bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some approximation properties of a certain nonlinear Bernstein operators
Authors: Karsli Harun , Tiryaki Ismail , Altin Erhan
Published: February 2015

The present paper concerns with a certain sequence of nonlinear Bernstein
operators NBnf of the form (NBnf )(x) = ?nk=0 Pk,n (x,f (k/n)), 0 ?
x ? 1, n ? N, acting on bounded functions on an interval [0, 1], where
Pk, n satisfy some suitable assumptions. We will also investigate the
pointwise convergence of this operators in some functional spaces. As a
result, this study can be considered as an extension of the results dealing
with the linear Bernstein Polynomials. As far as we know this kind of study
is the first one on the nonlinear Bernstein approximation operators.
Insulinoma - Rare, But Important Clinical Problem. Analysis of a Series of 530 Patients Who Underwent Surgical Treatment for the Pancreatic Tumor
Authors: Durczyński Adam , Hogendorf Piotr , Szymański Dariusz , Izdebski Witold , Kaczka Aleksandra , Durko Łukasz , Strzelczyk Janusz
Published: February 2015

Insulinomas are rare tumors, accounting for 1-2% of all neoplasms of the pancreas. Usually their treatment is not associated with any problems; however there is a small subset of problematic clinical cases. The authors present their own clinical experience with surgical treatment of insulinomas of the pancreas.

was to conduct a retrospective analysis of patients with insulinomas of the pancreas who underwent surgical treatment at Department of General and Transplant Surgery Medical University in Łódź.

The study included all patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Department between 2007 and 2013 for the tumor of the pancreas. Further retrospective analysis included all patients with tumors of the insulinoma type. The data was obtained from medical records, surgical protocols and histopathology reports.

The analysis included 530 patients who underwent surgical treatment for the tumor of the pancreas. Insulinoma was found in 10 (1.88%) patients (8 females, 2 males). An average age of patients who underwent surgical treatment was 47.5±13.8 years. An average size of the tumor was 1.6±0.5 cm. Six patients underwent extirpation of the insulinoma, while the other patients underwent distal resection of the pancreas. All patients underwent “an open surgical procedure”. The average duration of the surgical procedure was 55±45 minutes. Duration of the hospitalization in the analyzed group of patients was 7±5 days. Incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistulas was 10%. All insulinomas were benign.

Insulinomas were rare among patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Department. They were benign and their treatment was unproblematic. However, there is a small group of cases that can be associated with problematic clinical situations. Thus treatment of patients with insulinomas should be conducted at specialist centers. Correct diagnostic and therapeutic management, involving close cooperation between multiple medical specialists, results in complete curing of majority of patients.
Efficacy of Lift (Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract) for Complex and Recurrent Anal Fistulas - A Single-Center Experience and A Review of the Literature
Authors: Romaniszyn Michał , Walega Piotr Julian , Nowak Wojciech
Published: February 2015

Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract in treatment of anal fistulas (LIFT) is being said to have satisfactory results in short and long follow up, with low risk of complications. This study was designed to evaluate the results in patients with complex and recurrent fistulas in comparison with simple transsphincteric anal fistulas.

was to present a single-center experience in LIFT procedure in treatment of both simple and complex anal fistulas, including recurrent fistulas, in comparison with a review of current literature.

A series of 17 patients were qualified to LIFT procedure. 5 patients were treated for simple transsphincteric, 6 for complex fistulas, 6 with fistulas recurrent after fistulotomy. Median age was 47, most of the patients were male (16/17). Mean follow up was 11 months.

Mean operating time was 55 minutes counting from surgical site disinfection to final dressing of the wound. Of the 17 patients the overall success rate was 53%. As expected, best results were achieved in patients with simple fistulas (80% success rate), then complex (50%), and recurrent fistulas (only 33%). There were no early nor late complications of the surgery.

As expected, in simple transsphincteric fistulas the results were satisfactory, taking into account low complication rate. Complex and recurrent fistulas seem to be risk factors of LIFT failure. The results are consistent with data published by other authors, based on the review of the current literature, and it seems there is still room for improvement, so further research is required.
Primary Duodenal Carcinoma - Case Report
Authors: Wesecki Mariusz , Niemiec Szymon , Radziuk Dagmara , Waniczek Dariusz , Lorenc Zbigniew
Published: February 2015

Duodenal carcinoma is a rare tumor of the gastrointestinal tract of an insidious and secretive course, often diagnosed during the advanced stage of the disease. The study presented a case of a female patient diagnosed with duodenal carcinoma, subjected to two-staged surgery. The initial surgical intervention consisted in the implementation of a gastrointestinal anastomosis, followed by radical surgery by means of Whipple's method performed after three years.
Commercial Hinterland of Gorkha Bazaar
Authors: Dhakal Keshav Raj
Published: February 2015

