bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased risk of opportunistic infection in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kim Hyoungyoung , Cho Soo‐Kyung , Lee Jiyoung , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung
Published: May 2019

Aim

To estimate incidence rate (IR) and risk factors for opportunistic infections (OI) in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Retrospective cohorts were identified in the Korean National Claims Database. Incident RA cases were recruited in 2010 (n = 14 081). Follow up was ended at the time of development of new OI or at the date of last visit within 12 months of diagnosis. The IR and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of OI in early and overall RA (n = 226 838) over a year were calculated. A multivariable regression model was used to identify risk factors for OI in early RA.

Results

The IR of OI in early and overall RA were 3.81/100 and 3.67/100 person‐years, respectively. The SIR for OI in early RA was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.05‐1.23). Herpes zoster (SIR = 1.12, 95% CI, 1.03‐1.22) and candidiasis (SIR = 2.40, 95% CI, 1.55‐3.54) were common in early RA. Age (50 < age ≤ 60 [OR 1.74, 95% CI, 1.30‐2.33], 60 < age ≤ 70 [OR 1.85, 95% CI, 1.36‐2.52], age > 70 [OR 1.89, 95% CI, 1.34‐2.68]), female sex (OR 1.40, 95% CI, 1.12‐1.74), comorbidities (one comorbidity [OR 1.53, 95% CI, 1.24‐1.89], ≥ two comorbidities [OR 1.84, 95% CI, 1.47‐2.29]), and corticosteroid use of 5 mg/d or more (OR 1.38, 95% CI, 1.13‐1.69) were significantly associated with increased risk of OI in early RA.

Conclusion

Opportunistic infections, especially for herpes zoster and candidiasis, tend to occur more often in early RA than in overall RA. Age, female sex, comorbidities and corticosteroid use are related to increased OI in early RA patients.
The Price of Being Foreign: Stock Market Penalties Associated with Accounting Irregularities for U.S.‐Listed Foreign Firms
Authors: Ge Weili , Matsumoto Dawn , Wang Emily Jing , Zhang Jenny Li , Thomas Wayne
Published: May 2019

We examine the stock market consequences of disclosing accounting irregularities for U.S.‐listed foreign firms. After controlling for the severity of the irregularity and other firm characteristics, we find that foreign firms experience significantly more negative short‐window stock market reactions following irregularity announcements than do U.S. firms. Moreover, for a subsample of 64 irregularities of foreign firms that are listed on both a U.S. and home country stock exchange, we find evidence that restating firms' U.S. investors react more negatively to the same irregularity than their home country investors. This differential market reaction appears related to firm‐specific information risks that are greater for foreign firms than U.S. firms. Collectively, consistent with the reputational bonding hypothesis in prior literature, our results suggest that accounting irregularities cause U.S. investors to reassess the information risk associated with foreign firms.
Comparing the relation between ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight and birthweight in cohort of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses
Authors: Stephens Katie , Al‐Memar Maya , Beattie‐Jones Suzanne , Dhanjal Mandish , Mappouridou Stephanie , Thorne Elizabeth , Lees Christoph
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) confers a higher perinatal risk of adverse outcomes. Birthweight cannot be accurately measured until delivery, therefore accurate estimated fetal weight (EFW) based on ultrasonography is important in identifying this high‐risk population. We aimed to establish the sensitivity of detecting SGA infants antenatally in a unit with a selective third‐trimester ultrasound policy and to investigate the association between EFW and birthweight in these babies.

Material and methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies delivered after 36 weeks of gestation where SGA (<10th percentile) was diagnosed at delivery. The EFW at the time of the third‐trimester ultrasound scan was recorded using standard Hadlock formulae.

Results

In 2017, there were 8392 non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies live born after 36 weeks, excluding late bookers. 797 were live‐born SGA <10th percentile for birthweight and 464 <5th percentile, who met our inclusion criteria. The antenatal detection rate of SGA was 19.6% for babies with birthweight <10th percentile and 24.1% <5th percentile. There was a significant correlation between the EFW and birthweight of fetuses undergoing ultrasound assessment within 2 weeks of delivery (P < .001, r = 0.73 (Pearson correlation). For these cases, EFW was greater than the birthweight in 65% of cases. After adjusting all EFWs using the discrepancy between EFW and actual birthweight for those babies born within 48 hours of the scan, the mean difference between the birthweight and adjusted EFW 7 days before delivery was 111 g (95% CI 87‐136 g) and at 14 days was 200 g (95% CI 153‐248 g). Despite adjusting the EFW, 61/213 cases (28.6%) apparently lost weight between the ultrasound scan and delivery.

