bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signatures of tectonic‐climatic interaction during the Late Cenozoic orogenesis along the northern Chinese Tian Shan
Authors: Zhao Xudong , Zhang Huiping , Lv Honghua , Lü Yuanyuan , Li Xuemei , Liu Kang , Zhang Jiawei , Xiong Jianguo
Published: May 2020

The Chinese Tian Shan is one of the most actively growing orogenic ranges in Central Asia. The Late Miocene‐Quaternary landscape evolution of northern Tian Shan has been significantly driven by the interaction between tectonic deformations and climate change, further modulated by the erosion of the upstream bedrocks and deposition into the downstream basins. In this study, only the accessible Kuitun River drainage basin in northern Tian Shan was considered, and detrital zircon geochronology and heavy minerals were analyzed to investigate the signature of the driving forces for Miocene sedimentation in northern Tian Shan. This study first confirmed a previously recognized tectonic uplift at ca. 7.0 Ma and further revealed that the basin sediments were mainly derived from the present glacier‐covered ridge‐crest regions during 3.3–2.5 Ma. It is suggested Late‐Pliocene to Early Pleistocene sedimentation was likely a response to the onset of the northern hemispheric glaciation. Although complicated, this study highlights that the tectonic‐climatic interaction during the Late Cenozoic orogenesis can be discriminated in the northern Chinese Tian Shan.
Oncological outcomes of a multicenter cohort treated with axitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Osawa Takahiro , Kojima Takahiro , Hara Tomohiko , Sugimoto Mikio , Eto Masatoshi , Takeuchi Ario , Minami Keita , Nakai Yasutomo , Ueda Kosuke , Ozawa Michinobu , Uemura Motohide , Miyauchi Yasuyuki , Ohba Kojiro , Suzuki Toshiro , Anai Satoshi , Shindo Tetsuya , Kusakabe Naohisa , Tamura Keita , Komiyama Motokiyo , Goto Takayuki , Yokomizo Akira , Kohei Naoki , Kashiwagi Akira , Murakami Masaya , Sazuka Tomokazu , Yasumoto Hiroaki , Iwamoto Hideto , Mitsuzuka Koji , Morooka Daichi , Shimazui Toru , Yamamoto Yoshiaki , Ikeshiro Suguru , Nakagomi Hiroshi , Morita Ken , Tomida Ryotaro , Mochizuki Tango , Inoue Takamitsu , Kitamura Hiroshi , Yamada Shuhei , Ito Yoichi M. , Murai Sachiyo , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Shinohara Nobuo ,   the Japanese Urological Oncology Group
Published: May 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the real‐world use of axitinib and to develop a prognostic model for stratifying patients who could derive long‐term benefit from axitinib. This was a retrospective, descriptive study evaluating the efficacy of axitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma that had been treated with 1 or 2 systemic antiangiogenic therapy regimens at 1 of 36 hospitals belonging to the Japan Urologic Oncology Group between January 2012 and February 2019. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Using a split‐sample method, candidate variables that exhibited significant relationships with OS were chosen to create a model. The new model was validated using the rest of the cohort. In total, 485 patients were enrolled. The median OS was 34 months in the entire study population, whereas it was not reached, 27 months, and 14 months in the favorable, intermediate, and poor risk groups, respectively, according to the new risk classification model. The following 4 variables were included in the final risk model: the disease stage at diagnosis, number of metastatic sites at the start of axitinib therapy, serum albumin level, and neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio. The adjusted area under the curve values of the new model at 12, 36, and 60 months were 0.77, 0.82, and 0.82, respectively. The efficacy of axitinib in routine practice is comparable or even superior to that reported previously. The patients in the new model’s favorable risk group might derive a long‐term survival benefit from axitinib treatment.
Utility of adrenocorticotropic hormone in adrenal vein sampling despite the occurrence of discordant lateralization
Authors: Chee Nicholas Y. N. , Abdul‐Wahab Azni , Libianto Renata , Gwini Stella May , Doery James C. G. , Choy Kay Weng , Chong Winston , Lau Kenneth K. , Lam Que , MacIsaac Richard J. , Chiang Cherie , Shen Jimmy , Young Morag J. , Fuller Peter J. , Yang Jun
Published: May 2020

Background

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is crucial for accurate lateralization of aldosterone excess but it is technically challenging due to the difficulty of adrenal vein cannulation. The use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to improve cannulation success is controversial and can lead to discordant lateralization outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate the utility of ACTH in two centres with different levels of AVS expertise and formulate a strategy for interpreting discordant results.

Design

A retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of AVS results and postoperative patient outcomes.

Setting

Two large tertiary hospitals with harmonized AVS protocols where adrenal venous samples are collected both before and after ACTH stimulation.

Measurements

Cannulation success (measured by selectivity index, SI), lateralization (measured by lateralization index, LI) and postoperative biochemical cure.

