bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fungal infections in intensive therapy units
Authors: Barnes Rosemary A. , Backx Matthijs
Published: December 2017

Invasive candidiasis remains the main cause of invasive fungal disease in the intensive care unit. The risk of infection is often overestimated and most units will have incidences of 1–2% or lower. Units with higher incidences may have specific geographical and epidemiological factors, or may need to address infection control issues contributing to transmission. Routine use of prophylaxis or empiric therapy is not warranted at this level of disease. Discriminatory risk factors for this low incidence of disease are poorly defined and Candida specific biomarkers have not been validated for pre-emptive therapy. Insights into human response to invasive fungal disease gained from proteomic and genomic studies will increase our understanding, enabling us to target fungal diagnostics and antifungal treatments more accurately.
Biosafety and quality assurance in the mycology laboratory
Authors: Palmer Michael D. , Seaton Shila
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the roles of biosafety and quality assurance (with emphasis on the importance of external quality assessment) and demonstrates their importance in a clinical mycology laboratory setting. Their practice and combination are required to ensure the provision of precise and accurate analyses in a safety-focused environment to support optimal patient care.
Microscopy and culture of fungal disease
Authors: Shankland Gillian S.
Published: December 2017

The clinical mycological laboratory strives to provide an accurate and rapid diagnosis of suspected fungal disease, or exclude its possibility. The most common and most traditional methods for demonstrating fungi in tissue and body fluids are microscopy and culture. The techniques discussed in this chapter are not exhaustive but have proved to be efficient for the visualization and recovery of fungi from clinical samples. In general, these methods do not require expensive or specialist equipment. The clinician’s presumptive diagnosis may help with the selection of the most appropriate specimen and aid the laboratory in the method of processing and selection of the primary culture media. However, all too often there is scant clinical information provided to the laboratory, and indeed a fungal infection may initially not have been suspected.
The imaging of fungal disease
Authors: Cleverley Joanne
Published: December 2017

The imaging of fungal infection is diverse and often non-specific with multiple abnormalities commonly identified, frequently with more than one organ involved. By correlating the clinical information, which should include patient immune status, pre-existing chronic disease, and potential exposure to endemic fungi, and using this information with an awareness of the radiographic findings of fungal infection, a potential diagnosis can be ascertained. In this chapter, the imaging of fungal infection is discussed, concentrating on the various imaging modalities available, their role, and the major organs involved, highlighting any distinguishing radiographic findings, which may help in the search for a definitive diagnosis.
Guidelines for the diagnosis of fungal disease
Authors: Cuenca-Estrella Manuel
Published: December 2017

This chapter summarizes the current recommendations about the diagnostic methods used to detect fungal diseases. The aim of this chapter is to appraise the different techniques and procedures for detecting and investigating fungal infections, including recommendations about conventional methods of microbiological diagnosis such as microscopic examination, culture, and identification of microorganisms, and alternative diagnostic procedures—also known as ‘non-culture procedures’—based on biomarker detection.
Principles of antifungal therapy
Authors: Lewis Russell E.
Published: December 2017

Survival from many life-threatening invasive fungal diseases requires the timely administration of an effective systemic antifungal agent at the correct dose. Although some new antifungal agents have been introduced into clinical practice over the last two decades, each of these antifungals has limitations regarding spectrum, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, toxicity, and cost. Therefore, the selection and dosing of antifungal therapy need to be highly individualized. A growing body of evidence suggests that antifungal therapy is often underdosed, especially in critically ill patients with sepsis, hypoalbunaemia, and extracorporeal circuits. This underdosing may contribute to poor outcomes and increase the risk of antifungal resistance.This chapter discusses some of the drug-specific and host-specific variables clinicians must consider when selecting and dosing antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive fungal diseases.
Antifungal agents
Authors: MacCallum Donna M.
Published: December 2017

Although invasive fungal infections lead to significant morbidity and mortality, there remain limited numbers of antifungal drugs available to treat these infections. This chapter describes and discusses the therapeutic antifungal agent classes currently available clinically to treat invasive fungal infections. These include the polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine). For each drug class, those currently used clinically are listed and their modes of action described. The effectiveness of drugs against different fungal species is explored and any drawbacks to the use of each drug are discussed. Drug formulations and indications for the use of each antifungal agent are also detailed.
Antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2017

