bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INCIDENCIA Y NIVEL DE INFESTACIÓN POR VARROASIS EN ABEJAS (Apis mellifera) EN EL LABORATORIO DE IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DIAGNÓSTICO APÍCOLA DE 2002 A 2006
Authors: Ruíz-Flores Agustín , Ramírez-Hernández Emmanuel , Maldonado-Simán Ema , Palafox-Guillén Joyce , Ochoa-Torres Esperanza , López-Ordaz Rufino
Published: September 2012

El objetivo fue estudiar las tendencias anuales y mensuales para el número de muestras positivas (NMP) y el nivel de infestación (NI) por Varroa destructor en abejas (Apis mellifera). El estudio se realizó de 2002 a 2006 en el Laboratorio de Identificación y Diagnóstico Apícola de la SAGARPA. La detección del ácaro se realizó con la técnica de De Jong para V. destructor. Los estimadores de las tendencias anuales y mensuales para NMP y NI se obtuvieron mediante regresión. El promedio mensual para NMP fue 47.6 ± 49.3 (0 a 248 muestras). La tendencia anual para el incremento del NMP fue -5.69 ± 4.48 (P = 0.2087). La tendencia mensual de enero a diciembre fue 0.91 ± 1.7 (P = 0.6024). El NI promedio fue 3.27 ± 2.6 %, el promedio mensual varió de 0 a 10.06 %. La tasa media de incremento anual en el NI fue 0.34 ± 0.23 % (P = 0.2494). La tasa media de incremento mensual de enero a diciembre fue -0.17 ± 0.1 % (P = 0.1194). Los NMP con V. destructor y los NI, no mostraron incrementos significativos para el periodo estudiado. No se detectó el efecto de la estacionalidad sobre el NMP y NI.
TRABAJABILIDAD DE LA MADERA DE Pinus oaxacana Mirov. PROVENIENTE DE UNA PLANTACIÓN EN EL ESTADO DE MÉXICO
Authors: Machuca-Velasco Roberto , Borja-de la Rosa Amparo , Morales- Villalba Emilio , Flores Velásquez Rogelio
Published: September 2012

La calidad de maquinado es diferente en cada especie, por tanto, es necesario conocer las características y propiedades que intervienen en este proceso, tales como; la estructura anatómica, contenido de humedad, densidad básica, velocidad de crecimiento, número de anillos de crecimiento por pulgada y dirección del grano. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las características de los ensayos de cepillado, lijado, moldurado, torneado y barrenado en la madera de Pinus oaxacana Mirov. El material de estudio se obtuvo en la plantación localizada a un costado de la División de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Los ensayos de maquinado, la evaluación de los defectos y clasificación se realizaron según la Norma ASTM-D 1666-87, con algunas modificaciones realizadas en función de la maquinaria y contenidos de humedad. En general, la madera de P. oaxacana fue clasificada como una especie con excelente trabajabilidad, exceptuando el ensayo de moldurado en el corte preliminar que fue clasificado como bueno. Este ensayo mejoró en el segundo corte, por lo tanto, la especie puede ser utilizada en la elaboración de productos con mayor valor agregado, por ejemplo; en puertas, ventanas, marcos, piezas torneadas, molduras, lambrín o recubrimientos y muebles en general.
COMPOSICIÓN NUTRICIONAL DE LA DIETA DEL VENADO COLA BLANCA (Odocoileous virginianus ssp. mexicanus) EN PITZOTLÁN, MORELOS
Authors: López-Pérez Elvia , Serrano-Aspeitia Nahum , Aguilar-Valdés Beatriz C. , Herrera-Corredor Alejandra
Published: September 2012

