bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflection of normally incident light from silicon solar cells with pyramidal texture
Authors: Baker‐Finch Simeon C. , McIntosh Keith R.
Published: October 2010

A surface texture enhances the capacity of a solar cell to absorb incident radiation. In high efficiency and industry standard designs alike, pyramidal surface textures play the key role of reducing the reflectance of the cell surface. This reduction is achieved by ensuring that incident light rays suffer at least a double reflection in the various facets of the structure. In this work, we define a general expression for the reflectance of a pyramidal texture by identifying discrete paths of reflection and the fraction of reflected light that follows each of these paths. We apply the expression to analyse the reflection of normally incident light at textured surfaces. We examine three common morphologies, finding that a regular array of inverted pyramids just outperforms a random array of upright pyramids, with a regular array of upright pyramids showing poorer capacity to reduce front surface reflection. We extend the analysis to determine the transmittance of the various structures, thus permitting the calculation of a figure of merit that can be used to optimise the thickness of antireflection coatings (ARCs). Finally, by examining the angles at which light is reflected by the pyramidal textures, we find that an encapsulant of refractive index greater than 1.59 gives between 79 and 92% of the initially reflected light a second chance to enter the solar cell. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress in women at risk for hereditary breast cancer: the role of family communication and perceived social support
Authors: den Heijer Mariska , Seynaeve Caroline , Vanheusden Kathleen , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Bartels Carina C. M. , Menke‐Pluymers Marian B. E. , Tibben Aad
Published: October 2010

Background: Hereditary breast cancer has a profound impact on individual family members and on their mutual communication and interactions. The way at‐risk women cope with the threat of hereditary breast cancer may depend on the quality of family communication about hereditary breast cancer and on the perceived social support from family and friends.

Objective: To examine the associations of family communication and social support with long‐term psychological distress in a group of women at risk for hereditary breast cancer, who opted either for regular breast surveillance or prophylactic surgery.

Methods: The study cohort consisted of 222 women at risk for hereditary breast cancer, who previously participated in a study on the psychological consequences of either regular breast cancer surveillance or prophylactic surgery. General and breast cancer specific distress, hereditary cancer‐related family communication, perceived social support, and demographics were assessed.

Results: Using structural equation modelling, we found that open communication about hereditary cancer within the family was associated with less general and breast cancer specific distress. In addition, perceived support from family and friends was indirectly associated with less general and breast cancer‐specific distress through open communication within the family.

Discussion: These findings indicate that family communication and perceived social support from friends and family are of paramount importance in the long‐term adaptation to being at risk for hereditary breast cancer. Attention for these issues needs to be incorporated in the care of women at risk for hereditary breast cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distress screening, rater agreement, and services in pediatric oncology
Authors: Patel Sunita K. , Mullins Wendy , Turk Anne , Dekel Noya , Kinjo Christine , Sato Judith K.
Published: October 2010

Objective: Empirically based data support the validity of the distress thermometer recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network as a standard screen for patient distress. However, the feasibility and utility of the distress thermometer has not been studied in the pediatric oncology setting. We conducted a study to: (1) investigate the validity of an adapted distress thermometer with pediatric oncology patients, (2) assess the degree of agreement among different respondents, including physician and psychosocial staff, with respect to (a) the pediatric cancer patient's distress and (b) the caregiver/parent's distress, and (3) to evaluate the relationship between distress levels and the psychosocial services provided to patients and families.

Methods: Ninety‐one patients and their English and Spanish‐speaking caregivers were prospectively assessed at 3‐month intervals for 1 year. The quantity of psychosocial services provided to each family was logged for a 12‐month period.

Results: Convergent validity was demonstrated by reasonable agreement between the pediatric distress rating tool and standardized measures. Additionally, the demographic and medical predictors of distress were consistent with previously reported findings using more extensive assessment. There was reasonable agreement among multiple raters of the child's distress; however, there was discrepancy between self‐ratings of caregiver distress and psychosocial staff ratings of caregiver distress. This difference in perception impacted the quantity of psychosocial services provided following the baseline assessment.

