bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borders and Healers: Brokering Therapeutic Resources in Southeast Africa
Authors: WENDLAND CLAIRE
Published: May 2007

Borders and Healers: Brokering Therapeutic Resources in Southeast Africa. Tracy J. Luedke and Harry G. West, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. 223 pp.
Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: MOENCH RICHARD U.
Published: May 2007

Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Ussama Makdisi and Paul A. Silverstein, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. 256 pp.
Xhosa Beer Drinking Rituals: Power, Practice and Performance in the South African Rural Periphery
Authors: SCHUTTE GERHARD
Published: May 2007

Xhosa Beer Drinking Rituals: Power, Practice and Performance in the South African Rural Periphery. Patrick A. McAllister. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006. 355 pp.
Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere
Authors: BATTAGLIA DEBBORA
Published: May 2007

Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere. Birgit Meyer and Annelies Moors, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. 325 pp.
Immediate Struggles: People, Power, and Place in Rural Spain
Authors: ROSEMAN SHARON R.
Published: May 2007

Immediate Struggles: People, Power, and Place in Rural Spain. Susana Narotzky and Gavin Smith. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 250 pp.
I Foresee My Life: The Ritual Performance of Autobiography in an Amazonian Community
Authors: SULKIN CARLOS DAVID LONDOÑO
Published: May 2007

I Foresee My Life: The Ritual Performance of Autobiography in an Amazonian Community. Suzanne Oakdale. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 206 pp.
Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan‐Speaking Peoples
Authors: SCAGLION RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan‐Speaking Peoples. Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson, and Robin Hide, eds. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2006. 817 pp.
Welfare Reform in Persistent Rural Poverty: Dreams, Disenchantments, and Diversity
Authors: FINN JANET L.
Published: May 2007

Welfare Reform in Persistent Rural Poverty: Dreams, Disenchantments, and Diversity. Kathleen Pickering, Mark H. Harvey, Gene F. Summers, and David Mushinski. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. 243 pp.
Applications of Anthropology: Professional Anthropology in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: WIEDMAN DENNIS
Published: May 2007

Applications of Anthropology: Professional Anthropology in the Twenty‐First Century. Sarah Pink, ed. New York: Berghahn, 2006. 244 pp.
Challenging Nature: Local Knowledge, Agroscience, and Food Security in Tanga Region, Tanzania
Authors: BUTLER LORNA MICHAEL
Published: May 2007

Challenging Nature: Local Knowledge, Agroscience, and Food Security in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Philip W. Porter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 318 pp.
Media and Nation Building: How the Iban Became Malaysian
Authors: GRAY GORDON T.
Published: May 2007

Media and Nation Building: How the Iban Became Malaysian. John Postill. New York: Berghahn, 2006. 231 pp.
Landscapes of Power and Identity: Comparative Histories in the Sonoran Desert and the Forests of Amazonia from Colony to Republic
Authors: SLUYTER ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Landscapes of Power and Identity: Comparative Histories in the Sonoran Desert and the Forests of Amazonia from Colony to Republic. Cynthia Radding. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 431 pp.
Being‐in‐Christ and Putting Death in Its Place: An Anthropologist's Account of Christian Performance in Spanish America and the American South
Authors: ANGROSINO MICHAEL V.
Published: May 2007

Being‐in‐Christ and Putting Death in Its Place: An Anthropologist's Account of Christian Performance in Spanish America and the American South. Miles Richardson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. 414 pp.
Women's Health in Post‐Soviet Russia: The Politics of Intervention
Authors: PHILLIPS SARAH
Published: May 2007

Women's Health in Post‐Soviet Russia: The Politics of Intervention. Michele Rivkin‐Fish. Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 2006. 253 pp.
A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria
Authors: TOTAH FAEDAH M.
Published: May 2007

A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria. Christa Salamandra. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 199 pp.
People of the Shoals: Stallings Culture of the Savannah River Valley
Authors: REBER ELEANORA A.
Published: May 2007

People of the Shoals: Stallings Culture of the Savannah River Valley. Kenneth E. Sassaman. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006. 193 pp.
Naming the Witch
Authors: HEFNER ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

Naming the Witch. James Siegel. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 253 pp.
The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice
Authors: KLEIN LAURA F.
Published: May 2007

The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice. Jacqueline Solway, ed. New York: Berghahn, 2006. 260 pp.
Critical Inuit Studies: An Anthology of Contemporary Arctic Ethnography
Authors: HENSHAW ANNE STEVENS
Published: May 2007

Critical Inuit Studies: An Anthology of Contemporary Arctic Ethnography. Pamela Stern and Lisa Stevenson, eds. Lincoln: Nebraska University Press, 2006. 302 pp.
“I Won't Stay Indian, I'll Keep Studying”: Race, Place, and Discrimination in a Costa Rican High School
Authors: HOWELL JAYNE
Published: May 2007

