bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

Much recent work on self-knowledge has been inspired by the striking “transparency” of questions about one’s own mental states to questions about the non-mental world, and by the thought that this transparency holds the key to understanding how privileged self-knowledge is possible. This chapter critically discusses three prominent recent accounts of such transparency: Richard Moran’s account by appeal to the idea of “making up one’s mind”; Alex Byrne’s account in terms of an “inference from world to mind”; and Christopher Peacocke’s account in terms of an inference from consciousness of an act of judgment to the existence of an underlying mental state. The author argues that, although none of these accounts is satisfactory as it stands, each contains an insight that a satisfactory account must respect. Taken together, these insights point toward the need for what the author calls a “reflectivist” account of transparent self-knowledge.
Consciousness-as-Subject
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

A natural question to ask about Sartre’s idea of “nonpositional” self-awareness is: How can there be a genuine form of self-awareness that is not awareness of one’s own mental states as such? In response to this challenge, the author distinguishes explicit self-consciousness, which deploys a first-person representation and a specific psychological concept, from a more basic, implicit form of self-awareness that he calls consciousness-as-subject. The author shows that this distinction is needed, not just to solve the Problem of Transparency, but also to make satisfactory sense of a variety of topics unconnected with self-knowledge. He goes on to argue that this distinction enables one to give a principled account of the difference between positional and nonpositional self-consciousness, and to explicate the notion of a first-person perspective in a way that clarifies its importance.
Armchair Psychology
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

To suppose that armchair psychology is possible is to suppose that people can investigate their own cognitive capacities, not by employing experimental methods, but simply by reflecting on their awareness of their own cognitive activity. The idea that philosophers can study the mind from an armchair in this sense has a distinguished history, but today it is an object of widespread skepticism. In the present chapter, the author argues that human knowers do in fact possess a kind of awareness of their own cognitive activity that makes reflective armchair psychology possible. The chapter is thus a defense of armchair psychology against contemporary critics who are skeptical of its possibility.
Self-Understanding
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

In general, any person’s thoughts and actions have a certain (at least apparent) intelligibility to that person. A mark of this is that people normally stand ready to say why they believe what they believe and why they do what they voluntarily do. This ordinary confidence that people can know their own reasons for belief and action is called into question, however, by various well-known results in social and behavioral psychology. These observations have led a number of philosophers and psychologists to suggest that the everyday assumption of self-understanding is an illusion. In this chapter, the author argues that the grounds for such skepticism are overstated, and that the everyday assumption has a deeper basis than its critics recognize. The author goes on to show that a certain limited self-intelligibility is a consequence of the very ability to think about the non-mental world, an ability that even skeptics about self-understanding do not deny.
Encounters with Modernity
Authors: Whidden James
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses Egypt’s revival as a regional power in the Ottoman and European international systems by investigating its modern forms of governance, representations of state power, and the transformation of relations of state with society. Scholarly debates on the causes and origins of these processes involve the modernizing policies of Muhammad ‘Ali and his heirs. Nationalist narratives regard these as a manifestation of Egyptian nationalism against Ottoman and European imperialism. Revisionists argue that the development of a modern administration, military, and industries occurred in an evolving symbiosis with Europeans and Ottomans. State projects transformed Egyptian society, forcing the population to reorient its primary concerns from family and village, urban quarter, and mosque to the state. The resultant burgeoning of an Egyptian public challenged the century-long domination of a dual-elite, the Ottoman Egyptian dynasty and the European colonies.
Of Machines and Men
Authors: Carminati Lucia
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines how laborers were recruited and organized to undertake the excavation of the Suez Canal between 1859 and 1864. After reinstating labor to the eminently technological historiography, this chapter argues that human toil and mechanical exertion, far from being on the extremes of a spectrum of work arrangements, coexisted with one another, albeit in occasional tension. Even if machines have overshadowed migrant workers in the contemporary and later narratives of the Suez Canal undertaking, they always necessitated human drudgery to function. Moreover, the Egyptian government, threatened with an unwelcome mass of foreign workers, actively weighed the pros and cons of committing Egyptian forced labor to the Canal project. In so doing, it clashed with Ottoman directives that opposed the exploitation of forcibly drafted Egyptian workers. In 1864, the stoppage of forced labor, state and imperial politics, budgetary concerns on the part of the Suez Canal Company, and technical exigencies converged to precipitate a shift toward the mechanization of the Canal worksites.
Medicine and Public Health in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Fahmy Khaled
Published: February 2024

