bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature and Cross Section Variations on the Vibrational Behavior of Finished Wire Blocks
Authors: Savari Mohammadzaman , Mauk Paul Josef , Weyh Oberrat Bernhardt
Published: September 2014

Because of the great speed range in a finishing block of a wire rod mill, the reduction of torsional vibrations makes it possible to achieve closer rolling tolerances. The components transmitting the torque like gear box, coupling etc. can generate non-smooth or alternating torques which affect the product quality. To study the influences of torsion vibrations on the product quality, the dynamic interactions of the block and rolling process are simultaneously analyzed by a simulation model. As an example, a three stand arrangement is considered. The real transmission system is idealized as a structurally discrete torsional vibration model. The generalized rotational coordinates with a large number of rotational degrees of freedom can be reduced among others constants by means of gear ratios. Euler-Lagrange equations are applied to create the coupled equations of motion, which together constitute an ordinary differential equation of order 28. The rolling and main drive torques are defined as excitation for vibration on the right side of the equation system. A DC motor is selected as main drive and the voltage circuit equation of motor is integrated into the system of differential equations. The armature current and its interaction are consequently simulated. The rotational speed of rolls and motor, as well as roll torques, longitudinal stresses in rod and section widths are shown in diagrams as the result and thereby the torsional vibration of the essential elements of the system are studied for different temperatures and cross-sectional variations.
Optimization of Micro Cross Wedge Rolling and Surface Morphology of Micro Stepped Components
Authors: Wei Dong Bin , Lu Hai Na , Jiang Zheng Yi , Manabe Kenichi
Published: September 2014

A novel microforming process - Micro Cross Wedge Rolling (MCWR) has been developed, which is promising for fabricating micro stepped components used in micro electro-mechanical systems. Numerical simulations have been established and the effect of geometrical and process parameters such as forming angle α, stretching angle β and reduction ΔA have been studied. Micro stepped components have been fabricated successfully on a MCWR testing rig by adopting flat wedge tools. The effects of initial surface roughness of tool, grain size and cross section area reduction on surface morphology have been assessed quantitatively.
Prediction of Microstructure and Resulting Rolling Forces by Application of a Material Model in a Hot Ring Rolling Process
Authors: Schwich Gideon , Henke Thomas , Seitz Joachim , Hirt Gerhard
Published: September 2014

Ring rolling is a versatile incremental bulk forming process. Due to the incremental character of the process, it consists of a large number of deformation and dwell steps. Finite element (FE) simulations of bulk forming processes are capable of predicting loads, stresses and material flow. In recent years, the finite element analysis of ring rolling processes has become feasible both in terms of calculation time as well as regarding the closed loop control of the kinematic degrees of freedom [1]. Accordingly, the focus of interest now includes the prediction of the microstructure evolution. The accuracy of such numerical simulations strongly depends on the models characterizing the material behavior and boundary conditions. In this paper, a finite element based simulation study was conducted, in order to evaluate the impact of boundary conditions such as transfer time, radiation, heat transfer and friction on the target values of the ring rolling process. The results of the simulation study were compared to ring rolling experiments on an industrial size ring rolling device. A good accordance regarding the evolution of the outer diameter and radial force was observed. Strong contingencies of transfer time on the forces throughout the process were detected and considered in the simulation study. In a post processing step, the evolution of the microstructure considering the dynamic and static recrystallization as well as the grain growth was calculated using the FE results. The calculated grain sizes show good accordance with the experimentally observed microstructure of the ring before and after the rolling. Furthermore, the impact of process parameters on the evolution of the grain size was investigated.
Physical Chemistry of Water Droplets in Wafer Cleaning with Low Water Use
Authors: van der Donck Jacques C.J. , Bakker Jurrian , Smeltink Jeroen A. , Kolderweij Robin B.J. , van der Zon Ben C.M.B. , van Kleef Marc H.
Published: September 2014

Reduction of water and energy consumption is of importance for keeping viable industry in Europe. In 2012 the Eniac project Silver was started in order to reduce water and energy consumption in the semiconductor industry by 10% [1]. Cleaning of wafers is one of the key process steps that require a high volume of Ultra-Pure Water (UPW). For the production of a single wafer more than 120 cleaning steps may be required [2]. Furthermore, the reduction of the feature size makes devices more vulnerable to damage by mechanical action. This trend gives rise to the need for new, gentler cleaning processes.
Compliance of St Joseph’s Hospital Roma, Lesotho with the National Tuberculosis Programme of Lesotho, 2007 and 2008
Authors: Samuel Oladoyinbo O. , De Villiers Pierre J.T.
Published: September 2014

