bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of the reconstruction plate in multiplanar tibial osteotomies in children
Authors: Schaaf Adam C. , Morscher Melanie A. , Weiner Dennis S.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

External fixation and cross-pin fixation appear to be the two most commonly used forms of fixation after a tibial osteotomy in children described in the literature. The purpose of this study is to describe our experience using a properly bent and contoured reconstruction plate for mismatched surfaces after a multiplanar tibial osteotomy.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of 37 multiplanar tibial osteotomy surgeries in 23 children performed by a single surgeon using a reconstruction plate for internal fixation. A low fibular osteotomy and tibial osteotomy that required contouring and shaping of the plate were performed in all cases. A proximal tibial osteotomy was performed in 30 cases and a distal osteotomy in seven cases. All cases were reinforced with a long-leg cast. All charts were reviewed for intra- and postoperative complications. The surgery using the reconstruction plate internal fixation was considered to be a success if there was healing of the osteotomy and no hardware failure.

Results

A properly bent and contoured reconstruction plate conformed well to the mismatched surfaces after tibial osteotomy. Hardware was removed in all but two cases, on average 7 months after surgery. There were no hardware failures. No child developed a deep wound infection or neurovascular complication, including compartment syndrome. Only two complications in 37 surgeries (5%) were encountered and were typical of any type of internal fixation. One child required an exploratory procedure because of screw extrusion and one child developed a post-plate removal fracture.

Conclusions

The reconstruction plate is very malleable and can be contoured to fit in nearly every direction to accommodate mismatched appositional surfaces. It has been successfully employed in 37 consecutive cases of multiplanar tibial osteotomy in children with relatively few complications, none directly related to the plate.
Dhimmīs in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination
Authors: Al-Qattan Najwa
Published: March 2011

This article will examine the legal status of dhimmīs (non-Muslims) as documented in thesijillsof the shariʿa courts of Ottoman Damascus in the 18th and 19th centuries. It will focus on two related aspects ofdhimmīlegal life: the extent of the judicial autonomy granted to non-Muslims and the kind of justice thatdhimmīsobtained at the Muslim court.
Interaction between two spherical bubbles rising in a viscous liquid
Authors: HALLEZ YANNICK , LEGENDRE DOMINIQUE
Published: March 2011

The three-dimensional flow around two spherical bubbles moving in a viscous fluid is studied numerically by solving the full Navier–Stokes equations. The study considers the interaction between two bubbles for moderate Reynolds numbers (50 ≤ Re ≤ 500, Re being based on the bubble diameter) and for positions described by the separation S (2.5 ≤ S ≤ 10, S being the distance between the bubble centres normalised by the bubble radius) and the angle θ (0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°) formed between the centreline and the direction perpendicular to the direction of the motion. We provide a general description of the interaction extending the results obtained for two bubbles moving side by side (θ = 0°) by Legendre, Magnaudet & Mougin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, p. 133) and for two bubbles moving in line (θ = 90°) by Yuan & Prosperetti J. Fluid Mech., vol. 278, 1994, p. 325). Simple models based on physical arguments are given for the drag and lift forces experienced by each bubble. The interaction is the combination of three effects: a potential effect, a viscous correction (Moore's correction) and a significant wake effect observed on both the drag and the transverse forces of the second bubble when located in the wake of the first one.
Thrust efficiency of harmonically oscillating flexible flat plates
Authors: FERREIRA de SOUSA PAULO J. S. A. , ALLEN JAMES J.
Published: March 2011

We consider the efficiency of thrust-producing inextensible membranes with variable bending rigidities. The present study is a numerical investigation of the thrust generation and flow-field characteristics of a two-dimensional flapping flexible membrane, fixed at its leading edge. To study the time-dependent response of the membranes, a fluid/structure solver that couples a compact finite-difference immersed boundary method flow solver with a thin-membrane structural solver was developed. Using a body-fitted grid, external forcing to the structure is calculated from the boundary fluid dynamics. A systematic series of runs of the fluid/structure solver was performed in order to obtain a clear picture of the thrust-producing characteristics of membranes with bending rigidities ranging betweenEI= 5 × 10−6andEI= 2 × 10−5and structural mass coefficients between ρsh= 0.01 and ρsh= 0.04, for a Reynolds number ofRe= 851.
Geometric study of Lagrangian and Eulerian structures in turbulent channel flow
Authors: YANG YUE , PULLIN D. I.
Published: March 2011

