bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple roads lead to Rome: unique morphology and chemistry of endospores, exospores, myxospores, cysts and akinetes in bacteria
Authors: Corona Ramírez Andrea , Lee Kang Soo , Odriozola Adolfo , Kaminek Marek , Stocker Roman , Zuber Benoît , Junier Pilar
Published: February 2023

The production of specialized resting cells is a remarkable survival strategy developed by many organisms to withstand unfavourable environmental factors such as nutrient depletion or other changes in abiotic and/or biotic conditions. Five bacterial taxa are recognized to form specialized resting cells: Firmicutes, forming endospores; Actinobacteria, forming exospores; Cyanobacteria, forming akinetes; the δ-Proteobacterial order Myxococcales, forming myxospores; and Azotobacteraceae, forming cysts. All these specialized resting cells are characterized by low-to-absent metabolic activity and higher resistance to environmental stress (desiccation, heat, starvation, etc.) when compared to vegetative cells. Given their similarity in function, we tested the potential existence of a universal morpho-chemical marker for identifying these specialized resting cells. After the production of endospores, exospores, akinetes and cysts in model organisms, we performed the first cross-species morphological and chemical comparison of bacterial sporulation. Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) was used to describe near-native morphology of the resting cells in comparison to the morphology of their respective vegetative cells. Resting cells shared a thicker cell envelope as their only common morphological feature. The chemical composition of the different specialized resting cells at the single-cell level was investigated using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Our results show that the different specialized cells do not share a common chemical signature, but rather each group has a unique signature with a variable conservation of the signature of the vegetative cells. Additionally, we present the validation of Raman signatures associated with calcium dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) and their variation across individual cells to develop specific sorting thresholds for the isolation of endospores. This provides a proof of concept of the feasibility of isolating bacterial spores using a Raman-activated cell-sorting platform. This cross-species comparison and the current knowledge of genetic pathways inducing the formation of the resting cells highlights the complexity of this convergent evolutionary strategy promoting bacterial survival.
Single-strand mismatch and damage patterns revealed by single-molecule DNA sequencing
Authors: Liu Mei Hong , Costa Benjamin , Choi Una , Bandler Rachel C. , Lassen Emilie , Grońska-Pęski Marta , Schwing Adam , Murphy Zachary R. , Rosenkjær Daniel , Picciotto Shany , Bianchi Vanessa , Stengs Lucie , Edwards Melissa , Loh Caitlin A. , Truong Tina K. , Brand Randall E. , Pastinen Tomi , Wagner J. Richard , Skytte Anne-Bine , Tabori Uri , Shoag Jonathan E. , Evrony Gilad D.
Published: February 2023

Mutations accumulate in the genome of every cell of the body throughout life, causing cancer and other genetic diseases1-4. Almost all of these mosaic mutations begin as nucleotide mismatches or damage in only one of the two strands of the DNA prior to becoming double-strand mutations if unrepaired or misrepaired5. However, current DNA sequencing technologies cannot resolve these initial single-strand events. Here, we developed a single-molecule, long-read sequencing method that achieves single-molecule fidelity for single-base substitutions when present in either one or both strands of the DNA. It also detects single-strand cytosine deamination events, a common type of DNA damage. We profiled 110 samples from diverse tissues, including from individuals with cancer-predisposition syndromes, and define the first single-strand mismatch and damage signatures. We find correspondences between these single-strand signatures and known double-strand mutational signatures, which resolves the identity of the initiating lesions. Tumors deficient in both mismatch repair and replicative polymerase proofreading show distinct single-strand mismatch patterns compared to samples deficient in only polymerase proofreading. In the mitochondrial genome, our findings support a mutagenic mechanism occurring primarily during replication. Since the double-strand DNA mutations interrogated by prior studies are only the endpoint of the mutation process, our approach to detect the initiating single-strand events at single-molecule resolution will enable new studies of how mutations arise in a variety of contexts, especially in cancer and aging.
Structural basis for binding of Smaug to the GPCR Smoothened and to the germline inducer Oskar
Authors: Kubíková Jana , Ubartaitė Gabrielė , Metz Jutta , Jeske Mandy
Published: February 2023

DrosophilaSmaug and its orthologs comprise a family of mRNA repressor proteins that exhibit various functions during animal development. Smaug proteins contain a characteristic RNA-binding sterile-α motif (SAM) domain and a conserved but uncharacterized N-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we resolved the crystal structure of the NTD of the human SAM domain-containing protein 4A (SAMD4A, a.k.a. Smaug1) to 2.0 Å resolution, which revealed its composition of a homodimerization D-subdomain and a subdomain with similarity to a PHAT domain. Furthermore, we show thatDrosophilaSmaug directly interacts with theDrosophilagermline inducer Oskar and with the Hedgehog signaling transducer Smoothened through its D-PHAT domain. We determined the crystal structure of the D-PHAT domain of Smaug in complex with a Smoothened α-helical peptide to 1.61 Å resolution. The peptide binds within a groove that is formed by both the D- and PHAT subdomains. Structural modeling supported by experimental data suggested that an α-helix within the disordered region of Oskar binds to the D-PHAT domain in a mode similar to Smoothened. Together, our data uncover the N-terminal D-PHAT domain of Smaug as peptide-binding domain.
Conversion of 2-methyl-4-styrylquinolines into 2,4-distyrylquinolines: synthesis, and spectroscopic and structural characterization of five examples
Authors: Vera Diana R. , Ardila Diana M. , Palma Alirio , Cobo Justo , Glidewell Christopher
Published: February 2023

