bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TONOGRAPHY AND GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC NERVE DAMAGE
Authors: POHJANPELTO PEKKA E. J.
Published: May 2009

The diurnal curves and tonography result were studied in 367 eyes of 236 patients with ocular hypertension ≥ 20 mmHg. The outflow values of 97 eyes with glaucomatous optic nerve damage (OND) were compared with those of eyes with similar pressure but without optic nerve damage. The coefficients were lower in the former than in the latter group, but the differences were small and deviations great. Tonography performed in addition to the diurnal curve seems to be of very limited value in predicting the risk of glaucomatous damage in an individual eye with ocular hypertension.

The outflow coefficient was lower for eyes with the pseudoexfoliation syndrome than for eyes with similar pressure without pseudoexfoliation.
RECURRENT CHIASMAL ARACHNOIDITIS SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY OPERATIONS Report of a Case
Authors: LOWES MARTIN , EHLERS NIELS , MALMROS RICHARD
Published: May 2009

The development of the understanding of chiasmal arachnoiditis as an entity is outlined. The clinical features are discussed, and the role of the ophthalmologist in the recognition and the follow‐up of these patients is emphasized. A case of recurring chiasmal arachnoiditis with a successful outcome following two operations is presented. The neurovascular pathogenesis of chiasmal arachnoiditis and the presence of a possible underlying lesion is mentioned.
GRAFT THICKNESS AFTER PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
Authors: EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Graft thickness was studied in 70 patients subjected to penetrating keratoplasty. A postoperative swelling was followed by a decreasing thickness during 3–4 months, after which period the graft was found to be thinner than normal, and in cases with a normal contralateral eye, thinner than the cornea of that eye. During the following months the graft thickness increased and finally assumed the value of the contralateral cornea. Any complications during the postoperative course were immediately reflected in an increased thickness. Quantitative data supporting the above statements are given, treated statistically when adequate.
CONTRALATERAL EFFECTS IN THE ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAM
Authors: THIJSSEN J. M. , PINCKERS A.
Published: May 2009

The derivation of the contralateral effect from EOG data is presented. The mathematical procedure can be adapted to special experimental conditions, such as unilateral occlusion, and asymmetric fixation, or for instance to a group of patients with unilateral enucleation. The contralateral spread of the standing potential of the eye is significantly shown by the experimental results, and is expressed by a factor f. This factor is of the order of 15% and represents the fraction of the ipsilateral potential that is measured contralaterally. A method is given to correct the EOG data in case of unilateral impairment.
STUDY OF RELATIVES OF PERSONS WITH FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS (PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE)
Authors: AASVED HENRY
Published: May 2009

The frequency of fibrillopathy (pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule) among relatives of persons with fibrillopathy was investigated. Among 203 relatives over the age of 40 years, belonging to 25 families, fibrillopathy was found in 19, or in almost 10%. The frequency was independent of whether the proband had capsular glaucoma or normal intraocular pressure. Capsular glaucoma occurred in five of the 19 relatives. The results suggest that fibrillopathy may occur as a dominant hereditary trait, but it may also be found sporadically.
CONJUNCTIVAL GOBLET CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: HOLM KÅRE , KESSING Sv. VEDEL
Published: May 2009

In five patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the mucous glandular system of the conjunctiva was studied, as changes, if any, in the conjunctival goblet cells might be applicable as a diagnostic test in questionable cases.

A whole‐mount technique was used, specially developed for studying conjunctival goblet cells. In all five cases the qualitative as well as quantitative goblet‐cell findings were in accordance with a previously reported normal material. In particular, there were no signs of stagnated secretion.
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE CHOROIDAL ENDOTHELIUM OF THE ISCHAEMIC RABBIT EYE
Authors: JOHNSON NEIL F.
Published: May 2009

Phagosomes containing membranous debris were found in the choroidal endothelium of rabbits following periods of acute pressure ischaemia and also accompanying periods of post‐ischaemic recovery. The membranous debris may be of visual cell origin and pass into the choroid by a trans‐pigment epithelial route. Ischaemia may be a sufficient stimulus to induce the vascular endothelium to engulf this material. The phagosomes were found only in ischaemic or post‐ischaemic tissue.
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME METABOLITES IN THE AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF HUMAN SENILE CATARACTOUS EYES
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN
Published: May 2009

Glucose, pyruvate, 1‐lactate, and citrate concentrations of the aqueous humour were examined in 51 patients aged 54–87 years with senile cataracts, and in one patient with a clear lens. Furthermore, the ratios of glucose in aqueous/glucose in plasma and citrate in aqueous/citrate in plasma were investigated.

Among the parameters recorded, age dependence could only be demonstrated for glucose concentrations in the aqueous humour, as this parameter decreases with increasing age. However, a chance significance because of multiple significance tests cannot be left out of account in this material. The parameters in question are unfit for an evaluation of possible changes in the energy metabolism of the lens in relation to cataract development because no significant differences were found between concentrations and ratios in different clinical types of cataract. Also, considerable ranges of variation were recorded.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY MATCHING IN POOR‐PROGNOSIS PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
Authors: BENNETT THOMAS O. , PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , TISSOT ROBERT , COHEN CARL
Published: May 2009

Rabbits were haplotyped for the major rabbit leukocyte‐locus A (RL‐A locus), which is analogous to the human leukocyte‐locus A (HL‐A locus). The rabbits were divided into five groups, and the groups were arranged to provide a controlled experimental setting. Standardized alkali burns were induced in selected groups to produce heavy vascularization of the corneal bed.

