bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part II: Turning a Critical Lens on Nonprofit Classification: Opportunities and Challenges in the Digital Age
Authors: Rutherford A. C. , LePere-Schloop M. , Perai N. A. A.
Published: December 2024

Defining who is in the nonprofit sector, and where they sit within that sector, is a powerful task. Any attempt to do it at an international scale must recognize the diversity of voluntary activity and civil society across cultures and contexts. In this chapter, we consider the challenges of applying classifications in different cultures, before going on to explore both the opportunities and challenges that new data and technologies offer for complex classification at scale. We conclude with some reflections on how the theory and application of classification might proceed in the future.
Capturing Data on Volunteering in a Global Dimension: A Window of Opportunity for Furthering Third Sector Research
Authors: Fonović Ksenija
Published: December 2024

In this chapter I address the state of the art and future potential for data aggregation on global level of volunteering (Wilson, 2000; Butcher Einolf, 2017; Guidi et al., 2021b), under the assumption that voluntary action (Fonović, 2023, pp. 21–42) of citizens for the common good is not merely a “renewable resource” of the nonprofits (Salamon et al., 2018) but the very “source” and the basic building block of civil society and of the Third Sector as such (UN, 2018). Therefore, the possibility to rely on “good” data on volunteering in globally comparable dimensions can contribute significantly to studying different facets of the Third Sector. Data on volunteering can be put to good use in a variety of disciplines, either as input, for example in approaches as diverse as development, democracy or management, or as output, for example in approaches as diverse as political history or psychology. The aim of the chapter is to clarify what comparable data can be generated by national statistical institutes following the ILO methodology on volunteer work (ILO, 2021) and to propose a method for a collaborative effort for refining and advancing this tool.
Technologies for Data Aggregation: An Overview of Technologies and Opportunities to Propel Third Sector Research
Authors: Santamarina Francisco J.
Published: December 2024

Some of the most impactful efforts to aggregate data around nonprofits, non-governmental organizations, and other participants of the Third Sector were undertaken by Anheier and Salamon through the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP). In reflecting on the project’s shortcomings and opportunities for change and reinvigorated momentum, Anheier (2023) only briefly acknowledges the constellation of advances that have occurred since the CNP began. In particular, collective data aggregation efforts, open data initiatives and publicly available datasets, reductions in computing resource costs, and development and implementation of algorithms are among some of the innovations that can allow for the CNP’s progress to continue and expand in ways unimaginable at its founding. This chapter discusses an effort to engage in data aggregation efforts as described by Bloodgood (see Chap. 12 in this volume). It follows with an exploration of how new technologies and methods expand sense-making in Third Sector research, in particular around generating, implementing, and exploring concepts. It ends with a call to action for greater adoption of these technologies and approaches.
Analyzing Civil Society in the Arab World: A Conceptual Review
Authors: Haddad Tania
Published: December 2024

Most Arab societies are built on religious institutions that remain separate from the State, providing alternative sources of power and independent spaces. Therefore, to study civil society in the region, it is essential to first define and evaluate the term in the context of the Arab world.
Theory of the Third Sector
Authors: Brandsen Taco , Mendonca Patricia , Smith Steven
Published: December 2024

Research on the Third Sector has been informed by many theories of the development of the Third Sector and its relationship to government and the citizenry. This chapter will review the major theories of the Third Sector, but pay special attention to the major comparative conceptual framework of the third sector, the social origins theory, proposed by Salamon and Anheier (1998). Overall, the chapter will place the different theoretical frameworks in context and highlight key issues for scholars of the Third Sector to consider in their future research, especially given the hybridization of the Third Sector and major shifts in public policy towards the third sector.
Third Sector: The Building of a Research Field
Authors: Bassi Andrea
Published: December 2024

Definitions are key elements of the scientific undertaken (journey) (Swedberg, Eur J Soc Theor 23(3):431–445, 2016). Definition consists of the tracing of a boundary of meaning, in order to distinguish what is inside and outside a specific research field. Definitions change along space and time.

In the field of civil society organizations internationally many definitions have been developed world, recently there has been the tendency to gather the studies and research concerning the organized part of Civil Society under the label Third Sector. That seems to be more neutral and more easily recognized worldwide.

