bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies of Zinc Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Electrolytes
Authors: Vieira Luciana , Whitehead Adam , Gollas Bernhard
Published: June 2013

Deep eutectic electrolytes have been suggested as alternatives to classical room temperature ionic liquids and been used for the electrodeposition of metals. We have investigated the electrodeposition of zinc from a Lewis-basic choline chloride/ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent containing ZnCl2. The system was examined by cyclic voltammetry at static and rotating glassy carbon disc electrodes. The formation of a dissolved, intermediate species Z during the cathodic sweep is proposed to account for the observed deposition behaviour in the deep eutectic electrolyte in agreement with the effect of rotation rate on the deposition current in RDE voltammetry. The zinc electrodeposition behaviour with sodium ethoxide added to the deep eutectic solvent supports the suggestion that Z is a complex of Zn2+ and deprotonated components of the solvent. The absence of a plateau current in RDE experiments points to the potential dependent blocking of the reduction of Z by an adsorbed layer.
Fabrication of Low CTE Metal Masks by the Invar Fe-Ni Alloy Electroforming Process for Large and Fine Pitch OLED Displays
Authors: Nagayama Tomio , Yamamoto Takayo , Nakamura Toshihiro , Mizutani Yasushi
Published: June 2013

Low CTE and fine pitch metal masks were fabricated by the invar Fe-Ni alloy electroforming process. The invar Fe-Ni alloy metal masks obtained had finer 10µm x 30µm rectangular open areas with a thickness of about 10µm. The CTE of the electroformed Fe-Ni alloy fine pitch metal mask was 10ppm/K for the as-deposited mask and higher than the melted invar alloys. On the other hand, the CTE of the mask with annealing at 873K exhibited approximately 3ppm/K and was 4 times less than that of conventional electroformed Ni and Ni-Co alloys. The electroformed invar Fe-Ni alloy metal masks obtained are anticipated for use in the vapor deposition process for large and fine pitch OLED displays.
The Electrodeposition of Zinc-Bismuth Alloys
Authors: Gollas Bernhard , Luegger Andreas , Zidar Jakob
Published: June 2013

Biphasic nanocrystalline zinc-bismuth alloys containing between 15 and 90 wt% of bismuth have been electrodeposited on copper sheets and brass cylinders from acidic electrolytes. Complexation of Bi3+ by gluconate in the zinc sulfate/ bismuth methanesulfonate containing electrolyte was not sufficient to shift the reduction potential of Bi3+ close enough to that of Zn2+. Burnt deposits could be avoided only by using additives that kinetically hinder the reduction of Bi3+. The additive effects on Zn-Bi plating have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrodeposition in the Hull and Rota-Hull cell. Thickness and composition of the layers were determined by X-ray fluorescence and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays. The microstructure and crystallite size of the alloys have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
Electrochemical Assembly of Ruthenium Complexes during the Multilayering Process of MnO2
Authors: Tomono Kazuaki , Yamaguchi Ryota , Nakayama Masaharu
Published: June 2013

Multilayered manganese dioxide (MnO2) film intercalated with tris(2,2-bypyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was synthesized by a one-step electrochemical method. The obtained film was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. FTIR and XRD measurements revealed that [Ru(bpy)3] ions are intercalated in the interlayer between MnO2 layers and exist as a two-layer form. After immersion in water, the two-layer form was changed into the one-layer. Electrochemistry of the resulting films in Na2SO4 solution indicated an electron transfer from/to the underlying Pt substrate to/from the incorporated complexes through the MnO2 sheets. At this situation, [Ru(bpy)3] ions were extracted to maintain the charge neutrality of the film.
AFM Analysis for Initial Stage of Electroless Displacement Deposition of Silver on Silicon Surface
Authors: Ego Takuma , Hagihara Taizo , Morii Yuma , Fukumuro Naoki , Yae Shinji , Matsuda Hitoshi
Published: June 2013

We deposit fine metal particles on silicon (Si) by a displacement reaction, which is the immersion of Si wafers into a metal-salt solution containing hydrofluoric acid, that consists of a local cathodic reduction of metal ions and a local anodic dissolution of Si. In this study, the displacement deposition of silver (Ag) nanoparticles on the Si(111) surface with an atomic step-terrace structure is investigated by atomic force microscopy. Ag particles are uniformly deposited on the Si surface without influence of the step-terrace structure. The particle density of the deposited Ag decreases and then increases with immersion times between 1 and 15 s. The step-terrace structure disappears and nanoholes are formed by an immersion time of 15 s. We propose a model of Ag particle density and Si surface changes with time.
Electrochemical Formation of Functional Silver Coatings: Nanostructural Peculiarities
Authors: Bersirova Oksana , Kublanovsky Valeriy , Cesiulis Henrikas
Published: June 2013

