bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and opportunities to integrate the oldest and newest manufacturing processes: metal casting and additive manufacturing
Authors: Lynch Paul , Hasbrouck C.R. , Wilck Joseph , Kay Michael , Manogharan Guha
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the current state, technological challenges, economic opportunities and future directions in the growing “indirect” hybrid manufacturing ecosystem, which integrates traditional metal casting with the production of tooling via additive manufacturing (AM) process including three-dimensional sand printing (3DSP) and printed wax patterns.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted among 100 participants from foundries and AM service providers across the USA to understand the current adoption of AM in metal casting as a function of engineering specifications, production demand, volume and cost metrics. In addition, current technological and logistical challenges that are encountered by the foundries are identified to gather insight into the future direction of this evolving supply chain.

Findings

One of the major findings from this study is that hard tooling costs (i.e. patterns/core boxes) are the greatest challenge in low volume production for foundries. Hence, AM and 3DSP offer the greatest cost-benefit for these low volume production runs as it does not require the need for hard tooling to produce much higher profit premium castings. It is evident that there are major opportunities for the casting supply chain to benefit from an advanced digital ecosystem that seamlessly integrates AM and 3DSP into foundry operations. The critical challenges for adoption of 3DSP in current foundry operations are categorized into as follows: capital cost of the equipment, which cannot be justified due to limited demand for 3DSP molds/cores by casting buyers, transportation of 3DSP molds and cores, access to 3DSP, limited knowledge of 3DSP, limitations in current design tools to integrate 3DSP design principles and long lead times to acquire 3DSP molds/cores.

Practical implications

Based on the findings of this study, indirect hybrid metal AM supply chains, i.e. 3DSP metal casting supply chains is proposed, as 3DSP replaces traditional mold-making in the sand casting process flow, no/limited additional costs and resources would be required for qualification and certification of the cast parts made from three-dimensional printed sand molds. Access to 3DSP resources can be addressed by establishing a robust 3DSP metal casting supply chain, which will also enable existing foundries to rapidly acquire new 3DSP-related knowledge.

Originality/value

This original survey from 100 small and medium enterprises including foundries and AM service providers suggests that establishing 3DSP hubs around original equipment manufacturers as a shared resource to produce molds and cores would be beneficial. This provides traditional foundries means to continue mass production of castings using existing hard tooling while integrating 3DSP for new complex low volume parts, replacement parts, legacy parts and prototyping.
Transcriptional regulator SpxA1a controls the resistance of the honey bee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius to the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly
Authors: Takamatsu Daisuke , Okumura Kayo , Tabata Atsushi , Okamoto Mariko , Okura Masatoshi
Published: June 2020

Royal jelly (RJ), a brood food of honey bees, has strong antimicrobial activity. Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood of honey bees, exhibits resistance to this antimicrobial activity and infects larvae orally. Among three genetically distinct groups (CC3, CC12 and CC13) of M. plutonius, CC3 strains exhibit the strongest RJ resistance. In this study, to identify genes involved in RJ resistance, we generated an RJ‐susceptible derivative from a highly RJ‐resistant CC3 strain by UV mutagenesis. Genome sequence analysis of the derivative revealed the presence of a frameshift mutation in the putative regulator gene spxA1a. The deletion of spxA1a from a CC3 strain resulted in increased susceptibility to RJ and its antimicrobial component 10‐hydroxy‐2‐decenoic acid. Moreover, the mutant became susceptible to low‐pH and oxidative stress, which may be encountered in brood foods. Differentially expressed gene analysis using wild‐type and spxA1a mutants revealed that 45 protein‐coding genes were commonly upregulated in spxA1a‐positive strains. Many upregulated genes were located in a prophage region, and some highly upregulated genes were annotated as universal/general stress proteins, oxidoreductase/reductase, chaperons and superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that SpxA1a is a key regulator to control the tolerance status of M. plutonius against stress in honey bee colonies.
The Wsp intermembrane complex mediates metabolic control of the swim‐attach decision of Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Hueso‐Gil Ángeles , Calles Belén , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: June 2020

Pseudomonas putida is a microorganism of biotechnological interest that—similar to many other environmental bacteria—adheres to surfaces and forms biofilms. Although various mechanisms contributing to the swim‐attach decision have been studied in this species, the role of a 7‐gene operon homologous to the wsp cluster of Pseudomonas aeruginosa—which regulates cyclic di‐GMP (cdGMP) levels upon surface contact—remained to be investigated. In this work, the function of the wsp operon of P. putida KT2440 has been characterized through inspection of single and multiple wsp deletion variants, complementation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa's homologues, combined with mutations of regulatory genes fleQ and fleN and removal of the flagellar regulator fglZ. The ability of the resulting strains to form biofilms at 6 and 24 h under three different carbon regimes (citrate, glucose and fructose) revealed that the Wsp complex delivers a similar function to both Pseudomonas species. In P. putida, the key components include WspR, a protein that harbours the domain for producing cdGMP, and WspF, which controls its activity. These results not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the network that regulates the sessile‐planktonic decision of P. putida but also suggest strategies to exogenously control such a lifestyle switch.
Getting Rid of Dichotomous Sex Estimations: Why Logistic Regression Should be Preferred Over Discriminant Function Analysis
Authors: Bartholdy Bjørn Peare , Sandoval Elena , Hoogland Menno L. P. , Schrader Sarah A.
Published: June 2020

