bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religious‐historical perspective on conflicts and violence: secular materialism versus spiritual humanism
Authors: Sharif Mohammed
Published: June 2007

International conflicts and violence are similar in nature to domestic conflicts and violence which are also similar to those taking place between individuals. Only difference between them is that of magnitude that increases as one moves from individual to societal national level and finally to international level of conflicts. The fundamental question at issue here is that of self‐interest with respect to social and political authority and economic power. The conflicts become most intense and violence gets widest and most cruel at the international level. There are two broad methods in dealing with this problem – use of force to coerce and subjugate or application of the power of persuasion to win the hearts and minds of the people. The former is the conventional secular materialistic method but often used invoking the name of religion and the latter is that of true spiritual humanistic practices and applications in preserving and promoting the cause of all of humanity.While the first does not require the system to be fair and just, the latter predicates them. The foundation of the first is “us” vs. “them” as it divides humanity into many nation states, but that of the second is “us” vs. “us” since it recognizes and practices universality of humanity. More importantly, the former grants unfettered authority to the leaders of the society in the form of sovereignty of the “nation state”, the latter subjugates the authority of the leaders to that of a higher supreme Authority.
Challenging American conceptions of race and ethnicity: second generation West Indian immigrants
Authors: Butterfield Sherri‐Ann P.
Published: June 2007

Engages in debate regarding immigrants and ethnicity in the USA. Research, based on second‐generation West Indian immigrants, shows ethnicity has very real implications for immigrants’ life experience. Suggests that black immigrants complicate the slight understanding of blackness in general, but also the understanding of identity development.
Reforms, rights or wrongs? A foucauldian exploration of the new mental
health bill in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bertram Mark , Powell Jason L.
Published: June 2007

This article deconstructs the hagiography surrounding British mental health policy and provides a critical analysis of the ‘New Labour’ Government reforms of the Mental Health Act 1983 grounded in Foucauldian insights. Smart (1985) suggests that a Foucauldian perspective deconstructs “common sense assumptions” that lie
at the heart of policies formulated by the State. A cogent discussion grounded in Foucault’s work can illustrate how surveillance and discourses of power impact on the positioning of service users as objects of control, domination and subordination.
Social networks and the institutionalization of the idea of sustainable development
Authors: Pumar Enrique S.
Published: June 2007

Recently there has been a resurgence in the study of how ideas shape policies. Two perspectives which dominate this literature are what Habermas has called the empirical‐analytical tradition and historical‐hermeneutic tradition. These two epistemological positions represent contrasting views. They depict very different pictures of how ideas sway popular values and the policy choices confronted by policymakers. Each also raises important questions about how the processes of knowledge formation and promotion unfold and what actors play a dominant role in furthering these developments.
Towards a confucian notion of youth development in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Victor , Chiu Sammy
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the reasons and discourses adopted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (Hong Kong SAR Government), with Mr Tung Chee Hwa as the Chief Executive, in preparing young people to become more mature and responsible. In the Hong Kong context this means they should be willing to fulfil community obligations and opt for consultation rather than confrontation should individual or community rights be sought. Confucianism, named after Confucius (551‐479 BCE), has been and still is a vast and complicated system of philosophies, morals, rituals, and ideas, which for well over 2,000 years has informed and inspired the thinking and practice of countless people in Chinese societies and Asian countries in all important areas, including the economy and the polity (Tu,
1998a; Berthrong & Berthrong, 2000; Yao, 2002). Put simply, the goal of Confucian life is to create a peaceful world, with its ethical emphasis placed on the cultivation of the self and the promotion of harmonious and respectful relations with other people in different spheres of human activities.
Caring for the community
Authors: Bekin Caroline , Carrigan Marylyn , Szmigin Isabelle
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The symbolic and social roles of waste are explored through a small sample of UK and Brazilian consumers from urban and rural communities. These findings are relevant in highlighting the importance of considering socio‐cultural differences in waste policies.

Design/methodology/approach

Following an ontologically realist and epistemologically interpretive perspective on waste a series of semi‐structured interviews was conducted in English and Portuguese.

Findings

While Brazilian interviewees view waste as opportunity, their discourses reproduce the inequalities among and between their communities. UK participants view waste as burdensome, but demonstrate more awareness of their rights as citizens within their communities.

