bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISPERSING THE “PUBLIC” AND THE “PRIVATE”
Authors: WONG YUK-LIN RENITA
Published: March 2007

In examining the practice of power in the Birth Planning Policy of China, the author argues that the theorizing of the public-private frame and public patriarchy based on the welfare state in the West fails to capture the specific gender and state relations in the Chinese socialist context. With the convergence of the traditional familial order and the development of a modern nation-state, the “public” sphere of the Chinese socialist state is a disrupted space where the “state” still calls for its people's sacrifice for the collective good and yet at the same time, a terrian where citizens can claim their rights. It is also a domain where Chinese women's reproduction is collectivized for the cause of socialist modernization and yet a realm where they claim their voices. In the conclusion, the author addresses the question of Chinese women's agency in maneuvering through the patriarchal system and using the policy as a springboard to effecting changes in it.
The Costs of Caring: Medical Costs of Alzheimer's Disease and The Managed Care Environment
Authors: Murman Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

This review summarizes the medical costs associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, as well as the payers responsible for these medical costs in the US health care system. It is clear from this review that AD and related dementias are associated with substantial medical costs. The payers responsible for a majority of these costs are families of patients with AD and the US government through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In an attempt to control expenditures, Medicare and Medicaid have turned to managed care principles and managed care organizations. The increase in "managed" dementia care gives rise to several potential problems for patients with AD, along with many opportunities for systematic improvement in the quality of dementia care. Evidence-based disease management programs provide the greatest opportunities for improving managed dementia care but will require the development of dementia-specific quality of care measures to evaluate and continually improve them. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:168-178).
Clinical Outcome and Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Kujala Ilkka , Rosenvinge Berit , Bekkelund Svein Ivar
Published: March 2007

We evaluated the short-term outcome and side effects of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) in a population of elderly psychiatric patients. The material included patients consecutively hospitalized at a psychogeriatric department within a period of 5 years. From a total number of 239 patients, we included 52 treated with ECT (22%). Altogether, 41 patients (79%) improved clinically. Of them, 21 (40%) of the patients went home after the treatment. Twenty patients (38%) developed adverse reactions from the ECT treatment. Impaired memory (14%), confusion (6%), and hypertension (6%) represented the most commonly reported negative reactions secondary to the treatment. The findings from the study support previous assumptions that ECT is effective in the treatment of serious psychiatric disorders in elderly patients. Because of the relative high frequency of side effects, the patients should be selected carefully. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:73-76).
The Depressions of Alzheimer's Disease: Sorting, Pharmacotherapy, and Clinical Advice
Authors: Knesper David J.
Published: March 2007

Research describing wide prevalence variation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and comorbid depression is explained in light of subsyndromal depressions, the use of standardized diagnostic instruments and procedures, and the subcortical and cortical components of mood. There appear to be several "depressions" of AD. Against this backdrop, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of antidepressant use in AD are reviewed and methodologic problems identified. Evidence for efficacy in controlled trials is weak, but open-label trials are, as expected, more encouraging. The potential efficacy of new agents for the depressions of AD receive comment. A heuristic model makes use of the conclusions developed, the stage of illness, and a preliminary classification scheme for the depressions of AD; this model provides a rational basis for thinking about medication selection for AD depressions. Clinical decisions are illustrated. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995; 8(suppl 1):S40-S51).
Thermoplastic Powder Technology for Advanced Composite Systems
Authors: Hartness Timothy
Published: March 2007

As high performance thermoplastic composites evolve as primary and secondary air craft structural materials, there exists a need to offer to the community a material form that greatly broadens the selection of thermoplastic matrix materials. As one looks at the choices of thermoplastic prepregs available on the market today, an evaluation must be given to the pros and cons of that individual material. Today, hot-melt prepregs result in a stiff, boardy form with no tack. This form severely limits the handleability in layup on complex contour tooling. If one attempts to offer tacky and drapeable prepreg, it is often at the expense of lengthy processing that allows solvent removal without void formation.
Effect of Fiber Surface Treatment on the Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nylon Composites
Authors: Clark J.M. , Secrist D.R.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of injection-molded, carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6,6 com posites were characterized for four different fiber surface treatments. It is demonstrated that, for similar fiber length distributions, improvements in both ultimate and impact strengths can be effected by increasing the degree of fiber-to-resin bonding through modification of the surface treatment. Micrographs of composite fracture surfaces are shown for selected treatments. Composite electrical properties are also presented.
Incremental Forming of Large Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Brent Strong A. , Hauwiller Paul B.
Published: March 2007

