bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GSSC Now - ESA's Thematic Exploitation Platform for Navigation Science Data
Authors: Navarro Vicente , del Rio Sara , Fraile Emilio , Mendes Luis , Ventura Javier
Published: February 2023

Nowadays, the sheer amount of data collected from space-borne and ground-based sensors, is changing past approaches towards data processing and storage. In the Information Technology domain, the rapid growth of data generation rates, expected to produce 175 zettabytes worldwide by 2025, is changing approaches to data processing and storage dramatically. This landscape has led to a new golden age of Machine learning (ML), able to extract knowledge and discover patterns between input and output variables given the sheer volume of available training data.In space, over 120 satellites from four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), including Galileo, will provide, already this decade, continuous, worlwide signals in several frequencies. On ground, the professional market represented by thousands of permanent GNSS stations has been complemented by billions of mass-market receivers integrated in smartphones and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices.Along their travel down to Earth through the atmosphere, multiple sources alter the precisely modulated GNSS signals. As they pass through irregular plasma patches in the ionosphere, GNSS signals undergo delay and fading, formally known as 'scintillation'. Further down, they are modified by the amount of water vapor in the troposphere. These alterations, recorded by GNSS receivers as digital footprints in massive streams of data, represent a valuable resource for science, increasingly employed to study Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and surface environments.In order to realize the scientific potential of GNSS data, at the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) near Madrid, the GNSS Science Support Centre (GSSC) led by ESA’s Navigation Science Office, hosts ESA’s data archive for scientific exploitation of GNSS data.Analysis of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data has traditionally pivoted around the idea of datasets search and download from multiple repositories that act as data-hubs for different types of GNSS resources generated worldwide. In this work we introduce an innovative GNSS Thematic Exploitation Platform, GSSC Now, which expands a GNSS-centric data lake with novel capabilities for discovery and high-performance-computing.We explain how this platform performs GNSS data fusion from multiple data sources, enabling the deployment of Machine Learning (ML) processors to unleash synergies across science domains.Finally, through the presentation of several GNSS science use cases, we discuss the implementation of GSSC Now’s cyber-infrastructure, current status, and future plans to accelerate the development of innovative applications and citizen-science.
When snow and ice are gone: beyond hydrological regime changes, what are the nuts and bolts of future streamflow generation processes?
Authors: Schaefli Bettina , Ceperley Natalie
Published: February 2023

After several decades of climate change impact studies on high alpine environments, the hydrological community has come to a good agreement on how cryosphere-dominated streamflow regimes will evolve in the future. And observed streamflow regime trends largely confirm existing predictions for Alpine environments. Many of these predictions are based on models that lack a detailed representation of hydrological processes that occur below the snowpack or the ice-cover; these model focus on the representation of snow accumulation and snow and ice-melt and use simply methods to transform liquid water input into streamflow.However, the gradual reduction of snow cover duration might significantly affect streamflow generation processes in Alpine environments, e.g. via the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater recharge or of hydrologic connectivity and of the related seasonal stream network structure.  In this presentation, we will synthesize what we learned about the interaction of the cryosphere with streamflow generation from our multiyear process studies in two high Alpine catchments in Western Switzerland, the Vallon de Nant and the Otemma glacier catchment. We elaborate perspectives for future field work but also for hydrological model development.
Access to facilities, FAIR data and related services: the ITINERIS project
Authors: Cornacchia Carmela , Rosati Ilaria
Published: February 2023

The Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS) Project started in November, and it will build the Italian Hub of Research Infrastructures in the environmental scientific domain providing access to data and services and supporting the Country to address current and expected environmental challenges. ITINERIS coordinates a network of national nodes from 22 RIs (18 from the environmental domain, 2 from agri-food with strong link with the environment and 2 from the PSE domain, supporting services for the marine domain).ITINERIS has been designed looking at synergy with the European RI framework, and it will support the participation of Italian scientists in pan-European initiatives (ENVRI-FAIR, EOSC) and in HE (Pillar 1, Missions, Partnerships, Clusters). ITINERIS will have significant impact on national environmental research, providing scientific support to the design of actionable environmental strategies. ITINERIS adopts a whole-system, cross-disciplinary approach to the Earth System and its changes, allowing users to benefit from the integrated system of RIs and the knowledge it produces. This broad-scale vision of environmental research, sustained by the main Italian environmental scientists involved in European RIs, is truly innovative and it will support our Country in taking a leading role in European environmental research, designing the framework for the next decades.A specific objective will be focused on the access to facilities, FAIR data and related services connecting the established network of distributed national environmental research infrastructures to as wide as possible user community. Following a user-centric approach and in accordance with the RIs’ network technical capability and mission, access services to the national RIs’ facilities and FAIR resources (data, services and other research outputs) will be set up. Most of the 22 RIs participating in ITINERIS already offer data and services from and across different domains of the Earth system - Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Terrestrial Biosphere and Geosphere through different systems, protocols, portals and different access and FAIRification procedures.ITINERIS builds upon this current effort to improve Access management and FAIRness, developing the conditions for harmonizing standards, metadata and policies amongst the different RIs. It has to be considered that involved RIs are very diverse and on different levels of maturity but face similar challenges in their operations in regard to FAIR compliance and Access management.
Pathways to Realistic Impact Modelling in Estuarine Areas
Authors: Furnish Aaron , Robins Peter , Neil Simon , Cooper David , Lewis Huw
Published: February 2023