The microstructure of silver coatings electrodeposited from different types of baths without brightening agents had been studied. The principal formulations of baths were following: cyanide: 0.75M KAg(CN)2+1.5M KCN+0.2M KOH; dicyanoargentate-thiocyanate (DCAT): 0.75M KAg(CN)2+6M KCNS + 1M K2CO3; dicyanoargentate-borate-phosphate-carbonate (BPC): 0.75M KAg(CN)2+0.82M KH2PO4+ 0.41M H3BO3+0.15M K2CO3+0.69M KOH; thiocyanate: 0.75M AgNO3 + 6M KCNS. The values of grain size was evaluated based on the XRD examination and are in the range 60 nm (for coatings electrodeposited from cyanide baths at current densities (15-40 mA cm-2) to 100 nm (for thiocyanate and BPC baths). The values of lattice parameter and interplanar distance obtained for Ag coatings are higher than that obtained for metallurgically prepared silver. Regardless on the type of bath, the obtained coatings were polycrystalline and nanocrystalline. The coatings electrodeposited at low current densities (< 10 mA cm-2) are rather crystalline that evidently was confirmed by SEM examination of surface morphology.
High Temperature Hardness of Electrodeposited Nickel-based Carbon Nanotube Composite Coatings
Authors: Suzuki Tsunehisa , Kato Mutsuto , Matsuda Takeshi , Kobayashi Seiya
Published: June 2013

The Vickers hardness of Ni-based coatings was improved by codepositing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements in the nickel matrix and over 500 HV at room temperature. The purpose of this study was to reveal the Vickers hardness at high temperature range. The normal nickel coatings and the Ni-based CNT composite coatings were formed by ultrasonic assisted electroplating using a horn sonicator. Nickel sulfamate plating bath adding 1.6 g/L CNTs which was 9.5nm in diameter and 1.5 μm in average length was used for depositing Ni-based CNT composite coating. At room temperature, the Vickers hardness of Ni-based CNT composite coatings was about three times that of normal nickel coatings. However, The Vickers hardness of Ni-based CNT composite coatings steeply decreased with increasing temperature. At high temperature range from 400 to 600°C, The Vickers hardness of Ni-based CNT composite coatings was about 50HV and lower than that of normal coatings.
Glucagon-like peptide-2 induces rapid digestive adaptation following intestinal resection in preterm neonates
Authors: Vegge Andreas , Thymann Thomas , Lund Pernille , Stoll Barbara , Bering Stine B. , Hartmann Bolette , Jelsing Jacob , Qvist Niels , Burrin Douglas G. , Jeppesen Palle B. , Holst Jens J. , Sangild Per T.
Published: June 2013

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a frequent complication after intestinal resection in infants suffering from intestinal disease. We tested whether treatment with the intestinotrophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) increases intestinal volume and function in the period immediately following intestinal resection in preterm pigs. Preterm pigs were fed enterally for 48 h before undergoing resection of 50% of the small intestine and establishment of a jejunostomy. Following resection, pigs were maintained on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) without (SBS, n = 8) or with GLP-2 treatment (3.5 μg/kg body wt per h, SBS+GLP-2, n = 7) and compared with a group of unresected preterm pigs (control, n = 5). After 5 days of TPN, all piglets were fed enterally for 24 h, and a nutrient balance study was performed. Intestinal resection was associated with markedly reduced endogenous GLP-2 levels. GLP-2 increased the relative absorption of wet weight (46 vs. 22%), energy (79 vs. 64%), and all macronutrients (all parameters P < 0.05). These findings were supported by a 200% increase in sucrase and maltase activities, a 50% increase in small intestinal epithelial volume ( P < 0.05), as well as increased DNA and protein contents and increased total protein synthesis rate in SBS+GLP-2 vs. SBS pigs (+100%, P < 0.05). Following intestinal resection in preterm pigs, GLP-2 induced structural and functional adaptation, resulting in a higher relative absorption of fluid and macronutrients. GLP-2 treatment may be a promising therapy to enhance intestinal adaptation and improve digestive function in preterm infants with jejunostomy following intestinal resection.
Differential expression of multidrug resistance protein 5 and phosphodiesterase 5 and regulation of cGMP levels in phasic and tonic smooth muscle
Authors: Al-Shboul Othman , Mahavadi Sunila , Sriwai Wimolpak , Grider John R. , Murthy Karnam S.
Published: June 2013

Previous studies have identified differences in the expression of proteins that regulate myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in tonic and phasic smooth muscle. cGMP plays a critical role in smooth muscle relaxation and is important for optimal function of phasic and tonic smooth muscle. The intracellular cGMP levels are regulated by its hydrolysis via phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and efflux via novel multidrug resistance protein 5 (MRP5). In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the differences in the phasic and tonic behavior of smooth muscles may be related to differences in mechanisms that terminate cGMP signaling. Expression of PDE5 and MRP5 was significantly (more than 2-fold) higher in fundus compared with antrum. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) caused an increase in PDE5 activity and intra- and extracellular cGMP levels in both fundus and antrum. Stimulation of PDE5 activity and increase in extracellular cGMP were significantly higher in fundus, whereas increase in intracellular cGMP was significantly higher in antrum. GSNO-induced increase in extracellular cGMP was blocked in dispersed cells by the cyclic nucleotide export blocker probenecid and in cultured muscle cells by depletion of ATP or suppression of MRP5 by siRNA, providing evidence that cGMP efflux was mediated by ATP-dependent export via MRP5. Consistent with the higher expression and activity levels of PDE5 and MRP5, GSNO-induced PKG activity and muscle relaxation were significantly lower in muscle cells from fundus compared with antrum. Thus higher expression of PDE5 and MRP5 in muscle cells from fundus correlates with tonic phenotype of muscle.
A validated model of oxygen uptake and circulatory dynamic interactions at exercise onset in humans
Authors: Benson Alan P. , Grassi Bruno , Rossiter Harry B.
Published: June 2013

