bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Δ0(1232) production in collisions of protons with carbon nuclei at 4.2 GeV/c
Authors: Olimov Khusniddin , Haseeb Mahnaz , Olimov Alisher , Khan Imran
Published: October 2011

The production of Δ0(1232)-resonances in p+12C collisions at 4.2 GeV/c was analyzed with 4π acceptance. The mass distribution of Δ0(1232) was reconstructed using an angular criterion. The fraction of charged π
−-mesons coming from Δ0(1232) decay was estimated and compared to those obtained in earlier works. The momentum, transverse momentum, kinetic energy, and rapidity distributions as well as invariant cross sections of Δ0(1232)-resonances were reconstructed in the laboratory frame. The mean kinematical characteristics of the reconstructed Δ0(1232) were compared to those of participant protons in experiment and within some of the models. The freeze-out temperature of Δ0(1232) estimated in the present analysis was compared with those obtained using different methods for Δ(1232) produced with other sets of colliding nuclei at various incident energies. The relative number of nucleons excited to Δ0 (1232) at freeze-out conditions in p+12C collisions was estimated.
On fermion mass hirerachies in MSSM-like quiver models with stringy corrections
Authors: Belhaj Adil , Benhamza Mohammed , Ennadifi Salah , Nassiri Samir , Saidi Hassan
Published: October 2011

Using instanton effects, we discuss the problem of fermion mass hierarchies in an MSSM-like Type IIA orientifolded model with U(3) × Sp(1) × U(1) × U(1) gauge symmetry obtained from intersecting D6-branes. In the corresponding four-stack quiver, the different scales of the generated superpotential couplings offer a partial solution to fermion mass hierarchies. Using the known data with neutrino masses
$$m_{v_\tau } \lesssim 2 eV$$
, we give the magnitudes of the relevant scales.
Living with the Virtual: Baudrillard, Integral Reality, andSecond Life
Authors: Barron Lee
Published: October 2011

Employing Jean Baudrillard's concept of integral reality, as articulated within The intelligence of evil or the Lucidity Pact, and linking it with Tim Guest's journalistic/anthropological account of his experiences within Second Life, the article assesses the extent to which, in the era of immersive virtual worlds, Baudrillard retains a critical cultural currency. Expanding upon Baudrillard's identification of virtual reality as a key exemplar of integral reality, this is applied to an analysis of Second Life in the context of the argument that it constitutes a virtual space that offers to individuals a means by which they can “escape” from their given realities by creating their own. However, the article also draws critical attention to the economic dimension of Second Life, and the disruptive, divisive and unstable nature of the virtual world (scamming, terrorism, social, ethnic and gender exclusion, and the high “churn” rate of users), and points to the complexities and problems of uncritically accepting the apparent freedoms immersive virtual spaces ostensibly offer, factors which also raise critical issues for Baudrillard's notion of integral reality.
Detective Fiction and “The Original Crime”: Baudrillard, Calle, Poe
Authors: Nicol Bran
Published: October 2011

Baudrillard appeared uninterested in the detective story and his work barely features in studies of the genre. This essay argues, however, that analyzing detective fiction from a Baudrillardian perspective – concentrating in particular on how the genre is structured around a tension between the forms Baudrillard termed “production” and “seduction” – can nonetheless illuminate how it works and enable us to reassess how far classic nineteenth-century detective fiction adhered to the principles of scientific logic, panopticism, and positivism. The essay begins by exploring detective fiction generally in relation to Baudrillardian approaches to the object and seduction before looking at two very different examples of detective fiction, but which turn out to explore the opposition between production and seduction in similar ways: the parodic detective dramas of the contemporary conceptual artist Sophie Calle, and Edgar Allan Poe's classic detective story, “The Purloined Letter.”
Affective and Anxiety Disorders and their Relationship with Chronic Physical Conditions in Australia: Findings of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Teesson Maree , Mitchell Philip B. , Deady Mark , Memedovic Sonja , Slade Tim , Baillie Andrew
Published: October 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to report nationally representative data on the prevalence and patterns of 12 month comorbidity of chronic physical conditions (diabetes, asthma, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, arthritis) and DSM-IV affective and anxiety disorders in Australian adults.

Method: The 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB) was a nationally representative household survey of 8841 Australian adults (16–85 years) assessing symptoms of ICD-10 mental disorders and the presence of chronic physical conditions.

Results: Prevalence of at least one National Health Priority Area chronic physical condition was 32.2% (95%CI = 30.9%–33.5%). Among those with chronic physical conditions 21.9% had an affective or anxiety disorder. Affective and anxiety disorders were more common among people with physical conditions than among people without chronic physical conditions (affective OR 1.5; anxiety OR 1.8). Of those with a 12 month affective or anxiety disorder, 45.6% had a chronic physical condition. Physical disorders were more common in those with an affective or anxiety disorder than among people without an affective or anxiety disorder (affective OR 1.6; anxiety OR 2.0). Disability was high in those with an anxiety disorder, an affective disorder and a physical condition and 43.4% were classified as high service users.