Background: In 2009 Lesotho had an estimated TB prevalence of 696 cases/100 000 population − the 4th highest in the world. This epidemic was characterised by high rates of death, treatment failure and unknown treatment outcomes. These adverse outcomes were attributable to a high rate of TB and/or HIV co-infection and weaknesses in the implementation of Lesotho’s National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP). This study was conducted in St Joseph’s Hospital, Roma (SJHR) to assess the implementation of the NTP.Method: Records of 993 patients entered into the SJHR TB register between 2007 and 2008 were reviewed. Patients’ treatment details were extracted from the register, validated and analysed by STATA 10.0.Results: Of 993 patients registered: 88% were new patients, 37% were diagnosed on sputum smear microscopy alone, 35% were diagnosed on sputum smear microscopy with chest X-ray, whilst 25% were diagnosed on chest X-ray alone. In addition: 33% were sputum smear positive, 45% were sputum smear negative, and 22% had extra-pulmonary TB. As to treatment outcome: 26% were cured, 51% completed treatment, and 51% converted from sputum smear positive to sputum smear negative over six months, whilst 16% died. Regarding HIV, 77% of patients were tested for HIV and 59% had TB and/or HIV co-infection. Of ten NTP targets only the defaulter and treatment failure rate targets were met.Conclusion: Whilst only two out of ten NTP targets were met at SJHR in 2007–2008, improvements in TB case management were noted in 2008 which were probably due to the positive effects of audit on staff performance.
Role of genetic factors in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Liu Chang , Li Jian-guo
Published: September 2014

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not a genetic disease, but gene polymorphism influences the susceptibility, severity and prognosis of ARDS. It has been reported that the polymorphism of genes, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme and extracellular superoxide dismutase 3 genes, is related to ARDS. Research on the gene polymorphism of ARDS is currently in the preclinical stage, but it develops fast, In the future, ARDS-related gene polymorphism may play an important role in identifying susceptibility risk, assessing prognosis revealing new etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms, and optimizing diagnosis and treatment.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Multiple Particles Sedimentation at an Intermediate Reynolds Number
Authors: Nie Deming , Lin Jianzhong , Zheng Mengjiao
Published: September 2014

In this work the previously developed Lattice Boltzmann-Direct Forcing/ Fictitious Domain (LB-DF/FD) method is adopted to simulate the sedimentation of eight circular particles under gravity at an intermediate Reynolds number of about 248. The particle clustering and the resulting Drafting-Kissing-Tumbling (DKT) motion which takes place for the first time are explored. The effects of initial particle-particle gap on the DKT motion are found significant. In addition, the trajectories of particles are presented under different initial particle-particle gaps, which display totally three kinds of falling patterns provided that no DKT motion takes place, i.e. the concave-down shape, the shape of letter “M” and “in-line” shape. Furthermore, the lateral and vertical hydrodynamic forces on the particles are investigated. It has been found that the value of Strouhal number for all particles is the same which is about 0.157 when initial particle-particle gap is relatively large. The wall effects on falling patterns and particle expansions are examined in the final.
Robust and Accurate Multiple-Camera Pose Estimation toward Robotic Applications
Authors: Liu Yong , Xiong Rong , Li Yi
Published: September 2014

Pose estimation methods in robotics applications frequently suffer from inaccuracy due to a lack of correspondence and real-time constraints, and instability from a wide range of viewpoints, etc. In this paper, we present a novel approach for estimating the poses of all the cameras in a multi-camera system in which each camera is placed rigidly using only a few coplanar points simultaneously. Instead of solving the orientation and translation for the multi-camera system from the overlapping point correspondences among all the cameras directly, we employ homography, which can map image points with 3D coplanar-referenced points. In our method, we first establish the corresponding relations between each camera by their Euclidean geometries and optimize the homographies of the cameras; then, we solve the orientation and translation for the optimal homographies. The results from simulations and real case experiments show that our approach is accurate and robust for implementation in robotics applications. Finally, a practical implementation in a ping-pong robot is described in order to confirm the validity of our approach.
WOW! Mathematics Convention: A Community Connection
Authors: Cavazos Rebecca R.
Published: September 2014

A math professor, a biologist, a literacy professor, a chemist, a statistician, and an engineering student walk into into a fourth-grade classroom—and students are encouraged to tackle difficult math challenges.
Community Partnerships: Pathways to Meaningful Mathematics
Authors: Bush Sarah B. , Karp Karen S. , Lentz Tova , Nadler Jennifer
Published: September 2014

Use the experience of these authors as a model for connecting with your local resources.
Santé territoriale, indicateurs de santé animale et vision holistique
Authors: Tanguay Nancy , de Grosbois Sylvie , Saint-Charles Johanne
Published: September 2014

Dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche interdisciplinaire sur l'alimentation traditionnelle et les contaminants, des groupes de discussion ont été réalisés à l'été 2008 auprès des communautés atikamekw d'Obed jiwan et de Manawan (Québec) afin de documenter les changements qu'elles ont observés chez les animaux chassés et pêchés et d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension de leur processus de sélection des prises propres à la consommation. Les Atikamekw utilisent une multitude d'indicateurs afin d'évaluer l'état de santé des animaux qu'ils consomment. Les changements observés sont interprétés de façon holistique au sein d'une vision de la santé qui accorde une place prépondérante au territoire. La sélection des prises s'insère de plus dans un ensemble de facteurs qui influencent les choix alimentaires des Atikamekw. La documentation de ce savoir est essentielle à l'élaboration de recomman dations alimentaires culturellement pertinentes.
Femmes autochtones détenues et criminalisation de la pauvreté au Mexique
Authors: Castillo R. Aída Hernández , Châteauvert-Gagnon Béatrice
Published: September 2014

