bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Budget Gap Behavior: An Experimental Study on the Role of Superiors’ Reputation in Information Asymmetry
Authors: Herianti Eva , Marundha Amor
Published: November 2023

Background: The objective of this study is to examine the effect of superior reputation in reducing budgetary gaps within the context of information asymmetry in local government budgeting. The budgetary gap is a manifestation of the agency conflict between subordinates and superiors, where subordinates possess superior information due to their in-depth knowledge of the field conditions. Consequently, an information asymmetry arises between subordinates and superiors, leading to the occurrence of budgetary slack.

Methods: The study employed an experimental research design, focusing on accounting students from the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta as subjects. Purposive sampling was used to select accounting students who have completed the government accounting course as participants. The study took place at the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta. The observation period took place between July and August 2022 at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta. The research examines the role of a superior reputation in mitigating budgetary gaps under conditions of information asymmetry. The experiment was conducted online, using a simulated environment. The study hypothesizes that superiors' reputation has a negative effect on budgetary slack, while information asymmetry has a positive effect on budgetary slack.

Findings: Firstly, it is anticipated that the superiors' reputation has a negative impact on budgetary slack. Secondly, it is expected that information asymmetry has a positive impact on budgetary slack. Lastly, it is anticipated that the superiors' reputations have a negative impact on budgetary slack under conditions of information asymmetry

Conclusion: The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how superior reputation and information asymmetry interact in the context of local government budgeting. The findings from this study may provide insights into improving budgetary processes and reducing budget gaps.

Practical Implications: The reputation of superiors who have competence and integrity can improve information asymmetry conditions and can reduce budget gaps.
Assessing the Health Risks of Emerging Trace Elements in Fish, Bobo Croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) from Buguma Creek, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Uchenna Ogbuefi Michael , Ordinioha Best , Chris Davies Ibienebo
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the health risks associated with trace elements in Bobo Croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) from Buguma Creek, Southern Nigeria. Fish samples were conducted monthly from May to August 2023, and muscle tissues were analyzed for potential health risks posed by elevated levels of hazardous metals. Heavy metal concentrations of As, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Cd was found in the EDIs of heavy metals in P. elongatus from three stations for adults and children, with minimal variation between stations. For adults, there were no significant discrepancies, but for children, there were substantial differences, especially at Stations 2 and 3. The EDI value for Zn varies significantly across all stations, with the highest value being recorded at Station 3. Fe showed notable differences between stations, while Cu and As had consistent EDI values. The study reveals potential health risks for both adults and children due to heavy metals, with Cd, Pb, and Zn exposure exceeding safe thresholds for both adults and children, while Pb and As have values below safe thresholds, indicating negligible cancer risk. The study calls for further evaluations and mitigation strategies, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and acceptable exposure limits, particularly at Stations 2 and 3, to protect vulnerable populations. HI values surpass 1 for both age groups, indicating potential health risks from trace elements in P. elongatus, particularly for Cadmium. The study highlights the potential health risks from trace elements in P. elongatus. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices and acceptable exposure limits, particularly at Stations 2 and 3, to protect vulnerable populations.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis HIV during Pandemic Covid-19: Challenge and Strategy
Authors: Pratiwi Putu Putri , Sutarsa I. Nyoman , Ani Luh Seri , Purnama Sang G.
Published: November 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused obstacles in providing PrEP services for HIV prevention. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in the use of PrEP for HIV prevention. Social restriction policies and limited services are provided for fear of being infected with COVID-19. The aim is to review the challenges and strategies for providing HIV PrEP during the pandemic. This article narrative reviews the acceptance of the PrEP program according to The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability, challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, and strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affective attitude, burden, ethics, self-efficacy, and perception of effectiveness influence acceptance of the PrEP program. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several challenges were faced, including fear of transmission of COVID-19, disruption of access to health services, disruption of PrEP supplies, and shifting of priority for health workers to COVID-19. Strategies implemented during the pandemic to increase PrEP acceptance include telemedicine and remote counseling, mobile laboratories, medication home delivery, longer PrEP stocks, and online education and information. To support the PrEP program during the COVID-19 pandemic, collaboration and integration of PrEP and COVID-19 services are required.
Study of Interrelationship among Economically Important Production Traits and Season of Calving on Milk Production in Jersindh Crosses
Authors: Singh Akanksha , Singh Ram Pal
Published: November 2023

