bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry
Authors: Fry Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney, 1780–1845) was descended from two wealthy Quaker banking families. Her Quaker faith was crucial to her adult life and she became active in social reform. Despite having eleven children, she was active in community work, and became a Quaker minister. Persuaded to visit the women's wing in Newgate Prison in 1813, she was appalled at the conditions in which the prisoners, and their children, lived. She became a pioneer in seeking to improve the situation for women in prisons and on transportation ships. The British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners was probably the first national British women's society. Fry's ideas on the humane treatment of prisoners influenced international legal systems. This memoir, based on her letters and diaries, was edited by two of her daughters, and was first published in 1847. Volume 1 ends in 1825.
Child Welfare and Development
Authors: Bamba Sachiko , Haight Wendy L.
Published: October 2011

Bamba and Haight provide an in-depth understanding of the everyday experiences and perspectives of maltreated children and their substitute caregivers and teachers in Japan. Their innovative research program combines strategies from developmental psychology, ethnography and action research. Although child advocates from around the world share certain goals and challenges, there is substantial cultural variation in how child maltreatment is understood, its origins, impact on children and families, as well as societal responses deemed appropriate. The authors step outside of the Western cultural context to illustrate creative ecologically and developmentally based strategies for supporting the psychosocial well-being of maltreated children in state care, provide an alternative but complementary model to the prevalent large-scale survey strategies for conducting international research in child welfare, and provide a resource for educators to enhance the international content of human development, education, social work and child welfare courses.
Ismailïa
Authors: Baker Samuel White
Published: October 2011

Sir Samuel White Baker (1821–1893) was a traveller and explorer. This two-volume work of 1874 is his account of a military expedition under Ismail Pasha (Ismail the Magnificent, 1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt, to suppress the slave-trade of central Africa between 1869 and 1873. Having found Egyptian citizens exploiting the population of the lawless central lands, Ismail determined to colonize and modernize the Nile basin (now southern Egypt and Sudan). He appointed Baker governor-general and major-general in the Ottoman army. Illustrated with over 50 plates and maps, and with Baker's lively observations of the country and of the society he was trying to reform, this book is a wonderful record of a lost world, and of an important stage in late Ottoman military expansion. In the second volume Baker continues the story of his mixed military successes in the south, and assesses his achievements in Africa.
The Life of Sir Joseph Banks
Authors: Smith Edward
Published: October 2011

Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820), botanist and patron of science, was a pivotal figure in eighteenth-century intellectual circles. He travelled around the world with Captain Cook as naturalist on the Endeavour (1768–1771), exploring first Tahiti, then Australia, New Zealand and Indonesia, and contributed £10,000 of his personal wealth to help finance the expedition. He became President of the Royal Society and scientific adviser to the Royal Gardens at Kew, counting George III as a personal friend. He both helped plan the first penal colony in New South Wales, and bred Merino sheep to be farmed there. He promoted the geological mapping of England, Flinders' circumnavigation of Australia, and the transfer of breadfruit from the Pacific to the West Indies (the objective of the Bounty voyage that ended in mutiny). This 1911 study, based on extensive archival research, was the first detailed biography of this remarkable and influential man.
Grammar of the Sanskrit Language
Authors: Wilkins Charles
Published: October 2011

While working for the East India Company in Bengal, Charles Wilkins (1749–1836) became one of first Europeans to master the Sanskrit language. He proceeded to set up a printing press in Calcutta to publish works in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. Wilkins also undertook further related projects, including this work, published in London in 1808, which was part of his larger scheme to write a dictionary of the language and to translate a great epic poem, the Mahabharata. The grammar was the only part of the project that was completed. He never finished the dictionary, and only translated about one-third of the poem, though the part he worked on, the Bhagavad-Gita, became famous. The grammar attempts a comprehensive explanation of the language, ranging from the Devanagari alphabet to indeclinable words, and it was a vital resource in making Indian languages accessible to an English-speaking public.
The Role of Emotions in Criminal Law Defences
Authors: Spain Eimear
Published: October 2011

The law has struggled for many years with the problem of how to accommodate those who commit crimes due to threats or circumstances. The modern ambivalence surrounding the defences of duress and necessity has its origins in the legal past. To date the defences of duress and necessity have been couched in terms such as compulsion, involuntariness and human frailty, resulting in the true nature of the defences being hidden. Psychologists and legal theorists have begun to re-examine the role of emotions in human action, including their effect upon behaviour and choice. In light of recent breakthroughs, Eimear Spain considers how the emotions experienced by those who act due to threats, both human and natural in origin, should affect the attribution of criminal responsibility and punishment. The understanding of emotions extrapolated in this book points towards a new rationale for the existing defences of duress and necessity.
The Lake Regions of Central Africa
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: October 2011

Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–90) was an explorer who began his career in the Bombay army in 1842. While in India he developed his linguistic talent, mastering more than forty different languages and dialects. He turned to writing books in the 1850s and over the remaining forty years of his life published dozens of works and more than 100 articles. In this two-volume work, published in 1860, Burton discusses geographical and ethnological matters, while also giving space to the 'picturesque points of view which the subject offers' in recounting his journey to Zanzibar and around the lakes in present-day Tanzania. Volume 2 sees Burton arrive at Lake Tanganyika, and much of this volume is dedicated to his exploration of this freshwater lake and investigation of the way of life of the inhabitants of its shores. He also includes an appendix of commerce in the region.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 2 contains diaries and autobiographical writings, which vividly depict American politics in the years leading up to the Revolution. The diary begins in 1755 with Adams being awakened by the New England earthquake; it concludes with the momentous year of 1776. It provides fascinating insights both into Adams' domestic affairs and into the birth of a nation.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 8 contains official letters and papers covering the periods when Adams was Vice-President and President. They focus mainly on foreign affairs, in particular the disputes between France, Spain and Britain that threatened to involve the United States. A secret letter from Washington raises the possibility of British troops crossing America to attack Spanish interests.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: October 2011

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 10 contains a mixture of items – political tracts on taxation and current affairs; miscellaneous short works including book reviews and papers on agriculture, French prisoners of war, and the building of Blackfriars' Bridge; and A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. These show the range of his interests and the ease with which he could turn his pen to any topic.
Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World
Authors: Forster John Reinhold
Published: October 2011

John Reinhold Forster (1729–98), a scientific writer and translator of German origin, took part in Cook's second Pacific voyage, from 1772 to 1775, and published this study, which records his examinations of 'nature in its greatest extent; the earth, the sea, the air, the organic and animated creation', in 1778. He drew upon the ideas of 'the most ingenious men of the age' in constructing his observations on natural history and navigation. The first half of the book addresses the physical aspects of the world: earth and land, oceans, global changes and flora and fauna. The second half focuses on the anthropological origins of the people of the southern seas. The book was originally written as a popular travel narrative, and it remains an important publication which will appeal to readers interested in historical geography, zoology, ethnology, astronomy and travel writing.
The History of Spiritualism
Authors: Doyle Arthur Conan
Published: October 2011

The Scottish writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) is best known for his creation of the character Sherlock Holmes. Trained as a medical doctor, Doyle - like many Victorian intellectuals - became fascinated by spiritualism and its promise of communication with the afterlife. Doyle was a firm believer in the movement, claiming as evidence 'sign[s] of a purposeful and organized invasion' from the spirit world. In 1926, towards the end of his life, he published this influential two-volume history. Volume 2 focuses on celebrated mediums from 1870 to World War I and explores topics such as 'ectoplasm', 'spirit photography' and 'voice mediumship'. Doyle also discusses spiritualism as practised in Europe and the religious aspects of the movement. The History provides valuable insights into Victorian and early twentieth-century culture and the enthusiasm and controversies generated by spiritualism at that time.
British Industrialists
Authors: Erickson Charlotte
Published: October 2011

Originally published in 1959, this book surveys the changes in the social origins and career patterns of the leaders of two British industries during the previous century. The biographies of about 1000 managing partners and executive directors from the hosiery industry are pieced together from a variety of sources. Changes in social origins and career patterns are analysed and comparisons made between the leaders of these two very different industries in an attempt to isolate the influence of industry's size and capital requirements on management recruitment. Where possible, comparisons are also made with various studies of American industrial leaders and with other investigations of British industrialists. The book attempts to provide an empirical basis for generalisations about British industrial leadership during the century in which her role in world manufacturing was transformed from that of quasi-monopolist to one of competitor with many other countries.
Morphological characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus derived from buffalo in Iran
Authors: HOSSEINI SEYED HOSSEIN , POUR ARASH AMIN , SHAYAN PARVIZ
Published: October 2011

