bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cognitive-functional approach to watch as a verb of perception
Authors: Chrispin Lucy , Fontaine Lise
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates the semantic and lexico-grammatical profile of watch as an atypical verb of visual perception. Although watch is classified as a behavioural process within Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday 1994; Davidse 2017), it displays features which make it difficult to categorize. We investigate the particular features of watch (including Aktionsart and complement types) through a dataset extracted from COCA (Davies 2008–), in comparison with see as a more typical verb of visual perception. Our results show that watch emerges as an agentive durative transitive verb which typically takes a distinctive event complement. Its unique profile challenges attempts to classify it, providing an example of a verb which appears to be in a fringe “transition area” (Davidse 1999: 303).
Zero-marking or nothing to mark?
Authors: McGregor William B.
Published: January 2023

Gooniyandi (Bunuban, Kimberley, north-west Australia), according to McGregor (1990a), has an ergative case-marker. Unusually, McGregor’s grammar does not identify a corresponding zero absolutive case-marker or case; nor does it discuss why there is none. This paper rectifies this lacuna and outlines the evidence against the recognition of an absolutive case-marker. The arguments concern both evidence for the absence of an absolutive case-marker, and absence of evidence for one. Thus it is possible to find ergativity in a grammatical subsystem of a language without corresponding absolutivity. I discuss some implications for the typology of ergativity, and examine conditions under which it is viable to identify an absolutive case and/or case-marker.
Enation and agnation in multi-level models
Authors: Keizer Evelien
Published: January 2023

Gleason’s (1965) distinction between enation (same structure, different lexemes) and agnation (different structure, same lexemes) has proved to be a crucial one for theoretical linguistics, and over the last decades functional and cognitive linguists have made important contributions to the study of (in particular) agnate relations. Nevertheless, several issues have not yet been sufficiently investigated, including the identification of less obvious agnate relations; the exact characterization of identical, similar or overlapping relations at different levels of linguistic analysis; and the role of different kinds of function words in distinguishing between enation and agnation. In this paper I argue that the distinctive features of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) make this theory ideally suited to address these issues.
Oxidation properties of Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.2Zr alloy at 950–1050 °C
Authors: Lin Xuejian , Huang Hongjun , Yuan Xiaoguang , Wang Yinxiao , Zheng Bowen , Zuo Xiaojiao , Zhou Ge
Published: January 2023

Oxidation experiments of a Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.2Zr alloy were carried out at 950, 1000 and 1050 °C. The alloy's oxidation kinetics curve, oxidation products, oxide film structure and oxidation mechanism at different oxidation temperatures and times were studied systematically. The oxide film has an obvious multilayer structure. Oxygen diffuses into the matrix alloy, and two oxides (TiO2 and Al2O3) grow alternately in layers to produce multilayer structures. As the oxidation process continues, oxygen atoms continue to diffuse in the matrix, there are holes and cracks in the oxide film, and the oxidation resistance of the oxide film is weakened.
Ni–W–P layer-induced strength improvement of solder joint in Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module
Authors: Bae Sung Hwa , Nguyen Yen Ngoc , Son Injoon
Published: January 2023

In this study, we examined the thermal stability, bonding strength, and interfacial characteristic of a Ni–W–P coating applied for solder joint of Bi2Te3 thermoelectric modules. This layer had uniform thickness and was confirmed to be amorphous even after annealing at 200°C for 150 h, demonstrating its thermal stability. Moreover, the barrier layer hindered the interdiffusion between Sn and Te, eliminating the formation of brittle intermetallic at the solder joint. Thus, the bonding strengths of p- and n-type thermoelectric units were improved approximately 1.3- and 2.8-fold, respectively, compared to the bonding strengths obtained without a Ni–W–P layer. In addition, the bonding strength was not affected by heating at 200°C for 150 h. The reliability of bonding strength was caused by the excellent thermal stability, and solder wettability of the barrier layer, which resulted in a bonding interface without brittle intermetallic and defects.
Cell autonomous expression of BCL6 is required to maintain lineage identity of mouse CCR6+ ILC3s
Authors: Li Yuling , Ge Jing , Zhao Xiaohong , Xu Miao , Gou Mengting , Xie Bowen , Huang Jinling , Sun Qinli , Sun Lin , Bai Xue , Tan Sangnee , Wang Xiaohu , Dong Chen
Published: January 2023

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are similar to T helper (Th) cells in expression of cytokines and transcription factors. For example, RORγt is the lineage-specific transcription factor for both ILC3 and Th17 cells. However, the ILC counterpart for BCL6-expressing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells has not been defined. Here, we report that in the ILC compartment, BCL6 is selectively co-expressed with not only CXCR5 but also RORγt and CCR6 in ILC3 from multiple tissues. BCL6-deficient ILC3 produces enhanced levels of IL-17A and IL-22. More importantly, phenotypic and single-cell ATAC-seq analysis show that absence of BCL6 in mature ILC3 increases the numbers of ILC1 and transitional cells co-expressing ILC3 and ILC1 marker genes. A lineage-tracing experiment further reveals BCL6+ ILC3 to ILC1 trans-differentiation under steady state. Finally, microbiota promote BCL6 expression in colonic CCR6+ ILC3 and thus reinforce their stability. Collectively, our data have demonstrated that CCR6+ ILC3 have both Th17 and Tfh programs and that BCL6 expression in these cells functions to maintain their lineage identity.
Experimental encephalomyelitis at age 90, still relevant and elucidating how viruses trigger disease
Authors: Steinman Lawrence , Patarca Roberto , Haseltine William
Published: January 2023

