bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustical Evaluation of Six ‘Green’ Office Buildings
Authors: Hodgson Murray
Published: February 2010

To explain the reactions of the building occupants to their acoustical environments, meetings with the designers, walk-through surveys, and detailed acoustical measurements were done. The objective was to determine how design decisions affect office acoustical environments, and how to improve the acoustical design of ‘green’ office buildings. Design-performance criteria were established. Measurements were made of noise level, reverberation time, speech-intelligibility index (SII), and noise isolation. Noise levels were atypically low in unoccupied buildings with no mechanical ventilation, but excessive in areas near external walls next to noisy external noise sources—especially with windows open for ventilation—and in occupied buildings. Reverberation times were excessive in areas with large volumes and insufficient sound absorption. Speech intelligibility was generally adequate, but speech privacy was inadequate in shared and open-office areas, and into private offices with the doors open for ventilation. Improvement of the acoustical design of ‘green’ buildings must include increasing the external-internal noise isolation and that between workplaces, and the use of adequate sound absorption to control reverberation and noise.
Effect of Recycled Coarse Aggregates in Properties of Concrete
Authors: Kumutha R , Vijai K
Published: February 2010

The properties of concrete containing coarse recycled aggregates were investigated. Laboratory trials were conducted to investigate the possibility of using recycled aggregates from the demolition wastes available locally as the replacement of natural coarse aggregates in concrete. A series of tests were carried out to determine the density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with and without recycled aggregates. The water cement ratio was kept constant for all the mixes. The coarse aggregate in concrete was replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% recycled coarse aggregates. The test results indicated that the replacement of natural coarse aggregates by recycled aggregates up to 40% had little effect on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. A replacement level of 100% causes a reduction of 28% in compressive strength, 36% in split tensile strength and 50% in flexural strength. For strength characteristics, the results showed a gradual decrease in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity as the percentage of recycled aggregate used in the specimens increased. 100% replacement of natural coarse aggregate by recycled aggregate resulted in 43% savings in the cost of coarse aggregates and 9% savings in the cost of concrete.
A Decision-making Framework for Vegetated Roofing System Selection
Authors: Grant Elizabeth J , Jones James R
Published: February 2010

Design frequently involves making tradeoffs to obtain the “optimal” solution to a design problem, often using intuition or past experience as a guide. Since vegetated roofing is a relatively complex and comparatively new technology to many practitioners, a rational, explicit method to help organize and rank the tradeoffs made during the design process is needed. This research comprises the creation of a framework diagramming the decision process involved in the selection of vegetated roofing systems. Through literature review, case studies and interviews with experts, the available knowledge is captured and organized to determine the critical parameters affecting design decisions. Six important evaluative categories are identified and parameters within these categories are addressed in the context of a decision support system for green roof designers. A summation of the total importance of the advantages represented by each alternative is used to determine the most feasible green roof system for a particular project. The framework is demonstrated and compared with green roof designers' decision-making processes and conclusions are drawn regarding its effectiveness.
Applying Ecological Landscape Design Principles to University Planning
Authors: Deng Wei , Browell Mike , Wareham Zoe
Published: February 2010

This article summarises how ecological design principles have become incorporated into landscape design in Great Britain. A case study of the planning and construction of a new University Campus at Riccarton, a country estate on the outskirts of Edinburgh is used to show ecological landscape design in practice since 1968.
Airborne Transmission via HVAC of Acute Respiratory Infections in Military Facilities? Review of a Basic Training Cohort Study
Authors: Haselbach Liv , Hussey James , Feigley Charles E , Hebert James R , White Duvel W , Lawson Andrew
Published: February 2010

There is great interest in preventing the spread of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in military housing and in other facilities with multiple occupants such as hospitals. There has been some research on the mode of transmission of ARIs in these types of occupancies, with several studies focusing on direct and indirect contact. This study, based on several barracks at the largest basic training facility for the Army in the United States, investigates the role of airborne transmission via heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems as compared to a combination of airborne, indirect contact and direct contact transmission in a room. The results indicate that there is a significant increase in the number of cases which might be attributable to airborne transmission via HVAC systems in several situations, both for ARIs that required hospitalization, and those which did not.
Analysis of the Design Process of Green Children's Hospitals: Focus on Process Modeling and Lessons Learned
Authors: Bilec M.M , Ries R.J , Needy K.L , Gokhan M , Phelps A.F , Enache-Pommer E , Horman M.J , Little S.E , Powers T.L , McGregor E , Sheane C
Published: February 2010

