bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO PATTERN‐REVERSAL STIMULATION IN PATIENTS WITH AMBLYOPIA AND/OR DEFECTIVE BINOCULAR FUNCTIONS
Authors: WANGER PETER , NILSSON BENGT YNGVE
Published: May 2009

The visual evoked responses to monocular and binocular pattern‐reversal stimulation were recorded in ten normal subjects and in ten cases with amblyopia and/or defective binocular functions. Seven of the ten patients showed a considerable amplitude asymmetry to monocular stimulation or lack of normal increase of amplitude to binocular stimulation. Two patients displayed prolonged latency on stimulation of the amblyopic eye.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructure of the retinal pigment epithelium of the Cynomolgus monkey is described. Particular interest is focused on the morphological basis for the functions of the pigment epithelium as part of the blood‐retina barrier, as a metabolically active cell layer and as a participant in photoreceptor outer segment renewal.
ALTITUDINAL FIELD DEFECTS AND RETINAL NERVE FIBRE DEGENERATION IN OPTIC NERVE LESIONS
Authors: ENOKSSON PAUL , JOHANSSON JAN‐OLOF
Published: May 2009

Altitudinal visual field defects in five cases with optic nerve lesions due to optic glioma, compression, and trauma are correlated to retinal nerve fibre degeneration, recorded with ophthalmoscopy and photography in red‐free light. In one case the optic nerve was damaged at operation. Repeated fundus photography was used to record the evolution of descending optic atrophy.

The results suggest that the findings in funduscopic examination of the retinal nerve fibre layer should be cautiously judged and the method cannot replace careful perimetry in cooperative patients.
TUMOURS OF THE ORBIT DIAGNOSED BY FINE NEEDLE BIOPSY
Authors: WESTMAN‐NAESER SIGHILD , NAESER PETER
Published: May 2009

Fine needle aspiration biopsies were used for the diagnosis of orbital tumours. Examples of benign and malignant primary and metastatic orbital neoplasms, as well as inflammatory lesions diagnosed in this way are described. The method has proved of great value. This was specially true for processes located posteriorly in the orbit. The necessity for close cooperation between the ophthalmological and clinical cytological departments is emphasized.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE DEEP LAYER OF THE LENS CAPSULE IN FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS (FEC), SO‐CALLED SENILE EXFOLIATION OR PSEUDOEXFOLIATION A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

The epithelial surface of the lens capsule and the capsular surface of the epithelium have been studied in six cataractous lenses from persons with fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (FEC) or so‐called senile exfoliation or pseudoexfoliation by scanning electron microscopy. Five of the lenses came from eyes with capsular glaucoma. Three senile cataractous lenses have been used as controls and two of the control lenses came from eyes with simple glaucoma.

The investigation revealed round discoid plaques closely adherent to the capsule. The plaque surfaces had numerous smooth tentacle‐like projections and matching pits in the underlying epithelium. These plaques were only found in FEC lenses and corresponded both in size and location to the structure known as the deep or amorphous layer of the lens capsule. The findings indicate that the epithelial cells are the source of origin.
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE IRIS
Authors: ALGVERE P. , KORNACKI B.
Published: May 2009

Fluorescein angiography of the iris using filters that eliminated pseudo‐fluorescence was performed. In 10 of 40 non‐diabetic healthy eyes, a fine‐grained leakage of dye occurred from capillaries of the pupillary margin (PML).

In 87 of 94 diabetic eyes with or without retinopathy a PML was present. The vascular changes of the iris were compared with those of the retina as disclosed by fundus fluorescein angiography. In 14 of 18 eyes without retinopathy PML was observed. In 25 of 28 eyes with non‐proliferative retinopathy there was a PML, 12 of those in addition showed extravasation to the iris stroma.

All 48 eyes with proliferative retinopathy showed PML. In addition, 19 of these had extravasation to the iris stroma and 26 iris neovascularization. When iris neovascularization is present, large fibrovascular proliferations are usually found in the vitreous space, often associated with recurrent vitreous haemorrhages or retinal detachment.

Iris angiograhy yields valuable information on the vitreo‐retinal diabetic sequelae and is useful for selection of such eyes for vitrectomy.
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN FUNDUS FLAVIMACULATUS AND STARGARDTS DISEASE
Authors: ANMARKRUD NILS
Published: May 2009

Three siblings who had fundus flavimaculatus and two patients who had Stargardts disease were studied by means of fundus fluorescein angiography. The angiograms revealed in all cases an abolished visibility of the chorioidal circulation. New flecks are usually non‐fluorescent. Later on, hyperfluorescent areas are seen at identical places both in the pre‐retinal and retinal phases, strongly indicating a window effect of the retinal layer. The missing chorioidal flush is probably due to a blocking effect of the emitting and exciting light. Some of the retinal flecks may fade away, leaving corresponding areas of hyperfluorescence that usually persist. In some cases, however, a previous fluorescent area may become non‐fluorescent. The similar angiographic picture may indicate that fundus flavimaculatus and Stargardts disease are different expressions of the same disease.
RETINAL DAMAGE EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED BY MICROWAVE RADIATION AT 55 mW/cm2
Authors: PAULSSON L.‐E. , HAMNERIUSO Y. , HANSSON H.‐A. , SJÖSTRAND J.
Published: May 2009

The action of 550 W/m2 (mean) 3100 MHz pulsed radiation on the rabbit retina in vivo was investigated by fundus photography, blood‐retinal barrier tracers, light and electron microscopy, either after a single 1–1.5 h exposure or after a series of repeated 1 h exposures for up to 53 h during about 100 days.

