bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of weaving parameters in microcapsule fabrics and their influence on loading capability
Authors: Li Li , Song Liu , Hua Tao , Au Wai Man , Wong Kwok Shing
Published: August 2012

This paper proposes a weaving design method to optimize the loading capability of microcapsule fabrics of yarns and fabrics, with moxa oil. A complex coacervation method was employed to prepare the moxa oil microcapsules by using gelatin-Arabic gum as wall material. The methods of orthogonal experimental design and analysis of range were used. The woven structure, weft yarn density, and weft yarn count were determined as the most important factors affecting the moxa oil content of microcapsule fabrics. Nine fabric specimens with respect to L9 (34) orthogonal design were woven and treated with a moxa oil microcapsule. By the experiment results, the woven structure was found to be the factor that has the most significant effect on the microcapsule content of woven fabrics. In addition, the optimum fabric configuration satisfying the maximum content of the moxa oil microcapsule was determined as A3B1C3, which corresponds to a honeycomb structure of woven structure, 230 no./10 cm of weft yarn density and 10s of weft yarn count.
Activation via Intensive Intimacies in the Israeli Welfare-to-Work Program
Authors: Maron Asa
Published: August 2012

This article uses a constructivist approach to scrutinize embedded actions of situated agents of governance to explore the governing of activation services in Israel. It probes beliefs, discourses, and practices of meso-level regulation administrators and street-level workers to analyze the emergence of a new stringent and disciplinary activation mode. Ultimately, this activation mode reconfigured the “social contract” between the state and its unemployed citizens via intensive intimacies: a conflicted microspace governed with little discretion and imbued with a reformative vision of state–society relations. The article demonstrates how situated agents’ meaning-making is essential to examining shifting governance forms and their political ramifications.
Rapid Evolution of Emergency Management Culture
Authors: Ha Kyoo-Man , Park Sang-Hyun
Published: August 2012

With direct or indirect reference to neighboring countries, this article presents an investigation into how changes in South Korean emergency management culture have evolved via three components, namely, (a) emergency and its impacts, (b) emergency management education, and (c) technological development against emergencies, during three periods: the 20th century (1900-1999), the decade from 2000 to 2009, and the decade from 2010 to 2019. The major tenet of this study is that South Korean culture, initially and later, changed rapidly with the coherence of the above-mentioned three components during the periods covered, going through the stages, in chronological order, of emergency numbness, emergency awareness, and a more rational response. Thus, Koreans need to wisely maintain the momentum of this change by learning from the three stages toward achieving the goal of emergency management.
Preparation and properties of cotton stalk bundles and high-density polyethylene composites using hot-press molding
Authors: Qi Chusheng , Guo Kangquan , Liu Yanyan
Published: August 2012

Compared to extrusion and injection, hot-press molding can produce natural fiber plastic composites with many advantages. In this study, large cotton stalk bundles and HDPE composites were fabricated using hot-press molding. The effects of fiber size and drying temperature on the mechanical properties and thickness swelling of these composites were investigated. Cotton stalk bundles of three different sizes were oven-dried at 100°C 120°C, 140°C, and 170°C for 24 h. MAPE (5%) and phenol formaldehyde resin (5%) were added to enhance the interfacial bonding between the bundles and HDPE. Results showed that the mechanical properties of composites increased with the size of the cotton stalk bundles. The best mechanical properties were created at drying temperatures of 100°C and 140°C, with an obvious drop at drying temperatures of 120°C and 170°C. Thickness swelling of the composites was greatly improved and below 5%. The composites showed the lowest thickness swelling at a drying temperature of 170°C, and the highest at 120°C. Good bonding was found between cotton stalk fibers and HDPE, due to the addition of MAPE.
Effect of siloxane treatment of jute fabric on the mechanical and thermal properties of jute/HDPE
Authors: Seki Yoldaş , Sarıkanat Mehmet , Ezan Mehmet Akif
Published: August 2012

The mechanical and thermal properties of jute fiber/HDPE composites as a function of alkali and oligomeric siloxane treatment of jute fabric were investigated. The effect of surface treatments on the composites was assessed by means of tensile test, short-beam shear test, three-point bending test, SEM, TGA, and DSC. When jute fabric are first treated with alkali solution and then oligomeric siloxane solution, 34% and 49% increases in tensile and flexural strength were observed, respectively. Moreover, it is interesting to note that after alkali and siloxane treatment of jute fabric, 169% increase in ILSS of jute/HDPE composite was obtained. This demonstrates that the adhesion between jute fiber and HDPE matrix is greatly increased by alkali and oligomeric siloxane treatment of jute fabric. This observation was also confirmed by SEM analysis of fracture surface of composites. Alkali and oligomeric siloxane treatment of jute fabric did not considerably change thermal stability and melting and crystallization temperatures of jute/HDPE.
Effects of a novel acrylic-based compatibilizer on the mechanical properties, contact angle, water absorption, density and processibility of polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composite
Authors: Zhu Deqin , Sheng Yu , Liu Xirong , Chen Qianhuo
Published: August 2012

