bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the extent of land-use change around important bat-inhabited caves
Authors: Pretorius Mariëtte , Markotter Wanda , Keith Mark
Published: November 2021

Background

Modification and destruction of natural habitats are bringing previously unencountered animal populations into contact with humans, with bats considered important zoonotic transmission vectors. Caves and cave-dwelling bats are under-represented in conservation plans. In South Africa, at least two cavernicolous species are of interest as potential zoonotic hosts: the Natal long-fingered bat Miniopterus natalensis and the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus. Little information is available about the anthropogenic pressures these species face around important roost sites. Both bats are numerous and widespread throughout the country; land-use changes and urban expansions are a rising concern for both conservation and increased bat-human contact.

Results

Our study addressed this shortfall by determining the extent of land-cover change around 47 roosts between 2014 and 2018 using existing land cover datasets. We determined the land-cover composition around important roost sites (including maternity, hibernacula and co-roosts), distances to urban settlements and assessed the current protection levels of roost localities. We detected an overall 4% decrease in natural woody vegetation (trees) within 5 km buffer zones of all roost sites, with a 10% decrease detected at co-roost sites alone. Agricultural land cover increased the most near roost sites, followed by plantations and urban land-cover. Overall, roosts were located 4.15 ± 0.91 km from urban settlements in 2018, the distances decreasing as urban areas expand. According to the South African National Biodiversity Institute Ecosystem Threat Status assessment, 72% of roosts fall outside of well-protected ecosystems.

Conclusions

The current lack of regulatory protection of cavernicolous bats and their roosts, increasing anthropogenic expansions and proximity to human settlements raises concerns about increased human-bat contact. Furthermore, uncontrolled roost visitation and vandalism are increasing, contributing to bat health risks and population declines, though the extent of roosts affected is yet to be quantified. In an era where pandemics are predicted to become more frequent and severe due to land-use change, our research is an urgent call for the formal protection of bat-inhabited caves to safeguard both bats and humans.
The importance of being integrative: a remarkable case of synonymy in the genus Viridiscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)
Authors: Gąsiorek Piotr , Vončina Katarzyna , Nelson Diane R. , Michalczyk Łukasz
Published: November 2021

There are two predominant sources of taxonomically useful morphological variability in the diverse tardigrade family Echiniscidae: the internal structure and surface sculpture of the cuticular plates covering the dorsum (sculpturing) and the arrangement and morphology of the trunk appendages (chaetotaxy). However, since the appendages often exhibit intraspecific variation (they can be reduced or can develop asymmetrically), sculpturing has been considered more stable at the species level and descriptions of new echiniscid species based solely on morphology are still being published. Here, we present a case study in which a detailed analysis of the morphology and multiple genetic markers of several species of the genus Viridiscus shows that cuticular sculpture may also exhibit considerable intraspecific variation and lead to false taxonomic conclusions. In a population collected from the eastern Nearctic, in the type locality of the recently described species V. miraviridis, individuals with transitional morphotypes between those reported for V. viridissimus and V. miraviridis were found. Importantly, all morphotypes within the viridissimus–miraviridis spectrum were grouped in a single monospecific clade according to rapidly evolving markers (ITS-1, ITS-2 and COI). Given the morphological and genetic evidence, we establish V. miraviridis as a junior synonym of V. viridissimus. This study explicitly demonstrates that a lack of DNA data associated with morphological descriptions of new taxa jeopardizes the efforts to unclutter tardigrade systematics. Additionally, V. perviridis and V. viridissimus are reported from Lâm Đồng Province in southern Vietnam, which considerably broadens their known geographic ranges.
Anger, race, and the neurocognition of threat: attention, inhibition, and error processing during a weapon identification task
Authors: Rivera-Rodriguez Adrian , Sherwood Maxwell , Fitzroy Ahren B. , Sanders Lisa D. , Dasgupta Nilanjana
Published: November 2021

This study measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to test competing hypotheses regarding the effects of anger and race on early visual processing (N1, P2, and N2) and error recognition (ERN and Pe) during a sequentially primed weapon identification task. The first hypothesis was that anger would impair weapon identification in a biased manner by increasing attention and vigilance to, and decreasing recognition and inhibition of weapon identification errors following, task-irrelevant Black (compared to White) faces. Our competing hypothesis was that anger would facilitate weapon identification by directing attention toward task-relevant stimuli (i.e., objects) and away from task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., race), and increasing recognition and inhibition of biased errors. Results partially supported the second hypothesis, in that anger increased early attention to faces but minimized attentional processing of race, and did not affect error recognition. Specifically, angry (vs. neutral) participants showed increased N1 to both Black and White faces, ablated P2 race effects, and topographically restricted N2 race effects. Additionally, ERN amplitude was unaffected by emotion, race, or object type. However, Pe amplitude was affected by object type (but not emotion or race), such that Pe amplitude was larger after the misidentification of harmless objects as weapons. Finally, anger slowed overall task performance, especially the correct identification of harmless objects, but did not impact task accuracy. Task performance speed and accuracy were unaffected by the race of the face prime. Implications are discussed.
Characterizing the quality-of-life impact of Duchenne muscular dystrophy on caregivers: a case-control investigation
Authors: Schwartz Carolyn E. , Stark Roland B. , Audhya Ivana F. , Gooch Katherine L.
Published: November 2021

Background

This study examined the impact of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) on family-member caregivers in terms of quality of life, life stress, and indirect costs, as compared to a stratified comparison group of parents of similar-age children without DMD.

