ANALIZA GEOGRAFSKIH DEJAVNIKOV BOJIŠČA 14. ARMADE
V 12. SOŠKI OFENZIVI
Authors: RIBIČ ANTON 
Published: September 2020

Povzetek

Pri razčlenjevanju zgodovinskega primera vojaške izrabe prostora in uporabe taktičnih postopkov pri doseganju strateških ciljev ugotavljamo prepletenost dejavnikov in posameznih dogodkov v povezavi z rezultati izvedenih vojaških aktivnosti. S presojo zgodovinskih okoliščin vojaških ravnanj interpretiramo vzroke in posledice ter izpeljujemo načela delovanja vojaških enot; tako odkrivamo temeljne resnice in splošna pravila oboroženega boja. Vrednotenje učinkov geografskih dejavnikov na obvladovanje in rabo nekega geografskega območja z vojaškimi tehnologijami po uveljavljenih pravilih delovanja vojaških enot ima osrednjo vlogo pri proučevanju součinkovanja prostora in vojaške sile.
Izraba prostora 14. armade v 12. soški ofenzivi je bila zelo spretna glede na takrat še neuveljavljena načela bojevanja. Uporaba vojaške taktike infiltracije posebnih udarnih enot v globino obrambe je temeljila na izrabi učinkov prostora in vremena. Proti ustaljeni obliki izrabe prostora v frontalni taktiki bojevanja je bila uporabljena metoda napada tvegana, a ključna za preboj na Tolminskem mostišču.
V prispevku so opisani vojaškogeografski dejavniki zgornjega in srednjega soškega bojišča ter ocena učinkov terena in vremena na bojno delovanje 14. armade v 12. soški ofenzivi. V obravnavi zgodovinskega primera spoznamo geografske dejavnike, ki so določali in usmerjali aktivnosti enot v 12. soški ofenzivi.

Ključne besede: geografski dejavniki, operativno okolje, študija primera, 12. soška ofenziva.

Abstract
When analysing the historical case of the military use of space and tactical procedures in the achievement of strategic goals, we have identified the intertwinement of the features and individual events related to the results of the accomplished military activities. By analysing the historical circumstances surrounding military actions, we interpret the causes and consequences and derive the principles of operation of military units. In this way, we discover the fundamental truths and general rules of an armed conflict. The evaluation of the impact of geographical factors on the management and use of a certain geographical area with the military means of technology following the established rules of engagement of military units plays the central role in the examination of mutual effects of space and military force.
The use of space by the 14th Army in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive was very clever considering the fact that, at the time, the principles of warfare had not yet been in place. The use of military infiltration tactics of special strike units in defence in depth was based on the use of space and weather effects. Used against the well-established use of space in the front warfare tactics, the method of attack which was used was risky, but crucial for the breakthrough at the Tolmin bridgehead.
The article describes the military and geographical factors of the upper and central battlefields of the Isonzo as well as the assessment of terrain and weather impacts on combat operations of the 14th Army in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive. The study of this historical case reveals the geographical factors, which determined and directed the activities of units in the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive.
Key words: Geographical factors, operational environment, case study, the Twelfth Isonzo Offensive.