bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Informed Decision-Making about Population-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Participation in Groups with Low and Adequate Health Literacy
Authors: Essink-Bot M. L. , Dekker E. , Timmermans D. R. M. , Uiters E. , Fransen M. P.
Published: April 2016

Objective. To analyze and compare decision-relevant knowledge, decisional conflict, and informed decision-making about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation between potential screening participants with low and adequate health literacy (HL), defined as the skills to access, understand, and apply information to make informed decisions about health.Methods. Survey including 71 individuals with low HL and 70 with adequate HL, all eligible for the Dutch organized CRC screening program. Knowledge, attitude, intention to participate, and decisional conflict were assessed after reading the standard information materials. HL was assessed using the Short Assessment of Health Literacy in Dutch. Informed decision-making was analyzed by the multidimensional measure of informed choice.Results. 64% of the study population had adequate knowledge of CRC and CRC screening (low HL 43/71 (61%), adequate HL 47/70 (67%),p>0.05). 57% were informed decision-makers (low HL 34/71 (55%), adequate HL 39/70 (58%),p>0.05). Intention to participate was 89% (low HL 63/71 (89%), adequate HL 63/70 (90%)). Respondents with low HL experienced significantly more decisional conflict (25.8 versus 16.1;p=0.00).Conclusion. Informed decision-making about CRC screening participation was suboptimal among both individuals with low HL and individuals with adequate HL. Further research is required to develop and implement effective strategies to convey decision-relevant knowledge about CRC screening to all screening invitees.
Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration
Authors: Hou Kang , Zhou Jieting , Li Xuxiang , Ge Shengbin
Published: April 2016

Analysis of human living environmental quality of Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations has important theoretical and practical significance in rapid development region. A lot of investigations have been carried for Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations, including 38 counties. Based on the carrying capacity of resources, natural and socioeconomic environmental factors and regional changes of human living environmental evaluation are analyzed with the application of geographic information systems (GIS) software. By using principal component analysis (PCA) model and natural breaks classification (NBC) method, the evaluation results are divided into five categories. The results show that the human living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of Dalian, Shenyang, and Liaoyang are higher than other counties. Among these counties, the human living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of coastal counties are significantly higher than inland counties. The range of the human living environmental evaluation index in most of the study area is at III, IV, and V levels, accounting for 80.01%. Based on these results, it could illustrate the human living environment is in relatively suitable condition in Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomeration.
The Effect of Autologous Platelet Lysate Eye Drops: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study
Authors: Fea Antonio M. , Aragno Vittoria , Testa Valeria , Machetta Federica , Parisi Simone , D’Antico Sergio , Spinetta Roberta , Fusaro Enrico , Grignolo Federico M.
Published: April 2016

Purpose.To determine the effectiveness of autologous platelet lysate (APL) eye drops in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SS) dry eye, refractory to standard therapy, in comparison with patients treated with artificial tears. We focused on the effect of APL on cornea morphology with the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).Methods.Patients were assigned to two groups: group A used autologous platelet lysate QID, and group B used preservative-free artificial tears QID, for 90 days. Ophthalmological assessments included ocular surface disease index (OSDI), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Schirmer test, fluorescein score, and breakup time (BUT). A subgroup of patients in group A underwent IVCM: corneal basal epithelium, subbasal nerves, Langerhans cells, anterior stroma activated keratocytes, and reflectivity were evaluated.Results.60 eyes of 30 patients were enrolled; in group A (n=20patients) mean OSDI, fluorescein score, and BUT showed significant improvement compared with group B (n=10patients). The IVCM showed a significant increase in basal epithelium cells density and subbasal nerve plexus density and number and a decrease in Langerhans cells density (p<0.05).Conclusion.APL was found effective in the treatment of SS dry eye. IVCM seems to be a useful tool to visualize cornea morphologic modifications.
Development of Cardiovascular Indices of Acute Pain Responding in Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Waxman Jordana A. , Pillai Riddell Rebecca R. , Tablon Paula , Schmidt Louis A. , Pinhasov Angelina
Published: April 2016

