bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon/Oxygen Logging Speed Optimization in the Niger Delta Fields With Improved Pulsed Neutron Technology
Authors: Akagbosu P. I. , Kim Y. , Nardiello N. , Chace D. , McGlynn I. , Lawal O. , Akomeno K. , Toumelin E. , Atuanya C.
Published: July 2023

Pulsed neutron logging of salinity-independent carbon/oxygen (C/O) mode typically requires slow logging speed (e.g., 2 feet per minute (ft/min)) and multiple passes, and it has always been a concern in the upstream rig operations because of the rig time involved, which translates to higher costs for operators.

Reservoir fluid volumes, properties, and contacts change over time in cased wells, such as in the Niger Delta oilfields, produced for over four decades. Time-lapse C/O logging is required in this freshwater environment to determine two-phase saturations and fluid contacts, evaluate fluid dynamics, and identify bypassed oil zones. Due to the higher cost of C/O logging campaigns than pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logging campaigns, it is imperative to consider faster C/O logging speed, hence the advent of an improved pulsed neutron technology capable of logging three times faster than previous tools.

The critical properties of the improved pulsed neutron technology are the lanthanum bromide (LaBr3) material chosen for the detector section due to its high density and resolution characteristics, higher pulsed neutron source output, this capable of producing two times the neutrons produced by previous generation tools, and the new digital electronics system capable of processing the increased gamma-ray count rate. The new instrument allows three times faster logging when multiple passes are recommended or improved precision at legacy logging speeds. Indeed, one pass of the new tool at 2 ft/min is equivalent to three passes of the legacy tool at 2 ft/min.

Recent papers (Nardiello et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2023) described the comparison demonstrating that the upgraded, faster technology provided the same data precision and saturation interpretation as the slower, legacy technology, achieving considerable time reduction in logging operations. This paper intends to present an example of the Niger Delta field's C/O data logged with the new tool at 6 ft/min and a formation saturation analysis case study. The saturation analysis result identified a watered-out sand due to offset well production (or a formation water-oil contact change).
Effect of Compressor Washing on the Performance of Industrial Gas Turbine
Authors: Enyia J. D. , Archibong-Eso E. U. , Archibong-Eso A.
Published: July 2023

Over the years, Industrial Gas Turbines (IGT) have found widespread applications in various sectors such as oil and gas, transportation, and power generation. Researchers have made significant contributions towards enhancing the performance and extending the lifespan of Gas Turbines (GT) through advancements like regeneration, pre-heaters, intercoolers, and more. The utilization of compressor washing techniques has also been explored, influenced by environmental factors. This has yielded varied results. In today's highly competitive market, coupled with the continuous rise in fuel costs, it has become crucial to develop effective measurement and control techniques for detecting, preventing, and controlling GT fouling. The continuous deterioration of GTs due to fouling has a direct impact on its performance and associated costs. This work focuses on investigating the significance of compressor washing on GT performance, specifically considering the fouling of compressor blades caused by Domestic Object Damage (DOD) and Foreign Object Damage (FOD), along with techniques to mitigate these issues. The evaluation encompasses online, offline, and combined (online and offline) compressor washing methods to determine the most effective approach in addressing fouling challenges faced by operators. The study was implemented using GT performance modelling tools - Pythia/Turbomatch - which involves simulation of the thermodynamic models of the engine. Results from the study indicate that at a compressor fouling level of 2% and a temperature of 200°C, a degradation of approximately 9% in power output, a 5% reduction in air mass flow and pressure ratio, and a decline of around 1.4% in gas generator turbine efficiency were observed. Further simulations involving an 8% fouling in compressor efficiency revealed that online compressor washing led to a recovery of 2.8%, offline washing achieved a recovery of 3.3%, while the combined method experienced a 6% performance recovery.
Feasibility Study of Thermal EOR Techniques in Unconventional Heavy Oil Reservoirs in the Niger Delta: An Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approach
Authors: Odo J. E. , Ahamefule C. C. , Nwanwe O. I. , Ekeopara P. U. , Monsonagor C. C. , Nwanwe C. C.
Published: July 2023

The exploration and production of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs have gained significant attention in recent years due to their increasing importance as a source of energy. Acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the unique characteristics of unconventional reservoirs is essential to optimize the recovery of these resources. The Niger Delta region, while currently undergoing the secondary recovery phase for some conventional projects, has significant potential for unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. This study employed a combination of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to evaluate the feasibility and recovery efficiency of steam flooding and hot water injection for heavy oil recovery in unconventional oil reservoirs in the Niger Delta region. Core samples with a porosity range of 7% – 10% were used in the laboratory examination of steam flooding performance. 2D homogeneous reservoir models with two wells were developed using a reservoir simulator to match the steam flooding experiment and to simulate hot water injections for each core sample. Three independent parameters (injection rate, injection temperature, and injection pressure) were used in each model. The Box-Behnken Design was used to generate simulation runs per the observed recovery method using the maximum and minimum values of the independent parameter. Formation's porosity and permeability range variation was accounted for in the model using Uncertainty analysis. The Experimental design software was used to examine the input and output data and generate a Response Surface model (RSM) that correlates recovery efficiency and the independent parameters. Results indicate that steam flooding is a more practical/feasible solution for heavy oil recovery in these types of reservoirs with an average of 11% recovery. The study provides valuable insights for future field development and production planning in low-porosity unconventional reservoirs.
Design and Fabrication of a Core Flooding Apparatus for Polymer Flooding Using Potato Starch and Xanthan Gum
Authors: Ofulue Monique Amarachukwu
Published: July 2023