Conclusions

Small‐for‐gestational‐age infants with a birthweight <10th percentile are poorly identified antenatally with little improvement for those <5th percentile. In SGA babies, ultrasound EFW overestimated birthweight. Discrepancies between birthweight and EFW are not explicable only by the limitations of third‐trimester sonography, a reduction in fetal weight close to delivery in a proportion of liveborn SGA babies is plausible.
Brain activity patterns of phonemic representations are atypical in beginning readers with family risk for dyslexia
Authors: Vandermosten Maaike , Correia Joao , Vanderauwera Jolijn , Wouters Jan , Ghesquière Pol , Bonte Milene
Published: May 2019

There is an ongoing debate whether phonological deficits in dyslexics should be attributed to (a) less specified representations of speech sounds, like suggested by studies in young children with a familial risk for dyslexia, or (b) to an impaired access to these phonemic representations, as suggested by studies in adults with dyslexia. These conflicting findings are rooted in between study differences in sample characteristics and/or testing techniques. The current study uses the same multivariate functional MRI (fMRI) approach as previously used in adults with dyslexia to investigate phonemic representations in 30 beginning readers with a familial risk and 24 beginning readers without a familial risk of dyslexia, of whom 20 were later retrospectively classified as dyslexic. Based on fMRI response patterns evoked by listening to different utterances of /bA/ and /dA/ sounds, multivoxel analyses indicate that the underlying activation patterns of the two phonemes were distinct in children with a low family risk but not in children with high family risk. However, no group differences were observed between children that were later classified as typical versus dyslexic readers, regardless of their family risk status, indicating that poor phonemic representations constitute a risk for dyslexia but are not sufficient to result in reading problems. We hypothesize that poor phonemic representations are trait (family risk) and not state (dyslexia) dependent, and that representational deficits only lead to reading difficulties when they are present in conjunction with other neuroanatomical or—functional deficits.
Changes in trade variety, substitutability, and terms of trade effect: Evidence from south korea
Authors: Kang Kichun
Published: May 2019

This paper quantifies the effects of both import and export varieties on a nation's terms of trade. Using the most disaggregate trade data (HS 10 digit) for South Korea over the period 1992–2015, I find that the growth in import variety caused a drop in the import price index by 2.44% per year and the growth in export variety caused a rise in the export price index by 1.46% per year. I identify that the effects of import and export varieties on the terms of trade are different due to the differences in variety change and substitutability. The conventional terms of trade that do not take into account changes in the varieties of import and export underestimated the true terms of trade by 3.9% per year. This implies that the growth of real income and productivity for the South Korean economy would be underestimated by the conventional terms of trade.
Ensuring long‐term benefits of camp for children with chronic illnesses?
Authors: Moola Fiona J , Neville Alyssa R , Huynh Elizabeth , Moothathamby Nivatha , Naganathan Methuna
Published: May 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Driscoll et al. on pages 1392–1399 of this issue.
Baseline hs‐CRP predicts hypertension remission in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Carbone Federico , Elia Edorado , Casula Matteo , Bonaventura Aldo , Liberale Luca , Bertolotto Maria , Artom Nathan , Minetti Silvia , Dallegri Franco , Contini Paola , Verzola Daniela , Pontremoli Roberto , Viazzi Franesca , Viviani Giorgio Luciano , Bertolini Stefano , Pende Aldo , Pisciotta Livia , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: May 2019

Background

Inflammation, overweight and other cardiovascular risk factors might negatively impact on hypertension remission in metabolic syndrome (MetS), independently of the pharmacological treatment. Here, the potential influence of systemic inflammation (assessed by serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein [hs‐CRP]) on hypertension remission will be investigated in a cohort of hypertensive patients with MetS.

Material and Methods

Hypertensive patients with MetS (n = 100) were enrolled, treated under current behavior/dietary/pharmacological recommendations and followed up for 12 months. All patients received medications and nutritional advice based on Mediterranean‐like dietary pattern in addition to psychological and physical activity counselling. At baseline (T0), 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) months of follow‐up, clinical data, haematological and biochemical profiles and serum hs‐CRP were measured.

Results

As compared to T0, at T2 patients displayed improvements in anthropometric and metabolic profiles. At T2, the hypertension remission rate was 13.0%. Serum hs‐CRP did not change overtime in the overall cohort. Surprisingly, patients who experienced hypertension remission were less treated with antihypertensive drugs, but developed a weak improvement in anthropometric measures during follow‐up. The hypertension remission group had lower baseline levels of hs‐CRP as compared to non‐remission. Low baseline hs‐CRP (<2 µg/mL, cut‐off value identified by ROC curve) predicted hypertension remission, independently of antihypertensive treatment implementation, baseline systolic blood pressure and waist circumference improvement.