“I Won't Stay Indian, I'll Keep Studying”: Race, Place, and Discrimination in. Costa Rican High School. Karen Stocker. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005. 248 pp.
Cicero and Editorial Revision
Authors: Gurd Sean
Published: May 2007

Abstract In this essay I discuss Cicero's practice of submitting his texts to others for comment, arguing that the mutual reading and correction of friends' works played an important social function. By discussing what would make a text better, Cicero and his collaborators worked to forge and maintain social ties. In addition, I pursue an important corollary: for a text to provoke this activity, it must present itself as unfinished or in progress. Cicero was aware of this corollary, and in the Brutus he used images of textual incompletion to critique Atticist and Caesarian theories of style as solitary, antisocial, and implicitly autocratic. This led him to formulate an important new literary politics, which he put into practice in the years after Pompey's defeat in the civil war.
Gender, Class and Ideology: The Social Function of Virgin Sacrifice in Euripides'Children of Herakles
Authors: Roselli David Kawalko
Published: May 2007

Abstract This paper explores how gender can operate as a disguise for class in an examination of the self-sacrifice of the Maiden in Euripides' Children of Herakles. In Part I, I discuss the role of human sacrifice in terms of its radical potential to transform society and the role of class struggle in Athens. In Part II, I argue that the representation of women was intimately connected with the social and political life of the polis. In a discussion of iconography, the theater industry and audience I argue that female characters became one of the means by which different groups promoted partisan interests based on class and social status. In Part III, I show how the Maiden solicits the competing interests of the theater audience. After discussing the centrality (as a heroine from an aristocratic family) and marginality (as a woman and associated with other marginal social groups) of the Maiden's character, I draw upon the funeral oration as a comparative model with which to understand the quite different role of self-sacrifice in tragedy. In addition to representing and mystifying the interests of elite, lower class and marginal groups, the play glorifies a subordinate character whose contradictory social status (both subordinate and elite) embodies the social position of other “marginal” members of Athenian society. The play stages a model for taking political action to transform the social system and for commemorating the tragic costs of such undertakings.
Sonography and Sociality: Obstetrical Ultrasound Imaging in Urban Vietnam
Authors: Gammeltoft Tine
Published: May 2007

This article is about new reproductive technologies, maternal anxieties, and existential uncertainties. It explores the question of why pregnant women in Vietnam's capital, Hanoi, have become avid consumers of obstetrical ultrasound scanning even while expressing profound doubts regarding the reliability and safety of this new technology of pregnancy. Through a phenomenological analysis of the social production of women's sense of reproductive risks and uncertainties, the article shows how Hanoian women's paradoxical stances toward ultrasound imaging can be explained through a consideration of embodied and historically generated experiences within everyday local worlds. The article argues that the “scientific stories” of fetal well‐being and normality that are produced through ultrasonography are challenged by vivid and continual exchanges in everyday lives of stories of the inherent uncertainties of existence in general and of human reproduction in particular.
Persons, Places, and Times: The Meanings of Repetition in an STD Clinic
Authors: Leonard Lori , Greene Jessica L. , Erbelding Emily
Published: May 2007

In this article we work the tensions between the way clinical medicine and public health necessarily construct the problem of “repetition” in the context of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and the ways patients narrate their illness experiences. This tension—between clinical and epidemiological exigencies and the messiness of lived experience—is a recurring theme of work conducted at the intersections of epidemiology, anthropology, and clinical medicine. Clinically, repeated infections are a threat to the individual body and to “normal” biological processes like reproduction. From a public health perspective, “repeaters” are imagined to be part of a “core group” that keeps infections in circulation, endangering the social body. Yet patients' accounts are anchored in particular social histories, and their experiences rely on different time scales than those implicated in either of these types of readings. Extended analyses are provided of two such accounts: one in which repetition can be “read” as part of a performance of recovery, and one in which repetition is bound up in the effort to avoid becoming the involuntary subject of institutionally administered intervention. We argue the need to open up the category of repeaters to include the social and draw on work by Cheryl Mattingly to suggest that one way to do this in the context of the STD clinic might be to adopt forms of therapeutic practice that make use of interpretive, in addition to technical, skills.
Modernization and Medicinal Plant Knowledge in a Caribbean Horticultural Village
Authors: Quinlan Marsha B. , Quinlan Robert J.
Published: May 2007

Herbal medicine is the first response to illness in rural Dominica. Every adult knows several “bush” medicines, and knowledge varies from person to person. Anthropological convention suggests that modernization generally weakens traditional knowledge. We examine the effects of commercial occupation, consumerism, education, parenthood, age, and gender on the number of medicinal plants freelisted by individuals. All six predictors are associated with bush medical knowledge in bivariate analyses. Contrary to predictions, commercial occupation and consumerism are positively associated with herbal knowledge. Gender, age, occupation, and education are significant predictors in multivariate analysis. Women tend to recall more plants than do men. Education is negatively associated with plants listed; age positively associates with number of species listed. There are significant interactions among commercial occupation, education, age, and parenthood, suggesting that modernization has complex effects on knowledge of traditional medicine in Dominica.
Social Support and Distress among Q'eqchi' Refugee Women in Maya Tecún, Mexico
Authors: Warner Faith R.
Published: May 2007

