bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Limits of the Liberal Imagination: One Hundred Years of Solitude and Nostromo
Authors: Franco Jean
Published: October 2023

When Joseph Conrad’s novelNostromo appeared in 1904,British imperialism was at its self-confident height, for the Boer War had, if anything, increased nationalist fervor. Like all imperial powers, Britain had legitimized direct aggression and informal colonization by claiming a civilizing mission on the Roman model whose visible symbols were the statues of Victoria, orb in hand, presiding like Minerva over the neoclassical facades of banks and exchanges. Wars might rage in farflung outposts; but within the island, at least, there was relatively little interest in questioning the legitimacy of the pax britannica. Even those novelists who apparently dissented from the materialist goals of Victorian society usually turned a blind eye to empire. The colonies, when mentioned at all in fiction, were represented by Thackeray’s nabobs, Dickens’s Miss Fuzzy Wuzzy; or they were those mysterious “foreign parts” into which characters conveniently disappeared or out of which they returned with large, unexplained fortunes. Not until 1902, when J. A. Hobson published Imperialism: A Study, was there any detailed, theoretical critique of the economics of empire building; not until the appearance of Conrad’s novels was there real awareness of the complexity of the effects of empire on the aggressors, as well as on the victims of neocolonialism, nor any novel that charted the national differences between European imperialist ideologies.
The Cartagena Manifesto: Memorial Addressed to the Citizens of New Granada by a Citizen from Caracas
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

My purpose in writing this memorial is to spare New Granada the fate of Venezuela and to redeem Venezuela from the affliction it now suffers. Please deign, fellow citizens, to accept it with indulgence out of respect for such admirable intentions. I am, Granadans, a son of unhappy Caracas who, miraculously escaped from amid her physical and political ruins and ever faithful to the just and liberal system proclaimed by my country, now follow the banners of independence ?uttering so gloriously in these States. Allow me, inspired by a patriotic zeal that emboldens me to address you, to sketch for you the causes that led Venezuela to her destruction, and to ?atter myself that the terrible and exemplary lessons proffered by that extinct Republic will persuade America to improve her own con- duct, correcting the failures of unity, strength, and vigor manifest in her several governments.
The Jamaica Letter: Response from a South American to a Gentleman from This Island
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I hasten to reply to the letter of 29 August, which you [Henry Cullen] honored me by writing and which I received with the greatest satisfaction.Duly sensitive to the concern you expressed for the fortunes of my country and your distress over the torments she has suffered from the moment of the discovery until the ravages most recently afflicted on her by the Spaniards, I am nonetheless troubled by the obligation I feel to respond to your sympathetic questions concerning the most important aspects of American politics. I find myself torn between the desire to satisfy the trust you place in me and the difficulty of doing so, as much for lack of documents and books as for my limited knowledge about such an immense, varied, and mysterious land as the New World. In my opinion it is impossible to answer the questions you honored me by asking. Baron von Humboldt himself, with his vast theoretical and practical knowledge, could scarcely do so with exactitude, because although some statistical and historical information about America is known, I dare say that most is shrouded in darkness.
Decree of War to the Death
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

An army of brothers, sent by the Supreme Congress of New Grana- da, has come to liberate you, and it now stands among you, after having expelled the oppressors from the provinces of Mérida and Trujillo. We are sent to destroy the Spaniards, to protect Americans, and to reestablish the republican governments that formed the Federation of Venezuela. The states protected by our arms are once again ruled by their former constitutions and leaders, in the full enjoyment of their freedom and independence, because our sole mission is to break the chains of servitude that still oppress some of our people, not to make laws or seize power, as the rules of war might authorize us to do.
Manifesto Justifying the Dictatorship
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Colombians! The will of the people was given energetic expression in the political reforms of the nation. The legislative body deferred to your desires, ordering the convocation of the Great Convention so that the representatives of the people could carry out their wishes, constituting the Republic according to our beliefs, our inclinations, and our needs. The people asked for nothing except what was theirs by right. However, the hopes of all the people were betrayed in the Great Convention, which at last had to be dissolved, because while some heeded the petitions of the majority, others insisted on making laws dictated by their conscience or personal opinion. The constitution of the Republic no longer had the force of law for the majority, because the convention itself had annulled it, pressing unanimously for its reform. Then the people, realizing the seriousness of the ills besetting them, reassumed that portion of their rights which they had delegated and, exercising immediately their full sovereignty, took steps to ensure their own future. This sovereign entity chose to honor me with the title of minister and authorized me, further, to be the executor of their decrees. My position as supreme leader imposed on me the obligation to obey and serve my sovereign even beyond my own capacities.
Letter to General Juan José Flores: “Ploughing the Sea”
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I have received your fine letter from Guayaquil, of 10 September placed in my hands by your emissary, [ José María] Urbina. You cannot imagine my surprise to see that you took the trouble to send a special envoy to deliver your reply and to inform me of what is happening in the South and with your situation. I never expected that a personal letter could be the object of so much concern and benevolence. By so doing, you have surpassed the usual standard of extraordinary kindness in your dealings with me. Your friendship leaves nothing to be desired. With regard to the country, you conduct yourself like a statesman, always behaving in accordance with the ideas and desires of the people who have entrusted their destiny to you. In this case you fulfill your obligation as a leader and citizen.
Letter to Baptis Irvine, Agent of the United States of America to Venezuela: Debating Neutral Rights
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Although your note dated 17 August, which I had the honor of receiving yesterday, can only be regarded as a preliminary outline or preparation for the response you offer to my letter of ? August, I believe it is wise to formulate in advance certain re?ections that spring from the very principles you acknowledged in that note. You consider my indignation with respect to the supporters or allies of our fierce enemies to be just, but you add that it is unfair to expect neutral merchants to abandon their profession in order to take sides politically. Without arguing this point, I insist that I see no need for a neutral to embrace this or that faction just to keep from abandoning his profession, nor do I think it possible to apply this principle to ports under blockade without destroying the rights of the warring nations.
Invitation to the Governments of Colombia, Mexico, Río de la Plata, Chile, and Guatemala to Hold a Congress in Panama
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

