bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative examination of career and start-up expectations in South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States
Authors: Human Sherrie , Clark Thomas , Matthews Charles H. , Stewart Julie , Gunnarsson Candace
Published: January 2018

Relatively few comparative studies have examined how perceptions across cultures might converge or diverge regarding careers in general and new venture careers in particular. Our research addresses this gap by providing a comparative study of career perceptions among undergraduate business students in three countries with different levels of experience with capitalism: Ukraine, South Korea, and the United States. Results suggest both surprising differences and interesting similarities between undergraduate students in the three countries with regard to how they perceive characteristics associated with entrepreneurial careers. Findings are discussed in the context of distinct differences and commonalities across cultures and implications for future research provided.
Exploring the impact of education on Korean-American entrepreneurs
Authors: Lee Myung-Soo , Puryear Alvin N. , Rogoff Edward G. , Onochie Joseph , Haynes George W. , Zachary Ramona Kay
Published: January 2018

Education has been shown to have myriad effects on people, from increasing their incomes to changing their views of the world. In the area of entrepreneurship, education creates opportunities and increases the rate of entrepreneurial activity. This study explores educationʼs effects on the immigrant entrepreneurship development processes and outcomes in the context of Korean-Americans by comparing a national sample of Korean-Americans with differing amounts of education. The sample is part of the National Minority Business Owners Surveys (NMBOS) carried out by the Lawrence N. Field Center for Entrepreneurship at Baruch College between 2003 and 2005. The authors hypothesize that high-education Korean-Americans will have larger and more successful businesses, have more varying types of businesses, and follow differing paths to business formation. In addition, the authors hypothesize that motivations, goals, and attitudes toward their businesses, families, and their lives generally will be different. Among other things, confidence and level of satisfaction with their business will be higher for the high-education group. The study finds that while the low- and high-education groups vary in their types of businesses, the paths followed into those businesses, and the size of their businesses, they are very similar as to their attitudes, motivations, and family interactions. Implications for future research are discussed.
Entrepreneurial inclination of students at a private university in Malaysia
Authors: Sandhu Manjit Singh , Jain Kamal Kishore , Yusof Mohar
Published: January 2018

Most past studies on studentsʼ entrepreneurial intention tend to focus on the phenomenon in developed countries.There is limited research on entrepreneurial intention of university students from developing nations. This article intends to close this gap by providing some insights into students℉ entrepreneurial inclination in a developing country, Malaysia. A total of 234 students from three faculties at both graduate and undergraduate levels were surveyed to examine their entrepreneurial inclination and also to examine the relationship between their demographic and social characteristics with entrepreneurial inclination.The study found strong entrepreneurial inclination among the students. Significant difference was found between students studying part time and full time and their entrepreneurial inclination. Significant difference was also found between the type of program enrolled in and students℉ entrepreneurial inclination. Further analysis and other findings were reported and recommendation for future research are been put forth in this article.
Does employee ownership increase innovation?
Authors: Garrett Robert
Published: January 2018

One way that firms attempt to innovate is through investment in R&D activity. However, there is much heterogeneity in innovations among firms making comparable R&D investments. This article explores employee ownershipʼs moderating effect on the relationship between R&D intensity and innovative output. The basis for the moderation is that ownership increases motivation and commitment to the innovation agenda of the company, and retains employeesʼ entrepreneurial efforts for internal opportunities. Using hierarchical regression, the data support the hypothesis that employee stock ownership positively moderates the relationship between R&D intensity and innovative output. Implications for future research and practice are addressed.
Founder Characteristics and Legitimacy-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Perry John T. , Chandler Gaylen N. , Yao Xin , Pett Timothy L.
Published: January 2018

The entrepreneurʼs experience, personality, and values affect the entrepreneurʼs behaviors and decisions (Chrisman, Bauerschmidt, and Hofer 1998). Past research results show that (1) more experienced new venture founders have a greater likelihood of leading their ventures to early success than less experienced founders (Delmar and Shane 2006) and (2) founders who engage in legitimacy-seeking behaviors have a greater likelihood of leading their ventures to early success than founders who do not do so (Tornikoski and Newbert 2007). We propose that more experienced founders understand the importance of obtaining legitimacy for their ventures and therefore will engage in more legitimacy-seeking behaviors. In addition, we propose that entrepreneursʼ growth aspirations and internal locus of control are also associated with engagement in legitimacy-seeking behaviors. We test and find support for these propositions in a sample of new ventures and their founders.
Persistence and survival in entrepreneurship: The case of the wave energy conversion corporation of America
Authors: Jackson Giles , Boxx Randy
Published: January 2018

Many entrepreneurial firms risk falling into a cash flow “Valley of Death”‐the stage of a young firmʼs life when seed funding is running dry but the firm has yet to secure sufficient additional funding to carry it through to product commercialization.This is particularly true in the nascent cleantech sector, where investments are often complex and capital intensive. Drawing on an in-depth interview with seasoned entrepreneur Brian Cunningham, CEO of the Wave Energy Conversion Corporation of America, this article explores the role of persistence in entrepreneurship, distinguishing between “calculated” and “blind” persistence.
Entrepreneurial orientation in public schools: The view from new jersey
Authors: Phelan Steven E. , Johnson Ane T. , Semrau Thorsten
Published: January 2018