This article addresses issues of vulnerability and distress through an analysis of the relationship between social support networks and traumatic stress in a Q'eqchi' refugee community in southern Mexico. The sociopolitical violence, forced displacement, and encampment of Guatemalan Mayan populations resulted in the breakdown and dispersal of kin and community groups, leaving many Q'eqchi' women with weakened social support networks. Research involving testimonial interviews and traumatic stress and social support questionnaires revealed that Q'eqchi' refugee women with weak natal kin social support networks reported greater feelings of distress and symptoms of traumatic stress than did women with strong networks. In particular, a condition identified as muchkej emerged as one of the most significant symptoms reported by women with weak natal kin support networks. I critically consider muchkej as an idiom of distress and argue that aid organizations should consider the relationship between social support and traumatic stress, as expressed through such idioms, when attempting to identify vulnerable members of a refugee population.
The Rights of Children
Authors:   Society for Medical Anthropology
Published: May 2007

Children, who are vulnerable at the start of existence, are a concern shared by nations and cultures. The importance of children's conditions has led 192 out of 194 countries to ratify the UN General Assembly's Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United States has not yet ratified the convention, despite having exercised influence on the drafting of its provisions. Given the global importance of nurturing and protecting children, the Society for Medical Anthropology strongly and emphatically supports that the convention be ratified, and that the U.S. government submit the convention for approval by the U.S. Senate.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gibson Erica , Oths Kathryn S.
Published: May 2007

Blessed Events: Religion and Home Birth in America. Pamela E. Klassen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. xv + 316 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rivkin‐Fish Michele
Published: May 2007

Conjuring Hope: Healing and Magic in Contemporary Russia. Galina Lindquist. New York: Bergham, 2006. xx + 251 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fernandes Luci Latina
Published: May 2007

Healing with Herbs and Rituals:. Mexican Tradition. Eliseo “Cheo” Torres, with Timothy L. Sawyer Jr. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. 20 line illustrations + 168 pp. (paperback)
Test of APEX for Nine Forested Watersheds in East Texas
Authors: Wang X. , Saleh A. , McBroom M. W. , Williams J. R. , Yin L.
Published: May 2007

Hydrologic/water quality models are increasingly used to explore management and policy alternatives for managing water quality and quantity from intensive silvicultural practices with best management practices (BMPs) in forested watersheds due to the limited number of and cost of conducting watershed monitoring. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was field‐tested using 6 yr of data for flow, sediment, nutrient, and herbicide losses collected from nine small (2.58 to 2.74 ha) forested watersheds located in southwest Cherokee County in East Texas. Simulated annual average stream flow for each of the nine watersheds was within ± 7% of the corresponding observed values; simulated annual average sediment losses were within ± 8% of measured values for eight out of nine watersheds. Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (EF) values ranged from 0.68 to 0.94 based on annual stream flow comparison and from 0.60 to 0.99 based on annual sediment comparison. Similar to what was observed, simulated flow, sediment, organic N, and P were significantly increased on clear‐cut watersheds compared with the control watersheds. APEX reasonably simulated herbicide losses, with an EF of 0.73 andR2of 0.74 for imazapyr, and EF of 0.65 andR2of 0.68 for hexazinone based on annual values. Overall, the results show that APEX was able to predict the effects of silvicultural practices with BMPs on water quantity and quality and that the model is a useful tool for simulating a variety of responses to forest conditions.
Spatial Variation of Soil Phosphorus within a Drainage Ditch Network
Authors: Vaughan Robert E. , Needelman Brian A. , Kleinman Peter J. A. , Allen Arthur L.
Published: May 2007

Agricultural drainage ditches serve as P transport pathways from fields to surface waters. Little is known about the spatial variation of P at the soil‐water interface within ditch networks. We quantified the spatial variation of surficial (0–5 cm) soil P within vegetated agricultural ditches on a farm in Princess Anne, MD with an approximately 30‐yr history of poultry litter application. Ditch soils from 10 ditches were sampled at 10‐m intervals and analyzed for acid ammonium oxalate‐extractable P, Fe, Al (Pox, Feox, Alox), and pH. These variables were spatially autocorrelated. Oxalate‐P (min = 135 mg kg−1, max = 6919 mg kg−1, mean = 700 mg kg−1) exhibited a high standard deviation across the study area (overall 580 mg kg−1) and within individual ditches (maximum 1383 mg kg−1). Several ditches contained distinct areas of high Pox, which were associated with either point‐ or nonpoint‐P sources. Phosphorus was correlated with Aloxor Feoxwithin specific ditches. Across all ditches, Alox(r= 0.80;p <0.001) was better correlated with Poxthan was Feox(r= 0.44;p< 0.001). The high level of spatial variation of soil P observed in this ditch network suggests that spatially distributed sampling may be necessary to target best management practices and to model P transport and fate in ditch networks.
Geostatistical Analysis and Risk Assessment on Soil Total Nitrogen and Total Soil Phosphorus in the Dongting Lake Plain Area, China
Authors: Lu Peng , Su Yirong , Niu Zheng , Wu Jinshui
Published: May 2007

