bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing schema evolution in a container‐based persistent system
Authors: Perez‐Schofield J. Baltasar García , Roselló Emilio García , Cooper Tim B. , Cota Manuel Pérez
Published: October 2002

Managing schema evolution is a problem every persistent system has to cope with to be useful in practice. Schema evolution consists basically of supporting class modification and dealing with data objects created and stored under the old class definitions. Several proposals have been made to handle this problem in systems that follow a full orthogonally persistent approach, but, until now, there has not been any proposal to support it in container‐based persistent systems. In this paper we describe a schema evolution management system designed for Barbados. Barbados is a complete programming environment which is based on an architecture of containers to provide persistent storage. Barbados does not provide full orthogonal persistence, but, as will be described in this paper, its architecture has several other advantages. Among them is the fact that this model is especially suitable for solving the schema evolution problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
China's Floating Population: Definitions, Data and Recent Findings
Authors: Goodkind Daniel , West Loraine A.
Published: October 2002

Among migrants in China, one of the most difficult groups to define and measure is that referred to as the floating population ( liudong renkou ), a rapidly growing population concentrated largely in urban areas. But who belongs to this floating population? Although this term conjures up images of unsettled persons lacking permanent residence, it is often used ambiguously or denotes distinctly different groups of people. This paper discusses these ambiguities and identifies a variety of definitions that we think are pertinent. The clarification of these definitions leads to a discussion of major sources of data (censuses, migration surveys and household registration lists). Along the way, we review some key empirical findings on China's floating population. We also discuss factors that have affected recent trends and are likely to affect future trends in migration and the floating population.
Nonpolarized Cells Selectively Sort Apical Proteins from Cell Surface to a Novel Compartment, but Lack Apical Retention Mechanisms
Authors: Tuma Pamela L. , Nyasae Lydia K. , Hubbard Ann L.
Published: October 2002

Membrane trafficking is central to establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity. One open question is to what extent the mechanisms regulating membrane trafficking are conserved between nonpolarized and polarized cells. To answer this question, we examined the dynamics of domain-specific plasma membrane (PM) proteins in three classes of hepatic cells: polarized and differentiated WIF-B cells, nonpolarized and differentiated Fao cells, and nonpolarized and nondifferentiated Clone 9 cells. In nonpolarized cells, mature apical proteins were uniformly distributed in the PM. Surprisingly, they were also in an intracellular compartment. Double labeling revealed that the compartment contained only apical proteins. By monitoring the dynamics of antibody-labeled molecules in nonpolarized cells, we further found that apical proteins rapidly recycled between the compartment and PM. In contrast, the apical PM residents in polarized cells showed neither internalization nor return to the basolateral PM from which they had originally come. Cytochalasin D treatment of these polarized cells revealed that the retention mechanisms are actin dependent. We conclude from these data that both polarized and nonpolarized cells selectively sort apical proteins from the PM and transport them to specific, but different cellular locations. We propose that the intracellular recycling compartment in nonpolarized cells is an intermediate in apical surface formation.
Mitochondrial Development during Life Cycle Differentiation of African Trypanosomes: Evidence for a Kinetoplast-dependent Differentiation Control Point
Authors: Timms Mark W. , van Deursen Frederick J. , Hendriks Edward F. , Matthews Keith R.
Published: October 2002

Life cycle differentiation of African trypanosomes entails developmental regulation of mitochondrial activity. This requires regulation of the nuclear genome and the kinetoplast, the trypanosome's unusual mitochondrial genome. To investigate the potential cross talk between the nuclear and mitochondrial genome during the events of differentiation, we have 1) disrupted expression of a nuclear-encoded component of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) complex; and 2) generated dyskinetoplastid cells, which lack a mitochondrial genome. Using RNA interference (RNAi) and by disrupting the nuclear COX VI gene, we demonstrate independent regulation of COX component mRNAs encoded in the nucleus and kinetoplast. However, two independent approaches (acriflavine treatment and RNA interference ablation of mitochondrial topoisomerase II) failed to establish clonal lines of dyskinetoplastid bloodstream forms. Nevertheless, dyskinetoplastid forms generated in vivo could undergo two life cycle differentiation events: transition from bloodstream slender to stumpy forms and the initiation of transformation to procyclic forms. However, they subsequently arrested at a specific point in this developmental program before cell cycle reentry. These results provide strong evidence for a requirement for kinetoplast DNA in the bloodstream and for a kinetoplast-dependent control point during differentiation to procyclic forms.
Regional Differences in Ventricular Fibrillation in the Open-Chest Porcine Left Ventricle
Authors: Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy , Huang Jian , Rogers Jack M. , Johnson Philip L. , Newton Jonathan C. , Walcott Greg P. , Justice Robert K. , Rollins Dennis L. , Smith William M. , Ideker Raymond E.
Published: October 2002

