bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heat Treatment and Thermal Exposure on Microstructure of the Alloy C+ Bars
Authors: Wang Xiao Xiang , Wang Wei Qi , Zhang Yong Qiang
Published: July 2013

The microstructures of the Alloy C+ with three different heat treatment processes have been investigated after exposure at 550 °C for 100 hours in this study. The alloy shows typical equiaxed β grains with second phase precipitation and twin formation inside the β grains in the as-rolled condition. Solution treatment at lower temperature led to a smaller β grain size while higher temperature solution treatment produced coarse grains with increasing precipitated phases inside the β grains. Ageing treatment after solution and thermal exposure for a long period of time resulted in an increasing α phase precipitation at the grain boundaries due to their tendency for preferential nucleation of second phases. In a certain condition, continuous coarsening of the α phase is concentrated on the grain boundaries therefore violate the properties of the alloy.
Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Thixo-Diecast 319s Alloy during Heat Treatment
Authors: Li Da Quan , Liang Xiao Kang , Yang Fu Bao , He You Feng , Zhang Fan , Zhu Qiang , Zhang Shao Ming
Published: July 2013

The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during solution and ageing heat treatment process was studied in terms of a thixo-diecast impeller of 319s aluminium alloy. The cast alloy exhibited a microstructure consisting of primary uniformly distributed in α-Al globules and the eutectics. A series of heat treatment studies were performed to determine optimum heat treatment parameters, in order to achieve fine grain structure, fine silicon particles and optimal precipitate size and distribution. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to study the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties. The results demonstrate that, the full T6 heat treatments are successfully applied to thixo-diecast 319s impellers. A two-step solution heat treatment is employed to prevent porosity due to overheating. The tensile properties of thixo-diecast 319s impellers were substantially enhanced after T6 heat treatment. The plate-shaped θ′ precipitates and lath-shaped Q′ precipitates are the most effective for precipitation strengthening.
Anisotropic Diffusion Behaviour of Al and Zn in HCP Mg: Diffusion Couple Experiment Using Mg Single Crystal
Authors: Das Sazol Kumar , Kim Young Min , Ha Tae Kwon , Gauvin Raynald , Jung In Ho
Published: July 2013

Diffusion couple experiments for Mg-Al and Mg-Zn were carried out with Mg single crystal to determine the anisotropic diffusion coefficients of Al and Zn in hcp Mg at the temperature range between 553 and 693 K. Based on the experimental results, anisotropic diffusion coefficients of Al and Zn were calculated using multiphase diffusion simulations. Al diffusion in hcp Mg is slightly faster than Mg self-diffusion itself, but the diffusion of Zn is slightly slower than Mg self-diffusion. The diffusion coefficients of Al and Zn along the a-axis (basal plane) of hcp Mg is slightly higher (1.1-1.4 times) than those along the c-axis (normal to the basal plane), which is also similar to Mg self-diffusion behaviour.
The Effect of Aluminium on Deformation and Twinning in Alpha Titanium: The 45° Case
Authors: Fitzner Arnas , Prakash D.G. Leo , da Fonseca Joao Quinta , Preuss Michael , Thomas Matthew J. , Zhang Shu Yan , Kelleher Joe
Published: July 2013

The deformation behaviour of binary Ti-Al model alloys has been observed in respect to nucleation, propagation and growth of twins, specifically the interaction of slip and {1 0 -1 2} tensile twins. The area fraction of twins increases by trend from Ti-0Al to Ti-4Al but significantly reduces to Ti-6Al. The lattice strain evolution during compression was measured using in-situ neutron diffraction and decreases from Ti-0Al to Ti-4Al but increases to Ti-6Al. The twin activity in hcp Ti behaves as expected from fcc materials until 4 wt.% Al concentration, but it is believed that short or long range ordering reduces the twin activity in Ti-6Al.
High Strength and High Ductility in Nanostructured Aluminium-Based Intermetallics Produced by High-Pressure Torsion
Authors: Edalati Kaveh , Horita Zen Ji
Published: July 2013

Aluminium-based intermetallics (aluminides) exhibit high strength, but low plasticity at room temperature. Despite approaches employed for improvement of their mechanical properties, there is a trade-off between the strength and the plasticity in intermetallics. In this study, several nanostructured aluminium-based intermetallics (AlNi, TiAl, Ni2AlTi) with ultrahigh compressive strength, up to 3.5 GPa, and high plasticity, up to 23%, are produced in situ from elemental powders by severe plastic deformation using high-pressure torsion (HPT) at 573 K and subsequent annealing at 673 or 873 K. It is shown that the high work-hardening behavior and plasticity in these intermetallics are due to (i) nanotwin formation, (ii) bimodal microstructure, and (iii) activation of different deformation mechanisms such as dislocation slip, twinning and grain boundary sliding. The diffusivity appears to increase by 12-22 orders of magnitude during HPT because of ultrahigh vacancy concentration and high dislocation density, which results in the formation of intermetallics at low temperatures.
Effect of Zn Content on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-7Y-0.6Zr Alloy
Authors: Wang Jian Li , Li Jian Ping , Wang Ping , Guo Yong Chun , Yang Zhong
Published: July 2013

