bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protected Lying: How the Legal Doctrine of “Absolute Immunity” Has Created a “Lemons Problem” in American Criminal Courts
Authors: Anderson William L. , Stair Anthony G.
Published: June 2024

In his famous 1970 paper that raised issues about “lemons” problems in markets in which asymmetric information places at least one party to an exchange (usually buyers) at a big disadvantage, George Aklerlof wrote that if dishonesty continues, a “Gresham’s Law” situation can arise in which the bad products will drive good products out of certain markets. We apply not only Akerlof’s analysis, but also analysis from Mises (1944) and Rothbard (2004) and others, along with various theories of regulation, to show how the legal doctrine of prosecutorial immunity creates a “lemons” problem in criminal courts through moral hazard. Because prosecutors are immune both to lawsuits and most disciplinary procedures that private attorneys face when accused of misconduct, prosecutors have the incentives to hide evidence, and lie in court to gain convictions. This is especially true since convictions are important to career advancement. While criminal courts are not the same as private markets, nonetheless honest information is vital to the workings of both. Markets, however, have mechanisms for dealing with asymmetric information, both legal and economic, but the courts are much more resistant to measures used to ensure all involved parties have access to the truth. This paper examines the situation, including reasons for providing prosecutors with absolute immunity, and concludes that abolishing such immunity not only would result in fewer wrongful convictions, but also provide incentives for prosecutors to be more accurate in presenting evidence in criminal cases.
New-Product Research and Development: The Earliest Stage of the Capital Structure
Authors: McClure James E. , Thomas David C.
Published: June 2024

New product R&D, which precedes post-launch production, is a three-stage process. First comes idea prospecting, which leads to working prototypes. Second comes productization—the conversion of working prototypes into manufacturable products with reasonable prospects of being profitable. Thirdly, firms produce pre-launch inventories. This process often involves high risk, not only due to the large amounts of time and capital investment, but also because the secrecy maintained across lateral competitors stifles market signals that ordinarily foster economic efficiency. Reconsideration of the Austrian theory of the business cycle in this light leads to additional insights about: 1) the capital consumption that occurs during the cycle; and 2) the timing of the bust that follows a boom inspired by excessive credit expansion. Our empirical study of return volatility for the period from 1996 to 2017: 1) confirms the results of a Journal of Finance study of the preceding period from 1975–1995; and 2) validates our analysis of new-product R&D as the earliest component of the capital structure.
Processing Banana Peel Organic Waste in Tourism Areas as an Effort to Control Aquatic Environmental Pollution
Authors: Tuhumury Novianty , Sahetapy Jacqueline M F , Matakupan Jolen , Rijoly Stefanno M A
Published: June 2024

This study aims to analyze the weight of waste, recycling potential, and processing of banana peel organic waste into eco enzyme as an effort to control environmental pollution. The research was conducted in August-November 2023 in the Pasar Minggu Beach tourist area, Ambon City. The data collection method used direct observation in the field. Banana peel waste data was collected for 4 days, then weighed for further processing into eco enzyme for 3 months. Waste generation data and recycling potential were calculated using the formula set by the National Standardization Agency. The results showed that the weight of banana peel waste generated was 32.2 kg with 195 visitors. The average waste generation obtained was 0.17 or 0.2 kg/person/day, meaning that every visitor who comes to the tourist attractions produces 0.2 kg of banana peel waste. Banana waste that can be recycled is 30 kg and produces 112.5 l of ready-to-use eco enzyme solution. Processing banana peel organic waste into eco enzyme solution contributes ecologically and economically positively.
Keywords: Banana peel; Eco enzyme; Organic waste; Tourism; Waste generation.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berat timbulan, potensi daur ulang, serta pengolahan sampah organik kulit pisang menjadi eco enzyme sebagai upaya pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan pada Agustus–November 2023 di kawasan wisata Pantai Pasar Minggu, Kota Ambon. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode observasi langsung di lapangan. Pengambilan data sampah kulit pisang dilakukan selama 4 hari, kemudian ditimbang beratnya untuk selanjutnya diolah menjadi eco enzyme selama 3 bulan. Data timbulan sampah dan potensi daur ulang dihitung merujuk pada rumus yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukan berat sampah kulit pisang yang dihasilkan sebesar 32,2 kg dengan jumlah pengunjung sebanyak 195 orang. Rata-rata timbulan sampah yang diperoleh sebesar 0,17 atau 0,2 kg/org/hr, artinya setiap pengunjung yang datang ke tempat wisata menghasilkan sampah kulit pisang sebesar 0,2 kg. Sampah pisang yang dapat didaur ulang sebesar 30 kg dan menghasilkan larutan eco enzyme siap pakai sebanyak 112,5 l. Pengolahan sampah organik kulit pisang menjadi larutan eco enzyme berkontribusi positif baik secara ekologis maupun ekonomis.
Kata Kunci: Kulit pisang; Eco enzyme; Sampah organik; Wisata, Timbulan sampah
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEAKTIFAN DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN GOOGLE CLASSROOM PADA MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI KELAS XI MIPA 1 DI SMA NEGERI 8 BALIKPAPAN SEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AJARAN 2020/2021
Authors: Mayang Revyana , Deden Deden
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keaktifan dan hasil belajar siswa menggunakan media pembelajaran google classroom pada mata pelajaran ekonomi di SMA Negeri 8 Balikpapan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Tindakan kelas (PTK) menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Dengan melakukan desain penelitian yaitu berupa adanya perencanaan tindakan, pelaksanaan tindakan, pengamatan dan refleksi yang dilakukan dengan dua tahap siklus. Dimana hasil dari siklus pertama didapatkan bahwa Pelaksanaan siklus I cukup baik namun masih ada beberapa kekurangan. Hasil keaktifan siswa pada siklus I sebesar 76,38% dan pada hasil belajar siswa yaitu mulanya dari 72,22% sedangkan untuk hasil di siklus kedua didapatkan presentase keaktifan meningkat cukup siginifikan menjadi 82,40% dan hasil belajar mengalami peningkatan menjadi 86,11% serta siswa yang melampui KKM hampir seluruhnya. Secara            keseluruhan setelah diterapkannya pembelajaran ekonomi dengan media pembelajaran Google Classroom dapat meningkatkan keaktifan dan hasil belajar siswa pada pembelajaran jarak jauh.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIII MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PAIKEM DI UPTD SMP NEGERI 5 GUNUNGSITOLI TAHUN PELAJARAN 2022/2023
Authors: Lase Adianus , Laoli Bezisokhi
Published: June 2024