Three terpolymers (P(MAA-BA-MMA)) of methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate, with different inherent viscosity and carboxyl values were used as compatibilizer for polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composite. The effects of P(MAA-BA-MMA) on improving compatibility between polyvinyl chloride and wood flour and the composite’s mechanical properties were studied. It is found that the P(MAA-BA-MMA) with inherent viscosity of 33.87 mL/g and carboxyl value of 3.93 mmol/g can the most greatly improve the mechanical properties of composites. The effects of this terpolymers’ content on the mechanical properties, density, water absorption, and processing properties of composite were investigated in detail. The results show that the P(MAA-BA-MMA) can enhance mechanical properties and increase density, decrease water absorption, and improve processing properties of composite, and also reveal a relationship between the trend of P(MAA-BA-MMA)’s influence on tensile strength and that of its influence on density and water absorption. When P(MAA-BA-MMA) is at the optimum loading, the tensile strength and density of the composite are the largest, meanwhile its water absorption is the smallest. This relationship provides a shortcut for optimizing the formula of polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composite effectively. Scanning electron microscope results show that the interface between wood flour and polyvinyl chloride in the polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composite is blurred and combined well after wood flour is treated with P(MAA-BA-MMA).
Surface structural evolvement in electrochemical oxidation and sizing and its effect on carbon fiber/epoxy composites properties
Authors: Qian Xin , Wang Xuefei , OuYang Qin , Chen Yousi , Yan Qing
Published: August 2012

An evolvement of surface physicochemical structure in the process of electrochemical oxidation and sizing treatment was monitored by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An effect of this evolvement on the properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites was also researched. The results showed that the root mean square roughness increased from 4.6 nm for untreated fibers to 9.1 nm for surface-treated fibers, and the root mean square value of sized fibers decreased to 8.5 nm. The relative contents of oxygen and nitrogen atomic on carbon fiber surface increased obviously after electrochemical oxidation. Oxygen atomic concentration took a further improvement after sizing treatment and only hydroxyl functional group was found on its surface. The interfacial strength between carbon fiber and the resin matrix improved after surface electrochemical oxidation and sizing, and the mechanical interlock was considered to be the governing factor in fiber/resin adhesion of carbon fiber/epoxy composites.
Thermal fatigue of polymeric composites under repeated loading
Authors: Katunin Andrzej
Published: August 2012

The paper deals with results of experimental study of thermal fatigue of polymeric composites caused by self-heating effect under repeating loading conditions. The tests were carried out on laboratory stand, which provides synchronization of all measured parameters. It was noticed that the process of thermal fatigue consists of three phases and the end of the second phase coincides with critical self-heating temperature, which causes rapid degradation until breakdown. During experiments, composite specimens were loaded for achieving a given temperature value, then cooled and loaded again. Based on experimental results, it was shown that the reloading caused cross-linking process, which causes hardening of a composite. The parametric analysis of self-heating curves was carried out for single-, double- and triple-loaded specimens, and fatigue life for investigated cases was determined and compared.
Synthesis and characterization of cationic surfactants in the preparation of organobentonite and study their effectiveness on the properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/bentonite composites
Authors: Khalaf A. I. , Hegazy M. A.
Published: August 2012

Two cationic surfactants ( N-isopropyl- N, N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide (S1) and N-isopropyl- N, N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium bromide (S2)) are synthesized. The chemical structure of the synthesized surfactants was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the synthesized cationic surfactants was determined. CMC decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. Organobentonites are prepared using cationic surfactants (S1 and S2) and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Results of XRD, FTIR, SEM and TGA showed that the surfactants were intercalated into the interlamellar space of bentonite. Organobentonites fillers were added to styrene-butadiene rubber and cured by conventional vulcanization system. The filler loading was varied from 0 to 10 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr). The compounds were characterized with respect to their curing characteristics and mechanical properties. The vulcanization rate and torque value of the organobentonites compounds are sensibly higher than the unmodified bentonite compound.
Emergency Do Not Consume/Do Not Use concentrations for potassium permanganate in drinking water
Authors: Willhite CC , Bhat VS , Ball GL , McLellan CJ
Published: August 2012

