bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond The Boundaries
Authors: Lankton Larry
Published: November 2023

Beyond the Boundaries is a companion volume in many ways to Lankton’s Cradle to Grave (OUP 1991). Both books deal with copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Upper Michigan. While Cradle to Grave was concerned with the rise and fall of the copper mining industry - its technology, business practices, and human work experience-Beyond the Boundaries covers a more limited time period, 1840-1875, in the same region, and focuses instead on everyday life. It is essentially a book about men, women, and children, and families - not just their workplace but their homes, stores, churches, schools, hospitals and other aspects of community life as well. It is essentially the story of “reluctant pioneers,” who attempted to establish a decent measure of comfort, control, and security in what was in many ways a hostile environment.
Paleoecology of Humans and their Ancestors
Authors: Burney David A
Published: November 2023

Humans and their ancestors have interacted with East African environments longer than with any other ecosystems in the world. This is perhaps the supreme irony of human ecology: the megafauna-dominated “living Pleistocene” of East Africa is in fact the environment that the Hominidae have affected for the longest period of time. For those students of the past who are interested in analyzing the connections between humans, species extinction, and environmental change, East Africa is thus a special and enigmatic case.
Saline and Freshwater Lakes of the Kenyan Rift Valley
Authors: Melack J M
Published: November 2023

Lakes are a conspicuous feature of the eastern African Rift Valley which stretches from the Afar depression of northeastern Ethiopia through the highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania to southern Tanzania (29). Because no rivers flow to the ocean from the eastern African Rift Valley, the whole region is a basin of internal drainage in which lie closed-basin or endorheic lakes. Tectonic and volcanic activity associated with the formation of the Rift Valley created the lake basins. The lakes that are in the rift valley that bisects the central highlands of Kenya from Lake Magadi in the south to Lake Bogoria in the north are emphasized in this chapter (Fig. 7.1, Table 7.1).
Freshwater Wetlands and Marshes
Authors: Harper David , Mavuti Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The term ‘wetland’ encompasses a wide range of vegetation types characterized by soils permanently or temporarily waterlogged, by either salt (such as mangroves and marshes) or fresh water (such as swamps and pet bogs). Several of these types of wetland are the focus of separate chapters in this book (inter-tidal, riverine forests, shallow lakes) and so the definition used by this chapter is that freshwater wetlands are ‘temporarily or permanently wet ecosystems dominated by emergent grasses and reeds or swamp vegetation’. The wetlands of this chapter are closest to the ecosystem defined by the International Biological Program (which promoted ecosystem research in the decade 1964 to 1974) rather than the broader definition used by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in 1971 which is the basis of modern wetland conservation. The Ramsar definition would encompass the full range of wet ecosystems described in this book (Chapters 4,5,6,14).
Coastal Forests
Authors: Burgess Neil , FitzGibbon Clare , Clarke Phillip
Published: November 2023

On first entering a coastal forest, it is sometimes difficult to appreciate their significance. Unlike tropical rain forests, one is not immediately struck by the size of the trees, the variety of the plants or the sheer amount of vegetation (Fig. 13.1). Instead, the trees are relatively small, and just a few species dominate the canopy in any one place. During the dry season, in particular, the vegetation appears sparse and many of the trees have lost their leaves. The forest can appear empty and devoid of life, particularly in the middle of the day when the high air temperature reduces animal activity. Only the diversity of butterflies and the intensity of insect noise give any indication of the true nature of this unique habitat. As a result, it is not surprising that the conservation significance of the coastal forests has only recently been realized. Now it is known that they support a wealth of species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world; many species found have not even been named, let alone investigated in detail; the ecological processes are poorly understood; and very few studies have been made on the importance of the plants and animals and their value to local people.
Guiding Light and Luminous Fountains (1841–1890)
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

It is 400 kilometers (250 miles) as the crow flies from Geneva to Paris, a leisurely day’s drive on modern highways. The train ride took a much longer day in 1889, but to the 86-year-old Daniel Colladon that marked tremendous progress. In 1825, he had spent four bumpy days and nights on the same route in a horse-drawn coach on his way to study physics in the center of European science. Paris had been called the City of Light since it became the intellectual center of the Age of Enlightenment in the late eighteenth century.
Reflections on the City of Light
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Alec Reeves saw only the first steps toward fiber-optic communications, and probably had no idea that John Logie Baird himself had played a bit part in fiber-optic imaging. But he was prophetic in seeing the development of fiber communications as an adventure. It was a marvelous adventure for John Midwinter. “Everything we touched turned to gold,” he recalls. ”It was unbelievable. From 1974 onwards, it was just one success after another. We had this wonderful group, with very strong backing.”
Theoretical Foundations of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Garber Am. , Weinstein M C , Torrance G W , Kamlet M S
Published: November 2023

