bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Materials
Authors: Navalón Sergio , Herance José Raúl , Álvaro Mercedes , García Hermenegildo
Published: May 2017

The ideal graphene is a one‐atom thick single layer of carbon atoms having sp2 hybridation in hexagonal arrangement. Due to their large surface area and good dispersability in common solvents, graphenes are suitable platforms to anchor covalently units. The appended unit can introduce additional functionality to graphene. Although the field of covalently modified graphene is still starting compared to the development of other carbon nanoforms, there is already many examples describing the use of modified graphenes as recoverable photo‐, electrocatalysts as well as in non‐linear optics and to improve mechanical resistance and solubility of graphenes. In this Review, the state of the art of covalently modified graphenes for these applications is reviewed. After some general sections describing properties and characterization techniques of graphenes relevant to their use as supports and those general reactions and starting substrates to obtain the modified graphene conjugates, the main body of the review describes the preparation and properties of covalently modified graphene depending on their use as catalyst, photocatalyst, photoresponsive material, non‐linear optics, electrocatalyst and other uses. The last section of the review summarizes the main achievements of the field and what should be according to our view the future developments.
The Role of Co‐Activation and Ligand Functionalization in Neutral Methallyl Nickel(II) Catalysts for Ethylene Oligomerization and Polymerization
Authors: Ortega Daniela E. , Cortés‐Arriagada Diego , Trofymchuk Oleksandra S. , Yepes Diana , Gutiérrez‐Oliva Soledad , Rojas René S. , Toro‐Labbé Alejandro
Published: May 2017

A detailed quantum chemical study that analyzed the mechanism of ethylene oligomerization and polymerization by means of a family of four neutral methallyl NiII catalysts is presented. The role of the boron co‐activators, BF3 and B(C6F5)3, and the position of ligand functionalization (ortho or para position of the N‐arylcyano moiety of the catalysts) were investigated to explain the chain length of the obtained polymers. The chain initialization proceeded with higher activation barriers for the ortho‐functionalized complexes (≈19 kcal mol−1) than the para‐substituted isomers (17–18 kcal mol−1). Two main pathways were revealed for the chain propagation: The first pathway was favored when using the B(C6F5)3 co‐activated catalyst, and it produced long‐chain polymers. A second pathway led to the β‐hydrogen complexes, which resulted in chain oligomerization; this pathway was preferred when the BF3 co‐activated catalysts were used. Otherwise, the termination of longer chains occurred via a stable hydride intermediate, which was formed with an energy barrier of about 14 kcal mol−1 for the B(C6F5)3 co‐activated catalysts. Significant new insights were made into the reaction mechanism, whereby neutral methallyl NiII catalysts act in oligomerization and polymerization processes. Specifically, the role of co‐activation and ligand functionalization, which are key information for the further design of related catalysts, were revealed.
Preparation and Characterization of Group 13 Cyanides
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Deokar Piyush , Vasiliu Monica , Stein Trent H. , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O.
Published: May 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Ralf Haiges at the University of Southern California. The image depicts characters from the popular web comic “Cyanide & Happiness” alongside some of the cyanide complexes synthesized. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201700611.
Relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic diabetic patients: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Jeevarethinam Anand , Venuraju Shreenidhi , Dumo Alain , Ruano Sherezade , Mehta Vishal S. , Rosenthal Miranda , Nair Devaki , Cohen Mark , Darko Daniel , Lahiri Avijit , Rakhit Roby
Published: May 2017

Background

The value of screening sub‐clinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial.

Hypothesis

An integrated model incorporating carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque with traditional risk factors can be used to predict prevalence and severity of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic T2DM patients.

Methods

A cohort of 262 asymptomatic T2DM patients were prospectively studied with carotid ultrasound to evaluate CIMT and carotid plaque and also a computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CT‐CAC) scan.

Results

Carotid plaque was detected in 124 (47%) patients and mean CIMT was 0.75±0.14 mm. Two hundred (76%) patients had a CAC score >0, of whom 57 (22%) had severe coronary atherosclerosis (>400 Au). In this group, carotid plaque was present in 40 (70%) patients (p<0.001).

Univariable analysis revealed significant associations between non‐zero CAC score and age (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.01), gender (p=0.003) and duration of diabetes (p=0.004). Carotid plaque and mean CIMT were also significantly associated with non‐zero CAC score (odds ratios [95% CI], 3.12 [1.66 ‐5.85] and 2.98 [0.24 ‐7.17], respectively). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, carotid plaque continued to be predictive of non‐zero CAC score (2.59 [1.17 ‐5.74]) and CIMT was borderline significant (p=0.05). When analysed with binary logistical regression, the prevalence of carotid plaque significantly predicted severe CAC burden (CAC >400 Au; 3.26 [2.05 ‐5.19]). Upper CIMT quartiles showed a similar association (2.55 [1.33 ‐4.87]).