Over the past decade, regulatory authorities and water purveyors have become increasingly concerned with accidental or intentional adulteration of municipal drinking water. Emergency response guidelines, such as the ‘Do Not Consume’ or use concentration limits derived herein, can be used to notify the public in such cases. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used to control iron concentrations and to reduce the levels of nuisance materials that affect odor or taste of finished drinking water. Manganese (Mn) is recognized an essential nutrient, permanganate (MnO4−) and manganous (Mn+2) ions are caustic, and the acute toxicity of KMnO4 is defined by its oxidant/irritant properties and by the toxicity of Mn. Ingestion of small amounts (4–20 mg/kg) of aqueous KMnO4 solutions that are above 200 mg/L causes gastrointestinal distress, while bolus ingestion has caused respiratory arrest following coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage in the esophagus, stomach, or liver. Dilute KMnO4 solutions (1–100 mg/L) are used as a topical antiseptics and astringents, but >1:5000 (200 mg/L) dilutions can irritate or discolor sensitive mucous membranes and direct skin or ocular contact with concentrated KMnO4 can perforate tissues. Based on clinical experience with 200 mg/L KMnO4, a Do Not Consume concentration of 7 mg/L KMnO4 (equivalent to 2 mg Mn/L) is recommended. Recognizing limited empirical data from which to calculate an ocular reference value, a skin contact ‘Do Not Use’ concentration of 30 mg Mn/L is recommended based on the skin irritation in some patients after a 10-min contact with 100 mg KMnO4/L.
The potential role of Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis
Authors: Chen D-Y , Chen Y-M , Wen M-C , Hsieh T-Y , Hung W-T , Lan J-L
Published: August 2012

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, a novel distinct subset of Th cell, can secrete interleukin (IL)-17 in humans. Although recent data suggest that Th17 cells and IL-17 play an important role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN), the expression of Th17-related cytokines in the kidneys of SLE patients has not been studied in detail. In the present study, we investigated circulating Th17-cell frequencies using flow cytometry and serum Th17-related cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 LN patients (17 patients with class IV and seven patients with class V) and 12 healthy controls. We also investigated glomerular Th17-related cytokine expression in LN patients and minimal change nephropathy (MCN) patients using immunohistochemistry. Our results showed significantly higher median frequencies of circulating Th17 cells in LN patients (0.68%) than in healthy controls (0.12%, p < 0.001). Serum levels of IL-17, IL-6 and IL-23 were significantly higher in LN patients (median 7.26, 232.60 and 37.01 pg/ml, respectively) than in healthy controls (median 0.82, 34.60 and 7.42 pg/ml, respectively; all p < 0.001). Circulating Th17-cell frequencies were positively correlated with SLEDAI, renal SLEDAI and histological activity index, the degree of cellular crescent and endocapillary proliferation. Significantly higher levels of glomerular IL-17 and IL-23 expression were observed in renal biopsies from class IV LN patients as compared to those from MCN patients and normal controls. Glomerular IL-17 and IL-23 expression levels were positively correlated with renal SLEDAI and histological activity index for LN patients. Our results suggest the potential role of the IL-23/Th17 axis in the intra-renal inflammation of SLE.
Killer drones: The ‘silver bullet’ of democratic warfare?
Authors: Sauer Frank , Schörnig Niklas
Published: August 2012

This article sets out to probe the peculiar nexus between democracy and the military use of unmanned systems. To this end, it draws on a critical, ‘antinomic’ reading of democratic peace theory. Tying into the theoretical scope of research conducted within the democratic distinctiveness programme that emerged out of the democratic peace debate, this entails fathoming out the ways in which democracies are distinct from other regime types. It includes acknowledging that democracies deal with conflicts aggressively too, rather than naïvely taking their supposed general peacefulness at face value. We demonstrate that the same distinctly democratic set of interests and norms that is conventionally taken to be pivotal for democratic peacefulness yields both peaceful and belligerent behavior. That same democracy-specific set of interests and norms is also constitutive of the special appeal unmanned systems hold for democracies. While armed and eventually autonomous systems may thus seem like a ‘silver bullet’ for democratic decisionmakers today, we argue that, by relying on these systems in an attempt to satisfy the said interests and norms, democracies may end up thwarting them in the long run and render themselves only more war-prone.
Politics for the day after tomorrow: The logic of apocalypse in global climate politics
Authors: Methmann Chris , Rothe Delf
Published: August 2012