We utilize a sample of New Jersey schools to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and school performance. The results indicate a significant relationship between several dimensions of EO and performance after controlling for a number of relevant variables. Charter schools were found to have higher EO than traditional schools. The implications of these findings for education and entrepreneurship research are discussed.
Adding to the pedagogical portfolio: Launching a student business in a semester course
Authors: McCrea Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2018

Common pedagogical approaches to entrepreneurship education include business plan writing, case studies, consulting, and simulations. Yet, in effect, these learning vehicles are simply proxies for the venture launch process. Operating under the assumption that learning entrepreneurship is a complex endeavor best addressed by a portfolio of pedagogical techniques, some instructors have experimented with launching student businesses in addition to traditional approaches.The challenge is how to do this with inexperienced undergraduate students within the confines of a 15-week semester. Included in the article are an outline of the process, a qualitative assessment of student learning, and suggestions for further research.
Relationship Between Students’ Grades and School Year and Their Intention for Entrepreneurship: Some Pioneering Findings
Authors: Bhandari Narendra C.
Published: January 2018

This is the first study of its kind to explore the relationship between studentsʼ year of education and their intention to start a business once they have completed their undergraduate studies. The article also examines studentsʼ cumulative grade point average and their intention to start a business once they have completed their undergraduate studies.These pioneering findings are based on an extensive title review (including their summaries) of hundreds of articles related to these factors listed in EBSCO.
Evolution and distribution of phospholipids in cheese and whey during the manufacturing of fresh cheese from cows' milk
Authors: Ferreiro Tania , Rodríguez‐Otero José L
Published: January 2018

In this study, we report on the evolution of phospholipid contents and their distribution in cheese and whey, during the production of fresh cheese. We found that the phospholipid content in the total mass of whey and fresh cheese together was greater than the content of phospholipids in the starting milk used to make them. This increase was probably due to bacterial growth during fermentation and the consequent synthesis of phospholipids to generate cell membranes. In the coagulation process, ≈20% of the phospholipids were drained in the whey. Based on this result, we conclude that whey might be an interesting source of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin, for the food industry.
Outcomes of bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma‐induced malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Tao Hong , Meng Qiyi , Li Mingzhi , Shi Liang , Tang Junfang , Liu Zhe
Published: January 2018

Background

VEGF is critical in the pathogenesis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). To understand the clinical benefits of antiangiogenic agents, the efficacy of chemotherapy containing bevacizmab was investigated in patients with lung adenocarcinoma‐induced MPE.

Methods

The data of lung adenocarcinoma patients with MPE treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy on day 1, every three weeks, for ≤ 6 cycles was retrospectively collected. Patients who achieved a response or stable disease were administered bevacizumab as maintenance therapy until progression. The primary outcomes of the study were MPE response rate (RR), MPE control rate, and pleural progression‐free survival (PPFS), while the secondary outcomes were PFS, overall survival (OS), changes to the lung volume and thoracic cage, and safety profiles.

Results

A total of 21 cases were collected, and all were evaluable for response, including 15 chemotherapy‐naïve patients and 6 who experienced relapse. The median cycle of treatments was 7 (1‐42) and 5 (2‐6) for bevacizumab and chemotherapy, respectively. The MPE RR reached 81.0%. The MPE control rate at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 weeks were 95.2%, 90.0%, 89.5%, 73.7%, and 43.8%, respectively. Median PPFS was significantly longer than PFS (22.2 vs. 7.8 months; P = 0.044), and median OS was 25.8 months. Nineteen (90.5%) patients experienced lung re‐expansion after treatment. Only one (4.8%) patient suffered thoracic volume decrease during treatment and the follow‐up period. No unexpected adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy demonstrated efficacious, persistence, and safety in controlling lung cancer‐induced MPE, indicating a potential superior therapeutic option.
Three‐dimensional (3D)‐ computed tomography bronchography and angiography combined with 3D‐video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) versus conventional 2D‐VATS anatomic pulmonary segmentectomy for the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: She Xiao‐wei , Gu Yun‐bin , Xu Chun , Li Chang , Ding Cheng , Chen Jun , Zhao Jun
Published: January 2018

Background

Compared to the pulmonary lobe, the anatomical structure of the pulmonary segment is relatively complex and prone to variation, thus the risk and difficulty of segmentectomy is increased. We compared three‐dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D‐CTBA) combined with 3D video‐assisted thoracic surgery (3D‐VATS) to perform segmentectomy to conventional two‐dimensional (2D)‐VATS for the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of randomly selected patients who underwent 3D‐CTBA combined with 3D‐VATS (3D‐CTBA‐VATS) or 2D‐VATS at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Hospital, from January 2014 to May 2017.