Methods

A web-based survey included DMD caregivers and a nationally representative comparison group of parents of children without DMD stratified by Child Age Group. Outcomes included quality of life, resilience, caregiver impact, stressful life events, financial strain, out-of-pocket expenditures, work productivity and unrealized ambitions. General linear models assessed the main effect of Caregiver Group and the interaction of Caregiver Group with Child-Age-Group, after adjusting for demographic covariates.

Results

Compared to parents without a DMD child, DMD Caregivers reported better physical health but worse mental health, positive affect/well-being, environmental mastery, difficulty paying bills, and more hours missed from work. Providing caregiving support for DMD teenagers was the most challenging. DMD caregivers curtailed their educational and professional ambitions, and modified their homes to accommodate the disability associated with DMD. Their non-DMD children had to make sacrifices as well. Nonetheless, in resilience and life stress, DMD caregivers were comparable to the comparison group, and showed consistent levels of positive emotions across the age of their DMD child.

Conclusion

DMD caregivers fared worse on most outcomes and faced more hurdles in work life. They face constraints and hidden costs that impact their health and financial well-being. Caregivers of teenagers with DMD reported higher impact. Nonetheless, parents of DMD children of all ages maintained notable resilience and positivity.
Orthodontists in forensic facial approximation (FFA): current inter-disciplinary perspective
Authors: Kapoor Priyanka , Chowdhry Aman , Popli Deepika Bablani
Published: November 2021

Forensic odontology has contributed significantly in forensic investigations and involves various branches of dentistry including orthodontics. The current communication presents evidence-based perspective highlighting synergistic union of different specialties for Forensic Facial Approximation (FFA). It brings forth commonality in principles of anthropology, forensic science, anthropometry, anatomy, paleontology, forensic odontology, with orthodontics, used in FFA. Various attributes and skills of orthodontists’ aid in dental and skull profiling and the corresponding sex, age, and ethnicity-based soft tissue assessments for facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT), may aid a life-like appearance. They can assist hard tissue profiling by their expertise in growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with the evolutionary trends in occlusion, and diet formulations. Their knowledge in identifying teeth patterns, dental/skeletal jaw relationships, cranial/facial indices, vertical/horizontal facial proportions, can help prepare skull for orientation and reconstruction. The dental, photographic, and radiographic records maintained by orthodontists and general dentists are instrumental in data retrieval, used in various software, clinical, or research areas. These can provide normative values for comparative analysis or facial recreation. The orthodontists can also assist anthropologists and forensic specialists in the virtual reconstructions due to their ease in using latest digital technologies including three-dimensional (3D) facial scan, stereo-photogrammetry, 3D printing, automated soft-tissue landmarks, growth, and age predictions. Thus, the current study established the commonality in concepts of various forensic disciplines with orthodontics, which can strengthen both forensic on-field facial approximations and hard/soft tissue research to further enhance the accuracy of contemporary digital software used in FFA.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Nb doped TiO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites over rhodamine B dye under visible light illumination
Authors: Prabhakarrao Neradabilli , Rao Tirukkovalluri Siva , Lakshmi Kapuganti Venkata Divya , Divya Gorli , Jaishree Genji , Raju Imandi Manga , Alim Shaik Abdul
Published: November 2021

The present study discusses the synthesis of Nb doped TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) intercalated nanocomposites via sol-gel route at a lower temperature by using different loading amounts of graphene oxide (GO) (1 to 10 wt%). The synthesized composite materials were further characterized by copious instruments such as X-ray Diffractometer, UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, Raman and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy. The experimental results stated that the Nb doped TiO2 nanoparticles uniformly distributed on the surface of rGO with an interfacial linking bond between TiO2 and rGO. Later, the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye using produced materials under visible light irradiation was examined. These results revealed that Nb doped TiO2/rGO nanocomposites exhibited better photocatalytic performance than Nb doped TiO2 for the removal of RhB dye. However, among all, the nanocomposite having 5 wt% of GO content achieves the highest degradation efficiency for RhB dye approximately 98% under visible light exposure. Altogether, the unique properties such as electron accepting and transporting properties of GO in the nanocomposite is caused to enhance photocatalytic activity by minimizing the charge carrier’s recombination rate.
Aerosol delivery through high flow nasal cannula compared to biphasic positive airway pressure, at two different pressure: an in-vitro study
Authors: Boules Marina E. , Laz Nabila Ibrahim , Elberry Ahmed A. , Hussein Raghda R. S. , Abdelrahim Mohamed E. A.
Published: November 2021

Background

Both non-invasive ventilation and high flow oxygen therapy are preferred over low flow oxygen therapy in many conditions. Nebulizers, for aerosol delivery, can be used within them without interrupting the circuit. The present study aimed to compare the efficiency of drug delivery within high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and biphasic positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilation mode using two different inspiratory positive airway pressures. The aerosol delivery was examined in HFNC system at low flow, 5 L min−1, and BiPAP non-invasive ventilation under 2 different pressures [high pressure; inspiratory positive airway pressure/expiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP/EPAP) of 20/5 cm water, and low pressure; IPAP/EPAP of 10/5 cm water]. The total inhalable dose (TID) was measured by inserting an Aerogen Solo nebulizer installed with 1 mL salbutamol respiratory solution (5000 μg mL−1) within the circuit, and the salbutamol was collected on an inhalation filter placed in a filter holder connected to a breathing simulator. The breathing simulator was adjusted at a tidal volume of 500 mL, respiratory rate of 15 breaths min−1, and inhalation to exhalation (I:E) ratio of 1:1 for the adult setting. In each technique of the three (HFNC, and low, and high-pressures BiPAP), TID was determined 5 times (n = 5). For particle size characterization, cooled Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) was inserted instead of the inhalation filter and the breathing simulator with the same scheme. In each technique of the three, particle size characterization was determined 3 times (n = 3).

