bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing the essential strategic entrepreneurial production resource for the 21st century: Foundaries at the Interface
Authors: Tierney Robert
Published: April 2022

Twenty first century economies are increasingly being fueled by regional entrepreneurial and intreprepreneurial solutions to global problems such as water purity, global warming, health care, energy, and nutrition. However, the tradition al single technology or “Silo” approach to solving one of these problems while negatively affecting others are increasingly being eschewed. Multi technology solution sets, often comprised of both emerging and more established technologies, are increasingly embraced. Many utilizing these types of solution bases seek to leverage the more established management practices centered on the established technologies in order to manage their entire production process. Yet is this approach appropriate? One such multi technology solution set is comprised of the more emergent technology basis of nanotechnology and micromachining (MEMS) combined with the more established semiconductor microfabrication. This “Small Tech” solution base is seen by many as theb next “Shumpeterian Wave” of economic development. Yet they require costly “Foundaries at the Interface” or Multi Technology, High Product Mix, Low Volume fabrication facilities (MT-HMLV). These fabrications facilities have adopted for the most part the more established management practices of High Volume Semiconductor Faciltiy (HVSF) management proacticeses. We show that the results practice have been less than optimum. Our case study effort shows that these facilities use of taditonbal HVSF managment practices do not convey the strategic value of a MT-HMLV, nor do they adequately assist in their operational management. These facilities often funded by governmental action are essential to regional and firm based economic growth are now atrisk. If this is so there is cause for concern.
Profiles of social networking sites users in the Netherlands
Authors: Constantinides Efthymios
Published: April 2022

Online social networking has become a reality and integral part of the daily personal, social and business life. The extraordinary increase of the user numbers of Social Networking Sites (SNS) and the rampant creation of online communities presents businesses with many challenges and opportunities. From the commercial perspective, the SNS are an interesting and promising field: online social networks are important sources of market intelligence and also offer interesting options for co-operation, networking and marketing. For SMEs especially the Social Networking Sites represent a simple and low cost solution for listening the customer’s voice, reaching potential customers and creating extensive business networks. This paper presents the results of a national survey mapping the demographic, social and behavioral characteristics of the Dutch users of SNS. The study identifies four different user profiles and proposes a segmentation framework as basis for better understanding the nature and behavior of the participants in online communities. The findings present new insights to marketing strategists eager to use the communication potential of such communities; the findings are also interesting for businesses willing to explore the potential of online networking as a low cost yet very efficient alternative to physical, traditional networking.
Why Does Dave Spend Ten Times More Time on Interaction with Industry than Paul? Toward a Model of Social Capital Activation for Entrepreneurial Academics
Authors: Dervojeda Kristina
Published: April 2022

This paper focuses on academics that are looking for entrepreneurial ways to pursue their teaching, research and commercialization interests, in particular by actively engaging in university-industry interactions. The paper aims to improve our knowledge of why some academics exploit their social networks with industry more actively than others. We develop a conceptual model that aims to explain a mechanism behind social capital activation, and to identify factors that are likely to have the highest predictive power. We theorize on how academic’s motivation, perceived social influence and perceived ability unite into readiness to activate social capital, and under what circumstances this readiness is likely to result in actual behavior. Specifically, the objective of this paper is to further develop the model constructs and to operationalize them into a set of measurable items. For each of the readiness constructs, we present a set of composite variables, as well as corresponding observable variables. We conclude with implications of our analysis for theory and practice, and set directions for future research.
The impact of market orientation on the performance of the Vietnamese software firms
Authors: Dornberger Utz
Published: April 2022

paper focuses on the exploration of the relationship between the market orientation of the managers/entrepreneurs of the Vietnamese software firms and their business performances. However, research on market orientation is a mature area of research in the Western nations‟ perspectives, there are little knowledge about how the entrepreneurs and managers in the transition perspectives get along with the market and how this process effect on the performances of their ventures. Results of this research show that there is a positive relationship between the market orientation of the Vietnamese software firms and their business performances. This research also reveals that firm size has an influencing role on the performance setting effect of the market orientation in the firms. Furthermore this research shows that in the case of the Vietnamese software firms, „organization wide dissemination of market intelligence‟ and „organizational responsiveness to the disseminated intelligence‟ has more influence on business performance. Results of this research contributes to the knowledge for understanding about how the managers and entrepreneurs in new markets are adjusting their focuses to the market and how such adjustments are contributing o the performances of their ventures.
(Dis)Locating Homeland
Authors: Gupta Shilpi
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the construction of imagined homelands in a post-national world with a particular focus on the transnational, South Asian, brown women who are expected to display their dis/interested love and sacrifice. Drawing upon Gloria Anzaldúa's theory of Nueva Conciencia Mestiza and the notion of borderland, this chapter studies Taslima Nasreen's French Lover (2002) and Monica Ali's Brick Lane (2004) to address the following questions: How do the female protagonists of the novels—that is, Nilanjana and Nazneen, respectively—succeed to negotiate their position as in-betweeners between imagined homelands? How different are the male and the female characters' perceptions of their home/land? How do the women imagine their homeland when they are asked whether they want to go back or what is their homeland like? Both novels propose a new discourse of home/land in response to such (rhetorical) inquiries. It is argued that the two case studies demarcate the idea of border(home)land as a notion that is neither geographically nor imaginarily fixed.
The Partition
Authors: Bhattacharya Moulina
Published: April 2022

