bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of BMP‐2 dose and delivery of microvascular fragments on healing of bone defects with concomitant volumetric muscle loss
Authors: Ruehle Marissa A. , Krishnan Laxminarayanan , Vantucci Casey E. , Wang Yuyan , Stevens Hazel Y. , Roy Krishnendu , Guldberg Robert E. , Willett Nick J.
Published: January 2019

Traumatic composite bone‐muscle injuries, such as open fractures, often require multiple surgical interventions and still typically result in long‐term disability. Clinically, a critical indicator of composite injury severity is vascular integrity; vascular damage alone is sufficient to assign an open fracture to the most severe category. Challenging bone injuries are often treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2), an osteoinductive growth factor, delivered on collagen sponge. Previous studies in a composite defect model found that a minimally bridging dose in the segmental defect model was unable to overcome concomitant muscle damage, but the effect of BMP dose on composite injuries has not yet been studied. Here, we test the hypotheses that BMP‐2‐mediated functional regeneration of composite extremity injuries is dose dependent and can be further enhanced via co‐delivery of adipose‐derived microvascular fragments (MVF), which have been previously shown to increase tissue vascular volume. Although MVF did not improve healing outcomes, we observed a significant BMP‐2 dose‐dependent increase in regenerated bone volume and biomechanical properties. This is the first known report of an increased BMP‐2 dose improving bone healing with concomitant muscle damage. While high dose BMP‐2 delivery can induce heterotopic ossification (HO) and increased inflammation, the maximum 10 μg dose used in this study did not result in HO and was associated with a lower circulating inflammatory cytokine profile than the low dose (2.5 μg) group. These data support the potential benefits of an increased, though still moderate, BMP‐2 dose for treatment of bone defects with concomitant muscle damage. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. J Orthop Res
The effect of different gingival phenotypes on dimensional stability of free gingival graft: A comparative 6‐month clinical study
Authors: Karakış Akcan Serap , Güler Berceste , Hatipoğlu Hasan
Published: January 2019

Background

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of mesial and distal adjacent gingival phenotypes of the tooth or teeth region of free gingival graft (FGG) on the shrinkage ratio of graft at 6 months postoperatively.

Methods

Thirty‐one patients with inadequate keratinized gingival width (KGW) around mandibular incisors were included in this study. The phenotype of the mesial and distal terminal teeth was evaluated by the probe transparency method and keratinized gingival thickness measurements; study groups were divided as thick and thin phenotype. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and recession height (GRH), recession width (GRW) and KGW measurements were recorded at baseline and sixth month. Vertical dimension of graft (VDG), horizontal dimension of graft (HDG), recipient area horizontal width (RAHW), recipient area vertical depth (RAVD) were recorded during surgery. The shrinkage ratio was calculated with a Java‐based analysis program.

Results

There was no significant difference in the clinical and surgical measurements between the groups. KGW mean values for both of adjacent teeth increased at 6th month compared to baseline but there was no difference between the groups at 6 months. GRH value has decreased significantly in thick phenotype group at the 6th month. The shrinkage ratio was found 23.14 ± 12.21% and 17.76 ± 11.05% in the thin and thick phenotype group, respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.210).

Conclusion

The phenotype of the adjacent teeth has a similar impact on FGG shrinkage ratio at the sixth month. Thick phenotype of adjacent teeth seems to be more supportive for root coverage.
Evaluation of the Acquisition of Ultrasound Proficiency in Hand Surgery Fellows
Authors: Zumsteg Justin W. , Ina Jason G. , Merrell Greg A.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To evaluate hand surgery fellow ultrasound (US) evaluations and performance of clinically relevant tasks after brief instruction.

Methods

Six hand surgery fellows completed an US assessment and a survey on US use before and 1 month after a 30‐minute US course.

Results

The time to obtain an adequate image decreased from 4 minutes 42 seconds (4:42; range, 3:57–7:55) to 0:52 (range, 0:30–1:14; P < .001). Participants’ performance for structure identification improved from 9.7 (range, 8–13) to 12 (range, 10–13) of 14 structures (P < .05). The average time to completion decreased from 14:6 (range, 12:08–18:30) to 9:34 (range, 4:40–15:54; P < .01). After instruction, all 6 participants identified and measured the cross‐sectional area of the median nerve, identified and measured a zone 3 flexor tendon gap, and identified a simulated flexor digitorum profundus avulsion and its level of retraction (P < .05). Five of 6 successfully administered an US‐guided injection to the extensor carpi ulnaris subsheath.

Conclusions

After a 30‐minute instructional session, hand surgery fellows can achieve a basic level of US competency.
Development of a short form of the compulsive internet use scale in Switzerland
Authors: Gmel Gerhard , Khazaal Yasser , Studer Joseph , Baggio Stéphanie , Marmet Simon
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The study aims to develop a short form of the compulsive internet use scale (CIUS), which can be used in multitopic and general population health surveys and is invariant across different sexes, linguistic regions, and ages.

Methods

Two general population surveys from 2013 and 2015 were used as learning (n = 1,371) and validation samples (n = 1,550), respectively. Reducing items from the original CIUS was based on the following: (a) correlated errors between items, (b) differential item functioning, and (c) measurement invariance. Methods used item response theory and latent confirmatory factor analysis for ordinal variables.