Conclusion

Carotid plaque is more predictive of underlying silent coronary atherosclerosis prevalence, severity and extent in asymptomatic T2DM patients.
Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater in Biofilters with Biochar Augmented Geomedium: Effect of Biochar Particle Size
Authors: El Hanandeh Ali , Albalasmeh Ammar A. , Gharaibeh Mamoun
Published: May 2017

The use of biochar as a filter medium amendment has shown potential for removing organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar particle size on: (i) removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) from wastewater; (ii) stability of the system under overloading and flooding conditions; and (iii) desorption potential of phosphorus from the filtration medium under inundation conditions. Biochar was prepared in two different sizes: fine and coarse with a mean diameter size of 0.31 and 0.49 mm, respectively. Two treatments using sand augmented with 8% by weight fine biochar (sand–FBC) and sand augmented with 8% by weight coarse biochar (sand–CBC) were tested. The TP removal efficiency of sand–CBC was 10% higher than sand–FBC medium. The average removal efficiencies were 83.3 ± 3.2 and 75.7 ± 7.4% for sand–CBC and sand–FBC media, respectively. Positive correlations between TP load and removal efficiencies were observed. All treatments showed resilience to overloading, flooding, and inundation conditions.
Thiazole‐Based σ1 Receptor Ligands: Diversity by Late‐Stage C−H Arylation of Thiazoles, Structure–Affinity and Selectivity Relationships, and Molecular Interactions
Authors: Kokornaczyk Artur K. , Schepmann Dirk , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Itami Kenichiro , Laurini Erik , Fermeglia Maurizio , Pricl Sabrina , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: May 2017

Spirocyclic thiophene derivatives represent promising σ1 ligands with high σ1 affinity and selectivity over the σ2 subtype. To increase ligand efficiency, the thiophene ring was replaced bioisosterically by a thiazole ring, and the pyran ring was opened. Late‐stage diversification by regioselective C−H arylation of thiazoles 9 a–c resulted in a set of 53 compounds with high diversity. This set of compounds was analyzed with respect to σ1 affinity, σ1/σ2 selectivity, lipophilicity (logD7.4), lipophilicity‐corrected ligand efficiency (LELP), and molecular target interactions. The most promising candidates were pyridyl‐substituted thiazole derivatives 33 c (2‐(1‐benzyl‐4‐ethoxypiperidin‐4‐yl)‐5‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)thiazole) and 34 c (2‐(1‐benzyl‐4‐ethoxypiperidin‐4‐yl)‐5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)thiazole), possessing low‐nanomolar σ1 affinity (Ki=1.3 and 1.9 nm), high σ1/σ2 selectivity (>1500‐fold), low lipophilicity (logD7.4=1.8) and very good ligand efficiency (LELP=5.5), indicating promising pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Molecular simulation studies, including docking and deconvolution of the free binding energy into its major components, led to decreased hydrophobic stabilization of pyridyl derivatives 33 c and 34 c, which was compensated by lower desolvation energy.
Chemoproteomics‐Aided Medicinal Chemistry for the Discovery of EPHA2 Inhibitors
Authors: Heinzlmeir Stephanie , Lohse Jonas , Treiber Tobias , Kudlinzki Denis , Linhard Verena , Gande Santosh Lakshmi , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Saxena Krishna , Liu Xiaofeng , Wilhelm Mathias , Schwalbe Harald , Kuster Bernhard , Médard Guillaume
Published: May 2017

The receptor tyrosine kinase EPHA2 has gained attention as a therapeutic drug target for cancer and infectious diseases. However, EPHA2 research and EPHA2‐based therapies have been hampered by the lack of selective small‐molecule inhibitors. Herein we report the synthesis and evaluation of dedicated EPHA2 inhibitors based on the clinical BCR‐ABL/SRC inhibitor dasatinib as a lead structure. We designed hybrid structures of dasatinib and the previously known EPHA2 binders CHEMBL249097, PD‐173955, and a known EPHB4 inhibitor in order to exploit both the ATP pocket entrance as well as the ribose pocket as binding epitopes in the kinase EPHA2. Medicinal chemistry and inhibitor design were guided by a chemical proteomics approach, allowing early selectivity profiling of the newly synthesized inhibitor candidates. Concomitant protein crystallography of 17 inhibitor co‐crystals delivered detailed insight into the atomic interactions that underlie the structure–affinity relationship. Finally, the anti‐proliferative effect of the inhibitor candidates was confirmed in the glioblastoma cell line SF‐268. In this work, we thus discovered a novel EPHA2 inhibitor candidate that features an improved selectivity profile while maintaining potency against EPHA2 and anticancer activity in SF‐268 cells.
Synthesis, ADMET Properties, and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole Compounds Targeting Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2)
Authors: Mehanna Wesam E. , Lu Tiangong , Debnath Bikash , Lasheen Deena S. , Serya Rabah A. T. , Abouzid Khaled A. , Neamati Nouri
Published: May 2017

Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel benzothiazoles based on a diaryl urea scaffold previously reported in some allosteric chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) inhibitors. From a library of 41 new compounds, 17 showed significant inhibition of CXCR2, with IC50 values less than 10 μm and selectivity over CXCR4. Our ADMET simulations suggest favorable drug‐like properties for the active compounds. Importantly, we developed a predictive model that can distinguish active from inactive compounds; this will serve as a valuable tool to guide the design of optimized compounds to be evaluated in preclinical models.
The sensory trigeminal complex and the organization of its primary afferents in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Faunes Macarena , Wild J. Martin
Published: May 2017

Our knowledge of the avian sensory trigeminal system has been largely restricted to the principal trigeminal nucleus (PrV) and its ascending projections to the forebrain. Studies addressing the cytoarchitecture and organization of afferent input to the sensory trigeminal complex, which includes both the PrV and the nuclei of the descending trigeminal tract (nTTD), have only been performed in pigeons and ducks. Here we extend such an analysis to a songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). We describe the cytoarchitecture of the sensory trigeminal complex, the patterns of calbindin‐like and substance P‐like immunoreactivity, and the organization of afferents from the three branches of the trigeminal nerve and from the lingual branch of the hypoglossal nerve. On the basis of cytoarchitecture and immunohistochemistry, the sensory trigeminal column can be subdivided from caudal to rostral, as in other species, into cervical dorsal horn, subnucleus caudalis, subnucleus interpolaris, subnucleus oralis, and nucleus principalis. The relative positions of the terminal fields of the three trigeminal branches move from medial to lateral in the dorsal horn to dorsomedial to ventrolateral in nTTD, whereas in PrV there is considerable overlap of mandibular and ophthalmic terminal fields, with only a small maxillary input ventrally. The hypoglossal afferents, which terminate medially in the dorsal horn and dorsolaterally in nTTD, terminate in specific cell groups in the dorsolateral nTTDo and in PrV. This work sets the grounds for further analyses of the ascending connections of the nTTD and the afferents from the syrinx to the trigeminal sensory column.
The NTCP‐inhibitor Myrcludex B: Effects on Bile Acid Disposition and Tenofovir Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Blank A , Eidam A , Haag M , Hohmann N , Burhenne J , Schwab M , van de Graaf SFJ , Meyer MR , Maurer HH , Meier K , Weiss J , Bruckner T , Alexandrov A , Urban S , Mikus G , Haefeli WE
Published: May 2017

Myrcludex B acts as a hepatitis B and D virus entry inhibitor blocking the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1). We investigated the effects of myrcludex B on plasma bile acid disposition, tenofovir pharmacokinetics, and perpetrator characteristics on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. Twelve healthy volunteers received 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate orally and 10 mg subcutaneous myrcludex B. Myrcludex B increased total plasma bile acid exposure 19.2‐fold without signs of cholestasis. The rise in conjugated bile acids was up to 124‐fold (taurocholic acid). Coadministration of tenofovir with myrcludex B revealed no relevant changes in tenofovir pharmacokinetics. CYP3A activity slightly but significantly decreased by 29% during combination therapy. Myrcludex B caused an asymptomatic but distinct rise in plasma bile acid concentrations and had no relevant impact on tenofovir pharmacokinetics. Changes in CYP3A activity might be due to alterations in bile acid signaling. Long‐term effects of elevated bile acids will require critical evaluation.
Brownmillerite‐type Ca2FeCoO5 as a Practicable Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst
Authors: Tsuji Etsushi , Motohashi Teruki , Noda Hiroyuki , Kowalski Damian , Aoki Yoshitaka , Tanida Hajime , Niikura Junji , Koyama Yukinori , Mori Masahiro , Arai Hajime , Ioroi Tsutomu , Fujiwara Naoko , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Ogumi Zempachi , Habazaki Hiroki
Published: May 2017

Here, we report remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity of brownmillerite (BM)‐type Ca2FeCoO5. The OER activity of this oxide is comparable to or beyond those of the state‐of‐the‐art perovskite (PV)‐catalyst Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) and a precious‐metal catalyst RuO2, emphasizing the importance of the characteristic BM structure with multiple coordination environments of transition metal (TM) species. Also, Ca2FeCoO5 is clearly advantageous in terms of expense/laboriousness of the material synthesis. These facts make this oxide a promising OER catalyst used in many energy conversion technologies such as metal–air secondary batteries and hydrogen production from electrochemical/photocatalytic water splitting.
Metastasis of soft tissue sarcomas in lymph node: A cytomorphological study
Authors: Gandhi Jahnavi , Mehta Shailee , Patel Trupti , Gami Amisha , Shah Majal , Jetly Dhaval
Published: May 2017

Background

Soft‐tissue sarcoma (STS) rarely metastasizes to lymph node compared to carcinoma. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) carries a pivotal role in diagnosis of metastatic tumor to lymph node. This study highlights the role of FNAC in diagnosis of STS metastasis to lymph node.

Method

A retrospective study over a period by 4 years carried out. FNAC of enlarged lymph node was performed in patients with STS. Cytology smears were examined in conjunction with clinical details. Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were correlated in synchronous cases.

