bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of the Entrance Flow into a Slit. Part I
Authors: Philippoff Wladimir
Published: July 2002

This analysis, using existing basic hydro-dynamic theory for the entrance conditions into slits, has resulted in easily provable equations in this approximation, valid for Newtonian liquids without the complication of inertia (Reynolds number). This assumption is proved to be valid for the flows discussed. Furthermore, the limits of the existing theory are delineated, especially the area of transition from the converging to the parallel slit flow. This inaccessible range can be elucidated by direct experiments or by numerical methods with computers. This paper is the introduction to a series of experimental investigations which further analyze the flow conditions of Newtonian or viscoelastic liquids.
Post–Acute Care Rehabilitation Services and Outcomes in Skilled Nursing Facilities Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shi Sandra M. , Kosar Cyrus M. , Gouskova Natalia , Berry Sarah D.
Published: March 2023

This cohort study evaluates changes in rehabilitation services provided by skilled nursing facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Distributed adaptive control for H∞ tracking of uncertain interconnected dynamical systems
Authors: Gebremedhin Atsede G. , Fujisaki Yasumasa
Published: March 2023

A distributed adaptive control is proposed for tracking of an interconnected dynamical system in the presence of disturbances and system/interconnection uncertainties. A reference model which achieves a robust tracking against disturbances is introduced by using control with transients. Then a distributed adaptive control law is developed for an uncertain interconnected dynamical system, where it employs the specified reference model. It is shown that the boundedness of the error dynamics behaviors as well as zero tracking error in the steady state is guaranteed by the proposed distributed adaptive control in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. An explicit error bound related to tracking is also established.
Experimental and Numerical Modal Characterization for Additively Manufactured Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures: Comparison between Free‐Size and Homogenization‐Based Optimization Methods
Authors: Ozdemir Mirhan , Simsek Ugur , Kuser Engin , Gayir Cemal Efe , Celik Alican , Sendur Polat
Published: March 2023

Homogenization‐based topology optimization (HMTO) is one of the most extensively used grading methods to generate functionally graded lattice structures (FGLs). However, it requires a precharacterization of the lattices, which is time‐consuming. As a remedy, free‐size optimization‐based graded lattice generation (FOGLG) is explored as an alternative method to generate the FGLs. This article builds on the authors’ previous work in which the HMTO and FOGLG approaches are studied to improve the dynamic characteristic of a design by using a single lattice type, namely, double gyroid (DG) structure. To show applicability of the proposed methods, different lattice types including diamond (D), gyroid (G), and I‐WP are employed to create FGLs herein. The frequency response analysis is performed, and the results from HMTO and FOGLG are compared in terms of their accuracy and efficiency. The optimized designs are then reconstructed by relative density mapping (RDM) and enhanced relative density mapping (ERDM) methods. The fabricated test samples made of cobalt–chromium using the direct metal laser melting (DMLM) technique are then experimentally validated using a laser vibrometer. The results reveal that HMTO and FOGLG can be used on the lattice types with a variety of configurations and relative densities.
Modulating Temporospatial Phosphate Equilibrium by Nanoparticulate Mineralized Collagen Materials Induces Osteogenesis via PiT‐1 and PiT‐2
Authors: Ren Xiaoyan , Zhou Qi , Bedar Meiwand , Foulad David , Huang Kelly X. , Dejam Dillon , Dahan Natalie J. , Kolliopoulos Vasiliki , Harley Brendan A.C. , Lee Justine C.
Published: March 2023

The temporospatial equilibrium of phosphate contributes to physiological bone development and fracture healing, yet optimal control of phosphate content has not been explored in skeletal regenerative materials. Nanoparticulate mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan (MC‐GAG) is a synthetic, tunable material that promotes in vivo skull regeneration. In this work, the effects of MC‐GAG phosphate content on the surrounding microenvironment and osteoprogenitor differentiation are investigated. This study finds that MC‐GAG exhibits a temporal relationship with soluble phosphate with elution early in culture shifting to absorption with or without differentiating primary bone marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The intrinsic phosphate content of MC‐GAG is sufficient to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in basal growth media without the addition of exogenous phosphate in a manner that can be severely reduced, but not eliminated, by knockdown of the sodium phosphate transporters PiT‐1 or PiT‐2. The contributions of PiT‐1 and PiT‐2 to MC‐GAG‐mediated osteogenesis are nonredundant but also nonadditive, suggestive that the heterodimeric form is essential to its activity. These findings indicate that the mineral content of MC‐GAG alters phosphate concentrations within a local microenvironment resulting in osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells via both PiT‐1 and PiT‐2.
Polarity‐Driven Atomic Displacements at the 2D Mg2TiO4‐MgO (001) Oxide Interface for Hosting Potential Interlayer Excitons
Authors: Shin Kidae , Eltinge Stephen , Lee Sangjae , Shin Hyungki , Jiang Juan , Hong Hawoong , Davidson Bruce A. , Zou Ke , Ismail‐Beigi Sohrab , Ahn Charles H. , Walker Frederick J.
Published: March 2023