Results

The eight‐item short form maintained the five dimensions of the original scale and was metric and mostly scale invariant for sex, region, and age. It fell marginally short of scale invariance (ΔCFI < 0.01) for regions in the learning sample and for sexes in the validation sample (both ΔCFI = 0.013, p < 0.01). Root mean square error of approximation was 0.045 and 0.036, and comparative fit index was 0.989 and 0.995, in the learning and validation samples, respectively, showing excellent fit of the model to data. Correlations with the full scale were r = 0.966 (learning) and r = 0.969 (validation).

Conclusion

If the full 14‐item CIUS is a valid, reliable screening instrument, then the short eight‐item form is too, and can be used in multitopic, general population health surveys.
Provincial governors and their role in local governance and development in the Jordanian context
Authors: Taamneh Mohammed , Nawafleh Sahem , Aladwan Shaker , Alquraan Noor
Published: January 2019

Local administration, in the modern‐day world, positions the governor as playing a critical role in the overall operation of an efficient and productive governing body, as well as in satisfying and attaining economic and governorate social development. The present work examines governor administrative power alongside the administration framework and in attaining societal development in local governance in the Jordanian context. A self‐administrated questionnaire was the tool implemented across a sample comprising 233 subjects. In an effort to address a number of considerations and concerns in this regard, a descriptive analysis was carried out, with the use of structural equation modelling alongside conformity factor analysis in an effort to provide a general fit for the measurement instrument. Findings revealed that within ministry branches, governors are seen to have only moderate power in an administrative regard, whereas with both municipalities council and governorate council, higher administrative power is granted. Moreover, a notable role is witnessed in regard to attaining economic and social development, although governors are inhibited from achieving complete efficiency as a result of contextual and cultural considerations.
Investigation of radiation stability of optical properties of polypropylene modified with ZrO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Mikhailov Mikhail M. , Lebedev Sergey M. , Sokolovskiy Alexey N. , Goronchko Vladimir A.
Published: January 2019

The results of studies of the nanoparticle modification effect on optical properties and their change after electron irradiation of polypropylene are presented. The object of the study was samples of polypropylene modified with different concentrations of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. The diffuse reflection spectra in the range of 350–1,000 nm and in the infrared (IR) region were studied. The analysis of the changes in the intensity of absorption bands in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum after irradiation of the samples has been performed. The optimal concentration of nanoparticles was determined to improve the radiation stability of polypropylene. An increase in the radiation stability compared to the unmodified sample was found to be 2.86 times with an optimum nanoparticle concentration of 1 wt%. The analysis of changes in the intensity of absorption bands in the visible and IR regions of the spectrum was done. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3050–3055, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Displaying Gender: Transgender People's Strategies in Everyday Life
Authors: Marques Ana Cristina
Published: January 2019

Drawing upon data from in‐depth interviews with transgender people in Portugal and in the United Kingdom, this article critically reflects upon different ways through which transgender people recreate their gender displays, particularly in terms of gender embodiment and aesthetics, in order to navigate their everyday lives. I focus on four strategies of articulating gender displays with one's own gender subjectivities: “blending in,” “masking,” “naturalizing,” and “subverting.” These strategies are not exclusive of one another. They are used differently throughout the participants' own lives in accordance to the social contexts they were in.
A note on properties of solutions of Riccati and hyper‐Riccati equations
Authors: Ciechanowicz Ewa
Published: January 2019

The paper focuses on transcendental meromorphic solutions of Riccati and hyper‐Riccati equations and their value distribution properties. Special attention is paid to deficient values in various senses, in particular to deficient values in the sense of Petrenko in the case of solutions of finite order. The question of small deficient functions is also considered. The estimates of deficiencies, multiplicity indices and, in the case of functions of finite order, also deviations from small functions are presented.
The Typology of Socially Disadvantaged Families
Authors: Paus-Hasebrink Ingrid , Kulterer Jasmin , Sinner Philip
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a typology of the socially disadvantaged families of the panel. We derive it from our discovery of the similarities in, and the differences between, the respective family lives (doing family) of our subjects. Accordingly, the basic characteristics of each type will now be described in detail by discussing four cases more extensively than the rest, in order to provide an insight into and a deeper understanding of the individual lifeworlds of the children and their families. In addition, we will present shorter case summaries for each family from the panel, together with their type-specific characteristics. This chapter seeks, then, to demonstrate how various factors interact in a complex interplay that shapes the individual living situation of individual families and of each family member in them. The typology presented in this chapter, therefore, provides insight into the dynamics, both with media involvement and otherwise, of family life and socialisation.
AdS6 T-duals and type IIB AdS6 × S2 geometries with 7-branes
Authors: Lozano Yolanda , Macpherson Niall T. , Montero Jesús
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We show that the first AdS
6 backgrounds in Type IIB supergravity known in the literature, namely those constructed via T-duality from the Brandhuber-Oz solution to massive IIA, fit within an extension of the global AdS
6 × S
2 solutions with 7-branes warped over a Riemann surface Σ, recently classified by D’Hoker, Gutperle and Uhlemann [1, 2], that describes delocalised 5-branes and 7-branes. The solution constructed through Abelian T-duality provides an explicit example of a Riemann surface with the topology of an annulus, that includes D7/O7-branes. In turn, the solution generated through non-Abelian T-duality arises from the upper half-plane.
Neutrino trident scattering at near detectors
Authors: Ballett Peter , Hostert Matheus , Pascoli Silvia , Perez-Gonzalez Yuber F. , Tabrizi Zahra , Funchal Renata Zukanovich
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Neutrino trident scattering is a rare Standard Model process where a charged-lepton pair is produced in neutrino-nucleus scattering. To date, only the dimuon final-state has been observed, with around 100 total events, while the other channels are as yet unexplored. In this work, we compute the trident production cross section by performing a complete four-body phase space calculation for different hadronic targets. This provides a correct estimate both of the coherent and the diffractive contributions to these cross sections, but also allows us to address certain inconsistencies in the literature related to the use of the Equivalent Photon Approximation in this context. We show that this approximation can give a reasonable estimate only for the production of dimuon final-states in coherent scattering, being inadmissible for all other cases considered. We provide estimates of the number and distribution of trident events at several current and future near detector facilities subjected to intense neutrino beams from accelerators: five liquid-argon detectors (SBND, μBooNE, ICARUS, DUNE and νSTORM), the iron detector of T2K (INGRID) and three detectors made of composite material (MINOS, NOνA and MINERνA). We find that for many experiments, trident measurements are an attainable goal and a valuable addition to their near detector physics programme.
Three-loop formula for quark and gluon contributions to the QCD trace anomaly
Authors: Tanaka Kazuhiro
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In the QCD energy-momentum tensor T

