bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization in Mouse Lymphoid Tissue of Receptors for Immunoglobulin
Authors: THUNOLD S. , TØNDER O. , WIIG J. N.
Published: June 2006

Cryostat sections of mouse spleen and lymph nodes adsorbed sheep erythrocytes coated with rabbit or mouse IgG antibody. The reaction was mediated by the Fe part of the immunoglobulin molecule. Haemadsorption was inhibited by mouse IgG and antigen‐antibody complexes. Complement was not required.

Sensitized erythrocytes failed to bind to thymus and to the thymus dependent areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissue. Results of Inhibition experiments with rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum and anti‐Θ serum further suggested that binding of sensitized erythrocytes to lymphoid tissue sections can be used as a marker for B lymphocytes.
Antibodies to Cell Organoids in the Sera of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients and of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: UTSUMI K. R. , YOSHIDA T. O. , SEKIKAWA M. , KLEIN G.
Published: June 2006

The antinuclear antibody of nasopharyngeal cancer patients, of Taiwan and African origin, was examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique on various target cells: human embryonic cells, FL cells, Chang's liver cell, HeLa cells, L cells, Chinese hamster kidney cells, and rat embryonic kidney cells. Sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, of Japanese origin, were also examined on the same cell lines for comparison with those of nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

According to the various patterns of fluorescence observed, sera of nasopharyngeal cancer patients were supposed to contain several kinds of antibody to cell organoid(s), alone or in combination: nucleus, nucleolus, spindle fibers, substance(s) related to the spindle fibers, centriole, and the Golgi complex. None of these antibodies yielded fluorescence of chromosomes of meta‐phasic cells. Instead, speckled fluorescence observed in the interphase nucleus seemed to migrate into the cytoplasm at metaphase.

Nuclear rim stain with a serum of systemic lupus erythematosus in the interphase nuclei seemed to be preserved in the rim stain of chromosomes at metaphase.
The Immune Response against Hapten‐Autologous Protein Conjugates in the Mouse
Authors: RUBIN B. , SCHIRRMACHER V. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

The carrier specificity of secondary anti‐hapten responses using different haptenic densities on autologous or heterologous carrier proteins was studied. In addition, the T cell requirements for anti‐hapten antibody synthesis were investigated. The results demonstrated a clearcut decrease in carrier specificity as hapten density goes up. Also, memory against autologous hapten carrier conjugates at the T cell level waned with time in contrast to the memory against heterologous hapten‐carrier conjugates. Specific helper cells against autologous conjugates were demonstrated by filtration through anti‐immunoglobulin coated columns.
Receptors for Immunoglobulin Fc in Human Malignant Tissues
Authors: TøNDER O. , THUNOLD S.
Published: June 2006

Cryostat sections of 10 malignant human tumours of various types strongly adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies Normal spleen and lymph nodes showed medium Strong and thymus weak reactions. The receptors in tissue have affinity for the Fc‐portion of Ig, and (phospho)lipids are common consituents.

An antiserum to a lymphoma inhibited receptor activity of all tissues. Spleen and tumour tissue removed this inhibiting activity.

Tentatively, the malignant tissue seems to carry membrane receptor(s) similar in nature to receptor(s) on B lymphocytes.
Immunofluorescence Microphotometry for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies. I. Standardization of the Method
Authors: VAN BOXTEL C. J. , ENGELFRIET C. P. , FELTKAMP T. E. W.
Published: June 2006

The standardization is described of an immunofluorescent microphotometric method that offers a solution for the problems generally encountered in immunofluorescence procedures on platelets. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated .anti‐immunoglobulin serum and anti‐IgG serum were used. Sera, containing isoor hetero‐antibodies against platelets that had given positive reactions with one or more of the conventional serological techniques, were used as positive controls. The method described proved to have a good reproducibility. Significant differences in fluorescence were obtained using the above‐mentioned positive sera and normal control sera. It was found that platelets stored in sodium‐azide could be used as antigen. A number of variables that may influence the difference in fluorescence obtained with positive and normal sera were studied.
Antibody‐induced Cell‐mediated Cytotoxicity in an Allogeneic Human System
Authors: DICKMEISS E.
Published: June 2006

In a 51Cr‐release assay system it is found that serum from normal women with pregnancy‐induced lymphocyte allo‐antibody can cooperate with normal non‐sensitized peripheral human leucocytic cells in producing cytotoxic activity against target cells from the husband. Conventional complement activation is not involved. The cooperating serum factor is found to be antibody and is located in the IgG fraction. The effector cells are lymphocytes and the activity is blocked by cytochalasin B.
Conjugates of Immunoglobulin G with Different Fluorochromes. I. Characterization by Anionic‐exchange Chromatography
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P.
Published: June 2006

The conjugation of purified IgG for 1 hour at room temperature and pH 9.5 was found to be a simple and reproducible method useful with FITC. MRITC. RBITC and RB200SC fluorochromes. Anionic‐exchange chromatography revealed some difference between conjugates with two batches of FITC and with two batches of MRITC from the same commercial source. Storage of FITC and MRITC as dry powders had only a minor deleterious effect. These fluorochromes as well as fresh solutions of RB200SC produced satisfactory conjugates; but reliable information about their properties could only be obtained from chromatographic analyses. High‐affinity reactions apparently gave rise to optimum conjugates and depended on addition of small amounts of fluoruchrome; increased amounts of fluorochrome favoured low‐affinity reactions with resulting over‐coupling. This was a problem mainly with FITC and RB200SC. RBITC as well as aged solutions of RB200SC produced undue reduction in the isoelectric point of IgG relatively to degree of coupling. Species differences in IgG were found to influence the reactivity of FITC and MRITC.
Characterization of Subclass‐related F(ab)2. Fab/c and Fch Fragments Obtained by Short Papain Digestion of Human IgG Myeloma 312
Authors: MICHAELSEN E. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