ABSTRAK
 
Model pembelajaran PAIKEM merupakan model pembelajaran aktif, inovatif, kreatif, efektif dan menyenangkan yang diberikan kepada siswa dalam suasana yang membosankan secara optimal untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran (Pariang Sonar Siregar, dkk 2017:44). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran PAIKEM dalam proses belajar mengajar di UPTD SMP Negeri 5 Gunungsitoli Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di UPTD SMP Negeri 5 Gunungsitoli, dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas VIII semester Genap tahun pelajaran 2022/2023 yang berjumlah 26 orang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah: (1) Lembar observasi Guru, (2) Lembar observasi siswa, (3) Dokumentasi/foto, (4) Tes hasil belajar. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa: (1) adanya peningkatan rata-rata hasil observasi guru dan siswa dari siklus I ke siklus II. Peningkatan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa adanya peningkatan kemampuan guru dalam mengajar melalui penerapan model pembelajaran PAIKEM yang dibuktikan oleh peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. (2). Presentase ketuntasan yang dicapai pada siklus I dan II adalah sebesar 46,15%, dan 100%. Dengan demikian, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa ada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS  melalui penerapan model pembelajaran PAIKEM di kelas VIII di UPTD SMP Negeri 5 Gunungsitoli Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023.
 
Kata kunci :  Model Pembelajaran PAIKEM, Hasil Belajar Siswa.
Pengaruh Kreativitas Guru Mata Pelajaran IPS Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII di UPTD SMP Negeri 3 Mandrehe Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023
Authors: Yanti Yarni , Harefa Yearning
Published: June 2024

ABSTRAK
 
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang bersifat korelasi yang bertujuan (1) untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh Kreativitas guru mata pelajaran IPS terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII di UPTD SMP Negeri 3 Mandrehe tahun pelajaran 2022/2023 (2) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Kreativitas guru mata pelajaran IPS terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII di UPTD SMP Negeri 3 Mandrehe tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa lembar angket dan dokumentasi.
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII-1 yang berjumlah 25 orang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengambil jumlah semua populasi sebanyak 25 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa korelasi produck moment. Selanjutnya untuk mengetahui kehandalan korelasi pada kedua variabel penulis melakukan uji hipotesis dengan uji “t”, pada taraf signifikan 5% atau interval tingkat kepercayaan 95%.
Dari hasil uji T diperoleh , hipotesis yang diterima adalah  yaitu ada pengaruh Kreativitas Guru Mata Pelajaran IPS Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII di UPTD SMP Negeri 3 Mandrehe tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Kontribusi Kreativitas guru terhadap hasil belajar siswa menggunakan rumus KD =
 
Kata kunci :  Kreativitas Guru, Hasil Belajar
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS INKUIRI SALAH SATU UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA DI SMP NEGERI 3 TUHEMBERUA SATU ATAP T.A 2022/2023
Authors: Ndruru Yerti , Laoli Bezisokhi
Published: June 2024

ABSTRAK
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran Inkuiri dalam proses pembelajaran di SMP Negeri 3 Tuhemberua Satu Atap T.A 2022/2023. (2) Untuk mengetahui prestasi belajar siswa pada materi pelaku ekonomi dengan menggunakan model inkuiri. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi guru, lembar observasi aktifitas siswa, tes hasil belajar siswa dan dokumentasi berupa foto. Penelitian ini mengikuti langkah penelitian tindakan kelas ( PTK ) yang diawali dengan perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Pada Siklus I hasil observasi pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran untuk observasi  guru melalui penerapan model  pembelajaran inkuiri mencapai rata-rata 62,50% berada pada interval cukup, sedangkan pada siklus ke II observasi pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran untuk observasi  guru melalui penerapan model  pembelajaran inkuiri mencapai rata-rata 90,00%  berada pada interval baik. Hasil observasi aktifitas siswa dalam proses pembelajaran pada siklus I dengan rata-rata 56,85% dan pada siklus ke II mencapai rata-rata 85,00%. (2) Pada Siklus I hasil belajar siswa dengan rata-rata 61,44 tergolong cukup, sedangkan pada Siklus II hasil belajar siswa dengan rata-rata 83,21 tergolong baik. (3) Persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa pada Siklus I sebesar 52,00%. Sedangkan Persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa pada Siklus II sebesar 100%.
 
