. The research literature clearly shows that counseling is effective in relation to no‐treatment and placebo control conditions. The effects of counseling seem to be relatively lasting. These effects are attained in relatively brief time periods, with the percentage of clients who show substantial improvement increasing as the number of counseling sessions increases. There continues to be little evidence of specific efficacy for particular techniques or counseling theories, and a small portion of clients seem to deteriorate while undergoing, and perhaps because of, counseling interventions.
Building on an Empirical Foundation: Strategies to Enhance Good Practice
Authors: Nelson Mary Lee , Neufeldt Susan Allstetter
Published: December 2011

Reviews of the research literature on outcomes in counseling agree that counseling works. It is also possible to use research to identify strategies for increasing the probability of successful counseling. Such strategies include careful assessment of the client, matching the client and counselor on demographic and attitudinal variables, and maintaining a productive working alliance through open disclosure to the client of the counselor's background and procedures, inquiry into the client's experience of counseling process, and management of client resistance.
Problem‐Solving Appraisal and the Prediction of Depression During Pregnancy and in the Postpartum Period
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Shewchuk Richard , Richeson Cheryl , Pickelman Heidi , Franklin Kristin Weaver
Published: December 2011

Based on the presumed mood‐regulatory properties of the problem orientation component delineated in the social problem‐solving model, a positive problem orientation was predicted to influence ongoing levels of positive and negative affect during pregnancy. Higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect would then in turn predict depression during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. This hypothesis was tested in 100 women. Path analyses supported the predicted relation of the problem orientation components to trait affectivity, and indirectly to peripartum and postpartum depression. Trait negative and positive affectivity was also associated with peripartum depression, and indirectly with postpartum depression, as expected. Implications for the integrated social problem‐solving model are discussed. Recommendations for assessment and counseling interventions with expectant women are offered.
Attachment‐Related Predictors of Constructive Thinking Among College Students
Authors: LOPEZ FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the extent to which (a) retrospective reports of childhood emotional bonds with parents and (b) current adult attachment orientations predicted the capacity for constructive thinking within a college sample. A total of 145 undergraduates completed measures of global constructive thinking, parent‐child emotional bonds, and adult attachment orientations. When gender and ethnic differences in constructive thinking within this sample were controlled for, both parent‐child emotional bonds and current adult attachment orientations significantly predicted constructive thinking scores. In addition, students' adult attachment orientations effectively mediated the influence of early emotional bonds on constructive thinking.
Career and Career‐Related Educational Concerns of College Students With Disabilities
Authors: Enright Mary Schaefer , Conyers Liza M. , Szymanski Edna Mora
Published: December 2011

This article providas career counselors with an overview of career‐related issues relevant to students with disabilities in postsecondary educational settings. Topics addressed include the impact of disability on career development, the impact of disability on postsecondary educational participation, and access and accommodation issues. The authors argue for an expanded role for career counselors who work with college students with disabilities. It is concluded that career counselors can play an important role in facilitating college students with disabilities in their adaptation to the college environment, their acquisition of appropriate accommodations, and their transition to employment.
Psychological Effects of a Life Review Intervention for Persons With HIV Disease
Authors: Vaughan Susan M. , Kinnier Richard T.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a life review intervention for persons with HIV disease. Twenty‐seven adults with HIV disease (16 had been diagnosed with AIDS) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: a group life review intervention (n = 8), a traditional support group (n = 9), or a waiting list (n = 10). Using a pre‐post design, participants were compared on psychological measures of optimism, self‐esteem, purpose in life, coping ability, psychological distress, and death anxiety. Although analyses revealed no significant differences between the interventions, statistical trends and participants' written evaluations favored the life review intervention. Attrition was a significant problem. Discussion focuses on the special problems encountered in conducting psychological intervention research with an HIV‐positive population.
Academic Gender Bias and Women's Behavioral Agency Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Ancis Julie R. , Phillips Susan D.
Published: December 2011

The relationship between academic gender bias and female students' agentic self‐efficacy expectations was examined. Agentic self‐efficacy expectations was defined as an individual's beliefs about her ability to successfully engage in proactive educational and career facilitative behaviors. Participants included 67 full‐time junior and senior undergraduate women enrolled in traditional, nontraditional, and gender‐neutral majors. Results revealed that perceived academic gender bias was significantly predictive of agentic self‐efficacy expectations, above and beyond the contributions of sex role attitudes, gender concentration of major, and race/ethnicity. Implications for women's career development and future research are discussed.
Personality Correlates of Anorexic Symptomatology in Female Undergraduates
Authors: Rogers Rebecca L. , Petrie Trent A.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors examined personality correlates (obsessiveness, dependency, self‐directed hostility, and assertiveness) of anorexic symptomatology in female undergraduates. Regression analyses demonstrated that only obsessiveness and emotional reliance on another person (a measure of dependency) were related to anorexic symptoms, accounting for 19% of the variance. These findings are discussed in relation to S. Orbach's (1985, 1986) and other researchers' concept of the anorexic personality. Implications for therapeutic interventions and directions for future research are provided.
Refusal and Resistance Skills for Children and Adolescents: A Selected Review
Authors: Herrmann D. Scott , McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: December 2011

