bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECOGNIZING PERSONALITY USING HIPPOCRATES’ PERSONALITY TEST AS THE MATERIAL OF COMMUNICATION LEARNING FOR TAX EXTENSION OFFICER’S FUNCTIONALITY
Authors: Suharsono Agus , Amriani Tenry Nur
Published: April 2022

This research aims to find out how to recognize personality using Hippocrates’ Personality Test as the material of communication learning for Tax Extension Officer’s Functionality. It is interesting to be studied because the main duty of Tax Extension Officer’s Functionality is to communicate with many people with different personalities. This study was a qualitative research with quasi-experiment approach, in which data was obtained through participatory observation and document obtained using questionnaire, and the data obtained was analyzed using inductive logic and the result was presented descriptively. The finding of research shows that recognizing personality, using Hippocrates’ Personality Test, based on F. Littauer’s book entitled Personality Plus as the material of communication learning, can be used to recognize the participants’ personality; in addition participants also can identify personality versus communication. The learning has some weaknesses related to the questionnaire that should be completed in quiet and relaxed condition in order to match the actual personality, because the questionnaire completed in hurry and in tired condition will give less valid response. The strength is related to the ability of recognizing personality and to solve communication problem easily. For the learning to be better the participants are recommended to do so in the morning when the brain is still fresh and they still have sufficient time.
TRAINING EVALUATION OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF 3T REGIONS OF MAHAKAM ULU REGENCY BY USING KIRKPATRICK
Authors: Prijowuntato Sebastianus Widanarto , Widharyanto Bonifasius
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the success of training for elementary school teachers in Mahakam Ulu Regency, North Kalimantan in 2016 and 2017. The evaluation method used is the evaluation method proposed by Kirkpatrick. In this study, two of the four levels were investigated. The study method used is the Kirkpatrik evaluation model level one and two. At level one, participants conduct evaluations related to satisfaction and level two participants evaluate learning. At level one, participants are asked to fill in satisfaction instruments. The results of the satisfaction instrument entry were analyzed using weighting on each of the satisfaction dimensions. At level two, participants are asked to work on the pre-test and post-test instruments. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test. The results showed that the level of participant satisfaction for first level was 83.848% for 2015 and 83,178% for 2016. Both scores showed positive reactions to the training. For For second level, learning, the average increase in knowledge was 10.984 for 2015 and 9.4 for 2016. The increase in the mean score was significantly based on the Wilcoxon test.
CLASSICAL GUIDANCE SERVICES USING WINDOW SHOPPING METHOD TO IMPROVE READING COMPREHENSION OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOL COUNSELORS
Authors: Athiyah Ibnu Ibnu
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of classical guidance services using window shopping methods to improve reading comprehension of vocational school counselors. This research was an experimental study with one group pretest-posttets design. Research subjects  were vocational school counselors in East Jakarta. The population in this study were all  vocational school teachers, as training participants with a total of 30 people. The sampling technique used was 30 saturated sampling. The research instrument used was a reading comprehension scale with a validity of 0.304 (Pearson Product Moment) and reliability of 0.826 (Alpha Cronbach). Data analysis techniques using paired sample t-test were significant with a statistical test value of -65.619. The results of the study provide an understanding that classical guidance services with the window shopping method was effective in improving reading comprehension of the vocational school counselors.
EXPLORING NATIONALISTIC INSIGHT VALUE IN ADMINISTRATOR LEADERSHIP TRAINING USING UPIN-IPIN MOVIE IN INDONESIA
Authors: Suharsono Agus
Published: April 2022

Indonesian government has launched National Culture and Character Education” in 2010 as a national movement to grow nationalistic insight. Nationalistic insight is one of materials in Administrator or 3rd Echelon Official Leadership Training. Widyaiswara (trainers) should develop learning method in order to be more attractive and impressive, and to achieve the objective of learning. Learning using movie (film) media can evidently affect the achievement of learning objective positively and significantly. This research will study and explore nationalistic insight values using Upin-Ipin movie. The method employed was post-test quasi-experiment one. Data was collected using questionnaire (google form), to be analyzed then using logico-inductive method, and presented descriptively. The result of research shows that the learning method, according to participants, has dominant weakness as it has Malaysian background rather than Indonesian. But it also has strength as it facilitates the participants to understand the material of nationalistic insight values. The nationalistic insight value contained in Upin-Ipin movie is social diversity supported with tolerance, mutual respect, and love for motherland. For this method to be better, the participants recommend the trainers to determine the episode of movie that will be used as learning material, to be watched and discussed jointly.
PROFILING BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN STATISTICS (BSS) STUDENTS UNDER THE OPEN ENROLMENT POLICY
Authors: Miñoza Susana B , Casinillo Leomarich F
Published: April 2022

