bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Sexual Interest in Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended
Authors: Mackaronis Julia E. , Byrne Peter M. , Strassberg Donald S.
Published: May 2014

Adolescents who have sexually offended have unique treatment needs. For mental health professionals to adequately address these unique needs, further research is necessary. To that end, we explored the assessment of sexual interest (which may play an integral role in understanding potential for sexual reoffending) in a sample of 103 male adolescents who have sexually offended. We compared results from a physiological assessment (MONARCH 21 penile plethysmography [PPG]) and an actuarial assessment (Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interest [SSPI]), plus data from an unobstrusive assessment (Affinity, a viewing time measure) in a smaller subsample of 16 male adolescents. One finding that has particular relevance for clinical assessment is that the SSPI may have limited utility with adolescents. We also found evidence for some overlap between data from PPG and viewing time assessments, although whether or not PPG data are ipsatized may affect relationships with other assessment modalities.
A planar grained structure with a multiphase nested inclusion in a periodic cell: Elastostatic solution and the equi-stressness
Authors: Vigdergauz S
Published: May 2014

By using the specially constructed Kolosov–Muskhelishvili potentials a concise formulation of 2D elastostatic problems for general regular structures with multiphase nested inclusions is obtained in complex-variable terms. Analytical averaging of the stress/strain fields over the representative cell of the structure gives its effective moduli in the perturbation-like form that was known thus far only for less complicated phase arrangements. These derivations are further extended to prove the existence of the equi-stress nested inclusions under the square symmetry of the structure. In sharp contrast to the one-phase (homogeneous) inclusion, they no longer saturate the attainable Hashin–Shtrikman bounds on the effective bulk modulus, but continue to be a subject by themselves.
A comparative study of lubricated friction and wear behaviour of Al–25Zn–3Cu–3Si bearing alloy
Authors: Bican Osman , Savaşkan Temel
Published: May 2014

Lubricated friction and wear behaviour of Al–25Zn–3Cu–3Si alloy was investigated on a block-on-disc test machine in comparison with 60/40 brass and SAE 65 bronze. T6 heat treatment increased the hardness, strength and wear resistance of the Al–25Zn–3Cu–3Si alloy. This alloy exhibited much higher wear resistance than the 60/40 brass and SAE 65 bronze in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The results obtained from the experimental alloys are discussed in terms of their microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviour.
Frames and consensus formation in international relations: The case of trafficking in persons
Authors: Charnysh Volha , Lloyd Paulette , Simmons Beth A.
Published: May 2014

This article examines the process of consensus formation by the international community regarding how to confront the problem of trafficking in persons. We analyze the corpus of United Nations General Assembly Third Committee resolutions to show that: (1) consensus around the issue of how to confront trafficking in persons has increased over time; and (2) the formation of this consensus depends upon how the issue is framed. We test our argument by examining the characteristics of resolutions’ sponsors and discursive framing concepts such as crime, human rights, and the strength of enforcement language. We conclude that the consensus-formation process in international relations is more aptly described as one of ‘accommodation’ through issue linkage than a process of persuasion.
The impact of change in physical activity on change in arterial stiffness in overweight or obese sedentary young adults
Authors: Hawkins Marquis , Gabriel Kelley P , Cooper Jennifer , Storti Kristi L , Sutton-Tyrrell Kim , Kriska Andrea
Published: May 2014

Arterial stiffness is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) may reduce arterial stiffness. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of change in PA on 1-year change in arterial stiffness in 274 overweight/obese sedentary young adults. The Slow Adverse Vascular Effects of excess weight (SAVE) trial was a study evaluating the relationships between weight loss, dietary sodium, and vascular health. PA was measured with the ActiGraph AM7164 accelerometer. Intensity of activity was determined using established cut-points. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) using an automated device. Analysis of covariance compared changes in total accelerometer counts, minutes/day in light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time, by categories of change in baPWV. Models were adjusted for time since baseline visit, age, sex, race, homeostatis model of assessment of insulin resistance, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and weight change. Total accelerometer counts and time spent in MVPA increased from baseline to 12 months while time spent in LPA significantly decreased. Mean baPWV was similar at each time point. Those who showed decreased baPWV also showed an increase in total accelerometer counts per day and time spent in MVPA in the fully adjusted models ( p<0.001). Changes in sedentary time and time spent in LPA were not associated with changes in baPWV. These results indicate that even modest increases in MVPA can reduce arterial stiffness, a risk factor for future cardiovascular events.
Indoor radon in dwellings of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia and its correlations with the radium and radon exhalation rates from soil
Authors: Farid S. M.
Published: May 2014