Results

The operative duration of 3D group was significantly shorter than the 2D group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of dissected lymph nodes between the two groups (P > 0.05). The extent of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage in the 3D group was significantly lower than in the 2D group (P < 0.05). Chest tube duration in the 3D group was shorter than in the 2D group (P < 0.05). Incidences of pulmonary infection, atelectasis, and arrhythmia were not statistically different between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, hemoptysis and pulmonary air leakage (>3d) occurred significantly less frequently in the 3D than in the 2D group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

3D‐CTBA‐VATS is a more accurate and smooth technique and leads to reduced intraoperative and postoperative complications.
UNC‐120/SRF independently controls muscle aging and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mergoud dit Lamarche Adeline , Molin Laurent , Pierson Laura , Mariol Marie‐Christine , Bessereau Jean‐Louis , Gieseler Kathrin , Solari Florence
Published: January 2018

Aging is commonly defined as the loss of global homeostasis, which results from progressive alteration of all organs function. This model is currently challenged by recent data showing that interventions that extend lifespan do not always increase the overall fitness of the organism. These data suggest the existence of tissue‐specific factors that regulate the pace of aging in a cell‐autonomous manner. Here, we investigated aging of Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscles at the subcellular and the physiological level. Our data show that muscle aging is characterized by a dramatic decrease in the expression of genes encoding proteins required for muscle contraction, followed by a change in mitochondria morphology, and an increase in autophagosome number. Myofilaments, however, remain unaffected during aging. We demonstrated that the conserved transcription factor UNC‐120/SRF regulates muscle aging biomarkers. Interestingly, the role of UNC‐120/SRF in the control of muscle aging can be dissociated from its broader effect on lifespan. In daf‐2/insulin/IGF1 receptor mutants, which exhibit a delayed appearance of muscle aging biomarkers and are long‐lived, disruption of unc‐120 accelerates muscle aging but does not suppress the lifespan phenotype of daf‐2 mutant. Conversely, unc‐120 overexpression delays muscle aging but does not increase lifespan. Overall, we demonstrate that UNC‐120/SRF controls the pace of muscle aging in a cell‐autonomous manner downstream of the insulin/IGF1 receptor.
Lichen planopilaris: A retrospective study of 32 cases in an Australian tertiary referral hair clinic
Authors: Kerkemeyer Karolina LS , Green Jack
Published: January 2018

Background/Objectives

Lichen planopilaris is a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia. Management of patients with lichen planopilaris is difficult due to a paucity of high‐quality data on its epidemiology and pathogenesis and the efficacy of therapies. The purpose of this study was to report the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with lichen planopilaris in a tertiary referral centre.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records in patients with lichen planopilaris seen in the Hair Clinic at the Skin & Cancer Foundation Inc., Melbourne, from 2012 to 2016.

Results

Altogether 32 patients with lichen planopilaris (29 women) were included. The onset age ranged from 17 to 77 years with a mean age of 55.2 ± 13.5 years. Scalp pruritus (84%) and perifollicular erythema (72%) were the most common presenting symptoms and signs, respectively. Lichen planopilaris involved the frontal scalp in 66% of patients, the parietal in 56%, and vertex scalp in 50%. There were wide variations in treatment response.

Conclusion

Lichen planopilaris is characterised by a marked female predominance and clinically with pruritus, perifollicular erythema and perifollicular scale. The current range of treatments used produced mixed and often unsatisfactory results. Multicentre, prospective, randomised controlled trials are warranted to provide clearer data on efficacious treatment options.
An observational feasibility study of a new anaesthesia drug storage tray
Authors: Almghairbi D. S. , Sharp L. , Griffiths R. , Evley R. , Gupta S. , Moppett I. K.
Published: January 2018

Drug errors in the anaesthetic domain remain a serious cause of iatrogenic harm. To help reduce this issue, we explored the potential safety impact of using a simple colour‐coded tray for anaesthetic drug preparation and storage. Over a six‐month period, three different trained researchers observed 30 cases at three NHS Trusts. Ten observations involved standard drug trays in ‘normal’ practice, and 20 observations, involved ‘Rainbow trays’ before and after their introduction. We conducted 20 semi‐structured interviews immediately after completing the Rainbow tray observation with the anaesthetists involved. All discussions and detailed notes taken were transcribed, qualitatively analysed using line‐by‐line coding and then synthesised into narrative themes. We found that using standard, single compartment trays enabled quick, cheap, and portable drug preparation and storage, but was linked to potential or actual harmful errors, such as syringe swaps. Rainbow trays were perceived to be easy to use and effective at all three sites, aiding drug identification and separation, and hence likely to reduce drug error and increase patient safety. We have demonstrated that it is feasible to introduce a new colour‐coded compartmentalised Rainbow drugs tray into clinical practice at three NHS hospitals in England. Further research is needed into their effect on the prevalence of drug error.
Platelet responses to pharmacological and physiological interventions in middle‐aged men with different habitual physical activity levels
Authors: Lundberg Slingsby M. H. , Gliemann L. , Thrane M. , Rytter N. , Egelund J. , Chan M. V. , Armstrong P. C. , Warner T. D. , Hellsten Y.
Published: January 2018

The current guidelines following an acute coronary syndrome recommend dual‐antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) (aspirin plus a P2Y12 antagonist) alongside lifestyle modifications, including more regular physical activity. It is currently unknown whether regular exercise affects the pharmacology of DAPT.

