bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LE TCHAT (CLAVARDAGE) COMME MATÉRIAU D’ÉCRITURE DRAMATIQUE : RÉÉCRITURES LITTÉRAIRES DE L’INSTANTANÉ
Authors: Bazile Sandrine
Published: June 2018

Outil de communication synchrone à base textuelle, letchatest une pratique sociale établie chez les adolescents : il obéit à des codes distincts de ceux de la conversation (Branca-Rosoff, 2007 ; Pierozak, 2003 ; Filatova, 2006), avec laquelle il partage toutefois certaines caractéristiques (immédiateté, spontanéité…). Par ailleurs, letchatpartage avec l’écriture dramatique la contemporanéité de son propos, sa forme dialogique notamment, même si leurs codes linguistiques et culturels divergent.

Si l’hétérogénéité du médium joue un rôle dans le rapport du scripteur à son texte mais aussi dans la linéarisation textuelle (Plane, 2000), l’outiltchat, parce qu’il partage avec l’oral et l’écrit des propriétés de textualisation, semble constituer une passerelle intéressante entre la conversation et le texte dramatique contemporain. À partir de ces postulats, un dispositif d’écriture littéraire dramatique est proposé en classe de quatrième, dans lequel l’historique dutchatconstitue le matériau hétérogène et mobile de la réécriture. L’analyse des discours successifs produits par les élèves (Fabre-Cols, 2002 ; 2004) permet de penser letchatcomme une passerelle multimodale, entre production d’un genre premier (conversation) et d’un genre second (écriture littéraire), suscitant des compétences textuelles nouvelles (Lebrun, Lacelle & Boutin, 2012 ; Fatrez & De Smedt, 2012) et interrogeant le rapport à l’oeuvre littéraire et le processus de construction du sens.
LE PROJET AMALGAME ET SON DISPOSITIF MULTIMODAL. CRÉATION ET TRANSPOSITION DE PRATIQUES PAR DE FUTURS ENSEIGNANTS EN ARTS PLASTIQUES
Authors: Richard Moniques
Published: June 2018

Au cours de leur formation universitaire, les futurs enseignants en arts plastiques éprouvent souvent des difficultés à intégrer leurs compétences artistiques, médiatiques et pédagogiques dans des projets signifiants pour eux et les élèves. Cette recherche-action collaborative vise à stimuler l’accompagnement de l’art à l’école par le développement d’un dispositif pédagogique multimodal qui intègre ces compétences et facilite la transposition des acquis d’un domaine à l’autre, dont celui de la littérature. Dans le cadre d’un cours de création au baccalauréat, les étudiants sont invités à participer au projetAmalGAME. Croisement de genres artistiques et médiatiques en enseignement, qui recourt à ce dispositif. La notion d’amalgame sert de déclencheur à des activités qui favorisent la circulation de l’imaginaire en dehors d’un cadre trop souvent dominé par des préoccupations disciplinaires, en puisant dans les pratiques artistiques actuelles et la création au quotidien. Les résultats montrent l’exploration de stratégies et de formes variées combinant modes, genres et styles (prototypes à la de Vinci, photoroman improvisé, installation multimédia collaborative, etc.), ainsi que l’intégration de compétences à différents moments de la conduite d’un projet. Cet article décrit la portée multimodale de cette recherche et propose une réflexion quant aux possibilités interdisciplinaires d’un tel dispositif pour la formation.
Lecture et imaginaire multimodaux : donner du sens aux sens
Authors: Brehm Sylvain
Published: June 2018

Cet article vise à établir que la lecture est une activité fondamentalement multimodale en ce qu’elle mobilise des représentations imaginaires qui, par nature, revêtent une dimension à la fois conceptuelle et sensorielle. Aussi, contrairement à ce qu’ont pu avancer des théoriciens comme Iser, lire consiste à construire du sens en activant, indirectement, les sens. L’analyse d’une transmédiatisation sur support numérique du poème L’Horloge de Baudelaire est l’occasion d’examiner les nouvelles formes de lecture induites par le passage de la page à l’écran.
Faire la paix par l’humanitaire. Les pacifistes françaises au secours des enfants d’Allemagne : un premier pas vers un rapprochement franco-allemand (1919-1925)
Authors: Doucet Marie-Michèle
Published: June 2018

Pour les pacifistes françaises, la paix après la Grande Guerre passe par un rapprochement franco-allemand. Privées du droit de vote jusque dans les années 1940, ces femmes utilisent l’action humanitaire comme moyen de contribuer à la vie politique. La création du Comité français de secours aux enfants en 1919 et de l’Action fraternelle pour les enfants de la Ruhr en 1923 leur offre l’opportunité de travailler directement auprès des enfants allemands, tâche qui va toutefois à contre-courant de l’opinion générale de la population française. Nous montrerons dans cet article que le secours offert par les pacifistes françaises aux petits d’Allemagne s’insère dans un processus que l’on appelle « sortie de guerre ». En leur permettant de prendre position politique, ou du moins d’agir symboliquement, en faveur de la réconciliation franco-allemande, l’humanitaire apparaît comme un moyen de travailler concrètement à l’établissement de la paix, dont le rapprochement entre les ennemies d’hier constitue une première étape.
Dissenting in the First World War: Henri Bourassa and Transnational Resistance to War
Authors: Keelan Geoff
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the connection between French Canadian nationalist, the journalist Henri Bourassa, and other international voices that opposed the First World War. It examines common ideas found in Bourassa’s writing and the writing of the Union of Democratic Control in Britain and the position of Pope Benedict XV about the war’s consequences, militarism and the international system. This article argues that Bourassa’s role as a Canadian dissenter must also be understood as part of a larger transnational reaction to the war that communicated similar solutions to the problems presented by the war.
Phylogenetic divergence of cell biological features
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: June 2018

