bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of Local Online Course Characteristics Compared with MOOCs – A Case Study
Authors: Sabag Nissim , Pundak David , Trotskovsky Elena
Published: June 2017

During the past two years, we suggested to the college’s engineering students to diversify their general studies with MOOCs. This experiment was awarded scant interest. The college students were then given the opportunity to enroll in a new online course in Hebrew, as part of the college’s general studies. The current paper compares students' attitudes toward MOOC and the online college course. A qualitative method was used, including in-depth interviews, observations of the forum’s activities and a students' opinion questionnaire. The participants were 25 students studied the online course, eight students completed MOOCs (from an engineering college), and 229 students from two colleges who did not study the online course or the MOOCs answered an opinion questionnaire about online courses. The completion of 25 students of the online course in comparison with the eight students who completed the MOOCs indicates a significant preference by the students for the online course over the MOOCs. The main criterion of the students to participate in the MOOCs was their interest in the subject matter, while the online course participants considered their own convenience first. The MOOC students reported a heavy learning load while the online course students reported a reasonable load.
Motivation and personal challenges while enrolled in higher education: The pathway to becoming a baccalaureate nurse
Authors: Kelly Sarah , Zavotsky Kathleen Evanovick , Delany Erin , Pagani Claudia , Duffy Christopher P. , Haqq-Stevens Elisheba , Young Myrna
Published: June 2017

Background: The exploration of the non-traditional or self-sufficient financially independent student experiences in higher education are considerably less researched, specifically addressing personal experience while pursuing higher education, when compared to traditional, those who recently graduated from high school, college students. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore non-licensed hospital employees’ (paraprofessional) perceptions related to their motivation to obtain a baccalaureate degree and overcome personal challenges to become a registered nurse.Methods: A qualitative descriptive focus group research design was used to explore the perceptions of minority paraprofessional employees had related to their motivations and challenges to become a registered nurse. All student- paraprofessionals, who were funded through the Robert Wood Johnson grant program, were invited to participate in this study. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the participants’ thoughts about obtaining a college degree and what their motivation is for obtaining a college degree in nursing. Informal questions were used to involve the participants in the discussion. The study was approved by the university’s institutional review board and participants completed an informed consent prior to any data collection.Results: Five participants were engaged in this study. The major theme that these participants reported was the different challenges and sacrifices (finances and life situations) that they had to deal with prior to starting courses and while they were currently taking courses. The second theme was motivation; these participants were motivated to have a better life.Conclusions: These participants had to deal with certain challenges and make sacrifices in order to pursue their dream; however, the participants were able to find the needed motivation to achieve their dreams and become a registered nurse.
Identifying clinical and educational difficulties of midwives in an Indonesian government hospital maternity ward: Towards improving childbirth care
Authors: Nagamatsu Yasuko , Tanaka Rie , Oka Miyuki , Maruyama Naoko , Agus Yenita , Horiuchi Shigeko
Published: June 2017

Objective: This pilot study aimed to describe the difficulties and educational needs of Indonesian midwives working in a government hospital and thereby propose possible solutions towards improving the quality of childbirth care.Methods: This study had a qualitative exploratory design. Focus group discussions were conducted with 22 Indonesian midwives working in a government hospital. Data were analyzed using content analysis.Results: These Indonesian midwives felt they faced difficulties in providing quality care such as “shortage of resources to provide health services”, “lack of resources for professional continuing education”, “insufficient evidence-based practice”, “difficulty in providing care due to cultural background”, and “challenges teaching students”. Therefore, these difficulties contributed to their uncertainty about the quality of the care they could provide. They desired continuing education to update their knowledge and skills and fill the gap between theory and actual practice. They wanted more in-depth information about “pregnancy”, “delivery”, “puerperium”, “neonates”, and “emergencies”. These topics reflected the wide range of care needed by the diverse group of Indonesian women who visited government hospital.Conclusions: Indonesian midwives working in a government hospital had difficulties in providing quality care for women with different needs and backgrounds due to the shortage of midwives, and lack of hospital beds and lack of essential equipment. Even though midwives wanted to learn or update their knowledge and skills to fill the gap between theory they learned in school and the demands of actual practice, the opportunity to have training was very limited.
How Does the First Language Have an Influence on Language Learning? A Case study in an English ESL Classroom
Authors: Romero Yanilis , Manjarres Milton Pajaro
Published: June 2017