Mg-7Y-0.6Zr-xZn (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, wt.%) alloys were prepared by the metal mould casting method. Effect of Zn content on the microstructures and corrosion behaviour were investigated. Results showed that microstructures were refined and volume fraction of secondary phase Mg24(YZn)5 was increased with increasing addition of Zn element. Results of electrochemical tests demonstrated that the corrosion potential of Mg-7Y-0.6Zr alloy was about -1.77 V, and, with addition of 0.5~2.0 wt.% Zn element, corrosion potential moved to more positive values than that of Mg-7Y-0.6Zr alloy. Mg-7Y-0.6Zr-0.5Zn alloy possessed the most positive corrosion potential of -1.53 V. The results of immersion test with different time also indicated that corrosion rate could be decreased by addition of 0.5~2.0 wt.% Zn, and Mg-7Y-0.6Zr-0.5Zn alloy exhibited the lowest corrosion rate.
Effect of Excess Mg on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg2Si High Pressure Die Casting Alloys
Authors: Yan Feng , Ji Shou Xun , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: July 2013

In this work we found that the addition of excess Mg can significantly improve the mechanical properties of pseudo-binary Al-Mg2Si alloys after high pressure die casting (HPDC). Al-8Mg2Si-6Mg alloy offered an excellent combination of high strength and reasonable ductility. Excess Mg lowers the Mg2Si content in the eutectic reaction and promotes the formation of Mg2Si as the primary phase, and this is believed to be the origin of improved mechanical performance.
Effect of Yttrium Ion on YSZ-Al2O3 Composite Coating Formed by PEO on a Cast Al-Si-Cu-Ni Alloy
Authors: Wang Ping , Liu Dao Xin , Li Jian Ping , Guo Yong Chun , Yang Zhong
Published: July 2013

Y2O3-ZrO2-Al2O3 (YSZ-Al2O3) composite ceramic coating was formed on a cast Al‑12Si-3Cu-2Ni alloy by plus AC plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process, with yttrium ion concentrations varying from 0 to 0.5 g/l and process time from 0 to 45 min. The microstructures of the coatings were investigated by SEM and XRD. The results show that the PEO coating growth behaviour and microstructure were affected greatly by Y ion additions. At a given oxidation time, the coating growth rate accelerated and thickness increased in the PEO process when adding yttrium ions. When the content of Y ions is greater than the optimum value of 0.05 g/l, coating growth gradually decreases. In comparison with a ZrO2-Al2O3 coating, the amount of micro particle in YSZ-Al2O3 coating is less and the ceramic layer is repeatedly deposited by ceramic particles and good binding was achieved between the ceramic coating and the base alloy. The uniform and compact YSZ-Al2O3 composite coating is mainly composed of c-Y0.15Zr0.85O1.93 solid solution, m‑ZrO2, α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and Y2O3 phases. The ZrO2 phase was well stabilized by solid solution containing yttrium element and Al2O3.
Comparative Study of Different Interfaces of Steel Inserts in Aluminium Castings
Authors: Aguado Edurne , Baquedano Asier , Uribe Urko , Fernandez-Calvo Ana Isabel , Niklas Andrea
Published: July 2013

The necessity of preserving resources and to reduce environmental pollution makes light weight concepts highly interesting for the transportation market, with light weight being essential for newly developed electric and hybrid vehicles. However, some components cannot be replaced only by aluminium, but need to be combined with steel in order to achieve the desired mechanical characteristics. Therefore, there is great interest in developing processes to manufacture aluminium/steel hybrid structures that present a good bond.In the present work a range of processing conditions for improving the bond strength between S355J2H steel inserts and AlSi7Mg casting alloy were investigated. Before casting, different chemical, thermal and mechanical treatments were applied to the steel insert: As-received condition, preheating, shot blasting, pickling, hot dip aluminizing, hot dip galvanizing, zinc coating and nickel/copper plating. The steel/AlSi7Mg interfaces were characterized by optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Special attention was paid to the presence of defects, formation of oxides and/or intermetallic phases in the reaction zone. The interface shear strength has been assessed by the push-out test, and the results have been correlated with microstructural observations at the interfaces. Combinations of different insert treatments were also investigated.
The Effect of Friction Stir Process (FSP) on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Gd-Ag-Zr Alloy
Authors: Zheng Fei Yan , Peng Li Ming , Wu Yu Juan , Li Xue Wen , Zhang Yu , Ding Wen Jiang
Published: July 2013