At the onset of muscular exercise, the kinetics of pulmonary O2uptake (V̇o2P) reflect the integrated dynamic responses of the ventilatory, circulatory, and neuromuscular systems for O2transport and utilization. Muscle O2uptake (V̇o2m) kinetics, however, are dissociated from V̇o2Pkinetics by intervening O2capacitances and the dynamics of the circulation and ventilation. We developed a multicompartment computational model (MCM) to investigate these dynamic interactions and optimized and validated the MCM using previously published, simultaneously measured V̇o2m, alveolar O2uptake (V̇o2A), and muscle blood flow (Q̇m) in healthy young men during cycle ergometry. The model was used to show that 1) the kinetics of V̇o2Aduring exercise transients are very sensitive to preexercise blood flow distribution and the absolute value of Q̇m, 2) a low preexercise Q̇mexaggerates the magnitude of the transient fall in venous O2concentration for any given V̇o2mkinetics, necessitating a tighter coupling of Q̇m/V̇o2m(or a reduction in the available work rate range) during the exercise transient to avoid limits to O2extraction, and 3) information regarding exercise-related alterations in O2uptake and blood flow in nonexercising tissues and their effects on mixed venous O2concentration is required to accurately predict V̇o2Akinetics from knowledge of V̇o2mand Q̇mdynamics. Importantly, these data clearly demonstrate that V̇o2Akinetics are nonexponential, nonlinear distortions of V̇o2mkinetics that can be explained in a MCM by interactions among circulatory and cellular respiratory control processes before and during exercise.
Targeting ROR1 Inhibits Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis
Authors: Cui Bing , Zhang Suping , Chen Liguang , Yu Jianqiang , Widhopf George F. , Fecteau Jessie-F. , Rassenti Laura Z. , Kipps Thomas J.
Published: June 2013

Metastasis is responsible for 90% of cancer-related deaths. Strategies are needed that can inhibit the capacity of cancer cells to migrate across the anatomic barriers and colonize distant organs. Here, we show an association between metastasis and expression of a type I receptor tyrosine kinase–like orphan receptor, ROR1, which is expressed during embryogenesis and by various cancers, but not by normal postpartum tissues. We found that expression of ROR1 associates with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which occurs during embryogenesis and cancer metastasis. Breast adenocarcinomas expressing high levels of ROR1 were more likely to have gene expression signatures associated with EMT and had higher rates of relapse and metastasis than breast adenocarcinomas expressing low levels of ROR1. Suppressing expression of ROR1 in metastasis-prone breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, HS-578T, or BT549, attenuated expression of proteins associated with EMT (e.g., vimentin, SNAIL-1/2, and ZEB1), enhanced expression of E-cadherin, epithelial cytokeratins (e.g., CK-19), and tight junction proteins (e.g., ZO-1), and impaired their migration/invasion capacity in vitro and the metastatic potential of MDA-MB-231 cells in immunodeficient mice. Conversely, transfection of MCF-7 cells to express ROR1 reduced expression of E-cadherin and CK-19, but enhanced the expression of SNAIL-1/2 and vimentin. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 with a monoclonal antibody specific for ROR1 induced downmodulation of vimentin and inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Collectively, this study indicates that ROR1 may regulate EMT and metastasis and that antibodies targeting ROR1 can inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res; 73(12); 3649–60. ©2013 AACR.
Three-Dimensional Geometries Representing the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Multiple Sclerosis, Optic Neuritis, and Healthy Eyes
Authors: Garcia-Martin Elena , Calvo Begoña , Malvè Mauro , Herrero Raquel , Fuertes Isabel , Ferreras Antonio , Larrosa Jose M. , Polo Vicente , Pablo Luis E.
Published: June 2013