This article presents a case study which aims at analyzing the influence that the first language has on the learning of a foreign language. This research was conducted in an ESL classroom from a Language Center in England and was carried out with a Saudi Arabian student during a two-month period. In order to conduct this research, theoretical support about contrastive analysis (CA) and error analysis (EA) were taken into account. The findings of this case study suggested that CA and EA are effective ways to study and understand how the first language (L1) of a learner might have an influence on the learning process in a foreign language. In this particular case study, it was found that this Saudi Arabian learner had a better performance in receptive skills; there were some evidences of U shape learning in this learner and also it was noticed that his handwriting and the use of punctuation marks although good, they needed some improvement.
Cognitive Correlates of Japanese Language (Hiragana) Reading Abilities among School-Aged very Low Birth Weight Children
Authors: Isaki Motohiro , Kanazawa Tadahiro , Hinobayashi Toshihiko , Kitajima Hiroyuki
Published: June 2017

Previous studies have examined that the reading abilities of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) children are poorer than those of Normal Birth Weight (NBW) children. However, little is known about the cognitive functions that have been used to explain the reading problems in VLBW children. This study investigated that the effects of attention function on reading abilities in VLBW children. 23 VLBW children (mean age 9.1 years old) and 23 NBW children (mean age 9.2 years old) completed a reading test (containing word reading and non-word reading tasks), attention tasks, a phonological task and a naming task. The group differences were significant for the non-word reading task and attention tasks. Moreover, there were significant correlations between scores on the reading test and those on attention tasks. Multiple stepwise regression analysis suggested the reading scores were influenced by attention. These results of the present study suggest that attentional dyslexia is a characteristic of reading among VLBW children.
Kicken of afkicken?
Authors: Sixma Leanne
Published: June 2017

Sensation or rehabilitation? A mixed methods research on the relationship between alcohol, drugs and delinquency among young adults in a probation service for addicted offenders

This research paper looks at the relationship between substance use and delinquency among young adults (aged 15 till 25 years) in a probation service for addicted offenders. Using a qualitative research method, twelve young adults give their opinions on the origin and development of their own problematic behavior. Results indicate that there is a relationship between substance use and delinquency, though determining causality is difficult and differs on an individual basis. They explain that this relationship is usually established in a risky environment and gradually grows by encounters with both substance use and criminal behavior, often early on in childhood. Friends and family introduced them to a problematic lifestyle in which drugs, alcohol and criminal offences appeared to be normal. Looking for excitement, being part of a group and experiencing positive effects after using substances are factors that stimulate them to continue with this behavior. The downside being that these adolescents get deeper into trouble and develop a dependency for this lifestyle. At that moment, certain turning points can offer a way to escape from using substances and/or committing offences
Modelos mentales de los estudiantes de secundaria sobre el suelo
Authors: Fernández Adriana , Sesto Vanessa , García-Rodeja Isabel
Published: June 2017

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de caso cuyo propósito fue investigar las concep-ciones alternativas y los modelos mentales de los estudiantes sobre el suelo. Los participantes fueron 48 estudiantes de 4.º de educación secundaria obligatoria. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas centradas en el origen del suelo, su edad, constituyentes y cambios que podría experimentar. De un análisis inductivo de las explicaciones de los participantes se identificaron las concepciones y los modelos mentales. Los resultados indican que este grupo de estudiantes presenta tres tipos de modelos acerca del suelo: suelo primigenio, suelo geológico y suelo ecológico relacionado con el ciclo de la materia.
Power and Ethics in Public Opinion (Siła i etyka w opinii publicznej)
Authors: Kosta Raul Andrzej
Published: June 2017

Politics is a field of life the basic task of which is streamlining of exercising power by a selected group of representatives of a community inhabiting the territory of a given country. At least such its role seems to be the basic one in public opinion.
Szwecja jako przestrzeń napływu migrantów
Authors: Chodubski Andrzej
Published: June 2017

W opracowaniu wskazuje się, Szwecja od czasu II wojny światowej jest państwem przychylnym napływowi imigrantów. Wypracowano w niej politykę imigracyjną, która ujawnia otwartość na zmiany w rzeczywistości poszerzania się ruchów migracyjnych ludności świata. Ważną przyczyną napływu migrantów do Szwecji było sytuowanie się jej w środowisku międzynarodowym jako „państwa dobrobytu”. W życiu imigracyjnym Szwecji wyraźnie zaznaczyli swą obecność Polacy. W latach 60. i 70. XX w. ujawniła się tam imigracja Polek zwana matrymonialną. Oblicze imigracji w Szwecji zmienia się współcześnie pod wpływem procesów globalizacyjnych generowanych przez postęp naukowo-techniczny, międzynarodowe rozwiązania prawne (prawa człowieka), nowoczesną edukację zorientowaną na budzenie świadomości przemian cywilizacyjnych.
Migracje Polaków do Szwecji po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 roku
Authors: Friedrich Marek
Published: June 2017

