bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exoplanet discovery with variational quantum circuits
Authors: Regadío Alberto
Published: January 2025

This manuscript addresses the automatic identification of exoplanets with the data from the Kepler mission using variational quantum circuits (VQC) implemented with the Qiskit library. The system accuracy was assessed across various configurations, including different numbers of qubits, feature maps, ansatz structures, and training algorithms, providing valuable insights into the performance of VQCs. The results of the VQC-based approach were compared to those obtained using a classical artificial neural network, namely a multilayer perceptron. The findings demonstrate that VQCs are a viable and promising method for processing astronomical data and discovering exoplanets, offering a potential advantage over traditional machine learning techniques.
A two-phase learning approach integrated with multi-source features for cloud service QoS prediction
Authors: Chen Fuzan , Yang Jing , Feng Haiyang , Wu Harris , Li Minqiang
Published: January 2025

Quality of Service (QoS) is a key factor for users when choosing cloud services. However, QoS values are often unavailable due to insufficient user evaluations or provider data. To address this, we propose a new QoS prediction method, Multi-source Feature Two-phase Learning (MFTL). MFTL incorporates multiple sources of features influencing QoS and uses a two-phase learning framework to make effective use of these features. In the first phase, coarse-grained learning is performed using a neighborhood-integrated matrix factorization model, along with a strategy for selecting high-quality neighbors for target users. In the second phase, reinforcement learning through a deep neural network is used to capture interactions between users and services. We conducted several experiments using the WS-Dream data set to assess MFTL’s performance in predicting response time QoS. The results show that MFTL outperforms many leading QoS prediction methods.
Paracetamol, its metabolites, and their transfer between maternal circulation and fetal brain in mono- and combination therapies
Authors: Huang Yifan , Qiu Fiona , Dziegielewska Katarzyna M. , Habgood Mark D. , Saunders Norman R.
Published: January 2025

Background

Due to its availability and perceived safety, paracetamol is recommended even during pregnancy and for neonates. It is used frequently alone or in combination with other drugs required for the treatment of various chronic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate potential effects of drug interactions on paracetamol metabolism and its placental transfer and entry into the developing brain.

Methods

Sprague Dawley rats at postnatal day P4, pregnant embryonic day E19 dams, and non-pregnant adult females were administered paracetamol (15 mg/kg) either as monotherapy or in combination with one of seven other drugs: cimetidine, digoxin, fluvoxamine, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, valproate. Concentrations of parent paracetamol and its metabolites (paracetamol-glucuronide, paracetamol-glutathione, and paracetamol-sulfate) in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and their entry into the brain, CSF and transfer across the placenta were estimated.

Results

In monotherapy, concentration of parent paracetamol in plasma, CSF, and brain remained similar and at all ages brain entry was unrestricted. In combination therapies, CSF entry of paracetamol increased following co-treatment with olanzapine. Placental transfer of parent paracetamol remained unchanged, however, transfer of paracetamol-sulfate increased with lamotrigine co-administration. Acutely administered paracetamol was more extensively metabolized in adults compared to younger ages resulting in increased concentration of its metabolites with age.

Conclusions

Developmental changes in the apparent brain and CSF entry of paracetamol appear to be determined more by its metabolism, rather than by cellular control of its transfer across brain and placental barriers.
Constitutionalizing the Private Sphere
Authors: Bambrick Christina R.
Published: January 2025

Do private actors have constitutional duties? While traditionally only government actors are responsible for upholding constitutional rights, courts and constitution-makers increasingly do assign constitutional duties to private actors as well. Therefore, a landlord may have constitutional duties to their tenants, and a sports club may even have duties to its fans. This book argues that this phenomenon of applying rights 'horizontally' can be understood through the lens of republican political theory. Themes echoing such concepts as the common good and civic duty from republican thought recur in discourses surrounding horizontal application. Bambrick traces republican themes in debates from the United States, India, Germany, South Africa, and the European Union. While these contexts have vastly different histories and aspirations, constitutional actors in each place have considered the horizontal application of rights and, in doing so, have made republican arguments.
#WakingTheFeminists and the Data-Driven Revolution in Irish Theatre
Authors: Keogh Claire
Published: January 2025

#WakingTheFeminists was a year-long grassroots campaign for gender equality in Irish theatre. Prompted by the gender disparity of Ireland's Abbey Theatre's 2016 programme, 'Waking the Nation', Lian Bell posted a Facebook message that sparked a surge of feminist fury that ignited the #WakingTheFeminists movement. This Element considers the movement both as digital feminist activism and as part of the growing trend of data feminism, by analysing how its combined use of connective and collective action, and qualitative and quantitative data, was critical to its success. It contextualises the movement historically in relation to a series of feminist controversies in Irish theatre since 1990, before considering its impact on both policy and cultural changes across the Irish arts sector. #WakingTheFeminists' national and international resonance derived from its research-informed strategy which made it the most effective campaign for gender equality in the history of Irish theatre.
Liberty as Independence
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: January 2025

