bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite quadrupole order in ferroic and multiferroic materials
Authors: Geilhufe R Matthias
Published: November 2024

The formalism of composite and intertwined orders has been remarkably successful in discussing the complex phase diagrams of strongly correlated materials and high-Tc
superconductors. Here, we propose that composite orders are also realized in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials when lattice anisotropy is taken into account. This composite order emerges above the ferroic phase transition, and its type is determined by the easy axis of magnetization or polarization, respectively. In multiferroic materials, where polarization and magnetization are coupled, composites of both orders are possible. This formalism of composite orders naturally accounts for magnetoelectric monopole, toroidal, and quadrupole orders. More broadly, composite orders may explain precursor phenomena in incipient ferroic materials, arising at temperatures above the ferroic phase transition and potentially contributing to the characterization of currently hidden orders.
Universal remaining useful life prediction for OECTs under different aging conditions
Authors: Xu Jie , Xiao Kunshu , Wu Xinhao , Pan Tongjie , Huang Cheng-Geng , Huang Wei , Ye Yalan
Published: November 2024

It is significantly important to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for next-generation offshore electronics with stable and reliable performance. Most existing RUL prediction models are not suitable for OECTs RUL prediction tasks as they are based on the premise that components have the same aging conditions. In fact, aging conditions for different OECTs often exist in discrepancy, leading to performance degradation of RUL prediction models. Although a few methods have addressed this issue via transfer learning methods, they still suffer from the challenge in terms of an obvious discrepancy in aging data distribution caused by different aging conditions. To address this issue, we developed a novel universal RUL prediction model for OECTs, called adaptive transformer-based network, to reduce the obvious discrepancy among different aging data. First, a transformer-based feature extractor is used to capture the temporal and spatial aging features from some aging precursors. Then, a multi-scale feature alignment metric is adopted to align the aging features of OECTs by reducing discrepancy at different feature scales. Finally, an adversarial method is developed to obtain aging-condition-invariant features for further feature alignment. Extensive experiments are conducted on a real-world OECTs cycling stability aging test dataset. The average MSE of our method is reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the one of the baseline, which indicates that our method achieves great progress for universal RUL prediction of OECTs under different aging conditions.
A reliable, practical and cost-effective portable wireless potentiostat for mobile chemical sensing and biosensing
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Pan Yu , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Kaikai , Shi Shengzhe , Liu Sheng
Published: November 2024

Traditional electrochemical workstations are costly, complex, bulky, and primarily used in laboratories. This study develops a reliable, practical, and cost-effective portable wireless potentiostat to achieve real-time detection on-site and overcome the limitations of traditional electrochemical workstations. The system employs a general-purpose microcontroller unit, a dual-mode bluetooth module and cost-effective multi-analog-to-digital converter to achieve differential sampling of the LMP91000. The system is equipped with buttons and OLEDs, enabling connection to mobile phones and computers for in-depth data analysis or independent operation. The system was successfully tested with [Fe(CN)6]3−, C6H12O6, and C3H6O3 solutions at concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mm. The goodness-of-fit (R
2) values are 0.984, 0.996, and 0.998, respectively. The average relative standard deviation of the three blank solutions is approximately 3.22%. The detection limits measured (0.003, 0.009, and 0.005 mm) are all lower than the minimum detection concentration (0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 mM). The coefficient of variation for repetitive experiments is less than 5.53%. The device accurately executed chronoamperometry (applied voltage range is ± 1.2 V, current range is ± 882 μA, accuracy is ±1%) with high sensitivity and good repeatability. Based on this circuit, a lactic acid detector and a urine glucose detector were developed, which work stably and support long-term operation, proving the stability and reliability of the circuit. Compared to commercial electrochemical workstations, portable wireless electrochemical system offers remarkable advantages in cost (<$6.4), size (41.5 mm × 76.5 mm), and practicality, making it suitable for a range of applications, including biomedical analysis, food safety, environmental monitoring, and smart wearables.
Theoretical investigation of iodine plasma through detailed electron impact excitation cross-section calculations and collisional-radiative model analysis
Authors: Agrawal Ayushi , Gupta Shivam , Sharma Lalita , Srivastava Rajesh
Published: November 2024

In the present study, we consider the electron impact excitation of neutral iodine and its application in developing a collisional-radiative model for plasma diagnostics of iodine plasma. Electron impact excitation cross-sections are calculated using fully relativistic distorted wave theory. The required atomic structure calculations for iodine are carried out using the relativistic multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method. The excitation energies obtained are reported and compared with values from the NIST database. The electron impact excitation cross-sections are calculated from the ground (5p5
2P