Background. Cardiovascular indices of pain are pervasive in the hospital setting. However, no prospective research has examined the development of cardiac responses to acutely painful procedures in the first year of life.Objectives. Our main goal was to synthesize existing evidence regarding the development of cardiovascular responses to acutely painful medical procedures over the first year of life in preterm and term born infants.Methods. A systematic search retrieved 6994 articles to review against inclusion criteria. A total of 41 studies were included in the review.Results. In response to acutely painful procedures, most infants had an increase in mean heart rate (HR) that varied in magnitude both across and within gestational and postnatal ages. Research in the area of HR variability has been inconsistent, limiting conclusions.Conclusions. Longitudinal research is needed to further understand the inherent variability of cardiovascular pain responses across and within gestational and postnatal ages and the causes for the variability.
A Fusion Face Recognition Approach Based on 7-Layer Deep Learning Neural Network
Authors: Liu Jianzheng , Fang Chunlin , Wu Chao
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a method for recognizing human faces with facial expression. In the proposed approach, a motion history image (MHI) is employed to get the features in an expressive face. The face can be seen as a kind of physiological characteristic of a human and the expressions are behavioral characteristics. We fused the 2D images of a face and MHIs which were generated from the same face’s image sequences with expression. Then the fusion features were used to feed a 7-layer deep learning neural network. The previous 6 layers of the whole network can be seen as an autoencoder network which can reduce the dimension of the fusion features. The last layer of the network can be seen as a softmax regression; we used it to get the identification decision. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed method performs favorably against several state-of-the-art methods.
Icariin Prevents Cartilage and Bone Degradation in Experimental Models of Arthritis
Authors: Chao Wei Chen , Qi Ping Dai , Tian You Fan , Yong Qiang Chen , Tao Che
Published: April 2016

Background. Icariin (ICA) is an active compound extracted fromEpimedium brevicornumMaxim. Previous reports have shown that icariin has a clinically significant therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. However, little is known about the mechanism by which icariin inhibits cartilage and bone degradation.Methods. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and treated with icariin. Joint tissues from rabbits were studied by histological analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-CT. The expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in joint tissues were determined using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis.Results. Histological analysis and TEM sections of cartilage in the ICA treated group showed a low level of chondrocyte destruction. Micro-CT analysis showed that the bone mineral density value and bone structural level in ICA treated rabbits were significantly higher compared with those in the AIA group. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis showed that icariin treatment reduced RANKL expression and enhanced OPG expression levels, as compared to the AIA group.Conclusion. These data indicate that ICA suppresses articular bone loss and prevents joint destruction. This study also determined that ICA regulated articular bone loss in part by regulating RANKL and OPG expression.
Novel Exponentially Fitted Two-Derivative Runge-Kutta Methods with Equation-Dependent Coefficients for First-Order Differential Equations
Authors: Yang Yanping , Fang Yonglei , You Xiong , Wang Bin
Published: April 2016

The construction of exponentially fitted two-derivative Runge-Kutta (EFTDRK) methods for the numerical solution of first-order differential equations is investigated. The revised EFTDRK methods proposed, with equation-dependent coefficients, take into consideration the errors produced in the internal stages to the update. The local truncation errors and stability of the new methods are analyzed. The numerical results are reported to show the accuracy of the new methods.
Use of 2MD, a Novel Oral Calcitriol Analog, in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Pandey Richa , Zella Julia , Clagett-Dame Margaret , Plum Lori A. , DeLuca Hector F. , Coyne Daniel W.
Published: April 2016

Background: Use of existing therapies for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), such as calcitriol or paricalcitol, is frequently limited by the development of hypercalcemia. 2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD; DP001) is a novel and a more potent vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA) that more selectively localizes in the parathyroid gland, and has a wider therapeutic margin in the uremic rat model than calcitriol and paricalcitol. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: Hemodialysis patients were enrolled and dosed with 110, 220, 330, 440, or 550 ng of 2MD orally thrice weekly for 4 weeks. Responders were defined as patients having a ≥30% reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH) from baseline, and were assessed at weeks 2 and 4. Results: Of 31 patients recruited, 24 completed the 4-week treatment. There was little or no reduction in PTH in the 110 and 220 ng dose cohorts. Higher dose cohorts had greater PTH suppression with more than half the patients in the 440 and 550 ng dose cohorts considered responders (≥30% PTH reduction from baseline). None had oversuppression of PTH or hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium >10.6 mg/dl). Plasma drug concentration increased with increasing dose, and all responders achieved a 2MD concentration of ≥1.5 pg/ml. All dose levels of 2MD were well tolerated without safety concerns. Conclusions: In hemodialysis patients with SHPT, 2MD, at thrice weekly oral doses of 440 and 550 ng, is well tolerated and effectively suppresses PTH without hypercalcemia. Future studies are needed to study the long-term implications of treating ESRD patients with this novel VDRA.
Intractable Postoperative Wounds Caused by Self-Inflicted Trauma in a Patient with Cutaneous Munchausen Syndrome Presenting as a Pyoderma Gangrenosum-Like Lesion
Authors: Inui Keiko , Hanafusa Takaaki , Namiki Takeshi , Ueno Makiko , Igawa Ken , Yokozeki Hiroo
Published: April 2016