Conclusions: Comorbidity between chronic physical conditions and affective and anxiety disorders is widespread and is associated with high levels of disability and service use.
Breast cancer statistics, 2011
Authors: DeSantis Carol , Siegel Rebecca , Bandi Priti , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: October 2011

In this article, the American Cancer Society provides an overview of female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including trends in incidence, mortality, survival, and screening. Approximately 230,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 39,520 breast cancer deaths are expected to occur among US women in 2011. Breast cancer incidence rates were stable among all racial/ethnic groups from 2004 to 2008. Breast cancer death rates have been declining since the early 1990s for all women except American Indians/Alaska Natives, among whom rates have remained stable. Disparities in breast cancer death rates are evident by state, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. While significant declines in mortality rates were observed for 36 states and the District of Columbia over the past 10 years, rates for 14 states remained level. Analyses by county‐level poverty rates showed that the decrease in mortality rates began later and was slower among women residing in poor areas. As a result, the highest breast cancer death rates shifted from the affluent areas to the poor areas in the early 1990s. Screening rates continue to be lower in poor women compared with non‐poor women, despite much progress in increasing mammography utilization. In 2008, 51.4% of poor women had undergone a screening mammogram in the past 2 years compared with 72.8% of non‐poor women. Encouraging patients aged 40 years and older to have annual mammography and a clinical breast examination is the single most important step that clinicians can take to reduce suffering and death from breast cancer. Clinicians should also ensure that patients at high risk of breast cancer are identified and offered appropriate screening and follow‐up. Continued progress in the control of breast cancer will require sustained and increased efforts to provide high‐quality screening, diagnosis, and treatment to all segments of the population. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Implementing School-Based Management in Indonesia
Authors: Heyward Mark , Cannon Robert , Sarjono
Published: October 2011

Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous nation, has been decentralizing its education sector for the past decade. In this context, school-based management is essential for improving the quality of education. A mixed-method, multisite assessment of a project that aimed to improve the management and governance of basic education in Indonesia documented the positive impact on school-based management in both public and private schools, including madrasah (Islamic schools). This Occasional Paper documents the factors that were associated with the project's positive impact on Indonesian schools in terms of improving planning, community participation, and transparency.
Observed Herring Gull Kleptoparasitism of American Black Ducks
Authors: Jones Orrin E. , Castelli Paul M. , Williams Christopher K.
Published: October 2011

Herring gulls Larus argentatus were observed to kleptoparasitize American black ducks Anas rubripes feeding on fiddler crabs Uca pugnax in coastal New Jersey. Although widespread in Laridae, kleptoparasitism has never been described between these two species. Over two winters of intensive 24-hour behavioral observations, this interaction was observed on two occasions during similar tidal conditions. Although this appears to be a rare interaction with limited energetic consequences, we note that quantifying these uncommon interspecific interactions is a benefit of thorough behavior observations, which may refine estimates of daily energy expenditure.
Recruitment and Growth of Old World Climbing Fern in Hurricane-Caused Canopy Gaps
Authors: Lynch Ryan L. , Brandt Laura A. , Chen Hongjun , Ogurcak Danielle , Fujisaki Ikuko , Mazzotti Frank J.
Published: October 2011

Following 2 y of severe hurricanes in 2004 and 2005, we examined the role of canopy gaps in promoting recruitment and growth of the exotic fern, Old World climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum (hereafter Lygodium), on tree islands of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. We selected 12 sample tree islands, on which we placed three 1-m2 plots in a hurricane-caused canopy gap and three plots in an adjacent closed canopy area. Spore traps were placed in canopy gaps and closed canopy areas to quantify the number of spores reaching the forest floor on each island. In addition, in each plot occurrence and growth of Lygodium was measured across four height classes (recruitment class, understory, midstory, and canopy). We predicted that recruitment and growth of Lygodium would be higher in canopy gaps than in closed canopy areas. After 3 y of biannual monitoring, a significantly greater number of spores were foundin canopy gaps (4,804 spores·m2·d) than in closed canopy areas (4,288 spores·m2·d). Furthermore, we observed significantly greater recruitment and growth in canopy gaps compared with closed canopy areas in the recruitment class only. Presence of recruitment-class Lygodium in canopy gaps increased from four to five treatment areas and decreased from 1 to 0 treatment areas in closed canopy areas. These results suggest differences in recruitment and growth of Lygodium between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas on tree islands after severe hurricanes. However, despite the large number of spores in both canopy gaps and closed canopy areas, recruitment and growth were much lower than expected, with only two treatment areas having an average percent cover greater than 10% in any height class. If conducted within several years after a hurricane, focused monitoring efforts on hurricane-impacted tree islands may allow managers to detect and treat new infestations before they are able to overrun tree islands.
Estimating Abundance of the Endangered Houston Toad on a Primary Recovery Site
Authors: Duarte Adam , Brown Donald J. , Forstner Michael R.J.
Published: October 2011