The concept of ‘border' in the context of diasporic subjects revolves around both spatial and psycho-cultural dimensions. The Partition of India has led to the emergence of the ‘Hindu' or ‘Bengali Diaspora'. This dispersion has jeopardized the lives of South Asian women, making them undergo a process of ‘selfing' in the new (host)lands. This chapter deals with the impact of the process of rehabilitation on the conflicting forms of the ‘new' identity or the identity ‘shift' among South Asian women in diaspora. The goal is to reinscribe the geo-political borderline as a symbolic threshold to the self-construction of the Bengali women, a corollary question to the dichotomous changes in their societal stature, as it appears to be a constant cue in their mental space. To this end, Foucault's principles of heterotopic spaces to observe the dissociation of the parallel spaces in the process of the ‘selfing' of the displaced women are presented.
Identity, Roles, and Choices Within the Space of the “Home” in Vijay Tendulkar's Kamala
Authors: Sasidharan Saritha , M. G. Prasuna
Published: April 2022

Societies present gender norms as “natural” to enforce an uneven power hierarchy. This “naturalness” often generates a desire within the gendered body to conform to their assigned identity within particular spaces. This chapter aims to explore gender identity and relations within the domestic space of home in South Asian context through an examination of Vijay Tendulkar's play Kamala, translated by Priya Adarkar. To this end, the study benefits from Nivedita Menon's Seeing Like a Feminist. More specifically, the chapter focuses on the characters Kamala, Kamalabai, and Sarita to analyze the protections offered to the “good” women but denied to the “bad/fallen” ones. It is hoped that the analysis highlights the different workings of gendered identity and roles within particular spatial settings.
Gender and Space in Flux in Anukrti Upadhyay's Bhaunri
Authors: Anand Pulkita
Published: April 2022

In Butler's theory, gender is constructed through a constant act of performance and repetition which explains it as an act of becoming. In light of this theoretical perspective, the present chapter aims to explore the Indian bilingual novelist Anukrti Upadhyay's Bhaunri (2019) to analyze the trajectory of the process of becoming a gendered identity. The chapter examines the various ways in which gender roles and identities are constructed, deconstructed, and reconstructed through the processes of signification, appropriation, and subversion. The findings reveal that in their struggles for their social and spatial rights, the female protagonist and her mother reassert their power by challenging patriarchal discourses. This chapter contributes to feminist discussions that argue for the fluid nature of gender and spatial relations.
Construction and Reconstruction of Space and Identity
Authors: Joseph Sebastine Kiron Susan
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the United Kingdom-born author of Indian origin Jasvinder Sanghera's autobiographical work Shame Travels (2011) to study the construction and reconstruction of gender, place, and identity through textual representations. To achieve this goal, the study benefits from the critical perspectives of the feminist geographers Doreen Massey and Gillian Rose as well as the feminist theorist Judith Butler. The analysis is concerned with the juxtaposition of identities that are formed in two different places, that is the Indian immigrant community in Great Britain along with the narrator's native village Kang Sabhu, in rural Punjab, India. It is argued that the perceived spaces in the text are constructed out of social relations and are not necessarily independent entities.
Recreating “Home” in Exile
Authors: Majumdar Sarottama
Published: April 2022

Narratives by women travelers to European colonies from the early 19th century were marked by incomprehension because they experienced cultural unfamiliarity. Early encounters between European women and non-European people resulted in geographical and racial segregation in the “contact zones” of South Asia. Immigrant women's writings record strategies of utilizing their sense of spatial alienation. The notion, which was identified by colonial feminists such as Elizabeth Buettner and Mary Procida, establishes a narrative strengthening social fault lines in colonial India and South Asia. This chapter critiques relevant textual evidence to examine how women made use of reified moral/cultural coda from “home” (Britain) and reinforced racial identity in an alien land (India). The aim of the study is to establish how these uniquely gendered markers created colonial legacies of social entitlement in India.
The Pedagogy of Distance Education
Authors: Orakcı Şenol , Karagöz Savaş
Published: April 2022

The aim of this chapter is to examine and assess distance education, purpose and requirements of distance education, basic principles in the effective use of distance education, the role of teacher and student in distance education, material in distance education, and measurement and evaluation in distance education. It also aims at determining learning theories in distance education technology such as behavioral learning theory, cognitive learning theory, constructivist learning theory, adult education theory, theory of independent study, autonomy theory, theory of industrialization of teaching, connectivism learning theory, and interaction and communication theory. In the last part of the chapter, technology-supported education methods such as interactive video, teleconferencing systems, cloud technology, virtual reality, and web-based (online) training were explained in detail.
Assessing Student Learning in Online and Hybrid Classrooms
Authors: Kayır Gökhan
Published: April 2022