The recent global climate change discourse is a prominent example of a securitization of environmental issues. While the problem is often framed in the language of existentialism, crisis or even apocalypse, climate discourses rarely result in exceptional or extraordinary measures, but rather put forth a governmental scheme of piecemeal and technocratic solutions often associated with risk management. This article argues that this seeming paradox is no accident but follows from a politics of apocalypse that combines two logics – those of security and risk – which in critical security studies are often treated as two different animals. Drawing on the hegemony theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, however, this article shows that the two are inherently connected. In the same way as the Christian pastorate could not do without apocalyptic imageries, today’s micro-politics of risk depends on a series of macro-securitizations that enable and legitimize the governmental machinery. This claim is backed up by an inquiry into current global discourses of global climate change regarding mitigation, adaptation and security implications. Although these discourses are often framed through the use of apocalyptic images, they rarely result in exceptional or extraordinary measures, but rather advance a governmental scheme of risk management. Tracing the relationship between security and risk in these discourses, we use the case of climate change to highlight the relevance of our theoretical argument.
Military gender integration and foreign policy in the United States: A feminist international relations perspective
Authors: Stachowitsch Saskia
Published: August 2012

The article investigates the relevance of foreign policy discourse and practice for military gender relations. The link between women’s status in military institutions and the gendering of foreign policy has so far not been thoroughly addressed in military and gender research or foreign policy analysis. Feminist international relations provides a research strategy to show how foreign policy doctrines and debates are gendered and how they are connected to gender (in)equality in central state institutions such as the military. The article thus applies feminist international relations as a theoretical framework that transcends the constructed dichotomy between national and international levels of analysis. In a case study of the USA from the Clinton to the Obama administrations, patterns of military gender integration are established as a phenomenon incorporating both domestic and international dimensions. Foreign policy discourses and practices in this time period are related to shifts in military gender policies and discourses on gender integration. It is argued that the gender order in military institutions is linked to international politics and state behaviour in the international arena.
Homogenized energy model for characterizing polarization and strains in hysteretic ferroelectric materials: Material properties and uniaxial model development
Authors: Smith Ralph C , Hu Zhengzheng
Published: August 2012

Ferroelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate, and BaTiO3, are being considered, or are already being employed, for a large number of applications including nanopositioning, high-speed valves for fuel injectors, ultrasonic transducers, high-speed camera shutters and autofocusing mechanisms, energy harvesting, and pico air vehicle design. Their advantages include nanometer positioning resolution, broadband frequency responses, moderate power requirements, the capability for miniaturization, and complementary actuator and sensor capabilities. However, they also exhibit creep, rate-dependent hysteresis, and constitutive nonlinearities at essentially all drive levels due to their noncentrosymmetric nature. In this article, we model the hysteretic dependence of strains and polarizations on input fields and stresses using the homogenized energy model framework. At the domain level, the minimization of the Gibbs energy densities yields linear constitutive relations. Nonlinearities and hysteresis due to dipole switching are modeled at the grain level using the Boltzmann theory to specify the evolution of dipole fractions that serve as internal variables. In the final step of the development, stochastic homogenization, based on the assumption that interaction fields and driving forces are manifestations of underlying densities, is used to construct nonlinear constitutive relations for the bulk material. It is demonstrated that these relations are amenable to subsequent development of distributed system models. The article includes significant discussion regarding the mechanisms that produce hysteresis in ferroelectric materials. The capability of the framework for characterizing various hysteretic phenomena, including creep and various rate dependencies, is illustrated by validation with lead zirconate titanate and lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate data.
Tracking control of piezoelectric stack actuator using modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii model
Authors: Chen Yuansheng , Qiu Jinhao , Palacios Jose , Smith Edward C
Published: August 2012

This article presents the development of Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis model and tracking control of piezoelectric stack actuator with severe hysteresis. Classical Prandtl–Ishlinskii model is a linearly weighted superposition of many backlash operators with different threshold and weight values, which inherits the symmetric property of the backlash operator at about the center point of the loop formed by the operators. To describe the asymmetric hysteresis of piezoelectric stack actuators, two modified operators were developed, one for ascending branches and another for descending branches. Based on this modified model, a feedforward controller was designed to compensate the hysteresis. Since the modified model describes the inverse of hysteresis, the feedforward controller and the hysteresis of piezoelectric stack actuator canceled each other. To attenuate the creep effect and reduce tracking error, a feedback controller was proposed to work with the feedforward controller. Experimental results show that this control scheme that combines feedforward and feedback controllers greatly improves the tracking of the piezoelectric actuator and the error is less than 0.15 µm.
Balanced calibration of resonant shunt circuits for piezoelectric vibration control
Authors: Høgsberg Jan , Krenk Steen
Published: August 2012

