bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema—The 2021 revision and update
Authors: Maurer Marcus , Magerl Markus , Betschel Stephen , Aberer Werner , Ansotegui Ignacio J. , Aygören‐Pürsün Emel , Banerji Aleena , Bara Noémi‐Anna , Boccon‐Gibod Isabelle , Bork Konrad , Bouillet Laurence , Boysen Henrik Balle , Brodszki Nicholas , Busse Paula J. , Bygum Anette , Caballero Teresa , Cancian Mauro , Castaldo Anthony , Cohn Danny M. , Csuka Dorottya , Farkas Henriette , Gompels Mark , Gower Richard , Grumach Anete S. , Guidos‐Fogelbach Guillermo , Hide Michihiro , Kang Hye‐Ryun , Kaplan Allen Phillip , Katelaris Constance , Kiani‐Alikhan Sorena , Lei Wei‐Te , Lockey Richard , Longhurst Hilary , Lumry William R. , MacGinnitie Andrew , Malbran Alejandro , Martinez Saguer Inmaculada , Matta Juan José , Nast Alexander , Nguyen Dinh , Nieto‐Martinez Sandra A. , Pawankar Ruby , Peter Jonathan , Porebski Grzegorz , Prior Nieves , Reshef Avner , Riedl Marc , Ritchie Bruce , Rafique Sheikh Farrukh , Smith William B. , Spaeth Peter J. , Stobiecki Marcin , Toubi Elias , Varga Lilian Agnes , Weller Karsten , Zanichelli Andrea , Zhi Yuxiang , Zuraw Bruce , Craig Timothy
Published: January 2022

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare and disabling disease for which early diagnosis and effective therapy are critical. This revision and update of the global WAO/EAACI guideline on the diagnosis and management of HAE provides up‐to‐date guidance for the management of HAE. For this update and revision of the guideline, an international panel of experts reviewed the existing evidence, developed 28 recommendations, and established consensus by an online DELPHI process. The goal of these recommendations and guideline is to help physicians and their patients in making rational decisions in the management of HAE with deficient C1 inhibitor (type 1) and HAE with dysfunctional C1 inhibitor (type 2), by providing guidance on common and important clinical issues, such as: (1) How should HAE be diagnosed? (2) When should HAE patients receive prophylactic on top of on‐demand treatment and what treatments should be used? (3) What are the goals of treatment? (4) Should HAE management be different for special HAE patient groups such as children or pregnant/breast‐feeding women? and (5) How should HAE patients monitor their disease activity, impact, and control? It is also the intention of this guideline to help establish global standards for the management of HAE and to encourage and facilitate the use of recommended diagnostics and therapies for all patients.
Anaesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy: a narrative review
Authors: Dinsmore J. E. , Tan A.
Published: January 2022

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and is associated with a huge societal and economic burden. Interventions for the immediate treatment of ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion are dependent on recanalisation of the occluded vessel. Trials have provided evidence supporting the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. This has resulted in changes in management and organisation of stroke care worldwide. Major determinants of effectiveness of thrombectomy include: time between stroke onset and reperfusion; location of occlusion and local collateral perfusion; adequacy of reperfusion; patient age; and stroke severity. The role of anaesthetic technique on outcome remains controversial with published research showing conflicting results. As a result, choice of conscious sedation or general anaesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy is often dependent on individual operator choice or institutional preference. More recent randomised controlled trials have suggested that protocol‐driven general anaesthesia is no worse than conscious sedation and may even be associated with better outcomes. These and other studies have highlighted the importance of optimal blood pressure management as a major determinant of patient outcome. Anaesthetic management should be tailored to the individual patient and circumstances. Acute ischaemic stroke is a neurological emergency; clinicians should focus on minimising door‐to‐groin puncture time and the provision of high‐quality periprocedural care with a particular emphasis on the maintenance of an adequate blood pressure.
Delirium and COVID‐19: a narrative review of emerging evidence
Authors: White L. , Jackson T.
Published: January 2022

Delirium is a common condition affecting hospital inpatients, including those having surgery and on the intensive care unit. Delirium is also common in patients with COVID‐19 in hospital settings, and the occurrence is higher than expected for similar infections. The short‐term outcomes of those with COVID‐19 delirium are similar to that of classical delirium and include increased length of stay and increased mortality. Management of delirium in COVID‐19 in the context of a global pandemic is limited by the severity of the syndrome and compounded by the environmental constraints. Practical management includes effective screening, early identification and appropriate treatment aimed at minimising complications and timely escalation decisions. The pandemic has played out on the national stage and the effect of delirium on patients, relatives and healthcare workers remains unknown but evidence from the previous SARS outbreak suggests there may be long‐lasting psychological damage.
Latest evidence on the management of early‐stage and locally advanced rectal cancer: a narrative review
Authors: Prabhakaran Swetha , Yang Tze Wei Wilson , Johnson Nicholas , Bell Stephen , Chin Martin , Simpson Paul , Carne Peter , Farmer Chip , Skinner Stewart , Warrier Satish K , Kong Joseph CH
Published: January 2022