Education systems and methods are shaped according to the needs of societies and technology. Today, technological possibilities bring about deep and radical changes in every field. With the educational environments becoming computer-aided and online, the measurement and evaluation of student achievement had to be computer-assisted and online. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the basic logic of computer-based measurement and evaluation and to explain the methods. Computer-based assessment and evaluation have many benefits for students, teachers, and institutions. While the advantages include continuous monitoring of students, low cost, and rapid and equal access to many students at the same time, it is seen as a disadvantage that students have the opportunity to cheat and get outside help.
Business and Culture
Authors: Apaydin Marina , Branch John D. , Gillett Amy
Published: April 2022

Virtual exchanges are an emerging form of learning in which students from different countries are connected via technology. The authors created a virtual exchange, Business & Culture, to connect students at institutions in the USA, Egypt, Lebanon, and Libya. The focus of the Business & Culture virtual exchange was on teaching cultural competence, a key skill in today's increasingly globalized workplace. In this chapter, they explore the design and implementation of Business & Culture. They enumerate the challenges of incorporating the needs and resources of four different institutions. They discuss the benefits of the Business & Cultural virtual exchange to both students and instructors. And they outline the evaluation of the Business & Cultural virtual exchange, which allowed them to both gauge its effectiveness and improve its design and implementation.
Concrete Benefits of Technological Innovation for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Pompò Maria
Published: April 2022

In recent years, digitization greatly influences the production process of enterprises. In terms of competitiveness, we are more and more aware of the advantages that the use of digital technology entails for companies. However, there is still a digital divide between companies in northern Italy and those in the south due to the geographical position, which undoubtedly penalizes these companies in terms of costs, but also due a certain delay in terms of economic growth. To overcome this gap, it is necessary to undertake a process of change through greater cooperation between companies, creating supply chains that not only embrace different sectors, but also go beyond their borders and create an increasingly global system. Exactly for this reason, it is essential to perfect the knowledge and skills of digital tools. Only in this way can SMEs in the south have the opportunity to become more competitive in terms of international trade.
Digital Transformation in Public Services
Authors: Yildirim Seda , Bostanci Seda H.
Published: April 2022

The world has welcomed digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Citizens and governments began their travel from public services to e-public services. However, there are already launched programs for e-government of digital transformation. It is a fact that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adaptation of digital transformation in public services in developing countries. This study aims to present new evidence for the management of e-public services through functional service management model. In this context, Turkey is selected as a sample country based on United Nations E-Government Development Index (EGDI) results. Turkey has accelerated its digital transformation in public services for five years. In addition, the Turkish government is observed to be successful in providing and sustaining public services through digital platforms. The study focuses on determining the functional management approach to examine the working way of e-public services.
Technology and Innovation
Authors: Palumbo Paolo
Published: April 2022

During the first phase of the pandemic up to today, many religious activities, particularly liturgical celebrations, have been suspended, interrupted, re-organized. Drastic measures and choices were needed, always balanced with constitutional principles. In this social and historical contest, Facebook and similar digital platforms seem to have turned into liturgical spaces. Every kind of celebration is transmitted through them: “domestic” liturgies are held, retreat houses are switching to online activities, spiritual assistance is offered through a computer screen, and so on. The scientific contribution aims to highlight the problems and issues that have come to determine and present the practices used within the confessional systems. Also, a recent research on the subject, promoted by the Giustino Fortunato University, offers reflections that can favor a better relationship between the needs of worship, pastoral, and confessional regulations on the subject of sacraments and celebrations.
Bullying and Cyber-Bullying
Authors: De Luca Picione Raffaele , Martini Elvira , Corona Fabrizio , Falzarano Maria Libera , Cicchella Sara
Published: April 2022

Bullying is defined as an oppression, psychological or physical, repeated and continued over time, perpetuated by a person—or a group—that is more powerful against another person perceived as weaker. Three characteristics define the phenomenon of bullying: voluntariness of the behavior, repetitiveness, and imbalance between the violent and the victim. Initial studies aimed at understanding the phenomenon and defining the dynamics and roles. It is now clear that not only the victim and the bully are involved but also all the people who participate as supporters or silent spectators. There has been a worrying increase in the cyberbullying phenomenon (i.e., forms of bullying, violence, offense, and exclusion) by IT tools. The understanding of cultural-psycho-socio dynamics and suitable forms of intervention require a multi-perspective that takes into account the psychological, sociological, institutional, and legal dimensions. It is from the integration of different perspectives and several prevention tools that adequate interventions can be devised.
Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning and Psychology
Authors: Mebane Minou Ella
Published: April 2022