After fifteen years of sacrifices dedicated to the freedom of America, in order to achieve a system of guarantees that can serve both in peace and war as shield for our new destiny, it is now time for the bonds of interest uniting the American republics, formerly Spanish colonies, to be provided with a foundation to perpetuate, if possible, the duration of these governments. To establish that system and consolidate the power of this grand political body will require a sublime authority that will give direction to the policies of our governments, whose in?uence will ensure uniformity of principles, and whose name alone will calm troubled waters. An authority so august can only exist in an assembly of plenipotentiary rep- resentatives appointed by each one of our republics and convened under the auspices of the victory won by our arms against Spanish power.
Letter to General Lafayette: On George Washington
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I have been honored to look for the first time on the noble features of [George Washington] the man who did so much good on behalf of the New World. I owe this honor to Colonel Mercier, who delivered to me your precious letter of ?? October of last year. I experienced a mysterious exhilaration on learning in the newspapers that you have had the generosity of heart to honor me with one of the treasures from Mount Ver-non. The portrait of Washington, some mementos, and one of the monuments to his glory are to be presented to me by your hands in the name of the brothers of that great citizen, first son of the New World. There are no words to tell you how my heart treasures this gift and how much glory your high regard instills in me.
Measures for the Protection and Wise Use of the Nation’s Forest Resources: Bolívar as Ecologist
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

First, that the Forests of Colombia, those owned publicly as well as privately, represent an enormous treasure in wood suitable for all types of construction as well as dyes, quinine, and other useful substances for medicine and the arts. Second, that throughout the region we are experiencing excessive harvesting of wood, dyes, quinine, and other substances, especially in the forests belonging to the state, with disastrous consequences. Third, that to avoid these, it is necessary to establish regulations for the effective protection of public and private property against violations of every kind, having seen the reports compiled for the government on this matter and heard the report of the Council of State.
Decree on the Installation of Several Normal Schools Based on the Lancasterian System (31 January 1825)
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Liberator President of the Republic of Colombia, empowered with dictatorial authority in the Republic of Peru, etc.
Performance Art: Jake Barnes and “Masculine” Signification in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Elliott Ira
Published: October 2023

Gender categories and gender reversals are, moreover, central thematic concerns in works as diverse as The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, Islands in the Stream, and The Garden of Eden, in which the question of gender constitutes the basis of the story.2 As Jeffrey Meyers points out, in A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Islands in the Stream, and The Garden of Eden, “the lovers experiment in dyeing their hair the same color and cutting it the same length in order to exchange sexual roles and merge their identities.”3 Hair, in fact, functions throughout Hemingway’s work as the principal image by which gender is made known. In The Sun Also Rises, for instance, Brett Ash-ley, epitome of the Modern Woman, “wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy’s.
Hemingway’s Morality of Compensation
Authors: Donaldson Scott
Published: October 2023

While voyaging back to the United States in 1833, Ralph Waldo Emerson puzzled over a definition of morals. His thoughts, he admitted in his journal, were “dim and vague,” but one might obtain “some idea of them . . . who develops the doctrine in his own experience that nothing can be given or taken without an equivalent.” In Emerson’s sublime optimism, he weighted the scales of equivalence in favor of the taker.
“Sign the Wire with Love” The Morality of Surplus in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Cheatham George
Published: October 2023

