bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability Metrics of Explainable CNN based on Wasserstein Distance for Cardiac Evaluation
Authors: Omae Yuto , Kakimoto Yohei , Saito Yuki , Fukamachi Daisuke , Nagashima Koichi , Okumura Yasuo , Toyotani Jun
Published: August 2022

In recent works, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been used in the non-invasive examination of the cardiac region for estimating pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) from chest radiographs.Moreover, because CNNs are able to output activated regions, physicians can estimate PAWP along with reasons. However, when new patient radiograph data are fed into the CNN, there is a possibility that activated regions that contain areas other than the cardiac appear.In this case, although we expect a large estimation error, it is not well known.Therefore, we verify this hypothesis by distance theory and statistic approaches.In particular, we build the probability distributions for the cardiac region and the regression activation map (RAM) and measure the similarity between these distributions by Wasserstein distance (WSD).When the CNN estimates PAWP from areas other than the cardiac region, the WSD value is high.Therefore, WSD is a reliability metrics for explainable CNN.We created two groups, normal and anomaly classes, based on WSD values.Chest radiographs which had a high WSD were assigned to the anomaly class, and those with a low WSD were assigned to the normal class. By comparing the normal and anomaly classes based on the PAWP estimation error, we confirmed that the errors from the anomaly class were higher than those of the normal class.Therefore, physicians need to be aware that there might be large estimation errors when activated regions contain areas other than the cardiac.
Pneumonia Classification: A limited data approach for global understanding
Authors: Haque Anwar ul , Ghnai Sayeed , Saeed Muhammad
Published: August 2022

With the evolution of the human race, the associated diseases have also evolved. Pneumonia treated as the simple flu and allergy in the early stages of its inception is now threatening to humankind in various shapes like SARs and Covid. The advanced disease requires equal treatments and diagnosis. Our research tried to find and classify pneumonia inflammation within chest x-rays (CXR) with very limited datasets and has attempted to ensure a global perspective, i.e. one that addresses all possible inflammation regions within the CXR. In addition to having medical grade classification outputs in terms of accuracy and recall, we have also guaranteed to meet the medical requirements of classification justification with the help of modified class activation maps (mCAM). The training of a model having a global perspective understanding is carried out with the help of capsules network cluster (CsNC), which enables us to learn various geometrical, orientation, and positional views of the inflammation within the CXR. Our 16-capsules cluster helped understand different views easily within the same CXR without going through any image augmentation, as generally required by current detection models, thus reducing the overall training and evaluation time. We performed extensive experiments on the RSNA pneumonia dataset of CXR images using a set of evaluation metrics. We have been able to acquire up to 98.3% accuracy with a 99.5% recall during our final trials. We tested our final trained model over generic x-ray images acquired from clinics and found promising results over that.
Natural Resources Abundance and Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria
Authors: Jato Terungwa Paul J. , Ayaga Joyce Mbakosun
Published: August 2022

Since the “Dutch disease”, more studies are establishing a negative relationship between natural resource abundance and a nation’s economic performance that have termed a ‘resource curse’. Nigeria being of such countries with abundant natural resources this study sought to examine the impact of natural resources abundance on the performance of selected macroeconomic development. Annual time series data from 1981–2021 about the variables were obtained from various sources like Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank data base were used for the analysis. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was adopted. The results obtained indicate that natural resource abundance (in terms of crude oil and natural gas revenue, mineral rent, oil rent and solid mineral revenue) have: 1) mix and unfavourable effect on balance of payments in both short and long run; 2) a positive effect on income per head in the short run and long run, but with the short-run effect different from that of the long run; and 3) only long-run positive effect on unemployment rate, with crude oil and natural gas revenue having a negative effect. Thus, natural resources considered have significant effect on gross domestic product per capital but do not have the desired effect on balance of payments and unemployment rate. This le to the conclusion that Nigeria’s abundant natural resource have only partial impart on macroeconomic performance. These findings will help to drive policy towards optimal natural resource utilization for enhanced macroeconomic performance as suggested.Jel Codes: E24, O11, O13, Q32, Q33
Factors Influencing Continuance Intentions of Unified Payment Interface (UPI) users
Authors: kaur sandeep
Published: August 2022

The with development of smartphones, technology has played a greater role in recent years, drastically altering how we trade in daily life. Now that all payments and transactions take place online, life has gotten more simpler. This accelerated the development of the UPI platform. The goal of the current study is to gauge user satisfaction and continuance intentions for UPI. This study develops a research model using personal innovativeness and pace of innovation to predict the continuance intention toward UPI based on the Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). We conduct an online survey to collect data from participants who have used UPI. The research model is tested in this study utilising a partial least squares structural equation model with 651 valid replies. According to our findings, satisfaction with UPI serves as a mediator between antecedents and continuing intentions by positively affecting them. This paper explores theoretical implications for the UTAUT and offers an insight of how to manage UPI in India on a practical level.
Walkability in Digital Era: A ‘Futures Study’ in Tehran
Authors: Mirzaei Mohammadreza , Poor Mahtab Baghaie
Published: August 2022

