bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRAINMOD – Calibration and Validation for Prediction of Drainage Coefficient and Water Table Depth
Authors: Selvaperumal A. , Thiyagarajan G. , Vallalkannan S. , Muthuchamy I. , Ramaswamy K.
Published: May 2020

DRAINMOD model predicts the effects of drainage and associated water management practices on water table depths and drainage coefficients. It simulates the performance of a given system for a long period of weather record. The field evaluation of this model has been carried out by comparing model predicted drain flow and depth to water table with the observed data collected from water table management system installed at A-block of Eastern Farm, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute Kumulur during the year 2015-2016. The comparison between predicted and observed drainage coefficient and depth to water table with treatment of different drain spacing (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 m) and drain depth (75 and 60 cm) is made. The statistical measures indicated that, there was a close relationship between predicted and observed drainage coefficient during the calibration and validation period as indicated by average root mean square error value ranges from 12.3 to 15.7 and 19.63 to 26.19 and average Chi-squared test value ranges from 0.010 to 0.725 and 0.01 to 0.28. Similarly for water table depth, the average root mean square value ranges from 7.630 to 17.20 and 16.67 to 21.54 and average Chi-squared test value ranges from 1.19 to 2.365 and 3.90 to 5.02.
Principal Component Analysis in Desi Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Normal Sown Condition of Bihar
Authors: Rajani Kumari , Kumar Anand , Kumar Ravi Ranjan , Perween Sadia , Kumar Sanjay , Kumar Anil , . Satyendra , Kumar Mankesh
Published: May 2020

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most important food legume crop after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). It is one of the most important rabi pulse crop in India and contributes to 20% of the total pulse production in the world. India ranks first in chickpea production in the world followed by Australia, Myanmar and Pakistan. It is one of the major pulse crops in Bihar. The present investigation was undertaken using forty genotypes of desi chickpea sown in a randomized block design with three replications at the Pulse research model Bhitti farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur) during Rabi, 2016-17 to determine the contribution of six morphological traits to the total variability in desi chickpea using Principal component analysis. In the present investigation PCA was performed for six quantitative traits of chickpea. Out of six, only 2PCs exhibited more than 1.0 Eigen value and showed about 79.86% variability. Therefore, these 2 PCs were given due important for the further explanation. The PC1 showed 28.96% variability among traits, while PC II, PC III and PC IV exhibited 21.93%, 16.35% and 13.87% variability respectively.PC1 contributed 28.96% of the total variation and correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and 100-seed weight while PC2 explained an additional 21.93% of the total variation and dominated by plant height, grain yield per plot, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering and number of pods per plant. Since, a total of 50.91% of the total variation was contributed by PC1 and PC2, therefore, these two principal components can be allowed for simultaneous selection of yield contributing traits in desi chickpea. Genotype commonly found in more PC, were KWR108, JG2016-44, Sabour chana-1, IPC 2013-21, HI12-63, AKG1303, PG214J and RKG13-380. Similar type of genotypes on a common principal component permitting to designate them as seed yield factors. These genotypes may further be utilized in breeding programmes for improving seed yield and these genotypes can be considered an ideotype breeding material for selection of traits viz. more total number of seed per plant and 100-seed weight further utilization in precise breeding programme.
Emerging Threat of Salmonella typhimurium in Extraintestinal Infections: Cases from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India
Authors: Jain Ashima , Pandey Aparna , Chatterjee Nirupama , Giri Santosh Kumar , Anand Saurabh , Nair Ragesh Radhakrishnan , Singh Pawan Kumar , Jaggi Namita
Published: May 2020

Purpose: Infections due to invasive non-typhoid salmonella can be dangerous and fatal. The mode of infection and the severity varies from the typhoidal fevers. It is important to find the association between clinical features and the infecting serovar to understand the pathophysiology and course of treatment.

Methods: In the present study, extra-intestinal specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid and pus) from three patients suffering from septicaemia, meningitis and osteomyelitis were received. Micro-biological and biochemical test for species identification and antibiotic susceptibility was done as per standard protocol. Further, PCR based amplification and sequencing of a portion of the flagellin gene (FliC) was done to confirm the serovar.

Results: Salmonella enterica was identified from all the three by microbiological and biochemical examination.The sequence of the Flic gene confirmed the serovar to be S. typhimurium. All the patients were treated successfully for the infection by appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion: The study highlights that serovar Typhimurium is common in invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis and its pathophysiology and virulence factors expression should be understood in various organ types for better treatment options and outcomes.
Oxygen Functionalized and Pristine Carbon Nanotubes Efficiency for Adsorption of Methyl Orange Dye
Authors: Mohammad-Salim Haydar A.
Published: May 2020

