bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Posterior Compartment Strength and Foot Kinematics in Subjects With Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Authors: Neville Christopher , Flemister Adolph S. , Houck Jeff R.
Published: April 2010

Background: Tibialis posterior muscle weakness has been documented in subjects with Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) but the effect of weakness on foot structure remains unclear. The association between strength and flatfoot kinematics may guide treatment such as the use of strengthening programs targeting the tibialis posterior muscle. Materials and Methods: Thirty Stage II PTTD subjects (age; 58.1 ± 10.5 years, BMI 30.6 ± 5.4) and 15 matched controls (age; 56.5 ± 7.7 years, BMI 30.6 ± 3.6) volunteered for this study. Deep Posterior Compartment strength was measured from both legs of each subject and the strength ratio was used to compare each subject's involved side to their uninvolved side. A 20% deficit was defined, a priori, to define two groups of subjects with PTTD. The strength ratio for each group averaged; 1.06 ± 0.1 (range 0.87 to 1.36) for controls, 1.06 ± 0.1 (range, 0.89 to 1.25), for the PTTD strong group, and 0.64 ± 0.2 (range 0.42 to 0.76) for the PTTD weak group. Across four phases of stance, kinematic measures of flatfoot were compared between the three groups using a two-way mixed effect ANOVA model repeated for each kinematic variable. Results: Subjects with PTTD regardless of group demonstrated significantly greater hind-foot eversion compared to controls. Subjects with PTTD who were weak demonstrated greater hindfoot eversion compared to subjects with PTTD who were strong. For forefoot abduction and MLA angles the differences between groups depended on the phase of stance with significant differences between each group observed at the pre-swing phase of stance. Conclusion: Strength was associated with the degree of flatfoot deformity observed during walking, however, flatfoot deformity may also occur without strength deficits. Clinical Relevance: Strengthening programs may only partially correct flatfoot kinematics while other clinical interventions such as bracing or surgery may also be indicated.
Endoscopic Assisted Repair of Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture with Flexor Hallucis Longus Augmentation
Authors: Gossage William , Kohls-Gatzoulis Julie , Solan Matthew
Published: April 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Burial of Sural Neuroma: Technique Tip
Authors: Thordarson David B. , Estess Allyson
Published: April 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
No Pain, No Gain: Student Playwriting as Critical Ethnographic Language Research
Authors: Goldstein Tara
Published: April 2010

This paper discusses the possibilities of working with high school students as researchers of culture and language in their own school communities. It features a short ethnographic play by Timothy Chiu entitled No Pain, No Gain, which dramatizes the difficulty of preparing an oral presentation in a second language. Chiu's text was created in an ethnographic playwriting workshop that was designed to provide high school students with an opportunity to represent their own experiences of language learning. After presenting the play in its entirety, the author talks about some of the language learning issues it raises, and layers Chiu's grounded theoretical analysis with the sociological and linguistic analyses of Bourdieu (1982/1991), Lippi-Green (1997), and Norton (1995, 2000). This is followed by a discussion of the implications of Chiu's play for teachers working with multilingual classes. The article concludes with a discussion about how having students create and perform their own ethnographic texts is ‘useful’ to them (Smith, 1999) and thus assists language researchers in negotiating the politics of researching Other people's children.
Beyond Progressive Liberalism and Cultural Relativism: Towards Critical Postmodernist, Sociohistorically Situated Perspectives in Classroom Studies
Authors: Lin Angel , Luk Jasmine
Published: April 2010

In this paper we propose that classroom studies in the TESOL field tend to subscribe to either of the following two normative orders: (a) progressive liberalism, and (b) cultural relativism, without reflexively recognizing and meta-analysing these normative frameworks and their social, historical, and political situatedness. Drawing on Foucault's (1981) methods of historical excavation, we attempt a critical analysis of the socio-historical situatedness of these modernist normative orders. By building on relational analysis from critical educational studies (Apple, 1999), critical ethnography (Canagarajah, 1993; Chick, 1996; Kumaravadivelu, 1999; Pennycook, 2001), and the theory and method of articulation from cultural studies (Slack, 1996), we propose critical postmodernist, socio-historically situated perspectives in classroom studies and educational research as alternatives that break away from the modernist determinism of reproduction theories on the one hand, and radical postmodernist relativism on the other. We illustrate how such perspectives can contribute to our understanding of classroom practices with two classroom examples from Hong Kong schools, and we attempt to show the potential of these perspectives for contributing to the opening up of possibilities for change.
The Relationship between Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and L2 Learners' Lexical Inferencing Strategy Use and Success
Authors: Nassaji Hossein
Published: April 2010