3
/
2

°

) and first-excited state (5p5
2P

1
/
2

°

) to the several upper fine structure levels. Our cross-section results align well with previous studies, reported by Ambalampitiya et al (2021 Atoms
9 103) using the Breit-Pauli B-spline R-matrix method. Further, calculated cross-section results are incorporated into the collisional-radiative model. Our model also includes electron impact ionization, de-excitation, three-body recombination, and radiative decay. We validate our model using emission spectra from inductively coupled iodine plasma. For this purpose, we used the recorded intensities for the emission lines, 486.23 nm, 511.92 nm, 523.45 nm, 589.40 nm, and 608.24 nm are compared with those obtained from our model to calculate electron temperature and electron density of the iodine plasma.
Bending and sensing performances of electro-ionic soft actuators based on carboxylated cellulose nanofibers reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets
Authors: Ma Chao , Wang Fan , Deng Congqing , Ye Wei , Yu Yizuan , Li Qinchuan
Published: November 2024

Soft robots not only possess greater degrees of freedom and the capability for continuous transformation, but they also offer exceptionally high safety in human–robot interactions, avoiding harm to the human body. Soft actuators are essential for developing high-performance soft robots, offering significant bending deformation, rapid response times, and prolonged operational capabilities. Herein, we present an ionic electroactive soft actuator based on functional cellulose nanofibers, graphene nanoplatelets, and ionic liquid. The proposed actuator achieved a large displacement about ±8 mm under 2.0 V at 0.1 Hz, with long working stability (98% of initial peak displacement maintained after 1260 cycles of cycling). The human–robot interaction applications of this actuator were explored by simulating human fingers. More importantly, the static and dynamic sensing performances of the actuator were investigated, finding that it generated a sensing voltage of 0.37 V at a vibration displacement of only 1.75 mm. The designed actuator provides a promising approach for developing high-performance soft robots, soft actuators, flexible sensors, and flexible active devices.
Two-dimensional Coulomb gas on an elliptic annulus
Authors: Nagao Taro
Published: November 2024

It is well-known that two-dimensional Coulomb gases at a special inverse temperature β = 2 can be analyzed by using the orthogonal polynomial method borrowed from the theory of random matrices. In this paper, such Coulomb gas molecules are studied when they are distributed on an elliptic annulus, and the asymptotic forms of the molecule correlation functions in the thermodynamic limit are evaluated. For that purpose, two-dimensional orthogonality relations of the Chebyshev polynomials on an elliptic annulus are utilized.
Study of structural, dielectric properties of ZnFe2O4: effect of thermal annealing
Authors: Modak S S , Parmar C , Verma R , Reddy V R , Kane S N
Published: November 2024

We report structural, dielectric properties of sol-gel auto-combustion-synthesized ZnFe2O4 nano-ferrites (grain-size: 53.43 - 64.81 nm), and study the effect of thermal annealing on structural dielectric properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dielectric measurements. Results show that thermal-annealing shows: i) an increase of lattice parameter (aexp.), and on B-site: there is an increase of Zn2+ population with concurrent decrease of Fe3+ ions, ii) alterations of inversion-degree from 0.18 to 0.32, strengthening of A-O-B, A-O-A interactions, accompanied by a weakening of B-O-B super-exchange-interaction, iii) decrease of theoretical magnetization at 0 K (Ms(th)), iv) with increasing frequency, real-imaginary components (ε', ε'') of dielectric constant, and loss-tangent decreases, v) that at higher frequencies, ac conductivity (σac) shows a significant increase and exhibited a power law dependence, suggesting a typical of charge transport assisted by a hopping or tunneling processes. Results also reveal that polarizability strength decrease with annealing temperature, and correlated-barrier-hopping remains the dominant mechanism for conduction. Cole-Cole plots (ε', ε''), corresponding complex impedance (Z', Z'') data are indicative of the growing influence of grain boundaries on the dielectric properties for the studied samples. Observed improved-response of σac, recommends the potential-applications of the studied samples in high-frequency device applications.
Comparison of Hardness by Electrolytic and Electroless Deposition of Nickel on Aluminium
Authors: Chanda Mrinmoy , Kar Avik , Banerjee Sathi
Published: November 2024

The work deals with the hardness characteristic of substrates coated with nickel through two primary methods: electrolytic deposition and electroless Ni-P deposition. The optimised process parameters for both the process was determined by varying a particular parameter keeping the rest constant in order to obtain minimum crystallite size of Ni. The size of the crystallite were determined using Scherrer’s equation. The optimized combination of process parameter for electrolytic deposition is: 270gm/lt of Nickel Sulfate, 60gm/lt Nickel Chloride, 35gm/lt Boric Acid, current density of 90mA/cm2 bath temperature of 55°C. The optimized combination of process parameter for electroless Ni-P deposition: 34gm/lt Nickel Sulfate, 23 gm/lt Sodium Hypophosphite, 46 gm/lt of Lactic acid, 42 gm/lt of Sodium Citrate, pH 5.0 and bath temperature 85°C. The optimised deposition rate 22μm/hr. Micro-hardness (Vickers) tests were conducted on the coated samples with a 50 gf load. The cause for difference in hardness was due to buildup of residual stress during deposition of Nickel on the substrate(aluminium). The orientation and surface texture of the materials are determined.
Enhancing Anti-Blast Capabilities of Pipelines with High-Performance Composite CFRP Laminate: Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Predictive Analysis
Authors: Saifi Farman , Javaid Mohd , Haleem Abid , Anas S. M.
Published: November 2024

