bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Stress Field in Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Inlet Elbow System
Authors: Zhu Rui , Ren Jian Xing , Bai Hui Yu , Xing Min Jian , Li Fang Qin , Tang Yun
Published: October 2011

Heavy-duty gas turbine is used widely in power generation industry for many advantages. Gas turbine inlet system is an important component of the gas turbine. The work to study the inlet elbow system was less in the past. In fact, structure design of the inlet elbow system has important influence on performance and life of the gas turbine. In this paper, the three-dimensional structural model of gas turbine inlet elbow system is built; the stress field for the inlet elbow system is analyzed by using finite element method (FEM). The maximum stress and distribution characteristics of stress field in the inlet elbow system is computed. It provides a reliable basis for reasonable design and safety evaluation of the inlet elbow system in gas turbine.
The Governance Mechanism of Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments
Authors: Cui Yu , Ge Xin Quan , Jiao Hao
Published: October 2011

With the amount of waste electrical and electronic products, environmental pollution becomes more and more serious. Therefore, how to recycle waste electrical and electronic equipments has attracted wide attention. By employing the experience of foreign countries in the recovery of waste electrical and electronic products for reference, the paper points out domestic practice in recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipments has a long way to go. In the following, the paper summarizes governing body for recovery of waste electrical and electronic equipments, comprising of stakeholders in charge of recycle bin, logistics side and supervision side. And then, the paper proposes the governance mechanism of recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipments through channel system, the cost mechanism, management system, and legal system. Finally, the paper summarizes the conclusions and looks forward to the future.
3D Finite Element Analysis of High-Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine Connecting Rod
Authors: Zheng Bin , Liu Yong Qi , Liu Rui Xiang , Meng Jian
Published: October 2011

In this paper, with the ANSYS, stress distribution, safety factor and fatigue life cycle of high-pressure common rail diesel engine connecting rod were analyzed by using 3D finite element method. The results show that the position of maximum principal stress is transition location of small end and connecting rod shank at maximum compression condition. The value of stress is 253.98 MPa in dangerous position. Safety factor is 2.67. The position of maximum principal stress is medial surface of small end at maximum stretch condition. The value of stress is 87.199 MPa in dangerous position. The fatigue life cycle of connecting rod is 2.6812×108. Fatigue safety factor is 1.5264.
Numerical Study on the Quasi-Dimensional Model of Diesel Engine for Performance Optimization
Authors: Qi Kun Peng , Chen Huo Lei , Long Wu Qiang , Gu Hong
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a phase-divided spray mixing model is proposed and the quasi-dimensional model of diesel engine working process is developed. The software MATLAB/Simulink is utilized to build the quasi-dimensional model of diesel engine working process, and the performance for diesel engine is simulated. The simulation results agree with experimental data quite well which indicates that the simplified quasi-dimensional model has high precision for predicting diesel engine performance. By utilization of this simulation model, the average computational time for one diesel engine working process is 36 s, which presents good real time operating performance of the model. On the basis of the principle of orthogonal test design, the performance of diesel engine was optimized by use of the quasi-dimensional model.
Numerical Simulation of Gasoline Blending in a Cylindrical Tank Agitated by Side-Entering Agitators
Authors: Chen Song Ying , Xie Fu Chao , Mao Jun Jie
Published: October 2011

Side-entering agitators are the main mixing system in the process of petroleum blending. Based on the three-dimensional gasoline components mixing model, the incompressible Reynolds equation is selected as the momentum equation and the algorithm of SIMPLE is employed to simulate the flow field of three side-entering agitators. In the unsteady multiphase flow, moving mesh and the standard k-ε turbulent model has been employed to get the mixing time. The results show that the model of side-entering agitators exists low-velocity zones, which are like structures of vortex in the central regions of blending tank, and the mixing time is 33.7s.
CFD Study of the Mixing of Pseudoplastic Fluids with Yield Stress in a Two-Staged Stirred Tank
Authors: Hu Fan Jin , Zhou Shen Jie , Yang Feng Ling , Shi Lei
Published: October 2011

The 3D flow field generated by two-stage impellers in the agitation of xanthan gum, a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress, was simulated using the commerical CFD package. The effect of impeller speed and impeller spacing on power number, cavern size and viscosity distribution was investigated in this work. The results showed that the power number was slightly influenced by impeller spacing. Higher impeller speed and larger impeller spacing contributed to creation of a bigger cavern. The range of high viscosity zone between the impellers increased with an increase in impeller spacing. Impeller speed and impeller spacing could be used as important parameters to improve the mixing performance of multi-stage impellers in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids with yield stress.
Study on Deproteinization and Decoloration in Fucoidan
Authors: Zhang Shu Ping , Du Xiu Xiu , Zhou Qing Sheng , Jie Ma , Hui Lin
Published: October 2011