Research limitations/implications

The study is exploratory and future work should address a broader range of respondents within communities across different cultures, demographic and socio‐economic circumstances.

Practical implications

Ideas generated from the study have both specific and general relevance beyond the Brazilian and UK communities. Marketing has the capacity to help advance the establishment of more effective environmentally friendly forms of consumption and disposal.

Originality/value

The paper presents a fresh perspective on developing and developed country community waste reduction behaviours through the examination of waste meanings for individual consumers.
Debating universality: the case of closed‐chest cardiac massage
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: June 2007

Debates why and how some practices become universal – taking as a case in point closed‐chest massage (CCCM). Points out that CCCM was recognized in 1960 and its use generated heated debates, which altered the technique and reshuffled existing infrastructures. Claims that debates act as a catalyst for university. Investigates the emergence of CCCM, the debate on the merits (or otherwise) of closed versus open‐chested cardiac massage, and who could use the method of CCCM. Indicates that CCCM only became universally practised when it was incorporated into the infrastructure for dealing with emergency cases, and thus became taken for granted.
A sociological analysis of chronic fatigue syndrome and the impact on family support structures
Authors: Millen Neville T. , Peterson Chris L. , Woodward Roslyn
Published: June 2007

Discusses chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), which is a “contested disease”, that is, it is not recognized by the medical profession as a legitimate illness and, consequently, people suffering from the illness are not eligible for support/aid. Explores what this non‐recognition means and the impact it has on both the sufferers and their families. Refers to repetitive strain injury and Alzheimer’s disease – neither of which were recognized by medical professionals until recent times – as examples of illnesses that have gained medical legitimacy. Reports that sufferers of CFS, who did not receive an adequate medical diagnosis, were under pressure to become active again, whereas sufferers who received a diagnosis of persistent fatigue gained a lot more support from family and friends. Investigates also the strains involved in coping with a family member with an illness such as Alzheimer’s disease or CFS – as ever economic resources figure prominently. Raises the issue of management of illness in modern society. Recommends that, as health care is pushed ever more onto families and the community, so they should be the recipients of financial support.
Professionalism beyond the nation‐state: international systems of professional regulation in Europe
Authors: Evetts Julia
Published: June 2007

Considers some differences between Anglo‐American and European modes of production and methods of professionalism. Looks at theoretical models of professions and states, taking into account Herbert Spencer’s work, as well as that of Weber, Durkheim and Foucault. Examines the implications a common European Union (EU) regime will have on professional services – focusing on formal mechanisms (such as international associations) and informal mechanisms (such as lobbying and networking). Raises some questions on how internationalization is reworking and redefining professions, with new processes and mechanisms developing at both national and international level. Promotes the urgency of developing sociological models of profession‐state relations at both levels.
The viscious circle of competitive unemployment
Authors: Blackburn Robert M.
Published: June 2007

Investigates the possible social causes of unemployment; focuses on how competition among employers can increase and perpetuate already high levels of unemployment. Starts from the premise that, despite divergent attitudes, most industrialized nations make some collective provision for the unemployed, with firms ultimately bearing the costs. Describes how, although a firm may reduce its labour force to save money, it is ultimately, albeit collectively, paying the costs of unemployment via taxes to the State ‐ the main effect is to redistribute the costs to other organizations; depicts a resulting downward spiral in the economy. Looks at the relationships between increased productivity and the costs to society. Concludes that competitive unemployment is a reality and suggests possible solutions.
Innovation types and innovation management practices in service companies
Authors: Oke Adegoke
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the different types of innovation that are predominant in companies in the UK services sector, the degree of innovativeness, the practices associated with the pursuit of innovation and their relationship with company performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical phase of the study was conducted using a two‐stage process initiated by interviews and completed with mail surveys. Interviews were held with six senior executives of leading service companies in the UK. 214 senior managers of UK service companies were surveyed. The response rate was 47 per cent. Relevant statistical analytical techniques including regressions were used to analyse the data.

Findings

Product innovations are emphasized more in telecommunications and financial sectors than in transport and retail sectors while service innovations are emphasized more in retail and transport sectors. Radical and incremental innovations were found to be related to innovation performance. Radical innovations were also found to be related to innovation management practices.

Practical implications

Service companies need to pursue radical, me‐too and incremental innovations. Formal practices and processes must not be limited to the pursuit of radical innovations. Service companies must also recognize the pursuit of incremental innovations formally in their innovation strategies and define formal process for implementing these types of innovation.