This chapter tells the story of the establishment in Egypt of a public health system in the first half of the nineteenth century. It traces the beginning of this system to the desire by Mehmed Ali Pasha (r. 1805–48) to create a medical corps for his new conscript army. The chapter follows the development of the public health system from its military origins in 1822 and throughout the succeeding five decades to ascertain how it dealt with the epidemics that ravaged the country, mainly cholera, smallpox, and the plague. Four areas of public health are studied in detail, namely, collection of vital statistics, opening hospitals and free public clinics, attention to urban sanitation, and smallpox vaccination. The chapter makes three main arguments. First, the Egyptian state and the public health establishment were mutually constitutive. In other words, there was not a well-defined modern state already in place that proceeded to create a public health system. Rather, the intricate manner in which vital statistics were gathered, quarantines imposed, and urban sanitation monitored was itself the manner in which the Egyptian state acquired its centralized, penetrative nature. Second, the military origins of the public health establishment shaped people’s understanding of, and reaction to, modern medicine. This is particularly noticeable in the strong resistance people staged against smallpox vaccination, as they associated conscription with vaccination. Third, the lack of administrative and financial independence meant that public health practitioners served the state and not the public.
Marriage and Family between the Mid-Nineteenth and Early Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Cuno Kenneth M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter traces the transformation of marriage as an ideal and practice between the mid-nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, modernizing intellectuals and periodicals promoted an ideal conjugal family consisting of a monogamous couple and their children in an independent household, and women’s domesticity as a corollary. The family was envisioned as an elemental social unit in which women as mothers and homemakers nurtured the future generation. Reformers advocated monogamy and discouraged divorce out of a belief that cohesive and harmonious families contributed to social advance and national strength. These ideas underlay the codification and revision of Muslim family law after World War I. However, despite the recognition in the 1950s of women’s and men’s equality in the public sphere, family law, which is based on religious law, has empowered fathers and husbands over female and minor male relations. Religion and the family are sensitive subjects, and efforts to expand the rights of married women in Egypt have faced stout opposition from conservatives. The post-1952 military regime has been hostile toward independent women’s rights organizations, though women working within officially sponsored organizations made piecemeal gains in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The notion that marriage and the family are in crisis, a recurring theme in Egyptian media since at least the 1930s, reflects anxiety over the corrosion of traditional values.
The Unfinished Business of History
Authors: Gaudreault André , Marion Philippe
Published: February 2024

This chapter illustrates the concept of cultural series, as a means of thinking about early film history in particular and how media culture works in general. Although frequently invoked in the research landscape today as a way of making distinctions that would be difficult to establish otherwise, the notion of a cultural series has prompted a great deal of uncertainty and ambiguity regarding its applications and uses. After tracing the origin and evolution of the concept, the chapter offers an overview of the hermeneutic potential of cultural series when entrusted with the mission of putting various media “elements” (be they technological, aesthetic, cultural, etc.) into relationships that go beyond essentialized media and cultural identities.
Empire • State • Media
Authors: Grieveson Lee
Published: February 2024

“Empire • State • Media” explores the ways cinema as a mass and mobile medium was integrated into governmental efforts to sustain imperial governance (and the biopolitical management of racialized populations) as well as facilitate the global flow of materials and information. Put simply, cinema was enlisted to facilitate the political economy of empire as an extractive and circulatory system. This chapter explores the use of non-fiction and non-theatrical propaganda in the service of American economic imperialism and British territorial imperialism stretching from the late nineteenth century to the development and deployment of “documentary” by the fading hegemonic British state beginning in the 1920s.
Babies and Brochures
Authors: Horne Jennifer
Published: February 2024

This chapter investigates why the US Children’s Bureau, the first federal agency in the United States to be led by a woman, decided to enter the educational film market. It describes the career trajectory of Julia Lathrop, whose legacy as the Bureau’s initial chief includes her staunch advocacy of motion pictures in public service. The filmmaker Carlyle Ellis was hired to make four non-theatrical films for the agency to loan to health departments. Among the most widely viewed short motion pictures of the day, these films were loose adaptations of the Children’s Bureau’s popular health education pamphlets. An analysis of the use of Bureau brochures in the films suggests that the agency’s female staff understood their viewers’ primary interest to be in the printed materials.
Unlikely Allies
Authors: Keil Charlie , McKenna Denise
Published: February 2024

As the filmmaking industry shifted operations to the West Coast, its efforts at self-definition coalesced in a singular cultural byword, “Hollywood,” nomenclature that came to stand for filmmaking as both industrial activity and cultural mythmaking. Crafting “Hollywood” out of Los Angeles was not merely a discursive exercise: during a crucial period of institutional development, the mid-1910s through the early 1920s, the industry needed to fix its place within the popular imagination. But how could filmmakers create an aura of businesslike stability and simultaneously promote flamboyant glamour and artistic creativity? By concentrating on three facets of this image—the role of managerial moviemakers, the formation of protective organizations to proactively fend off bad publicity, and the fusion of commercial growth with Southern California’s real-estate boom—the chapter examines the film industry’s varied efforts to manage and maintain its “institutional dualism” even as it defined the contours of “Hollywood.”
The Covered Wagon
Authors: Peterson Jennifer Lynn
Published: February 2024

