bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2016/31 Supreme Court: employer cannot dismiss employee for exercising freedom of speech (SL)
Authors: Slemenjak Nives
Published: July 2016

EELC 2016/31 Supreme Court: employer cannot dismiss employee for exercising freedom of speech (SL)

The employee, a public servant, criticised her employer’s director in an email that she sent all of her co-workers. The email made its way into a newspaper. She was dismissed. She challenged her dismissal successfully: the Supreme Court, weighing the employee’s right to freedom of speech against the employer’s right to protect its reputation and business interests, held the dismissal to be unfounded.
2016/32 Window sticker sufficient to allow evidence collected by surveillance camera (SP)
Authors: Cortes Sonia
Published: July 2016

2016/32 Window sticker sufficient to allow evidence collected by surveillance camera (SP)

A decision issued by the Constitutional Court on 3 March 2016 upholds a High Court decision on whether evidence obtained through video surveillance at the work place without previously informing the employee or the works council of the recording infringes employees’ privacy. The existence of cameras in the workplace was only made known via a sticker on the shop window, but the Constitutional Court found that it provided sufficient information to employees. The Court found that, as there was a prior suspicion of theft by the employee, temporary recording of the cashier area was lawful and did not require prior consent. The judgment sets out the criteria to be used to determine a fair balance between the competing interests of employee privacy and the employer’s right to compliance.
2016/33 Supreme Court clarifies rules on redundancy selection methods (NO)
Authors: Lerheim Tore , Olsby Ole Kristian
Published: July 2016

2016/33 Supreme Court clarifies rules on redundancy selection methods (NO)

The basic rule in Norwegian law is that an employer planning to reduce headcount must apply the rules for selecting those to be dismissed (based on seniority, qualifications, personal circumstances, etc.) to the entire workforce within the relevant legal entity. However, there are circumstances under which the employer may limit the pool of employees within which to apply those rules. In this case, the employer was justified in limiting that pool to one employee, thereby avoiding the need to make a selection.
2016/34 Transferee has no claim against transferor for paid leave accrued before transfer (NL)
Authors: Zwanenburg Amber
Published: July 2016

2016/34 Transferee has no claim against transferor for paid leave accrued before transfer

A transferee cannot claim the value of leave accrued but not taken by transferred employees before a transfer from the transferor.
Missing Ihde
Authors: Crease Robert P. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2016

This article investigates how lack of a phenomenology of technology has hurt understanding of the lifeworld.  One way, as Ihde has shown, involves a failure to appreciate the instrumental mediation of experience and the extension of perception.  But Ihde also fails to notice the background in which these mediations are taking place and which shapes the mediations themselves and our interpretation of them; not even the research of technoscientists takes place in a neutral atmosphere that does not affect how we work.  This article also discusses hermeneutic distortion, or the gap in collective interpretive resources that occurs when the technoscientific infrastructure withdraws and becomes all but invisible, encouraging the tendency to treat scientific conclusions as mere opinions, and technoscientific devices as accessory rather than integral to the modern world.
Variations upon Ihde’s Husserl’s Missing Technologies
Authors: Van Den Eede Yoni ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2016

In his new book, Husserl’s Missing Technologies, Don Ihde provides yet another, and highly enriching, iteration of postphenomenology. My comments here concern a couple of observations that he makes along the way with regard to the “scientific” status of philosophy and the question of whether philosophies, like technologies, have “use-lifes.” These remarks actually pierce through to the core of the postphenomenological theoretical corpus. In particular, there are consequences for the concept of multistability that need to be discussed: Are some stabilities better than others? In asking that question, which deserves the most emphasis: actuality or potentiality? And to what extent is there a continuity between “ideas” (i.e., theories) and technologies?
Dispose After Expiration Date
Authors: Mendieta Eduardo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2016

This article argues that there are three key claims of postphenomenology: first, that there is no immediate access to a phenomena that is not always already embodied; second, that there is no science that is not determined by a technology, and that technologies are instances of certain theoretical assumptions and perspectives; third, that all technoscience is enabled and mediated by the embodied perception that takes place in and through instrumentation, which leads to the insight that all scientific evidence is manufactured perception. There is critical engagement with Ihde’s take on pragmatism and it is argued that he makes too severe a distinction between embodied praxis and communicative action, between practices of embodiment and practices of communicating. The argument is that the technoscientific body is a communicative body. The article closes with the consideration of Ihde’s provocative thesis that we ought to think of philosophical systems as having expiration or obsolesce dates. The author recalls the important work of German-Jewish philosopher Günther Anders in order to think through the sense in which it is not so much our technologies that expire, but our ethical worldviews that are made discrepant and incommensurate with the challenges our technologies throw at us. It is argued that we have to make distinction between obsolesce, on the one hand, and error or failure, on the other.
Reply to My Interlocutors
Authors: Ihde Don ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2016