To assess the potential health risks associated with indoor radon, a study was carried out in 80 dwellings in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia using CR-39 plastic track detectors. The annual average indoor radon concentrations varied from 21 to 52 Bq m−3, with a mean value of 36 Bq m−3, which is well below the recommended action level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The annual effective dose varied from 0.35 to 0.89 mSv y−1. The results showed no significant radiological risks for the inhabitants. The radium content, radon exhalation rate and the concentration of radon in soils samples were measured using the ‘Can Technique’. The radium concentrations in soil varied from 18.0 to 33.0 Bq kg−1. The radon exhalation rates in the samples varied from 4.58 to 8.40 Bq m−2 h−1 (135 to 251 mBq kg−1 h−1). There was a linear relationship between the indoor radon concentration and the radium concentration in the soil. A positive correlation was observed between the radon exhalation rate and soil radium concentration. Furthermore, changes in the ventilation rate had a significant effect on the indoor radon concentration.
Souvenirs, materialities and animal encounters: Following Texas cowboy boots
Authors: Gibson Chris
Published: May 2014

Rather than take the tourist or the tourist place as the starting point of analysis, in this article, I begin with a seemingly superficial souvenir object, the Texan cowboy boot, in order to trace a more complex picture of the material cultures of tourism. I describe the Texan boot at the intersection of three threads: historical legacies, materialities of animal encounters and a political economy of ‘things’ (including their composite materials). The iconic Texas cowboy boot is a mythological but very material object of mobility – made by hand, with wild cowboy flair, by (mostly) Mexican artisans who use slowly accrued haptic skills with a variety of leathers to assemble neocolonial, hyper-masculine artefacts of fashion, fable and travel. Drawing on archival work and interviews in bootmaking workshops, I unravel a historical cultural economy of material production and consumption that entangles animal skins, migrant workers, Western movie stars and tourists.
Ordinary citizens and the political cultures of planning: In search of the subject of a new democratic ethos
Authors: Inch Andy
Published: May 2014

What is required of the citizen to make planning more democratic? In this article, I argue this previously overlooked question illuminates key challenges for democratising planning in theory and practice. Distinguishing between deliberative and agonistic conceptions of communicative planning, I review the qualities these theories demand of citizens. Through examples from Scotland, I then contrast this with the roles citizens are currently invited to perform within a growth-orientated planning culture, drawing attention to techniques that use constructions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ citizenship to manage conflict generated by development. I conclude by suggesting that while ‘ordinary’ citizens’ experiences draw attention to the strengths and weaknesses of deliberative and agonistic accounts, they also highlight hidden costs associated with participation that present significant challenges for the project of shaping a more democratic form of planning.
Punitive attitudes: Towards an operationalization to measure individual punitivity in a multidimensional way
Authors: Adriaenssen An , Aertsen Ivo
Published: May 2014

Although several empirical studies on punitivity have appeared in the last few decades, this body of research stays under-theorized and rather vague because of the lack of a clear definition of the concept of punitivity and the different methodologies used to measure it. Focusing on individual punitivity (punitive attitudes), this literature review article presents some important substantive and methodological achievements of and challenges to this body of research. Despite existing knowledge and the already extensive literature on the topic, this article aims to add an innovative element by (a) providing a clear, thorough and multidimensional operationalization of the concept of punitive attitudes that can be used in future research, by (b) not only reviewing the existing literature, but also being critical of and nuancing some of the main research findings, and by (c) making concrete suggestions to advance research in this area.
African American Community Leaders’ Policy Recommendations for Reducing Racial Disparities in HIV Infection, Treatment, and Care
Authors: Nunn Amy , Sanders Julia , Carson Lee , Thomas Gladys , Cornwall Alexandra , Towey Caitlin , Lee Hwajin , Tasco Marian , Shabazz-El Waheedah , Yolken Annajane , Smith Tyrone , Bell Gary , Feller Sophie , Smith Erin , James George , Shelton Dunston Brenda , Green Derek
Published: May 2014

African Americans account for 45% of new HIV infections in the United States. Little empirical research investigates African American community leaders’ normative recommendations for addressing these disparities. Philadelphia’s HIV infection rate is 5 times the national average, nearly 70% of new infections are among African Americans, and 2% of African Americans in Philadelphia are living with HIV/AIDS. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we convened focus groups among 52 African American community leaders from diverse backgrounds to solicit normative recommendations for reducing Philadelphia’s racial disparities in HIV infection. Leaders recommended that (a) Philadelphia’s city government should raise awareness about HIV/AIDS with media campaigns featuring local leaders, (b) local HIV-prevention interventions should address social and structural factors influencing HIV risks rather than focus exclusively on mode of HIV transmission, (c) resources should be distributed to the most heavily affected neighborhoods of Philadelphia, and (d) faith institutions should play a critical role in HIV testing, treatment, and prevention efforts. We developed a policy memo highlighting these normative recommendations for how to enhance local HIV prevention policy. This policy memo led to Philadelphia City Council hearings about HIV/AIDS in October 2010 and subsequently informed local HIV/AIDS prevention policy and development of local HIV prevention interventions. This community-based participatory research case study offers important lessons for effectively engaging community leaders in research to promote HIV/AIDS policy change.
Sample Size Estimation
Authors: Weller Susan C.
Published: May 2014

