bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A One‐Pot Procedure for Ring Enlargement of α‐Chloromethyl N‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Zheng Lianyou , Xiang Jinbao , Bai Xu
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Step Assembly of Carbamoyl Substituted Annulated 1,4‐Oxazepines.
Authors: Ilyin Alexey P. , Parchinski Vladislav Z. , Peregudova Julia N. , Trifilenkov Andrey S. , Poutsykina Elena B. , Tkachenko Sergey E. , Kravchenko Dmitri V. , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Macrocycles Containing Two Pyridine and Two Polyamine Moieties via Pd‐Catalyzed Amination.
Authors: Averin Alexei D. , Ulanovskaya Olesya A. , Borisenko Anatolii A. , Serebryakova Marina V. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of gem‐Borylsilylalkylcoppers to Acylsilanes with Air.
Authors: Kondo Junichi , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Terminal Alkynes in Reactions with 2,2,2‐Tribromobenzo[d]‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphol.
Authors: Nemtarev A. V. , Varaksina E. N. , Mironov V. F. , Konovalov A. I.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selenium‐Containing Heterocycles from Isoselenocyanates: Synthesis of 2‐Methylidene‐1,3‐selenazolidine Derivatives.
Authors: Sommen Geoffroy L. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Decarbonylative Carbostannylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Pd/C.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Satoh Jun , Shirakawa Eiji , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Mild Access to Silver Acetylides from Trimethylsilyl Acetylenes.
Authors: Viterisi Aurelien , Orsini Alban , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Pale Patrick
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New 18‐en‐Oleane Derivatives from Marine Mangrove Plant, Barringtonia Racemosa
Authors: Yang Yi , Deng Zhiwei , Proksch P. , Lin Wenhan
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Steroids Dehydroadynerizoside and Neristigmol from Nerium oleander Leaves.
Authors: Siddiqui B. S. , Khatoon N. , Begum S. , Sultana R. , Durrani S. A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structures of New Polar Steroids from the Far‐Eastern Starfish Ctenodiscus crispatus.
Authors: Kicha A. A. , Ivanchina N. V. , Kalinovsky A. I. , Dmitrenok P. S. , Stonik V. A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
6‐Nitro‐2‐benzothiazolyl α‐Mannoside: A Highly Efficient Mannosyl Donor in Constructing β‐Man(1→4)GlcN Linkage and Its Application to the Synthesis of the Pentasaccharide Core of N‐Glycans.
Authors: Mandai Hiroki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Remarkably Efficient Activation of Glycosyl Trichloro‐ and (N‐Phenyl)trifluoroacetimidates with Bismuth(III) Triflate.
Authors: Adinolfi Matteo , Iadonisi Alfonso , Ravida Alessandra , Valerio Silvia
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Bromoacetyl‐β‐D‐glycopyranosylamines in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates of Nitrogen‐Containing Physiologically Active Compounds.
Authors: Likhosherstov L. M. , Novikova O. S. , Zheltova A. O. , Shibaev V. N.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem β‐Elimination‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction in α,β‐Unsaturated Sugar Aldehydes.
Authors: Areces Pilar , Carrasco Esther , Mancha Alicia , Plumet Joaquin
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Neoechinulin A.
Authors: Kobayashi Susumu , et al. et al.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Potential Purinoceptor Antagonists: Application of P1‐tBu Phosphazene Base for Alkylation of Adenine in Solution and on Solid Phase.
Authors: Enkvist Erki , Raidaru Gerda , Uri Asko , Patel Roshni , Redick Catherine , Boyer Jose L. , Subbi Juhan , Tammiste Indrek
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spirofungins A (I) and B (II): A Reassignment of Kiyota′s Spiroketals.
Authors: de Oliveira Luciana G. , Dias Luiz C. , Sakauchi Hiroyuki , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of an Antitubercular Lactone Antibiotic, (+)‐Tubelactomicin A.
Authors: Hosokawa Seijiro , Seki Masashi , Fukuda Hisato , Tatsuta Kuniaki
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Separation Properties of Sn— and Ti—Silicate Umbite Membranes.
Authors: Sebastian Victor , Lin Zhi , Rocha Joao , Tellez Carlos , Santamaria Jesus , Coronas Joaquin
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Throughput Calculation of Protein—Ligand Binding Affinities: Modification and Adaptation of the MM‐PBSA Protocol to Enterprise Grid Computing.
Authors: Brown Scott P. , Muchmore Steven W.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Empirical Process for the Design of High‐Throughput Screening Deck Filters.