The electron microscopic investigation of the repeatedly exposed retinas revealed degenerative changes in the retinal neurons. The neurons appeared depleted of their cytoplasmic constituents and often contained phago‐lysosomal structures with myelin bodies. There were many degenerating synaptic boutons. The glial cells displayed reactive changes. These ultrastructural changes could not be demonstrated by the other methods used. A single microwave exposure, followed by an induced 70–100% blood‐pressure increase, did not enhance blood‐retina barrier permeability to tracers. There was no evidence of blood brain barrier leakage. These studies show that the rabbit eye can be affected by microwave radiation at intensities lower than previously reported.
CORNEAL ASTIGMATISM AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION: A Comparison of Corneal and Corneoscleral Incisions
Authors: THYGESEN JOHN , REERSTED PER , FLEDELIUS HANS , CORYDON LEIF
Published: May 2009

Corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery by way of corneal incision (C, n = 62) and corneo‐scleral incision (CS, n = 61) was followed for six months. Corneal incisions were closed by continuous nylon 10–0 (7–25 loops, median 14). Corneo‐scleral incisions were sutured with single knots (2–10, median value 5).

Keratometric results in the C and CS groups are compared. Concerning the degree of astigmatism, pre‐operative median values were 0.5 and 0.7 D, respectively. After one week they were 4.5 and 3.0 D; after two weeks 3.3 and 3.0 D; after four months 3.0 and 2.0 D; after six months (final status) 1.5 and 1.7 D, respectively. The differences between C and CS were not significant. For both, astigmatism after cataract surgery did not quite return to pre‐operative levels.

Concerning the axis (weaker meridian) of corneal astigmatism, the C cases retained their pre‐operative distribution, while the CS cases showed the classical shift towards against‐rule astigmatism.

Final corrected visual acuity was of the same order in the C and CS group.

Due to frequent shifts, also of the axis, it is recommended by early (preliminary) glass prescription not to correct the astigmatism, but to give only the best spherical correction.
THE COLOUR RECEPTORS IN AMBLYOPIA INVESTIGATED BY SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE PERIMETRY
Authors: HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

With a method combining static colour perimetry and the two‐colour threshold technique of Stiles, characteristic sensitivities of the cone mechanisms have been studied in amblyopic and non‐amblyopic eyes.

For the red and green cone mechanisms, a central depression of sensitivity was found in the amblyopic eye; the depression was more pronounced the higher the degree of amblyopia. For the blue cone mechanism no significant difference was found between the amblyopic and non‐amblyopic eye, except at the fixation point where the mean threshold sensitivity was significantly higher in the amblyopic eye than in the leading eye.

By registration of blue receptor curves, a distinct age factor was observed. In the younger patients (aged 10–16) the sensitivity level at peripheral positions for both the amblyopic and the non‐amblyopic eye was significantly higher than in the older patients (aged 39–50). This difference is evidently due to the higher absorption of blue light in the ocular media in older patients.

In our cases with eccentric fixation, the true fovea represents the relatively best sensitivity of the red as well as of the green cone mechanism.
SLIDING OF EPITHELIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL CORNEAL WOUNDS
Authors: BREWITT HORST
Published: May 2009

The morphological changes in the rabbit cornea due to a linear wound and a central keratectomy and its reepithelization were examined under the scanning electron microscope. After the rounding off and retraction of the edges of the wound, during the first 6 h, the stroma was infiltrated by leucocytes. First of all the superficial epithelial cells migrated over the edges of the wound to protect the exposed cleft in the tissue. After 15 h the basal epithelial cells sent pseudopodia‐like processes of varying lengths into the wound area. The migrating cells were mainly flat. During this phase the primary migration of the basal epithelial cells was followed by subsequent cell layers. In the migration, three types of cells can be distinguished: 1. very flat cells with smooth edges without microprojections, which adapt their shape to the clefts in the damaged stroma, 2. flat cells with considerably folded plasma membrane on the cell surface giving a coral‐like appearence, 3. cells with voluminous cytoplasmic processes. The rapidly sliding epithelium covered the defect with star shaped growths so that after only 48 h a nearly complete closure of the wound was achieved. After 96 h the deep wound was completely covered by epithelium. The epithelial cells did not yet possess their original surface structure in that they had demonstrably fewer microvilli and microplicae than normal. Only after five days at the earliest could the normal surface relief be seen. The surface cells were predominant in the first stage of the healing process and the basal cells only in the second stage.
CHORIORETINITIS OF THE NEWBORN WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1
Authors: REERSTED PER , HANSEN BENTE
Published: May 2009

A disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection involving the central nervous system and accompanied by chorioretinitis in a 3–week‐old girl is described. The aetiologic diagnosis was established on the basis of virus isolated from skin vesicles, and a significant rise in complement fixing antibodies to HSV type 1.

The mode of transmission of the virus to the infant apparently was direct contact with an oral lesion in the mother, that was present at the time of delivery. The patient survived but became blind and microcephalic, with severe neurological sequelae.