Nonpoint‐source pollution and water body eutrophication have become increasing concerns for scientists and policymakers. Nitrogen and phosphorus affect environmental pollution, especially lake eutrophication. To assess the environmental risk of soil total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution, a typical ecological unit of Dongting Lake plain was selected as the experimental site. To verify the stationary of the data, a moving windows technique was adopted. Our results showed that Box‐Cox transformation achieved normality in the data set and dampened the effect of outliers. The best theoretical model for semivariogram of TN and TP was a spherical model. The ordinary kriging estimates of TN and TP concentrations were mapped. The integrative comparisons of semivariogram parameters with different trends to the kriging prediction errors of TN and TP indicated that the two‐order trend is preferable. Kriging SDs provided valuable information that will increase the accuracy of TN and TP mapping. The probability kriging method is useful to assess the risk of N and P pollution by providing the conditional probability of N and P concentrations exceeding the threshold concentrations of 3.2 and 1.05 g/kg, respectively. The probability distribution of TN and TP at different levels will be helpful to conduct risk assessment, optimize fertilization, and control the pollution of N and P.
Modeling Riverine Nitrate Export from an East‐Central Illinois Watershed Using SWAT
Authors: Hu X. , McIsaac G. F. , David M. B. , Louwers C. A. L.
Published: May 2007

Reliable water quality models are needed to forecast the water quality consequences of different agricultural nutrient management scenarios. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), version 2000, was applied to simulate streamflow, riverine nitrate (NO3) export, crop yield, and watershed nitrogen (N) budgets in the upper Embarras River (UER) watershed in east‐central Illinois, which has extensive maize‐soybean cultivation, large N fertilizer input, and extensive tile drainage. During the calibration (1994–2002) and validation (1985–1993) periods, SWAT simulated monthly and annual stream flows with Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficients (E) ranging from 0.67 to 0.94 and R2 from 0.75 to 0.95. For monthly and annual NO3 loads, E ranged from −0.16 to 0.45 and R2 from 0.36 to 0.74. Annual maize and soybean yields were simulated with relative errors ranging from −10 to 6%. The model was then used to predict the changes in NO3 output with N fertilizer application rates 10 to 50% lower than original application rates in UER. The calibrated SWAT predicted a 10 to 43% decrease in NO3 export from UER and a 6 to 38% reduction in maize yield in response to the reduction in N fertilizer. The SWAT model markedly overestimated NO3 export during major wet periods. Moreover, SWAT estimated soybean N fixation rates considerably greater than literature values, and some simulated changes in the N cycle in response to fertilizer reduction seemed to be unrealistic. Improving these aspects of SWAT could lead to more reliable predictions in the water quality outcomes of nutrient management practices in tile‐drained watersheds.
Occurrence and Bioavailability of Pyrethroids in a Mixed Land Use Watershed
Authors: Budd R. , Bondarenko S. , Haver D. , Kabashima J. , Gan J.
Published: May 2007

The shift in land use patterns within many urban areas has the potential to influence the magnitude and nature of nonpoint‐source pollution. The presence of pyrethroid insecticides in urban surface streams is of particular concern due to the broad spectrum toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic organisms and the widespread use of pyrethroid products for agricultural and urban pest control. Sediment samples were collected throughout a mixed land use watershed in southern California during two sampling periods and analyzed for a suite of pyrethroids. Bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were found most frequently in the sediment samples, with the highest concentrations associated with sites adjacent to large commercial nurseries. Sediments from residential areas or residential‐commercial mixed areas had fewer detections and significantly lower concentrations than the nursery runoff sediments. No apparent difference was found between wet and dry season concentrations, which may be attributed to the fact that the lack of flow under dry weather conditions rendered pyrethroid residues immobile. Organic carbon‐normalized sediment concentrations were poorly correlated with the freely dissolved pore water concentrations measured by solid phase microextraction (SPME), suggesting factors other than sediment organic carbon content should be considered when relating concentrations to potential toxicities.
Runoff Water Quality from Turfgrass Established Using Volume‐Based Composted Municipal Biosolids Applications
Authors: Hansen N. E. , Vietor D. M. , Munster C. L. , White R. H. , Provin T. L.
Published: May 2007

