bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Xylitol on Dental Caries and Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Levels among a Group of Mother-Child Pairs
Authors: Hanno Azza , Alamoudi Najlaa , Almushayt Abdullah , Sabbagh Heba , Farsi Najat
Published: April 2015

Recent researches have focused on xylitol as convenient and effective method to inhibit cariogenic bacteria. The purpose of the present study is to assess the effect of xylitol on plaque accumulation, caries activity and salivary Streptococcus Mutans in a group of Saudi mother-child pairs. Materials and Methods: The study sample included 60 mother and child pairs selected on the basis of having high salivary streptococcus mutans levels. The study sample was randomly divided into experimental group (30 pairs) and control group(30 pairs). The experimental group was given xylitol treatment and the controls received fluoride varnish. Both groups were examined to assess caries, plaque and salivary streptococcus mutans levels. Xylitol treatment in the form of chewing gum for mothers and tablets for children was consumed three times/day for three months. All subjects received oral hygiene instructions, dietary counseling and restorative treatment. The results showed that the number of mothers and children with high streptococcus levels in the experimental group decreased to a statistically significant level at the end of the three month period, similarly, the control mothers showed the same trend. A statistically significant decrease in plaque scores was evident only among the children's experimental group. The caries level of children and mothers showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The factors which significantly affected the streptococcus mutans count in children after three months were the child's dmft at baseline the preventive method used and the mother' salivary streptococcus mutans level.
Oral Health Status of Autistic Children in India
Authors: Subramaniam P , Gupta M
Published: April 2015

Autism is one of the most severe childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Autistic individuals are characterized by impairment in social interaction with a restricted range of interests and often, stereotyped repetitive behaviors. Studies on oral health conditions in children with autism are sparse. The complicated disability itself makes clinical research difficult. Aim: The need for baseline information regarding the oral health status of children with autism is essential. Method: The present study assessed the oral health status of 106 autistic children aged 4 to 15 years in Bangalore city, India. The dental caries was recorded according to the WHO criteria; oral hygiene was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and its modification for deciduous dentition. The behavior of children towards dental treatment was also assessed using the Frankel's behavior rating scale. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed that caries experience among autistic children was lower; however they were found to have more debris and calculus deposits. Conclusions: Negative behavior towards dental treatment was seen in autistic children.
Successful Application of Atelocollagen for Treatment of Perforated Teeth
Authors: Masuda Katsuhiko , Nakano Kazuhiko , Okawa Rena , Naka Shuhei , Matsumoto Michiyo , Ooshima Takashi
Published: April 2015

Objective: Cervical or furcal root perforation is a serious clinical problem and one of its treatment modalities is perforation repair with composite resin. However, many cases still progress in inevitable extraction. When primary teeth are affected, early tooth loss can cause problems related to the eruption space for the permanent successors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a novel clinical treatment method for perforated teeth. Study design: Atelocollagen was applied to perforated furcal and cervical areas of 13 primary teeth in 13 children aged 4-9 years and 8 permanent teeth in 8 adults aged 35-69 years after debridement with an electric knife. Thereafter, the final restorations were performed after confirming good tooth conditions. Clinical evaluations were performed at follow-up examinations at approximately 3-month intervals.Results: None of the treated primary teeth showed any clinical problems throughout the observation period, with eruption of the permanent successors noted in 7 cases. In the permanent teeth, no clinical problems were identified in any of the cases during follow-up periods of 10-60 months. Conclusion: This novel method may enable preservation of perforated primary teeth for a longer duration.
Zimmermann-Laband Syndrome
Authors: Sawaki K , Mishima K , Sato A , Goda Y , Osugi A , Nakano M
Published: April 2015

Zimmermann–Laband syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by gingival fibromatosis, abnormalities of soft cartilages of the nose and/or ears, hypoplastic or absent nails and terminal phalanges, joint hypermobility, hypatoslenomegaly, mild hirsutism and learning difficulties. Early presentation of Zimmer–mann–Laband syndrome in a newborn has rarely been described. This paper describes a newborn patient with Zimmermann–Laband syndrome.
Evaluation of Short Term Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes
Authors: Ritwik P , Aubel JD , Xu X , Fan Y , Hagan J
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the rate of fluoride release from fluoride varnishes over a 48-hour period and ascertain the time at which a plateau occurred. This data provides clinically relevant time points to resume tooth brushing after fluoride varnish application. Study design: Four commercially available fluoride varnishes, Premier Enamel ProVarnish (EP), Colgate PreviDent (CP), Omni Vanish (OV) and Omni VanishXT (OVXT) were applied on 40 extracted permanent human teeth. Ten teeth served as controls. The teeth were immersed in artificial saliva. At 1,2,4,8,12,24 and 48 hours, the teeth were sequentially transferred to new vials. TISAB III and ion selective electrode was used to measure fluoride release. Statistical tools were used to compare the rates of fluoride release and plateau of fluoride release. Results: CP, EP and OV showed a plateau of fluoride release after 4 hours. OVXT did not show a significant change in fluoride release at any time point. EP had the highest fluoride release in the first 8 hours. Conclusions: CP, EP and OV released maximum rate of fluoride release in the first 4 hours whereas OVXT did not have a plateau. The studied varnishes released different concentrations of fluoride despite the fact that they all contained 5% sodium fluoride.
Allotransplantation of Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Revathy V , Suryakanth M , Poornima P , Subba Reddy VV
Published: April 2015