The Griffith League Ranch is one of the primary recovery sites for the endangered Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis. New recovery initiatives have recently been implemented to increase Houston toad abundance; however, no robust estimate of population size has been conducted in the last decade of study, nor from this recovery site. To assist with inferences regarding efficacy of current and future management actions, we estimated adult Houston toad abundance on the Griffith League Ranch. Houston toads were sampled at breeding ponds during the 2010 breeding season using a mark–recapture methodology. We analyzed the data using a modified Jolly–Seber open population model in Program MARK. Models were built whereby the probability of capture remained constant, the apparent survival varied with time or was constant, and the probability of entry varied with time. Model averaging was used to account for uncertainty and the derived adult male Houston toad abundance ranged from 201 to 307 individuals. Using a previously determined Griffith League Ranch Houston toad functional sex ratio of 5∶1, we estimated the abundance of the total adult Houston toad population on this primary recovery site to be from 241 to 368 individuals. This study is the first to report a robust abundance estimate of a Houston toad population and provides a foundation for further research to quantify the impact of current and future management actions.
Yeast Extract Promotes Cell Growth and Induces Production of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Enzymes
Authors: Li Min , Liao Xianyan , Zhang Dongxu , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian
Published: October 2011

Polyvinyl alcohol-degrading enzymes (PVAases) have a great potential in bio-desizing processes for its low environmental impact and low energy consumption. In this study, the effect of yeast extract on PVAases production was investigated. A strategy of four-point yeast extract addition was developed and applied to maximize cell growth and PVAases production. As a result, the maximum dry cell weight achieved was 1.48 g/L and the corresponding PVAases activity was 2.99 U/mL, which are 46.5% and 176.8% higher than the control, respectively. Applying this strategy in a 7 L fermentor increased PVAases activity to 3.41 U/mL. Three amino acids (glycine, serine, and tyrosine) in yeast extract play a central role in the production of PVAases. These results suggest that the new strategy of four-point yeast extract addition could benefit PVAases production.
Predictors of Extubation Success in Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Wendell Linda C. , Raser Jonathan , Kasner Scott , Park Soojin
Published: October 2011

Introduction. Stroke patients often meet respiratory guidelines for extubation, but uncertainty exists if patients will protect their airway due to impaired mental status. Patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) acute ischemic stroke (AIS) might have specific predictors of successful extubation.Methods. Retrospective cohort of MCA AIS patients requiring intubation.Results. Thirty-seven MCA AIS patients were extubated successfully and ten failed extubation. Those who successfully extubated had higher extubation composite and eye response Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores compared to those who failed (median 10T (IQR 9T–11T) versus 9.5T (8T–10T), , and 4 (3-4) versus 2.5 (1–3), ). When adjusted for age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and laterality, patients with a GCS score ≥8T trended toward extubating successfully (OR 23.30 (CI 0.94–580.27), ).Conclusions. The GCS score might be important in predicting successful extubation in MCA AIS patients. Further prospective study is warranted to better assess factors predictive of extubation outcome in stroke and other brain-injured patients.
Pneumomediastinum and Bilateral Pneumothorax Following near Drowning in Shallow Water
Authors: Govindaraj Santhiya , Viswanathan Stalin
Published: October 2011

We report pneumomediastinum, bilateral pneumothorax and acute respiratory distress syndrome in a victim of near drowning who was intoxicated and did not have thoracic or neck trauma. Chest radiograph revealed the above findings, later confirmed by computed tomography. He was in shock and also had gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and renal dysfunction. With adequate resuscitative measures including fluids, blood transfusions, intercostal tube drainage and mechanical ventilation he made a complete recovery. Good prognostic indicators in near drowning patients include higher Glasgow Coma Scale, short submersion time and quick resuscitative measures even in the presence of serious cardiorespiratory or hemodynamic compromise.
Progress of women in neurosurgery
Authors: Spetzler Robert
Published: October 2011

Despite advances in issues related to gender equity, barriers to recruiting and retaining women in neurosurgery continue to exist. At the same time, the overall projected shortage of neurosurgeons suggests that women will be vital to the long-term success of the field. Attracting women to neurosurgery can capitalize on strategies, such as mentoring, teaching leadership and negotiating skills, and job sharing or dual training tracks to name a few, that would benefit both men and women passionate about pursuing neurosurgery. Ultimately, personal and institutional accountability must be evaluated to ensure that the best and brightest candidates, regardless of gender, are recruited to neurosurgical programs to promote the health of our challenging but most satisfying profession.
Surgical strategies and outcomes for distal anterior cerebral arteries aneurysms
Authors: Orz Yasser
Published: October 2011