Originality/value

The finding that formal practices are set up to foster the development of radical innovations in spite of the fact that both me‐too and incremental innovations are also related to innovation performance represents an interesting contribution. Applying a framework that was based on the development of new products and innovations in the manufacturing context to the service context represents a contribution to the extant literature. Finally, investigating the link between innovation types, innovativeness, management practices and innovation performance in service companies is pioneering.
3D measurement sensor system for rough terrain mobile robots
Authors: Yokota Sho , Ohyama Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Hiroshi , She Jin‐Hua , Kawabata Kuniaki , Kobayashi Hisato , Blazevic Pierre
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a sensor system and its measuring strategy. The proposed system is regarded as a total system of a robot and a sensor. It can make full use of a robot's degrees of freedom (DOF) for not only locomotion but also sensing.

Design/methodology/approach

The sensor system is composed of a connected crawler robot and a simple sensor unit. The connected crawler robot consists of five connected flat crawler stages; each stage has motor‐driven crawlers on its left and right side. The left and right crawlers are driven by motors independently. The five stages are connected by motor‐driven joints, which can be arbitrarily controlled. The sensor unit is made up of a position sensitive detector and two active joints. Generally, all sensors have a measurable range limit. If the object is bigger than the measurable range, it is impossible to recognize the object's shape. However, this sensor system compensates for this problem due to a combination of sensor unit's motion and robot's motion. The robot's DOF are ordinarily used for going forward. In this moving, if the sensor detects a bigger object than its measurable range, the robot's DOF are used for lifting up sensor unit. Therefore, the robot's DOF are exploited for both locomotion and scanning.

Findings

The experiment was done by using proposed measurement strategies. Through this experiment, the maximum distance error was 0.037 m, that fulfils the required sensor's accuracy. This experiment confirmed that the measurable range was expanded by making full use of the robot's DOF and sensor's DOF. The robot's DOF which is ordinarily used for moving is applicable to expand measurable range. Therefore, it was possible to expand measurable range by making full use of the robot's DOF without mounting extra equipments or mechanism on the robot. Hence, it was enable to exert enough sensing function even if the sensor's structures and robot's structure are also simple, by using both the robot and the sensor's functions effectively and simultaneously.

Originality/value

General existing mobile robot systems have both mobile function and sensing function, they are completely separate. However, this sensor system is regarded as a total system of robot and sensor. It can make full use of a robot's DOF for not only locomotion but also sensing. This sensor system makes full use of a robot's DOF. Hence, it is enable to exert enough sensing function even if the sensor's structure and robot's structure are also simple. There is originality on this point.
Intelligent sensors: structure and system
Authors: Powner E.T. , Yalcinkaya F.
Published: June 2007

Outlines the current research work on intelligent sensors and
intelligent transducers which will be required in complex systems. Discusses
the elements of an intelligent sensor and concludes that these require
analogue filtering, data conversion and compensation, and a digital
communication link to a common signal bus. Explains what is meant by a
systems approach to intelligent sensors with layered information processing.
Concludes that unless a deeper understanding of the basics of sensor systems
is acquired new intelligent sensor design will be very difficult.
Racecar ride‐height sensing
Authors: Bunkhall Steve
Published: June 2007

Ride‐height, perhaps more than any other single variable of racecar set‐up, has a critical effect on the performance of modern flat‐bottom and ground‐effect single‐seaters. It is also a difficult thing to measure ‐ unless, of course, the car is stationary. Precise and reliable measurement of dynamic ride‐heights has become something of a Holy Grail for those in the data acquisition business, but recent developments from Pi Research have shown that, unlike the mythical goblet, this is not an unattainable goal.
Lady writes the blues. Call and response in the poetry of Afro‐American women
Authors: Hopewell Kathy
Published: June 2007

