bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O ensino da ginástica de Itatiba/SP: de volta às escolas
Authors: Carride Cibelle Amade , Moura Cintia De Souza , Schiavon Laurita Marconi , Bortoleto Marco Antonio Coelho
Published: July 2017

Estudos realizados nos últimos 25 anos apresentam uma diminuição do ensino da Ginástica na Educação Física escolar. Na busca de um diagnóstico atualizado, a pesquisa analisou o ensino da Ginástica nas escolas da cidade de Itatiba-SP, a fim de conhecer as dificuldades bem como as estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário semiestruturado, respondido por 40 professores (73 % do total) de Educação Física das redes de ensino municipal, estadual e particular do município. Os resultados revelam que a maioria dos profissionais ensina Ginástica na escola, com estratégias de adaptação de materiais/espaço. Os professores que não incluem ginástica em suas aulas relatam não se sentirem preparados, principalmente devido a uma formação inicial insuficiente. A pesquisa indica uma tendência contrária à apontada pela literatura, e sugere a necessidade de formação continuada e suporte didático aos docentes.
Private sector involvement in times of armed conflict: What are the constraints for trading medical equipment?
Authors: Schmidt, MA, PhD candidate Georg
Published: July 2017

Objective: Today, healthcare facilities are highly dependent on the private sector to keep their medical equipment functioning. Moreover, private sector involvement becomes particularly important for the supply of spare parts and consumables. However, in times of armed conflict, the capacity of the corporate world appears to be seriously hindered. Subsequently, this study researches the influence of armed conflict on the private medical equipment sector.Design: This study follows a qualitative approach by conducting 19 interviews with representatives of the corporate world in an active conflict zone. A semistructured interview guide, consisting of 10 questions, was used to examine the constraints of this sector.Results: The results reveal that the lack of skilled personnel, complicated importation procedures, and a decrease in financial capacity are the major constraints faced by private companies dealing in medical equipment in conflict zones.Conclusions: Even when no official sanctions and embargoes for medical items exist, constraints for trading medical equipment are clearly recognizable. Countries at war would benefit from a centralized structure that deals with the importation procedures for medical items, to assist local companies in their purchasing procedures. A high degree of adaption is needed to continue operating, despite the emerging constraints of armed conflict. Future studies might research the constraints for manufacturers outside the conflict to export medical items to the country of war.
Sex differences in the daily rhythmicity of morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery
Authors: Cattaneo, MD Stefano , Ingelmo, MD Pablo , Scudeller, MD, PhD Luigia , De Gregori, PhD Manuela , Bugada, MD Dario , Baciarello, MD Marco , Marchesini, MD Maurizio , Alberio, MD Giovanni , Normanno, MD Marco , Jotti, MD Gloria Saccani , Meschi, MD Tiziana , Fanelli, MD Guido , Allegri, MD Massimo
Published: July 2017

Objective: The sex of the patients has been shown to affect postoperative pain and morphine consumption; still a clear understanding able to explain the reasons behind this difference struggles to emerge. Our research aimed to investigate one specific aspect of the variability in morphine consumption between sexes. Previous studies have shown that circadian rhythm can influence opioid consumption. Furthermore, circadian rhythm is different between female and male. Our analysis investigated the presence of differences in daily rhythmicity of morphine consumption between males and females.Design: This is a secondary analysis of data collected during 2 years long multicenter clinical trial (NCT01233752).Settings: Clinical data were collected in two Italian hospitals: IRCCS Foundation Policlinico S. Matteo (Pavia) and San Gerardo Hospital (Monza).Patients: The authors recorded data about morphine consumption in 157 patients who underwent major abdominal surgery, who received morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) as postoperative analgesia.Interventions: The authors analyzed the daily periodicity of effective boluses delivered by morphine IV-PCA with Poisson multilevel models, adjusted by the time of start for each pump. An effective bolus was defined as a correctly delivered bolus of 1 mg of morphine. The authors also evaluated the interactions among the time of the day and sex, age (</ ≥ 55 y), and body mass index (BMI; < /≥30 kg/m2).Main Outcome Measure(s): Differences in sex of morphine consumption rhythms over the 24 hours of the day.Results: Morphine consumption showed a statistically significant daily periodicity (p < 0.001) in our study population. Consumption was higher around 2 am (rate 0.4 mg/min·patient) and lower around 12 pm (rate 0.05 mg/min·patient). Global consumption was not associated with the pump start time, age, or sex. The daily periodicity of morphine consumption was different between males and females (p = 0.004), with males consuming more morphine during the night.Conclusions: Our analysis confirmed the presence of daily rhythm for morphine consumption in patients treated with IV-PCA morphine after major abdominal surgery. A difference in the daily periodicity was observed between sexes. No difference emerged in daily periodicity for the categories of age and BMI.
State survey of medical boards regarding abrupt loss of a prescriber of controlled substances
Authors: Sera, PharmD Leah , Brown, BSN, RN Micke , McPherson, PharmD Mary Lynn , Walker, PharmD Kathryn A. , Klein-Schwartz, PharmD, MPH Wendy
Published: July 2017