For Bill’s joke foregrounds Jake’s middle-class obsession with money-with working to make it and with spending it efficiently for his own pleasure. The ironically Marxist joke figures a distinction between surplus and exactitude, subtly undercutting Jake’s repeatedly professed desire for the latter, and so calls into question the orthodoxy, I suppose it is, of what Scott Donaldson has called a “morality of compensation” in the novel.
Hemingway, the Corrida, and Spain
Authors: Kinnamon Keneth
Published: October 2023

Of Hemingway’s seven novels to date, four have had in whole or in part Spanish or Spanish-American settings. The Sun Also Rises takes place both in France and in Spain, but the emotional center of the book is in the section dealing with the fiesta in Pamplona; indeed, the British title is Fiesta.
Contradictory Bodies in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Moddelmog Debra A
Published: October 2023

With its attenton to male bonding and rituals such as fishing, drinking, and bullfighting, The Sun Also Rises has become known as “classic Hemingway.” Co-existing with these rituals is a thwarted heterosexual relationship--Jake and Brett’s---a romantic situation that is also characteristic of Hemingway’s fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Although the word “mythology” is familiar to most people, it cannot be defined to everyone’s satisfaction. Even the mere existence of mythology can be called into doubt. Wherever myths are deeply cherished, wherever they touch people’s lives, they vanish and become something else. Many would say that they vanish completely.

In other words, myths are what others have; we ourselves have “scripture” or “history.”

Among the modern Bribri of Costa Rica, whose creation epics are as remote from the beliefs of the English-or Spanish-speaking world as anything could possibly be, an outsider who asks for leyendas (myths or legends) will be told that there are none. One must ask for historias (histories).
Oaxaca
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

According to records kept by the Aztecs, it was in a year 5 Rabbit (A.O. 1458) that the ruler Montezuma decided to conquer the Mixtecs. The attack was launched against the important market town of Coaixtlahuacan in the northwest part of what is now the state of Oaxaca.

The king of Coaixtlahuacan had been enriching himself with taxes from towns as far away as the Pacific coast. During the inevitable siege, he was killed by Aztec troops, whereupon the Mexica ruler sent for the king’s wife, now widow, and appointed her tribute collector for the entire Mixtec country. “Then for the first time,” reads the Aztec account, “gold, quetzal plumes, rubber, cacao, and other wealth began coming in; then the Mexica began to feel cheered, thanks to the tribute goods.”
Northwest Mexico
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The southwestern United States and the Aztec-Maya, or Mesoamerican, area are the two most intensively studied Indian regions in the hemisphere. In between lie vast stretches of northern Mexico that are ethnographically barren.

But this is not for lack of ethnic groups. Dozens of small tribes once inhabited northeast and north central Mexico. Today, however, these peoples are little more than names in old explorers’ and missionaries’ notebooks.
Beginnings
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Rare today, the belief that the people emerged from the earth was once common in central Mexico and in the region now Know as Oaxaca. The account given here is from a manuscript on 1528, written by an anonymous Aztec using the alphabetic script learned from missionaries.

From Colhuacan [ancestor place], from Chicomoztoc [seven cave place], from Quineuhyan [emergence place], from there they all departed. From there our ancestors departed at the time the people originated. This was when they came forth from their home, from the cave called Chicomoztoc.

They departed in a year 1 Reed, departed on a day 1 Alligator. When they had departed, they wandered thirteen years in the wilderness.
Family Ties
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The Biblical passage “and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea” has often been pointed to as the source of a dangerous flaw in Western thought, not shared by Indians. Claiming “dominion” over nature, modern civilization puts human needs first, whereas the mythology of the Indian imposes a more balanced view.

The Indian idea, developed in the myths of many different tribes, is that the products of nature are persons, which must be treated with respect.
Heroes and Their Grandmothers
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The myths of the Chumash, whose now extinct culture once dominated the area northwest of Los Angeles, were virtually unknown until the field notes of the late]. P. Harrington began to be sorted and analyzed in the 1970s. It is still too early to say whether Chumash mythology belongs more to the Southwest or to central California; possibly the latter. But by far the best preserved narratives Harrington was able to obtain from the last Chumash speakers are six variants of a monster-ridding cycle, which conforms to the Southwest pattern of child heroes aided by a grandmother.
Lost Worlds of the Southeast
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In the early 1700s, when the French began to settle Louisiana, they came in contact with a spectacular remnant of the temple mound culture that had once dominated the region south of the Ohio River from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. This was the Natchez tribe, with its ruling Sun clan, its monarch, and its temples reminiscent of Aztec and Maya pyramids. Within thirty years the French destroyed the Natchez towns; and the culture known to archaeologists as the Mississippian, already in a long decline, effectively came to an end.
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