Study was conducted on productive traits in Jersindh crosses. The data were collected from the records of history sheets maintained in Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, SHUATS for the period from 1924 to 1973. The productive traits selected from history sheets were first, second and third lactation milk yield and lactation length and dry period. The mean of 1/4J X3/4RS crosses for 1st ,2nd and 3rd LMY (Kg) were 2259.95, 1963.59 and 1832.74 and for lactation length (days) 378.71, 357.78 and 352 and for Dry period (days) 65.94, 98.23 and 98.26, respectively. The mean of 1/2J X 1/2RS crosses for 1st ,2nd and 3rd LMY (Kg) were 1892.14, 1680.14 and 1789.25 and for lactation length (days) 366.06, 338.75 and 359.43 for Dry period (days) 76.81,61 and 59.93 respectively. The mean of 3/8J X 5/8RS crosses for 1st ,2nd and 3rd LMY (Kg) were 1754, 1843.39 and 3682.36 and for lactation length (days) 320.1, 357.15 and 3 and for Dry period (days) 71.2, 70.7 and 72.35 respectively. The mean of 1/8J X 7/8RS crosses for 1st ,2nd and 3rd LMY (Kg) were 1966.35, 1906.51 and 1837.68 and for lactation length (days) 425.6, 371.75 and 446.4, and for Dry period (days) 71.35, 58.75 and 111.2 respectively. Significant effects of season of calving were observed on 3rd LMY of 1/2J X 1/2RS crosses as well as 3/8J X 5/8RS and 2nd LMY of1/4J X 3/4RS crosses , Second and third lactation length of 1/8 X 7/8 crosses has significant influence on lactation milk yield. Second and third lactation length of 1/4 X 3/4 crosses has significant correlation with lactation milk yield and also the regression of milk yield on lactation length was recorded. Third lactation length of 3/8 X 5/8 crosses has significant correlation with lactation milk yield and also the regression of milk yield on lactation length was recorded. Second lactation length of 1/8 X 7/8 crosses has significant correlation with lactation milk yield and also the regression of milk yield on lactation length was recorded. Out of these crosses (1/4Jx3/4RS,1/2JX1/2RS,3/8 JX5/8RS,1/8JX7/8RS) 3/8JX5/8RS has highest lactation length 652.76 and lactation milk yield is 3682.36.
Hematopoietic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Terminalia catappa Leaf in Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Wistar Rats
Authors: Ujong Ujong Peter , Kayode Dasofunjo , Saturday Udom, Diana-Abasi , Ukorebi Asuquo, Ukorebi , Ikenna Nnamani Vitus
Published: November 2023

Introduction: One third of people worldwide are affected with anemia, a condition that is incredibly common. Many times, it is minor and asymptomatic and doesn't need to be managed. Prevalence rises with age and is more prevalent in elderly, pregnant, and females of reproductive age.In people above the age of 85, the prevalence is higher than 20%.In the population of nursing homes, anemia occurs 50% to 60% of the time. A dietary deficit, such as a lack of iron, folate, or vitamin B12, is the main cause of anemia in the elderly, accounting for about one-third of patients.

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract Terminalia cattapa on hematological parameters in phenyl hydrazine induced anemic Wistar rats.

Methodology: Five (5) groups (A-E) made up of twenty-five (25) male Wistar rats were assigned at random. Phenyl hydrazine (PHZ) was administered intraperitoneally for seven days at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight to produce hemolytic anemia. Anemia was assumed to have been induced when the PCV of the PHZ-induced animals was compared to that of the healthy control (non-induced) animals 24 hours following the 7th day of induction. Treatment was administered orally over the course of 14 days using aqueous extracts of Terminalia cattapa leaf at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively.

Results: The results showed no significant (p<0.05) difference in MCH, MCHC, platelets and MCV when compared with the normal standard and control, but displayed a significant (p<0.05) rise in RBC, WBC, Hb, and PCV.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that Terminalia catappa aqueous extract, used in a variety of concentrations, may simultaneously interfere with the osmoregulatory and hemopoietic system of the blood and may be a panacea to anemia.
Impact of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLD) Oil Seeds on Yield Enhancement of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Vellore District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sasikumar K. , Rathika K.
Published: November 2023

The cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on groundnut were conducted by ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Virinjipuram, Vellore District (Tamil Nadu) during Rabi season from 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 farmer’s field of different villages of Vellore district. The results revealed that the average higher pod (25.18 q/ha.) were recorded in CFLDs as compared to farmer’s practices (FP) average pod (16.50 q/ha). The increase in the demonstrations pod yield over FP was 48.81 %. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 8.68 q/ha., 1.93 q/ha. and 6.76 % respectively. The average gross return (Rs. 100920/ha.) and net return (Rs. 66677/ha.) in CFLDs were found higher than the FP gross return (Rs. 65700/ha.) and net return (Rs. 31130/ha.). The B: C ratio exhibited the same trend as in gross and net return which was found 2.95 in CFLDs and 1.90 in Farmer practice. By conducting cluster frontline demonstrations of improved variety with intervention practices of proven technologies in farmer’s field, yield and increased the doubling income with higher productivity in Groundnut.
Effect of Nano Nitrogen on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Bt Cotton
Authors: Gousia S. U. , Ajayakumar M. Y. , Krishnamurthy D. , Shankar Anand Kamble , Bhat S. N.
Published: November 2023

Aims: Foliar application of nano nitrogen is aimed to reduce the soil application of conventional nitrogen. Nano fertilizers enhance crop growth, yield and quality while enhancing the faster nutrient uptake and reducing costs. They provide precise nutrient management, matching crop growth stage and offer increased surface area for metabolic reactions. This boosts photosynthesis, leading to higher dry matter production and crop yield. Foliar application of nano urea (liquid) at flowering, boll initiation and boll development stages in cotton fulfills the nitrogen requirement and reflects higher crop productivity and quality. Higher productivity of crops in sustainable manner could be achieved applying appropriate combination of conventional fertilizer and nano fertilizers.  