Rectal cancer is a challenging disease process to manage, with a rising incidence in young adults. Several clinical advances have been made in the past decade with regards to optimal treatment strategies in early‐stage (T1‐2, node negative tumours) and locally advanced cancers (T3‐4 and/or nodal positivity) utilizing a multimodal approach of surgery, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy, all aiming to optimize oncological outcomes, while minimizing associated morbidity. This narrative review aimed to summarize trial level evidence apropos the management of early and locally advanced rectal cancer. All relevant prospective clinical trials were identified through a computer‐assisted search of PubMed, EMBASE, Medline databases between 1990 and 30 June 2021. With regards to early rectal cancer, there is limited trial‐level evidence in the literature. Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the current standard of care, but local excision could be considered in select patients with pT1 tumours, or patients with near or complete clinical response to neoadjuvant CRT. As for locally advanced rectal cancer, the current standard of care consists of long‐course chemotheradiotherapy or short‐course radiotherapy, followed by TME. However, the role of total neoadjuvant therapy is promising, with respect to both oncological outcomes, as well as in reducing toxicity. Both induction and consolidation chemotherapy treatment approaches have been described in literature, with encouraging early results. The optimal management of rectal cancer is constantly evolving. More research is needed to investigate the long‐term oncological and functional outcomes following new multimodal therapies in the management of early‐stage and locally advanced rectal cancer.
Unwarranted geographic variation in paediatric health care in the United States and Norway
Authors: Moen Atle , Goodman David C.
Published: January 2022

Aim

We present the four US and Norwegian paediatric and neonatal health atlases and discuss the concept and causes of unwarranted geographic variation in paediatric health care.

Methods

The four atlases analyse data from both publicly owned health registers, registers of insurance claims and quality registers. Healthcare utilisation is counted per recipient in predefined hospital service areas, adjusted for relevant confounders and presented as extremal ratios between the highest and lowest rate.

Results

The atlases describe geographic variation in rates for primary health care, hospital admissions, outpatient visits, treatment procedures and diagnostic testing. A difference in extremal ratios from 2 to 4 between health service areas are common, and for some procedures extremal ratios is even higher.

Conclusion

Variation in healthcare utilisation of the magnitude described in these four atlases cannot be explained by differences in population morbidity or patient preferences and are therefore characterised as unwarranted variation. Individual provider preferences or supply of resources such as hospital beds may explain the observed variation.
When all COVID breaks loose: Examining determinants of working parents' job performance during a crisis
Authors: Mandeville Ashley , Manegold Jennifer , Matthews Russell , Whitman Marilyn V.
Published: January 2022

As governments mandated organization and school closures due to COVID‐19, working parents involuntarily found themselves trying to balance both work and child educational responsibilities from home while still endeavoring to remain productive at work. As such, we integrate the crisis management literature with boundary theory and the work–home resources model to propose and test a process model to better understand how abrupt shifts to remote work and school closures impact working parents' job performance during a crisis. Using data collected across four time periods beginning at the time when most states had issued “safer at home” orders, we examine a serial mediation model and find, consistent with predictions, that early experiences of boundary violations and job insecurity impact work–family balance self‐efficacy, which in turn drives future job performance by way of its effects on working parents' subjective well‐being. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety assessment of multiple doses of soticlestat in healthy volunteers
Authors: Wang Shining , Chen Grace , Merlo Pich Emilio , Affinito John , Cwik Michael , Faessel Hélène M.
Published: January 2022

Aims

Soticlestat, a first‐in‐class inhibitor of cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase (also known as cytochrome P450 46A1), is currently in development for the treatment of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Here, we report safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes from a phase I, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multiple‐rising‐dose study of soticlestat in healthy adults.

Methods

Five cohorts of healthy subjects (n = 8 each, randomized 6:2 soticlestat:placebo) received oral soticlestat 100‐600 mg once daily (QD) or 300 mg twice daily (BID) for 10‐14 days. Serial blood and urine samples were obtained on days 1, 7 (blood only) and 14.

Results

Soticlestat in the dose range 100‐400 mg/day for up to 14 days was generally well tolerated. In total, 45 treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported; most (91%) were transient and mild in intensity. Two subjects experienced TEAEs leading to discontinuation: one receiving soticlestat 600 mg QD reported a severe event of acute psychosis; another receiving 300 mg BID reported a mild event of confusional state. Steady‐state exposure to soticlestat increased in a slightly greater than dose‐proportional manner across the dose range 100‐400 mg QD. Peak plasma concentrations were reached within 0.33‐0.5 hour, and soticlestat elimination half‐life was approximately 4 hours. Renal excretion of soticlestat was negligible. Soticlestat 100‐400 mg QD reduced 24S‐hydroxycholesterol levels by 46.8 (coefficient of variation [CV%] −9.2) to −62.7% (CV% −7.3) at steady state; values of enzymatic inhibition were compatible with antiepileptic effects observed in preclinical models.