This chapter offers an analysis of The Covered Wagon (1923), one of the most commercially successful films of the silent era, through the critical framework of settler colonialism. Shot on location in Utah and California, the film is a period piece depicting white settlers traveling westward along the Oregon trail in 1848. Modeled on the epic scope of D. W. Griffith’s 1915 The Birth of a Nation, The Covered Wagon used landscape and melodrama to naturalize the colonial impulse. The film also made the covered wagon itself into an iconic, nostalgic precursor to the automobile, at a time when the Ford Model T was selling more than a million units a year, and when the federal government was launching its first major road-building initiatives. In this respect, The Covered Wagon helped pave the way for fossil capitalism, serving as an ideological archetype for a generation of Hollywood films to come.
Coda
Authors: Kornhaber Donna
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the varied afterlife of silent film: in the long and often halting transition to synchronized sound beyond the Hollywood studio system; in sound-era depictions of silent filmmaking and their role in shaping the cultural memory of the form; and in numerous efforts across the later twentieth century to return to the conditions of silent filmmaking as either a new mode of aesthetic practice or a revival of historical forms. In the alternative silent cinema and the new silent cinema, filmmakers the world over have invested silence with newfound significance, following Rudolf Arnheim and Charlie Chaplin in treating the absence of sound as a deliberate artistic choice. As a thematic tool, a means of political commentary, or an oblique reference to new technological changes threatening further cinematic revolutions, silent filmmaking has continued to be an active and evocative form of cinematic practice into the twenty-first century.
Art, Anti-Art, and Poetic Cinema
Authors: Viejo Breixo
Published: February 2024

This chapter studies the conception, production, and exhibition of Un Chien andalou (1929) in order to reassess its relevance to the history of world cinema during the last years of the silent period. It argues that Luis Buñuel’s first collaboration with Salvador Dalí needs to be reconsidered as a work of conflicting forces (the artistic, the anti-artistic or commercial, and the poetical) that co-exist on equal terms. Previously published studies favoring one force at the expense of the others do little justice to the aesthetic and political complexity of the work. This chapter thus intends to take Un Chien andalou out of the margins of the history of experimental film and relocate it at the core of our current narrative of silent cinema. By doing so, it also aims to reactivate the (often neutralized) subversive element of Buñuel’s masterpiece.
LatCrit
Authors: Valdes Francisco , Bender Steven W.
Published: February 2024

Ever since its 1995 inception at a Puerto Rico colloquium on Critical Race Theory and Latina/o communities, Latina and Latino Critical Legal Theory (LatCrit) agendas have prioritized students and sustainability. This chapter highlights those priorities in the context of the times and ambitions that have helped to activate and shape LatCrit theory, community, and praxis as a form of organized academic activism. The authors describe LatCrit’s origins and history since 1995, its collective present, and their hopes for the future. Understanding the emergence, circumstances, and purposes of LatCrit’s development as a still thriving school of critical outsider jurisprudence and its programmatic expression of anti-subordination interventions during these past few decades brings into focus how and why LatCrit remains an “advocacy project” that might inspire other individuals or collectives, whether in academia or other parts of society, and whether focused on students or other populations. Specifically for students, we suggest a variety of ways to connect with LatCrit scholarship, events, and networks to build your own critical knowledge, professional capacity, and bottom-up advocacy projects.
Walt Whitman’s Print Personas
Authors: Stacy Jason
Published: February 2024

This essay traces Walt Whitman’s fluid print personas during the first twenty-five years of his writing life—from moralistic schoolmaster to parvenu of clerk culture, from democratic aesthete to coiffed bohemian and health-advocating manly man— and thereby situates Whitman’s Leaves of Grass within the broader spectrum of the poet’s print experimentation in antebellum culture. After 1855, Walter Whitman Jr. increasingly came to be known as Walt Whitman, something of a popular personage among the New York literati, though he continued to play other, often anonymous, roles in print. When Whitman began penning reports from Washington, DC, during the Civil War for the New-York Times, he grafted his literary persona onto real-life events and thereby infused a print identity with real flesh and blood. Reporting on the war consummated the union of Walt Whitman and Walter Whitman Jr. The Good Gray Poet proved to be the result.
Walt Whitman
Authors: Miller Matt
Published: February 2024

