bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Irigermanone, a Noriridal with Unprecedented Methylketone Function, from Iris germanica
Authors: Potterat Olivier , Herzog Carmela , Raith Melanie , Ebrahimi Samad Nejad , Hamburger Matthias
Published: April 2014

isolation and structure determination of irigermanone (I) along with nine known congeners
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H/C—H Cross‐Coupling: An Efficient Route to α‐Quaternary α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Li Kaizhi , Tan Guangying , Huang Jingsheng , Song Feijie , You Jingsong
Published: April 2014

A coordination activation strategy is developed for the synthesis of α‐quaternary α‐amino acid derivatives through oxidative coupling of indoles with N‐picolinamido protected amino acid esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Protection of a New Heptapeptide from Carapax trionycis Against Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice.
Authors: Wang Penglong , Zhang Yuzhong , An Yawen , Xu Kuo , Xu Xin , Fu Chao , Lin Jinxuan , Xu Shixun , Li Qiang , Lei Haimin
Published: April 2014

The new heptapeptide GAGPHGG (OC1) (I) is isolated from Carapax trionycis.
ChemInform Abstract: Bio‐Inspired Formal Synthesis of Hirsutellones A—C Featuring an Electrophilic Cyclization Triggered by Remote Lewis Acid‐Activation.
Authors: Li Xu‐Wen , Ear Alexandre , Roger Lukas , Riache Nassima , Deville Alexandre , Nay Bastien
Published: April 2014

A bio‐inspired strategy is used to complete the formal synthesis of the antitubercular hirsutellone B (I) and congeners A (II) and C (III), through construction of its decahydrofluorene core from a linear polyene strand activated at both ends by a silyl enol ether and an allyl acetate (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Transition‐Metal Oxides: Design, Synthesis, and Energy‐Related Applications
Authors: Yuan Changzhou , Wu Hao Bin , Xie Yi , Lou Xiong Wen
Published: April 2014

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Solution‐Processed Inorganic Nanofilm Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Xi , Tian Wei , Liao Meiyong , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri
Published: April 2014

Review: 228 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review: Second Order Nonlinearities of Schiff Bases Derived from Salicylaldehyde and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Nayar Chandini R. , Ravikumar R.
Published: April 2014

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Heteroleptic Metal‐Phenanthroline Complexes: From Structure to Function
Authors: Saha Manik Lal , Neogi Subhadip , Schmittel Michael
Published: April 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovering Complexes Containing a Metal—Metal Quintuple Bond: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Harisomayajula N. V. Satyachand , Nair Anokh K. , Tsai Yi‐Chou
Published: April 2014

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal and Non‐Metal Based Catalysts for Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Kaur Navjeet , Kishore Dharma
Published: April 2014

Review: summary of some important catalytic oxidation reactions by different metal and non‐metal based catalysts; 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonyl Oxides—Rising Stars in Tropospheric Chemistry
Authors: Sander Wolfram
Published: April 2014

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Adenium obesum (Forsk.) Roem. et Schult
Authors: Versiani Muhammad Ali , Ahmed Salman Khalid , Ikram Ambreen , Ali Syed Tahir , Yasmeen Kousar , Faizi Shaheen
Published: April 2014

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Cyanation Reactions
Authors: Wen Qiaodong , Jin Jisong , Zhang Lianpeng , Luo Yan , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: April 2014

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Hetero‐Substituted Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Evano Gwilherm Evano Gwilherm , et al. et al.
Published: April 2014

Review: 501 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tertiary Alcohols as Substrates for SN2‐Like Stereoinversion
Authors: Raeder Andreas F. B. , Tiefenbacher Konrad
Published: April 2014

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Witkop Cyclization: A Photoinduced C—H Activation of the Indole System
Authors: Gritsch Philipp J. , Leitner Christian , Pfaffenbach Magnus , Gaich Tanja
Published: April 2014

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Omnia praeclara rara. The Quest for Ingenol Heats Up
Authors: Appendino Giovanni
Published: April 2014

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Neurotrophic Natural Products: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Xu Jing , Lacoske Michelle H. , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: April 2014

Review: [323 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies Toward Hetidine and Hetisine‐Type Diterpenoid Alkaloids
Authors: Hamlin Amy M. , Kisunzu Jessica K. , Sarpong Richmond
Published: April 2014

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Trifluoromethylating Sandmeyer Reaction: A Method for Transforming C—N into C—CF3
Authors: Browne Duncan L.
Published: April 2014

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Clusters: Structure, Formation Mechanism, and Effect on the Behavior of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chen Shimou , Zhang Suojiang , Liu Xiaomin , Wang Jinquan , Wang Jianji , Dong Kun , Sun Jian , Xu Baohua
Published: April 2014

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chirality and Protein Biosynthesis
Authors: Banik Sindrila Dutta , Nandi Nilashis
Published: April 2014

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Glucuronidase‐Responsive Prodrugs for Selective Cancer Chemotherapy: An Update
Authors: Tranoy‐Opalinski Isabelle , Legigan Thibaut , Barat Romain , Clarhaut Jonathan , Thomas Mikael , Renoux Brigitte , Papot Sebastien
Published: April 2014