A 50-year-old Japanese woman consulted the emergency department of our hospital for bleeding due to an intractable postoperative wound on the lower abdomen; the postoperative wound was owing to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed 1 year previously for acute cholecystitis. She presented with a painful ulcer on her right lower abdomen. She also presented with multiple scars, skin grafts on the extremities, and a missing left lower leg, the causes for all of which were unexplained. The results of her blood test were normal, except for the hemoglobin level. Histology of the skin biopsy specimen from the ulcer did not show any specific findings. The previous surgeon who had performed the laparoscopic cholecystectomy revealed that surgical wound dehiscence had occurred during her admission. After a body restraint had been applied, the ulcer improved. Medical records indicated that she had been admitted to the department of plastic surgery at our hospital for skin grafting of a leg ulcer. During that admission, she refused to consult with the department of psychiatry, although the staff suspected mental disorders. Therefore, we diagnosed her with cutaneous Munchausen syndrome. After vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy had been performed to prevent her from traumatizing the ulcer again, it rapidly became granulated and reepithelialized. Munchausen syndrome is characterized by feigning physical symptoms to seek attention. Patients self-inflict numerous lesions, keep getting admitted to different hospitals, and feign acute illness, usually spectacular diseases. VAC therapy may be effective for preventing patients with cutaneous Munchausen syndrome from traumatizing their wounds.
Reproductive Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Parikh Nisha I. , Jeppson Rebecca P. , Berger Jeffrey S. , Eaton Charles B. , Kroenke Candyce H. , LeBlanc Erin S. , Lewis Cora E. , Loucks Eric B. , Parker Donna R. , Rillamas-Sun Eileen , Ryckman Kelli K. , Waring Molly E. , Schenken Robert S. , Johnson Karen C. , Edstedt-Bonamy Anna-Karin , Allison Matthew A. , Howard Barbara V.
Published: April 2016

Background—

Reproductive factors provide an early window into a woman’s coronary heart disease (CHD) risk; however, their contribution to CHD risk stratification is uncertain.

Methods and Results—

In the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, we constructed Cox proportional hazards models for CHD including age, pregnancy status, number of live births, age at menarche, menstrual irregularity, age at first birth, stillbirths, miscarriages, infertility ≥1 year, infertility cause, and breastfeeding. We next added each candidate reproductive factor to an established CHD risk factor model. A final model was then constructed with significant reproductive factors added to established CHD risk factors. Improvement in C statistic, net reclassification index (or net reclassification index with risk categories of <5%, 5 to <10%, and ≥10% 10-year risk of CHD), and integrated discriminatory index were assessed. Among 72 982 women (CHD events, n=4607; median follow-up,12.0 [interquartile range, 8.3–13.7] years; mean [standard deviation] age, 63.2 [7.2] years), an age-adjusted reproductive risk factor model had a C statistic of 0.675 for CHD. In a model adjusted for established CHD risk factors, younger age at first birth, number of still births, number of miscarriages, and lack of breastfeeding were positively associated with CHD. Reproductive factors modestly improved model discrimination (C statistic increased from 0.726 to 0.730; integrated discriminatory index, 0.0013;
P
<0.0001). Net reclassification for women with events was not improved (net reclassification index events, 0.007;
P
=0.18); and, for women without events, net reclassification was marginally improved (net reclassification index nonevents, 0.002;
P
=0.04)

Conclusions—

Key reproductive factors are associated with CHD independently of established CHD risk factors, very modestly improve model discrimination, and do not materially improve net reclassification.
Die Perioche der Dionysiaka als Mittel der Selbstinszenierung
Authors: Zuenelli Simon
Published: April 2016

Since there does not exist any comprehensive study of theperiocheof theDionysiaca, a hexametric summary transmitted together with the actual text of the epic, the present article aims to close this gap by investigating the question of authorship and function. In contrast to thecommunis opinio, which considers the passage to be supplemented by a later editor, this paper shows that theperiochehas been composed by Nonnus himself, who consciously imitates the genre of the metric hypotheseis. By prefixing such a metric summary (which was normally written only for the works of the canonical authors) to his own work Nonnus lays claim to a similarly canonical place in literary history.
The Age of Palladas
Authors: Benelli Luca
Published: April 2016

In recent articles and contributions, Kevin W. Wilkinson has identified some clues, in the text of several epigrams by Palladas of Alexandria, which, in his view, enable us to date this epigrammatic poet back to the age of Constantine. By analysing a number of passages, Wilkinson backdates Palladas by about sixty years, possibly as far back as a century. He tries to prove this new chronological reconstruction with the help of a new papyrus find, which he himself has published and which he would like to attribute to Palladas. There is no evidence that the Yale Papyrus (P. Ct.ybrInv. 4000) is really a codex with epigrams by Palladas. As a result, its dating is still uncertain and the traditional date ascribed to Palladas (between the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuryad) is still the most logical, and is confirmed by a long series of epigrams attributed to the Alexandrian poet in the Greek Anthology.
Aesop Victimized
Authors: Bednarek Bartłomiej
Published: April 2016

A passage from theLife of Aesophas been used by several scholars to answer some important questions regarding the Greek ritual of sacrifice. Although the interpretation of ancient religious behaviours as reconstructed by these scholars is to some degree confirmed by external data, I argue that the aforementioned text contains little or no information relevant to the study of the subject matter. What is more, the manner in which its anonymous author mentions the ritual’s particulars in passing indicates that he did not intend to dwell upon any theological issues.
Guilty Pleas and Plea Bargaining at the icc: Prosecutor v. Ongwen and Beyond
Authors: Omeri Sheryn
Published: April 2016

