bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 9 describes the family of dementias under the umbrella of frontotemporal dementia, including its two main types or variants: frontal behavioral and temporal language. The frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia is then described, including its typical onset earlier in life, the drastic changes in behavior that occur with this form of the disease, and how it appears on brain imaging. The next section deals with the temporal variant, also called primary progressive aphasia and its subtypes—nonfluent and fluent primary progressive aphasia. Finally, a hopeful behavioral therapy for fluent primary progressive aphasia, otherwise known as semantic dementia, is described.
When Mild Cognitive Impairment Stays Stable or Returns to Normal
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 15 describes the cases in which a diagnosis of MCI either stays stable, or the person is deemed cognitively healthy at a later date. The reasons why someone may continue to have a diagnosis of MCI for a long period of time are first described, including the simple fact that just like any other disease or condition, it can progress more quickly in some people than others. The other reason that is explained is that sometimes an unrelated condition, like a learning disability or previous event of low oxygen to the brain, can cause cognitive difficulties that have nothing to do with preclinical dementia but are sometimes mistaken for MCI. Next, the reasons why some people diagnosed with MCI return to normal are discussed. Again, other conditions contributing to cognitive impairment, such as depression or even anxiety during testing, are the usual cause of a temporary MCI diagnosis.
When Mild Cognitive Impairment Progresses to Dementia
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 16 begins by indicating the most likely dementia outcomes of the four types of mild cognitive impairment. Single- or multiple-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment most often progresses to Alzheimer’s disease, but the multiple-domain variant can also progress to vascular dementia. Nonamnestic single-domain mild cognitive impairment most often progresses to frontotemporal dementia—the frontal type if executive functioning and behavior are impaired, and the temporal type if language is affected. Nonamnestic multiple-domain mild cognitive impairment usually progresses to Lewy body disease or vascular dementia. The next section of this chapter discusses rates of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, and factors that affect estimates of these rates of progression. The final section in this chapter describes predictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, such as the severity of cognitive impairment, greater brain changes, and genetic factors.
Stress Management and Mental Wellness
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 26 tackles the topics of stress management and mental wellness from two main standpoints: health-positive actions or behaviors, and health-positive viewpoints. Stress is experienced by a person when they lack a sense of control over a situation or event. It is common to experience stress from time to time, and there are strategies for improving how to manage stress. Physical exercise, relaxation techniques, and choosing how to view the situation can all influence how well a person copes with stress. The links between mental wellness and finding ways to be involved in activities that are personally meaningful, as well as with learning how to develop a positive attitude in dealing with everyday situations are described.
What About Driving?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 29 talks about whether there has been cognitive change that might affect driving ability. Having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) does not mean the person is unsafe to drive. It does mean the person should pay attention to their driving behaviors, though. Warning signs that a person may be unsafe to drive are discussed in this chapter, along with formal driving evaluation. Sometimes taking other methods of transportation can have a lower yearly cost when compared to the cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle, The costs of ownership are reviewed along with options for other ways to get around.
Legal Matters
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 31 points out the important fact that the cognitive change in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is mild. People with MCI are able and capable of making their own decisions. Given that MCI is a risk factor for further cognitive decline, though, it is wise to take care of legal matters just in case thinking skills do indeed decline over time. In this chapter, basic ideas to get started on important tasks are described, such as assigning a power of attorney for personal care and for property and finances, as well as making a will. Resources for getting started on these kinds of legal matters are provided.
Physical and Cognitive Benefits of Exercise
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 38 discusses the physical and cognitive benefits of exercise. The benefits of exercise on muscles, lungs, and the heart are briefly acknowledged, but the focus is more on the benefits of exercise on the brain. The benefits of exercise among older adults on memory and executive functioning, increased brain volume, changes in the way people use their brains, and on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the molecule associated with the birth of new neurons, is described. Similar benefits have been found for people with mild cognitive impairment. How exercise improves brain health is then described. This includes the birth of new brain cells, increases in brain size, reductions in the risk of mini-strokes, increased electrical activity in the brain, greater functional connectivity within the brain, and reduced symptoms of depression.
What Is Cognitive Engagement?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 41 introduces the idea of cognitive engagement and reviews the types of activities that provide this. Cognitive engagement refers to actively using your thinking skills in a way that requires effort. Other terms for the same idea are mental stimulation, intellectual engagement, and brain exercise. Many leisure activities and hobbies make you think hard, solve problems, and learn new things. These are all important for keeping your brain active. When building a more engaged lifestyle, it is important to have a variety of activities and to do them often. A box at the end of this chapter provides some suggestions for activities that provide cognitive engagement.
What Is Social Engagement?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