It has been hypothesized that during ventricular fibrillation (VF), the fastest activating region, the dominant domain, contains a stable reentrant circuit called a mother rotor. This hypothesis postulates that the mother rotor spawns wavefronts that propagate to maintain VF elsewhere and implies that the ratio of wavefronts propagating off a region to those propagating onto it (propoff/propon) should be >1 for the dominant domain but <1 elsewhere. To test this prediction in the left ventricular (LV) epicardium of a large animal, most of the LV free wall was mapped with 1008 electrodes in 7 pigs. VF activation rate was faster in the posterior than in the anterior LV (10.0±1.3Hz versus 9.3±1.3Hz;P<0.001). The anterior LV had a higher fraction of wavefronts that blocked than did the posterior LV and had a propoff/propon ratio <1 (P<0.001). The mean conduction velocity vectors of the VF wavefronts pointed in the direction from the posterior to the anterior LV. Although these findings favor a dominant domain in the posterior LV, the facts that the anterior LV had a higher incidence of reentry than did the posterior LV and that the posterior LV did not have propoff/propon significantly different from 1 do not. Thus, quantitative regional differences are present over the porcine LV epicardium during VF. Although these differences are not totally consistent with the presence of a dominant domain within the LV free wall, the mean conduction velocity vector is consistent with one in the septum.
Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques
Authors: BELLANCA RITA U. , CROCKETT CAROLYN M.
Published: October 2002

To identify factors predicting abnormal behavior in laboratory monkeys, we observed all available singly housed 4‐ to 11‐year‐old male pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), the species/age/sex group most likely to be referred to the Washington National Primate Research Center's Psychological Well‐Being Program for behavioral assessment. Of the 87 subjects, 29 had been referred to the program whereas 58 had not. Abnormal behavior was unrelated to the subject's housing location (biocontainment vs. other facility) or invasiveness of research. Nursery‐reared subjects displayed more abnormal behavior than mother‐reared subjects. Across and within rearing categories, the proportion of the first 48 months of life spent singly housed was positively related to the amount of abnormal behavior at maturity. This effect was stronger for subjects separated from the mother for clinical rather than experimental reasons, and least for mother‐reared subjects. Locomotor stereotypy, by far the most frequent form of abnormal behavior, was positively related to time in single housing but was unrelated to rearing. These results reinforce the importance of tactile social contact during juvenility for the prevention of abnormal behavior in social primates. They also suggest that self‐directed abnormal behaviors and locomotor stereotypies have different etiologies. Am. J. Primatol. 58:57–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body image, teasing, and mood alterations: An experimental study of exposure to negative verbal commentary
Authors: Furman Kenneth , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: October 2002

Objective:

In the current study, we sought to experimentally examine the influence of teasing on an individual's mood and body satisfaction by using a vicarious exposure strategy—written appearance‐based scenarios in which another female is the target of teasing comments.

Method:

Female college students read vignettes that involved either a female receiving a comment from another person regarding some aspect of her appearance or abilities. Two of the eight vignettes in both conditions involved some type of positive comment regarding appearance or abilities. Three visual analogue scales (depression, anger, anxiety), one Subjective Units of Discomfort rating, and one Likert‐scaled appearance satisfaction rating were used to assess mood and body image levels consequent to exposure to the written scenarios. Dispositional measures of personal teasing history, appearance evaluation, and level of eating disturbance were regressed onto mood, SUDS, and satisfaction ratings.

Results:

The results revealed that negative appearance and abilities scenes elicited moderate levels of mood disturbance when compared to positive vignettes. Regression analyses indicated that level of eating disturbance was the only consistent significant predictor for both appearance and abilities' scenarios, even after variance accounted for by empathy and self‐esteem had been removed.

Discussion:

Potential limitations of these findings are discussed along with indications for future experimental examinations of negative verbal commentary. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 449–457, 2002.
Gender differences in eating disorder symptoms in young adults
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Seeley John R. , Moerk Kirstin C. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H.
Published: October 2002

Objective

The major goal of this study was to identify problematic eating behaviors and attitudes in young men and compare them with those of young women.

Method

A community sample of young adults (n = 1,056) completed a questionnaire that contained the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, as well as probes for inappropriate compensatory behaviors, excessive exercise, and episodes of binge eating.

Results

A five‐factor structure fit both male and female samples. Women had substantially elevated scores on all of the factors except excessive exercise, for which men had significantly higher scores. The absolute proportion of men and women wanting or having sought treatment was very low. However, at comparable levels of problematic eating behaviors, women were more likely to have sought treatment than men.