This article comprehensively examines Walt Whitman’s writings on nineteenth-century bare-knuckle prizefighting and its training regimens. Until recently, the only sport addressed in relation to Whitman has been baseball; however, the recent discovery of the poet’s self-help manifesto, “Manly Health and Training,” greatly expands his known writing on boxing and forces a reconsideration of Whitman in the context of sports literature in general and early American prizefighting in particular. For a brief period prior to the Civil War, culminating in 1858, Whitman expressed sustained interest in pugilism. He praises boxers’ character and physique, reviews a recent bout heralded as America’s first championship fight, recommends boxing training broadly to Americans, and argues for the sport’s legalization—making Whitman, as opposed to Jack London, the first American author of note to significantly address America’s most widely discussed spectator sport during the nineteenth century.
Walt Whitman and the Police
Authors: Hendler Glenn
Published: February 2024

This essay traces Walt Whitman’s responses to shifts in policing practices in the antebellum United States, especially in New York City. Whitman’s awareness of a shifting policing landscape is evident in his 1840s writings on police abuses and his fictionalized police encounters in his novels, at least up through his writings his late 1850s writings in Brooklyn Daily Times. Finally, just as Whitman became ensconced in the federal state in Washington, DC, he corresponded in letters about the mishandled 1863 Draft Riots. The essay thus argues that policing provided a way for the writer to explore larger questions about the legitimacy and distribution of governmental power. Though critics, historians, and biographers have most often positioned Whitman as indifferent or even hostile to the state, “Walt Whitman and the Police” reads him as among other things a political thinker, a theorist of governmentality and of state power.
Walt Whitman, Daniel Garrison Brinton, and the Poetics of an “American” Ethnology
Authors: Robbins Timothy
Published: February 2024

This essay graphs the intellectual partnership and corresponding careers of Daniel Garrison Brinton and Walt Whitman against the discursive development of anthropology in the United States. Over the course of their friendship, Brinton delivered numerous public lectures and published myriad articles and books on Native American folklore and languages as well as the methods of ethnology at large. He also served as president of the Walt Whitman Fellowship, and published articles linking Leaves of Grass to anthropological concepts in venues as various as the flagship American Anthropologist and the Whitman fanzine The Conservator. Despite the overlap between his roles in both anthropology and the Whitman societies, scholars have made only casual reference to Brinton. Filtering their alliance back into their respective works revives the adjoining projects of these nineteenth-century “Americanists,” who collected images, stories, and languages in an effort to restore and expand distinctive conceptions of national and racial identity.
“Arm, Fortify, Harden, Make Lithe, Himself”
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: February 2024

This essay revisits Walt Whitman’s poetry of the 1850s in light of the 2016 rediscovery of his “Manly Health and Training” (1858). More attuned to the disciplinary aspects of his society than we might assume, this 1858 serialized prose work inflects Whitman’s early poetic output with a militaristic edge. Writing as Mose Velsor, Whitman aligned himself with the revolutionary-nationalist and Republican German Turnverein movement. A key tenet of “Turner” doctrine was physical and mental preparedness—especially readiness for war—an attitude that had emerged as a response to Napoleon’s routing of the Prussian armies earlier in the century, and which was finding renewed and ominous relevance in antebellum America. As the possibility of war on US soil presented itself, Whitman’s fascination with the male body mutated into a call for physical preparedness—readiness for the coming fight—made manifest through what this essay describes in terms of a “poetics of training.”
Walt Whitman and Muriel Rukeyser Among the Jews
Authors: Pollak Vivian R.
Published: February 2024

This essay uses Walt Whitman’s early writings to show that there is a long foreground to the poet’s claim to be an honorary Jew in the 1855 Leaves of Grass. Whitman wrote about Jews and Judaism from the earliest days of his career. To suit his purposes, he appropriated versions of the religion and culture in his journalism, in stories, and in the novel Jack Engle. The essay bears on a broader understanding of Whitman’s symbolic significance for Jewish American women poets including Muriel Rukeyser, who appropriated Whitman’s iconic Americanism to suit her political purposes, especially during and immediately after World War II. As a queer woman, an American, and a Jew, Rukeyser developed an uncanny interest in Whitman’s autopsy, which she read as confirmation of his bisexuality. The essay argues that Rukeyser found her second-class status as an American Jew less constricting than the bonds of bourgeois womanhood.
An Idle Criticism
Authors: McLaughlin Don James
Published: February 2024

