bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations for dimensional accuracy of AMC prepared by using Nylon6-Al-Al2O3 reinforced FDM filament in investment casting
Authors: Singh Sunpreet , Singh Rupinder
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the dimensional accuracy of aluminium (Al) matrix composites (AMCs) prepared by using an alternative reinforced fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based sacrificial patterns in investment casting (IC) process. Further in this work, a barrel finishing (BF) process has been introduced as an intermediate step for the improvement of surface finish of sacrificial patterns and to study the effect of BF process parameters on dimensional features of the casted AMCs. In the present research, an effort has been made to ascertain the capability/producibility of the proposed route for obtaining good geometrical tolerances.

Design/methodology/approach

Alternative reinforced FDM filaments were developed using single screw extruder whose melt flow index was matched with the commercial acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene filament. IC sacrificial patterns, fabricated on existing FDM system without making any change in its hardware/software, were barrel finished for improving the surface finish. The effect of FDM, BF and IC process parameters, namely, type of filament, volume of CAD-based cubical pattern, pattern density, BF time, BF media weight and numbers of IC slurry layers, was studied using Taguchi L18 OA approach.

Findings

Dimensional accuracy of casted AMCs developed was optimized successfully using Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. Optical microscopic analysis made on the castings highlighted the presence of Al2O3 particles which will result into the improvement of mechanical and tribological properties. International tolerance grade of cast AMCs was calculated and found acceptable as per ISO standard UNI-EN-20286-I (1995). Further, there are strong possibilities of process to be under statistical control at proposed settings.

Originality/value

The paper describes a new route for the development of AMC. The effect of FDM, BF and IC process parameters on dimensional accuracy of AMCs developed is also highlighted in the present research.
The achievable mechanical properties of SLM produced Maraging Steel 300 components
Authors: Hermann Becker Thorsten , Dimitrov Dimitri
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a process that produces near net shape parts from metallic powders. A concern with SLM-produced metals is the achievable materials performance with respect to mechanical properties. Particularly, three important aspects strongly affect the mechanical properties of the material: internal stresses resulting from steep temperature gradients and high cooling rates, the resulting microstructure and the occurrence of pores and flaws.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents SLM-produced maraging steel 300 (18Ni-300), an iron-nickel steel alloy often used in applications where high fracture toughness and strength are required. The steel’s achievable tensile, crack growth and hardness properties and the manner in which these compare to the wrought counterpart are reported. In addition, this paper investigates the porosity distribution and achievable density, residual stress levels and post-processing procedures using heat-treatments.

Findings

It is found that tensile properties, hardness and microstructure compare well to its wrought counterpart. Fatigue growth rates are also comparable, though they are influenced by residual stresses and microstructure.

Originality/value

The investigation into the mechanical performance addresses two issues: the achievable mechanical properties and the understanding of the link between the manufacturing process and the achievable material performance.
Process parameters optimization for improving surface quality and manufacturing accuracy of binder jetting additive manufacturing process
Authors: Chen Han , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Binder jetting (BJ) process is an additive manufacturing (AM) process in which powder materials are selectively joined by binder materials. Products can be manufactured layer-by-layer directly from three-dimensional model data. The quality properties of the products fabricated by the BJ AM process are significantly affected by the process parameters. To improve the product quality, the optimal process parameters need to be identified and controlled. This research works with the 420 stainless steel powder material.

Design/methodology/approach

This study focuses on four key printing parameters and two end-product quality properties. Sixteen groups of orthogonal experiment designed by the Taguchi method are conducted, and then the results are converted to signal-to-noise ratios and analyzed by analysis of variance.

Findings

Five sets of optimal parameters are concluded and verified by four group confirmation tests. Finally, by taking the optimal parameters, the end-product quality properties are significantly improved.

Originality/value

These optimal parameters can be used as a guideline for selecting proper printing parameters in BJ to achieve the desired properties and help to improve the entire BJ process ability.
Oral application of Escherichia coli bacteriophage: safety tests in healthy and diarrheal children from Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker Shafiqul Alam , Berger Bernard , Deng Ying , Kieser Silas , Foata Francis , Moine Deborah , Descombes Patrick , Sultana Shamima , Huq Sayeeda , Bardhan Pradip Kumar , Vuillet Valérie , Praplan Fabienne , Brüssow Harald
Published: October 2016

A T4‐like coliphage cocktail was given with different oral doses to healthy Bangladeshi children in a placebo‐controlled randomized phase I safety trial. Fecal phage detection was oral dose dependent suggesting passive gut transit of coliphages through the gut. No adverse effects of phage application were seen clinically and by clinical chemistry. Similar results were obtained for a commercial phage preparation (Coliproteus from Microgen/Russia). By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, only a low degree of fecal microbiota conservation was seen in healthy children from Bangladesh who were sampled over a time interval of 7 days suggesting a substantial temporal fluctuation of the fecal microbiota composition. Microbiota variability was not associated with the age of the children or the presence of phage in the stool. Stool microbiota composition of Bangladeshi children resembled that found in children of other regions of the world. Marked variability in fecal microbiota composition was also seen in 71 pediatric diarrhea patients receiving only oral rehydration therapy and in 38 patients receiving coliphage preparations or placebo when sampled 1.2 or 4 days apart respectively. Temporal stability of the gut microbiota should be assessed in case‐control studies involving children before associating fecal microbiota composition with health or disease phenotypes.
The perceived inherent vice of working-class university students
Authors: Mallman Mark
Published: October 2016