Results

Out of 326 patients, 21 with STS had enlarged lymph nodes, of which 19 cases showed involvement (5.8%). Sixteen cases were metachronous and 3 cases showed synchronous involvement. Fifteen cases had regional lymph nodes while 4 cases had distal lymph node involvement. Head and neck and lower extremities were the most common primary sites of STS. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common sarcoma metastasing to the lymph nodes followed by synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and clear cell sarcoma. Other rare tumors included leiomyosarcoma, epitheloid sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. We had a case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance (DFSP) of scalp with cervical lymph node metastasis. Very unusual about this case was its rare primary site and the rarer lymph node metastasis.

Conclusion

FNAC plays an important role in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in cases of STS.
Learned control over spinal nociception in patients with chronic back pain
Authors: Krafft S. , Göhmann H.‐D. , Sommer J. , Straube A. , Ruscheweyh R.
Published: May 2017

Background

Descending pain inhibition suppresses spinal nociception, reducing nociceptive input to the brain. It is modulated by cognitive and emotional processes. In subjects with chronic pain, it is impaired, possibly contributing to pain persistence. A previously developed feedback method trains subjects to activate their descending inhibition. Participants are trained to use cognitive‐emotional strategies to reduce their spinal nociception, as quantified by the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex), under visual feedback about their RIII reflex size. The aim of the present study was to test whether also subjects with chronic back pain can achieve a modulation of their descending pain inhibition under RIII feedback.

Methods

In total, 33 subjects with chronic back pain received either true (n = 18) or sham RIII feedback (n = 15), 15 healthy control subjects received true RIII feedback.

Results

All three groups achieved significant RIII suppression, largest in controls (to 76 ± 26% of baseline), intermediate in chronic back pain subjects receiving true feedback (to 82 ± 13%) and smallest in chronic back pain subjects receiving sham feedback (to 89 ± 14%, all p < 0.05). However, only chronic pain subjects receiving true feedback significantly improved their descending inhibition over the feedback training, quantified by the conditioned pain modulation effect (test pain reduction of baseline before training: to 98 ± 26%, after: to 80 ± 21%, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our results show that subjects with chronic back pain can achieve a reduction of their spinal nociception and improve their descending pain inhibition under RIII feedback training.

Significance

Subjects with chronic back pain can learn to control their spinal nociception, quantified by the RIII reflex, when they receive feedback about the RIII reflex.
When criticism is ineffective: The case of historical trauma and unsupportive allies
Authors: Hirschberger Gilad , Lifshin Uri , Seeman Stephanie , Ein‐Dor Tsachi , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: May 2017

Three studies examined the effect of historical trauma reminders and criticism from international allies on attitudes toward current conflicts. In Study 1, Israeli participants (N = 116) were primed with the Holocaust, and read either that the U.S. President Obama supports Israel's right to defend itself and attack Iran, or that he opposes such action. Then, support for preemptive violence was assessed. Study 2 (N = 133) replicated this design, comparing inclusive and exclusive framings of the Holocaust. Study 3 (N = 478), examined the effect of Holocaust reminders and criticism from the European Union on attitudes toward militant policies against Palestinians. All three studies found that Holocaust primes juxtaposed with international criticism increased support for aggression, especially under exclusive framings of the Holocaust. Study 3, however, found this effect only among left‐wing participants. These findings indicate that when historical trauma is salient, international criticism may be ineffective and may even backfire.
Group identity as a source of threat and means of compensation: Establishing personal control through group identification and ideology
Authors: Goode Chris , Keefer Lucas A. , Branscombe Nyla R. , Molina Ludwin E.
Published: May 2017

Compensatory control theory proposes that individuals can assuage threatened personal control by endorsing external systems or agents that provide a sense that the world is meaningfully ordered. Recent research drawing on this perspective finds that one means by which individuals can compensate for a loss of control is adherence to ideological beliefs about the social world. This prior work, however, has largely neglected the role of social groups in defining either the nature of control threat or the means by which individuals compensate for these threats. In four experiments (N = 466), we test the possibility that group‐based threats to personal control can be effectively managed by defensively identifying with the threatened group and its values. We provide evidence for the specificity of these effects by demonstrating that defensive identification and ideology endorsement are specific to the content of the group‐based threat.
In or out? How the perceived morality (vs. competence) of prospective group members affects acceptance and rejection
Authors: van der Lee Romy , Ellemers Naomi , Scheepers Daan , Rutjens Bastiaan T.
Published: May 2017

When is an individual likely to be accepted or rejected by a group? This research investigates responses towards prospective group members depending on how they compare to the group in terms of their perceived morality or competence. Because morality is of particular importance to groups, we hypothesized that the perceived morality of prospective group members has more impact on the group's tendency to accept versus reject them than their competence. Across three experiments, employing self‐report, psychophysiological and behavioural measures, results supported this hypothesis: Immoral (vs. incompetent) individuals were perceived as more different from the group and were more likely to be rejected. Additionally, the rejection of prospective group members with perceived inferior morality (but not those with inferior competence) was mediated by the group threat they imply. Inclusion success thus seems to be mainly contingent upon how a group evaluates the individual's morality relative to the group's standards.
The appraisal gap: Why victim and transgressor groups disagree on the need for a collective apology
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Okimoto Tyler G. , Wenzel Michael
Published: May 2017

