bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF MICROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS
Authors: ISSA JAY A. , NELSON RICHARD B.
Published: February 2008

A numerical analysis of the micromechanical behaviour of a granular material is described using a new program MASOM based on Cundall's discrete element method. In the analysis the individual grains which make up the material are taken to be deformable 2D polygons of arbitrary size and shape. Contact forces between the grains are calculated according to Mindlin's solution for frictional contact between elastic bodies. The material in each grain is taken to be linear elastic but limited by the fracture strength of the material. Fracture is permitted along any one of a number of candidate fracture planes if an associated compressive load tending to split the gain reaches a critical level. Fragments of fractured grains are carried until they become too small to track using the explicit time integration algorithm used to advance the solution. The MASOM program is able to consider a number of different classes of elements and different types of contact between the various classes. Thus, in addition to the granular material the program can also model containers and loading devices. The program is used to simulate uniaxial and triaxial compression tests for geological materials. The results are shown to give results for stress‐strain and stress difference versus pressure which are in qualitative agreement with test data. The numerical results reveal a very complex micromechanical behaviour in granular materials, including highly variable and rather unstable load paths and a very inhomogeneous load distribution within a representative sample of the material. A video of the response of a typical frictional material to applied loads shows an interesting localized effect near sample boundaries involving crowding together of grains which cannot be observed using conventional static field plots.
APPLICATIONS OF DEM TO PROCESS ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
Authors: THORNTON COLIN
Published: February 2008

Although computer simulated experimentation using the distinct element method (DEM) was originally developed as a tool for examining geomechanical problems, the dynamic nature of the methodology used lends itself more readily to many other areas of scientific and industrial interest. One such area is that of process engineering in which large volumes of particulate materials have to be handled in the context of flow problems (e.g. chutes, hoppers, and pipes). In addition, these particulate materials are often in the form of powders which themselves are agglomerations of much smaller sized particles. Processes such as agglomeration and agglomerate breakdown, either by attrition or comminution, are also amenable to investigation by the DEM.
FINITE AND BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY (1976–1991)
Authors: MACKERLE JAROSLAV
Published: February 2008

This bibliography is offered as a practical guide to published papers, conference proceedings papers and theses/dissertations on the finite element (FE) and boundary element (BE) applications in different fields of biomechanics between 1976 and 1991. The aim of this paper is to help the users of FE and BE techniques to get better value from a large collection of papers on the subjects. Categories in biomechanics included in this survey are: orthopaedic mechanics, dental mechanics, cardiovascular mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, biological flow, impact injury, and other fields of applications. More than 900 references are listed.
INSTABILITY OF A SHARP INTERFACE IN POLYMER FLOODING
Authors: VAN DUIJN C.J. , FLORIS F.J.T.
Published: February 2008

Non‐Newtonian fluids are used in current oil recovery processes. These fluids do not satisfy the linear Darcy law for flow through porous media. To model the recovery processes, a generalization of Darcy's law is used. A numerical method, developed originally for salt and fresh groundwater flow, has been adapted to incorporate the generalized Darcy law. We use it to model the two‐phase, two‐dimensional flow of immiscible fluids in a porous medium. In particular it will be applied to investigate the stability of the fluid/fluid interface. The results verify the theoretically predicted critical velocity above which the displacement of oil by polymer flooding becomes unstable, leading to low recovery.
A MULTIGRID SOLUTION, BASED ON THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, FOR THE NAVIER‐STOKES EQUATIONS
Authors: XIA J.Y. , TAYLOR C.
Published: February 2008

A multigrid algorithm, in conjunction with the finite element method, is proposed and applied to the Navier‐Stokes (N‐S) equations. A smoothing process is effected using a preconditioned conjugate gradient solution method and the technique is demonstrated by solving laminar flow problems.
FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURAL SHAPE AND THICKNESS OPTIMIZATION OF AXISYMMETRIC SHELLS
Authors: HINTON E. , RAO N.V.R. , SIENZ J.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with structural shape and thickness optimization of axisymmetric shell structures loaded symmetrically. In the finite element stress analysis use is made of newly developed linear, quadratic, and cubic, variable thickness, C(0) elements based on axisymmetric Mindlin‐Reissner shell theory. An integrated approach is used to carry out the whole shape optimization process in a fully automatic manner. A robust, versatile and flexible mesh generator is incorporated with facilities for generating either uniform or graded meshes, with constant, linear, or cubic variation of thickness, pressure etc. The midsurface geometry and thickness variations of the axisymmetric shell structure are defined using cubic splines passing through certain key points. The design variables are chosen as the coordinates and/or the thickness at the key points. Variable linking procedures are also included. Sensitivity analysis is carried out using either a semi‐analytical method or a global finite difference method. The objective of the optimization is the weight minimization of the structure. Several examples are presented illustrating optimal shapes and thickness distributions for various shells. The changes in the bending, membrane and shear strain energies during the optimization process are also monitored.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL CONVECTION IN TRAVELLING MIG WELD POOLS
Authors: SONG WU CHUAN
Published: February 2008