Conclusions

Remission of hypertension in MetS is independently associated with baseline low CRP levels, which might suggest a critical role for inflammation in sustaining high blood pressure levels.
Sex differences in behavior and neuropharmacology of zebrafish
Authors: Genario Rafael , de Abreu Murilo S. , Giacomini Ana C.V.V. , Demin Konstantin A. , Kalueff Allan V.
Published: May 2019

Sex is an important variable in biomedical research. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful new model organism in translational neuroscience and pharmacology. Mounting evidence indicates important sex differences in zebrafish behavioral and neuropharmacological responses. Here, we discuss the role of sex in zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) models, their molecular mechanisms, recent findings and the existing challenges in this field. We also emphasize the growing utility of zebrafish models in translational neuropharmacological research of sex differences, fostering future CNS drug discovery and the search for novel sex‐specific therapies. Finally, we highlight the interplay between sex and environment in zebrafish models of sex‐environment correlations as an important strategy of CNS disease modeling using this aquatic organism.
Statoliths
Authors: Hart Malcolm B.
Published: May 2019

Statoliths, in modern cephalopods, are the paired calcareous ‘stones’ that lie in two adjacent cavities (or statocysts) within the cartilage of the head. The stones are generally 0.5–2.0 mm in length and appear to be formed of aragonite. Statoliths often co‐occur with fish otoliths, and being of similar appearance, size, colour, etc., this has caused confusion in the past. It was only towards the latter part of the twentieth century that it was recognized that statoliths could occur as fossils.
Fulfilling information needs of patients in online health communities
Authors: Chen Donghua , Zhang Runtong , Feng Jiayi , Liu Kecheng
Published: May 2019

Background

Online health communities (OHCs) experience difficulties in utilising patient reported posts to fulfil the information needs of online patients concerning health related issues.

Objectives

We aim to propose a comprehensive method that leverages medical domain knowledge to extract useful information from posts to fulfil information needs of online patients.

Methods

A knowledge representation framework based on authoritative knowledge sources in the medical field for the OHC is proposed. On the basis of the framework, a health related information extraction process for analysing the posts in the OHC is proposed. Then, knowledge support rate (KSR) and effective information rate (EIR) are introduced as metrics to evaluate changes in knowledge extracted from the knowledge sources in terms of fulfilling the information needs of patients in the OHC.

Results

On the basis of a data set with 372 343 posts in an OHC, experimental results indicate that our method effectively extracts relevant knowledge for online patients. Moreover, KSR and EIR are feasible metrics of changes in knowledge in terms of fulfilling the information needs.

Conclusions

The OHCs effectively fulfil the information needs of patients by utilising authoritative domain knowledge in the medical field. Knowledge based services for online patients facilitate an intelligent OHC in the future.
Development and initial validation of a Theory of Planned Behaviour questionnaire to assess critical care nurses’ intention to use physical restraints
Authors: Via‐Clavero Gemma , Guàrdia‐Olmos Joan , Gallart‐Vivé Elisabeth , Arias‐Rivera Susana , Castanera‐Duro Aaron , Delgado‐Hito Pilar
Published: May 2019

Aims

To develop and psychometrically test a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire to assess nurses’ intention to use physical restraints (PRs) in intubated patients.

Design

A psychometric instrument validation study conducted in three phases.

Methods

A theory‐driven questionnaire was developed. Eight experts validated the content of the preliminary 58‐item questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted including 101 critical care nurses to test the reliability of the items. Construct validity and reliability were tested in a cross‐sectional study of 12 units from eight hospitals in Spain (N = 354) from October ‐ December 2017. Participants completed the questions based on the TPB, and socio‐demographic and professional variables.

Results

The instrument comprised 48 items. All the direct and indirect constructs exhibited acceptable reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated satisfactory fit indices for factorial structure according to the TPB. Nurses showed favourable attitudes, low perception of social pressure and modest perception of behaviour control. Perceived behavioural control and attitude were moderately positively correlated with the intention to use restraints, whereas subjective norm revealed the lowest correlation. Overall, the model explained 33% of the variance in intention.

Conclusions

The Physical Restraint TPB questionnaire is a 48‐item self‐reporting theoretically based instrument with acceptable reliability and construct validity to identify nurses’ intentions to use PRs in intubated patients.

Impact

Unravelling the key determinants of nurses’ intentions to use PRs should be examined to tailor quality improvement projects aimed at de‐implementing restraints use in practice and to promote safer care.
Amyloid beta25‐35 impairs docosahexaenoic acid efflux by down‐regulating fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC27A1) protein expression in human brain capillary endothelial cells
Authors: Ochiai Yusuke , Uchida Yasuo , Tachikawa Masanori , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Terasaki Tetsuya
Published: May 2019

Decreased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an endogenous neuroprotective compound, in the brain are associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We previously showed that DHA is a substrate of fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1/SLC27A1), and FATP1 is localized at the abluminal membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells. We hypothesized that amyloid β (Aβ) decreases FATP1‐mediated cellular efflux (i.e. supply to the brain) of DHA at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we tested this hypothesis using a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, human cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3), as a BBB model. The efflux of DHA‐d5 by hCMEC/D3 cells increased time‐dependently up to 3 min. Knock‐down of FATP1 with specific siRNA indicated that FATP1‐mediated efflux accounts for 47.0% of this DHA‐d5 efflux. In hCMEC/D3 cells treated with Aβ25–35 (10 μM/24 h), which we employed as an in vitro model of the BBB in AD, FATP1 protein expression in the plasma membrane was decreased by 96.0%, which was greater than the decrease in the whole‐cell lysate, and the DHA‐d5 efflux was decreased by 68.3%. Of this 68.3% decrease, 45.1% (47.0 × 0.96) is accounted for by the decrease in FATP1‐mediated efflux and the remaining 23.2% is presumably mediated by other mechanism(s). Thus, we have established for the first time that FATP1 is a major contributor to DHA efflux from human brain capillary endothelial cells, and its efflux activity at the abluminal membrane of the cells is blocked by Aβ. This may explain the decreased DHA level in the brain of AD patients.