After an intergroup transgression, victims often advocate for a collective apology that the transgressor group is reluctant to provide. We argue that this is partly caused by a discrepancy in the extent to which victim and perpetrator group members appraise transgressions through an intergroup lens. In three experiments, participants read about individuals assaulting members of a racial out‐group. Consistent with predictions, victim group members were more likely than transgressors and third parties to see the events as typical of the transgressor group, more likely to appraise the events as intergroup in nature, and through these processes were more desiring of a collective apology. Transgressors' reluctance to issue a collective apology was not a sign of harm minimization. Indeed, they were more likely than victims to seek an interpersonal apology and less forgiving of the individual transgressors. Cognitive and motivational mechanisms were proposed, although evidence for the latter was limited.
Wealth inequality and activism: Perceiving injustice galvanizes social change but perceptions depend on political ideologies
Authors: Hoyt Crystal L. , Moss Aaron J. , Burnette Jeni L. , Schieffelin Annette , Goethals Abigail
Published: May 2017

What motivates people to engage in activism against wealth inequality? The simple answer is perceiving injustice. However, the current work demonstrates that these perceptions depend on political ideologies. More specifically, for political liberals who frequently question the fairness of the economic system, messages simply describing the extent of the inequality (distributive injustice) are enough to motivate activism (Study 1). For political conservatives, who are inclined to believe that inequality results from fair procedures, messages must also detail how the system of economic forces is unjust (procedural injustice; Studies 2 and 3). Together, these studies suggest perceiving injustice can galvanize social change, but for conservatives, this means more than simply outlining the extent of the inequality.
Observer judgments of identification accuracy are affected by non‐valid cues: A Brunswikian lens model analysis
Authors: Kaminski Kristina S. , Sporer Siegfried L.
Published: May 2017

This study investigated persuasive effects of behavior cues on observer judgments of eyewitness identification decisions. Forty‐eight positive identification statements (50% of which were objectively correct) were evaluated regarding witness likeability, trustworthiness, knowledge, and impression of confidence. Moreover, ratings of different speech style characteristics (e.g., hedges, hesitations, gestures, speech rate, and answer length) and of different person and event description qualities were collected. It was investigated (i) whether these cues were related to objective identification accuracy and (ii) whether observers used them to make their judgments and how they weighed them. Observers heavily relied on the impression of witness confidence and overestimated the discriminative value of several description qualities, although none of these cues was a valid indicator of identification accuracy. Effects of speech style characteristics depended on the presence of additional descriptions. Recommendations for the evaluation of identification decisions in criminal proceedings are discussed.
Putting identity into the community: Exploring the social dynamics of urban regeneration
Authors: Heath Stacey C. , Rabinovich Anna , Barreto Manuela
Published: May 2017

The present paper adopts a social identity perspective to examine the relationship between community‐based identification and well‐being, resilience and willingness to pay back in the context of urban regeneration. A sample of 104 residents across five deprived urban areas in the southwest of England that have recently undergone or are about to undergo regeneration projects completed a survey. The results demonstrate that areas where a more community‐centred, bottom‐up, approach to regeneration was taken (i.e., ‘culture‐led’) showed higher levels of community cohesion than areas where the community dynamics were ignored (i.e., a ‘top‐down’ approach to regeneration). Increased community identification was linked to greater perceived social support, community‐esteem, personal self‐esteem and self‐efficacy. These psychological processes were, in turn, linked to increased resilience and well‐being, as well as a stronger willingness to pay back to the community. The results are consistent with the social identity approach. Implications for urban regeneration strategies are discussed.
Uncertainty and prejudice: The role of religiosity in shaping group attitudes
Authors: Sekerdej Maciej , Kossowska Małgorzata , Czernatowicz‐Kukuczka Aneta
Published: May 2017

Past research indicates that being religious is frequently motivated by the need to avoid uncertainty and associated with prejudice against value‐violating groups. The present research clarifies these previous findings and shows for the first time a causal link between a sense of uncertainty and group attitudes through religiosity and the perception of the target group's mindset. Study 1 demonstrates that belief in God is associated with uncertainty avoidance and increases prejudice against value‐violating groups, but simultaneously increases positive attitudes towards value‐consistent groups. Study 2 demonstrates experimentally that a sense of uncertainty shapes intergroup attitudes when the relationship is mediated through the belief in God and the perception that a target group actually violated perceivers' values. The results corroborate and broaden previous findings on religiosity, ambiguity avoidance, and prejudice and, for the first time, show a causal link between a sense of uncertainty and attitudes towards value‐violating and value‐consistent groups.
When intergroup apology is not enough: Seeking help and reactions to receiving help among members of low status groups
Authors: Halabi Samer , Dovidio John F. , Nadler Arie
Published: May 2017