Incremental forming is a new manufacturing method designed to create large thermoplastic composite laminate structures. These large laminates can be made utilizing small to medium sized equipment. The equipment and the operating parameters for successful incremental forming were developed. Thermoplastic laminate parts were made utilizing the incremental forming method and the properties were compared to parts of the same shape made using matched die molding. The areas of comparison were mechanical properties, physical qualities (surface quality), and uniformity of manufac ture The results revealed that the incremental forming process created parts of high mechanical integrity, excellent physical quality and good uniformity.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Continuous Fiber/Thermoplastic Matrix Composites During Manufacture
Authors: Hwang S.J. , Tucker C.L.
Published: March 2007

The thermal behavior of a continuous fiber/thermoplastic matrix composite laminate being cooled in a large steel mold is simulated using a finite element method. The heat released by crystallization is a small part of the total, and is treated approximately using a temperature-dependent specific heat. We present arguments and procedures for combining several lamina in one finite element to gain computational efficiency. Experi ments are carried out on flat panels of APC-2 in a compression mold with asymmetric cooling. The model accurately predicts temperature histories in the laminate. In our exam ple problem, heat transfer is dominated by the convective heat transfer coefficient in the cooling channel, the in-plane conductivity of the steel mold, and the thickness-direction conductivity of the composite. Fiber orientation in the composite has a negligible in fluence on the temperature history.
A Characterization of the Important Parameters for Graphite/ PEEK Pultrusion
Authors: Vaughan James G. , Dillard Terry W. , Seal Ellis
Published: March 2007

During the past few years, pultrusion of thermoplastic composites has shown the promise of becoming a major new force in the pultrusion industry. Advantages of thermoplastic pultrusion are the improved toughness, higher service temperature, and post-process formability that these advanced composite systems offer over thermosetting systems. However, the pultrusion of thermoplastics is much different from that of thermo setting materials, and much work remains before the processing of these materials becomes as well understood as that for thermosetting materials. This paper will describe the results of an experimentally based statistical study to determine the critical process pa rameters of the pultrusion of a thermoplastic material and how those parameters interact to affect the quality, integrity, and cost of the pultruded components.
Manufacture of Powder-Impregnated Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Iyer Shridhar R. , Drzal Lawrence T.
Published: March 2007

The use of thermoplastic composites has been limited by the lack of reliable techniques to make prepregs of consistent quality. Dry powder impregnation methods offer a new approach to the solution of this problem. This paper discusses the features that are essential to the development of an acceptable dry powder process The physical principles that govern the manufacture of thermoplastic prepreg tapes of controllable fiber-matrix volume fractions and the consolidation of these tapes to make void-free composite parts are presented

A novel powder prepregging process suitable for the manufacture of high-quality powder-impregnated tapes and their subsequent consolidation to make void-free parts is discussed. It is shown that a well-designed dry powder process can achieve fine control over both fiber-matrix composition in the prepreg tape and intimate wetting between in dividual fibers and the thermoplastic matrix Powder prepreg tapes can be consolidated into void-free specimens with simple consolidation cycles developed for a specific fiber- matrix combination
Non-Isothermal Autohesion Model for Amorphous Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Loos Alfred C. , Min-Chung Li
Published: March 2007

Two-dimensional heat transfer analyses for non-isothermal molding of amorphous thermoplastic polymers and composites are presented. Solutions of the heat transfer analyses were obtained using the finite element technique, which includes convec tive heat transfer from the boundaries of the specimens. A non-isothermal autohesion model was developed by coupling the heat transfer analyses with an isothermal autohesion model for Udel P1700 polysulfone. The resulting computer code allows prediction of the time required for crack healing in amorphous polymers and autohesive bonding of the ply interfaces of fiber-reinforced composites under non-isothermal processing conditions. Results of the model are compared with data obtained during crack healing of Udel P1700 compact tension specimens and compression molding of 64-ply graphite/polysulfone com posites. Agreement between the model and data was good.
Finite Element Modeling of Shear Instability under Compression in Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber Composites
Authors: Wisnom Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Compressive failure of many carbon-fiber composites is generally believed to occur as a result of shear instability. Finite element analysis of this failure mechanism is presented, which includes the effects of non-linear geometry and non-linear shear stress-strain response. The influence of fiber misalignment and waviness on the maximum compressive stress is shown. Constraint from the test fixture, non-uniform waviness, and stress gradients are all shown to have a large effect on the maximum compressive stress.
Measuring Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations:
Authors: Knapp Mark L. , Putnam Linda L. , Davis Lillian J.
Published: March 2007

