bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child health technology: shaping the future of paediatrics and child health and improving NHS productivity
Authors: Dimitri Paul
Published: August 2018

In the last decade, technology has revolutionised the way we deliver healthcare. Smartphones, tablets, personal computers and bespoke devices have provided patients with the means to access health information, manage their healthcare and communicate with health professionals remotely. Advances in technology have the potential to change how acute and long-term conditions are diagnosed and managed and how illness is prevented using technological advances in artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, robotics, 3D printing, new materials, biosensor technologies and data analytics. In the future, predictive analytics will help with earlier disease diagnosis in at-risk populations.

Historically, development of child health innovation and technology has taken place in a relatively emergent manner with little formal coordination. The aim is to move away from the traditional approach of repurposing adult technologies to provide a large-scale and coordinated approach for the development of bespoke health technology for children that is anatomically, physiologically and developmentally appropriate, versatile and that has been designed with children and young people. The challenge for the National Health Service alongside healthcare systems across the world is to deliver increasingly complex healthcare at lower cost and with better quality of life and greater efficiency.
What is new in paediatric medication safety?
Authors: Kahn Stacie , Abramson Erika L
Published: August 2018

Medication-related errors are among the most common medical errors, and studies have shown that the paediatric population is particularly vulnerable. Errors can occur during any step in the medication process. This review article seeks to highlight new advancements in the field of paediatric medication safety at each stage of the medication process, from ordering and transcribing to medication dispensing and administration. We will focus on interventions that are increasingly widely used, such as computerised provider order entry with clinical decision support, barcoding technologies and safe medication administration through technologies pumps (SMART pumps), as well as innovative mobile application devices and workflow management systems that are being piloted at single institutions. By highlighting what is new in paediatric medication safety, as well as the gaps that remain, we hope to continue to foster focus on this critically important area in order to create the safest possible environment for children.
Heading in soccer increases serum neurofilament light protein and SCAT3 symptom metrics
Authors: Wallace Colin , Smirl Jonathan D , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Bryk Kelsey , Burma Joel , Dierijck Jill , Wright Alexander David , van Donkelaar Paul
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To determine the effect of heading a soccer ball on serum neurofilament light (NF-L) protein, plasma tau protein and symptom metrics including total number of symptoms reported and symptom severity scores on the Standardized Concussion Assessment Tool— 3rd edition (SCAT3).

Methods

Eleven male collegiate soccer players were recruited to take part in three experimental conditions including heading, sham and control conditions. Participants were required to perform 40 headers in 20 min in the heading condition, and control 40 soccer balls directed at them with their hands, chest or thigh in the sham condition. No ball contact was made during the control condition. Blood sampling and SCAT3 symptom assessments were completed prior to and 1 hour following conditions. A subset of participants returned 3 weeks following the heading condition for blood sampling.

Results

NF-L was elevated at 1 hour (p=0.004) and 1 month (p=0.04) following the heading condition, and at 1 hour (p=0.02) following the control condition. Tau levels remained unchanged following all conditions. The total number of symptoms (TS) and symptom severity (SS) scores from the SCAT3 were both elevated following the heading condition (p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). Both TS and SS decreased following sham (p=0.04 and p=0.04) and control conditions (p=0.04 and p=0.04).

Conclusion

An acute bout of soccer heading is associated with increased NF-L concentrations at 1 hour and 1 month following the session and can lead to symptoms commonly reported following sport-related concussion.
Skill and knowledge retention after training in cardiopulmonary ultrasound in Ghana: an impact assessment of bedside ultrasound training in a resource-limited setting
Authors: Osei-Ampofo Maxwell , Tafoya Matthew J , Tafoya Chelsea A , Oteng Rockefeller A , Ali Hassan , Becker Torben K
Published: August 2018

Objective

Brief training courses in bedside ultrasound are commonly done by visiting faculty in low-income and middle-income countries, and positive short-term effects have been reported. Long-term outcomes are poorly understood. We held a training course on a cardiopulmonary ultrasound (CPUS) protocol over two separate 10-day periods in 2016. In 2017, 9–11 months after the initial training, we assessed skill and knowledge retention as well as perceived impact on local practice.

Methods

A written test using six clinical vignettes and an observed structured clinical examination were used to assess theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Additionally, in-person interviews and a written survey were completed with the physicians who had participated in the initial training.

Results

All 20 participants passed the written and clinical examination. The median follow-up test score was 10 out of 12, compared with a median score of 12 on a test completed immediately after the initial training. Physicians identified the ability to narrow their differential diagnosis and to initiate critical interventions earlier than without ultrasound as a key benefit of the CPUS training. They rated the cardiac, abdominal and inferior vena cava components of the CPUS protocol as most relevant to their everyday practice.