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) affects most of the cultural, social, economic, and physical dynamics of cities and makes the future of urban development difficult to predict. In the digital era, walkability needs to be preserved as a principle in urban design. Tajrish and Velenjak Neighborhoods in District One of Tehran Municipality (TVNDOTM) possess walkable neighborhood qualities and currently, ICT can change these qualities more than before. This paper seeks to find various scenarios that explain the impact of ICT on the walkability in TVNDOTM by studying the future status of major factors. Walkability indices in our case study were refined based on the views of 32 experts selected with the snowball technique. MicMac and ScenarioWizard were used to determine the key drivers and identify scenarios with consistent components, respectively. Results show that the future of walkability in TVNDOTM under the effects of ICT is not precisely predictable and both states of weakening or strengthening the walkability are probable. This research encourages urban planners and designers to make a conscious effort in facilitating the favorable scenario to take place in urban neighborhoods among all the possible ways in which ICT changes urban walkability.
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 controls axonal morphogenesis during neuronal development
Authors: Cho Bongki , Shim Tammy , Kim Jae Yeon , Kim WonCheol , Lee Yun-Il , Moon Cheil
Published: August 2022

Neuritogenesis is critical for the establishment of proper neuronal connections during brain development. Thus, its failure causes neurodevelopmental defects such as intellectual disabilities. Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-ligase complexes are involved in neurodevelopmental processes including neurite outgrowth, migration, and differentiation via regulation of protein stability. In this study, we demonstrate a novel regulatory function of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-ligase 4 (CRL4) in neurite morphogenesis during early neurodevelopment. Cul4a and Cul4b, core scaffold proteins of CRL4, are highly expressed and activated in the cytosolic compartment of developing neuron, and they are regulated by neuronal stimulation via N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling. CRL4 also interacts with cytoskeleton-regulating proteins involved in neurite morphogenesis in neurons. Notably, CRL4 inhibition enhances axonal extension and branching in developing neurons. Conversely, Cul4a overexpression suppresses basal and NMDA-enhanced axonal outgrowth. Furthermore, CRL4 regulates the stability of Doublecortin protein recruited by Cereblon. Taken together, we suggest a novel role of CRL4 in proper axonal morphogenesis in developing neurons by regulating cytoskeleton-regulating proteins.
Incidence and Predictors of Post Stroke Seizure among Adult Stroke Patients in Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2021: A Retrospective Follow up Study
Authors: Zewdu Dagmawit , Lidetu Tadios , *
Published: August 2022

Background
A seizure is an episode of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. Post stroke seizure affects patients’ lives and increase mortality in patients with stroke. It also negatively affects the prognosis of stroke. However, literatures on the occurrence of post-stroke seizure are scanty in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of post-stroke seizure in west Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2021.
Methods
An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted at western Amhara region from September 20/2021, to October 10 / 2021. Patients who included in this study were come from western Amhara region and that admitted at Felege Hiwot compressive specialized hospital stroke care center. Charts of 568 stroke patients were reviewed through a simple random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and log-binomial regressions model were applied.
Result
The cumulative incidence and incidence density rate of seizure were 22.18% and 37/1000 persons per day observation respectively. Older age group (ARR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.33–4.69), haemorrhagic stroke (ARR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.25–3.17), Surgical intervention (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81) and tramadol medication (ARR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.81) were found as the significant risk factors of post stroke seizure.
Conclusion
This study found that older age, hemorrhagic type of stroke, surgical management and use of Tramadol anti-pain medication were found as risk factors that increase the risk of post-stroke seizure. Thus, health care professionals shall give special attention and clinical care accordingly for patients with risk factors of post-stroke seizure.
Multimodal Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Early Diagnosing Program Based on Clinical Process
Authors: Ma Jingyi , Lv Bin , Li Yuanyuan , Fan Pan , Zhao Xu , Yuan Huiping , Zhang Yingtao
Published: August 2022

Background: Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blinding disease. Early detection can improve patients’ quality of vision. Effectively identifying primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) using structural and functional examination is critical. Computer aided diagnosis of glaucoma requires multimodal data to find an accurate model for early glaucoma diagnosis. Methods: This study collected 87 early POAG eyes, 85 suspected POAG eyes, and 129 healthy eyes from the ophthalmology department at Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLt), intraocular pressure (IOP) value, visual field examination parameters and age were obtained. A powerful deep learning network segmented the FP and extracted optic nerve head (ONH) features. Machine learning classifiers (MLCs) were adopted to get the final classification results and compared with the diagnosis results of glaucoma specialists and general non-glaucoma ophthalmologists. Result: The program diagnosing early POAG, suspected POAG, and healthy eyes made overall Area Under the Curve of 0.97. Dice of optic disc and optic cup segmentation is 0.9631, 0.8435 respectively. Accuracy of the program (0.9004) is higher than general ophthalmologists (0.8195). Specificity of the program (0.9635) is higher than glaucoma specialists (0.9366).Conclusions: The program delivers superior results in diagnosing early POAG. This study’s hybrid deep learning-machine learning framework can assist with clinical decision for early POAG effectively.
Utilization of inpatient ophthalmology services in Taiwan—A nationwide population study
Authors: Hsu Chia-An , Hsu Min-Huei , Yen Ju-Chuan
Published: August 2022

