bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fourth JECSS Workshop
Authors: Ichiye T.
Published: October 2006

The Fourth Japan and East China Seas Study (JECSS) Workshop convened at the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology from September 1 to 5, 1987, in Tsukuba, Japan, with support of the Research Institute of Pollution and Resources and the Japan‐China Friendship Society. Sixty‐four marine scientists participated: 12 from China, nine from South Korea, 33 from Japan, three from Taiwan, and seven from the United States. JECSS is an associate program of WESTPAC (the Working Group for the Western Pacific), which is a program of IOC (the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Committee)
Marine Mineral Exploration
Authors: Spiess Fren N.
Published: October 2006

This book is the forty‐first in the Elsevier Oceanography Series, and with it the series has come full circle. Its first title, published in 1964, was John Mero's landmark study The Mineral Resources of the Sea [Mero, 1964]. Looking back at that first major treatise and comparing it with this and other recent books on the topic [e.g., Teleki et al., 1987] one cannot help but be impressed with how well Mero used the sparse data and studies that had been put together by his time. Twenty‐two years and many millions of dollars later a substantial mining‐oriented base of knowledge has been built — we know much more about the economics and the engineering — yet the basic premises and conclusions that Mero assembled are still intact, and answers to the fundamental questions (e.g., formation processes for manganese nodules) are not in much better condition than they were then.
A search For Artic ozone
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Four atmospheric scientists took off with their instruments for Greenland last week, where they will try to see if depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Arctic can be detected as it has been in Antarctica since 1985.

Members of the scientific team include Susan Solomon and George Mount of the Aeronomy Laboratory at the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) in Boulder, Colo., and Ryan Sanders and Roger Jakoubec of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science in Norman, Okla. These four participated in previous National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) investigations at McMurdo Station in Antarctica that helped document the ozone “hole,” decreases of up to 50% in ozone during the early austral spring in September and October of the last 2 years (1986–1987).
Earmarking? Yes
Authors: Schlossberg Kenneth
Published: October 2006

In recent years, the debate over congressional earmarking of funds for research facilities at universities has been characterized more by cliches than clear thinking. Opponents of the process quickly latched onto “Pork Barrel” as a way to condemn it, and proponents shot right back by labeling Peer Review the “Old Boys Network.” “Pork Barrel” usually refers to public works projects designed to generate political patronage. “Old Boys Network” is a way of describing business and country club connections that prevent outsiders from breaking into a lucrative economic circle. Neither has anything to do with a genuine national problem regarding the state of the nation's science research facilities or what should be done to resolve it, so I propose both cliches be sent to the shredder.
Experimental calibration of hornblende as a proposed emprical geobarometer
Authors: Rutter Michael J. , Wylie Peter J.
Published: October 2006

The recent Eos report by Anderson [1987] reviewed prospects for using dated granitoid plutons as crustal nails in the reconstruction of descent or ascent of deformed crust during orogenic processes, if suitable geobarometers could be established. Hammarstrom and Zen [1986] and Hollister et al [1987] have proposed an empirical geobarometer for calcalkaline plutonic rocks of tonalite and granodiorite composition based on the total Al content (Air) of calcic hornblendes. This proposition has generated considerable interest.
Oil reserve in salt a success
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Imagine a huge, multibillion dollar federal project, still growing more than a decade after it officially opened, that wins a national prize for its design and construction amid praise from policymakers, engineers, and economists.

Is it real? Yes—It is the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), 545 million barrels of oil, nearly $10 billion worth at current prices, placed in excavated salt domes in Louisiana and Texas. The SPR has been managed by the Department of Energy (DOE) since it was legislated into existence by Congress in 1975. In the wake of the energy crisis of the early 1970s, the need was recognized for a shortterm supply of crude oil, purchased from abroad by the federal government, to function as an emergency supply during times of political instability, when worldwide flow of oil might be shut off. It has had the support of every President since its inception, with the original goal of 1 billion barrels in reserve evolving into the current target of 750 million barrels set by the Reagan administration.
The Gravity Gradiometer Survey System (GGSS)
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The art and science of measuring Earth's gravity field has acquired a new dimension over the last decade as moving base systems were developed to complement or even replace the tried and true static gravimeter. The clear motivation behind these developments is efficiency. The accuracy o f the conventional gravimeter (e.g., the LaCoste‐Romberg gravimeter) has not and will not, any time soon, be surpassed by mobile gravity measurement systems. Instead of superior accuracy, these new systems boast speedy acquisition of data and/or accessibility to areas denied, in practice, to ground survey crews.
Consensus in a Precambrian garden
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

At the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary, the course of life on Earth underwent a dramatic change that culminated in the rise of predators and other complex animals, a group of paleontologists agreed at a conferece last week.