This study examines the relationship between ESL learners' depth of vocabulary knowledge, their lexical inferencing strategy use, and their success in deriving word meaning from context. Participants read a passage containing 10 unknown words and attempted to derive the meanings of the unknown words from context. Introspective think-aloud protocols were used to discover the degree and types of inferencing strategies learners used. The Word-Associate Test (WAT) (Read, 1993) was used to measure the learner's depth of vocabulary knowledge. Results indicate a significant relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and the degree and type of strategy use and success. They reveal that (a) those who had stronger depth of vocabulary knowledge used certain strategies more frequently than those who had weaker depth of vocabulary knowledge; (b) the stronger students made more effective use of certain types of lexical inferencing strategies than their weaker counterparts; and (c) depth of vocabulary knowledge made a significant contribution to inferential success over and above the contribution made by the learner's degree of strategy use. These findings provide empirical support for the centrality of depth of vocabulary knowledge in lexical inferencing and the hypothesis that lexical inferencing is a meaning construction process that is significantly influenced by the richness of the learner's pre-existing semantic system.
Lire avec facilité en langue seconde
Authors: Fraser Carol
Published: April 2010

Cet article présente une recension des écrits (théorie et recherches) portant sur la facilité en lecture. Les questions étudiées regroupent: les variations de la vitesse de lecture selon le processus de lecture, le rôle et le développement de la vitesse de lecture dans les modèles de lecture actuels (tels que le modèle du traitement de l'information, de l'efficacité verbale et les modèles de traitement parallèle et distribué), ainsi que les facteurs contribuant à un traitement inefficace de l'information et à des vitesses de lecture réduites parmi les lecteurs de langue seconde (L2). L'au-teur examine les implications pédagogiques s'inscrivant à l'intérieur de cecadre théorique et décrit des activitáes particulièrement prometteuses pour développer la facilité de lecture chez les apprenants de L2 (activités telles que lecture répetee, lecture prosodique et lecture par syntagmes), et pour favoriser l'épanouissement de cette aptitude (à l'aide, par exemple, de la prévisualisation et du procédé d'analyse de mots).
Second Language Text Comprehension: Processing within a Multilayered System
Authors: Donin Janet , Graves Barbara , Goyette Els
Published: April 2010

The results of a within-subject cross-language study of text comprehension in adult second language (L2) learners are presented. Text comprehension and sentence reading time measures were obtained for matched narrative and procedural texts in English and French from adult learners of French as a second language (FSL) at two levels of French proficiency. The language of the text and readers' L2 proficiency affected reading times, while text type did not. The recall data, however, were more complex. In general, the participants recalled more information from the texts they read in English and more information from the descriptive narrative texts than from the procedural texts. Analyses of the recall performance suggest that, while linguistic proficiency may limit the representation that an individual can construct of a text, the constructed representation reflects the individual's conceptual base as well as strategic processing. These results are consistent with a multilevel model of text comprehension.
The Particulars on Universals: A Comparison of the Acquisition of Tense-Aspect Morphology among Japanese- and French-Speaking Learners of English
Authors: Collins Laura
Published: April 2010

This study investigated the relationship between L1 and the developmental sequences for the acquisition of temporal morphology that are predicted by the aspect hypothesis. The use of tense-aspect markers in 7,784 past contexts by 139 Japanese- and French-speaking ESL learners was analyzed. A repeated measures ANOVA supported the predictions of the aspect hypothesis. For both L1 groups, the marking of past spread from achievements and accomplishments (telics) through activities to statives, and the preferred non-past responses for statives and activities were present and progressive, respectively. The magnitude, rather than the direction, of the lexical aspect effect with achievements was the only significant L1 difference. The results lend support to the hypothesis that the influence of lexical aspect on the acquisition of grammatical morphology is a language learning universal. They are also consistent with research on other linguistic features in which selective influence of L1 on developmental sequences has been observed.
Comparing Children's Oral Ability in Two ESL Programs
Authors: White Joanna , Turner Carolyn
Published: April 2010

This study investigates performance on oral tasks across two groups of francophone learners with different ESL instruction. It reports on second language (L2) ability gains in intensive instruction and regular instruction. To date, gains in oral proficiency have not been reported in such programs, nor has there been a comparison across two concurrent programs. Six classes were involved: one intensive ESL and one regular Grade 6 ESL class from each of three schools. Data were collected at the beginning and end of their programs. Three tasks were used: Audio-Pal, Story Retell, and Info-Gap. Results indicate that the intensive ESL students gained significantly more than the regular ESL students in their oral ability on the three tasks. Of particular interest in this article are the characteristics of the instruments and the language performance they generated. The three tasks discriminated across the two programs and enabled us to characterize the differences that were observed.
Language-Related Episodes in an Assessment Context: A 'Small-Group Quiz'
Authors: Ewald Jennifer
Published: April 2010