The virus isolated was identified as HSV type 1, which is an infrequent finding in herpetic chorioretinitis of the newborn.
TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA TREATED AMBULATORY AND WITHOUT ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS
Authors: SJøLIE A. K. , MORTENSEN K. KAMP
Published: May 2009

Forty‐four patients referred consecutively over a period of one year for treatment of traumatic hyphaema have been treated ambulatory and with no drugs.

Four patients developed secondary haemorrhage; three regained normal visual acuity.

The frequency of secondary haemorrhage is not statistically different from that in two previously published patient groups treated with bed rest and with tranexamic acid, respectively.
REFRACTIVE ERRORS AND OTHER OCULAR FINDINGS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: LAATIKAINEN L. , ERKKILÄ H.
Published: May 2009

A series consisting of 411 non‐selected school children, 7 to 15 years of age, was examined. Decreased visual acuity (less than 0.8 in one or both eyes without correction) was found in 55 children (13.4%), the frequency increasing from 3.7% to 29.1% with age. The frequency of hyperopic eyes (+2.0 D. or more) decreased from 19.1% to 3.6% and the frequency of myopic eyes (‐0.5 D. or more) increased from 1.9% to 21.8% with age. Altogether, myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism (1 D. or more) in one or both eyes was found in 93 children (22.6%).

Manifest strabismus was found in 19 children (4.6%), and heterophoria (8 prism dioptres or more for near or distance) in 28 cases (6.8%), increasing significantly with age, from 1.2 to 13.6%. Amblyopia (visual acuity 0.6 or less) due to strabismus or refractive errors was found in 5 cases. Subnormal vision due to congenital nystagmus, unilateral macular scar, congenital rubella retinopathy and unilateral Coats' disease was diagnosed with one case of each. Signs of external inflammatory disease were seen in 13 cases.

In this series the annual need for ophthalmological consultation increased from 5% at the age of 7–8, to 30% of the children aged 14–15, if follow‐up examinations and visits for the prescribing of glasses were included.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY IN DONOR CORNEAS
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

In 68 pairs of donor corneas the endothelial cells were visualized by provoked swelling of the cell borders in isotonic saline. In corneas from donors below 50 years of age numerical cell density was correlated to age. This was not the case in corneas from older donors. The cell densities in paired corneas were correlated. The cell density in the second cornea of a pair was found to be within x̄ ± 10.97% (± 1.98sd) of the first cornea. The precision of this estimate could only be improved insignificantly by correction for age, sex, mean cell density or variation of the mean.
SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE FUNDUS TYPICAL FOR THE SJÖGREN‐LARSSON SYNDROME
Authors: JAGELL S. , POLLAND W. , SANDGREN O.
Published: May 2009

All Swedish cases with the Sjögren‐Larsson syndrome (SLS) i.e. 35 patients were studied. Glistening dots of unknown nature were seen round the foveola. These foveal and parafoveal changes seem to be a cardinal sign of SLS together with congenital ichthyosis, spastic di/tetraplegia and mental deficiency.
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN DIABETIC CHILDREN
Authors: STARUP KIRSTEN , LARSEN HANS‐WALTHER , ENK BERNHARD , VESTERMARK SVEIN
Published: May 2009

In 63 diabetic children, aged 10–14 years, with normal ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography revealed slight diabetic retinopathy in maximally three, aged 12–14 years. These findings are discussed in relation to the controversial results published in a few other fluorescein angiographic studies on diabetic children.

It is concluded that normal ophthalmoscopy does not exclude the presence of diabetic retinopathy and that fluorescein angiography is a valuable method in the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.
OPHTHALMIC CHANGES FROM AGE OF 10 TO 18 YEARS
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS C.
Published: May 2009

A report is given on refractive change (Δ R) from age of 10 to 18 years. The 1979 follow‐up comprises 137 persons who had earlier (around 1970) participated in a larger investigation into ophthalmic sequels to a low birth weight (n = 539).

In general (127 out of 137), there is a shift towards lower dioptric values (increase in refraction). Seven remained static while three showed a slight decrease in refraction (0.25–0.5 D).

Adult emme‐ and hypermetropia show a median Δ R about 0.7 D (increase) during adolescence, against median values of 1.7 and 2.5 D in juvenile myopia, of ex‐prematures and full‐terms respectively. With a median Δ R of 1.2 D, ‘myopia of prematurity’ occupies an intermediate position (21 eyes of 13 subjects). Except for this subgroup, there is no evidence that low birth weight has influenced refractive distribution.

With a (planned) skewing towards myopia, the 1979‐sample cannot be considered epidemiologically representative, as was the original 1970‐material. Concerning the latter, the 18‐year incidence of myopia is given as 17.6% for ex‐prematures and 13.1% for fullterms (minimum figures, based on school medical records).
HEREDITARY DISEASES OF THE EYE IN A STUDY OF BLIND AND PARTIALLY SIGHTED
Authors: ODLAND MAGNUS
Published: May 2009

This study is based on an investigation of all blind and partially sighted persons living in the county of Hordaland, Norway with a population of 379 734. It was found that 1441 were visually impaired with a vision of 6/18 or less or 0.38% of the total population. There was a high frequency of hereditary diseases (29.6%). 336 had other family members with the same type of eye diseases, and 492 had someone in the family with an eye disease which differed from the one they had themselves. Blood relation between parents was found in 139 cases. Many large families with hereditary diseases, of which some are quite rarly seen, were discovered.
TESTING FOR HYPERMETROPIA IN THE SCHOOL VISION SCREENING PROGRAMME
Authors: KÖHLER LENNART , STIGMAR GÖRAN
Published: May 2009