The interconnected nature of land and marine processes has led to the development of fully coupled climate models combining atmospheric, terrestrial, riverine and oceans dynamics, such as the UKC3 UK national climate model created by the Met Office. Although highly resolved at the order of ~1.5 km, UKC3 may not capture estuarine and intertidal processes accurately, such as surge propagation and interactions with river flows. Using hyper resolution (<20 m) unstructured grids, a Delft-3D Flexible Mesh Suite model has been created to identify the importance of resolving these features for impact studies such as coastal flood risk. To further improve on the resolution of previous models, 15-minute river discharge was included as well as wetting and drying for coastal zones. Using a case study of the eastern Irish Sea, which is hyper-tidal and includes eight estuaries and a significant intertidal zone, the Delft model has been compared against UKC3 for simulations of the 2013-2014 extreme winter storm season. Analysis of the UKCP18 climate scenarios will be implemented to the new Delft model to investigate for future climate change variations. It is shown that there are clear differences in sea level variability between the models as well as differences in the salinity, storm surge frequency and flood severity. This research will allow us to optimise mesh resolution to accurately model the coastal environment for flood risk.
Dynamics of deep soil drought triggered by revegetation across a semiarid watershed
Authors: Wang Yunqiang , Liu Shaozhen
Published: February 2023

A distinct greening trend is evident in Asia, especially on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), which is driven by climate change and human-induced revegetation projects, such as the Grain for Green (GFG) project launched in 1999. However, revegetation may cause below-ground soil drought via excessive consumption of deep soil moisture (SM). To ascertain the contributions of revegetation projects to the greening trend on the entire CLP, and then evaluate the spatial-temporal variations of soil drought, as indicated by the dried soil layer (DSL), we collected multisource satellite datasets from 1982 to 2019 on the CLP and measured SM to a depth of 500 cm on 20 occasions at 73 locations from 2013 to 2016 at a typical watershed. We found that the revegetation project failed initially to make a positive contribution in the first few years because of the drought conditions in 1999-2005; after 2005, the increasing trend of vegetation change on the CLP indicated that the revegetation project, as a type of external disturbance, began to improve vegetation growth, meanwhile the increased precipitation played a critical role. The contribution of the revegetation projects increased quickly until 2013, after which it remained stable and reached average values of 58.8%±19.34% in the representative areas that conducted the GFG project. The DSLs occurred at > 90% of the sampling sites within the watershed, and the spatially and temporally averaged DSL thickness (DSLT) and soil water content within the DSL (DSL-SWC) were 257 cm and 10.4%, respectively, which suggests that 51.4% of the 500-cm-profile is drying out below 125 cm. The DSLT and DSL-SWC demonstrated a moderate degree of variability (20% < CV < 84%) in space, and showed a moderate and weak temporal variability, in time, respectively. The temporal series of the mean spatial DSLT significantly correlated with climatic variables. The spatial variation of the mean temporal DSL-SWC differed significantly among the land uses and between shaded and sunlit aspects. Our results highlighted that the meteorological processes, land use, and topography played an essential role in shaping DSL variation and distribution pattern. Understanding this information is helpful for vegetation construction, soil and water conservation, and soil drought meditation via the best management practices in the CLP and other water-limited regions with deep soils. 
Relative impacts of vapour pressure deficit and root-zone soil moisture on vegetation during flash droughts
Authors: Gupta Amitesh , Lanka Karthikeyan
Published: February 2023

