bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient flexible perovskite solar cells based on a polymer additive
Authors: Lan Yangjie , Wang Yang , Song Yanlin
Published: November 2019

The rapid development of flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) has attracted more and more attention. The application of FPSCs is largely in thrall to the fragility of perovskite crystals and quality of perovskite films caused by the inherent nature and uncertain grain size of perovskite. A polymer additive as an efficient strategy is utilized to restrict the fragility and improve the durability of FPSCs. In this work, we use polycaprolactone (PCL) as a polymer additive to achieve the grain boundary regulation (improving the grain size) and the desirable mechanical strength of FPSCs. A champion device based on glass/indium tin oxide (ITO) achieves high photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) (14.49%), which is ∼37.7% higher than that of the pristine film (10.52%). While the efficiency of FPSCs also retains 9.11%, which is 90% of the initial PCE (10.12%) after 300 bending cycles. Importantly, the PCL as a polymer additive shows great potential for future applications in wearable electronics.
Outside localization around a toroidal electrode of a Paul trap
Authors: Rudyi S S , Vovk T A , Kosternoy I A , Romanova A V , Rozhdestvensky Y V
Published: November 2019

Here we describe and experimentally confirm the localization of charged microparticles outside the area of a radio-frequency Paul trap. We consider the nonlinear effective potential formed by the trap, treating the field independently for different electrodes of the trap. To approach the proposed model to reality, we also consider the nonlinear effects originating from the viscousity of surrounding medium. Proposed approach allows to conduct an analytical description of the effective potential and define quasi-equilibrium points both inside and outside the trap. Predictions of the proposed model are in full compliance with obtained experimental results.
Time resolved alkali silicate decondensation by sodium hydroxide solution
Authors: Dupuis Romain , Gomes Rodrigues Donatien , Champenois Jean-Baptiste , Pellenq Roland J-M , Poulesquen Arnaud
Published: November 2019

Silica is by far the chemical compound the most widespread and used around the world: as a raw product in the buildings and roads industry, as concrete, or as a processed product in the manufacture of glass, ceramics or zeolites. In alkali silicate solutions—often used to synthesize those materials—a complex interplay of decondensation and condensation processes leads to the restructuring of silicate clusters at the atomic scale on a short time-scale. We were able to deconvolute these effects by combining time resolved small angle x-ray scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and parallel tempering simulations. We investigated the impact of a dilution by pure water or by a sodium hydroxide solution on the speciation and size of the dissolved silicates in solution. Herein, we show that the silicate clusters are not affected by dilution, suggesting that sodium cations protect the silicate clusters from hydrolysis. Decondensation is triggered by hydroxide ions that weaken and break Si–O bonds. Alongside the decondensation, the evolution of the computed protonation state of the silica species indicates a change in the interaction potential. Our results pave the way towards the investigation at the atomic scale of more complex systems implying alkali silicate solutions in condensation process by the addition of calcium or aluminum to synthesize aluminosilicate binders, hydrogels or zeolites.
The Pleasure of Its Company: Of One Blood and the Potentials of Plagiarism
Authors: Sanborn Geoffrey
Published: November 2019

In this essay, Sanborn extends his earlier work on Pauline Hopkins’s plagiarism by showing that Hopkins plagiarized a total of 143 passages from 36 texts in her novel Of One Blood and that at least 10,492 of the roughly 52,730 words in the novel—20%—were imported from other people’s publications. Sanborn argues that plagiarism is, for Hopkins, not a canny subversion or artful transmutation of another writer’s work; it is a means by which she can hold her text internally open to other voices and temporalities. It does not point us backward to a critique of the texts from which she drew—texts that she could not have imagined anyone discovering—but forward to the pleasurable possibility of a profoundly mixed-voice world. Like Marvel’s The Black Panther (2018), Of One Blood offers its audience a series of resources for dreaming, a series of larger-and-stranger-than-life scenarios capable of being used in self-transformational ways.
Phylonium: fast estimation of evolutionary distances from large samples of similar genomes
Authors: Klötzl Fabian , Haubold Bernhard
Published: November 2019

Motivation

Tracking disease outbreaks by whole-genome sequencing leads to the collection of large samples of closely related sequences. Five years ago, we published a method to accurately compute all pairwise distances for such samples by indexing each sequence. Since indexing is slow, we now ask whether it is possible to achieve similar accuracy when indexing only a single sequence.

Results

We have implemented this idea in the program phylonium and show that it is as accurate as its predecessor and roughly 100 times faster when applied to all 2678 Escherichia coli genomes contained in ENSEMBL. One of the best published programs for rapidly computing pairwise distances, mash, analyzes the same dataset four times faster but, with default settings, it is less accurate than phylonium.