Interlayer excitons in solid‐state systems have emerged as candidates for realizing novel platforms ranging from excitonic transistors and optical qubits to exciton condensates. Interlayer excitons have been discovered in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, with large exciton binding energies and the ability to form various van der Waals heterostructures. Here, an oxide system consisting of a single unit cell of Mg2TiO4 on MgO (001) is proposed as a platform for hosting interlayer excitons. Using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, molecular beam epitaxy growth, and in situ crystal truncation rod measurements, it is shown that the Mg2TiO4‐MgO interface can be precisely controlled to yield an internal electric field suitable for hosting interlayer excitons. The atoms in the polar Mg2TiO4 layers are observed to be displaced to reduce polarity at the interface with the non‐polar MgO (001) surface. Such polarity‐driven atomic displacements strongly affect electrostatics of the film and the interface, resulting in localization of filled and empty band‐edge states in different layers of the Mg2TiO4 film. The DFT calculations suggest that the electronic structure is favorable for localization of photoexcited electrons in the bottom layer and holes in the top layer, which may bind to form interlayer exciton states.
Recent Advances on Transition‐Metal‐Based Layered Double Hydroxides Nanosheets for Electrocatalytic Energy Conversion
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Zhang Man , Liu Yaoyu , Zheng Zhikeng , Liu Biying , Chen Meng , Guan Guoqing , Yan Kai
Published: March 2023

Transition‐metal‐based layered double hydroxides (TM‐LDHs) nanosheets are promising electrocatalysts in the renewable electrochemical energy conversion system, which are regarded as alternatives to noble metal‐based materials. In this review, recent advances on effective and facile strategies to rationally design TM‐LDHs nanosheets as electrocatalysts, such as increasing the number of active sties, improving the utilization of active sites (atomic‐scale catalysts), modulating the electron configurations, and controlling the lattice facets, are summarized and compared. Then, the utilization of these fabricated TM‐LDHs nanosheets for oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, urea oxidation reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, small molecule oxidations, and biomass derivatives upgrading is articulated through systematically discussing the corresponding fundamental design principles and reaction mechanism. Finally, the existing challenges in increasing the density of catalytically active sites and future prospects of TM‐LDHs nanosheets‐based electrocatalysts in each application are also commented.
Raumtemperatur‐Stabile Diazoalkene mittels Diazotransfer von Aziden: Pyridin‐basierte Diazoalkene
Authors: Reitz Justus , Antoni Patrick W. , Holstein Julian J. , Hansmann Max M.
Published: March 2023

Kürzlich haben stabile Diazoalkene als neue Substanzklasse in der organischen Chemie große Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Während ihr bisheriger synthetischer Zugang ausschließlich auf die Aktivierung von Distickstoffoxid (N2O) beschränkt war, etablieren wir hier einen allgemeineren synthetischen Ansatz, der einen Regitz‐Diazotransfer‐artigen Ansatz mit Aziden ausnutzt. Wichtig ist, dass diese Strategie auch auf schwach polarisierte Olefine wie 2‐Pyridinolefine anwendbar ist. Die neuen Pyridindiazoalkene sind nicht durch die Aktivierung von Distickstoffoxid (N2O) zugänglich, was eine beträchtliche Erweiterung des Anwendungsbereichs dieser erst seit kurzem zugänglichen funktionellen Gruppe bedeutet. Diese neue Diazoalkenklasse hat Eigenschaften, die sich von den bisher bekannten Substanzklassen unterscheiden, wie z. B. der photochemisch ausgelöste Verlust von Distickstoff, der zu Cumulenen und nicht zu C‐H‐Insertionsprodukten führt. Von Pyridin abgeleitete Diazoalkene stellen die bisher am wenigsten polarisierte, stabile Diazoalkenklasse dar.
Population distribution, connectivity and differentiation of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins in Chinese waters: Key baselines for improving conservation management
Authors: Liu Mingming , Lin Mingli , Li Songhai
Published: March 2023

Humpback dolphins (Sousa spp.), throughout their distribution ranges, are often designated as flagship species for coastal ecosystem conservation. Most of the early research on humpback dolphins was carried out in Chinese waters, and in the last two decades, numerous studies have provided abundant conservation‐valuable findings.

In this study, a systematic review was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the distributional ecology of humpback dolphins in Chinese waters, to establish an updated national knowledge base about key conservation baselines on this flagship species.

Currently, there are at least eight main distribution areas of humpback dolphins along the coast of southern China, representing a clear picture of place‐based conservation units. However, the overall biogeographical distribution pattern is discontinuous, and existing marine protected areas are far from sufficient to protect these key areas for the survival of humpback dolphins.

Based on the photo‐identification technique, cross‐matching of humpback dolphin individuals revealed extremely low inter‐population connectivity among most of the known populations. Genetic studies suggested that several examined populations have low haplotype diversity levels, with limited inter‐population gene flow. Morphological and behavioural evidence also supports population differentiation among geographical locations.