Conclusion

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of soticlestat characterized here provided a data‐driven rationale for clinical trial dose selection.
Multiparameter platelet function analysis of bleeding patients with a prolonged platelet function analyser closure time
Authors: Heubel‐Moenen Floor C. J. I. , Brouns Sanne L. N. , Herfs Linda , Boerenkamp Lara S. , Jooss Natalie J. , Wetzels Rick J. H. , Verhezen Paul W. M. , Machiels Patric , Megy Karyn , Downes Kate , Heemskerk Johan W. M. , Beckers Erik A. M. , Henskens Yvonne M. C.
Published: January 2022

Patients referred for evaluation of bleeding symptoms occasionally have a prolonged platelet function analyser (PFA) closure time, without evidence for von Willebrand disease or impaired platelet aggregation. The aim of this study was to establish a shear‐dependent platelet function defect in these patients. Patients were included based on high bleeding score and prior PFA prolongation. Common tests of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelet function and exome sequencing were performed. Microfluidic analysis of shear‐dependent collagen‐induced whole‐blood thrombus formation was performed. In 14 PFA‐only patients, compared to healthy volunteers, microfluidic tests showed significantly lower platelet adhesion and thrombus formation parameters. This was accompanied by lower integrin activation, phosphatidylserine exposure and P‐selectin expression. Principal components analysis indicated VWF as primary explaining variable of PFA prolongation, whereas conventional platelet aggregation primarily explained the reduced thrombus parameters under shear. In five patients with severe microfluidic abnormalities, conventional platelet aggregation was in the lowest range of normal. No causal variants in Mendelian genes known to cause bleeding or platelet disorders were identified. Multiparameter assessment of whole‐blood thrombus formation under shear indicates single or combined effects of low–normal VWF and low–normal platelet aggregation in these patients, suggesting a shear‐dependent platelet function defect, not detected by static conventional haemostatic tests.
Variable histopathology features of neuronal dyslamination in the cerebral neocortex adjacent to epilepsy‐associated vascular malformations suggest complex pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasia ILAE type IIIc
Authors: Miyata Hajime , Kuwashige Haruka , Hori Tomokatsu , Kubota Yuichi , Pieper Tom , Coras Roland , Blümcke Ingmar , Yoshida Yasuji
Published: January 2022

Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIc (FCD‐IIIc) is histopathologically defined by the International League Against Epilepsy's classification scheme as abnormal cortical organization adjacent to epilepsy‐associated vascular malformations (VM). However, the incidence of FCD‐IIIc, its pathogenesis, or association with the epileptogenic condition remains to be clarified. We reviewed a retrospective series of surgical brain specimens from 14 epilepsy patients with leptomeningeal angiomatosis of Sturge‐Weber syndrome (LMA‐SWS; n = 6), cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM; n = 7), and an arteriovenous malformation (AVM; n = 1) to assess the histopathological spectrum of FCD‐IIIc patterns in VM. FCD‐IIIc was observed in all cases of LMA‐SWS and was designated as cortical pseudolaminar sclerosis (CPLS). CPLS showed a common pattern of horizontally organized layer abnormalities, including neuronal cell loss and astrogliosis, either manifesting predominantly in cortical layer (L) 3 extending variably to deeper areas with or without further extension to L2 and/or L4. Another pattern was more localized, targeting mainly L4 with extension to L3 and/or L5. Abnormal cortical layering characterized by a fusion of L2 and L3 or L4–L6 was also noted in two LMA‐SWS cases and the AVM case. No horizontal or vertical lamination abnormalities were observed in the specimens adjacent to the CCM, despite the presence of vascular congestion and dilated parenchymal veins in all VM. These findings suggest that FCD‐IIIc depends on the type of the VM and developmental timing. We further conclude that FCD‐IIIc represents a secondary lesion acquired during pre‐ and/or perinatal development rather than following a pathomechanism independent of LMA‐SWS. Further studies will be necessary to address the selective vulnerability of the developing cerebral neocortex in LMA‐SWS, including genetic, encephaloclastic, hemodynamic, or metabolic events.
Mothers' experiences of giving medicines to children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities—The impact on time
Authors: Doyle Carmel
Published: January 2022

Background

Chronic health conditions experienced by children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities are accompanied by numerous challenges because of the prolonged period over which children take medication and the large number of drugs they take. Mothers experience many challenges in giving medicines, from difficulties in physical administration to manipulation of medication, covert administration and alternative formulations. The aim of this study was to explore mothers' lived experience of giving medicines to children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities.

Methods

A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used. Semistructured face‐to‐face interviews and participant diaries were adopted for data collection, resulting in 28 interviews undertaken and 7 diaries completed with mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Van Manen's method for thematic analysis was used for data analysis.