An Mg-13.0Gd-1.6Ag-0.3Zr (wt.%) alloy casting was subjected to friction stir processing (FSP) at a tool rotation rate of 500 rpm and a traverse speed of 100 mm/min. The effects of FSP on the microstructures in different zones and mechanical properties were investigated. It indicates that FSP can result in significant break-up and dissolution of the coarse eutectic secondary phase‑‑Mg5Gd-type, and remarkable grain refinement (~2.5 µm) in stirring zone (SZ). Therefore, the mechanical properties of the casting can be significantly improved after FSP, i.e., it exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of 341 MPa and an elongation of 17 %.
Effect of Aging on Conductivity of Heat Resistant Overhead Line Conductors
Authors: Tecer Hicran , Acer Emine , Erol Harun , Gündüz Mehmet
Published: July 2013

Different kinds of Al and Al alloys are used for all bare overhead energy transmission lines. In the present work, the effect of heat treatments on the conductivity of Al-0.25wt.%Zr alloy has been investigated. Al-0.25wt.%Zr samples were prepared in cold graphite crucibles by using a vacuum furnace and a continuous casting line. The samples were aged isothermally and isochronally in muffle and tube furnaces. Aging was carried out at a wide range of temperatures (350-600 °C) at constant aging times (75 h, 100 h) and a wide range of aging times (25-500 h) at constant temperatures (425 °C, 450 °C). According to the experimental results, conductivities of aged samples increase up to a certain aging temperature and aging time and reach peak values, then decrease with increasing aging temperature and aging time.
Tensile Strength of Al-Zr Overhead Line Conductors
Authors: Erol Harun , Tecer Hicran , Acer Emine , Kadioğlu Coşkun , Gündüz Mehmet
Published: July 2013

Aluminium and its alloys are used in all bare overhead energy transmission lines. Researchers and manufacturers, have in the past, made significant improvements in the tensile strength and conductivity of overhead lines. In the present work, the effect of heat treatments on the tensile strength of Al-Zr alloys (Al-0.15, 0.20, 0.25wt.%Zr) has been investigated (all compositions hereafter are described in wt.%). The Al-Zr samples were prepared by using a melt furnace and a continuous casting line. The cast, extruded and drawn samples with different diameters (4, 6, 10 mm) were aged isothermally and isochronally in muffle and tube furnaces. Aging was performed over a wide range of temperatures (350-450 °C) at constant aging times (100 hrs., 125 hrs.) and over a wide range of aging times (50-150 hrs.) at a constant temperature (425 °C). It was found that, aging temperatures, aging times, composition, processing techniques and size of the samples affect the tensile strength.
Effect of Precipitation Hardening on the Structure and Properties of Al-Mg-Si Conductor Alloys in Different Technological Routes
Authors: Osuch Piotr , Smyrak Beata , Knych Tadeusz
Published: July 2013

The Al-Mg-Si alloys, due to their unique combination of lightweight, mechanical and electrical properties and excellent corrosion resistance, are used as a material for the production of overhead power conductors, commonly known as AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor). Wires intended for conductor manufacturing are obtained from the wire rod produced by a continuous casting and rolling line (CCR, e.g., Continuus-Properzi). The Al-Mg-Si wire rod can be processed into ready-made wires by different technological routes, which mainly consist of different combinations of strain hardening as well as precipitation hardening of wire rod or wires. In Europe the conventional technological route comprises solution heat treatment of wire rod coils (heated at temperatures over ~500 °C, followed by quenching into water), then natural ageing of wire rod at ambient temperature for a couple of days, next wire drawing, and finally artificial ageing.This paper discusses results of investigations on developing an alternative technological route. In this process heat from the continuous casting and rolling process by Continuus-Properzi is used for heat treatment of the wire rod. The new technological route allows the abandonment of the high temperature heat treatment as well as natural ageing of the wire rod, making the production process less energy consuming, cheaper and faster than the conventional one. The current paper presents research results identifying the structure of materials from different Al-Mg-Si wires production process routes. It also focuses on electrical and mechanical properties.
A Model of Inclusion Behaviour in Liquid Aluminium
Authors: Burnard David J. , Griffiths William D.
Published: July 2013

Inclusions in castings are particularly damaging as crack initiators, causing failure in service. It is therefore desirable to attempt to remove them prior to their entry into the casting. In this work the behaviour of inclusions was studied using a computer simulation to predict the movement of particles in flowing liquid metal. The computer simulation was created by a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Modelling (DEM), to try to predict the agglomeration characteristics of inclusions in liquid Al alloy in a launder system. The model was tailored to simulate dispersed particles in a fluid, where particle collisions with each other and with side walls are significant. The launder model had a wall or baffle placed along its length to investigate its effect on trapping inclusions, results from the model showing particle distribution.
Application of Desirability Function Based on Neural Network for Optimizing the Process Parameters in Turning of PEEK CF30 Composites
Authors: Hanafi Issam , Abdellatif Khamlichi , Cabrera Francisco Mata , Manzanares J. Tejero
Published: July 2013

This work deals with optimization of multiple characteristics in CNC turning of reinforced Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK CF30) with TiN coated tools. The considered criteria included surface roughness, machining force and cutting power. Three controllable factors of the turning process consisting of cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate were incorporated. Taguchi design of experiments method was used to arrange the experimentation task. Artificial Neural Network approach was used for modeling the obtained responses. Then, desirability function approach was used to conduct single and multiple response optimizations.
Optimisation of End Milling Parameters on Aluminium/SiC Composites Using Response Surface and Artificial Neural Network Methodologies
Authors: Krishnaraj Vijayan
Published: July 2013