Mathematical models of the metal‐inert gas (MIG) welding process may be used to study the influence of various welding parameters on weld dimensions, to assist in the development of welding procedures, and to aid in the generation of process control algorithms for automated applications. A three‐dimensional model for convection and heat transfer in MIG weld pools has been formulated and solved using the finite difference technique. The energy exchange between the pool and the molten filler metal droplets via spray transfer, and the interaction of electromagnetic, buoyant, surface tension, droplet impact and plasma jet forces were considered. MIG welding was carried out using mild steel plate with heat input from 7 to 17.5 KJ/cm. The calculated and experimentally observed weld bead dimensions were compared. Occurrence of finger penetration phenomena only in MIG welds are adequately explained through the application of the proposed model. Good agreement is demonstrated between predicted weld dimensions and experimentally measured ones.
LARGE DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS OF SUBMERGED MULTIBODY SYSTEMS
Authors: MAGNE MATHISEN KJELL , BERGAN PÅL G.
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses algorithms for large displacement analysis of interconnected flexible and rigid multibody systems. Hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads for systems being submerged in water are also considered. The systems may consist of cables and beams and may combine very flexible parts with rigid parts. Various ways of introducing structural joints are discussed. A special implementation of the Hilber‐Hughes‐Taylor time integration scheme for constrained non‐linear systems is outlined. The formulation is general and allows for displacements and rotational motion of unlimited size. Aspects concerning efficient solution of constrained dynamic problems are discussed. These capabilities have been implemented in a general purpose non‐linear finite element program. Applications involving static and dynamic analysis of a bi‐articulated tower and a floating tripod platform kept in place by three anchor lines are discussed.
FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CONDITIONS FOR FRICTIONAL CONTACT
Authors: RUNESSON KENNETH , KLISINSKI MAREK , LARSSON RAGNAR
Published: February 2008

Finite element implementations of the classical (stick‐slip) and a regularized (elastic‐slip) friction laws are compared for a class of non‐linear slip criteria. The fully implicit method is used for integrating the friction law. A novel implementation of the stick‐slip law, that involved transformation to a non‐orthogonal coordinate system at each contact point, is assessed. A numerical comparison is carried out for a simple problem, that has previously been analysed in the literature. The convergence of the elastic‐slip law for increasing stiffness is evaluated in addition to convergence behaviour of the adopted Newton iterations for a given law.
FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF LOCALIZATION OF DEFORMATION
Authors: DE BORST R. , SLUYS L.J. , MUHLHAUS H.‐B. , PAMIN J.
Published: February 2008

Classical continuum models, i.e. continuum models that do not incorporate an internal length scale, suffer from excessive mesh dependence when strain‐softening models are used in numerical analyses and cannot reproduce the size effect commonly observed in quasi‐brittle failure. In this contribution three different approaches will be scrutinized which may be used to remedy these two intimately related deficiencies of the classical theory, namely (i) the addition of higher‐order deformation gradients, (ii) the use of micropolar continuum models, and (iii) the addition of rate dependence. By means of a number of numerical simulations it will be investigated under which conditions these enriched continuum theories permit localization of deformation without losing ellipticity for static problems and hyperbolicity for dynamic problems. For the latter class of problems the crucial role of dispersion in wave propagation in strain‐softening media will also be highlighted.
STRUCTURAL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF VIBRATING SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATES USING TWO‐NODED FINITE STRIPS
Authors: HINTON E. , ÖZAKÇA M. , RAO N.V.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with structural shape optimization of vibrating prismatic shells and folded plates. The finite strip method is used to determine the natural frequencies and modal shapes based on Mindlin‐Reissner shell theory which allows for transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia effects. An automated optimization procedure is adopted which integrates finite strip analysis, parametric cubic spline geometry definition, automatic mesh generation, sensitivity analysis and mathematical programming methods. The objective is to maximize the fundamental frequency by changing thickness and shape design variables defining the cross‐section of the structure, with a constraint that the total volume of the structure remains constant. A series of examples is presented to highlight various features of the optimization procedure as well as the accuracy and efficiency of finite strip method.
SENSITIVITY STUDY OF CRITERIA GOVERNING COLLAPSE OF CENTRALLY LOADED R/C SLABS
Authors: ABBASI M.S.A. , BALUCH M.H. , AZAD A.K. , ABDEL‐RAHMAN H.H.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents the full range sensitivity study of various components of material model on the response of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to central patch loads using non‐linear finite element analysis. A layered degenerate quadratic plate element with five degrees of freedom was employed. Smeared crack model was used with orthogonal cracking. The components considered in this work are: perfectly plastic models versus hardening models, role of crushing condition on collapse load, influence of dowel effect on punching capacity, parametric variation of tension stiffening parameter, parametric variation of degraded shear modulus and the role of yield criterion.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE TENSILE STRAIN SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Authors: BHATTACHARJEE SUDIP S. , LÉGER PIERRE
Published: February 2008