Groups with completely histocompatible corneal donors for the RL‐A locus had a 9 out of 10 success rate when keratoplasty was performed on a vascularized bed. Another group of rabbits mismatched at the RL‐A locus with histoincompatible corneal donors were prepared in the same manner and had a success rate of 1 out of 9. A probable significant difference (P < 0.005) using Fischer's exact test was found between the two groups.
THE VITROPHAGE IN OCULAR TRAUMA Report of 15 Cases
Authors: PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , HOMER PAUL , ROSE MARC , SANDERS DONALD , VASTINE DAVID
Published: May 2009

Fifteen patients underwent a pars plana approach vitrectomy and membranectomy after acute and chronic injury. In all cases the lens fragments, hemorrhage, and secondary membranes were removed restoring clarity to the ocular media. In two cases the final visual acuity was limited by pre‐existing retinal injury. The advantages of pars plana approach are the small incision and minimal ocular manipulation during surgery. In the presence of retinal injury, diathermy during the procedure or photocoagulation within 24 hours is also indicated.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE BLOOD‐AQUEOUS BARRIER OF PROSTAGLANDIN‐TREATED RABBIT EYES
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

Prostaglandins E1 and E2 were applied topically to rabbit eyes. Structures related to the blood‐aqueous barrier in the iridial and ciliary processes, as well as the permeability of the ciliary epithelium to the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase, were studied with the electron microscope. Marked morphological changes, including dilations of the intercellular spaces and separation of the two epithelial cell layers, were found in the epithelium of the iridial processes. Only minor structural changes were found in the epithelium of the ciliary processes. Leakage of peroxidase through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium was demonstrated in the iridial processes and in the anterior parts of the ciliary processes. In the ciliary vessels of the same regions, opening of interendothelial gaps, platelet aggregations, microthrombi, and haemorrhages were found. In a previous in vitro study on the effects of prostaglandins on the movement of peroxidase in the ciliary epithelium, no structural changes of the epithelium were found, and the epithelial diffusion barrier to peroxidase was found to be intact. It is assumed that the breakdown of this barrier in vivo is secondary to vascular changes.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE BLOOD‐AQUEOUS BARRIER OF PROSTAGLANDIN‐TREATED RABBIT EYES
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

The distribution of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase in the iris of prostaglandin (E1 and E2)‐treated rabbit eyes, has been studied with the electron microscope. Peroxidase was demonstrated in the stroma of all parts of the iris. The tracer was found throughout interendothelial clefts of iris vessels, indicating that these vessels had become permeable to peroxidase. The distribution of peroxidase in the iris epithelium indicates that the posterior epithelial cells are girdled by zonula® occludentes.
EFFECTS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON THE DIRECTLY RECORDED STANDING POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV , TEXTORIUS OLA , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The effects of ethanol on the human standing potential (SP) were studied with a recently developed method, which allows direct SP recordings by means of a suction contact lens, temperature stabilized calomel electrodes and d.c. amplification. It is well known that the human SP oscillates with a frequency of about 2/hour in response to a sudden change in illumination. In the present paper marked cyclic variations of the SP, resembling damped oscillations, were provoked by a small oral dose of ethyl alcohol. A first maximum was reached after about 10 min. The difference in amplitude between the peak and the trough of the first oscillation was of the order of 4 mV. The oscillatory frequency was about 2/hour. The length of a cycle varied between 25 and 34 min in different volunteers, being fairly constant in the same subject on different occasions. The SP response to ethanol was similar both under scotopic and photopic conditions. The results correlate well with earlier findings of 2/hour oscillations in c‐wave amplitude in response to ethanol, as may be expected considering the partly common origin of the c‐wave and the SP.
BILATERAL KERATOPATHY AND TYROSINOSIS
Authors: SANDBERG HANS OTTO
Published: May 2009

A case of tyrosinosis due to lack of soluble tyrosine aminotransferase is described. The first clinical sign of this disorder may be bilateral keratopathy. Treatment is diet with restriction of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The disorder is rare and must be differentiated from other conditions of tyrosinosis.
PROGNOSIS OF PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENTS
Authors: KAUFMAN PAUL L.
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐five patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were followed for at least 6 months after scleral buckling procedures with subretinal fluid (SRF) drainage, in order to define factors influencing anatomic and visual outcome.

Thirty‐two cases were surgically reattached; three were not. Among the reattached cases, final visual acuity was poorer in patients with: older age; longer standing, more extensive detachments; detachment of the macula (with or without the development of a visible macular lesion); macular lesions; and higher SRF butyrylcholinesterase activity. These factors were themselves interrelated. Follow‐up duration was only weakly related to final acuity, probably because of the long post‐surgical follow‐up. Phakic/aphakic status bore little relationship to final acuity. The type or timing relative to drainage of inflammation producing treatment was not related to final acuity.
CHORIO‐RETINAL RESECTION OF A NEOPLASM FROM THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: ALGVERE PEEP , KOCK ERIK
Published: May 2009

An epithelioma was removed from the iris and ciliary body of a six‐year‐old girl by a partial irido‐cyclectomy. Three months later recurrence of the tumour was seen in the equatorial zone of the fundus.