What does liberty entail? How have concepts of liberty changed over time? And what are the global consequences? This book surveys the history of rival views of liberty from antiquity to modern times. Quentin Skinner traces the understanding of liberty as independence from the classical ideal to early modern Britain, culminating in the claims of the Whig oligarchy to have transformed this idea into reality. Yet, with the Whig vision of a free state and civil society undermined by the American Revolution of 1776, Skinner explores how claims that liberty was fulfilled by an absence of physical or coercive restraint came to prominence. Liberty as Independence examines new dimensions of these rival views, considering the connections between debates on liberty and debates on slavery, and demonstrating how these ideas were harnessed in feminist discussions surrounding limitations on the liberty of women. The concept of liberty is inherently global, and Skinner argues strongly for the reinstatement of the understanding of liberty as independence.
Cooperative line-of-sight guidance strategy with prescribed performance and input saturation against active defensive aircraft in two-on-two engagement
Authors: Wang X. , Chao T. , Hou M. , Wang S. , Yang M.
Published: January 2025

This paper considers the guidance issue for attackers against aircraft with active defense in a two-on-two engagement, which includes an attacker, a protector, a defender and a target. A cooperative line-of-sight guidance scheme with prescribed performance and input saturation is proposed utilising the sliding mode control and line-of-sight guidance theories, which guarantees that the attacker is able to capture the target with the assistance of the protector remaining on the line-of-sight between the defender and the attacker in order to intercept the defender. A fixed-time prescribed performance function and first-order anti-saturation auxiliary variable are designed in the game guidance strategy to constrain the overshoot of the guidance variable and satisfy the requirement of an overload manoeuver. The proposed guidance strategy alleviates the influence of external disturbance by implementing a fixed-time observer and the chattering phenomenon caused by the sign function. Finally, nonlinear numerical simulations verify the cooperative guidance strategies.
Development of deep reinforcement learning-based fault diagnosis method for actuator faults in unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Saied M. , Tahan N. , Chreif K. , Francis C. , Noun Z.
Published: January 2025

Actuator faults in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can have significant and potentially adverse effects on their safety and performance, highlighting the critical importance of fault diagnosis in UAV design. Ensuring the reliability of these systems in various applications often requires the use of advanced diagnostic algorithms. Artificial intelligence methods, such as deep learning and machine learning techniques, enable fault diagnosis through sample-based learning without the need for prior knowledge of fault mechanisms or physics-based models. However, UAV fault datasets are typically small due to stringent safety standards, which presents challenges for achieving high-performance fault diagnosis. To address this, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms offer a unique advantage by combining deep learning’s automatic feature extraction with reinforcement learning’s interactive learning approach, improving both learning capabilities and robustness. In this study, we propose and evaluate two DRL-based fault diagnosis models, which demonstrate remarkable accuracy in fault diagnosis, consistently exceeding

$99{\rm{\% }}$

. Notably, under small sample scenarios, the proposed models significantly outperform traditional classifiers such as decision trees, support vector machines, and multilayer perceptron neural networks. These findings suggest that the integration of DRL enhances fault diagnosis performance, particularly in data-limited environments.
Political Institutions and Perceived Political Representation Before, During, and After Identity-based Conflict: Comparing Views from Rwandan and Burundian Citizens
Authors: Ingelaere Bert , Ndayiragije Réginas , Verpoorten Marijke
Published: January 2025

We study who perceives gains and losses in political representation in Rwanda and Burundi and why. We do so in the run-up to and during violence, but also in its aftermath characterized by radically different institutional approaches to manage a similar ethnic divide in both countries. We rely on quantitative and qualitative analyses of over 700 coded life histories covering the period 1985–2015. We find convergence in perceived political representation across ethnic groups in Rwanda, but divergence in Burundi, and argue how this relates to the postwar institutional remaking, legitimization strategies, and their impact on descriptive and substantive representation.
Building Small, Living Large: A Corpus of South-Eastern Norwegian Settlement Evidence, 2350–500 bc
Authors: Sand-Eriksen Anette
Published: January 2025

This study examines settlement evidence from south-eastern Norway during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, revealing unique aspects of regional architectural and social organization. Notably, smaller and uniform house sizes suggest a divergence from the monumental power displays seen in southernmost Scandinavia. The uniformity in house sizes and significant spatial distances between contemporary houses imply a social structure akin to segmentary societies with symmetrical power relations, reliant on mobility and mixed subsistence practices. Changes in settlement patterns and house sizes during the Late Bronze Age could have been the result of increased social stratification or responses to population growth. Overall, the settlement patterns and house sizes in south-eastern Norway reflect a society that, while connected to the broader Nordic Bronze Age world, developed distinct social and economic strategies. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional variations and responses to environmental and social challenges in prehistoric societies.
Bender–Knuth Billiards in Coxeter Groups
Authors: Barkley Grant , Defant Colin , Hodges Eliot , Kravitz Noah , Lee Mitchell
Published: January 2025