Kata kunci :  Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri, Prestasi Belajar Siswa
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Utara
Authors: Ziliwu Meisti , Laoli Bezisokhi
Published: June 2024

ABSTRAK
 
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari hasil observasi di SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Utara, yang selama ini guru hanya menggunakan metode ceramah, bahan ajar yang digunakan kurang efektif dan pemanfaatan media pembelajaran yang kurang maksimal, yang membuat siswa merasa bosan dan tidak menyenangkan apalagi siswa harus duduk berjam-jam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis  Lectora Inspire pada materi Pelaku Ekonomi, untuk mengetahui pengembangan media pembelajaran PowerPoint  berbasis  Lectora Insire, kelayakan, kepraktisan dan hasil belajar siswa. Hasil validasi materi oleh validator I pada media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire sebesar 95% dengan kriteria sangat layak, Hasil validasi materi oleh validator II pada  media pembelajaran  PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire sebesar 95% dengan kriteria sangat layak. Hasil validasi bahasa pada media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire sebesar 96,4% dengan kriteria sangat layak, Hasil validasi desain media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire sebesar 95,4% dengan kriteria sangat layak. Kepraktisan media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis Lectora Inspire pada uji coba prodak I sebesar 79,8% dengan kriteria praktis, uji coba prodak II sebesar 93,55% dengan kriteria sangat praktis. Hasil belajar siswa pada media pembelajaran dengan ketuntasan belajar siswa 96%.
 
Kata Kunci : Media Pembelajaran PowerPoint Berbasis Lectora Inspire, Hasil Belajar.
ANALISIS PROFESIONALITAS KERJA GURU MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI DI SMA NEGERI TITIAN TERAS H. ABDURRAHMAN SAYOETI JAMBI
Authors: Diansyah Refor , Afriati Westi
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil Analisis Profesionalitas Kerja Guru Mata Pelajaran Ekonomi di SMAN Titian Teras H. Abdurrahman Sayoeti Jambi. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif yaitu penelitian yang ditujukan untuk menggambarkan fenomena yang ada dan berlangsung saat ini atau saat yang lampau. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh guru yang mengajar Ekonomi di SMAN Titian Teras yang berjumlah 3 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui Observasi, Wawancara, dan Dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis datanya mengikuti konsep yang dikemukakan oleh Milles and Huberman yaitu mereduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti kepada guru mata pelajaran ekonomi di SMA Negeri Titian Teras H. Abdurrahman Sayoeti Jambi dapat dikatakan profesional karena dilihat dari kinerjanya sehari-hari, guru mata pelajaran ekonomi sebaiknya dapat meningkatkan lagi profesionalitas kerjanya.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI, LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA DAN PENDIDIKAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN TERHADAP MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA PADA MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI ANGKATAN 2021
Authors: Diansyah Refor , Rahmawati Rahmawati
Published: June 2024

Minat berwirausaha merupakan keinginan, ketertarikan, dan keyakinan yang diakui secara sadar oleh diri sendiri untuk melakukan tindakan kewirausahaan yang kreatif dan inovatif dalam menghadapi tantangan hidup tanpa takut dengan resiko yang akan terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kewirausahaan, motivasi berwirausaha, dan lingkungan keluarga terhadap minat berwirausaha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : 1) Pengaruh Motivasi terhadap minat berwirausaha pada mahasiswa pendidikan ekonomi angjatan 2020. 2) Pengaruh lingkungan keluarga terhadap minat berwirausaha pada mahasiswa pendidikan ekonomi angkatan 2020. 3) Pengaruh pendidikan kewirausahaan terhadap minat berwirausaha pada mahasiswa pendidikan ekonomi angkatan 2020. 4) Terdapat pengaruh peningkatan motivasi, lingkungan keluarga, pendidikan kewirausahaan terhadap minat berwirausaha pada mahasiswa pendidikan ekonomi angjatan 2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode Ex – Post Facto. Pengujian analisis menggunakan uji normalitas, validitas, heterokedastisitas dan multikolinearitas. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu teknik analisis regresi sederhana dan regresi berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara motivasi, lingkungan keluarga dan pendidikan kewirausahaan terhadap minat berwirausaha.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN STRATEGIS TERHADAP MODAL INTELEKTUAL
Authors: Masmarulan Masmarulan , Muliati Muliati
Published: June 2024

This research aims to determine the influence of Strategic Leadership on Intellectual Capital on PT employees. Cement Tonasa Pangkep. The associative method was used in this research. The data collection method used was a questionnaire which was measured using a Liker scale, with sampling using the Solvin formula so that the sample totaled 322 employeess. The data analysis technique used the t test. The findings show that strategic leadership has a significant positive influence on employee intellectual capital.
INTENSITAS PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI DI LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA DILIHAT DARI PERILAKU EKONOMI KELUARGA
Authors: Astuti Ratna Fitri , Riyadi Riyo , Anisa Nur , Aprilia Eka Nur
Published: June 2024