Just prior to 590 million years ago, the ecology of life in the oceans was very simple; soft‐shelled multicellular animals called Ediacara lived in apparent harmony with vast mats o f bacteria and algae that covered the seafloor, dependent on the photosynthesis or chemosynthesis of their one‐celled hosts for their existence. According to the consensus reached by the scientists, this symbiotic and apparently global “Garden of Ediacara” fell early in the Cambrian Period, as the mats declined and food chains multiplied with new animals that, for the first time in Earth's history, preyed on other living things.
1987 Ewing Medal to W. Jason Morgan
Authors: Morgan W. Jason Phipps , Morgan W. J.
Published: October 2006

William Jason Morgan, Jr., entered geophysics through a lucky break — for both him and geophysics. He was a graduate student in physics at Princeton University, looking for evidence of gravity waves and possible changes in the gravitational constant, when Walter Elsasser came over from the Geology Department looking for a post doc who wished to explore some mantle convection problems. Since he enjoyed living in Princeton, and Elsasser's problems sounded interesting, he accepted. The few small steps from the Physics Building to the neighboring Geology Department turned out to be the longest move so far in his professional career, as he is now a professor of geophysics at Princeton. In any case, his mind has made giant leaps since then
Local Politics, national science
Authors: Lefkoff L. Jeff
Published: October 2006

During the past year as AGU's Congressional Fellow, I strove to reconcile my political interests with my commitment to Earth science. One of the more compelling ideas I encountered came directly from Sen. Tim Wirth (D‐Colo.), for whom I worked: “All politics is local.” I was initially surprised to hear this message from a member of the U.S. Senate, a national institution that deals regularly with national and global issues. I now see, however, that it represents a profound insight into American politics, and furthermore that it offers useful advice to the Earth science community. The local level is where national policy touches people's lives. When their lives are affected, their political will solidifies, and they mobilize into a political force. Local politics thus presents a channel by which geoscientists throughout the United States can promote Earth science nationally.
Science big in 1989 budget
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The $1.09 trillion budget that President Reagan sent to Congress on February 18, 1988, calls for large increases in science and technology spending while staying close to but not always within the limits of the budget summit agreement reached by the White House and congressional leaders late in 1987.

Big science was a big winner in the Fiscal Year (FY) 1989 spending plan, the last budget that the Reagan administration will bring to Congress. The Space Station and the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), two multibillion dollar federal projects that received ambiguous financial support from the House and Senate last year, will be back again, with requests of nearly $1 billion for the Space Station and $363 million for the SSC. For FY 1988, Congress approved $25 million for the SSC and funded the Space Station at $425 million, less than half the amount the White House originally requested. Reagan's 1989 budget also requests appropriations for the Space Station totaling $6 billion through 1991
BIRPS seeks deep geological proposals
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Deep Geology Committee of the National Environment Research Council (NERC) is inviting interested scientists to submit proposals for research to complement the data being gathered by the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS).

BIRPS was established at Cambridge University (Cambridge, U.K.) in 1981 by NERC to study the lower crust and upper mantle. So far it has collected more than 10,000 km of reflection profiles on the continental shelf near the United Kingdom, using 15‐s two‐way travel times that measure to a depth of about 50 km.
SSWG statement on the proposed 1989 NASA budget
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Space Science Working Group applauds the leadership evident in the February 1988 Presidential Directive on National Space Policy and in the President's proposed NASA budget for fiscal year 1989. The National Space Policy outlines a series of broad goals to guide the planning of ongoing and future U.S. programs in space, including the need “to expand knowledge of the Earth, its environment, the solar system, and the universe,” and “to preserve the United States preeminence in critical aspects of space science.“ Our new space policy is the result of a careful planning process that recognizes the need for immediate action to revitalize the U.S. space science enterprise.

For the last several years, and particularly since the Challenger accident, the SSWG has maintained that this nation must act to correct the serious erosion in the health of U.S. space science. In its testimony to Congress last year the SSWG presented four overarching issues that must be addressed to resolve the present crisis:

frequent and assured access to space for scientific exploration,

the vitality of the space science infrastructure, particularly at universities,

the timely development of advanced technologies, and

the continuing pursuit of new science.
AGU elects 1988 Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐one distinguished scientists have been elected Fellows of the Union. Fellows are scientists who are judged by their peers as having attained acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics. The total number of Fellows elected each year is limited to 0.1% of the total membership at the time of election.
Ionospheric climate and weather modeling
Authors: Schunk Robert W. , Sojka Jan J.
Published: October 2006