Conclusion: The single‐item distress thermometer is a viable option as a rapid screening tool of patient and caregiver distress to help efficiently identify those who should be evaluated further. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational study on the characteristics of the interaction in linear urea clusters
Authors: Esrafili Mehdi D. , Beheshtian Javad , Hadipour Nasser L.
Published: October 2010

Quantum mechanics calculations were applied to investigate the NH···O hydrogen bonding properties in linear (urea)n=1–10clusters. We investigated geometries, binding energies, and17O chemical shielding tensors of urea clusters, by means of MP2 and DFT methods. The charge‐transfer character of the urea clusters was estimated using Natural Bonding Orbital characteristics. It was found that the cooperativity effects enhance significantly the NH···O hydrogen bond from −33.08 (dimer) to −47.67 kJ/mol (decamer). Then‐dependent trend of17O shielding tensors was reasonably correlated with cooperative effects inrCObond distance. To deepen the nature of the interaction in urea clusters, the scheme of decomposition of the interaction energies was applied using Morokuma analysis and a variant of symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) based on DFT description of monomers, referred to as SAPT‐DFT. The SAPT‐DFT analysis of the interaction energy components indicates that the electrostatic and dispersive interactions are the most important attractive terms in the urea dimer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Reinvestigation of intramolecular hydrogen bond in malonaldehyde derivatives: An ab initio, AIM and NBO study
Authors: Nowroozi A. , Raissi H. , Hajiabadi H. , Jahani P. Mohammadzadeh
Published: October 2010

The RAHB systems in malonaldehyde and its derivatives at MP2/ 6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory were studied and their intramolecular hydrogen bond energies by using the related rotamers method was obtained. The topological properties of electron density distribution in OH···O intramolecular hydrogen bond have been analyzed in term of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Correlations between the H‐bond strength and topological parameters are probed. The results of QTAIM clearly showed that the linear correlation between the electron density distribution at HB critical point and RAHB ring critical point with the corresponding hydrogen bond energies was obtained. Moreover, it was found a linear correlation between the electronic potential energy density,V(rcp), and hydrogen bond energy which can be used as a simple equation for evaluation of HB energy in complex RAHB systems. Finally, the similar linear treatment between the geometrical parameters, such as O···O or OH distance, and Lp(O)→σ*OHcharge transfer energy with the intramolecular hydrogen bond energy is observed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Isotopic dipole moments in water clusters
Authors: Mohallem Josée R. , Diniz Leonardo G.
Published: October 2010

Deuteration can break the symmetry of water clusters either by replacing a H atom with a D atom in monomers or by replacing H2O monomers with D2O ones in a cluster, or by both. These procedures generates isotopic dipole moments in cases the regular ones are forbidden by point‐group symmetry (tetramer, cyclic hexamer, octamer) or vanish because of dynamic symmetry (trimer, pentamer). We report, for the first time, calculations of these dipole moments in small water clusters. Though having small magnitudes, they result large enough to be observable and can be made progressively large with crescent cluster size, for specific isotopic configurations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Analytical solutions for Yukawa potential applied to atomic systems embedded in debye plasmas
Authors: Santos Leandro C. , Martins M. Graças R. , Vianna J. David M.
Published: October 2010

A model to study atomic systems immersed in Debye plasmas is presented. Our model proposes a many‐electron wave function built from analytical solutions for Yukawa potential. The variational principle is used considering the energy as a function of two new parameters: an average charge σ and the difference λ between the nuclear and a dual charge. As an application we have calculated ground state energies for He‐like series for various Debye parameter q. Critical values q* are determined for which the bound‐unbound transitions occur and comparison with other results in the literature are made. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Interplay of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, OH orientations, and symmetry factors in the stabilization of polyhydroxybenzenes
Authors: Mammino Liliana , Kabanda Mwadham M.
Published: October 2010

Polyhydroxybenzenes are the parent compounds of large classes of derivatives, many of which exhibit biological activities. The study of derivatives highlights the importance of the conformation stabilizing factors of the parent compounds. To identify these factors, a systematic comparative study of polyhydroxybenzenes was carried out through a computational study of all possible structures and conformers in vacuo and in three solvents differing by their polarities and by the types of interactions with the solute molecule (water, chloroform, and acetonitrile); the results in solution are complemented by the study of adducts with explicit water molecules and, for the simpler structures, also with explicit acetonitrile molecules. The greatest conformation stabilizing effect pertains to intramolecular hydrogen bonds, with preference for consecutive H‐bonds. Uniform orientation of the phenol OH is a stabilizing factor for structures with meta OH groups. Preference for structures with meta OH and with greater symmetry increases as the medium polarity increases. The coexistence of intramolecular H‐bonds and solute–solvent intermolecular H‐bonds in water and acetonitrile solution narrows the solvent‐effect difference between conformers with and without intramolecular H‐bonds. Comparison of results from different calculation methods (HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP, with 6‐31G(d,p) and 6‐31++G(d,p) basis sets) shows consistency of the identified trends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Fast generation of broken‐symmetry states in a large system including multiple iron–sulfur assemblies: Investigation of QM/MM energies, clusters charges, and spin populations
Authors: Greco Claudio , Fantucci Piercarlo , Ryde Ulf , Gioia Luca de
Published: October 2010