The need and accuracy of a hypermetropia test, recommended as a screening test in Swedish schools, was evaluated in a series of 118 8‐year‐old children not wearing glasses. The distant visual acuity was determined without correction and with plus spheres of two different strengths, +1.5 D and +2.0 D respectively. When compared to the objective refraction and with an arbitrary limit of hypermetropia of +2.5 diopters, it could be shown that neither of the hypermetropia tests fulfilled the criteria of an adequate screening test. Except for two children all hypermetropics beyond +3.0 were previously known. The reading skills of the children were estimated by their teachers. No correlation was found between the degree of hypermetropia and reading difficulties. The results indicate that the hypermetropia test could be omitted from the regular vision tests of schoolchildren, at least in areas covered with an efficient pre‐school vision screening.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF A RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: BRODWALL JON
Published: May 2009

A case of bilateral retinoblastoma is reported. The eye most affected was removed and the diagnosis was histologically verified. In the remaining eye, which was left untreated, the tumour has regressed spontaneously. The retinal characteristics have not changed throughout 44 years of observation.
SAMPLING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTITATIVE MORPHOMETRY OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The mean endothelial cell area was estimated from specular photomicrographs of 6 normal and 8 low cell density corneas employing two different sampling procedures: that of a fixed and that of a variable frame analysis. Attention is drawn to the fact that these two methods differ with respect to their sampling rules: with the fixed frame method, which cells to include in the sample are defined by the frames, while the variable frame does not employ any sampling rules other than, perhaps, to include as many cells as possible. The sampling corresponding to a variable frame method is shown to result in an underestimation of the true mean cell area especially for small samples. This result is attributed to the fact that when no fixed frame defines the sampling area, the effective sampling area becomes that of within a given area, whereby large cells have a higher probability of being excluded from the sample than small cells. A correct estimate of the mean cell area could be obtained when the sampling was that of a fixed (rectangular) frame properly corrected for the edge effect.
ASYMMETRIC CUPPING AS A CONGENITAL ANOMALY IN OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: ODBERG TOR
Published: May 2009

Obvious asymmetry of the cup‐disc ratio in the 2 eyes of an individual is regarded as a strong sign of glaucoma, which is useful in the early diagnosis. However, the size of the cup is proportional to the size of the disc, and consequently unequal discs will have unequal cup‐disc ratios. Three cases of ocular hypertension are presented to show an asymmetric cupping which in all probability is due to a congenital asymmetry of the discs, and not caused by glaucomatous damage. This possibility must be considered when evaluating patients with ocular hypertension.
CONGENITAL MACULAR “COLOBOMA” AND RETINAL APLASIA: a sibship of two males*
Authors: PHILLIPS CALBERT I. , STOKOE N. LESLIE , NEWTON MARJORIE
Published: May 2009

Two brothers of non‐consanguineous parents are described with bilateral macular colobomata and retinal aplasia. One other brother, two sisters and both parents are normal and no other member of the known family has defective vision from this cause. For this family the probability that autosomal recessive genes are responsible is 83 % while the possibility in favour of an X linked recessive gene is 17%. After the birth of the first blind child, no genetic counselling was requested or offered. The tragedy of a second affected child was completely unexpected by the parents. Recessive genes, autosomal if a female is involved, and also X linked if only male(s) are affected, should be specifically considered as a possible cause in any very rare or unknown bilaterally symmetrical eye disease even in the absence of consanguinity of parents.
A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLED RATE CORNEAL FREEZING II
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

A corneal freezer without electrical or mechanical function is described. Cooling is achieved by partial immersion of the freezing unit in liquid nitrogen. The cooling rate is controlled by the heat content in the unit and the facility for heat removal from the unit. Corneas are frozen in aluminum vials. Corneas are thawed in less than 30 sec without risk of over heating, when the vials are placed on the metal core of another freezing unit at room temperature.
CONJUNCTIVAL AND CONTACT LENS BACTERIAL FLORA DURING CONTINUOUS ‘BANDAGE’ LENS WEAR
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The conjunctival and contact lens bacterial flora in a group of 63 patients continuously wearing hydrophilic lenses for therapeutic reasons are reported. Thirty‐three patients received topical antibiotics both before and during lens wear. There were no significant differences between the flora on the conjunctiva and on the posterior surface of the lenses. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most commonly occurring microorganisms. Of these, Staph. epidermidis was the predominant species. Before lens fitting the conjunctival flora was significantly more scant in the group receiving topical antibiotics than in the other group (P < 0.05). The same group showed an apparently increased bacterial growth after lens fitting, while an opposite trend was noted in the group not receiving topical antibiotics. However, none of these changes were even remotely statistically significant. The Fitting of ‘bandage’ lenses does apparently not in itself necessitate the use of topical antibiotics.
HUMAN CORNEA ENDOTHELIUM AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: OLSEN ERLING GRONVOLD , RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