Present study attempts to trace out the characteristics of Gorkha Bazaar and its commercial hinterland on the basis of flow of goods and commodities. The study is based on primary data collected through a field survey. Altogether 135 functional units (about 30 percent of the total) were sampled for data collection. Gorkha Bazaar, being the head quarters of Gorkha district is an administrative center as well as a commercial market center of peripheral villages. The commercial function dominates all other functions. Three of the most important functions are grocery store, catering and fancy and cloths store. The wholesaling and personal services are relatively low in the market. The hinterland of Gorkha bazaar is limited strictly within the boundary of the district.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11524The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012page:12-15
Socioeconomic Impact of Biogas on Padampur VDC in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Amgai Krishna Prasad
Published: February 2015

Biogas as a new and modern alternative energy resource generated within the households of the rural premise is studied in order to assess the socio-economic condition of the users. The study was carried out in the Padampur VDC of Chitwan District in 2010. The study is based on a sample of 35 biogas users (14 percent of the installed plant). The study found that the use of biogas energy has saved 80 percent of fuel wood and kerosene consumption and 50 percent use of electricity in the households surveyed. Likewise, the use of biogas effluent, by-product from the domestic plant, is proved useful as bio-fertilizer in the agriculture field. More than 71 percent biogas users found increase in their agricultural production. Thus, the installation of biogas has brought some positive changes in health, hygiene and the sanitation including household income.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11525The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012page:16-20
Enrollment and Distribution of Disabled at Primary Schools in Nepal
Authors: Rijal Shiba Prasad
Published: February 2015

The issue of education for disabled children is of major concern with a view to achieve the goal of universal primary education. Nepal, being a signatory of Education for All and the Salamanca Declaration (1994), has adopted a policy of inclusive education ensuring the presence, participation and achievement of children having different abilities in the schools. Altogether 53,681children (1.3percent of the total enrolment) having different abilities were enrolled at primary schools of Nepal in 2009. Of them the proportion of children with physical and mental disabilities was high as compared to other types. The enrolment of disabled children varies spatially by region and district. Among disabled enrolled at primary school, The Western and Mid-western Mountain Region share the highest proportion i.e. 3.7 percent each. Among district, Surkhet shows the highest proportion (4.3 percent) of disabled children enrolled. Socio-economic condition of the household and disability of children are directly or indirectly interlinked. The positive correlation between district level Human Poverty Index (HPI) and enrolment of children having disability clearly show this. However, the role of other factors cannot be undermined. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11553The Third PoleVol. 11-12Page : 45-49
Prospects of Ecotourism in Bandipur
Authors: Sigdel Tej Prasad
Published: February 2015

Ecotourism denotes ecological or environment friendly tourism. This study is confined to Bandipur area, a popular tourist destination in Tanahun district. Bandipur has a great prospect of ecotourism owing to natural beauty, scenic attraction and cultural diversity. It is rich in natural paradise and socio-cultural diversities. Accessibility, pleasant Climate, richness of natural beauty, suitable place for view point, high stock of biodiversity and native culture of simple and friendly people make Bandipur unique ecotourism destination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11555The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012Page : 50-55
A Glimpse on Bihars and Bahais in Lalitpur Town
Authors: Bajracharya Kishor Bajra
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with the distribution Bihars and Bahais of Patan area of Lalitpur district. Bihars and Bahis are the places where Buddhist monks and nuns stay live and carry out different activities like praying, meditation, leering and studying. Available evidences prove that the Bihars and Bahis in Kathmandu valley were even during the lifetime of Shakyamuni Gautam Buddha. There are three types of Buddhist Bihars namely General Bihar, Madhyamik Bihar and Mahabihar. Altogether there are 167 Bihars of different period in Lalitpur town. Most of them have now been remained only in name and their condition is not good. Except few, all Bahis have been badly damaged in the absence of the regular care and maintenance. The situation might be more critical and worse if nothing is worked out to reconcile the problems.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11556The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012Page : 56-60
Buffer Zone Management System in Protected Areas of Nepal
Authors: Bhusal Narayan Prasad
Published: February 2015