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Rural Clients’ Continuity Into Follow‐Up Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Impacts of Travel Time, Incentives, and Alerts
Authors: Garnick Deborah W. , Horgan Constance M. , Acevedo Andrea , Lee Margaret T. , Panas Lee , Ritter Grant A. , Campbell Kevin
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Treatment after discharge from detoxification or residential treatment is associated with improved outcomes. We examined the influence of travel time on continuity into follow‐up treatment and whether financial incentives and weekly alerts have a modifying effect.

Methods

For a research intervention during October 2013 to December 2015, detoxification and residential substance use disorder treatment programs in Washington State were randomized into 4 groups: potential financial incentives for meeting performance goals, weekly alerts to providers, both interventions, and control. Travel time was used as both a main effect and interacted with other variables to explore its modifying impact on continuity of care in conjunction with incentives or alerts. Continuity was defined as follow‐up care occurring within 14 days of discharge from detoxification or residential treatment programs. Travel time was estimated as driving time from clients’ home ZIP Code to treatment agency ZIP Code.

Findings

Travel times to the original treatment agency were in some cases significant with longer travel times predicting lower likelihood of continuity. For detoxification clients, those with longer travel times (over 91 minutes from their residence) are more likely to have timely continuity. Conversely, residential clients with travel times of more than 1 hour are less likely to have timely continuity. Interventions such as alerts or incentives for performance had some mitigating effects on these results. Travel times to the closest agency for potential further treatment were not significant.

Conclusions

Among rural clients discharged from detoxification and residential treatment, travel time can be an important factor in predicting timely continuity.
Elevated serum levels of soluble CD14 in HBeAg‐positive chronic HBV patients upon Peginterferon treatment are associated with treatment response
Authors: Dou Yingying , van Montfoort Nadine , van den Bosch Aniek , Janssen Harry L. A. , de Man Robert A. , Buschow Sonja I. , Woltman Andrea M.
Published: May 2019

Pegylated IFNα (PEG‐IFN) is one of the treatment options for chronic HBV (CHB) patients. However, the high patient treatment burden and limited response rate together clearly ask for biomarkers to predict PEG‐IFN response. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is considered a marker for immune activation and has been shown to predict clinical outcome of HIV infection. However, studies on sCD14 in CHB infection are inconclusive, and its relationship with clinical outcome is largely unknown. Here, we measured sCD14 levels in CHB patients and investigated whether changes in sCD14 level related to PEG‐IFN response. Serum sCD14 levels were determined in 15 healthy controls, 15 acute self‐limited HBV, 60 CHB patients in different disease phases and 94 HBeAg+ CHB patients at week 0 and week 12 of a 52‐week PEG‐IFN treatment. Response to PEG‐IFN treatment was defined as HBeAg seroconversion or HBeAg loss at 26 weeks post‐treatment. The mean sCD14 level in acute HBV patients (3.0 µg/mL) was significantly higher than in CHB patients (2.4 µg/mL) and healthy controls (2.4 µg/mL). In CHB patients receiving PEG‐IFN, a significant increase in sCD14 was found after 12‐week treatment (median week 0:2.1 µg/mL; week 12:3.7 µg/mL). After 12‐week treatment, the fold change (FC = w12/w0) in sCD14 was significantly higher in responders compared to nonresponders (HBeAg seroconversion: median FCresponder = 2.1 vs FCnonresponder = 1.6; HBeAg loss: median FCresponder = 2.2 vs FCnonresponder = 1.5). Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that FC‐sCD14wk12/wk0 levels can be of significant value as a stopping rule to select patients at week 12 who are not likely to benefit from further PEG‐IFN treatment.
Should We Clash or Should I Go? The Impact of Low Wage and Poor Working Conditions on the Exit‐Voice Trade‐Off
Authors: Godechot Olivier , Salibekyan Zinaida
Published: May 2019

We use two linked employer–employee datasets to adapt Hirschman's model of consumer behaviour into the labour market and to argue that dissatisfaction with pay should favour exit while dissatisfaction with working conditions should favour voice. A deterioration of our working conditions index increases the probability of participation in collective action when an increase in log hourly wage decreases the probability of quitting. A rationale for this trade‐off is based on information: first, information on the price of alternative options is more accessible than information on their quality; second, voice produces more information than exit and favours opportunities for specific improvements.
Emerging topics in microvascular research: Advancing our understanding by interdisciplinary exploration
Authors: Butcher Joshua T. , Murfee Walter L. , Stapleton Phoebe A.
Published: May 2019