Let
$(W,S)$
be a Coxeter system, and write
$S=\{s_i:i\in I\}$
, where I is a finite index set. Fix a nonempty convex subset
$\mathscr {L}$
of W. If W is of type A, then
$\mathscr {L}$
is the set of linear extensions of a poset, and there are important Bender–Knuth involutions
$\mathrm {BK}_i\colon \mathscr {L}\to \mathscr {L}$
indexed by elements of I. For arbitrary W and for each
$i\in I$
, we introduce an operator
$\tau _i\colon W\to W$
(depending on
$\mathscr {L}$
) that we call a noninvertible Bender–Knuth toggle; this operator restricts to an involution on
$\mathscr {L}$
that coincides with
$\mathrm {BK}_i$
in type A. Given a Coxeter element
$c=s_{i_n}\cdots s_{i_1}$
, we consider the operator
$\mathrm {Pro}_c=\tau _{i_n}\cdots \tau _{i_1}$
. We say W is futuristic if for every nonempty finite convex set
$\mathscr {L}$
, every Coxeter element c and every
$u\in W$
, there exists an integer
$K\geq 0$
such that
$\mathrm {Pro}_c^K(u)\in \mathscr {L}$
. We prove that finite Coxeter groups, right-angled Coxeter groups, rank-3 Coxeter groups, affine Coxeter groups of types
$\widetilde A$
and
$\widetilde C$
, and Coxeter groups whose Coxeter graphs are complete are all futuristic. When W is finite, we actually prove that if
$s_{i_N}\cdots s_{i_1}$
is a reduced expression for the long element of W, then
$\tau _{i_N}\cdots \tau _{i_1}(W)=\mathscr {L}$
; this allows us to determine the smallest integer
$\mathrm {M}(c)$
such that
$\mathrm {Pro}_c^{{\mathrm {M}}(c)}(W)=\mathscr {L}$
for all
$\mathscr {L}$
. We also exhibit infinitely many non-futuristic Coxeter groups, including all irreducible affine Coxeter groups that are not of type
$\widetilde A$
,
$\widetilde C$
, or
$\widetilde G_2$
.
The Limits (and Strengths) of Single-Topic Experiments
Authors: Clifford Scott , Rainey Carlisle
Published: January 2025

We examine the generalizability of single-topic studies, focusing on how often their confidence intervals capture the typical treatment effect from a larger population of possible studies. We show that the confidence intervals from these single-topic studies capture the typical effect from a population of topics at well below the nominal rate. For a plausible scenario, the confidence interval from a single-topic study might only be half as wide as an interval that captures the typical effect at the nominal rate. We highlight three important conclusions. First, we emphasize that researchers and readers must take care when generalizing the inferences from single-topic studies to a larger population of possible studies. Second, we demonstrate the critical importance of similarity across topics in drawing inferences and encourage researchers to consider designs that explicitly estimate and leverage similarity. Third, we emphasize that, despite their limitations, single-topic experiments have some important advantages.
Conceptual Dynamite: An Argument for Thoughtful Language in Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Luan Bell
Published: January 2025

Given the rising trend of politicizing formerly mundane topics, philosophers should guard against the concepts we develop being misunderstood or misconstrued to support arguments we never intended. To demonstrate my assertion, I develop the case study of Alex Kacelnik's notion of “biological rationality” (B-rationality) and show ways in which I believe it is vulnerable to misuse and ways I would suggest re-engineering it to be more resistant. I conclude by urging scholars — especially those working on normatively laden topics — to design our concepts such that they are less likely to become associated with harmful discourse or even oppressive policies.
Re-Charting Tolman's Cognitive Maps
Authors: Delmore Tyler
Published: January 2025

Philosophers and psychologists acclaim Edward C. Tolman's “Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men” as an early, transformative instance of representationalist explanation. The article is said to mark a move by Tolman to renounce his behaviorism and to herald a new, cognitivist psychology. I argue, opposingly, that framing the text with reference to later psychology badly distorts its meaning. The text is better understood with respect to the contexts of its age and deeper currents in the history of psychology. Tolman is not upturning behaviorism; he is re-litigating an intramural debate between behaviorists pertaining to the place of physiology in psychology.
The 200-Million Student Classroom: Teaching Islamicate History, One Video Game at a Time?
Authors: Slingluff Sarah , Vural Deniz , Anderson Glaire D. , Etefaghi Dara
Published: January 2025

On October 5, 2023, Ubisoft Entertainment SA (Ubisoft) released Assassin’s Creed Mirage, the thirteenth installment in its video-game series launched in 2007. Since its inception, the Assassin’s Creed franchise has engaged hundreds of millions of players around the world; the most recent estimates indicate that Mirage players number in the millions.1 Set in 9th-century Baghdad, the game centers on Basim Ibn Ishaq, a character introduced in Assassin’s Creed Valhalla (2020). The authors of this article served as consultants and collaborators for the game, under the auspices of the Digital Lab for Islamic Culture and Collections (DLIVCC), based at the University of Edinburgh. As such, we were among the external historians and institutions who helped create and contribute to the game’s educational feature.2 This article offers reflections on our collective experiences working on Assassin’s Creed Mirage, reviews historical representation of Islamicate cultures in video games, discusses the remit of the DLIVCC consultancy, and identifies some structural challenges to diversifying and decolonizing video games and game-development processes.3 Lastly, we propose steps for scholars and institutions wishing to broaden the impact of their research through decolonization work across the academic, video games, and GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums) sectors.
The Children of Wadi Salib and the 1959 Moroccan Jewish Protest in Haifa
Authors: Naor Moshe
Published: January 2025