Most cellular features have a range of states, but understanding the mechanisms responsible for interspecific divergence is a challenge for evolutionary cell biology. Models are developed for the distribution of mean phenotypes likely to evolve under the joint forces of mutation and genetic drift in the face of constant selection pressures. Mean phenotypes will deviate from optimal states to a degree depending on the effective population size, potentially leading to substantial divergence in the absence of diversifying selection. The steady-state distribution for the mean can even be bimodal, with one domain being largely driven by selection and the other by mutation pressure, leading to the illusion of phenotypic shifts being induced by movement among alternative adaptive domains. These results raise questions as to whether lineage-specific selective pressures are necessary to account for interspecific divergence, providing a possible platform for the establishment of null models for the evolution of cell-biological traits.
An integrative taxonomic analysis reveals a new species of loticHynobiussalamander from Japan
Authors: Okamiya Hisanori , Sugawara Hirotaka , Nagano Masahiro , Poyarkov Nikolay A.
Published: June 2018

We examine the phylogenetic structure and morphological differentiation within theHynobius kimurae–H. boulengerispecies complex—a widely-distributed group of stream-breeding hynobiid salamanders, inhabiting montane areas of western, central and eastern parts of Honshu Island, Japan. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed based on analyses of mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nuDNA) gene fragments for a total of 51 samples representing 23 localities covering the entire range of the species complex. Morphological study included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) analyses of 26 morphometric and six meristic characters for 38 adult specimens ofH. kimuraeand three adult specimens ofH. boulengeri. MtDNA genealogy supported monophyly of theH. kimurae–H. boulengericomplex, which is sister to all otherHynobiusexceptH. retardatus. The complex is subdivided into three major clades, corresponding to the Eastern (Clade I) and Western (Clade II) populations ofH. kimuraesensu lato, and toH. boulengeri(Clade III). Monophyly ofH. kimuraesensu lato is only moderately supported by mtDNA, while nuDNA suggested that the Western form ofH. kimuraeis closer toH. boulengerithan to the eastern form. The time of the split of theH. kimurae–H. boulengericomplex is estimated as late Miocene and coincides with intensive crust movement in western Japan. Divergence between Clades I and II took place in early Pliocene and was likely influenced by the uplift of Central Japanese Highlands. All three clades were found to be different in a number of morphological characters, allowing us to describe the eastern form ofH. kimuraeas a new species,Hynobius fossigenussp. nov.
Risk of heatstroke determined using data on accidents that occurred during club activities at secondary/high schools: relationship between outdoor climate and accidents at schools (Part 4)
Authors: Iwashita Go
Published: June 2018

The frequencies and characteristics of heatstroke occurring in secondary/high schools were investigated using data from the National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health, and an analysis was performed for a 10‐year period (2005‐2014). Nine representative cities in Japan were investigated. The frequencies of heatstroke during the athletic club activities were appreciably high in the schoolyard and gymnasium. Heatstroke most commonly occurred in the schoolyard during athletic club activities, physical education, and field day at a wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 31°C and in the gymnasium during athletic club activities at a WBGT >31°C. The determined accident ratio (number of accidents during each club activity divided by the club's population) in the gymnasium during the female badminton club activities was the highest. Although badminton is played in a gymnasium, these WBGT results show that the risk level during badminton under hot and humid conditions is equal to that of baseball or rugby played in the schoolyard.
Rearrangements and Fragmentations Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Wengryniuk Sarah E. , Canesi Sylvain
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the most important fragmentations and rearrangements induced by hypervalent iodine reagents reported in the literature as heavy metal substitutes. Several remarkable transformations that allow redesigning simple structures into elaborated and functionalized scaffolds are presented. In addition, new generations of famous transformations performed under milder conditions and, consequently, expanded scopes are also listed. Diol cleavage; decarboxylations; radical fragmentations; novel variants of Hofmann, Curtius, and Beckmann rearrangements; and aliphatic and aryl transpositions are discussed. These processes are triggered by stoichiometric or catalytically generatedin situiodane species. In addition, current examples of enantioselective variants are discussed. Other types of rearrangements, such as an iodonio‐Claisen, ring contractions and elongations, and oxidative phenols dearomatization and an arylative Meyer–Schuster reaction, are also listed.
Chemistry of Hypervalent Bromine
Authors: Miyamoto Kazunori
Published: June 2018

The development of hypervalent organobromine(III) chemistry began in 1952 and has quickly evolved in the past decades. In this chapter, a variety of bromine(III) compounds with sp/sp2/sp3carbon and heteroatom functionalities will be discussed.
Magnetic Anisotropy Switch: Easy Axis to Easy Plane Conversion and Vice Versa
Authors: Perfetti Mauro , Sørensen Mikkel A. , Hansen Ursula B. , Bamberger Heiko , Lenz Samuel , Hallmen Philipp P. , Fennell Tom , Simeoni Giovanna G. , Arauzo Ana , Bartolomé Juan , Bartolomé Elena , Lefmann Kim , Weihe Høgni , van Slageren Joris , Bendix Jesper
Published: June 2018