μν
, the terms that contribute to physical matrix elements are expressed as the sum of the gauge-invariant quark part and gluon part. Each part undergoes the renormalization due to the interactions among quarks and gluons, although the total tensor T

μν
is not renormalized thanks to the conservation of energy and momentum. Recently it has been shown that, through the renormalization, each of the quark and gluon parts of T

μν
receives a definite amount of anomalous trace contribution, such that their sum reproduces the well-known QCD trace anomaly,

$$ {T}_{\mu}^{\mu }=\left(\beta /2g\right){F}^{\mu \nu }{F}_{\mu \nu }+m\left(1+{\gamma}_m\right)\overline{\psi}\psi $$

T
μ
μ

=

β
/
2
g

F

μ
ν

F

μ
ν

+
m

1
+

γ
m

ψ
¯

ψ

, and the corresponding formulas have been derived up to two-loop order. We extend this result to the three-loop order, working out all the relevant three-loop renormalization structure for the quark and gluon energy-momentum tensors in the (modified) minimal subtraction scheme in the dimensional regularization. We apply our three-loop formula of the quark/gluon decomposition of the trace anomaly to calculate the anomaly-induced mass structure of nucleons as well as pions.
Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Problematic Social Media Use Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Body Image Dissatisfaction
Authors: Kircaburun Kagan , Griffiths Mark D. , Billieux Joel
Published: January 2019

Preliminary evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment is associated with higher problematic social media use (PSMU). It has also been established that childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) is associated with body image dissatisfaction (BID). However, the direct and indirect impacts of CEM on PSMU via BID remain untested. The present study examined these direct and indirect relationships among a sample of 385 adolescents (mean age 15.62 years, range 14–18 years). Results indicated that female adolescents had higher levels of CEM, BID, and PSMU compared to males. Structural equation modeling indicated that CEM was indirectly associated with PSMU via BID among males. However, only BID was positively associated with PSMU among females. The findings are in accordance with theoretical models suggesting that individuals’ core characteristics including early childhood experiences and psychopathological factors are associated with different types of specific internet-use disorders.
Spacing, Stopping, or Postponing? Fertility Desires in a Sub-Saharan Setting
Authors: Hayford Sarah R. , Agadjanian Victor
Published: January 2019

A growing body of research has argued that the traditional categories of stopping and spacing are insufficient to understand why individuals want to control fertility. In a series of articles, Timæus, Moultrie, and colleagues defined a third type of fertility motivation—postponement—that reflects a desire to avoid childbearing in the short term without clear goals for long-term fertility. Although postponement is fundamentally a description of fertility desires, existing quantitative research has primarily studied fertility behavior in an effort to find evidence for the model. In this study, we use longitudinal survey data to consider whether postponement can be identified in standard measures of fertility desires among reproductive-age women in rural Mozambique. Findings show strong evidence for a postponement mindset in this population, but postponement coexists with stopping and spacing goals. We reflect on the difference between birth spacing and postponement and consider whether and how postponement is a distinctive sub-Saharan phenomenon.
Early-Life Assets in Oldest-Old Age: Evidence From Primary Care Reform in Early Twentieth Century Sweden
Authors: Lazuka Volha
Published: January 2019