Background: To represent and interpret the three-dimensional (3D) geometry and the distribution of the axonal damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with healthy subjects. To analyze alterations in RNFL morphology in eyes of MS patients with or without previous episodes of optic neuritis (ON). Methods: MS patients (n = 122) and age-matched healthy subjects (n = 108) were enrolled. The Spectralis optical coherence tomography system was used to determine the circumpapillary RNFL thickness. The 768 RNFL thickness measurements were used to evaluate thickness measurements in patients with or without antecedent ON and to design a 3D reconstruction of the RNFL thickness representing the mechanobiologic tissue response to neurodegeneration caused by MS and ON episodes. Results: RNFL thickness was decreased in MS patients, and was higher in the MS group with previous ON. Statistical analysis and 3D RNFL reconstruction revealed greater damage to the ganglionar cells in the superonasal RNFL area (101.77 µm in MS vs. 125.47 µm in healthy subjects) and in the inferotemporal RNFL (119.05 µm in MS eyes and 149.26 µm in healthy eyes). Conclusions: The 3D representation of RNFL thickness based on measurements allows physicians to better observe damage in the temporal areas, especially in patients with previous ON.
Heparin Treatment for Allergic Conjunctivitis in the Experimental Balb/c Model
Authors: Kocatürk Tolga , Kocatürk Özlem , Kaplan Ahmet , Meteoğlu İbrahim , Çakmak Harun , Dayanir Volkan
Published: June 2013

Purpose: To compare the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone and heparin on the infiltration of mast cells in the conjunctiva by using a mouse allergic conjunctivitis model. Methods: 24 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups: allergy group (positive control), dexamethasone group, heparin group, and negative control group, as groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Each group comprised 6 mice, and experimental allergic conjunctivitis was developed in groups 1, 2, and 3. The mice in group 2 were treated with topical 0.1% dexamethasone eye ointment, and the mice in group 3 were treated topically with 5,000 IU/ml standard heparin. Both dexamethasone and heparin were instilled once a day for 4 days. Hanks' balanced salt solution was dropped into both eyes of the mice in group 4 instead of dexamethasone or heparin. Eyeballs and eyelids were removed from the mice in all groups while one eye of each animal was used for histopathological, the other for molecular biological examination. Results: Mast cells, infiltrating the subconjunctival tissue, were significantly lower in group 2 (p < 0.0001), group 3 (p < 0.0001) and group 4 (p < 0.0001) when compared to group 1. Conclusions: Topical heparin could be a viable option in treating IgE-induced allergic eye disease since it is found to be as effective as topical dexamethasone in experimental acute allergic eye disease.
Effect of a Non-Calcium-Based Phosphate Binder on Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Spatz Christin , Roe Kevin , Lehman Erik , Verma Navin
Published: June 2013

Background: Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are associated with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increased mortality. Studies in individuals without CKD suggest that FGF23 levels are regulated by dietary phosphorus; however, the effect of pharmacologic phosphorus restriction on FGF23 in CKD patients is uncertain. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study examining the effect of phosphorus reduction with sevelamer carbonate on FGF23 levels in CKD patients. Adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 according to MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) and hyperphosphatemia were enrolled. Subjects were started on sevelamer carbonate 800 mg by mouth with meals and the dose was titrated to achieve a serum phosphorus between 2.7 and 4.6 mg/dl for those with CKD stages III and IV, and between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/dl for CKD stage V. FGF23 levels were measured at baseline and 3 months. Results were analyzed as percent change from baseline. Results: 40 patients completed the study. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate by MDRD at entry was 21.2 ± 10.5, serum phosphorus 4.8 ± 0.8, and FGF23 level 602.3 ± 1,074.6. Mean serum phosphorus and FGF23 levels after 3 months were 4.4 ± 0.9 and 599.2 ± 720.9, respectively. No significant difference was seen in FGF23 (p = 0.76) despite a significant difference in phosphorus (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The patients treated with sevelamer carbonate did not have a significant change in plasma FGF23 levels despite a significant reduction in phosphorus. It is possible that once overt hyperphosphatemia develops, FGF23 levels may not be reduced by phosphorus reduction alone in CKD patients.
2
H
2
O-Based High-Density Lipoprotein Turnover Method for the Assessment of Dynamic High-Density Lipoprotein Function in Mice
Authors: Kasumov Takhar , Willard Belinda , Li Ling , Li Min , Conger Heather , Buffa Jennifer A. , Previs Stephen , McCullough Arthur , Hazen Stanley L. , Smith Jonathan D.
Published: June 2013

Objective—

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) promotes reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver for clearance. Reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDLc) is associated with atherosclerosis; however, as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, HDLc has limitations because it is not a direct marker of HDL functionality. Our objective was to develop a mass spectrometry–based method for the simultaneous measurement of HDLc and ApoAI kinetics in mice, using a single
2
H
2
O tracer, and use it to examine genetic and drug perturbations on HDL turnover in vivo.

Approach and Results—

Mice were given
2
H
2
O in the drinking water, and serial blood samples were collected at different time points. HDLc and ApoAI gradually incorporated
2
H, allowing experimental measurement of fractional catabolic rates and production rates for HDLc and ApoAI. ApoE
−/−
mice displayed increased fractional catabolic rates (
P
<0.01) and reduced production rates of both HDLc and ApoAI (
P
<0.05) compared with controls. In human ApoAI transgenic mice, levels and production rates of HDLc and human ApoAI were strikingly higher than in wild-type mice. Myriocin, an inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis, significantly increased both HDL flux and macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport, indicating compatibility of this HDL turnover method with the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport assay.