The localized strain softening behaviour of concrete has been modelled by two approaches: (i) the stiffness degrading model based on the total stress‐strain constitutive relationship, and (ii) the tangent softening model based on the incremental stress‐strain relationship. The models are implemented using a new softening initiation criterion proposed for application in multi‐dimensional finite element analysis. Parametric analyses on plain concrete beams, tested experimentally by other researchers, have been carried out to investigate the required numerical efforts, the mesh objectivity, and the energy dissipation characteristics of the structures. The stiffness degrading model is very stable even when applied with relatively coarse finite element meshes. However, the computational demand of this model is relatively high. The combination of a total stress‐strain constitutive relationship to compute the element responses, and an incremental relationship to formulate the stiffness matrix, appears to be computationally efficient and stable, provided that adequately refined finite element mesh is used to model the structure.
SOME STUDIES ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF VARIABLE THICKNESS PLATES AND SHELLS
Authors: HINTON E. , AFONSO S.M.B. , RAO N.V.R.
Published: February 2008

The optimization of variable thickness plates and shells is studied. In particular, three types of shell are considered: hyperbolic paraboloid, conoid and cylindrical shell. The main objective is to investigate the optimal thickness distributions as the geometric form of the structure changes from a plate to a deep shell. The optimal thickness distribution is found by use of a structural optimization algorithm which integrates the Coons patch technique for thickness definition, structural analysis using 9‐node Huang‐Hinton shell elements, sensitivity evaluation using the global finite difference method and the sequential quadratic programming method. The composition of the strain energy is monitored during the optimization process to obtain insight into the energy distribution for the optimum structures. Several benchmark examples are considered illustrating optimal thickness variations under different loading, boundary and design variable linking conditions.
A STUDY OF MESH OPTIMALITY CRITERIA IN ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: OÑATE E. , BUGEDA G.
Published: February 2008

The concepts of solution error and optimal mesh in adaptive finite element analysis are revisited. It is shown that the correct evaluation of the convergence rate of the error norms involved in the error measure and the optimal mesh criteria chosen are essential to avoid oscillations in the refinement process. Two mesh optimality criteria based on: (a) the equal distribution of global error, and (b) the specific error over the elements are studied and compared in detail through some examples of application.
AN EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR MODELLING 2D METAL FORMING PROCESSES USING AN EULERIAN FORMULATION
Authors: DVORKIN EDUARDO N. , PETÖCZ EVA G.
Published: February 2008

In order to develop an engineering tool for modelling 2D metal forming processes we implemented in the flow formulation the pseudo‐concentrations technique and a quadrilateral element based on mixed interpolation of tensorial components (QMITC). By doing this we obtained a reliable and efficient Eulerian formulation for modelling steady and transient metal forming problems. Some cases were analysed in order to test the performance of the formulation.
BUCKLING ANALYSIS AND SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF VARIABLE THICKNESS PRISMATIC FOLDED PLATES PART I: FINITE STRIP FORMULATION
Authors: HINTON E. , PETRINIĆ N. , ÖZAKÇA M.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the buckling analysis of prismatic folded plate structures supported on diaphragms at two opposite edges. The analysis is carried out using variable thickness finite strips based on Mindlin‐Reissner assumptions which allow for transverse shear deformation effects. The theoretical formulation is presented for a family of C(0) strips and the accuracy and relative performance of the strips are examined. Results are presented for a series of problems including plates and stiffened panels. In a companion paper these accurate and inexpensive finite strips are used in the context of structural shape optimization.
TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON JOB BURNOUT: REPLICATION OF PHASE MODEL RESULTS AMONG JAPANESE RESPONDENTS
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T. , Boudreau Robert , Goto Keiichi , Murai Tadamasa
Published: February 2008

