bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transarmament: from Offensive to Defensive Defense
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

The article argues that the most important cut in the range of possible reactions to an attack is not between weapons of mass destruction and conventional defense, nor between military and non-military defense, but between offensive and defensive means of defense. Defensive weapons systems are defined as those that have a limited range and destruction area and for that reason can (essentially) only be used on one's own territory; offensive weapons systems are all the others. The distinction is based on their objective properties, not on subjective declarations or perceptions. Three types of defensive defense are then described: conventional military defense, para-military defense and nonmilitary defense — a good non-provocative or inoffensive defense should then be based on all three. The concept is explored further and some objections are discussed, the most important being that a minimum interdiction capability is indispensable, and that it would be offensive by the criterion used. The conclusion is that the defensive character will have to rest on the overall posture. The concept developed is then related to similar concepts in the rapidly emerging literature in this field in Eastern Europe.
The Nuclearization of Language: Nuclear Allergy as Political Metaphor
Authors: Hook Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the role of metaphor in structuring political reality for manipulative purposes. The research is mainly limited to an analysis of nuclear allergy as political metaphor. This metaphor was used most predominantly in the late 1960s to brand opponents of Japan's nuclearization as 'allergic'. By locating antinuclear sentiments in the medical context of disease, those trying to nuclearize Japan were able to invoke the entailment of the need for a 'cure'. A gradual increase in the number of nuclear-powered (and undoubtedly nuclear-weapon loaded) U.S. ships and submarines making port calls to Japan, criticism of the antinuclear sentiments from the viewpoint of 'international common sense', and the initiation of a propaganda campaign, were used to try to 'cure' the Japanese people's antinuclear 'allergy'. The metaphor functions by transferring the image of 'harmlessness' associated with an allergen to nuclear weapons and by transferring the image of 'abnormal' associated with a reaction to an allergen to those Japanese opposed to nuclear weapons. Four conclusions are drawn: 1. the metaphor played an important role in structuring political reality; 2. labelling opponents as 'allergic' undermined the democratic discourse; 3. analyzing the inner workings of a metaphor can expose its manipulative power; 4. peace researchers, educators and activists need to exercise care in the use of metaphors and help to promulgate countermetaphors useful for denuclearization.
Security Policies of European Countries Outside the Soviet Sphere
Authors: van der Wusten Herman , Nijman Jan , Thijsse Rob
Published: March 2007

Security policies of states have a military and a diplomatic aspect. For the European countries outside the Soviet sphere a basic characteristic of their security policies is the extent to which these are aligned to the American- European security relationship. A typology of security policies is set up based on military and political alignment. There are five types: Faithfuls, Marginals, Neutrals, Partners, Fortresses. For the last two types, scores differ con siderably. For various reasons these types also have higher defense burdens than the others, which in their turn do not differ systematically on this count. Military alignment does not necessarily coincide with political alignment. To the extent that alignment is one dimension of security policy at all, it is apparently a different one from defense burden. Although the types are quite stable over time, some evolution occurs: variation in military alignment in creases, political alignment with the US generally decreases, defense burdens diminish. Cross-unit and over-time differences are related to power position and geography, but there also seems to be an element of routinization to explain the evolution of the system. It is finally argued that the trends towards qualitative changes in the system unfortunately are not necessarily for the better.
Misconstruing the First Image: The Fallacy of US Vulnerability
Authors: Spruyt Hendrik
Published: March 2007

Recently this journal published a psychotherapist's view of the arms race. The author, Francoise Hall, argued that the US is objectively confronted with increasing problems with the Third World, but has displaced these to the sphere of East-West relations. In the latter sphere, however, the US's hostile perception is not buttressed by objective evidence. This analysis fails on two grounds. First, it is unable to surmount the theoretical problem of how to explain macrolevel phenomena from microlevel theories. Second, the author misinterprets empirical data. The US is not very vulnerable to the Third World. North-South relations still remain asymmetically skewed in favor of the US. The example of OPEC is an anomaly. Overall, this psychological approach is symptomatic of paradigms which neglect systemic analysis. As a consequence, the proposed solution, for increased monitoring of global trends, is idealistic and does not alter structural relations.
A Comparison of Evolutionary Programming and Genetic Algorithms on Selected Constrained Optimization Problems
Authors: Fogel David B.
Published: March 2007