(1) Background: This study attempted to illustrate the demographic of inpatient eye service from 19997 to 2011 in Taiwan; (2) Methods: This study utilized Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Admission records of eye service that occurred since 1997 and until 2011 were included. Records were separated into operative and non-operative. The records were further divided according to their time: a group of early time before 2006 and a late one after 2006; (3) Results: Patients’ mean age were 56 and 44 years for operative and non-operative records. The sex ratio (male to female) was 1.3, and the average of admission duration was 4 days. The average spending was around 1000 United State Dollars per admission and a gradually upgoing trend was also noted. The number of inpatient eye services decreased over time, from 3,248 to 2,174 in the studied period. Cases admitted for operation primarily underwent cataract surgery, vitrectomy, and scleral buckling during the studied period. Trabeculectomy emerged as another major indication of admission during the later time. Cases admitted for non-operative management were primarily corneal ulcer, glaucoma, and infection, including orbital cellulitis and lid abscess. Corneal ulcers made up a major proportion of admission records in the non-operative group during both periods; (4) Conclusions: This study described the demographics of inpatient eye service in Taiwan. Ophthalmologist, especially trainees, and officials could make better policies according to the presented results in this study.
Effect of Irrigation Regime and Water Salinity on Grapefruit Quality1
Authors: Levy Yoseph , Shalhevet J. , Bielorai H.
Published: August 2022

Stress caused by irrigation at long intervals or by irrigation with artificially salinized water had a similar effect on juice constituents of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Fruit physical parameters were affected only by irrigation water stress and not by salinity.
Carbon Dioxide Injury and Market Quality of Lettuce Held in Controlled Atmospheres1
Authors: Stewart Joseph K. , Uota M.
Published: August 2022

Storage atmospheres with 2-1/2, 5 or 10% CO2 caused a physiological injury to lettuce almost identical to the brown stain observed in lettuce from rail cars and trailers in which CO2 concentrations exceeded 2% at destination. Carbon dioxide injury, or brown stain, was not always evident when lettuce was removed from the controlled atmosphere, after 7 days at 38°F, but became more evident during a subsequent 4 days at 50° in air. About 16% of the heads held at 2–1/2% CO2 developed brown stain while 38% and 86% of the heads developed the disorder in lots held at 5% and 10% CO2, respectively.

Significantly more heads developed brown stain when the CO2 was combined with 3% oxygen than when combined with 21% Ο2 Decay, pink rib, and tipburn were not significantly influenced by the O2 or CO2 level.

Increased levels of CO2 reduced the severity of butt discoloration in lettuce examined immediately after storage in the controlled atmosphere, but after an additional 4 days at 50°F in air, the differences were not evident. The danger of physiological injury from 2-1/2 to 10% CO2 during storage or shipping outweighs the small improvement in butt color and general appearance.
Translocation of Glutamate-14c and Aspartate-14c by Intact Apple Trees1
Authors: Spencer Patricia , Titus John S.
Published: August 2022

Glutamate-14C and aspartate-14C were supplied to the roots of 1-year-old MM 106 rooted apple cuttings. Both compounds were readily absorbed and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants. Glutamate, and its metabolic products, tended to accumulate in phloem tissues to approximately the same levels as were detected in the xylem. This was in contrast to aspartate, and its products, which were concentrated in the xylem.

Extensive metabolism occurred during uptake and translocation with detectable level in respiratory CO2 and in protein. However, emphasis is given to the recovery of labeled amino acids in aerial tissues. This supports previous findings indicating the significance of amino acids as N carriers in the apple.
Nature of Hard-Seededness in Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.)1
Authors: Stienswat W. , Pollar L. H. , Campbell W. F.
Published: August 2022

We investigated the areas of water penetration and the anatomical structures of hilar regions of permeable and impermeable seed coats of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.). Results indicate that water can enter permeable seeds through the hilum, raphe, and micropyle. In impermeable seeds water cannot pass through any of these areas. Anatomical data confirm that there were no structural differences in the testae of permeable and impermeable seeds, but a noticeable difference was apparent in the hilar region. In permeable seeds the palisade layer did not connect evenly in the hilar canal. By contrast, the hilar canals of impermeable seeds had connected palisade layers that were uniformly coated with a cuticular layer. Micropylar openings were clearly visible in permeable seeds, but these openings were occluded and well covered with cuticle in impermeable seeds. Visible differences were evident in the raphe.
The Morphogenesis of Double Flowering in Petunia hybrida Hort.1
Authors: Natarella Nicholas J. , Sink Kenneth C.
Published: August 2022

The shoot apical meristem of the seedling and mature vegetative petunia exhibit no morphological differences in relation to double versus single floral genotypes. The vegetative meristem possesses a biseriate tunica and a radially patterned corpus.