Results

The concept of time and the impact of giving medicines were apparent, mothers being ‘always on call’ and the constant full‐time pace of their caring role evident. There was little spontaneity in their lives, dampened by the routine of giving medicines and their caregiving role. The necessity to be prepared and organized was highlighted as important in ensuring children got their medications on time and safely.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into the phenomenon of mothers' lived experience of giving medicines to children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. It has enabled exploration and familiarity with the lifeworld of mothers and offers meaning on the phenomena of giving medicines. It was concluded that this experience is a relentless and challenging one, yet appears invisible as an element of care in professional discourse. Through addressing the gap in understanding and exploring the meaning of this phenomenon, it may be useful in developing care for mothers and children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities.
When pain never goes away: Understanding the lived experiences of children with chronic pain and their parents in Portugal
Authors: Hilário Ana Patrícia
Published: January 2022

This study intends to provide insights into the lives of children who suffer from chronic pain and of their parents. A qualitative, multi‐modal approach was employed, using the draw, write and tell technique with seven children, and semi‐structured interviews with parents. By illustrating that children are active social agents in the management of chronic pain (even when they are understood by parents as vulnerable), the findings support recent sociological work in the field of childhood health. Indeed, the findings show that children with a chronic condition can take autonomous decisions in relation to disease management even when supervised by parents.
Primary cutaneous CD8+ cytotoxic T‐cell lymphoma of the face with intraoral involvement, resulting in facial nerve palsy after chemotherapy
Authors: Travassos Daphine Caxias , Silveira Heitor Albergoni , Silva Evânio Vilela , Panucci Beatriz Zamboni Martins , da Silva Filho Nilson Coelho , Silva Paula Verona Ragusa , Bufalino Andreia , León Jorge Esquiche
Published: January 2022

The primary cutaneous (PC) CD8+ T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) comprise clinically and histopathologically heterogeneous entities including mycosis fungoides, lymphomatoid papulosis, hydroa‐vacciniforme‐like LPD, subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (TCL), PC acral CD8+ TCL, PC CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic TCL, and PC peripheral TCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS). We describe a 33‐year‐old man who presented with progressive facial swelling and lower lip involvement 1 year ago. Microscopy revealed an atypical small to medium‐sized lymphoid proliferation exhibiting perivascular accentuation, adnexotropism, and apoptotic cell debris, without surface epithelium involvement. The tumor cells were positive for CD3, CD8, granzyme B, perforin, MUM1/IRF4, and TCR‐BF1. The Ki‐67 labeling index was 48%. EBER1/2 was negative. Additional studies confirmed localized disease. The diagnosis favored PC‐PTCL‐NOS. Two months after completing chemotherapy, right‐sided facial nerve palsy was diagnosed. CD8+ T‐cell LPDs should be considered in the differential diagnosis when assessing facial swelling with intraoral involvement.
Type III cutaneous atypical meningioma of the scalp
Authors: Anderson Jarett D. , Anderson Jaclyn B. , Alhatem Albert , Walter Anne , Langston Leila
Published: January 2022

Meningiomas occur rarely in extracranial sites, including the skin, where they may pose a diagnostic challenge because of their histopathologic overlap with several other spindle‐cell tumors. Cutaneous meningiomas are divided into type I (congenital), type II (ectopic), and type III (via direct extension) lesions. We present a rare case of atypical meningioma of the skin in a 71‐year‐old woman who presented with a painful and enlarging lesion on the left central frontal scalp. Biopsy showed bone and soft tissue with involvement of a spindle cell neoplasm, consisting of whorled nests with atypical features, including variably increased mitotic index, areas of hypercellularity, and sheeted architecture. The overall findings were consistent with an atypical meningioma (World Health Organization grade 2). Atypical meningiomas constitute only 5% to 15% of all meningiomas. Magnetic resonance imaging of the skull later demonstrated a left frontal tumor consistent with an atypical meningioma that had eroded through the skull. Dermatopathologists should consider cutaneous meningioma as a differential diagnosis of spindle‐cell neoplasms of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in head and neck.
The effects of political design and organizational dynamics on structural disaggregation and integration in Norway 1947–2019
Authors: Danielsen Ole Andreas , Fleischer Julia
Published: January 2022

In countries with long‐standing agency traditions, the creation of new agencies rarely comes as a large‐scale reform but rather as one structural choice of many possible, most notably a ministerial division. In order to make sense of these choices, the article discusses the role ofpolitical design—focusing on the role of political motivations, such as ideological turnover, replacement risks and ideological stands toward administrative efficiency—andorganizational dynamics—focusing on the role of administrative legacies and existing organizational palettes. The article utilizes data on organizational creations in the Norwegian central state between 1947 and 2019, in order to explore how political design and organizational dynamics help us understand the creation of agencies relative to ministry divisions over time. We find that political motives matter a great deal for the structural choices made by consecutive Norwegian governments, but that structural path dependencies may also be at play.
Response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic of dental hygienists in South Korea—Part Ⅰ: Knowledge and practice of infection control
Authors: Yim Hyun‐Kyung , Moon Sook , Min Ji‐Hyun
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To evaluate infection control knowledge and its practice of clinical dental hygienists in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in South Korea.