More than any other of the six inhabited continents, South America has preserved the conditions that allow mythology to be freely produced. In Asia and Africa, and perhaps in remote corners of Europe, old-style communities may be distinguished where traditional lore, including myth, remains alive. But in South America it is possible to speak of parks devoted to the proposition that Indian cultures, along with plants and animals, can be kept intact as living museums.
The Other World
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Myths in which the first humans emerge from the earth are standard lore in agricultural societies. Hunters and gatherers do not usually tell such stories, at least not in the Americas. Yet in the region north of the Amazon and east of the Orinoco, traditionally known as Guiana, emergence myths are lacking, even though many, if not most, of the native cultures have long been dependent on the growing of manioc and other crops.
Myth and Society
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In the Brazilian Highlands, people within a village interact according to an elaborate set of rules. Nowhere else on the continent have men, women, and children structured their lives with such style or attracted so much outside attention on account of it. Immediately noticeable is the twofold division of each village, as though an imaginary line had been drawn down the middle.
In the Montaña
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Amazonia begins along the continental divide in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Within a few miles of this line the scrubby Andean vegetation gives way to rain forest, and east bound travelers suddenly find themselves in a different world. Known as the “eyebrow,” this upland jungle leads toward the low hills and increasingly level valleys of the montafia itself (also called yunga), where the native cultures, of necessity, more closely resemble those of Brazil than of western Peru.
Problems of Gender and History in the Teaching of Things Fall Apart
Authors: Cobham Rhonda
Published: October 2023

This Is a Sexist Novel!” the (female, white) student declared. Her ethnic earnings jangled in angry assent as she stabbed the pages of her Heinemann paperback for emphasis. As if to distance itself from the offending object, her red-checked imitation Palestine Liberation Organization scarf slipped backward off her shoulders. It was clear that she spoke on behalf of all oppressed humanity.

In a voice tinged with long-suffering, her teacher (also white, but male) attempted to explain that not to write about wife beating in a story about a society where it was practiced would be aesthetically inauthentic. He tried to shift the discussion back to an appreciation of the critical distance between the author and his main character before the jocks at the back of the class got wind of what was going on, but it was too late.
Realism, Criticism, and the Disguises of Both
Authors: Quayson Ato
Published: October 2023

The Proverbial Epigraphs to this essay seek to integrate the enterprise of criticism into a traditional African cultural context. The first points to the relativity at the heart of all critical pursuits: it is mainly in relation to the literary enterprise that the critical one is validated. Furthermore, no criticism can hope to completely encompass the total significance of the literary artifact, just as no water pot can hope to take in all of the river’s water. On the other hand, all critical enterprises harbor a certain predatoriness, which the relationship between the dancing hen and the hawk can be taken to figure. The critical enterprise is never completely satisfied with the work of its predecessors and thus continually seeks to tear open previous critical discourses to make space for its own activity.
An Interview with Chinua Achebe
Authors: Rowell Charles H
Published: October 2023

Charles H. Rowell: Mr. Achebe, here in the United States, those of us who read twentieth-century world literature think of you as one of the most important writers in this era. We view you as an artist—and for us the word artist has a certain kind of meaning. In the African world, does artist have the same meaning as that conceptualized in the Western world? Or, more specifically, what do Nigerians conceive the writer to be? Is he or she thought of as an artist, a creator of the kind that we think of here in the United States when we speak about writers?

Chinua Achebe: Well, I think that there are obviously certain common factors when anybody talks about an artist, whether in America or in Africa. I think there are certain factors which would apply to either place—and so we can leave those aside, if you like. But there are differences definitely, in emphasis if not absolute, and it is these that one should draw attention to. The artist has always existed in Africa in the form of the sculptor, the painter, or the storyteller, the poet.
A World Financial Authority
Authors: Eatwell John , Taylor Lance
Published: October 2023

Our prime objective in proposing the creation of a WFA was to assess the regulatory needs of today’s liberal financial markets. Whether a single regulator is created or not, the tasks that the model WFA should perform must be per formed by someone if international financial markets are to operate efficiently. The goal of this chapter is to identify what those tasks might be and to develop proposals about how they might best be performed. In moving from our initial proposal to more concrete, policy-oriented discussion, we found that we needed to consider not only the practical developments that have taken place up to now, but also the international legal and institutional implications of our proposals.
Recasting the International Financial Agenda
Authors: Ocampo* Jose Antonio
Published: October 2023