Shunting of piezoelectric transducers and suitable electric circuits constitutes an effective passive approach to resonant vibration damping of structures. Most common design concepts for resonant resistor-inductor (RL) shunt circuits rely on either maximization of the attainable modal damping or minimization of the frequency response amplitude. However, the former is suboptimal near resonance due to constructive interference of the two modes with identical frequency, and the latter results in reduced implemented damping. This article proposes an explicit pole placement–based design procedure for both series and parallel RL circuits. The procedure relies on equal modal damping and sufficient separation of the complex poles to avoid constructive interference of the two modes. By comparison with existing design procedures, it is demonstrated that the present calibration leads to a balanced compromise between large modal damping and effective response reduction with limited damping effort.
Atomic force microscopy–based study of self-healing coatings based on reversible polymer network systems
Authors: Brancart Joost , Scheltjens Gill , Muselle Thibault , Van Mele Bruno , Terryn Herman , Van Assche Guy
Published: August 2012

A self-healing polymer system is created by incorporating reversible covalent bonds into an epoxy–amine-based network structure. The self-healing concept is based on the reversible Diels–Alder reaction between furan and maleimide functional groups. The thermal and mechanical properties of the reversible network structure are tailored in order to achieve good self-healing properties for the corrosion protection of metal surfaces. Atomic force microscopy is proposed as a technique to study the self-healing behavior of coatings. Local thermal analysis techniques are used to study the local thermomechanical behavior of the reversible network. Nanosized defects in the coatings are made by means of nanolithography. The actual self-healing behavior is studied by atomic force microscopy imaging before and after the heating steps. The healing capability of elastomeric and glassy model systems is compared.
Play and Communication in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Lieberman Rebecca G. , Yoder Paul
Published: August 2012

The association between object play and intentional communication was examined in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Meta-analysis of concurrent and longitudinal correlational studies revealed significant associations between object play and intentional communication in young children with ASD. One well-conducted and internally valid, randomized, controlled trial suggests a bidirectional causal relationship between object play and intentional communication. Further experiments are needed to replicate these findings and test a play-as-stronger-cause hypothesis. Findings of the review have implications for development and implementation of effective interventions for young children with ASD when communication is the target and play serves as the context for intervention strategies. One model for conceptualization of treatment is proposed.
Contextual Factors and Vocational Interests in South Asian Americans’ Vocational Development
Authors: Kantamneni Neeta , Fouad Nadya A.
Published: August 2012

Examining vocational interests is a central component of career counseling; yet, little research has investigated structural differences for specific subpopulations or the role of cultural factors on vocational interests. The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of interests, congruence between expressed and measured interests, and the relationship between contextual factors, congruence, and vocational interests for South Asian Americans. Circular unidimensional scaling  analyses examined the structural nature of interests for females and males and found a better fit with Holland’s model for South Asian American females when compared to males. Correlation and multiple regression analyses found that contextual variables, such as acculturation, cultural values, and gender did not predict congruence but did predict vocational interest themes. Gender, acculturation, and individualistic and collectivistic cultural values predicted Realistic and Social interests.
Life Without Work
Authors: Ali Saba Rasheed , Fall Kevin , Hoffman Tina
Published: August 2012

Unemployment is a stark reality in today’s economic climate, and many Americans report a fear of loss or decrease in social status as a result of unexpected unemployment. Despite vocational psychology’s emphasis on work as a domain of life, very little exploration on how social class shifts impact workers has been conducted. One way to rectify the current gaps in the literature is to consider the integration of multiple theories that address different aspects of social class identity and the role of work in people’s lives. Intersectional approaches, the Social Class Worldview Model, and the Psychology Working perspectives are discussed in this article as applicable to life without work, particularly in relation to unemployment among underserved populations. Multidisciplinary literature is highlighted and integrated to inform the current understanding of these problems. Implications for psychologists and career counselors conducting research, practice, and public policy are discussed.
Effect of Sexual Coercion Proclivity, Insult and Fantasy on Emotional Reactivity and Appeal of Sexual Aggression
Authors: Thomas Lindsey A. , Gorzalka Boris B.
Published: August 2012

Fifty-nine heterosexual university males were assessed for Sexual Coercion Proclivity (SCP) and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Insult/nonsexually coercive fantasy material; no insult/sexually coercive fantasy material; or, insult/sexually coercive fantasy material. Although not differing in terms of anger or anxiety, the high SCP became more frustrated than the low group, particularly when exposed to both insult and sexually coercive (SC) fantasy material. Changes in negative affect predicted anticipated likelihood of engaging in SC among the low SCP group and anticipated enjoyment of SC in the high SCP group. Acculturation accounted for differences observed between Caucasian and Chinese men.
Selections From the ABC 2011 Annual Convention, Montreal, Canada
Authors: Whalen D. Joel
Published: August 2012