These findings provide key baselines for the promotion of conservation management initiatives for humpback dolphins in Chinese waters. All recognizable geographical populations, together with each key habitat, should be considered as independent conservation units. With small distribution areas, low genetic diversity and unfavourable geographical isolation, several populations may be at a high risk of regional extinction.

A country‐led scheme with cross‐regional collaboration is required for science‐based, action‐focused and timely conservation efforts. Future conservation management initiatives should aim to increase or at least maintain key habitats, inter‐population connectivity, population‐level genetic diversity and effective population size.
A bacterial genome assembly and annotation laboratory using a virtual machine
Authors: Trofimova Ellina , Asgharzadeh Kangachar Shahla , Weynberg Karen D. , Willows Robert D. , Jaschke Paul R.
Published: March 2023

With the global increase of infections caused by antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains, there is an urgent need for new methods of tackling the issue. Genomic analysis of bacterial strains can help to understand their virulence and antibiotic resistance profile. Bioinformatic skills are in great demand across the biological sciences. We designed a workshop that allows university students to learn the process of genome assembly using command‐line tools within a virtual machine on a Linux operating system. We use Illumina and Nanopore short and long‐read raw sequences to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of short, long, and hybrid assembly methods. The workshop teaches how to assess read and assembly quality, perform genome annotation, and analyze pathogenicity, antibiotic and phage resistance. The workshop is intended for a five‐week teaching period and is concluded by a student poster presentation assessment.
The complete anatomy of the lingual nerve: A meta‐analysis with implications for oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Ostrowski Patryk , Bonczar Michał , Wilk Jakub , Michalczak Mateusz , Czaja Julia , Niziolek Martha , Sienkiewicz Justyna , Szczepanek Elżbieta , Chmielewski Przemysław , Iskra Tomasz , Gregorczyk‐Maga Iwona , Walocha Jerzy , Koziej Mateusz
Published: March 2023

Lingual nerve (LN) injury during surgical procedures in the third molar region warrants a detailed study of its common pathway and important variations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze and compile the multiple anatomical variations of the LN for use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is anticipated that the results of the present meta‐analysis may help to minimize the possible complications when performing procedures associated with this anatomical entity. Major online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase were used to gather all relevant studies regarding the LN anatomy. The results were established based on a total of 1665 LNs. The pooled prevalence of the LN being located below the lingual/ alveolar crest was found to be 77.87% (95% CI: 0.00%–100.00%). The LN was located above the lingual/ alveolar crest in 8.21% (95% CI: 4.63%–12.89%) of examined nerves. The most common shape of the LN was established to be round with a prevalence of 40.96% (95% CI: 23.96%–59.06%), followed by oval at 37.98% (95% CI: 23.98%–53.02%) and flat at 25.16% (95% CI: 12.85%–39.77%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up‐to‐date study regarding the anatomy of the LN. The LN was found to be located below the lingual/alveolar crest in 77.87% of the cases. Furthermore, the LN was found to enter the tongue under the submandibular duct in 68.39% of the cases. Knowledge about the anatomy of the LN is crucial for numerous oral and maxillofacial procedures such as during the extraction of the third molar.
Ayahuasca in Western society and the metacognitive counselling approach
Authors: Kawakami Atsuko , Suzuki Masako
Published: March 2023

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic plant used throughout South America for religious, cultural and healing ceremonies. Previous studies have analysed it as a therapy method from either the microperspective, such as physiological and psychological effects of substance use, or the macroperspective, such as legal issues or cultural appropriation of ayahuasca by Westerners. There is a need to combine those two aspects to fully understand the effects of ayahuasca for therapists and clients in Western communities. By utilising an autoethnographic instrumental case study, we discuss the possible risk of ayahuasca gaining popularity in Western societies without an understanding of how the social context plays a tremendous part in healing using this method. We also discuss the risk of intrapsychic experiences brought about by ayahuasca that may deter individuals from seeking appropriate treatment. It is not our intention to present ayahuasca as an illegitimate or invalid method of healing; rather, we emphasise the importance of integrating micro‐ and macroperspectives in psychotherapy practice. We suggest that the metacognitive counselling approach be taken by both clients and therapists when adopting indigenous methods of therapy which may add a significantly positive effect. Although we hope this study offers realistic and lived experiences to generate pragmatic solutions for therapists and clients, we recognise that it is necessary to collect data from a larger number of both clients and therapists to better support our suggestion of the metacognitive counselling approach.
Pharyngeal trauma: When to suspect physical abuse
Authors: Passmore Sarah , Grant Sophia , Isaac Reena , Hendrix‐Dicken Amy D.
Published: March 2023

Paediatric pharyngeal trauma is common and frequently occurs after falls or other accidents. Children with these injuries typically present to emergency departments with drooling, respiratory distress, stridor and hematemesis. Although most cases of pharyngeal trauma are minor, some can have rare, life‐threatening complications.
No Transition Metals Required – Oxygen Promoted Synthesis of Imines from Primary Alcohols and Amines under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Himmelbauer Daniel , Talmazan Radu , Weber Stefan , Pecak Jan , Thun‐Hohenstein Antonio , Geissler Maxine‐Sophie , Pachmann Lukas , Pignitter Marc , Podewitz Maren , Kirchner Karl
Published: March 2023

