bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circularity and Anthropophagic Consumption as a Metaphor: The Body as Currency?
Authors: Guasque Yara
Published: June 2020

With an outset in two real cases of anthropophagy, one in the European continent (Germany) in 2001, and the other in South America (Brazil) in 2012, this article aims to to rethink forms of subjectivity versus circulation of information; technologies and the State’s machinery setup; and constitution of “nationalisms”. Rather than investigating them as acts of violence against individuals, I will use them as a social metaphor, with their economic implications. An alibi to elucidate cultural differences concerning the State’s incorporations into subjectivity, its technological and legal setup, and the body included in the circularity of capital as currency.
For a Few Dollars More: Class Action against Crowdsourcing
Authors: Schmidt Florian Alexander
Published: June 2020

This paper will give an introduction into the rise of crowdsourcing, its methods and the controversies surrounding it. To some, crowdsourcing is a neutral umbrella term that describes new processes of distributing labour; to others it is the exploitation of cheap or free labour with detrimental effects for workers and professions. The questions are: Is crowdsourcing exploitative even when all participants are volunteers and know the conditions? Is it labour when people do the work as a hobby? Is crowdsourcing inherently unethical or is it just a question of how the parameters are configured? And how can national labour laws tackle a global phenomenon? It is not easy to evaluate crowdsourcing because of its varying definitions and methods. The deal between those who do the work and thosewho profit from it varies from platform to platform. The different approaches in crowdsourcing are scattered across a spectrum that reaches from productive leisure and play over altruistic volunteering to precarious labour.
La solidaridad y la sostenibilidad a través de los docentes con formación en mediación: ¿Una realidad indisociable?
Authors: Parra Villena Arantxa , Morales Hernández Antonio José , Caurín Alonso Carlos
Published: June 2020

La evolución de los conceptos de solidaridad y sostenibilidad han posibilitado una serie de representaciones sociales en los docentes que han abarcado desde la caridad a la justicia social y del desarrollismo al ambientalismo. La Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible manifiesta que ambos conceptos deben entenderse de manera globalizada. Por ello, desde el Postgrado de Formación del Profesorado en mediación, nos planteamos la siguiente cuestión: ¿Los docentes que reciben esta formación en mediación ven la solidaridad y la sostenibilidad como una realidad indisociable? Para demostrarlo, hemos planteado un estudio de nueve casos repartidos en tres grupos de muestra: el primero sin formación en mediación; el segundo con formación teórica en mediación; y el tercero con formación y práctica en mediación. Los indicios permiten evidenciar que las representaciones sociales de ambos conceptos tan solo son percibidas como una realidad indisociable para los docentes que tienen formación y experiencia en mediación.
Generation of inner ear hair cells by direct lineage conversion of primary somatic cells
Authors: Menendez Louise , Trecek Talon , Gopalakrishnan Suhasni , Tao Litao , Markowitz Alexander L , Yu Haoze V , Wang Xizi , Llamas Juan , Huang Chichou , Lee James , Kalluri Radha , Ichida Justin , Segil Neil
Published: June 2020

The mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells in the inner ear are selectively vulnerable to numerous genetic and environmental insults. In mammals, hair cells lack regenerative capacity, and their death leads to permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Their paucity and inaccessibility has limited the search for otoprotective and regenerative strategies. Growing hair cells in vitro would provide a route to overcome this experimental bottleneck. We report a combination of four transcription factors (Six1, Atoh1, Pou4f3, and Gfi1) that can convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts, adult tail-tip fibroblasts and postnatal supporting cells into induced hair cell-like cells (iHCs). iHCs exhibit hair cell-like morphology, transcriptomic and epigenetic profiles, electrophysiological properties, mechanosensory channel expression, and vulnerability to ototoxin in a high-content phenotypic screening system. Thus, direct reprogramming provides a platform to identify causes and treatments for hair cell loss, and may help identify future gene therapy approaches for restoring hearing.
On Comparative Methodologies, or, How Professional Ecologies Vary
Authors: Blok Anders
Published: June 2020

Based on the authors’ own research experiences, this essay discusses the potentials of a “cross-jurisdictional” comparative methodology in the sociology of professions, which aims to describe similarities and variations in patterns of inter-professional interaction across substantively different work domains. This approach, the essay shows, stands in contrast to two more prevalent comparative methodologies in the field, dubbed here “cross-national” and “intra-national,” respectively. Drawing on Andrew Abbott’s seminal framework, cross-jurisdictional comparisons refrain from abstracting professional groups from their wider ecologies of inter-professional relations. On this basis, and invoking the methodological suggestions of Monika Krause on qualitative comparisons, the essay spells out key axes of variation between contemporary professional jurisdictions and ecologies, including along the lines of post-national analysis. The essay ends by highlighting more general reasons as to why reflecting further on new comparative possibilities may at present constitute a key stake for the future of research on professional change.
Multi-predator assemblages, dive type, bathymetry and sex influence foraging success and efficiency in African penguins
Authors: Sutton Grace , Pichegru Lorien , Botha Jonathan A. , Kouzani Abbas Z. , Adams Scott , Bost Charles A. , Arnould John P.Y.
Published: June 2020

