bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lung Endothelium Targeting for Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis
Authors: Ding Bi-Sen , Zhou Ying-Jiang , Chen Xin-Yuan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Pei-Xiang , Sun Zi-Yong , Tan Xiang-Yang , Liu Jian-Ning
Published: November 2003

Background—

Pulmonary embolism occurs frequently in hospitalized patients. Thrombolytic therapy, currently used as the major treatment, has often been associated with severe bleeding complications and has thereby been life-threatening. We have developed a novel therapeutic method based on our newly created pulmonary endothelium-specific antibody.

Methods and Results—

We isolated membrane proteins of rat pulmonary vascular luminal endothelium and obtained a monoclonal antibody, RE8F5, which antigen was uniquely expressed by the pulmonary capillary endothelium. In vivo biodistribution showed that RE8F5 and its urokinase conjugate were rapidly and specifically accumulated in lung. Urokinase and the conjugate were compared in rats with pulmonary, hepatic, and lower-limb embolus. In a pulmonary embolus model, the conjugate exhibited 12-fold enhanced thrombolytic potency over urokinase, whereas plasma fibrinogen and bleeding time were unaffected. In 2 other models, no significant thrombolysis was induced by the conjugate. In contrast, thrombolysis by urokinase was found to be comparable to the pulmonary embolus model. In addition, urokinase caused significant consumption of fibrinogen in all experiments.

Conclusions—

These data show that urokinase equipped with lung endothelium-specific antibody is an ideal treatment for pulmonary embolism, with a high efficacy of thrombolysis and low risk of bleeding.
Obesity, Sleep Apnea, and Hypertension
Authors: Wolk Robert , Shamsuzzaman Abu S.M. , Somers Virend K.
Published: November 2003

Obesity has a high and rising prevalence and represents a major public health problem. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is also common, affecting an estimated 15 million Americans, with a prevalence that is probably also rising as a consequence of increasing obesity. Epidemiologic data support a link between obesity and hypertension as well as between OSA and hypertension. For example, untreated OSA predisposes to an increased risk of new hypertension, and treatment of OSA lowers blood pressure, even during the daytime. Possible mechanisms whereby OSA may contribute to hypertension in obese individuals include sympathetic activation, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, elevated angiotensin II and aldosterone levels, oxidative and inflammatory stress, endothelial dysfunction, impaired baroreflex function, and perhaps by effects on renal function. The coexistence of OSA and obesity may have more widespread implications for cardiovascular control and dysfunction in obese individuals and may contribute to some of the clustering of abnormalities broadly defined as the metabolic syndrome. From the clinical and therapeutic perspectives, the presence of resistant hypertension and the absence of a nocturnal decrease in blood pressure in obese individuals should prompt the clinician to consider the diagnosis of OSA, especially if clinical symptoms suggestive of OSA (such as poor sleep quality, witnessed apnea, excessive daytime somnolence, and so forth) are also present.
Determinants of Salt Sensitivity in Black and White Normotensive and Hypertensive Women
Authors: Wright Jackson T. , Rahman Mahboob , Scarpa Antonio , Fatholahi Marjan , Griffin Valerie , Jean-Baptiste Rachel , Islam Monir , Eissa Moustafa , White Suzanne , Douglas Janice G.
Published: November 2003

Salt sensitivity (SS) has been linked to human hypertension. We examined ethnic differences in the relation between SS; erythrocyte sodium (Na
+
i
), calcium (Ca
2+
i
), potassium (K
+
i
), and magnesium (Mg
2+
i
); and sodium pump activity in African-American (AA) and white women. In a crossover protocol, similar numbers of normotensive, hypertensive, AA, and white women were randomized to 7 days of a 20 meq/d and a >200 meq/d salt diet (n=199). After an overnight inpatient stay, group differences in supine blood pressure (BP), heart rate, erythrocyte cations, and sodium pump activity were measured. The prevalence of SS (53.5% vs 51%) and salt resistance (26.3% vs 30.0%) was similar in both races. Greater mean BP increase with salt loading was seen in AA vs white hypertensives but not between the normotensive women. In hypertensives, increase in mean arterial pressure was 12.6 vs 8.2 mm Hg in AAs vs whites, respectively (
P
<0.01), and for systolic BP, it was 23 vs 14.8 mm Hg (
P
<0.01). Higher Na
+
i
and Ca
2+
i
were noted in SS and salt-intermediate AA than in the corresponding white subjects. Na
+
i
, Ca
2+
i
, and the ratios of Na
+
i
to K
+
i
and of Ca
2+
i
to Mg
2+
i
were positively correlated with salt responsiveness in AA but not in white women. Sodium pump activity was similar between groups, although the change in maximal activity trended to vary inversely with SS in AA. In closely matched AA and white women, the prevalence of SS is similarly high in both races, although the magnitude of BP increase is greater in AA hypertensives. In AA but not in whites, SS is positively associated with Na
+
i
, Ca
2+
i
, and the ratios of Na
+
i
to K
+
i
and of Ca
2+
i
to Mg
2+
i
.
Aldosterone Increases NHE-1 Expression and Induces NHE-1-Dependent Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Karmazyn Morris , Liu Que , Gan Xiaohong Tracey , Brix Brenda J. , Fliegel Larry
Published: November 2003

