bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF TOOTLING ON CLASSWIDE DISRUPTIVE AND ACADEMICALLY ENGAGED BEHAVIOR OF GENERAL‐EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Lum John D. K. , Tingstrom Daniel H. , Dufrene Brad A. , Radley Keith C. , Lynne Shauna
Published: February 2017

Considered the opposite of tattling, Tootling is a positive peer‐reporting procedure in which students report their classmates’ positive prosocial behavior instead of inappropriate behavior and employs other well‐established behavior analytic principles. This study examined the effects of Tootling on students’ behavior in three general‐education high school classrooms. Students wrote and then submitted tootles into a marked container. Teachers recorded the number of tootles on publicly posted progress charts, and read a sample of tootles at the end of the class period. An interdependent group contingency procedure was used along with a class goal of the number of tootles needed to earn the class a reward. An A‐B‐A‐B withdrawal design with follow‐up found decreases in classwide disruptive behavior and increases in academically engaged behavior across classrooms. Results suggest that Tootling can provide high school teachers a method for positively reinforcing students’ prosocial behavior, and function as a preventative measure against disruptive behavior. Issues related to social validity and directions for future research are discussed.
Antibiotic‐dependent perturbations of extended spectrum beta‐lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae proteome
Authors: Suh Moo‐Jin , Keasey Sarah L. , Brueggemann Ernst E. , Ulrich Robert G.
Published: February 2017

Extended spectrum beta‐lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL‐KP) causes life‐threatening infections in susceptible and immuno‐compromised individuals. Because of the emergence of multidrug resistance and tolerance, it is crucial to better understand the mechanisms by which ESBL‐KP can adapt to antibiotic stress. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the global proteome changes occurring in ESBL‐KP in response to sub‐lethal concentrations of the antibiotics doxycycline (DC, bacteriostatic) and streptomycin (SM, bactericidal), which both impair ribosomal synthesis of bacterial proteins. These results represent the greatest experimental coverage of the ESBL‐KP proteome yet described. The 1538 proteins, representing 30% of the 5126 predicted KP gene products were identified from the combined experimental groups. Antibiotic stress resulted in significantly elevated levels of 42 proteins for DC and 55 for SM treatments, whereas 53 proteins were reduced for DC‐ and six for SM‐treated bacteria. Specifically, the ESBL‐KP response to DC was accompanied by the reduced levels of the porins LamB, CirA, FepA, and OmpC. In contrast to DC, the stress response to SM demonstrated a dramatic increase in the peroxidase detoxification pathway proteins PutA, KatG, KatE, and Dps, which prevent harmful hydroxyl radical formation. The results from this proteomic study are important for understanding adaptive responses to antibiotics, and may provide novel targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Rapid characterization of trace aflatoxin B1 in groundnuts, wheat and maize by dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction followed by direct electrospray probe tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Satarpai Thiphol , Siripinyanond Atitaya , Su Hung , Shiea Jentaie
Published: February 2017

Rationale

Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer‐related chemical compounds commonly found in crops and plants. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic compound among aflatoxins and has been classified as group 1 carcinogenic to humans, especially in liver cancer. Herein, an ambient mass spectrometric method was developed for rapid characterization of trace aflatoxin B1 in peanuts.

Methods

Direct electrospray probe tandem mass spectrometry (DEP‐MS/MS) was used to detect aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. To avoid the matrix effect, the aflatoxin B1 in the samples was extracted and concentrated by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode to monitor the intact molecular ion (m/z 313, MH+) and product ion (m/z 241) of aflatoxin B1 using multiple reaction monitoring.

Results

Since no clean‐up procedure of the sample was required, the sampling step and the subsequent mass spectrometric detection of the aflatoxin B1 was completed in less than 5 min. The limit of detection of aflatoxin B1 is at the sub‐ppb level. The results obtained by DEP‐MS/MS were also validated by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Recovery of aflatoxin B1 in the sample was evaluated by analyzing spiked aflatoxin B1 with LC/MS/MS to be 85% and DEP‐MS/MS to be 84%.

Conclusions

DEP‐MS/MS combined with a simple dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of AFB1 in nut samples. Due to its high efficiency, it is promising in providing important toxicological information for food safety in the real world. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progenitors in Peripheral Nerves Launch Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Olmsted-Davis Elizabeth A. , Salisbury Elizabeth A. , Hoang Diana , Davis Eleanor L. , Lazard ZaWaunyka , Sonnet Corinne , Davis Thomas A. , Forsberg Jonathan A. , Davis Alan R.
Published: February 2017