This study used a convenience sample (N = 387) aggregated from several Japanese worksettings to replicate results obtained with the phase model of burnout in a substantial number of studies in North American loci. At several levels of analysis, the results of the present replication support the generic character of the phase model and its components. Thus Japanese respondents psychologically structure the items of the Maslach Burnout Inventory used to estimate individual scores on three subdomains of burnout in much the same ways as two large batches of U.S. respondents. These subdomain scores—depersonalization, personal accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion—are combined to generate assignments of Japanese respondents to phases of burnout. Moreover, the phase assignments covary significantly with a panel of marker variables, which are similar or identical to variables used in North American studies. Basically, as the phases progress I → VIII, individuals report worsening scores on all 6 marker variables—job involvement, number of health symptoms, helplessness, job satisfaction, job tension, and self‐rated productivity. The pattern of results is similar to that in almost all North American studies using the phase model. Japanese respondents get assigned to the three most advanced phases of burnout in markedly greater proportion than North American respondents. In comparison to most of its counterparts, the present study accounts for a smaller proportion of variance between the phases and marker variables.
DIVERSIFY WITH CARE: DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES AND ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Lau Chung‐Ming
Published: February 2008

Three diversification strategies (related, unrelated, and related‐Jinked) are reviewed in terms of their organizational arrangements (coordination and control mechanisms), managerial mind sets (corporate managers' ways of doing business), and organizational learning climates (learning capacity and learning needs). It is suggested that conventional organization development techniques (both human‐processual and technostructural) are relevant for developing the necessary organizational arrangements and managerial mindsets of diversifies. The organizational transformation perspective of managing change is proposed as an effective way to develop the required organizational learning climate of diversified firms due to its dynamic and proactive nature.
SELF‐ AND SUPERVISOR RATINGS: A DYADIC APPROACH
Authors: Vecchio Robert P.
Published: February 2008

In a study of agreement between self‐ratings and supervisor ratings, self‐rating data from 293 teachers in 14 different high schools were cor‐related at the individual‐level with supervisor ratings. The average intracase correlation showed moderate agreement between self‐ and supervisor ratings. Intracase correlations were associated with gender and tenure, but not associated with satisfaction with one's supervisor or the quality of one's relationship with one's supervisor. Also, agreement between self‐ and supervisor ratings was significantly greater for sub‐ordinates with lower organizational tenure. Implications for the use of self‐ratings are discussed.
AN EXPERIENTIAL CAPSTONE FOR STUDENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Comer Debra R.
Published: February 2008

The benefits of experiential exercises for making conceptual material more dynamic and relevant, thus enhancing students' learning and developing their skills, are well documented. Presented here is an easy‐to‐administer roleplay that enables students to integrate a wide range of concepts covered in a typical organizational behavior course. Participants assume the roles of members of a food services department attending their weekly staff meeting. At the meeting, the new department manager announces that the previous manager has just resigned Each roleplayer has a different perspective on the problem‐riddled department, and none has a complete set of relevant information. Because the roleplayers have engaging issues, students participate actively, practicing managerial behaviors as they experience various organizational phenomena. An assessment of the exercise indicates its usefulness for developing students' skills, imparting an appreciation for the realities of organizational life, and provoking introspection and self‐learning.
ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIAL CUES, FRAMING, AND JUSTICE: EFFECTS ON MANAGEMENT'S ETHICAL DECISIONS
Authors: Bailey Jeffrey J. , Alexander Ralph A.
Published: February 2008

This project was designed as a laboratory study to investigate the effects of organizational social cues (OSC), decision framing, and justice on managerial decision making in ethical situations. The OSC (ethical/ unethical), the framing (gain/loss), and the justice conditions (fair/unfair) were manipulated within a managerial in‐basket exercise. Participants read information about the organization and their situation within it. Next, they read scenarios and made several decisions involving ethical considerations. Results suggest that OSC and the experience of fairness or unfairness significantly influenced the managerial ethical decisions. Ethical OSC resulted in significantly more ethical decisions. Also, those in an “experienced fairness” justice condition made significantly more ethical decisions. The gain/loss framing did not significantly influence ethical decisions.
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: PROSPECTS AND LINKS TO PRACTICE
Authors: Duncan George T.
Published: February 2008

Future developments in methodology have the potential to improve management research and better couple it to management practice. These developments are on six fronts: (1) computer technology, (2) data capture and experimentation, (3) privacy, confidentiality, and data access, (4) causation, (5) modeling and simulation, and (6) Bayesian statistics. The potential of each is explored, and problems, both technical and administrative, in fulfilling this potential are identified. On the computer and communications front, the key elements are the use of relational database management systems, increased computing power for analysis purposes, and computer networking. On the privacy, confidentiality, and data access front, the key elements are new capabilities for data capture through real‐time surveillance, inferential disclosure threats in computer databases, the demand for more access to detailed data, and public concerns for privacy invasion. Management research is a search for causal mechanisms that can be investigated through empirical studies and that facilitate control of complex processes. In the modeling area, there will be (1) greater use of computing power, (2) less use of model‐independent statistical hypothesis testing, and (3) easier to use computer software for modeling and simulation. The Bayesian perspective of consistently expressing uncertainty through probability distributions will become more widely used in management research.
STRATEGIC POSITIONING OR INSTITUTIONAL COERCION? THE STRUCTURE OF GOVERNING BOARDS
Authors: Beekun Rafik I. , Ginn Gregory O.
Published: February 2008