Tooth transplantation has attracted great interests since ancient times. A successful case of tooth allotransplantation is presented. A mandibular first premolar from the donor was implanted into the socket of maxillary central incisor. Follow up after 12 months indicated good periapical healing with no resorption. Clinically, the transplantation site was free of symptoms and there was no evidence of periodontal disease or tooth mobility. This article suggests tooth transplantation as an alternative to other restorative options.
Esthetic Splint - A Novel Concept for the Management of Bilateral Condylar fracture
Authors: Hariharan VS , Nandlal B
Published: April 2015

Mandibular condyle is one of the most common sites of injury in the facial skeleton. But many condylar injuries remain undiagnosed. In rare situations, these injuries may result in serious adverse sequel in the patient's growth and development that are more difficult to treat at a later stage. In growing individuals, conservative management results in better functional outcome and good remodelling of the condyle. The aim of this article is to present a case report of a bilateral sub-condylar injury in a young child with a novel concept - an esthetic splint.
Effect of Continuous versus Interrupted Administration of Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen Inhalation on Behavior of Anxious Pediatric Dental Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Guelmann M , Brackett R , Beavers N , Primosch RE
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of interrupted administration of nitrous oxide (N2O) inhalation, after obtaining profound local anesthesia, on the behavior of mild to moderately anxious pediatric patients during routine restorative dentistry. Study Design: Healthy children, 5 to 8 years old, requiring nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation and bilateral mandibular restorative treatment performed in two sequential appointments under local anesthesia were recruited for this study. After profoundness of the local anesthesia was confirmed, the subject was randomly assigned to either Protocol A (50% N2O / 50% O2 ) or Protocol B (100% O2 ) and restorative dental care was completed. On the second appointment, the subject was assigned to the alternate protocol. Results: Hemoglobin oxygen saturation remained constant with no episodes of oxygen desaturation recorded. There were no statistically significant differences (P < .05) in pulse rate or behavior change noted between the two protocols. Conclusion: The implication of this pilot study was significant in consideration of the desire to minimize chronic exposure to ambient nitrous oxide and its potential health hazards to the dental team. These findings challenge the traditional practice of N2O maintenance throughout the dental appointment.
Effectiveness of Two Flavored Topical Anesthetic Agents in Reducing Injection Pain in Children: A Comparative Study
Authors: Deepika A , Chandrasekhar Rao R , Vinay C , Uloopi KS , Rao VV
Published: April 2015

Topical anesthesia is widely advocated in pediatric dentistry practice to reduce pain and anxiety produced by administration of local anesthesia. There are different combinations of topical anesthetic agents that are marketed worldwide. However, sparse literature reports exist regarding clinical efficacy of these agents. Aim: To compare the clinical effectiveness of two strawberry flavored topical anesthetics viz. Precaine⁰ (8% Lidocaine + 0.8% Dibucaine) and Precaine⁰ B (20% Benzocaine) in children before intra oral local anesthetic injections and for extraction of mobile primary teeth. Study Design: This triple blind clinical study included sixty children divided equally under three techniques — palatal injections, inferior alveolar nerve block and extraction of mobile primary teeth. Both the products were used alternately using split mouth design in two visits and the child's pain response was assessed using VAS and SEM pain scale. The scores obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Precaine⁰ has shown lower mean scores in all the techniques under both the pain scales, but were statistically insignificant. Gender wise comparison has also shown lower mean scores for Precaine⁰ for both males and females, however these were statistically insignificant. On visit wise comparison, Precaine⁰ B reported significant lower scores (p<0.05) in visit 2 compared to visit 1 for inferior alveolar nerve block and extraction of mobile primary teeth under SEM pain scale. Conclusion: Precaine⁰ (8% Lidocaine + 0.8% Dibucaine) can be used as effectively as Precaine⁰ B (20% Benzocaine).
Salivary Candida, Caries and Candida in Toothbrushes
Authors: Ratson T , Greenstein R Bar-Ness , Mazor Y , Peretz B
Published: April 2015

