bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Help‐seeking by older husbands caring for wives with dementia
Authors: Brown Janet Witucki , Chen Shu‐li , Mitchell Carolyn , Province Amy
Published: July 2007

Title.  Help‐seeking by older husbands caring for wives with dementia

Aim.  This paper reports a study to gain understanding of the help‐seeking process of older husbands caring for wives with dementia.

Background.  Men comprise 41% of spousal caregivers. However, few reports describe older husbands’ caregiving experiences and none specifically explore help‐seeking in men caring for wives with dementia.

Method.  A grounded theory design was used to discover a theory of help‐seeking by older caregiver husbands. Audiotaped interviews were conducted during 2004 and 2005 with nine husband participants. The interviews were analysed by a research group to discover the core category and the relationships of related categories to develop a theory of help‐seeking that was grounded in the data. Margaret Newman's theory of Health as Expanding Conscious provided a theoretical perspective for interpretation of the findings.

Findings.  The core category, ‘Doing the best I can’, was preceded by the antecedent of ‘changing patterns’. Husbands made choices to use action/interaction strategies of ‘Relinquishing’, ‘Reaching out’ and ‘Shouldering’ which were influenced by a variety of internal, relational, situational, and experiential facilitating or hindering intervening conditions. The consequence of help‐seeking process was ‘Continuing on’, which had categories of: ‘Keeping at home’, ‘Staying together’, and ‘Taking care of myself’.

Conclusion.  Help‐seeking by older husband caregivers is complex and gender‐specific. Interventions to assist these caregivers must also be gender‐specific and complement already existing help‐seeking patterns. Focusing on helping caregivers to discover their patterns of relating and help‐seeking empowers them to find new ways of interacting and to discover possibilities for action.
Ecological and individual predictors of birthweight in a northern Finland birth cohort 1986
Authors: Järvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Elliott Paul , Kleinschmidt Immo , Martuzzi Marco , Grundy Chris , Hartikainen Anna‐Liisa , Rantakallio Paula
Published: July 2007

This multilevel study of spatial variability in, and determinants of, birthweight was conducted using individual and ecological data in a geographically defined prospective birth cohort for 1986 in northern Finland. The study area comprises three large areas defined by latitude: Northern Lapland (NL), Southern Lapland (SL) and Oulu province (OP), comprising 74 localities with a total study population of 9216 singleton births. The mean birthweight was 3482 g for NL, 3537 g for SL and 3587 g for OP (NL vs. OP and SL vs. OP: P < 0.05). The crude rate for stillbirths was highest in NL. The women in the northernmost area were socially less privileged and the localities less prosperous compared with those in the southernmost area. Significant spatial clustering of mean birth‐weights was found (P= 0.0016), with highest birthweight in the southwestern part of the study area. A variable expressing the wealth of each locality, the financial capacity category (FCC), had its lowest mean value in NL, with a range of one to six for the localities studied here.

A multilevel multiple regression model showed that, after allowing for sex, gestational age, mother's age, height and hypertensive disorders, parity, body mass index, previous low birthweight child and smoking as individual determinants of birthweight, part of the residual variation could be explained by the locality wealth parameter. Using the multilevel model, the differences in mean birthweight across the three latitude areas persisted but were reduced (difference OP vs. NL reduced from 105g to 86.5g). The relationship between birthweight and FCC was inverse U‐shaped with the highest mean birthweight estimated for localities occurring in the middle of the range (FCC = 3). The wealthiest urban localities (FCC = 6) and the most deprived localities (FCC = 1) both had a predicted birthweight about 60g below the maximum at FCC = 3, if all other factors were held constant. This result, taken together with the spatial clustering of birthweights, suggests that there may be important social and environmental determinants of birthweight that have yet to be identified.
Expression levels of barley Cbf genes at the Frost resistance‐H2 locus are dependent upon alleles at Fr‐H1 and Fr‐H2
Authors: Stockinger Eric J. , Skinner Jeffrey S. , Gardner Kip G. , Francia Enrico , Pecchioni Nicola
Published: July 2007

Genetic analyses have identified two loci in wheat and barley that mediate the capacity to overwinter in temperate climates. One locus co‐segregates with VRN‐1, which affects the vernalization requirement. This locus is known as Frost resistance‐1 (Fr‐1). The second locus, Fr‐2, is coincident with a cluster of more than 12 Cbf genes. Cbf homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana play a key regulatory role in cold acclimatization and the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Here we report that the Hordeum vulgare (barley) locus VRN‐H1/Fr‐H1 affects expression of multiple barley Cbf genes at Fr‐H2. RNA blot analyses, conducted on a ‘Nure’×‘Tremois’ barley mapping population segregating for VRN‐H1/Fr‐H1 and Fr‐H2, revealed that transcript levels of all cold‐induced Cbf genes at Fr‐H2 were significantly higher in recombinants harboring the vrn‐H1 winter allele than in recombinants harboring the Vrn‐H1 spring allele. Steady‐state Cbf2 and Cbf4 levels were also significantly higher in recombinants harboring the Nure allele at Fr‐H2. Additional experiments indicated that, in vrn‐H1 genotypes requiring vernalization, Cbf expression levels were dampened after plants were vernalized, and dampened Cbf expression was accompanied by robust expression of Vrn‐1. Cbf levels were also significantly higher in plants grown under short days than under long days. Experiments in wheat and rye indicated that similar regulatory mechanisms occurred in these plants. These results suggest that VRN‐H1/Fr‐H1 acts in part to repress or attenuate expression of the Cbf at Fr‐H2; and that the greater level of low temperature tolerance attributable to the Nure Fr‐H2 allele may be due to the greater accumulation of Cbf2 and Cbf4 transcripts during normal growth and development.
Expression of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene in the adaxial domain of Arabidopsis leaves represses cell proliferation in this domain and is critical for the development of properly expanded leaves
Authors: Iwakawa Hidekazu , Iwasaki Mayumi , Kojima Shoko , Ueno Yoshihisa , Soma Teppei , Tanaka Hirokazu , Semiarti Endang , Machida Yasunori , Machida Chiyoko
Published: July 2007