Studies presented here, using a murine model of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP2)-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) show that the protein initiates HO by signaling through progenitors in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves. In the mouse, these cells were identified in the endoneurium one day after BMP2 induction using antibody against phosphoSMAD (PS) 1, 5, and 8. Studies conducted in a tracking mouse that contains a tamoxifen-regulated Wnt1-Cre recombinase crossed with a td Tomato red (TR) reporter (Wnt1CreErt:Ai9Tm) confirmed their neural origin. In this model both BMP2 induction and tamoxifen are absolutely required to induce TR. SP7+(osterix+)TR+ cells were found in the endoneurium on day 1 and associated with bone on day 7. Quantification of TR+ and TR− cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that all SP7+ cells were found in the TR+ population, whereas only about 80% of the TR+ cells expressed SP7. Pre-chondrocytes (Sox 9+) and transient brown fat (tBAT, UCP1+) also coexpressed TR, suggesting that the progenitor in nerves is multi-potential. The endoneurium of human nerves near the site of HO contained many PS+ cells, and SP7+ cells were found in nerves and on bone in tissue from patients with HO. Control tissues and nerves did not contain these PS+ and SP7+ cells. Some osteoblasts on bone from patients with HO were positive for PS, suggesting the continued presence of BMP during bone formation. The data suggests that the progenitors for HO are derived from the endoneurium in both the mouse model of HO and in humans with HO.
Do cognitive distortions explain the longitudinal relationship between life adversity and emotional and behavioural problems in secondary school children?
Authors: Panourgia Constantina , Comoretto Amanda
Published: February 2017

Research has shown that children exposed to life adversity are at higher risk of negative developmental outcomes than those enduring lower stress levels. Life adversity can lead, among other things, to emotional and behavioural problems. Several factors have been studied to explain this relationship, with several investigators underlining the role of thought structures such as cognitive distortions, which refer to negatively biased information‐processing of external events. This can help explain why some individuals characterised by adverse personal life stories interpret ambiguous events in a negatively biased way. This study was aimed at assessing the mediating role of cognitive distortions in the longitudinal relationship between life adversity and two dimensions of psychopathology, namely, emotional and behavioural problems in 247 secondary school children attending three state secondary schools in one county in the South East of England. An increase in life adversity was associated with an increase in cognitive distortions, which was in turn related to a higher number of symptoms reflecting behavioural issues. In terms of practical applications, an effort to protect children from further exposure to adverse life events could represent a step forward to prevent the development of future behavioural problems in at‐risk children.
Graphene: An Outstanding Multifunctional Coating for Conventional Materials
Authors: Tan Lifang , Wang Chenxiao , Zeng Mengqi , Fu Lei
Published: February 2017

As the most significant facilitator of human civilization, materials are eternal jewels in the view of researchers whose brilliance never faded. However, simple conventional materials, which are most commonly used and indispensable today, seem too primitive and insufficiently functional to meet the demands of the future intelligent and informational applications, urging more functions to be integrated. The ideal strategy to achieve the transformations of conventional materials non‐destructively is functionalizing the surface and retaining the original properties at the same time. Graphene, a two‐dimensional material with only atomic‐thickness, has come into the view of the researchers, attributed to its various outstanding properties. In recent years, a large amount of research has been devoted to “wearing” graphene to functionalize the conventional materials, booming a huge “graphene‐X” family. In this concept, representative members are illustrated and their improved functions are demonstrated. Also, the prospects and challenges for this dazzling family are discussed.
Ganzheitliche Analyse von Stahl‐ und Verbundeisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Breunig Stephanie , Pascual Ana , Mensinger Martin , Pfaffinger Marjolaine
Published: February 2017

Untersuchungen zur Nachhaltigkeit von Infrastrukturprojekten unterscheiden sich von vergleichbaren Untersuchungen zu Hochbauten besonders durch die lange Lebensdauer der Objekte. Fragen zur Nachhaltigkeit sind also immer auch Fragen zur Dauerhaftigkeit und einfacher und möglichst störungsfreier Instandhaltung über die lange Lebenszeit. Durch die Ausführung innovativer Eisenbahnbrücken in Stahl‐ und Verbundbauweise können Sperrzeiten, die aus dem Bau selbst bzw. von Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen während der Nutzung resultieren, auf ein Minimum reduziert werden. Außerdem wirkt sich die Optimierung entscheidender ermüdungskritischer Details positiv auf die Bilanz im Lebens zyklus des Brückenbauwerks aus. Im Rahmen des FOSTA‐AiF‐Forschungsprojekts „Ganzheitliche Bewertung von Stahl‐ und Verbundeisenbahnbrücken nach Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit” wurden verschiedene innovative Eisenbahnbrückentypen ihren korrespondierenden herkömmlichen Brückenbauarten gegenübergestellt und über den gesamten Lebenszyklus bewertet.

Während in diesem Beitrag die untersuchten innovativen Brückenvarianten in konstruktiver Hinsicht dargestellt und Optimierungsvorschläge und Bemessungsansätze erläutert werden, werden im zweiten Beitrag der ganzheitliche Bewertungsansatz und Ergebnisse der Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung für die untersuchten Stahl‐ und Verbundeisenbahnbrücken vorgestellt [4].
Planung und Prüfung der Talbrücke
Authors: Mansperger Tobias , Jung Rolf , Köberlin Thomas , Hertle Robert
Published: February 2017