Sex estimation is an important part of creating a biological profile for skeletal remains in forensics. The commonly used methods for developing sex estimation equations are discriminant function analysis (DFA) and logistic regression (LogR). LogR equations provide a probability of the predicted sex, while DFA relies on cutoff points to segregate males and females, resulting in a rigid dichotomization of the sexes. This is problematic because sexual dimorphism exists along a continuum and there can be considerable overlap in trait expression between the sexes. In this study, we used humeral measurements to compare the performance of DFA and LogR and found them to be very similar under multiple conditions. The overall cross‐validated (leave‐one‐out) accuracy of DFA (75.76–95.14%) was slightly higher than LogR (75.76–93.82%) for simple and multiple variable equations, and also performed better under varying sample sizes (94.03% vs. 93.78%). Three of five DFA equations outperformed LogR under the B index, while all five LogR equations outperformed the DFA equations under the Q index. Both methods saw an improvement in overall accuracy (DFA: 86.74–95.79%; LogR: 86.74–95.76%) when individuals with a classification probability lower than 0.80 were excluded. Additionally, we propose a method for calculating additional cutoff points (PMarks) based on posterior probability values. In conclusion, we recommend using LogR over DFA due to the increased flexibility, robusticity, and benefits for future users of the statistical models; however, if DFA is preferred, use of the proposed PMarks facilitates future analysis while avoiding unnecessary dichotomization.
Reproduction in Sceloporus licki (Reptilia: Phrynosomatidae) in the Cape Region, Baja California Sur
Authors: Galina‐Tessaro Patricia , Álvarez‐Cárdenas Sergio , Valdez‐Villavicencio Jorge H. , Villagrán‐SantaCruz Maricela
Published: June 2020

Sceloporus licki, an endemic lizard of the Cape Region from Baja California Sur, Mexico, shows evident sexual dimorphism in coloration and in snout‐vent length between males and females. The gonadal analysis showed that both sexes have a synchronous spring–summer reproductive cycle. The males show maximum gonadal activity from March to July; in August, they show a rapid regression, and in September, quiescence is evident only in some males while in others recrudescence has already begun. Finally, in October and November, the process of recrudescence is obvious. The females showed some asynchrony, but for most, vitellogenesis occurred from April to June and eggs in the oviduct were evident in May, June and August. Oviposition occurs in July and August and by September or October there is no more gonadal activity in the ovaries. The clutch size was 5 ± 0.2 eggs, and hatchlings appeared in May–June and September suggesting that possibly two clutches are produced per breeding season. Reproductive activity in both sexes was like that of other lizards from temperate environments. However, the long period of gonadal recrudescence in both sexes (6 months) and rapid regression and quiescence in males of the studied population suggest plasticity in gonadal activity.
Prevalence of adverse drug events and adverse drug reactions in hospital among older patients with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Sakiris Marissa Anne , Sawan Mouna , Hilmer Sarah Nicole , Awadalla Rebecca , Gnjidic Danijela
Published: June 2020

Aims

This systematic review aimed to quantify the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in older inpatients with dementia.

Methods

A systematic search of observational studies was performed in Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus and Informit. Articles published in English that reported the prevalence of ADEs or ADRs in hospital patients aged 65 years or older with dementia were included. Two authors reviewed titles and abstracts and all eligible full‐text articles. Relevant information relating to ADEs, ADRs and dementia was obtained from each article.

Results

In total, 5 articles were included. One study reported the prevalence of ADEs to be 81.5%, defined using the Naranjo algorithm. Four studies assessed the prevalence of ADRs, ranging from 12.7 to 24.0%, assessed using various methods. One study defined ADRs according to the World Health Organization‐Uppsala Monitoring Centre criteria, 2 studies employed the World Health Organization definition and 1 study did not explicitly define ADRs. The most frequently reported drug classes implicated in ADEs and ADRs were psychotropic, antihypertensive and analgesic drugs.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a high prevalence of ADEs and ADRs in older inpatients with dementia. However, only 1 study documented ADEs and there was variability in approaches to ADR assessment. A greater understanding of ADEs and ADRs, as well as tailored assessment tools, will promote prevention of ADEs and ADRs in people with dementia.
Grapefruit juice enhances the systolic blood pressure‐lowering effects of dietary nitrate‐containing beetroot juice
Authors: O'Gallagher Kevin , Borg Cardona Sarah , Hill Callum , Al‐Saedi Ali , Shahed Fawzia , Floyd Christopher N. , McNeill Karen , Mills Charlotte E. , Webb Andrew J.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Dietary nitrate from sources such as beetroot juice lowers blood pressure (BP) via the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, NO and nitrite are inactivated via reoxidation to nitrate, potentially limiting their activity. Cytochrome P450‐3A4 inhibition with troleandomycin prevents nitrite re‐oxidation to nitrate in rodent liver. Grapefruit juice contains the CYP3A4 inhibitor furanocoumarin. We therefore hypothesized that grapefruit juice would enhance BP‐lowering with beetroot juice by maintaining circulating [nitrite].