When incubated with papain alone, all the IgGI proteins gave a good yield (6‐ 20%) of fragments (consisting of one Fc joined to one Fab through an unbroken heavy chain). Inclusion of cysteine during the digestion resulted in a mixture of F(ab)2 and probably F(c)2 fragments in (a dimer of Fc) in approx. weld. The IgG2 proteins gave mainly F(ab)2 fragments in up to 12% yield during a short papain digestion in the presence of cysteine. The IgG3 proteins tested gave nearly pure Fch (Fc fragment plus the particular expanded hinge region) when digested without cysteine (yield of 4–25%) . If the papain proteolysis was performed together with cysteine, there was about 5% yield of a mixture of Mw 100,000 fragments The IgG4 protein used in this study gave approximately 30%. yield of almost pure F(ab)2 fragments when digested without teine F(ab)2 fragments were also formed when the IgG4 protein was digested in the presence of cysteine (10% yield).
Migration of Bone Marrow Cells to the Bursa of Fabricius and the Spleen in the Chicken
Authors: BÄCK O. , BÄCK R. , HEMMINGSSON E. J. , LIDÉN S. , LINNA T. J.
Published: June 2006

Bone marrow of chickens of different ages was labelled locally in vivo with small amounts of 3H‐thymidine directly into the bone marrow. Using autoradiography and a radiochemical technique, bone marrow‐derived cells were demonstrated in the thymic medulla, the bursa of Fabricius, the splenic red pulp, and the cecal tonsil and in the bone marrow from locations other than the labelled ones. Considerable numbers of bone marrow cells were found in the bursa of chickens labelled on the day of hatching, but hardly ever in older animals. Therefore, these cells probably demonstrate traffic of progenitor cells for the bursal cell line. No bone marrow‐derived cells could be localized in the germinal centers of the spleens or the cecal tonsils.
Immunological Features in a Case of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Treated with Transfer Factor
Authors: VANDVIK B. , FRØLAND S. S. , HØYERAAL H. M. , STIEN R. , DEGRE M.
Published: June 2006

A report is given on an attempt to treat a 16‐year‐old boy with rapidly progressing subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) with soluble leukocyte transfer factor. Three separate injections, each containing transfer factor from lymphocytes of 450 ml venous blood, were given at three‐ to four‐month intervals. A remission, evidenced by clinical, immunological, and serological criteria, occurred and was sustained in the five months of observation after the last transfer factor injection. The close temporal relationship between start of therapy and onset of remission may suggest effects of transfer factor in this cast of SSPE, although a “spontaneous” remission cannot be wholly excluded.
Amyloid Fibril Protein Subunit,‘Protein AS’: Distribution in Tissue and Serum in Different Clinical Types of Amyloidosis Including that Associated with Myelomatosis and Waldenström's Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: HUSBY G. , SLETTEN K. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Gel filtration of degraded amyloid fibrils, derived from patients with different clinical types of amyloidosis, revealed a nonimmunoglobulin protein of low molecular weight (protein AS). This protein was previously found in amyloidosis secondary to chronic inflammation. In this study it was also shown to be present in amyloid connected with certain cases of primary amyloidosis and amyloidosis associated with myelomatosis and Waldenström's macroglobulineamia with Bence‐Jones proteinuria. Furthermore, a serum component with electrophoretic mobility in the alpha‐beta‐globulin region and molecular weight of approximately 100,000 was found to be antigenically related to protein AS. This component was found in sera of patients with amyloidosis and also in patients with other diseases known to be associated with amyloidosis. The antigenic cross reactions demonstrated among different amyloid fibrils may be due to protein AS.
Quantitation of Cell Membrane Antigens at the Single Cell Level
Authors: SUNVDQVIST K. G.
Published: June 2006

The interaction between cell surface antigens of animals cells and antibodies bound to these were studied by microfluorometry of single cells. This method permitted quantitation of the intensity of immunofluorescence per whole cell and per unit cell surface area. The rate of redistribution and the rate of release of membrane‐bound antibody varied in relation to cell type and kind of antigenic specificity examined. Conditions previously demonstrated to be optimal for capping were used in all test systems. Redistribution was most rapid for immunoglobulin determinants on lymphocytes. Redistribution consisted of a passive patching phase followed by an active capping phase with regard to cell metabolism. The dis‐appearance of membrane‐bound antibody showed a rapid early phase followed by a slow phase in virtually all test systems. The results indicated that redistribution and endocytosis occurred when the membrane‐bound antibodies formed a lattice thus forming multivalent bonds with the cell surface. Univalent binding. of antibody to the cell surface seemed to favour release of the antibody. A suggestive correlation between the rate of redistribution and the rate of release of the same cell surface antigen‐ligand complex was observed. The frequency distribution of the intensity determinations per unit cell surface area was shown to be an objective measure of the pattern of immunofluorescence on the cell membrane. This should permit evaluation of the effect of metabolic inhibitors on the distribution of membrane antigens, The results further indicated that the prozone effect of the intensity curves obtained with indirect immunofluorescence methods occurred only on a mobile cell surface and was caused by unaccessibility of membrane‐bound antibody to conjugate molecules because of cross‐linking and lattice formation or some effect mediated thereby.
7S Immunoglobulin M (IgM) from Serum Purified by Anti‐ μ ‐Chain 522
Authors: ESKELAND T. , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