Background: Candida species are common inhabitants of the normal oral microbiota. A few studies founded a relationship between high levels of Candida albicans in the oral cavity and high DMF scores. Toothbrushes can also be reservoirs of microorganisms, the proliferation of these microorganism on a toothbrush could be a major factor for its distribution in the oral cavity. Aim: To examine the associations between salivary Candida and DMF, and between salivary Candida and Candida in the toothbrush. Method: 46 healthy school children, who attended a University pediatric dental clinic, were tested for Candida in their saliva and in their toothbrush. Their DMF was recorded. Results: 38 children were Candida-positive (79.2%), out of whom 5 demonstrated a positive growth of Candida in the toothbrushes. No correlation was found between Candida in the saliva and in the toothbrush. The number of Candida-positive girls was significantly higher than the number in boys. No significant relationship between caries experience and the presence of Candida was found. Conclusions: No correlation was found between Candida in the saliva and in the toothbrush. The origin of the Candida in the toothbrush is not totally clear.
Spontaneous Regression of a Congenital Epulis in a Newborn
Authors: Bhatia SK , Goyal A , Ritwik P , Rai S
Published: April 2015

A 3 day old girl presented with lobulated mass protruding from her mouth. The mass was clinically diagnosed as a congenital epulis. The child had no airway obstruction and was able to feed well. A conservative treatment was proposed with monthly follow up appointments to monitor the lesion. After 10 months the lesion completely regressed and the eruption of maxillary anterior teeth remained unaffected.
Salivary interleukin-8 levels in children suffering from Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dakovic D , Colic M , Cakic S , Mileusnic I , Hajdukovic Z , Stamatovic N
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between the salivary levels of IL-8 in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) with (DM+P) or without (DM-P) concomitant periodontitis and healthy subjects. The correlations between the levels of these cytokines and clinical periodontal parameters were also established. Methods: Twenty children and adolescents with Type 1 DM (10 diagnosed with periodontitis, 10 presenting no signs of periodontitis) and a control group consisting of 20 healthy children and adolescents aged 7-18 years were recruited for this study. Results: The Salivary IL-8 level was statistically significantly (p<0.005) elevated in subjects with Type 1 DM (474.47 ± 716.76) compared to non-diabetic control group (101.99 ± 68.32). There was no difference (p≯0.05) in the salivary IL-8 level when subjects with Type 1 DM with concomitant periodontitis were compared to diabetics without periodontitis. When the salivary IL-8 level in subjects with Type 1 DM was correlated with the clinical parameters, no statistical significance was found. Conclusion: An elevated salivary IL-8 level in subjects with Type 1 DM without concomitant periodontitis plays a major role in the development of diabetic micro and macroangiopathy and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Consequently, this may offer a basis for the assessment of risk, prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic complications.
Bond Strength to Unground Enamel and Sealing Ability in Pits and Fissures of a New Self-Adhering Flowable Resin Composite
Authors: Margvelashvili M , Vichi A , Carrabba M , Goracci C , Ferrari M
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the applicability as a sealant of a new self-adhering flowable resin composite (Vertise Flow, Kerr, VF) by assessing shear bond strength (SBS) to unground enamel and microleakage (?LKG) in sealed pits and fissures. Study Design: Marketed sealants to be used in combination with phosphoric acid (Guardian Seal, Kerr, GS) or with a self-etch adhesive (Adper Prompt-L-Pop/Clinpro Sealant, 3M ESPE, CS) were compared to VF. For SBS testing on unground enamel 10 molars per group were used. For ?LKG assessment, pits and fissures sealing was performed in 12 molars per group. The sealed teeth were immersed in a 50% weight silver nitrate solution for 24 hours and the extent of interfacial leakage was measured. Between-group differences in SBS were assessed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test (p<0.05). ?LKG data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA (p>0.05). Results: SBS of VF was statistically similar to that measured by CS and higher than that of GS. Interfacial leakage was similar in the three groups. Conclusions: The finding of satisfactory bond strength and sealing ability of VF when compared to the marketed sealants encourages the use of VF in pit and fissure sealing.
A Randomized Trial on the Inhibitory Effect of Chewing Gum Containing Tea Polyphenol on Caries
Authors: Tao Dan-Ying , Shu Chen-Bin , Lo Edward Chin Man , Lu Hai-Xia , Feng Xi-Ping
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the cariostatic potential of a chewing gum containing tea polyphenol. Study design: A total of 157 schoolchildren aged 8-9 years were randomly allocated into three groups. Two groups received chewing gum with or without tea polyphenol. A third group did not receive any chewing gum. A single examiner assessed the caries status for all participates at baseline, 12 months and 24 months. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate differences among the groups at each interval. The Chi-square test was used to compare the caries-free rate among the three groups. Results: The mean DMFT increment was 0.17 for the polyphenol gum group, 0.60 for the control gum group, and 1.15 for the no gum group. Children who chewed gum containing tea polyphenol had a significantly lower mean DMFS increment over the 24-month period than did the other two groups (p < 0.05). The caries-free rate in the polyphenol gum group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (p < 0.05) after two years. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the oral application of chewing gum with tea polyphenol has an inhibitory effect on dental caries.
Effect of Proanthocyanidin Treatment on the Bonding Effectiveness of Adhesive Restorations in Pulp Chamber
Authors: Nagpal R , Manuja N , Pandit IK
Published: April 2015