We report the detailed multi-scale and multi-directional geometric study of both evolving Lagrangian and instantaneous Eulerian structures in turbulent channel flow at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. The Lagrangian structures (material surfaces) are obtained by tracking the Lagrangian scalar field, and Eulerian structures are extracted from the swirling strength field at a time instant. The multi-scale and multi-directional geometric analysis, based on the mirror-extended curvelet transform, is developed to quantify the geometry, including the averaged inclination and sweep angles, of both structures at up to eight scales ranging from the half-height δ of the channel to several viscous length scales δν. Here, the inclination angle is on the plane of the streamwise and wall-normal directions, and the sweep angle is on the plane of streamwise and spanwise directions. The results show that coherent quasi-streamwise structures in the near-wall region are composed of inclined objects with averaged inclination angle 35°–45°, averaged sweep angle 30°–40° and characteristic scale 20δν, and ‘curved legs’ with averaged inclination angle 20°–30°, averaged sweep angle 15°–30° and length scale 5δν–10δν. The temporal evolution of Lagrangian structures shows increasing inclination and sweep angles with time, which may correspond to the lifting process of near-wall quasi-streamwise vortices. The large-scale structures that appear to be composed of a number of individual small-scale objects are detected using cross-correlations between Eulerian structures with large and small scales. These packets are located at the near-wall region with the typical height 0.25δ and may extend over 10δ in the streamwise direction in moderate-Reynolds-number, long channel flows. In addition, the effects of the Reynolds number and comparisons between Lagrangian and Eulerian structures are discussed.
Ripple and dune formation in rivers
Authors: COLOMBINI M. , STOCCHINO A.
Published: March 2011

A linear stability analysis for dune and ripple formation is presented that implements a rotational two-dimensional flow model valid in the smooth as well as in the transitional and rough flow regimes. Sediment is assumed to be transported as bedload, disregarding the role of suspension. Therefore, the main mechanism driving instability, for both ripples and dunes, is the phase lag between bed shear stress and bed elevation. Ripples are shown to be confined to relatively low values of the Shields parameter and of the particle Reynolds number. For higher values of the Shields parameter and of the particle Reynolds number (and thus of the Froude number and of the roughness Reynolds number), ripples are replaced by dunes. The present analysis ultimately allows for a successful unification of the theories of dune and ripple formation and for a clarification of the debated role of ripples on the formation of dunes. A good agreement between predicted and observed wavelengths for both ripples and dunes is found.
The effect of wall heating on instability of channel flow – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: SAMEEN A. , BALE RAHUL , GOVINDARAJAN RAMA
Published: March 2011

During an attempt to work on a stratified flow problem envisaged as a sequel of the paper by Sameen & Govindarajan (2007), it was found that the original paper contained errors in §§ 3.4 and 4.3 due to a factor of iα, which was inadvertently missed in two places in the code (i) in the buoyancy term due to the use of vertical velocity and streamfunction interchangeably, and (ii) in the apportionment between kinetic and potential energy in the Gmax calculation. Because of this, there were significant differences in the effect of Grashof number on stability. Figure 1 is the modified figure 9 of the original paper, for Pr =7 and ΔT = 25 K. The Poiseuille–Rayleigh–Bénard mode appears at Gr = 39.12 and is seen not to merge with the Poiseuille mode, unlike the conclusion made earlier. This modification applies at any Prandtl number from 10−2 to 102. The corrected versions of figures 17 and 21, showing Gmax contours for different Pr at Gr = 0 and different Gr for Pr = 1, are plotted in figures 2 and 3, respectively. The large growth reported at β = 0 was thus erroneous. The other main conclusions of the paper, that Prandtl number changes transient growth qualitatively, but not the least stable eigenmode, whereas viscosity stratification, which has a huge impact on exponential growth/decay, does not change transient growth much, remain the same. The secondary instabilities also remain unchanged. The stability equations (3.2) to (3.4) in the paper should read (for explanation, please refer to Sameen & Govindarajan 2007)
(1)(2)(3)
Muslim Identity, Local Networks, and Transnational Islam in Thailand's Southern Border Provinces
Authors: LIOW JOSEPH CHINYONG
Published: March 2011

This paper discusses the nature of local permutations of transnational Muslim networks in Thailand's southern Muslim-majority provinces and assesses their impact on creed, custom, and conflict in the region. More specifically, the paper interrogates the agenda and methods of idea and norm-propagation on the part of these agents and networks, and their evolving role, as well as the structures and conduits through which they operate and mobilize. In so doing, it finds a tremendously fluid and dynamic terrain in southern Thailand, where narratives, representations, and expressions of Islamic doctrine, legitimacy, and authority, are increasingly heavily contested within the Muslim community as a whole. In addition, the paper investigates the transnational dimensions of on-going violence in the southern provinces. Here, it argues that there is little by way of substantive evidence of any sustained penetration of the conflict in southern Thailand by external actors. No doubt, many have attempted to draw conclusions to the contrary, but their evidence and arguments, not to mention analytical methodology, are tenuous at best.
Digital diasporas' challenge to traditional power: the case of TibetBoard
Authors: BRINKERHOFF JENNIFER M.
Published: March 2011

This article examines power implications of digital diasporas and the identity negotiation processes they afford. Members of diasporas are potentially socially and psychologically disempowered by two sources: the majority society into which they are dispersed; and the traditional social structures and culture from which they emerged. This potential disempowerment highlights the important role of power in facilitating (or not) migrant integration into new societies, and the integration of values and norms that are increasingly considered universal. The diaspora experience and Internet discussion forums provide enabling normative structures and discourses for individuals to define and pursue their own interests and ideals. Following a review of the literatures on diaspora identity hybridity and power, the case of TibetBoard illustrates how information technology enables diaspora members to explore, negotiate, and validate their self-determined identity and political perspectives, moving beyond passive adoption of traditional perspectives rooted in the Tibetan community of the homeland and in exile.
Securing by design
Authors: WEBER CYNTHIA , LACY MARK
Published: March 2011