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) informs resource allocation decisions in health and medicine: How well it does so depends on the comparability and consistency of analyses of diverse interventions. But even a cursory examination of the literature reveals that investigators have made different assumptions about such issues as which costs and effects should be included in the analysis, which rate (if any) should be used to discount health effects that occur in the future, and the ways in which the cost of people’s time should be incorporated. In the absence of uniform methods and perspectives-or of time-consuming efforts to reconstruct analyses that have used disparate methods-the results of different analyses cannot be compared.
Estimating Costs in Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Luce B R , Manning W G , Siegel J E , Lipscomb J
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the theory and process of identifying, estimating, and valuing the resource costs associated with the current use and future consequences of health care interventions. A primary objective of cost-effectiveness analysis is to incorporate a consideration of resource consumption into decisions about health care. An explicit examination of resources allows an assessment of costs relative to the health benefits of an intervention.
Wrong’s What I do Best
Authors: Ching Barbara
Published: November 2023

This is the first study of “hard” country music as well as the first comprehensive application of contemporary cultural theory to country music. Barbara Ching begins by defining the features that make certain country songs and artists “hard.” She compares hard country music to “high” American culture, arguing that hard country deliberately focuses on its low position in the American cultural hierarchy, comically singing of failures to live up to American standards of affluence, while mainstream country music focuses on nostalgia, romance, and patriotism of regular folk.L With chapters on Hank Williams Sr. and Jr., Merle Haggard, George Jones, David Allan Coe, Buck Owens, Dwight Yoakam, and the Outlaw Movement, this book is written in a jargon-free, engaging style that will interest both academic as well as general readers.
“Country ’til I die”: Contemporary hard country and the incurable unease of class distinction
Authors: Ching Barbara
Published: November 2023

While Richard Peterson has convincingly argued that the history of commercial country music, beginning in 1923, can be written by following its dialectical movement between “hard-core and soft-shell” expressions (Creating, 229 ff.), this movement does not take place of its own accord. The dialectic works not as an automated pendulum but at least partly as a reaction to forces outside the field of country music. In fact, the term “hard country” is a relatively recent one, appearing sometime in the late 1960s and early ’70s, well after Nashville’s music industry had actively promoted the cross-over potential of the “countrypolitan” Nashville sound.1 While fan magazines like Country Song Roundup have long been obsessed with changes and stylistic varieties in country music, they never introduced the term “hard country” with any fanfare although it gradually began to appear as a conflictual and often pejorative synonym for related terms like “hillbilly,” “honky-tonk,” “pure country,” and “real country.” (For that matter, as Ronnie Pugh has shown, the generic rubric “country” was not consistently used until around 1950.)2
One Step Ahead of the Law: Market Pressures and the Evolution of Managed Care
Authors: Bloche M Gregg
Published: November 2023

During the last two decades of the twentieth century, market forces recast both the politics and the institutions of American medical care. Managed health plans emerged as large players in the politics of health care provision, able to shape policy debate and regulatory decisions. The terms of mainstream debate over cost-control policy shifted fundamentally, from the comparative merits of price controls, supply-side regulation, and competition among providers to the appropriate scope and design of regulatory constraints on competition among health plans and provider networks. Politically plausible discussion over expanding access to care shifted from European-style public provision of medical services or insurance to the merits of alternative government subsidy schemes for the purchase of private coverage.
Speaking Through the Silence
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

Uncovering the structures and functions of conversational narratives uttered within natural social networks, Laine Berman shows how working-class Javanese women discursively construct identity and meaning within the rigid constraints of an hierarchical social order. She does this by identifying the silences, the “unsaid”, and by revealing both the structure and function of silence in terms of its indexical reference to local meaning. It is here that the force of the Javanese language as used in everyday interaction shows itself to be an extremely potent philosophical entity as well as a means of social control. Thus, at least in regard to the urban poor, the book boldly questions the difference between traditional definitions of Javanese elegance and oppression. This study will contribute to our understanding of the social consequences of language use, to the linguistic knowledge of Indonesia and Java, and to such basic linguistic issues as narrative structure and function, speech levels and styles, and indexicality features.
The Matriarch
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