Human migration should be considered as one of the fundamental values of cultural and civilization life, which is creating a new social reality. In the European Union there are different attitudes towards migration: on one hand – professing the principle of free human movement and on the other hand – making restrictions on immigrants. Sweden stands out from other European countries because of friendliness for immigrants. In this country, the migration and integration policy is based on the principles of equality, solidarity, cooperation and consensus. Number of Poles in Sweden is the third largest number of foreigners and it is still increasing, especially after accession of Poland to the European Union. Gainful employment is the main objective of Polish citizens migrating to Sweden. The country is also being selected by young people as a place, where everyone could gain an education, especially higher education.
Католическое меньшинство на дону: риски сохранения
конфессиональной идентичности
Authors: Biedrik Andriej Władimirowicz
Published: June 2017

The article researches the problem of preserving the identity of the traditional confessional minorities in contemporary Russian society (for example, the Catholic community of Rostov region). Authors analyze the current status of its socio-cultural reproduction. Historically, the Catholic minority was always present in the confessional portrait of the Don region. It is confirmed by the pre-revolutionary census. Soviet period and the policy of state atheism have significantly reduced the demographic set of the Catholic community. Since 1990s. Catholic parishes began to revive. But this process is accompanied by a number of endogenous and exogenous complexities. The category of endogenous risk reproduction of Don Catholic community included a reduction of ethnic groups that traditionally profess Catholicism (Poles, Germans, Lithuanians) in the regional population. At the same time under the influence of migration flows increased presence in the region, Armenian Catholics and Catholics among Ukrainians that strengthens claims of members of the religious community to change the traditional (Latin) rite in favor of the Eastern Christian (Byzantine) rite. At the level of everyday life confessional community play ethnic and racial segregation, impeding the consolidation of the group, its demographic growth due to intra-marriages. The growth of the community by neophytes complicated by strict rules incorporating new members, as well as the official rejection of the Roman Catholic Church of proselytism in Russia. Exogenous factors socio-cultural reproduction of religious groups is the difficulty in resolving the legal status of the community, land and property issues in the places of worship, public perception of Catholics among the population and the authorities. Despite the convergence of the official position of the Roman Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church on a number of issues, the legal status of the Catholic community in Russia is often marginal. This is due to including with the problems of presence on the territory of the Russian Catholic clergy, mainly consisting of a number of citizens of foreign countries (Poland, Ukraine, and others.). In such circumstances, and taking into account the total secularization of Russian society can predict a further reduction in the Catholic community and the replacement of religious identity of its members, especially among young people.
Przyszłość bezpieczeństwa społecznego Unii Europejskiej w globalnej rzeczywistości XXI wieku przez pryzmat megatrendu minimalizacji kosztów pracy i robotyzacji
Authors: Piwnicki Grzegorz
Published: June 2017

In the contemporary global economic reality, many social, cultural and political problems emerge. Most of all, this problem is connected with economic and financial spheres. The paradox of contradictions manifests itself between the objective tendency of globalization and universalization and subjective particularism and egoistic interests of transnational corporations, governments and societies towards solving and eliminating them. The following paper presents these problems from the poit of view of the threats posed by megetrend of minimizing the labor costs and its far-reaching future results. The important question of robotization and automatization, which should be coordinated with a vision of a macro-scale social policy, is also mentioned. It is emphasised that such policy may be conducted in the area of European Union, because particular states, includuing Poland, are not able to cope with such challenges.
Karta Dużej Rodziny jako jeden z instrumentów wsparcia rodziny w Polsce
Authors: Ślęzak Jarosław , Bigot Mirosław
Published: June 2017

Polityka społeczna w Polsce w ramach modelu socjaldemokratycznego ukierunkowana jest na bezpieczeństwo socjalne. Istotnym wyzwaniem dla polskiej polityki społecznej jest podniesienie poziomu dzietności w oparciu o efektywne rozwiązania w polityce rodzinnej. W ramach polityki rodzinnej prowadzone są działania ukierunkowane na zabezpieczenie społeczne poprzez m.in.: świadczenia rodzinne, świadczenia z funduszu alimentacyjnego, świadczenia wychowawcze. Istotnym elementem polityki rodzinnej w Polsce było wprowadzenie w 2014 r. Karty Dużej Rodziny, skierowanej do rodzin wielodzietnych (posiadających minimum trójkę dzieci). Karty Dużej Rodziny jest ogólnopolskim wsparciem (w odróżnieniu od kart samorządowych). W ciągu 2 lat funkcjonowania w systemie polityki społecznej Karta Dużej Rodziny jest honorowana przez 1179 partnerów i jest instrumentem rozwijającym się.
The analysis and assessment of the effect of selected endo- and exogenous substances on prevention and treatment of selected conditions and injuries within the musculoskeletal system
Authors: Tomaszewski Wiesław E. , Obmiński Zbigniew
Published: June 2017