Marine predators adapt their hunting techniques to locate and capture prey in response to their surrounding environment. However, little is known about how certain strategies influence foraging success and efficiency. Due to the miniaturisation of animal tracking technologies, a single individual can be equipped with multiple data loggers to obtain multi-scale tracking information. With the addition of animal-borne video data loggers, it is possible to provide context-specific information for movement data obtained over the video recording periods. Through a combination of video data loggers, accelerometers, GPS and depth recorders, this study investigated the influence of habitat, sex and the presence of other predators on the foraging success and efficiency of the endangered African penguin,Spheniscus demersus, from two colonies in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Due to limitations in the battery life of video data loggers, a machine learning model was developed to detect prey captures across full foraging trips. The model was validated using prey capture signals detected in concurrently recording accelerometers and animal-borne cameras and was then applied to detect prey captures throughout the full foraging trip of each individual. Using GPS and bathymetry information to inform the position of dives, individuals were observed to perform both pelagic and benthic diving behaviour. Females were generally more successful on pelagic dives than males, suggesting a trade-off between manoeuvrability and physiological diving capacity. By contrast, males were more successful in benthic dives, at least for Bird Island (BI) birds, possibly due to their larger size compared to females, allowing them to exploit habitat deeper and for longer durations. Both males at BI and both sexes at St Croix (SC) exhibited similar benthic success rates. This may be due to the comparatively shallower seafloor around SC, which could increase the likelihood of females capturing prey on benthic dives. Observation of camera data indicated individuals regularly foraged with a range of other predators including penguins and other seabirds, predatory fish (sharks and tuna) and whales. The presence of other seabirds increased individual foraging success, while predatory fish reduced it, indicating competitive exclusion by larger heterospecifics. This study highlights novel benthic foraging strategies in African penguins and suggests that individuals could buffer the effects of changes to prey availability in response to climate change. Furthermore, although group foraging was prevalent in the present study, its influence on foraging success depends largely on the type of heterospecifics present.
Microenvironment-related gene TNFSF13B predicts poor prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Mingzhe , Lin Jiaxing , Xing Haotian , An Jun , Yang Jieping , Wang Biao , Yu Meng , Zhu Yuyan
Published: June 2020

Background

Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) affects the genitourinary system. Although treatment of KIRC in early stages can be highly successful, this type of cancer is difficult to detect until later stages of disease that are less easily treatable. Previous studies have focused on tumor cells, but have ignored the contributions of the tumor microenvironment.

Methods

We analyzed KIRC gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas with the ESTIMATE algorithm to identify differentially expressed genes. Through protein–protein interaction network analysis, we identified clusters and picked genes from the clusters for further analysis. Differential expression, Kaplan–Meier, and univariate Cox analyses were used to select prognostic biomarkers. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) analysis were used to explore the immune characteristics of these genes as biomarkers.

Results

Through the ESTIMATE algorithm and other system biology tools, TNFSF13B was identified as a prognostic biomarker. TNFSF13B is highly expressed in tumors, and high expression of TNFSF13B leads to poor prognosis. Further GSEA and TIMER analysis revealed that the expression of TNFSF13B was related to the immune signaling pathway and lymphocyte infiltration. Our findings strongly suggest that TNFSF13B may be a potential biomarker or target related to the tumor microenvironment for KIRC.
A ação do capital imobiliário no Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida faixas 2 e 3 no município de Petrópolis-RJ
Authors: Melo André De Oliveira , Cassab Clarice
Published: June 2020

O Programa habitacional Minha Casa Minha Vida – MCMV, instituído pelo governo Federal em 2009, promoveu uma (re)organização territorial urbana dos municípios brasileiros. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado esses efeitos, porém com pouca análise sobre as faixas 2 e 3. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a ação do capital imobiliário exógeno no município de Petrópolis-RJ e sua atuação no MCMV voltado paras as faixas 2 e 3 e como esse processo tem acarretado um novo ordenamento territorial urbano desse município. A metodologia utilizada pautou-se no levantamento bibliográfico e entrevista ao agente público (prefeitura) e aos agentes privados (construtoras, incorporadoras e imobiliárias). Os resultados apontaram para um adensamento do eixo de expansão urbana, localizado na Estrada União e Indústria e na Estrada Philuvio Cerqueira Rodrigues, acompanhado do crescimento da oferta de comércio e serviços, sobretudo no 2º e 3º Distritos. Além desses processos, observou-se a valorização imobiliária dos empreendimentos bem como das áreas no seu entorno, principalmente naqueles espaços cuja verticalização é permitida por lei urbana.

