bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Pedestrian Speed at Signalised Intersection Crosswalks for Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions
Authors: Bansal Ankit , Goyal Tripta , Sharma Umesh
Published: December 2019

Pedestrian crossing speed is the key element in the design of pedestrian facilities. It depends on various attributes related to road, traffic and pedestrians. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the variation, examine the influencing factors and formulate a model for the pedestrian crossing speed at signalised intersection crosswalks. The data have been collected using video graphic technique at 16 signalised crosswalks of the Chandigarh city. The findings reveal that a 15th percentile crossing speed (1.11-1.31 m/s) exceeds the design crossing speed of 0.95 m/s. It is also higher than the crossing speed of 1.2 m/s, usually being prescribed and adopted in the developed countries. The statistical analysis indicates no significant difference in the percentile crossing speeds between males and females. However, the variation exists among different age groups, group sizes, and crossing patterns. The correlation analysis depicts that the pedestrian crossing speed has significant negative correlation with the crosswalk width, the crosswalk length, the width of the pedestrian island, the classification of road, average traffic flow and average pedestrian delay, whereas the availability of separate bicycle paths at intersections is positively correlated. Furthermore, the stepwise regression model with 70.1 percent accuracy reveals that the crosswalk width, the width of the pedestrian island and the average pedestrian delay play a predominant role in determining the pedestrian crossing speed. The authors propose the usage of the developed model for setting out the standards for the appropriate design crossing speed for different crosswalks having similar geometric and traffic conditions as that of the study area.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction: A review on current concepts and recent advances
Authors: Vohra Sanchi , Sachdev Mahipal S , Sachdev Ritika , Gupta Hemlata
Published: December 2019

The past few decades have seen a significant advancement in the field of refractive surgery. Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and its variant, femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK) although form the bulk of refractive procedures performed worldwide, is not free from complications, including flap-related complications, postoperative dry eye, denervation of corneal nerves, and biomechanical instability leading to potential corneal ectasia. Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is minimally invasive bladeless technique which circumvents the creation of flap, thereby avoiding flap associated complications seen with LASIK. This review summarizes the current practices and recent innovative advances in SMILE.
Pterygium excision followed by sutureless and gluefree infero-temporal conjunctival autograft
Authors: Bhargava Poonam , Kochar Anju , Joshi Rashmi
Published: December 2019

Introduction:

There are various methods available at present to reduce the recurrence after pterygium excision and the one in the trend is the sutureless and gluefree conjunctival autografting which is gaining popularity for it’s ease and better results than other methods.

Objective:

To study the efficacy and complications of sutureless and glue free conjunctival autografting for the management of primary pterygium over a period of 7 years.

Material and Methods:

A prospective, interventional case study was carried out over 300 patients having primary pterygium. Pterygium excision followed by conjucntival autografting without using any suture and glue was performed in all the patients which was followed by bandaging for 24 hours. The patients were followed up post-operatively on day 1, week 1, week 2, month 1, 2 and 3 and for recurrence upto 1 year if possible. They were examined for haemorrhage, graft edema, graft encrochment on cornea, visual acuity, refractory changes and recurrence.

Results:

The age of cases varied between 21 to 60 years. 59.33% of which were male. Subconjunctival haemorrhage was seen in 23.6% on day-1 which reduced to 8.33% at day 15 and no subconjunctival haemorrhage at the end of month 1. Serous exudate was present in 26 cases (8.67%) on day-1, which subsided within two weeks without any intervention. Graft displacement was seen in 16 patients (5.33%) and encrochment on cornea was seen in 28 patients (9.33%), tenon cyst was seen in 3 patient (1%) and recurrence was seen in 3 patients (1.0%). In 3 cases displaced graft became avascular hence were removed. Visual acuity improvement was noted in 278 patients.

Conclusion:

Sutureless and glue free conjunctival autograft following pterygium excision is a safe, effective and economical option for the management of primary pterygium. Inferior conjunctival graft saves the superior conjunctiva for the future glaucoma surgery if it is required.
Socio-Demographic Profile, Etiology and Visual Outcome of Traumatic Cataract in North–West Rajasthan
Authors: Joshi Rashmi , Goyal Rekha Kumari , Kochar Anju
Published: December 2019

Purpose:

To study the socio-demographic profile, etiology and visual outcome of traumatic cataract in North-west Rajasthan.

Material and Method:

This cross-sectional study was done on 50 patients who presented in department of opthalmology from January 2016 to May 2017. Relevant clinical history, demographic data and visual acuity at time of presentation and post-operatively after two month were recorded. All data were compiled and managed on SSPS.

Results:

Among 50 patients, majority of patients were young adult between age 21-30 yr, male representation greater than female. Wooden stick trauma constituted the major fraction (n=22, 44%). Most of patients had penetrating injury (n=36, 72%) and poor visual acuity at presentation.