20 yr ago, a tribute appeared in this journal on the 70th anniversary of an animal model of disseminated encephalomyelitis, abbreviated EAE for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. “Observations on Attempts to Produce Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys” appeared in the Journal of Experimental Medicine on February 21, 1933. Rivers and colleagues were trying to understand what caused neurological reactions to viral infections like smallpox, vaccinia, and measles, and what triggered rare instances of encephalomyelitis to smallpox vaccines. The animal model known as EAE continues to display its remarkable utility. Recent research, since the 70th-anniversary tribute, helps explain how Epstein–Barr virus triggers multiple sclerosis via molecular mimicry to a protein known as GlialCAM. Proteins with multiple domains similar to GlialCAM, tenascin, neuregulin, contactin, and protease kinase C inhibitors are present in the poxvirus family. These observations take us a full circle back to Rivers’ first paper on EAE, 90 yr ago.
Eccentric contraction-induced strength loss in dystrophin-deficient muscle: Preparations, protocols, and mechanisms
Authors: Kiriaev Leonit , Baumann Cory W. , Lindsay Angus
Published: January 2023

The absence of dystrophin hypersensitizes skeletal muscle of lower and higher vertebrates to eccentric contraction (ECC)-induced strength loss. Loss of strength can be accompanied by transient and reversible alterations to sarcolemmal excitability and disruption, triad dysfunction, and aberrations in calcium kinetics and reactive oxygen species production. The degree of ECC-induced strength loss, however, appears dependent on several extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as vertebrate model, skeletal muscle preparation (in vivo, in situ, or ex vivo), skeletal muscle hierarchy (single fiber versus whole muscle and permeabilized versus intact), strength production, fiber branching, age, and genetic background, among others. Consistent findings across research groups show that dystrophin-deficient fast(er)-twitch muscle is hypersensitive to ECCs relative to wildtype muscle, but because preparations are highly variable and sensitivity to ECCs are used repeatedly to determine efficacy of many preclinical treatments, it is critical to evaluate the impact of skeletal muscle preparations on sensitivity to ECC-induced strength loss in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle. Here, we review and discuss variations in skeletal muscle preparations to evaluate the factors responsible for variations and discrepancies between research groups. We further highlight that dystrophin-deficiency, or loss of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex in skeletal muscle, is not a prerequisite for accelerated strength loss-induced by ECCs.
Zcs
(4000)+ and Zcs
(4220)+ in a Multiquark Color Flux-Tube Model
Authors: Wang Yi-Heng , Wei Jia , An Chun-Sheng , Deng Cheng-Rong
Published: January 2023

We systematically investigate the mass spectrum, spatial configuration and magnetic moment of the ground and p-wave states

[
c
u
]
[

c
¯

s
¯

]

with various color-spin configurations in a multiquark color flux-tube model. Numerical results indicate that the state Zcs
(4000)+ can be described as the compact state

[
c
u
]
[

c
¯

s
¯

]

with 13S1. Its main color-spin configuration is

[
c
u
]

6
c

1

[

c
¯

s
¯

]

6
¯

c

1

and its magnetic moment is 0.73μ
N. The state

Z

c
s

(
4220
)

+

can be depicted as the compact state

[
c
u
]
[

c
¯

s
¯

]

with 11
P
1 (or 13
P
1). Its main color-spin configuration is

[
c
u
]

3
¯

c

0

[

c
¯

s
¯

]

3
c

0

(or

[
c
u
]

3
¯

c

0

[

c
¯

s
¯

]

3
c

1

) and its magnetic moment is 0.12μ
N (or 0.64μ
N). The physical state should be the mixture of these two different color-spin configurations and deserves further investigation. In addition, we also predict the properties of the states

[
c
u
]
[

c
¯

s
¯

]

with other quantum numbers in the model.
The good-bad-ugly system near spatial infinity on flat spacetime
Authors: Duarte Miguel , Feng Justin , Gasperín Edgar , Hilditch David
Published: January 2023

A model system of equations that serves as a model for the Einstein field equation in generalised harmonic gauge called the good-bad-ugly system is studied in the region close to null and spatial infinity in Minkowski spacetime. This analysis is performed using H. Friedrich’s cylinder construction at spatial infinity and defining suitable conformally rescaled fields. The results are translated to the physical set up to investigate the relation between the polyhomogeneous expansions arising from the analysis of linear fields using the i
0-cylinder framework and those obtained through a heuristic method based on Hörmander’s asymptotic system.
Some remarks on relativistic fluids of divergence type
Authors: Salazar J Félix , Zannias Thomas
Published: January 2023

Relativistic fluids of divergence type constitute a special class of fluids whose states are determined from the knowledge of a scalar generating function χ and a dissipation tensor