Results

Number of AVS procedures judged to have successful bilateral adrenal vein cannulation increased from 53% pre‐ to 73% post‐ACTH. The increase in cannulation success was significantly higher in centre where AVS was performed by multiple radiologists with a lower basal success rate. In both centres, the proportion of cases deemed to display lateralization significantly decreased with the use of ACTH (70% pre‐ to 52% post‐ACTH). Based on postoperative outcomes of patients with discordant results who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy, the combination of LI >3 pre‐ACTH and LI >2 post‐ACTH was predictive of a biochemical cure.

Conclusion

Adrenocorticotropic hormone can increase the rate of cannulation success during AVS at the expense of reduced lateralization. The criteria for lateralization should be carefully determined based on local data when ACTH is used.
A case of multiple sclerosis with negatively converted anti‐natalizumab antibodies
Authors: Miyamoto Katsuichi , Kusunoki Susumu
Published: May 2020

Background

The therapeutic effect of natalizumab, a disease‐modifying drug for multiple sclerosis (MS), may be decreased in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In particular, if the neutralizing antibody is persistently positive, the treatment must be stopped. We experienced a case in which anti‐natalizumab antibodies were persistently positive but then negatively reversed during the course of treatment.

Case presentation

The case is a 38‐year‐old female MS patient. After three attacks of MS, she was treated with dimethyl fumarate, but the relapse continued. Anti‐JC virus titer of her serum was more than 2.5, but she selected to treatment with natalizumab. At her initial treatment, she had allergic symptoms and was found to be positive for anti‐natalizumab antibodies. In the second treatment, she received an infusion after taking antiallergic drugs, after which her allergic symptoms reduced. Thereafter, she received natalizumab treatment in the same manner. Two months later, reexamination of the anti‐natalizumab antibodies was persistently positive. However, she decided to continue natalizumab because there were no recurrences. Two years after the start of natalizumab treatment, the anti‐natalizumab antibodies were found to be negatively inversed. Because anti‐JC virus antibody remained elevated, she decided to continue the treatment with natalizumab by dosing intervals every 6 weeks. Thereafter, no recurrence was observed.

Conclusions

Even if the neutralizing antibodies against natalizumab are positive, treatment continuation may be considered if the therapeutic effect is certain and the side effects are within the allowable range.
The Anticipated Mosque: The Political Affect of a Planned Building
Authors: Verkaaik Oskar
Published: May 2020

The construction of new, purpose‐built mosques in Europe often stirs a number of controversies. This paper looks at one such project: a new mosque building in Almere, a town near Amsterdam. It focuses on two kinds of controversies: discussions between various kinds of mosque committee members about aesthetic preferences and how they relate to members’ views about Islam in Europe, and neighborhood protests against the new mosque. Although the latter kind of conflicts have attracted some scholarly attention, most of this work treats these conflicts as discursive controversies and gives little attention to the material form. On the other hand, there is a new kind of literature on creativity and architectural design that emphasizes material processes but fails to analyze how these processes are related to larger political issues. By focusing on the temporal aspects of material processes, particularly the attention to form, I seek to merge these two approaches in order to analyze the mosque controversies as at once material and political.
Free Riding Rio: Protest, Public Transport and the Politics of a Footboard
Authors: Kemmer Laura
Published: May 2020

This article explores the political quality of relations between residents and urban materiality. Against a background of mass protests against transit fare increases in major Brazilian cities, and the violent infrastructural transformations of post‐Olympic Rio de Janeiro, I show how the four‐year suspension of a central city tramline has led to the emergence of new forms of urban collectivity. My case study concentrates on the tramway’s function as “free riding” device, which allows residents to jump on and off the footboard without having to pay for the journey. I draw on filmed accounts of footboard‐riding to examine how embodied relations to urban matter have induced claims for alternative ways of organizing public transport and access to the city. By combining approaches to assemblage, micropolitics and affect, I argue that residents’ attachments to the tramway and its latest technological changes generate ambiguous political mobilizations, ranging from revolutionary to reactionary.
Myths and assumptions about human‐wildlife conflict and coexistence
Authors: Treves Adrian , Santiago‐Ávila Francisco J.
Published: May 2020

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human‐wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid‐1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus‐based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence‐based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.
The place of nature in conservation conflicts
Authors: Chapron Guillaume , López‐Bao José Vicente
Published: May 2020