Results

The BiPAP mode at low inspiratory pressure had the highest TID, followed by HFNC at flow 5 L min−1, then BiPAP mode at high inspiratory pressure. There was a significant difference only between low and high inspiratory pressure modes of BiPAP mode. Low-inspiratory pressure BiPAP delivered the highest mean ± SD fine particle dose (FPD). It was significantly higher than that delivered in high inspiratory pressure BiPAP, and HFNC. Also, FPD in HFNC was significantly higher than that in high inspiratory pressure BiPAP. HFNC system had the smallest mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and the highest FPF followed by low then high inspiratory pressure BiPAP.

Conclusions

Increasing the inspiratory positive airway pressure in BiPAP, from 10 to 20 cm water, decreased the total inhalable dose and FPF nearly by half. Low inspiratory pressure BiPAP delivered the highest TID and FPD. The HFNC system at low oxygen flow resulted in the least MMAD, and the highest FPF. Using HFNC delivered a TID that was non-significant from that delivered by low inspiratory pressure BiPAP.

Graphical Abstract
Putting Appreciative Communication into Practice on Social Media Platforms
Authors: Young Elaine
Published: November 2021

Is it possible to have meaningful conversations on social media platforms at a time when there is so much divisiveness and partisanship? It is not only possible but doable! By applying the AI principles of Wholeness and Enactment to social media conversations, I present a model framework to guide conversations away from those that devalue to those that add value.
Embodying Wholeness in Virtual Collaborations
Authors: Robaina Melissa , Becker Kathy , Cockell Jeanie , McArthur-Blair Joan , Waddington Leeann
Published: November 2021

How do you take a process that is traditionally delivered in-person and successfully move it online? By utilizing the strengths, knowledge, and experience of its Core Team. This online delivery deepened the learning and laid the foundation for an ongoing online learning community.
Incubating Constructionist Ideas: Co-creating a Taos Institute Writing Community
Authors: Bodiford Kristin , Moon Haesun , Torres-Dávila Paloma
Published: November 2021

This article is an article within an article. We (Haesun Moon, Paloma Torres-Dávila and Kristin Bodiford) are interested in broadening the Taos Institute’s impact beyond academic spaces and are exploring co-creating a Taos Institute Publication in Medium, a collaborative platform that offers shared space for relevant stories.
The Meaning of Embracing the Sun: The Appreciative Inquiry Process in a Participatory Diagnosis at Casas Hogar Guadalajara in Mexico
Authors: Peralta Circe
Published: November 2021

Resilience is woven in a relational and narrative way for our protagonists to tell their stories of transformation: it has validated their exceptionality and the opportunity to live, the right to be heard and be participants in the decisions that impact their lives. These narratives were a trigger to open the co-creation of a pilot for a child parliament.
Equity vs equality
Authors: Allingham Sue
Published: November 2021

The core theme running through the update this month is one of equity. Amongst all of the recent discussions on ensuring each child is supported according to their own unique needs, we need to take a closer look at where things might still be going wrong.
Lean on your community
Authors: McKenna Nicola
Published: November 2021

Do you have something to share, reflect on or provoke thinking around? Write to the editor: angelica.celinska@markallengroup.com
Rewind on ratios
Authors: Cowley Sue
Published: November 2021

With government proposing to look again at the idea of relaxing adult to child ratios, the sector faces another battle to maintain quality and safety for children. Sue Cowley takes a look at the background to debates around ratios in the EYFS.
Unpicking British Values
Authors: Marycz Adam
Published: November 2021

In November's magazine, myself and Julia Gouldsboro explored whether we should ‘reform’ or ‘reclaim’ British Values. This month, in part one of my reflection on British Values, I explore in more depth what they really mean and how they are currently implemented in practice.
Four pioneers on play
Authors: Willis Richard
Published: November 2021

Steiner, Kant, Dewey and Froebel are introduced in this article in regards to their lessons on play in early childhood settings. The four theorists are compared, outlining some of the common threads interwoven between them.
Beyond ‘snap-shot’ moments
Authors: Demetriadi Nicola
Published: November 2021

More than just a framework: In this final article in the series, we look at how to capture the child's learning as they engage with the curriculum, moving beyond capturing ‘snap-shot’ moments.
Time for a rethink
Authors: Moss Peter
Published: November 2021

From private nurseries to public children's centres? In this thought-provoking article Professor Peter Moss addresses implications surrounding the acquisition of childcare settings.
Lifelong journey
Authors: Celinska Angelica
Published: November 2021

Ula discusses her early years sector journey; from starting off in Poland to moving to the UK, working in settings in Edinburgh and London. Ula tells us about what she has learnt on the way and how she continues to fuel her passion for the early years.
We are (still) educators
Authors: Leitch Neil
Published: November 2021