The rational design of the magnetic anisotropy of molecular materials constitutes a goal of primary importance in molecular magnetism. Indeed, the applications of molecular nanomagnets, such as single‐molecule magnets and molecular magnetic refrigerants, depend on the full control over this property. Axially anisotropic magnetic systems are frequently classified as easy axis or easy plane, depending on whether the lowest energy is obtained by application of a magnetic field parallelly or perpendicularly to the unique axis. Here, the magnetic anisotropy of three lanthanide complexes is studied as a function of magnetic field and temperature. It is found that for two of these the type of magnetic anisotropy switches as a function of these parameters. Thus, this paper experimentally demonstrates that the magnetic anisotropy is not uniquely defined by the intrinsic electronic structure of the systems in question but can also be reversibly switched using external stimuli: temperature and magnetic field.
Ternary Emission of Fluorescence and Dual Phosphorescence at Room Temperature: A Single‐Molecule White Light Emitter Based on Pure Organic Aza‐Aromatic Material
Authors: Zhou Changjiang , Zhang Shitong , Gao Yu , Liu Haichao , Shan Tong , Liang Xiaoming , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang
Published: June 2018

Herein, a simple aza‐aromatic compound dibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DPPZ), which exhibits single‐molecule white light with a ternary emission, consisting of simultaneous fluorescence (S1→S0) and dual room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP, T2→S0 and T1→S0) is reported. The Commission Internationale de l' Éclairage coordinates of DPPZ powder are (0.28, 0.33). To everyone's knowledge, this is the first case to achieve single‐molecule white emission with ternary emission of fluorescence and dual RTP. This finding provides a prototype strategy to realize low‐cost, stable pure organic single‐molecule white light emission with three standard primary colors through further precise modulation of excited states.
Impact of Nonfullerene Molecular Architecture on Charge Generation, Transport, and Morphology in PTB7‐Th‐Based Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yi Xueping , Gautam Bhoj , Constantinou Iordania , Cheng Yuanhang , Peng Zhengxing , Klump Erik , Ba Xiaochu , Ho Carr Hoi Yi , Dong Chen , Marder Seth R. , Reynolds John R. , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Ade Harald , So Franky
Published: June 2018

Despite the rapid development of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs), the fundamental understanding on the relationship between NFA molecular architecture, morphology, and device performance is still lacking. Herein, poly[[4,8‐bis[5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene‐2‐yl]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b0]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl][3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]‐thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7‐Th) is used as the donor polymer to compare an NFA with a 3D architecture (SF‐PDI4) to a well‐studied NFA with a linear acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) architecture (ITIC). The data suggest that the NFA ITIC with a linear molecular structure shows a better device performance due to an increase in short‐circuit current (  Jsc) and fill factor (FF) compared to the 3D SF‐PDI4. The charge generation dynamics measured by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) reveals that the exciton dissociation process in the PTB7‐Th:ITIC films is highly efficient. In addition, the PTB7‐Th:ITIC blend shows a higher electron mobility and lower energetic disorder compared to the PTB7‐Th:SF‐PDI4 blend, leading to higher values ofJscand FF. The compositional sensitive resonant soft X‐ray scattering (R‐SoXS) results indicate that ITIC molecules form more pure domains with reduced domain spacing, resulting in more efficient charge transport compared with the SF‐PDI4 blend. It is proposed that both the molecular structure and the corresponding morphology of ITIC play a vital role for the good solar cell device performance.
A Universal and Ultrastable Mineralization Coating Bioinspired from Biofilms
Authors: Yang Xiao , Li Zhenhua , Xiao Hong , Wang Ning , Li Yanpu , Xu Xinyuan , Chen Zhijun , Tan Hong , Li Jianshu
Published: June 2018

A simple and universal method for manufacturing a mineralization coating on various surfaces is developed using a biofilm‐based material obtained from engineered curli nanofibers. The amyloid protein (CsgA) is the main proteinaceous component in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm, which can withstand detergents in the harsh environment. The peptide sequence DDDEEK is bioinspired from salivary acquired pellicles in the dental plaque biofilm, having a strong ability to absorb mineral ions and induce the formation of biominerals. The bioinspired coating is successfully secreted by the engineered E. coli, which is transformed with a recombinant plasmid for expression with T7 promoter (PET), namely PET‐22b‐CsgA‐DDDEEK plasmid. The uniform coating can bear shear force and stay on virtually any type of material surface for at least one month. Moreover, the coated slices had a good mineralization performance and better stability than hydroxyapatite (HA)‐spray slices. Furthermore, MG63 cells on the bioactive HA layer induced by the coating possess a better growth capacity than those on the commercial product Matrigel. The animal experiment results suggest that the coated Ti6Al4V screws with induced HA present better osteogenicity and osseointegration than HA‐sprayed screws after 12 weeks, as well as no extra immunogenicity. Thus, the coating is highly promising for biomedical applications.
Quasi‐Solid‐State Single‐Atom Transistors
Authors: Xie Fangqing , Peukert Andreas , Bender Thorsten , Obermair Christian , Wertz Florian , Schmieder Philipp , Schimmel Thomas
Published: June 2018