A density functional theory study is presented regarding the energetics and the Mulliken population analyses of a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) system including multiple iron–sulfur clusters in the QM region. The [FeFe]‐hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was studied, and both the active site (an Fe6S6 assembly generally referred to as the H‐cluster) and an ancillary Fe4S4 site were treated at the BP86‐RI/TZVP level. The antiferromagnetic coupling that characterizes both sites was modeled using the broken‐symmetry (BS) approach. For such a QM system, 36 different BS couplings can be defined, depending on the localization of spin excess on the various spin centers. All the BS states were obtained by means of an effective and simple method for spin localization, that is here described and compared with more sophisticated approaches already available in literature. The variation of the QM/MM energy among the various geometry‐optimized protein models was found to be less than 25 kJ mol–1. This energy variation almost doubles if no geometry optimization is performed. A detailed analysis of the additive nature of these variations in QM/MM energy is reported. The Mulliken charges show very small variations among the 36 BS states, whereas the Mulliken spin populations were found to be somewhat more variable. The relevance of such variations is discussed in light of the available Mössbauer and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopic data for the enzyme. Finally, the influence of the basis set on the spin populations, charges, and structural parameters of the models was investigated, by means of QM/MM computations on the same system at the BP86‐RI/SVP level. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Parameter estimation and stabilization for a wave equation with boundary output harmonic disturbance and non‐collocated control
Authors: Guo Wei , Guo Bao‐Zhu , Shao Zhi‐Chao
Published: October 2010

This paper is concerned with the parameter estimation and stabilization of a one‐dimensional wave equation with harmonic disturbance suffered by boundary observation at one end and the non‐collocated control at the other end. An adaptive observer is designed in terms of measured velocity corrupted by harmonic disturbance with unknown magnitude. The backstepping method for infinite‐dimensional system is adopted in the design of the feedback law. It is shown that the resulting closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable. Meanwhile, the estimated parameter is shown to be convergent to the unknown parameter as time goes to infinity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence to equilibrium of biased plane Partitions
Authors: Caputo Pietro , Martinelli Fabio , Toninelli Fabio Lucio
Published: October 2010

We study a single‐flip dynamics for the monotone surface in (2 + 1) dimensions obtained from a boxed plane partition. The surface is analyzed as a system of non‐intersecting simple paths. When the flips have a non‐zero bias we prove that there is a positive spectral gap uniformly in the boundary conditions and in the size of the system. Under the same assumptions, for a system of sizeM, the mixing time is shown to be of orderMup to logarithmic corrections. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 39, 83–114, 2011
Duality in inhomogeneous random graphs, and the cut metric
Authors: Janson Svante , Riordan Oliver
Published: October 2010

The classical random graph model G(n, c/n) satisfies a “duality principle”, in that removing the giant component from a supercritical instance of the model leaves (essentially) a subcritical instance. Such principles have been proved for various models; they are useful since it is often much easier to study the subcritical model than to directly study small components in the supercritical model. Here we prove a duality principle of this type for a very general class of random graphs with independence between the edges, defined by convergence of the matrices of edge probabilities in the cut metric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 39, 399–411, 2011
Spotting the difference
Authors: Lanna Marconi , Amyot Daniel
Published: October 2010

Source Code Management (SCM) is a valuable tool in software development projects, providing the ability to store and retrieve past versions of source files. Comparison tools offer the capability to compare different files or versions, highlighting their differences. Most such tools are built around a two‐pane interface, with files displayed side by side. Such interfaces are inefficient in the use of horizontal screen space, and ineffective since duplication makes text more difficult to read, leaving most of the comparison burden to the user. In this article we introduce an innovative metaphor for comparison interfaces. Based on a single‐pane interface, common text is displayed only once with differences intelligently combined into a single text, improving readability. To further improve usability, additional features were developed: difference classification (additions, deletions, and modifications); fine level of granularity; special features to display modifications; and intelligent white space handling. A usability study conducted among 16 participants using real‐world samples demonstrated the interface adequacy: on average, participants were 60% faster in performing comparison tasks, while the quality of answers improved by almost 80% on our scale. After the experiment, the proposed interface was declared the favorite choice by all participants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selected mapping with symbol re‐mapping for OFDM/TDM using MMSE‐FDE
Authors: Gacanin Haris , Adachi Fumiyuki
Published: October 2010