In 2015, after over ten years in operation, the International Criminal Court (icc) came as close as it has arguably ever come to receiving a guilty plea from an accused. In a television interview, alleged former brigade leader in the Lord’s Resistance Army, Dominic Ongwen, apparently asked Ugandans to forgive him for ‘all the atrocities I committed’. This caused speculation about whether the Office of the Prosecutor (otp) would and should enter into plea negotiations with Ongwen with a view to obtaining a guilty plea. This article explores the legal, practical and ethical questions associated with the seeking and obtaining of guilty pleas in the context of proceedings before the icc. It aims to provide pragmatic suggestions for the obtaining of guilty pleas while observing the highest standards of fairness to accused persons.
Development and Political Theory in Classical Athens
Authors: Carugati Federica , Ober Josiah , Weingast Barry R.
Published: April 2016

The birth of political thought has long been associated with the development of either the polis as a new form of political organization in Greece, or of democracy as a new form of government in Athens. This article suggests that this view ought to be expanded. Between the late 6th and 4th centuries bc, the Greek polis of Athens established large, participatory democratic institutions. But the transformation that the polis underwent did not merely affect political structures: in this period, Athens transitioned from an undeveloped, limited access, ‘natural state’ toward a developed open access society – a society characterized by impersonal, perpetual, and inclusive political, economic, legal and, social institutions. Those who witnessed this transformation first-hand attempted to grapple, often critically, with its implications. We show that Thucydides, Plato, and other Greek political thinkers devoted a considerable part of their work to analyzing the polis’ tendency toward not only political, but also economic, social, and legal inclusion. Without understanding this larger picture, we cannot adequately explain the development of Greek political thought.
Studying Ancient Political Thought Through Ancient Philosophers: The Case of Aristotle and Natural Slavery
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: April 2016

This paper examines Aristotle’s view that there are natural slaves, able-bodied people who lack the capacity to deliberate about the good and bad in life, who are ideally suited to be ‘tools of action’ for practically intelligent masters. After reconstructing Aristotle’s reasoning for the view that there are natural slaves in Politics
i, and proposing a philosophical motivation for his interest in natural slavery, the paper reflects on what this case suggests about scholarly engagement with the political views of ancient philosophers when these are so contrary to our own.
A review of the pleasing lacewing genus Dilar Rambur (Neuroptera, Dilaridae) from Southeast Asia
Authors: ZHANG WEI , LIU XINGYUE , WINTERTON SHAUN L. , ASPÖCK HORST , ASPÖCK ULRIKE
Published: April 2016

The lacewing family Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) is poorly known in Southeast Asia, currently with only five described species. In this paper, we provide a revision of the species of the genus Dilar Rambur, 1838 from Southeast Asia. Eleven species of Dilar are recorded in this region, with seven species herein described as new to science, i.e. Dilar abnormis Zhang, Liu & Winterton, sp. nov., Dilar lineatus Zhang, Liu & Winterton, sp. nov., Dilar loeinensis Zhang, Liu, Winterton, sp. nov., Dilar ohli Zhang, Liu, Aspöck & Aspöck, sp. nov., Dilar rotundatus Zhang, Liu & Winterton, sp. nov., Dilar sumatranus Zhang, Liu, Aspöck & Aspöck, sp. nov., and Dilar zimmermannae Zhang, Liu, Aspöck & Aspöck, sp. nov. Re-descriptions of Dilar grandis (Banks, 1931), and Dilar marmoratus (Banks, 1931) are also provided. Dilaridae are recorded in Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, and northern Thailand for the first time. A key to the Dilar species from Southeast Asia is given.
From Constructive Ambiguity to Harmonious Interpretation
Authors: Böckenförde Markus
Published: April 2016

In the wake of social movements that have started almost 5 years ago, citizens across North Africa have protested for the end of authoritarian leadership and demanded constitutional reforms. In a region where hopes fostered by the Arab Spring have ended in civil war, stagnation, and new forms of dictatorship, Tunisia—despite all the challenges it still faces—gives the appearance of an island of relative stability. Its inclusive and participatory constitution-building process was remarkable, overcoming political divisions in a highly divided National Constituent Assembly and successfully ending in an agreement on a compromise text, adopted in January 2014. However, the new constitution was heavily criticized by some analysts, claiming that a number of its provisions were considered irreconcilable and contradictory, notably those relating to religion and the state. The vagueness of certain of its provisions would allow lawyers and politicians to interpret it however they see fit. Against the background of these statements, the article pursues two objectives: First, it demonstrates that the constitution provides an institutional setting which prevents arbitrary readings of the constitutional text by lawyers and politicians. Second, it argues that the text can and actually shall be interpreted in a reconcilable manner without significant legal contradictions.
An Inevitable “Marriage March”? A Survey of the “Arbiter of Religious Dogma” in Canadian Case Law
Authors: Dabby Dia
Published: April 2016