The impact of long-term drought conditions on agriculture and the ecosystem is well-known. However, short-term rapid decline in soil moisture leads to irreversible damage to vegetation, as observed over various parts of the world. Soil moisture varies spatially and vertically in the soil due to heterogeneities in climatic conditions, land cover, and soil properties. It has prominent retention and persistence effects, especially in the deeper layers, which supply water to plants. Flash Drought (FD) is associated with a rapid decline in root-zone soil moisture (RSM) for a short duration and causes significant damage to the crops and vegetation in an area. Prolonged hot and dry conditions or a severe heatwave often trigger FD. Consecutively, rapid changes in the land surface temperature and excessive evaporative stress during FD could impact vegetation at an ecosystem scale. Although the role of Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) is examined in the evolution of FD, its impact and antecedent soil moisture conditions in the rootzone on the vegetation still need to be better understood. The vegetation’s health depends on the available water content, which the roots supply during photosynthesis. Vegetation Water Content (VWC) is a potential descriptor that connects the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in water movement from one medium to another. Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) obtained from passive microwave sensors is a strong indicator of VWC. Through this work, we investigate the relative impacts of VPD and antecedent rootzone soil moisture conditions on VWC during FD in South Asia. We use European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ ERA5-Land, Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and Vegetation Optical Depth Climate Archive (VODCA) products for VPD, RSM and VWC, respectively, for the period 2002-2018. We use conditional mutual information to determine the strength of the relationship between these variables during the FD. Findings from this work will help us comment on FD’s impact on vegetation at ecosystem scales. This work will pave the way to examine the vegetation resilience to FD in the future.
Assessing WHO2021 air quality guideline levels in Europe: Population exposure and PM2.5 reduction potential
Authors: Franke Philipp , Lange Anne Caroline , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid
Published: February 2023

Although anthropogenic emissions have decreased during the last two decades, air pollution is still problematic in many regions in Europe. In 2021, the World Health Organisation has released updated air quality guideline levels that base on newest medical research and have drastically decreased in comparison to the previous levels, except for SO2. These levels reflect the minimum concentration for which evidence of adverse health effects have been found. This study analyses the air quality in Europe using simulations by EURAD-IM for the year 2016 with optimized emissions to evaluate guideline exceedances for PM2.5, NO2, and O3. All air pollutant concentrations in Europe exceed the WHO2021 annual guideline levels by a large amount. High PM2.5 and O3 concentrations are homogeneously distributed across Europe with 99 % and 100 % of the EU38 population (European Union and eleven other European states) exposed to concentrations above the guideline levels. High NO2 concentrations are linked to densely populated areas. However, 61% of the EU38 population is exposed to concentrations above the guideline level. For PM2.5, the effect of different aerosol classes on the bulk mass and different PM reduction scenarios are analysed. NO3- shows the largest contribution to total PM2.5 while primary anthropogenic aerosols are mainly responsible for extremely high PM2.5 concentrations of up to 30 μg m−3. In the extreme case of completely removing different aerosol classes from the bulk mass, jointly removing NO3- and primary anthropogenic aerosols as well as removing all secondary inorganic aerosols decrease PM2.5 annual concentrations to below 5 μg m−3, which is the WHO2021 annual guideline level, in most parts of Europe. However, a more realistic scenario, in which the decrease of aerosol concentrations linearly follows the targeted anthropogenic emission reductions by the European Union, still shows an exceedance of the annual WHO2021 guideline levels by a factor of 2 - 3 throughout Europe. Thus, besides implementing strong emission reduction plans, other ways of removing air pollutants from the atmosphere need to be designed and implemented.
Antarctica's subglacial hydrology
Authors: Werder Mauro A. , Goldberg Daniel , Malczyk George , Mankoff Kenneth D. , Wearing Martin
Published: February 2023

The components Antarctica's subglacial hydrology -for instance water sources, sinks, flow paths and catchments- are still poorly constrained.  In this work we assess the subglacial hydrology of the continent at high resolution (500m) using (1) water inputs from frictional melting derived with a higher order ice flow model combined with existing geothermal heat flux products, (2) BedMachine topography, and (3) a water flow routing model taking uncertainties into account.We present the following modelling results: probabilistic maps of water flow paths and catchments, potential subglacial lake locations, fluxes across the grounding line, and melt or freeze-on rates due to water flow.  We also present locations where the drainage system configuration, such as the catchment size, is sensitive to model inputs and thus where future field investigations would be particularly valuable.
Potential of accumulated parameterisation tendencies from AROME-Arctic for stochastic parameterisation erturbation patterns
Authors: Sodemann Harald , Kähnert Marvin , Remes Teresa Maaria , Ekrem Petter , Grote Rafael , Frogner Inger-Lise
Published: February 2023