There were strong women in Roger Sessions’ family. His second wife, Elizabeth (“Lisi;’ mother of his children), was such a one, as were others, equally remarkable, in the long history of the clan in western Massachusetts. And most of them were named Elizabeth. But none of them was stronger or more remarkable than his mother, whose name was Ruth.
Something More
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

In 1815, on the threshold of a century supremely confident in man’s ultimate ability to master the world through objective observation and scientific discovery, Goethe proposed the preceding correlation among observable nature, the spirit within, and ... something more. He concluded that “active participation” (handeln) would be one way of discovering y), that “something more” in nature, but he failed to elaborate on z), the “something more” within ourselves that is not necessarily reflected in the outer world.
The Ethnomusicologist, Ethnographic Method, and the Transmission of Tradition
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman
Published: November 2023

However else they may identify themselves and each other, fieldworker and subject are first and foremost human beings. It is this shared identity that makes field work, with both its problems and its accomplishments, a meaningful mode of mutual learning. Most ethnomusicological discussions of the transmission of tradition attempt to document and interpret the manner in which music is communicated over time within a particular setting, giving attention to both the interpersonal dynamics and communication technologies of these processes. However, I will focus my inquiry neither on the native carriers of tradition nor on the materials these traditions con vey. Rather, I propose to take a reflexive turn and to discuss the role of the ethno musicologist who, while seeking to document the transmission process, becomes a part of it.
The Architectural Manipulation of Space, Time, and Gravity
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William
Published: November 2023

Human experience, through its metabolic and sensory perceptual systems, occupies its own “habitat” in the external world. Indeed, for the purposes of fruitful architectural and urbanistic analysis, each of its component systems must be conceived of as having its own separate habitat. Each of these can be described topologically in terms of modalities of stimulus and response. But each of these habitats must also be described in spatial and temporal terms as well, as all of them have dimension (height, width, length) and all of them are experienced across time.
Emotion in Response to Art
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: November 2023

Responding emotionally to artworks is a familiar enough occurrence, and hardly seems puzzling, recalled at that level of generality. Why should not works of art, in company with people, animals, natural objects, and political events, produce emotions in us? Philosophers have, however, raised questions about emotional responses to art in particular contexts or when viewed from certain angles. These questions suggest that there is indeed something puzzling about such emotions.
The Paradox of Caring
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: November 2023

Our responses to fictions, their events, and their characters, can seem deeply problematic. A typical statement of the problem raises the question: how is it even logically possible to respond to fictions in the way we seem to? How, more specifically, is it possible to care about people we don ‘t believe in? But to be given an answer to this problem-to be told the conditions that make it possible to do something-is not yet to be told how we actually do it, for actuality is a much narrower condition than possibility. Indeed, mere assurance of possibility can itself be no solution to a problem about what we humans, with our contingent mental makeup, do or don ‘t do; many things that are logically possible cannot be done by us. So if our concern is how we respond to fiction as we appear to do, we had better be given a plausible story about the mental mechanisms involved.

In earlier work on what I am here calling “the paradox of caring” I had much to say on the logical issues, and relatively little on the psychological detail necessary to fill out the solution I proposed.1 I think that solution was basically right, and that might be excuse enough for going back to it. But I don ‘t want merely to repeat myself. I shall say something about why the solution I offer is not merely logically satisfactory but psychologically plausible as well.
Contra the Hypothetical Persona in Music
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

The listener’s phenomenal experience of music’s expressiveness is more like a face-to-face encounter with someone who publicly and vividly displays his feeling than it is like hearing a dispassionate description of an emotional state. The expressiveness is immediate and direct, not filtered through an arbitrary symbol system. It is immanent in the music, rather than something beyond the music’s boundaries to which its sound refers. But if the experience of the expressiveness is as of an occurrent emotion, whose emotion could that be? Given that the music is nonsentient, it appears that an owner of the emotions expressed in it must be found.
Evaluating Emotional Responses to Fiction
Authors: Livingsto Paisley , Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

Philosophical discussion of emotional responses to fiction has been dominated by work on the paradox of fiction, which is often construed as asking whether and how we can experience genuine emotions in reaction to fiction. One may also ask more generally how we ought to respond to fictional works, a question that has to do both with what we should do when reacting to fiction and with what we should and should not let happen to us. Is it possible to delineate any principles regarding the rationality, and more generally, the appropriateness of emotional responses to fiction?
Segregation, Poverty, and Mortality in Urban African Americans
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