Authors: Pearce Bradley C. , Sofia Michael J. , Good Andrew C. , Drexler Dieter M. , Stock David A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hard Modeling Methods for the Curve Resolution of Data from Liquid Chromatography with a Diode Array Detector and On‐Flow Liquid Chromatography with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Authors: Wasim Mohammad , Brereton Richard G.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hierarchical PLS Modeling for Predicting the Binding of a Comprehensive Set of Structurally Diverse Protein—Ligand Complexes.
Authors: Lindstroem Anton , Pettersson Fredrik , Almqvist Fredrik , Berglund Anders , Kihlberg Jan , Linusson Anna
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A QXP‐Based Multistep Docking Procedure for Accurate Prediction of Protein—Ligand Complexes.
Authors: Alisaraie Laleh , Haller Lars A. , Fels Gregor
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multifingerprint Based Similarity Searches for Targeted Class Compound Selection.
Authors: Kogej Thierry , Engkvist Ola , Blomberg Niklas , Muresan Sorel
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling the Structural Basis of Human CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Function: From Homology Model Building and Molecular Dynamics Validation to Agonist and Antagonist Docking.
Authors: Fano A. , Ritchie D. W. , Carrieri A.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferromagnetic Iron Boride (Fe3B) Nanowires.
Authors: Li Yan , Tevaarwerk Emma , Chang R. P. H.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Equilibrium in the Systems AIV—BVI. Part 2. Systems Germanium—Chalcogen
Authors: Bletskan D. I.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interfacial Reactions Between Lead‐Free Solders and Common Base Materials
Authors: Laurila T. , Vuorinen V. , Kivilahti J. K.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Ruthenium(III) vs. Hexamethylbenzene Ruthenium(II) in Sulfur‐Centered Reactivity of Their Thioether‐Thiolate and Allied Complexes
Authors: Shin Richard Yee Cheong , Goh Lai Yoong
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring‐Closing Metathesis as a Basis for the Construction of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Orr Allan J. , Bingham Matilda
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Building Molecules with Carbon Monoxide Reductive Coupling
Authors: Wayland Brad , Fu Xuefeng
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Peroxide Oxidation of Arabinogalactan: Kinetics and Products
Authors: Monakov Yu. B. , Borisov I. M. , Zimin Yu. S. , Mudarisova R. Kh. , Tolstikova T. G. , Shirokova E. N. , Medvedeva S. A. , Zaikov G. E.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dissolution of Cellulose with Ionic Liquids and Its Application: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Zhu Shengdong , Wu Yuanxin , Chen Qiming , Yu Ziniu , Wang Cunwen , Jin Shiwei , Ding Yigang , Wu Gang
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Active Substance as a Basic for the Stability of Drug Products
Authors: Giron D.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Peptide and Small Molecule Microarrays
Authors: Marik Jan , Lam Kit S.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Developing Synthetic Methods for Bioactive Phosphorus Compounds: A Progress Report
Authors: Nilsson Johan , Szabo Thomas , Laven Gaston , Kullberg Martin , Kraszewski Adam , Stawinski Jacek
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Approach to Synthesis of Nucleotides and Their Structural Analogues via Tricoordinate Phosphorus Reagents
Authors: Dabkowski Wojciech , Michalski Jan
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cycloruthenated Compounds as Efficient Catalyst for Asymmetric Hydride Transfer Reaction
Authors: Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Barloy Laurent , Sirlin Claude , de Vries Andre H. M. , de Vries Johannes G. , Pfeffer Michel
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkenyl‐ and Aryl[2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]‐dimethylsilanes: Tetraorganosilanes for the Practical Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Sahoo Akhila K. , Imanaka Hidekazu , Yada Akira , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Air‐Stable Phosphine Oxides as Preligands for Catalytic Activation Reactions of C—Cl, C—F, and C—H Bonds
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Born Robert , Spatz Julia H. , Althammer Andreas , Gschrei Christian J.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Discrimination of Taeniid Cestodes
Authors: McManus Donald P.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Heterocyclic Cyan Dye‐Forming Coupler for Color Photographic Use: Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazole
Authors: Shimada Yasuhiro , Ito Takayuki , Maeta Hideki , Matsuoka Kousin , Sato Kozo
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multifunctional Molecular Carbon Materials — From Fullerenes to Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Guldi Dirk M. , Rahman G. M. Aminur , Sgobba Vito , Ehli Christian
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes with Substituted Phenylpyridines
Authors: Sasaki Isabelle , Vendier Laure , Sournia‐Saquet Alix , Lacroix Pascal G.
Published: July 2006