I

μ
ν

i.e. a second rank, symmetric and traceless tensor. Both

(
χ
,

I

μ
ν

)

depend upon fourteen variables, known in the literature as Lagrange multipliers, and these multipliers satisfy a symmetric, quasilinear, first order system determined by

(
χ
,

I

μ
ν

)

. For particular choices of the generating function χ, this system can be symmetric-hyperbolic and causal. We show in this work that this characteristic property of fluids of divergence type originates in the overdetermined nature of their dynamical equations. Combining their overdetermined nature with the work of Friedrichs on overdetermined system of conservation laws with more recent work by Boillat, Ruggeri and coworkers, we prove that fluids of divergence type are locally determined by a vector potential depending upon the Lagrange multipliers. For the case where the dynamical variables describing fluid states contain a symmetric energy momentum tensor, this vector potential is the gradient of a scalar field and this field is precisely the generating function χ introduced by Pennisi and independently by Geroch and Lindblom. Examples of scalar generating functions χ are discussed where this system is a symmetric hyperbolic and causal system in an open vicinity of equilibrium states.
Hydrogen production by decomposition of ethanol in the afterglow of atmospheric-pressure nitrogen microwave plasma torch
Authors: Niu Yu-Long , Li Shou-Zhe
Published: January 2023

The atmospheric-pressure microwave plasma torch (MPT) is employed to produce hydrogen via the decomposition of ethanol (C2H5OH). The ethanol aerosol is injected directly into the early afterglow of a nitrogen plasma and the products are analyzed with Fourier transformation infrared spectrometery and gas chromatography. Meanwhile, optical emission spectroscopy is used to diagnose the plasma. The influencing factors for the hydrogen production are investigated with respect to the location of the ethanol injection, the ethanol feed rate, the ethanol microdroplet size, the absorbed microwave power, the total flow rate of carrier gas, and the Ar–N2 mixture ratio, respectively. It is found that the excited species and high temperature play important roles in ethanol decomposition. In addition, the effect of the gas flow pattern in the reaction chamber on hydrogen production is analyzed with the aid of computational fluid dynamics and the mechanism of ethanol decomposition by MPT is discussed. Hydrogen production in our experiment was successful, with a production rate of up to 1309 l h−1, an energy yield of up to 468 l kWh−1, and a hydrogen yield of up to 95%, respectively.
Study of the threshold anomaly in the elastic scattering of d+ 197Au
Authors: Giudice T , Abriola D , Arazi A , de Barbará E , Cardona M A , Gómez J , Hojman D , Id Betan R M , Kohen M S , Llaneza N , Martí G V , Paes B , Schneider D , Soler H , Lubian J
Published: January 2023

Measurements of the elastic scattering angular distribution for the d+ 197Au system were carried out covering deuteron incident energies in the range from 5 to 16 MeV, i.e. approximately 50% below and above the Coulomb barrier. A critical interaction distance of d

I
= 2.49 fm was determined from these distributions, which is comparable to that of the radioactive halo nucleus 6He. The experimental angular distributions were systematically analyzed using two alternative models: the semi-microscopic São Paulo and the effective Woods–Saxon optical potentials, for which the best-fitting parameters were determined. These potentials, integrated with the vicinity of the sensitivity radius, were calculated for each energy. For both models, the energy dependence of these integrals presented the breakup threshold anomaly around the coulomb barrier, a typical signature of weakly bound nuclei.
Ultrafast spin dynamics: complementing theoretical analyses by quantum state measures
Authors: Ziolkowski Franziska , Busch Oliver , Mertig Ingrid , Henk Jürgen
Published: January 2023

In theoretical analyses of ultrafast spin dynamics simulated phenomena are commonly discussed in terms of observables. In this paper we report on possible benefits of complementing such studies by quantum state (QS) measures. These measures quantify specific properties of QSs, e.g. distance in Hilbert space and mixing. For Co/Cu heterostructures illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses, we discuss the general behavior of selected measures, but address in particular the degree of perturbation by a laser pulse. It turns out that the measures are especially sensitive to variations of the polarization of a laser pulse and the sample composition. Moreover, they are closely linked to magnetization and number of photo-excited electrons.
Method of precise sensing channel positioning forϕ-OTDR-based DAS
Authors: Peng Yang , Zhang Dan , Fu Shi-Chong , Li Xiao-Lei , Nuerlan Yedili , Ma Zhuo
Published: January 2023

