bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zum Elektronenaustausch zwischen Thallium (I) und Thallium (III)
Authors: Born H. J. , Vogg H.
Published: September 2023

Der bei Anwendung einer Thallium(III)‐Hydroxydfällung beim Thallium(I)‐Thallium(III)‐Elektronenaustausch besonders deutlich auftretende “Nullzeitaustausch” läßt sich auf einen heterogenen Austausch zwischen Thallium(III)‐Hydroxyd und Thallium(I) zurückführen. Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei der Tatsache zu, daß der Niederschlag nach Zugabe des Fällungsmittels Ammoniak nicht sofort ausflockt, sondern in einer Keimbildungsperiode von etwa zehn Sekunden sich ständig verändert und die dabei laufend neu entstehenden Oberflächen die Austauschreaktion mit Thallium(I) eingehen können. Je später man nach dem Ammoniakzusatz durch Zugabe der Thallium(I)‐Lösung die Austauschreaktion einleitet, desto kleinere Austauschbeträge werden erhalten. Sowohl der Austausch mit bereits vorgefälltem Thallium(III)‐Hydroxyd als auch die Reaktion mit erst sich bildendem Niederschlag sind von der eingesetzten Thallium(I)‐Konzentration abhängig. Beide gehen mit steigender Thallium(I)‐Menge gegen einen konstanten Endwert, der im einen Fall 7,5%, im anderen 37,5% der eingesetzten Thallium(III)‐Gesamtmenge beträgt.
Grundlagen der mechanischen und dielektrischen Relaxationserscheinungen
Authors: Kneser H. O.
Published: August 2023

Unter Relaxation bzw. Retardation wird verstanden, daß ein Körper sich unter dem Einfluß einer plötzlich angelegten mechanischen Spannung mit einer gewissen Verzögerung deformiert. Dasselbe gilt beim Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes für die dielektrische Polarisation. Die beiden Gebieten gemeinsamen phänomenologischen Beziehungen werden aufgestellt und auf den Fall wechselnder Spannungen bzw. Felder angewandt (Cole‐Kreis; komplexe Materialkonstanten). Je nach der Größe der Relaxationszeit bieten sich verschiedene Meßmöglichkeiten, die kurz diskutiert werden.

Die Relaxationserscheinungen sind immer eine Folge der verzögerten Einstellung eines thermischen Gleichgewichts und geben daher Aufschluß über deren Mechanismus, nämlich über die Wechselwirkung zwischen benachbarten Molekülen oder Molekülteilen. Die mechanische Relaxation der Gase erlaubt Aussagen über die Energieübertragung bei Zusammenstößen, die mechanische und dielektrische Relaxation in kondensierten Phasen über Beweglichkeiten bzw. Platzwechselvorgänge und deren Aktivierungsenergie. Die Analogie zwischen mechanischer und dielektrischer Relaxation wird am Beispiel des Eises diskutiert.

Die magnetische (Spin‐)Relaxation ermöglicht ebenfalls Schlüsse auf die Beweglichkeit von Molekülen oder Molekülteilen.
High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Peptide Bond
Authors: Franconi Cafiero
Published: August 2023

Several secondary and tertiary amides have been investigated by the N.M.R. technique as part of a research work on protein structure.

High resolution N.M.R. spectra of unsymmetrically substituted tertiary amides reveal the existence of rotational isomers. Isomer ratios and potential barriers opposing their interconversion have been measured. Evaluation of these barriers for pure and oxygenprotonated N,N‐dimethylformamide shows a 15% increase from the first to the second species, thus supporting the existence of stronger C‐N bonds in the hydrogen‐bonded polypeptide chain.

Comparison of spectra of secondary and tertiary amides allows for determination of the absolute configuration of the peptide bond.
Strukturumwandlungen von Halogeniden des Typus AX2 unter höheren Drücken
Authors: Seifert K.‐F.
Published: September 2023

An BaF2 und SrF2 konnte bei 200 °C oberhalb 50 kbar eine Hochdruckphase gefunden werden, die nach plötzlicher Druckentlastung bei Atmosphärendruck metastabil haltbar ist. Aus Röntgenpulveraufnahmen wird Isotypie zur Raumtemperaturform des PbF2 mit PbCl2‐Struktur erschlossen. ‐ Die zu PbCl2 isotype Hochdruckmodifikation von CaF2 wurde bei 100 kbar und 300 °C erhalten. Die Struktur einer Hochdruckphase des HgBr2 konnte noch nicht aufgeklärt werden.
Der Einfluß des hydrostatischen Druckes auf die Hydrolyse von Benzoylchloriden in Tetrahydrofuran‐Wasser‐Gemischen
Authors: Heydtmann H. , Stieger[1] H.
Published: September 2023

Die Geschwindigkeiten der Hydrolyse von Anisoyl‐, Benzoyl‐, p‐Brombenzoyl‐ und p‐Nitrobenzoylchlorid wurden bei 20°C und Drucken von 1–1000 at in Tetrahydrofuran‐Wasser‐Gemischen gemessen. Die Werte der negativen Aktivierungsvolumina für P = 1 at laufen im Bereich von 2,2–29,7 Gew.‐% Wasser für die Hydrolysen von Benzoylchlorid und Anisoylchlorid über Maxima. Die Abhängigkeit der Aktivierungsvolumina von der Mischungszusammensetzung im Bereich der Wasserkonzentrationen < 6 Gew.‐% läßt sich mit Hilfe einer Kontinuumstheorie für das Lösungsmittel verstehen. Der Übergang von einem SN 2‐ zu einem SN 1‐Mechanismus und ein Additions‐Eliminations‐Mechanismus werden diskutiert.
Ammonothermalsynthese von Metallamiden und Metallnitriden
Authors: Juza R. , Jacobs H. , Gerke H.
Published: September 2023

