bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recruiting and developing female managers for international assignments
Authors: Linehan Margaret , Walsh James S.
Published: July 2002

One of the most significant features of the global labour market in the last half of the twentieth century has been the increasing labour force participation rate of women. It is evident from the extant research that women are not progressing to senior international management positions at comparable rates to their male counterparts. Previous research has estimated that only 3 percent of expatriate managers are women. This paper argues that female international managers have to overcome overt and covert barriers in their home organisations before being developed for international assignments. Based on an extensive empirical research study conducted with senior female international managers in a European context, the findings suggest that organisations may have to review their organisational policies in relation to the recruitment, selection, training and development of international managers if they want to have “the best” people to represent their companies overseas.
Potential effects of the confirmation bias in house condition surveys
Authors: Kempton Jim , Alani Amir , Chapman Keith
Published: July 2002

Surveyor variability has a significant impact on the accuracy and reliability of house condition surveys. Reports on one particular cognitive bias that surveyors may use when undertaking house condition surveys – the confirmation bias. Two experiments are conducted to investigate the confirmation bias. The experiments seem to indicate that the confirmation bias does have the potential to have an impact on condition survey decision making and therefore to contribute to surveyor variability. Methods of dealing with the bias are discussed; particularly the potential application of expert systems alongside hand‐held data‐capture devices.
Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland
– Part I
Authors: Pickard Rob
Published: July 2002

Explains why the safety measures in England and Ireland have been
unsuitable for application to historic buildings and points out that the
protection of property has rarely been considered. Details how
inflexible the fire safety legislation and regulations have been. The
conflict between officers dealing with planning conservation and
building control officers led to a review of regulations. Outlines these
reviews, and the flexibility and changes which were brought about with
the introduction of the new 1991 Building Regulations. Discusses the new
approach to fire safety in historic buildings and the results it has
achieved, for example, recognition of smoke damage and detection
systems.
Sealed expansion vessels: a review of current practice
Authors: Rockhill Herbert Philip
Published: July 2002

Reviews the application and design of systems using sealed
expansion vessels from circa 1967 to the present day, incorporating all
types of systems. Discusses the fundamental differences and
characteristics between open vented and sealed expansion vessel systems,
and also the attitudes of water authorities to both commercial and
domestic systems. Compares this with other western countries.
Investigates whether there have been any inherent disadvantages of using
sealed systems and concludes by considering current appropriate British
standards and codes of practice together with the terminology used in
some instances, which tend to create unfavourable impressions of sealed
systems.
The Brooking Collection
Authors: Brooking Charles , Wakefield Julie
Published: July 2002

Provides information about the Brooking Collection of architectural details which is open for public consultation at the Dartford Campus of the University of Greenwich. The Collection contains original examples of windows, doors, fanlights, staircases, firegrates, rainwater heads and timber mouldings. These features date from the sixteenth century to recent decades. Suggests that this study collection can benefit professionals such as building surveyors and architects by facilitating the understanding of often hidden construction details, assisting the dating of a building and supplying patterns for replacement features.
Carbon fibre “plate bonding”
Authors: Barton Richard
Published: July 2002

Discusses the use of carbon fibre plates for strengthening concrete structures and research and development by Professor Urs Meier at The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research (EMPA), on which the Carbodur system is based. Plate bonding, using mild steel strips, is now a proven process but, like all technology, progress moves the boundaries forward. Its replacement with carbon fibre strips has now created a system which is simpler to use, quicker to install and highly cost‐effective. A three‐year project has also been established by the Department of Trade and Industry, under the structural Composites LINK collaborative research scheme, to examine strengthening of bridges using polymeric composite materials (ROBUST).
External wall tiling defects in Hong Kong buildings: three defects diagnosis options examined
Authors: Lomas Danny
Published: July 2002

Reviews the use of three defect diagnosis options available to surveyors and engineers, with particular regard to high‐rise buildings in Hong Kong. Draws comparisons between the various defect diagnosis techniques , such as traditional manual hammer tapping, impact‐echo system and thermography.
All you wanted to know about dilapidations but were afraid to ask: part II
Authors: Reece Colyn S.
Published: July 2002