Stochastic parameterisations are an important way to represent uncertainty in the deterministic forecasting models underlying ensemble prediction systems. Current stochastic parameterisation approaches use random correlation patterns that are unrelated to the atmospheric flow to induce coherent perturbations to parameterisations. Here we replace these patterns by accumulated tendency fields from parameterized physical processes in the HARMONIE-AROME system. Our rationale is that by perturbing the parameterisations with a field that reflects where parameterisations are most active, rather than random, the model obtains a more targeted increase in the degrees-of-freedom to represent forecasting uncertainty.Here we study a large marine cold-air outbreak over the Norwegian Sea. Strong heat fluxes persisted near the ice edge, and shallow convection dominated in the center of the model domain. Perturbation fields are diagnosed from individual tendency diagnostics implemented in AROME-Arctic within ALERTNESS. Total physical tendencies for the horizontal winds, for temperature and humidity are accumulated with a time filtering throughout the 66 h forecast period.Accumulated tendencies show overlapping and differing centers of activity. Wind parameterisations are active near the ice edge, and with smaller scale variability over land areas. Temperature tendency patterns show activity more confined to the ice edge, and the coast of northern Scandinavia. Such spatially coherent patterns of parameterisation activity are meaningfully related to current weather. To exploit the relation between parameterisation activity and weather patterns for ensemble perturbation, we conduct sensitivity tests of cloud parameterisation parameters in a single-column model version MUSC and the full model version. First results illustrate our progress towards the use of diagnostic perturbation patterns for stochastically perturbed perturbations in the HarmonEPS system.
Proton precipitation from EMIC waves at high latitudes: A casestudy from 29 March 202
Authors: Francia Patrizia , DE Lauretis Marcello , Piersanti Mirko , D'Angelo Giulia , Parmentier Alexandra
Published: February 2023

Electron precipitation driven by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the Pc1 range (0.1–5Hz) has been suggested as a significant loss mechanism for outer radiation belt fluxes of electrons in the 1–5 MeV energy range. Moreover, EMIC waves have been also observed to cause significant precipitation of ring current protons during geomagnetic storms.In this study we report the concurrent observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron Pc1 waves in both ionospheric F-region and at ground. Key event on March 29, 2021 shows that high latitude ground magnetometers in Antarctica and CSES LEO satellite detected concurrent Pc1 wave and energetic proton precipitation. In the ionospheric F-layer above the Auroral zone, the CSES satellites observed transverse Pc1 waves and localized plasma density enhancement, which is occasionally surrounded by wide/shallow depletion. This might indicate that EMIC wave-induced proton precipitation contributes to the energy transfer from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and to the ionization of the F-layer.
Co-creating curriculum-aligned geoscience resources with teachers, for teachers
Authors: Sinclair Elspeth , McAuliffe Fergus , Power Siobhán , Dubois Gafar Amrine
Published: February 2023

Geoscience is vital to our society’s sustainable future. In Ireland, students are introduced to geoscience at Post-Primary level in the non-compulsory subject of geography, yet there are limited resources available to assist geography teachers on their teaching of current  topics and developments in geoscience. To address this, iCRAG (the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre in Applied Geosciences) and Geological Survey Ireland, part of the Government of Ireland, developed the Geoscience for Leaving Certificate Geography Continuing Professional Development Course. The course was piloted in 2021, continued in 2022, and due to successful outcomes, it is planned to run in the future. In this presentation we will outline the design and delivery of the course, and share our experience, evaluation data and learnings. The CPD course pairs teachers with geoscience practitioners  to co-create a curriculum-aligned geoscience educational resource. The participants are given freedom over the topic and nature of the resource but it should assist in the teaching of  the Irish Leaving Certificate (Key Stage 5, UK or grades 11-12, USA). In the co-creative partnership, teachers contribute their curriculum expertise and pedagogical experience, and geoscientists contribute their subject knowledge and current research. The course runs over six evening sessions every two weeks and it is split into four different phases – learning, design, development, and presenting. So far, the CPD course has resulted in the co-creation of twelve resources: one field guide, one story map, two module plans and eight lesson plans, which are publicly available. Furthermore, selected evaluation data from the 2021 iteration of the course shows that students’ ability to identify geoscience related subjects within the geography curriculum had increased by 33%, and 100% of the teachers that attended felt more confident in teaching geoscience subjects after taking part. We hope to present further evaluation data from the 2022 iteration at EGU 2023.
Variability in circulation in Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, and implications for glacier retreat
Authors: Zanker Joanna , Young Emma , Haigh Ivan , Holland Paul , Brickle Paul
Published: February 2023