Conclusion

Long-term ultrasound knowledge and skill retention was high after a brief and intensive training intervention at an academic tertiary hospital in Ghana. Clinicians reported improvements in patient care and local practice patterns.
Why sample size estimates?
Authors: Weber Ellen J , Hoo Zhe Hui
Published: August 2018

Sample size estimates are critical to the planning and interpretation of clinical studies, whether they are descriptive or analytical. Too small a sample size will result in imprecise estimates in a descriptive study and failure to achieve ‘statistical significance’ in an analytic or comparative study. Here we discuss what both researchers and readers should understand about the reasons for sample size estimates, how they are done and how achieving or not achieving the desired sample size can affect the interpretation of the outcomes.
The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractoryClostridium difficileinfection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines
Authors: Mullish Benjamin H , Quraishi Mohammed Nabil , Segal Jonathan P , McCune Victoria L , Baxter Melissa , Marsden Gemma L , Moore David J , Colville Alaric , Bhala Neeraj , Iqbal Tariq H , Settle Christopher , Kontkowski Graziella , Hart Ailsa L , Hawkey Peter M , Goldenberg Simon D , Williams Horace R T
Published: August 2018

Interest in the therapeutic potential of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has been increasing globally in recent years, particularly as a result of randomised studies in which it has been used as an intervention. The main focus of these studies has been the treatment of recurrent or refractoryClostridium difficileinfection (CDI), but there is also an emerging evidence base regarding potential applications in non-CDI settings. The key clinical stakeholders for the provision and governance of FMT services in the UK have tended to be in two major specialty areas: gastroenterology and microbiology/infectious diseases. While the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance (2014) for use of FMT for recurrent or refractory CDI has become accepted in the UK, clear evidence-based UK guidelines for FMT have been lacking. This resulted in discussions between the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS), and a joint BSG/HIS FMT working group was established. This guideline document is the culmination of that joint dialogue.
On the personal utility of Alzheimer’s disease-related biomarker testing in the research context
Authors: Bunnik Eline M , Richard Edo , Milne Richard , Schermer Maartje H N
Published: August 2018

Many healthy volunteers choose to take part in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention studies because they want to know whether they will develop dementia—and what they can do to reduce their risk—and are therefore interested in learning the results of AD biomarker tests. Proponents of AD biomarker disclosure often refer to the personal utility of AD biomarkers, claiming that research participants will be able to use AD biomarker information for personal purposes, such as planning ahead or making important life decisions. In this paper, the claim that AD biomarkers have personal utility for asymptomatic individuals is critically assessed. It demonstrates that in the absence of clinical validity, AD biomarkers cannot have personal utility and do not serve research participants’ autonomy. Over the next few years, many research groups will be confronted with participants’ preferences to learn the results of AD biomarker tests. When researchers choose to make results available upon explicit request, they should ensure adequate information provision and education, notably on the uncertain clinical significance of AD biomarker information. Routine disclosure of AD biomarkers to cognitively unimpaired individuals in research settings cannot be justified with an appeal to the personal utility of AD biomarker information.
Permanent implantation of the Solitaire device as a bailout technique for large vessel intracranial occlusions
Authors: Ahmed Syed Uzair , Mann Jenna , Houde Jeremie , Barber Evan , Kelly Michael E , Peeling Lissa
Published: August 2018

The Solitaire (Medtronic Inc, Mansfield, Massachusetts, USA) is a stentriever device for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Temporary endovascular bypass and mechanical thrombectomy are well-described applications of this device. However, few reports of permanent stent placement have been published. We present a series of five cases in which the Solitaire stent was implanted to restore distal flow after failure of conventional mechanical thrombectomy. All patients presented with large vessel occlusions with thrombi that were resistant to retrieval or suction-aspiration. Immediately after implantation the patients were given a loading dose of abciximab and then transitioned to dual antiplatelet therapy within 24 hours. Our series suggests that permanent deployment of the Solitaire may be considered as a bailout technique in the treatment of cerebral large vessel occlusion. Long-term antiplatelet therapy is required after deployment.
Susceptibility vessel sign on MRI predicts better clinical outcome in patients with anterior circulation acute stroke treated with stent retriever as first-line strategy
Authors: Bourcier Romain , Hassen Wagih Ben , Soize Sébastien , Roux Pascal , Labreuche Julien , Kyheng Maeva , Tisserand Marie , Rosso Charlotte , Blanc Raphael , Piotin Michel , Derraz Imad , Boulouis Gregoire , Oppenheim Catherine , Desal Hubert , Bracard Serge , Lapergue Bertrand , Naggara Olivier
Published: August 2018

Background

Susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) can be a useful MRI biomarker of an occlusion but its relationship with clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is yet to be fully elucidated.

Objective

To investigate SVS in relation to the clinical outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever (SR) as first-line approach in patients with AIS.