Methods

Nine questions (Q9‐K) on the degree of knowledge acquisition of dental hygienists in response to COVID‐19, and another 9 questions (Q9‐P) on the practices for COVID‐19 infection and spread prevention were prepared. From 500 clinical dental hygienists in South Korea, answers about their general characteristics, Q9‐K, and Q9‐P were collected. 1 point was given to each question based on the ‘yes’ answers from Q9‐K and Q9‐P, and Score‐K and Score‐P were calculated, respectively. To identify factors affecting Score‐P, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. In all analyses, p‐values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Average scores of Score‐K and Score‐P were 7.36 ± 1.35 and 6.26 ± 2.07, respectively. The regression model of Score‐P was significant (F = 20.788, p < 0.001). Concerning Score‐P, Score‐K (β = 0.385), age (β = 0.275), dental hospital (β = 0.158), monthly income of $2,360~$2,730 (β = 0.104) had a significantly positive correlation, and the total years of career (β = −0.293) are found to have a significantly negative correlation.

Conclusions

Infection control knowledge and practice of clinical dental hygienists in South Korea was found to be vulnerable in the group of hygienists who are younger than 27 years old, working in dental clinics, and whose monthly income is less than under $2,000. Also, the factor that influences infection control practice the most was the degree of knowledge. Therefore, continuous infection control education and supplement targeting these vulnerable groups are necessary.
Chemical approach to the glass structure and properties
Authors: Vedishcheva Natalia , López‐Grande Alberto , Muñoz Francisco
Published: January 2022

This paper continues the series of works by the present authors on the modeling of glass structure and properties. Calculations are performed using the concept of the chemical structure based on the rigorous thermodynamic model of associated solutions. The aim of the present contribution is to demonstrate the applicability of the concept to a wider range of systems than that considered before. For this reason, glasses in the systems with different chemical natures determined by the acidity and basicity of the constituent oxides are considered. The glass structure is calculated at the level of the short‐range order in the systems BaO‒SiO2 and M2O(MO)‒P2O5 (M = Li, Na, and Zn) and the intermediate‐range order in the systems Rb2O‒B2O3 and Cs2O‒B2O3. The structure‐property relationship is quantitatively established by the example of the molar volume of BaO‒SiO2 glasses. All calculations are performed without the use of adjustable parameters and the results obtained are compared with the experimental data available in the literature.
Personal Perspective: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Silicate Research in Berlin‐Dahlem – 1926–1945 rise and fall
Authors: Schaeffer Helmut A.
Published: January 2022

The backgrounds for the establishment of an Institute of Silicate Research in Germany after World War I are outlined. The focus of research changed during the regime of the National Socialists, in particular after the outbreak of World War II. Publications are listed giving an insight into the research topics in the 20s and 30s. Furthermore, projects are outlined in conjunction with military applications. Finally, the destiny of scientists is described who had to quit the Institute due to political or racial reasons.
Risk factors and management of postpartum urinary retention: A scoping review
Authors: Paola De Rosa , Noemi Giannetta , Valeria Brescianini , Lorena Cavalleri , Manara Duilio Fiorenzo , Giulia Villa
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to identify the risk factors for the onset of postpartum urinary retention (PUR), to locate the most effective prevention, treatment interventions, and how to improve its management. The research questions were the following: ‘In postpartum women, what are the risk factors for PUR? In postpartum women, what are the interventions aimed to manage the urinary retention?’ PUR is defined as an inability to void spontaneously or adequately during the postpartum period. PUR is a common disease that can lead to different consequences and the necessity of its management is indisputable. It is necessary to work on the prevention of the onset of PUR by promptly recognizing the risk factors and acting on them, with the aim of developing guidelines and protocols that help in clinical practice. A scoping review was performed. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, Medline (Journals@Ovid Full Text, YourJournals@Ovid, Ovid MEDLINE[R] ALL) were systematically searched from 2014 until 2019. A total of 17 articles were included. Several studies have shown the presence of risk factors for the onset of PUR including mode and duration of labour, post‐void residual bladder volume, episiotomy, vaginal tears, instrumental delivery, method of anaesthesia or analgesia, peripartum micturition, catheterization during labour, birth weight and parity. In addition, the duration of PUR is influenced by other factors, such as the number of fluids administered in the delivery room. Based on the current literature, PUR is a common condition that can lead to different consequences and the necessity of its management is indisputable. Although the risk factors are quite clear, there is still no definite way of treatment. Future research should focus on the PUR treatment.
Severe gastroenteropathy associated with Clostridium perfringens isolation in starving juvenile sturgeons
Authors: Brocca Ginevra , Zamparo Samuele , Pretto Tobia , Calore Alessandro , Marsella Andrea , Xiccato Romy Lucon , Cornaggia Matteo , Cortinovis Luana , Bano Luca , Toffan Anna , Quaglio Francesco , Verin Ranieri
Published: January 2022