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split design with three replications.

Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in shallow black soils at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, during kharif 2022.

Methodology: There were fifteen treatment combinations, consisting of different doses of RDN (50 % N, 75 % N and 100 % N) with different concentrations of nano urea sprayed at 90, 100 DAS and 135 DAS for US-7067 BG-Ⅱ hybrid of Bt cotton.

Results: Application of 100% RDN has recorded significantly higher plant height, sympodial branches plant-1 and total dry matter accumulation (176.9 cm, 27.1 and 430.31g plant-1, respectively) followed by 75 % RDN (168 cm, 26.7 and 426.91 g plant-1, respectively) which found on par with each other. It also produced higher number of bolls plant-1 (50.3), boll weight (5.81 g) and seed cotton yield (3388 kg ha-1) followed by 75 % RDN (50.2, 5.36 g and 3376 kg ha-1, respectively) which found comparable with each other. Foliar application of nano urea @ 0.6 per cent each at 90, 100 and 135 DAS has recorded significantly higher plant height (180.8 cm), sympodial branches plant-1 (28.5), total dry matter accumulation (429.42 g plant-1), number of bolls plant-1 (52.2), boll weight (5.93 g) and seed cotton yield (3485 kg ha-1)  followed by foliar spray of nano urea @ 0.4 per cent each at 90, 100 and 135 DAS (173.3 cm, 28, 428.52 g plant-1, 51.8, 5.67 g and 3465 kg ha-1, respectively) which found on par with each other. Similar trend was recorded with regard to nutrient uptake by cotton.

Conclusion: Foliar application of nano urea reduced the dosage of conventional nitrogen by 25 per cent. There was linear increase in seed cotton yield (kg ha-1) with increasing levels of nitrogen levels.
Ecological and Economic Security through Organic Vegetable Cultivation in the Raised Bed Model: A Case Study of Akshayakalpa Organics in Tiptur, India
Authors: Kumar Shashi , Honnappanavar Manjappa , Sharath H. N.  , Nagesh E.
Published: November 2023

This paper explores the potential role of organic vegetable production technologies in ensuring ecological and economical security for farmers. In the current scenario, the survival of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers is challenged by several problems such as low land holding, decreased subsidies for inputs, high labor cost, high input cost, less market rate, increased cost of living and increased awareness about health benefits of organic vegetable consumption among economically middle and high strata of society leads to more demand for organic vegetables. Under these conditions, diversification of the cropping system with high-value crops like vegetables can be the best option for the farmers. In this context, modern technologies and practices are needed for higher and more sustainable production and productivity of vegetables and to maintain a good ecology in the farm. The raised bed is one of the technologies in which beds are raised with a stone border and this model has several advantages for small and marginal farmers. The vegetables are grown organically in one acre of area. The average yield per month is 903.69 KG, the average gross revenue generated per month is Rs.53,783.25/- and average total expenditure per month is Rs. 21,584.35. The Average Air temperature for three months within the farm, outside of the farm (open area) and outside of the farm (shade area) is 27.49°C, 29.22°C and 28.54°C respectively. The Average soil temperature for three months within the farm, outside the farm (open area) and outside the farm (shade area) is 23.48°C, 25.54°C and 24.20°C respectively. The Average Relative Humidity for three months within the farm, outside the farm (open area) and outside the farm (shade area) is 60.42 %, 52.38 % and 54.15 % respectively. Due to buffer zone microclimate has been created inside the farm. The temperature and RH difference can be noticed within and outside of the farm. This system requires a smaller amount of labor and less water when compared to conventional farming. With all its advantages the farmer can be assured of economic and ecological security.
Delineation of Purple Blotch Disease Hotspots Caused by Alternaria porri in Key Onion Cultivation Regions of Southern Karnataka, India
Authors: Ravichandra  , Ekabote Suresha D. , Ganesha Naik, R.  , Hosagoudar, G. N.  , Adivappar Nagarajappa , Ramesh A. N.
Published: November 2023