Background: Distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms are rare and their surgical treatment presents some unique difficulties. In this report, we present our experience of cases with DACA aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Among 80 patents with cerebral aneurysm operated on in the three-year period, 15 patients (18.75%) had DACA aneurysms, who were studied retrospectively. We analyze the specific clinical and radiological features, surgical strategies and prognostic factors affecting the surgical outcomes of these DACA aneurysms. Results: There were 10 male and 5 female patients harboring 16 DACA aneurysms. All patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 11 patients (73%) had intracerebral hematoma in their initial CT scan and four of them had associated intraventricular hemorrhage. Thirteen of the ruptured DACA aneurysms (86%) were small in size (less than 7 mm in diameter). Three patients (20%) had other associate aneurysms. In 14 patients (93%), a unilateral interhemispheric approach was used in their treatment, while pterional approach was used in one patient. Eleven patients (73%) had favorable outcomes and only one patient (7%) died. The follow-up data suggested that poor admission grade and initial Intracerebral hematoma (ICH) on brain scan portend an unfavorable prognosis. Conclusions: DACA aneurysms are usually small even when ruptured, they are usually associated with ICH more frequently than intracranial aneurysms in other locations. They should be aggressively treated even if very small because of their tendency to early rupture.
Intrathecal baclofen therapy in severe head injury, first time in Nepal, a technique suitable for underdeveloped countries
Authors: Shrestha Prabin , Malla Hridayesh , Pant Basant , Taira Takaomi
Published: October 2011

Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) has been found to be helpful not only for spasticity but also for unconsciousness in a vegetative patient. This is the first case of ITB in Nepal, and here we discuss the effectiveness of ITB for spasticity in a patient in vegetative state. We also discuss about a simple technique for ITB used in Nepal where baclofen pump is not available. Here, we present a case of a 40-year-old male patient who had severe head injury with diffuse axonal injury treated conservatively. He went on to a vegetative state and subsequently developed severe spasticity of all the limbs. ITB was started under the guidance of one of the authors , Prof. Taira. Baclofen was injected to the spinal intrathecal space through a catheter which is used for spinal anesthesia. Spasticity improved significantly and his higher mental function also showed signs of improvement. He finally became fully conscious and well oriented. ITB is very useful in cases of severe spasticity and vegetative condition, a state of unconsciousness lasting longer than a few weeks. Even with a simple technique in the absence of baclofen pump, ITB can be used with its optimum effect.
Breast MR Imaging: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
Authors: Dhillon Gurpreet S. , Bell Nick , Ginat Daniel T. , Levit Alena , Destounis Stamatia , O’Connell Avice
Published: October 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is being performed more frequently to improve primary and recurrent tumor detection, characterization, and response to therapy. Sensitivity of this test approaches 90% and the specificity ranges from 37% to 100%. We present a concise tutorial for the general radiologist with a pictorial review of common lesions identified with breast MRI.
Psychometric properties of the Greek NEI-RQL-42
Authors: Labiris Georgios , Gkika Maria G. , Giarmoukakis Athanassios , Sideroudi Haris , Kyratzoglou Kostas , Kozobolis Vassilios P.
Published: October 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Greek National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Questionnaire (NEI-RQL-42).

Methods

We developed the Greek version of the instrument using forward and backward translation. To examine reliability, Cronbach alpha for each subscale was used as an index of internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Regarding construct validity, both convergent and discriminant validities were calculated by means of multi-trait analysis. Furthermore, the instrument was evaluated by Rasch analysis, as well.

Results

Three patient groups were studied (emmetropes (n=20), myopes (n=41), and hyperopes (n=18)). Emmetropes scored significantly better in the majority of subscales, while myopes scored better than hyperopes in clarity of vision (p=0.012), near vision (p<0.001), and satisfaction with correction (p=0.001). Cronbach alpha ranged from 0.490 (glare) to 0.948 (expectations), with most subscales having high internal consistency. The ICCs ranged from 0.76 to 0.93 for all subscales. All items passed the convergent and discriminant validity tests. Strong correlations were detected between uncorrected visual acuity and near vision, expectations, activity limitations, dependence on correction, worry, and suboptimal correction subscales. Rasch analysis revealed potential weaknesses of the instrument that are associated with the assumptions of the model itself. Specifically, 3 items and 17.5% of the participants fell outside the tolerance box. Moreover, principal component analysis indicated average unidimensionality for the instrument.

Conclusions

Traditional validation methods indicate that the Greek NEI-RQL-42 scale has adequate psychometric properties for comparative studies in local populations. Rasch analysis indicates significant misfits to the model that should be taken into consideration and evaluated in future studies. These misfits might reflect inherent weaknesses of the original NEI-RQL-42 and not of its adaptation to Greek norms.
Mid-To-Long Term follow-up of Transcend Metal-On-Metal versus Interseal Metal-On-Polyethylene Bearings in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Yoon James P. , Le Duff Michel J. , Takamura Karren M. , Hodge Stephen , Amstutz Harlan C.
Published: October 2011