The 12 Favorite Assignments featured in this article were presented at the 2011 Annual Convention of the Association for Business Communication (ABC), Montreal, Canada. A variety of learning objectives are featured: delivering bad news, handling difficult people, persuasion, reporting financial analysis, electronic media, face-to-face communication, and much more. Some Favorite Assignments take a full semester to complete; others can be done within a single class. Each assignment reflects the individual author’s passion for active learning that stimulates practical skill building, judgment, and communication skills. Additional teaching materials—instructions to students, stimulus materials, slides, grading rubrics, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and sample student projects—are posted on http://www.salesleadershipcenter.com/research.html#mfa12 .
The Politics of Environmental Concern
Authors: Nawrotzki Raphael J.
Published: August 2012

Prior research in the United States has found that liberals are generally more environmentally concerned than conservatives. The present study explores whether conservatives’ opposition to environmental protection is solely a U.S. or a universal phenomenon and whether this association is contingent on country-level characteristics, such as development, environmental conditions, and communist history. Employing data for 19 countries from the International Social Survey Program module “Environment II,” this article explores inter-country variations in the relationship between individual conservatism and environmental concern using multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions. The models reveal a number of intriguing associations. Most important, conservatives’ support for environmental protection varies by country. This variation is a function of country-level characteristics. The strongest opposition of conservatives’ toward environmental protection was observed in developed, capitalist nations, with superior environmental conditions. On the other hand, in less developed countries, and countries characterized by poor environmental quality, conservatives are more environmentally concerned than liberals.
ADHD Symptomatology, Fear of Intimacy, and Sexual Anxiety and Behavior Among College Students in China and the United States
Authors: Marsh Lyndsey E. , Norvilitis Jill M. , Ingersoll Travis S. , Li Bin
Published: August 2012

Objective: ADHD is marked by an apparent contradiction in social relationships: Those with the disorder have more difficulty establishing close relationships but report increased rates of risky sexual behavior. Two studies examined the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and fear of intimacy, sexual anxiety, and sexual behavior in college students. Method: In the first study, college students in China ( n = 300) and the United States ( n = 233) completed a series of questionnaires. In the second, 192 American college students completed a follow-up series of measures. Results: In the first study, those with more ADHD symptoms did not report lower levels of sexual anxiety but did report greater fear of intimacy. In the second, students partially replicated the results of the first study, reporting greater fear of intimacy in those with more symptoms of ADHD. Those with more symptoms also reported lower expectations for the intimacy in their relationships and lower levels of relationship self-competence on one of four domains. Discussion: ADHD symptomatology, particularly inattention, was related to multiple aspects of risky sexual behavior.
What are we to do with feral publishers?
Authors: Harvie David , Lightfoot Geoff , Lilley Simon , Weir Kenneth
Published: August 2012

This article examines the profits and practices of commercial journal publishers and argues for an appropriate response from the academic community.
Citation patterns in organization and management journals: Margins and centres
Authors: Li Eldon Y. , Parker Martin
Published: August 2012

Citations tell us something about the patterns of knowledge exchange around a particular journal. To examine this network, one can use Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports database and derive three basic citation relationships: the numbers of articles citing (and thus influenced by) a journal, articles cited by (thus influencing) a journal, as well as the self-citation rate of the journal. In this article we examine the patterns relating to 27 selected journals in organization and management. The article proposes an influence metric with a citing and cited pair. The metric is applied to develop a taxonomy which classifies journals into one of four types of influence network, and comments on the way in which this sort of citation data locates Organization clearly on the margins in a number of important ways. We also comment on whether marginalization is an effect of interdisciplinarity, and political and methodological heterodoxy.
Profaning the sacred in leadership studies: a reading of Murakami’s A Wild Sheep Chase
Authors: Śliwa Martyna , Spoelstra Sverre , Sørensen Bent Meier , Land Christopher
Published: August 2012

The leadership literature is full of stories of heroic self-sacrifice. Sacrificial leadership behaviour, some scholars conclude, is to be recommended. In this article we follow Keith Grint’s conceptualization of leadership as necessarily pertaining to the sacred, but—drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s notion of profanation—we highlight the need for organization scholars to profane the sacralizations embedded in leadership thinking. One example of this, which guides us throughout the article, is the novel A Wild Sheep Chase, by the Japanese author Haruki Murakami. By means of a thematic reading of the novel, we discuss how it contributes to profaning particular notions of sacrifice and the sacred in leadership thinking. In the novel, self-sacrifice does not function as a way of establishing a leadership position, but as a way to avoid the dangers associated with leadership, and possibly redeem humans from their current collective urge to become leaders. Inspired by Murakami’s fictional example, we call organization scholars to engage in profanation of leadership studies and, in doing so, open new vistas for leadership theory and practice.
Anticipating Intimacy or Sexual Victimization? Danger Cue Recognition and Delayed Behavioral Responses to a Sexually Risky Scenario
Authors: Franklin Cortney A.
Published: August 2012