Healthcare facilities are among the most complicated facilities to plan, design, construct and operate. A new breed of hospitals is considering the impact of the built environment on healthcare worker productivity and patient recovery in their design, construction, and operation. A crucial subset of healthcare facilities are children's hospitals where the consequences of poor building system design and performance have the potential to seriously impact young lives with compromised health. Green facilities are not always pursued: they are perceived as difficult to build and costing more than equivalent conventional hospitals. This study explored the design process of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and Penn State's Hershey Medical Center Children's Hospital to understand the critical steps and processes for green children's hospital design. Producing a series of process maps that identify the key characteristics in the complex design requirements of a green children's hospital, this paper reveals the importance of design process to design quality. More broadly, this research will help future project teams meet the complex design requirements of green children's hospitals.
Strategies for Practical Greenhouse Gas Reductions in the Existing Building Stock
Authors: Shiel John
Published: February 2010

The Stern Report found that Climate Change is the world's greatest market failure, and the United Nations concluded it is likely to be the most significant environmental challenge of our time. This paper aims to illustrate building Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and energy trends, and to provide practical strategies and best practice examples in international low- and high-rise building refurbishments to lower GHG emissions, energy use and operating costs, across building types and Australian Climate Zones. These can be adopted by policy-makers, owners, investors and occupiers. It also aims to provide examples of government policies and important stakeholder behaviour to reduce GHGs, and evaluates one recent project for strategies that proved successful and those that could be improved. The method used was to review international strategies that lower building GHG emissions in countries with more advanced building regulations than Australia, and to discover affordable and effective strategies from associations that publicise case studies. This paper shows that the operational phase of buildings is a significant contributor to global GHG emissions; that Passive building refurbishments are current best practice strategies; and that occupant behaviour is another surprisingly significant contributor to GHG emissions. The paper forms part of the author's higher research degree literature review.
Greening Existing Buildings with the LEED Rating System
Authors: Jones Brad , Dahl Peter , Stokes John
Published: February 2010

When considering the current situation of the built environment it becomes readily apparent that the LEED for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance (LEED-EBOM) Rating System is the most important of all the LEED Rating Systems. Historically its adoption in the industry has lagged behind the better known LEED for New Construction Rating System. In the effort to create more efficient, healthy, and financially sound buildings, LEED-EBOM accounts for two significant classes of buildings: buildings certified under the LEED Rating Systems geared toward design and construction, and buildings not previously certified. LEED-EBOM is a tool to measure the impact of a building's operations and provide a means to track performance over time. This information allows stakeholders to make informed decisions about operating policies that support energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and comfortable spaces for the occupants of the building. This article presents statistics about the existing building stock, provides an overview of the LEED-EBOM Rating System, and offers examples of successful implementation strategies drawn from over a dozen projects certified through the LEED-EB Rating Systems.
The Castle: A Lean Micro-Dwelling
Authors: Burnham Richard , Green Robin
Published: February 2010

The Castle, a long-term collaboration between the School of Architecture & Design and local youth-service organizations, intends to assist youth at risk of homelessness by deploying micro-dwellings to households experiencing spatial and emotional distress. Responding to a demonstrated gap in the housing market, the brief for The Castle demands a dwelling that is small, mobile, autonomous and spatially clever. Aside from important social and pedagogical agendas The Castle explores ‘leanness’ in timber construction. Three prototypes have resulted in ‘panitecture,’ a highly adaptive construction system composed of CNC-router cut folded plate plywood wall panels integrated with built-in furniture. Panitecture results in an overall reduction in material waste, direct applicability to a low-skilled workforce and opportunities for mass-customisation, accommodating infinite design configurations to be processed without the need for continual redesign. Options are also available for deployment onto site—as a digital file, as individual components, assembled panels, an assembled carcass or as a completed dwelling.
Small Wind Power Considerations
Authors: Carr David , Starcher Kenneth
Published: February 2010

Wind energy can be a supplemental source of energy to an electric grid or the complete power supply for an isolated source. It produces no waste particulate matter, uses no water for cooling, and contributes no green house gasses to the environment. A short description of the Alternative Energy Institute, at West Texas A&M University, and the basics of wind energy as well as some discussion of home scale wind systems are presented here. The uses of wind energy and many of the basic concerns and considerations of placing wind energy conversion systems on or near primary structures are discussed. The basic plan for a renewable energy system inclusion into a home or building is shown; it is always preferable to reduce the energy load and ensure that the structure will use energy as efficiently as possible before a system is designed. Current federal support for renewables is at a new high, and the source for local and regional description of programs is shown.
Use of Dissimilar Walling Systems on Residential Building Envelopes for Improving Their Thermal Performance
Authors: Gregory Katherine , Moghtaderi Behdad , Page Adrian
Published: February 2010

