bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parts list for a microtubule depolymerising kinesin
Authors: Friel Claire T. , Welburn Julie P.
Published: November 2018

The Kinesin superfamily is a large group of molecular motors that use the turnover of ATP to regulate their interaction with the microtubule cytoskeleton. The coupled relationship between nucleotide turnover and microtubule binding is harnessed in various ways by these motors allowing them to carry out a variety of cellular functions. The Kinesin-13 family is a group of specialist microtubule depolymerising motors. Members of this family use their microtubule destabilising activity to regulate processes such as chromosome segregation, maintenance of cilia and neuronal development. Here, we describe the current understanding of the structure of this family of kinesins and the role different parts of these proteins play in their microtubule depolymerisation activity and in the wider function of this family of kinesins.
The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics
Authors: Civiero Laura , Cogo Susanna , Biosa Alice , Greggio Elisa
Published: November 2018

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.
Heat shock response in archaea
Authors: Lemmens Liesbeth , Baes Rani , Peeters Eveline
Published: November 2018

An adequate response to a sudden temperature rise is crucial for cellular fitness and survival. While heat shock response (HSR) is well described in bacteria and eukaryotes, much less information is available for archaea, of which many characterized species are extremophiles thriving in habitats typified by large temperature gradients. Here, we describe known molecular aspects of archaeal heat shock proteins (HSPs) as key components of the protein homeostasis machinery and place this in a phylogenetic perspective with respect to bacterial and eukaryotic HSPs. Particular emphasis is placed on structure–function details of the archaeal thermosome, which is a major element of the HSR and of which subunit composition is altered in response to temperature changes. In contrast with the structural response, it is largely unclear how archaeal cells sense temperature fluctuations and which molecular mechanisms underlie the corresponding regulation. We frame this gap in knowledge by discussing emerging questions related to archaeal HSR and by proposing methodologies to address them. Additionally, as has been shown in bacteria and eukaryotes, HSR is expected to be relevant for the control of physiology and growth in various stress conditions beyond temperature stress. A better understanding of this essential cellular process in archaea will not only provide insights into the evolution of HSR and of its sensing and regulation, but also inspire the development of biotechnological applications, by enabling transfer of archaeal heat shock components to other biological systems and for the engineering of archaea as robust cell factories.
Uplink NOMA transmissions in a cooperative relay network based on statistical channel state information
Authors: Abdel‐Razeq Sharief , Zhou Shengli , Bansal Rajeev , Zhao Ming
Published: November 2018

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has recently attracted a lot of attention as a promising multiple access technology to be used in the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. In this study, the authors investigate uplink NOMA transmissions in a cooperative cellular network in the presence of frequency selective multipath fading channels. Specifically, two users communicate with the base station simultaneously with existence of a half‐duplex relay employing the decode‐and‐forward scheme to assist the far user. At the transmitting nodes, the power allocation factors are decided based on the statistical channel state information (CSI) rather than perfect CSI, while at the receiving nodes, the decoding order between the users is pre‐specified and the effect of imperfect successive interference cancellation implementation is taken into account. Under Rayleigh fading channels, the authors derive the exact ergodic rate for the near user and the upper bound of the ergodic rate for the far user, and present an ad‐hoc approach to determine the power allocation factors when the target data rates are given. Simulation results show that NOMA consistently outperforms orthogonal multiple access, however, the performance of uplink NOMA depends heavily on the proper choices of the power allocation factors and the relay location.
Discovery of an X-ray nebula in the field of millisecond pulsar PSR J1911–1114
Authors: Lee Jongsu , Hui C. Y. , Takata J. , Lin L. C. C.
Published: November 2018

We have discovered an extended X-ray feature, apparently associated with millisecond pulsar (MSP) PSR J1911–1114. The feature, which extends for ∼1′, was discovered from an XMM-Newton observation; the radio timing position of PSR J1911–1114 is in the midpoint of the feature. The orientation of the feature is similar to the proper motion direction of PSR J1911–1114. Its X-ray spectrum can be well-modeled by an absorbed power law with a photon index of Γ = 1.8−+0.30.2. If this feature is confirmed to be a pulsar wind nebula (PWN), this will be the third case where an X-ray PWN has been found to be powered by a MSP.
Post-conjunction detection of β Pictoris b with VLT/SPHERE
Authors: Lagrange A.-M. , Boccaletti A. , Langlois M. , Chauvin G. , Gratton R. , Beust H. , Desidera S. , Milli J. , Bonnefoy M. , Cheetham A. , Feldt M. , Meyer M. , Vigan A. , Biller B. , Bonavita M. , Baudino J.-L. , Cantalloube F. , Cudel M. , Daemgen S. , Delorme P. , D’Orazi V. , Girard J. , Fontanive C. , Hagelberg J. , Janson M. , Keppler M. , Koypitova T. , Galicher R. , Lannier J. , Le Coroller H. , Ligi R. , Maire A.-L. , Mesa D. , Messina S. , Müeller A. , Peretti S. , Perrot C. , Rouan D. , Salter G. , Samland M. , Schmidt T. , Sissa E. , Zurlo A. , Beuzit J.-L. , Mouillet D. , Dominik C. , Henning T. , Lagadec E. , Ménard F. , Schmid H.-M. , Turatto M. , Udry S. , Bohn A. J. , Charnay B. , Gomez Gonzales C. A. , Gry C. , Kenworthy M. , Kral Q. , Mordasini C. , Moutou C. , van der Plas G. , Schlieder J. E. , Abe L. , Antichi J. , Baruffolo A. , Baudoz P. , Baudrand J. , Blanchard P. , Bazzon A. , Buey T. , Carbillet M. , Carle M. , Charton J. , Cascone E. , Claudi R. , Costille A. , Deboulbe A. , De Caprio V. , Dohlen K. , Fantinel D. , Feautrier P. , Fusco T. , Gigan P. , Giro E. , Gisler D. , Gluck L. , Hubin N. , Hugot E. , Jaquet M. , Kasper M. , Madec F. , Magnard Y. , Martinez P. , Maurel D. , Le Mignant D. , Möller-Nilsson O. , Llored M. , Moulin T. , Origné A. , Pavlov A. , Perret D. , Petit C. , Pragt J. , Szulagyi J. , Wildi F.
Published: November 2018