With the declines in oil discoveries during the last decades, it is believed that Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)technologies will play a key role to meet the energy demand in years to come. Different processes have been designed to improve displacement efficiency by reducing residual oil saturation. However, polymer flooding was designed to improve sweep efficiency by improving the mobility ratio. In Nigeria, EOR materials and technologies are virtually imported, making them limited and expensive to use. This study is aimed at designing and constructing an efficient locally made core flooding apparatus, to carry out EOR experiments (flooding) and also to investigate the suitability of using locally sourced polysaccharide, potato starch in place of xanthan gum in polymer flooding, considering cost and concentration. The core flooding laboratory equipment was personally designed and fabricated to carry out the experiments at room temperature and pressure. Six core samples (P1 – P3; X1 – X3) with sand particle size of 425um were used and saturated with brine of concentration 10,000ppm and 1wt% salinity while heavy crude of API 18.21 was flooded through each sample. After water flooding, potato starch and xanthan gum prepared at 2,000ppm,4000ppm and 6000ppm concentration were flooded for tertiary recovery. The result showed that xanthan gum gave better recovery than potato starch but at concentration of 6000ppm, potato starch gave a recovery of 28.57% which is close to that of xanthan gum (30.56% recovery). Also, in respect to cost, xanthan gum cost ₦9,000 for 0.227 kg and an estimate of ₦40,000 for 1kg while potato starch cost ₦2,000 for 0.227kg and ₦9,000 for 1 kg, making xanthan gum more expensive than potato starch. This shows that potato starch, which is a cheaper polymer agent, gives better recovery at higher concentrations, hence can be applied in the oil and gas industry when more research is carried out on it for better improvement.
Gold-Based Economic Evaluation of Petroleum Assets – A Counter Factual Approach
Authors: Yomi Akinnurun , Izuchukwu Ojukwu , Ayodele Taiwo Oluwaseun , Omomere Imuzeze
Published: July 2023

Crude oil and gold are commodities traded in US Dollars, while gold has shown resilience and stability over the years, crude oil keeps fluctuating in price level. Oil price frequent changes have impacted the measurement of economic variables in dollar values and since the oil price is one of the most vital assumptions in economic forecasting, realistic determination of expected returns from petroleum investment has been a herculean task.

Most research articles on the above subject focused on the relationship between the price behaviour of crude oil and gold. There exist very few research articles that attempt to evaluate petroleum assets and investments in other currencies other than the U.S. dollar, this is not surprising since crude oil is traded globally in dollars. The value of the dollar has changed significantly over the years due to several factors that influence its value. The appreciation or depreciation of the U.S. dollar is influenced primarily by the monetary policies of the U.S., trade balances, inflation rates, investor confidence, political stability and reserve currency status. All these factors have a direct impact on the price of crude oil, since the commodity is traded in dollars.

My research attempts to evaluate the stability of gold over dollar-based currency. The use of petrogold has been promoted as a way of reducing dependence on the US dollar. However, the use of gold as a form of payment can be problematic because it is not easily divisible or transferable and can be subject to significant price volatility.

On this premise, we took an analytical approach to examine the profitability of a particular oil and gas investment in the Niger Delta given the capex and opex history of the asset as well as its revenue history derived from production. Using the corresponding historical prices of crude oil and gold, while considering crucial economic factors and policies that have shaped the modus operandi of the oil and gas industry over the years, we evaluated the performance of the asset under both Petrodollar and Petrogold pricing structure by several established economic yardsticks such as Net Present value (NPV), Unit Technical Cost (UTC), IRR, PI and ARR.
An Evaluation of the Chemical EOR Potential for Advanced Niger Delta Oil Recovery
Authors: Adeeyo Y. , Mohammed I. , Olafuyi O. , Bello K. , Olafuyi S.
Published: July 2023

Most of the prolific fields in Niger Delta are increasingly producing water with substantial bypassed oil saturation left unrecovered. The major challenge facing oil and gas industry today is the ability to maximize recovery; reducing the residual oil saturation left trapped after primary and or secondary recovery. Surfactant flooding has been the major process in reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water thereby facilitating the maximum recovery of the residual oil saturation.

This study involved using reservoir simulation to show the relative merits of surfactant/polymer flooding in a Niger Delta oil reservoir. The target reservoir is a simple geological model. Despite years of water injection there remains high bypassed oil saturation.

Following nearly two years of water injection and an extensive field polymer injection into wells, the production response to polymer injection was evaluated and discovered to increase.

The Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) simulation results show a substantial improvement in reservoir performance. The cumulative oil production increased from 120,000m3 using natural enrygy to 1,650,000m3using ASP

The results of this study will be a major starting point for chemical EOR pilot project in Niger Delta area.
Fire Critical Equipment Integrity Dashboard: An Effective Tool for Fire Risk Reduction
Authors: Abia D. , Aina I. , Enigbokan A. , Ajayi S. , Aikhoje E.
Published: July 2023

Have you ever considered what would happen to your organization if a fire outbreak occurs and how operations and business would be affected? Every year, fire is one of the major cause of millions of dollars in asset loses and damages to business operations. This is not only a safety issue but organizations are also expected and legally required to take certain fire prevention measures in order to forestall fire outbreak. Organizations must manage the risk of fires in order to protect the safety of employees and other stakeholders as well as limiting physical damage to assets. It is imperative that every organization has some plan in place to minimize the likelihood and control/mitigate the impact of fires.

How reliable are the fire critical equipment in a facility? Will the equipment be available on demand, to prevent or mitigate a fire scenario? To give a positive answer to these crucial questions, management usually ensure the establishment of systems for the maintenance and inspection of fire critical equipment, in compliance with relevant standard and regulatory requirements. The challenge, however, is the ability of management to get a quick and accurate glance of how well the system that has been set up, is being implemented and being followed through.

Preventing and or minimizing the risk of fire is key to successful business operations of any organization.

This paper will describe the development of a user-friendly fire critical equipment integrity dashboard to readily convey in near-real time, the reliability of equipment critical to fire prevention and effects mitigation by; Identifying fire critical equipmentDefining and incorporating their assurance taskIdentifying responsible persons for the dashboard data entry and reliabilityDevelopment of the dashboard and user-friendly interface
Investigating Suitability of Microbial Derived Biosurfactant for Deliquefying Gas Well - An Experimental Approach
Authors: Adeyemi Gbadegesin Abiodun , Egenhoff Sven , Fadairo Adesina , Ling kegang , Tomomewo Olusegun , Oladepo Adebowale , Ayoola Ayodeji , Okonji Jeffery
Published: July 2023

Liquid loading in the gas well is becoming more challenging as the gas field matured and may eventually kill the well if the liquids are not continuously removed from the well. The common method used in preventing liquid loading is by injecting surface-acting agents or solvents termed surfactants into the well to reduce the interfacial energy and weight of the water molecule in the gas stream Most surfactants used in the oil and gas industry today are synthetically manufactured which are toxic to life and environmentally incompatible. This paper presents a formulation of biosurfactant solution derived from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli bacteria isolated from crude oil which is environmentally safe and evaluates the suitability fordeliquefying matured gas well. Generally, biosurfactants have the capacity to reduce the surface tension of the liquid by adsorbing at the liquid-gas interface and create significantly less mass than the liquid droplets which can then be easily extracted from the walls of the wellbore and assure flow in the gas system.

In this study, the formulated biosurfactant was characterized for its physicochemical properties using scanning electron, microscopy (SEM), energy display spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A specific experimental design was set up and used to evaluate the unloading efficiency of the formulated biosurfactant and then contrasted with Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, a widely used commercial surfactant (SLS). The bulk foam stability was tested, and the results obtained proved that biosurfactant from (Escherichia Coli) provided more stable foams (57.10%, 65.7%, 80.03%) as compared with commercial surfactant (SLS) (60.85%, 74.5%, 83.10%.) and biosurfactant from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (12.85%, 8.57%, 4.28%) in the surfactant concentration of 30wt%, 40wt% and 50wt%. Also, the biosurfactant produced from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Escherichia Coli bacteria reduces the surface tension from which value of 65 mN/m to 48.4 mN/m and 21.9 mN/m respectively, compared to the commercial surfactant (SLS) value of 19.6 mN/m. This study has revealed that the two biosurfactants derived can create foam through which they decrease the density of the film at the wall, and alter the equilibrium between the gravitational force and the interfacial friction, hence making an easy transition between the churn flow and the annular flow to achieve at a lower flow rate. However, the biosurfactant produced from Escherichia Coli bacteria gave better surface tension results than biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the results are closer to that of surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, a widely used commercial surfactant (SLS) used for validation.
Effective HSE-MS Implementation: A Success Story of Ikike Project 6 Million + Manhours with NO LTI
Authors: Abia D. , Ikpa H. , Enigbokan A. , Aikhoje E.
Published: July 2023

Ikike is an undeveloped field located 20km offshore and approximately 15km north of the Amenam complex in 20m water depth. The Amenam field which has been producing since July 2003 is located approximately 60km southeast of the NLNG Plant and 95km Southeast of Port Harcourt and the water depth range from 30 to 40 meters.

The Ikike project leverages on the existing Amenam facilities to keep costs low and is designed to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Estimated at less than 4kg CO2e/boe, they will contribute to reducing the average carbon intensity of TotalEnergies’ upstream portfolio.

Given to the inherent hazard and risk associated with Oil & Gas projects from Conceptual phase to Front End Engineering Design studies, to fabrication and constructions as well as installation and commissioning, HSE management system becomes pivotal to driving an incident free project phases.