Cet article analyse la réalité des femmes autochtones incarcérées au Mexique. Il présente le panorama national de la population autochtone face à la justice pénale en se concentrant sur les expériences des femmes autochtones détenues dans une prison pour femmes de l'État mexicain de Morelos. L'auteure y développe une réflexion de nature méthodologique en analysant l'expérience collaborative des dialogues interculturels qui ont été menés dans le cadre de l'Atelier de récits de vie, réalisé dans la prison d'Atlacholoaya, pour ensuite analyser les trajectoires d'exclusion des détenues depuis une perspective intersectionnelle. L'article présente aussi quel ques réflexions sur l'impact de la mondialisation dans le domaine de la justice à travers de nouvelles formes de régle mentation et de contrôle qui répon dent aux tendances transnationales de construction d'États pénaux néolibéraux.
Marges et périphéries des routes touristiques et des itinéraires culturels : quelles interspatialités ?
Authors: Bernier Xavier
Published: September 2014

Cet article porte sur les marges patrimoniales et les espaces définis par les périphéries des routes touristiques et des itinéraires culturels. Il cherche à comprendre les multiples combinaisons des interspatialités entre ces deux types d’espace, qui sont décryptées ici grâce à plusieurs modèles graphiques dont l’ambition est de déboucher sur une lecture typologique. Avec des exemples choisis à différentes échelles dans un contexte de montagne et étudiés en Suisse, en France, au Canada et aux États-Unis, il s’agit d’appréhender les différentes formes de couplage des routes et des itinéraires concernés avec leurs marges et leurs périphéries. Selon qu’ils sont isolés ou organisés en réseaux dont les niveaux de connectivité et de connexité peuvent être élevés, les agencements spatiaux bâtis autour de ces axes touristiques et culturels répondent à des schémas plus ou moins récurrents. Des processus et des outils d’intégration ou, au contraire, de marginalisation sont ainsi identifiés pour révéler, par exemple, des « effets d’ombrage » liés à une trop grande proximité, un effacement ou une protection des marges par la traversée des espaces, ou encore des périphéries plus ou moins autonomes par rapport aux routes et qui fonctionnent comme des isolats. Les espaces parcourus sont vécus et expérimentés par les acteurs touristiques en même temps qu’ils donnent lieu à des aménagements plus ou moins élaborés. Les marques de la patrimonialisation sont ici envisagées comme des traceurs des processus spatiaux en cours. Au final, les marges patrimoniales et les périphéries touristiques sont indissociables des routes touristiques et des itinéraires culturels eux-mêmes et leur compréhension va de pair.
Le haut lieu touristique comme objet spatial linéaire : le somin Volcan (île de La Réunion)
Authors: Germanaz Christian
Published: September 2014

La route, qu’elle soit du sel ou de la soie, la ligne, céleste de Mermoz ou océanique des Polynésiens, le chemin, qu’il mène à Compostelle ou à Machu Picchu, tous participent depuis très longtemps au développement d’un imaginaire collectif attaché au voyage et à l’ailleurs. Le regain d’intérêt pour les routes touristiques et les itinéraires culturels résulte de l’attention particulière que leur accordent les voyagistes de la planète tourisme, obsédés par le renouvellement permanent de leur offre de destinations. À travers l’exemple du somin Volcan (île de La Réunion), nous nous interrogeons sur les processus à l’origine des pratiques et des représentations spatiales conduisant une structure géographique élémentaire comme la ligne à devenir un itinéraire identitaire aux caractères touristiques affirmés. La morphologie et les dynamiques de cet objet spatial, ancré à la fois dans le passé et le présent, sont interpellées pour aider à comprendre la transformation des spatialités attachées à l’évolution des pratiques touristiques du somin Volcan. Positionnées entre mémoire et développement et guidant le déroulement de notre analyse, trois périodes ont été identifiées dans cette évolution. La première correspond à la fabrication de l’itinéraire ; elle explique sa pérennité et ses propriétés. La banalisation constitue le second temps, marqué par des postures sociales d’appropriation culturelle de la part des habitants de l’île. Sous la pression contemporaine des politiques de protection environnementale et de patrimonialisation, la dernière époque caractérise la reconfiguration de la nature mythologique du somin Volcan, offrant de nouvelles perspectives aux visiteurs de la Fournaise. Cet exemple, peut-il avoir une valeur heuristique pour appréhender l’essence et les métamorphoses du haut lieu touristique linéarisé ?
Routes culturelles et patrimoines au Guizhou (Chine) : chemins anciens et réseaux
Authors: Ged Françoise
Published: September 2014