“Arbiter of religious dogma,” first expressed by the Supreme Court of Canada in Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem ([2004] 2 SCR 551), has had a lasting and pervasive effect on the Canadian lawscape. Developed in an effort to remove the State (and therefore Court apparatus) from a decision-making capacity in questions related to religious doctrine, this expression has become an inevitable mantra when discussing issues related to religion in Canada. This article argues, however, that the presence of this expression should not be understood as the end of a conversation, but rather, the beginning of a novel one on the legitimacy of religion in law. Through discourse analysis, this article will endeavor to suggest that this “marriage march” between law and religion is inevitable in the Canadian context.
Disentangling media effects: The impact of short-term and long-term news coverage on Belgian emergency assistance
Authors: Joly Jeroen
Published: April 2016

Whether and how media are able to influence policy and the political decision-making process is still the topic of much debate. However, if news media are indeed able to influence policy, they are commonly believed to do so indirectly through their agenda-setting function – by getting issues onto the political agenda after sudden peaks of attention. Yet, despite the assertion of agenda-setting theory that policy changes occur mainly through steady advocacy of policy alternatives, little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of media exposure. The analysis of emergency assistance in Belgium from 2000–2008 shows that short-term and long-term media attention to specific countries affect decision-making in quite different ways. This study reveals different ways in which media attention can impact policymaking, as short-term attention mainly determines which countries receive assistance, while long-term attention affects the amount of assistance granted.
Effect of sonication and clay content on the properties of unsaturated polyester/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Romanzini Daiane , Silva Adriana A , Soares Bluma G , Zattera Ademir J , Amico Sandro C
Published: April 2016

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of sonication and clay content on the crosslinking and curing characteristics and the final properties of unsaturated polyester/montmorillonite nanocomposites. The Cloisite 30B clay (1, 3 or 5 wt.%) was dispersed in the resin by mechanical stirring and sonication at different ultrasonic amplitudes (20% and 30%). Amplitude is one of the most important parameter when reproducing sonication results. An increase in viscosity with clay incorporation, at 20% amplitude, was related to the better dispersion, corroborating differential scanning calorimetry results. The sequential diffractograms confirmed the influence of the clay on resin crosslinking and the curing process. An intercalated structure was observed for samples up to 3 wt.% of clay and an amplitude of 20% during sonication, corroborating the increase in flexural strength and lower values of coefficient of thermal expansion. Modulus increased with the incorporation of clay, whereas impact strength and linear burning rate declined.
Reordering Colonial Society: Model Villages and Social Planning in Rural Angola, 1920–45
Authors: Coghe Samuël
Published: April 2016

In the interwar period, Portuguese hygienists, agronomists and colonial administrators began to advocate the resettlement of Angola's rural native population into model villages as the ideal solution to many of the colony's hygienic, economic and societal problems. The plans for model villages in Angola were not exceptional in the interwar period. They were part of larger and transnational debates about rural development in colonial Africa and Asia. Although model villages mostly remained rather a utopian vision than a social reality, the debates and attempts were significant. While revealing how colonial actors envisioned the future order of the colony, they illustrate why colonial rural populations became a target of social engineering and how the constraints of colonial rule conditioned the implementation of such plans on the ground. The analysis of the interwar debates also contributes to a longue durée history of the villagization policy during the decolonization wars.
Managing Carious Lesions
Authors: Schwendicke F. , Frencken J.E. , Bjørndal L. , Maltz M. , Manton D.J. , Ricketts D. , Van Landuyt K. , Banerjee A. , Campus G. , Doméjean S. , Fontana M. , Leal S. , Lo E. , Machiulskiene V. , Schulte A. , Splieth C. , Zandona A.F. , Innes N.P.T.
Published: April 2016

The International Caries Consensus Collaboration undertook a consensus process and here presents clinical recommendations for carious tissue removal and managing cavitated carious lesions, including restoration, based on texture of demineralized dentine. Dentists should manage the disease dental caries and control activity of existing cavitated lesions to preserve hard tissues and retain teeth long-term. Entering the restorative cycle should be avoided as far as possible. Controlling the disease in cavitated carious lesions should be attempted using methods which are aimed at biofilm removal or control first. Only when cavitated carious lesions either are noncleansable or can no longer be sealed are restorative interventions indicated. When a restoration is indicated, the priorities are as follows: preserving healthy and remineralizable tissue, achieving a restorative seal, maintaining pulpal health, and maximizing restoration success. Carious tissue is removed purely to create conditions for long-lasting restorations. Bacterially contaminated or demineralized tissues close to the pulp do not need to be removed. In deeper lesions in teeth with sensible (vital) pulps, preserving pulpal health should be prioritized, while in shallow or moderately deep lesions, restoration longevity becomes more important. For teeth with shallow or moderately deep cavitated lesions, carious tissue removal is performed according to selective removal to firm dentine. In deep cavitated lesions in primary or permanent teeth, selective removal to soft dentine should be performed, although in permanent teeth, stepwise removal is an option. The evidence and, therefore, these recommendations support less invasive carious lesion management, delaying entry to, and slowing down, the restorative cycle by preserving tooth tissue and retaining teeth long-term.
Managing Carious Lesions: Consensus Recommendations on Terminology
Authors: Innes N.P.T. , Frencken J.E. , Bjørndal L. , Maltz M. , Manton D.J. , Ricketts D. , Van Landuyt K. , Banerjee A. , Campus G. , Doméjean S. , Fontana M. , Leal S. , Lo E. , Machiulskiene V. , Schulte A. , Splieth C. , Zandona A. , Schwendicke F.
Published: April 2016