This book examines mortality rates for African-Americans in selected U.S. urban areas in relation to both social class and the degree of black-white residential segregation. Mortality rates for African-American infants and young adults are shown to be especially high in certain highly-segregated areas. The findings will foster the development of the "epidemiology of American apartheid", a new field of research that has relevance to social and health policy. The intended audience includes sociologists (especially medical sociologists) who are likely to be familiar with segregation but not with its potential relevance to the health of African-Americans. Epidemiologists have recently turned to the study of racism and health, but epidemiologic studies have not dealt specifically with black-white segregation and health. Psychologists interested in racism are important potential collaborators with sociologists and epidemiologists in studies of the epidemiology of racial difference in health. Readers working in social policy and health policy areas, including urban issues, should also find relevant material. This work fits within the framework of Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal's thesis that the American creed of equality of opportunity remains unfulfilled.
“Social Race” and Black-White Segregation
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

Returning to the conceptual framework in Figure 1-1, racial prejudice underlies the discriminatory behavior practiced by whites against blacks. The persistence of segregation is based in part on these attitudes and behaviors, although human attitudes are often not consistent with behavior. Black skin color and (ultimate) ancestry in the African homeland (mainly western Africa) are social markers of African Americans that trigger prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior among whites. White attitudes about the “quality” of neighborhoods, and inceasing emigration, as the proportion of blacks rises are very instructive in this regard.
Black Poverty, Segregation, and “Concentration” or “Neighborhood” Effects
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

The central theme of this book is that the concentration of blacks in high-poverty urban areas, with adverse effects on their quality of life, also may affect their health (Fig. 1-1). The previous chapter addressed segregation as one of the two elements of this combination of factors. This chapter describes features of the distribution of poverty or low income among African-Americans, including temporal changes in black poverty rates in certain urban areas.
Segregation and Poverty in Relation to Variation in Urban Black Mortality Rates
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, some specific MSAs and PMSAs (often collectively referred to as “MSAs” in this chapter) with unusually high and low mortality rates for blacks, or black/white ratios of mortality rates, for all causes of death combined are identified. Certain ecologic data on characteristics of these MSAs are shown. Examination of these characteristics may help to explain the death rates observed.
Exploring and Planning “Meaning” for Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Thousands of words have been written purporting to help you explore the meaning in your musical repertoire. As a singer, you are nearly always caught up in the technical demands of your vocal production, so much so that the ideas, actions, and meanings behind the words, as many of you report, tend to be tacked on at the end. Obviously, the music itself has meaning, and if you were a flutist or a violinist, this might be enough. But in an opera or recital, where words expand or narrow the meaning, it certainly is not enough.
The Song Recital and the Staged Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Because you and your pianist are autonomous in the recital-choosing the repertoire, arranging the program order, making the musical decisions-you need to work on a number of psychological skills that will help you the person, you the performer, and your performance itself. (You will see that some of these skills clearly apply also to opera performance.) The skills required for performing a song recital—as opposed to doing an operatic role—lie mostly in a realm outside of vocalism. Aside from the necessity, because of the size of an opera house (generally larger than a recital hall) and the presence of an operatic orchestra, of using a tone that has great carrying power, the vocal demands are much the same for the song recital. Singing a single song in a recital closely resembles singing an aria, usually a fairly static lyric moment in the midst of operatic action, and performing a cycle of songs or a cantata demands much the same kind of continuous concentration on drama as does performing an operatic role.
Other Zinc Finger Proteins: WTl and GLI3
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

Although the nuclear receptor superfamily has an impressive and steadily growing number of members, it represents only a small subset of all known zinc finger transcription factors. Among the dozens of other such factors encoded in the human genome, defects in WTl and GLI3 have been associated with human malformation syndromes and, in the case of WTl, predisposition to tumorigenesis. Germline deletions of chromosome llp13 result in the autosomal dominant WAGR syndrome (MIM 194072), which is characterized by predis position to Wilms tumor, congenital niridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental !:etardation (Riccardi et al., 1978). A contiguous gene syndrome was proposed as the basis for the pleiotropic phenotypic man ifestations (Schmickel, 1986). The predisposition to Wilms tumor (ne phroblastoma) was proposed to be caused by the presence of an inacti vating germline mutation (the llp13 deletion) that was present in all cells of the target organ (the kidney). If tumorigenesis required the in activation of both alleles of a “tumor suppressor” gene within a single cell, then the likelihood of this occurring would be greatly increased by the presence of the first “hit” within all cells of the target organ (Knud son, 1971).
Homeodomain Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