The crisis set in motion positive responses: a concerted expansionary effort in the midst of the crisis, led by the United States, which was probably the crucial step that facilitated the fairly rapid though incomplete normalization of capital markets; the approval of new credit lines and the expansion of IMF resources; the recognition that incentives must be created to induce adequate debt profiles in developing countries, and that some capital account regulations may serve this purpose and provide a breathing space for corrective macroeconomic policies; the parallel recognition that financial liberalization in developing countries should be carefully managed and sequenced; a special impetus to international efforts to establish minimum standards of prudential regulation and supervision, as well as of information; the acceptance that no exchange rate regime is appropriate for all countries under all circumstances; the partial acceptance by the IMF that fiscal overkill is inappropriate in adjustment programs; the improvement of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries’ (HIPC) Initiative; and the greater emphasis given to the design of adequate social safety nets in developing countries.
Financial Regulation in a Liberalized Global Environment
Authors: D’Arista* Jane
Published: October 2023

0ver the last three decades, the use of technology has accelerated the process of innovation and brought about changes in financial markets and institutions that have undercut the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks in place in many nations since at least the immediate post-World War II period. The response of public authorities has generally been to accede to pressures from the private financial sector to dismantle the old framework. Thus, most of the changes in financial structure and regulation that have taken place have been driven by market forces rather than shaped through the deliberative processes of law and regulation. With one important exception--capital adequacy requirements for banks-there has been very little rebuilding of a rule-based foundation. And even capital adequacy standards are now being questioned by U.S. regulators as promoting evasive innovation that is making them ineffective, outmoded, and inefficient (Greenspan 1998; Meyer 1998). Their preferred strategy for ensuring soundness relies on self-regulation at the level of the individual institution through systems of internal controls.
International Capital Mobility, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Risk of Global Contraction
Authors: Blecker* Robert A
Published: October 2023

In the wake of the Mexican and East Asian financial crises of the 1990s, economists of various persuasions have noted the increasing international mobility of financial capital as a major new aspect of the contemporary global economy. It is now well known that the volume of international financial transactions far exceeds what is necessary to finance ordinary trade in goods and services, and that the lion’s share of those transactions are driven by purely financial considerations such as hedging strategies, arbitrage opportunities, and currency speculation.
Rhodotorula, Malassezia, Trichosporon,and Other Yeast-Like Fungi
Authors: Vazquez Jose A
Published: October 2023

Yeasts are found ubiquitously in nature, in association with plants, mammals, and insects. Accordingly, humans are continually exposed to multiple genera of yeasts via various routes. Depending on the interaction between host mucosal defense mechanisms and fungal virulence factors, yeast colonization may be transient or persistent, with either systemic or local disease. Yeast organisms are usually of low virulence, and frequently require a significant alteration or reduction in host defenses prior to tissue invasion. Recently, because of the increased population of immunocompromised patients, the frequency of yeast infections as well as the organisms causing disease continues to grow. Rhodotorulosis results from infection with the genus Rhodotorula. Although the yeast is recovered world-wide from a variety of sources, infection is generally only seen in the immunocompromised host. The fungi from the genus Rhodotorula are imperfect basidiomycetous yeast belonging to the family Crypto-coccaceae. There are 8 species in the genus Rhodotorula (Fell, 1984a; Kreger-van Rij, 1984). Rhodotorula rubra (R. mucilaginosa) is the species most frequently associated with human infection. The other less commonly isolated species include R. glutinis, R. pilimanae, R. pallida, R. aurantiaca, R. minuta (syn, R. marina). The majority of Rhodotorula species produce red-to-orange colonies due to the presence of carotenoid pigments (Rippon, 1988; Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). The yeast is mucoid, encapsulated, rarely forms mycelia, and readily grows on almost all types of culture media. Rhodotorula is very similar to the Cryptococcus in rate of growth, cell size and shape, presence of capsule, and the ability to split urea. The difference includes Rhodotorula’s inability to assimilate inositol and ferment sugars (Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). Rhodotorula can be differentiated from other red-pigmented yeast, such as Sporobolomyces, by the lack of ballistospore formation.
Phaeohyphomycoses
Authors: Perfect John R , Schell Wiley A , Cox Gary M
Published: October 2023