In November 2020 a mortality episode (30%) in juvenile Siberian and Russian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, and A. gueldenstaedtii, Brandt & Ratzeburg) and GUBA hybrid sturgeons (A. gueldenstaedtii × A. baerii) occurred in a hatchery in Northern Italy, associated with severe coelomic distension and abnormal reverse surface swimming. The fish were reared in concrete tanks supplied by well water, fed at 0.4% of body weight (b.w.) per day. Thirty sturgeon specimens were collected for necropsy, histological, bacteriological and virological examination. Macroscopic findings included diffuse and severe bloating of gastrointestinal tracts due to foamy contents with thinning and stretching of the gastrointestinal walls. Histological analysis revealed variable degrees of sloughing and necrosis of the intestinal epithelium, and the presence of bacterial aggregates. Anaerobic Gram‐positive bacteria were investigated, and Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the gut. Specific PCRs identified the toxinotype A and the β2 toxin gene. The daily feed administration was increased to 1.5% b.w. and after 5 days, the mortality ceased. A new animal cohort from the same groups was examined after 12 weeks, showing neither gut alterations nor isolation of C. perfringens. The imbalance of intestinal microbiota, presumably caused by underfeeding, favoured C. perfringens overgrowth and severe gas formation. The diet increase possibly restored the normal microbiota.
Simulation of air/vacuum desiccation process for high‐quality preservation of proteins
Authors: Wei Lin , Shirakashi Ryo
Published: January 2022

To achieve high‐quality preservation of biopharmaceuticals in dried state which are originally solved in solutions including protective agents, the dried biopharmaceuticals are expected to be in a vitrified state through a simple and low‐cost drying process at room temperature. In this work, we calculated the drying process (water evaporation) of solution including protective agents, trehalose, to predict the probabilities of crystallization and bubble generation in one dimensional (1D) system. From past research, we know that proteins can be preserved in a good state when the mass ratio of TRE/protein is several hundreds. Thus, the interaction between proteins and water/TRE system are neglected because the same mass ratio of TRE/protein was used in this work. Water transportation in both preservative solution and surrounding ambient gas during desiccation process was calculated using the super‐saturated water diffusion coefficient which was previously measured by authors group. The water molarity distribution as well as the amount of retained water were obtained both for the vacuum desiccation processes, and the results were compared with the experimental results. The probabilities of dihydrate and bubble nucleation in trehalose solution during the desiccation were predicted based on the classical nucleation theory. The calculated results of the water molarity distribution and the probabilities of crystallization and bubble nucleation agree well with the experimental results, which suggests that the proposed evaporation model may help to find an ideal desiccation process of preservative solution.

Practical Applications

Drying is a conventional technology for stabilizing the pharmaceutics and foods. The preservative solution including biomaterials is expected to be vitrified uniformly to preserve their function. Freeze‐drying is widely used to remove the water without deteriorating the materials. However, the freeze‐drying has several drawbacks, including the long drying process and the high cost. Thus, considering the disadvantage of the freeze‐drying, a simple high quality vacuum desiccation at room temperature is an ideal technique. Vacuum desiccation utilizes the application of low pressure to enhance the rate of dehydration, and it does not require the solution to be spread in an open environment. Thus, concerning these advantages, vacuum desiccation at room temperature may lead to improve the quality of desiccated biomaterials.
Inhibition of bacterial adherence on stainless steel coupons by surface conditioning with selected polar lipids
Authors: Dat Nguyen Manh , Phuong Thai Minh , Thu Nguyen Thi , Phong Thai Khanh , Uchino Toshitaka
Published: January 2022

Polar lipids were recently found to have the surfactant property that could interfere with the bacterial adherence process during biofilm formation, a promising effect against the bacterial contamination on food processing surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the effect of surface conditioning of polar lipids such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin on stainless steel surfaces and subsequently on bacterial adherence. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to examine formed conditioning layers and bacterial adherence. The thinnest conditioning layer was created by dilute skim milk and by sphingomyelin, while thicker layers were created by phosphatidylcholine, dilute buttermilk, and butter serum. Among surface conditioning treatments of stainless steel coupons, those performed with diluted buttermilk, butter serum, and polar lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were able to scale down the adherence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis NBRC 100676 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris NBRC 102479 compared to the surface conditioning with dilute skim milk. For both strains, the higher the phosphatidylcholine concentration (over 0.01%) and the longer the adhesion time (over 12.0 h), the more the adherence‐reducing ability of conditioned surfaces. The higher the sphingomyelin concentration used in surface conditioning, the higher the adherence‐reducing activity on stainless‐steel surfaces was at all adhesion times (0.5, 12.0, and 24.0 h). Our results suggested that, for short bacterial exposure period (0.5, 12.0, and 24.0 h), dilute buttermilk, butter serum, and individual polar lipids may have a bacterial adherence‐reducing effect, and can potentially be used for reducing biofilm formation.
Treatment of stable nonsegmental vitiligo using transdermal delivery of 5‐fluorouracil by fractional CO2laser versus intralesional injection of 5‐fluorouracil, both followed by narrow‐band type ultraviolet B (UVB): A comparative study
Authors: Elgarhy Lamia H. , El‐Tatawy Rania A. , Ali Dareen M. , Anber Doha M. , Iskandarani Yara A. , Ismail Mayada A.
Published: January 2022

Background

Updates of treatment methods of stable vitiligo are needed to give better outcomes with a shorter duration of treatment.