Conservation conflicts are gaining importance in contemporary conservation scholarship such that conservation may have entered a conflict hype. We attempted to uncover and deconstruct the normative assumptions behind such studies by raising several questions: what are conservation conflicts, what justifies the attention they receive, do conservation‐conflict studies limit wildlife conservation, is scientific knowledge stacked against wildlife in conservation conflicts, do conservation‐conflict studies adopt a specific view of democracy, can laws be used to force conservation outcomes, why is flexibility needed in managing conservation conflicts, can conservation conflicts be managed by promoting tolerance, and who needs to compromise in conservation conflicts? We suggest that many of the intellectual premises in the field may defang conservation and prevent it from truly addressing the current conservation crisis as it accelerates. By framing conservation conflicts as conflicts between people about wildlife or nature, the field insidiously transfers guilt, whereby human activities are no longer blamed for causing species decline and extinctions but conservation is instead blamed for causing social conflicts. When the focus is on mitigating social conflicts without limiting in any powerful way human activities damaging to nature, conservation‐conflict studies risk keeping conservation within the limits of human activities, instead of keeping human activities within the limits of nature. For conservation to successfully stop the biodiversity crisis, we suggest the alternative goal of recognizing nature's right to existence to maintenance of ecological functions and evolutionary processes. Nature being a rights bearer or legal person would imply its needs must be explicitly taken into account in conflict adjudication. If, even in conservation, nature's interests come second to human interests, it may be no surprise that conservation cannot succeed.
Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world
Authors: König Hannes J. , Kiffner Christian , Kramer‐Schadt Stephanie , Fürst Christine , Keuling Oliver , Ford Adam T.
Published: May 2020

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence‐based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri‐urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife‐related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban‐dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife‐induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter‐ and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Exposure‐Response of Lanadelumab for Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Wang Yi , Marier Jean-Francois , Kassir Nastya , Chang Colin , Martin Patrick
Published: May 2020

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency is a rare disorder characterized by unpredictable, potentially life‐threatening recurrent angioedema attacks. Lanadelumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody with selective binding to active plasma kallikrein, and prevents the formation of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (cHMWK) and bradykinin, thereby preventing HAE attacks. The clinical pharmacology of lanadelumab was characterized following subcutaneous administration in 257 subjects (24 healthy subjects and 233 patients with HAE). The pharmacokinetics of lanadelumab were described using a one‐compartment model with first‐order rate of absorption and linear clearance, showing slow absorption and a long half‐life (14.8 days). A covariate analysis retained body weight and health status on apparent clearance (CL/F) and body weight on volume of distribution (V/F). Population estimates of CL/F and V/F were 0.0249 L/hour (0.586 L/day) and 12.8 L, respectively. An indirect‐response Imax model showed 53.7% maximum suppression in cHMWK formation with a low potential for interactions with concomitant medications (analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and antirheumatic medications). A 300 mg dose administered Q2W was associated with a mean steady‐state minimum concentration (Cmin,ss; 25.4 μg/mL) that was ~ 4.5‐fold higher than the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration for cHMWK reduction (5.71 μg/mL). Exposure‐response analyses suggest that 300 mg Q2W dosing was associated with a significantly reduced HAE attack rate, prolonged time to first attack after treatment initiation, and lower need for concomitant medications. The response was comparable across patient body weight groups. Findings from this analysis support the dosing rationale for lanadelumab to prevent attacks in patients with HAE.
Adoption of Regulations for Cell Therapy Development: Linkage Between Taiwan and Japan
Authors: Tsai Teng‐Huang , Ling Thai‐Yen , Lee Chung‐Hsi
Published: May 2020

Although cell‐based therapy has become a promising treatment, its practice and evaluation process remain unstandardized. Therefore, Japan initiated a dual‐track regulatory framework for cell‐based therapy aiming to promote and regulate the therapies to ensure that patients can access safe and effective treatments. Influenced by such pathway, Taiwan adopted the framework and initiated its own cell‐based therapy regulation in 2018. This paper discusses how Japan has influenced Taiwan in developing regulations for cell‐based therapy.
The regulatory landscape of the Dlx gene system in branchial arches: Shared characteristics among Dlx bigene clusters and evolution
Authors: Sumiyama Kenta , Tanave Akira
Published: May 2020

The mammalian Dlx genes encode homeobox‐type transcription factors and are physically organized as convergent bigene clusters. The paired Dlx genes share tissue specificity in the expression profile. Genetic regulatory mechanisms, such as intergenic enhancer sharing between paired Dlx genes, have been proposed to explain this conservation of bigene structure. All mammalian Dlx genes have expression and function in developing craniofacial structures, especially in the first and second pharyngeal arches (branchial arches). Each Dlx cluster (Dlx1/2, Dlx3/4, and Dlx5/6) has overlapping, nested expression in the branchial arches which is called the “Dlx code” and plays a key role in organizing craniofacial structure and evolution. Here we summarize cis‐regulatory studies on branchial arch expression of the three Dlx bigene clusters and show some shared characteristics among the clusters, including cis‐regulatory motifs, TAD (Topologically Associating Domain) boundaries, CTCF loops, and distal enhancer landscapes, together with a molecular condensate model for activation of the Dlx bigene cluster.
Efficacy and safety of lobeglitazone versus sitagliptin as an add‐on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes with two or more components of metabolic syndrome over 24 weeks
Authors: Kim Sin Gon , Kim Kyoung Jin , Yoon Kun Ho , Chun Sung Wan , Park Kyong Soo , Choi Kyung Mook , Lim Soo , Mok Ji‐Oh , Lee Hyoung Woo , Seo Ji A. , Cha Bong‐Soo , Kim Mi Kyung , Shon Ho Sang , Choi Dong Seop , Kim Doo Man
Published: May 2020