By nature, humans are social beings. We tend to gather and live together, raise families together, and look after each other. There are a number of benefits to being around other people. Research shows it helps us feel happier and less stressed, and it helps us live longer. It can also be good for our brain health. Social engagement is a broad term that refers to interacting with others. Chapter 43 covers three important parts of social engagement: social networks, social activities, and social support. This chapter explains how each of these can be measured, and gives readers a chance to reflect on their own level of social engagement.
Benefits of Social Engagement: A Good Friend Is Good for You
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Connecting with others is something we may do simply because we enjoy it. On top of that, there are real benefits to be gained from socializing. Chapter 44 reviews the many ways that social engagement is good for general health, mood, and brain health. Having other people around us can help us feel better and be more engaged in life. It can also help us live longer, healthier lives. The link between socializing and brain health is explained. Socializing is linked to other health factors—such as cognitive engagement and exercise—that in turn improve brain health. Socializing is also thought to improve brain health by boosting cognitive reserve.
An Introduction to Memory Strategies
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 46 provides general background on memory strategies, what they are, and when to use them. Most memory strategies require some planning ahead. They work best when used during encoding, when you are getting information into memory in the first place. There are many different types of memory strategies. Choosing a specific strategy will depend on what you are trying to remember as well as your personal preferences. Like learning any new skill, it takes practice to become good at using memory strategies. With practice, strategies become easier to use, and can be helpful for remembering the things you don’t want to forget.
Attention as a Memory Strategy
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 49 describes the link between attention and memory. In order to remember something, it is important to pay attention to it in the first place. One strategy for focusing attention is called “see it and say it.” The idea is to focus your attention on something by visualizing a picture in your mind’s eye—that’s the “see it” part. Then, state out loud what you want to do or just did—that’s the “say it” part. This strategy can be helpful for remembering what you were just about to do and what you have just done. Research has shown this is an effective memory strategy. Older adults who are instructed to use this kind of strategy are about twice as likely to remember to complete a task than people who aren’t told about the strategy.
Comments on the welfare state and social work
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter reviews the history of the state—from early feudal systems to the modern iterations. Theories of welfare dominated by views such as Hobbes’ belief in society’s barbarous nature and the origins behind utilitarianism are examined and discussed. Anarchist critiques of the state are then reviewed to ask new questions about the nature of welfare, given social work’s dominion in this aspect of the state’s function. Understanding the state’s purpose in using welfare policy to pacify society and defend its own existence are considered in light of anarchist critiques of the state. This is especially timely given the neoliberal turn and the reemergence of austerity measures that are given further support, as governments will point to the pandemic and associated economic fallout.
Green anarcho-social work
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

Anarchism has a long-standing concern about the environment. If land is property, it can be commodified, abused, and exploited. Rather than seeking to shame or instigate an ethical capitalism, anarchism seeks to eliminate the ownership of things. The concept of ownership is challenged as fiction. Anarchist writings exist that seek to imagine alternative ways of relating to each other and the natural world that would go beyond incremental adjustments to a system of relations requiring ongoing exploitation to exist. Social work’s efforts to engage with environmental justice are examined within this context of green anarchism, and the reader is encouraged to consider the fallacy of reformist approaches which echo other liberal models in social policy that only soften the capitalist project while the world burns. This chapter is important, given the increasingly concerning environmental devastation and the related alarm raised by scientists and environmental activists.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments and Argumentative Rationality
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter clarifies the types of reasons for belief operative in pragma-epistemic argumentative rationality, sharpening the distinction between reasons one has to believe that a proposition is true and reasons for one to believe that it is true. It shows how these two different types of reasons for belief ground a distinction between objective and subjective rationality. The chapter develops the pragma-epistemic approach to argumentative rationality, drawing on reasons for belief. On this approach, objective and subjective rationality are two dimensions of argumentative rationality. Discussion of the epistemic and pragma-dialectic approaches to argumentative rationality further distinguishes the pragma-epistemic approach. Both approaches presuppose that one’s use of an argument rationalizes one’s believing the conclusion if and only if the argument used is good as understood by the epistemic and pragma-dialectic theories of good argument, respectively. The chapter argues against this claim in defense of the pragma-epistemic approach.
Partible Inheritance by Lot
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