This article employs a psychosocial analysis to discuss ways that working-class students interpret their struggles at university as personal inferiority rather than as disadvantage. Using life-story interviews from a qualitative study of Australian university graduates, it examines working-class students’ negotiation of university culture and their own identities. The article makes use of a legal term, inherent vice, to describe a process in which individuals and institutions are disposed to viewing lower levels of cultural capital in working-class students as an indication of their ‘natural’ inferiority, rather than as disadvantages of inheritable, symbolic resources. Working-class students employ significant forms of ‘resistance’ to develop their own resources and resourcefulness. However, they do not have equal access to what Skeggs refers to as techniques of selfhood required by the dominant symbolic in the field in which they are engaged. Building on Bourdieu’s development of cultural capital, habitus clivé, and symbolic violence, these findings challenge deficit views of working-class students. They also raise questions about the responsibility of higher education institutions in understanding and equipping working-class students with the necessary resources, rather than relying on students to have been born with the ‘right’ background.
Review article: Role of magnesium sulphate in the management of Irukandji syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Rathbone John , Franklin Richard , Gibbs Clinton , Williams David
Published: October 2016

Signs of Irukandji syndrome (IS) suggest an underlying catecholamine storm with research demonstrating that Carukia barnesi venom causes a significant rise in adrenaline/noradrenaline serum levels. A systematic review was undertaken to ascertain the current evidence in treating IS with magnesium salts. A literature search was conducted using Scopus, Medline and ScienceDirect. Further articles were discarded via title description and/or abstract details. The remaining were read in full, and those identified as not having sufficient information regarding magnesium and patient outcomes were removed. Nine articles were identified. One article was a randomised controlled trial, which concluded that there appears to be no beneficial difference between those patients who received the magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and those who received the placebo and recommended against the use of MgSO4 in IS. Of the remaining eight, one reported the failure of MgSO4 and the remaining seven were case series reporting varying success in its use. This systematic review found insufficient evidence to support any clear recommendation regarding the use of magnesium, but nor was there clear evidence to recommend against its use in IS. Two case series describe significant reduction in key symptoms and hypertension but are a non‐randomised albeit prospective series with the limitations accompanying this. The reporting of recrudescence of symptoms with reduction of dose does suggest a dose–response relationship. The evidence for the use of MgSO4 is at best anecdotal, and further research is required to either confirm its benefit or confirm the randomised controlled trial.
Single‐cell genomics based on Raman sorting reveals novel carotenoid‐containing bacteria in the Red Sea
Authors: Song Yizhi , Kaster Anne‐Kristin , Vollmers John , Song Yanqing , Davison Paul A. , Frentrup Martinique , Preston Gail M. , Thompson Ian P. , Murrell J. Colin , Yin Huabing , Hunter C. Neil , Huang Wei E.
Published: October 2016

Cell sorting coupled with single‐cell genomics is a powerful tool to circumvent cultivation of microorganisms and reveal microbial ‘dark matter’. Single‐cell Raman spectra (SCRSs) are label‐free biochemical ‘fingerprints’ of individual cells, which can link the sorted cells to their phenotypic information and ecological functions. We employed a novel Raman‐activated cell ejection (RACE) approach to sort single bacterial cells from a water sample in the Red Sea based on SCRS. Carotenoids are highly diverse pigments and play an important role in phototrophic bacteria, giving strong and distinctive Raman spectra. Here, we showed that individual carotenoid‐containing cells from a Red Sea sample were isolated based on the characteristic SCRS. RACE‐based single‐cell genomics revealed putative novel functional genes related to carotenoid and isoprenoid biosynthesis, as well as previously unknown phototrophic microorganisms including an unculturable Cyanobacteria spp. The potential of Raman sorting coupled to single‐cell genomics has been demonstrated.
How do we make indoor environments and healthcare settings healthier?
Authors: Gilbert Jack A.
Published: October 2016