Do early-life effects of investments in public health persist to the oldest-old ages? This article answers this question by using the primary care reform in rural Sweden that between 1890 and 1917 led to the establishment of local health districts, together with openings of hospitals and recruitments of medical personnel, as a natural experiment in early-life environmental conditions. The initiatives undertaken within these districts targeted control of infectious diseases, including various isolation and disinfection measures. This study applies a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity score matching to register-based individual-level data for Sweden from 1968 to 2012 and to multisource, purposely collected data on the reform implementation. Providing pioneering evidence for such a distal relationship (ages 78–95), this study finds that treatment through primary care in the year of birth leads to a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (4 % to 6%) and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (5 % to 6 %) and to an increase in average incomes (2 % to 3 %). The effects are universal and somewhat stronger among individuals from poor socioeconomic backgrounds and at higher baseline levels of disease burden.
Exact coherent states of attached eddies in channel flow
Authors: Yang Qiang , Willis Ashley P. , Hwang Yongyun
Published: January 2019

A new set of exact coherent states in the form of a travelling wave is reported in plane channel flow. They are continued over a range in $Re$ from approximately $2600$ up to $30\,000$, an order of magnitude higher than those discovered in the transitional regime. This particular type of exact coherent states is found to be gradually more localised in the near-wall region on increasing the Reynolds number. As larger spanwise sizes $L_{z}^{+}$ are considered, these exact coherent states appear via a saddle-node bifurcation with a spanwise size of $L_{z}^{+}\simeq 50$ and their phase speed is found to be $c^{+}\simeq 11$ at all the Reynolds numbers considered. Computation of the eigenspectra shows that the time scale of the exact coherent states is given by $h/U_{cl}$ in channel flow at all Reynolds numbers, and it becomes equivalent to the viscous inner time scale for the exact coherent states in the limit of $Re\rightarrow \infty$. The exact coherent states at several different spanwise sizes are further continued to a higher Reynolds number, $Re=55\,000$, using the eddy-viscosity approach (Hwang & Cossu, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, 2010, 044505). It is found that the continued exact coherent states at different sizes are self-similar at the given Reynolds number. These observations suggest that, on increasing Reynolds number, new sets of self-sustaining coherent structures are born in the near-wall region. Near this onset, these structures scale in inner units, forming the near-wall self-sustaining structures. With further increase of Reynolds number, the structures that emerged at lower Reynolds numbers subsequently evolve into the self-sustaining structures in the logarithmic region at different length scales, forming a hierarchy of self-similar coherent structures as hypothesised by Townsend (i.e. attached eddy hypothesis). Finally, the energetics of turbulent flow is discussed for a consistent extension of these dynamical systems notions to high Reynolds numbers.
Bubble cloud dynamics in an ultrasound field
Authors: Maeda Kazuki , Colonius Tim
Published: January 2019

The dynamics of bubble clouds induced by high-intensity focused ultrasound is investigated in a regime where the cloud size is similar to the ultrasound wavelength. High-speed images show that the cloud is asymmetric; the bubbles nearest the source grow to a larger radius than the distal ones. Similar structures of bubble clouds are observed in numerical simulations that mimic the laboratory experiment. To elucidate the structure, a parametric study is conducted for plane ultrasound waves with various amplitudes and diffuse clouds with different initial void fractions. Based on an analysis of the kinetic energy of liquid induced by bubble oscillations, a new scaling parameter is introduced to characterize the dynamics. The new parameter generalizes the cloud interaction parameter originally introduced by d’Agostino & Brennen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 199, 1989, pp. 155–176). The dynamic interaction parameter controls the energy localization and consequent anisotropy of the cloud. Moreover, the amplitude of the far-field, bubble-scattered acoustics is likewise correlated with the proposed parameter. Findings of the present study not only shed light on the physics of cloud cavitation, but may also be of use for the quantification of the effects of cavitation on outcomes of ultrasound therapies including high-intensity focused ultrasound-based lithotripsy.
Vortex pairing in jets as a global Floquet instability: modal and transient dynamics
Authors: Shaabani-Ardali Léopold , Sipp Denis , Lesshafft Lutz
Published: January 2019

The spontaneous pairing of rolled-up vortices in a laminar jet is investigated as a global secondary instability of a time-periodic spatially developing vortex street. The growth of subharmonic perturbations, associated with vortex pairing, is analysed both in terms of modal Floquet instability and in terms of transient growth dynamics. The article has the double objective to outline a toolset for the global analysis of time-periodic flows, and to leverage such an analysis for a fresh view on the vortex pairing phenomenon. Axisymmetric direct numerical simulations (DNS) of jets with single-frequency inflow forcing are performed, in order to identify combinations of the Reynolds and Strouhal numbers for which vortex pairing is naturally observed. The same DNS calculations are then repeated with an added time-delay control term, which artificially suppresses pairing, so as to obtain time-periodic unpaired base flows for linear stability analysis. It is demonstrated that the natural occurrence of vortex pairing in nonlinear DNS coincides with a linear subharmonic Floquet instability of the underlying unpaired vortex street. However, DNS results suggest that the onset of pairing involves much stronger temporal growth of subharmonic perturbations than that predicted by modal Floquet analysis, as well as a spatial distribution of these fast-growing perturbation structures that is inconsistent with the unstable Floquet mode. Singular value decomposition of the phase-shift operator (the operator that maps a given perturbation field to its state one flow period later) is performed for an analysis of optimal transient growth in the vortex street. Non-modal mechanisms near the jet inlet are thus found to provide a fast route towards the limit-cycle regime of established vortex pairing, in good agreement with DNS observations. It is concluded that modal Floquet analysis accurately predicts the parameter regime where sustained vortex pairing occurs, but that the bifurcation scenario under typical conditions is dominated by transient growth phenomena.
Corner effects for oblique shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions in rectangular channels
Authors: Xiang X. , Babinsky H.
Published: January 2019