Aim

To explore how exercise‐induced improvements in vascular and platelet function affect the efficacy of DAPT, in a cross‐sectional study of men with different physical activity levels (training status).

Methods

A total of 42 healthy, normal‐weight, middle‐aged men were divided into 3 groups: untrained, moderately trained and well‐trained. Their platelet reactivity (agonist‐induced % aggregation) was investigated in platelet‐rich plasma at rest and after inhibition with aspirin and ticagrelor and/or prostacyclin and nitric oxide added to the blood in vitro, and after physiological tests of vascular function; passive movement of the leg, flow‐mediated dilation and one‐leg knee‐extensor exercise. Vascular function of the femoral artery (changes in arterial blood flow) was assessed by ultrasound Doppler.

Results

Platelets from the well‐trained subjects had lower basal reactivity, a higher sensitivity to the anti‐aggregatory effects of prostacyclin and were more potently inhibited by DAPT compared to the untrained subjects. The moderately trained and well‐trained subjects had a superior vascular function compared to untrained subjects, and their platelets were more inhibited by the passive movement, flow‐mediated dilation and one‐leg knee‐extensor exercise.

Discussion

A habitually active lifestyle leads to an increased platelet sensitivity to pharmacological and physiological platelet inhibitors. We suggest that physical activity habits (training status) should be considered when personalizing and optimizing antithrombotic treatment strategies.
Interferon γ treatment increases endocannabinoid and related N‐acylethanolamine levels in T84 human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Alhouayek Mireille , Rankin Linda , Gouveia‐Figueira Sandra , Fowler Christopher J
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose

Endocannabinoids and related N‐acylethanolamines (NAEs) are involved in regulation of gut function, but relatively little is known as to whether inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ affect their levels. We have investigated this in vitro using cultures of T84 colon cancer cells.

Experimental Approach

T84 cells, when cultured in monolayers, differentiate to form adult colonic crypt‐like cells with excellent permeability barrier properties. The integrity of the permeability barrier in these monolayers was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). NAE levels were determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Expression of the enzymes involved in NAE and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) turnover were assessed with qPCR.

Key Results

IFNγ treatment for 8 or 24 h increased levels of both endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2‐AG) and the related NAEs. The treatment did not affect the rate of hydrolysis of either anandamide or palmitoylethanolamide by intact cells, and in both cases, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) rather than NAE‐hydrolysing acid amidase (NAAA) was mainly responsible for the hydrolysis of these NAEs. IFNγ treatment reduced the TEER of the cells in a manner that was not prevented by inhibition of either FAAH or NAAA but was partially reversed by apical administration of the NAE palmitoylethanolamide.

Conclusion and Implications

IFNγ treatment mobilized endocannabinoid and related NAE levels in T84 cells. However, blockade of anandamide or NAE hydrolysis was insufficient to negate the deleterious effects of this cytokine upon the permeability barrier of the cell monolayers.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc
Assessment of the Conservation Measures Partnership's effort to improve conservation outcomes through adaptive management
Authors: Redford Kent H. , Hulvey Kristin B. , Williamson Matthew A. , Schwartz Mark W.
Published: January 2018

Conservation practice has demonstrated an increasing desire for accountability of actions, particularly with respect to effectiveness, efficiency, and impact to clearly identified objectives. This has been accompanied by increased attention to achieving adaptive management. In 2002, practitioners representing several prominent conservation nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) launched a community of practice called the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP). The partnership CMP has worked to establish standards of conservation practice to improve accountability of conservation actions through adaptive management. The focal organizing framework for CMP has been the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OS). We evaluated, through an online survey and personal interviews, the first decade of CMP and the OS. The CMP has garnered a positive reputation among agencies, NGOs, and funders and has succeeded in developing a large user base of the OS. However, CMP has not fully achieved its goal of making the OS standard operating procedure for the largest NGOs (e.g., The Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund), despite it being widely used within these organizations. This lack of institutionalization is attributable to multiple causes, including an increase in the number of partially overlapping decision‐support frameworks and challenges achieving full‐cycle adaptive management. Users strongly believed the OS fosters better conservation practice and highly valued the OS for improving their practice. A primary objective of the OS is to assist practitioners to achieve full‐cycle adaptive management to better integrate learning into improving the effectiveness and efficiency of actions. However, most practitioners had not yet achieved cycle completion for their projects. To improve the effectiveness of CMP, OS, and conservation practice in general, we recommend collaborative efforts among the proponents of multiple decision‐support frameworks to foster strong institutional adoption of a common set of adaptive‐management standards for conservation accountability.
Inflation Targets and the Zero Lower Bound in a Behavioural Macroeconomic Model
Authors: De Grauwe Paul , Ji Yuemei
Published: January 2018