Maintenance of eco-system diversity is often carried out by establishing national parks, wildlife reserves and other protected areas. The fourth amendment of the National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act in 1992 made the provision of buffer zone for protected areas considering buffer zone, an area of 2km in the vicinity of the park could benefit from park revenue (30-50 percent) and in return the community is supposed to participate and assist in park management activities. Between 1996 and 2010 Government of Nepal demarcated buffer zones of 12 protected areas covering a total area of 5602.67 square kilometer in 83 VDCs and two Municipalities of 27 districts where benefiting human population is over 0.9 million. In the buffer zone management programme emphasis has been given on the natural resource management where need of eco-friendly land use practices and peoples participation in conservation for long term sustainability are encouraged. This paper is an attempt to outline the various activities that have been executed under buffer zone management programme of Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation with the internal resources, local communities and support from UNDP, WWF Nepal, CARE Nepal, NTNC and other various partners for the conservation and development of buffer zones in Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v11i0.11558The Third PoleVol. 11-12, 2012Page : 34-44
Geographic Information Systems in Nepal and its Way Forward
Authors: Poudel Krishna Prasad
Published: February 2015

GIS is now becoming a demanded crosscutting subject at the universities and many other institutions. It has introduced academic courses at different levels. Similarly, a number of commercial entrepreneurs are investing good amount of resources as well as several development agencies focusing on GIS-based decision support systems. Nepalese organizations including all governmental, non-governmental and social as well as at individual level are also investing quiet a good amount of resources on it. In this context the development of GIS in Nepal and its social responsibility has to be analyzed critically. In this paper focus has been given to search the space of GIS in the Nepalese governmental, non-governmental and academic institutions and so on. The study has been found many institutional setups have the provision to work with due consideration to the spatial dimensions. Many of them have already procured hardware, software and also investing quite a good amount of money. In practice, several such organizations have very less output. In this context, while going through the analysis, some challenges appeared are highlighted and a way forward has been given to its development. The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013Page :7-11
Causes of In-Migration to the Chainpur Bazar, Sankhuwa Sava District, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Anup
Published: February 2015

Migration is the social and spatial movement of human population. This study has been confined to the identification of the causes of in-migration and its impact on the people of Chainpur Bazar of Sankhuwasava district. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey and focused group discussion. Altogether 67 household units were sampled for data collection. The study found that more women and children were involved in-migration and the major cause of migration was for getting quality education opportunity for the children.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11542The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013page : 17-21
Demography, Land Utilization and Livelihoods in Sarangkot Village Development Committee of Kaski District, Nepal
Authors: Bhusal Narayan P.
Published: February 2015

Poverty alleviation has always remained as a major challenge for overall development in Nepal and Sarangkot Village Development Committee (VDC) in Kaski district also is under such circumstances where tourism and other off farm economic activities would be the successful vehicles for overall development. Availability of better demographic conditions, sustainable agricultural production system and proper utilization of existing resources for the development of off-farm economic activities are the important livelihood assets. It is in this light this paper is trying to present the demographic conditions, land use pattern, agricultural production from the cultivated land, livestock raising and food sufficiency from the production of land in Sarangkot VDC. As the survey result indicated that the food sufficiency from the production of land is not sufficient in order to maintain the livelihood conditions of the local people. Therefore, this paper also deals about the available off-farm economic activities that are supporting for the economic welfare of the people.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11543The Third Pole Vol. 13, 2013page : 22-32
An Analysis of the Tourism in Nepal Trend of Tourist Arrivals
Authors: Dhakal Keshav Raj
Published: February 2015

Tourism is the travel of people from one place to another; whether it is within their own country or to other countries. It is naturally a human character. Attraction is the most causative element of tourism. Various natural and cultural heritages of Nepal, its diverse topography, varied climate, its diverse flora and fauna, different shrines and temples, jungle safari and trekking attract tourists in Nepal. This study uses the data of the Nepal tourism statistics 2012published by Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation. The Rana ruler isolated Nepal from external influences for a hundred and four years. During that period, Nepal was a ‘forbidden land’ for foreigners. Tourism in Nepal was promoted after the establishment of democracy in 1951. Tourists’ influx shows a steady trend in different periods in Nepal. The average length of stay of tourist is not so long. The tourist flow in Nepal is generally confined during the spring and autumn seasons. The recent trend of tourists' arrival in Nepal seems satisfactoryDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11546The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013page : 46-53
Road Traffic Accidents in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Shrestha Bikash Kumar
Published: February 2015

This paper describes the situation of road traffic accident in Kathmandu valley for the last five years. It has focused on the causes, vehicle-types commonly involved and the trends of deaths. Based on secondary data, this study has also come up with some discussions on the preventive solution. As Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) has been proved one of the major challenging issues of Kathmandu Valley, the concerned authority should come up with a decisive role in mitigating deaths and causalities due to this phenomenon.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11547The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013Page: 54-56
Environmental Education in Nepal: A New Thinking for Modification of the Curriculum
Authors: Jnawali Damodar
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v3i0.1776The Third Pole Vol.3&4, 2004 p.19-27
Irrigation System in Jaisidihi Watershed Area, Kabhrepalanchok
Authors: Acharya Sudarshan
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v3i0.1781The Third Pole Vol.3&4 2004 p.82
Buddhism and global Peace: Perspectives on Cultural Geography
Authors: Jnawali Damodar
Published: February 2015