The flower of the petunia develops directly from the apical meristem. The succession of flowers is accomplished by the lateral development of another meristem from the flank of the central meristem.

All floral appendages in the single flowered genotype dd are initiated acropetally. The petal and stamen primordia arise from a circular initial centripetal and adjacent to the sepal primordia. The floral initiation of the double flowering genotype D– differs from the single with an intense and random initiation of additional primordia over the surface of the receptacle. Differentiation of these primordia into petals or stamens appears to be determined by their position on the receptacle. The proliferation of petals and anthers caused by D results in a restriction of carpel and placental development, and hence, a malformed, nonfunctional pistil is usually produced. With the presence of the D allele, double flowers are always produced but the degree of doubleness appears to be a factor of gene dosage.
Chemical Regulation of Fruit Ripening of Field-Grown Tomatoes with (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Dostal H. C. , Wilcox G. E.
Published: August 2022

Total yield and percentage of ripe tomato fruit were significantly increased following single foliar applications of 0.84 lb. per acre (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Maximum responses were noted at 14 days after treatment. Three tomato cultivars seeded on 3 dates responded similarly. Seventeen days after ethephon application at the 15 percent ripe fruit stage, useable ripe fruit yield was increased to more than 90 percent of the total fruit yield, compared to 59 percent useable ripe fruit for the control. The application of ethephon advanced harvest by 12 to 14 days, with an increase in useable ripe fruit yield of 5 to 10 tons per acre over the optimum potential of the normal ripening rate for single-harvest culture.
Flowering Characteristics of Weigela and Their Relationship to Progeny Age at First Bloom1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Beck A. R.
Published: August 2022

A range in flowering pattern from spring flowering only to continuous flowering was found among Weigela cultivars and seedlings. They also varied in flowering intensity from none to complete coverage of the bush. A positive relationship was found between the floriferousness of a parent and the percentage of its progeny that flowered during the first growing season.
Post-Harvest Changes in Southern Peas1
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Burns E. E.
Published: August 2022

Southern peas are difficult to shell when harvested as a fresh vegetable. To overcome this, processors resort to a severe high temp - short time storage process. In this study, changes associated with elevated temperatures were determined with 4 cultivars at 4 stages of maturity. Texture studies revealed that firmness increased with maturity. The texture of the cultivars was similar. Seed moisture declined with maturity and at temperatures of 100°F and 110° but increased at 120°. Reducing sugar content was not related to maturity. There was a marked increase in reducing sugar content of peas held at 120° except for the Brown Crowder cv. Maturity and storage significantly interacted with total sugars.
Influence of Growth Regulating Substances on Absorption and Translocation of Calcium in Pea and Bean1
Authors: Wieneke J. , Biddulph O. , Woodbridge C. G.
Published: August 2022

The influence of some growth hormones and regulators on the pattern of 45Ca absorption and translocation was determined on young pea and bean plants. GA3 (20 ppm) and TIBA (30 ppm) depressed 45Ca absorption in both species. IAA (20 ppm) and SADH (1500 ppm) increased 45Ca translocation to bean shoots, but depressed translocation to pea shoots. None of the substances materially altered retention of 45Ca in the roots of either species. When differences in translocation to the shoots were observed, they were not correlated with growth responses evoked by the growth regulators.
Effects of Vernalization and Forcing Photoperiod on Growth and Flowering of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Harson’)1
Authors: Pertuit Alton J. , Link Conrad B.
Published: August 2022

Two methods of vernalizing potted Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum, Thunb. ‘Harson’) were tested. Although each group received approximately 1000 hr of cooling at 47°F, the group receiving natural cooling out-of-doors bloomed earlier but with fewer flowers than the group receiving controlled storage cooling. Both methods of cooling, therefore, saturated the cold requirement of the bulbs even though the group naturally cooled was subjected to temp considered devernalizing. Plants grown under long photoperiods were taller and flowered earlier.
Distribution of Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium in Interclonal Grafts of Juniperus L.1
Authors: Evans G. E. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

Calcium, K and Mg content of interclonal juniper grafts were determined using electron microprobe x-ray analysis of tissue in the immediate vicinity of the graft union. Considering xylen concn as a measure of mobile elements, Ca accumulated in the rootstock while K and Mg moved readily through the graft union. In phloem tissue, distribution was generally equal between rootstock and scion for all elements; Mg being slightly greater in the stock. In cortical cells, Ca accumulated in the scion. Microprobe data indicated a decreasing order of rootstock accumulation to be Ca, K, and Mg.
Degreening Response of ‘Hamlin’ Oranges in Relation to Temperature, Ethylene Concentration, and Fruit Maturity1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Chace William G. , Cubbedge Randall H.
Published: August 2022