The aim of the presented report, prepared based on the results of the newest studies available in the reference sources, is the analysis and assessment of the important endo- and exogenous substances, whose role and significance in prevention and complex treatment of civilization-related diseases (including the pathological conditions and injuries of the musculoskeletal system) can be essential and significantly contribute to the improvement of the efficacy of the accepted treatment approach. Three substances, namely a-lipoic acid, y-linolenic acid and a-linoleic acid were subject to a detailed analysis and assessment.
Repositioning maneuver for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
Authors: Brooks Jasmine G. , Abidin Michael R.
Published: June 2017

With vertigo, the symptom of unsteadiness is a common presenting complaint and the etiology protean. However, the specific subset of this patient population with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is more defined. Cupololithiasis and canalithiasis are perhaps the best known and best described pathologic conditions resulting in vertigo. This condition occurs when otoconia from the utricle are displaced into the Posterior semicircular canal-cupula. The abnormal position of the otoconia often results in a pathological condition. The location of displacement is most often in the posterior semicircular canal. A better understanding of the etiology of BPPV has led to a simple and effective particle repositioning maneuver that allows the practitioner to alleviate vertigo symptoms for most patients using a simple manipulation.
Guide to family practitioners for the diagnosis and treatment of depression in children and adolescents
Authors: Troxler Mark Anthony , Grogg Stanley E.
Published: June 2017

Childhood and adolescent depression is probably more common in the primary care setting than most physicians realize. Because depression can result in suicide, it must be differentially diagnosed from the more common complaints seen in pediatric and adolescent patients. The cause of depression is usually multifactorial and may include psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, life stress/socioenvironmental, biologiclbiochemical, and genetic components. Depending on the patient's age, depression can present as mood disturbances, and eating and sleeping disturbances, as well as somatic complaints. With no laboratory tests currently available to diagnose depression, physicians must rely on the history and physical examination as the best diagnostic tool. To aid family practitioners, the authors present criteria for diagnosing depression from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition along with treatment that includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for the best possible outcome.
Hydatidiform mole
Authors: Hubbard James L. , Hosmer Stephan B.
Published: June 2017

Hydatidifonn mole is a gestational trophoblastic disease that arises from fetal rather than maternal tissue and can become metastatic. Most signs and symptoms occur late in the first trimester and are often confused with symptoms of a nonnal pregnancy and, thus, are often disregarded. The two most important diagnostic tools to detect this disease are the ultrasound and the quantitative f3-human chorionic gonadotropin assay. Treatment includes dilation and evacuation of the uterus and strict follow-up of quantitative f3-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. It is also important that the patient be placed on a reliable form of birth control during her follow-up period.
Advances in the treatment of superficial fungal infections: focus on onychomycosis and dry tinea pedis
Authors: Del Rosso James Q.
Published: June 2017

Onychomycosis is one of the most stubborn superficial mycoses. With few exceptions, oral antifungal therapy is needed to achieve resolution. Before oral itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine hydrochloride became available, physicians had to rely on prolonged therapy with griseofulvin or oral ketoconazole. Of the newer oral agents, itraconazole appears to have the broadest spectrum of action, with therapeutic activity against dermatophytes, yeasts, and some nondermatophyte molds. Tissue pharmacokinetics account for significantly greater efficacy and much shorter treatment courses for fungal infections of the skin and nails. In general, oral itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine are very well tolerated. The newer oral agents offer improved efficacy over griseofulvin and ketoconazole for onychomycosis and dry tinea pedis.
Towards the digital preservation of DOM-node-keyed scholarly web annotations
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: June 2017

The current generation of web annotation technologies use a set of keying techniques, often based on the Document Object Model (DOM) for representing HTML content, that link an annotation to its target content. However, when the DOM structure changes, for any reason, or browser rendering engines parse the underlying source differently, annotations can be orphaned and incorrectly re-attached. This article explores the preservation strategies that are required to ensure the longevity of scholarly annotations that use such technologies. These recommendations range from the social changes needed for the perception of annotations as first-class scholarly objects through to the technological changes and infrastructures that are needed for the preservation of such objects. It concludes with a series of recommendations for changes in practice and infrastructure that work towards the digital preservation of DOM-node-keyed scholarly web annotations.
Model prediction of biome‐specific global soil respiration from 1960 to 2012
Authors: Zhao Zhengyong , Peng Changhui , Yang Qi , Meng Fan‐Rui , Song Xinzhang , Chen Shutao , Epule Terence Epule , Li Peng , Zhu Qiuan
Published: June 2017