“Reply to My Interlocutors” responds to each contributor, not in order in the text, but in order of issues. Each interlocutor deals with important issues and I situate myself in relation to these. Dealing with Husserl from a twenty-first century position has called for a multiple layered time response, since I find much of his philosophy of science highly outdated. The origins of the various chapters take place over several decades of time.
Eph and Ephrin function in dispersal and epithelial insertion of pigmented immunocytes in sea urchin embryos
Authors: Krupke Oliver A , Zysk Ivona , Mellott Dan O , Burke Robert D
Published: July 2016

The mechanisms that underlie directional cell migration are incompletely understood. Eph receptors usually guide migrations of cells by exclusion from regions expressing Ephrin. In sea urchin embryos, pigmented immunocytes are specified in vegetal epithelium, transition to mesenchyme, migrate, and re-enter ectoderm, distributing in dorsal ectoderm and ciliary band, but not ventral ectoderm. Immunocytes express Sp-Eph and Sp-Efn is expressed throughout dorsal and ciliary band ectoderm. Interfering with expression or function of Sp-Eph results in rounded immunocytes entering ectoderm but not adopting a dendritic form. Expressing Sp-Efn throughout embryos permits immunocyte insertion in ventral ectoderm. In mosaic embryos, immunocytes insert preferentially in ectoderm expressing Sp-Efn. We conclude that Sp-Eph signaling is necessary and sufficient for epithelial insertion. As well, we propose that immunocytes disperse when Sp-Eph enhances adhesion, causing haptotactic movement to regions of higher ligand abundance. This is a distinctive example of Eph/Ephrin signaling acting positively to pattern migrating cells.
mRNA poly(A)-tail changes specified by deadenylation broadly reshape translation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos
Authors: Eichhorn Stephen W , Subtelny Alexander O , Kronja Iva , Kwasnieski Jamie C , Orr-Weaver Terry L , Bartel David P
Published: July 2016

Because maturing oocytes and early embryos lack appreciable transcription, posttranscriptional regulatory processes control their development. To better understand this control, we profiled translational efficiencies and poly(A)-tail lengths throughout Drosophila oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. The correspondence between translational-efficiency changes and tail-length changes indicated that tail-length changes broadly regulate translation until gastrulation, when this coupling disappears. During egg activation, relative changes in poly(A)-tail length, and thus translational efficiency, were largely retained in the absence of cytoplasmic polyadenylation, which indicated that selective poly(A)-tail shortening primarily specifies these changes. Many translational changes depended on PAN GU and Smaug, and these changes were largely attributable to tail-length changes. Our results also revealed the presence of tail-length–independent mechanisms that maintained translation despite tail-length shortening during oocyte maturation, and prevented essentially all translation of bicoid and several other mRNAs before egg activation. In addition to these fundamental insights, our results provide valuable resources for future studies.
Imbalance between subsets of CD8+peripheral blood T cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Chen Long , Chen Gang , Zhang Ming-Qiang , Xiong Xian-Zhi , Liu Hong-Ju , Xin Jian-Bao , Zhang Jian-Chu , Wu Jiang-Hua , Meng Zhao-Ji , Sun Sheng-Wen
Published: August 2016

Background.CD8+T lymphocytes are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, systematic analyses of CD8+T cell (Cytotoxic T cells, Tc) subsets in COPD patients have yet to be well conducted.

Methods.The whole Tc subsets, including Tc1/2/10/17, CD8+regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+α7+T cells, were quantified by flow cytometry in peripheral blood from 24 stable COPD subjects (SCOPD), 14 patients during acute exacerbations (AECOPD), and 14 healthy nonsmokers (HN).

Results.Acute exacerbations of COPD were accompanied by elevated levels of circulating CD8+T cells. Tc1 cells were increased in both SCOPD and AECOPD patients, whereas the percentage of Tc2 cells was decreased in SCOPD patients but remained normal in AECOPD patients. Tc17 cells were increased only in AECOPD patients, and the percentage of Tc10 cells was reduced in both SCOPD and AECOPD patients. The imbalances of pro/anti-inflammatory Tc subsets observed in COPD may be caused by the lack of Tc10 cells and the impaired anti-inflammatory capacity of CD8+Tregs.

Conclusions.The imbalances between subsets of CD8+peripheral blood T cells contribute to the immune response dysfunction in COPD pathogenesis.
Intraplate volcanism controlled by back‐arc and continental structures in NE Asia inferred from transdimensional Bayesian ambient noise tomography
Authors: Kim Seongryong , Tkalčić Hrvoje , Rhie Junkee , Chen Youlin
Published: August 2016

Intraplate volcanism adjacent to active continental margins is not simply explained by plate tectonics or plume interaction. Recent volcanoes in northeast (NE) Asia, including NE China and the Korean Peninsula, are characterized by heterogeneous tectonic structures and geochemical compositions. Here we apply a transdimensional Bayesian tomography to estimate high‐resolution images of group and phase velocity variations (with periods between 8 and 70 s). The method provides robust estimations of velocity maps, and the reliability of results is tested through carefully designed synthetic recovery experiments. Our maps reveal two sublithospheric low‐velocity anomalies that connect back‐arc regions (in Japan and Ryukyu Trench) with current margins of continental lithosphere where the volcanoes are distributed. Combined with evidences from previous geochemical and geophysical studies, we argue that the volcanoes are related to the low‐velocity structures associated with back‐arc processes and preexisting continental lithosphere.
Origin of the pulse‐like signature of shallow long‐period volcano seismicity
Authors: Chouet Bernard A. , Dawson Phillip B.
Published: August 2016