This study established a profile of Bachelor of Science in Statistics (BSS) students under the open enrolment policy of Visayas State University (VSU). The study also determined the graduation rate of the BSS students. Data on the present BSS students were collected from a survey of currently enrolled students while data on the past BSS students were taken from the previous study. Data used to track down the BSS students since their first year to determine the graduation rate of each batch covered and were taken from the Office of the University Registrar. Results showed that majority of the present BSS students are female. All BSS students surveyed come from the Visayas area with most of them come from Region VIII, Philippines. While most of the BSS students have annual family incomes below the poverty line in Region VIII, still most of them get their financial support from their parents only. Majority are regular students and want to work as statisticians in the future. The relative importance of factors influencing the choice of degree program are very similar between the past and the present BSS students. The graduation rate of BSS students is variable (coefficient of variation of 42.5%) with a median of 26.1% and a mean of 25.3%. Hence, an extensive recruitment and orientation about the program must be done to increase the enrollees and develop their interest towards the program, respectively.
Semantic Change Type in Old Javanese Word and Sanskrit Loan Word to Modern Javanese
Authors: Yuniarto Hendy , Marsono -
Published: April 2022

This research aims to describe type classifier of semantic change and to explain the factors causing semantic change. This research was conducted with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research method is conducted by comparing the meaning of words from the Old Javanese and Sanskrit loan wordto Modern Javanese. The collection data is done by looking for words that the meaning suspected change in Old Javanese dictionary. Words meaning determined precisely by tracing to the Old Javanese text. Furthermore, words meaning are compared to present time meaning through Modern Javanese dictionary. In addition, searching Modern Javanese meaning are also using Javanese news on the internet pages. The analysis of this research is to classify Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words meaning that undergo change to Modern Javanese. Its also explained why the change in the word meaning can occur. The result shows that, semantic change of Old Javanese words and Sanskrit loan words to Modern Javanese can be classified into seven types, involving widening, narrowing, shifting, metaphor, metonymy, pejoration, and euphemism. In addition, the result shows that semantic change can occur because of some factors. Psychological factor concerning emotive and taboo, and polysemy. religion spreading, the growth of science and technology, the socio-political development, and the needs of a new name.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2013.160101
A Preliminary Research to Develop A Customized Set of Vocabulary Size Test
Authors: Sumarni Laurentia
Published: April 2022

This is a preliminary research to investigate useful words to function effectively in academic contexts, vocabulary size, the first-year students word list, and the steps to design the customized set of entry-level vocabulary size test. This research was a library research. To find out the ELESP students current vocabulary size, a vocabulary size test designed by Paul Nation was administered. The results show that useful words were (1) high-frequency words containing 2,000 word families, (2) academic words specified in the Academic Word List (Coxhead:2000), (3) technical words, (4) low-frequency words. The result of the administration of Nations Vocabulary Size Test shows that the students scores range between 33 and 96 words, with the mean score of 66. It means that the students vocabulary size ranges between 3,300 and 9,600 word families. The average students vocabulary size was 6,600 word families, which imply that most ELESP students are ready to read texts containing 88.7% word coverage. In order to increase their vocabulary size by 10,000 or more, they need to learn technical words and low-frequency words of a specialized subject area. Using Nations specifications for making the test, some procedures of test design are: Sampling the words for the items, Making the Stem, Writing the choices, The Order of the items in the Test, Piloting, Administering the Test. The decisions on curriculum, materials and teaching strategies should be based on the results of vocabulary size to gain optimum learning outcome.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2014.170103
Polysemy and Semantic Extension of Lexeme �Hot�
Authors: Pasaribu Truly Almendo
Published: April 2022

Polysemy is a well-known fact about language. This study focuses on describing the concept and the extended senses of lexeme hot found in the corpus. The data taken from the corpus show that lexeme hot contains more than one semantic representation. This study aims at finding out the prototypical meaning, the extended senses and the relation between the prototypical meaning and the extended senses. First, the paper discusses the literal meaning of hot from its componential analysis, which will be supported by the Natural Semantic Metalanguage. After elaborating the prototypical meaning of the lexeme hot, this paper elaborates the extended senses of the lexeme and the motivation grounding the various types of these senses. Finally, it analyses the relation of the literal and the extended senses of the word by drawing the semantic networks. This research elaborates 10 extended senses of the word hot found in the corpus. The prototypical meaning of the word indicates a very high degree of temperature. It is a scale used to describe high degree of temperature. The senses of lexeme hot are mostly motivated by metaphoric extension, in which hot is used to describe a scale to measure other things. The relation of the senses enables us to draw the semantic network of the polysemy of lexeme hot.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2014.170107
Violations of Grice`s Maxims in The Prince and the Pauper Movie
Authors: Waget Antonius
Published: April 2022

