bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strontium Fixation by Lime Contained in Soils
Authors: Mokady R. , Gal M.
Published: October 2006

The suitability of soils for the disposal of radioactive strontium waste products is determined in part by the amount and properties of calcium carbonate in the soil. Analyses of the strontium ion concentrations in the effluent solution of soil columns and x-ray diffraction patterns suggest that a fraction of the strontium ions is precipitated as strontium carbonate.
Uracil: Failure To Restore DNA Synthesis While Relieving 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Inhibition
Authors: Reich Melvin , Mandel H. George
Published: October 2006

Growth inhibition of
Bacillus cereus
by 5-fluorouracil is abolished by the addition of uracil without the inhibition of DNA synthesis being relieved. The growth rate, protein, and RNA content of cells grown in the presence of 5-fluorouracil and uracil are unaffected until the cells contain only about 25 percent of their normal DNA content.
Differences in Complement Titers of Serums from Spaced Bleedings in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Brenner L. J. , Ecker E. E.
Published: October 2006

Complement titers of serum samples collected 24 hours apart from an untreated guinea pig differed greatly. The mean of the differences between the titers at the beginning and 24 hours later for each of 11 animals was significantly different from zero (.01<p<.02).
Allotypic Specificities of A- and B- Chains of Rabbit Gamma Globulin
Authors: Stemke G. W.
Published: October 2006

The extent to which the A-chain of γ-globulin reacted with antibody against an allotypic specificity controlled by the b locus was about that expected from the contamination of A-chain with B-chain; the a locus specificity was confined only to A-chain. Thus, data were consistent with complete separation of allotypic specificities, a locus with A-chain and b locus with B-chain.
Ancient Granite Gneiss in the Black Hills, South Dakota
Authors: Zartman R. E. , Norton J. J. , Stern T. W.
Published: October 2006

Granite gneiss, with an age of approximately 2.5 billion years, in the Black Hills, South Dakota, provides a link between ancient rocks in western Wyoming and Montana and in eastern North and South Dakota and Minnesota. The discovery suggests that early Precambrian rocks covered an extensive area in northcentral United States and were not restricted to several small nuclei.
Cerium-144 and Cesium-137 Measurements in the 1963 United States Wheat Crop and Milling Products
Authors: Sutton Doris C. , Dwyer Kenneth R.
Published: October 2006

The distribution of an abundant short-lived (285 days) nuclide, cerium-144, and a long-lived (30.5 years) nuclide, cesium-137, has been measured in wheat samples and milling products by means of radiochemical methods. The patent flour fraction contained approximately 10 and 15 percent of the measured cerium and cesium.
Amitrole Translocation in
Agropyron repens
Increased by the Addition of Ammonium Thiocyanate
Authors: Donnalley W. F. , Ries S. K.
Published: October 2006

The mechanism for the enhancement of amitrole activity on quackgrass (
Agropyron repens
) by the addition of ammonium thiocyanate was studied. Absorption and translocation of C
14
-amitrole after applications to foliage were determined by a direct count of the radioactivity in the wash solution and plant extracts. Regardless of the time of application, the addition of ammonium thiocyanate did not alter the amount of C
14
-amitrole absorbed. Ammonium thiocyanate (5000 parts per million) greatly increased the amount of carbon-14 translocated. This increase may account for the greater herbicidal effectiveness of the mixture of amitrole and ammonium thiocyanate.
Superconducting Metastable Compounds
Authors: Luo H. L. , Merriam M. F. , Hamilton D. C.
Published: October 2006

A number of metastable phases, germanides and tellurides of gold and silver, have been prepared, analyzed by x-ray diffraction, and investigated for superconductivity. The new superconductors and their transition temperatures are AgTe
3
(2.6°K), Ag
4
Ge (0.85°K), Au
3
Te
5
(1.62°K), and Au

1-
x

Ge

x

(0.99°K-1.63°K) where (0.27 ≤
x
≤ 0.60). Au-Ge compositions with other values of
x
do not superconduct above 0.32°K.
Circulatory Adaptation to Diving in the Freshwater Turtle
Authors: Millen J. Eugene , Murdaugh H. Victor , Bauer Catherine B. , Robin Eugene D.
Published: October 2006

The heart of the freshwater turtle has a functional ventricular septal defect. In ambient air there is some shunting of blood from the left to the right ventricle through the defect. During prolonged diving or N
2
inhalation, the shunt is reversed and blood from the tissues bypasses the lung and enters the aorta directly. This adaptation appears to be based on the exclusive use of anaerobic glycolysis as an energy source during prolonged diving.
Inhibition of Antibody Plaque Formation by Sensitized Lymphoid Cells: Rapid Indicator of Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: October 2006

Spleen cell suspensions obtained from mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes form localized zones of hemolysis ("antibody plaques") when incubated in agar gel containing sheep red blood cells and complement. Plaque formation can be inhibited by prior incubation in vitro with spleen cell suspensions from another strain of mice previously sensitized to the first by spleen cell transplant. Suppression of plaque formation was found to be quantitatively related to the number of cells incubated and apparently reflected a homograft reaction in vitro of one spleen cell population against another. Plaque inhibition may be a useful indicator of transplantation immunity.
Physiological Studies on Fruit Development by Means of Ovule Transplantation in vivo
Authors: Moosad Melnick Vijaya L. , Holm Leroy , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: October 2006