Reflex‐free areas of the cornea endothelium are demonstrated by specular microscopy after heavy bilateral photokeratitis. The changes are believed to be caused by UV‐radiation.
TEAR ABSORPTION INTO THE FILTER‐PAPER STRIP USED IN THE SCHIRMER‐I‐TEST
Authors: PRAUSE J. ULRIK , FROST‐LARSEN K. , ISAGER H. , MANTHORPE R.
Published: May 2009

The absorption of tear fluid into the Schirmer‐I‐filter paper was evaluated by serial measurements in 5 normal volunteers and in 32 patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The length of wetting was correlated to the weight of tear fluid absorbed in the paper strips. A linear relationship was demonstrated. We conclude that the Schirmer‐I‐test implies reproducible and fairly precise estimation of the tear flow even in cases of small lengths of wetting. The test is reliable, simple and useful for the diagnosis and follow‐up of dry eyes, especially in patients with Sjögrens syndrome.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: JENSEN O.A. , NORN M.S.
Published: May 2009

Sixteen specimens from 14 patients with typical conjunctival spheroid bodies were obtained by biopsy. Six biopsies were examined histochemically and 10 ultrastructurally. For comparison tissue from Pingueculae was processed simultaneously in 4 cases for light microscopy and in one for electron microscopy. The spheroid bodies were found to be strongly autofluorescent and of a proteinaceous nature, corresponding to the elastotic degeneration in Pingueculae. Ultrastructurally they were of various electron density, but when distinguishable the fine structure was granular with transition from surrounding collagen fibres. Based on reports from the literature and on our own investigations, it is concluded that condensations seen as spheroid bodies in both conjunctival and corneal tissue under solar/climatic influence are similar and have their origin in degenerated collagen.
EPITHELIAL SECOND MALIGNANT TUMOURS IN RETINOBLASTOMA SURVIVORS
Authors: NUUTINEN J. , KARJA J. , SAINIO P.
Published: May 2009

The first case o epidermoid carcinoma of the tongue found in a retinoblastoma survivors is described. The patient, 10‐year‐old girl, had been treated successfully for bilateral retinoblastoma 9 years earlier. According to the literature, second malignant epithelial tumours are, in contrast to mesenchymal tumours such as osteosarcoma, very rare in retinoblastoma survivors. Initially one eye of the patient was treated with irradiation using Stallard's disk (radioactive cobalt), but we consider that Stallard's disk was unconnected with the genesis of the carcinoma of the tongue.
INVOLUTION WITHOUT DISCIFORM SCARRING OF SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN PRESUMED RUBELLA RETINOPATHY
Authors: BONOMO PEDRO PAULO
Published: May 2009

A 28‐year‐old woman with a picture of presumed congenital rubella retinopathy presented with a subretinal neovascular membrane in the macular region which involuted spontaneously without treatment, without disciform scarring and with normal final visual acuity. The roles of the retinal pigment epithelium an of Bruch's membrane are discussed in the appearence of such a neovascular membrane.
BOWEN'S DISEASE AT THE LIMBUS
Authors: HIROTAKAHASHI TOSHI
Published: May 2009

Ten cases of Bowen's disease at the limbus have been clinicopathologically studied and followed up for 1 1/2 to 9 years. The clinical appearance might be classified into 3 principal forms; i.e., papillomatous, leukoplakic and gelatinous forms. However, histopathological differences could not be detected in the respective forms. In the follow‐up study no recurrence was observed in the 8 cases treated with excision and cryotherapy, though recurrence and malignant change took place in one case of the remaining 2 cases, treated with excision only.
ORBITAL SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: LEINO MARKKU , TUOVINEN ERKKI , ROMPPANEN TIMO
Published: May 2009

A case of ophthalmic sarcoidosis with systemic sarcoid involvement was examined. The case presented a large firm tumour of the right orbit with only minor ocular involvement. The diagnosis was based on histological verification at various sites.
PATTERN VEP IN TWO IMMUNOCHEMICAL SUBTYPES OF OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , STENDAHL‐BRODIN LENA
Published: May 2009

Visual functions and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were compared in 2 groups of patients with optic neuritis (ON). The subdivision was based on the occurrence of oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid in some patients [the ON (+) group] but not in others [the ON (‐) group]. At the onset of ON there were no other signs of neurological disease in these patients. Later the majority of those in the ON (+) group had developed multiple sclerosis but only one patient in the ON (‐) group. Recovery after the acute optic inflammation was the same in both groups with respect to visual acuity and fields, but better in the ON (‐) than in the ON (+) group with respect to colour vision and pattern VEP. A closer correlation between colour vision defects and VEP latency changes was found for the ON (+) than the ON (‐) group, suggesting demyelinating disease as a more probable cause of the optic nerve inflammation in the former than in the latter group.
ROUTINE ERG RECORDING USING MEDIUM FREQUENCY FLICKER STIMULUS
Authors: NORDENFELT L. , ÖHMAN R.
Published: May 2009

A medium frequency flicker stimulus of 10 Hz is evaluated in routine clinical ERG recording in detecting cone disorders. Tested on a number of normal eyes and on eyes with confirmed or suspected retinal disease it appears to be very useful as a complement to the standard program with the Krakau‐Öhman apparatus. It yields an easily recordable and quantified response.
VARIATIONS OF CENTRAL CORNEAL CURVATURE DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