Short‐duration, pulse‐like long‐period (LP) events are a characteristic type of seismicity accompanying eruptive activity at Mount Etna in Italy in 2004 and 2008 and at Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica and Ubinas Volcano in Peru in 2009. We use the discrete wave number method to compute the free surface response in the near field of a rectangular tensile crack embedded in a homogeneous elastic half space and to gain insights into the origin of the LP pulses. Two source models are considered, including (1) a vertical fluid‐driven crack and (2) a unilateral tensile rupture growing at a fixed sub‐Rayleigh velocity with constant opening on a vertical crack. We apply cross correlation to the synthetics and data to demonstrate that a fluid‐driven crack provides a natural explanation for these data with realistic source sizes and fluid properties. Our modeling points to shallow sources (<1 km depth), whose signatures are representative of the Rayleigh pulse sampled at epicentral distances >∼1 km. While a slow‐rupture failure provides another potential model for these events, the synthetics and resulting fits to the data are not optimal in this model compared to a fluid‐driven source. We infer that pulse‐like LP signatures are parts of the continuum of responses produced by shallow fluid‐driven sources in volcanoes.
Quantifying the contribution of glacier meltwater in the expansion of the largest lake in Tibet
Authors: Tong Kai , Su Fengge , Xu Baiqing
Published: August 2016

Lake Siling Co is currently the largest endorheic lake in Tibet, and the lake surface area has expanded by about 40% since the 1970s, with a remarkable acceleration after 1999. In this study, a hydrologic modeling framework was established by linking the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface hydrologic model with the degree‐day glacier‐melt model over the Lake Siling Co basin, with an aim to quantify the contribution of each runoff component to changes in the lake storage. We found that glacier melt contributed to less than 10% of the total water input to the lake during 1979–2013, while precipitation‐induced runoff in nonglacierized area was responsible for about 67–75%. The mean annual water input to the lake increased by 2.15 × 109 m3 yr−1 in 2000–2013 relative to that in 1979–1999. The amount of precipitation over the lake surface, precipitation‐induced runoff, and glacier‐melt runoff accounted for 13%, 82%, and 5% of this total increase, respectively, suggesting that the substantial expansion of Siling Co in the 2000s was mostly due to the increase in precipitation‐induced runoff. When modeling lake level changes during 1979–2013, we found that the water level rose by 14.1 m when glacier melt was included and by only 10.5 m, a reduction of about one fourth, when glacier melt was removed. It is concluded that glacier melt played an important role in controlling the water level of Siling Co, although it only contributed less than 10% of water input to the lake during 1979–2013.
Effect of Annealing on Mechanical Property and Formability of Cu/Al Clad Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Chuanjie , Xue Shaoxi , Chen Gang , Lin Xiyuan , Liu Hongwei , Liu Huan , Zhang Peng
Published: August 2016

The effect of annealing on the mechanical property in uniaxial tension tests and formability in micro coining processes of Cu/Al clad bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is investigated. The results indicate both the thickness and the micro hardness of the interface layer increase with the increase of the holding time. The stress decreases firstly then increases with the increase of the holding time. The elongation decreases monotonically with the increase of the holding time. The micro coining of array micro channels results indicate that the height of micro rib increases with loading. The height of micro rib increases from the center to the edge along the transverse direction of the specimen. The simulation result by finite element method (FEM) verifies the experimental one.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐α‐Alkynyl‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters from a Terminal Alkyne, Diazoesters and Aldehydes
Authors: Wu Chenggui , Liu Zhenxing , Zhang Zhikun , Ye Fei , Deng Guisheng , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: August 2016

A new synthetic method for α‐alkynyl‐α,β‐unsaturated esters is presented herein. The method is based on a copper(I)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of a terminal alkyne, diazoesters and aldehydes. The reaction is featured by mild conditions, high yields and excellent stereoselectivity. Cu(I) carbene migratory insertion is proposed as the key step in the transformation.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Remote C−H Functionalization of 8‐Aminoquinolines with Sodium and Lithium Sulfinates
Authors: Liang Shuai , Manolikakes Georg
Published: August 2016

A simple and mild copper‐catalyzed sulfonylation of 8‐aminoquinolines with sodium and lithium sulfinates is reported. In the presence of manganese(III) acetate [Mn(OAc)3] as cooxidant a highly site‐selective C−H functionalization at the C‐5 position takes place. The reaction proceeds readily at room temperature in air and various sulfones were synthesized in moderate to high yields. Moreover, a straightforward procedure for the conversion of organolithium reagents and sulfur dioxide into C‐5 sulfonylated quinolines was developed.