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of lobeglitazone compared with sitagliptin as an add‐on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes as well as other components of metabolic syndrome. Patients inadequately controlled by metformin were randomly assigned to lobeglitazone (0.5 mg, n = 121) or sitagliptin (100 mg, n = 126) for 24 weeks. The mean changes in HbA1c of the lobeglitazone and sitagliptin groups were −0.79% and −0.86%, respectively; the between‐group difference was 0.08% (95% confidence interval, −0.14% to 0.30%), showing non‐inferiority. The proportion of patients having two or more factors of other metabolic syndrome components decreased to a greater extent in the lobeglitazone group than in the sitagliptin group (−11.9% vs. −4.8%; P < .0174). Favourable changes in the lipid metabolism were also observed with lobeglitazone, which had a similar safety profile to sitagliptin. Lobeglitazone was comparable with sitagliptin as an add‐on to metformin in terms of efficacy and safety.
Cancer in chronic heart failure patients in the GISSI‐HF trial
Authors: Ameri Pietro , Canepa Marco , Luigi Nicolosi Gian , Marchioli Roberto , Latini Roberto , Tavazzi Luigi , Maggioni Aldo P. ,   the GISSI‐HF Investigators
Published: May 2020

Background

Cancer complicating heart failure (HF) is an emerging issue. We investigated it in the GISSI‐HF trial, which uniquely included patients with malignancies if deemed likely to allow follow‐up.

Methods and results

At enrolment, 256 of 6913 participants in GISSI‐HF (3.7%) had a tumour diagnosis, which was malignant (cancer) in 145 (2.1%). Patients with cancer were older and more often former smokers, had lower body mass index, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), less implanted devices, lower glucose and haemoglobin and higher uric acid levels than those without cancer. During a median 4‐year follow‐up, cardiovascular (CV), non‐CV non‐cancer and cancer death occurred in 1477, 272 and 220 subjects (75%, 13.8% and 11.2% of total mortality, respectively). Cancer at trial entry portended an increased risk of all‐cause mortality after accounting for age and confounders (HR 1.33, 95%CI 1.02‐1.73), which was attributable to cancer‐specific mortality. Among the 6657 patients without any tumour at enrolment, 1879 subsequently died. CV, non‐CV non‐cancer and cancer causes accounted for 1422 (75.7%), 261 (13.9%) and 196 (10.4%) of these deaths, respectively, median time to specific death being 22, 25 and 30 months (P < .0001). Patients facing cancer vs CV death had lower NYHA class, slower heart rate, higher blood pressure, higher LVEF, shorter HF history, less diuretic use, lower creatinine and uric acid and higher haemoglobin and cholesterol.

Conclusions

Even when considered not aggressive, concomitant cancer worsens HF prognosis. The inverse relationship between HF severity and cancer death in the absence of prior tumour warrants further study.
Switching roles from antagonist to mutualist: a harvester ant as a key seed disperser of a myrmecochorous plant
Authors: Anjos Diego V. , Andersen Alan N. , Carvalho Raquel L. , Sousa Raquel M. F. , Del‐Claro Kleber
Published: May 2020

1. Harvester ants are major seed predators in arid environments. However, given that many harvester ants are partly omnivorous and therefore potentially attracted to the elaiosomes of myrmecochorous seeds, it is unclear if these ants act as predators or dispersers when removing myrmecochorous seeds.

2. We describe the outcomes of interactions between the harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex naegelii, and myrmecochorous plant,Microstachys serrulata, in a Brazilian savanna. We: (i) evaluated the role of elaiosome in seed removal byP. naegelii; (ii) investigated the fate and viability of removed seeds; (iii) tested if soils associated withP. naegeliinests are nutrient‐enriched; (iv) compared seedling survival; and (v) the density of seedling and adultM. serrulatanearby toP. naegeliinests compared with those away from these nests (i.e. controls).

3. Rates of removal ofM. serrulataseeds were two‐fold higher with elaiosomes than without. The ant attractant oleic acid was the dominant fatty acid in elaiosomes, but it was absent from seeds. Removed seeds are taken into nests, and Tetrazolium tests indicated that 95% of seeds remain viable. Soils associated withP. naegeliinests were not nutrient‐enriched, and seedling survival was similar nearby toP. naegeliinests compared with control areas. However, densities of both seedling and adultM. serrulatawere higher nearby toP. naegeliinests than in control areas.