Phaeohyphomycosis, which is a term first introduced by Ajello and colleagues (Ajello et al, 1974), has become a common clinical description for a series of infections produced by darkly pigmented moulds (Fader and McGinnis, 1988; Rinaldi, 1996). In its simplest definition, phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by fungi that are characterized by a brown to black color within the cell wall of vegetative cells, conidia, or both. Dark pigmentation of the moulds is caused by the cell wall deposition of dihydroxynaphthalene melanin that is formed through pentaketide metabolism. In most cases the brown–black coloration is observed within specimens of host tissue but at times it is revealed only when the fungus is grown in culture. The term phaeohyphomycosis, which means “condition of fungi with dark hyphae,” is not based on the name of a particular fungus but includes many genera and species. In addition, another descriptive term for these fungi is dematiaceous fungi. This term has gained clinical favor even though its Greek meaning of “bundle” does not reflect the pigmented structures that represent the unifying feature of these fungi (Revankar et al, 2002).
The Electroconvulsive Therapy Stimulus, Seizure Induction, and Seizure Quality
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

A few basic electrical concepts are required to understand the properties of the ECT stimulus. Although most ECT devices utilize alternating current, some of the principles involved are more readily presented through the simpler situation that obtains for direct current. The primary variables of direct current electricity are voltage, current, and resistance, which are measured in units of volts, amperes, and ohms, respectively. Voltage is an electromotive force that drives a current of electrons through a conductor just as hydraulic pressure drives water through a pipe. The greater the resistance to the flow of current, the greater is the voltage required to maintain the same current.
Who Gets Fibromyalgia and Why?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Until recently, nobody knew how many people had fibromyalgia. Several surveys suggest that while 2 percent of the adult U.S. population have full-blown fibromyalgia (3.5 percent of adult women and 0.5 percent of adult men), 11 percent have chronic widespread pain and 20 percent have chronic regional pain. Recently, Dr. Larry Bradley at the University of Alabama has found that for every diagnosed fibromyalgia patient in the United States, there is an undiagnosed individual who has the requisite tender points, but never seeks medical attention for this. This has been termed community fibromyalgia. A survey in Great Britain found that 13 percent of the population had chronic widespread pain, 72 percent of whom sought medical attention for it. Of those, 21 percent fulfilled the ACR criteria for fibromyalgia. In other words, of individuals with chronic neuromuscular pain, less than half have diagnosed fibromyalgia or community fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is the third or fourth most common reason for consulting a rheumatologist. Approximately 15–20 percent of all patients seeking rheumatology referrals have fibromyalgia. The 5,000 rheumatologists in the United States who are trained in internal medicine and subspecialize in managing more than 150 musculoskeletal and immune system disorders are very familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia.
The Basic Science of Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we’ll explore what makes fibromyalgia a pain amplification syndrome. Why does the patient hurt in places where there was often no injury and all laboratory tests are normal? What creates what doctors call allodynia, or a clinical situation that results in pain from a stimulus (such as light touch) that normally should not be painful? Fibromyalgia is a form of chronic, widespread allodynia, as well as sustained hyperalgesia, or greater sensitivity than would be expected to an adverse stimulus.

The nervous system consists of several components. The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system. Nerves leaving the spinal cord that tell us to move our arms or legs are part of the “motor” aspects of the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, all sorts of information about touch, taste, chemicals, and pressure are relayed through “sensory” pathways back to the spinal cord, where they are processed and sent up to the brain for a response. The autonomic nervous system consists of specialized peripheral nerves. Fibromyalgia is characterized by an inappropriate neuromuscular reaction that leads to chronic pain. Patients with fibromyalgia usually react normally to acute pain.
Fibromyalgia-Related Complaints
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome rather than a disease, and as such has a variety of features. Any part of the body can be involved, especially when fibromyalgia is induced or aggravated by multiple factors.

Complaints can be subjective and hard to verify or quantify. They consist of symptoms, or expressions of what is bothersome, and signs. Physical signs are observed during a physical examination, such as a rash or an irregular heartbeat, and are easier to validate. Constitutional symptoms or signs are generalized and do not belong to any specific organ system or region of the body.

Generalized fatigue is a prominent feature of fibromyalgia. Between 60 and 80 percent of fibromyalgia patients complain of fatigue, which is defined as physical or mental exhaustion or weariness. However, there are many reasons for fatigue. In a recent survey, 20 percent of the women in the United States and 14 percent of the men rated themselves as being significantly fatigued. This feeling can come on like a wave or be continuous.
What are the Regional and Localized Forms of Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

The definition of fibromyalgia includes widespread pain in all four quadrants (areas) of the body. What happens when you have fibromyalgia-like pain located in only one or two quadrants of the body? Limited forms of the syndrome have distinct features and terms used to describe them. Myofascial pain syndrome encompasses many regional pain conditions ranging from temporomandibular joint dysfunction in the jaw to a low back pain syndrome. The diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome requires that at least one trigger point be present and that, when it is pressed, pain is referred to another site. This chapter will review regional myofascial pain, relate it to fibromyalgia pain pathways, and discuss its management and prognosis.