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Cobalt‐Catalyzed, Imine‐Directed Olefin Hydroarylation under Grignard‐Free Conditions
Authors: Xu Wengang , Pek Jie Hui , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: August 2016

We report here that a cobalt catalyst generated from a cobalt(II) salt and a ligand using magnesium metal is capable of promoting hydroarylation reactions through chelation‐assisted C−H activation. With the appropriate choice of the ligand and other reaction conditions, ketimine‐ or aldimine‐directed branched selective hydroarylations of styrenes and ketimine‐directed hydroarylations of vinylsilane have been achieved. The reported catalytic systems may serve as more convenient alternatives to previously developed catalytic systems employing Grignard reagents as reducing agents.

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Base‐Metal Catalysis Marries Utilitarian Aspects with Academic Fascination
Authors: Fürstner Alois
Published: August 2016

No Abstract

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A Simple and Versatile Amide Directing Group for C−H Functionalizations
Authors: Zhu Ru‐Yi , Farmer Marcus E. , Chen Yan‐Qiao , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: August 2016

Achieving selective C−H activation at a single and strategic site in the presence of multiple C−H bonds can provide a powerful and generally useful retrosynthetic disconnection. In this context, a directing group serves as a compass to guide the transition metal to C−H bonds by using distance and geometry as powerful recognition parameters to distinguish between proximal and distal C−H bonds. However, the installation and removal of directing groups is a practical drawback. To improve the utility of this approach, one can seek solutions in three directions: 1) Simplifying the directing group, 2) using common functional groups or protecting groups as directing groups, and 3) attaching the directing group to substrates via a transient covalent bond to render the directing group catalytic. This Review describes the rational development of an extremely simple and yet broadly applicable directing group for PdII, RhIII, and RuII catalysts, namely the N‐methoxy amide (CONHOMe) moiety. Through collective efforts in the community, a wide range of C−H activation transformations using this type of simple directing group have been developed.
Morphology and mechanical properties of PVC/straw‐fiber coated with liquid nitrile‐butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Liu Hai , Wang Jie , Gong Chunli , Cheng Fan , Wang Guangjin , Wen Sheng , Zheng Genwen
Published: August 2016

This study exhibited an approach of high‐value utilization of straw fiber (SF) in polymer composites. The rigid poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC]/SF and PVC/SF coated with liquid nitrile‐butadiene rubber (PVC/LNBR‐SF) composites were both fabricated by melt mixing. The chemical structure and crystal structure of LNBR‐SF were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties and micro‐structure of PVC/SF and PVC/LNBR‐SF composites were also studied. FTIR and XRD results showed that the chemical structure and crystal structure of SF did not change after modifying with LNBR. The mechanical properties analysis showed that the PVC/LNBR‐SF composites exhibited better tensile strength, elongation at break and notched impact strength than those of PVC/SF composites owing to the compatibilization and toughening effect of LNBR. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that the LNBR improved the dispersion of SF in PVC matrix to some extent. The interface adhesion between SF and PVC matrix with adding LNBR was also enhanced. These results suggested that PVC/LNBR‐SF composites exhibited promising potential for practical application in substitute for wood. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44119.
Eco‐friendly cardanol‐based phenalkamine cured epoxy‐cenosphere syntactic foams: Fabrication and characterisation
Authors: Kaur Mandip , Jayakumari L. S.
Published: August 2016

The performance of epoxy/cenosphere syntactic foams cured using phenalkamine (PA) were analyzed and characterized. The PA system was found to cure faster at room temperature, had lower density, and lower water absorption values. The thermogravimetric analysis result implied higher thermal stability. The cure studies using DSC inferred faster cure reaction in the ambient temperature conditions. The compression studies confirmed that unlike the epoxy system based on conventional triethylenetetramine curative, PA‐based system did not undergo brittle failure. This was also confirmed with the scanning electron microscope images. Dynamic mechanical analysis inferred the glass transition temperatures (Tg) as 81.4°C. The specific modulus and specific strength were higher for 40% cenosphere loading in PA‐based syntactic foams. As the need for light weight core materials is continually increasing, there is a great possibility for the utilization of this novel bio‐based curing agent to produce sustainable products. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44189.
Combined Treatment With Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Sulfate Shows No Superiority Over Placebo for Reduction of Joint Pain and Functional Impairment in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Six‐Month Multicenter, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Roman‐Blas Jorge A. , Castañeda Santos , Sánchez‐Pernaute Olga , Largo Raquel , Herrero‐Beaumont Gabriel ,   the CS/GS Combined Therapy Study Group
Published: August 2016

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) compared to placebo in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was performed in 164 patients with Kellgren/Lawrence grade 2 or grade 3 radiographic knee OA and moderate‐to‐severe knee pain (mean ± SD global pain score 62.1 ± 11.3 mm on a 100‐mm visual analog scale [VAS]). Patients were randomized to receive either combined treatment with CS (1,200 mg) plus GS (1,500 mg) or placebo in a single oral daily dose for 6 months. The mean change from baseline in the VAS global pain score was set as the primary end point. Secondary outcomes included the mean change in the investigator's global assessment of disease activity, total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), pain and function subscale scores on the WOMAC, responder rates based on the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT)–Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) 2004 response criteria, and rescue medication use. Adverse events were also recorded. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board was instituted to ensure patient safety and data accuracy.