As described in Chapter 3, homeodomain proteins are transcription factors that are characterized by the presence of a 60-amino-acid DNA binding domain. The structure of the homeodomain consists of a flexible amino-terminal arm followed by three a helices (Fig. 9.1) with the second and third helices forming a helix-turn-helix motif that is structurally similar to the DNA binding domain of several prokaryotic transcriptonal repressors (Harrison and Aggarwal, 1990). The carboxyl-terminal third helix of the homeodomain makes direct base contacts with the major groove of the double helix (and is thus known as the recognition helix), the amino-terminal arm makes contact in the minor groove, and there are extensive contacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone (Kissinger et al., 1990; Otting et al., 1990; Wohlberger et al., 1991).
Significance of Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Paleoclimate Simulations
Authors: Crowley Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Since the advent of the plate tectonic revolution geologists and paleoclimatologists have been interested in the relationship between plate tectonic changes and climate. In particular, they have sought to determine whether changes in positions of continents were associated with glacial periods in the Phanerozoic (Fig. 1.1). Somewhat independently, climate modelers have become interested in testing their climate models to determine how well they respond to altered boundary conditions.
Orographic Evolution of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Harrison T Mark , Yin, An , Ryerson Frederick J
Published: November 2023

The effect of orography on climate has been evaluated using several atmospheric circulation models (Manabe and Terpstra, 1974; Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Barron and Washington, 1984; Kutzbach et al., 1989; 1993). These simulations generally indicate that major climate changes can be triggered by the appearance of a mountain belt or the uplift of a large region which underscore the fundamental importance of understanding the orographic evolution of mountain belts in order to place constraints on reconstructions of past climate over time scales of 106 to 107 years (Crowley, this volume, Chapter 1). For example, there is accumulating evidence that the appearance of a high and extensive Himalayan-Tibetan mountain system significantly influenced Neogene climate (Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Ruddiman and Kutzbach, 1989; Quade et al., 1989; Kutzbach et al., 1993). In general, however, the complex and spatially variable uplift history of the plateau that is emerging from recent geologic studies (Harrison et al., 1992; Murphy et al., 1997) have not been considered in these models, and those that have attempted to make a link (e.g., Raymo et al., 1988) may have been misled by spurious inferences from paleobotanical studies (see Appendix).
The Vanishing record of eperic seas, with emphasis on the late creatacous “Hudson Seaway”
Authors: Ziegler Alfred M , Rowley David B
Published: November 2023

The geological past differs from the present in many respects; one of the most obvious is the extent of epeiric, or epicontinental, seas that flooded broad areas of continental crust. Modern examples do exist including Hudson Bay and the Baltic Sea, but most shallow seas today are limited to shelf regions which average about 100 km in width. This means that oceanic salinities and temperatures extend across the shelf to the coast in most regions because there is little impediment to the mixing of water masses. In the Cretaceous, by contrast, the Western Interior Seaway invaded 5000 km across North America with depths in the 200 m range, yielding an aspect ratio of 25,000:1. With such a geometry, water masses within the seaway were dictated by local climate patterns (Slingerland et al., 1996) while at the same time they must have had important feedback effects on atmospheric circulation. Large water bodies, including lakes and sea-ways, have an ameliorating effect on climate because they retain heat relative to the more reflective land surface.
Special Expressions of Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

The dog. I have already described (Figs 5 and 7) the appearance of a dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions, namely, with erected ears, eyes intently directed forwards, hair on the neck and back bristling, gait remarkably stiff, with the tail upright and rigid. So familiar is this appearance to us, that an angry man is sometimes said ‘to have his back up’. Of the above points, the stiff gait and upright tail alone require further discussion. Sir C. Bell remarks that, when a tiger or wolf is struck by its keeper and is suddenly roused to ferocity, ‘every muscle is in tension, and the limbs are in an attitude of strained exertion, prepared to spring’. This tension of the muscles and consequent stiff gait may be accounted for on the principle of associated habit, for anger has continually led to fierce struggles, and consequently to all the muscles of the body having been violently exerted. There is also reason to suspect that the muscular system requires some short preparation, or some degree of innervation, before being brought into strong action. My own sensations lead me to this inference; but I cannot discover that it is a conclusion admitted by physiologists. Sir J. Paget, however, informs me that when muscles are suddenly contracted with the greatest force, without any preparation, they are liable to be ruptured, as when a man slips unexpectedly; but that this rarely occurs when an action, however violent, is deliberately performed.
Concluding Remarks and Summary
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