Young fertilized ovules belonging to different species, genera, and families were transplanted onto pepper placenta and grown in vivo to mature, viable seeds. This suggests that the physiological requirements for growth of these ovules may be similar between plant species that are quite different taxonomically.
Planktonic Foraminifera from the American Oligocene
Authors: Saito Tsunemasa , Bé Allan W. H.
Published: October 2006

Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Vicksburg group of the Gulf Coast region comprise species comparable with those found in the Oligocene of Tanganyika and northern Europe. The fauna is transitional between typical Upper Eocene and Miocene; its intermediate position is indicative of an Oligocene age.
Host Cell Species Specificity of Mouse and Chicken Interferons
Authors: Baron Samuel , Barban Stanley , Buckler Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Three thousand units of mouse interferon and 2000 units of chicken interferon were assayed on the respective heterologous species cell cultures. No antiviral activity was observed in the heterologous systems, suggesting a virtually complete species barrier to the action of these interferons.
Depth Perception in Sheep: Effects of Interrupting the Mother-Neonate Bond
Authors: Lemmon William B. , Patterson George H.
Published: October 2006

Twin lambs were divided into two groups: an unmothered group consisting of one of each pair of twins separated from its mother at birth, and a mothered group consisting of the other member of each pair reared by its mother. Lambs in both groups were placed individually on a "visual cliff" once every hour. In all instances lambs in the mothered group exhibited "cliff avoidance" behavior before those in the unmothered group. In another experiment, mothered lambs were fitted with translucent goggles for half the time required by unmothered lambs, matched on the basis of sex and birth weight, to acquire depth perception. Again, in all instances the mothered, goggled lambs avoided the cliff before the unmothered lambs.
Poliovirus: Guanidine Dependence and Loss of Neurovirulence for Monkeys
Authors: Loddo B. , Brotzu G. , Spanedda A. , Gessa G. L. , Ferrari W.
Published: October 2006

Guanidine-dependent polioviruses are obtained in vitro by subculturing Brunenders, Mahoney, and Sabin strains in the presence of increasing concentrations of guanidine. Mahoney viruses dependent on guanidine lose virulence (as indicated by paralysis) for monkeys inoculated intramuscularly or intracerebrally. Protection against virulent Mahoney viruses is induced by treatment with guanidine-dependent strains, and serum antibodies against the virulent strains are present in the treated animals.
Symbiotic Behavior among Fishes from Temperate Ocean Waters
Authors: McCutcheon F. H. , McCutcheon A. E.
Published: October 2006

Symbiotic cleaning among Atlantic coastal fishes has been observed under laboratory conditions. The cleaning phenomenon may be commonplace in the natural environment along the Atlantic seaboard. The black sea bass,
Centropristes striatus
(Linn.), parasitized by the copepod,
Lernaeenicus radiatus
(Le Sueur), was cleaned by a topminnow,
Fundulus heteroclitus
(Linn.). The behavior was recorded by cinematography and analyzed.
Adenovirus-like Particles from Cancers Induced by Adenovirus-12 but Free of Infectious Virus
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: October 2006

Particles resembling adenovirus were recovered from tumors induced by adenovirus-12. The particles were similar to incomplete adenovirus in size, subunit morphology, and density. The presence of such incomplete viral units helps to explain why attempts to isolate infectious virus from adenovirus-induced tumors have failed despite the serological evidence that viral elements are present.
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation between Coexisting Calcite and Dolomite
Authors: Weber Jon N.
Published: October 2006

The oxygen isotopic composition of calcite from carbonate rocks of the lower unit of the Flagstaff formation (Paleocene) exposed along the western margin of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, is about 7 per mil lower than that of coexisting dolomite, suggesting that isotopic equilibration of these two minerals can occur at relatively low temperatures. Unlike recent isotopic evidence presented by Degens and Epstein, the data do not preclude a primary chemical origin for the dolomite.
Light Scattering by Liquids at 6937 Angstroms
Authors: Lundberg J. L. , Mooney E. J. , Gardner K. R.
Published: October 2006

We report Rayleigh ratios at 6937 angstroms for nine organic liquids. The Rayleigh ratios of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and normal octane are exactly those predicted from published data for ratios at shorter wavelengths and from the inverse fourth power of wavelength dependence of scattering.
Staphylococcus aureus
UC-18: Agent of Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Kundsin Ruth B. , Walter Carl W. , Morin Patricia
Published: October 2006

A new strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
, implicated in severe "hospital-acquired" infections, has been recognized and identified. This strain is characterized by lysis with a recently isolated bacteriophage, UC-18. Resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline combined with widespread prevalence in the hospital environment make
S. aureus
UC-18 a significant contributor to endemic staphylococcal disease in hospitals.
A Cell System in Which Rate and Amount of Protein Synthesis Are Separately Controlled
Authors: Landeros Oscar , Frost Harold M.
Published: October 2006

The mean cross-sectional area of Haversian systems in adult human ribs tends to be constant in the face of sevenfold changes in the rates at which these systems are made. This implies that different mechanisms control the total amount of cellular work in making Haversian systems and the rate at which this work is performed.
Irreparable Mutations and Ethionine Resistance in
Neurospora
Authors: Metzenberg Robert L. , Kappy Michael S. , Parson Judith W.
Published: October 2006