Recent explosions highlighted the need for a thorough investigation to understand the impact of these explosions on critical infrastructural systems and networks like pipelines. This paper provides an essential understanding for developing safety protocols and interventions, strengthening resilience, enhancing public safety, mitigating socio-economic consequences, and ensuring sustained progress. Shallow buried conduits, crucial for transporting water, oil, and gas over long distances, face explosion risks due to conflicts, sabotage, terrorism, corrosion, and accidental damage. Recent blast incidents in San Francisco and Lagos underscore the devastating effects of conduit malfunctions, necessitating rigorous safety measures and technological innovations. In this research, an empty pipeline measuring 26.20 mm in thickness and subjected to a detonation initiated upon its uppermost surface is emulated, utilising the sophisticated computational capabilities of Abaqus software, integrating principles of computational fluid dynamics. Following a meticulous validation process achieved via mesh refinement analysis, the study expands to scrutinise two additional detonation scenarios — positioned above and below the pipe’s surface — while adhering to a steadfast standoff distance of 25mm. The primary objective of this scholarly endeavour is to ameliorate the deleterious repercussions inflicted upon the conduit by explosive forces, envisioning a scenario where deformation occurs without immediate rupture. To this end, a 0.15 mm thick and 200mm wide laminate composed of composite CFRP with 0°/90° fibre orientation is strategically affixed onto the upper half segment of each pipe model at the impacted region, serving as a fortification measure aimed at bolstering areas of susceptibility and potentially diminishing the magnitude of ensuing blast-induced impairment. Comparative analysis of the pipe’s performance, both with and without the applied laminate, is meticulously conducted to discern the effectiveness of this intervention. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in plastic damage with the utilisation of laminate, with models integrating CFRP experiencing an average decrease of approximately 39.94% compared to those without it. It highlights the efficacy of CFRP in protecting pipeline structural integrity against blast events.
Robust PID control of a two-rotor aerodynamical system with decoupling
Authors: Markovski Asparuh
Published: November 2024

In this work, robust PID design via μ synthesis for controlling a MIMO two-rotor aerodynamic system manufactured by the Polish company Inteco is presented. The controller consists of a decoupling system and two PID controllers. The aim is to demonstrate an approach enabling further fine-tuning based on an already synthesized controller structure. Tools from Robust Control Toolbox in MATLAB are used. The PIDs are constructed as tunablePID objects, and the decoupler is also tunable and has the preset structure of a static gain matrix (tunableGain) or dynamic state-space system with a given number of states (tunableSS). The model contains some parameters with structured uncertainty. Several variants of the controller with a fixed structure have been created, and their performance has been tested by simulation and on the laboratory set-up.
Forecasting of the Event-driven Processes Using LSTM Network in the Context of Time of Arrival of On-demand City Transport
Authors: Marchev Angel , Lomev Boyan
Published: November 2024

The precise forecasting of bus arrival times is an important element of implementing on demand city transport. This research uses of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks for predicting bus arrival times in Sofia, Bulgaria. We evaluate the LSTM model against advanced models such as ARIMAX, VARX SARIMAX with Fourier terms Vector Autoregression, Bayesian Fourier models and Backpropagation Neural Networks using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) as the performance measure. The results points towards LSTM being better than approaches on routes by adeptly capturing intricate temporal relationships showcasing its promise in dynamic urban transit settings. Moreover the Bayesian Fourier model excels across routes underscoring its ability to accommodate trends effectively. These results suggest that incorporating LSTM networks into on demand transportation systems can notably enhance arrival time forecasts ultimately benefiting passengers and operational efficiency. This study demonstrates the usefulness of machine learning methods in urban transport planning and management by demonstrating how LSTM networks can improve optimization, on demand transportation.
Direct and inverse kinematics solutions of a particular type of 3-PSP parallel manipulator
Authors: Enev Stanislav
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the direct and inverse kinematics problems for a particular type of 3-DOF, 3-PSP parallel manipulator are considered. The proposed direct kinematics solution is based on an existing one in the literature, but with an alternative, simplified second stage in the solution’s formulation. An explicit analytical solution of the inverse kinematics problem is also proposed for one of the manipulator’s operational modes, requiring one pass through the direct kinematics solution. The proposed solutions can be seamlessly extended to the inverted parallel structure.
The Two-Wheeled Robot: Experimental Evaluation of Two Controllers
Authors: Slavov Tsonyo N. , Kralev Jordan K. , Petkov Petko H.
Published: November 2024

In this paper we present the theoretical and experimental comparison of two digital controllers intended for stabilization of a two-wheeled robot. The properties of an LQG controller and an LQR controller with H
∞ filter are evaluated. Using the μ-analysis, we show that both controllers ensure robust stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of unstructured uncertainty. The results from the closed-loop system experimental evaluation confirm the precise work of both controllers.
Banded matrices and their orthogonality
Authors: Branquinho Amílcar , Foulquié-Moreno Ana , Mañas Manuel
Published: November 2024