Se realizó un estudio para determinar la composición nutricional de la dieta del venado cola blanca en Pitzotlán, Morelos, durante tres estaciones del año (primavera, otoño e invierno) que incluyeron las épocas de lluvia y sequía. En cada estación se simuló una dieta a partir del análisis microhistológico de las heces de venados. Se determinó la proteína cruda (PC), cenizas, extracto etéreo, fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA), Ca, P, Se y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca. Las cantidades de PC y FDA fueron menores en la dieta de invierno (10.8 y 23 %) comparados en otoño (15 y 31 %) y primavera (14.2 y 26.2 %). La digestibilidad de la dieta de otoño fue mayor (52.4 %) que en las otras estaciones. De las cinco plantas más consumidas por el venado, Sida sp. tuvo la mayor digestibilidad (67.1 %) y PC (17.9 %), seguida de Randia aculeata (13.8 %). Con base en la digestibilidad y el contenido de PC, la calidad nutricional de la dieta seleccionada por el venado puede considerarse adecuada en otoño y primavera. Sin embargo, en invierno la PC fue deficiente para las necesidades del venado cola blanca.
Treatment of Data and GIS Implementation of Solar Radiation and Temperature Maps: Example in South-East of Spain
Authors: Vera-García F. , García-Cascales J. R. , Hernández-Guillén Z. , Delgado-Marín J. P.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents the maps of solar radiation on the surface of south-east region of Spain named Región de Murcia. These maps are the result of treatment, study, and correlations obtained by data of 35 weather stations distributed throughout the region. These stations have collected data for 6 to more than 25 years. The paper presents the work performed for the treatment of collected data, the correlations used for the adjustment of the data, and the parameters obtained as a result of this adjustment. The weather stations are equipped with various sensors to collect several parameters, the measures covered and used for the study were global and diffuse radiation (in case that the station has pyranometer diffuse) and ambient temperature. The results were used to produce maps of horizontal radiation (global and diffuse) and ambient temperature at the surface of the region studied. To achieve the irradiation maps for this extended region has been used “r.sun” program, technical program that with the help of GRASS program uses geographic information systems (GISs) to evaluate the influence of geographical variables captured on horizontal plane at the surface. Using the results of the program for theoretical data and/or generic, and with the feedback obtained by the correlations of measures covered from weather stations, we have studied the incident radiation on the region. The main result of this study was to produce maps of irradiation on horizontal plane, correction for inclined surfaces, and also maps of temperature of the studied region. On this basis, results have been produced maps and tables of monthly solar radiation (mean maximum and minimum) for each of the 45 municipalities of the Region of Murcia. Thus, was obtained a useful tool for the calculation of available energy and thermal needs at the design process of plants using solar thermal and photovoltaic.
Stability-Indicating HPTLC-Densitometric Method for Estimation of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride in Eye Drops
Authors: Havele S. S. , Dhaneshwar S. R.
Published: September 2012

The present study describes the degradation of dorzolamide HCl under different International Conference on Harmonization prescribed stress conditions (hydrolysis, oxidation, thermolysis, and photolysis) and application of a specific and selective stability-indicating chromatography assay. HPTLC was done on silica Gel 60 F254 TLC plate using chloroform: methanol in the ratio of 9.0 : 1.0 (v/v) as mobile phase and detection at 253 nm.
Laplace Decomposition Method to Study Solitary Wave Solutions of Coupled Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation
Authors: Kumar Arun , Pankaj Ram Dayal
Published: September 2012

Analytical and numerical solutions are obtained for coupled nonlinear partial differential equation by the well-known Laplace decomposition method. We combined Laplace transform and Adomain decomposition method and present a new approach for solving coupled Schrödinger-Korteweg-de Vries (Sch-KdV) equation. The method does not need linearization, weak nonlinearity assumptions, or perturbation theory. We compared the numerical solutions with corresponding analytical solutions.
Psychiatric Discharge Process
Authors: Alghzawi Hamzah M.
Published: September 2012

Background. Integration of research evidence into clinical nursing practice is essential for the delivery of high-quality nursing care. Discharge planning is an essential process in psychiatric nursing field, in order to prevent recurrent readmission to psychiatric units. Objective. The purpose of this paper is to perform literature overview on psychiatric discharge planning, in order to develop evidence-based practice guideline of psychiatric discharge plan. Methods. A search of electronic databases was conducted. The search process aimed to locate different levels of evidence. Inclusion criteria were studies including outcomes related to prevention of readmission as stability in the community, studies investigating the discharge planning process in acute psychiatric wards, and studies that included factors that impede discharge planning and factors that aid timely discharge. On the other hand, exclusion criteria were studies in which discharge planning was discussed as part of a multi faceted intervention and was not the main focus of the review. Result. Studies met inclusion criteria were mainly literature reviews, consensus statements, and descriptive studies. All of these studies are considered at the lower levels of evidence. Conclusion. This review demonstrated that discharge planning based on general principles (evidence based principles) should be applied during psychiatric discharge planning to make this discharge more effective. Depending on this review, it could be concluded that effective discharge planning includes main three stages; initial discharge meeting, regular discharge meeting(s), and leaving from hospital and discharge day. Each stage of them has requirements should be accomplished be go to the next stage.
Electrochemical Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Zinc Surface Treated with a New Organic Chelating Inhibitor
Authors: Prabhu R. A. , Venkatesha T. V. , Praveen B. M.
Published: September 2012

The effect of a new organic compound (N-[(1E)-(4 methoxy phenyl)methylene]hydrazinecarbothioamide), called ATSC, with chelating groups, on the corrosion behavior of zinc was investigated. Electrochemical study of the zinc specimens was carried out in aqueous electrolyte containing 0.2 M Na2SO4 and 0.2 M NaCl maintained at pH 5 using galvanostatic polarization curves. The surface treatment of zinc was achieved by immersion in solutions of different concentrations of ATSC and for different immersion time and bath temperatures. The zinc metal treated with ATSC at 5% has showed good corrosion resistance and maximum protection efficiency of about 84% at 300 K. Moreover, the treatment induced a basic modification of the cathodic nature of zinc and controls the corrosion by decreasing the electron transfer rate. The corrosion protection could be explained by the formation of a protective organometallic layer on the zinc surface due to the chelation reaction between zinc and inhibitor molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were applied to study the protective layer.
An Introduction to Swarm Robotics
Authors: Navarro Iñaki , Matía Fernando
Published: September 2012