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate states’ experiences with abrupt changes in controlled substances (CS) prescribing, to determine whether states have action plans in place to manage such situations, and describe the components of any such plans.Methods: A survey of executive directors of 51 medical boards was conducted to evaluate states’ experiences with abrupt changes in CS prescribing, the extent of consumer complaints attributed to these events, and the types of plans in place to manage these situations.Results: Forty-six executive directors of medical boards responded. Twenty boards (43.5 percent) confirmed that their state had experienced abrupt loss of CS providers and 11 (55 percent) of these executive directors indicated that the loss resulted in increased consumer complaints. The majority of executive directors (86 percent) had no action plan. Six executive directors reported some type of action plan or process consisting of regulatory action, patient-provider connection, professional education, patient education, or public notice.Conclusions: Most states do not have operational plans in place. However, a few have key strategies that may be useful in addressing potential problems following abrupt loss of a CS prescriber. State medical boards can play a significant role in the development of comprehensive preparedness plans to mitigate damage from the loss of CS prescribers in the community.
Treating postoperative pain in the patient who is in recovery or remission from opioid abuse: Focus on Tapentadol
Authors: Barkin, MBA, PharmD, FCP, DAAPM, DACFE, DACPS Robert L. , Barkin, BA, MA, MEd, PsyD Stacy J.
Published: July 2017

No abstract
Detection of naltrexone and naltrexol in patients prescribed Embeda®
Authors: West, MS Robert , Guevara, PharmD Maria , Mikel, PhD Charles
Published: July 2017

no abstract
Looking both ways before crossing the street: Assessing the benefits and risk of opioids in treating patients at risk of sleep disordered breathing for pain and dyspnea
Authors: Davis, MD, FCCP, FAAHPM Mellar P. , Behm, MD Bertrand , Balachandran, MD Diwakar
Published: July 2017