Banded bounded matrices, which represent nonnormal operators of oscillatory type that admit a positive bidiagonal factorization, are considered. To motivate the relevance of the oscillatory character, the Favard theorem for Jacobi matrices is revisited, and it is shown that after an adequate shift of the Jacobi matrix, one gets an oscillatory matrix. In this work, we present a spectral theorem for this type of operators and show how the theory of multiple orthogonal polynomials apply.
Time-and-band limiting for matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials related with 2×2 hypergeometric operators
Authors: Castro M. , Foulquié-Moreno A. , Fradi A.
Published: November 2024

We consider a family of matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials of size

2
×
2

2\times 2

, which are common eigenfunctions of a differential operator of hypergeometric type, in connection with the problem of time-and-band limiting. The problem in question is as follows: Given a global operator, defined by an integral kernel or a full matrix, one looks for a local operator given by a second-order differential operator or a block tridiagonal matrix respectively, commuting with the global one.

We apply the techniques for the construction of the commuting local operator introduced in a previous work by A. Grünbaum, I. Pacharoni and I. Zurrian in the matrix-valued setting, where the role of bispectrality is crucial. This constitutes an illustrative example of an extension to a situation involving matrix orthogonality, of a scalar result that originates in a series of papers by D. Slepian, H. Landau and H. Pollak at Bell Labs in the sixties.
Properties of meromorphic solutions of certain equations via Nevanlinna theory
Authors: Ciechanowicz Ewa
Published: November 2024

Special functions are functions encountered in the process of solving various problems in physics. In a natural way one of the directions concerning analysis of properties of special function is to examine them as solutions of linear differential equations. This line of thought can be extended not only to nonlinear ordinary differential equations, but also to difference equations and delay-differential equations. Well known examples of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with solutions expressed in terms of special functions include Riccati equations (Airy functions) and Painlevé equations (Airy functions for

P
2

P_2

, Bessel functions for

P
3

P_3

or Whittaker functions for

P
4

P_4

). Painlevé transcendents have been thoroughly examined by means of global Nevanlinna theory, resulting in estimates of growth, descriptions of distribution of zeros and poles, analysis of existence of exceptional and ramified values. It has also provided insight into behaviour of special functions involved. Recent development of difference Nevanlinna theory opened similar possibilities of analysis of behaviour of solutions of difference and delay-differential equations in general, and various involved special functions in particular.
Map enumeration from a dynamical perspective
Authors: Ercolani Nicholas , Lega Joceline , Tippings Brandon
Published: November 2024

This contribution summarizes recent work of the authors that combines methods from dynamical systems theory (discrete Painlevé equations) and asymptotic analysis of orthogonal polynomial recurrences, to address long-standing questions in map enumeration. Given a genus

g
g

, we present a framework that provides the generating function for the number of maps that can be realized on a surface of that genus. In the case of 4-valent maps, our methodology leads to explicit expressions for map counts. For general even or mixed valence, the number of vertices of the map specifies the relevant order of the derivatives of the generating function that needs to be considered. Beyond summarizing our own results, we provide context for the program highlighted in this article through a brief review of the literature describing advances in map enumeration. In addition, we discuss open problems and challenges related to this fascinating area of research that stands at the intersection of statistical physics, random matrices, orthogonal polynomials, and discrete dynamical systems theory.
Early detection of liver disease in patients with alcohol use disorder improves long-term abstinence
Authors: Orgill Amelia , Jew Michael H , Soltani Maryam , Deioma Ann , Grant Meghan , Patton Heather M , Hsu Cynthia L
Published: November 2024

Aims

Excessive alcohol consumption is a major global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually and a significant proportion of cirrhosis cases; however, standardized protocols for early identification of alcohol-associated liver disease are lacking. In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to understand the prevalence and risk factors associated with elevated liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in high-risk patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and identify variables associated with longitudinal abstinence and outcomes.

Methods

Veterans with severe AUD without known liver disease admitted to a 35-day residential substance use treatment program were offered liver health screening, including Fibroscan evaluation. Assessment of AUD severity and liver health outcomes were evaluated longitudinally by chart review.

Results and Conclusions

In a cohort of 257 veterans with severe AUD admitted to residential treatment, 185 underwent Fibroscan evaluation, and 22 were identified to have elevated LSM concerning for compensated advanced chronic liver disease. Patients with elevated LSM were more likely to remain abstinent after 1 year. About 41% of patients with LSM ≥ 10 kPa (5% of all screened patients) were confirmed to have cirrhosis on follow-up and incorporated into routine hepatology care. Screening of liver disease in high-risk populations with non-invasive imaging modalities provides an opportunity to identify patients at risk for compensated advanced chronic liver disease before decompensation. Identification of increased risk for advanced chronic liver disease may promote abstinence in patients with severe AUD. Collaboration between mental health professionals and hepatologists is critical for the integration of care for patients with AUD and liver disease.
Graphlet-based hyperbolic embeddings capture evolutionary dynamics in genetic networks
Authors: Windels Sam F L , Tello Velasco Daniel , Rotkevich Mikhail , Malod-Dognin Noël , Pržulj Nataša
Published: November 2024