Discussion

The questionnaire used in this study encompasses symptoms outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms, which should prove useful in future research. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 426–440, 2002.
Glochidium metamorphosis in the endangered freshwater musselMargaritifera auricularia(Spengler, 1793): A histological and scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Araujo R. , Cámara N. , Ramos M.A.
Published: October 2002

The metamorphosis of the glochidium of the critically endangeredMargaritifera auriculariain the gills of a host is studied here for the first time. Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baeri,were infected with glochidia and regularly inspected using scanning and optical microscopy. The mature glochidia immediately attach to the epithelium of the sturgeon gill filaments, piercing the secondary lamellae and the connective tissues, blood cells, and vessels within the lamellae. Once the epithelium is pierced, overlapping host lamellae cover the glochidium and form a cyst. Metamorphosis takes place inside the cyst. Sixteen days after infection the glochidium becomes spherical in shape and the larval muscle is reabsorbed. The two adductor muscles of the juvenile are observed 34 days after infection at 16–20°C. Metamorphosis is complete in approximately 51 days at 18–22°C and in 65 days at 16–17°C. Released juveniles have a spherical shell with a thin rim of new shell material and a finely ciliated foot. Juvenile mean measurements are: length = 190 μm, width = 193 μm, and height = 210 μm. J. Morphol. 254:259–265, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigen‐specific tumor vaccine efficacy in vivo against prostate cancer with low class I MHC requires competent class II MHC
Authors: Neeley Yilin C. , McDonagh Kevin T. , Overwijk Willem W. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Sanda Martin G.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Cancers can escape immune recognition by means of evading class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ‐mediated recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, immunization strategies targeting defined tumor‐associated antigens have not been extensively characterized in murine prostate cancer models. Therefore, we evaluated antigen‐specific, antitumor immunity after antigen‐encoding vaccinia immunization against mouse prostate cancer cells expressing a model tumor‐associated antigen (β‐galactosidase) and exhibiting partially deficient class I MHC.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Low class I MHC expression in β‐galactosidase–expressing D7RM‐1 prostate cancer cells was shown by fluorescence activated cell sorting, and deficient class I MHC‐mediated antigen presentation was shown in resistance of D7RM‐1 to cytolysis by β‐galactosidase–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Despite partially deficient class I MHC presenting function, immunization with vaccinia encoding β‐galactosidase conferred antigen‐specific protection against D7RM‐1 cancer. Antigen‐specific immunity was recapitulated in β2m knockout mice (with deficient class I MHC and CTL function), confirming that class I MHC antigen presentation was not required for immunity against tumor partially deficient in class I MHC. Conversely, antigen‐specific antitumor immunity was abrogated in Abβ knockout mice (with deficient class II MHC and helper T cell function), demonstrating a requirement for functional class II MHC. Resistant tumors from the otherwise effectively immunized β2m knockout mice (among which tumor progression had been reduced or delayed) showed reduced target antigen expression, corroborating antigen‐specificity (and showing an alternative immune escape mechanism), whereas antigen expression (like tumor growth) was unaffected among Abβ knockout mice.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that class I MHC‐restricted antigen presentation and CTL activity is neither necessary nor sufficient for antigen‐encoding vaccinia immunization to induce protective immunity against class I MHC‐low tumors, whereas host class II MHC‐mediated antigen presentation facilitates antigen‐specific immunity against prostate cancer in vivo. Reduced expression of the target antigen developed rapidly in vivo as an immune escape mechanism for such cancers. Prostate 53: 183–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 promotes prostate cancer progression
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Koshida Kiyoshi , Keller Evan T. , Takahashi Yoshitake , Yoshimito Tanihiro , Namiki Mikio , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase (COX) ‐2, an inducible isoform of COX, has been observed to be expressed in prostate cancer. Several studies have reported that COX‐2 overexpression is associated with carcinogenesis, cell growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and invasiveness in a variety of tumor types.

METHODS

To investigate the function of COX‐2 in prostate cancer directly, we stably transfected human full‐length COX‐2 cDNA into LNCaP cells (LNCaP‐COX‐2), which express low levels of endogenous COX‐2.

RESULTS

The level of COX‐2 mRNA and protein and the COX activity in COX‐2 LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells was significantly increased compared with parent and control‐transfected cells. Overexpression of COX‐2 increased both proliferation in vitro and tumor growth rate in vivo. However, the pro‐tumor effect was neither associated with changes of androgen receptor (AR) expression level nor AR activity. Furthermore, addition of the major metabolites of COX‐2–mediated arachidonic acid metabolism did not alter the proliferation of LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells in vitro. LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells had increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein, suggesting that angiogenesis induced by COX‐2 stimulates tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

These data demonstrate that COX‐2 contributes to prostate cancer progression and suggest that it mediates this effect, in part, through increased VEGF. Prostate 53: 232–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive youth development: Thriving as the basis of personhood and civil society
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Brentano Cornelia , Dowling Elizabeth M. , Anderson Pamela M.
Published: October 2002

Positive youth development is conceptualized within a developmental systems theoretical model. The role of thriving processes and civic engagement in positive youth development is discussed.
Adolescent development in social and community context: A program of research
Authors: Benson Peter L.
Published: October 2002

Search Institute's integrated program of research on the linkages among community, developmental assets, and health outcomes is discussed. Recommendations are made for building a science that is dedicated to exploring pathways to developmental success.
WTO Accession, Rural Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in China
Authors: Zhai Fan , Wang Zhi
Published: October 2002