Results

Intriguingly, in the modified intent‐to‐treat (mITT) population, CS/GS combination therapy was inferior to placebo in the reduction of joint pain (mean ± SD change in VAS global pain score over 6 months −11.8 ± 2.4 mm [19% reduction] in patients receiving CS plus GS versus −20.5 ± 2.4 mm [33% reduction] in patients receiving placebo; peak between‐group difference in global pain score at 6 months 8.7 mm [14.2%], P < 0.03), but no between‐group differences were seen in the per‐protocol completers. Both placebo treatment and CS/GS combination treatment improved to a similar extent the total WOMAC score as well as the pain and function WOMAC subscale scores, both in the mITT population and in the per‐protocol completers. Neither the OMERACT–OARSI responder rate nor the frequency of rescue medication use differed between the treatment groups. Severe adverse events were uncommon and equally distributed.

Conclusion

The results of this trial demonstrate a lack of superiority of CS/GS combination therapy over placebo in terms of reducing joint pain and functional impairment in patients with symptomatic knee OA over 6 months. Further research might fully elucidate the suitability of CS/GS combination therapy in patients with OA.
Luftschalldämmung im mehrgeschossigen Wohnungsbau mit Hochlochziegelmauerwerk – Prognosen nach DIN 4109:2016 und Vergleich mit Messwerten
Authors: Gierga Michael , Schneider Martin , Fischer Heinz‐Martin
Published: August 2016

Eine Berechnung der Luftschalldämmung zwischen Wohnungen mit Außenwänden aus Hochlochziegelmauerwerk ist mit dem bauaufsichtlich eingeführten Verfahren des Beiblatt 1 zu DIN 4109 in der Regel nicht möglich. Deshalb wurde vom Deutschen Institut für Bautechnik DIBt eine Zulassung erteilt, welche die Berechnung der Schalldämmung entsprechend dem Rechenverfahren der “neuen” DIN 4109 regelt. In diesem Beitrag werden dieses Rechenverfahren sowie die hierfür benötigten Eingangsdaten vorgestellt und es werden die damit berechneten Prognosewerte mit Messwerten aus ausgeführten Bauten verglichen. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der konstruktiven Ausbildung der Stoßstelle auf das Stoßstellendämm‐Maß von Wohnungstrenndecken und ‐wänden mit Außenwänden aus wärmedämmendem Ziegelmauerwerk aufgezeigt.

Airborne sound reduction in multistorey buildings with brick walls – Prediction according to German standard DIN 4109 and comparison with measurements. The calculation of the airborne sound insulation between apartments with outer walls made of lightweight hollow bricks is often not possible with the calculation procedures given in German standard DIN 4109 Beiblatt 1. Therefor an approval by the DIBT was issued which settles the calculation of the airborne sound reduction for this kind of buildings according to the “new” DIN 4109. In this article the calculation model and the therefore required input data are presented and the hereby predicted values are compared with measured results in situ. Furthermore the influence on the actual construction of the junction on the vibration reduction index of partition walls and floors with lightweight hollow brick walls is presented.
13C‐metabolic flux analysis of human adenovirus infection: Implications for viral vector production
Authors: Carinhas Nuno , Koshkin Alexey , Pais Daniel A.M. , Alves Paula M. , Teixeira Ana P.
Published: August 2016

Adenoviruses are human pathogens increasingly used as gene therapy and vaccination vectors. However, their impact on cell metabolism is poorly characterized. We performed carbon labeling experiments with [1,2‐13C]glucose or [U‐13C]glutamine to evaluate metabolic alterations in the amniocyte‐derived, E1‐transformed 1G3 cell line during production of a human adenovirus type 5 vector (AdV5). Nonstationary 13C‐metabolic flux analysis revealed increased fluxes of glycolysis (17%) and markedly PPP (over fourfold) and cytosolic AcCoA formation (nearly twofold) following infection of growing cells. Interestingly, infection of growth‐arrested cells increased overall carbon flow even more, including glutamine anaplerosis and TCA cycle activity (both over 1.5‐fold), but was unable to stimulate the PPP and was associated with a steep drop in AdV5 replication (almost 80%). Our results underscore the importance of nucleic and fatty acid biosynthesis for adenovirus replication. Overall, we portray a metabolic blueprint of human adenovirus infection, highlighting similarities with other viruses and cancer, and suggest strategies to improve AdV5 production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 195–207. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Five-year outcomes following a randomized trial of femorofemoral and femoropopliteal bypass grafting with heparin-bonded or standard polytetrafluoroethylene grafts
Authors: Lindholt J S , Houlind K , Gottschalksen B , Pedersen C N , Ravn H , Viddal B , Pedersen G , Rasmussen M , Wedel C , Bramsen M B
Published: August 2016

Background

Cohort studies suggest superior long-term patency of luminal heparin-bonded polytetrafluoroethylene (Hb-PTFE) bypass grafts compared with standard PTFE grafts. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of Hb-PTFE grafts with those of standard PTFE grafts 5 years after a randomized trial.