The ionosphere is typically defined to be that part of Earth's upper atmosphere in hich the concentration of free electrons and ions is sufficient to affect the propagation of radio waves. It begins at an altitude of ∼70 km and extends to roughly 3000 km, with the peak electron concentration occurring at approximately 300 km (F region). Although the existence o f the ionosphere was first suggested in the late 1800s to explain certain geomagnetic phenomena, it was not until 1901, when G. Marconi successfully transmitted radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean, that its presence was clearly established. Since that time, the ionosphere has been studied extensively with the aid of ionosondes, radars, rockets, satellites, the space shuttle, and numerical models, and the knowledge gained about its behavior has increased to the point where the development of predictive ionospheric models can begin.
Seismology examined at university
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Thiruvathukal John V.
Published: October 2006

The early 1980s were a time of introspection and restructuring for universities. Faced with demographic projections indicating a decrease in university enrollment during the 1980s, many universities raised the possibility of cutting back on programs and faculty in order to survive into the 1990s, when the next mini‐baby boom is expected.

This period was also marked by changes in emphasis in federally funded research, as well as by new initiatives in the Earth sciences. Industry requirements for trained seismologists were very high initially but were substantially reduced in later years.
ASLO Presents Hutchinson Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Lawrence Richards Pomeroy, Alumni Foundation Distinguished Professor at the University o f Georgia, Athens, is the 1987 recipient of the Hutchinson Award, given annually by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO). The award is given in recognition o f outstanding past and current research in limnology and oceanography.

Larry Pomeroy was trained in zoology at the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S. and M.S., and at Rutgers University, where he received his Ph.D. in 1959. In his very first published research, on phosphorus uptake by the American oyster, he began the interest in phosphorus and mineral cycling in natural waters that was to be a major research theme o f his for the next 20 years. His studies at the University of Georgia included measurements of estuaries, coral reefs, zooplankton excretion, salt marshes, and sediment‐water exchange. The techniques and understanding that he developed and the publications he produced with a variety of coauthors made him a world leader in the biogeochemistry of phosphorus cycling.
SPR Executive meets
Authors: Feldman William
Published: October 2006

The SPR Executive Committee met during the 1988 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. After bringing the meeting to order, SPR President Bob Helliwell opened the floor to a discussion of instituting a “named lecturer” series of talks for our annual AGU Spring and Fall meetings. The majority of those present felt this was a good idea. All agreed to consider this point further and to solicit suggestions from the general SPR membership.

The next topic considered was how to facilitate the flow of information from the geophysical community to the news media. One possible mechanism suggested by Chris Russell was to appoint an SPR committee on public information to identify issues of current interest or importance, provide a readily understandable explanation of the issues, identify experts in these areas, and distribute this information to members of the media. This last task could make use of existing AGU officers.
High‐pressure studies gases and liquids
Authors: Hemley Russell J.
Published: October 2006

The 11th AIRAPT (International Association for Advancement of High‐Pressure Science and Technology) International High‐Pressure Conference was held in Kiev, U.S.S.R., July 12–17, 1987, and was attended by several hundred scientists from around the world. Multidisciplinary in nature — covering fields ranging from fundamental physics to industrial processes — the conference included a number of topics in high‐pressure geophysics, geochemistry, and planetary physics.
Mantle carbon flux calculated
Authors: Wainger Lisa
Published: October 2006

A geochemist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, Calif.) has greatly improved the accuracy of determining oceanic carbon outgassing rates by developing a new technique for extracting carbon dioxide that prevents contamination. David Des Marias burned his rock samples in pure oxygen at 450°C and then 650°C, before melting them at 1200°C to expel the gases. The samples remained in the same apparatus throughout the cleaning and melting, allowing Des Marais to clean the sample while limiting atmospheric contamination. His earlier work with lunar samples had shown that the process was effective, since only minor amounts of carbon were found in those samples after the cleaning.

By analyzing samples of glassy ocean ridge tholeiites from the Mid‐Cayman Rise, the East Pacific Rise (21°N), the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, and the Galapagos Ridge, Des Marais determined the ratio of carbon to 3He in the samples. Then, by relating that ratio to an established rate for total oceanic 3He flux, he calculated a mantle carbon flux of 20–30 million tons of carbon per year. The carbon emitted from the ocean ridges and other undersea volcanic areas represents more than 90% of the global carbon outflow from the mantle. Two other previous estimates of carbon outflow ranged from 0.1 to 10 times his result. Des Marais' finding is considered the most accurate because he was able to accurately measure carbon and 3He without depending on the assumptions made by others that all CO2 comes from volcanos and all the carbon emitted from the mantle has been preserved at the surface.
NSF, NASA link computers
Authors: Lisa Wainger
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has signed an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to share high‐speed communications lines. The effort will link university researchers now connected to NSF's national computer communications network with data bases and supercomputers at NASA laboratories. “NSF and NASA have agreed to work together to identify ways to satisfy the technical requirements of networking through research, engineering, and implementations,” according to Steve Wolff, NSF Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure.