Onion (Allium cepa L.) stands as a crucial bulb crop and a primary commercial vegetable crop in India. Among the various maladies affecting bulb and seed development, purple blotch, caused by Alternaria porri, stands out as one of the most devastating. This ailment inflicts extensive damage on both bulb and seed crops. Through an extensive roving survey, we have unveiled the disease's prevalence, enabling the identification of disease hotspots in the major onion cultivation regions of southern Karnataka. A total of 28 hotspot regions were identified in the eight districts surveyed for purple blotch disease severity in onions. Notably, the highest mean of percent disease index (PDI) was recorded in Chikkamagaluru (51.12%), while Chamarajanagara showed the lowest mean PDI (23.35%). Among all surveyed villages, the most severe disease prevalence was observed in Koverahatti village within Hiriyur taluk of Chitradurga district, with a PDI of 64.47%. On the other hand, the lowest disease severity was noted in Uttamballi village (16.89%) in Kollegala taluk, Chamarajanagara district.
Soil Management Practices to Enhance Carbon Sequestration Rates- A Review
Authors: Morya Rahul , Bhargava Anjali , Lalitha Gandikota Rupa , Vamshi Maragani , Verma Shikhar , Rastogi Mausmi , Raj Sumit
Published: November 2023

This comprehensive review explores the critical role of soil management practices in enhancing carbon sequestration, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation. Recognizing soil as a significant carbon sink capable of holding substantial carbon amounts, the review delves into the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and the impact of various agricultural practices on carbon flux. Key topics include the fundamental processes of carbon sequestration in soil, the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM), and the factors influencing carbon sequestration such as climate, soil texture, land use, and management practices. It provides an in-depth analysis of soil management strategies like no-till farming, crop rotation, and the use of organic amendments (compost, biochar, and manure), highlighting their benefits in enhancing soil structure, fertility, and carbon storage capabilities. It also examines the role of cover cropping and agroforestry in promoting soil health and carbon sequestration. The review discusses the technical, socioeconomic, and environmental challenges in implementing these practices and emphasizes the importance of technological advancements in monitoring and validating soil carbon sequestration. Case studies from different geographic and climatic contexts illustrate the practical applications and outcomes of these soil management practices.
Effect of Different Herbicides on Weed Management, Crop Growth and Yield of Soybean
Authors: Gulaiya Shani , Jain K. K. , Jamre Pratap Singh , Ahirwal Arvind , Sharma Abhishek , Kochale Priya , Prajapati Rajkumar , Kumar Ashish
Published: November 2023

To assess the performance of several PPI combination herbicides during the 2019 Kharif season, a field experiment was carried out at the Product Testing Unit, Department of Agronomy, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). Proper contact of herbicide with weeds is very difficult in case of post emergence application in soybean due to quick cover of ground and attaining the proper height. Post-emergence herbicides like chlorimuron, and phenoxaprop-p-ethyl are being used by the farmers from quite long time. Herbicides combinations are more effective weaponsin talkingweed menace and thereby nutrient depletion by them than a single herbicide approach. The use of herbicides, particularly as pre plant-incorporation may check the emergence of weeds in  early  stage  and create  weed  free  environment. Three replications of the field studies using the Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eleven treatments were conducted. The results showed that applying Diclosulam 0.9% + Pendimethalin 35% SE 22.5 + 875 g ha-1 as PPI significantly surpassed other herbicide mixtures in terms of weed index (12%), WCE (77.69%), except for T4 (81.00%), growth and yield attributes such as number of branches plant-1 (4.07), root nodules plant-1 (69.00), pods plant-1(50.33), seeds pod-1 (2.67) as well as seed index (10.03). Whereas, highest seed as well stover yield was found superior underDiclosulam 0.9% + Pendimethalin 35% SE 22.5 + 875 g ha-1.
Assessment of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and yield of Horegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] in Chhattisgarh plains
Authors: Verma Nagendra Kumar , Manisha  , Dhurve Rajeshwari , Neha  , Porte Dipendra Pankaj , Ramnath
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was carried out during at Barrister Thakur Chhedilal Collage of Agriculture and Research station, Bilaspur, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during post kharif season 2020-21 entitled with “Assessment of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and yield of Horegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] in Chhattisgarh plains.” including organic and inorganic nutrients source with recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 20:40:20 NPK kg ha-1, taking variety of horsegram “Bilasa Kulthi ”. Result revealed that between the different organic and inorganic treatments T6  (100% RDF + Rhizobium culture + PSB) result indicated that the highest seed yield (865.24 kg ha-1) was observed which was significantly superior over other treatments but it was at par with T4 (100% RDF + Rhizobium culture) with seed yield (819.40 kg    ha-1) closely followed by the treatments of T5 (75% RDF + 25% N through FYM + Rhizobium culture) with (743.24 kg ha-1), plant population (40.46 plants m2  ) and plant height is (75.11) cm of horsegram. The higher growth attributes characters under the T6 has been affiliated with significantly superior is number of primary branch plant-1 (5.98), Crop growth rate (0.081) g plant -1 day -1. Relative growth rate (0.015g g-1 day-1 ) Net assimilation rate (0.029 g dm-2 day-1 ).
Effect of Cytokinins on Micropropagation of Teak (Tectona grandis L.) Grown in Cote D'ivoire
Authors: Stephane Gbehe , Éliane Manlé Tokpapon , Hervé Kimou Serge , Brahima Soumahoro André , Koutoua Ayolié , Mongomaké Koné
Published: November 2023