Review: 136 refs.
Prospects for engineering neurons from local neocortical cell populations as cell‐mediated therapy for neurological disorders
Authors: Bazarek Stanley , Peterson Daniel A.
Published: April 2014

There is little cell replacement following neurological injury, limiting the regenerative response of the CNS. Progress in understanding the biology of neural stem cells has raised interest in using stem cells for replacing neurons lost to injury or to disease. Stem cell therapy may also have a role in rebuilding deficient neural circuitry underlying mood disorders, epilepsy, and pain modulation among other roles. In vitro expansion of stem cells with directed differentiation prior to transplantation is one approach to stem cell therapy. Emerging evidence suggests that it may be possible to convert in vivo endogenous neural cells to a neuronal fate directly, providing an alternative strategy for stem cell therapy to the CNS. This review assesses the evidence for engineering a subtype‐specific neuronal fate of endogenous neural cells in the cerebral cortex as a function of initial cell lineage, reactive response to injury, conversion factors, and environmental context. We conclude with a discussion of some of the challenges that must be overcome to move this alternative in vivo engineered conversion process toward becoming a viable therapeutic option. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2857–2876, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coherent Magnetic Resonance of Nanocrystal Quantum‐Dot Luminescence as a Window to Blinking Mechanisms
Authors: van Schooten Kipp J. , Boehme Christoph , Lupton John M.
Published: April 2014

Blinking of colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots, random intermittency in the stream of photons emitted by single particles, has long commanded the curiosity of researchers. Why does the particle suddenly shut off, and what are the pathways to quench emission? Single‐particle microscopy is not the only way to approach these fundamental questions on the interaction of light and matter: time‐domain sub‐ensemble spectroscopies can also yield relevant information on microscopic electronic processes. We illustrate recent advances in pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance and highlight the conceptual relevance to unravelling mechanisms controlling intermittency on the single‐particle level. Magnetic resonance reveals two distinct luminescence quenching channels, which appear to be related to those previously surmised from single‐particle studies: a trapped charge‐separated state in which the exciton is quenched by dissociation and the particle remains neutral; and a charged state of the particle in which spin‐dependent Auger recombination quenches luminescence.
Palladium and Gold Nanotubes as Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Alcohol Oxidation Reaction Catalysts in Base
Authors: Alia Shaun M. , Duong Kathlynne , Liu Toby , Jensen Kurt , Yan Yushan
Published: April 2014

Palladium (PdNTs) and gold nanotubes (AuNTs) were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of silver nanowires. PdNTs and AuNTs have wall thicknesses of 6 nm, outer diameters of 60 nm, and lengths of 5–10 and 5–20 μm, respectively. Rotating disk electrode experiments showed that the PdNTs and AuNTs have higher area normalized activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than conventional nanoparticle catalysts. The PdNTs produced an ORR area activity that was 3.4, 2.2, and 3.7 times greater than that on carbon‐supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd/C), bulk polycrystalline palladium, and carbon‐supported platinum nanoparticles (Pt/C), respectively. The AuNTs produced an ORR area activity that was 2.3, 9.0, and 2.0 times greater than that on carbon‐supported gold nanoparticles (Au/C), bulk polycrystalline gold, and Pt/C, respectively. The PdNTs also had lower onset potentials than Pd/C and Pt/C for the oxidation of methanol (0.236 V), ethanol (0.215 V), and ethylene glycol (0.251 V). In comparison to Pt/C, the PdNTs and AuNTs further demonstrated improved alcohol tolerance during the ORR.
Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age‐specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hydrocarbon expression in response to different host plants
Authors: Etges William J. , de Oliveira Cassia C.
Published: April 2014

Analysis of sexual selection and sexual isolation in Drosophila mojavensis and its relatives has revealed a pervasive role of rearing substrates on adult courtship behavior when flies were reared on fermenting cactus in preadult stages. Here, we assessed expression of contact pheromones comprised of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from eclosion to 28 days of age in adults from two populations reared on fermenting tissues of two host cacti over the entire life cycle. Flies were never exposed to laboratory food and showed significant reductions in average CHC amounts consistent with CHCs of wild‐caught flies. Overall, total hydrocarbon amounts increased from eclosion to 14–18 days, well past age at sexual maturity, and then declined in older flies. Most flies did not survive past 4 weeks. Baja California and mainland populations showed significantly different age‐specific CHC profiles where Baja adults showed far less age‐specific changes in CHC expression. Adults from populations reared on the host cactus typically used in nature expressed more CHCs than on the alternate host. MANCOVA with age as the covariate for the first six CHC principal components showed extensive differences in CHC composition due to age, population, cactus, sex, and age × population, age × sex, and age × cactus interactions. Thus, understanding variation in CHC composition as adult D. mojavensis age requires information about population and host plant differences, with potential influences on patterns of mate choice, sexual selection, and sexual isolation, and ultimately how these pheromones are expressed in natural populations. Studies of drosophilid aging in the wild are badly needed.
Acid‐Catalyzed Domino Meinwald Rearrangement of Epoxides/Intramolecular [3+2] Cross‐Cycloaddition of Cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates
Authors: Zhu Wenju , Ren Jun , Wang Zhongwen
Published: April 2014