Abstract

ACTION OF REAL ESTATE CAPITAL IN THE MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA PROGRAM TRACKS 2 AND 3 IN PETRÓPOLIS-RJ

The housing Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (My Home My Life) - MCMV, instituted by the Federal government in 2009, promoted an urban and territorial (re) organization of Brazilian municipalities. Several studies have demonstrated these effects, but with little analysis of types 2 and 3. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the action of exogenous real estate capital in the municipality of Petrópolis - RJ and its performance through the MCMV aimed at types 2 and 3 and how this process has brought a new urban territorial ordering in this municipality. The methodology used was based on the bibliographic survey and on interviews with the public agent (city hall) and private agents (builders, developers and real estate). Results pointed to a thickening of the urban expansion axis, located on União e Indústria and Philuvio Cerqueira Rodrigues Roads, accompanied by the growth in the offer of trade and services, especially in the 2nd and 3rd Districts. In addition to these processes, the real estate appreciation of the developments was observed, as well as of the surrounding areas, especially in those spaces in which verticalization is permitted by urban law.
Editorial
Authors: O'Connor John , Woodard Wiremu
Published: June 2020

Korihi te manu The bird singsTākiri mai i te ata The morning has dawnedKa ao, ka ao, ka awatea The day has brokenTihei Mauri Ora! Behold, there is life!E ngā mana, e ngā reo, e ngā manu tioriori, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou katoa!
The Body Responds
Authors: Green Emma , Solomon Margot
Published: June 2020

The first author uses a hermeneutic approach to reflect on her somatic experiences with clients diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa. Using poetry, imagery, and metaphor, as well as understandings drawn from the psychodynamic literature, she attempts to convey something of the nature of her journey towards making sense of her experiences. The second author was the supervisor of the first author’s dissertation, from which this article arose.
Psychosynthesis and Culture
Authors: Palmer Helen
Published: June 2020

This paper is a keynote address the author gave in Oslo, Norway, at a psychosynthesis conference in 2015. The conference organiser had heard Helen present at a Conference in Rome in 2012 on the development of psychosynthesis in our bicultural nation and multicultural society. He invited her to speak to ‘Sensitivity and Resourcefulness in Multicultural Work’. This paper is how Helen responded to that invitation based on her experience as a psychosynthesis practitioner in Aotearoa. This paper is about how culture shapes identity as people negotiate the developmental tasks of being human. There is a tension between acknowledging that our most fundamental cultural identity is of being human, while not minimising or denying diversity and cultural difference. Shadow dynamics of power and privilege in dominant and minority group positions need to be explored. The author suggests that the psychosynthesis practice of disidentification is the key practice for managing the demands of deep cultural work. She discusses her own cultural formation as a heterosexual white woman of European ancestry raised in the Pākehā dominant culture in a bicultural context of colonialism. She invites people to engage with their own exploration. The paper tracks the development of her thinking — both from interaction with other cultures and in postmodernist thought — to examine the ontological and metaphysical assumptions the Eurocentric version of psychosynthesis makes about identity. The author concludes that disidentification helps us manage our anxious and hostile reactivity to violence and murderous ‘othering’ behaviour. If we aspire to increasing psychological maturity and awakening our heartfelt responsiveness we can keep finding our way with courageous compassionate action.
The transmembrane supercomplex mediating the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram‐negative bacteria assumes a circular conformational change upon activation
Authors: Jin Feng
Published: June 2020

The cell envelope of Gram‐negative bacteria is composed of the inner (plasma) and the outer membrane. In the outer membrane, the outer membrane β‐barrel proteins (OMPs) serve multiple functions. They are synthesized in the cytoplasm and finally inserted into the outer membrane through a critical and complex pathway facilitated by many protein factors. Recently, a new model for the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram‐negative bacteria was proposed, in which a supercomplex containing multiple proteins spans the inner and outer membrane, to mediate the biogenesis of OMPs. The core part of the transmembrane supercomplex is the inner membrane protein translocon and the outer membrane β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. Some components of the supercomplex, such as the BamA subunit of the BAM complex, are essential and conserved across species. The other components, for example, the BamB subunit and the primary periplasmic chaperone SurA, are also required for the supercomplex to gain complete function and full efficiency. How BamB and SurA behave in the supercomplex, however, is less well understood. Therefore, the crosstalk between BamA, BamB and SurA was investigated mainly through in vivo protein photo‐cross‐linking experiments and protein modeling. Moreover, theoretical structures for part of the supercomplex consisting of SurA and the BAM complex were constructed. The modeling data are consistent with the experimental results. The theoretical structures computed in this work provide a more comprehensive view of the mechanism of the supercomplex, demonstrating a circular conformational change of the supercomplex when it is active.
Copper‐Mediated Diamination of Arylboronic Acids for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Benzimidazoles Using Trimethylsilyl Azide as the Amino Sources with Aldehydes
Authors: Xie Zeqiang , Zhou Fengtao , Ding Ke
Published: June 2020