Material and methods

We included patients with a first-line SR approach for anterior AIS from the theContact Aspiration vs Stent Retriever for Successful Revascularization (ASTER) and THRombectomie des Artères CErebrales (THRACE)trials when both baseline imaging of SVS and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were available. Patients were assigned to two groups based on the presence of an SVS (independent core laboratory), and the overall distributions of the mRS score at 90 days (shift analysis) and clinical independence (mRS score ≤2) were compared.

Results

217 patients were included and SVS was diagnosed in 76.0% of cases (n=165, 95% CI 70.4% to 81.7%). After adjustment for potential confounders, SVS+ was significantly associated with 90-day mRS improvement (adjusted common OR=2.75; 95% CI 1.44 to 5.26) and favorable outcome (adjusted common OR=2.76; 95% CI 1.18 to 6.45).

Conclusion

Based on results for patients of the ASTER and THRACE trials receiving first-line SR treatment, SVS was associated with lower disability at 3 months. Large prospective studies using MRI-based thrombus evaluation are warranted.
Secular trends in work disability and its relationship to musculoskeletal pain and mental health: a time-trend analysis using five cross-sectional surveys (2002–2010) in the general population
Authors: Wynne-Jones Gwenllian , Chen Ying , Croft Peter , Peat George , Wilkie Ross , Jordan Kelvin , Petersson Ingemar F
Published: August 2018

Objectives

International evidence suggests that rates of inability to work because of illness can change over time. We hypothesised that one reason for this is that the link between inability to work and common illnesses, such as musculoskeletal pain and mental illness, may also change over time. We have investigated this in a study based in one UK district.

Methods

Five population surveys (spanning 2002–2010) of working-age people aged >50 years and ≤65 years were used. Work disability was defined as a single self-reported item ‘not working due to ill-health’. Presence of moderate–severe depressive symptoms was identified from the Mental Component Score of the Short Form-12, and pain from a full-body manikin. Data were analysed with multivariable logistic regression.

Results

The proportion of people reporting work disability across the surveys declined, from 17.0% in 2002 to 12.1% in 2010. Those reporting work disability, one-third reported regional pain, one-half widespread pain (53%) and two-thirds moderate–severe depressive symptoms (68%). Both factors were independently associated with work disability; their co-occurrence was associated with an almost 20-fold increase in the odds of reporting work disability compared with those with neither condition.

Conclusions

The association of work disability with musculoskeletal pain was stable over time; depressive symptoms became more prominent in persons reporting work disability, but overall prevalence of work disability declined. The frequency and impact of both musculoskeletal pain and depression highlight the need to move beyond symptom-directed approaches towards a more comprehensive model of health and vocational advice for people unable to work because of illness.
Periprocedural antithrombotic management for lumbar puncture: Association of British Neurologists clinical guideline
Authors: Dodd Katherine Claire , Emsley Hedley C A , Desborough Michael J R , Chhetri Suresh K
Published: August 2018

Lumbar puncture (LP) is an important and frequently performed invasive procedure for the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions. There is little in the neurological literature on the topic of periprocedural management of antithrombotics in patients undergoing LP. Current practice is therefore largely extrapolated from guidelines produced by anaesthetic bodies on neuraxial anaesthesia, haematology groups advising on periprocedural management of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, and by neuroradiology on imaging-guided spinal procedures. This paper summarises the existing literature on the topic and offers recommendations to guide periprocedural antithrombotic management for LP, based on the consolidation of the best available evidence. ​
Physical activity among Canadian adults with obstructive respiratory diseases
Authors: Jagroop David , Dogra Shilpa
Published: August 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the amount and modes of physical activity in which adults with obstructive respiratory disease engage. Data from respondents with self-reported asthma (n = 4293), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 3118), both diseases (n = 1569), and neither obstructive respiratory disease (n = 64 175); these data are from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2011–2012). Logistic regressions were used to assess associations between modes of physical activity and type of respiratory disease. Linear regressions were used to investigate the association between daily energy expenditure and respiratory disease. Adults with COPD and both diseases had the lowest participation in all modes of physical activity. Those with both diseases were less likely to report walking (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63–0.88), while those with COPD were less likely to report participation in endurance activities (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68–0.92), compared with those with neither obstructive respiratory disease. Those with asthma had similar daily energy expenditure levels and physical activity preferences compared with those with neither obstructive respiratory disease. In conclusion, adults with COPD and both asthma and COPD were less likely to engage in common activities such as walking, while physical activity levels among adults with asthma did not differ from the general population.
Small hepatitis delta antigen selectively binds to target mRNA in hepatic cells: a potential mechanism by which hepatitis D virus downregulates glutathioneS-transferase P1 and induces liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Chen Mianzhi , Du Dan , Zheng Wen , Liao Mingheng , Zhang Lu , Liang Ge , Gong Meng
Published: August 2018