An acid‐catalyzed domino Meinwald rearrangement of epoxides/intramolecular [3+2] cross‐cycloaddition of cyclopropane 1,1‐diesters was developed. This supplied a method for the construction of bridged oxa‐[n.2.1] (n = 3, 4) skeletons.
Cleavage of 2‐(Arylamino)‐4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidines To Yield Arylguanidines
Authors: Shaw Julian W. , Grayson David H. , Rozas Isabel
Published: April 2014

A novel method for the synthesis of aryl‐substituted guanidines in good overall yields is presented; it consists of the acidic cleavage of 2‐(arylamino)‐4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidines, which were prepared by coupling aryl bromides with 2‐amino‐4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidine. This methodology introduces a new means of protection for the guanidine functionality.
Interpreting in vitro micronucleus positive results: Simple biomarker matrix discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive agents
Authors: Bryce Steven M. , Bemis Jeffrey C. , Mereness Jared A. , Spellman Richard A. , Moss Jocelyn , Dickinson Donna , Schuler Maik J. , Dertinger Stephen D.
Published: April 2014

The specificity of in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity assays is low, as they yield a high incidence of positive results that are not observed in animal genotoxicity and carcinogenicity tests, that is, “misleading” or “irrelevant” positives. We set out to develop a rapid and effective follow‐up testing strategy that would predict whether apparent in vitro micronucleus‐inducing effects are due to a clastogenic, aneugenic, or secondary irrelevant mode(s) of action. Priority was given to biomarkers that could be multiplexed onto flow cytometric acquisition of micronucleus frequencies, or that could be accomplished in parallel using a homogeneous‐type assay. A training set of 30 chemicals comprised of clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive chemicals was studied. These experiments were conducted with human TK6 cells over a range of closely spaced concentrations in a continuous exposure design. In addition to micronucleus frequency, the following endpoints were investigated, most often at time of harvest: cleaved Parp‐positive chromatin, cleaved caspase 3‐positive chromatin, ethidium monoazide bromide‐positive chromatin, polyploid nuclei, phospho‐histone H3‐positive (metaphase) cells, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester‐negative cells, cellular ATP levels, cell cycle perturbation, and shift in γ‐H2AX fluorescence relative to solvent control. Logistic regression was used to identify endpoints that effectively predict chemicals' a priori classification. Cross validation using a leave‐one‐out approach indicated that a promising base model includes γ‐H2AX shift and change in phospho‐histone H3‐positive events (25/30 correct calls). Improvements were realized when one or two additional endpoints were included (26—30/30 correct calls). These models were further evaluated with a test set of 10 chemicals, and also by evaluating 3 chemicals at a collaborating laboratory. The resulting data support the hypothesis that a matrix of high throughput‐compatible biomarkers can effectively delineate two important modes of genotoxic action as well as identify cytotoxicity that can lead to irrelevant positive results. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:542–555, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deconstructing geomorphology: an appreciation of the contributions of Barbara A. Kennedy (1943–2014)
Authors: Church Michael
Published: April 2014

Barbara Kennedy has left only a small body of work, consisting principally of eight research papers, nine commentaries and two books. Its extent belies its importance. Read systematically, the work represents a sustained and important critique of the direction taken by mainstream geomorphology since the process‐focused reorientation of the mid‐twentieth century. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facial color processing in the face‐selective regions: An fMRI study
Authors: Nakajima Kae , Minami Tetsuto , Tanabe Hiroki C. , Sadato Norihiro , Nakauchi Shigeki
Published: April 2014

Facial color is important information for social communication as it provides important clues to recognize a person's emotion and health condition. Our previous EEG study suggested that N170 at the left occipito‐temporal site is related to facial color processing (Nakajima et al., [2012]: Neuropsychologia 50:2499–2505). However, because of the low spatial resolution of EEG experiment, the brain region is involved in facial color processing remains controversial. In the present study, we examined the neural substrates of facial color processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We measured brain activity from 25 subjects during the presentation of natural‐ and bluish‐colored face and their scrambled images. The bilateral fusiform face (FFA) area and occipital face area (OFA) were localized by the contrast of natural‐colored faces versus natural‐colored scrambled images. Moreover, region of interest (ROI) analysis showed that the left FFA was sensitive to facial color, whereas the right FFA and the right and left OFA were insensitive to facial color. In combination with our previous EEG results, these data suggest that the left FFA may play an important role in facial color processing. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4958–4964, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND MALARIA PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: Apouey Bénédicte , Picone Gabriel
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the existence of social interactions in malaria preventive behaviors in Sub‐Saharan Africa, that is, whether an individual's social environment has an influence on the individual's preventive behaviors. We focus on the two population groups which are the most vulnerable to malaria (children under 5 years and pregnant women) and on two preventive behaviors (sleeping under a bednet and taking intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy). We define the social environment of the individual as people living in the same region. To detect social interactions, we calculate the size of the social multiplier by comparing the effects of an exogenous variable at individual and regional levels. Our data come from 92 surveys for 29 Sub‐Saharan countries between 1999 and 2012, and they cover approximately 660,000 children and 95,000 women. Our results indicate that there are social interactions in malaria preventive behaviors in the form of social multipliers effects of women's education and household wealth. The long‐run effects of these characteristics on preventive behaviors at the regional level are larger than those apparent at the individual level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithological and hydrological controls on water composition: evaporite dissolution and glacial weathering in the south central Andes of Argentina (33°–34°S)
Authors: León José Gabriel , Pedrozo Fernando Luis
Published: April 2014