We analyse the relationship between the level of the inflation target and the zero lower bound imposed on the nominal interest rate in the framework of a behavioural New‐Keynesian macroeconomic model in which agents, experiencing cognitive limitations, use adaptive learning forecasting rules. The model produces endogenous waves of optimism and pessimism (animal spirits) that lead to non‐normal distributions of the output gap. We find that when the inflation target is too close to zero, the economy can get gripped by ‘chronic pessimism’ that leads to a dominance of negative output gaps and recessions, and in turn feeds back on expectations producing long waves of pessimism. Low inflation targets create the risk of persistence of recessions and low growth. In conclusion, our framework suggests that the 2% inflation target, now pursued by many central banks, is too low.
Large‐scale genetic panmixia in the blue shark (Prionace glauca): A single worldwide population, or a genetic lag‐time effect of the “grey zone” of differentiation?
Authors: Bailleul Diane , Mackenzie Alicia , Sacchi Olivier , Poisson François , Bierne Nicolas , Arnaud‐Haond Sophie
Published: January 2018

The blue shark Prionace glauca, among the most common and widely studied pelagic sharks, is a top predator, exhibiting the widest distribution range. However, little is known about its population structure and spatial dynamics. With an estimated removal of 10–20 million individuals per year by fisheries, the species is classified as “Near Threatened” by International Union for Conservation of Nature. We lack the knowledge to forecast the long‐term consequences of such a huge removal on this top predator itself and on its trophic network. The genetic analysis of more than 200 samples collected at broad scale (from Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans) using mtDNA and nine microsatellite markers allowed to detect signatures of genetic bottlenecks but a nearly complete genetic homogeneity across the entire studied range. This apparent panmixia could be explained by a genetic lag‐time effect illustrated by simulations of demographic changes that were not detectable through standard genetic analysis before a long transitional phase here introduced as the “population grey zone.” The results presented here can thus encompass distinct explanatory scenarios spanning from a single demographic population to several independent populations. This limitation prevents the genetic‐based delineation of stocks and thus the ability to anticipate the consequences of severe depletions at all scales. More information is required for the conservation of population(s) and management of stocks, which may be provided by large‐scale sampling not only of individuals worldwide, but also of loci genomewide.
Temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition increased with mean carbon residence time: Field incubation and data assimilation
Authors: Zhou Xuhui , Xu Xia , Zhou Guiyao , Luo Yiqi
Published: January 2018

Temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition is one of the major uncertainties in predicting climate‐carbon (C) cycle feedback. Results from previous studies are highly contradictory with old soil C decomposition being more, similarly, or less sensitive to temperature than decomposition of young fractions. The contradictory results are partly from difficulties in distinguishing old from young SOC and their changes over time in the experiments with or without isotopic techniques. In this study, we have conducted a long‐term field incubation experiment with deep soil collars (0–70 cm in depth, 10 cm in diameter of PVC tubes) for excluding root C input to examine apparent temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition under ambient and warming treatments from 2002 to 2008. The data from the experiment were infused into a multi‐pool soil C model to estimate intrinsic temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition and C residence times of three SOC fractions (i.e., active, slow, and passive) using a data assimilation (DA) technique. As active SOC with the short C residence time was progressively depleted in the deep soil collars under both ambient and warming treatments, the residences times of the whole SOC became longer over time. Concomitantly, the estimated apparent and intrinsic temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition also became gradually higher over time as more than 50% of active SOC was depleted. Thus, the temperature sensitivity of soil C decomposition in deep soil collars was positively correlated with the mean C residence times. However, the regression slope of the temperature sensitivity against the residence time was lower under the warming treatment than under ambient temperature, indicating that other processes also regulated temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition. These results indicate that old SOC decomposition is more sensitive to temperature than young components, making the old C more vulnerable to future warmer climate.
Australian multicentre study of current real‐world prophylaxis practice in severe and moderate haemophilia A and B
Authors: Mason J. A. , Parikh S. , Tran H. , Rowell J. , McRae S.
Published: January 2018

Introduction

With the emergence of novel treatment products for haemophilia and an increasing focus on the benefits of pharmacokinetic driven individualized prophylaxis, robust national data with regard to current patterns of factor consumption and adherence are required.

Aim

To characterize current Australian practice with regard to use of prophylactic clotting factor infusions in patients with moderate or severe haemophilia A (HA) and haemophilia B (HB).

Methods

This was a retrospective, non‐interventional study utilizing Australian Bleeding Disorder Registry (ABDR) data collected over a 12 month period. Registered and consented patients with moderate or severe HA or HB without inhibitors were included.