Methods

We performed a randomized, placebo‐controlled, 7‐hour crossover study in 11 healthy volunteers, attending on 3 occasions, receiving: a 70‐mL shot of active beetroot juice (Beet‐It) and either (i) 250 mL grapefruit juice (Active Beet+GFJ), or (ii) 250 mL water (Buxton, Active Beet+H2O); or (iii) Placebo Beet+GFJ.

Results

The addition of grapefruit juice to active beetroot juice lowered systolic BP (SBP): Active Beet+GFJ vs Active Beet+H2O (P = .02), and pulse pressure, PP (P = .0003). Peak mean differences in SBP and PP were seen at T = 5 hours: −3.3 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] −6.43 to −0.15) and at T = 2.5 hours: −4.2 mmHg (95% CI −0.3 to −8.2), respectively. Contrary to the hypothesis, plasma [nitrite] was lower with Active Beet+GFJ vs Active Beet+H2O (P = .006), as was salivary nitrite production (P = .002) and saliva volume (−0.34 mL/min [95% CI −0.05 to −0.68]). The taste score of Beet+GFJ was 1.4/10 points higher than Beet+H2O (P = .03).

Conclusion

Grapefruit juice enhanced beetroot juice's effect on lowering SBP and PP despite decreasing plasma [nitrite]. Besides suggesting more complex mechanisms, there is potential for maximising the clinical benefit of dietary nitrate and targeting isolated systolic hypertension.
Altered frontal cortex functioning in emotion regulation and hopelessness in bipolar disorder
Authors: Sankar Anjali , Purves Kirstin , Colic Lejla , Cox Lippard Elizabeth T. , Millard Hun , Fan Siyan , Spencer Linda , Wang Fei , Pittman Brian , Constable R. Todd , Gross James J. , Blumberg Hilary P.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Emotion regulation difficulties precipitate and exacerbate acute mood symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), and contribute to suicidal behavior. However, few studies have examined regional brain responses in explicit emotion regulation during acute BD mood states, or hopelessness, a major suicide risk factor. We assessed brain responses during explicit emotion regulation, and their relationship with hopelessness, in acutely symptomatic and euthymic individuals with BD.

Methods

Functional MRI data were obtained from individuals with BD who were either in acute negative (BD‐A; n = 24) or euthymic (BD‐E; n = 24) mood states, and from healthy volunteers (HV; n = 55), while participants performed a paradigm that instructed them to downregulate their responses to fearful (EmReg‐Fear) and happy (EmReg‐Happy) facial stimuli. Emotion regulation‐related differences in brain responses during negative and euthymic BD states, as well as their associations with negative affective symptoms (hopelessness and depression), were examined.

Results

Decreased responses were observed in ventral and dorsal frontal regions, including medial orbitofrontal (mOFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices, during EmReg‐Fear across symptomatic and euthymic states in participants with BD relative to HVs. The lowest responses were observed in the BD‐A group. Across BD participants, negative associations were observed between mOFC responses and hopelessness, particularly due to loss of motivation. Differences were not significant during EmReg‐Happy.

Conclusions

Lesser emotion regulation‐related ventral and dorsal frontal engagement in BD could represent a trait abnormality that worsens during acute negative states. The reduced mOFC engagement in BD during explicit regulation of negative emotions may contribute to hopelessness particularly in the context of diminished motivation.
Clinical outcomes in T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia: prognostic factors and treatment response
Authors: Braunstein Zachary , Mishra Anjali , Staub Annette , Freud Aharon G. , Porcu Pierluigi , Brammer Jonathan E.
Published: June 2020

T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (T‐LGLL) is an incurable leukaemia characterised by clonal proliferation of abnormal cytotoxic T cells that can result in severe neutropenia, transfusion‐dependent anaemia and pancytopenia requiring treatment. The most commonly used agents, methotrexate (MTX), cyclophosphamide (Cy) and cyclosporine primarily produce partial remissions (PRs), with few complete responses (CRs). We evaluated the clinical course and treatment response of 60 consecutive patients with T‐LGLL to evaluate clinical outcomes and future potential treatment directions. Impaired overall survival was noted among male patients, patients with elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and those without rheumatoid arthritis. Cy was the most efficacious second‐line agent, with a 70% overall response rate (ORR; three CR, four PR). All patients who failed frontline MTX responded to second‐line Cy. In the relapsed or Cy‐refractory setting, alemtuzumab (n = 4) and pentostatin (n = 3) had an ORR of 50% and 66%, respectively, while duvelisib induced a long‐term response in one patient. In this large, retrospective analysis, our results suggest Cy is a highly effective therapy for second‐line treatment in T‐LGLL and should be considered a strong candidate for up‐front therapy in select high‐risk patients. Prospective studies evaluating pentostatin, alemtuzumab and novel agents, such as duvelisib, are needed for patients with relapsed/refractory T‐LGLL.
Emerging roles of non‐coding RNAs in retinal diseases: A review
Authors: Sun Lan‐Fang , Chen Xue‐Jiao , Jin Zi‐Bing
Published: June 2020

Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in variety of biogenesis and biological functions. Their aberrant expression has been implicated in disease progression. NcRNAs can be divided into short ncRNAs whose subtypes are mainly microRNA (miRNA), long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA). They are involved in cellular processes, including gene regulation, development and disease. The retina is a remarkably sophisticated instrument with interconnected cell types and is the primary target of many genetic diseases. In addition, in terms of retinal dyshomeostasis and inflammation, ncRNAs seems to play critical roles in many retinal diseases. Here, we provide an overview of ncRNAs in developing retina. We also review how does these ncRNAs function in various retinal diseases including animal and human models. These data indicate that ncRNAs regulate cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and contribute to initiation and progression of retinal diseases.
Chronic glucokinase activator treatment activates liver Carbohydrate response element binding protein and improves hepatocyte ATP homeostasis during substrate challenge
Authors: Ford Brian E. , Chachra Shruti S. , Alshawi Ahmed , Brennan Alfie , Harnor Suzannah , Cano Celine , Baker David J. , Smith David M. , Fairclough Rebecca J. , Agius Loranne
Published: June 2020

Aim

To test the hypothesis that glucokinase activators (GKAs) induce hepatic adaptations that alter intra‐hepatocyte metabolite homeostasis.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice on a standard rodent diet were treated with a GKA (AZD1656) acutely or chronically. Hepatocytes were isolated from the mice after 4 or 8 weeks of treatment for analysis of cellular metabolites and gene expression in response to substrate challenge.

Results

Acute exposure of mice to AZD1656 or a liver‐selective GKA (PF‐04991532), before a glucose tolerance test, or challenge of mouse hepatocytes with GKAs ex vivo induced various Carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) target genes, including Carbohydrate response element binding protein beta isoform (ChREBP‐β), Gckr and G6pc. Both glucokinase activation and ChREBP target gene induction by PF‐04991532 were dependent on the chirality of the molecule, confirming a mechanism linked to glucokinase activation. Hepatocytes from mice treated with AZD1656 for 4 or 8 weeks had lower basal glucose 6‐phosphate levels and improved ATP homeostasis during high substrate challenge. They also had raised basal ChREBP‐β mRNA and AMPK‐α mRNA (Prkaa1, Prkaa2) and progressively attenuated substrate induction of some ChREBP target genes and Prkaa1 and Prkaa2.

Conclusions

Chronic GKA treatment of C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks activates liver ChREBP and improves the resilience of hepatocytes to compromised ATP homeostasis during high‐substrate challenge. These changes are associated with raised mRNA levels of ChREBP‐β and both catalytic subunits of AMP‐activated protein kinase.
How do we teach simulation‐based dental education? Time for an evidence‐based, best‐practice framework
Authors: Higgins Denise , Hayes Melanie J. , Taylor Jane A. , Wallace Janet P.
Published: June 2020

Historically, simulation‐based dental education was taught using practical skills and the action of doing. An increased awareness of the importance of patient safety in healthcare education and delivery has seen considerable advances in the application of simulation‐based education across several healthcare disciplines including medicine, nursing and anaesthetics. Dental simulation–based education requires improved standards of best‐practice, and evidence‐based, curriculum design that is based on theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks and educational theories. In this commentary, we explore the educational theory and the development of healthcare simulation, including internationally recognised standards of best practice and the simulation‐based activity cycle. Given simulation‐based education should be fit‐for purpose, the components of these standards are examined within the specific context of dental education. We propose an evidence‐based, best‐practice framework that can be applied in the design and delivery of contemporary simulation‐based dental curriculum.
Effect of long‐term use of unfractionated or low‐molecular‐weight heparin on bone mineral density in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Yang Shuo , Niu Qingyu , Gan Liangying , Zhang Xiaobo , Tu Lingxue , Zuo Li
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Long‐term use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) causes bone loss and osteoporosis in patients not receiving hemodialysis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of UFH and LMWH on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).

Methods

Patients undergoing MHD using UFH or LMWH as anticoagulants were enrolled. BMD (in g/cm2), T‐score and Z‐score (BMDs) were measured at the lumbar spine and femur neck using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and 2 years later. Patient demographics and clinical indices were collected. Correlation analysis was used to identify significant predictors of bone loss. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the relationship between heparin type and bone loss progression.

Findings

A total of 104 patients were enrolled and completed the baseline BMD test; 72 completed the test again 2 years later. Six patients were excluded because they used both UFH and LMWH. Although BMD decreased in some patients in the UFH group, a slight increase in the BMD was observed on an average in the LMWH group after 2 years. The mean change in BMD (in g/cm2) [0(−0.03,0.04) vs. 0.04(0,0.06), P = 0.023], T‐score [0(−0.40,0.30) vs. 0.35(−0.03,0.53), P = 0.038], and Z‐score [0.10(−0.30,0.40) vs. 0.45(0.08,0.63), P = 0.031] in the lumbar spine in the UFH group was lower than those in the LMWH group. Femur neck BMD did not change significantly. In a linear regression model, after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, parathyroid hormone, and serum phosphate, we did not find an association between heparin substances and BMD.

