bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isozyme Markers for Cultivar Identification in Guayule
Authors: Estilai A. , Hashemi A. , Waines J.G.
Published: October 2019

Leaf extracts of 500 plants from 47 guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) entries including AZ-101, Gila, Cal-3, Cal-6, and Cal-7 germplasms; 12 accessions from Mexico; and a diverse array of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid selections were analyzed for isozyme variation of 17 enzyme systems. Glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH, EC 1.1.1.25), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1) produced sharp and well-resolved bands. With the exception of AZ-101 and Gila, intra- and inter-accession polymorphisms were present for the above enzymes. Plants of AZ-101 and Gila showed identical banding patterns for every enzyme, supporting the view that these two germplasms may be the apomictic progenies of a single selection. Isozyme variations within entries indicated that most of the available guayule germplasms and selections are heterogeneous. Differences between entries suggested that isozymes may provide useful markers for cultivar identification.
Effects of Flurprimidol, Mefluidide, and Soil Moisture on St. Augustinegrass Evapotranspiration Rate
Authors: Green Robert L. , Kim Ki S. , Beard James B.
Published: October 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two plant growth regulators (PGR) and two soil moisture levels (SML) on the evapotranspiration (ET) rate, leaf extension rate (LER), and visual turfgrass quality of `Texas Common' St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] grown under glasshouse conditions in black plastic minilysimeters. Treatments included mefluidide at 0.42 kg·ha-1, flurprimidol at 0.84 kg·ha-1, and no PGR, each grown under optimal (– 0.01 MPa) or suboptimal (– 0.8 MPa) SML. Both flurprimidol and mefluidide significantly affected ET rate, LER, and turfgrass quality, whereas the durations of the responses to both PGR treatments were affected by SML. For both SML, the durations of significant reduction in ET rate, LER, and turfgrass quality were longer for flurprimidol than for mefluidide. Application of either PGR at either SML caused a significant reduction in ET rate averaging 18% and a significant reduction in LER averaging 83%. Flurprimidol was more effective than metluidide in terms of ET rate and LER reduction. However, the considerably longer duration of reduced turfgrass quality of flurprimidol-treated turf was a negative effect. Chemical names used: α-(1 -methylethyl)- α -[4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol) and N- [2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino]phenyI] acetamide (mefluidide).
Control of Salpiglossis sinuata Height with Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Needham Douglas C , Hammer P. Allen
Published: October 2019

Salpiglossis sinuata R. et P., a floriferous member of the Solanaceae, was studied for potential as a flowering potted plant when modified by growth retardants. Seedlings of an inbred line P-5 were covered with black cloth for an 8-hour photoperiod to permit vegetative growth to ≈16 -cm-diameter rosettes. Plants were then exposed to an 18-hour photoperiod for the duration of study. Flowering occurred 40 days after the plants were transferred to long days. Neither spray applications of uniconazole at 10, 20, 40, or 100 ppm, nor chlormequat chloride at 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm significantly retarded plant height. Applications of daminozide, ranging in concentration from 1000 to 5000 ppm, alone and in combination with chlormequat chloride, were effective at retarding plant height; however, concomitant restriction of corolla diameter was frequently observed. Chemical names used: 2-chloro- N,N,N -trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); and (E) -1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) -1-penten-3-01 (uniconazole).
Competition Between Perennial Ryegrass Sod and `Chardonnay' Wine Grapes for Mineral Nutrients
Authors: Tan Siyuan , Crabtree Garvin D.
Published: October 2019

Competition between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. `Manhattan II') sod and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. `Chardonnay') for mineral nutrients was investigated with three methods of vineyard floor vegetation management (bare floor, mowed, and unmowed sod) and three rates of urea application (0, 137, and 274 kg N/ha). Sod decreased N concentration of grape leaves in both 1986 and 1987; Fe concentration in 1986; and S, Ca, B, and Mn in 1987. Sod also reduced total content of all measured nutrients in grape leaves. Mowing did not alleviate this reduction in leaf nutrient content. A high rate of urea (274 kg N/ha) compensated for N reduction in grape leaves caused by sod competition. Chemical names used: 2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2 -cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propanamide (napropamide).
Embryo Rescue in Ornithogalum
Authors: Niederwieser Josephina G. , van de Venter H.A. , Robbertse P.J.
Published: October 2019

Techniques are described to determine whether embryos are formed in ovules of incompatible crosses between Ornithogalum (L.) plants, and to rescue embryos in cases where the development of embryos is halted following fertilization. By using Herr's clearing liquid, it can be ascertained within 5 hours whether hybrid embryos have been formed. Such embryos can be rescued by culturing them in ovulo on basal medium containing 70 g sucrose/liter and no added growth regulators. The embryos' requirement for sucrose changes as they develop; therefore, cultured ovules are transferred after 14 days to a medium containing 10 g sucrose/liter, where germination occurs.
THE INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCKS ON THE GROWTH, LONGEVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLES
Authors: Greene George M. , Gaus Alvan G.
Published: October 2019