Mass loss from marine-terminating glaciers in high-latitude fjords is increasing globally, contributing to sea-level rise. It is widely cited that oceanic melting of these glaciers is enhanced by turbulent plumes rising in contact with the submarine face. Increasing evidence suggests fjord-wide horizontal circulation also enhances melting outside of plumes. The influence of buoyancy-driven outflow arising from submarine plumes on fjord-wide circulation is complex and subject to fjord geometry.  There are many studies of fjord systems in Greenland and Antarctica, but relatively little is known about fjords on sub-Antarctic islands such as South Georgia. This study uses observations and a new high-resolution model of Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, to study the interactions between fjord geometry and buoyancy-driven outflow on the circulation regime. We examine how this varies seasonally and the implications for glacier retreat. Cumberland Bay is a fjord system with two arms, each with a large marine-terminating glacier at the head. These glaciers have shown contrasting retreat rates over the past century.   In the shallower fjord arm (~70 m) the plume reaches the surface year-round, whereas in the deeper fjord arm (~160 m) the plume terminates sub-surface for ~3 months of the year. The addition of a shallow submarine sill in the deeper fjord arm leads to warmer and fresher water properties in the inner basin by blocking colder, higher salinity waters at depth. This change in water properties results in the plume reaching the surface year-round and the strength of the circulation outside of the plume is increased by recirculation of the buoyancy-driven outflow bouncing off the sill. The increase in temperature and energetic fjord-wide circulation both increases the plume-driven melt by as much as 2 m per day, and the potential for melt outside of the plume. Our results give the first detailed description of the oceanography of Cumberland Bay and highlight the importance of the interaction between fjord geometry and buoyancy-driven outflow influencing the rate of glacier retreat. 
Recalibration of the relevant productivity frontal features to fish production from the MODIS-Aqua to Sentinel 3 OLCI ocean colour sensors
Authors: Bretagnon Marine , Druon Jean-Noël , Mangin Antoine , Clerici Marco , Lavaysse Christophe
Published: February 2023

Phytoplankton is at the base of the marine food web but only 10 to 20 % of the primary production is available to higher trophic levels. Besides chlorophyll-a concentration, chlorophyll-a horizontal gradients were shown to mostly sustain the development of mesozooplankton and the marine food web. The detection of chlorophyll-a gradients from satellite ocean colour data therefore appears to be central to the management of sustainable fisheries.An algorithm allowing the detection of relevant frontal productivity to fish production has been published in 2021 by the Joint research Centre (JRC). This algorithm was operationally computed and made publicly available at global scale in the JRC Data Catalogue and distributed to national institutes in Africa throughout a software named eStation within the GMES & Africa Program. This algorithm has been developed based on MODIS-Aqua data as this sensor longevity of more than 20 years is an asset for studying the temporal evolution of fish ecological habitat and the impact of fisheries by comparing effective with potential fishing yields. However, MODIS-Aqua observation will likely end soon. It becomes therefore primordial to adapt the analysis from MODIS-Aqua to the recent Sentinel 3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Imager) sensor to ensure the continuity of the fish production monitoring including in real-time. OLCI-S3A, which started in April 2016, is the first sensor of the constellation to observe the chlorophyll-a concentration with the objectives to improve the daily coverage of the ocean surface and increase the accuracy of the gradient retrieval.Here, we present the methodology used to recalibrate the relevant chlorophyll-a gradients to fish production from MODIS-Aqua to OLCI-S3A data at 4 and 1 km spatial resolution with the objective to enriching the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service catalogue and pursuing the operational marine activities of the eStation on Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ) within the GMES & Africa Program.
Orbit Determination and Time Transfer for a Lunar Radio Navigation System
Authors: Sesta Andrea , Di Benedetto Mauro , Durante Daniele , Iess Luciano , Plumaris Michael , Racioppa Paolo , Cappuccio Paolo , di Stefano Ivan , Pastina Debora , Boscagli Giovanni , Molli Serena , De Marchi Fabrizio , Cascioli Gael , Sosnica Krzysztof , Fienga Agnes , Linty Nicola , Belfi Jacopo
Published: February 2023

Within the pre-phase A of the Moonlight project proposed and funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), the ATLAS consortium has proposed an architecture to support a Lunar Radio Navigation System (LRNS) capable of providing PNT (Positioning, Navigation, and Timing) services to various lunar users. The Moonlight LRNS will be a powerful tool in support of the lunar exploration endeavors, both human and robotic.The ESA LRNS will consist of a small constellation of 3-4 satellites put in Elliptical Lunar Frozen Orbits (ELFO) with the aposelene above the southern hemisphere to better cover this region, given its interest for future lunar missions. This LRNS will be supported by a ground station network of small dish antennas (~30 cm), which can establish Multiple Spacecraft Per Aperture (MSPA) tracking at K-band. Any Earth station will be capable of sending a single uplink signal to multiple spacecraft thanks to Code Division Multiplexing modulation, while in the downlink multiple carriers can share the same K-band bandwidth by implementing Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) on the onboard transponders. This allows the implementation of the Same Beam Interferometry (SBI) technique [1], which adds to spread spectrum ranging and Doppler measurements. In the scope of disseminating accurate PNT services to end users, the constellation will also be capable of maintaining a synchronization to the Earth station clocks to the ns level.The performances of the proposed architecture have been validated through numerical simulations performed with the ESA GODOT software, enhanced with additional user-defined features and capabilities. For each satellite of the LRNS constellation, the attainable orbital accuracy is at level of a few meters for most orbit mean anomalies and it has been computed considering a setup which includes a perturbed dynamical model (mainly coming from uncertainties in the accelerations induced by the solar radiation pressure and orbital maneuvers) and a realistic error model for Doppler, ranging and SBI measurements.REFERENCE:Gregnanin, M. et al. (2012). Same beam interferometry as a tool for the investigation of the lunar interior. Planetary and Space Science 74, 194-201
Future forest growth in the UK – a case study of supporting land use decisions for net zero
Authors: Harper Anna B. , Argles Arthur , Cox Peter , Betts Richard , Robertson Eddy , Bateman Ian
Published: February 2023