The long-awaited Comprehensive Spending Review, originally due in 2020, arrived this autumn, and at long last the early years sector had the chance to formally put our case for increased investment to the Treasury.
The spirit of collaboration
Authors: Johnson Theresa
Published: November 2021

PACEY's efforts of collaborative work has demonstrated a shared commitment to support parents on their journey into work, through recruitment opportunities to the sector, navigation of a complex funding system, and challenging perceptions of childcare choices.
Only the beginning
Authors: Tanuku Purnima
Published: November 2021

The recent positive funding news have been long awaited by the sector, and are mostly well received. However, what is it that needs to be actioned now to ensure the sector gets the right targeted support out of the funding offered?
Christmas and counting…
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: November 2021

This is the second article in the series exploring traditional nursery rhymes as a resource for activities throughout the early years curriculum. It features rhymes that involve numbers, counting and other mathematical concepts such as shapes, time, money and of course, Christmas.
Stones and pebbles
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: November 2021

As part of the ‘Bringing the outside in’ series, this article encourages exploration of stones and pebbles through creative expression, as well as bringing in rich learning surrounding mathematical concepts and developing patience and perseverance.
The Best Christmas Ever!
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: November 2021

‘The Best Christmas Ever!’ by Marni McGee and Gavin Scott is about a little mouse called Millicent who discovers that the true meaning of Christmas is kindness, caring for others and valuing your friends – not having the perfect tree!
Stick Man
Authors: Davies Sarah M
Published: November 2021

Julia Donaldson's Stick Man encourages children to think about resilience, never giving up and all the things you can do with a stick. Stick Man never gives up on his dream to get back to his family and he finds help from a very festive source.
Ratio in Ratio Type Exponential Strategy for the Estimation of Population Mean
Authors: Gupta Anurag , Tailor Rajesh
Published: November 2021

This paper is an attempt to develop an estimator for finite population mean. Motivated by Kiregyera (1984), a ratio in ratio type exponential strategy is developed for estimation of population mean in double sampling for stratification. To compare with relevant considered estimators, expressions for bias and mean squared error of the developed estimator have been derived. The developed estimator has been compared with usual unbiased estimator, Ige and Tripathi (1987), ratio estimator and ratio type exponential estimator given by Tailor et al (2014) theoretically as well as empirically.
Efficient Retrieval of Data Using Semantic Search Engine Based on NLP and RDF
Authors: Yadav Usha , Duhan Neelam
Published: November 2021

With the evolution of Web 3.0, the traditional algorithm of searching Web 2.0 would become obsolete and underperform in retrieving the precise and accurate information from the growing semantic web. It is very reasonable to presume that common users might not possess any understanding of the ontology used in the knowledge base or SPARQL query. Therefore, providing easy access of this enormous knowledge base to all level of users is challenging. The ability for all level of users to effortlessly formulate structure query such as SPARQL is very diverse. In this paper, semantic web based search methodology is proposed which converts user query in natural language into SPARQL query, which could be directed to domain ontology based knowledge base. Each query word is further mapped to the relevant concept or relations in ontology. Score is assigned to each mapping to find out the best possible mapping for the query generation. Mapping with highest score are taken into consideration along with interrogative or other function to finally formulate the user query into SPARQL query. If there is no search result retrieved from the knowledge base, then instead of returning null to the user, the query is further directed to the Web 3.0. The top “k” documents are considered to further converting them into RDF format using Text2Onto tool and the corpus of semantically structured web documents is build. Alongside, semantic crawl agent is used to get  set from the semantic wiki. The Term Frequency Matrix and Co-occurrence Matrix are applied on the corpus following by singular Value decomposition (SVD) to find the results relevant for the user query. The result evaluations proved that the proposed system is efficient in terms of execution time, precision, recall and f-measures.
Deep Learning-Based Encrypted Network Traffic Classification and Resource Allocation in SDN
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhang Xi , Yang Jufeng
Published: November 2021

In the rapid development of network technology, with the improvement of the quality and quantity of network users’ demands, more and more network information technology and excessive network traffic also raise people’s attention to the internal network security. Especially for the classification and resource allocation of encrypted network traffic, the research of related technologies has become the main research direction of the development of network technology. The extensive application of deep learning provides a new idea for the study of traffic classification. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the current situation, the improved convolutional neural network is selected to conduct an in-depth discussion on traffic classification and resource allocation of encrypted networks based on deep learning. The performance of the system is verified from the perspective of practical application.
Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Two Forest Sites from Kabylia of Djurdjura, Northern Algeria
Authors: Sid-Ali Sadou , Ali-Ahmed  Djamila Sadoudi , Ali-Ahmed Fatiha Metna , Ouiza Ourrad , Said Slimani
Published: November 2021