The influence of rootstocks on the growth and productivity of `Starkspur Supreme Pagnelli Delicious' was determined in an NC-140 experiment started in 1984. The planting was supplemental to the main experiment and it contained Ottawa (Ott) 3, M.20, and Arnold Lynd (AL) 800, but did not contain Budagovsky (Bud) 490, Bud 9, Antonovka 313, or C6. Trees that apparently would not stand were given support. Data on tree size and yield were collected every year. As expected, many characteristics were strongly influenced by rootstock. Yield efficiency calculated as the total fruit weight per square cm of trunk cross-sectional area was used as a measure of production efficiency. In 1989, efficient producers of fruit (all in decreasing order) were Poland (P) 2, EMLA.26, P 16, and Michigan Apple Clone (MAC) 39. Intermediate in productivity were M.20, Cornell-Geneva (CG) 10, Pl, and AL 800. A lower efficiency group of rootstocks were EMLA.7, Ott 3, MAC 1, Seedling, M.4, P 18, and CG 24. `Golden Delicious' and `McIntosh' on EMLA.26, used as pollinizers, were ranked second and third in yield efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF ASPARAGUS VIRUS INFECTION ON THE ROOTING AND SURVIVABILITY OF ASPARAGUS TISSUE CULTURE CLONES.
Authors: DeVries-Paterson Renee , Stephens Christine , Evans Thomas
Published: October 2019

Commercial asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is currently planted from seed but there is a growing interest in the use of tissue culture clones. The worldwide occurrence of asparagus virus I (AV-I) and asparagus virus II (AV-II) in asparagus production areas has led to an investigation of the effect of these viruses singly and in combination on the propagation of asparagus via tissue culture. Bud explants from field-grown, virus-infected asparagus plants were cultured in-vitro to induce shoots and roots. Explants derived from singly or doubly-infected plants were slow to develop roots and often died in culture. The four virus groups were ranked for the explants' capacity to produce roots and shoots: virus-free > AV-II > AV-I> AV-I and AV-II. Plants derived from explants of AV-II-infected plants exhibited a mild weight reduction after three months in the greenhouse. Greater reductions were associated with AV-I and double infections when compared to healthy controls.
Over-tree Microsprinkler Irrigation for Spring Freeze Protection of Peaches
Authors: Rieger Mark , Myers Stephen C.
Published: October 2019

“The feasibility of using an over-tree microsprinkler irrigation system for spring freeze protection of `Loring' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was evaluated under a range of meteorological conditions during Winter 1988-89. Microsprinklers were attached to the underside of polyethylene laterals 2.5 m above ground level and centered over the tree rows. Irrigation rates of 0, 27, 36, and 44 liters/hour per tree were tested on trees trained to an open-center habit using microsprinklers that produced a circular wetting pattern. Microsprinkler irrigation maintained average bud temperature above -2C and 2 to 5C above those of nonirrigated trees under calm conditions, but provided no protection under windy conditions. Flower bud temperatures of irrigated trees were similar for 36 and 44 liters·hour-1, but were slightly lower for 27 liters·hour-1 under conditions typical of spring freezes. Limb breakage due to ice loading was negligible for all application rates, even under advective freeze conditions. Calculated water and energy consumption were reduced by at least 50% and 88%, respectively, by the microsprinkler system, compared to a typical overhead sprinkler system.
Size and Flowering of Seed-propagated Geraniums in Response to Fungicide Drenching Schedules
Authors: Hausbeck M.K. , Stephens C.T. , Heins R.D.
Published: October 2019

Two fungicides registered for the control of Pythium spp. were evaluated for their effects on size and time to flowering of seed-propagated geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey). Fungicide drenches of fenaminosulf and metalaxyl were applied to geraniums grown in soilless root medium: 1) at seeding (S); 2) at seeding and transplanting (ST); 3) at seeding, transplanting, and 1 week after transplanting (ST + 1); 4) at transplanting (T); and 5) 1 week after transplanting (T + 1). Metalaxyl drenching schedules did not significantly influence plant size or time to flowering. Fenaminosulf drenching schedules 3 and 4 significantly reduced plant size, and drenching schedule 3 significantly increased days to flowering in comparison to control plants. Although fenaminosulf is used infrequently because of limited availability, the detrimental effects of this fungicide on plant size and time to flowering warrant similar investigations with additional fungicides and crops. Chemical names used: sodium[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]diazenesulfonate (fenaminosulf); N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) -N-(methoxyacetyl) -dl-alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl).
Bagging Chopped Lettuce in Selected Permeability Films
Authors: McDonald Roy E. , Risse Lawrence A. , Barmore Charles R.
Published: October 2019

Chopped `Salinas' crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was packaged in four types of polymeric films and stored at 1 or 5C for 14 days. Discoloration and off-flavors developed in lettuce stored in the two films in which the naturally produced CO2 rose above 20%. In the two films (oriented low-density polyethylene) with O2 transmission rates higher than 3000 ml·m-2· day-1·atm-1 at 22C, CO2 remained below 20%, O2 was between ≈ 2% and 15%, and the lettuce was acceptable after 14 days of storage at either 1 or 5C. Appearance and flavor were affected more by temperature than by length of storage.
Stages of Flower Development and Postproduction Longevity of Potted Zantedeschia aethiopica `Childsiana'
Authors: Plummer Julie A. , Welsh T. Eddie , Armitage Allan M.
Published: October 2019

Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) K. Spreng. `Childsiana' is a dwarf white calla lily with potential for pot culture. Nine stages of flower development from macrobud to senescence were described and shelf life under a low-light postproduction environment was examined. Flowers at the macrobud stage opened in the postproduction environment. Plants with flowers at the macrobud stage (Stage 1) and plants with spathes fully opened but before pollen shed (Stage 5) had shelf lives of 26 and 11 days, respectively.
Elevated Temperatures During Simulated Marketing Reduce Field Performance of Packaged Rose Bushes
Authors: Welch C. Klobucher , Cameron A.C.
Published: October 2019

Bare-root garden rose' (Rosa) cultivars Show Biz, Tropicana, Hotel Hershey, and Femme were packaged according to standard nursery practice with roots surrounded by peat. After 4 weeks of simulated marketing at 23C, the plants produced half as many breaks, half as many flowers, half as much seasonal cane growth, and had reduced survival when field-grown for 1 year, compared to plants held 4 weeks at 3C. Waxing of canes before treatment reduced water loss during simulated marketing and increased lateral breaks, total season cane growth, and, in some cases, flower production. Waxing also induced faster development of new lateral breaks, but, at 23C, induction occurred before planting and these breaks survived poorly in the field. The antitranspirant Cloud Cover did not affect moisture loss or improve field performance.
Analysis of Video Images Using an Interactive Image Capture and Analysis System
Authors: Stutte G.W.
Published: October 2019

Interactive Image Capture and Analysis System (ICAS) provides for real-time capture of video images using an imaging board and software in a personal computer. Through the use of selective filters on the video input source, images of specific reflective wavelengths are obtained and then analyzed for intensity distribution using interactive software designed for scientific agriculture. Conversion of video cameras into two-dimensional near real-time visual and near infrared (NIR) spectral sensors through the use of filters provides information on the physiological status of the tissue following ICAS analysis. However, caution must be observed to minimize equipment-induced artifacts during image acquisition and analysis.
Callus Initiation and Regeneration in Mentha
Authors: Van Eck J.M. , Kitto S.L.
Published: October 2019

Plant regeneration from callus cultures of mint depended on expiant source, genotype, and culture medium components. Mature embryos, seedling and flower parts, as well as chilled or desiccated immature embryos of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) were cultured on a Murashige-Skoog medium containing various combinations of growth factors. Shoots regenerated from callus that developed either on mature peppermint embryos cultured on medium that contained BA at 0.5 mg·liter-1 and NAA at 0.5 mg·liter-1 or on immature peppermint embryos (chilled at SC for 0.6 day or nonchilled) cultured on basal medium containing BA at 1 mg·liter-1 and TIBA at 1 mg·liter-1 Shoots were proliferated, rooted, and acclimated. with 100% survival under greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA).
WATERMELON YIELD AFFECTED BY PLANT POPULATION, PLANT NUMBER AND PLASTIC MULCH
Authors: Sanders D. C. , Schultheis J. R. , David P.P. , McMurtry M. R.
Published: October 2019

We evaluated high plant population of watermelons when grown on black plastic with drip fertigation. We grew watermelons in 1.5m or 1.8 m centered rows, with one or two plants per hill, at spacing from 0.45 to 1.5 m in-row. Single plants constantly out yielded 2 plant hills and produced bigger melons. Large (over 9 kg) melon yields were not different at in-row spacing of 0.6 m and greater. However, the 5.4-9kg melons “pee wees” produced more yield as in-row spacing decreased. Thus total marketable melon yields increased as in-row spacing decreased to 0.45 m up to 21,000 melons and 135 T/ha. Plastic increased yield 2 to 4 times depending on the spacing. If small watermelons can be sold, single plants at 0.45m spacing provided the greatest return for the plastic-drip-fertigation system.
PLANT METHOD, GROUND COVER AND IRRIGATION LEVEL EFFECTS ON MUSKMELON PRODUCTION
Authors: Wiedenfeld Robert , Hinojosa Eden , Stubblefield Robert
Published: October 2019

A study was conducted in subtropical south Texas in 1989 to determine the effects of planting method, polyethylene mulch, and rate of drip irrigation on cantaloupe growth, yield and quality. Irrigation at .25, .50, .75, 1.0, or 1.25 times pan evaporation had little effect on soil moisture or yield, with all water application levels keeping the soil close to field capacity. Transplanting vs. direct seeding enhanced early vine growth and caused earlier yield, although direct seeded plants later caught up and had final cumulative yields slightly higher than the transplants. Black polyethylene mulch also improved earliness and reduced the number of culls compared to bare soil, but at the lowest watering level total yields were reduced by the mulch due to deflection of the rainfall received. The combined practices of transplanting and polyethylene mulch caused approximately a 9 day earliness advantage over the treatment that was direct seeded on bare soil although final yield was unaffected. Soil salinity buildup may cause problems which would affect the position of the drip line and the frequency and amount of water applied.
EARLY TEMPERATURES INFLUENCE BROCCOLI GROWTH AND HEAD QUALITY
Authors: Jones A. R. , Sanders D. C. , Dufault R. J.
Published: October 2019

Three broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) cultivars (Baccus, Packman, and Southern Comet) were grown for 14, 24, or 34 days at 22/18C (day/night) in a greenhouse. Then plants were moved to growth chambers where temperatures were maintained at 26/22, 30/26, or 34/30C and were grown for 1, 2, or 3 weeks before returning them to the greenhouse. A1 varieties when exposed to high temperatures developed smaller heads Packman when exposed to high temperatures resulted in a reduction in uniformity. Other cultivars were not effected. Lack of openness, an important marketable characteristic was reduced by high temperatures. However, Baccus at 34 days old was not effected by the heat. We would expect this response since this is the head development stage and cultivar is heat tolerant. Plant exposed to high temperatures developed heads earlier when held for 3 weeks. When plants were held at 36/30C for 3 weeks, the largest reduction in plant growth was recorded. However, all plants showed a reduction in growth when exposed to high temperatures.
GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF CULTURED LEAF EXPLANTS OF LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM
Authors: Stommel John R.
Published: October 2019

Cultured leaf explants obtained from 36 accessions of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum were evaluated for morphogenic capacity in response to 3 cytokinins [zeatin, benzylamino purine (BA) and kinetin] in combination with indoleacetic acid (IAA). Morphogenic responses within this wild species were accession-dependent, Cotyledon tissue, in comparison to true leaf explants, were superior for callus and shoot formation. Optimal callus induction medium varied with accession, but most often contained 13.3 μM BA plus 1.7 μM IAA. Media containing 4.6 or 9.2 μM zeatin plus 0.1 μM iaa were optimal shoot induction media. Explants of L. hirsutum f. typicum accessions 126445, 127826, 128644, and 390663 and L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions 365904, 365905, and 365906 exhibited the highest levels of shoot formation.
MODIFICATION OF THE BEAN BETA-PHASEOLIN GENE AND RELATED IMPACT ON EXPRESSION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO.
Authors: Reichert Nancy A. , Kemp John D.
Published: October 2019

Beta-phaseolin, the seed storage protein gene isolated from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) displays the same developmental pattern of protein accumulation when transferred into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) The phaseolin gene was modified and then introduced into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation to look for changes in phaseolin gene expression. Modifications included substitution of the promoter region with that of CaMV 35S, the removal of 3, 4, or all 5 introns, substitution of the 3' untranslated region with that of nopaline synthase, and reversal of internal DNA sequences. All gene constructions (with the exception of those containing reversed sequences) displayed overall correct developmental regulation-phaseolin protein preferentially accumulated to comparable levels at the correct stage of seed maturation.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSLOCATED CARBOHYDRATES AND DIURNAL CHANGES IN CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAVES
Authors: Trusty Susan E. , Miller William B.
Published: October 2019

Exudation of phloem sap into EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solutions has been found to be a successful technique for qualitatively determining translocated assimilates in many plants. Mature Chysanthemum leaves were excised under a solution of 10 mM EDTA (pH 7.0). The petioles of these leaves were placed in EDTA, and leaf exudate was collected at intervals for 24 h. Soluble carbohydrates were determined with HPLC. While numerous sugars were present in the leaf, sucrose was the only sugar found in the EDTA solutions. The greatest rate of sucrose exudation occurred in the first two h after excision. Diurnal fluctuations of soluble sugars in Chrysanthemum leaves were also monitored in greenhouse-grown plants (late winter in Arizona). Sucrose exhibited a clear diurnal fluctuation, and nearly doubled in concentration (to appx. 25 mg/g DWT) in the afternoon relative to the low in the morning. Other leaf carbohydrates, including glucose, starch, and fructans showed diurnal variations as well.
ROOT GROWTH OF MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA HORT, `ST, MARY AFTER EXPOSURE TO ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: October 2019

Root growth of Magnolia grandiflora Hort. `St. Mary' was studied for 16 wk after an 8-wk exposure period to 30°, 34°, 38°, or 42°±0.8°C root-zone temperature (RZT) treatments applied 6 hr daily, Immediately after the RZT treatment period, total root length was similar for trees exposed to 30°, 34°, and 38°C and was reduced 45% at 42° compared to 38°C. For weeks eight and 18 of the post-treatment period, response of total root length to RZT was linear. Total root length of trees exposed to 28°C was 247% and 225% greater than those exposed to 42°C RZT at week eight and 16, respectively. Root dry weight from the 42°C RZT treatment was 29% and 48% less than 38° and 34°C RZT treatment, respectively, at week eight. By week 16, root dry weight as a function of RZT had changed such that the 42°C RZT was 43% and 47% less than 38° and 34°C RZT, respectively. Differences in root growth patterns between weeks eight and 16 suggest that trees were able to overcome the detrimental effects of the 38°C treatment whereas growth suppression by the 42°C treatment was still evident after 16 wk. Previous exposure of tree roots to supraoptimal RZT regimens may have long-term implications for suppressing growth and lengthening the establishment period of trees in the landscape,
INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTION NITROGEN LEVEL AND BENZYLADENINE ON POSTHARVEST CHARACTERISTICS OF Rosa × hybrida `Meijikatar'
Authors: Clark David G. , Kelly John W.
Published: October 2019

Rosa × hybrida `Meijikatar' plants were fertilized on weekdays with Hoagland's solution at 100, 200, or 300 mg·liter-1 nitrogen. Prior to simulated shipping, plants were treated with benzyladenine at 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg a.i.·liter-1. Plants were subsequently paper sleeved and stored in cardboard boxes in darkness at 16 C for 5 days.

On the day of harvest, plant height and number of flowers per plant were not affected by production nitrogen level. After removal from simulated shipping, total chlorophyll was increased in the lower leaves of plants grown at higher nitrogen rates and treated with higher rates of benzyladenine. Three and five days after removal from simulated shipping, the least percent leaf chlorosis was observed on plants treated with higher rates of cytokinin, but there was no effect of production nitrogen regime.
GERMINATION OF THREE WILDFLOWER SPECIES AFTER SEED PRIMING
Authors: McClure G. B. , Sundstrom F. J. , Robbins N. S.
Published: October 2019

Wildflower species are being used for highway median vegetation, land restoration programs, and revegetation of industrial sites. Rapid, uniform germination is critical to establishment of new stands Seed priming techniques may increase the potential for successful establishment under adverse environmental conditions. The influence of seed priming of Gaillardia puchella, Monarda citriodora, and Coreopsis tinctoria on germination at 10° and 25° C was investigated. Seeds of the three species were placed in five levels of oxygenated KNO3 (3.5, 3.25, 3.0, 2.75, and 2.5%) solutions, or a control of oxygenated distilled water for 144 hr. Germination percentage and rate of germination (MRG) were improved for Gaillardia and Coreopsis at 10° and 25°C. Germination percentage and MRG for Monarda were not effected by priming at 25°C, but both were significantly improved at 10°C, The optimum concentration of KNO3 for greatest rapid germination was dependent on the seed variety, These results suggest that in most cases wildflower germination percentage and rates ware improved by the priming procedure.
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF VIRGINIA PINE FROM COTYLEDONS
Authors: Saravitz Carole H. , Blazich Frank A. , Amerson Henry V.
Published: October 2019

Adventitious shoots developed on cotyledons of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) excised from seeds germinated for 3, 6, or 9 days and cultured on media containing 0.5 to 10 mg/liter benzyladenine (BA). Shoot regeneration was greatest (46 shoots per embryo) on cotyledons from seeds germinated for 6 days and placed on medium containing 10 mg/liter BA. Shoots were excised and elongated on medium lacking BA. Following elongation, shoots were placed on media containing 0 to 40 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA) for 14 days followed by transfer to the same medium lacking auxin. Without IBA treatment, percent rooting was 3% and increased to 50% for concentrations of 5 to 40 mg/liter. Rooted shoots averaged 2.0 roots per shoot without auxin treatment, 3.3 roots when treated with 5 mg/liter IBA and root number increased linearly with increased IBA concentration up to 40 mg/liter (4.5 roots). Plant lets were transferred to growing medium and acclimated successfully to greenhouse conditions.
EFFECT OF CONTAINER SIZE AND PRUNING ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DWARFING MANGO ROOTSTOCKS.
Authors: Cedeño-Maldonado A. , Méndez E.
Published: October 2019

Control of tree size is an important consideration in developing commercial mango orchards. The use of dwarfing rootstock is one of the methods available for controlling tree size. The development of techniques for increasing the effect of dwarfing rootstock is the objective of the present research. Container size treatments consisted of planting seedlings of different rootstock in containers of 1 to 8 L in size. Pruning treatments consisted of removing the shoot, root or shoot-root (combined) tips of young seedlings previous to planting. Most significant changes were produced by using the smallest containers and combined pruning. Most significant fresh and dry weight reductions were obtained in the smallest containers. Combined pruning produced a significant increase in fresh weight-of both roots and shoots but no significant changes in dry weight. Plant height was not significantly affected but bark thickness was significantly reduced by decreasing container size. Eldon a monoembryonic variety was significantly bigger than polyembryonic varieties.
N-FORM EFFECTS ON NUTRITION OF SUMMER SQUASH
Authors: Chance Willie O. , Mills Harry A.
Published: October 2019

Mature zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) were grown under four NO3:NH4 ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) to determine effects on macronutrient nutrition. Plants were grown in solution culture under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were applied at first bloom. Highest uptake of Ca and Mg occurred in the 1:0 NO3:NH4 treatment while higher K uptake was found in the 3:1 NO3:NH4 treatment. Total nitrogen uptake was greatest in the 1:1 and 3:1 NO3:NH4 treatments. A 3:1 NO3:NH4 ratio applied at first bloom gave best overall uptake of N, K, Ca, and Mg.
PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA
Authors: Haynes C.L. , Lindstrom O. M. , Dirr M. A.
Published: October 2019

The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.
ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND RATE OF WATER DEFICIT DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCE PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PINUS TAEDA L. SEEDLINGS
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Davies F. T.
Published: October 2019

Pinus taeda L. seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, were grown in a glasshouse for eight months, and then subjected to rapidly developing cyclic water deficits, or to a single slowly developing water deficit. Water deficits developed at a rate of -0.16 MPa per day (predawn total water potential) for five cyclic water deficits, and at -0.04 MPa per day for the slow water deficit. In unstressed seedlings, carbon exchange rates (CER) did not differ between noninoculated and inoculated seedlings. During slow water deficit development, CER steadily declined. During rapid water deficit development, CER remained unchanged, then declined rapidly when water potentials fell below -1.3 MPa. Inoculated seedlings had higher CER when water potential was lower than -1.5 MPa.
THE EFFECTS OF VINE SPACING, SHOOT DENSITY AND FOLIAR KNO3 ON NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEYVAL GRAPEVINES
Authors: Cahoon G.A. , Scurlock D.M. , Lehman J. D.
Published: October 2019

Factorial treatments of vine spacing, shoot density and foliar applications of KNO3 were imposed on 9-year-old Seyval grapevines during 1989. Rows were spaced 3.05 m apart; vines within the row were spaced 1.2, 1.8 or 2.4 m apart and trained to a bilateral cordon. Shoots were thinned to 10, 20 or 30/m of canopy. A solution containing 6 kg of KNO3/379 liters of water was applied as a foliar spray at 2-week intervals between June 1 and August 1, 1989 (5 applications). Each shoot was thinned to one cluster prior to full bloom. Vines spaced at 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 m produced an average of 4.2, 5.9 and 7.3 kg/vine, respectively (11.3, 10.6 and 9.8 MT/ha). Cluster weight averaged .22 kg; fruit maturity averaged 19.7°Brix for all treatments. Applications of KNO3 increased foliar N, K, Fe, B, Cu and Na, but decreased P, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. As vine spacing increased the concentration of foliar N, P, K decreased. As shoot density increased N, P, K, B, and Cu decreased, while Ca, Mg, Mn and Na increased. The experiment will be repeated in 1990.
SHOOT POSITION, IBA AND AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES INFLUENCE PROPAGATION OF HAZELNUT, CORYLUS AVELLANA
Authors: Proebsting William M. , Bassil Nahla V. , Lightfoot David A.
Published: October 2019

Propagation of Corylus avellana stem cuttings may be limited by either root initiation or bud abscission. We divided juvenile shoots of 3 varieties growing in layering beds in mid-July into 4 or 5 3-node cuttings with leaves at the upper two nodes, except that terminal cuttings had one expanded leaf. Cuttings were treated with 5 mM IBA in 50% EtOH, a mixture of A. rhizogenes strains A7 + 22 or left untreated. IBA and bacteria stimulated rooting of cuttings from all shoot positions. Rooting of the terminal cuttings (<50%) was less than that of the sub-terminal cuttings (>80%). Bud retention was <50% on terminal cuttings, nearly 100% on sub-terminal cuttings. Using juvenile stock plants of various varieties, sub-terminal cuttings treated with Agrobacterium or 5 mM IBA may yield 70-90% cuttings with both roots and buds, Agravitropic roots, characteristic of genetic transformation, were observed on Agrobacterium-treated cuttings. Dot blots probed for TL-DNA were negative, however.
ISOZYME VARIATION IN PACIFIC ISLAND CULTIVARS OF BREADFRUIT
Authors: Ragone Diane
Published: October 2019

150 accessions of breadfruit [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg and A. mariannensis Trècul] and interspecific hybrids from 18 Pacific island groups were analyzed for isozyme variation. Six enzyme systems (ACO, ADH, IDH, MDH, ME, PGM) produced well-resolved bands Each accession was scored for presence or absence of bands for each enzyme system. Breadfruit is clonally propagated and numerous diploid and triploid cultivars are grown in the Pacific islands. Diploid cultivars of A. altilis from Melanesia and western Polynesia showed the highest variation. Few diploid cultivars were found in eastern Polynesia. Seedless, triploid cultivars showed identical banding patterns for all enzyme systems. The narrow genetic variation in triploid cultivars indicates that they are the result of repeated vegetative propagation of a naturally occurring triploid. In contrast, these cultivars exhibit great morphological variation due to somatic mutation, maintained through human selection. A. mariannensis and hybrid cultivars showed greater variation and were identifiable by unique banding patterns for ADH and MDH.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN PECAN SOMATIC EMBRYO MATURATION
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Kim Choong-Suk
Published: October 2019

Although somatic embryogenesis in vitro has been carried out successfully in a number of plants, a limiting factor in many somatic embryogenic systems is that plantlet regeneration is not obtainable or restricted to low frequencies. We have developed a repetitive, high frequency somatic embryogenic system in pecan (Carya illinoensis) and have identified effective treatments for improved somatic embryo conversion. A 6 to 10 week cold treatment followed by a 5 day desiccation, promoted enhanced root germination and extension, and epicotyl elongation. Light and transmission electron microscopic evaluations of somatic embryo cotyledon development will be presented and related to conversion enhancing treatments and their possible roles in embryo maturation.
ON FARM TRIALS WORK
Authors: Nuland David S. , Schild Jim
Published: October 2019

We have looked at varieties and rates of added nitrogen in 56 cm farm trials over three years. Treatments in all trials are randomized and applied in planter width strips. For varieties, locations are used as replication with treatment numbers ranging from two to nine. For the nitrogen rate study, four treatments are replicated three times at each location. The treatments are hand harvested. Two forty foot samples are taken for plant population, biomass and grain yield from each treatment.

Coefficient of variations range from 3 to 7 percent with LSD at .05 for harvested grain of between three to four hundred weight. The growers are dependable, practical minded, realistic and appreciate the privilege of generating information that is useful to their profession. For most, seeing is believing. The information gained is willingly shared.
A LONG-DAY GENE FOR FLOWERING TIME IN LACTUCA
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2019

Genes for flowering time appear to be relatively common in lettuce and other Lactuca species. These include previously described major genes Ef-1 an Ef-2, other genes of discrete effect and genes acting in a quantitative manner. Our goals in studying the flowering time phenomenon are: 1)describe the inheritance of the traits, 2) establish their relationship to each other, and 3) elucidate their evolutionary significance.

The PI 175735 (L. serriola) is an accession with narrow leaves, spines and anthocyanin. Its flowering time is daylength related; it is early flowering under long days and late flowering under short days. It was crossed with the late flowering line C-2-1-1, which is homozygous for both late alleles in the Ef system. The F1 is late under short days and early under long days. The F2 population and F3 families were grown under long day conditions in the greenhouse, Segregation in the F2 was 3 early: 1 late. Among F3 families from early plants, segregation was 1 homozygous early: 2 segregating. Within segregating families, the ratio was again 3:1. The evidence suggests a single gene with earliness dominant.
XENIA AND METAXENIA: DEFINITIONS AND OTHER BOUNDARIES
Authors: Denney James O. , Martin George C.
Published: October 2019

Xenia and metaxenia are phenomena dealing with the effects that pollen from different sources have on certain characteristics exhibited by seeds and fruits in a variety of species. A review of dictionaries, textbooks, and the scientific literature reveals that there is widespread confusion with regard to the nature of these phenomena and how they are to be distinguished. This discussion will attempt to clarify the boundary between these related phenomena by examining both the origins of the terms and our present understanding of the metabolism and anatomy involved. From this perspective, we contend that xenia applies to pollen effects as exhibited in the syngamous parts of ovules, that is, the embryo and endosperm only. Metaxenia applies to such effects found in any structure beyond the embryo and endosperm, this is, in tissues which derive wholly from mother plant material. Metaxenia then encompasses effects found in seed parts such as the nucellus and testa as well as those found in carpels and accessory tissue.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PEACH ROOTS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION TIMING
Authors: Lasswell James L. , Worthington Josiah W.
Published: October 2019

Field studies were conducted June 2, July 27, and October 15, 1988 to determine root concentrations within the dry and wetted soil of trickle-irrigated peach trees (Redglobe variety) in Windthorst fine sandy loam soil. Two “dryland” and four irrigation treatments (based on time of year irrigation initiated and previous irrigation history) were used. A single soil core sample 2.2 cm in diameter and 80 cm deep was taken 50 cm from trickle emitters on each of 8 trees per irrigation treatment and a single sample taken the same distance from the trunk on the “dry” side of the 8 trees in each dryland treatment. Each core was sectioned into 20-cm increments, washed, roots collected, separated (small, feeder roots; large suberized roots), dried and weighed.

Analyses of data for the small, feeder roots showed a significant difference (0.01 level) in root density between treatments, between sample times (each treatment), and with depth (each treatment). Root concentrations were highest in soils that had received irrigation in previous years and also when irrigation was initiated early in the year. Root concentrations were also found to be highest in the top 20 cm of soil regardless of treatment.
PLANTS AND HUMAN CULTURE
Authors: Shoemaker Candice A.
Published: October 2019

Plants are a part of many rituals and celebrations and they influence our language, art, and literature. At the First National Symposium on The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development, a session on Plants and Human Culture was held. A review will be given of the seven oral presentations from this session and the discussion which followed. Some of the topics presented included the role of the corporate garden in the cultural activities of the community, the role of horticulture in holiday celebrations, the role of flowers in the bereavement process, and floral symbolism in paintings. Actions which horticulturists can take to promote horticulture within the cultural setting will be presented.
CROP GENETIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND THE THREAT POSED BY THE LOSS OF PUBLIC SECTOR PLANT BREEDING PROGRAMS
Authors: Merrick Laura C.
Published: October 2019

Collections of crop genetic resources have been assembled and evaluated as part of plant breeding efforts and in that capacity have served as the foundation for genetic improvement of crops. Most of these collections have been held at public sector institutions, including both federal and state agricultural experiment stations. However, recent changes have occurred in government agricultural research policies and funding structure which have lead to a decline in public sector breeding programs. Breeders retire and are not replaced or, for other reasons, programs are discontinued. The loss of the breeding programs maybe adversely affecting the status of the associated germplasm, if no means are provided for continued conservation of the collections. The results of a nationwide survey to assess the number and status of crop germplasm collections associated with public sector plant breeding programs and the relationship of those collections to the National Plant Germplasm System will be discussed. Recommendations will be made in regard to coordination of activities to ensure conservation of the germplasm held in plant breeders' collections.
Predictors of poorly developed coronary collateral circulation in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina
Authors: Khalfallah Mohamed , Draz Enas , Shalaby Khaled , Hafez Yasser Mostafa
Published: October 2019