In Italy there is still a diffused academic distrust the e-learning can transfer academic and professional skills especially in the field of psychology. Opponents of online teaching underline that teacher physical presence represents a “modeling asse” when transferring professional competencies which are also based on nonverbal behaviors. However, as Rudestam hypothesized, the characteristics of asynchronous CSCL may compensate the lack of nonverbal cues. Recent research has made a relevant contribution in this field, showing that CSCL can be an important tool, not only to increase knowledge on psychology, but also teach professional skills. This research also reveals that collaborative learning was effective in both learning settings, even with teachers with more or less experience. Overall, these studies, though with their limits, show that in Italy, to avoid psychology slipping behind other disciplines in online learning, CSCL could be applied to transfer knowledge and professional skills and social capital in the field of psychology.
Reform-Based Mathematics Teaching in the United States
Authors: Karatas Sumeyra , Safak Reyhan , Bulut Gamze , Karatas Veysel
Published: April 2022

This chapter examined the trends in reform-based mathematics teaching practices in the United States classrooms. The authors systematically analyzed the journal articles in the Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 (MTLT) in order to reveal the current practices that practitioners and experts in mathematics education deem significant and worthy. They found that the most trending reform practices were mathematical discourse, conceptual understanding, task selection, and real-life applications. They discussed each trending practice through sample strategies and provided examples from the reviewed articles. They also identified the least trending reform practices that need attention and discussed associated challenges.
“Who Else Would I Even Talk To?”
Authors: Baker Katherine
Published: April 2022

Engagement with student thinking involves eliciting and using evidence of student thinking in instruction. This case study explored how three prospective elementary teachers engaged with student thinking in mathematics and used this thinking to guide instruction during their student teaching experiences. The prospective teachers were situated at the same school and same grade level and were supported through team meetings facilitated by a mathematics teacher educator. The prospective teachers then voluntarily sustained a community of practice in which they unpacked the pedagogical and content needs of instructional units focused on fractions. Consideration is given to implementation of similar support structures within teacher preparation programs in order to encourage teachers' engagement with student thinking, especially in mathematics.
Co-Teaching to Develop Reform-Based Practices in Mathematics
Authors: Eden Raewyn
Published: April 2022

Improving opportunities for under-served (and all) students to learn mathematics requires shifts in what teachers know and can do. This chapter explores teachers' opportunities to learn: How might collaborative inquiry support them to make such shifts? In particular, the chapter explores co-teaching as a possible solution to the complex challenge of implementing reform-based mathematics pedagogy in primary (elementary) mathematics classrooms. It draws on the voices of teachers who worked together to develop ambitious, talk-based pedagogies in their classrooms where the use of “talk moves” was a particular focus for their shared work. It examines the transformative power of co-teaching as a feature of the teachers' collaborative activity, outlining three fields of practice that interacted to expand teachers' possibilities for action: their enacted practice, their conversations about practice, and their noticing of student thinking within practice. Working across difference served as catalyst and context for the transformation of teachers' practices.
COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign
Authors: Schroeder Patricia
Published: April 2022

Uruguay is the second country in the world with the third dose of immunization. It was notable for the population's response, which allowed for the rapid achievement of herd immunity. As vaccination progressed, there was a rapid decline in the number of severe cases and deaths. In this administration, communication has played a key role in the health strategy and now in the vaccination strategy. The credibility of the government made it possible to move forward without hard questioning. Throughout the entire process, digital communication allowed for two-way communication channels, speed, and reach in messages. In this chapter, the authors offer a theoretical framework for understanding the communication strategy, a brief account of the social climate prior to the pandemic, and finally, the main aspects of the digital communication implemented.
Health Communication on Social Media
Authors: Cardoso Paulo Ribeiro , Fonseca Manuel José
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to analyze how social media users perceived the health-related content disseminated in this channel. Specifically, it was intended to verify how the dimensions “entertainment,” “interaction,” “trendiness,” and “customization” impacted the “word-of-mouth” that the user could make to other users regarding health-related content. The methodological approach involved a questionnaire survey that integrated a set of statements, adapted from Kim and Ko's study. Data were collected through an online survey using a convenience sample composed of individuals from the northern region of Portugal. As result, the authors found that the dimensions “entertainment,” “interaction,” and “trendiness” had positive values. “Trendiness” stood out as the dimension with the greatest impact on “word-of-mouth.” The dimensions “entertainment” and “customization” also showed to have an impact on “word-of-mouth” but in a more moderate way.
Spatio-Temporal Deep Feature Fusion for Human Action Recognition
Authors: Indhumathi C.  , Murugan V.  , Muthulakshmi G.
Published: April 2022

Action Recognition plays a vital role in many secure applications. The objective of this paper is to identify actions more accurately. This paper focuses on the two stream network in which keyframe extraction method is utilized before extracting spatial features. The temporal features are extracted using Attentive Correlated Temporal Feature (ACTF) which uses Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) for deep features. The spatial and temporal features are fused and classified using multi Support Vector Machine (multiSVM) classifier. Experiments are done on HMDB51 and UCF101 datasets. The results of the proposed method are compared with recent methods in terms of accuracy. The proposed method is proved to work better than other methods by achieving an accuracy of 96% for HMDB51 dataset and 98% for UCF101 dataset.
A Hybrid Moth-Flame Optimization Technique for Feature Selection in Brain Image Classification and Image Denoising by Improved Log Gabor Filter
Authors: Diaz P. M. , Jiju M. Julie Emerald
Published: April 2022