This article examines the Wadi Salib protest that erupted in Haifa in the summer of 1959 against the background of the history of the children in the neighborhood during the 1950s. One of the main causes of the protest, which was led by Jewish migrants from Morocco, was the educational and social condition of the children in Wadi Salib. During the Mandate period, Wadi Salib and the surrounding areas had already emerged as a focus of poverty and deprivation. Among other aspects, the article examines the changes that occurred in the character of the neighborhood after 1948 and the essence of Wadi Salib, with its street steps, as a liminal space between downtown Haifa and the Hadar HaCarmel neighborhood. The liminal character of Wadi Salib was manifested in its status as an impoverished migrant area, in the participation of children in the protest of the summer of 1959, and in the educational, social, and health problems that faced the children. This character was also manifested in the manner in which the children of Wadi Salib challenged the physical and symbolic boundaries that enclosed the neighborhood.
On the importance of flux-driven turbulence regime to address tokamak plasma edge dynamics
Authors: Panico O. , Sarazin Y. , Hennequin P. , Gürcan Ö.D. , Bigué R. , Dif-Pradalier G. , Garbet X. , Ghendrih P. , Varennes R. , Vermare L.
Published: January 2025

Turbulence self-organization is studied in the flux-driven regime by means of the reduced model Tokam1D. Derived in the electrostatic and isothermal limit but keeping finite electron and ion temperatures, it features two instabilities that are suspected to dominate turbulent transport at the edge of L-mode tokamak plasmas: interchange (a reduced version of the resistive ballooning modes) and collisional drift waves, governed respectively by an effective gravity parameter

$g$

and the adiabaticity parameter

$C$

. The usual properties of these two instabilities are recovered in the linear regime. The nonlinear study focuses on the self-organization of collisional drift-wave turbulence at

$g=0$

. It is found that the energy stored in zonal flows (ZFs) decreases smoothly at small

$C$

due to the reduction of both electric and diamagnetic stresses. Conversely to gradient-driven simulations, no sharp collapse is observed due to the self-consistent evolution of the equilibrium density profile. The ZFs are found to structure into staircases at small and large

$C$

. These structures exhibit a rich variety of dynamics but are found to be robust to large perturbations. Their nucleation is found to be critically governed by the phase dynamics. Finally, the staircase structures are lost in the gradient-driven regime, when the system is prevented from storing turbulent energy into the equilibrium density (pressure) profile.
Prevalence and diversity of Aphanomyces astaci in cambarid crayfish of Pennsylvania: where native and introduced hosts meet
Authors: Petrusek Adam , Mojžišová Michaela , Mikešová Adéla , Piálková Radka , Lieb David A.
Published: January 2025

The crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycota: Saprolegniales) is native to North America but expanded with its crayfish hosts to other regions. In most of its invaded range, A. astaci haplotypes are associated with specific American crayfish, probably due to introduction bottlenecks, but haplotype diversity is higher and clear host-specific associations are lacking in its native range. However, little is known about the infection rate and load of this pathogen in North America. We investigated the distribution, prevalence and genetic variation of A. astaci in Pennsylvania (eastern USA), where multiple native and introduced crayfish species (family Cambaridae) occur. We used A. astaci-specific quantitative PCR to screen 533 individuals representing 8 crayfish species (2 Cambarus and 6 Faxonius) from 49 sites. Faxonius limosus, an American species first introduced to Europe and carrier of A. astaci genotype group E, was of particular interest. We confirmed A. astaci infections in 76% of sites in all but 1 host taxon, with the pathogen infection rate and load comparable to established populations of North American crayfish studied in Europe and Japan. Despite the absence of highly infected hosts, we genotyped A. astaci from 14 sites. We only detected 2 mitochondrial haplotypes, but nuclear markers indicated the presence of at least 4 distinct pathogen genotypes, none documented from invaded areas in Europe or Asia. Genotype group E was not detected in F. limosus, possibly due to limited spatial distribution of the original strain. Our results highlight both benefits and limitations of combining multiple pathogen genotyping methods.
A roadmap for understanding sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in malaria chemoprevention
Authors: Masserey Thiery , Braunack-Mayer Lydia , Miller R Scott , Möhrle Jörg J , Penny Melissa A
Published: January 2025

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the standard of care for Plasmodium falciparum malaria chemoprevention among pregnant women, infants and children. Developing alternative chemoprevention products and other prevention products, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, requires significant investment. However, knowledge gaps surrounding the activity of SP and resistance put these investments at risk. Therefore, we reviewed SP’s combined antimalarial action, including the individual antiplasmodial components, other antimicrobial effects, impact on malaria immunity development and continued effectiveness in settings with high SP resistance. We created a roadmap of non-clinical and clinical evidence to better understand the effectiveness of SP for chemoprevention and inform the development of new prevention tools.
‘We can only grow grass here’: Unsettling the traditionality of grassland narrative
Authors: Broomfield Catherine , Maher Aoife , Winter Michael
Published: January 2025