Liver coinfection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) can result in a severe form of hepatocellular carcinoma with poor prognosis. Coinfection with HDV and HBV causes more deleterious effects than infection with HBV alone. Clinical research has shown that glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), a tumor suppressor gene, is typically downregulated in liver samples from hepatitis-infected patients. In the present study, our data indicated that small HDV antigen (s-HDAg) could specifically bind to GSTP1 mRNA and significantly downregulate GSTP1 protein expression. For the human fetal hepatocyte cell line L-02, cells transfected with s-HDAg, along with decreased GSTP1 expression, there was a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased apoptotic ratios. Restoring GSTP1 expression through silencing s-HDAg via RNAi or overexpressing exogenous GSTP1 could largely recover the abnormal cell status. Our results revealed a novel potential mechanism of HDV-induced liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis: s-HDAg can inhibit GSTP1 expression by directly binding to GSTP1 mRNA, which leads to accumulation of cellular ROS, resulting in high cellular apoptotic ratios and increased selective pressure for malignant transformation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine s-HDAg-specific pathogenic mechanisms through potential protein–RNA interactions.
LPS-induced alterations in reproductive organs and liver pigmentation in the toad Rhinella diptycha (Bufonidae)
Authors: Gregorio L.S. , Freitas J.S. , Franco-Belussi L. , De Oliveira C.
Published: August 2018

Anurans can be naturally infected by the bacterium Escherichia coli (Migula, 1895) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919, which contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in their external membrane. LPS affects reproductive functions in mammals and extracutaneous pigmentary system of anurans. Besides the functional gonad, bufonid amphibians have an undeveloped female organ (Bidder’s organ), whose function is poorly known. We aimed to investigate the effects of LPS on testis and Bidder’s organ germ cells and on liver pigmentation in the toad Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862). Animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL of saline solution (control) or LPS solution (18 mg/kg) and then euthanized after 24 or 48 h. The organs were processed for histology and then evaluated with morphometric analysis. The LPS decreased the area of bundle spermatozoa and increased lumen spermatozoa, while in Bidder’s organ, the number of degenerating oocytes decreased. Liver melanin increased after 24 h and decreased after 48 h. Our results suggest that LPS delays the release of spermatozoa, possibly due to alterations in serum levels of testosterone and (or) gonadotropins, which may also explain fewer degrading cells in Bidder’s organ. Increased melanin in the liver was expected due to the bactericidal role of this pigment. Thus, LPS affected reproductive organs and induced cytoprotective responses in the liver of amphibians.
Neuroprotective Effects of Magnesium Lithospermate B against Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats
Authors: Peng Yucong , He Pingyou , Fan Linfeng , Xu Hangzhe , Li Jianru , Chen Ting , Ruan Wu , Dou Zhangqi , Chen Gao
Published: August 2018

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe cerebrovascular disease with few effective pharmacotherapies available. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases for centuries. Recent studies have demonstrated that magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), a bioactive ingredient extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, exerts neuroprotective effects in several central nervous system insults. However, little is known about the role of MLB in SAH-induced brain injury and the exact molecular mechanism. In the current study, we studied the neuroprotective effects of MLB in SAH and explored the potential mechanism. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation process to produce an SAH model. MLB was administrated intraperitoneally at 30[Formula: see text]min after SAH with a dose of 25[Formula: see text]mg/kg or 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg. We found that administration of MLB significantly attenuated brain edema and neurological deficits after SAH. In addition, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that MLB dose-dependently inhibited the activation of microglia and reduced neuronal apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that MLB decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-[Formula: see text] and pro-apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3. More importantly, MLB increased the expression of SIRT1, while inhibited the acetylation of NF-[Formula: see text]B. Furthermore, pretreatment with sirtinol (a selective inhibitor of SIRT1) reversed all the aforementioned effects of MLB after SAH. In conclusion, our results indicated that MLB exerted robust neuroprotective effects against SAH via suppressing neuroinflammation and apoptosis. These neuroprotective effects of MLB against SAH might be exerted via regulating the SIRT1/NF-[Formula: see text]B pathway. MLB or the SIRT1/NF-[Formula: see text]B pathway could be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for SAH management.
Neferine, a Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid, Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Wu Xiaxia , Guo Yanling , Min Xiangjing , Pei Lixia , Chen Xiuping
Published: August 2018