This paper evaluates the rural-urban migration and urban unemployment effects of China's WTO accession based on the China-US bilateral agreement on market accession. The evaluation is conducted by a 53-sector recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China benchmarked to a most recent version of the Chinese Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The simulation results show that there is a great need for co-ordination between China's rural-urban migration policy, labour market reform and the implementation of trade liberalisation measures after China's WTO entry. The net benefit from WTO membership will be maximised if China adopts a policy gradually to relax its rural-urban migration control in conjunction with its labour market reform. Doing so not only prevents a dramatic worsening of the urban unemployment problem, but also permits enough labour market flexibility to create more employment opportunities for rural unskilled labour shifted out of the farming sector.
Rural Industrialisation and Internal Migration in China
Authors: Liang Zai , Por Chen Yiu , Gu Yanmin
Published: October 2002

To avoid the problems of overcrowding and urban unemployment that are associated with overurbanisation observed in other developing countries, China has, since the late 1970s, actively pursued a strategy of rural industrialisation by encouraging the development of rural industries which provide employment opportunities for the surplus labour in agriculture. In this paper, we examine the impact of rural industrialisation on migration using data from the 1990 China Population Census. We use robust estimation of logit models that not only captures the impact of rural industrialisation on migration propensity but also takes into account the nature of clustered data (individuals within provinces). In our estimates, rural industrialisation does not have a statistically significant impact on the probability of either intraprovincial or interprovincial migration. Thus the results cast some doubt about whether China can move on a unique path towards urbanisation.
Hot Topics in Toxicology
Authors: Harris Stephen B. , Fan Anna M.
Published: October 2002

Toxicology is facing new challenges in addressing issues that will have an impact on developing and meeting new regulatory guidance, public health protection and research directions. Efforts are made to define the exposures to potential toxicants, assess the associated risks, and reduce the uncertainties. This discussion presents an overview of the associated regulatory mandates, how various programs are approaching the current issues and the progress made, particularly here in California and also globally. It includes children sensitivity, differences between adults and children, exposure to pesticides, health effects and exposure endpoint measurement, and assessment to chemicals found in drinking water. Furthermore, it addresses issues associated with defining occupational exposure, community exposure and health risk, public perception of hazard, and the role of diet or nutrition in the overall toxicology and health considerations.
Continual Production of Phosphatidic Acid by Phospholipase D Is Essential for Antigen-stimulated Membrane Ruffling in Cultured Mast Cells
Authors: O'Luanaigh Niamh , Pardo Raul , Fensome Amanda , Allen-Baume Victoria , Jones David , Holt Mark R. , Cockcroft Shamshad
Published: October 2002

Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are regulated enzymes that generate phosphatidic acid (PA), a putative second messenger implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal reorganization. Mast cells, when stimulated with antigen, show a dramatic alteration in their cytoskeleton and also release their secretory granules by exocytosis. Butan-1-ol, which diverts the production of PA generated by PLD to the corresponding phosphatidylalcohol, was found to inhibit membrane ruffling when added together with antigen or when added after antigen. Inhibition by butan-1-ol was completely reversible because removal of butan-1-ol restored membrane ruffling. Measurements of PLD activation by antigen indicate a requirement for continual PA production during membrane ruffling, which was maintained for at least 30 min. PLD1 and PLD2 are both expressed in mast cells and green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins were used to identify PLD2 localizing to membrane ruffles of antigen-stimulated mast cells together with endogenous ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6). In contrast, green fluorescent protein-PLD1 localized to intracellular vesicles and remained in this location after stimulation with antigen. Membrane ruffling was independent of exocytosis of secretory granules because phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increased membrane ruffling in the absence of exocytosis. Antigen or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation increased both PLD1 and PLD2 activity when expressed individually in RBL-2H3 cells. Although basal activity of PLD2-overexpressing cells is very high, membrane ruffling was still dependent on antigen stimulation. In permeabilized cells, antigen-stimulated phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate synthesis was dependent on both ARF6 and PA generated from PLD. We conclude that both activation of ARF6 by antigen and a continual PLD2 activity are essential for local phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate generation that regulates dynamic actin cytoskeletal rearrangements.
Tenascin-C Modulates Matrix Contraction via Focal Adhesion Kinase– and Rho-mediated Signaling Pathways
Authors: Midwood Kim S. , Schwarzbauer Jean E.
Published: October 2002

A provisional matrix consisting of fibrin and fibronectin (FN) is deposited at sites of tissue damage and repair. This matrix serves as a scaffold for fibroblast migration into the wound where these cells deposit new matrix to replace lost or damaged tissue and eventually contract the matrix to bring the margins of the wound together. Tenascin-C is expressed transiently during wound repair in tissue adjacent to areas of injury and contacts the provisional matrix in vivo. Using a synthetic model of the provisional matrix, we have found that tenascin-C regulates cell responses to a fibrin-FN matrix through modulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and RhoA activation. Cells on fibrin-FN+tenascin-C redistribute their actin to the cell cortex, downregulate focal adhesion formation, and do not assemble a FN matrix. Cells surrounded by a fibrin-FN+tenascin-C matrix are unable to induce matrix contraction. The inhibitory effect of tenascin-C is circumvented by downstream activation of RhoA. FAK is also required for matrix contraction and the absence of FAK cannot be overcome by activation of RhoA. These observations show dual requirements for both FAK and RhoA activities during contraction of a fibrin-FN matrix. The effects of tenascin-C combined with its location around the wound bed suggest that this protein regulates fundamental processes of tissue repair by limiting the extent of matrix deposition and contraction to fibrin-FN-rich matrix in the primary wound area.
Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa
Authors: Thompson Lonnie G. , Mosley-Thompson Ellen , Davis Mary E. , Henderson Keith A. , Brecher Henry H. , Zagorodnov Victor S. , Mashiotta Tracy A. , Lin Ping-Nan , Mikhalenko Vladimir N. , Hardy Douglas R. , Beer Jürg
Published: October 2002