Proper responses must be provided interlocutors to make onversationproductive and meaningful. However, interlocutors do not always provide properresponses because they do not even know conversation rules. Grice coins 4 maximsas general rules to govern daily conversation. The maxims are Quantity, Quality,Relevance, and Manner. Conversation occurs in the real daily interaction also in artsincluding movies. The Prince and the Pauper movie is one of the media for humandaily conversation. Some parts of the movie contains violations of Grice`s maxims bythe characters. Based on this background, the writer intends to explore violations ofGrices maxims in the movie and analyze the purposes of the violations. To achievethese objectives, the writer formulates two research problems: (1) Which of Grice`smaxims are violated by the addressees in The Prince and the Pauper movie? (2) Forwhat purposes do the addressees violate the maxims? The base of this research is amovie script as document. Thus, the writer uses document analysis as the methodof this research. Grounded on the analysis, the writer finds that the characters, especially Prince, Tom Canty, King, and the Earl of Hertford in the movie dialoguesviolate the four of Grice`s maxims. When failing to provide sufficient information,telling lie to their addressers, providing irrelevant glosses, and failing to be true,brief, univocal, and orderly, they respectively violate maxims of Quantity, Quality,Relevance, and Manner. Moreover, the writer finds that the characters violate themaxims in order to mislead the counterparts, be polite, save face, avoid discussion,and communicate self-interest.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2015.180101
The Effect of Recast on Students� Speaking Skill Based on Their Learning Strategies
Authors: Nurhartanto Adhi
Published: April 2022

Many studies have been conducted to find the effect of recast as a feedback on students. Some studies have also revealed that recast is found to be less effective. This study is aimed to find the effect of recast to students with different learning strategies in an EFL context in Indonesia. The study is conducted using quasi-experimental design. The research instruments include LLSQ questionnaire and speaking test. The results reveal that recast may be effective for students with certain dominance of learning strategies.DOI: http://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2015.180202
Oral and Nasal Vowels in Pontianak Teochew
Authors: Veniranda Yohana
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the study is to analyze the acoustic properties of the oral and nasal vowels, in terms of the values of the formants, the fundamental frequencies, the anti-formants, the intensity, and the bandwidths. The data were recorded and analyzed using the Praat program. The results show that there are changes of the average values of all the properties. The fundamental frequencies of the nasal vowels are all higher than their counterpart oral vowels. The hypothesis is correct for this acoustic property. However, by the test of significance t-test, only the nasal [a?] and diphthong [u?a?] have significantly higher frequencies. The results of the average of intensity show that nasal vowels/ diphthongs may not always have higher intensity than their counterpart oral vowels/ diphthongs.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2015.180204
Students� Perception on Pre-reading Activities in Basic Reading II Class of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University
Authors: Ekaningrum Vindy Cahya , Prabandari Carla Sih
Published: April 2022

The students perception on the teacher instruction shows whether the teaching techniques meet the students need or not. Because of this reason, the researcher wants to find out the varieties of pre-reading activities used by the teacher and the students perception on the implementation of the pre-reading activities. There were two problem formulations in this study: 1) What kinds of pre-reading activities that are used by Basic Reading II teacher in the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University? 2) How is the students perception on pre-reading activities used by the teacher?This research was a survey research. In gathering the data, there were two instruments used in this research. They were interview and questionnaire. The interview was done by interviewing the teacher of Basic Reading II Class. The interview was used to answer the first research question about the varieties of pre-reading activities in Basic Reading II class. Then, the researcher distributed the questionnaire to 56 students of Basic Reading II class. The questionnaire was used to answer the second research question about the students perception on pre-reading activities used by the teacher.The result of this research showed that brainstorming, pre-teaching vocabulary, pre-questioning, visual aids, and KWL strategy were the varieties of pre-reading activities used by the teacher. There were two different implementation of pre-teaching vocabulary. There were also two activities combined together, they were the use of visual aids and KWL strategy. The students had positive perception on the implementation of pre-reading activities in Basic Reading II Class.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2015.180206
A Study on Students� Learning Strategies and Self-efficacy in Speaking I Class in ELESP of Sanata Dharma University
Authors: Lelita Yohana Vita
Published: April 2022