Municipal programs for turfgrass establishment recommend large volume‐based application rates of composted municipal biosolids (CMB). This study compared runoff water quality among combinations of two common turfgrass establishment practices and two CMB sources. Bryan‐ or Austin‐CMB were incorporated into 5 cm of soil at a rate of 12.5 or 25% by volume (v/v) on an 8.5% slope. Tifway bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy, var. Tifway] sprigs were planted and established; sod, produced at a separate site using either CMB amendment at the 25% v/v rate, was transplanted to the runoff plots on the same day. A mature stand of bermudagrass was used as a control. Runoff water was collected after each of eight natural rain events during the sampling period. Total runoff water loss (mm) was similar for the CMB‐amended sprigged and transplanted sod stands. The concentration of total dissolved P (TDP) in runoff water was greatest from the transplanted sod in the first seven rain events (4.1 to 7.5 mg L−1). The concentration of TDP in runoff water was similar at both the 12.5 and 25% v/v incorporation rates. Regression analysis indicated Mehlich‐3‐extractable soil test P concentrations in soil amended with CMB were positively correlated to concentration and mass loss of dissolved P in runoff. At similar application rates, dissolved P loss in runoff water was reduced by incorporating CMB into the soil on site rather than transplanting sod produced with CMB.
Impact of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Hybrid Poplar on the Remediation of Diesel‐Contaminated Soil
Authors: Gunderson J. J. , Knight J. D. , Van Rees K. C. J.
Published: May 2007

Infection by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi may benefit hybrid poplar growing in contaminated soils by providing greater access to water and nutrients and possibly protecting the trees from direct contact with toxic contaminants. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of colonization of the ECM fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch on hybrid poplar fine root production, biomass and N and P uptake when grown in diesel‐contaminated soil (5000 mg diesel fuel kg soil−1). Commercially available Mycogrow Tree Tabs were the source of inoculum. A minirhizotron camera was used to provide the data necessary for estimating fine root production. Colonization of hybrid poplar roots (P. deltoides × [P. laurifolia × P. nigra] cv. Walker) by P. tinctorius increased total fine root production in diesel‐contaminated soil to 56.58 g m−2 compared to 22.59 g m−2 in the uncolonized, diesel‐contaminated treatment. Hybrid poplar leaf N and P concentrations were significantly greater in the diesel‐contaminated/ECM‐colonized treatment compared to the diesel‐contaminated/uncolonized treatment after 12 wk, while significantly less diesel fuel was recovered from the soil of the uncolonized treatment compared to the colonized treatment. Both planted treatments removed more contaminants from the soil than an unplanted control. Significantly greater concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were found sequestered in hybrid poplar root/fungal‐sheath complexes from the colonized treatment compared to the roots of the uncolonized treatment. The results of this study indicate that over a 12‐wk growth period, ECM colonization of hybrid poplar in diesel‐contaminated soils increased fine root production and whole‐plant biomass, but inhibited removal of TPH from the soil.
Role of Organic Matter in Microbial Transport during Irrigation with Sewage Effluent
Authors: Fine Pinchas , Hass Amir
Published: May 2007

Reduction of migration of fecal coliforms (FC) and streptococci (FS) by limiting the leaching in effluent‐irrigated soil was tested in lysimeters packed with quartz sand without or with added biosolids compost or with one of two clayey soils. The 200‐L, 70‐cm‐deep lysimeters were either planted with a Eucalyptus camaldulensis or an Oroblanco citrus tree (in the sand only), or not planted. The Eucalyptus was irrigated with oxidation pond effluent (OPE) and the Oroblanco with mechanical‐biological treatment plant effluent (MBTPE). The leaching fraction (LF) ranged from 0.2 to about 1.0, and the residence time (RT) from under 1 to 40 d. The Eucalyptus was also tested under intermittent leaching (RT 11–20 d) and deficit irrigation (without leaching for about 6 mo) regimes. Under MBTPE irrigation there was little or no leaching of FC and FS. Under OPE irrigation at LF 1 without a Eucalyptus there was little or no bacterial leaching at irrigation rates below 40 L d−1 per lysimeter (RT ≥ 0.8 d). Bacterial counts in the leachate were substantial in the presence of a Eucalyptus tree under LF 0.2 and intermittent leaching regimes, and when sand‐packed unplanted lysimeters received OPE effluent at >45 L d−1 Bacterial recovery peaked at LF 0.2, at up to 45% of the input level. At LF 1 (RT 0.6–2.8 d) and with intermittent leaching the recoveries were minute. Bacterial counts in the washout from the deficit‐irrigated lysimeters were typical of nonpolluted soils. The bacterial concentration and recovery patterns in the leachate mostly matched the organic carbon (OC) load in the irrigation water, and its concentration and bioavailablity in the leachate. We related the leaching patterns of the fecal bacteria to their relative reproduction and die‐off rates, and to the dependence of their regrowth on available carbon sources.
Riparian Plant Material Inputs to the Murray River, Australia
Authors: Esslemont Graeme , Maher William , Ford Phillip , Lawrence Ian
Published: May 2007