Ruminant livestock farming is predominant in England’s grassland regions, including the south-west of England (SWE). The common farming view that such regions are only good for growing grass amounts to a simplistic ‘traditionality of grasslands’ (TOG) narrative, which may discount the potential of these regions to align food production with diverse, sustainable consumption. We interrogate the assumptions underlying the TOG narrative through the analysis of contemporary and historical agricultural data sources and recent interviews with SWE food producers to reveal an SWE traditionality of mixed farming and diverse food production. By unsettling the TOG narrative, we draw attention to multiple elements intertwining physical limitations of land with powerful but mutable human-made limitations of the wider food system as drivers of land use in the SWE, underscoring the role and responsibility of policymakers to ensure wider dynamics of the food system enable the transition to diverse, sustainable food production in England’s grassland regions.
The Role of Age-Related Changes to Memory in Social Judgment and Decision Making Involving Artificial Social Agents
Authors: Wang Shensheng , Lighthall Nichole R.
Published: January 2025

Abstract: Research links a progressive decrement in episodic memory to deficits in judgment and decision making in aging. In social decision making, decrements in episodic memory contribute to suboptimal decisions among older adults. As artificial agents – such as humanoid robots, artificial intelligence (AI)-powered deepfakes, and chatbots – become increasingly present in human society, they can both benefit (e.g., combat loneliness) and harm (e.g., defraud) older adults. Understanding how older adults make social judgments and decisions involving artificial agents is crucial for research and policy making. Nevertheless, it remains poorly understood how episodic memory deficits influence social judgments and decisions involving artificial agents, and how this relation changes with age. This review will bridge this gap by applying a developmental model to explain how memory influences social judgments and decisions involving artificial agents in late adulthood. Evidence suggests that older adults increasingly rely on gist-based processing, which may explain their greater preference for humanoid robots compared with younger adults. We will also discuss the distinct challenges deepfakes pose for older adults’ trust-related decision making. In closing, we will discuss the implications of age-related memory changes for social judgments and decisions involving disembodied artificial agents, such as chatbots.
Not Feeling Safe Enough to Explore More Aspects
Authors: Yang Fan , Oshio Atsushi
Published: January 2025

Abstract: Attachment style could be regarded as a prerequisite to resilience, playing an important role in positive adaptation, yet little is known about the mechanism of this attachment-resilience relationship. The present study explored the relationship between attachment style, dichotomous thinking, and resilience. Cross-sectional data from 3,760 participants were used for analysis. The results showed that attachment anxiety, not avoidance, had a statistically significant negative correlation with dichotomous thinking. Both attachment anxiety and avoidance had significant correlations with subscales of dichotomous thinking, though in different directions. Dichotomous thinking, preference for dichotomy, and profit-loss thinking were significantly associated with resilience, yet dichotomous belief was negatively associated with resilience. Attachment anxiety had a negative impact on resilience by increasing the level of dichotomous belief and a positive impact on resilience by increasing the level of preference for dichotomy. Attachment avoidance could have a negative impact on resilience by decreasing the level of preference for dichotomy and increasing the level of dichotomous belief. These findings suggest that dichotomous belief could be one shared feature both dimensions of insecure attachment.
Global Impact Assessment of Internal Climate Variability on Maize Yield Under Climate Change
Authors: Leng Guoyong
Published: January 2025

Internal climate variability (ICV) is well‐known to mask forced climate change patterns and is thus expected to also impact crop yield trends. To date, a global picture of ICV effect on crop yield projection remains unclear, which inhibits effective adaptation and risk management under climate change. By combining initial condition large ensembles from multiple climate models with machine‐learning based crop model emulators, an ensemble of 2002 global maize yield simulations are conducted. The ICV effect is quantified for by the middle and end of 21st century under the business‐as‐usual scenario. ICV is shown to have significant influence on both the magnitude and sign of future yield change, with relatively higher impact in the top producing countries. The results imply that future yield projections considering relatively limited samples of ICV can be highly misleading as they may, by chance, indicate low yield loss risk in areas which will, instead, be at high risk (or vice versa). Further analysis reveals that the ICV effect is 2.30 ± 0.02 and 1.25 ± 0.03 times larger for yield projections than temperature and precipitation projections, respectively, suggesting an amplification of ICV effect from climate system to agricultural system. This study highlights that crop yield projections are substantially more uncertain than climate projections under the influence of ICV.
Crustal Heterogeneity Onshore Central Spitsbergen: Insights From New Gravity and Vintage Geophysical Data
Authors: Senger Kim , Ammerlaan Fenna , Betlem Peter , Brönner Marco , Dumais Marie‐Andrée , Gellein Jomar , Henningsen Tormod , Janocha Julian , Johannessen Erik P. , Liebsch Jonas , Machleidt Jakob , Mosočiová Tereza , Olaussen Snorre , Olofsson Bo , Rodes Nil , Rylander Sofia , Shephard Grace E. , Smyrak‐Sikora Aleksandra , Solano‐Acosta Juan D. , Sterley Anna
Published: January 2025