La Chine déploie des stratégies touristiques nouvelles. Cet article s’attache à la montée en puissance des routes culturelles, proposant de montrer leur place dans la protection du patrimoine et dans les projets portés par la province du Guizhou. Quels en sont les acteurs, quels projets sont porteurs de pratiques originales de gouvernance, de transmission ? Province montagneuse du sud-ouest de la Chine, le Guizhou comprend des ethnies (Dong, Miao…) porteuses de cultures remarquables : musique, broderie, artisanat, architecture, qualité du paysage. Les études menées avec nos partenaires shanghaiens portent sur la protection et la mise en valeur des patrimoines matériel et immatériel. La construction d’infrastructures a facilité l’accès à ces régions isolées et à la globalisation des échanges. Comment améliorer les conditions de vie, les articuler avec la préservation des patrimoines, d’autant plus fragiles qu’ils relèvent de pratiques sociétales en voie de disparition, concurrencés par des désirs de modernisation diffusés par les médias ?
Nurse(s) make a Difference on Early Detection of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Pregnancy: A Study Case
Authors: Daghan Safak , Toraman Aynur
Published: September 2014

Violence against women in the perinatal period is common and leads to negative health outcomes for women and infants. This case presentation demonstrates the value of home visit interventions and nursing implications for abused pregnant woman. A single case study was utilized in this research. The only participant in this study was Canan K.*, a 20 year-old pregnant living in Izmir, Turkey. Home visiting interventions addressing intimate partner violence in perinatal period have been effective in minimizing intimate partner violence and improving outcomes. In this case, the nursing educators and primary health care nurse served as an advocate for the abused woman, supporting her in her decision-making and providing necessary resources and referrals.
Is My Boss Effective? A Retrospection of the Middle Managers’ Communication Style and Effectiveness
Authors: Villanueva Joey M.
Published: September 2014

Clear and specific communication lines need to be established within the educational system to achieve successfully the vision, mission, goals and objectives of the institution. The study aimed to determine middle managers’ management communication styles and its effectiveness, and the barrier commonly encountered. The study was conducted in a state university of the Philippines utilizing the descriptive research design to describe the middle mangers management communication style, effectiveness and barriers encountered. There were two groups of respondents in the study; group of middle managers and the group of subordinates. The subordinates are the faculty or staff who were directly under the supervision of the middle managers. They validated the management communication styles, effectiveness and barriers encountered by the middle managers. The questionnaires were intended to define the demographic profile of the middle manager, identify the management communication styles, and assess the effectiveness and barriers to effective communication. Most of the middle managers’ management communication style was open, then blind, hidden and few of them were using closed style. These managers were found effective in seeking and giving feedback, listening, understanding others, influencing and relating and oral and written skills. The management communication performance of the middle managers is not greatly affected by the different management communication barriers.
Separation of aerosol fine‐ and coarse‐mode radiative properties: Effect on the mineral dust longwave, direct radiative forcing
Authors: Sicard Michaël , Bertolín Santi , Muñoz Constantino , Rodríguez Alejandro , Rocadenbosch Francesc , Comerón Adolfo
Published: September 2014

An improvement of the estimation of mineral dust longwave, direct radiative forcing is presented. It is based on recent developments that combine Sun photometer and multiwavelength lidar data to retrieve range‐resolved coarse‐ and fine‐mode extinction coefficients. The forcings are calculated separately for each mode, and their sum is compared to the classical approach in which only the total extinction is considered. The results of four cases of mineral dust intrusion in Barcelona, Spain, show that when the coarse mode predominates, the longwave forcings calculated with the classical approach are underestimated up to 20% near the surface. In all cases the strong coarse‐mode predominance near the surface has also an effect on the forcing in the upper layers.
Twenty‐first century reversal of the surface ozone seasonal cycle over the northeastern United States
Authors: Clifton O. E. , Fiore A. M. , Correa G. , Horowitz L. W. , Naik V.
Published: September 2014

Changing emissions can alter the surface O3 seasonal cycle, as detected from northeastern U.S. (NE) observations during recent decades. Under continued regional precursor emission controls (>80% decreases in NE NOx by 2100), the NE surface O3 seasonal cycle reverses (to a winter maximum) in 21st century transient chemistry‐climate simulations. Over polluted regions, regional NOx largely controls the shape of surface O3 seasonal cycles. In the absence of regional NOx controls, climate warming contributes to a higher surface O3 summertime peak over the NE. A doubling of the global CH4 abundance by 2100 partially offsets summertime surface O3 decreases attained via NOx reductions and contributes to raising surface O3 during December–March when the O3 lifetime is longer. The similarity between surface O3 seasonal cycles over the NE and the Intermountain West by 2100 indicates a NE transition to a region representative of baseline surface O3 conditions.
Large conversion rates of NO2 to HNO2 observed in air masses from the South China Sea: Evidence of strong production at sea surface?
Authors: Zha Qiaozhi , Xue Likun , Wang Tao , Xu Zheng , Yeung Chungpong , Louie Peter K. K. , Luk Connie W. Y.
Published: September 2014