Four new 2,4-distyrylquinolines and one 2-styryl-4-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl]quinoline have been synthesized using indium trichloride condensation reactions between aromatic aldehydes and the corresponding 2-methylquinolines, which were themselves prepared using Friedländer annulation reactions between mono- or diketones and (2-aminophenyl)chalcones: the products have all been fully characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. 2,4-Bis[(E)-styryl]quinoline, C25H19N, (IIa), and its dichloro analogue, 2-[(E)-2,4-dichlorostyryl]-4-[(E)-styryl]quinoline, C25H17Cl2N, (IIb), exhibit different orientations of the 2-styryl unit relative to the quinoline nucleus. In each of the 3-benzoyl analogues {2-[(E)-4-bromostyryl]-4-[(E)-styryl]quinolin-3-yl}(phenyl)methanone, C32H22BrNO, (IIc), {2-[(E)-4-bromostyryl]-4-[(E)-4-chlorostyryl]quinolin-3-yl}(phenyl)methanone, C32H21BrClNO, (IId), and {2-[(E)-4-bromostyryl]-4-[(E)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl]quinolin-3-yl}(phenyl)methanone, C30H20BrNOS, (IIe), the orientation of the 2-styryl unit is similar to that in (IIa), but the orientation of the 4-arylvinyl units show considerable variation. The thiophene unit in (IIe) is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.926 (3) and 0.074 (3). There are no hydrogen bonds of any kind in the structure of (IIa), but in (IId), a single C—H...O hydrogen bond links the molecules into cyclic centrosymmetric R
2
2(20) dimers. A combination of C—H...N and C—H...π hydrogen bonds links the molecules of (IIb) into a three-dimensional framework structure. A combination of three C—H...π hydrogen bonds links the molecules of (IIc) into sheets, and a combination of C—H...O and C—H...π hydrogen bonds forms sheets in (IIe). Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.
Arthropod food webs predicted from body size ratios are improved by incorporating prey defensive properties
Authors: Van De Walle Ruben , Logghe Garben , Haas Nina , Massol François , Vandegehuchte Martijn L. , Bonte Dries
Published: February 2023

Trophic interactions are often deduced from body size differences, assuming that predators prefer prey smaller than themselves because larger prey are more difficult to subdue. This has mainly been confirmed in aquatic ecosystems, but rarely in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arthropods.

Our goal was to validate whether body size ratios can predict trophic interactions in a terrestrial, plant‐associated arthropod community and whether predator hunting strategy and prey taxonomy could explain additional variation.

We conducted feeding trials with arthropods from marram grass in coastal dunes to test whether two individuals, of the same or different species, would predate each other. From the trial results, we constructed one of the most complete, empirically derived food webs for terrestrial arthropods associated with a single plant species. We contrasted this empirical food web with a theoretical web based on body size ratios, activity period, microhabitat, and expert knowledge.

In our feeding trials, predator–prey interactions were indeed largely size‐based. Moreover, the theoretical and empirically based food webs converged well for both predator and prey species. However, predator hunting strategy, and especially prey taxonomy improved predictions of predation. Well‐defended taxa, such as hard‐bodied beetles, were less frequently consumed than expected based on their body size. For instance, a beetle of average size (measuring 4 mm) is 38% less vulnerable than another average arthropod with the same length.

Body size ratios predict trophic interactions among plant‐associated arthropods fairly well. However, traits such as hunting strategy and anti‐predator defences can explain why certain trophic interactions do not adhere to size‐based rules. Feeding trials can generate insights into multiple traits underlying real‐life trophic interactions among arthropods.
Hospitalisation for non‐lethal self‐harm and premature mortality in the 3 years following adolescent pregnancy: Population‐based nationwide cohort study
Authors: Goueslard Karine , Jollant Fabrice , Cottenet Jonathan , Bechraoui‐Quantin Sonia , Rozenberg Patrick , Simon Emmanuel , Quantin Catherine
Published: February 2023

Objective

To evaluate the risk of non‐lethal self‐harm and mortality related to adolescent pregnancy.

Design

Nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort.

Setting

Data were extracted from the French national health data system.

Population

We included all adolescents aged 12–18 years with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD‐10) code for pregnancy in 2013–2014.

Methods

Pregnant adolescents were compared with age‐matched non‐pregnant adolescents and with first‐time pregnant women aged 19–25 years.

Main outcome measures

Any hospitalisation for non‐lethal self‐harm and mortality during a 3‐year follow‐up period. Adjustment variables were age, a history of hospitalisation for physical diseases, psychiatric disorders, self‐harm and reimbursed psychotropic drugs. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used.