Die am südlichen Stadtrand der Residenzstadt Würzburg ge legene im Jahr 1964 errichtete Talbrücke Heidingsfeld im Zuge der BAB A3 wird gegenwärtig durch eine moderne Verbundbrücke ersetzt. Aufgrund der exponierten Lage der Brücke, die vom Würzburger Stadtgebiet weithin sichtbar ist, wurde im Vorfeld ein Realisierungswett bewerb durchgeführt. Für jede Richtungsfahrbahn wird der einzellige Stahlkasten des 635 m langen Überbaus über bis zu 120 m lange Felder eingeschoben. Anschließend wird die Fahrbahnplatte mit auf Konsolen aufgelegten Halbfertigteilen im Bereich der Kragarme und im Bereich des Kastens durch direkte Betonage auf das geschlossene Deckblech hergestellt. Diese Bauweise zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Torsionssteifigkeit des Stahlkastens im Bauzustand, geringes Zusatzgewicht der Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatte und eine kurze und damit wirtschaftliche Herstellung aus.
Therapeutic genome engineering via CRISPR‐Cas systems
Authors: Moreno Ana M. , Mali Prashant
Published: February 2017

Differences in genomes underlie most organismal diversity, and aberrations in genomes underlie many disease states. With the growing knowledge of the genetic and pathogenic basis of human disease, development of safe and efficient platforms for genome and epigenome engineering will transform our ability to therapeutically target human diseases and also potentially engineer disease resistance. In this regard, the recent advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR‐associated (Cas) RNA‐guided nuclease systems have transformed our ability to target nucleic acids. Here we review therapeutic genome engineering applications with a specific focus on the CRISPR‐Cas toolsets. We summarize past and current work, and also outline key challenges and future directions. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1380. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1380

This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Therapeutic Methods
P–20 Model of Digital Citizenship
Authors: Curran Marialice B. F. X. , Ribble Mike
Published: February 2017

This chapter explores a P–20 digital citizenship model that builds upon the respect, educate, and protect REP model beginning with our earliest learners through elementary, middle, high school, and college.
Digital Student Leadership Development
Authors: Ahlquist Josie
Published: February 2017

Social media tools are ubiquitous throughout the college student experience, particularly for students who hold leadership positions on campus. A research study on junior and senior student leaders’ social media use and experience led to a number of findings that inform leadership education practice.
The Virtual Table: A Framework for Online Teamwork, Collaboration, and Communication
Authors: Endersby Lisa , Phelps Kirstin , Jenkins Dan
Published: February 2017

This chapter reviews the complex relationship between technology and leadership, focusing on how technology affects the development and demonstration of skills in communication, teamwork, and collaboration. The chapter also proposes a framework for identifying and assessing key leadership competencies in the digital space.
Transcriptomic Analysis of THP‐1 Macrophages Exposed to Lipoprotein Hydrolysis Products Generated by Lipoprotein Lipase
Authors: Thyagarajan Narmadaa , Marshall Jenika D. , Pickett Arthur T. , Schumacher Clemens , Yang Yanbo , Christian Sherri L. , Brown Robert J.
Published: February 2017

Macrophage lipoprotein lipase (LPL) induces lipid accumulation and promotes atherosclerosis. However, the effects of lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL on macrophage‐derived foam cell formation are not clearly understood. Thus, we analyzed the transcriptomic response to hydrolysis products via microarray analyses on RNA isolated from human THP‐1 macrophages incubated with total lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL. The expression of 183 transcripts was significantly upregulated and 133 transcripts were significantly downregulated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that there was a significant over‐representation of genes involved in cell cycling, stress response, type I interferon signaling, cellular metal ion homeostasis, sterol metabolism, and nuclease activity. Interestingly, transcripts for 63 small nucleolar RNA were significantly upregulated. We verified the microarray data by quantitative real‐time PCR and found that the expression of SNORA56, as well as the expression of genes associated with the cell cycle (PCNA and DKC1 variant 3), stress response (ATF3), type I interferon signaling (IFITM1), and lipid metabolism (CD36 and PLIN2) were significantly affected by LPL hydrolysis products. To determine if the free fatty acid (FFA) component of total lipoprotein hydrolysis products is sufficient to alter the expression of these genes, THP‐1 macrophages were also incubated with the total FFA or individual classes of the FFA component. The gene regulation by the FFA component did not mimic that of the hydrolysis products, suggesting that the regulation of gene expression in THP‐1 macrophages depends on the specific combination and concentration of lipid species present in the hydrolysis products, and not solely on FFA.
Tannin-caprolactam and Tannin-PEG formulations as outdoor wood preservatives: biological properties
Authors: Hu Jinbo , Thevenon Marie-France , Palanti Sabrina , Tondi Gianluca
Published: February 2017

Key Message

This article presents the enhancement in boron fixation as well as the improved biological resistance against fungi and termites for wood samples treated with tannin-caprolactam and tannin-PEG formulations.

Context

Although the recently developed tannin-boron wood preservatives have shown high biological protection, they presented also average resistance against weathering. The tannin-caprolactam formulations have shown improved weathering resistances and dimensional stability.

Aims

For this reason, more detailed biological tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the caprolactam and PEG on the biological resistance.