Some ethionine-resistant mutants of
Neurospora crassa
are temperature-sensitive, in that they fail to grow in the upper temperature range at which wild type
Neurospora
grow best. Two of these mutants have lost an indispensable function since at elevated temperatures they are unable to grow on a variety of complex media.
Hampered Vinyl Polymerization by Embedding Biological Objects
Authors: Hofer A. A. , Lautenschlager E.
Published: October 2006

Inhibition of vinyl polymerization by the embedding of biological specimens is due to the presence of biogenic amines. This inhibition is eliminated by acylation of the embedded objects with acid anhydrides.
Antigen-Binding Activity of 6
S
Subunits of β
2
-Macroglobulin Antibody
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Yagi Yasuo , Stelos Peter , Pressman David
Published: October 2006

Direct evidence is provided for the antigen binding activity of the 6
S
subunits formed by reduction and alkylation of rabbit β
2
-macroglobulin antibody. Binding activity of the subunits was clearly demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoresis with a preparation of purified rabbit antibody against the
p
-azobenzenearsonate group, which contained 40 percent of β
2M
-antibody. The precipitate arc formed between the subunits and sheep antiserum against rabbit macroglobulin was shown to bind radioactive antigen specifically.
Actinomycin Resistance in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Slotnick Irving J. , Sells Bruce H.
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of uracil-C
14
, a precursor of cellular RNA, into whole cells of the sensitive parent strain
Bacillus subtilis
No. 6051 is completely inhibited by actinomycin D, whereas only partial inhibition of uracil-C
14
incorporation occurs with actinomycin-resistant intact cells of
B. subtilis
strain II 15. Incorporation of uracil-C
14
into protoplasts of the resistant strain of
B. subtilis
is completely inhibited. The sensitivity of resistant-cell protoplasts to drug effect clearly supports the conclusion that actinomycin penetration is altered in resistant intact whole cells. Since other experiments have shown that the antibiotic is not broken down in the presence of resistant cells, resistance is considered to result from a change in cell permeability.
Biomedical Science in Europe
Authors: Grant R. P. , Huttrer C. P. , Metzner C. G.
Published: October 2006

European biomedical research is now in full resurgence, 19 years after the devastation of the World War II. The more advanced countries of Western Europe are gradually approaching a position of economic self-sufficiency with respect to research. However, certain problems persist. Lingering nationalism and language differences continue to inhibit Europe from finding its full strength as a scientific community. Educational reforms, manpower planning, and scientific support still lag far behind the technologic recovery of science. International pooling of scientific interests and activities, so necessary for the smaller countries, has been slow to develop.

The bonds between American and European biomedical science are extraordinarily strong and healthy, the result of the huge flow of young Europeans to America and of American scientists to Europe for training. These training exchanges have done much more than extend technologic competence. The two communities, one European, the other American, have different attitudes and atmospheres for research, which complement and strengthen each other. The benefits which lie in collaborative research and training among laboratories of the two communities are becoming more and more apparent and no doubt will lead to new levels of creativity and productivity in biomedical research.
Plant Damage Caused by Irradiation of Aldehydes
Authors: Hindawi I. J. , Altshuller A. P.
Published: October 2006

The report that damage to petunia has been correlated with the presence of aldehydes in the atmosphere is discussed in relation to recent laboratory findings. Laboratory investigations have shown that irradiation of formaldehyde in air will not cause plant damage to the varieties of petunia, pinto bean, and tobacco wrapper used, even when nitrogen oxide is added to the system. Irradiation of propionaldehyde in air does cause damage to these plants. Addition of nitrogen oxide to the irradiated propionaldehyde-in-air system does not markedly increase damage.
Systematic Error in Leaf Water Potential Measurements with a Thermocouple Psychrometer
Authors: Rawlins Stephen L.
Published: October 2006

To allow for the error in measurement of water potentials in leaves, introduced by the presence of a water droplet in the chamber of the psychrometer, a correction must be made for the permeability of the leaf.
Toxic Lysolipoid: Isolation from
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
Authors: Redfearn M. S.
Published: October 2006

A lipoid of low molecular weight, isolated from the supernatant fluid of cultures of
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
, killed mice, but not rabbits, in doses comparable to those of the homologous lipopolysaccharide and also lysed sheep erythrocytes. In rabbits this lipoid failed to elicit primary dermal lesions, to prepare the skin for the local Schwartzman reaction, or to induce antibody formation.
Induction of Several Adaptive Enzymes by Actinomycin D
Authors: Rosen Fred , Raina Prem Nath , Milholland Richard J. , Nichol Charles A.
Published: October 2006

Although actinomycin D has been used to prevent protein synthesis in experiments of several hours' duration, its effects on the synthesis of adaptive enzymes which are induced over a period of several days have received less attention. Treatment of young rats with doses of actinomycin D, which permitted survival for a period of 5 days, resulted in marked increases in the activities of four hepatic enzymes known to be induced by cortisol: alanine transaminase, tyrosine transaminase, serine dehydrase, and tryptophan pyrrolase. Actinomycin D also induced responses of two of these enzymes in adrenalectomized rats.
Dialysis of Sleep and Waking Factors in Blood of the Rabbit
Authors: Monnier M. , Hösli L.
Published: October 2006