This Paper focuses on the sound application of the Project HSE Management strategy, plan and system which comprises a set of components that includes; Project HSE Policy and HSE objectives,Identification of the risk involved in the Project activities,An organization within which the HSE responsibilities are clearly defined,Competent and trained personnel,Internal and external communication.Practises and processes formally defined in the project documentation,Evaluation and reviews of Project HSE performances,Correctives action plans and periodic management reviews,An HSE audit program

All of these were deployed during the Ikike project towards demonstrating and providing a means of anticipating and controlling the risks involved in the Project which had continuously improved the HSE performances all through the project in conformance with project improvement goals set for the Project.

Several other proactive and reactive measures were taken towards ensuring a success story of Ikike Project with a total of 6milliom man hours of No Lost Time Incident.
Fiscal System Design and Economic Evaluation for Petroleum Resource Development in Ghana (Comparative Analysis Between Fixed Royalty and Sliding Scale Royalty)
Authors: Ashikwei Desmond , Iledare Omowumi , Amarfio Eric
Published: July 2023

Petroleum fiscal regime defines the extent to which the host government and the prospective investor can apportion risks and share project rewards. Ghana's petroleum industry has become an attractive place for most investors because the current fiscal regime governing the industry is based on old petroleum tax laws and systems and doesn't capture wind-fall profit. In this paper the petroleum fiscal regime currently used in Ghana was modelled, reviewed and evaluated. A proposed progressive fiscal regime was then put forward which has a slidingscale royalty tied to production to increased the government share (GTake). The models incorporated successfully Monte Carlo simulation using @Risk software to account for risk and uncertainties in decision making. This study addresses the petroleum industry structure and performance of the modelled fiscal regimes of Ghana. An optimum fiscal regime should be efficient, effective and equitable. The fiscal regime optimality were evaluated by testing the IRR which accounts for the efficiency, FLI which accounts for effectiveness and GTake which accounts for equity in order to achieve pareto optimality. Other range of profitability indicators were also tested in the economic evaluation and they are contractor's take (CTake), Net present value (NPV), Profitability index (PI), Present value ratio (PVR). The deterministic result of the analysis shows that, the government take (GTake) increased when the proposed fiscal regime was put forward from 30.15% to 69.85%. The Internal rate of return (IRR) for the fixed royalty is 21% and the sliding scale royalty is 16%. Both values are positive which means there is value for every dollar invested. This study will help both investors and Government in decision making.
The Development of Twin Digital Autonomous System for Directional Drilling
Authors: Mensah J. S. , Braimah D. E. , Osei O. O. , Amamoo B. O. , Amorin R. , Blankson J. Kuntu
Published: July 2023

The oil and gas industry during drilling operations constantly seeks to lower cost and improve efficiency without compromising on safety. Planning a well before commencing drilling operations is an important process that helps to cut down on cost. Planning enables the driller to analyse various potential problems and find mitigation techniques so that the drilling operation is optimised. Manual technique of planning a well is not able to effectively anticipate certain drilling problems, translating to an increased cost of drilling. Seeking transformation over the years has resulted in looking towards data-driven solutions. This paper focuses on developing a digital copy of the directional drilling process to plan a well. Twin digitalisation was used to translate a drilling process into a virtual environment. This involved the use of physics-based models, mathematical models, and programming languages. The system gives an optimal plan with focus on safety, risk reduction, and improved performance. In addition, the system provides "what-if" scenarios, which allow detection of potential problems before actual drilling operations commence. In summary, digital twin was found to be advantageous over the manual technique by playing one of the greatest roles in combining digital and real-time data together with predictive diagnostic messages, leading to an improved accuracy rate in decision making and results.
Key Considerations in the Design and Execution of Extension Packs or Frac Packs When in the Proximity to a Main Thrust Fault
Authors: Elendu C. , Prada M. , Njoku S. , Ojukwu I.
Published: July 2023

Devotion of quality time, effort, and dedicated resources during the planning phase of frac or extension packed wells and establishing a clear communication path to a collaborative execution, will ensure the achievement of a successful stimulation with a reliable sand control. These diligent planning efforts become more crucial when faced with challenging thrust fault environments which can adversely affect the outcome of a frac or extension packs. Thrust faults traversing a target reservoir needs to be carefully evaluated for activation or uncontrollable fluid loss during the frac pack process to ensure adequate mitigation can be implemented for a successful job.

This paper illustrates the systematic approach used to optimize sand control and productivity for a deepwater well including the following challenges that were encountered: TCP overbalance concerns, brine density, and the need to manage potential high fluid losses in a depleted zone (hydrostatic pressure less than 80 psi below estimated fracture pressure). Fracpack was designed without any frac length constraint. Gel concentration, pad volume and pump rate were maximized to manage low fluid efficiency. The job was pumped as per design with hard screenout at nominal rate, 70% of proppant placed behind casing and good annular pack.