In part I (Volume 14 Number 3) the author wrote generally about the various legal and practical issues to take into account in preparing or in defending against a Schedule of Dilapidations served in respect of commercial property. Part II examines some of the practical issues considered in the recent case Shortlands Investments Ltd v. Cargill plc and explains how valuations are made under Section 18(1) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 in order to determine the cap on damages to be paid in settlement of a dilapidation’s claim.
Ticketing of large scale events: the case of Sydney 2000 Olympic Games
Authors: Thamnopoulos Yanni , Gargalianos Dimitris
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the challenge of ticketing for the Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG). During the various phases of ticket marketing and ticket offers, mistakes were committed, which caused damage to the ticketing campaign and the image of the Organizing Committee as well. The public disappointment produced by those mistakes was expressed in many different ways. One month prior to the Opening Ceremony, more than two million tickets remained unsold. However, people’s desire to take part in the “greatest show on earth”, led to a boom in tickets sales in the lead up to the Opening Ceremony. Finally, SOCOG managed to sell 87.90 per cent of the tickets available to the public, the largest percentage of tickets ever sold in an Olympiad.
Risk assessment in PFI schemes for primary health care
Authors: Rodney William , Gallimore Paul
Published: July 2002

This paper identifies that the methods used to quantify the financial risk of appraisals of private sector projects for primary health care development have been inadequate. Data was collected and analysed from private developers on 18 schemes, varying by scale and location. It is argued that this is important for those involved with facilities management as well as those directly involved with the financial risk appraisal of a PFI/PPP project. Financial risks are more likely to arise when certain build designs are used which make projects more susceptible to particular risks. The paper makes recommendations on the appraisal of future projects for value for money reflecting the risk transfer achieved and devising a common, systematic format to provide consistency and standardisation. It concludes, however, that systems should not be formulated which might act as disincentives to the private sector, or impose increased workloads on the public sector in assessing proposals.
On the quantitative assessment of intelligent buildings
Authors: So Albert T.P. , Wong K.C.
Published: July 2002

A paper on a new definition of intelligent buildings for Asia was published in Facilities in late 1999. This definition was later adopted by The Asian Institute of Intelligent Buildings as the official definition of intelligent buildings (IBs). The requirements of users were categorised into nine quality environment modules. Under each module, there are technologies and facilities supporting the operation of an IB. The beauty of that definition is that it can be further explored to arrive at a comprehensive and quantitative method of assessment for IBs, the Intelligent Building Index (IBI). Existing methods of assessment, in particular for environmentally friendly buildings in the USA and Hong Kong, have been reviewed. Shortcomings of the existing methodology and the room for improvement have been highlighted and discussed. The concept, mathematics and utilisation of the IBI are detailed in this paper.
An Integrated Workplace Process
Authors: McGregor Wes
Published: July 2002

In 1991, a group of eight companies, four from the UK and four
Scandinavian, formed a working agreement to explore the workplace needs
of user organizations and find integrated commonsense solutions to meet
these evolving needs. So the Learning Building Group (LBG) was formed.
Towards the end of 1991, the LBG commissioned consultants Cochrane
McGregor to undertake research with the objectives of establishing new
workplace development processes and solutions which meet current and
changing business needs; and establishing the feasibility, costs and
benefits of processes and solutions. Discusses some of the social and
commercial dynamics which the study, led by Wes McGregor, concluded.
Calls for an integrated approach to the workplace and its design,
production, procurement and operation.
The Schedule – How New Are the Requirements
Authors: Stewart Tom
Published: July 2002

The second of three articles contrasts new regulations with existing
legislation with regard to VDU use and laws for health and safety. Shows
that there is little new to be added but the regulations are made much
clearer.
Tomorrow′s workplace: anywhere, anytime
Authors: Harmon‐Vaughan Beth
Published: July 2002

Work is changing dramatically. Where and how people work is vastly
different today than it was even five years ago. More changes are to
come. Facility managers and designers must address changes in the work
environment and how those changes will impact on not only facilities,
but facility users. Organizations and individuals are looking at a
variety of emerging work environments including hotelling and
homeworking. Both require a new way of approaching facility management
and the tools required to meet these work environment options. A
comprehensive view is required, one which takes into account
technological, physical and the social aspects of work. Reviews agents
affecting changes in the work environment and recommendations for
meeting the challenges posed by those changes. Gives increased insight
into the evolution and nature of work, future requirements and the
effect this evolution will have on facility management and design
professionals.
Conducting a facility management audit
Authors: Whitaker Martha J.
Published: July 2002

Now more than ever, senior management is scrutinizing the
contribution of facility management departments to organizations′
overall success. Claims that to improve, facility managers must first
understand how their group is doing – are they meeting the
expectations of management and their customers? States that facility
managers who do not know the answer to this question will have a
difficult time documenting their contributions and improving their
services. Argues that a facility management audit which follows an
orderly, objective process to compare an organization′s FM resources to
internal expectations and external benchmarks can help. Claims that the
FM audit will give teams an understanding of every part of their
operations enabling facilities managers to develop a holistic view of
facilities and strategies for continuous improvement.
The relationship between electronic and face‐to‐face communication
and its implication for alternative workplace strategies
Authors: Young David P.
Published: July 2002