Biome‐specific soil respiration (Rs) has important yet different roles in both the carbon cycle and climate change from regional to global scales. To date, no comparable studies related to global biome‐specific Rs have been conducted applying comprehensive global Rs databases. The goal of this study was to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models capable of spatially estimating global Rs and to evaluate the effects of interannual climate variations on 10 major biomes. We used 1976 annual Rs field records extracted from global Rs literature to train and test the ANN models. We determined that the best ANN model for predicting biome‐specific global annual Rs was the one that applied mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and biome type as inputs (r2 = 0.60). The ANN models reported an average global Rs of 93.3 ± 6.1 Pg C yr−1 from 1960 to 2012 and an increasing trend in average global annual Rs of 0.04 Pg C yr−1. Estimated annual Rs increased with increases in MAT and MAP in cropland, boreal forest, grassland, shrubland, and wetland biomes. Additionally, estimated annual Rs decreased with increases in MAT and increased with increases in MAP in desert and tundra biomes, and only significantly decreased with increases in MAT (r2 = 0.87) in the savannah biome. The developed biome‐specific global Rs database for global land and soil carbon models will aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying variations in soil carbon dynamics and in quantifying uncertainty in the global soil carbon cycle.
Making research relevant? Ecological methods and the ecosystem services framework
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Meredith , Jaksic Fabián M.
Published: June 2017

We examine some unexpected epistemological conflicts that arise at the interfaces between ecological science, the ecosystem services framework, policy, and industry. We use an example from our own research to motivate and illustrate our main arguments, while also reviewing standard approaches to ecological science using the ecosystem services framework. While we agree that the ecosystem services framework has benefits in its industrial applications because it may force economic decision makers to consider a broader range of costs and benefits than they would do otherwise, we find that many alignments of ecology with the ecosystem services framework are asking questions that are irrelevant to real‐world applications, and generating data that does not serve real‐world applications. We attempt to clarify why these problems arise and how to avoid them. We urge fellow ecologists to reflect on the kind of research that can lead to both scientific advances and applied relevance to society. In our view, traditional empirical approaches at landscape scales or with place‐based emphases are necessary to provide applied knowledge for problem solving, which is needed once decision makers identify risks to ecosystem services. We conclude that the ecosystem services framework is a good policy tool when applied to decision‐making contexts, but not a good theory either of social valuation or ecological interactions, and should not be treated as one.
Unusual refilling of the slot region between the Van Allen radiation belts from November 2004 to January 2005
Authors: Yang Xiaochao , Ni Binbin , Yu Jiang , Zhang Yang , Zhang Xiaoxin , Sun Yueqiang
Published: June 2017

Using multisatellite measurements, a uniquely strong and long‐lived relativistic electron slot region refilling event from November 2004 to January 2005 is investigated. This event occurred under remarkable interplanetary and magnetospheric conditions. Both empirically modeled and observationally estimated plasmapause locations demonstrate that the plasmasphere eroded significantly prior to the enhancement phase of this event. The estimated diffusion coefficients indicate that the radial diffusion due to ULF waves is insufficient to account for the observed enhancement of slot region electrons. However, the diffusion coefficients evaluated using the distribution of chorus wave intensities derived from low‐altitude POES electron observations indicate that the local acceleration induced by chorus could account for the major feature of observed enhancement outside the plasmapause. When the plasmasphere recovered, the refilled slot region was enveloped inside the plasmapause. In the plasmasphere, while the efficiency of hiss scattering loss increases by including unusually low frequency hiss waves, the interaction with hiss alone cannot fully explain the decay of this event, especially at higher energies, which suggests that electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves contribute to the relativistic electron loss process at such low L shells for this refilling event. Through a comprehensive analysis on the basis of data analyses and numerical calculations, the present study sheds light on the underlying physics responsible for the unusual slot refilling by relativistic electrons, which exhibits the complexity of both radiation belt electron dynamics and associated wave‐particle interactions.
Deformation, stress, and pore pressure in an evolving suprasalt basin
Authors: Luo Gang , Hudec Michael R. , Flemings Peter B. , Nikolinakou Maria A.
Published: June 2017

We develop a two‐dimensional plane strain large‐deformation coupled poroelastoplastic finite element model to simulate initiation and rise of a salt wall from a flat salt body during sedimentation. We run transient analyses with high‐permeability and low‐permeability sediments in the model to simulate drained conditions and overpressure (or pore fluid overpressure). We investigate deformation, stress, and overpressure in the evolving suprasalt basin. Model results show that horizontal stress increases even higher than vertical stress at the flank of the salt wall and in the minibasin due to horizontal pushing out of the rising salt wall and that orientations of principal stresses rotate in the minibasin relative to far‐field stress state. Model predicts that compared with far‐field overpressure, the overpressure near the salt wall and within the minibasin is largely perturbed by the salt body. We find that perturbations of pore pressure (or pore fluid pressure) near the salt wall and within the minibasin cannot be resolved by traditional pore pressure prediction methods such as normal compaction trend approach and mean stress model approach. In order to predict pore pressure more accurately, especially in the regions near salt bodies or where stresses are perturbed, we need to apply a method that includes both effects of mean effective stress and deviatoric stress on pore pressure and compaction, for example, the Modified Cam Clay model approach, to pore pressure prediction. Our results provide geoscientists insights into evolution of salt basins, near‐salt deformation, stress, overpressure, and overpressure prediction methods and have implications for near‐salt wellbore drilling programs.
Seasonal variability and mechanisms regulating chlorophyll distribution in mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea
Authors: Guo Mingxian , Xiu Peng , Li Shiyu , Chai Fei , Xue Huijie , Zhou Kuanbo , Dai Minhan
Published: June 2017