Pristine and oxygen functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used as adsorbent for removal of Methyl Orange (MO) dye. The adsorption was carried out under different pH values. The analysis of results indicated that the adsorption characteristics of the MO dye by pristine carbon nanotubes (P-CNTs) and oxygen functionalized carbon nanotubes (O2-CNTs) are highly influenced by the pH of the medium. The study report that the best pH medium of solution for the adsorption of MO on both CNTs was acid medium. The point of zero charge (pzc) of O2-CNTs and P-CNTs were determined as function of pH. The pzc of P-CNTs and O2-CNTs are found to be 4.7 and 3.9, respectively. The adsorption data have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich. Fitting the equilibrium adsorption data by Langmuir and Freundlich models shows that experimental data well explained by the Langmuir equation.
Broadband Penetration and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Oloja S. V. , Sanmi Olubokun , Obolo O. A. , Ayinuola M. F.
Published: May 2020

This paper investigated the relationship between broadband penetration and economic growth in Nigeria. The secondary data for the study were collected from the World Bank and this includes data on Internet broadband usage and Gross Domestic Product while the primary data were generated from the questionnaire administered to the respondents. The descriptive statistics and the ordinary least square regression analytical method were used to examine the relationship between broadband penetration and economic growth. It was discovered that a per cent increase in broadband penetration will only increase output (Economic Growth) by 0.1 per cent in Nigeria. The data analysis showed a significant and positive relationship between broadband penetration and economic growth. The study thus recommended that efforts must be made towards the implementation of broadband policy and effective utilization of the broadband network. Also, better telecommunication reforms that will create enabling environment and encourage the inflow of broadband networks should be made.
Environmental Impact of Open Burning of Municipal Solid Wastes Dumps in Parts of Jos Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Daffi R. E. , Chaimang A. N. , Alfa M. I.
Published: May 2020

Refuse dumpsites are found scattered within and outside cities in Nigeria and the open burning of these dumps is a common practice mainly as a waste and odour reduction measure. Open incineration of wastes emits dangerous gases into the atmosphere. The environmental and public health hazards related to open burning of wastes dumps have often been overlooked in most parts of Nigeria and there is limited documentation on this for the study area. This study is aimed at investigating the environmental effect of the burning of open refuse dumps at five locations within Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. Air quality in and around the study area were measured. The results showed that the oxygen levels for all the locations for the different conditions tested ranged between 14.2% and 17.5%. This showed that whether the dumpsites were burning or not the oxygen levels within the vicinity were below the comfortable level of 19.5%. CO levels ranged between 2ppm – 9ppm with the maximum value of 9ppm measured at Apata when the refuse containing some plastics was burning. The values of CO may not be significant but the duration of exposure may make a difference on public healthas most of the dumpsites are located within residential and commercial areas. CO2 values, which ranged between 361ppm to 700ppm, are all higher than standard acceptable levels of 350ppm. The implication is that burning refuse in the open increases the quantity of CO and CO2 in the atmosphere which will likely be of adverse health implication to the residents living close to such areas. It can be concluded that existence and burning of open refuse dumps contributed to the increase in values of air quality parameters measured around the dumpsites. To avert the harmful effects of indiscriminate dumping and burning of solid wastes within residential, commercial and other areas, it is recommended that there should be improvement in solid wastes management in Jos city and environs among other necessary measures.
Tapered Cross‐Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy of State‐of‐the‐Art Mixed Ion Perovskite Solar Cells: Band Bending Profile in the Dark, Photopotential Profile Under Open Circuit Illumination, and Band Diagram
Authors: Wussler Michael , Mayer Thomas , Das Chittaranjan , Mankel Eric , Hellmann Tim , Prabowo Chandra , Zimmermann Iwan , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand the method of spacial resolved photoemission spectroscopy on small angle tapered cross‐sections (TCS) of complete devices is introduced to analyze simultaneously the chemical and electronic structure. On the other hand, a specific working principle of the analyzed cell type is revealed. Solar cells of 18% efficiency are prepared from a single precursor (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 with excess of 15% PbI2. It is shown that TCS‐phototoelectron spectroscopy allows to determine the chemical composition as well as the potential distribution across the full device in the dark and in operation. The energy converting contact is the hole extraction back contact. Interestingly the photopotential in the analyzed cell type is predominantly created within the hole extraction layer and not in the n‐doped perovskite absorber. With the addition of measured core level to valence band maximum positions of the respective layers, TCS line scans lead to the band diagram for the full device. In addition, depth variations of the chemical composition are found: the bromide concentration increases while the iodide concentration is reduced near and within the mesoporous TiO2 layer.
Robust Interface Ru Centers for High‐Performance Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Cui Xiaoju , Ren Pengju , Ma Chao , Zhao Jia , Chen Ruixue , Chen Shiming , Rajan N. Pethan , Li Haobo , Yu Liang , Tian Zhongqun , Deng Dehui
Published: May 2020

RuO2 is considered as the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media. However, its practical application is largely hindered by both the high reaction overpotential and severe electrochemical corrosion of the active centers. To overcome these limitations, innovative design strategies are necessary, which remains a great challenge. Herein, robust interface Ru centers between RuO2 and graphene, via a controllable oxidation of graphene encapsulating Ru nanoparticles, are presented to efficiently enhance both the activity and stability of the acidic OER. Through precisely controlling the reaction interface, a much lower OER overpotential of only 227 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in acidic electrolyte, compared with that of 290 mV for commercial RuO2, but a significantly higher durability than the commercial RuO2, are achieved. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the interface Ru centers between the RuO2 and the graphene can break the classic scaling relationships between the free energies of HOO* and HO* to reduce the limiting potential, rendering an enhancement in the intrinsic OER activity and the resistance to over‐oxidation and corrosion for RuO2.
2D Tungsten Chalcogenides: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Mohl Melinda , Rautio Anne‐Riikka , Asres Georgies Alene , Wasala Milinda , Patil Prasanna Dnyaneshwar , Talapatra Saikat , Kordas Krisztian
Published: May 2020