This article investigates how modern neo-liberal states are ‘securing by design’ – harnessing design to new technologies in order to produce security, safety, and protection. We take a critical view toward ‘securing by design’ and the policy agendas it produces of ‘designing out insecurity’ and ‘designing in protection’ because securing by design strategies rely upon inadequate conceptualisations of security, technology, and design and inadequate understandings of their relationships to produce inadequate ‘security solutions’ to ready-made ‘security problems’. This critique leads us to propose a new research agenda we call Redesigning Security. A Redesigning Security Approach begins from a recognition that the achievement of security is more often than not illusive, which means that the desire for security is itself problematic. Rather than encouraging the design of ‘security solutions’ – a securing by design – a Redesigning Security Approach explores how we mightinsecure securing by design. By acknowledging and then moving beyond the new security studies insight that security often produces insecurity, our approach uses design as a vehicle through which to raise questions about security problems and security solutions by collaborating with political and critical design practitioners to design concrete material objects that themselves embody questions about traditional security and about traditional design practices that use technology to depoliticise how technology is deployed by states and corporations to make us ‘safe’.
About those IR theory day jobs: a response to Chris Brown
Authors: PRAGER CAROL A. L.
Published: March 2011

Chris Brown's invitation in ‘IR Theory in Britain – the New Black?’ to consider whether theory's pre-eminence in British IR is warranted appears to have gone unheeded. He asks whether the consuming preoccupation with theory can be justified or will turn out to be as transitory as the ‘new black’ soon to be supplanted by the next ‘new black’. There are many possible explanations for the neglect of Brown's views, but whatever the reason, epistemology can provide some answers. It draws attention to the applied aspect of IR theory as well as the nature of theory's relations with the rest of the discipline, buttressing Brown's arguments to this effect. I go further to ask whether theory's place is not ultimately best seen as one element in an approach not unlike classical redux.
Whyandhow should we go for a multicausal analysis in the study of foreign policy? (Meta-)theoretical rationalesandmethodological rules
Authors: EUN YONG-SOO
Published: March 2011

This article argues that International Relations (IR) researchers concerned with why-questions about the state's external behaviour ought to employ a multicausal approach attentive to the interrelated relationship between external structures and internal agents, presenting the (meta-)theoretical rationales underlying its argument. Here the author suggests ‘a rich/bold ontology’ regarding foreign policy behaviour. Then the article elaborates on detailed and explicit guidelines on how to traverse the bridge that connects the insights of that rich ontology to the empirical research necessary to make claims about the real world of any one moment. In a related vein, the article claims that a multicausal approach should be established using what the author calls ‘loose-knit deductive reasoning’ through which epistemological and methodological openness can be preserved in a manageable way. More importantly, this article discusses the role of theory for IR scholarship and the standards for judging theoretical contributions and progress in the field of IR. Ultimately, the author argues that a complex and flexible approach – both as a useful mode of explanation and as a progressive model of theory construction – can make important contributions to a better understanding of foreign policy and world politics, not only because it enables researchers to become keenly sensitive to the complex reality underlying a nation's foreign policy and to the interrelated relationship between structures and agents in international relations, but also because it can serve to provide a secure base for the progressive accumulation of the evidence closely associated with multiple causation on which any adequate explanation about complex foreign policy behaviour must surely be founded and without which general theory cannot really flourish.
QTc prolongation in children following congenital cardiac disease surgery
Authors: Punn Rajesh , Lamberti John J. , Balise Raymond R. , Seslar Stephen P.
Published: March 2011

Introduction

QTc prolongation has been reported in adults following cardiopulmonary bypass; however, this phenomenon has not been studied in children with congenital cardiac disease. This study's aim was to formally assess QTc in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods

Pre-operative and post-operative electrocardiograms during hospital stays were prospectively analysed on 107 consecutive patients under 18 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery. QTc was measured manually in leads II, V4, and V5. Measurements of 440 and 480 milliseconds were used to categorise patients. Peri-procedural data included bypass and cross-clamp time, medications, and electrolyte measurements. Outcome data included arrhythmias, length of mechanical ventilation, and hospital stay. Patients with post-operative new bundle branch block or ventricularly paced rhythm were excluded.

Results

In all, 59 children were included, out of which 26 had new QTc over 440 milliseconds and 6 of 59 had new QTc over 480 milliseconds post-operatively. The mean increase in post-operative QTc was 25 milliseconds, p=0.0001. QTc over 480 was associated with longer cross-clamp time, p=0.003. Other risk factors were not associated with post-operative QTc prolongation. This phenomenon was transient with normalisation occurring in 67% of patients over 60 hours on average. One patient with post-operative QTc over 440 milliseconds developed ventricular tachycardia. There was no correlation between prolonged QTc and duration of mechanical ventilation, or hospital stay.