The single‐atom transistor represents a quantum electronic device at room temperature, allowing the switching of an electric current by the controlled and reversible relocation of one single atom within a metallic quantum point contact. So far, the device operates by applying a small voltage to a control electrode or “gate” within the aqueous electrolyte. Here, the operation of the atomic device in the quasi‐solid state is demonstrated. Gelation of pyrogenic silica transforms the electrolyte into the quasi‐solid state, exhibiting the cohesive properties of a solid and the diffusive properties of a liquid, preventing the leakage problem and avoiding the handling of a liquid system. The electrolyte is characterized by cyclic voltammetry, conductivity measurements, and rotation viscometry. Thus, a first demonstration of the single‐atom transistor operating in the quasi‐solid‐state is given. The silver single‐atom and atomic‐scale transistors in the quasi‐solid‐state allow bistable switching between zero and quantized conductance levels, which are integer multiples of the conductance quantum G0 = 2e2/h. Source–drain currents ranging from 1 to 8 µA are applied in these experiments. Any obvious influence of the gelation of the aqueous electrolyte on the electron transport within the quantum point contact is not observed.
Exploring Green Solvents Associated to Pd/C as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Direct Arylation of Heteroaromatics with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Mao Shuxin , Shi Xinzhe , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri
Published: June 2018

Metal residues are certainly one of the major sources of contamination of products in metal‐catalyzed direct arylation reactions. We found that the use of only 1 mol% of the heterogeneous catalyst Pd/C promotes very efficiently the direct arylations of most heteroaromatics. In the presence of this catalyst and potassium acetate as the base, the direct arylation of thiophenes, furans, pyrroles, thiazoles, imidazoles or isoxazoles, using aryl bromides as coupling partners, proceeds highly regioselectively and in moderate to very high yields. With several heteroarenes both electron‐deficient and electron‐rich aryl bromides were tolerated; moreover, with the most reactive heteroarenes, the Pd/C catalyst tolerated green solvents such as diethyl carbonate, 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol and pentan‐1‐ol, affording a synthetic scheme with low environmental impact.

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Morphology Controlling of All‐Inorganic Perovskite at Low Temperature for Efficient Rigid and Flexible Solar Cells
Authors: Rao Haixia , Ye Senyun , Gu Feidan , Zhao Ziran , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: June 2018

All‐inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskites have emerged as promising photovoltaic materials owing to their superior thermal stability compared to traditional organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts. However, the CsPbX3 perovskites generally need to be prepared at high‐temperature, which restricts their application in multilayer or flexible solar cells. Herein, the formation of CsPbX3 perovskites at room‐temperature (RT) induced by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) coordination is reported. It is further found that a RT solvent (DMSO) annealing (RTSA) treatment is valid to control the perovskite crystallization dynamics, leading to uniform and void‐free films, and consequently a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.4% in the device indium tin oxide (ITO)/NiO
x
/RT‐CsPbI2Br/C60/Bathocuproine (BCP)/Ag, which is, as far as it is known, the first report of RT solution‐processed CsPbX3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, the efficiency can be boosted up to 10.4% by postannealing the RTSA‐treated perovskite film at an optimal temperature of 120 °C. Profiting from the moderate temperature, flexible PSCs are also demonstrated with a maximum PCE of 7.3% for the first time. These results may stimulate further development of all‐inorganic CsPbX3 perovskites and their application in flexible electronics.
Turner syndrome – The clinical spectrum and management dilemmas
Authors: Thayalan Krishanthy , Chung Kimberly , Kothari Alka
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common sex chromosome disorder, with a varied clinical spectrum and prognosis. It may range from the complete phenotype of TS characterised by short stature, ovarian failure, cardiac and renal abnormalities, with milder variants often associated with mosaic TS.

Materials and Methods

We describe five cases of TS.

Results

In case 1, complete TS was identified by first‐trimester screening with a grossly oedematous fetus at 11 weeks of gestation and underwent medical termination of pregnancy due to the dismal prognosis. In case 2, a hydropic fetus and large cystic hygromas were identified at routine second‐trimester morphology scan. Intra‐uterine fetal death was identified at 22 weeks of gestation and formal karyotype confirmed complete TS. Case 3 demonstrates the potential for a successful live birth of mosaic TS with mild neurocognitive and renal abnormalities. Case 4 demonstrates the ability for TS to go undetected until adolescence where the patient was diagnosed at 15 years of age during investigations for severe anaemia, identified as secondary to critical aortic stenosis and Heyde's syndrome. Case 5 highlights the potential for patients with TS to reproduce with assisted reproductive technology.

Discussion

These cases explore the prognostic spectrum of TS and highlight that they have a potential to lead productive and fulfilling lives.