Motivation

Spatial Analysis of Functional Enrichment (SAFE) is a popular tool for biologists to investigate the functional organization of biological networks via highly intuitive 2D functional maps. To create these maps, SAFE uses Spring embedding to project a given network into a 2D space in which nodes connected in the network are near each other in space. However, many biological networks are scale-free, containing highly connected hub nodes. Because Spring embedding fails to separate hub nodes, it provides uninformative embeddings that resemble a ‘hairball’. In addition, Spring embedding only captures direct node connectivity in the network and does not consider higher-order node wiring patterns, which are best captured by graphlets, small, connected, nonisomorphic, induced subgraphs. The scale-free structure of biological networks is hypothesized to stem from an underlying low-dimensional hyperbolic geometry, which novel hyperbolic embedding methods try to uncover. These include coalescent embedding, which projects a network onto a 2D disk.

Results

To better capture the functional organization of scale-free biological networks, whilst also going beyond simple direct connectivity patterns, we introduce Graphlet Coalescent (GraCoal) embedding, which embeds nodes nearby on a disk if they frequently co-occur on a given graphlet together. We use GraCoal to extend SAFE-based network analysis. Through SAFE-enabled enrichment analysis, we show that GraCoal outperforms graphlet-based Spring embedding in capturing the functional organization of the genetic interaction networks of fruit fly, budding yeast, fission yeast and Escherichia coli. We show that depending on the underlying graphlet, GraCoal embeddings capture different topology-function relationships. We show that triangle-based GraCoal embedding captures functional redundancies between paralogs.

Availability and implementation

https://gitlab.bsc.es/swindels/gracoal_embedding.
ENKIE: a package for predicting enzyme kinetic parameter values and their uncertainties
Authors: Gollub Mattia G , Backes Thierry , Kaltenbach Hans-Michael , Stelling Jörg
Published: November 2024

Motivation

Relating metabolite and enzyme abundances to metabolic fluxes requires reaction kinetics, core elements of dynamic and enzyme cost models. However, kinetic parameters have been measured only for a fraction of all known enzymes, and the reliability of the available values is unknown.

Results

The ENzyme KInetics Estimator (ENKIE) uses Bayesian Multilevel Models to predict value and uncertainty of KM and kcat parameters. Our models use five categorical predictors and achieve prediction performances comparable to deep learning approaches that use sequence and structure information. They provide calibrated uncertainty predictions and interpretable insights into the main sources of uncertainty. We expect our tool to simplify the construction of priors for Bayesian kinetic models of metabolism.

Availability and implementation

Code and Python package are available at https://gitlab.com/csb.ethz/enkie and https://pypi.org/project/enkie/.
Antigen-specific T-cell frequency and phenotype mirrors disease activity in DRB1*04:04+ rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Rims Cliff , Uchtenhagen Hannes , Brooks Kadin , Ng Bernard , Posso Sylvia E , Carlin Jeffrey , Kwok William W , Buckner Jane H , James Eddie A
Published: November 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with high-risk HLA class II alleles known as the “RA shared epitope.” Among prevalent shared epitope alleles, study of DRB1*04:04 has been limited. To define relevant epitopes, we identified citrullinated peptide sequences from synovial antigens that were predicted to bind to HLA-DRB1*04:04 and utilized a systematic approach to confirm their binding and assess their recognition by CD4 T cells. After confirming the immunogenicity of 13 peptides derived from aggrecan, cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP), α-enolase, vimentin, and fibrinogen, we assessed their recognition by T cells from a synovial tissue sample, observing measurable responses to 8 of the 13 peptides. We then implemented a multicolor tetramer panel to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in individuals with anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive RA and controls. In subjects with RA, CILP-specific T-cell frequencies were significantly higher than those of other antigens. The surface phenotypes exhibited by antigen-specific T cells were heterogeneous, but Th1-like and Th2-like cells predominated. Stratifying based on disease status and activity, antigen-specific T cells were more frequent and most strongly polarized in RA subjects with high disease activity. In total, these findings identify novel citrullinated epitopes that can be used to interrogate antigen-specific CD4 T cells and show that antigen-specific T-cell frequency is elevated in subjects with high disease activity.
Antioxidation and rheological modification of polylactide by gallic acid at chain end and stereocomplex formation
Authors: Katayama Shuga , Oura Maho , Chan Clement Matthew , Halley Peter , Yoshida Shosuke , Chanthaset Nalinthip , Ajiro Hiroharu
Published: November 2024

This study offers a novel approach that enables both the functionalization of degradable polymers and the modification of polymer properties during processing and use. Degradable polylactide was copolymerized with polyethylene glycol, with the aim to facilitate processing and blending by heating. Moreover, L,L- and D,D-lactide were employed for possible stereocomplexation, with the aim to enhance physical properties during use after processing. Additionally, gallic acid was introduced at both chain ends, which exhibited antioxidant properties as functionalization.
Long-term Dynamics of Measles Virus–Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Children Vaccinated Before 12 Months of Age
Authors: van der Staak Maaike , ten Hulscher Hinke I , Nicolaie Alina M , Smits Gaby P , de Swart Rik L , de Wit Jelle , Rots Nynke Y , van Binnendijk Robert S
Published: November 2024

Background

Measles is a highly contagious disease, presenting a significant risk for unvaccinated infants and adults. Measles vaccination under the age of 12 months provides early protection but has also been associated with blunting of antibody responses to subsequent measles vaccinations and assumed to have lower vaccine effectiveness.