Swarm robotics is a field of multi-robotics in which large number of robots are coordinated in a distributed and decentralised way. It is based on the use of local rules, and simple robots compared to the complexity of the task to achieve, and inspired by social insects. Large number of simple robots can perform complex tasks in a more efficient way than a single robot, giving robustness and flexibility to the group. In this article, an overview of swarm robotics is given, describing its main properties and characteristics and comparing it to general multi-robotic systems. A review of different research works and experimental results, together with a discussion of the future swarm robotics in real world applications completes this work.
Renal Biopsy Research in the Former Soviet Union: Prevention of a Negligent Custom
Authors: Jargin Sergei V.
Published: September 2012

Insufficient international coordination of medical research and partial isolation from the international scientific community can result in repetition of research already performed in other countries. Renal biopsy was broadly used for research in the former Soviet Union. It was performed, sometimes without sufficient clinical indications, in patients with amyloidosis, renovascular hypertension (from both kidneys: on the side of the renal artery stenosis and the contralateral one), chronic alcoholism, and acute and chronic pyelonephritis (intraoperative wedge and core biopsies). In chronic alcoholism, biopsies were taken from kidneys, pancreas, salivary glands, stomach, lung, skin, and liver, sometimes repeatedly. The classification of glomerulonephritis was different from those used internationally, for example, it did not include IgA nephropathy as a separate entity. Several examples of studies based on renal biopsies are discussed in this paper. A conclusion is however optimistic: the upturn in economy enables today to modernize equipment and introduce new methods, while broadening international cooperation facilitates the flow of foreign experience into the country. The purpose of this paper was to prevent inadequate use of renal biopsy in future.
Et si la coopération était un mythe? Un pilier des sciences sociales ébranlé par la simulation
Authors: Dessalles Jean-Louis
Published: September 2012

De nombreux auteurs voient dans la coopération le ciment des sociétés humaines. Plus que les autres animaux, les humains seraient capables de renoncer à des bénéfices immédiats pour en faire profiter autrui, dans l’espoir d’une réciprocité future. Or, cette hypothèse est mise à mal par la simulation : les agents qui ne coopèrent pas, ou qui coopèrent moins, en ressortent gagnants. J’explore une autre hypothèse, inspirée par la modélisation du langage. Les actes qui nous semblent coopératifs seraient en réalité dessignaux. Les individus ne se montrent pas prosociaux par calcul, mais pourafficherdes qualités qui se trouvent être essentielles, dans notre espèce, pour se faire accepter en tant qu’ami et ainsi constituer un réseau social.
La simulation à base d’agents en sciences sociales : une « béquille pour l’esprit humain1 »?
Authors: Banos Arnaud
Published: September 2012

L’un des intérêts de la simulation informatique est de nous permettre d’explorer et d’essayer ainsi de comprendre des phénomènes contre intuitifs. Ce faisant, elle comporte aussi des dangers que le modélisateurs/simulateur doit savoir maîtriser. Le propos de ce court texte est de montrer que danger et enrichissement de la recherche vont de pair dans l’exercice de simulation. Ainsi, l’utilisation d’un appareillage formalisé est tout autant de nature à appauvrir qu’à enrichir notre tentative de compréhension des phénomènes sociaux. Le modèle de simulation joue alors un rôle heuristique très utile pour susciter de la complexité (enrichissement de notre vision) à partir de la simplicité (pauvreté du modèle). La souplesse du modèle et de son utilisation, permettant de refaire plusieurs fois l’expérience, de varier les angles d’approche, d’ajouter ou retrancher des paramètres donne au chercheur une grande capacité à maîtriser la complexité qu’il est alors capable d’instiller dans son investigation.
Patrimoine toponymique des minorités culturelles, lieu de complexités : le cas de la Fransaskoisie
Authors: Léonard Carol Jean
Published: September 2012

Le présent article examine successivement deux grandes questions que pose la toponymie en tant que référentiel identitaire. Dans un premier temps, et après avoir évoqué l’évolution récente de la toponymie qui en a établi les fondements en tant que science transdisciplinaire autonome, nous identifions les apories identificatoires auxquelles se heurte toute tentative d’inventaire exhaustif d’une toponymie s’appuyant sur la langue et sur la culture en situation multilingue et de partage d’un territoire. Nous dressons une typologie des entraves qui gênent l’identification des noms géographiques en relation avec une culture cible. Enfin, nous illustrons comment toute tentative en vue de dresser la nomenclature exhaustive d’un patrimoine toponymique culturel identitaire conduit à dénouer l’écheveau d’un capital hétérogène marqué du sceau de l’interculturalité. Aux fins d’illustration, nous prenons à témoin les obstacles rencontrés lors de l’inventaire des 2 500 toponymes d’origine et d’influence françaises identifiés en Saskatchewan, province sise au centre du Canada. Ces toponymes serviront également d’exemples.
Renouveler la science économique néo-classique? Prendre l’historicité au sérieux
Authors: Demeulemeester Jean Luc , Diebolt Claude
Published: September 2012