A direct and versatile copper‐mediated three‐component reaction of arylboronic acids, trimethylsilyl azide and aldehydes for the synthesis of benzimidazoles is reported. The reaction is well tolerated by a wide range of substituted aromatic aldehydes and aromatic boronic acids to produce the corresponding benzimidazoles in moderate to high yields. Mechanism investigations demonstrated that copper‐promoted Chan‐Evans‐Lam coupling, C−H amination, and oxidative cycloaddition are involved in the tandem processes.

magnified image
Nickel(II)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Desulfinylative Arylation by C−S Cleavage of Aryl Sulfoxides with Phenylboronic Acids
Authors: Yi Xiaowen , Chen Kai , Guo Junjun , Chen Wei , Chen Wanzhi
Published: June 2020

Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling of haloarenes is the most widely used protocol for the synthesis of biphenyls. Organosulfur compounds are promising electrophiles since they are abundant in nature and versatile in organic synthesis. We report here the desulfinylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling of aryl sulfoxides with phenylboronic acids using bench‐stable nickel/5‐(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene[1,5‐a]pyridines as the catalyst. The ligands are readily prepared from common commercial chemicals. The method is applicable to both symmetric and unsymmetric aryl sulfoxides, and a range of biphenyls bearing various functional groups were obtained in up to 94% yield.

magnified image
Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Diazaspirocycles from 4‐Benzylideneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐one Derivatives and Isocyanoacetate Esters
Authors: Martínez‐Pardo Pablo , Laviós Adrián , Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Vila Carlos , Pedro José R. , Blay Gonzalo
Published: June 2020

Enantioenriched spirocyclic compounds bearing three contiguous stereocenters and high functionalization were obtained through a formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by a cooperative system. The spiro compounds were synthesized from 4‐arylideneisoxazol‐5‐ones and isocyanoacetate esters using a bifunctional squaramide/Brønsted base organocatalyst derived from a Cinchona alkaloid and silver oxide as Lewis acid. This method afforded two out of the four possible diastereomers with good yields and high enantiomeric excess for both diastereomers.

magnified image
Direct Ink Writing Based 4D Printing of Materials and Their Applications
Authors: Wan Xue , Luo Lan , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: June 2020

4D printing has attracted academic interest in the recent years because it endows static printed structures with dynamic properties with the change of time. The shapes, functionalities, or properties of the 4D printed objects could alter under various stimuli such as heat, light, electric, and magnetic field. Briefly, 4D printing is the development of 3D printing with the fourth dimension of time. Among the fabrication techniques that have been employed for 4D printing, the direct ink writing technique shows superiority due to its open source for various types of materials. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art achievements about the topic of 4D printing through direct ink writing are summarized. The types of materials, printing strategies, actuated methods, and their potential applications are discussed in detail. To date, most efforts have been devoted to shape‐shifting materials, including shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and liquid crystal elastomers, showing great prospects in areas ranging from the biomedical field to robotics. Finally, the current challenges and outlook toward 4D printing based on direct ink writing are also pointed out to leave open a significant space for future innovation.
Role of inherent soil characteristics in assessing soil health across Missouri
Authors: Zuber Stacy M. , Veum Kristen S. , Myers Robert L. , Kitchen Newell R. , Anderson Stephen H.
Published: June 2020

Soil health indicator values vary based on parent material, native vegetation, and other soil forming factors; therefore, useful interpretations require consideration of inherent soil characteristics. Our objective was to evaluate the distribution of soil health indicators across soil and climate gradients throughout the state of Missouri through a statewide cover crop cost‐share program. Soil samples (0–7 cm) were collected from 5,300 agricultural fields and analyzed for several soil health indicators. Comparisons were made among six regions in the state based on Major Land Resource Area and county boundaries. Results varied for soil organic carbon (C), active C, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, water stable aggregates, and cation exchange capacity by region and corresponded with soil forming factors. Interpretation of soil health indicators must account for regional factors, recognizing that areas with different inherent values have a different potential for soil health.
Direct Observation of Alternating Octahedral and Prismatic Sodium Layers in O3‐Type Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Kim Jae Chul , Kwon Deok‐Hwang , Yang Julia H. , Kim Hyunchul , Bo Shou‐Hang , Wu Lijun , Kim Haegyeom , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Shi Tan , Wang Jingyang , Zhu Yimei , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: June 2020

The oxygen stacking of O3‐type layered sodium transition metal oxides (O3‐NaTMO2) changes dynamically upon topotactic Na extraction and reinsertion. While the phase transition from octahedral to prismatic Na coordination that occurs at intermediate desodiation by transition metal slab gliding is well understood, the structural evolution at high desodiation, crucial to achieve high reversible capacity, remains mostly uncharted. In this work, the phase transitions of O3‐type layered NaTMO2 at high voltage are investigated by combining experimental and computational approaches. An OP2‐type phase that consists of alternating octahedral and prismatic Na layers is directly observed by in situ X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The origin of this peculiar phase is explained by atomic interactions involving Jahn–Teller active Fe4+ and distortion tolerant Ti4+ that stabilize the local Na environment. The path‐dependent desodiation and resodiation pathways are also rationalized in this material through the different kinetics of the prismatic and octahedral layers, presenting a comprehensive picture about the structural stability of the layered materials upon Na intercalation.
Tank contamination and simulated drift effects of dicamba‐containing formulations on soybean cultivars
Authors: Alves Guilherme S. , Vieira Bruno C. , Ynfante Rosa S. , Santana Thalyson M. , Moraes Jesaelen G. , Golus Jeffrey A. , Kruger Greg R.
Published: June 2020