Availability and implementation

Phylonium runs under the UNIX command line; its C++ sources and documentation are available from github.com/evolbioinf/phylonium.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MTA1 promotes tumorigenesis and development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via activating the MEK/ERK/p90RSK signaling pathway
Authors: Nan Peng , Wang Ting , Li Chunxiao , Li Hui , Wang Jinsong , Zhang Jingyao , Dou Na , Zhan Qimin , Ma Fei , Wang Haijuan , Qian Haili
Published: November 2019

Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is upregulated in multiple malignancies and promotes cancer proliferation and metastasis, but whether and how MTA1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumorigenesis remain unanswered. Here, we established an ESCC model in MTA1 transgenic mice induced by the chemical carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) and found that MTA1 promotes ESCC tumorigenesis in mice. MTA1 overexpression was observed in ESCC cells and clinical ESCC samples. Overexpressed MTA1 increased colony formation and the invasiveness and migration of ESCC cells, whereas knock down of MTA1 in ESCC cells significantly decreased colony formation, invasion and migration in vitro and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis combined with western blot assays revealed that MTA1 promotes carcinogenesis by enhancing MEK/ERK/p90RSK signaling. The phosphorylation of MEK, ERK and their downstream target p90RSK was significantly decreased after MTA1 knockdown in ESCC cells and was increased in MTA1-overexpressing cells. Moreover, colony formation, invasion and migration potential were dramatically suppressed when cells overexpressing MTA1 were treated with MEK (PD0325901) or ERK (SCH772948) inhibitors. In conclusion, MTA1 plays a pivotal oncogenic role in ESCC tumorigenesis and development through activating the MEK/ERK/p90RSK pathway.
Clinical Factors Associated With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Cohort Study of Pregnant Women and Newborns
Authors: Uchida Akiko , Tanimura Kenji , Morizane Mayumi , Fujioka Kazumichi , Morioka Ichiro , Oohashi Masanobu , Minematsu Toshio , Yamada Hideto
Published: November 2019

Background

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine clinical factors associated with the occurrence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) in pregnant women.

Methods

Between March 2009 and November 2017, newborns born at a primary maternity hospital received polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for CMV DNA in their urine with informed consent of the mothers at a low risk. Clinical data, including age, gravidity, parity, body mass index, occupation, maternal fever/flulike symptoms, pregnancy complications, gestational weeks at delivery, birth weight, and automated auditory brainstem response, were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine clinical factors associated with cCMV.

Results

cCMV was diagnosed by positive PCR results of neonatal urine in 9 of 4125 pregnancies. Univariate and multivariable analyses revealed that the presence of fever/flulike symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 17.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7–86.7; P < .001) and threatened miscarriage/premature labor in the second trimester (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.6–22.8; P < .01) were independent clinical factors associated with cCMV. Maternal fever/flulike symptoms or threatened miscarriage/premature labor in the second trimester had 100% sensitivity, 53.2% specificity, and a maximum Youden index of .85.

Conclusions

This cohort study for the first time demonstrated that these clinical factors of pregnant women and newborns were associated with the occurrence of cCMV. This is useful information for targeted screening to assess risks of cCMV in low-risk mothers, irrespective of primary or nonprimary CMV infection.
Postexposure Prophylaxis With rVSV-ZEBOV Following Exposure to a Patient With Ebola Virus Disease Relapse in the United Kingdom: An Operational, Safety, and Immunogenicity Report
Authors: Davis Chris , Tipton Tom , Sabir Suleman , Aitken Celia , Bennett Susan , Becker Stephan , Evans Tom , Fehling Sarah Katharina , Gunson Rory , Hall Yper , Jackson Celia , Johanssen Ingolfur , Kieny Marie Paule , Mcmenamin Jim , Spence Elizabeth , Strecker Thomas , Sykes Catie , Templeton Kate , Thorburn Fiona , Peters Erica , Henao Restrepo Ana Maria , White Beth , Zambon Maria , Carroll Miles W , Thomson Emma C
Published: November 2019

Background

In October 2015, 65 people came into direct contact with a healthcare worker presenting with a late reactivation of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the United Kingdom. Vaccination was offered to 45 individuals with an initial assessment of high exposure risk.

Methods

Approval for rapid expanded access to the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) vaccine as an unlicensed emergency medicine was obtained from the relevant authorities. An observational follow-up study was carried out for 1 year following vaccination.

Results

Twenty-six of 45 individuals elected to receive vaccination between 10 and 11 October 2015 following written informed consent. By day 14, 39% had seroconverted, increasing to 87% by day 28 and 100% by 3 months, although these responses were not always sustained. Neutralizing antibody responses were detectable in 36% by day 14 and 73% at 12 months. Common side effects included fatigue, myalgia, headache, arthralgia, and fever. These were positively associated with glycoprotein-specific T-cell but not immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG antibody responses. No severe vaccine-related adverse events were reported. No one exposed to the virus became infected.