Second-generation metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (THA) was introduced in the early 1990s to address osteolysis and aseptic loosening resulting from polyethylene wear. We present a comparison between the Transcend metal-on-metal and Interseal metal-on-polyethylene THAs. Thirty-seven hips with Transcend metal bearings and 36 hips with Interseal polyethylene acetabular liners but identical acetabular shells were reviewed to determine clinical performance, radiographic changes, and survivorship. Patients with higher anticipated activity levels were selected to receive the Transcend bearing. Mean follow-up time was 107.0 months for the Transcend group, and 90.4 months for the Interseal group. There were no significant differences between the Transcend and Interseal groups for mode of failure and survivorship, which is notable considering the younger and more active Transcend group. However, the Transcend group showed significantly better clinical scores, which may have been a result of the selection methods. Neither surface was differentially implicated in osteolysis, aseptic loosening, or adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR). Our study shows a favorable and comparable performance for both systems.
Production of Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors and Use in In Vitro and In Vivo Administration
Authors: Gray Steven J. , Choi Vivian W. , Asokan Aravind , Haberman Rebecca A. , McCown Thomas J. , Samulski Richard Jude
Published: October 2011

Adeno‐associated virus is a nonpathogenic human virus that has been developed into a gene‐delivery vector due to its high efficiency of infection for many different cell types and its ability to persist and lead to long‐term gene expression. This unit describes efficient methods to generate high‐titer, research‐grade, adenovirus‐free recombinant single‐stranded and self‐complementary adeno‐associated virus in various serotypes, along with methods to quantify the viral vectors. Two detailed methods are provided for viral vector delivery into the rodent brain and spinal cord, and for histological detection of transgene expression of GFP. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 57:4.17.1‐4.17.30. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Mouse Model for Observational Fear Learning and the Empathetic Response
Authors: Jeon Daejong , Shin Hee‐Sup
Published: October 2011

Research on observed fear and its relation to human mental disorders has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. The empathetic response, which is impaired in various mental disorders, requires the ability to recognize the emotions and feelings of others. Due to the lack of a robust behavioral assay system, studies of empathy in laboratory animals have been absent from the literature. This unit describes a protocol for assessing social observational fear learning as a precursor of empathy in the mouse. In this assay, the observer animal is conditioned for context‐dependent fear by observing the behavior of the demonstrator animal receiving aversive stimuli. The magnitude of the fear response of the observer is positively influenced by the animal's familiarity with the demonstrator. This indicates that the degree of familiarity, and its relationship to empathy, can be modeled in an animal system by a method relevant to human disease. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 57:8.27.1‐8.27.9. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transfection by Electroporation
Authors: Potter Huntington , Heller Richard
Published: October 2011

Electroporation—the use of high‐voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells—can be used with most cell types, yields a high frequency of both stable transformation and transient gene expression, and, because it requires fewer steps, can be easier than alternate techniques. This unit describes electroporation of mammalian cells, including ES cells for the preparation of knock‐out, knock‐in, and transgenic mice. Protocols are described for the use of electroporation in vivo to perform gene therapy for cancer therapy and DNA vaccination. Also described are modifications for preparation and transfection of plant protoplasts. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 57:A.1E.1‐A.1E.11. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Light Microscopy Digital Imaging
Authors: Joubert James , Sharma Deepak
Published: October 2011

This unit presents an overview of digital imaging hardware used in light microscopy. CMOS, CCD, and EMCCDs are the primary sensors used. The strengths and weaknesses of each define the primary applications for these sensors. Sensor architecture and formats are also reviewed. Color camera design strategies and sensor window cleaning are also described in the unit. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 58:2.3.1‐2.3.11. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus risk in rheumatoid arthritis: Reduced incidence with anti–tumor necrosis factor α therapy
Authors: Antohe Jana l. , Bili Androniki , Sartorius Jennifer A. , Kirchner H. Lester , Morris Stephanie J. , Dancea Sorina , Wasko Mary Chester M.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the association of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor use and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inception cohort.

Methods

Adults diagnosed with RA between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2009, were identified (n = 1,881). Prevalent cases of diabetes mellitus (n = 294) were excluded. Information on sociodemographic data, medical history, body mass index (BMI), laboratory measures, and medications was collected from the electronic health record. Incident diabetes mellitus was defined using the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria or physician‐established diagnosis. Time‐varying Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to adjust for age, sex, race, BMI, rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti‐CCP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate.

Results

A total of 1,587 incident RA patients without diabetes mellitus were included. The anti‐TNFα users (n = 522) had a lower median age but greater baseline BMI; maximum ESR, RF, and anti‐CCP positivity; and NSAID, glucocorticoid, or methotrexate use. The median followup time for the ever and never TNFα inhibitor users was 44.9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 23.7–73.0 months) and 37.1 months (IQR 16.3–65.1 months), respectively (P < 0.001). Of the 91 patients developing diabetes mellitus, 16 were ever and 75 were never TNFα inhibitor users, yielding incidence rates of 8.6 and 17.2 per 1,000 person‐years (P = 0.048), respectively. Adjusting for covariates, the hazard ratio for incident diabetes mellitus in TNFα inhibitor users was 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.24–0.99, P = 0.049) compared to the never users.