Salah satu hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yaitu uang, maka dari itu proses pendidikan ekonomi dalam keluarga bisanya dititik beratkan pada pemahaman nilai uang. Proses pembelajaran ekonomi dalam keluarga dapat lebih berarti jika anak diberi kesempatan untuk mempraktikkannya. Perlu untuk memberi tahu anak bagaimana orang tua menghasilkan uang, bagaimana sulitnya dan bagaimana usahanya. penelitian ini urgen dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk mengetahui bagaimana intensitas pendidikan ekonomi yang diterapkan di lingkungan keluarga pada guru SMA Kota Samarinda. Penelitian ini disusun berdasarkan pada pengamatan yang dilakukan peneliti bahwa tingkat pemahaman ekonomi yang dimiliki guru SMA terutama guru matapelajaran ekonomi belum diterapkan secara maksimal dilingkungan keluarga. Rancangan dalam penelitian ini yaitu rancangan penelitian deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena-fenomena yang ada, baik fenomena alamiah maupun fenomena buatan manusia. Seseorang dikatakan cocok menjadi subjek dalam penelitian ini jika responden merupakan guru matapelajaran ekonomi yang berada di Samarinda. Penelitian dilakukan pada guru ekonomi Kota Samarinda sebanyak 60 orang. Tingkat intensitas Pendidikan ekonomi keluarga guru mata pelajaran ekonomi di Kota Samarinda dapat diketahui dengan menganalisis lembar angket yang telah diisi oleh guru. Indikator yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah 1) Pendidikan pengelolaan uang, 2) Keteladanan, 3) Penjelasan verbal, 4) Tuntutan perilaku yang relevan, 5) Diskusi atas kasus-kasus yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penjelasan verbal memiliki nilai mean yang paling tinggi dengan nilai 15,57 dan tuntutan perilaku yang relevan memili nilai mean yang rendah sebesar 14,43. Maka disimpulkan bahwa penjelasan verbal merupakan indikator yang paling dominan intens dilakukan dalam keluarga untuk membentuk perilaku ekonomi keluarga.
Colon Specific and Targeted Drug Delivery System (CDDS): A Review
Authors: Agrawal Nimesh , Verma Navneet Kumar , Srivastava Saumya , Srivastava Sanch
Published: June 2024

In the recent year colonic drug delivery is important for delivery of drug for the treatment of local disease. Targeted drug delivery into the colon is highly desirable for local treatment of a variety of bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amoebiosis, colonic cancer, local treatment of colonic pathologies, and systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs. This article gives overview on different approaches of colon targeted drug delivery system such as pH sensitive polymer coated drug delivery to colon, time Controlled release drug delivery to Colon microbially triggered systems, prodrug approach to drug delivery to colon it also consist of recent approaches of colon targeted drug delivery such as pressure controlled drug-Delivery Systems, Novel Colon Targeted Delivery System (CODESTM), Osmotic Controlled Drug Delivery (ORDS-CT).
Ethics in Clinical Research: A Review
Authors: Yadav Ankur , Pandey Ankit , Tiwari Sushil Kumar
Published: June 2024

Clinical trials involve human beings so ethics become very important because everyone in the medical profession has forgotten the ethics for making more profits in terms of finance. In the world every country has their own rules and regulations and they work accordingly and follow their own behavior towards humans in clinical trials. For the humanity ground it is necessary for all countries to follow the same and ethical rules that are universal and worldwide acceptable. Several documents refer to codes of ethics that are Belmont Report, Declaration of Helsinki, Nuremberg Code, U.S. Common Rule etc. The core principles are designed on the basis of above reports. In this we discussed various biases in clinical trials with possible solutions.
A Review on Solid Dosage form: Tablet
Authors: Verma Navneet Kumar , Srivastava Uma , Singh Satya Prakash , Yadav Shweta , Mishra Pragya
Published: June 2024

Tablet is defined as solid pharmaceutical dosage form containing drug substance generally with suitable diluents and prepared by either compression or molding methods. Tablets remain popular as a dosage form because of the advantages afforded, both to the manufacturer (e.g. simplicity and economy of the preparation, stability, and convenience in packing, shipping and dispensing) and the patient. Because of their composition, method of manufacture or intended use, tablets present a variety of characteristics and consequently there are several categories of tablets. Tablet formulation and design may be described as the process whereby the formulator ensures that the correct amount of the drug in the right form is delivered at or over the proper time at the proper rate and in the desired location, while having its chemical integrity protected to that point. Latest concepts and regulations focus on bioavailability, bioequivalence and validation etc. impact formulation designing and manufacture.
Phytochemical Profiling and their Pharmacological Activities of Traditional Plants of Euphorbiaceae Family: A Review
Authors: Maddhesiya Shreya , Srivastava Neha , Jaiswal Shiwani
Published: June 2024

The Euphorbiaceae family has long been recognized for its diverse array of medicinal plants, containing bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological potential of the Euphorbiaceae family. Through an extensive literature search, we identify and analyze studies highlighting the various pharmacological activities exhibited by members of this botanical family. These activities include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and anti-oxidant effects, among others. Furthermore, we delve into the underlying mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds, shedding light on their therapeutic relevance. Additionally, we discuss the traditional uses of Euphorbiaceae plants in indigenous systems of medicine, as well as their integration into modern pharmaceutical practices. Overall, this review underscores the significance of the Euphorbiaceae family in drug discovery and development, emphasizing the need for further research to fully harness its potential for the benefit of global health.
History, Classification and Application of Polymers: A Review
Authors: Verma Navneet Kumar , Dubey Sudhanshu , Singh Saurabh , Sourav Sourav
Published: June 2024