Objective: To analyze the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) treatment of the pulp chamber dentin after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation on the microleakage and interfacial morphology of adhesive restorations. Study Design: Pulp chambers of 66 extracted permanent molars were exposed. In half of the samples, pulp chamber dentin was bonded with Clearfil S3 after irrigation with normal saline(Group1a); 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA(Group1b) or 1% NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 30% PA (Group1c) and in other half samples, pulp chamber dentin was bonded with Futurabond NR after irrigation with normal saline (Group 2a); 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA (Group 2b) or 1% NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 30% PA(Group 2c). After adhesive procedures, Filtek Z 250 restorations were placed in the pulp chambers. Microleakage assessment was done in ten samples from each group and scanning electron microscopic examination was done in one sample from each group. Statistical analysis was done using Mann–Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Both the adhesives showed extensive microleakage. NaOCl and EDTA irrigation had no significant effect on the microleakage of both the adhesives. PA treatment of the pulp chamber dentin after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation significantly reduced microleakage in both the adhesives. Conclusion: It was concluded that 1 minute application of 30% proanthocyanidin solution in the pulp chamber after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation improved the subsequent bonding of self-etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin.
Emotional Intelligence Subscales: Are They Correlated with Child Anxiety and Behavior in the Dental Setting?
Authors: Aminabadi NA , Adhami ZE , Oskouei SG , Najafpour E , Jamali Z
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the correlation between emotional intelligence subscales and child's anxiety and behavior in the dental setting. Study design: The study included 123 children aged 7-12 years, who were scheduled to attend two consecutive sessions. In the first session, the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (Bar-on EQ-I: YV) was administered to participants. The anxiety and behavior in children was evaluated during similar dental procedures in the second session using the Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale and the Frankl scale, respectively. Results: 23 children were eliminated from the study, leaving 100 participants (47 boys and 53 girls) with a mean age of 9.32 ± 1.59 years for study. There were statistically significant positive correlations between Frankl score and EQ total score (p<0.001), interpersonal scale (p<0.001), intrapersonal scale (p<0.001), stress management (p=0.03) and adaptability scale (p<0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between anxiety score and, EQ total score (p<0.001), interpersonal scale (p<0.001), intrapersonal scale (p<0.001), and adaptability scale (p<0.001). Anxiety and stress management were not correlated (p=0.16). Total EQ and EQ subscales can predict significance variance of Frankl score (p<0.05) and anxiety score (p<0.05) without confounding effect of age and sex (p>0.05). Conclusions: The results provide evidence that children with higher total EQ as well as higher scores of intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability and stress management scales can generally be flexible and effective in coping in the dental setting. Higher score in stress management subscale seems to be related to better control over affective information including anxiety compared with other subscales in stressful situations. Overall, they behave and cooperate better than children with lower scores.
Initial Experience with Dexmedetomidine for Dental Sedation in Children
Authors: Hyo Sun Kim , Hyo Sun Kim , Ki-Taeg Jang , Sang-Hoon Lee , Chong-Chul Kim , Teo Jeon Shin
Published: April 2015

Sedation of uncooperative children for dental treatment is difficult since treatment is mainly carried out inside the oral cavity. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), recently introduced into clinical practice, has little influence on respiratory system even at high doses. We present cases of patients who underwent dental treatment under sedation using DEX infusion. DEX at a dose of 1 μg/kg was administered over 10 min after intravenous cannulation. DEX was infused to maintain sedation level within the range of the Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAA/S) scale 3- 4 throughout dental treatments. They were successfully treated under DEX sedation without any complications. Their uncooperative behaviors were successfully managed under DEX sedation.
Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of the Carious Dentin Before and After Application of Papacarie Gel
Authors: Gupta S , Singh C , Ramakrishna Y , Chaudhry K , Munshi AK
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate clinically and microbiologically the efficacy of Papacarie® in the removal of carious dentin in both permanent and primary teeth. Study design: Thirty permanent and primary molars with dentinal carious lesions were excavated and subjected to clinical and microbiological assessment before and after application of Papacarie®. The gel was further tested for in vitro antimicrobial efficacy against standard cariogenic micro-organisms using agar diffusion assay. Results: Papacarie® was able to differentiate between infected and affected dentin clinically along with high patient comfort during caries excavation. The mean time taken for caries removal and restoration was observed to be 4.17 ± 0.40 min. and 8.57 ± 0.45 min. for permanent teeth and 4.21 ± 0.36 min. and 9.24 ± 0.58 min. for primary teeth. There was a significant reduction in the total viable colony forming units from the dentin samples before and after application of Papacarie®. It was also observed that Papacarie® had no inhibitory effect on standard cariogenic microorganisms in the agar diffusion assay. Conclusions: Papacarie® is an effective caries removal method clinically in both permanent and primary teeth. The number of viable microorganisms after complete caries excavation using Papacarie® still appears to be high and this bacterial count should be tackled by a suitable restorative material with potent antimicrobial activity.
The Potential Lifespan Impact of Gingivitis and Periodontitis in Children
Authors: Bimstein E , Huja PE , Ebersole JL
Published: April 2015