This paper summarises the results of a combined numerical, statistical and experimental study concerned with the use of dissimilar walling systems on the external parts of a given building envelope. The rational behind this “hybrid wall” concept, as opposed to conventional approaches where identical walls are used in a building envelope, is to achieve a more effective distribution of thermal mass across the envelope and, hence, improve the overall thermal performance of the building. The effectiveness of the “hybrid wall” concept was investigated using a series of hypothetical building modules of common Australian residential constructions, namely Light Weight (LW), Brick Veneer (BV), Reverse Brick Veneer (RBV) and Cavity Brick (CB). These designs were examined numerically using a commercial energy rating tool known as “AccuRate”, statistically using JMP software and experimentally using a novel bench-scale setup developed as part of this study. The performance of each design was evaluated by its energy consumption. The numerical predictions and experimental data highlighted that the east and west walls have the most impact on the energy consumption under Australian climatic conditions. It was found that considerable reductions in the energy consumption could be achieved in cases where the hybrid wall concept was implemented through the use of high thermal mass insulated walls on the east and west sides of the building envelope.
Comparison of Emitted Emissions Between Trenchless Pipe Replacement and Open Cut Utility Construction
Authors: Ariaratnam Samuel T , Sihabuddin Shaik S
Published: February 2010

Currently, there is a worldwide trend towards reducing emissions into the environment generated by human activities. Pollutant emissions into the atmosphere are a major measure of the impact on environment. The construction industry is a major producer of such emissions due in part to the magnitude of operations and the vast array of equipment. Increased urbanization has resulted in a need for the installation of an expanded underground network of infrastructure that includes gas, water, wastewater, pipelines, power, and communications systems. Today, engineers are faced with engaging the construction option that not only provides the best cost advantage, but also considers environmental sensitivities to create the most sustainable solution. Reduction of pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), total organic compounds (TOC), and sulfur oxide (SOX) have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as critical to sustainable development. This paper describes an approach for quantifying airborne emissions that is demonstrated through a comparison of two construction methods for installing a wastewater line. It was discovered that the option involving a traditional open cut method resulted in an overall average of about 80% greater emissions compared to trenchless pipe replacement. The findings of this paper should assist the utility construction industry in technology selection to minimize environmental impacts.
A Design Optimization Framework to Estimate Environmental Impact of Design Decisions in Consumer Products
Authors: Briceño Carlos M , Carrano Andres L , Thorn Brian K , Esterman Marcos
Published: February 2010

Most products have the potential to negatively impact the environment during all life-cycle stages. However, most environmental impact assessment methods focus on a single product life-cycle and on a specific life-cycle stage. Product design plays a significant role by determining traditional environmental impacts, such as embodied energy of materials, but also by influencing market adoption and production volumes. The main objective of this work is to develop a design optimization framework that estimates the environmental impact of design decisions (e.g. materials choice, etc.) across all life-cycle stages in consumer products. The methodology relies on quality function deployment (QFD), multi-attribute utility theory, non-linear mathematical programming, and life-cycle assessment tools to estimate the utility of the design options to the customer, the producer, and the environment. The proposed framework allows designers and other decision makers to select options that are environmentally sound and also aligned with the business objectives.
Indoor Thermal Performance of Ventilated Dwellings Using Fly Screens in the Hot-Humid Climate of Chennai, India
Authors: J Vijayalaxmi , Sekar S.P
Published: February 2010

In a hot-humid tropical climate, indoor thermal performance can be enhanced by comfort ventilation. Indoor ventilation depends upon building opening size. But risks involved in providing openings include ingress of mosquitoes and insects which thrive in the tropical climate. A practical and prevalent option to prevent insects in ventilated dwellings of the tropical, hot-humid city of Chennai, India is through the use of fly screens. Fly screens, when used over openings, prevent a certain quantum of solar radiation and wind from entering inside the rooms. Reduced direct solar radiation prevents the indoors from heating up, while reduced wind movement prevents the cross ventilation. Therefore, it is important to know the indoor thermal performance of ventilated rooms in the presence of fly screens with changing opening sizes. The criterion to evaluate indoor thermal performance in this paper is indoor air temperature. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of fly screens on openings with varying sizes, in a naturally ventilated dwelling in the hot-humid climate of Chennai, India, during the summer period. The results of the study show that fly screens raise the indoor air temperature when openings are in the range of 100% to 35% of the room floor area. There is no significant change in the indoor air temperature when the opening sizes are less than 30% of the room floor area.
Adoption of Green Building Guidelines in Developing Countries Based on U.S. and India Experiences
Authors: Potbhare Varun , Syal Matt , Korkmaz Sinem
Published: February 2010