The availability of choice of systemically active antifungal agents and the proliferation in the number of fungal species implicated in invasive disease have meant that clinicians are increasingly looking for guidance from clinical laboratory results to help select the most appropriate agent. There are now well-established and predictable patterns of innate in vitro resistance to one or more antifungal agents associated with many yeast and mould species. This chapter provides definitions for the most frequently used terminology and outlines some of the issues surrounding antifungal susceptibility testing with yeast and mould isolates. Reference methods published by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are discussed. Both innate and emergent antifungal drug resistance are increasingly recognized as limiting factors in the selection of antifungal agents, and the epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance are described for each of the major classes of antifungal agent.
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Ashbee H. Ruth
Published: December 2017

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), the process of measuring drug concentrations in patients at specified time intervals, aims to ensure that the drug concentrations remain within the efficacious and non-toxic range for that drug. This chapter reviews the rationale for the use of TDM in antifungal therapy, specifically for flucytosine and azoles, including fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. For each antifungal drug, the bioavailability and excretion of the drug are detailed, as well as specific factors affecting antifungal drug concentrations in patients. The chapter discusses the toxicities observed when antifungal drug concentrations exceed those which are safe in patients, and details the specific indications for the use of TDM.
‘Mental disorder’ and public protection
Authors: Szmukler George
Published: December 2017

The implications of a Fusion Law for the management and treatment of people with impairments or disturbances in the functioning of mind who have committed offences is examined in this chapter. Concerns about public protection under a Fusion Law have been raised, particularly in relation to serious offences. Fusion Law principles can be applied with fair procedures regarding sentencing and hospitalization for those with a mental illness. The public can be protected on the same basis as for those without a mental illness. Options for extended sentences exist in many countries, equally applicable to all persons. ‘Unfitness to plead’ and ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’ present, under current systems, a problem when a person now has treatment decision-making capacity but is deemed a risk. The implications of the Fusion Law for the treatment of ‘psychopathy’ and the addictions are examined. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities poses dilemmas for which solutions are uncertain.
Federal Protections, Laws, and the Geriatric Patient
Authors: Vidoli Christina T. , Holzer Jacob C.
Published: December 2017

Seniors face complex legal concerns that are often different from what they faced when they were younger. A range of federal protections and laws exist offering guidance and regulatory structure to the aging population. Examples reviewed in this chapter include federally supported financial assistance for healthcare and benefits, such as Medicare, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Senior Health Insurance Program (SHIP); elder abuse reporting and interventions; consumer protections; and decision-making for aging and incapacitated persons. Elder law attorneys focus their practice on the legal needs of seniors and work with a variety of legal tools and techniques to specifically meet the goals of the older client, in order to maximize their autonomy and quality of life.
Capacity, Informed Consent, and Guardianship
Authors: Read Stephen L. , Spar James E.
Published: December 2017

Medical decision-making based on informed consent is a fundamental principle of ethical medical practice. When a patient lacks medical decisional capacity and is unable to give truly informed consent, an agent must be sought to act on the behalf of the person. This chapter reviews the principles underlying determination of the capacity to give informed consent regarding healthcare decisions in a clinical setting. Cognitive loss, emotional distress, or disengagement or the perception that the patient is choosing unwisely or as a result of influence may be concerns that lead to consultation. In contrast to the clear standards for medical decision-making capacity, statutory guidance and case law are essentially nonexistent regarding what standard applies to the capacity to create or to change an advance health directive (AHCD) or to change or designate a healthcare agent. In addition to current decision-making capacity, the consultant must address broader issues of functional or management capacity when the patient’s ongoing capacity to manage personal care and health is at issue, as is relevant to the petition for guardianship. A comprehensive forensic geriatric psychiatry consultation will assist with the care of the patient.
End-of-Life Decision-Making
Authors: Kollas Chad D. , Kollas Beth Boyer
Published: December 2017

Growth in the size and wealth of the United States’ elderly population, coupled with a trend toward increasing patient autonomy, has created an environment for increased conflict in end-of-life decision-making. This chapter explores the required elements for making decisions at the end of life, including determination of medical decision-making capacity. Also discussed is the development of the legal reasoning that governs situations involving elderly patients who lack the capacity, but retain the right, to make medical decisions. The chapter describes the utility of the advance care planning process, by which elderly patients can make their preferences for medical treatment known in advance of conditions or illness that could result in cognitive impairment that would otherwise hamper their ability to participate personally in end-of-life decisions. Finally, a variety of forms of advance directives are described, critical tools in honoring the medical autonomy of elderly patients.
Forensic Issues in Long-Term Care Psychiatry
Authors: Kapp Marshall B.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on medical-legal issues that may arise in the context of identifying psychiatric needs and providing psychiatric care for older persons in long-term care institutional settings, specifically residents of nursing facilities and assisted living facilities. Following general observations about the present regulatory climate in the United States governing nursing facilities and assisted living facilities, the chapter explores mental health assessment requirements for residents of those venues. Key legal responsibilities and restrictions regarding the psychiatric treatment of those residents are then discussed, as well as several areas of concern about potential exposure to litigation and liability on the part of long-term care providers. Finally, some of the most salient future legal and policy challenges confronting those who plan, fund, provide, and evaluate long-term care institutional psychiatric services are noted.
Intellectual Disabilities, Autism, and Aging
Authors: Hauser Mark J. , Kohn Robert , Lerner Mathew D. , Stein Michael , Lory Becca , Bursztajn Harold J.
Published: December 2017