This essay considers Walt Whitman’s series “How I Get Around at 60, and Take Notes,” in which the poet experiments with a method that might be termed “idle criticism.” In 1879, Whitman wrote to a friend about a new manuscript called “Idle Days and Nights of a Half-Paralytic.” Over subsequent months, the concept morphed into the more expansive autobiography Specimen Days (1882), characterized in its own pages as the “most wayward, spontaneous, fragmentary book ever printed.” However, prior to its appearance, Whitman also published “How I Get Around at 60, and Take Notes”—somewhat closer to the focused 1879 ambition—as a six-part series in The Critic in 1881. This series deserves recognition for the contribution it makes to a genealogy of disability theory. “Idle criticism” is, then, a variation on aesthetic criticism that elevates life with paralysis as a generative vantage point oriented toward exhilarating, enlightening, and erotic encounters with oneself, the natural world, and art.
“What Is It, Then, Between Us?”
Authors: Meehan Sean Ross , Peters John Durham
Published: February 2024

This essay considers Walt Whitman through his thinking about “media,” arguing that he is fruitfully understood as a thinker of media that go beyond agents of human meaning, that are infrastructures of being, full of ecological, ethical, and existential import. In Whitman’s claim and desire for immediacies, there is always an underlying mediation. Like many of his contemporaries, he is fascinated by the media of his moment such as photography, electricity, and typography. Whitman’s engagement with media, however, also has a deeper, elemental dimension. Whitman’s meditations on conveyances, time and space, the ties between generations, the nitrogen cycle, weather, and bodies are productively seen also as mediations. Whitman wants immediacy, and gets it via media of various kinds, which he then fondles with delight and recoils from in horror. This tension—or marriage—between the plenitude of meaning and the vehicles that bring it to pass lies, this essay argues, at the burning heart of Whitman’s poetics.
“Robots at Work”
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara
Published: February 2024

The idea of working robots has been coined already in the 1920s, and became discussed very seriously in the 1950s and the 1960s, especially in the context of the Cold War. In the 1970s, the debates concerned possible effects of automation, but it had faded out in the 1980s. Now the topic is back, due partly to the actual automatization of much industry work, to the ongoing war, and the space race. At present, the expression “robots at work” is being used both as a metaphor and as a label in texts belonging to popular culture, media, and social sciences. While the difference between the two uses is of interest as such, even more interesting is how such labels and metaphors are being interpreted. Interpretations vary from utopian to dystopian, with very few balanced and realistic. This chapter contains a review of the most popular uses and their interpretations in organization and management literature.
On Music- and Dance-Related Metaphors for Organization and Management
Authors: Rossi Paula
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the music- and dance-related metaphors utilized in previous literature on organization and management. First, an outline of the generative power of music- and dance-related metaphors is given, followed by an exploration of music and dance in general. Then, the individual metaphors of jazz, jamband, symphony orchestra, and Tango Argentino are explored in detail to reveal their contribution to the studies of organization and management. The chapter proceeds with an exploration of what these individual metaphors highlight about the increasingly complex, chaotic, and tension-filled organizational life, and how this emerging understanding could be utilized by organizational scholars and practitioners. To conclude, a metaphor of musical meaning, combining music- and dance-related metaphors, is introduced. The metaphor of musical meaning consists of the elements of context, relationality, polyphony, and embodied sensemaking, providing organizational scholars and practitioners with a human-centric, holistic, and dynamic image of organizational life.
Using Metaphors Critically and Reflexively in Empirical Organizational Research
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Sandberg Jörgen
Published: February 2024

This chapter addresses the metaphors that guide our thinking and our practices in research. It suggests that a critical and reflexive approach to underlying metaphors in various parts of the research process may increase awareness and considerations of alternative ways of thinking about and doing empirical research. The chapter identifies and discusses different metaphors used by researchers. It also highlights common and less common metaphors of the key elements of the research process: literature review and theory; design and method; and analysis and writing. Finally, the chapter provides some guidelines for how to use metaphors in research in more creative ways.
Metaphors and Valence—do They Have It? Do They Need It?
Authors: Pinto Jonathan , Johnsen Hans Christian Garmann
Published: February 2024

Valence is the affective quality referring to the attractiveness/“good”-ness (positive valence) or averseness/“bad”-ness (negative valence) of something: for example, an event or an object. This chapter explores two questions: (1) do metaphors have a fixed intrinsic valence?; and if not, (2) do they need to have it? These questions are explored by drawing on the main philosophical approaches to language and metaphor. The authors also analyze nine organizational metaphors: one, contemporary—that is, organization as Icehotel (Pinto 2016)—whose valence is explicit; and eight, classic images of organization (Morgan 1986), whose valences are unspecified and ambiguous. The authors conclude that metaphors neither have a fixed valence nor is it necessary that they do. However, a valence lens could be a useful analytical device that would facilitate a richer, more nuanced analysis of organizational metaphors and of organizations themselves.
Afterword: Analogy all the Way Down
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: February 2024