The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene, a member of the AS2/LOB gene family, and the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana participate in the development of a symmetrical, expanded lamina. We report here the patterns of expression of these genes, and the importance of the sites of such expression in leaf development. Transcripts of both genes accumulated in the entire leaf primordia at early stages, but the patterns of accumulation changed as the leaves expanded. AS2 and AS1 transcripts were detected, respectively, in the adaxial domain and in the inner domain between the adaxial and abaxial domains of leaves. The ratios of numbers of adaxial cells to abaxial cells in cotyledons of corresponding mutant lines were greater than the ratios in wild‐type cotyledons. The low levels of ectopic expression of AS2 under the control of the AS1 promoter in as2 mutant plants restored an almost normal phenotype in some cases, but also resulted in flatter leaves than those of wild‐type plants. Strong expression of the construct in wild‐type and as2 plants, but not as1 plants, resulted in the formation of narrow, upwardly curled leaves. Our results indicate that AS2 represses cell proliferation in the adaxial domain in the presence of AS1, and that adaxial expression of AS2 at an appropriate level is critical for the development of a symmetrical, expanded lamina. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis revealed that mutation of either AS2 or AS1 resulted in an increase in the levels of transcripts of ETTIN (ETT; also known as AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3, ARF3) and KANADI2 (KAN2), which are abaxial determinants, and YABBY5 (YAB5). Thus, AS2 and AS1 might negatively regulate the expression of these genes in the adaxial domain, which might be related to the development of flat and expanded leaves.
The role of two LEAFY paralogs from Idahoa scapigera (Brassicaceae) in the evolution of a derived plant architecture
Authors: Sliwinski Marek K. , Bosch Justin A. , Yoon Ho‐Sung , Balthazar Maria von , Baum David A.
Published: July 2007

Idahoa scapigera produces solitary flowers in the axils of rosette leaves without elongation of the shoot axis, a rosette‐flowering architecture. Previous work with one of the two I. scapigera LFY paralogs, IscLFY1, showed that this gene caused aerial flowering rosettes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this paper, we report that after three generations IscLFY1 transgenic lines are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild‐type Arabidopsis, indicating that IscLFY1 protein is able to replace normal LFY function. Additionally, we found that ectopic LFY expression late in development can phenocopy aspects of the aerial rosette phenotype, suggesting that shoot compression caused by IscLFY1 could be caused by localized overexpression of a functional IscLFY protein. We also characterized the expression and function of the second I. scapigera LFY paralog, IscLFY2, in A. thaliana. In contrast to IscLFY1, this paralog was expressed in floral meristems and the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In I. scapigera, LFY‐specific antibodies detected high protein levels in developing flowers but not in the apex, suggesting trans‐regulatory differences between I. scapigera and A. thaliana. Most IscLFY2 transgenic A. thaliana plants were indistinguishable from wild type, but in a minority of lines the SAM was converted to a terminal flower as would be expected from the reporter‐expression pattern. Taken together these results show that both I. scapigera paralogs have conserved LFY function, both proteins can rescue lfy and both can modify inflorescence architecture in an A. thaliana background: either by affecting internode elongation (IscLFY1) or by causing homeotic conversion of shoots into flowers (IscLFY2).
Catheter‐directed therapy for DVT after pancreas transplantation
Authors: Mahanty Harish D , Posselt Andrew M , Lipshutz Gerald S , Schneider Darren B , Freise Chris E
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Introduction: Iliac vein deep venous thrombosis (DVT) ipsilateral to the pancreas transplant can lead to severe leg edema and compromise graft function. Treatment modalities for iliac vein DVT in the pancreas transplant recipient are limited.

Methods: Medical records of patients receiving pancreas transplants at a single center from November 1989 to July 2003 were reviewed retrospectively, identifying patients with iliac vein DVT. There were 287 pancreas transplants performed during this time. Pancreas transplantation in all recipients was performed in the right iliac fossa with the arterial supply consisting of a donor iliac artery Y interposition graft. Systemic venous drainage was to the iliac vein. Exocrine drainage was enteric or to the bladder.