Methods

Our study included children who received an early measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination between 6 and 12 months of age (n = 79, given in addition to the regular MMR vaccination schedule at 14 months and 9 years) and a group without additional early vaccination (n = 44). We evaluated measles virus (MeV)–specific neutralizing antibodies before vaccination at 14 months and up to 6 years thereafter using a plaque reduction neutralization test according to the standard set by the World Health Organization.

Results

We found a significant association between age of first MMR and MeV-specific neutralizing antibody levels later in life. Although most children who received early vaccination seroconverted after the first dose, children vaccinated before 8.5 months of age exhibited a markedly faster antibody decay and lost their protective neutralizing antibody levels over 6 years.

Conclusions

Routine vaccination of infants under 8.5 months of age may lead to blunted MeV-specific antibody responses to subsequent MMR vaccination. Early MMR vaccination should only be considered during measles outbreaks or in other situations of increased risk of MeV infection.

Clinical Trials Registration. EudraCT 2013-003078-28.
Switch to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors During the Menopausal Transition Is Associated With Accelerated Body Composition Change in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Abelman Rebecca A , Ma Yifei , Mehta C Christina , Yang Qian , Xia Fan , Brock James B , Alcaide Maria , Sharma Anjali , Floris-Moore Michelle , Topper Elizabeth , Weber Kathleen M , Kassaye Seble G , Gustafson Deborah , Grunfeld Carl , Lahiri Cecile D , Tien Phyllis C
Published: November 2024

Background

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and the menopausal transition have been associated with body composition changes in women with human immunodeficiency virus (WWH), but their interaction is unknown.

Methods

From 2006 to 2019, 1131 virally-suppressed WWH (419 who switched to INSTI [INSTI+]; 712 who did not switch [INSTI–]) and 887 women without HIV (WWOH) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study were included. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate change in waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) by menopausal phase defined using anti-Müllerian hormone, a biomarker of ovarian reserve.

Results

During premenopause, WWH had increases in WC (INSTI+: 0.01 cm per 6 months [95% confidence interval {CI}: −.29 to .32] and INSTI−: 0.22 cm per 6 months [95% CI: −.01 to .44]) that were not statistically significantly different from WWOH; there was also little difference by INSTI status. In late perimenopause, INSTI+ had faster increases in WC (0.37 cm per 6 months [95% CI: .15–.60]) while INSTI− had smaller increases (0.14 cm per 6 months [95% CI: −.06 to .34]) compared to WWOH. In menopause, INSTI+ had faster increases, peaking at 43 months then declining, while INSTI− had smaller increases (0.14 cm per 6 months [95% CI: −.02 to .30]). Compared to INSTI−, in late perimenopause, INSTI+ had 0.26 cm per 6 months (95% CI: .02–.50) faster linear increases in WC and in menopause, INSTI+ was associated with faster increases, peaking at 41 months.

Conclusions

Switching to an INSTI-based regimen during late perimenopause and menopause is associated with faster increases in WC when compared to women who did not switch. Menopausal status should be considered when switching to an INSTI.
The Burden of All-Cause Mortality Following Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations: Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2010–2019
Authors: O’Halloran Alissa C , Millman Alexander J , Holstein Rachel , Olsen Sonja J , Cummings Charisse N , Chai Shua J , Kirley Pam Daily , Alden Nisha B , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Meek James , Openo Kyle P , Fawcett Emily , Ryan Patricia A , Leegwater Lauren , Henderson Justin , McMahon Melissa , Lynfield Ruth , Angeles Kathy M , Bleecker Molly , McGuire Suzanne , Spina Nancy L , Tesini Brenda L , Gaitan Maria A , Lung Krista , Shiltz Eli , Thomas Ann , Talbot H Keipp , Schaffner William , Hill Mary , Reed Carrie , Garg Shikha
Published: November 2024

Background

While the estimated number of US influenza-associated deaths is reported annually, detailed data on the epidemiology of influenza-associated deaths, including the burden of in-hospital vs post-hospital discharge deaths, are limited.

Methods

Using data from the 2010–2011 through 2018–2019 seasons from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, we linked cases to death certificates to identify patients who died from any cause during their influenza hospital stay or within 30 days post discharge. We described demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died in the hospital vs post discharge and characterized locations and causes of death (CODs).