Based on the construct of ‘language-related episodes’ (Swain & Lapkin, 1998) and Vygotsky's (1934/1986) notions of scaffolding and private speech, this investigation explores student interaction during a formalized assessment task. The purpose of this qualitative study was twofold: first, to analyze the small-group quiz interaction that took place among 20 intermediate students of Spanish and, second, to highlight students' perceptions of this experience. Triangulated data include students' recorded small-group interactions, written quizzes (graded individually), and questionnaires that elicited their perspectives on the use of small-group quizzes. The analysis exposed language-related episodes in which students collaboratively formed quiz responses, challenged each other's answers, and discussed test-taking strategies and beliefs. These findings cast doubt on the claim that positive interdependence (i.e., ‘group grading’) is necessary to foster promotive interaction as well as expand current understanding of the nature of student collaboration to an assessment context.
Enhanced Infection of Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., Seeds With Aspergillus flavus Group Fungi Due to External Scarification of Peanut Pods by the Lesser Cornstalk Borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller)1
Authors: Lynch Robert E. , Wilson David M.
Published: April 2010

The relationship between injury by the lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), and invasion of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., pods and seeds by species of the Aspergillus flavus group (A. flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare) were studied under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, LCB larvae were an excellent vector of an A. parasiticus color mutant (ATCC 24690) to all developmental stages of peanut pods. Fungal invasion and aflatoxin concentration in seeds were higher in immature pods (stage 2–3) than in more mature pods (stage 4–6). Contamination of seeds with ATCC 24690 was directly related to the extent of pod injury by larvae of the LCB. In field studies, over 50% of the LCB larvae collected from peanut were naturally contaminated with species of the A. flavus group. The planting date and harvest date of peanut had little influence on the incidence of fungal contamination of pods and seeds, or on aflatoxin content in seeds. However, increased pod injury by the LCB significantly increased the percentage of seeds infected with species of the A. flavus group. Seeds in pods with only external scarification from larval feeding had a significantly higher percentage of A. flavus group infection than seeds from uninjured pods. Therefore, infection and contamination of visibly uninjured seeds with aflatoxigenic fungi were enhanced by external injury to peanut pods by the LCB.
Possible Reproductive Factors Contributing to Outcrossing in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Chiyembekeza A. J. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: April 2010

Several peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding lines in the Florida program were highly variable even after constitution from single plant selections after 21 generations of assumed self-pollination. To assess potential causes of this variability a 3-yr study was conducted to determine outcrossing using Krinkle as a genetic marker. There was a significant year by genotype interaction in this study. Two breeding lines with Virginia botanical types averaged almost 1.5% outcrossing, and in 1990 more than 3% of the progeny from these lines were the result of outcrossing. The breeding line Valencia 803 averaged nearly 8% outcrossing, and a second Valencia type, F623, averaged over 4%.

The differences in outcrossing among these four lines did not appear to be related to floral morphology, pollen viability, or stigma receptivity, although delayed anther dehiscence may have contributed to the higher outcrossing in Valencia 803.
Evaluation of the Magnesium Soil Test Interpretation for Peanuts1
Authors: Schmidt J. P. , Cox F. R.
Published: April 2010

Decreasing concentrations of extractable Mg in soils of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production regions of North Carolina have resulted in increased Mg fertilizer recommendations. There is little soil or plant criteria, however, on which to base Mg deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine the yield and Mg status of peanuts relative to the level of soil Mg. Five counties were surveyed for leaf and soil data in 1989–90. Similar data were available from nine counties in 1970–72. A field experiment was also conducted in 1989–90 in an on-going lime and Mg study. Although the 1990 survey data suggested that phosphogypsum usage during the last decade may be reducing Mg levels in the surface soil, leaf Mg was almost invariably above 2.0 g kg-1 for both surveys, reflecting adequate amounts of soil Mg according to current plant analysis standards. In the field study, prior lime and Mg treatments resulted in soil Mg ranging from 0.02 to 0.25 cmolc L-1, but there was no yield response that could be related directly to Mg. Leaf Mg was positively correlated to surface soil Mg, and inclusion of subsoil Mg slightly improved this relationship. The data from these studies indicated that sufficient leaf Mg (above 2.0 g kg-1) was attained when surface soil Mg was as low as 0.06 cmolc L-1 or as low as 3 percent of the CEC. We feel these estimates of the soil Mg critical level for peanut production are high, as there was not a Mg deficiency with leaf Mg as low as 1.5 g kg-1 in the field study.
Peanut Yield Decline in the Southeast and Economically Feasible Solutions
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Davidson J. I. , Butts C. L.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields in the Southeast declined 368 kg/ha during the 1980's and 596 kg/ha in the late 1980's when compared to the 1974-1979 period. The peanut yield decline was correlated with significant meteorological and policy changes in the Southeast during each time period. Meteorological changes were statistically estimated to decrease peanut yield by 137 kg/ha and 194 kg/ha in the 1980's and late 1980's, respectively. The effect on peanut yields from changes in agricultural policy and management decisions was estimated at -166 kg/ha and -225 kg/ha during the respective time periods. Field data gathered during crop years 1987-1990 reflected the meteorological and policy changes during the late 1980's in both non-irrigated and irrigated peanut fields. EXNUT, an expert systems model for peanut irrigation and pest management, was evaluated in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 against expert farmers in the Southeast and increased peanut yields by 204 kg/ha. Evaluation of EXNUT demonstrated one example of how expert system technology can offer economically feasible solutions to the peanut yield decline in the Southeast.
Combining Ability for Large Pod and Seed Traits in Peanut1
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Fitzner M. S. , Isleib T. G. , Wynne J. C. , Phillips T. D.
Published: April 2010