Purification of 7S IgM from the serum of a patient with Waldenström's macro glubulinaemia by means of gel filtration and elution from an anti‐μ‐chain immunoadsorbent is described. Reduction of pure 7S IgM with 2‐mercaptoethanol followed by removal of the reducing agent increased slightly the sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge of a fraction of the molecules. By contrast, when I9S IgM and a small amount of 125I‐labelled 7S IgM were similarly treated together, a large fraction of the iodine‐labelled material sedimented with the reassociated I9S IgM. The reassociation properties of purified alkylated and non‐alkylated IgM subunits made by reduction of I9S IgM with 0.2 M mercaptoethanol or 0.02 M cysteine were analysed as described for 7S IgM.
Circumvention of Early Graft‐versus‐Host Disease in Hemiallogeneic Bonc Marrow Transplantation in a Case of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Koch C. , Henriksen K. , Juhl F. , Wiik A. , Faber V. , Utzon F. , Jensen K. , Muller‐Berat N. , Ernst P. , Krogh‐Jensen M. , Killmann S.‐Aa. , Andersen V. , Dupont B. , Gundolf F. , Hansen G. S. , Thomsen M. , Svejgaard A. , Nielsen H. , Philip J. , Jørgensen F. , Dicke K. A.
Published: June 2006

A girl with severe combined immunodeficiency and pronounced malnutrition from chronic diarrhoea is presented. Immunological reconstitution was attempted by transplantation of bone marrow cells from the HL‐A hemiallogeneic father. An initial transplant failed to induce a permanent take of the graft, whereas a second transplant with an increased cell dose ensured a take, which was followed by reconstitution of cell‐mediated immune functions. Fractionation of the transplanted bone marrow cells apparently led to a delay in development of graft‐versus‐host symptoms. Germ‐free isolation and extensive bacterial decontamination markedly reduced the microbial flora and was highly protective against contaminating microorganisms but failed to eradicate completely one strain of Escherichia coli that had invaded the child before institution of this regimen. During a moderate, delayed graft‐versus‐host reaction this strain caused widespread severe infection, to which the child succumbed 10 weeks after the second transplantation. This child presented some additional features, the most conspicuous being a deficiency of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase.
Antibody Diversity: A Case for its Generation after Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Pilarski L. M.
Published: June 2006

The generation of antibody diversity can be discussed at two levels: genotype and phenotype. The genetic question is, does the germ line genome contain all antibody genes, or are some created (by mutation) during the life of the individual? An equally important question at the level of phenotype is, when is immune competence expressed during development of an individual, and, particularly, does antigen stimulation increase the repertoire of competent cells? In this short article we will concentrate on the last question, after first listing reasons why we prefer somatic mutation to germ line theories at the genetic level. We will draw attention to some of the considerable body of indirect evidence that supports antigen‐generated diversity and briefly discuss experiments that can directly test whether entirely new kinds of immunocompetent cells appear during the course of an immune response.
Mild Chymotryptic Cleavage of Human IgG and its Major Subclasses
Authors: GERRARD J. , KOMVOPOULOS ATHENA , TURNER M. W.
Published: June 2006

The cleavage of pooled human IgG and IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 myeloma proteins with α‐chymotrypsin has been studied. The products of digestion were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis and fractionated by gel filtration, In addition to low molecular weight peptides an electrophoretically fast fragment from the Cγ3 homology region (ctFc') was detected in all cases. Pooled IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 proteins fielded appreciable amounts of an Fab‐like fragment. Finally, various high molecular weight fragments were released that appeared to resemble recently described fragments produced by papain. These were Fab/c‐like fragments from pooled IgG and IgG1, F(ab)2‐like fragments from IgG2, and Fch‐like fragments from IgG3.
Enhancement of Tuberculin‐Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Precultivated Macrophages from Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: HORSMANHEIMO MAIJA , VIROLAINEN M.
Published: June 2006

Precultivated autologous macrophages enhanced the early PPD‐induced blastogenic response of tuberculin‐sensitive lymphocytes. This effect was not caused by a diffusible macrophage product. Macrophages exposed to PPD and subsequently washed caused as high a response as did PPD in cultures without precultivated macrophages. Sensitive macrophages were not able to induce nonsensitive lymphocytes to respond to PPD. Precultivated macrophages from tuberculin‐negative patients with sarcoidosis enhanced the PPD‐induced transformation of sensitive lymphocytes, as did autologous macrophages Cord blood‐derived macrophages were significantly less effective
Complex Formation between Monoclonal IgM and Albumin.
Authors: HARBOE M. , FØLLING I
Published: June 2006