4. Our findings show thatP. naegeliiswitches its role from seed predator for most plant species to be the dominant seed disperser forM. serrulata, playing a key role in the distribution of adult plants.
Astrocytes of the early postnatal brain
Authors: Felix Lisa , Stephan Jonathan , Rose Christine R.
Published: May 2020

In the rodent forebrain, the majority of astrocytes are generated during the early postnatal phase. Following differentiation, astrocytes undergo maturation which accompanies the development of the neuronal network. Neonate astrocytes exhibit a distinct morphology and domain size which differs to their mature counterparts. Moreover, many of the plasma membrane proteins prototypical for fully developed astrocytes are only expressed at low levels at neonatal stages. These include connexins and Kir4.1, which define the low membrane resistance and highly negative membrane potential of mature astrocytes. Newborn astrocytes moreover express only low amounts of GLT‐1, a glutamate transporter critical later in development. Furthermore, they show specific differences in the properties and spatio‐temporal pattern of intracellular calcium signals, resulting from differences in their repertoire of receptors and signalling pathways. Therefore, roles fulfilled by mature astrocytes, including ion and transmitter homeostasis, are underdeveloped in the young brain. Similarly, astrocytic ion signalling in response to neuronal activity, a process central to neuron–glia interaction, differs between the neonate and mature brain. This review describes the unique functional properties of astrocytes in the first weeks after birth and compares them to later stages of development. We conclude that with an immature neuronal network and wider extracellular space, astrocytic support might not be as demanding and critical compared to the mature brain. The delayed differentiation and maturation of astrocytes in the first postnatal weeks might thus reflect a reduced need for active, energy‐consuming regulation of the extracellular space and a less tight control of glial feedback onto synaptic transmission.
Short‐sale constraints and informational efficiency to private information: A natural experiment
Authors: Choi Hae Mi
Published: May 2020

Exploiting a regulatory change in short‐sale constraints (Regulation SHO) as a natural experiment, this paper examines the effect of short‐sale constraints on informational efficiency of stock prices to private information. I find that short‐sellers act as informed traders prior to forthcoming analyst news and trade on negative private information. When short‐sale constraints are relaxed for pilot stocks (treatment group), both trading volume and stock price sensitivity increase prior to the analyst announcement for bad news but not for good news, relative to that of nonpilot stocks (control group). The findings are consistent with the Diamond and Verrecchia model that predicts that short‐selling increases the speed of adjustment of stock prices to private negative information. In the cross‐section, the effect of Reg SHO is stronger in stocks of firms with weak and uncertain information environments (i.e., small firms and firms with high analyst forecast dispersion).
Land management and climate change determine second‐generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains
Authors: Dolan Katelyn A. , Stoy Paul C. , Poulter Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed as a potential climate mitigation strategy raising concerns over trade‐offs with existing ecosystem services. We evaluate the feasibility of BECCS in the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB), a landscape with diverse land use, ownership, and bioenergy potential. We develop land‐use change scenarios and a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) crop functional type to use in a land‐surface model to simulate second‐generation bioenergy production. By the end of this century, average annual switchgrass production over the UMRB ranges from 60 to 210 Tg dry mass/year and is dependent on the Representative Concentration Pathway for greenhouse gas emissions and on land‐use change assumptions. Under our simple phase‐in assumptions this results in a cumulative total production of 2,000–6,000 Tg C over the study period with the upper estimates only possible in the absence of climate change. Switchgrass yields decreased as average CO2 concentrations and temperatures increased, suggesting the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 was small because of its C4 photosynthetic pathway. By the end of the 21st century, the potential energy stored annually in harvested switchgrass averaged between 1 and 4 EJ/year assuming perfect conversion efficiency, or an annual electrical generation capacity of 7,000–28,000 MW assuming current bioenergy efficiency rates. Trade‐offs between bioenergy and ecosystem services were identified, including cumulative direct losses of 1,000–2,600 Tg C stored in natural ecosystems from land‐use change by 2090. Total cumulative losses of ecosystem carbon stocks were higher than the potential ~300 Tg C in fossil fuel emissions from the single largest power plant in the region over the same time period, and equivalent to potential carbon removal from the atmosphere from using biofuels grown in the same region. Numerous trade‐offs from BECCS expansion in the UMRB must be balanced against the potential benefits of a carbon‐negative energy system.
Research of laser remelting on the thermal‐mechanical behaviors and heat treatment of yttria‐stabilized zirconia coatings
Authors: Yi Peng , Zhu Xiaoye , Jiang Yongliang , Feng Wenlong , Feng Zhihao , Jin Yanchao , Dong Guixin
Published: May 2020