The strategic management perspective suggests that organizations structure their governing boards to complement the strategic goals of the organization. In contrast, the institutionalization perspective holds that organizations structure their governing boards to respond to institutional pressures in their task environment. Regardless of which perspective is followed, three structural dimensions of governing boards are expected to be affected: size, diversity of composition, and medical staff representation. A study was conducted to relate the institutional requirements and strategies of acute care hospitals to the structural characteristics of their boards of directors. Results indicated that, after controlling for organizational size and membership in a multihospital system, the governing board structure of 109 acute care hospitals varied significantly both as a function of their overall business strategy and as a function of institutional linkages. However, the proportion of the total variance in board structure accounted for by strategy variables was approximately twice as much as that accounted for by institutional variables.
A MULTIPLE PARADIGM APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL
Authors: Das T.K.
Published: February 2008

The literature on the nature of organizational control processes is dominated by the four broad perspectives of cybernetics/goal, power/authority, culture, and evolution. Arguing against subscribing to any individual perspective, this paper proposes a multiple paradigm perspective, employing the three sociological paradigms of social factism, social behaviorism, and social definitionism. This multi‐perspective approach is then applied to an evolutionary conception of organizational control.
THE CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: A REVIEW AND NEW CONCEPTUALIZATION
Authors: Church Allan H.
Published: February 2008

Although a large contingency of theory and research has been conducted in the area of individual and interpersonal communication, relatively few theoreticians have focused on the broader character of communication at the organizational level of analysis. With the increasing emphases on total quality, leadership, adaptive cultures, process reengineering, and other organizational change and development efforts, however, the need to understand the process and function of organizational communication at a broader, more systemic level is paramount. The following paper attempts to address this issue by providing: (1) a comparative review and critique of three “classic” theoretical approaches to describing the importance of communication in organizations and the relationship between communication and organizational functioning (open systems theory, the information‐processing perspective, and the communication as culture framework); and (2) a new integrative framework—the CPR model of organizational communication—for conceptualizing and understanding the nature of communication in organizations based on constructs adapted from these three perspectives. The model is then used both in an applied example to help diagnose an organizational system and to stimulate suggestions for future research.
AGENCY EFFECTS ON THE OUTCOMES OF DISTRESSED FIRMS
Authors: Weber Mark
Published: February 2008

What is the relationship between outcomes for distressed firms and the value of managerial stockholdings in those firms? The outcomes presented are: (1) Chapter 11 reorganization; (2) acquisition/merger; (3) internal turnaround Dollar value of ownership of the firm's common stock by the firm's top managers is used to distinguish between the outcomes for distressed firms which have declining performance. The likelihood of a firm ending up in a merger with or being acquired by another private firm increases with the amount of managerial wealth invested in the firm's stock. Firms whose managers are not owners are more likely to follow an internal turnaround strategy, such as cutting costs and/or selling assets. This strategy offers non‐owner managers a greater opportunity to maintain their managerial prerogatives than does a merger or an acquisition. This outcome is consistent with agency theory, which asserts that where possible, managers act in their own best interests to the detriment of the stockholders' interests. In the context of the firm, agency theory describes the situation wherein stockholders (principals) delegate responsibility for the firm's day to day affairs to managers (agents). One key issue in agency theory is risk sharing. Managers and stockholders may prefer different outcomes for the distressed firm due to their different risk preferences. Findings of the present study suggest that managerial wealth was not a predictor of Chapter 11 reorganization in bankruptcy, but the distressed firms' strategies were affected by the aggregate dollar value of a firm's stock owned by top managers.
RELATIVE UTILITY OF CULTURE AND CLIMATE ANALYSIS TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AGENT: AN ANALYSIS OF GENERAL DYNAMICS, ELECTRONICS DIVISION
Authors: Barker Richard A.
Published: February 2008

The organizational culture and climate of General Dynamics, Electronics Division was examined in relation to several change efforts implemented between the years of 1983 and 1992. An attempt was made to identify those elements of the organization's culture that contributed to resistance to planned change. The relative merits of climate analysis and cultural analysis are discussed Two conflicting subcultural structures were identified which represented substantial difficulties for change implementation. The study concluded that using organizational climate analysis may not be sufficient to provide change agents with the means to affect change, and that analysis of cultural assumptions is needed to reveal the most substantial barriers to change.
GUIDELINES FOR THE ETHICAL CONDUCT OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENTS
Authors: Germeroth Darla
Published: February 2008