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals have a problem with a high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). A distortionless selected mapping (SLM) has been proposed to reduce the PAPR, but a high computational complexity prohibits its application to an OFDM system with a large number of subcarriers. Recently, we proposed OFDM combined with time division multiplexing (OFDM/TDM) using minimum mean square error frequency‐domain equalization (MMSE‐FDE) to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of conventional OFDM with a lower PAPR. The PAPR problem, however, cannot be completely eliminated. In this paper, we present an SLM combined with symbol re‐mapping for OFDM/TDM using MMSE‐FDE. Unlike the conventional OFDM, where SLM is applied over subcarriers in the frequency domain, we exploit both time and frequency dimensions of OFDM/TDM signal to improve the performance with respect to PAPR and BER. A mathematical model for PAPR distribution of OFDM/TDM with SLM is presented to complement the computer simulation results. It is shown that proposed SLM can further reduce the PAPR without sacrificing the BER performance with the same or reduced computational complexity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference minimum network topologies for ad hoc networks
Authors: Feng Guinian , Fan Pingyi , Liew Soung Chang
Published: October 2010

This paper investigates the topology control problem with the goal of minimizing mutual interferences in wireless ad hoc networks. It is known that interference is considered as a relationship between link and node in previous works. In this paper, we attempt to capture the physical situation of space‐division multiplex more realistically by defining interference as a relationship between any two bidirectional links. We formulate the pair‐wise interference condition between any two bidirectional links, and demonstrate that the interference condition is equivalent by employing the equal‐power allocation strategy and by employing the minimum‐power allocation strategy. Then we further study the typical interference relationship between a link and its surrounding links. To characterize the extent of the interference between a link and its surrounding links, a new metric, the interference coefficient, is given, and its property is explored in detail by means of analysis and simulation. Based on the insight obtained, a centralized algorithm, BIMA, and a distributed algorithm, LIMA, are proposed to control the network interference. Our simulation indicates that BIMA can minimize the network interference while conserving energy and maintaining good spanner property, and LIMA has relatively good interference performance while keeping low node degree, compared with some well‐known algorithms. Besides, both BIMA and LIMA show good robustness to additive noises in terms of interference performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of smoking on the elemental composition of oral fluids: a TXRF approach
Authors: Abraham J. A. , Sánchez H. J. , Valentinuzzi M. C. , Grenón M. S.
Published: October 2010

This work presents a study of elemental composition (major, minor and trace elements) of oral fluids such as saliva and gingival crevice fluid, and their relation with smoking. Spectrochemical analyses were accomplished by the total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) method using synchrotron radiation. Smoking habit is a well‐known factor of risk that can trigger the development of periodontal diseases. The presence of certain elements and their correlation with smoking could be used to predict the development of oral affections, i.e. gingivitis. Two set of patients, smokers and non‐smokers, were selected according to certain criteria to analyze saliva and gingival crevice fluid. The elemental concentrations were measured, and the differences between their mean values of both groups were determined. The results reveal significant differences in the elemental concentrations of saliva. On the other hand, the mean values of elemental concentrations in gingival crevice fluid show fewer differences between both groups. The most significant differences in concentration between smokers and non‐smokers were found in saliva samples for S, K and Ca. In addition, a significant difference in the concentration of Cl in gingival crevice fluid was observed between both groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EuxSr1–xC2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1): A Dicarbide Solid Solution with Perfect Vegard Behavior
Authors: Link Pascal , Wandner Derk , Schellenberg Inga , Pöttgen Rainer , Paulus Michael , Sahle Christoph J. , Sternemann Christian , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: October 2010

A solid solution EuxSr1–xC2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) was synthesized by direct reaction of the elements at 1123 K. The crystal structures of these compounds, investigated by synchrotron powder diffraction, depend upon x. For x > 0.5 the monoclinic ThC2 type structure (C2/c, Z = 4) is observed and for x ≤ 0.5 the ThC2 type structure coexists with the tetragonal CaC2 type structure (I4/mmm, Z = 2). The unit cell volumes per formula unit of all EuxSr1–xC2 compounds show perfect Vegard behavior, which is due to the almost identical ionic radii of Eu2+ and Sr2+. Mössbauer spectroscopic investigations indeed reveal that europium is in the divalent state over the whole composition range. EuxSr1–xC2 exhibits several temperature dependent phase transitions that were studied by synchrotron powder diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The transition to a cubic high‐temperature modification (Fmm, Z = 4) is of special interest, as it contains information about strain effects appearing inside the modifications with ordered C2 dumbbells (ThC2 and CaC2 type structures). The linear temperature dependence of the obtained transition temperatures TPh shows that no observable strain exists in EuxSr1–xC2, which is again due to the almost identical radii of Eu2+ and Sr2+. EuxSr1–xC2 may therefore be described as a strain free dicarbide solid solution with perfect Vegard behavior.
Effect of MWCNTs on Gastric Emptying in Mice
Authors: Li Z , Qi W , Geng YX , Pan DQ , Lu Y , Xu JZ , Wu WS
Published: October 2010