Sevag, trichloroacetic acid and combining Sevag and TCA were used to remove protein from Fucoidan. And the conditions of deproteinization and undeproteinization were discussed to find the influence on the decoloration in Fucoidan. The results showed that methods of combining Sevag and TCA were better than others. By handling Sevag twice, using 1.3 mL TCA every 10 mL polysaccharose solution, the deproteinization rate reached 78.68%, and the polysaccharose loss rate was 28.89%. The decolourization ratio of stock solution was 29.13%, meanwhile, that ratio of deproteinization solution highly was 85.17%.
A Study on the Mechanism of Bottom Hole Hydraulic Pulse Increasing Drilling Rate
Authors: Ni Hong Jian , Wang Rui He , Song Wei Qiang , Song Hui Fang
Published: October 2011

Practically, the distribution and variation of the bottom-hole hydraulic energy has significant influence on drilling rate, and it’s helpful to induce bottom-hole hydraulic pulse to improve the rock breaking and drilling efficiency. The analysis of bottom-hole rock stress condition and cuttings start-up mechanism indicates that, bottom-hole hydraulic pulsation can decrease the bottom hole pressure, reduce the fracture strength of rock, and strengthen bottom-hole purification, thus improve the efficiency of rock breaking and drilling. The higher the pulsation value is, the more effective of the acceleration of the drilling rate, while well depth increases, the acceleration effect diminishes gradually. Simulation of jet flow field drilled by 3-nozzle 3-cone bit, combined with field application, verify the mechanism that bottom-hole hydraulic pulsation could improve ROP. The result of the study provides a basis for the development of practical technology.
Design and Test for High Specific Speed Mixed Flow Pump with Volute
Authors: Wu Xian Fang , Liu Hou Lin , Tan Ming Gao , Li Hong Hui
Published: October 2011

The characteristics and research actuality on mixed flow pumps are introduced simplely. A mixed flow pump with volute as diffusion part is designed and its specific speed is 556.8. The axial velocity circulation and blade angle variety with linearity distribution are used to deisign the impeller. The fixed diffeuser between impeller and volute is deigned by arc airfoil.The cross sections of volute are all asymmetry. The commercial code FLUENT is applied to simulate the inner flow in the mixed flow pump and its energy characteristics are predicted according to the simulation results. The inner flow analysis indicates that the flow in the pump is good and the characteristic prediction shows that the pump performance can meet the design demand. The experiment test of the pump are done. When the blade angle is about 0°, the maximum efficiency of the pump is up to 85.76% and the actual efficiency at design point is about 3% higher than demand efficiency. The study fruits can instruct the hydraulic design of higher specific speed mixed flow pump with volute as diffusion part.
Aerodynamic Mechanism Research of Flapping Flight
Authors: Yang Wen Qing , Song Bi Feng , Song Wen Ping , Li Zhan Ke , Zhang Ya Feng
Published: October 2011

Lift makes a vehicle in air and thrust makes advancing. The lift of flapping wing air vehicle is composed of two main parts, flapping lift and advancing lift. The advancing lift of flapping-wing is similar as of fixed-wing, generated mainly by relative velocity and angle of attack. The flapping lift is owned only by flapping wing. The flapping lift is generated by asymmetry flapping motion manner of wings, asymmetry airfoil, and asymmetry folding in flapping cycle, accordingly leading-edge vortex and wake capture effect. The thrust is completely generated by flapping wing and the magnitude of thrust is mainly controlled by flapping frequency and flapping manner. The flapping motion is a thrust generator and lift enhancing manner. Flapping wing air vehicle will be one of the star members of man-made air vehicles.
Optimal Piping Design for Enhanced Energy Saving in District Cooling System – A Case Study
Authors: Lee Chia Yen , Ke Ming Tsun , Chang Chin Lung , Tsai Chien Hsiung , Fu Lung Ming , Lin Chiu Feng
Published: October 2011

This study performs a numerical investigation into the power consumption characteristics of various primary-secondary chilled water circuit designs in a district cooling system (DCS) installed in six buildings located within the same block in Taipei, Taiwan. An E20-II model is created of the DCS and a series of simulations are performed to determine the primary-secondary chilled water piping design which maximizes the energy saving obtained in the DCS over the course of a typical year. It is shown that the use of a region-pumping system or a boost-pumping system reduces the power consumption of the secondary chilled water circuit by 26.5% and 29.9%, respectively, compared to that of a common-pumping system. In addition, the results show that for a practical chilled water system in which the temperature differential on the primary side is 5.0oC while that on the secondary side is 6.5oC, an average monthly energy saving of around 5~7% is obtained compared to a DCS with equal temperature differentials in the primary-secondary circuits provided that the flow rate and the temperature differential of the chilled water in the primary circuit are a little less than those in the secondary circuit.
Recent Status and Development in Researches on Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System
Authors: Chen Jin Hua , Bao Xiu Bi
Published: October 2011

At present, development of ground-coupled heat pump technology in China has entered the stage of large-scale project application from purely theoretical stage. The key question is how to apply theory to practice efficiently. However, there are still a large number of scholars who remain in the Researches on theoretical heat transfer of buried tube heat exchanger and theoretical soil thermal equilibrium. So it is essential to know the status of ground-coupled heat pump, the pressing issues and trends in the development process. This paper revealed the development status of ground-coupled heat pump, analyzed problems combining with engineering examples and predicted the development trend reasonably. The important issues are mass demonstration and promotion, which need reasonable solutions and proven technology.
Optimization of a Solar-Driven Absorption Refrigerator Operating between Four Temperature Levels
Authors: Huang Yue Wu , Sun De Xing
Published: October 2011