Both the incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) are increasing throughout the world. Neferine, a natural alkaloid, demonstrated a variety of biological activities. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of neferine was investigated. Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus Z-VAD-fmk (Z-VAD). The inhibitory effect of neferine on secretion of nitrite, cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-[Formula: see text]) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined. The protective effect of neferine was investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mouse model. Neferine significantly inhibited LPS and LPS plus Z-VAD induced secretion of nitrite, cytokines, and expression of iNOS and COX-2. Oral administration of neferine (10[Formula: see text]mg/kg and 25[Formula: see text]mg/kg) significantly reduced DSS-induced mouse weight loss, decreased disease activity index (DAI) scores, improved colon pathological changes, and decreased plasma cytokines. In addition, neferine significantly inhibited the protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), RIP3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and increased the protein expression of caspase-8 in colon tissues. These data suggest that neferine was a potent anti-inflammatory agent against LPS and DSS induced inflammation both in vitro and in vivo.
Ethanol Extract of Lilium Bulbs Plays an Anti-Inflammatory Role by Targeting the IKKα/β-Mediated NF-κB Pathway in Macrophages
Authors: Han Sang Yun , Yi Young-Su , Jeong Seong-Gu , Hong Yo Han , Choi Kang Jun , Hossain Mohammad Amjad , Hwang Hyunsik , Rho Ho Sik , Lee Jongsung , Kim Jong-Hoon , Cho Jae Youl
Published: August 2018

Lilium bulbs have long been used as Chinese traditional medicines to alleviate the symptoms of various human inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of Lilium bulb-mediated anti-inflammatory activity and the bioactive components in Lilium bulbs remain unknown. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Lilium bulbs and the underlying mechanism of action were investigated in macrophages using Lilium bulb ethanol extracts (Lb-EE). In a dose-dependent manner, Lb-EE inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) without causing significant cytotoxicity. Lb-EE also down-regulated mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which included inducuble nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]). Furthermore, Lb-EE markedly restored LPS-induced morphological changes in RAW264.7 cells to a normal morphology. HPLC analysis identified quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol as bioactive components contained in Lb-EE. Mechanistic studies in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells revealed that Lb-EE suppressed MyD88- and TRIF-induced NF-[Formula: see text]B transcriptional activation and the nuclear translocation of NF-[Formula: see text]B transcription factors. Moreover, Lb-EE inhibited IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-induced activation of the NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway and IKK inhibition significantly reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Lb-EE plays an anti-inflammatory role by targeting IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]-mediated activation of the NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.
Soft-gluon corrections in top-quark production
Authors: Kidonakis Nikolaos
Published: August 2018

I review calculations of soft-gluon corrections for top-quark production in hadron collisions. I describe theoretical formalisms for their resummation and for finite-order expansions. I show that soft-gluon corrections are dominant for a large number of top-quark processes. I discuss top–antitop pair production as well as single-top production, including total cross sections and differential distributions, and compare with data from the LHC and the Tevatron. I also discuss top-quark production in association with charged Higgs bosons, Z bosons and other particles in models of new physics.
Single production of the excited electrons in the future FCC-based lepton–hadron colliders
Authors: Caliskan A. , Kara S. O.
Published: August 2018

We study the composite electron production at the FCC-based three electron–proton colliders with the center-of-mass energies of 3.46, 10 and 31.6 TeV. For the signal process of [Formula: see text], the production cross-sections and decay widths of the excited electrons have been calculated. The differences of some kinematical quantities of the final state particles between the signal and background have been analyzed. For this purpose, transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of electron and photon have been obtained and the kinematical cuts for discovery of the excited electrons have been assigned. We have finally determined the mass limits of excited electrons for observation and discovery by applying these cuts. It is shown that the mass limit for discovery obtained from the collider with [Formula: see text] TeV (called PWFA-LC[Formula: see text]⊗[Formula: see text]FCC) is 22.3 TeV for the integrated luminosity [Formula: see text].
Structure optimization of the AC-SDBD plasma actuator under duty-cycle mode
Authors: Long Yuexiao , Li Huaxing , Meng Xuanshi , Li Jia , Xiang Zhengchao
Published: August 2018

Alternating current dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators driven by steady and unsteady mode were experimentally optimized in a static atmosphere. The purpose of this optimization is to enhance the effective controllability of flow control. Electrical properties were evaluated using the measured voltage, current and power consumption data. The dielectric barrier with different materials was tested and the aerodynamic characteristics were identified by particle image velocimetry and electronic force balance. Meanwhile, the duty-cycle technique was applied to operate the actuator in unsteady mode. The dynamic characteristics of induced flow were analyzed by processing the results with the phase-locked method. The development of induced flow structure at different frequencies was compared. Results showed that the plasma actuator with 4 mm-thick Teflon dielectric barrier induced the maximum force and velocity of 75 mN/m and 5.6 m/s, respectively. The discharge frequency has little effect on the control authority at the kilohertz level. The dimensionless area of the induced flow is about [Formula: see text] under steady actuation. The phase-locked results confirm that the scale and strength of the induced vortex vary with the duty-cycle frequencies. The effectiveness of unsteady flow control can be explained as the promotion of the boundary layer and the mainstream.
A model of second-order arithmetic satisfying AC but not DC
Authors: Friedman Sy-David , Gitman Victoria , Kanovei Vladimir
Published: August 2018