Partible inheritance by lot of equal/equitable portions was more common than primogeniture, implying interchangeability and equality among inheritors who would agree in advance about the portions and then draw lots. It was either for pairing a portion with a person or determining the turn to declare one's preference, thus combining the random, arbitrary lot and free personal choice (parallel to distributing kleroi in colonies). Brothers were perceived as homoklaroi, or “equal sharers of the kleros/oikos" while the polis was conceptualized as a union of property-holding households. Inheritance and colonization were linked, sometimes involving brothers getting a kleros at home and one overseas, with continuing interdependent relations (inheritance and marriage) between colonies and mother cities. All categories of lot drawing, often studied as separate fields, shed light on each other: inheritance (Greek law, property), sacrifice (Greek religion), booty (practices of war), oracles (Greek religion), and land distribution in new settlements (kleroi, Greek colonization).
Envoi
Authors: Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

The envoi explores briefly how the practices of drawing lots in ancient Greece support propositions for using the lot in present-day Western liberal states. Taking off more than 50 years ago, these debates are intensifying today due to the urgency of the issues they deal with, a fair distribution of goods and benefits, and improving the trust of citizens in parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. Our historical study of drawing lots in Greek antiquity provides the historical grounding for reflecting on the possible applications of drawing lots today, especially to support citizens’ democratic engagement.
Tough Prioritizing
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4, “Tough Prioritizing,” shows that people are reluctant to deprioritize less effective causes and that that reduces the effectiveness of their help. To be effective, it’s not enough to support effective causes: One also needs to decide not to support less effective causes. Support for a less effective cause has an opportunity cost: Those resources could have been used to support a more effective cause, and if so, they would have done more good. But most people don’t want to deprioritize less effective causes that seem worthy of support. To avoid that, they often split their support between charities or causes. While such splitting can be a good strategy for investors, it’s usually more effective for small donors to concentrate their donations toward one charity. Yet many are reluctant to do so, even after learning that it’s more effective. Thus, the refusal to prioritize reduces the effectiveness of people’s help.
Monteverdi’s Performers
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that music cannot be divorced from its performance. While Monteverdi’s use of clefs, ranges, and modes is a fact of compositional life, it also bears upon his intended singers and instrumentalists. In Mantua, he directed a highly proficient group of male and female musicians whose individual and collective abilities had a significant impact on the fashioning of his madrigals. Comparisons with musical practice in Ferrara and Florence further help clarify Monteverdi’s distinctive contribution to the madrigals of his time. His move to Venice in 1613 then brought him into contact with a new set of performers in quite different circumstances that also changed his ways of thinking musically. No less important for understanding his madrigals are the contexts in which they were performed, whether under the Gonzagas in Mantua, private patrons in Venice, or the Habsburg court in Vienna.
Monteverdi’s “Mistakes”
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses discrepancies between the texts set by Monteverdi as they survive in literary sources, and in his actual madrigals. Some such cases reflect different lines of transmission. But others are demonstrable mistakes, whether at the level of individual words, or in terms of Monteverdi’s apparent misconstruction of syntax and meaning. His lesser errors raise the question of whether they should be corrected by way of editorial emendation. His larger ones, however, can only be left standing. What do they tell us about his general approach to poetry on the one hand, and his musical thinking on the other?
The Growth of Polarization and Partisan Think Tanks
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

Decades of research on polarization concludes that American party elites polarized long before their voters, but the research has identified few causes of elite polarization. Using data on think tank revenue and testimony before Congress, this chapter tests whether the broad trends in polarization are related to partisan think tanks. It finds a very close relationship between the growth of polarization and partisan think tanks. Polarization began to increase shortly after the Heritage Foundation was founded in 1973 and increased at almost exactly the same rate as partisan think tank influence. Furthermore, the chapter explores how the rise of think tanks relates to the decline in congressional capacity and influence of academics in Congress.
Ghazaliyah
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a detailed case study of Sunni mobilization throughout the 2003–2011 period in one neighborhood (Ghazaliyah) in northwest Baghdad. It addresses the nature of sectarian war between Shia and Sunni militias, the early irrelevance of US presence and strategy, and the origins, implementation, and success of the Sons of Iraq (SOI) program. This case provides a window into the mobilization of Iraqi military personnel and veterans, one of the strongest sources of Sunni opposition. Finally, the chapter discusses the failure of the Iraqi state to incorporate Sons of Iraq participants into state institutions.
Anbar, 2003–2011
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter is co-written with Jon Lindsay, who served as a Naval intelligence officer in Anbar in the period immediately after the Surge. Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 serve as a set; in both, practitioners analyze their respective experiences in two parts of Iraq at roughly the same time. Chapter 11 first covers early Sunni mobilization in Anbar and alliance with al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). The chapter moves to investigate the failure of US clear, hold, build (CHB) strategy in Anbar. It then examines the development and implementation of a successful community mobilization strategy in the form of the Awakening and how it “flipped” Anbar tribes from alliance with AQI to alliance with the United States.
The Surge
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