Opioids adversely influence respiration in five distinct ways. Opioids reduce the respiratory rate, tidal volume, amplitude, reflex responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and arousability related necessary for respiratory adaptive responses. Opioids cause impairment of upper pharyngeal dilator muscles leading to obstructive apnea. Opioids cause complex sleep disordered breathing (SDB) consisting of central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea. Clinically opioids worsen preexisting SDB. Recent studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality in patients receiving opioids for chronic noncancer pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which appear to be related to cardiovascular events, not overdose. Both patient populations are at risk for sleep disordered breathing and increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events on opioids for dyspnea or pain. This review discusses the influence of opioids on respiration and SDB and will review the adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of opioid use in at risk populations. Recommendations regarding management will follow as a summary.
Inverse modeling of the Chernobyl source term using atmospheric concentration and deposition measurements
Authors: Evangeliou Nikolaos , Hamburger Thomas , Cozic Anne , Balkanski Yves , Stohl Andreas
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This paper describes the results of an inverse modeling study for the determination of the source term of the radionuclides 134Cs, 137Cs and 131I released after the Chernobyl accident. The accident occurred on 26 April 1986 in the Former Soviet Union and released about 1019 Bq of radioactive materials that were transported as far away as the USA and Japan. Thereafter, several attempts to assess the magnitude of the emissions were made that were based on the knowledge of the core inventory and the levels of the spent fuel. More recently, when modeling tools were further developed, inverse modeling techniques were applied to the Chernobyl case for source term quantification. However, because radioactivity is a sensitive topic for the public and attracts a lot of attention, high-quality measurements, which are essential for inverse modeling, were not made available except for a few sparse activity concentration measurements far from the source and far from the main direction of the radioactive fallout. For the first time, we apply Bayesian inversion of the Chernobyl source term using not only activity concentrations but also deposition measurements from the most recent public data set. These observations refer to a data rescue attempt that started more than 10 years ago, with a final goal to provide available measurements to anyone interested. In regards to our inverse modeling results, emissions of 134Cs were estimated to be 80 PBq or 30–50 % higher than what was previously published. From the released amount of 134Cs, about 70 PBq were deposited all over Europe. Similar to 134Cs, emissions of 137Cs were estimated as 86 PBq, on the same order as previously reported results. Finally, 131I emissions of 1365 PBq were found, which are about 10 % less than the prior total releases. The inversion pushes the injection heights of the three radionuclides to higher altitudes (up to about 3 km) than previously assumed (≈ 2.2 km) in order to better match both concentration and deposition observations over Europe. The results of the present inversion were confirmed using an independent Eulerian model, for which deposition patterns were also improved when using the estimated posterior releases. Although the independent model tends to underestimate deposition in countries that are not in the main direction of the plume, it reproduces country levels of deposition very efficiently. The results were also tested for robustness against different setups of the inversion through sensitivity runs. The source term data from this study are publicly available.
Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Smart Simon M. , Bunce Robert G. H. , Norton Lisa R. , Maskell Lindsay C. , Howard David C. , Scott W. Andrew , Henrys Peter A.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain provides a globally unique series of datasets, consisting of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The same sites, with some additional squares, were used for subsequent surveys of vegetation undertaken in 1990, 1998 and 2007, with the intention of future surveys. Other data records include soils, freshwater habitats and invertebrates, and land cover and landscape feature diversity and extents. These data have been recorded in the same locations on analogous dates. However, the present paper describes only the details of the vegetation surveys. The survey design is a series of gridded, stratified, randomly selected 1 km squares taken as representative of classes derived from a statistical environmental classification of Britain. In the 1978 survey, 256 one-kilometre sample squares were recorded, increasing to 506 in 1990, 569 in 1998 and 591 in 2007. Initially each square contained up to 11 dispersed vegetation plots but additional plots were later placed in different features so that eventually up to 36 additional sampling plots were recorded, all of which can be relocated where possible (unless the plot has been lost, for example as a consequence of building work), providing a total of 16 992 plots by 2007. Plots are estimated to have a precise relocation accuracy of 85 %. A range of plots located in different land cover types and landscape features (for example, field boundaries) are included. Although a range of analyses have already been carried out, with changes in the vegetation being related to a range of drivers at local and national scales, there is major potential for further analyses, for example in relation to climate change. Although the precise locations of the plots are restricted, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality, sample sites are intended to be representative of larger areas, and many potential opportunities for further analyses remain. Data from each of the survey years (1978, 1990, 1998, 2007) are available via the following DOIs: Countryside Survey 1978 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/67bbfabb-d981-4ced-b7e7-225205de9c96), Countryside Survey 1990 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/26e79792-5ffc-4116-9ac7-72193dd7f191), Countryside Survey 1998 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/07896bb2-7078-468c-b56d-fb8b41d47065), Countryside Survey 2007 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/57f97915-8ff1-473b-8c77-2564cbd747bc).
HESS Opinions: A conceptual framework for assessing socio-hydrological resilience under change
Authors: Mao Feng , Clark Julian , Karpouzoglou Timothy , Dewulf Art , Buytaert Wouter , Hannah David
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Despite growing interest in resilience, there is still significant scope for increasing its conceptual clarity and practical relevance in socio-hydrological contexts: specifically, questions of how socio-hydrological systems respond to and cope with perturbations and how these connect to resilience remain unanswered. In this opinion paper, we propose a novel conceptual framework for understanding and assessing resilience in coupled socio-hydrological contexts, and encourage debate on the inter-connections between socio-hydrology and resilience. Taking a systems perspective, we argue that resilience is a set of systematic properties with three dimensions: absorptive, adaptive, and transformative, and contend that socio-hydrological systems can be viewed as various forms of human–water couplings, reflecting different aspects of these interactions. We propose a framework consisting of two parts. The first part addresses the identity of socio-hydrological resilience, answering questions such as resilience of what in relation to what. We identify three existing framings of resilience for different types of human–water systems and subsystems, which have been used in different fields: (1) the water subsystem, highlighting hydrological resilience to anthropogenic hazards; (2) the human subsystem, foregrounding social resilience to hydrological hazards; and (3) the coupled human–water system, exhibiting socio-hydrological resilience. We argue that these three system types and resiliences afford new insights into the clarification and evaluation of different water management challenges. The first two types address hydrological and social states, while the third type emphasises the feedbacks and interactions between human and water components within complex systems subject to internal or external disturbances. In the second part, we focus on resilience management and develop the notion of the resilience canvas, a novel heuristic device to identify possible pathways and to facilitate the design of bespoke strategies for enhancing resilience in the socio-hydrological context. The resilience canvas is constructed by combining absorptive and adaptive capacities as two axes. At the corners of the resulting two-dimensional space are four quadrants which we conceptualise as representing resilient, vulnerable, susceptible, and resistant system states. To address projected change-induced uncertainties, we recommend that efforts now be focused on shifting socio-hydrological systems from resistant towards resilient status. In sum, the novel framework proposed here clarifies the ambiguity inherent in socio-hydrological resilience, and provides a viable basis for further theoretical and practical development.
O TEMPO E O DIREITO SOB O ENFOQUE DO MEIO AMBIENTE
Authors: Augustin Sergio , Borges Eliane Oliveira , John Natacha Souza
Published: July 2017