Cet article est une critique interne de la discipline économique et une tentative de faire prendre conscience au sein de la communauté des économistes de l’importance de réintroduire l’histoire et l’historicité dans la discipline.
Une taxinomie de l’interdisciplinarité
Authors: Thompson Klein Julie
Published: September 2012

Les trois termes les plus fréquemment utilisés et qui sont associés à l’interdisciplinarité – multidisciplinarité, interdisciplinarité, transdisciplinarité – constitutent la principale taxinomie pour comprendre les degrés d’interaction et d’intégration entre les disciplines ainsi que les degrés de collaboration au sein des équipes de recherche. Les typologies distinguent également les activités méthodologiques qui visent à améliorer les résultats théoriques à la faveur d’une meilleure compréhension des enjeux épistémologiques. La construction d’un « pont » laisse intactes les approches existantes, alors que la restructuration produit de l’interdisciplinarité et des champs nouveaux. La résolution instrumentale ou opportuniste des problèmes diffère des formes critiques qui interrogent la structure existante de la connaissance et de l’éducation. La transdisciplinarité inclut la quête d’unité de même qu’un nouvel encadrement en vue de comprendre les phénomènes complexes et la recherche trans-sectorielle qui implique les acteurs de la société.
De l’interdisciplinarité à la transdisciplinarité : fondation méthodologique du dialogue entre les sciences humaines et les sciences exactes
Authors: Nicolescu Basarab
Published: September 2012

Le texte analyse la manière dont la transdisciplinarité peut conduire à une fondation méthodologique du dialogue entre deux cultures post-modernes (culture technoscientifique et culture spirituelle) de même qu’entre les sciences humaines et les sciences exactes.
Factors Associated with and Notions Concerning Stress of the Administration and Academic Personnel
Authors: Yepes Prose Ivy G. , Duarte Jude A.
Published: September 2012

Noticeably, stress has affected the performance of the university's manpower which result to sagging morale in the workplace. Thus this study evaluated the factors associated with and notions concerning stress of the administration and academic personnel of SLSU. A descriptive-survey method was employed to gather data from the 125 respondents using a Stress Audit instrument adopted from Miller and Smith (1993). The data gathered were consolidated and statistically analyzed using percentages and Pearson-r. On the whole, the administrative and academic personnel of SLSU had manifested serious susceptibility to stress sources and stress symptoms which were significantly affected by the academic personnel's age profile, and slightly affected by the length of service of both academic and administrative staff. The academic personnel's number of office designations had affected both their perspective on stress sources and symptoms. It can be deduced that the SLSU administrative and academic personnel's notions concerning stress sources and symptoms vary due to the nature and gravity of the tasks they perform. Therefore, it is recommended that a comprehensive "Welfare Administration Program" for the SLSU personnel be implemented to reduce health risks caused by stress and to promote the welfare and well-being of all SLSU employees.
College Academic Performance of Teacher Education Students in a State University of Northern Philippines
Authors: Pascua Juanita B. , Navalta Jane D. , Dela Cruz Leila M. , Valderama Julius S.
Published: September 2012

The study determined the factors that influence the college academic performance of the respondents. This study used the descriptive and correlational survey methods of research with document scanning. It was found that gender and degree/course of the respondents were not significant factors in college academic performance; HS GPA was a significant factor that influences college academic performance; Admission Test Score in English and Science had no significant relationship on the college academic performance but in Mathematics, however, the higher the overall Admission Test Score, the higher is the college academic performance; male respondents did not differ in college academic performance when compared with their female counterparts and the BEED respondents did not differ in college academic performance when compared with their BSIE and BSED counterparts; and there was no significant difference between Admission Test Scores in General Information and Science when compared with their academic performance; however, when grouped according to admission test in English, those who obtained average and above average scores performed better in college than those who got failing and below average scores while in Mathematics, those who obtained average and above average scores performed better in college than those who failed and got below average scores.
Instructional Assessment of Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) Program
Authors: Retome Vangilit G. , Estrella Nonita C. , Sarvida Avelina , Yaoyao Imelda , Garcia Gary C. , Granada Dominador
Published: September 2012

The study was conducted to assess the TLE program instruction of Southern Leyte State University-San Juan campus. It tried to evaluate the attitude of TLE teachers towards work, students personal view about the course, and the physical and learning environment of the school in relation to TLE program. It utilized descriptive survey using two types of self-made questionnaire, the Linkerts Scale and the Open-ended type survey. The data gathered were treated using weighted mean and the frequency count. Results showed that most of the teachers who are teaching TLE are in retiring age (7 out of 11 or 64%). The attitudes of TLE teachers toward the program are moderately positive while the students' personal view towards the course is moderately low. Both teachers and students believed that the school needs to update instructional materials, tools, and equipments, and improve classrooms particularly home technology building. With these findings, the researchers came up with recommendations which are to revisit the TLE curriculum in order to ensure relevance of the program to the present career pathways in Technology and Livelihood Education Program of the Department of Education for secondary schools to hire new teachers specializing TLE and to conduct proper orientation of first year students about the TLE program.
The Six-Month Internship Training Program for Medical Laboratory Science Education: An Initial Evaluation
Authors: Valdez Anacleta P. , Panganiban Citadel A. , Lumanglas Kevin Roi L. , Calingasan Katreen A. , Divino Roxanne S. , Guico Pearl Janine P. , Montalbo Glenn S. , Pronobe Jhejiel M.
Published: September 2012