This chapter argues the following. First, analogical thinking drives both thinking and organizing. Second, categorizing through analogy enables practitioners and scholars alike to extrapolate hitherto accumulated knowledge to new situations and, thus, to draw inferences. Third, demonstrating and teasing out the implications of the use of metaphorical language in both organizational life and organizational research is an important line of research. Fourth, suggestive, inspiring, and action-inducing as new metaphorical insights may be, they will yield explanatory benefits only insofar as they are further developed analytically—both metaphorical insights and theoretical abstraction matter. Thus, inspired by metaphorical descriptions, organizational researchers need to raise abstraction in order to work out in detail the core (as opposed to contingent) features of the phenomenon at hand.
The Meaning of a Word
Authors: Johnsen Hans Christian Garmann
Published: February 2024

The aim of this chapter is to answer the question of what it is that makes a metaphor different from other words. The point of departure is that what we understand by “meaning” is key to answering this question and, thus, also key to a deeper understanding of metaphor and the use of metaphors in organization studies. The question is discussed in relation to three schools of language philosophy. The chapter claims that the analytical philosophy school views the meaning of a word as its reference and regard metaphors only as pseudo-science. In the phenomenology school, meaning is how we construct the object we approach and metaphors may be useful as a linguistic tool, but “meaning” goes beyond these tools. In the neo-Kantian school, the meaning of language means both sense and reference, and metaphors can therefore help us to understand the meaning of words in a historical perspective.
Explorations of the Shadow Realm
Authors: Harms Peter D. , Landay Karen , Fezzey Tyler
Published: February 2024

Organizational scholars are increasingly recognizing the importance of subclinical or “dark” personality traits for understanding behavior at work. The present review considers the nature of dark personality traits, the major frameworks for understanding dark personality in both academic and workplace settings, and briefly summarizes research documenting the relationship between dark personality traits and workplace outcomes. We then review potential triggers for dark personality traits as well as contextual and normative circumstances where individuals may feel that their display of behaviors associated with dark traits is more likely to be tolerated. Finally, we outline an agenda for future research on dark personality in the workplace in terms of needed improvements on measures and methods and also how a better understanding of the interpersonal contexts surrounding individuals with dark personality that can shape how and when these traits impact critical organizational outcomes.
Individual Differences in Curiosity
Authors: Reio, Jr. Thomas G.
Published: February 2024

Curiosity is the foundation of learning and adaptation across the lifespan. It develops into interests, which in turn develop into personal, social, occupational, and research choices. Being curious and exploratory entails risk; one must be willing to step out of one’s comfort zone to seek new information and experiences. There are individual differences in both the cognitive and sensory forms of curiosity, with cognitive curiosity being closely linked to knowledge-seeking and problem-solving, and sensory curiosity closely associated with creativity and innovation. Research suggests there are age, gender, and to a much lesser extent, ethnic differences in curiosity. Contrary to popular belief, curiosity does not mysteriously disappear as we age; instead, we channel our curiosities into interpersonal, occupational, and intellectual areas. In other words, unless we are physically or psychologically unwell, our curiosity remains as robust as it ever was.
IQ, EQ, and Multiple Intelligences
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , Acar Oguz A. , Volberda Henk W. , de Ruyter Ko
Published: February 2024

Research on intelligence has a long history and is one of the most established streams of research within the literature on individual differences. During this time, various conceptualizations and types of intelligence have been proposed, along with different instruments to measure them. In this chapter, we will briefly review intelligence research, with particular attention to general intelligence (IQ), emotional intelligence (EQ), and multiple intelligences. Moreover, we will discuss organizational research that considers the role of different intelligences, especially with respect to job performance. We will also consider ethical issues in intelligence research and propose future research directions. Overall, this chapter considers the role of intelligence in organizational contexts.
Organizational Research, Genetics, and the Possible Coming Era of Organizational Genomics
Authors: Li Wen-Dong , Song Zhaoli , Arvey Richard D.
Published: February 2024

Recent developments of behavioral genetics in organizational research and broader social sciences point to the possibility of an emerging field of organizational genomics. In this chapter, we first review theory and research looking at how genetic factors influence constructs in social sciences that are related to organizations. The chapter includes both twin studies and recent molecular genetics research. It then outlines a few directions for future organizational research that may capitalize on recent developments in molecular genetics research driven by the big data revolution. It concludes with reflecting on crucial issues related to ethics, genetic determinism, and practical implications of organizational genomics to employees, organizations, and the society at large.
Individual Differences in Teaming with Artificial Intelligence, Robots, and Virtual Agents in the Workplace
Authors: Matthews Gerald , Hancock Peter A. , Szalma James L. , Lin Jinchao , Panganiban April Rose
Published: February 2024