Three weeks after application of transscleral cryotherapy around the neoplasm, a chorio‐retinal resection of the tumour area in the fundus was performed.

The postoperative healing was satisfactory. Re‐examination 16 months later revealed a healthy eye.

The results indicate that a circumscribed tumour can successfully be resected from the fundus.
THE NATURE OF CAPSULAR INCLUSIONS IN LENTICULAR CHALCOSIS
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

A case of lenticular chalcosis has been studied where the accidentally implanted brass fragment had been removed 2 years prior to extraction of the lens. Characteristic capsular inclusions were found which did not contain copper. The inclusions probably consisted of a lipoid material.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A. , MØLLER S. , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: May 2009

In 499 patients operated on for cataract, the clinical postoperative signs of extraocular inflammation (conjunctival hyperaemia, chemosis, discharge and oedema of the lids), the number of infiltrates around the corneoscleral sutures, and the severity of intraocular inflammation in the anterior chamber (aqueous‐flare) were assessed on the fourth postoperative day and correlated with the bacterial conjunctival flora examined both qualitatively and quantitatively on the same day. Patients with potential pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, gram‐negative bacilli and streptococci) on the conjunctiva following operation did not show any increased inflammatory reactions when compared with those without such pathogens. The quantity of bacteria, i. e. number of colonies, did not appear to play a role. The reasons are discussed.

The clinical postoperative inflammatoy signs were further correlated with the following factors: surgical complications, quality of suturing technique, use of alpha chymotrypsin, systemic disease, sex and age. A positive correlation was found between the severity of extraocular inflammation and retained lens material and hyphaema. Furthermore, extraocular reactions were more severe in males than females. The incidence of infiltrates around corneoscleral sutures was found to vary with age, i. e. occurred more frequently in patients < 60 years. No relationship was found between the severity of aqueous‐flare and the above mentioned factors.
STATIC PERIMETRY: STRATEGIES
Authors: BEBIE HANS , FANKHAUSER FRANZ , SPAHR JÜRG
Published: May 2009

In static perimetry the method of limits is widely used for threshold determinations. Its performance is compared with that of a certain modification of the staircase method (repetitive up and down method) by means of simulations, where the behaviour of the observer is described by an assumed psychometric function. Systematic and random errors are considerably smaller with the up and down method. Further consideration is given to signal detection theory and to the concept of optimal strategy.

Mithilfe von Simulationen werden zwei Schwellenbestimmungsmethoden der statischen Perimetrie bezüglich der Genauigkeit der Messresultate verglichen, und zwar die Methode der einseitigen Schwellenannäherung vom unterschwelligen Bereich her mit einer Modifikation der staircase ‐ Methode, so wie sie auf Automaten zur Anwendung kommen kann. Die Messfehler fallen bei der zweiten Methode wesentlich kleiner aus. Weitere Betrachtungen beziehen sich auf die Signaldetektionstheorie und auf den Begriff der optimalen Strategie.
READAPTATION TIME AFTER PHOTO STRESS
Authors: TENGROTH B. , HOGMAN B. , LINDE C.‐J. , BERGMAN H.
Published: May 2009

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is used to study the eye's ReAdaptation Time (RAT) after a brief exposure to a light Hash.

The effects on RAT of breathing different concentrations of O2 are examined

Significant changes in RAT have been registered, showing that inhalation of 100% O2 as compared with room air, results in a shortened RAT (i.e. improvement), while inhalation of 9% O2 leads to an increased RAT (i. e. impairment)

The physiology of RAT and the possible mechanisms behind the changes caused by different Oo concentrations are discussed. The findings ol this group are compared with those of other studies
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI
Published: May 2009

Significant elevations of IOP, i. e. responses, occurred in eyes with suspected or untreated open‐angle glaucoma during the mydriasis test with 1% cyclopentolate (CPT). The possible role of pigment in the IOP elevations seen in the responders was studied.

Pigment was liberated in the aqueous, sometimes very profusely, in 88 (31.9%) of 276 eyes during CPT. The maximal IOP elevations, ad 20 mmHg, were seen in just these eyes. They were eyes with capsular or pigmentary glaucoma or eyes in which exceptionally heavy pigment was demonstrated in the chamber angle for other reasons. There was a statistically significant correlation between pigment liberation and IOP elevation during CPT. Evidently profuse pigment liberation may have caused transient blocking of the trabecular meshwork, obstruction of aqueous outflow and elevation of IOP

Liberation of pigment in the aqueous during CPT was statistically highly significantly more profuse in eyes with pseudoexfoliation than in eyes without pseudoexfoliation. An equally significant correlation was demonstrated between the grade of chamber angle pigmentation and the degree of pigment liberation during CPT

The significance of pigment for IOP elevation was seen also in the statistically highly significantly more profuse pigmentation of the chamber angle in the responder than in the non‐responder eyes
OPTIC DISC DRUSEN AND TUMOURS OF THE CHIASMAL REGION
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA
Published: May 2009