The 5‐year agreement will allow three NASA facilities to link to existing NSF regional networks, which in turn are connected through a national backbone network. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., will be linked to the Southeastern Universities Research Associated Net (SURANET); the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., will be linked to the Bay Area Regional Research Net (BARR‐NET); and the NASA Johnson Space Flight Center in Houston, Tex., will be linked to Sesquinet, a regional network in Texas. Authorized scientists will be able to access and use NASA data in their research, and can apply for time on NASA supercomputers. NASA‐funded scientists at universities served by NSF regional networks will be able to communicate and collaborate with their colleagues at NASA centers.
Modeling, parameterization, and forecasting of weather systems in the terrestrial atmosphere
Authors: Sommeria G.
Published: October 2006

Significant progress has been achieved during recent years, especially since the FGGE (First “Global Atmospheric Research Programme” Global Experiment), in numerical weather forecast up to 3–8 days ahead on the global scale. This is especially true for the large‐scale features of the atmospheric circulation, and the progress is best measured by objective forecast scores for the 500‐mb pressure level. However, the progress in the forecast of well‐defined weather systems and of associated weather elements, such as low‐level wind, surface temperature, cloudiness, and precipitation (which have the most practical and economical implications), has been relatively slower. It is felt that a lot remains to be gained in this field by a better use of basic modeling efforts aimed, for example, at understanding the physical mechanisms within specific weather systems, and by the correlative development of advanced parameterization techniques.
Cluster and SOHO: A joint endeavour by ESA and NASA to address problems in solar, heliospheric and space plasma physics
Authors: Schmidt Rudolf , Domingo Vicente , Shawhan Stanley D. , Bohlin David
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency (ESA) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are currently working on the Solar‐Terrestrial Science Program (STSP). This project consists of the fourspacecraft Cluster mission and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).

The Institute of Space Research (IKI) of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Moscow, will scientifically enhance the Cluster mission by creating a two‐spacecraft mission that will use Cluster‐type vehicles. This mission will be launched at about the same time as Cluster, and both missions will be operated in close collaboration. Discussions are under way on a working grouplevel to identify possible scenarios.
Burning records caused fumes after derailment
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

A new study shows that hazardous materials may come in harmless‐looking packages and that toxic chemicals are not always to blame for environmental accidents.

A Conrail train derailment April 11, 1987, in Bloomfield, Pa., led to a fire, the spill of phosphorus oxychloride, and a plume of smoke and hydrogen chloride gas that acutely affected nearby residents. An investigation of the accident just completed by the Center for Hazardous Materials Research (CHMR) at the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pa.) found that the fumes were entirely the result of burning phonograph records. In addition, calculations based on a computer model of gas emission and dispersion showed that community exposure was probably below dangerous levels throughout the fire.
Predicting snow depth with people
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Meteorologists are using a technique based on human observations to calibrate a Doppler radar method of predicting how much snow will fall in major storms.

In a new program sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), several dozen volunteers will record information about the shape and size of snowflakes and measure the depth of snowfalls in the Denver, Colo., area. Handheld microscopes will allow t h em to determine the type of snow falling as heavy storms develop. Because large dendritic snow crystals are usually associated with deeper snow, while crystals laden with frozen cloud water droplets called graupel are characteristic of lesser accumulations, the morphology of the crystals can be used to guess where more snow will fall.
Delaware Bay Data Base for microcomputers
Authors: Culberson Charles H.
Published: October 2006

There is growing concern about man's influence on estuarine and coastal waters, but information for long‐term assessment is not readily available. As an outgrowth of a series of studies on the Delaware Estuary, oceanographers at the University of Delaware (Newark) have developed a data base containing measured data from the first 8 years of their research.
Coastal Physical Oceanography Workshop
Authors: Brink Kenneth H.
Published: October 2006

During January 24–26, 1988, a meeting at the University of Southern Mississippi campus in Long Beach, Miss., was attended by more than 100 oceanographers from a range of U.S. institutions. The objective of the meeting was to begin preparing a coordinated plan for coastal physical oceanography during the next decade. This plan is then envisioned as the core of a future large‐scale interdisciplinary national effort in coastal oceanography. Some preliminary ideas on the subject were given in the report “Coastal Physical Oceaography: The Next Decade” (Eos, November 10, 1987, pp. 1581–1591).
Magnetotail Physics
Authors: Wolf Richard
Published: October 2006