The chapter is structured as follows. The first section introduces the topic of definition in social sciences. The second section deals with epistemological issues arising when dealing with the tough question of definitions. In the third section we will illustrate and comment on four main approaches to defining this research field. Finally, the fourth and last section presents concluding remarks.
Part I: The Classification of Civil Society, Nonprofit and Third Sector Organizations
Authors: Rutherford A. C. , Lepere-Schloop M. , Perai N. A. A.
Published: December 2024

The classification of civil society organizations by their characteristics seems quite straightforward. But in practice there are real challenges in both agreeing and applying a classification system consistently, particularly if the process needs to be automated. In this chapter we explore what is meant by the classification of civil society, describe its history, and then set out some of the opportunities and challenges that advances in theory and methods might pose for developing classification in the coming years.
Fostering Social Cohesion in Multicultural Societies of the Gulf Cooperation Council
Authors: Lechtenberg-Kasten Sara
Published: December 2024

The global pandemic has highlighted the importance of social cohesion in responding to traumatic events. While developing physical infrastructure that can withstand the effects of climate change is crucial, equal attention should be given to the social component of resilience in disaster mitigation strategies. Communities with strong social networks are better equipped to respond to immediate threats and recover after a disaster, but what factors contribute to social cohesion, and how can they be fostered in dynamic and multicultural societies in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC)? This chapter reviews the foundational literature on social cohesion, explores the unique aspects related to the Gulf, and highlights opportunities to strengthen community bonds in the post-COVID era.
Resilience of Small Islands: Unveiling Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Futures
Authors: Hilmi Nathalie , Crisóstomo Matías , Bermudo Angela , Chami Ralph , Imbert Nicolas , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the inherent resilience of small islands in the face of multifaceted challenges and examines the pivotal role of nature-based solutions in securing their sustainable trajectories. Small islands, possessing unique ecosystems and cultural heritages, face heightened vulnerabilities due to their size, geographical isolation, and exposure to various environmental, social, and economic stressors. Amid these challenges, the concept of resilience emerges as a beacon of hope, representing the capacity of these islands to adapt, withstand, and transform.

Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this chapter investigates the diverse dimensions of resilience exhibited by small islands. It examines the intricate interplay between natural systems and human societies, showcasing how nature-based solutions serve as a catalyst for resilience-building. From leveraging ecosystem services to integrating traditional knowledge and innovative technologies, these solutions offer sustainable pathways that bolster the resilience of small islands.

This chapter highlights the significance of nature-based approaches in mitigating the impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. It sheds light on successful initiatives and best practices, elucidating their contributions to enhancing adaptive capacities and fostering sustainable development in small island contexts.

Furthermore, this chapter emphasizes the need for holistic and participatory approaches, engaging local communities, policymakers, and stakeholders in co-designing and implementing nature-based solutions. It advocates for the integration of indigenous wisdom, community-based management, and innovative strategies aligned with local contexts to amplify resilience efforts.

Ultimately, this chapter aims to underscore the importance of nature-based solutions as indispensable tools in fortifying the resilience of small islands. By recognizing and harnessing the intrinsic capacities of ecosystems, societies, and cultures, it advocates for a paradigm shift toward sustainable futures, where small islands thrive in harmony with nature.
Heat Resilience: A Matter of Both Adaptation and Mitigation for the GCC
Authors: El Mir Jamila
Published: December 2024

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the wider Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are also warming twice as fast as the global average, with temperatures already reaching a 2 °C scenario compared to preindustrial temperatures. According to the United Nations Environment Program, cooling generates around 7% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, while it is responsible for 70% of the peak electricity demand in the GCC. This highlights the prominence of heat as a key climate impact for the GCC region and it really is a matter of both climate mitigation as well as adaptation. Heat resilience and cooling therefore become priority action areas for the governments of the region to deliver on the Paris Goals in a locally responsive manner. This article aims to provide an overview of the impacts of increasing heat on the GCC region, current efforts to address them, and opportunities for enhanced climate action for a heat-resilient future. It highlights existing practices in mitigating the impacts of increased heat through urban planning, public realm design, and building design as well as workforce guidelines for outdoor jobs. It also identifies key areas requiring additional research within the region and key policy recommendations for countries in the GCC to better address the various impacts of increasing temperatures.
Weaving Resilience: The Enduring Threads of GCC Communities
Authors: AlShalan Mashael Saud , Al-Saud Noura Turki
Published: December 2024

In this chapter, the focus is on building social resilience to confront climate change. It examines how GCC countries can adapt to and mitigate climate risks weaving deep-rooted community bonds into evolving urban landscapes.

This chapter discusses balancing strong communal ties with rising individualism due to global urbanization. Emphasis is placed on policies and infrastructure that support changing dynamics while reinforcing communal values.

This narrative highlights how climate change can exacerbate global challenges such as pandemics and economic fluctuations, providing strategies to manage these issues within the GCC context. A framework for adapting international resilience practices to the GCC’s unique sociocultural and environmental landscape is introduced.