The prevalence of gingivitis in children can be similar to or greater than dental caries, but has received much less attention in understanding the long-term impact on overall health. Oral health providers must take into consideration that the clinical presentation of the gingivitis progression/severity in the primary dentition is only evident when the magnitude of the inflammatory cell infiltrate approximates the gingival surface reflected by inflamed tissues. Moreover, despite its relatively benign clinical appearance, the establishment of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues in childhood may have the potential for local tissue destruction leading to periodontitis, and/or create an “at-risk” environment in the tissues that could adversely affect the health of these tissues across the lifespan. The present manuscript presents some fundamental information regarding the characteristics of chronic inflammation in gingival tissues of children and adolescents and speculates about the lifetime impact of gingival and periodontal infections in childhood on future oral and systemic health in the adult.
Shear-Bond Strength of a New Self-Adhering Flowable Restorative Material to Dentin of Primary Molars
Authors: Pacifici E , Chazine M , Vichi A , Grandini S , Goracci C , Ferrari M
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of primary molars of a new self-adhering flowable resin composite with two ionomer-based cements and one flowable resin composite in combination with two different adhesive systems. Study design: Fifty primary molars were grinded on the occlusal surface to obtain flat dentin substrate and randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10): OFL:Phosphoric Acid/Optibond FL/Premise Flow; OAO:Optibond All-In-One/Premise Flowable; II:Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji II; IX:Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji IX; V:Vertise Flow. Cylinders (3mm diameter – 5mm height) of restorative material were built-up in three increments over the dentin surfaces. A shear load was applied until failure. Bond strength values were statistically analysed with Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn's test (P<.05). Differences in failure mode distribution were assessed with Chi-square (P<.05). Results: OFL and OAO recorded significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups. Adhesive failures were evident in all groups except OFL and OAO, in which also cohesive failures in dentin were observed. Conclusions: Vertise Flow established on primary dentin bond strengths values similar to those of glass ionomer cements routinely used for restorations of primary teeth. The combination of flowable resin with etch-and-rinse or all-in-one adhesives obtained higher bond strength values, thus involving a more complex handling.
Parotid Gland Enlargement in Pediatric HIV Population
Authors: Kolude NM , Oladokun RE
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To establish the significance of parotid enlargement, state frequency, cytological features and effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on parotid enlargement among a pediatric HIV population. Study design: A 6 month cross sectional survey that utilised clinical features, serial immunological indices and fine needle aspiration cytology. Results: 287 HIV positive children were seen at special paediatric clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, 114 (39.7%) had oral features and among these 24 (8.4%) had parotid involvement comprising of 10 males and 14 females. The overall mean age was 43.4 + 39.7 months compared with 59.6 + 36.5 months in the parotid enlargement group (p = 0.03). Mean ages of parotid enlargement and non enlargement group was significantly different (p = 0.03). The mode of transmission was vertical in (91.7%), 87.5% was bilateral (87.5%) and (75%) presented as a syndrome state with generalised lymphadenopathy. The predominant cytology was lymphoid hyperplasia (62.5%). ART resulted in marked clinical reduction in all the cases and statistically significant improvement in serum indices of CD4 count, CD4% and viral load (p = 0.001, 0.000 & 0.009 respectively). Conclusion: HIV positive children often present with bilateral parotid enlargement and the syndrome state with classical clinical and cytological features of lymphoid hyperplasia predominated. ART resulted in satisfactory reduction of the swellings in most of the cases with no need for further intervention.
Comparison of Relative Efficacy of Two Techniques of Enamel Stain Removal on Fluorosed Teeth. An in Vivo Study
Authors: Bharath KP , Subba Reddy VV , Poornima P , Revathy V , Kambalimath HV , Karthik B
Published: April 2015

The present study was conducted to compare and evaluate the relative efficacy of enamel microabrasion (using 18% HCl) and bleaching with McInnes solution in the esthetic improvement of fluorosed teeth and to check postoperative sensitivity. Study design: 30 children aged between 9-14yrs with a mild or moderate grade of fluorosis as classified according to Dean's fluorosis index and who complained of objectionable esthetics were selected. Split mouth study design was selected in our study. Each subject had one of their maxillary central incisor randomly selected for Enamel microabrasion and the contra lateral maxillary central incisor for McInnes bleaching. Esthetic improvement was assessed by comparing the pre and postoperative digital photographs. During the evaluation session, the pre and postoperative photographs of 30 subjects were incorporated into a power point presentation and were projected side by side in a darkened room. Four calibrated and blinded examiners, including a layman rated the photographs under standardized viewing conditions. Esthetic improvement was assessed for both short and long term improvement. The postoperative sensitivity was recorded for both the procedures immediately after treatment and at one, three and six months intervals. Results: The results proved that both immediate and long term (6month) esthetic improvement achieved by McInnes bleaching were superior to enamel microabrasion. There is a reduction in aesthetics of teeth in both the procedures after six months, which was very minimal in McInnes procedure and significant in enamel micro abrasion. Postoperative sensitivity in both techniques were negligible. The sensitivity observed were transient and subsided within an one-month post operatively. None of the subjects reported sensitivity at one, three and six months intervals. Conclusion: McInnes bleaching is a better procedure compared to enamel microabrasion in improving the appearance of fluorosed teeth. Both techniques are conservative and safe.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts and the Influence of Consanguinity
Authors: Alamoudi NM , Sabbagh H J , Innes NPT , El Derwi D , Hanno AZ , Al-Aama JY , Habiballah A H , Mossey P A
Published: April 2015

The Objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and describe the characteristics of non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and examine the influence of consanguinity. Study Design: Six hospitals were selected to represent Jeddah's five municipal districts. New born infants with NSOFC born between 1st of January 2010 to 31st of December 2011 were clinically examined and their number compared to the total number of infants born in these hospitals to calculate the prevalence of NSOFC types and sub-phenotypes. Referred Infants were included for the purpose of studying NSOFC characteristics and their relationship to consanguinity. Information on NSOFC infants was gathered through parents’ interviews, infants’ files and patient examinations. Results: Prospective surveillance of births resulted in identifying 37 NSOFC infants born between 1st of January 2010 to 31st of December 2011 giving a birth prevalence of 0.80/1000 living births. The total infants seen, including referred cases, were 79 children. Consanguinity among parents of cleft palate (CP) cases was statistically higher than that among cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) patients (P=0.039). Although there appears to be a trend in the relationship between consanguinity and severity of CL/P sub-phenotype, it was not statistically significant (P= 0.248). Conclusions: Birth prevalence of NSOFC in Jeddah City was 0.8/1000 live births with CL/P: 0.68/1000 and CP: 0.13/1000. Both figures were low compared to the global birth prevalence (NSOFC: 1.25/1000, CL/P: 0.94/1000 and CP: 0.31/1000 live births). Consanguineous parents were statistically higher among CP cases than among other NSOFC phenotypes.
Soft Tissue Alterations Following Protraction Approaches with and without Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Authors: Canigur Bavbek N , Balos Tuncer B , Tortop T
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the soft tissue changes influenced by reverse headgear therapy with (RHg+RME) or without (RHg) rapid maxillary expansion with each other and with an untreated Class III control group (C). Study design: RHg group (10 girls, 6 boys, mean chronological age 11.1 years), RHg+RME group (12 girls, 4 boys, mean chronological age 10.8 years) and C group (7 girls, 11 boys, mean chronological age 10.2 years) comprised skeletally Class III patients with maxillary deficiency. Soft tissue measurements were made on lateral cephalograms at the beginning and at the end of the treatment and observation periods. Changes within each group and the differences between the groups were analyzed by paired t-test; the differences between the groups were determined by variance analysis and Duncan test with a significance level p<0.05. Results: The sagittal depth of nose and maxilla, upper lip height and protrusion were significantly increased in treatment groups and the differences were significant when compared to control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Forward movement of upper lip was more prominent in RHg group. Reverse headgear treatment with or without RME revealed significant soft tissue changes when compared with a growing Class III control group with the same skeletal characteristics.
Management of Oral Lesions in Lesch-Nyham Syndrome
Authors: Romero Maroto M , Ruiz Duque C , Vincent G , Garcia Recuero I , Romance A
Published: April 2015