The authors review the literature on refusal and resistance skill (RRS) training implemented with children and adolescents. RRS training is critically evaluated across different target behaviors and outcomes. RRS efficacy is considered for tobacco use, including smoking and smokeless tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse, and sexual activity. Factors that influence RRS training are identified and process variables are discussed. These include age and gender, media formats (video or live), and teacher‐led versus peer‐led approaches. Conclusions are drawn based on the reviewed literature.
Psychosocial Adjustment of Adult Cancer Survivors: Their Needs and Counselor Interventions
Authors: Henderson Phyllis A.
Published: December 2011

The author presents an overview of the literature on the psychosocial adjustment of cancer survivors, identifying 4 areas that may pose difficulties for cancer survivors as they learn to live with a life‐threatening chronic illness: coping with the late physical effects of treatment; living with the uncertainty of long‐term survival; resolving problems related to intimacy, marriage, and reproduction; and combating employment discrimination. Counseling interventions are proposed for counselors working with cancer survivors on these issues.
The U.S. Supreme Court Decision in Jaffee v. Redmond: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Remley Theodore P. , Herlihy Barbara , Herlihy Scott B.
Published: December 2011

In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court held that communications between licensed psychotherapists and their patients are privileged under the Federal Rules of Evidence. The nature of privileged communication, the history of this Supreme Court decision, and implications of the decision for counselors are discussed.
Parental Mourning and Children's Behavior
Authors: Schwab Reiko
Published: December 2011

This article alerts professionals to sibling death as a possible reason for behaviors exhibited by young clients. Aside from their own grief, children are affected by parental mourning over a child's death and accompanying changes in the family environment. Children show their distress in a variety of behaviors, some of which appear to be unrelated to the loss. Four areas of concern are presented with case illustrations: cognitive distortions, reactions to parents' distress and preoccupation with the loss, being a replacement child, and effects of parents' failure to work through their grief. Suggestions for helping children and parents include using a genogram for identifying loss, helping the family talk about the death, and providing a support group for children.
Relations Among Racial Identity Attitudes, Perceived Stressors, and Coping Styles in African American College Students
Authors: Neville Helen A. , Heppner P. Paul , Wang Li‐Fei
Published: December 2011

This study expanded on previous research with African American college students at predominantly White institutions by examining the theoretically relevant but unexplored relations among racial identity attitudes and (a) both general and culture‐specific stressors and (b) problem‐focused coping styles. Ninety African American college students at a predominantly White university completed the Black Racial Identity Attitudes Scale, Black Student Stress Inventory, Problem Solving Inventory, and Problem‐Focused Style of Coping Scale. A series of multivariate regression analyses revealed that specific racial identity attitudes were statistically significant predictors of both general and culture‐specific stressors. In addition, one racial identity attitude status (immersion/emersion) was a unique predictor of general perceived stressors and problem solving. Results suggest the importance of racial identity schemata as a critical factor in predicting stress and coping responses of African American students at predominantly White institutions. The findings also underscore the utility in distinguishing between general and culture‐specific stressors, which traditionally have been ignored in the psychological literature.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Jackson Belinda , Farrugia David
Published: December 2011

It is estimated that between 30% and 50% of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will continue to exhibit symptomatology that is disruptive throughout their adult lives. Identification and diagnosis of adult ADHD, as well as primary and secondary characteristics and comorbid disorders, are discussed in this article. Counseling strategies are suggested to help clinicians treat adults with ADHD, such as educating the client about the disorder and providing training in attention management techniques, self‐management skills, interpersonal and social skills, stress and time management, anger management, and problem‐solving skills. Clinicians are encouraged to prepare themselves for understanding, identifying, diagnosing, and treating the adult population with ADHD.
Relationship‐Centered Counseling: A Humanistic Model of Integration
Authors: Kelly Eugene W.
Published: December 2011

Relationship‐centered counseling is a development in the client‐centered tradition. It represents a humanistic integration that gives primacy to the humanizing and counseling relationship, conceives technical expertise as the instrumental extension of relationship, and affirms the necessity for an in‐depth synthesis of both for effective counseling. Significant findings from contemporary process and outcome research are presented as supportively consistent with the relationship‐centered integration, which has implications for research, practice, and training.
Survivor Revictimization: Object Relations Dynamics and Treatment Implications
Authors: Carey Andrew L.
Published: December 2011