After making model of gastric functional disorder (FD), part of model mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with oxide multi-walled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNTs) to investigate effect of carbon nanotubes on gastric emptying. The results showed that NO content in stomach, compared with model group, was decreased significantly and close to normal level post-injection with oMWCNTs (500 and 800 μg/mouse). In contrast to FD or normal groups, the content of acetylcholine (Ach) in stomach was increased obviously in injection group with 500 or 800 μg/mouse of oMWCNTs. The kinetic curve of emptying was fitted to calculate gastric motility factor k; the results showed that the k of injection group was much higher than FD and normal. In other words, the gastric motility of FD mice was enhanced via injection with oMWCNTs. In certain dosage, oMWCNTs could improve gastric emptying and motility.
Electrophysiological study of local/global processing in Williams syndrome
Authors: Key Alexandra P. F. , Dykens Elisabeth M.
Published: October 2010

Persons with Williams syndrome (WS) demonstrate pronounced deficits in visuo-spatial processing. The purpose of the current study was to examine the preferred level of perceptual analysis in young adults with WS (n = 21) and the role of attention in the processing of hierarchical stimuli. Navon-like letter stimuli were presented to adults with WS and age-matched typical controls in an oddball paradigm where local and global targets could appear with equal probability. Participants received no explicit instruction to direct their attention toward a particular stimulus level. Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were recorded. Behavioral data indicated presence of a global precedence effect in persons with WS. However, their ERP responses revealed atypical brain mechanisms underlying attention to local information. During the early perceptual analysis, global targets resulted in reduced P1 and enhanced N150 responses in both participant groups. However, only the typical comparison group demonstrated a larger N150 to local targets. At the more advanced stages of cognitive processing, a larger P3b response to global and local targets was observed in the typical group but not in persons with WS, who instead demonstrated an enhanced P3a to global targets only. The results indicate that in a perceptual task, adults with WS may experience greater than typical global-to-local interference and not allocate sufficient attentional resources to local information.
Using Event History Analysis in Historical Research: With Illustrations from a Study of the Passage of Women's Protective Legislation
Authors: McCammon Holly J.
Published: October 2010

Historians and social scientists often investigate the conditions that influence the occurrence of particular events. For instance, a researcher might be concerned with the causes of revolutionary action in some countries or the forces that unleash racial rioting in major cities. Or perhaps the researcher wishes to examine why industrial workers decide to strike or what prompts policy-makers to pass new legislation. In each of these examples, a qualitative shift occurs, from a circumstance without racial rioting in a particular city, for instance, to one with racial rioting. Event history analysis can aid researchers in uncovering the conditions that lead to such a shift.
Incorporating Space into Social Histories: How Spatial Processes Operate and How We Observe Them
Authors: Deane Glenn , Beck E.M. , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: October 2010

Social historians study social, political, demographic and economic phenomena which take place in geographical space, yet “space” rarely enters historical discourse explicitly as an analytic construct. Given the recent interest among social historians in “localizing” social processes, it is unfortunate that almost all of our efforts have gone toward recognizing the significance of time, to the relative neglect of space. For example, social historians typically assume that events occurring at a given point in time are affected by earlier events. In contrast, it is less widely recognized that events occurring in one location are also affected by similar events in other areas, especially those nearby. In the rare instances in which geographical space has been central, such as in Susan Watkins' treatment of western European fertility decline during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, or in the evidence of the diffusion of democracy in post-war Europe that is emerging from the “Spatial and Temporal Diffusion of Democracy” project at the University of Colorado — Boulder, the payoff has been substantial. Such innovative approaches to historical theorizing give reason to believe that thinking of events in the past as parts of a process moving through time and across space will become more commonplace. If so, then social historians will need an effective and accessible method to account for the spatial distributions of their study phenomena.
Historical Social Network Analysis
Authors: Wetherell Charles
Published: October 2010