A broad family of materials called polymers is made up of several tiny molecules. Nearly every industry uses polymers, including rubber, cotton, wool, Teflon(tm), and plastics of all kinds. The remarkable resemblance between the infrared absorption spectra of heavenly objects and cellulose indicates its existence. The uppermost layer of the film is composed of cellulose pellicle. Most materials, including the metal used in springs, are elastic because of bond distortions. Rubber's lengthy, tightly wrapped polymer chains are connected at a few locations when it is relaxed. The main goal of polymeric delivery systems is to produce regulated or prolonged pharmaceutical dispersion. It has also been possible to target medications to the colon after oral administration by utilizing polysaccharides. Future interesting new applications for polymeric materials have a huge promise. Uses for polymers are being developed in a wide range of fields.
A Common Supplement Used in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Singh Prashant , Verma Navneet Kumar , Kharwar Raveesh , Kumari Shail , Jaiswal Shivam , Bhardwaj Satyam
Published: June 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of the intestines. IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by a complex interplay of environmental, genetic, and immunological variables. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by the interplay of a person's immune system with precipitating environmental variables, which in people with a genetic predisposition causes an abnormally persistent inflammatory response. The pattern and severity of dietary deficits linked to IBD vary on the level, duration, and activity of the inflammation. However, there is little evidence that dietary changes can modify the course of IBD, and there are no evidence-based dietary recommendations for IBD patients. As a result, patients look to non-medical sources for nutritional advice, such as patient support groups and unreliable websites. The purpose of this review is to discover patient-specific dietary recommendations for IBD and to evaluate their nutritional value. We examine patient-specific dietary data for IBD from popular defined diets and structured internet searches. Dietary advice for specific patients focuses on.
Resealed Erythrocytes: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Verma Navneet Kumar , Mishra Swati , Srivastava Shashi , Rao Praveen Kumar , Singh Satysaran , nandan Raghu
Published: June 2024

Among the many carriers that are turned down for administering medications to various body nerves, cellular carriers must meet a number of requirements for clinical use, the most crucial of which is the carrier's biocompatibility with its degradation products. Leucocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, Nano erythrocytes, hepatocytes, and fibroblasts etc. have been proposed as cellular carrier structures. Among these, the erythrocytes have been the most explored and have found to own better potential in drug delivery. Bio-pharmaceuticals, intensely significant peptides and proteins, antigens, anticancer drug as well as vaccines, are among the freshly attentive pharmaceuticals for being transported using carrier erythrocytes. Vaccines, antigens, and anticancer drugs are among the pharmaceuticals that have recently been targeted for delivery via carrier erythrocytes. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, have been studied in great detail because of their possible use as drug delivery vehicles. They are special and helpful carriers because of their biocompatibility, nonpathogenicity, nonimmunogenicity, and biodegradability. To prepare carrier erythrocytes, draw blood from the target organism and separate the erythrocytes from the plasma. Through a variety of techniques, the drug is entrapped within the broken cells, resulting in the erythrocytes being resealed and referred to as "resealed erythrocytes"—the carriers of the result. Many medications, such as aspirin, steroids, Resealed erythrocytes reduce the side effects of cancer drugs, which are numerous. The current review focuses on the isolation, drug loading techniques, evaluation techniques, and drug delivery applications of sealed erythrocytes.
Amantadine Enhances Recovery from Delayed Neuropsychiatric Effects Caused by Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case Report
Authors: Eddine S. Taky- , Oumoussa A. , Adali I. , Manoudi F.
Published: June 2024

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes severe brain damage, including delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS), which occur after a lucid interval following recovery from the insult of acute CO poisoning. Delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS) is a well-known complication following carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and develops in up to 50 % of adult survivors. The syndrome is probably immunologically mediated. We describe a 19-year-old female who developed DNS, including slowness, Parkinsonism; irritability and cognitive impairment. All symptoms, including cognitive impairment, were dramatically improved by amantadine monotherapy. The present case illustrates the possibility of amantadine treatment for cognitive impairment and parkinsonism induced by CO poisoning.
Exploring the Complexities of an Intricate Connection: Psychosis in Focal Epilepsy: Case Report
Authors: Eddine S. Taky-
Published: June 2024

Background: Epilepsy is still a real mental health problem; although most epilepsies are curable, their psychopathological consequences are often significant and complex to manage. In this framework, the association of epilepsy with psychotic disorders has long been known. Case Report: To discuss the links between epilepsy and psychosis, we report the observation of a 42-year-old man, treated for complex focal epilepsy, admitted to a psychiatric department for attempting suicide by phlebotomy in a postictal psychosis under the commands of auditory hallucinations and a severe state of psychomotor agitation. Discussion: Psychotic symptoms in epilepsy can be part of intercritical, post-critical or alternative psychoses. In our patient's case, the psychotic symptoms were post-critical. Delusional themes are often mystical, fueled by auditory and unusual visual hallucinations. Negative disorders are rare. Conclusion: Epileptic psychoses have not been identified as nosographic entities in the psychiatric classification systems (DSM-V and ICD-10), which poses a problem in recognizing these disorders. Therefore, a collaboration between psychiatrists and neurologists is necessary to understand this complex comorbidity better, avoid diagnostic errors, and optimize management.
Unusual Location of Intermuscular Lipoma in the thenar eminence: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bouya Ayoub , Salah Rhita , Mokhtari Kamal El , Chalouah Badr , Bennis Azzelarab , Zaddoug Omar , Benchakroun Mohamed , Bouabid Salim
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumors, typically located in subcutaneous tissue. They can also occur intramuscularly (1-5%) or intermuscularly (0.3-1.9%). Hand lipomas are rare. Case Report: A 53-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of a painless, enlarging mass in her left hand's thenar region, impairing hand function and grip strength. Physical examination revealed a 5cm, well-defined, painless mass fixed to the deep plan. MRI indicated a benign lipoma. Surgical removal was performed under locoregional anesthesia, and histological analysis confirmed the lipoma diagnosis. Postoperative rehabilitation led to full recovery with no recurrence after 16 months. Discussion: Lipomas, though usually found in subcutaneous tissues of the neck, torso, and limbs, can also develop within muscles, with hand occurrences being particularly rare. Diagnosis is typically confirmed by ultrasound or MRI, which distinguishes lipomas from malignant tumors. Histologically, lipomas consist of mature adipocytes and are often encapsulated. Surgical removal is advised if symptomatic, with recurrence being rare. Conclusion: Hand lipomas, especially intramuscular, are uncommon and can significantly impair function. Accurate diagnosis and careful surgical excision are crucial for effective treatment and preventing recurrence.
Cystic Teratoma of the Pancreas: Case Report
Authors: Oudrhiri Dr Zineb , Dardar Dr. Hajar , Alaoui Professor Othmane , Abdelhalim Professor Mahmoudi , Khattala Professor Khalid , Bouabdallah Professor Youssef
Published: June 2024