When a rapidly moving low‐density plasma encounters a massive magnetized object in space, a tail of magnetic field lines typically forms behind the object. Some of the field lines that thread through the central body are stretched out in the downstream direction be cause of frictional processes that act between the body's own field lines and the passing plasma. Such “magnetotails” have been observed repeatedly in our Solar System. Each of the explored planets has a magnetotail, including even Venus. This planet has negligible intrinsic magnetism but its ionosphere traps and holds interplanetary field lines, which are then dragged back into a magneto tail. Comets exhibit their own versions of the magnetotail phenomenon, and there is evidence that analogous structures on a vastly larger scale form downstream of certain radio galaxies that move through the intergalactic medium in clusters of galaxies.
IAHS General Assembly
Authors: Peters Helen J.
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) General Assembly, held as part of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) Assembly, August 9–22, 1987, in Vancouver, Canada, had an estimated 500 attendees. At least 20 countries were represented by official delegates. Attendance from the United States is estimated at 120, with Helen J. Peters (California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento) as chief delegate and Marshall E. Moss (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, Va.) as alternate delegate and future chief delegate for the 1991 General Assembly.

The Canadian Organizing Committee had done a masterful job of organizing the assembly, with excellent housing and meeting facilities on the University of British Columbia campus. In addition to five symposia and nine workshops, the IAHS Bureau and all commissions and the committees held several meetings. Some excellent social events and tours were included.
William L. Donn 1918–1987
Authors: Gedzelman Stanley David
Published: October 2006

William L. Donn, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, City College of New York, and Special Research Scientist at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO) of Columbia University (Palisades, N.Y.), died at his home on June 30, 1987, at the age of 69. Bill demonstrated expertise in a wide range of fields, with a highly productive and creative research and writing career that included geology, oceanography, climatology, atmospheric physics, and meteorology.

Donn was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., on March 2, 1918. At the tender age of 10 years, he demonstrated his love and talent for science by building a telescope with his brother, Bertram. During his undergraduate years at Brooklyn College, he switched his major from astronomy to geology. He was largely selftrained in both meteorology and oceanography, serving as head of the Meteorology Section, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy during World War II . One by‐product of these years was the textbook Meteorology—With Marine Applications, first published in 1946. This widely adopted text became a standard for a generation of mariners and college students.
Current progress in studies of secular and paleosecular variation of Earth's magnetic field
Authors: Latham Alf
Published: October 2006

The study of paleosecular variation (paleo‐SV) became a separate branch of paleomagnetism more than 2 decades ago, largely because of studies of cores from lake sediments and of archeomagnetism of baked artifacts. The great prize of these studies and of the allied studies of reversals and observatory records is a description of Earth's magnetic field and an explanation of the workings of the core dynamo. The study of Holocene and Quaternary SV continues to grow vigorously, as witnessed by several papers presented at the International Quaternary (INQUA) conference in Ottawa at the end of July 1987 and the many papers submitted at the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) assembly in Vancouver, Canada, in early August 1987.
Clastic Particles: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Shape Analysis of Sedimentary and Volcanic Clasts
Authors: Fisher Richard V.
Published: October 2006

A hot research topic in the late 1960s and early 1970s was the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of quartz grain textures and structures as a way of determining the transport mode and depositional environment of deposits in which they were found. An atlas by Krinsley and Doornkamp [1973] can be characterized as a culmination in quartz grain research, and the atlas by Heiken [1974] is a pioneering work on pyroclastic particles. However, interest in the field declined in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and for whatever reason (perhaps cost and nonportability of the equipment), the SEM technique never reached its full potential. Now, however, in concert with interest in other techniques (such as Fourier analysis), interest in particle analysis is increasing, largely because of the method's emerging success in volcanology. In the 1980s, SEM equipment is more readily available, a n d computerization helps reduce analysis time. The book Clastic Particles could be the catalyst to reignite the fire beneath the subject on a much broader front than in the 1970s.
Planet Earth Initiative
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The establishment of a panel to formulate an AGU position on a Planet Earth Initiative was announced in the December 22, 1987, issue of Eos. This panel activity has now been completed, and the Position Statement given below has been approved by the Council. Members are encouraged to help in the process now underway of having this initiative implemented.
Large‐scale experimental technology with remote sensing in land surface hydrology and meteorology
Authors: Brutsaert Wilfried , Schmugge Thomas J. , Sellers Piers J. , Hall Forrest G.
Published: October 2006