In recent years, the utilization of metal matrix composites (MMC) have increased in engineering fields of automobile, aviation, aerospace, construction and microelectronics. In conjunction with innovations in these advanced materials, machining them to obtain good dimensional accuracy and surface integrity has become a challenge. In this present work, 15 % (by weight) SiC particle reinforced aluminium is synthesized by stir casting technique. The synthesized MMC is end milled using Ø16 mm carbide end mill in a CNC milling machine and the machining parameters explicitly cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut are optimised for minimum surface roughness and total force acting on the tool using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The un-coated cutting tool insert was compared with the nanocomposite coated insert on tool wear at optimised cutting conditions.
Aspects of Electrodynamic Forming Processes
Authors: Rácz Pál , Göbl Nándor , Horváth Daniel , Mamalis Athanasios G.
Published: July 2013

Two types of electrodynamic forming process have been developed: electromagnetic and electrohydraulic forming. In the case of electromagnetic forming, the energy stored in a capacitor bank is discharged through a coil, which means that the electrical interaction between the coil and the plate or a tubular part to be formed results in deformation of the workpiece. However, in the case of electrohydraulic forming, the capacitor bank is discharged through a spark gap or filament wire; the deformation of the workpiece is due to the shockwaves, generated by the discharge process in a transmitting medium. In both processes, a large amount of energy is released in extremely short time, therefore these processes are considered to be high energy rate forming processes. These high energy rates, result in increasing the formability of the materials in many cases, and obtain significant deformations also for some materials that normally do not behave plastically. The utilization of the energy stored in the capacitor bank is significantly better in the case of electrohydraulic forming, because the released energy is converted directly to pressure waves, results in forming of higher strength materials. Both metallic and non-metallic materials can be formed by the technologies of electromagnetic and electrohydraulic technologies. In the present paper some aspects and applications of these high energy rate methods are briefly outlined mainly focusing on the automotive industry, involving expansion or compression forming of tubular parts, joining and assembly operations.
Influence of Gap Length on Collision Angle and Collision Point Velocity of Magnetic Pressure Seam Welding
Authors: Miyazaki Makoto , Sasaki Kuniaki , Okada Masaki
Published: July 2013

Magnetic pressure seam welding is a collision welding process, similar to explosive welding, utilizing electromagnetic force as the acceleration mechanism. True metallic bonding is achieved at the mating interface if contact takes place above an appropriate collision point velocity and collision angle. This paper deals with dynamic deformation process on magnetic pressure seam welding of aluminum sheets. Numerical analysis of the dynamic deformation process of the metal sheets is made by a finite element method. In this analysis, the metal sheets (100 mm width, 1 mm thickness) are assumed to be composed of plane-strain quadrilateral elements. The result shows that when the gap length becomes narrow, collision point velocity was decreased early. When the gap length becomes narrow, collision angle was increased slowly.
A Method of Explosive Forming Process for Making a Palm and a Back of Human Hand
Authors: Shiramoto Kazumasa , Watanabe Takumi , Mizuno Akihito , Iyama Hirofumi , Fujita Masahiro
Published: July 2013

t is well known as an important merit of the explosive forming process that the delicate figure of the die surface is precisely transferred onto the specimen of a thin metal plate, because the plate is strongly pressed against the die by the very high pressure of underwater shock wave. However, we cannot find any examples of work pieces making the best use of the merit in literatures until now. We tried to form explosively a thin copper plate into shapes of a palm and a back of human hand, as a work piece making the best use of the merit. The palm has many small delicate lines such as fingerprints and the back has interesting figures such as loose skin at the joints of fingers and the borders of fingernails. The object of the present investigation is to make work pieces just like to a real hand. In this investigation, the following process is adopted in order to perform successfully explosive forming ; real hand plaster concave model convex model of Duplicone (material for dental impression) die of Ren Cast (a kind of epoxy resin) explosive forming. Annealed copper plates of 0.3 mm thick were used in the experiments. Since the extension limit of the plate is not so large, the plate is apt to be broken. If the plate is broken, the die is modified not to break the plate. Though the die made of epoxy resin is too hard to be modified, the plaster model can be easily modified with a cutter knife or a chisel. The modified die is obtained through model of Duplicone made by using the modified plaster model. After a few times of repeating modification, the breakage of plate was scarcely produced. On the work piece of palm, a lot of small lines including finger prints clearly appeared and the work piece of the back showed the shape just like to real human hand.
Numerical Study on Effect of Covered Water in Thawing Frozen Soil by Explosive Load
Authors: Hamashima Hideki , Watanabe Toshiaki , Maehara Hironori , Hokamoto Kazuyuki , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