Two patients with optic disc drusen and tumour of the chiasmal region are presented. The association of optic disc drusen and intracranial space‐occupying lesion is probably a chance occurrence. In spite of the recognition of the optic disc drusen, certain findings indicate further examinations. Progressive loss of central visual acuity unexplained by retinal pathology is an indication for a neurological investigation. Bitemporal and homonymous hemianopic visual field defects as well as evidence of papilloedema warrant a neurological evaluation.
INCIDENCE OF UVEITIS IN NORTHERN FINLAND
Authors: MIETTINEN RAUNO
Published: May 2009

The incidence of uveitis was studied among the 613426 inhabitants of northern Finland in the year 1969. 120 new cases of uveitis were found with a total incidence rate of 19.6 per 100 000 population. The incidence was high in the age groups 20–59 years but low in the young and in older patients. The onset of uveitis was independent of seasonal changes and the occupation of the patients. The aetiology of uveitis remained undetermined in 81% of cases. Of the 120 patients 105 had anterior, 10 posterior and 5 generalized uveitis. The high incidence of anterior uveitis was in accordance wit the high frequency of the histocompatibility antigen B27 among Finns.
TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA TREATED WITH THE ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUG TRANEXAMIC ACID II
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

During the year 1976 (January 1st to December 31st) 75 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Århus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. No secondary haemorrhage occurred. The patients were not confined to bed. The eyes were not patched and the activities of the patients were not restricted.

In a previous series from 1975 where the patients were confined to bed but otherwise treated identically with tranexamic acid one out of 72 patients had a secondary haemorrhage. When the two materials are combined one out of 147 patients had a secondary haemorrhage corresponding to 0.68 %.
OCULAR ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS (NOSEMATOSIS) IN BLUE FOXES
Authors: ARNESEN KRISTEN , NORDSTOGA KNUT
Published: May 2009

In young blue foxes an association has previously been established between the protozoon Encephalitozoon (Nosema) cuniculi and generalized arterial lesions of the polyarteritis nodosa type. The same vascular changes are found in the posterior ciliary arteries and their intraocular branches of these foxes. Most of the eyes which are thus affected, have a severe cataract. The parasite can easily be demonstrated both in the arteries and the lenses. It is thought that the Encephalitozoon is the cause of the vascular lesions and the cataract, and that possibly an autoimmune reaction is involved.
MORPHOLOGY OF MOTOR UNITS IN CAT EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , NICHOLS KIRSTIN C.
Published: May 2009

Muscle fibers from single motor units in cat inferior oblique were marked iontophoretically with procion red injected through an intracellular pipette. The fibers were isolated by dissection and characterized by electron microscopy. A fiber in a slow motor unit with non‐conducted electrical responses showed slow fiber morphology of the amphibia‐type. Fast, twitch motor units contained fibers with twitch fiber morphology. Thus, a good correlation between muscle fiber structure and function was obtained in these eye motor units, examined with both physiological and morphological techniques.
MICROSCOPICALLY AND CHEMICALLY DETECTED HAEMOLACRIA
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Two methods have been developed for the detection of occult haemolacria (occult blood in tears): 1) Microscopy of conjunctival fluid aspirated by means of the quantitative pipette method. 2) Chemical stix method employed on a sample of conjunctival fluid transferred to cotton‐wool plug. Double samples from 306 eyes were subjected to microscopy, and chemical tests were performed on samples from 303 other eyes. Microscopy has been found to disclose occult blood in 13 per cent of normals (≥ 100 erythrocytes/3.1 mm2 in 3 per cent of normals), while blood is detected chemically in 3 per cent.

Occult blood is most frequently found in cases of acute infectious conjunctivitis (65 per cent microscopically and 21 per cent chemically), less frequently in subacute and chronic infectious conjunctivitis (26 and 20 per cent respectively). Haemolacria is most frequently seen in relation to neutrophilia (45 per cent), less frequently with lymphocytosis (35 per cent), and even more rarely in the absence of both neutrophilia and lymphocytosis (11 per cent).

Ciliary congestion is an unlikely cause of haemolacria. Postoperatively blood is present for two or three days, whereas blood instilled into the conjunctival sac of a normal eye disappears in less than one hour.

The protein concentration in tears is raised in association with haemolacria.
CAUSES OF ENUCLEATION FOLLOWING CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: MERENMIES LAURI , TARKKANEN AHTI
Published: May 2009

Between the years 1962 and 1976 85 eyes which had undergone cataract surgery were accessioned to the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory of the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The specimens were submitted from the various eye departments of the country. Of these 85 eyes nine had been enucleated within 2 months after surgery while in 64 cases the enucleation had been performed more than 12 months after surgery. 40 eyes had had an attempted operation for senile cataract, 30 eyes for traumatic cataract while the remaining cases were congenital cataract cases or cataracts in pre‐existing glaucomatous or chronic uveitis eyes. Most frequent causes for the loss of the eyes were related to incomplete or abnormal healing of the operative wound such as epithelial down‐growth and closure of the chamber angle with extensive anterior synechiae leading to absolute glaucoma. It is noteworthy that all cases of epithelial downgrowth were derived from the beginning of the observation period. No new cases were obtained after 1969.