This chapter serves as a resource for policymakers, urban planners, academics, and community leaders in the GCC, providing insights into fostering resilient urban systems to address both immediate and broader challenges posed by climate change.
Erratum to: Unorientable topological gravity and orthogonal random matrix universality
Authors: Weber Torsten , Tall Jarod , Haneder Fabian , Urbina Juan Diego , Richter Klaus
Published: December 2024

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2024)267
Vector dark matter from the 5-dimensional representation of SU(2)L
Authors: Escalona Patricio , Acevedo Sebastián , Areyuna Paulo , Benítez-Irarrázabal Gonzalo , Solar Pablo , Zerwekh Alfonso
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The introduction of electroweak multiplets that transform under any representation of the standard SU(2)L gauge group suggests the existence of electrically neutral stable particles capable of serving as cold dark matter in the ΛCDM cosmological model. This paradigm, known as minimal dark matter, has primarily focused on spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles. We extend this study to the spin-1 case using the 5-dimensional real representation. We address unitarity concerns arising from the model’s interactions with electroweak and Higgs fields of the Standard Model, investigating implications for dark matter relic density, direct and indirect detection, including non-perturbative Sommerfeld enhancement for the latter. Collider signatures of the proposed model are also examined. Our findings suggest that the model remains consistent with experimental constraints, particularly for dark matter masses on the order of dozens of TeV, and could potentially be tested using γ-ray observatories such as CTA.
Central dopamine receptors: Radiotracers unveiling the Role of dopaminergic tone in obesity
Authors: Pais Marta Lapo , Crisóstomo Joana , Abrunhosa Antero , Castelo-Branco Miguel
Published: December 2024

Brain dopamine type 2 and 3 receptors (D2/3R) have been postulated to play a role in obesity. However, results from molecular neuroimaging studies exploring these receptors in obesity are not consensual. These inconsistencies may be due to the distinct characteristics of radiotracers that confound the interpretation of D2/3R assessment. Only three meta-analyses reported their results across radiotracers. Although all agree that obesity severity influences D2/3R availability, results vary for [11C]raclopride. Further, D2/3R assessment has been commonly interpreted as reflecting receptor density or availability. An alternative interpretation could be related to changes in endogenous central dopaminergic tone. The main question is whether the hypothesis of a quadratic relationship between dopaminergic tone and degree of obesity is suitable for the distinct characteristics of radiotracers. To answer this question and clarify the role of dopaminergic tone in obesity, we systematically reviewed this issue across radiotracers. Out of 514 articles, 15 articles were selected for review. Besides obesity severity, this study highlights the influence of radiotracer characteristics when assessing D2/3R. The tested hypothesis proved to be more suitable for radiotracers more susceptible to endogenous dopamine or with a lower affinity to D2/3R, supporting the quadratic relationship between dopaminergic tone and degree of obesity. While the role of D2/3R density in obesity may be relevant, dopaminergic tone seems to have a greater impact on the obesity-related differences found in these receptors. Finally, neuropsychological factors should be tested in addition to body mass index, as they may better reflect altered brain dopaminergic function.

Graphical Abstract
A culture of their own? culture in robot-robot interaction
Authors: Mansouri Masoumeh , Taylor Henry
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a framework for studying culture in the context of robot-robot interaction (RRI). We examine the claim that groups of robots can share a culture, even independently of their relationship with humans. At the centre of our framework is a recognition that ‘culture’ is a concept that can be defined and understood in many different ways. As we demonstrate, which definition of ‘culture’ one employs has important consequences for the question of whether groups of robots can have their own culture, and what kind of culture they can have. We suggest that this argument has important consequences for robotics from an ethical/legal perspective.
Design of a method to optimise the dimensions of steel bearing rings for automotive applications
Authors: Šafář Marek , Voldřich Rostislav , Harničárová Marta , Valíček Jan , Kušnerová Milena , Kopal Ivan , Borzan Marian , Tozan Hakan
Published: December 2024

The presented publication deals with the method of optimisation of dimensions of specific bearing rings on the basis of the production process of grinding the surfaces of the faces and outer surfaces of these bearings after turning and hardening by means of a suitable addition corrected by a suitable number of grinding passes. By comparing the analysed results of bearing ring dimensions measurements obtained after turning and hardening before and after optimisation, the capability indices of the applied manufacturing processes are evaluated. In the context of standard values of capability indices common in engineering practice, the proposed method aims at achieving higher product quality, as well as increasing the efficiency and economic benefit of the applied manufacturing processes.
Actions and representations of g-digroups
Authors: Marín-Gaviria Isaías David , Rodríguez-Nieto José Gregorio , Salazar-Díaz Olga Patricia , Velásquez Raúl
Published: December 2024

We study g-digroup actions by proving some results that are well known in group actions, for example: the orbit stabilizer theorem, the class equation, Burnside’s formula, and we relate g-digroup actions with trioids. We introduce the definition of a representation of a g-digroup into dialgebras and establish a strong connection with g-digroup action, like in the group case.
Comprehensive assessment of supratentorial and infratentorial volumes in infants with myelomeningocele with and without Chiari malformation type II
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroaki , Shimada Makoto , Takemoto Osamu , Chiba Yasuyoshi
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Chiari malformation type II (CM-II) is a congenital anomaly commonly associated with myelomeningocele (MMC), a severe form of open spina dysraphism. This study aimed to evaluate both supratentorial and infratentorial volumes in MMC infants with and without CM-II.