Context. With an orbital distance comparable to that of Saturn in the solar system, β Pictoris b is the closest (semi-major axis ≃9 au) exoplanet that has been imaged to orbit a star. Thus it offers unique opportunities for detailed studies of its orbital, physical, and atmospheric properties, and of disk-planet interactions. With the exception of the discovery observations in 2003 with NaCo at the Very Large Telescope (VLT), all following astrometric measurements relative to β Pictoris have been obtained in the southwestern part of the orbit, which severely limits the determination of the planet’s orbital parameters.

Aims. We aimed at further constraining β Pictoris b orbital properties using more data, and, in particular, data taken in the northeastern part of the orbit.

Methods. We used SPHERE at the VLT to precisely monitor the orbital motion of beta β Pictoris b since first light of the instrument in 2014.

Results. We were able to monitor the planet until November 2016, when its angular separation became too small (125 mas, i.e., 1.6 au) and prevented further detection. We redetected β Pictoris b on the northeast side of the disk at a separation of 139 mas and a PA of 30° in September 2018. The planetary orbit is now well constrained. With a semi-major axis (sma) of a = 9.0 ± 0.5 au (1σ), it definitely excludes previously reported possible long orbital periods, and excludes β Pictoris b as the origin of photometric variations that took place in 1981. We also refine the eccentricity and inclination of the planet. From an instrumental point of view, these data demonstrate that it is possible to detect, if they exist, young massive Jupiters that orbit at less than 2 au from a star that is 20 pc away.
Colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis in migrants and non-migrants: a cross-sectional analysis of the KoMigra Study in Germany
Authors: Dahlhaus Anne , Siebenhofer Andrea , Guethlin Corina , Taubenroth Maja , Albay Zeycan , Schulz-Rothe Sylvia , Singer Susanne , Plath Jasper
Published: November 2018

Background Colorectal cancer is one leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Its prognosis depends largely on tumour stage at diagnosis. Migration status was associated with late stage at diagnosis in some studies, yet results are inconsistent.

Methods The cross-sectional study “The Diagnostics of Colorectal Carcinoma in Migrants and Non-Migrants in Germany” (KoMigra) investigated the association between migration background and tumour stage of colorectal cancer at diagnosis in a large German urban area. Patient variables were collected via a survey translated into nine languages. Data on tumour stage were extracted from medical records.

Results 437 patients could be recruited for analysis. Explorative logistic regression yielded no significant difference for tumour stage “I” versus “II-IV” according to the tumour classification “Union Internationale Contre le Cancer” (UICC) between migrants and non-migrants. Although the odds of a higher tumour stage were consistently higher in migrants than non-migrants, the effect estimates had wide confidence intervals. In descriptive analyses, migrants reported symptoms more often and for longer time than non-migrants. This was especially true for patients with poor proficiency of German.

Conclusions Migration background was not significantly associated with advanced tumour stage at diagnosis. However, the effect of poor language proficiency should be explored further.
Synthesis of the C1–C12 Fragment of Calyculin C
Authors: Konstantinova Olga , Koskinen Ari
Published: November 2018

Calyculins are a class of highly cytotoxic metabolites originally isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx. To date, a total of twelve different calyculins (A–J) and calyculinamides (A, B and F) have been described, the most abundant (in D. calyx) being calyculins A and C. Herein, we demonstrate a concise route to access the C1–C12 tetraene fragment of calyculin C using transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions (Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, Negishi and Heck) for the key connections. The synthesis starts from propionaldehyde and proceeds in 10 steps with 7.5% overall yield. We also describe an efficient route for the preparation of (Z)-3-iodobut-2-enenitrile in four steps and 68% yield.
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Triazole-Linked Morpholinone Scaffolds by CuAAC in the Presence of 18-Crown-6
Authors: Mayooufi A. , Romdhani-Younes M. , Thibonnet J.
Published: November 2018