In 2006, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) released CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) no. 14 which changed the duration of internship training program to six months as opposed to the previous memorandum order, CMO no. 27 s. 1998 which required a one-year internship schedule for Medical Laboratory Science (MLS) students. Thirty-eight graduates of CMO No. 14 s. 2006 from Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas and 13 chief medical technologists (CMT) or senior medical laboratory staff from identified affiliate hospitals were surveyed about their perception on the attainment of the objectives, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the said program. Results show that objectives were achieved even if the duration of the training period was shortened. The graduate-respondents favored the one year timetable. This study can be used as a pilot study for other higher education institutions implementing the same CMO and can be used as a basis for a curricular reform by assessing the different parameters that were identified in order to enhance further the six-month internship training program in producing globally competitive medical laboratory scientists.
Extent of Systems Performance of Caraga State University, Butuan City, Mindanao, Philippines
Authors: Salingay Alvaro L.
Published: September 2012

This study adopted a descriptive survey design to assess the extent of systems performance processes of Caraga State University in Butuan City, Mindanao, Philippines with the aim of gauging the extent of systems performance processes as rated by 164 respondents consisting of 38 Administrators, 71 Faculty Members and 55 Non-academic Staff. Results show that the school's extent of systems performance processes was moderately achieved. The different perception of respondents on the extent of systems performance processes shows incongruence of perceptions among administrators, faculty and staff that leads to the gap in understanding the degree of university performance with regards to the financial aspects, customer satisfaction, internal business process efficiency and learning and innovation. The school needs to improve its processes especially its processes on customer satisfaction, internal business process efficiency and learning and innovation to improve its financial performance.
Bisu Main Campus Electrical Energy Consumption: Basis For Improvement
Authors: Bagsac Ivy M. , Gabo Roland , Sarabosing Teofanes , Pojadas Dave , Perez Anacleta , Virtucio Mae Remedios
Published: September 2012

The research was conducted at the Bohol Island State University Main Campus. It aims to assess the status of the electrical power system of the university as well as determine the perceptions of electrical system. It was found out that the overall rating of the electrical system of BISU Main Campus is "fair". This means that there are several aspects that need improvement such as the implementation of a maintenance program and the hiring of maintenance personnel. The researchers recommend that the personnel should not be the instructors themselves but designated electrical technologists must be hired. Furthermore, there should be a periodic inspection so that defects may be detected and given remedies the earliest time possible to avoid accidents. There should also be fund allotment that should be imposed for the maintenance and personnel. Furthermore, the university must purchase more electrical supplies, tools and equipment solely for electrical maintenance. There must also be a separate maintenance shop for maintenance purpose only. An alternative electrical power source should be employed by the university such as the solar power. Because of the very high and expensive electrical energy consumption, there is a need to use a more efficient alternative source and that is the solar power.
Teaching Practices Promoting Communication Opportunities in the Language Class
Authors: Poliden Samuel S.
Published: September 2012

The study investigated the teaching practices that promote communication opportunities in the language class. Four teaching practices, six language functions and preferred error correction method were observed, recorded and analyzed using weighted means, frequency counts, percentages, ranks and the Cochran Q-test. Findings revealed that building on prior knowledge and communitarian teachings were predominantly used followed by multiple representations and protracted language event, the least. Eliciting, on the other hand was commonly used by the English teachers in engaging the students in classroom proceedings followed by evaluating, sociating, directing and organizing. The most preferred methods of correcting errors were for the teacher to point out the error and provide the correct form; and to explain why the utterance is incorrect. The study showed that teachers use varied teaching practices to provide communication opportunities for students. The study recommends that: (1) the use of multiple representations and protracted language event should also be utilized by teachers to provide students with varied activities and to develop with confidence their communication skills; (2) Activities given to students should be more challenging to encourage them to ask questions that develop their critical thinking; 3) Teachers should adopt more implicit error identification techniques for students to reflect on and repair their own errors.
Americanizing the Sulu Sultanate: Fragrance/Nightmare of U.S. Foreign Policy (circa 1898)
Authors: Caceres Michael Vincent P.
Published: September 2012

When the war broke out between Spain and the United States, the Spaniards had fought only with wooden ships against modern American warships. This event was known as the Battle of Manila where it made the United States a world super power. The Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans against Spanish colonialism. There was a sense of euphoria a certain scent of fragrance on the interference of the United States as a new player in the Asia Pacific region. When the Treaty of Paris was concluded between Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898 it finally gave the U.S. government an access to enter the Philippines. The presence of the Americans in Sulu was regarded as a new form of colonialism better known as imperialism in the modern age of West America. It affected the status of the sultanate and weakening the century old institution in the east. The coming of the Americans can be considered both as a form of blessing and cursed. The United States, represented by its military and civilian governors introduced policies that affected the entire Sultanate in almost its entire political facet. The paper looked into the strategic programs and designs that made their campaigned in Sulu either as a success or a failure coated with fragrance of promises on one side and nightmare on the other side.
Characterization of the CaCO3 biomineral in coralline red algae (Corallinales) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Authors: Fragoso D , Ramírez-Cahero F , Rodríguez-Galván A , Hernández-Reyes R , Heredia A , Rodríguez D , Aguilar-Franco M , Bucio L , Basiuk VA
Published: September 2012