For the applications of distributed acoustic sensing technology (DAS), such as leakage detection in a pipeline, it is important to precisely identify the sensing channels along a optic fiber to correctly locate the vibrations and improve the accuracy of DAS. A method of precise sensing channel positioning for DAS is proposed. An experimental validation is conducted in consideration of optic fiber types and soil types. A bending element was inserted into the sand and clay to excite the constant-frequency signals point by point along the optic fiber. A DAS interrogator was used to collect the vibrations of the fiber. The average of the normalized time-domain signals and the amplitude of the specific constant frequency in the frequency domain are analyzed. The parameters of the skewness of the amplitude-channel curve (SACC) and the relative shift of the amplitude peak (RSAP) are proposed to identify the boundary of the adjacent sensing channels. The accuracy of the sensing channel positioning is better than the spacing of the excitation points.
Recent advances of two-dimensional material additives in hybrid perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yin Yifan , Zhou Yuchen , Rafailovich Miriam H , Nam Chang-Yong
Published: January 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become one of the state-of-the-art photovoltaic technologies due to their facile solution-based fabrication processes combined with extremely high photovoltaic performance originating from excellent optoelectronic properties such as strong light absorption, high charge mobility, long free charge carrier diffusion length, and tunable direct bandgap. However, the poor intrinsic stability of hybrid perovskites under environmental stresses including light, heat, and moisture, which is often associated with high defect density in the perovskite, has limited the large-scale commercialization and deployment of PSCs. The use of process additives, which can be included in various subcomponent layers in the PSC, has been identified as one of the effective approaches that can address these issues and improve the photovoltaic performance. Among various additives that have been explored, two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged recently due to their unique structures and properties that can enhance the photovoltaic performance and device stability by improving perovskite crystallization, defect passivation, and charge transport. Here, we provide a review of the recent progresses in 2D material additives for improving the PSC performance based on key representative 2D material systems, including graphene and its derivatives, transitional metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorous, providing a useful guideline for further exploiting unique nanomaterial additives for more efficient and stable PSCs in the near future.
A nanophotonic interferometer
Authors: Ghaffari Abbas , Kashani Somayeh , Do Kevin , Weninger Keith , Riehn Robert
Published: January 2023

The transmission of light through sub-wavelength apertures (zero-mode waveguides, ZMW) in metal films is well-explored. It introduces both an amplitude modulation as well as a phase shift to the oscillating electromagnetic field. We propose a nanophotonic interferometer by bringing two ZMW (∼100 nm diameter) in proximity and monitoring the distribution of transmitted light in the back-focal plane of collecting microscope objective (1.3 N.A.). We demonstrate that both an asymmetry induced by the binding of a quantum dot in one of the two ZMW, as well as an asymmetry in ZMW diameter yield qualitatively similar transmission patterns. We find that the complex pattern can be quantified through a scalar measure of asymmetry along the symmetry axis of the aperture pair. In a combined experimental and computational exploration of detectors with differing ZMW diameters, we find that the scalar asymmetry is a monotonous function of the diameter difference of the two apertures, and that the scalar asymmetry measure is higher if the sample is slightly displaced from the focal plane of the collecting microscope objective. An optimization of the detector geometry determined that the maximum response is achieved at an aperture separation that is comparable to the wavelength on the exit side of the sensor. For small separations of apertures, on the order of a quarter of the wavelength and less, the signal is strongly polarization dependent, while for larger separations, on the order of the wavelength or larger, the signal becomes essentially polarization-independent.
Plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis using gold nanoparticles encapsulated in nanoscale molybdenum oxide shell
Authors: Tao Zizi , Feng Jiyuan , Yang Fan , Zhang Liqiu , Shen Hongxia , Cheng Qiong , Liu Lichun
Published: January 2023

Using solar energy to enhance the transformation rate of organic molecules is a promising strategy to advance chemical synthesis and environmental remediation. Plasmonic nanoparticles responsive to sunlight show great promise in the catalysis of chemical reactions. In this work, we used a straightforward wet-chemistry method to synthesize plasmonic octahedral gold nanoparticles (NPs) coated with thin molybdenum oxide (MoO3−x
), Au@MoO3−x
NPs, which exhibited strong surface plasmon resonance in a broad wavelength range. The synthesized Au@MoO3−x
NPs were characterized by UV–vis, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, and the electrochemical technique of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The catalytic performance of Au@MoO3−x
NPs under visible light irradiation was investigated using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) as a model reaction. The presence of a thin capping layer of MoO3−x
on our Au NPs contributed to the broadening of their range of absorption of visible light, resulting in a stronger intra-particle plasmonic resonance and the modulation of surface energy and electronic state. Accordingly, the kinetics of plasmon photocatalytic transformation of 4-NP to 4-AP was significantly accelerated (by a factor of 8.1) under visible light, compared to uncapped Au NPs in the dark. Our as-synthesized Au@MoO3−x
NPs is an example that the range of plasmonic wavelengths of NPs can be effectively broadened by coating them with another plasmon-active (semiconducting) material, which substantially improves their plasmonic photocatalytic performance. Meanwhile, the synthesized Au@MoO3−x
NPs can be used to accelerate the transformation of organic molecules under visible light irradiation.
Effect of vacancy ordering on the grain growth of Ge2Sb2Te5 film
Authors: Liu Cheng , Tang Qiongyan , Zheng Yonghui , Zhao Jin , Song Wenxiong , Cheng Yan
Published: January 2023

Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is the most widely used matrix material in phase change random access memory (PCRAM). In practical PCRAM device, the formed large hexagonal phase in GST material is not preferred, especially when the size of storage architecture is continually scaling down. In this report, with the aid of spherical-aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy (Cs-TEM), the grain growth behavior during the in situ heating process in GST alloy is investigated. Generally, the metastable face-centered-cubic (f-) grain tends to grow up with increasing temperature. However, a part of f-phase nanograins with {111} surface plane does not grow very obviously. Thus, the grain size distribution at high temperature shows a large average grain size as well as a large standard deviation. When the vacancy ordering layers forms at the grain boundary area in the nanograins, which is parallel to {111} surface plane, it could stabilize and refine these f-phase grains. By elaborating the relationship between the grain growth and the vacancy ordering process in GST, this work offers a new perspective for the grain refinement in GST-based PCRAM devices.
Mechano/acousto-electric coupling between ReS2 and surface acoustic wave
Authors: Zhang Jinxi , Wu Chen , Zhang Qiankun , Liu Jing
Published: January 2023

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for developing next generation electronic/optoelectronic devices with programmable multi functions, due to their widely tunable properties by various physical stimuli. Mechanical strain is one of the most promising means to effectively modulate the physical properties of 2D materials. Nevertheless, few studies reported micro/nano scale controllable strain application platforms, limiting the development of novel mechano-electrical/optoelectrical devices based on 2D materials. This work proposes surface acoustic wave (SAW) device as a controllable strain modulation platform for 2D materials with sub-micro scale resolution. The platform uses the piezoelectric material (LiNbO3) as the substrate, which is deposited with interdigitated transducers (IDT) to generate SAW on the surface. The propagation of SAW causes surface deformation, which is then transferred to the 2D materials on the substrate. The period of the surface deformation/strain is related with that of SAW, which is determined by the period of IDT with nano meter scale. It is demonstrated that the photo luminescence spectrum of a 2D ReS2 flake on this platform gradually shifts with the SAW excitation power, which reaches a shift of 3 nm as the SAW excitation power achieves 26 dBm, corresponding to a band gap increase of 5 meV. Meanwhile, the platform is also capable to provide acousto-electric coupling between SAW and 2D materials, which is demonstrated by the shift of the SAW resonant frequency due to the re-distribution of photo-generated carriers in ReS2 upon light illumination.
In vivo estimation of anisotropic mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius during functional loading with MR elastography
Authors: Smith Daniel R , Caban-Rivera Diego A , Williams L Tyler , Van Houten Elijah E W , Bayly Phil V , Paulsen Keith D , McGarry Matthew D J , Johnson Curtis L
Published: January 2023

Objective. In vivo imaging assessments of skeletal muscle structure and function allow for longitudinal quantification of tissue health. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) non-invasively quantifies tissue mechanical properties, allowing for evaluation of skeletal muscle biomechanics in response to loading, creating a better understanding of muscle functional health. Approach. In this study, we analyze the anisotropic mechanical response of calf muscles using MRE with a transversely isotropic, nonlinear inversion algorithm (TI-NLI) to investigate the role of muscle fiber stiffening under load. We estimate anisotropic material parameters including fiber shear stiffness (

μ

1

), substrate shear stiffness (

μ

2

), shear anisotropy (

ϕ

), and tensile anisotropy (

ζ

) of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to both passive and active tension. Main results. In passive tension, we found a significant increase in

μ

1

,

ϕ
,

and

ζ

with increasing muscle length. While in active tension, we observed increasing

μ

2

and decreasing

ϕ

and

ζ

during active dorsiflexion and plantarflexion—indicating less anisotropy—with greater effects when the muscles act as agonist. Significance. The study demonstrates the ability of this anisotropic MRE method to capture the multifaceted mechanical response of skeletal muscle to tissue loading from muscle lengthening and contraction.
CMF-Net: craniomaxillofacial landmark localization on CBCT images using geometric constraint and transformer
Authors: Lu Gang , Shu Huazhong , Bao Han , Kong Youyong , Zhang Chen , Yan Bin , Zhang Yuanxiu , Coatrieux Jean-Louis
Published: January 2023

Accurate and robust anatomical landmark localization is a mandatory and crucial step in deformation diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) malformations. In this paper, we propose a trainable end-to-end cephalometric landmark localization framework on Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, referred to as CMF-Net, which combines the appearance with transformers, geometric constraint, and adaptive wing (AWing) loss. More precisely: (1) we decompose the localization task into two branches: the appearance branch integrates transformers for identifying the exact positions of candidates, while the geometric constraint branch at low resolution allows the implicit spatial relationships to be effectively learned on the reduced training data. (2) We use the AWing loss to leverage the difference between the pixel values of the target heatmaps and the automatic prediction heatmaps. We verify our CMF-Net by identifying the 24 most relevant clinical landmarks on 150 dental CBCT scans with complicated scenarios collected from real-world clinics. Comprehensive experiments show that it performs better than the state-of-the-art deep learning methods, with an average localization error of 1.108 mm (the clinically acceptable precision range being 1.5 mm) and a correct landmark detection rate equal to 79.28%. Our CMF-Net is time-efficient and able to locate skull landmarks with high accuracy and significant robustness. This approach could be applied in 3D cephalometric measurement, analysis, and surgical planning.
RMSim: controlled respiratory motion simulation on static patient scans
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Yorke Ellen , Zarepisheh Masoud , Nadeem Saad , Hu Yu-Chi
Published: January 2023