A range of bis-heterocyclic derivatives based on novel morpholinone­ and triazole heterocycles was prepared from iodo-morpholinone­. The key step in our strategy is a one-pot procedure based upon copper-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) from iodo-morpholinone.
Determinants of length of stay:implications on differential funding for rural and metropolitan hospitals
Authors: H Lee Andy , Codde Jim
Published: November 2018

This study analysed and compared the determinants of length of inpatient stay between the rural and metropolitanpublic hospitals. The investigation was based on the 1998/99 Western Australia patient discharge data. A Coxregression model was used due to the high proportion of patient transfers in the rural hospitals. It was found thatseveral variables were associated with length of stay (LOS) variations within Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG). Themethod provides additional insights to hospital management and clinicians in assessing the risk of prolongedhospitalisation. From a state government perspective, a DRG payment adjustment strategy may be developed fordifferent categories of admitted patient episodes. The analysis has implications on the formulation of differentialfunding rates between rural and metropolitan hospitals.
Integration between GPs andhospitals: lessons from a division-hospitalprogram
Authors: Lloyd Jane , Powell Davies Gawaine , Harris Mark
Published: November 2018

The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate current initiatives in GP-hospital integration and highlight areaswhere further research, development and evaluation are required. Seven pre-existing GP-hospital programs wereselected and given supplementary funding to allow for more effective evaluation. These local evaluations were thenincorporated into a national program on GP-hospital collaboration.We found that the seven projects made substantial progress towards their goals, and in the process highlighted importantaspects of successful collaboration. The collective evaluation of DHIP identified expected benefits of collaboration forpatients (improved access to services, reduced anxiety, and fewer post discharge complications), for GPs (increasedinvolvement in acute care and in hospital decision making), and for service organisations (stronger workingrelationships, increased capacity, and greater efficiency). Barriers to service integration were also identified, includingthe different cultures of Divisions and hospitals, their lack of internal coherence and the Commonwealth-state divide.The evaluation showed that much has been achieved in building the relationships and the capacity needed for GP-hospitalcollaboration, and that effective models exist. The current challenge is to extend successful models acrosshealth areas and make effective collaboration part of the normal system of care. Substantial progress towardsintegrated care relies on a shift from a focus on systems within general practice or hospital environments to a patientcentred approach. This will require general practice, hospitals, community services and consumer organisations toform long term partnerships and move beyond their currently disjointed view of acute and community care. Thedevelopment of practical indicators for integrated care will support the process and facilitate shared learning acrossCommonwealth and state divides.
The Innovative Ward Project:promoting innovation in healthservice delivery.
Authors: Winsor Kerry , Blake Sandy , Pyne Lindsay , Juers Alison
Published: November 2018

An Innovative Ward Project was undertaken as part of the planning for redevelopment of the Princess AlexandraHospital. Two inpatient units (one medical and one surgical) became pilot areas for developing, implementing andevaluating innovative approaches to service delivery. The project focused on the key areas related to structuralenvironment, information technology and redesign of work practices. This paper provides an overview which includesthe key elements utilised to foster innovation. The challenges of disseminating and adopting successful innovationsbeyond the Innovative Wards are discussed.
The future shape of primary healthcare in New Zealand
Authors: Davies Philip , Booth Mark
Published: November 2018

The Minister of Health in New Zealand earlier this year released a discussion document titled "The Future Shape ofPrimary Health Care" which outlines some far-reaching proposals for the provision of primary health care serviceswithin New Zealand. This article sets the discussion document in the context of primary health care within NewZealand by examining current arrangements for primary health care, previous arrangements and the proposalsoutlined in the discussion document.
The delegate's dilemma: ACATre-assessment in hostels
Authors: Poole Julia
Published: November 2018

The provision for 'ageing in place' in the Aged Care Act of 1997 has provided an opportunity for hostel facilities tobroaden their scope of care for older people. Aged Care Assessment Teams (ACATs) are required to provide assessmentsto give approval for high or low level entry to these facilities, and to provide approval for reclassification from low tohigh care. However, guidelines for ACAT assessments are contradictory with respect to the Resident ClassificationScale (RCS) which provides the facility funding formula, thus creating gatekeeping compared with advocacydifficulties for the ACAT.If the facility can support a claim of high care need for a resident via the RCS but the ACAT (using different andless in-depth criteria) does not agree with that claim, then the care of that resident might be compromised due toinadequate funding. Recommendations made to solve this dilemma include conferring the right of the hostel staff toreclassify residents when necessary, with the responsibility for confirmation of that classification to remain with thetrained validation officers from the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, not the ACAT.
Coming to your TV — the ideal health care professional
Authors: Leggat Sandra G , Dwyer Judith
Published: November 2018

Consumer behaviour research confirms the
notion of references ? ?any external influence that
provides social cues?1 (p. 341). These references
assist us in forming our attitudes and behaviours
and in differentiating what is right from what is
wrong. Television acts as a powerful reference,
often providing us with idealised images of what
life is really like beyond our own narrow existence.
Brain drain of doctors from southern Africa: brain gain for Australia
Authors: Oberoi Sumit S , Lin Vivian
Published: November 2018