Methods

We conducted a single-center, retrospective study of 52 MMC infants treated between April 2006 and July 2023. Infants were classified as non-CM-II or CM-II based on the presence of cerebellar displacement. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) at 0 months of age. Volumetric parameters included intracranial volume (ICV), lateral ventricles volume (LVV), posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV), cerebellum volume (CBMV), and brainstem volume (BSV). LVV represented supratentorial structures, while PCFV, CBMV, and BSV represented infratentorial structures.

Results

CM-II was diagnosed in 30 infants (57.7%). Correlation analysis revealed significant negative correlations between supratentorial (LVV) and infratentorial volumes (PCFV, CBMV, and BSV), and positive correlations among volumes within the same space(e.g., PCFV, CBMV, and BSV). CM-II infants exhibited significantly larger ICV (p = 0.04) and LVV (p < 0.001), but smaller PCFV (p < 0.001) and CBMV (p < 0.001) than non-CM-II infants. LVV was the best predictor for distinguishing non-CM-II from CM-II (area under the curve = 0.91).

Conclusion

This study identified positive correlations within the same space and negative correlations between supratentorial and infratentorial volumes. LVV emerged as a critical indicator of CM-II, reflecting the relationship between reduced infratentorial space and enlarged supratentorial ventricles (hydrocephalus). These findings provide insights into the pathophysiology and clinical implications of CM-II in MMC patients.
Novel polymorphic and copy number diversity in the antibody IGH locus of South African individuals
Authors: Marsden Alaine A. , Corcoran Martin , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla , Garrett Nigel , Karim Salim S. Abdool , Moore Penny L. , Kitchin Dale , Morris Lynn , Scheepers Cathrine
Published: December 2024

The heavy chain of an antibody is crucial for mediating antigen binding. IGHV genes, which partially encode the heavy chain of antibodies, exhibit vast genetic diversity largely through polymorphism and copy number variation (CNV). These genetic variations impact population-level expression levels. In this study, we analyzed expressed antibody transcriptomes and matched germline IGHV genes from donors from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Amplicon NGS targeting germline IGHV sequences was performed on genomic DNA from 70 participants, eight of whom had matched datasets of expressed antibody transcriptomes. Germline IGHV sequencing identified 161 unique IGHV alleles, of which 32 were novel. A further 21 novel IGHV alleles were detected in the expressed transcriptomes of these donors. We also examined the datasets for CNV, uncovering gene duplications of 10 IGHV genes from germline sequencing and 33 genes in the expressed transcriptomes. Many of the IGHV gene duplications have not been described in other populations. This study expands our understanding of genetic differences in distinct populations and suggests the potential impact of genetic diversity on immune responses.
Direct traction MR imaging of the wrist: practical experience
Authors: Zhang Miaoru , Yip Stefanie W. Y. , Wu Su , Yeung David K. W. , Griffith James F.
Published: December 2024

Objective

To study the effect of direct wrist traction on patient pain and joint distraction on MRI.

Materials and methods

291 patients (109 males, 182 females; mean age, 45.8 years) who underwent wrist MRI between November 2019 and September 2024 were studied (152 patients with traction, 139 patients without traction). All patients completed a questionnaire assessing wrist pain scores before, during, and ten minutes after MRI examination. Joint space width and cartilage visibility of the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints were assessed. For patients with arthroscopy within one year after MRI, diagnostic accuracy of intrinsic ligament and triangular fibrocartilage complex tears was assessed.

Results

Fifty-seven (38%) of 152 traction patients had an average increase of 1 point (range, 0 ~ 2) in wrist pain following traction compared to 24 (17%) of 139 non-traction patients (p = 0.085). 44% traction patients and 38% non-traction patients reported non-wrist pain (mainly shoulder, neck), with no inter-group difference in location, prevalence, or pain score (all p values > 0.05). Average joint space width was 0.6 mm wider in the traction group (p < 0.001). On average, eighty-five (60%) of 141 traction patients had ‘moderate’ or ‘good’ articular cartilage visibility compared to 22 (17%) of 126 non-traction patients (p < 0.001). Traction tended to increase diagnostic accuracy for intrinsic ligament tear, though it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.136).

Conclusion

Compared to wrist MRI without traction, traction increases joint space width and improves cartilage visibility, though with a slight increase in wrist pain.
International survey on diagnostic reference levels based on clinical indications in plain radiography
Authors: Schegerer Alexander A. , Stamm Georg , Aberle Christoph , Ammon Josefin , Bazrafshan Babak , Borowski Markus , Eßeling Rainer , Madsack Bärbel , Menz Roman , Müller Constance , Oberhofer Nadia , Renger Bernhard , Singer Julian , Verius Michael , Walz Michael , Jungnickel Kerstin
Published: December 2024

Purpose

To collect and analyze radiation dose-related data as part of international cooperation; to define diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for 24 X-ray projections in plain radiography (DX) considering anatomical region, clinical task, and procedural technique; and to harmonize the exposure practice across country borders.