Present paper deals with the major principles of Buddhism and its need for maintaining global peace. The concept of philosophy, Buddha as an Incarnation of Vishnu, origin and evolution of Buddhism and its spatial diffusion, the Buddhist Councils, major Schools of Buddhism, and Buddha's Teachings for global peace are the major areas of discussion in this paper. Buddha's Teachings provide many practical techniques that are useful for calming anger, controlling desire and creating harmonious relationships. Present world is full of violence and corruption. People are in need of comfort that comes from a spiritual path and teaches nonviolence, contentment, compassion, generosity of spirit, and peace of mind. Buddhism teaches us to cultivate peace in our hearts and work to relieve the sufferings of all living beings. Peace at national as well as global level can be possible only if we apply Buddhism in our daily life. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v5i0.1950 The Third Pole, Vol. 5-7, PP 28-36:2007
Land Holding and Livelihoods: A Synthesis from Modi Khola Watershed, Nepal
Authors: Rijal Shiba Prasad
Published: February 2015

This paper is an attempt to analyze land holding pattern and its consequences in rural livelihoods especially of Modi Khola watershed located in Western Development Region, Nepal. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from 360 households selected randomly from Modi Khola watershed during September-October, 2002. Land is an important natural asset, has greater implications on people's livelihoods. The distribution of land among households is uneven in this area. The implications of unequal distribution and access of land can clearly be seen on household income as well as level of food sufficiency. The average household income increases with the increase in land holding size. Likewise, the percentage of household reporting sufficient food production for household consumption increases with land holding size. Thus, the well-being of local people is largely tied-up with amount of land owned by the household. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v5i0.1952 The Third Pole, Vol. 5-7, PP 43-51:2007
Responses and Expectations Regarding Municipality Declaration: A Case of Baglung Municipality
Authors: Bajracharya Kishor Bajra
Published: February 2015

The process of declaration of municipality is taking place in Nepal at times but not in the regular way and with given regulations. Transformation into a municipality has been regarded as a matter of great pride and reputation in many cases, so was the case of Baglung as well. The proclamation of municipality does not possess any probation period to make any necessary modification. When the people have to face taxation and many other economic liabilities after having the designation of municipality, a sort of uneasiness and inconvenience grips them. Nothing was known in this regard in many cases and Baglung is not an exception.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v8i0.11508 The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Vol.8-10, pp. 20-26: 2010
Air Pollution: Its Causes and Consequences With Reference To Kathmandu Metropolitan City
Authors: Gautam Dilli Raj
Published: February 2015

Rapid increase in human and vehicular population along with a continuous increase in primary energy consumption in Kathmandu metropolis results in continuous increase in TSP, PM10 SO2, CO, NO2 and other air polluting dust smog and gases. Emissions from automobiles, factories and domestic heating, cooking, refuse burning in Metropolitan areas have created air pollution which has threatened the well being of the city dwellers. Housing congestion, traffic congestion and various commercial activities have produced high amount pollutant emissions in various forms which have ultimately polluted the surrounding environment and adversely affected human health in the metropolis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v8i0.11509 The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Vol.8-10, pp. 27-33: 2010
Orthodox Tea Production and Its Contribution in Nepal
Authors: Poudel Krishna
Published: February 2015

Orthodox tea is a major export oriented cash crop farming of eastern hilly districts of Nepal. Both tea estate garden and small farmers are involving in tea farming. This article is the outcome of both desk top and field study conducted between the months of June and August 2009. The study found that small farmers sell their green tea leaves mainly to locally established tea processing industries. Tea processing industries have strong role in fixing the price of green tea leaves so that small farmers gain a regular commercial income and also ensure local employment. Production is therefore increasing both at the small farmer’s level as well as at the level of the organized tea estates. Exporting tea to India and overseas countries is potentially a good source of revenue generation; however, there is no developed organized system for marketing beyond India. Most of the output goes directly to India and is sold as an Indian product in the international market.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v8i0.11510 The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Vol.8-10, pp. 34-42: 2010
Wastage in primary education: dropout and repetition at primary schools in Palpa District
Authors: Rijal Shiba Prasad
Published: February 2015