Teak (Tectona grandis L.) is a timber tree highly prized on world markets for its stability and durability. This hardy species has good initial growth and is very important for the reforestation of Côte d'Ivoire. However, teak regeneration potential by seed or cutting still very weak. This situation is a major constraint to planting material production in quantity and quality. The aim of this study is to improve the production of teak seedlings for orchard renewal using in vitro culture methods. Mature teak seeds were surface disinfected and sown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of Benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), Kinetin and Thidiazuron (TDZ). The shoot tip explants and nodal segments were taken from in vitro germination and placed on the same medium used for seeds germination. Leafy shoots obtained after four weeks of culture were excised and transferred individually on different strength of McCown Woody plant medium supplemented with various concentrations of AIB for rhizogenesis. Teak seeds germination started seven days after sowing. BAP and Kinetin exhibited highest percentage of normal seedlings (83.46% and 74.14% respectively). Higher seedlings (7.48 cm) were obtained on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L kinetin. The shortest bud break time (7.43 days) was observed on medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP. Leafy shoot production was optimal (5 leafy shoots per explant) with the nodal segment on culture medium containing 2 mg/l BAP. Half strength of McCown Woody plant medium containing 60 g/L sucrose and 4 mg/l AIB induced the highest rooting percentage (73%) and roots number per plant (03) natural environment.
Assessing the Inclusion of Critical Habitat Evaluation in Nigeria's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports: A Crucial Step towards Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development
Authors: Michael Richard N. , Nwachukwu Eunice O. , Nnadede Kasarachi S.
Published: November 2023

Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is among globally accepted means to reduce habitat destruction and fragmentation that result to loss of biodiversity. However, non-technical revision of EIA Procedural Guidelines to address emerging environmental concerns and news areas by Federal Ministry of Environment are preventing EIA from meeting above obligation in Nigeria. This study evaluated extent of critical habitat assessment/inclusion in Nigeria`s EIA reports. 100 EIA reports from Manufacturing, Infrastructure, Power, Agric/Roads and Petroleum sectors were assessed using critical habitat evaluation criteria consisting of 20 attributes; adapted from International Finance Corporation`s Guidance Note Six. Results show varying levels of critical habitat inclusion in the EIA reports. Though majority of the reports recognised the need for conservation of biodiversity and proffered mitigation measures for reducing habitat fragmentation and restoration in course of project development; the evaluated EIA reports did not deepen habitat screening of project area or adopted any quantification approach. There was no evidence to show that avoidance was deployed as part of mitigation hierarchies; likewise, partnership with conservation organizations to offset residual impacts. Also, none of the EIA reports suggested modification of project execution option(s) based on EIA outcome. Result of critical habitat inclusion evaluation amongst the sectors, shows mean inclusion scores for Power, (37.2%), Petroleum (36%), Manufacturing (33.7), Infrastructure (27.8%) and Agric/Road (22.8%) with overall mean inclusion value of 31.7%. ANOVA statistic deployed, showed no significant inclusion difference among the sectors (P-value = .103>.05). Recommendations were made for the use of technology and capacity building to enhance critical habitat assessment as part of EIA reports in Nigeria.
Efficacy and Safety of Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Fistulizing Crohn's Disease and the Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gabriel Kareeba Leefoon , Sami Mohamed , Ijishakin Olumide , Agyemang Solomon Fredua , Odugunwa Mayowa Nene , Miles DeMarria Marilyn , Amanze Ngozi , Abrahim Andrew , Waithaka Fracia Wanjiku , Okezie Chidera Emmanuel , Oni Efe , Okonkwo Chijioke , Cutliff Riyotta T.
Published: November 2023

Background: Crohn's Disease (CD), especially its fistulizing form, presents significant treatment challenges. Stem cell transplantation, particularly autologous stem cell transplantation, has emerged as a novel approach for these difficult-to-treat cases. This systematic review concentrates on evaluating the efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation in treating fistulizing CD.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to June 2023. Both randomized controlled trials and non-randomized clinical trials involving adult patients (18 years or older) with CD and utilizing various forms of stem cell therapy were included. Primary outcomes were efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively.

Results: The review included nine studies with interventions ranging from mesenchymal stem cell treatment (Darvadstrocel, Cx601), autologous adipose-derived stem cells, to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Across these studies, significant efficacy was noted in the closure of fistulas and clinical remission with treatments like Darvadstrocel and Cx601. Reductions in Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and corticosteroid dosage were observed with treatments like Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs). In autologous HSCT, a proportion of patients achieved steroid-free clinical remission and complete endoscopic healing, but with a higher incidence of serious adverse events. Adverse events varied across studies, with some treatments showing manageable profiles while others, notably HSCT, demonstrated significant risks.