The past 2 decades have witnessed profound and rapid advances in computing power and also in satellite technology. It appears, however, that these developments have run far ahead of present capabilities to apply them to solving hydrologic problems. In this context, land surface processes at the relevant spatial scales are still poorly understood and involve considerable uncertainty in simulation. Also, although great progress has been made [e.g., Rolfe and Battrick, 1986; Schmugge, 1987], remote sensing of hydrologic phenomena from space is still in its infancy, and much work remains to be done to turn this technique into an effective tool. One of the main reasons for this lag between the basic technologies and their application is the general dearth of parametric formulations for land surface processes over areas with typical length scales of 10—102 km; these are characteristically the scales of a watershed or river basin in hydrology, of the grid size for integration in general circulation models in climate dynamics, and of the pixel size in remote sensing from satellites. The development of any type of physical parameterization requires experimentation. Thus there is now wide recognition that further progress in operational and scientific hydrology must be based on comprehensive experiments and field data at larger scales than were customary only decade ago.
Glasnost in the Arctic
Authors: Roederer Juan
Published: October 2006

The question of establishing an international body to coordinate research activities in the Arctic is an old one. Proposals have been formulated on several occasions during the last 3 decades, but they have never been implemented.

At present, a few adhoc or semiprivate bodies are engaged in cooperative ventures of arctic research, and there are several bilateral programs between Arctic countries. Yet there is no northern equivalent to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) o f the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The politically and strategically sensitive nature of the Arctic regions has been a seemingly insurmountable obstacle. Recently, however, an international initiative spearheaded by the U.S. Arctic Research Commission led to promising developments regarding international scientific cooperation in the Arctic.
NSF program gives research experience to undergrads
Authors: Swift Daniel W.
Published: October 2006

Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) is a new National Science Foundation (NSF) program designed to attract talented undergraduates into research careers in science, engineering, and mathematics. The program is intended to provide active research experience to students while they are still in their undergraduate years. There are two categories of support under this program: REU Sites and REU Supplements. The supplement, as the name implies, is to supplement existing NSF grants to permit an investigator to hire an undergraduate assistant. Here, I will report o n the REU site award made to the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska for summer 1987.
Flow in an experimental micro–magma chamber
Authors: Carroll Michael R. , Wyllie Peter J.
Published: October 2006

The chemical evolution and eruptive behavior of magmas may be controlled largely by convective processes within magma chambers. According to a recent National Research Council Report [Committee on Physics and Chemistry of Earth Materials, 1987], “the style of convection itself, whether it is turbulent, laminar, large‐scale, of multiple scales, tiered, or localized and intermittent, is very much at question.” In the U.S. National Report to the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Marsh [1987] reviewed recent theoretical and experimental developments related to the style of convection in magma chambers, noting both significant quantitative advances and also the many remaining uncertainties. With regard to double‐diffusive convection, he stated “as ever, the critical question concerns whether or not actual magma chambers convect in this style.” Similarly, Spera et al. [1986] , in discussion of double‐diffusive convection, cautioned against “applying results from saltwater tanks to magma chambers.”
The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach
Authors: Christensen Nikolas I.
Published: October 2006

Nearly 80 years ago, Yugoslavian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic recognized, while studying a Balkan earthquake, that velocities of seismic waves increase abruptly at a few tens of kilometers depth , giving rise to the seismological definition of the crust. Since that discovery, many studies concerned with the nature of both the continental and oceanic crusts have appeared in the geophysical literature.

Recently, interest in the continental crust has cascaded. This is largely because of an infusion of new data obtained from major reflection programs such as the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) and British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS) and increased resolution of refraction studies. In addition, deep continental drilling programs are n ow in fashion. The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach is a summary of present knowledge of the continental crust. Meissner has succeeded in writing a book suited to many different readers, from the interested undergraduate to the professional. The book is well documented , with pertinent figures and a complete and up‐to‐date reference list.
Contribution of geophysics to climate changes studies
Authors: Berger A. , Dickinson R. , Kidson J.
Published: October 2006

A symposium on the contributions of geophysics to climate change studies was held at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 19th General Assembly in Vancouver, Canada, during August 1987. The principal aim of this symposium was to describe the contributions that have been made by each of the disciplines represented within IUGG to the study of climate change. To present a balanced program, the symposium was composed of invited reviews, but other viewpoints were given during general discussion. The themes that were covered reflected the interests of the seven IUGG Associations; they included volcanism, biogeochemistry, land hydrology, climate modeling (past and present), cryosphere, paleoclimates, land surface processes, tropical oceans and the global atmosphere, clouds and atmospheric radiation, aeronomy and planetary atmospheres, and modeling future climate changes.
On line to the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Scientists from the United States and the Soviet Union are talking to each other about the greenhouse effect, linked by personal computers in a yearlong dialogue on the human causes of global warming. The scientists are acting as individuals, not representatives of their governments.