It is now well accepted that our modern lifestyle has certain implications for our health (Schaub et al., ), mainly as a result of our willingness to remove ourselves from the biological diversity of our natural environments (Roduit et al., ), while still being drawn inextricably to interact with it (Kellert and Wilson, ). Much of our interaction with the biological world is shaped by our interaction with the microbiological world. The bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists that comprise the microbiome of this planet, are also key to the development and normal functioning of our bodies. Our immune system is built to shepherd our microbial exposure, ensuring that microbial organisms that we need are kept close (but not too close), and that less‐desirable organisms are expelled or killed before they can do too much damage. By moving from a life interacting with nature on a regular basis, to a life in which we isolate ourselves physically from natural microbial exposure, we may have instigated one of the great plagues of the 21st century; chronic immune disorders.
Study of Ethanol‐Induced Golgi Disorganization Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Alcohol‐Impaired N‐Glycosylation
Authors: Casey Carol A. , Bhat Ganapati , Holzapfel Melissa S. , Petrosyan Armen
Published: October 2016

Background

It is known that ethanol (EtOH) and its metabolites have a negative effect on protein glycosylation. The fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus induced by alteration of the structure of largest Golgi matrix protein, giantin, is the major consequence of damaging effects of EtOH‐metabolism on the Golgi; however, the link between this and abnormal glycosylation remains unknown. Because previously we have shown that Golgi morphology dictates glycosylation, we examined the effect EtOH administration has on function of Golgi residential enzymes involved in N‐glycosylation.

Methods

HepG2 cells transfected with mouse ADH1 (VA‐13 cells) were treated with 35 mM EtOH for 72 hours. Male Wistar rats were pair‐fed Lieber‐DeCarli diets for 5 to 8 weeks. Characterization of Golgi‐associated mannosyl (α‐1,3‐)‐glycoprotein beta‐1,2‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT1), α‐1,2‐mannosidase (Man‐I), and α‐mannosidase II (Man‐II) were performed in VA‐13 cells and rat hepatocytes followed by three‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D SIM).

Results

First, we detected that EtOH administration results in the loss of sialylated N‐glycans on asialoglycoprotein receptor; however, the high‐mannose‐type N‐glycans are increased. Further analysis by 3D SIM revealed that EtOH treatment despite Golgi disorganization does not change cis‐Golgi localization for Man‐I, but does induce medial‐to‐cis relocation of MGAT1 and Man‐II. Using different approaches, including electron microscopy, we revealed that EtOH treatment results in dysfunction of ADP‐ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) GTPase followed by a deficiency in COPI vesicles at the Golgi. Silencing beta‐COP or expression of GDP‐bound mutant Arf1(T31N) mimics the EtOH effect on retaining MGAT1 and Man‐II at the cis‐Golgi, suggesting that (i) EtOH specifically blocks activation of Arf1, and (ii) EtOH alters the proper localization of Golgi enzymes through impairment of COPI. Importantly, the level of MGAT1 was reduced, because likely MGAT1, contrary to Man‐I and Man‐II, is giantin sensitive.

Conclusions

Thus, we provide the mechanism by which EtOH‐induced Golgi remodeling may significantly modify formation of N‐glycans.
Integrated reporting: background, measurement issues, approaches and an agenda for future research
Authors: de Villiers Charl , Venter Elmar R. , Hsiao Pei‐Chi Kelly
Published: October 2016

We discuss the background to integrated reporting, a new reporting framework focused on firms’ future value creation narrative. We consider why integrated reporting is an area of interest for the accounting profession, accountants, investors, regulators and managers. We provide an overview of the integrated reporting literature, discuss measurement and research design issues to take into account when designing studies on integrated reporting and identify approaches and set an agenda for future research.
Parental socioeconomic status and binge drinking in adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Kwok Ka Ho Robin , Yuan Sze Ngar Vanessa
Published: October 2016

Background and Objectives

Binge drinking is a phenomenon of excessive alcohol use seen in many countries. The objectives of this systematic review are a) to investigate the effect of parental socioeconomic status on binge drinking in adolescents, b) to compare how binge drinking and parental socioeconomic status was measured across studies, and c) to compare the differences between developed and developing countries.

Method

We searched PsycINFO and Ovid Medline databases for articles up to January 2016. Parental socioeconomic status is defined as household income, parental educational level, and parental occupational status. Binge drinking is defined as at least 4/5 alcohol drinks on a single occasion.

Results

Four hundred and fourteen articles were granted from the databases search with an additional 28 articles were hand‐searched through bibliographies. After abstracts and full‐text were reviewed, a total of 20 studies have met inclusion criteria for this systematic review. In developed countries, included studies were done in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, France, Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Canada. In developing countries, included studies were done in China and Brazil.

Conclusions

The majority of studies find no relationship between parental socioeconomic status and binge drinking in adolescents. However, studies that were done in developing countries yielded a weak positive association when no such association was found in developed countries. The variation on measuring binge drinking and parental socioeconomic status is discussed.

Scientific Significance

These findings may inform healthcare systems in prevention and intervention for binge drinking among adolescents (Am J Addict 2016;25:610–619)
Differences between White and Black young women in the relationship between religious service attendance and alcohol involvement
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Grant Julia D. , Haber Jon Randolph , Madden Pamela A.F. , Heath Andrew C. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Sartor Carolyn E.
Published: October 2016

Background and Objectives

We examined the associations of religious attendance during childhood (C‐RA) and adulthood (A‐RA) with alcohol involvement (ever drinking, timing of first alcohol use, and alcohol use disorder [AUD]) in White and Black female twins. As genetic and environmental factors influence religious attendance and alcohol involvement, we examined the extent to which they contribute to their association.