Other important causes were purulent endophthalmitis and retinal detachment. Haemosiderosis was a prominent cause in the group with traumatic cataract. A careful histopathological analysis of eyes enucleated after cataract surgery is mandatory as it is from the complications we learn most in cataract surgery.
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF MICROSURGERY
Authors: GREGERSEN E. , KESSING SV. V.
Published: May 2009

Primary trabeculotomy (in five eyes “converted” to trabeculectomy) normalized the tension in all 21 eyes with congenital glaucoma without associated diseases, (mean postoperative tension 12 mmHg, range 8–20 mm). Re‐operation was needed for only one eye.

Preoperatively glaucomatous cupping was present in 18 of these 21 eyes. Ten of the 18 eyes with glaucomatous cupping were operated upon before the age of 6 months two before 11 months and the appearance of the disc was normalized in these 12 eyes.

Repeated trabeculotomy, ‐ectomy was without success in three of five operated eyes in patients with congenital glaucoma of several years duration previously treated by “macrosurgery”. In patients with associated diseases normal tension was achieved by means of trabeculotomy/‐ectomy in two eyes in two Sturge‐Weber children with unilateral congenital glaucoma and in both eyes in a child with a chromosomal defect with bilateral congenital glaucoma. Repeated trabeculotomy/ectomy was on the other hand without success in a child with bilateral aniridia with congenital glaucoma and hydrocephalus.

Presupposing acute or subacute microsurgery, the present operative results of congenital glaucoma without associated diseases are far better than those obtained in previous decades by “macrosurgery” which, despite frequent re‐operations, effected normalization of the tension in only 61% of the eyes. (11 of 26 patients (42%) with bilateral congenital glaucoma without associated diseases and treated by macrosurgery in previous decades were under the Care of the Blind).
GONIOTOMY AND CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: MØLLER P. M.
Published: May 2009

A survey is presented of the operative results obtained in 45 eyes suffering from congenital glaucoma, primarily operated on using micro‐surgical techniques, either goniotomy as described by Worst, or trabeculotomy. Thirty‐eight of the 45 eyes have, during an observation period of 1–10 years, average 5.5 years, a normal pressure of less than or equal to 18 mmHg measured using Draeger's technique. A relatively high frequency of recurrence has been found following an average observation period of 3.5 years in patients who were primarily normalized by Worst's goniotomy.
FLUORESCEIN AND INDOCYANINE GREEN FLUORESCENCE ANGIOGRAPHY IN STUDY OF AFFECTED MALES AND IN FEMALE CARRIERS WITH CHOROIDERMIA
Authors: FORSIUS HENRIK , HYVÄRINEN LEA , NIEMINEN HEIKKI , FLOWER ROBERT
Published: May 2009

26 males and 13 female carriers of different ages with choroideremia of varying severity were investigated using sodium fluorescein (FAG) and/or indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography.

Females with minor changes present in pigment epithelium may stay unchanged throughout life or gradually develop into a more advanced stage resembling the fundus picture of severely affected males.

In moderately affected females there is a patchy degeneration of pigment epithelium in the macula. Peripapillary degeneration is seen also in indocyanine green fluorescence angiograms.

In males, atrophic areas and the remaining choriocapillaris are clearly demonstrated in FAG and less well visible in ICG angiograms. ICG angiograms show choroidal vessels more clearly in cases where the pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris are still present.

In advanced cases in males and females, the choroidal blood circulation is slow.
CHOROIDAL ABSORPTION ANGIOGRAPHY WITH PATENT BLUE V
Authors: SØRENSEN PER NELLEMANN
Published: May 2009

The vital dye patent blue V is used as a negative contrast dye in order to obtain information about the vascular filling events of the choroid in relation to the retinal circulation and the papilla employing intravenous injection and serial photography. Patent blue is bound to plasma proteins to a limited degree and the angiograms therefore do not only picture the choroidal vessels but also reveal the filling of the choriocapillaris and the transcapillary exchange. It is demonstrated by microdensitometry that the patent blue leakage and subsequent reabsorption is rapid, and that the choroidal dilution curve almost parallels that of the retinal vessels. Our measurements might indicate a diffusion of patent blue from the choroid to the papillary tissue.
TOXOPLASMIC CHORIORETINITIS AFFECTING THE MACULA
Authors: SAARI MATTI
Published: May 2009

To study macular changes in toxoplasmic chorioretinitis 41 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were reviewed. Of the 41 patients, seven had central, large, deep, pigment ringed scars of congenital toxoplasmosis with poor central vision; squint was seen in two and nystagmus in two; 32, including 11 cases with a macular lesion, had recurrent active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis with a focal, yellowish‐white, elevated lesion with indistinct borders mostly at the margin of an old scar and associated with vitreous opacities in all, secondary anterior uveitis in 28, macular oedema in 22, papilloedema in 14, and retinal perivasculitis in 16 cases; two had rare acquired toxoplasmic chorioretinitis affecting the macula. The results show that active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis often causes a widespread intraocular inflammation with vitritis, macular oedema, papilloedema, retinal perivasculitis and secondary anterior uveitis, and suggest a combined treatment of active lesions with antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids.
APHAKIC GLAUCOMA
Authors: KESSING Sv. V. , RASMUSSEN K. E.
Published: May 2009

In a successive cataract series of 874 eyes which underwent operation for senile cataract by microsurgery, and had no preoperative diagnosis of glaucoma, 16 (1.8%) were found to have aphakic glaucoma after a follow‐up period ranging from 10 months to 6 years.