Cystic echinococcosis is a significant parasitic disease in Iran, where a variety of animals act as intermediate hosts. In this study, 25 isolates of Echinococcus granulosus obtained from water buffalo from various parts of Iran were characterized on the basis of the morphology of the metacestode and the adult worm. The characteristics of protoscoleces from the different studied areas were nearly similar. They showed 2 rows of alternating large and small hooks and their shapes were smooth in outline. In contrast to the protoscoleces, the adult rostellar hooks showed a rough outline. The results showed that the total length, the blade lengths of the large and small hooks and the number of hooks are almost similar to those isolated from sheep but significantly different from those isolated from camels. The growth rates of adult E. granulosus (total worm length, segmentation and maturation) of buffalo origin, at 35 and 41 days post-infection of dogs, were nearly comparable to the common sheep strain. The form of the strobila and the morphology of the reproductive system were also similar to those of sheep origin. This suggests that the common sheep strain (G1) of E. granulosus may also use buffaloes as its intermediate host.
Normative benchmarks are useful for studying individual differences in reasoning
Authors: Stupple Edward J. N. , Ball Linden J.
Published: October 2011

We applaud many aspects of Elqayam & Evans' (E&E's) call for a descriptivist research programme in studying reasoning. Nevertheless, we contend that normative benchmarks are vital for understanding individual differences in performance. We argue that the presence of normative responses to particular problems by certain individuals should inspire researchers to look for converging evidence for analytic processing that may have a normative basis.
Neurath's ship: The constitutive relation between normative and descriptive theories of rationality
Authors: Waldmann Michael R.
Published: October 2011

I defend the claim that in psychological theories concerned with theoretical or practical rationality there is a constitutive relation between normative and descriptive theories: Normative theories provide idealized descriptive accounts of rational agents. However, we need to resist the temptation to collapse descriptive theories with any specific normative theory. I show how a partial separation is possible.
Norms, goals, and the study of thinking
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: October 2011

Elqayam & Evans (E&E) argue that the major objective of research on human thinking should be the development of descriptive theories, and they challenge normativism – “the belief that people ought to conform to a normative standard” (target article, sect. 1, para. 10). I contend that although their argument for the importance of developing descriptive theories is compelling, normative theories are also important, not only for improving thinking but for investigating and understanding it as well.
Checks and balances of risk management: precautionary logic and the judiciary
Authors: GELEV FILIP
Published: October 2011

After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 Ulrich Beck placed terrorism alongside other potentially catastrophic events such as global warming, nuclear disaster, and influenza as one of the ‘dimensions’ of risk society. In risk society, executive governments take ‘precautionary measures’ and parliaments pass ‘preventative laws’ allowing them to accumulate information, detain terrorism suspects, freeze funds and prohibit various groups, in order to stop catastrophic risks from eventuating. International Relations and legal scholars have used risk society theory or the ideas of Michel Foucault to criticise such excesses of the executive and parliamentary branches of government. Most studies either ignore the judiciary or argue that it stands in opposition to the other branches of governments, that it imposes checks and balances in order to uphold the rule of law and protect individual rights. The article argues that this view is naïve and does not acknowledge a long history of judicial deference to the will of the executive and parliament. Through an analysis of case law from Australia and Canada the article explores parallels between early 21st century judicial reasoning and previous periods of crisis, including the Cold War, while identifying some new ‘precautionary approach’ aspects. The judiciary defers to the executive, asserts that the executive is more accountable than it, and seeks to avoid responsibility for engaging in this ‘precautionary justice’. Furthermore, seized by the same fear of terrorism as executive governments, the judiciary shows an ability to adapt existing legal concepts to the exigencies of risk society. The article concludes that as the memory of the 9/11 attacks fades some of the most draconian preventative measures may be scaled back but the judiciary cannot be relied on to keep the executive or parliament in check.
Sounds of Waitakere: Using practitioner research to explore how Year 6 recorder players compose responses to visual representations of a natural environment
Authors: Locke Linda , Locke Terry
Published: October 2011

How might primary students utilise the stimulus of a painting in a collaborative composition drawing on a non-conventional sound palette of their own making? This practitioner research features 17 recorder players from a Year 6 class (10–11-year-olds) who attend a West Auckland primary school in New Zealand. These children were invited to experiment with the instrument to produce collectively an expanded ‘repertoire’ or ‘palette’ of sounds. In small groups, they then discussed a painting by an established New Zealand painter set in the Waitakere Ranges and attempted to formulate an interpretation in musical terms. On the basis of their interpretation, drawing on sounds from the collective palette (complemented with other sounds), they worked collaboratively to develop, refine and perform a structured composition named for their chosen painting. This case study is primarily descriptive (providing narrative accounts and rich vignettes of practice) and, secondarily, exploratory (description and analysis leading to the development of hypotheses). It has implications for a range of current educational issues, including curriculum integration and the place of composition and notation in the primary-school music programme.
Generalised DOPs with Consideration of the Influence Function of Signal-in-Space Errors
Authors: Yang Yuanxi , Li Jinlong , Xu Junyi , Tang Jing
Published: October 2011