The optimal performance of the solar-driven thermodynamics cycle system consisting of a solar collector and a four-temperature-level absorption refrigerator is investigated, based on the linear heat-loss model of a solar collector and the irreversible cycle model of a four-temperature-level absorption refrigerator. A fundamental optimum relation is derived, from which the optimum operating temperature of the solar collector, the maximum overall coefficient of performance and the corresponding coefficient of performance of the four-temperature-level refrigerator are determined. It is proven that the total thermal conductance of the heat exchangers must be divided optimally between the four heat exchangers. The effects of the cycle parameters on the optimum operating temperature of the solar collector and the performance of the system are discussed by detailed numerical examples. The results obtained can describe the optimal performance of solar-driven four-temperature-level refrigerator affected simultaneously by the internal and external irreversibilities.
Conduction Characteristics of Frosting Circumferential Fin of Rectangular Profile
Authors: Sun Kun Feng , Wang Xiao Lu , Zhang Heng Liang
Published: October 2011

Through the appropriate assumptions, a mathematical model was derived on circumferential fin of rectangular profile coated with frost layer, and a new analytical solution is presented and compared to alternative approaches for calculating the ﬁn temperature and efﬁciency. The analytical solution enhances the accuracy ,and have a simpler form of expression. It can be easily used in engineering practice. The solution is useful for other cases of a low-thermal-conductivity coating on a high-thermal-conductivity substrate .
Calculation for Thermal Parameters of Steam in the Flow Passages of 1000MW Turbine under Variable Operating Conditions
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Li , Yao Xiu Ping , Deng Zhi Cheng , Wang Yong
Published: October 2011

Aiming at a high-power turbine of a certain 1000MW electric-generating unit, three calculation schemes were programmed to calculate the thermal parameters of steam in the flow passages. The comparison and analysis between the calculating results and the design values under the turbine rated load (TRL) verified the feasibilities of the calculation schemes. The thermal parameters of steam in flow passages under variable operating conditions were also obtained by the calculation. The calculating results could be the basic data needed by thermal stress analysis and life prediction of the turbine.
Exponential Stability Analysis for Neutral Stochastic Delayed Neural Networks
Authors: Hua Min Gang , Fei Jun Tao , Dai Wei Li
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the generalized Finsler lemma and augmented Lyapunov functional are introduced to establish some improved delay-dependent stability criteria of neutral stochastic delayed neural networks. The stability criteria in the new results improve and generalize existing ones. Two examples are included to show the effectiveness of the results.
The Influence of Solid Wall-Fluid Molecular Interaction on Transport Properties of Gases in a Mini/micro Channel
Authors: Liu Tong , Liu Min Shan , Dong Qi Wu
Published: October 2011

The physical model and analytical method are put forward for considering the molecular interaction between solid wall and gas fluid when dealing with convective heat transfer in macro/mini/micro channels based on the boundary layer theory concept, the molecular kinetic theory of gases, structural chemistry and continuum hypothesis. The influence rule of wall-fluid intermolecular forces to the transport properties of gases located in boundary layer region is studied applying proposed models. The gas density variation distribution equation including the wall-fluid molecular interaction is derived with continuum media integral approach. The theoretical results show that the fluid diffusion is independent of the wall-fluid interaction but visosity and heat conductivity not. According to the gas molecular density distribution function and molecular dynamics, new formulae were developed for calculating viscidity coefficient and thermal conductivity with wall-fluid interacting effect for a fluid. The research results provide scientific reference for further study and exploitation on fluid flow and heat transfer of mini/micro channels. In addition, the formulae offered in this paper to compute the transport properties of gases are also suitable for fine analysis of boundary layer in macro-scale channels.
Meteorological Factors Considered Load Decoupling Forecasting Techniques
Authors: Jin Yi Xiong
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a similar historical meteorological data search technique was put forward. This method took the weather forecasting data as clustering center, found those days that had the similarity weather factors, and then decoupled these loads into secular trend load and meteorological load as sample data for load forecasting. This method can improve the similarity of the loads between forecast day and sample days. Simulation results showed that these methods are valid and can make the load forecast more precision.
The Application of Fuzzy Control in Automatic Electronic Oven
Authors: Dai Jun Feng , Fu Li Hui
Published: October 2011

Fuzzy Control;Matlab;Electronic Oven;Maxium Mean Method;Defuzzification Abstract:Aimed at the shortcomings that it is difficult to establish accurate mathematical model of electric oven and to master the complexity control process for beginners,the fuzzy controller was applied to realize automatic control of the electronic oven.Described in detail the establishment of the fuzzy rules and the definition of input and output quantity in this paper. Established the experimental platform by Matlab software taking determining the barbequed time for example.During the simulation,adopted the minor arithmetic to inference the fuzzy rules and average maximal arithmetic to get the result of defuzzification,the result and theory calculation are approximation identical.The design can effectively control the oven and achieve good effect.
Analysis of Performance of Several Types of Classical Controller in Automatic Generation Control for an Interconnected Power System
Authors: Dong Guo Wei , Yang Ping
Published: October 2011