This article presents a simple approach to making quick sample size estimates for basic hypothesis tests. Although there are many sources available for estimating sample sizes, methods are not often integrated across statistical tests, levels of measurement of variables, or effect sizes. A few parameters are required to estimate sample sizes and by holding the error probabilities constant (α = .05 and β = .20), an investigator can focus on effect size. The effect size can be thought of as a measure of association, such as the correlation coefficient. Here, effect size is linked across three of the most commonly used bivariate analyses (simple linear regression, the two-group analysis of variance [ANOVA] or t-test, and the comparison of proportions or χ2 test) with a correlation coefficient or equivalent measure of association. Tabled values and examples are provided.
Looking Good or Looking Competent? Physical Appearance and Electoral Success in the 2008 Congressional Elections
Authors: Praino Rodrigo , Stockemer Daniel , Ratis James
Published: May 2014

A whole array of studies has shown that the physical appearance of candidates running for elective office matters. However, it is unclear whether attractiveness or perceived competence is the source of such electoral advantage. In addition, the gender of candidates might interact with perceptions of physical appearance. With the help of Canadian student coders and through the use of a web-based survey, we measure the threefold link between physical attractiveness, perceived competence, and gender for all races in the 2008 U.S. House of Representatives elections. We find that both the attractiveness and perceived competence of candidates matter for candidates’ electoral successes; the former having an important effect in intra-gender races and the latter in inter-gender races.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach for Anxiety in a Preschool-Aged Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Nadeau Joshua M. , Arnold Elysse B. , Selles Robert R. , Storch Eric A. , Lewin Adam B.
Published: May 2014

Empirical support exists for behaviorally oriented psychosocial interventions to reduce functional impairment related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in young children, but little research exists examining the effectiveness of such treatments when applied to preschool-aged children with comorbid anxiety symptoms. With this in mind, the authors report on the case of “Marcus,” a 4-year-old boy with autistic disorder and impairing comorbid anxiety. Marcus participated in 8 weekly sessions of family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy, addressing his fear-based avoidance of social interactions and sensory stimuli, using an anxiety treatment protocol for youth with ASD modified to account for his young age. This protocol consisted of modular components addressing affective education, exposure, cognitive restructuring, and social coaching. At post-treatment assessment, Marcus exhibited markedly decreased impairment, as evidenced by parent responses to clinical interview and rating scales. In addition, Marcus displayed improvement in severity of anxiety symptoms as illustrated by a decrease in his scores on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale from 17 at baseline to 8 at post-treatment. Therapeutic gains were maintained at 4-month follow-up. Implications and clinical considerations are discussed.
Clinical Examination and Treatment of a Leg Ulcer Caused by a Stingray Puncture
Authors: Fino Pasquale , Onesti Maria Giuseppina , Felli Antonina , Scuderi Nicolò
Published: May 2014

The most frequent causes of leg ulcers include venous incompetency (superficial and deep), arterial insufficiency, trauma, vasculitis, and neoplasm. Leg ulcers from injury by stingrays are quite rare. In this case report, we describe a leg ulcer caused by a stingray sting complicated by infection, which healed completely without surgery. In addition, since there few cases in the literature describing such traumas, we performed a comprehensive review of the literature. Important is the fact that the wound healing was complete without resorting to surgery, but only with a correct targeted antibiotic therapy and the use of a collagenase, which has the particularity of having hyaluronic acid as a component.
Astragaloside IV inhibits renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by blocking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Wang Li , Chi Yang-Feng , Yuan Ze-Ting , Zhou Wen-Chao , Yin Pei-Hao , Zhang Xue-Mei , Peng Wen , Cai Hui
Published: May 2014

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a major active ingredient from Radix astragali, which has been considered as a renoprotective agent; however, its molecular mechanisms are unclear. Thus, we designed to investigate the renoprotective effects and mechanisms of AS-IV in rat model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in vivo and TGF-β1-stimulated rat renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham operation, UUO, UUO/AS-IV (3.3, 10, 33 mg·kg−1·d−1), and UUO/enalapril (4 mg·kg−1·d−1). Renal function, tubulointerstitial damage index score, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the expressions of TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, III, Smad2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, and Smad7 were measured. In addition, the expressions of CTGF, α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, III, Smad2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, and Smad7 were measured in TGF-β1-stiumlated NRK-49F cell line. AS-IV significantly decreased UUO-induced renal fibrosis and functional impairment, which are associated with inhibition of TGF-β1, CTGF, α-SMA, and collagen matrix expression, and a decrease in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. The renoprotective effects of AS-IV on fibrosis were associated with up-regulation of Smad7, thereby blocking up-regulations of TGF-β1, CTGF, and α-SMA, and activation of phosphorylated-Smad2/3. These effects were further conformed in NRK-49F cell line stimulated by TGF-β1. Moreover, knockdown of Smad7 gene in NRK-49F cells was able to prevent AS-IV-induced inhibition to Smad2/3 signaling activation, expression of CTGF, α-SMA, and ECM proteins in response to TGF-β1. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis was attenuated by treatment with AS-IV, which was closely related to induction of Smad7, thereby inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling.
Defining the radiobiology of prostate cancer progression: An important question in translational prostate cancer research
Authors: Vourganti Srinivas , Donaldson Jeffrey , Johnson Linda , Turkbey Baris , Bratslavsky Gennady , Kotula Leszek
Published: May 2014