Objective. This work aims to generate realistic anatomical deformations from static patient scans. Specifically, we present a method to generate these deformations/augmentations via deep learning driven respiratory motion simulation that provides the ground truth for validating deformable image registration (DIR) algorithms and driving more accurate deep learning based DIR. Approach. We present a novel 3D Seq2Seq deep learning respiratory motion simulator (RMSim) that learns from 4D-CT images and predicts future breathing phases given a static CT image. The predicted respiratory patterns, represented by time-varying displacement vector fields (DVFs) at different breathing phases, are modulated through auxiliary inputs of 1D breathing traces so that a larger amplitude in the trace results in more significant predicted deformation. Stacked 3D-ConvLSTMs are used to capture the spatial-temporal respiration patterns. Training loss includes a smoothness loss in the DVF and mean-squared error between the predicted and ground truth phase images. A spatial transformer deforms the static CT with the predicted DVF to generate the predicted phase image. 10-phase 4D-CTs of 140 internal patients were used to train and test RMSim. The trained RMSim was then used to augment a public DIR challenge dataset for training VoxelMorph to show the effectiveness of RMSim-generated deformation augmentation. Main results. We validated our RMSim output with both private and public benchmark datasets (healthy and cancer patients). The structure similarity index measure (SSIM) for predicted breathing phases and ground truth 4D CT images was 0.92 ± 0.04, demonstrating RMSim’s potential to generate realistic respiratory motion. Moreover, the landmark registration error in a public DIR dataset was improved from 8.12 ± 5.78 mm to 6.58mm ± 6.38 mm using RMSim-augmented training data. Significance. The proposed approach can be used for validating DIR algorithms as well as for patient-specific augmentations to improve deep learning DIR algorithms. The code, pretrained models, and augmented DIR validation datasets will be released at https://github.com/nadeemlab/SeqX2Y.
Investigation of multi-periodic self-trigger plasma in an AC-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Yang Hang , Rousseau Antoine
Published: January 2023

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets have been intensively studied due to their potential application in biological fields but some of their physics properties are still not well understood. In the present article, a helium plasma jet driven by 15–18 kHz sinusoidal voltage ignites multi-periodic self-triggered mode or random mode depending on the applied voltage, driven frequency and inter-electrode gap distance. Most of the observed multiperiodic bullets operate every 2 or 3 sinusoidal periods. Such bullets show similarities with pulsed operating mode, having a jitter of less than 100 ns. The presence of an outer grounded electrode ring is a key parameter permitting the ignition of multiperiodic bullets; it also enhances the propagation length up to 8 times. Fast imaging reveals that 2–3 self-triggered discharges occur in the gap region prior to ignition of the bullet in both positive or negative polarities; this leads to an accumulation of charges beneath the ground electrode, locally enhancing the electric field. Bullet velocities for different polarities and gap distances are compared using optical emission spectrum.
Influence of swift heavy ion irradiation on electrical characteristics of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diode
Authors: Hua Mingzhuo , Xu Zhourui , Tian Xusheng , Wang Zhengxing , Zhang Chunfu , Zhao Shenglei , Zhang Yachao , Ning Jing , Feng Qian , Zhang Jincheng , Yue Hao
Published: January 2023

The radiation effect of swift heavy ions (16 MeV 181Ta) on the Au/Ni/β-Ga2O3 vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were investigated at the fluence of 1 × 108, 3 × 108 and 3 × 109 cm−2. The SBDs were characterized by current density–voltage (J–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. It was found that Schottky barrier height φ decreased from 1.11 eV to 0.94 eV, the ideality factor n increased from 1.01 to 1.29, turn-on voltage V
on increased from 0.52 V to 0.80 V after radiation of 3 × 109 cm−2. The reverse breakdown voltage was decreased from −405 V to −375 V, −350 V and −255 V after radiation of 1 × 108, 3 × 108 and 3 × 109 cm−2, respectively. In addition, the carrier concentration calculated from the capacitance–voltage curves was decreased significantly. Based on the G/ω–ω measurement results, the trap density at the Ni/β-Ga2O3 interface was extracted to be 2.89 × 1015–2.49 × 1016 cm−2 eV−1 and 2.18 × 1015–4.98 × 1016 cm−2 eV−1 with the energy level of 0.85–0.87 eV below the conduction band edge.
Active signal-generating spacer-fabric-type continuous touch/pressure sensor
Authors: Tonomura Kazuki , Yu Annie , Ishii Yuya
Published: January 2023

Attention toward automated driving has recently increased. This has also increased the need to monitor drivers’ actions, such as finger touch/pressure sensing on the steering wheel. This study demonstrates an active signal-generating spacer-fabric-type continuous touch/pressure sensor comprising five yarn layers: surface-insulating cotton, upper conductive, monofilament spacer, lower conductive and bottom-insulating cotton yarn. The sensor actively generates signals, and the magnitude of the voltage output through a diode bridge and capacitor circuit determines if the fingers are ‘not touching’, ‘touching’, ‘pushing’ or ‘pushing hard’. This demonstrates that the proposed sensor can be operated as an active signal-generating touch/pressure sensor and can also detect ‘pushing hard’ actions. Furthermore, the active signal-generating operation originates from the electromagnetic waves emitted by electrical appliances and cables powered by a commercial power supply frequency in the environment. The proposed sensor will contribute to developing high-cushioning touch/pressure sensors with low power consumption and excellent air permeability that can be used in electric and autonomous vehicles.
Design, construction and performance testing of a 1.5 T cryogen-free low-temperature superconductor whole-body MRI magnet
Authors: Wang Yulin , Wang Sucong , Liang Ping , Brusic Vladimir , Zeng Jie , Liu Bingjian , Ge Yuwei , Zheng Jianjun , Zhang Jingfeng , Wang Chengbo
Published: January 2023