Results: Four (1.4%) cases of iliac DVT were identified. All patients manifested lower extremity edema ipsilateral to the pancreas transplant. DVT was detected by ultrasound on days 4, 5, 13, and 60 post‐transplant. In all cases, the iliac vein caudad to the pancreatic venous anastomosis was noted to be stenotic. Management involved balloon dilatation and endovascular stent placement in one patient, thrombolysis with tissue plasma antigen (t‐PA) followed by stent placement in one patient, and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in two patients. All patients had improvement in leg edema and two patients continue to have good pancreatic allograft function.

Conclusions: Iliac DVT is a rare complication of pancreas transplantation that usually develops in an area of stenosis caudad to the pancreatic venous anastomosis. Catheter‐based treatment modalities with use of endovascular stents for treatment of underlying stenoses can serve as an adjunct in treating these complications.
Successful outcome of severe adenovirus hepatitis of the allograft following liver transplantation
Authors: Perez D. , McCormack L. , Petrowsky H. , Jochum W. , Mullhaupt B. , Clavien P.‐A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Here we report the first adult patient who survived severe adenoviral hepatitis of a liver graft, in contrast to 4 previously reported cases in adults, all of which had a fatal outcome. Early diagnosis was based on the immunohistological detection of adenoviral protein in the context of biopsy‐proven hepatitis. Dramatic reduction of immunosuppression along with supportive care were the treatment strategies in this case. Adenoviral infection of the allograft should always be considered as a differential diagnosis when clinical signs of severe hepatitis are present after liver transplantation. Accurate diagnosis with immunohistochemical detection of viral proteins in the liver graft is of paramount importance for the early diagnosis and management of this uncommon, severe, and probably underdiagnosed entity.
Rotavirus enteritis in solid organ transplant recipients: an underestimated problem?
Authors: Stelzmueller I. , Wiesmayr S. , Swenson B.R. , Biebl M. , Goegele H. , Margreiter R. , Bonatti H.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Background. Diarrhea in solid organ transplantation can be a complication with a high morbidity and mortality. Rotavirus (RV) infection normally occurs in children up to 3 years of age and often presents with severe diarrhea; however, it can also affect adults. We investigated the prevalence and outcome of RV infections in both adult and pediatric patients after solid organ transplantation.

Patients and methods. Retrospective analysis of RV‐related enteritis in solid organ transplant recipients with a minimum of a 1‐year follow‐up from a single center between 2000 and 2004.

Results. Within our cohort of 1303 solid organ transplants, RV infection was observed in 19 patients (1.5%); 14 of these were liver recipients. Infection was most prevalent among pediatric liver recipients, with 52% (11/21) of the children affected. Five adults acquired the infection during their initial hospitalization. Two adult patients had to be readmitted following late‐onset RV infection. In all cases, infection was self‐limiting, but led to prolonged hospitalization because of significant loss of fluids and electrolytes.