Lithological and hydrological influence on fluvial physical and chemical erosion was studied in a glacierized sedimentary basin with high evaporite presence. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), total dissolved solids (TDS) and major ion concentrations were analysed for 2 years of different hydrologic condition: (i) 2009–2010, Q = 100% average; and (ii) 2010–2011, Q = 60% average. Annual hydrograph was simple regime‐type with one peak in summer related to snow melting. The intra‐annual SPM and TDS variations were directly and inversely associated to Q, respectively. Snow chemistry showed continental influence (Na+/Ca2+ = 0.17), and atmospheric input of TDS was <1% of the total exported flux. River water was highly concentrated in Ca2+ and SO42− (~4 mmol l−1) and in Na+ and Cl− (~3 mmol l−1). Ca2+/SO42− and Na+/Cl− molar ratios were ~1 and related to Q, directly and inversely, respectively. Major ion relationships suggest that river chemistry is controlled by evaporite (gypsum and halite) dissolution having a summer input from sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution, and a winter input from subsurface flow loaded with silicate weathering products. This variation pattern resulted in nearly chemostatic behaviour for Ca+, Mg2+ and SO42−, whereas Na+, Cl− and SiO2 concentrations showed to be controlled by dilution/concentration processes.

During the 2009–2010 hydrological year, the fluxes of water, SPM and TDS registered in the snow melting–high Q season were, respectively, 71%, 92% and 67% of the annual total, whereas for equal period in 2010–2011, 56% of water, 86% of SPM and 54% of TDS annual fluxes were registered. The SPM fluxes for 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 were 1.19 × 106 and 0.79 × 106 t year−1, whereas TDS fluxes were 0.68 × 106 and 0.55 × 106 t year−1, respectively. Export rates for 2009–2010 were 484 t km2 year−1 for SPM and 275 t km2 year−1 for TDS. These rates are higher than those observed in glacierized granite basins and in non‐glacierized evaporite basins, suggesting a synergistic effect of lithology and glaciers on physical and chemical erosion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new magnitude category disaggregation approach for temporal high‐resolution rainfall intensities
Authors: Anis Muhammad Rehan , Rode Michael
Published: April 2014

Simulation of quick runoff components such as surface runoff and associated soil erosion requires temporal high‐resolution rainfall intensities. However, these data are often not available because such measurements are costly and time consuming. Current rainfall disaggregation methods have shortcomings, especially in generating the distribution of storm events. The objectives of this study were to improve point rainfall disaggregation using a new magnitude category rainfall disaggregation approach. The procedure is introduced using a coupled disaggregation approach (Hyetos and cascade) for multisite rainfall disaggregation. The new procedure was tested with ten long‐term precipitation data sets of central Germany using summer and winter precipitation to determine seasonal variability. Results showed that dividing the rainfall amount into four daily rainfall magnitude categories (1–10, 11–25, 26–50, >50 mm) improves the simulation of high rainfall intensity (convective rainfall). The Hyetos model category approach (HyetosCat) with seasonal variation performs representative to observed hourly rainfall compared with without categories on each month. The mean absolute percentage accuracy of standard deviation for hourly rainfall is 89.7% in winter and 95.6% in summer. The proposed magnitude category method applied with the coupled HyetosCat–cascade approach reproduces successfully the statistical behaviour of local 10‐min rainfall intensities in terms of intermittency as well as variability. The root mean square error performance statistics for disaggregated 10‐min rainfall depth ranges from 0.20 to 2.38 mm for summer and from 0.12 to 2.82 mm for the winter season in all categories. The coupled stochastic approach preserves the statistical self‐similarity and intermittency at each magnitude category with a relatively low computational burden. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ST6GalNAcII mediates the invasive properties of breast carcinoma through PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Ren Dongliang , Jia Li , Li Yanyan , Gong Yanxin , Liu Chen , Zhang Xu , Wang Ning , Zhao Yongfu
Published: April 2014

Metastasis of tumor cells is the most deadly attribute of breast cancer patients. Aberrant sialylation is closely associated with malignant phenotype of tumor cells, including invasiveness and metastasis. The objective of this study is to clarify the possible role and mechanism of ST6GalNAcII in the metastasis process of breast carcinoma. Real‐time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical were used to analyze differential expression of ST6GalNAc II in breast carcinoma cell lines and tissue specimens. PI3K/AKt signaling pathway was also analyzed. The high expression level of ST6GalNAcII was corresponding to invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further data indicated that manipulation of ST6GalNAcII gene expression led to alter the activity of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway resulted in reduced capacity in invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. ST6GalNAcII elucidated the unusual properties of invasion in breast cancer cell via modulating the PI3K/AKt signaling pathway. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(4):300–308, 2014
Changes in trends and pattern of strong opioid prescribing in primary care
Authors: Zin C.S. , Chen L.‐C. , Knaggs R.D.
Published: April 2014

Background

This study evaluated the prescribing trends of four commonly prescribed strong opioids in primary care and explored utilization in non‐cancer and cancer users.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted from 2000 to 2010 using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Prescriptions of buprenorphine, fentanyl, morphine and oxycodone issued to adult patients were included in this study. Opioid prescriptions issued after patients had cancer medical codes were defined as cancer‐related use; otherwise, they were considered non‐cancer use. Annual number of prescriptions and patients, defined daily dose (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day) and oral morphine equivalent (OMEQ) dose were measured in repeat cross‐sectional estimates.

