bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Variability of the Hurst Exponent for the Daily Scale Rainfall Series in the State of Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Valle M. A. Velásquez , García G. Medina , Cohen Ignacio Sánchez , Klaudia Oleschko L. , Ruiz Corral J. A. , Korvin Gabor
Published: July 2013

The structural pattern of rainfall data exhibits random fluctuations over time and space. Utilizing concepts of fractal theory, it has been possible to identify characteristics of rainfall data beyond simple statistical indicators of their randomness. The objective of this research was to identify the spatial variation of the Hurst exponent, extracted through standard wavelet techniques from time series of daily rainfall data in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. The Hurst exponent was extracted for 26 locations using the reference techniques for auto-affine traces—in particular, the wavelets method. Results have shown that the Hurst exponents of rainfall time series are negatively influenced by altitude; thus, stations located at higher altitudes were characterized by Hurst exponents indicating more nonpersistent behavior. The trends among geographical variables (west longitude and latitude) and climatic parameters (annual rainfall and number of rainy days) and their relationship with the Hurst exponent were also analyzed.
Tracer Dispersion in the Turbulent Convective Layer
Authors: Skvortsov Alex , Jamriska Milan , DuBois Timothy C.
Published: July 2013

Experimental results for passive tracer dispersion in the turbulent surface layer under convective conditions are presented. In this case, the dispersion of tracer particles is determined by the interplay of two mechanisms: buoyancy and advection. In the atmospheric surface layer under unstable stratification the buoyancy mechanism dominates when the distance from the ground is greater than the Monin–Obukhov length, resulting in a different exponent in the scaling law for relative separation of Lagrangian particles (a deviation from the celebrated Richardson's law). This conclusion is supported by atmospheric observations. Exit-time statistics and a probability density function of concentration increments derived from a previously published experimental dataset demonstrate a noticeable difference between tracer dispersion in the convective and neutrally stratified surface layers.
Measured and Estimated Water Vapor Advection in the Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Higgins Chad W. , Pardyjak Eric , Froidevaux Martin , Simeonov Valentin , Parlange Marc B.
Published: July 2013

The flux of water vapor due to advection is measured using high-resolution Raman lidar that was orientated horizontally across a land–lake transition. At the same time, a full surface energy balance is performed to assess the impact of scalar advection on energy budget closure. The flux of water vapor due to advection is then estimated with analytical solutions to the humidity transport equation that show excellent agreement with the field measurements. Although the magnitude of the advection was not sufficient to account for the total energy deficit for this field site, the analytical approach is used to explore situations where advection would be the dominant transport mechanism. The authors find that advection is at maximum when the measurement height is 0.036 times the distance to a land surface transition. The framework proposed in this paper can be used to predict the potential impact of advection on surface flux measurements prior to field deployment and can be used as a data analysis algorithm to calculate the flux of water vapor due to advection from field measurements.
Injury/Illness Physician Referral Profile From a Youth University-Sponsored Summer Sport Camp Program
Authors: Oller Daria M. , Vairo Giampietro L. , Sebastianelli Wayne J. , Buckley William E.
Published: July 2013

Participation at university-sponsored summer sport camps is popular among youth athletes; however, there is a dearth of information to describe the injuries/illnesses experienced by camp participants. Data from a university-sponsored sport camp program from 2008 to 2011 were accessed retrospectively. The sport camp program had approximately 80 camps for 28 sports over 12 weeks annually. Male and female participants were 10 to 17 years old. Athletic trainers maintained medical documentation and provided medical referrals. Referrals were made for 9.9% (n = 478) of all injuries/illnesses. Emergency department referrals were made for 2.9% of injuries/illnesses. University health services received 42.5% of referrals. There were 1.1 referrals per 100 participants. Boys comprised 60.7% of referrals. Rugby had the highest referral rate—5.0 per 100 participants. These data help increase physician preparedness and guide the delivery of sports medicine services for related sport camp programs as a means to improve quality of care delivered to participants.
Putting polyphosphates to the test: evidence against platelet-induced activation of factor XII
Authors: Faxälv Lars , Boknäs Niklas , Ström Jakob O. , Tengvall Pentti , Theodorsson Elvar , Ramström Sofia , Lindahl Tomas L.
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Coagulation factor XII is not activated by platelets.
An easy, simple inexpensive test for the specific detection of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum based on sequence analysis of the pmrA gene
Authors: Kettani-Halabi Mohamed , Terta Meriam , Amdan Mohamed , El Fahime El Mostafa , Bouteau François , Ennaji Moulay Mustapha
Published: July 2013

Background

The species Pectobacterium carotovorum includes a diverse subspecies of bacteria that cause disease on a wide variety of plants. In Morocco, approximately 95% of the P. carotovorum isolates from potato plants with tuber soft rot are P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. However, identification of this pathogen is not always related to visual disease symptoms. This is especially true when different pathogen cause similar diseases on potato, citing as an example, P. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum and P. wasabiae. Numerous conventional methods were used to characterize Pectobacterium spp., including biochemical assays, specific PCR-based tests, and construction of phylogenetic trees by using gene sequences. In this study, an alternative method is presented using a gene linked to pathogenicity, in order to allow accuracy at subspecies level. The pmrA gene (response regulator) has been used for identification and analysis of the relationships among twenty nine Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and other Pectobacterium subspecies.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses of pmrA sequences compared to ERIC-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that there is considerable genetic diversity in P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strains, which can be divided into two distinct groups within the same clade.