Asks on whose behalf the black woman poet in the USA speaks, what type of language she uses and what audience she has. Points out that an earlier lack of tradition meant that originally white styles of language were used and aimed at the white audience. Looks at the rise of the blues era and the “blueswoman”. Considers the work of Phillis Wheatley, Alice Dunbar Nelson, Anne Spencer and Angelina Grimke together with Margaret Walker and singers such as Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith. Finally, outlines the development of a political era and the growing sexual freedom of black women and the impact their writings.
EEOC guidelines that employers should know
Authors: Fritz Steven , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Looks at discrimination and introduces the work of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the legislation within which it operates. Considers the guidelines of the commission in particular, covering the title VII of Civil Rights Acts 1964, Equal Pay Act, and Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967. Concludes that if employers remember some key principles, it will minimize employment claims.
Who is covered under the Americans with Disabilities Act?
Authors: Ashworth Tom , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Provides a brief background to the American with Disabilities Act before attempting to see who and what is covered within the Act. Considers, et alia, employment, provision of public services, public accommodation nd telecommunications. Discusses recent developments in light of the new legislation, and looks at an example of a programme run to help those with disabilities.
New developments concerning mental disabilities discrimination
Authors: Binui Christine , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Introduces the concept of mental disability as defined under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Discusses recent legislation ‐ in particular, the guidelines issues by the Equal Opportunity Commission in spring 1997 and the Federal Mental Health Policy Act 1996. Points out the drawbacks for the current situation, and provides some suggestions for employers.
New developments concerning the discrimination and harassment of gays in the workplace
Authors: Huang Chueng‐Ih , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Outlines the position of gays and lesbians in workplace legislation, pointing out the minimal protection they receive. Cites some recent cases and considers the statutes which cover sexual orientation. Covers recent developments within the courts, and concludes that much re‐education is still required.
New developments concerning discrimination in government
Authors: Ingkapattanakul Wiroj , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Cites employment discrimination as one of the primary concerns in the work place environment, including the public sector. States that despite legislation against this employees are often treated unfairly and unequally. Covers areas such as recruitment, promotion, employment benefit, working conditions and general treatment. Classifies these into five categories: gender, race, age, handicap and sexual orientation. Discusses the US laws available to protect the individual, together with brief examples of discrimination. Provides results from recent studies showing the problem has not yet been resolved.
Issues in minority health: assessment and strategies for intervention
Authors: Sharma Sharla
Published: June 2007

Attempts to shed light on the mental health needs of ethnic minorities and the inadequacies of the existing mental health needs for them. Considers the drawbacks in the delivery system and provides guidelines for improved assessment, treatment, treatment strategies and preventative measures. Uses analysis of recent psychological and sociological developments in the field of mental health.
Gender as a moderator of the working time autonomy – health relationship
Authors: Büssing André , Glaser Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Considers the unclear role of gender and health with respect to working time autonomy. Questions whether there are comparable positive effects for both men and women. Or does gender moderate the relationship between working time autonomy, job and life satisfaction and irritation/straing? Uses one from a sample of 418 female and male nurses from four general hospitals in Germany to analyse this question. Employs a hierarchical regression model to confirm that gender and working time autonomy do interact. Confirms that, whilst there is no difference for equal working time autonomy, we find that male nurses profit from high working time autonomy much more than women with respect to job and life satisfaction and irritation/strain.
Discrimination against Asian Americans
Authors: Wang Dongsheng , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Defines Asian Americans before looking at the historical reasons for discrimination. Outlines recent developments in the field of Asian Americans using recent case law examples which cover areas such as education, public services and politics. Concludes that the Asian‐American population has grown rapidly and will demand their equality, which has yet to be seen.
Discrimination in the financial industry
Authors: Kamkatwong Sittiwat , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Defines discrimination under the law before covering issues such as the glass ceiling and employment at will. Considers the present concerns of increased competition and workforce diversity. Profile some best practices which are being developed by some financial companies before covering new regulations in the securities industry.
Discrimination against employees who exercise their First Amendment rights
Authors: Spelber Sean , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Introduces the First Amendment before considering different freedoms we have and how they relate in the workplace. Uses specific cases to demonstrate what is currently happening with regards to First Amendment lawsuits. Offers recommendations to protect employers and prevent future disagreements and lawsuits. Covers freedom of religion, expression and speech.
Job selection criteria: a study of subcultural differences in perception
Authors: Peppas Spero C.
Published: June 2007