It is known to be able to expect the improvement of the harvest if the cropping time can be made early in a cold region such as Russia, Norway, Sweden and Hokkaido in Japan. Therefore, for the purpose of making cropping time early as much as possible, we researched the destruction of the frozen soil by the explosive. In the simple experiment, as compared with the experiment which placed the explosive directly on top of the frozen soil, it broke greatly in the experiment which poured out water 20 mm in height after placing an explosive directly on top of the frozen soil. Furthermore, it was found that the thawing time of residual frozen soil in the experiment using water is shorter than without water. In this research, in order to investigate the effect of the covered water in thawing frozen soil by explosive load, the numerical simulation was performed. The result of the numerical simulation was well in agreement with the experimental result, and it was clarified that destruction effect is increased by covering with water.
High Resolution Numerical Simulation of Shock-to-Detonation Transition of Condensed-Phase Explosives
Authors: Cheng Wang , Liu Xin Qiao , Ning Jian Guo
Published: July 2013

In this paper, shock-to-detonation transition for condensed phase explosives is numerically simulated by adopting high resolution numerical scheme. Fifth-order WENO scheme and third-order TVD Runge-Kutta method are employed to discretize Euler equations with chemical reaction source in space and time respectively, and parallel high resolution code is developed. Applying this code, the influence of incident pressure and pulse width on the run distance to detonation is investigated. The numerical results show that incident pressure and pulse width govern the initiation process. If appropriate values are taken for incident pressure and pulse width, the pressure will increase with the enlarging of the shock wave propagation distance, and finally the explosives reach steady detonation. The run distance to detonation is also influenced by those two factors, and it gets shorter with the increase of pulse width and incident pressure. When the incident pressure and the pulse width are small enough, the retonation phenomenon can be observed, and it becomes obvious along with the decreasing of incident pressure and pulse width.
Serum Cystatin C and Tubular Urinary Enzymes as Biomarkers of Renal Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Assal Heba S. , Tawfeek Salwa , Rasheed Enas A. , El-Lebedy Dalia , Thabet Eman H.
Published: July 2013

Renal tubulointerstitium plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to assess serum cystatin C and 2 renal tubular enzymes, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), as screening markers for early renal dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ROC curve analysis showed that urinary NAG is the most sensitive marker of microalbuminuria and early renal damage with sensitivity of 83.3%, while serum cystatin C was the most sensitive and specific marker of macroalbuminuria and damage progress with sensitivity of 70.8% and specificity of 83.3% versus 70.6% and 83.3% for uNGAL; and 64.7% and 66.7% for NAG, respectively. Our data indicate that urinary NAG is the most sensitive marker for early renal damage in diabetic patients. However, for damage progress, serum cystatin C is the most sensitive and specific marker for follow-up and monitoring renal dysfunction.
icXML: Accelerating a Commercial XML Parser Using SIMD and Multicore Technologies
Authors: Medforth Nigel , Lin Dan , Herdy Kenneth , Cameron Rob , Shriraman Arrvindh
Published: July 2013

Prior research on the acceleration of XML processing using single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) and multi-core parallelism has lead to a number of interesting research prototypes. This work is the first to investigate to the extent to which the techniques underlying these prototypes could result in systematic performance benefits when fully integrated into a commercial XML parser The widely used Xerces-C++ parser of the Apache Software Foundation was chosen as the foundation for the study. A systematic restructuring of the parser was undertaken, while maintaining the existing API for application programmers. Using SIMD techniques alone, an increase in parsing speed of at least 50% was observed in a range of applications. When coupled with pipeline parallelism on dual core processors, improvements of 2x and beyond were realized. icXML is intended as an important industrial contribution in its own right as well as an important case study for the underlying Parabix parallel processing framework. Based on the success of the icXML development, there is a strong case for continued development of that framework as well as for the application of that framework to other important XML technology stacks. An important area for further work is the extension of Parabix technology to accelerate Java-based implementations as well as ones based on C/C++.
The FtanML Markup Language
Authors: Kay Michael
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a new markup language called FtanML, together with an associated schema language called FtanGram, and a query/transformation language called FtanSkrit. FtanML was originally designed by a group of students taught by the author, together with Stephanie Haupt, at a summer school held in the Swiss village of Ftan in August 2012. It has since been taken forward by the author with some further involvement by the students. The idea of FtanML is to rethink markup from the ground up: to imagine what the world could be like if we didn't have to carry forward the mistakes of the past; to take what works well in current languages, and discard the features that do little more than add complexity. More mundanely, FtanML can be seen as a blend of ideas from XML and JSON: neither the union nor the intersection of the two, but a new language that combines the best features of both.
The New W3C Publishing Activity
Authors: Quin Liam R. E.
Published: July 2013