Immunoelectrophoresis of serum Sö showed an abnormal albumin line extended cathodically into the β‐region and a thick IgM line extended anodically into the α2‐region. These abnormalities were caused by noncovalent binding of albumin to a monoclonal IgM and continuous dissociation of the complex during electrophoresis. The complex formation was immunologically specific in that human, hut not bovine, albumin combined with IgM Sö. The combining sites on IgM ‐were localised to the Fabμ fragment. Albumin was probably univalent in the reaction, since monomerk human serum albumin combined but did not precipitate with IgM Sö, whereas soluble aggregates of human serum albumin precipitated with IgM Sö.
Human Fecal Agglutinins to Rabbit Erythrocytes
Authors: HANEBERG B.
Published: June 2006

Antibody activity in feces was investigated by testing for agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes Extracts of freeze‐dried feces from 13 of 14 infants and children agglutinated the rabbit erythrocytes, as did the sera from ill all these individuals. Feces from I‐month‐old infants gave relatively high titres, whereas sera gave loss titres compared with what was found in older children. Thus, the intestinal agglutinins seemed to be produced independently of those in serum. The fecal agglutinins correlated well with the concentration of IgA in feces and were inhibited with antiseri In IgA. indicating that IgA in feces was mainly responsible for the agglutination Results of preparative ultracentrifugation and gel filtration as well as immunization studies were in line with this There is thus evidence that only IgA retains its, activity in the gut. even when IgG and IgM are present in feces. Since agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in serum are mainly confined to IgG and IgM, this activity in feces seems to be a useful market for locally produced intestinal IgA.
Immunoglobulins on Thymus Cells: Reaction with Anti‐Light Chain Antibody and Quantitation by Microprecipitin Inhibition with Cell Extracts
Authors: KIROV S. M. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

Thymus cells were examined for Ig by exposing them to purified anti‐mouse L chain Ig labeled with 125I and examining, by bulk counting and radioautography, the amount of reagent bound. In addition, cell extracts were assayed for total Ig by a quantitative microprecipitin inhibition method. Most cells in thymus contained little Ig, but a minor subpopulation, varying in structure, did contain demonstrable Ig. This small proportion of cells (˜1%) appeared to be intrinsic to the thymus, and dose response data indicated that there was a hierarchy of Ig‐positive cells. They were enriched in the cortisone‐resistant fraction. Most were resistant to both anti‐θ and an anti‐B‐anti‐macrophage serum, leaving their identity in doubt. Some further properties, and suggestions as to the possible role of these cells in thymus, are discussed.
Cell‐Mediated Lympholysis after Sensitization in Unidirectional Mixed Lymphocyte Culture in Man
Authors: BONNARD G. D. , LEMOS L. , CHAPPUIS M.
Published: June 2006

The cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), after a 6‐day allogeneic stimulation in unidirectional mixed lymphocyte culture (UMLC). was studied. PBLs stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and labeled with 51Cr were used .as target cells. The effector cells were incubated with the target cells at I 100:1 ratio for 6 In. The amount of isotope released into the supernatant was used to calculate lysis. Cell‐mediated lympholysis (CML) was specific, as shown by an innocent‐bystander experiment and by the lack of lysis of target alls autologous with the effector cells. The specific lysis had the following features: linear increase between 2 and H hr of incubation, linear increase with the logarithm of the number of effector cells, and inhibition by EDTA and by cytochalasm B. Under the UMLC conditions used, potent effector cells were present already on day 4. A reduction in the number of stimulating cells to one third of the number of responding Cells in UMLC resulted in a decrease of thymidine incorporation and in an increase of CML. The significance of CML for transplantation biology is discussed.
Inhibition of Cytotoxicity of Nonimmune Human Lymphocytes for Sensitized Chicken Erythrocytes by Aggregated Human IgG
Authors: HALLBERG T.
Published: June 2006

Human IgG is shown to inhibit the cytotoxic activity in vitro of human lymphocytes for chicken erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit antibodies. The inhibitory activity depends on the degree of aggregation of IgG, small complexes of 9 to 10 S being more inhibitory than monomeric molecules or heavy‐weight aggregates. For the immunoglobulin to be inhibitory, an intact Fc fragment is required. It is suggested that the inhibition is due to the binding of aggregated human IgG to lymphocytes needed in the cytotoxic reaction
Immunochemical Characteristics and Rheumatoid Factor Inhibiting Activity of Enzymic Subfragments from the Cγ3 Homology Region of Human IgG
Authors: OKAFOR G. O. , TURNER M. W.
Published: June 2006

Subfragments of the pFc' fragment of human IgG (Cγ3 homology region), obtained by mild proteolysis with ficin, elastase, and subtilsin, have been chemically characterized and studied for their ability to interact with a rheumatoid factor with anti‐Gm(a) specificity. Amino acid composition and terminal amino acid data indicate that the subfragments difter in only one or two amino acid residues. Probable molecular locations for the subfragments, in terms of the sequencedγ1‐chain, are proposed as follows: ficin fragment, residues 340–433; elastase fragment, 340–434; subtilsin fragment, 340–432. The subtilsin and ficin subfragments did not inhibit the passive haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes coated with pFc' fragment by a rheumatoid serum with anti‐Gm(a) specificity. The elastase fragment was weakly inhibitory, and it is suggested that this may represent further evidence that the asparagine residue at position 434 is involved, as a noncorrelative determinant, in the expression of the Gm(a) antigen. The data also suggest that the antigen interacting with rheumatoid anti‐Gm(a) is structurally identical to the antigen interacting with anti‐Gm(a) from a sensitized donor.
RL Allotypes of Light Chains of Rat Immunoglobulins: Ratio in Heterozygous Rats and Distribution among Inbred and Random‐Bred Rats
Authors: ROKHLIN O. V. , NEZLIN R. S.
Published: June 2006