Dermoid cysts of the pancreas, also known as cystic teratomas, are uncommon germ cell neoplasms that are typically benign and well-differentiated. Their rarity and lack of specific preoperative diagnostic tests make them challenging to diagnose before surgery. We describe the case of an 8-year-old girl who complained of abdominal pain and was found to have a cystic mass in the head of her pancreas on CT scan. The final diagnosis was confirmed as a dermoid cyst of the pancreas. Although these cysts are usually benign, complete surgical removal is often necessary.
A Rare Case of a Large Mucinous Cystadenoma of the Tail of the Pancreas
Authors: Amal H. , Nizigiyimana G. , Abdillahi M. , Niyonkuru E.
Published: June 2024

Mucinous cystadenomas are part of the cystic tumours of the pancreas. They are benign tumours whose malignant potential recommends surgical resection. They are often discovered incidentally, in 75% of cases. These tumours have radiological characteristics that suggest the diagnosis. There are known radiological criteria predictive of malignancy, including a tumour diameter ≥ 3cm. Furthermore, the diagnosis of certainty is provided by anatomopathological examination. Practitioners must bear in mind the existence of these tumours, their malignant potential, and the possibility of a benign nature despite the presence of radiological criteria predictive of malignancy. Treatment consists of surgical resection without cystic rupture in order to prevent the risk of recurrence.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis after Rabies Vaccine: About Two Cases
Authors: Elmazi K. , Rada N. , Draiss G. , Bouskraoui M. , Elfakiri K.
Published: June 2024

The current study outlines two cases of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) occurring in two children who received a rabies vaccine. The patients, aged 10 and 8 respectively, developed anarchic neurological symptoms after vaccination, confirming the diagnosis of ADEM through brain MRI. In the first case, bilateral abnormalities were observed in several regions, while in the second case, bilateral abnormalities of the occipital and parietal subcortical white matter were detected. Treatment included intravenous corticosteroid therapy and plasma exchange. Although slight clinical improvement was observed, neurological symptoms persisted.
Guarantees of Justice in the Field of Family Ties in the Code of Hammurabi
Authors: Karim Hassan Nema
Published: June 2024

The subject of the study deals with guarantees of justice in the field of family ties in the Code of Hammurabi. This research falls into two sections. The first section touched on the legal guarantees for women during the marital relationship in the Code of Hammurabi, explaining the role of the marriage contract in guaranteeing women’s rights in the Code of Hammurabi. The legal guarantees for women in the event of polygamy in the Code of Hammurabi were noted, and the guarantees established to protect women’s rights in the field of legal actions. In the second section, the researcher touched on the guarantees of women’s rights upon the termination of the marital bond in the Code of Hammurabi. The guarantees stipulated in old Iraqi laws related to protecting the rights of family members and guarantees of women’s rights to inheritance were discussed.  The study concluded that the Code of Hammurabi came with legal texts to guarantee women’s rights and regulate family and familial relations, and that his law was superior in its justice to many of the legislation that preceded it, through what it included rules and provisions regulating the affairs of women as they are the weak party in the marital relationship, so women gained a status. Distinctive in Babylonian society.
Gerenciamento da Dor Neonatal: Avaliação Multidimensional, Intervenção Eficaz e Resultados de Longo Prazo
Authors: De Barros Miguez Bruno , De Avila Ribeiro Breno , Ranyele Gonçalves Rezende Luiza , Bartolomeo Siqueira Júlia , Kazue Barreto Shono Giovana
Published: June 2024

O tratamento da dor neonatal demanda uma abordagem completa que inclua uma avaliação multidimensional, intervenções eficazes e resultados de longo prazo. O diagnóstico precoce desempenha um papel crucial na identificação imediata da dor neonatal, permitindo a avaliação precisa da sua origem e a implementação de estratégias de intervenção adequadas. Isso é essencial, pois a dor neonatal pode ter impactos significativos no desenvolvimento e bem-estar do recém-nascido se não for tratada adequadamente.
Além de intervenções farmacológicas, uma abordagem abrangente para o gerenciamento da dor neonatal inclui cuidados não farmacológicos, como o contato pele a pele, sucção não nutritiva e técnicas de relaxamento. A combinação dessas intervenções visa proporcionar alívio da dor de forma segura e eficaz, minimizando os potenciais efeitos colaterais dos medicamentos.
Além disso, é fundamental considerar os resultados de longo prazo no gerenciamento da dor neonatal. Estratégias de acompanhamento e suporte contínuo são essenciais para monitorar o desenvolvimento do recém-nascido e avaliar o impacto do tratamento a longo prazo. Isso pode incluir avaliações do desenvolvimento neurológico, sensorial e comportamental, bem como intervenções adicionais, conforme necessário.Em resumo, o gerenciamento da dor neonatal requer uma abordagem abrangente que englobe avaliação multidimensional, intervenções eficazes e resultados de longo prazo. Essa abordagem integrada visa garantir o conforto e bem-estar do recém-nascido, promovendo um desenvolvimento saudável e uma melhor qualidade de vida a longo prazo.
Transtornos de Personalidade: Abordagens Contemporâneas de Diagnóstico e Tratamento
Authors: Carvalho de Assis Thiago , Figueredo Almeida Bruna , Marques Ragazzi Carlos Eduardo , Leal Silva Marim Eloísa , Cominote Masiole Poliana
Published: June 2024