Historically, major advances in microvascular research have been made by integrating physiology and bioengineering approaches. This Special Topics Issue focuses on providing a spotlight on emerging areas of microvascular research, showcasing how interdisciplinary collaborations and application of novel techniques can impact our understanding of tissue‐specific microvascular remodeling by integrating cell behaviors across scales. The authors in this issue investigate pericyte physiology, perturbations to uteroplacental blood flow, bone microvascular alterations in aging, molecular markers of revascularization, and microfluidic devices to mimic the lymphatic system. The articles highlight the continued importance of expanding our understanding of the microvascular system in health, and disease extends microvascular boundaries in the face of current paradigms, and illustrates how emerging leaders in the field are creating new scientific niches.
The Culture of Interest: A Proposed Addition and Revision of the Three‐Culture Model
Authors: Pely Doron , Shimoni David
Published: May 2019

Negotiation and conflict resolution theorists have classified world cultures according to three types for the purpose of describing and predicting some of the ways in which individuals and groups within broad, geographically based cultural groups behave in conflict and negotiation‐related situations. These three broad categories, called “cultural syndromes,” have described these cultures according to the relative value they place on these three concerns: honor, face, and dignity.

Based on our examination of the literature on the cultural dimensions of negotiation and conflict management, our own practice, and an analysis of literature and practice pertaining to the place and utility of the honor, face, interest, and dignity attributes within and between cultural groups, we propose a reformulation of this typology. Our reformulation would replace the broad “dignity” category with a new category that we call “interest,” which we believe better characterizes Northern European and North American cultures. We also argue that a cultural orientation toward dignity is universal and not geographically unique and is thus shared by all three cultures. This new formulation, we believe, more accurately characterizes the global range of orientations toward negotiation and conflict resolution and would, if adopted, help scholars and practitioners better understand culturally divergent conflict orientations and behaviors as well as the ramifications of such differences for negotiation and conflict resolution practice.
Buyer and Seller Differences in Business‐to‐Business Negotiations
Authors: Sigurðardóttir Aldís Guðný , Hotait Ali , Eichstädt Tilman
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to examine the differences between buyers' and sellers' use of negotiation tactics in face‐to‐face business‐to‐business (B2B) negotiations and second, to explore how negotiators' professed negotiation styles influence buyers' and sellers' use of tactics. The methodology is a multiple case study analysis of eighteen negotiators representing twelve companies in six real‐life buyer–seller negotiations in B2B settings analyzed using qualitative research methods, including both comparative analysis and frequency analysis. We found some difference between buyers' and sellers' use of negotiation tactics, which suggests this question deserves further empirical study. Buyers' and sellers' use of specific tactics differs according to which overall strategy the negotiators chose, and sellers generally use a greater number of negotiation tactics than buyers. The findings challenge previous findings that suggest that B2B negotiations are collaborative and that negotiators communicate in a collaborative manner. The findings also increase our understanding of buyers' and sellers' variable use of tactics in the course of everyday practice as well as the interplay between negotiation tactics and strategies.
Struggling for change
Authors: Bruff Ian
Published: May 2019

How progressives can transform our economic model
Validity and reliability of the Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale–Revised
Authors: Sönmez Betül , Ayoğlu Tuluha
Published: May 2019

Assessment tools other than those currently available are needed to assess the technical and non‐technical competencies of operating room nurses. In this study, a methodological design was applied to perform a Turkish adaptation of the Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale–Revised and to conduct a psychometric analysis of the scale for its use in Turkish society. The study was conducted in two public medical faculty hospitals and three training and research hospitals located in Istanbul. The sample for the study consisted of 206 operating room nurses working in these five hospitals. Following the confirmation of the language and content validities of the scale, test–retest and internal consistency analyses were performed, and the scale's construct validity was examined. The 40 items and six subscales on the original scale were preserved in the Turkish version. Goodness‐of‐fit indices of the model indicated that a six factor construct was good and supported at an acceptable level. The scale, intended for use by nurse managers to evaluate the competencies of operating room nurses, can be applied to evaluate the professional development and performance of nurses and to identify their training needs and paths of clinical career advancement.
Hypocrisy as Either Deception or Akrasia
Authors: Bartel Christopher
Published: May 2019

The intuitive, folk concept of hypocrisy is not a unified moral category. While many theorists hold that all cases of hypocrisy involve some form of deception, I argue that this is not the case. Instead, I argue for a disjunctive account of hypocrisy whereby all cases of “hypocrisy” involve either the deceiving of others about the sincerity of an agent's beliefs or the lack of will to carry through with the demands of an agent's sincere beliefs. Thus, all cases of hypocrisy can be described either as cases of deception or as cases of akrasia. If this analysis correct, then I suggest further that the moral status of all instances of hypocrisy must be reduced either to the moral blameworthiness of deception or to the moral blameworthiness of akrasia. There can be no unified account of the moral wrongness of “hypocrisy” that holds across the disjunction.
Substitution Logic: An Extension of Syllogism
Authors: Ma Lei
Published: May 2019