Conclusions—

2
H
2
O-labeling can be used to measure HDLc and ApoAI flux in vivo, and to assess the role of genetic and pharmacological interventions on HDL turnover in mice. Safety, simplicity, and low cost of the
2
H
2
O-based HDL turnover approach suggest that this assay can be scaled for human use to study effects of HDL targeted therapies on dynamic HDL function.
Global Increase in Task-related Fronto-parietal Activity after Focal Frontal Lobe Lesion
Authors: Woolgar Alexandra , Bor Daniel , Duncan John
Published: June 2013

A critical question for neuropsychology is how complex brain networks react to damage. Here, we address this question for the well-known executive control or multiple-demand (MD) system, a fronto-parietal network showing increased activity with many different kinds of cognitive demand, including standard tests of fluid intelligence. Using fMRI, we ask how focal frontal lobe damage affects MD activity during a standard fluid intelligence task. Despite poor behavioral performance, frontal patients showed increased fronto-parietal activity relative to controls. The activation difference was not accounted for by difference in IQ. Moreover, rather than specific focus on perilesional or contralesional cortex, additional recruitment was distributed throughout the MD regions and surrounding cortex and included parietal MD regions distant from the injury. The data suggest that, following local frontal lobe damage, there is a global compensatory recruitment of an adaptive and integrated fronto-parietal network.
Pharmacologically Increasing Sleep Spindles Enhances Recognition for Negative and High-arousal Memories
Authors: Kaestner Erik J. , Wixted John T. , Mednick Sara C.
Published: June 2013

Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spindles. This is despite the fact that sleep spindles are implicated in declarative memory as well as neural models of memory consolidation (e.g., hippocampal neural replay). Additionally, many studies examine a limited range of emotional stimuli and fail to disentangle differences in memory performance because of variance in valence and arousal. Here, we experimentally increase non-REM sleep features, sleep spindle density, and SWS, with pharmacological interventions using zolpidem (Ambien) and sodium oxybate (Xyrem) during daytime naps. We use a full spread of emotional stimuli to test all levels of valence and arousal. We find that increasing sleep spindle density increases memory discrimination (da) for highly arousing and negative stimuli without altering measures of bias (ca). These results indicate a broader role for sleep in the processing of emotional stimuli with differing effects based on arousal and valence, and they raise the possibility that sleep spindles causally facilitate emotional memory consolidation. These findings are discussed in terms of the known use of hypnotics in individuals with emotional mood disorders.
Longitudinal Working Memory Development Is Related to Structural Maturation of Frontal and Parietal Cortices
Authors: Tamnes Christian K. , Walhovd Kristine B. , Grydeland Håkon , Holland Dominic , Østby Ylva , Dale Anders M. , Fjell Anders M.
Published: June 2013

Parallels between patterns of brain maturation and cognitive development have been observed repeatedly, but studies directly testing the relationships between improvements in specific cognitive functions and structural changes in the brain are lacking. Working memory development extends throughout childhood and adolescence and likely plays a central role for cognitive development in multiple domains and in several neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroimaging, lesion, and electrophysiological studies indicate that working memory emerges from coordinated interactions of a distributed neural network in which fronto-parietal cortical regions are critical. In the current study, verbal working memory function, as indexed by performance on the Keep Track task, and volumes of brain regions were assessed at two time points in 79 healthy children and adolescents in the age range of 8–22 years. Longitudinal change in cortical and subcortical volumes was quantified by the use of Quantitative Anatomical Regional Change. Improvement in working memory was related to cortical volume reduction in bilateral prefrontal and posterior parietal regions and in regions around the central sulci. Importantly, these relationships were not explained by differences in gender, age, or intelligence level or change in intellectual abilities. Furthermore, the relationships did not interact with age and were not significantly different in children, young adolescents, and old adolescents. The results provide the first direct evidence that structural maturation of a fronto-parietal cortical network supports working memory development.
Information literacy and embedded librarianship in an online graduate programme
Authors: Kumar Swapna , Edwards Mary
Published: June 2013

This paper reports on an embedded librarian project aimed at providing incoming online graduate students with essential information literacy skills to succeed in an online programme. It describes the design and implementation of the project, the results of pre- and post-instruction surveys of students’ information literacy skills and students’ perceived ability, confidence, and anxiety when accessing information using library resources. The assessment of the embedded librarian project is discussed in the context of the methods used and the needs of online students.
Information literacy as a facilitator of ethical practice in the professions
Authors: Forster Marc
Published: June 2013

To be information literate allows professionals to be aware of and able to locate, correctly interpret and apply research evidence, professional guidelines and other key sources in a full and complete manner, in a way that promises to achieve the best outcome for their patient or client. Consequently, as suggested by early findings of an phenomenographic investigation into information literacy in nursing, to be information literate is to be ethical, not only in the correct use of information, but as part of the endeavour to achieve professional competence, and beyond that, the best practice possible. This would imply that the acquisition of information literacy has an ethical significance and value. Does information literacy education emphasise this? The literature suggests not. Could it, however, be the means of driving forward information literacy education for key professions?
Two new Orthoseira species (Bacillariophyceae) from lava tubes on Île Amsterdam and Big Island (Hawai΄i)
Authors: LOWE REX L. , KOCIOLEK J. PATRICK , DE VIJVER BART VAN
Published: June 2013