Of these cases 44% (7 eyes) had pupillary block, 37% (6 eyes) canal block, and 19% (3 eyes) angle block without primary pupillary block, whereas no eye showed ciliary block.

The cause of pupillary block in the present series appears to have been the use of iridotomy instead of iridectomy (in 6 of the 7 cases). In 5 of the 7 cases with pupillary block, the manifest aphakic pupillary block had been preceded by increasing vitreous herniation into the pupil, without rupture of the hyaloid membrane. This situation, designated relative aphakic pupillary block, is assumed to precede in most cases the manifest aphakic pupillary block and is therefore of diagnostic importance, unlike stationary vitreous hernia. In the group with canal block, the mean preoperative ocular tension had been higher than in the other groups. When considering also the normal postoperative gonioscopy, this makes us interpret these cases as latent simple glaucoma (canal block) rendered manifest by the cataract operation.

This small series does not afford any indication to assume that a corneal cataract incision involves less risk than a corneo‐scleral incision of injuring Schlemm's canal.

Treatment was predominantly surgical in the group of pupillary block, predominantly medical in the others.
MOVEMENT OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN THE CORNEA, SCLERA AND THE ANTERIOR UVEA
Authors: TøNJUM ASBJøRN M.
Published: May 2009

The anterior chambers of rabbit, monkey and human eyes were perfused with horseradish peroxidase. The perfusion was started immediately after enucleation of the monkey and human eyes, while the rabbit eyes were perfused in situ after the animals had been killed. Comparative results were obtained after 1 h of perfusion and were mainly based on frozen sections. Intensive staining was found in the Descemet's membrane, the sclera and the iridial stroma, considerably more than in the corneal stroma and in the ciliary body base. In the vervet monkey and human eyes only traces of peroxidase reaction products were seen in the stroma of the ciliary body base. The movement of the protein tracer from the anterior chamber into the corneal stroma is probably dependent upon vesicular transport across the corneal endothelium. The Descemet's membrane was interpreted to be more porous than the corneal stroma. A trans‐corneal and a corneo‐scleral movement appeared to be more efficient than the uveo‐scleral one, at least in the vervet monkey and the human eyes.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE HUMAN CILIARY AND IRIDIAL EPITHELIUM TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE
Authors: TøNJUM ASBJøRN M. , PEDERSEN OLAV øYVIND
Published: May 2009

The permeability of the human ciliary epithelium to horseradish peroxidase (PO) has been studied in vitro with the electron microscope. Ciliary body and iris specimens were obtained from freshly enucleated eyes. PO was applied at the stromal side of the epithelium, and was left for 120 min. The movement of PO through the intercellular spaces of the human ciliary epithelium was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the non‐pigmented epithelial cells, indicating that these cells are girdled by zonulae occludentes.

In the iridial epithelium, the same distribution pattern of peroxidase reaction products (PORP) was found, i. e. the progression of PO was blocked apically in the lateral intercellular spaces of the posterior epithelial cells. The study indicates that the human ciliary and iridial epithelium contains a system of zonulae occludentes, which represents a diffusion barrier to high molecular, water soluble substances. This is consistent with previous studies in several species of animals.
PLACOID PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY PRESENTING AS AN ANTERIOR UVEITIS: A Case Report
Authors: LOWES MARTIN
Published: May 2009

A young woman with acute posterior multifocal placoid epitheliopathy originally presented with signs and symptoms of an anterior uveitis. Prior to the eye condition the patient had experienced headaches and malaise with some muscle and joint tenderness, and had been treated with penicillin because of a dental infection. The clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings are presented. The evidence supports the concept of a primary vascular disturbance of the choriocapillaris with secondary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium.
DEMONSTRATION OF PERIPHERAL HEMlOPlC BORDER STEPS BY STATIC PERIMETRY
Authors: DAMGAARD‐JENSEN LARS
Published: May 2009

10 normal eyes were examined by static perimetry along a horizontal line 60° below the fixation point. All showed a greater sensitivity in the temporal hemifield. The study confirmed the previously reported existence of a step and indicated a greater threshold specifically at the hemiopic border.
EFFECT OF PARACENTESIS ON OCULAR CLOXACILLIN CONCENTRATION
Authors: SALMINEN LOTTA
Published: May 2009

The effect of anterior chamber puncture on cloxacillin concentration in the rabbit eye after intravenous injection was studied using a radioactive tracer method.

The enhancement in drug concentration caused by paracentesis was most immediate and significant in the iris‐ciliary body preparation. It was soon followed by high cloxacillin concentration in the aqueous humour, which contributed to elevated cloxacillin levels in the cornea, lens and anterior vitreous body, when compared to normal material. Contrary to normal eyes, cloxacillin concentration in the cornea of the punctured eyes was higher than in the limbal area.