We determined the effect of 24-hour aldosterone (100 nmol/L) treatment on hypertrophic responses in rat neonatal ventricular myocytes and the possible role of Na
+
-H
+
exchange isoform 1 (NHE-1). Aldosterone significantly increased cell size by 61% and expression of atrial natriuretic peptide by 2-fold. NHE-1 mRNA expression and protein abundance were significantly increased, and intracellular Na
+
levels were elevated. Both hypertrophy and elevated Na
+
levels were prevented by the NHE-1-specific inhibitor EMD87580 as well as the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, although the increased NHE-1 levels were prevented only by spironolactone. Aldosterone transiently (within 5 minutes) stimulated p44/42 phosphorylation, which decreased thereafter for the remaining 24 hours, whereas p38 phosphorylation was reduced. Neither a p38 nor a p44/42 inhibitor had any effect on aldosterone-induced hypertrophy or NHE-1 regulation. Our results therefore demonstrate a direct hypertrophic effect of aldosterone on cultured myocytes, which is dependent on NHE-1 activity.
How Far Should Salt Intake Be Reduced?
Authors: He Feng J. , MacGregor Graham A.
Published: November 2003

The current public health recommendations are to reduce salt intake from 9 to 12 g/d to 5 to 6 g/d. However, these values are based on what is feasible rather than the maximum effect of salt reduction. In a meta-analysis of longer-term trials, we looked at the dose response between salt reduction and fall in blood pressure and compared this with 2 well-controlled studies of 3 different salt intakes. All 3 studies demonstrated a consistent dose response to salt reduction within the range of 12 to 3 g/d. A reduction of 3 g/d predicts a fall in blood pressure of 3.6 to 5.6/1.9 to 3.2 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic) in hypertensives and 1.8 to 3.5/0.8 to 1.8 mm Hg in normotensives. The effect would be doubled with a 6 g/d reduction and tripled with a 9 g/d reduction. A conservative estimate indicates that a reduction of 3 g/d would reduce strokes by 13% and ischemic heart disease (IHD) by 10%. The effects would be almost doubled with a 6 g/d reduction and tripled with a 9 g/d reduction. Reducing salt intake by 9 g/d (eg, from 12 to 3 g/d) would reduce strokes by approximately one third and IHD by one quarter, and this would prevent ≈20 500 stroke deaths and 31 400 IHD deaths a year in the United Kingdom. The current recommendations to reduce salt intake from 9 to 12 g/d to 5 to 6 g/d will have a major effect on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease but are not ideal. A further reduction to 3 g/d will have a much greater effect and should now become the long-term target for population salt intake worldwide.
Akt Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo by Delaying G1/S Exit
Authors: Stabile Eugenio , Zhou Yi Fu , Saji Motoyasu , Castagna Marco , Shou Matie , Kinnaird Timothy D. , Baffour Richard , Ringel Matthew D. , Epstein Stephen E. , Fuchs Shmuel
Published: November 2003

Constitutive activation of serine/threonine kinase Akt causes uncontrolled cell-cycle progression in different cell types and in malignancy. To investigate how Akt activation modulates cell-cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro and in the intact animal, we inhibited Akt-dependent signaling by adenovirus-mediated transfection of a dominant-negative Akt mutant (AA-Akt). We observed reduced proliferation rate (
P
<0.01), DNA synthesis (
P
<0.01), and a significant arrest in G1/S exit (
P
<0.01) both in vitro in response to serum stimulation and in vivo after vascular injury. In vivo transfection of the balloon-injured vessel with AA-Akt reduced SMC proliferation, resulting in decreased neointima compared with control virus (
P
<0.01). These effects were at least in part modulated, both in vitro and in vivo, by increased p21
Cip1
expression, as demonstrated by lack of effect of AA-Akt on cell proliferation in p21
−/−
mouse SMCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Akt-dependent signaling enhances cell-cycle progression of nontransformed SMCs in vitro and in response to vascular injury in the intact animal. These results suggest a role for Akt signaling in modulating the response of normal tissues to stress and the response of the arterial wall to acute and possibly repetitive injuries that ultimately contribute to restenosis and atherosclerosis.
4G/4G Genotype of PAI-1 Gene Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Stroke in Elderly
Authors: Hoekstra Tiny , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Kluft Cornelis , Giltay Erik J. , Kok Frans J. , Schouten Evert G.
Published: November 2003

Background and Purpose—

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of fibrinolysis, and high levels may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The 4G/5G polymorphism affects PAI-1 gene transcription with lower levels of plasma PAI-1 in the presence of the 5G allele. We investigated whether plasma PAI-1 and 4G/5G genotype would predict the occurrence of cardiovascular events at old age.

Methods—

Relative risks for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality were obtained in strata of PAI-1 activity and 4G/5G genotype in a population-based study of 637 Dutch elderly with 7.8 years of follow-up.

Results—

The 4G/4G genotype was associated with a decreased risk of stroke (relative risk [RR]=0.4; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.9), transient ischemic attack (RR=0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.8), and cardiovascular mortality (RR=0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.0) after adjustment for age, sex, and time of blood sampling. 4G carriers had an increased risk of myocardial infarction, but this was not statistically significant. Subjects with high plasma PAI-1 activity were at increased risk of stroke (RR=3.3 in highest versus lowest tertile; 95% CI, 1.5 to 7.1), cardiovascular mortality (RR=2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.4), and all-cause mortality (RR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.1).

Conclusions—

Our results provide support for a protective effect of the 4G allele against stroke, which is notable given the direct relationship between stroke and PAI-1 activity. We hypothesize that a local increase in tissue PAI-1 associated with the 4G allele may stabilize plaques, thereby reducing the risk of cerebrovascular disease.
Elevation of CRABP-I in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Kim Seung-Ki , Yoo Jong-Il , Cho Byung-Kyu , Hong Soo Jin , Kim Yong-Kook , Moon Jung-Ae , Kim Ji Ha , Chung You-Nam , Wang Kyu-Chang
Published: November 2003

Background and Purpose—

The etiology of moyamoya disease (MMD) remains obscure. This study was undertaken to identify specific proteins associated with the pathogenesis of MMD.

Methods—

We studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 20 patients with angiographically confirmed MMD (4 boys and 16 girls; age range, 3 to 13 years; mean, 7.5 years) and 4 control patients with cerebral palsy who underwent selective dorsal rhizotomy (2 boys and 2 girls; age range, 5 to 10 years; mean, 7.3 years). CSF proteins were analyzed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and protein identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presence of specific CSF protein in patients with MMD was confirmed by Western blotting. In addition, cerebral CSF was also tested in 7 patients who had other brain diseases but no MMD (2 boys and 5 girls; age range, 1 to 12 years; mean, 6.9 years).

Results—

We identified 1 polypeptide spot (
M
r
of 13 to 15 kDa and isoelectric point of 5 to 5.5) that was differentially expressed in the CSF samples of MMD patients (mean optical density intensity, 0.36±0.24; range, 0.05 to 0.92) and control spinal CSF samples (mean, 0.03±0.04; range, 0 to 0.08;
P
=0.002). This polypeptide was identified as cellular retinoic acid–binding protein (CRABP)-I. High levels of expression of CRABP-I in the CSF from 17 MMD children were confirmed by Western blotting.

Conclusions—

The analysis of the CSF of MMD patients reveals high CRABP-I expression. The present study suggests that the elevation of CRABP-I in CSF may be a candidate for pathogenesis of MMD.
Global Order or Divided World? Introduction
Authors: Martinelli Alberto
Published: November 2003

The title of this session dramatizes a basic contradiction of the present, but could be rephrased as global order and divided world, since the social world at the beginning of the 21st century is both globally interconnected and globally fragmented according to the dimensions we consider: global economic and technological interdependence and social interconnectedness, on the one hand, and cultural fragmentation and political division, on the other. The world can be conceptualized as a single system, but a world society does not yet exist, and widespread conflict and fragmentation are more evident than global integration and governance. First, this introduction discusses the main conceptualizations of globalization, which are arranged in a conceptual space described with reference to three major axes: (a) hyperglobalizers vs skeptics, where the key distinction concerns the degree of novelty of globalization and its impact on nation states; (b) neo-liberals vs neo-marxist and radicals, where the key points are the balance between positive and negative impacts of globalization and its truly global or western hegemonic character; and (c) homogenization vs heterogeneity and hybridization, which focuses on the cultural dimension of globalization. Second, the introduction criticizes the demise of the nation state as one major instance of oversimplification in theorizing about globalization.
Radical Transformative Nationalisms Confront the US Empire
Authors: Laxer Gordon
Published: November 2003

Recently, a literature has grown around the building of what has been variously called a global civil society, transnational social movements or globalization from below, as an alternative to corporate globalization. This paper examines a different alternative radical transformative nationalisms, coupled with international solidarity. In this perspective, globalization is seen as an ideological project of the US Empire. The Washington Consensus promotes US and allied corporate interests and attempts to extinguish the sovereignty barriers in the periphery and semi-periphery to corporate entry. Radical transformative nationalisms are distinguished from ethnic and civic nationalisms and are based on the community-building glue of active citizenship amongst heterogeneous populations in outward-looking political communities. It is argued that international solidarities from below, rather than global solidarities which extinguish distinct political communities, are needed to support the multiple struggles for national and popular sovereignties against the unilateralism and aggression of the US Empire.
Heterogeneous Simulation Framework Using DEVS BUS
Authors: Kim Yong Jae , Kim Jae Hyun , Kim Tag Gon
Published: November 2003