The W3C is involving publishers and people and organizations who provide tools for publishers in an effort to change the Web so that it's suitable for publishing. The Open Web Platform is changing the ways people do things. Proprietary desktop tools are being replaced by Web-based applications. At the same time ebooks are forcing publishers to come to terms with producing multiple output formats from their assets, so that "XML Early" and "XML First" are hot buzzwords in the industry. The EPUB3 format, defined by IPDF, uses XHTML and CSS, W3C Web technologies. The Open Web Platform doesn't meet the needs of publishers today. So W3C is working more closely with IPDF, with publishers and designers, and others, to change the Web so that it's suitable for publishing. Technical work on CSS has already begun and W3C is looking at internationalization, HTML, metadata, and workflow.
Igel: Comparing document grammars using XQuery
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen C. M. , Schonefeld Oliver , Kupietz Marc , Lüngen Harald , Witt Andreas
Published: July 2013

Igel is a small XQuery-based web application for examining a collection of document grammars; in particular, for comparing related document grammars to get a better overview of their differences and similarities. In its initial form, Igel reads only DTDs and provides only simple lists of constructs in them (elements, attributes, notations, parameter entities). Our continuing work is aimed at making Igel provide more sophisticated and useful information about document grammars and building the application into a useful tool for the analysis (and the maintenance!) of families of related document grammars.
Climbing the hill
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen Michael
Published: July 2013

Notes on making things better and on getting from here to where we want to be.
WebVTT versus TTML: XML considered harmful for web captions?
Authors: Tai Andreas
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates why the XML standard TTML was rejected as timed text format by the WHATWG and it shows the relation to the discussion about the use of XML on the web.
A Data-Driven Approach using XForms for Building a Web Forms Generation Framework
Authors: Cameron Stephen , Velásquez William David
Published: July 2013