Gravity data provide constraints on lateral subsurface density variations and thus provide crucial insights into the geological evolution of the region. Previously, gravity data from the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard comprised an onshore regional gravity database with coarse station spacing of 2–20 km, offshore gravity profiles acquired in some fjords, airborne gravity, and satellite altimetry. The sparse regional point‐based onshore coverage hampered the direct integration of gravity data with seismic profiles acquired onshore Svalbard in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In April 2022, we acquired gravity data at 260 new stations along seven profiles from western to eastern Spitsbergen, with a cumulative length of 329 km. The profiles were acquired directly along selected seismic profiles and provide much closer station spacing (0.5–2 km) compared to the regional inland grid (2–20 km) acquired in the late 1980s (total number of onshore stations: 1,037). Having processed the data, we compared the first‐order density trends of our new data with the legacy regional grid. The new gravity data are consistent with the regional data, imaging a gravity low in the western part of the area underlying a foreland basin and a gravity high in the northwestern part of the area likely associated with a basement high or denser basement. We compare the new and vintage gravity using maps and profiles, linked to the known major tectonic features such as major basinal axes and fault zones, as well as other geophysical data sets including seismics and magnetics.
SWOT Reveals How the 2024 Disastrous Flood in South Brazil Was Intensified by Increased Water Slope and Wind Forcing
Authors: Laipelt Leonardo , de Paiva Rodrigo C. D. , Fan Fernando M. , Collischonn Walter , Papa Fabrice , Ruhoff Anderson
Published: January 2025

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of flooding, emphasizing the need to better understand these events. Satellite observations provide essential information, and the recent launch of SWOT offers new opportunities to investigate flood dynamics. Here, we use SWOT observations to detect significant hydrologic changes during an unprecedented 2024 flood in southern Brazil. In the Jacuí and Guaíba Rivers, water slopes increased dramatically–up to 11 times (from 0.82 to 9.59 cm/km) and 21 times (0.31–6.58 cm/km) compared to stable conditions. SWOT‐derived surface water elevations captured 99% of water level variability compared to in situ observations. Additionally, flooding in Patos Lagoon was intensified by NE–SW wind forcing, causing water levels to rise by up to 40 cm, worsening the flood event. SWOT proves a unique opportunity to understand extreme flooding events, providing new support for flood risk management in the context of climate change.
Mercury Isotopes Track the Causes of Carbon Perturbations in the Early Permian Ocean and Continent
Authors: Fang Qiang , Wu Huaichun , Chen Jiubin , Grasby Stephen E. , Zheng Wang , Shen Shu‐zhong , Huang Wentao , Xu Junjie , Zhang Shihong
Published: January 2025

The Early Permian witnessed the first icehouse‐to‐greenhouse turnover of the vegetated Earth, yet its climate dynamics remain enigmatic. Here, we used mercury (Hg) isotopes from pelagic and continental successions at low paleo‐latitudes to track the perturbations of the global carbon (C) cycle and the climatic impact. Our results indicate that small‐scale volcanism promoted marine organic C burial, and the concomitant extreme cooling triggered the waning of wetland ecosystems in North China block at ∼296.2 Ma. Subsequently, the mass‐independent fractionation of odd Hg isotopes (Δ199Hg) and C isotopes synchronously decline in the deep‐marine succession, likely supporting progressive oxidation of terrestrial biomass and airborne release of Hg and C. Lowered C sequestration (as coal swamps) on land and dampened continental weathering limited the drawdown of CO2 emissions from wildfires, initiating deglaciation. Our findings highlight that the climate forcing on terrestrial ecosystems could activate additional C reservoirs, driving Earth into a warmer state.
Contrasting Responses of Ion Concentration Variations to Atmospheric Patterns in Central Himalayan Ice Cores
Authors: Tsushima Akane , Esashi Nao , Matoba Sumito , Iizuka Yoshinori , Uemura Ryu , Adachi Kouji , Kinase Takeshi , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Kawakami Kaoru , Kayastha Rijan B. , Fujita Koji
Published: January 2025

We analyzed the water‐soluble chemical composition of an 81.2‐m‐long ice core collected in 2019 from 6,000 m elevation on a south‐facing glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. The ice core chronology is based on variability in nitrate and calcium ions, which reveal an apparently seasonal periodicity (with winter maxima) throughout the core's length. Two annual boundaries are consistent with the tritium peak representing nuclear tests conducted in 1963 CE and with the spike in sulfate ions due to the eruption of Krakatau in 1883 CE. The ice core spans 145 years from 1875 to 2019 CE. Dating uncertainties due to the layer counting methodology were estimated as year for 1963–2019 CE and years for 1875–1963 CE. Comparison with earlier ice cores drilled on the northern side of the Himalayas revealed that the ion components exhibit inverse correlations with two key climatic indices: the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation Index. Composite analysis of reanalysis climate data suggests that these inverse relationships reflect springtime pressure patterns, which show regional differences between the northern and southern sides of the Himalayan range.
A Machine Learning Approach for Filling Long Gaps in Eddy Covariance Time Series Data in a Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Abdaki Mohammed , Sanchez‐Azofeifa Arturo , Hamann Hendrik F.
Published: January 2025