This study used a sample of 257 female college students to investigate the heterogeneity of threat assessment, risk response, and delays in behavioral response, after the establishment of discomfort. Findings from three ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models indicated that (a) increased rape myth acceptance was correlated with threat assessment delays, (b) increased rape myth acceptance and prior verbally coercive sex were correlated with risk response delays, and (c) frequent pornography consumption and prior victimization were correlated with delayed behavioral response so that a woman remained in a risky sexual situation longer after establishing discomfort as compared to counterparts. Implications for research and policy are addressed.
Acceptability of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Among Urban Adolescent Males
Authors: Gutierrez Baudelio , Leung Anthony , Jones Kevin Trimell , Smith Peter , Silverman Randee , Frank Ian , Leader Amy E.
Published: August 2012

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was recently approved for use in males. Certain groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), are at increased risk of HPV infection. The purpose of the study was to understand perceptions of HPV and the vaccine among adolescent and young adult males, both heterosexual and MSM. Seventy-six males (45 heterosexual, 31 MSM) completed a questionnaire and participated in a focus group. Overall, 42% had heard of HPV and 39% had heard of the HPV vaccine. Males had moderate to favorable attitudes toward vaccination, although intentions to vaccinate were more neutral. MSM were more knowledgeable, aware, and in control of the decision to vaccinate than heterosexual males. Increasing awareness and knowledge about HPV and the vaccine may be necessary to encourage vaccination; certain subgroups of males may be more receptive to HPV vaccination than others.
Male Circumcision and HIV Risk Behavior Among University Students in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Iliyasu Zubairu , Abubakar Isa S. , Sani Ibrahim H. , Jibo Abubakar M. , Karaye Ibraheem M. , Salihu Hamisu M. , Aliyu Muktar H.
Published: August 2012

Recent trials demonstrate the effectiveness of male circumcision (MC) in reducing HIV acquisition in men. However, little is known about the prevalence and acceptability of the practice in northern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study design was employed to explore knowledge and attitudes to MC among university students in Kano, Nigeria ( n = 375). Almost all respondents (98.1%) reported being circumcised ( n = 368; 95% confidence interval = 96.2% to 99.2%). There was no variation in circumcision status by age, ethnicity, religion, or marital status. Majority of the respondents were circumcised by a health worker (51.2%). Most circumcisions were performed between the ages of 5 and 10 years (57.9%) and for religious reasons (79.2%). Only 38% of the respondents ( n = 104) were aware of the role of MC in reducing HIV acquisition in heterosexual males. Three quarters of the respondents agreed that circumcised men still need to use condoms. The practice of MC is nearly universal in northern Nigeria, despite low awareness of its protective role in HIV transmission. Public health programs should seize the opportunity offered by high MC acceptance rates to integrate safe medical MC services into existing HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives.
Effects of emergency preservation measures following excavation of mural paintings in Takamatsuzuka Tumulus
Authors: Li Yonghui , Ogura Daisuke , Hokoi Shuichi , Ishizaki Takeshi
Published: August 2012

The deterioration of mural paintings in Takamatsuzuka Tumulus was not only caused by microorganisms like fungi, but also by spalling of lime plaster. Following excavation of mural paintings, the emergency preservation measures were applied to control the hygrothermal environment, however, without a visible success. To reduce the deterioration of mural paintings, one must reduce the frequency of wetting and drying cycles inside the chamber. Using climatic measurements, a numerical simulation of the effects of postexcavation preservation measures on hygrothermal behavior in the stone chambers of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus was performed. The results showed that the method of covering the exposed surface of the stone chamber with a certain thickness of soil will be more effective in limiting the temperature increases within the stone chamber and controlling dryness on the interior surfaces.
A study of the efficacy and safety of switching from oral risperidone to risperidone long-acting injection in older patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Suzuki Hidenobu , Inoue Yuichi , Gen Keishi
Published: August 2012

Objective

We investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of switching to risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) in older patients with schizophrenia receiving oral risperidone.

Methods

The subjects were 48 inpatients who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. Their clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression – Severity of Illness scale, and their safety was assessed using the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS), body weight, body mass index, and blood biochemistry tests.

Results

No significant differences in clinical symptom improvement efficacy were seen between the group switched to RLAI and the control group. The mean changes from baseline on the DIEPSS total score and prolactin level were significantly greater in the older group switched to RLAI than in the control group. Furthermore, in older patients, RLAI allowed the dosage of the concomitant medication to be significantly reduced compared with the control group.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that switching older patients from oral risperidone to RLAI may result in superior efficacy and safety, and may also make it possible to reduce the dosage of the concomitant medication.
Views, Barriers, and Suggestions for Colorectal Cancer Screening Among American Indian Women Older Than 50 Years in the Midwest
Authors: Filippi Melissa K. , James Aimee S. , Brokenleg Sarah , Talawyma Myrietta , Perdue David G. , Choi Won S. , Greiner K. Allen , Daley Christine M.
Published: August 2012

Objective. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates in the US population have shown a decline, American Indian (AI) CRC mortality rates appear to be increasing. CRC screening rates of AIs remain low when compared with other ethnic groups. The research team explored women’s perceptions toward CRC screening, existing barriers, and suggestions to promote education and screening among AI women in Kansas and Missouri. Methods. Using a community-based participatory research approach, the authors conducted 7 focus groups with AI women older than 50 years (N = 52) to better understand their perceptions of and attitudes toward CRC screening. Results. Women recognized barriers to screening, such as embarrassment, privacy issues, fear, insurance, and cost. They countered perceived barriers through inventive suggestions for education and awareness via social support systems and intergenerational relationships. Discussion. CRC screening interventions for AI must be culturally tailored.
Clinical and prognostic implications of low or high level of von Willebrand factor in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: Hivert Benedicte , Caron Claudine , Petit Stephanie , Charpy Cecile , Fankam-Siaka Corinne , Lecocq Stephanie , Zawadzki Christophe , Susen Sophie , Rusu Manuela , Duhamel Alain , Tournilhac Olivier , Goudemand Jenny , Morel Pierre
Published: August 2012

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome is described in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Assessment of ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag) in 72 consecutive patients with WM showed a negative relation between VWF levels < 130 U/dL and both monoclonal immunoglobulin M concentration (mIgMC) and viscosity. Ten patients with VWF:RCo < 50 U/dL (< 40 for patients with blood group O) fulfilled the acquired von Willebrand syndrome criteria. They had higher mIgMC and viscosity. Reduction in mIgMC was associated with increase in VWF levels. The low VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio suggested that high viscosity might be associated with increased shear force and cleavage of multimers. Surprisingly, 43 patients (59%) presented with high VWF:Ag (> 110 U/dL). They had higher bone marrow microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression on bone marrow mast cells. Five-year survival rates of patients with VWF:Ag < 110, between 110 and 250, and more than 250 U/dL were 96%, 71%, and 44%, respectively (P < .0001). High VWF:Ag was also a significant adverse prognostic factor for survival after first-line therapy (P < .0001), independently of the international scoring system. These results support systematic assessment of VWF in patients with WM. The adverse prognostic value of high VWF levels raises issues on interactions between lymphoplasmacytic cells, mast cells, and endothelial cells in WM.
Developmental plasticity of bacterial colonies and consortia in germ-free and gnotobiotic settings
Authors: Pátková Irena , Čepl Jaroslav J , Rieger Tomáš , Blahůšková Anna , Neubauer Zdeněk , Markoš Anton
Published: August 2012

Background

Bacteria grown on semi-solid media can build two types of multicellular structures, depending on the circumstances. Bodies (colonies) arise when a single clone is grown axenically (germ-free), whereas multispecies chimeric consortia contain monoclonal microcolonies of participants. Growth of an axenic colony, mutual interactions of colonies, and negotiation of the morphospace in consortial ecosystems are results of intricate regulatory and metabolic networks. Multicellular structures developed by Serratia sp. are characteristically shaped and colored, forming patterns that reflect their growth conditions (in particular medium composition and the presence of other bacteria).

Results

Building on our previous work, we developed a model system for studying ontogeny of multicellular bacterial structures formed by five Serratia sp. morphotypes of two species grown in either "germ-free" or "gnotobiotic" settings (i.e. in the presence of bacteria of other conspecific morphotype, other Serratia species, or E. coli). Monoclonal bodies show regular and reproducible macroscopic appearance of the colony, as well as microscopic pattern of its growing margin. Standard development can be modified in a characteristic and reproducible manner in close vicinity of other bacterial structures (or in the presence of their products). Encounters of colonies with neighbors of a different morphotype or species reveal relationships of dominance, cooperation, or submission; multiple interactions can be summarized in "rock – paper – scissors" network of interrelationships. Chimerical (mixed) plantings consisting of two morphotypes usually produced a “consortium” whose structure is consistent with the model derived from interaction patterns observed in colonies.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that development of a bacterial colony can be considered analogous to embryogenesis in animals, plants, or fungi: to proceed, early stages require thorough insulation from the rest of the biosphere. Only later, the newly developing body gets connected to the ecological interactions in the biosphere. Mixed “anlagen” cannot accomplish the first, germ-free phase of development; hence, they will result in the consortium of small colonies. To map early development and subsequent interactions with the rest of the biospheric web, simplified gnotobiotic systems described here may turn to be of general use, complementing similar studies on developing multicellular eukaryots under germ-free or gnotobiotic conditions.