By changing riparian plants from Eucalypts to pasture and exotic deciduous trees, modern development has altered the type of carbon assimilated by Australian rivers. To investigate influences of plant litter substrates on biochemical oxygen demand, plant materials entering the Murray River were analyzed for their composition and mineralization potential. Plant materials were distinguished compositionally by two principal components, structural carbon and macronutrients, as: (i) Eucalyptus leaves, (ii) Eucalyptus bark and Casuarina cunninghamiana seed cone, (iii) grasses, (iv) macrophytes, (v) aquatic herbs, (vi) non‐eucalypt leaf (Salix, Casuarina, Acacia). Ratios of C/P (1879–14524) and C/N (65–267) were relatively high in Eucalyptus bark, while mean N/P (7–60) ratios were similar among plant materials. Terrestrial weathering increased C/P and C/N ratios, while N/P ratios remained similar, due to greater loss of N and P relative to C. Aerobic decay experiments showed that nutrient supplementation accelerated decay of all organic substrates, except for grasses that decayed efficiently without supplementation. Aquatic herbs also had substantial carbon availability, macrophytes and non‐eucalypt leaves had intermediate carbon availability, while eucalypt leaf and bark had intermediate to low carbon availabilities. Because biochemical oxygen demand varies with organic substrates sampled from the Murray River, and also with soluble nutrient availability, it is plausible that that modern changes to riverine plant communities and land use have influenced the biogeochemistry of this river toward faster, and more complete, processing of allochthonous carbon.
Environmental Impact Evaluation of Feeds Prepared from Food Residues Using Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Ogino Akifumi , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Ikeguchi Atsuo , Tanaka Yasuo , Waki Miyoko , Yokoyama Hiroshi , Kawashima Tomoyuki
Published: May 2007

There is increasing concern about feeds prepared from food residues (FFR) from an environmental viewpoint; however, various forms of energy are consumed in the production of FFR. Environmental impacts of three scenarios were therefore investigated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA): production of liquid FFR by sterilization with heat (LQ), production of dehydrated FFR by dehydration (DH), and disposal of food residues by incineration (IC). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg dry matter of produced feed standardized to a fixed energy content. The system boundaries included collection of food residues and production of feed from food residues. In IC, food residues are incinerated as waste, and thus the impacts of production and transportation of commercial concentrate feeds equivalent to the FFR in the other scenarios are included in the analysis. Our results suggested that the average amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LQ, DH, and IC were 268, 1073, and 1066 g of CO2 equivalent, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from LQ was remarkably small, indicating that LQ was effective for reducing the environmental impact of animal production. Although the average amount of GHG emissions from DH was nearly equal to that from IC, a large variation of GHG emissions was observed among the DH units. The energy consumption of the three scenarios followed a pattern similar to that of GHG emissions. The water consumption of the FFR‐producing units was remarkably smaller than that of IC due to the large volumes of water consumed in forage crop production.
Prediction of Radionuclide Aging in Soils from the Chernobyl and Mediterranean Areas
Authors: Roig M. , Vidal M. , Rauret G. , Rigol A.
Published: May 2007

The aging of soil‐pollutant interaction, which may lead to an increase in pollutant fixation, is the main driving force in the natural attenuation of contaminated soils. Here a test was evaluated to predict the aging of radiostrontium and radiocesium in soils from the Chernobyl and Mediterranean areas. After contamination, soils were maintained at various temperatures for up to 12 mo, with or without drying–wetting (DW) cycles. Changes in the quantity of radionuclide reversibly sorbed over time were monitored using an extraction test (1 mol L−1 NH4Cl; 10 mL g−1; 16 h). The fixed fraction could not be predicted from soil properties controlling the sorption step. Aging was not as relevant for Sr as for Cs. The time elapsed since contamination was the main factor responsible for the slight (up to 1.3‐fold) decreases in Sr extraction yields. The additional effect of DW cycles was negligible. Instead, all factors accelerated Cs aging due to the enhancement of Cs trapping by clay interlayer collapse, with up to 20‐fold increases in Cs fixation. The DW cycles also caused secondary effects on the Cs‐specific sorption pool, which were beneficial or detrimental depending on the soil type. Extraction yields from laboratory aged samples agreed with those from field samples taken a few years after the Chernobyl accident. These results confirm the prediction capacity of the laboratory test and its usefulness in risk assessment exercises and in the design of intervention actions, particularly because neither fixation nor aging were related to the soil properties, such as clay content.
Agri‐environmental Thresholds using Mehlich III Soil Phosphorus Saturation Index for Vegetables in Histosols
Authors: Guérin Julie , Parent Léon‐Étienne , Abdelhafid Rahima
Published: May 2007