?Brain drain? is the depletion or loss of intellectual
and technical personnel. The United Nations
defines it as a one-way movement of highly skilled
people from developing to developed countries
that only benefits the industrialised (host) world.
Today, brain drain is a major problem facing less
developed countries, while Australia and other
developed countries are the beneficiaries. Brain
drain is reported to have direct negative impact on
the population?s health status in the donor country,
with associated consequences for the productivity
and welfare of the population.
This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand
the key factors behind brain drain from the
perspective of the migrating doctor, and to consider
possible solutions. Interviews were conducted
with doctors who have migrated to
Australia from southern Africa to explore reasons
for brain drain. Specifically, the study tests the
supposition that push factors play a much greater
role than pull factors, and identifies which push
factors are most important. Strategies to prevent
brain drain from this depleted labour region are
considered.
Health care financing and public responses: use of private insurance in Western Australia during 1980–2001
Authors: Moorin Rachael , Brameld Kate J , Holman C D'Arcy J
Published: November 2018

Objectives: The aim was to identify and explain
trends and cut points in payment classification
(privately insured or otherwise) for episodes of
hospitalisation in Western Australia.
Methods: Hospital morbidity data from 1980 to
2001 were used to produce trend lines of the proportion
of hospital separations in each payment category
in each year in age and clinical subgroups.
Results: The most significant changes in payment
classification over time were found in all groups
between 1980 and 1984, corresponding to a period
when free public hospital care in Australia was
abolished (Sep 1981 to Feb 1984). The trend
associated with this policy change rebounded significantly
just before the introduction of Medicare in
1984. These observations were consistent over all
age groups except in the oldest group (70+ years).
This trend was more pronounced for the surgical
subgroup compared with other broad clinical categories.
More recently, a trend towards increasing
public episodes was reversed from 2000 following
introduction of incentives for private health cover
and sanctions against deferred uptake in younger
people.
Conclusion: The public appeared to adopt a shortterm
crisis reaction to major policy change but then
reversed towards past patterns of behaviour. The
implications for policy makers include the need to
understand the underlying culture of the population;
to realise that attitudes become fixed as people age;
and to recognise the difference in the effectiveness
of incentive- and deterrent-based policies.
Improving access to evidence-based acute stroke services: development and evaluation of a health systems model to address equity of access issues
Authors: Cadilhac Dominique A , Moodie Marjory L , Lalor Erin E , Bilney Lucinda E , Donnan Geoffrey A , behalf of the National Stroke Foundation on
Published: November 2018

Level 1 evidence for management of patients with
stroke in a dedicated Stroke Care Unit (SCU)
demonstrates improved outcomes by about 20%.
It has been estimated that 21% of Australian
hospitals provide an SCU and that these SCUs
are mainly located in either metropolitan sites and/
or in hospitals with more than 300 beds. To
address equity issues related to access to SCUs,
the National Stroke Foundation and the Australian
Government undertook the National Stroke Units
Program. One program outcome was the development
of a conceptual model of acute stroke service
delivery. The development process and initial
evaluation of the model are described. Use of the
model to increase capacity within the health care
system to treat stroke is discussed.
Future of assisted dying reform in Australia
Authors: White Ben , Willmott Lindy
Published: November 2018

The Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Vic) will come into force in June 2019, becoming the first law in Australia in 20 years to permit voluntary assisted dying (VAD). This paper considers how other Australian states and territories are likely to respond to this development. It analyses three key factors that suggest that law reform is likely to occur in other parts of Australia: (1) the growing international trend to permit VAD; (2) social science evidence about how VAD regimes operate; and (3) changes to the local political environment. The paper argues that these three factors, coupled with the effect of Victoria changing its law, suggest that other VAD law reform is likely to occur in Australia. It also considers the different types of laws that may be adopted, including whether other states and territories will follow the very conservative Victorian approach or adopt more liberal models.

What is known about the topic?
Despite sustained law reform efforts in parliaments across the country, Victoria is the first Australian jurisdiction to pass a law permitting VAD in 20 years.

What does this paper add?
This paper addresses likely future trends in VAD law reform in Australia. Drawing on international developments, a growing body of social science evidence about how VAD regimes work in practice, and evidence about a changing local political environment, the paper argues that other states and territories in Australia will also enact laws about VAD.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The legalisation of VAD has significant implications for health professionals, health administrators and health systems. Understanding how reform may occur and what legal models may be considered supports participation in the law reform process and preparation for likely change.
Blood proteins of red deer introduced to Patagonia: genetic origins and variability
Authors: Flueck Werner T. , Smith-Flueck Jo Anne M.
Published: November 2018