Relations between groups are characterized by competition and suspicion. As a consequence, members of low status groups may question the meaning of apologies offered by a high status group, especially under unstable status relations. In two experiments, the present research investigated the role of the intergroup versus interpersonal apology and the potential moderating effect of the stability of intergroup relations on low status group members' (a) help seeking (Study 1) and (b) responses to receiving help (Study 2) from a high status group. Consistent with our hypotheses, when status relations were unstable rather than stable, following a formal intergroup relative to an interpersonal apology by an Israeli official, Israeli‐Arab students sought less dependency‐oriented and more autonomy‐oriented help from an Israeli‐Jewish study coordinator (Study 1) and Jewish‐Ethiopian newcomers reacted more negatively when they read about an Ethiopian‐Jewish student receiving unsolicited dependency‐oriented help from an Israeli‐Jewish college student (Study 2). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
University socialization and the acceptance of anti‐egalitarian ideology: The underlying role of extrinsic life goals
Authors: Muheljic Aida , Drace Sasa
Published: May 2017

Past research suggests that students in social science often become more egalitarian while students in business and economics show a trend in the opposite direction. Using a cross‐sectional study in which we compared first and third year students from different academic environments, we wanted to explore these issues and to test whether life goals may account for potential ideological differences among them. Psychology and economics students at first and third year of their respective academic group completed both the Aspiration index and social dominance orientation scale. Consistent with the socialization hypothesis, economics students reported higher levels of social dominance orientation than psychology students but only at the third year of study. A similar pattern of results was observed for extrinsic life goals (but no differences were found for intrinsic life goals). Importantly, the interaction between academic year and academic major on social dominance orientation was mediated by the measure of extrinsic life goals.
Fighting ageism through nostalgia
Authors: Turner Rhiannon N. , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine
Published: May 2017

Two experiments tested whether nostalgia is a resource for fighting ageism. In Experiment 1, younger adults who recalled a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) encounter with an older adult showed a more positive attitude towards older adults, mediated by greater inclusion of older adults in the self (IOGS). In Experiment 2, these findings were replicated and extended with a subtle nostalgia manipulation. Younger adults identified an older, familiar adult, before writing about an encounter with this person that was characterized by either central (e.g., keepsakes and childhood) or peripheral (e.g., wishing and daydreaming) features of the construct of nostalgia (i.e., prototype). Participants who recalled a central (vs. peripheral) nostalgic encounter reported greater social connectedness, which predicted increased IOGS. In turn, increased IOGS was associated with a lower desire to avoid older adults. Several alternative explanations for the intergroup benefits of nostalgia were ruled out. The research established that nostalgia qualifies as a resource for combatting ageism.
Dancing is belonging! How social networks mediate the effect of a dance intervention on students' sense of belonging to their classroom
Authors: Kreutzmann Madeleine , Zander Lysann , Webster Gregory D.
Published: May 2017

What does it take to feel you belong? Using a sample of 606 students in 30 classrooms, with 15 classrooms participating in a school‐based dance intervention, we examined intrapsychic and extrapsychic sources of social belonging using social network analysis. Whereas outdegree (the number of outgoing liking nominations to classmates) served as a proxy variable for students' active acceptance of others, indegree (the number of ingoing liking nominations from other peers) served as a proxy variable for the passive acceptance by others. Both measures should account for changes in students' sense of belonging to their classroom. Multilevel longitudinal mediation analyses supported our predictions—increased belonging related to increasing acceptance by others and of others, which were experienced by students participating in the dance intervention for a year (vs. a non‐treated control group). We discuss our findings within the current debate on the use of distal variables to explain intrapsychic constructs.
Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine and Dopamine by Using Candida tropicalis Yeast Cells Immobilized in a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Single Wall Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Akyilmaz Erol , Canbay Erhan , Dinçkaya Erhan , Güvenç Cansu , Yaşa İhsan , Bayram Ezgi
Published: May 2017

A new electrochemical microbial biosensor system based on Candida tropicalis was developed for the fast detecting of dopamine and epinephrine. Candida tropicalis was immobilized in a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT). Immobilized cells were used as a origin of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) to develop voltammetric epinephrine and dopamine biosensor. Voltammetric determination of phenolic compounds such as epinephrine and dopamine a simple technique which is available. Direct oxidation of phenols can be used, but the oxidation potentials of this compounds are similar and they can not be detected distinctively. Another possibility is the use of biosensors based on the polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase) enzyme that oxidizes the phenolic compounds into their related quinones. By this way, phenolic compounds are epinephrine and dopamine which were used in this study as well detected at different potentials. In this study differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry techniques were used for the determination of dopamine and epinephrine. The effect of varying the amounts of SWCNT and the response of microorganism to epinephrine was investigated to find the optimum composition of the sensor. The effects of pH and temperature were also examined. Increases in biosensor responses obtained by amperometric measurements were linearly related to dopamine concentrations between 0.025 and 0.25 mM and epinephrine concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 mM. Limits of detection of the biosensor for dopamine and epinephrine were calculated to be 0.008 and 0.0023 mM, respectively. Finally, proposed system was applied to epinephrine and dopamine analysis in pharmaceutical drugs and synthetic serum and the results were compared with LC MS MS method.
The green alga Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides biomass and polysaccharides production determined using cultivation in crossed gradients of temperature and light
Authors: Kumar Dhanesh , Kvíderová Jana , Kaštánek Petr , Lukavský Jaromír
Published: May 2017