Nitrous acid (HONO) plays important roles in tropospheric chemistry, but its source(s) are not completely understood. Here we analyze measurements of HONO, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and related parameters at a coastal site in Hong Kong during September–December 2012. The nocturnal NO2‐to‐HONO conversion rates were estimated in air masses passing over land and sea surfaces. The conversion rates in the “sea cases” (3.17–3.36 × 10−2 h−1) were significantly higher than those in the “land cases” in our study (1.20–1.30 × 10−2 h−1) and in previous studies by others. These results suggest that air‐sea interactions may be a significant source of atmospheric HONO and need to be considered in chemical transport models.
Failure of CMIP5 climate models in simulating post‐1950 decreasing trend of Indian monsoon
Authors: Saha Anamitra , Ghosh Subimal , Sahana A. S. , Rao E. P.
Published: September 2014

Impacts of climate change on Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and the growing population pose a major threat to water and food security in India. Adapting to such changes needs reliable projections of ISMR by general circulation models. Here we find that, majority of new generation climate models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase5 (CMIP5) fail to simulate the post‐1950 decreasing trend of ISMR. The weakening of monsoon is associated with the warming of Southern Indian Ocean and strengthening of cyclonic formation in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. We also find that these large‐scale changes are not captured by CMIP5 models, with few exceptions, which is the reason of this failure. Proper representation of these highlighted geophysical processes in next generation models may improve the reliability of ISMR projections. Our results also alert the water resource planners to evaluate the CMIP5 models before using them for adaptation strategies.
Lateral subsurface stormflow and solute transport in a forested hillslope: A combined measurement and modeling approach
Authors: Laine‐Kaulio Hanne , Backnäs Soile , Karvonen Tuomo , Koivusalo Harri , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2014

Preferential flow dominates water movement and solute transport in boreal forest hillslopes. However, only a few model applications to date have accounted for preferential flow at forest sites. Here we present a parallel and coupled simulation of flow and transport processes in the preferential flow domain and soil matrix of a forested hillslope section in Kangaslampi, Finland, using a new, three‐dimensional, physically based dual‐permeability model. Our aim is to simulate lateral subsurface stormflow and solute transport at the slope during a chloride tracer experiment, and to investigate the role of preferential flow in the tracer transport. The model was able to mimic the observed tracer transport during tracer irrigation, but overestimated the dilution velocity of the tracer plume in the highly conductive soil horizons near the soil surface after changing the irrigation to tracer‐free water. According to the model, 140 times more chloride was transported downslope in the preferential flow domain than in the soil matrix during the tracer irrigation. The simulations showed, together with reference simulations with a traditional one pore domain model, that a two pore domain approach was required to simulate the observed flow and transport event. The event was characterized by the transmissivity feedback phenomenon and controlled by preferential flow mechanisms, in particular by lateral by‐pass flow. According to our results, accounting for the slow‐flow and fast‐flow domains of soil, as well as the water and solute exchange between the domains, is essential for a successful simulation of flow and solute transport in preferential flow dominated hillslopes.
Point Biserial Correlation
Authors: Kornbrot Diana
Published: September 2014

The point biserial correlation is the value of Pearson's product moment correlation when one of the variables is dichotomous and the other variable is metric. Values range from +1, a perfect positive relation; through zero, no association at all; to −1, a perfect negative correlation. The square of this correlation, , is a measure of effect size in terms of the proportion of variability accounted for by the relation between the two variables.
Large Simple Trials
Authors: Foulkes Mary A.
Published: September 2014

Trials that are both very large and simple are often needed to provide reliable answers to important clinical questions. Large, simple trials can demonstrate or exclude clinically meaningful, moderate treatment effects. The large sample size is necessary to overcome moderate biases and moderate random errors. The simple structure and conduct is necessary to make such trials feasible and practical. The various characteristics of large, simple trials will be illustrated with published examples.
Early manifestations of BPAN in a pediatric patient
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Ikeda Tae , Hasegawa Tatsuji , Yamamoto Yuto , Kawato Kazumi , Komoto Tomohiro , Imoto Issei
Published: September 2014

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of progressive brain disorders with several distinguishable subtypes. Recently, WDR45 mutations were reported in patients with β‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), characterized by early intellectual disability followed by delayed progressive motor and cognitive deterioration with onset in the second to third decade. BPAN has a distinct brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern showing iron deposition in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. To date, many of the BPAN patients have been diagnosed in adulthood. Here, we report on 6‐year‐old girl with BPAN diagnosed by whole exome sequencing. She showed Rett syndrome‐like manifestations, a peculiar facial appearance and mildly elevated serum enzymes. Brain iron accumulation was detected by T2*‐weighted MRI and T2‐star weighted angiography (SWAN). This unique combination of clinical and neuroimaging features may be helpful for early diagnosis of BPAN. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shape, size, and maturity trajectories of the human ilium
Authors: Wilson Laura A.B. , Ives Rachel , Cardoso Hugo F.V. , Humphrey Louise T.
Published: September 2014