Results

In total, there were 2,672,022 prescriptions (87.8% for non‐cancer) of strong opioids for 178,692 users (59.9% female, 83.9% non‐cancer, mean age 67.1 ± 17.0 years) during the study period. The mean annual (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day) was higher in the non‐cancer group than in the cancer group for all four opioids; morphine (0.73 ± 0.28 vs. 0.12 ± 0.04), fentanyl (0.46 ± 0.29 vs. 0.06 ± 0.24), oxycodone (0.24 ± 0.19 vs. 0.038 ± 0.028) and buprenorphine (0.23 ± 0.15 vs. 0.008 ± 0.006). The highest proportion of patients were prescribed low opioid doses (OMEQ ≤ 50 mg/day) in both non‐cancer (50.3%) and cancer (39.9%) groups, followed by the dose ranks of 51–100 mg/day (26.2% vs. 28.7%), 101–200 mg/day (15.1% vs. 19.2%) and >200 mg/day (8.25% vs. 12.1%).

Conclusions

There has been a huge increase in strong opioid prescribing in the United Kingdom, with the majority of prescriptions for non‐cancer pain. Morphine was the most frequently prescribed, but the utilization of oxycodone, buprenorphine and fentanyl increased markedly over time.
Chromophore based analyses of steady‐state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: current status and perspectives for clinical adoption
Authors: Bydlon Torre M. , Nachabé Rami , Ramanujam Nimmi , Sterenborg Henricus J. C. M. , Hendriks Benno H. W.
Published: April 2014

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a rapidly growing technology in the biophotonics community where it has shown promise in its ability to classify different tissues. In the steady‐state domain a wide spectrum of clinical applications is supported with this technology ranging from diagnostic to guided interventions. Diffuse reflectance spectra provide a wealth of information about tissue composition; however, extracting biologically relevant information from the spectra in terms of chromophores may be more useful to gain acceptance into the clinical community. The chromophores that absorb light in the visible and near infrared wavelengths can provide information about tissue composition. The key characteristics of these chromophores and their relevance in different organs and clinical applications is the focus of this review, along with translating their use to the clinic.

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Preparation of Nano Silica Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate: As an Efficient Catalyst for the Trimethyl, Triethyl and t‐Butyldimethyl Silylations of Aliphatic and Aromatic Alcohols in Solution and under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Abri Abdolreza , Ranjdar Somayeh
Published: April 2014

Nano silica supported sodium hydrogen sulfate has been prepared by mixing NaHSO4 with activated Nano silicagel. We wish to report a new method for the synthesis of trimethyl (TMS), triethyl (TES) and t‐butyldimethyl silyl (TBS) ethers from benzylic, allylic, propargylic alcohols, phenols, naphtholes and some of phenolic drugs in the solution and under solvent‐free conditions.
One‐pot Green Synthesis of Azides from Alcohols Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid [HMIM][BF4] as Solvent and Catalyst
Authors: Garg Bhaskar , Ling Yong‐Chien
Published: April 2014

Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, [HMIM][BF4], has been used as a non‐volatile, eco‐friendly solvent, and catalytic medium for the one‐pot green synthesis of azides from corresponding alcohols. The [HMIM][BF4] showed high reactivity than [BMIM][BF4] and [BMIM][PF6], affording azides in up to 97% yield, which could be easily separated from the reaction mixture. The ease of recyclability of [HMIM][BF4] makes the reaction economically and potentially viable for practical applications.
Rapid determination of the iodine value of castor oil
Authors: Rosenbusch Richard , Parker Ronald
Published: April 2014

An alteration of the “rapid Hanus method” is described which makes it possible to use this method for the determination of the iod ne value of castor oil.
Mashed potato powder. III. The high‐temperature browning of mashed potato powder
Authors: Burton W. G.
Published: April 2014

If mashed potato powder is stored at different temperatures two types of deterioration may be detected: (1) the development of a brown colour and charred taste and (2) the development of an “off” flavour. Both are accelerated by increasing the storage temperature but at high temperatures the latter is masked by the former. Both are influenced by moisture content, a high moisture content promoting the first and retarding the second. The first type of deterioration is the subject of the present paper.
A note on the volumetric determination of phosphorus in iron and steel
Authors: Harrison T. S. , Parratt T.
Published: April 2014

The sample is dissolved in a mixture of nitric and brominated hydrochloric acids and the solution is evaporated to dryness. Arsenic is expelled as tribromide. After redissolution in nitric acid the yellow phosphomolybdate is precipitated under standardised conditions and determined by Handy's procedure.
Modified extraction procedures for use with certain foodstuffs in the estimation of vitamin‐B1 by the thiochrome method
Authors: Wang Y. L.
Published: April 2014