In the past two decades, social network analysis (SNA) has become a major analytical paradigm in sociology and now occupies a strategic place in disciplinary debates on a wide variety of issues. Historians, however, have been slow to adopt the approach for at least three reasons. First, the conceptual orientation of sociologists practicing historical social network analysis (HSNA) remains unfamiliar to the majority of professional historians. Just when SNA was maturing in the late 1980s and 1990s, the interdisciplinary interest in social science theory among historians, so characteristic of the 1970s and early 1980s, began to wane. The subsequent turn toward post modernist thinking in history left the profession increasingly uninformed about both classical and contemporary social theory. Second, those quantitatively-oriented historians who might be predisposed to use SNA's specialized statistical methods constitute less than a quarter of the profession today, thus the risk of SNA finding its way into mainstream historical scholarship is low to start. Third, SNA's data requirements are formidable. SNA demands evidence of social interaction among all members of a social system for a variety of behaviors, and thus necessitates a broad range of high-quality records for the place, time and activities being studied. Because historians are plagued by an incomplete historical record and imperfect understandings of past social relations, HSNA remains an inherently problematic enterprise. Yet despite conceptual, methodological and evidentiary obstacles, SNA possesses real potential for historical analysis.
Complicating Categories: An Introduction
Authors: Boris Eileen , Janssens Angélique
Published: October 2010

This 1999 Supplement of the International Review of Social History focuses on complicating central concepts in the understanding of economic and social history: class, gender, race and ethnicity. In concentrating on industrial workers, their politics, and institutions, labor and working-class history had tended to ignore gender, race, and ethnicity as discursive and material forces. It discussed the woman or black or immigrant worker as a subset of worker, assumed to be male, white, and of the dominant national or ethnic group. Only during recent years have historians began to ask how gender, race, and ethnicity as categories of analysis change narratives of class formation and working-class experience. This question has become particularly salient as the European Union and the United States seek to grapple with the human consequences of colonial and imperialist legacies both within and beyond national boundaries in an increasingly global economy.
Family Concerns: Gender and Ethnicity in Pre-Colonial West Africa
Authors: Greene Sandra E.
Published: October 2010

For at least the past twenty years, historians of pre-colonial Africa have studied gender and ethnic relations, but have focused on either gender or ethnicity without making reference to the other. This essay redresses this neglect by demonstrating that changes in gender and ethnic relations within pre-colonial Africa so profoundly influenced each other that it is impossible to understand one without also taking into consideration the other. Documenting this intersection requires more than simply reconstructing how ethnic groups (in their efforts to compete with others for social and political status) altered gender relations within their societies by handling differentially the affairs of their female and male members. It involves more than analyzing how those disadvantaged because of their gender used the prevailing ethnic relations to ameliorate their own situations, and how these actions in turn altered ethnic relations in the societies in which they lived. It requires as well that we reconceptualize the very definition of ethnicity.
From Muscles to Nerves: Gender, “Race” and the Body at Work in France 1919–1939
Authors: Frader Laura Levine
Published: October 2010

In the years before and immediately after World War I, gendered and racialized bodies at work became the focus of debate and discussion in France amongst an informal alliance of engineers, doctors, scientists, employers, workers, and the state. Seduced by the promise of “modernity”, and the seemingly endless possibilities of science and mechanization, the state attempted to modernize public services and employers sought new ways to discipline labor for greater productivity. Both mobilized rationalization – Taylorism and work science – in the service of greater efficiency and in an effort to identify the allegedly “natural” qualities that made gendered and racialized workers suitable for certain kinds of jobs and would exclude them from others. A not insignificant dimension of this project lay in how French work scientists began to envision the potential uses of gendered French and colonial labor. The development of the French North-African and Indochinese colonial empires around the turn of the century heightened attention to racialized difference. World War I had opened the opportunity to use racialized colonial bodies, both on the military front and in the factory. Thinking about race and gender characteristics continued to influence work science and its applications in the 1920s and 1930s. Work scientists' experiments to ascertain the physical endurance of colonial male workers and white workers underscored the durability of gender meanings i n dealing with white French workers and the instability of those meanings in assessing the abilities of workers of color.
Poor Jewish Families in Early Modern Rural Swabia
Authors: Ullmann Sabine
Published: October 2010

“Jewish protection rights” (Judenschutzrechte) — the legal category according to which Jews were tolerated in a few territories of the old German Empire during the early modern period — made it difficult for Jewish subjects to establish a secure existence. There were, above all, two reasons for this. First, the personalized nature of protection rights enabled the respective authorities to develop selective settlement policies oriented consistently towards the fiscal interests of the state. The direct results of this were increased tributary payments and the withdrawal of one's “protection document” (Schutzbrief) if taxes were not paid. Second, legislators for the territories developed a multiplicity of restrictive decrees concerning the gainful employment of Jews. Consequently, there were only a few economic niches n i which “privileged Jews” (Scbutzjuden) were permitted to earn a living. In the countryside — which is where such settlements were mainly situated in the early modern period — Jews were thus dependent upon peddling foods, textiles and cattle as well as upon lending money. The specific methods of business which developed from this were reflected in the anti-Jewish legend of the deceptive travelling salesman who, by awakening ever new consumer needs, brought his Christian customers into increasing debt. If one confronts this legend with reality, one finds two characteristic methods of business which arose out of necessity: the cultivation of a varied palette of goods offered, and the development of a differentiated system of payment by instalments. At the same time, these business methods accorded with the model of an “economy of makeshift”. In the sense of such “makeshift trade”, Jewish peddlers were prepared to travel for days in order to make even the most insignificant profits.
Empire and Allegory in Henry James's The Europeans
Authors: VANDERLAAN KIM
Published: October 2010