Conclusions

This paper reports the use of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine given as an emergency intervention to individuals exposed to a patient presenting with a late reactivation of EVD. The vaccine was relatively well tolerated, but a high percentage developed a fever ≥37.5°C, necessitating urgent screening for Ebola virus, and a small number developed persistent arthralgia.
A Phase 2b, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Study Evaluating Antiviral Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Presatovir in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Authors: Marty Francisco M , Chemaly Roy F , Mullane Kathleen M , Lee Dong-Gun , Hirsch Hans H , Small Catherine B , Bergeron Anne , Shoham Shmuel , Ljungman Per , Waghmare Alpana , Blanchard Elodie , Kim Yae-Jean , McKevitt Matt , Porter Danielle P , Jordan Robert , Guo Ying , German Polina , Boeckh Michael , Watkins Timothy R , Chien Jason W , Dadwal Sanjeet S
Published: November 2019

Background

Presatovir significantly reduced nasal viral load, signs, and symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a human challenge study. We evaluated presatovir in hematopoietic-cell transplant (HCT) recipients with RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI).

Methods

Patients with confirmed RSV in upper and lower respiratory tract and new chest X-ray abnormalities were randomized (1:1), stratified by supplemental oxygen and ribavirin use, to receive oral presatovir 200 mg or placebo every 4 days for 5 doses. The primary endpoint was time-weighted average change in nasal RSV viral load through day 9. Secondary endpoints included supplemental oxygen-free days, incident respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and all-cause mortality.

Results

From January 31, 2015, to March 20, 2017, 60 patients from 17 centers were randomized (31 presatovir, 29 placebo); 59 received study treatment (50 allogeneic, 9 autologous HCT). In the efficacy population (29 presatovir, 28 placebo), presatovir treatment did not significantly reduce time-weighted average change in viral load (−1.12 vs −1.09 log10 copies/mL; treatment difference −0.02 log10 copies/mL, 95% confidence interval: −.62, .57; P = .94), median supplemental oxygen-free days (26 vs 28 days, P = .84), incident respiratory failure (10.3 vs 10.7%, P = .98), or all-cause mortality (0 vs 7.1%, P = .19) versus placebo. Adverse events were similar between arms (presatovir 80%, placebo 79%). Resistance-associated substitutions in RSV fusion protein emerged in 6/29 presatovir-treated patients.

Conclusions

Presatovir treatment was well tolerated in HCT patients with RSV LRTI but did not improve virologic or clinical outcomes versus placebo.

Clinical Trials Registration

www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02254421; EudraCT, #2014-002475-29
Mitigation of lampricide toxicity to juvenile lake sturgeon: the importance of water alkalinity and life stage
Authors: Hepditch Scott L J , Tessier Laura R , Wilson Jonathan M , Birceanu Oana , O’Connor Lisa M , Wilkie Michael P
Published: November 2019

Lay Summary

Young-of-the-year lake sturgeon living in waters of high alkalinity are susceptible to mortality when exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), a pesticide used to control invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. This risk may be reduced, however, by delaying TFM treatments to late-summer/fall, when sturgeon are larger and accumulate TFM more slowly.
Distal esophagus is the most commonly involved site for strictures in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Eluri Swathi , Tappata Manaswita , Huang Kevin Z , Koutlas Nathaniel T , Robey Benjamin S , Fan Claire , Reed Craig C , Shaheen Nicholas J , Dellon Evan S
Published: November 2019

While strictures are common in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), there are few data on stricture distribution and characteristics. Our primary aim was to characterize strictures by location in the esophagus in EoE and associated clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features. This was a retrospective study from the UNC EoE Clinicopathologic Database of subjects with esophageal strictures or narrowing from 2002 to 2017. Strictures were categorized as distal esophagus/gastroesophageal junction, mid-esophagus, proximal esophagus, or diffusely narrowed. Stricture location was assessed and compared with clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features, and also with treatment response to diet or topical steroids. Efficacy of combination therapy with dilation and intralesional steroid injection was assessed in a sub-group of patients with strictures. Of 776 EoE cases, 219 (28%) had strictures, 45% of which were distal, 30% were proximal, 5% were mid-esophageal, and 20% had diffuse narrowing. Those with mid-esophageal strictures were younger (P = 0.02) and had shorter symptom duration (P < 0.01). Those with diffuse esophageal narrowing were more likely to be women (57%) and have abdominal pain (25%). There was no association between other clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings and treatment response based on stricture location. Fourteen patients (8%) received intralesional triamcinolone injection and subsequently achieved a higher mean dilation diameter after injection (13.7 vs. 15.5 mm; P < 0.01). In conclusion, almost half of strictures in EoE patients were in the distal esophagus. Therefore, EoE should be a diagnostic consideration in patients with focal distal strictures and not presumed to be secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
How to be fooled searching for significant variations of the b-value
Authors: Marzocchi W , Spassiani I , Stallone A , Taroni M
Published: November 2019