Conclusion: Stem cell transplantation, particularly autologous stem cells, demonstrates potential as an effective treatment for fistulizing CD. However, further research with more focused and standardized protocols is essential to validate these findings and establish a clear treatment guideline.
Effect of Drip Irrigation Scheduling, Planting Methods and Mulches on Growth and Yield of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Mehriya M. L. , Singh Ummed , Kumhar Sita Ram , Sutaliya Ramdev
Published: November 2023

The present field experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting methods, mulches and drip irrigation scheduling on fennel during Rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design comprised of four levels of drip irrigation (1.0, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 PEF i.e. Pan Evaporation Fraction) in main plots, two planting methods (direct sowing and transplanting) in sub plots and three mulches (no mulch, straw mulch and plastic mulch) in sub-sub plots. The results revealed that increasing levels of drip irrigation from 0.4 to 1.0 PEF significantly enhanced crop growth and yield in both the seasons of experimentation. Drip irrigation scheduled at 1.0 PEF resulted to significantly higher CGR, RGR and seed yield (2482 kg/ha) over lower levels of drip irrigation. Among planting methods, transplanting surpassed direct sowing led to significantly higher growth rates and seed yield (2141 kg/ha) compared to direct sowing. Moreover, use of straw mulch was found significantly superior in this respect and improved seed yield by 4.79 and 40.88 percent over plastic mulch and without mulch.
Export Instability Scenario of Chilli and Cumin in India
Authors: Adarsh V. S.  , Gowthaman T.  , Elakkiya N.  , Sathees Kumar K.
Published: November 2023

Aims: To disclose the growth and instability under export values of chilli and cumin in India.

Place and Duration of Study: The secondary data on export pricing values obtained from the Spice Board and indiastats.com during a 30-year period (1991 to 2020).

Methodology: The growth in quantity of export of chilli and cumin was analyzed using the compound growth rate (CAGR). The Coefficient of Variation (CV), Cuddy Della Index (CDI), and Coppock's Instability Index (CII) to assess the level of export and market instability.

Results: During all three periods of study both the crops showed significant growth rates. Among the three periods, period II had comparatively higher growth rate (10.73) for chilli, while for cumin period I had higher growth rate (10.63). CV of export values showed period I was more stable (17.57 percent) and period II was the least stable (24.46) for chilli. While, in the case of cumin period I was highly instable (28.14 percent), followed by period II (18.8 percent) and period I (11.01 percent).

Conclusions: The export growth rate had a significant positive growth over the years and had a less variability in both export values of chilli and cumin from India.
Mapping and Modelling of Urban Landscape of Osogbo Metropolis, Osun State Nigeria, Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Olojede O. A.  , Igbokwe J. I.  , Oliha A. O.  , Ojanikele W. A.
Published: November 2023

Continuous Geospatial studies of the transitions in Landuse and landcover are very important especially as it relates to baseline assessment as an approach for advising in policy formulations concerning the natural resources sector. This study aimed at mapping and modeling the urban landscape of Osogbo metropolis, Osun state Nigeria, using an artificial neural network with the view of providing a framework for sustainable development and as well as generating data on Landuse and landcover change transitions and maps for planning purposes. Its objectives are to; model and analyze Landuse and landcover changes in Osogbo metropolis for the last 30 years (1990 – 2020) using an artificial neural network; ascertain the trend, and characteristics of Landuse and landcover changes in Osogbo metropolis in the last 30 years; assess the urban landscape change across various terrain configurations with Osogbo Metropolis over the last 30 years, and predict the future urban landscape of Osogbo Metropolis in 2040 using artificial neural network. The methodology involved data acquisition of Landsat, Sentinel-2, and ALOS Palsar images, image preprocessing to correct the scan line error in Landsat 7 ETM+, development of classification scheme, identification of class features and image classification, trend analysis, land cover/land use transition, and prediction to 2040. The assessment of landcover/landuse change revealed significant LULC changes in the studied area. Over 30 years (1990–2020), the built-up area classes increased significantly by 111.97 km2, while vegetation, open space, and water body decreased by 189.33 km2, 7.26 km2, and 3.46 km2 respectively. In terms of increased built-up area, this is largely seen in flat and undulating terrains between 281m and 341m. According to the prediction, by 2040, built up area is expected to grow from 35.89 % to 64.48 % covering an area of 201.2 km2, water body is expected to decrease from 1.11 % to 1.07 % with an area of 3.33 km2, vegetation is expected to decrease from 60.68 % to 32.42 % with an area of 101.15 km2, open space is expected to decrease from 2.33 % to 2.03 % to an area of 6.34 km2. The study´s annual rate of change results is recommended as it reveals the annual decline vegetation within the study area, as a direct consequence can lead to an increase in urban heat islands within the study area.
Bacteriological Quality of Ready to Eat Vegetable Salads Vended in Ilala District Markets and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles of Isolated Contaminant Bacteria
Authors: Naftali Kibela , Mwambete Kennedy D.
Published: November 2023

Aim: To determine level of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria isolated from read-to-eat salads (RTES).

Study Design: An experimental cross-sectional study was conducted in three localities of Ilala District in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania).