Layered transition metal chalcogenides possess properties that not only open up broad fundamental scientific enquiries but also indicate that a myriad of applications can be developed by using these materials. This is also true for tungsten‐based chalcogenides which can provide an assortment of structural forms with different electronic flairs as well as chemical activity. Such emergence of tungsten based chalcogenides as advanced forms of materials lead several investigators to believe that a tremendous opportunity lies in understanding their fundamental properties, and by utilizing that knowledge the authors may create function specific materials through structural tailoring, defect engineering, chemical modifications as well as by combining them with other layered materials with complementary functionalities. Indeed several current scientific endeavors have indicated that an incredible potential for developing these materials for future applications development in key technology sectors such as energy, electronics, sensors, and catalysis are perhaps viable. This review article is an attempt to capture this essence by providing a summary of key scientific investigations related to various aspects of synthesis, characterization, modifications, and high value applications. Finally, some open questions and a discussion on imminent research needs and directions in developing tungsten based chalcogenide materials for future applications are presented.
Single‐Crystalline Colloidal Quasi‐2D Tin Telluride
Authors: Li Fu , Fu Jiecai , Torche Abderrezak , Kull Sascha , Kornowski Andreas , Lesyuk Rostyslav , Bester Gabriel , Klinke Christian
Published: May 2020

Tin telluride is a narrow‐gap semiconductor with promising properties for infrared (IR) optical applications and topological insulators. A convenient colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D SnTe nanocrystals through the hot‐injection method in a nonpolar solvent is reported. By introducing the halide alkane 1‐bromotetradecane as well as oleic acid and trioctylphosphine, the thickness of 2D SnTe nanostripes can be tuned down to 30 nm, while the lateral dimensional can reach 6 µm. The obtained SnTe nanostripes are single crystalline with a rock‐salt crystal structure. The absorption spectra demonstrate pronounced absorption features in the IR range revealing the effect of quantum confinement in such structures.
Effects of Medium pH and Preconditioning Treatment on Protein Adsorption on 45S5 Bioactive Glass Surfaces
Authors: Höhn Sarah , Zheng Kai , Romeis Stefan , Brehl Martin , Peukert Wolfgang , de Ligny Dominique , Virtanen Sannakaisa , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: May 2020

Protein adsorption on 45S5 bioactive glass (BG, Bioglass) surfaces influences the biocompatibility of Bioglass and the cellular response to the material. The medium pH greatly affects protein adsorption behavior. However, the influence of pH variation on protein adsorption on Bioglass has not been investigated in detail before, although an acidifying pH has been observed in fractured or injured bone tissues. This study investigates how the medium pH (pH 7, 5, and 2) affects protein (serum albumin) adsorption on Bioglass with or without preconditioning in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results show that Bioglass can adsorb a larger amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) than bioinert glasses at all tested pHs. The BSA adsorption on Bioglass surfaces is pH‐dependent and a larger amount of adsorbed BSA is observed at lower pH (5 and 2). After preconditioning, BSA adsorption is significantly enhanced. However, the trend of pH‐dependent adsorption is attenuated. No significant difference in BSA adsorption is observed at different pHs after preconditioning. The results reveal for the first time the influence of medium pH on protein adsorption on Bioglass with or without preconditioning treatment in SBF, which provides useful information for developing Bioglass based biomedical devices that will be in contact with protein‐containing physiological fluids during applications.
Observation of Two Thresholds Leading to Polariton Condensation in 2D Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Polimeno Laura , Fieramosca Antonio , Lerario Giovanni , Cinquino Marco , De Giorgi Milena , Ballarini Dario , Todisco Francesco , Dominici Lorenzo , Ardizzone Vincenzo , Pugliese Marco , Prontera Carmela T. , Maiorano Vincenzo , Gigli Giuseppe , De Marco Luisa , Sanvitto Daniele
Published: May 2020

2D perovskites are promising materials for photonic applications, given their outstanding nonlinear optical properties, ease of fabrication, and versatility. In particular, exploiting their high oscillator strength, the crystalline form of 2D perovskites can be used as excitonic medium in optical microcavities, allowing for the study of their optical properties in the strong light–matter coupling regime. While polariton condensation is observed in different materials at room temperature, for the first time two distinct threshold processes in a 2D perovskite are observed, a material that has never shown spontaneous phase transition up to now. In particular, lasing from the bi‐exciton state is also demonstrated, which contributes to populate the lower polariton branch and, at higher excitation powers, eventually leads to the formation of a polariton condensate. The emission linewidth narrowing and a spatial coherence over 50 × 50 μm2 area is the smoking gun of a quantum coherent state formation in the 2D hybrid perovskite. The results not only show the formation of a polariton condensate in 2D perovskites but they are also crucial for the understanding of the physical mechanisms that lead to coherent phase transition in perovskite‐based polariton microcavities.
Understanding of Luminescence Properties Using Direct Measurements on Eu2+‐Doped Wide Bandgap Phosphors
Authors: Amin Muhammad Ruhul , Strobel Philipp , Qamar Amir , Giftthaler Tobias , Schnick Wolfgang , Moewes Alexander
Published: May 2020