Methods

Patients with intermittent claudication or critical limb ischaemia requiring femorofemoral or femoropopliteal bypass grafting were randomized in a clinical trial of Hb-PTFE versus standard PTFE in 11 Scandinavian centres between 2005 and 2009. Patients were followed up for 5 years with clinical assessment and surveillance Duplex ultrasound imaging. The primary endpoint of this study was primary patency. Secondary endpoints included major amputation and mortality.

Results

Overall, 569 patients were enrolled in the randomized trial. Some 552 had follow-up data available for analysis of the primary outcome. Use of Hb-PTFE significantly improved patency by 37 per cent at 2 years, but 5 years after randomization there was no difference in primary patency (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0·95, 95 per cent c.i. 0·71 to 1·28; P = 0·748). In patients with critical limb ischaemia the use of Hb-PTFE reduced the 5-year risk of loss of primary patency by 37 per cent (HR 0·63, 0·40 to 0·99; P = 0·049).

Conclusion

In this study there was no difference in primary graft patency between Hb-PTFE and standard PTFE grafts. Patients receiving Hb-PTFE grafts for critical limb ischaemia were more likely to have a patent graft at 5 years than those with standard PTFE grafts.
Development of Exact Matrix‐Matching Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cu and K in Infant Formula
Authors: Lee Ye‐Ji , Heo Sung Woo , Han Myung‐Sub , Lim Youngran , Yim Yong‐Hyeon
Published: August 2016

In the present study, we have developed an exact matrix‐matching inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) as a low‐cost alternative to the isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) method for accurate and precise measurements of nutrient elements K and Cu in infant formula. In spite of its high precision and accuracy, ICP‐OES analysis of complex samples was not reliable due to biases originating from various matrix effects. The elaborated exact matrix‐matching approach tested here demonstrated its potential to minimize biases due to matrix mismatch. The exact matrix‐matching ICP‐OES method was successfully validated by comparing the results with those from an isotope dilution ICP‐MS method. Because the model provides reliable results without significant loss of precision, it will be an excellent choice for major element analysis in a complex sample, especially when isotope dilution is not applicable due to the lack of alternative isotopes or the high cost of enriched isotopes.
An Integrated Experimental and Computational Approach for Characterizing the Kinetics and Mechanism of Triadimefon Racemization
Authors: Cheng Qianyi , Teng Quincy , Marchitti Satori A. , Dillingham Caleb M. , Kenneke John F.
Published: August 2016

Enantiomers of chiral molecules commonly exhibit differing pharmacokinetics and toxicities, which can introduce significant uncertainty when evaluating biological and environmental fates and potential risks to humans and the environment. However, racemization (the irreversible transformation of one enantiomer into the racemic mixture) and enantiomerization (the reversible conversion of one enantiomer into the other) are poorly understood. To better understand these processes, we investigated the chiral fungicide, triadimefon, which undergoes racemization in soils, water, and organic solvents. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques were used to measure the rates of enantiomerization and racemization, deuterium isotope effects, and activation energies for triadimefon in H2O and D2O. From these results we were able to determine that: 1) the alpha‐carbonyl carbon of triadimefon is the reaction site; 2) cleavage of the C‐H (C‐D) bond is the rate‐determining step; 3) the reaction is base‐catalyzed; and 4) the reaction likely involves a symmetrical intermediate. The B3LYP/6–311 + G** level of theory was used to compute optimized geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, nature population analysis, and intrinsic reaction coordinates for triadimefon in water and three racemization pathways were hypothesized. This work provides an initial step in developing predictive, structure‐based models that are needed to identify compounds of concern that may undergo racemization.Chirality 28:633–641, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CHANGE DETECTION OF MULTI‐TEMPORAL REMOTE SENSING IMAGES BASED ON CONTOURLET TRANSFORM AND ICA
Authors: Yi‐Quan WU , Zhao-Qing CAO , Fei‐Xiang TAO
Published: August 2016

In order to improve the accuracy and computational efficiency of change detection of multi‐temporal remote sensing images, a change detection algorithm based on contourlet transform and independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed. Firstly, multi‐scale decomposition of image data is performed by using contourlet transform with multi‐scale, directionality and anisotropy. Then independent component analysis is carried out for the decomposed data. And the independent data components are separated by the improved fixed point ICA algorithm based on Newton iteration. Next the separated data components are transformed into image components. Finally, change detection is achieved by threshold segmentation and filtering for change image components. The experimental results show that, compared with the existing three change detection algorithms such as the algorithm based on PCA, the algorithm based on ICA and the algorithm based on wavelet transform and ICA, the proposed algorithm in this paper more effectively separates change information and reduces computational complexity. The obtained change image has higher accuracy and strong robustness with respect to the background.
Having Medicaid insurance negatively impacts outcomes in patients with head and neck malignancies
Authors: Naghavi Arash O. , Echevarria Michelle I. , Grass G. Daniel , Strom Tobin J. , Abuodeh Yazan A. , Ahmed Kamran A. , Kim Youngchul , Trotti Andy M. , Harrison Louis B. , Yamoah Kosj , Caudell Jimmy J.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Patients covered by Medicaid insurance appear to have poorer cancer outcomes. Herein, the authors sought to test whether Medicaid was associated with worse outcomes among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

METHODS

The records of 1698 patients with squamous cell HNC without distant metastatic disease were retrospectively reviewed from an institutional database between 1998 and 2011. At the time of diagnosis, insurance status was categorized as Medicaid, Medicare/other government insurance, or private insurance. Outcomes including locoregional control (LRC) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox regression multivariate analysis (MVA).