The study aimed at analyzing wastage in primary education focusing on dropout and grade repetition in primary level and is limited to the case of Palpa district. The study is based on School Mapping Database of District Education Office, Palpa, 2009. Primary education in Palpa district is characterized by high rate of dropout (9.7 percent) and grade repetition (14.6 percent). This indicates the low efficiency and high educational wastage. The scenario of dropout and repetition is not uniform across the district and varies sharply by resource centers. The high wastage in primary education in Palpa district clearly indicates the great challenge in achieving the goal of universal primary education the ‘quality basic education for all’. Failure in examination, poverty and ignorance of the parents are the main reasons for a high repetition. In many instances, especially, poor and dalit children left the schools after the distribution of scholarships and get enrolled again next year hopping the same. Likewise, failure in examination, poverty and ignorance of parents and cultural factors are responsible for high dropout.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v8i0.11511 The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Vol.8-10, pp. 43-50: 2010
Divergence analysis of drought tolerant Genotypes of Wheat (Triticum astivum L.)
Authors: Zaman MA , Siddquie MNA , Rahman M Mahbubur , Abida MY , Islam MJ
Published: February 2015

Thirty genotypes of wheat were grown in an Alpha Lattice Design with three replications for evaluation and divergence analysis. Seeds were sown on 24 November 2011 at Regional Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Shyampur, Rajshahi. Significant variation was observed among the genotypes and these are grouped into six clusters. Clusters III and VI were comprised of maximum number of genotypes (6) followed by clusters I, IV, and V with 5 genotypes and the minimum genotypes (3) were in cluster II. The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between the Cluster VI and Cluster II followed by cluster III and Cluster II, which indicates that genotypes belonging to these distant clusters could be used in hybridization programme for getting a wide spectrum of variation among the segregates. The minimum intercluster distance was found between the Cluster IV and Cluster I followed by that of Cluster V and Cluster IV. The maximum intra-cluster distance was recorded in Cluster II, consisted of three genotypes of diverse origin followed by Cluster V consisting of five genotypes which indicated that the genotypes of these clusters might have considerable diversity among themselves. While the minimum distance was computed in Cluster I composed of five genotypes which indicated that these genotypes were genetically very close to each other. Considering the eigenvalues of all principal component analysis the PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 with values contributed 30.78%, 20.11%, 17.75%, 10.93%, and 7.63%, respectively, of the total variation. The results revealed from the present study that the first principal component had high positive component loading from grains/spike and high negative loading from grain yield. Considering the clusters mean value, the genotype of Cluster II and VI are most divergent and maximum heterosis and wide variability in genetic architecture may be expected from the crosses between the genotypes belonged to these clusters. More specifically the cluster II could be selected for dwarf in nature, early heading and maturity and bold grain size. The genotypes from the cluster IV could be selected for maximum spikes/m2 and maximum grain yield. The positive value of both vectors for days to heading and spikes/m2 indicated that these traits had the highest contribution towards divergence among the 30 drought tolerant wheat genotypes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21982 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(3): 385-396, September 2014
Leaching losses of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium from the sandy loam soil of old Brahmaputra floodplain (AEZ-9) under continuous standing water condition
Authors: Islam MN , Rahman MM , Mian MJA , Khan MH , Barua R
Published: February 2015

An experiment was conducted at the net house of the Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh during February to June (boro season) of 2009. The objective was to find out the leaching loss of N, P, and K in the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soil under continuous standing water (CSW) condition. The soil was sandy loam in texture having pH 6.6, total N 0.08%, available P 7.00 mg/kg, exchangeable K 0.07 me/100g soil, and available S 7.5 mg/kg. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. There were six treatments, such as T0 (control), T1 (N120 P25 K60 S20 recommended dose), T2 (N180 P37 K90 S30 kg/ha i.e., 150% of the recommended dose), T3 (75% N of T1 from chemical fertilizer and 25% N from cowdung 2.5 t/ha and PKS of recommended dose from chemical fertilizer on the basis of PKS content in cowdung), T4 (as T1 but N109 kg/ha from USG) and T5 (as T1 but N applied as foliar spray). The nutrients P, K, and S were applied as basal dose in the pots while urea was applied in three equal splits except T4 and T5. One USG per pot was placed after 7 days of transplanting in T4. In T5, urea was applied as foliar spray at 10 days interval. Leachates from individual pots were collected at 15 days intervals to determine the amount of loss of NPK. Results showed that leaching loss of NPK in the sandy loam soil under CSW condition varied widely due to different treatments over time. The total leaching loss of N, P, and K during the growing season varied from 22.23 to 91.21, 0.063 to 1.95, and 35.22 to 42.01 kg/ha, respectively. Application of chemical fertilizer at higher rates resulted in greater loss of nutrients. Integrated approach of fertilizer management could minimize such losses to a great extent. Application of N in the form of USG reduced the N loss significantly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21987 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(3): 437-446, September 2014
Production potentials and economics of chickpea-rice based cropping system in Sylhet area (AEZ 20)
Authors: Shaheb Md Rayhan , Nazrul Mahmudul Islam , Sarker MJU
Published: February 2015