An unbiased estimation of the b-value and of its variability is essential to verify empirically its physical contribution to the earthquake generation process, and the capability to improve earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard. Notwithstanding the vast literature on the b-value estimation, we note that some potential sources of bias that may lead to non-physical b-value variations are too often ignored in seismological common practice. The aim of this paper is to discuss some of them in detail, when the b-value is estimated through the popular Aki’s formula. Specifically, we describe how a finite data set can lead to biased evaluations of the b-value and its uncertainty, which are caused by the correlation between the b-value and the maximum magnitude of the data set; we quantify analytically the bias on the b-value caused by the magnitude binning; we show how departures from the exponential distribution of the magnitude, caused by a truncated Gutenberg–Richter law and by catalogue incompleteness, can affect the b-value estimation and the search for statistically significant variations; we derive explicitly the statistical distribution of the magnitude affected by random symmetrical error, showing that the magnitude error does not induce any further significant bias, at least for reasonable amplitude of the measurement error. Finally, we provide some recipes to minimize the impact of these potential sources of bias.
Estimated Burden of Community-Onset Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Hospitalizations Among Children Aged <2 Years in the United States, 2014–15
Authors: Arriola Carmen S , Kim Lindsay , Langley Gayle , Anderson Evan J , Openo Kyle , Martin Andrew M , Lynfield Ruth , Bye Erica , Como-Sabetti Kathy , Reingold Arthur , Chai Shua , Daily Pam , Thomas Ann , Crawford Courtney , Reed C , Garg S , Chaves Sandra S
Published: November 2019

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalizations in young children. We estimated the burden of community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among US children aged <2 years by extrapolating rates of RSV-confirmed hospitalizations in 4 surveillance states and using probabilistic multipliers to adjust for ascertainment biases.

Methods

From October 2014 through April 2015, clinician-ordered RSV tests identified laboratory-confirmed RSV hospitalizations among children aged <2 years at 4 influenza hospitalization surveillance network sites. Surveillance populations were used to estimate age-specific rates of RSV-associated hospitalization, after adjusting for detection probabilities. We extrapolated these rates using US census data.

Results

We identified 1554 RSV-associated hospitalizations in children aged <2 years. Of these, 27% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 6% needed mechanical ventilation, and 5 died. Most cases (1047/1554; 67%) had no underlying condition. Adjusted age-specific RSV hospitalization rates per 100 000 population were 1970 (95% confidence interval [CI],1787 to 2177), 897 (95% CI, 761 to 1073), 531 (95% CI, 459 to 624), and 358 (95% CI, 317 to 405) for ages 0–2, 3–5, 6–11, and 12–23 months, respectively. Extrapolating to the US population, an estimated 49 509–59 867 community-onset RSV-associated hospitalizations among children aged <2 years occurred during the 2014–2015 season.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance of RSV as a cause of hospitalization, especially among children aged <2 months. Our approach to estimating RSV-related hospitalizations could be used to provide a US baseline for assessing the impact of future interventions.
Addressing the Impact of Different Settings and Institutional Resistance
Authors: Becker Carolyn Black , Farrell Nicholas R. , Waller Glenn
Published: November 2019

It is important to be aware of how different treatment settings and institutional barriers can undermine the effectiveness of exposure. These barriers often manifest in the team dynamic (e.g., the team that treats the exposure therapist as a threat to the patient’s equanimity), in outpatient service provision issues, and particularly in more intensive care provision issues. In each of these, the context in which patients are exposed to feared stimuli needs to be appropriately diverse to ensure that they are able to voluntarily engage in exposure and overcome their use of avoidance and safety behaviors in the broader context of everyday life. Yet, the team and service can purposefully or inadvertently enhance the patient’s use of avoidance and safety behaviors if the structures are not responsive to patients’ needs. These issues need to be addressed by the team as a whole, rather than by the individual clinician.
Final Summary
Authors: Becker Carolyn Black , Farrell Nicholas R. , Waller Glenn
Published: November 2019

The objective of this summary chapter is to provide readers with a synopsis of the key points made about exposure-based therapy for eating disorders throughout the book. Readers are reminded of the theoretically derived rationale for applying exposure-based therapy to eating disorders and that a growing body of literature demonstrates the efficacy of this approach. Readers are also reminded of several critical steps that need to be taken to prepare patients for exposure therapy effectively. The chapter summarizes the problem-specific exposure interventions that are covered in the book, such as body-focused exposure for body image anxiety. Lastly, the chapter provides a discussion of future directions in both research and clinical practice of exposure therapy for eating disorders.
Delivering Mental Health Services to Children and Adolescents
Authors: Steele Ric G.
Published: November 2019

Although one out of every five to seven children and adolescents has elevated psychological symptoms or a diagnosable condition warranting treatment, most will not access mental health services. Children from ethnic, linguistic, or cultural minority communities are at greatest risk for being underserved. Many communities lack professionals who are trained to work with this population. Yet effective and efficacious treatment options are available for children and adolescents who present with a range of conditions. Clinicians must consider developmental level, socioecological context, and culture when selecting and delivering evidence-based treatment approaches. Future steps include the use of remote technologies and creative co-location of services to improve access, the use of coordinated services to improve quality of life, and robust specialty training to provide the professional competencies necessary to reach this underserved population.
Ethics Issues and Challenges When Bringing Psychotherapy to the Underserved
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E.
Published: November 2019