Es werden apparative Angaben über das präparative Arbeiten mit Ammoniak im überkritischen Gebiet (bis 5000 atm und 550 °C) gemacht. Amorphe Metallamide werden, gegebenenfalls unter Verwendung eines Mineralisators, rekristallisiert. Umsetzungen von Metallen mit Ammoniak zu Amiden [Be(NH2)2, Mg(NH2)2, La(NH2)3], Imiden [Th(NH)2] oder Nitriden (Be3N2) werden ermöglicht oder stark beschleunigt.
Die isotherm‐isobare Volumennachwirkung bei Hochpolymeren nach Temperatur‐ und Druckänderungen
Authors: Rehage G. , Goldbach G.
Published: September 2023

Zur Beschreibung der Volumennachwirkungserscheinungen sind von verschiedenen Autoren Theorien entwickelt worden, die die bisherigen Untersuchungen der nicht linearen Volumenretardation mehr oder weniger gut wiedergeben. Bezüglich des linearen Nachwirkungsverhaltens liefern die Theorien gewöhnlich eine einzige Retardationszeit τ.

Um festzustellen, welche der Theorien im linearen Bereich anwendbar sind, wurden genaue Untersuchungen der isotherm‐isobaren Volumenretardation an Polystyrol vorgenommen. Die Messungen wurden nach der Temperatur‐ und erstmalig auch nach der Drucksprungmethode durchgeführt.

Die Meßergebnisse zeigen, daß bei der Volumenretardation ein messbarer linearer Bereich existiert. Die Nachwirkungsfunktion kann auf keinen Fall mit einer einzigen Retardationszeit τ beschrieben werden, sondern nur mit einer Verteilungsfunktion von Retardationszeiten. Es stellt sich heraus, daß im linearen Bereich die Nachwirkungsfunktion (Verteilungsfunktion der Retardationszeiten) nach einer vorausgegangenen Temperaturänderung eine andere ist als nach einer vorausgegangenen Druckänderung. Dieses Ergebnis folgt auch aus der thermodynamischen Theorie der linearen Relaxationserscheinungen von Meixner[11].
Über den Zustand der inneren Ordnung bei glasig erstarrenden Hochpolymeren
Authors: Breuer H. , Rehage G.
Published: September 2023

Ausgehend von genauen Kompressibilitätsmessungen an ataktischem Polystyrol im Einfrierbereich wurde die Frage behandelt, ob die glasige Erstarrung mit dem Formalismus der thermodynamischen Umwandlungen behandelt werden kann.

Es wurde herausgestellt, daß die Beziehungen für eine Umwandlung zweiter Ordnung nicht anwendbar sind, da die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften im Glaszustand außer von der Temperatur und vom Druck zusätzlich vom Wege der Glasbildung abhängen. Dies gilt sowohl für die glasige Erstarrung bei normalen Drucken und Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten als auch für die Grenzfälle sehr hoher Drucke und Temperaturen und unendlich langsamer Abkühlung bei Normaldruck. Die Wegabhängigkeiten konnten durch innere Ordnungsparameter beschrieben werden.

Es wurde theoretisch und an Hand von Beispielen gezeigt, daß man aus Zustandsmessungen und aus kinetischen Messungen zu voneinander verschiedenen Aussagen über die Vielfalt der linear unabhängigen Ordnungsparameter gelangen kann.
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Lösungen von Natrium in Ammoniak bei −40 °C im Druckbereich bis 1500 at
Authors: Schindewolf U. , Böddeker K. W. , Vogelsgesang R.
Published: September 2023

Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Lösungen von Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak nimmt bei Drucksteigerung ab. Der Konzentrationsverlauf des negativen Druckkoeffizienten, der zwei Extremwerte aufweist, entspricht dem des von Kraus [4] gemessenen positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit. Die Leitfähigkeitserhöhung mit der Temperatur ist durch Verschiebung der Dissoziationsgleichgewichte in Richtung auf die Ladungsträger verursacht [1]. Der gegenläufige Druckeinfluß auf die elektrische Leitfähigkeit kann daher auf eine Rückdrängung der Dissoziation zurückgeführt werden. Daraus folgt in Bestätigung der Dichtemessungen von Evers [6], daß das Natrium im undissoziierten, nichtleitenden Zustand ein kleineres scheinbares Molvolumen hat als im dissoziierten, elektrolytisch bzw. metallisch leitenden Zustand.
Triplet state processes in fluid solution
Authors: Parker C. A.
Published: September 2023

This paper reviews the kinds of long‐lived photoluminescence that can be observed in fluid solutions, and summarises the applications of the measurement of such photoluminescence. These applications include the measurement of triplet lifetimes and triplet radiative lifetimes, triplet energy, triplet formation efficiency, triplet quenching rates, probability of triplet‐to‐triplet energy transfer; the observation of excited dimers and excited complexes; the determination of trace impurities and the products of photochemical reaction. By working in perfluorocarbon solvents the method can be applied to reactive triplets such as the π*‐n triplets of aromatic ketones.
Photolyse flüssiger Kohlenoxid‐Äthylen‐Mischungen bei 77 °K im Quarz‐UV
Authors: Buschmann H. W. , Groth W.
Published: September 2023

Untersucht wurde die direkte und die CO‐sensibilisierte Photolyse des Äthylens im Quarz‐UV in flüssiger Phase bei – 196 °C. In beiden Fällen sind die Reaktionsprodukte Acetylen und Wasserstoff. Es wurden keine Reaktionsprodukte gefunden, die auf die Beteiligung freier Wasserstoffatome an der Reaktion hinweisen.

Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten mit 1,1‐d2‐Äthylen und mit cis‐d2‐Äthylen zeigen, daß der Wasserstoff in molekularer Form sowohl aus der 1,1‐ als auch aus der 1,2‐Stellung abgespalten wird. Bei der direkten Photolyse sind die beiden Dissoziationsprozesse gleich wahrscheinlich. Die 1,2‐Abspaltung von Wasserstoff erfolgt bei der direkten Photolyse in einer Schwingungsperiode ohne Isotopieeffekte.

An der sensibilisierten Photolyse sind elektronisch angeregte Zustände des Äthylens nicht beteiligt. Die Zersetzung des Äthylens wird auf die Reaktion von Äthylen mit CO(a3∏) zurückgeführt.
Zur Theorie der dielektrischen Relaxation in Polyäthylen
Authors: Pechhold W. , Stoll B.
Published: August 2023

Dielektrische Messungen an nicht oxidiertem sowie an oxidiertem und strahlenvernetztem Polyäthylen werden mitgeteilt. Die quantitative Deutung der dielektrischen Relaxationsstärken Δϵ = ϵ0 – ϵ∞ ist in einem konkreten Modell der Mikrostruktur und Molekülbewegung (Kinkenmodell) möglich. Bei bekannter Konzentration der Dipole (Carbonylgruppen) ergeben sich aus dem Vergleich von Theorie und Experiment Aussagen über die Konzentration von Kinken, Kettentorsionen und Leerstellen, die mit den thermodynamischen Voraussagen im Einklang stehen.
Tunnelübergang der Elektronen und thermische Aktivierung bei der anodischen Sauerstoffentwicklung
Authors: Vetter K. J. , Schultze J. W.
Published: August 2023

Die an Platin beobachtete Stromdichteio2der anodischen Sauerstoffentwicklung logiO2=A+ (αF/2,3R T)‐[ε+ 0.059pH ‐ε0t] ‐d/do‐ wird in Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotential ε, der Oxidschichtdicked(4 bis 8 Å) und der TemperaturTdiskutiert. Aus derpH‐Abhängigkeit ist auf ein vorgelagertes Elektrosorptionsgleichgewicht von OH−‐ bzw. O2‐‐Ionen mit folgender geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Durchtrittsreaktion OHadε OHad+ e−bzw. O2adε O−ad+ e−zu schließen.

Der Elektronenübergang wird mit einem wellenmechanischen Tunnelübergang durch die dünne Oxidschicht gedeutet. Die Stromdichte ergibt sich theoretisch zuio2= 4v. Cλwt‐Qmθad.exp [‐ (ε‐ε)2e2o/4λkT−] mit der stark schichtdickenabhängigen Tunnel wahrscheinlichkeitwt= Ct. exp( ‐ 2,3 .d/do), wobeidodurch die Höhe der Energiebarriere ΔEbvon etwa 2eV bestimmt wird. DiepH‐Abhängigkeit ist in der Größe εor= ‐ 0,059pH enthalten. Die Bedeutung von εrwird diskutiert. Qm= 0,4 mC/cm2ist die Ladung einer Monoschicht und θad= 0,02 bis 0,03 der Bedeckungsgrad von Sauerstoffionen, die auf der Oxidoberfläche adsorbiert sind. Die experimentelle Aktivierungs‐energieEawird für den Fall gleicher Reorganisationsenergien λ = λr= λoxdurchEa= ‐(εr)e2/4λund entsprechend der Durchtrittsfaktor α ε 0,63 mit α = ‐ (ε ‐ εr)eo/2λ gedeutet. Die Theorie wird auf den Fall λrε erweitert, was mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen (ε = 0,17) besser übereinstimmt. Es ergibt sich ε = 1,8eV (=ε). Der Frequenzfaktorverrechnet sich aus der experimentellen GrößeA= 9,0 (Einheit A/cm2) zu 1014Hz. ein theoretisch vernünftiger Wert für die Anlauffrequenz der Elektronen gegen die Energiebarriere.
Fluoroquinolone resistance in urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of action and management strategies
Authors: Thompson Daryl , Xu Jennifer , Ischia Joseph , Bolton Damien
Published: August 2023

Background

Fluoroquinolone resistance is an issue of concern amongst physicians worldwide. In urology, fluoroquinolones are often used in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis and prostatitis, as well as infections caused by multidrug‐resistant pathogens.

Aims

We aim to highlight the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and the need for ongoing biomedical research to discover novel agents in our losing battle against resistant pathogens.

Materials and methods

In this review, we survey the literature and summarise fluoroquinolone resistance as it pertains to pyelonephritis and prostatitis, as well as alternative treatment strategies and prevention of multidrug resistance.