O presente estudo trata de forma breve sobre o tempo e suas relações com o direito e com o meio ambiente. Inicialmente, apresenta-se o pensamento de diversos autores na tentativa de definir o tempo. Depois, a partir da obra “O tempo e o direito” de François Ost, faz-se a tentativa de melhor relacionar o tempo com as relações sociais e jurídicas, firmando-se a convicção que não se pode falar em Direito sem falar em tempo e vice-versa. Finalmente, faz-se um breve estudo das relações do tempo com o meio ambiente, em especial, com a necessidade de agilidade na sua preservação
La importancia de la gestión de proyectos en la industria de la construcción
Authors: Sorto Rivas Francisco
Published: July 2017

En este artículo se resalta la importancia que tiene la gestión profesional de proyectos de construcción, para el éxito fi nanciero de los contratistas, ya que muchas veces se descuida la labor de seguimiento de las obras, ignorándose a veces inclusive el cronograma de entregables, sujeto a las restricciones presupuestarias delimitadas durante la etapa de planifi cación. El control oportuno sirve para identificar desviaciones en las fechas de entrega programadas y en relación con el presupuesto original; a partir de ello, se pueden implementar medidas correctivas que eviten demoras inaceptables para los contratantes y que impidan la elevación de los costos más allá de la conveniencia fi nanciera de los contratistas.El descuido en el control de los proyectos puede provocar, incluso, el abandono de proyectos o la ruina de los empresarios de la construcción. En todo caso, este control tiene por fi nalidad tomar decisiones oportunas para recuperar el tiempo perdido y evitar la sangría financiera detectada, en un momento determinado, durante la ejecución de los proyectos.Para garantizar una gestión responsable y profesional de los proyectos de construcción existen guías elaboradas por el Project Managment Institute, Inc. y que forman parte del diseño curricular de los programas de posgrado relacionados con la gestión de proyectos, tal como sucede con la Universidad Doctor José Matías Delgado.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 1, No 26, Enero-Junio 2016: 51-67
Salarrué: cuando la identidad se moldea en barro
Authors: Borja Luis
Published: July 2017