The number of individuals with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder who are 65 or older is growing because of increased longevity and a proportionally larger number of individuals being diagnosed across the lifespan. Many of these individuals live with caregivers who are aging and thus eventually need out-of-home placement. Individuals with Down syndrome may also need out-of-home placement as they have an exceedingly high risk of neurocognitive disorder with age. This chapter provides the epidemiology of older adults with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and discusses the changes in criteria for these in DSM-5. The chapter also discusses the challenges these individuals and the forensic psychiatrist may face in the judicial system. Individuals may not understand their rights and may be prone to confess or be coerced. They may also lack of full comprehension, making it difficult for them to assist in their defense and describe details of offense. The overlap of geriatric psychiatry and intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and the law is an area ripe for further research.
Human Rights and the Elderly
Authors: Kohn Robert
Published: December 2017

Attention to the human rights of the elderly has gained increased international attention. This chapter provides an overview of some international agencies’ efforts to address human rights of elders, as well as related efforts in different regions of the world. The UN does not have a specific treaty or convention regarding human rights of the elderly; only in 1995 was comprehensive legal analysis of the rights of the elderly addressed. The 2002 Madrid International Action Plan on Aging was a non-legally binding declaration by participating governments. Article 14 addresses equal access to healthcare and services, including physical and mental health services. The Commission on Human Rights 2011 Special Rapporteur emphasized human rights issues in primary healthcare and chronic illness; long-term care; palliative care; and informed consent as related to older persons. The Alzheimer’s Disease International Kyoto Declaration provides countries with a framework of action to address the needs and quality of life of those with dementia and their caregivers. Similarly, the United States has developed a national plan to address Alzheimer’s disease.
Exit Polling Today and What the Future May Hold
Authors: Salvanto Anthony M.
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers exit polls from a researcher’s perspective, pointing out how it compares in terms of operation and sampling to more conventional pre-election polling and speculating about what future exit polling in the United States might look like. The chapter discusses the practical steps taken today to conduct post-election exit polling in the United States. Taken as a research study in itself, it discusses how exit polling might adapt over time in the context of the explosion in new data sources, lists, and new technologies, and—importantly—accounting for changes in the way Americans go to the polls, which is increasingly not on Election Day at all, but in the days or weeks to it or by mail or absentee ballot.
Patient Stigma, Medical Interactions, and Health Care Disparities: A Selective Review
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Phelan Sean M. , Earnshaw Valerie , Albrecht Terrance L. , Dovidio John F.
Published: December 2017

Healthcare disparities represent differences in the quality of healthcare received by different racial/ethnic or social groups that are the result of inequitable economic, political, social, and psychological processes. This chapter examines enacted stigma (negative feelings, thoughts, and actions) among health care providers and felt stigma among their patients (awareness of the biases and discrimination directed toward them because of their stigmatized condition), each of which can produce disparities in healthcare for stigmatized patients. These processes are considered for individuals from four stigmatized groups: racial minority group members, people who have above average weight or are considered obese, individuals living with HIV, and people with certain cancers. Stronger enacted stigma and felt stigma make communication in interactions with healthcare providers less productive, informative, and positive for members of all four groups. Ultimately, poorer quality communication can contribute to poorer outcomes from these interactions, and thus disparities in health status.
Power, Status, and Stigma: Their Implications for Health
Authors: Lucas Jeff , Ho Hsiang-Yuan , Kerns Kristin
Published: December 2017