Speaking skill is a skill that is judged first than other skills by someone in many languages. This perspective is the underlying reason why ELESP students are demanded to have good speaking ability. Having a good speaking ability will also give them many other benefits. Based on the researchers personal experiences as the first semester student and experiences of doing micro teaching in Speaking I class, it was found that some ELESP students speaking ability was not good enough. This study aims to find out the language learning strategies ELESP students applied to improve their speaking ability and the use of those strategies in relation to the students self-efficacy by distributing questionnaire and conducting interview.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2016.190106
Fluency or Accuracy - Two Different �Colours� in Writing Assessment
Authors: Listyani Listyani
Published: April 2022

Fluency and accuracy. These two things have victoriously won many teachers attention at tertiary level. In the case of writing, these two remain debatable, and have always attracted many people, both lecturers and students attention. These language production measures have distracted many lecturers concentration: should they be faithful to fluency of ideas, or grammatical and language accuracy in correcting students essays? This paper tries to present the classical yet never-ending dilemmatic conflicts within the area of writing assessment. This debate still remains interesting to follow. Data were gained from close observation on documents, that is, 21 students essays and interviews with 2 students of Academic Writing in Semester II, 2015-2016. Four writing lecturers were also interviewed for their intellectual and critical opinions on these dilemmatic problems in assessing writing. Discussion results of FGD (Forum Group Discussion) involving all writing lecturers at the English Education Study Program at the Faculty of Language and Literature of Satya Wacana Christian University which were held in June, 2016, were also included as source of data. Hopefully, this paper gives a little more colour in the area of writing assessment, and gives a little enlightenment for other writing lecturers.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2016.190201
A Learning Model Design Integrating ESP Course and Service Learning Program to Promote Relevance and Meaningfulness
Authors: Prabandari Carla Sih , Aji Gregorius Punto , Yulia Made Frida
Published: April 2022

Relevance and meaningfulness of the content courses need to beestablished to make learners realize that the knowledge acquired in the clasroomcan be utilized to give contributions to society. This research is aimed at designinga learning model integrating ESP course and Service Learning Program. ESP is asubject designed to enable students to design ESP programs. The integration ofESP and SLP allows students to exercise their skills in designing an ESP program,which is eventually implemented as one of their SLP programs. The currentresearch is targeted to describe what the learning model design integrating ESPCourse and Service Learning Program looks like.DOI:https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2016.1902O2
Incorporating Memes and Instagram to Enhance Student�s Participation
Authors: Purnama Agnes Dian
Published: April 2022

Todays teaching and learning faces more challenges as technology keeps on updating itself. Teachers are expected to adopt as many as possible technology products to promote students engagement in classroom activity. Utilizing technology products may help teachers to decrease students boredom inside classroom since it proposes a new kind of activity. The main purpose is to create an enjoyable teaching and learning environment as well as to trigger students to be creative. By highlighting youths characteristics that tend to be visual and addicted to rapid information, memes and Instagram may be used as one of the strategies to develop an innovative teaching and learning process.DOI:https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2017.200101
Speech Acts and the Different Perspectives on the Meaning of �Very Sorry� in the Letter on Hainan Island Incident
Authors: Sari Christine Permata
Published: April 2022

This study aims to analyze the types of speech acts in the text and to analyze different perspectives on the meaning very sorry between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. The object of the study is a letter of saying sorry from the U.S. Ambassador for China Joseph Prueher to the Foreign Minister of the PRC Tang Jiaxuan on the incident in Hainan Island which caused the death of the Chineses pilot and the custody of the aircraft crew and the surveillance aircraft relating the emergency landing without any prior permission. The researcher employed the speech acts theory proposed by Searle (1979) as cited by Wardhaugh (2006) to analyze speech acts types and to obtain the dominant type and the implication used in the text. The strategies of apology by Cohen and Olshtain (1986) as cited by Zhang (2001) were also employed. This study is descriptive qualitative research. The result showed the biggest percentages of the types were expressive and assertive. The researcher also found the different perspectives on the meaning of very sorry between the US and the PRC which led into misunderstanding influenced by the culture. This research benefits the English language learners to understand the meaning of locutions which they hear and to acknowledge the culture influences society perspectives in understanding the meaning especially for non-English speakers.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2017.200102
SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY IN THE READING MATERIALS OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES LEVELS 1 � 3
Authors: Wijanti Widdy
Published: April 2022