Conclusion:

Males face increased risk of trauma due to engagement in outdoor activities. Penetrating injuries are associated with poor visual outcome post-operatively because of association of other complication like corneal opacity, scarring and irregular astigmatism.
Fundus Changes in Milliary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jain Kalpna , Gujrani Manak , Manoher Jaishree Murli , Garhwal Jyoti , Gupta Nilesh
Published: December 2019

Introduction:

Milliary tuberculosis occurs due to haematogenous spread of infection. It is assumed that intraocular tuberculosis is spread hematogenously from primary infection to elsewhere. The choroidal tubercles may be one of the earliest signs of milliary disease and is probably the most common form of ocular tuberculosis.

Methods:

This is a retrospective observational single site study of 113 patients with milliary tuberculosis from 2001 to 2015. Fundus examination was done after full dilatation of the pupil with direct and indirect ophthalmoscope. The diagnosis of intraocular tuberculosis was presumed to be based on suggestive ocular lesion in context of evidence of systemic infection and response to antitubercular treatment.

Results:

There were 77 females (68%) and 36 (32%) males. The commonest age group was 21 to 40 years as 67 (59.3%) patients belonged to this productive age group. Eighty eight (77.9%) patients were from rural areas. Fundus changes were present in 14 patients (12.39%) and these were choroidal tubercles (8.8%), papillitis (4.4%), macular edema (0.9%) and vitritis (0.9%). Choroidal tubercles were present in 10 patients. Among these, two had associated papillitis and one also had vitritis. Three patients had only papillitis and in another one, only macular edema was present. Papillitis was present in five patients in our study. HIV did not increase the incidence of ocular lesions.

Conclusion:

The most common fundus changes were choroidal tubercles and optic neuropathy in our series. Early detection of these choroidal tubercles may be helpful in diagnosis as well as in treatment. The optic nerve may be involved not only by the toxic effect of anti-tubercular drug but also in the disease process itself.
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion as the Initial Manifestation of Occult Giant Cell Arteritis - A Diagnostic Enigma
Authors: Vallinayagam Muthukrishnan , Deepikadevi S. N. , Sahu Juhi , Krishnagopal Srikanth , Sowmya S. , Sankar Rekha
Published: December 2019

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis with a myriad of ocular manifestations such as Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION), Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO), choroidal infarction, occipital lobe infarction and ocular motor nerve palsies. The predominant systemic features include fever, polymyalgia rheumatica, jaw claudication, weight loss and fatigue. Occult GCA accounts for a minority of cases presenting without systemic symptoms. It is a potential cause of bilateral blindness unless a high index of suspicion is contemplated. A 60 year old female presented with CRAO with no systemic symptoms of GCA. Cardiovascular examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography and carotid doppler were unremarkable. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C Reactive Protein (CRP) and platelets were normal. Bilateral prominent temporal arteries were noted but were non tender with subtle pulsations, leading to a suspicion of GCA. Temporal artery biopsy disclosed transmural granulomatous inflammation and fragmentation of internal elastic lamina, ascertaining the diagnosis. Systemic steroids were administered promptly. Although an unusual etiology of CRAO, GCA must be ruled out with utmost priority in patients older than 50 years. The diagnosis can be elusive in occult GCA and CRAO may be the inceptive manifestation, further compounding the diagnostic enigma. Urgent temporal artery biopsy is warranted in occult cases of GCA and substantiates the diagnosis in dubious cases. Occult GCA constitutes an ophthalmic emergency and the imperativeness of urgent systemic steroid therapy to prevent visual loss in the other eye cannot be overemphasized.
Ophthalmic Features of Schopf-Schulz-Passarge Syndrome
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Kaur Manpreet , Grewal Aditi Mehta , Zadeng Zoramthara , Gupta Pankaj
Published: December 2019

Schopf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome (SSPS) is an ectodermal dysplasia of autosomal recessive inheritance. The SSPS involves two or more of the following structures: sweat glands, hair, teeth, nails, and other ectodermal structures. The features of this syndrome constitute multiple periocular and eyelid apocrine hidrocystomas, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and nail dystrophy. We present pictorial description of the SSPS.
Three Dimensional Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Topography in Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Meena Manisha , Meena Urvashi , Chauhan Arvind
Published: December 2019

A 27 year old female presented with blurring of vision accompanied by floaters in her right eye one month back. On presentation, visual acuity was 20/400 in right eye and fundus examination showed two well defined chorioretinal atrophic scars, one involving macula and other temporal to the disc. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed increased reflectivity from the inner retinal layer, retinal thinning and choroidal shadowing. Three dimensional Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) is a non-invasive, helpful tool to describing the morphological changes in lesion of healed toxoplasmosis, that were not apparent on clinical examination, which may expand the clinical spectrum of the disease.
The Effect of ‘Why’ Statement on Decreasing the Resistance in Engineering Education
Authors: Daqrouq Khaled , Alkhateeb Abdulhameed , Balamesh Ahmed , Ajour Mohammed Naser , Aladar Lutfi , Alghamdi Abdelsalam
Published: December 2019