Discussion

UFH might be associated with loss of lumbar spine BMD in patients undergoing MHD.
Withdrawing from treatment for Bladder cancer: Patient experiences of BCG installations
Authors: Alcorn Jason , Burton Rob , Topping Annie
Published: June 2020

Research question

The aim of this study is to explore how the patient's experience of their treatment influence withdrawal from BCG? And what are the strategies that could reduce patient withdrawal from BCG treatment?

Research problem

The cumulative treatment side effects of Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin can be both physical and psychological. Bladder cancer accounts for over 10 000 new diagnosis annually in the United Kingdom. Therefore, this article attempts to explore the patient's experience of their treatment and how this influences their withdrawal from treatment.

Literature review

A literature review was undertaken utilizing the CONSORT approach for reporting of research trials. Multiple databases were searched. The review showed that there is a paucity in the literature in the comprehensive understanding of the patient's experience of undertaking BCG treatment and potential subsequent withdrawal.

Methodology

A qualitative data was collected using semi‐structured interviews. Six interviews were conducted on participants who withdrew from intravesical BCG treatment. An inductive approach was used to thematically analyse the data.

Results

NVivo 10 was used to manage the data. Following an in‐depth analysis of the interview transcripts when all available data had been extracted and coded, four key themes emerged. These four themes were identified as: “treatment concerns”; “withdrawal influencers”; “unmet needs”; and what appeared to be “treatment bereavement” were concerning to the participants.

Conclusions

This article presents the results from the qualitative phase of a larger mixed methods study. The data produced from the interviews highlights themes and factors that cause patients to withdraw from BCG treatment early. These areas show the requirement for additional support in areas of communication, information giving and decision making. This study also identified a “novel” concept of “treatment bereavement”, which described the feelings of loss when withdrawing early.
Outsourcing Korea
Authors: Blank Stephen
Published: June 2020

The Six‐party agreement on North Korea's nuclear program on September 19‐20, 2005, despite its insistence upon an end to North Korea's nuclear activities, is in reality a major sign of significant regional trends that betoken a significant loss of U.S. power over the issues connected with security on the Korean peninsula. This agreement represents the first tangible outcome of the growing distancing of the ROK and the United States, and thus the fraying of their alliance. It also signifies a major diplomatic triumph for China which has forged an apparent alliance with Russia against American policy in Northeast Asia and is becoming increasingly closer to South Korea on issues relating to the Korean peninsula's security, than America. This agreement could thus represent a milestone in China's efforts to multilateralize security on the peninsula and effectuate a corresponding reduction in U.S. power in Asia. This outcome owes much to the American failure to understand and take account of regional dynamics, namely, that to be an effective player here one must have a relationship with North Korea. It also stems form the excessive partisan politicization of this issue in Congress and the Bush Administration's inability to overcome its unilateral and moralizing tendencies to forge a coherent policy among all branches of the government. Indeed, Washington spurned its interlocutors' pleas to engage North Korea directly, an engagement that would have allowed it to retain the preponderant position vis‐à‐vis Korean security issues that it has enjoyed since 1953. Although these talks are hardly concluded and the outcome remains uncertain, even somewhat precarious, it is clear that the prospects for a new security system in Northeast Asia, built at Washington's expense are very much in sight.
Attracting Long‐Term Shareholders
Authors: Williamson Sarah Keohane , Babcock Ariel
Published: June 2020

Corporate CEOs often say they don't hear enough from shareholders about strategic issues related to long‐term value creation. At the same time, they claim to hear with predictable regularity from short‐term investors about their success (or failure) in hitting consensus earnings targets. But as the authors of this article begin by noting, there is mounting evidence that companies get the shareholders they deserve—that companies that provide quarterly earnings guidance and otherwise focus investor attention on near‐term earnings targets tend to attract more transient investors.

The authors go on to argue that companies with a compelling long‐term vision can expect to benefit not only from more farsighted managerial decision‐making, but also from building a base of longer‐term investors who share management's view of success, and how it can and ought to be achieved. Such a shift in strategic focus and disclosure toward longer‐run performance creates a virtuous cycle—one in which companies that gain the interest and backing of investors with longer horizons end up reinforcing management's confidence to undertake value‐adding investments in their company's future.