In brain image classification, feature set reduction is essential to build an optimised feature subset that will lead to precise measurement. In this paper, an improved technique for feature selection by Moth Flame Optimization with Opposition Based Learning (OBL) and Simulated Annealing (OB-MFOSA) is proposed. The OBL strategy is used to create the optimum initial solution, while Simulated Annealing improves the search space. The proposed OB-MFOSA shows improved performance than other well-known existing algorithms by eliminating getting stuck in the local optima. By using this hybrid moth flame optimization, the feature set is reduced to 40%. Also, image denoising is performed by Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) with an improved Log Gabor filtering technique. The filter bank of Log Gabor filter bank is tuned by Genetic Algorithm. The selected features from hybrid MFO algorithm are classified using SVM classifier. Experiments reveal that this hybrid algorithm shows accurate classification outputs than the previous methods.
Generating Personalized Explanations for Recommender Systems Using a Knowledge Base
Authors: Chen Yuhao , Luo Shi-Jun , Han Hyoil , Miyazaki Jun , Saldanha Alfrin Letus
Published: April 2022

In the last decade, we have seen an increase in the need for interpretable recommendations. Explaining why a product is recommended to a user increases user trust and makes the recommendations more acceptable. The authors propose a personalized explanation generation system, PEREXGEN (personalized explanation generation) that generates personalized explanations for recommender systems using a model-agnostic approach. The proposed model consists of a recommender and an explanation module. Since they implement a model-agnostic approach to generate personalized explanations, they focus more on the explanation module. The explanation module consists of a task-specialized item knowledge graph (TSI-KG) generation from a knowledge base and an explanation generation component. They employ the MovieLens and Wikidata datasets and evaluate the proposed system's model-agnostic properties using conventional and state-of-the-art recommender systems. The user study shows that PEREXGEN generates more persuasive and natural explanations.
Conceptual Design: High-Voltage Transformer
Authors: Gordillo Jorge A.
Published: April 2022

This paper shown and describe this behaviour an original conceptual design of an electrical transformer. The device it is constituted by an electrodynamic actuator and piezoelectric crystals.The input AC voltage generates an axial vibration in the electrodynamic actuator. The axial vibration is transmitted to a piezoelectric crystal which is polarized in the axial direction and generates the output voltage. In a reduced volumes and a single step, it would be possible to reach voltages of tens of MV and great transformation ratios-achieving these voltages is impossible with conventional systems-The transformer works at axial resonance of the piezoelectric crystal. This device operates to the frequency of order kHz; therefore could be used to generate electromagnetic waves. The capacitive and inductive at its output negligible respect conventional transformer. This transformer could be used in countless devices, such as gamma‐ray machines, electron microscope, solid-state propulsion system, Ion thruster, small particle accelerator etc.
RORγt-Expressing Pathogenic CD4+ T Cells Cause Brain Inflammation during Chronic Colitis
Authors: Mickael Michel Edwar , Bhaumik Suniti , Chakraborti Ayanabha , Umfress Alan A , van Groen Thomas , Macaluso Matthew , Totenhagen John , Sorace Anna G , Bibb James A , Standaert David G , Basu Rajatava
Published: April 2022

Neurobehavioral disorders and brain abnormalities have been extensively reported in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. However, the mechanism causing neuropathological disorders in inflammatory bowel disease patients remains unknown. Studies have linked the Th17 subset of CD4+ T cells to brain diseases associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment, including multiple sclerosis, ischemic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. To better understand how CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to brain pathology in chronic intestinal inflammation, we investigated the development of brain inflammation in the T cell transfer model of chronic colitis. Our findings demonstrate that CD4+ T cells infiltrate the brain of colitic Rag1−/− mice in proportional levels to colitis severity. Colitic mice developed hypothalamic astrogliosis that correlated with neurobehavioral disorders. Moreover, the brain-infiltrating CD4+ T cells expressed Th17 cell transcription factor retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and displayed a pathogenic Th17 cellular phenotype similar to colonic Th17 cells. Adoptive transfer of RORγt-deficient naive CD4+ T cells failed to cause brain inflammation and neurobehavioral disorders in Rag1−/− recipients, with significantly less brain infiltration of CD4+ T cells. The finding is mirrored in chronic dextran sulfate sodium–induced colitis in Rorcfl/fl Cd4-Cre mice that showed lower frequency of brain-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and astrogliosis despite onset of significantly more severe colitis compared with wild-type mice. These findings suggest that pathogenic RORγt+CD4+ T cells that aggravate colitis migrate preferentially into the brain, contributing to brain inflammation and neurobehavioral disorders, thereby linking colitis severity to neuroinflammation.
Cutting Edge: Enhanced Antitumor Immunity in ST8Sia6 Knockout Mice
Authors: Friedman David J , Kizerwetter Monika , Belmonte Paul , Rajcula Matthew , Theodore Keith , Kim Lee Hyun Se , Shapiro Michael J , Dong Haidong , Shapiro Virginia Smith
Published: April 2022