The presented paper investigated focusing on 'why' statement in engineering education. For studying the effect of utilizing ‘why’ statement in teaching comparing with other statements such as ‘what’, ‘how’ and determination (state), five aspects were investigated to spot the light on the influence of the ‘why’ statement in teaching over several angles. So, passing, captivating the attention, review the taught idea, motivation and concluding the taught idea were used for testing the hypothesis. Five questionnaires were used for these aspects. Two manners of the statements’ order in the questionnaires were used. The first manner, the ‘why’ statement is always the first, but in the second manner can have any order. The results showed the high effect of ‘why’ and ‘what’ statements in persuasion the students studying the engineering subjects. The second manner had a better effect on enhancing the results of 'why' statement.
Integrative Testing of Listening
Authors: Brunfaut Tineke , Rukthong Anchana
Published: December 2019

In integrative forms of testing, language competence is assumed to be a unitary ability, not a multifactorial or divisible unit. Consequently, the assessment of language ability is not accomplished by assessing the knowledge of discrete points or the use of language elements in isolation, but is realized by assessing the use of those elements interactively. Integrative tests of listening therefore require that test takers employ various sources of knowledge and forms of processing (e.g., linguistic, semantic, and pragmatic) if they are to complete test tasks successfully. These tests come in different forms, for instance as cloze tests and comprehension questions in independent listening tests, or as integrated listening tasks in which listening comprehension forms the basis for language production (i.e., for speaking and writing).
Writing Centers and Critical Language Teaching and Learning at the Tertiary Level
Authors: Blazer Sarah
Published: December 2019

Language teaching and learning in US writing centers is an area of critical importance for institutions serving growing numbers of domestic and international multilingual students. Increasingly, discussions of language teaching and learning in the writing center community are framed to highlight relationships among language, identity, and power and the impact of standard language ideologies on students from minority groups of all language backgrounds. To cultivate writing center cultures of linguistic and epistemic inclusivity, directors design tutor education to facilitate tutors' development of critical consciousness through approaches that account fully for their own frames of reference and are carefully situated within a particular institutional context.
Teaching of Pragmatics
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: December 2019

Pragmatics—the rules of how to say what to whom, when, and in what context—is often not included in second or foreign language classrooms, leaving learners without preparation for everyday interactions in the target language. This entry reviews potential obstacles to teaching pragmatics and suggests ways to overcome them. One major obstacle is that information about pragmatics is rarely found in commercial textbooks, either as input (as examples or models) or as explanations of language use or what might be expected in the target culture. However, some materials have been developed for teaching pragmatics, but they are still largely limited to the professional development literature. This entry concludes by suggesting what teachers can do to develop materials and activities, and how they can be shared with other teachers in order to promote curricular innovation.
Depth of Processing in
L2
Learning
Authors: Leow Ronald P.
Published: December 2019

Both educators and researchers alike are usually confounded by the differential performances of second or foreign language learners who are exposed to the same L2 information in the classroom setting. Current (instructed) second language acquisition—(I)SLA—research employing concurrent/online procedures that gather how learners process second language (L2) information during exposure to such data reveals that one plausible explanation may lie in
how
deeply L2 learners process the L2 information, usually referred to as depth of processing (DoP). This entry provides a concise review of the origin of DoP, its extrapolation to (I)SLA research, and the subsequent empirical findings on its role in L2 learning, as revealed by both online (think‐aloud protocols and eye‐trackers) and offline data‐elicitation procedures employed to operationalize and measure how L2 learners process L2 information. Samples of psycholinguistics‐based classroom tasks and activities with pedagogical implications are provided, underscoring the need to promote learners' cognitive engagement in the instructed setting.
Collocational Competence and Electronic Corpora: Implications for English Language Teaching
Authors: Liontas John I. , Li Siying , Bangun Imelda
Published: December 2019

Research evidence to date suggests that collocational knowledge is among the most essential factors for second language (L2) learners to achieve native‐like English language proficiency. Yet most L2 learners face distinct challenges in developing collocational competence. Unlike native speakers for whom collocational knowledge develops naturally, L2 learners must be provided with specific learning constructs under which such knowledge may be developed more systematically. Unfortunately, the means by which such a pedagogy may be offered has not been widely explored despite the fact that the topic itself has long been a topic of considerable research attention. This entry thus focuses exclusively on the most effective types of collocation instruction. To this end, common pedagogical approaches and teaching recommendations are presented along with pertinent resources to help language teachers review, evaluate, and adopt the most appropriate and effective approaches for their teaching practices to enhance the collocational competence among their L2 learners.
Meeting the Linguistic Needs of Adolescent Multilingual Writers for Academic Writing
Authors: Maamuujav Undarmaa , Olson Carol Booth
Published: December 2019