The UK has committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050, and the government plans to triple current tree planting rates over the next 25 years. This commitment brings up many questions – Where should the trees be planted? If they displace agriculture, where should the displaced food come from, and how should farmers be compensated? And how will future UK woodlands fare in a changing climate?We are developing a suite of models to address the multifaceted implications of land use change in the UK. The aim is to empower decision makers to understand policy options that would lead to a desired outcome – for example tree planting incentives to maximize greenhouse gas removal. A core component of this modelling framework is forest carbon storage and its sensitivity to climate, CO2, and management. Using km-scale climate forcing from an ensemble of projections, we model forest carbon with JULES, which typically represents the land surface in the UK/Hadley Centre climate models. We include developments to represent forest demography, multiple species, and management. Future climate in the UK is projected to be warmer with drier summers and wetter winters. Therefore, both drought and flooding are concerns for planning future land use.This study highlights both the mitigation and adaptation potential of UK woodlands, focusing on a case study of locations illustrative of the climate change patterns seen in UKCP18 projections produced by the UK Met Office. We evaluate the potential for carbon removal, as well as impacts of the new woodlands on water resources (runoff and soil water retention) and local surface temperatures. Although higher CO2 levels are expected to enhance growth, the potential for warmer and drier summers pose regional threats to future UK woodlands, even in high mitigation scenarios.
Tracking natural hazard disasters in non-surveyed regions: the “citizen” observer network of the Kivu in DR Congo
Authors: Michellier Caroline , Mana Ngotuly Théo , Maki Mateso Jean-Claude , Kambale Makundi Joseph , Bwishe Jean-Marie , Dewitte Olivier , Kervyn François
Published: February 2023

In the Tropics, disasters associated with natural hazards (intense convective rainfalls, floods, landslides) occur regularly. However, the general scarcity of reliable and accurate data collected on these events does not allow for a complete picture of their frequency and magnitude, thus hindering effective Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Such situation is observed in the Kivu region, in the eastern part of the DR Congo. Recurrent insecurity, long distances to travel, poor communication networks and the lack of financial resources to reach the affected areas are the main challenges faced by the Congolese Civil Protection in building a database that would allow for a better knowledge of these phenomena, in view of an appropriate disaster response and, in the long term, efficient DRR.Based on this observation, a group of 20 citizen observers was set up to collect data on six different types of natural hazard disasters (floods, landslides, wind storms, hail storms, lightning, and earthquakes) using smartphone technology connected to an online platform. This new approach, based on citizen science, makes it possible to significantly improve the documenting and understanding of the spatial and temporal occurrence of these disasters that affect the provinces of North and South Kivu. Since the establishment of this network in December 2019, more than 700 events have been recorded.If the data collected by this network of citizen observers constitute above all an unprecedented amount of information on the disasters occurring in such a tropical environment, they also allow for the compilation of a WebGIS and quarterly reports illustrated with maps and graphs, disseminated by Civil Protection to key DRR stakeholders active in the region, for a more tailored response, its planification, and, to some extent, the anticipation of such events. Scientists from universities and research centers in Bukavu and Goma are associated to that data collection and analysis. Moreover, citizen observers position themselves within their communities as key actors in raising awareness about disaster risks. However, although this type of approach has proven to be effective in the short term, the motivation on the long term of citizen observers, as volunteers, has been identified as a weakness to be addressed.
Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Land-Atmosphere Interaction with Lidars
Authors: Abbas Syed , Behrendt Andreas , Späth Florian , Lange Diego , Alnayef Osama , Wulfmeyer Volker
Published: February 2023