Results

A total of 718 HA (551 severe, 167 moderate) and 166 HB (87 severe, 79 moderate) patients were included. Regular prophylaxis was prescribed in 453 patients (82%) with severe HA, 42 patients (25%) with moderate HA, 66 patients (75%) with severe HB and 11 patients (14%) with moderate HB. Near universal prophylaxis was achieved in the paediatric subgroup. The mean weekly dose of factor VIII in severe HA was 84 international units/kg/wk (IU/kg/wk) vs 71 IU/kg/wk of factor IX in severe HB. Most patients on prophylaxis were treated ≥3 times/wk (HA) or 2 times/wk (HB). Non‐adherence peaked in the 20‐29 year age group. Older individuals on regular prophylaxis used more factor than was expected for their prescribed regimen.

Conclusion

Prophylaxis rates in severe haemophilia are comparable with other developed nations. The benefit of a national registry is demonstrable. Furthermore research into the underlying reasons for non‐compliance in young adults with haemophilia is required.
Low incidence of factor VIII inhibitors in previously untreated patients with severe haemophilia A treated with octanate®: Final report from a prospective study
Authors: Klukowska A. , Komrska V. , Vdovin V. , Pavlova A. , Jansen M. , Lowndes S. , Belyanskaya L. , Walter O. , Laguna P.
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Octanate® is a human, plasma‐derived, von Willebrand factor‐stabilized coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate with demonstrated haemostatic efficacy in previously treated patients with haemophilia A.

Aim

This prospective, open‐label study aimed to assess the immunogenicity of octanate® in previously untreated patients (PUPs).

Methods

The study monitored development of FVIII inhibitors in 51 PUPs. Tolerability, viral safety, FVIII recovery and efficacy of octanate® for the prevention and treatment of bleeds and in surgical procedures were also assessed.

Results

Five (9.8%) of the 51 patients developed inhibitors during the study, 4 of which (7.8%) were high titre. Three inhibitor cases (5.9%) were considered clinically relevant; 2 were transient inhibitors that disappeared during regular octanate® treatment without a change in dose or treatment frequency. Amongst 45 patients with FVIII:C <1% at baseline and who received ≥20 exposure days (EDs) or had <20 EDs but developed an inhibitor, inhibitor incidence was 11.1% (6.7% clinically relevant). All clinically relevant inhibitors developed within 20 EDs of on‐demand treatment. No inhibitors developed in PUPs receiving prophylaxis. All patients who developed inhibitors had either intron 22 inversions or large deletions. Irrespective of the reason for administration, haemostatic efficacy was rated as “excellent” in 99.6% of all infusions (4700 of 4717 infusions), and no complications were reported in 23 surgical procedures. Mean incremental in vivo recovery was 2.0%/IU/kg (±0.7) and 1.9%/IU/kg (±0.5) for the first and second assessments, respectively. Tolerability was rated “very good” in 99.9% of infusions.

Conclusion

In PUPs with severe haemophilia A, octanate® demonstrated haemostatic efficacy with a low rate of inhibitor development.
Petrotectonic setting of the provenance of Lower Siwalik sandstones of the Himalayan foreland basin, southeastern Kumaun Himalaya, India
Authors: Goswami Pradeep K. , Deopa Tanuja
Published: January 2018

Detailed petrography and modal analysis of 35 sandstone thin sections was carried out to determine petrotectonic setting of the provenance of the Lower Siwalik molasse of southeastern Kumaun Himalaya. The sandstones are fine‐ to coarse‐grained (0.14–0.63 mm), poorly‐ to moderately‐sorted and comprise lithic arenites, sublithic arenites and lithic greywackes. The sandstones invariably belong to the quartzolithic QtFL (Qt, total quartz; F, feldspar; L, lithic grains) and QmFLt (Qm, monocrystalline quartz; Lt, lithic grains plus polycrystalline quartz) petrofacies, and indicate their derivation from a quartzose‐ and transitional‐recycled orogen provenance under sub‐humid climatic conditions. The framework composition of the sandstones comprises abundant monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz and low‐ to high‐grade metamorphic rock fragments, along with subordinate feldspar, characterized by low ratios of plagioclase to total feldspar, and accessory minerals. The framework composition and petrofacies characters of these texturally submature sandstones suggest their derivation mainly from the nearby located Great Himalaya terrane and subordinately from the Tethys and Lesser Himalayan terranes. A comparison of the data presented here with the previous similar data from Lower Siwalik of northwestern Pakistan, northwestern India, south‐central Kumaun, western Nepal and southeastern Nepal reveals that like the Lower Siwalik rivers in other sections, the Lower Siwalik rivers of the southeastern Kumaun too drained large parts of the Great Himalayan terrane and some parts of the Tethys and Lesser Himalayan terranes.
Regulation of amino acid metabolism and α‐cell proliferation by glucagon
Authors: Hayashi Yoshitaka , Seino Yusuke
Published: January 2018