Conclusions. RV enteritis is a common infection in pediatric solid organ recipients but may also affect adult patients.
Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome after intestinal transplantation
Authors: Patel G. , Arvelakis A. , Sauter B.V. , Gondolesi G.E. , Caplivski D. , Huprikar S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Strongyloides stercoralis is a helminth with the ability to autoinfect the human host and persist asymptomatically for several years. Immunosuppression can accelerate autoinfection and result in Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome (SHS), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients, particularly in the setting of rejection, are at increased risk for reactivation of latent infections, such as Strongyloides. We describe a case of SHS in an intestinal transplant recipient; we hypothesize that she acquired the infection from the donor. We also review the current literature and address both prophylaxis and treatment of strongyloidiasis in the solid organ transplant patient.
Invasive fungal disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: an autopsy‐driven survey
Authors: Sinkó J. , Csomor J. , Nikolova R. , Lueff S. , Kriván G. , Reményi P. , Bátai Á. , Masszi T.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Invasive mycoses are pre‐eminent causes of morbidity and mortality in the allogeneic stem cell transplant setting. In spite of novel diagnostic modalities, the timely and specific identification of invasive mycoses still remains challenging. We analyzed the case history of 97 consecutive patients receiving 103 allogeneic stem cell transplants between January 2003 and October 2006 performed by a single team at 2 transplant centers in Budapest, Hungary. All patients with febrile neutropenia not responding to broad‐spectrum antibacterial therapy received amphotericin B deoxycholate empirically. In cases of proven or probable invasive aspergillosis, intravenous voriconazole was instituted. Patients who failed to improve on initial therapy were treated with an antifungal combination, while responders were switched to oral voriconazole. A total of 38 patients died following allografting. Both centers had an autopsy rate of 100% due to central health care regulations. An infectious cause of death could be identified in 15 cases, invasive fungal disease being the most prevalent and accounting for 10 fatalities. Six patients died of invasive aspergillosis, while invasive candidiasis and mucormycosis led to a fatal outcome in 2 cases each. Despite the regular use of galactomannan antigen detections and imaging, an ante mortem diagnosis of proven/probable invasive fungal disease could only be established in 4 of 10 autopsy‐verified cases (aspergillosis: 3, candidiasis: 1, mucormycosis: 0). In the remaining 6 patients, deep mycoses were missed clinically and were revealed only by postmortem histology. Present diagnostic and therapeutic strategies still seem to be suboptimal for the management of invasive fungal diseases in the high‐risk allogeneic stem cell transplant population.
Xenoantigens and xenoantibodies
Authors: Cooper David K.C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Major efforts are being directed towards determining and modifying the glycosylated epitopes on pig vascular endothelial cells, against which human natural antibodies are directed. Genetic engineering techniques are being used in an effort to knock out or replace the major agalactosyl (αGal) epitopes in mice, but to‐date these have been only modestly successful in prolonging functional survival of such modified organs. Competitive glycosylation involving insertion of the gene for α 1,2 fucosyltransferase results in reduction of αGal expression but also of presentation of hitherto cryptic antigens against which natural human antibodies are directed or could develop. The introduction of the gene for N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase III has been demonstrated to significantly reduce αGal expression, and the intracellular expression of single chain Fv antibodies against α 1,3 galactosyltransferase also represses this enzyme activity. Several other carbohydrate antigens have been identified that could act as targets for human natural antibodies, and these include Galα1–3Lex, Hanganutziu‐Deicher, Tn, and Forssman antigens. The alternative approach, namely, the depletion of the recipient's natural antibodies, is proving difficult, but techniques for inducing B cell tolerance are being explored. The induction of a state of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in αGal knockout mice has resulted in tolerance to the αGal antigen. Tolerance to the SLA antigens of miniature swine is also being attempted in baboons by the transfer of SLA Class II genes into baboon bone marrow cells. It is hoped that one or a combination of these approaches may overcome the problem created by the presence of pig antigens against which humans have xenoreactive antibodies.
Pulmonary injury in recipients of discordant hepatic and renal xenografts in the dog‐to‐pig model
Authors: Tector A. Joseph , Fridell Jonathan A. , Watanabe Taiji , Forbes R.D. Clarke , Salazar Julie , Grienke Doris , Nuera Stephen P. , Metrakos Peter , Giaid Adel , Tchervenkov Jean I.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Work in our lab demonstrated that the early post‐operative course of discordant hepatic and renal xenotransplantation is complicated by a pulmonary injury. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature of this injury, as well as to determine whether endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and inducible‐nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are present in this form of pulmonary injury. Dog‐to‐pig orthotopic liver and kidney xenografts were performed. Pulmonary artery pressures were monitored throughout all procedures. The lungs were stained with monoclonal antibodies for ET‐1, endothelin converting enzyme‐1, and iNOS. The lungs from pig recipients of hepatic or renal xenografts were compared to lungs from untreated pigs. Pulmonary artery pressures were elevated in recipients of liver xenografts when the suprahepatic caval cross clamp was placed and continued to rise to systolic levels following unclamping. The mean pulmonary artery pressures in recipients of renal and hepatic xenografts rose significantly following revascularization. Pathology in lungs from kidney and liver recipients was similar, showing congestion with peribronchial and septal edema, with diffuse adhesion of PMN to alveolar endothelium. ET‐1, endothelin converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1), and iNOS staining was widespread and intense in alveolar and pulmonary arterial endothelium. Discordant xenotransplantation of livers and kidneys is associated with a significant early pulmonary injury that is associated with early PMN infiltration and expression of ET‐I and iNOS.
Adult and neonatal anti‐Gal response in knock‐out mice for α1,3galactosyltransferase
Authors: LaTemple Denise C. , Galili Uri
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT: The knockout mouse to αl,3galactosyltransferase (αl,3GT KO) lacks the ability to synthesize α‐gal epitopes (Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc‐R) and is capable of producing low amounts of the natural anti‐Gal antibody. The present study indicates that repeated immunization of these mice with rabbit red blood cell (RRBC) membranes results in production of anti‐Gal in titers and specificity similar to those in humans. In contrast, immunized wild‐type mice completely lack anti‐Gal. Anti‐Gal in the α1,3GT KO mice is produced in the circulation as the various IgG subclasses and as IgM isotype, but not IgA. In view of previous reports on the possible induction of T cell tolerance by immunization of mice with large amounts of antigen up to 24 days of age, we assayed possible induction of neonatal B cell tolerance toward the α‐gal epitope. Eight‐day‐old neonates were subjected to immunization with 1 × 108 RRBC membranes, or 30 × 106 wild type mouse splenocytes, both of which express an abundance of α‐gal epitopes. These neonatal exposures to α‐gal epitopes did not prevent subsequent production of anti‐Gal. Thus, the tolerance induction to this carbohydrate epitope is likely to be mediated by mechanisms other than those inducing neonatal T cell tolerance.
The Interplexiform Cell in the Chameleon Retina
Authors: Quesada A. , Genis‐Galvez J. M.
Published: July 2007

A microscopic study of the retina of the adult chameleon has been carried out, following the Golgi staining method as modified by Colonnier.As a result of the observations made a cell stock is described, which has been identified on the basis of its characteristics as an Interplexiform Cell, and two different types of this cell are described.
The Cartilages of the Larynx of the One‐humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Saber A. S.
Published: July 2007

The cartilages of the larynx of Camelus dromedarius and of Ovis aries were studied in detail. Description and diagrammes are based upon material from 12 camels and 6 sheep of different ages and sexes. A comparison with other domestic animals was done and the results were expressed in 12 figures.
Numerical Vertebral Variations and Transitional Vertebrae in the Goat
Authors: Simoens P. , Vos N. R. de , Lauwers H. , Nicaise M.
Published: July 2007