We show that there is a [Formula: see text]-model of second-order arithmetic in which the choice scheme holds, but the dependent choice scheme fails for a [Formula: see text]-assertion, confirming a conjecture of Stephen Simpson. We obtain as a corollary that the Reflection Principle, stating that every formula reflects to a transitive set, can fail in models of [Formula: see text]. This work is a rediscovery by the first two authors of a result obtained by the third author in [V. G. Kanovei, On descriptive forms of the countable axiom of choice, Investigations on nonclassical logics and set theory, Work Collect., Moscow, 3-136 (1979)].
Extensions of modules over a class of Lie conformal algebras 𝒲(b)
Authors: Ling Kaijing , Yuan Lamei
Published: August 2018

Let [Formula: see text] be a class of free Lie conformal algebras of rank two with [Formula: see text]-basis [Formula: see text] and relations [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is a nonzero complex number. In this paper, we classify extensions between two finite irreducible conformal modules over the Lie conformal algebras [Formula: see text].
An 𝜀-uniform method for a class of singularly perturbed parabolic problems with Robin boundary conditions having boundary turning point
Authors: Janani Jayalakshmi G. , Tamilselvan A.
Published: August 2018

A class of singularly perturbed parabolic differential equations with Robin type boundary condition having boundary turning point is propounded on a rectangular domain in the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] plane. A numerical method comprising a standard upwind finite difference scheme is formulated on a rectangular piecewise uniform fitted mesh [Formula: see text] and it is proved to be [Formula: see text]-uniform. Furthermore, it is shown that the errors are bounded in the supremum norm by [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a constant independent of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and the perturbation parameter [Formula: see text]. Numerical results are given to illustrate the analytical results.
Endosymbionts of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Brown Amanda M.V.
Published: August 2018

Some of the most agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) harbor endosymbionts. Extensive work in other systems has shown that endosymbionts can have major effects on host virulence and biology. This review highlights the discovery, development, and diversity of PPN endosymbionts, incorporating inferences from genomic data. Cardinium, reported from five PPN hosts to date, is characterized by its presence in the esophageal glands and other tissues, with a discontinuous distribution across populations, and genomic data suggestive of horizontal gene exchange. Xiphinematobacter occurs in at least 27 species of dagger nematode in the ovaries and gut epithelial cells, where genomic data suggest it may serve in nutritional supplementation. Wolbachia, reported in just three PPNs, appears to have an ancient history in the Pratylenchidae and displays broad tissue distribution and genomic features intermediate between parasitic and reproductive groups. Finally, a model is described that integrates these insights to explain patterns of endosymbiont replacement.
Biology of Fungi and Their Bacterial Endosymbionts
Authors: Pawlowska Teresa E. , Gaspar Maria L. , Lastovetsky Olga A. , Mondo Stephen J. , Real-Ramirez Imperio , Shakya Evaniya , Bonfante Paola
Published: August 2018

Heritable symbioses, in which endosymbiotic bacteria (EB) are transmitted vertically between host generations, are an important source of evolutionary novelties. A primary example of such symbioses is the eukaryotic cell with its EB-derived organelles. Recent discoveries suggest that endosymbiosis-related innovations can be also found in associations formed by early divergent fungi in the phylum Mucoromycota with heritable EB from two classes, Betaproteobacteria and Mollicutes. These symbioses exemplify novel types of host-symbiont interactions. Studies of these partnerships fuel theoretical models describing mechanisms that stabilize heritable symbioses, control the rate of molecular evolution, and enable the establishment of mutualisms. Lastly, by altering host phenotypes and metabolism, these associations represent an important instrument for probing the basic biology of the Mucoromycota hosts, which remain one of the least explored filamentous fungi.
The Rise and Rise ofNicotiana benthamiana: A Plant for All Reasons
Authors: Bally Julia , Jung Hyungtaek , Mortimer Cara , Naim Fatima , Philips Joshua G. , Hellens Roger , Bombarely Aureliano , Goodin Michael M. , Waterhouse Peter M.
Published: August 2018

A decade ago, the value of Nicotiana benthamiana as a tool for plant molecular biologists was beginning to be appreciated. Scientists were using it to study plant-microbe and protein-protein interactions, and it was the species of choice with which to activate plasmid-encoded viruses, screen for gene functions with virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and transiently express genes by leaf agroinfiltration. However, little information about the species’ origin, diversity, genetics, and genomics was available, and biologists were asking the question of whether N. benthamiana is a second fiddle or virtuoso. In this review, we look at the increased knowledge about the species and its applications over the past decade. Although N. benthamiana may still be the sidekick to Arabidopsis, it shines ever more brightly with realized and yet-to-be-exploited potential.
World Management of Geminiviruses
Authors: Rojas Maria R. , Macedo Monica A. , Maliano Minor R. , Soto-Aguilar Maria , Souza Juliana O. , Briddon Rob W. , Kenyon Lawrence , Rivera Bustamante Rafael F. , Zerbini F. Murilo , Adkins Scott , Legg James P. , Kvarnheden Anders , Wintermantel William M. , Sudarshana Mysore R. , Peterschmitt Michel , Lapidot Moshe , Martin Darren P. , Moriones Enrique , Inoue-Nagata Alice K. , Gilbertson Robert L.
Published: August 2018