Two new species of Orthoseira from lava tubes on Île Amsterdam and Big Island (Hawai΄i) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy: Orthoseira johansenii Lowe & Kociolek sp. nov., from Hawai’i, and O. verleyenii Van de Vijver sp. nov., from the subantarctic. Both species have flat valve surfaces, the striae on the mantle are composed of uniseriate areolae and the valve face areolae are small and more or less irregularly scattered, occupying almost 2/3 of the total valve face surface. The areolae in O. johansenii are occluded by an internal velum; no velum was detected in O. verleyenii. In the centre of the valve is a small central hyaline area with 1–6 carinoportulae in O. verleyenii, 2–4 in O. johansenii. A distinct ring of marginal linking spines or straight, non-linking spines are present at the valve face/mantle junction. No caverns or internal undulations are present. Internal valves have not been encountered. Both Orthoseira johansenii and O. verleyenii have valves of about the same dimensions. The two species differ in that O. verleyenii shows a rather regular striation pattern near the valve face/mantle junction is noted whereas this is not the case in O. johansenii. Moreover, O. johansenii short slits between the carinoportulae on the internal valve side are absent whereas in O. verleyenii most valves possesses these slits. The two new species are compared with others in this small (ca. 15 species) genus. The biogeographic implications of species separated by 15,000 km are discussed.
Influence of the Southern Annular Mode on Projected Weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Spooner Peter T. , Johnson Helen L. , Woollings Tim J.
Published: June 2013

Coupled climate models predict density-driven weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) under greenhouse gas forcing, with considerable spread in the response between models. There is also a large spread in the predicted increase of the southern annular mode (SAM) index across these models. Regression analysis across model space using 11 non-eddy-resolving models suggests that up to 35% of the intermodel spread in the AMOC response may be associated with uncertainty in the magnitude of the increase in the SAM. Models with a large, positive SAM index response generally display a smaller weakening of the AMOC under greenhouse gas forcing. The initial AMOC strength is also a major cause of intermodel spread in its response to climate change. The increase in the SAM acts to reduce the weakening of the AMOC over the next century by around ⅓, through increases in wind stress over the Southern Ocean, northward Ekman transport, and upwelling around Antarctica. The SAM response is also related to an increase in the northward salt flux across 30°S and to salinity anomalies in the high-latitude North Atlantic. These provide a positive feedback by further reinforcement of the AMOC. The results suggest that, compared with the real ocean where eddies oppose wind-driven changes in Southern Ocean circulation, climate models underestimate the effects of anthropogenic climate change on the AMOC.
A rare variant of alpha 1 antitrypsin mutations detected in Vietnamese children with liver disease
Authors: Hoàng Thu Hà , Phạm Thiên Ngọc , Nguyễn Gia Khánh , Lê Quang Huấn
Published: June 2013

Background

Alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is the major plasma serine protease inhibitor that is produced in liver cells. A1AT deficiency is recognized globally as a common genetic cause of liver disease in children, which results from mutations in the SERine Protease INhibitor A1 (SERPINA1) gene. The importance of A1AT deficiency in Viet Nam is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the A1AT variants present in paediatric patients with liver diseases in order to clarify whether A1AT deficiency is present in Viet Nam.

Methods

A1AT studies were carried out in 130 children with liver disease of indeterminate aetiology. A1AT levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry. Phenotype analysis of A1AT was performed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in all patients. Genotype analyses to determine A1AT mutations were performed by direct sequencing.

Results

We identified a rare variant of A1AT named Zbristol. The Zbristol appeared to be deficient in the plasma to about the same degree as the PI S protein resulting in low concentration of A1AT in one of these two Vietnamese patients. No other deficient A1AT allele was detected, although 11 patients (8.5%) showed a reduced serum concentration of A1AT.

Conclusions

These are the first two cases of a rare A1AT deficiency allele to be found in Viet Nam clearly inferring that A1AT deficiency is not just a disease of Caucasians. As such, the laboratory diagnosis of A1AT deficiency including A1AT concentration determination and phenotype and genotype testing should form part of the routine differential diagnosis of paediatric liver disease of indeterminate aetiology in Vietnamese patients.
Precursors and Prices
Authors: Ouellet Marie , Morselli Carlo
Published: June 2013