Six ice cores from Kilimanjaro provide an ∼11.7-thousand-year record of Holocene climate and environmental variability for eastern equatorial Africa, including three periods of abrupt climate change: ∼8.3, ∼5.2, and ∼4 thousand years ago (ka). The latter is coincident with the “First Dark Age,” the period of the greatest historically recorded drought in tropical Africa. Variable deposition of F
–
and Na
+
during the African Humid Period suggests rapidly fluctuating lake levels between ∼11.7 and 4 ka. Over the 20th century, the areal extent of Kilimanjaro's ice fields has decreased ∼80%, and if current climatological conditions persist, the remaining ice fields are likely to disappear between 2015 and 2020.
Impacts of Soil Faunal Community Composition on Model Grassland Ecosystems
Authors: Bradford M. A. , Jones T. H. , Bardgett R. D. , Black H. I. J. , Boag B. , Bonkowski M. , Cook R. , Eggers T. , Gange A. C. , Grayston S. J. , Kandeler E. , McCaig A. E. , Newington J. E. , Prosser J. I. , Setälä H. , Staddon P. L. , Tordoff G. M. , Tscherko D. , Lawton J. H.
Published: October 2002

Human impacts, including global change, may alter the composition of soil faunal communities, but consequences for ecosystem functioning are poorly understood. We constructed model grassland systems in the Ecotron controlled environment facility and manipulated soil community composition through assemblages of different animal body sizes. Plant community composition, microbial and root biomass, decomposition rate, and mycorrhizal colonization were all markedly affected. However, two key ecosystem processes, aboveground net primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, were surprisingly resistant to these changes. We hypothesize that positive and negative faunal-mediated effects in soil communities cancel each other out, causing no net ecosystem effects.
Fluid Shear Stress Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide–Induced c-Jun NH
2
-Terminal Kinase Activation via a Glutathione Reductase–Mediated Mechanism
Authors: Hojo Yukihiro , Saito Yuji , Tanimoto Tatsuo , Hoefen Ryan J. , Baines Christopher P. , Yamamoto Kei , Haendeler Judith , Asmis Reto , Berk Bradford C.
Published: October 2002

c-Jun NH
2
-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by a number of cellular stimuli including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have demonstrated that fluid shear stress (flow) inhibits cytokine-induced JNK activation in endothelial cells (ECs). In the present study, we show JNK activation by ROS in ECs and hypothesized that flow inhibits ROS-induced JNK activation in ECs via modulation of cellular protection systems against ROS. JNK was activated by 300 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) in bovine lung microvascular ECs (BLMVECs) with a peak at 60 minutes after stimulation (6.3±1.2-fold increase). Preexposure of BLMVECs to physiological steady laminar flow (shear stress=12 dyne/cm
2
) for 10 minutes significantly decreased H
2
O
2
-induced JNK activation. Thioredoxin and glutathione are cellular antioxidants that protect cells against ROS. Flow induced a significant increase in the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione consistent with a 1.6-fold increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Preincubation of BLMVECs with the GR inhibitor, 1,3 bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, abolished the inhibitory effect of flow. In contrast, preincubation of BLMVECs with azelaic acid, a specific inhibitor for thioredoxin reductase, did not alter the effect of flow on H
2
O
2
-induced JNK activation. Overexpression of GR mimicked the effect of flow to inhibit JNK activation. These results suggest that flow activates GR, an important regulator of the intracellular redox state of glutathione, and exerts a protective mechanism against oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
Excessive variation in risk‐factor correlations and volatilities
Authors: Bali Turan G. , Genberg Hans , Neftci Salih N.
Published: October 2002

This article explores the time‐series behavior of correlations of returns, volatilities of returns,
volatilities of volatilities, and correlations of volatilities in domestic and international financial markets
such as equity (indices), interest rates (bonds), and currency (exchange rates)
using a Kalman filter approach to estimate the aforementioned parameters. The main findings include the
following. First, the correlations of risk factors are highly unstable over time, both in terms of sign and
absolute value. Second, the time variation of risk‐factor volatilities is stochastically nonlinear. Long
periods of deterministic volatilities are interrupted by sudden bursts of highly volatile periods. Third, daily
volatilities of risk‐factor volatilities fluctuate over time within a narrower band. Fourth, the
correlations between volatilities are generally positive and relatively stable over time. These results have
implications for financial risk management, dynamic asset allocation, and valuation of derivative securities.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1119–1146, 2002
Formation of Mallory Body-like Inclusions and Cell Death Induced by Deregulated Expression of Keratin 18
Authors: Nakamichi Ikuo , Hatakeyama Shigetsugu , Nakayama Keiichi I.
Published: October 2002