This work describes the design, construction and testing of a 1.5 T cryogen-free low-temperature superconductor niobium–titanium whole-body magnet with a bore diameter of 850 mm that is suitable for clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. The magnet is actively shielded and passively shimmed to achieve confinement within a 0.5 mT stray magnetic field at 2.5/4 m radial/axial positions and 12.1 ppm field inhomogeneity over a 45 mm diameter of spherical volume. The magnet is conductively refrigerated using a two-stage Gifford–McMahon cryocooler and can be maintained at a steady temperature below 5.7 K during MRI scanning. The MRI scanner assembled with the designed cryogen-free magnet demonstrated stable performance and provided MRI images with good quality and high contrast.
Simulation of ﬂux-pumped Josephson parametric ampliﬁer with a detailed SQUID model using harmonic balance method
Authors: He Kaiyong , Dai genting , Yu Qing , He Yongcheng , Zhao Changhao , Liu Jianshe , Chen Wei
Published: January 2023

This work presents an analysis of ﬂux-pumped Josephson Parametric Ampliﬁer (JPA) with a detailed Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) model, using Harmonic Balance (HB) method in Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS). The model is built with the generalized Resistively Shunted Junction (RSJ) model of a Josephson junction and the quantization condition of a SQUID, incorporating eﬀects of the geometric inductance and parasitic parameters. This model is used to simulate the behavior of an unmatched lumped element JPA and an impedance-matched JPA, showing the necessity of the detailed SQUID model for the simulation of a broadband JPA by comparison with the results based on a widely used simpliﬁed model. Gain proﬁles obtained from the approach are consistent with the existing experiments in literatures within reasonable accuracy. Owing to the HB method, the simulation is of high eﬃciency, making it feasible to sweep and optimize parameters. This provides a fast and accurate method for the design and analysis of a JPA.
On the role of initial coherence in the spin phase-space entropy production rate
Authors: Zicari Giorgio , Çakmak Barış , Müstecaplıoğlu Özgür E , Paternostro Mauro
Published: January 2023

Recent studies have pointed out the intrinsic dependence of figures of merit of thermodynamic relevance—such as work, heat and entropy production—on the amount of quantum coherences that is made available to a system. However, whether coherences hinder or enhance the value taken by such quantifiers of thermodynamic performance is yet to be ascertained. We show that, when considering entropy production generated in a process taking a finite-size bipartite quantum system out of equilibrium through local non-unitary channels, no general monotonicity relationship exists between the entropy production and degree of quantum coherence in the state of the system. A direct correspondence between such quantities can be retrieved when considering specific forms of open-system dynamics applied to suitably chosen initial states. Our results call for a systematic study of the role of genuine quantum features in the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of quantum processes.
Elastic temporal waveguiding
Authors: Santini Jonatha , Riva Emanuele
Published: January 2023

We provide a theoretical framework to mold time-modulated mechanical metamaterials with frequency conversion and wave-steering capabilities. To illustrate the concept, we initially focus on 1D lattices, whereby a sufficiently slow time-modulation of the stiffness is employed to convert the frequency content of impinging waves. Based on the adiabatic theorem, we demonstrate that undesired reflections, which emerge in time-discontinuous materials, can be dramatically reduced by a careful choice of the modulation velocity. The concept is later explored in the context of 2D lattices, whereby a slow time modulation of the stiffness not only induces frequency conversion with minimal back-scattering, but also serves as a mechanism to steer waves. Our paper explores a new and exciting way to control wave propagation in elastodynamics with scattering-free guiding capabilities, and may open new avenues for the manipulation and transport of information through elastic waves.
Is there democracy in leptonic sector of 3-3-1 model
Authors: Çiftçi R , Çiftçi A K
Published: January 2023

Even though the standard model (SM) of particle physics aligns with many experimental results, the need to expand the SM arises to address important open questions. The most suitable and minimal extension of the SM is the local gauge group

S
U
(
3

)
C

⊗
S
U
(
3

)
L

⊗
U
(
1

)
X

, which is known as the ‘3-3-1 model’ in the literature. In this paper, a democratic mass matrix (DMM) approach is applied to the lepton sector of one of the anomaly free 3-3-1 model. It is demonstrated that the DMM parametrization can fit with experimental mass and

3
×
3

Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (PMNS) data. Also we have presented an extended PMNS matrix elements for the gauge bosons of