Reports on graduate business students’ perceived importance ratings of 26 job selection criteria. Attempts to determine if statistical differences exist between the importance rating of African‐American and White‐American respondents. Reports significant differences in the areas of appearance, assertiveness, punctuality and sex. Suggests further research should be done from the point of the employer’s perspective in order to better understand the differences.
New developments concerning marital status discrimination
Authors: Gebremeskel Dawit , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore new developments concerning marital status discrimination. This will start with the principle of equality among citizens in a democratic society. The limits of statutory rights, as challenged by personal prejudice and institutionalised systematic practices of discrimination, will be addressed. The historical limitation of some groups of the population in benefiting from statutory equal rights and the attempts to remedy this limitation shall be visited. After exploring the general conceptual issues related to equality, discrimination as related to marital status will be defined and discrimination issues in relation to marital status shall be identified. This will be followed by detailed analysis of the manifestation of discrimination experienced by individuals due to their marital status. Although the types of real or alleged discrimination experienced by people of different marital status are broad, the focus will be on the major ones: housing, employment, credit and insurance. In looking at the new trends and developments, an attempt will be made to identify applicable laws that are meant to prevent or to remedy any marital status related discrimination. Opinions and stands of opposing interest groups, governmental and non‐governmental agencies shall be looked at. Some applicable case law in some states in the United States of America shall be explored. Possible future trends will be pinpointed.
African American males in the front door but out the back door: monitor discharges
Authors: Slonaker William M. , Wendt Ann C. , Williams Scott David
Published: June 2007

While every instance of race‐based employment discrimination is important, this study finds that managers need to devote extra attention to the discharge of male, African American employees. During the past three decades, efforts to create fair procedures and promote perceptions of fair treatment have focused on hiring activities, the “front door”. However, this study of actualemployment discrimination claims finds that discrimination against African American menmay be particularly acute in the realm of employee discharge, the “back door”. In addition, this study suggests that the employees’ immediate supervisors should be trained and monitored in order to reduce this form of racial discrimination.
How to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Authors: Brooks Robert , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

The Americans with Disabilities Act is a federally approved piece of legislation, designed to stop discrimination and to afford equal opportunities to those who are disabled. The Americans with Disabilities Act helps to protect against discrimination for persons who have physical or mental disabilities that limit their daily activities. The ADA provides legal options for persons with disabilities to address discrimination based on their disability. The goal of the ADA is to provide civil rights protection to persons of disability in the areas of employment, access to public services, public and private transportation, and telecommunication services. Over the last decade the ADA has helped many Americans overcome their handicap and reach their goals. Prior to 1990, there was only one major federal law providing protection to those with disabilities. It is entitled the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Surprisingly, the act only covers Federal Government employees and employees of federally funded programmes. The Americans with Disabilities Act intends to reach a much larger group suffering discrimination because of their handicap.
Balancing without a net in academia: integrating family and work lives
Authors: Gatta Mary L. , Roos Patricia A.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents qualitative data from a gender equity study at a Carnegie I research institution. In this paper we draw on interview data to explore the ways that our sample of senior women and men dealt with family‐work conflicts at different points in their careers. We offer stories of women (and a few men), who struggled with family‐work conflicts, and we provide these in their own voices. After first presenting our findings we demonstrate how they can be used to develop strategies to address family‐work conflicts and evaluate current programs. We first explore how women and men defined the problem of family‐work integration. We then review some of the main coping strategies they used at different points in their careers, and then explore the consequences that women experienced as a result of the university’s lack of support. We conclude by pointing to areas where in stitutionally supported programs and policies may be effective in addressing the balance between family and work.
Comparing fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent among African Americans’ and Whites’ business candidates
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joseph , Bass Kenneth , Vaicys Cheryl
Published: June 2007

This research was designed to investigate what differences might exist between graduating African American and White business students regarding achievement motivation as determined by their fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent and whether there exists any moderating influence based upon their attitude toward the role of women in society. The sample consisted of 99 African American students and 102 White students. African Americans scored significantly lower than Whites on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. Likewise, African American women scored significantly lower than white women on this scale. No differences were found in the scores among African American Males and White males on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. For the entire sample, those with a progressive view of women scored higher on the Fear of Success Scale than those with traditional views of women. Achievement motivation among the groups of respondents is also evaluated.
Trying to adhere to the ADA: understanding “mental disability” in hiring personnel
Authors: Keaty Anne , Srivastava Rajesh , Stewart Geoffrey T.
Published: June 2007