Evolutionary programming and genetic algorithms are compared on two constrained optimization problems. The constrained problems are redesigned as related unconstrained problems by the application of penalty functions. The experiments indicate that evolutionary programming outperforms the genetic algorithm. The results are statistically significant under nonparametric hypothesis testing. The results also indicate potential difficulties in the design of suitable penalty functions for constrained optimization problems. A discussion is offered regarding the suitability of different methods of evolutionary computation for such problems.
A Mixed Analog/Digital VLSI Design and Simulation of An Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) Neural Network Architecture
Authors: Ho C.S. , Liou J.J. , Georgiopoulos M. , Christodoulou C.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a mixed analog/digital circuit design and simulation for an architecture called the augmented adaptive resonance theory-1 neural network (AART1-NN). The circuit is implemented based on the transconductance-mode approach and mixed analog/digital components, in which analog circuits are used to fully incorporate the parallel mechanism of the neural network, whereas digital circuits are used to provide a reduced circuit size as well as more precise multiplication operation. The AART1-NN circuit implemented is simulated using Pspice, and the results are in good agreement with those calculated numerically from the coupled nonlinear differential equations governing the AART1-NN.
KNOBSAR: A Knowledge Based System Prototype for Robot Assisted Urban Search and Rescue
Authors: Blitch John G. , Maurer Ruth
Published: March 2007

Few disasters inspire more compassion for victims and families than those involving structural collapse situations. Media audiences also sympathize, however, with heroic rescue personnel who are faced with a tremendously complex, hazardous, and often frustrating task environment. Rescue activities in the aftermath of recent earthquakes and bombings indicate a tremendous need for greater access to denied areas within any crisis site involving collapsed structures. Recent developments in the remote inspection industry show great potential for employment of small robotic micro- rover systems in expanded roles for Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). Similar progress in computer science research indicates an increasing role for simulation oriented modeling and intelligent decision support tools in USAR resource management procedures.

This paper discusses key issues in the application of robotic systems to Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) activities and discusses ongoing development of a knowledge based system for efficient management of automated search assets.
How Lightly Can Ten Billion Tread? Examples from America, or One Hundred Yellowstones
Authors: Waggoner Paul E. , Ausubel Jesse H. , Wernick Iddo
Published: March 2007

Herewith the conclusion of a paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Baltimore in February of this year.
Distributed Virtual Environment for Satellite Orbital Modelling and Near-Earth Space Environment Simulation and Portrayal
Authors: Stytz Martin R. , Kunz Andrea A.
Published: March 2007

The Satellite Modeler (SM) is a distributed virtual environment application that simulates the near-Earth space environment and portrays 3D graphical satellite models moving in their correct orbits around the Earth. The system allows the user to view satellites in orbit from both a space-based and Earth-based point of view. The Satellite Modeler provides capabilities that allow a user to interact with multiple satellite models and with active satellite constellations. The user can establish satellite orbital parameters during distributed virtual environment initial ization and while the virtual environment is running. The system also functions as a network actor in a distributed virtual environment. The Satellite Modeler achieves realistic physical modeling of satellite orbital motion by basing its orbital calculations upon orbital mechanics and NORAD orbital element descriptions for satellites in orbit.
When System Dynamics ODE Models Fail
Authors: Raczynski Stanislaw
Published: March 2007

Two examples of models formulated in terms of the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) are given. It is pointed out that, in certain situations, the ODE- based models commonly used in system dynamics may be completely wrong. Even in some very simple models of the dynamics of populations it is not certain that any finite state vector of the system exists, which means that the corresponding finite ODE model does not exist. If the modeled system is nonlinear, the existence of solutions to the ODE model is important. The mapping from the space of disturbances to the space of corresponding trajectories may be discontinuous, even if the right-hand sides of the equations are continuous. This may cause errors when simplified models are used. A possible application of the discrete event and object-oriented simulation instead of the ODE models is suggested.
Modeling and Simulation of Multithreaded Architectures
Authors: Vlassov Vladimir , Ayani Rassul , Thorelli Lars-Erik
Published: March 2007

Multithreaded architectures are widely used for, among other things, hiding long memory latency. In such an architecture, a number of threads are allocated to each Processing Element (PE), and whenever a running thread becomes suspended, the PE switches to the next ready thread. We have developed a simulation platform, MTASim, that can be used to test and evaluate various policies and parameters of a multithreaded computer. The most important features of the MTASim are its flexibility and its ease of use. The MTASim model is based on finite state machines and can be easily modified and expanded. The simulation platform includes an experimental planner, an interface to PVM for the execution of independent experiments in parallel, and an interface to Matlab for processing and displaying results. The MTASim has been used to, among other things, determine the optimal number of threads and to evaluate various prefetching strategies and thread replacement algorithms.
Discrete-Event Simulation of Alga Expansion
Authors: Hill David , Coquillard Patrick , de Vaugelas Jean
Published: March 2007