Many individuals who have no or limited experience of using
electronic communication technologies (ECTs), e.g. telephone, fax,
voice, and e‐mail are concerned that media like e‐mail are a limited, if
not poor, way of communicating, and that they cannot replace
face‐to‐face communication. Reports on research examining how relatively
sophisticated ECT users use ECTs to communicate, and how electronic
communication may affect face‐to‐face communication. Finds that ECTs are
most effective in the administrative stages of a project rather than in
the initial conceptualizing stages or final project wrap up and is the
primary form of communication between co‐workers. Discusses the
implications for workplace strategies that involve remote work.
Corporate real estate management practices in Europe and the USA:
1993 and 1994 surveys
Authors: Bon Ranko
Published: July 2002

Summarizes the results of the 1993 and 1994 surveys of chief real
estate officers from major organizations in Europe and the USA. The
survey was supported by the Industrial Development Research Council
(IDRC) and the International Association of Corporate Real Estate
Executives (NACORE International), leading professional associations
concerned with this field of professional activity. Emphasizes the
knowledge or skills relevant to the corporate real estate management
function in the future, which are of paramount interest to the
educational institutions on both sides of the Atlantic. This includes
the educational organs of international organizations concerned with
corporate real estate, such as IDRC and NACORE, which play increasingly
important roles in the education of their members. Offers a useful tool
in the international educational effort in corporate real estate.
Decision making in the provision of security services
Authors: Baron Viktor , van Zwanenberg Nigel
Published: July 2002

Examines the processes used to make decisions about security operations within universities, analysing crime and financial data obtained from a sample of 21 UK universities, the security managers of seven of the sample universities having been interviewed. Only three indicators of the need for security were reported: internal crime, external crime and institution size. Of these, expenditure on security was significantly correlated (r = 0.42) only with internal crime. The security managers measured performance mainly by crime statistics. Presents a critique of this and an action/outcome matrix for security operations. Discusses the place of “disconfirming data” in this framework. No evidence was found in the study of a search for and use of such data. Puts forward various proposals for improving this type of decision process.
Corporate health and safety strategy
Authors: Waring Alan
Published: July 2002

Policy, objectives and strategy comprise the “front‐end” components of a successful health and safety management system (SMS) which every employer should set up. The particular strategy represents the focus of attention over a defined period of time, typically 1‐5 years, and determines much of the practical SMS requirements. Seeks to outline the requirements for successful health and safety management and how these may be addressed systematically through strategy and SMS.
Corporate real estate management features
Authors: Luis Rangel Lopes Jose
Published: July 2002

Describes some features specifically designed, or adapted from other disciplines, to be used in operational corporate real estate management (CREM) as a part of a research project being developed at the University of Reading. Adapts popular management concepts and tools, such as the balanced scorecard, the Boston matrix, and the Dupont tree, to be used in CREM. Concludes by linking the use of these features, via a meta‐model for CREM (CREM‐MM), described in a previous article, with the description of some results from the application of the model in one of the major operational property owners in the UK (to be described in a forthcoming article).
Flexible workforce and the role of the personnel manager
Authors: Parkinson Mark
Published: July 2002

Discusses the role of the HR specialist as we approach the new millennium. Observes the shift in the workplace from office to teleworking and cyber‐management, along with the potential problems of remote working, and the role of video conferencing and the Internet. Finally contrasts the changing pattern of working life with the benefits of a more flexible workforce. In conclusion, emphasizes the changes in work style of workers themselves and of the HR function, with the personnel specialist being seen as the conductor of a work interface: that between the virtual world of information, and the real world of people.
Building automation systems on the Internet
Authors: So Albert T.P. , Chan W.L. , Tse W.L.
Published: July 2002

Modern building systems, such as HVAC, lighting, life safety, security, vertical transportation and electrical power distribution, make use of modern direct digital control and communication technologies. Such an approach has initiated the use of the adjective ″smart″ when referring to buildings that are equipped with a significant portion of these new systems. Integrated building automation and management systems (BAS/BMS) have been developed for newly constructed commercial, domestic and industrial buildings. Building management staff can gain access to any building system through the BAS for the purpose of data monitoring and real‐time control inside the control room. With the advent of Internet technology, all critical data in a BAS can be transmitted to and from any authorized user around the world, who can then perform the same function of monitoring and control even when the user is thousands of miles away from the building as when the user is sitting in front of the control console inside the control room. Describes the development and features of the Internet‐based system using an air‐handling unit simulator as an illustrative example. Discusses details of the hardware and software of the Internet site.
The changing face of relocation management
Authors: Willett Bob , Green Richard
Published: July 2002