In the search for more specific and practical treatment direction for survivors of abuse, counselors continue to recognize the importance of understanding the strong and complex dynamics of survivor revictimization. Although there is an abundance of research and theory in the revictimization literature, counselors seek to understand revictimization dynamics at a more practical level, along with specific treatment direction based on both theory and research. In this article, an integrated, unified framework based on object relations theory and research is used to provide specific and practical understanding of survivor revictimization. In addition, treatment direction based on that framework is presented.
Developmental Strategies for Counseling the Child Whose Parent or Sibling Has Cancer
Authors: Johnson Laurie Shepherd
Published: December 2011

The author presents the emotional and behavioral profile of the well child whose parent or sibling has been diagnosed with cancer. Symptoms of significant distress in such children are often overlooked by attending adults. Developmentally appropriate counseling interventions that can be used by the counselor to meet the special needs of this population are proposed within an adaptation‐based model.
Substance Abuse Counselors in Recovery: Implications for the Ethical Issue of Dual Relationships
Authors: Doyle Kevin
Published: December 2011

The issue of dual relationships is a significant ethical challenge for all counselors. For the counselor recovering from an addiction to substances, this issue can be even more problematic. Existing codes of ethics offer insufficient guidance to the recovering counselor. Following an overview of dual relationships, the author reviews the ethical codes of the American Counseling Association and the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, with particular attention paid to their applicability to the recovering counselor. Potentially difficult situations are considered, and recommendations are offered both for the recovering counselor and for the counseling field in general to minimize the incidence of unethical behavior due to dual relationship issues.
Ethnic and Racial Differences in Life Stress Among High School Adolescents
Authors: Prelow Hazel M. , Guarnaccia Charles A.
Published: December 2011

L. A. Slavin, K. L. Rainer, M. L. McCreary, and K. K. Gowda's (1991) Multicultural Model of the Stress Process was used as the basis for exploring ethnic and racial differences in the life stress process among 103 Black, 129 Hispanic, and 105 White high school students from a multiethnic, predominantly minority, large urban school district. Cross‐group comparisons were made on life stress exposure, appraisal of negative event impact, social support, and psychological symptomatology. White adolescents reported more negatively impactful stressful life events and lower levels of received social support than did Black or Hispanic adolescents. Minority status predicted ethnic and racial differences independent of socioeconomic status.
The Use of Structured Clinical Interviews for Assessment in Counseling
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Juhnke Gerald A.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is twofold: to summarize some of the major issues concerning structured clinical interviews and to review data available on some of the most widely used interview schedules. One of the key challenges with the practitioner—scientist approach to counseling is the ability to compare information from a variety of clients and counselors. A structured clinical interview can be considered an empirically driven instrument that has preestablished questions and scoring procedures that make it a useful assessment tool. Through its use, comparisons can be made among clients, and the reliability of assessment and diagnosis can be increased.
The Cultural Context of the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics
Authors: Pedersen Paul B.
Published: December 2011

The American Counseling Association code of ethics was constructed in a particular cultural context and reflects the assumptions of that context. Beginning with a discussion of the purposes served by ethical codes, I review 3 patterns of implicit assumptions: (a) examples of implicit cultural bias, (b) examples of cultural encapsulation, and (c) examples favoring the dominant culture. Positive recommendations for developing more inclusionary ethical guidelines are discussed on the basis of case examples and the consequences of good or bad ethical practice. The need to make underlying philosophical and cultural assumptions explicit in the Preamble to the code of ethics is clarified.
Diversity‐Sensitive Counseling Today: A Postmodern Clash of Values
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

This article is the second in an ongoing series devoted to a critical reassessment of the status of diversity‐sensitive counseling. The current discussion focuses on the use of existing counseling theories and interventions in a diversity‐sensitive counseling context, and potential limitations of affirmative action in the American Counseling Association's organizational structure and in counselor preparation programs. Inconsistencies are noted between the strategies now being used to achieve diversity and the philosophical foundations of the counseling profession. At issue are the conflicting values of various constituencies within the Association.
Detecting Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Role of Counselors
Authors: Albrecht Frank , Wallace Marsha
Published: December 2011

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a physical illness, the cause of which is unknown. Known also as chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome and myalgic encepalomyelitis, the illness has a probable incidence of 2 to 3 per 1,000 among adults and adolescents and is seen also in children. Only a small minority of cases are diagnosed, and only 25% of those suffering from CFS suspect this as the diagnosis. For this reason, counselors often see persons with unsuspected cases and may play an important role in detecting and referring these clients appropriately. Case histories are used to illustrate how suspected cases of CFS can be distinguished from depression and other mental health conditions in counseling practice.
The Past, Present, and Future of Student Affairs: A Professional Profile of Theodore K. Miller
Authors: Cooper Diane L. , Dean Laura A.
Published: December 2011