A small group of European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) was introduced into the foothills of the Andes in Patagonia in the early 1920s. This species adapted well to the habitat and climatic conditions in the area and presently may number over 100 000 animals. Several indices commonly used to evaluate the fitness of a species in its environment indicate that red deer thrive under very favourable conditions in Patagonia; for example, body size, antler development, reproductive rates, herd health, and longevity are near the maximum described for the species. Furthermore, some local populations occur at densities much higher than encountered in their native ranges. The objective was to examine several biological enzyme systems to test for variance in protein polymorphism in comparison to populations of red deer in other parts of the world. The protein systems examined by electrophoresis in the plasma included: post-transferrin, transferrin, vitamin D binding protein, plasminogen, and complement component; and in the erythrocytes: hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and diaphorase I. Variation in plasminogen was lower than is typical for red deer, and glucose phosphate isomerase showed no variation. Furthermore, some occurrences of alleles typical for North American wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) indicate that the introduced deer originated from English or European deer parks which have had a history of introductions of wapiti in the past. In New Zealand, the superoxide dismutase allele typical for wapiti was found in 1% of red deer, whereas it occurred in 11% of animals in the present study. Polymorphism measured across the nine examined protein systems was 2.0 alleles per locus with an overall heterozygosity of 0.30. The low variations are likely the result of the introduction based on few individuals. However, the outstanding performance of the present population contradicts the existence of any overt impact from this founder effect. The observed large body sizes may not only be due to good environmental conditions, but also due to previous hybridisation with wapiti. Several specimens were heterozygous and one specimen was homozygous for wapiti hemoglobin.
An investigation into the efficacy of the Te Pari Patesco knife in providing a bare tip and the relationship between tail length and dag score in unmulesed Merino lambs
Authors: Smith J. E. , Woodgate R. G. , Curnow C. A. , Michael D. L. , Van Burgel A. J.
Published: November 2018

This study investigated dag accumulation between marking time and first shearing and wool cover of the tip of the tail in a total of 842 ewes and wethers, tailed either at the second or third joint using a standard gas knife or at the third joint using the Te Pari Patesco gas knife. Four hundred of the ewes had further measurements taken in 2011. The Te Pari-treated animals had significantly (P < 0.05) less wool on the tail tip than lambs treated with a standard gas knife. There were no significant differences in dag score between treatment groups in 2010; however, there were significantly (P < 0.05) less dags on animals in the Te Pari-treated group in 2011. This effect needs to be further investigated in a range of sheep genotypes, locations and seasons.
Changes in plasma oxidative stress biomarkers in dairy cows after oestrus synchronisation with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α)
Authors: Talukder Saranika , Kerrisk Kendra L. , Ingenhoff Luke , Gabai Gianfranco , Garcia Sergio C. , Celi Pietro
Published: November 2018

This study was designed to evaluate the plasma profiles of oxidative stress biomarkers, progesterone and ovarian follicle diameter in ovulatory versus an-ovulatory cows. Twenty cows were synchronised using controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α) protocol. Plasma samples were analysed for progesterone (P4), oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers; reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), oxidative stress index (OSI = ROMs/BAP × 100), advanced oxidation protein products, ceruloplasmin and glutathione (GSH). Plasma P4 concentration was greater in ovulated cows 24 hours (h) after PGF2α treatment but lower 48 h after PGF2α treatment compared with that of an-ovulated cows at those sampling sessions (P < 0.05). Ovulated cows were diagnosed with greater ovarian follicle diameter compared with that of their herd mates not diagnosed for ovulation. Significant interaction of time of PGF2α treatment and ovulation status (ovulatory versus an-ovulatory) with the plasma concentrations of OSI, BAP and GSH were observed. Ovulated cows had significantly lower BAP compared with that of an-ovulated cows (P < 0.05) 9 h, 48 h, 60 h and 128 h after PGF2α treatment. Plasma concentrations of GSH were lower (P < 0.05) in ovulated cows than that of an-ovulated cows 60 h and 96 h after PGF2α treatment. However, OSI was greater (P < 0.05) in ovulated cows than that of an-ovulated cows 9 h, 48 h, 60 h and 128 h after PGF2α treatment. Significant associations were observed between OS status and sampling time. Oxidative stress status may have important physiological role in facilitating the ovulation process in oestrus synchronised dairy cows.
Heritability of muscle score and genetic and phenotypic relationships with weight, fatness and eye muscle area in beef cattle
Authors: Robinson D. L. , Cafe L. M. , McKiernan W. A.
Published: November 2018