The current study deals with the diversity of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Kabylia of Djurdjura. It has been carried out in two forest sites from the localities of Azeffoun and Assi-Youcef, Tizi Ouzou (northern Algeria). Two sampling methods were adopted: manual capture and pitfall traps. Various community metrics were used as key elements to assess ant biodiversity within the two study sites. They included the species richness, the relative abundance, the constancy, and the Shannon-Weaver and equitability indices. Our inventory allowed identifying 24 species belonging to 12 genera and three subfamilies, which are the Myrmicinae (58%), the Formicinae (34%), and the Dolichoderinae (08%). The highest species richness was registered for the two first subfamilies, while the subfamily Dolichoderinae dominated numerically. The Site of Azeffoun, which is more submitted to human activities, recorded higher values in the number of individuals, the species richness, and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. However, the difference between the two sites consisted mainly of the rare species, such as Crematogaster laestrygon, Goniomma sp. and Palagiolepis sp., which were present in the Azeffoun site. The local site conditions certainly have played a key role in ant species occurrence within the two study areas. Azeffoun is more disturbed than Assi-Youcef, resulting in the recruitment of much more rare and accidental species in the first site. In contrast, the rate of accessory to omnipresent species is substantially higher in Assi-Youcef, which recorded a high species evenness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the ant genus Formica in Kabylia of Djurdjura.
Ant Rafting in an Extreme Ecosystem
Authors: Wilson Fernandes Geraldo , Siqueira de Castro Flávio , Camarota Flávio , Cunha Blum Jéssica , Maia Renata
Published: November 2021

Ants are among the most abundant organisms on Earth, being adapted for living on different solid surfaces. However, in some habitats, like riparian forests and flooded plains, water can be a constant obstacle, and overcoming this obstacle can be essential to determine the persistence of ants in such habitats. While most ant species avoid the water during a flood by foraging at higher elevations or climbing on trees, a few species developed ways to overcome this obstacle by swimming. Here, we report, for the first time, ants of the species Linepthema micans (Forel 1908) performing rafts. We observed 14 rafts in three consecutive days at approximately 1400 meters a.s.l. in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Notably, this is the first record of ant rafting in tropical mountaintop grasslands, which are extreme habitats with shallow and sandy soils, and where small temporary water pools are extremely common in the wet season.
Tomografia Eletromagnética de Tempos de Trânsito: Aplicação do GCV para a Busca do Parâmetro de Regularização
Authors: De Oliveira Naiane Pereira , Bassrei Amin
Published: November 2021

Na inversão tomográfica eletromagnética com a geometria de aquisição interpoços utilizamos como dados de entrada, o tempo de trânsito do pulso eletromagnético de alta frequência transmitido de uma antena a outra, desconsiderando a forma da onda em si. A inversão tomográfica eletromagnética é mal-condicionada, tal como a maioria dos problemas inversos em Geofísica de Exploração. Por esse motivo, recorremos a regularização por matrizes de derivadas como ferramenta matemática na obtenção de uma solução factível. Essa abordagem possui uma constante chamada de parâmetro de regularização (lambda), cuja escolha também constitui um problema. Para a seleção desta constante usamos uma técnica conhecida como Validação Cruzada Generalizada, que é um método baseado em considerações estatísticas. Os modelos recuperados apresentam boa concordância com o respectivo modelo verdadeiro, comprovando a aplicabilidade da tomografia eletromagnética no imageamento de reservatórios geológicos.
Tunneling Calculation in the Field Ion Microscope
Authors: Abreu Silva Ariel Almeida , Andrade-Neto A.V.
Published: November 2021

In this work we describe calculations of tunneling rate constants for the Field Ion Microscope (FIM) using one-dimensional model potential that simulates the ionization process in a FIM. We obtain expressions for the ionization rate constant (ionization probability per unit of time) of inert gas atoms as a function of their position above the surface. In order to calculate the probability of barrier penetration we have used the semiclassical (JWKB) approximation. We have also calculated ionization zone widths as the distance between points where ionization rate is a maximum and half of this value. An application to helium as the imaging gas is presented to highlight the power of the method.
Teletransporte Quântico, Dinâmica de Campos Térmicos e a Álgebra de Lie su(2)
Authors: Trindade M.A.S , Floquet S. , Vianna J.D.M
Published: November 2021

Neste trabalho investigamos a relação entre a duplicação do formalismo da Dinâmica de Campos Térmicos (DCT) e o procedimento de purificação na teoria da Informação Quântica. Em seguida, analisamos efeitos de temperatura no teletransporte quântico de estados bosônicos, utilizando a DCT, e através da álgebra de Lie su(2) termalizada realizamos o protocolo do teletransporte. Derivamos o operador densidade associado aos estados termalizados a fim de calcularmos a fidelidade do teletransporte e o limite de temperatura nula.
Evolução Orbital dos Exoplanetas (TRAPPIST-1e e TRAPPIST-1g) que estão na Zona Habitável da Estrela TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Maciel Samara Rebeka Pita , Carvalho Jean Paulo dos Santos
Published: November 2021

A abordagem central baseia-se no problema de três corpos, em que é analisada a dinâmica secular de um sistema composto por uma estrela central e dois planetas sob influência gravitacional mútua, considerando a perturbação devido ao efeito da atração gravitacional do terceiro corpo em órbita elíptica e inclinada até a terceira ordem do potencial perturbador. Apresentamos uma análise da evolução orbital dos exoplanetas que estão na zona habitável da estrela. O software Maple é usado para fazer as integrações numéricas, outro software também utilizado é o Universe Sandbox para comparar o resultado obtido das integrações das equações analíticas devido a perturbação do terceiro corpo. Mostramos que os exoplanetas (TRAPPIST-1e e TRAPPIST-1g) que estão na zona habitável da estrela TRAPPIST-1 permanecem dentro da zonal habitável ao longo do tempo.
Estudo Espectroscópico do Par de Galáxias Interagentes ESO 505-IG 030 e ESO 505-IG 031
Authors: Silva Sales Elis Cristina , Fernandes Martin Vera Aparecida , Da Rocha Poppe Paulo César , Costa Pinto Souza José Henrique , Do Carmo Carvalho Matheus , Cordeiro de Almeida Toni , Silva Freitas Raquel , Ramielly Bomfim de Jesus Bianca , Da Silva Lima Santos Mariana
Published: November 2021