During hard, hydrophilic and silicone lens wear the variations of central corneal curvature in the 2 eyes of each individual were significantly correlated. Mean changes of principal radii of curvature were small in each lens group (‐0.075‐+0.068 mm). Hydrophilic lens wearers showed an initial mean flattening of corneal curvature, followed by a significant steepening. Hard lens wearers apparently showed the opposite sequence of mean changes. Silicone lens wearers showed a significant mean corneal flattening. Central corneal asphericity was reduced during hard lens wear. Considerable individual curvature changes occurred (‐0.35‐+0.30 mm), but none of these necessitated lens refitting. Changes of the central corneal thickness and curvature during hard lens wear were apparently inversely correlated, the ratio between the changes being about ‐0.08:1. Hard and silicone lenses probably exerted a mechanical moulding effect. The exact aetiology of curvature changes in hydrophilic lens wearers remains obscure. Corneal curvature changes appear less reliable than corneal oedema in the detection of lens‐induced impairment.
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NORMAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC SINUSOIDAL GRATINGS
Authors: LUNDH BJöRN L. , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , DEREFELDT GUNILLA
Published: May 2009

Contrast sensitivity for moving and stationary sine grating patterns was determined in central and peripheral parts of the visual field. The method was primarily developed as a possible screening procedure for visual defects in glaucoma. Contrast sensitivity to moving patterns seemed maximal both in central and in 10 degrees of eccentric viewing for square wave reversals of temporal frequencies 0.5‐5 Hz. We selected 2Hz for the clinical procedure. Further, we have determined normal central and peripheral contrast sensitivity in 10 subjects 61–71 years‐old, to serve as a basis for the glaucoma studies. We used this age group since glaucoma mainly affects elderly people. We confirmed that contrast sensitivity was higher for dynamic than for static presentation of gratings of low spatial frequencies (below 1 c/d) both centrally and peripherally. For patterns of medium or high spatial frequencies, dynamic and static stimuli were equally detectable. The absolute level of contrast sensitivity was higher centrally than peripherally in the interval 0.3–4 c/d. The lower visual hemifield exhibited greater sensitivity, for both static and dynamic gratings, than the upper one.
LOCALIZED AMYLOIDOSIS IN RELATION TO CONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGIC LYMPHANGIECTASIA AND OCCLUSION OF THE ORBITAL VEINS:A Case Report
Authors: JENSEN JØRGEN ELMO
Published: May 2009

A patient with amyloidosis in the right bulbar conjunctiva and conjunctival haemorrhagic lymphangiectasia is presented. An orbitophlebography revealed occlusion of the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins in both orbits. A biopsy from the left bulbar conjunctiva obtained at the same time revealed conjunctival haemorrhagic lymphagiectasia but no amyloid. The possible relationship of the findings is discussed.
SERUM ANTIPROTEASES AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTE NEUTRAL COLLAGENOLYTIC PROTEASE IN THE TEAR FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH CORNEAL ULCERS TREATED WITH N‐BUTYLCYANO ACRYLATE GLUE
Authors: PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

Four patients with central melting perforating corneal ulcers were treated by n‐butylcyano acrylate gluing of the ulcer region. The glue facilitated healing of the eyes, and when the glue scaled off weeks later the corneas were left with stable leucomas. The glue membrane appears to prevent tear‐borne polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML) from reaching the ulcer region and to diminish activation of PML, with the consequent dramatic fall in tear fluid polymorphonuclear leucocyte neutral collagenolytic protease (PML‐c‐ase). After gluing, the tear fluid content of serum antiproteases returns to normal levels within days. This might indicate a decreased leakage of proteins from conjunctival vessels.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF EYE, OPTIC NERVE AND BRAIN IN A CASE OF DOMINANT OPTIC ATROPHY
Authors: KJER P. , JENSEN O.A. , KLINKEN L.
Published: May 2009

Histopathology of eye, optic nerve and brain was performed in a patient with typical signs and symptoms of dominant optic atrophy. He belonged to a previously‐reported family of 152 members in which optic atrophy was demonstrable in 14 persons, and probably present in a further 8 cases. In the eyes, fibrosis of the retinal ganglion cell layer and disc was found. Ultra‐structural examination showed a few remaining cells in this layer, heavy fibrosis and in particular a highly condensed inner limiting membrane. The optic nerves, the optic chiasm and optic tracts showed an increased content of collagen tissue and a decreased number of neurofibrils and myelin sheaths. In the lateral geniculate body there was massive loss of ganglion cells, fibrillary gliosis and a great quantity of fine granular lipid in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells. No changes in the calcarine cortex were observed. Examination of the intracranial part of both vestibulocochlear nerves showed a decreased number of neurofibrils and myelin sheaths.