My article argues for reading the novel as political allegory. America's efforts in the early and mid-nineteenth century are represented by Robert Acton trying to compete with a “European family” for international colonizing privileges. A blend of British and French empire can be seen in the person of Eugenia, the Baroness Munster – originally American by birth, who has, though her years as European nobility, adopted the policy of expansionism. To fully understand James's caustic comment on imperialistic ventures – most notably as he pits the pernicious nature of European exploits against the more humanistic pursuit of art for art's sake – we can read Eugenia's brother, Felix, as a proponent of aestheticism, committed to seeking beauty in all life pursuits. In sum, I suggest that the novel need not be dismissed (as it largely has been for so many decades) as a simplistic, insignificant part of James's oeuvre. I use historical research, literary analyses of other scholars, statements made by James in his letters, and critical statements by James in such commentaries as his biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne in order to support my views. Of course, I use the primary text, The Europeans, for much of my support.
George Oppen and the Public Sphere
Authors: WOODS TIM
Published: October 2010

This article aims to demonstrate that it is less important to pigeonhole Oppen's poetics within modernism or postmodernism than it is to understand his poetic practice as a mode of critical public discourse participating in social debates concerning the state of democratic society in the 1960s. Adopting the framework of the Habermasian transformation of the public sphere allows us to understand the political impact of Oppen's volumes of poetry in the 1960s much more clearly, if we construe them as part of a distinct political engagement that reaches beyond his earlier modernist allegiances. The main argument here is that Oppen's middle and later poetry straddles a larger paradigmatic shift that occurs within the 1960s from a politics of subjectivity that is focussed upon the autonomy of the self to a politics of the self that stresses community and relational ethics. Within this context, it can be seen that a volume like Of Being Numerous addresses itself to the question of how to live as both a unique and yet a social being, and how to retain one's individuality whilst also participating within a community. The urgency and pressure of that question characterizes all three volumes of his poetry published in the 1960s, and is explored through a comparative analysis of the discourse of individuality and community in Oppen's poems and various documents of the 1960s.
Elaphostrongylus cervi in a population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and evidence of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in small ruminants in the province of Varese, Italy
Authors: Alberti E.G. , Gioia G. , Sironi G. , Zanzani S. , Riccaboni P. , Magrini M. , Manfredi M.T.
Published: October 2010

Thirty-one faecal samples were collected from red deer in the northern area of Varese, in the Italian region of Lombardy, between August and October 2008. The animals had either been hunted or accidently killed. Examination for internal parasites showed a prevalence of 45.2% for Elaphostrongylus cervi larvae and species identification was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ninety-seven faecal samples were also collected from two goat flocks grazing in the same area between December 2007 and May 2008. These showed a prevalence of 74.7% for lungworms. Furthermore, the central nervous systems from five goats and one sheep from this area with a history of neurologically related lameness were examined. Histopathology confirmed E. cervi cerebro- spinal nematodiasis in five cases out of six. This study demonstrates E. cervi transmission from wild to domestic ruminants when the animals graze in the same area, and the possible occurrence of clinical disease in infected goats and sheep associated with high prevalence in deer.
International ethics and international law
Authors: Nardin Terry
Published: October 2010

In this paper I am going to argue a familiar but still controversial thesis about the relation between international ethics and international law, which I would sum up in the following list of propositions:

First, international law is a source as well as an object of ethical judgements. The idea of legality or the rule of law is an ethical one, and international law has ethical significance because it gives institutional expression to the rule of law in international relations.

Secondly, international law—or, more precisely, the idea of the rule of law in international relations—reflects a rule-oriented rather than outcome-oriented ethic of international affairs. By insisting on the priority of rules over outcomes, this ethic rejects consequentialism in all its forms.
Free trade, British hegemony and the international economic order in the nineteenth century
Authors: O'Brien Patrick K. , Pigman Geoffrey Allen
Published: October 2010