Conclusions

pmrA sequence analysis is likely to be a reliable tool to identify the subspecies Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and estimate their genetic diversity.
Evaluation of a birth preparation program on lumbopelvic pain, urinary incontinence, anxiety and exercise: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Miquelutti Maria Amélia , Cecatti José Guilherme , Makuch Maria Yolanda
Published: July 2013

Background

Antenatal preparation programmes are recommended worldwide to promote a healthy pregnancy and greater autonomy during labor and delivery, prevent physical discomfort and high levels of anxiety. The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness and safety of a birth preparation programme to minimize lumbopelvic pain, urinary incontinence, anxiety, and increase physical activity during pregnancy as well as to compare its effects on perinatal outcomes comparing two groups of nulliparous women.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 197 low risk nulliparous women aged 16 to 40 years, with gestational age ≥ 18 weeks. Participants were randomly allocated to participate in a birth preparation programme (BPP; n=97) or a control group (CG; n=100). The intervention was performed on the days of prenatal visits, and consisted of physical exercises, educational activities and instructions on exercises to be performed at home. The control group followed a routine of prenatal care. Primary outcomes were urinary incontinence, lumbopelvic pain, physical activity, and anxiety. Secondary outcomes were perinatal variables.

Results

The risk of urinary incontinence in BPP participants was significantly lower at 30 weeks of pregnancy (BPP 42.7%, CG 62.2%; relative risk [RR] 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.93) and at 36 weeks of pregnancy (BPP 41.2%, CG 68.4%; RR 0.60; 95%CI 0.45-0.81). Participation in the BPP encouraged women to exercise during pregnancy (p=0.009). No difference was found between the groups regarding to anxiety level, lumbopelvic pain, type or duration of delivery and weight or vitality of the newborn infant.

Conclusions

The BPP was effective in controlling urinary incontinence and to encourage the women to exercise during pregnancy with no adverse effects to pregnant women or the fetuses.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, (NCT01155804)
Differential protein expression in perfusates from metastasized rat livers
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Menglin , Wei Lilong , Zhu Lisi , Hu Siqi , Wu Shuzhen , Ma Sucan , Gao Youhe
Published: July 2013

Background

Liver perfusates exhibit theoretical advantages regarding the discovery of disease biomarkers because they contain proteins that readily enter the blood-stream, and perfusion preserves the disease state in its natural context. The purpose of the study is to explore the value of liver perfusate proteome in the biomarker discovery of liver diseases.

Results

In this study, 86 differentially expressed proteins were identified in perfusates from isolated rat livers metastasized by Walker-256 tumor cells. Among these proteins, 27 were predicted to be secreted, and 59 were intracellular or membrane proteins. Most of the secretory proteins (70.4%) were decreased in metastasized liver perfusates. The main canonical ingenuity pathway to which these secretory proteins belonged was acute phase response, which indicated that the liver-associated immune reaction was damaged by the metastasis. In contrast, most of the intracellular or membrane proteins (86.4%) exhibited higher relative abundances in the metastasized liver perfusates. Some of these proteins, including Rpl21, Atic, Eif3s2, Echs1, Eps15 and Ywhab, have previously been reported to be involved in cancer genesis and progression. As a member of the 14-3-3 protein family, Ywhab plays a key role in cellular proliferation and oncogenic transformation and has been reported to be involved in the development of breast cancer. Its abundance was elevated by 3.5-fold in the metastasized perfusates. Validation by Western blotting revealed a 3.7-fold increase in the abundance of this protein in metastasized plasma.

Conclusions

These results show that perfusate proteome can be used as an alternative initial resource for biomarker identification, which ultimately requires validation in serum.
Ubiquitin conjugation to Gag is essential for ESCRT-mediated HIV-1 budding
Authors: Sette Paola , Nagashima Kunio , Piper Robert C , Bouamr Fadila
Published: July 2013

Background

HIV-1 relies on the host ESCRTs for release from cells. HIV-1 Gag engages ESCRTs by directly binding TSG101 or Alix. ESCRTs also sort ubiquitinated membrane proteins through endosomes to facilitate their lysosomal degradation. The ability of ESCRTs to recognize and process ubiquitinated proteins suggests that ESCRT-dependent viral release may also be controlled by ubiquitination. Although both Gag and ESCRTs undergo some level of ubiquitination, definitive demonstration that ubiquitin is required for viral release is lacking. Here we suppress ubiquitination at viral budding sites by fusing the catalytic domain of the Herpes Simplex UL36 deubiquitinating enzyme (DUb) onto TSG101, Alix, or Gag.