The ratio of two allelic variants (RL1 and RL2) of kappa chains of rat immunoglobulins was determined in hybrid rats of direct and reciprocal crossing and in backcrosses. One (RL1) of two allelic genes was found to be more active than the other. Data are presented on the distribution of RL allotypes among 22 inbred rat strains as well as among random‐bred and wild rats. We suggest that the allelic variants of rat kappa chains reported by other authors are somewhat like or very similar to our allotypes.
Immunochemical Detection of the VKIV Subgroup
Authors: SLETTEN K. , HANNESTAD K. , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

A Bence Jones protein (BJ Juv) with a rather unusal N‐terminal amino acid sequence has been found. An antiserum specific for this protein was developed and used to screen normal sera, M‐component sera, Bence Jones protein containing urines, and isolated kappa chains. Out of the sera tested only 2 of the 66 macroglobulinemia sera reacted strongly. N‐terminal sequence analysis of the isolated kappa chains showed that the amino acid sequence was nearly identical with that found for BJ Juv and that of the VKIV subgroup.
The Principle of Immunopotentiation in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Effect of Transfer Factor
Authors: FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , HØYERAAL H. M. , KÅSS E.
Published: June 2006

Three patients (aged 3 to 7 years) suffering from active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, with pronounced general illness, synovitis in multiple joints, and, two of them, typical fluctuating high fever, were treated with dialyzable transfer factor. During the treatment period, varying from 3 to 5 months, the patients received from 5 to 10 injections of transfer factor, each dose corresponding to the biological material obtained from 400 to 450 ml of normal blood. There was a marked improvement of the general condition, most pronounced in the two patients with the most severe disease, in whom the temperature was normalized. Joint functions also improved. There were changes in cell‐mediated immunity, with conversion of previously negative responses to antigens in delayed hypersensitivity in vivo and lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Lymphocyte transformation with unspecific mitogens and allogeneic lymphocytes, the proportions in peripheral blood of B and T lymphocytes, as well as Fc receptor‐bearing lymphocytes were normal and remained so during the observation period.
IgG Complexes in Serum of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: NORBHRG R.
Published: June 2006

Sera from 171 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients were tested for direct platelet aggregation. Thirty‐three of 146 rheumatoid factor (RF)‐positive sera and 3 of 25 RF‐negative sera gave platelet aggregation, indicating the presence of circulating IgG complexes equal to or greater than 19S. Forty randomly selected sera were analyzed by gel filtrations on Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G‐200 and by sedimentation analysis. IgG complexes, mainly of intermediate sizes, were demonstrated in 54% of sera with RF titers of 40 to 640 and in 80% of sera with an RF titer equal to or greater than 1280. The intermediate complexes could be absorbed on and eluted from cross‐linked human IgG, thus indicating IgG‐RF to be a dominant constituent of the complexes.
Dynamic Aspects of the Interaction between Antibodies and Complement at the Cell Surface
Authors: SUNDQVIST K G. , SVEHAG S. E , THORSTENSSON R T
Published: June 2006

The possible influence of cell membrane dynamics on complement activation and cytolysis was studied. The interaction between membrane‐bound antibodies and complement was investigated by use of purified human C1q protein. The following observations were made: [1] Binding of C1q to cells was proportional to the amount of membrane‐bound antibody. [2] Demonstration of C1q at the cell surface was critically influenced by a prozone effect generated by the interaction between C1q and anti‐C1q antibody. [s] C1q induced pronounced patching of membrane‐bound antibody at 0°C and at 37°C, but its capping effect was weak. [4] C1q seemed to exert an inhibitory action on the disappearance of membrane‐bound antibody. The antibody‐bound C1q disappeared very rapidly from the cell membrane in comparison with the antibody. [5] The cytolytic sensitivity of several cell types differed at different stages of redistribution of membrane‐bound antibody; maximal sensitivity corresponded to a predominantly patchy antibody distribution. Microfluorometry and the isotope antiglobulin method suggested that these changes in cytolytic sensitivity was due neither to differences in the amount of membrane‐bound antibody nor to a different accessibility of membrane‐bound antibody to complement.
Further Studies on the Isotope Modification of the Mixed Hemadsorption Technique
Authors: SUNDQVIST K. G.
Published: June 2006

The reaction patterns, especially the prozone effect, obtained by the isotope modification of the mixed hemadsorption technique (IMHT) were analyzed with reference to dependence on various factors. The results indicated that the prozone effect in IMHT was related to the relative concentrations of cross‐bridging antibody molecules on indicator and target cells This ratio seemed to have an optimum at which the reactivity was maximal. The existence of such an optimal ratio with regard to the concentrations of cross‐bridging antibody molecules presumably accounts for the previously noted different tendencies to prozone effect of different antigen‐antibody systems The results and indirect evidence suggested that the prozone effect is independent of the antigenic distribution on the cell membrane as influenced by antibody‐mediated redistribution of cell surface antigens. The high sensitivity of IMHT enabled studies of the rate of disappearance of membrane‐bound antibody where this was not possible by other methods.
Tryptic Fragments of Fc from Normal Human IgG and their Interaction with Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: ENDRESEN C. , HEGGENESS M. , GROV A
Published: June 2006