Results

Among 121 390 cases hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza over 9 seasons, 5.5% died; 76% of deaths were in patients aged ≥65 years, 71% were non-Hispanic White, and 34% had 4 or more underlying medical conditions. Among all patients with an influenza-associated hospitalization who died, 48% of deaths occurred after hospital discharge; the median number of days from discharge to death was 9 (interquartile range, 3–19). Post-discharge deaths more often occurred in older patients and among those with underlying medical conditions. Only 37% of patients who died had “influenza” as a COD on their death certificate. Influenza was more frequently listed as a COD among persons who died in the hospital compared with cardiovascular disease among those who died after discharge.

Conclusions

All-cause mortality burden is substantial among patients hospitalized with influenza, with almost 50% of deaths occurring within 30 days after hospital discharge. Surveillance systems should consider capture of post-discharge outcomes to better characterize the impact of influenza on all-cause mortality.
Challenges achieving horizontal coherence across health and public security policies in formulating Uruguay’s cannabis regulation
Authors: Barry Rachel Ann
Published: November 2024

In 2013, Uruguay became the first country to regulate the legal production, distribution and sale of recreational cannabis. While key officials have framed Uruguay’s landmark legislation as part of the government’s strategy to regulate cannabis, tobacco and alcohol, there is limited empirical research exploring the political considerations that influenced its approach. Drawing on the concept of policy coherence—the process by which policymakers seek to minimize conflicts and maximize synergies across policy agendas—this study explores the extent to which Uruguay’s cannabis regulation was influenced by the promotion of policy coherence within health and across other policy spheres. Government documents, 43 semi-structured interviews and field observations were thematically analysed. The analysis shows that the pursuit of policy coherence across health issues was relatively limited, and where there is an element of regulatory coherence, there also appears to be minimal coordination. Efforts to promote substantive policy coherence were shaped by a desire to legitimate cannabis use without creating an upstream driver or structural force that would promote excessive consumption. The findings also reveal that the outcome of Uruguay’s cannabis regulation was more directly shaped by broader political considerations, including how to resolve tensions between public security and unhealthy commodity regulation goals. This study raises important questions around the extent to which Uruguay’s cannabis regulation was shaped by the explicit goal of policy coherence, suggesting rather that comparisons with tobacco and alcohol regulation were strategically used to justify the introduction of a legally regulated cannabis market.
The evolution of cyberconflict studies
Authors: Dunn Cavelty Myriam , Pulver Tobias , Smeets Max
Published: November 2024

In our increasingly digital world, cyberconflict poses a significant challenge to global security, prompting the emergence of an academic field dedicated to its study. Understanding the trajectory, evolution and dominant characteristics of cyberconflict studies is vital for scholars and policy-makers alike. By means of a thorough analysis of articles from the 125 top political science and International Relations journals, we illuminate the field's conceptual and methodological landscape. Our findings uncover a notable Europeanization of the field and a shift towards more rigorous methodologies, particularly experimental designs. While early research focused primarily on conceptual development and strategic topics, the contemporary field of studies exhibits a broader scope and greater diversity of scholarship. While the field has progressed beyond its nascent stages, it has yet to reach its full potential. We address several potential issues facing its growth and relevance. Firstly, there is a lack of global representation among researchers and in the incidents studied. Secondly, embracing interdisciplinary approaches is crucial for addressing newly emerging issues effectively. Thirdly, the diversification of research identities within the field of cyberconflict studies in the US and Europe must be bridged to foster collaboration and exchange of ideas. To overcome these challenges, adopting a pragmatic middle-ground approach is essential.
A feminist cybersecurity: addressing the crisis of cyber(in)security
Authors: Mhajne Anwar , Whetstone Crystal
Published: November 2024

This article draws on feminist security studies (FSS) to construct a more inclusive cybersecurity. We ask: What can a gendered lens do for cybersecurity? Methodologically, this exploratory piece brings FSS insights to bear on studies in cybersecurity (both traditional and critical) to better conceptualize the risks and benefits embedded in the cybersphere, as well as the role of gender in cyberspace. We propose incorporating a gendered lens (an intersectional approach) to shed light on violence and insecurity online. Without recognizing gendering in the cyber realm, including how gender intersects with other systems of oppression, cybersecurity scholars and policy-makers cannot fully understand what we term the crisis of cyber(in)security. Additionally, we challenge simplistic solutions that rely solely on human rights protections in cyberspace. Such approaches often reinforce existing gender and power hierarchies through protectionist discourse. Our FSS-based understanding of cybersecurity has important policy implications. It calls for increased access and diverse participation in cybersecurity policy-making and diplomacy, and promotes a more thoughtful approach to human rights protection to address a broader range of cyber-based insecurities and forms of violence.
Challenging the “norm”: a critical look at deaf-hearing comparison studies in research
Authors: Holcomb Leala , Hall Wyatte C , Gardiner-Walsh Stephanie J , Scott Jessica
Published: November 2024