I have now described, to the best of my ability, the chief expressive actions in man, and in some few of the lower animals. I have also attempted to explain the origin or development of these actions through the three principles given in the first chapter. The first of these principles is, that movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire, or in relieving some sensation, if often repeated, become so habitual that they are performed, whether or not of any service, whenever the same desire or sensation is felt, even in a very weak degree.
Families and Work
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

Families and Work: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century provides an innovative framework for understanding the interface between family care and employment. It offers a detailed analysis of the needs and experiences of employed care-givers and examines the full range of employees' family care responsibilities, including the care of children, ill and disabled working-age adults, and the frail elderly. It also explores the impact of gender, race and ethnicity, and occupational roles in meeting multiple employment and family demands. Based on a critical review of research findings and conceptual approaches that have been used for understanding the integration of family care and work, this text examines the stress experienced by care-givers, the impact of multiple responsibilities, and the programmes and benefits used to help alleviate conflicts between work and family. It also provides an in-depth look at the prevalence and types of care provided. A major focus of the book is the importance of forming an alliance among family, business, government, and the larger community to address the issues of work and family. The authors evaluate a variety of workplace programmes, benefits, and policies that have been designed to support employees in meeting their work and family responsibilities. They outline new programmes and public policies that are equitable to employees most in need and that respond effectively to the growing number of employed care-givers. Families and Work: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century is an essential text for courses in social work and the health and human services, psychology, and sociology.
Family Care and Work
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

As we enter the twenty-first century, family and work are undergoing immense transformation. More persons than ever before are combining family care and employment outside of the home. Of the more than 69 million American parents with children under the age of 18 (Famighetti, 1998), almost 90 percent are employed (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998). Indeed, working parents constitute approximately 40 percent of all workers in the paid U.S. labor force.

The number of women in two-parent families who are in the paid labor force has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. In 1960, only 18 percent of mothers with children under the age of six were working. Today more than 60 percent of mothers and 80 percent of fathers with children under the age of six are employed (U.S. Department of Labor, 1997). Seventy-five percent of mothers with children ages 6-17 are now employed, an increase from 39 percent in 1960 (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992b). Fifty-three percent of all mothers return to work before their child is a year old, up from 38 percent only 15 years ago (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996b). It is estimated that four out of five children under one year of age now have a working mother (Krajicek & Moore, 1993).
Conclusion
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

Family and work are central to the lives of most Americans. Yet the process of integrating the demands of our families and our jobs remains a source of stress and continual accommodation for many of us. Moreover, the societal balance between work and family is apt to change dramatically as a result of ongoing transformations in the age and ethnic structure of the population, the composition of the family, and the nature of work. As these social and demographic changes are occurring in American society, it is an opportunity to reflect on and publicly reconsider the relative balance between family and work responsibilities.
The Central Nervous System
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

In segmented animals such as annelids and arthropods, the nervous system is organized with one ganglion or a pair of ganglia per segment, plus an enlarged ganglionic mass (brain) at the anterior end. The absence of segmentation in molluscs allows the nervous system to be organized in a variety of ways. Whereas some molluscs have no nervous ganglia at all (nerve cells are simply scattered along the nerves), one striking feature of the gastropod anatomy is nervous ganglia. The fact that the ganglia occur in a bewildering variety of numbers and positions makes it nearly impossible to discuss subtleties in a brief description.
Diet, Life Expectancy, and Chronic Disease
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Research into the role of diet in chronic disease can be difficult to interpret. Measurement errors in different studies often produce conflicting answers to the same questions. Seventh-day Adventists and other groups with many vegetarian members are ideal study populations because they have a wide range of dietary habits that adds power and clarity to research findings. This book analyses the results of such studies, focusing on heart disease and cancer. These studies support the benefits of a vegetarian diet and in addition provide evidence about the effects of individual foods and food groups on disease risk that is relevant to all who are interested in good health. The author places the findings in the broader context of well-designed nutritional studies of the general population. He discusses the degree of confidence we can have in particular relationships between diet and disease based on the strength of the evidence. The book is written in a clear style with an extensive glossary, and should be accessible to a wide audience.
Truth and the Success of Science
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

The academic study of science has reached adolescence. Having passed from wonder at the richness of our subject to the arrogance of disciplinary autonomy, we think that we know a great deal. But what we think we know keeps changing, and there is no consensus as to how we know it. We have many technical insights into details of the development of science; a few grand, if discredited, schemes for interpreting its methods and goals; and vigilant internal criticism. Still wanting is that consensus over fundamentals that emerges with the articulation of a tested methodology of inquiry.
An Analysis of Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