Methods

Data on 3,234 White and 553 Black female twins (18–29 years) from the Missouri Adolescent Female twin Study. Significant correlations between C‐RA or A‐RA and alcohol involvement were parsed into their additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual‐specific environmental sources.

Results

C‐RA was associated with ever drinking and timing of first alcohol use in Whites. A‐RA was associated with ever drinking and AUD in both Whites and Blacks. Shared environmental influences did not contribute to alcohol or religiosity phenotypes in Blacks. In Whites, the association between C‐RA and alcohol was due to shared environmental influences, whereas the association between A‐RA and alcohol was attributable to additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual‐specific environmental sources. Individual‐specific environment and genetics contributed to associations between A‐RA and ever drinking and AUD, respectively, in Blacks.

Conclusions

Factors other than C‐RA contribute to lower rates of alcohol involvement in Blacks. Shared environment does not contribute to links between A‐RA and alcohol involvement in Blacks.

Scientific Significance

The protective impact of childhood religiosity on alcohol use and misuse is important in Whites and is due to familial factors shared by religiosity and alcohol involvement. (Am J Addict 2017;26:437–445)
A novel variant in the SLC12A1 gene in two families with antenatal Bartter syndrome
Authors: Breinbjerg Anders , Siggaard Rittig Charlotte , Gregersen Niels , Rittig Søren , Hvarregaard Christensen Jane
Published: October 2016

Aim

Bartter syndrome is an autosomal‐recessive inherited disease in which patients present with hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. We present two apparently nonrelated cases with antenatal Bartter syndrome type I, due to a novel variant in the SLC12A1 gene encoding the bumetanide‐sensitive sodium–(potassium)–chloride cotransporter 2 in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Methods

Blood samples were received from the two cases and 19 of their relatives, and deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted. The coding regions of the SLC12A1 gene were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, followed by bidirectional direct deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.

Results

Each affected child in the two families was homozygous for a novel inherited variant in the SLC12A1gene, c.1614T>A. The variant predicts a change from a tyrosine codon to a stop codon (p.Tyr538Ter). The two cases presented antenatally and at six months of age, respectively.

Conclusion

The two cases were homozygous for the same variant in the SLC12A1 gene, but presented clinically at different ages. This could eventually be explained by the presence of other gene variants or environmental factors modifying the phenotypes. The phenotypes of the patients were similar to other patients with antenatal Bartter syndrome.
Delayed treatment of the first febrile urinary tract infection in early childhood increased the risk of renal scarring
Authors: Karavanaki Kyriaki A. , Soldatou Alexandra , Koufadaki Athina Maria , Tsentidis Charalampos , Haliotis Fotis A. , Stefanidis Constantinos J.
Published: October 2016

Aim

This study evaluated the controversial relationship between the duration of fever before treatment initiation (FBT) for a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), with renal scarring based on dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (DMSA) findings.

Methods

The inpatient records of 148 children under two years of age with a first episode of febrile UTI were analysed. Acute and repeat DMSA findings, and clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated.

Results

Acute DMSA showed that 76 of the 148 children with a febrile UTI had renal lesions: 20 were mild, and 56 were moderate or severe. Repeat DMSA showed renal scarring in 34 patients. The only factors associated with the development of renal scars in the repeat DMSA were FBT of more than 72 hours, the presence and severity of vesicoureteral reflux and increased procalcitonin levels and absolute neutrophil counts. Multiple regression analysis showed that an FBT above 72 hours was the only significant factor that predicted renal scars.

Conclusion

Delay in treatment initiation of 72 hours or more was a risk factor for permanent renal scars after the first episode of febrile UTI. Other associated factors were increased procalcitonin and absolute neutrophil count on admission and the presence and severity of vesicouretal reflux.
Urinary cotinine concentrations in preschool children showed positive associations with smoking fathers
Authors: Wang Yun , Yang Mei , Huang Zhiqiang , Tian Lang , Niu Lu , Xiao Shuiyuan
Published: October 2016

Aim

This study aimed to test the association between fathers’ smoking behaviour and urinary cotinine levels among preschool children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Possible factors influencing this association were also explored.

Methods

We recruited 368 smoking fathers with children aged five to six from five preschools in the city of Changsha, China. Urine samples were collected from the children, and the fathers were interviewed face‐to‐face. We adjusted for potential confounding factors with linear regression models.

Results

The geometric mean of the cotinine concentration in the children's urine was 3.94 ng/mL (95% confidence interval 3.71–4.22). In multivariate analyses, the important predictors of urinary cotinine levels among children, after adjusted confounding factors, were the number of cigarettes smoked in front of the children at home per day (B = 0.414, p < 0.001), the number of cigarettes smoked by the father in front of the children at home (B = 0.105, p < 0.001) and the mean duration of the children's exposure to ETS at home (B = 0.111; p = 0.046).