‘Hamlin’ oranges were degreened for 1, 2, or 4 days in ethylene concn of 0 to 50 ppm and at 21, 24, 27, and 30°C. The initial rate of chlorophyll loss was more rapid at 30°C than at 21°C. Subsequent changes at 21°C were such that the fruit reached an acceptable color almost as rapidly as at 30°C. After 4 days’ degreening, fruit at both temp showed the same response pattern to the range of ethylene concn used, with the optimum response attained with ethylene concn between 5 and 10 ppm. After short degreening periods, changes continued after removal from the ethylene atmosphere. Responses at 24 and 27°C were similar to those at 21 and 30°C, respectively. No evidence of a seasonal change in the response to ethylene was shown. Stem-end decay generally was greater with increasing ethylene concn, temp, and length of the degreening period. Interactions among these variables were such that increasing the temp or length of degreening period resulted in greater increases in decay at high rather than at low ethylene levels.
Effects of Freezing on Mature Apple Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Bir R. E. , Bramlage W. J. , Havis J. R.
Published: August 2022

Richared Delicious’ apple (Malus pumila, Mill.) fruit tissues exhibited 2 distinct freezing points (exotherms) during freezing. Exotherm 1 occurred at −1.5° to −2.2°C and Exotherm 2 occurred between −4.2° and −7.7°C. The inception temperature of Exotherm 2 varied considerably both within a fruit and among different fruits. During fruit maturation from August to October, no significant change in freezing pattern occurred, although soluble solids increased 55% during the period tested. Inception of Exotherm 1 caused no distinct change in physical properties of cortex tissue. Inception of Exotherm 2 was associated with significant softening and increased ion leakage from the tissue. Just beyond termination of Exotherm 2, the tissue lost its capacity to exhibit multiple exotherms on thawing and refreezing, and underwent massive changes in firmness, ion leakage, and respiration; it was concluded that freezing to this point was lethal to the tissue. The concept that tissue injury is related to specific points on the freezing curve of apples is presented.
Shoot Growth of Young Apple Trees as Influenced by (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Barden J. A.
Published: August 2022

Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon)3 were applied to young apple trees in 2 greenhouse experiments. Ethephon suppressed terminal growth, internode length, and elongation of the pre-treatment stem. Ethephon applied at 4,000 ppm, 64 days after bud break resulted in abscission of some shoot apices. Lateral branching was induced by ethephon, but it was not dependent on abscission of the shoot apex. Whereas dry weight of the lateral branches was increased at 4,000 ppm, total stem dry weight was decreased by ethephon.
Flowering of Azaleas with Controlled Photoperiods and Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Brown William L.
Published: August 2022

Plants of 4 azalea cultivars which remained in a greenhouse with 18°C minimum temperature from last pinch through flowering and received 18-hour photoperiods (LD) following 6, 8, or 10 weeks of 9-hour photoperiods (SD) flowered 2 to 7 weeks earlier than plants cold-stored at 3°C for 5 weeks following 12 weeks of SD. Flowering of cvs. Red Wing, Alaska, and Gloria was hastened more by LD treatment than by 5 weekly applications of 1000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), whereas flowering of ‘Chimes’ was affected about equally by these 2 factors. Flowering was most uniform with cold-storage, but plants of all cultivars except ‘Chimes’ were well covered with flowers following all treatments. Percentage of flowers open at one time increased as SD exposure increased from 6 to 10 weeks and that of ‘Chimes’ was increased by GA3 treatment. Vegetative bypassing varied more among cultivars than among treatments. Pedicels of ‘Alaska’ and ‘Chimes’ flowers on plants with LD treatment without GA3 were shorter than those on cold-treated plants, whereas those with LD plus GA3 were longer. Succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at 3000 ppm delayed flowering of non-cold-treated plants of ‘Red Wing’, ‘Alaska’, and ‘Gloria’.
Response of Young Lemon Trees to Potassium and Zinc Application — Yield and Fruit Quality1
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Foott J. H. , Platt R. G.
Published: August 2022

Yield of young lemon trees increased with either soil application of K2SO4 or foliage application of KNO3 in an orchard where leaf K was low. Leaf Zn was low but one annual foliage spray of ZnSO4 (control in this study) supplied adequate Zn and there was no response to additional Zn sprays. Peel thickness decreased, and percent juice and percent acid in the juice increased with added K.
Red Raspberry Yield Components and Their Relation to Mechanical Harvesting1
Authors: Fejer S. O. , Spangelo L. P. S.
Published: August 2022

Using a “shake and catch” method of mechanical harvesting with canes attached to a trellis, up to 70% of handpicked yield was collected from a clonal raspberry plantation in 1967 at Ottawa. Characters related to berry quality and to mechanical harvesting such as shape of receptacle, ease of picking, and fruit removal force were related to characters indicating susceptibility to winter damage. Thus, selection for winterhardiness is an important first step in further improving this material. Leaf retention in the fall was not a reliable indicator of winterhardiness. Efficiency was slightly reduced in 1970 with a method using untrellised plants and less dependence on winterhardiness. ‘Trent’ was the most suitable cultivar under both methods.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Annual Applications of 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil)1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Damon R. A. , Greene D. W.
Published: August 2022