The morphological changes occurring after paracentesis are discussed. The breakdown of the hydrodynamic equilibrium in the eye, suggested as the only change after paracentesis by Raviola (1974), cannot merely explain the cloxacillin concentration changes measured in the punctured eye.
THE CILIARY BODY AND THE SUSPENSION OF THE LENS IN RABBITS: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , PEDERSEN OLAV ÖYVIND
Published: May 2009

The ciliary body in rabbits is dominated by the ciliary processes, which number about 165. Most of them are straight, regularly spaced and uniformly shaped, and they have an even surface when seen at low magnification. They are separated by deep valleys with almost vertical sides. Anteriorly, the ciliary processes end abruptly, and about every second process leads into an iridial process which run radially along the posterior surface of the iris. At higher magnification, the individual cells can be seen to be demarcated by furrows, with a pattern which is specific for the different parts of the surfaces studied. The lens is suspended in innumerable zonular fibers, forming a rather thick mat. They attach in one continuous belt at the anterior end of the ciliary processes, and directly on the lens equator. The anatomy of this part of the rabbit eye differs in many respects from that found in primates.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN THE AGING AND CATARACTOUS LENS: A Survey*
Authors: LERMAN SIDNEY , BORKMAN RAYMOND
Published: May 2009

An increase in the insoluble protein levels, in fluorescence, and a decrease in the SH concentration are three specific aging parameters in the mammalian lens. These can be markedly accelerated in human, rat and mouse lenses by in vitro exposure (for at least 4 h) to UV radiation (above 300 nm) and 3‐aminotriazole (AT) and in vivo by exposing mice to UV and parenteral AT for 4–6 weeks. UV, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Lasar Raman Spectroscopy were performed on normal and UV plus AT exposed 4–6 week old rat lenses and normal and experimental human lenses (1 day to 75 years of age). These data demonstrate the presence and/or induction of at least one fluorescent compound (fluorogen) (360 nm activation, 440 nm emission) derived from tryptophan by a free radical induced photooxidation reaction. Similar studies on purified lens proteins and peptides indicate that this fluorogen is tightly bound to at least one specific peptide. The age related increase in the concentration of fluorescent compounds enhances the yellowing of the lens core and accompanies polymerization of soluble protein precursors into the insoluble protein fraction. There is also a progressive fall in SH levels (with age or UV exposure) and an increase in SS bonds without any significant alteration in the secondary configuration of the lens proteins (which remain mainly in the anti‐parallel beta‐pleated configuration). It is postulated that UV radiation (300–380 nm) plays a role in lenticular aging, particularly nuclear sclerosis and its extreme state characterized by the Brunescent Cataract.
EFFECT OF TRANEXAMIC ACID ON CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

Four cases of malignant choroidal melanoma have been treated with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (Cyklocapron®). One patient treated for six months showed no progression in tumour growth. Three eyes have been enucleated, and the histological examination revealed that the tumours were surrounded by fibrin. No side‐effects of the treatment were observed.
PHOTIC RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM RABBIT RETINA PRELOADED WITH [3H]GABA
Authors: BAUER BIRGITTA
Published: May 2009

The in vitro release of radioactivity by light from rabbit retina was studied after intravitreal injection of [3H]GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid). The site of uptake of [3H]GABA into the retina after intravitreal injection was checked by autoradiography and was localized at 2 h after the injection mainly in glia but at 4 h in amacrine cells and some ganglion cells.

If the retina loaded with [3H]GABA was stimulated by light flashes the efflux of radioactivity increased significantly. Chromatographic analysis of the superfusate demonstrated that [3H]GABA was released by light stimulation. However, the efflux was not elicited by constant light, and was abolished in a medium containing 20 mM Mg++ and 0.2 mM++. When the metabolism of GABA was inhibited by amino‐oxyacetic acid, light flashes no longer increased the efflux of radioactivity significantly. No light‐evoked release of radioactivity could be demonstrated from glia. Pentobarbitone inhibited the spontaneous efflux and prior anaesthetization with pentobarbitone abolished the light‐evoked release.

These results support the view that GABA is a retinal neurotransmitter in the rabbit.
THE DOUBLE FLASH ERG DURING ADAPTATION TO THE DARK
Authors: MITSUYU MARIKO
Published: May 2009

Electroretinogram (ERG) of albino rabbits and rhesus monkeys were recorded in a dark room applying the double flash stimuli after a sufficient adaptation to light. The stimulus intervals of the flashes were varied. The per cent amplitudes of the ERGs for the first flashes (B1) and those of the second flashes (B2) were plotted against time, as was (B1‐B2)/B1 (= K). 1. B1 was independent of the stimulus interval in both species, and increased with lapse of time to reach a plateau.

2. B2 was quite dependent on the stimulus interval, and the ERG dark adaptation curves of the two species were quite different.