Conclusion

Urinary cotinine concentrations of children exposed to ETS at home were positively associated with smoking fathers and smoking behaviours and the mean duration of ETS exposure at home. Targeted interventions are urgently needed to reduce children's exposure.
Isolated port‐site metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after laparoscopic liver resection
Authors: Kihara Kyoichi , Endo Kanenori , Suzuki Kazunori , Nakamura Seiichi , Sawata Takashi , Shimizu Tetsu , Ikeguchi Masahide , Tokuyasu Yusuke , Nakamoto Shu
Published: October 2016

Port‐site metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is extremely rare, and only one case has been reported in the English‐language literature. Contamination with malignant cells along the needle tract during percutaneous biopsy or radiofrequency ablation is a well‐recognized cause of HCC recurrence. Here, we describe a case of port‐site metastasis after laparoscopic liver resection of HCC. The patient, who had undergone laparoscopic partial resection of the left lateral segment of the liver 18 months earlier, was diagnosed with HCC. CT showed a nodule in the abdominal wall where the laparoscopic port had been inserted during resection. Local excision was performed, and histological examination revealed HCC consistent with recurrence after laparoscopic resection. The experience described in this report highlights the risk of port‐site metastasis of HCC. Imaging for oncologic surveillance after laparoscopic resection must include all port sites.
Optimisation and quality control of cell processing for autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Watts Michael J. , Linch David C.
Published: October 2016

Clinical practice and the technology of cell processing for autologous stem cell transplantation has continued to evolve over the last two decades and merits review of current quality control expectations. The external regulatory era has improved quality and safety standards but there is still variable practice, with specific risks illuminated by a number of clinical incidents. Viable CD34+ cell assays may fail to indicate significant losses in progenitor function during storage, particularly after cryopreservation, and there is a need to develop an alternative, real time functional assay to replace colony assays. The ultimate guide to potency and successful cell processing for haematopoietic progenitor cell products is prompt and reproducible engraftment and close monitoring is essential for safety and quality control.
Comparisons between perivascular adipose tissue and the endothelium in their modulation of vascular tone
Authors: Zaborska K E , Wareing M , Austin C
Published: October 2016

The endothelium is an established modulator of vascular tone; however, the recent discovery of the anti‐contractile nature of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) suggests that the fat, which surrounds many blood vessels, can also modulate vascular tone. Both the endothelium and PVAT secrete vasoactive substances, which regulate vascular function. Many of these factors are common to both the endothelium and PVAT; therefore, this review will highlight the potential shared mechanisms in the modulation of vascular tone. Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of many vascular diseases, including hypertension and obesity. Moreover, PVAT dysfunction is now being reported in several cardio‐metabolic disorders. Thus, this review will also discuss the mechanistic insights into endothelial and PVAT dysfunction in order to evaluate whether PVAT modulation of vascular contractility is similar to that of the endothelium in health and disease.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue – Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc
Gateways, inland seas, or boundary waters? Historical conceptions of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River since the 19th century
Authors: Dagenais Michèle , Cruikshank Ken
Published: October 2016

Key Messages

Since the late 19th century, historians, geographers, and other scholars have conceived of the St. Lawrence River as a gateway that provided the basis for an east‐west transcontinental nation.

Although the Great Lakes initially were incorporated into the national histories of the United States and Canada, increasingly they came to represent boundary waters that transcended political borders.

Environmental issues encouraged a few writers to think more about how the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence might be thought about together, as sharing waters and a history.
Genetics of mitochondrial dysfunction and infertility
Authors: Demain L.A.M. , Conway G.S. , Newman W.G.
Published: October 2016

Increasingly, mitochondria are being recognized as having an important role in fertility. Indeed in assisted reproductive technologies mitochondrial function is a key indicator of sperm and oocyte quality. Here, we review the literature regarding mitochondrial genetics and infertility. In many multisystem disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction death occurs prior to sexual maturity, or the clinical features are so severe that infertility may be underreported. Interestingly, many of the genes linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and infertility have roles in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA or in mitochondrial translation. Studies on populations with genetically uncharacterized infertility have highlighted an association with mitochondrial DNA deletions, whether this is causative or indicative of poor functioning mitochondria requires further examination. Studies on the impact of mitochondrial DNA variants present conflicting data but highlight POLG as a particularly interesting candidate gene for both male and female infertility.
Predictive coding accelerates word recognition and learning in the early stages of language development
Authors: Ylinen Sari , Bosseler Alexis , Junttila Katja , Huotilainen Minna
Published: October 2016