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has done a great deal to address the problem of discrimination against individuals with disability. In fact it is considered to be the most influencing civil‐rights legislation to come down in the last 25 years. In the Fiscal Year 2002, the EEOC received 15,964 charges of disability discrimination. The EEOC resolved 18,804 disability discrimination charges in FY 2002 and recovered $50.0 million in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals. While the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has had a positive effect since it was enacted in 1992: in 2000, 22 per cent of employed people with disabilities report encountering job discrimination as opposed to 36 per cent in 1996. This article examines what is Mental Disability and discusses what questions regarding mental disability can be asked when managers are hiring salespeople.
The status of women revisited: the case of Nepal
Authors: Hosni D. , Lundberg C.
Published: June 2007

This article offers a new perspective on assessing the status of women. It focuses on female endangerment and inequality among women as new dimensions of development and change. The article examines concepts of gender inequality and empowerment offered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The case of Nepal is discussed becasue of its serious neglect and deprivation of women. It is argued that while gender gaps matter, disparities among women are equally important constraining the country’s prospects of growth. The study presents a comparative analysis with other South Asian nations.
Individual response strategies to sexual harassment
Authors: Roumeliotis Brieana D. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this article is to identify various methods for responding to sexual harassment, defined in terms of quid pro quo and a hostile work environment, on an individual basis within an organisation. Four individuals typically involved in sexual harassment cases are discussed: the supervisor or manager, the victim, any witnesses, and the perpetrator. Based on an analysis of the literature, individual efforts should be focused on prevention of sexual harassment by guarding one’s own behaviour and stopping potential problems early. A simple test to prevent sexual harassment used by a prominent company is given.
California’s recent paid family leave law
Authors: Cal Lisa M. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

On January 1, 2004 California became the first state to mandate Paid Family Leave for workers who take time off to care for a sick family member. This change is a sub set to the California Family Rights Act (CFRA). This act is
based on the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which is a federal law. As a foundation to understanding the pending changes in California it is necessary to obtain an overview of the FMLA. Despite their best intentions, employers and human resource professionals find themselves unintentionally violating some portion of the FMLA due to complicated
definitions and technical requirements. This article is written from the perspective of an employer in order to highlight dominant features of the FMLA and California’s Paid Family Leave. It is increasingly important for companies to adopt policies and procedures that will ensure compliance with all requirements going forward. Otherwise, the consequences could be costly.
How to avoid hiring illegal aliens
Authors: El Baba Mohamad , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

The hiring of illegal aliens by any business in the United States can result in more significant consequences because of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996. Both pieces of federal legislation are aimed at placing a bigger burden of responsibility on private employers. The new
laws make hiring illegal aliens a federal crime. The resources of the United States can be put behind litigation against violators. By conducting a review of the literature on both these federal acts, along with any other immigration
changes in regards to hiring foreign workers, conclusions and recommendations can be drawn to assist and guide a private employer from avoiding hiring illegal aliens.
How to comply with the Americans with disabilities act
Authors: Bangerter and Ryan , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

The legal and political roots of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) owe themselves to the civil rights era of the 1960s, which passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the Voting Rights Act in 1965 and the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, and to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. From the 1970s to the 1990s, activism among the disabled became increasingly visible. In 1986, congress passed the Air Carriers Act, which addressed the rights of the disabled when using air transportation. Later in 1988, the Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed along with the Fair Housing Amendments Act (Historical, 2003).
Training managers constructing their identities in English health and care agencies
Authors: Bell Linda
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The “Training to Communicate” research (1999‐2001) explored “communication” training needs and provision in 76 health and social care public and independent sector agencies in London and South East England, including enhancement of work with adults having communication impairments. The focus of this paper is to examine how training managers discussed their activities and constructed their identities as training “experts”.

Design/methodology/approach

Seventeen semi‐structured interviews with male and female managers responsible for key aspects of training (workforce development) in public health trusts or social services agencies are analysed using a narrative approach. The wider project included a questionnaire‐based survey of agency representatives and documentary analysis of training materials.

Findings

Health and social care services were undergoing extensive reorganization as part of wider managerialist agendas. Discourses of “change”, “continuous improvement” and “quality” therefore pervaded all aspects of these organizations. Interviewees identified with “new” (managerial) occupational knowledges and identities but some appeared to be in an ambiguous position, negotiating between “new” occupational knowledges and identities, and “old” identities based on occupational/practitioner expertise. Aspects of this positioning appeared gendered; female interviewees often readily embraced “new” managerialist identity(ies). Interviewees discussed collaborative processes (in “space” not “place”), including networking, managing relationships with other managers within the organization, and broader “political” awareness, to justify their own positions, responsibilities and performances as “training” experts.