Recent developments in solid‐state lighting lead to a demand for new phosphors with excellent thermal stability, exhibiting large bandgaps for highly efficient emission. A detailed characterization of the luminescent material AELi2Be4O6:Eu2+ (AE = Ba, Sr) is presented using soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray emission spectroscopy, X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental indirect bandgap for both BaLi2Be4O6:Eu2+ (BLBO:Eu) and SrLi2Be4O6:Eu2+ (SLBO:Eu) is found to be 6.5 ± 0.3 eV, which agrees well with the DFT calculations (6.8 eV for BLBO:Eu and 7.4 eV for SLBO:Eu). The crucial Eu2+ 5d to conduction band energy separation is determined to be 0.21 ± 0.10 and 0.25 ± 0.10 eV for BLBO:Eu and SLBO:Eu, respectively, using resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering. These measured values are in good agreement with the thermal quenching measurements (0.20 ± 0.03 eV for BLBO:Eu and 0.26 ± 0.03 eV for SLBO:Eu). Finally, the XEOL measurement confirms the Eu2+ 5d14f6 → 4f7 transition, which is responsible for the ultranarrow band (full width at half‐maximum: 25 nm) blue optical luminescence at 455–457 nm for both compounds. With these measurements and calculations, deep insights are gained into the key properties of those two phosphors.
Finite‐Element‐Based Deep‐Learning Model for Deformation Behavior of Digital Materials
Authors: Zhang Zhizhou , Gu Grace X.
Published: May 2020

Smart composite materials fabricated through 4D‐printing methods are attracting enormous research attention for their ability to respond (typically deform) under external stimuli. The design process for such smart materials requires iterations of finite‐element simulations that are computationally expensive. Recently, researchers have tried replacing numerical simulations with machine learning (ML) models to predict the output at a much higher speed. However, there exist very few studies that explore the model algorithm's expressive capacity and analyze the physical interpretation based on the problem. This paper focuses on using ML to predict the nonlinear deformation behavior of digital materials. Various problem construction approaches and model performance are compared and discussed. It is shown that clustering the materials helps improve the generalization of training and models that treat material features as an array of numbers still face difficulties to provide accurate predictions. Inspired by modern computer vision technologies, convolutional kernels outperform other methods by recognizing the material distribution patterns. The performance is further enhanced after reconstructing the regression problem into classification. Moreover, high‐level material design information can be extracted from the model through a sensitivity analysis. This framework may greatly improve the response prediction and design process for 4D‐printed smart materials.
Tissue Factor‐Targeted ImmunoPET Imaging and Radioimmunotherapy of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Wei Weijun , Liu Qiufang , Jiang Dawei , Zhao Haitao , Kutyreff Christopher J. , Engle Jonathan W. , Liu Jianjun , Cai Weibo
Published: May 2020

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive subtype of thyroid cancers with a dismal prognosis. It is aimed to explore a new biomarker and devise a marker‐dependent theranostic pair for ATC. Flow cytometry is used to determine tissue factor (TF) expression in thyroid cancer cell lines. ALT‐836, a TF‐specific monoclonal antibody, is radiolabeled with 64Cu to develop 64Cu‐NOTA‐ALT‐836. The diagnostic utility is assessed by immuno‐positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging in ATC models. To facilitate total surgical removal of orthotopic ATCs, a near‐infrared fluorescent imaging probe IRDye 800CW‐ALT‐836 is designed. As the therapeutic component, 131I‐ALT‐836 is further developed and the radioimmunotherapy (RIT) efficacy of this agent is interrogated in orthotopic ATC models. The results demonstrate that TF is highly expressed on the ATC cell line THJ‐16T. 64Cu‐NOTA‐ALT‐836 immunoPET imaging clearly delineates both subcutaneous and orthotopic ATCs, with a peak tumor uptake of 19.93 ± 2.17% ID per g (n = 3) and 37.20 ± 1.71% ID per g (n = 3), respectively. Fluorescent imaging with IRDye 800CW‐ALT‐836 facilitates the total resection of orthotopic ATCs. Moreover, 131I‐ALT‐836 RIT prolongs the survival of ATC‐bearing mice. Taken together, TF is a promising marker for ATC and successive use of 64Cu‐NOTA‐ALT‐836 and 131I‐ALT‐836 can realize precise management of ATC.
Improving the Interfacial Stability between Lithium and Solid‐State Electrolyte via Dipole‐Structured Lithium Layer Deposited on Graphene Oxide
Authors: Wang Muqin , Peng Zhe , Luo Wenwei , Zhang Qiang , Li Zhendong , Zhu Yun , Lin Huan , Cai Liangting , Yao Xiayin , Ouyang Chuying , Wang Deyu
Published: May 2020