With a premium placed on academic writing, adolescent multilingual writers are expected to develop advanced skills to analyze, interpret, and produce complex texts in a variety of content areas. The higher‐order analytical thinking skills that are essential in academic writing require higher linguistic competency and academic language proficiency. However, developing writers and English learners often lack the linguistic competence and language knowledge, including syntactic fluency and lexical capacity, necessary to meet the demands of academic writing. A question of pedagogical import, then, is how instructional strategies can help adolescent multilingual writers to develop linguistic competency, and the language knowledge necessary to become competent and confident academic writers. This entry discusses the features of academic writing, the challenges multilingual writers face, and effective strategies to develop knowledge of and about academic language.
GIS for Watershed Characterization and Modeling
Authors: D. Colby Jeffrey
Published: December 2019

The protection and effective management of watersheds is critical in order to preserve water quality and healthy ecosystems and to provide ecosystems services. The importance of incorporating the spatial dimension of watershed features and processes in watershed models has long been recognized. Geographic information systems (GIS) provide capabilities to characterize, visualize, and analyze the spatial nature of watersheds. The integration of GIS and watershed models provide a powerful combination for analyzing spatiotemporal watershed processes and supporting watershed management. The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation for understanding GIS as applied to watershed characterization and modeling, in particular, for hydrologic modeling. This article discusses the co‐evolution of GIS and hydrologic modeling and their eventual integration. GIS topics include data models, data acquisition, metadata, georeferencing, fundamental thematic data layers, and issues of scale and data uncertainty. Forms of integration for GIS and hydrologic models are outlined and the range of applications of GIS and watershed models is presented. In addition, areas in which potential advancements may emerge are considered including the fields of geographic information science (GIScience) and geocomputation, new data sources, Web‐GIS, and integrated watershed management.
Hydrosphere
Authors: Araya Yoseph
Published: December 2019

The hydrosphere refers to the water on or surrounding the surface of the globe whether it is liquid, frozen or floating ice, in the soil or as water vapor in the atmosphere. The hydrosphere is the major setting for the earth's hydrologic cycle. This article explores its origin, types, and distribution on earth as well as its role in the ecosystem. It concludes by highlighting the influence of human beings on quality and quantity of earth's water.
Educational Social Justice in Action Through the Black Male Initiative (BMI) Program
Authors: Fullard David A.
Published: December 2019

Historically, black male students in the United States have the lowest college degree completion rate. This chapter describes the work of The Black Male Initiative (BMI) at Empire State College in NYC. Grounded in an Afrocentric paradigm, BMI provides a safe space for students to share experiences. In this chapter, the author describes the components of BMI along with challenges and successes.
Evaluation of the IAEA‐TRS 483 protocol for the dosimetry of small fields (square and stereotactic cones) using multiple detectors
Authors: Smith Clare L. , Montesari Atousa , Oliver Christopher P. , Butler Duncan J.
Published: December 2019

The IAEA TRS 483 protocol1 for the dosimetry of small static fields in radiotherapy was used to calculate output factors for the Elekta Synergy linac at the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA). Small field output factors for both square and circular fields were measured using nine different detectors. The “corrected” output factors (ratio of detector readings multiplied by the appropriate correction factor from the protocol) showed better consistency compared to the “uncorrected” output factors (ratio of detector readings only), with the relative standard deviation decreasing by approximately 1% after the application of the relevant correction factors. Comparisons relative to an arbitrarily chosen PTW 60019 microDiamond detector showed a reduction of maximal variation for the corrected values of approximately 3%. A full uncertainty budget was prepared to analyze the consistency of the output factors. Agreement within uncertainties between all detectors and field sizes was found, except for the 15 mm circular field. The results of this study show that the application of IAEA TRS 4831 when measuring small fields will improve the consistency of small field measurements when using multiple detectors contained within the protocol.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3D Edge‐Curled Graphene for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jianghua , Ai Yongjian , Wu Jiajing , Zhang Daile , Wang Yun , Feng Zhongmin , Sun Hongbin , Liang Qionglin , Sun Ting , Yang Yang
Published: December 2019

Effectively preventing graphene stacking and maintaining ultrathin layers remains a significant research effort for graphene preparation and applications. In this paper, a novel synthetic strategy based on catalyst migration on the surface of a salt template to control the growth of graphene is used to prepare 3D edge‐curled graphene (3D ECG). Under the synergistic effect of the steric hindrance and the migration of the Ni catalyst, 3D ECG forms a special structure in which the intermediate portion is flat and the edge is curled. The resultant unique structure not only effectively prevents the close stacking and aggregation of graphene, but also significantly improves its lithium storage performance. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the reversible specific capacity can reach 907.5 and 347.8 mAh g−1at the current density of 0.05 and 5.0 A g−1. Even after 1000 cycles, the specific capacity of 3D ECG can still be maintained at 605.2 mAh g−1at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, demonstrating excellent rate performance and cycle performance. This new synthesis strategy and unique edge‐curled structure can be used to guide more design of 3D graphene materials for further functional applications.
Reconfigurable Surfaces Based on Photocontrolled Dynamic Bonds
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Wu Si
Published: December 2019