This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of interconnected two equal area power system provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3% per minute. This paper also contrasts to control performance of several types of classical controller, include of Integral (I), Proportional – Integral (PI), Integral – Derivative (ID), Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID), or Integral – Double Derivative (IDD). With 1% step load perturbation in area1, controllers’ performance analysis can be taken by frequency deviation, tie-line power deviation, and input signal of governor.
Research of Lithium-Ion Battery Sorting Method Based on Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
Authors: Guo Lei , Liu Gen Wang
Published: October 2011

A method that applies Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (FCM) in lithium-ion battery sorting in formation and test system is presented. The original Fuzzy C-Means algorithm is optimized, and weighted index m and cluster number c are analyzed. Through battery sorting experiment, this method is verified to be feasible and practical.
Blocking Analysis of HVDC Caused by DC Voltage Divider with OPDL System
Authors: He Xing Qi
Published: October 2011

A blocking accident was described which was caused by the architectural design bug of high-voltage direct current voltage divider. The bug of DC voltage divider architecture design was pointed out through the analysis, and the appropriate solutions for the similar bug or hidden trouble in high-voltage DC transmission system was proposed.
Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Farmland Soil with Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.
Authors: Song Xue Ying , Li Hui Ying , Wang Yan , Hu Xiao Jun
Published: October 2011

A field study was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil utilizing the Cd hyperaccumulator Beta vulgaris var.cicla L. during one growing season (about two months) on farmland in the long-term and representative wastewater irrigation area in Northeast China. Results showed that Beta vulgaris var.cicla L. had a relatively high biomass. Planting density had a significant effect on the plant biomass and on overall Cd phytoextration efficiency. The addition of organic manure promoted the growth of Beta vulgaris var.cicla L. but inhibited the Cd removal. The Cd removal efficiency of Beta vulgaris var.cicla L. can reach 14.46 mg/m2during one growing season, and it can be expected to achieve a higher Cd removal of the year by enhancing the planting batches. The research in this paper provided the model and technical demonstration for the large-scale phytoremediation of Cd contaminated farmland soils.
Catalytic CO2 Reforming of Methane over Perovskite Noble Metals
Authors: Arandiyan Hamidreza , Li Jun Hua
Published: October 2011

A series of perovskite-type oxides catalyst LaAl1-xNixO3 (0≤x≤1) and modified by substitute noble metal La0.4Al0.2Ni0.8M0.6O3 (M=Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir) prepared by the sol-gel method shows high activity, stability, good resistance to carbon deposition and sintering of the catalyst for the reforming of methane reaction. The reaction was studied under continuous flow using a mixture of CH4:CO2=1:1. Catalysts were characterized by using BET, XRD, SEM, EDS, and HR-TEM. The specific surface area of catalysts varied greatly from 3.07 to 10.18 m2/g with the different substitution (x) following calcination at 850°C. XRD analysis of the solids shows LaNiO3 and/or LaAlO3 as the main phases present on the solids depending on the degree of substitution and more intense peaks and cell parameters showed formation of Ni-Al solid solutions. SEM coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) shows the possibility to obtain a solid solution of LaAl1-xNixO3 (0≤x≤1) with propionic acid as solvent. The obtained results revealed that the Rh and Ru catalysts showed the highest activity and also showed a high catalytic stability without any decrease in methane conversion up to 3000min of reaction.
Study on Effect of Heavy Metal and Rare Earth Metal on Soil Activities
Authors: Nie Jin Xia , Huang Ping , Zhang Da Chao
Published: October 2011

In recent years, as public awareness on environmental problems increasing, soil pollutions are received more and more attention. Choosing a suburban garden soil as objective, adding exogenous heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and rare-earth element lanthanide (La) in the soil, Cd/La single stress and combined stress on soil urease and catalase were studied. The results showed that under Cd/La single or combined processing, both soil urease and catalase activities decrease while the concentration increases. With the incubation time extending, soil urease activities first increase and then decrease, and soil catalase first reduce then increase. Cd/La single and combined process has obvious inhibition on soil urease and catalase. At the same concentration, the inhibition degree to enzyme activity was Cd>Cd, La combined> La, and the inhibition of soil urease was higher than that of catalase. Soil urease and catalase showed a significantly negative correlation under different treatments. So setting soil urease and catalase as ecological indicators to soil heavy metal and rare earth elements pollution is feasible.
Experimental Study on the Load Characteristics of Diesel-LNG Hybrid Diesel Engines
Authors: Wang Shu Xin , Zhang Jin , Jiang Shi Yang
Published: October 2011