Integrated navigation using multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is beneficial to increase the number of observable satellites, alleviate the effects of systematic errors and improve the accuracy of positioning, navigation and timing (PNT). When multiple constellations and multiple frequency measurements are employed, the functional and stochastic models as well as the estimation principle for PNT may be different. Therefore, the commonly used definition of “dilution of precision (DOP)” based on the least squares (LS) estimation and unified functional and stochastic models will be not applicable anymore. In this paper, three types of generalised DOPs are defined. The first type of generalised DOP is based on the error influence function (IF) of pseudo-ranges that reflects the geometry strength of the measurements, error magnitude and the estimation risk criteria. When the least squares estimation is used, the first type of generalised DOP is identical to the one commonly used. In order to define the first type of generalised DOP, an IF of signal–in-space (SIS) errors on the parameter estimates of PNT is derived. The second type of generalised DOP is defined based on the functional model with additional systematic parameters induced by the compatibility and interoperability problems among different GNSS systems. The third type of generalised DOP is defined based on Bayesian estimation in which thea prioriinformation of the model parameters is taken into account. This is suitable for evaluating the precision of kinematic positioning or navigation. Different types of generalised DOPs are suitable for different PNT scenarios and an example for the calculation of these DOPs for multi-GNSS systems including GPS, GLONASS, Compass and Galileo is given. New observation equations of Compass and GLONASS that may contain additional parameters for interoperability are specifically investigated. It shows that if the interoperability of multi-GNSS is not fulfilled, the increased number of satellites will not significantly reduce the generalised DOP value. Furthermore, the outlying measurements will not change the original DOP, but will change the first type of generalised DOP which includes a robust error IF.A prioriinformation of the model parameters will also reduce the DOP.
Study of GNSS SIS Error Worst User Location Algorithm
Authors: Li Zuo-hu , Hao Jin-ming , Li Jian-wen , Zhao Qi-le , Chen Ming-jian
Published: October 2011

Signal-In-Space Error (SISE) is important for the system integrity of GNSS. Real-time monitoring SISE has been one of the effective solutions used for improving GNSS system-level integrity. As one of the typical solutions, the Galileo integrity concept uses Signal-In-Space Accuracy (SISA) and Signal-In-Space Monitoring Accuracy (SISMA) respectively to transmit the quality of SIS and the integrity alarming information to users. As an important component of the Galileo Integrity Concept, Worst User Location (WUL) is of great importance for the computation of SISA and SISMA. An improved WUL algorithm based on a geometrical model is given in this paper, which needs no iterative search and is simple when compared with the existing models. The WUL accuracy requirement is discussed based on an analysis of the magnitude of the orbit errors and SIS ranging resolution and error. The conclusion is that, considering the metre-level orbital error observed in the orbit determination process, as long as the orientation error of the WUL is less than three degrees, the projection error of SISE can be kept to centimetre levels. This will satisfy the requirements of most users. The algorithm is further optimised to omit the non-linear iterative parts based on the above assumption. The optimisation reduces computation load and enhances the real-time capability. GPS raw measurements are used to validate the correctness and reliability of the algorithms.
From Social Welfare to Cultural Values: The Puzzle of Postwar Change in Britain and the United States
Authors: Shafer Byron E. , Stears Marc D.
Published: October 2011

On Thursday, 5 July 1945, the British electorate appeared to draw a line under the prewar political world. This electorate turned the wartime government, led by the Conservative party, out of office. Moreover, it dismissed the Conservatives in favor of a party that still harbored doubts about its proper governing role, namely, British Labour. The scale of this reversal was additionally unprecedented. Labour had only ever formed minority, shortlived governments before; its last such venture, in 1929, had seen the party take power just in time to acquire responsibility for the Great Depression. The Tories had thus returned to effective leadership in 1931, such that Tory electoral and governmental dominance was still the context for the 1945 election. Now, however, Labour had returned with not just an absolute but an enormous majority in Parliament: it gained more seats than the Tories were left holding. And this over a party that had arguably weathered the Great Depression and saved the nation in a world war.
Rights in Twentieth-Century Constitutions: The Case of Welfare Rights
Authors: Glendon Mary Ann
Published: October 2011