This study critically examines the biases and methodological shortcomings in studies comparing deaf and hearing populations, demonstrating their implications for both the reliability and ethics of research in deaf education. Upon reviewing the 20 most-cited deaf-hearing comparison studies, we identified recurring fallacies such as the presumption of hearing ideological biases, the use of heterogeneously small samples, and the misinterpretation of critical variables. Our research reveals a propensity to biased conclusions based on the norms of white, hearing, monolingual English speakers. This dependence upholds eugenics ideas and scientific ableism, which reinforces current power dynamics that marginalize the epistemologies and lived experiences of deaf populations. Going forward, it will be imperative for deaf people to be included in meaningful roles in deaf-related research as active contributors who help define the whole research process. Without this shift, the research risks remaining detached from the very populations it seeks to understand.
Core Communication Skills in Health Care
Authors: Richardson Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter outlines common cognitive biases affecting communication, of the patient as well as of the provider, with the notion that awareness of such biases is the first step in effective communication. Ways to overcome communication biases are discussed, as well as strategies to employ empathy and build the patient’s self-efficacy to promote compliance and positive health behavior change. Empirically established communication methods that incorporate reflective listening and ways to deal with resistance from the patient are introduced. Lastly, while not central to the medical provider’s communication per se, overviews of two common psychotherapies, cognitive–behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy, are provided for the purpose of communication about referrals for such therapies and for building context for case examples in subsequent chapters of this book.
The Patient Who Says, “I Can’t Do What I Used to Do”
Authors: Cianfrini Leanne R.
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides guidance on how to work within the framework of grief and acceptance when confronted with statements reflecting patient losses. Grief over pain-related changes and losses is a valid, but modifiable, barrier to recovery. Thought barriers to activity, often manifested as “Yes, but” or “I can’t” statements, can present as resistance to clinical suggestions and can be frustrating initially, but constructive communication options will be suggested to use resistance as both a cue and a motivational tool. The overlap between bereavement and depression, common misinterpretations of “acceptance,” and the non-linear nature of the stages of grief will also be reviewed.
Discussions About Opioid Use
Authors: Cianfrini Leanne R.
Published: November 2024

This chapter first discusses unintended consequences of the misapplication of clinical guidelines that prompted involuntary opioid tapering protocols. Guidance will be provided on how to assess for symptoms consistent with opioid use disorder and how to distinguish between patients who may do well with a slow, collaborative, and voluntary opioid taper versus those who need referral for medication-assisted therapy. Communication tips will be offered to improve nonjudgmental interactions and direct patients toward appropriate plans and resources.
Structural insights into human ELAC2 as a tRNA 3′ processing enzyme
Authors: Xue Chenyang , Tian Junshan , Chen Yanhong , Liu Zhongmin
Published: November 2024

Human elaC ribonuclease Z 2 (ELAC2) removes the 3′ trailer of precursor transfer ribonucleic acid (pre-tRNA). Mutations in ELAC2 are highly associated with the development of prostate cancer and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, the catalytic mechanism of ELAC2 remains unclear. We determined the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human ELAC2 in various states, including the apo, pre-tRNA–bound and tRNA-bound states, which enabled us to identify the structural basis for its binding to pre-tRNA and cleavage of the 3′ trailer. Notably, conformational rearrangement of the C-terminal helix was related to feeding of the 3′ trailer into the cleavage site, possibly explaining why its mutations are associated with disease. We further used biochemical assays to analyse the structural effects of disease-related mutations of human ELAC2. Collectively, our data provide a comprehensive structural basis for how ELAC2 recruits pre-tRNA via its flexible arm domain and guides the 3′ trailer of pre-tRNA into the active centre for cleavage by its C-terminal helix.
ALS-associated FUS mutation reshapes the RNA and protein composition of stress granules
Authors: Mariani Davide , Setti Adriano , Castagnetti Francesco , Vitiello Erika , Stufera Mecarelli Lorenzo , Di Timoteo Gaia , Giuliani Andrea , D’Angelo Angelo , Santini Tiziana , Perego Eleonora , Zappone Sabrina , Liessi Nara , Armirotti Andrea , Vicidomini Giuseppe , Bozzoni Irene
Published: November 2024

Stress granules (SG) are part of a cellular protection mechanism where untranslated messenger RNAs and RNA-binding proteins are stored upon conditions of cellular stress. Compositional variations due to qualitative or quantitative protein changes can disrupt their functionality and alter their structure. This is the case of different forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) where a causative link has been proposed between the cytoplasmic de-localization of mutant proteins, such as FUS (Fused in Sarcoma), and the formation of cytotoxic inclusions. Here, we describe the SG transcriptome in neuroblastoma cells and define several features for RNA recruitment in these condensates. We demonstrate that SG dynamics and RNA content are strongly modified by the incorporation of mutant FUS, switching to a more unstructured, AU-rich SG transcriptome. Moreover, we show that mutant FUS, together with its protein interactors and their target RNAs, are responsible for the reshaping of the mutant SG transcriptome with alterations that can be linked to neurodegeneration. Our data describe the molecular differences between physiological and pathological SG in ALS-FUS conditions, showing how FUS mutations impact the RNA and protein composition of these condensates.