A revised procedure is described for preparing extracts of certain foods (viz., egg powder, meat, dried meat, plain or fortified or milk chocolate) preparatory to the estimation of vitamin‐B1 by the modified thiochrome test of Harris and Wang.
The production of substituted acrylic acids from ketone cyanohydrins
Authors: Crawford J. W. C.
Published: April 2014

A reaction has been discovered by which ketone cyanohydrins CHR·CR'(OH)·CN may be converted into substituted acrylic amides, CHR: CR'·CO·NH2. The reaction proceeds under the influence of concentrated sulphuric acid via the addition compound of this with the cyanohydrin, CH3R·CR'(SO4H) ·CO·NH2. The addition compound splits out sulphuric acid again on heating, yielding the acrylamide. The formation of acrylamides does not occur with aldehyde cyanohydrins. Some suggestions are made to explain the formation of acrylamides from ketone cyanohydrin—sulphuric acid addition compounds.
A method of eliminating calculations in routine quantitative spectrographic analysis by means of a curved galvanometer scale
Authors: Henderson‐Hamilton J. C. , Lourie A.
Published: April 2014

A method has been devised whereby the results of spectrographic analysis may be obtained directly in percentages on the special microphotometer reading scale described below. Hitherto it has boon the general practice to use a plain centimetre scale in conjunction with a reflecting galvanometer to obtain microphotometer readings. The readings thus obtained are related to the relative intensities of lines in the spectrum and hence to concentrations of the constituents of the sample by some form of mechanical calculator which generally involves the drawing of a density curve. It is found that these intermediate steps can be avoided and much time saved in routine work by the use of a curved scale which accurately represents the relations expressed by the density curve for all types of photographic plate examined.
The bonding of rubber to metal by the brass plating technique. Some observations on the reactions of copper and sulphur
Authors: Blow C. M. , Hopkins G.
Published: April 2014

To throw light on the chemical reactions involved in the bonding of rubber to brass‐plated metal, experiments are described to observe the reaction of sulphur with copper in a paraffin medium. It in found that certain accelerators of vulcanisation are capable of reacting with the copper under these conditions and retarding the formation of sulphide.
Toward a Standardized Model for Leadership Development in International Organizations
Authors: van Dongen Mark A. D.
Published: April 2014

To ensure survival and success in a competitive global environment, organizations need to develop leaders to handle current concerns and to be prepared to address future challenges. Yet research shows that many companies do not have a structured process in place for developing their leaders. This is a clear area for improvement within the human resources function. A study of human resources practices at five multinational firms points the way toward a structured process to develop the strong leaders needed to ensure organizational success in a competitive global market. Such a system would address strategies for defining and locating talent, identify the needs of leaders at each crucial stage (novice, intermediate, and expert), and focus on eight factors that are essential to the development of strong leaders: providing “stretch” assignments, making current leaders responsible for developing employees, implementing talent networks across the company, organizing proactive learning activities, rewarding talent differently, using coaching and mentoring networks, assessing performance development and potential development differently, and allowing talent to manage the leadership development department. The suggestions provided offer guidance for reviewing internal policies and procedures and implementing the steps needed to create a leadership development process that benefits the organization and the individuals who compose it. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Business Lessons From a “Mompreneurs” Network
Authors: Richomme‐Huet Katia , Vial Virginie
Published: April 2014

Though unisex in concept, the realm of entrepreneurship is heavily dominated by men, with women representing only about one third of this population. Because of and as a result of this imbalance, the institutional environment in which entrepreneurship flourishes is still largely designed by and for men. Over the past decade, female entrepreneurs with young children have launched a worldwide “mompreneurship” movement, defining the practice of entrepreneurship as allowing for a balance between business and family responsibilities. A study of a French mompreneurship network explores this new phenomenon and pinpoints the specifics of this practice. While enabling mompreneurs to overcome the classical entrepreneur's obstacle of isolation, the network also helps these workers tap into the practical support they need to enable their businesses to flourish. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Matrix Management to Increase Organizational Impact at Sasakawa Africa Association
Authors: Rwelamira Juliana , Gunn Ronald A.
Published: April 2014

Using grant resources from the Nippon Foundation, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and other donors, Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) assists smallholder farmers to achieve significant improvements in their agricultural productivity, production, and prosperity. In its endeavor to improve its level of impact and its ability to demonstrate beneficial results, SAA decided to apply matrix management to its operations in four African nations. The effort led SAA to develop a new data‐driven strategic plan that improved smallholder farmers’ productivity and well‐being, and ultimately transformed the organization's own systems structure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating long‐term regional climate variability in the maritime region of the St. Lawrence North Shore (eastern Canada) using a multi‐site comparison of peat‐based paleohydrological records
Authors: MAGNAN GABRIEL , GARNEAU MICHELLE
Published: April 2014