In the 1960s and 1970s, when the judicial rights revolution was in full swing in the United States, poverty lawyers and allied legal scholars urged the courts to add to the expanding catalog of constitutional rights certain social and economic rights—to housing, education, and a minimum decent subsistence. The advocates of welfare rights were not deterred by the absence of pertinent constitutional language. After all, if the Court could find a right to privacy in the “penumbra” of the Bill of Rights, who knew what else might be discovered there? Those efforts to constitutionalize what were historically matters of legislative discretion had only partial success. The Supreme Court did hold that, once government grants certain statutory entitlements such as welfare and disability benefits, the recipients have a constitutional right not to be deprived of those benefits without procedural due process. The Court declined, however, to find that the entitlements themselves were constitutionally required.
Professional Social Workers, Adoption, and the Problem of Illegitimacy, 1915–1945
Authors: Carp E. Wayne
Published: October 2011

Several years ago, Regina G. Kunzel presented a provocative examination of the Florence Crittenton maternity homes between 1915 and 1945. Her goal was to trace “the history of the transformation from evangelical to professional work with unmarried mothers.” Kunzel's thesis is that in the early twentieth century the control and treatment of unmarried mothers shifted dramatically: from evangelical women “who understood their work in terms of the ‘feminine’ virtues of piety and sympathy” to social work professionals “who claimed expertise based on training in the scientific method.” Evangelical women wanted to redeem “fallen women” in need of salvation—which they regarded as “a moral problem to be solved by sisterhood.” In contrast, social workers viewed unmarried mothers as “social units” requiring scientific treatment and “adjustment.” These differing viewpoints had practical consequences when it came to treating unwed mothers. Evangelical women were committed to keeping mother and illegitimate child together—a principle Kunzel describes as “the cornerstone of womanly benevolence in maternity homes.” In contrast—and this point is at the heart of Kunzel's thesis—social workers were militant proponents of separating mother and child because they believed that the majority of unmarried mothers “were unfit and would be better off giving their babies up for adoption.”
The National Industrial Recovery Act in Comparative Perspective: Organized Labor's Role in American and British Efforts at Industrial Planning, 1929–1933
Authors: Gerber Larry G.
Published: October 2011

In both the United States and Britain, the Great Depression generated widespread interest in the possibility of utilizing state power to foster the development of corporatist institutions to restore order and stability to economic life. However, whereas Britian made only piecemeal efforts to implement corporatist mechanisms in a few selected industries, the United States proved willing, at least temporarily, to implement a far more thoroughgoing experiment in corporatism—he National Recovery Administration (NRA). This article seeks to explain this divergence in American and British policy responses to the depression. While considering the extent to which differences in state capacities, ideology, political contingencies, and the structure of economic organization may have contributed to America's greater willingness to attempt a comprehensive experiment with corporatism in the early 1930s, this article focuses on the importance of the weakness of organized labor in the American—as opposed to the British—political economy as an explanatory factor in the divergent experiences of the two nations.
Policing the Twilight Zone: Federalizing Crime Fighting During the New Deal
Authors: Stolberg Mary M.
Published: October 2011

On 28 July 1994 President Bill Clinton called his $30.2 billion anticrime bill “the toughest, largest, smartest Federal attack on crime in the history of our country.” If Clinton could have turned the clock back sixty years to 18 May 1934, he would have heard President Franklin Delano Roosevelt making similar claims about the nation's first federal anticrime package. In the intervening decades, the federal government's role in crime fighting has become an accepted reality, but in 1934 it was still novel. For most of U.S. history, politicians believed that crime was a local matter. That changed dramatically during the New Deal, when crime became a national obsession, and the Roosevelt Administration developed a sweeping anticrime program that challenged accepted notions of federalism.
Labor-Market Statistics and the State: The United States in the Era of the Great War, 1914–1930
Authors: Breen William J.
Published: October 2011

In recent years scholars from various disciplines have begun to explore new questions concerning the role of the state in society. This article is related to two aspects of this emerging scholarship, namely, the work of scholars interested in the relationship between the state and the production and utilization of knowledge and the related work of what has been called the historical institutional group. Scholars working on the role of the state in the production of knowledge have abandoned an earlier model that saw the state as a passive recipient of knowledge from the private sector and now emphasize interaction: the state is seen as both a consumer and producer of knowledge. Recent research also suggests that the modern state is increasingly dependent on knowledge in order to demonstrate a rational basis for policy decisions: without such justification, the actions of the state lack legitimacy and are open to challenge and opposition. Related to this increased dependence of the state on knowledge is the conundrum of whether knowledge is acquired in order to develop policy or whether policy is adopted first and knowlege then sought in order to justify action.
Health Fraud: A Hardy Perennial
Authors: Young James Harvey
Published: October 2011