Conclusion

A significant number of children undergoing cardiac surgery showed transient QTc prolongation. The precise aetiology of QT prolongation was not discerned, though new QTc over 480 milliseconds was associated with longer cross-clamp time. In this cohort, transient QTc prolongation was not associated with adverse sequela.
Polymer-based micromachined rectangular coaxial filters for millimeter-wave applications
Authors: Jaimes-Vera Aline , Llamas-Garro Ignacio , Ke Maolong , Wang Yi , Lancaster Michael J. , Pradell Lluís
Published: March 2011

In this paper, micromachined devices for millimeter-wave applications at U- and V-bands are presented. These structures are designed using a rectangular coaxial line built of gold-coated SU-8 photoresist layers, where the coaxial center conductor is suspended in air by stubs. The designs include a stepped coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-coaxial transition at 63 GHz, with an insertion loss of 0.39 dB at 67.75 GHz and a return loss better than −10 dB across the band of operation between 54.7 and 70.3 GHz. Two filters have been designed; one centered at 42 GHz with a 10% bandwidth, and another at 63 GHz with a 5% bandwidth. Measured insertion losses of 0.77 and 2.59 dB were obtained for these filters, respectively. Measured return loss lower than 13.8 dB over the passband was achieved for both designs. The structures presented in this paper involve a low-cost manufacturing process suitable to produce integrated subsystems at millimeter waves.
Rhabdomyolyse unter der Kombination Atorvastatin, Amiodaron und Fluconazol
Authors: Franz  , Bruggisser  , Krähenbühl  , Rätz Bravo
Published: March 2011

Ein aufgrund eines aorto-koronaren Bypasses und Zökumperforation hospitalisierter 67-jähriger Patient erlitt nach Gabe von Atorvastatin, Amiodaron und Fluconazol eine Rhabdomyolyse mit Elektrolytstörungen (Hyperphosphatämie, Hypokalzämie) und einem starken Anstieg der Kreatinkinase und des Myoglobins. Es kam zu zahlreichen Komplikationen (Crush-Nephropathie, critical illness myopathy, Gichtschub am Knie und sternaler Infekt mit koagulase-negativen Staphylokokken). Nach Absetzen der verdächtigen Medikamente und Behandlung der Komplikationen konnte der Patient nach über 2-monatigem Spitalaufenthalt in die Rehabilitation entlassen werden. Wir diskutieren die Auslöser und Symptome von Muskelkrankheiten sowie Epidemiologie, Mechanismen, Behandlung und Prävention medikamentös-induzierter Myopathien mit einem Fokus auf den Statinen.
Thoraxschmerzen, Dyspnoe und Schluckbeschwerden
Authors: Meyer  , Götze  , Hochuli
Published: March 2011

Die Achalasie stellt eine seltene neuromuskuläre Erkrankung des Gastrointestinaltrakts dar, welche sich meist mit unspezifischen Thoraxschmerzen und progredienter Dysphagie sowie Regurgitation manifestiert. Wie anhand unseres Fallbeispiels gut erkennbar, verläuft die Erkrankung schleichend und rezidiviert sehr häufig. Alle zur Verfügung stehenden Therapieoptionen sind palliative Massnahmen, die je nach Behandlungsmethode durchaus gute (Langzeit-)Ergebnisse versprechen. Im Endstadium der Erkrankung kann wie in diesem Fall eine Ösophagusresektion diskutiert werden.
Deliranter Psychiatriepfleger mit Bauchschmerzen - Ein medizinisches Chamäleon
Authors: Gräni  , Walder  , Vogt  , Ramsay  , Minder
Published: March 2011

Akute hepatische Porphyrien stellen eine Gruppe seltener genetischer Stoffwechselstörungen des Hämbiosynthese dar, wovon die akut intermittierende Porphyrie die häufigste ist. Gewisse Faktoren wie Medikamente, Infektionen, Fasten, Alkohol oder Stress können einen akuten Schub auslösen. Die unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Symptomatik geht oft mit gastrointestinalen und neuropsychiatrischen Beschwerden einher. Das Auftreten von nachdunkelndem Urin kann ein wichtiges diagnostisches Zeichen darstellen. Wir beschreiben den Fall eines 33-jährigen Psychiatriepflegers, der sich mit Bauchschmerzen, Hypertonie, Delir sowie roten Urinspuren in der Unterwäsche präsentierte.
In situ δ7Li, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca analyses of synthetic aragonites
Authors: Gabitov R. I. , Schmitt A. K. , Rosner M. , McKeegan K. D. , Gaetani G. A. , Cohen A. L. , Watson E. B. , Harrison T. M.
Published: March 2011

In situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of δ7Li, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca were performed on five synthetic aragonite samples precipitated from seawater at 25°C at different rates. The compositions of δ7Li in bulk aragonites and experimental fluids were measured by multicollector inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). Both techniques yielded similar δ7Li in aragonite when SIMS analyses were corrected to calcium carbonate reference materials. Fractionation factors α7Li/6Li range from 0.9895 to 0.9923, which translates to a fractionation between aragonite and fluid from −10.5‰ to −7.7‰. The within‐sample δ7Li range determined by SIMS is up to 27‰, exceeding the difference between bulk δ7Li analyses of different aragonite precipitates. Moreover, the centers of aragonite hemispherical bundles (spherulites) are enriched in Li/Ca and Mg/Ca relative to spherulite fibers by up to factors of 2 and 8, respectively. The Li/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of spherulite fibers increase with aragonite precipitation rate. These results suggest that precipitation rate is a potentially important consideration when using Li isotopes and elemental ratios in natural carbonates as a proxy for seawater composition and temperature.
Examination of change factor methodologies for climate change impact assessment
Authors: Anandhi Aavudai , Frei Allan , Pierson Donald C. , Schneiderman Elliot M. , Zion Mark S. , Lounsbury David , Matonse Adao H.
Published: March 2011

A variety of methods are available to estimate values of meteorological variables at future times and at spatial scales that are appropriate for local climate change impact assessment. One commonly used method is Change Factor Methodology (CFM), sometimes referred to as delta change factor methodology. Although more sophisticated methods exist, CFM is still widely applicable and used in impact analysis studies. While there are a number of different ways by which change factors (CFs) can be calculated and used to estimate future climate scenarios, there are no clear guidelines available in the literature to decide which methodologies are most suitable for different applications. In this study several categories of CFM (additive versus multiplicative and single versus multiple) for a number of climate variables are compared and contrasted. The study employs several theoretical case studies, as well as a real example from Cannonsville watershed, which supplies water to New York City, USA. Results show that in cases when the frequency distribution of Global Climate Model (GCM) baseline climate is close to the frequency distribution of observed climate, or when the frequency distribution of GCM future climate is close to the frequency distribution of GCM baseline climate, additive and multiplicative single CFMs provide comparable results. Two options to guide the choice of CFM are suggested. The first option is a detailed methodological analysis for choosing the most appropriate CFM. The second option is a default method for use under circumstances in which a detailed methodological analysis is too cumbersome.
Exploring the Universality of Personality Judgments: Evidence from the Great Transformation (1000 BCE–200 BCE)
Authors: Mayer John D. , Lin Stephanie C. , Korogodsky Maria
Published: March 2011

We examined whether personality judgments were present in texts of the diverse religious and philosophical traditions that emerged during the Great Transformation, an era spanning roughly 1000 BCE to 200 BCE. Some psychologists have suggested that the tendency of humans to judge personality has evolved; if some ancient societies failed to record personality judgments, it would be evidence against such an evolutionary position. In addition, learning about the prevalence and specifics of ancient personality judgments can help psychologists better understand the prehistory of personality psychology. Eight cultural traditions were studied: two each from China (Confucianism, Taoism), Greece (Classical and Hellenistic philosophy), India (Buddhism, Hinduism), and the Middle East (Judaism, Zoroastrianism). We found evidence that personality judgments were an important aspect of all of these traditions. Not only did people judge one another, but they also offered instructions on how to judge others.
Near-Death Experience: Out-of-Body and Out-of-Brain?
Authors: Agrillo Christian
Published: March 2011

During the last decades, several clinical cases have been reported where patients described profound subjective experiences when near-death, a phenomenon called “near-death experience” (NDE). Recurring features in the accounts involving bright lights and tunnels have sometimes been interpreted as evidence of a new life after death; however the origin of such experiences is largely unknown, and both biological and psychological interpretations have been suggested. The study of NDEs represents one of the most important topics of cognitive neuroscience. In the present paper the current state of knowledge has been reviewed, with particular regard to the main features of NDE, scientific explanations and the theoretical debate surrounding this phenomenon.
A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler's Decision Making as Commander in Chief: Summa Confidentia et Nimius Metus
Authors: Dörner Dietrich , Güss C. Dominik
Published: March 2011

This study is an attempt to analyze Hitler's decision making during World War II. Based on detailed historical sources, we specifically analyzed Hitler's decision-making failures and investigated the possible causes for these failures following theories on cognition, motivation, and action regulation. Failures such as underestimation of an opponent and overestimation of one's own capabilities, the displacement of responsibility for failures on scapegoats, the substitution of easily solvable problems for difficult ones, methodism in decision making, and lack of self-reflection are discussed and detailed examples are provided. These failures ultimately functioned to maintain Hitler's self-confidence. We integrate the failures into a model that explains the origins of Hitler's decision making. Although Hitler's behavior could certainly be judged as “evil,” the analysis goes further and thus can help leaders learn from these failures.
Who is The Fairest One of All? How Evolution Guides Peer and Media Influences on Female Body Dissatisfaction
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J. , Winegard Benjamin , Winegard Bo M.
Published: March 2011

Much attention has focused on the influence of media images of thin women on body dissatisfaction among female viewers. Disagreement exists regarding the nature of media influences, with meta-analytic results suggesting only small effect sizes. Fewer researchers have focused on the role of peer influences and peer competition on female body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders may be more complex than is often implied in the media effects literature. Links between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders may be overstated, and some eating disorders, primarily anorexia nervosa, may not always be motivated primarily by body dissatisfaction. The current paper discusses these issues from an evolutionary perspective, examining how sociocultural forces influence the intensity of female competition and how such competition effects body dissatisfaction.
Long wavelength photoinitiated free radical polymerization using conjugated thiophene derivatives in the presence of onium salts
Authors: Beyazit Selim , Aydogan Binnur , Osken Ipek , Ozturk Turan , Yagci Yusuf
Published: March 2011