The synthesis of imines denotes a cornerstone in organic chemistry. The use of alcohols as renewable substituents for carbonyl‐functionality represents an attractive opportunity. Consequently, carbonyl moieties can be in situ generated from alcohols upon transition‐metal catalysis under inert atmosphere. Alternatively, bases can be utilized under aerobic conditions. In this context, we report the synthesis of imines from benzyl alcohols and anilines, promoted by KOtBu under aerobic conditions at room temperature, in the absence of any transition‐metal catalyst. A detailed investigation of the radical mechanism of the underlying reaction is presented. This reveals a complex reaction network fully supporting the experimental findings.
Determinative Effect of Axial Linearity on Single‐Molecule Magnet Performance in Dinuclear Dysprosium Complexes
Authors: Han Tian , Ding You‐Song , Giansiracusa Marcus J. , Chilton Nicholas F. , Winpenny Richard E. P. , Zheng Yan‐Zhen
Published: March 2023

Two dichloride‐bridged dinuclear dysprosium(III) complexes based on salen ligands, namely, [Dy(L1)(μ‐Cl)(thf)]2 (1; H2L1=N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)phenylenediamine) and [Dy2(L2)2(μ‐Cl)2(thf)2]2 (2; H2L2=N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)ethylenediamine) are reported. These two complexes have two short Dy−O(PhO) bonds that exhibit angles of ∼90° for 1 and ∼143° for 2, leading to clear slow relaxation of the magnetization for 2 and not for 1. Compound 2 has a near‐identical core to the recently reported compound [Dy2(L3)2(μ‐Cl)2(thf)2] (3; H2L3=N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐N,N‐bis(2′‐hydroxy‐3′,5′‐di‐tert‐butylbenzyl)amine). The only substantial difference is the relative angle of the two O(PhO)−Dy−O(PhO) vectors, which is collinear in 2 owing to inversion symmetry and ∼68° in 3 due to a molecular C2 axis. It is shown that this subtle structural difference leads to large differences in the dipolar ground states, giving rise to open magnetic hysteresis for 3 and not for 2.
Chemistry, Chemo‐Ecology, and Biological Activities of Uncommon and Structurally Diverse Sesquiterpenoids from the Sanya Bay Nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus
Authors: Shen Shou‐Mao , Su Ming‐Zhi , Yu Dan‐Dan , Luo Hui , Li Xu‐Wen , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: March 2023

A detailed chemical investigation of the Sanya Bay nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus yielded thirteen new sesquiterpenoids, namely sanyagunins A−H, sanyalides A−C, and sanyalactams A and B, along with eleven known related ones. Sanyalactams A and B feature an unprecedented hexahydrospiro[indene‐2,3′‐pyrrolidine] core. The structures of new compounds were established by a combination of extensive spectroscopic data analysis, quantum mechanical‐nuclear magnetic resonance methods, the modified Mosher's method, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Based on analysis of NOESY correlations and the modified Mosher's method, the stereochemistry of two known furodysinane‐type sesquiterpenoids were revised. A plausible biogenetic relationship between these sesquiterpenoids wasproposed and discussed, and a chemo‐ecological relationship of the title animal and its possible sponge preys has been analyzed. In bioassays, sanyagunin B showed moderate antibacterial activity, whereas 4α‐formamidogorgon‐11‐ene exhibited potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 0.87 to 1.95 μM.
Mehrdimensionale selektive Umbenetzungsagglomeration – Bestimmung der Reinheit von Graphitagglomeraten
Authors: Schreier Julia , Bröckel Ulrich
Published: March 2023

Die Umbenetzungsagglomeration bietet die Möglichkeit einer Trennung nach zwei Partikeleigenschaften. Hierbei wird nach den Benetzungseigenschaften des Feststoffs in Bezug zur Suspensions‐ und Bindeflüssigkeit getrennt und nach der Größe. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Reinheit der entstehenden Graphitagglomerate in einer Mischung mit Quarzsand gravimetrisch zu bestimmen und diese mit den Benetzungseigenschaften zu korrelieren. Die Güte dieser Ergebnisse wird mit einer Mikroröntgentomographie (µ‐CT) untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich Quarzsand mit Paraffinöl nicht benetzen lässt und somit Reinheiten von 99,5 % bis 99,9 % erreicht werden, was das Ergebnis der µ‐CT bestätigt. Einen Einfluss der Partikelgröße des Quarzsandes konnte im untersuchten Bereich nicht bestätigt werden.
Applications of Rare Earth Promoted Transition Metal Sulfides in Electrocatalysis†
Authors: Shen Wei , Zhu Jiamin , Hu Yang , Yin Jie , Zheng Yao , Xi Pinxian
Published: March 2023

Comprehensive Summary

With the rapid consumption of fossil fuels and the resulting environmental problems, researchers are working to find sustainable alternative energy and energy storage and conversion methods. Transition metal sulfur compounds have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, low cost, adjustable components and good electrocatalytic performance. As an alternative to noble metal catalysts, they have emerged as a promising electrocatalyst. However, their low catalytic activity and poor stability limit their large‐scale practical applications. Rare earth elements, known as industrial vitamins, are widely used in various fields due to their special redox properties, oxygen affinity and electronic structure. Therefore, the construction of rare earth promoted transition metal sulfides is of far‐reaching significance for the development of catalysts. Here, we review the applications of various rare earth promoted transition metal sulfides in energy storage and conversion in recent years, which focuses on three ways in rare earth promoted transition metal sulfide, including doping, interfacial modification engineering and structural facilitation. As well, these materials are used in electrochemical reactions such as OER, HER, ORR, CO2RR, and so on, in order to explore the important role of rare earth in the field of electrocatalysis, the future challenges and opportunities.
Beyond the estrogen receptor: In search of predictive biomarkers for low‐grade serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Grisham Rachel N. , Manning‐Geist Beryl L. , Chui M. Herman
Published: March 2023

Estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry should not be used in the clinic as an indicator of response to antihormonal therapy; progesterone receptor immunohistochemistry may be prognostic, but further study is needed. Multigene assays to assess for estrogen receptor pathway activation hold potential as a viable diagnostic tool to help determine those patients least likely to respond to single‐agent endocrine therapy and potentially identify patients most appropriate for combination strategies.
Biochar mitigates allelopathic effects in temperate trees
Authors: Sujeeun Leeladarshini , Thomas Sean C.
Published: March 2023

Many invasive and some native tree species in North America exhibit strong allelopathic effects that may contribute to their local dominance. Pyrogenic carbon (PyC; including soot, charcoal, and black carbon) is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter and is widespread in forest soils. Many forms of PyC have sorptive properties that can reduce the bioavailability of allelochemicals. We investigated the potential for PyC produced by controlled pyrolysis of biomass (“biochar” [BC]) to reduce the allelopathic effects of black walnut (Juglans nigra) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides), a common native tree species and a widespread invasive species in North America, respectively. Seedling growth of two native tree species (Acer saccharinum[silver maple] andBetula papyrifera[paper birch]) in response to leaf‐litter‐incubated soils was examined; litter incubation treatments included leaves of black walnut, Norway maple, and a nonallelopathic species (Tilia americana[American basswood]) in a factorial design with varying dosages; responses to the known primary allelochemical of black walnut (juglone) were also examined. Juglone and leaf litter of both allelopathic species strongly suppressed seedling growth. BC treatments substantially mitigated these effects, consistent with the sorption of allelochemicals; in contrast no positive effects of BC were observed in leaf litter treatments involving controls or additions of nonallelopathic leaf litter. Treatments of leaf litter and juglone with BC increased the total biomass of silver maple by ~35% and in some cases more than doubled the biomass of paper birch. We conclude that BCs have the capacity to largely counteract allelopathic effects in temperate forest systems, suggesting the effects of natural PyC in determining forest community structure, and also the applied use of BC as a soil amendment to mitigate allelopathic effects of invasive tree species.
Recent advances in bioelectrochemical detection of E. coli bacteria in saline buffers and spiked real samples using traditional and nanostructured active substrates
Authors: Ionescu Rodica Elena
Published: March 2023

A rapid and cost‐effective method to specifically identify and quantify pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in aqueous samples and food products is highly recommended to avoid the degradation of human health that can unfortunately lead to fatal cases. To overcome these borderline situations, portable and easy‐to‐use screening devices are needed for the non‐expert public and confirmed by medical personnel/physicians who can quickly guide/prescribe antibiotic treatments. In such a context, nanotechnologies are very promising and useful tools due to the remarkable optical, chemical and physical properties of biocompatible nanomaterials deposited or synthesized on traditional solid electrodes that greatly improve the detection limit and the selectivity of nanostructured‐based biosensors. With this in mind, this review summarizes the latest advances in the bioelectrochemical detection of E. coli and its related products using different biosensor configurations in saline buffers and spiked real samples, namely food products (milk, fruits, vegetables), body fluids (blood, urine, swine feces) and river water.
Structural and tectonic evolution of suture‐related belts and post‐accretionary systems in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield
Authors: Abd El‐Wahed Mohamed , Attia Mohamed
Published: March 2023

Deforming belts in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield (ANS) are classified into (1) suture‐related belts, including arc–arc and arc‐continental, and (2) post‐accretionary systems, including N‐trending compression zones and NW‐trending strike‐slip faults. Terrane accretion took place in the ANS between 800 and 700 Ma, along arc–arc sutures. Such sutures are directed from E to NE in the northern part of the ANS, and from N to NE in the south, and are aligned in the north and east with N‐ or S‐verging ophiolitic nappes, or in the south with W‐verging nappes. The Asir, Hijaz, and Midyan terranes formed the Western Arabian shield by 715 Ma. The Afif terrane collided with the Hijaz and Asir terranes between 680 and 640 Ma, terminating the subduction along the Nabitah suture. Subduction began west of the Al Amar arc near the margin of the Ar Rayn terrane at 670 Ma. Afif and Ar Rayn terranes collided along the Al Amar‐Idsas suture about 640 Ma, producing the Idsas orogeny that initiated the major faulting and folding. Strike‐slip faults and upright folds related to oblique convergence between terranes and/or post‐accretionary systems deform the southern sutures. The eastern and western boundaries of the ANS are marked by arc‐continental sutures and characterized by N‐trending deformation belts that formed at 750–650 Ma when the ANS collided with East and West Gondwana.
Stimulating olfactory epithelium mitigates mechanical ventilation‐induced hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis
Authors: Ghazvineh Sepideh , Salimi Morteza , Dehghan Samaneh , Asemi‐Rad Azam , Dehdar Kolsoum , Salimi Alireza , Jamaati Hamidreza , Raoufy Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2023

Mechanical ventilation (MV), as a life‐saving procedure in critical patients, is a risk factor to develop of neurocognitive dysfunction and triggers of inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Since diversion of breathing route to the tracheal tube diminishes brain activity entrained by physiological nasal breathing, we hypothesized that simulating nasal breathing using rhythmic air‐puff (AP) into the nasal cavity of mechanically ventilated rats can reduce hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis in association with restoring respiration‐coupled oscillations. We found that stimulating olfactory epithelium through applying rhythmic nasal AP, in association with reviving respiration‐coupled brain rhythm, mitigates MV‐induced hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation involving microglia and astrocytes. The current translational study opens a window for a novel therapeutic approach to reduce neurological complications induced by MV.
Simulating spatial variability of groundwater table in England and Wales
Authors: Rahman M. , Pianosi F. , Woods R.
Published: March 2023

Groundwater is a vital natural resource that affects human life and the environment. Groundwater supplies drinking water, supports irrigation for food production, and helps to sustain flow of water in streams and wetlands during dry periods. Therefore, it is important to assess the variability of groundwater resources and consider it in freshwater management. Numerical modelling is widely used for understanding the variability of groundwater table. However, there is still a lack of large‐scale groundwater flow models. For instance, in the United Kingdom, groundwater modelling efforts so far have focused on aquifer to regional scales. A national scale model would aid the quantification of the available groundwater storage and the assessment of the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on this crucial resource. In this study, we evaluate a numerical groundwater flow modelling approach for entire England and Wales. This model operates at 1 km spatial and 1 day temporal resolution. We force the model with precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, parameterise the subsurface using our estimation of transmissivity and specific yield based on available information, and simulate steady‐state groundwater heads over England and Wales. The results demonstrate that the model can reproduce spatial variability of groundwater table in the region. Because of a two‐dimensional numerical representation of groundwater flow, the computational demand of this model is low, facilitating multiple simulations required for calibration, sensitivity analysis, and quantification of the impacts of environmental changes on groundwater resources.
Pathways by which case managers' match support influences youth mentoring outcomes: Testing the systemic model of youth mentoring
Authors: Karcher Michael J. , Sass Daniel A. , Herrera Carla , DuBois David L. , Heubach Janet , Grossman Jean B.
Published: March 2023

Keller's systemic model of youth mentoring posits there are multiple pathways through which all stakeholders in the youth mentoring process, including the program staff who support the match (or case managers), influence youth outcomes. This study examines case managers' direct and indirect contributions to match outcomes and tests how transitive interactions facilitate a theorized sequence of mentoring interactions to effect greater closeness and length, specifically in nontargeted mentoring programs. A structural equations model of case manager contributions to match outcomes was tested using data from 758 mentor‐mentee matches, supported by 73 case managers across seven mentoring agencies. Results reveal direct effects of mentor‐reported match support quality on match length and indirect influences on match length through increasing youth‐centeredness, goal‐focused orientation, and closeness. The findings confirm the presence of multiple pathways of influence, including indirect effects on outcomes via transitive interactions in match support that scaffold youth‐centeredness and goal‐focused interactions in the match. Findings also suggest supervisors' evaluations of case managers may provide little information about how match support influences the nature of mentor–mentee interactions.
Comparison of oxidative stress response of in vitro retinal cells exposed to blue light from emissive versus reflective displays
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Hertel Dirk , Garone Lynne C. , Rogers Rick A.
Published: March 2023

During COVID‐19, there was increased use of handheld displays in educational settings. There is growing concern that eye health may be affected by prolonged exposure to the light‐emitting diodes used as frontlights or backlights in handheld displays. The potential impact of light exposure from tablet‐sized devices with different display technologies and various spectral outputs was assessed in an in vitro model using human retinal epithelial (ARPE‐19) cells. Cellular response was quantified by measuring reactive oxidative species (ROS) and by analyzing mitochondrial morphology. Control experiments established a baseline ROS response to hazardous blue light exposure and also that red light resulted in no detectable ROS response. Under identical conditions, ROS response increased with time for all devices. However, different device spectra caused ROS to accumulate at different rates. When operating the devices in the same mode (day or night), cells accumulated ROS two to three times more slowly on exposure to frontlit electronic paper displays compared to backlit liquid crystal displays. With increasing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial morphology shifted from elongate interconnected features typically observed under normal conditions to rounded disconnected features associated with oxidative stress response.
A microwave‐assisted extraction method combined with magnetic ionic liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of chloramine–T from fish samples prior to its determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Alizadeh Panahi Arshia , Javadi Afshin , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2023