This critique indicts conflict style literature for focusing on disagreements rather than incompatibilities, for downplaying the role of interdependence between parties in assessing interpersonal conflicts, and for failing to cast interpersonal conflict within an organizational system. This article also questions the exhaustiveness and representativeness of the two-dimensional models that form the five styles. It argues for reframing communication to include nonverbal and contradictory messages, multiple meanings, linkages between message tactics and strategic behavior, and inconsistencies between intentions and communicative tactics as conflict develops. Finally, it argues for contingency and political models of organizing to guide researchers in selecting appropriate variables and models to study interpersonal conflicts.
Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Construal and Dimensions of Group Effectiveness
Authors: Oetzel John G. , Bolton-Oetzel Keri
Published: March 2007

In response to the growing concern for understanding how diverse people work together in teams, this study examines the relationship between self-construal and group effectiveness. A diverse sample ( N = 535) completed a 62-item questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed five dimensions: (a) independent self-construal, (b) interdependent self-construal, (c) task effectiveness, (d) relational effectiveness, and (e) personal effectiveness. All three dimensions of group effectiveness were found to be significantly and positively associated with both independent and interdependent self-construal. Stepwise regression analysis found that task effectiveness was better explained by independent rather than interdependent, self-construal. Regression analysis also revealed that relational effectiveness was better explained by interdependent rather than independent, self-construal. Results are discussed in terms of practical and theoretical implications.
A Rogerian View of Drug Abuse: Implications for Nursing
Authors: Compton Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

Drug abuse and the concept of addiction are explored utilizing Martha E. Rogers' conceptual system of unitary human beings, resulting in a novel and thought-provoking view of this health behavior. Following an overview of Rogers' concepts, principles, and theories, the example of the heroin addict is reviewed, conceptualizing the addict as a highfrequency, diverse human energy field integral with a low-frequency, impoverished environmental field. Drug use provides an alternative way to participate in the mutual process. The drug "high" is conceptualized as providing a means to increase one's awareness of the four-dimensional nature of reality. The integral nature of human and environment is illustrated with examples of increasing diversity in each due to human drug use. Addiction is discussed as are other aspects of the environmental field. Finally, nursing interventions at the individual and environmental levels are presented.
Orem's General Theory of Nursing and Community Nursing
Authors: Taylor Susan G. , McLaughlin Katherine
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the way in which theoretical concepts of community articulate with Orem's theory. Philosophical and theoretical perspectives of community are presented as the basis for developing a model for community nursing. The development of nursing theory and science related to the concept of community proceeds from an understanding of community and its articulations with nursing. Three basic models of community are identified and described: (a) atomistic/contractarian, (b) organic/functional, and (c) mutual/personal. Orem's theory can be legitimately viewed as having meaning for nursing when the community is viewed from any of the three models. It is not limited to the use of "aggregate" models. The distinction comes in the view of community consistent with the underlying philosophical view of the nature of person expressed or inherent in the nursing theory. A general model for the community as a unit of service, congruent with Orem's theory, is presented.
Human Becoming: Parse's Theory of Nursing
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

This article updates Parse's theory of human becoming (formerly man-living-health) and the congruent practice and research methodologies. The language of the assumptions and principles is revised to be in keeping with the change in name, from "man-living-health" to "human becoming." No other aspects of the theory are changed. Assumptions underpinning the Parse research method are specified for the first time. Specific examples are included to illustrate the practice methodology and references named to demonstrate the research methodologies. The practice and research methodologies are presently evolving, and it is anticipated that the evolution and use of these methodologies will enhance the theory. The ontology and the congruent methodologies are offered as a contribution to the evolution of nursing science.
Empirical Testing of a Longitudinal Model Derived from the Roy Adaptation Model
Authors: Ducharme Francine , Ricard Nicole , Duquette André , Levesque Louise , Lachance Lise
Published: March 2007