Methods

A multicenter study was performed in Austria, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland in 2022–23 to provide dose-related data. Healthcare facilities were asked to provide processed data from their dose management systems. A 5%-level was used for assessing the statistical significance of dose differences between various groups.

Results

Dose-related data from 85 radiographic systems in academic and non-academic, public, and private healthcare facilities were analyzed. Dose-related parameters differed significantly for many projections with different clinical tasks and techniques. Dose-related data of the procedures varied by a maximum factor of 16 for the same system, and median dose values also differed between hospitals by a maximum factor of 31. A fifth of the surveyed systems exhibit doses above more than half of the new DRLs defined in this study. Apart from the three reference procedures, no significant dose differences were observed between X-ray systems of different ages, from different manufacturers, or from different countries.

Conclusions

This is the first survey in which exposure practices were investigated in institutions in different central European countries by establishing clinical DRLs for radiography. The observed dose variations could be explained by different reasons, such as non-optimized dose protocols. The new DRLs help to harmonize the exposure practice across country borders.

Key Points

QuestionWhat is the exposure practice for plain radiography procedures for which no clinical diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been defined? Are there differences between countries?

FindingsThe dose for the same clinical task and technique can vary considerably among institutions but, on average, do not significantly differ between neighboring countries in Europe.

Clinical relevanceIn this international multicenter study, clinical DRLs were defined for 24 plain radiography projections to promote the optimization of the exposure practice, to reduce dose variations among institutions even across national borders, and to strengthen international cooperation among users.
Estimation of uncertainties in the density driven flow in fractured porous media using MLMC
Authors: Logashenko Dmitry , Litvinenko Alexander , Tempone Raul , Wittum Gabriel
Published: December 2024

We use the Multi Level Monte Carlo method to estimate uncertainties in a Henry-like salt water intrusion problem with a fracture. The flow is induced by the variation of the density of the fluid phase, which depends on the mass fraction of salt. While the fracture’s location is fixed, its aperture is uncertain. In our setting, porosity and permeability vary spatially and recharge is time-dependent. So we introduce three random variables, one controlling both the porosity and permeability fields, one for the fracture width and one for the intensity of recharge. For each realization of these uncertain parameters, the evolution of mass fraction and pressure fields is modeled using a system of non-linear, time-dependent PDEs with a solution discontinuity at the fracture. These uncertainties propagate, affecting the distribution of salt concentration, a key factor in water resource quality. We show that the MLMC method can be successfully applied to this problem. It significantly reduces the computational cost compared to classical Monte Carlo methods by effectively balancing discretisation and statistical errors, and by evaluating multiple scenarios over different spatial and temporal mesh levels. The deterministic PDE solver, using the ug4 library, runs in parallel to compute all stochastic scenarios.
Detection of phosphatidylethanol after ethanol intake with targeted blood alcohol concentrations of 0.6 g/kg and 0.75 g/kg
Authors: Spleis Franziska , Bantle Matthias , Schuldis Dominik , Bell Lorenz M. , Thierauf-Emberger Annette , Weinmann Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

Alcohol consumption is widespread in most western countries such as Germany and a relevant risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Sensitive detection of alcohol consumption using suitable markers is therefore of central importance for clinical and forensic diagnostics. Direct alcohol markers are non-oxidative products of ethanol, which are produced in the body during the degradation of ethanol and provide high sensitivity and specificity. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a promising marker for detecting alcohol consumption in the past days to weeks. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum amount of ethanol for a single alcohol consumption that leads to a detectable increase in blood PEth concentration. Therefore, 12 participants were recruited and, after four weeks of abstinence, drinking tests were carried out with target blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.6 g/kg and 0.75 g/kg. The PEth samples were obtained as dried-blood spots on the test day and the three following days and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The result of the study were a detectable increase of PEth in the blood above limit of detection after both drinking events in all participants and an increase in PEth above the cutoff concentration for abstinence of 20 ng/mL in 9/12 (75%) and 7/12 (58%) participants, respectively, from a minimum BAC of 0.48 g/kg. These results make PEth appear promising as a marker for controlled moderate alcohol consumption.
Evidence-based cancer care: assessing guideline adherence of multidisciplinary tumor board recommendations for breast and colorectal cancer in a non-academic medical center
Authors: Leonhardt Carl-Stephan , Lanzenberger Leopold , Puehringer Raphael , Klaiber Ulla , Hauser Irene , Strobel Oliver , Prager Gerald , Bodingbauer Martin
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTB) are associated with improved outcomes. Yet, most patients in Western countries receive cancer care at non-academic medical centers. Guideline adherence of MTB recommendations in non-academic medical centers as well as factors contributing to non-adherence remain largely unexplored.