A need for increased attention to the ethical issues of organizational development has been voiced, and unless greater attention is given to ethical issues and problems, the continued potency of organizational development is in danger. While many disciplines train organizational development agents (e.g., psychology, sociology, communication, marketing, business, education), a need for an interdisciplinary code of ethics exists. In addition to proposing an interdisciplinary code of ethics for organizational development agents, the present paper discusses the ethical conduct of data collection, results publication, and change recommendations in the context of organizational development.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF GENDER PROPORTIONS ON THE EXPERIENCES OF MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN
Authors: McKeen Carol A. , Burke Ronald J.
Published: February 2008

This exploratory study examined satisfactions and work experiences of managerial and professional women as a function of the gender composition of their organizations. Gender composition considered both the number of women (predominantly women, 50% women, predominantly men) and their location (at every level, in senior management). Data were collected from 792 managerial and professional women using questionnaires completed anonymously. Most respondents worked in organizations with predominantly men in senior management, although women were as likely as men to be present at other organizational levels. There was a fairly consistent pattern throughout the findings. Managerial and professional women employed in male dominated organizations (defined as mostly men at all levels or mainly men at the top) were less job and career satisfied, differed on several demographic and situational variables, but reported similar levels of emotional well‐being for managerial women employed in organizations that were not male‐dominated.
LEARNING IN AND BY ORGANIZATIONS: THREE CONCEPTUAL ISSUES
Authors: Lundberg Craig C.
Published: February 2008

Theoretical development and integration in organizational learning and learning organizations are currently impeded by three conceptual issues—issues of definition, of bridging cognitive and behavioral perspectives, and of linking individual and organizational learning. This paper reviews these issues and suggests how they may be reconciled.
GOING BEYOND TOTAL QUALITY: THE CHARACTERISTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND MEASURES OF LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Luthans Fred , Rubach Michael J. , Marsnik Paul
Published: February 2008

The popular total quality management (TQM) approach has tended to focus on internal processes, rather than external issues such as competitiveness and market appeal, and is more reactive and adaptive than anticipative. The time has come to go beyond TQM and to understand the nature and application of organizational learning. Learning organizations envision change, are committed to generating and transferring new knowledge and innovation, and have learned how to learn. TQM may be embedded in the learning organization, but TQM is but the first step or wave in transforming and creating organizations which continuously expand their abilities to change and shape their futures. This article first defines and identifies the characteristics of a learning organization, then explores some techniques to develop and transform an organization into a learning organization, and finally suggests some traditional and newer techniques, such as data envelopment analysis (DEA), as ways to measure and evaluate organizational learning.
PARTICIPATION IN AMERICAN VERSUS JIT SYSTEMS: IS IT THE SAME?
Authors: Im Jin H. , Hartman Sandra J. , Folger Robert
Published: February 2008

The just‐in‐time (JIT) production system is notable for its emphasis on employee involvement and participation. However, we suggest that the role of participation that is most typically described in the organizational behavior (OB) literature does not match the type of participation practiced in JIT. We introduce a theoretical framework that accounts for these different perspectives: whereas the OB approach treats participation as an intervention and hence as an independent variable, the JIT approach sees it as a side effect of the JIT production system and hence a dependent variable. Understanding of the differences is essential in JIT implementation in the workplace if we are to avoid miscommunication, stress, and disbelief in the system.
STAKEHOLDER MISMATCHING: A THEORETICAL PROBLEM IN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Wood Donna J. , Jones Raymond E.
Published: February 2008

This paper uses a stakeholder framework to review the empirical literature on corporate social performance (CSP), focusing particularly on studies attempting to correlate social with financial performance. Results show first that most studies correlate measures of business performance that as yet have no theoretical relationship (for example, the level of corporate charitable giving with return on investment). To make sense of this body of research, CSP studies must be integrated with stakeholder theory. Multiple stakeholders (a) set expectations for corporate performance, (b) experience the effects of corporate behavior, and (c) evaluate the outcomes of corporate behavior. However, we find that the empirical CSP literature mismatches variables in terms of which stakeholders are relevant to which kind of measure. Second, only the studies using market‐based variables and theory show a consistent relationship between social and financial performance, particularly those showing a negative abnormal return to the stock price of companies experiencing product recalls. Although this paper shows that the CSP construct is not yet well‐specified enough to produce stronger results, recent research suggests that much progress is being made both empirically and theoretically in developing valid and reliable measures of corporate social performance.
TESTING THE ENVIRONMENT‐STRATEGY LINKAGE IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES: A STUDY OF RUSSIAN MANAGERS
Authors: Golden Peggy A. , Johnson Denise , Smith Jerald R.
Published: February 2008