Few analyses of basic elements of the synthetic drug market have been conducted, particularly in regard to its structural features. Synthetic drug’s relatively recent classification as an illicit substance, coupled with its distinct clandestine characteristics, has hindered the development of reliable assessments of the market’s structural features. Using information derived from 365 seized synthetic drugs, this study aims to reliably examine the structural attributes of Quebec’s synthetic drug market by merging two approaches: drug composition and economic analysis. Findings for the drug composition analysis indicate that the market is composed of a high number of small structures, indicating a competitive and decentralized market. Providing complementary information, the economic analysis revealed that differential production costs and relations between traffickers influence price variations, depending on the region. These results emphasize the need to design policies that account for regional differences as well as reflect the competitive nature of the market.
Oil filtration performance of a hemp/cotton spunlaced nonwoven
Authors: Jianyong Feng , Jianchun Zhang
Published: June 2013

Hemp fiber has many superior performances and applications, for instance, the yarns, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics and composite materials. However, there is no hemp nonwoven in the market and in application. Therefore, in order to continue to expand the application fields and increase the additional value of hemp fiber, we developed a hemp/cotton spunlaced nonwoven to research its oil filtration property and verify the filtration mechanisms. The results indicate that the filtration efficiency of a hemp/cotton spunlaced nonwoven increases with the increase in particle diameter and the decrease in filtration time. In addition, compared with the change in filtration efficiency with the increase in particle diameter, it can be found that the filtration time has a relatively smaller influence on filtration efficiency. The experimental results suggest that the filtration efficiencies of direct interception and gravitational deposition are substantially higher than inertia collision, while the filtration efficiency of inertia collision is so low that can be neglected. Through a theoretical analysis of filtration we make a verification of the mechanisms and suggest a new equation to reduce the errors in filtration efficiency between the theoretical results and experimental values. Then, the hemp/cotton spunlaced nonwoven was used to develop two different automobile engine oil filters on an experimental scale.
Neural predictive control for single-speed ground source heat pumps connected to a floor heating system for typical French dwelling
Authors: Salque T , Marchio D , Riederer P
Published: June 2013

Ground source heat pumps connected to a floor heating system can offer high efficiency for heating and cooling. However, the inertia of the floor heating creates a thermal lag that can lead to discomfort with conventional controllers. For this reason, a neural predictive controller for single-speed ground source heat pumps systems was developed. The objective of the controller is to minimize the energy consumption and maintain a good comfort level anticipating the thermal behavior of the building and external disturbances. A new neural network module for the heating power prediction of a single-speed ground source heat pumps system is proposed. The operation of the controller has been tested by simulation on a typical French dwelling during the month of March. In addition to an increase of comfort, numerical results showed that the predictive controller can provide up to 18% energy savings with the studied building in comparison with conventional controllers.

Practical Implications: Ground source heat pumps are currently equipped with conventional controllers that are not necessarily suited for such systems, leading to overconsumption and discomfort. In the medium term, ground source heat pumps could be equipped as standard with predictive controllers as presented here. Further work needs to be done to evaluate the feasibility of such an implementation as regards the return on investment and the controller’s robustness.
Derivation of a universal elevator round trip time formula under incoming traffic
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi , Alqumsan Ahmad M Abu , Khaleel Rasha
Published: June 2013

The design of vertical transportation systems still heavily relies on the calculation of the round trip time (τ). The round trip time (τ) is defined as the average time taken by an elevator to complete a full trip around a building. There are currently two methods for calculating the round trip time: the conventional analytical calculation method and the Monte Carlo simulation method. The conventional analytical method is based on calculating the expected number of stops and the expected highest reversal floor and then substituting the values in the main formula for the round trip time. This method makes some assumptions as to the existence of some special conditions (such as equal floor heights and a single entrance). Where these assumptions are not true in a building, this invalidates the use of the analytical formula the use of which will lead to errors in the result. The conventional analytical equation can be further developed to cover some of the special conditions in the building, but they do not cover all these special conditions and also do not cover combinations of these special conditions. The simplest round trip time equation makes the following assumptions: equal floor heights, a single entrance, equal floor populations and that the rated speed is attained in one floor jump. The case of unequal floor populations can be accounted for by amending the values of the probable number of stops and the highest reversal by using the formulae for the unequal floor population case. The work presented in this piece of work identifies the most important four special conditions (out a total of nine conditions) that are assumed in the classical round trip time analytical equation. It then develops analytical formulae for calculating the round trip time equation for any of the four special conditions or any combination of these conditions under incoming traffic conditions. A numerical example is given and verified using Monte Carlo simulation.

Practical application: This piece of work presents new equations that allow the designer to evaluate the value of the round trip time. The equations can deal with special cases such as top speed not attained in one floor journey, multiple entrances, unequal floor heights and unequal floor populations. Once the value of the round trip time is obtained, the elevator system can be designed, providing the required number of elevators, their speed and capacity.
The Decline of Unionization in the United States
Authors: Warner Kris
Published: June 2013

This article examines the decline in unionization that has occurred in the United States over the past half century, focusing on the role that employer opposition to unions has played, together with relatively weak labor law. It compares the U.S. experience and labor law regime to those of Canada. It finds that, compared to their Canadian counterparts, U.S. workers have much more difficulty in exercising their right to freely join and form unions and participate in collective bargaining, in large part due to ill-restrained employer opposition.
Illness Beliefs in African Americans With Hypertension
Authors: Pickett Stephanie , Allen Wilfred , Franklin Mary , Peters Rosalind M.
Published: June 2013