In a rectangular cross-section wind tunnel, a separated oblique shock reflection is set to interact with the turbulent boundary layer (oblique shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction (SBLI)) both on the bottom wall and in the corners formed by the intersection of the floor with the sidewalls. To examine how corner separations can affect the ‘quasi-two-dimensional’ main interaction and by what mechanisms this is achieved, an experimental investigation has been conducted. This examines how modifications to the corner separation affect an $M=2.5$ oblique shock reflection. The nature of the flow field is studied using flow visualisation, pressure-sensitive paint and laser Doppler anemometry. The results show that the size and shape of central separation vary considerably when the onset and magnitude of corner separation changes. The primary mechanism explaining the coupling between these separated regions appears to be the generation of compression waves and expansion fans as a result of the displacement effect of the corner separation. This is shown to modify the three-dimensional shock structure and alter the adverse pressure gradient experienced by the tunnel floor boundary layer. It is suggested that a typical oblique SBLI in rectangular channels features several zones depending on the relative position of the corner waves and the main interaction domain. In particular, it has been shown that the position of the corner ‘shock’ crossing point, found by approximating the corner compression waves by a straight line, is a critical factor determining the main separation size and shape. Thus, corner effects can substantially modify the central separation. This can cause significant growth or contraction of the separation length measured along the symmetry line from the nominally two-dimensional baseline value, giving a fivefold increase from the smallest to the largest observed value. Moreover, the shape and flow topology of the centreline separation bubble is also considerably changed by varying corner effects.
Variance estimates for random disc-polygons in smooth convex discs
Authors: Fodor Ferenc , Vígh Viktor
Published: January 2019

In this paper we prove asymptotic upper bounds on the variance of the number of vertices and the missed area of inscribed random disc-polygons in smooth convex discs whose boundary isC+2. We also consider a circumscribed variant of this probability model in which the convex disc is approximated by the intersection of random circles.
Reliability assessment of system under a generalized run shock model
Authors: Gong Min , Xie Min , Yang Yaning
Published: January 2019

In this paper we are concerned with modelling the reliability of a system subject to external shocks. In a run shock model, the system fails when a sequence of shocks above a threshold arrive in succession. Nevertheless, using a single threshold to measure the severity of a shock is too critical in real practice. To this end, we develop a generalized run shock model with two thresholds. We employ a phase-type distribution to model the damage size and the inter-arrival time of shocks, which is highly versatile and may be used to model many quantitative features of random phenomenon. Furthermore, we use the Markovian property to construct a multi-state system which degrades with the arrival of shocks. We also provide a numerical example to illustrate our results.
Occupation times of alternating renewal processes with Lévy applications
Authors: Starreveld Nicos , Bekker Réne , Mandjes Michel
Published: January 2019

In this paper we present a set of results relating to the occupation time α(t) of a processX(·). The first set of results concerns exact characterizations of α(t), e.g. in terms of its transform up to an exponentially distributed epoch. In addition, we establish a central limit theorem (entailing that a centered and normalized version of α(t)∕tconverges to a zero-mean normal random variable ast→∞) and the tail asymptotics of ℙ(α(t)∕t≥q). We apply our findings to spectrally positive Lévy processes reflected at the infimum and establish various new occupation time results for the corresponding model.
Logarithmic upper bounds for weak solutions to a class of parabolic equations
Authors: Xu Xiangsheng
Published: January 2019

It is well known that a weak solution φ to the initial boundary value problem for the uniformly parabolic equation $\partial _t\varphi - {\rm div}(A\nabla \varphi ) +\omega \varphi = f $ in $\Omega _T\equiv \Omega \times (0,T)$ satisfies the uniform estimate
$$\Vert \varphi \Vert_{\infty,\Omega_T}\les \Vert \varphi\Vert_{\infty,\partial_p\Omega_T}+c \Vert f \Vert_{q,\Omega_T}, \ \ \ c=c(N,\lambda, q, \Omega_T), $$
provided that $q \gt 1+{N}/{2}$, where Ω is a bounded domain in ${\open R}^N$ with Lipschitz boundary, T > 0, $\partial _p\Omega _T$ is the parabolic boundary of $\Omega _T$, $\omega \in L^1(\Omega _T)$ with $\omega \ges 0$, and λ is the smallest eigenvalue of the coefficient matrix A. This estimate is sharp in the sense that it generally fails if $q=1+{N}/{2}$. In this paper, we show that the linear growth of the upper bound in $\Vert f \Vert_{q,\Omega _T}$ can be improved. To be precise, we establish
$$ \Vert \varphi \Vert_{\infty,\Omega_T}\les \Vert \varphi_0 \Vert_{\infty,\partial_p\Omega_T}+c \Vert f \Vert_{1+{N}/{2},\Omega_T} \left(\ln(\Vert f \Vert_{q,\Omega_T}+1)+1\right). $$
Finite time blow-up of complex solutions of the conserved Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation in ℝdand in the torus 𝕋d,d⩾ 1
Authors: Agélas Léo
Published: January 2019