The ability to predict future events in the environment and learn from them is a fundamental component of adaptive behavior across species. Here we propose that inferring predictions facilitates speech processing and word learning in the early stages of language development. Twelve‐ and 24‐month olds’ electrophysiological brain responses to heard syllables are faster and more robust when the preceding word context predicts the ending of a familiar word. For unfamiliar, novel word forms, however, word‐expectancy violation generates a prediction error response, the strength of which significantly correlates with children's vocabulary scores at 12 months. These results suggest that predictive coding may accelerate word recognition and support early learning of novel words, including not only the learning of heard word forms but also their mapping to meanings. Prediction error may mediate learning via attention, since infants’ attention allocation to the entire learning situation in natural environments could account for the link between prediction error and the understanding of word meanings. On the whole, the present results on predictive coding support the view that principles of brain function reported across domains in humans and non‐human animals apply to language and its development in the infant brain. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: http://hy.fi/unitube/video/e1cbb495-41d8-462e-8660-0864a1abd02c. [Correction added on 27 January 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.]
The Efficacy of Consulting Practicum in Enhancing Students’ Readiness for Professional Career in Management Information Systems: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Akpan Ikpe Justice
Published: October 2016

Consulting practicum (CP) is a form of experiential learning technique to prepare students for professional careers. While CP has become a popular way to help students acquire the essential practical skills and experience to enhance career readiness and ensure a smooth transition from college to employment, there is a lack of empirical studies that establish any link between CP and the career readiness of students. This study seeks to fill this gap. Undergraduate students enrolled in practicum classes undertook consulting projects for several organizations in the areas of management and information systems (MIS) with the purpose of implementing projects and solving real‐life business problems while gaining valuable professional experience and career specific skills. Each team had a mentor who was also the contact person representing the client organization. At the end of the projects, the teams’ supervisors evaluated the performance of the consulting teams based on 10 criteria, classified into behavioral and technical skills. The results show that students developed essential career‐related competencies and behavioral skills as an indication of career readiness, thus affirming CP as an innovative pedagogical strategy that can enhance students’ readiness for professional careers in MIS.
The attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder model for traumatic dental injuries: a critical review and update of the last 10 years
Authors: Sabuncuoglu Osman , Irmak Mustafa Yasin
Published: October 2016

It has been more than 10 years since the proposal of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model as an explanatory construct for traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in children. The aim of this review was to address developments in the study of the issue after 2005–2016. A systematic literature search covering the period from 2005 to 2016 was conducted on PubMed, the Cochrane library and Google Scholar using relevant keywords. Fourteen studies exploring the relationship between ADHD and TDIs from 2005 and onward (including the proposal paper) were identified. Of the 12 controlled studies, nine reported confirming findings for a link with ADHD in the occurrence of TDIs. More than one‐third of all children with ADHD may suffer from TDIs. In ADHD children, the most common types of injury were uncomplicated/complicated crown fractures and subluxation of maxillary central incisors resulting from falls and collisions. There is also evidence that ADHD represents an independent risk factor other than the well‐established risk factor of incisor overjet. Over the last 10 years, convincing evidence has accumulated that ADHD is an important and common risk factor for TDIs. Increased awareness and side‐by‐side work of medical, dental and mental professionals at both clinical and research settings are necessary.
Effects of diode laser irradiation and fibroblast growth factor on periodontal healing of replanted teeth after extended extra‐oral dry time
Authors: Carvalho Erica dos Santos , Rosa Rogério Hadid , Pereira Flávia de Moura , Anbinder Ana Lia , Mello Isabel , Habitante Sandra Marcia , Raldi Denise Pontes
Published: October 2016

Aim

The search for effective protocols to reduce the incidence of root resorption and allow periodontal ligament repair is still challenging, given the unpredictable outcome of late tooth replantation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of both high‐power diode laser irradiation (DL) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on the periodontal healing of replanted teeth after extended extra‐oral dry time.

Methods

Maxillary incisors of 50 male rats were extracted and assigned to three experimental and two control groups (n = 10). DL: root surfaces treated with DL (810 nm, continuous mode, 1.0 W, 30 s), FGF: topical application of FGF gel to the root surface and in the alveolar wound, DL + FGF: DL and topical application of FGF gel, C+: no treatment after extraction and immediate replantation and C−: no treatment after extraction and replantation after 60 min. In the experimental groups, the specimens were kept dry for 60 min, the pulps were removed and the canals were filled with calcium hydroxide paste prior to tooth replantation. The animals were euthanized after 60 days. The specimens were processed for radiographic, histological and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

The radiographic analysis showed fewer resorptive areas in DL + FGF (P < 0.05). The histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that the DL group had lower mean values of ankylosis, replacement and inflammatory resorption when compared to C−, not differing statistically from C+. DL + FGF produced significantly more collagen fibers (type I and type III) than C−, not differing from C+ in the case of type I fibers (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

DL, with or without FGF, reduced the occurrence of external root resorption and ankylosis. Periodontal healing was favored and some fiber reinsertion occurred only when FGF was used.
Growth of elaborate microbial pinnacles in Lake Vanda, Antarctica
Authors: Sumner D. Y. , Jungblut A. D. , Hawes I. , Andersen D. T. , Mackey T. J. , Wall K.
Published: October 2016