RESULTS

The median follow‐up for all patients was 35 months. Medicaid patients comprised 11% of the population; the remaining patients were privately insured (56%) or had Medicare/government insurance (34%). On MVA, Medicaid patients were younger, were current smokers, had higher tumor T and N classifications, and experienced a longer time from diagnosis to treatment initiation (all P<.005). Medicaid insurance status was associated with a deficit of 13% in LRC (69% vs 82%) and 26% in OS (46% vs 72%) at 3 years (all with P<.001). A time from diagnosis to treatment initiation of >45 days was found to be associated with worse 3‐year LRC (77% vs 83%; P = .009) and OS (68% vs 71%; P = .008). On MVA, Medicaid remained associated with a deficit in LRC (P = .002) and OS (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with Medicaid insurance more often present with locally advanced HNC and experience a higher rate of treatment delays compared with non‐Medicaid patients. Medicaid insurance status appears to be independently associated with deficits in LRC and OS. Improvements in the health care system, such as expediting treatment initiation, may improve the outcomes of patients with HNC. Cancer 2016;122:3529–3537. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Proposing prognostic thresholds for lymph node yield in clinically lymph node‐negative and lymph node‐positive cancers of the oral cavity
Authors: Kuo Phoebe , Mehra Saral , Sosa Julie A. , Roman Sanziana A. , Husain Zain A. , Burtness Barbara A. , Tate Janet P. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Prognostic lymph node yield thresholds have been identified and incorporated into treatment guidelines for multiple cancer sites, but not for oral cancer. The objective of this study was to identify optimal thresholds in elective and therapeutic neck dissection for oral cavity cancers.

METHODS

Patients with oral cavity cancers in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were stratified into clinically lymph node‐negative (cN0) and clinically lymph node‐positive (cN+) cohorts to reflect the differing surgical management for these diseases. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relation between lymph node yield and overall survival, adjusting for other prognostic factors. Thresholds derived from the NCDB were validated in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.

RESULTS

In patients with cN0 cancers of the oral cavity from the NCDB, those who had <16 lymph nodes had significantly decreased survival. The proportion of positive lymph nodes was higher for patients who had ≥16 lymph nodes (27.2% vs 16.3% for < 16 lymph nodes; P < .001). This threshold was validated in 2715 lymph node‐negative cancers from SEER, with a mortality hazard ratio of 0.825 for ≥ 16 lymph nodes (95% confidence interval, 0.764‐0.950; P = .004). In patients with cN + oral cavity cancers from the NCDB, groups with <26 lymph nodes had significantly decreased survival. This threshold was validated in 1903 lymph node‐positive cancers from SEER, with a mortality hazard ratio of 0.791 (95% confidence interval, 0.692‐0.903; P = .001). Academic centers, higher volume centers, and geographic location predicted higher lymph node yields.

CONCLUSIONS

More extensive neck dissection (≥16 lymph nodes in cN0, ≥ 26 lymph nodes in cN+) was associated with better survival. Further evaluation of practice patterns in lymph node yield may represent an opportunity for improved quality of care. Cancer 2016;122:3624‐31. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Grid‐based high performance ensemble classification for evolving data stream
Authors: Qian Quan , Xie Mengbo , Xiao Chaojie , Zhang Rui
Published: August 2016

Ensemble learning is one of the main topics of focus in machine learning research. This paper proposes a novel multi‐thread grid‐based multi‐chunk multi‐level ensemble (GMCE) for data stream classification. In order to improve the learning efficiency, GMCE maps different raw data to multiple grids, represents the feature of the grid by the grid first‐order geometric center, and then classifies data based on the grid. Because this grid mapping method compresses the data size significantly, GMCE can increase both the classification accuracy and the computation efficiency. This method has been tested using public KDDCUP99 intrusion detection competition data and five popular P2P applications data. The results show that the GMCE is better than the original multi‐chunk multi‐level ensemble (MCE) in terms of classification accuracy and operation efficiency. For KDDCUP99 data, GMCE has shown more than 98% classification accuracy and 10 times speedup. And for P2P traffic data, GMCE has improved the classification accuracy by 3–4% and achieved greater than four times speedup. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new closed frequent itemset mining algorithm based on GPU and improved vertical structure
Authors: Li Yun , Xu Jie , Yuan Yun‐Hao , Chen Ling
Published: August 2016