Annual applications of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) for 6 consecutive years at recommended rates caused yellowing of apple leaf margins (LMY). LMY appeared in mid-June or later and increased in severity as the season progressed. Severity of LMY was positively associated with individual trees throughout the study. Comparisons between control and dichlobenil-treated trees showed no differences in tree growth and yield, although they were sometimes negatively correlated with LMY severity.
The Effect of the Internet on Inflation: A Research on ASEAN-5 Countries
Authors: Çoban Mustafa Necati
Published: August 2022

Information and communication technologies have become widespread with the onset of globalization, affecting almost every facet of human life. Increasing internet usage has made accessing information swift and easy. The internet has also had a significant economic impact and provided financial benefits to nations all around the world to increase productivity and efficiency and reduce costs. Customers had been able to access products at lower prices as a result of the reduction in market entry barriers and search costs, which led to an increase in competition in the markets. The research aimed to investigate the effect of the internet on inflation in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Consumer prices (annual %) were used as an indicator of inflation, and individuals using the internet (% of population) were used as an indicator of internet usage. Control variables such as unemployment rate, real interest rate, energy use and money growth were also included in the research. Panel data analysis was performed using the data of ASEAN-5 countries covering the period of 1994-2014. Pooled least squares method (Pooled OLS) was applied to obtain an estimation of the model. As a result, it is found that as internet usage increases, inflation rates decrease in ASEAN-5 countries.
Far from Home: Profile of pro-IS Deportees’ Mobility throughout 2016-2020 and Prevention Strategy of Indonesian Government
Authors: Ashar Andi Raihanah , Maharani Curie
Published: August 2022

Transnational terrorism has been a worldwide challenge, especially after the declaration of Islamic State (IS) that was based in Syria and Iraq in 2014. By 2017, most foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) from Southeast Asia were Indonesian nationals, of almost 700 individuals. The actual number might be higher as some departed to Syria and other destination countries, like Afghanistan, the Philippines, and India, undetected. The research aimed to examine how Pro-IS terrorists exploit loopholes in border and immigration control to join IS abroad and the shortcoming in Indonesian government strategy to counter their mobility. The novelty of the research rested on its use of Supreme Court’s record of 38 Pro-IS deportees to build a dataset of their profile and travel history from 2016 to 2020. Profile of individual deportee was categorized into demography, affiliation, and funding. Travel history was mapped in accordance with the point of departure in Indonesia, transit country, final destination, and location where the arrest took place- which then led to deportation. The research finds that Indonesia needs improvement in human resources, law enforcement, immigration management, border control, as well as cross-border cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Rouillard Josselin , Babbitt Christina , Challies Edward , Rinaudo Jean-Daniel
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the book by exploring the role of water allocation policies in the transition from open to regulated access in the use of water resources. Various allocation approaches and frameworks have developed over time, crafted by water users and communities, and by governments and public authorities. It examines the specific challenges of regulating agricultural water use and implementing water allocation policies in agricultural basins. In this context, the chapter then presents the overall aim of the book and the key dimensions that should be considered when characterising and assessing allocation systems in the context of agricultural water use. The chapter concludes with an outline of the content of the book. In particular, the book is structured in two main sections providing (i) an overview of cross-cutting issues related to the establishment of water allocation systems and (ii) a compilation of 13 chapters presenting water allocation systems across the world.
Indigenous water and Mother Earth
Authors: Hurlbert Margot A.
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews Indigenous water law in Canada and the United States, highlighting the protection of Indigenous rights and their priority in law, even though the historical practice has often excluded or denied them. Through treaties, court cases, and advancing laws respecting Mother Earth, the worldviews and values of Indigenous relations and Buen Vivir inform and mediate water management solutions and competing claims, overexploitation, and water conflict. New legal developments including the rights of nature, protecting them in constitutions, and recognizing river rights in laws in Central and South America, the United States and New Zealand move law, practice and water governance closer to a fairer and more socially just sharing of water resources between Indigenous communities and competing water claims including irrigated agriculture. Addressing water challenges of the 21st century will require innovative solutions and approaches to water management. Including and giving full voice to Indigenous people and their water laws and practices is a necessity both in law and water management practice.
Turkey's water allocation regime under institutional change
Authors: Ak M. Yasir , Demirbilek Burcin , Benson David
Published: August 2022