The application of modern project management techniques to the commercial relocation sector, particularly in regard to scheduling and the handling of IT systems, has transformed the relocation industry. The services offered by commercial relocation consultancies and some of the larger commercial removal companies now extend beyond the traditional roles into providing a wide range of project management solutions. They provide complete turnkey programmes, appointing a project team to manage the move from its early stages through to completion. Their services include evaluating current working environments and methods of working, analysing and comparing costs and benefits of the options available, providing information used in the decision‐making process and assisting companies to find the correct solution for them. Whether refitting, churning or relocation is required, the industry uses advanced techniques of project management and computer‐aided facilities management to ensure that company downtime and disruption is minimal.
Facilities management of passively controlled buildings
Authors: Beggs C.B. , Moodley K.
Published: July 2002

The trend in facilities management towards outsourcing is in conflict with the current trend towards holistic low energy building design. Designers are busily “designing out” building services, in favour of new passive/low energy technologies which are integrated into the building envelope. A lack of understanding of each other’s discipline allows designers to produce “passively” controlled buildings which are difficult for facilities managers to manage. Examines the nature of the conflict between holistic “passive” building design and facilities management. Includes a case study based on ten recently constructed passive/mixed‐mode buildings. The case study appraises each building with respect to facilities management, and identifies specific problem areas that could be improved and which are in need of further investigation.
Hospital activation: towards a process model
Authors: Preiser Wolfgang F.E.
Published: July 2002

Activation is the process of preparing people, equipment and facilities for moving and start‐up. It is little understood, but integral to the success of facility. It starts well before and extends beyond the phases of commissioning and start‐up. Activation is described in six stages as it interacts with the traditional facility delivery cycle: long‐range planning; prioritization/budgeting; facility planning/design; facility completion; Operation; and criteria update/post‐occupancy evaluation. The outcome was a two‐volume, “user‐friendly” Activation Guide that describes activation for large complex projects in a straightforward way, and which is being used by the 172 major hospitals of the Department of Veterans Affairs in the USA. The process is generic and it could be adapted for use in activations of complex facilities in Europe.
Concurrent marketing analysis: a multi‐agent model for product, price, place and promotion
Authors: Schwartz David G.
Published: July 2002

Marketing management presents challenging ground for the integrated use of intelligent agents. The design of a strategic marketing plan presents a natural division of four distinct yet independent decision problems. Concurrent execution of these four functions can yield a significant decrease in time‐to‐market for new products, and turnaround time for modified products. Electronic information is a two‐edged sword. On the one hand, it results in information overload, taxing the decision‐ making process. On the other hand, the electronic nature of these vast information flows makes them accessible to intelligent agents who can improve the decision‐making process. This paper presents the problem of information overload and decision‐making complexity in marketing management. In it, we present a blackboard‐based agent architecture that allows individual agents to proceed toward their given goals yet react opportunistically to developments reported by other marketing agents. We present the blackboard model of problem solving, and discuss why it is well suited to support multiple marketing agents. CMA, a multi‐agent model for concurrent marketing analysis, is discussed and the agent architecture required for creating a cooperating society of marketing agents is presented.
Knowledge management as a competitive asset: a review
Authors: Civi Emin
Published: July 2002

Knowledge is the fundamental basis of competition. Although the study of knowledge is as old as human history, it has only been recognized in the last decade as a crucial element of the industrial development of firms. Organizations view knowledge as their most valuable and strategic resource. They believe in managing their intellectual resources and capabilities in order to become and remain competitive. To this end, knowledge management (KM) has become a fundamental concept for those interested in the ever‐changing events of the business world. Organizations invest heavily in building KM systems. They must strategically assess their knowledge resources and capabilities, and need to establish their knowledge strategy to sustain competitive advantages.
Managerial practices to sustain service quality: an empirical investigation of New Zealand service firms
Authors: Kandampully Jay , Menguc Bulent
Published: July 2002