Mallory bodies (MBs) are cytoplasmic inclusions that contain keratin 8 (K8) and K18 and are present in hepatocytes of individuals with alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or benign or malignant hepatocellular neoplasia. Mice fed long term with griseofulvin are an animal model of MB formation. However, the lack of a cellular model has impeded understanding of the molecular mechanism of this process. Culture of HepG2 cells with griseofulvin has now been shown to induce both the formation of intracellular aggregates containing K18 as well as an increase in the abundance of K18 mRNA. Overexpression of K18 in HepG2, HeLa, or COS-7 cells also induced the formation of intracellular aggregates that stained with antibodies to ubiquitin and with rhodamine B (characteristics of MBs formed in vivo), eventually leading to cell death. The MB-like aggregates were deposited around centrosomes and disrupted the microtubular array. Coexpression of K8 with K18 restored the normal fibrous pattern of keratin distribution and reduced the toxicity of K18. In contrast, an NH2-terminal deletion mutant of K8 promoted the formation of intracellular aggregates even in the absence of K18 overexpression. Deregulated expression of K18, or an imbalance between K8 and K18, may thus be an important determinant of MB formation, which compromises the function of centrosomes and the microtubule network and leads to cell death.
Organic okro (Abelmoschus esculentus): its growth, yield and organoleptic properties
Authors: Taiwo L.B. , Adediran J.A. , Ashaye O.A. , Odofin O.F. , Oyadoyin A.J.
Published: October 2002

Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) was grown in the field and green house and fertilized with organic‐based fertilizer (OBF), organic and chemical fertilizers. Okro soups produced from the okro fruits harvested from the various fertilizers treatments were subjected to sensory evaluation tests. Application of varying rates of organic fertilizers on the greenhouse okro plants showed that 10 tonnes per hectare of organic fertilizer led to significant increases in microbial activities in the root zone and it also gave the highest pod yield. In the sensory evaluation test of organically grown okro, panelists preferred organically grown okro soup to the chemically grown variant when they assessed the colour, taste, texture, flavour and drawness. Organically grown okro enjoyed more acceptability than tthe chemically grown. In the field trial,no significant effects of all the treatments were found on some growth parameters assessed. However, application of 5t/ha of OBF led to significant increases in the number of okro pods.
Nutritional knowledge of a heart‐healthy diet among health care professionals and cardiac patients in Mauritius
Authors: Subratty A.H. , Heesambee Y.B. , Jowaheer V. , Doreemiah N.
Published: October 2002

This article focuses on the assessment of the practical knowledge of cardiac patients and health care professionals of a heart‐healthy diet. Based on our findings, we proposed that cardiac patients in Mauritius should be referred to dieticians on a more routine basis if effective dietary change is to be successfully implemented. Our findings lend further support for the need of continuing education for health care professionals in the field of nutrition.
STANDARD COSMOLOGY FROM THE BRANE COSMOLOGY WITH A LOCALIZED MATTER
Authors: MYUNG Y. S.
Published: October 2002

We discuss the brane cosmology in the 5D anti de Sitter Reissner–Nordstrom ( AdSRN 5) space–time. A brane with tension σ is defined as the edge of an AdSRN 5 space with mass M and charge Q. In this case we get the CFT-radiation term (ρ CFT ) from M and the charged dust [Formula: see text] from Q2 in the Friedmann-like equation. However, this equation is not justified because it contains [Formula: see text]-term with the negative sign. This is unconventional in view of the standard cosmology. In order to resolve this problem, we introduce a localized dust matter which satisfies Pdm = 0. If [Formula: see text], the unwanted [Formula: see text] is cancelled against [Formula: see text] and thus one recovers a standard Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe with CFT-radiation and dust matter. For the stiff matter consideration, we can set ρcsti ~ Q2 with the negative sign. Here we introduce a massless scalar which plays the role of a stiff matter with Psca = ρsca to cancel -ρcsti. In this case, however, we find a mixed version of the standard and brane cosmologies.
CANONICAL APPROACH TO 2D SUPERSYMMETRIC WZNW MODEL COUPLED TO SUPERGRAVITY
Authors: MIŠKOVIĆ OLIVERA , SAZDOVIĆ BRANISLAV
Published: October 2002

Starting from the known representation of the Kac–Moody algebra in terms of the coordinates and momenta, we extend it to the representation of the super Kac–Moody and super Virasoro algebras. Then we use general canonical method to construct an action invariant under local gauge symmetries, where components of the super energy–momentum tensor L± and G± play the role of the diffeomorphisms and supersymmetry generators respectively. We obtain covariant extension of WZNW theory with respect to local supersymmetry as well as explicit expressions for gauge transformations.
Staging criteria for embryos of the spiny softshell turtle,Apalone spinifera(testudines: Trionychidae)
Authors: Greenbaum Eli , Carr John L.
Published: October 2002