This paper attempts to apply an organizational adaptation model to Russian firms in order to assess whether Western strategic models can be used to understand the behavior of firms in transition economies. A modification of Miles and Snow strategic postures was used to assess the relationship between environmental uncertainty and strategic adaptation. Support was found for the environment‐strategy relationship; the direction of the relationship was similar to that found in Western free‐market economies. In this application, the Reactor appeared to be a viable strategy. The linkage to performance, however, was not confirmed.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: DIMENSIONS FOR A THEORY
Authors: Crossan Mary M. , Lane Henry W. , White Roderick E. , Djurfeldt Lisa
Published: February 2008

Organizational learning (OL) is receiving increasing attention from researchers and practitioners alike. In fact, some have suggested that the only sustainable competitive advantage is a firm's ability to learn faster than its competitors. In spite of OL's promise, the field has been slow to evolve. The primary impediments to the development of OL theory are that inconsistent terminology is used for comparable concepts and that different definitions are used to describe the phenomenon. Furthermore, many theorists have neglected to make explicit their underlying assumptions about the phenomenon. Employing an inductive approach, this review surfaces the implicit and explicit assumptions of OL researchers, identifying three key dimensions that differentiate perspectives: (1) unit of analysis—individual, group, organizational, and inter organizational; (2) cognitive/behavioral emphasis; and (3) the learning‐performance relationship.
SYMBOLISM USE BY BUSINESS TURNAROUND CHANGE AGENTS
Authors: Armenakis Achilles , Fredenberger William , Giles William , Cherones Linda , Feild Hubert , Holley William
Published: February 2008

Symbols can effectively serve as triggers for cognitive and behavioral change. However, little is known about the use of symbolism in organizational change efforts. Therefore, this study, utilizing a national survey of turnaround change agents (TCAs), investigated their use of verbal, enacted, and material symbols during business turnarounds. Conclusions are drawn concerning the metaphors used to describe the context of the business turnaround and TCAs' usage and rated effectiveness of symbols. It is suggested that multiple symbolism practices should be included in organizational diagnoses.
WHEN RIVALS BECOME PARTNERS: ACCULTURATION IN A NEWLY‐MERGED ORGANIZATION
Authors: McEntire Marjorie H. , Bentley Joseph C.
Published: February 2008

Mergers, frequent and disruptive business practices, are increasing in the U.S. and abroad. A qualitative inquiry of a newly‐merged travel agency revealed six acculturation themes: identity, reputation, leadership, membership, information, and appearance. These themes suggest an acculturation agenda for the long period of turmoil that follows a merger.
METHODS, VALUES, AND ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING LARGE GROUP INTERVENTIONS INTENDED TO CHANGE WHOLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Manning Michael R. , Faisal Binzagr Ghazi
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses the conceptual and theoretical foundation upon which whole systems change interventions are based The paper first describes six methods of intervention that are currently being utilized to change whole systems: (1) future search, (2) search conferences/ participative design, (3) open space, (4) large scale interactive process methodology, (5) simu‐real, and (6) fast cycle full participation and the conference model. Next, six common values and assumptions underlying these large scale change interventions are identified: (1) organizations are seen as “whole systems,” (2) viewing organizations as whole systems requires the creation of dialogue among all organizational stakeholders, (3) organizations do not exist, but organizing processes and procedures do, (4) what we perceive as our collective organizational reality becomes the organization that is created, (5) individuals within organizations have the capacity to self‐organize and redefine their reality, and (6) humanity shares a set of universal values that are inherently “good” and these values will ultimately influence voluntary collective action. The paper concludes with an appeal for interventionists and users of large group techniques to be cognizant of the assumptions that drive their choice of intervention.
REFRAMING MANAGERS' CONTROL ORIENTATIONS AND PRACTICES: A PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING FRAMEWORK
Authors: Winter Richard P. , Sarros James C. , Tanewski George A.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an organizational learning framework for reframing management practices within large bureaucratic organizations. Reviewing the relevant literature, the paper argues managers' control orientations and practices effectively stifle learning and personal development by severely limiting the ability of employees to exert control or change the nature of their work activities. To encourage organizational learning, a number of reframing tools are proposed The paper concludes by discussing how reframing tools may be used in conjunction with other psychoanalytic techniques to challenge and change managers' control orientations and practices.
LEGITIMACY THROUGH OBFUSCATION: THE PRESENTATION OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Authors: McGuire Jean
Published: February 2008

The relationship between the clarity of proxy statement presentation of executive compensation, the level of compensation and firm performance was examined Consistent with the argument that firms attempt to avoid potential threats to legitimacy, clarity of presentation and the level of executive compensation were negatively related. There was no relation between firm performance and presentation clarity. Management stock ownership was not related to clarity of presentation.
ANALYZING MANAGERIAL DISCRETION: AN ASSESSMENT TOOL TO PREDICT INDIVIDUAL POLICY DECISIONS
Authors: Key Susan
Published: February 2008