The well in question was an oil producer which was drilled with the wellbore crossing the main thrust fault at the reservoir level. It was drilled with no wellbore stability issues reported. The sand-face completion presented major challenges as summarized below. Lower Zone: short perforation interval that was 25 ft above the OWC and less than 80 ft away from the main thrust fault. Middle Zone: depleted sands with the main thrust fault crossing the wellbore few feet above the top perforation (top of the reservoir sand). Upper Zone: thrust fault was less than 90 ft away from the wellbore.
Managing Hydrocarbons State to Address Demand, Necessity and Profitability
Authors: Nwankwo K. O.
Published: July 2023

Engineering a gas field that is more than 15 years old comes with its own challenges especially when there is a need to redesign production rules to meet Management objective functions based on the current need of the Company. The basic requirement is to continually Demonstrate commitment to Nigerian environmental stewardship while optimizing every other objective functions. This paper reviews the performance of a Gas field taking into cognizance the dynamics of operational needs and challenges encountered in the daily operations and provides solution.

An Integrated Production model sensitive to thermodynamic conditions was developed to interpret daily operations to Production Engineering which formed a framework to forecast future production. The model also characterizes flow in the pipe and predicts daily fluid (gas and oil) production. Additionally, the model enables investigation of Flow Assurance (hydrate formation, Pipeline Corrosion, Pipeline Erosion etc.) and integrity of subsurface safety valves to ensure uninterrupted flow. Interconversion of hydrocarbon gas to Liquid is then reviewed in the model before execution.

Results from the Integrated production model were used to investigate historical events (well trips, facilities shut in etc.) and advise on how best to prevent such emergencies. Planning with this model enables striking a balance between Condensate needs versus gas production targets given the Economics of production and funds within the Environmental design. Reoccurring Flow Assurance and Well integrity challenges were flagged to be addressed and eliminated. A total gain of about 20 MMSCFD and 1,000 BPD of condensate was achieved with options to re line network arrangement to improve results.
Reservoir Management of Gas Condensate Fields: Case Studies from the Niger Delta
Authors: Adeyinka Adeboye Kayode , Eruvbetine Obor , Jaja Adagogo , Aladesulu Adeniyi , Udeh Uchenna , Olayomi Joseph
Published: July 2023

Natural gas has been widely touted as a transition fuel due to its lower greenhouse gas emissions when compared to other fossil fuels such as coal and oil, serving as a bridge fuel between the fossil fuels and the renewables. This has made gas condensate reservoirs (GCRs) a crucial resource in meeting the increasing demand for cleaner, more affordable energy for the energy transition.

GCRs while producing gas also deliver valuable condensate liquid that could pose production challenges. An example is condensate banking around the wellbore which reduces overall well productivity. Furthermore, GCRs also require more rigorous pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) modeling to cover the producing lifecycle of the reservoir and understand how much of the condensate will be produced to the surface.

Resolving these additional complexities with GCRs requires proper surveillance data acquisition, PVT analysis, reservoir simulation to improve reservoir understanding and integrated asset models to bring all the knowledge together and capture flow interactions. Data such as fluid lab tests, reservoir pressure trend, pressure transient testing and production tests are analyzed; giving insights into fluid, reservoir, and near-wellbore properties. Gas wells are typically online for extended periods to meet daily contract quantities (DCQ). This poses a challenge to the acceptable duration of pressure build-up (PBU) tests. For this, a review of some opportunistic extended build-up tests that were done during a scheduled Turn-Around Maintenance that allowed a deeper radius of investigation into the reservoirs is presented.

This text builds on existing literature on the management of gas condensate reservoirs highlighting lessons learnt and best practices while using case studies from some Niger Delta reservoirs. The case studies presented cover a wide range of some reservoir parameters that impact expected ultimate recovery such as permeability and condensate-gas-ratio (CGR) while discussing field practices and results.
İklim Değişikliğinin Kronolojik Analizi ve Nükleer Enerjiye Bir Bakış
Authors: GÜNAY Nergin , HACIYAKUPOĞLU Sevilay
Published: July 2023

İklim değişikliği, 21. yüzyılda insanlığın küresel ölçekte karşılaştığı en büyük tehdittir. Gezegenimizin yaşanılabilir kalması için, tüm dünyada iklim değişikliği üzerine olumlu etki yaratacak eylemlerin yürürlüğe girmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sadece bilim dünyasının çalışmalarını değil, aynı zamanda bireysel davranışları, toplumların enerji ve doğal kaynakları kullanma biçimlerini ve hükümetlerin politikaları da dahil olmak üzere, yerel düzeyden küresel düzeye uzanan etkili bir iklim değişikliği eylemini kapsamaktadır. Modern yaşam tarzımızın dayandığı ekonominin sürdürülebilir olması, kullandığımız enerji türünün seçimine bağlı olduğundan, enerji tedariki önümüzdeki yıllarda insanlığın en önemli konularından birisini oluşturacaktır. Hızlı sanayileşme, enerji rezervlerinin tükenmesi, petrol ve gaz ihraç eden ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlık, bununla birlikte fosil yakıtlardan elde edilen geleneksel enerji kaynaklarının sera gazı emisyonları açısından çevreye zarar vermesi yenilikçi enerji üretim teknolojilerine ihtiyacı gerekli kılmaktadır. İnsanlığın iklim felaketlerinden kurtulmasına ve temiz enerji sağlamasına yardımcı olabilecek yüksek teknolojiler içerisinde bugünün ve geleceğin enerjilerinden biri nükleer enerjidir. Bu çalışmada, iklim değişikliğini kontrol altına almak amacıyla ortaya konulan irade, iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak artan afetler, iklim değişikliğinin hayatımız üzerindeki etkileri, nükleer enerjiye dair yapılan çalışmalar ve nükleer enerji kullanımının iklim değişikliğini önlemedeki rolü üzerine olan girişimler kronolojik olarak inceleme konusu haline getirilmiştir. Ayrıca, nükleer enerjiyle ilgili önyargıların enerji politikaları oluşturulmasının önündeki mevcut engellere etkileri ortaya konulmuştur.
Müsilaj Oluşumu ve Ekolojisi
Authors: POLAT Ece , ÜNVER Hülya , ALTINBAŞ Mahmut
Published: July 2023