This study shows that the response of satellite‐observed chlorophyll (CHL) to eddy motion varies seasonally in the South China Sea (SCS). The spatial pattern of the CHL anomaly composite for eddies is a dipole in summer and a monopole in winter, indicating that sea surface CHL is largely regulated by the horizontal rotational velocity of the eddy in summer and by eddy pumping and trapping in winter. The dipole pattern for anticyclonic eddies was confirmed by in situ observations, which also show that the dipole pattern is mainly restricted to the mixed layer. The underlying mechanism was further investigated with a coupled physical–biogeochemical model. The key driver leading to the seasonal variation of the eddy effect is found to be the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth. In summer when the mixed layer is shallow, the monopole nutrient change induced by eddy is restricted to the subsurface. The sea surface CHL distribution is thus mostly affected by eddy advection. In winter, the deepening of the mixed layer mixes the nutrients from subsurface where eddy significantly changes the nutrient levels, allowing the monopole pattern to be observed in the sea surface CHL anomaly.
A high arctic experience of uniting research and monitoring
Authors: Schmidt Niels Martin , Christensen Torben R. , Roslin Tomas
Published: June 2017

Monitoring is science keeping our thumb on the pulse of the environment to detect any changes of concern for societies. Basic science is the question‐driven search for fundamental processes and mechanisms. Given the firm root of monitoring in human interests and needs, basic sciences have often been regarded as scientifically “purer”—particularly within university‐based research communities. We argue that the dichotomy between “research” and “monitoring” is an artificial one, and that this artificial split clouds the definition of scientific goals and leads to suboptimal use of resources. We claim that the synergy between the two scientific approaches is well distilled by science conducted under extreme logistic constraints, when scientists are forced to take full advantage of both the data and the infrastructure available. In evidence of this view, we present our experiences from two decades of uniting research and monitoring at the remote research facility Zackenberg in High Arctic Greenland. For this site, we show how the combination of insights from monitoring with the mechanistic understanding obtained from basic research has yielded the most complete understanding of the system—to the benefit of all, and as an example to follow. We therefore urge scientists from across the continuum from monitoring to research to come together, to disregard old division lines, and to work together to expose a comprehensive picture of ecosystem change and its consequences.
Slowdown of global surface air temperature increase and acceleration of ice melting
Authors: Berger André , Yin Qiuzhen , Nifenecker Hervé , Poitou Jean
Published: June 2017

Although recent decades have been the warmest since 1850, and global mean temperatures during 2015 and 2016 beat all instrumental records, the rate of increase in global surface air temperature (GSAT) significantly decreased at the beginning of the 21st Century. In this context, we examine the roles of ice melting and associated increase in sea‐water mass, both of which significantly increased at the same time as GSAT decreased. Specifically, we show that (1) the slowdown of the rate of increase in GSAT between the specific periods 1992–2001 and 2002–2011 exists in all three climate records analyzed and is statistically significant at the 5% level amounting between 0.029 and 0. 036°C/yr and leaving an energy of 14.8–18.4 1019 J/yr available; (2) the increase of the atmosphere‐related ice melt between these two periods amounts to 316 Gt/yr which requires 10.5 1019 J/yr, that is, between 57% and 71% of the energy left by the slowdown; and (3) the energy budget shows, therefore, that the heat required to melt this additional 316 Gt/yr of ice is of the same order as the energy needed to warm the atmosphere during the decade 2002–2011 as much as during the previous one, suggesting a redistribution of heat within the atmosphere–cryosphere system.
Tangential deflection and formation of counterstreaming flows at the impact of a plasma jet on a tangential discontinuity
Authors: Voitcu G. , Echim M.
Published: June 2017

In this letter we report three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of the interaction between a nonpenetrable magnetosheath jet and the magnetopause, for northward interplanetary magnetic field. The magnetopause is modeled as a tangential discontinuity with no magnetic shear. We investigate the deflection of the plasma jet in the direction tangential to the magnetopause. We find that as the frontal edge of the jet interacts with the magnetopause, the electrons and ions are scattered in opposite directions, tangential to the magnetopause, by the energy‐dependent gradient‐B drift. This effect is more effective on the nonthermal particles that tend to accumulate at the two sides of the jet and sustain a polarization electric field in the direction normal to the discontinuity surface. The electric drift of the bulk of particles under the action of this polarization electric field explains the deflection and counterstreaming at the impact of the plasma jet on the tangential discontinuity.
Rupture processes of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence: Causes for extreme ground motions
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Koketsu Kazuki , Miyake Hiroe
Published: June 2017