3. The time course of (B1‐B2)/B1 was specific for the two species. In the rabbit, Ks were almost equal for three stimulus intervals during states of adaptation to complete darkness, and in the monkey, Ks were different for the three intervals under all conditions.
FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION IN HARADA'S DISEASE
Authors: GODEL VICTOR , BLUMENTHAL MICHAEL , REGENBOGEN LUCIAN
Published: May 2009

A 21‐year‐old woman suffering from Harada's disease was carefully evaluated during a three year follow‐up study. In the acute stage of the disease the electroretinographic changes were found to parallel the clinical course. The functional parameters indicate that the retinal involvement is localized in the layers which generate the electroretinogram.

Some attempts to explain the discrepancy between the decreased positive amplitude of the electroretinogram and the normal sensory threshold findings give credence to the concept that such paradoxical behaviour can be explained by the focalized nature of the retinal involvement.
EFFECT OF VEHICLE ON PILOCARPINE‐INDUCED OCULAR HYPOTENSION
Authors: SAARI MATTI , KOSKELA PENTTI , MASAR SVEN‐ERIK
Published: May 2009

The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol and castor oil vehicles on pilocarpine‐induced hypotension was studied in 50 patients with open‐angle glaucoma. Diurnal tension curves showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower and the maximum diurnal variation smaller during the treatment with oily drops of 2% and 4% pilocarpine instilled 2–3 times daily than when 2% and 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol was instilled 3–4 times daily. The differences were statistically significant. In long‐term treatment no marked pilocarpine tolerance developed in cases treated with oily drops of pilocarpine. It is concluded that in the treatment of patients with open‐angle glaucoma, the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine in an oily vehicle instilled 2–3 times daily is greater and more even than that of pilocarpine of corresponding strength in polyvinyl alcohol administered 3–4 times daily.
UVEITIS IN RABBITS WITH PLEURAL EFFUSION DISEASE
Authors: FLEDELIUS H. , BRUUN L. , FENNESTAD K. L. , ANDERSEN S. RY
Published: May 2009

Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by a virus‐like agent. The disease was first described in the late sixties as a mortality problem among rabbits used for the propagation of Nichols' pathogenic Treponema pallidum in Scandinavian laboratories using the T. pallidum immobilization (TPI) test for the serological diagnosis of syphilis.

The iridocyclitis, described as a manifestation of PED, has been studied in detail in rabbits experimentally infected with the PED agent. All rabbits surviving the acute phase of infection developed a non‐pyogenic, non‐granulomatous anterior uveitis during the “viraemic” stage of infection. The ocular signs of disease culminated between days 3 and 6 and disappeared within 2 to 3 weeks. No recurrence of uveitis was observed during a 6‐months observation period, nor by subsequent subcutaneous re‐inoculation of the PED agent.

Histologically, the uveal reaction was mild and regressed almost completely within 4 weeks. Discrete choroidal inflammatory foci occurred in some of the re‐inoculated rabbits, but without changes in the anterior eye segment.

The uveitis of pleural effusion disease in rabbits seems to be caused directly by the virus‐like agent. It might possibly serve as a simple and reproducible model in further uveitis research.
CHANGES IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH AND ANGLE‐RECESSION, LATE COMPLICATIONS TO OCULAR CONTUSION
Authors: MORTENSEN KELVIN KAMP
Published: May 2009

Of 46 patients consecutively admitted to hospital for ocular contusion with hyphaema in 1964 and 1965, 30 patients were followed‐up somewhat more than 10 years later in order to assess late complications. Angle‐recession was observed in 17 (57%), while none had developed glaucoma. An average increase in depth of the anterior chamber of 0.06 mm in the affected eye was observed; this differences is highly significant with P < 0.005. However, as these changes are small in individual patients, measurement of the increase in anterior chamber depth can only be a supplement to gonioscopy.
PRESSURE EFFECTS ON FLOW CHANNELS IN THE LINING ENDOTHELIUM OF SCHLEMM'S CANAL
Authors: GRIERSON I. , LEE W. R.
Published: May 2009

A quantitative investigation, using transmission electron microscopy, was conducted to determine the relative incidence of nuclei, giant vacuoles and their pores, non‐vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores in the endothelium lining the trabecular aspect of Schlemm's canal at various levels of intraocular pressure in the range 0–50 mmHg. The eyes of twelve rhesus monkeys were used and prior to intracameral fixation, the intraocular pressure was maintained at the appropriate level for one hour. The results obtained from a single section analysis showed that the incidence of giant vacuoles, vacuolar and non‐vacuolar transcellular channels and minipores could be related to pressure. An analysis of serial reconstructions of samples of the vacuoles indicated that vacuolar transcellular channels became more numerous and more enlarged as pressure was increased. We concluded that the transcellular pore system serves as a major outflow route for aqueous humour.
CORNEAL SENSITIVITY AND VIBRATORY PERCEPTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

36 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and 45 controls were subjected to blind studies for corneal sensitivity using Cochet & Bonnet's aesthesiometer and of vibratory perception of the left index finger and great toe by biothesiometer. 83 per cent of the diabetics had a corneal sensitivity below 60 mm against 38 per cent of the controls. Likewise a significantly reduced vibratory perception was noticed among the diabetics. Further, the reductions of corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception were correlated in the diabetics. In both groups falling corneal sensitivity and vibratory perception were found with increasing age over and above 50 years.

There is evidence to suggest that a reduced corneal sensitivity in relation to diabetes mellitus forms part of a polyneuropathy.