Utilization of lithium (Li) metal anode in solid‐state batteries (SSBs) with sulfide solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) is hindered by the instable Li/SSE interface. A general solution to solve this problem is to place an expensive indium (In) foil between the SSE and Li, while it decreases the output voltage and thus the energy density of the battery. In this work, an alternative strategy is demonstrated to boost the cycling performances of SSB by wrapping a graphene oxide (GO) layer on the anode. According to density functional theory results, initial deposition of a thin Li layer on the defective GO sheets leads to the formation of a dipole structure, due to the electron‐withdrawing ability of GO acting on Li. By incorporating GO sheets in a nanocomposite of copper‐cuprous oxide‐GO (Cu‐Cu2O‐GO, CCG), a composite Li anode enables a high coulombic efficiency above 99.5% over 120 cycles for an SSB using Li10GeP2S12 SSE and LiCoO2 cathode, and the sulfide SSE is not chemically decomposed after cycling. The highest occupied molecule orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap of this Li/GO dipole structure likely stretches over those of Li and sulfide SSE, enabling stabilized Li/SSE interface that can replace the expensive In layer as Li protective structure in SSBs.
Latent Photoinduced Oxygen Doping Revealed from Emission Saturation of Aggregated Domains in Conjugated Polymer Nanofibers
Authors: Walwark David J. , Martin Thomas P. , Grey John K.
Published: May 2020

Photoinduced oxidation (doping) of conjugated polymers by complexation with oxygen can have a significant impact on electronic properties and performance in device environments. Nanofiber model forms of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are investigated using single molecule spectroscopy that possess similar morphological qualities as their bulk thin film counterparts yet, heterogeneity is confined to the spatial dimensions of these particles. Specifically, P3HT nanofibers assembled in anisole solutions contain both aggregated and nonaggregated (amorphous) chains with distinct electronic properties. Excitation intensity dependent photoluminescence (PL) emission imaging is then used to expose differences in oxygen affinity and reactivity upon photoexcitation. Nanofiber regions with low PL yields tend to show faster PL intensity saturation that also degrade much faster following periods of high excitation intensity soaking. Conversely, other regions show gains in PL intensity and virtually no saturation. These PL “gainer” and “loser” behaviors are assigned as originating from amorphous and aggregated P3HT chains, respectively. The apparent propensity of aggregated chains to undergo latent oxygen doping indicates a greater affinity probably due to a larger extent of electronic delocalization in these structures. The results shed new light on degradation factors studied frequently at the bulk material level, which often lacks sufficient sensitivity to specific structural forms.
Microdischarge‐Based Direct Current Triboelectric Nanogenerator via Accumulation of Triboelectric Charge in Atmospheric Condition
Authors: Yoon Hong‐Joon , Kang Minki , Seung Wanchul , Kwak Sung Soo , Kim Jihye , Kim Hyoung Taek , Kim Sang‐Woo
Published: May 2020

Direct conversion of mechanical energy into direct current (DC) by triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is one of the desired features in terms of energy conversion efficiency. Although promising applications have been reported using the triboelectric effect, effective DC generating TENGs must be developed for practical purposes. Here, it is reported that continuous DC generation within a TENG itself, without any circuitry, can be achieved by triggering air breakdown via triboelectrification. It is demonstrated that DC generation occurs in combination with i) charge accumulation to generate air breakdown, ii) incident discharge (microdischarge), and iii) conveyance of charges to make the device sustainable. 10.5 mA m−2 of output current and 10.6 W m−2 of output power at 33 MΩ load resistance are achieved. Compared to the best DC generating TENGs ever reported, the TENG in this present study generates about 20 times larger root‐mean square current density.
Effects of long‐term fertilizer management on soil bacterial diversity in double‐cropping paddy field of southern China
Authors: Tang Haiming , Xu Yilan , Li Chao , Xiao Xiaoping , Cheng Kaikai , Shi Lihong , Pan Xiaochen , Li Weiyan , Wen Li
Published: May 2020

The soil physicochemical properties were affected by different fertilizer management, and the soil microbial communities were also changed. However, there is limited information about influence of long‐term fertilizer management on soil bacterial diversity in a double‐cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) field. Therefore, the 34‐yr long‐term fertilizer regime on soil bacterial diversity in a double‐cropping paddy field of southern China were studied by using Illumina sequencing and quantitative technology in the present paper. The filed experiment were including mineral fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue and mineral fertilizer (RF), 30% manure and 70% mineral fertilizer (OM), and without fertilizer input as control (CK). The results indicated that application of manure and rice straw residue management increase soil volumetric water content, NO3−N and NH4−N contents. Compared with CK treatment, the diversity indices of soil microbial communities, value of Richness, Shannon and McIntosh indices, and taxonomic diversity were increased with RF and OM treatments. The phyla Planctomycetes, Acidobacteriales, Fimicutes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant in the soil samples. Application of manure and rice straw residue management increase soil bacterial abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Meanwhile, the results also showed that there was a significant correlation between soil texture and relative abundances of Acidobacteriales, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Alphaproteobacteria. Therefore, the combined application of manure or rice straw residue with mineral fertilizer management could significantly increase the abundance of profitable functional bacteria species and soil nutrient status in a double‐cropping rice field of southern China.
Melatonin for delirium prevention in acute medically ill, and perioperative geriatric patients
Authors: Asleson Demi R. , Chiu Ada W.
Published: May 2020