Lesh-Nyhan Syndrome is a hereditary disorder that affects the way in which the body handles the production and breakdown of purines. One of its main characteristic is self-mutilation. We present a new appliance which allows healing to occur.
A Comparative evaluation of Intrnasal Dexmedetomidine, Midazolam and Ketamine for their sedative and analgesic properties: A Triple Blind Randomized Study
Authors: Natarajan Surendar M , Kumar Pandey R , Kumar Saksena A , Kumar R , Chandra G
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of Intranasal (IN) Dexmedetomidine, Midazolam and Ketamine in producing moderate sedation among uncooperative pediatric dental patients. Study Design: This randomized triple blind comparative study comprises of eighty four ASA grade I children of both sexes aged 4-14 years, who were uncooperative and could not be managed by conventional behavior management techniques. All the children were randomized to receive one of the four drug groups Dexmedetomidine 1?g/ kg (D1), 1.5μg/kg (D2), Midazolam 0.2mg/kg (M1) and Ketamine 5mg/kg (K1) through IN route. These drug groups were assessed for efficacy and safety by gauging overall success rate and by monitoring vital signs, respectively. Results: The onset of sedation was significantly rapid with M1 and K1 as compared to D1 and D2 (p=Ã0.001). The overall success rate was highest in D2 (85.7%) followed by D1 (81%), K1 (66.7%) and M1 (61.9%), however, the difference among them was not statistically significant (p=ã0.05). Even though all the vital signs were within physiological limits, there was significant reduction in pulse rate (PR) (p=Ã0.001) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p=Ã0.05) among D1 and D2 as compared to M1 and K1. D1, D2 and K1 produced greater intra- and post-operative analgesia as compared to M1. There were no significant adverse effects with any group. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine, Midazolam and Ketamine, all the three drugs evaluated in the present study can be used safely and effectively through IN route in uncooperative pediatric dental patients for producing moderate sedation.
Dental Fluorosis: Concentration of Fluoride in Drinking Water and Consumption of Bottled Beverages in School Children
Authors: Pérez-Pérez N , Torres-Mendoza N , Borges-Yéñez A , Irigoyen-Camacho ME
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify dental fluorosis prevalence and to analyze its association with tap water fluoride concentration and beverage consumption in school children from the city of Oaxaca, who were receiving fluoridated salt. Study design: A cross-sectional study was performed on elementary public school children. Dean's Index was applied to assess dental fluorosis. The parents of the children who were studied completed a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics and type of beverages consumed by their children. A total of 917 school children participated in this study. Results: Dental fluorosis prevalence was 80.8%. The most frequent fluorosis category was very mild (41.0%), and 16.4% of the children were in the mild category. The mean water fluoride concentration was 0.43 ppm (±0.12). No association was detected between tap water fluoride concentration and fluorosis severity. The multinomial regression model showed an association among the mild fluorosis category and age (OR = 1.25, [95%CI 1.04, 1.50]) and better socio-economic status (OR = 1.78, [95%CI 1.21, 2.60]), controlling for fluoride concentration in water. Moderate and severe fluorosis were associated with soft drink consumption (OR = 2.26, [95%IC 1.01, 5.09]), controlling for age, socio-economic status, and water fluoride concentration. Conclusions: The prevalence of fluorosis was high. Mild fluorosis was associated with higher socio-economic status, while higher fluorosis severity was associated with soft drink consumption.
Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Education Venues Evaluation by Pre and Post-Doctoral Students
Authors: Bimstein E , Mayes A , Mittal HC
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate dental students’ perspectives about pre- and post-doctoral pediatric dentistry education venues. Study design: Surveys with visual analog scales (from 0 to100) measuring the educational contribution of pediatric dentistry venues were conducted. The pre-doctoral venues included a 3rd year university twilight clinic (UTC), a 3rd year urban community based clinic (CBC) and 4th year mobile clinics (MCs). The post-doctoral venues included treatment of children under general anesthesia, oral sedations, a regular clinic (no sedations), seminars, journal club, case conferences and studding for the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry. Results: Analyses of variance between the scores indicated that the 3rd year CBC score (68.2 ± 4.5) was statistically significant higher (p= .007) than the one for the 3rd year UTC score (44.9±6.1). The 4th year students’ MCs score (61.4±4.0) was statistically significant higher than their retrospective scores for the 3rd year CBC (56.4±4.4) or UTC (42.2±4.9) scores (p= .03 and .004 respectively). Among the didactic or clinical post-doctoral venues, the regular clinic and the seminars received the highest scores (84.3±1.7 and 71.6±2.8 respectively). Conclusion: pre-doctoral community-based clinical education and post-doctoral regular university based clinic are considered by students to provide the main contribution to pediatric dental education.
Assessment of Skeletal Maturation using Mandibular Second Molar Maturation Stages
Authors: Goyal S , Goyal S , Gugnani N
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between cervical vertebrae maturation and mandibular second molar calcification stages.Study design: The study was designed as a retrospective, descriptive and crosssectional research project. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs of 99 males and 110 females in the age range of 7 to 18 years 7 months were evaluated with Demirjian Index (DI) and cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMI) of Hassel and Farman. A null hypothesis was proposed that there is no relation between CVMI and DI. Results: A highly significant association (Pearson's contingency coefficient 0.713 for males and 0.863 for females) was found between DI and CVMI. In males, the DI stage E corresponded to stage 2 of CVMI (pre–peak of pubertal growth spurt) and DI stages F and G corresponded to stages 3 and 4 of CVMI (peak of pubertal growth spurt). DI stage H was associated with stages 5 and 6 of CVMI (end of pubertal growth spurt). In females, the DI stages C, D corresponded to CVMI stages 1, 2; DI stages E, F with CVMI stages 3, 4; DI stages G, H with CVMI stages 5, 6. Conclusion: Mandibular second molar calcification stages can be used as indicators for assessment of skeletal maturity.
An in Vivo Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite and Biopure MTAD™ against Enterococcus Faecalis in Primary Teeth: A qPCR Study
Authors: Tulsani SG , Chikkanarasaiah N , Bethur S
Published: April 2015