Theodore K. Miller began his career in 1957 as the counselor for men at the University of Florida and then worked as a counseling psychologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo starting in 1962. He left there 5 years later to start a student personnel program at The University of Georgia. During his 30 years at Georgia, Miller established a nationally recognized graduate professional preparation program and became one of the most prominent figures in the field of college student development. This profile focuses on the professional influences in his life and on his role in developing quality assurance measures for counseling and human development programs and for student affairs functional areas.
Using Art in Counseling: Ethical Considerations
Authors: Hammond Lynn C. , Gantt Linda
Published: December 2011

Various mental health professionals use, on occasion, drawings and other types of art in therapy, but relatively little has been written on the ethics surrounding this technique. The authors take the position that artwork should be viewed as equivalent to verbal communication. Such equivalency gives rise to a variety of ethical issues that encompass confidentiality, documentation, ownership, research, publication, and display of artwork.
Caretaker Psychological Factors Predicting Premature Termination of Children's Counseling
Authors: Venable William Mark , Thompson Bruce
Published: December 2011

This study examines the psychological factors associated with caretakers' premature termination of counseling for their children. Data were collected on the 85 primary caretakers of 85 children in Texas who applied for counseling at community mental health centers or who received private practitioner care. The general hypothesis of the study was that scores on general hostility, intrapunitive hostility, extrapunitive hostility, paranoid ideation, depression, and anxiety would discriminate caretakers who prematurely terminated their children's counseling from both those caretakers whose children, in the judgment of the counselors, met therapeutic goals and those caretakers whose children did not meet therapeutic goals but who attended at least 10 counseling sessions. The effect size results suggest that counselors should primarily consider caretaker intrapunitive hostility when anticipating potential premature termination of counseling for children.
Assessment and Diagnosis of the Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
Authors: Evans William N.
Published: December 2011

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) provides counselors with an updated method for diagnosing Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). In this article, the author presents information that demonstrates the need for all counselors to be knowledgeable concerning the SUDs and examines the essential features of the SUDs and the use of the DSM‐IV in their diagnosis. A review of select instruments and techniques for assessment of the SUDs is presented.
Therapeutic Document in Group Counseling: An Active Change Agent
Authors: Chen Mei‐Whei , Noosbond Julie Pohn , Bruce Mary Alice
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors provide a therapeutic document model using language as an active change agent. The practice of the therapeutic letter has demonstrated substantial power in narrative therapy to foster client change. No literature, however, has applied this construct in group counseling. Grounded in social constructionism, re‐authoring therapy and the power of written language, this model transforms the usually time‐consuming and frequently nontherapeutic client documentation into a functional intervention. As a competency‐based intervention, this model provides counselors with principles and procedures to enhance clients' self‐agency and expedite the change process in group counseling.
Statistical Significance and Reliability Analyses in Recent Journal of Counseling & Development Research Articles
Authors: Thompsons Bruce , Snyder Patricia A.
Published: December 2011

The mission of the Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD) includes serving as “a scholarly record of the counseling profession” (Borders, 1996, p. 3) and as part of the “conscience of the profession.” This ambitious responsibility may require the willingness to engage in occasional self‐study. This study investigated 2 aspects of research analyses in the quantitative research studies reported in 1996 JCD issues.
Self‐Help Books Used by Religious Practitioners
Authors: Johnson W. Brad , Johnson William L.
Published: December 2011

Self‐help books are frequently used by mental health professionals as adjuncts to the counseling process. This was the first study to assess self‐help book utilization practices among explicitly religious practitioners. All practitioner members of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies (N = 784) were mailed a copy of the Self‐Help Book Survey. Ninety‐two percent of the 243 respondents used self‐help books with clients at least some of the time. There were differences between master's and doctoral level respondents with respect to how self‐help books were used and the criteria used in selecting self‐help books for clients. Most books recommended were explicitly Christian in nature. Those self‐help books most frequently recommended are listed and may be useful to practitioners who counsel Christian clients.
Adlerian Personality Priorities: Psychological and Attitudinal Differences
Authors: Ashby Jeffrey S. , Kottman Terry , Rice Kenneth G.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationship between Adlerian personality priorities (pleasing, achieving, outdoing, detaching, avoiding) and several selected psychological and attitudinal variables theoretically linked to those priorities. Two hundred sixty‐two undergraduate students completed measures of personality priority, locus of control, social interest, self‐esteem, and dysfunctional attitudes. Results revealed significant differences between the various personality priorities on measures of self‐esteem, social interest, internal locus of control, and dysfunctional attitudes. These findings lend empirical support for the use of personality priorities as a tool for conceptualizing clients. Implications for counseling practice and future research on personality priorities are presented.