Inhibitory receptors have a critical role in the regulation of immunity. Siglecs are a family of primarily inhibitory receptors expressed by immune cells that recognize specific sialic acid modifications on cell surface glycans. Many tumors have increased sialic acid incorporation. Overexpression of the sialyltransferase ST8Sia6 on tumors led to altered immune responses and increased tumor growth. In this study, we examined the role of ST8Sia6 on immune cells in regulating antitumor immunity. ST8Sia6 knockout mice had an enhanced immune response to tumors. The loss of ST8Sia6 promoted an enhanced intratumoral activation of macrophages and dendritic cells, including upregulation of CD40. Intratumoral regulatory T cells exhibited a more inflammatory phenotype in ST8Sia6 knockout mice. Using adoptive transfer studies, the change in regulatory T cell phenotype was not cell intrinsic and depended on the loss of ST8Sia6 expression in APCs. Thus, ST8Sia6 generates ligands for Siglecs that dampen antitumor immunity.
Post-Operative ischaemic stroke as a sequelae of unnoticed small internal carotid artery intimal flap
Authors: Sharma Amit Kumar , Jagetia Anita , Srivastava Arvind Kumar , Singh Daljit
Published: April 2022

The risk of stroke associated with aneurysm coiling can occur as a result of thromboembolic complications. The iatrogenic internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection can also lead to ischemic stroke. A 42-year-old patient was diagnosed with a left ICA paraclinoid aneurysm. The endovascular coil embolisation was done. The aneurysm was completely obliterated with preservation of parent artery and distal flow. In the post-operative period, the patient developed a left middle cerebral artery territory infarct. The patient underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy and check data structures and algorithms (DSA) showed ICA dissection with no distal flow. The retrospective examination of earlier DSA revealed a suspected small intimal flap which later progressed to complete dissection and resulted in the infarct. We are reporting this case intending to emphasize careful examination of angiogram and findings suggestive of even a small intimal flap of ICA must not be overlooked. It might progress to frank dissection, stenosis of ICA and even fatal ischaemic stroke.
Estimating Age-Specific Mean Sojourn Time of Breast Cancer and Sensitivity of Mammographic Screening by Breast Density among Korean Women
Authors: Choi Eunji , Suh Mina , Jung So-Youn , Jung Kyu-Won , Park Sohee , Jun Jae Kwan , Choi Kui Son
Published: April 2022

Purpose High breast cancer incidence and dense breast prevalence among women in forties are specific to Asian. This study examined the natural history of breast cancer among Korean women.Materials and Methods We applied a three-state Markov model (i.e., healthy, preclinical, and clinical state) to fit the natural history of breast cancer to data in the Korean National Cancer Screening Program. Breast cancer was ascertained by linkage to the Korean Central Cancer Registry. Disease-progression rates (i.e., transition rates between three states), mean sojourn time (MST) and mammographic sensitivity were estimated across 10-year age groups and levels of breast density determined by the Breast Imaging, Reporting and Data System.Results Overall prevalence of dense breast was 53.9%. Transition rate from healthy to preclinical state, indicating the preclinical incidence of breast cancer, was higher among women in forties (0.0019; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0017 to 0.0021) and fifties (0.0020; 95% CI, 0.0017 to 0.0022), than women in sixties (0.0014; 95% CI, 0.0012 to 0.0017). The MSTs, in which the tumor is asymptomatic but detectable by screening, were also fastest among younger age groups, estimated as 1.98 years (95% CI, 1.67 to 2.33), 2.49 years (95% CI, 1.92 to 3.22), and 3.07 years (95% CI, 2.11 to 4.46) for women in forties, fifties, and sixties, respectively. Having dense breasts increased the likelihood of the preclinical cancer risk (1.96 to 2.35 times) and decreased the duration of MST (1.53 to 2.02 times).Conclusion This study estimated Korean-specific natural history parameters of breast cancer that would be utilized for establishing optimal screening strategies in countries with higher dense breast prevalence.
Nationwide Seroprevalence of Scrub Typhus, Typhus, and Spotted Fever in Young Thai Men
Authors: Gonwong Siriphan , Mason Carl J. , Chuenchitra Thippawan , Khanijou Patchariya , Islam Dilara , Ruamsap Nattaya , Kana Khunakorn , Tabprasit Sutchana , Vesely Brian A. , Demons Samandra T. , Waters Norman C. , Swierczewski Brett E. , Crawford John M. , Jones James W.
Published: April 2022