This article presents the steps and results of the empirical testing of a theoretical longitudinal model, derived from Roy's nursing conceptual model, of the psychosocial determinants of adaptation in different target groups. The model was elaborated and empirically verified based on the integrated results of four longitudinal studies involving groups vulnerable to mental health problems. By means of structural equation analyses, the cross-sectional model was verified at two points in time. The results showed that the model was relatively stable over time. The model was also tested using longitudinal data. Results showed little consistency in the patterns of relationships across studies. The significant links that emerged from the analyses shed some light on the complexity of the process of adaptation to different types of stressors. They underscore the importance for nursing practice to develop interventions aimed at certain variables: perceived stress, conflicts in the exchange of support, and passive and avoidance coping strategies. The results also highlight the importance of the relationship between perceived stress, passive/avoidance coping strategies and psychological distress.
Disincentives to Teaching: Teacher Reactions to Legislated Learning
Authors: McCloskey Gary N. , Provenzo Eugene F. , Cohn Marilyn M. , Kottkamp Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Legislated learning describes accurately the assumptions underlying educational legislation in Florida from 1976 to 1985. This study explores the failure of teachers to accept models of legislated learning imposed on them. While 86.7% of teachers surveyed identified "the times I know I have `reached' a student or group of students and they have learned" as the most salient intrinsic reward in teaching, 74% of teachers interviewed found legislated learning as questioning competency, limiting the scope of teachers' work and/or political interference. Instead of creating an incentive of a better educational environment, legislated learning, according to interviewees, functioned as a disincentive to these teachers.
Achieving Program Equity: Are Markets the Answer?
Authors: Picus Lawrence O.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that one approach for meeting Clune's goals of program adequacy is to rely more heavily on market structures in school districts. Specifically, it is proposed that barriers to teacher transfers among schools within school districts be eliminated to allow more freedom for teachers to find schools with educational missions and goals that more closely approximate their own vision of the educational process. It also suggests that teacher compensation be driven more on the basis of what teachers know and are able to do rather than on the basis of experience and training. In addition, a proposal for market-based technical assistance to schools is proposed. This proposal would require schools to devote a fixed percentage of their resources to professional development and to select technical assistance from a range of offerings, both public and private. Providers with offerings that did not improve student performance would be replaced and eventually go out of business. Finally, the cost estimates provided in Clune's article on program equity are reviewed and analyzed.
Restructuring Japanese High Schools: Reforms for Diversity
Authors: Shimahara Nobuo K.
Published: March 2007

Japan's current major education reform campaign is to restructure high schools. Its central theme is to diversify upper secondary education in response to the growing divergence in youths' ability, aptitude, and needs. High school reform initiatives, which began in the late 1970s, were enhanced by the school reform movement in the 1980s and the early 1990s. This article explores the development of policy initiatives to restructure high schools. Japan 's restructuring drives illustrate a departure from the traditional academic and vocational curricula. As a result of these drives, innovative high schools often identified as "new types of schools" and "comprehensive" programs began to emerge throughout Japan. The credibility of these schools and programs will be tested during the remaining years of the current century.
Adolescent Use of Alternative and Complementary Therapies
Authors: Braun Carie A. , Halcón Linda L. , Bearinger Linda H.
Published: March 2007

Increasing numbers of U.S. adolescents are using alternative and complementary therapies, seemingly mirroring the trend among adults. Patterns of use among adolescents may be different from those of adults, however, due to the unique biological, psychological, and social factors affecting this population. Although there is a growing body of literature on utilization and efficacy of alternative and complementary therapies, few studies have included or focused on adolescents. Such research is needed. Social learning theory provides an appropriate theoretical framework to address the complex web of factors underlying health-care-seeking behavior of adolescents, allowing for consideration of the critical factor of individual expectations in their health care choices. Research on adolescents’ utilization of alternative and complementary therapies is important for providers and policy makers concerned with the present and future health of youth.
Construct Analysis of Four Modes of Being Present
Authors: Easter Anna
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this construct analysis is to delineate the manner or modes of presence as used by nurses with their patients. The scope of the term presence encompasses four separate, distinct modes of presence. The term concept does not encompass the scope of the term. Therefore, the term construct is applied to demonstrate the differences in the four modes of being present. Model cases were extrapolated from personal experiences. Methods used in the construct development and construction include components of the Wilsonian method, an evolutionary view, and the hybrid model. Due to the breadth and complexity of the interrelatedness of the four modes of being present, the author presents only a model case. To illustrate the attributes and consequences for the patient and the nurse in the interpersonal relationship for each of the four modes of being present, the author created models.
The Holism in Critical Thinking
Authors: Thurmond Veronica A.
Published: March 2007

In nursing, critical thinking is particularly important because of its potential impact on patient care. With the rapid changes in health care and the influx of new technology, nurses must be able to use critical thinking to make decisions that provide optimal patient care. The rapid, dynamic changes occurring in the health care setting have dictated a stronger, more comprehensive, holistic way of arriving at decisions than the traditional nursing process. This more comprehensive, holistic approach is called critical thinking. Nurses must be able to engage in critical thinking to handle the on-slaught of continuous procedural and technological changes. Critical thinking has become such a key component in learning that the National League for Nursing requires that graduates be able to demonstrate critical thinking. This article is a concept analysis of critical thinking using the Walker and Avant model.
Using Self-Care Strategies to Make Lifestyle Changes
Authors: Timmerman Gayle M.
Published: March 2007