Results

In 2013–2014, 35 449 adolescent pregnancies were recorded in France. After adjustment, pregnant adolescents had an increased risk of subsequent hospitalisation for non‐lethal self‐harm in comparison with both non‐pregnant adolescents (n = 70 898) (1.3% vs 0.2%, HR 3.06, 95% CI 2.57–3.66) and pregnant young women (n = 233 406) (0.5%, HR 2.41, 95% CI 2.14–2.71). Rates of hospitalisation for non‐lethal self‐harm were lower during pregnancy and higher between 12 and 8 months pre‐delivery, 3–7 months postpartum and in the month following abortion. Mortality was significantly higher in pregnant adolescents (0.7‰) versus pregnant young women (0.4‰, HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.12–2.72), but not versus non‐pregnant adolescents (0.4‰, HR 1.61, 95% CI 0.92–2.83).

Conclusions

Adolescent pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation for non‐lethal self‐harm and premature death. Careful psychological evaluation and support should be systematically implemented for adolescents who are pregnant.
Evolution in the choice of therapies used to treat latrodectism: Redback spider antivenom or standard analgesic medications. Nothing to rave about
Authors: Sulaeman Siba J , Graudins Andis
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Redback spider (RBS) antivenom (RBSAV) use appears to have decreased since the results of the RAVE‐2 antivenom efficacy study were released. The aims of this study were to assess change in RBSAV use over time and compare responses to treatment for antivenom and other analgesics.

Methods

Retrospective audit of RBS bite referrals to a toxicology unit, from January 2010 to January 2022. Data included demographics, pain severity, treatment (analgesia or RBSAV), response to treatment, re‐presentation rate, adverse events, change in antivenom use over time.

Results

Of 270 presentations, 157 with moderate or severe pain were included (RBSAV n = 51, analgesia n = 106). Median age was 39 years, n = 81 (51%) female. Those receiving antivenom were more likely to report severe pain n = 46/51 (84%) versus n = 68/106 (58%) (P = 0.006). Eighty‐three percent of antivenom doses were administered between 2010 and 2013. Analgesia‐only group received various combinations of paracetamol, NSAIDs, and opioids. In those receiving RBSAV, 17/48 (35%), 26/48 (54%), 5/48 (10%) reported a partial, complete or no reduction in pain, respectively, versus 30/77 (39%), 43/77 (58%) and 4/77 (5%), for analgesia‐only group. Post‐treatment pain was not recorded in three RBSAV and 28 analgesia‐only patients. Pain reduction was no different for intravenous and intramuscular antivenom. Re‐presentation for ongoing pain was more common in the analgesia‐only group, 16/106 (15%) versus 1/51 (2%) for antivenom (P = 0.013).

Conclusion

Antivenom use fell over the study period. There was no difference in pain relief between RBSAV and analgesia‐only groups. RBSAV, regardless of route of administration, was no better than standard analgesics in pain reduction in the present study.
Intentional paediatric poisoning presentations to emergency departments during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Gatenby Jennifer , Low Gary KK , Rahman Muhammad A , Salter Mark , Bhurawala Habib
Published: February 2023

Objective

To characterise paediatric poisoning presentations to EDs and determine if the advent of the COVID‐19 pandemic was associated with increased intentional paediatric poisoning presentations.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of paediatric poisoning presentations to three EDs (two regional and one metropolitan). Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association between COVID‐19 and intentional poisoning events. In addition, we calculated the frequency with which patients reported various psychosocial risk factors as being an implicating factor in engaging in an intentional poisoning event.

Results

A total of 860 poisoning events met inclusion criteria during the study period (January 2018–October 2021), with 501 being intentional, and 359 unintentional. There was an increased proportion of intentional poisoning presentations during the COVID‐19 pandemic (261 intentional and 218 unintentional in the pre‐COVID‐19 period vs 241 intentional and 140 unintentional during the COVID‐19 period). In addition, we found a statistically significant association between intentional poisoning presentations and an initial COVID‐19 lockdown (adjusted odds ratio 26.32, P < 0.05). ‘The COVID‐19 lockdown’ or ‘COVID‐19’ was reported to be implicating factor for psychological stress in patients who presented with intentional poisonings during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Conclusions

Intentional paediatric poisoning presentations increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic in our study population. These results may support an emerging body of evidence that the psychological strain of COVID‐19 disproportionately impacts adolescent females.
Lower or higher oxygenation targets for acute Hypoxaemic respiratory failure: Protocol for an individual patient data meta‐analysis
Authors: Nielsen Frederik Mølgaard , Klitgaard Thomas Lass , Bruun Niels Henrik , Møller Morten Hylander , Schjørring Olav Lilleholt , Rasmussen Bodil Steen
Published: February 2023

Background

Supplemental oxygen therapy is central to the treatment of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure, a condition which remains a major driver for morbidity and mortality in intensive care. Despite several large randomised clinical trials comparing a higher versus a lower oxygenation target for these patients, significant differences in study design impede analysis of aggregate data and final clinical recommendations.