The green microalga Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides was identified as promising microorganism for biotechnological production of exopolysaccharides (EPS). In stationary phase the culture suspension solidifies to thick gel, with very high viscosity and high content of EPS which may be interesting for many biotechnological applications. To develop cultivation protocol for maximum biomass/polysaccharide production, the optimum conditions for growth and polysaccharides production were determined in this study using the crossed gradient cultivation method. Temperature and irradiance requirements of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides were evaluated by statistical analyses for growth rate/biomass, extracellular (EPS) and intracellular (IPS) polysaccharides contents in crossed gradients of temperature (4–45°C) and irradiance (2–18 W/m2, 9.1 – 82.3 μmol/(m2 s)). The maximum relative growth rate was observed at temperatures around 19.2°C and relatively low irradiances in range 2.6–11 W/m2 (11.9–50.3 μmol/(m2 s)). The maximum IPS production was observed at temperatures around 19.2°C and irradiance around 11 W/m2 (50.3 μmol/(m2 s)). The maximum production of EPS was observed at temperatures around 25.7°C and similar irradiances as IPS production. Due to temperature separation of growth and EPS production, development of cultivation protocol based controlled temperature manipulation is possible.
Analyzing the influence of microstructured surfaces on the lactic acid production of Lactobacillus delbrueckii lactis in a flow‐through cell system
Authors: Schlegel Christin , Chodorski Jonas , Huster Manuel , Davoudi Neda , Huttenlochner Katharina , Bohley Martin , Reichenbach Ingo , Buhl Sebastian , Breuninger Paul , Müller‐Renno Christine , Ziegler Christiane , Aurich Jan , Antonyuk Sergiy , Ulber Roland
Published: May 2017

Microorganisms growing in biofilms might be possible biocatalysts for future biotechnological production processes. Attached to a surface and embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix, they create their preferred environment and form robust cultures for continuous systems. With the objective of implementing highly efficient processes, productive biofilms need to be understood comprehensively. In this study, the influence of microstructured metallic surfaces on biofilm productivity was researched. To conduct this study, titanium and stainless steel sheets were polished, micromilled, as well as coated with particles. Subsequently, the metal sheets were exposed to the lactic acid producing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis under laminar and homogeneous flow conditions in a custom‐built flow cell. A proof‐of‐concept showed that biofilm formation in the system only occurred on the designated substratum. Following a 24‐h batch cultivation for primary biofilm development, the culture was continuously provided with glucose containing medium. As different experimental series have indicated, the process resulted to be stable for up to eleven days. Primary metabolite productivity averaged around 6–7 g/(L h). Interestingly, the productivity was shown to be affected neither by the type of metal, nor by the applied microstructures. Nevertheless, a higher dry biomass weight determined on micro‐milled substratum indicates a complementary differentiation of biofilm components in future experiments.
An improved high cell density cultivation—iHCDC—strategy for leucine auxotrophic Escherichia coli K12 ER2507
Authors: Beckmann Björn , Hohmann Dorothea , Eickmeyer Moritz , Bolz Sarah , Brodhagen Corinna , Derr Petra , Sanders Ernst A.
Published: May 2017

Fed‐batch processes are commonly used tools in high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli. However, the setup of a fed‐batch process can be challenging, especially when working with genetically modified strains. This work deals with the design of a specific strategy for the leucine auxotrophic E. coli strain K12 ER2507 that is of interest for arabinose‐inducible gene expression systems due to its ara‐14 mutation. To set up this process the optimum yield coefficient of biomass from leucine was determined by use of a design of experiments tool. Unfortunately, the yield coefficient is negatively influenced by both leucine and glucose concentrations. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect of leucine reduced the specific growth rate even at low concentration. Under consideration of these problems, an improved high cell density cultivation (iHCDC) for E. coli K12 ER2507 was established. The start medium was set up without any C‐source to omit a batch phase with high glucose concentration and substrate feeding was initiated directly upon inoculation. Due to the poor solubility of leucine in feed medium, the amino acid was dissolved in the base. With the improved high cell density cultivation process a final cell density of more than 90 g/L was obtained reproducibly.
Advancing the quality of environmental microplastic research
Authors: Connors Kristin A. , Dyer Scott D. , Belanger Scott E.
Published: May 2017

Investigations into the environmental fate and effects of microplastics have been gaining momentum. Small, insoluble polymeric particles are implicated by scientists in a wide variety of studies that are used to suggest a potential for widespread impacts in freshwater and marine pelagic and sediment environments. An exponential growth in scientific publications and an increase in regulatory attention have occurred. However, despite these efforts, the environmental hazard of these particles is still unknown. To evaluate the hazard of microplastics within a risk assessment context, we need a way to evaluate the quality of experimental studies. We performed a thorough review of the quality and focus of environmental microplastic research, to understand the methodologies employed and how this may assist or distract from the ability of environmental risk assessors to evaluate microplastics. We provide guidance to improve the reliability and relevance of ecotoxicological studies for regulatory and broader environmental assessments. Nine areas of needed improvement are identified and discussed. Important data gaps and experimental limitations are highlighted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1697–1703. © 2017 SETAC
Essential‐oil inspired synthetic libraries: synthesis, spectral and gas‐chromatographic properties of new fenchyl esters
Authors: Blagojević Polina D. , Pešić Marko S. , Radulović Niko S.
Published: May 2017