Originality/value

This research extends theories on gendered performances in higher education contexts to public sector, work‐based education settings.
Disability discrimination and the fair employment and housing act
Authors: Lin Chia‐Li , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Provides a summary of state and federal legislation prohibiting employment discrimination. Places particular emphasis on disability discrimination. Outlines to whom the legislation applies, when a charge can be filed and defines reasonable accommodation.
New developments concerning work/family programmes
Authors: Bolen Lynne , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Summarizes the evidence that US firms benefit from making the workplace more family‐friendly. Looks at the main issues of family leave, dependent care and flexible work schedules, setting out the extent to which firms offer these benefits. Indicates the impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act, indicating the number of firms that are affected by this legislation. Briefly sets out the other types of benefits offered to employees by US firms. Outlines the case for firms developing work/family programmes and discusses how these should be implemented.
Current compliance with the family and medical leave act
Authors: Rembold Andrea , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: June 2007

Sets out the provisions of the US Family and Medical Leave Act, and summarizes the exceptions clause which defines which employees are excepted from these provisions. Explains how the Act works in practice and the duties it places on the employer. Gives examples from cases brought under the Act to illustrate how it is working in practice. Discusses how the Act might be expanded in the near future.
The Protection of Anglican Cathedrals from Damage by Fire
Authors: Shacklock Vincent , Copping Alexander
Published: June 2007

Although cathedrals represent arguably the greatest contribution to our
architectural heritage there is no legislation which controls measures
to protect them from fire. Since the major fire at York Minster in 1984
the many cathedral authorities have undertaken varying amounts of work
to prevent a similar tragedy, but there remain unprotected cathedrals
and no consensus on further progress. Addresses the complex nature of
cathedral buildings in fire safety terms along with the conflict
inherent in introducing modern protective measures in structures of
enormous historic and aesthetic quality. Examines data held by the
leading insurer of cathedrals in England and Wales, the Ecclesiastical
Insurance Group, and sets it alongside the authors′ own research to
reveal a picture of great variation in methods and measures of fire
protection, and a sense of the changes which are underway or can be
expected in coming years. At a time when grant aid for English
cathedrals has become available and may soon be extended to cover fire
safety measures, provides timely information on financial issues,
technical difficulties and fire management policies which lie at the
centre of debate, and considers some of the issues which must be
addressed.
Protecting Car Parks, Their Vehicles and Customers
Authors: Sunter Katy
Published: June 2007

Details the experience of King′s Lynn and West Norfolk Council in
installing closed‐circuit television cameras in its town‐centre car
parks. Figures show that not only has car theft and theft from vehicles
fallen by 91 per cent and 97 per cent respectively, there has also been
a dramatic reduction in graffiti, litter, vandalism, drug dealing and
glue sniffing.
The good, the bad and the ugly – what does your office say
about your company?
Authors: Wallis Zuilmah
Published: June 2007

Offers guidance in achieving the right design for corporate
headquarters, on the basis that this can act as a highly effective sales
tool. Identifies values and what sort of image the company needs to
communicate to its public. Suggests that intelligent design solution
must make these values real in a practical way through colour, lighting
and furniture schemes for instance.
Disaster plan simulates plane crash into high‐rise building
Authors: Johnson William H. , Matthews Warren R.
Published: June 2007

A reprint of a classic article chronicles the simulated incident of
a plane crashing into the John Hancock Tower in Boston, Massachusetts.
Recounts how the plan was developed and practised by the scenario team.
Inclusion by the practice team of the local fire department and
paramedics paralleled reality. The exercise demonstrated that the Tower,
even with an emergency plan, needed stronger preparation. This was
effective because on 11 August 1992, an actual emergency occurred in the
facility and the building was prepared as a result of the simulation.
Marketing as warfare, revisited
Authors: Kolar Tomaž , Toporišič Andrej
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to encourage thinking beyond the limits of obsolete and superficial “warfare marketing” by exploring potentially useful lessons from modern military intelligence and strategy for marketing intelligence and planning.