Management of geminiviruses is a worldwide challenge because of the widespread distribution of economically important diseases caused by these viruses. Regardless of the type of agriculture, management is most effective with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that involves measures before, during, and after the growing season. This includes starting with resistant cultivars and virus- and vector-free transplants and propagative plants. For high value vegetables, protected culture (e.g., greenhouses and screenhouses) allows for effective management but is limited owing to high cost. Protection of young plants in open fields is provided by row covers, but other measures are typically required. Measures that are used for crops in open fields include roguing infected plants and insect vector management. Application of insecticide to manage vectors (whiteflies and leafhoppers) is the most widely used measure but can cause undesirable environmental and human health issues. For annual crops, these measures can be more effective when combined with host-free periods of two to three months. Finally, given the great diversity of the viruses, their insect vectors, and the crops affected, IPM approaches need to be based on the biology and ecology of the virus and vector and the crop production system. Here, we present the general measures that can be used in an IPM program for geminivirus diseases, specific case studies, and future challenges.
Interscapular brown adipose tissue denervation does not promote the oxidative activity of inguinal white adipose tissue in male mice
Authors: Labbé Sébastien M. , Caron Alexandre , Festuccia William T. , Lecomte Roger , Richard Denis
Published: August 2018

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is a key controller of energy metabolism. In response to cold or other adrenergic stimuli, brown adipocytes increase their substrate uptake and oxidative activity while uncoupling ATP synthesis from the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Brown adipocytes are found in classic depots such as in the interscapular BAT (iBAT). They can also develop in white adipose tissue (WAT), such as in the inguinal WAT (iWAT), where their presence has been associated with metabolic improvements. We previously reported that the induction of oxidative metabolism in iWAT is low compared with that of iBAT, even after sustained adrenergic stimulation. One explanation to this apparent lack of thermogenic ability of iWAT is the presence of an active iBAT, which may prevent the full activation of iWAT. In this study, we evaluated whether iBAT denervation-induced browning of white fat enhanced the thermogenic activity of iWAT following cold acclimation, under beta-3 adrenergic stimulation (CL 316,243). Following a bilateral denervation of iBAT, we assessed energy balance, evaluated the oxidative activity of iBAT and iWAT using 11C-acetate, and quantified the dynamic glucose uptake of those tissues using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]- fluoro-d-glucose. Our results indicate that despite portraying marked browning and mildly enhanced glucose uptake, iWAT of cold-adapted mice does not exhibit significant oxidative activity following beta-3 adrenergic stimulation in the absence of a functional iBAT. The present results suggest that iWAT is not readily recruitable as a thermogenic organ even when functional iBAT is lacking.
Sex Differences in Correlation with Gene Expression Levels between Ifi200 Family Genes and Four Sets of Immune Disease-Relevant Genes
Authors: Cao Yanhong , Wang Lishi , Wang Cong-Yi , Ye Jicheng , Wang Ying , Li Tiantian , Garcia-Godoy Franklin , Sun Dianjun , Gu Weikuan , Postlethwaite Arnold E.
Published: August 2018

Background. The HIN-200 family genes in humans have been linked to several autoimmune diseases—particularly to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, its human counterpart gene cluster, the Ifi200 family in mice, has been linked to spontaneous arthritis disease (SAD). However, many immune-mediated diseases (including RA and SLE) show gender difference. Understanding whether or not and how these genes play a role in sex difference in immune-mediated diseases is essential for diagnosis/treatment. Methods. This study takes advantage of the whole genome gene expression profiles of recombinant inbred (RI) strain populations from female and male mice to analyze potential sex differences in a variety of genes in disease pathways. Expression levels and regulatory QTL of Ifi200 family genes between female and male mice were first examined in a large mouse population, including RI strains derived from C57BL/6J, DBA/2J (BXD), and classic inbred strains. Sex similarities and differences were then analyzed for correlations with gene expression levels between genes in the Ifi200 family and four selected gene sets: known immune Ifi200 pathway-related genes, lupus-relevant genes, osteoarthritis- (OA-) and RA-relevant genes, and sex hormone-related genes. Results. The expression level of Ifi202b showed the most sex difference in correlation with known immune-related genes (the P value for Ifi202b is 0.0004). Ifi202b also showed gender difference in correlation with selected sex hormone genes, with a P value of 0.0243. When comparing coexpression levels between Ifi200 genes and lupus-relevant genes, Ifi203 and Ifi205 showed significant sex difference (P values: 0.0303 and 0.002, resp.). Furthermore, several key genes (e.g., Csf1r, Ifnb1, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, Jhdm1d, Csf1r, Ifnb1, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and Tgfb2 that regulate sex differences in immune diseases) were discovered. Conclusions. Different genes in the Ifi200 family play different roles in sex difference among dissimilar pathways of these four gene groups.
Preparation and Evaluation of Smart Nanocarrier Systems for Drug Delivery Using Magnetic Nanoparticle and Avidin-Iminobiotin System
Authors: Sun Shuguo , Li Beiping , Yang Tao , Ma Meihu , Lin Qinlu , Zhao Juanhong , Luo Feijun
Published: August 2018