In the wake of sustainable construction entering the mainstream, many developing countries are either currently pursuing green building guidelines or are planning to pursue them in the near future. This research attempts to formulate an implementation strategy for the rapid adoption of these guidelines for the developing nations. This implementation strategy is based on the detailed review of the major green building guidelines globally and contextual information of Indian society collected through a survey questionnaire. The proposed strategy shows that it is important for green building initiatives to identify: the organizations that accelerate the adoption of green building guidelines in a society, the incentives and barriers associated with the green building guidelines, and the necessary motivations for the adopter organizations. An informed approach in the form of this implementation strategy might potentially contribute to the acceleration of green building guidelines' adoption in developing countries.
Developing a Focus for Green Building Occupant Training Materials
Authors: Steinberg Deborah , Patchan Melissa , Schunn Christian , Landis Amy
Published: February 2010

With the shift from conventional to green buildings a need emerges to train staff on how to work within them. Building occupants control many of the green building technologies, which makes it necessary to educate occupants on the differences between using a green building versus a conventional building in order to secure the green building's success. The breadth of information that is necessary for an occupant to know in order to change their behaviors to be in accord with the high performing building they occupy makes it necessary to use a systematic method to reduce the information provided in trainings. This study employs a decision matrix approach as an objective means to narrow the focus of the training. A case study is used to implement the methods developed in this study. A focus group evaluated the effectiveness of the decision matrix. Results from the focus group showed that staff was active in waste reduction behaviors, but not in energy efficient actions. This supported the outcome of the decision matrix in finding relevant, necessary information for the training.
Next Generation Energy Efficient Technologies: A Case Study Demonstrating Top Operational Performance
Authors: Santamaria Carlos
Published: February 2010

As owners contemplate major capital upgrades and investments into their existing chiller plants, several considerations become apparent and require a thorough appraisal. These primary considerations include: Age of existing equipment, existing load profile, utility rates, building occupancy and tenant use, property repositioning plan, lease type and the property's asset strategy, and others. In Aventine's case, the building was considered by most real estate professionals and owners as a relatively young building at 17 years old. The building and chiller plant still had a good five to seven years of serviceable life. The challenge in this particular case was to propose an upgrade justifying replacement of this still functioning chiller plant while asking for approximately $500k in capital expense funds. In addition to describing the technical features of this next-generation chiller plant system, this case study will attempt to integrate financial decision making attributes that assisted in the decision making process. The focus of this paper is to differentiate this technology and approach with major chiller plant upgrades.
Connecting the Pieces—Carpet Industry Sustainability and Stewardship
Authors: Carrier Jeff
Published: February 2010

Founded in 1971, The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) has long recognized that the key to a successful carpet industry is service to the many stakeholders and their varied needs. From the homeowner to the tufting operator, the impacts of carpet are distinct and beneficial. As the concept of sustainability has developed, the carpet industry has remained at the forefront of sustainable thought and action. Sustainable actions involve many different factors but can be easily delineated. The activities undertaken to create the carpet can be referred to as “preconsumer,” while activities relating to the sustainability of carpet in use can be referred to as “postconsumer.” The carpet industry and CRI have taken many steps to ensure the sustainability of carpet in both sectors.
Towards CO2 Neutral Urban Planning: Presenting the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP)
Authors: Tillie Nico , Van Den Dobbelsteen Andy , Doepel Duzan , Joubert Marc , De Jager Wim , Mayenburg Dave
Published: February 2010

By the year 2025 Rotterdam aims to have halved its CO2 emissions; an ambitious plan that will require a revolutionary approach to urban areas. One proactive response to this challenge is an exploratory study of the Hart van Zuid area. An interdisciplinary team has investigated how to tackle CO2-issues in a structured way. This has resulted in the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) methodology. REAP supports initial demand for energy, propagates the use of waste streams and advocates use of renewable energy sources to satisfy the remaining demand. REAP can be applied at all levels: individual buildings, clusters of buildings and even whole neighbourhoods. Applying REAP to the Hart van Zuid has shown that this existing area can become CO2 neutral. Best of all: REAP can be applied everywhere.
Proposed LEED Credit for Electrical Load Shedding
Authors: Jensen Wayne , Wentz Tim , Fischer Bruce
Published: February 2010

The cost of energy is a significant percentage of the operating expense for most buildings. Energy used within buildings is supplied primarily by electricity. Demand for electricity used in industrial and agricultural applications is frequently leveled by shifting portions of peak loads to non-peak periods. Leveling electrical loads reduces the utility's carbon footprint and the cost of generating power. Resulting savings are commonly shared with customers through economic incentives. Similar techniques can be applied to control the energy demand of buildings, with benefits for both the electrical utility and electricity users. This paper provides an overview of electrical load-shedding techniques, outlines some of the benefits and problems associated with each, and discusses how some of these techniques are currently being applied to reduce the total electrical load for buildings. The paper also proposes a LEED credit which provides an incentive for owners and tenants to incorporate one or more load-shedding systems into LEED certified buildings to lower peak electrical demand.
Assessment of Using Heat Pumps for Heating in Mobile Homes: A Case Study from North Carolina
Authors: Abaza Hussein
Published: February 2010