Previous work describing the embryonic stages of turtle development has not included members of the highly derived trionychid turtles. Staging criteria are described for the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera) to facilitate comparisons between phylogenetically distant taxa of turtles. Embryonic development inA. spiniferais placed in the context of the widely used sequence of Yntema stages. Novel features are included in the descriptions of staging criteria for Stages 13–26. Comparisons of the development of specific features are made betweenA. spiniferaand other taxa of turtles. Data on the duration of developmental stages at different temperatures and embryo dimensions support the conclusion that morphology‐based staging criteria are superior to developmental rate temperature coefficients. J. Morphol. 254:272–291, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence That an Interaction between EB1 and p150GluedIs Required for the Formation and Maintenance of a Radial Microtubule Array Anchored at the Centrosome
Authors: Askham J. M. , Vaughan K. T. , Goodson H. V. , Morrison E. E.
Published: October 2002

EB1 is a microtubule tip–associated protein that interacts with the APC tumor suppressor protein and components of the dynein/dynactin complex. We have found that the C-terminal 50 and 84 amino acids (aa) of EB1 were sufficient to mediate the interactions with APC and dynactin, respectively. EB1 formed mutually exclusive complexes with APC and dynactin, and a direct interaction between EB1 and p150Gluedwas identified. EB1-GFP deletion mutants demonstrated a role for the N-terminus in mediating the EB1-microtubule interaction, whereas C-terminal regions contributed to both its microtubule tip localization and a centrosomal localization. Cells expressing the last 84 aa of EB1 fused to GFP (EB1-C84-GFP) displayed profound defects in microtubule organization and centrosomal anchoring. EB1-C84-GFP expression severely inhibited microtubule regrowth, focusing, and anchoring in transfected cells during recovery from nocodazole treatment. The recruitment of γ-tubulin and p150Gluedto centrosomes was also inhibited. None of these effects were seen in cells expressing the last 50 aa of EB1 fused to GFP. Furthermore, EB1-C84-GFP expression did not induce Golgi apparatus fragmentation. We propose that a functional interaction between EB1 and p150Gluedis required for microtubule minus end anchoring at centrosomes during the assembly and maintenance of a radial microtubule array.
Cloning and tissue distribution of two Na+/H+ exchangers from the Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Hart S.J. , Knezetic J.A. , Petzel D.H.
Published: October 2002

A Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) on the apical membrane of mosquito Malpighian tubule (MT) cells is believed to participate in the blood‐feeding mosquito’s vital secretion of Na+ and fluid. This study presents the molecular cloning, primary structure, and tissue distribution of two cDNAs encoding Aedes aegypti mosquito MT NHEs. The cDNA sequences were obtained from mosquito MT total RNA using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The two sequences encode proteins of 678 and 1,179 amino acids with calculated molecular weights of 74,473 and 130,276, respectively. When comparing the 678 amino acid protein to the first 678 amino acids of the other protein, the two clones show 98% identity to each other. They also exhibit high identity to Drosophila melanogaster NHEs. Hydropathy analysis reveals that while both clones have 10–13 transmembrane segments, the 1,179 amino acid protein has an extensive carboxy terminus while the 678 amino acid protein has an extremely short carboxy terminus. RT‐PCR analysis shows that both clones are expressed in the mosquito Malpighian tubules at the larval and pupal stages, in addition to the adult stage before and after blood‐feeding. Expression of both clones was also detected in adult mosquito ovaries, midguts, and hindguts. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:121–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The in situ up‐regulation of chondrocyte interleukin‐1–converting enzyme and interleukin‐18 levels in experimental osteoarthritis is mediated by nitric oxide
Authors: Boileau Christelle , Martel‐Pelletier Johanne , Moldovan Florina , Jouzeau Jean‐Yves , Netter Patrick , Manning Pamela T. , Pelletier Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2002

Objective

To investigate in situ the relationship between 2 key mediators implicated in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage: nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin‐1–converting enzyme (ICE). Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) was also studied and served as reference for the effects of ICE.

Methods

An OA model was created in dogs by sectioning (stab wound) the anterior cruciate ligament of the right stifle joint. Three experimental groups were studied: unoperated untreated dogs, operated untreated dogs (OA), and OA dogs treated with oral N‐iminoethyl‐L‐lysine (L‐NIL), a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (10 mg/kg twice a day starting immediately after surgery). At 12 weeks after surgery, cartilage from the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus were processed for immunohistochemistry for ICE, IL‐18, and protease inhibitor 9 (PI‐9), a natural inhibitor of ICE, followed by morphometric analysis. Cartilage specimens from the femoral condyles of untreated OA dogs were dissected and incubated with specific inhibitors of different signaling pathways likely to be involved in the OA process: SB 202190 (10 μM; a p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase [MAPK] inhibitor), PD 98059 (100 μM; a MAPK kinase 1/2 [MEK‐1/2] inhibitor), NS‐398 (10 ng/ml; a specific cyclooxygenase 2 [COX‐2] inhibitor), and L‐NIL (50 μM).