In Indonesia, English is still considered as a foreign language and has become a crucial subject of study especially in the university level. For this reason, English for Academic Purposes has been conducted in the first year of college level for many years. Unfortunately, although many Asian countries including Indonesia have run the EAP course, the output is that there are still many Indonesian students who do not meet the vocabulary size and syntactic complexity that are expected while their learning process in the university. This results lower grades that they have in their assignments. Therefore, the recent study is aimed at evaluating the reading materials of EAP, especially in measuring the syntactic complexity containing in the texts as it is strongly believed in English learning that a good language output comes from a good language input. The data is taken from the collections of reading materials taken from EAP course Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 which are compulsory subjects for students at Sampoerna University in their first 2 years of study. The data then is processed using the Syntactic Complexity Analyzer (Ai Lu, 2013). The findings showed that the reading materials of EAP course Level 3 text is mainly suggested to be reviewed and revised in order to fulfill the five categories of syntactic complexity, i.e. the length of production unit, the sentence complexity, the subordination, the coordination, and the particular structure.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2017.200204
TEACHERS� AND STUDENTS� PERCEPTION ON THE FREQUENT TEST: VOCABULARY COURSE
Authors: Wahyuningtyas Elizabeth Wulan , Wulandari Fransiska Selvy
Published: April 2022

Through frequent test, students have higher self-motivation to understand every material in order to make them prepared in attending frequent test. This paper aims to see the teachers and students perceptions on frequent test. In addition, as the further finding, the writers will focus on the benefits of frequent test. The paper is an observation paper that focused on students and teachers perception through frequent test, and its benefits. The finding shows that both of the teachers and students show the positive perspective toward frequent test. Thus, frequent test is beneficial to both, the teachers and the students in learning process, even though there are also the negative effects.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2017.200208
MATERIALS AND (LANGUAGE) LEARNING ENVIRONMENT BASED ON MONTESSORI CONCEPTS
Authors: Kristiyani Christina
Published: April 2022

Montessori Education is widely spread in almost all countries in the world. Even though this school is meant for all kinds of learners including normal learners, the Montessori education concepts used in Montessori schools will be very supportive education for children with special needs. Therefore, the schools which adopt Montessori education concepts can facilitate inclusion, especially with the concepts of I can do it myself. Inclusive education needs to be carefully prepared and implemented by schools. The movement brings about some challenges for teachers. This paper explores the environment and materials based on Montessori education concepts. The environment and materials are suitable for all types of learners and thus can be an option to be implemented in the inclusive education setting. Teaching materials rooted in Montessori education concepts indeed cater all ages and embrace the needs of all students.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210105
LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT LITERACY DEVELOPMENT: A STUDENT-TEACHER�S EXPERIENCES IN TEACHING PRACTICE PROGRAM
Authors: Prasetyo Agustinus Hardi
Published: April 2022

The development of a student-teachers language assessment literacy was viewed through her experiences in conducting teaching practice in one of the senior high schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. An interview was conducted to explore the experiences taking place in the teaching-practice in relation to the language assessment literacy development. It was found out that the experiences were understood as mostly dealing with administrative tasks and there is a need of more knowledge in administrative matter in teaching and assessment. From the results of the study it was obvious that further studies need to be conducted to explore the role of teaching-practice in the development of student-teaching language assessment literacy. More participants and multiple data collection methods in a longitudinal study are needed to help student-teachers to be more assessment literate, which in turn helps them to be better teachers.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210209
SWEAR WORDS IN BAD BOYS II: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Kristiano Johan Tobias , Ardi Priyatno
Published: April 2022

English movies have become a medium for the global spread of English swear words. However, not all people from non-English speaking countries know and understand the literal meanings of these words. This qualitative research aims to figure out the semantic referents of swear words in the film Bad Boys II. Content analysis was employed as its method. The results of this study show that nine semantic referents of swear words were used in the movie, namely sexual references, profane or blasphemous, scatological and disgusting objects, animal names, ethnic-racial-gender slurs, psychological-physical-social deviations, ancestral allusions, substandard vulgar terms, and offensive slang. Thus, Bad Boys II has a vast variety of swear words.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210208
THE ROLE OF LOCAL CULTURE IN ENGLISH SPEAKING CLASSES
Authors: Saraswati Girindra , Hartoyo Hartoyo , Fadwati Amida
Published: April 2022

This paper aims at finding out a model or a concrete picture of the role of local culture in intercultural communication teaching embedded in English speaking classes. Specifically, this paper studied the first-year-students studying speaking in English Department of Universitas Negeri Semarang and lecturers lecturing speaking lesson in the same university. The study design, method, and approach implemented in this study, respectively, were case study, qualitative, and interdisciplinary. In addition, data were collected through observation, interview, and documentation study, and were validated by using triangulation technique. The collected data were analyzed using interactive model, comprising data reduction, data presentation, and verification. Results showed that the knowledge of culture, both native and foreign one, was embedded in teaching speaking classes of first-year-students in Universitas Negeri Semarang. The local culture itself served as benchmark and departing point of teaching intercultural communication to students. By acting as a benchmark, local culture gave students a standard of what considered acceptable and not acceptable both in native and foreign culture. While as a departing point, local culture served as the initial knowledge of students before getting to understand the concept of international communication further. For teaching speaking in general, local culture which was used as a ground to introduce intercultural communication would be beneficial for teachers to teach polite oral English communication which was acceptable for speakers coming from various nations.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210207
PAIRED ORAL TESTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Prasetyo Hardi
Published: April 2022