Global food and feed demands have been projected to double in the 21st century, which will further increase the pressure on the use of land, water and nutrients. To increase food productivity, production potential and economic returns, improvement of cropping system may play a vital role in this regards. A study was conducted to determine the economic consequences of two cropping patterns viz., ICP: Improved Cropping Pattern (Chickpea-T.Aus-T.Aman) and FECP: Farmers Existing Cropping Pattern (Fallow-T. Aus-T. Aman) through incorporation of modern high yielding varieties and improved management practices for crop production at farmers' fields of Sylhet during three consecutive years 2009-10, 2010-11, and 2011-12, respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six dispersed replications. The pooled data showed that the improved management practices for the pattern provided higher yield in T.Aus and T.Aman rice, respectively. The gross return and gross margin of ICP were higher compared to that of FECP with only 21% extra cost. The higher benefit cost ratio (2.20), rice equivalent yield (10.29 t/ha), production efficiency (27.36 kg/ha/day), land-use efficiency (91.32%) and sustainable yield index (0.41) indicated the superiority of the ICP over the FECP. Higher rice equivalent yield indicate that ICP is suitable in Sylhet region for increasing crop productivity and cropping intensity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21991 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(3): 479-490, September 2014
Multilinear Algebras and Tensors with Vector Subbundle of Manifolds
Authors: Ahmed Khondokar M , Tahora Saraban
Published: February 2015

In the present paper some aspects of tensor algebra, tensor product, exterior algebra, symmetric algebra, module of section, graded algebra, vector subbundle are studied. A Theorem 1.32. is established by using sections and fibrewise orthogonal sections of an application of Gran-Schmidt. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i1.21957 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(1): 31-35, 2014 (January)
Phytochemical Studies on Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC.
Authors: Chhanda Sadia Afrin , Muslim Tanvir , Rahman Md Aziziur
Published: February 2015

The compounds dotriacontyl docosanoate and trilinolein have been isolated from petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract, respectively of the plant Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. The compounds were characterised by spectroscopic techniques. Total vitamin C content has been estimated and fatty acid composition has been analysed by GLC. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i1.21960 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(1): 45-48, 2014 (January)
Age of First Infection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Dhaka Metropolitan City
Authors: Gulshan Jahida , Farah Subrina
Published: February 2015

This study aims to determine the age of first infection of pulmonary tuberculosis in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Registered cases at an arbitrarily selected chest disease clinic in Dhaka under the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) of Bangladesh was considered for this study. From the study of the sample of 303 cases, it was revealed that women are more likely to be affected by Tuberculosis bacilli at earlier ages as compared to men in Dhaka. Mann Whitney Median test showed a significant difference between the median age of first infection of male and female (p-value < 0.001). In addition it is also observed that there is a significant difference (p-value<0.05) between the median age of first infection between people with in-house occupational activities and individuals with outgoing occupational activities where outgoing people are infected by Tuberculosis bacilli at later ages than in-house workers. An exponential regression model shows significant effect of the variables sex and place of occupational activities on the age of first infection (p-value < 0.05). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i1.21961 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(1): 49-53, 2014 (January)
Analysis of Flood Routing
Authors: Hossain Md Motaleb
Published: February 2015

Flood routing is the technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section of a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream sections. The hydrologic analysis of problems such as flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir design and spillway design invariably include flood routing. In these applications two broad categories of routing can be recognized. These are reservoir routing and channel routing. In reservoir routing the effect of a flood wave entering a reservoir is studied. In channel routing the change in the shape of a hydrograph as it travels down a channel is studied. In this paper pick rate of runoff and risk of a coffer dam for different construction years are discussed. We found that peakrate depends on length of travel of water course and risk of coffer dam is more if it is designed for short time for long construction period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i2.21968 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(2): 69-73, 2014 (July)
Building a Robust Linear Model with Backward Elimination Procedure
Authors: Rahman Md Siddiqur , Khan Jafar A
Published: February 2015

For building a linear prediction model, Backward Elimination (BE) is a computationally suitable stepwise procedure for sequencing the candidate predictors. This method yields poor results when data contain outliers and other contaminations. Robust model selection procedures, on the other hand, are not computationally efficient or scalable to large dimensions, because they require the fitting of a large number of submodels. Robust version of BE is proposed in this study, which is computationally very suitable and scalable to large high-dimensional data sets. Since BE can be expressed in terms of sample correlations, simple robustifications are obtained by replacing these correlations by their robust counterparts. A pairwise approach is used to construct the robust correlation matrix -- not only because of its computational advantages over the d-dimensional approach, but also because the pairwise approach is more consistent with the idea of step-by-step algorithms. The performance of the proposed robust method is much better than standard BE. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v62i2.21971 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 62(2): 87-93, 2014 (July)
Fight against Suicide
Authors: Abdur Rahim Dewan AKM
Published: February 2015