A highly conjugated thiophene derivative, 3,5-diphenyldithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]-thiophene, has been used as an electron-transfer photosensitizer for long wavelength free radical photopolymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers in the presence of onium salts.
Long-Term Follow-up of a Tessier Number 5 Facial Cleft
Authors: Afifi Ahmed M. , Djohan Risal , Sweeney Walter , Brooks Susan , Connolly Jarred , Gordon Chad R. , Papay Frank A. , Zins James E.
Published: March 2011

The Tessier number 5 cleft is a rare craniofacial anomaly. Although there are case reports outlining various methods of primary surgical repair and outcomes, few cases reveal long-term follow-up or discuss secondary reconstruction. This article presents the case of a man born with a unilateral Tessier number 5 cleft who presented to our institution at the age of 41 after more than 25 previous surgeries. Over the course of 11 years, he had several surgeries including an orbital repositioning through a combined intra- and extracranial approach, an orbital enucleation, and an anterolateral thigh flap. The patient was fitted with an orbital prosthesis and a satisfactory aesthetic result was achieved.
Nonintrusive system for road traffic detection and characterization
Authors: Ugarte M. F. , Briz S. , Durán L.
Published: March 2011

Knowing the number, type, and velocity of the vehicles that drive along a road is extremely important to manage efficiently the traffic flow and also to estimate the environmental impact that the road may have in the surroundings. In this work the development and preliminary tests for a nonintrusive instrument and method for traffic characterization have been carried out. The system is part of a methodology to estimate the contaminants emitted to air due to urban and suburban road traffic. Based on a set of ultrasonic sensors, the system has shown reliability and accuracy in the determination of the number, type, and velocity of vehicles in a suburban road with several lanes and two ways. The success of this system lies on the method and data processing which overcomes the intrinsic noise problems of ultrasonic sensors. The developed system is easy to install and does not interfere with the road traffic. It is also of low cost, has no moving parts, and requires small power supply. The proposed system is an ideal tool to perform traffic studies where portability and low costs are required, for example, in environmental impact assessments studies.
Graphene, Lattice Field Theory and Symmetries
Authors: Drissi L. B. , Saidi E. H. , Bousmina M.
Published: March 2011

Borrowing ideas from tight binding model, we propose a board class of lattice field models that are classified by non simply laced Lie algebras. In the case of AN − 1 ≃ su(N) series, we show that the couplings between the quantum states living at the first nearest neighbor sites of the lattice \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {L}_{su\left( N\right) }$\end{document}LsuN are governed by the complex fundamental representations \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${{\mathbf {\underline N}}}$\end{document}N̲ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\overline{{\mathbf {\bm\rm N}}}$\end{document}N¯ of su(N) and the second nearest neighbor interactions are described by its adjoint \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${{ \underline{\mathbf {\bm\rm N}}}}$\end{document}N̲\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\otimes \overline{{\mathbf {\bm\rm N}}}$\end{document}⊗N¯. The lattice models associated with the leading su(2), su(3), and su(4) cases are explicitly studied and their fermionic field realizations are given. It is also shown that the su(2) and su(3) models describe the electronic properties of the acetylene chain and the graphene, respectively. It is established as well that the energy dispersion of the first nearest neighbor couplings is completely determined by the AN roots \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbf {\bm\rm \alpha }$\end{document}α through the typical dependence \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$N/2+\sum _{{\rm roots}}\cos \left( \mathbf {\bm\rm k}.\alpha \right)$\end{document}N/2+∑ roots cosk.α with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbf {\bm\rm k}$\end{document}k the wave vector. Other features such as the SO(2N) extension and other applications are also discussed.
Reformulated space-charge-limited current model and its application to disordered organic systems
Authors: Woellner Cristiano F. , Freire José A.
Published: March 2011

We have reformulated a traditional model used to describe the current–voltage dependence of low mobility materials sandwiched between planar electrodes by using the quasi-electrochemical potential as the fundamental variable instead of the local electric field or the local charge carrier density. This allows the material density-of-states to enter explicitly in the equations and dispenses with the need to assume a particular type of contact. The diffusion current is included and as a consequence the current–voltage dependence obtained covers, with increasing bias, the diffusion limited current, the space-charge limited current, and the injection limited current regimes. The generalized Einstein relation and the field and density dependent mobility are naturally incorporated into the formalism; these two points being of particular relevance for disordered organic semiconductors. The reformulated model can be applied to any material where the carrier density and the mobility may be written as a function of the quasi-electrochemical potential. We applied it to the textbook example of a nondegenerate, constant mobility material and showed how a single dimensionless parameter determines the form of the I(V) curve. We obtained integral expressions for the carrier density and for the mobility as a function of the quasi-electrochemical potential for a Gaussianly disordered organic material and found the general form of the I(V) curve for such materials over the full range of bias, showing how the energetic disorder alone can give rise, in the space-charge limited current regime, to an I∝Vn dependence with an exponent n larger than 2.
A simulator for oscillometric blood-pressure signals to test automated noninvasive sphygmomanometers
Authors: Riedel W. , Mieke S. , Seemann R. , Ittermann B.
Published: March 2011