This chapter summarizes research on relationships between group processes and health outcomes. It focuses on the two major concepts in sociology’s group processes tradition—power and status—and proposes that stigma represents another important group process. In considering the concepts in isolation, research indicates that being low in power puts individuals at greater risk for negative health outcomes in a number of ways, that high status protects people from negative health outcomes, and that stigma leads to a number of well-established negative health consequences. The chapter presents a preliminary model in which power and status mutually influence each other, power differences are accompanied by stigmatization, and stigma causes status loss, with the connections between the concepts having various potential implications for health outcomes. The chapter proposes that the ability of experimental approaches to isolate the processes of power, status, and stigma provides fruitful opportunities for research on health.
Stigma and the “Social Epidemic” of HIV: Understanding Bidirectional Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience
Authors: Chaudoir Stephenie R. , Fisher Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2017

HIV/AIDS is one of the most devastating public health threats facing the modern world, and its eradication relies heavily on the performance of individual risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. In this chapter, a bidirectional lens is applied to consider how stigma systematically and synergistically constrains individual ability to perform behaviors critical to the effective prevention and treatment of HIV (e.g., sexual risk reduction and medication adherence), which ultimately compromises physical health. In addition to producing increased stigma, compromised physical health may further inhibit HIV risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. Interventions capable of mitigating these bidirectional effects are then discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of the conceptual model in illuminating the causes of persistent disparities in HIV incidence and treatment outcomes.
Biopsychosocial Mechanisms Linking Discrimination to Health: A Focus on Social Cognition
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Blair Irene V. , Kaur Amandeep
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents a theoretical framework that highlights the role of social cognition in mediating the effects of discrimination on health. This framework suggests that through alterations in schemas and appraisal processes, long-term discrimination increases the experienced frequency, intensity, and duration of threat exposure and concomitant distress. At the same time, the ability to recover from threat exposure may be impaired by the effects of discrimination on cognitive control processes that are necessary for modulating stress responses. Together, these processes may influence the ability to initiate and sustain health-promoting behavior, avoid health-impairing behavior, attenuate stress reactivity, and facilitate stress recovery. Through effects on social cognition, persistent exposure to discrimination may potentiate sustained dysregulation of psychophysiological systems responsible for maintaining health.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Marsh Michael
Published: December 2017

The Republic of Ireland is unusual in using the single transferable vote to elect its national parliament. The system allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference, and those lower preferences are used to allocate seats when a count of first preferences shows that candidates have no overall majority or, in multiseat elections, do not reach a set quota. The party system showed little fragmentation until recently, and proportionality has been only a little less than in many proportional representation systems. The public twice rejected moves to change the system and continues to express satisfaction with the control it appears to give them over their representatives, despite the criticisms expressed by many politicians and commentators.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Hoyo Verónica
Published: December 2017

Overall, elections in France take place in a two-round system (with the exception of the European elections), and although each different electoral arena has its own particular procedures, most promote majoritarian principles. This chapter analyzes the electoral system of the French Fifth Republic by focusing on the operation of these rules in the larger political context: including the interaction between the rules, the party system, and the main political actors that compete in them. It shows that the two-round majoritarian system has proven remarkably stable and has managed to survive both internal (a quick detour to proportional representation in 1986) and external challenges (rise of new parties, EU common rules on proportional representation).
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Taylor Steven L. , Shugart Matthew S.
Published: December 2017

Colombia represents a rare case of a political context with a number of electoral system changes over a period of years. It serves as a natural experiment that demonstrates that party systems do react to changes in institutional parameters. There have been uninterrupted democratic elections that allow for long-term comparative study of the effects of electoral reform. From 1974 to 2014, several different basic electoral rules can be observed including single nontransferable vote (SNTV), and the D’Hondt form of party-list proportional representation. Additionally, other factors have changed including a major shift in district magnitude for the election of the Senate, a move from plurality to a two-round system for electing the president, and other areas of change including ballot format and open versus closed lists. Few cases demonstrate as many different areas of electoral study as does Colombia.
Erwin Straus
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: December 2017

Erwin Straus (1891–1975) was a German neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, and philosopher who was forced to emigrate to the United States in 1938. Based on Husserl’s phenomenology, he developed a phenomenological psychology based on sense perception and bodily movement which he applied to various areas of psychopathology. A crucial distinction he developed is between a passive or “pathic” (sensing) moment of perception on the one hand, and an active or “gnostic” (recognizing) moment on the other hand. The former may become decoupled and preponderant in anxiety, delusional mood, or drug intoxication, whereas the latter prevails in derealization and depersonalization. Among Straus’s major works are The Primary World of the Senses (1963) and Phenomenological Psychology (1966). He may be counted among the leading representatives of phenomenological and anthropological psychiatry even to the present day.
Autonomy
Authors: Deligiorgi Katerina
Published: December 2017