In the middle of the eighties, the French coast of the Mediterranean Sea (in the vicinity of Monaco) had been the initial site of the development of Caulerpa taxifolia, a tropical alga introduced by mistake. At the present time, this species has colonized several thousand acres of the French coast and has been detected at numerous points of the north-Mediterranean coast from Messina (Italy) to the Baleares Islands (Spain). Since the colonization of the French coast presented an impressive growth rate, and in order to forecast the development of Caulerpa, a simulation study was engaged. The purpose of the study is to evaluate Caulerpa propagation by means of an algorithmic computer model involving less restrictions than a mathematical model. This paper proposes the coupling of a Geographical Information System with a discrete-event simulation model that has to cope with incomplete data and sampling difficulties encountered in the hostile environment of the sea. This paper also presents an effort of collaboration between scientists of different disciplines.
"Task Trees" — A Hierarchical Structure for Modelling Complex Jobshops
Authors: Crawford Ewan W. , Percy-Robb Iain W. , Clark Barry
Published: March 2007

The throughput of clinical laboratories is determined by the "case mix" of the patients treated. Case mix is the mix of analyses determined by the types of patients treated at a hospital. This varies widely, as specific days may have different clinics. The assumptions made in order to use current simulators to model clinical laboratories (invariant case mix, superficial averaging of analyser performance, and indiscriminate scheduling) are no longer acceptable in a decision support system. A novel core engine that implements a "hierarchical" version of the discrete-event simulation approach, "task trees," is presented. This addresses the fundamental problems of "interlocking" between tasks (both within and without jobshops) and the need to model at a detailed level, i.e., scheduling individual tests on analysers. This engine is currently being used to compare many different laboratory analysers in "what if' scenarios.
Exploiting an Object-Oriented Simulation Tool to Model a PCS Network
Authors: Malloy Brian A. , Bin Chen
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a simulator for a personal communication service network (PCS) using SIMPLE++, a special-purpose system for simulation modeling. The SIMPLE++ system includes a special- purpose language, similar to C++, that provides facilities for object-oriented programming. By including a programming language as part of the system, the SIMPLE++ user can construct a model with the detail required to capture the semantics of the system under study. SIMPLE++ also includes facilities for model construction using iconic-based blocks; this facility provides ease of use and can obviate the need for the end user to be an accomplished programmer. Thus, the SIMPLE++ system incorporates the advantages of using a special-purpose language together with the advantages of using an icon-based tool.
Discrete-Event Simulation Models of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Authors: McKenzie F. Ellis , Wong Roger C. , Bossert William H.
Published: March 2007

We develop discrete-event simulation models using a single "timeline" variable to repre sent the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle in individual hosts and vectors within interacting host and vector populations. Where they are comparable, our conclusions regarding the relative importance of vector mortality and the durations of host immunity and parasite development are congruent with those of classic differential-equation models of malaria epidemiology. However, our results also imply that in regions with intense perennial transmission, the influence of mosquito mortality on malaria prevalence in humans may be rivaled by that of the dura tion of host infectivity.
High Level Architecture Object Model Development And Supporting Tools
Authors: Lutz Robert , Scrudder Roy , Graffagnini Jean
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with the activities currently underway within the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) to provide supporting pro cesses and tools for HLA federation and object model development. The article begins by introducing the fundamental concepts of an HLA federation and HLA object model, and identifies the processes that have been defined to guide their development. The HLA Tool Architecture is then discussed, which defines the overarching framework within which the HLA object modeling tools are described. Next, a use case example is presented to illustrate how automated tools facilitate the HLA object model development process. Finally, the mecha nisms in place to provide user support for HLA object modeling tools and processes are identi fied, as well as DMSO initiatives to foster a marketplace for commercial tool development.
Evaluation of Underground Development Mining Systems Using Discrete-Event Simulation
Authors: Runciman Neil , Vagenas Nick , Baiden Greg
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the application of simulation for comparing underground development mining operations. The simulation-modelling environ ment, WITNESS by the Lanner Group, is used to model a typical drill and blast development min ing system as a benchmark and conceptual min ing systems for automated/tele-remote mining. The benchmark model is verified and validated and the proposed development mining systems are developed and evaluated. Simulation experiments are constructed to investigate the performance of the proposed models in terms of advance footage obtained over a 30-day period. The results indi cate that automating an underground develop ment mining system can increase the advance rate of a system as compared to a typical current de velopment mining operation. In addition, if a shift schedule for tele-remote mining operations is in troduced (elimination of travel time to and from the workplace), a further increase in the total ad vance of a mining system can be achieved.
Survey of Languages and Runtime Libraries for Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation
Authors: Low Yoke-Hean , Lim Chu-Cheow , Wentong Cai  , Huang Shell-Ying , Hsu Wen-Jing , Jain Sanjay , Turner Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

To develop a parallel discrete-event simulation from scratch requires in-depth knowledge of the mapping process from the physical model to the simulation model, and also a substantial effort in coping with the numerous issues concerning the underlying synchronization protocols in use. Languages and libraries could reduce the devel opment effort significantly by providing the user with a pre-built parallel simulation kernel as well as application development tools. This pa per contains a survey of the existing languages and libraries for parallel discrete-event simula tion. It is divided into two major sections: one on the languages, the other on the libraries. The discussions are mainly focused on the following aspects: user model, programming framework and language features, library API, protocols, and system support and environment. The re ported performances of some packages are also summarized.
Medical Mystique
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Reid Margaret , Sheldrake Peter
Published: March 2007