Microbial pinnacles in ice‐covered Lake Vanda, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, extend from the base of the ice to more than 50 m water depth. The distribution of microbial communities, their photosynthetic potential, and pinnacle morphology affects the local accumulation of biomass, which in turn shapes pinnacle morphology. This feedback, plus environmental stability, promotes the growth of elaborate microbial structures. In Lake Vanda, all mats sampled from greater than 10 m water depth contained pinnacles with a gradation in size from <1‐mm‐tall tufts to pinnacles that were centimeters tall. Small pinnacles were cuspate, whereas larger ones had variable morphology. The largest pinnacles were up to ~30 cm tall and had cylindrical bases and cuspate tops. Pinnacle biomass was dominated by cyanobacteria from the morphological and genomic groups Leptolyngbya, Phormidium, and Tychonema. The photosynthetic potential of these cyanobacterial communities was high to depths of several millimeters into the mat based on PAM fluorometry, and sufficient light for photosynthesis penetrated ~5 mm into pinnacles. The distribution of photosynthetic potential and its correlation to pinnacle morphology suggests a working model for pinnacle growth. First, small tufts initiate from random irregularities in prostrate mat. Some tufts grow into pinnacles over the course of ~3 years. As pinnacles increase in size and age, their interiors become colonized by a more diverse community of cyanobacteria with high photosynthetic potential. Biomass accumulation within this subsurface community causes pinnacles to swell, expanding laminae thickness and creating distinctive cylindrical bases and cuspate tops. This change in shape suggests that pinnacle morphology emerges from a specific distribution of biomass accumulation that depends on multiple microbial communities fixing carbon in different parts of pinnacles. Similarly, complex patterns of biomass accumulation may be reflected in the morphology of elaborate ancient stromatolites.
Bleached mudstone, iron concretions, and calcite veins: a natural analogue for the effects of reducing CO2‐bearing fluids on migration and mineralization of iron, sealing properties, and composition of mudstone cap rocks
Authors: Ming X. R. , Liu L. , Yu M. , Bai H. G. , Yu L. , Peng X. L. , Yang T. H.
Published: October 2016

This study investigates the Wangfu Depression of the Songliao Basin, China, as a natural analogue site for Fe migration (bleaching) and mineralization (formation of iron concretions) caused by reducing CO2‐bearing fluids that leak along fractures after carbon capture, utilization, and storage. We also examined the origin of fracture‐filling calcite veins, the properties of self‐sealing fluids, the influence of fluids on the compositions of mudstone and established a bleaching model for the study area. Our results show that iron concretions are the oxidative products of precursor minerals (pyrite and siderite) during uplift and are linked to H2S and CO2 present in early stage fluids. The precipitation of calcite veins is the result of CO2 degassing and is related to CO2, CH4, and minor heavy hydrocarbons in the main bleaching fluids. In our model, fluids preferentially enter high‐permeability fracture systems and result in the bleaching of surrounding rocks and precipitation of calcite veins. The infilling of calcite veins significantly decreases the permeability of fractures and forces the fluids to slowly enter and bleach the mudstone rocks. The Fe2+ released during bleaching migrates to elsewhere with the solutions or is reprecipitated in the calcite veins and iron concretions. The formation of calcite veins reduces the fracture space and effectively prevents fluid flow. The fluids have an insignificant effect on minerals within the mudstone. In terms of the chemistry of the mudstone, only the contents of Fe2O3, U, and Mo change significantly, with the content of U increasing in the mudstone and the contents of Fe2O3 and Mo decreasing during bleaching.
Powdered barley sprouts: composition, functionality and polyphenol digestibility
Authors: Aborus Naji Elhadi , Čanadanović‐Brunet Jasna , Ćetković Gordana , Šaponjac Vesna Tumbas , Vulić Jelena , Ilić Nebojša
Published: October 2016

This study was performed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity, antihyperglycaemic and anti‐inflammatory activities, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 7‐day‐old freeze‐dried barley sprouts (BS), one hybrid and one nonhybrid variety: ‘NS565’ (BSNS) and ‘Golozrni’ (BSG), respectively. BSNS expressed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) content of total phenols, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds were the most dominant bioactives in both BSNS and BSG (713.25 and 479.02 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW, respectively). BSNS possessed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays, and reducing power ( = 0.54 mg mL−1; IC50ABTS = 0.79 mg mL−1; RP0.5 = 9.35 mg mL−1). Antihyperglycaemic and anti‐inflammatory activities of BSNS ( = 1.43 mg mL−1;  = 1.86 mg mL−1) were also significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than BSG ( = 1.97 mg mL−1;  = 4.40 mg mL−1). In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion showed higher release of phenolic compounds in intestinal fluid than in gastric fluid.
Use of palliative chemotherapy in patients aged 80 years and over with incurable cancer: experience at three Sydney cancer centres
Authors: Ip E. , Pokorny A. M. J. , Della‐Fiorentina S. , Beale P. , Bray V. , Kiely B. E. , Blinman P.
Published: October 2016

Background

Octogenarians represent a growing population reviewed in medical oncology clinics, yet there is a paucity of data on how chemotherapy is tolerated in this age group.