O diagnóstico e tratamento dos transtornos de personalidade exigem uma abordagem meticulosa e completa, que inclua uma avaliação multidimensional e a implementação de estratégias terapêuticas adequadas, considerando os avanços contemporâneos nesse campo.
O diagnóstico precoce desempenha um papel crucial na identificação imediata deste transtornos , permitindo uma avaliação precisa de sua etiologia e sintomatologia. Isso é essencial, uma vez que tais transtornos podem ter impactos significativos na vida do indivíduo e em suas relações interpessoais, se não forem adequadamente reconhecidos e tratados.
Além das intervenções farmacológicas, é imperativo adotar uma abordagem abrangente no manejo geral, integrando terapias psicossociais e comportamentais. Essas modalidades terapêuticas visam não apenas tratar os sintomas manifestos, mas também promover uma compreensão mais profunda dos padrões disfuncionais de pensamento e comportamento associados aos transtornos de personalidade.
É fundamental considerar os resultados a longo prazo no tratamento. Estratégias de acompanhamento e suporte contínuo são essenciais para monitorar a evolução do paciente e avaliar o impacto do tratamento ao longo do tempo. Isso pode incluir avaliações do funcionamento social, ocupacional e emocional, bem como a adaptação das intervenções terapêuticas conforme necessário.
Em resumo, o diagnóstico e tratamento dos transtornos de personalidade requerem uma abordagem abrangente e integrada, que englobe uma avaliação multidimensional, intervenções terapêuticas eficazes e consideração dos resultados a longo prazo. Essa abordagem visa não apenas aliviar os sintomas, mas também promover um ajustamento saudável e uma melhor qualidade de vida para os indivíduos afetados por esses transtornos.
Desenvolvimentos Recentes no Tratamento da Insuficiência Renal Crônica: Opções Terapêuticas e Perspectivas Futuras
Authors: De Oliveira Veloso Leandro , Gomes Dal Molin Maria Eduarda , Marinato Mosca Moschini Carla , Bellotti Bogéa Thalita , Barcelos Fonseca Victoria Carolina
Published: June 2024

O tratamento da insuficiência renal crônica requer uma abordagem abrangente que englobe diagnóstico precoce, terapias inovadoras e estratégias de prevenção. O diagnóstico precoce desempenha um papel crucial na identificação imediata da doença renal crônica, permitindo intervenções rápidas e eficazes para evitar complicações graves. Isso é especialmente importante devido à progressão silenciosa da doença, que pode levar a danos irreversíveis aos rins antes que os sintomas se tornem evidentes. Além disso, a rapidez no diagnóstico permite a implementação de terapias específicas direcionadas à causa subjacente da insuficiência renal, contribuindo para melhores prognósticos e qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
Terapias inovadoras estão sendo continuamente desenvolvidas para o tratamento da insuficiência renal crônica. Avanços em medicamentos, técnicas de diálise e transplante renal estão ampliando o arsenal de tratamentos disponíveis para os profissionais de saúde. Isso inclui o desenvolvimento de medicamentos mais eficazes e com menos efeitos colaterais, assim como a aplicação de técnicas minimamente invasivas para o tratamento de complicações associadas à doença renal. Além disso, a pesquisa em terapias inovadoras busca abordagens mais personalizadas e direcionadas, levando em consideração as características individuais de cada paciente e o estágio da doença.
Paralelamente às terapias, estratégias de prevenção desempenham um papel fundamental na redução da incidência e progressão da insuficiência renal crônica. Isso inclui medidas como o controle rigoroso de condições subjacentes, como hipertensão e diabetes, que são fatores de risco significativos para a doença renal crônica, e a implementação de protocolos rigorosos de acompanhamento e educação do paciente. Além disso, a promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis, como dieta equilibrada e exercícios físicos, e a vigilância ativa para detectar e tratar precocemente possíveis agravos da função renal são componentes essenciais das estratégias de prevenção.
Em síntese, o tratamento eficaz da insuficiência renal crônica requer uma abordagem multifacetada que envolve diagnóstico precoce, terapias inovadoras e estratégias de prevenção. Essas abordagens integradas têm o potencial de reduzir significativamente a morbidade e a mortalidade associadas à doença renal crônica, garantindo uma melhor qualidade de vida e perspectivas futuras para os pacientes.
Comportamento dos índices relacionados à morbidade hospitalar por Leishmaniose Visceral no Brasil: Retrato de 6 anos (2018 - 2023)
Authors: De Oliveira Silva Gomes Lorran , Rodrigues Moreira Marcos Tulio , Bueno Araújo Bastos Lucas Eden , Teodoro Oliveira Rodrigues Ianara , Machado da Silva Neto Luiz
Published: June 2024