A heterogeneous simulation interoperates a collection of simulators that are developed in different simulation languages and/or environments. Such interoperation requires data exchange and time synchronization between the simulators. This paper develops a heterogeneous simulation framework using DEVS BUS, which is a simulation infrastructure proposed by the authors. The core of the DEVS BUS is a unified simulation protocol associated with it, a common communication means for heterogeneous simulators with different simulation protocols. The authors present a method for simulation protocol conversion between such heterogeneous simulators. DEVS BUS and associated protocol converters have been implemented in a single machine via shared memory. Heterogeneous simulation of a layered network, using the implemented DEVS BUS, is demonstrated in which three simulators—event-oriented, process-oriented, and DEVS simulators—are interoperated. Performance overhead of the DEVS BUS protocol has been analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the DEVS BUS does not degrade simulation time markedly.
Integrating the Conceptualization and Simulation of Business Processes: A Modeling Method and Arena Template
Authors: de Vreede Gert-Jan , Verbraeck Alexander , van Eijck Daniel T. T.
Published: November 2003

Redesigning organizational processes and their coordination often involves the construction of conceptual models, empirical models, and change alternatives. Modeling of organizational processes can be a very time-consuming activity, and during the redesign phase of an organization, time is a scarce resource. During the phase of translating process models of an organization into simulation models for analysis, diagnosis, and design, a lot of time is spent on translating conceptual models into simulation models. Furthermore, the resulting simulation models often lack any resemblance to the original conceptual models. This makes the communication, verification, and change activities within the simulation study quite difficult. This paper describes a template that was built in the simulation language Arena, which decreases the gap between the conceptualization activities and the translation into a simulation model. This paper describes the requirements for the template, a prototype implementation, and a case example to test the applicability of the template.
A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Empire, Intellectuals and the Chatham House Project, 1919–1939
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: November 2003

This article uses a Gramscian framework to explore how a group of committed intellectuals created a network of institutes of international affairs throughout the British Empire during the early decades of the 20th century. After outlining a Gramscian perspective on the political role of intellectuals, it discusses the two main antecedents of the Chatham House project, namely, Lord Alfred Milner’s Kindergarten and the Round Table Movement. The third section briefly examines Chatham House’s establishment, and the fourth looks at how this project was exported to strategic locations throughout the British Empire. This process of expansion is illustrated with reference to the cases of South Africa, India and the Irish Free State. The final section critically evaluates the core values that underpinned the Chatham House project, namely, the application of the scientific mentality to international affairs, the developmental potential of capitalism, a hierarchical conception of racial difference, and a fervent commitment to the superiority of British civilization.
NGOs and the Advancement of Economic and Social Rights: Philosophical and Practical Controversies
Authors: Robinson Fiona
Published: November 2003

This article explores controversies surrounding economic and social rights in the context of recent moves by non-governmental organizations, notably Amnesty International, to strengthen their commitment to these ‘second-generation’ rights. Although this move is long overdue, particularly in an era of increasing economic polarization due to globalization, the article argues that these efforts will fail if we simply attempt to ‘add’ economic and social rights to the existing liberal human rights discourse. This article focuses on the contribution that feminist ethics has made to the reconceptualization of rights in theory and practice. Specifically, it argues that, in order to make sense of both the moral imperative of so-called ‘welfare’ rights, and the political work required to realize them, we must rethink rights in terms of relationships and the patterns of responsibility that emerge out of them.
The Scottishness of the Scottish Press: 1918–39
Authors: Connell Liam
Published: November 2003

This article considers the impact of new levels of competition and a changing political definition of Scottishness upon the way that Scottish newspapers sought to construct their content as Scottish during the inter-war period. Through an analysis of their content this article considers the extent to which Scottish newspapers concentrated upon events in Scotland, the manner in which local Scottish events were represented as Scottish national events, and the techniques that they employed to brand themselves as Scottish products. It concludes that these combined to position Scottish papers as Scottish ‘nationals’ rather than as local papers. It further identifies the use of similar techniques by the London-based ‘nationals’ at that time, suggesting that the tendency to address their readership as a national community is the defining characteristic of national news media in general.
State Aid or Band Aid? An Evaluation of the European Commission’s Approach to Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: WarD David
Published: November 2003

The article evaluates the European Commission’s decisions on state aid in the broadcasting sector and outlines the logic on which these decisions are based. It maintains that the Commission’s approach to these cases illustrates an increasingly mature understanding towards the issue of state aid and the funding of public service broadcasters and thereby ipso factoacknowledges the importance of public broadcasting in the democratic life of citizens At the same time, however, attempts to ossify this approach and draw up a satisfactory framework, in order to lay the foundations for future Community action in this area, have been frustrated by both broadcasters and Member States, leaving the Commission with a largely ad hoc approach to evaluating the cases. Despite this, the Commission has constructed a regulatory framework for the continued existence of public service broadcasting within the terms of the EC Treaty. Ironically, this has been achieved at a time when public service broadcasters and national governments are finding it increasingly difficult to define the role of public service broadcasting in the audiovisual landscape.
Succession Decision-Making Outcomes Reported by Private Family Companies
Authors: Westhead Paul
Published: November 2003

This study explores the internal and external environmental characteristics of private family companies associated with succession decision-making outcomes (i.e. the propensity of family firms to report whether the board has established clear-cut objective criteria, specifying when the current Chief Executive Officer [CEO] should retire; whether the CEO has a successor in mind; and whether a succession plan has been approved by family members). Multivariate logistic regression analysis detected that the life cycle dynamics of the CEO and family dynamics were associated with the selected outcomes. The presence of a non-executive director was found to be positively associated with selected outcomes. Business performance was found to be positively associated with two outcomes, but negatively associated with another. External environmental conditions were associated with the dependent variables. In addition, results were found to be sensitive to the employment size of the company. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Export Barriers
Authors: Su¡rez-Ortega Sonia
Published: November 2003

What are the factors that impede firms’ international expansion? Does a firm with marginal export activity perceive the same export barriers as a company wholly devoted to the export market? This article addresses these and other questions through data collected from a total of 286 exporting and non-exporting small and medium-sized firms in the Spanish wine industry. The results show that decision makers’ perceptions of export barriers–regardless of the type of barrier considered–decrease as the firm moves further in the export development process, even when pre-export stages are taken into account. The main implications of this research work, together with its limitations, are presented in the ‘Discussion and Conclusions’ section of the article.
‘We Beat ’em’: Nationalism and the Hegemony of Homogeneity in the British Press Reportage of Germany versus England during Euro 2000
Authors: Bishop Hywel , Jaworski Adam
Published: November 2003

This article analyses the press reportage (written texts and visual images) of the football game between Germany and England during Euro 2000. We examine how the press construct the nation as a homogeneous collective within which the (implied) reader is positioned as belonging. The article also examines the press coverage of civic disturbances involving England supporters. We demonstrate how the ‘football hooligans’ undergo ‘othering’ in the press through de-authentication, pejoration, homogenization, and minoritization and universalization. In doing so, the press are able to police the moral boundaries of what is considered normative in terms of membership within the national collective. We argue that the formulation of nationalism and the homogeneity and unity of the nation in the British press in relation to the England–Germany football game takes the form of three main strategies: separation, conflict and typification. Separation is predominantly realized in the rhetoric of ‘us’ and ‘them’, whereas conflict is largely made manifest through the useof military metaphors and war imagery. Finally, typification is achieved by the use of stereotypes, representing the nation as ‘timeless’ and ‘homogeneous’, with those who do not conform being instantly ‘othered’. It is postulated that in adopting the above stances with regard to the nation, the press reproduce and maintain hegemonic social relations, and in- and outgroup distinctions on both inter- and intranational lines. In other words, the papers support and uphold a hegemonic world order of sovereign nation states, who areresponsible for the behaviour of their citizens.
‘Is That What We’re Here about?’: A Lawyer’s Use of Impression Management in a Closing Argument at Trial
Authors: Hobbs Pamela
Published: November 2003

Although lawyers’ courtroom language has been the subject of sociolinguistic research, most of this research has focused on the questioning of witnesses; thus few studies have examined the processes by which lawyers’ interpretations of the evidence are presented to the jury. This article illustrates lawyers’ use of impression management in their opening statements and closing arguments to construct a shared identity with jurors, in order to persuade them to affiliate with the lawyer’s point of view. Through the analysis of a segment of a prosecutor’s rebuttal argument in a criminal trial, this article demonstrates how a Black attorney addressing a predominantly Black jury uses the stylistic and rhetorical dimensions of African American vernacular English (AAVE) to construct this shared identity.
Towards a Pedagogical Stylistics
Authors: Clark Urszula , Zyngier Sonia
Published: November 2003

Since the 1950s, pedagogical stylistics has been intrinsically linked with the teaching of written texts (and especially literary texts) to speakers of English as a second language. This is despite the fact that for decades many teachers have also structured their lessons in L1 classrooms to focus upon the linguistic features of literary texts as a means of enhancing their students’ understanding of literature and language. Recognizing that instructors in both L1 and L2 settings were often employing related pedagogical techniques without realizing that their colleagues in the other context were facing similar challenges, the PEDSIG group of the Poetics and Linguistics Association (PALA) has sought to add a theoretical dimension to research undertaken into practice in the stylistics classroom. Its goals, then, were: to establish a working definition of pedagogical stylistics; to identify the theoretical and pedagogical underpinnings of the discipline shared by L1 and L2 practitioners; to point if possible towards any emerging consensus on good practice. The group determined that the principal aim of stylistics in the classroom is to make students aware of language use within chosen texts, and that what characterizes pedagogical stylistics is classroom activities that are interactive between the text and the (student) reader. Preliminary findings, from a pilot study involving a poem by Langston Hughes, suggest that the process of improving students’ linguistic sensibilities must include greater emphasis upon the text as action: i.e. upon the mental processing which is such a proactive part of reading and interpretation; and how all of these elements – pragmatic and cognitive as well as linguistic – function within quite specific social and cultural contexts.
Realism: A Problematic Paradigm
Authors: Molloy Se¡N
Published: November 2003

This article explores paradigmatic representations of realism that dominate the theoretical assessment of realism, arguing that such representations in fact pervert realism in the name of parsimony and science. The first section examines the colonization of realist theory by theorists committed to the philosophy of science. The emergence of neorealism has had a devastating effect on the realist tradition in International Relations (IR), with earlier representatives of that tradition being co-opted retrospectively into a philosophy of science that they opposed. The second section highlights the abuse of Thomas Kuhn’s idea of the paradigm in relation to realism. Kuhn’s work has been used instrumentally to provide international theory with a philosophy of science gloss, a project opposed by Kuhn himself. The third section demonstrates the inadequacy of the paradigmatic interpretation of realism. When this interpretation is applied to the two most foundational realists, Carr and Morgenthau, they fail to meet its requirements for realism.
Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Shell Model of Koiter's Type with Variable Thickness
Authors: Gratie Liliana
Published: November 2003

In this paper, we propose a new model “of Koiter's type” for nonlinearly elastic shells with variable thickness, which generalizes a model recently proposed by P.G. Ciarlet for shells with constant thickness. We justify this model by means of an asymptotic analysis, by showing that its solution behaves either like that of a “membrane” or like that of a “flexural” shell as the thickness goes to zero.
A Parallel Corba Component Model for Numerical Code Coupling
Authors: Pérez Christian , Priol Thierry , Ribes André
Published: November 2003

The fast growth of high bandwidth wide area networks has allowed the building of computational grids, which are constituted of PC clusters and/or parallel machines. Computational grids enable the design of new numerical simulation applications. For example, it is now feasible to couple several scientific codes to obtain a multi-physic application. In order to handle the complexity of such aplications, software component technology appears very appealing. However, most current software component models do not provide any support to transparently and efficiently embed parallel codes into components. This paper deals with GridCCM, an extension to the CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) Component Model to support parallel components. The feasibility of the model is evaluated thanks to its implementation on top of two CCM prototypes. Preliminary performance results are very good; there is no significant overhead while aggregating the network bandwidth capability of a parallel component.
Practitioner Research for Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Coghlan David
Published: November 2003

Insider action research is a relatively neglected form of research on organizations. Insider research is valuable because it draws on the experience of practitioners as complete members of their organizations and so makes a distinctive contribution to the development of insider knowledge about organizations and organizational change. We are all insiders in our own families and organizations and a distinctive quality of knowledge generalizable to that experience can come from insider action research. Within insider research, action research has a particular contribution to make to organizational research as it generates useful knowledge about how organizations manage change and how key actors perceive and enact their roles with regard to change. Two distinct patterns within action research may be seen. Mechanistic-oriented action research encompasses traditional action research as expressed in organization development and participatory action research, leading to pragmatic outcomes such as the management of change or problem resolution. Organistic-oriented action research is more complex and subversive because it is guided by a primary aspiration to study the inquiry process and help it transform through increasingly intensive learning in action.
Predestined Parties?
Authors: Heidar Knut , Saglie Jo
Published: November 2003

In this article, we analyse changes, and the debates about changes, in the relationship between Norwegian political parties and their members. We ask whether parties develop from mass parties towards a ‘network model’, and whether such changes represent organizational convergence. The organizational diagnoses of the parties and their prescribed cures are similar. Thematic network structures, increased inclusiveness and membership ballots are debated within the parties, but actual change has been modest. While the Internet has brought about substantial change in the internal communication of parties, there is remarkable stability in Norwegian party organizations. Many of the structures and practices of the mass party remain, but network structures have emerged as an alternative ideal.
Embodied Spaces, Social Places and Bourdieu: Locating and Dislocating the Child in Family Relationships
Authors: Haimes Erica
Published: November 2003

This article deploys a Bourdieusian framework to analyse the process of how children are located in, and attached to, families. The focus is on children whose placement is problematic for some reason (such as adoption, egg and semen donation, surrogacy and so on). Through a detailed examination of four case studies in which the placement of children is disputed, I show how notions of embodied spaces (such as the womb) are part of the repertoire of arguments used for establishing claims as to the appropriate placing of such children. However, I also show how the significance of such spaces is relative to the importance attached to other spaces (e.g. geographical, domestic, metaphorical). The analysis demonstrates the usefulness of Bourdieu’s central concepts but also shows how those concepts might be both supplemented and challenged.
Ways in, Ways Out: Theorizing the Kantian Body
Authors: Benbow Heather Merle
Published: November 2003

A self-confessed hypochondriac, Immanuel Kant was prolific on the topic of his own corporeality, diligently recording the details of his ‘ Di‰tetik’–a physical regimen intended to ensure long life. The ‘ Di‰tetik’ reveals a Kantian body in which the orifices–the ways in and out of the body–are problematized, and exchange with the world of objects via these orifices is strictly regulated. The Kantian body is a ‘classic’ body in Bakhtinian terms; its ‘grotesque’ counterpart–the feminine body–is explored in a range of Enlightenment and Romantic texts–philosophical, medical, sociological. The Enlightenment is a turning point in the history of gender difference, when the naturalness of incommensurable sexual difference is asserted. The Kantian body is part of this project. The motif of bodily fluids, and their transgression of corporeal boundaries, is considered within the context of an emerging consumer economy, and the changes being wrought on the ‘body politic’.
Consuming
Authors: Colloredo-Mansfeld Rudi
Published: November 2003

This article follows consumers from Otavalo, Ecuador through narratives of devilish eating, jokes, and family gatherings in order to focus on a general problem: how a dispersed Andean indigenous people produce themselves as families, neighbors and community. In the episodes of consumption described here, consuming cultivates responsive relationships and using up and ingesting can act as generative moments for communities. However, the folktales and preoccupations of the transnational migrants reveal the risks that consuming entails. Human soulfulness – creativity, feeling, and morality – does not sit neatly within human agents, but rather can be augmented, diminished, or entirely dislodged in the consumption acts that join human and non-human; cultural and material. Even when consumption does augment a generative social agency, it also limits it. To consume is to stop one’s movement through the world, converting the potential to matter to the reality of mattering in one place among a certain set of people.
Sacrificing
Authors: Hill Erica
Published: November 2003

The Moche of Peru (AD 100–800) practiced two forms of bodily transformation: human sacrifice and dismemberment. The sacrificial process converted the body into a sacred object and imbued it with meaning. The second transformation – dismemberment – partitioned the cathected body into ritually efficacious body parts suitable for use as offerings to the supernatural. In contrast to classic perspectives on sacrifice, which focus on the act of immolation, I expand this perspective to include post-sacrifice transformations, including dismemberment, consumption, and distribution.
‘The Magical Virtue of These Sharp Things’
Authors: Harrison Rodney
Published: November 2003

Items of transformed material culture, in particular knapped bottle glass artefacts, have formed a focus for the archaeology of Aboriginal-settler contact in Australia. This article considers the idea of glass artefacts as skeuomorphsthrough the lens of Gell’s and Taussig’s writings regarding mimesis and the construction of ‘Other’-ness in colonial relations. As in the case of Benjamin’s discussion of the photographic reproduction of artworks as a phase in the struggle between photography and painting associated with modernity, so in colonial contexts did the oscillations of mimesis and alterity begin to merge, so that the ‘West’ began to alter itself as viewed through the eyes of its ‘Others’, and Aboriginal people to mimic themselves as alters of the ‘West’. It is in this strange oscillation of mimesis and alterity, within Taussig’s ‘nervous system’ itself, that the meaning of knapped bottle glass artefacts can be found to lie. The continued manufacture of formal ‘traditional’ stone artefact types and the re-emergence of ‘archaic’ forms in glass represents on one level a humorous gesturewhich provides insights into the ways in which Aboriginal people understood colonialism in radically different terms to the colonial ‘West’. On another level, it can be seen as a political and practical decision with implications for how we understand the agency of Aboriginal people in Australian colonial encounters.
Play and Language in Children with Autism
Authors: Lewis Vicky
Published: November 2003

It is well established that the play and language skills of children with autism are impaired. The article considers the relation- ship between these developments in typically developing children and children with autism. First, the evidence for a relationship between these two areas in typically developing children is reviewed. Despite many methodological differences between studies, this evidence supports a relationship, with specific developments emerging first in play and subsequently in language. Second, evidence for a relationship between play and language in children with autism is reviewed. From published and some previously unpublished data it is concluded that if there is a relationship between play and language in children with autism it is weak, if it exists at all. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed and it is suggested that any relationship between play and language may be mediated by how children and their parents interact when they are playing.
Promoting Early Play
Authors: van Berckelaer-Onnes I. A.
Published: November 2003