Morphological traits of the ilium have consistently been more successful for juvenile sex determination than have techniques applied to other skeletal elements, however relatively little is known about the ontogeny and maturation of size and shape dimorphism in the ilium. We use a geometric morphometric approach to quantitatively separate the ontogeny of size and shape of the ilium, and analyze interpopulation differences in the onset, rate and patterning of sexual dimorphism. We captured the shape of three traits for a total of 191 ilia from Lisbon (Portugal) and London (UK) samples of known age and sex (0–17 years). Our results indicate that a) there is a clear dissociation between the ontogeny of size and shape in males and females, b) the ontogeny of size and shape are each defined by non‐linear trajectories that differ between the sexes, c) there are interpopulation differences in ontogenetic shape trajectories, which point to population‐specific patterning in the attainment of sexual dimorphism, and d) the rate of shape maturation and size maturation is typically higher for females than males. Male and female shape differences in the ilium are brought about by trajectory divergence. Differences in size and shape maturation between the sexes suggest that maturity may confound our ability to discriminate between the sexes by introducing variation not accounted for in age‐based groupings. The accuracy of sex determination methods using the ilium may be improved by the use of different traits for particular age groups, to capture the ontogenetic development of shape in both sexes. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:19–34, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Locomotor flexibility in Lepilemur explained by habitat and biomechanics
Authors: Blanchard Mary L. , Furnell Simon , Sellers William I. , Crompton Robin H.
Published: September 2014

There are at present few comparable studies of lemur locomotion in the wild. This has unfortunately meant we have little knowledge about locomotor variation, and hence flexibility, with regard to differences in support availability and habitat structure. Here we compare the locomotion of Lepilemur edwardsi at Ankarafantsika with that of Lepilemur ruficaudatus at Kirindy‐Mitea National Park. While data were collected by two individuals, at different times, both studies used the same data collection protocol and are hence highly comparable. Locomotor mode, support diameter and orientation, heights, and distances traveled were all collected. We find that locomotor specialization, in this case for vertical leaping, has ensured that some support requirements are independent of habitat. For example, both species used vertical supports most often. However, overall support diameter does indicate a certain degree of flexibility, whereby L. ruficaudatus most often used supports ≤5 cm in diameter and L. edwardsi >5 cm in diameter. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:58–66, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Free Catalyst for the Chemoselective Methylation of Amines Using Carbon Dioxide as a Carbon Source
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Bobbink Felix D. , Laurenczy Gabor , Dyson Paul J.
Published: September 2014

N‐methylation of amines is an important step in the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and has been widely applied in the preparation of other key intermediates and chemicals. Therefore, the development of efficient methylation methods has attracted considerable attention. In this respect, carbon dioxide is an attractive C1 building block because it is an abundant, renewable, and nontoxic carbon source. Consequently, we developed a highly chemoselective, metal‐free catalytic system that operates under ambient conditions for the N‐methylation of amines.
Synthesis of Chlorosilicates
Authors: Steinhauer Simon , Böttcher Tobias , Schwarze Nico , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: September 2014

Chlorosilicates represent important intermediates in SN2 reactions of chlorosilanes. They can be stabilized by the introduction of electron‐withdrawing substituents. Salts of various (pentafluoroethyl)chlorosilicates have been isolated and structurally characterized.
Conjugated Donor‐Acceptor‐Acceptor (D‐A‐A) Molecule for Organic Nonvolatile Resistor Memory
Authors: Dong Lei , Li Guangwu , Yu An‐Dih , Bo Zhishan , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: September 2014

A new donor‐acceptor‐acceptor (D‐A‐A) type of conjugated molecule, N‐(4‐(N′,N′‐diphenyl)phenylamine)‐4‐(4′‐(2,2‐dicyanovinyl)phenyl) naphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic monoimide (TPA‐NI‐DCN), consisting of triphenylamine (TPA) donors and naphthalimide (NI)/dicyanovinylene (DCN) acceptors was synthesized and characterized. In conjunction with previously reported D‐A based materials, the additional DCN moiety attached as end group in the D‐A‐A configuration can result in a stable charge transfer (CT) and charge‐separated state to maintain the ON state current. The vacuum‐deposited TPA‐NI‐DCN device fabricated as an active memory layer was demonstrated to exhibit write‐once‐read‐many (WORM) switching characteristics of organic nonvolatile memory due to the strong polarity of the TPA‐NI‐DCN moiety.
Severity of Autism is Related to Children's Language Processing
Authors: Bavin Edith L. , Kidd Evan , Prendergast Luke , Baker Emma , Dissanayake Chery , Prior Margot
Published: September 2014