In the present work, a combination of microwave‐assisted extraction with magnetic ionic liquid–based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed for the extraction of chloramine–T from fish samples. In this method, the sample was mixed with a hydrochloric acid solution and exposed to microwave irradiations. By doing so, chloramine–T was converted to p–toluenesulfonamide and extracted from the sample into an aqueous phase. Then, a mixture of acetonitrile (as a dispersive solvent) and magnetic ionic liquid (as an extraction solvent) was rapidly injected into the obtained solution. In the following, the magnetic solvent droplets including the extracted analytes were isolated from the aqueous solution in the presence of an external magnetic field and after diluting with acetonitrile injected into high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector. Under the optimum extraction conditions, high extraction recovery (78%), low limits of detection (7.2 ng/g) and quantification (23.9 ng/g), good repeatability (relative standard deviations ≤5.8 and 6.8% for intra– and inter‐day precisions, respectively), and wide linear range (23.9–1000 ng/g) were obtained. Finally, various fish samples marketed in Tabriz city (East Azarbaijan, Iran) were analyzed with the suggested method.
The application of targeted muscle reinnervation in lower extremity amputations: A systematic review
Authors: Berger Lauren E. , Shin Stephanie , Haffner Zoë K. , Huffman Samuel S. , Spoer Daisy L. , Sayyed Adaah A. , Franzoni Garrett , Bekeny Jenna C. , Attinger Christopher E. , Kleiber Grant M.
Published: March 2023

Background

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a promising surgical modality for reducing post‐amputation pain. We sought to provide a succinct overview of TMR specific to the lower extremity (LE) amputation population.

Methods

A systematic review was performed per PRISMA guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science were queried for records using various combinations of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms such as “LE “amputation,” “below‐knee amputation” (BKA), “above‐knee amputation” (AKA), and “TMR.” Primary outcomes included (1) operative techniques, (2) changes in neuroma, phantom limb pain (PLP), or residual limb pain (RLP), and (3) postoperative complications. Studies were only included if outcomes data were discretely provided for LE patients.

Results

Eleven articles examining 318 patients were identified. Average patient age was 47.5 ± 9.3 years, and most patients were male (n = 246, 77.4%). Eight manuscripts (72.7%) described TMR at the index amputation. The average number of nerve transfers performed per TMR case was 2.1 ± 0.8, and the most commonly employed nerve was the tibial (178/498; 35.7%). Nine (81.8%) articles incorporated patient‐reported outcomes after TMR, with common methods including the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and questionnaires. Four studies (33.3%) reported functional outcomes such as ambulation ability and prosthesis tolerance. Complications were described in seven manuscripts (58.3%), with postoperative neuroma development being the most common (21/371; 7.2%).

Conclusions

The application of TMR to LE amputations is effective in reducing PLP and RLP with limited complications. Continued investigations are warranted to better understand patient outcomes specific to anatomic location using validated patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM).
Temporal contexts for motion tracking in ultrasound sequences with information bottleneck
Authors: Sun Mengxue , Huang Wenhui , Zhang Huili , Shi Yunfeng , Wang Jiale , Gong Qingtao , Wang Xiaoyan
Published: March 2023

Background

Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely adopted for ultrasound sequence tracking and shown to perform satisfactorily. However, existing trackers ignore the rich temporal contexts that exists between consecutive frames, making it difficult for these trackers to perceive information about the motion of the target.

Purpose

In this paper, we propose a sophisticated method to fully utilize temporal contexts for ultrasound sequences tracking with information bottleneck. This method determines the temporal contexts between consecutive frames to perform both feature extraction and similarity graph refinement, and information bottleneck is integrated into the feature refinement process.

Methods

The proposed tracker combined three models. First, online temporal adaptive convolutional neural network (TAdaCNN) is proposed to focus on feature extraction and enhance spatial features using temporal information. Second, information bottleneck (IB) is incorporated to achieve more accurate target tracking by maximally limiting the amount of information in the network and discarding irrelevant information. Finally, we propose temporal adaptive transformer (TA‐Trans) that efficiently encodes temporal knowledge by decoding it for similarity graph refinement. The tracker was trained on 2015 MICCAI Challenge on Liver Ultrasound Tracking (CLUST) dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed method by calculating the tracking error (TE) between the predicted landmarks and the ground truth landmarks for each frame. The experimental results are compared with 13 state‐of‐the‐art methods, and ablation studies are conducted.