We have developed a new strategy that uses the Kröhnke synthesis for the preparation of various substituted phenylpyridines in excellent yields (up to 88 %). Starting with the appropriate commercially available acetophenone, a variety of phenylpyridines substituted by either electron‐donating (i.e. methyl, methoxy) or ‐withdrawing groups (i.e. bromide, nitro) on the phenyl ring are obtained in a two‐step synthesis. The corresponding functionalized cyclometalated ruthenium complexes can be prepared with unusually high yields by using methanol as reaction solvent. The electrochemical data of the complexes demonstrate the strong σ‐donating character of the anionic phenylpyridine ligand. X‐ray analyses of four complexes show a shortening of the Ru–C bond associated with the elongation of only one of the five Ru–N bonds (trans effect).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Imidazolium‐Based [14]Heterophanes as Models for Anion Recognition
Authors: Alcalde Ermitas , Mesquida Neus , Pérez‐García Lluïsa
Published: July 2006

The significance of the reported dicationic [14]imidazoliophanes 4·2X relies on their ability to bind anions in polar media. Thus, imidazolium units represent the main structural motifs in the formation of unconventional (C–H)+···Cl– charge‐assisted hydrogen bonds which become the noncovalent forces driving the anionic interactions exhibited by dications 4·2X. Herein, we report the “3+1” convergent synthesis of the title macrocycles 4a–d·2X; their counteranion exchange using a strongly basic anion‐exchange resin (OH– form) and their structures have been examined by NMR spectroscopy. Solution studies in CD3CN and [D6]DMSO by 1H NMR spectroscopy have revealed the importance of the hydrogen bonds in controlling anion recognition.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Inhibition of glycogenolysis in astrocytes interrupts memory consolidation in young chickens
Authors: Gibbs Marie E. , Anderson Damian G. , Hertz Leif
Published: July 2006

Glycolysis and glycogenolysis are involved in memory processing in day‐old chickens and, aside from the provision of energy for neuronal and astrocytic energy metabolism these pathways enable astrocytes to supply neurones with precursor for transmitter glutamate by glucose‐based de novo synthesis. We have previously shown that memory processing for bead discrimination learning is dependent on glycolysis; however, the metabolic inhibitor used, iodoacetate, inhibits pyruvate formation from both glucose and glycogen. At specific time points after training transient reductions in brain glycogen content occur, mirrored by increases in glutamate/glutamine content. In the present study, we used intracerebral injection of a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol (DAB), which does not affect glucose breakdown, to evaluate the role of glycogen metabolism in memory consolidation. Dose‐dependent inhibition of learning occurred when DAB was administered at specific time periods in relation to training: (i) 5 min before training, (ii) around 30 min posttraining, and (iii) 55 min posttraining. After injection at either of the two earlier periods, memory disappeared after consolidation 30 min postlearning, and after injection 55 min after learning memory was absent at 70 min. The memory loss caused by early administration could be prevented after training by central injection of the glutamate precursor glutamine or the astrocyte‐specific substrate acetate together with aspartate, substituting for pyruvate carboxylation. Thus, glycogenolysis is essential for learning in this paradigm and, aside from energy supply considerations, we suggest that an important role for glycogenolysis is to provide neurones with glutamine as the precursor for neuronal glutamate and GABA. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in the expression of intestinal enzymes in rats exposed to nickel
Authors: Singla Amika , Kaur Jaspreet , Mahmood Akhtar
Published: July 2006