This study of 185 vertebral columns of male and female goats describes the gross variation in numbers of segmental vertebrae and the occurrence of a variety of transitional vertebrae. The variations in number and gross anatomical organization of transitional vertebrae are discussed and a hypothesis presented to explain their occurrence.
Puentes intercelulares entre las células sexuales en el testículo de toro*
Authors: Kleiss Por Ch. , Liebich H.‐G.
Published: July 2007

An electronmicroscopic study of the seminiferous epithelium of the bovine is described Particular attention is given to the presence of intercellular bridges between development cells. These bridges are described, and a hypothesis is formulated regarding their probable role in the synchrony of cellular development in meiosis
Kinematics of the Reciprocal Apparatus in the Horse
Authors: Molenaar B. J.
Published: July 2007

In vivo and in vitro studies concerning the anatomy and the function of the reciprocal apparatus in the horse are described. It appears that the movements of the stifle and hock joints are not fully congruous in spite of their being coupled by this reciprocal apparatus. Anatomical peculiarities are discussed which prevent the hindlimb from being blocked
The Central Representation Area of the Radial Nerve in the Goat, Studied by the Axon Reaction
Authors: van Ham L. , Weyns A. , Krediet P. , van Mol K.
Published: July 2007

The central representation area of the radial nerve has been investigated in the goat, using the axon reaction. The retrograde changes after a two or six weeks survival time have been used to study both its position and architecture. Reconstuctions have been made using a computer assisted approach.

In the goat the central representation area of the radial nerve is situated in the dorsolateral part of the lateral motoneuronal cell group, extending from caudal C6 to caudal T1. It begins very small in C6, enlarges through C7, reaches its maximal diameter in C8, from where it gradually decreases to end in caudal T1.

The contribution of the C6 segment to the central representation area of the radial nerve in the goat is in agreement with findings in some other species but it contrasts with the macroscopic origin of the radial nerve in ruminants.

It is suggested that this finding, together with the statistically significant reduction in the number of alpha motoneuros at the C6 level in calves affected with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) in the forelimbs, may prove an at least partial involvement of the radial nerve in the pathogenesis of this disease, which is also suggested by clinical symptoms.
Carbonic Anhydrase III in the Salivary Glands and Kidney of the Japanes Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Nishita T. , Oshige H. , Kano Y. , Asari M.
Published: July 2007

Carbonic anhydrase III (CA‐III) was found in muscles of the Japanese monkey by the double immunodiffusion test and western blotting using antiserum raised against equine CA‐III. Immunocytochemical localization of CA‐III in the salivary glands and kidney of the monkey was studied using an avidin‐biotinylated glucose oxidase complex. CA‐III was found mainly in the striated duct and interlobular duct cells of the parotid glands. In the submandibular glands, striated duct, interlobular duct, and excretory duct cells were strongly stained for CA‐III. In the kidney of the monkey, CA‐III was localized mainly in the dark cells of the collecting duct at the medulla and in the epithelial cells of thick limb of Henle's loop.
Sur La Structure de la Syrinx ches le Canard (Anas platyrhinchos)
Authors: Scala G. , Corona M. , Pelagalli G. V.
Published: July 2007

The ultrastructure of the syrinx in the duck (Anas Platyrhinchos)

The morphological and structural aspects of the Membrana tympaniformis medialis of the syrinx were studied with L. M. and E. M. in 32 female and male Peking ducks from 6 to 12 months old. The membrane is covered by pseudostratified prismatic epithelium which shows different regional features. While at level of the proximal and distal third of the tympanic membrane the morphological and structural aspects of the cells resemble that of the adjacent structures (pessulus and primary bronchi), the middle part of the epithelium layer becomes gradually flattered; the epithelium is made up of oblique or horizontal cells which touch each other by means of many lateral interdigitations. At level of the upper parts of the cells there are several types of cell junctions. This particular disposition seem to be well adapted to the constractions of the syringeal muscles.
A Rapid and Reliable Sequential Staining Method for Bovine Muscle
Authors: Troyer D. L. , Oyster R. A. , Leipold H. W.
Published: July 2007

Various different combinations of histochemical stains at differing pH levels on single sections of bovine skeletal muscle were evaluated. The staining sequence that was the most consistent and reliable of those studied included an initial NADH‐TR (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidetetrazolium reductase) followed by an acid ATPase stain at pH 4.15. This staining combination resulted in easily discernable type I, II A, and II myofibers. Thus, a marked saving of expended time, labor and materials was realized.
Neuroendocrine (NE) Cells in Rat Neonatal Lungs. A Histochemical and Immunocytochemical Study
Authors: Gomez‐Pascual A. , Martin‐Lacave I. , Moreno A. M. , Fernandez A. , Galera H.
Published: July 2007

A study has been carried out to determine the presence of NE cells in the newborn rat lung. The localization of these cell was achieved by an argyrophil method. Both single NE and NEB, were found. Immunoperoxidase techniques were performed to determine NSE, serotonin and calcitonin production in these NE formations.
Die Synovialeinrichtungen des M. fibularis longus bei Katze, Hund, Schwein, Rind, Schaf und Ziege
Authors: Macher R.
Published: July 2007