Long‐term eddy covariance (EC) data are crucial for understanding the impact of global change on ecosystem functions. However, EC data often contain long gaps, particularly in tropical dry forests (TDF) due to seasonality and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. These factors create high variability, complex dependencies, and dynamic flux footprints. No current gap‐filling method adequately addresses long gaps in TDFs. This study introduces a novel framework for addressing this issue by (a) defining gap sizes by their relative percentages, (b) training, tuning, and evaluating two machine learning (ML) models: MissForest for short gaps and Prophet for intermediate and long gaps, and (c) predicting half‐hourly EC data from 2013 to 2022 for six EC variables, where actual gap data sets ranged from 26.6% to 28.4%, at TDF in Costa Rica. Results indicate that MissForest excelled at filling short gaps (≤5%, R2 = 0.76 and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.71), while Prophet performed exceptionally well for gaps between 5% and 10% (R2 = 0.72 and NSE = 0.67). However, both models struggled with gaps between 10% and 13%. Validation showed R2 values of 0.79, 0.88, and 0.77 for CO₂ flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux, respectively, with corresponding NSE values of 0.78, 0.86, and 0.72, and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) around 2E‐4. Additionally, to validate our results, we applied our approach at three EC sites with different ecological conditions, demonstrating robust performance. This study presents a reliable ML approach for imputing long gaps in EC data, which can be applied to sites with strong variability.
Rapid Emulation of Spatially Resolved Temperature Response to Effective Radiative Forcing
Authors: Womack Christopher B. , Giani Paolo , Eastham Sebastian D. , Selin Noelle E.
Published: January 2025

Effective assessment of potential climate impacts requires the ability to rapidly predict the time‐varying response of climate variables. This prediction must be able to consider different combinations of forcing agents at high resolution. Full‐scale ESMs are too computationally intensive to run large scenario ensembles due to their long lead times and high costs. Faster approaches such as intermediate complexity modeling and pattern scaling are limited by low resolution and invariant response patterns, respectively. We propose a generalizable framework for emulating climate variables to overcome these issues, representing the climate system through spatially resolved impulse response functions. We derive impulse response functions by directly deconvolving effective radiative forcing and near‐surface air temperature time series. This enables rapid emulation of new scenarios through convolution and derivation of other impulse response functions from any forcing to its response. We present results from an application to near‐surface air temperature based on CMIP6 data. We evaluate emulator performance across 5 CMIP6 experiments including the SSPs, demonstrating accurate emulation of global mean and spatially resolved temperature change with respect to CMIP6 ensemble outputs. Global mean relative error in emulated temperature averages 1.49% in mid‐century and 1.25% by end‐of‐century. These errors are likely driven by state‐dependent climate feedbacks, such as the non‐linear effects of Arctic sea ice melt. We additionally show an illustrative example of our emulator for policy evaluation and impact analysis, emulating spatially resolved temperature change for a 1,000 member scenario ensemble in less than a second.
Active Faulting in the Southern Bole Basin Within the Northern Tian Shan and Implications for Strong Earthquake Hazards and Tectonic Deformation, NW China
Authors: Hu Zongkai , Yang Xiaoping , Yang Haibo , Li An
Published: January 2025

In compressional active orogenic belts, crustal deformation is accommodated by strike‐slip faults and thrust faults. Studying the fault interactions of different types of active faults is important for understanding mountain building and seismogenic characteristics. This study uses field mapping, high‐resolution digital elevation models, and in situ cosmogenic nuclides to present data from active thrusts and thrust‐related folds on the southern margin of the Bole Basin, northern Tian Shan. These abandonment ages derived from in situ cosmogenic nuclides indicate that climate plays a significant role in controlling the alluvial surface incision. The crustal shortening rates of the eastern Jinghenan, central Jinghenan, and Yongji Faults are 0.21 ± 0.04, 0.37 ± 0.07, and 0.91 ± 0.08 mm/yr, respectively. Based on the fresh fault scarps, three paleo‐earthquakes are identified. The oldest paleo‐earthquake (16.6 ± 2.8 kyr) had a Mw of 6.5 ± 0.3. The penultimate event (3.0 ± 0.8–4.4 ± 0.8 kyr) had a Mw of 6.6 ± 0.3 or 6.8 ± 0.3, while the most recent one (1.1 ± 0.3 kyr) had a Mw of 7.0 ± 0.3 or 6.5 ± 0.3. Fault geometries and seismic activity indicate these thrusts and right‐lateral strike‐slip faults on both sides of Keguqin Range converge depth and form a positive half‐flower structure. Crustal thickening outpaces denudation, showing that the Bole Basin is in an unsteady state. Keguqin Range is experiencing lateral growth, and as a result, the intermountain basins are expected to gradually diminish.
Spatial‐Temporal Variation in Erosion Rate of Lohit Bomi‐Chayu Batholith Around Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (SE of the Namche Barwa Massif)
Authors: Borgohain Biraj , Mathew George , Salvi Dnyanada , Harbola Divyadeep , Rai Priti
Published: January 2025