Autonomy is a key notion in contemporary health care yet also a contentious one. The entry starts by examining various conceptions of autonomy, personal, moral (Kant), and substantive with a view to putting the ideas and ideals that shape them in dialogue with the phenomenological tradition. After a brief presentation of the relevant conceptual innovations introduced by phenomenology, from Brentano and Husserl, and later, Jaspers, the discussion turns to phenomenological trends in psychopathology and more broadly bioethics, in order to identify areas that help with the two guiding questions of this article: whether a phenomenological conception of autonomy is possible and how such a conception might apply to the theory and practice of psychopathology.
The Life-World of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Mancini Milena
Published: December 2017

Persons with borderline personality disorder are often described as affected by extreme emotional fluctuations. This article analyses their fundamental emotions: dysphoria and anger, despair, boredom, shame, and guilt. Our focus will be mainly on the two distinct life-world configurations that originate from dysphoria and anger: the dysphoric life-world and the life-world of anger. The first is characterized by a quasi-ineffable constellation of feelings in which Self and Others are irritatingly indefinite. In the second, the vague sense of Self and Others disappear: the Self is the victim, the Other the Offender. This emotional intensity does not allow borderline persons to distance themselves from what they feel here-and-now, thus feelings and values overlap. We call this “frustrated normativity.” Borderline persons are guided by the value of authenticity thus entering into collision with the social norms/conventions which they consider inauthentic and therefore an unwarranted challenge to their truly natural being: spontaneity.
Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Rosfort René
Published: December 2017

Paul Ricoeur belongs to the first generation of French phenomenology, and his principal contribution to the phenomenological tradition is to be found in his development of a hermeneutical phenomenology. Ricoeur’s work spans more than half a century and is shaped by his conviction that philosophy is first and foremost to create a dialogue between various fields of knowledge. He considers phenomenology a necessary, but not sufficient theory to make sense of human life. In fact, Ricoeur’s turn to hermeneutics in the beginning of his career is an attempt to make sense of the complexity of human identity. We experience ourselves are autonomous creatures, and yet we constantly find ourselves restricted by various kinds of heteronomous factors (e.g. biological, cultural, ethical). This dialectics of autonomy and passivity constitutive of human identity is at the core of Ricoeur’s hermeneutical phenomenology, and in particular of his influential theory of narrative identity.
(Re)Considering Gender Jurisprudence
Authors: Viseur Sellers Patricia
Published: December 2017

The chapter reviews gender jurisprudence in international humanitarian law and international criminal law, and urges a reconsideration of this jurisprudence. It examines aspects of the crime of genocide to illustrate the “narrow” strand of gender jurisprudence focused on sexual violence, as well as a more “panoramic” view that has emerged in recent years. The chapter concludes by moving beyond the binary of the narrow and panoramic views of gender jurisprudence. It argues that gender jurisprudence acts as an independent measure of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Such a comprehensive reading of gender jurisprudence provides an analytical tool for practitioners to reconceptualize redress under international criminal law.
Theories of War
Authors: Sjoberg Laura
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses how different theories of war from the discipline of international relations (IR) neglect a gender analysis and explores why gender analysis is key to understanding war. The chapter illustrates how a gender analysis accounts for a more nuanced and empirically accurate understanding of what war involves, what its causes are, who fights wars, and how to end war. Traditional IR theory focuses on international systems (system level war theory), the state (state-level war theory), and individual leaders, while feminist scholarship goes further and recognizes the interdependence of the personal and the political. Feminist scholars account for the ways in which traditional security mechanisms might paradoxically make the women in these states less secure. Furthermore, the chapter points out that little attention has been paid to gender dynamics and how men and women are differently socially situated, which is important to understanding conflict among political groups, states, and international organizations.
Colonialism
Authors: Mama Amina
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the way in which imperialism perpetuated a patriarchal gender regime in the modern states of Africa. It addresses the lingering effects of colonial political institutions that relied on a gendered separation of the private and public spheres. It illuminates the centrality of sex and gender coercion to the colonization processes and the legacy of these practices on contemporary law and policy. The marginalization of women from political and economic life has persisted to the modern day, provoking women to mobilize into movements challenging this discrimination. This chapter further argues that military rule and civil war are not indigenous to Africa but are instead a relapse that draws on the institutional dominance of all-male colonial security systems.
The Martial Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and Modernity
Authors: Gaca Kathy L.
Published: December 2017