Photocontrolled surfaces have attracted increasing interest because of their potential applications in lithography, photopatterning, biointerfaces, and microfluidics. Light provides high spatiotemporal resolution to control functions of such surfaces without getting into direct contact. However, conventional photocontrolled surfaces can only be switched between two states (on and off). The development of photocontrolled reconfigurable surfaces that can be switched among multiple states is highly desirable because these surfaces can adapt to rapid environmental changes or different applications. Herein, recent developments of photocontrolled reconfigurable surfaces are reviewed. Specially, reconfigurable surfaces based on photocontrolled reversible reactions including thiol‐quinone methide, disulfide exchange, thiol‐disulfide interconversion, diselenide exchange, and photosubstitution of Ru complexes are highlighted. As a perspective, other photocontrolled dynamic bonds that can be used to construct reconfigurable surfaces are summarized. Remaining challenges in this field are discussed.
Solar Heat‐Enhanced Energy Conversion in Devices Based on Photosynthetic Membranes and PEDOT:PSS‐Nanocellulose Electrodes
Authors: Méhes Gábor , Vagin Mikhail , Mulla Mohammad Yusuf , Granberg Hjalmar , Che Canyan , Beni Valerio , Crispin Xavier , Berggren Magnus , Stavrinidou Eleni , Simon Daniel T.
Published: December 2019

Energy harvesting from photosynthetic membranes, proteins, or bacteria through bio‐photovoltaic or bio‐electrochemical approaches has been proposed as a new route to clean energy. A major shortcoming of these and solar cell technologies is the underutilization of solar irradiation wavelengths in the IR region, especially those in the far IR region. Here, a biohybrid energy‐harvesting device is demonstrated that exploits IR radiation, via convection and thermoelectric effects, to improve the resulting energy conversion performance. A composite of nanocellulose and the conducting polymer system poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is used as the anode in biohybrid cells that includes thylakoid membranes (TMs) and redox mediators (RMs) in solution. By irradiating the conducting polymer electrode by an IR light‐emitting diode, a sixfold enhancement in the harvested bio‐photovoltaic power is achieved, without compromising stability of operation. Investigation of the output currents reveals that IR irradiation generates convective heat transfer in the electrolyte bulk, which enhances the redox reactions of RMs at the anode by suppressing diffusion limitations. In addition, a fast‐transient thermoelectric component, originating from the PEDOT:PSS‐nanocellulose‐electrolyte interphase, further increases the bio‐photocurrent. These results pave the way for the development of energy‐harvesting biohybrids that make use of heat, via IR absorption, to enhance energy conversion efficiency.
Willingness to Pay versus Willingness to Vote: Consumer and Voter Avoidance of Genetically Modified Foods
Authors: Waterfield Gina , Kaplan Scott , Zilberman David
Published: December 2019

Many technologies face disapproval from some portion of the general public due to perceived risks or externalities. Individuals can respond to these controversial technologies either as consumers by choosing favorable alternatives or as voters by supporting regulation. We examine the relationship between willingness to pay a premium for products that avoid a controversial technology and willingness to vote in favor of a ban or mandatory labeling, with a focus on how this relationship is influenced by income and perceived risks. In a survey regarding genetically modified (GM) food, we find that the majority of respondents make consumer and voter choices that can be explained by a standard utility maximization framework. However, certain respondent characteristics are correlated with inconsistent choice patterns. In particular, low‐income voters appear to be overly supportive of regulation relative to their private willingness to pay. Voters who are uncertain about the safety of GM food also tend to be more in favor of regulation than their consumer choices would imply.
Acid‐Catalyzed Pseudo Five‐Component Annulation for a General One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triaryl Pyrimidines
Authors: Ding Yuxin , Ma Renchao , Hider Robert C. , Ma Yongmin
Published: December 2019

A facile and general synthesis of 2,4,6‐triaryl pyrimidines has been developed. It involves a one‐pot [2+1+1+1+1] pseudo five‐component annulation of one methyl ketone, two aldehydes and two NH4OAc catalyzed by TfOH. One C−C and four C−N bonds are formed during the oxidative annulation process. The reaction shows good tolerance of many important functional groups in air and produces only water as the coproduct, making this methodology a highly versatile alternative to the existing methods for structuring pyrimidine framework.
Is the BasicsCard “shaming” Aboriginal people? Exploring the differing responses to welfare quarantining in Cape York
Authors: Watt Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

As part of the Cape York Welfare Reform Trial (CYWRT), which has been running in the remote Aboriginal towns of Aurukun, Hope Vale, Mossman Gorge and Coen since 2008, Family Responsibilities Commissioners have the unprecedented ability to quarantine welfare payments. Critics claim this “BasicsCard,” which cannot be spent on alcohol, tobacco, pornography or gambling, brings shame to Aboriginal people – marking them as dependants, deemed incapable of responsible spending. Evaluations of the CYWRT paint a more complicated picture. While many of the “spectators” of the CYWRT report “welfare reform stigma,” the “subjects” themselves are more positive. This paper draws on ethnographic research in Hope Vale to argue that these categories overlap with loosely defined, porous social groups that developed during the town's mission past, described as the “engaged” and “embedded” Hope Valers, respectively. The engaged group tends to be more aware of and sensitive to the views of the dominant society and to subscribe to its “ideology of respectability.” Meanwhile, the latter group tends to adhere to a more egalitarian “ideology of relatedness,” and do not experience the shame, even when their own welfare is quarantined, because the behaviours that trigger quarantining are normalised within their highly circumscribed domain.
Van Der Waals Heterostructures with Spin‐Orbit Coupling
Authors: Rossi Enrico , Triola Christopher
Published: December 2019