Recently, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) industry has expressed a greater need for higher percentages of fancy pods and extra large kernels (ELK), especially for use in large-seeded in-shell products. Genetic control of these traits has been reported to range in complexity from simple inheritance to the inclusion of multiple modifier genes. This study was conducted to determine the general combining ability (GCA) effects of 50 peanut genotypes on pod and seed size. Each genotype was used five times as a female parent and five times as a male parent in a partial diallel crossing program. F1 hybrids were grown and their pods were harvested for measurements of pod and seed size. The F2 generation was planted the following year and similar measurements were recorded using the single pod descent procedure. Individual F2 plants were harvested and pod and seed characteristics measured for segregation information within four crosses. General combining ability effects were not well correlated between generations (r=0.53-0.56) or with the same traits measured on pure-line parents (r=0.32-0.42). PI 298845, PI 314897, PI 325079, Jenkins Jumbo, and Fla 393-8-1-1-1-1-1-2 had consistently large positive GCA effects on pod and seed weight. F2 segregation patterns indicated that some crosses exhibit predominantly additive gene action while one cross (PI 270818 / PI 269111) showed dominance toward smaller pods. Transgressive segregation occurred for pod and seed size traits in four crosses. Substantial genetic variability for pod and seed size remains in the peanut germplasm collection.
Resistance to Cercosporidium Personatum Within Peanut Germplasm1
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , Brenneman T. B.
Published: April 2010

Late leafspot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum, is prevalent in the southeastern United States and causes extensive defoliation and peanut yield losses if fungicides are not applied. Some sources of resistance to late leafspot have already been identified in the United States peanut germplasm collection. In screening 500 peanut plant introductions from the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, Experiment, Georgia, 33 genotypes with partial resistance to C. personatum were identified. These lines were evaluated for leafspot resistance and yield without fungicide protection from 1989 through 1991. Although PI 215695, PI 215696 and PI 215724 were significantly more resistant than all other genotypes over the three years, pod yields were low. During years of high disease severity, resistant selections PI 203396 and PI 162529 had the highest yields. Significant positive correlation occurred between late leafspot ratings and shelling percentage (r = 0.43 and 0.47) in 1990 and 1991. Evaluation of the main-stems of plants during the growing season revealed that the three most resistant genotypes had significantly less defoliation than Southern Runner, the only cultivar grown with resistance to late leafspot. There are important genes for resistance present in the United States peanut germplasm collection and there is a need for evaluation of the entire collection for useful resistance to leafspot and other pests.
Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Content of Drought Stressed Florunner Peanuts
Authors: Hashim I. B. , Koehler P. E. , Eitenmiller R. R. , Kvien C. K.
Published: April 2010

Drought stress has been heavily investigated for its effects on production efficiency and yield, but less attention has been given to its effects on peanut quality. Peanuts (Florunner cv) were stressed for 30 days, by withholding irrigation and using shelters, at the pre-flowering period (stressl), pod formation period (stress2), and maturation period (stress3). Fatty acid composition, oleic linoleic ratio (O/L), computed iodine value (IV) and tocopherol content of Florunner peanuts were investigated. The fatty acid composition acid composition, O/L ration, IV, alpha-tocopherol (α-T) and gamma-tocopherol (γ-T) were significantly affected by drought stress and peanut grade. As peanuts increased in size regardless of stressing period, long chain saturated fatty acids [arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)], eicosenoic acid (20:1), (O/L), and α-tocopherol decreased significantly. Stressing peanuts during the maturation period is most detrimental to peanut stability, decreasing O/L ratio and increasing IV.
Moisture Content Determination in Single Peanut Kernels With a Microwave Resonator
Authors: Kraszewski A. W. , Nelson S. O.
Published: April 2010

Principles are discussed for determining moisture content of individual peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., kernels by microwave resonator measurements, and data illustrating the application of these principles are presented. By measuring the shift in the resonant frequency and the change in the cavity transmission characteristics when a peanut kernel is inserted into the cavity, and taking the ratio of these two parameters, it is possible to obtain the moisture content of the kernel independent of its mass (size) and apparently independent of peanut type, as far as runner and virginia market types are concerned. Moisture contents in the range from 4 to 14 percent, wet basis, were determined with an uncertainty of 0.9 percent moisture, at the 95-percent confidence level.
Evaluation of Runner Peanut Cultivars and Advanced Georgia Breeding Lines for Yield and Resistance to Late Leaf Spot Under Three Disease-Management Programs1
Authors: Smith F. D. , Brenneman T. B. , Branch W. D. , Mullinix B. G.
Published: April 2010