Both glucagon and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are produced from proglucagon through proteolytic cleavage. Blocking glucagon action increases the circulating levels of glucagon and GLP‐1, reduces the blood glucose level, and induces the proliferation of islet α‐cells. Glucagon blockade also suppresses hepatic amino acid catabolism and increases the serum amino acid level. In animal models defective in both glucagon and GLP‐1, the blood glucose level is not reduced, indicating that GLP‐1 is required for glucagon blockade to reduce the blood glucose level. In contrast, hyperplasia of α‐cells and hyperaminoacidemia are observed in such animal models, indicating that GLP‐1 is not required for the regulation of α‐cell proliferation or amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that the regulation of amino acid metabolism is a more important specific physiological role of glucagon than the regulation of glucose metabolism. Although the effects of glucagon deficiency on glucose metabolism are compensated by the suppression of insulin secretion, the effects on amino acid metabolism are not. Recently, data showing a feedback regulatory mechanism between the liver and islet α‐cells, which is mediated by glucagon and amino acids, are accumulating. However, a number of questions on the mechanism of this regulation remain to be addressed. The profile of glucagon as a regulator of amino acid metabolism must be carefully considered for glucagon blockade to be applied therapeutically in the treatment of patients with diabetes.
Evolution of morphology and locomotor performance in anurans: relationships with microhabitat diversification
Authors: Citadini J. M. , Brandt R. , Williams C. R. , Gomes F. R.
Published: January 2018

The relationships between morphology, performance, behavior and ecology provide evidence for multiple and complex phenotypic adaptations. The anuran body plan, for example, is evolutionarily conserved and shows clear specializations to jumping performance back at least to the early Jurassic. However, there are instances of more recent adaptation to habit diversity in the post‐cranial skeleton, including relative limb length. The present study tested adaptive models of morphological evolution in anurans associated with the diversity of microhabitat use (semi‐aquatic arboreal, fossorial, torrent, and terrestrial) in species of anuran amphibians from Brazil and Australia. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to determine which evolutionary models, including Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck (OU) are consistent with morphological variation observed across anuran species. Furthermore, this study investigated the relationship of maximum distance jumped as a function of components of morphological variables and microhabitat use. We found there are multiple optima of limb lengths associated to different microhabitats with a trend of increasing hindlimbs in torrent, arboreal, semi‐aquatic whereas fossorial and terrestrial species evolve toward optima with shorter hindlimbs. Moreover, arboreal, semi‐aquatic and torrent anurans have higher jumping performance and longer hindlimbs, when compared to terrestrial and fossorial species. We corroborate the hypothesis that evolutionary modifications of overall limb morphology have been important in the diversification of locomotor performance along the anuran phylogeny. Such evolutionary changes converged in different phylogenetic groups adapted to similar microhabitat use in two different zoogeographical regions.
Application of lipidomics to reveal differences in facial skin surface lipids between males and females
Authors: Cui Le , He Cong‐fen , Fan Lin‐na , Jia Yan
Published: January 2018

Purpose

To analyze and compare differences in facial skin surface lipids (SSL) between 18‐ to 25‐year‐old males and females.

Methods

Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) technology was used to measure the facial SSL composition of 18‐ to 25‐year‐old males and females. Measurement results were combined with the orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) model for analysis and comparisons, and differences in lipids with significance were selected.

Results

There were significant differences in facial SSL composition between 18‐ to 25‐year‐old males and females. Under selected conditions, 37 types of lipids with significant differences were obtained (P ≤ .05). All of them had higher content in females, and primarily included ceramides (Cers), glucosylceramide (GlcCer), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and others.

Conclusions

There are significant differences in facial SSL between 18‐ to 25‐year‐old males and females.
Evaluation of carboxytherapy and platelet‐rich plasma in treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation: A comparative clinical trial
Authors: Nofal Eman , Elkot Reham , Nofal Ahmad , Eldesoky Fatma , Shehata Shymaa , Sami Maha
Published: January 2018

Background

Management of periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is still a therapeutic challenge. Although different therapeutic modalities are available, the outcomes of most of them are unsatisfactory.

Objectives

To investigate and compare the efficacy and safety of two new modalities in the treatment of POH; the platelet rich plasma (PRP) and the carboxytherapy.

Subjects and Methods

The study included 30 patients with POH. Every patient was subjected to seven intradermal injections of PRP on the left periorbital area with 2 week intervals between sessions and carboxytherapy on the right area with 1 week interval apart. Assessments were done by investigators' assessment, visual analogue scale by both patients and doctors, and patients' satisfaction. Side effects were reported.

Results

All patients completed the sessions in the carboxy‐treated side. In the PRP‐treated side, 10 patients refused to complete all sessions because of intolerable side effects. Significant improvement in POH was achieved in both sides (P ≤ .0001). The improvement was comparable with no statistically significant difference between both modalities. Side effects in the carboxy treated side were mild and well tolerated by all patients while they were relatively severe, and persisted for days after sessions in the PRP‐treated side.