The effect of feeding nickel (50 mg kg−1 body weight) daily for 7 days was studied on the development of various brush border enzymes across the crypt–villus axis. The activities of brush border maltase (P < 0.05), lactase (P < 0.05), alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and leucine amino peptidase (P < 0.05) were augmented in purified brush borders, whereas sucrase, trehlase (P < 0.01) and glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.05) were reduced in nickel fed animals compared with controls. Kinetic and heat inactivation studies with brush border sucrase and alkaline phosphatase confirmed these findings. Western blot analysis of alkaline phosphatase showed a strong signal for the enzyme protein but a reduced level of sucrase antigen in nickel fed rat intestine compared with the controls. These findings suggest that the expression of various brush border enzymes along the crypt–villus axis is modulated in rat intestine exposed to nickel, which may disrupt the digestive functions of the intestinal tissue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles study on the elastic properties and electronic structure of TiNi‐based ternary shape memory alloys
Authors: Tan Changlong , Cai Wei , Zhu Jingchuan
Published: July 2006

The elastic properties and electronic structure of B2 phase TiNi and ternary Ti50Ni43.75Fe6.25, Ti50Ni43.75Pd6.25, Ti50Ni43.75Cu6.25 shape memory alloys are studied by the plane‐wave psedudopotential method within the local density approximation. The elastic constants and density of states are obtained for the first time. Our calculations show that the martensitic transformation behavior of these alloys is closely related to their elastic properties. The Ti d DOS at Fermi level is mainly responsible for the B2 phase stability of these alloys. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced generation of entangled‐photon pairs from a cavity system
Authors: Ajiki Hiroshi , Ishihara Hajime
Published: July 2006

We have theoretically studied efficiency of entangled‐photon generation from a quantum well embedded in a microcavity, and have found considerable enhancement of the efficiency. We have determined an optimal condition for achieving the strong enhancement, which is qualitatively understood from a characteristic feature of the cavity QED. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton dynamics in cuprous oxide
Authors: Fishman D. A. , Revcolevschi A. , van Loosdrecht P. H. M.
Published: July 2006

This work addresses the mid‐infrared properties of cuprous oxide and in particular induced absorption due to the presence of excitons. We probe the population of the non‐radiative ground state of para‐excitons via laser‐induced changes of the transmission in the “hydrogenic” 1s‐2p/1s‐3p transition energy range in a stress‐free sample. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations Toward Oral Bacterial Growth Based on the Abraham Model
Authors: Mintz Christina , Acree William E. , Abraham Michael H.
Published: July 2006

The Abraham solvation parameter model is used to construct mathematical correlations for describing the minimum inhibitory concentration of organic compounds for growth inhibition toward Porphyromonas gingivalis, Selenomonas artemidis, and Streptococcus sorbrinius. The derived mathematical correlations describe the observed published inhibitory data to within an overall average standard deviation of approximately 0.30 log units. A principal component analysis, shows that the derived equations for the three growth inhibitions are quite close to each other, are near to some, but not to all, equations for aqueous toxicity toward various organisms, and are quite far from most equations for water to solvent partition. A further analysis suggests that the three growth inhibition systems behave as though a solute is transferred from water to an environment that is still quite water‐like.
Low-level parasitic worm burdens may reduce body condition in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: IRVINE R. J. , CORBISHLEY H. , PILKINGTON J. G. , ALBON S. D.
Published: July 2006

Regulation of ungulate populations by parasites relies on establishing a density-dependent relationship between infection and vital demographic rates which may act through the effect of parasites on body condition. We examine evidence for parasite impacts in 285 red deer (Cervus elaphus) harvested during 1991 and 1992 on the Isle of Rum. In the abomasa, prevalence of nematodes was 100% and the most abundant genus observed wereOstertagiaspecies, however, mean intensity of infection was low (less than 1000) relative to other studies. Additional species, also present in low numbers, includedNematodirusspp.,Capillariaspp.,Cooperiaspp., Monieza expanza,Oesophagostomum venulosumandTrichuris ovis. Lungworm (Dictyocaulusspp.) and tissue worm (Elaphostronygylus cervi) larvae were also observed in faecal samples. There was no evidence for acquired immunity to abomasal nematodes. Despite low levels of infection, both adult male and female deer showed significant negative correlation between indices of condition (kidney fat index, dressed carcass weight and larder weight) and intensity ofOstertagiaspp. infection. However, there was no evidence that pregnancy rate in females was related to intensity of infection. For calves, there was no relationship between body condition and intensity of infection. The apparent subclinical effects of low-level parasite infection on red deer performance could alternatively be due to animals in poorer nutritional state being more susceptible to infection. Either way the results suggest that further studies of wild populations are justified, in particular where high local host densities exist or alternative ungulate hosts are present, and, where experimental treatments are tractable.
Molecular characterization, expression and localization of tropomyosin and paramyosin immunodominant allergens from sheep scab mites (Psoroptes ovis)
Authors: NISBET A. J. , MACKELLAR A. , WRIGHT H. W. , BRENNAN G. P. , CHUA K. Y. , CHEONG N. , THOMAS J. E. , HUNTLEY J. F.
Published: July 2006