A firm’s success in the marketplace is not confirmed by attaining the goal of market leadership, but in sustaining that leadership through the consistent delivery of superior quality service. This research examines three groups of strategies (service quality control practices, service measurement practices and service maintaining practices) adopted by service firms in New Zealand as a means to promote a sustainable and superior quality of service. Also considered in this research is the impact of a number of independent variables, in particular, number of years in business, firm size and type of sector (public or private) on the implementation of such strategies. Empirical findings from this study clearly indicate that sustaining service quality is identified by managers of service firms as one of the most important strategic agenda. However, many of the success proven practices are not utilized by smaller firms.
Strategic marketing by change agents in Poland: the case of domestic marketing consulting firms
Authors: Merrilees Bill , Serenty Marek
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the marketing strategies used by Polish marketing firms and their role as change agents after the fall of communism and the transition to a market economy. A survey of 93 marketing consulting firms in four large Polish cities was conducted in 1996‐1997. The results suggest that this sector is thriving, and the two most important success factors are on‐time delivery and high service delivery.
Relationship between Marketing Planning and Annual Budgeting
Authors: Abratt Russell , Beffon Maria , Ford John
Published: July 2002

Marketing planning and the annual budget are two procedures that
organizations engage in. Although controlled by the marketing department
and the finance department respectively, the marketing plan and annual
budget are interlinked in many ways. Investigates the importance of this
interrelationship. Reports on the results of a study of 41 fast moving
consumer goods companies following a literature review of budgeting and
marketing planning. The results show that there is a high degree of
interaction between the marketing and finance departments. They also
show that most companies tended to do the marketing plan and annual
budget together. In addition, the sales forecast, although controlled by
the marketing department, is set to meet financial targets.
Link between Response‐inducing Strategies and Uninformed Response
Authors: Schneider Kenneth C. , Johnson James C.
Published: July 2002

Examines the relationship between selected strategies designed to
enhance the response rate to a survey and uninformed response, or the
tendency of respondents to deliberately “guess at” or otherwise answer
survey questions when they lack sufficient knowledge or experience to
provide an informed response. Uninformed response is one of several
potential sources of response error, or error that results from
inaccurate responses to survey questions, that trouble marketing
researchers and others involved in survey research. Drawing on an often
expressed concern that techniques designed to increase the overall
response rate to a survey might negatively affect response quality in
general (and uninformed response in particular), tests the effect of
three response‐inducing techniques (monetary incentives, survey
sponsorship, and type of appeal) on uninformed response in one
particular survey. The findings suggest that monetary inducement and,
depending on other characteristics of the survey design, sponsorship and
type of appeal as well, do affect the level of uninformed response.
The Marketing Communications Revolution – A Leviathan Unveiled?
Authors: Kitchen Philip J.
Published: July 2002

Identifies and analyses various mechanisms designed to inform, persuade,
remind, and influence consumers in relation to their attitudinal and
consumption needs. Technological developments, media and message
proliferation and clutter, and increasingly accessible media vehicles on
the one hand, coupled with market saturation, shortening product
life‐cycles, and marketing warfare on the other, are creating a new and
complex situation. Traditional forms of marketing communication are
giving way to continuous, multi‐media techniques – possibly a form of
modern leviathan. Despite consumers taking avoidance measures, they are
inevitably exposed to a high level of promotional communication which
can be potentially conceptualized as a form of pollution. This may be
highly damaging, contributing to increased social dissatisfaction and a
reduction in the quality of consumer decision making.
Deliberation in Grocery Shopping:
Authors: Yavas Ugur
Published: July 2002

By using the conceptual framework of shopping deliberateness paradigm,
investigates prospects for the adoption of supermarkets in Saudi Arabia.
Results raise some questions on the efficacy of deliberate shopping
behaviour as a correlate of supermarket adoption.
The Modern Framework for Marketing Planning
Authors: Pearson Gordon , Proctor Tony
Published: July 2002

Strategy formulation is a complex process and one which warrants the
benefit of mechanisms which can help to simplify situation analysis.
Modern‐day thinking takes us into the realms of strategic intent and
core competencies as the prime mechanisms for formulating strategies.
Looks closely at these ideas and describes modern planning frameworks
which can be used to put these concepts to practical use.
How to Identify Psychographic Segments
Authors: Mitchell Vincent‐Wayne
Published: July 2002

As marketing knowledge and market competition increase, so too does the
need for better segmentation. Psychographics can offer greater insights
into customer behaviour, but the procedures for identifying
psychographic segments are complicated and this may be inhibiting its
use. Explores the process of identifying psychographic risk segments in
purchasers of consultancy services by taking the reader stepwise through
the necessary statistical procedures. Part 1 considers factor and
cluster analysis, while Part 2 looks at multiple discriminant analysis.
The analysis shows that three potential risk segments exist which differ
demographically and in their risk perceptions.
When in Japan, Do as the Japanese Do; When in Rome, Do as the Japanese
Do:
Authors: Herbig Paul A. , Milam Robert
Published: July 2002