This chapter tracks martial or “ravaging rape” since the ancient Mediterranean period. It demonstrates how ravaging has historically been practiced as a form of warfare. It describes how ravaging exerts martial ethno-religious hegemony over people by targeting their reproductive capacity and childbearing customs. It charts this practice in modern times, focusing on the sexual violence of Serbian forces toward Bosnian women. The linkages between historical and modern practices underscore the continuities of harm and violence that women experience in situations of war. The chapter situates recent testimonials about male massacre and martial rape within the long history of ravaging. Historical knowledge underscores the pervasiveness of such practices and the challenges to undoing them in war.
Intersectionality
Authors: Rooney Elish
Published: December 2017

This chapter uses intersectionality theory and practice to analyze the gendered nature of armed conflict, particularly with respect to understanding the construction of conflict-related identities. It argues that gender, as an intersectional concept that encompasses masculinity, plays an important role in constructing an understanding of a conflict. The chapter begins with a basic overview of intersectionality as it applies to conflict settings. Looking at both the conflict in Northern Ireland and German reunification, it provides examples of how applied intersectionality can enhance understandings of gender, race, and class. The chapter discusses the importance of institutional responses to underlying structural inequalities that are often revealed by intersectional analysis. It closes with an examination of how intersectionality functions as a legal tool, examining a police strategy for the protection of Muslim women in Canada, as well as a study of conflict-related female fatalities in Northern Ireland.
Violent Conflict and Changes in Gender Economic Roles
Authors: Justino Patricia
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines recent empirical evidence on the ways that violent conflict impacts the economic welfare and livelihoods of men and women. It explores how the adaptation to violence profoundly changes gender roles within family structures. It also examines the impact of conflict on female labor market participation in several conflict-affected countries. Though female participation tends to increase during conflict, this participation is restricted to low-skilled jobs, and decreases again post-conflict. Due to social and economic constraints, women struggle to meaningfully raise their socioeconomic status in conflict and post-conflict situations. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of increasing gender-inclusive data analysis for post-conflict economic recovery interventions.
Victims Who are Men
Authors: Dolan Chris
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the exclusion of civilian men from discussions of gender violence and gender inequality in conflict situations. It argues that progress toward including men in policy and legal discourse has been stunted, despite repeated attempts to challenge the silencing of men’s experiences. The chapter demonstrates how men can be simultaneously victims and perpetrators of sexual violence. It also highlights the importance of interrogating data collection methods in sexual violence studies. Reassessments of such statistics show that men are more frequently victims of sexual violence than had been previously assumed. To create alternative models of justice, this chapter calls for a conceptual shift that recognizes the gender-based harms men experience in conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: December 2017

The Introduction to this handbook covers the broad themes and positions of the chapters without engaging specifically with the argument of any one chapter. It begins with a discussion of an early example of reenactment in dance, that of Susanne Linke’s work on Dore Hoyer’s Affectos Humanos in 1988. It analyzes the significance of Hoyer’s identity in German modern dance of the mid-twentieth century to the emergence of reenactment per se. The author theorizes reenactment as a practice of “asymmetrical historical temporalities” and develops the distinction between historicity and temporality. There is a difference between the way reenactment is handled in discourse on art and performance and in dance. Drawing upon the work of François Hartog and Paul Ricoeur, the Introduction concludes with a discussion of regimes of historicity and Ricoeurs’s concept of document as trace, and debates the idea that reenactment in dance is a form of historical knowledge.
Reenactment, Dance Identity, and Historical Fictions
Authors: Pakes Anna
Published: December 2017

Commentary on the recent trend toward performance “reenactment” suggests that there is something distinctive about how the phenomenon enables past dances to return. This raises ontological and identity questions that this chapter explores through three central cases: Fabian Barba’s (2009) A Mary Wigman Dance Evening, Philippe Decouflé’s (2012) Panorama, and the Kirov Ballet’s (1999) restaging of Marius Petipa’s The Sleeping Beauty. Do past dances reappear in reenactment, and, if so, how? Does the reenactment offer new tokens of a choreographic work type, or a redoing of a past performance event? Critically analyzing ideas central to the reenactment literature about the body-as-archive and affective history, the chapter argues for a conception of reenactment (alongside other models of dance reconstruction) as a form of historical fiction. As such, reenactment represents, rather than “re-instances,” past dances, hazarding and testing historical claims, by presenting thought experiments about how those dances might have been.
(In)Distinct Positions
Authors: Giersdorf Jens
Published: December 2017