In this study, the thermal and mechanical behaviors were investigated by simulating laser remelting of atmospheric plasma‐sprayed yttria‐stabilized zirconia coatings, and the molten depth and regions of stress concentration were compared between simulation and experiment. The heat  treatment process of the remelted coating was also simulated. The crack formation mechanism in the YSZ coating remelted by laser and the heat‐treatment effect on residual stress were investigated. Results showed that the simulated results were consistent with the experimental measurements, and the residual thermal stress was the main cause of cracks formation. The coating remelted by a laser power of 1500 W and a scanning rate of 9 mm/s possessed less residual concentrated stress and segmented cracks. Heat treatment released concentrated stress, which was still accurate for the ceramic coating. If the coatings were slowly heated to demonstrate heat treatment after laser remelting, the cracks in the remelted layer decreased correspondingly.
Dermatologic adverse effects of breast cancer chemotherapy: a longitudinal prospective observational study with a review of literature
Authors: Alizadeh Narges , Mirpour Seyyed Hossein , Darjani Abbas , Rafiei Rana , Rafiei Elahe , Mohammadhoseini Maryam
Published: May 2020

Background

Breast cancer patients may experience an increased chance of survival with adjuvant chemotherapy. However dermatologic adverse effects can cause major discomfort due to physical or cosmetic problems. This study aims to describe dermatologic complications in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

Methods

This longitudinal prospective observational study included data on women with non‐metastatic breast cancer whom were treated with AC‐T protocol (anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, and taxane) adjuvant chemotherapy and consecutively enrolled during two years. The study was performed in an educational and tertiary referral center. The patients’ information including age, body mass index (BMI), past medical history, and different dermatologic complications were collected for all participants.

Results

Of 190 enrolled women, all patients experienced alopecia, which occurred in 131 patients (68.9%) after the first cycle. Skin, mucosal, and nail involvement were respectively seen in 46 (24.2%), 51 (26.8%), and 86 (45.2%) cases. Cutaneous complications were observed mainly between the third and sixth chemotherapy cycles. Palmoplantar erythema and palmoplantar dysesthesia were the most common cutaneous complications. Dermatologic adverse effects were significantly more frequent in the patients with an underlying disease.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that dermatologic adverse effects of adjuvant chemotherapy are common and could be induced by all components of AC‐T regimen. These complications should be skillfully managed to increase patients’ comfort.
The influence of income inequality aversion on redistribution in a democratic context
Authors: Jang Dooseok , Atkinson Joel
Published: May 2020

This paper illuminates one mechanism by which democracy may fail to mitigate income inequality despite a widespread preference against it. When income inequality aversion is prevalent, high‐skilled, higher‐wage workers may adjust their working time to reduce inequality. However, the decrease in societal efficiency due to forgone high‐skilled labor outweighs an increase in efficiency from lower‐skilled workers. This implies that a pivotal worker may reject strong redistribution in favor of overall efficiency. Moreover, if the pivotal voter believes that a socially prevalent aversion already mitigates income inequality, a lower tax preference is further reinforced.
Great journey of Great Tits(Parus majorgroup): Origin, diversification and historical demographics of a broadly distributed bird lineage
Authors: Song Gang , Zhang Ruiying , Machado‐Stredel Fernando , Alström Per , Johansson Ulf S. , Irestedt Martin , Mays Herman L. , McKay Bailey D. , Nishiumi Isao , Cheng Yalin , Qu Yanhua , Ericson Per G. P. , Fjeldså Jon , Peterson Andrew Townsend , Lei Fumin
Published: May 2020

Aim

The Pleistocene glacial cycles play a prominent role in shaping phylogeographical patterns of organisms, while few studies have focused on the regional difference of glacial effects. By acquiring comprehensive knowledge of the origin, diversification and historical demography of an intensively studied passerine species complex, Great Tit, we aim to test the regional variation of the Late Pleistocene glaciation impacts on this widely distributed bird lineage.

Location

Eurasia and associated peninsulas and archipelagos.

Taxa

Parus majorspecies complex.

Methods

Phylogeny, divergence times and demographic dynamics were estimated with Bayesian methods. Population structure, genetic diversity and correlation between genetic and physical distances were estimated based on mtDNA variation. Glacial‐to‐present distributional changes were assessed via ecological niche modelling (ENM).

Results

Five major clades (Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Eastern Himalaya, Northern and Western Eurasia and Southern Asia) were detected, with divergence times ranging 1.57–0.50 million years ago. Genetic diversity values and Bayesian skyline plots suggest that the three eastern clades had a deeper population history. A more complex geographic structure was observed in East Asia. Demographic expansion during the last glacial cycle was indicated for all five clades. ENM results showed broad conservatism of traits related to climate tolerances, and generally broader and more continuous distributional patterns under glacial conditions.