Self-care in health promotion includes developing the skills needed to devise, implement, evaluate, and revise an individualized plan for lifestyle change. Using content analysis, this study examined the strategies chosen by participants (N = 95) to initiate a lifestyle change, as well as the barriers they identified to change. Goal achievement and effectiveness of the strategies chosen were evaluated at 5 and 10 weeks. Using self-care strategies to make lifestyle changes, 42.1% had achieved their goal and 49.5% had partly achieved their goal by Week 10. Social support, tailoring strategies, self-monitoring, medication, and cue restriction were considered the most effective strategies. Being able to individualize the strategies was most important to goal achievement, followed by having a specific goal, planning for barriers, and being able to make revisions.
Influence of Sociocultural and Structural Factors on Functional Ability
Authors: Kabir Zarina Nahar , Parker Marti G. , Szebehely Marta , Tishelman Carol
Published: March 2007

Objective:To describe and contextualize functional status of elderly people (= 60 years) in Bangladesh by relating it to gender, region, and socioeconomic status. Methods:In this community-based study ( N= 696), functional status was described through assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Information was obtained on type of help used for ADLs and IADLs and reason for nonperformance of IADLs. Results:Findings indicate differential performance in ADLs and IADLs by gender and region. Socioeconomic status is found to influence IADLs only. Empirical evidence regarding type of help used and reason for not performing a task enables understanding of sociocultural and structural influence on functional ability. Discussion:The underlying assumption of ADL and IADL instruments that an individual will perform an activity given physical or cognitive ability is questioned. It is suggested that sociocultural and structural factors are strong determinants of task performance.
Death Anxiety among Chinese Elderly People in Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Anise M.S. , Tang Catherine S.K. , Kwok Timothy C.Y.
Published: March 2007

Objectives:This study aims to examine the cognitive and emotional reactions of Chinese elderly people toward death, to extend the use of aWestern scale on death anxiety to a Chinese sample, and to explore the correlates of death anxiety. Methods:A community sample of 237 Chinese elderly people (62 men and 175women) in HongKong between the ages of 60 and 91 years old was individually interviewed. Results:Among this elderly cohort, a high level of death anxiety was associated with younger age, a high level of psychological distress, and the presence of recent stressors butwas unrelated to number of physical disorders, gender, personal income, marital and employment status, and religious affiliations. Discussion:Reactions of Chinese elderly people toward specific death-related issues were discussed with regard to Chinese cultural beliefs. Limitations and implications of the present study were also discussed.
An Evaluation of Universal Health Insurance in the Elderly
Authors: Peabody John W. , Robalino David A. , Kim Jin Ho
Published: March 2007

Objective: This article evaluates Korea’s national health insurance system for the elderly by simultaneously examining disease patters, demand for care, utilization, costs of care, and facility type. Methods:Claim records ( N= 8,306,976) for 1995 to 1997 were obtained from the Youndeoung-Po district for four insurance categories. Utilization is examined using a probit model; a linear regression model is used to compare costs. Findings:Insurees averaged 10.6 medical visits per year, most commonly for acute respiratory diseases. The elderly were more likely to seek care for circulatory problems, use more inpatient services, and rely on hospitals for outpatient care. Insurance costs for the elderly poor were markedly higher, and overall care for the elderly was higher per visit. Discussion:By simultaneously analyzing utilization rates, disease patterns, and relative costs of care, policymakers may be able to avert a financing crisis. Stronger pricing strategies and better disease targeting would adjust utilization and increase efficiency of health expenditures.
Aging and Breast Cancer
Authors: Satariano William A. , Ragheb Nawal E. , Buck Karen A. , Swanson G. Marie , Branch Laurence G.
Published: March 2007

The level of instrumental functioning of breast cancer cases aged 55 to 84 is compared to that of women of the same age without the disease. A total of 571 cases were selected through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System and interviewed three (n = 463) and 12 (n = 422) months after diagnosis about their needs in transportation, housekeeping, meal preparation, and grocery shopping. A total of 647 controls aged 55 to 84 were selected through random-digit dialing and interviewed twice over the same period (n = 539 and 478). At three months, cases aged 55 to 74 report greater difficulty and less independence than controls in completing instrumental tasks. Little difference is shown between cases and controls aged 75 to 84. Nine months later, functional status is similar for cases and controls aged 55 to 64. In contrast, cases aged 65 to 74 continue to be less independent than controls of the same age.
Functional Disability among the Puerto Rican Elderly
Authors: O'Donnell Rita Mahard
Published: March 2007