Methods

In this paper, the boron leaching of the tannin-caprolactam and tannin-PEG impregnated Scots pine specimens was observed and the biocidal effect against fungi (Antrodia spp. and Coniophora puteana) and insects (Reticulitermes flavipes and Hylotrupes bajulus) were determined according to the guidelines of EN 113, EN 117, and EN 47.

Results

The advanced formulations containing PEG have shown interesting resistance against fungal decay, but very low penetration and weak resistance against larvae while the tannin-caprolactam preservatives have shown overall improved biological performances and higher boron fixations.

Conclusion

The biocidal activity of the caprolactam-added formulations was overall enhanced and therefore these formulations are confirmed to be an interesting alternative for the wood preservation in outdoor environment.
Motorized injector‐assisted intrascleral intraocular lens fixation
Authors: Hung Jia‐Horung , Wang Shih‐Hao , Teng Yu‐Ti , Hsu Sheng‐Min
Published: February 2017

For eyes with deficient capsular support, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has long been a technical challenge. Recently, intrascleral fixation of the haptics of a three‐piece posterior chamber IOL has become a popular option. In this procedure, externalization of the leading haptic during IOL injection is a stressful step. We present a modified technique to improve the ease and safety of this step. Our modified technique involves IOL injection with a motorized injector with several important modifications described here. With these modifications, a surgeon can easily maintain the correct orientation of the IOL in a well‐controlled manner during IOL injection. The records of 13 patients who underwent this technique were retrospectively evaluated. Corrected‐distance visual acuity improved significantly after surgery (p < 0.05). No postoperative retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, IOL decentration, or vitreous hemorrhage was noted during the follow‐up period. In conclusion, the motorized injector‐assisted intrascleral IOL fixation technique is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional procedure. This technique makes the process of leading haptic externalization easier and more controllable.
Glucocorticoid receptor expression on circulating leukocytes differs between healthy male and female adults
Authors: Lu Kim D. , Radom-Aizik Shlomit , Haddad Fadia , Zaldivar Frank , Kraft Monica , Cooper Dan M.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a key receptor involved in inflammatory responses and is influenced by sex steroids. This study measured GR expression on circulating leukocyte subtypes in males and females.

Methods

A total of 23 healthy adults (12 female) participated in this study. GR expression was measured in leukocyte subtypes using flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression of GR (NR3C1), GR β, TGF-β1 and 2, and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Leukocyte GR was lower in females, particularly in granulocytes, natural killer cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p≤0.01). GR protein expression was different across leukocyte subtypes, with higher expression in eosinophils compared with granulocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (p<0.05). There was higher gene expression of GR β in males (p=0.03).

Conclusions

This is the first study to identify sexual dimorphism in GR expression in healthy adults using flow cytometry. These results may begin to explain the sexual dimorphism seen in many diseases and sex differences in glucocorticoid responsiveness.
Multiple solutions for granular flow over a smooth two-dimensional bump
Authors: Viroulet S. , Baker J. L. , Edwards A. N. , Johnson C. G. , Gjaltema C. , Clavel P. , Gray J. M. N. T.
Published: February 2017

Geophysical granular flows, such as avalanches, debris flows, lahars and pyroclastic flows, are always strongly influenced by the basal topography that they flow over. In particular, localised bumps or obstacles can generate rapid changes in the flow thickness and velocity, or shock waves, which dissipate significant amounts of energy. Understanding how a granular material is affected by the underlying topography is therefore crucial for hazard mitigation purposes, for example to improve the design of deflecting or catching dams for snow avalanches. Moreover, the interactions with solid boundaries can also have important applications in industrial processes. In this paper, small-scale experiments are performed to investigate the flow of a granular avalanche over a two-dimensional smooth symmetrical bump. The experiments show that, depending on the initial conditions, two different steady-state regimes can be observed: either the formation of a detached jet downstream of the bump, or a shock upstream of it. The transition between the two cases can be controlled by adding varying amounts of erodible particles in front of the obstacle. A depth-averaged terrain-following avalanche theory that is formulated in curvilinear coordinates is used to model the system. The results show good agreement with the experiments for both regimes. For the case of a shock, time-dependent numerical simulations of the full system show the evolution to the equilibrium state, as well as the deposition of particles upstream of the bump when the inflow ceases. The terrain-following theory is compared to a standard depth-averaged avalanche model in an aligned Cartesian coordinate system. For this very sensitive problem, it is shown that the steady-shock regime is captured significantly better by the terrain-following avalanche model, and that the standard theory is unable to predict the take-off point of the jet. To retain the practical simplicity of using Cartesian coordinates, but have the improved predictive power of the terrain-following model, a coordinate mapping is used to transform the terrain-following equations from curvilinear to Cartesian coordinates. The terrain-following model, in Cartesian coordinates, makes identical predictions to the original curvilinear formulation, but is much simpler to implement.
Marginally stable and turbulent boundary layers in low-curvature Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Brauckmann Hannes J. , Eckhardt Bruno
Published: February 2017