Results

The rise of fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteria has reduced the available treatment options, often necessitating hospital admission for intravenous antibiotics, which places an additional burden on both patients and the healthcare system. Many countries such as Australia have attempted to limit fluoroquinolone resistance by imposing strict prescribing criteria, though these efforts have not been entirely successful. Solutions to overcome resistance include prevention, combination therapy and the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Conclusions

Prevention of the proliferation of resistant organisms by antimicrobial stewardship is paramount, and urologists are obliged to be aware of responsible prescribing practices such as referring to local guidelines when prescribing. By reserving fluoroquinolones for infections in which they are truly indicated and by prescribing based on both patient and local environmental factors, we can preserve this effective resource for future use.
Tunable warm white light emission and energy transfer of Dy3+ co‐doped Sr2LaZrO5.5:Eu3+ phosphors
Authors: Jia‐li Pang , Ting‐ting Li , Xue Chaolu‐men , Ren Sha
Published: September 2023

Eu3+,Dy3+ co‐doped Sr2LaZrO5.5‐based phosphors were prepared through a sol–gel method. Through characterization, it was found that the Sr2LaZrO5.5‐based fluorescent powder co‐doped with Eu3+ and Dy3+ had a cubic structure. At an excitation wavelength of 290 nm, the substrate Sr2LaZrO5.5 exhibited strong blue emission at 468 nm, and the Sr2LaZrO5.5:18%Eu3+ phosphor exhibited a strong red emission peak at 612 nm. When the doping amount of Dy3+ was 5, 8, 12, 15, or 18%, the Sr2LaZrO5.5:18%Eu3+ phosphor changed from an orange‐red light, to a warm white light, and to a cold white light. According to the emission spectra, the emission intensities of the substrates Sr2LaZrO5.5 and Sr2LaZrO5.5:Eu3+ decreased with increasing Dy3+ concentration, confirming the energy transfer between the host Sr2LaZrO5.5‐Eu3+,Dy3+, and resulting in a lower CCT value, with significantly improved white light emission.
Reactions of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl 5‐substituted‐2‐thiophenecarboxylate promoted by 4‐ZC6H4O−/4‐ZC6H4OH in 20 mol% DMSO(aq). Effects of leaving group and nucleophile on the acyl transfer reactions
Authors: Pyun Sang Yong , Paik Kyu Cheol , Han Man So , Hong Seung Taek , Cho Bong Rae
Published: September 2023

The kinetics of nucleophilic substitution reactions involving 2,4‐dinitrophenyl 5‐substituted‐2‐thiophenecarboxylate were studied kinetically with 4‐Z‐C6H4O−/4‐Z‐C6H4OH, which facilitated the reactions, in 20 mol% DMSO(aq). The reactions followed second‐order kinetics and exhibited βacyl = −2.34 to −2.92, ρ(Y) = 2.71–3.39, βnuc = 0.74–0.83, and |βlg| = 0.40–0.57. Based on the interpretation of the results, we have concluded that the reaction follows an addition–elimination mechanism in which the first step is the rate‐determining step (rds). The transition state structures for the 4‐ZC6H4O−‐promoted reactions remained nearly the same with a change in the leaving group from 4‐nitrophenoxide to 2,4‐dinitrophenoxide. The mechanism of the 4‐ZC6H4O−‐promoted reaction was similar to that of R2NH‐promoted reactions, except that the former proceeded with the 1st step being the rds and the latter proceeded with a change in the rds from the second to the first step with a stronger nucleophile.
The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and their associations with local immune cells and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lin Chi‐Maw , Lin Long‐Wei , Chen Tseng‐Cheng , Ye Yi‐Ling , Chiang Bor‐Luen
Published: September 2023

Background

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand‐gated ion channels that may be responsible for cancer cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune regulation. However, little is known about the associations of different nAChR subunits with tumor microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed pathology samples from 75 OSCC patients by immunohistochemistry. In addition, a cohort of 307 OSCC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed.

Results

Subunit α1 was specific to peri‐OSCC skeletal muscle. Increased α1 was associated with increased CD44 (cancer stem cells), increased CD3 and 8 (T cells), increased CD56 and 16 (natural killer cells), a decreased T stage, and an increased N stage. Increased α3 was associated with increased CD56 and 16. Increased α5 was associated with decreased CD3, 8, and 56, a decreased T stage, an increased N stage, worse survival, and decreased epithelial features. Increased α7 was associated with increased CD3, 8, 56, and 16, decreased tumor/peritumor ratios of CD3, 8, and 56 immune cells, and increased epithelial features. Increased local immune cells were associated with a better prognosis.

Conclusions

α5 is the only subunit associated with decreased local immune cells and worse survival, while α1, α3, and α7 are associated with increased local immune cells in OSCC. α5 and α7 are correlated with different EMT states to be mesenchymal‐like and epithelial‐like OSCC, respectively. Protein expression data of the nAChR subunits, complementary to gene expression data, could provide meaningful information regarding the EMT status of OSCC associated with immune responses and prognosis.
Bilirubin in wound healing: A double‐edged sword
Authors: Singla Kshitij , M P Sarath Krishnan , Bhattacharjya Aklanta , Saxena Rahul , Choudhary Nitin , Goyal Bela
Published: September 2023