This article reports data on the functional status of elderly Puerto Ricans derived from a recent large-scale household survey of this group in the New York metropolitan area. A comparison of our findings on Puerto Ricans to national data on Black and White elderly reveals that Puerto Ricans are significantly more disabled than either Blacks or Whites. When the demographic factors and the English language disadvantage that distinguish Puerto Ricans from both Blacks and Whites are taken into account, our estimate of the effect of race/ethnicity on disability is reduced (from eta = .29, p < .001 to beta = .16, p < .001), but a considerable effect remains. The data suggest that older Puerto Ricans are at high risk for dependency, and that within this population, persons whose lack of English severely limits their capacity to interact with the environment are at particular risk.
Transition Probabilities to Dependency, Institutionalization, and Death among the Elderly Over a Decade
Authors: Branch Laurence G. , Ku Leighton
Published: March 2007

This article provides data, based on the Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study, on the probabilities that elderly people living in the community make transitions to dependency, institutionalization, or death over a 10-year interval. Assessments of dependency, as classified by Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), are particularly important because they have been proposed as criteria to determine beneficiary eligibility to receive long-term care (LTC) services. After age and gender were controlled, the best predictors of subsequent status were initial ADL status, hospitalization or institutionalization in the year prior to baseline, self-reported health status at baseline, and poverty at baseline. These data can be used as the basis for actuarial estimates for long-term care policies, whether public or private LTC insurance or self-insurance options, such as continuing care retirement communities or life care at home. The uses and implications of these findings are discussed.
The Emergence of Adult Day Care Centers as Post-A cute Care Agencies
Authors: Wood Juanita B.
Published: March 2007

Research on the effects of the Medicare Prospective Payment System utilizing DRGs on community service providers indicates that a heavier-care clientele is changing the nature of the community-based long-term care system. This article reports on the impact of DRGs on one provider type, adult day care centers, and the resulting shift toward post-acute care to meet the demands of this new heavier-care clientele. The 39 adult day care centers reported on are part of a larger sample of providers studied over three years in 12 communities within five states.
The Risk of Nursing Home Admission in Three Communities
Authors: Foley Daniel J. , Ostfeld Adrian M. , Branch Laurence G. , Wallace Robert B. , McGloin Joanne , Cornoni-Huntley Joan C.
Published: March 2007

Beginning in 1982, the 3-year incidence of nursing home admission was determined for community-dwelling residents aged 65 and over in East Boston, Massachusetts (4%); New Haven, Connecticut (9%); and Iowa and Washington Counties, Iowa (12%). A common methodology was used to collect baseline risk factor and follow-up data on nursing home admissions among persons in each community as part of the National Institute on Aging's Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. A multivariate logistic regression model of baseline risk factors that included the participant's age, race, sex, history of prior admission, ADL limitations, cognitive function, living arrangements, and level of income predicted 80% of the users in each community.
Assessing the Influence of Adult Day Care on Client Satisfaction
Authors: Buelow Janet R. , Conrad Kendon J.
Published: March 2007

Using data collected from 74 adult day care centers, this study measured various program characteristics from four different categories of respondents - clients, care-givers, staff members, and administrators. The perceptions of these respondents were examined for their associations with each other and with client satisfaction. Three program characteristics, -as perceived by clients, were significantly associated with client satisfaction (staff caring, general morale, and interior environment). The caregivers', staff members' and administrators' perceptions were not significantly associated with client satisfaction. In addition, most of these program component ratings were not significantly associated among clients, caregivers, staff members, and administrators.
Mobility Restriction and the Use of Devices among Seniors
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Chappell Neena L.
Published: March 2007

A growing population of seniors in North America, coupled with increasing life expectancies, means there will likely be increased future demand for products to alleviate mobility problems commonly faced by elders. Although past research has documented the prevalence of mobility restriction among elderly populations, and the tendency of some to seek personal assistance to alleviate their difficulties, there is little research that looks at the use of assistive devices. This study examines use among those faced with at least one of four common mobility problems. Logistic regression and analysis of variance reveal the overwhelming importance of the sheer number of mobility restrictions in determining the likelihood that an individual is a device user, over and above factors such as the severity of problems, social network characteristics, and predisposition factors.
Do Characteristics of Informal Caregivers Affect the Length of Hospital Stay for Frail Elders?
Authors: Skinner Katherine M. , Tennstedt Sharon L. , Crawford Sybil L.
Published: March 2007