We performed joint inversions of strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data to investigate the rupture processes of three notable (Mw ≥ 6.0) events of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. Multisegment fault models for the three events were constructed based on focal mechanisms, hypocenter distributions of this sequence, and active faults, as well as geodetic features. The results reveal the spatial relationships between the slip distributions of the three events over complex fault planes. In the largest event, the rupture primarily propagated to a northeastern region along the Futagawa fault zone. The extreme pulse‐like waveforms observed at the near‐fault stations during the largest event can be attributed to the event's upward rupture directivity, slip rate, and the nearly simultaneous slip of two subparallel fault planes.
A multispacecraft study of a small flux rope entrained by rolling back magnetic field lines
Authors: Huang Jia , Liu Yong C.‐M. , Peng Jun , Li Hui , Klecker Berndt , Farrugia Charles J. , Yu Wenyuan , Galvin Antoinette B. , Zhao Liang , He Jiansen
Published: June 2017

We present a small flux rope (SFR) with smooth magnetic field rotations entrained by rolling back magnetic field lines around 1 AU. Such SFRs have only been seldom reported in the literature. This SFR was adjacent to a heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS), which is defined as a high plasma beta region in the vicinity of a heliospheric current sheet. Even though the SFR and HPS have different plasma beta, they possess similar plasma signatures (such as temperature, density, and bulk speed), density ratio of alpha particle‐to‐proton (Nα/Np), and heavy ion ionization states, which imply that they may have a similar origin in the corona. The composition and the configuration of the rolling back magnetic field lines suggested that the SFR originated from the streamer belt through interchange reconnection. The origin processes of the SFR are presented here. Combining the observations of STEREO and ACE, the SFR was shown to have an axis tilted to the ecliptic plane and the radius may vary with different spatial positions. In this study, we suggest that interchange reconnection can play an important role for the origin of, at least, some SFRs and slow solar wind.
Diurnal and seasonal variability of Uranus's magnetosphere
Authors: Cao Xin , Paty Carol
Published: June 2017

In order to study the coupling mechanism between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, we use a numerical model to simulate the global magnetosphere and to predict potential favorable reconnection locations. We propose that a “switch‐like” magnetosphere exists at Uranus in both equinox and solstice seasons, where the planetary rotation drives the interchange between an open magnetosphere and a closed magnetosphere each Uranus day. This periodic reconnection is predicted to occur upstream of the magnetopause, with a frequency that corresponds to the planetary rotation (once per 17.24 h). The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause in our model are validated against measurements made by Voyager 2. In examining the evolution of the magnetic field configuration along with that of high plasma beta regions, which in combination indicate where the system is favorable for reconnection, we found that the reconnection that occurs is highly dependent on the rotation of the planetary magnetic field in both equinox and solstice seasons. These periodic reconnection events in our simulation support our hypothesis of a periodic “switch‐like” magnetosphere at Uranus.
Survey of thermal plasma ions in Saturn's magnetosphere utilizing a forward model
Authors: Wilson R. J. , Bagenal F. , Persoon A. M.
Published: June 2017

The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer instrument gathered thermal ion data at Saturn from 2004 to 2012, predominantly observing water group ions and protons. Plasma parameters, with uncertainties, for those two ion species are derived using a forward model of anisotropic convected Maxwellians moving at a shared velocity. The resulting data set is filtered by various selection criteria to produce a survey of plasma parameters derived within 10° of the equator at radial distances of 5.5 to 30 RS (1 RS = Saturn's radius). The previous 2008 work used a simpler method and had just 150 records over 5 orbits; this comprehensive survey has 9736 records over all 9 years. We present the results of this survey and compare them with a previous survey derived from numerical moments, highlighting the differences between the reported densities and temperatures from the two methods. Radial profiles of the plasma parameters in the inner and middle magnetospheres out to ≈22RS are stable year by year, but variable at distances larger than 23 RS near the magnetopause. New results include proton densities increasing in the near magnetopause region, suggestive of plasma mixing; evidence for the global electric field in Saturn's inner magnetosphere extends out to ≈15RS; no evidence for supercorotating plasma nor the middle magnetosphere “plasma cam” feature is present; the thermal plasma β is found to exceed unity at equatorial distances greater than 15 RS.
Photoelectrons in the quiet polar wind
Authors: Glocer A. , Khazanov G. , Liemohn M.
Published: June 2017