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21490 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 4-5
Evaluation of the Novel Method and the Regression Equation for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Saiedullah Muhammad , Chowdhury Nasreen , Khan Md Aminul Haque
Published: February 2015

Background: Friedewalds formula (FF) is used worldwide to calculate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol). But it has several shortcomings: overestimation at lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations and underestimation at higher concentrations. In FF, TG to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-chol) ratio (TG/VLDL-chol) is considered as constant, but practically it is not a fixed value. Recently, by analyzing lipid profiles in a large population, continuously adjustable values of TG/VLDL-chol were used to derive a novel method (NM) for the calculation of LDL-chol. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the novel method compared with direct measurement and regression equation (RE) developed for Bangladeshi population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study we used lipid profiles of 955 adult Bangladeshi subjects. Total cholesterol (TC), TG, HDL-chol and LDL-chol were measured by direct methods using automation. LDL-chol was also calculated by NM and RE. LDL-chol calculated by NM and RE were compared with measured LDL-chol by twotailed paired t test, Pearsons correlation test, bias against measured LDL-chol by Bland-Altman test, accuracy within ±5% and ±12% of measured LDL-chol and by inter-rater agreements with measured LDL-chol at different cut-off values. Results: The mean values of LDL-chol were 110.7 ± 32.0 mg/dL for direct measurement, 111.9 ± 34.8 mg/dL for NM and 113.2 ± 31.7 mg/dL for RE. Mean values of calculated LDL-chol by both NM and RE differed from that of measured LDL-chol (p<0.01 for NM and p<0.0001 for RE). The correlation coefficients of calculated LDL-chol values with measured LDL-chol were 0.944 (p<0.0001) for NM and 0.945 (p<0.0001) for RE. Bland- Altman plots showed good agreement between calculated and measured LDL-chol. Accuracy within ±5% of measured LDL-chol was 49% for NM, 46% for RE and within ±12% of measured LDL-chol was 79% for both NM and RE. Inter-rater agreements (?) between calculated and measured LDL-chol at LDL-chol <100 mg/dL, 100130 mg/dL and >130 mg/dL were 0.816 vs 0.815, 0.637 vs 0.649 and 0.791 vs 0.791 for NM and RE respectively. Conclusion: This study reveals that NM and RE developed for Bangladeshi population have similar performance and can be used for the calculation of LDL-chol. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21491 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 10-14
Significance of Immunohistochemistry in Accurate Characterisation of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Ahmed Mahtab Uddin , Shilpi Harun-Or-Rashid Khan
Published: February 2015

Background: Hodgkin lymphomas are malignant disorders of cells residing in lymphoid tissue and containing Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells and its variants and account for about 0.7% of all new cancers. Hodgkin lymphomas are two types: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) that is CD30 positive and CD45 negative in specific pattern; Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (LPHL) that is CD30 negative and CD45 positive in specific pattern. Objective: To evaluate the value of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and accurate characterisation of Hodgkin lymphoma. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of Pathology of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from January 2010 to June 2012. Histopathologically diagnosed 45 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 5 cases of other than Hodgkin lymphoma were selected and then immunomarkers CD30 and CD45 were applied. Results: Among 50 cases 37 were classical Hodgkin lymphoma and 8 cases were lymphocytepredominant Hodgkin lymphoma histopathologically. When immunomarkers were applied in 50 cases then 33 cases were classical Hodgkin lymphoma and 9 cases were lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry helped in accurate characterisation of Hodgkin lymphoma. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21493 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 23-29
Clinical Efficacy of Azithromycin in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Children
Authors: Islam Md Atiqul , Mobarak Md Reaz , Hasan Ahmed Rashidul , Hanif Mohammed
Published: February 2015