Conclusions

Both PRP and carboxytherapy are relatively effective and their efficacy is comparable in treatment of POH. Carboxtherapy is simple and slightly more effective modality and well tolerated than PRP. We believe that both modalities are promising but not the ideal solutions of the POH problem which is caused by multifactorial etiology.
CREDIBLY IDENTIFYING SOCIAL EFFECTS: ACCOUNTING FOR NETWORK FORMATION AND MEASUREMENT ERROR
Authors: Advani Arun , Malde Bansi
Published: January 2018

Understanding whether and how connections between agents (networks) such as declared friendships in classrooms, transactions between firms, and extended family connections, influence their socio‐economic outcomes has been a growing area of research within economics. Early methods developed to identify thesesocial effectsassumed that networks had formed exogenously, and were perfectly observed, both of which are unlikely to hold in practice. A more recent literature, both within economics and in other disciplines, develops methods that relax these assumptions. This paper reviews that literature. It starts by providing a general econometric framework for linear models of social effects, and illustrates how network endogeneity and missing data on the network complicate identification of social effects. Thereafter, it discusses methods for overcoming the problems caused by endogenous formation of networks. Finally, it outlines the stark consequences of missing data on measures of the network, and regression parameters, before describing potential solutions.
Study of the utility and problems of common iliac artery balloon occlusion for placenta previa with accreta
Authors: Ono Yoshihisa , Murayama Yoshihiko , Era Sumiko , Matsunaga Shigetaka , Nagai Tomonori , Osada Hisato , Takai Yasushi , Baba Kazunori , Takeda Satoru , Seki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2018

Aims

We investigated whether common iliac artery balloon occlusion (CIABO) was effective for decreasing blood loss during cesarean hysterectomy (CH) in patients with placenta previa with accreta and was safe for mothers and fetuses.

Methods

Of the 67 patients who underwent CH for placenta previa with accreta at our facility from 1985 to 2014, 57 patients were eligible for the study. The amount of intraoperative bleeding during CH was compared between three groups: surgery without blood flow occlusion (13 patients), internal iliac artery ligation (15 patients) and CIABO (29 patients). Additionally, multivariate analysis was performed to assess risk factors for massive bleeding during CH.

Results

The mean blood loss in the CIABO group (2027 ± 1638 mL) was significantly lower than in the other two groups (3787 ± 2936 mL in the no occlusion, 4175 ± 1921 mL in the internal iliac artery ligation group; P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that spontaneous placental detachment during surgery (odds ratio [OR] 49.174, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.98–1763.67), a history of ≥ 2 cesarean sections (OR 9.226, 95% CI 1.07–231.15) and no use of CIABO (OR 26.403, 95% CI 3.20–645.17) were significantly related to massive bleeding during surgery. There was no case of necrosis resulting from ischemia. The mean radiation dose during balloon placement never exceeded the threshold value for fetal exposure.

Conclusion

Bleeding during CH for placenta previa with accreta can be decreased by CIABO. This study also confirmed the safety of CIABO in regard to maternal lower limb ischemia and fetal radiation exposure during balloon placement.
The Effect of Sintering Time on the Marginal Fit of Zirconia Copings
Authors: Khaledi Amir Ali Reza , Vojdani Mahroo , Farzin Mitra , Pirouzi Sudabeh , Orandi Sepideh
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This study analyzed the effect of different sintering times on the marginal adaptation of zirconia ceramic copings.

Materials and Methods

Thirty copings of pre‐sintered 3Y‐TZP blanks were milled and subsequently sintered in a special furnace for three different durations (n = 10 per group). The sintering time was 1 hour, 15 minutes for IPS e.max ZirCAD, 4 hours 20 minutes for Speed ZrO2, and 7 hours 20 minutes for the conventional ZrO2 group. The marginal gaps of specimens were measured at 18 spots on the master die by employing a digital microscope. One‐way ANOVA test compared the mean differences among the 3 groups (α = 0.05).

Results

The mean values for the marginal gap of the IPS e.max ZirCAD, Speed ZrO2, and conventional ZrO2 groups were 41.06 ± 14.03, 43.03 ± 11.67, and 39.88 ± 15.23 μm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups regarding the marginal gap.

Conclusion

Different sintering times did not alter the marginal fit of the zirconia copings. The mean values of the marginal gap were within the clinically acceptable level for all three groups.
The Topic Landscape of Disruption Research—A Call for Consolidation, Reconciliation, and Generalization
Authors: Hopp Christian , Antons David , Kaminski Jermain , Salge Torsten Oliver
Published: January 2018

Using a natural language processing approach, the paper takes stock of extant disruption research and analyzes the full‐text corpus of 1078 journal articles published on disruption between 1975 and 2016. This yields a topic map composed of 84 distinct topics that present the overall topic structure of this dynamic field. Topic network analyses uncover the existence of two increasingly disconnected subnetworks centered around disruptive innovation at the macro level and radical innovation at the micro level. This disconnect is consequential, as both perspectives appear to be highly interdependent and conceptually constitute two sides of the same coin. To counteract the threat of growing fragmentation and reconnect these subnetworks, three research priorities are proposed, firmly grounded in a systematic literature analysis: (1) the need to consolidate peripheral and decoupled topics, (2) the necessity to reconcile competing terminologies and refocus the theoretical core, and (3) the imperative to strengthen the generalizable empirical evidence base.