Marginal stability arguments are used to describe the rotation number dependence of torque in Taylor–Couette (TC) flow for radius ratios $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\geqslant 0.9$ and shear Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}_{S}=2\times 10^{4}$. With an approximate representation of the mean profile by piecewise linear functions, characterised by the boundary-layer thicknesses at the inner and outer cylinder and the angular momentum in the centre, profiles and torques are extracted from the requirement that the boundary layers represent marginally stable TC subsystems and that the torque at the inner and outer cylinder coincide. This model then explains the broad shoulder in the torque as a function of rotation number near $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}\approx 0.2$. For rotation numbers $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}<0.07$ the TC stability conditions predict boundary layers in which the shear Reynolds numbers are very large. Assuming that the TC instability is bypassed by some shear instability, a second narrower maximum in torque appears, in very good agreement with numerical simulations. The results show that marginal stability theory, despite its shortcomings in other cases, can explain quantitatively the non-monotonic torque variation with rotation number for both the broad maximum as well as the narrow maximum.
LATE PLEISTOCENE FUEL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN COLONIZATION OF THE ATACAMA DESERT, NORTHERN CHILE
Authors: Joly Delphine , Santoro Calogero M. , Gayo Eugenia M. , Ugalde Paula C. , March Ramiro J. , Carmona René , Marguerie Dominique , Latorre Claudio
Published: February 2017

Hunter-gatherers collected and used various woody species depending on the landscape, availability of plant communities, and sociocultural considerations. With extensive paleo-wetlands and groundwater-fed oases, the Atacama Desert was interspersed with riparian woodlands that provided vital resources (fuel, water, and game) at the end of the Pleistocene in areas such as the Pampa del Tamarugal (PdT) basin. We use anthracological analyses to determine the fuel management strategies of hunter-gatherer societies in this hyperarid environment and explore whether the “Principle of Least Effort” applies. First, we present the combustion qualities and characteristics of woody taxa from the Atacama and analyze possible exploitation strategies. Second, we use anthracological analyses from Quebrada Maní 12 (QM12), a late Pleistocene archaeological site (dated from 12,750 to 11,530 cal B.P.) located in the PdT basin, to show the prevalence of two woody species that were either freshly collected or gathered (very likely on purpose) from subfossil wood. Our results suggest that fuel selection strategies were based on prior knowledge of the qualities of these woody taxa and how they burned. Thus we conclude that fuel management was part of a number of social and economic decisions that allowed for effective colonization of this region. Furthermore, we stress the need for caution when using charcoal to exclusively date archaeological sites located in desert environments.
The Genres ofGuantánamo Diary: Postcolonial Reading and the War on Terror
Authors: Goyal Yogita
Published: February 2017

This essay reads Mohamedou Ould Slahi’sGuantánamo Diary(2015) as an exemplary occasion to stage the dilemmas of postcolonial reading in the present, especially in relation to the global War on Terror declared by the United States after the 9/11 attacks. ReadingGuantánamo Diaryin relation to a genre it clearly seems to echo—the African American slave narrative—the essay argues that the analogy to slavery enables a deeper sense of the multiple and overlapping histories of race and empire but also obscures the transnational geography of detention signaled by Slahi as well as his damning comment on the failed project of postcolonial sovereignty. Showing how attention to questions of genre and their circulation across the globe illuminates the politics of terror and detention, the essay elaborates the possible ethics and aesthetics of postcolonial reading in the present.
Introduction: Postcolonial Reading Publics
Authors: Mukherjee Ankhi
Published: February 2017

In this introduction to the special issue, “Postcolonial Reading Publics,” Mukherjee charts the history of reception of two texts, one a Bengali novel published in British India, the other a Shakespeare adaptation staged in twenty-first-century Kolkata, to examine the fortuitous ways in which reading publics baffle or exceed authorial intention and the given text’s addressable objects. Offering summaries of and continuities among the four essays that constitute the volume, the introduction ends with an analysis of the salience of this discursive context for postcolonial writing, theory, and critique in a world literary frame.
Walking on their own legs: unassisted population growth of the agoutiDasyprocta leporina, reintroduced to restore seed dispersal in an Atlantic Forest reserve
Authors: Kenup Caio Fittipaldi , Sepulvida Raíssa , Kreischer Catharina , Fernandez Fernando A. S.
Published: February 2017

Reintroduction of locally extirpated species is an increasingly popular conservation tool. However, few initiatives focus on the restoration of ecological processes. In addition, many reintroductions fail to conduct post-release monitoring, hampering both assessment of their success and implementation of adaptive management actions. In 2009 a reintroduction effort was initiated to re-establish a population of the red-rumped agoutiDasyprocta leporina, a scatter-hoarding rodent known to be an important disperser of large seeds, with the aim of restoring ecological processes at Tijuca National Park, south-east Brazil. To assess whether this reintroduced population established successfully we monitored it using mark–resighting during November 2013–March 2015. Population size and survival were estimated using a robust design Poisson-log normal mixed-effects mark–resight model. By March 2015 the number of wild-born individuals fluctuated around 30 and overall growth of the population was positive. As the reintroduced population is capable of unassisted growth, we conclude that the reintroduction has been successful in the medium term. We recommend the cessation of releases, with efforts redirected to continued monitoring, investigation and management of possible threats to the species’ persistence, and to quantification of the re-establishment of ecological processes. Reintroduction ofD. leporinapopulations can be a cost-effective tool to restore ecological processes, especially seed dispersal, in Neotropical forests.
Evaluating incentive-based programs to support forest ecosystem services
Authors: NIKOLAKIS WILLIAM , INNES JOHN L.
Published: February 2017