Results

Expressing DUb-TSG101 suppressed Alix-independent HIV-1 release and viral particles remained tethered to the cell surface. DUb-TSG101 had no effect on budding of MoMLV or EIAV, two retroviruses that rely on the ESCRT machinery for exit. Alix-dependent virus release such as EIAV’s, and HIV-1 lacking access to TSG101, was instead dramatically blocked by co-expressing DUb-Alix. Finally, Gag-DUb was unable to support virus release and dominantly interfered with release of wild type HIV-1. Fusion of UL36 did not effect interactions with Alix, TSG101, or Gag and all of the inhibitory effects of UL36 fusion were abolished when its catalytic activity was ablated. Accordingly, Alix, TSG101 and Gag fused to inactive UL36 functionally replaced their unfused counterparts. Interestingly, coexpression of the Nedd4-2s ubiquitin ligase suppressed the ability of DUb-TSG101 to inhibit HIV-1 release while also restoring detectable Gag ubiquitination at the membrane. Similarly, incorporation of Gag-Ub fusion proteins into virions lifted DUb-ESCRT inhibitory effect. In contrast, Nedd4-2s did not suppress the inhibition mediated by Gag-DUb despite restoring robust ubiquitination of TSG101/ESCRT-I at virus budding sites.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrate a necessary and natural role for ubiquitin in ESCRT-dependent viral release and indicate a critical role for ubiquitination of Gag rather than ubiquitination of ESCRTs themselves.
Dicer is required for neural stem cell multipotency and lineage progression during cerebral cortex development
Authors: Saurat Nathalie , Andersson Therese , Vasistha Navneet A , Molnar Zoltan , Livesey Frederick J
Published: July 2013

Background

During cerebral cortex development, multipotent neural progenitor cells generate a variety of neuronal subtypes in a fixed temporal order. How a single neural progenitor cell generates the diversity of cortical projection neurons in a temporal sequence is not well understood. Based on their function in developmental timing in other systems, Dicer and microRNAs are potential candidate regulators of cellular pathways that control lineage progression in neural systems.

Results

Cortex-specific deletion of Dicer results in a marked reduction in the cellular complexity of the cortex, due to a pronounced narrowing in the range of neuronal types generated by Dicer-null cortical stem and progenitor cells. Instead of generating different classes of lamina-specific neurons in order over the 6-day period of neurogenesis, Dicer null cortical stem and progenitor cells continually produce one class of deep layer projection neuron. However, gliogenesis in the Dicer-null cerebral cortex was not delayed, despite the loss of multipotency and the failure of neuronal lineage progression.

Conclusions

We conclude that Dicer is required for regulating cortical stem cell multipotency with respect to neuronal diversity, without affecting the larger scale switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis. The differences in phenotypes reported from different timings of Dicer deletion indicate that the molecular pathways regulating developmental transitions are notably dosage sensitive.
Specific mutations in H5N1 mainly impact the magnitude and velocity of the host response in mice
Authors: Tchitchek Nicolas , Eisfeld Amie J , Tisoncik-Go Jennifer , Josset Laurence , Gralinski Lisa E , Bécavin Christophe , Tilton Susan C , Webb-Robertson Bobbie-Jo , Ferris Martin T , Totura Allison L , Li Chengjun , Neumann Gabriele , Metz Thomas O , Smith Richard D , Waters Katrina M , Baric Ralph , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Katze Michael G
Published: July 2013

Background

Influenza infection causes respiratory disease that can lead to death. The complex interplay between virus-encoded and host-specific pathogenicity regulators – and the relative contributions of each toward viral pathogenicity – is not well-understood.

Results

By analyzing a collection of lung samples from mice infected by A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1; VN1203), we characterized a signature of transcripts and proteins associated with the kinetics of the host response. Using a new geometrical representation method and two criteria, we show that inoculation concentrations and four specific mutations in VN1203 mainly impact the magnitude and velocity of the host response kinetics, rather than specific sets of up- and down- regulated genes. We observed analogous kinetic effects using lung samples from mice infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1), and we show that these effects correlate with morbidity and viral titer.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated the importance of the kinetics of the host response to H5N1 pathogenesis and its relationship with clinical disease severity and virus replication. These kinetic properties imply that time-matched comparisons of ‘omics profiles to viral infections give limited views to differentiate host-responses. Moreover, these results demonstrate that a fast activation of the host-response at the earliest time points post-infection is critical for protective mechanisms against fast replicating viruses.
The effect of removing plugs and adding arch support to foam based insoles on plantar pressures in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Lin Tung‐Liang , Sheen Huey‐Min , Chung Chin‐Teng , Yang Sai‐Wei , Lin Shih‐Yi , Luo Hong‐Ji , Chen Chung‐Yu , Chan I‐Cheng , Shih Hsu‐Sheng , Sheu Wayne Huey‐Herng
Published: July 2013

Background

Removable plug insoles appear to be beneficial for patients with diabetic neuropathic feet to offload local plantar pressure. However, quantitative evidence of pressure reduction by means of plug removal is limited. The value of additional insole accessories, such as arch additions, has not been tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing plugs from foam based insoles, and subsequently adding extra arch support, on plantar pressures.