The P concentration in Norton Creek which drains cultivated Histosols in Quebec showed median concentration exceeding up to 14 times the environmental guideline of 0.03 mg total P L−1 The aim of this study was to develop environmental and agronomic thresholds using soil tests to provide a tool for P management in Histosols. Soil samples were collected from Histosols across Quebec (82) and in fertilizer trials (66) to calibrate soil test methods against the degree of P saturation (DPSOX) using the acid‐oxalate method and setting αm = 0.4, and the water‐extractable P (PW) (Sissingh, 1971). The field trials on crop response to added P were conducted with carrots (8), potatoes (11), onions (10), Chinese cabbage (7), celery (10), and lettuce (20). Relative yields were computed as yield in control without P divided by highest yield with added P. The Mehlich III (M‐III) P extraction was more closely related (r2 = 0.73) to DPSOX than the Bray 1 method (r2 = 0.62) and the Florida extraction method (r2 = 0.53). The [P/(Al+γFe)]M‐III ratio as index of P saturation (IPSM‐III) was the most closely related to DPSOX (r2 = 0.88) setting γ = 5. The critical [P/(Al+5Fe)]M‐III ratio of 0.05 at DPSOX = 0.25 and PW = 9.7 mg P L−1 was validated by an independent study from North Carolina. The soil group (low‐ vs. high‐IPSM‐III soils) significantly influenced crop response to added P. Critical agronomic IPSM‐III values were found between 0.10 and 0.15. Those environmental and agronomic benchmarks are instrumental for managing the P in vegetable‐grown Histosols.
Removal of Perchlorate from Contaminated Waters Using Surfactant‐Modified Zeolite
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Avudzega David M. , Bowman Robert S.
Published: May 2007

We investigated the potential of using surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium)‐modified zeolite (SMZ) as an inexpensive sorbent for removing perchlorate (ClO4−) from contaminated waters in the presence of competing anions. In batch systems, the presence of 10 mM OH− (i.e., pH 12), CO32−, Cl−, or SO42− had little effect on the sorption of ClO4− by SMZ, indicating that the sorption of ClO4− by SMZ was very selective. The presence of 10 mM NO3−, however, reduced the sorption of ClO4− at low initial concentrations. The maximum sorption capacity for ClO4− by the SMZ remained relatively constant (40–47 mmol kg−1), in the absence or presence of the competing ions. In flow‐through systems, ClO4− broke through the SMZ columns much later than other anions present in an artificial ground water. The affinity of the anions for SMZ followed the sequence of ClO4− > > NO3− > SO42− > Cl− Perchlorate loading under dynamic flow‐through conditions was 34 mmol kg−1, somewhat less than the maximum loading of 40 to 47 mmol kg−1 determined by the batch method. Less than 1% of previously sorbed ClO4− was leached out by ultra‐pure water, by extraction fluid #1 of the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), or by a solution of 0.28 M Na2CO3/0.5 M NaOH. About 40% of the previously sorbed ClO4− was leached out from SMZ by a 0.5 M NO3− solution. The exchange of ClO4− with NO3− corroborated results of the batch tests where NO3− was shown to compete with ClO4− sorption.
Spatial Analysis of a Large Magnitude Erosion Event Following a Sierran Wildfire
Authors: Carroll Erin M. , Miller Wally W. , Johnson Dale W. , Saito Laurel , Qualls Robert G. , Walker Roger F.
Published: May 2007

High intensity wildfire due to long‐term fire suppression and heavy fuels buildup can render watersheds highly susceptible to wind and water erosion. The 2002 “Gondola” wildfire, located just southeast of Lake Tahoe, NV‐CA, was followed 2 wk later by a severe hail and rainfall event that deposited 7.6 to 15.2 mm of precipitation over a 3 to 5 h time period. This resulted in a substantive upland ash and sediment flow with subsequent down‐gradient riparian zone deposition. Point measurements and ESRI ArcView were applied to spatially assess source area contributions and the extent of ash and sediment flow deposition in the riparian zone. A deposition mass of 380 Mg of ash and sediment over 0.82 ha and pre‐wildfire surface bulk density measurements were used in conjunction with two source area assessments to generate an estimation of 10.1 mm as the average depth of surface material eroded from the upland source area. Compared to previous measurements of erosion during rainfall simulation studies, the erosion of 1800 to 6700 g m−2 mm−1 determined from this study was as much as four orders of magnitude larger. Wildfire, followed by the single event documented in this investigation, enhanced soil water repellency and contributed 17 to 67% of the reported 15 to 60 mm ky−1 of non‐glacial, baseline erosion rates occurring in mountainous, granitic terrain sites in the Sierra Nevada. High fuel loads now common to the Lake Tahoe Basin increase the risk that similar erosion events will become more commonplace, potentially contributing to the accelerated degradation of Lake Tahoe's water clarity.
Comparison of Phosphorus Forms in Wet and Dried Animal Manures by Solution Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: He Zhongqi , Cade‐Menun Barbara J. , Toor Gurpal S. , Fortuna Ann‐Marie , Honeycutt C. Wayne , Sims J. Thomas
Published: May 2007