Coralline red algae assimilate HCO3– to precipitate CaCO3 in their tissues in the form of calcite or aragonite. A characterization of the biomolecular content and the crystalline structure of the biomineral of coralline red algae from the Pacific coast of Mexico was performed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron (SEM) and tunneling microscopy (STM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The preliminary conclusion drawn from the results is that this type of calcite-aragonite biomineral has a very low organic content occluded within the crystals. FTIR bands at 2945 and 2889 cm–1 indicate that the most likely organic molecules are carbohydrates; moreover, peptide bond bands (amide I ~1640 and amide II ~1540 cm–1) were not detected, suggesting that proteins are not related to mineral synthesis or their stabilization. This could be explained if the biomineral is synthesized by a biologically controlled extracellular mineralization process. The XRD study showed two main mineral phases, calcite and aragonite, with very similar structural parameters to the inorganic mineral counterparts. The crystallite shapes, seen by STM, were found as plates and needles with different sizes, between 20 and 100 nm.
Comparative growth, condition, and survival of juvenile Crassostrea gigas and C. corteziensis oysters cultivated in summer and winter
Authors: Castillo-Durán A , Chávez-Villalba J , Arreola-Lizárraga A , Barraza-Guardado R
Published: September 2012

We report differences in growth, condition, and survival of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Cortez oyster C. corteziensis cultivated in a semi-arid lagoon in northwestern Mexico (Las Guásimas, Sonora) during summer and winter, periods corresponding to juvenile development at the production sites. Three sampling stations were established to determine variations in temperature, salinity, seston, chlorophyll a content, oxygen concentration, and pH at the coastal system. Growth rates and condition indices were higher during winter and cumulative mortality was higher in summer. This was the pattern for both species though significant differences were noted only for C. gigas. The Pacific oyster showed faster growth in winter and slower in summer than the Cortez oyster. While food availability was not a limiting factor in any season, differences in growth, condition, and survival were related to temperature, which ranged from a maximum of 32.7°C in summer to a minimum of 12.7°C in winter. Low temperatures are propitious for C. gigas, since high temperatures cause physiological stress. The Cortez oyster has the ability to adapt its metabolic functions to variations in temperature with no differences in growth and condition during the extreme seasons. The Pacific oyster exhibited better adaptation to variations in conditions at sites like Las Guásimas, but high temperature is a limiting factor for cultivation. Autumn is a propitious period to begin cultivating C. gigas, while the native C. corteziensis can be cultivated year-round.
A Bayesian framework with implementation error to improve the management of the red octopus (Octopus maya) fishery off the Yucatán Peninsula
Authors: Jurado-Molina J
Published: September 2012

The red octopus (Octopus maya) is an endemic species of the Yucatán Peninsula and its fishery is one of the most important along the Atlantic coast of Mexico. Commercial exploitation started in 1949. Since 2002 an index of abundance has been estimated, and this index was used to perform a stock assessment and decision analysis using the Schaefer model. A Bayesian approach was applied to estimate the model parameters and to project the species population under two management scenarios with a constant harvest rate and a positive implementation error. Results suggest that in 1995 the biomass corresponded to 23% of the population carrying capacity (K) and that the current stock is only 14% of K. The population may be depleted and a rebuilding plan might be necessary. In the decision analysis, when the implementation error was included, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations suggested that the current level of exploitation (50% harvest rate) could produce a decreasing trend with the most probable biomass of 9679 t and an expected catch of 7920 t in 2018, and an expected probability of 0.82 of the population being less than 40% of K. On the contrary, a 30% harvest rate would raise the expected catch in 2018 (12,058 t), also reducing the probability of the population being smaller than 40% of K. The inclusion of the implementation error provides a more realistic scenario and represents a more conservative option; therefore, using this type of auxiliary data within a Bayesian framework is recommended for the decision making process. If adopted by Mexican fisheries managers, the approach used in this study could help improve the management of this resource and keep exploitation at sustainable levels.
Analysis of the fishing effort of the Mexican longline tuna fleet operating in the Gulf of Mexico in 2004
Authors: Xolaltenco-Coyotl K , Dreyfus-Léon MJ , Almanza-Heredia E , Almanza-Heredia JAE
Published: September 2012