This paper presents the results of “Upgrade and Save”, a program to upgrade the standard electric furnaces and air-conditioning units in Mobile Homes for energy-efficient heat pumps. This program is implemented in North Carolina, USA and pays about $700 through a rebate provided by the North Carolina State Energy Office to the Mobile Homes' owners. The goal of this project is to subsidize low-income families by lowering their heating cost in the winter as well as improving their homes' indoor thermal comfort. More than 300 mobile homes have participated in this program. Field measurements, meter readings of the actual electrical consumption, and annual building energy simulation were used to measure the dollar saving and the indoor thermal comfort improvement in the mobile homes after the heating system upgrade. This research proved that the dollar saving of using the heat pump for heating in mobile homes ranges from $51 to $128 annually.
Determining Adequate Information for Green Building Occupant Training Materials
Authors: Steinberg Deborah , Patchan Melissa , Schunn Christian , Landis Amy
Published: February 2010

As knowledge of the built environment's impact on resource and energy use increases, industry leaders are moving toward a healthier, more sustainable solution by building green. Though green buildings have the ability to improve occupant health and productivity, it is not clear what impact the behaviors of building occupants have on the building. New systems and technologies in green buildings require building occupants to think and operate differently in their new green environment, otherwise risking not fully gaining the benefits of the new facility. The new behaviors necessary to the success of the green building are not necessarily obvious or trivial. They cannot simply be learned “on-the-job;” rather the transformation will require formal education. It likely requires changing attitudes and beliefs in addition to building a robust understanding of new procedures. This study sought to determine the amount of information necessary to change occupants' willingness to use new energy-efficient behaviors not followed in the conventional building. An empirical test comparing four versions of the same training, each with varying amounts and types of information was presented to three different populations: nursing staff of a green building, clinical staff of a green building, and nursing staff of a conventional building. Results show that knowledge of green building standards and the impact of energy saving behaviors are the information necessary to increase willingness to change behaviors. Also, staff members of the new, green building are more willing to change behaviors than staff of the conventional building.
Chicago Wilderness Green Infrastructure Vision: Challenges and Opportunities for the Built Environment
Authors: Dreher Dennis
Published: February 2010

The Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Recovery Plan has won state and national awards for its farsighted approach to regional biodiversity protection. Inspired by Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, the Green Infrastructure Vision takes a step beyond the Recovery Plan by mapping an on-the-ground vision of what could and should be protected in the regional landscape. This Green Infrastructure Vision (GIV) identifies 1.8 million acres of macro-scale resource protection areas that span a region that includes southeastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana. This ambitious vision will require an integrated array of land protection techniques, including acquisition, conservation easements, greenway connections, restoration, and conservation development. Its implementation is being pursued at a range of spatial scales, including regional comprehensive plans, county and municipal plans and ordinances, and at the neighborhood and individual development level. The Vision presents unique opportunities and challenges for both the development community and local governments as progressive new approaches to sustainable land use and conservation development are considered and implemented.
Developing a Holistic Pathway to Climate-Adaptive Buildings
Authors: Lehmann Steffen
Published: February 2010

This paper explores the origins of an air-condition dependency which evolved with 20th century architecture and is related to other developments that affected buildings in the last century, such as the lack of flexibility/adaptability of buildings and their short life span. It then looks at some passive design principles as frequently found in heritage buildings from the pre-air-conditioning era, which are based on heat avoidance and harnessing of natural energies. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for a holistic pathway to zero-carbon, climate-adaptive buildings.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF SAMIA COLUMBIA SMITH
Authors: Caulfield F. B.
Published: February 2010

Form same as S. cecropia; number and position of tubercles also the same. General color green; bright yellowish green on dorsal surface; pea green on head, sides and under surface. Length when at rest exactly two and a quarter inches; when in motion almost two and three-quarter inches.

Head pea green, mouth parts pinkish grey, mandibles black.