Vertical data structure is very important for closed frequent itemset mining. All closed frequent itemsets can be found by simply using the operations of AND/OR. However, it consumes a large amount of storage space, especially in the case of large‐size dataset. This paper proposes an algorithm for mining closed frequent itemsets based on a new vertical data structure. The proposed data structure is helpful to save storage space by using a multi‐layer index. At the same time, numerous CPU and graphics processing unit can be employed in parallel to achieve high‐efficiency computing. Especially when dealing with large datasets, the proposed algorithm can obtain a high‐speed computing with the help of graphics processing unit. The improved vertical structure reduces the storage space of the data. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm requires much less computation time than other related methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐supervised incremental feature extraction algorithm for large‐scale data stream
Authors: Tan Chao , Ji Genlin
Published: August 2016

In big data era, how to process large‐scale data stream is one of the existing challenges. Feature extraction method has attracted much attention because of its effectiveness to data classification. Traditional classification algorithms may take less advantage of labeled samples information. Online learning and out‐of‐sample problems are also hot topics recently. To solve these problems, a novel algorithm named semi‐supervised incremental feature extraction algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, we extract feature incrementally in unsupervised way. Then we propose a semi‐supervised subspace learning algorithm by taking advantage of class information to adjust k‐nearest neighbor weights. Third, we combine the unsupervised and semi‐supervised feature extraction approaches to obtain objective function, in order to solve the out‐of‐sample learning problem. Experiments have been carried out on Machine learning datasets of University of California Irvine (UCI) datasets and real‐world face image datasets (Olivetti faces (ORL), Yale, YaleB, and Rendered face). To demonstrate the proposed algorithm's expandability to process the large‐scale data stream, classification experiments using Spark skill in parallel computation environment are performed, with comparisons with some related semi‐supervised feature extraction methods. The experiment results and computational complex comparison demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can obtain good performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovering abnormal behaviors via HTTP header fields measurement
Authors: Gou Gaopeng , Bai Quan , Xiong Gang , Li Zhenzhen
Published: August 2016

In recent years, more and more intrusion detection systems and firewalls have been used to detect and block malicious applications or unknown protocols in order to enhance the security of systems. Therefore, some malicious applications begin to shape themselves as common ones to escape malicious protocol detection. Being an important protocol for many Internet services, hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is responsible for nearly 10% of the traffic volume on the Internet. Therefore, many malicious applications pretend their traffic to be HTTP protocol to go into hiding their malicious behaviors. In the paper, we study the problem of discovering these abnormal behaviors in HTTP protocol traffic. We find that the characteristics of many abnormal behaviors are performed in the header fields of their shaping HTTP such as Tor and malicious web crawlers, and the information of HTTP header fields of HTTP traffic generated by normal application is also discussed. And then, a method based on the measurement of HTTP header fields proposed three patterns that make them specific to detect abnormal behaviors of shaping HTTP protocol. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is effective for abnormal behaviors by shaping to be HTTP on large‐scale traffic of one Internet service provider. The experimental results also show that the proposed method could be extended to large‐scale and high‐speed network environment for detecting abnormal behaviors of shaping HTTP protocol. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Inflammasome Formation by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Sester David P. , Zamoshnikova Alina , Thygesen Sara J. , Vajjhala Parimala R. , Cridland Simon O. , Schroder Kate , Stacey Katryn J.
Published: August 2016

Inflammasomes are large protein complexes formed in response to cellular stresses that are platforms for recruitment and activation of caspase 1. Central to most inflammasome functions is the adapter molecule ASC (apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase‐recruitment domain) that links the inflammasome initiator protein to the recruited caspases. ASC is normally diffuse within the cell but within minutes of inflammasome activation relocates to a dense speck in the cytosol. The dramatic redistribution of ASC can be monitored by flow cytometry using parameters of fluorescence peak height and width when immunostained or tagged with a fluorescent protein. This can be used to define cells with active inflammasomes within populations of primary macrophages and monocytes, allowing quantification of responses and flow‐sorting of responding cells. Protein structural requirements for ASC speck formation and recruitment of caspases to ASC specks can be assessed by expressing components in HEK293 cells. This provides rapid quantification of responding cell number and correlation with the expression level of inflammasome components within single cells. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Correlative Förster Resonance Electron Transfer‐Proximity Ligation Assay (FRET‐PLA) Technique for Studying Interactions Involving Membrane Proteins
Authors: Ivanusic Daniel , Denner Joachim , Bannert Norbert
Published: August 2016

This unit provides a guide and detailed protocol for studying membrane protein‐protein interactions (PPI) using the acceptor‐sensitized Förster resonance electron transfer (FRET) method in combination with the proximity ligation assay (PLA). The protocol in this unit is focused on the preparation of FRET‐PLA samples and the detection of correlative FRET/PLA signals as well as on the analysis of FRET‐PLA data and interpretation of correlative results when using cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) as a FRET donor and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as a FRET acceptor. The correlative application of FRET and PLA combines two powerful tools for monitoring PPI, yielding results that are more reliable than with either technique alone. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.