Due to multiple drivers many countries are experiencing significant water-related risks, particularly to agriculture, making sustainable management of water resources critical for national development. One of the most susceptible countries to these risks is Turkey, where over-abstraction of surface and groundwater resources has occurred in agricultural regions, leading to severe environmental, social and economic impacts. In response to such risks, national water governance is currently undergoing a significant transformation through the implementation of river basin planning in the form of the EU Water Framework Directive alongside institutional innovations for water allocation. In this chapter, we therefore illustrate how this institutional change is occurring and then assess the effectiveness of this new, evolving water allocation regime in the agricultural sector in terms of its sustainability. By examining institutional change in two specific river basin case studies, Konya Closed Basin and Küçük Menderes, this chapter shows that it is not resulting in sustainable use of water resources.
Water allocation in Aotearoa New Zealand: societal values and ecological bottom lines
Authors: Challies Edward , Fragaszy Stephen , Rouillard Josselin
Published: August 2022

Water allocation is an increasingly prominent policy issue in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), where regulation has largely failed to secure sustainable management of water resources over the past three decades. Although there is abundant water in NZ, the cumulative effects of abstractions and diversions, alongside diffuse pollution from agriculture and other urban and rural land uses, have led to highly degraded and depleted water resources in some locations. This has had significant social and ecological impacts. As a result, governmental planning and decision-making around water allocation (and land-use and development more widely) are increasingly driven by the imperatives to maintain ‘environmental flows’ and safeguard community values. In the NZ context, the Government has special obligations to partner with Māori (Indigenous New Zealanders) in all aspects of environmental management. This task must be informed by principles and values from Te Ao Māori (the Māori world), meaningfully involve Māori in governance and management, and recognise Māori rights and interests in water. Local government (regional councils), which are responsible for defining allocation rules, must ensure rules serve broader freshwater management objectives that are developed through engagement with Māori and wider communities, and which safeguard the health and wellbeing of waterbodies, associated ecosystems, and people.
Groundwater allocation in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Guillaume Joseph H. A. , Closas Alvar , McCallum Andrew
Published: August 2022

New South Wales has more than 100 years of history of water licensing and allocation. This chapter reflects on the approach to water allocation in the current groundwater sharing plans, including general principles and underlying reasoning for application elsewhere. Focus is on groundwater-specific issues for transition from open to regulated access, while embedded within broader water regulations and connections to surface water management. Water allocation is built around water sharing plans that determine extraction limits, with community consultation. Water rights are differentiated in terms of water sources and priority, separated from land ownership, and from time-varying water allocations, subject to available water determinations. Both water entitlements and allocations can be traded, with rules governing impact of trade. Water sharing plans are state-level instruments explicitly connected in applicable regions to the Commonwealth-level Murray-Darling Basin Plan and associated extraction limits. Compliance is based firstly on metering of water extractions. Future prospects are also discussed.
Water allocation in Brazil: main strategies, learning and challenges
Authors: Marques Guilherme F.
Published: August 2022

Brazil is characterized by highly diverse biomes, hydrologic regimes and water uses. The relevance of irrigated agriculture in the county's economy, combined with the significant contribution of hydropower to the electricity matrix and the presence of large metropolitan areas translate to a strong water-food-energy nexus. Water management under this context requires control and allocation in an extensive network of long rivers, operated with seasonal and multi-year carryover capacity. The future development and overall water security in Brazil will bring increasingly competing demands and growing challenges to water allocation, demanding more robust regulations and institutions. This chapter reviews the nature of Brazilian water rights and the current legal and policy framework determining water allocation, followed by the presentation of several innovative initiatives to control water access, based on locally defined allocation rules and local needs, challenges and opportunities. From this rich experience, we draw recommendations on how to move forward in improving water allocation strategy at the national level and adapting water management practices to cope with the challenges ahead.
Idaho's Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer: cooperative water policy change for Idaho's groundwater farmers
Authors: Running Katrina
Published: August 2022

In 2015, the state of Idaho finalized a cooperative five-year agreement between ground- and surface-water farmers in Idaho's Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA). The agreement, which was the result of multi-decadal legal, regulatory, and policy disputes, stipulated a reduction in groundwater withdrawals for the purpose of replenishing the overdrawn aquifer. The state was constrained by its legacy water allocation doctrine called prior appropriation - a framework for water law informally referred to as ‘first-in-time, first-in-right' that prioritizes seniority when water rights are contested - becoming particularly fraught with the social-ecological balance shift over time due to in-migration, multi-year drought, and more, leading to a mismatch between supply and demand. The two primary components of the five-year water reduction agreement used a tiered system of usage reductions from 4-20%, with an average of about 13% per groundwater farmer. The requirement also required all farmers to put in water meters on all irrigable land at their own expense. These activities were administered by managers in the eight groundwater districts impacted by the agreement and were reacted to by individual farmers with everything from reluctant acceptance to threats of lawsuits. Impact-wise, our research found farmers' net yields and farm income decreased by around 8% during the first two years of the agreement, but also that by 2020, when the agreement ended, the state’s aquifer level measurements actually surpassed the initial goal of adding 2 million acre-feet (∼2.47 trillion m3) to the aquifer by about 200 000 acre-feet (∼246 696 000 m3).
Transboundary water allocation in the Amudarya Basin of Central Asia
Authors: Ziganshina Dinara
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews the transboundary water allocation system in the Amudarya Basin shared by Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The key principles and rules of water allocation in this basin have been set in the Soviet time and validated in 1992 after the countries gained their independence. The treaty-based flexible and specific water allocation formula (percentage of flow) and the operation of joint bodies helped to preserve the resilience of the system during transition. The system would benefit, however, from improved forecasting and an early warning system, annual and long-term planning, coordinated multi-year flow regulation, robust water conservation plans, sound strategies and procedures to deal with droughts and floods. Given the increasing water demand and diminishing water supply in the near future, a more integrated basin allocation planning is required.
Coordination of water policies for quality and quantity: experiences from Nordic and Baltic countries
Authors: Larsson Rolf , Belinskij Antti , Kløve Bjørn , Meilutyte-Lukauskiene Diana , Lode Elve , Skarbøvik Eva , Akstinas Vytautas
Published: August 2022