Providing effective clinical services to underserved communities brings with it a number of ethics challenges that, if not given sufficient attention, can result in potentially well-intentioned mental health clinicians causing harm and placing themselves at risk of professional sanctions. The need to possess sufficient clinical and multicultural competence relevant to the individual in question to be able to provide clinically effective treatments, addressing language differences, and appropriately utilizing interpreters are each discussed. Knowledge of local laws and regulations when providing clinical services in underserved communities is addressed. Additionally, the practice of tele-mental health and appropriately addressing fee issues for all types of professional services provided are discussed. The need to proactively address the potential for the development of vicarious traumatization and effectively practicing self-care on an ongoing basis are emphasized for all mental health clinicians who provide treatment services to the underserved.
Introduction
Authors: Waldman Elisha , Glass Marcia
Published: November 2019

Although humanitarian crises around the world show no signs of abating, and a number of factors, including climate change and recalcitrant conflicts, seem poised to continue driving and even increasing the frequency of crises in coming years, the scale and capability of international aid efforts has nonetheless grown with time. Humanitarian crises, as defined by the World Health Organization, are large-scale events that affect populations and may include massive loss of life, disruption of livelihood, breakdown of society, forced displacement, and other severe political, economic, social, psychological and spiritual effects. Such crises can take many forms: natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, disease outbreaks (e.g., Ebola), and international refugee crises sparked by war, violence, or famine. Given this variety and complexity, the international responses to crises must, to some extent, be tailored to the specific circumstances. This chapter looks at the rationale for including palliative care in healthcare responses to humanitarian crises.
A Trauma-Informed Response to Working in Humanitarian Crises
Authors: Humphreys Jessi , Joseph Denah M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses trauma experienced by individuals and teams working in humanitarian crises. It addresses causes of trauma and how these are unique to settings of international crisis, as well as many of the trauma-related syndromes that individuals may experience as a result. It also discusses interventions to lessen the impact of trauma, including brief and feasible interventions while providers and teams are in the field, as well as long-term interventions after a humanitarian crisis.
Houston: 1956–1960
Authors: Miller Craig A.
Published: November 2019

DeBakey and his team conquer aortic aneurysms in the chest, as well as occluded arteries throughout the body. The Baylor team invents and perfects new instruments and prosthetic arterial substitutes, transforming the practice of vascular surgery. With the new heart-lung machine the Houston group enthusiastically embraces open-heart surgery. The demanding Baylor surgery residency develops. DeBakey becomes a key member of the Second Hoover Commission, which helps establish the National Library of Medicine. DeBakey begins to spread the word of the new surgery by visiting centers worldwide, including in the Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War.
Houston: 1960–1969
Authors: Miller Craig A.
Published: November 2019

As the 1960s begin, Baylor, Methodist Hospital, and the Texas Medical Center all undergo substantial growth. DeBakey begins his lifelong friendship with Princess Lilian of Belgium. Studies begin to elucidate the nature of atherosclerotic disease, while Cooley and DeBakey grow apart. President Lyndon B. Johnson appoints DeBakey to lead the Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke. DeBakey’s team performs early coronary artery bypass and an aortic aneurysm surgery on the Duke of Windsor. Accolades and publicity accrue for DeBakey. Work begins on artificial heart pumps. Heart transplants become a transient sensation. Restructuring of Baylor medical school results in DeBakey’s Presidency.
Houston: 1969
Authors: Miller Craig A.
Published: November 2019

Dr. Denton Cooley’s patient Haskell Karp awaits a heart transplant and is offered a temporary artificial heart instead. The chapter recapitulates the efforts of the DeBakey lab in artificial heart experiments and the development of testable model. Cooley and DeBakey lab technician Domingo Liotta conspire to hijack an artificial heart model. Implantation of the device occurs in Karp, followed by pleas for human donor. Baylor investigates the circumstances of the Karp operation and the procuring of an artificial heart. Following the investigation, Liotta is dismissed and Cooley resigns. This is the beginning of a four-decade estrangement between DeBakey and Cooley.
Houston: 1990–2008
Authors: Miller Craig A.
Published: November 2019

The era of 1990–2008 sees the establishment of the MicroMed organization to further collaboration with NASA on a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The High School for Health Sciences in Houston is named for DeBakey. DeBakey is consulted in the heart surgery case of Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Baylor and Methodist Hospital celebrate DeBakey’s 50th anniversary in Houston, but then split. Hurricane Katrina disrupts Tulane Medical School, and DeBakey is instrumental in a temporary transfer of personnel and students to Baylor. DeBakey suffers aortic dissection at age 97, but survives the operation—a procedure which he had helped to develop. He continues in his role as medical statesman. DeBakey receives the Congressional Gold Medal, and there is rapprochement between DeBakey and Cooley. Dr. DeBakey dies in 2008, mourned across the globe and recognized as one of the all-time greatest physician-scientists in history.
Between Sanity and Madness
Authors: Horwitz Allan V.
Published: November 2019