This study presents paleohydrological reconstructions from ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs) along the north shore of the Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada. Past water table depths were reconstructed based on testate amoebae analyses within four peatlands from two maritime ecoclimatic regions (boreal and subarctic) using a new transfer function. The comparison of multiple peat‐based paleohydrological records was used to distinguish climate‐driven changes from variations related to site‐specific factors. Coherence between the water table reconstructions at the regional scale suggests a common climatic influence on bog paleohydrology but there are inconsistencies which also suggest an influence of non‐climatic factors (e.g. internal peatland processes and feedbacks). The surface drying and increased hydrological variability after 3000 cal a BP in the studied bogs coincide with the transition from the Holocene Climatic Optimum to the Neoglacial cooling documented by proxy climate records in eastern Canada. The bogs of Havre St‐Pierre have experienced major drying during the late Holocene, indicating important annual‐to‐centennial water deficits at the peatland surface. Regional differences in the magnitude of the hydrological fluctuations may result from distinctive climatic conditions or could indicate that bog surface wetness in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was more sensitive to past climate changes.
Multiproxy diet analysis of the last meal of an early Holocene Yakutian bison
Authors: VAN GEEL BAS , PROTOPOPOV ALBERT , BULL IAN , DUIJM ELZA , GILL FIONA , LAMMERS YOURI , NIEMAN ALINE , RUDAYA NATALIA , TROFIMOVA SVETLANA , TIKHONOV ALEXEI N. , VOS RUTGER , ZHILICH SNEZHANA , GRAVENDEEL BARBARA
Published: April 2014

Pollen, botanical macrofossils, chemical components and ancient DNA were studied in samples from the rumen of a frozen Yakutian bison (Bison priscus) that lived ca. 10,500 cal a BP. The dialkyl glycerol ether lipid archaeol (2,3‐di‐O‐phytanyl‐sn‐glycerol) was detected and is interpreted to have been derived from methanogenic Archaea in the rumen. This is the oldest reported occurrence of archaeol attributed to digestive tract Archaea. Remains of shrubs (Alnus, Betula, Salix) and Poaceae indicate that the animal probably lived in a landscape of predominantly dry soils, intermixed with wetlands containing herbaceous plant species, as indicated by remains of Comarum palustre, Caltha palustris, Eriophorum, Sparganium, Menyanthes trifoliata and Utricularia. All recorded taxa still occur in the present‐day Yakutian tundra vegetation. We discuss the representativeness in space and time of the methods used. Both the botanical microfossil and the macrofossil records may be biased because of differences in pollen production and dispersal between species, the food choice of the bison, and the season of death of the animal. Similarities and differences are discussed to highlight pitfalls of the individual analytical techniques. We highlight the power of data integration.
Tracing long‐term tropical montane ecosystem change in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania
Authors: FINCH JEMMA , WOOLLER MATTHEW , MARCHANT ROB
Published: April 2014

Pollen, charcoal, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope, and radiocarbon analyses are used to reconstruct a palaeoenvironmental record from the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM), Tanzania, dating back >45 000 years. A sedimentary hiatus covering the last glacial‐interglacial transition (LGIT) and early to mid Holocene follows the lead up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period. A late Holocene portion of the record is included as a modern analogue. Before 45 000 cal a BP, very low regional pollen counts imply open vegetation surrounding the site. Subsequently, the development of extensive montane forest characterizes a relatively mesic pre‐LGM. The transition into the LGM witnessed a marked shift from C3‐ to C4‐dominated biomass, representing an expansion of open forest dominated by grasses. These changes may be attributed to a combination of enhanced moisture stress and CO2 limitation, factors that may have been exacerbated by an intensive fire regime, as evident from the charcoal record. This is supported by a decrease in montane forest taxa, coupled with an associated expansion of C4 graminoids and ericaceous heathland to form a montane grassland mosaic similar to that previously recorded on other East African mountains around the time of the LGM but not, to date, having been shown in the Eastern Arc Mountains.
Hydrology and climatology at Laguna La Gaiba, lowland Bolivia: complex responses to climatic forcings over the last 25 000 years
Authors: METCALFE SARAH E. , WHITNEY BRONWEN S. , FITZPATRICK KATHARINE A. , MAYLE FRANCIS E. , LOADER NEIL J. , STREET‐PERROTT F. ALAYNE , MANN DAVID G.
Published: April 2014

Diatom, geochemical and isotopic data provide a record of environmental change in Laguna La Gaiba, lowland Bolivia (17°45′S, 57°35′W), over the last ca. 25 000 years. High‐resolution diatom analysis around the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition provides new insights into this period of change. The full and late glacial lake was generally quite shallow, but with evidence of periodic flooding. At about 13 100 cal a BP, just before the start of the Younger Dryas chronozone, the diatoms indicate shallower water conditions, but there is a marked change at about 12 200 cal a BP indicating the onset of a period of high variability, with rising water levels punctuated by periodic drying. From ca. 11 800 to 10 000 cal a BP, stable, deeper water conditions persisted. There is evidence for drying in the early to middle Holocene, but not as pronounced as that reported from elsewhere in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America. This was followed by the onset of wetter conditions in the late Holocene consistent with insolation forcing. Conditions very similar to present were established about 2100 cal a BP. A complex response to both insolation forcing and millennial‐scale events originating in the North Atlantic is noted.
Margins in breast conservation: A clinician's perspective and what the literature tells us
Authors: Houssami Nehmat , Morrow Monica
Published: April 2014