Both enzymatic hydrolysis and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in animal manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate‐like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotide‐like P, and 18% non‐hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64–73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate‐like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide‐like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
Growth Hormone Regulation of p85α Expression and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity in Adipose Tissue
Authors: del Rincon Juan-Pablo , Iida Keiji , Gaylinn Bruce D. , McCurdy Carrie E. , Leitner J. Wayne , Barbour Linda A. , Kopchick John J. , Friedman Jacob E. , Draznin Boris , Thorner Michael O.
Published: May 2007

Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase is involved in insulin-mediated effects on glucose uptake, lipid deposition, and adiponectin secretion from adipocytes. Genetic disruption of the p85α regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase increases insulin sensitivity, whereas elevated p85α levels are associated with insulin resistance through PI 3-kinase–dependent and –independent mechanisms. Adipose tissue plays a critical role in the antagonistic effects of growth hormone (GH) on insulin actions on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through changes in gene transcription. The objective of this study was to assess the role of the p85α subunit of PI 3-kinase and PI 3-kinase signaling in GH-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue. To do this, p85α mRNA and protein expression and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1–associated PI 3-kinase activity were measured in white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice with GH excess, deficiency, and sufficiency. Additional studies using 3T3-F442A cells were conducted to confirm direct effects of GH on free p85α protein abundance. We found that p85α expression 1) is decreased in WAT from mice with isolated GH deficiency, 2) is increased in WAT from mice with chronic GH excess, 3) is acutely upregulated in WAT from GH-deficient and -sufficient mice after GH administration, and 4) is directly upregulated by GH in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. The insulin-induced increase in PI 3-kinase activity was robust in mice with GH deficiency, but not in mice with GH excess. In conclusion, GH regulates p85α expression and PI 3-kinase activity in WAT and provides a potential explanation for 1) the insulin hypersensitivity and associated obesity and hyperadiponectinemia of GH-deficient mice and 2) the insulin resistance and associated reduced fat mass and hypoadiponectinemia of mice with GH excess.
Downregulation of GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Expression by Hyperglycemia
Authors: Xu Gang , Kaneto Hideaki , Laybutt D. Ross , Duvivier-Kali Valerie F. , Trivedi Nitin , Suzuma Kiyoshi , King George L. , Weir Gordon C. , Bonner-Weir Susan
Published: May 2007

Stimulation of insulin secretion by the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) has been found to be diminished in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that this impairment is due to a defect at the receptor level induced by the diabetic state, particularly hyperglycemia. Gene expression of incretin receptors, GLP-1R and GIPR, were significantly decreased in islets of 90% pancreatectomized (Px) hyperglycemic rats, with recovery when glucose levels were normalized by phlorizin. Perifused islets isolated from hyperglycemic Px rats showed reduced insulin responses to GLP-1 and GIP. To examine the acute effect of hyperglycemia on incretin receptor expression, a hyperglycemic clamp study was performed for 96 h with reduction of GLP-1 receptor expression but increase in GIP receptor expression. Similar findings were found when islets were cultured at high glucose concentrations for 48 h. The reduction of GLP-1 receptor expression by high glucose was prevented by dominant-negative protein kinase C (PKC)α overexpression, whereas GLP-1 receptor expression was reduced with wild-type PKCα overexpression. Taken together, GLP-1 and GIP receptor expression is decreased with chronic hyperglycemia, and this decrease likely contributes to the impaired incretin effects found in diabetes.
High Glucose Impairs Early and Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Modifying Nitric Oxide–Related but Not Oxidative Stress–Mediated Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Yung-Hsiang , Lin Shing-Jong , Lin Feng-Yen , Wu Tao-Cheng , Tsao Chen-Rong , Huang Po-Hsun , Liu Po-Len , Chen Yuh-Lien , Chen Jaw-Wen
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are impaired in diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of high glucose on EPCs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Mononuclear cells isolated from healthy subjects were incubated with glucose/mannitol or drugs for EPC study. After 4 days of culture, attached early EPCs appeared. The monolayer late EPCs with cobblestone shape appeared at 2–4 weeks. Various immunofluroscence stainings were used to characterize the early and late EPCs. Senescence assay and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined. Migration and tube formation assay were done to evaluate the capacity for vasculogenesis in late EPCs.

RESULTS—Chronic incubation with high glucose but not mannitol (osmotic control) dose-dependently reduced the number and proliferation of early and late EPCs, respectively. High glucose enhanced EPC senescence and impaired the migration and tube formation of late EPCs. High glucose also decreased eNOS, FoxO1, and Akt phosphorylation and bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) in both EPCs. The effects of high glucose could be ameliorated by coincubation with NO donor sodium nitroprusside or p38 mitogen–activated protein kinase inhibitor and deteriorated by eNOS inhibitor or PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase) inhibitor. Antioxidants including vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine–and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase had no effects, whereas pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and rotenone even deteriorated the downregulation of both EPCs.

CONCLUSIONS—High glucose impaired the proliferation and function of early and late EPCs. NO donor but not antioxidants reversed the impairments, suggesting the role of NO-related rather than oxidative stress–mediated mechanisms in hyperglycemia-caused EPC downregulation.