Even if most companies can't pick their shareholders, they can develop an investor engagement strategy designed to attract long‐term investors. In this article, the chairman and president of FCLTGlobal outline the underlying strategy behind long‐term investor relations and the four key components of such an approach.
Using the Return on Sustainability Investment (ROSI) Framework to Value Accelerated Decarbonization
Authors: Eckerle Kevin , Whelan Tensie , DeNeve Bryan , Bhojani Sameer , Platko John , Wisniewski Rebecca
Published: June 2020

A major barrier to companies' more effective integration of sustainability into their corporate strategies is finding ways to estimate and communicate the full value of their business cases. In the authors' experience in working with or for companies, they find that most do not track the value sustainability delivers for an organization. And when companies do track and measure their returns on investments in sustainability, the estimates tend to be focused almost exclusively on those benefits that are most direct and tangible, and show up on the corporate P&L, as opposed to other benefits like employee commitment and regulatory forbearance, which are more likely to show up in a lower cost of capital.

To help companies quantify the expected value of their sustainability programs, the authors have developed a Return on Sustainability Investment (ROSI™) framework. The study presented here describes the outcomes of a recent analysis in which the NYU Stern Center for Sustainable Business in collaboration with ALO Advisors worked with Capital Power Corporation, a North American power producer, to estimate the value likely to be created by accelerating its transition to clean energy. Through their work with the Chief Sustainability Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and senior managers from several key business functions, the authors identified seven major sources of benefits, and quantified the expected effects on value of four of them, to produce an estimated contribution to the value of the company of about $30 million. The ROSI™ framework and methodology has since been incorporated into CPX's investment decision‐making process, and played an important role in management's decision to commit to the operating changes required to accelerate the company's transition away from coal‐generated electricity.
What Works in the Architecture Studio? Five Strategies for Optimising Student Learning
Authors: McLaughlan Rebecca , Chatterjee Ishita
Published: June 2020

Good teaching requires pedagogical dynamism: a willingness to vary one’s teaching approach relative to the context (and cohort) at hand, and to any new challenges that may arise from that context. This requires that teachers obtain a broad knowledge of teaching strategies and tactics. Given the demands of contemporary higher education, finding the time to obtain this knowledge can pose a challenge to full‐time academics. This is exacerbated in the case of part‐time and practitioner‐teachers who often work in varying degrees of isolation from the communities of learning to which they contribute. An analysis of the teaching practices of eight high‐performing practitioner‐teachers, alongside data obtained from 74 students, within a master’s‐level architectural course at a large Australian university, has been used to delineate five strategies for optimising student learning within the architecture studio. These include: setting up a challenge that clearly articulates the role of the student within it; early and frequent assessment tasks to assist students in rapid skill development and reflective practice; communicating clear expectations around performance; facilitating a strong peer culture; and enhancing motivation via high expectations. This article details the tactics by which these strategies can be achieved. This article delivers directly applicable advice for architectural educators, but it also provides practical insight into the specifics of architectural teaching that may assist educators working in other disciplines.
Sex‐specific ontogenetic patterns of cranial morphology, theoretical bite force, and underlying jaw musculature in fishers and American martens
Authors: Law Chris J.
Published: June 2020

The carnivoran cranium undergoes tremendous growth in size and development of shape to process prey as adults and, importantly, these ontogenetic processes can also differ between the sexes. How these ontogenetic changes in morphology actually relate to the underlying jaw musculature and overall bite performance has rarely been investigated. In this study, I examined sex‐specific ontogenetic changes in cranial morphology, jaw adductor muscles, and theoretical bite force between subadults and adults in the fisher (Pekania pennanti) and American marten (Martes americana). I found evidence that cranial size alone does not completely explain ontogenetic increases in bite forces as found in other mammalian species. Instead, cranial shape development also drives ontogenetic increases in relative bite force by broadening the zygomatic arches and enlargement of the sagittal crest, both of which enable relatively larger jaw adductor muscles to attach. In contrast, examination of sexual dimorphism within each age‐class revealed that cranial shape dimorphism did not translate to dimorphism in either size‐corrected bite forces or size‐corrected physiological cross‐sectional area of the jaw adductor muscles. These results reveal that morphological size and shape variation can have different influences on bite performance depending on the level of intraspecific variation that is examined (i.e. ontogenetic versus sexual dimorphism).
Anti‐Ku antibody‐positive systemic sclerosis‐polymyositis overlap syndrome in an adolescent
Authors: Loo Rory J. , Nocton James J. , Harmelink Matthew M. , Chiu Yvonne E.
Published: June 2020

Systemic sclerosis‐polymyositis overlap syndrome is rare in children. Anti‐PM/Scl is the most common autoantibody associated with this syndrome. We present a case of systemic sclerosis‐polymyositis overlap syndrome in a child with isolated anti‐Ku antibodies, an uncommon antibody associated with this rare syndrome.
Azobenzene Photoswitch for Isomerization‐Dependent Cancer Therapy via Azo‐Combretastatin A4 and Phototrexate
Authors: Mulatihan Dinaer , Guo Tao , Zhao Yanjun
Published: June 2020

The adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs to healthy organs/cells greatly limit their clinical efficacy and patient compliance. The unique behavior of azobenzene photoswitch offers a remarkable tool to address the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The azobenzene moiety has been integrated within some chemotherapeutic drugs to realize photo‐triggered activation of drug cytotoxicity. However, the clinical translation of these agents has been facing a few barriers. In this short review, we present our viewpoints on potential solutions to address the following challenges associated with azobenzene‐based photoswitchable chemotherapeutic drugs, including poor tissue penetration of light, hypoxia‐induced drug degradation in solid tumor and the autonomous cis‐trans relaxation.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*27:198 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Elsermans Vincent , Visentin Jonathan , Top Isabelle , Varlet Pauline , Labalette Myriam
Published: June 2020