The synovial structures of the M. fibularis longus in the cat, dog, pig, ox, sheep and goat

The synovial structures of the M. fibularis longus were studied by dissection on 23 cat, 28 dog, 20 pig, 17 ox, 15 sheep and 17 goat limbs. Five injections with Technovit into the tarsometatarsal joint were made for each species. The dog had two tendon sheaths while all other species had only one lateral one. The mesotendon approached the tendon from the medial aspect and was fenestrated in the dog (here only in the proximal segment), pig, sheep, and goat, but in the cat and ox the fenestration was inconstant. In the area of the lateral malleolus the lateral tendon sheath narrowed (in the dog only in the proximal segment). The synovial structures on the plantar aspect in the cat, dog, pig, and sheep were formed by a recess of the tarsometatarsal joint; while in the ox and goat they formed a tendon sheath that took its origin from the same joint. The plantar recess surrounded the tendon three quarters of the way in the dog, and in cat, pig, and sheep only half way. Nomenclatorial consequences for the NAV are discussed.
Muscle Fibre Morphometry in Three Dog Muscles of Different Functional Purpose in Different Breeds
Authors: Agüera E. , Diz A. , Vazquez‐Auton J. M. , Vivo J. , Monterde J. G.
Published: July 2007

Following a study of fibre population fibre size was determined in three muscles of different functional purpose in four breeds of dog with different locomotory capacities. Samples were taken from specific sites in the tibialis cranialis (extensor), flexor digitalis medialis (flexor) and pectineus (adductor) muscles of 27 dogs of four different breeds—German shepherd, Spanish greyhound, Spanish mastiff and Iberian hound—. Samples were subjected to histochemical analysis using ATPase (pH 9.4) and fibre size was assessed using an IBAS‐2 Kontron image analyser.
Androgen Deprivation for Prostatic Carcinoma: A Rationale for Choosing Components
Authors: Fourcade Richard Olivier , Chatelain Christian
Published: July 2007

Ever since prostatic carcinoma was discovered to be dependent on the hormone androgen for its proliferation, androgen deprivation has been the treatment of choice for advanced cases of prostate cancer. Originally, treatment was limited to surgical castration or estrogen therapy. However, the introduction of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogues, antiandrogens, and newer treatment modalities, such as combined androgen blockade, has made choosing a treatment strategy more complex. Assuming that each modality is equally effective, emphasis should be placed on increasing patient tolerance and compliance by the use of long‐acting, nontoxic treatments with simple dosing regimens and minimal side effects. This review focuses on the factors influencing the final choice of treatment strategy.
Numeric Aberration of Chromosome 17 Is Strongly Correlated with p53 Overexpression, Tumor Proliferation and Histopathology in Human Bladder Cancer
Authors: Li Benyi , Kanamaru Hiroshi , Noriki Sakon , Fukuda Masaru , Okada Kenichiro
Published: July 2007

Background This study investigated the relationships between the numeric aberrations of chromosome 17 and p53 expression, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA‐LI) and histopathology, to determine their prognostic significance in bladder cancer.

MethodsUsing in situ hybridization (1SH) with a biotin‐labeled chromosome‐specific DNA probe, the copy number of pericentromeric sequences in chromosome 17 were detected within interphase nuclei in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections from 59 nonmetastasized transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder. Expression of p53 and PCNA‐LI were determined in serial sections by an immunohistochemical method.

Results The percentage of hyperdiploid cells for chromosome 17 correlated with p53 overexpression (P< 0.002), PCNA‐LI (P< 0.002), increasing tumor grade (P< 0.002) and advanced pathologic stage (P< 0.002). The average percentage of hyperdiploid cells was lower in tumors with negative p53 expression than in tumors with p53 overexpression (P< 0.002). Also, more polysomic TCCs were found in muscle‐invasive than in superficial cases (P< 0.01), and there was a difference in both p53 overexpression or PCNA‐LI between disomic and polysomic TCCs (P<0.01). Patients with chromosome 17 disomic tumors showed less frequent tumor progression than patients with polysomic tumors (P< 0.05). However, chromosome 17 polysomy was an independent prognostic indicator only for patient survival (P< 0.05).

Conclusion The occurrence and extent of numeric aberrations of chromosome 17 may be associated with the evolution of aggressive growth in TCC and may be a useful indicator for survival.
Molecular Staging of Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Using Prostate Specific Antigen Versus Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen as Primer
Authors: Okegawa Takatsugu , Yoshioka Junichi , Morita Ryoji , Nutahara Kikuo , Tsukada Yutaka , Higashihara Eiji
Published: July 2007

Background: We examined the utility for prostate cancer staging of nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using either prostate specific antigen (PSA) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSM) as primer.

Methods: LNCaP cells were used for the in vitro quantification of RT‐PCR. RT‐PCR was performed on the peripheral blood of 105 control subjects and 63 patients with prostate cancer (32 who eventually underwent radical prostatectomy and 31 with clinical stage D2 cancer).