The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive is of paramount importance for water management. According to the legal text, coordination with other directives like the Floods Directive is imperative and motivated by potential synergy effects. In this paper, the degree to which such coordination is achieved is evaluated for five Nordic and Baltic countries. The evaluation is based on legal documents, management plans, as well as on organizational structure in the five countries. The results show that the coordination between the Water Framework Directive and the Floods Directive (or flood management for Norway's case), have been successful for Estonia and Lithuania, whereas Norway, Finland, and especially Sweden need to improve more.
Cuentos felinos 5
Authors: Acosta Acosta Martiniano , Ariza Navarro Adolfo , Araújo Becerra Luis Mario , Garcés González José Luís , Gomez Cásseres Raymundo , Darío Jiménez Rafael , Muñoz Morales Carmen Victoria , Ramírez Contreras Clinton , Tedio Guillermo
Published: August 2022

Esta entrega de Cuentos felinos V está integrada por nueve textos e igual número de autores. Los cuentos, a pesar de abordar asuntos y ámbitos distintos, mantienen ciertas líneas comunes. El fracaso cruza y motiva la mayoría de sus tramas. Es una línea de producción dura, obsesiva y lúcida, que confirma la vocación indagadora y crítica que encuentro en los autores del Caribe colombiano en el manejo del cuento. En sus manos maestras el género es un vehículo dúctil al examinar las fisuras de las sociedades particulares en donde ellos se mueven. Esas grietas asumen las figuras explícitas de la denuncia social y la frustración amorosa y, en menor medida, la sensación de llegar tarde a alguna forma de verdad. Son imágenes o pulsiones, notorias en algunos textos, casi secretas en otros, que bien podrían leerse como las estaciones de un país perdido en su marcha de rutinas absurdas, anacrónicas. La de la región Caribe de Colombia continúa siendo una literatura en alza constante, que supera miedos y mitos. Queda solo esperar que haya cuentos felinos para rato.
Aprimoramento das práticas punitivas e prevenção distal do crime: Uma alternativa ao ceticismo sobre a responsabilidade moral
Authors: Fischborn Marcelo
Published: August 2022

Em décadas recentes, a investigação filosófica sobre a responsabilidade moral e o livre-arbítrio, que por muito tempo foi vista como um empreendimento em grande medida teórico, passou a também incluir preocupações de tipo mais prático. Essa mudança é bem ilustrada pela proposta cética desenvolvida por autores como Derk Pereboom e Gregg Caruso. Seus trabalhos buscam não apenas defender a tese de que não somos agentes livres e moralmente responsáveis (em um sentido delimitado dos termos), mas também advogar em favor de reformas na maneira como a responsabilização é efetivada em nossas relações interpessoais e, especialmente, no sistema penal. Este artigo examina as implicações práticas do ceticismo de Pereboom e Caruso, especialmente no que diz respeito à sua implementabilidade. Argumento que o núcleo propriamente cético da proposta é inviável para seres humanos com a psicologia moral que temos, mas que, apesar disso, alguns elementos da proposta são compatíveis com uma proposta não-cética focada no aperfeiçoamento das práticas punitivas.
A dinâmica cognitiva do pensamento indexical
Authors: Valente Matheus
Published: August 2022

A questão central da dinâmica cognitiva é explicar como retemos e re-expressamos as crenças que anteriormente expressamos por meio de expressões indexicais. Minha tese é a de que a única maneira de reter uma crença indexical é convertendo-a em uma crença mnemônica, isto é, baseada na memória. Minha visão diverge de outras recentemente avançadas na medida em que negamos a mera possibilidade de re-expressar uma crença por meio de uma expressão indexical. Uma vez que uma crença indexical é expressa, ela só pode ser pensada e expressa novamente através de um demonstrativo de memória. Sua retenção, portanto, pressupõe que seja despida de sua indexicalidade. Motivarei o problema da dinâmica cognitiva a partir dos influentes comentários de Frege em “O Pensamento”, partindo daí a revisar algumas teses fundamentais sobre a crença e como elas parecem conflitar quando pensamos em casos de sujeitos que perdem a noção do tempo ou espaço.