Methods

This paper presents the protocol for conducting an individual patient data meta‐analysis where full individual patient data according to the intention‐to‐treat principle will be pooled from the HOT‐ICU and HOT‐COVID trials in a one‐step procedure. The two trials are near‐identical in design. We plan to use a hierarchical general linear mixed model that accounts for data clustering at a trial and site level. The primary outcome will be 90‐day all‐cause mortality while the secondary outcome will be days alive without life‐support at 90 days. Further, we outline 14 clinically relevant predefined subgroups which we will analyse for heterogeneity in the intervention effects and interactions, and we present a plan for assessing the credibility of the subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

The presented individual patient data meta‐analysis will synthesise individual level patient data from two of the largest randomised clinical trials on targeted oxygen therapy in intensive care. The results will provide a re‐analysis of the intervention effects on the pooled intention‐to‐treat populations and facilitate subgroup analyses with an increased power to detect clinically important effect modifications.
Within‐person associations between psychological and contextual factors and lapse incidence in smokers attempting to quit: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of ecological momentary assessment studies
Authors: Perski Olga , Kwasnicka Dominika , Kale Dimitra , Schneider Verena , Szinay Dorothy , ten Hoor Gill , Asare Bernard Yeboah‐Asiamah , Verboon Peter , Powell Daniel , Naughton Felix , Keller Jan
Published: February 2023

Aims

When attempting to stop smoking, discrete smoking events (‘lapses’) are strongly associated with a return to regular smoking (‘relapse’). No study has yet pooled the psychological and contextual antecedents of lapse incidence, captured in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize within‐person psychological and contextual predictor–lapse associations in smokers attempting to quit.

Methods

We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. A narrative synthesis and multi‐level, random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted, focusing on studies of adult, non‐clinical populations attempting to stop smoking, with no restrictions on setting. Outcomes were the association between a psychological (e.g. stress, cravings) or contextual (e.g. cigarette availability) antecedent and smoking lapse incidence; definitions of ‘lapse’ and ‘relapse’; the theoretical underpinning of EMA study designs; and the proportion of studies with pre‐registered study protocols/analysis plans and open data.

Results

We included 61 studies, with 19 studies contributing ≥ 1 effect size(s) to the meta‐analyses. We found positive relationships between lapse incidence and ‘environmental and social cues’ [k = 12, odds ratio (OR) = 4.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.02, 10.16, P = 0.001] and ‘cravings’ (k = 10, OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.34, 2.18, P < 0.001). ‘Negative feeling states’ was not significantly associated with lapse incidence (k = 16, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.98, 1.24, P = 0.12). In the narrative synthesis, negative relationships with lapse incidence were found for ‘behavioural regulation’, ‘motivation not to smoke’ and ‘beliefs about capabilities’; positive relationships with lapse incidence were found for ‘positive feeling states’ and ‘positive outcome expectancies’. Although lapse definitions were comparable, relapse definitions varied widely across studies. Few studies explicitly drew upon psychological theory to inform EMA study designs. One of the included studies drew upon Open Science principles.

Conclusions

In smokers attempting to stop, environmental and social cues and cravings appear to be key within‐person antecedents of smoking lapse incidence. Due to low study quality, the confidence in these estimates is reduced.
Epauletted fruit bats prefer native plants and contribute to seed dispersal in a South African agricultural landscape
Authors: Mphethe Vusani , Weier Sina , Westphal Catrin , Linden Birthe , Swanepoel Lourens , Parker Daniel , Taylor Peter
Published: February 2023

Fruit bats provide vital ecosystem services through seed dispersal aiding secondary forest regeneration. However, fruit bat species are often persecuted by fruit‐growing farmers due to perceived and actual crop damage. In this study, we investigated the dietary components of Epomophorous wahlbergi, Epomophorous crypturus and Rousettus aegyptiacus, which are the three fruit bat species commonly found in litchi orchards and surrounding natural habitats in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. We further explored the contribution of fruit bats to seed dispersal and germination success. Fruit bat diet was dominated by wild fruit species (95%), while commercial fruit contributed little (2%) to their diet, even during the litchi harvest season. Fig seeds (Ficus spp.) collected from captured bats as spit outs had significantly lower germination rates than regular seeds, but a significantly lower germination latency. A similar pattern was observed for quinine trees (Rauvolfia caffra). Our results suggest that fruit bats inhabiting orchards and surrounding natural vegetation feed primarily on wild fruit trees, probably modulated by the high percentage of natural vegetation still found in our study area, supporting the importance of natural habitats in mitigating crop damage. We encourage further work on potential disservices by fruit bats and their habitat use.
An exploratory investigation into the factors related to EdTech use among Kenyan girls
Authors: Watson Joe , Baier Jasmin , Mughogho Winnie , Millrine Mark
Published: February 2023

This paper contributes to the scarce literature on factors affecting EdTech use in households. These factors were considered through exploratory mixed‐methods analyses of cross‐sectional data on Kenyan girls and caregivers, captured during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Quantitative analysis of the child dataset (n = 544) suggested the importance of both structural factors—such as technology hardware availability—and non‐structural factors—including caregiver permission. Findings were supported by a thematic analysis of interview data from girls' caregivers (n = 58), which emphasised the role they play in girls' use of EdTech. Interviews also highlighted numerous caregiver concerns with EdTech, related to the relevance and rigour of educational content, the possibility of children accessing age‐inappropriate material and child health (especially eyesight). Policy makers could alleviate these concerns by providing guidance on EdTech use and clearly signalling their approval of verified initiatives.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

EdTech can benefit girls' education, yet there are various barriers to it being used.