Tryptic digests of acid‐treated Fc from normal human IgG were separated into four peaks (I to IV) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100. Essentially all the material from peak I reacted with staphylococcal protein A. had a molecular weight (MW) of approximately 55,000, and was indistinguishable from intact Fc on electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Peaks II and III, MW 42,000 and 32,000. respectively, contained both protein A‐reactive and protein A‐nonreactive material, whereas peak IV. MW 12,000, showed no reaction with protein A The protein A‐reactive material from peaks II and III had an intact Fc chain bound to another peptide, from which a part of the C‐terminal sequence had been removed. The protein A‐nonreactive material from peaks II and III lacked antigenic determinant(s) compared to intact Fc and gave fragments with MWs of 16.000 and 18,000. respectively, after reduction, suggesting that these fragments consist of Fc N‐terminal sequences joined by disulfide bonds. It is concluded that, in contrast to interchain interaction, intrachain interactions influence protein A activity.
Surface Markers on Human B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: JONDAL M
Published: June 2006

A procedure to assess the cellular adherence displayed by lymphocytes, at the level of the single cell, is described. Adherence is defined as the capacity of a cell to hind acrylic acid polymer beads. 0.5 μm: in size, under standardized conditions These beads were found to adhere readily to lymphocytes that have a high density of surface immunoglobulin Such cells can be distinguished from other leukocytes with the same binding capacity by the extracellular localization of the beads on these cells Furthermore, adherence, as presently defined, is briefly characterized.
Molecular Basis of B‐Cell Activation
Authors: COUTINHO A. , MÖLLER G , RICHTER W
Published: June 2006

The present experiments were performed in an attempt to investigate the nature of the surface receptor on B lymphocytes responsible for triggering of these cells. B‐cell mitogenicity of unsubstituted dextrans, quantitated by activation of DNA and antibody synthesis was detected only if the ligand had a MVC higher than 7 × 104. Above this threshold mitogenicity increased linearly with the log of the MW Substitution of the polymeric structure with lipid residues did not result in increased mitogenicity of the conjugate. However, sulphate substitution of the sugar units greatly enhanced the ability of the conjugates to activate DNA synthesis and. to a much smaller extent, antibody synthesis. Mitogenicity of sulphate derivatives was independent of their MW. Another polyanionic derivative (carboxymethyl) did not show increased mitogenicity. whereas a low‐MW compound very similar to dextran sulphate (pentosan sulphate) was highly active. The activation induced by dextrans was immunologically nonspecific and caused induction of polyclonal antibody synthesis. The activated cells presumably belong to a subset of B cells at a rather premature stage of differentiation. These findings suggest that the mitogenic signal is delivered to the cells by single sites at the membrane. These sites appear to have the capacity to interact with polysaccharide structures or releated conformations The polymeric structure of the active ligands is not a necessary requirement for mitogenicity and seems to have the accessory function of providing multipoint binding to low‐affinity receptors.
Coupling of Polysaccharides to Erythrocytes by Cyanogen Bromide
Authors: RICHTER A. W. , KÅGEDAL L.
Published: June 2006

A simple procedure for covalent coupling of polysaccharides (PS) to erythrocytes for passive hemagglutination is described. The PS is dissolved in saline and activated by adding cyanogen bromide, keeping the pH at 10.7. After adjusting the pH to 7.8, the activated PS solution is admixed to a 2% erythrocyte suspension for coupling, for 2 hr. Using dextran fractions for coupling, such sensitized cells show a high degree of specific sensitivity, similar to that produced by contact with stearoyl‐dextran. Another PS, guaran, was similarly coupled to erythrocytes, conferring on them a high degree of specific sensitivity.
Passage of Leukocytes from Mother to Fetus
Authors: SCHRÖDER J.
Published: June 2006

The occurrence of maternal mitotic cells in the circulation of newborn infants was studied after stimulation of cord blood lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD) A total of 27.698 mitoses from PHA cultures of lymphocytes from ten infants were examined by quinacrine fluorescence. In one child 0.07% (4 out of 5,853) of maternal cells were found. In preparations from seven of ten infants whose lymphocytes were stimulated with PPD, one to eight mitoses were found. However, all were of fetal origin.
Binding of Aggregated IgG by Human B Lymphocytes Independent of Fc Receptors
Authors: FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , MICHAELSEN T. E.
Published: June 2006

We present data concerning the mechanism of the binding of aggregated IgG and of IgG‐sensitized erythrocytes by different human lymphocyte‐like cells. The results showed that the two phenomena are related to different subpopulations of lymphocytes. By fractionation and depletion studies of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphocyte‐like cells binding IgG‐sensitized erythrocytes (EA‐RFC), it was demonstrated that binding of aggregated IgG is related to B lymphocytes, whereas binding of IgG‐sensitized erythrocytes depends on another subpopulation of lymphocyte‐like cells. Whereas binding of IgG‐sensitized erythrocytes by EA‐RFCs depends entirely on the Fc fragment, binding studies with IgG fragments suggested that the interaction of aggregated IgG with B lymphocytes is different.
Induction of Anti‐Alloantibodies by Alloantibody Fragments
Authors: BINZ H.
Published: June 2006