In a project to build a web-based auto-generated forms framework, we needed to decide whether to use XForms for the 'designer' user interface as well as for the generated forms. In trying to make this decision it became apparent that, at a fundamental level, there are two distinctly different means to develop web-based interfaces. These two means, or approaches, can be described as 'data-driven' or 'behavioural'. We suggest that the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design 'pattern', which is now becoming popular as terminology for describing the basis of several JavaScript web development frameworks, is of limited practical usefulness as it encompasses too many variants. In contrast, the distinction between 'data-driven' and 'behavioural' approaches seems to be a more useful. In particular, it provides clarity in distinguishing the respective benefits of using 'XML technologies' (particularly XPath) versus other object-based alternatives for web application development. This distinction is illustrated using working examples from this on-going project. Some implications, such as the role of schema documents in the data-driven approach, the practicality of writing XML 'as code', and issues encountered with the 'XRX' architecture are also discussed.
Open-path, quantum cascade laser-based sensor for high resolution atmospheric ammonia measurements
Authors: Miller D. J. , Sun K. , Tao L. , Khan M. A. , Zondlo M. A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We demonstrate a compact, open-path, quantum cascade laser-based atmospheric ammonia sensor operating at 9.06 μm for high sensitivity, high temporal resolution, ground-based measurements. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a gas-phase precursor to fine particulate matter, with implications for air quality and climate change. Currently, NH3 sensing challenges have led to a lack of widespread in-situ measurements. Our open-path sensor configuration avoids sampling artifacts associated with NH3 surface adsorption onto inlet tubing and reduced pressure sampling cells, as well as condensed-phase partitioning ambiguities. Multi-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy allows for selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric-pressure broadened absorption features. An in-line ethylene reference cell provides real-time calibration (±20% accuracy) and normalization for instrument drift under rapidly changing field conditions. The sensor has a sensitivity and minimum detection limit of 0.15 ppbv NH3 at 10 Hz, a mass of ~ 5 kg and consumes ~ 50 W of electrical power. In-situ field performance of this open-path NH3 sensor is demonstrated, with 10 Hz time resolution and a large dynamic response for in-situ NH3 measurements. This sensor provides the capabilities for improved in-situ gas phase NH3 sensing relevant for emission source characterization and flux measurements.
Repeat hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea, data from the Meteor cruise 84/3 in 2011
Authors: Tanhua T. , Hainbucher D. , Cardin V. , Álvarez M. , Civitarese G. , McNichol A. P. , Key R. M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Here we report on data from an oceanographic cruise on the German research vessel Meteor covering large parts of the Mediterranean Sea during spring of 2011. The main objective of this cruise was to conduct measurements of physical, chemical and biological variables on a section across the Mediterranean Sea with the goal of producing a synoptic picture of the distribution of relevant physical and biogeochemical properties, in order to compare those to historic data sets. During the cruise, a comprehensive data set of relevant variables following the guide lines for repeat hydrography outlined by the GO-SHIP group (http://www.go-ship.org/) was collected. The measurements include salinity and temperature (CTD), an over-determined carbonate system, inorganic nutrients, oxygen, transient tracers (CFC-12, SF6), helium isotopes and tritium, and carbon isotopes. The cruise sampled all major basins of the Mediterranean Sea following roughly an east-to-west section from the coast of Lebanon through to the Strait of Gibraltar, and to the coast of Portugal. Also a south-to-north section from the Ionian Sea to the Adriatic Sea was carried out. Additionally, sampling in the Aegean, Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas were carried out. The sections roughly followed lines and positions that have been sampled previously during other programs, thus providing the opportunity for comparative investigations of the temporal development of various parameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE FOR THE DETECTION OF CONJUGATE FRAGMENTS
Authors: Filippas D. , Georgopoulo A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The rapid development of Computer Vision has contributed to the widening of the techniques and methods utilized by archaeologists for the digitization and reconstruction of historic objects by automating the matching of fragments, small or large. This paper proposes a novel method for the detection of conjugate fragments, based mainly on their geometry. Subsequently the application of the Fragmatch algorithm is presented, with an extensive analysis of both of its parts; the global and the partial matching of surfaces. The method proposed is based on the comparison of vectors and surfaces, performed linearly, for simplicity and speed. A series of simulations have been performed in order to test the limits of the algorithm for the noise and the accuracy of scanning, for the number of scan points, as well as for the wear of the surfaces and the diversity of shapes. Problems that have been encountered during the application of these examples are interpreted and ways of dealing with them are being proposed. In addition a practical application is presented to test the algorithm in real conditions. Finally, the key points of this work are being mentioned, followed by an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed Fragmatch algorithm along with proposals for future work.
INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY FOR KNOWLEDGE AND DATING OF THE SAN FRANCESCO CONVENT IN STAMPACE, CAGLIARI – ITALY (XIII-XXI CENTURY)
Authors: Giannattasio C. , Grillo S. M. , Vacca G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Franciscan monastery, situated in the historic center of Cagliari (Sardinia), was founded in the thirteenth century, and transformed during the later centuries, up to the present day. The complexity of the case and the lack of objective data about its history has led us to carry out an interdisciplinary inquiry, in order to achieve a better knowledge of the building, preliminary for the drafting of a restoration project that respects all the signs that the time left. Starting from a deep examination of the indirect sources, turned out to be incomplete, the investigation continued with the execution of a survey with laser scanner and with the characterization of materials and related diseases of degradation. For the laser scanner survey we used a Faro Focus 3D, versatile and lightweight instrument that allows to perform scans with high speed point acquisition and high accuracy. For data elaboration we used the JRC 3D Reconstructor Software by the Gexcel srl. The characterization of the materials was performed on a reasoned sampling of natural and artificial materials, referring to masonry, interstitial mortars and plasters, carried out at strategic points, representative of the various phases of the construction. The samples were studied through mineralogical-petrographic methods with instrumental techniques for the analysis of component materials (OM, X-Ray diffraction). The data obtained, crossed with the results of the reconstruction of historical maps, of the examination of masonry techniques and of the analysis of pattern elements (arches, vaults, decorative elements), have facilitated stratigraphic analysis and helped to advance chronological reasoned hypothesis referring to the building. Besides, an interdisciplinary approach for the study of cultural heritage is very important to define a proper restoration and conservation intervention.
3D SURVEYING AND MODELING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES – SOME CRITICAL ISSUES –
Authors: Gonizzi Barsanti S. , Remondino F. , Visintini D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The goal of the reported project is to test and evaluate 3D surveying and modelling methods to document the remaining ancient byzantine city walls of the archaeological site of Aquileia in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy. The objectives are threefold: (1) to use 3D data to create maps, façades and sections that provide information useful for archaeological purposes such as the investigation of architectural construction techniques or construction phases, (2) to evaluate and compare photogrammetric and laser scanner data in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the two 3D surveying techniques for archaeological applications and needs and (3) to draw broader conclusions about the applicability of photogrammetry and laser scanning for documenting and analysing ancient walls within a particular set of environmental circumstances. The paper presents the employed 3D surveying techniques, the obtained 3D results and 2D products and some critical comments.