We consider complex-valued solutions of the conserved Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation which describes the coarsening of an unstable solid surface that conserves mass and that is parity symmetric. This equation arises in different aspects of surface growth. Up to now, the problem of existence and smoothness of global solutions of such equations remained open in ℝdand in the torus 𝕋d,d⩾ 1. In this paper, we answer partially to this question. We prove the finite time blow-up of complex-valued solutions associated with a class of large initial data. More precisely, we show that there is complex-valued initial data that exists in every Besov space (and hence in every Lebesgue and Sobolev space), such that after a finite time, the complex-valued solution is in no Besov space (and hence in no Lebesgue or Sobolev space).
Negotiating the German Democratic Republic: Angolan student migration during the Cold War, 1976–90
Authors: Schenck Marcia C.
Published: January 2019

This article traces the experiences of Angolan students who attended East German institutions of higher education between Angolan independence and the fall of the Berlin Wall. Based on oral histories collected in Luanda from twenty-one returned Angolan students in 2015, triangulated with archival material from Angola and the GDR, it argues that students negotiated between accommodation and resistance in their everyday life at the university and beyond. Conscious of the importance of academic success and adaptation to the East German learning culture, Angolan students drew a line when regulations infringed on their personal freedom and responded by engaging East German officials in discussion or simply by circumnavigating the rules. The life history of a female student illustrates how she negotiated between responsibility to formal learning and personal needs within a controlling society. When one considers the conditions of Angolan student life in East Germany as a whole, it becomes apparent that the East German notion of the model foreign student did not map onto the complexities of Angolan student lives. This article sheds light on the student migration of a generation of Angolan post-independence technocrats, many of whom studied in the former East during the Cold War. Through the eyes of Angolan educational migrants, we see the limits and possibilities of the lives of foreign students in the GDR.
The American Precariat: U.S. Capitalism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Thelen Kathleen
Published: January 2019

The address situates the rise of “gig” work in the context of a much longer-term trend toward more precarious forms of employment. It explores the forces that are driving these developments and discusses the problems they pose at both the individual level and the national level. By situating the United States in a comparative perspective, it identifies the structural factors that exacerbate the problem of precarity and intensify its effects in the American political economy.
The Effect of Arctic Sea Ice Loss on the Hadley Circulation
Authors: Chemke R. , Polvani L. M. , Deser C.
Published: January 2019

One of the most robust responses of the climate system to future greenhouse gas emissions is the melting of Arctic sea ice. It is thus essential to elucidate its impacts on other components of the climate system. Here we focus on the response of the annual mean Hadley cell (HC) to Arctic sea ice loss using a hierarchy of model configurations: atmosphere only, atmosphere coupled to a slab ocean, and atmosphere coupled to a full‐physics ocean. In response to Arctic sea ice loss, as projected by the end of the 21st century, the HC shows negligible changes in the absence of ocean‐atmosphere coupling. In contrast, by warming the Northern Hemisphere thermodynamic coupling weakens the HC and expands it northward. However, dynamic coupling acts to cool the Northern Hemisphere which cancels most of this weakening and narrows the HC, thus opposing its projected expansion in response to increasing greenhouse gases.
Forage Species Swarm in Response to Coastal Upwelling
Authors: Benoit‐Bird Kelly. J. , Waluk Chad. M. , Ryan John P.
Published: January 2019

We observed the distribution and identity of forage species to infer behavioral changes in response to intraseasonal variation in the coastal upwelling ecosystem of Monterey Bay, California. While the biomass of forage species remained comparable, the small‐scale distribution of krill and anchovies was strongly affected by upwelling conditions. When regional upwelling influences were strong in the Bay, both species formed numerous discrete swarms and schools. During relaxation, both species were more diffusely distributed. Rather than gross changes in spatial distribution, a process that could take a long time for these relatively small animals, forage species responded to the short time scale dynamics that occur between days in the upwelling season with changes in their aggregative behavior. The behavioral responses observed highlight the need to study within‐season dynamics in upwelling systems in addition to their cumulative influence in order to understand the ecological processes of these productive systems.
Fluid Substitution and Shear Weakening in Clay‐Bearing Sandstone at Seismic Frequencies
Authors: Yin Hanjun , Borgomano Jan V. M. , Wang Shangxu , Tiennot Mathilde , Fortin Jérôme , Guéguen Yves
Published: January 2019