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide. High mortality rates from advanced and metastatic prostate cancer in the United States are contrasted by a relatively indolent course in the majority of cases. This gives hope for finding methods that could direct personalized diagnostic, preventative, and treatment approaches to patients with prostate cancer. Recent advances in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) offer a noninvasive diagnostic intervention which allows correlation of prostate tumor image characteristics with underlying biologic evidence of tumor progression. The power of MP-MRI includes examination of both local invasion and nodal disease and might overcome the challenges of analyzing the multifocal nature of prostate cancer. Future directions include a careful analysis of the genomic signature of individual prostatic lesions utilizing image-guided biopsies. This review examines the diagnostic potential of MRI in prostate cancer.
The Effect of Arm Support Combined With Rehabilitation Games on Upper-Extremity Function in Subacute Stroke
Authors: Prange Gerdienke B. , Kottink Anke I. R. , Buurke Jaap H. , Eckhardt Martine M. E. M. , van Keulen-Rouweler Bianca J. , Ribbers Gerard M. , Rietman Johan S.
Published: May 2014

Background. Use of rehabilitation technology, such as (electro)mechanical devices or robotics, could partly relieve the increasing strain on stroke rehabilitation caused by an increasing prevalence of stroke. Arm support (AS) training showed improvement of unsupported arm function in chronic stroke. Objective. To examine the effect of weight-supported arm training combined with computerized exercises on arm function and capacity, compared with dose-matched conventional reach training in subacute stroke patients. Methods. In a single-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, 70 subacute stroke patients received 6 weeks of training with either an AS device combined with computerized exercises or dose-matched conventional training (CON). Arm function was evaluated pretraining and posttraining by Fugl-Meyer assessment (FM), maximal reach distance, Stroke Upper Limb Capacity Scale (SULCS), and arm pain via Visual Analogue Scale, in addition to perceived motivation by Intrinsic Motivation Inventory posttraining. Results. FM and SULCS scores and reach distance improved significantly within both groups. These improvements and experienced pain did not differ between groups. The AS group reported higher interest/enjoyment during training than the CON group. Conclusions. AS training with computerized exercises is as effective as conventional therapy dedicated to the arm to improve arm function and activity in subacute stroke rehabilitation, when applied at the same dose.
Improving Electroencephalographic Source Localization of Epileptogenic Zones With Time-Frequency Analysis
Authors: Cuspineda-Bravo Elena R. , Martínez-Montes Eduardo , Farach-Fumero Miguel , Machado-Curbelo Calixto
Published: May 2014

The combination of recently developed methods for electroencephalographic (EEG) space-time-frequency analysis can provide noninvasive functional neuroimages necessary for obtaining an accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone. The aim of this study was to determine if time-frequency (TF) analysis, followed by EEG source localization, would improve the detection and identification of epileptogenic and related activity. Seventeen patients with refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were studied using video EEG recording. TF analysis identified the first epileptogenic EEG changes. Using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach, we compared brain electromagnetic tomographic (BET) images, constructed from the TF domain, with BET images constructed from the time domain only. We determined if the localization identified by BET images was concordant with the localization from medical history and video EEG recording. TF analysis provided a clear display of subtle EEG features, including EEG lateralization, and more concordant and delimited epileptogenic zones, compared with time-domain source analysis. In conclusion, EEG TF analysis improves source localization. After a thorough validation, this methodology could become a useful noninvasive tool for localizing the epileptogenic zone in clinical practice.
Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Patrelli Tito Silvio , Gizzo Salvatore , Noventa Marco , Dall’Asta Andrea , Musarò Andrea , Faioli Raffaele , Zanni Giuliano Carlo , Piantelli Giovanni , Lukanovic Adolf , Bacchi Modena Alberto , Berretta Roberto
Published: May 2014