Müsilaj oluşumu, çeşitli biyolojik ve hidrolojik etkileşimleri içeren çok karmaşık bir olgudur. Müsilaj oluşumuna elverişli koşullar oşinografik değişimlerle gözlenebilirken, ortamda bulunan bakteriyel ve fitoplanktona dayalı aktiviteler de müsilaj oluşumunda etkin rol oynar. 17. yüzyıldan beri farklı denizlerde ve ekosistemlerde gözlenmiş müsilajın, mikrobiyal yapısı ve şekli de farklıdır. Bu durumu, müsilaj oluşumunun çoğunlukla taksona özgü olması ve kalınlığının ile dokusunun ise çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmesi ile açıklamak mümkündür. Müsilaj araştırmalarında baskın tür olarak çoğunlukla fitoplankterler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle, ortamdaki yüksek organik madde miktarı ve nutrient miktarları, fitoplankton oluşumu ve mikroçevre oluşumunu tetiklemektedir ve suyun sıcaklık, akışkanlık, türbidite gibi bazı özellikleri müsilaj üretimini artırıcı etki göstermektedir. Bu derlemede, öncelikle çözünmüş organik madde (ÇOM) ve mikrobiyal popülasyonun agregat oluşturarak nasıl müsilaja dönüştüğünden bahsedilmiştir. Sonrasında, mikrobiyal ekoloji incelemelerinde müsilajın yapısında karşılaşılmış canlı grupları anlatılmıştır. Müsilaj bölgelerinde gözlenen baskın türler, vaka bilgileri ile detaylı olarak anlatıldıktan sonra, müsilaj oluşumu sonucu yaşamı olumsuz etkilenen canlılardan bazı örnekler verilmiştir.
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of compounds from Citrus sinensis peels and in silico molecular docking study
Authors: YOHANES Raey , GEREMEW Teshome , TAFESE Tarekegn , ENDALE ANNİSA Milkyas
Published: July 2023

The increasing prevalence of drug resistance, adverse side effects of existing antibiotics, and the resurgence of previously known infections have necessitated the search for new, safe, and effective antimicrobial agents. The peels of Citrus sinensis (300 g) were extracted using maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods with ethanol, resulting in yields of 20.99 g and 11.5 g (7%, 7.5%), respectively. Silica gel column chromatographic separation of the ethanol extract yielded N-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxydecan-2-y1)octanamide (1), decanoic acid (2), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside derivative (3), and (z)-ethyl tetradec-7-enoate (4). GC-MS analysis of the essential oil detected 7 chemical components accounting for 99.84% of the total composition of which limonene was found to be the predominant constituent (87.5%). In vitro antibacterial tests revealed promising zones of inhibition by ethanol extract (12.67±0.58 mm, at 150 mg/mL), compound 4 (15.67±2.88 mm, at 6 mg/mL), and compound 1 (12.00±0.00 mm, at 6 mg/mL) against E. faecalis, S. typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa, respectively, compared to gentamicin (13.00±1.73 mm, 18.00±1.00 mm, and 16.67±1.15 mm, respectively at 10 µg/mL). DPPH radical scavenging activity indicated that compound 1 exhibited an IC50 value of 0.05 mg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid's 0.016 mg/mL. In silico molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 1 and 3 had the lowest scoring poses against E. coli DNA gyrase B enzyme, human peroxiredoxin 5, and S. aureus pyruvate kinase, respectively. These findings support traditional applications of Citrus peels in treating infectious diseases, particularly against Gram-positive strains, and highlight their potential use as antibacterial ingredients in cosmetics.
Dynamic cluster analysis of urban river ecosystem using water, climate, and economy nexus
Authors: Yan Xuebo , Gao Xuelong , Jiang Zhifa , Zhang Jiehui
Published: July 2023