Conclusion

In this inception RA cohort, anti‐TNFα use was associated with a 51% reduction in risk of developing diabetes mellitus.
Relationship between obesity and foot pain and its association with fat mass, fat distribution, and muscle mass
Authors: Tanamas Stephanie K. , Wluka Anita E. , Berry Patricia , Menz Hylton B. , Strauss Boyd J. , Davies‐Tuck Miranda , Proietto Joseph , Dixon John B. , Jones Graeme , Cicuttini Flavia M.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the relationship between obesity, body composition, and foot pain as assessed by the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI).

Methods

Subjects 25–62 years of age (n = 136) were recruited as part of a study examining the relationship between obesity and musculoskeletal health. Foot pain was defined as current foot pain and pain in the last month, and an MFPDI score of ≥1. Body composition (tissue mass and fat distribution) was measured using dual x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

The body mass index (BMI) in this population was normally distributed around a mean of 32.1 kg/m2. The prevalence of foot pain was 55.1%. There was a positive association between BMI and foot pain (odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.06–1.17). Foot pain was also positively associated with fat mass (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.09) and fat mass index (FMI; OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.28) when adjusted for age, sex, and skeletal muscle mass and age, sex, and fat‐free mass index (FFMI), respectively. When examining fat distribution, positive associations were observed for android/total body fat ratio (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11–1.83) and android/gynoid fat ratio (OR 35.15, 95% CI 2.60–475.47), although gynoid/total body fat ratio was inversely related to foot pain (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.93). Skeletal muscle mass and FFMI were not associated with foot pain when adjusted for fat mass or FMI, respectively.

Conclusion

Increasing BMI, specifically android fat mass, is strongly associated with foot pain and disability. This may imply both biomechanical and metabolic mechanisms.
Association analysis of ANK3 gene variants in nordic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia case–control samples
Authors: Tesli Martin , Koefoed Pernille , Athanasiu Lavinia , Mattingsdal Morten , Gustafsson Omar , Agartz Ingrid , Rimol Lars M. , Brown Andrew , Wirgenes Katrine V. , Smorr Lisa‐Lena , Kähler Anna K. , Werge Thomas , Mors Ole , Mellerup Erling , Jönsson Erik G. , Melle Ingrid , Morken Gunnar , Djurovic Srdjan , Andreassen Ole A.
Published: October 2011

Genetic variants in ankyrin 3 (ANK3) have recently been shown to be associated with bipolar disorder (BD). We genotyped three ANK3 SNPs previously found to be associated with BD (rs10994336, rs1938526, and rs9804190) in a Scandinavian BD case–control sample (N = 854/2,614). Due to evidence of genetic overlap between BD and schizophrenia (SZ), we also genotyped these three SNPs in a Scandinavian SZ case–control sample (N = 1,073/2,919). Combining our Scandinavian samples with an Icelandic sample (N = 435 BD cases, 651 SZ cases, and 11,491 healthy controls), we found rs10994336 and rs9804190 to be nominally significantly associated with BD in this combined Nordic BD sample (N = 1,289/14,105). Nominal P was 0.015/0.018 (fixed/random effect) for rs10994336 (Bonferroni corrected P = 0.044/0.053) and 0.023 for rs9804190 (Bonferroni corrected P = 0.069). None of the SNPs were significantly associated with SZ in the combined Nordic SZ case–control sample (N = 1,724/14,410). These results further support that ANK3 is a susceptibility gene specific to BD and that more than one risk locus is involved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of adamantyl methacrylate on the thermal and mechanical properties of thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels
Authors: Zhu Dongyu , Lu Mangeng , Guo Jianwei , Liang Liyan , Lan Yanxun
Published: October 2011

A series of thermosensitive hydrogels containing adamantyl groups were fabricated by copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and adamantyl methacrylate (AdMA). The thermal properties of such copolymeric hydrogels were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical properties were emphasized through compression, tension, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Moreover, Rubber elasticity theory was used to evaluate the network parameters based on compressive stress–strain measurements. The results indicate that both the microstructure and physical properties strongly depend on the quantity of AdMA in the copolymeric gels. As the content of AdMA increases, the volume phase transition temperature of hydrogels decreases linearly, and the mechanical strength can be significantly improved, the effective crosslinking density (νe) increases monotonously, while the polymer‐water interaction parameter (χ) decreases first and then increases with AdMA content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Crystallization behaviors and mechanical performance of polypropylene/tetrapod‐shaped zinc oxide whisker composites
Authors: Bianying Wen , Binbin Ji
Published: October 2011

Polypropylene (PP)/tetrapod‐shaped zinc oxide whisker (T‐ZnOw) composites are prepared via a melt‐mixing method in combination with a Haake rheometer. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) is used to investigate the nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization behaviors of the composites. Crystalline morphology is observed using hot‐stage optical microscopy, and the mechanical performance of the composites is investigated. Results indicate that T‐ZnOw has no heterogeneous nucleation effect on PP; in fact, it retards the growth of the crystal. Filled T‐ZnOw in PP matrix decreases the peak crystallization and melting temperatures of PP. T‐ZnOw shows either a reinforcing or toughening effect on the PP matrix at very lower weight ratios. These effects, however, decline with increasing T‐ZnOw contents because the size of the spherulitic crystals becomes bigger. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Supercritical fluid processing of Nafion® membranes: Methanol permeability and proton conductivity
Authors: Pulido Ayazo Juan C. , Suleiman David
Published: October 2011