Methodology: Twenty-four RTES samples were bought from randomly chosen fast food centers. RTE salads were analyzed at the Pharmaceutical Microbiology Laboratory. The total viable counts (TVC) were determined, and the standard procedures for microbial identification were performed and confirmed by physiological tests. The identified microbial contaminants were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Six widely used antibiotics: amoxicillin (AX25), sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim-(SXT-25), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC30), gentamicin (CN5), ciprofloxacin (C5), and chloramphenicol (C30) were used for the AST.

Results: The TVC of isolated bacterial contaminants ranged from 106 to 108 cfu/g, which was above the acceptable standard limit and unfit for human consumption. Five bacterial species comprised of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella oxytoca were isolated and subjected to the AST.  All bacteria were resistant to AMC30. Escherichia coli was isolated from 10% of the RTES. Association between bio-burden and antibiotic resistance was observed.

Conclusion: The RTES harbored contaminant bacteria beyond acceptable limits. The predominant contaminants were P. aeruginosa and E. coli. One-fifth of the samples contained E. coli, indication of poor sanitation. All the isolated bacteria were resistant to AMC30. Prompt measures are required to curb the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
Influence of Salinity on Surface Ice Adhesion Strength
Authors: Luo Wenting , Alasvand Zarasvand Kamran , Azimi Dijvejin Zahra , Nadaraja Anupama Vijaya , Golovin Kevin
Published: November 2023

Ice accretion has detrimental effects on a wide range of sensitive engineering structures, especially those adjacent to or within the ocean. Here the effect of salinity on the adhesion of ice to different surfaces is investigated over a range of sub‐zero temperatures. The saline ice adhesion strength is found to decrease with the increasing salinity on all surfaces tested. The presence of thermodynamically stable brine at temperatures above −21.2 °C is found to drastically lower the saline ice adhesion strength of essentially all surfaces through a lubrication effect. At −25 °C, below the eutectic temperature between H2O ice and hydrohalite (NaCl 2H2O), high adhesion is observed. For smooth surfaces, hydrophobicity is effective at lowering the saline ice adhesion strength, and a hydrophobic silicon wafer exhibited a saline ice adhesion strength of 2.4 ± 1.8 kPa at −10 °C with 1 wt% NaCl. The adhesion of real frozen seawater differed from the NaCl solutions, where an adhesion strength ≈12 kPa is observed even at −25 °C. Given the strong adhesion of ice to marine infrastructure, the results here demonstrate how temperature, salinity, and surface characteristics must be considered when designing materials that can mitigate the icing of marine infrastructure and vessels.
Switchable Broadband Terahertz Absorbers Based on Conducting Polymer‐Cellulose Aerogels
Authors: Kuang Chaoyang , Chen Shangzhi , Luo Min , Zhang Qilun , Sun Xiao , Han Shaobo , Wang Qingqing , Stanishev Vallery , Darakchieva Vanya , Crispin Reverant , Fahlman Mats , Zhao Dan , Wen Qiye , Jonsson Magnus P.
Published: November 2023

Terahertz (THz) technologies provide opportunities ranging from calibration targets for satellites and telescopes to communication devices and biomedical imaging systems. A main component will be broadband THz absorbers with switchability. However, optically switchable materials in THz are scarce and their modulation is mostly available at narrow bandwidths. Realizing materials with large and broadband modulation in absorption or transmission forms a critical challenge. This study demonstrates that conducting polymer‐cellulose aerogels can provide modulation of broadband THz light with large modulation range from ≈ 13% to 91% absolute transmission, while maintaining specular reflection loss < −30 dB. The exceptional THz modulation is associated with the anomalous optical conductivity peak of conducting polymers, which enhances the absorption in its oxidized state. The study also demonstrates the possibility to reduce the surface hydrophilicity by simple chemical modifications, and shows that broadband absorption of the aerogels at optical frequencies enables de‐frosting by solar‐induced heating. These low‐cost, aqueous solution‐processable, sustainable, and bio‐friendly aerogels may find use in next‐generation intelligent THz devices.
Solution‐Processed Ternary Organic Photodetectors with Ambipolar Small‐Bandgap Polymer for Near‐Infrared Sensing
Authors: Bhat Gurudutt , Kielar Marcin , Sah Pankaj , Pandey Ajay K. , Sonar Prashant
Published: November 2023