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) in Boulder, Colo., and the Soviet Academy of Sciences organized the information exchange, and money for computers was donated by the Rockefeller Foundation. The electronic link has been in use for 2 months, according to Walter Orr Roberts, cochairman of the U.S. contingent and former head of UCAR, and was formally inaugurated May 11, 1988. Roald Sagdeev, director of the Space Research Institute in Moscow, was in Washington, D.C., for the ceremony, while Roberts participated from Moscow, where he was attending a 2‐day workshop on global warming.
WIPP or is “how wet” the real question?
Authors: Spiegel Zane , Anderson Roger Y.
Published: October 2006

The appropriate question to ask about the Department of Defense (DOD) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) project in southeast New Mexico is not “Will Salt Repositories be Dry?” (J. D. Bredehoeft, in Eos, March 1, 1988, p. 121) but “How Fast and How Much WIPP Brine Will Reach Waste Containers?” Bredehoeft's Table 1 (p. 121) shows seven values of permeability (out of 20 tests) that are substantially greater than 1 microdarcy. Bredehoeft's statement that “… test data … indicate low permeabilities, ranging from 1 microdarcy to ∼1 nanodarcy…” should read something like “The small sample of 20 tests include seven tests that gave maximum permeability values ranging from 3000 microdarcies to 3 microdarcies, with an average maximum value for the 20 tests of about 300 microdarcies.” This larger value of permeability would reduce tunnel‐filling time from the 50–100 year range to 2–4 months.
Acidic deposition and surface water chemistry
Authors: Church M. R.
Published: October 2006

A pair of back‐to‐back (morning and afternoon) hydrology sessions, held December 10, 1987, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., covered “Predicting the Effects of Acidic Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry.” The combined sessions included four invited papers, 12 contributed papers, and a panel discussion at its conclusion. The gathering dealt with questions on a variety of aspects of modeling the effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry.

Contributed papers included discussions on the representation of processes in models as well as limiting assumptions in model application (V. S. Tripathi et al., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., and E. C. Krug, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign), along with problems in estimating depositional inputs to catchments and thus inputs to be used in the simulation of catchment response (M. M. Reddy et al., U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colo.; and E. A. McBean, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada). L. A. Baker et al. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) dealt with the problem of modeling seepage lake systems, an exceedingly important portion of the aquatic resources in Florida and parts of the upper U.S. Midwest. J. A. Hau and Y. Eckstein (Kent State University, Kent, Ohio) considered equilibrium modeling of two northern Ohio watersheds that receive very different loads of acidic deposition but are highly similar in other respects.
Canadian Drilling: Off to a good start
Authors: Drury Malcolm
Published: October 2006

The Canadian Continental Drilling Program (CCDP) is a major initiative in the Earth sciences in Canada. The program was announced nationally in May 1987, and by the end of the year, 29 conceptual proposals had been received. The proposals covered a wide range of topics and attested to the widespread interest among Canadian Earth scientists in such a program. With our national program in deep geophysical sounding, Lithoprobe, well under way, this is a good time for us to begin planning for a scientific drilling program in Canada.

Several countries currently have national programs in seismic reflection and refraction profiling and concurrently in continental drilling, an indication of the growing international interest in the nature, origin, and evolution of Earth's crust. There are many problems in geology that can be addressed only by the drill. Although surface geophysical surveys provide invaluable information on the nature of the crust at depth along two‐dimen sional profiles, they cannot provide unambiguous information on the actual nature of the crust. Drilling has the capability of providing this kind of information but only in precise locations. Recovery of unweathered core also gives us the opportunity to obtain information in the fourth dimension—time—by the various dating techniques available. The two types of program are mutually complementary, and when combined, they allow us to develop models of crustal evolution.
SOHO: An unfortunate omission
Authors: Kivelson M.G. , Russell C.T.
Published: October 2006

The article by R. Schmidt et al. in the March 29 issue of Eos reports both the welcome news that the SOHO and Cluster payloads have been chosen and the surprising announcement that the planned solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field instruments were not selected for flight. For the reasons outlined below, we deeply regret this decision and urge the national agencies to alter this decision and rectify the situation.