To assess the potential for genetic improvement to help meet the increasing demand for high-yielding beef carcasses, the heritability of muscle score (MS) plus genetic and phenotypic correlations with weight and fatness traits were estimated on 1856 yearlings and 2596 weaners born from 1992 to 2012 in a predominantly Angus herd divergently selected for High/Low MS. In 2005, after noting that some cattle were positive for the 821_del11 myostatin mutation that causes muscle hypertrophy, procedures were modified to create a third group (HighHet) of High animals with one copy of this major gene. This allowed the additive genetic effects of MS to be assessed, and also the effect of the 821_del11 mutation. MS traits were found to be highly heritable (h2 = 56–63%), with an extremely high estimated genetic correlation of 99% between weaning and yearling MS. Estimated genetic correlations of MS with rib eye muscle area (EMA) in weaners and yearlings adjusted for either age or weight were 53–56%. Genetic correlations of MS with other traits were relatively low: liveweight (yearlings 5%, weaners 20%), rump fat (yearlings –7%, weaners 11%), rib fat (yearlings –17%, weaners –3%). Apart from weaning liveweight, the estimated genetic correlations were not significantly different from zero. MS had smaller estimated genetic correlations with fatness and weight traits than EMA adjusted for age. For yearlings and weaners born from 2010 to 2012, large significant differences were evident in MS of High and Low calves (4.5-point difference for yearlings; 3.4 points for weaners, on a 15-point scale) and significant differences in EMA (yearlings 2.5, weaners 1.5 cm2). In addition, the 821_del11 mutation reduced fatness, increased MS by 1.5–1.9 points and increased EMA by 2.8–3.6 cm2. With high heritability, low correlations with weight and fatness in weaners/yearlings, plus other research (Cafe et al. 2012, 2014a) showing no detrimental effect on maternal productivity or meat quality, but improvements in dressing percent, retail meat yield, meat : bone ratio and feedlot feed efficiency, the development of an estimated breeding value for MS could help improve the efficiency and profitability of beef production.
Differences in carcass traits, meat quality and chemical composition between the pigs of different CAST genotype
Authors: Djurkin Kušec I. , Kušec G. , Vuković R. , Has-Schön E. , Kralik G.
Published: November 2018

The study was carried out on 89 Pig Improvement Co. (PIC) pig carcasses, with the aim to investigate the differences between three CAST loci in carcass and meat-quality traits, as well as chemical composition of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. The differences among genotypes at CAST/HinfI locus were significant in all carcass traits measured, where AB genotype exhibited preferable values in carcass lengths, ham length, muscle thickness, loin eye area, fat thickness and fat area. Among meat-quality traits analysed, genotypes at CAST/HinfI locus differed in pH45 in SM muscle, both pH24 in semimembranosus (SM) and LD muscles, as well as luminosity; genotypes at CAST/MspI differed in pH24 and EC24 measured at LD muscle and in red colour intensity, level of yellowness and hue angle; while genotypes at CAST/RsaI differed in pH45 and EC45 in SM muscle, pH24 in LD muscle, paleness and redness, as well as in shear force and calpain activity. EF genotype at this locus exhibited the highest pH values and the lowest CIE L*, with more pronounced red colour, but also highest shear force and lowest calpain activity values. Furthermore, significant differences in chemical composition of LD muscle were found only among genotypes at CAST/RsaI loci, where FF genotype had the lowest intramuscular fat and the highest relative share of protein.
Serum Activation of Lipoprotein Lipase from Sheep Adipose Tissue
Authors: Tume RK , Thornton RF
Published: November 2018

The effects of species and plane of nutrition on serum activation of sheep adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase were studied over a range of substrate (triolein) concentrations. Serum, either from two species or from the same species on a different plane of nutrition, had differing effects on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Serum from fed sheep was more effective than serum from fed rats in activating sheep adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase at low substrate concentrations. Serum taken from sheep on a restricted plane of nutrition, stimulated adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity at physiological substrate concentrations. The increased activity promoted by the factor(s) present in serum would ensure that those tissues (e.g. cardiac and skeletal muscle) which continue to synthesize lipoprotein lipase during fasting or nutritional restriction, are able to assimilate the relatively low amounts of circulating triacylglycerol.
Plasma FSH and LH in Prepubertal Booroola Ewe Lambs
Authors: Bindon BM , Findtay JK , Pipe LR
Published: November 2018

Basal plasma concentrations (four 30-min samples) and GnRH-induced release of gonadotrophins were measured every 15 days between 30 and 90 days and at 110 days of age in Merino ewe lambs from the prolific Booroo1a ('B') flock (n = 18-23), the medium prolificacy ('T') flock (n = 14-20), and the '0' flock (n = 4-8) of low prolificacy. At ages of 30 and 45 days B ewe lambs had mean basal plasma FSH concentrations of 145 and 122 ng/ml which were significantly higher (P < 0�01) than those seen in T (45 and 53 ng/ml), and 0 (39 and 38 ng/ml) flock ewes. Between 60 and 110 days of age there were no significant differences between genotypes. The increment in FSH concentrations above basal levels induced by the subcutaneous injection of 100 ,.g synthetic GnRH was only significantly (P < 0�05) greater in B than T and 0 genotype ewe lambs at llO days of age but not at other ages. The basal plasma FSH differences between the B, T and 0 genotypes at 30 and 45 days of age were not consistently related to the size of litter in which lambs were born.
Population genetic variation, differentiation and bottlenecks of Dacrydium pectinatum (Podocarpaceae) in Hainan Island, China: implications for its conservation
Authors: Su Ying-Juan , Wang Ting , Deng Feng
Published: November 2018