The optimal margin in breast‐conserving surgery is controversial, and re‐excision is common. Pathologic margin assessment is not standardized, and tumor biology and the use of systemic therapy have a major impact on local control. A study‐level meta‐analysis found no difference in local recurrence for margin widths of 1, 2, and 5 mm, leading a multidisciplinary panel to recommend adoption of no ink on tumor as the standard definition of a negative margin. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:2–7. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On‐line determination of 4‐nitrophenol by combining molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction and fiber‐optic spectrophotometry
Authors: Muhammad Turghun , Yimit Osmanjan , Turahun Yunusjan , Muhammad Kipayem , Uludağ Yildiz , Zhao Zhongkui
Published: April 2014

In the present paper, we describe a new on‐line SPE system where molecular imprinting, fiber‐optic detection and flow injection analysis were combined for the first time. This new system has been applied for the on line detection of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Initially, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) have been prepared for the selective extraction of 4‐NP using 4‐vinylpyridine and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional and cross‐linking monomers, respectively. Selective extraction was achieved using the designed MIP with 97% of recovery on imprinted polymer and 10% on control polymer. The system provided a high degree of accuracy, with RSDs varying between 0.7 and 1.39%. In respect of accuracy, reproducibility, and rapidity, this system is comparable with HPLC. In short, the system allows simple, fast, and accurate analyte determination with the possibility of future automation.
The proximal lateral lower leg perforator flap revisited: Anatomical study and clinical applications
Authors: Lee Jiunn‐Tat , Chen Peir‐Rong , Hsu Honda , Wu Meng‐Si , Cheng Li‐Fu , Huang Chieh‐Chi , Chien Sou‐Hsin
Published: April 2014

Background

The proximal lateral lower leg flap is a flap suited for the reconstruction of small and thin defects. The purpose of this study was to map the position and consistency of the perforator vessels and to review its reliability and technical considerations clinically.

Methods

The location, number, and size of perforator vessels in the proximal third of the lateral lower leg were investigated in 20 fresh frozen cadaveric lower limbs. This was analyzed together with 22 clinical cases.

Results

Cadaveric dissection showed that there were 1–2 perforators in the proximal third of the lateral lower leg and these perforator vessels were found to be 63% septocutaneous and 37% musculocutaneous. The source vessel of the perforators was variable. Clinically the recipient site consisted of the head and neck in 8 cases, the foot and ankle region in 13 cases, and 1 case in the hand. The mean thickness of this flap was 5.8 ± 0.8 mm. Vascular pedicle length ranged from 5 to 8.5 cm. The mean diameter of flap artery was 1.3 ± 0.3 mm. One flap failure was seen due to arterial thrombosis. The overall flap survival rate was 95%.

Conclusions

The proximal lateral lower leg flap has the advantages of being thin and pliable, quick to harvest with no major arteries sacrificed. There is minimal donor site morbidity and primary closure of the donor site is possible in the majority of cases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:115–122, 2015.
A simultaneous approach to inverse source problem by Green's function
Authors: Erdem Arzu
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we consider an inverse source problem of identification of F(t) function in the linear parabolic equation ut = uxx + F(t) and u0(x) function as the initial condition from the measured final data and local boundary data. Based on the optimal control framework by Green's function, we construct Fréchet derivative of Tikhonov functional. The stability of the minimizer is established from the necessary condition. The CG algorithm based on the Fréchet derivative is applied to the inverse problem, and results are presented for a test example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel 3D cubic loop antenna with nearly isotropic pattern
Authors: Jin Xiaohua , Ali Mohammod
Published: April 2014

A novel three‐dimensional cubic loop antenna with nearly isotropic patterns is proposed. The proposed antenna, operates at around 700 MHz, has 6.3 dBi of total realized gain and a nearly isotropic radiation pattern. The proposed antenna can be used for wireless sensors in the field, such as infrastructure monitoring and in energy harvesting from the environment. If needed the antenna can be miniaturized using high dielectric materials. The antenna can be scaled and used at other frequencies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1511–1513, 2014
A compact multiband inverted a‐shaped patch antenna for WiMAX and C‐band
Authors: Ahsan Md Rezwanul , Islam Mohammad T. , Ullah M. Habib
Published: April 2014

A compact modified inverted‐A shape multiband patch antenna has been designed and analyzed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and C‐band telecommunication satellite applications. The proposed antenna comprises of 20 × 20 mm2 radiating patch fed by 4‐mm long microstrip line on 1.6‐mm thick fiberglass polymer resin dielectric material substrate and a reduced ground plane. The proposed antenna has been designed and analyzed using market available widespread three dimensional high frequency electromagnetic simulator and measured in a standard far field anechoic chamber. The measurement result shows that impedance bandwidth (return loss < −10dB) 360 MHz (2.53–2.89 GHz) and 440 MHz (3.47–3.91 GHz) for WiMAX and 1550 MHz (6.28–7.83 GHz) for C‐band satellite applications. Maximum measured gain of 3.62, 3.67, and 5.7 dBi measured at lower, middle, and upper band, respectively. The measured almost stable radiation patterns and efficiencies have achieved from the proposed antenna in all bands of interest. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1540–1543, 2014