cDNAs encoding the immunodominant allergens tropomyosin and paramyosin were amplified from RNA extracted from the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis. The tropomyosin cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 852 bp which encoded a predicted protein with 98% and 97% identity to the house dust mite allergens Der f 10 and Der p 10 respectively. The complete paramyosin ORF generated by RT-PCR was 2625 bp in length and encoded an 875aa predicted protein of 102·6 kDa with 97%, 95% and 89% identity to the paramyosins of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 11), Sarcoptes scabiei and Blomia tropicalis (Blo t 11) respectively. Full length tropomyosin and truncated and full-length paramyosin were expressed as recombinant proteins. IgG and IgE in sera from sheep with a 6-week duration primary infestation of P. ovis did not detect either full-length or truncated recombinant paramyosin. IgG in both infested and naïve sheep sera detected recombinant tropomyosin, suggesting cross-reactivity to tropomyosin and to other invertebrate species to which the sheep may have been exposed. Staining with antibodies directed against tropomyosin and paramyosin was observed throughout sections of P. ovis. Staining was especially prevalent in the anterior sections of the mites, possibly associated with locomotory muscles in this region.
Stochastic phonological knowledge: the case of Hungarian vowel harmony
Authors: Hayes Bruce , Londe Zsuzsa Cziráky
Published: July 2006

In Hungarian, stems ending in a back vowel plus one or more neutral vowels show unusual behaviour: for such stems, the otherwise general process of vowel harmony is lexically idiosyncratic. Particular stems can take front suffixes, take back suffixes or vacillate. Yet at a statistical level, the patterning among these stems is lawful: in the aggregate, they obey principles that relate the propensity to take back or front harmony to the height of the rightmost vowel and to the number of neutral vowels. We argue that this patterned statistical variation in the Hungarian lexicon is internalised by native speakers. Our evidence is that they replicate the pattern when they are asked to apply harmony to novel stems in a ‘wug’ test (Berko 1958). Our test results match quantitative data about the Hungarian lexicon, gathered with an automated Web search. We model the speakers' knowledge and intuitions with a grammar based on the dual listing/generation model of Zuraw (2000), then show how the constraint rankings of this grammar can be learned by algorithm.
A lambda calculus for quantum computation with classical control
Authors: SELINGER PETER , VALIRON BENOIT
Published: July 2006

In this paper we develop a functional programming language for quantum computers by extending the simply-typed lambda calculus with quantum types and operations. The design of this language adheres to the ‘quantum data, classical control’ paradigm, following the first author's work on quantum flow-charts. We define a call-by-value operational semantics, and give a type system using affine intuitionistic linear logic. The main results of this paper are the safety properties of the language and the development of a type inference algorithm.
Robustness, institutions, and large-scale change in social-ecological systems: the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin
Authors: ANDERIES JOHN M.
Published: July 2006

Societies frequently generate public infrastructure and institutional arrangements in order to mediate short-term environmental fluctuations. However, the social and ecological consequences of activities dealing with short-term disturbances may increase the vulnerability of the system to infrequent events or to long-term change in patterns of short-term variability. Exploring this possibility requires the study of long-term, transformational change. The archaeological record provides many examples of long-term change, such as the Hohokam who occupied the Phoenix Basin for over a thousand years and developed a complex irrigation society. In the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, the Hohokam society experienced reductions in complexity and scale possibly associated with regional climatic events. We apply a framework designed to explore robustness in coupled social-ecological systems to the Hohokam Cultural Sequence. Based on this analysis, a stylized formal model is developed to explore the possibility that the success of the Hohokam irrigation system and associated social structure may have increased their vulnerability to rare climactic shocks.
The robustness of Montane irrigation systems of Thailand in a dynamic human–water resources interface
Authors: SHIVAKOTI GANESH P. , BASTAKOTI RAM C.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the dynamism and robustness of two irrigation systems of the Kok River system within the Mekong River basin in northern Thailand in the context of changing governance mechanisms and evolution of technological and market forces. It analyzes both temporal and spatial dynamism of the irrigation systems. The temporal dynamism was analyzed over three phases: before intervention, initial operation, and long-term. The before intervention phase analysis examined the effect of various attributes of users on starting an irrigation system, whereas the initial operation phase inquiry included the process of development of rules and level of autonomy in developing the users' own rules over time. The long-term phase analysis focused on external factors affecting the sustainment of these irrigation systems. Spatial dynamism was examined across upstream and downstream systems and within different locations of the system. The analysis was centered on linkages and relationships between five entities: resource, resource users, public infrastructure, public infrastructure providers, and external disturbances. Both systems were still robust, owing to the sustainment of local customs and the role of local leaders still vital, albeit in different forms. The group efforts, their self-governing capabilities, and local institutions, including the changed role of leaders in dealing with external forces, have played an important role in maintaining the robustness of these systems.
At Daybreak ‐ Reproductive Biology and Isolating Mechanisms of Cirrhaea dependens (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Bittrich V. , Amaral M. C. E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Floral biology, reproduction, pollinator specificity, and fruit set of Cirrhaea dependens were recorded in forest areas of Southeastern Brazil. Cirrhaea dependens is a lithophytic or epiphytic herb occurring very sparsely below dense canopies. Nearly all the flowers of a single plant open simultaneously before dawn. They are short‐lasting and offer floral fragrances as rewards, which are collected by male euglossine bees. Observations carried out in mesophytic forests at Serra do Japi revealed that Euglossa viridis is their principal pollinator, with Eufriesea violacea a sporadic co‐pollinator. Visitation started soon after flower opening, and attractiveness remained high for about 2 h, decreasing abruptly at sunrise. Flower anthesis with subsequent fragrance release seems to be correlated with bee attraction. Observations using chemical baits were carried out at Serra do Japi, and in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Picinguaba. Three euglossine species were captured with pollinaria of C. dependens in Picinguaba, whereas only E. violacea was attracted in Serra do Japi. In Picinguaba, C. dependens occurs sympatrically with C. saccata and C. loddigesii. Each species attracted different pollinators. The specificity and resulting reproductive isolation are due to the production of different odours by each orchid species. Cirrhaea dependens is self‐compatible but pollinator‐dependent. The reproductive success was low and appears to result from a combination of factors discussed here, such as the production of short‐lived flowers, presence of floral mechanisms avoiding self‐pollination, non‐synchronization of flower phases among plants, and populations with few and sparsely distributed individuals.
Space, Time, and Dynamics Modeling in Historical GIS Databases: A Fuzzy Logic Approach
Authors: Dragicevic Suzana , Marceau Danielle J , Marois Claude
Published: July 2006

In this paper, a spatiotemporal interpolation approach for GIS modeling of urban growth dynamics is proposed. It is based on fuzzy logic theory using three different scenarios for temporal simulation, and two techniques for spatial simulation of urban change patterns. The notion of stages in the urban growth is taken into consideration as well as variables describing the speed and the mechanism of change. The simulation results are presented for three study sites from the north shore of the Montreal metropolitan area in Quebec, Canada, covering the period from 1956 to 1986. By comparing the simulation results with aerial photographs of the study area taken in 1958, 1971, 1975, and 1982, the proposed modeling approach is validated. The potential of this approach as a visualization technique is also discussed.
The Dynamics of Urban Morphology: The Case of Petah Tikvah
Authors: Benguigui Lucien , Czamanski Daniel , Marinov Maria
Published: July 2006