Design/methodology/approach

Key contemporary trends and approaches to strategy are identified in the literature, and used as the basis for discussion of the possibility of productive knowledge transfer between the two fields.

Findings

Comparisons of the conventional (linear, rationalistic, analytical) planning approach with unconventional modern approaches (flexible, technological, voluntary and context‐based) suggest some advanced implications for the planning of marketing strategy.

Practical implications

The rethinking of some underlying strategic assumptions is suggested, and the implications discussed within each of the four areas of a proposed framework: marketing doctrine and structures, intelligence and effectiveness, soft resources, and the process of strategic planning.

Originality/value

Presents a more balanced and up to date view of the parallels between strategy and planning in the modern military context and in contemporary marketing practice, with particular respect to the complementary roles of intelligence/technology and human/societal aspects.
Academia marketing myopia and the cult of the PhD
Authors: Boddy Clive R.
Published: June 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate and comment critically on the influence that an observable career requirement for marketing academics, the PhD, has on their teaching, their research, and the much‐debated “gap” between marketing academics and marketing practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the literature and of secondary sources of general data is combined with the author's own past research findings to arrive at a coherent, personal point of view.

Findings

A strong focus on “scientific” research in the marketing discipline has caused a form of academic myopia, and precipitated a debate on the role of research in business schools, somewhat belatedly. The conclusion in this paper is that academic research skills, and doctoral study in particular, are not a de facto prerequisite for effective teaching of an applied discipline to future practitioners. The PhD is not necessarily the good predictor of future publication that it is assumed to be. The research output of doctoral researchers, typically with little or no business, is seen as irrelevant by business, contributing to the academic‐practitioner divide.

Practical implications

The findings link current recruitment policies with future performance, and rekindle the debate on the pernicious role of the PhD in marketing education.

Originality/value

The author dares to question the research foundations on which modern universities have built themselves, and the role of doctoral research in the transmission of knowledge from business schools to business.
“We sure as hell confused ourselves”, but what about
the customers?
Authors: Cahill Dennis J.
Published: June 2007

Presents a case study of software products and their firm which go
through a bewildering series of name changes and attribute changes
– often for no apparent reason. Highlights the costs of such
changes and discusses a theoretical framework to prevent this sort of
confusion arising.
Digital library intellectual property right evaluation and method
Authors: Zhang Wende
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The paper aims to focus on the needs of the digital library.

Design/methodology/approach

Digital library intellectual property right evaluation and method, application scope of commonly used methods, and digital library copyright evaluation and method are analyzed and discussed in the paper.

Findings

The paper finds that, for the electronic resources, the number of copiers, the term of usage, quantity of information, copyright, and the contract with authors should be considered; for technologies used in the digital library, the evaluation should cover the novelty, inventiveness, usefulness, and the access mode. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative should be combined with experience to evaluate virtual library resources and actual resources with stable right of use.

Originality/value

The paper provides recommendations on digital library intellectual property rights evaluation and methods.
Rapid and the new interlending: a cooperative document supply system in the USA
Authors: Delaney Tom
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of Rapid, a successful document supply system in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides a descriptive analysis.

Findings

Finds that Rapid reduces costs and speeds up the fulfillment of document supply requests by using a well integrated system that precisely identifies holdings statements of participating libraries.

Originality/value

Gives a good insight into the workings of a cooperative document supply system in the USA with possible applications in other countries.
Document supply in Italy: actual models and future perspectives
Authors: Vaglio Anna
Published: June 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to offer a view to non‐Italian librarians on Italian document supply (DS) developments and to submit to Italian DS librarians some points for discussion and some problems to solve.

Design/methodology/approach

Italian DS is described from the perspective of a large university library's interactions with its users (faculty, undergraduate students and researchers) and its suppliers (Italian and European libraries together with non‐library suppliers). Some characteristics of Italian library systems can be better understood by referring to the historical context; other characteristics reflect the difficulty of considering DS services as a strategic service integrated with other services.

Findings

Italian DS services reveal two models of organisation and strategy, the networked and the independent. Four key factors are changing the target population, partners, policies and the role of DS in Italy: university reform, the increasing number of online full text journals available in universities, transdisciplinary research, and the internet.

Originality/value

The article can be used by non‐Italian librarians to obtain information about Italian libraries and their DS services. It gives some useful URLs and some guidance to finding documents via Italian OPACs.