The paper introduces the structure and working principles of the diesel-LNG electronic injection system. For a further experimental study, the author transforms a X6170ZC-19 diesel engine to a hybrid-fuel engine by installing this electronic injection system, and the load characteristics experiment of which testifies that: the diesel-LNG diesel engine can accurately measure the natural gas consumption and can thus control fuel consumption; it also possesses high replacement ratio. In addition, comparing to pure diesel engine, the hybrid-fuel engine has lower fuel consumption and thermal load, and a better performance in environment protection.
Simultaneous Removal of Ammonium and Phosphate from Aqueous Solution by Calcium Chloride-Modified Zeolite
Authors: Sun Yan Li , Lin Jian Wei , Huang Hong , Zhang Wei Ying , Ma Dan Dan
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In this study, the simultaneous adsorption characteristics of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution by calcium chloride-modified zeolite were investigated. Results showed that the adsorption kinetic data of ammonium and phosphate onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite could be well described by a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model better than the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with the initial concentration of ammonium in aqueous solution. The ammonium removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased dramatically with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The mechanism for the adsorption of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was ions exchange, and the mechanism for the removal of phosphate by the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was chemical precipitation.
Research Status and Influencing Factors for the Radon Emanation of Uranium Tailings Impoundment
Authors: Peng Xiao Yong , Liu Zhen Hao , Yao Lin , Xie Qing Fang , Wan Fen
Published: October 2011

The influencing factors on radon emanation rate of uranium tailings storehouse, migration mechanism, theoretical research of the radon emanation and research status of radonmetry were introduced. Reasonable measurement, network, sampling time and measuring times are very necessary to the measurement of radon emanation rate of uranium tailings. Combining numerical simulation, physical experiment simulation and field test, put forward reasonable management standards for decommissioning uranium tailings.
Batch Scale Study on the Treatment of Spinning Effluents Containing Dimethyl Formamide from Acrylic Fiber Manufacturing
Authors: Chen Yu , Cai Bin , Dai Xiao Li , Chen Chun Mao , Guo Shao Hui
Published: October 2011

Spinning effluents (SE) from dry-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing are hard to degrade due to the containing of vast dimethyl formamide (DMF). Activated carbon, ion exchange and Fenton oxidation were applied to solve this problem. Coconut-shell-based activated carbon exhibited a better performance than the coal-based and nut-shell-based ones did. At the optimal dosage of 1g/L, pH=6 and 30 °C, the removal of COD and DMF were respectively 84.39% and 66.14%. Ion exchange resins are rated as NKA-9 > D301R > D201 > 201×7 respected to the performance, and the optimum COD and DMF removal were 82.31% and 68.76% at the NKA-9 dosage of 0.22 g, pH=7 and 30°C. The most appropriate treatment process appeared to be Fenton. COD and DMF were finally reduced to 23.29 mg/L and 23.43 mg/L, with removal rates of 90.23% and 79.43% respectively. This optimum efficiency was obtained at c(H2O2)/c(Fe2+) of 14:1, pH=3, 50 °C, and an oxidation time of 3 h.
Immobilization of a Series of Homo/Heterobinuclear Metal (II) Phthalocyanine Hexasulphonates on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films and their Application in the Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Yang Yan Zhen , Sun Ren Jie , Wu Yu Cheng , Tao Li , Shi Cheng Wu
Published: October 2011

A series of binuclear metal (II) phthalocyanine hexasulphonates, (M-M)Pc, including (Co-Co)Pc, (Co-Zn)Pc, (Co-Mn)Pc, (Zn-Zn)Pc, (Zn-Mn)Pc and (Mn-Mn)Pc were synthesized and immobilized on nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films. The nanocrystalline TiO2thin film was characterized by SEM, XRD and profilometer. The catalytic activity of various (M-M)Pc/nanocrystalline TiO2thin films was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) with air as the oxidant under visible light irradiation and dark condition. The results indicated that the prepared nanocrystalline TiO2thin film had good crystalline and uniform particle size distribution. According to the degradation results of MB, various homo/hetero (M-M)Pc can sensitize nanocrystalline TiO2thin films and improve their photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. The catalytic activity of hetero (M-M)Pc/nanocrystalline TiO2thin films were more effective than that of homo (M-M)Pc under both visible light irradiation and dark condition, and the air purging was essential in degradation of MB. Therefore, these (M-M)Pc/nanocrystalline TiO2thin films can be applied to the degradation of MB as a promising catalyzer.
Pyrolysis Behavior and Kinetics of Polyurethane Insulation Materials from Waste Refrigerators
Authors: Xu Min , Guan Jie , Wang Jing Wei
Published: October 2011

Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of polyurethane insulation materials from waste refrigerators were investigated using TG-FTIR technique under N2 atmosphere. Results showed that the whole thermal process could be divided into three stages and the main pyrolysis occurred in 260-600°C. The distribution activation energy model (DAEM) was applied to analyze the pyrolysis kinetics. The estimated activation energies ranged from 122.8 to 188 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factors k0 varied from 108 to 1013 s-1. The composition of evolved gas included CFC-11, CO2, CH4, CO, NH3, HCN and some organic compounds, the evolution characteristics of main gas products had also been discussed.
Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of Domestic and Imported Paper-Process Reconstituted Tobacco
Authors: Wang Jian , Qiu Ye , Liu Jing
Published: October 2011