This paper reviews the studies on paired oral tests in the last ten years (2007-2017). Using the search facilities in Iowa State Universitys library, nine articles from some journals in the field of applied linguistics were chosen based on the inclusion criteria. Those journals are Language Testing, Language Assessment Quarterly, Applied Linguistics, and Procedia Social and Behavioral Science. Three reasons why paired oral tests are better than interview test or individual format test are then discussed. Those are promoting and improving students interactional competence, creating students co-constructed discourse, and providing insights for better scale development and rater training. Paired oral tests provide opportunities for students to interact with peers in the tests, enable them to practice and improve their interactional competence. Paired oral tests also enable students to co-construct their discourse, even though there is an issue of grading the scores individually or collaboratively. The last is, more information about students and raters perception were gained that helps improve the rating scale and inform rater training. This paper is concluded with the call for more studies on paired oral tests to provide more insights into this complex process of creating co-constructed discourse and how to validly and reliably test both its process and product.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.Suppl2110
OBAMA�S REMARKS ON TRAYVON MARTIN�S DEATH SEEN FROM CDA VIEWPOINTS: AN EXAMPLE OF AUTHENTIC ACADEMIC WRITING MATERIAL
Authors: Listyani Listyani
Published: April 2022

Racism and all its problems like injustice, inequality, discrimination, and so on, have become an interestingly never-ending topic to be discussed along the history. Even in America, a country which is so rich with its fighters of racial discrimination and injustice, this problem still occurs here and there. No matter how hard these heroes speak up their voices, this problem remains unsolved, or, at least, not entirely solved. One event, for example, happened on February 26, 2012in Sanford, Florida, the United States of America. The victim was a young man named Trayvon Martin; an Afro-American high school student. George Zimmerman shot this seventeen-year-old teenager, which led to death. Zimmerman was a 28-year-old Hispanic American man. At that time, he worked as a watchman coordinator in the neighborhood. Martin temporarily stayed there. Obama, who was then the President of the United States, made a speech on Martins death. This paper analyzes Barack Obamas speech from Discourse Analysis viewpoints, as well as the ideological and cultural discourse contained in the speech. In the text analysis, some significant aspects are discussed based on my understanding of SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics), that is, the aspects of connections, like mode, tenor, and field. Another central issue to be discussed in this paper is the ideological and cultural aspects of Obamas remarks upon Trayvon Martins death. This speech can be a very good example of how an argumentative writing appeals so many people and makes them sympathize with the victim of the shooting. Through this paper, I hope that my own understanding of discourse analysis will be deepened, and readers will also gain some new horizon and knowledge of discourse study in general, including the cultural and ideological analysis of the text under study. I also hope that more convincing speeches of the authentic world like this one can benefit students of Academic Writing.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.Suppl2101
EFL CLASSROOM AND LEARNER�S PERCEPTION ON DIRECT TRANSMISSION SCAFFOLDING
Authors: Purnomo Averina , Yuyun Ignasia
Published: April 2022

This study explored the learners perception on the use of direct transmission and scaffolding in the EFL classroom through a semi-structured interview. In this study, the constructivist view was narrowed to scaffolding. The method used by the higher education in Indonesia was still dominated by the situation where the lecturer acted as the knowledge provider. However, some lecturers have let go of the control in the classroom and give the opportunity for the learners to explore more. In this situation, the lecturers job is to assist the students and provide help (scaffold) if it is necessary. This study also employed a pre-test and post-test as a part of triangulation data to see the result from another perspective. The findings showed that the learners claimed in understanding and remembering the lesson more in scaffolding. However, the test showed that the learners score improved more in direct transmission.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2019.220110
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING: PROMOTING EFL LEARNERS� WRITING SKILLS
Authors: Aghayani Behnam , Hajmohammadi Elmira
Published: April 2022

The present study sought to investigate the effect of project-based learning on EFL learners writing skill. To reach this goal, from the population of 70 EFL learners taking EFL courses at a language institute in Iran, two homogenous groups, consisting of 28 males, were selected based on the random sampling method. While the control group with 14 learners was taught through traditional method, the experimental group consisting of 14 learners received instruction using project-based learning designed by Maftoon, Birjandi, and Ahmadi (2013). A pre-test was administered to both groups prior to the treatment. Then, after the treatment, which was lasted for ten sessions and held during two months, the learners in both group were required to write on the new topic in which it was regarded as the writing post-test. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that project-based learning had significant effect on the learners writing ability. Moreover, the findings showed that project-based learning approach does aid learners to enhance and promote their writing ability in a collaborative environment.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2019.220108
IMPROVING EFL LEARNERS� SPEAKING PROFICIENCY THROUGH INSTAGRAM VLOG
Authors: Wulandari Mega
Published: April 2022