Methods

In‐shoe plantar pressure measurements were performed on 26 patients with diabetic neuropathic feet at a baseline condition, in order to identify the forefoot region with the highest mean peak pressure (MPP). This was defined as the region of interest (ROI) for plug removal.The primary outcome was measurement of MPP using the pedar® system in the baseline and another three insole conditions (pre‐plug removal, post‐plug removal, and post‐plug removal plus arch support).

Results

Among the 26 ROIs, a significant reduction in MPP (32.3%, P<0.001) was found after removing the insole plugs. With an arch support added, the pressure was further reduced (9.5%, P<0.001). There were no significant differences in MPP at non‐ROIs between pre‐ and post‐plug removal conditions.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that forefoot plantar pressure can be reduced by removing plugs and adding arch support to foam‐based insoles. This style of insole may therefore be clinically useful in managing patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
PARma: identification of microRNA target sites in AGO-PAR-CLIP data
Authors: Erhard Florian , Dölken Lars , Jaskiewicz Lukasz , Zimmer Ralf
Published: July 2013

PARma is a complete data analysis software for AGO-PAR-CLIP experiments to identify target sites of microRNAs as well as the microRNA binding to these sites. It integrates specific characteristics of the experiments into a generative model. The model and a novel pattern discovery tool are iteratively applied to data to estimate seed activity probabilities, cluster confidence scores and to assign the most probable microRNA. Based on differential PAR-CLIP analysis and comparison to RIP-Chip data, we show that PARma is more accurate than existing approaches. PARma is available from http://www.bio.ifi.lmu.de/PARma
Identification and molecular characterization of a novel Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis
Authors: Grovenstein Phillip B , Wilson Darryel A , Lennox Cameron G , Smith Katherine P , Contractor Alisha A , Mincey Jonathan L , Lankford Kathryn D , Smith Jacqueline M , Haye Tashana C , Mitra Mautusi
Published: July 2013

The green micro-algaChlamydomonasreinhardtiiis an elegant model organism to study all aspects of oxygenic photosynthesis. Chlorophyll (Chl) and heme are major tetrapyrroles that play an essential role in energy metabolism in photosynthetic organisms and are synthesized via a common branched tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. One of the enzymes in the pathway is Mg chelatase (MgChel) which inserts Mg2+into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX, proto) to form magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (MgPPIX, Mgproto), the first biosynthetic intermediate in the Chl branch. MgChel is a multimeric enzyme that consists of three subunits designated CHLD, CHLI and CHLH. Plants have two isozymes of CHLI (CHLI1 and CHLI2) which are 70%-81% identical in protein sequences. Although the functional role of CHLI1 is well characterized, that of CHLI2 is not. We have isolated a non-photosynthetic light sensitive mutant5A7by random DNA insertional mutagenesis that is devoid of any detectable Chl. PCR based analyses show that5A7is missing theCHLI1gene and at least eight additional functionally uncharacterized genes.5A7has an intactCHLI2gene. Complementation with a functional copy of theCHLI1gene restored Chl biosynthesis, photo-autotrophic growth and light tolerance in5A7. We have identified the firstchli1 (chli1-1)mutant ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiand in green algae. Our results show that in the wild typeChlamydomonasCHLI2 protein amount is lower than that of CHLI1 and thechli1-1mutant has a drastic reduction in CHLI2 protein levels although it possesses theCHLI2gene. Ourchli1-1 mutant opens up new avenues to explore the functional roles of CHLI1 and CHLI2 in Chl biosynthesis inChlamydomonas,which has never been studied before.
A toolkit for transgenesis at the ROSA26 locus by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange
Authors: Williams Kristina , Zhao Xiaoyun , Chick Wallace S
Published: July 2013

We describe a toolkit to perform transgenesis at the ROSA26 locus by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange that will eliminate the inherent problem of random insertion via traditional pronuclear injection.  A recombination site-tagged embryonic stem (ES) cell line and two cloning vectors were constructed to facilitate the generation of targeted ES cells with the transgene of interest at ROSA26.  The experimental procedure is simple and efficient, and can be readily adapted in many laboratories for rapid generation of transgenic mice.
The Elusive King in Search of the Portraits of Mithridates VI Eupator
Authors: Fulińska Agnieszka
Published: July 2013

The paper discusses monetary and sculptural portraits, either attributed or tentatively identified as representations of Mithridates VI Eupator. The object of analysis are their iconographical features as well as their dependence on Hellenistic royal portraitures as well as the issue of imitatio Alexandri.
Wisdom Behind Power
Authors: Janik Joanna
Published: July 2013