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados das observações espectroscópicas de fenda longa realizadas para o par de galáxias peculiares interagentes ESO 505-IG 030 e ESO 505-IG 031. Os dados foram obtidos com o espectrógrafo Cassegrain acoplado ao telescópio Perkin-Elmer (1,60m) do Observatório do Pico dos Dias/Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (OPD-LNA/MCTI). Trata-se de um par interagente no Universo local (z $\approx$ 0,03957) classificadas como espirais do tipo morfológico Sc. Curvas de rotação, síntese espectral e alguns parâmetros físicos e geométricos são apresentados e discutidos para cada um dos objetos estudados.
Estudo de velocidade de partículas associadas com flares solares
Authors: Almeida L. A. , Pereira M.G.
Published: November 2021

Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo referente aos fenômenos associados com as manchas e as erupções solares ("flares") que ocorrem na atmosfera do Sol. Resultados experimentais são obtidos com os instrumentos a bordo do satélite SOHO. Com os dados do Monitor de Prótons do instrumento CELIAS fazemos uma análise das partículas carregadas emitidas pelo Sol, os quais permitem a obtenção das velocidades de propagação das partículas aceleradas nos "flares". A utilização de medidas cinemáticas das velocidades oriundas das imagens das erupções observada pelo instrumento LASCO, permitiram a comparação destas com as do Monitor de Prótons. Em seis eventos observados pelo LASCO, as velocidades mostraram grande dispersão, em contraste com o observado pelo Monitor de Prótons. Tal fato indica que os "flares" ocorrem de forma isolada, não contribuindo de uma forma efetiva para a produção global das partículas detectadas pelo Monitor de Prótons.
Astronomia no Infravermelho de Estrelas Variáveis
Authors: Lopes C.E.F , Pereira M.G.
Published: November 2021

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer um estudo fotométrico de estrelas variáveis utilizando dados fotométricos do projeto 2 Micron All Sky Survey. Foram analisados dados de fotometria infravermelho nas bandas JHKs de cinco tipos de estrelas variáveis: Wolf Rayet, RS Canum Venaticorum, Sistemas Binários de Raios-X, Fontes Super Soft e Estrelas Simbióticas. As materializações de diagramas Cor-Cor permitiram um estudo das propriedades fotométricas infravermelho intrínsecas destas fontes, e assim obteve-se uma ferramenta para identificação de alvos para estudos mais detalhados a serem realizados posteriormente com telescópios de maior porte.
Conexão entre os Sistemas de Referência Óptico e Rádio
Authors: Alves-Brito Alan , Martin V.A.F. , Poppe P.C.R.
Published: November 2021

Astrometria é a parte da Astronomia dedicada à medida de distâncias, movimentos, dimensões, posições e geometria dos corpos celestes, definida dentro da estrutura da Mecânica Newtoniana. Muitos instrumentos astrométricos têm sido utilizados em programas ou propostas específicos. Neste trabalho discutimos as limitações da Astrometria baseada na Terra e suas contribuições ao estabelecimento de um referencial absoluto usando o Astrolábio Fotoelétrico (ASPHO). Os principais resultados obtidos para a posição de rádio-estrelas são mostrados e discutidos confirmando a oportunidade de programas de astrolábio prismático dedicados à conexão de referenciais ópticos e de rádio. Apresentamos a medida dos ângulos de rotação entre o sistema de rádio e nossos dados ópticos bem como uma comparação com as posições óptico-rádio obtidas por outras técnicas.
Caracterização das Distribuições pelas Propriedades dos Estimadores de Bayes
Authors: Araújo P.C. , Cardeal J.A.
Published: November 2021

Neste trabalho reapresentamos os resultados obtidos por Kagan e Karpov [1,2], mostrando que: para a construção do Estimador Linear Bayseano a condição necessária e suficiente é que, a priori, a distribuição dos erros sejam normais.
O Letramento em Ciências como Objetivo para o Ensino de Ciências
Authors: Da Rosa Katemari Diogo , Martins Maria Cristina
Published: November 2021

Neste artigo apresentamos uma discussão sobre o significado de alfabetização científica e suas implicações para o ensino de ciências. Inicialmente discutimos a relação entre alfabetização e letramento e, em seguida, mostramos que o termo "alfabetização científica" abarca diferentes conceitos presentes na literatura através dos tempos. A importância dessa discussão emerge num ano em que o Brasil foi novamente submetido a uma avaliação comparativa de estudantes no que se refere à "alfabetização científica", o PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment). Essa avaliação, que teve início no ano de 2000, tem mostrado que somos um país que pouco sabe sobre ciência, pois o país logrou as últimas colocações nas avaliações de anos anteriores. A alfabetização científica vem se mostrando como um objetivo no ensino de ciências no Brasil e no mundo. Nesse sentido é importante que se discuta o que é alfabetização científica, para melhor entendermos e analisarmos as avaliações a que somos submetidos. Mais do que isso, para que possamos bem avaliar nosso trabalho, assim como planejar nossas ações didáticas.
Efeitos de Forças Gravitacionais e Não-Gravitacionais sobre o Movimento Orbital de Satélites Artificiais
Authors: Dos Santos Carvalho Jean Paulo , De Moraes Rodolpho Vilhena
Published: November 2021