Herein, recent work on van der Waals (vdW) systems in which at least one of the components has strong spin‐orbit coupling is reviewed, focussing on a selection of vdW heterostructures to exemplify the type of interesting electronic properties that can arise in these systems. First a general effective model to describe the low energy electronic degrees of freedom in these systems is presented. The model is then applied to study the case of (vdW) systems formed by a graphene sheet and a topological insulator. The electronic transport properties of such systems are discussed and it is shown how they exhibit much stronger spin‐dependent transport effects than isolated topological insulators. Then, vdW systems are considered in which the layer with strong spin‐orbit coupling is a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) and graphene‐TMD systems are briefly discussed. In the second part of the article, a case is discussed in which the vdW system includes a superconducting layer in addition to the layer with strong spin‐orbit coupling. It is shown in detail how these systems can be designed to realize odd‐frequency superconducting pair correlations. Finally, twisted graphene‐NbSe2 bilayer systems are discussed as an example in which the strength of the proximity‐induced superconducting pairing in the normal layer, and its Ising character, can be tuned via the relative twist angle between the two layers forming the heterostructure.
High‐Curvature Transition‐Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures with a Pronounced Proximity Effect Enable Fast and Selective CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Gao Fei‐Yue , Hu Shao‐Jin , Zhang Xiao‐Long , Zheng Ya‐Rong , Wang Hui‐Juan , Niu Zhuang‐Zhuang , Yang Peng‐Peng , Bao Rui‐Cheng , Ma Tao , Dang Zheng , Guan Yong , Zheng Xu‐Sheng , Zheng Xiao , Zhu Jun‐Fa , Gao Min‐Rui , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: December 2019

A considerable challenge in the conversion of carbon dioxide into useful fuels comes from the activation of CO2 to CO2.− or other intermediates, which often requires precious‐metal catalysts, high overpotentials, and/or electrolyte additives (e.g., ionic liquids). We report a microwave heating strategy for synthesizing a transition‐metal chalcogenide nanostructure that efficiently catalyzes CO2 electroreduction to carbon monoxide (CO). We found that the cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoneedle arrays exhibit an unprecedented current density of 212 mA cm−2 with 95.5±4.0 % CO Faraday efficiency at −1.2 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE; without iR correction). Experimental and computational studies show that the high‐curvature CdS nanostructured catalyst has a pronounced proximity effect which gives rise to large electric field enhancement, which can concentrate alkali‐metal cations resulting in the enhanced CO2 electroreduction efficiency.
An Overview of Retinoblastoma and Enucleation in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Leclerc Rachel , Olin Jennifer
Published: December 2019

Retinoblastoma is a rare malignancy of the eye affecting children, most commonly four years old and younger. Although chemotherapy and radiation treatment aim to spare the eye, in some cases, enucleation (ie, removal of the eye) is required to prevent cancer metastases or recurrence. Enucleation procedures are primarily performed at specialty institutions and may involve the surgical placement of an implant in the orbit of the eye. Unique perioperative considerations are required because of the age of the child at the time of the diagnosis and procedure and the involvement of a parent or caregiver who will be caring for the child postoperatively. This article presents an overview of retinoblastoma and enucleation and discusses the care and management of the unique patient population undergoing enucleation.
Anesthesia Professionals’ Perspectives of Teamwork During Robotic‐Assisted Surgery
Authors: Myklebust Monica Voilås , Storheim Håkon , Hartvik Mikaela , Dysvik Elin
Published: December 2019

Robotic‐assisted surgery (RAS) presents unique teamwork challenges for perioperative team members, including anesthesia professionals. The purpose of this study was to explore anesthesiologists’ and nurse anesthetists’ teamwork experiences during RAS using an exploratory qualitative study design involving individual semistructured interviews. Study participants expressed that teamwork during RAS is both positive and challenging, and the start‐up phase is the most demanding phase of RAS in terms of teamwork. Anesthesia professionals believe that both technical and nontechnical skills are necessary to provide excellent patient care and maintain patient safety during RAS. Furthermore, they believe that a more concentrated focus on nontechnical skills than is traditional is an essential component of teamwork.
Investigation of double network hydrogel with controllable swelling behavior by response surface methodology
Authors: Fan Xialian , Liu Hui , Wang Jingru , Tang Keyong
Published: December 2019