Between Sanity and Madness: Mental Illness from Ancient Greece to the Neuroscientific Era traces the extensive array of answers that various groups have provided to questions about the nature of mental illness and its boundaries with sanity. What distinguishes mental illnesses from other sorts of devalued conditions and from normality? Should medical, religious, psychological, legal, or no authority at all respond to the mentally ill? Why do some people become mad? What treatments might help them recover? Despite general agreement across societies regarding definitions about the pole of madness, huge disparities exist on where dividing lines should be placed between it and sanity and even if there is any clear demarcation at all. Various groups have provided answers to these puzzles that are both widely divergent and surprisingly similar to current understandings.
Mental Illness Becomes Ubiquitous
Authors: Horwitz Allan V.
Published: November 2019

The quarter century that ran roughly from Freud’s death in 1939 through the mid-1960s featured a growing number of conditions seen as indicating mental illness and needing professional mental health care. A variety of factors contributed to this expansion of pathology. Some of these involved developments within psychiatry, whose mandate enlarged to the extent that, as a president of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute reflected: “Scarcely any human problem admits of solution other than psychoanalysis.” Another source of the growing range of disorders was the radical reshaping of concepts of normality and abnormality that emerged from the experiences of military psychiatrists during World War II. After the war, a newly activist federal government turned its attention to the mental health of entire populations, not just identified patients. At the same time, the transformation of the primary locus of psychiatric treatment from inpatient institutions to outpatient practices mandated a sweeping revision of psychiatry’s system of classifying mental illnesses to encompass many more conditions. Psychoactive drug treatments, too, expanded to attract a huge proportion of Americans; the current templates for anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antipsychotic drugs all arose in the 1950s.
Biology Re-Emerges
Authors: Horwitz Allan V.
Published: November 2019

The DSM-III did not dictate any particular cause of mental disorder. It classified each diagnosis through its symptoms, not by what factors led symptoms to emerge. Indeed, the manual’s theoretical neutrality was a key reason why the diverse factions within psychiatry and other mental health professions accepted it. The next transformation in views of mental illness involved yoking the DSM-III’s symptom-based diagnoses to the view that mental disorders were brain diseases produced by malfunctioning neurochemical systems and problematic genes. Since 1980, psychiatry has replaced the biopsychosocial model with a bio-bio-bio model that emphasizes brains, genes, and medications. A single-minded focus on psychopharmacology has supplanted the pluralist combination of psychotherapy, psychosocial interventions, and drug treatments that characterized the field during the postwar period. Over a short time period, the biological study of mental illness evolved from a marginal and discredited enterprise to become the dominant model in not just psychiatry but also popular culture.
Medical Management of Elevated Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Pendleton Courtney , Jallo Jack
Published: November 2019

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) may be a sequelae of head trauma, as well as cerebral infarcts and spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages. It is a commonly seen conundrum in neurosurgical practice. Management of elevated ICP is guided by etiology, patient factors, and guidelines for medical and operative treatment. The Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines recommend ICP monitoring in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 8 and an abnormal head CT, or in patients with a normal head CT who meet other inclusion criteria. Once ICP monitoring is begun, multiple strategies for maintaining a goal below 20 are recognized and may be added in a stepwise fashion and continued concurrently. Failure of medical therapy to control ICP may require operative intervention. At the time of initial consultation and throughout medical management of ICP, frank discussions with patient families is essential to accurately communicate prognosis and set expectations for clinical outcomes.
Calvarial Vault Fractures
Authors: Villanueva Philip A. , Graves Erin
Published: November 2019

Calvarial vault fractures are commonly encountered finding within the head injury problem. Calvarial or vault fractures may be either closed or open, and either linear, comminuted, or depressed. In closed fractures, the galea over the fracture is intact. With open fractures, the galea is torn and the fracture exposed. Linear fractures, as the name implies, are generally nonbranching, generally do not cross suture lines, and bone on both sides of the fracture remains co-planar. Depressed fractures refer to a difference in height between the fracture plates. Comminuted fractures are characterized by fragmentation of the bone plates, and these fragments may be co-planar or depressed. Because of their wide spectrum of severity, it is critical for testing physicians to recognize the various types, presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these entities.
Investigations in ENT
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

Diagnostic investigations used in ENT are described, along with their common usage and interpretation. Otological tests of pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, and otoacoustic emissions are explained. Special reference is made to paediatric hearing assessment and newborn hearing screening. Tests of peripheral vestibular function and their interpretation are included for reference. Radiological investigations, including computed tomography scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of allergy testing by skin prick analysis and radioallergosorbent (RAST) blood tests are discussed.
The skull base
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses conditions affecting the skull base with reference to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). The use of image guidance systems in the treatment of skull base conditions is documented. Acoustic neuromas or vestibular schwannomas and their diagnosis, management, and differential diagnosis are described. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and juvenile nasal angiofibroma, along with sinonasal malignancies, are listed.
The larynx
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes the structure and function of the vocal cords. Congenital and infectious diseases of the larynx are listed. The risk factors, presentation, investigation, staging, and treatment strategies for carcinoma of the larynx are discussed. Differential diagnosis of a hoarse voice, stridor, and its emergency management are outlined. Tracheostomy tubes and their care are highlighted.
Sleep-disordered breathing
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