The theory (or rather the notion) that the international economy functioned more or less effectively for roughly a century down to 1914 because Great Britain provided the ‘public goods’ required for the smooth operation of the ‘liberal international order’ has become a textbook generalization. That notion emerged quite recently and can be traced to Kindleberger's attempt to explain the pronounced cyclical fluctuations experienced by the world economy during the interwar years 1919–39, as well as the severity and duration of the Great Depression from 1929–33 in terms of the American failure to sustain conditions necessary for the financial stability of an interdependent global economy. In Kindleberger's view, Britain, which had acted as a hegemonic power before 1914, lacked the resources to continue with its historic role after the Great War, while the United States (which by 1918 enjoyed a position in the world economy of arguably greater weight and significance than the United Kingdom had ever possessed during the long nineteenth century) commanded neither the knowledge nor the political will to replace Britain as the responsible hegemonic power until after the Second World War.
Levels of analysis vs. agents and structures: part III
Authors: Wendt Alexander
Published: October 2010

I welcome this opportunity to respond to Martin Hollis and Steve Smith's ‘Beware of Gurus: Structure and Action in International Relations’, their reply to my review2 of their book, Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Their constructive comments have helped me clarify my own thinking, and I hope by extending my previous remarks in the same constructive spirit I can return the favour. In ‘Beware of Gurus’ they took up both issues I raised about their book: the relationship between the levels-of-analysis and agent-structure problems, and that between causal and interpretive explanations. In part for reasons of economy and interest, and in part being more persuaded by their comments regarding to the latter, I shall limit myself here to the former, taking issue in particular with what I see as their reduction of the agent-structure problem to one of levels-of-analysis.
Dialectical justice in the Gulf War
Authors: Jackson Robert H.
Published: October 2010

A study of justice in world politics must begin with the question: what is it and why study it? I will argue that justice is constitutive of social life generally and that various practices of justice are operative in world politics. Normative issues arising from the Gulf War are used to illuminate the argument. A major war is always a tragedy but it is also an opportunity to reexamine our received ideas about war as a human transaction. My approach is that of a political scientist and not a moral philosopher: I am more interested in the practices than the theories of normative international relations.
Neo-Realism and the future of strategy
Authors: Williams Michael C.
Published: October 2010

To speak of the ‘future’ of strategy is to reveal a deep tension in the way we commonly think about the subject. On the one hand we are confronted by revolutionary changes in the geo-political landscape. The transformation of Europe, the fragmentation of the Soviet Union, and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, for example, encourage the belief that the Cold War—a term which has been almost synonymous with-strategy for nearly half a century—is now an historical artifact. These events, analyzed so intensively by leaders and commentators, open up significant questions about the future of strategy.
There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies
Authors: Shaw Martin
Published: October 2010

This article offers a sociological perspective on a major conceptual issue in international relations, the question of ‘security’, and it raises major issues to do with the role of sociological concepts in international studies. For some years now, the work of sociological writers such as Skocpol, Giddens and Mann1 has attracted some interest in international studies. International theorists such as Linklater and Halliday have seen their work as offering a theoretical advance both on realism and on Marxist alternatives. At the same time, these developments have involved the paradox that, as one critic puts it, ‘current sociological theories of the state are increasingly approaching a more traditional view of the state—the state as actor model—precisely at a time when the theory of international relations is getting away from this idea and taking a more sociological form.
Middle Eastern views of the Gulf conflict and its aftermath
Authors: Joffe George
Published: October 2010

There can be little doubt that the conflict between the UN-authorized and US-led Multinational Coalition and Iraq at the start of 1991, as a result of the Iraqi Ba'athist regime's decision in August 1990 to invade and annex Kuwait, has produced profound changes in the political and diplomatic environment of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in Mashriqi and Maghribi political attitudes. The new atmosphere of confidence amongst the governments and peoples of the Arab states of the Gulf is clear evidence of these changes, as is the dejection felt in capitals such as Amman, Sanaa and Tunis where government support for the Coalition was less than wholehearted.
How much searching is enough? Comprehensive versus optimal retrieval for technology assessments
Authors: Booth Andrew
Published: October 2010

Objectives:The aim of this study is to review briefly different methods for determining the optimal retrieval of studies for inclusion in a health technology assessment (HTA) report.

Methods:This study reviews the methodology literature related to specific methods for evaluating yield from literature searching strategies and for deciding whether to continue or desist in the searching process.

Results:Eight different methods were identified. These include using the Capture–recapture technique; obtaining Feedback from the commissioner of the HTA report; seeking the Disconfirming case; undertaking comparison against a known Gold standard; evaluating retrieval of Known items; recognizing the Law of diminishing returns, specifyinga prioriStopping rules, and identifying a point of Theoretical saturation.

Conclusions:While this study identified a variety of possible methods, there has been very little formal evaluation of the specific strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques. The author proposes an evaluation agenda drawing on an examination of existing data together with exploration of the specific impact of missing relevant studies.