Measuring erosion rates around the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis is crucial to understanding the interaction between tectonic, climate, and landscape associated with Eastern Himalayan termini. The spatio‐temporal deformation history around the eastern syntaxis is unclear due to a lack of comprehensive thermochronological data coverage, especially from the Lohit Bomi‐Chayu (LBC) batholith. This work utilizes 2473 new detrital fission track ages of apatite and zircon grains from 14 catchments, and 17 new bedrock thermochronometric ages (eight AFT, six ZFT, and three ZHe ages) from 12 rock samples collected along rivers flowing through the LBC batholith to quantify the spatio‐temporal erosion history. Bayesian probability, Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, and bootstrapping were applied for the inversion of detrital cooling ages to model various erosion histories. Results indicate an increased erosion rate in the batholith at least four times from the Miocene to the present. Specifically, LBC batholith's erosion rates were lower (∼0.16 mm/yr) before the Miocene and increased (∼0.61 mm/yr) during the Early‐Middle Miocene to the present. The post‐Miocene erosion rate is similar to SE Tibet, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh rates. However, it is lower than Nepal. Pre‐Miocene rates are significantly low and comparable only with that of SE Tibet. We envisage that the Early‐Middle Miocene enhanced erosion was related to the tectonic uplift along the Jiali shear zone. This surface uplift was in close concurrence with increased precipitation that might have disconnected the Yigong‐Parlung River from the Irrawaddy River and, subsequently, captured the Lohit River.
Optical semantic communication through multimode fiber: from symbol transmission to sentiment analysis
Authors: Gao Zheng , Jiang Ting , Zhang Mingming , Wu Hao , Tang Ming
Published: January 2025

We propose and validate a novel optical semantic transmission scheme using multimode fiber (MMF). By leveraging the frequency sensitivity of intermodal dispersion in MMFs, we achieve high-dimensional semantic encoding and decoding in the frequency domain. Our system maps symbols to 128 distinct frequencies spaced at 600 kHz intervals, demonstrating a seven-fold increase in capacity compared to conventional communication encoding. We further enhance spectral efficiency by implementing 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), achieving 9.12 bits/s/Hz without decoding errors. Additionally, we explore the application of this system for sentiment analysis using the IMDb movie review dataset. By encoding semantically similar symbols to adjacent frequencies, the system’s noise tolerance is effectively improved, facilitating accurate sentiment analysis. This work highlights the potential of MMF-based semantic communication to enhance both capacity and robustness in optical communication systems, offering promising applications in bandwidth-constrained and noisy environments.
Roles of human papillomavirus in cancers: oncogenic mechanisms and clinical use
Authors: Zhang Yu , Qiu Ke , Ren Jianjun , Zhao Yu , Cheng Ping
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Human papillomaviruses, particularly high-risk human papillomaviruses, have been universally considered to be associated with the oncogenesis and progression of various cancers. The genome of human papillomaviruses is circular, double-stranded DNA that encodes early and late proteins. Each of the proteins is of crucial significance in infecting the epithelium of host cells persistently and supporting viral genome integrating into host cells. Notably, E6 and E7 proteins, classified as oncoproteins, trigger the incidence of cancers by fostering cell proliferation, hindering apoptosis, evading immune surveillance, promoting cell invasion, and disrupting the balance of cellular metabolism. Therefore, targeting human papillomaviruses and decoding molecular mechanisms by which human papillomaviruses drive carcinogenesis are of great necessity to better treat human papillomaviruses-related cancers. Human papillomaviruses have been applied clinically to different facets of human papillomavirus-related cancers, including prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Several types of prophylactic vaccines have been publicly utilized worldwide and have greatly decreased the occurrence of human papillomavirus-related cancers, which have benefited numerous people. Although various therapeutic vaccines have been developed and tested clinically, none of them have been officially approved to date. Enhancing the efficacy of vaccines and searching for innovative technologies targeting human papillomaviruses remain critical challenges that warrant continuous research and attention in the future.
Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling and mining supply chains
Authors: Machala Michael L. , Chen Xi , Bunke Samantha P. , Forbes Gregory , Yegizbay Akarys , de Chalendar Jacques A. , Azevedo Inês L. , Benson Sally , Tarpeh William A.
Published: January 2025

Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can supplement critical materials and improve the environmental sustainability of LIB supply chains. In this work, environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, energy consumption) of industrial-scale production of battery-grade cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs are compared to those of conventional mining supply chains. Converting mixed-stream LIBs into battery-grade materials reduces environmental impacts by at least 58%. Recycling batteries to mixed metal products instead of discrete salts further reduces environmental impacts. Electricity consumption is identified as the principal contributor to all LIB recycling environmental impacts, and different electricity sources can change greenhouse gas emissions up to five times. Supply chain steps that precede refinement (material extraction and transport) contribute marginally to the environmental impacts of circular LIB supply chains (<4%), but are more significant in conventional supply chains (30%). This analysis provides insights for advancing sustainable LIB supply chains, and informs optimization of industrial-scale environmental impacts for emerging battery recycling efforts.