Studies examining the length of hospital stay for the very old rarely include characteristics of the informal caregiver as potentially explanatory variables. This study expanded a frequently used conceptual model of health services use to include caregiving factors as enabling variables. Data were collected from a representative sample of frail elders who had been hospitalized in the previous 18 months ( n = 181) and their primary informal caregivers. The findings indicate that elders whose primary caregiver was a coresiding offspring had shorter hospitalization than elders whose offspring caregiver lived in different households. These data indicate that the amount of variance explained by this conceptual model is increased when social factors are included as explanatory variables.
Medicare's Mental Health Benefits
Authors: Sherman Jeremie J.
Published: March 2007

Estimates of the proportion of persons aged 65 and older with diagnosable mental disorders, residing both in the community and in institutions, range from 13.5% to 22%. Mental health services, both inpatient and outpatient, short and long term, are necessary for the well-being of these older Americans. Mental health benefits are covered under Medicare. However, less than 3% of the $90.5 billion Medicare budget in 1988 was spent on mental health services. Of that 3%, $2.2 billion was used for Part A(hospital insurance) and $300 million for Part B (medical insurance). In contrast, in the same year, payments for mental health services represented 20% to 30% of total health expenditures made by private insurers. Differences in payments abound when comparing freestanding psychiatric facilities with both exempt and nonexempt psychiatric units in general hospitals. This article describes these differences and how they influence the use of mental health services by Medicare beneficiaries.
Examination of the Causes and Mechanisms of the Increase in Disability-Free Life Expectancy
Authors: Robine Jean-Marie , Mormiche Pierre , Sermet Catherine
Published: March 2007

From 1981 to 1991, life expectancy at birth in France increased by 2.5 years. Health survey data show that during this 10-year period, disability-free life expectancy increased significantly by 3.0 years in males and 2.6 years in females. Consequently, the proportion of years lived without disability within life expectancy has increased. For example, in males it increased from 86.4% to 87.5% in this time period. These observations show that, contrary to the frequent predictions of "pandemia" of disabilities or expansion of morbidity, the major increase in life expectancy in France over the past 10 years has been accompanied by a compression of morbidity. In the present study, the authors explore the causes and mechanisms of this positive development.
Social Network Factors Associated with Perceived Quality of Life
Authors: Baxter Judith , She' Ierly Susan M. , Eby Cynthia , Mason Lynn , Cortese Charles F. , Hamman Richard F.
Published: March 2007

Demographic and social network factors associations with perceived quality of life (PQOL) were examined in a sample of rural Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) elderly. A 20-item PQOL scale measured participants' satisfaction with multiple facets of their lives. Age, gender, marital status, and living alone were not associated with this outcome. Hispanic persons with higher incomes had consistently higher ratings of quality of life compared to NHWs. More education was associated with a higher PQOL rating only among NHWs. More close friends and relatives, visiting in homes, and participation in outside activities were all independently related to PQOL. Interaction tests showed that the impact of social networks was stronger in NHWs. These findings suggest that network size and contact are important social factors that can improve quality of life for both ethnic groups. However, differences may need to be examined when judging the magnitude of these associations and when planning interventions.
Hunger and Food Insecurity in the Elderly
Authors: Wolfe Wendy S. , Olson Christine M. , Kendall Anne , Frongillo Edward A.
Published: March 2007

To better understand the nature of food insecurity in the elderly and to improve its measurement, in-depth interviews were conducted with 41 urban Black and rural White elderly in 35 households, followed by telephone administration of commonly used measures of food insecurity in 24 of these elderly. Elderly food insecurity appears to follow a progression of severity, beginning with compromised diet quality, followed by food anxiety, socially unacceptable meals, use of emergency food strategies, and finally actual hunger. The five quantitative measures tested were compared to each elderly person's food insecurity status based on the in-depth interview. All measures had reasonable specificity, and good sensitivity for those experiencing severe food insecurity. However, the Cornell-Radimer, Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project (CCHIP) and Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) measures appeared more sensitive than the USDA food sufficiency or Urban Institute measures in correctly identifying those in the lesser stages of food insecurity.
Affect and Quality of Life
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Winter Laraine , Kleban Morton H , Ruckdeschel Katy
Published: March 2007