Fifty years after Pearl Harbor, Japanese economic arrogance is becoming
widely apparent. Argues that the cultural and economic homogeneity which
formed the basis of Japan′s economic success will eventually lead to its
downfall. Examines the fallacies of economic arrogance and what lies in
the future after the inevitable fall.
Life begins at 40?
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: July 2002

Many commentators are contending that modern marketing is in the
throes of a “mid‐life crisis”. Although it is appropriate
that marketing should be facing such a crisis exactly 40 years after
Drucker′s (1954) celebrated statement that “marketing is the
distinguishing, the unique function of business”, it is arguable
that these declarations of crisis are both premature and unduly
pessimistic. Adopts a broader, more historically informed approach to
modern marketing, arguing that “crises” in marketing are not
new, they are not insurmountable and that they are not necessarily
unhealthy. Quite the reverse. Offers an analysis of marketing′s current
crisis of representation; outlines ten key points concerning marketing′s
past, present and future; and concludes with a simple model of
marketing′s 40 year development cycle.
A convergence of Western marketing mix concepts and oriental
strategic thinking
Authors: Pheng Low Sui , Tan Martin C.S.
Published: July 2002

The mundane and expanded marketing mix concept has an important
role in Western marketing literature for both tangible products and
intangible services. The nine Ps – namely promotion, product,
price, place, process management, personnel, physical facilities, public
relations and power – are now the foundation for strategic
planning in many companies. While the marketing mix concept remains an
important framework for the Western world, its contribution towards the
latter′s declining economic prowess in recent years appears minimal. On
the other hand, the East Asian economic powerhouse has grown from
strength to strength. This can be attributed in no small way to certain
oriental traditions and philosophies – not the least of which is
Sun Tzu′s The Art of War. Although The Art of War is now
more than 2,000 years old, it remains the cornerstone for strategic
planning in the East. Attempts to integrate the Western marketing mix
concept with The Art of War from the East using examples drawn
from the construction industry in Singapore. The lessons to be learned
therefore should be useful for strategic planners in the Western
marketing community.
Letting horse sense loose on marketing
Authors: van Mesdag Martin
Published: July 2002

Issues a plea for the exercise and application of horse sense in
place of the increasingly sophisticated tools of modern marketers to
repair some of the damage done by suppliers who have been economizing on
their concern for their customers′ interests. Uses a wide variety of
examples (products, services, brands) to illustrate how all elements of
the marketing mix could benefit from a dose of equine sense and
sensibility.
Strategy formulation and divisional performance judgement in
companies
Authors: Sirpal R.
Published: July 2002

Examines strategic planning process in relation to a selection of
new projects in various divisions of multidivisional companies among
different industries in Singapore. Studies and analyses topics such as
types of yardstick used by management for selection of such projects,
acceptable level of profits and manner for setting profit goals for
various divisions, and the corresponding performance judgements on those
divisions by such companies. Results highlight the various strategic
decisions conducted at head office level as opposed to divisional level.
Results also indicate that satisfaction of corporate goals with no
inter‐divisional comparison is the most important criterion for
performance judgement of the various divisions in such companies. Also
highlights the prime methods employed by such companies for evaluating
future profitability.
Japanese international marketing strategy
Authors: Genestre Alain , Herbig Paul , Shao Alan T.
Published: July 2002

In the last 30 years, Japan has come from a second‐rate status to the world′s economic giant, leading the world in electronics, automobiles, steel, shipbuilding and virtually anything else to which she has set her mind. The Japanese aim was and still is to be world‐class suppliers of the major high volume items in the largest international markets. This focus on middle‐ to lower‐end volume markets made increased efficiency essential. The mentality ofjimae shugi– Japan should be virtually self‐sufficient in all important product areas – is as strong as ever. How did the Japanese become such superb marketers? What is their international marketing strategy? Examines the Japanese international marketing strategy from its evolution; and analyses its strengths and weaknesses in allowing Western corporations to be able to compete more effectively against it.
Classifying shoppers by their shopping‐trip behaviour: a polythetic‐divisive method
Authors: Uncles Mark D.
Published: July 2002

The movement of shoppers through a city can look chaotic when studied at the individual level. However, statistical analysis shows that aggregate patterns exist for major grocery shopping trips, patterns of movement largely depend on access to a car and how much is bought; for minor shopping trips, location/ convenience tends to be the main consideration. Employs a statistical method ‐ polythetic division of consumer panel data ‐ which is highly flexible and able to handle large amounts of mixed data.
Is the quality of health care changing?: GPs’ views
Authors: Hogarth‐Scott Sandra , Wright Gillian
Published: July 2002