Forests are the most widespread terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. In 2015, natural forests accounted for 93% (3.7 billion ha) of this global forest area (FAO 2016), albeit only 26% of these are primary forest (i.e. old-growth or ancient woodland). Since 1990, 31 million ha of primary forest have been modified or cleared, and a net loss of 129 million ha of natural forest has occurred (–0.13%/year) (FAO 2016). This deforestation has largely been in tropical South America and Africa, where forests have been cleared and converted for agricultural uses, resulting in habitat loss and carbon emissions.
Intertwinement of Legal Spaces in the Transnational Legal Sphere
Authors: BURCHARDT DANA
Published: February 2017

This article analyzes the interactions between norms formally stemming from different orders and regimes so as to demonstrate how and to what extent the legal spaces composing the transnational legal sphere are intertwined. Furthermore, it addresses the consequences of the intertwinement and suggests a fresh approach to the traditional concept of legal orders: it stresses a norm-centered rather than system-centered understanding of the transnational legal sphere. It argues for a norm-based strategy in order to understand the phenomenon of intertwinement, analytically deducing the relationship of the legal orders from the relationship of the legal norms.
ARAUCARIA GOROENSIS (ARAUCARIACEAE), A NEW MONKEY PUZZLE FROM NEW CALEDONIA, AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON ARAUCARIA MUELLERI
Authors: Mill R. R. , Ruhsam M. , Thomas P. I. , Gardner M. F. , Hollingsworth P. M.
Published: February 2017

Araucaria goroensis R.R.Mill & Ruhsam sp. nov., a new monkey puzzle species from New Caledonia, is described and illustrated with photographs from the field and from herbarium specimens. Previously confused with Araucaria muelleri, it is more similar to A. rulei. It is distinguished from the latter species by its larger leaves, microsporophylls without a shouldered base, and shorter female cone bracts. It occurs in a very limited area of south-east New Caledonia, where its existence is threatened by nickel mining. Using the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we propose an assessment of Endangered for the new species and reassess Araucaria muelleri also as Endangered. A key to the seven species in the ‘large-leaved clade’ of New Caledonian species of Araucaria is given. The name Eutassa latifolia de Laub. is synonymised with Araucaria muelleri, and the recent typification of the latter name by Vieillard 1276 is rejected. Detailed reasoning is given for these nomenclatural acts.
Forbidden Hypermatrices Imply General Bounds on Induced Forbidden Subposet Problems
Authors: METHUKU ABHISHEK , PÁLVÖLGYI DÖMÖTÖR
Published: February 2017

We prove that for every posetP, there is a constantCPsuch that the size of any family of subsets of {1, 2, . . .,n} that does not containPas an induced subposet is at most$$C_P{\binom{n}{\lfloor\gfrac{n}{2}\rfloor}},$$settling a conjecture of Katona, and Lu and Milans. We obtain this bound by establishing a connection to the theory of forbidden submatrices and then applying a higher-dimensional variant of the Marcus–Tardos theorem, proved by Klazar and Marcus. We also give a new proof of their result.
Anomalous drainage of isolated superior caval vein to the left atrium: the oldest reported unrepaired case
Authors: Boutsikou Maria , Pennell Dudley J. , Nyktari Eva
Published: February 2017

Isolated right superior caval vein drainage into the left atrium is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly usually presenting with hypoxaemia and cyanosis. Surgical repair is the definitive treatment for this condition. In this report, we present the case of a 72-year-old patient with uncorrected anomalous drainage of a right superior caval vein into the left atrium, first diagnosed in the 1960s. To the best of our knowledge, this is the oldest reported unrepaired case.
Managing Performance Through the Manager–Employee Relationship
Authors: O’Leary Ryan S. , Pulakos Elaine D.
Published: February 2017

In our recent focal article, we proposed that a fundamental change is needed in how performance management is implemented and viewed. Rather than attempting to improve the effectiveness of performance management by changing features of the formal system (e.g., steps, tools, and processes), we recommended increased focus on improving manager–employee communication and aspects of the manager–employee relationship that are foundational for effective performance management. Our article generated a number of thoughtful and engaging commentaries. In this commentary, we respond to several themes raised in the commentaries and relate them to the recommendations we made for improving performance management processes in organizations.
DOHaD at the intersection of maternal immune activation and maternal metabolic stress: a scoping review
Authors: Goldstein J. A. , Norris S. A. , Aronoff D. M.
Published: February 2017