Anti‐alloantibodies of anti‐(Lewis anti‐DA) specificity were successfully induced in (Lewis × DA)F1 rats by the IgG fraction, F(ab')2, and Fab fragments of Lewis anti‐DA alloantibodies, Fc fragments as well as separated heavy and light chains from the same alloantibody failed to induce anti‐alloantibodies. The idiotypic determinant on alloantibodies seems to be related to a structure formed by the two polypeptide chains
The Occurrence in Sera with M‐Components of Different Proteins Related to Amyloid Fibrils
Authors: HUSBY G. , NATVIG J B , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

A component (protein ARC) antigenically related to the uncommon amyloid fibril protein AR was detected in 16 of 352 sera with M‐components. Another serum component (protein ASC), related to the commoner nonimmunoglobulin amyloid fibril subunit protein AS. was found in 149 of the same 352 sera. However, only one of the 16 sera with protein ARC contained protein ASC. giving evidence for a high degree of mutual exclusion between the two amyloid fibril‐related components in serum. A considerable deviation of the normal χ/δ ratio towards a predominance of the δ type of light chain was seen among the sera with monoclonal IgG or IgA and protein ARC. No similar deviation of the χ/δ ratio could be observed among the sera with protein ASC.
Labeled Staphylococcai Protein A as an Immunological Probe in the Analysis of Cell Surface Markers
Authors: DORVAL G , WELSH K. I. , WIGZELL H
Published: June 2006

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is known to interact in a specific manner with most subclasses of mammalian IgG, In our present work we have used protein A labeled with fluorescent or radioactive markers as a probe to detect cell‐associated IgG molecules. Using this approach to study human lymphocytes or lymphoid cell lines, we have found it possible to assess with accuracy the percentage of cells in a given population that carry a certain surface marker. Precise measurements can also be made as to quantities of cell surface‐attached IgG molecules, thereby allowing determinations of antigenic site numbers per cell in a new and simplified manner. We report here in detail the actual technical procedures involved, together with tests for human cell surface structures, including immunoglobulin molecules of IgG and other classes, HL‐A antigenic sites, beta2‐microglobulin, and T lymphocyte‐specific antigens
Differentiation of B Cells: Sequential Appearance of Responsiveness to Polyclonal Activators
Authors: GRONOWICZ E. , COITINHO A , MÖLLER G
Published: June 2006

The responses to the polyclonal B‐cell activators dextran sulphate (DxS), lipo polysaccharide (LPS), and purified protein derivative from tuberculin (PPD) were followed along the differentiation process of fetal liver cells to mature B cells in irradiated hosts It was shown that these cells sequentially gained responsiveness to DxS. LPS, and PPD, in that order. It was also shown that the result of activation depends only on the differentiation degree of the target cells at the turn they are activated. Thus, more primitive cells can only divide, and most of the DxS‐. LPS‐, or PPD‐induced blasts are lg‐negative soon after the cells become responsive to each ligand. The response of more differentiated cells is characterized also by high‐rate antibody synthesis. These results provide a unique possibility of using polyclonal B‐cell activators as well‐defined functional markers for sub‐populations of B cells and shed a new light on the problem of immune B‐cell triggering
Effect of Carrier Preimmunization on the Anti‐Hapten Response in the Chicken
Authors: SARVAS H. , MÄKELÄ O. , TOIVANEN P. , TOIVANEN A.
Published: June 2006

We found that chickens responded to an injection of 1 mg of alum‐precipitated conjugates of (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenyl)acetyl and bovine serum albumin (NIP‐BSA) or human gammaglobulin (NIP‐HGG) with an anti‐NIP response. This response was enhanced to fivefold titers if the birds were given a small dose (2 or 0.2 μg) of the carrier protein in complete Freund's adjuvant a week before injection. If the dose of the carrier was large (200–2,000 μg), it decreased the subsequent anti‐NIP response to the conjugate. The effect of the preimmunization correlated with the formation of anti‐carrier antibodies: a good anti‐carrier response was connected with inhibition and a poor anti‐carrier response with enhancement of the anti‐NIP response. Large preimmunization doses of the carrier caused enhanced anti‐hapten responses if the carrier was methylated or dodecanoylated; in this case the anti‐carrier humoral responses were weak. Large doses of the native carrier increased the subsequent anti‐hapten response if spleen cells of the preimmunized donors were injected into cyclophosphamide‐treated donors, who were then immunized with the hapten conjugate. The results confirm earlier studies indicating that collaboration of carrier‐specific cells and hapten‐specific cells is required in the chicken for an optimal anti‐hapten response. They further indicate that carrier‐primed cells do not reside in the thymus and that, also in birds, immunization by methylated or dodecanoylated protein causes good priming for helper function but bad priming for the antibody formation against the protein.
Generation of T Memory Cells in One‐Way Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: ANDERSSON L. C. , HÄYRY P
Published: June 2006

CBA lymphocytes were primed m one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture by DBA/2 under conditions where only T cells proliferate, and the blast cells were recovered on the sixth culture day by fractionation in 1‐g velocity sedimentation When placed on a syngeneic (to responder cells) feeder layer, the blasts reverted to lymphocytes (‘secondary lymphocytes’) Two functions, dissimilar from nonprimed T cells, were defined for the secondary lymphocytes: they were cytotoxic to relevant allogeneic target cells in vitro, and they responded promptly to the original stimulator cells in secondary mixed lymphocyte culture These properties were then used to define the rate of recovery of the activated cells in the blast fraction CBA lymphocytes were similarly primed by DBA/2, three fractions were recovered (blasts, intermediate‐sized lymphocytes, and small lymphocytes), and the cells from each fraction were plated on syngeneic feeder layer. Only the progeny lymphocytes of the blast cells displayed the altered responses. Thus all, or almost all, activated cells may be selectively recovered in the blast fraction on the sixth day of one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture.
Idiotypic Cross‐Reactions Among Anti‐Streptococcal Antibodies in an Inbred Rabbit Population
Authors: KLAPPER D. C. , KINDT T. J.
Published: June 2006