Delirium is a challenging neuropsychiatric ailment that has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality and is difficult to treat once it has developed. The purpose of this review was to analyze the efficacy of melatonin in the prevention of delirium in hospitalized geriatric patients in the acute medically ill and perioperative wards. The databases searched included PubMed (1946 to February 12, 2020), CINAHL (1982 to February 12, 2020), EMBASE (1974 to February 12, 2020), and Web of Science (1900 to February 12, 2020) using search terms related to melatonin, delirium, and prevention. Meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies were included. We excluded publications pertaining to the intensive care unit or oncology, case reports/series, and those not in English. Seven full‐text publications were included for qualitative analysis. Patient comorbidities, patient medications, melatonin dosing, dosing regimens, and duration of treatment varied between the studies, which yielded heterogeneous results. Overall, this literature review yielded four studies that showed positive results and three that showed negative results for delirium prevention. The current data for the use of melatonin in delirium is conflicting. This area requires further research of more homogeneous studies with larger sample sizes.
ABVD vs BEACOPP escalated in advanced‐stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Results from a multicenter European study
Authors: Mondello Patrizia , Musolino Caterina , Dogliotti Irene , Bohn Jan‐Paul , Cavallo Federica , Ferrero Simone , Botto Barbara , Cerchione Claudio , Nappi Davide , De Lorenzo Sonya , Martinelli Giovanni , Wolf Dominik , Schmitt Clemens , Loseto Giacomo , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Willenbacher Wolfgang , Mian Michael , Straus David J
Published: May 2020

The optimal first‐line treatment for advanced‐stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is still a matter of debate. While ABVD is less toxic and as effective as other, more intensive chemotherapy regimens, escalated BEACOPP (BEACOPPesc) is superior to ABVD for initial disease control and prolonged time‐to‐relapse. However, this advantage is associated with higher rate of early and late toxicities. As most of these data have been accumulated from clinical trials, a retrospective analysis was conducted in a large database of patients treated outside clinical trials to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these regimes in a real‐world setting. From October 2009 to October 2018, 397 advanced‐stage HL patients treated with either ABVD or BEACOPPesc were retrospectively assessed in 7 European cancer centers (2 Austrian and 5 Italian centers). Complete metabolic remission (CMR) by PET was achieved in 76% and 85% of patients in the ABVD and BEACOPPesc groups, respectively (p = .01). Severe adverse events occurred more frequently with BEACOPPesc than ABVD. At a median follow‐up of 8 years, 9% of the patients who achieved CMR after BEACOPPesc relapsed compared to 16.6% in the ABVD group (p = .043). No statistical difference in progression free survival (PFS) was observed between the two cohorts overall (p = .11), but there was a trend towards a superior PFS in high‐risk patients treated with BEACOPPesc (p = .074). Nevertheless, overall survival was similar between the two groups (p = .94). In conclusion, we confirm that ABVD is an effective and less toxic therapeutic option for advanced‐stage HL. Although BEACOPP results in better initial tumor control, the long‐term outcome remains similar between the two regimens.
Systematic review of posttraumatic stress disorder in police officers following routine work‐related critical incident exposure
Authors: Wagner Shannon L. , White Nicole , Fyfe Trina , Matthews Lynda R. , Randall Christine , Regehr Cheryl , White Marc , Alden Lynn E. , Buys Nicholas , Carey Mary G. , Corneil Wayne , Fraess‐Phillips Alex , Krutop Elyssa , Fleischmann Matthew H.
Published: May 2020

Background

The prevalence of PTSD in police officers has been the subject of a large and highly variable empirical literature. The present systematic review evaluates the extant literature on PTSD in police officers using an international dataset.

Methods

We employed best‐evidence narrative synthesis to evaluate whether PTSD prevalence in police is elevated in comparison to the general population of Canada (8%), which itself has a higher lifetime PTSD prevalence than many other regions and thus serves as a conservative standard of comparison.

Results

PTSD prevalence in police varied considerably across studies from 0% ‐ 44% (M = 14.87%, Median = 9.2%). Despite this variability, strong evidence exists to suggest PTSD prevalence is elevated in police officers. Examination of possible sources of variability in prevalence outcomes highlighted substantial variability in outcomes due to the selection of measurement tool for assessing PTSD (e.g., DSM vs. IES). Examination of commonly‐assessed predictive factors for PTSD risk across the literature showed that individual‐difference factors (e.g., age, years of service) bear weak‐to‐nonexistent relationships with PTSD risk, while incident‐specific factors (e.g., severity of exposure) are more strongly and consistently associated with PTSD prevalence. Organizational factors (e.g., low support from supervisor) are at present understudied but important possible contributors to PTSD risk.