Urban rivers are the origin of civilizations, the source of water supply, and the center of recreational and sports activities. The role of rivers can be investigated from various political, cultural, security, drought, economic, and health aspects. This study was conducted in order to identify the influencing components of urban rivers on ecosystem sustainability. The weight coefficients of climatic, social, economic, and ecological components were evaluated through dynamic cluster analysis, and their role in ecosystem sustainability was quantified. In addition, the relationship between water-based factors and environmental components was determined in finding the best components of river ecosystem evaluation for future decisions. The provided analysis can increase the stability of the urban river ecosystem and can rank the priority of the impact factors. Ecological environment statistics, nature measures, economic parameters, and land cover rate substantially affected the visual influence of the urban river ecosystem. Results showed that the proposed evaluation provided a reasonable framework to evaluate the sustainability of the urban river ecosystem and visual perception to improve the design efficiency by decision-makers.
Exploring efficient photocatalytic degradation of humic acid from aqueous solution with plant-based ZnFe2O4@TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite using Elaeagnus angustifolia tree bark methanolic extract
Authors: Asri Majid , Naghizadeh Ali , Hasani Amirhesam , Mortazavi-Derazkola Sobhan , Javid Amirhossein , Yousefinia Ali
Published: July 2023

In the process of sanitizing drinking water, humic acid present in drinking water sources reacts with chlorine disinfectant and forms mutagenic, defective, and carcinogenic disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia tree bark was used for the synthesis of ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposite and then properties and structural elements and diagnostic features of nanoparticles were analyzed. According to the results, the ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposites have an average crystalline size of ∼65–250 nm. Also, the effects of pH (3–11), nanoparticle dose (0.005–0.1 g/L), and humic acid concentration (2–15 mg/L) were examined up to 120 min of time. From the results, the highest removal percentages achieved about 100% at optimal conditions (pH = 3, nanocomposite dose = 0.05 g/L and humic acid initial concentration = 2 mg/L). The results of this research showed that the efficiency of nanocomposite at the highest concentration of humic acid that was investigated in this research (15 mg/L) was about 95.67%. Therefore, it can be concluded that this nanocomposite, while being cost-effective and environmentally friendly, is also very effective in removing humic acid from an aqueous solution.
Reaction mechanism and detecting properties of a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for microcystin based on three-dimensional AuNPs@MWCNTs/GQDs
Authors: Zhao Rujing , Li Jin , Wu Chengsi , Cai Jun , Li Shiqian , Li Aifeng , Zhong Lian
Published: July 2023

Microcystins with leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a virulent hepatotoxin, which is commonly present in polluted water with its demethylated derivatives [Dha7] MC-LR. This study reported a low-cost molecularly imprinted polymer network-based electrochemical sensor for detecting MC-LR. The sensor was based on a three-dimensional conductive network composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The molecularly imprinted polymer was engineered by quantum chemical computation utilizing p-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as dual functional monomers and L-arginine as a segment template. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of MC-LR on the sensor was studied for the first time, which is an irreversible electrochemical oxidation reaction involving an electron and two protons, and is controlled by a mixed adsorption–diffusion mechanism. The sensor exhibited a great detection response to MC-LR in the linear range of 0.08–2 μg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.0027 μg/L (S/N = 3). In addition, the recoveries of the total amount of MC-LR and [Dha7] MC-LR in the actual sample by the obtained sensor were in the range from 91.4 to 116.7%, which indicated its great potential for environmental detection.
influence of using MEDBOGI (media boneka gigi) on knowledge of how to brush teeth in mild mental mental disability children at SLB Tunas Mulya Surabaya
Authors: Zahro Athiyyah Nabilah Az , Hidayati Sri , Isnanto Isnanto
Published: July 2023

It was found in a preliminary study conducted on mild mentally retarded children aged 9-12 years at SLB Tunas Mulya Surabaya, most of them had poor knowledge of how to brush their teeth. This is caused by the use of media that is less effective in the learning process. Efforts to increase knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance can be carried out by using MEDBOGI (Media Boneka Gigi). This study aimed to determine the effect of using MEDBOGI on knowledge of how to brush teeth in children with mild mental retardation at SLB Tunas Mulya Surabaya. The research method uses analytic research with quick experimental and one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample was 30 mentally retarded children aged 9-12 years at SLB Tunas Mulya Surabaya, taking samples using a total sampling technique. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The data analysis technique uses the Mann-Whitney test. Results: based on the Man-Whitney test, the result is P (0.000) <0.05. This value indicates that H0 is rejected, so there is an effect of using MEDBOGI on knowledge of how to brush teeth in children with mild mental retardation at SLB Tunas Mulya Surabaya.
Marketing strategy for tourist attractions to increase intention to visits Pura Taman Ayun, Bali
Authors: Meirejeki I Nyoman , Pemayun I Dewa Gede Ari , Santanu Gede , Jaya I Made Sura Ambara , Kanca I Nyoman
Published: July 2023

Tourist attraction Taman Ayun is a tourist place on the island of Bali which is located in the village of Taman Ayun, District Abiansemal, Badung, Bali Province. The tourist attraction Taman Ayun is present in the form of long tail macaques, Pala Forest, and Pura Bukit Sari as its appeal. The number of tourists who visited Travel Attractions Taman Ayun from time to time experienced an increase after falling dramatically in 2012, amounting to 54 637 people, but the increase in the number of tourists is still quite slow and when compared with the visit of the peak that occurred in 2009 amounted to 225 672 people is still very low. The research aims to the right marketing strategic to increase rapidly tourists to visit Taman Ayun Travel Attractions. The method used in this study is through questionnaires, observation, library research, documentation, and interviews with the manager. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques were used to analyze the marketing mix and strategy using SWOT analysis as well as using a Likert scale to analyze the questionnaires that were distributed.
Developing classroom management skills for pre-service primary education students through pedagogical training in Vietnam
Authors: Hai Ta Van
Published: July 2023