HLA‐B*27:198 differs from HLA‐B*27:05:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 45 in exon 2.
Effects of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on quantitative pupillometry measurements, tear production and intraocular pressure in healthy horses
Authors: Ortillés Ángel , Sanmartí Júlia , Ríos Jose , Armengou Lara , Peña María T. , Leiva Marta
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effect of topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride (CH) on quantitative pupillometric readings (PR), tear production (TP), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy horses.

Animals studied

Fourteen client‐owned horses.

Procedures

In a two‐phase design study, each animal received 1% CH ophthalmic solution in the left eye [treated] and 0.9% NaCl in the right eye [control] (0.2 mL each). In the first phase (n = 7), TP, IOP, and PR assessment was performed by Schirmer tear test I, rebound tonometry and static pupillometry, at 1, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 148, 172, and 196‐hours post‐instillation. In the second phase (n = 7), plateau mydriasis was evaluated by assessing PR hourly for 8 hours post‐instillation. For PR assessment, pupil area (PA), vertical diameter (VPD), and horizontal diameter (HPD) were recorded. All pupillometries were obtained in a room with fixed light intensity (45‐60 lux). Statistical analysis was performed by generalized estimating equations method for the effect on parameters over time.

Results

After topical CH, significant differences in pupil dilation were seen from 1 to 172 hours for VPD and from 8 to 24 hours for PA, without significant differences on HPD over time. In the second phase, plateau PA and VPD were reached at 3 hours, while plateau HPD at 2 hours. No significant effects were detected on TP and IOP in both eyes at any time, nor on PR of the nontreated eyes.

Conclusions

Topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride could be considered an effective and safe option when a mydriatic/cycloplegic drug is needed in horses.
From five to one: Sandyella species (Palaemonidae) are distinct ontogenetic stages of a single species
Authors: Ávila‐García Ariadna , Sánchez Carlos , Borda Elizabeth , González‐Acosta Bárbara , Huato‐Soberanis Leonardo , Gómez‐Gutiérrez Jaime
Published: June 2020

The palaemonid genus Sandyella includes S. tricornuta (Isla María Madre, Mexico), S. mclaughlinae, S. bicornuta, S. quadricornuta and S. sexicornuta (Clipperton Island, France). These species were first described in the genus Chacella based on collections of few individuals and limited to no ecological information. Sandyella was later erected to differentiate Chacella kerstitchi from Chacella tricornuta and Chacella mclaughlinae. The remaining three Chacella species (<3 mm cephalothorax length) were later also moved to Sandyella and distinguished mainly based on variation in the less than three protuberances on the cephalothorax and number of protuberances on the abdomen. Since their description from their type localities, only Sandyella tricornuta has been additionally recorded from Bahía de La Paz, Mexico. Collections done at 13 locations along the Gulf of California (2009–2010) yielded 2,905 specimens including representatives of all Sandyella species as epibionts of 57 black coral colonies Antipathes galapagensis, which prompted a closer taxonomic examination. Based on observations of live and preserved specimens, including type material, population cephalothorax size frequency and mitochondrial COI data, we inferred that all current Sandyella species (a) exhibit three protuberances on the cephalothorax; (b) cephalothorax length and number of protuberances appear to be progressive among species; (c) species exhibit high COI sequence similarity; and d) the five Sandyella species were observed cohabiting the same black coral colony. Therefore, we conclude that the five current Sandyella species are in fact distinct ontogenetic stages of a single species, S. tricornuta, and our results of a morphological Bayesian analysis led us conclude that this species belongs to the genus Sandyella rather than Chacella.
The Link between Anxiety and Academic Achievement among University Students of the Teacher Training Programmes
Authors: Křeménková Lucie , Pugnerová Michaela , Dobešová Cakirpaloglu Simona
Published: June 2020

The topic of academic success is the subject of study in many different contexts, and it is increasingly becoming part of numerous professional discussions. So far, there have been described several factors, one of which is anxiety, whether in the form of the currently-experienced state or the personality trait. Although it appears that anxiety affects academic success negatively, this issue is not sufficiently explored in the Czech universities. The study aimed to analyze the impact of anxiety on individual aspects of academic success and to verify the possible practical applicability of this knowledge in the context of the concept of supporting academic success among university students of the teacher training programmes. Data collection was carried out using two methods: the self-constructed questionnaire of academic achievement and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version (STAI-T, Spielberger, 1983). The research sample consisted of 411 undergraduate students (average age 24.68, SD = 6.26, range 19-54), out of which 76 were men and 335 women. We used the following statistical methods for data processing: Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results showed that higher rates of anxiety are associated with the worst grade in the last winter semester and throughout the study, and that a lower degree of anxiety is associated with a better ability to organize the time for study, greater involvement in other activities related to study, the ability to fit among the classmates, adapting to study life, and also improving the ability to handle the overall demands of learning.
Organized Learning as a Factor of Stimulation and Satisfaction in the Life of Older Adults
Authors: Čepelka Oldřich
Published: June 2020