Using the forced oscillation method and the ultrasonic transmission method, we measure the elastic moduli of a clay‐bearing Thüringen sandstone under dry and water‐saturated conditions in a broad frequency band at [0.004–10, 106] Hz for different differential pressures up to 30 MPa. Under water‐saturated condition, clear dispersion and attenuation for Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and Bulk modulus are observed at seismic frequencies, except for shear modulus. The measured dispersion and attenuation are mainly attributed to the drained/undrained transition, which considers the experimentally undrained boundary condition. Gassmann's predictions are consistent with the measured undrained bulk moduli but not with the shear moduli. Clear shear weakening is observed, and this water‐softening effect is stronger at seismic frequencies than at ultrasonic frequencies where stiffening effect related to squirt flow may mask real shear weakening. The reduction in surface free energy due to chemical interaction between pore fluid and rock frame, which is not taken into account by Gassmann's theory, is the main reason for the departure from Gassmann's predictions, especially for this rock containing a large number of clay minerals.
Using Information Theory to Evaluate Directional Precipitation Interactions Over the West Sahel Region in Observations and Models
Authors: Liu Bessie Y. , Zhu Qing , Riley William J. , Zhao Lei , Ma Hongxu , Van Gordon Mollie , Larsen Laurel
Published: January 2019

Water availability has historically been one of the most significant threats to African regional social and economic well‐being. Over the Sahel region, a megadrought during the 1960s and 1970s induced by an abrupt and substantial rainfall reduction caused widespread famine and death. The postdrought recovery, which is still ongoing, has been characterized by gradual increases in rainfall, but with dramatic fluctuations. The large negative human impacts, slow recovery, and variability raise important questions of why and how rainfall dynamics evolve and interact with other components of the regional climate system. Here we provide an observational assessment of rainfall interactions mechanisms (informed by directional transfer of information entropy) that regulate Sahel rainfall. We quantitatively demonstrate that (1) sea surface temperature over the Gulf of Guinea controls moisture advection and transport to the West Sahel region and (2) strong bidirectional interactions exist between local vegetation dynamics and rainfall patterns. Then we assess the directional interaction patterns from nine state‐of‐the‐art Earth System Models (ESMs). We find that most ESMs are able to represent either the unidirectional control of sea surface temperature on precipitation or the bidirectional interaction between vegetation and precipitation. However, none of the ESMs represents both interactive patterns. The GFDL and IPSL‐CM5A‐LR models successfully reproduced observed patterns over ~50% of the West Sahel region but were not accurate in reproducing observed precipitation regional trends or interannual variation. We propose that the directional information transfer is a powerful mechanistic benchmark to assess model fidelity at the process level.
Challenges and Opportunities in Coastal Prediction
Authors: Samelson R.
Published: January 2019

Mooers Coastal Ocean and Atmosphere Prediction Workshop; Mount Hood, Oregon, 15 September 2018
The impact of early-life sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT) on excessive weight is robust despite transfer of intestinal microbes
Authors: Schulfer Anjelique F , Schluter Jonas , Zhang Yilong , Brown Quincy , Pathmasiri Wimal , McRitchie Susan , Sumner Susan , Li Huilin , Xavier Joao B , Blaser Martin J
Published: January 2019

The high-fat, high-calorie diets of westernized cultures contribute to the global obesity epidemic, and early life exposure to antibiotics may potentiate those dietary effects. Previous experiments with mice had shown that sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)—even restricted to early life—affected the gut microbiota, altered host metabolism, and increased adiposity throughout the lifetime of the animals. Here we carried out a large-scale cohousing experiment to investigate whether cohousing STAT and untreated (Control) mice would transfer the STAT-perturbed microbiota and transmit its impact on weight. We exposed pregnant dams and their young offspring to either low-dose penicillin (STAT) or water (Control) until weaning, and then followed the offspring as they grew and endured a switch from normal to high-fat diet at week 17 of life. Cohousing, which started at week 4, rapidly approximated the microbiota within cages, lowering the weight of STAT mice relative to non-cohoused mice. The effect, however, varied between cages, and was restricted to the first 16 weeks when diet consisted of normal chow. Once mice switched to high-fat diet, the microbiota α- and β-diversity expanded and the effect of cohousing faded: STAT mice, again, were heavier than control mice independently of cohousing. Metabolomics revealed serum metabolites associated with STAT exposure, but no significant differences were detected in glucose or insulin tolerance. Our results show that cohousing can partly ameliorate the impact of STAT on the gut microbiota but not prevent increased weight with high-fat diet. These observations have implications for microbiota therapies aimed to resolve the collateral damage of antibiotics and their load on human obesity.
Janus nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis, therapy and theranostics
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Huang Kai , Lin Jing , Huang Peng
Published: January 2019

Anisotropic Janus nanoparticles (JNPs), due to their several distinct merits, have been widely investigated for cancer theranostics.
One-pot synthesis of ZnS nanowires/Cu7S4 nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for supercapacitor and photocatalysis applications
Authors: Li Xin , Cao Jian , Yang Lili , Wei Maobin , Liu Xiaoyan , Liu Qianyu , Hong Yuanze , Zhou Yue , Yang Jinghai
Published: January 2019

ZnS nanowires/Cu7S4 nanoparticles/rGO nanocomposites were fabricated as photocatalysts and supercapacitor electrodes for the first time.
The role of methylation in the copper(ii) coordination properties of a His-containing decapeptide
Authors: Hautier Alexandre , Carvalho Tiago , Valensin Daniela , Simaan A. Jalila , Faure Bruno , Mateus Pedro , Delgado Rita , Iranzo Olga
Published: January 2019