Most regional myofascial discomfort is produced by trauma. Unlike fibromyalgia, in which nearly 50 inciting factors have been implicated, localized or regional myofascial pain syndrome is usually due to either a single traumatic event or repetitive injury.
A Modest Proposal to Improve Judicial Incentives
Authors: Landsburg Steven
Published: October 2023

It is a recurring American nightmare: The accused criminal out on bail commits a grisly murder while awaiting trial. The judge who signed the release order is second-guessed in the press and sometimes at the voting booth. Politicians decry the leniency of the justice system and call for stricter standards in the granting of bail.
More Justice for Less Money: A Step beyond Cimino
Authors: Friedman David
Published: October 2023

In Cimino v. Raymark,1 Judge Parker of the Eastern District of Texas implemented a radical solution to the problem of litigating mass torts. Instead of conducting individual trials for several thousand plaintiffs, he selected a random sample of 160 of them, tried their cases, and based the awards given to the remaining plaintiffs on the outcome of those trials. In defending the procedure against the charge that it deprived the parties of due process, he argued that if he had instead required individual trials, most of the cases would never have been resolved.
The Question: Reinforcement or Renewal?
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

In the realm of American democracy, the year 2000 ushered in the twenty-first century with the most uncommon of presidential elections. It had been 88 years since a minor-party candidate showed strongly enough to tip the election, and 112 years since the winner of the popular vote lost in the electoral college. That these events occurred together, in the same election in which the Supreme Court ultimately settled the contest, made it a rare political year indeed.

The 2000 election stands out for another reason also. It was the year in which campaigning through the Internet became de rigeur, opening up a new mode of candidate-voter interaction. Candidates 3 had experimented with the Internet for several electoral cycles, going as far back as 1994, but the 2000 elections represented a leap forward by candidates in the degree of effort, money, and innovation dedicated to the Internet. In 1995, Representative Charlie Rose, Democrat from North Carolina, predicted that “by the year 2000 [the Internet] is going to be an indispensable campaign tool.”
At War with Ourselves
Authors: Hirsh Michael
Published: October 2023

As correspondent for Newsweek, Michael Hirsh has traveled to every continent, reporting on American foreign policy. Now he draws on his experience to offer an original explanation of America’s role in the world and the problems facing the nation today and in the future. Using colorful vignettes and up-close reporting from his coverage of the first two post-Cold War presidents, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Hirsh argues that America has a new role never before played by any nation: it is the world’s Uberpower, overseeing the global system from the air, land, sea and, increasingly, from space as well. And that means America has a unique opportunity do what no great power in history has ever done—to perpetuate indefinitely the global system it has built, to create an international community with American power at its center that is so secure it may never be challenged. Yet Americans are squandering this chance by failing to realize what is at stake. At the same time that America as a nation possesses powers it barely comprehends, Americans as individuals have vulnerabilities they never before imagined. They desperately need the international community on their side. In an era when democracy and free markets have become the prevailing ideology, Hirsh argues, one of America’s biggest problems will be “ideological blowback”—facing up to the flaws and contradictions of its own ideals. Hence, for example, the biggest threat to political stability is not totalitarianism, but the tricky task of instituting democracy in the Arab world without giving Islamic fundamentalists the reigns of power. The only way for Washington to avoid accusations of hypocrisy is to allow the global institutions it has built, like the U.N., to do the hard work of promoting U.S. values.
The House of Mirth: A Novel of Admonition
Authors: Wagner-Martin Linda
Published: October 2023

The New Woman was a harbinger of change—in family life and culture, as well as in women’s existences—and it is about the turn-of-the century New Woman that much of Edith Wharton’s fiction revolves. Wharton herself was a product of many of the conflicts that the women’s movement had set off. She had to face the issues of what an appropriate life for a woman should be and to decide for herself whether or not to marry and bear children, whether she should have a career or profession or become the social butterfly her society preferred. Naturally, Wharton’s fiction would show her interest in the possibilities for changes in women’s lives in the twentieth century. In both England and the United States, many women were dissatisfied with their roles during the later part of the nineteenth century. Women of wealth wanted more than to be “protected,” but “the long, golden Edwardian garden-party”—with its emphasis on women as beautiful, innocent objects, the desirable icons of an acquisitive patriarchal culture—only reinforced the idea that women needed to be taken care of.1
The “Perfect Jew” and The House of Mirth: A Study in Point of View
Authors: Goldman-price Irene c.
Published: October 2023