The impact of bilirubin levels on wound healing remains a topic of controversy. The present study is a literature review that examines the impact of increased levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream on the process of wound healing. The physiological pathways and their interrelationships, as well as the relevant research publications, were comprehensively addressed in our discussion. The present study undertook a comprehensive review of the extant literature pertaining to the impact of bilirubin concentration on the process of wound healing, with particular emphasis on its association with reactive oxygen species. This scholarly article provides an overview of several studies that elucidate the mechanisms and correlation between bilirubin and the process of wound healing. The impact of bilirubin on wound healing has been observed, and it appears to function as a modulator. This review demonstrates that there exists a spectrum of bilirubin concentrations that can function as precise regulators, although this range falls under pathological hyperbilirubinemia. Further research is required to determine the precise boundary of this range. Within a certain range, bilirubin serves as a positive regulator in the process of wound healing. Beyond this range, it has the potential to function as a negative regulator.
Homeobox‐D 1 and FTO form a transcriptional–epigenetic feedback loop to promote head and neck cancer proliferation
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Xie Linsen , Lin Zhen
Published: September 2023

Transcription factors (TFs) and N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modifiers are involved in tumor progression through transcriptional regulation and posttranscriptional regulation of genes, respectively. However, the crosstalk and role of these two types of gene expression regulators in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the TF homeobox‐D1 (HOXD1) and the m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) form a positive feedback loop to promote cell proliferation and survival in HNSC. Clinically, HOXD1 expression is dysregulated in multiple cancer types and is associated with worse prognosis in patients with HNSC, stomach adenocarcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Mechanistically, FTO is overexpressed in HNSC tumor samples and positively regulates HOXD1 expression in an m6A‐dependent manner. Functionally, deficiency of HOXD1 relieved the resistance of HNSC cells to apoptosis and arrested tumor cells at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting cell growth, whereas overexpression of HOXD1 caused the opposite effect. Furthermore, HOXD1 activates the transcription of the oncogenic factor FTO by directly targeting its promoter. Downregulation of FTO mimicked the biological effect of HOXD1 knockdown on HNSC. Importantly, overexpression of HOXD1 significantly rescued the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis promotion of HNSC cells induced by deficiency of FTO. Together, our findings reveal HOXD1 as a novel prognostic predictor and a potential target for HNSC, providing mechanistic insights into the role of the HOXD1–FTO circuit in this cancer.
A team‐based service model for increasing equitable access to care
Authors: Jackson Mitchell , Kemp Josh , Freeman Jennifer
Published: August 2023

Numerous health agencies, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the World Health Organization, have declared a state of emergency for child and adolescent mental health fueled by escalating prevalence rates and a troubling shortage of available mental health providers.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2023

White House proposal to enforce parity

The harms caused by stigmatizing substance use images
On the complementary nature of ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA+) and Tucker3 tensor decompositions on designed multi‐way datasets
Authors: Koleini Farnoosh , Hugelier Siewert , Lakeh Mahsa Akbari , Abdollahi Hamid , Camacho José , Gemperline Paul J.
Published: August 2023

The complementary nature of analysis of variance (ANOVA) Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA+) and Tucker3 tensor decompositions is demonstrated on designed datasets. We show how ASCA+ can be used to (a) identify statistically sufficient Tucker3 models; (b) identify statistically important triads making their interpretation easier; and (c) eliminate non‐significant triads making visualization and interpretation simpler. For multivariate datasets with an experimental design of at least two factors, the data matrix can be folded into a multi‐way tensor. ASCA+ can be used on the unfolded matrix, and Tucker3 modeling can be used on the folded matrix (tensor). Two novel strategies are reported to determine the statistical significance of Tucker3 models using a previously published dataset. A statistically sufficient model was created by adding factors to the Tucker3 model in a stepwise manner until no ASCA+ detectable structure was observed in the residuals. Bootstrap analysis of the Tucker3 model residuals was used to determine confidence intervals for the loadings and the individual elements of the core matrix and showed that 21 out of 63 core values of the 3 × 7 × 3 model were not significant at the 95% confidence level. Exploiting the mutual orthogonality of the 63 triads of the Tucker3 model, these 21 factors (triads) were removed from the model. An ASCA+ backward elimination strategy is reported to further simplify the Tucker3 3 × 7 × 3 model to 36 core values and associated triads. ASCA+ was also used to identify individual factors (triads) with selective responses on experimental factors A, B, or interactions, A × B, for improved model visualization and interpretation.
Genetic variants in the complement system and their potential link in the aetiology of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Onengut‐Gumuscu Suna , Webb‐Robertson Bobbie‐Jo M. , Sarkar Soumyadeep , Manichaikul Ani , Hu Xiaowei , Frazer‐Abel Ashley , Holers V. Michael , Rewers Marian J. , Rich Stephen S.
Published: August 2023

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which one's own immune system destroys insulin‐secreting beta cells in the pancreas. This process results in life‐long dependence on exogenous insulin for survival. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in disease initiation, progression, and ultimate clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. This review will provide background on the natural history of type 1 diabetes and the role of genetic factors involved in the complement system, as several recent studies have identified changes in levels of these proteins as the disease evolves from pre‐clinical through to clinically apparent disease.
Maternal overweight and obesity modify the association of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Wu Ping , Wu Linjing , Wang Yi , Ye Yi , Yang Xue , Yuan Jiaying , Xu Jianguo , Wang Yi‐Xin , Song Xingyue , Yan Shijiao , Lv Chuanzhu , Liu Gang , Pan An , Pan Xiong‐Fei
Published: August 2023

Aims

To examine the prospective association between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the modifying effect of overweight/obesity for this association.

Methods

Serum FGF21 levels were measured at 6–15 weeks of gestation among 332 GDM cases and 664 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate its association with GDM risk. Interaction analyses on multiplicative and additive scales were conducted to investigate the modifying effect of overweight/obesity.