New intelligent technology is rapidly transforming the workplace. Employees face the challenges of managing complex systems powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and capable of autonomous decision-making. This chapter reviews individual difference factors that influence performance, trust, and well-being when the person is teamed with intelligent physical and virtual systems. Conventional personality traits such as the Big Five factors are expected to predict a range of outcomes, as in the traditional workplace. However, personality impacts may be moderated by novel factors such as the comprehensibility of AI, and the transfer of decision authority to the machine. Beyond standard personality, the chapter reviews various traits that capture aspects of the person’s mental model for advanced machines, including anthropomorphic perceptions of robots as teammates or threats.
Studying Judicial Behaviour with Text Analysis
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Kham Chau Bao
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of computational text analysis techniques used to study judicial behaviour and decision-making. As legal texts become increasingly digitalized, scholars can draw on tools from machine learning and natural language processing to convert unstructured texts into quantitative data that is amenable to empirical analysis. A burgeoning field of computational legal analysis uses these tools to study the law and legal institutions. The chapter surveys common methods for representing legal documents. These methods vary in sophistication from simple word counts to more complex tools such as topic modelling and word embeddings. Each approach has strengths and weakness and makes trade-offs between richness of representation, interpretability, and dimensionality reduction. Extracting meaningful data from legal texts requires thoughtful choices about representation and preprocessing. The chapter discusses interpretation, bias, and domain-specific challenges as important considerations when applying text analysis to study courts. Overall, computational text analysis supplements traditional methods and opens new avenues for empirical legal scholarship.
Judge Networks
Authors: Dressel Björn
Published: February 2024

Judge networks—the interlocking, relatively stable relationships that a judge maintains with peers and other political and social actors on and off the bench—are widely suspected of exerting influence on judicial behaviour. Nevertheless, few scholars have studied whether and how that may happen in theory or practice. This chapter engages with the comparative judicial politics literature to show how judge networks can be understood from a relational perspective. Based on the findings, a basic heuristic framework—settings, motivations, and mechanisms—is proposed to improve understanding of how judge networks influence judicial decision-making. The discussion covers both the potential and the limitations of a judge-centred relational perspective on the study of judicial decision-making in the Global South and beyond.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Judicial Independence
Authors: van Dijk Frans
Published: February 2024

Measures of judicial independence play an important role in a variety of cross-national models in political science and economics. Measurement serves also to assess the functioning of judiciaries. This chapter examines cross-national measurement of independence, whether as a single metric or multi-dimensional profile. Measuring starts with definition, and the analysis of the definitions used show different conceptualizations. While in law and judicial governance, independence is interpreted as, put simply, the judge being only led by the law, from which follow requirements for the judiciary, other sciences add dimensions such as the authority of judges and access to justice. It is concluded that stretching the meaning of independence leads to conceptual overlap and confusion. The chapter systematizes the available measurements, starting with the classic distinction between de jure and de facto independence. On the core of de jure independence, agreement exists. As to de facto independence, there is heavy reliance on perceptions, whether expert opinion or surveys among groups in society. More and better data is becoming available, superseding ad hoc data. While perceptions are essential, it is suggested that systematic analysis of judicial decisions as to their controversiality and to their implementation would provide deeper insight into independence.
Research Communities and the Collective Investment in Data Infrastructure
Authors: Staton Jeffrey K.
Published: February 2024

The field of comparative law and politics requires further investment in data infrastructure, including databases of judicial opinions, codes of various types, many features of the litigation process, which can promote coordination in scholarship at scale. The resource costs associated with producing these data are likely to be prohibitive for single researchers and even many small groups of scholars. Producing what the field needs is likely to require considerable collaboration among a relatively large, methodologically diverse set of scholars. In addition to providing vital infrastructure, this kind of collaboration can also help promote a healthy research community by encouraging learning about and coordination on good scientific standards. The approach will address communication problems that inhibit parallel work on shared research problems. Doing this well is no simple task, though. Organizing collaborative teams depends on ensuring that the incentives of team members are consistent with group goals, a challenge complicated by standard team production concerns, but especially problematic in light of disciplinary incentives that discourage infrastructural investment. Drawing on the experiences of the Varieties of Democracy Project, this chapter discusses how this kind of collaboration might manifest in the field. It highlights a decentralized team approach that balances individual incentives for academic freedom against group needs for consistency.
R&D Alliances and Open Innovation
Authors: Frankort Hans T. W. , Hagedoorn John
Published: February 2024