To learn differences between Chinese domestic and imported paper-process reconstituted tobacco (RT), their physical properties and chemical components were tested systemically and in-depth. The results indicated that: (1) Domestic RT were generally similar to the imported on physical properties. There were just some slight differences in filling power, combustibility (domestic RT were better than the imported), and density (the imported slightly lowered than the former). And all products were advised to improve their water contents. (2) Imported RT were higher in contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine and protein than domestic samples, whereas lower in Potassium contents; (3) Although there were no significant differences in contents of volatile alkali and total non-volatile acid between domestic RT and imported RT, volatile acid contents of the former were lower than that of the latter. Also all pH value of samples was near equal and showed very weak acidic. (4) Contents of poly-phenol, chlorogenic acid, rutin and petroleum ether extract of imported RT were higher than that of domestic products, while cellulose contents were lower. (5) The overall high contents in total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, volatile acids, malic acid, total poly-phenols and petroleum ether extract, may be main factors of good taste and aroma of imported products.
Study on the Solidification/Stabilization Treatment of Tannery Sludge
Authors: Tian Yu , Ning Xu Nan , Liu Jing Yong , Zhou Jian Bo , Yang Zuo Yi , Li Lei
Published: October 2011

Sludge from tannery was solidified and stabilized by using lime, PFA and cinder as the solidifying agents，investigation of solidifying agents affect toxic heavy metals in tannery sludge and the optimum conditions of sludge solidification/stabilization were analyzed. The results showed that under the dosage of lime, PFA and cinder were 0.12kg/kg, 0.02kg/kg and 0.08kg/kg respectively, and curing time was 6 days, the compressive strength of the solidified sludge block reached 884KPa while the moisture content of the solidification block was 30.2%，which met with the standards of landfill. Compared with the untreated tannery sludge，the concentration of Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni and COD of the leaching from the sludge solidification block was reduced by 92.1%、96.7%、92.8%、88.9% and 75.9% respectively，the Cr、Cd、and Mn were undetectable.When lime and PFA ratio was 6:1, the solidified block have good synergistic solidification effects.
Study on Aerobic Process Treat Auto Manufacturing Wastewater
Authors: Ma Xing Guan , Chen Chen , Wen Jing , Ming Tie Shan , Cui Wei
Published: October 2011

In dealing with auto manufacturing wastewater, aerobic process was viewed as the follow-up treatment of anaerobic process. Studying on the system of aerobic contact oxidation, all kinds of factors (HRT, influent CODCr concentration, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, alkalinity) effect on removal efficiency of the anaerobic effluent CODCr, NH4+–N, NO3–N and turbidity. The results showed that: when the filtration rate is less than 0.0625ml•h-1, in the aerobic contact oxidation system ,the organic pollutant′s removal efficiency is very stable; in system, when dissolved oxygen concentration is greater than 10.00ml•h-1, its removal efficiency keep a higher level; aerobic process could remove 81% of COD of the influent，and the effluent COD could meet the qualityⅡ of Discharge standard of wastewater pollutants for industry(GB8978—1996) .
Start-Up Performances of High-Solid Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge under Mesophilic Condition
Authors: Duan Ni Na , Dong Bin , He Qun Biao , Dai Xiao Hu
Published: October 2011

High-solid anaerobic digestions of sewage sludge were investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTR) at 35±1°C. The total solid (TS) concentrations of the sludge fed to the reactors were designed at 10%, 15% and 20% respectively after start-up periods. By start-up period is meant the TS concentration of the substrate in the reactor has not reached its designed level. Special attention was paid to the effect of organic loading rate (OLR), TS concentration, and ammonia inhibition on methane yield, volatile solid (VS) reduction and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration during the start-up periods. Experimental results showed that no evident inhibition of TS or ammonia was found as long as the concentration of TS was below 10% or the concentration of ammonia-N was below 2000 mg/l. Digestion at TS concentration of 12.5%-14.8% was slightly influenced by ammonia at concentration of 3200-3800 mg N/l. As the TS concentration was above 14.8%, the ammonia-N concentration of 3500-3800 mg/l showed evident inhibition on methanogetic activity, leading to sharp decrease of methane yield and methane content. After start-up, the methane yields at feeding TS of 10%, 15%, and 20% at OLR of 3.0 kg VS m-3d-3 were 0.221, 0.248 and 0.177 l CH4 g-1VSadded-1 d-1, and the VS reduction were 33%, 39.5% and 40%, respectively.
Energy Analysis and Energy Saving Applications of Hotel Typed Large Public Building
Authors: Liu Bing , Zhang Zhi Liang
Published: October 2011

Building engineering in China is divided into civil building and industry building. Civil building engineering includes residential building and public building. There are many types of public building: shopping malls, office buildings, hotels and so on. In this thesis, architecture test and investigation are processed for the large public building such as hotel type, which focus on its characteristic features of energy consumption. Then energy conservation schemes are propounded and applied in real buildings.
Enhanced Biodegradation of Aniline under Anoxic Condition
Authors: Shen Jin You , Zhang Chao , Sun Xiu Yun , Li Jian Sheng , Wang Lian Jun
Published: October 2011