The article begins with short introduction referring to the role of advisors, teachers and sages in the political life with emphasis on the changes connected with the emergence of Athenian democracy and education offered by the sophists. Athenian state offers excellent opportunities for political education, on the other hand the existence of a sage in the system based on the popular rule in the eyes of some intellectuals proves to be difficult, or impossible. Plato’s reaction on the death of Socrates results in his resigning from public activity, Isocrates however finds his own way of life in accordance with his views. He seemingly retreats from political activity, because he does not present his speeches in the assembly, still he takes part in political life by writing treatises referring to the contemporary issues.The treatises To Nicocles and To Philip prove that his interests were not limited to the Athens; he was eager to consider different political systems and believed that addressing the powerful leaders might be quite an efficient way to influence political reality.In the treatise To Nicocles he offers the general set of principles that should be obeyed by a king in order to preserve his authority and take good care of the state, the treatise To Philip comprises an appeal to the king of Macedon encouraging him to unite Greece in the crusade against Persia. In spite of obvious differences in the historical context, both works present mixture of moral idealism and political pragmatism characteristic for Isocrates, who put en effort in establishing for himself the position of political commentator and advisor. His professional activity added a new quality to the political culture of Athens, where an individual either took active part in assemblies and administration, or chose the life of a private man. Isocrates escaped this alternative and introduced a new model of an intellectual in the public sphere.
Provisions for the Proconsul
Authors: Jońca Maciej
Published: July 2013

The paper discusses Medieval interpretation of Roman legal prescription, concerning the acceptance of gifts and presents by state officials. The discussed text is the Kórnik manuscript of Digestum Vetus and the comments that it contains, both in form of text and illustrations, that pertain to the main issue debated.
The Sense of Games and Undeserved Suffering Some Comments on Book V of Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Śnieżewski Stanisław
Published: July 2013

Many scholars believe that literary and artistic level of Book V of Vergils' Aeneid is much lower than in the neighbouring books four and six. Nonetheless a detailed analysis of the contents and composition allows, in my opinion, to treat Book V as interesting and valuable. Vergil concentrated primarily on the sense of suffering which often befalls innocent people. The most vivid is the example of Palinurus whose undeserved and sacrificial death permits Aeneas to continue with his mission. The death of Palinurus and Dido is, I think, a symbolic farewell of Aeneas with the Trojan past and the wandering on the sea. The participants in the games are all secondary characters. By introducing them Vergil, I believe, wished to stress the importance of every man of Aeneas' crew in the fulfilling of the task set by destiny. The importance of fatum and fortuna increases exponentially in the instances where human strength and abilities fail.
XIX-wieczna arystokracja polska w Galicji Wschodniej wobec ruskich (ukraińskich) aspiracji narodowych
Authors: Arkusza Ołena , Mudryj Marian
Published: July 2013

Польська аристократія у Східній Галичині ХІХ століття щодо українських національних прагнень

Ставлення польських землевласників Східної Галичини до українського національного руху від середини ХІХ століття визначав страх втратити політичну та матеріальну перевагу в краю. Як спосіб розв’язання українського питання найпопулярнішою серед тогочасної галицької аристократії була формула gente Rutheni, natione Poloni. Тому аристократи часто називали себе „русинами” (у територіальному значенні) і наполягали на своєму праві представляти інтереси „Русі”. Зовнішнім проявом таких настроїв були ініційовані час до часу спроби польсько-українського порозуміння. Частіше вони мали протилежні до планованих наслідки – замість поєднання (з підпорядкуванням українців польським національно-політичним цілям і втриманням українського суспільства в межах польського культурно-інтелектуального простору) вони показували стрімкий процес національної емансипації українців, і в певному сенсі тільки загострювали міжнаціональний конфлікт. З іншого боку, ті ж угодові акції на коротку перспективу впорядковували емоції, створювали ілюзію поєднання, так необхідну для підтримання відносної рівноваги в суспільстві. У своїх намаганнях вмістити національні прагнення українців у патріархальні межі східногалицькі аристократи втратили відчуття реального часу. На початку ХХ століття вони вже не могли на рівних конкурувати з угрупованням національних демократів (ендеків), які будували свої політичні та національні стратегії на засадах модерного націоналізму. У цьому розумінні аристократи програли „українське питання”. Програли не тільки українцям, а й полякам з табору ендеків, які відкрито декларували неможливість повернення давніх часів і виступали за безкомпромісну національну боротьбу.
¿Es el “imperativo” el “modo imperativo”? (el criterio de paradigmas flexivos)
Authors: Nowikow Wiaczesław
Published: July 2013

Czy hiszpański „tryb rozkazujący” jest trybem?
Przedmiotem artykułu jest status gramatyczny formy imperativo (pol. ‘tryb rozkazujący’) we współczesnym języku hiszpańskim. Autor koncentruje się przede wszystkim na formalnych (morfologicznych) aspektach imperativo. W konkluzjach stwierdza się, iż ze względu na znikomą ilość własnych form fleksyjnych z punktu widzenia formalnego trudno uznać imperativo za tryb o statusie podobnym do indicativo i subjuntivo.
Tomasz Różycki
Authors: Farré Xavier
Published: July 2013

Tomasz Różycki. Matching Geography and Imagination

The present mini essay analyses the literary output of Tomasz Różycki, a Polish poet belonging to the middle generation, who occupies now the central position among the poets of his generation. Różycki diverges from other poets because of his specific understanding of the poetic tradition and its development in modern times.
No dirás falso testimonio contra tu prójimo
Authors: Sawicka Anna
Published: July 2013