Dialysis of cerebral venous blood was performed on rabbits during sleep induced by electrical stimulation of the hypnogenic thalamic system or during sustained wakefulness elicited by stimulation of the activating reticular system. The injection of dialysate from a sleeping donor elicited in a normal recipient a moderate sleep which did not differ from normal sleep according to the behavior of the animal and the pattern of the electroencephalogram. The action of the dialysate obtained from sleeping donors was significantly different from that obtained from control donors after sham-stimulation of the thalamus. Injection of dialysate from alert donors elicited a behavioral and electrographic arousal with rhinodiencephalic activation symptoms. These results suggest that dialyzable humoral factors play a role in the mediation of sleep and wakefulness.
Immunity and Susceptibility toward Cheek Pouch Transplants of a Mouse Leukemia
Authors: Adams Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Intravenous sensitization with spleen or leukemic cells of mice and certain rats immunized Syrian hamsters toward cheek pouch heterografts of a mouse leukemia. By contrast, sensitized hamsters given cortisone became more susceptible to the challenging leukemic graft. Neither response was elicited by sensitization with cells of the guinea pig, Syrian hamster, rabbit, or human being.
Resistance to
Erysiphe polygoni
of Red Clover Infected with Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus
Authors: King Lambert N. , Hampton Raymond E. , Diachun Stephen
Published: October 2006

The development of
Erysiphe polygoni
on leaves of red clover was retarded by poor infection with bean yellow mosaic virus. Conidia germinated on leaves infected with the virus but disintegrated following necrosis of the leaf tissue in the immediate area of the germinating conidia.
Computer Analysis of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Authors: Langevin R. A. , Owens M. F.
Published: October 2006

Experiments were undertaken to determine the applicability of a computer program for automatic syntactic analysis to the systematic discovery of ambiguities in textual material. Specific application of this program was made to portions of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Results, though promising, indicate that such applications are not now economically feasible for large volumes of text.
Action of Erythromycin on "Protoplasts" in vivo
Authors: Guze Lucien B. , Kalmanson George M.
Published: October 2006

Bacteria may persist in "protoplast" form in kidneys after treatment of experimental enterococcal pyelonephritis with penicillin. Erythromycin, while ineffective against the bacterial form of infection, was able to kill "protoplasts" in vivo. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that intact cell wall interferes with the ingress of erythromycin into the cellular area in which it acts.
Köllner Effect and Suppression of the View of an Eye
Authors: Crovitz Herbert F.
Published: October 2006

Köllner's discovery of binasal hemianopia as an early stage in binocular color rivalry is extended to the study of the subsequent suppression of the color seen by an eye. The Köllner effect is one of the five two-color configurations that occur initially, and through which total suppression develops by the visible expansion of one of the colors. However, suppression sometimes occurs without a two-color phase.
Chlorinated Insecticides: Fate in Aqueous Suspensions Containing Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Bowman M. C. , Acree Fred , Lofgren C. S. , Beroza Morton
Published: October 2006

Aldrin,
p
,
p
′-DDT, dieldrin, gamma chlordane. heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, 1-hydroxychlordene, and lindane were bioassayed against larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say; the remnant amounts of insecticide and metabolites in larvae and medium were determined by electron-affinity gas chromatography. The insecticides were surprisingly nonpersistent at concentrations normally used.
Collagenous Layer Covering the Crown Enamel of Unerupted Permanent Human Teeth
Authors: Levine Philip T. , Glimcher Melvin J. , Bonar Laurence C.
Published: October 2006

A tissue layer, which was continuous with the cementum covering the roots, was found external to the crown enamel of normal, unerupted permanent human teeth. Light microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and amino acid analysis indicated that the major constituent of this tissue was collagen.
Membrane Enzymes: Artifacts in Arrhenius Plots Due to Temperature Dependence of Substrate-Binding Affinity
Authors: Silvius John R. , Read Brian D. , McElhaney Ronald N.
Published: October 2006

For the membrane sodium-stimulated magnesium-adenosinetriphosphatase of
Acholeplasma laidlawii
B both the
V
max
and
K
m
values in the Michaelis equation very strongly with temperature. Simulations of Arrhenius plots show that an enzyme with a temperature-dependent
K
m
can yield a variety of Arrhenius plot artifacts, most notably erroneous "breaks," if activity is assayed at a fixed substrate concentration.
Radiocarbon and Soil Evidence of Former Forest in the Southern Canadian Tundra
Authors: Bryson Reid A. , Irving William N. , Larsen James A.
Published: October 2006

Radiocarbon dating of charcoal on podzols along a transect reaching 280 kilometers north of the present tree line from Ennadai Lake indicates that former forests were burnt about 3500 years ago and again about 900 years ago. These forests probably were associated with periods of relatively mild climate.
Lateralization of Sounds at the Unstimulated Ear Opposite a Noise-Adapted Ear
Authors: Carterette Edward C. , Friedman Morton P. , Lindner William , Pierce Jean
Published: October 2006

We have discovered conditions of monaural stimulation under which a sound image can be located toward the contralateral, unstimulated ear; the phenomenon helps to clarify divergent experimental results. A tentative model is presented, together with some testable psychophysiological consequences.
Glutathione as an Inducer of Feeding in Ticks
Authors: Galun Rachel , Kindler S. H.
Published: October 2006

Ticks engorged solutions containing reduced glutathione as readily as blood, provided that the tonicity of the solutions was adjusted to that of plasma. Among substances tested this effect was specific for the tripeptide. Glutamic acid inhibited the feeding response.
Simian Virus 40: Isolation of Two Plaque Types
Authors: Riggs John L. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: October 2006