The objectives of this study were to (a) investigate the spray drift potential of dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) formulations with different nozzles in a low‐speed wind tunnel and (b) evaluate the effects of sublethal rates of dicamba‐containing formulations on non–dicamba‐tolerant (DT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The dicamba formulations used were diglycolamine (DGA), N,N‐Bis‐(3‐aminopropyl)methylamine, and diglycolamine with VaporGrip (DGAvg). The wind tunnel drift study was conducted with these three dicamba formulations, two nozzle types (AIXR110015 and TTI110015), and five downwind distances from the nozzle (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 m). The dicamba rate was 560 g ae ha−1, simulating a 140 L ha−1 carrier volume. The soybean exposure study was conducted in two experimental runs with three sublethal dicamba rates (0.112, 0.56, and 5.6 g ae ha−1), the three dicamba formulations aforementioned, and five non‐DT soybean cultivars (Asgrow A3253, Asgrow AG2636, Credenz CZ2601LL, DynaGro 39RY25, and Hoegemeyer 2511NRR). Applications were made using a spray chamber with a single AI9502EVS even nozzle that delivered 140 L ha−1. During applications, soybean plants were at three‐leaf growth stage. Dicamba formulations had different drift deposition across the AIXR and TTI nozzles. The soybean cultivars had different levels of sensitivity to dicamba and depended on rate vs. formulation interaction. The DGA caused greater biomass reduction on soybean cultivars compared with DGAvg, especially for Credenz CZ2601LL, which was one of the most dicamba‐sensitive cultivars along with Hoegemeyer 2511NRR. Additional care must be taken to mitigate off‐target movement from dicamba applications with these cultivars nearby.
Plastic temperature response function accurately simulates crop flowering or heading date
Authors: Wu Dingrong , Huo Zhiguo , Wang Peijuan , Song Yanling , Yang Jianying , Zhao Huarong , Yang Yang , Yu Qiang
Published: June 2020

Although crop phenology is responsive and adaptable to cultural and climatic conditions, many phenology models are too sensitive to variable climatic conditions. We developed a plastic temperature response function by assuming that development rate was linearly related to temperature and that the linearity was linearly responsive to day of year (DOYv) of the starting date of the vegetative growth period (VGP). Phenology observations and weather data were acquired for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] at 12 locations over 15–26 yr. Additional data were observed for maize grown in an interval planting experiment. For 78.6% of the sites, the crop development rate during the VGP was positively affected by DOYv. Partial correlation analysis (controlling for temperature) indicated that DOYv was independent of temperature. When averaged over all crops and sites, the RMSE for a plastic phenology model based on both response and adaptation mechanisms was lower (RMSE = 2.81 d) than models (RMSE = 3.39) based only on response mechanism (p < .01). Furthermore, simulations produced by the plastic model showed less bias to DOYv, temperature, and year. The plastic function provided a simple and effective method for achieving better phenology simulation accuracy. According to the plastic function, growing season under warming conditions will not be reduced by as much as simulated by models based only on response mechanism, so yield loss due to warming is likely to be overestimated.
Enantioselective Fluorescent Recognition of Free Amino Acids: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Pu Lin
Published: June 2020

Fluorescent probes that can discriminate enantiomers of amino acids in organic media or aqueous solution are discussed. This Minireview focuses on recent progress in the studies of three classes of probes including those made of cyclodextrins, 1,1′‐binaphthyl compounds, and nanomaterials, and uses them to illustrate the design strategies, applications, and limitations in this area. These probes are potentially useful for rapid analysis of asymmetric reactions for amino acid synthesis as well as the real‐time imaging of amino acids in biological systems. The challenges in these applications are analyzed. Working in this field of enantioselective fluorescent recognition of amino acids offers great opportunities to make new scientific discoveries and to develop important practical applications.
Stereoselective On‐Surface Cyclodehydrofluorization of a Tetraphenylporphyrin and Homochiral Self‐Assembly
Authors: Chen Hui , Tao Lei , Wang Dongfei , Wu Zhuo‐Yan , Zhang Jun‐Long , Gao Song , Xiao Wende , Du Shixuan , Ernst Karl‐Heinz , Gao Hong‐Jun
Published: June 2020