The basic idea of my analysis is to provide that a theory uniquely explain and predict an observational result without itself depending on that result for its content or development. The point of this independence is to ensure that there be no explanation of how the theory manages to yield the result other than to invoke the entities or processes that the theory posits. The explanation of the theory’s explanatory success must be that the theoretical mechanisms it deploys are what actually produce the result. There must be no alternative on which the theory (purportedly) explains the result even if what really produces the result is unrelated to what the theory says produces it. Thus, the theory’s proposed explanation cannot have been constructed in such a way as to guarantee the result as an outcome, whatever form that explanation took. If we are then to explain the theory’s explanatory success at all, rather than to dismiss it as chance, we will have to attribute, in compliance with the epistemic requirement, some measure of truth to the theory.
Socioeconomic Gradients in Health Among Men and Women
Authors: Feinleib Manning , lngster Lillian M
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides background for understanding the effects on health and disease of the general social and economic condition of women and of age and race-specific subsets of women. The social and economic roles of men versus women have been changing over time, but remain quite different. We review evidence of positive and negative health effects from women’s current aggregate social and economic situation and discuss mediators of the socioeconomic situation among women.
Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer
Authors: Kuller Lewis H
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women. There were an estimated 182,000 new cases and 46,000 deaths in 1994 in the United States. Breast cancer incidence rates increase with age; approximately three fourths of breast cancer cases occur among women who are postmenopausal and over the age of 50. 1,2 From 1973 to 1991 the incidence of invasive breast cancer in the United States increased 25.8% in whites and 30.3% in blacks. This increase proceeded slowly until the recent widespread introduction of mammography resulted in a steeper reported rate of increase, especially among postmenopausal women.
Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Burgio Kathryn L , Goode Patricia S , Locher Julie L , Adegbile Jibike
Published: November 2023

Urinary incontinence, the accidental loss of urine from the bladder, is a prevalent condition that affects both men and women of all ages. It is so common among older adults that it is often considered a natural and even inevitable consequence of normal aging. However, while certain changes that occur normally with aging can predispose individuals to incontinence, it is neither normal nor inevitable. In fact, incontinence is also a significant problem among young and middle-aged adults and among healthy, community-dwelling people. Many people manage incontinence with relative ease, wearing absorbent products such as incontinence pads and continuing their lifestyles without significant disruption of daily life. Others, especially those with more frequent or severe forms of incontinence, experience debilitating consequences ranging from embarrassment and depression to severe social isolation and restriction of daily activities. For these individuals, incontinence is the bane of their existence and the problem around which they live their lives.
Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kuller Lewis H , Ness Roberta B
Published: November 2023

Women in the United States commonly take medications containing estrogens, progestogens, or both in order to benefit from the physiologic effects of elevated blood hormonal levels. The two most common types of hormonal medications, otherwise known as exogenous hormones, are oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Oral contraceptives are generally used to prevent pregnancy by eliminating the gonadotropin alterations that induce ovulation (see Chapters 6, 17). In the past, hormone replacement therapy was generally prescribed to reduce the annoying symptoms associated with the menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Currently, HRT is most often used to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and osteoporosis (see Chapters 7,8). In this chapter, we will review the pharmacology of OC and HRT formulations and discuss the range of protective effects and risks arising from these exogenous hormonal preparations.
Footholds In The North:The Russians In The Arctic, 1500-1932
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

At first glance, Russia’s place in the annals of polar exploration seems incongruous. Nearly one-third of the country’s 6.5 million square miles can be considered Arctic or sub-Arctic. With the world’s finest furs and largest timber reserves, as well as a lavish abundance of mineral deposits, the entire region is a treasurehouse of fabulous proportions. The strategic importance of Russian’s northern coast has increased steadily since the late 1800s. Over the course of almost five centuries, therefore, Russia has dedicated a tremendous amount of time and energy to the development of its northern domain. And yet the Russians are conspicuously absent from the pantheon of explorers popularly associated with the Arctic.
Searching for an Interdisciplinary Convergence in Paleoanthropology
Authors: Bromage Timothy G , Schrenk Friedemann
Published: November 2023

This volume presents a distillation of ideas and much focused information discussed at the Wenner-Gren Foundation International Symposium No. 119 on African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Early Hominid Evolution, held at the Livingstonia Beach Hotel, Salima, Malawi, between October 25 and November 4, 1995.
Introduction
Authors: Coppens Yves
Published: November 2023