The paper begins with a discussion of the concepts of "Indeterminacy" and "Technicality" in the context of a sociology of the professions. It is argued that the definition and preservation of areas of indeterminate knowledge are central in the creation of claims to professional expertise. In the second part of the paper, this argument is illustrated by two case studies drawn from intersegmental negotiations and disputes within the medical profession in Britain: the dispute over the remuneration over General Practitioners, 1963-1965, and the debate over specialist registration, 1968-1969.
"Atrocity Stories" and Professional Relationships
Authors: Dingwall Robert
Published: March 2007

It is argued that social interaction involves the reciprocal typification of parties to any encounter in the light of the social theories which those parties have available to them. One element of such theories is a conception of the social structure of one's society, including a taxonomy of occupations. Two problems are generated within this taxonomy, that of inclusion, defining what properly falls within some category, and that of exclusion, defining what properly falls out with that category. One way in which these problems are resolved is in the telling of "atrocity stories" which assert and defend the rational character of an occupation and its members against illegitimate claims to its work or to social superiority. These arguments are examined in the light of data derived from a participant-observation study of health visitors, a type of British public health nurse occupying an interstitial role between health and welfare services. The uncertainities of their situation and the role of atrocity stories are examined through a consideration of their relationships with doctors, social workers, other nurses, and ancillary health workers.
Fabric Inspection Based on Best Wavelet Packet Bases
Authors: Hu M.C. , Tsai I.S.
Published: March 2007

In this study, we use best wavelet packet bases and an artificial neural network (ANN) to inspect four kinds of fabric defects. Multiresolution representation of an image using wavelet transform is a new and effective approach for analyzing image information content. In this study, we find the values and positions for the smallest-six entropy in a wavelet packet best tree that acts as the feature parameters of the ANN for identifying fabric defects. We explore three basic considerations of the classification rate of fabric defect inspection comprising wavelets with various maximum vanishing moments, different numbers of resolution levels, and differently scaled fabric images. The results show that the total classification rate for a wavelet function with a maximum vanishing moment of four and three resolution levels can reach 100%, and differently scaled fabric images have no obvious effect on the classification rate.
Application of Phase Microscopy to Textile Fiber Research
Authors: Reumuth H.
Published: March 2007

Considerable attention is being given to applications of a comparatively recent develop ment in the field of microscopy known as "phase microscopy" ( also called "phase difference" and "phase contrast microscopy"). An ordinary light microscope is transformed into a phase microscope by placing light-controlling diffraction plates in the objective lens system. By the use of this device the full aperture of the objective lens may be used, thus eliminating the dis tortion which frequently occurs when the condenser is stopped down and revealing details which are not observable with the ordinary light microscope.

In the United States the Research Department of the Scientific Instrument Division, Ameri can Optical Company, has independently developed a phase microscope which is being used by a number of organizations in a variety of fields including biology, medicine, mineralogy, and textiles. Bennett et al. [ 1] have described the phase microscope and have discussed the theoretical principles upon which it is based. These theoretical principles are also set forth in an excellent paper by Köhler and Loos, a translation of which appears on page 82 of this issue.

This article, which illustrates typical applications of the phase microscope in the textile field, . is a translation of a manuscript obtained by Mr. Werner von Bergen, Technical Intelligence In vestigator in Germany, for the Office of The Quartermaster General, from Dr. H. Reumuth, formerly of the Microscopic Laboratory of I. G. Farbenindustrie at Höchst. The transla tion is by members of the staff of that laboratory.—Editor
Variation in the Properties of Cotton Fibers with Length
Authors: Pillay K.P.R. , Shankaranarayana K.S.
Published: March 2007

Variation in the properties of fibers constituting a sample of cotton is one of their most remarkable characteristics. This variation has been studied, in the present paper, on 12 cottons, the fibers having first been sorted into groups based on quartile lengths. It is found that, in gerieral, fiber strength, uniformity of strength, maturity, and reversals per unit length increase with increase in length group, while elongation per unit load decreases. The variation in fineness shows that the extreme length groups are finer than the middle ones. The significance of these findings for elucidating many problems of practical interest is indicated briefly.
A Simplified Hot Plate Apparatus
Authors: Niven C.D.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus which can measure the thermal insulation of textiles by a much simpler method than the standard hot-plate method is described. It consists of a block of metal surrounded by a fairly massive, thermostatically controlled, aluminum guard box. The time taken for the block to cool half a degree centigrade, chosen at the temperature of the guard box, gives a measure of the insulating value. Samples for calibrating the apparatus require to be measured on the standard hot plate, but when the apparatus is once calibrated by means of these measured samples, insulation value in do units can be read off a graph when the cooling time of a sample is known.
The Use of Phototropic Camouflage Colorants in Combat Clothing to Protect Against Nuclear Flash Radiation
Authors: Weissbein Leonard
Published: March 2007

A theoretical analysis was undertaken to explore the feasibility of using phototropic camouflage colorants in combat clothing for protection against the intense flash pulse emitted by a nuclear bomb detonation. Such colorants would undergo rearrangement to colorless forms in the initial stage of the nuclear flash pulse, thereby increasing the re flectivity of the fabric, and would revert to the colored form when the flash pulse sub sides.