Podyield and resistance to late leaf spot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton, were evaluated on nine advanced Georgia breeding lines and five cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): Florunner, Georgia Runner, GK-7, Southern Runner, and Sunrunner. Peanuts were grown at Tifton, GA during 1987-1988 under three leaf spot programs using diniconazole at 0.14 kg/ha with Agri-Dex® (0.5% v/v): 1) unsprayed, 2) 28-day, and 3) 14-day spray schedule. Final disease ratings (Florida 1 to 10 scale) were made approximately 1-wk prior to harvest. In unsprayed plots, Southern Runner and GaT-2566 had significantly lower leaf spot disease ratings than Florunner, GK-7, Sunrunner, and Georgia Runner. Across all fungicide treatments, yields of Georgia Runner averaged significantly higher than the four other cultivars and GaT-2566. Average yields were 5111, 4497, 4433, 4404, 4377, and 4022 kg/ha for Georgia Runner, Southern Runner, GK-7, GaT-2566, Sunrunner, and Florunner, respectively. In addition to low yield potential of GaT-2566, it was susceptible to Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani Kühn, anastomosis group 4). However, Georgia Runner was found to have moderate tolerance to late leaf spot and excellent yield potential.
Molecular Mechanisms of Mouse Skin Tumor Promotion
Authors: Rundhaug Joyce E. , Fischer Susan M.
Published: April 2010

Multiple molecular mechanisms are involved in the promotion of skin carcinogenesis. Induction of sustained proliferation and epidermal hyperplasia by direct activation of mitotic signaling pathways or indirectly in response to chronic wounding and/or inflammation, or due to a block in terminal differentiation or resistance to apoptosis is necessary to allow clonal expansion of initiated cells with DNA mutations to form skin tumors. The mitotic pathways include activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Chronic inflammation results in inflammatory cell secretion of growth factors and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins, as well as production of reactive oxygen species, all of which can stimulate proliferation. Persistent activation of these pathways leads to tumor promotion.
Exergy as a Tool for Ecosystem Health Assessment
Authors: Silow Eugene A. , Mokry Andrew V.
Published: April 2010

Exergy is demonstrated to be a useful measurable parameter reflecting the state of the ecosystem, and allowing estimation of the severity of its anthropogenous damage. Exergy is shown to have advantages such as good theoretical basis in thermodynamics, close relation to information theory, rather high correlation with others ecosystem goal functions and relative ease of computation. Nowadays exergy is often used in ecological assessment. This paper reviews the application of exergy in ecology in the fields of ecological modeling and natural ecosystem monitoring. Special attention is paid to the use of exergy for aquatic ecosystem studies, particularly, assessment of the lake Baikal ecosystem state.
Iodine-124: A Promising Positron Emitter for Organic PET Chemistry
Authors: Koehler Lena , Gagnon Katherine , McQuarrie Steve , Wuest Frank
Published: April 2010

The use of radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging of biochemical and physiological processes in vivo has evolved into an important diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine and medical research. Positron emission tomography (PET) is currently the most sophisticated molecular imaging methodology, mainly due to the unrivalled high sensitivity which allows for the studying of biochemistry in vivo on the molecular level. The most frequently used radionuclides for PET have relatively short half-lives (e.g. 11C: 20.4 min; 18F: 109.8 min) which may limit both the synthesis procedures and the time frame of PET studies. Iodine-124 (124I, t1/2 = 4.2 d) is an alternative long-lived PET radionuclide attracting increasing interest for long term clinical and small animal PET studies. The present review gives a survey on the use of 124I as promising PET radionuclide for molecular imaging. The first part describes the production of 124I. The second part covers basic radiochemistry with 124I focused on the synthesis of 124I-labeled compounds for molecular imaging purposes. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook on the future prospective of using the long-lived positron emitter 124I in the field of organic PET chemistry and molecular imaging.
Access to Original Vinylic Chlorides in the Quinazoline Series via a Monoelectronic Transfer Reaction Approach
Authors: Maillard-Boyer Martine , Castera-Ducros Caroline , Verhaeghe Pierre , Sifredi France , Rathelot Pascal , Vanelle Patrice
Published: April 2010

A series of new quinazoline derivatives bearing a vinylic chloride group on the 2-position was prepared by using a consecutive SRN1 / ERC1 radical strategy.
Quantitative Modeling of Coupled Piezo-Elastodynamic Behavior of Piezoelectric Actuators Bonded to an Elastic Medium for Structural Health Monitoring: A Review
Authors: Huang Guoliang , Song Fei , Wang Xiaodong
Published: April 2010

Elastic waves, especially guided waves, generated by a piezoelectric actuator/sensor network, have shown great potential for on-line health monitoring of advanced aerospace, nuclear, and automotive structures in recent decades. Piezoelectric materials can function as both actuators and sensors in these applications due to wide bandwidth, quick response and low costs. One of the most fundamental issues surrounding the effective use of piezoelectric actuators is the quantitative evaluation of the resulting elastic wave propagation by considering the coupled piezo-elastodynamic behavior between the actuator and the host medium. Accurate characterization of the local interfacial stress distribution between the actuator and the host medium is the key issue for the problem. This paper presents a review of the development of analytical, numerical and hybrid approaches for modeling of the coupled piezo-elastodynamic behavior. The resulting elastic wave propagation for structural health monitoring is also summarized.
Science, Open Communication and Sustainable Development
Authors: Wilbanks John T. , Wilbanks Thomas J.
Published: April 2010