Methods

This retrospective study followed the STROBE recommendations. All cases discussed at the MTB of the Landesklinikum Baden-Moedling, Austria, were eligible for inclusion. Guideline non-adherence was assessed by two reviewers independently using the AWMF S3 guidelines. Factors associated with guideline non-adherence were investigated using multivariable ordinal regression.

Results

In total, 579 patients were included in the final analysis: 486 were female (83.9%) and 93 were male (16.1%), with a median age of 70 years (IQR 60–80). Most had breast cancer (n = 451; 77.9%), while 128 had colorectal cancer (22.1%). Complete adherence to guidelines was observed in 453 patients (78.2%), major deviations in 60 (10.4%), and minor deviations in 66 (11.4%) patients. Non-adherence was primarily due to patient preferences (n = 24; 40.0%), lack of surgical treatment recommendation (n = 24; 40.0%), and comorbidities (n = 9; 15.0%). After adjusting for relevant variables, predictors of non-adherence included older age at diagnosis (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04), colorectal cancer (OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.99–7.42), higher ECOG status (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.18–2.16), and a more recent MTB conference (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.41).

Conclusion

Overall, guideline adherence was high for colorectal and breast cancer and comparable to results from academic medical centers. However, results need to be confirmed in other tumor entities.
A pan-European survey of robotic training for gastrointestinal surgery: European Robotic Surgery Consensus (ERSC) initiative
Authors: Fadel Michael G. , Walshaw Josephine , Pecchini Francesca , Yiasemidou Marina , Boal Matthew , Elhadi Muhammed , Fehervari Matyas , Massey Lisa H. , Carrano Francesco Maria , Antoniou Stavros A. , Nickel Felix , Perretta Silvana , Fuchs Hans F. , Hanna George B. , Kontovounisios Christos , Francis Nader K. ,   the European Robotic Surgery Consensus (ERSC) study group
Published: December 2024

Background

There has been a recent rapid growth in the adoption of robotic systems across Europe. This study aimed to capture the current state of robotic training in gastrointestinal (GI) surgery and to identify potential challenges and barriers to training within Europe.

Methods

A pan-European survey was designed to account for the opinion of the following GI surgery groups: (i) experts/independent practitioners; (ii) trainees with robotic access; (iii) trainees without robotic access; (iv) robotic industry representatives. The survey explored various aspects, including stakeholder opinions on bedside assisting, console operations, challenges faced and performance assessment. It was distributed through multiple European surgical societies and industry, in addition to social media and snowball sampling, between December 2023 and March 2024.

Results

A total of 1360 participants responded, with valid/complete responses from 1045 participants across 38 European countries. Six hundred and ninety-five (68.0%) experts and trainees were not aware of a dedicated robotic training curriculum for trainees, with 13/23 (56.5%) industry representatives not incorporating training for trainees in their programme. Among trainees with access to robotic systems, 94/195 (48.2%) had not performed any robotic cases, citing challenges including a lack of certified robotic trainers and training lists. Both experts and trainees agreed that trainees should start bedside assisting and operating on the console earlier than they currently do. Assessment tools of trainee performance were not being used by 139/479 (29.0%) participants.

Conclusion

This pan-European survey highlights the need for a standardised robotic curriculum to address the gap in visceral training, assessment and certification. A greater emphasis may be required on implementing robotic training earlier through simulation training, dual console learning, bedside assisting, key clinical performance indicators, and assessment tools. The findings will guide the development of a pan-European consensus on the essential components of a comprehensive training programme for GI robotic surgery.
Eco-friendly recovery of pure and long carbon fibres from aged epoxy matrix composites by H2O2 as an oxidant
Authors: Mabalane Paul Njeni , Molnar Kristof , Khalifa Yehia , Puskas Judit E. , Molnár Kolos , Khoathane Caroline
Published: December 2024

In this study, we focused on the chemical recovery of carbon fibres from epoxy matrix composite wastes. First, we laminated and cured composite panels from carbon fibre-reinforced prepregs (CFRP) and then aged them under controlled circumstances to simulate their lifespan. Fibre recovery was then carried out by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 6 bar and between 60 and 150 °C. We chose this material because it results in a rapid, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly process. Besides, we expected it would allow the removal of the polymer matrix without fragmenting the fibres. We aimed to investigate the matrix decomposition in H2O2, the purity of the obtained fibres and the retention of their mechanical properties. The purity and the structure of the obtained carbon fibres were then characterised by using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found that H2O2 was effective in recovering carbon fibres, especially at 150 °C. The mechanical results showed that the retention of the modulus was complete, while the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 35% due to microstructural damages. The fibres still have better properties than glass or basalt fibres; therefore, good-quality composites can be made using them.