It is concluded that the histopathological changes of the visual system are similar to those in Leber's disease, but less pronounced. The study confirms earlier theories that dominant optic atrophy is a primary degeneration of the ganglion cell layer in the retina, with ascending optic atrophy.
CATARACT EXTRACTION IN THE ‘NINETIES’
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

A total of 55 cataract extractions were performed on 53 patients aged 90 years or more in the period 1972 to 1982. Assessment of the outcome was based on data from hospital records and on questionnaires to the patient's ophthalmologist and general practitioner. Cataract surgery had improved visual acuity in 42 patients. Only 25 patients (47%) could, however, utilize the improved visual acuity, and obtain some practical benefit from the cataract extraction. Thus, the benefits of cataract surgery seem to be reduced in this age group. The reasons appear to be a high frequency of severe macula degeneration, some degree of senility hindering the adaption to aphakic spectacles, and a somewhat higher frequency of per‐ and post‐operative complications. This suggests that indications for cataract surgery in very old patients should be limited, at least if rehabilitation with aphakic spectacles is planned. An earlier surgical intervention would probably have been advantageous in the majority of these patients.
EFFECTS OF AMBLYOPIA THERAPY ON CONTRAST SENSITIVITY AS REFLECTED IN THE VISUOGRAM
Authors: LUNDH BJÖRN L. , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

A quantitative evaluation of the Cambridge amblyopia treatment on contrast sensitivity was performed for 2 groups, one comprising 11 children with strabismic amblyopia (S) and another of 10 children with combined strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia (S & A). Contrast sensitivity deficits were expressed in dB CSL (Contrast Seeing Level) in relation to normal sensitivity of the same age group and represented in the form of visuograms. Mean contrast sensitivity losses in dB CSL were estimated within the low, medium and high spatial frequency ranges, as well as over the total frequency band. On an average S & A amblyopia was found to affect contrast sensitivity of all spatial frequencies, while S amblyopia affected mainly the higher frequency band, but to a smaller extent. After therapy average contrast sensitivity improved for both S and S & A groups, and reached the same, subnormal levels. The relation between highest resolvable spatial frequency (according to our method) and Snellen acuity was different for the 2 amblyopia groups. No correlation was found between improvements in contrast sensitivity and Snellen acuity, which is why both parameters should be estimated.
UPSIDE DOWN PTOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HORNER'S SYNDROME
Authors: NIELSEN PER JULIUS
Published: May 2009

Fifteen patients with Horner's syndrome have been examined for the presence of upside down ptosis, and this symptom could be demonstrated in 10 of the patients. Miosis occurred in all patients, and ptosis of the upper lid was seen in 14 patients. These were the symptoms which originally enabled the diagnosis to be made. Enophthalmus was present in only 4 patients. The anatomic basis is briefly discussed, and it is advocated from the easy demonstration of upside down ptosis, together with its independence of voluntary compensation by the patient, that it should be looked for as a routine when examining for Horner's syndrome.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CHOROID AND THE CILIARY BODY 1956–1975 IN HALLAND AND GOTHENBURG. INCIDENCE, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS
Authors: ABRAHAMSSON MARIANN
Published: May 2009

All the 91 cases of enucleated malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body in an area of the Swedish west coast (630 000 inhabitants) during the period 1956–1975 are analysed. The incidence was 0.72/100 000 inhabitants and year, which means that there was no increase lately corresponding to the increase described for cutaneous melanoma. Distribution according to age, sex and cell‐type corresponded to other materials. 86 tumours were choroidal, 5 were located in the ciliary body. The mortality after 15 years was 50%. Tumours of the epitheloid type showed a surprisingly low mortality (29%). In only one case, with a 10 years survival, metastases were found at the time of primary diagnosis. The possibilities for early detection of metastases were, however, small. In 11 cases a period of delay and/or other treatment had preceded enucleation. The prognosis for these cases was not worse than for those who underwent immediate enucleation.
THE EFFECT OF FIXATION ON CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DIMENSIONS AND MORPHOLOGY IN SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: VIRTANEN JUKKA , UUSITALO HANNU , PALKAMA ARTO , KAUFMAN HERBERT
Published: May 2009

Soft tissue specimens shrink during fixation, dehydration and critical point drying when prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This can cause serious artifacts not only in ‘compact’ tissues but especially in hollow structure, like the eye, where the chambers are lined by delicate layers such as the corneal endothelium. In this study various glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde fixations at different concentrations with or without 5% sucrose were tested. Dimensional as well as morphological changes of rabbit corneal endothelial cells were evaluated. The mean surface diameter and area of rabbits' central corneal endothelial cells were measured first in vivo by specular microscope. Thereafter the same corneas were fixed in 9 different solutions and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The surface structure of the same endothelium was then photographed with SEM. The cell dimensions were remeasured. According to our results 1.25% or 2.50% glutaraldehydes without sucrose gave the best surface preservation and caused the least shrinkage.
CHANGES OF THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM FOLLOWING INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION WITH IMPLANTATION OF SEMIFLEXIBLE ANTERIOR CHAMBER LENSES
Authors: STUR MICHAEL , GRABNER GÜNTHER , DORDA WOLFGANG
Published: May 2009

A consecutive group of 103 patients with senile cataract underwent intracap‐sular cataract extraction and implantation of a semiflexible anterior chamber lens. After 6 month of follow‐up, there was an average decrease of 20% ±15% in central corneal endothelial cell density and an average vertical disparity of 32% ±20% between central and superior endothelial areas. The endothelial cell loss was not correlated with pre‐operative cell density. There was a positive correlation between age and cell loss and between age and vertical disparity. Findings in eyes with cornea guttata did not differ significantly from those without guttata. Anterior vitrectomy did not increase endothelial cell loss significantly. Maintenance of a deep anterior chamber by pre‐operative oculopression or by instillation of Na‐hyaluranate had no significantly different effect on the corneal endothelial cell loss.
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF HAEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE AND LIGHT ON THE NORMAL MOUSE RETINA
Authors: WINTHER JENS , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Combined treatment with haematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) and light irradiation has been reported to be an effective method of killing cancer cells. This would be a very suitable treatment of intraocular tumours because the light can be controlled by the refractive media of the eye. Light and electron microscopy of Hpd and light treated normal mouse retina showed that only the irradiated area was damaged. Tissue destruction increased with greater concentrations of Hpd and longer light exposure. The outer layers of the retina were most sensitive. Hpd was retained in the tissue for 6 days.
AUTOMATED, FULLY COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS OF THE CLINICAL ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: BACHEN NILS I. , MA BINRONG , HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