Investigating the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is essential for studies of air quality, the energy and water cycles and for the improvement of weather and climate models. During daytime in convective conditions, the convective boundary layer (CBL) is formed. Here, we present our approach of how to continuously study CBL characteristics with an improved algorithm including fuzzy logic. The Land-Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (LAFO) of University of Hohenheim consists of two Doppler lidars, a Doppler Cloud Radar, the Atmospheric Raman Temperature and Humidity Sounder (ARTHUS), and Eddy covariance stations. These are excellent tools for observing high resolution atmospheric wind profiles, clouds and precipitation events, as well as thermodynamic profiles and surface fluxes. The data are collected at LAFO by operating continuously two Doppler lidars, one in vertical and one in six-beam scanning mode, to obtain vertical and horizontal wind profiles. Both Doppler lidars are operated with resolutions of 1 s and 30 m. The six-beam staring Doppler lidar is used for obtaining time series of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), momentum flux, TKE dissipation rate and horizontal wind profiles statistics. The vertically staring Doppler lidar is used to compute statistics of higher-order moments of vertical wind fluctuations, the CBL height, and cloud base height. With these data, the land-atmosphere coupling processes and the associated nonlinear feedbacks are investigated as well as their impact on the turbulent structure of the CBL.We will present analyses of two three-month periods covering different weather conditions: 1 May to 31 July 2021 and 2022.
Automatic mapping of multitemporal landslide inventories by using open-access Synthetic Aperture Radar and NDVI imagery in Google Earth Engine: a case study of the “Via al Llano” highway (Colombia)
Authors: Calderon-Cucunuba Laura Paola , Conoscenti Christian
Published: February 2023

Steep slopes, deforestation, unconsolidated deposits, high annual rainfall, and a highly dissected landscape facilitate the occurrence of landslides in one of the most important Colombian highways “Via al Llano”, frequently causing traffic interruptions. Prior to a susceptibility assessment of the area, a multitemporal inventory is required. Usually, landslides are identified and mapped by visual interpretation of satellite optical and/or aerial images. However, in study areas located in tropical areas such as that of Via al Llano, due to the frequent presence of clouds, a number of images are needed to identify the landslides and estimate the period of their occurrence. Therefore, an automatic detection procedure is indispensable for large tropical areas and multitemporal event inventories. The cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) allows geospatial processing of freely available multi-temporal data. In this work, we perform automatic detection of landslides using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Sentinel-2 (optical images) and the SAR-backscatter change from Sentinel-1 (radar images) over a sector of the Buenavista area, extending for 53km2 in the south portion of the “Via al Llano”. Considering a period during which the occurrence of some landslides blocked the highway, images before and after this event were selected for automatic detection, and the results were compared with landslide inventory previously prepared by an expert operator by visual analysis of images available on Google Earth (optical-natural color images). To assess the ability of each method to discriminate between landslides and stable slopes, confusion matrices were calculated. The NDVI-based approach demonstrated an acceptable ability to identify the landslides, although generating a high number of false positives. On the other hand, the SAR-based method exhibits a lower ability to correctly detect the landslide polygons, even if generating a lower number of false positives. This is maybe due to the pattern of predicted positives which mostly consists of isolated pixels; conversely, the NDVI-based approach provides groups of adjacent pixels predicted as positives which better reproduce the shapes of the landslide polygons. Finally, by combining the two approaches and using topographic masks, better accuracy in the automatic mapping of our multitemporal landslide inventories was achieved.
Restoration of soil microbial functional stability in the face of climate extremes
Authors: Liu Shangshi , Bilton Adam , Bardgett Richard
Published: February 2023

Ecosystem restoration is known to enhance the functioning and stability of plant communities in the face of climate extremes. However, the effects of ecosystem restoration on soil microbial communities and their functional stability remain poorly understood. Here, we used a long-term (33 years) multiple factorial grassland restoration experiment to assess how different restoration approaches, including farmyard manure (FYM) addition, low amounts of inorganic fertiliser, mixed seed addition, and promotion of red clover, affect multiple dimensions of soil microbial functional stability in response to drought. We found that specific restoration approaches (e.g., FYM addition) not only increased the stability of plant biomass production, but also enhanced drought resistance of soil microbial multifunctionality. Moreover, we identified key factors that drive the multi-dimensional stability of plant and soil microbial communities, which provide mechanistic insights into how grassland restoration impacts above- and below-ground stability in the face of drought.
A review of traditional and new methods applicable for the calibration of high resolution tilt sensors
Authors: Benedek Judit , Csáki Dániel István , Papp Gábor
Published: February 2023