This research investigated whether Instagram Vlog contributed to the improvement of EFLs speaking ability. It also examined learners perceptions on the integration of Instagram Vlog in a speaking class. There were 28 participants involved in this research. To determine the impact of the Instagram Vlog on EFL learners speaking ability, pre- and post-tests were administered to measure the improvement. The results indicated that the implementation of Instagram Vlog into a basic-level speaking class improved the learners speaking proficiency in terms of pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, syntax, and general use of the target language. The analysis of the questionnaire demonstrated that the utilization of Instagram vlog contributed to EFL learners speaking skill on enhancing fluency, acquiring vocabulary items, and boosting confidence and motivation.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2019.220111
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS� WRITING SKILLS: FOCUS ON GRAMMATICAL AND DISCOURSE COMPETENCE
Authors: Hadiani Dini
Published: April 2022

This paper presents an analysis of the students writing skills. It is believed that writing is a powerful device to reflect language structure and to promote language learning. However, many students still experience difficulties in writing since it requires the appropriate grammatical and textual structures. Therefore, this study tries to analyse the students writing skills that will help them to improve their communicative competence. Data were obtained through documentation of students texts and interviews. The theories of Systemic Functional Linguistics, explanation text, and communicative competence were employed as the framework of the text analysis. The findings revealed the social function, the generic structure, the linguistic features, and also the grammatical and discourse competence in students explanation texts. It was concluded that the students perceived the importance of the use of correct grammar and textual structure in their writing. Regarding some grammatical mistakes in students explanation texts, it is recommended that teacher give explicit teaching and more exercises to them so that the students communicative competence can be developed.DOI: 10.24071/llt.2019.220206
THE IMPACT OF PLEASE STRATEGY ON DEVELOPING PARAGRAPH WRITING SKILLS
Authors: Al-zu'bi Mohammad , AL Kayed Murad
Published: April 2022

This study aimed at investigating the effect of PLEASE (Pick, List, Evaluate, Activate, Supply, and End) strategy on developing paragraph writing skills of first-year students at Al-Balqa Applied University. It attempted to investigate the effect of PLEASE on paragraph writing achievement, compared to conventional method. Eighty-one EFL learners participated in the study at Ajloun College and were distributed on experimental and control groups. To fulfil the purpose of the study, the researchers applied pre- and post-test on both groups. After analysing the obtained data, the results indicated that PLEASE strategy affected paragraph writing positively. The study suggested several implications and recommendations for the future research.DOI: 10.24071/llt.2019.220211
THE IMPACT OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS ON TEACHING LISTENING AMONG IRANIAN PRE-INTERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS
Authors: Namaziandost Ehsan , Nasri Mehdi
Published: April 2022

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of audio-visual aids on teaching listening among Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners. In order to fulfill the objectives of the study, the researcher selected 40 homogeneous pre-intermediate students and divided them into two equal groups. The two groups were the experimental groups (n=20) and a control groups (n=20). Then a listening comprehension pre-test was administered to assess the participants' listening comprehension at the beginning of the course. After the pre-test, the researcher practiced the treatment on the experimental groups. During the treatment sessions, The EG was taught by using authentic video, while the CG used audio Compact Disc (CD) as the teaching aid most often used by ESL teachers in teaching listening. After the treatment which took 15 sessions, the researcher administered a post-test to find out the effect of audio-visual aids on teaching listening. When the data were collected, Independent and Paired Samples T-tests were run to analyze them. The results showed that the EG students taught by using authentic video achieved higher results in listening than the CG ones taught by audio compact disc (CD). The implications of the study suggest that using audio-visual aids can help EFL learners to develop their listening comprehension.DOI: 10.24071/llt.2019.220209
THE STUDENTS� PERCEPTIONS ON A TEST OF ENGLISH PROFICIENCY AS GRADUATION REQUIREMENT
Authors: Rohman Kacung Arif
Published: April 2022