When Edith Wharton received a copy of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, she thanked the author, saying: “it’s enough to make this reader happy to have met your perfect Jew” (emphasis Wharton’s), and went on to praise the luncheon scene and the characterization of Meyer Wolfsheim as the parts of the novel that “make me augur still greater things!” (6/8/1925 in Lewis & Lewis 481). Wolfsheim, of course, was the man looking for a “gonnection,” the man who fixed the 1919 World Series. Nick describes him as: “A small, flat-nosed Jew... with two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril,” who eats “with ferocious delicacy” and talks about witnessing the gangland murder of his old friend, Rosy Rosenthal (69–71). In short, Wolfsheim is physically repugnant, socially unacceptable, morally reprehensible, and stinking rich. This, in 1925 at least, is Edith Wharton’s “perfect” Jew.
Lily Bart and the Drama of Femininity
Authors: Wolff Cynthia Griffin
Published: October 2023

I wrote an essay [in 1974] entitled “Lily Bart and the Beautiful Death,” an argument I still think true, though it did not answer certain questions adequately (Why must Lily die at the novel’s conclusion? What are we to make of Selden—of his passivity and his self-important moral pronouncements? What is the meaning of Nettie Struther and her belated appearance?). If, as I argued, Edith Wharton’s knowledge of the visual arts provided insights into the The House of Mirth, perhaps the answers to these persistent questions about her first New York novel can be found by exploring another of her artistic interests—the busy, varied world of Edwardian drama. Between 1890 and 1905 (when House of Mirth was published), New York theater life was lively and colorful. There was a relatively flexible sense of international theater: major productions in London and Paris were regularly reviewed in the New York papers; touring companies traveled back and forth across the Atlantic. Moreover, turn-of-the-century stage was an art form for average Americans, not just for a wealthy elite.
The Crumbling Structure of “Appearances”: Representation and Authenticity in The House of Mirth and The Custom of the Country
Authors: Gair Christopher
Published: October 2023

At One Point In The House of Mirth (1905), Carry Fisher, Lily Bart’s social facilitator and general fixer for the seemingly endless supply of monied Americans seeking the contagious prestige gained through association with faded British aristocracy, complains that “ ‘ the London market is so glutted with new Americans that, to succeed there now, they must be very clever or awfully queer’ “ (188). The utterance appears to invite readings of selfhood as something tentative or provisional, with the metaphor of society as a stock exchange confirming the impression that identity is speculative and depends on a combination of inventiveness and chance. At the moment of Carry’s pronouncement, it would seem that the value of American selfhood is down in the old world, the victim of a saturated market, and that only the production of an even newer, improved model will be enough to generate fresh interest among the discerning names of London society.
Gender, Citizenship, and the Liberal State, 1860-1899
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E
Published: October 2023

Historians typically discuss the organized campaigns for women’s suffrage within three explanatory frameworks. The first is as a single-issue campaign, beginning with women’s parlia-mentary engagement with the Second Reform Bill in 1867 that extended the vote to urban working men, continuing through disappointments in 1867 and 1884, and culminating in the emergence of militancy during the Edwardian period. These accounts approach women’s suffrage either in terms of the parliamentary context and the political calculus involved or as social movements led by feminists. The second approach taken by historians is to treat the campaigns as engagements with party politics, particularly with the Liberal Party and emerging Labour Party. A third approach is to see women’s suffrage, particularly the campaigns waged in the twentieth century, as part of the “crisis of the British state,” the fragmentation of the liberal consensus of the nineteenth century that ultimately resulted in replacement of laissez-faire state government with collectivist forms in the twentieth century.
Resistance on Trial, 1906-1912
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E
Published: October 2023

Attention to suffragettes’ appropriation of the constitutional idiom highlights the legalistic dimension of suffrage politics. Throughout the Edwardian campaign for women’s suffrage,suffragettes assiduously sought to legitimize their protests and their claim to citizenship by appealing to the law. In her contribution to Frederick John Shaw’s edited collection The Case far Women’s Suffrage (1907), Christabel Pankhurst argued that exclusion of women from the parliamentary franchise was at base a judicial decision. Elaborating upon arguments made by Charlotte Carmichael Stopes and others-that the 1832 Reform Act had introduced the limitation of sex into the parliamentary franchise-Pankhurst traced the judicial steps nineteenth-century women suffragists had taken to remedy their political exclusion. On passage of the 1867 Reform Act, she noted, suffragists in Lancashire had attempted to force the court of common pleas to rule on women’s status as voters in light of Lord Brougham’s Act of 1859, which had stipulated that ‘“in all Acts of Parliament, unless the contrary is expressly stated, words importing the masculine gender shall apply to women as well as men.”‘ Citing the court’s ruling in Charlton v. Lings (1868) that neither common law nor statute law enfranchised women, Pankhurst contended that the judiciary misinterpreted both so as to maintain women’s exclusion from the parliamentary franchise.