This study presents a newly coupled model capable of treating the superthermal electron population in the global polar wind solution. The model combines the hydrodynamic Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM) with the kinetic SuperThermal Electron Transport (STET) code. The resulting PWOM‐STET coupled model is described and then used to investigate the role of photoelectrons in the polar wind. We present polar wind results along single stationary field lines under dayside and nightside conditions, as well as the global solution reconstructed from nearly 1000 moving field lines. The model results show significant day‐night asymmetries in the polar wind solution owing to the higher ionization and photoelectron fluxes on the dayside compared to the nightside. Field line motion is found to modify this dependence and create global structure by transporting field lines through different conditions of illumination and through the localized effects of Joule heating.
First observation of interhemispheric asymmetry in the EPBs during the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm of 2015
Authors: Sau Sukanta , Narayanan V. L. , Gurubaran S. , Ghodpage Rupesh N. , Patil P. T.
Published: June 2017

In this work, we have studied the characteristics of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), such as their zonal drift and tilt, from the low‐latitude and dip equatorial region in the Indian longitude sector during the main phase of the 17 March 2015 storm. All‐sky airglow imaging observations from Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E geographic, 1.7°N dip latitude) and Kolhapur (16.7°N, 74.3°E geographic, 11.5°N dip latitude) are utilized here. On 17 March 2015, EPBs were observed to drift eastward during 14:30–16:30 UT between 3°S and 15°N dip latitudes. A westward drift presumably under the influence of the disturbance dynamo electric field initially appeared at higher dip latitudes almost 10 h after the storm onset, and subsequently, the same was observed at lower dip latitudes. The EPBs attained a peak westward drift at ~17:00 UT followed by a gradual decrease in their speed till ~18:30 UT. After regaining their westward speed, the EPBs continued to drift westward till 22:00 UT. Moreover, a latitudinal gradient in the drift motion of the EPBs was also observed on this night. Another interesting observation made from the images obtained from Tirunelveli was the presence of a large westward tilt of the EPBs. The most intriguing finding of this study, however, was the asymmetry in the tilt of the EPBs at conjugate points during the premidnight hours on 17 March 2015. In this study, the possible mechanisms that can explain these observations are discussed in light of the current understanding of the equatorial electrodynamics and EPBs.
Nonmigrating tidal impact on the CO2 15 μm infrared cooling of the lower thermosphere during solar minimum conditions
Authors: Nischal N. , Oberheide J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Maute A.
Published: June 2017

Carbon dioxide (CO2) infrared emissions at 15 μm is the primary radiative cooling mechanism of the thermosphere in the altitude range of 100–135 km. This paper explores the role of two important diurnal nonmigrating tides, the DE2 and DE3, in the modulation of CO2 15 μm emissions during the solar minimum year 2008 by (i) analyzing Sounding the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) CO2 cooling rate data and (ii) photochemical modeling using dynamical tides from the empirical Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere model. Tidal diagnostics of SABER data shows that the CO2 cooling rate amplitudes for the DE2 and DE3 components are on the order of approximately 20–50% relative to the monthly means, and they maximize around the lower bound (100 km) of the analyzed height interval. The photochemical modeling reproduces the observed results, albeit with systematic amplitude differences which is likely related to the uncertainty in the model input backgrounds, especially atomic oxygen. The main tidal coupling mechanism is found to be the temperature dependence of the collisional excitation of the CO2 ν2 vibrational state. However, neutral density becomes equally important above ∼110 km, thereby explaining observed evanescent DE2 and DE3 phases which are not present in temperature tides. The contribution of vertical tidal advection is comparatively small. The relative importance of the coupling mechanisms is the same at all latitudes/seasons. These results indicate that upward propagating nonmigrating tides forced by latent heat release in the lower atmosphere impact the thermospheric energy budget by modulating the longitudinal/local time behavior of the CO2 infrared cooling.
Cascading off the West Greenland Shelf: A numerical perspective
Authors: Marson Juliana M. , Myers Paul G. , Hu Xianmin , Petrie Brian , Azetsu‐Scott Kumiko , Lee Craig M.
Published: June 2017

Cascading of dense water from the shelf to deeper layers of the adjacent ocean basin has been observed in several locations around the world. The West Greenland Shelf (WGS), however, is a region where this process has never been documented. In this study, we use a numerical model with a 1/4° resolution to determine (i) if cascading could happen from the WGS; (ii) where and when it could take place; (iii) the forcings that induce or halt this process; and (iv) the path of the dense plume. Results show cascading happening off the WGS at Davis Strait. Dense waters form there due to brine rejection and slide down the slope during spring. Once the dense plume leaves the shelf, it gradually mixes with waters of similar density and moves northward into Baffin Bay. Our simulation showed events happening between 2003–2006 and during 2014; but no plume was observed in the simulation between 2007 and 2013. We suggest that the reason why cascading was halted in this period is related to: the increased freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait; the additional sea ice melting in the region; and the reduced presence of Irminger Water at Davis Strait during fall/early winter. Although observations at Davis Strait show that our simulation usually overestimates the seasonal range of temperature and salinity, they agree with the overall variability captured by the model. This suggests that cascades have the potential to develop on the WGS, albeit less dense than the ones estimated by the simulation.