Results

On CLUST 2015 dataset, our proposed model achieves a mean TE of 0.81 ± 0.74 mm and a maximum TE of 1.93 mm for 85 point‐landmarks across 39 ultrasound sequences in the 2D sequences. Tracking speed ranged from 41 to 63 frames per second (fps).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a new integrated workflow for ultrasound sequences motion tracking. The results show that the model has excellent accuracy and robustness. Reliable and accurate motion estimation is provided for applications requiring real‐time motion estimation in the context of ultrasound‐guided radiation therapy.
Identifying patterns of kinesiophobia trajectories among COPD patients: A longitudinal study
Authors: Liang Facun , Liu Mengru , Han Hui , Ru Yunxin , Yin Yanru , Cheng Chen , Xue Meng , Gu Lifang
Published: March 2023

Aim

To determine differences in kinesiophobia levels among COPD patients at different time points 6 months after discharge；To identify potential subgroups of COPD patients who perceived different levels of kinesiophobia over time；and to evaluate differences in identified subgroups based on demographic and disease‐related characteristics

Design

An observational longitudinal study.

Methods

OPD patients hospitalized in respiratory department of a grade A hospital in Huzhou city from October 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the research objects. TSK scale was used to evaluate the level of kinesiophobia at discharge (T1), 1 month after discharge (T2), 4 months after discharge (T3) and 6 months after discharge (T4). The kinesiophobia level scores at different time points were compared using latent class growth modelling. ANOVA and Fisher's exact tests were used to test differences in demographic characteristics，and univariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors.

Results

During the first 6 months after discharge, kinesiophobia levels decreased significantly in the entire sample of COPD patients. The best‐fitting group‐based trajectory model described three distinctive trajectories: Low kinesiophobia group (31.4% of sample); Medium kinesiophobia group (43.4% of sample)；and High kinesiophobia group (25.2% of sample). Logistic regression results showed that sex, age, course of disease, pulmonary function, education level, BMI, the level of pain, MCFS and mMRC were influencing factors of kinesiophobia trajectory in COPD patients (p < 0.05).
Editor's Note
Authors: Mick Connie S.
Published: March 2023

This note from the editor provides a brief summary of the articles contained in this issue and invites readers to respond and to submit their own articles.
Effects of crystallographic orientation and strain‐hardening on nanoindentation response of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (‐HMX) single crystals
Authors: Paliwal Bhasker , Picu Catalin R.
Published: March 2023

Mechanical behavior of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) is complex and insufficiently understood, but it is imperative as it affects the initiation of the decomposition reaction though hot spots formation. We present a single‐crystal plasticity model for
‐HMX which accounts for pressure dependence of both the elastic constants and the yield surface. We evaluate the relative importance of pressure sensitivity of the elastic constants and plasticity, and of strain hardening, to the quasi‐static mechanical behavior of HMX, in general, and to indentation, in particular. Further, we study the effect of the in‐plane crystallographic orientations of the substrate with respect to the Berkovich indenter tip on the indentation force‐displacement curve. We conclude that pressure sensitivity of plasticity makes the largest contribution to defining the response to indentation, followed by strain‐hardening, sensitivity of which depends on hardening modulus, while the pressure sensitivity of elastic constants play a smaller role. Both the indentation plane normal orientation and the in‐plane indenter tip rotation may influence properties determined from nanoindentation test (e. g. hardness).
Discovery of diversified cassane diterpenoids as potent antibacterial agents from Caesaplinia pulcherrima and their mechanisms
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Mei , Lu Wang , Zhang Zi‐Han , Wang Pan‐Pan , Zhang Xiu‐Juan , Xiao Chao‐Jiang , Zhang Qiang , Gao Jin‐Ming , Li Chun‐Huan
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

Natural products play a significant role in the development of novel bactericide candidates. Caesalpinia pulcherrima, a traditional medicine, had anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifeedant activities, therefore the previous bioassay results of C. pulcherrima implied that its main active ingredients may have potential to be used as botanical bactericides.

RESULTS

Bio‐guided isolation of C. pulcherrima was conducted to obtain 11 novel cassane diterpenoids (capulchemins A–K) and 10 known sesquiterpenes. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. Capulchemins A–F possess a rare aromatic C ring, while capulchemin K with a 15,16‐degradative carbon skeleton represents a rare group of cassane diterpenes. Capulchemin A exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against four phytopathogenic bacteria, particularly against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae and Bacillus cereus, with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 3.13 μM. Meanwhile, capulchemin A showed significant control effect on kiwifruit canker in vivo. Further investigation of its mechanism of antibacterial activity revealed that compound 1 was closely related to destroy cell membrane to cause cell death. Additionally, some of those cassane diterpenoids showed potential antifeedant against Mythimna separate walker and Plutella xylostella. Consequently, capulchemin A could have the potential to be used as a template for the development for new eco‐friendly NP‐based bactericides.

CONCLUSION

These data contribute to a better understanding of the antibacterial activity of cassane diterpenes. Cassane diterpenes have been discovered to be leading to broad application prospects in the development as novel botanical bactericides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.