The Gulf of Mexico yellowfin tuna (YFT) longline fishing effort for 2004 was analyzed. The data used to describe the longline characteristics and estimate the catch efficiency of the vessels (catch in number of organisms per trip) were obtained from fishing reports made by onboard scientific observers from the Mexican Tuna Exploitation and Dolphin Protection Program, covering 100% of the trips. To compare the catch per trip and determine the main aspects influencing it, generalized linear models were applied. To explain differences in efficiency, the following explanatory variables were considered: boat, bait, equipment, area, trimester, type of hook, number of hooks, temperature, longline total length, gangion length, trip duration (number of days), number of sets per trip, gear deployment time, longline soaking time, and hauling time. The model explained 57.5% of the variability of the catch. The variables that had the greatest influence on efficiency were boat, bait, trimester, equipment, number of sets per trip, and trip duration. The variable boat was the most important, suggesting that the Mexican YFT fleet operating in the Gulf of Mexico could be heterogeneous. This variable may include the experience of the captain and/or crew, boat age, motor characteristics and maintenance, or even crew comfort. The results should be considered preliminary since only one year was analyzed.
Comment on Avila-Serrano et al. “Sediment variations and littoral transport atLa Victoria Beach, Cádiz, Spain”
Authors: Muñoz-Pérez JJ , Gómez-Pina G
Published: September 2012

no abstract available
Response to sudden increases in temperature (thermal shock) under laboratory conditions in the coral Pocillopora verrucosa
Authors: Rodríguez-Troncoso AP , Carpizo-Ituarte E , Cupul-Magaña A
Published: September 2012

Coral bleaching is an increasing worldwide phenomenon associated with climate change. Bleaching results from the interaction of biotic and abiotic variables including sudden changes in temperature. To evaluate the response to sudden changes in temperature (thermal shock) prior to bleaching, fragments of Pocillopora verrucosa were subjected to experimental thermal stress. The fragments were acclimatized at 27ºC during eight days and then exposed to thermal shock at two temperatures (28.5°C and 30.5°C) for 72 h. The stress response was evaluated quantifying the total lipid content, symbiont density, and tissue damage. Changes in the evaluated estimators were evident at 30.5°C when an initial increase in the amount of lipids was detected, followed by a decrease after 30 h; symbiont density diminished up to 84% at the end of the experiment relative to the initial density estimated. The control and 28.5°C treatments presented no differences. Damage to the polyp tissue was mainly observed as a thinning of the mesenteries and the gastrodermal layer. The study area is strongly influenced by internal waves that cause sudden changes in temperature, so understanding how corals respond to these daily fluctuations will allow us to estimate their survival potential and help future management and conservation efforts in this region.
Reply to the comment by Muñoz-Pérez and Gómez-Pina on “Sediment variations and litoral transport at La Victoria Beach, Spain"
Authors: Avila-Serrano GE , Santa Rosa del Río MA , Anfuso-Melfi G , Benavente-González J , Guardado-France R , González-Yajimovich O , Velázquez-González EK
Published: September 2012

n/a
Sequence, Stability, and Structure of G‐Quadruplexes and Their Interactions with Drugs
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Yang Danzhou
Published: September 2012

Although DNA is most widely known for its ability to store and pass along genetic information, the discovery of G‐quadruplex structures has illuminated a new role for DNA in biology. DNA G‐quadruplexes are four‐stranded globular nucleic acid secondary structures formed in specific G‐rich sequences with biological significance, such as human telomeres and oncogene promoters. This review focuses on the unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes, which can readily form in solution under physiological conditions and are considered to be the most biologically relevant. Available structural data show a great conformational diversity of unimolecular G‐quadruplexes, which are amenable to small‐molecule drug targeting. The relationships between sequence, structure, and stability of unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes, as well as the recent progress on interactions with small‐molecule compounds and insights into rational design of G‐quadruplex‐interactive molecules, will be discussed. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 50:17.5.1‐17.5.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin mixed with wood preservatives
Authors: Miyazaki Junko , Furuta Naoyuki , Miyauchi Teruhisa
Published: September 2012

The effects of preservatives used for glue‐line treatment on the curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin (PF) were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Storage modulus, G′, loss modulus, G″, and loss tangent, tan δ, of PF with and without preservatives were recorded as a function of time under isothermal heating. The time required for G′, G″, and tan δ to reach steady values increased with addition of preservative. The G′, G″, and tan δ curves of PF containing benzyl alcohol (used in the preservative as a diluent) were almost identical to those of PF containing preservative. However, the addition of antitermite and anti‐fungal compounds alone had no effect on the curing process. There were no differences in total reaction enthalpy or dependence of activation energy on degree of conversion between pure PF and mixtures. Our results indicate that benzyl alcohol in preservatives plasticizes the curing system for PF. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Increasing solvent polarity and addition of salts promote β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) formation
Authors: Low Yuen Kei Adarina , Tan Li Yi , Tan Lay Poh , Boey Freddy Yin Chiang , Ng Kee Woei
Published: September 2012

