bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of Pigment Yellow 181 dimethylsulfoxideN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (1:1:1) solvate from XRPD + DFT-D
Authors: van de Streek Jacco
Published: February 2015

With only a 2.6 Å resolution laboratory powder diffraction pattern of the θ phase of Pigment Yellow 181 (P.Y. 181) available, crystal-structure solution and Rietveld refinement proved challenging; especially when the crystal structure was shown to be a triclinic dimethylsulfoxideN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (1:1:1) solvate. The crystal structure, which in principle has 28 possible degrees of freedom, was determined in three stages by a combination of simulated annealing, partial Rietveld refinement with dummy atoms replacing the solvent molecules and further simulated annealing. The θ phase not being of commercial interest, additional experiments were not economically feasible and additional dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) calculations were employed to confirm the correctness of the crystal structure. After the correctness of the structure had been ascertained, the bond lengths and valence angles from the DFT-D minimized crystal structure were fed back into the Rietveld refinement as geometrical restraints (`polymorph-dependent restraints') to further improve the details of the crystal structure; the positions of the H atoms were also taken from the DFT-D calculations. The final crystal structure is a layered structure with an elaborate network of hydrogen bonds.
A sting in the spit: widespread cross‐infection of multipleRNAviruses across wild and managed bees
Authors: McMahon Dino P. , Fürst Matthias A. , Caspar Jesicca , Theodorou Panagiotis , Brown Mark J. F. , Paxton Robert J.
Published: February 2015

Declining populations of bee pollinators are a cause of concern, with major repercussions for biodiversity loss and food security.RNAviruses associated with honeybees represent a potential threat to other insect pollinators, but the extent of this threat is poorly understood.

This study aims to attain a detailed understanding of the current and ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease (EID) transmission between managed and wild pollinator species across a wide range ofRNAviruses.

Within a structured large‐scale national survey across 26 independent sites, we quantify the prevalence and pathogen loads of multipleRNAviruses in co‐occurring managed honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wild bumblebee (Bombusspp.) populations. We then construct models that compare virus prevalence between wild and managed pollinators.

MultipleRNAviruses associated with honeybees are widespread in sympatric wild bumblebee populations. Virus prevalence in honeybees is a significant predictor of virus prevalence in bumblebees, but we remain cautious in speculating over the principle direction of pathogen transmission. We demonstrate species‐specific differences in prevalence, indicating significant variation in disease susceptibility or tolerance. Pathogen loads within individual bumblebees may be high and in the case of at least oneRNAvirus, prevalence is higher in wild bumblebees than in managed honeybee populations.

Our findings indicate widespread transmission ofRNAviruses between managed and wild bee pollinators, pointing to an interconnected network of potential disease pressures within and among pollinator species. In the context of the biodiversity crisis, our study emphasizes the importance of targeting a wide range of pathogens and defining host associations when considering potential drivers of population decline.
Ocean sunfish rewarm at the surface after deep excursions to forage for siphonophores
Authors: Nakamura Itsumi , Goto Yusuke , Sato Katsufumi
Published: February 2015

Ocean sunfish (Mola mola) were believed to be inactive jellyfish feeders because they are often observed lying motionless at the sea surface. Recent tracking studies revealed that they are actually deep divers, but there has been no evidence of foraging in deep water. Furthermore, the surfacing behaviour of ocean sunfish was thought to be related to behavioural thermoregulation, but there was no record of sunfish body temperature.

Evidence of ocean sunfish feeding in deep water was obtained using a combination of an animal‐borne accelerometer and camera with a light source. Siphonophores were the most abundant prey items captured by ocean sunfish and were typically located at a depth of 50–200 m where the water temperature was <12 °C. Ocean sunfish were diurnally active, made frequently deep excursions and foraged mainly at 100–200 m depths during the day.

Ocean sunfish body temperatures were measured under natural conditions. The body temperatures decreased during deep excursions and recovered during subsequent surfacing periods. Heat‐budget models indicated that the whole‐body heat‐transfer coefficient between sunfish and the surrounding water during warming was 3–7 times greater than that during cooling. These results suggest that the main function of surfacing is the recovery of body temperature, and the fish might be able to increase heat gain from the warm surface water by physiological regulation.

The thermal environment of ocean sunfish foraging depths was lower than their thermal preference (c. 16–17 °C). The behavioural and physiological thermoregulation enables the fish to increase foraging time in deep, cold water.

Feeding rate during deep excursions was not related to duration or depth of the deep excursions. Cycles of deep foraging and surface warming were explained by a foraging strategy, to maximize foraging time with maintaining body temperature by vertical temperature environment.
Determinants of individual foraging specialization in large marine vertebrates, the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals
Authors: Kernaléguen Laëtitia , Arnould John P. Y. , Guinet Christophe , Cherel Yves
Published: February 2015

The degree of individual specialization in resource use differs widely among wild populations where individuals range from fully generalized to highly specialized. This interindividual variation has profound implications in many ecological and evolutionary processes. A recent review proposed four main ecological causes of individual specialization: interspecific and intraspecific competition, ecological opportunity and predation.

Using the isotopic signature of subsampled whiskers, we investigated to what degree three of these factors (interspecific and intraspecific competition and ecological opportunity) affect the population niche width and the level of individual foraging specialization in two fur seal species, the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella and Arctocephalus tropicalis), over several years.

Population niche width was greater when the two seal species bred in allopatry (low interspecific competition) than in sympatry or when seals bred in high‐density stabilized colonies (high intraspecific competition). In agreement with the niche variation hypothesis (NVH), higher population niche width was associated with higher interindividual niche variation. However, in contrast to the NVH, all Antarctic females increased their niche width during the interbreeding period when they had potential access to a wider diversity of foraging grounds and associated prey (high ecological opportunities), suggesting they all dispersed to a similar productive area.

The degree of individual specialization varied among populations and within the annual cycle. Highest levels of interindividual variation were found in a context of lower interspecific or higher intraspecific competition. Contrasted results were found concerning the effect of ecological opportunity. Depending on seal species, females exhibited either a greater or lower degree of individual specialization during the interbreeding period, reflecting species‐specific biological constraints during that period.

These results suggest a significant impact of ecological interactions on the population niche width and degree of individual specialization. Such variation at the individual level may be an important factor in the species plasticity with significant consequences on how it may respond to environmental variability.
The comparative efficacy of first‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal
Authors: Lechner William V. , Meier Ellen , Wiener Josh L. , Grant DeMond M. , Gilmore Jenna , Judah Matt R. , Mills Adam C. , Wagener Theodore L.
Published: February 2015

Background and Aims

Currently, electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are studied as though they are a homogeneous category. However, there are several noteworthy differences in the products that fall under this name, including potential differences in the efficacy of these products as smoking cessation aids. The current study examined the comparative efficacy of first‐ and second‐generation e‐cigarettes in reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a sample of current smokers with little or no experience of using e‐cigarettes.

Design

Twenty‐two mildly to moderately nicotine‐dependent individuals were randomized to a cross‐over design in which they used first‐ and second‐generation e‐cigarettes on separate days with assessment of withdrawal symptoms directly prior to and after product use.

Setting and participants

A community‐based sample recruited in the Midwest region of the United States reported a mean age of 28.6 [standard deviation (SD) = 12.9]. The majority were male (56.5%), Caucasian (91.3%), reported smoking an average of 15.2 (SD = 9.6) tobacco cigarettes per day, and a mean baseline carbon monoxide (CO) level of 18.7 parts per million (p.p.m.).

Measurements

Symptoms of withdrawal from nicotine were measured via the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale.

Findings

Analysis of changes in withdrawal symptoms revealed a significant time × product interaction F(1, 21) = 5.057, P = 0.036, n2P = 0.202. Participants experienced a larger reduction in symptoms of nicotine withdrawal after using second‐generation compared with first‐generation e‐cigarettes.

Conclusions

Second‐generation e‐cigarettes seem to be more effective in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than do first‐generation e‐cigarettes.
Addiction and suicide: A review
Authors: Yuodelis‐Flores Christine , Ries Richard K.
Published: February 2015

Background

Addiction specialists frequently find themselves faced with suicidal behavior in their addictions patients. Although many addiction treatment programs will not accept clients with recent suicidal behavior, up to 40% of patients seeking treatment for substance dependence report a history of suicide attempt(s).1–3 Risk factors for suicide have been studied in the general population and among people with mental illness, less is known about risk factors in those with substance use disorders and co‐occurring disorders.

Methods

Studies, psychological autopsies and recent reviews on risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in patients with alcohol and drug use disorders and the relationship with co‐occurring mental illness were examined.

Results and Conclusions

Suicidal behavior is a significant problem for people with co‐occurring disorders seeking addiction treatment. Several predisposing and precipitating risk factors such as marital and interpersonal relationship disruption, occupational and financial stressors, recent heavy substance use and intoxication as well as a history of previous suicide attempts and sexual abuse combine in an additive fashion with personality traits and mental illnesses to intensify risk for suicidal behavior in addiction patients. Major depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder are especially associated with suicidal behavior in people with addictive disorders.

Discussion and Scientific Significance

Treatment implications of these findings are discussed. Addiction treatment providers should routinely gather information about client's suicidal histories, thoughts, and plans in order to assess risk and develop treatment plans for suicidality at various points in treatment. (Am J Addict 2015;24:98–104)
Cerclage for short cervix in twin pregnancies: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials using individual patient‐level data
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Rust Orion , Althuisius Sietske , Roman Amanda , Berghella Vincenzo
Published: February 2015

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of cerclage for preventing preterm birth in twin pregnancies with a short cervical length.

Design

We performed an individual patient data meta‐analysis. Searches were performed in electronic databases.

Setting

Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Population

Twin pregnancies in mothers with short cervical length.

Methods

We performed an individual patient data meta‐analysis of randomized trials of twin pregnancies screened by transvaginal ultrasound in second trimester and where mothers had a short cervical length <25 mm before 24 weeks. Eligible women had to be randomized to cerclage vs. no‐cerclage (control).

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was preterm birth <34 weeks.

Results

Three trials with 49 twin gestations with a short cervical length were identified. All original databases for each included trial were obtained from the primary authors. Risk factors were similar in the cerclage and control groups, except that previous preterm birth was more frequent and gestational age at randomization and delivery were earlier in the cerclage group compared with the control group. Adjusting for previous preterm birth and gestational age at randomization, there were no statistically significant differences in primary (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.23–3.79) and secondary outcomes. Rates of very low birthweight and of respiratory distress syndrome were significantly higher in the cerclage group than in the control group.

Conclusion

Based on these Level 1 data, cerclage cannot currently be recommended for clinical use in twin pregnancies with a maternal short cervical length in the second trimester. Large trials are still necessary.
Role of human papillomavirus testing and cytology in follow‐up after conization
Authors: Gosvig Camilla F. , Huusom Lene D. , Deltour Isabelle , Andersen Klaus K. , Duun‐Henriksen Anne Katrine , Madsen Ellen Merete , Petersen Lone K. , Elving Lisbeth , Schouenbourg Lars , Iftner Angelika , Svare Edith , Iftner Thomas , Kjaer Susanne K.
Published: February 2015

Objective

Adequate follow‐up of women who have undergone conization for high‐grade cervical lesions is crucial in cervical cancer screening programs. We evaluated the performance of testing for high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, cytology alone, and combined testing in predicting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) after conization.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Denmark.

Population

667 women attending for conization.

Methods

Cervical specimens were collected during 2002–2006 at first visit after conization for cytological examination and Hybrid Capture 2 detection of high‐risk HPV. The women were passively followed until 2 years after first follow‐up visit by linkage to the nationwide Pathology Data Bank.

Results

At first visit after conization (median time, 3.4 months), 20.4% were HPV‐positive and 17.2% had atypical squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe cytology (ASCUS+). The 2‐year incidence of CIN2+ after conization was 3.6%. Sensitivity for detection of CIN2+ after conization was 81.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 58.1–94.6] for positive cytology (ASCUS+ threshold) and 95.2% (95% CI 76.2–99.9) for HPV testing and for combined testing. Specificity of ASCUS+ cytology (85.2%; 95% CI 82.0–88.0) was higher than that of HPV testing (82.4%; 95% CI 79.0–85.4) and markedly higher than that of combined testing (73.2%; 95% CI 69.3–76.8). The margin status had no significant added value.

Conclusions

Testing for high‐risk HPV three to four months after conization is more sensitive than ASCUS+ cytology for identifying women at risk for relapse of CIN2+ within 2 years. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether HPV testing could be a stand‐alone test in follow up after conization.
Not just little adults: a review of 102 paediatric ethics consultations
Authors: Thomas Stefanie M. , Ford Paul J. , Weise Kathryn L. , Worley Sarah , Kodish Eric
Published: February 2015

Aim

The American Academy of Pediatrics statement on institutional ethics committees highlights the importance of paediatric ethics consultation. However, little has been published on actual experience with ethics consultation in paediatrics. The objective of this study was to review and describe topics covered by a large retrospective sample of clinical ethics consultations in paediatric medicine.

Methods

We reviewed ethics consultations involving patients of <18 years of age from January 2005 to July 2013 at one institution. Descriptive statistics of the patient population, the reason for the ethics consultation and the consultant's perceived contribution to the case were generated. Subgroups of patients were compared based on demographic and clinical characteristics using Wilcoxon's rank sum tests, chi‐square tests and logistic regression models.

Results

Most of the 102 eligible consultations originated from intensive care units and were requested by attending physicians. The most frequent topic leading to consultation was end‐of‐life issues. Both younger age and male sex were associated with consults for end‐of‐life issues (p < 0.001 and p = 0.010).

Conclusion

This analysis provides important information describing the type of consults requested in paediatric medicine, which is necessary given the movement towards professionalising clinical ethics consultation. Further empirical research is needed on ethics consultation in paediatrics.
A quantitative approach to determine and evaluate the indicated level and nature of global ecological sustainability
Authors: Phillips Jason
Published: February 2015

The question of global sustainability is concerned with the nature of the environment–human relationship. However, evaluations of global sustainability have been based predominantly on subjective or professional judgement. In this paper, a mathematical model is applied to the data of the 2004 Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) conducted by SOPAC to obtain indicative weighted levels of ecological sustainability (SEc) at the global level. The paper uses and evaluates the results obtained within the context of four influencing factors: population size, population density, GDP and Human Development Index (HDI). The paper also determines whether there is a statistical relationship between SEc‐levels and each of the influencing factors. The results highlight a significant quantitative and statistical relationship between population density and obtained levels of SEc, as well as a relationship between GDP and SEc. Furthermore, while HDI and SEc produced a non‐statistical curvilinear relationship, it is suggested that this may be indicative of a ‘tipping point’ scenario as countries develop socio‐economically to the detriment of the environment and consequently sustainability. Based on the mean average of obtained weighted values of global SEc, the indicated global SEc‐value is in the range of 0.261–0.299 with an error of ±0.060–0.094, indicating weak sustainability, depending on the inclusion of the most significant or all of the influencing factors evaluated.
Ascorbic Acid may Exacerbate Aspirin‐Induced Increase in Intestinal Permeability
Authors: Sequeira Ivana R. , Kruger Marlena C. , Hurst Roger D. , Lentle Roger G.
Published: February 2015

Ascorbic acid in combination with aspirin has been used to prevent aspirin‐induced oxidative GI damage. We aimed to determine whether ascorbic acid reduces or prevents aspirin‐induced changes in intestinal permeability over a 6‐hr period using saccharidic probes mannitol and lactulose. The effects of administration of 600 mg aspirin alone, 500 mg ascorbic acid alone and simultaneous dosage of both agents were compared in a cross‐over study in 28 healthy female volunteers. These effects were also compared with that of a placebo. The ability of ascorbic acid to mitigate the effects of aspirin when administered either half an hour before or after dosage with aspirin was also assessed in 19 healthy female volunteers. The excretion of lactulose over the 6‐hr period was augmented after consumption of either aspirin or ascorbic acid compared with that after consumption of placebo. Dosage with ascorbic acid alone augmented the excretion of lactulose more than did aspirin alone. Simultaneous dosage with both agents augmented the excretion of lactulose in an additive manner. The timing of dosage with ascorbic acid in relation to that with aspirin had no significant effect on the excretion of the two sugars. These findings indicate that ascorbic acid does not prevent aspirin‐induced increase in gut permeability rather that both agents augment it to a similar extent. The additive effect on simultaneous dosage with both agents in augmenting the absorption of lactulose suggests that each influences paracellular permeability by different pathways.
Maintenance lenalidomide in combination with 5‐azacitidine as post‐remission therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Wei Andrew , Tan Peter , Perruzza Sarah , Govindaraj Chindu , Fleming Shaun , McManus Julie , Avery Sharon , Patil Sushrut , Stevenson William , Plebanski Magdalena , Spencer Andrew
Published: February 2015

In this Phase 1b study, the safety and tolerability of maintenance therapy, comprising lenalidomide (0–25 mg, days 5–25) in combination with azacitidine (50–75 mg/m2, days 1–5) every 28 d, was explored in 40 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in complete remission after chemotherapy. Eligibility included AML in first complete remission (CR1) with adverse risk karyotype (n = 8), fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3‐internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD) (n = 5), age ≥60 years (n = 31) or AML in second remission (CR2) (n = 14). Dose‐limiting toxicity was not reached. Common toxicities were haematological, infection, injection pain, constipation, fatigue and diarrhoea. In CR1, median relapse‐free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was 12 and 20 months, respectively. In CR2, median RFS was 11 months, with median OS not yet reached. Among 29 patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk, RFS was 50% at 24 months. There were five patients with concomitant FLT3‐ITD and nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutation; none have relapsed and all are still alive after 17–39 months. Maintenance lenalidomide/azacitidine augmented the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, particularly in patients with NPM1 mutation. The lenalidomide/azacitidine maintenance combination was effective in suppressing residual DNA (cytosine‐5‐)‐methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A)‐positive disease, resulting in sustained remission in patients with concurrent NPM1 mutation. Azacitidine/lenalidomide as maintenance therapy for high‐risk AML warrants further exploration.
Immunophenotypic features by multiparameter flow cytometry can help distinguish low grade B‐cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation from plasma cell proliferative disorders with an unrelated clonal B‐cell process
Authors: Rosado Flavia G. , Morice William G. , He Rong , Howard Matthew T. , Timm Michael , McPhail Ellen D.
Published: February 2015

Highly sensitive flow cytometry studies may incidentally identify B cell clones when used to assess plasma cell clonality in bone marrows. Clinical history, which can help differentiate related clones (low grade B cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation/LBCL‐PD) from unrelated ones (plasma cell proliferative disorder (PCPD) with an unrelated B cell clone), is often unavailable in referred specimens. We sought to identify morphologic or phenotypic features that would help predict the significance of these clones in the absence of history. We included only cases with identical light chain B and plasma cell clones, as determined by 6‐color flow cytometry with additional DNA ploidy analysis, in which the relationship between clones could be established by review of medical records. There were 26 cases; 18 were related (14 were Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia) and eight were unrelated (seven multiple myeloma). Features seen exclusively in LBCL‐PD include CD19+/CD45+ clonal plasma cell phenotype (66·7%, P = 0·0022) and morphologic features such as paratrabecular bone marrow involvement, increased mast cells, and plasma cells surrounding B‐cell nodules. Aneuploidy was identified exclusively in PCPD cases (75%, P = 0·000028). We conclude that CD19+/CD45+ clonal plasma cell phenotype and aneuploidy are useful in distinguishing related clones (LBCL‐PD) from unrelated clones (PCPD).
Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Quinolone Imidazoles and Interactions with MRSA DNA
Authors: Zhang Ling , Kumar Kannekanti Vijaya , Rasheed Syed , Geng Rong‐Xia , Zhou Cheng‐He
Published: February 2015

A novel series of quinolone imidazoles as new type of antimicrobial agents were synthesized. Most compounds exhibited good bioactivities especially against MRSA even superior to reference drugs. They induced bacterial resistance more slowly than clinical drugs and gave low cytotoxicity to human cells. The pKa values of these compounds showed appropriate ranges to pharmacokinetic behaviors. The interactions between compound 8b, Cu2+ ion, and MRSA DNA revealed that compound 8b could intercalate into DNA through copper ion bridge to form a steady 8b–Cu2+–DNA ternary complex which might further block DNA replication to exert the powerful bioactivities. Study of compound 8b with human serum albumin indicated that compound 8b could be effectively stored and carried by human serum albumin.
Angry Responses to Infant Challenges: Parent, Marital, and Child Genetic Factors Associated With Harsh Parenting
Authors: Hajal Nastassia , Neiderhiser Jenae , Moore Ginger , Leve Leslie , Shaw Daniel , Harold Gordon , Scaramella Laura , Ganiban Jody , Reiss David
Published: February 2015

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on harsh parenting of adopted 9‐month‐olds (N = 503), with an emphasis on positive child‐, parent‐, and family‐level characteristics. Evocative gene–environment correlation (rGE) was examined by testing the effect of both positive and negative indices of birth parent temperament on adoptive parents’ harsh parenting. Adoptive fathers’ harsh parenting was inversely related to birth mother positive temperament, indicating evocative rGE, as well as to marital quality. Adoptive parents’ negative temperamental characteristics were related to hostile parenting for both fathers and mothers. Findings support the importance of enhancing positive family characteristics in addition to mitigating negative characteristics, as well as engaging multiple levels of the family system to prevent harsh parenting.
Treatment of acromegaly in the era of personalized and predictive medicine
Authors: Puig Domingo Manuel
Published: February 2015

Acromegaly is a chronic disorder usually diagnosed late in the disease evolution. Such delayed diagnosis, together with the inability to achieve the treatment goals of normalizing biochemical disease markers and controlling tumour mass may result in substantial morbidity and mortality. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are accepted as first‐line medical therapy or as second‐line therapy in patients undergoing unsuccessful surgery and are considered a cornerstone in the treatment of acromegaly. However, because a high percentage of patients experience SSA medical treatment failure, the identification of biomarkers associated with a successful or unsuccessful response to all classes of medical therapy would help in the choice of treatment and potentially allow for a quicker normalization of biochemical parameters. The current treatment algorithms for acromegaly are based upon a “trial‐and‐error” approach with additional treatment options provided when disease is not controlled. In many other diseases, therapeutic algorithms have been evolving towards personalized treatment with the medication that best matches individual disease characteristics, using biomarkers that identify therapeutic response. Additionally, a personalized approach to complementary treatment of comorbidities present in the acromegalic patient is also required. This review will discuss the development of a potential treatment algorithm for acromegaly addressing the biochemical control of the disease as well of its associated comorbidities, under a personalized approach based upon markers of prognostic and predictive significance, such as tumour size, MRI adenoma signal, GH value after acute octreotide test, granular adenoma pattern, Ki‐67, somatostatin receptor phenotype, aryl hydrocarbon‐interacting protein expression, gsp mutations, RAF kinase activity, E‐cadherin and beta‐arrestin‐1.
Nasal Foreign Bodies: A Sweet Experiment
Authors: Leopard D.C. , Williams R.G.
Published: February 2015

Introduction

It is generally accepted that paediatric intranasal foreign bodies should be removed in the emergency setting. In the case of a difficult to access dissolvable foreign body in an uncooperative child, the question must be raised regarding whether or not a watch and wait strategy is more appropriate. We ask: How long does it take for popular sweets (candy) to dissolve in the human nose?

Methods

Five popular UK sweets were placed in the right nasal cavity of a 29‐year‐old male (the author) with no sino‐nasal disease. Time taken to dissolve was recorded.

Results

All five sweets were completely dissolved in under one hour.

Discussion

A watch and wait strategy in favour of examination under anaesthetic may be a viable option in some cases. Limitations of the study include the age of the participant and size of the sweets. It is also important in practice that the clinician is able to elicit an accurate history regarding the exact nature of the foreign body.

Conclusion

It remains prudent to perform an examination under anaesthetic of an uncooperative child with a solid or unknown nasal foreign body. However, if the clinician can be certain the foreign body is a small sugar or chocolate based sweet only, a watch and wait strategy may be a reasonable choice.
Public‐Service Provision in Clientelist Political Settlements: Lessons from Ghana's Urban Water Sector
Authors: Hirvi Marja , Whitfield Lindsay
Published: February 2015

The politics of public‐service delivery continues to be neglected under the supposedly more context‐sensitive post‐Washington Consensus. Using interviews and documentary evidence from Ghana, this article provides an account of the networks of political interference and informal practices in Ghana's public water utility. It argues that, in order to understand why private‐sector participation succeeds or fails and why similar arrangements have different outcomes across developing countries, we need to examine the effects of the informal institutional context, particularly the country‐specific political settlement in which public‐service provision operates.
The Limits of Artificial Stimuli in Behavioral Research: The Umwelt Gamble
Authors: Lahti David C.
Published: February 2015

The use of artificial stimuli in behavioral experimentation is pervasive and well precedented. A perspective by Hauber et al. (2014) Ethology describes advantages of this approach and highlights the use of model bird eggs and artificial egg coloration in research on egg rejection in the context of brood parasitism. Here, as a companion piece focused on quality control, I outline limitations and pitfalls associated with the use of artificial stimuli. In general, the practice makes assumptions about the perception and cognition of the study organism, therefore involving what could be called an umwelt gamble. The magnitude of this gamble and the prospects for interpretable results depend on the experimental design, the particular stimulus, and its intended role. Common roles are (1) as a representative stimulus to be generalized to a broader class; (2) as a substitute for a natural stimulus; (3) as a modification or exaggeration of natural stimuli; or (4) as an entirely novel stimulus. Whether the gamble is successful—whether the methodology navigates peculiarities of the study organism in the way the researchers intend—can be tested with controls that function as artifact detection tests. Given the propensity of animals to be biased, sometimes in unforeseen ways, in the way they perceive and interpret their environments, researchers should be careful when considering the use of artificial stimuli, weighing the advantages against the risks in any particular case.
Selectivity of substrate binding and ionization of 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid oxygenase
Authors: Luanloet Thikumporn , Sucharitakul Jeerus , Chaiyen Pimchai
Published: February 2015

2‐Methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid (MHPC) oxygenase (EC 1.14.12.4) from Pseudomonas sp. MA‐1 is a flavin‐dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes a hydroxylation and aromatic ring cleavage reaction. The functional roles of two residues, Tyr223 and Tyr82, located ~ 5 Å away from MHPC, were characterized using site‐directed mutagenesis, along with ligand binding, product analysis and transient kinetic experiments. Mutation of Tyr223 resulted in enzyme variants that were impaired in their hydroxylation activity and had Kd values for substrate binding 5–10‐fold greater than the wild‐type enzyme. Because this residue is adjacent to the water molecule that is located next to the 3‐hydroxy group of MHPC, the results indicate that the interaction between Tyr223, H2O and the 3‐hydroxyl group of MHPC are important for substrate binding and hydroxylation. By contrast, the Kd for substrate binding of Tyr82His and Tyr82Phe variants were similar to that of the wild‐type enzyme. However, only ~ 40–50% of the substrate was hydroxylated in the reactions of both variants, whereas most of the substrate was hydroxylated in the wild‐type enzyme reaction. In free solution, MHPC or 5‐hydroxynicotinic acid exists in a mixture of monoanionic and tripolar ionic forms, whereas only the tripolar ionic form binds to the wild‐type enzyme. The binding of tripolar ionic MHPC would allow efficient hydroxylation through an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. For the Tyr82His and Tyr82Phe variants, both forms of substrates can bind to the enzymes, indicating that the mutation at Tyr82 abolished the selectivity of the enzyme towards the tripolar ionic form. Transient kinetic studies indicated that the hydroxylation rate constants of both Tyr82 variants are approximately two‐ to 2.5‐fold higher than that of the wild‐type enzyme. Altogether, our findings suggest that Tyr82 is important for the binding selectivity of MHPC oxygenase towards the tripolar ionic species, whereas the interaction between Tyr223 and the substrate is important for ensuring hydroxylation. These results highlight how the active site of a flavoenzyme is able to deal with the presence of multiple forms of a substrate in solution and ensure efficient hydroxylation.
Landscape fragmentation affects responses of avian communities to climate change
Authors: Jarzyna Marta A. , Porter William F. , Maurer Brian A. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Finley Andrew O.
Published: February 2015

Forecasting the consequences of climate change is contingent upon our understanding of the relationship between biodiversity patterns and climatic variability. While the impacts of climate change on individual species have been well‐documented, there is a paucity of studies on climate‐mediated changes in community dynamics. Our objectives were to investigate the relationship between temporal turnover in avian biodiversity and changes in climatic conditions and to assess the role of landscape fragmentation in affecting this relationship. We hypothesized that community turnover would be highest in regions experiencing the most pronounced changes in climate and that these patterns would be reduced in human‐dominated landscapes. To test this hypothesis, we quantified temporal turnover in avian communities over a 20‐year period using data from the New York State Breeding Atlases collected during 1980–1985 and 2000–2005. We applied Bayesian spatially varying intercept models to evaluate the relationship between temporal turnover and temporal trends in climatic conditions and landscape fragmentation. We found that models including interaction terms between climate change and landscape fragmentation were superior to models without the interaction terms, suggesting that the relationship between avian community turnover and changes in climatic conditions was affected by the level of landscape fragmentation. Specifically, we found weaker associations between temporal turnover and climatic change in regions with prevalent habitat fragmentation. We suggest that avian communities in fragmented landscapes are more robust to climate change than communities found in contiguous habitats because they are comprised of species with wider thermal niches and thus are less susceptible to shifts in climatic variability. We conclude that highly fragmented regions are likely to undergo less pronounced changes in composition and structure of faunal communities as a result of climate change, whereas those changes are likely to be greater in contiguous and unfragmented habitats.
Trait‐based analysis of decline in plant species ranges during the 20th century: a regional comparison between the UK and Estonia
Authors: Laanisto Lauri , Sammul Marek , Kull Tiiu , Macek Petr , Hutchings Michael J.
Published: February 2015

Although the distribution ranges and abundance of many plant species have declined dramatically in recent decades, detailed analysis of these changes and their cause have only become possible following the publication of second‐ and third‐generation national distribution atlases. Decline can now be compared both between species and in different parts of species' ranges. We extracted data from distribution atlases to compare range persistence of 736 plant species common to both the UK and Estonia between survey periods encompassing almost the same years (1969 and 1999 in the UK and 1970 and 2004 in Estonia). We determined which traits were most closely associated with variation in species persistence, whether these were the same in each country, and the extent to which they explained differences in persistence between the countries. Mean range size declined less in Estonia than in the UK (24.3% vs. 30.3%). One‐third of species in Estonia (239) maintained >90% of their distribution range compared with one‐fifth (141) in the UK. In Estonia, 99 species lost >50% of their range compared with 127 species in the UK. Persistence was very positively related to original range in both countries. Major differences in species persistence between the studied countries were primarily determined by biogeographic (affiliation to floristic element) and ecoevolutionary (plant strategy) factors. In contrast, within‐country persistence was most strongly determined by tolerance of anthropogenic activities. Decline of species in the families Orchidaceae and Potamogetonaceae was significantly greater in the UK than in Estonia. Almost all of the 736 common and native European plant species in our study are currently declining in their range due to pressure from anthropogenic activities. Those species with low tolerance of human activity, with biotic pollination vectors and in the families referred to above are the most vulnerable, especially where human population density is high.
Marine nano‐ and microphytoplankton diversity: redrawing global patterns from sampling‐standardized data
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramos Tamara , Marañón Emilio , Cermeño Pedro
Published: February 2015

Aim

We analysed marine phytoplankton diversity data as a function of latitude, temperature, primary production and several environmental and biological variables to ascertain whether large‐scale variability in the diversity of marine nano‐ and microphytoplankton (including diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores) follows similar patterns to those observed for macroorganisms. For the first time we explored these relationships after correcting the observed patterns of species richness by sampling effort.

Location

The global ocean.

Methods

To standardize the estimates of species richness by sampling effort we used interpolation and extrapolation based on Hill numbers and shareholder quorum subsampling (SQS) methods. Then, we fitted linear and quadratic models to species richness data to explore their variability with latitude, inverse temperature and biomass. These relationships were compared with the patterns obtained from non‐standardized data. In addition, we used a stepwise multiple linear regression model to explain the variability of species richness as the combined effect of multiple drivers acting together.

Results

Marine phytoplankton diversity was weakly correlated with latitude, temperature or biomass. The hotspots of species richness at intermediate latitudes largely vanished after standardization for sampling effort. Neither latitude, temperature, primary production (as diagnostics of energy supply) nor any other variable or combination of variables, explained the patterns of phytoplankton species richness.

Main conclusions

None of the hypotheses tested explained a significant amount of the variability in species richness. The patterns observed for microorganisms in previous studies may have resulted at least partially from differences in sampling effort along productivity gradients and systematic undersampling of species. We conclude that large‐scale processes such as passive dispersal and recurrent habitat recolonization dominate the distribution of species. Sampling protocols and data analyses must be improved in order to obtain estimates of diversity that are comparable across ecosystems.
The global ocean is an ecosystem: simulating marine life and fisheries
Authors: Christensen Villy , Coll Marta , Buszowski Joe , Cheung William W. L. , Frölicher Thomas , Steenbeek Jeroen , Stock Charles A. , Watson Reg A. , Walters Carl J.
Published: February 2015

Aim

There has been considerable effort allocated to understanding the impact of climate change on our physical environment, but comparatively little to how life on Earth and ecosystem services will be affected. Therefore, we have developed a spatial–temporal food web model of the global ocean, spanning from primary producers through to top predators and fisheries. Through this, we aim to evaluate how alternative management actions may impact the supply of seafood for future generations.

Location

Global ocean.

Methods

We developed a modelling complex to initially predict the combined impact of environmental parameters and fisheries on global seafood production, and initially evaluated the model's performance through hindcasting. The modelling complex has a food web model as core, obtains environmental productivity from a biogeochemical model and assigns global fishing effort spatially. We tuned model parameters based on Markov chain random walk stock reduction analysis, fitting the model to historic catches. We evaluated the goodness‐of‐fit of the model to data for major functional groups, by spatial management units and globally.

Results

This model is the most detailed ever constructed of global fisheries, and it was able to replicate broad patterns of historic fisheries catches with best agreement for the total catches and good agreement for species groups, with more variation at the regional level.

Main conclusions

We have developed a modelling complex that can be used for evaluating the combined impact of fisheries and climate change on upper‐trophic level organisms in the global ocean, including invertebrates, fish and other large vertebrates. The model provides an important step that will allow global‐scale evaluation of how alternative fisheries management measures can be used for mitigation of climate change.
Mispricing of Risk in Sovereign Bond Markets with Asymmetric Information
Authors: Mihm Benedikt
Published: February 2015

The likelihood that a government will repay its sovereign debt depends both on the amount of debt it issues and on the government’s future ability to repay. Whilst the former is publicly observable, the government may have more information about the latter than investors. This paper shows that this asymmetric information problem impairs the market’s ability to differentiate economies according to their fiscal sustainability, and can lead to a disconnect between bond prices and default risk. The model can help rationalise the behaviour of Eurozone bond prices prior to the recent European sovereign debt crisis.
Impact of oral hygiene on oral health‐related quality of life of preschool children
Authors: Shaghaghian S , Bahmani M , Amin M
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To assess the impact of oral hygiene of preschool children and parental attitude on children's oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 396 children of Shiraz kindergartens were selected by a randomized cluster sampling. Children's oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris Index (DI‐S) and a self‐made questionnaire about oral hygiene habits. Children's OHRQoL was evaluated by the Farsi version of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (F‐ECOHIS). The effect of oral hygiene determinants on OHRQoL was measured using Pearson and Spearman correlation, independent‐sample t‐test and anova.

Results

Children's mean DI‐S and F‐ECOHIS scores were 1.19 (± 0.77) and 19.36 (±8.42), respectively. Only 75% of the children had their teeth brushed once a day or more, and in 28%, toothbrushing had started before 2 years of age. DI‐S values (P < 0.001) and frequency of toothbrushing (P < 0.001) had a statistically significant impact on OHRQoL of the children. Children's OHRQoL was also significantly associated with parents’ attitude towards the importance of brushing deciduous teeth (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Oral health status of preschool children in Shiraz was less than optimal and had a significant impact on their OHRQoL. Therefore, improvement of children's OHRQoL could be achieved by improving their home dental care. Strategies promoting parental attitude about the importance of children's toothbrushing may significantly influence children's oral hygiene and are highly recommended.
The issue of moral distress in community pharmacy practice: background and research agenda
Authors: Astbury Jayne L , Gallagher Cathal T , O’Neill Richard C
Published: February 2015

Objectives

Moral distress arises from situations in which the individual identifies the morally right action required, but feels unable to act accordingly due to organisational constraints within the work place. Research into this phenomenon has focused predominately on the experience of those in the nursing profession, due to its perceived moral grounding and its traditionally subordinate role. As the conceptual boundaries of moral distress have developed, so too has the research interest in the experiences of other professional groups. Here, we seek to determine if there is scope to study moral distress in pharmacists.

Methods

A review of the literature on moral distress in healthcare professions was undertaken.

Key findings

Pharmacists working in the UK operate within a highly-regulated occupational sphere, and are bound by strict legal frameworks and codes of professional conduct. This regulatory environment, when combined with the emerging recognition that pharmacy is a value-based profession with a strong ethical grounding, creates the potential for moral distress to occur due to the limitations placed on acting in congruence with ethical judgements. Studies concerning moral distress in nurses have identified significant negative consequences for both the practitioner and for the quality of patient care.

Conclusions

To date, the incidence of moral distress among UK-based community pharmacists remains unexamined. Research must be undertaken to determine what situations cause the highest instances of moral distress for community pharmacists, and the extent to which these pharmacists experience moral distress in their working lives.