This chapter reviews sleep physiology in relation to sleep-disordered breathing spectrum. The assessment of a patient with sleep-disordered breathing from examination, the role of the Epworth Sleepiness Score, sleep studies, and their interpretation are outlined. Treatments, including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), appliances, and surgery are discussed. Success based upon the Mallampati score and the Friedman classification are described.
ENT in the rest of the world
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an overview of some tropical diseases presenting as ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions. Knowledge of these conditions can be relevant to those working in a developing country and those treating patients who have recently migrated from, or who have been on holiday to, a developing country. The problems of healthcare in the developing world, common conditions by geographic location, and risk factors specific to certain parts of the world in relation to head and neck cancer are described. Specific conditions and their management are outlined.
Common drugs used in ENT
Authors: Corbridge Rogan , Steventon Nicholas
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an overview of common drugs used in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) practice. Drugs used in the treatment of ear conditions, nasal problems, and gastro-oesophageal reflux are listed.
Accretion of small satellites and gas inflows in a disc galaxy
Authors: Ramón-Fox F G , Aceves Héctor
Published: November 2019

Galaxy interactions can have an important effect in a galaxy’s evolution. Cosmological models predict a large number of small satellites around galaxies. It is important to study the effect that these small satellites can have on the host. The present work explores the effect of small N-body spherical satellites with total mass ratios in the range ≈ 1:1000-1:100 in inducing gas flows to the central regions of a disc galaxy with late-type morphology resembling the Milky Way. Two model galaxies are considered: barred and non-barred models; the latter one is motivated in order to isolate and understand better the effects of the satellite. Several circular and non-circular orbits are explored, considering both prograde and retrogade orientations. We show that satellites with such small mass ratios can still produce observable distortions in the gas and stellar components of the galaxy. In terms of gas flows, the prograde circular orbits are more favourable for producing gas flows, where in some cases up to $60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the gas of the galaxy is driven to the central region. We find, hence, that small satellites can induce significant gas flows to the central regions of a disc galaxy, which is relevant in the context of fuelling active galactic nuclei.
Mapping observations of complex organic molecules around Sagittarius B2 with the ARO 12 m telescope
Authors: Li Juan , Wang Junzhi , Qiao Haihua , Quan Donghui , Fang Min , Du Fujun , Li Fei , Shen Zhiqiang , Li Shanghuo , Li Di , Shi Yong , Zhang Zhiyu , Zhang Jiangshui
Published: November 2019

We have performed high-sensitivity mapping observations of several complex organic molecules around Sagittarius B2 with the ARO 12 m telescope at 3 mm wavelength. Based on their spatial distribution, molecules can be classified as either ‘extended’, those detected not only in Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M), or ‘compact’, those only detected toward or near Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M). The ‘extended’ molecules include glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), methyl formate (CH3OCHO), formic acid (t-HCOOH), ethanol (C2H5OH) and methyl amine (CH3NH2), while the ‘compact’ molecules include dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), ethyl cyanide (C2H5CN), and amino acetonitrile (H2NCH2CN). These ‘compact’ molecules are likely produced under strong UV radiation, while the ‘extended’ molecules are likely formed at low temperatures, via gas-phase or grain-surface reactions. The spatial distribution of ‘warm’ CH2OHCHO at 89 GHz differs from the spatial distribution of ‘cold’ CH2OHCHO observed at 13 GHz. We found evidence for an overabundance of CH2OHCHO compared to that expected from the gas-phase model, which indicates that grain-surface reactions are necessary to explain the origin of CH2OHCHO in Sagittarius B2. Grain-surface reactions are also needed to explain the correlation between the abundances of ‘cold’ CH2OHCHO and C2H5OH. These results demonstrate the importance of grain-surface chemistry in the production of complex organic molecules.
The [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] relation in the E-MOSAICS simulations: its connection to the birth place of globular clusters and the fraction of globular cluster field stars in the bulge
Authors: Hughes Meghan E , Pfeffer Joel L , Martig Marie , Reina-Campos Marta , Bastian Nate , Crain Robert A , Kruijssen J M Diederik
Published: November 2019