In this analysis, rate equations describing the behavior of a model phototropic color ant in bright sunlight and its response to a defined nuclear flash pulse were derived. These equations were used to explore feasibility on theoretical grounds in terms of kinetic considerations. Feasibility was indicated, theoretically at least, provided , certain requirements could be met. These requirements were expressed by the relative magnitudes of the rate constants of the photoinduced decoloration and the thermally induced color restoration processes, and the activation energy associated with the latter, process. There was also indication from the kinetic considerations, that in subsequent screening studies for suitable phototropic colorants provision must be made for detect ing transient decoloration cycles with duration times of less than one second.
Part II: Textile Properties of Fabric Modified by Reaction with Phenyl Isocyanate
Authors: Ellzey S.E. , Wade Clinton P. , Mack Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Cotton print cloth modified by reaction with phenyl isocyanate in either pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide has slightly enhanced breaking strength and elongation. The treated fabrics show good rot resistance but poor resistance to degradation by outdoor weathering. The isocyanate treatment gives a fabric of lower moisture regain and good stability to home laundering. For a given reaction, solvent degradation of the treated fabrics by chlorine bleaching and scorching bears an inverse relation to the nitrogen content of the fabrics in the range studied.
A Study of Factors Influencing the Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Yarns
Authors: Frank F. , Singleton R.W.
Published: March 2007

A new instrument capable of recording the load-extension behavior of a yarn in cyclic testing is described. The instrument is constructed in such a fashion that it is possible to vary both the humidity and the temperature of the air in which the yarn is tested. Frequency and amplitude are also variable over a limited range.

It is shown that the range of fatigue lifetimes of yarns in cycling conforms to the Weibull distribution, which is based on the theory of extreme values.

Experimental evidence indicates that increased "plasticization" brought about by heat and/or water tends to increase the fatigue life of fibers.

The failure of twisted yarns in fatigue testing is different than that observed in un twisted structures This fact points out the difficulty in extrapolating the results pre sented here to actual tire cord failures.
Structural Properties of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Betrabet S.M. , Iyengar R.L.N.
Published: March 2007

A brief résumé of the literature on bundle strength in relation to orientation has been presented. With this as a background, the behavior according to species of 67 cottons of Indian and foreign origm is analyzed with respect to the convolution angle-strength relationship. The highest correlation coefficient between the two entities was observed for G. arboreum bengalense (-0.97) and Egyptian G. barbadeuse (-0.93) cottons; no correlation was observed for G. herbaceum and Indian G. hirsutum cottons. The over alt correlation coefficient was highly significant at -0.73, and a common regression line could be fitted to the entire data irrespective of the species to which the cottons belonged. hterspecies differences in fibrillar orientation vs strength have been high lighted particularly for G. herbaccum and Indian G. hirsutum cottons, where factors influeneing strength have not yet been clearly established.
Some Microbial-Resistant Compounds of Zirconium and Their Effect on Cotton
Authors: Conner C. James , Cooper A.S. , Reeves W.A. , Trask B.A.
Published: March 2007

New antimicrobial agents suitable for use on cotton fabrics have been made by reacting certain zirconium compounds with inorganic and organometallic compounds. Several zirconium compounds have been examined for this purpose, but most of the research has been done with zirconyl acetate and zirconyl ammonium carbonate. Both of these water-soluble zirconium compounds have been found to solubilize a number of antimicrobial agents. Although several agents have been studied, most emphasis has been placed upon inexpensive copper compounds and a lesser amount on phenylmercury salts.

The antimicrobial agents are made water-soluble by reacting them with one of the zirconium compounds. When the aqueous solutions are heated to dryness the, active ions of the antimicrobial agents form insoluble products with zirconium. If zirconium acetate is used as the solubilizing agent, basic zirconyl acetate is a component of the insoluble deposit. However, when zirconyl ammonium carbonate is the solubilizing agent, zirconia is found combined with the antimicrobial agent. Structural formulae are given to illustrate some of the water-soluble products and also the insoluble products that are thought to result from heating the soluble materials. The results of water leaching and substantivity are given.