Quackery forms a gaudy thread in the fabric of health care through the course of American history. In the colonial years, the American market for commercial self-dosage was dominated by “patent medicines”—some of them actually patented—shipped overseas from the mother country. Packed in containers of distinctive shape, sealed in wrappers printed with boastful therapeutic claims, advertised in the slender newborn press, these British nostrums far overshadowed occasional American imitators.
National Security Versus National Welfare in American Foreign Economic Policy
Authors: Long William J.
Published: October 2011

Policies of freer trade and greater economic openness became a hallmark of U.S. foreign economic policy after World War II. American policymakers came to accept that the improvement of economic conditions abroad correlated directly with prosperity at home. During that period, U.S. support for policies of economic openness assumed the compatibility of economic liberalism and national security.
State Enterprise in Bourbon Mexico: Profits, Policies, and Politics of the Tobacco Monopoly, 1765–1821
Authors: Deans-Smith Susan
Published: October 2011

In 1765, as part of a series of economic and political reforms implemented by the Spanish Bourbons in their American colonies, the tobacco trade of colonial Mexico was monopolized and its management placed in the hands of royal bureaucrats. By the 1790s, Mexico's tobacco monopoly was one of the largest organized industries in colonial Mexico (along with silver mining and textiles) and employed almost 20,000 individuals. In fiscal terms, tobacco revenues were second only to the silver tithe as the most valuable source of government income and accounted for almost one-fifth of total state revenues at the peak of its production. Its organization approximated a vertically integrated industry: Production and supply of tobacco leaf was regulated through a series of contracts that determined who produced tobacco, how much they produced, the prices paid for it, and where it was to be grown. The reorganization of the tobacco trade under Bourbon management resulted in the restriction of tobacco production to one small specific geographical area in southeastern Mexico: the two small villas of Orizaba and Córdoba in the modern-day state of Veracruz. The tobacco produced, in turn, was manufactured into cigarettes and cigars in six state-managed tobacco manufactories, the largest located in Mexico City, the political and commercial capital. Monopoly goods were marketed through government licensed stores throughout Mexico. Private trading and manufacture in tobacco goods became an illegal offense. Compliance with such regulations was enforced by a military corps employed by the monopoly administration, although contraband trade of tobacco was never eliminated.
Shutting Out the Evil: Nativism and Narcotics Control in the United States
Authors: Kinder Douglas Clark
Published: October 2011

The general public in the United States has been inundated during the 1980s and early 1990s with information about narcotics abuse, trafficking, and control. From journalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and the medical community, the American populace ascertained that illicit drug use and trading have recently become among the nation's most intractable problems. Repeatedly, those sources reported that the consumption of cocaine, especially “crack”, had reached epidemic proportions, that drug-related violence overran the country's major cities, that youths should (according to First Lady Nancy Reagan) “just say no” to the purveyors of addictive substances, and that Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush had declared war on drugs. Americans learned too that only partial gains had been made against narcotics abuse and trafficking. Such a realization proved difficult for them to fathom following the 1988 presidential election campaign with its antidrug rhetoric, after the enactment by Congress of the Omnibus Drug Act of 1988 (which created a cabinet level “drug czar”—the director of the office of National Drug Control Policy in the Executive Office of the President), and given the stormy two-year tenure of William Bennett in that post. Of greater concern by 1991, evaluations of the nation's antinarcotics endeavors by the press, government authorities, and other informed observers indicated that the fundamental strategy of drug control was in dispute. Notwithstanding compelling arguments which insisted that the narcotics problem would continue until the domestic demand for drugs ended, federal government efforts have generally sought to eliminate foreign narcotics production and the smuggling of those substances into the United States.
Mutability of prions
Authors: Li Jiali , Mahal Sukhvir P , Demczyk Cheryl A , Weissmann Charles
Published: October 2011