Aim

To describe the use of palliative first‐line chemotherapy in patients 80 years and over and factors associated with its use.

Methods

We identified all new patients aged 80 years or older diagnosed with incurable advanced solid organ cancer and seen in one of three Sydney medical oncology outpatient clinics between January 2009 and December 2013. Patient, disease and treatment details were summarised and factors associated with chemotherapy use explored.

Results

Of 420 eligible patients, 100 (24%) started first‐line chemotherapy. Younger age at diagnosis was the only factor associated with receiving chemotherapy (median 82.9 vs 84.1 years, P = 0.002). A total of 78% of patients had single‐agent chemotherapy, and 41% received a full dose for the first cycle. During treatment, 54% experienced toxicity, necessitating dose reduction, delay or omission, and 32% were hospitalised. These events were associated with receipt of combination chemotherapy (OR 5.1; P = 0.04) and full‐dose chemotherapy for cycle 1 (OR 3.5; P = 0.02). Radiological disease control was achieved in 60%. Chemotherapy was stopped because of progressive disease (48%), toxicity (37%) or completion of planned course (17%).

Conclusion

A quarter of patients 80 years and older received first‐line palliative chemotherapy. Despite most receiving a modified dose, one third were hospitalised during treatment. These findings highlight the need for careful clinical assessment and selection of older cancer patients for chemotherapy.
Input Hedging, Output Hedging, and Market Power
Authors: De Angelis David , Ravid S. Abraham
Published: October 2016

We argue that commodity input hedging is different from commodity output hedging. Output hedging can be detrimental to “sector play.” Furthermore, firms with market power that hedge outputs have incentives to over‐produce and distort market prices. In rational markets, such hedging will be expensive and we expect to see a negative relationship between hedging and market power in “output industries” but not in “input industries.” We test these predictions on a sample of S&P500 firms from 2001 to 2005. Our results support both hypotheses. Placebo tests show that the same empirical regularities do not apply to currency hedging. Finally, our empirical framework, which differentiates between hedging inputs and hedging outputs, can also help in reconciling conflicting results in prior studies.
Translating biobehavioral research advances into improvements in health care—a “network of networks” approach to multimorbidity
Authors: Rohleder Nicolas
Published: October 2016

Biobehavioral research has made great advances in past decades, allowing researchers to paint an ever‐improving picture of interactions between the central nervous system and the systems in the periphery of the body. This knowledge allows us, from a researcher's perspective, to better understand diseases and disease symptoms that are not explainable with a narrow view on organ‐specific biomedical processes. However, what is lacking is the translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. In their commentary, Sturmberg et al pointed out these shortcomings and proposed a model connecting the different networks in the human body, and the importance of their connectedness, and drew conclusions for necessary changes in patient care. While doing so, Sturmberg et al also created the basis of what could be considered a new and all‐encompassing stress model. This work therefore not only calls for changes in clinical practice but also provides a basis for further steps in biobehavioral research.
Effects of family affluence on the health behaviors of Korean adolescents
Authors: Park Min H. , Hwang Eun H.
Published: October 2016

Aim

To examine the effect of the level of family affluence on the health‐related behaviors of South Korean adolescents.

Methods

A stratified, random cluster sampling of 400 middle schools and 400 high schools in Korea lead to the selection of 72,435 middle school and high school students. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the impact of family affluence on the health‐related behaviors of Korean adolescents.

Results

The risk of alcohol intake was 0.824 and 0.809 times lower in those adolescents with low and moderate family affluence, respectively, compared to those with a high level of family affluence. The risk of current smoking was 0.896 times lower in the adolescents with moderate family affluence, compared to those with a high level of family affluence. The risk of not exercising was 1.286 and 1.425 times higher in those adolescents who were associated with moderate and low family affluence, respectively, compared to those with a high level of family affluence. The risk of skipping breakfast was 1.433 times higher in the adolescents with low family affluence, compared to those with high family affluence. The risk for consuming no fruit was 1.890 times higher in the adolescents with low family affluence, compared to those with a high level of family affluence.

Conclusion

A high level of family affluence had a greater negative impact on alcohol intake and smoking and a greater positive impact on exercise and dietary behaviors, as compared to low and moderate family affluence among Korean adolescents.
Invited commentary: mapping the alteration in glutamate with GluCEST MRI in a mouse model of dopamine deficiency
Authors: Cumming Paul , Gallinat Jürgen
Published: October 2016

image

Read the highlighted article ‘Mapping the alterations in glutamate with GluCEST MRI in a mouse model of dopamine deficiency’ on page 432.