Existing research shows clearly that EdTech use can be impeded by structural factors (eg, hardware ownership).

However, we find insufficient empirical evidence on the role of non‐structural or behavioural factors.

What this paper adds

This paper addresses this gap, using a mixed‐methods approach to explore the influence of 33 different measures (including non‐structural factors) that could affect the number of hours girls spend using EdTech at home.

Findings from a quantitative sample of girls (n = 544) and a qualitative sample of girls' caregivers (n = 58) highlighted the importance of non‐structural factors, especially caregiver permission.

The variable most strongly associated with girls' EdTech usage in our selected quantitative model concerned whether this was sanctioned by their caregivers.

Our qualitative data suggested why caregiver permission to use EdTech might be withheld: caregivers emphasised perceived concerns about the risks and rigour of EdTech.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Our findings suggest the viability of policy interventions that provide EdTech guidance to caregivers.

Caregivers uncertain about EdTech could be reassured of the appropriateness of verified initiatives, while those already convinced might be aided in their attempts to support EdTech learning.

Such guidance could provide a low‐cost means of further exploiting the benefits that household EdTech learning can provide.
A bibliometric analysis of primary immune thrombocytopenia from 2011 to 2021
Authors: Ou Yang , Zhan Yanxia , Zhuang Xibing , Shao Xia , Xu Pengcheng , Li Feng , Chen Hao , Ji Lili , Cheng Yunfeng
Published: February 2023

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia. This bibliometric analysis was applied to identify the characteristics of global scientific output, the hotspots, and frontiers of ITP over the past 10 years. We retrieved publications from 2011 to 2021 from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Bibliometrix package, VOSviewer, and Citespace were used to analyse and visualize the trend, distribution, and hotspots of research on ITP. Altogether, there were 2084 papers, written by 9080 authors from 410 organizations in 70 countries/regions, published in 456 journals with 37 160 co‐cited references. In the last decades, the most productive journal was British Journal of Haematology, China was the most productive country. and the most cited journal was Blood. Shandong University was the most productive institution in the field of ITP. NEUNERT C, 2011, BLOOD, CHENG G, 2011, LANCET, and PATEL VL, 2012, BLOOD were the top three most cited documents. “Thrombopoietin receptor agonist”, “regulatory T cell” and “sialic acid” were three hotspots of the last decade. And “immature platelet fraction”, “Th17”, and “fostamatinib” would be research frontiers in the feature. The present study provided a novel insight for future research directions and scientific decision‐making.
Nothing can be Changed Until it is Faced: Museum Solidarity Statements as Reflections of Understanding Systemic Racism
Authors: Chevalier Juline A. , Jennings Gretchen M. , Phalen Sara A.
Published: February 2023

The May 2020 murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police led many institutions to write and share statements opposing racism, committing to change, and claiming solidarity with the Black community. The authors saw an opportunity to compile data and assess the commitment of our field to racial equity by taking the statements at face value, examining them, and performing a content analysis. In our view, most statements of solidarity would represent a museum's best effort at reaching out to Black communities and communities of color, and at articulating the value it placed on its relationship with those communities. This assessment of “best effort” tells us that there is moderate progress toward the racial equity and justice that has been a hot topic for decades, but the findings suggest that only a fraction of U.S. museums are publicly facing their complicity in White supremacy culture, from the make‐up of their boards and staff to the dominant content found in collections, exhibitions, and programs. The authors challenge this status, provide new resources as yet another starting point to help invite museums identify and examine the racism that lies within their institutions, and call for a more genuine commitment to the difficult but necessary steps to eliminate systemic inequity.
Operative Lymphologie. Therapieoption bei Lymphödem und Lipohyperplasia dolorosa
Authors: Cornely Manuel E.
Published: February 2023

Die typische Therapie in der Lymphologie ist konservativ. Es gibt jedoch seit einigen Jahrzehnten sowohl rekonstruktive und resektive Behandlungen primärer und sekundärer Lymphödeme als auch resezierende Verfahren bei Lipohyperplasia‐dolorosa‐(LiDo) “Lipödem”. Jedes dieser Verfahren hat seine eindeutige Indikation und eine jahrzehntelange, erfolgreiche Historie. Diese Therapien stellen einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Lymphologie dar. Bei der Rekonstruktion ist der Grundgedanke die Wiederherstellung des Lymphflusses beziehungsweise die Umgehung des Abstromhindernisses im Gefäßsystem. Die Kombinationsverfahren der zweizeitigen Anwendung von Resektion und Rekonstruktion beim Lymphödem sind ebenso work in progress wie das Konzept der prophylaktischen lymphovenösen Anastomose (LVA).