Hydrogel with high swelling ratio is extremely bad for its application in tissue engineering, which drastically degrades its mechanical properties and generates greater pressure on surrounding tissues. In this work, it is found that the swelling behavior of gelatin/acrylamide acrylate copolymer‐Fe3+ hydrogels is highly depended on Fe3+ concentration and acrylic acid content. In order to know the swelling mechanism and optimize the nonswellable condition, a mathematical model is built based on response surface methodology. Herein, the computational data are in good correspondence to experimental results by combining the theoretical with experimental results. The hydrogels can endure a compressive stress up to 18 megapascals at 90% strain and maintain good shape recovery under multiple cycle compression. Our results demonstrate that swelling behavior of double network hydrogels can be controlled and the suppression of swelling is conducive to hydrogel with good mechanical strength under physiological conditions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48805.
Piezoelectric polymer microfiber‐based composite for the flexible ultra‐sensitive pressure sensor
Authors: Nguyen Duc‐Nam , Moon Wonkyu
Published: December 2019

This study presents a new type of composite consisting of piezoelectric poly(γ‐benzyl‐α, l‐glutamate) (PBLG) polymer fibers, which contain a large dipole moment, and the elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the matrix material. PBLG microfibers were fabricated and polarized using the electrospinning method and cast in PDMS to form a unidirectional continuous‐fiber composite. The PBLG/PDMS composite was characterized based on various aspects such as crystalline structure, mechanical properties, piezoelectricity, and electromechanical response. The piezoelectric charge constants in the transverse and longitudinal modes were measured to be 10.2 and 54 pC/N, respectively, which are the largest piezoelectric coefficients of biocompatible polymers up to date. The thin PBLG/PDMS composite film can produce up to 200 mV peak‐to‐peak under sinusoidal actuation and exhibit ultra‐sensitivity up to 615 mV N−1. These results show the great potential of the highly flexible piezoelectric polymer fiber‐based composite for use in a variety of applications such as energy harvesting devices, biomechanical self‐powered structures, and force sensors. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48884.
Effects of inorganic filler on performance and cost effectiveness of a soybean‐based adhesive
Authors: Chang Ziwen , Sun Zongxing , Wu Wenbin , Chen Tao , Gao Zhenhua
Published: December 2019

A modified soybean‐based adhesive with improved bonding properties and technological applicability but reduced cost was developed based on the effects of inorganic fillers on the performance of a defatted soybean meal flour (DSF) adhesive. Investigations with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, rheology tests, zeta potential analysis, and plywood evaluation demonstrated that adding inorganic fillers could improve the technological applicability of the adhesive by alleviating shear thinning and decreasing the viscosity up to 71.2%, reduce the adhesive cost up to 9.5% and result in various effects on bonding properties. Two fillers, montmorillonoid and kaolin, were suitable for plywood for exterior use owing to significantly improved water resistance up to 58.9% resulting from penetration of DSF/crosslinker chains into the interlayers of the silicates via intercalation, stable chemical bonds between the fillers and crosslinker, and excellent compatibility between the filler particles and DSF adhesive. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48892.
Surface and Interfacial Chemistry in the Nickel‐Rich Cathode Materials
Authors: Kim Junhyeok , Cha Hyungyeon , Lee Hyomyung , Oh Pilgun , Cho Jaephil
Published: December 2019

With increasing demands for high energy lithium‐ion batteries, layered nickel‐rich cathode materials have been considered as the most promising candidate due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. Although some of the materials with nickel contents ≦60 % were commercialized, there are tremendous obstacles for further improvement of electrochemical performance, which is strongly related to the unstable cathode surface and interfacial properties. In this regard, a specific review on the interfacial chemistry between the cathode and electrolyte during electrochemical testing is provided. We highlight the underpinning interfacial chemistry and degradation mechanisms of the cathode materials. Finally, light is shed on the recent efforts for enhancing the interfacial stability of the nickel‐rich cathode materials.
The three‐dimensional printing renaissance of individualized anatomical modeling: Are we repeating history?
Authors: Clifton William , Damon Aaron
Published: December 2019

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized individualized medicine for patient‐specific anatomical modeling and surgical planning. The surge of investigations in model creation for preoperative assessments and patient education has demonstrated improvements in both operative factors and patient satisfaction. In addition, recent technologic advances in 3D printing techniques have provided a resource to create visually pleasing models with chromatic cues for segmentation of adjacent structures. Despite these advances, an important consideration that has yet to be addressed is the quality of representation of the not only the form of structures created, but also the functional relationships of each structure. Jean François Fernel (1497–1558 AD) recognized a similar trend in anatomic innovation over 500 years ago, and sparked a series of texts that challenged the superficial anthropocentric views of the time and led to the foundation of physiologic principles that shaped modern medical philosophy. Accurately generating anatomical structures are directly related to discerning true physiologic function, and a comprehensive understanding of both is essential to hold accountability in fidelity for individualized 3D printing.
Percutaneous closure of restrictive‐type perimembranous ventricular septal defect using the new KONAR multifunctional occluder: Midterm outcomes of the first middle‐eastern experience
Authors: Haddad Raymond N. , Daou Linda S. , Saliba Zakhia S.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the safety, efficiency, and midterm outcomes of transcatheter perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) closure using the new KONAR‐MF™ VSD occluder.