The α-element abundances of the globular cluster (GC) and field star populations of galaxies encode information about the formation of each of these components. We use the E-MOSAICS cosmological simulations of ∼L* galaxies and their GCs to investigate the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution of field stars and GCs in 25 Milky Way–mass galaxies. The [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution of GCs largely follows that of the field stars and can also therefore be used as tracers of the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] evolution of the galaxy. Due to the difference in their star formation histories, GCs associated with stellar streams (i.e. which have recently been accreted) have systematically lower [α/Fe] at fixed [Fe/H]. Therefore, if a GC is observed to have low [α/Fe] for its [Fe/H] there is an increased possibility that this GC was accreted recently alongside a dwarf galaxy. There is a wide range of shapes for the field star [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution, with a notable subset of galaxies exhibiting bimodal distributions, in which the high [α/Fe] sequence is mostly comprised of stars in the bulge, a high fraction of which are from disrupted GCs. We calculate the contribution of disrupted GCs to the bulge component of the 25 simulated galaxies and find values between 0.3 and 14 per cent, where this fraction correlates with the galaxy’s formation time. The upper range of these fractions is compatible with observationally inferred measurements for the Milky Way, suggesting that in this respect the Milky Way is not typical of L*galaxies, having experienced a phase of unusually rapid growth at early times.
Filtering techniques to enhance optical turbulence forecast performances at short time-scales
Authors: Masciadri E , Martelloni G , Turchi A
Published: November 2019

The efficiency of the management of top-class ground-based astronomical facilities supported by adaptive optics (AO) relies on our ability to forecast the optical turbulence (OT) and a set of relevant atmospheric parameters. Indeed, in spite of the fact that the AO is able to achieve, at present, excellent levels of wavefront corrections (a Strehl ratio up to 90 per cent in H band), its performances strongly depend on the atmospheric conditions. Knowing in advance the atmospheric turbulence conditions allows an optimization of the AO use. It has already been proven that it is possible to provide reliable forecasts of the OT (${C_N^2 }$ profiles and integrated astroclimatic parameters such as seeing, isoplanatic angle, wavefront coherence time, etc.) for the next night. In this paper, we prove that it is possible to improve the forecast performances on shorter time-scales (order of 1 or 2 h) with consistent gains (order of 2–8) employing filtering techniques that make use of real-time measurements. This has permitted us to achieve forecasts accuracies never obtained before and reach a fundamental milestone for the astronomical applications. The time-scale of 1 or 2 h is the most critical one for an efficient management of the ground-based telescopes supported by AO. We implemented this method in the operational forecast system of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), named Advanced LBT Turbulence and Atmosphere (ALTA) Center that is, at our knowledge, the first operational system providing forecasts of turbulence and atmospheric parameters at short time-scales to support science operations.
First NIR interferometrically resolved high-order Brackett and forbidden Fe lines of a B[e] star: V921 Sco
Authors: Kreplin Alexander , Kraus Stefan , Tambovtseva Larisa , Grinin Vladimir , Hone Edward
Published: November 2019

We present near-infrared interferometric AMBER observations of the B[e] binary V921 Sco at low (R ∼ 30) and medium spectral resolution (R∼ 1500) in the K and H bands. Low spectral resolution AMBER data were used to estimate the position of the companion V921 Sco B and confirmed a clockwise movement on sky with respect to the primary of 33° between 2008 and 2012. Our observations resolve for the first time higher order Brackett lines (Br6–Br12). The modelling of the different line transitions revealed a decrease in the size of the line-emitting regions from Br3 to Br12. We are able to reproduce this decrease with a simple radiative transfer model of an equatorial disc in local thermodynamic equilibrium. In addition to the Brackett series, we also resolve permitted and forbidden Fe line emission. Our modelling shows that these lines originate from ∼2 au from the star, corresponding roughly to the measured dust sublimation region. This might indicate that the forbidden line emission arises from shock excitation at the base of a disc wind.
High-resolution spectroscopy of the high-velocity hot post-AGB star IRAS 18379–1707 (LS 5112)
Authors: Ikonnikova N P , Parthasarathy M , Dodin A V , Hubrig S , Sarkar G
Published: November 2019

The high-resolution ($R\sim 48\, 000$) optical spectrum of the B-type supergiant LS 5112, identified as the optical counterpart of the post-AGB candidate IRAS 18379–1707 is analysed. We report the detailed identifications of the observed absorption and emission features in the wavelength range 3700–9200 Å for the first time. The absorption line spectrum has been analysed using non-LTE model atmosphere techniques to determine stellar atmospheric parameters and chemical composition. We estimate Teff = 18 000 ± 1000 K, log g = 2.25 ± 0.08, ξt = 10 ± 4 km s−1, and vsin i = 37 ± 6 km s−1, and the derived abundances indicate a metal-deficient ([M/H] ≈ −0.6) post-AGB star. Chemical abundances of eight different elements were obtained. The estimates of the CNO abundances in IRAS 18379–1707 indicate that these elements are overabundant with [(C + N + O)/S] = + 0.5 ± 0.2 suggesting that the products of helium burning have been brought to the surface as a result of third dredge-up on the AGB. From the absorption lines, we derived heliocentric radial velocity of Vr = −124.0 ± 0.4 km s−1. We have identified permitted emission lines of O i, N i, Na i, S ii, Si ii, C ii, Mg ii, and Fe iii. The nebula forbidden lines of [N i], [O i], [Fe ii], [N ii], [S ii], [Ni ii], and [Cr ii] have also been identified. The Balmer lines H α, H β, and H γ show P-Cygni behaviour clearly indicating post-AGB mass-loss process in the object with the wind velocity up to 170 km s−1.