Results

Elevated FGF21 levels were associated with a higher risk of GDM in multivariable models, but the positive association was attenuated after further adjustment for pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI). A significant multiplicative interaction was noted between FGF21 (both continuous and dichotomous) and pre‐pregnancy BMI (p for interaction = 0.049 and 0.03), and the association was only significant in participants with pre‐pregnancy BMI ≥24 kg/m2. When participants were grouped based on pre‐pregnancy BMI (≥24 and <24 kg/m2) and FGF21 levels (≥median and <median), a significant association was observed in those with higher BMI and FGF21 levels (odds ratio, 2.12; 95% CI: 1.41, 3.20) but not in those with either higher BMI or higher FGF21, with a significant additive interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.27, 2.20). FGF21 was also correlated with unfavourable glucose and lipid biomarkers as well as adipokines.

Conclusions

Elevated serum FGF21 levels in early pregnancy were associated with a higher risk of GDM, particularly among those with overweight/obesity.
Physical and mechanical properties and microstructures of submarine soils in the Yellow Sea
Authors: Tian Zhuangcai , Chang Yihua , Chen Sichao , Wang Gengchen , Hu Yanhong , Guo Chuan , Jia Lei , Song Lei , Yue Jianhua
Published: September 2023

In recent years, the exploration of seabed has been intensified, but the submarine soils of silt and sand in the Yellow Sea area have not been well investigated so far. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of silt and sand from the Yellow Sea were measured using a direct shear apparatus and their microstructures were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The test results suggest that the shear strength of silt and sand increases linearly with the increase of normal stress. Based on the direct shear test, the scanning electron microscope was used to observe the section surface of sand. It is observed that the section surface becomes rough, with many “V”‐shaped cracks. Many particles appear on the surface of the silt structure and tend to be disintegrated. The X‐ray diffraction experiment reveals that the sand and silt have different compositions. The shear strength of sand is slightly greater than that of silt under high stress, which is related to the shape of soil particles and the mineral composition. These results can be a reference for further study of other soils in the Yellow Sea; meanwhile, they can serve as soil parameters for the stability and durability analyses of offshore infrastructure construction.
Hybrid zone analysis confirms cryptic species of banded newt and does not support competitive displacement since secondary contact
Authors: Kalaentzis Konstantinos , Arntzen Jan W. , Avcı Aziz , van den Berg Victor , Beukema Wouter , France James , Olgun Kurtuluş , van Riemsdijk Isolde , Üzüm Nazan , de Visser Manon C. , Wielstra Ben
Published: August 2023

When two putatively cryptic species meet in nature, hybrid zone analysis can be used to estimate the extent of gene flow between them. Two recently recognized cryptic species of banded newt (genus Ommatotriton) are suspected to meet in parapatry in Anatolia, but a formal hybrid zone analysis has never been conducted. We sample populations throughout the range, with a focus on the supposed contact zone, and genotype them for 31 nuclear DNA SNP markers and mtDNA. We determine the degree of genetic admixture, introgression, and niche overlap. We reveal an extremely narrow hybrid zone, suggesting strong selection against hybrids, in line with species status. The hybrid zone does not appear to be positioned at an ecological barrier, and there is significant niche overlap. Therefore, the hybrid zone is best classified as a tension zone, maintained by intrinsic selection against hybrids. While the two banded newt species can evidently backcross, we see negligible introgression and the pattern is symmetric, which we interpret as supporting the fact that the hybrid zone has been practically stationary since its origin (while extensive hybrid zone movement has been suggested in other newt genera in the region). Our study illustrates the use of hybrid zone analysis to test cryptic species status.
Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade‐offs rather than a long‐term increase in competitive effects of native communities
Authors: Brendel Marco R. , Schurr Frank M. , Sheppard Christine S.
Published: September 2023

Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra‐ and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high‐competition habitats, a build‐up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco‐evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi‐species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co‐existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co‐existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build‐up of competition‐mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over 2 years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, this study advances the understanding of the long‐term dynamics of plant invasions. In our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low‐competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high‐competition habitats.
Ecohydrological influences of biocrusts and their pathways in a desert steppe ecosystem
Authors: Qiu Dexun , Xiao Bo , Kidron Giora J.
Published: September 2023