Dorsal surface-First segment with four small flattened transversely oval warts, consisting of a black ring with a white centre; 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments each with two large bulbous tubercles,cream color,at base; above this there is a raised or swollen ring of black; remainder coral red, with seven upright spines on top; 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th segments each with two simple tubercles, basal half white, remainder bright yellow.
NOTES UPON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. NO. I.
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

I have in my note-books descriptions of one or more stages of several species, of which no part of the life-history has hitherto been published, and I propose, with the permission of the Editor, to give them in a series of three or four papers.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF COSSUS CENTERENSIS
Authors: Bailey James S.
Published: February 2010

Although Cossus centerensis has only recently been discovered, it must have existed for many years in the vicinity of Center, N. Y., its present home. More than twelve years ago, while riding in a Central R. R. coach, I noticed certain species of Poplar, the central shoot of which had perished from causes then unknown; later, while on an Entomological tour near the same place, I found a group of the Populus tremuloides which were similarly affected, as were also many other trees of the same species in the vicinity.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF TABANIDÆ
Authors: Whitney C. P.
Published: February 2010

Chrysops cuclux.

♀. Length 6½—9 m. m. Face and cheeks black, shining, separated by yellow pollinose stripes. Frontal callus black, ocellar space blackish ferruginous, the yellow pollen between somewhat infuscated. Palpi blackish ferruginous. Antennæ : first two joints yellow, the second infuscated; third black, base fulvous.
ON THE SYNONYMY OF NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDÆ
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

I have recently been favored by Mr. Tepper and Mr. Graef with the sight of some of Mr. Morrison's types of Noctuidæ. A few of the specimens are in poor condition, too poor, I think, to have allowed them to serve as types. Others are in good order, and those I have here noted are quite easily recognizable. It will be thought extraordinary, from the determinations, that Mr. Morrison should have allowed himself to criticize any one for overlooking structural features in this group, or for re-describing species.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF TINEINA FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

In the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Feb. 17th, 1880, is an interesting contribution to the Tineidæ chiefly of this country, by Lord Walsingham, entitled “On Some New and Little Known Species of Tineidæ.” The author states, from a comparison of specimens and figures of Adela schlœeri Zell. (which I had previously recognized as Adela (Dicte) coruscifasciella Cham.), that it is identical with A. Ridingsella Clem., preserved in the collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia; a fact which I should not have suspected from Dr. Clemens' description of A. Ridingsella.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LIMENITIS
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

Limenitis Eros.

Allied to Disippus, wings less produced, and in female very broad.

Male—Expands about 2.6 inch.

Upper side very dark red-brown; hind margins bordered broadly with black, costal margins narrowly; inner margin of primaries black to the submedian nervure ; all nervures and branches black, and narrowly edged with same color ; against the end of cell on primaries a long subtriangular black patch, its short side resting on costa, its apex prolonged into a stripe which reaches the border of hind margin below first branch of median ; beyond the disk on secondaries a transverse curved narrow black stripe from margin to margin ; within the borders and near their inner edges a common series of white spots, which on secondaries are small and more or less obsolete ; on the black triangle three white spots in line, the two nearest costa large, the third minute ; a white spot at the origin of upper subcostal interspace and a white streak on outer side of costal nervure opposite the triangle and a little way toward base ; fringes black, white in the middle of each interspace.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ZYGAENIDÆ
Authors: Neumoegen Berthold
Published: February 2010

Genus Edwardsia, Neumoegen.

Head small, nearly concealed by the thorax. Clypeus oblong, toothed in front, the middle tooth much the largest. Palpi moderately long, and pilose beneath. Antennæ regular and closely pectinated. Thorax and abdomen stout, the former with the hair of patagiæ long.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF HETEROCAMPA PULVEREA, G. & R.
Authors: French G. H.
Published: February 2010

Length when at rest, 1.25 inches; in shape tapering slightly from the middle forward, but more rapidly from that point backward ; the body deeper than broad. General color bright clear green, a little spotted with white, marked as follows : head gray, a little lighter through the centre ; joint I contains two dark purplish black warts on the dorsum, reddish purple at the base, the space between them whitish.
“ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN TINEIDÆ, BY THOMAS, LORD WALSINGHAM, F. Z. S.”
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

The above is the title of a paper received from the author, and published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (February 15th, 1881), in which his Lordship characterizes three new genera : Phryganeopsis—one species, P. brunnea; Aræolepia—one species, subfasciella; and Euceratia—two species, castella and securella. He also describes as new Calantica polita, Plutella interrupta, P. albidorsella and P. vanella; Cerostoma falciferella, C. cervella, C. sublulella, C. dentiferella, C. canariella and C. frustella; Depressaria sabulella, D. argillacea, D. arnicella, D. klamathiana, D. posticella, D. nubiferella, D. parilella and D. umbraticostella; Menestia rubescens ; Glyphipteryx regalis, G. californiæ, G. bifasciata, G. unifasciata and G. quinqueferella, and Heliodines extraneella.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF LIBYTHEA BACHMANNI, Kirtland
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

EGG—In shape are oblate spheroid, somewhat pointed at base, and little truncated and depressetl at summit ; marked by many horizontal striæ, and longitudinally by 18 or 20 narrow, prominent ribs, which proceed from base and terminate, some of them irregularly, at about four fifths the distance to summit, while eight, increasing gradually in prominence, end abruptly at the rim of the summit ; these long ribs are cut on either side by grooves perpendicular to the surlace of the egg ; they are also frequently deflected somewhat from a direct line; color pale green. Duration of this stage about 4 days.
NEW MOTHS, CHIEFLY FROM ARIZONA
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

Hadena perpenoa, n. s.