Examines the debate on quality in health care in light of GP fundholding and the Patients’ Charter. Focuses on the development of quality issues in General Practice by carrying out research based on two stages: first, an exploratory stage aimed at the understanding of key issues; and second, a questionnaire made up primarily of attitude elements drawn from stage one. Concludes that, in the changing political and public environment, GPs are facing the challenges of managing service quality.
Environmental decision making: research issues in the cosmetics and toiletries industry
Authors: Prothero Andrea
Published: July 2002

Examines the array of areas within society that are having an impact and are likely to be affected by transition to a new, green world. Focuses on a research project currently under way in the cosmetics and toiletries industry, examining the impact of environmentalism on this industry; discusses specifically the role of marketing. Considers reasons for adopting a case‐based research methodology and explores the research questions adopted in the study. Discusses one of the case companies, placing emphasis on the research issues raised in the study.
ATM user attitudes: a neural network analysis
Authors: Davies Fiona , Moutinho Luiz , Curry Bruce
Published: July 2002

Shows how neural networks can bring together psychometric and econometric approaches to the measurement of attitudes and perceptions. Uses a neural network to analyse data collected from a sample of ATM users on their perceptions of ATM service. Uses the weights of connections from input nodes to hidden nodes to label the hidden nodes to represent particular respondent attitudes. Uses the network to analyse the impact of explanatory (input layer) variables on the hidden layer attributes, and through these on the endogenous (output layer) variables ‐ satisfaction with ATMs, likelihood of recommendation to others, extent and frequency of use. Defines four user types, characterized as “disaffected youth”, “technophobes”, the “pro‐technology” segment, and the “cost conscious” segment. Gives some ideas on how banks could address the needs of each segment.
Educational supply chain: a tool for strategic planning in tertiary education?
Authors: O’Brien Elaine M. , Deans Kenneth R.
Published: July 2002

Examines the concept of adapting industry models to higher education, with specific reference to the idea of an educational supply chain, in which employers, students, university staff, schools and colleges work in collaboration to ensure that the needs of all are satisfied. The empirical research was undertaken as part of the University of Strathclyde’s Department of Marketing’s review of the undergraduate programme. It involved both students and employers in the decision‐making process and gauged the reaction of both sectors to the idea of becoming more integrated into the university planning structure. Results show that both student and employer markets welcome the idea of further integration and collaboration and that there are some valuable lessons to be learned from industry in the arena of strategic planning.
Using computer programs to code qualitative data
Authors: Catterall Miriam
Published: July 2002

Notes that, over the past decade, a number of computer programs have been designed to assist researchers in the analysis of qualitative data. Acknowledges that all programs will help to take some of the tedium out of the clerical tasks associated with qualitative data analysis and some programs can assist researchers in developing emerging concepts and theory. Explains briefly how programs can be employed in the coding process and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of using them. Where relevant, also draws on the small but growing literature in this field.
Serving the Euro‐consumer: a marketing challenge or a case for intervention?
Authors: Schmidt Ruth A.
Published: July 2002

Pan‐European integration through the mechanism of the Single European Market poses a unique challenge to marketing‐led business organizations, as the needs and requirements of the putative Euro‐consumer can be difficult to identify and categorize. Despite difficulties in the standardization of data capture methods, much headway has been made in the development of European‐wide socio‐demographic and psychographic consumer typologies and resultant decision‐support systems, which transcend purely national boundaries and look at alternative bases for segmentation. However, despite these efforts, the real barriers still lie in the lack of enforceable consumer protection measures. A greater degree of standardization and communication in this area is a sine qua non if the emergence of a true Euro‐consumer is to become reality.
Brand development versus new product development: towards a process model of extension decisions
Authors: Ambler Tim , Styles Chris
Published: July 2002

Considers the managerial processes that lead to the launch of successful line and brand extensions. Seeks to clarify the role, if any, that brand equity considerations have in the extension decision process. A case study approach is used. Data relating to 11 extension launches was collected from major fast‐moving customer goods (FMCG) manufacturers in Europe, the USA, and Australia by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG). The output of the analysis is a set of propositions about the extension process, summarized in the form of a process model. The overall conclusion is that extension decisions are more about brand development than new product development.
Dual branding: how corporate names add value
Authors: Saunders John , Guoqun Fu
Published: July 2002