A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma doença que afeta humanos e animais, sendo fatal em até 90% dos casos não tratados. Transmitida pela picada de mosquitos flebotomíneos, principalmente Lutzomyia longipalpis no Brasil, registra cerca de 3.500 casos anuais no país, com uma incidência de 2,0 casos por 100.000 pessoas. Os sintomas incluem febre prolongada, hepatomegalia, esplenomegalia, perda de peso, fraqueza, anemia e podem levar a complicações sérias e morte se não tratados. Este trabalho visa analisar as taxas de morbidade hospitalar por LV no Brasil. Este estudo é epidemiológico, quantitativo e retrospectivo, usando dados do SIH/SUS do DATASUS. Foram incluídos indivíduos internados por Leishmaniose Visceral no Brasil entre 2018 e 2022 e as informações foram organizadas por região, atendimento, faixa etária, sexo e cor/raça. Entre 2018 e 2022, 8.954 pacientes foram internados por Leishmaniose Visceral no Brasil. Destes, 93,72% foram em caráter de urgência. A maioria dos casos ocorreu em crianças de 1 a 4 anos (26,33%), seguidas por adultos de 40 a 49 anos (10,62%). Os homens representaram 63,82% dos casos. Quanto à cor/raça, 55,98% dos pacientes se identificaram como pardos, 7,86% como brancos, 2,89% como pretos, 2,23% como amarelos e 1,10% como indígenas. A pesquisa identificou grupos mais suscetíveis à leishmaniose visceral, destacando a necessidade de abordagens direcionadas para reduzir a doença. Reconhecer fatores de risco é crucial para diagnóstico precoce e intervenção eficaz, melhorando o prognóstico dos pacientes.
IMMEDIATE RESTORATION CUSTOM-MADE BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ABOUT DENTAL IMPLANTS: PREDICTABLE RESULTS FOR PINK AND WHITE ESTHETICS
Authors: Matos Jefferson David Melo de , Coser Raphael Castiglioni , Rodrigues Michael Frank , Cabral Guilherme , Viaro Thiago R V , Queiroz Daher Antonio , Maciel Lucas Campagnaro
Published: June 2024

The definition of dental implant failure has evolved from focusing solely on lack of osseointegration to encompass broader concerns such as aesthetics. However, the criteria for aesthetic failure in implant dentistry are not well defined. Although several aesthetic indices have been validated to objectively evaluate clinical outcomes, including failure of an implant-supported crown. In this sense, aesthetic flaws in implant dentistry can be categorized into pink and white tissue flaws. This study aims to describe an extensive rehabilitation protocol where implants were placed using printed surgical guides and adaptations for bone and tissue grafts, facilitating restoration in the aesthetic zone. Key clinical stages and aspects are illustrated through the case of a fractured upper left central incisor, where an implant system was used for immediate patient rehabilitation. By highlighting these crucial steps and considerations, this study underscores the effectiveness of immediate implantation and restoration techniques in achieving optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes in dental rehabilitation
Diabetes gestacional: Complicações e gestão da condição no Sistema de Saúde Público Brasileiro.
Authors: Freitas Nívia Larice Rodrigues de , Evaristo Alana Carvalho , Rocha Karla Layse Dantas , Carlos Felipe Maia , Carrijo Amanda Carvalho , Farias Allyne Kelly Carvalho , Brasil Rêrika Ronnery Filgueira , Pereira Renato Antunes , Silva Fernanda Reis da , Oliveira Gabriel Henrique Morimã de , Silveira Giovanni Ciarlini , Araújo Pedro Robério Rodrigues , Davlis Natália Nínive Sales , Nobre Paulo Victor Chaves
Published: June 2024

A diabetes gestacional é uma doença que exige rápida estabilização quando já instalada na paciente, exigindo observação das suas múltiplas ramificações no quadro clínico, sendo necessária uma análise precisa e efetiva, para o atendimento adequado e resolutivo dos possíveis danos à saúde tanto da mãe quanto do bebê. Entretanto, a pouca existência de treinamento para lidar essa patologia que apresenta, muitas vezes, sintomas tardios e graves, fazendo com que muitas pacientes cheguem no âmbito do atendimento especializado com problemáticas que possivelmente seriam remediadas pela aplicação de rastreamento e medidas de prevenção. Esse artigo tem o foco em demonstrar a importância de analisar a diabetes gestacional, como forma de eficaz compreensão dessa para o auxilio na prevenção de agravamento do quadro clínico de mulheres que sofreram danos. Observou-se a gestão dessa patologia, por meio de revisões literárias, que fomentam a avaliação da aplicabilidade dessas práticas, por intermédio das centrais de dados da SciELO e BVS, utilizando os descritores de pesquisa: "diabestes gestacional", "complicações diabéticas" e "gestão da diabestes gestacional". Como critérios de inclusão foram utilizados artigos que abordassem a temática pesquisada, e de exclusão os que não abordavam o conteúdo pesquisado. Atualmente, no Brasil, existem formas de triagem e de classificação diagnóstica da diabestes gestacional, porém a falta de instrução adequada possibilita agravos dessa condição. Ademais, é ratificado que no Brasil mesmo possuindo protocolos de como lidar com essa condição gestacional é necessário conhecimentos sobre como efetuar a prevenção e manejo dessa, reduzindo índices de mortalidade e agravo de sintomas. Ademais, é essencial atuação dos profissionais de saúde para a redução e contenção de danos ao longo do manejo de mulheres que sofrem com a doença. Com isso, faz-se necessário a ampliação de conhecimentos sobre essa patologia, junto de ações de auxílio básico e de pesquisas que ratifiquem a relevância dessa, como forma de melhorias e de garantia de saúde.