♂. Eyes naked ; tibiæ unarmed ; abdomen tufted ; size moderate. Apparently allied to Indirecta and Cinefacta, but darker colored, with a certain resemblance to Mamestra Atlantica or Vicina. Concolorous dark wood brown ; lines faint. The usual markings. A dash connects the claviform with the t. p. line.
“EUDAEMONIA JEHOVAH”—A REVIEW
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

The describer of species has accomplished his task when he has given the proper Latin names, but it depends largely on the one who catalogues the species, whether these names pass into use or not. In the work of preparing a “New Check List of North American Moths,” I have gone over much of the literature bearing on the subject, and the following reflections have presented themselves to me.

In the first place, I have been actuated by a sincere desire to meet the views of the anti-Hübnerists, and avoid the use of old or objectionable names. Professor Riley has brought forward objections to the resuscitation of forgotten or neglected names, and others have written with the same object in view. I found, however, to my surprise, I must confess, that the best Catalogue, that of Staudinger, did not hesitate to introduce names out of use for almost a century; and this merely because they were a very little older than the name in common use. So prominent an insect as Papilio Podalirius, is made to appear as P. Sinon.
LONG STINGS
Authors: Clarkson Frederick
Published: February 2010

In the May number of the Canadian Entomologist there is a very interesting paper under this caption, contributed by Mr. Harrington, giving an account of the habits of the Rhyssa atrata and lunator. These Long Stings the past summer were very abundant at Oak Hill, the residence of Mr. Herman T. Livingston, in the township of Livingston, Columbia Co., New York, and furnished me with a good opportunity of studying their habits. While I agree with all that has been so well observed and so cleverly presented by your correspondent, I am somewhat disposed to differ from the commonly accepted opinion that these insects deposit their ova on the larvae of wood-borers. My experience has demonstrated that while it may be a fact that these insects deposit their ova on the larvae of the Uroceridae or other borers, they do not commonly do so. In every case that came under my observation, the long ovipositor, instead of penetrating through the burrow of a Tremex or other wood-borer, entered through wood that had not been previously attacked, and though I failed to discover the egg deposited, I am very much of the opinion that the deposition is oftentimes, if not generally made regardless of the contact with a larva.
A CARD
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

After twenty years work on North American Moths, and being more or less constantly employed in determining material, I find my time so taken up with it that it excludes other occupation. From this fact, and the expense and time demanded by the necessary correspondence, I am obliged to make a charge for my labor.
EUROPEAN WRITERS ON NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

For more than twenty years I have been endeavoring to complete the synonymy of our moths, and to find out what species were covered by Walker's and Gueneé's descriptions. During this time I have made three trips to Europe, with this object more or less directly in view. Comparatively few of M. Gueneé's species remain unknown to me; and as many of these were collected by Doubleday, the types will probably be found in the British Museum. Mr. Gueneé's descriptions of species are good, and among the best extant, but he does not give structural characters. The microscope lvas not used by him. His genera contained incongruous material. When he had a species that he did not know what to do with, instead of making a new genus for it, which would have assisted the identification of the species, he often made a group of it, under a genus to which it was opposed in every structural feature—and the species in this way was readily over-looked. As, for instance, Leucania Littera.
NOTE ON CATOCALA WALSHII
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

After a comparison of my types with Mr. Walker's, Mr. A. G. Butler writes me that Walshii Edw., as taken by Prof. Snow in Kansas, is the same as Functura of Walker. The form which has been taken about Albany and which is exactly like Unijuga, but differs by the band being a little narrower on hind wings and not quite so continuous, is an unnamed variety of Unijuga. It follows from this that my Arizonœ is certainly not Walshii, as suggested by certain parties. Mr. Neumoegen has received it in quantity from Arizona. The form taken by Belfrage in Texas, and distributed as Walshii, may be the same as Arizonœ, and should be carefully compared with Arizonian specimens.
LEAF-MINING ANTHOMYIDÆ
Authors: Lintner J. A.
Published: February 2010