Two different morphological plaque types of simian virus 40 were isolated from three of six strains. Increased uptake of neutral red gave one type of plaque a uniform red appearance, whereas the center of the other remained unstained. The viruses showed stability of plaque morphology on passage in tissue culture; cross neutralization studies identified both as simian virus 40.
Cross-Correlation Analysis of Electroencephalographic Potentials and Slow Membrane Transients
Authors: Klee Manfred R. , Offenloch Kurt , Tigges Johannes
Published: October 2006

Cross-correlation analysis reveals a close correlation between the waves in an electroencephalogram and slow membrane transients of single neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of cats during spontaneous activity, augmenting and recruiting responses, and after local application of strychnine. Time-series correlation coefficients up to 0.7 have been computed. It is suggested that the waves of the electroencephalogram reflect an integration of the changes of membrane potentials in both the cell bodies and dendrites of cortical neurons.
Radio Frequency Stimulation: A Research and Clinical Tool
Authors: Eisenberg Lawrence , Mauro Alexander , Glenn William W. L. , Hageman John H.
Published: October 2006

The radio frequency induction technique is now an important tool in physiological experiments and in the treatment of certain diseases. It has come to play an important role in the treatment of heart block in human patients, where medication has been ineffective. In the case of bladder stimulation, work with animals has shown that the voiding of urine can be induced by electrical stimulation. The successful use of this technique on human patients has yet to be consistently achieved, but there is reason to be optimistic.
Pressure Dependence of the Alpha-Beta Transition Temperature in Silver Selenide
Authors: Banus Mario D.
Published: October 2006

The pressure dependence of the α-β transition temperature in Ag
2
Se was determined by observing the temperature at which the sharp change in resistivity occurs when Ag
2
Se is transformed from the low-temperature orthorhombic to the high temperature body-centered-cubic form. The transition temperature increased from 133°C at 1 atmosphere to 298°C at 47 kilobars. The value of ΔH
t
, the heat of transformation, of 2.19 kcal/mol measured calorimetrically agreed well with the value calculated from d
T
/d
P
of the transition.
Electron Microprobe Analysis of Oxygen in an Iron Meteorite
Authors: Lovering J. F. , Andersen C. A.
Published: October 2006

A quantitative analysis of oxygen in the iron-nickel matrix of the Santa Catherina iron meteorite has been accomplished by using an electron microprobe with dispersive x-ray optics and by applying theoretically calculated corrections to the observed intensity ratios. Microvolume analyses and two-dimensional scanning images in OKα, FeLα, and NiLα x-radiation show that the high nickel phase of the meteorite has been oxidized while the low nickel phase has remained unoxidized.
Enzyme from Soil Bacterium Hydrolyzes Phenylcarbamate Herbicides
Authors: Kearney Philip C. , Kaufman Donald D.
Published: October 2006

An enzyme preparation from
Pseudomonas
sp., isolated from a soil culture by an enrichment technique, liberated 3-chloroaniline from the herbicide isopropyl
N
-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate. Aniline, 3-chloroaniline, and 3,4-dichloroaniline were detected when the enzyme preparation was incubated with several alkyl esters of the phenylcarbamates and chlorophenylcarbamates. No chloroaniline was detected when the 3-(
p
-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron) was used as a substrate. The substrate specificity of the isolated enzyme suggests that it catalyzes the initial hydrolysis of many biologically active phenylcarbamates in soils.
Pressure-Induced Color Mutation of
Euglena gracilis
Authors: Gross J. A.
Published: October 2006

Photosynthetic cultures of
Euglena gracilis
Z which were illuminated during growth were more resistant to the lethal effect of high hydrostatic pressures than nonphotosynthetic cultures grown in the dark. A high percentage of mutants permanently lacking chlorophyll and with altered carotenoids was obtained after subjecting cultures to high pressure. A minimum pressure of 500 atmospheres was critical for color mutation and morphological change. The highest effective pressure used was 1000 atmospheres.
American Cockroach Sex Attractant
Authors: Jacobson Martin , Beroza Morton
Published: October 2006

The structure (2,2-dimethyl-3-isopropylidenecyclopropyl propionate) previously assigned to the sex attractant of the American cockroach has now been shown by additional physical and chemical data and biological inactivity of the synthetic preparation to be incorrect. The structure of this attractant remains to be determined.
Isolation and Characterization of DNA from Kinetoplasts of
Leishmania enriettii
Authors: du Buy Herman G. , Mattern Carl F. T. , Riley Freddie L.
Published: October 2006

The DNA of
Leishmania enriettii
can be separated by equilibrium sedimentation in cesium chloride into a major band of density 1.721 and a minor component of density 1.699. DNA from isolated kinetoplasts of this protozoan was identified as the less dense minor component.
Species and Geographic Differences in the Transferrin Polymorphism of Macaques
Authors: Goodman Morris , Kulkarni Aravind , Poulik Emily , Reklys Eduardas
Published: October 2006

Eleven molecular forms and 34 phenotypes of transferrin have been detected in 372 serums from six macaque species. The tendency to polymorphism varies from species to species and from one local population to another. The most extensive polymorphism was observed in
Macaca mulatta,
which showed at least ten transferrins and 24 phenotypes. Transferrins present in stump-tail macaques (
M. speciosa
) from Thailand were also found in crab-eating macaques (
M. irus
) from Thailand, but not in crab-eating macaques from the Philippines. The results suggest that macaque species are semispecies rather than complete species.
A Report of the Third Montreal Meeting
Authors: Taylor Raymond L.
Published: October 2006