Results: The nested RT‐PCR for the PSA and PSM primers was able to detect 1 LNCaP cell per 106 leukemia (K562) cells. Noneof the control subjects was found positive for the presence of prostate cancer cells by nested RT‐PCR. In the 32‐patient surgery group, the results of nested RT‐PCR were significantly correlated with the pathologic stage of the cancer when using PSM primers (P=2.00times10‐3 by Kendall's correlation test) but not when using PSA primers (P=0.06). Extraprostatic extension was significantly more closely correlated with positive PSM nested RT‐PCR results (P=0.012 by Fisher's exact probability test) than with positive results of PSA, nested RT‐PCR, digital rectal examination, CT imaging, level of serum PSA or Cleason score. In the untreated stage D2 patients, the positive result rate of PSM nested RT‐PCR was significantly higher than that of PSA nested RT‐PCR (P=0.025 by McNemar test).

Conclusion: Nested RT‐PCR using PSM primers appears to predict the prostate cancer stage more accurately than does nested RT‐PCR using PSA primers or conventional clinical staging modalities.
Incidence of Urogenital Cancers in Gunma Prefecture, Japan: A 10‐Year Summary
Authors: Nakata Seiji , Ohtake Nobuaki , Kubota Yutaka , Imai Kyoichi , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Ito Yoshikazu , Hirayama Nobuaki , Hasegawa Kazunori
Published: July 2007

Background: Although the incidence of urogenital cancers in Japan is lower than that of other cancers, it is increasing steadily. Thus, an epidemiologic study was necessary to determine the measures that would decrease the mortality rate associated with these cancers.

Methods: The subjects were 4759 patients with urogenital cancer who were living in Gunma Prefecture and who were newly diagnosed between 1985 and 1994. The data were analyzed by year and by patients' ages. The incidence rates of each disease were expressed as the number of cases per 100,000/year, and age‐adjusted rates were adjusted to the world population.

Results: The number of males and females afflicted by urogenital cancers increased over the 10‐year period. The increase in age‐adjusted incidence rates was sharpest for prostate, renal cell, and testicular cancers among males, and for renal cell, renal pelvic and ureter cancers among females. When age‐specific rates were plotted against age on double logarithmic scales, the cancers were classified as type 1 (linear), type 2 (linear until a certain age, then flattening out or decreasing), or type 3 (irregular) based on the slope of the line. The magnitude of increase in the age‐specific incidence rates of type 1 cancers with age was on the order of the 12th power for prostate cancer and the 5th power for bladder cancer. When the 10 years were divided into 2 periods (earlier and later), the age‐specific incidence rates of prostate and renal cell cancers increased in all age groups, whereas the age‐specific incidence rates of cancers that increased less sharply remained stable or even declined in some age groups.

Conclusion: These epidemiologic data should be useful in reducing the mortality rates associated with these cancers.
Metastatic Cervical Carcinoma Mimicking Kidney Abscess
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Adachi Hideki , Iwasawa Akihiko , Hirose Takaoki , Tsukamoto Taiji , Hata Eiji , Nomura Yasuhiro
Published: July 2007

A 26‐year‐old female, who had been treated for cervical carcinoma, presented with high fever and right flank pain. A right renal abscess was initially suspected from the clinical symptoms and diagnostic imaging. However, pathologic findings for the right kidney revealed squamous cell carcinoma, which was consistent in type with the original cervical carcinoma. Demonstration of human papillomavirus 16 in tissues from both the renal tumor and the cervical carcinoma confirmed that the right kidney carcinoma was a metastasis from the cervical carcinoma. The role of interleukin‐6 in occurrence of the unexplained fever is discussed.
Ectopic Prostatic Tissue Outside the Urinary Tract: A Case Report
Authors: Ito Hideaki , Fuse Haruki , Hirano Shouji , Masuda Shinji
Published: July 2007

A 64‐year‐old man with a 4‐month history of dysuria and urinary frequency had a mass behind the bladder. The preoperative diagnosis was a tumor of the left seminal vesicle, but a histologic examination revealed benign prostatic tissue. This is the seventh reported case of ectopic prostatic tissue situated outside the urinary tract.
Elevated Stress Protein in Transitional Cells Exposed to Urine from Interstitial Cystitis Patients
Authors: Ito Takaaki , Stein Paul C. , Parsons C. Lowell , Schmidt Joseph D.
Published: July 2007

Background: It has been hypothesized that urine from interstitial cystitis (IC) patients may contain one or more toxic factors not present in “normal” urine. Bladder tissues exposed to these toxic factors could have elevated stress proteins. If this assumption is correct, stress protein levels could be a useful marker for identifying patients at risk for developing this syndrome.

Methods: To experimentally investigate this possibility, a sensitive assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels of the72 kDa stress protein in urothelial target cells after in vitro exposure to urine from IC patients.

Results: We observed a modest 12% increase in72 kDa stress protein in cells treated with urine from IC patients compared to cells exposed to normal urine (1.12 compared to 0.99 ng/μg extracted protein; P< 0.05). In addition, it was possible to demonstrate the72 kDa stress protein in histologic sections obtained from mucosal biopsies of IC patients. Stress protein was located primarily in the surface urothelial cells of the mucosa.