Controversy still surrounds the explanation for the dramatic drop in violence in 2007. Some argue that the Surge alone, with its increased number of US troops and population-centric strategy, produced the change. Alternatively, the “synergy” argument holds that an interaction between the Awakening and clear, hold, build produced the decline. This chapter stresses the goals and agency of Iraqi actors and argues that sectarian politics and Shia political decisions drove the outcome as much as US strategy.
The Third Iraq War
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

The chapter begins with the collapse of the Iraqi Army and the coming to power of the Islamic State over one-third of the territory of Iraq. The chapter focuses on US strategy by outlining the development of a new strategy combining decapitation and war-fighting, a model with great significance for the US military in the future.
The Future of American Military Intervention
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 23 takes the lessons of Chapter 21, examines them in light of discussion in Chapter 22, and speculates about the future of US military intervention. It systematically assesses the possible future implementation of the five strategies (and some combinations of those strategies) at the heart of the book. Given the constraints identified in Chapter 22, how will the United States envision the use of war-fighting; clear, hold, build (CHB); community mobilization; decapitation; and homogenization moving forward? The book concludes by highlighting the strengths of the analytical framework developed in Section I as a method capable of understanding fluid, violent, domestic conflicts.
“You Can’t Do Nothing but Kill Me”
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

In reaction to the sacking of First African Baptist Church by the police and white Tuscaloosans, the Black church community armed themselves, and formed an armed self-defense group called the Defenders. In addition to these protective measures, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. sent three of his most reliable SCLC workers—James Bevel, Harold Middlebrook, and Richard Boone—to help not only sustain the movement in Tuscaloosa, but also over see the birth of a more aggressive campaign of boycotting and marching and filing a series of lawsuits. A story of a new mass meeting at a different church, Bailey Tabernacle CME Church, and the efforts of police to stop it, are covered. Reverend Rogers has mixed feelings about the Defenders and the increasing purchase and ownership of guns by Blacks, even as he and his family suffered from the constant stress of knowing they were targets for the Klan, despite being guarded by the Defenders. Reverend Rogers comes to see the necessity of ideological flexibility on issues of non-violent social change, and greets the passage of the Civil Rights Act with a mix of joy and caution, as knew that the fight for civil rights was still far from over.
Interstate Conflicts, Terrorism, and Grey Zones
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

Interstate conflicts and extremist violence at sea are two of the core dimensions of maritime security. In contrast to the blue crimes discussed in the next chapter, both derive from political motives. In Chapter 4, the authors begin by exploring the different forms of maritime conflicts between states, which can range from competing territorial claims to militarized disputes. The chapter shows that while the overall number of conflictual relations between states is substantial, only a few have the potential to escalate. Maritime terrorism and extremist violence at sea are also examined. The chapter ends by discussing grey-zone activities in the maritime domain, which blur the boundaries between interstate disputes and terrorism.
The Who’s Who of Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

Who are the most key actors in maritime security and what are their roles? Chapter 6 introduces the most important actors, the logics that drive them, and how they contribute to maritime security solutions. The authors start with a discussion of states and the diverse range of departments and agencies that are often involved in maritime security, including navies and coast guards. The chapter then investigates the role of international and regional organizations that are not only important forums for states, but also ensure compliance and deliver capacity-building. From there, the chapter turns to the maritime industry as a key user of ocean space. Industry actors are often driven by concerns over profits, but also are deeply involved in maritime security. Lastly, the chapter discusses the role of activists and nongovernmental organizations which have become important not only as watchdogs, but also in complementing the activities of states and international organizations.
The Toolbox of Maritime Security Solutions
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