Background: Azithromycin sensitivity cannot precisely identify the strains of typhoid and paratyphoid fever for successful treatment. Most of the studies show that azithromycin is highly effective in uncomplicated typhoid fever. Very few studies have been carried out in Bangladesh to see the effectiveness and sensitivity of azithromycin in children with uncomplicated typhoid fever. Objective: To assess the clinical response of azithromycin in uncomplicated typhoid fever. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Dhaka Shishu (children) Hospital from January to December 2009. Children between 212 years of age with characteristic clinical presentation of uncomplicated typhoid fever with positive blood culture for S. typhi or S. paratyphi were included in this study. Patients were treated with oral azithromycin 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days in one group and intravenous ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day in another group. Effectiveness and sensitivity pattern were documented and compared. Results: Fifty patients were allocated randomly with azithromycin and 48 with ceftriaxone. Twenty two percent of the subjects were below 5 years and 78% above 5 years. Average time of defervescence was 4.44 ± 1.25 days in azithromycin group and 4.38 ± 1.21 days in ceftriaxone group. Response to treatment in both groups was excellent: 94% in azithromycin and 97.9% in ceftriaxone groups. The occurrence of complication was very low in both groups. Eighteen percent showed resistance to azithromycin and 2.1% to ceftriaxone. In azithromycin sensitive group 97.6% showed improvement and in resistant group 77.8% showed improvement. A good percentage of patients who were resistant to azithromycin showed clinical improvement following treatment with this drug. Conclusion: Current study recommends that azithromycin is effective in the treatment of enteric fever in children. The study also shows that some patients resistant to azithromycin showed clinical improvement following treatment with azithromycin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21495 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 34-38
Asymptomatic Hydatid Cyst in a 30-Year-Old Female
Authors: Parvin Rukhsana
Published: February 2015

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21500 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 61
From the Desk of Editor-in-Chief Vol.5(1)
Authors: Khan Md Aminul Haque
Published: February 2015

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v5i1.21964 J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(1): 3
The Dissipative Column: A New Hysteretic Damper
Authors: Palazzo Bruno , Castaldo Paolo , Marino Ivana
Published: February 2015

A new replaceable hysteretic damper to better control seismic building damage, consisting of two or more adjacent steel vertical elements connected to each other with continuous mild/low strength steel shear links, is proposed and investigated in this paper. New Dampers, called Dissipative Columns (DC), continuously linked with X-shaped steel plates, provide additional stiffness and damping to a lateral system by using a basic and minimally invasive construction element: the column. Working in a way similar to coupled shear walls, the proposed element behavior is theoretically analyzed at linear and non-linear ranges. In fact, considering different restrained cases, a parametric analysis is developed in order both to evaluate the effect of the main geometrical and structural parameters and to provide the design capacity curves of this new damper. The DC can be considered a new damping device, easy to install in new as well as existing buildings in order to protect them from seismic damage.
Application of “Boomerang” Linear Polystyrene-Stabilized Pd Nanoparticles to a Series of C-C Coupling Reactions in Water
Authors: Ohtaka Atsushi , Okagaki Toshiyuki , Hamasaka Go , Uozumi Yasuhiro , Shinagawa Tsutomu , Shimomura Osamu , Nomura Ryôki
Published: February 2015

The application of a catch-and-release system for soluble Pd species between water (reaction medium) and polystyrene (polymer support) was examined in the Suzuki coupling reaction with 2-bromothiophene and the Heck reaction with styrene or bromobenzene. Although a slight increase in particle size was observed by TEM after re-stabilization of the Pd species on linear polystyrene, no agglomeration was observed.
Trends in Stream Biodiversity Research since the River Continuum Concept
Authors: Tornwall Brett , Sokol Eric , Skelton James , Brown Bryan
Published: February 2015

Lotic environments contain a disproportionate amount of biodiversity given their relatively small proportion of the worldwide landscape. We conducted a systematic literature search of research directed towards understanding factors that influence biodiversity in lotic habitats, published in 31 major ecological and freshwater science journals from 1981 to 2014. Our goal was to characterize emergent themes in research successes and identify important areas in need of study. We show an overwhelming taxonomic bias favoring studies of macroinvertebrates and fish, and a paucity in studies of other important groups such as bacteria and fungi. While most studies assessed habitat variables that affect diversity at a local scale, there has been a recent push to investigate regional drivers of beta and gamma diversity. Several factors were consistently found to be important drivers of diversity including local habitat type, hydrologic variables, disturbance, and stream morphometry. Others such as nutrients and chemical variables showed mixed support. Species interactions, dispersal, and evolutionary processes were rarely considered but show promise as fruitful areas for future study. We suggest that researchers should give increased attention to diversity drivers at different scales as well as take advantage of new molecular techniques to address questions regarding organismal diversity in streams.
A Novel Ground Fault Non-Directional Selective Protection Method for Ungrounded Distribution Networks
Authors: Granizo Ricardo , Blánquez Francisco , Rebollo Emilio , Platero Carlos
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a new selective and non-directional protection method to detect ground faults in neutral isolated power systems. The new proposed method is based on the comparison of the rms value of the residual current of all the lines connected to a bus, and it is able to determine the line with ground defect. Additionally, this method can be used for the protection of secondary substation. This protection method avoids the unwanted trips produced by wrong settings or wiring errors, which sometimes occur in the existing directional ground fault protections. This new method has been validated through computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests.