bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Structural Control by Matrix Engineering for Polydimethylsiloxane Filled Graphene Woven Fabric Strain Sensors
Authors: Wu Ying , An Chao , Guo Yaru , Kang Liying , Wang Yang , Wan Haixiao , Tang Haijun , Ma Qianyi , Yang Chunming , Xu Ming , Zhao Yixin , Jiang Naisheng
Published: January 2025

Elastomer cure shrinkage during composite fabrication often induces wrinkling in conductive networks, significantly affecting the performance of flexible strain sensors, yet the specific roles of such wrinkles are not fully understood. Herein, a highly sensitive polydimethylsiloxane‐filled graphene woven fabric (PDMS‐f‐GWF) strain sensor by optimizing the PDMS cure shrinkage through careful adjustment of the base‐to‐curing‐agent ratio is developed. This sensor achieves a gauge factor of ∼700 at 25% strain, which is over 6 times higher than sensors using commercially formulated PDMS. This enhanced sensing performance is attributed to multiscale structural control of the graphene network, enabled by precisely tuned cure shrinkage of PDMS. Using in situ scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray scattering, and Raman spectroscopy, an optimized PDMS base‐to‐curing‐agent ratio of 10:0.8 is show that enables interconnected structural changes from atomic to macroscopic scales, including larger “real” strain within the graphene lattice, enhanced flattening of graphene wrinkles, and increased crack density. These findings highlight the critical role of elastomer shrinkage in modulating the multiscale structure of conductive networks, offering new insights into matrix engineering strategies that advance the sensing performance of elastomer‐based flexible strain sensors.
A Moldable, Tough Mineral‐Dominated Nanocomposite as a Recyclable Structural Material
Authors: Yu Yadong , Li Yexuan , Gong Zeyu , Liao Peng , Ma Yanyu , Zhou Lina , Gong Junbo
Published: January 2025

Flexible hybrid minerals, primarily composed of inorganic ionic crystal nanolines and a small amount of organic molecules, have significant potential for the development of sustainable structural materials. However, the weak interactions and insufficient crosslinking among the inorganic nanolines limit the mechanical enhancement and application of these hybrid minerals in high‐strength structural materials. Inspired by tough biominerals and modern reinforced concrete structures, this study proposes introducing an aramid nanofiber (ANF) network as a flexible framework during the polymerization of calcium phosphate oligomers (CPO), crosslinked by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA). This approach allows the flexible inorganic nanolines formed through CPO polymerization to be integrated into the organic framework, thereby creating tough mineral‐based structural materials (inorganic content: 70.7 wt.%), denoted as PVA/SA/ANF/CPO (PSAC). The multiple intermolecular interactions between the organic and inorganic phases, combined with the integrated nano‐reinforced concrete structure, endow PSAC with significantly enhanced tensile strength (86.6 ± 8.6 MPa), comparable to that of high‐strength polymer plastics. Moreover, PSAC possesses excellent plasticity and flame retardancy. The noncovalent molecular interactions within PSAC enable efficient recyclability. Consequently, PSAC has the potential to replace high‐strength polymer plastics and structural components, providing a promising avenue for developing high‐strength and toughness mineral‐based structural materials.
Kinetically Tailored Chemical Vapor Deposition Approach for Synthesizing High‐Quality Large‐Area Non‐Layered 2D Materials
Authors: Kim Jiha , Son Eunbin , Choi Yunseong , Choi Kyoung Jin , Baik Jeong Min , Park Hyesung
Published: January 2025

Non‐layered 2D materials offer unique and more advantageous physicochemical properties than those of conventional 2D layered materials. However, the isotropic chemical bonding nature of non‐layered materials hinders their lateral growth, making the synthesis of large‐area continuous thin films challenging. Herein, a facile kinetically tailored chemical vapor deposition (KT‐CVD) approach is introduced for the synthesis of 2D molybdenum nitride (MoN), a representative non‐layered material. Large‐scale thin films of MoN with lateral dimensions of up to 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm are obtained by modulating the vapor pressure of nitrogen feedstock and disrupting the thermodynamically favored growth kinetics of non‐layered materials. The growth of stable crystalline phases of MoN (δ‐MoN and γ‐Mo2N) is also realized using the proposed KT‐CVD approach. The δ‐MoN synthesized via KT‐CVD demonstrates excellent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and robust thermal stability. This study provides an effective strategy for developing scalable and high‐quality non‐layered 2D materials, expanding the fabrication and application of devices based on non‐layered materials.
Asymmetric Microgels with Tunable Morphologies by Assembly‐Guided Polymerization of Liquid Crystalline Monomers
Authors: Wolter Nadja A. , Küttner Hannah , Schmitz Jonas , Karg Matthias , Pich Andrij
Published: January 2025

Understanding and controlling the morphology of microgels is crucial for optimizing their properties and functions in diverse areas of application. The fabrication of microgels that exhibit both structural and chemical anisotropy using a template‐free approach faces significant challenges. Existing approaches toward such microgels are typically limited to templating methods with low throughput. Here, an alternative bottom‐up approach is developed for producing non‐spherical N‐vinylcaprolactam (VCL) based microgels through semi‐batch precipitation polymerization, incorporating a functional comonomer with a liquid crystalline (LC) moiety. 4‐methoxybenzoic acid 4‐(6‐acryloyloxy‐hexyloxy)phenyl ester (LCM) is used as the LC comonomer. The resulting morphology of those microgels is tuned to multilobe‐, dumbbell‐, and raspberry‐like shapes. The different morphologies are obtained by varying the addition time of LCM, temperature, solvent ratio, and monomer ratio. The microgel morphologies are characterized by (cryogenic) transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The thermoresponsiveness is investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), while the incorporation of LCM into the microgel structure is determined via 1H‐NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The experimental data indicate that adjusting reaction conditions enables the fabrication of microgels with various morphologies. Finally, their capability to solubilize hydrophobic substances is demonstrated by successfully facilitating the uptake of the hydrophobic dye Nile Red (NR).
Plasma‐Enhanced Grain Growth and Non‐Radiative Recombination Mitigation in CsSnBr3 Perovskite Films for High‐Performance, Lead‐Free Photodetectors
Authors: Lin Zewen , Lin Zhenxu , Wu Haixia , Huang Rui , Song Jie , Chen Kaitao , Xia Li , Zhang Yi , Lin Huihong , Li Hongliang , Hou Dejian , Guo Yanqing , Chu Paul K.
Published: January 2025

Tin‐based halide perovskites represent a highly promising and eco‐friendly alternative to lead‐based materials with significant potential for optoelectronic applications. However, their advancement is hampered by challenges such as poor film crystallinity and unintended self‐doping. Herein, this work reports the fabrication of high‐quality CsSnBr3 perovskite films by plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD), which improves the film quality. The precise control of the ammonia plasma not only promotes grain growth and reduces grain boundaries, but also eliminates defect states in the film, mitigates oxidation of Sn2+, suppresses sub‐bandgap absorption, and reduces non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, the photodetectors deliver exceptional performance, including a responsivity of 11.2 A W−1, a detectivity of 2.5 × 1011 Jones, and an ultrafast response time of 1/3.3 ms. Notably, certain key metrics, including detectivity (D*) and response time, significantly surpass those of all previously reported photoconductor‐type Sn‐based perovskite photodetectors. The results offer not only a novel strategy for enhancing the quality and optoelectronic performance of CsSnBr3 films but also a scalable platform for the development of high‐performance, lead‐free perovskite materials and devices. The new knowledge opens new possibilities for the design and fabrication of sustainable materials for advanced optoelectronic applications.
Deep Learning‐Assisted Electronic Skin System Capable of Capturing Spatiotemporal and Mechanical Features of Social Touch to Enhance Human–Robot Emotion Recognition
Authors: Huang Jinrong , Sun Yuqiong , Jiang Yongchang , Li Jie‐an , Sun Xidi , Cao Xun , Zheng Youdou , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi
Published: January 2025

In human interactions, social touch communication is widely used to convey emotions, emphasizing its critical role in advancing human–robot interactions by enabling robots to understand and respond to human emotions, thereby significantly enhancing their service capabilities. However, the challenge is to dynamically capture social touch with sufficient spatiotemporal and mechanical resolution for deep haptic data analysis. This study presents a robotic system with flexible electronic skin and a high‐frequency signal circuit, utilizing deep neural networks to recognize social touch emotions. The electronic skin, made from double cross‐linked ionogels and microstructured arrays, has a low force detection threshold (8 Pa) and a wide perception range (0–150 kPa), enhancing the mechanical resolution of touch signals. By incorporating a high‐speed readout circuit capable of capturing spatiotemporal features of social touch gesture information at 30 Hz, the system facilitates precise analysis of touch interactions. A 3D convolutional neural network with a Squeeze‐and‐Excitation Attention module achieves 87.12% accuracy in recognizing social touch gestures, improving the understanding of emotions conveyed through touch. The effectiveness of the system is validated through interactive demonstrations with robotic dogs and humanoid robots, demonstrating its potential to enhance the emotional intelligence of robots.
Methods for Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Solid and Molten Mold Fluxes
Authors: Chebykin Dmitry , Ohta Hiromichi , Endo Rie , Volkova Olena
Published: January 2025

This study provides an in‐depth overview of the methods for measuring thermal conductivity and diffusivity of solid and molten mold fluxes, focusing on the development, advantages, and disadvantages of stationary, non‐steady‐state, and transient methods. The study highlights the challenges associated with stationary and non‐steady‐state methods, such as large sample sizes, difficulty in maintaining constant‐temperature profiles, and effects of convection, radiation, and low thermal conductivity materials. It also emphasizes the benefits of transient methods, including short measurement times and low sample weights, which help preserve the initial chemical composition of the samples. Transient hot‐wire and laser‐flash methods are also discussed, along with their application, accuracy, and limitations. Detailed results of thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurements of slags are presented. This study is dedicated to Professor Seetharaman, who has worked extensively on measuring thermophysical properties, thereby contributing significantly to the study of mold fluxes.
Intensified Biological Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin Using Acoustic Cavitation‐Based Pretreatment
Authors: Iyer Akshara M. , Jayanarayan Lakshmi N. , Gogate Parag R.
Published: January 2025

The present work investigates the intensification of biological oxidation of ciprofloxacin‐based synthetic effluent using acoustic cavitation‐based pretreatment techniques. Cow‐dung based sludge acclimatized with the effluent was used for the biological oxidation experiments at a 1:3 sludge to effluent loading for a treatment time of 48 h. Conventional biological oxidation resulted in 48.79% CIP degradation, which was demonstrated to be enhanced through acoustic cavitation‐based pretreatment. The optimized conditions for cavitation were 125 W power and a 70% duty cycle, and the optimum oxidant loadings for the combination studies were 150 mg/L H2O2, 150 mg/L of potassium persulfate (KPS), and 200 mg/h of O3. The enhanced CIP degradation after application of pretreatment was 63.27%, 79.23%, 68.27%, and 82.27% for AC, AC + H2O2, AC + KPS, and AC + O3 based pretreated effluents, respectively. Toxicity analysis against test organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the agar well diffusion method confirmed that pretreatment reduced the toxicity leading to enhanced biodegradation. Overall, the current work elucidated the efficiency of acoustic cavitation combined with KPS for the effective biological oxidation of ciprofloxacin.
Idiopathic multifocal steatitis presenting as a falciform mass and treated with surgery alone in a dog
Authors: Choi Syn Yoo , Villedieu Erika
Published: January 2025

A 6‐year‒11‐month‐old, male neutered miniature schnauzer presented with sudden‐onset vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia, approximately 2 weeks after a dental procedure. Biochemistry revealed a negative canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and elevated C‐reactive protein. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large, fat‐attenuating, irregular mass in the cranioventral abdomen along with multiple omental nodules. Fine needle aspiration of abdominal mass was consistent with neutrophilic inflammation. Exploratory coeliotomy was performed and the mass was identified as the enlarged, firm falciform fat, which was excised en bloc. Histopathology on this and on the omental nodules was consistent with steatitis and necrosis, with no evidence for neoplasia, and with a negative bacterial culture. All clinical signs resolved following surgery. At the time of follow‐up, there was no evidence of recurrence of clinical signs and treatment with glucocorticoids was not necessary. This is an unusual case of presumed idiopathic multifocal steatitis with a mass‐forming lesion, and resolution after surgery alone.
Transmylohyoid endotracheal intubation in a dog for hard palate surgery
Authors: Au Ho Yue Clara , Ward Robert
Published: January 2025

A 7‐year 2‐month‐old, entire, male Springer Spaniel dog was presented to the oncology service at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies for a nasopharyngeal mass. The patient underwent a debulking surgery of the tumour under general anaesthesia, and a transmylohyoid endotracheal intubation was performed for the airway management. The surgery and the anaesthesia were uneventful. No complication associated with the surgical site and intubation incision site was reported. The patient received radiotherapy following the surgery, and there was no sign of disease recurrence in the follow‐up consults.
Effect of Free‐Stream Turbulence on the Power Performance and Wake Characteristics of Paired Counter‐Rotating Vertical‐Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Talamalek Ayoub , Runacres Mark C. , De Troyer Tim
Published: January 2025

Vertical‐axis wind turbines (VAWTs) operate in the atmospheric boundary layer and are frequently subjected to turbulent flow. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of free‐stream turbulence on the power performance and wake characteristics of a pair of counter‐rotating VAWTs. The research was conducted using wind tunnel experiments, which involved testing an isolated VAWT and two configurations of paired VAWTs with different rotational direction combinations. The experiments were conducted under two different turbulence intensities, 0.39% and 6.7%, with the latter being achieved by placing a passive wooden grid in the wind tunnel. The mechanical power output of the turbines was measured through torque and angular speed sensors, and the wake up to six rotor diameters downstream of paired VAWTs was characterised using constant temperature anemometry. The results show that when the turbulence intensity increases, the power coefficient of the isolated VAWT increases by 11%, while paired VAWTs experience an increase of up to 15%. Additionally, it is shown that the impact of increased free‐stream turbulence on the evolution and recovery of the wake is minimal, leading to only a slight reduction in the velocity deficit.
Performance Enhancement in Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Using Blade With Split
Authors: Tuken Adilkhan , Yigit Cemil
Published: January 2025

The positive effects of passive flow control on the blade that uses various methods on the aerodynamic performances of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are well‐known. In the current study, splits were made on the blade for passive aerodynamic stall control. A numerical study using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was conducted to investigate the split impacts on the HAWT blades. The blades are designed using NREL's S819 profile at the root section and NACA 63‐415 profile at the middle and tip sections. Chord length and angle of attack are determined by blade element momentum (BEM) theory. In the optimization process, the slope, position, width, and number of the splits were taken as parameters, and the optimum blade design was created. A steady‐state turbulent flow and transition SST turbulence model was used for the moving reference frame calculation to find the optimum split parameters. The flow in the rotating and stationary zones was solved in an unsteady state by the sliding‐mesh method. Compared with the reference blade, numerical results showed that the power coefficient (Cp) of the single‐split blade with a width of 1.5 mm and a slope of 120° increased to 0.322, an increase of 9.2%. It has been determined that the optimum blade design reaches its maximum Cp at a lower tip–speed ratio (TSR) compared with the reference blade without splits. As a result, the study revealed that using split blades can increase energy production with passive flow control, especially in small‐scale HAWTs.
Identification of Lightweighting Potentials Towards More Sustainable Products via the Functional Lifecycle Energy Analysis (FLCEA)
Authors: König Kristian , Mathieu Janis , Vielhaber Michael
Published: January 2025

In times of increasing material scarcity and still not widespread availability of renewable energy, it is inevitable to seize all opportunities to improve the resource efficiency of any product. In particular, this promotes lightweight design as a key technology to reduce both material and energy consumption across the entire product lifecycle. Therefore, systematically exploiting lightweighting potentials already on a functional level remains a major challenge requiring methods of product development to be applied in the early phase of each development cycle ensuring the implementation of the holistically best solution from a sustainability point of view. Thus, the proposed “functional lifecycle energy analysis” (FLCEA) provides a remedy to effectively implement lightweight design in products by identifying recommendations for action regarding future product generations, resulting in a holistic energy optimization. In this contribution, the methodology is presented in parallel to its implementation in the use case of conceptual designing a semi-mobile handling system. As a result of this study, it was not only possible to identify lightweighting potentials of the system-in-development, but also to analyze technical product functions requiring modifications in view of the circular economy to holistically improve the ecological sustainability of the entire system.
Research on the Development Mode and Path of Green Design of Industrial Products in China
Authors: Song Yizhi , Yang Benxiao , Liu Xiaqing , Zhang Jianhua , Li Frida , Tong Xinyi , Feldman Jerome
Published: January 2025

Green product design takes the coordinated development of humans and nature as the fundamental goal. The green design of industrial products plays the first lever function to start the sustainable development of industry and promotes the construction of green manufacturing system. As one of the world's largest consumer markets, China’s green design of industrial products is of great significance to slowing down global warming and addressing global climate issues. By combing through China’s nationwide green design initiatives, this paper interprets China’s pre-planned green design concepts, analyzes the green design paths and development patterns of China’s industrial products, summarizes achievements and lessons learned, and demonstrates future development.
Feasibility Study and Economic Evaluation of Direct Contact Prelithiation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Stumper Benedikt , Südfeld Henning , Diller Felix , Daub Rüdiger
Published: January 2025

The increasing need for energy storage across various sectors drives the growing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Prelithiation has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the capacity and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries. This study investigates the technical feasibility and economic viability of a scalable, roll-to-roll prelithiation process. Using an evaluation methodology adapted from literature, a comprehensive feasibility study and economic evaluation were conducted, considering the industrial-scale implementation of the process. The evaluation demonstrates that the direct contact prelithiation process utilizing lithium foil is technically feasible and suitable for industrial application. The economic viability of the process heavily relies on the lithium price, which constitutes a significant cost factor. The direct contact prelithiation process offers substantial benefits in terms of capacity and cycle life, resulting in enhanced cost-effectiveness of prelithiated lithium-ion batteries. The feasibility study and economic evaluation provide valuable insights implementing direct contact prelithiation as a viable strategy to improve lithium-ion battery performance. The findings contribute to advancing battery technology, manufacturing processes, and overall economic efficiency for diverse applications.
The Role of Behavioural and Environmental Economics in Sustainable Manufacturing
Authors: Kaur Rashmeet , Patsavellas John , Salonitis Konstantinos
Published: January 2025

Sustainable manufacturing is a rapidly growing field that primarily seeks to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. Although the three-lens approach of social, environmental, and economic aspects remain the primary focus in any sustainability study, the domains of behavioral, and environmental economics along with smart data technologies have not been used in a unified approach. Through a review of the state of the art, this paper establishes the individual cases for each one of these domains and underscores the research interest in their combinatorial application and possible complementary efficacy for advancing the development of sustainable manufacturing strategies. A research agenda involving comparative testing and the development of pertinent policies and interventions for sustainable manufacturing is proposed for the integration of behavioral economics and environmental economics, within the context of sustainable manufacturing.
Work Throughout the Industrial Revolutions and the Impacts of Industry 4.0 on Workers
Authors: Kawashima Mariana Lazari , Braatz Daniel , Lizarelli Fabiane Letícia
Published: January 2025

The concepts of work found in literature distinguish themselves and approach the subject from different perspectives. Aiming to expand and update the reflection on work and its implications for workers, this article presents the main characteristics of human work throughout history from the perspective of industrial revolutions and the potential impacts that the Industry 4.0 paradigm has on it. As critical components of the social sustainability pillar, work and workers must be a focal point in the face of technological changes with potential impacts. To achieve this, impressions of professionals from academic and industrial institutions in Brazil and Germany were collected through self-administered questionnaires and subjected to content analysis. The process highlights impacts ranging from physical aspects of work environments to psychological effects on workers. Ultimately, the article concludes by offering a thoughtful reflection on future guidelines for human work in the context of the new industrial model.
Challenges of Automatic Optical Inspection of Used Turbine Blades with Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Lehr J. , Briese C. , Mönchinger S. , Kroeger O. , Krüger J.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an automatic optical inspection task for used turbine blades. The defects arising are very small and occur very rarely. The paper analyzes to what extent state of the art deep learning methods of image processing help to solve the inspection tasks. A total of 34 different turbine blades were acquired image-wise for this work. For the localization and classification of the defects, detection methods such as YOLOv7 were used on the one hand, and segmentation methods such as Mask R CNN and QueryInst on the other. Despite a very small amount of data, the methods can be trained to learn the defects and recognize unseen defects. A maximum mAP 0.5 of 60.9% was achieved. Even though the inspection task was challenging in terms of defect characteristics and the number of training data was low, reliable models could be created. The accuracy is not sufficient for full automation, but it can initially generate useful suggestions for the workers and focus attention on critical areas.
Approach for Structured Repairability Assessment for Automated Repair Processes
Authors: Lickert Hannah , Lachnit Tobias , Dietrich Franz
Published: January 2025

Repair is a crucial process to recover resources and reduce waste within a circular economy. Automating manual and laborious repair processes has the potential to establish greater economization and efficiency. While research on assessing product repairability exists, there is currently limited research specifically focused on the repairability regarding automated processes. Therefore, this paper investigates the existing knowledge on automation, manual and automated repair processes from theory as well as practical applications, to identify benchmarks for reparability assessment for automated processes. Based on these requirements, solutions, processes, and operating resources are identified. A standardized and structured approach for evaluating the repairability of products for automated repair is proposed. This research also highlights the economic and ecological advantages, as well as the sustainability challenges and potentials of using automated repair processes. Overall, this research contributes to the development of a more sustainable and efficient CE through the advancement of automated repair processes.
Sovereign Services for Machine Tool Components for Resource-Efficient Machining Processes
Authors: Kohn Oliver , Berchtenbreiter Viktor , Weigold Matthias
Published: January 2025

The increasing use of modern edge computing solutions in production is creating new opportunities for collecting and processing internal machine data. This data provides information on the load on a machine tool during operation. Using the technical expertise of component manufacturers, specific loads on individual components can be derived. This knowledge provides valuable insights for machine and component manufacturers to analyze the usage behavior of machine operators and use it for sustainable product development. Additionally, this information can be used to implement new business models, creating financial incentives for sustainable usage through load-oriented payment models. As a result, new potentials for users in efficient design and optimization of manufacturing processes arise. Data and service ecosystems play a crucial role in this context by establishing the technical framework that enables sovereign data exchange and the deployment of expert knowledge in the form of digital services. Therefore, this paper demonstrates a concept and the potential for sustainable machining based on digital services for two central components of a machine tool, the spindle and the feed axis.
Process- and Material-Specific Modeling to Use in Simulation-Based and Resource-Oriented Decision Support Systems Using the Example of Calcium Silicate Brick Production Planning
Authors: Schrage Tobias , Schuderer Peter , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2025

As part of the fourth industrial revolution, data analysis and artificial intelligence are being integrated into production processes. In addition, energy consumption and CO2 costs are becoming decisive factors in the resource-oriented management of companies. For energy intensive and hybrid production processes a simulation-based decision support system (DSS) for production planning is validated and further developed for the sand lime brick industry to support the production planning process. The integration of empirical knowledge in the energy-intensive control of steam processes, in which quality-critical product parameters are set via thermodynamically complex relationships, is still part of current research approaches. In this paper, an approach for the mapping of an energetic system behavior in the energy-intensive and hybrid production processes will be discussed using the example of calcium silicate brick (CSB) production. Possibilities for using Discrete event simulation (DES) to increase the energy efficiency of steam processes are summarized and linked to formalized empirical knowledge in artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches.
Polycrystalline Diamond Tool for Milling of Granite
Authors: Ahsan A. , Kahlmeyer M. , Fedotov E. , Böhm S.
Published: January 2025

State of the art in tooling for cutting granites are sintered grinding tools having synthetic diamond grains bound together in metal matrix usually a cobalt copper alloy. Routers for CNC machining of stone surfaces come in various forms such as face milling tools, end milling cutters, edge profiling tools etc. and have either segmented or continuous grit. Characteristic of the grinding processes the material removal rates are relatively low and inefficient compared to geometrically defined tools such as milling tools for metal or wood. In this study, a milling tool with four vacuum brazed polycrystalline diamond inserts have been used to machine Nero Assoluto Granite. The cutting edge of the brazed PCD tips were laser ablated using ultrashort pulsed lasers to form round and chamfer micro-geometries. Wet milling of granite plates was carried out at constant cutting and feed speed to study the effect of various edge geometries on the tool wear as well as cutting forces. The results showed that the cutting edges with laser ablated chamfer resulted in the smallest tool wear as well as the lowest average cutting force and therefor make a decisive contribution to energy and resource efficient machining processes.
Trends and Resource-Efficient Application of Solid End Mills in Plastics Machining: A Comparative Market Study
Authors: Schmidt J. , Thorenz B. , Döpper F.
Published: January 2025

Due to their high share of value creation in manufacturing, the influence of machining processes and the therein applied cutting tools on profitability and sustainability is often high. Plastics machining differs significantly from metal machining and requires special tools or machining strategies. However, innovation and research usually address the area of metal machining, while plastics machining is often based on in-house experience and the use of tools that were originally developed for metal machining. Thus, potentials regarding energy and resource efficiency of those cutting processes often remain unused. This paper analyses the market situation and needs for required innovations of companies in the plastics machining industry. Therefore, a market study was conducted in which both tool manufacturers and users were asked about relevant aspects regarding the production and application of tools as well as assessments of trends and desired innovations. The results help to identify future research needs so that potentials in the area of plastics machining can be raised with regard to energy and resource efficiency. An important finding of the study is that both tool manufacturers and users see a need for vibration-damped tools and for a wider range of tools with more special tools for plastics machining.
A Proposal for an Extension of the Consumption Performance Sustainability Index to Machining Processes
Authors: De Bernardez Leopoldo , Campana Giampaolo , Porcaro Rita , Mur Sebastián
Published: January 2025

We previously proposed a Consumption Performance Sustainability Index to assess the sustainability of additive manufacturing products made by Fused Filament Fabrication. For simplicity and to get broader applications, the index was defined as dimensionless and composed of several factors related to the manufacturing process. The index included material and energy consumption and the performance of the transformed material, which, in the last case, was measured as the yield or the maximum resistance of the produced part in comparison with the characteristics of the feedstock material. The index can highlight the most sustainable among other solutions based on different print orientations and part densities.

We propose extending the Consumption Performance Sustainability Index’s validity to additive manufacturing and Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machining processes. For this purpose, each factor has been revised and, if necessary, expanded to include process parameters of machining processes. A new organization of all the factors has been introduced based on groups of parameters related to material properties and usage, part design, consumed energy, and machine time. Case studies have been investigated to evaluate this new index for assessing product sustainability preliminarily.
Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Toolpath Optimization Using a Dexel-Based Temperature Prediction Model
Authors: Mauthner G. , Stautner M. , Sell S. , Frings M. , Lorenz A. , Plakhotnik D. , Bleicher F.
Published: January 2025

Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has been established as a new technology for industrial use-cases such as low-lot size manufacturing or part repair services. A key aspect when developing such WAAM processes is thermal management during the layer-by-layer metal deposition. To maintain a stable welding process in-depth knowledge about the heat distribution is required. Thus, predicting the heat flux for a given part geometry already in the process development stage using Computer-Aided-Manufacturing Systems (CAM) would be beneficial. However, current state-of-the-art approaches are computationally expensive and time intensive. Therefore, they are hardly applicable for WAAM applications. In this paper, a dexel-based metal cutting and deposition simulation is combined with a temperature prediction model, which is integrated in the toolpath planning algorithm when defining a build-up strategy for a given part geometry. The approach is based on a temperature prediction algorithm, that calculates temperature fields for deposited material volume considering basic material properties. Calculated temperature fields can be utilized for optimizing welding toolpath to achieve stable process conditions across the part geometry.
Directed Energy Deposition of Functionally Graded Materials: Towards Resource- and Cost-Effective Manufacturing
Authors: Strauss Jacques , Sacks Natasha , Hagedorn-Hansen Devon
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an overview of the production of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using directed energy deposition (DED) where the advancements, challenges, and future directions in this field are explored. Functionally graded materials entail the joining of two or more different materials to produce a part of which the chemical and thus mechanical properties vary along one or more dimensions of a part. This study explored the benefits of FGMs, including enhanced multifunctionality, weight optimization and reduced cost. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly DED, has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating complex FGM structures. By utilizing FGMs, designers can overcome the limitations imposed by expensive materials when developing critical components. Through strategic engineering, the material composition of the part can be tailored as a gradient between expensive materials and more affordable alternatives in non-critical regions. This approach optimizes costs while ensuring performance requirements are met. It is also widely acknowledged that utilizing AM techniques in place of or in addition to conventional manufacturing techniques can decrease material waste. The reduced material waste and enhanced resource utilization offered by DED make it a good solution for sustainable manufacturing. Furthermore, by harnessing the potential of FGMs and DED, industries could unlock new design possibilities, improve product performance, and achieve greater manufacturing efficiency.
In-Process Detection of Defects on Parts Produced by Laser Metal Deposition Using Off-Axis Optical Monitoring
Authors: Mazzarisi Marco , Guerra Maria Grazia , Latte Marco , Devito Fabrizia , Galantucci Luigi Maria , Campanelli Sabina Luisa , Lavecchia Fulvio , Dassisti Michele
Published: January 2025

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is emerging among metal Additive Manufacturing technologies due to its wide range of applications. This technique represents an evolution of laser cladding, currently used for fabricating and repairing complex metal components, promoting manufacturing sustainability. One of the main drawbacks hindering the widespread use of these technology is the complexity of implementing monitoring equipment on industrial LMD systems with limited modification setups. Therefore, it is essential to develop appropriate off-axis systems that allow effective monitoring of the deposition process. The present work proposes a prototype off-axis monitoring system consisting of a pair of specially set cameras capable of analyzing the evolution of the melt pool and discerning fundamental information on geometry, size and brightness intensity. By correlating this information with the process outcome, it could be possible to forecast the most frequent defects related to the deposition process. Experimental tests have been carried out, in which powder flow and laser alterations were specifically induced. The prototype system enabled the characterization of each type of process variation and the determination of specific indicators, serving as the basis for achieving a zero-waste sustainable manufacturing process.
Development of a Minimalistic Smart Sensor System for Motion Measurement of Wind Turbine Towers
Authors: Rupfle Johannes , Neffa Patricio , Grosse Christian
Published: January 2025

The accurate measurement of wind turbine tower motion is crucial for assessing structural integrity, identifying damages, and estimating remaining useful life. In this study, the development of a smart sensor system is presented, which combines acceleration measurements, real-time kinematic measurements, and SCADA data to accurately determine the motion of slender structures. The proposed setup offers a cost-effective and easily deployable solution. Installed on the top of the wind turbine nacelle, the sensor system collects data to calculate the tower motion. Real-time kinematics measurements serve as correction input for a state estimator, to enhance accuracy and reliability. Data gathering and processing occur directly on the sensor node, allowing for efficient transfer. Test measurements on a wind turbine tower have demonstrated the effectiveness of the system for accurate motion measurements. Beyond wind turbine manufacturing, this sensor system holds potential for application in several domains, including tall buildings and bridges, where the detection of vibrational movements is valuable for structural health monitoring.
Horizon causality from holographic scattering in asymptotically dS3
Authors: Franken Victor , Mori Takato
Published: January 2025

Abstract

In the AdS/CFT correspondence, a direct scattering in the bulk may not have a local boundary analog. A nonlocal implementation on the boundary requires O(1/GN) mutual information. This statement is formalized by the connected wedge theorem, which can be proven using general relativity within AdS3 but also argued for using quantum information theory on the boundary, suggesting that the theorem applies to any holographic duality. We examine scattering within the static patch of asymptotically dS3 spacetime, which is conjectured to be described by a quantum theory on the stretched horizon in static patch holography. We show that causality on the horizon induced from null infinities $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
± is consistent with the theorem. Specifically, signals propagating in the static patch are associated with local operators at $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
±. Our results suggest a novel connection between static patch holography and the dS/CFT correspondence.
The influence of land use, microhabitat and aquatic insect subsidies on predatory riparian arthropod distributions
Authors: Carlson Peter E.
Published: January 2025

Agricultural land use effects on aquatic and riparian communities are complex and multifaceted, resulting in habitat degradation and biodiversity loss in riparian and instream ecosystems. This study correlated predatory arthropod densities and species richness to abundance of potential prey (emerged aquatic insects and terrestrial dipterans) along an agricultural to forested land use gradient. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used as an effect size to measure attraction to prey, and the ratio of predator to prey was calculated to indicate potential consumption capacity of prey. Results revealed that gradients in land use and microhabitat condition, distance from the stream and season were important explanatory factors. Positive correlations between predatory arthropods and aquatic insect abundance were more apparent than those with terrestrial dipteran abundance, suggesting an overall preference of aquatic prey. However, positive correlations between predatory arthropods and adult aquatic insect subsidies were strongest in microhabitats with characteristics associated with higher moisture (e.g., greater soil organic matter and shade), particularly with increasing agricultural land use. In September, there was an indication of reduced confinement to microhabitats, likely as an effect of elevated seasonal precipitation. Overall results of this study suggest that a limited tolerance to desiccation in predatory arthropods increases spatial confinement with agricultural land use and ultimately restricts access to adult aquatic insect subsidies. The findings of this study have implications for the pathways that adult aquatic insect subsidies use to enter into riparian food webs with consequences that could cascade across trophic levels and larger spatial scales.
The democratic ethics of artificially intelligent polling
Authors: Cerina Roberto , Rouméas Élise
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the democratic ethics of artificially intelligent polls. Driven by machine learning, AI electoral polls have the potential to generate predictions with an unprecedented level of granularity. We argue that their predictive power is potentially desirable for electoral democracy. We do so by critically engaging with four objections: (1) the privacy objection, which focuses on the potential harm of the collection, storage, and publication of granular data about voting preferences; (2) the autonomy objection, which argues that polls are an obstacle to independently formed judgments; (3) the tactical voting objection, which argues that voting strategically on the basis of polls is troublesome; and finally (4) the manipulation objection, according to which malicious actors could systematically bias predictions to alter voting behaviours.
Printed Models for Better Prediction of Surgery in Patients with Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Authors: Hoogerbeets Sterre F. , Roest Arno A. W. , Valverde Israel , Gomez-Ciriza Gorka , Kroft Lucia , Hazekamp Mark G.
Published: January 2025

The complex and variable anatomy of complex double outlet right ventricle makes it imperative to understand the spatial anatomic structures to determine whether it is feasible to repair the anomaly in a biventricular or univentricular fashion. Biventricular repair should be aimed for but is not always feasible. Choosing the correct surgical technique is of great importance in surgical planning of biventricular repair. Conventional imaging is typically insufficient to predict feasibility and technique of biventricular repair. The gap between virtual images and spatial reality can be filled using 3D prints. Retrospective observational study of all available imaging including 3D prints and operative reports in 13 patients. 3D-prints enabled accurate prediction of biventricular repair in 8 cases and of univentricular repair in 2 cases. In 2 patients, no precise prediction was possible. One 3D-print was created post repair. 3D-prints accurately predicted the optimal technique for achieving biventricular repair in 8 cases. Conventional imaging could not accurately predict biventricular repair of optimal surgical technique in any patient. In complex double outlet right ventricle, 3D-printing can predict feasibility of biventricular repair better than conventional imaging. Additionally, 3D-prints can predict the type of surgical technique better. 3D-printing is also helpful in preoperative discussion with parents, caretakers, and pediatric cardiologists. 3D-prints are strongly recommended in patients with complex double outlet right ventricle.

Graphical Abstract
Quality and impact of youtube for patient education on prostatic artery embolization
Authors: Jacob Connor C. , Makary Mina S.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To evaluate the quality of YouTube videos on patient education concerning prostatic artery embolization (PAE).

Methods

All PAE videos on YouTube were evaluated in December 2023. The quality of the videos was evaluated utilizing the DISCERN Scale Criterion. The popularity and engagement of each video was assessed using the Video Power Index (VPI) and Viewer Impact Score (VIS), respectively. Comparisons of these metrics were conducted and stratified by the video source type including academic institution, interventional radiologist, and patient testimony. Data describing discussion of risks, benefits, and indications were further collected.

Results

Of the 43 videos, video characteristics included duration (mean = 4.6 min), views (mean = 16,885), and likes (mean = 139). The mean DISCERN, VPI, and VIS scores were 47.9, 15.0, and 36.9, respectively. There was no correlation between quality, and popularity (R2 = 0.09) or engagement (R2 = 0.01). Videos featuring board-certified physicians did not significantly improved DISCERN scores (p = 0.13), VPI (p = 0.15), or VIS (p = 0.39) scores when compared to those without. Content by interventional radiologists demonstrated higher popularity compared to videos featuring other specialties (p = 0.04), but there was no difference in quality (p = 0.18).

Conclusion

Educational videos about PAE on YouTube are of average quality. Clinicians should be aware of the general state of online information concerning PAE and guide patients towards high quality resources.