The solar wind is still very much an object of study. The source and energization of the solar wind is but poorly understood. The originally planned payload of SOHO provided the opportunity to study the solar surface in considerable detail while monitoring the solar wind at 1 AU and thereby leading to the solution of this mystery. No other present or planned mission will provide undisturbed solar wind data continuously or nearly so. If the Wind spacecraft of the International Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) project were used, it would be only by diverting it from its role of studying the extended foreshock region and of providing measurements of the solar wind on the streamlines that intersect the magnetosphere. Moreover, we need both spacecraft for these studies, the SOHO spacecraft for providing early warning or forecasting and the Wind spacecraft for monitoring near‐Earth conditions for nowcasting. Not only the solar wind itself but also the solar wind control of magnetospheric activity are vital active research topics that require the highest‐quality data sets.
Applied Mathematics for Earth Scientists
Authors: Merrill Ronald T.
Published: October 2006

Writing an applied mathematics book can be hazardous to one's ego. First, there typically are strong and incompatible opinions on what should go into such a book, and second, there are already many excellent applied mathematics books on the market. Nevertheless, three prestigious geophysicists from Toyko University, Rikitake, Sato, and Hagiwara, have correctly identified a niche to be filled in this competitive market, and they have attempted to fill it with the publication of Applied Mathematics for Earth Sciences.

A more appropriate title for this book might be “Applied Mathematics for Geophysicists”; it is at geophysicists and not at, say, stratigraphers that the book is aimed. The book is divided into Part I, Fundamentals (164 pages) and Part II, Applications (271 pages). The main subtitles of Part I are, in order, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Heaviside operator, spectral analysis, special functions, Laplace equation, wave equation, and relaxation method. As separate books have been written on virtually all of these topics, one can correctly anticipate that the material presented here will be very condensed. The applications part consists of 10 chapters of examples that draw strongly on papers published by the authors. Seismology constitutes roughly a third of the applications part, with the remainder going to selected topics on Earth's gravity, rotation and tides, heat conduction, magnetic and electrical potentials, electromagnetic induction, and magnetohydrodynamics. Emphasis throughout the book is placed on selected analytical theory, as opposed to methods of numerical analysis.
Coping with all the Earth science data
Authors: Kahn Ralph
Published: October 2006

Currently, people who document and publish data do so in printed journals, displaying their results in graphical or tabular form. This is an effective way to publicize the existence of validated observations or model results and to present some selected characteristics of the data. However, it is not reasonable to use this medium to exchange the information content of typical geophysical data sets for others to study. In many cases a calibrated, documented data set itself is the important contribution of a scientific investigation.
Marcia K. McNutt awarded 1988 Macelwane Medal
Authors: Jordan Thomas H. , McNutt Marcia
Published: October 2006

It is an honor for me, and a pleasure, to present to you Marcia McNutt as a Macelwane medalist for 1988. McNutt is a tectonophysicist, best known for her work on the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere and the nature of isostatic compensation beneath the oceans and continents. Large topographic loads with horizontal scale lengths from a few tens to hundreds of kilometers are a rich source of information about the dynamical properties of Earth's outer layers. Although such features have been studied for more than a century, it has only been within the last decade, in large measure through the work of McNutt and her colleagues, that the quantitative modeling of loading phenomena has elucidated the physics of lithospheric deformation and the nature of lithospheric interactions with the convecting mantle. This Macelwane Medal recognizes her achievements in this important area of tectonophysics.
IAHS General Assembly Symposia
Authors: Waddington E.D.
Published: October 2006

The following reports conclude the summary of various symposia and workshops held at the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) General Assembly in Vancouver, Canada, August 11–17, 1987. The first part of the summary was published in the April 19, 1988 issue of Eos, and the second in the May 31, 1988 issue.
Deep well injection of liquid wastes in saline formations
Authors: Kreitler Charles
Published: October 2006

The AGU Hydrology Section and the International Association of Hydrologists sponsored a symposium on Deep Well Injection of Liquid Wastes in Saline Formations at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md., on May 17, 1988. The symposium was convened by Charles Kreitler (University of Texas, Austin), Chet Miller (Du Pont, Wilmington, Del.), and John Vecchioli (U.S. Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Fla.). John Atcheson, the director of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) task force on Hazardous Waste Restriction, opened the session with remarks on EPA's concerns over the practice of deep well injection of liquid wastes. These concerns have resulted in several programs nationwide that have been researching the interaction of the injected wastes with host saline formations. The papers at the symposium summarized many of these studies. Papers covered hydrogeologic characterization of the host formations, monitoring strategies, mathematical solutions and their benefits, potential for earthquakes and hydrofracturing, and geochemical reactions of the injected waste. The papers elicited numerous questions and comments on the pros and cons of the injection process. It was clear that there was no consensus to the acceptability of the injection process, and that additional research is needed to learn more about how wastes interact with geologic media.