We performed an observational longitudinal cohort study on patients affected by stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and surgically treated with a transobturator adjustable tape sling (TOA) in order to evaluate this surgical procedure in terms of efficacy, safety, quality of life (QoL) improvement, and patient satisfaction. For all patients, we recorded: general features, preoperative SUI risk factors, obstetrics history, preoperative urodynamic tests, intraoperative/postoperative complications, number of postoperative sling regulations, postmicturition residue, and hospital stay. All patients were asked to complete the validated short version of the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) questionnaire 18 months after discharge to evaluate the efficacy of the TOA system. We added 2 adjunctive items to the UDI-6 in order to evaluate patient satisfaction and QoL. All 77 surgical procedures were performed under locoregional anesthesia without complications. Postoperative TOA regulations were performed in 46.8% of patients immediately after the procedure and in 14.3% during hospitalization. Before discharge, postmicturition residue was negative in 67 cases and less than 50 cc in 10 cases. Mean hospital stay was 2.18 days. From the questionnaire evaluation, we found that after the procedure, 90.9% of patients showed a complete regression of urinary symptoms, 1.3% obtained considerable relief from preoperative symptoms, and 6.6% reported poor or absent symptom improvements; 75.3% of patients were totally satisfied and 5.2% totally disappointed. The possibility of modulating postoperative sling tension and reusing the surgical materials in association with short hospitalization as well as high patient satisfaction render TOA a safe, effective, and low-cost technique for the treatment of female SUI.
Novel Operative Anoscope for Ferguson Hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Champagne Bradley J. , Stein Sharon L. , Haridas Manjunath , Ermlich Bridgett , Hoffman Lisa , Lee Jennifer , Johnson Eric K. , Steele Scott R.
Published: May 2014

Background. Operative hemorrhoidectomy can result in pain and altered continence from excessive excision of anoderm or surrounding tissue. We assessed a novel low-profile slotted anoscope to determine if the device would promote safe dissection, lessen trauma, and reduce operative times for hemorrhoidectomy. Methods. Patients requiring hemorrhoidectomy (June 2008 - January 2010) underwent a prospective phase-2 trial evaluating a new operating anoscope (CAD, Ethicon Endosurgery, Cincinnati, OH). Demographics and perioperative end points including bleeding, pain, fecal incontinence, stenosis, and symptom recurrence were analyzed at 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. We compared these to patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy (February 2010 - November 2012) with a traditional Hill-Ferguson anoscope (THF). Results. 40 patients (CAD, 20 vs THF, 20) were included. Presenting symptoms were similar, whereas mean duration of symptoms was longer for CAD (41.2 ± 8.4 vs 27 ± 9.5 months; P < .05). Estimated blood loss was lower for CAD [8.3 mL (range = 2-40 mL) vs 11.3 mL THF (range = 5-35 mL; P = .87)]. Mean operative times were lower for the CAD than the THF group (15.6 ± 3.4 vs 26.1 ± 4.1 minutes; P < .05). Visual analog pain scores were non-significantly increased in the THF group at 4 weeks ( P = .23). At 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, there was no difference in continence. Conclusion. The CAD anoscope reduced operative times for modified Ferguson (closed) hemorrhoidectomy when compared with traditional retractors. There was no difference in incontinence or pain between groups.
The vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C®) system for surgical site infection with involved vascular grafts
Authors: Saziye Karaca , Afksendiyos Kalangos
Published: May 2014

Background

In vascular surgery, surgical site infection is the most common postoperative morbidity, occurring in 5–10% of vascular patients. The optimal management of surgical site infection with involved lower limb vascular grafts remains controversial. We present our 6-year results of using the V.A.C.® system in surgical site infection with involved vascular grafts.

Methods

A retrospective 6-year review of patient who underwent a VAC® therapy for postoperative surgical site infection in lower limb with involved vascular grafts in our department between January 2006 and December 2011. V.A.C therapy was used in 40 patients. All patients underwent surgical wound revision with VAC® therapy and antibiotics.

Results

The mean time of use of the V.A.C. system was 14.2 days. After mean of 12 days in 34 of 40 patients, in whom the use of VAC® therapy resulted in delayed primary closure or healing by secondary intention. The mean postoperative follow-up time was 61.67 months, during which 3 patients died.

Conclusion

We showed that the V.A.C.® system is valuable for managing specifically surgical site infection with involved vascular grafts. Using the V.A.C.® system, reoperation rates are reduced; 85% of patients avoided graft replacement.
Using the Widely Available Blood Glucose Meter to Monitor Insulin and HbA1c
Authors: Xiang Yu , Lan Tian , Lu Yi
Published: May 2014