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are a prevalent form of organic cover in drylands across the world, and they play a crucial role in shaping the ecohydrological processes and functioning of dryland ecosystems. However, in desert steppe ecosystems, the ecohydrological influences of biocrusts and their pathways have not yet been thoroughly understood. Here, we examined the influences of three types of biocrusts (cyanobacterial, cyanobacterial‐moss mixed, and moss biocrusts) on soil water retention and infiltration in a typical desert steppe of northwestern China, and we also analysed the possible pathways through which biocrusts affect them. Accordingly, the field capacity (θf, indicating soil water‐holding capacity) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks, indicating soil infiltrability) of each biocrust‐covered soil and bare soil were measured both at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths, on Arenosols (loamy sand texture) and Calcisols (silty loamy texture), respectively. Our results showed that the presence of biocrusts increased surface soil (0–5 cm) water‐holding capacity while decreased soil infiltrability, creating a remarkable impact on soil water retention and infiltration. As compared to bare soil, the θf of cyanobacterial, cyanobacterial‐moss mixed, and moss biocrusts were increased by 16.5%, 21.4%, and 21.7% on Arenosols and by 9.6%, 18.9%, and 22.8% on Calcisols, while their Ks were reduced by 43.2%, 56.2%, and 38.2% on Arenosols, and by 49.0%, 68.7%, and 36.0% on Calcisols, respectively. The development of biocrusts on sandy textured soil had a more pronounced impact on both soil water retention and infiltration than loamy textured soil. We found that biocrusts mainly changed soil water retention and infiltration by increasing the contents of clay and organic matter. More specifically, the increase in clay content led to a more significant effect compared to the increase in organic matter content on Arenosols, while the opposite influence was observed on Calcisols. Among the three types of biocrusts, the soil infiltrability of the mixed biocrusts was the lowest, perhaps due to the interaction between the accumulation of clay particles by moss and the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances by cyanobacteria. Our study highlights the remarkable ecohydrological impacts of biocrusts on desert steppe ecosystems, and the results imply that it is of great necessary to integrate biocrusts and their influences into our understanding of ecohydrological processes in global drylands.
Organometallic Reagents: Efficient Tools for the Synthesis of Fused Pyridinyl‐Lactones
Authors: Hammas Lynda , Touchet Sabrina , Adach Sandrine , Comoy Corinne
Published: September 2023

Herein we disclose an efficient one‐pot route to a wide range of 3‐substituted fused pyridinyl‐lactones, so called aza‐phthalides. The developed strategy involves a Metal/Halogen Exchange (MHE) reaction as key step, followed by an electrophile trapping using various carbonyl derivatives and a subsequent lactonization. To promote the MHE reaction with high chemoselectivity, our investigations have particularly focused on the nature of mono‐ or bimetallic derivatives as metalation reagents including organolithiums, Grignard reagents and lithium organomagnesiate complexes, and highlighted the positive salt effect on reactional sequence. An extension to fused heteroaryl‐lactones (benzothienyl‐, benzofuranyl‐ and naphthofuranyl scaffolds) was explored.
A simplified procedure for the prediction of liquefaction‐induced settlement of offshore wind turbines supported by suction caisson foundation based on effective stress analyses and an ML‐based group method of data handling
Authors: Farahani Sina , Barari Amin
Published: September 2023

In this research, a series of non‐linear dynamic finite element (FE) effective stress analyses were conducted to analyze the influence of the suction caisson geometry, ground motion intensity and contact pressure caused by the offshore wind turbine (OWT) on the settlement pattern and seismic demand of the OWT's structure on saturated dense sand. The baseline model and the FE procedure were validated using a database of well‐documented centrifuge tests. However, particular attention was given to the calibration campaign based on the measured system response quantities, such as the settlement, acceleration and pore‐pressure time histories. The FE results identified the contact pressure as an important state parameter caused by the OWT's mass; the governing ground‐shaking intensity measures that play a significant role in the derivation of an analytical framework for predicting liquefaction‐induced OWT settlements during major events are the shaking intensity rate (SIR), Arias Intensity ( and spectral acceleration at a period equal to 1 s (T = 1 s). The results revealed that approximating expressions derived using the modified least‐squares method (MLSM) reasonably capture the complex phenomenon of liquefaction‐induced settlement, with some exceptions at lower SIR values. Finally, to obtain the approximating expressions, the database was combined with a machine learning (ML)‐based group method of data handling (GMDH) that appropriately describes the interplay of multiple properties of the foundation soil, structure and seismic events while incorporating the effect of the interaction between the suction caisson, foundation soil, excess pore‐pressure generation and cyclic shear stresses.
Absent drumlins beneath southern lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: A new hypothesis based on Des Moines Lobe dynamics inferred from landforms
Authors: Iverson Neal R. , Krueger Sarah E. , Harding Chris
Published: August 2023

Spatial distributions of drumlin fields encode information about ice sheet dynamics. No drumlins formed beneath the most lobate parts of the Laurentide Ice Sheet's southern margin, in South Dakota, Iowa and Illinois, whereas ice lobes to the northeast generally produced drumlins. This pattern may have resulted from northerly ice overriding permafrost. Here we propose a new hypothesis for this pattern by constructing a LiDAR‐based landform map and applying a model of drumlin formation to account for the absence of drumlins beneath the largest of the ice sheet's southern lobes, the Des Moines Lobe. Broad belts of hummocky topography, ice‐walled lake plains, doughnuts and minor moraines, which together cover 90% of the lobe's upland area in Iowa, attest to widespread ice stagnation, as does the lobe's scarcity of eskers. Most stagnation topography is subtle, with insufficient relief to have obscured drumlins that might have formed before stagnation. Minor moraines are crevasse‐squeeze ridges diagnostic of surging, and their ubiquity indicates that during surging, the lobe's soft bed was weak nearly everywhere. End moraines are generally parallel to a minor moraine setup‐glacier, implying that surge‐driven advances were more numerous than indicated by the three major end moraines of the lobe. In the only physically based model of drumlin formation that includes surging, till deposition occurs during surges when effective pressure is uniformly low, whereas drumlins develop during quiescent flow between surges, when basal slip and low‐pressure R‐channels create the spatial gradients in effective pressure necessary to sculpt drumlins by differential erosion. Landforms of the lobe, however, indicate stagnation and down‐wasting during quiescence, without significant basal slip or hydraulic potential gradients necessary for R‐channels. We hypothesize that for the three southernmost lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, surging followed by widespread down‐wasting of stagnant ice prevented drumlin formation, whereas beneath northern lobes it was permitted by climatically‐forced ice advance.
Progression toward maximum leaf surface storage during the rainfall interception process
Authors: Holder Curtis D. , Lauderbaugh Leal K.
Published: September 2023