Bei den resektiven Verfahren steht nicht nur die Verbesserung der Silhouette, sondern auch die Reduktion der komplexen physikalischen Entstauungstherapie (KPE) und – bei LiDo – der Schmerzfreiheit im Fokus. Durch Verbesserung der bildgebenden Verfahren und den frühzeitigen Einsatz der operativen Therapieoptionen sollte die Ausbildung höherer Stadien von Lymphödemen der Vergangenheit angehören. Für die LiDo gilt, dass durch operative Verfahren lebenslange KPE vermieden und Schmerzlosigkeit erreicht werden kann. Alle operativen, besonders aber die resezierenden Verfahren, sind heute lymphgefäßschonend möglich und sollten Patientinnen mit Lymphödem oder Lipohyperplasia dolorosa vorbehaltlos angeboten werden, wenn die Ziele – Umfangsreduktion, Verzicht auf lebenslange KPE und – bei LiDo – Schmerzlosigkeit – auf anderem Wege nicht zu erreichen sind.
Das Potenzial der Telemedizin für die dermatologische Versorgung pädiatrischer Patienten in Deutschland
Authors: Hansen Inga , Abeck Dietrich , Kött Julian , Schneider Stefan W. , Abeck Finn
Published: February 2023

Hintergrund

Hauterkrankungen sind in der Kinderarztpraxis ein häufiger Vorstellungsgrund. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Charakterisierung der dermatologischen Anfragen niedergelassener Fachärzte für Kinder‐ und Jugendmedizin, die im Rahmen eines deutschlandweit verfügbaren telemedizinischen Konsiliarsystems erfolgten.

Methodik

Es erfolgte eine Auswertung von Konsilanfragen, die über das telemedizinische Konsiliarsystem PädExpert mittels Store‐and‐Forward‐Technologie zwischen Februar 2021 und Dezember 2021 durch Pädiater an einen ausgewiesenen Kinderdermatologen gestellt wurden.

Ergebnisse

In die Auswertung gingen 504 telemedizinische Konsilanfragen ein. Das Alter der Patienten betrug im Mittel 6,5 ± 5,0 Jahre, 45,5% der Patienten waren weiblich. In 88,3% konnte eine Diagnose mittels Telemedizin gestellt werden. Die gestellten Diagnosen ließen sich am häufigsten der Gruppe der infektiösen Hautkrankheiten zuordnen (28,8%). In 11,5% der Fälle wurde eine Überweisung an einen Dermatologen empfohlen. In 63,8% der Fälle erfolgte die Beantwortung der Anfrage am selben Tag.

Schlussfolgerungen

Unsere Studie zeigt das große Potenzial der Teledermatologie, den Zugang zur spezialisierten dermatologischen Versorgung für Kinder mit Hauterkrankungen zu verbessern. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Funktion als Triage‐Instrument. Die meisten vorgestellten Fälle konnten durch Teledermatologie gelöst werden, so dass persönliche Vorstellungen beim Dermatologen reduziert und Ressourcen eingespart werden können.
Safety and tolerability of esketamine in propofol based sedation for endoscopic variceal ligation with or without injection sclerotherapy: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen Yuanjing , Chen Jie , Wang Quankai , Lyu Hongyao , Chen Xuehan , Liu Rui , Wang Ting , Dan Ling , Huang He , Duan Guangyou
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Esketamine is an S (+) enantiomer of ketamine with greater potency and similar psychomimetic effects compared to racemic ketamine. We aimed to explore the safety of esketamine in different doses as an adjuvant to propofol in patients undergoing endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) with or without injection sclerotherapy.

Methods

One hundred patients were randomized to receive sedation with propofol 1.5 mg/kg in combination with sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg (group S), esketamine 0.2 mg/kg (group E0.2), esketamine 0.3 mg/kg (group E0.3), or esketamine 0.4 mg/kg (group E0.4) for EVL (n = 25 each). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded during the procedure. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension; secondary outcomes included the incidence of desaturation, positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) after the procedure, pain score after the procedure, and secretion volume.

Results

The incidence of hypotension was significantly lower in groups E0.2 (36%), E0.3 (20%), and E0.4 (24%) than in group S (72%). The incidence of SpO2 ≤94% was significantly lower in group E0.4 (4%) than in group S (32%). No significant intergroup difference was found in the PANSS assessment.

Conclusions

Combining 0.4 mg/kg esketamine with propofol sedation was optimal to facilitate EVL with stable hemodynamic status and better respiratory function during the procedure, without significant psychomimetic side‐effects.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ChiCTR2100047033, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=127518).
Prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions among adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ryan Jennifer M. , Albairami Fatemah , Hamilton Thomas , Cope Nigel , Amirmudin Noor Amirah , Manikandan Manjula , Kilbride Cherry , Stevenson Valerie L. , Livingstone Emma , Fortune Jennifer
Published: February 2023

Aim

To assess the prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions among adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and compare them to the prevalence and incidence among adults without CP.