Island populations provide an ideal natural experiment with which to study the forces driving population evolution. Seventeen populations of Dacrydium pectinatum de Laubenfels on Hainan Island, China, were sampled throughout its distribution range and then assessed using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Population genetic parameters were estimated by Bayesian approaches as well as conventional methods. Genetic bottleneck signatures were further dissected by performing three heterozygosity excess tests and the mode-shift indicator test. Compared with other coniferous species, a relatively high level of genetic variation and a low degree of differentiation was revealed in D. pectinatum. In addition, severe bottlenecks were identified at local, regional as well as range-wide scale. Ecological and life-history traits were suggested to play major roles in the shaping of the genetic variation pattern. In particular, long life span could have exerted a lagging effect on both the genetic variation and differentiation of extant populations. Our findings may contribute to improving management practices for the restoration of D. pectinatum.
Differential biochemical responses of Calliandra brevipes (Fabaceae, Mimosoidae) to galling behaviour by Tanaostigmodes ringueleti and T. mecanga (Hymenoptera, Tanaostigmatidae)
Authors: Detoni Michelle de Lima , Vasconcelos Eveline Gomes , Scio Elita , Kopke de Aguiar Jair Adriano , Isaias Rosy Mary dos Santos , Soares Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves
Published: November 2018

Two species of Tanaostigmodes, T. ringueleti and T. mecanga, induce two distinct gall morphotypes in Calliandra brevipes Benth. (Fabaceae: Mimosoidae), namely a globose and a fusiform one. Secondary and primary metabolism of the two galls was compared with that of the stem tissue of the host plant. Phytochemical screening of gall samples revealed that triterpenoids were exclusive of the globose gall, and sterols exclusive of the fusiform gall, whereas saponins were absent in both galls. Flavonoid content in the globose gall was significantly lower than that in the fusiform gall. As expected, high antioxidant activity was observed in the fusiform gall, which was associated with the high flavonoid content. Protein analyses showed the presence of specific polypeptides in globose (97, 75, 34 kDa) and fusiform (40, 33 kDa) galls. Sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were 1.4–3.3 times higher in the globose-gall than in non-galled tissue, whereas in the fusiform gall, fructose content was 2-fold increased. The interactions between the host and the two Tanaostigmodes showed both similarities and differences between them, and with the non-galled tissue. Taken together, the results suggested that the two gall inducers co-inhabiting C. brevipes are capable of manipulating the primary and secondary metabolism differentially for their own benefit and, thus, the nutritive hypothesis was reinforced.
Genetic tests of the isolation of rare coastal dwarf populations of Banksia spinulosa
Authors: O'Brien Eleanor K. , Aguilar Lucia A. , Ayre David J. , Whelan Robert J.
Published: November 2018

In southern New South Wales, a suite of widespread plant species exhibit short-statured ‘dwarf’ growth forms on coastal headlands. It is unclear whether such populations are genetically distinct or whether dwarfism is a plastic response to the environment. We used four microsatellite markers to assess genetic differentiation among populations from coastal and inland sites for Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa. We sampled plants from six locations, including from three ‘dwarf’ and three ‘normal’ populations. Mean levels of genetic diversity were slightly higher in the forest (Na = 7.07 ± 0.25; He = 0.80 ± 0.09) than on the coast (Na = 5.92 ± 0.70; He = 0.72 ± 0.10). In general, populations displayed genotypic diversity expected for outcrossed sexual reproduction, with 161 of 172 individuals displaying unique genotypes and mean values of FIS close to zero. However, we found evidence of at least limited clonal replication in each of four populations and, within one coastal population, 11 of 27 individuals displayed one of three replicated genotypes, implying that the effective population size may be considerably smaller than would be inferred from the number of plants at this site. Relative to studies with other Proteaceae, this set of populations showed low, although significant, levels of differentiation (global FST = 0.061; P < 0.001), with extremely low, although significant, divergence of forest and coastal populations (FRT = 0.009; P < 0.001). There was no evidence of isolation by distance. These data imply that coastal dwarf populations are genetically similar to more extensive inland populations but in at least one case, may be at a greater risk of extinction because of low effective population size.
Changes in cell number and cell size during pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) fruit development and their relationship with fruit size
Authors: Li Yun-He , Zhang Zhi , Sun Guang-Ming
Published: November 2018

In mainland China, more than 80% of pineapples (Ananas comosus L.) grown are the cultivar ‘Comte de Paris’. Fruit size is an important commercial trait in crops such as pineapple and it is generally believed that cell number and cell size play an important role during fruit size regulation; however, few cellular biological studies on pineapple fruit development have been conducted. To better understand the regulation of pineapple fruit size, the changes in cell number and cell size during fruit development were analysed. Pineapple cv. ‘Comte de Paris’ fruit were collected every 15 days from 0 to 75 days after the first flower appeared (DAFF), and the flesh of the second (top) and the sixth (base) fruitlets were selected for histological observation. Cell size exhibited a rapid increase up to 60 DAFF, while the cell rapidly proliferated up to 30 DAFF, then slowed down but continued to proliferate. Although grown under identical conditions, ‘Comte de Paris’ pineapples grew to different sizes. The results showed that the cell number, the cell size and the number of fruitlets were correlated with the final fruit size/weight regulation, but that cell number played the most important role.
Patterns of polyembryony and frequency of surviving multiple embryos of the Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia
Authors: Agapito-Tenfen Sarah Zanon , Steiner Neusa , Guerra Miguel Pedro , Nodari Rubens Onofre
Published: November 2018