Since the 1960s, the Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (EPSS) in Sopron has been using different types of tiltmeters with nanoradian sensitivity to observe geodynamic phenomena (e.g. tides). In principle, the high sensitivity and the long term mechanical stability of the recently developed sensors (e.g. Lippmann-type tiltmeters) make it possible to detect rock tilts related to small seismo-tectonic deformations. On this research field the extensive use of networks of these devices is expected in the future. For the correct comparision of tilt values measured by different sensors, the instruments must be calibrated by suitable devices realizing simple and standardized metrological principles. Due to the high sensitivity of Lippmann tiltmeters, traditional comparators (e.g. level balances) can only be used to determine the sensors' characteristics on average over the entire measurement range. In the range below microradian theoretically the Newtonian (gravitational) method can be used to test the capabilities of the tilt sensors. The poster on the one hand shows the Lippmann tiltmeters and level balance joint measurement results. On the other hand the modell computation are discussed, which shows that the off-axis variation of the gravitational vector generated by the vertical movement of the cylindrical ring mass of the Mátyáshegy moving mass calibration device can provide for calibration a sufficiently accurate reference signal having (15±0.02) nrad peak-to-peak amplitude. It is just in the range of tilt induced by earth tide effect, which is a “standard” signal component in the time series recorded in observatory environment. 
A novel data ecosystem for coastal analyses
Authors: Calkoen Floris , Baart Fedor , Kras Etiënne , Luijendijk Arjen
Published: February 2023

The coastal community widely anticipates that in the next years data-driven studies are going to make essential contributions to bringing about long-term coastal adaptation and mitigation strategies at continental scale. This view is also supported by CoCliCo, a Horizon 2020 project, where coastal data form the fundamental building block for an open-web portal that aims to improve decision making on coastal risk management and adaptation. The promise of data is likely triggered by several coastal analyses that showed how the coastal zone can be be monitored at unprecedented spatial scales using geospatial cloud platforms . However, we note that when analyses become more complex, i.e., require specific algorithms, pre- and post-processing or include data that are not hosted by the cloud provider, the cloud-native processing workflows are often broken, which makes analyses at continental scale impractical.We believe that the next generation of data-driven coastal models that target continental scales can only be built when: 1) processing workflows are scalable; 2) computations are run in proximity to the data; 3) data are available in cloud-optimized formats; 4) and, data are described following standardized metadata specifications. In this study, we introduce these practices to the coastal research community by showcasing the advantages of cloud-native workflows by two case studies.In the first example we map building footprints in areas prone to coastal flooding and estimate the assets at risk. For this analysis we chunk a coastal flood-risk map into several tiles and incorporate those into a coastal SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC). The second example benchmarks instantaneous shoreline mapping using cloud-native workflows against conventional methods. With data-proximate computing, processing time is reduced from the order of hours to seconds per shoreline km, which means that a highly-specialized coastal mapping expedition can be upscaled from regional to global level.The analyses mostly rely on "core-packages" from the Pangeo project, with some additional support for scalable geospatial data analysis and cloud I/O, although they can essentially be run on a standard Python Planetary Computer instance. We publish our code, including self-explanatory Juypter notebooks, at https://github.com/floriscalkoen/egu2023.To conclude, we foresee that in next years several coastal data products are going to be published, of which some may be considered "big data". To incorporate these data products into the next generation of coastal models, it is urgently required to agree upon protocols for coastal data stewardship. With this study we do not only want to show the advantages of scalable coastal data analysis; we mostly want to encourage the coastal research community to adopt FAIR data management principles and workflows in an era of exponential data growth.
An effectiveness scoring system for risk and uncertainty in serious games for natural hazards
Authors: Choudhury Shreyasi , Malamud Bruce D. , Donovan Amy
Published: February 2023

Serious games (SGs) for natural hazards (NHs) can provide an artificial space for players to understand the risk they face through defined rules and quantifiable results. Here, we deduce a scoring system for natural hazard SGs to understand whether these games introduce and communicate the interplay between social/physical vulnerability, exposure, hazard, and uncertainty (called ‘four elements’ here forth) to target players. We first identified 48 natural hazard SGs via a critical review of peer-reviewed and grey- literature. From these 48 SGs, we select 22 that were accessible and scored them on a 12-point scale through a two-stage process: (i) identify the indicators (or evaluation criteria) for three risk elements – vulnerability (6 indicators), hazard (7 indicators), and exposure (7 indicators) – along with uncertainty (8 indicators); and (ii) deduce the scores of the games by employing the evaluation criteria on 22 games. Based on the scores, we found that 70% of the 22 SGs could be applied to more than one hazard type (one of the hazard indicators), whilst 52% of the games included social vulnerability and/or critical loss facilities as exposure. About half of the SGs (48%) fostered player unpredictability which means that the focus of most natural hazard SGs is to indicate how decisions taken by one community member can impact the whole community or another individual in a community. Comparing the game scores, four games ranked highest with a score of 9 out of a possible 12; showing that such games can communicate hazard risks into an appropriate context. Games with high scores (above 10 out of 12) can help the people-at-risk (who are the target players in SGNHs) weigh up in their mind the costs and benefits of different actions, empowering communities to take disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and resilience actions.