Method

We searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies reporting the prevalence or incidence of one or more chronic conditions among adults with CP. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full‐text articles. Two independent reviewers extracted data relating to prevalence and incidence and appraised study quality. We performed random‐effects meta‐analyses to pool prevalence and incidence.

Results

We identified 69 studies; 65 reported the prevalence of 53 conditions and 13 reported the incidence of 21 conditions. At least 20% of adults had the following conditions: depression (21%); anxiety (21%); mood affective disorders (23%); asthma (24%); hypertension (26%); epilepsy (28%); urinary incontinence (32%); malnutrition (38%); and scoliosis (46%). Adults with CP were more likely to have type 2 diabetes, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, asthma, liver disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, underweight, and chronic kidney disease than adults without CP.

Interpretation

These data from 18 countries, which provide an international perspective, may be used to promote awareness, identify targets for intervention, and inform the development of appropriate supports for adults with CP.
Feature and mechanism analysis of dispersive soil disintegration impacted by soil water content, density, and salinity
Authors: Han Yan , Wang Qing
Published: February 2023

Dispersive soil has caused innumerable water‐induced erosion failures of earthen structures in arid regions up to now, among which disintegration, as the first response process, is commonly deemed as the primary inducement but with inadequate understanding. In this study, the disintegration characteristics of a compacted dispersive lean clay with sand were investigated by carrying out laboratory disintegration tests under a water immersion regime. Soil mass water content (ω), dry density (ρd) and total soluble salt content (η) were considered. Results suggest that for dispersive soil, (1) the disintegration process exhibited two distinct modes, which was divided by the ω near the optimum water content; (2) higher ρd delayed disintegration monotonously; (3) increasing η first weakened and then enhanced the disintegration, in which pattern the η at the inflection point increased with increasing ρd, showing a density dependence. Evolutions of representative soil morphology were illustrated. More importantly, the underlying influential mechanism of ω and η to disintegration were elaborated emphatically: (1) the initial clay dispersion level, soil consistency change, and conceptual “constraint force” exerted by soil matric suction jointly determine the disintegration modes; (2) increasing η makes the soil pore solution concentration higher and microstructure simpler, competition between the two leads to nonmonotonic change patterns of disintegration completion time (Td) and defined velocity (Vd); the interactive effect of ρd and η manifests that η produces an additional influence on the base of microstructure created by ρd. Finally, the grey relation entropy analysis was introduced to evaluate the contributions of the three test variables to Td and Vd. The obtained results and proposed perspectives are expected to be conducive to a deeper comprehension of the same or relevant behaviours of dispersive soils in the presence of water, so as to provide new insights for the targeted prevention and control of dispersive soil catastrophes.

Highlights

Disintegration of dispersive soil shows two distinct water content‐dependent modes.

Soil salinity has a two phase impact on disintegration of dispersive soil.

Dry density and soil salinity interact affecting disintegration.

Relationship between soil dispersion and disintegration is elaborated.
Critical role of the ventral temporal lobe in naming
Authors: Snyder Kathryn M. , Forseth Kiefer J. , Donos Cristian , Rollo Patrick S. , Fischer‐Baum Simon , Breier Joshua , Tandon Nitin
Published: February 2023

Objective

Lexical retrieval deficits are characteristic of a variety of different neurological disorders. However, the exact substrates responsible for this are not known. We studied a large cohort of patients undergoing surgery in the dominant temporal lobe for medically intractable epilepsy (n = 95) to localize brain regions that were associated with anomia.

Methods

We performed a multivariate voxel‐based lesion–symptom mapping analysis to correlate surgical lesions within the temporal lobe with changes in naming ability. Additionally, we used a surface‐based mixed‐effects multilevel analysis to estimate group‐level broadband gamma activity during naming across a subset of patients with electrocorticographic recordings and integrated these results with lesion–deficit findings.

Results

We observed that ventral temporal regions, centered around the middle fusiform gyrus, were significantly associated with a decline in naming. Furthermore, we found that the ventral aspect of temporal lobectomies was linearly correlated to a decline in naming, with a clinically significant decline occurring once the resection extended 6 cm from the anterior tip of the temporal lobe on the ventral surface. On electrocorticography, the majority of these cortical regions were functionally active following visual processing. These loci coincide with the sites of susceptibility artifacts during echoplanar imaging, which may explain why this region has been previously underappreciated as the locus responsible for postoperative naming deficits.