Cotton fabrics are finished with the antimicrobial agents by padding them through stable solutions of the solubilized compounds, then drying at elevated temperatures. Treated fabrics have a high degree of resistance to degradation by micro-organisms when tested by soil burial and outdoor exposure methods. For example, 10-oz duck treated with copper borate solubilized with zirconyl ammonium carbonate to deposit copper bis(borato zirconic acid) retained 100% strength after five weeks in a rot bed and remained free of mildew and algae growth for many months on outdoor exposure. There appears to be a number of advantages of the new zirconium compounds over antimicrobial agents in current commercial use. The new agents have the advantage of: (i) good resistance to micro-organisms; (ii) good durability; (iii) lower cost than copper-8-quinolinolate; (iv) no odor; and (v) some resistance to action degradation.
The Rating of Yarns for Short-Term Unevenness
Authors: Bornet G.M.
Published: March 2007

Two surveys for unevenness were conducted between 1956 and 1960. They covered yarns spun on the worsted and on the cotton systems. They provide a broad picture of the unevenness of yarns produced commercially in Canada and in some other coun tries. Because of the wide coverage, the yarns are considered to be representative of spinning on the worsted and cotton systems.

A total of 438 yarns were included, 282 of them spun in 62 Canadian mills, and 156 yarns coming from 55 mills in ten other countries. Of the 438 yarns, 104 were worsted, 151 carded cotton, 69 combed cotton, and 114 man-made fibers. A large range of counts were covered, from 310 to 7.6 tex.

Short-term unevenness was found to vary greatly from yarn to yarn. A major factor in this variation is the count of the yarn ; finer yarns tend to be more uneven. Both the unevenness as measured on the unevenness tester and a calculated "index of unev enness" (based on Martindale's "random" unevenness) depend on yarn count. A modified index, the Unevenness Level, was developed. It eliminates the influence of yarn "size" (that is, of yarn count and of fiber fineness) and can serve to rate the "spinner's per formance." It is a modification of the index of unevenness and is based on a Poisson model intermediate between Martindale's and Temmerman's. It is proposed for the rating of varns spun on the cotton and on the worsted systems.
A New Electronic Device for Counting and Classifying Neps in Card Web
Authors: Viaplana A. , Barella A. , Pujal M.
Published: March 2007

A new electronic device for counting and classifying neps into four groups according to their size is described in the present paper. Some work carried out with industrial card webs from spinning mills shows that the most effective sample to characterize a web comprises four test specimens. The statistical distribution of neps according to their size and the correlation between the resutts obtained with the apparatus and with the visual rating by TEFO standards are also considered.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Modified Cottons
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Piccolo Biagio , Mitcham Donald , O'Connor Robert T.
Published: March 2007

The application of x-ray emission techniques to the qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of chemically and additively modified cotton textiles has been investi gated. Sample preparation and calibration techniques which appear to be suitable for the analysis of textile materials have been devised. The method has been applied to a variety of samples containing some 20 individual elements. The technique is useful for identifying the elements present in fabrics finished with poorly defined agents. It has been applicable to problems involving the add-on and subsequent loss of fungicidal agents containing such elements as Cd, Zn, Se, Cl, S, and P. Typical results obtained with a number of modified cottons are given.
Factors Influencing the Evaluation of Actinic Degradation of Fibers
Authors: Singleton R.W. , Kunkel R.K. , Sprague B.S.
Published: March 2007

A procedure giving reproducible data has been devised for the preparation, exposure, and testing of yarns in fabric form for resistance to actinic degradation. Effects of season, test location, and sample presentation have been considered. It has been shown that ultraviolet radiation is a more useful index of exposure than total incident radiation. It is suggested that the cyclical seasonal variation of ozone in the upper atmosphere is responsible for the observed seasonal variations in ultraviolet radiation. It is also sug gested that the difference in degradation rate noted between South Florida and Arizona are primarily a function of the observed large difference in relative humidity between those sites. Preliminary accelerated tests in Xenon and Sunshine Carbon Arc Weather ometers are shown to correlate with direct-to-weather tests based on an ultraviolet radiation index.
The Mechanism of Setting and the Release of Set in Water
Authors: Caldwell J.B. , Leach S.J. , Mtlligan Brian
Published: March 2007

The rates of release of wool yarns set under a variety of conditions have been measured. There is a rapid initial loss of set followed by a slower loss that is linear with the logarithm of time of release. Partial destruction of free thiol groups in the set yarns decreases the extent of the rapid phase, but has no effect on the rate of the slow phase. These effects are similar to those produced by prolonged setting. If free thiol groups are completely destroyed or if the set yarns are released in Acid. even the rate of the slow phase is decreased.