Problems in language processing have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with some research attributing the problems to overall language skills rather than a diagnosis of ASD. Lexical access was assessed in a looking‐while‐listening task in three groups of 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children; two had high‐functioning ASD (HFA), an ASD severe (ASD‐S) group (n = 16) and an ASD moderate (ASD‐M) group (n = 21). The third group were typically developing (TD) (n = 48). Participants heard sentences of the form “Where's the x?” and their eye movements to targets (e.g., train), phonological competitors (e.g., tree), and distractors were recorded. Proportions of looking time at target were analyzed within 200 ms intervals. Significant group differences were found between the ASD‐S and TD groups only, at time intervals 1000–1200 and 1200–1400 ms postonset. The TD group was more likely to be fixated on target. These differences were maintained after adjusting for language, verbal and nonverbal IQ, and attention scores. An analysis using parent report of autistic‐like behaviors showed higher scores to be associated with lower proportions of looking time at target, regardless of group. Further analysis showed fixation for the TD group to be significantly faster than for the ASD‐S. In addition, incremental processing was found for all groups. The study findings suggest that severity of autistic behaviors will impact significantly on children's language processing in real life situations when exposed to syntactically complex material. They also show the value of using online methods for understanding how young children with ASD process language. Autism Res 2014, 7: 687–694. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular basis of the recognition of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 2E1 along major access tunnel
Authors: Cui Ying‐Lu , Zheng Qing‐Chuan , Zhang Ji‐Long , Zhang Hong‐Xing
Published: September 2014

Cytochrome P450 2E1 is widely known for its ability to oxidize both low molecular weight xenobiotics and endogenous fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid (AA)). In this study, we investigated the structural features of the AA‐bound CYP2E1 complex utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) and found that the distinct binding modes for both AA and fatty acid analog are conserved. Moreover, multiple random acceleration MD simulations and steered MD simulations uncovered the most possible tunnel for fatty acids. The main attractions are derived from three key residues, His107, Ala108, and His109, whose side chains reorient to keep ligands bound via hydrogen bonds during the initial unbinding process. More importantly, based on the calculated binding free energy results, we hypothesize that the hydrogen bonds between the receptor and the ligand are the most important contributors involved in the binding affinity. Thus, it is inferred that the hydrogen bonds between these three residues and the ligand may help offer insights into the structural basis of the different ligand egress mechanisms for fatty acids and small weight compounds. Our investigation provides detailed atomistic insights into the structural features of human CYP2E1–fatty acid complex structures. Furthermore, the ligand‐binding characteristics obtained in the present study are helpful for both experimental and computational studies of CYPs and may allow future researchers to achieve desirable changes in enzymatic activities. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 53–66, 2015.
Percutaneous device occlusion of hepatocardiac venous collateral via left transhepatic access in a patient with heterotaxy syndrome following Fontan procedure
Authors: Kuo James A.
Published: September 2014

Venovenous collateral vessels are a common cause for desaturation in patients who have undergone a Fontan procedure. We describe a patient with heterotaxy syndrome (leftward pointing apex) and complex single ventricle with Fontan physiology that was desaturated due to a hepatocardiac vein. The vessel was entered via a left transhepatic access and was successfully occluded using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Stabilization of Metastable Tautomers in Solution and the Solid State
Authors: Juribašić Marina , Bregović Nikola , Stilinović Vladimir , Tomišić Vladislav , Cindrić Marina , Šket Primož , Plavec Janez , Rubčić Mirta , Užarević Krunoslav
Published: September 2014

This work presents a successful application of a recently reported supramolecular strategy for stabilization of metastable tautomers in cocrystals to monocomponent, non‐heterocyclic, tautomeric solids. Quantum‐chemical computations and solution studies show that the investigated Schiff base molecule, derived from 3‐methoxysalicylaldehyde and 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine (ap), is far more stable as the enol tautomer. In the solid state, however, in all three obtained polymorphic forms it exists solely as the keto tautomer, in each case stabilized by an unexpected hydrogen‐bonding pattern. Computations have shown that hydrogen bonding of the investigated Schiff base with suitable molecules shifts the tautomeric equilibrium to the less stable keto form. The extremes to which supramolecular stabilization can lead are demonstrated by the two polymorphs of molecular complexes of the Schiff base with ap. The molecules of both constituents of molecular complexes are present as metastable tautomers (keto anion and protonated pyridine, respectively), which stabilize each other through a very strong hydrogen bond. All the obtained solid forms proved stable in various solid‐state and solvent‐mediated methods used to establish their relative thermodynamic stabilities and possible interconversion conditions.
Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of 3,3′‐Spirooxindoles Fused with Seven‐Membered Rings by Enantioselective Tandem Reactions
Authors: Wang Yang , Shi Feng , Yao Xi‐Xi , Sun Meng , Dong Liang , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: September 2014

The first catalytic asymmetric construction of a spirooxindole scaffold incorporated with a seven‐membered benzodiazepine moiety has been established by a three‐component (isatin, 1,2‐phenylenediamine, cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione) tandem reaction catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid. Structurally complex spirobenzodiazepine oxindoles with one quaternary stereogenic center are obtained in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % yield, enantiomeric ratio>99.5:0.5). This approach takes advantage of organocatalytic asymmetric tandem reactions to efficiently construct the structurally rigid spirobenzodiazepine oxindole architecture with high enantiopurity in a single transformation, which involves a cascade enamine–imine formation/intramolecular Mannich reaction sequence.
Palladium–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Indolines through Regiodivergent C(sp3)H Activation: Scope and DFT Study
Authors: Katayev Dmitry , Larionov Evgeny , Nakanishi Masafumi , Besnard Céline , Kündig E. Peter
Published: September 2014