The deference towards brands that motivated yesterday’s consumers to purchase is no longer so evident in today’s shopping environment. As consumers become more sophisticated in their assessment of brands and more demanding in their requirements, brand management will need to develop more substantive market models to regain the initiative. Outlines an empirical model of brand loyalty that provides diagnostic data to support the management of brand loyal behaviour and customer equity in grocery markets.
The death of brand deference: can brand management stop the rot?
Authors: Knox Simon
Published: July 2002

Describes how brand management is becoming a team‐based activity, undertaken by senior managers from different backgrounds. While this results in a more experienced team, there is a likelihood that perceptions about the nature of the brand may differ between individuals due to large quantities of information presented and perceptual processes. New brand taxonomies, in particular those from DMB&B and Young & Rubicam, help managers quickly appreciate the nature of their brand and thus the most appropriate strategies. These taxonomies can be a useful mechanism for surfacing diversity among the brand’s team, and helping achieve a more coherent implementation of brand strategy. Presents a process to identify and resolve any diversity among the brand’s team.
Integrated brand building using brand taxonomies
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: July 2002

Brand managers face many challenges (including questions of brand strength, world class culture, “glocal” branding, seeded marketing channels, “service smart” integration, brand architecture and brand organizing). A framework is presented for thinking about the challenges and how to deal with them. This process, called “brand chartering”, has three principal elements: creating and communicating the brand, managing the brand organization, and directing and structuring the brand. We illustrate how this framework is of help in management practice and show how it can be used as a tool for organizational learning.
Conceptualizing the global marketplace: marketing strategy implications
Authors: Hu Michael Y.
Published: July 2002

The debate over the standardization and/or localization of marketing strategy has proceeded without a sound theoretical underpinning. Attempts to generate such an underpinning through the development of a conceptualization of the globalization of world markets. Further, and more importantly, presents a three‐step process to assist marketing managers in assessing the appropriateness of strategy implementation. Utilizes the electronics industry as an illustration of the appropriateness of the model. Provides a much‐needed conceptualization of the globalization process and an enumeration of the necessary economic conditions for marketing strategy determination.
The “glasshouse effect”: women in marketing management
Authors: Maclaran Pauline , Stevens Lorna , Catterall Miriam
Published: July 2002

Explores the “glasshouse effect” that women marketing managers may experience as they carry out their marketing roles. Addresses, specifically, the invisible organizational environments which constrict and stifle values which are traditionally perceived as “feminine” in the workplace. Research with women in marketing management indicates that these barriers are not only vertical, as implied by the phrase “the glass ceiling”, but also horizontal, and are consequently more appropriately encapsulated in the image of a “glasshouse”, a colloquial term for a prison.
Explaining international performance: marketing mix, planning, and their interaction
Authors: Shoham Aviv , Kropp Fredric
Published: July 2002

The extent of globalization of many world markets has made international marketing a crucial determinant of firms’ performance. Most prior research used few measures of performance and explanatory strategy variables and, in some cases, did not discuss their reliability and validity. The research reported here includes a more comprehensive set of performance variables and investigates the reliability and validity of these measures of performance, as well as explanatory variables’ measures. Research hypotheses about export performance as an outcome of international firm strategies covering channels of distribution, product, promotion, pricing, and planning are tested by data from a mail survey and from in‐depth interviews. The findings are used to suggest managerial implications in the context of international marketing strategy.
Marketing activities and business performance: evidence from foreign and domestic manufacturing firms in a liberalized developing economy
Authors: Appiah‐Adu Kwaku
Published: July 2002

Research findings on emerging markets over the last decade indicate that economic reform policies in many developing countries have not only changed the environments of these economies, but also influenced the attitudes of firms towards the marketing concept. This study determines the degree to which marketing activities are practised in foreign and domestic firms in an emerging developing economy and the effects of such practices on business performance. The research instrument comprises five marketing activity components and six performance dimensions. Data were generated from a sample of 200 firms through a self‐administered mail survey. Results of the study reveal that foreign firms perform more marketing activities and perceive all marketing components as important determinants of performance in comparison with their domestic counterparts. To conclude, managerial implications of the findings as well as study limitations and future research directions are discussed.
In pursuit of youth: what’s wrong with the older market?
Authors: Carrigan Marylyn , Szmigin Isabelle
Published: July 2002

The media today remain focused on capturing the “youth market”, despite the population changes which suggest that older rather than younger consumers are becoming demographically and economically more attractive. Advertisers in particular are guilty of portraying older consumers in stereotypical ways, or else ignore them, resulting in offence and alienation within the 50‐plus market. This paper examines the reasons why the over‐50s are such an important market; discusses why advertisers and marketers are so reluctant to target older consumers and concludes by recommending how advertisers and marketers might better serve this market, for both economic and ethical reasons.