This paper develops the concept of managerial discretion. Discretion, defined as individual empowerment to act, has received increased attention in the management literature, particularly in the policy area. This research develops an instrument to measure discretion of individual managers. Vignettes are used to measure the willingness of managers to act in response to dilemmas that have organizational policy implications. The investigation of the reliability and validity of the developed measure, the Individual Discretion Questionnaire (IDQ), reveals that it identifies variability in managerial response and correlates significantly with two other established measures: locus of control and organizational ethical culture. The results suggest that this assessment tool may provide a means to identify how willing individual managers are to take preventive action in situations that present financial and sociopolitical risks to their organization.
GAINING A PERSPECTIVE ON INDIAN VALUE ORIENTATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPATRIATE MANAGERS
Authors: Gopalan Suresh , Rivera Joan B.
Published: February 2008

India's emergence in the international business arena presents challenges to Western‐trained expatriate managers assigned there. These expatriates are familiar with management theories and practices based on value orientations very different from those in India. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations Framework is used to provide an overview of the different types of cultural values an expatriate manager will confront in Indian society. The impact of Indian values on various management practices, including team composition, leadership, motivation, and human resource management functions is also discussed It is hoped that this examination of the dominant value orientations of Indian employees will facilitate the successful transfer of Western expatriates to India.
SOME THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS PERTAINING TO THE CONTEXT OF TRUST
Authors: Chan Marjorie
Published: February 2008

This conceptual paper focuses on trust and its context. Previous research indicates the importance of the specific‐situational nature of trust, which is affected by both interpersonal and organizational contextual factors. Hypotheses are formulated, and they revolve around trust and various interpersonal and organizational contextual variables. The interpersonal contextual factors included are the types of trustor‐trustee relationships, ethnicity of the trustors and trustees, perceived inequity, and the importance of a cooperative or noncooperative act to the receiving party. The organizational contextual factors included are politics, ownership structure, and organizational form. In addition to main effects, some of these variables may have interaction effects on trust. Also, the organizational contextual variables mediated by the interpersonal contextual variables may have indirect effects on trust.
OLGA KIROVA: A RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEUR'S QUALITY LEADERSHIP
Authors: McCarthy Daniel J. , Puffer Sheila M. , Naumov Alexander I.
Published: February 2008

This article describes the quality leadership style of a Russian woman entrepreneur who started a successful software operation under a licensing agreement with an American company. A cornerstone of her business philosophy was that quality should be its hallmark Her style reflected many similarities with American entrepreneurship, while other features were unique to the Russian environment, and to herself. Much of her approach can be explained by her bicultural Russian and American background; her leadership style, values, and behavior exhibited a blend of both cultures. These characteristics are analyzed using an integrative framework that recognizes the importance of a quality orientation in all aspects of leadership. The analysis of Olga Kirova's leadership style also takes into account bicultural influences upon her values, ethics, and managerial behavior, and notes a number of similarities and differences from the more traditional Russian leadership style. Conclusions and recommendations are presented about the utility of the framework in a Russian setting, and its value in evaluating leadership styles of potential Russian business partners.
A COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN GROUPS
Authors: Austin John R.
Published: February 2008

Recent research on group demography demonstrates that an increase in demographic diversity has both positive and negative effects on group effectiveness. These studies have linked increased group diversity with an increase in creative thinking and innovation, a decrease in intra‐group cohesion, and an increase in intragroup conflict. The cognitive processing framework proposed in this paper integrates these results into a coherent understanding of the effects of diversity on groups. The cognitive framework provides an explanation of group diversity effects and it suggests ways to minimize the negative effects of group diversity.
IN SEARCH OF STRATEGIC ASSETS
Authors: Michalisin Michael D. , Smith Robert D. , Kline Douglas M.
Published: February 2008

The Resource‐Based View of the Firm (RBV) has become an important stream of literature in strategic management. RDV's main prescription is that strategic assets are crucial determinants of sustainable competitive advantage and thus firm performance. Unfortunately, little empirical research has been occasioned to substantiate that prescription. Part of the difficulty in empirically testing RBV's main prescription lies in identifying resources capable of being strategic assets. This article combines RBV logic, the definition of strategic assets, Hall's studies, and the logic embodied in several streams of management literature to explain why strategic assets are intangible in nature, to show that not all intangible resources are strategic assets, and to demonstrate that company reputation, product reputation, employee knowhow, and organizational culture possess the characteristics of strategic assets. That is the foundation for the proposed hypotheses and proposed conceptual model presented in this paper for testing RBV's main prescription. We also discuss the practical, theoretical and empirical implications of this paper and make suggestions regarding empirical testing.