Variation in the terminology used to describe clinical management of carious lesions has contributed to a lack of clarity in the scientific literature and beyond. In this article, the International Caries Consensus Collaboration presents 1) issues around terminology, a scoping review of current words used in the literature for caries removal techniques, and 2) agreed terms and definitions, explaining how these were decided. Dental caries is the name of the disease, and the carious lesion is the consequence and manifestation of the disease—the signs or symptoms of the disease. The term dental caries management should be limited to situations involving control of the disease through preventive and noninvasive means at a patient level, whereas carious lesion management controls the disease symptoms at the tooth level. While it is not possible to directly relate the visual appearance of carious lesions’ clinical manifestations to the histopathology, we have based the terminology around the clinical consequences of disease (soft, leathery, firm, and hard dentine). Approaches to carious tissue removal are defined: 1) selective removal of carious tissue—including selective removal to soft dentine and selective removal to firm dentine; 2) stepwise removal—including stage 1, selective removal to soft dentine, and stage 2, selective removal to firm dentine 6 to 12 mo later; and 3) nonselective removal to hard dentine—formerly known as complete caries removal (technique no longer recommended). Adoption of these terms, around managing dental caries and its sequelae, will facilitate improved understanding and communication among researchers and within dental educators and the wider clinical dentistry community.
Employment relations and growing income inequality: Causes and potential options for its reversal
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , Riordan Christine A
Published: April 2016

The growth of income inequality is now recognized to be one of the most important developments in employment relations of our time. While inequality has increased in many parts of the world, it has been most pronounced in the United States. We review the factors that have been suggested to cause the growth in inequality and, given these multiple causes, suggest a set of actions that might begin to reverse this trend. We give special attention to the changes in the employment relationship related to labor market institutions – including unions and other forms of worker representation, wage regulations and enforcement, and safety net policy – while also accounting for explanations and proposals that focus on technology, skills and education, and globalization. Additionally, we argue that emerging forms of organizational restructuring are becoming increasingly important to the study of inequality and its remedies.
The Australian labour market in 2015
Authors: Healy Joshua
Published: April 2016

After two years of deteriorating conditions, 2015 was a year of modest improvement in the Australian labour market. Perhaps the most important change was a higher employment-to-population ratio, with increases in both persons employed and hours worked. Despite these encouraging signs of recovery, several weak spots remain. The full-time employment rate is stagnant, the unemployment rate remains stubbornly high, and wage growth is anaemic. The recovery has not yet built momentum and there are risks that it may stall. But there is also reason to hope that 2015 was the year that the Australian labour market started to come back to health.
Austerity policies, ‘precarity’ and the nonprofit workforce: A comparative study of UK and Canada
Authors: Cunningham Ian , Baines Donna , Shields John , Lewchuk Wayne
Published: April 2016

Drawing on qualitative interview data from case studies in Scotland and Canada in the post 2008 era, this article explores the impact of austerity policies on the conditions and experience of employment in two nonprofit social service agencies and their shifting labour process. Despite differences in context, the article finds a similarity of experience of austerity-compelled precarity at several levels in the agency. This precarity increased management control and evoked little resistance from employees. These findings contribute to our understanding of austerity as articulated differently in different contexts, but experienced similarly at the front lines of care work.
Content Validation of a Catalog of Exercises for Judo
Authors: Pedrosa Gustavo F. , Soares Ytalo M. , Gonçalves Reginaldo , Couto Bruno P. , Dias Ronaldo A. , Costa Varley T. , Kalina Roman M. , Szmuchrowski Leszek A.
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to assess the content validity of a catalog of 76 judo exercises. Two groups of raters comprising 16 judo experts evaluated the following content validity indicators: Clarity of Language, Practical Pertinence, Theoretical Relevance, and the Dimension of each exercise. The results confirmed the content validity of the judo training catalog with indicators showing scores greater than 0.80. These findings suggest that all 76 judo exercises are pertinent, representative of judo training and understandable for judo coaches. Thus, this catalog of judo exercises may help judo coaches in the selection and recording of exercises.
Rethinking place in the study of societal responses to terrorism: Insights from Boston, Massachusetts (USA)
Authors: Keenan Kevin
Published: April 2016