A rich set of practical tools forms the repertoire of maritime security solutions. Each has promises and limitations. Chapter 7 starts with a discussion of maritime security governance and how it draws on informal and experimental solutions at a national and regional level. It discusses how maritime security strategies allow for prioritizing, organizing, and coordinating maritime security responses. From there, the authors address information sharing and maritime domain awareness. These aim at better understanding what is going on at sea to target responses and better coordinate between actors. Finally, the chapter investigates how capacity-building and security assistance work can promulgates the tools globally.
‘Cheap Clothes and Nasty’
Authors: Müller Mirjam
Published: May 2024

This chapter sets the stage for the normative critique of the book by providing a descriptive account of sweatshop labour. To that end, it first historically contextualizes sweatshop labour as an early practice of industrial subcontracting. Modern sweatshops that emerged as the result of the globalization of supply chains from the 1960s onwards share important similarities with these early sweatshops, with regards to both the working conditions and the lack of accountability along (global) supply chains. The chapter outlines key characteristics of modern sweatshops, in particular their low wages, long hours, and dangerous and unhealthy working conditions. It demonstrates how these are embedded in, and sustained by, the structural conditions of global capitalism, gender oppression, imperialism, racism, and the global border regime.
Conclusion
Authors: Müller Mirjam
Published: May 2024

This chapter concludes the book by assessing how the commitment to take up political responsibility can be sustained. This moves the analysis from the level of individuals to the level of institutions and transnational practices of solidarity. This chapter puts forward the argument that a commitment to take up political responsibility is generally sustained by practices of solidarity that already exist at the transnational level. Yet the commitment can also emerge in the absence of these practices, resulting from the experience of injustice. The chapter closes with some considerations about how transnational practices and institutions should be structured to globalize resistance against sweatshop labour and strengthen transnational solidarity.
Senate Communication in the Era of Trump
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: May 2024

A single tweet can set off a political firestorm, and this digital climate has been brewing in the Senate for more than a decade as senators have used social media to build reputations and stoke partisan divisions. The threat of 3 a.m. tweets by former President Donald Trump offered unprecedented fuel to the fire. Press staff and journalists alike note one of the biggest changes in congressional communication stems from the rise of Trump when the pace of information escalated and senators’ Twitter accounts, particularly Democrats, became the voice of opposition. Pairing an analysis of Senate social media data with staff interviews, the chapter explains how the Senate continues to adapt to a Trump-reinforced Twitter environment where misinformation is common, facts are debatable, and news is always being made.
Aristotle and Xunzi
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny
Published: May 2024

This chapter locates Aristotle and Xunzi in their sociohistorical and intellectual backgrounds and notes the factors that would have played a role in shaping the two philosophers’ thought and influenced the way they ‘philosophised’, thereby setting the background for the detailed textual analysis in the subsequent chapters. What are perceived as ‘philosophical texts’ were read in specific ways that reflected the literary practices of the time. Through identifying the particular features of classical Greek and Warring States Chinese societies and reconstructing the literary cultures and contexts of persuasion, it reveals that within apparent similarities there are significant differences providing the backdrop to Aristotle’s and Xunzi’s philosophical formulations.
Principles of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: van den Boogaard Jeroen
Published: May 2024

This chapter critiques the use of traditional principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) that are used in many militaries: humanity, military necessity, distinction, proportionality, and chivalry. After making a distinction between foundations, principles, and rules of IHL, this chapter explores what the legal significance of IHL principles is and how they relate to other types of norms. The chapter then proposes a new framework of principles of IHL using a functional approach. The chapter concludes by suggesting a new set of IHL principles to be used both for IHL education and as guidance for military forces in planning and executing military operations in accordance with their IHL obligations.
America in the Middle of Its Century
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

Although America won World War II on behalf of democracy, it struggled to abide by its own ideals, especially in southern states like Texas. There, Lyndon Johnson was the beneficiary of blatant election fraud: the addition of fake votes to Ballot Box 13 in the 1948 election that propelled Johnson to the Senate, as detailed by Robert Caro in his LBJ biography. Johnson’s opponent, Coke Stevenson, attempted to secure a federal court order to rectify the fraud, but Justice Hugo Black relying upon what was by then well-settled law emanating from Kentucky’s 1899 gubernatorial election ruled that the federal judiciary was powerless to intervene. Texas and Johnson were crucial again in the 1960 presidential election, when questionable returns from that state and Illinois gave the Kennedy-Johnson ticket a victory over Richard Nixon’s first run for the White House. There was no fair procedure for Nixon to challenge the Texas result.
The Eighties and Nineties
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