Among our American species of Anthomyidæ, none have hitherto been known as leaf-miners. Several are depredators on the roots of garden vegetables, as indicated by the specific names of Anthomyia ceparum, A. Brassicœ and A. raphani (the onion fly, cabbage fly and radish fly); some occur in excrementa, and one, a few years ago, was discovered as preying upon the eggs of the Rocky Mountain locust. During last year and the preceding a species (A. batœ) which had been almost unknown since its publication in 1860, has been seriously damaging the leaves of beets, in England, by mining them in tortuous channels and large blotches, causing them to shrivel, dry up and die. In two counties alone, 1,624 acres of mangolds were infested (Ormerod). This last summer some Anthomyiæ larvæ were discovered by me in Middleburgh. N. Y., extensively mining the leaves of the garden beet (Beta vulgaris). Judging from published descriptions and figures, I believed it to be identical with the European species of the same habits, and that it had been a recent importation thence.
A NEW CATOCALA
Authors: French G. H.
Published: February 2010

Catocala Sara, n. sp.

Expanse 3.10 inches. A form in size and general appearance resembling C. Aspasia, Streck., but having much darker colored fore wings, besides other points of difference. Primaries blackish gray from the base to the t. a. line, along the posterior margin to the subterminal line, and from this in a broad band to the costa, the inner part of this band running along the inner side of the reniform. This color is formed of a black or brownish black ground, sprinkled with white scales. This leaves a pale space between the stigmata from the median vein to the costa, and the whole end of the wing beyond the dark space spoken of. T. a. line indistinct, of the ground color, but with less white scales; t. p. line distinct anteriorly, one large and one small tooth opposite the reniform. Subterminal space scarcely tinged with brown, the subterminal line white with a sprinkling of black scales. Orbicular indistinct, black with a few white scales, reniform with a few white scales and an annulus of gray, Terminal space gray. Secondaries rosy red, the median band very much as in the form Walshii, not reaching the inner margin, a little constricted opposite the disc, beyond this a little enlarged, after which it narrows to less than half tlie costal width. Terminal line like Walshii, with an internal excavation before the anal angle that reaches half through the band.
HISTORY OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COLIAS EURYDICE, Boisd., WITH REMARKS UPON THE GENUS MEGONOSTOMA, Reakirt
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

Egg.—Shape of Eurytheme, fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle to either extremity; the base broad, the summit pointed, ribbed longitudinally,
and crossed by numerous striæ; color, pale green when first laid; later, changing to crimson; duration of this stage about four days.

Young Larva.—Length, .1 inch; cylindrical, thickest on two and three, tapering slightly to thirteen; each segment from two to thirteen several times creased, and on the ridges thus caused are many fine black points, each with minute black hair; scattered among these are larger black points, or tubercles, some with long, tapering, black hairs, but most with long, white, clubbed appendages; on two there is a cross row of these in front of the segment, five on either side, running from dorsum to base; on three and four are four each, also in front, but after four, there are three to the segment, disposed in triangle, two being in front, one on the last ridge; these form longitucliual rows; thirteen has three black hairs on either side in triangle, and from four to twelve are two black hairs at base of each; color, dull yellow-green; feet and legs same; head rounded, but little depressed at top; a few tubercles scattered over the face, each with long, tapering, depressed, black hair; color, pale yellow-brown. Duration of this stage about four days.
AN ICHNEUMON PARASITE OF MAMESTRA PICTA
Authors: Caulfield F. B.
Published: February 2010

On July 19th, 1881, a caterpillar of this moth was found on a cauliflower which had been brought from market, and was placed in a tumbler with some of the leaves. By the 21st it had shrunk considerably in size, and was greatly changed in appearance, the black and yellow markings that make this larva so conspicuous an object having faded to a dull whitish color. On the 22nd it was lying on the bottom of the glass and was revolving continuously. Under natural conditions it would, I believe, have entered the earth to go through its transformations, and the curious revolving motion might perhaps have been for the purpose of forming and smoothing its cell. On looking at it on the morning of the 23rd, a soft white flattened ichneumon larva had issued from it, and had commenced the construction of its coeoon by spinning a few white threads. By evening it had surrounded itself with a thin egg-shaped cocoon of a yellowish white color, through which the movements of the enclosed grub could be seen.
COLEOPTERA IN SEPTEMBER ON BRIGANTINE BEACH, N. J., ON THE ATLANTIC COAST
Authors: Hamilton John
Published: February 2010

Coleopterists accustomed to collect on the sea shore may find little that is new to them in this article; but to those from the interior, making only occasional short visits, it may be useful in directing attention to some of the less common insects, and to some not likely to be found by one unacquainted with their habits. Brigantine Beach is somewhat insular, being six or seven miles off from the main land, yet none of the Coleoptera mentioned are peculiar to it, and, being mostly maritime species, probably occur in suitable situations all along the coast from New York southward indefinitely.