One of the prerequisites for sustainable development is knowledge, in order to inform coping with sustainability threats and to support innovative sustainability pathways. Transferring knowledge is therefore a fundamental challenge for sustainability, in a context where external knowledge must be integrated with local knowledge in order to promote user-driven action. But effective local co-production of knowledge requires ongoing local access to existing scientific and technical knowledge so that users start on a level playing field. The information technology revolution can be a powerful enabler of such access if intellectual property obstacles can be overcome, with a potential to transform prospects for sustainability in many parts of the world.
Ally Sloper on Stage
Authors: Sabin Roger
Published: April 2010

The article argues that the significance of the nineteenth-century comics character Ally Sloper cannot be understood without reference to the parallel career that this fictional celebrity developed across other media, most notably music hall. The history and evolution of the textual character, and of his various incarnations on stage and screen, are chronicled, with the aim both of documenting the expansion of working-class leisure culture and of demonstrating the centrality of Sloper to the development of a specifically British theatrical tradition that moved away from earlier continental models. Contemporary responses to Sloper, including moral outrage, are discussed, and the article concludes by analysing the skilled commercial exploitation of the character which would influence later practices in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
The Conquest of Space
Authors: Lefèvre Pascal
Published: April 2010

This article focuses on panel arrangements and page layouts of early comics published in Belgium in the five decades before the start of Tintin in 1929. It investigates the degree of standardisation in this pivotal period, in which the old system of graphic narratives with captions evolved to comics with balloons. The years between 1880 and 1929 boasted a variety of publication formats (broadsheets, illustrated magazines for adults and for children, comic strips, artists' books), within which one can see both similar and different conventions at work.
Anti-Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Activity of Novel Diphenylmethane Derivatives
Authors: Salim Mohammed TA , Okamoto Mika , Hosoda Shinnosuke , Aoyama Hiroshi , Hashimoto Yuichi , Baba Masanori
Published: April 2010

Background:

A number of compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), a surrogate model of hepatitis C virus, in cell cultures. Among them, some diphenylmethane derivatives were found to be selective inhibitors of BVDV.

Methods:

Determination of compounds for their anti-BVDV activity was based on the inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells and reduction of infectious virus particles in culture supernatants. To gain insight into the mechanism of action, the inhibition of viral entry and RNA synthesis in the host cells was also determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR.

Results:

Among the test compounds, four diphenylmethane derivatives significantly inhibited BVDV replication with a 50% effective concentration ranging between 6.3 and 10.8 μM. They were not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 μM. The representative compound, SH-595A, reduced the virus titre of culture supernatants in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the compound appeared to somewhat affect viral entry to the host cells. Although SH-595A was inhibitory to viral RNA synthesis, the inhibition was achieved only at high concentrations and was not comparable to its antiviral activity.

Conclusions:

The novel diphenylmethane derivatives are effective against BVDV replication and might have a unique mechanism of action.
Les femmes du Grand Bond en avant
Authors: Xiaojing Tang
Published: April 2010

Résumé Il a été largement démontré et il est aujourd’hui avéré que le « Grand Bond en avant » (1959-1961) a marqué une période cruciale dans l’histoire des femmes chinoises. Au cours de ce mouvement, de nombreuses « femmes au foyer», que nous appellons ici les « femmes du Grand Bond en avant » ont été mobilisées par l’État pour participer au travail salarié. Les autorités communistes soulignent cet accomplissement inédit de l’émancipation des « femmes au foyer » qui a constitué un tournant dans la politique d’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes en Chine. Pour cette raison sans doute, cet « accomplissement » a été peu questionné par l’historiographie. Or, cette image d’émancipation est très idéologique. Par le biais d’une étude sur l’histoire de la politique d’emploi dans les années 1950-1960 et les entretiens approfondis réalisés auprès de quinze « femmes du Grand Bond en avant » qui travaillaient dans une même entreprise à Shanghai, nous visons à montrer la construction d’un système d’emploi inégal pour ces « femmes au foyer » - catégorie qui elle-même est une construction idéologique. Ces « femmes au foyer » ont ainsi subi dans leur vie professionnelle un système d’emploi précaire, mal payé et sans possibilité de carrière, et sans protection sociale, qui par ailleurs a renforcé le système d’emploi stable à l’époque maöiste.
Femmes, risque et radioactivité en France
Authors: Fellinger Anne
Published: April 2010