Background

Off‐label percutaneous pmVSD closure is a well‐established procedure with promising results. Yet, interventionists are still searching for the ideal device.

Methods

Between June 2018 and March 2019, 20 patients with hemodynamically significant but restrictive‐type pmVSD underwent an attempted transcatheter closure using the new KONAR‐MF™. All implantations were performed retrogradely under general anesthesia, transoesophageal echocardiography, and fluoroscopic guidance. Prospective follow‐up using transthoracic echocardiography and electrocardiogram was done until August 2019.

Results

The median age was 6.4 years (8 months to 43.4 years), and the median body weight was 17.3 (9–74) kg. The mean defect size on the left ventricular aspect was 11.7 ± 2.8 mm. All devices were successfully and rapidly implanted. One device embolized in the pulmonary artery, 24 hr after implantation and was percutaneously retrieved with no complication. Over a mean follow‐up period of 8.2 ± 3.0 months, complete closure was achieved in 84.2% of patients. One new onset of mild aortic regurgitation was detected before discharge and remained stable. Tricuspid valve regurgitation, complete heart block, major complication, and death were not observed.

Conclusions

Transcatheter pmVSD closure using the KONAR‐MF™ can be successfully performed in adult and pediatric patients. It is a safe and promising device, designed to provide high conformability to septal defects with a lower risk of heart block. Retrograde implantation allows procedural flexibility, efficient deliverability, and control of valvular interferences.
Electrooxidation, Size Stability, and Electrocatalytic Activity of 0.9 nm Diameter Gold Nanoclusters Coated with a Weak Stabilizer
Authors: Pattadar Dhruba K. , Mainali Badri P. , Jasinski Jacek B. , Zamborini Francis P.
Published: December 2019

We describe the electrooxidation and size stability of 0.9 nm average diameter triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPS)‐stabilized Au nanoclusters (NCs) as compared to 1.6 nm tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC)‐stabilized Au NCs and 4.1 nm citrate (Cit)‐stabilized Au nanoparticles (NPs). The potential for oxidative dissolution in KBr follows the order of TPPS Au0.9nm NCs (0.219 V)<THPC Au1.6nm NCs (0.452 V)<Cit Au4.1nm NPs (0.723 V)<bulk Au (ca. 0.932 V), whereas that for surface Au oxide reduction follows the order of TPPS Au0.9nm NCs (0.607 V)<THPC Au1.6nm NCs (0.679 V)<Au4.1nm NPs (0.808 V) vs. Ag/AgCl. TPPS Au0.9nm NCs and Cit Au4.1nm NPs convert to larger aggregates by fusing together in acidic pH, whereas THPC Au1.6nm NCs are highly stable from pH 2.4 to 11. Exposure of TPPS Au0.9nm NCs to ozone causes considerable size increase within 1–2 minutes, similar to previous results on THPC Au1.6nm NCs. THPC Au1.6nm NCs are stable against oxidation after exchange of THPC with 1‐butanethiol, whereas TPPS Au0.9nm NCs dissolve into solution during exchange. TPPS Au0.9nm NCs are inactive for the hydrogen evolution reaction and CO2 reduction reaction, whereas THPC Au1.6nm NCs exhibit excellent activity. The differences in oxidation potential, size instability, and electrocatalytic activity are attributed to the Au size as opposed to the different ligands, whereas the pH‐induced aggregation depends on the acidic or basic nature of the stabilizing ligand.
Deep learning for prediction of cardiac indices from photoplethysmographic waveform: A virtual database approach
Authors: Huttunen Janne M.J. , Kärkkäinen Leo , Honkala Mikko , Lindholm Harri
Published: December 2019

Deep learning methods combined with large datasets have recently shown significant progress in solving several medical tasks. However, collecting and annotating large datasets can be a very cumbersome and expensive task. We tackle these problems with a virtual database approach where training data is generated using computer simulations of related phenomena. Specifically, we concentrate on the following problem: can cardiovascular indices such as aortic elasticity, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, and blood flow from heart be predicted continuously using wearable photoplethysmographic sensors? We simulate the blood flow using a haemodynamic model consisting of the entire human circulation. Repeated evaluation of the simulator allows us to create a database of “virtual subjects” with size that is only limited by available computational resources. Using this database, we train neural networks to predict the cardiac indices from photoplethysmographic signal waveform. We consider two approaches: neural networks based on predefined input features and deep convolutional neural networks taking waveform directly as the input. The performance of the methods is demonstrated using numerical examples, thus carrying out a preliminary assessment of the approaches. The results show improvements in accuracy compared with the previous methods. The improvements are especially significant with indices related to aortic elasticity and maximum blood flow. The proposed approach would provide new means to measure cardiovascular health continuously, for example, with a simple wrist device.