I examine the theoretical difficulties of Aristotle’s syllogism and the traditional syllogism. I propose a more unified ordinary thinking logic different from the syllogism. I show that the new logic based on the substitution of thinking elements can be used to describe the reasoning process of human minds more properly, bypassing rigid figures, moods and cumbersome rules of the syllogism. I also show that the new logic combines the categorical inference with relation and modal inferences, expanding the scope of the syllogism so that more complex quantification inferences can be captured. I conclude that the substitution of thinking elements is the basic characteristics of human thinking, and the substitutions can be further applied not only to all research fields of abstract and image thinking but also to practical fields of action methodology.
Oral mucosal changes associated with primary diseases in other body systems
Authors: Elad Sharon , Zadik Yehuda , Caton Jack G. , Epstein Joel B.
Published: May 2019

Systemic diseases may manifest in the oral cavity. This chapter reviews the oral mucosal pathology in blood diseases, gastrohepatic diseases, kidney diseases, immunologic and connective tissue diseases, endocrine diseases, pulmonary diseases, nutritional deficiencies, dermatologic diseases, as well as cancer‐associated oral mucosal conditions. The oral mucosa is one of the most commonly affected tissues and may present with unique clinical appearances. Oral mucosal involvement may be the first presentation of the systemic disease or reflect activity or progression of the primary condition. Therefore, it is of importance to be familiar with oral mucosal manifestations of these systemic diseases.
Molecular pathways regulated by areca nut in the etiopathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Kondaiah Paturu , Pant Ila , Khan Imran
Published: May 2019

Many oral mucosal lesions are due to substance abuse, such as tobacco and areca nut, amongst others. There is considerable evidence that oral lesions/disorders such as some leukoplakias, most erythroplakias, and submucous fibrosis have malignant potential, with a conversion rate of 5%‐10% over a 10‐year period. There have been several reports on possible biomarkers that predict malignant conversion of the oral lesions associated with these disorders. Management of these is mostly surgical removal of the lesion followed by observation, and in some cases treatment by antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents. Oral submucous fibrosis is due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the connective tissue plus, particularly, collagens. The deposition of collagen leads to stiffness of the affected regions and results in difficulty in mouth opening. Areca nut chewing is proposed as the most probable etiological factor in the manifestation of oral submucous fibrosis. Several studies suggest involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, dysregulated by areca nut, in the development of the disease. Amongst these, transforming growth factor‐β is in the forefront, which is also shown to be involved in fibrosis of other organs. This review addresses the molecular mechanisms involved in oral submucous fibrosis development and provides a model for the regulation of transforming growth factor‐β by areca nut. It provides an exemplar of the role of modern molecular techniques in the study of oral disease.
White, red, and mixed lesions of oral mucosa: A clinicopathologic approach to diagnosis
Authors: Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: May 2019

A wide range of conditions could present as persistent white or red, or mixed white and red patches on the oral mucosa. Discussed here are some common conditions encountered in clinical practice that appear as white or red patches, together with some rare, but clinically significant, conditions. Based on pathognomonic features, major diagnostic criteria are outlined to help with the differential diagnosis, while some require further investigation (eg, biopsy and/or microbiologic or hematologic investigation) to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis. Two conditions that require special consideration are leukoplakia and erythroplakia, as they have the potential to transform to cancer.
Oral submucous fibrosis: A global challenge. Rising incidence, risk factors, management, and research priorities
Authors: Ray Jay Gopal , Chatterjee Raghunath , Chaudhuri Keya
Published: May 2019

Oral submucous fibrosis is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity, with a high rate of malignant transformation. It is very common among habitual areca nut chewers. The pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis is not well established, but it is believed to be a disease of multifactorial origin, including areca nut chewing, ingestion of chilies, genetic factors, immunologic processes and nutritional deficiencies. Genetically susceptible individuals when exposed to areca nut chewing develop this disease over a variable period of time. Oral submucous fibrosis is considered to be a disease of collagen metabolism. Several genetic factors are reported but there is no consensus about the exact mechanism of disease initiation. Variations in histopathological presentation are noted among oral submucous fibrosis patients with habitual areca nut chewing in different forms and other additive agents, eg betel quid, pan masala and gutkha, together with a variety of tobacco habits. The role of epigenetic modifications, such as miRNAregulation, andDNAmethylation is also being reported as part of the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. A combined approach, including analysis of genetic and epigenetic regulations with different habits, might be helpful to better understand the contributory factors and pathogenesis of this serious disorder.
Visegrad economies’ active implication in a “new” EU: A new regional economic approach
Authors: Antohi Valentin Marian , Zlati Monica Laura , Ionescu Romeo Victor
Published: May 2019