Urban evolution is composed of two interlinked phenomena. Over time, changes occur in urban size as measured, for example, by population. The geographic space occupied by human activities and by buildings also changes over time. Those two aspects of urban evolution are linked and, as such, should be studied in tandem. In this paper we present an analysis of the process of formation of urban centers as a result of growth spurts and the structured behavior of individuals. We propose a dynamic model of the spatial self-organization of a town. The model yields descriptions of the temporal evolution of the urban population and of the space occupied by it. At the backdrop of the model is a particular conception of the behavior of land developers. The evolution of the town emerges from the juxtaposition of centripetal and centrifugal forces that represent the key elements in the developers' behavior. Through computer simulations, the model has been applied to Petah Tikvah, a small town in the Tel Aviv metropolis. The comparison between the simulations and the real town growth is very good.
Exploratory Method for Analyzing Changes in Polygon Distributions
Authors: Sadahiro Yukio
Published: July 2006

In this paper I develop an exploratory method for analyzing changes in polygon distributions. Changes are deduced from a set of polygon distributions of different times, and represented by a directed graph. Three viewpoints for representing individual changes are proposed: topology, size, and direction. They are described qualitatively, and used for exploratory analysis of spatiotemporal distribution of changes. In addition to individual changes, their sequences are analyzed through classification, visualization, and calculation of summary statistics. The method proposed is applied to the analysis of changes in market areas of a convenience-store chain in Tokyo, Japan. The empirical study reveals the spatial structure of changes in a global scale.
An Economic–Environmental Input–Output Model and its Application to Regional Economic – Environmental Impact Analysis
Authors: Li Xu , Ikeda Saburo
Published: July 2006

In this paper we develop a new form of economic – environmental input–output model to analyze the complicated interactions among economic sectors and environmental sectors. This model deals with both traditional economic sectors and the pollution elimination sector in terms of volume and value. The model also introduces policy parameters associated with pollution elimination into the framework to discuss its policy implication and to perform policy sensitivity analysis. Finally, this input–output model is applied to a specific area located in the northeast region of China to show how it works.
Auxin biosynthesis by the YUCCA flavin monooxygenases controls the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cheng Youfa , Dai Xinhua , Zhao Yunde
Published: July 2006

Auxin biosynthesis in plants has remained obscure although auxin has been known for decades as a key regulator for plant growth and development. Here we define the YUC gene family and show unequivocally that four of the 11 predicted YUC flavin monooxygenases (YUC1, YUC2, YUC4, and YUC6) play essential roles in auxin biosynthesis and plant development. The YUC genes are mainly expressed in meristems, young primordia, vascular tissues, and reproductive organs. Overexpression of each YUC gene leads to auxin overproduction, whereas disruption of a single YUC gene causes no obvious developmental defects. However, yuc1yuc4, yuc2yuc6, all of the triple and quadruple mutants of the four YUC genes, display severe defects in floral patterning, vascular formation, and other developmental processes. Furthermore, inactivation of the YUC genes leads to dramatically reduced expression of the auxin reporter DR5-GUS in tissues where the YUC genes are expressed. Moreover, the developmental defects of yuc1yuc4 and yuc1yuc2yuc6 are rescued by tissue-specific expression of the bacterial auxin biosynthesis gene iaaM, but not by exogenous auxin, demonstrating that spatially and temporally regulated auxin biosynthesis by the YUC genes is essential for the formation of floral organs and vascular tissues.
A risky business: the recruitment and running of informers by English police officers
Authors: Dunnighan Colin , Norris Clive
Published: July 2006

The movement, in the United Kingdom, towards the adoption of proactive policing strategies, and the concomitant emphasis on the use of informers, has resulted in police managers actively encouraging detective officers to increase their use of what is seen by them as a useful resource. However, such managerial exhortations have not been accompanied by the introduction of satisfactory control mechanisms. Drawing on data obtained over a two year period from detailed interviews with detectives and informers, a comprehensive questionnaire and the examination of police files, the paper identifies negative consequences that informer‐based policing policies are producing for individual officers, police forces and ultimately, the criminal justice system.
Police reform in Northern Ireland
Authors: Weitzer Ronald
Published: July 2006

The issue of police reform has become especially salient in Northern Ireland since the announcement of a ceasefire in September 1994. This article examines several major policing problems in this society and the kinds of reforms necessary to normalize policing. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to relax a host of counterinsurgency practices and on changes in the larger political context.
The position of municipal police chief: an examination of selection criteria and requisite skills
Authors: Dantzker M.L.
Published: July 2006

Selection criteria for individuals seeking to become police officers continues to receive attention from practitioners and academicians. However, an area of equal, if not greater importance, selection criteria for police chiefs, continues to receive minimal attention. After examining the findings of a content analysis of advertisements for the position of police chief and conducting a survey of a purposive sample of police chiefs, a national, randomly selected sample of police chiefs was surveyed. The results indicate that police chiefs support police management experience and extensive training and education as two important selection criteria. Furthermore, they indicate that leadership and communication are the two top skills a police chief should possess. A brief discussion of these findings’ implications is offered.
A service under change: current issues in policing in England and Wales
Authors: Walker Donald B. , Richards Malcolm
Published: July 2006

Anticipates that over the next few years the police service in England and Wales is likely to experience significant changes in organization and management. Appraises major inquiries and legislation made following the 1979 government election, e.g., the Audit Commission for Local Government in England and Wales 1982. Looks at the structure and control of the police service, the Police and Magistrates’ Court Act 1994, the review of core and ancillary policing tasks established by the Home Secretary in 1993, and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Concludes that the relationship between local accountability and central government control is of particular importance. Expects to see greater control exerted by the Home Office and a move away from democracy toward centralized power.
Monitoring and mapping landslide displacements: a combined DGPS‐stereophotogrammetric approach for detailed short‐ and long‐term rate estimates
Authors: Demoulin A.
Published: July 2006

Although desirable for a reliable hazard assessment, rate estimates of landslide motion rarely combine a good time resolution and a sufficiently long time of observation. Here, both angles are tackled for the Manaihan landslide (East Belgium), dramatically reactivated in September 1998. I monitored the landslide displacements by repeated Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys from 1999 to 2005. Two digital elevation models were also produced, one of the landslide topography in 1999 by GPS and a second by stereophotogrammetry from aerial photographs of 1953. Subtracting one model from the other, I mapped the height changes within the landslide over the 1953–1999 period. All measurements consistently showed that, beyond the sudden ∼1.5 m slip of September 1998, the landslide moved at a mean rate of c. 20 cm yr−1 since 1980. Most displacements occurred around the winter's end, when long‐lasting precipitation combined with minimal evaporation and occasional intense daily rainfall. The motions are spatially determined by seepage from a broken sewage pipe inducing local high pore pressures.

Terra Nova, 18, 290–298, 2006
Effect of nelfinavir on insulin metabolism, proteasome activity and protein degradation in HepG2 cells
Authors: Hamel F. G. , Fawcett J. , Tsui B. T. , Bennett R. G. , Duckworth W. C.
Published: July 2006

HIV‐1 protease inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of HIV infection, but their use has been associated with lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. One suggestion for this has been the inhibition of insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE). We have previously demonstrated that insulin, through IDE, can inhibit the proteasome, thus decreasing cytosolic protein degradation. We examined whether the protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibited IDE and its effect on protein degradation both in vitro and in whole cells. 125I‐Insulin degradation was measured by trichloroacetic acid precipitation. Proteasome activities were measured using fluorogenic peptide substrates. Cellular protein degradation was measured by prelabelling cells with 3H‐leucine and determining the release of TCA‐soluble radioactivity. Nelfinavir inhibited IDE in a concentration‐dependent manner with 50% inhibition at the maximal concentration tested, 100 µm. Similarly, the chymotrypsin‐like and trypsin‐like activities of the proteasome were decreased with an IC50 of approximately 3 µm. The ability of insulin to inhibit the proteasome was abrogated by nelfinavir. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 50 µm nelfinavir decreased 125I‐insulin degradation and increased cell‐associated radioactivity. Insulin alone maximally decreased protein degradation by 15%. Addition of 50 µm nelfinavir inhibited cellular protein degradation by 14% and blunted the effect of insulin. These data show that nelfinavir inhibits IDE, decreases insulin’s ability to inhibit protein degradation via the proteasome and provides another possible mechanism for the insulin resistance seen in protease inhibitor‐treated HIV patients.