Scrub typhus group (STG), typhus group (TG), and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are pathogens distributed worldwide and are important causes of febrile illnesses in southeast Asia. The levels of rickettsioses burden and distribution in Thai communities are still unclear. Nonspecific symptoms, limit diagnostic capacity and underdiagnoses contribute to the absence of clarity. The objective of this study was to determine the nationwide IgG seroprevalence of STG, TG, and SFG by ELISA in repository sera from the Royal Thai Army recruits collected during 2007–2008 and 2012 to estimate rickettsiae exposure in young Thai men to better understand rickettsiae exposure distribution in the Thai population. IgG seroprevalence of STG, Orientia tsutsugamushi; TG, Rickettsia typhi; and SFG, R. rickettsii was 12.4%, 6.8%, and 3.3% in 2007–2008 and 31.8%, 4.2%, and 4.5% in 2012, respectively. The STG had the highest seroprevalence of Rickettsia assessed, with the highest regional seroprevalence found in southern Thailand. The STG seroprevalence changed significantly from 2007 to 2008 (P value < 0.05), which corresponds with morbidity rate of scrub typhus from the last decade in Thailand. We were unable to determine the causality for seroprevalence changes between the two periods due to the limitation in sample numbers for intervening years and limited information available for archived specimens. Additional research would be required to determine agency. However, study results do confirm Rickettsia endemicity in Thailand lends weight to reports of increasing STG seroprevalence. It also corroborates the need to raise rickettsial disease awareness and educate the general public in prevention measures.
Rights-based litigation in the climate emergency: mapping the landscape and new knowledge frontiers
Authors: Savaresi* Annalisa , Setzer** Joana
Published: April 2022

This article revisits and expands on extant scholarly inquiries into the so-called ‘rights turn’ in climate litigation, with the objective of providing a more comprehensive appreciation of the role of human rights litigation in the context of the climate emergency. We rely on well-established categories used in the literature on climate litigation and on human rights and the environment to provide the first systematic analysis of rights-based litigation that aligns with climate objectives. Building on this basis, we consider the significant data and knowledge gaps concerning human rights litigation that does not align with climate objectives. We flag the need to better understand the role of rights-based litigation in the context of the complex societal changes associated with a just transition towards net zero emissions. The article contributes to scholarly inquiry into this new and increasingly prominent area at the intersection of human rights and environmental law, highlighting knowledge gaps that deserve further investigation, both from an academic and from a policy and practice perspective.

* Email: Annalisa.savaresi@uef.fi.

** Email: J.Setzer@lse.ac.uk. The authors are grateful to Gwenyth Wren for invaluable research assistance in the preparation of this piece. They are also grateful to Catherine Higham, Josh Gellers, Pau de Vilchez Moragues, Dennis van Berkel, Lisa Vanhala and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. Joana Setzer acknowledges support from the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, at the London School of Economics, and the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) (ref. ES/R009708/1). The usual disclaimers apply.
Standards for adjudicating the next generation of Urgenda-style climate cases
Authors: Maxwell* Lucy , Mead** Sarah , van Berkel*** Dennis
Published: April 2022

Over the past decade, legal norms governing States’ obligations to mitigate climate change, and courts’ review of such efforts, have matured greatly in many jurisdictions around the world. In this article, we examine judicial decisions and consider future developments in Urgenda-style, or ‘systemic mitigation cases’ as we define them, at the national level. Systemic mitigation cases seek to compel a State or one of its organs to increase its overall mitigation efforts. These cases, which are growing in number, can lead to a significant increase in a country’s overall mitigation ambition. Yet a perceived lack of standards by which to assess mitigation efforts has given rise to judicial concerns regarding the separation of powers in adjudicating such cases. In response to these concerns, we present a framework based on international climate change law and best available climate science to assist litigants and courts in human-rights- and tort-based cases. We draw on principles developed by the Dutch courts in Urgenda v the Netherlands and on recent judgments of other national courts, and identify a range of concrete standards by which courts may assess whether a State has met the minimum legal requirements of its duty of care in the ‘next generation’ of systemic mitigation cases.

* lucy.maxwell@urgenda.nl

** sarah.mead@urgenda.nl

*** dennis.van.berkel@urgenda.nl
Türkiye’deki Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Durumu
Authors: Samadlı Musa
Published: April 2022

Küreselleşme kavramı bazı alanlarda dönüşüm ve değişimin gerçekleşmesinde aracılık etmiştir. Ekonomide, siyasal kuramlarda, sosyo-kültürel değerlerde, bilim ve teknolojide canlı değişimlere sebep olan küreselleşmenin eğitim alanı ile ilgili en seçkin izlenimlerden biri uluslararası öğrenci hareketinin yükselişe geçmesidir. Uluslararası öğrenciler, eğitim aldıkları ülkelere ekonomik gelir ile beraber, sosyal sermaye açısından katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu anlamda, gelişmiş dünya ülkeleri kendi ülkelerinde eğitim almakta olan uluslararası öğrencilerin nispetini arttırmak, gelişmekte olan ülkeler ise küreselleşmenin eğitim boyutu pazarında daha fazla pay ala bilmek için sağlam rekabet içerisindedirler. Eğitim için en fazla tercih edilen ülkelerin ekonomileri incelendiğinde, bu ülkelerin uluslararası öğrencilerden önemli gelirler elde ettikleri görülmektedir. Bu durum, uluslararası öğrencilerin eğitim kolunun bir devlet politikası olarak ele alınması ve yürütülmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, uluslararası öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik gelişmiş ülkelerin politikaları incelenerek Türkiye’deki tarihi süreç ve son durumu ele alınmıştır. Bununla beraber dünyada uluslararası öğrenci alanındaki mevcut çalışmalar değerlendirilmiş ve uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğini artırmaya yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.
Turkey-Bangladesh Relations from a Historical Perspective: The Contribution of Siraj and Nazrul to The Turkish War of Independence
Authors: Sarker Jahidul Islam , Islam Tariquil , Faisal Mostafa , Akter Ayesha
Published: April 2022