The EU faces maybe to the greatest challenges in its history. The paper deals with the idea of analysing the sub‐regional organisation Visegrad Group Visegrad 4 (V4) and its role in the new EU‐27 before and after Brexit. For realisation of this scope, six representative economic indicators are taken into consideration. The data analysis procedure covers latest 10 years meaning 2010–19. In order to support the analysis in the paper, first objective has the building a hypothetic optimal database which has to cover the above six indicators related to EU‐28 and V4. Second objective is relate to the performances quantification of each EU and V4’s economy based on a separately analyse. Final and the major objective is that V4 is able to face to the new global and regional challenges. The analysis in the paper is based on two new models. First of them is a regional development radiography model based on a hexagon diagram. The second is a regional evolution model based on a matrix approach. Both proposed models have distinct hypotheses, which are finally valid by the analysis. The paper puts into discussion five objectives and succeeds in achieving them. The main conclusion of the paper is that V4 is and will continue to be a growth pole for the EU economy. It would be supported by the EU in order to implement policies able to manage better employment.
Recovering the Absent Presence and the Unseen: Henri Gaden's Photographic Encounters in West Africa, 1894–1907
Authors: Dilley Roy
Published: May 2019

This article explores invisibility and the unseen, as well as presence and visibility, in relation to a French colonial photographic archive left by Henri Gaden. This archive comprises numerous collections of images and documents; it is heterogeneous and multivocal in nature, a feature that is theorized. Part of this article focuses on a case study of Henri Gaden and the development of his photographic methods. However, a broader argument is made about the way the French colonial regime, often contradictory in its goals, facilitated photographic invisibility through cropping images. There is a strategic invisibility in the construction of this archive, manufactured invisibilities that point to contradictions and uncertainties, which reveal anxieties and desires of colonial authorities. The article highlights another form of the unseen: epistemic invisibility of modernist photographic methods—that is, in the framing of an image, especially the absent presence of the photographer, as well as the unseen social relationships that constitute a photographic encounter. By attending to Gaden's voluminous correspondence, analytical strategies are developed to recover these forms of the unseen. Reading across varied archival sources not only highlights their contradictory nature, but also makes visible those aspects of the photographic encounter that would otherwise be left invisible.
Site selection of sustainable urban drainage systems using fuzzy logic and multi‐criteria decision‐making
Authors: Saadat Foomani Mahdieh , Malekmohammadi Bahram
Published: May 2019

The rapid growth of cities together with increases in their populations is accompanied by numerous problems in run‐off management when flood events occur. The LID–BMP (Low Impact Development–Best Management Practice) approach seeks an environment‐friendly development in the management of surface run‐off. One important aspect of using such systems is to determine the optimal placement for effective storm water management. The current research presents a method for finding optimum locations for LID–BMP systems. The study area is located in the northern region of Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Three systems, infiltration trenches, vegetated swale and bioretention, were selected for this study. At first, criteria effective in finding locations for these systems were identified, comprising slope, land use and distance from streams, roads, groundwater and fault lines. Then, fuzzy logic and the analytic hierarchical process in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were employed to combine multiple layers to select optimum locations for these three systems. Finally, considering the field study and taking into account the specific land uses in the region, the optimum locations for these systems were suggested. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the suitable sites were intensely affected by the land use criterion; therefore, attention is recommended, especially in developed urban areas.
THE RISE, FALL, AND RESURRECTION OF (IDEOLOGICAL) SCIENTISM
Authors: Baron Christian
Published: May 2019

The term “scientism” is often used as a denunciation of an uncritical ideological confidence in the abilities of science. Contrary to this practice, this article argues that there are feasible ways of defending scientism as a set of ideologies for political reform. Rejecting an essentialist approach to scientism as well as the view that ideologies have a solely negative effect on history, it argues that the political effect of ideologies inspired by a belief system (including scientism and various religions) must be judged case by case—and that the appearance of complex politico‐scientific problems such as the climate problem in effect warrants some kind of ideological scientism.
Assessment of a multiplex detection method for Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in cow milk
Authors: Patiño-Burbano Rocio Esperanza , Carrascal Ana Karina , Parra-Arango Jorge Luis , Rodríguez-Bautista José Luis
Published: May 2019

Raw cow milk is considered one of the most important vehicles for pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes. These three bacteria are responsible for foodborne diseases. Routine microbiological methods to detect these microorganisms in cow milk can be complicated and time consuming. The aim of this work was to evaluate a method to simultaneously detect Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in experimentally contaminated cow milk. The assessed method combined a standard microbiological culture step, using a pre-enrichment medium that favors the growth of the three focal microorganisms: SEL broth, followed by a single PCR assay. A total of 43 interference bacterial strains were used to evaluate the method’s specificity. The detection rate for the microbiological method with standard culture media was 10 UFC/mL, and that of the PCR detection, following pre-enrichment in SEL broth, was 10 UFC/mL for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes and between 1 and 5 UFC/mL for E. coli O157:H7. The PCR method showed specificity for the reference strains. Simultaneous detection by multiple PCR using SEL broth was successful for the detection of S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes in samples of experimentally contaminated cow milk, featuring both a high detection rate and a high specificity. This approach promises to be a feasible routine procedure when testing milk samples in industry and public health control setups.
Effectiveness of vertical subsurface wetlands for iron and manganese removal from wastewater in drinking water treatment plants
Authors: Martínez Girón Jader , Marín-Rivera Jenny Vanessa , Quintero-Angel Mauricio
Published: May 2019