Early forms of play involving the exploration of objects is repetitive and limited in scope in children with autism, consistent with a weak drive towards central coherence. The importance is stressed of early manipulative and relational play for the development of meaningful perceptual representations and the subsequent development of functional and symbolic play. It is argued that intervention designed to promote these early forms of play is therefore of critical importance. A ‘toy-play’ intervention programme is described that was initially used in a research setting with 24 children with autism, using outcome measures and a 1 year follow-up assessment. The original intervention was successful. However, improvements in play were not maintained unless children continued to receive play support. A ‘play stimulation’ programme building on the toy-play programme is there- fore now carried out with children in small groups after completion of the one-to-one toy-play programme.
Climbing the Symbolic Ladder in the DIR Model Through Floor Time/Interactive Play
Authors: Wieder Serena , Greenspan Stanley I.
Published: November 2003

The developmental, individual-difference, relationship-based model (DIR), a theoretical and applied framework for comprehensive intervention, examines the functional developmental capacities of children in the context of their unique biologically based processing profile and their family relationships and interactive patterns. As a functional approach, it uses the complex interactions between biology and experience to understand behavior and articulates the developmental capacities that provide the foundation for higher order symbolic thinking and relating. During spontaneous ‘floor time’ play sessions, adults follow the child’s lead utilizing affectively toned interactions through gestures and words to move the child up the symbolic ladder by first establishing a foundation of shared attention, engagement, simple and complex gestures, and problem solving to usher the child into the world of ideas and abstract thinking. This process is illustrated by a case example of a young boy on the autism spectrum interacting with his father during ‘floor time’ over a 3 year period.
Supporting Children on the Autism Spectrum in Peer Play at Home and School
Authors: Yang Tsung-Ren , Wolfberg Pamela J. , Wu Shu-Chin , Hwu Pey-Yun
Published: November 2003

The article focuses on integrated play groups (IPGs) as a model to support children with ASD in play with typically developing peers/siblings, and its recent adoption with children in a home and school setting in Taiwan. The first part provides a brief overview of the IPG model and its essential features. The second part reports on a pilot investigation that combined quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the effects of participation in IPGs on the symbolic and social play of two early elementary-aged children with autism. Preliminary findings suggest that each child made notable gains in reciprocal social interaction and symbolic/pretend play while participating in play groups. Implications are discussed in terms of play’s role in enhancing socialization, imagination and peer cultural inclusion.
Reflections on Play
Authors: Donnelly Julie , Bovee Jean-Paul
Published: November 2003

This is a personal account of the play behaviors of an individual who has autism as remembered by himself and his mother. Jean-Paul Bovee explains the activities that were enjoyable for him and which were his play, although they were unusual and may not fit the typical definition of play. His mother, Dr Julie A. Donnelly, tells of her attempts to involve Jean-Paul in typical play and how important play is as a bridge to social skills and involvement with peers. Jean-Paul concludes that his play is a part of the unique individual he has become.
‘It Almost Needn’t Have Been the Germans&rsquo
Authors: Stratton Jon
Published: November 2003

Theoretical discussions of the Holocaust are often couched in terms of whether or not it was unique. It is possible to understand the Nazi attitude to ‘Eastern Europe’ as a continuation of a 19th-century German view that Poland was not European and could be colonized. The Nazi racialization of the Jews as non-white and the procedures such as concentration camps, slavery and extermination used against the Jews are practices drawn from the colonial periphery of the modern European world and used by other European powers in that context. We can construct a German colonial history in which the treatment of the Herero and other tribes in Southwest Africa prefigures the Nazi attitude to the peoples of Eastern Europe and the Jews across Europe. From this point of view, the Jews in Europe were an alien migrant people within the boundary of white Europe.
Consumption and Citizenship During the Second World War
Authors: Covert Tawnya Adkins
Published: November 2003

Most research on advertising and consumption during the Second World War focusses on rationing and deferred spending, suggesting that consumers curtailed spending and focussed on saving for postwar purchases. In fact, spending increased steadily during the war and non-rationed goods ‘were gobbled up’ by consumers eager to spend the money earned through war production. The following study seeks to provide a more complete understanding of consumption during the Second World War. This research combines an exploration of archived data from the advertising industry and government bureau reports on advertising and the wartime economy with anexamination of advertisements in women’s magazines during the war period. Archival data suggest that the advertising industry not only weatheredthe wartime crisis, but also profited from government campaigns to sell thewar and business campaigns to sell products. Data from a content analysisindicate that American women received a consistent message of unrestricted consumption during the war that overshadowed messages about rationing and deferred spending. The types of advertising campaigns used during the war period reflect the divergent needs of producers and consumers during the crisisand reveal the continued capitalistic ideology of consumption in spite of established restrictions on spending.