Recalcitrant and toxic organic pollutants such as aniline from numerous industrial wastewaters can not be efficiently removed using the conventional methods. This study reported a concept for mineralization of aniline in an anoxic reactor, where enhanced biodegradation of aniline were achieved under anoxic conditions. The results indicated that with the presence of nitrate, the degradation rate of aniline was greatly improved compared with the absence of nitrate. From the UV-vis adsorption spectra, COD analysis and denitrification performance analysis, it could be inferred that the cleavage of benzene ring of aniline occurred, aniline could be mineralization by microorganisms under the anoxic condition. However, aniline removal rate was lower compared to aerobic degradation process, and thus needs a significant improvement.
Effect of a Cellulose-Degrading Strain on Anaerobic Fermentation of Corn Straw
Authors: Niu Ming Fen , Wang Sai Yue , Xu Wen Di , Ge An Dong , Wang Hao
Published: October 2011

In order to improve the rate of degradation of cellulose in corn straw, the study has an important significance that compost corn straw with inoculating high-efficient microbe agents. The experiment inoculated a cellulose-degrading strain F2 which was screened from compost into compost pretreatment, the VS of corn straw reduced from 93.14% to 71.69% after 15 days, the content of cellulose reduced from 34.12g·kg-1 to 25.66g·kg-1, the rate of degradation was 24.79% which was 10.60% higher than those without the strain. An anaerobic fermentation experiment was carried out with the two groups of composted corn straw and mixed pig feces with a certain ratio, and investigations of biogas production, pH, content of volatile fatty acids(VFA) and rate of methane production were conducted. The results were that the corn straw composted with the cellulose-degrading strain peaked 4 days earlier, the maximal daily biogas production was 1470mL, the cumulative biogas production reached 23641mL which was 16.87% higher and operated stably earlier. The study showed that the cellulose-degrading strain had a strong capacity to degrade cellulose in corn straw, and then improved the performance of anaerobic digestion.
Environmental Protection through Small Businesses: An Analysis of the Role of Stakeholders in Green Operations
Authors: Raja Mohd Rasi Raja Zuraidah , Abdekhodaee Amir , Nagarajah Romesh
Published: October 2011

In this paper we investigate key causal linkages in proactive environmental practices based on an empirical study of 232 Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). We propose a conceptual framework and test this framework using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The key focus of this study is to explore SMEs’ environmental initiatives and the impact of stakeholders’ involvement in determining SMEs’ environmental strategies. The study examines the relationship between stakeholders’ involvement (customers, suppliers, government, top managers and employees) and proactive environmental practices (internal management systems, process-based changes, product-based changes). The results support the notion that SMEs have moved to develop an increasingly proactive environmental orientation. Although our survey strongly suggests that each stakeholder has a different role and impacts differently on SMEs’ sustainability practices, vertical partners play the most critical roles in supporting environmental practices based on product and process-based changes.
Application of the VSD Model to Determine Regional Control Targets of Acid Deposition
Authors: Zhao He Chun , Xie Shao Dong
Published: October 2011

In order to control regional acid deposition pollution, it is necessary to determine scientific regional control targets for atmospheric acid deposition. This study proposed a method to conduct multi-site simulation using the VSD model and the simulation results were plotted by cumulative frequency distribution curves. Then the regional acid deposition control targets were determined based on the analysis of the restoration of the soil in the region under different deposition scenarios in the target years. The method was applied in the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Huizhou region. To analyze the control targets for acid deposition in this region, 25 sites were simulated by VSD model based on onsite soil sampling and investigation, and the results were plotted by cumulative frequency distribution curves. The results indicated that when S deposition was controlled alone and if the protection rate was 80%, the S control targets should be 7.68-12g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 10.24-16g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term; the short-term and long-term S deposition control targets should be 5.12-8g.m-2 .yr-1 和7.68-12g.m-2 .yr-1 if the protection rate was 95%. When the S and BC depositions were controlled simultaneously and if the protection rate was 80%, the S control targets should be 2.56-4 g.m-2 .yr-1 in the short-term and 5.12-8 g.m-2 .yr-1 in the long-term when BC deposition was 6.4-12.8 g.m-2 .yr -1 ; and the S control targets should be 2.56-4 g.m-2.yr-1 when BC deposition was 4.8-9.6 g.m-2.yr-1. If the protection rate was 95%, the S control targets should be 0.64-1 g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 5.12-8 g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term when BC deposition was 6.4-12.8 g.m-2.yr-1; and the S control targets should be 0.64-1g.m-2.yr-1 in the short-term and 2.56-4g.m-2.yr-1 in the long-term. When BC deposition was 2-4 g.m-2.yr-1, S deposition should be controlled to 0.64-1g.m-2.yr-1 for the protection rate of 80% and 95%, and some manual restoration measures are required at the same time
Allelopathic Effects of Twelve Hedgerow Plant Species on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat (Triticum astivum L.)
Authors: Wu Yu Hong , Cheng Xu , Cai Qing Nian , Lin Chao Wen
Published: October 2011