The Association's 131st meeting officially ended with the adjournment of the last session, one on contributed papers in astronomy, 5 P.M., 31 December, but in other ways its termination is delayed for weeks. Even the auditing of accounts and the payment of the last bill, the writing of the last letter connected with it, the appearance of the reports about it—none of these entirely ends the meeting. Scattered inquiries about specific papers will come in from all parts of the world for years to come. (To all such requests, we must say please write the author directly, because the pressroom files are exhausted.)
Hot Shadows of Jupiter
Authors: Wildey Robert L.
Published: October 2006

On the evenings of 26 October and 15 December 1962, while the disk of Jupiter was being scanned for thermal emission in the 8- to 14-micron wavelength region, a large enhancement was discovered in the emission from shadows cast on Jupiter by the Jovian satellites Ganymede and Europa. However, on the evening of 14 December 1964, the shadow of satellite Io was observed and no enhancement was detected. The effect is thus variable with time.
Stability of the Myelin Membrane
Authors: O'Brien John S.
Published: October 2006

The hypothetical questions which were asked earlier may now be answered as follows. Myelin lipids do possess characteristics which could lead to a tightly organized, closely packed, highly stable membrane structure, while lipids in adjacent neurons and glial cells do possess characteristics which could give rise to a more loosely organized, less stable membrane structure. The greater degree of metabolic inertness of myelin lipids may be explained on this basis. The stability of myelin itself may also be based largely on the intermolecular cohesion between lipid molecules, since the lipid content of myelin is extraordinarily high. Physiological and clinical studies tend to support the concept that a surfeit of polyunsaturated lipids or a deficiency of long-chain sphingolipids can result in a more easily disrupted membrane. The most important prediction to be drawn from these speculations is that myelin may be rendered unstable in disease if its lipid composition is altered so that higher proportions of lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower proportions of lipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids are present.
Fallout from the Nuclear Explosion of 16 October 1964
Authors: Kuroda P. K. , Palmer B. D. , Attrep Moses , Beck J. N. , Ganapathy R. , Sabu D. D. , Rao M. N.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the concentrations of 20 fission products in a sample of rain collected at Fayetteville, Arkansas, on 26 October 1964, yielded two "mass-yield" curves; one for fresh debris from the Chinese nuclear explosion, and another for older debris. The former curve resembled the mass-yield curve for neutron-induced fission of uranium-235.
Mazama and Glacier Peak Volcanic Ash Layers: Relative Ages
Authors: Fryxell Roald
Published: October 2006

Physiographic and stratigraphic evidence supports the regional correlation of two volcanic ash layers with extinct Mount Mazama at Crater Lake, Oregon, and Glacier Peak in the northern Cascade Range of Washington. A radiocarbon age of 12,000 ± 310 years confirms geological evidence that ash derived from the Glacier Peak eruption is substantially older than ash from the Mazama eruption of 6600 years ago.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes: A New Mechanism for Injury of Hosts
Authors: Viglierchio David R. , Yu Pyung K.
Published: October 2006

Pathological effects of
Ditylenchus dipsaci
and
Meloidogyne hapla
are related to the disturbance of the auxin balance in the host by the nematode. The parasites produce an auxin inactivator, apparently enzymatic, that enables
Ditylenchus dipsaci
to stunt host stem apices and
Meloidogyne hapla
to reduce its galling potential.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Amino- and Carboxyl-Terminal Peptides of Type I Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: Titani Koiti , Putnam Frank W.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of the amino acid sequence in Bence Jones proteins permits study of the structure of L-chains of normal immunoglobulins. An amino-terminal octadecapeptide containing the sole methionine residue occurs in many but not all immunoglobulins of antigenic type I. The carboxyl-terminal octapeptide appears invariant in type I proteins and ends in cysteine, which may have a cross-linking function.
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Mutants in Saccharomyces: Comparison of Independently Derived Mutants
Authors: Ogur M. , Roshanmanesh A. , Ogur S.
Published: October 2006

A yeast mutant independently isolated as a glutamate auxotroph (

glt
2-1

) was similar to the

glt
1-1

mutant in exhibiting a blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle due to the lack of aconitate hydratase. The new mutant differed by exhibiting blocks in lysine and cytochrome biosynthesis which segregated together with the glutamate requirement.
Hydrocarbons of Biological Origin in Sediments about Two Billion Years Old
Authors: Oró J. , Nooner D. W. , Zlatkis A. , Wikström S. A. , Barghoorn E. S.
Published: October 2006

Normal paraffins in the C
16
to C
32
range and the saturated isoprenoid hydrocarbons, pristane and phytane, have been found in chert from the Gunflint iron formation (1.9 × 10
9
years old) of the north shore of Lake Superior. The distribution of
n
-alkanes shows two maxima, one at about C
18
to C
19
and the other at about C
22
with a minimum occurring at C
20
to C
21
. No predominance of odd- to even-carbon-number alkanes is observed within the C
16
to C
32
range. The results agree with micropaleontological observations made on the Gunflint chert and provide a chemical characterization of Precambrian life existing about two eons ago.
Lattice Formation in Complement Fixation: Studies with Univalent Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Fudenberg H. H. , Hong R. , Nisonoff A.
Published: October 2006

Hybrid univalent 6.5
S
antibody molecules, formed by recombination of half-molecules of rabbit antibody to ovalbumin with those of normal rabbit γ
G
-globulin, fail to fix complement in reactions with homologous antigen. Such hybrid molecules, however, block complement fixation by intact antibody to ovalbumin. Molecules of antibody reconstituted in the absence of other protein retain the capacity to fix complement. The data suggest that small complexes containing excess univalent antibody do not fix complement and that lattice formation is required for fixation.
Interhemispheric Reversal of Mirror-Image Oblique Lines after Monocular Training in Pigeons
Authors: Mello Nancy K.
Published: October 2006

Pigeons, with one eye open, were reinforced for pecking at a 45° oblique line (/). When the opposite, untrained, eye alone was open, pigeons responded maximally to the mirror-image (135° \) of the training stimulus (45° /). This unexpected interocular reversal of mirror-image stimuli has not been reported for any other species.
Photometry at Cerro Tololo, Chile: Effects of Mount Agung Eruption
Authors: Moreno Hugo , Sanduleak N. , Stock Jürgen
Published: October 2006

Extinction effects of the volcanic dust injected into the stratosphere by the violent eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, 17 March 1963, were studied. Visual extinction coefficients were measured photoelectrically for 153 nights during the period from March 1963 to September 1964. The data indicate that the dust is now widely dispersed and that its effects may persist for several more years. A study of the wavelength dependence of the extinction shows that the dust is a neutral scattering agent. The total global amount of airborne volcanic material is crudely estimated at 10
12
grams as of September 1964.
Hybrid Antibody Molecules with Allotypically Different L-Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Mannik Mart , Metzger Henry
Published: October 2006

Isolated L-chains with either the A4 or the A5 allotypic markers from rabbit antibodies to 2,4-dinitrophenyl determinant recombine at random with antibody H-chains in the presence or absence of the hapten to produce hybrid precipitating antibody molecules.
Solar Radiation: An Anomalous Decrease of Direct Solar Radiation
Authors: Flowers Edwin C. , Viebrock Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

Beginning in November 1963, measurements made at the South Pole of solar radiation at normal incidence indicate a decrease of from 5 to 78 percent of the normal intensity. Similar measurements made at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, show a similar though smaller reduction. The causal factor is believed to be a layer of atmospheric dust resulting from the eruption of Mt. Agung, Bali, in March 1963.
Chloroplast Mutagenesis: Effect of
N
-Methyl-
N
′-Nitro-
N
-Nitrosoguanidine and Some Other Agents on
Euglena
Authors: McCalla D. R.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of normal green
Euglena gracilis
with
N
-methyl-
N'
-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine results in permanent loss of the ability to form chloroplasts in close to 100 percent of the organisms. The resulting "bleached" strains can be maintained for over 100 generations; no reversion to chloroplast-containing organisms occurs within this time. Alkylating agents, azaserine, mitomycin C, acridines, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, and γ-irradiation do not bleach significant proportions of cells even at concentrations sufficient to kill most of the cells. These results may be due partly to differences in the base compositions of nuclear and chloroplast DNA.
Culture of Dissociated
Drosophila
Embryos: Aggregated Cells Differentiate and Sort Out
Authors: Lesseps Roland J.
Published: October 2006

When the cells of
Drosophila
embryos are dissociated and cultured in vitro, aggregation of the cells begins rapidly and movements of the cells continue for at least 5 days. Oenocytes, hypoderm, nerve, muscle, and trachea cells take up characteristic positions in the aggregates. Cells from
X2
mutant embryos sort out in identically the same way as do cells from normal embryos.
Mutagenic Effects of Hydroxylamine in vivo
Authors: Tessman Irwin , Ishiwa Hiromi , Kumar Santosh
Published: October 2006

Hydroxylamine can induce any one of the four types of transition mutations in bacteriophage S13 if the mutagen is added directly to agar plates seeded with phage and bacterial indicators. The phage can also be mutated by treating the host cell with hydroxylamine before infecting it with phage. These effects of hydroxylamine in vivo contrast with the mutagenic effect in vitro, which seems to be exclusively on cytosine.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Plant Pigments on Mannitol or Sucrose
Authors: Smith Leon W. , Breidenbach R. W. , Rubenstein Daniel
Published: October 2006

Fat-soluble tobacco leaf pigments were separated by chromatography on thin layers of mannitol and sucrose. Resolution of pigments, simplicity, and rapidity of preparation and development offer advantages over previous methods.
5-Hydroxytryptamine in Single Neoplastic Mast Cells: A Microscopic Spectrofluorometric Study
Authors: Van Orden Lucas S. , Vugman Itamar , Giarman Nicholas J.
Published: October 2006

5-Hydroxytryptamine, catecholamines, and histamine in mast cells can be distinguished by fluorescence microscopy. Microscopic spectrofluorometry can be used to estimate 5-hydroxytryptamine in single neoplastic mast cells grown in vitro, and to study the effect of reserpine on these cells.
Auditory Habituation: A Test of a Centrifugal and a Peripheral Theory
Authors: Webster W. R. , Dunlop C. W. , Simons L. A. , Aitkin L. M.
Published: October 2006

Evoked potentials recorded at the cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized cats show that auditory habituation is a process with a rapid onset and a slower rate of dissipation, and that the habituation is a direct function of the rate of stimulation. Neither the middle ear muscles nor the reticular formation appear to participate in this process. It is suggested that auditory habituation might be a function of the interaction of the olivocochlear bundle and some intrinsic property of higher synaptic areas.
Reinforcement Schedule Generated by an On-line Digital Computer
Authors: Weiss Bernard , Laties Victor G.
Published: October 2006