The blood glucose meter (BGM) is the most successful and widely used portable device for point-of-care (POC) tests. However, its usage is limited to self-monitoring of blood glucose level only. To expand the targets that BGM can monitor while taking advantage of more than 50 years of technology development, we report herein the use of BGM to detect and quantify insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which are useful hormone for diabetes treatment and biomarker for diabetes monitoring, respectively. The method is based on invertase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and phosphatase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) that convert BGM-inert sucrose or glucose-1-phosphate into glucose in the presence of insulin and glycated hemoglobin, respectively. In both assays, monoclonal antibodies specific to the targets (insulin or HbA1c) are immobilized onto magnetic beads to capture the targets in samples, followed by the formation of sandwich complex with the polyclonal antibodies conjugated to either invertase or phosphatase. The quantification of the targets is then realized by the production of glucose from the biochemical reactions catalyzed by the polyclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates bound on the surface of the magnetic beads. Such a method can be generally applied to a wide range of other biomarkers using the corresponding antibodies.
Multipotent Stromal Cells Outperform Chondrocytes on Cartilage-Derived Matrix Scaffolds
Authors: Benders K.E.M. , Boot W. , Cokelaere S.M. , Van Weeren P.R. , Gawlitta D. , Bergman H.J. , Saris D.B.F. , Dhert W.J.A. , Malda J.
Published: May 2014

Objective

Although extracellular matrix (ECM)–derived scaffolds have been extensively studied and applied in a number of clinical applications, the use of ECM as a biomaterial for (osteo)chondral regeneration is less extensively explored. This study aimed at evaluating the chondrogenic potential of cells seeded on cartilage-derived matrix (CDM) scaffolds in vitro.

Design

Scaffolds were generated from decellularized equine articular cartilage and seeded with either chondrocytes or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). After 2, 4, and 6 weeks of in vitro culture, CDM constructs were analyzed both histologically (hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin-O, collagen types I and II) and biochemically (glycosaminoglycan [GAG] and DNA content).

Results

After 4 weeks, both cell types demonstrated chondrogenic differentiation; however, the MSCs significantly outperformed chondrocytes in producing new GAG-containing cartilaginous matrix.

Conclusion

These promising in vitro results underscore the potency of CDM scaffolds in (osteo)chondral defect repair.
An Upward Spiral Between Gratitude and Humility
Authors: Kruse Elliott , Chancellor Joseph , Ruberton Peter M. , Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: May 2014

In two experiments and one diary study, we examined the relationship between self- and other-oriented processes by considering how gratitude can influence humility and vice versa. Humility is characterized by low self-focus, secure sense of self, and increased valuation of others. Gratitude is marked by a sense that one has benefited from the actions of another. In the first experiment, participants who wrote a gratitude letter showed higher state humility than those who performed a neutral activity. In the second experiment, baseline state humility predicted the amount of gratitude felt after writing a gratitude letter compared to a neutral activity. Finally, in a 14-day diary study, humility and gratitude mutually predicted one another, even after controlling for the other’s prior level. Our results suggest that humility and gratitude are mutually reinforcing.
Using Systems Science for Population Health Management in Primary Care
Authors: Li Yan , Kong Nan , Lawley Mark A. , Pagán José A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

Population health management is becoming increasingly important to organizations managing and providing primary care services given ongoing changes in health care delivery and payment systems. The objective of this study is to show how systems science methodologies could be incorporated into population health management to compare different interventions and improve health outcomes.

Methods:

The New York Academy of Medicine Cardiovascular Health Simulation model (an agent-based model) and data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to evaluate a lifestyle program that could be implemented in primary care practice settings. The program targeted Medicare-age adults and focused on improving diet and exercise and reducing weight.

Results:

The simulation results suggest that there would be significant reductions projected in the proportion of the Medicare-age population with diabetes after the implementation of the proposed lifestyle program for a relatively long term (3 and 5 years). Similar results were found for the subpopulations with high cholesterol, but the proposed intervention would not have a significant effect in the proportion of the population with hypertension over a time period of <5 years.

Conclusions:

Systems science methodologies can be useful to compare the health outcomes of different interventions. These tools can become an important component of population health management because they can help managers and other decision makers evaluate alternative programs in primary care settings.
Addiction to Sugar and Its Link to Health Morbidity
Authors: Swarna Nantha Yogarabindranath
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

The average consumption of sugar in the Malaysian population has reached an alarming rate, exceeding the benchmark recommended by experts. This article argues the need of a paradigm shift in the management of sugar consumption in the country through evidence derived from addiction research.

Methods:

“Food addiction” could lead to high levels of sugar consumption. This probable link could accelerate the development of diabetes and obesity in the community. A total of 94 reports and studies that describe the importance of addiction theory–based interventions were found through a search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Academic Search Complete.

Results:

Research in the field of addiction medicine has revealed the addictive potential of high levels of sugar intake. Preexisting health promotion strategies could benefit from the integration of the concept of sugar addiction. A targeted intervention could yield more positive results in health outcomes within the country.