Murine prions transferred from brain to cultured cells gradually adapt to the new environment. Brain‐derived 22L prions can infect neuroblastoma‐derived PK1 cells in the presence of swainsonine (swa); that is, they are ‘swa resistant’. PK1 cell‐adapted 22L prions are swa sensitive; however, propagation in swa results in selection of swa‐resistant substrains. Cloned, PK1 cell‐adapted 22L prions were initially unable to develop swa resistance (‘swa incompetent’); however, after serial propagation for 30–90 doublings, four of nine clones became swa competent, showing that swa‐resistant ‘mutants’ arose during replication. Mutations in the case of prions are attributed to heritable changes in PrPSc conformation. One clone remained swa incompetent even after 1035‐fold expansion; surprisingly, after propagation in brain, it yielded swa‐resistant prions, indistinguishable from the original 22L population. Thus, cell‐adapted 22L prions assumed either mutable or virtually immutable conformations; however, when passaged through the brain all became mutable. Mutability is thus a substrain‐specific attribute.
Aqueous RAFT/MADIXpolymerisation of N-vinyl pyrrolidone at ambient temperature
Authors: Guinaudeau Aymeric , Mazières Stéphane , Wilson D. James , Destarac Mathias
Published: October 2011

RAFT/MADIX polymerization of N-vinyl pyrrolidone can be achieved in water at 25 °C using a redox initiation.
Deconvolution of Stark broadened spectra for multi-point density measurements in a flow Z-pinch
Authors: Vogman G. V. , Shumlak U.
Published: October 2011

Stark broadened emission spectra, once separated from other broadening effects, provide a convenient non-perturbing means of making plasma density measurements. A deconvolution technique has been developed to measure plasma densities in the ZaP flow Z-pinch experiment. The ZaP experiment uses sheared flow to mitigate MHD instabilities. The pinches exhibit Stark broadened emission spectra, which are captured at 20 locations using a multi-chord spectroscopic system. Spectra that are time- and chord-integrated are well approximated by a Voigt function. The proposed method simultaneously resolves plasma electron density and ion temperature by deconvolving the spectral Voigt profile into constituent functions: a Gaussian function associated with instrument effects and Doppler broadening by temperature; and a Lorentzian function associated with Stark broadening by electron density. The method uses analytic Fourier transforms of the constituent functions to fit the Voigt profile in the Fourier domain. The method is discussed and compared to a basic least-squares fit. The Fourier transform fitting routine requires fewer fitting parameters and shows promise in being less susceptible to instrumental noise and to contamination from neighboring spectral lines. The method is evaluated and tested using simulated lines and is applied to experimental data for the 229.69 nm C III line from multiple chords to determine plasma density and temperature across the diameter of the pinch. These measurements are used to gain a better understanding of Z-pinch equilibria.
Quiescent gastric stem cells maintain the adult
Drosophila
stomach
Authors: Strand Marie , Micchelli Craig A.
Published: October 2011

The adult
Drosophila
copper cell region or “stomach” is a highly acidic compartment of the midgut with pH < 3. In this region, a specialized group of acid-secreting cells similar to mammalian gastric parietal cells has been identified by a unique ultrastructure and by copper-metallothionein fluorescence. However, the homeostatic mechanism maintaining the acid-secreting “copper cells” of the adult midgut has not been examined. Here, we combine cell lineage tracing and genetic analysis to investigate the mechanism by which the gastric epithelium is maintained. Our investigation shows that a molecularly identifiable population of multipotent, self-renewing gastric stem cells (GSSCs) produces the acid-secreting copper cells, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells of the stomach. Our assays demonstrate that GSSCs are largely quiescent but can be induced to regenerate the gastric epithelium in response to environmental challenge. Finally, genetic analysis reveals that adult GSSC maintenance depends on Wnt signaling. Characterization of the GSSC lineage in
Drosophila
, with striking similarities to mammals, will advance the study of both homeostatic and pathogenic processes in the stomach.
Two classes of special functions using Fourier transforms of generalized ultraspherical and generalized Hermite polynomials
Authors: Masjed-Jamei Mohammad , Koepf Wolfram
Published: October 2011

Some orthogonal polynomial systems are mapped onto each other by the Fourier transform. Motivated by the paper [H. T. Koelink, On Jacobi and continuous Hahn polynomials, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 124 (1996) 887-898], in this paper we introduce two new classes of orthogonal functions, which are respectively Fourier transforms of the generalized ultraspherical polynomials and generalized Hermite polynomials, and then obtain their orthogonality relations using Parseval’s identity.
Knime4Bio: a set of custom nodes for the interpretation of next-generation sequencing data with KNIME
Authors: Lindenbaum Pierre , Le Scouarnec Solena , Portero Vincent , Redon Richard
Published: October 2011

Summary: Analysing large amounts of data generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is difficult for researchers or clinicians without computational skills. They are often compelled to delegate this task to computer biologists working with command line utilities. The availability of easy-to-use tools will become essential with the generalization of NGS in research and diagnosis. It will enable investigators to handle much more of the analysis. Here, we describe Knime4Bio, a set of custom nodes for the KNIME (The Konstanz Information Miner) interactive graphical workbench, for the interpretation of large biological datasets. We demonstrate that this tool can be utilized to quickly retrieve previously published scientific findings.