Conclusion

Consequently, a multimodal risk stratification approach to prognostic counselling should be under‐taken with consideration of pertinent history, major sonographic abnormalities, maternal serum testing and invasive testing.
Cubosomes: The Next Generation of Smart Lipid Nanoparticles?
Authors: Barriga Hanna M. G. , Holme Margaret N. , Stevens Molly M.
Published: June 2018

Cubosomes are highly stable nanoparticles formed from the lipid cubic phase and stabilized by a polymer based outer corona. Bicontinuous lipid cubic phases consist of a single lipid bilayer that forms a continuous periodic membrane lattice structure with pores formed by two interwoven water channels. Cubosome composition can be tuned to engineer pore sizes or include bioactive lipids, the polymer outer corona can be used for targeting and they are highly stable under physiological conditions. Compared to liposomes, the structure provides a significantly higher membrane surface area for loading of membrane proteins and small drug molecules. Owing to recent advances, they can be engineered in vitro in both bulk and nanoparticle formats with applications including drug delivery, membrane bioreactors, artificial cells, and biosensors. This review outlines recent advances in cubosome technology enabling their application and provides guidelines for the rational design of new systems for biomedical applications.
Swapping Interface Contacts in the Homodimeric tRNA‐Guanine Transglycosylase: An Option for Functional Regulation
Authors: Ehrmann Frederik Rainer , Kalim Jorna , Pfaffeneder Toni , Bernet Bruno , Hohn Christoph , Schäfer Elisabeth , Botzanowski Thomas , Cianférani Sarah , Heine Andreas , Reuter Klaus , Diederich François , Klebe Gerhard
Published: June 2018

The enzyme tRNA‐guanine transglycosylase, a target to fight Shigellosis, recognizes tRNA only as a homodimer and performs full nucleobase exchange at the wobble position. Active‐site inhibitors block the enzyme function by competitively replacing tRNA. In solution, the wild‐type homodimer dissociates only marginally, whereas mutated variants show substantial monomerization in solution. Surprisingly, one inhibitor transforms the protein into a twisted state, whereby one monomer unit rotates by approximately 130°. In this altered geometry, the enzyme is no longer capable of binding and processing tRNA. Three sugar‐type inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, which bind to the protein in either the functionally competent or twisted inactive state. They crystallize with the enzyme side‐by‐side under identical conditions from the same crystallization well. Possibly, the twisted inactive form corresponds to a resting state of the enzyme, important for its functional regulation.
A Non‐Enzymatic Pathway with Superoxide in Intracellular Terpenoid Synthesis
Authors: Ueda Daijiro , Matsugane Saori , Okamoto Wataru , Hashimoto Masayuki , Sato Tsutomu
Published: June 2018

Non‐C5‐units terpenoids (norisoprenoids) with an acetonyl group are widely distributed in nature. However, studies on the biosynthesis of norisoprenoids are scarce. Now, the C33 norisoprenoid, (all‐E)‐farnesylfarnesylacetone, was identified from Bacillus spp. and it was elucidated for the first time that superoxide mediates the cleavage of menaquinones (vitamin K) to form norisoprenoids in saponification treatment. From in vivo experiments using gene‐disrupted Bacillus subtilis strains targeted for enzymes responsible for menaquinone biosynthesis and for superoxide dismutase, it was suggested that the non‐enzymatic cleavage (autoxidation) of menaquinone with superoxide resulted in norisoprenoid synthesis in Bacillus cells. Furthermore, the bioactive norisoprenoids, farnesylacetone and phytone, were produced in Bacillus cells by this novel synthesis system.
Zirconium oxide complex anchored on boehmite nanoparticles as highly reusable organometallic catalyst for C–S and C–O coupling reactions
Authors: Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Seydyosefi Zeinab , Tahmasbi Bahman
Published: June 2018

Boehmite nanoparticles were prepared by a simple and inexpensive procedure in water using commercially available materials without inert atmosphere. Then, the surface of the boehmite nanoparticles was modified using 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and subsequently zirconium oxide was supported on the modified surface. Zirconium oxide supported on boehmite nanoparticles (Pr.S‐ZrO@boehmite) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma technique. The catalytic application of Pr.S‐ZrO@boehmite was studied in C–O and C–S coupling reactions for synthesis of valuable compounds such as ether and sulfide derivatives. All products were obtained in good to excellent yields and the catalyst could be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, zirconium oxide is rarely used as catalyst for cross‐coupling reactions.
Fabrication of LaCl3‐containing nanofiber scaffolds and their application in skin wound healing
Authors: Guo Fei , Zhang Huiqing , Qiu Guosheng , Zuo Huijun , Chen Gangquan , Lou Yuanlei , Min Dinghong , Guo Guanghua
Published: June 2018

Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (GE) nanofiber scaffolds with varying concentrations of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3, from 0 to 25 mM) were fabricated by electrospinning. The scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle and porosity measurements, mechanical strength tests, and in vitro degradation studies. In vitro cytotoxicity and cell adhesion and proliferation studies were performed to assess the biocompatibility of the scaffolds, and in vivo wound healing studies were conducted to assess scaffold applications in the clinic. All prepared scaffolds were noncytotoxic, and the growth of adipose tissue–derived stem cells on LaCl3‐containing scaffolds was better than on the pure PCL/GE scaffold. Cell proliferation studies showed the greatest cell growth in the PCL/GE/LaCl3 scaffolds. Further, in vivo studies proved that the PCL/GE/LaCl3 scaffolds can promote wound healing. The results suggest that nanofiber scaffolds containing LaCl3 promote cell proliferation and have good biocompatibility, and thus potential for application in the treatment of skin wounds. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46672.
Contributions of marine infrastructures to marine planning and protected area networking
Authors: Shabtay Ateret , Portman Michelle E. , Carmel Yohay
Published: June 2018

Marine infrastructures are becoming ubiquitous as a result of the increasing exploitation of resources in the nearshore environment. These infrastructures are frequently linked with habitat degradation, pollution, and the establishment and spread of alien species. As marine infrastructures are perceived as threats to marine ecosystems, they are typically disregarded in conservation planning schemes.

Here, the presence of invertebrates and fish was surveyed in infrastructure areas with prohibited public access, as well as in nearby rocky reef areas that had no infrastructure and were open to the public.

It was found that species richness, Shannon diversity, and uniqueness of both fish and invertebrates were significantly higher in the infrastructure habitats than in the rocky reef habitats in most cases. Surprisingly, the findings show that the proportion of alien species was higher in the unprotected rocky reef habitats compared with that in the infrastructure habitats.

These counterintuitive findings suggest that marine infrastructures that limit unauthorized access to the surrounding territory may contribute to conservation if they are acknowledged and managed, according to their potential to provide a habitat for marine species. This suggests that these areas should be considered by planners as opportunities to enhance the connectivity of populations and to supplement marine protected areas in heavily impacted marine environments.
Affinity Maturation Drives Epitope Spreading and Generation of Proinflammatory Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Elliott Serra E. , Kongpachith Sarah , Lingampalli Nithya , Adamska Julia Z. , Cannon Bryan J. , Mao Rong , Blum Lisa K. , Robinson William H.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs); nevertheless, the origin, specificity, and functional properties of ACPAs remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of ACPAs by sequencing the plasmablast antibody repertoire at serial time points in patients with established RA.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained at up to 4 serial time points from 8 individuals with established RA who were positive for ACPAs by the anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide test. CD19+CD3−IgD−CD14−CD20−CD27+CD38++ plasmablasts were isolated by single‐cell sorting and costained with citrullinated peptide tetramers to identify ACPA‐expressing plasmablasts. Cell‐specific oligonucleotide barcodes were utilized, followed by large‐scale sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, to obtain error‐corrected, paired heavy‐ and light‐chain antibody gene sequences for each B cell.

Results

Bioinformatics analysis revealed 170 persistent plasmablast lineages in the RA blood, of which 19% included multiple isotypes. Among IgG‐ and IgA‐expressing plasmablasts, significantly more IgA‐expressing than IgG‐expressing persistent lineages were observed (P < 0.01). Shared complementarity‐determining region 3 sequence motifs were identified across subjects. A subset of the plasmablast lineages included members derived from later time points with divergent somatic hypermutations that encoded antibodies that bind an expanded set of citrullinated antigens. Furthermore, these recombinant, differentially mutated plasmablast antibodies formed immune complexes that stimulated higher macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) compared to antibodies representing earlier time point–derived lineage members that were less mutated.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that established RA is characterized by a persistent IgA ACPA response that exhibits ongoing affinity maturation. This observation suggests the presence of a persistent mucosal antigen that continually promotes the production of IgA plasmablasts and their affinity maturation and epitope spreading, thus leading to the generation of ACPAs that bind additional citrullinated antigens and more potently stimulate macrophage production of TNF.
Pathogenic Citrulline‐Multispecific B Cell Receptor Clades in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Titcombe Philip J. , Wigerblad Gustaf , Sippl Natalie , Zhang Na , Shmagel Anna K. , Sahlström Peter , Zhang Yue , Barsness Laura O. , Ghodke‐Puranik Yogita , Baharpoor Azar , Hansson Monika , Israelsson Lena , Skriner Karl , Niewold Timothy B. , Klareskog Lars , Svensson Camilla I. , Amara Khaled , Malmström Vivianne , Mueller Daniel L.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) have proven highly useful as biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, composition and functionality of the associated autoreactive B cell repertoire have not been directly assessed. We aimed to selectively investigate citrullinated autoantigen–specific B cell receptors (BCRs) involved in RA and initiate studies on their pathogenicity.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from patients in a University of Minnesota cohort with ACPA‐positive RA (n = 89). Tetramer sets bearing citrullinated filaggrin peptide cfc1 or citrullinated α‐enolase peptide were constructed to specifically capture autoreactive B cells from the unaltered, polyclonal repertoire in RA patients. Citrullinated peptide tetramer–bound B cells were subjected to flow cytometric cell sorting and single‐cell IGH, IGK, and IGL gene sequencing for B cell lineage determinations. BCR gene sequences were also expressed as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for direct evaluation of citrullinated autoantigen binding and effector functionality.

Results

Using citrullinated peptide tetramer enrichment to investigate single autoreactive blood B cells, we identified biased V‐region gene usage and conserved junction arrangements in BCRs from RA patients. Parsimonious clustering of related immunoglobulin gene nucleotide sequences revealed clonal expansions of rare individual B cell clades, in parallel with divergent sequence mutations. Correspondingly, recombinant mAb generated from such BCR lineages demonstrated citrulline‐dependent cross‐reactivity extending beyond the citrullinated peptides used for B cell capture. A pair of citrullinated autoantigen–specific mAb with cross‐reactive binding profiles also promoted arthritis in mice.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that broad ACPA specificities in RA arise from a restricted repertoire of evolving citrulline‐multispecific B cell clades with pathogenic potential.
A Bayesian two‐armed bandit model
Authors: Wang Xikui , Liang You , Porth Lysa
Published: June 2018

A two‐armed bandit model using a Bayesian approach is formulated and investigated in this paper with the goal of maximizing the value of a certain criterion of optimality. The bandit model illustrates the trade‐off between exploration and exploitation, where exploration means acquiring scientific acknowledge for better‐informed decisions at later stages (ie, maximizing long‐term benefit), and exploitation means applying the current knowledge for the best possible outcome at the current stage (ie, maximizing the immediate expected payoff). When one arm has known characteristics, stochastic dynamic programming is applied to characterize the optimal strategy and provide the foundation for its calculation. The results show that the celebrated Gittins index can be approximated by a monotonic sequence of break‐even values. When both arms are unknown, we derive a special case of optimality of the myopic strategy.
Insights into the binding interaction between copper ferrite nanoparticles and bovine serum albumin: An effect on protein conformation and activity
Authors: Millan Sabera , Kumar Aniket , Satish Lakkoji , Susrisweta B. , Dash Priyabrat , Sahoo Harekrushna
Published: June 2018

The binding affinity between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles in terms of conformation, stability and activity of protein was studied using various spectroscopic methods. The quenching involved in BSA–CuFe2O4 NP interaction was static quenching as analysed by different techniques (steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence along with temperature‐dependent fluorescence measurements). Among all types of possible interactions, it was revealed that the major binding forces were van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonding, which were explored from negative values of enthalpy change (∆H = −193.85 kJ mol−1) and entropy change (∆S = −588.88 J mol−1 K−1). Additionally, synchronous, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements confirmed the conformational changes in BSA upon the addition of CuFe2O4 NP. Furthermore, thermal denaturation observations were consistent with the circular dichroism results. The interaction of CuFe2O4 NP with BSA decreased the esterase activity in the BSA assay, revealing the affinity of copper ferrite towards the active site of BSA.
Tracking the Active Catalyst for Iron‐Based Ammonia Decomposition by In Situ Synchrotron Diffraction Studies
Authors: Tseng Jo‐Chi , Gu Dong , Pistidda Claudio , Horstmann Christian , Dornheim Martin , Ternieden Jan , Weidenthaler Claudia
Published: June 2018

Iron‐based catalysts for NH3 decomposition have been studied by a combination of catalytic tests and in situ synchrotron diffraction experiments performed in an inert sapphire plug‐flow cell. In contrast to steel‐based reaction cells, sapphire or quartz glass cells show no blind activity. Starting from iron oxide precursors, iron nitrides form during the activation cycle. Nitrides remain as main crystalline phases and govern the conversion of NH3 decomposition in the subsequent cycles. In this work structural and compositional changes of the nitrides were monitored in situ during heating and cooling cycles. The state of the catalyst under reaction conditions was analyzed by high resolution in situ synchrotron diffraction experiments. The analyses enable establishing reaction pathways and correlation of structural features with catalytic conversions. The most active phases are iron nitrides with high mobility and solubility for nitrogen atoms, such as Fe3Nx. Phase changes from Fe3Nx to γ‐FeNx were observed above 700 °C. The formation of γ‐FeNx seems to suppress the catalytic conversion. Moreover, the positive influence of a mesostructured support/catalyst composite on the catalytic conversion and catalyst stability were studied in detail.
Economic Evaluations of Workplace Mental Health Interventions: A Critical Review
Authors: Nogues Sarah , Finucan Jason
Published: June 2018

A growing body of literature has identified stigma as a barrier to disclosing illness in the workplace. Given that employee participation in mental health programs determines an intervention's success, we critically reviewed economic evaluations of workplace mental health interventions in order to determine how participation rates have been taken into account. Available economic evaluations point to the ROI of work‐focused treatment and tertiary prevention interventions; however their external validity remains low since they are mostly carried out with hypothetical employers. Given that mental illness stigma and non‐disclosure stand as barriers to taking part in interventions, the onus should be placed on interventions aimed at reducing stigma at the organizational level before investing in products targeted at individuals.
What Has Come out from Phytomedicines and Herbal Edibles for the Treatment of Cancer?
Authors: Bonam Srinivasa Reddy , Wu Yuan Seng , Tunki Lakshmi , Chellian Ranjithkumar , Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar , Muller Sylviane , Pandy Vijayapandi
Published: June 2018

Several modern treatment strategies have been adopted to combat cancer with the aim of minimizing toxicity. Medicinal plant‐based compounds with the potential to treat cancer have been widely studied in preclinical research and have elicited many innovations in cutting‐edge clinical research. In parallel, researchers have eagerly tried to decrease the toxicity of current chemotherapeutic agents either by combining them with herbals or in using herbals alone. The aim of this article is to present an update of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds, or mere changes in the bioactive compounds, along with herbal edibles, which display efficacy against diverse cancer cells and in anticancer therapy. It describes the basic mechanism(s) of action of phytochemicals used either alone or in combination therapy with other phytochemicals or herbal edibles. This review also highlights the remarkable synergistic effects that arise between certain herbals and chemotherapeutic agents used in oncology. The anticancer phytochemicals used in clinical research are also described; furthermore, we discuss our own experience related to semisynthetic derivatives, which are developed based on phytochemicals. Overall, this compilation is intended to facilitate research and development projects on phytopharmaceuticals for successful anticancer drug discovery.
NVP‐BHG712: Effects of Regioisomers on the Affinity and Selectivity toward the EPHrin Family
Authors: Tröster Alix , Heinzlmeir Stephanie , Berger Benedict‐Tilman , Gande Santosh L. , Saxena Krishna , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Linhard Verena , Nasiri Amir H. , Bolte Michael , Müller Susanne , Kuster Bernhard , Médard Guillaume , Kudlinzki Denis , Schwalbe Harald
Published: June 2018

Erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular (EPH) receptors are transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases. Their extracellular domains bind specifically to ephrin A/B ligands, and this binding modulates intracellular kinase activity. EPHs are key players in bidirectional intercellular signaling, controlling cell morphology, adhesion, and migration. They are increasingly recognized as cancer drug targets. We analyzed the binding of NVP‐BHG712 (NVP) to EPHA2 and EPHB4. Unexpectedly, all tested commercially available NVP samples turned out to be a regioisomer (NVPiso) of the inhibitor, initially described in a Novartis patent application. They only differ by the localization of a single methyl group on either one of two adjacent nitrogen atoms. The two compounds of identical mass revealed different binding modes. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the isomers differ in their kinase affinity and selectivity.
Proteoglycan Isolation and Analysis
Authors: Woods Anne , Couchman John R.
Published: June 2018

Proteoglycans can be difficult molecules to isolate and analyze due to large mass, charge, and tendency to aggregate or form macromolecular complexes. This unit describes detailed methods for purification of matrix, cell surface, and cytoskeleton‐linked proteoglycans. Methods for analysis of glycoaminoglycan size and type and of core protein species are described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Water Dissociation of a Dinuclear Bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methane Copper(II) Complex: X‐ray Diffraction Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Characteristic Absorption of the (CuN2Cl2)2 Core
Authors: Torres Juan F. , Bello‐Vieda Nestor J. , Macías Mario A. , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro , Rojas‐Dotti Carlos , Martínez‐Lillo José , Hurtado John
Published: June 2018

A complex of formula [{CuCl{H2C(3,5‐Me2pz)}}2(µ‐Cl)2] (1) is obtained and its structure is determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction crystallography, revealing dinuclear character supporting a (CuN2Cl2)2 core. Compound 1 undergoes water dissociation that generates a change in the coordination sphere of the metals, yielding a mononuclear CuII complex of the formula [CuCl{H2C(3,5‐Me2pz)2}2]Cl·3H2O (2), as supported by LeBail analysis and visible absorption spectroscopy. Interestingly, the optical features of 1 unravel characteristic patterns in the absorption spectrum, attributed solely to the formation of the (CuN2Cl2)2 core. The study of the magnetic properties of 1 reveals weak antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the two CuII ions that is transmitted through the double‐chloro bridge, which is supported by broken‐symmetry DFT calculations.
Reactive Palladium Carbenes: Migratory Insertion and Other Carbene–Hydrocarbyl Coupling Reactions on Well‐Defined Systems
Authors: Albéniz Ana C.
Published: June 2018

Palladium complexes with carbene ligands are among the best known and more extensively used catalysts. Those carbenes are usually NHC or N,N‐disubstituted derivatives and their use relies on the robust nature of the carbene ligands and their role as auxiliary ligands that modify the metal's electronic and steric features. In contrast, there are other types of carbenes that, when coordinated to palladium, lead to transformations in which the carbene fragment is involved. In the last decade, palladium‐catalyzed reactions have been extended to the use of carbene precursors that can be functionalized with the formation of several C–C bonds in one reaction step. Plausible mechanisms have been proposed where a carbene–hydrocarbyl coupling occurs in the palladium coordination sphere. This microreview aims to collect and discuss the examples of organometallic reactions in well‐characterized palladium complexes where the carbene is one of the fragments involved in C–C bond formation. These examples are key in understanding and supporting the mechanisms proposed for the Pd‐catalyzed of C–C coupling reactions of carbenes.
Meta‐Selective C–H Alkylation of 2‐Phenylpyridine Catalyzed by Ruthenium: DFT Study on the Mechanism and Regioselectivity
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yu Lu , Zhou Jianguo , Chen Yu
Published: June 2018

Density functional theory calculations have been performed to quantitatively characterize ruthenium‐catalyzed meta‐selective C–H functionalizations of 2‐phenylpyridine. The reaction with tert‐butyl bromide was used as a model, and the proposed catalytic cycle is comprised of three successive steps: C–H activation, alkylation of the ruthenacycle, and demetalation, and separation of the product, among which C–H activation is the rate‐determining step having a free‐energy barrier of 29.2 kcal mol–1. Alkylation of the ruthenacycle is predicted to be the selectivity‐determining step. The plausible reaction mechanism of the alkylation of the ruthenacycle depends on the nature of alkylating reagents, because use of simple alkyl halides would favor the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism over the radical mechanism, while the radical mechanism might become more competitive if a tertiary α‐bromo ester serves as an alkylating source. To address the regioselectivity issue, the kinetic parameters for the formation of different regioisomeric products have been calculated, which are consistent with the experimental findings and can provide additional insights.