Objectives:The objective of this article is to determine direct and indirect contributions of objective and subjective quality of life (QOL) to positive and negative indicators of mental health. Specifically, the dual-channel hypothesis predicted that objective and subjective social engagement would enhance positive affect (PA) but be unrelated to depression. Methods:Older people from senior centers and several housing environments volunteered to complete a questionnaire or interview about a number of aspects of their everyday lives ( N= 602). Objective and subjective were related to one another. Results:Objective activity participation and subjective time use and friend quality were associated with PA. Only time use was related to depression. Discussion:The importance of assessing both amount of behavior (objective) and its quality (subjective) when measuring QOL was demonstrated. Although external engagement bears a closer relationship to PA than to negative, the dual-channel model relating locus of stimulation differentially to PA and depression requires modification.
Historical Roots of the Nonprofit Sector in France
Authors: Archambault Edith
Published: March 2007

Though deeply rooted in the Middle Ages, as in every European Country, the French nonprofit sector differs in that it was secularized and restricted at the beginning of the 19th century by the centralized state. According to a tradition dating back to the 1789 Revolution, the state had the monopoly of public interest concerns. This tradition gradually lost force in the 20th century, and nonprofit organizations multiplied during the past three decades in every field of public interest. This trend was encouraged by the central and local governments in a period of decentralization and European integration. Decentralization offers a great opportunity for the French nonprofit sector; conversely, nonprofit organizations provide collective services in an alternative way and can offer an antidote to latent centralization tendencies.
Comparing Member-Based Organizations within a Social Economy Framework
Authors: Quarter Jack , Sousa Jorge , Richmond Betty Jane , Carmichael Isla
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine whether nonprofits that serve a membership (that is, mutual nonprofits) have more in common with cooperatives (also member-oriented associations) than with nonprofits that are oriented toward the public. A MANOVA was used to analyze the effect of organizational type of which there were four categories (publicly oriented nonprofits, mutual nonprofits, cooperatives without shares, and cooperatives with shares) on the five dependent measures (social objectives, volunteer participation, democratic decision making, government dependence, and market reliance) derived from the social economy framework. The results offer some support for the hypothesis that serving a membership is an important factor in the basic characteristics of an organization, and that is true regardless of whether the incorporation is nonprofit or cooperative. However, charitable status also appeared to influence on the results. The implications for the social economy and civil society are discussed.
Oligarchy and Adaptation to Mass Society in an All-Volunteer Organization: Implications for Understanding Leadership, Participation, and Change
Authors: Perkins Kenneth B. , Poole Darryl G.
Published: March 2007

Using a case study of an all-volunteer fire department, internal structural changes and adaptation to external forces in a small, voluntary, democratic organization are examined. The article seeks to make two points from this examination. First, forces of mass society that were moving the organization away from its traditional community focus were mediated by an oligarchy of professionalized leaders. Second, the concept of oligarchy is useful in understanding leadership, membership participation, and change in all-volunteer organizations.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Nonprofit Boards
Authors: Jackson Douglas K. , Holland Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

The Board Self-Assessment Questionnaire (BSAQ) was developed to assess board performance in six areas that previous research has shown to characterize highly effective boards. Data from 623 board members in 34 nonprofit organizations were used to examine this instrument's reliability, validity, and sensitivity, including the relationship between board scores and selected indicators of the organization's financial performance. Results indicate that the BSAQ is a sound and useful tool for evaluating board performance.
Can AmeriCorps Build Communities?
Authors: Thomson Ann Marie , Perry James L.
Published: March 2007

One of the most ambitious and simultaneously most controversial programs of Bill Clinton's presidency is AmeriCorps, the national service program authorized in 1993 by the National and Community Service Trust Act. This article presents findings from an examination of the community-building effects of the AmeriCorps program in five communities. We focus our attention on AmeiCorps' impact on local community-based organizations by examining change in the capacity of the organizations in which AmeriCorps members work and in the degree to which AmeriCorps has fostered interorganizational cooperation to achieve community goals. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and ways to enhance AmeriCorps' community-building potential.
Nonprofits in Organizational Sociology’s Research Traditions: An Empirical Study
Authors: Abzug Rikki
Published: March 2007

Neoinstitutional, population ecology, and resource dependence research traditions enjoy enduring popularity in the American organization science and sociological literature. Such research traditions are advanced through empirical studies of organizations—non-profit, public, and for-profit. Noting some nonprofit lineage of the aforementioned traditions, this empirical study seeks to measure the use of sectors’ organizations in the advancement of generalized organization theory. To do this, the author develops and explores three research questions about the current uses of the research traditions and organizational samples, by sector, in journals of organization theory. A brief discussion of findings and implications follows.