Uma teoria para estudar o movimento orbital de satélites artificiais sobre efeitos do arrasto atmosférico e da pressão de radiação solar direta - considerando a sombra da Terra e alguns termos do geopotencial - é desenvolvida analiticamente. A sombra da Terra é modelada utilizando a função sombra (psi), como introduzida por Ferraz Mello: psi igual zero quando o satélite está na região de sombra e igual a um quando é iluminado pelo Sol. As componentes do arrasto são dadas por Vilhena de Moraes baseado no modelo atmosférico TD-88. O método de Hori para sistemas não-canônicos é aplicado para resolver as equações de movimento. Um software para manipulação algébrica é fundamental para fazer os cálculos necessários. Efeitos seculares e periódicos que influenciam no movimento orbital de satélites artificiais são analisados. É dada ênfase aos termos de acoplamento que surgem na solução do sistema de equações diferenciais. Utilizando dados orbitais do satélite CBERS-1 é feito um estudo para analisar ordens de grandeza da variação do semi-eixo maior devidas às perturbações consideradas.
Imagens Magnéticas para Aplicações Biomédicas: estado da arte
Authors: Leyva Cruz Juan A. , Lemaire Thierry J.
Published: November 2021

Na atualidade, o estudo da energia eletromagnética aplicada à medicina e biologia é um dos tópicos de pesquisas mais atraentes e de interesse crescente na comunidade científica internacional, e particularmente no Brasil. Vários esforços têm sido realizados para criar técnicas diagnósticas apoiadas na obtenção de imagens magnéticas e elétricas para ajudar de forma coadjuvante, e/ou substituir em alguns casos, as metodologias médicas de diagnóstico por imagens tradicionais. Neste trabalho mostramos o estado da arte, do ponto de vista experimental, destacando as mudanças nas dimensões dos sensores e no sistema de condicionamento analógico dos sinais medidos, para o registro de sinais de origem biológica. A imagem magnética medida sempre será degradada e ruidosa, devido tanto ao princípio físico (Lei Biot-Savart) envolvido na formação da imagem quanto ao próprio processo de medição da imagem. Os fundamentos básicos da formação das imagens magnéticas, bem como a solução do problema magnético direto e inverso, são mostrados. Apresentamos uma discussão do ponto de vista físico-matemático sobre o problema magnético inverso mal-condicionado e como ele influi na reconstrução das imagens das fontes magnéticas no interior de um objeto qualquer. Por fim, mencionamos de forma breve o método de filtragem espacial de Fourier como uma das possíveis técnicas na solução do problema magnético inverso.
Critérios de Seleção de Valores Singulares em Problemas Inversos Lineares: uma Aplicação em Tomografia de Tempos de Trânsito
Authors: Pereira Silva José Nilton , Bassrei Amin
Published: November 2021

Os problemas inversos da Geofísica geralmente podem ser formulados como um sistema de equações lineares. Tais problemas inversos são geralmente mal-postos, isto é, suas soluções são condicionadas pelos aspectos da existência, unicidade e estabilidade. A tomografia sísmica é uma tipo especial de problema inverso, que permite estimar uma função a partir de uma integral de linha da mesma. Na tomografia de tempos de trânsito, objeto deste trabalho, a incógnita do problema, ou seja, o vetor de parâmetro de modelo, é a distribuição bidimensional de vagarosidades, que é obtida a partir do conhecimento dos tempos de trânsito entre fontes e receptores, que vem a formar o vetor de parâmetro de dado. Utilizando dados sintéticos fizemos várias simulações numa aplicação de tomografia de tempos de trânsito de transmissão. O exemplo, de médio porte, é uma idealização de um reservatório de hidrocarbonetos. Foi incorporado ruído gaussiano aos tempos de trânsito em diferentes níveis. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, gerando tomogramas bastante semelhantes aos valores verdadeiros.
Considerações Gerais sobre o uso da Televisão e do Vídeo na Escola a partir da Experiência de Professores em Sala de Aula no Nível Secundário
Authors: Ribeiro, Miltão Milton Souza , Moraes Simões Maria Tereza , Serra Denise Simões , R. Sousa Tânia Cristina
Published: November 2021

Nesse trabalho, a partir de nossa experiência de professores em sala de aula em uma escola do nível secundário, pretendemos tecer algumas considerações acerca do uso da televisão e do vídeo na escola. O estudo do uso da televisão e do vídeo no 2º grau e tema inserido em vasta bibliografia, contudo os professores desse nível de ensino comparecem, em geral, como objeto de tal estudo e não como autores, pesquisadores dessas investigações. Levando em conta as funções do audiovisual, bem como a linguagem subjacente, estabelecemos uma definição para o audiovisual didático-pedagógico para, em seguida, analisar algumas questões, por nós formuladas, relacionadas ao uso da televisão e do vídeo na sala de aula, tecendo algumas considerações com o objetivo de solucioná-las.
Estudos e Projetos de Próteses Ativas Enfatizando a Prototipagem Rápida
Authors: Da Silva Nilton Cardoso , Lopes da Silva Jorge Vicente , Rosário João Maurício
Published: November 2021