Results

Both ICE and IL‐18 were present in situ in the canine cartilage, with a significant increase in the level of these 2 proteins in OA cartilage. In contrast, the level of PI‐9 was lower in OA than in normal cartilage (difference not statistically significant). Compared with untreated OA cartilage, oral treatment with L‐NIL significantly decreased ICE and IL‐18 levels in cartilage from the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, to values similar to those in normal dogs. L‐NIL also increased the PI‐9 level in normal dogs compared with OA dogs, reaching statistical significance for femoral condyle cartilage. Interestingly, in vitro experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of ICE levels by p38, MEK‐1/2, and COX‐2 inhibitors, but not by the iNOS inhibitor.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that in situ in OA cartilage, the stimulation of chondrocytes by NO is at least partly responsible for the up‐regulation of ICE and IL‐18 synthesis while decreasing the level of the ICE inhibitor PI‐9. The ICE level is controlled by the activation of at least 2 MAPK pathways, p38 and MEK‐1/2. Interestingly, it appears that ICE synthesis is not regulated by the endogenous production of NO. These data highlight the role played by iNOS in regulating the synthesis of major catabolic factors involved in OA cartilage degradation.
Identification of an immunodominant epitope on RNA polymerase III recognized by systemic sclerosis sera: Application to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Kuwana Masataka , Kimura Kyoko , Kawakami Yutaka
Published: October 2002

Objective

To characterize an immunodominant epitope on RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) recognized by systemic sclerosis (SSc) sera and to develop an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum anti–RNAP I/III antibodies.

Methods

RNAP III–specific subunits RPC62 and RPC155 were generated in a bacterial expression system as a series of recombinant fragments. Reactivities to these recombinant fragments were examined by immunoblots and/or ELISA in 16 SSc sera containing anti–RNAP I/III antibodies, 89 SSc sera lacking anti–RNAP I/III antibodies, 61 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera, and 61 healthy control sera.

Results

Anti–RNAP I/III–positive SSc sera recognized several distinct epitopes on RPC62 and RPC155 in various combinations, but the fragment encoding amino acids at positions 732–1166 of RPC155 was recognized by all 11 anti–RNAP I/III–positive SSc sera tested. Carboxyl‐ and amino‐terminal deletion studies showed that at least 130 amino acids at positions 891–1020 of RPC155 were necessary for the antibody binding, but strong reactivity required an additional amino‐terminal extension. When a purified recombinant fragment containing the immunodominant epitope was used as the antigen source in an ELISA, elevated antibody reactivity was detected in all 16 anti–RNAP I/III–positive SSc sera, but in no anti–RNAP I/III–negative SSc, SLE, or healthy control sera, representing a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100%.

Conclusion

A major epitope commonly recognized by SSc sera containing anti–RNAP I/III antibodies was identified on RPC155. The ELISA using a recombinant fragment expressing the immunodominant epitope should be a valuable tool for routine screening for anti–RNAP I/III antibodies in clinical diagnostic laboratories.
Familial correlates of extreme weight control behaviors among adolescents
Authors: Fonseca Helena , Ireland Marjorie , Resnick Michael D.
Published: October 2002

Objective

To identify familial factors associated with extreme weight control among adolescents.

Method

Analysis of a comprehensive 1996 health survey of Connecticut students. Familial factors among extreme dieters who deliberately vomited, took diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics were compared with youth reporting none of these behaviors, using logistic regression controlling for age and body mass index.

Results

Nearly 7% of adolescents reported engaging in extreme weight control behaviors. Boys' risk factors included high parental supervision/monitoring and sexual abuse history. Protective factors included high parental expectations, maternal presence, and connectedness with friends and other adults. The only significant risk factor for girls was sexual abuse history. Protective factors included family connectedness, positive family communication, parental supervision/monitoring, and maternal presence.

Conclusions

Extreme dieting appears to be less an expression of body composition than of psychosocial issues. That connectedness to family, other adults, and friends is protective further demonstrates interrelationships of extreme weight control behaviors with family/social issues. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 441–448, 2002.
Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: A controlled study with the Temperament and Character Inventory
Authors: Fassino Secondo , Abbate‐Daga Giovanni , Amianto Federico , Leombruni Paolo , Boggio Sonia , Rovera Gian Giacomo
Published: October 2002

Objective

The question whether anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are different disorders or the extremes of a psychopathologic spectrum still has no definite answer. A way to face this problem is to examine the personality traits underlying these disorders.

Method

The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to 141 anorectics (70 Restrictor and 71 Binge‐purging), to 102 bulimics, and to 100 controls. The Temperament and Character Inventory main scales are Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self‐Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self‐Transcendence.

Results

The personality profiles that emerged are characterized by low Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, high Persistence, and low Self‐Directedness in AN, and by high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, and low Self‐Directedness in BN. Binge‐purging anorectics showed a personality profile midway between anorectics and bulimics.

Discussion

The dimensional study of personality through the TCI and its facets seems effective in discriminating the personality traits underlying the different subtypes of Eating Disorders. The hypothesis of an Eating Disorders spectrum and its clinical implications are discussed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 412–425, 2002.