Guided by Leventhal’s common sense model of illness representations, this study examined the relationship between hypertension beliefs and self-care behaviors necessary for blood pressure (BP) control in a sample of 111 community-dwelling African Americans with hypertension. Participants completed the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, BP Self-Care Scale, and a demographic data sheet, and had BP measured. Analyses revealed that beliefs about the causes of hypertension differed by gender and educational level. Stress-related causal attributions accounted for 34.7% of the variance in hypertension beliefs. Participants who believed stress or external factors caused hypertension were less likely to engage in healthy self-care behaviors (e.g., keeping doctor visits, eating low-salt, low-fat diets). Results suggest that patients who are nonadherent with hypertension self-care recommendations may hold hypertension beliefs that are not consistent with the medically endorsed views of this disease. To more effectively treat and control BP, providers should assess patients’ hypertension beliefs.
Outcomes Analysis in Epistaxis Management: Development of a Therapeutic Algorithm
Authors: Shargorodsky Josef , Bleier Benjamin S. , Holbrook Eric H. , Cohen Jeffrey M. , Busaba Nicolas , Metson Ralph , Gray Stacey T.
Published: June 2013

Objective

This study explored the outcomes of epistaxis treatment modalities to optimize management and enable the development of a therapeutic algorithm.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Adult patients presenting between 2005 and 2011 with epistaxis underwent cauterization, tamponade, and/or proximal vascular control. Outcomes of treatment modalities were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for coagulopathy, hypertension, and bleeding site.

Results

The population included 147 patients (94 men, 53 women). For initial epistaxis, nondissolvable packing demonstrated the highest initial treatment failure rate of 57.4% (OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.33‐8.59 compared with cautery). No significant differences were noted among initial posterior epistaxis treatment modalities. Length of nondissolvable pack placement for 3, 4, or 5 days had no significant impact on recurrence. Among patients who failed initial management, those who next underwent cautery or proximal vascular control required a significantly shorter inpatient stay of 5.3 vs 6.8 days compared with those who underwent packing (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04‐0.68). There were no treatment failures following surgical arterial ligation.

Conclusion

Initial management of anterior epistaxis with chemical cautery had a higher success rate and a lower number of total required interventions than did nondissolvable packing. Duration of packing did not affect recurrence. In patients who failed initially, progression to cautery or proximal vascular control led to significantly shorter inpatient stays than did packing.
Roles of family cohesiveness, marital adjustment, and child temperament in predicting child behavior with mothers and fathers
Authors: Shigeto Aya , Mangelsdorf Sarah C. , Brown Geoffrey L.
Published: June 2013

The current study explored how family characteristics (i.e., family cohesiveness and marital adjustment) and child characteristics (i.e., temperament) assessed when the child was 13 months old predicted child behavior with mothers and fathers at 36 months. Mother–father–child interaction was observed to assess family cohesiveness at 13 months. Mothers and fathers also completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of marital adjustment and their child’s temperament at 13 months. Based on dyadic parent–child interactions at 36 months, under-controlled behavior and positive engagement were examined as outcome variables. Results indicated that observed family cohesiveness predicted positive engagement with both parents. Moreover, in families with high cohesiveness at 13 months, child behavior was significantly consistent across mother–child and father–child interactions, whereas in families with low cohesiveness, consistency of child behavior was not observed. Results also revealed that fathers’ perceptions of marital adjustment directly predicted child behavior with fathers, while the combination of low family cohesiveness/low marital adjustment and difficult temperament predicted child behavior with mothers.
Palliative care for advanced renal disease:  A summary of the evidence and future direction
Authors: Kane Pauline M , Vinen Katie , Murtagh Fliss EM
Published: June 2013

Background:

Patients with end-stage kidney disease can have a significant symptom burden with complex co-morbidities. Compounding this is the choice between dialysis and conservative management.

Need for supportive and palliative care:

For individuals with end-stage kidney disease, palliative care can provide support with symptom management, advance care planning and psychological support and education for both patients and their families. Optimum management may be achieved through collaboration between renal and palliative care professionals, combining their different skills in addressing symptom and medication management. Palliative and supportive care must be patient-centred to be effective. Multidisciplinary cross-organisational input is central to address the complex care needs of these patients, particularly for those in the community.

What is known/what is not known:

There is growing awareness of the need for research into the palliative care needs of those with end-stage kidney disease. Research has shown that patients receiving dialysis may prioritise quality of life over survival time, partly due to the constraints that they feel dialysis imposes on them. Systematic study of those opting for a conservative management pathway rather than dialysis is beginning to happen.

Research implications:

Research is required into what underpins the preferences and priorities of patients with end-stage kidney disease to provide them with the best palliative and supportive care.

Policy and practice:

As more patients opt to follow the conservative pathway for their advanced renal disease, a change in service provision is required, with greater regular inclusion of palliative and supportive needs to address the gap in the care provision for this growing group.