Conclusion:

Current literature seems to support food environment changes, targeted health policies, and special consultation skills as cost-effective remedies to curb the rise of sugar-related health morbidities.
The Influence of Community Characteristics on Police Officers’ Approaches to Patrolling Latinos in Three Towns
Authors: Reck Paul
Published: May 2014

Race and policing research has identified both macro-level structural factors and micro-level racial meanings that contribute to racial disparities in policing outcomes. However, prior research has not examined how the various features of communal contexts shape officers’ construction of racial meanings. The current study, which is based on ethnographic ride-along interviews with and observations of 52 officers in three suburban communities of varying racial, ethnic, and class diversity in a northeastern state, weds symbolic interactionist and macro-level studies by examining how communal contexts shape both the meanings that police officers attach to Latinos in relation to other pan-ethnic groups and officers’ patrolling of Latinos. The author finds that communal features and processes condition officers’ racial schemas and patrolling practices in significant, variable ways across the three communities. How officers perceived and approached Latinos not only varied across the three towns but differed from that of other pan-ethnic groups. Variability in the communal features and processes influencing officers’ racial schemas and patrolling of racial minorities across these towns suggests the need for a theoretical approach that treats officers’ racial meanings and patrolling approaches as communally situated.
Suggested Spelling Reform in Educated Nigerian English (ENE)
Authors: Ekundayo Steve Bode Omowumi
Published: May 2014

Written English is one area in which Nigerian linguists and grammarians do not accommodate variations of spelling for any sociolinguistic reason, even though they at times misspell or forget the spelling of some confusing words. Most people agree that English spelling system is problematic and therefore needs urgent reform, but who bells the cat? This article examines the English spelling system against the backdrop of Educated Nigerian English and the concept of nativization, stressing the need for reform or nativized spelling in Nigerian English. Questionnaires, library research, and the Internet were used to gather data for this study. The qualitative approach has been adopted in the main for the interpretation of data. The educated Nigerians studied admit that the English spelling system is in part so confusing that they misspell words at times. Therefore, they support the reform or nativization of English spelling. Consequently, this article presents and illustrates proposed reformed spelling by deleting redundant letters, unnecessary clusters of letters, dropping useless silent letters, regularizing digraph, and spelling compound words in one form only. These changes will enhance spelling skills, teaching, reading, and writing in English as a Second Language.
Organizational Diagnosis in Project-Based Companies
Authors: Zarei Behrouz , Chaghouee Yahya , Ghapanchi Fereshteh
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this article is to develop a new method for corporate diagnosis (CD). To this end, a method is developed for the diagnosis process of project-based companies. The article presents a case study in a large company where data have been collected through focus groups. Project delay, high project cost, and low profitability are examples of project deficiency in project-based companies. Such issues have made managers pay special attention to find effective solutions to improve them. Prominent factors are inappropriate strategy, structure, system, human resource management, and PMBOK(Project Management Body of Knowledge) processes. Thus, CD and analysis is an important task in improvement of corporate performance. The CD model that is developed in this article could be used for project-based companies. The proposed method can be used for CD in any project-based company. This article provides an emphatic application of CD as a prerequisite for restructuring in project-based companies.
Perceived Parental Upbringing and the Materialism of Young Adults
Authors: Poraj-Weder Magdalena
Published: May 2014

The aim of the study was to determine whether the level and structure of young adults’ materialism varied depending on parental attitudes toward upbringing and whether a negative assessment of the family of origin’s material situation and a low level of meeting material needs in childhood contributed to the formation of materialistic attitudes. The sample comprised 453 individuals: 335 women (74%) and 118 men (26%). The results indicated that parental attitudes toward upbringing played an important role in forming materialistic orientations in young people. Materialism is associated with parental attitudes of rejection and over-protection. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine whether the level and structure of young adults’ materialism varied depending on their parents’ attitudes toward upbringing. The analysis revealed that groups with different perceptions of these parental attitudes viewed them solely within the scope of variables describing materialism as the importance of possessing and acquiring money to fulfill one’s main goals in life (that being the case for all its dimensions). The “traditional” understanding of materialism (and the most common one in specialist literature), that is, regarding the possession of material goods as a source of happiness and an indicator of success in life, was non-differentiating.
User-Centered Design and Augmentative and Alternative Communication Apps for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Lubas Margaret , Mitchell Jennifer , De Leo Gianluca
Published: May 2014

Communication difficulties are among the most frequent characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Lack of communication can have a significant impact on the child’s life. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) apps are a common form of AAC interventions that involve a combination of affordable technology with software that can be utilized to assist with communication. While AAC apps have been found to have some impact on improving the communication skills of children with ASD, current research exploring this topic is still limited. Focusing on the design process of AAC apps may provide better insight into improving clinical outcomes and user success. The user-centered design process incorporates a continuous cycle of user feedback to help inform and improve the functions and the capabilities of the technology, and it is an essential component in AAC app development. This article outlines how the user-centered design process could be adopted for the development of AAC apps for children with ASD.
Examining Predictors of Help Giving Toward People With a Mental Illness
Authors: Rossetto Alyssia , Jorm Anthony F. , Reavley Nicola J.
Published: May 2014