A LINC digital computer was used to generate an autoregressive schedule of reinforcement. On such a schedule the probability of reinforcement is a function of the similarity in duration of the intervals between successive responses. A detailed analysis of the data obtained from monkeys on this schedule demonstrated two distinct tendencies in their behavior: a tendency for periodic response and a tendency for serial dependence between successive interresponse times.
Is There Vegetation on Mars?
Authors: Smoluchowski R.
Published: October 2006

At least some of the changes in the color of Mars at different seasons are caused by color centers produced by electromagnetic and corpuscular solar radiation in solids on the surface. Calculated radiation flux, at appropriate energies and known temperature variation, could account for seasonal formation of color centers and bleaching if a simple trap model is assumed. In certain kinds of rhyolite (SiO
2
, NaAlSi
3
O
8
), which has been suggested as one of the possible constituents of the martian surface, color centers can be produced. No color centers are expected in limonite, Fe
2
O
3
⋅ 3H
2
O, the other likely constituent.
Paradoxical Sleep: Deprivation in the Cat
Authors: Siegel Jerome , Gordon Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

In cats, the paradoxical phase of sleep occupies about 33 percent of the total sleeping time. Cats which were deprived of paradoxical sleep, by being awakened at its onset, required an increased number of awakenings on successive days of deprivation in order to prevent paradoxical sleep. On the first day of recovery after deprivation, when sleep was not experimentally interrupted, the paradoxical phase occupied 53 percent of the total sleeping time.
Nitrous Acid Mutation of Transforming DNA: Consideration of Mode of Action
Authors: Goodgal Sol H. , Postel Edith Horn
Published: October 2006

Apparently nitrous acid produces genetic alterations, expressed as antibiotic-resistant markers, directly on heat-denatured transforming DNA of
Haemophilus influenzae
, rather than producing DNA which acts as a nonspecific mutagen. The markers which arise as a result of treatment with nitrous acid behave similarly to naturally occurring antibiotic markers. In addition, data comparing the expression and replication of induced markers to natural markers suggest that the nitrous acid-induced markers express and multiply in the same fashion as do "normal" markers. Therefore, mutations which require additional time to produce a functional DNA by a base-pair substitution, or by replication of the introduced DNA, are not responsible for the mutants observed.
Geoelectric Effect and Geotropic Curvature
Authors: Dedolph R. R. , Breen J. J. , Gordon S. A.
Published: October 2006

A transverse electrical potential develops in many plant organs after they are reoriented from a vertical to a horizontal position. This phenomenon has been the basis for both a geoelectric hypothesis of geotropic curvature and its subsequent refutation. In both arguments a causal relation between the potential and curvature has been assumed. Curvature occurs in the absence of potential, as well as vice versa; it is concluded that both the hypothesis and its refutation are incorrect.
Polymorphism of Human Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes
Authors: Vesell Elliot S.
Published: October 2006

Of 1200 individuals screened, four had variant erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenases. Three of these, identical electrophoretically to the Mem-1 described by Kraus and Neely, were heterozygous variants involving the
a-
locus. The fourth, involving the
b-
locus, appears to be the first example in man of a homozygous variant.
Neural Stage of Adaptation between the Receptors and Inner Nuclear Layer of Monkey Retina
Authors: Brown Kenneth T. , Watanabe Kosuke
Published: October 2006

The local electroretinogram of the monkey retina is recorded by intraretinal microelectrodes. Observations of the late receptor potential, isolated by selective clamping of the retinal circulation, show that when the retina is light-adapted by repetitive stimulation, the amplitude of the receptor potential is only slightly reduced over a slow time course. The reduction in amplitude of the
b
-wave is much greater and occurs much more rapidly. Thus there is a neural stage of adaptation between the late receptor potential and the generation of the
b
-wave by cells of the inner nuclear layer.
Morphology and Sediments of a Portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H. , Bowen Vaughan T. , Sachs Peter L. , Siever Raymond
Published: October 2006

In October 1964, a detailed geophysical and sampling survey was made of the central part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 22° and 23° north latitude. The results indicate a large difference in age between the relief of the crest and that of the flanks of the Ridge and suggest that the crest portion is very young. Detailed surveys of two sediment-filled valleys on the upper western flank of the Ridge reveal different sedimentary sequences in the two valleys and indicate the probable existence of a locally controlled depositional regime and a significant local supply of sediment.
Terrestrial Heat Flow through Salt-Marsh Peat
Authors: Redfield Alfred C.
Published: October 2006

Two measurements of the temperature gradient in salt-marsh peat made at an interval of ½ year permit the upward flow of heat to be estimated as 1.37 × 10
-6
cal cm
-2
sec
-1
. This value corresponds closely to the average terrestrial heat flow, obtained in mines and wells.
Aflatoxins: Environmental Factors Governing Occurrence in Spanish Peanuts
Authors: Ashworth Lee J. , Schroeder H. W. , Langley B. C.
Published: October 2006

Aflatoxins are absent from freshly harvested peanuts although
Aspergillus flavus
infest most of the kernels from pods having visible openings. Microbial competition, governed by kernel moisture, limits aflatoxin content of kernels. The toxins are subject to microbial breakdown but the amount broken down is governed by initial aflatoxin concentration.