During rainfall events, leaves in the canopy absorb kinetic energy from falling raindrops causing the leaves to vibrate after each individual drop impact. Additionally, intercepted water gradually increases on foliar surfaces adding greater mass exerted on each leaf. This accumulated mass of water increases the leaf inclination angle and may enable the drainage of water from the leaf surface as the water drop retention angle is surpassed. This study explored the dynamic process of leaf vibration and changes in steady‐state leaf inclination angles after raindrop impact for three species (Acer saccharinum, Quercus gambelii, and Ulmus pumila) and with four different drop sizes. An incremental increase in steady‐state leaf inclination angle was measured from processing single frames of videos as each additional raindrop impacted leaf surfaces. In general, larger drops increased leaf inclination angles to a larger degree than the smaller drops. As maximum leaf surface storage or the water drop retention angle was approached, water drained from leaf surface causing an abrupt rebound of the leaf inclination angle. The maximum changes in steady‐state leaf inclination angle before rebound (LIAmax) and the number of drops needed for leaf inclination angle rebound were significantly correlated with the initial leaf inclination angle (LIAi) for experiments with A. saccharinum and U. pumila, but not for the experiments with Q. gambelii. No significant correlations were found between LIAmax and any leaf trait (i.e., leaf area, leaf mass, petiole length, petiole diameter, leaf hydrophobicity, and water drop retention) for A. saccharinum and U. pumila; however, a significant negative correlation was found for Q. gambelii between maximum changes in leaf inclination angle and petiole diameter. Of the leaf characteristics examined, leaf surface storage is most influenced by LIAi before drop impact.
Quantifying the glacial meltwater contribution to mountainous streams using stable water isotopes: What are the opportunities and limitations?
Authors: Wanner Philipp , Zischg Andreas , Wanner Christoph
Published: September 2023

This study aims to determine the opportunities and limitations of using stable water isotopes to quantify the glacial meltwater contribution to mountainous streams. For this purpose, three partially glaciated catchments in the Swiss Alps were selected as the study area. In the three catchments, stable isotope analysis (δ18O and δ2H) was conducted of the streams and the end‐members that contribute to the stream discharge (glacial meltwater, rain, snow). The investigations revealed that the contribution of glacial meltwater to mountainous streams can be quantified using stable water isotopes if three criteria are met: (A) The snow meltwater contribution to mountainous streams must be negligible due to its highly variable stable isotope signature; (B) the groundwater input needs to be either insignificant during this snow‐free period or the groundwater residence time must be short such that groundwater contribution does not delay the end‐member signal arriving in the streams; and (C) the isotope signal of the glacial melt end‐member needs to be distinct from the other end‐members. One of the three investigated catchments fulfilled these criteria in August and September, and the glacial meltwater contribution to the mountainous streams could be estimated based on stable water isotopes. During this time period, the glacial meltwater contribution to the stream discharge corresponded to up to 85% ± 2% and to 28.7% ± 10% of the total annual discharge, respectively. This high glacial meltwater contribution demonstrates that the mountainous stream discharges in August and September will probably strongly decrease in the future due to global warming‐induced deglaciation. Overall, this study demonstrates that many hydrogeological conditions need to be met so that stable water isotopes can be used to quantify the glacial meltwater contribution to mountainous streams. This highlights the challenges when using stable water isotopes for hydrograph separation and serves as a guide for future stable water isotope studies in mountainous regions.
The consideration of cost in evaluations of moral praiseworthiness among Chinese children
Authors: Zhao Xin
Published: September 2023

Children recognise the praiseworthiness of others' moral actions from quite a young age. The work we propose here focuses on whether and how children's judgements of moral praiseworthiness may be affected by cost incurred by the agents. Recent work has revealed developmental changes in how children consider physical and psychological costs in their judgements of moral praiseworthiness. However, this question has only been examined among US children, and little is known about how much the findings can be generalised across cultures. In this article, we examine the consideration of different types of costs (psychological, physical) in moral evaluation by children in China, and compare to the US data. We choose to study children in China not only because it is a non‐WEIRD culture, but also because recent work has suggested that there are cultural differences between the US and China in terms of how children conceptualise desire inhibition and self‐control. This research will have implications for research on children's moral cognition across cultures.
CANLay: A Network Virtualized Testbed for Vehicle Systems – Improving System Integration and Verification Efforts
Authors: Jepson Jake , Mukherjee Subhojeet , Span Martin , Daily Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Integration and Verification activities for cyber physical system networks is a complex task requiring multiple iterations of hardware and software configurations and topologies. Such testing is crucial for the system's functionality, safety, and security during operation. A proficient approach to swiftly generate various testing setups is to employ a software‐defined system, vehicle in this case, and encapsulate in‐vehicle networking messages in a switched packet network, like Ethernet. This paper introduces CANLay, the networking foundation of a software‐defined vehicle that serves as a virtualized test bed for in‐vehicle network examination. CANLay carries controller area network data and sensor signals originating from vehicle control units and simulator systems. It functions as a communication medium between a vehicle simulator and real‐world electronic control units situated on distinct network segments. CANLay's efficacy is demonstrated for heavy vehicle network performance testing in a versatile digital engineering environment, facilitating streamlined system integration and verification efforts.