Conclusions

PTSD prevalence is elevated in police officers and appears most strongly related to workplace exposure. Measurement variability remains a critical source of inconsistencies across the literature with drastic implications for accurate detection of officers in need of mental health intervention.
Persistence of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction test result for 24 days in a hospitalized asymptomatic carrier
Authors: Uechi Takahiro , Nakamura Shunsuke , Takeshita Ryo , Morino Kyoko , Mizuno Ren , Nakagawa Yuki , Irifukuhama Yuna , Takada Shiho , Teruya Hideki , Mita Naoto , Nakamori Tomoki , Kinoshita Hirohisa
Published: May 2020

Background

Several countries have imposed a mandatory 14‐day period of quarantine on individuals arriving from countries considered high‐risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. However, it is not clear how long asymptomatic patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 can be an asymptomatic carrier.

Case Presentation

We experienced a case of an asymptomatic female patient infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 with abnormal chest computed tomography findings. She did not develop a fever during hospitalized isolation. She remained reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction‐positive for 24 days.

Conclusion

An asymptomatic patient diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remained reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction‐positive for 24 days, although she was quarantined in an isolation hospital. This finding suggests that an asymptomatic patient diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with abnormal chest computed tomography findings can be an asymptomatic carrier for more than 3 weeks.
Oxidation of benzyl alcohol by novel peripherally and non‐peripherally modular C2‐symmetric diol substituted cobalt (II) phthalocyanines
Authors: Gök Halil Zeki , Gök Yaşar , Yılmaz Mustafa Kemal
Published: May 2020

In this study, a modular ligand structure was designed by altering the binding position of the phenyl group at backbone of hydrobenzoin. A series of regio isomeric substituted phthalonitriles derived from this modular C2‐symmetric ligand was synthesized and characterized. Then, eight cobalt (II) phthalocyanines (CoPc) were obtained from the reaction of phthalonitrile derivatives with cobalt (II) chloride. The catalytic activities of synthesized cobalt (II) phthalocyanines were tested for benzyl alcohol oxidation in acetonitrile using tert‐butylhydroperoxide as the oxygen source and in the presence of N‐bromosuccinimide as an additive at 80 °C for 5 hr of the reaction. In this sense, the effect of substrate to catalyst ratio and oxidant to catalyst ratio have been studied in detail for getting the highest benzaldehyde selectivity (up to 83%). The effect of structural design of substituents at peripheral or non‐peripheral positions of phthalocyanine skeleton on the catalytic activity performance of cobalt (II) phthalocyanines in benzyl alcohol oxidation was also clarified. All newly synthesized compounds are characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, IR, UV–Vis and MALDI‐TOF MS spectral data.
Intramolecular orbital engineered hetero bimetallic Ce‐Fe MOF with reduced transition energy and enhanced visible light property
Authors: Kuila Aneek , Saravanan Pichiah
Published: May 2020

A structurally stable, 3d‐4f heterometallic coordination polymer has been solvothermally synthesised and evaluated for its accomplished materials properties. The light absorption activity in the visible band was higher for unique Ce‐Fe MOF than that of the homometallic Ce‐MOF or Fe‐ MOF. The intimate overlap of two different metal clusters in heterometallic environmental induced the formation of low line conduction orbital, which ultimately lowered the transition energy. The heterometallic acquired an additional sensitisation from a Fe‐μ3‐oxo cluster that had vibrantly enhanced the light uptake activity. The vacancy created in the 6s, 5d orbital of Ce in Ce‐Fe MOF contributed to the photo‐excitation of electrons and reduced the recombination time. This distinct intramolecular arrangement assisted the exciton trapping characteristic. Also, the presence of multiple metal cores in the framework aided to confine the increased number of excitons for a redox reaction. The solar photocatalysis study with acetaminophen revealed these improved materialistic features by degrading it 94.6% with a rate constant of 0.0137 min−1. The recycle studies confirmed the robust stability of the synthesised MOF.
Catalytic cross‐coupling of aniline by pyrite and dissolved oxygen under alkaline conditions
Authors: Lin Yi‐Ying , Song Bao‐Dong , Wang Xiang‐Ming , Zhang Cong‐Cong , Zhang Xiao‐Cong , Sun Shi‐Wei , Wu Song‐Hai , Ren Hai‐Tao , Jia Shao‐Yi , Liu Yong , Han Xu
Published: May 2020

Pyrite catalyzes oxidation of various organic contaminants by dissolved oxygen (DO) under acidic conditions; however, the catalytic mechanism under alkaline conditions is still not clear. In this study, we observe increased oxidation rates of aniline with increasing pHs (7.0–11.0). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments rule out contributions of •OH, O2•−, 1O2 and Fe (IV) to aniline oxidation and suggest that the Fe (III)–OOH peroxo and/or H2O2 are the primary oxidative species in the oxidation of aniline at pH 11.0. In addition, 200 mg L−1 H2O2 does not apparently increase the oxidation rate of aniline, which also rules out the predominant contribution of the produced H2O2 to aniline oxidation. We therefore suggest that the Fe (III)–OOH peroxo is indeed the primary oxidative species in the pyrite–DO system under alkaline conditions. Analyses of solid total organic carbon (TOC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy further reveal that more than 83.3% aniline has been polymerized to polyaniline, instead of being mineralized into CO2 and H2O, indicating that H‐abstraction from aniline by the Fe (III)–OOH peroxo is an important step in the oxidation of aniline under alkaline conditions. This study provides new insight into the oxidative species in the pyrite–DO system, and opens a new door for organic degradations under alkaline conditions.
Expression of Laminin γ2 Proteolytic Fragments in Murine Skin Following Exposure to Sulfur Mustard
Authors: Chang Yoke‐Chen , Wang James D. , Chang Hui‐Ying , Zhou Peihong , Hahn Rita A. , Gordon Marion K. , Laskin Jeffrey D. , Gerecke Donald R.
Published: May 2020