The dual conditions of an early emphasis on context within terrorism theory and an existing familiarity of place as point or jurisdiction for hazards researchers led to a subsequent diminished role for place as a core explanatory concept in the study of terrorism. This condition is increasingly untenable. There is growing evidence within the environmental risk-hazards literature and theories of terrorism that holistic understandings of place beyond simply a point on the Earth will enhance knowledge of how individuals might respond to this hazard. Drawing on 93 interviews conducted in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) before the Marathon attacks in 2013, and a subset of additional interviews conducted after, I answer the following question: What role does place play in the way that ordinary people experience vulnerability to terrorism at a micro-scale? I demonstrate that people interpret their risk not simply through the media or representativeness of particular places – ideas which are commonly assumed to amplify risk and fear – but rather that subjective experiences of everyday, practical places actually attenuate such perceptions and emotions. This paper presents several contributions to public policy, including rethinking a place-based paradigm for how emergency managers communicate with the public, how to generate a politics of fear reduction based in place, and how to rethink future studies on terrorism to appreciate the practical places of everyday life.
Making urbanisation compact and equal: Integrating rural villages into urban communities in Kunshan, China
Authors: Zhu Jieming
Published: April 2016

China’s rapid economic development has urbanised a great number of rural villagers since the late 1970s. One of the significant challenges is that urbanisation entails incorporating autonomous villages into integrative cities. Village-led rural industrialisation safeguards villagers’ interests, but it gives rise to a fragmented industrial landscape and piecemeal farmland in the context of high-density small-area village settlements. Suboptimal land utilisation consumes more land resources than necessary to meet urbanisation needs and thus deteriorates environmental integrity. Townships have been leading industrialisation in the rural areas after the demise of collective manufacturing in the Yangtze River Delta. Actively pursued by the municipal and township governments, agglomeration of industrial land in Kunshan occurs during the transition of industrial ownership, which results in integrated urban built-up areas. Agglomeration of dispersed village settlements (where villagers are no longer engaged in farming) into compact urban quarters ensues, facilitated by the collective land rent arising from urbanisation. A new problem of inequality in entitlement to landed benefits between villages arises. Fair distribution of land rent as the benefit of urbanisation among villages calls for coordination at a higher level than the village.
Estimates of Optimal Audit Firm Tenure Across Different Legal Regimes
Authors: Brooks Li (Lily) Z. , Cheng C. S. Agnes , Johnston Joseph A. , Reichelt Kenneth J.
Published: April 2016

Based on a quadratic form of audit tenure in explaining audit quality, we estimate a reference point that is potentially optimal for audit firm rotation for 22 countries across legal regimes with high versus low levels of investor protection. We find that our estimate for the high investor protection regime is longer than that for the low investor protection regime (24 years vs. 14 years for our main measure). However, very few firms from our sample would have been affected if there were a requirement of a mandatory rotation term, suggesting that mandatory audit firm rotation may not be necessary. In additional analyses, we not only evaluate the empirical validity of the quadratic form but also use various measures of our key variables, to conduct several other robustness tests. We continue to find a longer optimal point for countries with stronger investor protection in these robustness tests. Our findings imply that stronger country-level investor protection is a substitute for a shorter term of mandatory audit firm rotation.
Black Lives Matter and Bridge Building
Authors: Larson Eric D.
Published: April 2016

This article uses labor history and black history to highlight how labor education can be a crucial tool for unions to respond to the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in a way that supports and respects its main demands. It suggests that unions are unlikely to answer the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organization’s (AFL-CIO) call for the labor movement to be “partners, allies, and fellow community members” of the BLM movement unless they recognize the structural nature of contemporary “colorblind racism” and confront the root causes of divergent attitudes about the fairness of the criminal justice system. Such causes include the long-standing associations of blackness with criminality and whiteness with innocence, which have long justified the punishment of black workers and the control of all U.S. workers. This article highlights the structural violence of mass incarceration, the spectacular violence of police murder, the symbolic violence of anti-black cultural production, and the sexual violence directed at black women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) blacks. Building on black feminist theory, it argues that labor education that foregrounds the interwoven histories of race and crime, and examines how racism works through class, gender, and other kinds of hierarchies, could serve to capacitate grassroots bridge-builders inside unions. The article suggests that the history of domestic work could be a particularly valuable way for labor educators to discuss the fundamental messages of the Movement for Black Lives.
Outcomes following Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Implant Surgery
Authors: Puram Sidharth V. , Barber Samuel R. , Kozin Elliott D. , Shah Parth , Remenschneider Aaron , Herrmann Barbara S. , Duhaime Ann‐Christine , Barker Fred G. , Lee Daniel J.
Published: April 2016