Availability:  http://code.google.com/p/knime4bio/.

Contact:  richard.redon@univ-nantes.fr
Phosphate Import at the Arbuscule: Just a Nutrient?
Authors: Yang Shu-Yi , Paszkowski Uta
Published: October 2011

Central to the mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is the arbuscule, the site where symbiotic phosphate is delivered. Initial investigations in legumes have led to the exciting observation that symbiotic phosphate uptake not only enhances plant growth but also regulates arbuscule dynamics and is, furthermore, required for maintenance of the symbiosis. This review evaluates the possible role of the phosphate ion, not only as a nutrient but also as a signal that is necessary for reprogramming the host cortex cell for symbiosis.
Bacteroid Development in Legume Nodules: Evolution of Mutual Benefit or of Sacrificial Victims?
Authors: Kereszt Attila , Mergaert Peter , Kondorosi Eva
Published: October 2011

Symbiosomes are organelle-like structures in the cytoplasm of legume nodule cells which are composed of the special, nitrogen-fixing forms of rhizobia called bacteroids, the peribacteroid space and the enveloping peribacteroid membrane of plant origin. The formation of these symbiosomes requires a complex and coordinated interaction between the two partners during all stages of nodule development as any failure in the differentiation of either symbiotic partner, the bacterium or the plant cell prevents the subsequent transcriptional and developmental steps resulting in early senescence of the nodules. Certain legume hosts impose irreversible terminal differentiation onto bacteria. In the inverted repeat–lacking clade (IRLC) of legumes, host dominance is achieved by nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides that resemble defensin-like antimicrobial peptides, the known effector molecules of animal and plant innate immunity. This article provides an overview on the bacteroid and symbiosome development including the terminal differentiation of bacteria in IRLC legumes as well as the bacterial and plant genes and proteins participating in these processes.
A Novel Arabidopsis Vacuolar Glucose Exporter Is Involved in Cellular Sugar Homeostasis and Affects the Composition of Seed Storage Compounds
Authors: Poschet Gernot , Hannich Barbara , Raab Sabine , Jungkunz Isabel , Klemens Patrick A.W. , Krueger Stephan , Wic Stefan , Neuhaus H. Ekkehard , Büttner Michael
Published: October 2011

Subcellular sugar partitioning in plants is strongly regulated in response to developmental cues and changes in external conditions. Besides transitory starch, the vacuolar sugars represent a highly dynamic pool of instantly accessible metabolites that serve as energy source and osmoprotectant. Here, we present the molecular identification and functional characterization of the vacuolar glucose (Glc) exporter Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Early Responsive to Dehydration-Like6 (AtERDL6). We demonstrate tonoplast localization of AtERDL6 in plants. In Arabidopsis, AtERDL6 expression is induced in response to factors that activate vacuolar Glc pools, like darkness, heat stress, and wounding. On the other hand, AtERDL6 transcript levels drop during conditions that trigger Glc accumulation in the vacuole, like cold stress and external sugar supply. Accordingly, sugar analyses revealed that Aterdl6 mutants have elevated vacuolar Glc levels and that Glc flux across the tonoplast is impaired under stress conditions. Interestingly, overexpressor lines indicated a very similar function for the ERDL6 ortholog Integral Membrane Protein from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Aterdl6 mutant plants display increased sensitivity against external Glc, and mutant seeds exhibit a 10% increase in seed weight due to enhanced levels of seed sugars, proteins, and lipids. Our findings underline the importance of vacuolar Glc export during the regulation of cellular Glc homeostasis and the composition of seed reserves.
Developing a coaching culture
Authors: Wilson Carol
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to focus on how to create a coaching culture in organizations through coach training and external coaches.

Design/methodology/approach

The writer draws on her experience in corporations as a board director and as a consultant to organizations in the field of coaching.

Findings

Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of coach training over external coaches and the best ways of implementing a coaching culture.

Practical implications

Advice is given regarding: the principles of a coaching culture; how to launch a coaching program; a ten point plan for implementing a coaching culture; how to choose external coaches; how to choose coaching skills training; challenges of coaching in the workplace; informal coaching in the workplace; and uses for coaching skills in the workplace.

Originality/value

The writer's broad experience of designing and delivering cross cultural coaching programs, and as a board level director, enable her to challenge existing concepts, to offer original solutions and to describe the pitfalls inherent in implementing any coaching program.