Turkey and Bangladesh are two Muslim countries who have shared a long history of friendship. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of two famous Bangladeshi poets Ismail Hossain Siraj and Kazi Nazrul Islam during the Turkish War of Independence. By content analysis of works of Siraji and Nazrul and evaluating rare documents from Turkish archives, we have highlighted in this study the contributions of these two poets of Bangladesh during the Turkish War of Independence. The study found that Ismail Hossain Siraj played an important role as the only member of the medical delegation of Indian Muslims sent to the Balkan Wars. He sent news from the battlefield to the newspapers of Bangladesh. Later, during the Turkish War of Independence, Siraji played a crucial role in the Khilafat Committee of Bengal. Kazi Nazrul, his first newspaper in the Nabajog, regularly covered the battlefields of Turkey. Nazrul wrote Ranveri poem in support of the Turkish War of Independence. Similarly, Kamal Pasha poem was written by Nazrul on the conquest of Turkey. Recognizing the contribution of two Bangladeshi poets in the Turkish War of Independence, the study seeks to foster strengthen the historical foundation of Turkish-Bangladesh relations.
Combinatorial description of the principal congruence subgroup Γ(2) in SL(2, Z)
Authors: Mabilat Flavien
Published: April 2022

We characterize sequences of positive integers (c 1 , c 2 , ..., cn) for which the (2 × 2)-matrix c 1 −1 1 0 · · · cn −1 1 0 belongs to the principal congruence subgroup of level 2 in SL(2, Z). The answer is given in terms of dissections of a convex n-gon into a mixture of triangles and quadrilaterals.
A STUDY IN PERSPECTIVE OF LAWS AND LEGAL TREND RELATED TO FOOD ADULTERATION
Authors: Balwan Wahied Khawar
Published: April 2022

Adulteration is a very serious problem posing serious health risks in India. In every product there is adulteration. Starting from our daily groceries, it moves on to our life saving medicines. The sinners have not spared even infants' milk products. India has revamped its system of food law, from multi-level, multi-department to one strong food law system. It was created in 2006 by the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Taking the current adulteration of the foodstuffs in India into account, the task force was set up to propose amendments to the Food Safety and Standards Act. Poor implementation of the current Food Safety and Standards Act, particularly in governments, was also a problem. Testing and analytical capability in India's official food security units is insufficient to handle a distribution system that feeds close to 1.3 trillion people. Efficient resource appropriation for regulatory units, institutional enhancement and capacity building, improved strategic and organisational co-ordination between institutions, student commitment to address adulteration by including adult forms, and easy steps to locate them in their curriculum. Using student power to train adulterants on the harm of adultery and to ensure that they are completely confidential in order to eliminate from India adulteration and the related problems.
The Physicochemical Properties of Flavor Enhancer Made from Different Types of Snail Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Ernawati Dwi , Rosida Dedin Finatsiyatull
Published: April 2022

Golden apple snails, apple snails, and freshwater snails are mollusks found in shallow waters with mud on the bottom, such as rice fields, swamps, and riverbanks. Snail has a high protein content of 14%-19%, but its utilization is still limited. In addition, certain types of snails, such as golden apple snails and apple snails, are pests to rice plants, so they have not been used optimally. One alternative is using snail as a flavor enhancer. Flavor enhancers can be made through enzymatic hydrolysis using bromelain enzymes. This study aimed to determine the effect of snail type and hydrolysis time on the physicochemical properties of flavor enhancer made of snail protein hydrolysate. This experimental study used a completely randomized design with two factors. Factor I was the type of snail (golden apple snail, apple snail, and freshwater snail), and factor II was the hydrolysis time (3 hours, 6 hours, and 9 hours). Data were analyzed using ANOVA with α 5%. When significant difference was identified, DMRT test at 95% significance level will be conducted. The result has showed that the flavor enhancer made of snail protein hydrolysate is influenced by different snail types and hydrolysis time. The apple snail with 9-hour hydrolysis  produces the best flavor enhancer characterized by 3.96% water content, 14.73% yield, 92.29% water solubility, oil absorption of 1.15 ml/g, glutamic acid content of 107.23 ppm, and brownish yellow tone.