There are no approved Food and Drug Administration indications for pediatric auditory brainstem implant (ABI) surgery in the United States. Our prospective case series aims to determine the safety and feasibility of ABI surgery in pediatric patients <5 years old with congenital deafness at a tertiary North American center. The inclusion criterion was pre‐ or postlinguistic deafness in children not eligible for cochlear implantation. Seventeen candidates were evaluated (mean ± SD: age, 2.52 ± 0.39 years). Four patients underwent ABI surgery (age, 19.2 ± 3.43 months), including 4 primary procedures and 1 revision for device failure. Spontaneous device failure occurred in another subject postoperatively. No major/minor complications occurred, including cerebrospinal fluid leak, facial nerve injury, hematoma, and nonauditory stimulation. All subjects detected sound with environmental awareness, and several demonstrated babbling and mimicry. Poor durability of older implants underscores need for updated technology.
The power of national music in reducing prejudice and enhancing theory of mind among Jews and Arabs in Israel
Authors: Bodner Ehud , Bergman Yoav S.
Published: April 2016

Ethnic groups use music to promote in-group favoritism and values, but also to enhance intergroup closeness and understanding. The current study examined whether national music, often used for emphasizing intergroup separateness, can also reduce prejudice and promote theory of mind among two groups in conflict, Jews and Arabs in Israel. More specifically, the study examined whether removing a national song from its conflictual context, and introducing it in a manner which emphasizes out-group familiarity, enhances mentalization and positive attitudes between groups. Arab/Jewish women ( N = 254) were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to one of two types of national Israeli songs, a Holocaust Day song (HDS), which is not associated with the Israeli-Arab conflict, or a Memorial Day song (MDS), which is aired only on days of remembrance for Israel’s fallen soldiers, sung by either a Jewish or an Arab singer. The results demonstrated that exposure to a HDS enhanced theory of mind when it is sung by an Arab singer. Moreover, Arabs who heard the HDS demonstrated reduced prejudice against Jews, when compared with the MDS. The results demonstrate that national songs, which may be the epitome of in-group favoritism, can be used for promoting theory of mind even among adversarial groups.
Onus Orbis Terrarum: About a Possible Shift in the Definition of Sovereignty
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: April 2016

Starting with an insight from Peter Sloterdijk about the enduring notion of Empire in the European idea of sovereignty, this article explores a problem common to the discipline of International Relations, and more generally, geopolitics as well as social theory: the very origin of the notion of an entity endowed with some sort of autonomy over a territory. It is argued that the notion of a bounded entity triggers many artifacts that explains, in part, the failure and denial of world politics, especially over the question of climate change.
Bruno Latour Encounters International Relations: An Interview
Authors: Salter Mark B. , Walters William
Published: April 2016

Philosopher and sociologist Bruno Latour’s work on actor-network theory (ANT), science and technology studies (STS), and the politics of nature, has made a substantial impact upon the social sciences, and more recently, International Relations (IR). This interview records Latour’s first direct ‘encounter’ with IR, and explores concepts and topics as varied as sovereignty, the State of Nature, globality and spheres, the thought of Carl Schmitt, war and universalism, Gaia and climate politics, and the creation of publics, secrecy, and politics as a mode of existence. It provides new insight into Latour’s thinking and philosophy, while opening new avenues of research for IR scholars to pursue in the future.
Clinician Prediction of Future Suicide Attempts
Authors: Wang Yunqiao , Bhaskaran Joanna , Sareen Jitender , Bolton Shay-Lee , Chateau Dan , Bolton James M.
Published: April 2016

Objective:

Established risk assessment tools are often inaccurate at predicting future suicide risk. We therefore investigated whether clinicians are able to predict individuals’ suicide risk with greater accuracy.

Method:

We used the SAFE Database, which included consecutive adult (age ≥18 years) presentations ( N = 3818) over a 22-month period to the 2 tertiary care hospitals in Manitoba, Canada. Medical professionals assessed each individual and recorded his or her predicted risk for future suicide attempt (SA) on a 0-10 scale—the clinician prediction scale. The SAD PERSONS scale was completed as a comparison. SAs within 6 months, assessed using the Columbia Classification Algorithm for Suicide Assessment, were the primary outcome measure. Receiver operating characteristic curve and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the accuracy of both scales to predict SAs, and the scales were compared with z scores. Clinician prediction scale performance was stratified based on level of training.

Results:

Clinicians were able to predict future SAs with significantly greater accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.77; P < 0.001) compared with the SAD PERSONS scale ( z = 3.79, P < 0.001). Both scales nonetheless showed positive predictive value of less than 7%. Analyses by level of training showed that junior psychiatric residents and non–psychiatric residents did not accurately predict SAs, whereas senior psychiatric residents and staff psychiatrists demonstrated greater accuracy (AUC = 0.76 and 0.78, respectively).

Conclusions:

Clinicians are able to predict future attempts with fewer false positives than a conventional risk assessment scale, and this skill appears related to training level. Predicting future suicidal behaviour remains very challenging.