Objective

To test the effect of transdermal 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) delivery using fractional CO2(FrCO2) laser versus intralesional 5‐FU injection, with narrow‐band type ultraviolet B (UVB) (NB‐UVB) therapy after both, in the treatment of stable vitiligo.

Patients and methods

The present study comprised 40 patients with nearly symmetrical stable vitiligo lesions. The left side was treated with FrCO2 laser followed by topical 5‐FU (FrCO2 + 5‐FU), while the right side was treated with 5‐FU intradermal injection. Both procedures were done at 2‐week intervals for 3 sessions followed by 24 sessions of narrow‐band UVB for both sides.

Results

Repigmentation was demonstrated on the left side of 90% of patients and the right side of 85% of patients. As much as >50% improvement was demonstrated on the left side of 50% of patients, and the right side of 55% of patients. Intralesional 5‐FU showed a statistically significant difference in repigmentation compared to FrCO2 + 5‐FU.

Conclusion

Both 5‐FU injection and FrCO2 + 5‐FU were effective therapeutic modalities for vitiligo. Patients were more compliant with FrCO2 + 5‐FU.
Tufted hairs: A bouquet of flowers in different hair diseases
Authors: Starace Michela , Vezzoni Roberta , Alessandrini Aurora , Bruni Francesca , Carpanese Miriam , Melo Daniel Fernandes , Piraccini Bianca Maria
Published: January 2022

Tufted hairs, an unusual hair follicle dysplasia, are characterized by several hair shafts grouped together, emerging from a single hair follicle‐like “doll's hair”. This clinical picture is considered characteristic of folliculitis decalvans (FD). However, the emergence of grouped hair shafts from a single follicle can also be observed in other hair disorders, even if not as a distinctive diagnostic sign. This paper aims to collect and analyze all clinical and trichoscopic features of different hair diseases with tufted hairs to find distinctive features, helping the clinician with the diagnosis.
Linking Experience to Intuition and Cognitive Versatility in New Venture Ideation: A Dual‐Process Perspective
Authors: Baldacchino Leonie , Ucbasaran Deniz , Cabantous Laure
Published: January 2022

As many high‐profile business leaders purport to make decisions based on gut feelings, a growing number of management scholars are seeking to explain how leaders use intuition in organizational settings. In line with dual‐process theories, management scholars argue that the most effective decision makers are cognitively versatile, which means that they are able to ‘switch cognitive gears’ between intuition and analysis and, more importantly, that they are able to use both types of processing at high levels. Although this has important implications, the actual use of intuition as well as cognitive versatility have received limited scholarly attention. Motivated by the desire to address this gap, we pose the following research question:To what extent is experience associated with a) intuition and b) cognitive versatility, and with what effects?We consider the influence of domain‐specific experience because this is considered to be a prerequisite for intuition, and we explore the effects in the context of new venture ideation which is a precursor to and the lifeblood of entrepreneurial action, not only for founders of new ventures but also for managers of existing organizations who seek to drive innovation and be entrepreneurial. We build on insights from the dual‐process Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory, as well as the literature on managerial and entrepreneurial intuition, to develop a conceptual model, which we test on data collected from 74 technology‐entrepreneurs via think‐aloud protocol analysis and an online survey. We find that experienced entrepreneurs are able to use both intuition and analysis extensively during new venture ideation, and that the use of intuition is most effective for new venture ideation when used together with analysis – both at high levels – in a cognitively versatile strategy.
Temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration in evergreen trees from boreal to tropical latitudes
Authors: Crous Kristine Y. , Uddling Johan , De Kauwe Martin G.
Published: January 2022

Evergreen species are widespread across the globe, representing two major plant functional forms in terrestrial models. We reviewed and analysed the responses of photosynthesis and respiration to warming in 101 evergreen species from boreal to tropical biomes. Summertime temperatures affected both latitudinal gas exchange rates and the degree of responsiveness to experimental warming. The decrease in net photosynthesis at 25°C (Anet25) was larger with warming in tropical climates than cooler ones. Respiration at 25°C (R25) was reduced by 14% in response to warming across species and biomes. Gymnosperms were more sensitive to greater amounts of warming than broadleaved evergreens, with Anet25 and R25 reduced c. 30–40% with > 10°C warming. While standardised rates of carboxylation (Vcmax25) and electron transport (Jmax25) adjusted to warming, the magnitude of this adjustment was not related to warming amount (range 0.6–16°C). The temperature optimum of photosynthesis (ToptA) increased on average 0.34°C per °C warming. The combination of more constrained acclimation of photosynthesis and increasing respiration rates with warming could possibly result in a reduced carbon sink in future warmer climates. The predictable patterns of thermal acclimation across biomes provide a strong basis to improve modelling predictions of the future terrestrial carbon sink with warming.
Effect of magnification in pediatric liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nickel Kevin J. , Morzycki Alexander , Visser Lloyd , Bell Elliott , Ladak Adil
Published: January 2022