Being a relatively simply composed bioelectric signal, the ERG lends itself very well to computer analysis. This paper presents the results obtained by the employment of an automated, fully computerized ERG analysis system. It is concluded that programmable computing facilities have the effect of rendering diagnostic ERG evaluation more accurate and reliable as well as saving a lot of human effort.
GLAUCOMA SCREENING A 16‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP OF OCULAR NORMOTENSIVES
Authors: JENSEN JøRGEN ELMO
Published: May 2009

A follow‐up was planned of 1976 subjects with ocular normotension, with an observation period ranging from 15.8 to 18.3 years. Initially, they were included in a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster comprising 2031 volunteer blood donors. In the primary screening all 1976 persons had an applanation pressure below 20 mmHg in both eyes. The 55 with intraocular hypertension have been followed up in other studies, already published. It was possible to trace only 408 subjects (20.6%), now aged 37–78. Fourteen subjects (24 eyes) had developed ocular tensions equal to or higher than 20 mmHg. One of these, a 56‐year‐old man had a glaucomatous visual field defect in the right eye and a cup/disc ratio of 0.6 in both eyes. A glaucoma risk of 0.25% can thus be given.
FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE AT DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: LINDBLOM BERTIL , THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

In a well defined population, all patients with newly diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma were classified according to the degree of functional damage at diagnosis. A comparison was made between patients with simple and capsular glaucoma. No difference could be found between the 2 types of glaucoma when the severity of visual damage at diagnosis was compared. Eyes with capsular glaucoma were found to have significantly higher intraocular pressure than eyes with simple glaucoma in corresponding glaucoma stage. No obvious correlation between age and functional damage at diagnosis was found.
THE VISUAL FIELD AFTER TRABECULECTOMY
Authors: HOLMIN CATHARINA , STORR‐PAULSEN ALLAN
Published: May 2009

Series of visual fields in 20 eyes in which trabeculectomy had been performed were studied retrospectively. Computerized perimetry was used and the condition of the visual field was summarized into single numbers. Regression analysis was applied to series of such performance numbers. No correlation was found between the regression coefficient and the mean post‐operative pressure or the mean pressure reduction. A dependence of the regression coefficient on the size of the visual field defect was observed.
A STUDY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS AND OF ITS BACTERIAL CAUSES INCLUDING CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
Authors: MÖLGAARD INGE‐LISE , NIELSEN PEDER BO , KÆRN JANE
Published: May 2009

Out of 300 newborn infants who had conjunctival swabs inoculated for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and other bacteria, 72% had bacteria isolated 4 to 6 days after birth. Of these, Staph. albus constituted 51% and Staph. aureus 19%. None of the infants were Chlamydia positive. Five out of 112 mothers (4.5%) were Chlamydia positive from the cervix just before delivery. Nineteen of the neonates were treated for conjunctivitis within the first month of life. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 2, and Staph. aureus, α‐Streptococci, Pneumoccocci and Haemophilus influenzae from some of the other infants. A likely diagnosis could be made in 46% of these cases, while the remaining cultures showed only apathogenic bacteria or no growth. There was a fairly good accordance with observation of inflammatory cells in the tear fluid and the clinical picture, 17/19 = 90% showing neutrophilia. Despite failing aetiological diagnosis in several cases, the infants responded satisfactorily to local antibiotic treatment. 75% of the parents replied to questionnaires 2 months after birth concerning conjunctivitis within the first month of life. The replies showed that 58 = 25 % had had conjunctivitis, of whom 17% had been treated with antibiotics.
Culture of retinal pigment epithelium from chorio‐retinal biopsies
Authors: Nicolaissen B. , Armstrong D. , Stratton R. D. , Dawson W. W. , Kelley K. K. , Ellis A. , Webb A. I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The recently devised methods for surgical sampling of chorio‐retinal tissue permits morphological evaluation of retina in various diseases. In the present report it is demonstrated, that the retinal pigment epithelium in such samples can be isolated as a viable cell population, and that the cell mass can be increased sufficiently in culture to permit biochemical as well as morphological studies. This procedure thereby expands the diagnostic potential of the sample tissue.
Repeated automatic visual field screening in a cohort study
Authors: Bengtsson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During 1977 and 1978 automatic visual field screening was performed in 1511 persons born 1907–1921 and taking part in a population study. Three years later automatic visual field screening was repeated in 2565 eyes of 1293 persons. “Irrelevant” defects were common and had a limited repeatability. “Relevant” defects were easily detected at the first and reproduced at the second survey. From a clinical point of view, the yield of the visual field screening at the second survey was restricted. We concluded that repeated visual field screening by automatic perimetry is quite feasible but has little reward.