The development of polyembryony is a common reproductive strategy in conifers. Multiple embryos are observed during early seed developmental stages. However, upon seed maturation, only the dominant embryo survives, with few exceptions. Although programmed cell death has been reported as the major mechanism responsible for elimination of subordinate embryos, the genetics of surviving embryos and the probabilities of survival remain unclear. The aim of this study is to determine patterns of polyembryony and survival frequency in Araucaria angustifolia (Bert) O. Ktze. Thus, we investigate the morphogenetic parameters that might be related to embryo survival using nuclear microsatellite markers and morphological characteristics of immature embryos and seedlings. Our novel approach couples genotype frequency analysis with the number of surviving embryos, presence of embryo dominance and number of cotyledons present within a single seed. Polyembryonic seedling frequency was low (0.022%) and 91% of surviving embryos were monozygotic. From all monozygotic embryos, 98% showed differences in growth rate (height) in relation to each other. Concrescent tissues were common in the monozygotic polyembryony patterns observed (80%) but not for those with polyzygotic polyembryony. We demonstrate that the survival of multiple embryos is a rare event in A. angustifolia seeds. To the best of our knowledge this study represents the first evidence of cleavage polyembryony in immature embryos and seedlings from A. angustifolia. Our novel approach using a combined set of morphological parameters and microsatellite markers was successful in investigating polyembryony patterns and survival.
Genetic diversity and population genetic structure in fragmented Allocasuarina verticillata (Allocasuarinaceae) – implications for restoration
Authors: Broadhurst Linda M.
Published: November 2018

Vegetation restoration in fragmented regions is constrained by limited supplies of high quality seed and an understanding of the scale over which seed can be moved without causing negative outcomes. ‘Local’ seed is often prescribed for restoration but in fragmented landscapes this restricts collecting to small, inbred populations. Six polymorphic microsatellites were used to examine genetic diversity and population genetic structure in seed collected from 18 fragmented natural populations and three restored populations of the wind-pollinated and dispersed tree Allocasuarina verticillata, a key restoration species. Smaller populations produced seed crops with significantly fewer alleles, lower allelic richness and less gene diversity. Most of the populations assessed, including the restored sites, produce genetically diverse seed crops suitable for restoration but smaller populations (<30 plants) should be augmented with seed from larger populations. Principal coordinate analysis, graph-theory and Bayesian analyses found little evidence of spatially predictable genetic structure across the study region, which probably reflects long distance gene dispersal preventing the development of strong spatial structure. The absence of strong spatial patterns suggests that seed can be moved beyond current 5–50-km limits while being mindful of strong selection gradients or conditions that might indicate locally adapted populations.
Introduced and native grass-derived smoke effects on Cymbopogon obtectus germination
Authors: Williams Paul R. , Collins Eleanor M. , Blackman Mick , Blackman Clare , McLeod Jackie , Felderhof Leasie , Colless Lauren , Masters Kate , Coates Simon
Published: November 2018

Introduced grasses, such as buffel, alter the dynamics of grassy ecosystems by replacing native species and influencing recruitment. Several different smoke-derived chemicals are separately responsible for the promotion and inhibition of germination of various plant species. We tested whether smoke derived from the introduced buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) produced the same density of germination as provided by smoke derived from a native spinifex grass (Triodia brizoides). Smoke from both spinifex and buffel grass significantly enhanced the germination of a native lemon grass (Cymbopogon obtectus) in comparison to untreated seed, reflecting the significant role of fire in woodlands across northern Australia. This is the first record of smoke-promoted germination in a species of Cymbopogon. However, smoke from the exotic buffel grass provided the same level of germination as that from the native spinifex, suggesting similarity in smoke chemicals involved. Further research is required to test the effect of buffel smoke on the germination of other species and whether exotics such as buffel grass provide the same temperature profile in the topsoil as does spinifex, and therefore equivalent germination cues to heat-shock responsive native plants.
Seasonal changes in photosynthetic rate and pigment content in two populations of the monotypic Balkan serpentine endemic Halacsya sendtneri
Authors: Vicić Dražen D. , Stoiljković Milovan M. , Sabovljević Marko S. , Stevanović Branka M.
Published: November 2018

Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.) Dörfl. is an obligate serpentine palaeoendemic of the Balkan Peninsula. It is able to maintain a favourable magnesium : calcium (Mg : Ca) ratio throughout its root and shoot, and grow in serpentine habitats with different microclimate conditions. Seasonal variation of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents showed a steep decline right after the spring period, which was most probably caused by the drought imposed on the plants on the shallow serpentine soil. However, the in situ photosynthetic rate remained stable throughout the spring and summer period. Prolonged photosynthetic activity enables this species an investment into root development and sustainable survival in the harsh soils of the habitats it occupies.