Significance

Taken together, these data highlight the crucial contribution of the ventral temporal cortex in naming and its important role in the pathophysiology of anomia following temporal lobe resections. As such, surgical strategies should attempt to preserve this region to mitigate postoperative language deficits.
Equine cutaneous gasterophilosis in an era of selective parasite control
Authors: Carbonell Juan David , Bartolomé Isabel Martínez , Meana Aránzazu
Published: February 2023

For the first time this century, we report tract migration dermatitis provoked by Gasterophilus sp. larvae in horses at a farm in Spain where a selective parasite control programme has been employed for more than a decade. At this equine farm, two horses over 25 years old presented alopecic lesions in the form of streaks in the masseteric and maxillary region of the face. The clinical and histological features of these animals are described, with dermatological examination revealing the presence of nonoperculated eggs of Gasterophilus sp. when the lesions appeared. The morphology of the eggs corresponded to G. inermis and skin biopsy identified an eosinophilic superficial perivascular dermatitis. The horses were treated once with oral ivermectin, achieving complete resolution of the lesions.
Mastocytosis in children: a single‐center long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Popadic Svetlana , Lalosevic Jovan , Lekic Branislav , Gajić‐Veljic Mirjana , Bonaci‐Nikolic Branka , Nikolic Milos
Published: February 2023

Background

Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by the accumulation of clonal mast cells in organs such as the skin and bone marrow. The diagnosis of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is based on clinical findings, positive Darier's sign, and histopathology, if necessary.

Methods

Medical records of 86 children with CM diagnosed during a 35‐year long period were reviewed. Most patients (93%) developed CM during the first year of life (median age 3 months). Clinical features at presentation and during the follow‐up period were analyzed. Baseline serum tryptase level was measured in 28 patients.

Results

A total of 85% of patients had maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis/urticaria pigmentosa (MPCM/UP), 9% had mastocytoma, and 6% had diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM). Boy to girl ratio was 1.1:1. Fifty‐four of 86 patients (63%) were followed from 2 to 37 years (median 13 years). Complete resolution was registered in 14% of mastocytoma cases, 14% of MCPM/UP, and in 25% of DCM patients. After the age of 18, skin lesion persisted in 14% mastocytoma, 7% MCPM/UP, and 25% children with DCM. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 9.6% of patients with MPCM/UP. Three of 28 patients had elevated serum tryptase. Prognosis in all patients was good, and there were no signs of progression to systemic mastocytosis (SM).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, our results represent the longest single‐center follow‐up study of childhood‐onset CM. We found no complications of massive mast cell degranulation or progression to SM.
Amplifying the gender gap in academia: “Caregiving” at work during the pandemic
Authors: Manchester Colleen Flaherty , Leroy Sophie , Dahm Patricia C. , Glomb Theresa M.
Published: February 2023

We examine the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on faculty using survey data. First, we uncover heterogeneity in the immediate effects on research productivity and burnout. Three groups emerged (Career Accelerated, Career Insulated, and Career Headwinds) with female faculty disproportionately represented in Career Headwinds, experiencing both high burnout and declines in research productivity. Second, we examine how greater caregiving demands at home and at work—in the form of institutional service—contribute to gender differences. We find female faculty reported greater increases in service demands, and these exerted greater drag on their careers through a larger crowd out of research time.
Environmental performance and employee welfare: Evidence from health benefit costs
Authors: Gu Yuqi
Published: February 2023

This article studies whether corporate environmental performance affects its health benefit costs. I find a firm's environmental performance is negatively associated with its employee health benefit costs. Cross‐sectional tests also show the effect is stronger for companies with improving employee health or located in a region with higher population health risks. In addition, the correlation only exists for chemicals released onsite as opposed to offsite release, indicating the effect is driven by the pricing of health risks, rather than pure ethical reasons. These results suggest that insurance companies promote corporate policyholders' green behavior indirectly by rationally pricing corporate environmental efforts.
Habitat diversity, resource availability and island age in the species‐area relationship
Authors: Carey Mark , Boland John , Keppel Gunnar
Published: February 2023

Aim

The island species–area relationship (ISAR) assumes that the area of islands is homogeneous, or scales with environmental heterogeneity across an archipelago, which is not always the case. We compare the performance of models that adjust or substitute for island area with measures of habitat diversity, island age and resource availability for two taxonomic groups.

Location

Five hotspot archipelagos (Azores, Galapagos, Hawaii, Cape Verde, Canary Islands).

Taxa

Vascular plants, birds.

Methods

We used the mathematical framework of the power law to compare relevant models, treating the one containing only area as a null model against which others were compared. Data were collated from databases and the literature. Models were compared using linear regression within archipelagos and via mixed effect models with archipelago as a random effect.

Results

Weighting of island area by habitat diversity and resource availability systematically improved statistical significance and model fits versus the area only power law. Models including island age did not show the same systematic improvement in model fits. For vascular plants, weighting islands by resource availability (energy and water) performed better than weighting by habitat diversity, although for birds these weightings performed equally well.

Main Conclusions

Given that islands within archipelagos are fairly heterogeneous in climate, topography and geology, it is worth accounting for this in ISARs. Our results suggest that, for islands in volcanic hotspot archipelagos, this is best done by using direct measures of habitat diversity and resource availability rather than using island age as a proxy. We, therefore, recommend using direct measures, rather than proxies, when investigating the drivers of biodiversity patterns on islands.