K

±

(and K
0, 

K
ˉ

0

) which mediate between new heavy neutrinos and leptons (known neutrinos).
The synergistic effect of Ti and Nb in TiNbC leads to enhanced anode performance for Na-ion batteries - first-principles calculations
Authors: Li Xinyuan , Pang Yudong , Wang Mingyang , Zhang Xilin , Lu Zhansheng , Yang Zongxian
Published: January 2023

Currently, MXenes have been identified as promising candidate electrode materials for Na-ion batteries because of their excellent energy storage and electrical conductivity. Among them, dual transition metal MXenes have attracted attention due to their excellent properties as anode materials for Na-ion batteries. In order to explore the reason why dual transition metal MXenes outperform single transition metal MXenes, we systemically investigated and compared the performance of TiNbC-based dual transition metal MXenes (TiNbC, TiNbCF2, and TiNbCO2) with that of Nb2C-based single transition metal MXenes (Nb2C, Nb2CF2, and Nb2CO2) as anode materials for Na-ion batteries based density functional theory calculations. The results showed that TiNbC, TiNbCO2, Nb2C, and Nb2CO2 are promising anode materials for Na-ion batteries due to the low diffusion barrier and high capacity of Na on their surfaces. Compared with the Nb2C-based single transition metal MXenes, the TiNbC-based dual transition metal MXenes have better adsorption performance, diffusion rate, and theoretical storage of Na atoms. The higher adsorption ability of TiNbC and TiNbCO2 to Na atoms was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti and Nb which increases the interaction between the substrate and Na. This conclusion provides a new insight for the development of other high-performance MXenes-based anode materials for Na-ion batteries.
AM-GPINN algorithm and its application in a variable-coefficient resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Qin Shu-Mei , Li Min , Xu Tao , Dong Shao-Qun
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we provide an effective deep learning model to predict the soliton solutions and their interactions of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Based on gradient information, we investigate the gradient-enhanced physics-informed neural networks (GPINN) method to improve the accuracy and training efficiency of PINN, which embeds the gradient of the residual into the neural network loss function. To further improve the performance of GPINN, we combine the GPINN method with the adaptive mixing sampling (AM) and then propose the AM-GPINN algorithm, which can improve the distribution of training points adaptively. As an example, we use the AM-GPINN algorithm for solving the variable-coefficient resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This is also the first time to solve the variable-coefficient resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation via deep learning methods. Under different inhomogeneous parameter conditions, the data-driven nonautonomous soliton solutions are discussed. The experimental results demonstrate that the

L

2

relative error of AM-GPINN algorithm improves the accuracy by one order of magnitude over the original PINN algorithm.
Isotope mass dependence of pedestal transport in JET H-mode plasmas
Authors: Predebon I. , Hatch D.R. , Frassinetti L. , Horvath L. , Saarelma S. , Chapman-Oplopoiou B. , Görler T. , Maggi C.F.
Published: January 2023

We present a comparative transport analysis of the isotope mass dependence in the pedestal of two pairs of deuterium/hydrogen type I ELMy H-mode discharges in JET with ITER-like wall, one characterized by the same input power, the other one by the same stored energy. The investigation, carried out using the gyrokinetic code GENE, focuses on the steep profile region of the pedestal. While large wavenumber modes mainly contribute to the electron heat flux and are scarcely influenced by the main gas isotope, an effect of the ion mass in agreement with the experimental (so called anti-gyro-Bohm) scaling is revealed in the low wavenumber range. In this context, the major role played by the

E
×
B

shear in regulating the ion-temperature-gradient turbulence is analyzed in some detail. The competing level of turbulent and neoclassical transport is quantified to shed light on the experimental features of the pedestal profiles at different ion mass, with the particle transport found to be consistent with a higher pedestal top density for increasing isotope masses, and the heat transport shown to match the roughly unaltered observed temperature profiles.
Influence of the shives orientation on selected hygro-thermal properties of hemp-magnesium composite
Authors: Brzyski Przemysław , Jóźwiak Mateusz , Siwiec Jakub , Sinka Maris , Trnik Anton
Published: January 2023

Magnesium binder is an alternative to lime binder in the technology of hemp-based composites. The advantage of using this binder is an increase in mechanical strength compared to those based on lime. These composites are mainly used as an insulating wall material, as a filling of a wooden frame structure. During compaction of the mixture, hemp shives tend to lay with fibers perpendicular to the compaction direction. The direction of the fibers in the shives, as well as the direction of the capillary pores affect the properties of the composite. The performance characteristics of a building partition insulated with a composite will vary depending on the direction of the shives in relation to the direction of the external factor. The outer wall is exposed to heat flow and water transport, e.g. by capillary action. The article presents the results of tests of the thermal conductivity and capillary rise of a composite densified in the direction perpendicular and parallel to the heat flux and moisture flow. Composites samples with a bulk density of about 370 kg/m3 were tested. Compaction of the mixture in the direction parallel to the heat flow decreased the thermal conductivity. Due to the reduced value of the thermal conductivity of the composite compacted parallel to the heat flux, such a technique can be used in prefabrication, e.g. in the production of wall blocks. This direction of compaction - perpendicular to the wall surface, and thus to the direction of capillary rise, also reduced the amount of uptaken up water and changed the course of water rising over time.