Résumé Cet article traite de l’histoire de la santé des femmes dans les milieux de travail scientifiques, en s’appuyant sur l’exemple de la radioactivité. Ce cas complexe permet en effet de s’interroger à la fois sur la place et le rapport au risque des femmes dans les laboratoires de recherches en radioactivité et sur les similitudes et les différences observables entre leur situation et celles d’autres catégories de travailleuses confrontées à des risques professionnels, plus classiquement étudiés par les historiens du travail. L’article montre ainsi que ces femmes, exposées aux dangers du radium dès le début du xx e siècle, bénéficient d’une situation relativement privilégiée en matière de gestion des risques jusque dans les années 1960. Le développement des sciences nucléaires et de leurs applications favorise alors l’apparition de régulations à caractère sexué pour encadrer la protection des personnels exposés aux radiations, reprenant des schémas assez traditionnels d’organisation du travail.
Three-Dimensional Double Diffusion Mixed Convection in Rectangular Channel Filled with Porous Medium
Authors: Rahli Omar , Bennacer Rachid , Bouhadef K. , Ameziani Djamel Eddine , Ghorbel Elhem
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a numerical study of mixed convection heat and mass transfer in horizontal rectangular channels partially filled with porous medium. The main contribution of this research is to characterize how the porous block will create a heterogeneity that will induce a change on the Poiseuille-Rayleigh-Benard (PRB) fluid circulation dynamics. For a broad range of dimensionless parameters, which control the mixed convection, we show that the effect of the insertion of the porous block changes the thermal and solutal boundary layers; we find that the exchanges are intensified near the sidewalls in the porous region compared to upstream and downstream of the porous medium; and inversely in the core region. We describe, also, the onset of the longitudinal rolls at both upstream and downstream of the porous region. And finally, we compared the heat transfer, for different positioning of the porous medium with the purely fluid mixed convection.
Study on Collapse-Shrinkage Characteristics in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus Wood under Continuous and Intermittent Drying Regimes
Authors: Wu Yi Qiang , Hayashi Kazuo , Cai Ying Chun
Published: April 2010

Collapse-type shrinkage is the greatest obstacle to prevent planted eucalypts from being used for solid wood products. In order to make the suitable drying schedules for high effective utilization of eucalypt wood, the total shrinkage and collapse on two species of difficult-to-dry E. urophylla and E.grandis wood under continuous and intermittent drying regimes were measured. The results show that total shrinkage and collapse in both eucalypts exhibited higher values for continuous drying than intermittent drying. With increasing drying temperature, total shrinkage and collapse increase in both drying regimes, while the increasing magnitude of both parameters becomes apparently larger for continuous drying than intermittent drying regime, in particular higher temperature condition. Properly elevating drying temperature to make up for the intermittent-waiting time may be allowed for intermittent drying regime. Drying duration at each intermittent drying period has a greater effect on total shrinkage and collapse of eucalypt wood. When more than a drying duration of 6 hours at an intermittent drying period is used, the differences in shrinkage and collapse between both drying regimes are very slight. Intermittent duration at an intermittent drying period has a comparatively larger effect on total shrinkage and collapse. Accordingly, we may draw a conclusion that intermittent drying regime is very likely to be a potential drying one suitable for collapse-prone lower-density plantation-grown eucalypt wood.
Characterization of Hard Coatings Modified with Nitrogen Implantation
Authors: Skoric Branko , Kakas Damir , Miletic Aleksansar
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we present results of a study of TiN films which are deposited by Physical Vapor Deposition and Ion Beam Assisted Deposition. In the present investigation the subsequent ion implantation was provided with N2+ ions. The ion implantation was applied to enhance the mechanical properties of the surface. The film deposition process exerts a number of effects such as crystallographic orientation, morphology, topography, densification of the films. The evolution of the microstructure from porous and columnar grains to densely packed grains is accompanied by changes in mechanical and physical properties. A variety of analytic techniques were used for characterization, such as scratch test, calo test, SEM, AFM, XRD and EDAX. The experimental results indicated that the mechanical hardness is elevated by penetration of nitrogen, whereas the Young’s modulus is significantly elevated. Thin hard coatings deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD), e.g. titanium nitride (TiN) are frequently used to improve tribological performance in many engineering applications. Ion bombardment during vapour deposition of thin films, colled ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), exerts a number of effects such as densification, changes in grain size, crystallographic orientation, morphology and topography of the films. This paper describes the successful use of the nanoindentation technique for determination of hardness and elastic modulus. In the nanoindentation technique, hardness and Young’s modulus can be determined by the Oliver and Pharr method. Therefore, in recent years, a number of measurements have been made in which nanoindentation and AFM have been combined.
Corrosion Resistance of Porous 316L Implant Steel
Authors: Grądzka-Dahlke Małgorzata
Published: April 2010