The prenatal environment is now recognized as a key driver of non-communicable disease risk later in life. Within the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) paradigm, studies are increasingly identifying links between maternal morbidity during pregnancy and disease later in life for offspring. Nutrient restriction, metabolic disorders during gestation, such as diabetes or obesity, and maternal immune activation provoked by infection have been linked to adverse health outcomes for offspring later in life. These factors frequently co-occur, but the potential for compounding effects of multiple morbidities on DOHaD-related outcomes has not received adequate attention. This is of particular importance in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs), which have ongoing high rates of infectious diseases and are now experiencing transitions from undernutrition to excess adiposity. The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize studies examining the effect and interaction of co-occurring metabolic or nutritional stressors and infectious diseases during gestation on DOHaD-related health outcomes. We identified nine studies in humans – four performed in the United States and five in LMICs. The most common outcome, also in seven of nine studies, was premature birth or low birth weight. We identified nine animal studies, six in mice, two in rats and one in sheep. The interaction between metabolic/nutritional exposures and infectious exposures had varying effects including synergism, inhibition and independent actions. No human studies were specifically designed to assess the interaction of metabolic/nutritional exposures and infectious diseases. Future studies of neonatal outcomes should measure these exposures and explicitly examine their concerted effect.
Dub3 inhibition suppresses breast cancer invasion and metastasis by promoting Snail1 degradation
Authors: Wu Yadi , Wang Yu , Lin Yiwei , Liu Yajuan , Wang Yifan , Jia Jianhang , Singh Puja , Chi Young-In , Wang Chi , Dong Chenfang , Li Wei , Tao Min , Napier Dana , Shi Qiuying , Deng Jiong , Mark Evers B , Zhou Binhua P.
Published: February 2017

Snail1, a key transcription factor of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), is subjected to ubiquitination and degradation, but the mechanism by which Snail1 is stabilized in tumours remains unclear. We identify Dub3 as a bona fide Snail1 deubiquitinase, which interacts with and stabilizes Snail1. Dub3 is overexpressed in breast cancer; knockdown of Dub3 resulted in Snail1 destabilization, suppressed EMT and decreased tumour cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. These effects are rescued by ectopic Snail1 expression. IL-6 also stabilizes Snail1 by inducing Dub3 expression, the specific inhibitor WP1130 binds to Dub3 and inhibits the Dub3-mediating Snail1 stabilization in vitro and in vivo. Our study reveals a critical Dub3–Snail1 signalling axis in EMT and metastasis, and provides an effective therapeutic approach against breast cancer.
Molecular weaving via surface-templated epitaxy of crystalline coordination networks.
Authors: Wang Zhengbang , Błaszczyk Alfred , Fuhr Olaf , Heissler Stefan , Wöll Christof , Mayor Marcel
Published: February 2017

One of the dream reactions in polymer chemistry is the bottom-up, self-assembled synthesis of polymer fabrics, with interwoven, one-dimensional fibres of monomolecular thickness forming planar pieces of textiles. We have made a major step towards realizing this goal by assembling sophisticated, quadritopic linkers into surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks. By sandwiching these quadritopic linkers between sacrificial metal-organic framework thin films, we obtained multi-heteroepitaxial, crystalline systems. In a next step, Glaser–Hay coupling of triple bonds in the quadritopic linkers yields linear, interwoven polymer chains. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that this topochemical reaction leaves the MOF backbone completely intact. After removing the metal ions, the textile sheets can be transferred onto different supports and imaged using scanning electron microscopy and atomic-force microscopy. The individual polymer strands forming the two-dimensional textiles have lengths on the order of 200 nm, as evidenced by atomic-force microscopy images recorded from the disassembled textiles.
Usp9x regulates Ets-1 ubiquitination and stability to control NRAS expression and tumorigenicity in melanoma
Authors: Potu Harish , Peterson Luke F. , Kandarpa Malathi , Pal Anupama , Sun Hanshi , Durham Alison , Harms Paul W. , Hollenhorst Peter C. , Eskiocak Ugur , Talpaz Moshe , Donato Nicholas J.
Published: February 2017

ETS transcription factors are commonly deregulated in cancer by chromosomal translocation, overexpression or post-translational modification to induce gene expression programs essential in tumorigenicity. Targeted destruction of these proteins may have therapeutic impact. Here we report that Ets-1 destruction is regulated by the deubiquitinating enzyme, Usp9x, and has major impact on the tumorigenic program of metastatic melanoma. Ets-1 deubiquitination blocks its proteasomal destruction and enhances tumorigenicity, which could be reversed by Usp9x knockdown or inhibition. Usp9x and Ets-1 levels are coincidently elevated in melanoma with highest levels detected in metastatic tumours versus normal skin or benign skin lesions. Notably, Ets-1 is induced by BRAF or MEK kinase inhibition, resulting in increased NRAS expression, which could be blocked by inactivation of Usp9x and therapeutic combination of Usp9x and MEK inhibitor fully suppressed melanoma growth. Thus, Usp9x modulates the Ets-1/NRAS regulatory network and may have biologic and therapeutic implications.
Magnetic routing of light-induced waveguides
Authors: Izdebskaya Yana , Shvedov Vladlen , Assanto Gaetano , Krolikowski Wieslaw
Published: February 2017