Organic photodetectors (OPDs) detecting light in the near‐infrared (NIR) range from 900 to 1200 nm offer numerous applications in biomedical imaging and health monitoring. However, an ultra‐low bandgap of the electron donor compound required to achieve NIR detection poses a unique challenge in selecting a complementary acceptor material with a suitable energy‐level offset. To tackle this, a solution‐processed, fullerene‐dominated, ternary device is engineered by adding an ultra‐low bandgap (0.6–0.8 eV) ambipolar polymer, polybenzobisthiadiazole‐dithienocyclopentane (PBBTCD), into the active layer of visible‐light‐responsive OPDs (bandgap of 1.8 eV) to form a ternary blend. The resulting OPD benefits from the extended absorption beyond 1000 nm. The cascaded energy level alignment within the ternary blend and the applied reverse bias both improve the overall NIR photocurrent responsivity by 2 orders of magnitude, reaching 0.4 mA W−1at 1050 nm and −2 V for ternary devices. Furthermore, a photovoltage responsivity of 0.3 mV m2 W−1along with significant open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.12 V allow NIR detection in theVocmode. Prominently, this ability is accomplished with a minimal presence of PBBTCD. Taken together, this work indicates potential strategies for extending the spectral activity of conventional OPDs through introduction of an ambipolar ultra‐low bandgap polymer as a minor element.
Effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on short‐term postoperative outcomes for colorectal perforation: A nationwide study in Japan based on the National Clinical Database
Authors: Ogawa Shimpei , Endo Hideki , Yoshida Masahiro , Tsuru Tomomitsu , Itabashi Michio , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Ueno Hideki , Kitagawa Yuko , Hibi Taizo , Taketomi Akinobu , Ikeda Norihiko , Mori Masaki
Published: November 2023

Aim

Possible negative effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on short‐term postoperative outcomes for colorectal perforation in Japan were examined in this study.

Methods

The National Clinical Database (NCD) is a large‐scale database including more than 95% of surgical cases in Japan. We analyzed 13 107 cases of colorectal perforation from 2019 to 2021. National data were analyzed, and subgroup analyses were conducted for subjects in prefectures with high infection levels (HILs) and metropolitan areas (Tokyo Met. and Osaka Pref.). Postoperative 30‐day mortality, surgical mortality, and postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥3) were examined. Months were considered to have significantly high or low mortality or complication rates, if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the standardized mortality (morbidity) ratio (SMR) does not contain 1.

Results

In the NCD, postoperative 30‐day mortality occurred in 1371 subjects (10.5%), surgical mortality in 1805 (13.8%), and postoperative complications in 3950 (30.1%). Significantly higher SMRs were found for 30‐day mortality in November 2020 (14.6%, 1.39 [95% CI: 1.04–1.83]) and February 2021 (14.6%, 1.48 [95% CI: 1.10–1.96]), and for postoperative complications in June 2020 (37.3%, 1.28 [95% CI: 1.08–1.52]) and November 2020 (36.4%, 1.21 [95% CI: 1.01–1.44]). The SMRs for surgical mortality were not significantly high in any month. In prefectures with HILs and large metropolitan areas, there were few months with significantly higher SMRs.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic had limited negative effects on postoperative outcomes in patients with colorectal perforation. These findings suggest that the emergency system for colorectal perforation in Japan was generally maintained during the pandemic.
Characterization of the contact dynamics of spheres coated in a thin viscous film using an electrified Newton's cradle
Authors: Punch Oscar , Heenan Alex , Marshall Aaron , Holland Daniel J.
Published: November 2023

Measurement of the contact time for two spheres coated in a thin viscous film are considered. Measurements are performed using a Newton's cradle apparatus with a current passed through the apparatus such that the voltage can be used to infer the separation between the spheres. The spheres are coated with either a nonconductive viscous liquid (silicone oil) or a conductive liquid (glycerol and KCl). Measurement of the sphere‐film contact time and sphere‐sphere contact time for different film thicknesses and precollisional velocities are presented. Measurements of these contact times are compared to numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM). The results indicate that a solid‐solid contact is the physical mechanism which dictates rebound. A viscous force model where the interstitial liquid undergoes a glass transition was found to represent the dynamics of the system well, despite no glass transition being observed.
Ancient human dental calculus metadata collection and sampling strategies: Recommendations for best practices
Authors: Gancz Abigail S. , Wright Sterling L. , Weyrich Laura S.
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Ancient human dental calculus is a unique, nonrenewable biological resource encapsulating key information about the diets, lifestyles, and health conditions of past individuals and populations. With compounding calls its destructive analysis, it is imperative to refine the ways in which the scientific community documents, samples, and analyzes dental calculus so as to maximize its utility to the public and scientific community.

Materials and Methods

Our research team conducted an IRB‐approved survey of dental calculus researchers with diverse academic backgrounds, research foci, and analytical specializations.

Results

This survey reveals variation in how metadata is collected and utilized across different subdisciplines and highlights how these differences have profound implications for dental calculus research. Moreover, the survey suggests the need for more communication between those who excavate, curate, and analyze biomolecular data from dental calculus.

Discussion

Challenges in cross‐disciplinary communication limit researchers' ability to effectively utilize samples in rigorous and reproducible ways. Specifically, the lack of standardized skeletal and dental metadata recording and contamination avoidance procedures hinder downstream anthropological applications, as well as the pursuit of broader paleodemographic and paleoepidemiological inquiries that rely on more complete information about the individuals sampled. To provide a path forward toward more ethical and standardized dental calculus sampling and documentation approaches, we review the current methods by which skeletal and dental metadata are recorded. We also describe trends in sampling and contamination‐control approaches. Finally, we use that information to suggest new guidelines for ancient dental calculus documentation and sampling strategies that will improve research practices in the future.