Conclusions: These results seem to indicate that stress protein could play an important protective role at this particular site. They further suggest that iC urine is more toxic than normal urine and, in contact with underlying urothelial and deeper bladder tissue, may upregulate genes involved in stress protein responses. This may be an important concept in the etiology of IC.
Incidence of Lymph Node Metastasis and its Impact on Long‐term Prognosis in Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Arai Yoichi , Kanamaru Hiroshi , Yoshimura Koji , Okubo Kazutoshi , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Yoshida Osamu
Published: July 2007

Background: Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an important staging method for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. We report our experience with staging PLND and the impact of lymph node metastasis on long‐term prognosis.

Methods: One hundred forty‐eight consecutive patients who underwent staging PLND for clinically localized prostate cancer were retrospectively studied. Patients were evaluated for the presence and number of lymph node metastases, treatment (prostatectomy vs. radiotherapy), and endocrine therapy, and analyzed with respect to disease progression and survival. The mean follow‐up period was 52.9 months (range, 2.3 to 165.8 months).

Results: Thirty‐two patients (21.6%) had pelvic lymph node metastases, the incidence of which markedly decreased from 32.3% in 1982 to 1987 to 6.7% in 1994 to 1997. The intervals to disease progression and cancer death were significantly shorter in patients with positive lymph nodes (P < 0.001). In stage D1 disease, patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy tended to be free of progression longer than those receiving radiotherapy or conservative therapy (P= 0.0546). Other factors, such as early endocrine therapy, the extent of lymph node involvement and the Gleason score of the primary tumor did not predict disease progression or survival.

Conclusion: These data suggest a decreasing trend in the incidence of lymph node metastasis in the PSA era. Although longer disease‐free intervals were observed in radical prostatectomy‐treated patients, the impact of an aggressive approach to stage D1 disease awaits further studies.
Neuropathic Bladder Dysfunction in Patients with Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Authors: Miyata Masanobu , Mizunaga Mitsuhiro , Taniguchi Narumi , Kaneko Shigeo , Yachiku Sunao , Atsuta Yuji
Published: July 2007

Background: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) may cause neuropathic bladder dysfunction due to spinal cord involvement. OPLL, unlike a traumatic spinal cord lesion, progresses insidiously and sometimes affects longer cord segments. As the manifestation of bladder dysfunction may depend on the development of OPLL, we studied the relationship between bladder function and roentgenographic changes in the spinal canals of OPLL patients.

Patients and Methods: Eighteen surgical candidates (11 males and 7 females, 34 to 85 years old) were studied urodynamically. Sixteen underwent C02‐filling cystometry, uroflowmetry and measurement of their residual urine volume. Cystometry was omitted in the remaining 2 patients. The vertical extent of OPLL and the degree of stenosis in the spinal canal was estimated by x‐ray films and CT.

Results: The cystometric study revealed detrusor hyperreflexia in 2 patients and areflexic or underactive detrusors in 5 patients. Intermittent flows or considerable amounts of residual urine were also observed in the areflexia/underactive group. Uroflowmetry showed a normal flow with little residual urine in both patients in whom cystometry was omitted. Bladder sensation was maintained in all patients. The occurrence of abnormal detrusor activity had no relationship to the degree of canal stenosis, while the occurrence of an areflexic or underactive detrusor correlated with the vertical extent of OPLL.

Conclusion: Although detrusor hyperreflexia is common in an upper spinal cord lesion, attention should also be paid to the development of detrusor underactivity in patients with a wide vertical extent of OPLL.
Optimal Conditions to Induce Rat Adrenal Medullary Changes, Such as Pheochromocytoma, by Nicotine
Authors: Saiko Yasushi , Homma Yukio , Kawabe Kazuki , Aso Yoshio
Published: July 2007

Background: Nicotine‐induced adrenal medullary hypertrophy in rats has been suggested to be a model for pheochromocytoma. Study conditions for proving such an assertion, however, have not been optimized.

Methods: Studies on strain difference, dose dependency, and the time course of catecholamine metabolism in response to nicotine treatment were conducted. Under the putative optimal experimental conditions, metabolic and histologic changes in the adrenal medulla were investigated.

Results: Male Wistar rats treated with a maximum dose of 4 mg/kg per day of nicotine for 9 weeks, including a 2‐week lead‐in period, developed highly consistent changes in the adrenal medulla. Concerning metabolic indices, the norepinephrine content of the adrenal and the urinary excretion of epinephrine and metanephrine were significantly elevated. Hyperplastic and hyperactive states of the adrenal medulla were also indicated by a morphometric analysis on electron microscopic figures. These showed an enlarged cytoplasmic area, the development of a rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and an increased number and density of intracellular catecholamine granules. The metabolic changes were found to reverse 3 weeks after the cessation of nicotine administration.

Conclusion: These results provide better‐defined experimental conditions for an animal model of pheochromocytoma.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Ileal Conduit
Authors: Yamada Yuji , Fujisawa Masato , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Gotoh Akinobu , Gohji Kazuo , Arakawa Soichi , Kamidono Sadao
Published: July 2007

We report a patient with squamous cell carcinoma that developed at the ureteroileal anastomosis and extended into the ileal conduit 11 years after a radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. To our knowledge, this is the first report to document the development of a squamous cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit after a radical procedure for bladder cancer.