Among photofunctional materials that can be employed to control the propagation of light by modifying their properties, soft dielectrics such as nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) stand out for their large all-optical response. Through reorientation, the molecular distribution of NLCs can be modified by the electric field of light, permitting functional operations and supporting self-localized light beams or spatial optical solitons. To date, the generation and routing of such solitons have been limited by the boundary conditions employed to tailor the properties of NLCs in planar cells or capillaries. Here we report on spatial solitons in bulk NLCs with no lateral anchoring, where the application of an external magnetic field effectively controls the direction of propagation and the angular steering of the self-trapped wavepackets. Our results entail a completely new approach to the routing of self-localized beams and light-induced waveguides in three dimensions, without the usual limitations imposed by transverse boundary conditions.
Drive the Dirac electrons into Cooper pairs in SrxBi2Se3
Authors: Du Guan , Shao Jifeng , Yang Xiong , Du Zengyi , Fang Delong , Wang Jinghui , Ran Kejing , Wen Jinsheng , Zhang Changjin , Yang Huan , Zhang Yuheng , Wen Hai-Hu
Published: February 2017

Topological superconductors are a very interesting and frontier topic in condensed matter physics. Despite the tremendous efforts in exploring topological superconductivity, its presence is however still under heavy debate. The Dirac electrons have been proven to exist on the surface of a topological insulator. It remains unclear whether and how the Dirac electrons fall into Cooper pairing in an intrinsic superconductor with the topological surface states. Here we show the systematic study of scanning tunnelling microscope/spectroscopy on the possible topological superconductor SrxBi2Se3. We first demonstrate that only the intercalated Sr atoms can induce superconductivity. Then we show the full superconducting gaps without any in-gap density of states as expected theoretically for a bulk topological superconductor. Finally, we find that the surface Dirac electrons will simultaneously condense into the superconducting state within the superconducting gap. This vividly demonstrates how the surface Dirac electrons are driven into Cooper pairs.
Study of radiative heat transfer in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps
Authors: Cui Longji , Jeong Wonho , Fernández-Hurtado Víctor , Feist Johannes , García-Vidal Francisco J. , Cuevas Juan Carlos , Meyhofer Edgar , Reddy Pramod
Published: February 2017

Radiative heat transfer in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps is of great interest because of both its technological importance and open questions regarding the physics of energy transfer in this regime. Here we report studies of radiative heat transfer in few Å to 5 nm gap sizes, performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions between a Au-coated probe featuring embedded nanoscale thermocouples and a heated planar Au substrate that were both subjected to various surface-cleaning procedures. By drawing on the apparent tunnelling barrier height as a signature of cleanliness, we found that upon systematically cleaning via a plasma or locally pushing the tip into the substrate by a few nanometres, the observed radiative conductances decreased from unexpectedly large values to extremely small ones—below the detection limit of our probe—as expected from our computational results. Our results show that it is possible to avoid the confounding effects of surface contamination and systematically study thermal radiation in Ångström- and nanometre-sized gaps.
Climatically sensitive transfer of iron to maritime Antarctic ecosystems by surface runoff
Authors: Hodson Andy , Nowak Aga , Sabacka Marie , Jungblut Anne , Navarro Francisco , Pearce David , Ávila-Jiménez María Luisa , Convey Peter , Vieira Gonçalo
Published: February 2017

Iron supplied by glacial weathering results in pronounced hotspots of biological production in an otherwise iron-limited Southern Ocean Ecosystem. However, glacial iron inputs are thought to be dominated by icebergs. Here we show that surface runoff from three island groups of the maritime Antarctic exports more filterable (<0.45 μm) iron (6–81 kg km−2 a−1) than icebergs (0.0–1.2 kg km−2 a−1). Glacier-fed streams also export more acid-soluble iron (27.0–18,500 kg km−2 a−1) associated with suspended sediment than icebergs (0–241 kg km−2 a−1). Significant fluxes of filterable and sediment-derived iron (1–10 Gg a−1 and 100–1,000 Gg a−1, respectively) are therefore likely to be delivered by runoff from the Antarctic continent. Although estuarine removal processes will greatly reduce their availability to coastal ecosystems, our results clearly indicate that riverine iron fluxes need to be accounted for as the volume of Antarctic melt increases in response to 21st century climate change.
Chemomechanical modeling of lithiation-induced failure in high-volume-change electrode materials for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Sulin
Published: February 2017

The rapidly increasing demand for efficient energy storage systems in the last two decades has stimulated enormous efforts to the development of high-capacity, high-power, durable lithium ion batteries. Inherent to the high-capacity electrode materials is material degradation and failure due to the large volumetric changes during the electrochemical cycling, causing fast capacity decay and low cycle life. This review surveys recent progress in continuum-level computational modeling of the degradation mechanisms of high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Using silicon (Si) as an example, we highlight the strong coupling between electrochemical kinetics and mechanical stress in the degradation process. We show that the coupling phenomena can be tailored through a set of materials design strategies, including surface coating and porosity, presenting effective methods to mitigate the degradation. Validated by the experimental data, the modeling results lay down a foundation for engineering, diagnosis, and optimization of high-performance lithium ion batteries.