This chapter takes stock of the empirical literature on research and development (R&D) alliances, one among several open innovation (OI) practices, and identifies opportunities to bring the traditions of research on R&D alliances and OI into closer alignment. Through a structured literature review, a wealth of research is revealed on the antecedents and consequences of R&D alliances and their characteristics, and almost half the sampled articles study R&D alliances alongside other OI practices. The chapter establishes that the core of the R&D alliance literature is rich and fairly balanced. Yet, it also argues that productive opportunities exist to more comprehensively examine the interdependencies between R&D alliances and other OI practices in their effects on performance.
Strategic Acceleration of Open Innovation at Porsche
Authors: Marquis Andre , Dierks Stefan
Published: February 2024

To successfully innovate, companies must test many new business models quickly and cost-efficiently. Corporations like Bosch and Porsche address this challenge by creating robust, digital innovation management processes coupled with an Open Innovation ecosystem of customers and partners. A new corporate strategy paradigm, Validation-Driven Strategy, is proposed in this chapter, that leverages visualizations of real-time Customer Resegmentation data generated by such Innovation Management processes to pick the most promising business model, technology, and value chain reconfiguration options to invest in. The data-driven nature of the Validation-Driven Strategy is in direct contrast to the approach to potential business model disruption most large companies take—placing big bets on technologies and strategies that have not been validated on customers. The case study of Porsche illustrates that a digital, metrics-driven business process allows for the simultaneous optimization of their customer, product, ecosystem, and strategy portfolios in enterprise software.
Open Innovation, Innovation in Ecosystems, and Innovation Beyond the Firm
Authors: West Joel , Olk Paul
Published: February 2024

Multilateral collaborations are a frequently used but often overlooked mode of open innovation. Recently ecosystems have been a particularly popular topic for managers and researchers, whether they are business ecosystems, entrepreneurial regional ecosystems, innovation ecosystems, knowledge ecosystems, or platform ecosystems. This chapter examines the commonalities between research on open innovation and ecosystems on five key topics: a post-Chandlerian innovation paradigm, managing cross knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, interdependent business models, cooperative value creation and capture and profiting from innovation. From this, it focuses on how the alignment of firm business models—at the core of open innovation—can shed light on the joint value creation and value capture inherent in any innovation-related ecosystem.
Healthcare as a Sectoral System of Open Innovation
Authors: West Joel
Published: February 2024

Scholars have previously studied sectoral systems of innovation to analyze the interdependence of innovation activities and capabilities in an industry, but such studies have not specifically considered the role of open innovation. This chapter reviews prior research to show how biomedical product firms within the healthcare sector—whether biotechnology, traditional pharmaceuticals, medical equipment or tools—demonstrate all modes of open innovation. Incumbent firms in-license technologies, acquire technologies and entire companies, while universities or small and large companies provide those technologies. Meanwhile, firms also practice coupled innovation, through bilateral and increasingly multilateral collaborative research. This chapter offers an example of how open innovation can be used to augment such sectoral studies, and presents a general model for open innovation knowledge flows in science-based industries.
Open Innovation as a Field of Knowledge
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Chesbrough Henry
Published: February 2024

This chapter offers an overview of the contributions to the Oxford Handbook on Open Innovation. It will reflect on the general development of Open Innovation (OI) as a field of knowledge and specifically explain how Open Innovation contributes, extends, and transforms the field of innovation studies. The reader is guided through the last 20 years of Open Innovation studies, covering important contributions along with a critical reflection on the development of the field relative to the research agenda identified by Bogers et al. (2017) and Dahlander et al. (2021). This chapter covers the past and present of open innovation, while the final chapter in the Handbook will articulate a path for future research.
The Evolving Craft of Innovation
Authors: Bessant John
Published: February 2024

The process of identifying relevant skills and practices underpinning the craft of innovation and of codifying this knowledge into courses and training programs dates back at least a century. Open innovation has brought new perspectives to this state of affairs, especially in terms of the theoretical underpinning, with emphasis shifting toward a systems approach. This chapter traces the history of the evolution of innovation management as a body of knowledge and shows the way in which open innovation has changed what is taught at a conceptual level and the tools and techniques through which these concepts can be translated into management practice.
Open-Technology Maneuvering in Digital Infrastructures
Authors: Autio Erkko , Legenvre Hervé , Hameri Ari-Pekka
Published: February 2024

Open innovation within digital infrastructures is fueled by digital technology commons (DTCs), open source software, open hardware, and other open digital technologies that can be accessed with highly permissive licensing conditions. This chapter describes four maneuvers ecosystem participants use to benefit from DTC projects: Supporting, Sponsoring, Siphoning, and Safeguarding. Ecosystem participants Support DTC projects by contributing to them. They Sponsor projects by enhancing their legitimacy. Sometimes they seek to Siphon the projects by extracting benefits at the expense of others. Such actions often trigger Safeguarding maneuvers against those who act against the interests of the DTC community. By focusing on strategic maneuvering, the focus of open source research is extended beyond community governance.