In laboratory bioassay, conducted to study the allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0% concentration) of twelve hedgerow plant species (Amorpha fruticosa L., Citrus reticulate Banco., Coronilla varia L., Eriobotrya japonica Thunb., Eulaliopsis binata Retz., Gynura bicolor DC., Hemerocallis citrine Baroni., Medicago sativa L., Morus alba L., Toona sinensis Roem., Vetiveria zizanioides L., Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.) which planted in the purple hilly area of Sichuan basin in China was on the germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum astivum L.). At 10.0% concentration, The aqueous extracts of twelve hedgerow plant species significantly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of wheat except that A. fruticosa, E. binata and V. zizanioides extracts had no effect or slight inhibition on germination of wheat, but the degree of inhibition was species dependent. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from hedgerow plants on wheat was maximum with G. bicolor, H. citrine, C. varia and M. sativa in terms of germination, and G. bicolor , M. sativa, M. alba and H. citrine in terms of shoot length, root length and dry weight, respecitively. The degree of inhibition increased with increase in concentration. Duplication of this work under field conditions is needed, for which the results of this study will form a valuable base.
Observation on the Occurrence of Fungal Pathogens of Aphids and the Spreading of the Pathogens with the Dispersal of the Infected Alates in Southern Part of Yunnan, China
Authors: Huang Zhi Hong , Wang Yun Gang
Published: October 2011

It was the first time the survey of entomopathogenic fungi infecting aphids was conducted in this subtropical - tropical region, a great species diversity of fungal pathogens including 9 entomophthorales and 1 hyphomycete entomopathogens were observed. Over 4000 alates of three species aphids were trapped from air, 19.22% of them were infected by fungal pathogens and survived less than 3 days although only 5 of 741 B. brassicae were infected , P. neoaphidis was predominant, and most of the infection occurrence in monsoon season over 75% RH. Infected alates from air have proved highly capable of independently initiating progeny colonies in which the fungal infection could be transmitted.
The Distributional Characteristics about Heavy Metal Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr of XINGYANGGANG Shoal-Sea
Authors: Yu Wen Jin , Zou Xin Qing
Published: October 2011

The heavy metal Pb、Cu、Zn 、Cr content of surface samples and pillar samples in different geography of core sanctuary in XINYANGGANG tidal land were analyzed in this paper. The present pollution condition of heavy metal and heavy metal accumulation rule were studied by Index of geo-accumulation index, latent ecological risk index method and elements accumulation index method. The research suggested that 1、The heavy metal Pb、Cu、Zn 、Cr content trend in XINYANGGANG tidal land is basically the same and this tend do not change between before and after return a turn, but the undulate scope of heavy metal become narrow and The wave crest and trough of wave have a lagged trend. 2、After researching the heavy metal content of surface tidal land, you can find that change of heavy metal Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr are lower one by one in order from high tidal land to low tidal land, but the degree of this change is different. Change of Cu、Ni、Zn content are obvious, at the same time the change of Cr、Pb content are not obvious. 3、The heavy metal Pb、Cr content in XINYANGGANG tidal land express accumulated character, and Pb content of XINYANGGANG is 300% of that of Jiangsu province soil, whose EF is 3.774. All that suggest that XINYANGGANG tidal land have Pb pollution. 4、RI of XINYANGGANG is 23.552, this suggest that though XINYANGGANG tidal land have some heavy metal pollution and accumulation, there are no ecosystem danger, and The whole XINYANGGANG core area environment quality is good.
Research on Comprehensive Environment Risk Assessment of Brownfield Reuse in Xishan District, Wuxi City
Authors: Sun Hua , Li Juan , Lin Jia Jia , Zhao Jing
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this paper is to establish a complete appraisal system and study on comprehensive environment risk assessment of brownfield reuse in procedure and method through the case of Xishan District, according to life cycle theory. Methods employed include system analysis, analytic hierarchy process and grey evaluation method. The result shows that,(1) The life cycle of brownfield reuse can be divided into three stages which are the confirmation and preparation stage, the control and treatment stage, the maintenance and supervision stage, including policy and legal risk, economic risk, organizational risk, pollution risk, etc, eight elements.(2)the environmental risk of Xishan District is in medium level. Additionally, due to the polluting and complexity of brownfield, it should be respond to the necessary control. It is concluded that the comprehensive environment risk assessment of brownfield reuse has high scientific and practical by using analytic hierarchy process and grey evaluation method.
Use of Microcrystalline Cellulose Prepared from Cotton Fabric Waste to Prepare Poly(butylene succinate) Composites
Authors: Chaiwutthinan Phasawat , Song Zheng Hua , Leejarkpai Thanawadee
Published: October 2011

The mechanical properties, thermal behaviors and morphology of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites were investigated. The MCC used in this study was prepared by hydrolyzing cotton fabric waste with 2.5 N hydrochloric acid at 100°C for 30 min. PBS was melt mixed with three loading of MCC (10, 20 and 30 wt%) in an internal mixer, followed by compression molding into 0.3-mm sheet. The effects of MCC on the tensile properties, thermal stability, crystallization and morphology were investigated using the Instron testing machine, thermogravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The incorporation of MCC into PBS results in a significant increase in the Young’s modulus but a decrease in the tensile strength and elongation at break. Moreover, the thermal degradation of the composites was not improved after introducing MCC into PBS. It was also found that, the MCC did not affect the melting temperature, but induced a slight increase in the crystallization temperature of the composites. The SEM micrographs show brittle fracture surfaces of the composites where the pull out MCC particles and pull out holes were observed.