A device was developed allowing to generate simulated human blood pressure signals for the purpose of testing the performance of automated noninvasive sphygmomanometers. The apparatus reproducibly generates blood-pressure oscillations synthesized from prerecorded measurements on human subjects. These real-life data allow for a much better evaluation of the accuracy of blood-pressure measurements than the existing simulators using artificial and thus less realistic waveforms. To assess the performance of a given sphygmomanometer under both stable and varying conditions, generated signals can be repeated in their original shape or distorted by well-defined artifacts. In comparison to clinical tests, the procedural influences on the performance testing of sphygmomanometers are largely reduced when the simulator is used.
Quasi-two-dimensional convection in a three-dimensional laterally heated box in a strong magnetic field normal to main circulation
Authors: Gelfgat Alexander Yu. , Molokov Sergei
Published: March 2011

Convection in a laterally heated three-dimensional box affected by a strong magnetic field is considered in the quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) formulation. It is assumed that the magnetic field is strong and is normal to the main convective circulation. The stability of the resulting Q2D flow is studied for two values of the Hartmann number scaled by half of the width ratio, 100 and 1000, and for either thermally insulating or perfectly conducting horizontal boundaries. The aspect length-to-height ratio of the box is varied continuously between 4 and 10. It is shown that the magnetic field damps the bulk flow and creates thermal and Shercliff boundary layers at the boundaries, which become the main source of instabilities. In spite of the general tendency of the flow stabilization by the magnetic field, the flow instability takes place in different ways depending on the boundary conditions and the aspect ratio. Similarities with other magnetic field directions and flows with larger Prandtl numbers are discussed.
Magnetostatic coupling effect on the reversal process of differential dual spin valves
Authors: Wang C. C. , Han G. C.
Published: March 2011

Differential dual spin valves (DDSVs) are a potential candidate for read sensors in ultrahigh density data storage. In this work, we show that the magnetostatic coupling (MC) plays a dominant role in the reversal process of DDSVs at a recording density of 10 Tb/in.2 It has been demonstrated that the conventional bias scheme using a pair of permanent magnet abutted junctions is not suitable in DDSVs due to MC preferring a flux closure configuration between the two free layers (FLs). The unidirectional longitudinal bias field causes the magnetization of the FLs to vary in an asymmetrical way, resulting in undesirable fluctuation when the sensor is subject to a uniform external field. Further studies on the bias field strength revealed that the overall output signal differs in shape and fluctuation magnitude with field. In the differential field test, the MC-induced reversal process was clearly observed, which leads to synchronized magnetization reversal between the two FLs. The single-magnetization transition evaluation shows that DDSV sensors do not respond to the differential fields with a linear dependence, but have an output influenced by the absolute magnitude of the fields. The results presented here are useful for optimization of DDSV sensors for future hard disk recording.
Tuning exchange bias in ferromagnetic/ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic heterostructures [Pt/Co]/NiFe/NiO with in-plane and out-of-plane easy axes
Authors: Gong W. J. , Liu W. , Liu X. H. , Guo S. , Feng J. N. , Li Bo , Zhang Z. D.
Published: March 2011

In-plane exchange bias (EB) in [Pt/Co]n/NiFe/NiO heterostructures with orthogonal easy axes is investigated. The reversible in-plane EB effect at the ferromagnetic (FM)/FM [Pt/Co]n/NiFe interface allows one to manipulate the value and direction of the EB of the heterostructures, which can be induced by applying a magnetic field larger than the perpendicular anisotropy field of the [Pt/Co]n multilayers. The difference between the EB of the heterostructures after field cooling and zero field cooling disappears at 120 K, which may originate from the exchange coupling at the FM/antiferromagnetic (AFM) NiFe/NiO interface. The NiFe thickness dependence of the bias field of the EB exhibits behavior similar to that in conventional FM/AFM bilayers. The EB can be maintained even at room temperature.
Injection-level-dependent internal quantum efficiency and lasing in low-defect GaN nanowires
Authors: Schlager John B. , Sanford Norman A. , Bertness Kris A. , Roshko Alexana
Published: March 2011

Measurements of temperature-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) on individual GaN nanowires revealed PL lifetimes and values of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) that increased with excitation fluence. With sufficient injection levels, radiative recombination dominated within the nanowire temperature range of 75 K to 175 K, as indicated by the T3/2 temperature dependence of the free-exciton PL lifetimes for this bulk material. The IQE was close to unity here. Free-carrier recombination became more significant as temperatures increased toward room temperature, but excitonic recombination remained important with ultrashort excitation pulse fluences as high as 190 μJ/cm2. The IQE at room temperature fell to a value between 3% and 30% depending on the nature of the recombination, and, considering both excitonic and free-carrier recombination, the effective IQE was roughly 15%. Temperature-dependent measurements of lasing thresholds in optically pumped nanowires showed lower thresholds at temperatures where excitonic radiative recombination was strong, indicating a possible persistence of excitoniclike behavior with high injected carrier densities at temperatures below T = 170 K.
Note: Counterintuitive gauge-dependence of nuclear magnetic resonance shieldings for rare-gas dimers: Does a natural gauge-origin for spherical atoms exist?
Authors: Malkina Olga L. , Komorovský Stanislav , Visscher Lucas , Malkin Vladimir G.
Published: March 2011