The polarization of twenty-first century politics has its roots in the final two decades of the twentieth century. A fight over the 1984 election for Indiana’s eighth congressional district poisoned relations between the parties and triggered the rise of Newt Gingrich, thereby escalating partisan tensions. “The Bloody Eighth,” as the episode came to be known, involved Democrats overturning the outcome in the state through a treatment of absentee ballots that Republicans viewed as brazenly inconsistent and hypocritical. Absentee ballots were also the source of contention in Alabama’s 1994 election for the chief justice of its supreme court. That dispute caused the federal courts to declare unconstitutional a change in the rule for counting ballots after they had been cast, and the Supreme Court’s refusal to overturn the federal judiciary’s intervention in the case—contrary to Justice Black’s order in 1948—signaled a transformation of the Court’s jurisprudence.
Experimental Status of B0−B0¯ Mixing
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we discuss some experimental information on the B0-B0 systems, where B0 may be either or B . The experimental results that we shall discuss are important for two reasons. First, Xd (the mixing parameter x of the B -B system) provides a constraint on the standard model’s CKM matrix, as we shall discuss in Chapter 18. Second, mixing measurements fix the values of the dilution factors that time-integrated experiments on CP violation will be faced with. For more details the reader may wish to consult the reviews by Fridman (1988) and by Schroder (1994), and the original articles of the various experimental collaborations.
ϵ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

We study in this chapter the standard-model computation of the CP-violating parameters t and o. These are the only non-zero GP-violating parameters mea¬sured to date, but they are equivalent, as seen in eqn (8.92). Their fit constitutes a crucial test for any model of CP violation.
Effective Hamiltonians
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

We study in this chapter the effective low-energy Hamiltonian which drives the nonleptonic decays of the kaons, as a preliminary for the computation of e in the next chapter. Readers less interested in detailed theoretical computations may want to skip both chapters. We base our analysis on the review articles by Buchalla et al. (1996) and by Buras and Fleischer (1998). The reader should also consult the books by Donoghue et al. (1992) and by Weinberg (1995), which contain useful introductory chapters on the operator product expansion, the renormalization group, and the determination of Wilson coefficients. Finally, the TASl93 lectures by Cohen (1994) constitute a very nice and pedagogical introduction to the use of effective Hamiltonians.
Multi-Higgs-Doublet Models
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

The scalar sector of the standard model (SM) consists of only one doublet with weak hypercharge Y = 1/2. Most extensions of the SM include an enlargement of the Higgs sector. There are many theoretical motivations to enlarge the scalar sector of the standard electroweak theory, even if one only considers extensions of that theory based on the standard SU(3)c®SU(2)®U(l) gauge group. Among the specially important theoretical motivations, one may include:because of the need to give masses to both the up-type and the downtype quarks, on the other hand in order to eliminate the gauge anomalies generated by the fermionic supersymmetric partners of the scalars. Spontaneous CP violation-if one wishes to have CP as a good symmetry of the Lagrangian, only broken by the vacuum, then an extension of the Higgs sector is required. This will be explained in detail in the next chapter, where specific examples are presented.
CKM Phases and Interference CP Violation
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

The parameter relevant for interference CP violation in the transitions B A,IA1 in that model. In this chapter we assume that qs /PB,, is given by a phase, but allow this phase to differ from the standard-model (SM) one-cf. eqn (30.33). As for the decay amplitudes, we assume that they are dominate by SM diagrams, but allow non-unitarity of the CKM matrix to alter the corresponding phases from their allowed values in the SM. We start by assuming that the decay amplitudes are dominated by a single weak phase. study the effect of subdominant contributions to the decay, still within the SM.Let us assume that the amplitudes are dominated by the tree-level diagrams of the SM.
Universals of Legal Reasoning by Judges
Authors: Lundmark Thomas
Published: May 2024

The lion’s share of the pages of this volume extract illustrations from judicial judgments that utilize one or more of a matrix of four varieties of legal argument inspired by the rich academic tradition of Germany. These varieties are denominated here as the textual, historical, purposive, and system-contextual. Briefly, textual justifications are those that are fashioned around the terms of a rule. Historical justifications focus on the circumstances surrounding the making or judicial modification of a rule. Purposive justifications explicitly employ the policies that a rule is said to promote. System-contextual justifications are those arguments that employ the terms ‘analogical’, ‘reasonable’, ‘right’, ‘legal’, ‘constitutional’, ‘legitimate’, ‘appropriate’, ‘proportionate’, ‘fair’, ‘just’, ‘equitable’, ‘merciful’, or in accordance with Treu und Glauben, good faith, the rule of law, or some other expression of justice. It is contended that this matrix of four is the most descriptive and convenient matrix of categories of legal argument. This book also exhibits dozens of instances in which judges erect a façade of disinterest and impartiality by stating or implying that a rule dictates a particular result when, in fact, the choice of argument or method is goal-orientated: the arguments merely serve to rationalize and justify decisions that the judges have reached. The book concludes with a list of theses and conclusions and with a plea for candour: judges should reveal their thoughts and motivations—their ultimate reasons—to enhance the persuasiveness and efficacy of their precedents, to foster democratic legitimacy, and to permit political accountability.
Moldovan and Maltese
Authors: Smith John Charles
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines two linguistic issues which came to prominence during the years between the First and Second World Wars—the emergence of the concept of Moldovan as a distinct language from Romanian, and the controversy over the origins and linguistic affiliation of Maltese. The chapter claims that the developments and debates involved, whatever the differences between them on the surface, share a fundamental similarity, in as much as each has at its core the subversion of historical linguistics to serve political and ideological ends and can be regarded as representing linguistic historicism (in the sense of Popper)—a deterministic and teleological approach to language history.
A conceptual theory of the goal inhibition system
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2024

‘A conceptual theory of the Goal Inhibition System’ (GIS) presents an updated version of what was known previously as the Behavioural Inhibition System. It emphasizes some minor, mostly terminological differences, that can have a major impact on interpretation. It summarizes the key conclusions of the four previous chapters. The ethoexperimental analysis of Chapter 2 elucidates the differences between fear and anxiety from a stimulus perspective but the learning analysis of Chapter 3 makes a cognitive/functional perspective more attractive. Importantly, as derived in Chapter 3, attraction can result from gain or omission of loss, repulsion from loss or the omission of gain, and goal conflict from concurrent incompatible attraction and repulsion. Goal conflict is sensitive to anxiolytic drugs, defining the GIS and accounting for its outputs of goal inhibition, arousal, attention, and risk assessment. A modular diagram of the whole and pointers to its neural basis are provided.
Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2024

‘Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system’ derives a range of data principles from an overview of sept-hippocampal data. It reviews anxiolytic action on the septo-hippocampal system and behaviour; the control of rhythmical slow activity (RSA)/‘theta’ activity; the relationship of the system to sensory processing, working/active memory, conditioning, and emotion. It then discusses how to approach understanding of the system, its anatomy, and its role in long-term memory via mismatch detection. It emphasizes the important role of affectively linked neuromodulatory systems in the control of hippocampal function; and the important role of the hippocampus in the control of at least 70 chemical factors, including corticosterone/cortisol. Its series of principles are solidly based on the available data and so all theories should be judged against them. While the principles place severe limits on the assumptions and machinery of a theory, they are not sufficient to provide a theory in and of themselves.
Security Rights and Creditors’ Priority and Ranking: Realizable Priority in Rescue
Authors: Janger Edward J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the major types of priority and the major systems of security rights. A careful disaggregation of distributional priority sits at the centre of understanding the notion of value allocation in insolvency. The chapter then elaborates on the notion and interplay of firm-based priority (in personam), property-based priority (in rem), and bankruptcy-based priority. It explains the scope of security in line with distinguishing asset-based and firm-based claims of priority. The basic structure of priorities exists in the United States, the United Kingdom, and continental systems, but the outline is often obscured by difficulties in translating common terms across systems.
Press Freedom and Regulation in a Digital Era
Authors: Katsirea Irini
Published: May 2024

The processes of convergence and digitalization have altered the technological conditions in which the press operates. They have transformed the press product, which was originally the physical embodiment of ink on paper, to the now ubiquitous digital editions. More than that, they have altered the environment in which the press stakes its claim to freedom and strives to protect its turf from other media players. Historically, the extent to which a medium has been shielded from or subjected to government regulation has depended on its technological characteristics. The advent of internet-based services and applications has blurred the technological boundaries between the press, broadcasting, and telecommunications, and has challenged their regulatory silos. Nonetheless, media regulation is still wedded to the paradigms of a press largely free from government regulation and a broadcasting sector tightly controlled to serve the public interest. The press’s archetypal conception as a free-market medium aligns with the traditional commitment of convergence to neoliberal ideals. Yet in recent times a regulatory turn, triggered by concern about the online circulation of harmful content, has also created a new paradigm for the field of online news media. This monograph assesses the extent to which the emergent regulatory model for online news media is shaped by analogies from the past or, rather, by a newly prevalent culture of control. It examines the ways in which Council of Europe, EU, German, UK, and US legislators, policymakers, and the courts negotiate these conflicting imperatives, and assesses the concomitant challenges for press freedom in the nascent digital news ecosystem.
The Architecture of Clouds
Authors: Bluestein Howard B.
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this book is to describe, in a visual, poetic, and personal way, how clouds are put together. Clouds are related to our everyday life and to the weather, while attempting to interest the reader in becoming more observant of them. The art and science of clouds are linked together. Elementary scientific explanations of the meteorological context in which clouds appear and why they form, are provided together with a description of the visual/artistic aspects of clouds. The dynamics of air motion, cloud microphysics, and thermodynamics are discussed at a level directed at a scientifically literate audience, but one with no special knowledge of higher mathematics. The esthetics of clouds may, however, be appreciated by the layperson with no scientific background. The clouds showcased range from placid ground fog to smoothly sculpted, stationary, mountain-wave clouds to violent clouds associated with convective storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Clouds are classified as whether they are buoyant or not, and if they are, how deep they extend through the atmosphere. There is a section on clouds that rotate and a look into the future of cloud observations. Photographs from the ground, all over the world, are shown, and also from the air and from satellites. Radar depictions of the inside of some clouds and storms are also featured. This book should be of interest to scientists and laypeople alike, and appreciated by those of all ages.
Non-buoyant Clouds in a Stable Atmosphere
Authors: Bluestein Howard B.
Published: May 2024

Non-buoyant clouds, however, tend to be smoother looking and flatter, especially in lower portions of the atmosphere, where they are composed of tiny liquid water droplets. Stratiform clouds and their accompanying weather conditions and associated vertical air motions are described in this chapter. Sometimes these clouds appear in layers; sometimes they are expansive, covering much of the sky, while at other times they are localized. Stratus, fog, altostratus, and cirrostratus are highlighted as the flattest clouds. Clouds produced as a result of gravity waves forced by airflow over mountains and related wavelike phenomena are then shown. Cloud lines associated with boundary-layer rolls and bores are described, followed by isolated cirrus clouds, cirrocumulus, and contrails.
Innovating Accelerator Technologies for Society
Authors: Ballarino Amalia , Boyle Tim , Liyanage Shantha
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 discusses innovative developments in accelerator technology and their potential impact on society. The requests to fulfil high energy physics (HEP) programmes generate intensive R&D phases followed by industrialisation of novel devices and systems. The chapter covers innovating accelerator technologies, such as superconducting magnets and superconducting electrical transmission, that impact society. The genesis of innovation in science projects is discussed together with the challenges and processes that can make a ground-breaking technology, born in large science projects, possible. Medical applications, energy generation, electrical transmission, life sciences, and other societal outcomes including applications to climate change, archaeology, cultural preservation, cultural heritage, and art are presented. The challenges and different approaches when collaborating with industry, research laboratories, or universities are presented.
Big Science Medical Applications from Accelerator Physics
Authors: Safavi-Naeini Mitra , Boyle Timothy P. , Sheehy Suzie , Liyanage Shantha
Published: May 2024

Chapter 9 gives an overview of the current and emerging applications of accelerator technologies and their innovation in radiation therapy and medical imaging while also outlining the contribution of Big Science organisations such as CERN to high energy particle therapy. By way of example, recent developments made in ANSTO the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation are explored. After a brief historical analysis, the human-centric applications of accelerator physics and detection technologies are presented, including proton therapy and forecasted clinical and market trends. A description is given of a new open innovation initiative called Neutron Capture Enhanced Particle Therapy (NCEPT), which combines the precision of particle therapy with targeting specific neutron capture therapy.