Idiotypic cross‐reactions were detected among Group C streptococcal antibodies from 58% of related rabbits but were seldom seen among the antibodies of unrelated rabbits The studies reported here indicate that idiotypic cross‐reactions were due to a minor antibody component in each reactive streptococcal antiserum. Immunoadsorbent methods were modified to isolate antibody components from antisera on the basis of relative binding affinity. We used an immunoadsorbent prepared by coupling Ba(OH)2‐treated Group C streptococcal carbohydrate to Sepharose with CNBr at pH 7. Three or four antibody components were recovered from each of four Group C antisera. Components containing idiotypically cross‐reacting antibodies represented 2% to 8% of the total serum antibody. Antibodies in the other components did not give idiotypic cross‐reactions. Light chains from the cross‐reacting antibody all displayed the same Vx III amino terminal sequence. Ile‐Val‐Met. Such findings suggest linkage of this rare L chain variable region subgroup to this particular idiotypic specificity.
Isolation of a Fragment, Fh, Corresponding to the Hinge Region of Human IgG3
Authors: MICHAELSEN T E , NATVIG J. B. , SLETTEN K
Published: June 2006

An Fh fragment corresponding to the hinge region of IgG3 has been isolated by J single α‐chymotrypsin treatment of whole IgG3 Various combinations of two enzymes have also been used, but with somewhat lower yield and less purity The isolated Fh fragment has features similar to those of the bound hinge region in the intact IgG3 and its F(ab')2 and Fch fragments. The Fh fragment has a char acteristically high content of cystine and proline and seems to lack aromatic amino acids
Quantitative Thin‐Layer Gel Filtration Applied to γ ‐Globulin Preparations
Authors: WADSWORTH C
Published: June 2006

A new method permits direct densitometric quantitation of different molecular‐size components obtained by thin‐layer Sephadex gel filtration. A transparent plate suitable for protein staining and transmission densitometry is prepared by over‐layering agarose after the filtration. Analysis of commercial γ‐globulin preparations with this method give better resolving capacity than ultracentrifugation or column gel filtration. Furthermore, this method is easily adapted by means of immunogel filtration to specific characterization of the molecular size categories. As many as nine IgG‐related components differing in size were demonstrated. Component categories containing as little as 0.06 γg could be detected. The error of the method varied between 1.9% and 1.3% for the different size categories. Good reproducibility was observed when the method was used for analysis of preparations with known qualitative and quantitative IgG differences.
Characterization of the Antibody Production in Rabbits Induced by Streptococcal Group A and C Carbohydrate Antigens
Authors: AASTED B.
Published: June 2006

One hundred and five rabbits were immunized with a streptococcal group A or C vaccine About 50% of the rabbits died during the immunization, mainly of un‐known causes. The amounts of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies, antibody restriction, and γ globulin allotypes within the a locus were determined and correlated with one another. The mean precipitin and agglutinin titers of the rabbit antisera with some kind of restricted response in almost all case were higher than the titers of the antisera from the rabbits with a heterogeneous response, but the difference was significant in only a few cases No significant correlation was found between allotypic markers and the other variables mentioned.
The Reaction of Rheumatoid Anti‐Gm Antibodies with Native and Aggregated Gm‐Negative IgG
Authors: GAARDER P. I. , NATVIG J. B
Published: June 2006

Rheumatoid anti‐Gm(a) antibodies were shown to react with native Gm(a‐) IgG. This reaction takes place with the CH3 domain (pFc' fragment) of IgG and is not due to anti‐isotype specificities contaminating the test system. The reactivity of the Gm(a‐) IgG is greatly increased by heat aggregation, and this increase is clearly related to the amount of aggregates formed. Rheumatoid anti‐Gm(a) reacts with aggregated IgG1. IgG2. and IgG3 Gm(g+) proteins but not with IgG3 Gm(b+) or IgG4 proteins. Thus there is a clear specificity in the reactions with aggregated IgG of different subclasses. Quantitative hemagglutination inhibition studies in the AutoAnalyzer suggested that the antigenic determinants of native and aggregated Gm(a+) or Gm(a‐) IgG involved in the reaction with rheumatoid anti‐Gm(a) were very similar. Furthermore, immunosorbent studies showed that the saint population of rheumatoid anti‐Gm(a) antibodies is reacting with the native and aggregated Gm(a+) and Gm(a‐) IgG Analogous findings were obtained using rheumatoid anti‐Gm(b1) and anti‐Gm(g).
Human Secretory Component
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P
Published: June 2006

A new purification method is based on a combination of conventional fractionation procedures (ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration, and anionic‐exchange chromatography) and immunological removal of contaminating proteins. The immunosorbent was prepared by polymerizing antisera to human serum and colostrum and was used in a batch procedure. By this method it was possible to obtain secretary component of about 98% purity in 10% yield (approximately 100 mg/l colostrums).