In order to, explain these and other results, we have postulated that two different types of contractile structures arise during setting. These are disorganized (but extended) regions, and β-crystallites. Contraction of the former causes loss of set in the rapid phase, whereas collapse of β-crystallites is responsible for the slow logarithmic loss of set. The rapid phase may be divided into two stages, only one of which requires thiol/disulfide interchange. The slow phase also requires thiol disultide interchange, but in this case does not normally limit the rate of release.
Chemical Reactions Involved in the Shrinkproofing of Wool by Oxidation-Sulfite Processes
Authors: Sweetman B.J. , Maclaren J.A.
Published: March 2007

The production of shrink resistance in wool by treatments which involve oxidation by peracetate on permonosulphate and subsequent treatment with sulphite is shown to be dependent on particular chemical reactions. These reactions have been followed by disulfide and thiol analyses on intact and hydrolyzed wool samples and also by measure ments of rate of uptake of35SO32-from solution by wool.

Oxidation 'of wool with dilute peracetic acid converts the disulfide groups into di sulfide monoxide and dioxide, thus facilitating fission by nucleophilic reagents such as sulfite or cyanide. The results support the theory of Neish and Speakman that shrink resistance in wool is produced by fission of disulfide bonds.
The Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Grosberg P. , Swani N.M.
Published: March 2007

The plate buckling of woven fabrics is analyzed in terms of the known non-linear bending behavior of such fabrics. A simplified form of this non-linearity is found to explain the behavior of the fabric. It is shown that it is possible to deduce both the linear bending resistance of the fabric and the initial frictional couple from the buckling behavior of such fabrics.
Cotton Fiber Structure and Physical Properties Altered by Environment
Authors: Grant James N. , Orr Rollin S. , Powell Robert D.
Published: March 2007

By varying light and temperature, differences in diurnal ring structure were produced in cotton fibers from inbred lines of Deltapine 14 and Rex 25C belonging to the species Gossypium hirsutum. The relationships of the secondary wall structure to physical and chemical properties were then investigated. When fibers were swollen with a mixture of cuprammonium and cupriethylene diamine hydroxides solutions, optical microscopic methods indicated that variations in the temperature had caused a diurnal ring structure. If the temperature was held constant, even though the light varied by alternating with dark periods, no diurnal rings were observed. When fibers were swollen with a methanol-water mixture and embedded in methyl methacrylate, the electron microscope method of layer expansion technique indicated no differences in the cell-wall structure related to the light and temperature fluctuations. Although segments of the secondary wall, with and' without rings ruptured tangential to the primary wall and followed the pattern of a ring structure, no evidence was found that the rupture planes were correlated with the ring structure when such existed. The period between flowering and boll opening varied with environmental conditions; the shortest period occurred when the temperature was constant at 85°F and the light was continuous.

The gross properties of fibers, such as linear density. length, and maturity, differed with growth conditions. For cottons grown under controlled environments, the varia tions were small in cellulose density, percentage of crystalline cellulose, cellulose orienta tion, and moisture regain. At a constant angle of cellulose orientation, cottons with the diurnal rings were stronger and by bundle test methods, had slightly lower elongations at break. When the cottons of different ring structures were treated with a cross-linking agent, the cottons with no rings decreased in strength and elongation slightly more than the cottons with rings. The tensile properties showed the most consistent relations to the diurnal ring structure, but differences between cottons with and without rings were small.
Evaluation Techniques for Fibrous Materials
Authors: Schulman Stanley
Published: March 2007

Research and development directed at improved fibers and fibrous materials normally utilizes relatively conventional apparatus for fiber, yarn, and fahric characterization. When desired material properties are dictated by end-use requirements, which represent extremes in temperature resistance, strength-to-weight ratio, high impact velocities, etc., novel equipment and techniques are likely to be necessary for such cesearch. This is the case with the Air Forces' effort in the area of materials evaluation. Techniques now in use are, for the most part, suitable for materials being researched, but improve ments must be made for the next generation of fibrous materials. New methods of characterization will be needed to overcome shortcomings of present techniques and to adapt to an ever increasing requirement for the properties of all types of materials. For example, evatuation of thermally stable abrasion-resistant finishes will require long- term, high-temperature flex testing. The laboartory equipment herein described repre sents a small fraction of the total in-house capability of the Air Force Materials Labora tory for conducting exploratory research and development on advanced fibrous materials for aerospace systems.
Structure and Stability of Chloroform-Included Cotton Cellulose1
Authors: Wade R.H. , Creely J.J.
Published: March 2007

Conditions under which chloroform and carbon tetrachloride can be trapped as inclusions within the fibers of cotton cellulose were studied. As much as 20% chloroform by weight was included in cotton swollen in liquid ammonia. X-ray studies indicated that the cellulose lattice was disrupted by the included chloroform so that it appeared amorphous. Washing with toluene did not affect the inclusion complex. Although the complex was stable if stored in a closed con tainer, it very slowly decomposed with loss of chloroform upon exposure to the air. Thermal analyses indicated that the complex was stable up to 200°C but that it broke down with loss of chloroform between 200 and 300°C. The energy of activation for this dissociation was 35 kcal/mole.
Bending Limits of Some High-Modulus Fibers
Authors: Skelton John , Schoppee Meredith
Published: March 2007