Herein, the design, synthesis, and gas‐chromatographic and spectral characterization of a library of endo‐ and exo‐fenchyl esters (formate, acetate, propanoate, butanoate, isobutanoate, pentanoate, isopentanoate, 2‐methylbutanoate, hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate, nonanoate, tiglate, angelate, senecioate and benzoate; 32 compounds in total) were described. 1D‐ and 2D–NMR experiments combined with 1H iterative full spin analysis and GIAO (gauge invariant atomic orbitals) computation of NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for DFT‐calculated minimum energy conformations enabled a complete 1H–NMR assignment of the higher‐order signals of the fenchyl‐core protons. Library members, derivatives of a well‐known monoterpenol of economical importance, often encountered in essential oils (EOs), might potentially represent new (up to now undiscovered), or be classified as rare, natural products. The data summarized in this work should facilitate future EO analyses, especially those studies dealing with minor constituents. The benefits of the usage of (untargeted) metabolome‐inspired synthetic libraries in the analysis of EOs were discussed.
Comparison of composition of volatile compounds in ten Salvia species isolated by different methods
Authors: Šulniūtė Vaida , Baranauskienė Renata , Ragažinskienė Ona , Venskutonis Petras Rimantas
Published: May 2017

The composition of volatile compounds isolated from ten Salvia spp., namely S. amplexicaulis, S. austriaca, S. forsskaolei, S. glutinosa, S. nemorosa, S. officinalis, S. pratensis, S. sclarea, S. dumetorum and S. verticillata, by simultaneous distillation/extraction in a Likens‐Nickerson apparatus (L‐N) and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE‐CO2) is reported. S. officinalis and S. sclarea are the most thoroughly studied Salvia spp., whereas other selected in this study Salvia spp. remain underinvestigated; to the best of our knowledge, there are no available publications on the composition of volatiles in S. forsskaolei and S. dumetorum. It was demonstrated that S. officinalis accumulates the highest amount of volatiles compounds, followed by S. sclarea; while other studied species are poor sources of volatiles. Regarding extraction method, the amount of volatiles isolated from 1 kg of dried plant material by SFE‐CO2 was 1.4–5.9 times lower comparing to L‐N method, most likely due to the losses of volatiles with exhausting from the system CO2 after depressurizing extraction equipment. Taking into account these findings, further studies should be focused on improving the method of collection of volatiles in SFE‐CO2 process and on the determination of other, non‐volatile valuable compounds, which may be present in the lipophilic CO2 extracts of under‐investigated Salvia spp.
Death and liver transplantation within 2 years of onset of drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Hayashi Paul H. , Rockey Don C. , Fontana Robert J. , Tillmann Hans L. , Kaplowitz Neil , Barnhart Huiman X. , Gu Jiezhan , Chalasani Naga P. , Reddy K. Rajender , Sherker Averell H. , Hoofnagle Jay H. ,   for the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) Investigators
Published: May 2017

Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of death and indication for liver transplantation (fatality). The role of DILI in these fatalities is poorly characterized, particularly when fatalities occur >26 weeks after DILI onset. We analyzed patients in the US Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network prospective study having a fatal outcome within 2 years of onset. Each case was reviewed by eight network investigators and categorized as DILI having a primary, a contributory, or no role in the fatality. We subcategorized primary role cases as acute, chronic, acute‐on‐chronic, or acute cholestatic liver failure. For contributory and no role cases, we assigned a primary cause of death. Among 1,089 patients, 107 (9.8%) fatalities occurred within 2 years. DILI had a primary role in 68 (64%), a contributory role in 15 (14%), and no role in 22 (21%); 2 had insufficient data. Among primary role cases, 74% had acute, 13% chronic, 7% acute on chronic, and 6% acute cholestatic failure. For the 15 contributory role cases, common causes of death included sepsis, malignancy, and severe cutaneous reactions with multiorgan failure. For the 22 no role cases, malignancies accounted for most fatalities. Higher bilirubin, coagulopathy, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia were independently associated with DILI fatalities. New R ratio Hy's law had a higher positive predictive value for overall fatality (14% versus 10%) and a stronger independent association with DILI fatalities within 26 weeks compared to the original version of Hy's law (hazard ratio, 6.2, 95% confidence interval 3.4‐11.1, versus 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3‐3.7). Conclusions: DILI leads directly or indirectly to fatality in 7.6% of cases; 40% of these had nonacute liver failure courses. New R ratio Hy's law better identifies risk for death compared to the original Hy's law. (Hepatology 2017;66:1275‐1285).