TEP, Test of English Proficiency, is a type of English test which is held regularly by Language Center (LC) of Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati (UGJ) Cirebon based on the Rectors decree as policy. It becomes one of the requirements for the students who are going to graduate from higher education. This research intends to 1) explore the students perception on a Test of English Proficiency and 2) find out about how is the implementation of TEP. The writers conducted a case study with 288 students as the respondents. They come from different majors and faculties. There are four techniques of collecting data: 1) interviews, 2) observation, 3) questionnaires, and 4) documents. To get the valid data, the writers used triangulation of sources to cross check and compare data. An interactive model (data collection, data display, data reduction, and conclusion) is used to analyze data. The research findings reveal that the students perceptions on TEP can be classified into three aspects: TEP activity, test instrument, and preparation while the implementation of TEP such as a registration system, information system, proctoring, and facilities get satisfactory responses from the students.DOI: 10.24071/llt.2019.220204
VARIATIONS AND INSERTIONS OF SCHWA: EARLY TEENAGE L2 LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
Authors: Agor John Tetteh
Published: April 2022

This study examines variations and insertions of schwa observed in the speech of 200 early teenage pre-intermediate second-language learners of English. The respondents were final-year students of a junior high school located in an urban setting in Ghana, a multilingual post-colonial African country south of the Sahara. The respondents read aloud sections of familiar texts they themselves chose. The reading sessions and subsequent oral interaction sessions were video-taped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed. The respondents articulation of schwa as captured in the recordings was compared with corresponding forms in the Ghanaian school variety of English. This variety served as the reference point for the comparisons made. Variations recognised were categorised and described focusing on their plausible sources. The findings indicate that all the unpredictable variants of schwa observed in their speech are traceable to their mother tongues. This has implications for second language theory, second language research, and second language pedagogy.Corresponding author:John Tetteh AgorDOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230101
EFFECTS OF AN ARABIC ACCENT ON EFL LEARNERS' PRODUCTIVE INTELLIGIBILITY
Authors: Nazari Ahmad , Younus Majid
Published: April 2022

This study aimed at investigating the effects of a foreign accent, namely the Iraqi Arabic accent, at the segmental level on the productive intelligibility of Iraqi EFL learners. Drawing on an intelligibility pronunciation principle, i.e. Gimsons (2001) Minimum General Intelligibility (MGI), the study applied a mixed-methods research approach to measure the extent to which features of this accent impede the productive intelligibility of these learners and to identify the communication strategies they use to overcome intelligibility failures. To achieve these aims, two data collection tools were used: a production intelligibility test and a speaking task. Although the overall quantitative findings revealed that Iraqi EFL learners foreign-accented English was intelligible at the segmental level, most intelligibility failures were ascribed to the mispronunciation of non-existent English phonemes. The qualitative aspect of the study aimed at identifying the communication strategies Iraqi EFL learners use to overcome these intelligibility failures. In this respect, several strategies were identified, namely the let-it-pass strategy, the replacement strategy, the repetition strategy and the time gaining strategy. The article concludes with the implications and applications of the findings.Corresponding author: Ahmad NazariDOI:: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230201
STUDENTS� MOTIVATION TOWARDS GLOBAL ASSESSMENT CERTIFICATE CURRICULUM: A SURVEY STUDY
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Farani Rizki
Published: April 2022

This paper aims to identify motivation of students to learn English as Foreign Language for Global Assessment Certificate (GAC) curriculum in international private high school in Yogyakarta. There were 46 GAC students from grade X, XI and XII involved in this study. The level of motivation was measured by using Attitude/ Motivation Test Battery (AMTB), consists of 5 domains, desire to learn English, attitudes toward learning English, the interest in foreign language, language class anxiety and language use anxiety. The results show that the motivation of the students to learn English as EFL was at high and moderate level. The students are able to speak English well but they need improvement on self-confidence in English. The survey implies that students well perceived English as an important means for their carrier prospects and way to enhance their knowledge.
USING PICTURE- ASSISTED LEXICAL INPUT APPROACH TO TEACH VOCABULARY TO THE POST-LINGUAL DEAF STUDENTS
Authors: Soe'oed Rahmat , Ping Maria Teodora , Thamrin Abdul Rais
Published: April 2022

English has been one of the compulsory subjects for special schools in Indonesia. However, there have been a rather limited number of studies conducted regarding the teaching of English under the framework of Special Education. Responding to this gap, this current study aimed at investigating whether a particular language teaching approach called Lexical Input Approach assisted by series of pictures could provide a desirable effect on post-lingual deaf students vocabulary mastery. This research employed a pre-experimental Single Subject with a multiple base (A-B-A-B) design. The sample included three 8th grade Junior High School students with the similarity of ages and hearing-loss history. The primary data in this study were taken by using assessments and analyzed statistically by calculating the Percentage of Data Points Exceeding the Median (PEM). The findings indicated that there was an improvement in the students vocabulary scores after the treatments (from 41/ novice advanced category to 46 and 51/ novice high category). Thus, it could be concluded that using Picture-Assisted Lexical Input Approach was effective to improve English vocabulary mastery for post-lingual deaf students.