Graphical Abstract
Adsorptive removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution using micronized oil shale
Authors: Rauch Renáta , Lukács Éva , Molnár Miklós
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the utilization of a unique oil shale as a sorbent for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solutions. The influence of various process parameters, including the contact time, sorbent/liquid ratio, pH, and temperature, on the sorption process was evaluated. The results indicated the near-complete sorption of 2,4-DCP within 24 h. Favorable sorption was observed either at a sorbent/liquid ratio of 1:10, at elevated temperatures (40 °C), or at lower pH values (pH = 5) within the examined range. The maximum adsorption capacity at 40 °C has the potential to reach up to 20.0 µmol/g. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherms were applied to the experimental data, but the Sips isotherm provided a superior fit, suggesting a heterogeneous sorption. Kinetic studies revealed a two-stage process: intraparticle diffusion dominated the initial stage, whereas other rate-limiting mechanisms may have contributed to the second stage. The first- and second-order kinetic models suggested a combined mechanism. According to the thermodynaic study, the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, as indicated by the negative Gibbs free energy change and enthalpy change, which suggest that physisorption predominated. These findings demonstrate the potential of the investigated oil shale as an unconventional and cost-effective sorbent, potentially serving as a substitute for activated carbon in 2,4-DCP removal.

Graphical abstract
Binary Droplet Collisions in Bioprinting: Influence of Material Properties on Mixing and Repeatability
Authors: Ruiz-Gutiérrez Élfego , Hasslberger Josef , Klein Markus , Dalgarno Kenny , Chakraborty Nilanjan
Published: December 2024

The study of suspended binary droplet collisions is an active research topic that has gathered interest due to its complexity and its industrial applications such as bioprinting. For many techniques that rely on the collision of two droplets, the quality of the outcome depends on the mixing process that begins when the droplets come in contact with each other. In this work, we study how the difference in material properties of colliding droplets, such as viscosity and surface tension, affect the mixing process. Employing multiphase direct numerical simulations, the distribution of the impinging liquids and the structure of the flow field have been analysed to find ways of mixing and process repeatability optimisation. To analyse the effects that differences in viscosity and surface tension have in the mixing process, the flows emerging from the collision are analysed. The differences in kinematic viscosity, in the range of $$1 \times 10^{-7}$$

1
×

10

-
7

to $$1 \times 10^{-5}\,\text {m}^{2}\text {s}^{-1}$$

1
×

10

-
5

m
2

s

-
1

and surface tension, in the range of 36 to $${82.7\,\mathrm{\text {m}\text {N} \, \text {m}^{-1}}}$$

82.7

mN

m

-
1

, have also been demonstrated to affect the trajectory of the centre of mass and morphology of the droplets upon collision and thus could have implications from the point of view of process repeatability. In the parameter space considered here, it was found that differences in viscosity and surface tension enhance the mixing due to the departure from the symmetry in the collision.
Mapping hazards to the global food system
Authors: Willer David F. , Short Samuel , Khripko Diana , Petrovan Silviu O. , Christie Alec P. , Bremner Julie , Sutherland William J. , Aldridge David C.
Published: December 2024

Environmental hazards associated with the global food system threaten societal integrity. Yet, there is a major data gap in the global understanding of how the prevalence of hazards is changing over time, how different classes of hazard are distributed, and whether the combined literature represents hazard prevalence equitably across research, policy and legislation, and news. Here, we explore this data gap, leveraging global research, policy, and news databases. We reveal increasing attention on food system hazards over time, in line with major geopolitical events. Coverage on environmental hazards is not distributed equally geographically, and media attention does not match research and policy evidence focus. Climate change and water scarcity in particular receive substantial attention across all source types, whilst, for example biodiversity loss, genetic erosion, or harmful algal blooms receive much less. Environmental, financial and food systems sustainability damage due to hazard neglect should be avoided and a first step is to understand, map, and quantify biases in focus.
Value-Based Decision-Making and Its Relation to Cognition and Processing Noise in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Richtmann Anja , Petzold Johannes , Glöckner Franka , Smolka Michael N.
Published: December 2024

In all phases of life, people face decisions with important consequences. Weighing options involves using cognitive resources to assess valence, delay, and risk to achieve a desired outcome. Value-based decision-making changes over the lifespan, but studies disagree on the extent, domains, and mechanisms of this change. We assessed delay discounting, risk aversion for probabilistic gains, risk seeking for probabilistic losses, loss aversion as well as cognitive abilities, and processing noise in 86 young (25–38 years) and 93 older (63–76 years) adults. We tested whether decision-making differed between age groups and whether differences were mediated by cognitive abilities or processing noise as measured by reaction time variability and decision inconsistency. Older adults showed steeper delay discounting (p = .003) and trended towards more risk aversion for gains (p = .071). Age groups did not differ in risk seeking for losses or loss aversion. Lower decision consistency and better spatial working memory mediated older adults’ steeper delay discounting. The relationship between delay discounting and age persisted when controlling for both mediators, suggesting robust age differences in delay discounting. This persistent age difference implies mechanisms beyond noise or cognitive parameters, such as changing life circumstances or limited future perspective.
Physician Attitudes Towards Pharmacist-Prescribed HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): A Survey of a State Medical Association
Authors: Scarnati Kaylee , Esser Katherine L. , Sim Julianna M. , Vaidya Varun , Sahloff Eric , Duggan Joan
Published: December 2024

Timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is crucial in preventing HIV infection and advancing efforts to end the HIV epidemic (EHE). nPEP must be administered within 72 h of high-risk exposure, ideally within 24 h. Pharmacies may play a role in increasing access to nPEP and facilitating referrals for additional care, such as PrEP. Recent legislation permits pharmacist-prescribed nPEP (PDP), though provider attitudes toward this change have not been studied. A survey querying physicians and medical trainees (students and residents) was conducted in 2024 during an annual state medical association conference. The survey included 24 questions on nPEP knowledge and attitudes towards pharmacist-prescribed nPEP (PDP). The survey was administered in person using electronic tablets, with voluntary participation incentivized by a monetary reward. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS (9.4 version) software, with differences in responses between physicians and trainees evaluated. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of 89 respondents (56% of attendees), 61 were physicians and 28 were trainees. Notably, 28% of licensed providers indicated that pharmacist-directed prescribing (PDP) should not be allowed in the State of Ohio, while no trainees expressed this same opposition (p = 0.001). Trainees were more likely to view pharmacist prescribing as safe and appropriate ((p = 0.0135, p = 0.013). Urban-based providers were more supportive of pharmacist prescribing than their rural counterparts (p = 0.0195). Trainees showed little opposition to PDP, whereas physicians expressed concerns about safety and appropriateness. Addressing these concerns is essential for integrating pharmacists into the EHE strategy.
Introducing Dialectical Core Schemas Theory through Mediation Models
Authors: Faustino Bruno
Published: December 2024

Contemporary schema theories state that schema formation relies on early maladaptive experiences regarding the frustration of core emotional needs in childhood and adolescence. However, within a broad schema perspective on human emotion and cognition, it is plausible to assume that individuals may also develop adaptive schemas based on adaptive relational experiences. Despite recent studies addressing positive schemas, a clear theoretical articulation between maladaptive and adaptive core schemas is lacking. In this sense, the present paper introduces the notion of the Dialectical Core Schemas, based on empirical data. One hundred and seventy-four participants (Mage = 22.6, SD = 9.4) fulfilled self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design. Correlational data showed that adaptive core self and other schemas were positively correlated with wellbeing, while maladaptive core self and other schemas were negatively correlated with wellbeing and positively correlated with symptomatology. Adaptive and maladaptive core self-schemas mediated the relationship between psychological well-being and symptomatology. Results partially support theoretical claims showing that individuals may hold simultaneously adaptive and maladaptive core schemas about the self and others. Oppositional schemas may be framed in dialectical poles suggesting that schema activation may be dimensional rather than categorical. Implications regarding developmental perspectives, case conceptualization, and clinical decision-making are discussed.
Rethinking chaîne opératoire beyond cognitivist approaches
Authors: Slaughter Katherine C.
Published: December 2024

This article proposes a reconsidered chaîne opératoire framework drawing on theories of embodied, extended, and enacted cognition. I investigate three hypotheses: (1) the chaîne opératoire framework (as it is used) takes a cognitivist approach to the mind, (2) technical tendencies and milieus can encompass and support modern theories of embodied, extended, enactive cognition, and (3) that by reconsidering these elements of the chaîne opératoire framework alongside contemporary theories of cognition we may re-envision a novel chaîne opératoire framework which takes a non-cognitivist approach. First, the development of chaîne opératoire and its uses are reviewed and analyzed for evidence of a cognitivist approach. Second, I argue that elements of the chaîne opératoire framework (technical tendencies and milieus) can and do support contemporary theories of cognition. Similar methods for connecting methodological frameworks with the phenomenological nature of human being such as Cognigrams and the Four-Field Co-Evolutionary approach are analyzed to provide context for this work. Following this, I outline a unique approach to the chaîne opératoire framework which accounts for theories of embodied, enacted, and extended cognition.
The linguistic dead zone of value-aligned agency, natural and artificial
Authors: LaCroix Travis
Published: December 2024

The value alignment problem for artificial intelligence (AI) asks how we can ensure that the “values”—i.e., objective functions—of artificial systems are aligned with the values of humanity. In this paper, I argue that linguistic communication is a necessary condition for robust value alignment. I discuss the consequences that the truth of this claim would have for research programmes that attempt to ensure value alignment for AI systems—or, more loftily, those programmes that seek to design robustly beneficial or ethical artificial agents.