"IREP EN KEMET" WINE OF ANCIENT EGYPT: DOCUMENTING THE VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKING SCENES IN THE EGYPTIAN TOMBS
Authors: Guasch-Jané M. R. , Fonseca S. , Ibrahim M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Presented are the research objectives of the project "Irep en Kemet", Wine of Ancient Egypt, and the content of the project's website. This research aims at documenting the complete corpus of wine in ancient Egypt and analysing the data (iconography, textual sources and artefacts) to unveil the importance of the ancient Egyptian wine culture legacy in the Mediterranean region. At this stage, a bibliographical researchable database relevant to wine, viticulture and winemaking in the ancient Egypt has been completed, with 197 entries including articles, books, chapters in book, academic thesis (PhD and MA), essay, abstracts, on-line articles and websites. Moreover, a scene-detail database for the viticulture and winemaking scenes in the Egyptian private tombs has been recorded with 97 entries, some of them unpublished, and the collected data is under study. The titles of the tombs' owners and the texts related to the scenes will be also recorded. A photographic survey of the graves containing images related with viticulture and winemaking will be carried out in order to have the most accurate information on the location and stage of conservation of those images. Our main goal is to provide scholars with a complete, comprehensive archaeological and bibliographical database for the scenes of viticulture and winemaking depicted in the Egyptian private tombs throughout the ancient Egyptian history. The project's website (http://www.wineofancientegypt.com) will include all the collected data, the study and analysis, the project's history and team members, publications as well as the results of our research.
ON-SITE SEMANTIC MAPPING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION AREAS
Authors: Houshiar H. , Borrmann D. , Elseberg J. , Nüchter A. , Näth F. , Winkle S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. 3D laser scanning is the state of the art in modeling archaeological excavation sites, historical sites and even entire cities or landscapes. The documentation of findings on an excavation site is an essential archaeological task. Automated systems accelerate this process and decrease the amount of error to a minimum. This paper presents a new documentation approach in industrial archaeology. It consists of a set of tools for recording and registering 3D data from excavation sites. We provide an efficient tool for visualization of acquired 3D point clouds in 3D and 2D modes. The main purpose of this software is to provide an easy to use, on-site semantic mapping tool for archaeologists. It includes functions for selecting and labeling findings. Additional information can be provided for each label. This data is exported to an XML format and serves as input for other systems and databases.
AUTOMATIC TOOL MARK IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARISON WITH KNOWN BRONZE AGE HAND TOOL REPLICAS
Authors: Kovács K. , Hanke K.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The acquisition of high-resolution surface information by advanced documentation methods as short-range laser scanning or closerange photogrammetry can provide novel tool mark research perspectives in the field of archaeological sciences. For this reason, altogether eight different Bronze Age hand tool replicas and their tool marks were surveyed and analysed in this study. The automatic identification of sliding tool marks was carried out in a GIS environment. Based on hydrological and aspect parameters, the various hand tool impressions as watershed boundaries of the surface model could be determined in the developed workflow. After the segmentation of the single tool marks, slope and width values of the patterns were compared with the cutting edges of their replicas and the most used regions of the hand tool heads could be defined by these tool mark characteristics. The variation of midline parameters along the sliding tool marks resulted in significant conclusions about the mounting techniques of the hand tool heads on the handles. A smaller angular value between the replica and the handle produced different hand tool impressions which had a major influence on the woodworking efficiency as well. Furthermore, in this paper presented methods should also help to understand other ancient wood manufacture processes.
A MOBILE APPLICATION FOR VIRTUAL HERITAGE AND UGC PUBLIC SHARING
Authors: Gongli L. , Jin S. , Huilian C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Heritage documentation and representation is now a growing concern in the contemporary world, with unprecedentedly rapid technological development that pushes the frontier further every day. This ever growing means benefits both professionals and the general public, and the two can now be connected by this virtual bridge that channels heritage information from one end of the spectrum to the other, thus facilitating a dialogue never considered before. 4D virtual heritage with visualized tempo-spatial information can be easily shared across the continents and the story of heritage is told by a simple move of the thumb. Mobile LBS (Location-Based Service) enhances visitors' on-site experience and is readily available on the popular iOS platform. UGC (User Generated Content) on the internet provides interaction among users and managers, and brings the heritage site and the public into a live conversation. Although the above technological exploration is promising in itself, the question still remains as how it may be best implemented. The Re-yuangmingyuan program for the reconstruction and representation of an imperial garden in Beijing has made several attempts that deserve discussion, and contributes to heritage documentation and conservation in general.
VIRTUAL LEODIUM: FROM AN HISTORICAL 3D CITY SCALE MODEL TO AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Pfeiffer M. , Carré C. , Delfosse V. , Hallot P. , Billen R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Virtual Leodium is an interdisciplinary project aiming to develop an archaeological information system based on a city scale model. The first part of the paper describes current project's achievements; the general methodology and the workflow of the project, namely the production and the modelling of archaeological data; the prototype functions of the ad hoc developed archaeological information system. The second part of the paper presents our new Virtual Leodium archaeological information modelling approach, which aims at consider, in a more comprehensive way, the complexity of archaeological information.
CALIBRATING AND EVALUATING A RANGE CAMERA FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE METRIC SURVEY
Authors: Rinaudo F. , Chiabrando F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. At the last ISPRS Congress in 2008, the first experimental evaluations of range cameras were presented. During the last four years, much research has been done by different research groups and some meetings have allowed a continuous sharing of experiences and results. The research group of the Politecnico di Torino has developed some original methodologies for calibrating range cameras and a set of tests for evaluating the possible use of range cameras for Cultural Heritage metric surveys. Cultural Heritage objects are characterized by complex shapes and different materials (e.g. stones, plasters, etc.). The present paper describes the results achieved in calibrating the SR4000 range camera and it studies the influences of the measuring direction inclination and of the different materials on distance measurements accuracy and completeness. This allows defining which are the possible strategies to be adopted to give affordable and useful point clouds for the metric description of Cultural Heritage objects. Some basic metric survey examples of architectural objects are given to demonstrate the real application of such devices to Cultural Heritage metric documentation, from the acquisition of point clouds up to 2D (elevations) and 3D representations (texturized 3D models). Considering the current development of such devices and their possible future evolutions, the expected possible uses of range cameras in Cultural Heritage metric survey should be advantageous, especially considering the low costs of such devices and the possibility of their making 3D videos which can be acquired in a short time.