Therapeutic efficacy and the regulation of drug release can be improved by using selective targeting drug delivery systems. In this paper, we have demonstrated avidin-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) as a novel targeted drug delivery system to deliver iminobiotinylated daunomycin (IDAU). TEM, XRD, VSM, and FTIR were employed for the physicochemical characterization of the drug-loaded MNPs. The binding of IDAU had little effect on sizes of AMNPs (~35 nm), but the stability and dispersibility of the nanoparticles were improved. The study also found that the loading capacity and efficiency of nanoparticles were mainly dependent on affinity interaction between IDAU and AMNPs. The optimal loading capacity and efficiency of MNPs for IDAU were 0.408 ± 0.012 mg/g and 94.18 ± 2.64% according to the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) data, respectively. Under the conditions of pH 6.8 and 1 mmol/L of biotin, the drug-loaded MNPs released rapidly at beginning and then maintained at a certain controllable release level. The effect of IDAU on DLKP proliferation was tested, and the results showed that IC50 was (1.60 ± 0.05) × 10−3 mg/mL. Our findings indicated that AMNPs hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system.
Hypoxia Imaging and Biological Evaluation of the Radiosensitizing Effect of Oleanolic Acid
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Yu , Yu Wenjing , Xue Yangyang , Xiao Liang , Xu Huiqin
Published: August 2018

Background and Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiosensitizing effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on C6 rat glioma and the changes in tumor biology during radiosensitization therapy on 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Methods. The radiosensitizing effect of OA on C6 tumors was assessed in vivo by measuring the tumor inhibitory rate and rat survival time. Meanwhile, rats with C6 tumors were imaged with 18F-FMISO PET/CT during radiosensitization therapy. Tumor-to-muscle ratio (TMR) of 18F-FMISO maximum uptake was calculated by region of interest analysis. Changes in tumor biology after therapy were assessed with immunohistochemical staining. 18F-FMISO uptake was analyzed in relation to expression of tumor biomarkers including hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, glucose transporter (Glut-1), the proliferation antigen Ki67, tumor suppressor P53, and microvessel density (MVD). Results. The results showed that OA combined with radiation inhibited the growth rates of tumors and prolonged the survival period of tumor-bearing rats effectively (χ2 = 12.5, p < 0.01). 18F-FMISO PET/CT indicated decreases in hypoxia after radiosensitization therapy. Statistical differences were observed in TMR of the irradiation group and OA combined with irradiation group (t = 3.32, p < 0.05). HIF-1α, Glut-1, Ki67, P53, and MVD expressions in tumors were downregulated by OA combined with radiation as well as with radiation alone. Additionally, there was a significant positive linear correlation between TMR and HIF-1α, Glut-1, Ki67, P53, and MVD. Conclusions. These results suggest that OA has a radiosensitizing effect on C6 tumors in terms of tumor volume inhibition, survival extension, and multiple poor prognosis biological markers downregulation. 18F-FMISO PET/CT can be of value for tumor biology noninvasive capture and radiosensitization response evaluation.
The Coupled Control of Floor Heave Based on a Composite Structure Consisting of Bolts and Concrete Antiarches
Authors: Zheng Wenxiang , Zhao Yanlin , Bu Qingwei
Published: August 2018

A composite structure, including concrete antiarches and bolts, was designed to control the floor heave. This semiclosed structure may reinforce the floor and the two bottom corners of the roadway. Then, based on some relative assumptions, we established a model for this structure. We further analyzed this model and revealed the floor heave mechanism. In addition, based on the above analysis, we proposed the stability criterion for this structure. Moreover, with the practical conditions, we proposed a support system for the #1 roadway in S6 mining area of Changcun mine. Furthermore, the stability analysis and the numerical simulation verified the correctness of the design parameters. Simultaneously, the field investigation shows that the floor heave has been reduced by 78.7%, a close value to the mechanical analysis.