Nafion® membranes commonly used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are typically limited by high methanol permeability. These membranes have phase‐segregated sulfonated ionic domains in a perfluorinated backbone, which make processing difficult and limited by phase equilibria considerations. This study used supercritical fluids (SCFs) as a processing alternative, since the gas‐like mass transport properties of SCFs allow for better penetration into the membranes and the use of polar cosolvents could also influence their morphology, thus fine‐tuning their physical and transport properties. The SCF processing was performed at 40°C and 200 bars using pure CO2 and CO2 with several polar cosolvents of different size and chemical functionalities like: acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, cyclohexanone, dichloromethane, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran. Methanol permeability measurements revealed that the SCF processed membranes reduced the permeation of methanol by several orders of magnitude, especially with the use of some small polar cosolvents. Proton conductivity measurements, using AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were on the order of 0.03–0.09 S/cm, which indicates that processing with SCF CO2 plus some cosolvents maintained the high proton conductivity while reducing the methanol permeability. The results are explained using XRD and SAXS. XRD analysis of the SCF processed samples revealed an increasing pattern in the crystallinity, which influenced the transport properties of the membrane. SAXS measurements confirmed the morphological differences that led to the changes in transport properties of the SCF processed membranes. Finally, processing flow direction (parallel versus perpendicular flow) played a major role in the morphological changes of this anisotropic membrane. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Differential Expression of Estrogen Receptors in Two Hippocampal Regions During the Estrous Cycle of the Rat
Authors: Mendoza‐garcés Luciano , Mendoza‐rodríguez Carmen Adriana , Jiménez‐trejo Francisco , Picazo Ofir , rodríguez María Carmen , Cerbón Marco
Published: October 2011

In the hippocampus, estrogens increase dendritic arborization, long‐term potentiation, neuroprotection, and participate in many functions related with learning, memory, and affective behaviors. The presence of both estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) isoforms has been described in the hippocampus where they play different physiological roles. The aim of this study was to investigate, by using both techniques immunohistochemistry and Western Blot, the expression pattern of ERα and ERβ in the hippocampus of the rat along the estrous cycle. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of the antibodies used against ERα and ERβ and its relative content in the hippocampus. Results from immunohistochemical studies indicate that ERβ expression increased more than the ERα in CA1 and CA3 regions during all phases of the estrous cycle. ERβ immunoreactivity was mainly located in the nucleus and predominantly expressed in CA1 during estrous and metestrus, and in CA3 during diestrus. ERα was more abundant during estrous in comparison to other phases of the cycle in CA1 region, while it was more abundant during metestrus in CA3. Interestingly, the immunolocalization of ERα subtype was both cytoplasmic and nuclear. The overall results indicate that there is a differential expression, cellular localization, and distribution of both ER subtypes in CA1 and CA3 regions, suggesting different roles for these two receptors in the hippocampus along the estrous cycle. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of activation of Toll‐like receptors and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain–like receptors in enhanced IgG4 responses in autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Watanabe Tomohiro , Yamashita Kouhei , Fujikawa Saori , Sakurai Toshiharu , Kudo Masatoshi , Shiokawa Masahiro , Kodama Yuzo , Uchida Kazushige , Okazaki Kazuichi , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: October 2011

Objective

IgG4‐related disease is a recently recognized entity affecting multiple organs, including the pancreas, biliary tracts, and salivary glands. Although IgG4‐related disease is characterized by systemic IgG4 antibody responses and by infiltration of IgG4‐expressing plasma cells, the innate immune responses leading to adaptive IgG4 antibody responses are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the innate immune responses leading to IgG4 antibody production.

Methods

IgG4 and cytokine responses to various nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptor (NLR) and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands were examined using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy control subjects and patients with IgG4‐related autoimmune pancreatitis.

Results

Activation of NOD‐2 in monocytes from healthy control subjects induced IgG4 production by B cells in a BAFF‐dependent and T cell–independent manner. In addition, PBMCs from patients with IgG4‐related disease produced a large amount of IgG4 upon stimulation with NLR and TLR ligands; this enhanced IgG4 production was associated with the induction of BAFF by NLR and TLR ligands. Monocytes from patients with IgG4‐related disease induced IgG4 production by B cells from healthy control subjects upon stimulation with NLR and TLR ligands.