Nie będziesz mówił fałszywego świadectwa przeciw bliźniemu twemu. Himmelweg Juana Mayorgi w Krakowie

Artykuł zawiera trzy wątki: analizę dramatu Himmelweg hiszpańskiego dramaturga Juana Mayorgi, zainspirowanego wydarzeniami w getcie Terezin, krytyczny przegląd recenzji dokumentujących recepcję jego spektaklu na świecie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem krakowskiej inscenizacji w 2011 r. w Teatrze im. J. Słowackiego, w reżyserii Katarzyny Kalwat, oraz opis poświęconych dramatowi i spektaklowi zajęć w ramach przedmiotu „Współczesny teatr hiszpański”. Konkluzja zwraca uwagę na złożoność i aktualność utworu, interpretowanego jako współczesny moralitet, a także na korzyści dydaktyczne oraz intelektualne, jakie przyniosło poświęcenie mu zajęć, których gościem specjalnym była reżyserka spektaklu.
The Interplay Between Global and Regional Human Rights Systems in the Construction of the Indigenous Rights Regime
Authors: Barelli Mauro
Published: July 2013

The emergence of indigenous peoples' rights represents one of the most significant developments in the recent history of international human rights. The difficult and complex process that ultimately led to the recognition of these rights in international law has demonstrated that global and regional systems can increasingly interplay in the context of human rights development. By considering the parallel normative and political developments that have taken place at the global and regional levels, this article submits that the Inter-American, African, and European human rights systems made important contributions to the construction and consolidation of the global regime of indigenous rights.
Science and Human Rights: A Bridge Towards Benefiting Humanity
Authors: Toney Jeffrey H. , Kaplowitz Hank , Pu Rongsun , Qi Feng , Chang George
Published: July 2013

Three case studies involving scientists from different disciplines that contribute their expertise to advancing human rights in the US and abroad are discussed. Scientific research can have a greater impact on society if directed towards solving problems relevant to human rights. Progress in science and technology can be abused, leading to violations of human rights, but can also benefit humanity. Scientists have an opportunity to play an active role in preserving human rights.
The Last Witness to the Drafting Process of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Interview with Stéphane Frédéric Hessel
Authors: Krapf Thomas M.
Published: July 2013

Since its adoption in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has lost none of its relevance. Nevertheless, a lacuna in the Declaration documents a legacy that has become anachronistic in the twenty-first century: in tune with the zeitgeist of the nineteen-forties, an unquestioning and unreserved faith in economic growth, devoid of any awareness of the complex ecological implications of exploiting all natural resources without ever contemplating restraint, was considered the way forward. Likewise with the benefit of hindsight, more space for cultural rights could have enhanced the relevance of the Declaration. None of this can detract from the significance of the Declaration's historical achievement: to identify, in the context of the incipient Cold War, that both economic and social rights on the one hand, and civil and political rights on the other, are inseparable, and that this would need to guide the agenda of future international human rights law. In a situation when the values of mankind had been ruined by global warfare, genocide, and totalitarianism, the authors of the Declaration had the courage to spell out the values by which the world of tomorrow would have to live. Regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants in the twenty-first century, Hessel was convinced that sensitivity to poetry—a paradigm for limitless creativity—was indispensible to any progress that might facilitate the survival of mankind.
Sikh Cremations and the Re-Imagining of the Clash of Cultures
Authors: Juss Satvinder Singh
Published: July 2013

When can one say that the law protects a religious tradition? The issue arose in the most extraordinary circumstances, with respect to funeral rites in the United Kingdom case of Ghai v. Newcastle City Council , involving an orthodox Hindu claimant and some Sikh intervener parties. The Court required the practice to be firmly established in religious doctrine—not just religious culture. This, however, is unsatisfactory. Religious practices are not necessarily specific; the requirement wrongly privileges formal religions, forcing them to become stricter, and ignores behavior that is "an aspect of a practice of religion." It is a charter for extremism.
The Influence of the Feminist Anti-Abortion NGOs as Norm Setters at the Level of the UN: Contesting UN Norms on Reproductive Autonomy, 1995-2005
Authors: Guns Wendy
Published: July 2013

This article investigates why feminist anti-abortion activists have been active within the UN and what their influence is in the establishment of UN norms related to abortion. It will outline their argument and the manner in which a feminist counter argument on abortion emerged at the UN. It will examine why feminist anti-abortion nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been successful at bringing the development of progressive international law on this issue to a halt. The article will conclude that their activities have challenged the idea that international norm development is an essential progressive process instigated by state actors.
Information Effects and Human Rights Data: Is the Good News about Increased Human Rights Information Bad News for Human Rights Measures?
Authors: Clark Ann Marie , Sikkink Kathryn
Published: July 2013

Changes in quality and availability of information related to human rights violations raise questions about how best to use existing data to assess human rights change. Information effects are discernible both in primary sources of information and data coded by two prominent human rights datasets, the Political Terror Scale (PTS) and the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data Set (CIRI). The authors discuss ways that human rights information has changed for the better, evaluate the scales and their primary text sources for countries in Latin America, and compare them with information drawn from regional truth commission data. Extra caution is advised when using summary data to make inferences about human rights change.
Measuring Acceptance of International Enforcement of Human Rights: The United States, Asia, and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander , Johansen Robert C.
Published: July 2013