Two bulky, chiral, monodentate N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands were applied to palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric CH arylation to incorporate C(sp3)H bond activation. Racemic mixtures of the carbamate starting materials underwent regiodivergent reactions to afford different trans‐2,3‐substituted indolines. Although this CArCalkyl coupling requires high temperatures (140–160 °C), chiral induction is high. This regiodivergent reaction, when carried out with enantiopure starting materials, can lead to single structurally different enantiopure products, depending on the catalyst chirality. The CH activation at a tertiary center was realized only in the case of a cyclopropyl group. No CH activation takes place alpha to a tertiary center. A detailed DFT study is included and analyses of methyl versus methylene versus methine CH activation is used to rationalize experimentally observed regio‐ and enantioselectivities.
Long‐Lived Spin States for Low‐Field Hyperpolarized Gas MRI
Authors: Kovtunov Kirill V. , Truong Milton L. , Barskiy Danila A. , Koptyug Igor V. , Coffey Aaron M. , Waddell Kevin W. , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: September 2014

Parahydrogen induced polarization was employed to prepare a relatively long‐lived correlated nuclear spin state between methylene and methyl protons in propane gas. Conventionally, such states are converted into a strong NMR signal enhancement by transferring the reaction product to a high magnetic field in an adiabatic longitudinal transport after dissociation engenders net alignment (ALTADENA) experiment. However, the relaxation time T1 of ∼0.6 s of the resulting hyperpolarized propane is too short for potential biomedical applications. The presented alternative approach employs low‐field MRI to preserve the initial correlated state with a much longer decay time TLLSS=(4.7±0.5) s. While the direct detection at low‐magnetic fields (e.g. 0.0475 T) is challenging, we demonstrate here that spin‐lock induced crossing (SLIC) at this low magnetic field transforms the long‐lived correlated state into an observable nuclear magnetization suitable for MRI with sub‐millimeter and sub‐second spatial and temporal resolution, respectively. Propane is a non‐toxic gas, and therefore, these results potentially enable low‐cost high‐resolution high‐speed MRI of gases for functional imaging of lungs and other applications.
Design and Synthesis of N‐Acylated Aza‐Goniothalamin Derivatives and Evaluation of Their in vitro and in vivo Antitumor Activity
Authors: Barcelos Rosimeire Coura , Pastre Julio Cezar , Vendramini‐Costa Débora Barbosa , Caixeta Vanessa , Longato Giovanna Barbarini , Monteiro Paula Araújo , de Carvalho João Ernesto , Pilli Ronaldo Aloise
Published: September 2014

Herein we describe the synthesis of a focused library of compounds based on the structure of goniothalamin (1) and the evaluation of the potential antitumor activity of the compounds. N‐Acylation of aza‐goniothalamin (2) restored the in vitro antiproliferative activity of this family of compounds. 1‐(E)‐But‐2‐enoyl‐6‐styryl‐5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐one (18) displayed enhanced antiproliferative activity. Both goniothalamin (1) and derivative 18 led to reactive oxygen species generation in PC‐3 cells, which was probably a signal for caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Treatment with derivative 18 promoted Annexin V/7‐aminoactinomycin D double staining, which indicated apoptosis, and also led to G2/M cell‐cycle arrest. In vivo studies in Ehrlich ascitic and solid tumor models confirmed the antitumor activity of goniothalamin (1), without signs of toxicity. However, derivative 18 exhibited an unexpectedly lower in vivo antitumor activity, despite the treatments being administered at the same site of inoculation. Contrary to its in vitro profile, aza‐goniothalamin (2) inhibited Ehrlich tumor growth, both on the ascitic and solid forms. Our findings highlight the importance of in vivo studies in the search for new candidates for cancer treatment.
Strong Asymptotics of the Orthogonal Polynomials with Respect to a Measure Supported on the Plane
Authors: Balogh Ferenc , Bertola Marco , Lee Seung‐Yeop , Mclaughlin Kenneth D. T‐R
Published: September 2014

We consider the orthogonal polynomials with respect to the measure

urn:x-wiley::media:cpa21541:cpa21541-math-0002

over the whole complex plane. We obtain the strong asymptotic of the orthogonal polynomials in the complex plane and the location of their zeros in a scaling limit where n grows to infinity with N.

The asymptotics are described in terms of three (probability) measures associated with the problem. The first measure is the limit of the counting measure of zeros of the polynomials, which is captured by the g‐function much in the spirit of ordinary orthogonal polynomials on the real line. The second measure is the equilibrium measure that minimizes a certain logarithmic potential energy, supported on a region K of the complex plane. The third measure is the harmonic measure of Kc with a pole at ∞. This appears as the limit of the probability measure given (up to the normalization constant) by the squared modulus of the nth orthogonal polynomial times the orthogonality measure, i.e.,

The compact region K that is the support of the second measure undergoes a topological transition under the variation of the parameter in a double scaling limit near the critical point given by we observe the Hastings‐McLeod solution to Painlevé II in the asymptotics of the orthogonal polynomials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.