Conclusion

The results of these studies suggest that abnormal innate immune responses against microbial antigens may underlie the immunopathogenesis of IgG4‐related disease.
Microarray analysis reveals age‐related differences in gene expression during the development of osteoarthritis in mice
Authors: Loeser Richard F. , Olex Amy L. , McNulty Margaret A. , Carlson Cathy S. , Callahan Michael F. , Ferguson Cristin M. , Chou Jeff , Leng Xiaoyan , Fetrow Jacquelyn S.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To better understand the contribution of age to the development of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was used to model OA in 12‐week‐old and 12‐month‐old male C57BL/6 mice. OA severity was evaluated histologically. RNA used for microarray and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was isolated from joint tissue collected from the medial side of the joint, including cartilage, meniscus, subchondral bone, and the joint capsule with synovium. Computational analysis was used to identify patterns of gene expression, and immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate tissue distribution of selected proteins.

Results

OA was more severe in older mice than in young mice. Only 55 genes showed a similar expression with DMM‐induced OA in the 2 age groups, while 493 genes showed differential expression, the majority having increased expression in older mice. Functional categories for similarly expressed genes included extracellular matrix– and cell adhesion–related genes; differentially expressed genes included those related to muscle structure and development and immune response genes. Comparison of expression in sham‐operated control joints revealed an age‐related decrease in matrix gene expression and an increase in immune and defense response gene expression. Interleukin‐33 was present in multiple joint tissue cells, while CCL21 was more localized to chondrocytes and meniscal cells. Periostin was found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage and meniscus.

Conclusion

Age affects both the basal pattern of gene expression in joint tissues and the response to surgically induced OA. Examining tissue from the joint beyond only cartilage revealed novel genes and proteins that would be important to consider in OA.
Interleukin‐21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in humans with rheumatoid arthritis and in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Kwok Seung‐Ki , Cho Mi‐La , Park Mi‐Kyung , Oh Hye‐Joa , Park Jin‐Sil , Her Yang‐Mi , Lee Seon‐Yeong , Youn Jeehee , Ju Ji Hyeon , Park Kyung Su , Kim Sung‐Il , Kim Ho‐Youn , Park Sung‐Hwan
Published: October 2011

Objective

Bone destruction is a critical pathology involved in the functional disability caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Osteoclasts, which are specialized bone‐resorbing cells regulated by cytokines such as RANKL, are implicated in bone destruction in RA. The aim of this study was to determine whether interleukin‐21 (IL‐21), a potent immunomodulatory 4–α‐helical bundle type 1 cytokine, has osteoclastogenic activity in patients with RA and in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

The expression of IL‐21 in synovial tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of IL‐21 in serum and synovial fluid were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of RANKL and osteoclastogenic markers were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. CD14+ monocytes from patients with RA or mouse bone marrow cells were cocultured with fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) from patients with RA or CD4+ T cells from mice with CIA in the presence of IL‐21 and subsequently stained for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity to determine osteoclast formation.

Results

IL‐21 was up‐regulated in the synovium, synovial fluid, and serum of patients with RA and in the synovium and serum of mice with CIA. IL‐21 induced RANKL expression in mixed joint cells and CD4+ T cells from mice with CIA and in CD4+ T cells and FLS from patients with RA. Moreover, IL‐21 enhanced in vitro osteoclastogenesis without the presence of RANKL‐providing cells and by inducing RANKL expression in CD4+ T cells and FLS.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that IL‐21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in RA. We believe that therapeutic strategies targeting IL‐21 might be effective for the treatment of patients with RA, especially in preventing bone destruction.
Interleukin‐17–positive mast cells contribute to synovial inflammation in spondylarthritis
Authors: Noordenbos Troy , Yeremenko Nataliya , Gofita Ioana , van de Sande Marleen , Tak Paul P. , Caňete Juan D. , Baeten Dominique
Published: October 2011

Objective

Studies comparing spondylarthritis (SpA) to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovitis suggest that innate immune cells may play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of SpA. Recent observations have indicated a marked synovial mast cell infiltration in psoriatic SpA. We therefore undertook the present study to investigate the potential contribution of mast cells to synovial inflammation in SpA.

Methods

Synovial tissue and fluid were obtained from patients with either nonpsoriatic or psoriatic SpA (n = 82) and patients with RA (n = 50). Synovial biopsy tissue was analyzed by immunostaining and used in ex vivo cultures. Synovial fluid was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

We observed a strong and specific increase of c‐Kit–positive mast cells in the synovium from patients with SpA compared to the synovium from patients with RA synovitis, which was independent of disease subtype (nonpsoriatic versus psoriatic), disease duration, and treatment. Staining of mast cell granules, analysis of synovial fluid, and results in ex vivo tissue culture did not indicate increased degranulation in SpA synovitis. However, mast cells expressed significantly more interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) in SpA than in RA synovitis, and mast cells constituted the major IL‐17–expressing cell population in the SpA synovium. Ex vivo targeting of synovial mast cells with the c‐Kit inhibitor imatinib mesylate significantly decreased the production of IL‐17 as well as other proinflammatory cytokines in synovial tissue cultures. Analysis of paired pre‐ and posttreatment synovial tissue samples indicated that the mast cell/IL‐17 axis in SpA was not modulated by effective tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockade.

Conclusion

The specific and TNF‐independent increase in IL‐17–expressing mast cells may contribute to the progression of synovial inflammation in peripheral SpA.