Developing normative indicators to measure governments' consent to, promotion of, and compliance with international laws prohibiting genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other norms constituting the International Criminal Court (ICC) demonstrates that it is possible to calibrate variation in state conduct over time and to compare one state to another. The indicators make compliance more visible and amenable, both to encouragement by nongovernmental organizations and states, and to enforcement by the ICC. They show that legalization of these norms is currently progressing. Tracing the stances of selected states demonstrates the empirical and theoretical utility of the indicators.
Reproducibility of Metabolomic Profiles among Men and Women in 2 Large Cohort Studies
Authors: Townsend Mary K , Clish Clary B , Kraft Peter , Wu Chen , Souza Amanda L , Deik Amy A , Tworoger Shelley S , Wolpin Brian M
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Rigorous studies are necessary to demonstrate suitability of metabolomics platforms to profile metabolites in archived plasma within epidemiologic studies of human disease, for which attenuation of effect estimates due to measurement error is a key concern.

METHODS

Using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry platform, we quantified 257 metabolites from archived plasma to evaluate metabolite interassay reproducibility, reproducibility with delayed processing, and within-person reproducibility over time. Interassay reproducibility was assessed with CVs from 60 duplicate plasma samples donated by participants in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and 20 QC pool plasma replicates. Metabolite reproducibility over a 24- to 48-h processing delay (n = 48 samples) and within-person reproducibility over 1–2 years (n = 80 samples) were assessed using Spearman and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

RESULTS

CVs were <20% for 92% of metabolites and generally were similar by plasma anticoagulant type (heparin or EDTA) and fasting time. Approximately 75% of metabolites were reproducible over delays in processing of blood samples (Spearman correlation or ICC ≥0.75, comparing immediate and 24-h delayed processing). Carbohydrates and purine/pyrimidine derivatives were most adversely affected by the processing delay. Ninety percent of metabolites were reproducible over 1–2 years within individuals (Spearman correlation or ICC ≥0.4).

CONCLUSIONS

For potential use in epidemiologic studies, the majority of plasma metabolites had low CVs and were reproducible over a 24-h processing delay and within individuals over 1–2 years. Certain metabolites, such as carbohydrates and purine/pyrimidine derivatives, may be challenging to evaluate if samples have delayed processing.
Der Herstellungsbegriff in der Synthetischen Biologie
Authors: Boldt Joachim , Matern Harald , Müller Oliver , Eichinger Tobias , Ried Jens
Published: July 2013

In den Publikationen der Synthetischen Biologie und in Darstellungen dieser neuen Biotechnologie finden sich häufig Begriffe des Herstellens, Konstruierens, Erschaffens und Kreierens. Im folgenden Beitrag wird dieses Begriffsfeld auf der Basis von technikphilosophischen und kunsttheoretischen Ansätzen systematisiert. Es wird erstens untersucht, inwiefern sich die verschiedenen Forschungsrichtungen in der Synthetischen Biologie mit diesem Begriffsinstrumentarium angemessen beschreiben lassen; zweitens wird analysiert, welche ethischen Fragestellungen mit den unterschiedlichen Begriffen des Herstellens und Erschaffens im Fall der Synthetischen Biologie verbunden sind.
Speciation analysis of 129I and its applications in environmental research
Authors: Zhang L. Y. , Hou X. L.
Published: July 2013

129I, a long-lived radionuclide, is important in view of geological repository of nuclear waste, and environmental tracing applications related to diverse natural processes of iodine. The environmental behaviors and bioavailability of 129I are highly related to its species. A number of methods have been reported for speciation analysis of 129I in a variety of environmental samples. These methods have been applied in many researches, including conversion processes of iodine species in marine and terrestrial systems, migration and retention of iodine in soil and sediment, geochemical cycling of iodine, as well as studies on atmospheric chemistry of iodine. This article aims to review these methods and their applications in environmental research.
Into the Maquis
Authors: Llobera M. , Wilkinson K. M. , Weiss M. C. , Flaming R. J. , Marini N. A. F. , Mazet S.
Published: July 2013

Although Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean, its archaeology is internationally less well known than that of many smaller Mediterranean islands. La Balagne Landscape Project (LBLP) was initiated to redress this situation but also, for the first time in Corsica, to undertake a surface survey in order systematically to recover and record archaeological features and materials over an extensive area. La Balagne in northwestern Corsica was chosen as the region of study because of its recent history of archaeological excavation and find spot documentation. During the course of three survey field seasons in 2006–2008, elements of seven communes (administrative districts) were surveyed and a total of 89 temporally distinct ‘evidence zones’ (e-zones) were discovered. The data collected by the LBLP to date suggest significant differences in the locus of settlements over time, but little change to the landscape. The coastal and near coastal zone has been the focus for habitation from the Early Neolithic onwards, but the interior was not extensively exploited until the recent past.
Characterizing the Historic Landscapes of Naxos
Authors: Crow Jim , Turner Sam , Vionis Athanasios K.
Published: July 2013

Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC) is a methodology for historic landscape studies pioneered in Britain. Using satellite imagery and RAF archival air photographs, Naxos provides an excellent pilot study to explore the application of this technique to the historic landscapes of the eastern Mediterranean. Our research identifies a number of discrete HLC types and considers their development from the Byzantine period to modern times. In addition it has been possible to use these data to set Naxos' rich corpus of Byzantine churches in their landscape context, providing a more textured account of rural life in medieval and post-medieval times.
Re-Examining Space Fillers and Potmarks
Authors: Paz Yitzhak
Published: July 2013

Early Bronze Age Canaanite glyptic and pottery traditions encompass many iconographic components, some of which are not fully understood. While various aspects of Canaanite glyptic traits have been thoroughly discussed, the component arbitrarily dubbed 'space fillers' has been neglected. Incised 'potmarks', which are part of the Early Bronze Age ceramic production process, have also been studied only sporadically. This article aims to show a relationship between iconographic motifs and symbols that have been designated as space fillers, and incised signs on pottery vessels that have been classified as potmarks. Through the examination of a specific case study, I challenge the notion that these symbols are meaningless, and aim to show that both components play a role in the same iconographic milieu whose set of ideas spread through the southern Levant during the third millennium BC.
Groundstone Tools of a Copper-Smiths’ Community
Authors: Rosenberg Danny , Golani Amir
Published: July 2013

Extensive excavations at the site of Ashqelon Barnea, situated on the Mediterranean coast of southern Israel, have revealed a large and diversified groundstone assemblage, specific components of which reflect clear selection for raw material and uniformity in typological, morphometric and technological characteristics. These components, namely basalt bowls, potters’ wheels and spindle whorls, form the focus of this paper, and are used to discuss raw material selection, long-distance Early Bronze Age exchange in stone and copper and the role of Ashqelon Barnea in this trade.
A Cycladic Perspective on Mycenaean Long-Distance Exchanges
Authors: Earle Jason Walker
Published: July 2013

Recent discussions of Mycenaean long-distance exchanges with the ‘East’ have focused on the goods exchanged, their means of production and shipment, and their significance for consumers. Despite voluminous research on these topics, consideration of Mycenaean long-distance exchanges with the eastern Mediterranean vis-à-vis the Cycladic islands during the Palatial Period has been minimal. Diachronic examination of the Late Bronze Age archaeological evidence from the Cyclades reveals the absence of certain defining aspects of Mycenaean palatial society. Missing, or at least not present to the extent seen before (and sometimes after) this period, are figured frescoes, sealings and seals, balance weights, inscriptions and imports from the Near East. Considered within the framework of ‘negative archaeology’, these objects are conspicuously absent from the Cyclades. When seen through the lens of the Mycenaean political economy, these absences shed light on the nature of Mycenaean long-distance exchanges and the place of Cycladic islanders in the Mycenaean world. Based upon this evidence, I propose that objects and absences alike served to integrate islanders into

the Mycenaean culture of the Palatial Period, which in turn effectively excluded the Cyclades from participation in long-distance exchange networks. A model of directional Mycenaean long-distance exchanges that takes into account the negative evidence from the Cyclades is proposed.
Copper Ornaments in the Iberian Chalcolithic
Authors: Murillo-Barroso M. , Montero-Ruiz I.
Published: July 2013

A general feature of the first metallurgy in the Old World is the manufacture of personal ornaments. In the Iberian Peninsula, however, the earliest copper items during the Chalcolithic are not ornaments, but tools and tool-weapons. This situation changes radically in the Bronze Age, when copper ornaments constitute the largest group of objects. Technological divergences, which are also evident, speak of an autonomous and distinct development of metallurgy in Iberia, one that could have limited the elaboration of ornaments. The question we raise is: why was copper not used in Iberia for the manufacture of personal ornaments during the Chalcolithic? We try to answer this by analysing the technological and socioeconomic aspects of the social demand for these products in the Chalcolithic.
Diffusion of Obsidian in the Northwestern Mediterranean
Authors: Léa Vanessa
Published: July 2013

The development of exchange networks over vast distances is one of the most significant characteristics of Neolithic societies. The transition to sedentary agricultural societies is often associated with a considerable increase in the quantity of goods diffused and the distances they travelled. In Europe, and more particularly in the northwestern Mediterranean region, the phenomenon attained its apogee during the period of the Chassey culture (Middle Neolithic II). In this context, obsidian originating from the Mediterranean islands (Sardinia, Lipari, Palmarola and Pantelleria) provides interesting information due to its vast diffusion into the northern African continent, the Italian peninsula, the Midi region of France and the Iberian Peninsula, thus demonstrating the practice of navigation. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this diffusion, which created relationships of interdependency between communities separated by great distances. The recent discovery of the Chassey culture site of Terres Longues in the Midi region has renewed our vision of this phenomenon and encourages us to imagine other modes for the functioning of exchange networks during this period.