Little is known about factors influencing helping behaviors toward a person with mental illness. This study explored a range of predictors of helping intentions and behaviors using data from a national survey of Australian adults. Participants ( n = 6,019) were randomly assigned one of six vignettes and asked how they would help the character if it was someone they knew and cared about, and asked whether and how they had helped a person in real life with a similar problem. Responses were scored using a system based on the Mental Health First Aid action plan. Regression analyses examined predictors of high helping scores in relation to type of disorder and respondent demographics, mental health literacy, and experiences with mental illness. Predictors of harmful responses and seeking advice on how to help appropriately were also assessed. Significant predictors varied by vignette, with the only consistent predictor being female gender. Participants aged under 30 provided less helpful responses to people with social phobia. Mental health literacy variables were inconsistently related to helping, whereas more stigmatizing attitudes significantly predicted harmful responses and poor helping scores. Targeting males and young people may improve rates of helpful responses. Education campaigns aiming to reduce stigma and increase knowledge of schizophrenia may also minimize potentially harmful actions.
Osteoarthritis and Social Embarrassment
Authors: Kabel Allison , Dannecker Erin Alice , Shaffer Victoria A. , Mocca Katie C. , Murray Aimee M.
Published: May 2014

Musculoskeletal pain from osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent concern for older adults. Despite recommendations from providers to be physically active, some people with OA fear physical activity and must decide whether it is safe or harmful to undertake physical activity. In this article, we examined the narratives of 10 people living with OA knee pain and the roles that pain and embarrassment played in their activity-related behavior. When asked about their physical activity, 6 of the 10 participants reported some type of embarrassment-related experience. Responses fell into two key categories: (a) embarrassment-related experience from engaging in activity or (b) embarrassment-related experience from avoiding activity. These categories contained subgroups of those seeking to avoid embarrassment and those seeking to avoid pain. Response clusters helped to contextualize the activity behavior of people with knee OA pain as it relates to social identity by providing examples of individuals resisting life disruption.
D-dimer to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism: a management study
Authors: Palareti Gualtiero , Cosmi Benilde , Legnani Cristina , Antonucci Emilia , De Micheli Valeria , Ghirarduzzi Angelo , Poli Daniela , Testa Sophie , Tosetto Alberto , Pengo Vittorio , Prandoni Paolo
Published: May 2014

Key Points

The duration of anticoagulation after VTE is uncertain; this management study intended to identify patients with low/high recurrence risk. Patients with persistently negative D-dimers after stopping standard therapy have a low recurrence risk and can stop anticoagulation.
In utero depletion of fetal hematopoietic stem cells improves engraftment after neonatal transplantation in mice
Authors: Derderian S. Christopher , Togarrati P. Priya , King Charmin , Moradi Patriss W. , Reynaud Damien , Czechowicz Agnieszka , Weissman Irving L. , MacKenzie Tippi C.
Published: May 2014

Key Points

In utero injection of an antibody against the c-Kit receptor can effectively deplete host HSCs in mice. In utero depletion of host HSCs leads to significantly increased engraftment after neonatal congenic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Brain areas involved in the acupuncture treatment of AD model rats: a PET study
Authors: Lu Yangjia , Huang Yong , Tang Chunzhi , Shan Baoci , Cui Shaoyang , Yang Junjun , Chen Junqi , Lin Renyong , Xiao Huiling , Qu Shanshan , Lai Xinsheng
Published: May 2014

Background

Acupuncture may effectively treat certain symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although several studies have used functional brain imaging to investigate the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment on AD, these mechanisms are still poorly understood. We therefore further explored the mechanism by which needling at ST36 may have a therapeutic effect in a rat AD model.

Methods

A total of 80 healthy Wistar rats were divided into healthy control (n = 15) and pre-model (n = 65) groups. After inducing AD-like disease, a total of 45 AD model rats were randomly divided into three groups: the model group (n = 15), the sham-point group (n = 15), and the ST36 group (n = 15). The above three groups underwent PET scanning. PET images were processed with SPM2.

Results

The brain areas that were activated in the sham-point group relative to the model group were primarily centred on the bilateral limbic system, the right frontal lobe, and the striatum, whereas the activated areas in the ST36 group were primarily centred on the bilateral limbic system (pyriform cortex), the bilateral temporal lobe (olfactory cortex), the right amygdala and the right hippocampus. Compared with the sham-point group, the ST36 group showed greater activation in the bilateral amygdalae and the left temporal lobe.

Conclusion

We concluded that needling at a sham point or ST36 can increase blood perfusion and glycol metabolism in certain brain areas, and thus may have a positive influence on the cognition of AD patients.