In 1967 the International Omo Research Expedition was founded by three “big names” of our scientific community-Camille Arambourg, honorary professor of Palaeontology at the Paris National Museum of Natural History, Louis Leakey, honorary director of the National Museums of Kenya, and Francis Clark Howell, professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. A document dividing the exposures of the lower Omo basin into three parts was drafted according to aerial photographs. The French in the south took the exposures surveyed by Camille Arambourg in the early 1930s. The Americans and the Kenyans took the north-the American on the right bank of the Omo River, the Kenyan on the left. This document was then signed in Nairobi by the three co-directors of the expedition; it was also formally decided that the leaders in the field would be Francis Clark Howell as far as the Chicago party was concerned, Richard Leakey for the Kenyan one, and myself for the French mission.
Habitat Theory in Relation to the Evolution in African Neogene Biota and Hominids
Authors: Vrba Elisabeth S
Published: November 2023

Hominids speciated repeatedly and also evolved markedly in morphology and behavior during the late Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. Major novelties that first appeared then and thereafter evolved progressively include the “hypermasticatory” morphology of the “robust” australopithecines (Wood, 1995), advances toward obligatory bipedalism (Brown et al., 1985), and increased encephalization in at least one lineage. A momentous advance in behavioral evolution is reflected by the first appearance of stone tools. It is not yet clear how closely this event near 2.5 my. was linked to the commencement of encephalization (in the crude sense of relative brain enlargement), as there is a gap in the record of hominid crania betwee The elaboration of mental complexity that led to the beginnings of consciousness was a singularly dramatic change in the history of life. Consider the similarity between mental process and natural selection (see Lamarck, 1809, for an early discussion; Simon, 1962; Popper, 1978, for more recent ones). Natural selection is trial and error with eventual survival of combinations that are at least temporarily stable in the face of environmental challenges. The “trials” are variant bodies. The “errors” are those that die without reproducing. The mental processes of learning and hypothesis testing (such as implied by making and using tools) also involve trial and error until some ideas survive as internally consistent mental constructs-or as stable constructs, at least until additional tests force their disassembly and revision. Poincare (1913:387) expressed this in his analysis of mathematical invention: “Ideas rose in clouds. I felt them collide until pairs interlocked, so to speak, making a stable combination.” This is also selection, but this time conducted among hypotheses in the mind. Seen simply from a bi¬ological perspective, the evolution of human consciousness was a radical step because it replaced the energetically more wasteful, selective matching of bodies against the environment by selective matching of hypotheses within the mind-by purely mental trials and errors that pit past memories and new experiences against each other to arrive at a course of action in the mind. The fauna of the Burgess Shales represents the celebrated Cambrian evolutionary explosion of organic bauplans and shapes. The evolution of consciousness also led to an explosion of designs and shapes, but this time expressed in the cultural products of evolved minds rather than in bodies. This evolutionary step was no less radical than the one evidenced in Cambrian strata.
In Search of Paleohominid Community Ecology
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

The Hominidae of several million years ago appear to have constituted two separate species in many places. Did they interact ecologically? If so, what can community ecology suggest about their competitive relationships? How might these relationships have influenced their geographical distributions and evolutionary histories? The answers to those questions may well come from viewing ancestral hominids as members of an ecological community, as species that had to carry on their ecological business much as other species do today. Hypotheses generated by that view may help. Let us therefore search among the patterns we see in such communities. Perhaps some will match what little we do know about early hominids. Perhaps knowing these patterns and their associated mechanisms will help us study and understand the prehuman condition. Perhaps they will even help us discover how we have come to be.
Introduction
Authors: Kingdon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

By its very nature, anthropology is anthropocentric. So are the derogatory implications of anthropocentrism in abeyance, excusable, or absent for every dimension of hominid prehistory? In the chapters that follow the answer is an emphatic no. Plea bargaining will not deliver a special status for hominids within the complex ecosystems in which they evolved. Thus anthropologists cannot view exotic landscapes, unfamiliar ecosystems, and climatic changes as the mere stage setting for an ongoing soap opera, the story of human origins. Instead, they must engage in the unfamiliar task of finding what patches, within the vast, disintegrating ecological tapestries of Africa, might have been habitable for hominids and what climates might have triggered their rapid evolution over the last several million years. There is the humbling challenge of reconstructing archaeo-niches for a handful of interacting hominid species and other organisms. Fortunately, the task may well be narrowed by the supposed narrowness of early hominid niches, but there is still a substantial mismatch between our preoccupation with extricating a few rather insignificant species from their parent matrices, which, for the most part, continue to be all but ignored.