Tensile strains at failure in pure tension and in bending were measured for several high-modulus fibers, and fiber loop strength was determined at a range of loop curvatures for the same materials. Brittleness in bending is not necessarily associated with high tensile modulus and low breaking strain if the fiber is capable of yielding in compression.
Sorption of Solubilized Water by Cellulose from Perchloroethylene
Authors: Wentz Manfred , Gates David M.
Published: March 2007

The sorption of solubilized water by cellulose from perchloroethylene is an exothermic process below an activity of 0.8 and the sorption isotherms are sigmoidal in shape, as is also true when water is taken up by cellulose in conventional humid atmospheres. The diffusion coefficient of solubilized water increases exponentially with activity of water and with tem perature. The sorption and diffusiun of water from the solubilized state into cellulose thus can be controlled ftom a consideration of fundamental principles of thermodynamics and kinetics.
Sonic Fineness Testing of Scoured 1/2-Inch Wool Cores for Average Fiber Diameter
Authors: Reals H.C. , Meyers C.A. , Padgett K.L.
Published: March 2007

The average fiber diameters for 113 scoured 1/2-inch (13 mm) core samples were determined using the Sonic Fineness Tester developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Australia and a con version table based on cut and carded wool tops. A comparison of these measurements with measurements determined by the short fiber (microprojection) method showed that Sonic values were coarser for fine wools and finer for coarse wools. A quadratic regression formula based on short fiber measurements of the 1/2-inch (13 mm) cores was used to prepare a con version table to estimate average fiber diameter from millivolt readings on the CSIRO Sonic Fineness Tester.
Properties of the Matrix in Keratins
Authors: Bendit E.G. , Kelly M.
Published: March 2007

A technique is described for the determination of stress-strain curves of keratin specimens in longitudinal and transverse compression. The testing procedure involves use of a table-model Instron testing machine, modified to improve the linearity of the instrumental characteristic (the compliance of the machine), and to give precision of strain determinations of the order of ±0.1 μm, as measured by the reproducibility of the crosshead position during a stress-strain test. Pro cedures are discussed for the preparation of specimens with near-parallel test faces, generally in the form of cylinders or rectangular parallelepipeds of typical dimensions 200 X 150 X 100 μm. The residual nonparallelism of the specimen causes the low-strain region of the stress-strain curve to be sigmoidal, resulting in an apparently linear, strictly inflexion region. Values of longitudinal and transverse "inflexion" moduli are reported for keratins at various relative humidities. In water, the former vary little from keratin to keratin, while the latter range from ~0.03 G Pa for rhinoceros horn to ~1.0 G Pa for echidna quill.
Perforated-Groove, Self-Cleaning, Open-End Spinning Rotors
Authors: Murray Michael F. , Folk Craig L.
Published: March 2007

This progress report describes a new type of self-cleaning, open-end spinning rotor. Rotors were modified by drilling holes of different numbers, sizes, and angles in the rotor groove. Accumulation of rotor dust was significantly less for the perforated than for the control rotors. The perforated rotors removed short fiber as well as dust and produced a yarn that shed less during knitting. Yarn quality was not adversely affected by the perforated rotors.
Surface and Adhesion Properties of Polypyrrole-Coated Textiles
Authors: Heisey C.L. , Wightman J.P. , Pittman E.H. , Kuhn H.H.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a chemical and physical analysis of the surface of polypyrrole- coated electrically conductive textiles and a study of the adhesion of polypyrrole- coated nylon fibers to epoxy using the microbond test. The chemical composition of the surface of the conductive polymer coating was determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface textures of polypyrrole-coated polyester, nylon, and glass textiles were observed using the scanning electron microscope, and dynamic contact angle measurements revealed the wetting character of the conductive coating. Thermo gravimetric analysis mass spectrometry was used to test the thermal stability of the polypyrrole-coated nylon fiber.
Surface Analysis of Wool by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ward R.J. , Willis H.A. , George G.A. , Guise G.B. , Denning R.J. , Evans D.J. , Short R.D.
Published: March 2007

The surface of untreated wool has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spec troscopy (XPS) and static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). The wool surface is covered in a thin layer of lipid estimated to be approximately 0.9 nm thick. Mass spectral peaks are consistent with the presence in the lipid layer of saturated C20, C21, and hydroxylated C21 fatty acids, presumably bound as esters. This lipid layer can be partially, but not completely, removed by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butanol or potassium hydroxide, reagents that cause oxidation of the surface cys tine. XPS indicates that the surface protein (epicuticle) is rich in sulfur, suggesting a half-cystine content of about 35%.