Main Conclusions

The Great Tit complex probably originated in Southeast Asia. Geographic barriers, such as the deserts of Central Asia and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau appear to be related to the lineage divergence. Late Pleistocene climate cycles influenced both demographic dynamics and divergence, especially in terms of east–west differences in relation to geographic complexity.
Implementation of a pediatric/adolescent suicide risk screening tool for patients presenting to the Emergency Department with nonbehavioral health complaints
Authors: Hackfeld Melody
Published: May 2020

Problem

At a large urban pediatric hospital, from 2015 to 2016, a 44% increase occurred in youth with suicide attempts admitted to medical units. At that time, patients assessed in the Emergency Department (ED) were asked one question to determine suicide risk.

Methods

The Iowa Model served as the framework for the Psychiatry and Emergency Departments to identify an evidence‐based suicide screening tool and educate/train all ED nurses on assessing patients for suicide risk. In July 2017, ED nurses began assessing all patients (ages 10 and over) utilizing the Ask Suicide‐Screening Questions (ASQ).

Findings

In the first 3 months of ASQ implementation, 390 youth were identified in the ED as struggling with sadness/worry or at risk for suicide. Pre‐intervention ED nurses’ survey results indicated 30% felt inadequately trained in suicide screening; 26% considered the ASQ too time consuming, and 40% agreed there was stigma regarding mental health. Post‐education ED nurses’ survey results showed improvement in skills (64% felt adequately trained) but there was no significant change in mental health stigma perception.

Conclusion

Within the first 3 months of assessing all nonbehavioral patients ages 10 and over, there was a 37% increase of ED patients identified as a suicide risk, enabling immediate mental health assessments before suicide attempts.
Deprivation and psychopathology in the Fragile Families Study: A 15‐year longitudinal investigation
Authors: Miller Adam Bryant , Machlin Laura , McLaughlin Katie A. , Sheridan Margaret A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Early adversity consistently predicts youth psychopathology. However, the pathways linking unique dimensions of early adversity, such as deprivation, to psychopathology are understudied. Here, we evaluate a theoretical model linking early deprivation exposure with psychopathology prospectively through language ability.

Methods

Participants included 2,301 youth (47.5% female) enrolled in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. We include data from assessment points at ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15. Latent factors for deprivation and threat were modeled from multiple indicators at ages 1 and 3. Youth language ability was assessed at Age 5. Indicators of psychopathology were assessed at ages 5, 9, and 15. A structural equation model tested longitudinal paths to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology from experiences of deprivation and threat.

Results

Deprivation from birth to Age 3 was associated with an indirect effect on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early childhood (Age 5), later childhood (Age 9), and adolescence (Age 15) via language ability in early childhood (Age 5). Early threat exposure was associated with increased internalizing and externalizing psychopathology across all ages. There was no significant indirect effect from threat to psychopathology via language ability.

Conclusions

The effects of deprivation on psychopathology during early childhood, late childhood, and adolescence are explained, in part, through early childhood language ability. Results provide insight into language ability as a possible opportunity for intervention.
Old and New Geriatric Screening Tools in a Belgian Emergency Department: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Heeren Pieter , Devriendt Els , Wellens Nathalie I.H. , Deschodt Mieke , Flamaing Johan , Sabbe Marc , Milisen Koen
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Identification of Seniors at Risk, the Flemish version of Triage Risk Screening Tool, and the interRAI Emergency Department Screener for predicting prolonged emergency department (ED) length of stay, hospitalization (following index ED stay), and unplanned ED readmission at 30 and 90 days among older (aged ≥70 years) community‐dwelling adults admitted to the ED.

DESIGN

Single‐center, prospective, observation study.

SETTING

ED with embedded observation unit in University Hospitals Leuven (Belgium).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 794 patients (median age = 80 years; 55% female) were included.

MEASUREMENTS

Study nurses collected data using semistructured interviews and patient record review during ED admission. Outcome data were collected with patient record review.

RESULTS

Hospitalization (following index ED stay) and unplanned ED readmission at 30 and 90 days occurred in 67% (527/787) of patients and in 12.2% (93/761) and 22.1% (168/761) of patients, respectively. For all outcomes at cutoff 2, the three screening tools had moderate to high sensitivity (range = 0.71‐0.90) combined with (very) low specificity (range = 0.14‐0.32) and low accuracy (range = 0.21‐0.67). At all cutoffs, likelihood ratios and interval likelihood ratios had no or small impact (range = 0.46‐3.95; zero was not included) on the posttest probability of the outcomes. For all outcomes, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve varied in the range of 0.49 to 0.62.

CONCLUSION

Diagnostic characteristics of all screening tools were comparable. None of the tools accurately predicted the outcomes as a stand‐alone index. Future studies should explore the clinical effectiveness and implementation aspects of ED‐specific minimum geriatric assessment and intervention strategies. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1454‐1461, 2020.
Efficacy of microneedling plus topical 4% tranexamic acid solution vs 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma: A single‐blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Shamsi Meymandi Simin , Mozayyeni Amirhossein , Shamsi Meymandi Manzumeh , Aflatoonian Mahin
Published: May 2020

Background

There are various treatment modalities for melasma, but none of them are effective on dermal component of melasma.