Population growth and urbanization pose a greater pressure for the treatment of drinking water. Additionally, different treatment units, such as decanters and filters, accumulate high concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), which in many cases can be discharged into the environment without any treatment when maintenance is performed. Therefore, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of vertical subsurface wetlands for Fe and Mn removal from wastewater in drinking water treatment plants, taking a pilot scale wetland with an ascending gravel bed with two types of plants: C. esculenta and P. australis in El Hormiguero (Cali, Colombia), as an example. The pilot system had three upstream vertical wetlands, two of them planted and the third one without a plant used as a control. The wetlands were arranged in parallel and each formed by three gravel beds of different diameter. The results showed no significant difference for the percentage of removal in the three wetlands for turbidity (98 %), Fe (90 %), dissolved Fe (97 %) and Mn (98 %). The dissolved oxygen presented a significant difference between the planted wetlands and the control. C. esculenta had the highest concentration of Fe in the root with (103.5 ± 20.8) µg/g ; while P. australis had the highest average of Fe concentrations in leaves and stem with (45.7 ± 24) µg/g and (41.4 ± 9.1) µg/g, respectively. It is concluded that subsurface wetlands can be an interesting alternative for wastewater treatment in the maintenance of drinking water treatment plants. However, more research is needed for the use of vegetation or some technologies for the removal or reduction of the pollutant load in wetlands, since each drinking water treatment plant will require a treatment system for wastewater, which in turn requires a wastewater treatment system as well.
Reducing Cr6+ in electroplating wastewater with Bacillus cereus strain B1
Authors: Moreno-Benavides Jennifer Andrea , Peña-Salamanca Enrique Javier , Benítez-Campo Neyla
Published: May 2019

In this study Bacillus cereus was used to evaluate the Cr6+ reducing capacity in electroplating effluents. TheCr6+ bioreduction assays were carried out using real waste water (RWW) from an electroplating plant and artificial wastewater (AWW), with and without added glucose. The AWW was prepared using Ni ,Zn ,Cu, Pb, and Cr salts, simulating RWW concentrations. The Cr6+ concentration and bacterial growth were monitored three times a day for the duration of five days. Also, were evaluated the effects of wastewater on B. cereus B1 morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Cr6+ reduction percentage of 100 % was reached for AWW containing glucose, of 71 % for AWW without glucose, of 75.6 % for RWW with glucose, and of 31.7 % for RWW without glucose. Despite the low reduction percentage obtained for RWW without glucose, concentrations of 0.14 mg/L of Cr6+ were reached, which were within allowed limits (0.5mg/L of Cr6+). Electron Microscopy showed alterations in the bacterial cell wall and a decrease in size, mainly in the bacteria exposed to RWW. The results allow us to propose B. cereus B1 as a promising microorganism for use in the bioremediation of effluents containing Cr6+.
The Control System of a 225,000-Kw Double-Automatic Extraction Steam Turbine and Related Reducing Stations
Authors: Eggenberger M. A. , Ipsen P. G.
Published: May 2019

Three variables must be controlled on a double-automatic extraction turbine—speed (or power output), and the two process-header pressures—by controlling the flow of steam at different pressure levels. This has been done in a satisfactory manner on a large number of extraction turbines. However, the designs which had been developed for turbines of 50,000-kw capacity and smaller were not suitable for a turbine nearly five times as large, and a completely new control-system design had to be created.
Development of a Smooth Running, Double-Spool, Gas-Turbine Rotor System
Authors: Schnittger J. R.
Published: May 2019

Bearing stability difficulties of a 10,000-kw gas-turbine plant comprising three independent shafts (those of the low-pressure compressor, the high-pressure compressor, and the power-turbine rotors) are discussed. The bearing design changes which finally resulted in a solution of this instability problem are outlined, followed by a theoretical discussion of dynamic shaft and bearing performance which explains the experimental findings.
Cycle Components
Authors: Martinuzzi P. F.
Published: May 2019

Since 1952, the development of gas turbines has pointed steadily in the direction of greater simplicity, particularly in the arrangement of components in the cycle. Reheat, intercooling, and even recuperation tend to be less used than before, and only where their adoption is well justified. Experience has proved that complicated cycles, which show remarkable advantages on paper, do not work as well as expected in practice.
Combined Geometric and Network Analog Computer for Transient Heat Flow
Authors: Paschkis Victor
Published: May 2019

A method to analyze three-dimensional transient heat flow is described, which comprises a continuous resistance medium but discrete capacitances. After describing the principles of the technique, the several components and their criteria are discussed, and the accuracy is illustrated by comparing the results of several simple problems with analytically determined values.