A counterintuitive gauge-dependence of NMR shieldings for rare-gas dimers is presented and analyzed. It is shown that common belief about the existence of a natural gauge-origin for spherical atoms with respect to NMR shielding calculations is wrong.
Ab initio study on influence of dopants on crystalline and amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5
Authors: Cho Eunae , Han Seungwu , Kim Dohyung , Horii Hideki , Nam Ho-Seok
Published: March 2011

The pronounced effects of dopants such as Si, N, and O atoms, on material properties of Ge2Sb2Te5 are investigated at the atomic level using ab initio calculations. In the crystalline phase, stable doping sites are determined by characteristic chemical bonds such as Ge–N and Ge–O. The comparison of lattice parameters between theory and experiment supports the existence of dopants at vacant or interstitial positions. The electronic density of states indicate that the localization at the valence top increases with N- or O-doping, explaining the increase of resistivity in experiments. The amorphous structures of doped Ge2Sb2Te5 are obtained by melt-quench simulations and they are well understood by selective bonds between dopants and host atoms. The chemical bonds around dopants are more favorable in the amorphous phase than in the crystalline state, accounting for increased amorphous stability of doped Ge2Sb2Te5. The atomic and electronic structures of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 do not support a viewpoint that the bonding nature is changed toward the covalent character upon doping. The recrystallization of doped Ge2Sb2Te5 is also simulated and it is directly confirmed that the crystallization process of doped Ge2Sb2Te5 is slowed down by dopants.
Several routes to the glassy states in the one component soft core system: Revisited by molecular dynamics
Authors: Habasaki Junko , Ueda Akira
Published: March 2011

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the glass transition for the soft core system with a pair potential ϕn(r) = ε(σ/r)n of n = 12. Using the compressibility factor, $PV/Nk_B T = \tilde P(\rho ^*)$PV/NkBT=P̃(ρ*), its phase diagram can be represented as a function of a reduced density, ρ* = ρ(ε/kBT)3/n, where ρ = Nσ3/V. In the present work, NVE relaxations to the glassy or crystalline states starting from the unstable states in the phase diagram have been revisited in details and compared with other processes. Relaxation processes can be characterized by the time dependence of the dynamical compressibility factor $(PV/Nk_B T)_t\,\, ( \equiv g(\rho _t^*))$(PV/NkBT)t(≡g(ρt*)) on the phase diagram. In some cases, $g(\rho _t^*)$g(ρt*) reached a crystal branch in the phase diagram; however, metastable states are found in many cases. With connecting points for the metastable states in the phase diagram, we can define a glass branch where the dynamics of particles are almost frozen. The structures observed there have common properties characterized as glasses. Although overlaps of glass forming process and nanocrystallization process are observed in some cases, these behaviors are distinguishable to each other by the characteristics of structures. There are several routes to the glass branch and we suggest that all of them are the glass transition.
Approximate analytical models for estimation of the size-dependent thermal conductivity of nanoporous Si wires in the longitudinal direction
Authors: Lü Xiang
Published: March 2011

Suppression of thermal conductivity in nanoporous structures has an important influence in thermoelectric energy conversion. In this work, we introduce simple approximate analytical models for estimating the size-dependent thermal conductivity of Si wires with a single square nanopore and of Si wires with periodically arranged square nanopores (periodic nanoporous Si wires) in the longitudinal direction. The modeling results show that the porosity and interface density have large impacts on determining the thermal conductivity of periodic nanoporous Si wires. It is found that the thermal conductivity of periodic nanoporous Si wires could be tunable by choosing an appropriate combination of porosity and interface density. The results of this study could be used for thermal conductivity prediction of periodic nanoporous composites.
Locally averaged thermal dissipation rate in turbulent thermal convection: A decomposition into contributions from different temperature gradient components
Authors: He Xiaozhou , Ching Emily S. C. , Tong Penger
Published: March 2011

Using a homemade local temperature gradient probe, the instantaneous thermal dissipation rate ϵT(r,t) is obtained in an aspect-ratio-one cylindrical convection cell filled with water. From the time series measurements, a locally averaged thermal dissipation ϵτ(r,t) over a time interval τ is constructed. Herein we decompose ϵτ(r,t) into three contributions ϵτi(r,t) (i=x,y,z) from the temperature gradient components in the x, y, and z directions and systematically study their statistics and scaling properties. It is found that the moments of ϵτi(r,t) exhibit good scaling in τ, i.e., ⟨(ϵτi)p⟩∼τμi(p), for all three components and for p up to 6. The obtained exponents μi(p) at three representative locations in the convection cell are explained by a phenomenological model, which combines the effects of velocity statistics and geometric shape of the most dissipative structures in turbulent convection.