Aims

In this study, we decided to evaluate the efficacy of microneedling plus tranexamic acid in comparison with 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma.

Methods

This is a single‐blind randomized clinical trial on 70 participants with 14% dropout, and therefore, 60 patients with melasma completed the study. Patients were randomized based on simple randomization in 2 groups of A (microneedling plus topical 4% tranexamic acid, monthly) and B (topical 4% hydroquinone, nightly). Evaluation of mean MASI score, patient and physician assessments was performed at 4th, 8th and12th weeks of the treatment. Statistical analysis was performed by paired t test, chi‐square test and Fisher's exact test, respectively.

Results

Sixty women (30 patients in each group) were completed the study. Mean MASI score in group A was significantly lower at the end of the treatment (6.84 ± 4.31) than at the baseline (12.89 ± 5.16) (P < .01). Mean MASI score in group B was significantly lower at the end of the treatment (7.16 ± 4.38) than at the baseline (13.56 ± 4.88) (P < .01). There was no statistical difference between 2 groups regarding MASI score, physician and patient assessments during the treatment. Percentage of patient satisfaction was significantly higher than physician satisfaction in both treatment groups (P < .01).

Conclusion

In our study, the combination of microneedling with tranexamic acid did not differ from 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma.
Long‐term changes in adipose tissue gene expression following bariatric surgery
Authors: Kerr A. G. , Andersson D. P. , Rydén M. , Arner P. , Dahlman I.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Patients undergoing bariatric surgery present long‐term metabolic improvements and reduced type 2 diabetes risk, despite long‐term weight regain. We hypothesized that part of these protective effects could be linked to altered gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT).

Methods

Transcriptomic profiling by gene microarray was performed in abdominal subcutaneous WAT from women before (n = 50) and two (n = 49) and five (n = 38) years after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery as well as in 28 age‐matched nonoperated women.

Results

In the obese women, the average body weight decrease was 38 kg 2 years postsurgery followed by an 8 kg weight regain between 2 and 5 years. Most of the long‐term changes in WAT gene expression occurred during the first 2 years. However, a subset of genes encoding proteins involved in inflammation displayed a continued decrease between baseline, 2 and 5 years, respectively; that is an expression pattern independent of body weight regain. Expression of 71 of these genes correlated with measurements of adipocyte morphology or serum adipokine levels.

Conclusion

The continuous improvement in WAT inflammatory gene expression, despite body weight relapse, may contribute to the sustained effects on adipose morphology after bariatric surgery.
Digital Custom Impression Technique to Record Emergence Profile and Fabrication of an Esthetic Implant Supported Restoration
Authors: Dhingra Ajay , Taylor Thomas , Flinton Robert
Published: May 2020

One of the challenges in esthetic implant supported restorations is to replicate the emergence profile of soft tissue contours created by provisional restorations. Various analog techniques have been used to achieve the most esthetic and natural emergence profile in final restorations. The evolution of digital dentistry has made dentistry easier and efficient albeit with a learning curve. The technique described here uses digital technology to describe a complete digital workflow from the provisional stage to the final restoration.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Structural and Storage Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Kelp Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Zhang Linan , Cao Zengmei , Liang Guangjin , Li Xiaojie , Wu Hao , Yang Guanpin
Published: May 2020

Saccharina japonica is a brown macroalga that has been commercially cultivated in China for almost a century. As a natural raw material, it is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and it may potentially be useful for biofuel production. However, little is known about the genes involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis, and their regulation is less understood. In this study, the analysis of growth traits and alginate and mannitol contents suggested that sporophyte development could be divided into four stages. Accordingly, we performed transcriptome analysis of the S. japonica sporophyte. In total, 589 million clean reads were generated, and 4,514 novel genes were identified. Gene expression analysis revealed that 2,542 genes were differentially expressed. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were significantly enriched in “Carbon metabolism,” “Photosynthesis,” and “Photosynthesis‐antenna proteins” pathways, which are important for metabolism of various carbohydrates during sporophyte development. Systematic analysis identified the genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of cell wall carbohydrates (including alginate, fucoidan, and cellulose) and cytoplasm storage carbohydrates (mannitol, laminarin, and trehalose). Among them, some key genes associated with carbohydrate content were further identified based on detailed expression profiling, representing good candidates for further functional studies. This study provides a global view of the carbohydrate metabolism process and an important resource for functional genomics studies in S. japonica. The results obtained lay the basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of carbohydrate biosynthesis and for genetic breeding of carbohydrates‐related traits in kelp.