The thermally induced cyclodehydrofluorization of iron tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin proceeded highly stereoselectively to give a prochiral product on a gold surface in an ultrahigh vacuum, whereas dehydrocyclization of the respective iron tetrakisphenylporphyrin did not show such selectivity. Stereoselectivity was predominantly observed for closely packed layers, which is an indication of intermolecular cooperativity and steric constraints induced by adjacent species. Density functional theory identified intermolecular packing constraints as the origin of such selectivity during the reaction. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed the formation of an enantiomerically pure two‐dimensional self‐assembly as a conglomerate of mirror domains. On‐surface two‐dimensional topochemistry, as reported herein, may open new routes for stereoselective synthesis.
Photo‐excited Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions Enable a High‐Performance Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Du Dongfeng , Zhao Shuo , Zhu Zhuo , Li Fujun , Chen Jun
Published: June 2020

The storage of solar energy in battery systems is pivotal for a sustainable society, which faces many challenges. Herein, a Zn–air battery is constructed with two cathodes of poly(1,4‐di(2‐thienyl))benzene (PDTB) and TiO2 grown on carbon papers to sandwich a Zn anode. The PDTB cathode is illuminated in a discharging process, in which photoelectrons are excited into the conduction band of PDTB to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and raise the output voltage. In a reverse process, holes in the valence band of the illuminated TiO2 cathode are driven for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by an applied voltage. A record‐high discharge voltage of 1.90 V and an unprecedented low charge voltage of 0.59 V are achieved in the photo‐involved Zn–air battery, regardless of the equilibrium voltage. This work offers an innovative pathway for photo‐energy utilization in rechargeable batteries.
CoFe2O4@SiO2‐NH2‐CoII NPs catalyzed Hantzsch reaction as an efficient, reusable catalyst for the facile, green, one‐pot synthesis of novel functionalized 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives
Authors: Allahresani Ali , Mohammadpour Sangani Mehri , Nasseri Mohammad Ali
Published: June 2020

A magnetically heterogeneous CoFe2O4@SiO2‐NH2‐CoII nanoparticle was synthesized by the immobilization of Co (II) complex onto CoFe2O4@SiO2 nanoparticles, and the heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst was characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, EDX, and FT‐IR techniques. Then, the green and reusable method was introduced for a multicomponent synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives via Hantszch reaction. The synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives was proceeded by the reaction of aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of this magnetic nanocatalyst in EtOH/Water (1:1). Simple work‐up, short reaction times, excellent yields (60–96%) as well as green solvent are some advantages of this novel approach, and the corresponding products were purified with no need for chromatographic separation.
Naked‐eye detection of Cu (II) and Fe (III) based on a Schiff Base Ruthenium complex with nicotinohydrazide
Authors: Xia Xiaoli , Zhang Daobin , Fan Congbin , Pu Shouzhi
Published: June 2020

A cyclometalated ruthenium (II) complex 1 [(Ru (Phen)2(Pbznh)]+ PF6− (Phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline and Pbznh = N‐(4‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)benzylidene) nicotinohydrazide) with nicotinohydrazide as a functional group was synthesized and characterized. Changes of its absorption spectra and color induced by Cu2+ and Fe3+ were systematic investigated. The results demonstrated that complex 1 could be served as a colorimetric probe to fast, selective and sensitive detection of Cu2+ and Fe3+ both in acetonitrile and filter paper based strips. Upon addition of Cu2+ and Fe3+ to solution of probe 1, solution color changed from pink to colorless and light yellow respectively, and their corresponding detection limit were calculated to be 3.26 × 10−8 M and 3.12 × 10−7 M. Moreover, color of test papers with 1 changed from pink to colorless/yellow when Cu2+/Fe3+ were dropwise added. Therefore, it can be used as a desirable ‘naked‐eye’ indicator candidate for Cu2+ and Fe3+.
A Ptolemaic mummy reveals evidence of invasive dentistry in ancient Egypt
Authors: Pantazis Ioannis , Tourna Eleni , Maravelia Alicia , Kalampoukas Kiriakos , Michailidis Georgios , Kalogerakou Kleanthi , Kyriazi Stavroula , Couvaris Constantinos , Geroulanos Stefanos , Bontozoglou Nikos
Published: June 2020

Over the last decades, it has been confirmed that computerized tomography (CT) is a valuable tool for studying mummies. In joint efforts put forth by the Mummy Research Project of the Hellenic Institute of Egyptology, the National Archaeological Museum, and the Athens Medical Center, a mummy was transported to the Radiology Department of the Athens Medical Center for study. Thus, a complete CT scanning was performed of this Ptolemaic mummy (AIG 3343: Sekhem, male, 150–30 BCE), belonging to the Egyptian Collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The most significant finding is an interproximal carious cavity packed with protective material. This is the second case of dental packing in the literature among ancient Egyptian mummies studied to date. Its remarkable resemblance to the previously published study may indicate a common dental intervention performed by ancient Egyptians. Despite the well‐known early medical traditions of ancient Egypt, spanning from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, little evidence remains of their practices in dentistry. Our finding represents a rare perspective on the origins of what remains today a major allied health field discipline.
Chemical equilibrium and buffer action shown with mineral water
Authors: Hoyer Thomas , Flint Alfred
Published: June 2020

Die Behandlung des „chemischen Gleichgewichts“ ist in praktisch allen Lehr‐ und Rahmenplänen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die gymnasiale Oberstufe obligatorisch, gilt aber gleichzeitig auch als schwierig. Ein Grund dafür sind zahlreiche aus Alltagsvorstellungen abgeleitete Schülervorstellungen zur Lage und zur Statik von Gleichgewichtszuständen. Im Folgenden werden zwei Versuche mit Mineralwasser vorgestellt, die den Lernenden anschaulich zeigen, dass und wie ein sich im Gleichgewicht befindendes System auf eine „Störung“ reagiert. Damit ergibt sich nicht nur ein einfacher Zugang zum Prinzip von Le Chatelier, sondern auch zur Wirkungsweise von Puffersystemen.
Minimal change disease in a patient receiving checkpoint inhibition: Another possible manifestation of kidney autoimmunity?
Authors: Vaughan Erin , Connolly Elizabeth , Hui Mun , Chadban Steven
Published: June 2020

Background

Nivolumab has been associated with immune‐related adverse events, including nephritis, with acute interstitial nephritis being the most commonly reported renal manifestation.

Case

We describe the first case to our knowledge of minimal change disease with nephrotic syndrome associated with the PD‐1 checkpoint inhibitor, Nivolumab. Minimal change disease has been reported with other immune checkpoint inhibitors; however, this is the first reported case with Nivolumab. We report development of nephrotic syndrome with acute kidney injury in a 57‐year‐old man, 1 month after commencement of Nivolumab for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Minimal change disease was confirmed by renal biopsy. Management with corticosteroids and cessation of Nivolumab failed to improve kidney function or nephrosis.

Conclusion

This case adds to current literature identifying minimal change as an additional complication of immune checkpoint inhibitor‐associated acute kidney injury. Given the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for a range of malignancies, nephrologists, oncologist and generalists should be aware of the spectrum of kidney pathologies associated with their use.
Effect of Itraconazole, a Potent CYP3A4 Inhibitor, on the Steady‐State Pharmacokinetics of Vemurafenib in Patients With BRAFV600 Mutation–Positive Malignancies
Authors: Zhang Weijiang , Mathisen Michael , Goodman Grant R. , Forbes Harper , Song Yuyao , Bertran Enric , Demidov Lev , Shin Sang Joon
Published: June 2020

The effects of itraconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib were evaluated in a phase 1, multicenter, open‐label, fixed‐sequence study. Patients with BRAFV600 mutation–positive metastatic malignancies received oral vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily on days 1 to 20 (period A) and oral vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily with oral itraconazole 200 mg once daily on days 21 to 40 (period B). A mixed‐effects analysis of variance model was used to compare log‐transformed area under the concentration‐time curve during the dosing interval and maximum plasma concentration values for vemurafenib in 8 patients between period B (vemurafenib plus itraconazole) and period A (vemurafenib alone). Multiple doses of itraconazole increased steady‐state exposure of vemurafenib by approximately 40%, with geometric least squares mean ratios (period B/period A) of 140% (90% confidence interval, 121‐161) for both maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve during the dosing interval. There was no apparent increase in incidence or severity of adverse events during coadministration of vemurafenib with itraconazole. In conclusion, coadministration of itraconazole with vemurafenib resulted in a modest increase in exposure of vemurafenib at steady state and was generally well tolerated.
PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2C19
Authors: Botton Mariana R. , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Del Tredici Andria L. , Sangkuhl Katrin , Cavallari Larisa H. , Agúndez José A. G. , Duconge Jorge , Lee Ming Ta Michael , Woodahl Erica L. , Claudio‐Campos Karla , Daly Ann K. , Klein Teri E. , Pratt Victoria M. , Scott Stuart A. , Gaedigk Andrea
Published: June 2020

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) catalogues star (*) allele nomenclature for the polymorphic human CYP2C19 gene. CYP2C19 genetic variation impacts the metabolism of many drugs and has been associated with both efficacy and safety issues for several commonly prescribed medications. This GeneFocus provides a comprehensive overview and summary of CYP2C19 and describes how haplotype information catalogued by PharmVar is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).
Impact on genetic gain from using misspecified statistical models in generatingp‐rep designs for early generation plant‐breeding experiments
Authors: Sermarini Renata Alcarde , Brien Chris , Demétrio Clarice Garcia Borges , dos Santos Alessandra
Published: June 2020

This paper is concerned with the generation of designs for early generation, plant‐breeding experiments that use limited experimental resources as efficiently as possible to maximize the realized genetic gain (RGG) resulting from the selection of lines. A number of authors have demonstrated that partially replicated (p‐rep) designs for such experiments, in which the percentage of lines that are duplicated isp, are likely to be more efficient than grid‐plot designs. Therefore, our aim is to obtain the most efficientp‐rep design for an experiment using one of two distinctly different criteria and employing widely or readily available statistical software packages to search for an optimal design. However, this can be difficult because knowledge of the sources of variation and their magnitudes is required and is often unavailable. To overcome this impediment, a comprehensive simulation experiment was conducted to investigate whether designs that are robust to a wide range of experimental situations can be identified. Designs withpset to 20% and for different experimental situations are generated and the performance of each tested for 24 different variation scenarios. We concluded that for large experiments, the RGG obtained with various optimal designs is indeed not affected by the different variation scenarios and that resolved designs for fixed genetic effects should be generated for robustness. On the other hand, the design assumptions affect the RGG for smallp‐rep designs. Even so, an overall recommendation is made.
Characterizing niche differentiation among marine consumers with amino acid δ13C fingerprinting
Authors: Larsen Thomas , Hansen Thomas , Dierking Jan
Published: June 2020

Marine food webs are highly compartmentalized, and characterizing the trophic niches among consumers is important for predicting how impact from human activities affects the structuring and functioning of marine food webs. Biomarkers such as bulk stable isotopes have proven to be powerful tools to elucidate trophic niches, but they may lack in resolution, particularly when spatiotemporal variability in a system is high. To close this gap, we investigated whether carbon isotope (δ13C) patterns of essential amino acids (EAAs), also termed δ13CAA fingerprints, can characterize niche differentiation in a highly dynamic marine system. Specifically, we tested the ability of δ13CAA fingerprints to differentiate trophic niches among six functional groups and ten individual species in the Baltic Sea. We also tested whether fingerprints of the common zooplanktivorous fishes, herring and sprat, differ among four Baltic Sea regions with different biochemical conditions and phytoplankton assemblages. Additionally, we investigated how these results compared to bulk C and N isotope data for the same sample set. We found significantly different δ13CAA fingerprints among all six functional groups. Species differentiation was in comparison less distinct, due to partial convergence of the species' fingerprints within functional groups. Herring and sprat displayed region‐specific δ13CAA fingerprints indicating that this approach could be used as a migratory marker. Niche metrics analyses showed that bulk isotope data had a lower power to differentiate between trophic niches than δ13CAA fingerprinting. We conclude that δ13CAA fingerprinting has a strong potential to advance our understanding of ecological niches, and trophic linkages from producers to higher trophic levels in dynamic marine systems. Given how management practices of marine resources and habitats are reshaping the structure and function of marine food webs, implementing new and powerful tracer methods are urgently needed to improve the knowledge base for policy makers.
Effects of salinity on sprouting and growth of three submerged macrophytes
Authors: Xia Wentong , Zhu Bin , Qu Xiao , Liu Han , Liu Yinglong , Chen Xiaofei , Rudstam Lars G. , Ni Leyi , Chen Yushun
Published: June 2020

Many freshwater ecosystems are facing salinity stress, but limited information is available about its effects on submerged macrophytes. Here, we assessed the effects of salinity on sprouting and growth of three submerged macrophytes—Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata and Myriophyllum spicatum. We conducted experiments in the lab and the outdoor platform to test for the sprouting and growth responses of selected macrophytes to a gradient of salinity (0.32–10,000 mg Cl− L−1). Sprouting rate, biomass and other related physiological indices were measured in all treatments. We found that lower salinity (100 mg Cl− L−1) increased the turion sprouting rate, and higher salinity (greater than or equal to 5,000 mg Cl− L−1) significantly inhibited the sprouting of P. crispus turions. M. spicatum appeared to have higher tolerance of salinity than H. verticillata. The optimum salinity for the growth of H. verticillata and M. spicatum was 500–1,000 mg Cl−L−1 and 100–500 mg Cl− L−1, respectively. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and production of malondialdehyde (MDA) differed in salinity levels between submerged macrophytes, and higher SOD activity was observed in M. spicatum. This study helped clarify how physiological response mechanisms affecting sprouting and growth of submerged macrophytes are inhibited under high salinity and suggested that SOD plays an important role in the resistance to oxidative stress induced by salinity.
Cardio‐oncology discipline: focus on the necessities in developing countries
Authors: Alizadehasl Azin , Amin Ahmad , Maleki Majid , Noohi Feridoun , Ghavamzadeh Ardeshir , Farrashi Melody
Published: June 2020

Cardiovascular diseases constitute one of the main aetiologies of mortality among patients with cancer. Population ageing and cancer survival rate improvements have resulted in the coexistence of cardiovascular diseases and malignancies in an increasing number of patients. With the diversity in treatments and the introduction of new drug lines, multiple mechanisms of cardiovascular injury have been recognized in these patients.

Cardio‐oncology is an emerging entity introduced to provide a proper solution to the several challenges encountered in the management of patients with cancer and cardiac involvement.

This review will assess the logical grounds for establishing a cardio‐oncology unit, describe the main objectives and the detailed responsibilities in such systems, and outline the target population. Furthermore, the importance of research and appropriate data collection will be highlighted. Lastly, the special considerations and modifications required for setting up such centres in the developing countries are discussed.