The aim of this article is to point to other than the cognitive effects of older adults’ learning that is organized in courses. The number of older people in the Czech Republic grows, and this is accommodated by universities as well as by other institutions. Nonetheless, only few representative surveys are devoted to the education of older adults, and the literature places little emphasis on satisfactory and stimulating effects of participation in organized learning. In fact, education of older adults, in general, does not only expand their knowledge and skills; it also influences their mental health (supporting mental hygiene), social status and quality of life. Among those effects, the satisfaction of important psychogenic and sociogenic needs has a special position and value. The analysis of the educational provision of 22 Czech universities of the third age indicates that courses primarily focus on helping older people how to “spend their time”, realize their hobbies and satisfy their curiosity. Themes of public interest, like media literacy or first aid, are missing. On the contrary, courses organized by other institutions (like academies of the third age, older people’s clubs, community centres etc.) are more centred upon the practical needs of older people. The motivations of older adults for organized learning are dominated by needs and related interests. The most important needs are those from the categories of belonging, esteem and self-esteem, and self-actualization and understanding (in terms of A. H. Maslow’s theory). Learning and self-learning of older adults is a part of the active ageing policy proposed by the World Health Organisation in 2002. It is based on the theory of active ageing which builds on the assumption that an adult person’s needs continue to exist till old age though they partly change. These include, among others, the inclinations to activity, self-fulfilment, self-esteem (to reach a sense of competence and usefulness). Educational activities contribute to feelings of dignity, self-esteem and well-being and help consolidate mental and physical health by mobilizing intellectual, cognitive and motoric capacities and functions. Therefore, organized learning is not only a matter of growth of knowledge and skills but also a matter of social ties and their cultivation. Simultaneously, organized learning both satisfies individual needs and interests of older people and stimulates the attainment of their life values.
Development of a Precise and Cost-Effective Technique to Measure Deliquescent Relative Humidity of Particulate Contaminants and Determination of the Operating Relative Humidity of a Data Center Utilizing Airside Economization
Authors: Shah Jimil M. , Anand Roshan , Singh Prabjit , Saini Satyam , Cyriac Rawhan , Agonafer Dereje , Kaler Mike
Published: June 2020

A remarkable amount of energy in data centers is consumed in eliminating the heat generated by the information technology (IT) equipment to maintain and ensure safe operating conditions and optimum performance. The installation of airside economizers (ASEs), while very energy efficient, bears the risk of particulate contamination in data centers, hence, deteriorating the reliability of IT equipment. When relative humidity (RH) in data centers exceeds the deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) of salts or accumulated particulate matter, it absorbs moisture, becomes wet, and subsequently leads to electrical short-circuiting because of degraded surface insulation resistance (SIR) between the closely spaced features on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another concern with this type of failure is the absence of evidence that hinders the process of evaluation and rectification. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a practical test method to determine the DRH value of the accumulated particulate matter found on PCBs. This research is a first attempt to develop an experimental technique to measure the DRH of dust particles by logging the leakage current versus RH% for the particulate matter dispensed on an interdigitated comb coupon. To validate this methodology, the DRH of pure salts like MgCl2, NH4NO3, and NaCl is determined, and their results are then compared with their published values. This methodology was therefore implemented to help lay a modus operandi of establishing the limiting value or an effective relative humidity envelope to be maintained at a real-world data center facility situated in Dallas industrial area for its continuous and reliable operation.
A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for College Athletes With Injuries
Authors: Podlog Leslie W. , Heil John , Burns Ryan D. , Bergeson Sean , Iriye Tom , Fawver Brad , Williams A. Mark
Published: June 2020

The authors used a quasi-experimental design to examine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral-therapy (CBT) intervention for enhancing psychological well-being (positive and negative affect, vitality, self-esteem), rehabilitation adherence, and clinical rehabilitation outcomes (pain, physical function) in 16 NCAA (National Collegiate Athletics Association) Division I athletes experiencing a range of severe injuries. ANCOVAs, with adjusted baseline scores, revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups for positive affect at rehabilitation midpoint (T2; adjusted mean difference (AMD) = 0.41, p = .04, η2 = .34) and return to play (T3; AMD = 0.67, p < .001, η2 = .70), negative affect at T3 (AMD = −0.81, p = .01, η2 = .47), and vitality at T2 (AMD = 0.99, p = .01, η2 = .48) and T3 (AMD = 1.08, p = .02, η2 = .33). Given decrements in emotional functioning after injury, the data support the use of CBT-based interventions for facilitating the emotional well-being of athletes with severe injuries.
Cancer-immune topology influences lung cancer evolution
Authors: Zervantonakis Ioannis
Published: June 2020

The extent of lymphocyte infiltration controls cancer subclone divergence, and a single immune cold region can increase the risk of relapse.