Laminin‐332 is a basement membrane protein composed of three genetically distinct polypeptide chains that actively promote both skin epidermal cell adhesion and migration. Proteolytic fragments of the laminin γ2 chain stimulate migration and scattering of keratinocytes and cancer cells. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that induces separation of basal keratinocytes from the dermal‐epidermal junction and invokes a strong inflammatory response leading to delayed wound repair. In the present studies, the role of laminin γ2 in SM‐induced skin injury and wound repair was investigated using the mouse ear vesicant model. We found that laminin γ2 chain mRNA was preferentially upregulated in mouse ear skin exposed to SM. In situ hybridization confirmed overexpression of laminin γ2 transcript. Western blot analysis showed increased protein expression of the full‐length proform of laminin γ2 and smaller processed fragments of laminin γ2 in skin exposed to SM. Dual immunofluorescence labeling indicated that laminin γ2 fragments are prevalent in suprabasal keratinocytes behind the leading edge in areas of hyperplasia in injured skin. In addition, co‐expression of laminin γ2 and the senescent marker, p16−INK4a was found to overlap with the hyperplastic migratory epithelial sheet. This observation is similar to hypermotile keratinocytes reported in invasive carcinoma cells. Overall, our studies indicate that laminin γ2 is preferentially expressed in skin post SM exposure and that protein expression appears to become progressively more fragmented. The laminin γ2 fragments may play a role in regulating SM‐induced skin wound repair. Anat Rec, 2020. © 2020 American Association for Anatomy
Anatomical study of the incisivus labii superioris and inferioris muscles in non‐human primates
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Watanabe Koichi , Kikuta Shogo , Hirasaki Eishi , Yamaki Koh‐Ichi , Bohm Rudolf P. , Dumont Aaron S. , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: May 2020

The facial muscles have significant roles for vocalization, feeding, and facial expression in both human and non‐human primates. Of these, the anatomy of the incisivus labii superioris (ILS) and incisivus labii inferioris (ILI), which are considered as the accessory bundle of the orbicularis oris (OO) in humans, has rarely been documented in the literature. Our current understanding of the function of the ILS and ILI is that they probably retract the upper and lower lips. Also, there is no account of these muscles in non‐human primates in the current literature. The aim of this study was to reveal the ILS and ILI in non‐human primates. Five Macaca fascicularis, one Macaca fuscata, one Macaca fuscata yakui, and one Pan troglodytes were dissected. Seven formalin‐fixed cadavers and one fresh cadaver were included. Both the ILS and ILI were observed in all specimens. The ILS originated from the incisive fossa of the maxilla and inserted into the OO. The mentalis (MT) and ILI arose from the incisive fossa of the mandible and inserted into the OO and the skin of the chin area. The MT and ILI in the P. troglodytes examined were thicker than in the other three non‐human species, and the ILS and ILI in the three macaques were similar in shape to those of humans. The difference of these muscles may result in different functions of the lip such as during vocalization, feeding, and facial expression.
Risk of malformation after ondansetron in pregnancy: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Picot Cyndie , Berard Anick , Grenet Guillaume , Ripoche Emmanuelle , Cucherat Michel , Cottin Judith
Published: May 2020

Ondansetron is increasingly used off label to treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of major congenital malformations (MCM), cardiac defects and orofacial clefts associated with first trimester exposure to ondansetron using a meta‐analytic approach. MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and Scopus were searched until November 2019. All comparative cohort and case–control studies on MCM, cardiac or orofacial defects and use of ondansetron during pregnancy were included. A team of paired reviewers independently extracted data using a proprietary collaborative WEB‐based meta‐analysis platform (metaPreg.org). Pooled odd ratios with corresponding 95% CIs were calculated using random effects models. From 214 records initially retrieved, 12 studies were included. Using all available information to date, first trimester exposure to ondansetron was found to be associated with an increased risk of (a) ventricular septal defects (VSD) (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23; p < .05; n = 6 studies; I2 = 0%) and (b) oral clefts (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.00–1.49; p < .05; n = 4 studies; I2 = 0%). No significant association was observed for the risk of cleft palate but, when excluding the study that contributed to the study heterogeneity, we found an OR of 1.48 (95% CI 1.19–1.84; p < .01; n = 5 studies; I2 = 0%). No statistically significant association was found for MCM, overall cardiac malformations, atrial septal defects and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Exploratory investigations of other malformations showed an increased risk of diaphragmatic hernia, hypoplastic left heart and “respiratory system anomalies.”