Objectives: Biopure MTAD™, a new root canal irrigant has shown promising results against the most common resistant microorganism, E. faecalis, in permanent teeth. However, there is lack of studies comparing its antimicrobial effectiveness with NaOCl in primary teeth. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of NaOCl 2.5% and Biopure MTAD™ against E. faecalis in primary teeth. Study design: Forty non vital single rooted primary maxillary anterior teeth of children aged 4-8 years, were irrigated either with NaOCl 2.5% (n=15), Biopure MTAD™ (n=15) and 0.9% Saline (n=10, control group). Paper point samples were collected at baseline (S1) and after chemomechanical preparation (S2) during the pulpectomy procedure. The presence of E. faecalis in S1 & S2 was evaluated using Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: Statistical significant difference was found in the antimicrobial efficacy of NaOCl 2.5 % and BioPure MTAD™ when compared to saline (p>0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was found between the efficacies of both the irrigants. Conclusions: NaOCl 2.5% and BioPure MTAD™, both irrigants are equally efficient against E. faecalis in necrotic primary anterior teeth. MTAD is a promising irrigant, however clinical studies are required to establish it as ideal root canal irrigant in clinical practice.
Resin Penetration in Artificial Enamel Carious Lesions after Using Sodium Hypochlorite as a Deproteinization Agent
Authors: Gómez SS , Bravo P , Morales R , Romero A , Oyarzún A
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To study the degree of penetration of an adhesive resin in artificial enamel carious lesions after using sodium hypochlorite as deproteinization agent. Study design: Twenty included human third-molars, extracted for surgical indication, were used. Artificial lesions were created in the buccal and lingual sides of each specimen through a cycle of demineralization-remineralization. Samples were then incubated in human saliva for 7 days at 37 ° C. After surface cleaning, lesions and the peripheral sound enamel were etched with 37% orthophosphoric acid for 20 seconds. One lesion of each specimen was treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for one minute. The other lesion of each specimen was used as a control. Experimental and control lesions were sealed with a fluid resin marked with Rhodamine B. Lesions were sectioned for microscopic observation by epifluorescence and polarized light. The images obtained were analyzed morphometrically. The micrometer measurements were made with ImageJ ® software. The level of significance was assessed at p<0.05. Results: The average sealant depth penetration in the control group was 94.9 ± 28.6 ?m versus 122.8 ± 25.3 μm in the experimental group. This represents Δ 20.1% significantly greater penetration when using sodium hypochlorite (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results demonstrated a significant penetration of the sealing resin when the conventional technique is complemented with the application of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for one minute in artificial enamel carious lesions.
Evaluation of the Accessory Mental Foramen in a Pediatric Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Cantekin K , Şekerci AE
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of the present study was to clarify the occurrence, diameter, and location of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from a sample of Turkish children. Study design: This retrospective was carried out using a total of 275 CBCT images from child and adolescent patients were randomly selected from existing records in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at the University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey. The mental foramen (MF) and AMF were assessed on axial, sagittal, and coronal CBCT slices. Results: The mean age was 10.51 ± 3.32 years, consisting of 139 males (mean age 10.64 ± 3.42) and 126 females (mean age 10.38 ± 3.18). Twenty-one AMFs were observed in 18 of 275 patients (6.5%, 10 boys and eight girls). There was no significant difference in gender in relation to the prevalence of AMF (p = 0.65). The mean area of the 21 AMFs and the MF on the side with the AMF were 0.7 mm2 (SD ± 0.5) and 3.8 mm2 (SD ± 2.2), respectively. Conclusion: It is important to stress that detecting the AMN using CBCT with 3D reconstructions may reduce the risk of paralysis, hemorrhage, and postoperative pain in this region. Our study presents the first report assessing the occurrence, diameter, and location of the AMF in the pediatric population using CBCT images. In this respect, not surprisingly, the mean size of the AMF of our population is smaller than other reports in the literature that involve adult populations.
Orthodontic Treatment of Skeletal Class II Adolescent with Anterior Open Bite using Mini-Screws and Modified Palatal Anchorage Plate
Authors: Kook YA , Park JH , Kim Y , Ahn CS , Bayome M
Published: April 2015

This article presents a non-extraction orthodontic treatment case using mini-screws and a modified palatal anchorage plate (MPAP) to intrude the maxillary posterior teeth, and distalize the whole arch dentition and control the extrusion of the maxillary posterior dentition during distalization.
Public Telephone Cabinets In Australia
Authors: Moorhead Simon
Published: April 2015

Two papers from the Telecommunications Journal of Australia in 1956 and 1960 respectively. The first provides an overview of public telephone cabinets in Australia and the second describes the state of the art, aluminium public telephone cabinet.
Internet Governance: Is it finally time to drop the training wheels?
Authors: Clark Narelle
Published: April 2015

In March 2014 the US Government announced its intent to transition away from the current system of oversight of core Internet functions, and move the obligations of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) over to the international multi-stakeholder community. The current contract is set to expire on 30 September 2015, and thenceforth a new globalised model has the opportunity to come into being.
This article describes the current Internet governance model, and the process towards a future mode of operation.
Review of ‘Asian Data Privacy Laws – Trade and Human Rights Perspectives’ by Graham Greenleaf
Authors: Vaile David
Published: April 2015

Review of 'Asian Data Privacy Laws – Trade and Human Rights Perspectives' by Graham Greenleaf, Oxford, October 2014, nearly 600 pages