Investigating two mutually exclusive approaches to the theorization of dance, which are labeled for the purposes of illustration German philosophical conceptualization and US identity politics, this chapter examines the differences between these two theorizing models in terms of their politics. Caused by incompatible methodologies, international communication within the field of dance studies often takes place only at the level of information—excluding critical engagement with the opposing position. Such inability to critically engage reinforces local academic norms in national models of dance studies. Using the example of Trajel Harrell’s unique reenactment of historical choreographic material and the physicalization of dance theoretical positions in his choreography Antigone Sr./Twenty Looks or Paris Is Burning at The Judson Church (L), the author proposes a productive model of in-between-ness that not only engages with the opposed approaches to dance studies, but also provides a critical reenactment of them.
Giving Sense to the Past
Authors: de Laet Timmy
Published: December 2017

One of the most common assertion about reenactment is that it installs a form of “affective historiography.” Because reenactment engages the body in relating to the past, it adds corporeal, sensorial, emotional, or psychological dimensions to history in ways that books or documents allegedly cannot offer. This tendency, however, to regard reenactment as an alternative to traditional modes of historiography has led to an overemphasis on its immersive effects, at the expense of its epistemological potential. This chapter argues that even while dance reenactment might share with its more popular counterparts the appeal to sensory immediacy, it turns the format into an artistic strategy that exploits, rather than covers up, historical distance, which incites critical reflection on what it means to restage the past in terms of time and affect.
To the Letter
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: December 2017

This chapter is devoted to a piece by Olivia Granville, Le Cabaret discrépant, created in 2011. This piece interrogates and reenacts a largely forgotten moment in the history of the choreographic avant-gardes: the choreographic initiatives of the Lettrist Group (in the first place of its founder Isidore Isou, but also of his disciple Maurice Lemaître) in the 1950s and 1960s. After exposing the main ideas of the Lettrist theory of dance and choreographic history, the chapter analyzes the structure and the meaning of the piece by Granville. It emphasizes the specific use of citation and the powers of literality in order to present a nonlinear and nonteleological vision of art history.
What Remains of the Witness? Testimony as Epistemological Category
Authors: Foellmer Susanne
Published: December 2017

Eyewitnesses in dance are especially in demand when past events are to be reconstructed. In contrast to documents in the form of videos or photographs, eyewitnesses seem to embody the promise of a more direct and immediate transfer of information. However, memory is often fragmentary, or knowledge of past events is fractured in precisely the areas that are of interest. Witnessing in dance is less defined by the ideal of completing what is missing and is more apt at revealing the gaps that dance as—and in—a reconstruction has always already been confronted with. Witnessing in dance becomes an issue of trust and credibility when what needs to be known is no longer available. It thus follows that bearing witness in dance makes reference to the challenges and complications of witnessing as an epistemological category—not only in artistic contexts, but in juridical and philosophical ones as well.
Dance and the Distributed Body
Authors: Banerji Anurima
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the links between contemporary Odissi dance and one of its antecedents, mahari naach, the dance of female ritual specialists associated with the Jagannath temple in Puri, a center of pilgrimage in Odisha, India. The author argues that mahari naach produced a notion of the “distributed body” by engaging in an intersubjective relationship with the animated figure of the deity and the personified architectural space that served as the venue for dance practice. Combining ethnographic, historical, and philosophical sources, this interdisciplinary analysis critically examines the ideations of embodiment in Odisha’s religious culture to understand how a distinct notion of corporeality emerges in ritual activity—and considers the failure of the modern concert form to fully reenact it, despite its desire to appropriate past performance.
Epilogue to an Epilogue
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a historical context for reenactment in contemporary dance in experiments in the 1980s with the reconstruction and reinvention of dance modernism and baroque dance, as well as offshoots of the baroque. It posits the importance of the artist’s dual emplacement in multiple senses: between past and present, between intellectual and artistic production, between memory and forgetting. Through an analysis of Martin Nachbar’s reenactment of the solo cycle Affectos Humanos by Dore Hoyer, it then proceeds to elaborate a poetics of the archive and the notion of choreography itself as an “order of places” necessary to memory itself.
Dance in Search of Its Own History
Authors: Huschka Sabine
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the methods of appropriating and reactivating past knowledge of European dance practices, focusing on contemporary choreographic approaches funded by the German national program Tanzfonds Erbe (Kulturstiftung des Bundes). Eyeing three distinct productions—Jochen Roller’s The Source Code (2012), Christina Ciupke and Anna Till’s undo, redo and repeat (2013), and Henrietta Horn’s rendition of Mary Wigman’s Le Sacre du Printemps (2013)—the inquiry focuses on the reflective possibilities disclosed by reenactment. To seek the remains of dance historicity across bodies, “witnesses,” notes, and digital media, the chapter analyzes the different approaches to actualizing choreographic knowledge of the past in the modes of occupying vacancies—reaching into an open wound of loss (death). Since every act of remembering is placed between the past and the present, the logic of reenactment constitutes in dance a staged act of activated memory continually carrying out the work of its own self-assertion.
Character-Based Business Ethics
Authors: Alzola Miguel
Published: December 2017