N-Methylation: a simple strategy to stabilize copper species lacking amidate coordination at neutral pH value.
Electrochemically accessing ultrathin Co (oxy)-hydroxide nanosheets and operando identifying their active phase for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhou Jing , Wang Yu , Su Xiaozhi , Gu Songqi , Liu Renduo , Huang Yibo , Yan Shuai , Li Jiong , Zhang Shuo
Published: January 2019

Operando XAS combined with DFT calculations allows us to draw a phase diagram of the surface chemical state as a function of applied potential, showing hydroxyl filling process and potential-dependent deprotonation process.
Metal–organic frameworks-based catalysts for electrochemical oxygen evolution
Authors: Shi Qiurong , Fu Shaofang , Zhu Chengzhou , Song Junhua , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: January 2019

An overview and insights toward the advancement and intrinsic mechanisms of MOF-based OER electrocatalysts.
Utility of fluorescent heme analogue ZnPPIX to monitor conformational heterogeneity in vertebrate hexa-coordinated globins
Authors: Tangar Antonija , Derrien Valérie , Lei Ruipeng , Santiago Estevez Maria Jose , Sebban Pierre , Bernad Sophie , Miksovska Jaroslava
Published: January 2019

Here, we report the preparation and photo-physical characterization of hexa-coordinated vertebrate globins, human neuroglobin (hNgb) and cytoglobin (hCygb), with the native iron protoporphyrin IX (FePPIX) cofactor replaced by a fluorescent isostructural analogue, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX). To facilitate insertion of ZnPPIX into hexa-coordinated globins, apoproteins prepared via butanone extraction were unfolded by the addition of GuHCl and subsequently slowly refolded in the presence of ZnPPIX. The absorption/emission spectra of ZnPPIX reconstituted hCygb are similar to those observed for ZnPPIX reconstituted myoglobin whereas the absorption and emission spectra of ZnPPIX reconstituted hNgb are blue shifted by ∼2 nm. Different steady state absorption and emission properties of ZnPPIX incorporated in hCygb and hNgb are consistent with distinct hydrogen bonding interactions between ZnPPIX and the globin matrix. The fluorescence lifetime of ZnPPIX in hexa-coordinated globins is bimodal pointing towards increased heterogeneity of the heme binding cavity in hCygb and hNgb. ZnPPIX reconstituted Ngb binds to cytochrome c with the same affinity as reported for the native protein, suggesting that fluorescent analogues of Cygb and Ngb can be readily employed to monitor interactions between vertebrate hexa-coordinated globins and other proteins.
An endoplasmic reticulum-targetable fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chen Jiali , Xiong Haiqing , Zhang Yun , Chen Wenqiang , Sheng Jiarong , Song Xiangzhi
Published: January 2019

A novel endoplasmic reticulum-targetable fluorescent probe, ER-CN, that can selectively sense endoplasmic reticulum H2S in living cells has been developed.
Imidazole carbamate probes for affinity guided azide-transfer to metal-binding proteins
Authors: Mortensen Michael Rosholm , Nielsen Nanna Louise , Palmfeldt Johan , Gothelf Kurt Vesterager
Published: January 2019

Probes for affinity guided conjugation have shown great promise for the preparation of high-quality protein conjugates.
Synthesis of diphenylamine macrocycles and their anti-inflammatory effects
Authors: Chávez-Riveros Alejandra , Hernández-Vázquez Eduardo , Nieto-Camacho Antonio , Ramírez-Apan Teresa , Miranda Luis D.
Published: January 2019

A collection of fourteen diphenylamine macrocyclic derivatives containing a peptide chain with different substituents was synthesized using a protocol of two Ugi four component reactions (Ugi-4CR) and a Buchwald–Hartwig macrocyclization.
Copper-mediated oxidative [3 + 2]-annulation of nitroalkenes and pyridinium ylides: general access to functionalized indolizines and efficient synthesis of 1-fluoroindolizines
Authors: Motornov Vladimir A. , Tabolin Andrey A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Ioffe Sema L.
Published: January 2019

Novel 1-fluoroindolizines were obtained via copper(ii)-mediated oxidative [3 + 2]-annulation of in situ generated pyridinium ylides and fluoronitroalkenes.
Thermoresponsive 2-hydroxy-3-isopropoxypropyl hydroxyethyl cellulose with tunable LCST for drug delivery
Authors: Tian Ye , Liu Ying , Ju Benzhi , Ren Xiaozhong , Dai Mingyun
Published: January 2019

Thermoresponsive polymer 2-hydroxy-3-isopropoxypropyl hydroxyethyl celluloses (HIPECs) were successfully synthesized, characterized, and applied for thermoresponsive drug delivery.
Enhanced room-temperature thermoelectric performance of p-type BiSbTe by reducing carrier concentration
Authors: Wei Zichen , Yang Yang , Wang Chenyang , Li Zhili , Zheng Lixian , Luo Jun
Published: January 2019

Ti substitution leads to enhanced thermoelectric performance of p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 due to carrier concentration regulation, alloy effect and anisotropic microstructure.
The near and far of a pair of magnetic capillary disks
Authors: Koens Lyndon , Wang Wendong , Sitti Metin , Lauga Eric
Published: January 2019

We develop a series of models in order to elucidate the non-linear dynamics of interacting magnetic micro-disks floating on an air–water interface and exhibiting both dynamic and static self-assembly.