This article investigates the effects of solvent polarity and salt addition on β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) formation. Films were solvent cast in aprotic solvents of varying polarities with or without salt addition. Characterization was done by Fourier transformed infra‐red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Decreasing fractions of β‐phase PVDF was observed with increasing drying temperature when less polar solvents were used. The most polar solvent (hexamethylphosphoramide) consistently produced films with at least 90.0% β‐phase PVDF within the crystalline regions. Melting temperatures increased in correlation to absolute proportions of β‐phase PVDF. Salt addition increased the formation of β‐phase PVDF by 30%, with salts of higher valencies and smaller ionic radii resulting in more significant increases. Taken collectively, using solvents of higher polarities and addition of salts with high cationic valencies and small ionic radii will maximize β‐phase formation in solvent cast PVDF films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
An imidazolium‐functionalized isobutylene polymer having improved mechanical and barrier properties: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Talukdar Bandana , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: September 2012

Brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐p‐methylstyrene) (BIMS) is of great use to industries because of its extremely good permeability properties. However, it lacks strength and adhesion necessary to make it amenable to various processing techniques. To overcome the limitations of BIMS, ionic modification via nucleophilic substitution of bromine by 1‐methylimidazole through a facile synthetic route is presented. The modified ionic product was characterized by various techniques such as solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The FTIR spectrum of the obtained samples showed a distinct peak around 1261 cm−1 corresponding to CN stretching vibration and reduction in peak intensity around 695 cm−1 corresponding to CBr stretching vibration. NMR also clearly showed the occurrence of a singlet peak corresponding to the methyl protons of imidazole in the region of 4.1 ppm and a shift in the methylene protons adjacent to the benzene ring confirming the substitution of bromine atom by imidazole ring. The reaction at reflux temperature of 130°C for 48 h yielded the highest level (3.1 wt %, 1.18 mol %) of modification while optimizing the reaction parameters. The modified ionic polymers displayed greater thermal stability, greater flexibility, improved tensile strength, and higher barrier properties compared to the unmodified BIMS. A 1.8‐fold increase of elongation at break was achieved with 1.18 mol % (3.1 wt %) of modification. The modified polymers also showed remarkable drop in oxygen transmission rate values from 10−16 to 10−18 m3 m/m2/s/Pa, which further highlights their improved properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Multifunctional and durable nanofiber‐fabric‐layered composite for protective application
Authors: Shi Quan , Vitchuli Narendiran , Nowak Joshua , Jiang Shan , Caldwell Jane M. , Breidt Frederick , Bourham Mohamed , Zhang Xiangwu , McCord Marian
Published: September 2012

A multifunctional and durable nanofiber‐fabric‐layered composite (NFLC) material was prepared by depositing electrospun Ag/PAN hybrid nanofibers onto a Nylon/cotton 50: 50 fabric substrate. The NFLCs showed excellent aerosol barrier efficiency and good air/moisture permeability. In addition, they showed excellent antibacterial efficiency by completely inhibiting the growth of both Gram‐negative E. coli and Gram‐positive S. aureus. The interfacial adhesion between the nanofiber layer and fabric substrate was significantly improved by atmospheric plasma pretreatment of the substrate. The resultant NFLCs showed excellent resistance to peeling, twisting, and flexing forces. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of low‐molecular‐weight poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) in water
Authors: Gui Lei , Wang Huan , Shentu Baoqing , Weng Zhixue
Published: September 2012

Low‐molecular‐weight poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) with unimodal polydispersity was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐dimethylphenol in the presence of Cu‐ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid catalyst in water. A series of low‐molecular‐weight PPO oligomers with Mn ranged from 360 to 3500 were obtained. It was found that the molecular weight and polydispersity were affected by reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration. Based on the detector response‐elution volume curve and the molecular weight from gel permeation chromatography, a possible molecular weight growth mechanism was proposed. The structure and properties of low‐molecular‐weight PPO oligomers were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Ubbelohde viscometer, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared to the commercial low‐molecular‐weight PPO, PPO oligomers synthesized in water had a much lower residual copper content. The relationships between Tg and Mn at relatively low‐molecular weight are in good agreement with the equation proposed by Fox and Loshack. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Properties of HVA‐2 vulcanized high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends
Authors: Kahar A. W. M. , Ismail H. , Othman N.
Published: September 2012

Blending of high density polyethylene (HDPE), natural rubber (NR), and thermoplastic tapioca starch (TPS) has been studied. Two series of blends having 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 20 wt %, and 30 wt % TPS were prepared: (a) unvulcanized blends and (b) N, N′‐m‐phenylenebismaleimide (HVA‐2) vulcanized HDPE/NR/TPS blends. The composition of HDPE/NR was fixed at blend ratio of 70/30. Tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break exhibited significant improvement when HDPE/NR/TPS blends were subject to HVA‐2 crosslinker. Tensile strength increased to 1.4 MPa, 2.3 MPa, 3.4 MPa, and 5.1 MPa from 15 MPa, 12 MPa, 9.7 MPa, and 7.87 MPa of unvulcanized counterparts. SEM micrographs showed fine TPS dispersion and well embedded in vulcanized HDPR/NR matrix. Comparison were also made based on the results of gel content, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The improvement in tensile properties, thermal stability, and blends modulus can be correlated to the crosslink formation within the NR phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013