Virtue ethics provides a congenial framework for the conceptualization and practice of business and can offer the resources for a new theory of the firm in efforts to understand the nature and purpose of business organizations. Business ethics is then primarily about character rather than actions: the values that are used to appraise business conduct and success must be somehow related to actualizing human nature in the context of the production and exchange of goods and services. A character-based theory of business entails a shift of research focus in academic business ethics, from political philosophy to moral psychology and managerial ethics. This chapter examines the components of a full character-based theory of business practice, considers three of the most serious objections against the theory, and sketches a reply to the objections.
Virtue as a Sensitivity
Authors: Clarke Bridget
Published: December 2017

Drawing on Plato’s and Aristotle’s ethics, Iris Murdoch and John McDowell argue that virtue is best conceived as a sensitivity. According to this account, and against the modern conception of virtue as strength of will, virtue is a single cognitive-motivational sensitivity to moral requirements. It equips the agent to discern what is morally required and ensures that she is motivated accordingly. The sensitivity conception of virtue rejects the modern aspiration to codify moral requirements but defends the objectivity of those requirements. It thus builds on classical moral psychology to offer an alternative to modern approaches to ethics and to moral skepticism. The chapter offers a sympathetic reconstruction of the sensitivity account, and its conclusion suggests one way to develop it.
Virtue Epistemology and Psychology
Authors: Fairweather Abrol , Montemayor Carlos
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines connections between virtue epistemology and psychology. The authors’ interest is thus to explain, understand, and evaluate virtue theoretic forms of epistemic psychology. Section I provides a brief overview of virtue epistemology; section II then discusses the two main types of virtue epistemological theories currently on offer (responsibilism and reliabilism). Section III examines empirical challenges to responsibilism from social psychology (epistemic situationism) and some lines of response. Section IV concludes by showing that a pressing problem for virtue reliabilism, namely providing an adequate account of epistemic agency, can be resolved by utilizing recent empirical work in the psychology of attention. The authors defend an empirically informed account of epistemic agency suitable for virtue reliabilism.
Virtue, Vice, and Situationism
Authors: Bates Tom , Kleingeld Pauline
Published: December 2017

On the basis of psychological research, a group of philosophers known as “situationists” argue that the evidence belies the existence of broad (“global”) character traits. They argue that this condemns as psychologically unrealistic those traditions in moral theory in which global virtues are upheld as ideals. After a survey of the debate to date, this chapter argues that the thesis of situationism is ill-supported by the available evidence. Situationists overlook the explanatory potential of a large class of global vices, namely, vices that do not involve other-directed malevolence, such as laziness, cowardice, and selfishness. A detailed discussion of the relevant empirical studies bearing on moral psychology shows that once one takes seriously the possibility that such vices are widespread, global character traits may well turn out to be abundant.
Eudaimonism
Authors: LeBar Mark
Published: December 2017

The concept of eudaimonia plays a crucial role in understanding virtue on some quite influential virtue ethical theories. It can be understood as happiness, as a property of lives. It is on many influential accounts the focus of virtue and the standard for excellence in living and acting. This chapter grapples with some essential questions in fleshing out this relation: What, beyond merely not dying, does living consist in? What counts as living well? How does eudaimonia give point or focus to virtue? Who is living a good life good for? Can eudaimonism get us beyond an unacceptable egoism? Among the major concerns addressed is that eudaimonia really points more to moral perfection than to happiness. The chapter concludes by taking up a number of objections to allowing the role for eudaimonia that it has traditionally played in virtue ethical theories.
Virtue as a Skill
Authors: Stichter Matt
Published: December 2017

One approach to conceptualizing virtue is to compare and contrast virtues with skills, since both involve knowing how to act well in particular situations. The knowledge of someone with a virtue is purported to be analogous to the knowledge of the expert in a skill. Since the study of expertise is concerned with understanding the development of skill acquisition from the stages of novice to expert, it has the potential to shed light on the acquisition of virtue. This thesis has gained traction in contemporary virtue ethics and virtue epistemology. Determining whether this thesis is plausible requires answering three central questions. First, what is the nature of skills and expertise? Second, what characteristics would virtues and the virtuous person have if they are modeled on skills and expertise? Third, is there evidence that virtue development tracks skill acquisition? This chapter explores these questions and poses some answers to them.