Background

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) represents a devastating and often fatal complication of liver transplantation. Due to the small vessel caliber in pediatric patients, the use of an operating microscope has largely become the standard for hepatic artery reconstruction to reduce the rate of HAT. Recent evidence, however, suggests that loupe magnification for anastomosis may be equally effective. We aimed to determine the effect of magnification on the rate of hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature was conducted. Thousand eighty‐eight unique titles were assessed by two independent reviewers. Studies directly comparing rates of HAT from loupe magnification and operating microscope‐assisted anastomoses were eligible for meta‐analysis.

Results

Among primary transplants, the rate of HAT was 6.0%. Operating microscope anastomosis was associated with a 2.6% decrease in the rate of HAT compared to that of loupe magnification (4.9% and 7.4%, respectively, p < .040). When re‐transplants were included, the rate of HAT was 5.8%. Operating microscope anastomosis was associated with a 1.0% decrease in the rate of HAT compared to that of loupe magnification (5.3% and 6.3%, respectively, p < .279). Meta‐analysis of eligible studies demonstrated a reduction in the rate of HAT with the use of an operating microscope (p < .03).

Conclusions

Anastomosis under an operating microscope may be associated with decreased rates of HAT in children undergoing primary liver transplantation. Further high‐quality studies comparing the two techniques are needed.
Liberal Protestant Dogmatics TodayChristian Faith: Dogmatics in Outline, B. A.Gerrish, WJK, 2015 (ISBN 978‐0‐664‐25698‐2), xv + 353 pp., pb $50A Theology for the Twenty‐First Century, Douglas F.Ottati, Eerdmans, 2020 (ISBN 978‐0‐8028‐7811‐3), xxx + 770 pp., hb $60
Authors: Peterson Paul Silas
Published: January 2022

In this article, I review two recent works in the tradition of liberal Protestant dogmatics, taking a close look at some of the theological rationale, while pointing to the specific argumentative claims as they unfold in interpretations of the classic dogmatic topics. By showing how the sources of theology, as well as the Incarnation, Resurrection, Christology, the Trinity, the Sacraments, and eschatology, are interpreted, the specific theological profile of liberal Protestant theology as a general approach to theology becomes clear. The plurality of impressions in the dynamic of reception, which the theology itself partially evokes, is also presented in the conclusion. Finally, I remark on the future of liberal Protestant theology, arguing that generous orthodoxy may be one of its new homes.
Pointwise comparison of two multivariate density functions
Authors: Hazelton Martin L. , Davies Tilman M.
Published: January 2022

Testing the equality of two density functions based on independent samples is a classical problem in statistics. While the focus is often on global equality, it is also of interest to conduct local comparisons of density functions. Typically a type of Wald statistic is employed, where the local difference in densities is standardized by an estimate of the asymptotic standard error of that difference. We study the null distribution of this test statistic. The literature has suggested that this will be asymptotically standard normal, but we show that this is by no means always the case. In particular, when using bandwidth matrices of optimal order (for estimation), we prove that the asymptotic mean of this null distribution is nonzero when either the sample sizes differ, or when the Hessian matrices of the densities differ at the point where the densities are equal. In numerical studies we find the erroneous use of the standard normal null distribution in such cases can severely corrupt the test size. We show that these problems can be managed effectively by using common bandwidths when the Hessian matrices are equal, and applying adjusted undersmoothing bandwidth matrices when they are not.
Logic, Probability, and Pragmatics in Syllogistic Reasoning
Authors: Tessler Michael Henry , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Goodman Noah D.
Published: January 2022

Syllogistic reasoning lies at the intriguing intersection of natural and formal reasoning of language and logic. Syllogisms comprise a formal system of reasoning yet make use of natural language quantifiers (e.g., all, some) and invite natural language conclusions. The conclusions people tend to draw from syllogisms, however, deviate substantially from the purely logical system. Are principles of natural language understanding to blame? We introduce a probabilistic pragmatic perspective on syllogistic reasoning: We decompose reasoning with natural language arguments into two subproblems: language comprehension and language production. We formalize models of these processes within the Rational Speech Act framework and explore the pressures that pragmatic reasoning places on the production of conclusions. We test our models on a recent, large data set of syllogistic reasoning and find that the selection process of conclusions from syllogisms are best modeled as a pragmatic speaker who has the goal of aligning the beliefs of a naive listener with those of their own. We compare our model to previously published models that implement two alternative theories—Mental Models and Probability Heuristics—finding that our model quantitatively predicts the full distributions of responses as well as or better than previous accounts, but with far fewer parameters. Our results suggest that human syllogistic reasoning may be best understood not as a poor approximation to ideal logical reasoning, but rather as rational probabilistic inference in support of natural communication.