Porous metallic alloys are reported as the prospective biomaterials for restorative medicine due to their unmatched features guaranteeing fixation of prosthesis. Numbers of research are focused on functional properties of porous materials. Especially corrosion behavior seems to differ from the analogue bulk materials. The aim of presented work was to study corrosion resistance of sintered porous implant steel 316L. Samples with porosity in range of 26-40% were fabricated by means of the PM method. Corrosion tests were carried by using an automatic polarization unit Atlas-Solich98 in 0.9% NaCl water solution. The experiments conducted confirm that porous 316 stainless steel possesses a distinct passivation range. The obtained results showed the effect of pore morphology on corrosion resistance of sinters.
Diffusion in MC Carbides in High-Speed Steels during High-Temperature Treatments
Authors: Chaus Alexander S. , Beznák Matej
Published: April 2010

The microstructure and chemical composition of MC carbides in the modified variants of AISI M2 type high-speed steel after casting, annealing, carburising and subsequent final heat treatment (quenching and tempering) have been studied by focusing on diffusion processes in these carbides and their stability during high-temperature treatments. Significant changes in both the microstructure and chemical composition of the MC carbides as well as in their volume fraction shown to occur in the high-speed steels studied were attributed to decomposition, coagulation and dissolution of these carbides during heat treatments caused by strong diffusion of alloying elements and carbon. It was also shown that boron, in general, strongly suppressed the diffusion of carbon during carburising.
Diffusion and Secondary Carbide Precipitation in High-Speed Steels
Authors: Chaus Alexander S. , Rudnickii F.I.
Published: April 2010

Besides primary carbides, so-called secondary carbides are usually observed in high-speed steel (HSS) microstructure, which precipitate from the oversaturated solid solution upon its cooling. Some of the secondary carbides precipitate from an oversaturated austenite at cooling during solidification or quenching, in both cases, in the form of the relatively big particles in the bulk of a matrix. Considerably finer secondary carbides precipitate in martensitic condition during tempering inducing secondary hardening in HSSs. In general, secondary carbides of both types have obvious effect on the fracture mode of HSSs. The precipitation of secondary carbides in HSSs in solidified and heat-treated conditions has been investigated. The microstructures of HSSs have been examined using light and electron microscopy (both scanning and transmission), X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Results indicate that diffusion of both carbon and alloying elements plays an important role in the secondary carbide precipitation in HSSs.
A New Modified Austempering to Increase Strength and Ductility Simultaneously for UHS Steels
Authors: Majid Safi Seyed , Givi M.K. Besharati
Published: April 2010

In this paper, a modified up-quenching heat treatment method to the ASSAB 705M steel (ultra high strength steel) is proposed. A low alloy steel (0.33%C), was used to study the effect of isothermal austempering, successive austempering and modified up-quenching austempering heat treatment on the mechanical properties. The specimens, were cut from a bar with 25mm diameter and after achieving the best temperature and time of austenitizing, austenitized at for 60 min and followed by quenching at for the high austempering temperature to achieve the upper bainite morphology and at for the lower austempering temperature to achieve the lower bainite morphology. In the case of successive austempering, the specimens were first austempered at for different periods (500 sec and 60 sec) and then austempered at for 1000 sec to achieve the mixed structure of upper bainite and lower bainite morphology. The specimens selected for up-quenching, after austenitization were quenched to below ( ) for 120 sec. followed by heating at to achieve the mixed structure of tempered martensite and lower bainite and to achieve the mixed structure of tempered martensite and upper bainite for 1000 sec. All of the processes were performed in the salt bath furnaces. Experimental results are presented and the advantages of the modified method are discussed. As well, it is shown that the best combination of strength and ductility can be achieved by the proposed heat treatment method. This modified method, can offer techniques that simultaneously improve not only strength 12 %( compare with results of strength after other heat treatment methods), but also ductility 38 %( compare with results of ductility after other heat treatment methods). While, conventional heat treatment of ultra high strength steels (UHSS) cannot always meet the strict engineering requirements for improved strength and ductility simultaneously. It has been shown that the mixed structure of tempered martensite and lower bainite that has been suggested in this investigation offers a good combination of strength and ductility. The technical reason for this superiority returns back to the fact that it has increased dislocation density. As a result of the increment of the dislocation density, in the morphology, the inter lath carbide (e.g. cementite) decreases, and the intra lath carbide increases. This modified austempering is applicable to all the ultra high strength steels, has noticeable economic advantages because it is simple. Use of this modified austempering for heavy parts, leads to the lightness of heavy parts and combination of the thermomechanical methods with this modified austempering can yield even much more improvements.
Effects of Load and Sliding Speed on Tribological Behavior of Plasma Sprayed Bronze-Alumina Coatings
Authors: Bolvardi H. , Khorsand H. , Movahed P. , Etaati A.
Published: April 2010

Bronze alloys are widely used in different tribological applications including sliding components. Bronze-Alumina composites have been attracting the interest of researchers in recent years. Among the most recent surface modifications techniques, plasma spraying has been successfully applied to these coatings. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to analyze the sliding wear response of Bronze-Alumina coats over a range of applied pressures and sliding speeds. It was observed that an increase in applied load causes more weight losses in wear test while increasing the sliding speed led to no further losses at this variables range. Wear processes and mechanisms of these behaviors are discussed in the light of the microstructural observations combined with wear surfaces and debris particles examinations.