The article focuses on the development of classroom management skills for pre-service primary education students through pedagogical training. The study employs a literature review method to explore various pedagogical training approaches designed to enhance classroom management abilities for future teachers. The article highlights the significance of a strong theoretical foundation in classroom management. Pre-service teachers need to grasp essential concepts and theories related to classroom management to effectively address challenges in the classroom and foster a positive learning environment. Moreover, practical strategies, such as behavior management techniques and setting clear expectations, are emphasized as crucial elements for developing classroom management skills. Additionally, the article emphasizes the positive impact of teacher-student relationships on effective classroom management. Building rapport with students, showing empathy, and creating a supportive learning environment are identified as critical factors in successful classroom management. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of personalized support in classroom management. Pre-service teachers should be equipped with strategies to address the diverse behaviors and learning needs of their students, ensuring that each student receives appropriate guidance and assistance. The practical implications of the research findings lie in the design and enhancement of comprehensive and practical pedagogical training programs for pre-service primary education students.
Nidanapanchaka of Grahani Roga along with Lifestyle modification
Authors: Vibha M. Joshi  , Prashant A.S.
Published: July 2023

A healthy body creates a healthy mind. A healthy gut molds a healthy body. This establishes the relation of gut with that of the brain. Ayurveda emphasized the relation with gut and brain dating back to the centuries. Grahani Roga is one of the leading disorders of Annavaha Srotas. The main site of Agni is Grahani i.e., “Sasthi Pittadhara Kala” i.e., the part of the intestine between Amashaya and Pakwashaya. Grahani springs from Dhatu “Graha” which suggests “to catch”, “to hold” or “to get”. Normally it retains the undigested food and releases the digested food through the sides of its lumen. Any disturbance in Agni leads to an improper digestion of food which moves either in Urdhva or Adho Marga and when it goes in Adho Marga then it leads to Grahani Roga. So, it should be mainly treated with Deepana (which enhance digestive power) and Pachana (digestive) drugs for Agnivardhana. In modern science it can be correlated with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is characterized by a group of symptoms that can significantly undermine the quality of life of the patient. It is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms accompanied together that include abdominal pain and changes in the consistency of bowel movement.
Environmental toxicity: prevention & cure in Ayurevda
Authors: Rani Jyoti , Sharma Anita , Kumawat Dinesh
Published: July 2023

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification are the main process through which environmental toxicity takes place in living organism. This era is era of modernisation and urbanisation and environmental toxicity has become the most dangerous situation. In Ayurveda with the explanation of human health and diseases, the same importance was given to environment and other living creature also. In Ayurveda, environmental toxicity is explained as Janapadodhwansa. Four main factors are explained under Janapadodhwansa - Vayu (air), Jala (water), Desha (land), and Kaala (season) and these becomes more dangerous in following order. Many formulations and method are explained for these Janapadodhwansa factors. Some researches has been done on these method and formulation and some on other herbs and formulation. For eg- Dhoopan Karma with Laksha, Haridra and other drugs is explained as best remedy for the air pollution. Research study on Dhoopan Karma had given the promising result. Ash of some herbs are told to mix with the polluted water. To store water, copper metal and mud made vessels are told in Ayurveda. Research has proved that copper vessel makes water bacteria free. Soil pollution now a days is due to waste of metals and chemicals. Researches has found that the level of metal contamination can be minimised by use of herbs like Neem. The main protocol of management of disease occurred due to environmental pollution is to follow the moral and ethics and Panchakarma.
Nabhi Shareer w.s.r. to Nabhi as Pitta Sthana - A Review
Authors: Ankita Chitragupt  , Bibha Rani Ratna
Published: July 2023

Ayurveda is a holistic science. Science always believes on principle and fact that are methodically proved and undeniably accepted. Ayurveda as a medical science cover all aspect of Rachana Shareer and Kriya Shareer. To understand Rachana Shareer the primary knowledge of anatomical landmarks is important. On the basis of these anatomical landmark the Physician and Anatomist can approach these diagnoses and treatment in better way. In Ayurvedic science till date there are many concepts which need to be explained well in which Nabhi is one of the Concept. The Nabhi plays an utmost imp role in development of body from very beginning of life. The central point of body in between Amashaya (location of undigested food) and Pakwashaya (location of digested food) is termed as Nabhi.[1] In classical text of Ayurveda, scattered references regarding Nabhi Shareer is available. But because of intense importers all most all Acharya has considered Nabhi as anatomical landmark to identify the position of various organ. In which Acharya Vagbhata quotes Nabhi as Pitta Sthana.[2] Even though the Dosha are stated to be present all over the body. Among Tridosha, Pitta play a major role in digestion and metabolism, production of heat and from of energy. Many Acharyas explain it as Agni Sthana or Jyoti Sthana. In this review article we are trying to anatomically locate Nabhi as Pitta (Pachak Pitta) based on classical literature.