Este trabalho é relacionado com a engenharia de reabilitação, e mostra a evolução e a diversidade de formas e aplicações da física em algumas das técnicas de produção de próteses biomecânicas, seja na definição, construção e projeto da estrutura em seus diversos modelos, seja nos aspectos mecânicos, funcionais e operacionais, a exemplo da construção e do acionamento de próteses para indivíduos com amputação parcial dos membros superiores. O artigo apresenta a construção de dois modelos de próteses de apreensão. Um primeiro modelo do tipo acionamento com um atuador baseado em Shape Memory Alloy - SMA, e estudado através de três protótipos, um artesanal, um feito por usinagem convencional, e um terceiro por prototipagem rápida, sendo este último dedicado e integrado na estrutura da prótese. A proposta do segundo modelo, uma próotese acionada por motor de corrente contínua também é apresentada, sendo este integrado à garra, através de um redutor de velocidade. O projeto do modelo usando atuador baseado em SMA foi elaborado em CAD, observando que poucas alterações estruturais são necessárias na substituição deste atuador por um motor de corrente contínua.
Propagação de Ondas Eletromagnéticas através de um Sistema Multicamadas Aleatórias
Authors: De Jesus Antonio Delson C. , Coutinho Waldeck Sotero
Published: November 2021

Neste trabalho estudamos a resposta de um sistema de multicamadas aleatórias constituído de camadas homogêneas, a um campo eletromagnético no modo TE (Transversal Elétrico) limitando-se a incidência normal. Verificamos que a transmissão das ondas se dá de forma periódica de modo que existem bandas de modos transmissíveis com relação ao número de onda. Daí, isolamos um único espectro de ondas e verificamos a influência da quantidade de camadas e da largura de desordem na resposta do sistema. Os resultados mostraram que no limite de grandes quantidades de camadas a média espectral da banda transmissível varia com uma lei de potência. A largura de desordem da média espectral decresce exponencialmente.
Como medir o envelhecimento biológico - Parte 1
Authors: De Medeiros N.G.F.
Published: November 2021

Neste artigo faremos uma rápida apresentação do estudo do fenômeno de envelhecimento biológico, com ênfase no envelhecimento humano, mostrando como é possível quanticá-lo. Mostramos que uma das formas mais eficientes de detecção do envelhecimento em populações é por meio da análise das taxas de mortalidade, obtidas a partir de tabelas atuariais. Estas tabelas apontam para a existência de uma lei de mortalidade, responsável por padrões específicos de mortalidade, em populações nas quais se observa o envelhecimento.
Sistema Automático para Imagens Magnéticas Bidimensionais
Authors: Santos T.N. , Barboni A.R. , Mascarenhas E.M. , Costa M.O. , Ferreira E.S. , Leyva-Cruz J.A.
Published: November 2021

Apresenta-se um protótipo de Scanner magnético automatizado para a obtenção de imagens magnéticas bidimensionais (2D), usando um sensor magnetorresistivo. Estes magnetômetros convertem sinais magnéticos em tensão elétrica diferencial. A automação foi realizada por meio de uma rotina em LabVIEW 8:6, e o processamento digital e a obtenção das imagens magnéticas, realizados off-line, usando uma rotina em linguagem MATLAB 7:6. O número de amostras foi de 400 amostras, adquiridas com uma frequência de aquisição de 4 kHz. Foram realizados vários experimentos usando fantomas magnéticos. Os resultados preliminares mostram que o sistema é capaz de obter sinais e imagens magnéticas de diferentes características, varrendo áreas de dimensões ate (0.12 X 0.12) m2.
IMPACT OF DIETARY FACTORS AND INFLAMMATION ON COGNITION AMONG OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Handing E.P. , Small B.J. , Reynolds S.L. , Kumar N.B.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the influence of age, nutrition (as measured through food diaries and serum/plasma biomarkers) and inflammatory markers on cognitive performance in adults 60 years of age and older. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population based study, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2001-2002 wave). PARTICIPANTS: This study included 1,048 adults who had valid dietary data, blood biomarkers, were 60 years or older, completed the cognitive test, and had complete demographic information. METHOD: A series of regression models were used to examine the relationship between cognitive function as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST), dietary factors/biomarkers and inflammation. Mediation analyses were then utilized to examine whether individual nutrients accounted for the relationships between age and DSST performance. RESULTS: Dietary fat intake, serum vitamin E, serum folate, serum iron, plasma homocysteine, and serum vitamin D were significantly associated with better DSST performance. Elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, were significantly associated with poorer cognitive function, but did not remain statistically significant after controlling for age, gender, education, ethnicity, income, and total calorie intake. Serum vitamin D and plasma homocysteine accounted for a portion of age-related variance in DSST. Specifically, higher levels of vitamin D were related to better DSST performance, while higher homocysteine resulted in poorer cognitive performance. CONCLUSION: Diet and nutrition are important modifiable factors that can influence health outcomes and may be beneficial to remediate age-related declines in cognition. Adequate nutrition may provide a primary preventive approach to healthy aging and maintenance of cognitive functioning in older adults.