Background: The development of coronary collaterals is variable among patients with coronary artery disease and remains incompletely understood. We aimed to demonstrate the predictors of poorly developed coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina.Methods: The study was conducted on 226 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina, coronary angiography documented total occlusion at any major coronary artery or coronary artery lumen diameter stenosis ˃90%. Patients were divided into two groups according to grade of CCC, group A: 138 patients with (good collaterals) and group B: 88 patients with (poor collaterals). To classify CCC, we used Rentrop’s classification.Results: Multivariate regression analysis was performed and identified the independent predictors of poor coronary collaterals: N/L ratio (OR 0.413, CI95% 0.172–0.993, p=0.048), and TSH (OR 2.511, CI95% 1.784– 3.534, p=0.001). The ROC analysis provided a cut-off value of >4.6 for N/L ratio, and >9 μIU/mL for TSH to predict poor coronary collaterals.Conclusion: An elevated level of N/L ratio ˃ 4.6 and TSH level ˃ 9 μIU/mL were the independent predictors of poorly developed CCC in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina.
Lipoprotein(a): the underutilized risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Khan T Z , Bornstein S R , Barbir M
Published: October 2019

Raised lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an important independent cardiovascular risk factor and predictor of adverse outcomes. Challenges remain with regards to the screening, diagnosis and management of this condition. Although further prospective randomised controlled data is required, there is growing evidence suggesting that lowering Lp(a) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and ameliorate symptoms.
Recurrent arterial ischemic strokes in a patient with patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: Presentation of our management and review of the literature
Authors: Panagopoulos Dimitrios , Loukopoulou Sofia , Karanasios Evangelos , Eleftherakis Nikolaos
Published: October 2019

Ischemic stroke in children is a relatively rare entity, relative to the adult population. The most common potential risk factors include cardiac embolism, prothrombotic states and vasculopathies. The diagnosis is concerning for the need to identify the underlying cause. Treatment of the proximate source of ischemia can often protect against future events.We present the case of a 7-year-old patient who initially presented with an ischemic brain insult which was repeated, despite the initiation of anticoagulation therapy. The investigation revealed patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus and because of the recurrent ischemic ictuses, transcatheter closure of both defects was decided. A brief description of the literature is also presented.
Treating patients with hypertension in Indonesia’s primary health care centre: A challenging condition
Authors: Bawazir Lucky Aziza Abdullah , Sianipar Wicensius
Published: October 2019

Background: In Indonesia, hypertension treatment relies on primary health care services, and there are no current data on blood pressure control and hypertension treatment in Indonesia’s primary health care system.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including all patients with hypertension (n = 273) who visited the Tegal Alur II Community Health Center in 2017. For all patients with hypertension, medical records containing the most recent blood pressure results and antihypertensive treatments were examined by the authors. The primary outcome in this study was optimal blood pressure control according to the Joint National Committee (JNC) VII guidelines.Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 143.7 mmHg (SD 18.5) and 87 mmHg (SD 11.4), respectively. Calcium channel blockers were the most frequently used antihypertensive agents (58.6%). Of all patients with hypertension, 27.1% achieved controlled blood pressure. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant association between antihypertensive agents and blood pressure control (p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis showed that calcium channel blockers were the strongest predictor of blood pressure control, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.5, p= 0.022).Conclusion: Controlled blood pressure was achieved by less than half of all patients with hypertension visiting the Tegal Alur II Community Health Center in 2017. The majority of patients with hypertension received single-drug therapy with calcium channel blockers, the most frequently used antihypertensive agents. There was a significant association between antihypertensive agents and blood pressure control.Funding: This study received no financial support from any specific funding agencies.
DÖNEMİNİN KADIN ŞAİRLERİNDEN SULTAN İKİNCİ ABDÜLHAMİD'E CÜLÛSİYYELER
Authors: ÇAKIR Mustafa Sefa
Published: October 2019

Şairler ve sultanlar arasında bir ilişki hep olagelmiştir. Sultanlar isimlerinin şiirlerle dilden dile dolaşmasını isterken şairler de çeşitli açılardan himaye edilmek arzusuyla devlet adamlarına kasideler sunmuşlardır. Bunun bir tezahürü olarak II. Abdülhamid için de medhiyeler yazılmış ve bu şiirlerin bir kısmı dönemin gazetelerinden Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete'de yayımlanmıştır.Muhalif rüzgârların bolca estiği bir ortamda II. Abdülhamid taraftarı bir yayın seyri izleyen Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete, sultanın cülûs yıldönümüne denk gelen günlerde ilk sayfası Osmanlı arması ile çıkmış ve kadın şairlerin onun için yazdığı cülûsiyyelere yer vermiştir. Bu cülûsiyyelerde kadın şairler II. Abdülhamid için hayır dualar etmişler ve onun döneminde yaşıyor olmaktan duydukları mutluluğu dile getirmişlerdir. Padişahın adaleti, merhameti ve ilme verdiği önem üzerinde durmuşlar ve kızların onun devrinde okuyabildiklerini hatta kendilerinin onun sayesinde yazabildiklerini söylemişlerdir.Fatma Aliye, Emine Semiye, Yaşar Nezihe, Nigar Hanım gibi döneminin birçok aydın ismine zemin hazırlayan Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete 1895-1908 yılları arasında yayın faaliyetini kesintisiz sürdürmüş ve II. Meşrutiyet sonrası yayın hayatı sona ermiştir. Gazete yayınladığı cülûsiyyelerle yüzyıllardır süren bir geleneği devam ettirmiş, divan şiirinin bu son demlerinde kadim zamanlardan bir sedayı kubbemize bırakmıştır. Gazetedeki bu şiirler Abdülhamid dönemine ışık tutması ve devrinin, özellikle kadın edebiyatçılarının ona bakış açılarını sunması açısından da önemlidir