En la siguiente comunicación pretendo abordar los Cuentos de Barro de Salarrué y observar cómo se representa la cultura popular en sus textos, esto como parte de una política cultural durante el gobierno del general Hernández Martínez. Se sigue el planteamiento de Gilberto Giménez para el análisis de la cultura popular.AKADEMOS, Año 9, Vol. 2, No 25, Julio-Diciembre 2015: 43-65
La vivienda popular en la ciudad de San Salvador: bases para su comprensión historiográfica
Authors: Chicas Molina Juan Carlos
Published: July 2017

El presente artículo busca trazar una línea de análisis histórico sobre el desarrollo urbano de la ciudad de San Salvador, El Salvador. Esta aproximación se establece como guía para la comprensión del desarrollo de la vivienda popular en dos períodos, ex ante y ex post del Gobierno del coronel Óscar Osorio, instaurado a partir de 1950. Metodológicamente se utiliza como texto la evolución de la traza urbana de la ciudad de San Salvador, en diferentes etapas de su desarrollo conjuntamente con las condiciones históricas que fueron originando dichas transformaciones, en un diálogo entre causas y condiciones. La delimitación temporal corresponde en primer lugar para realizar un aporte en los estudios que sitúen el desarrollo urbano de San Salvador, en el gran marco de la historia urbana latinoamericana en dicho período; y en segundo lugar, a que el período urbanístico iniciado por los Gobiernos militares, sientan las bases de los modelos o tipos de transformación de la ciudad tradicional desde lo formal, que deviene en una ciudad fragmentada. La institucionalización y tecnificación de la producción de vivienda a partir de 1950 en San Salvador, es un período en el que debe profundizarse para la exposición y debate de las causales de la fragmentación espacial y social del San Salvador contemporáneo juicio histórico del cual debe partirse para formular propuestas arquitectónicas y urbanas, que aporten a la construcción justa de la ciudad.AKADEMOS, Año 9, Vol. 2, No 25, Julio-Diciembre 2015: 67-88
Declaración y pago de cotizaciones previsionales
Authors: Sorto Rivas Francisco
Published: July 2017

Este trabajo se refiere al pago de las cotizaciones previsionales en los sistemas de pensiones contributivos y las acciones de cobro emprendidas por las gestoras del sistema, ante el incumplimiento de estos compromisos por parte de algunos empleadores.Para ilustrar este documento se utilizó, de referencia, la experiencia salvadoreña del SAP, el SPP y del IPSFA, aprovechando que este último está promoviendo una serie de reformas paramétricas y estructurales a su Ley de creación. Asimismo, se utilizó la realidad chilena, en la misma materia, con propósitos comparativos.De igual manera se mencionan algunas acciones que podrían fortalecer el cumplimiento de las obligaciones previsionales en El Salvador o, al menos, ampliar la protección de los trabajadores ante el incumplimiento del pago de las cotizaciones previsionales por parte de sus empleadores. El propósito principal de este artículo, en todo caso, es describir aspectos esenciales de los sistemas de pensiones contributivos, principalmente, aquellos basados en la capitalización individual y, más concretamente, cómo funcionan estos regímenes, en El Salvador, en cuanto a la recaudación de cotizaciones previsionales se refiere.AKADEMOS, Año 9, Vol. 2, No 25, Julio-Diciembre 2015: 101-119
Aspectos generales a considerar en la evaluación de proyectos
Authors: Sorto Rivas Francisco
Published: July 2017

Este breve trabajo está centrado en la identificación de costos que deben incluirse como parte del flujo de caja utilizado para evaluar proyectos de inversión privada y la importancia que tiene la capitalización de los costos cuando la parte preoperativa tiende a extenderse por más de un año; aunque para entender el valor de la selección de activos productivos, para las empresas, me pareció conveniente darle un poco de contexto gerencial.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 2, No 27, Julio Diciembre 2016: 77-87
Evaluación de sales de cura (nitrito) y de los tratamientos físico-químico en la conservación de carne de concha Anadara tuberculosa; y su análisis microbiológico.
Authors: Bonilla Henríquez Guillermo Antonio
Published: July 2017

Durante la investigación se midió el efecto del uso de sales de cura (nitrito a 200 ppm) y un tratamiento térmico a 70ºC por 3 minutos y 80ºC por 2 minutos para determinar la posibilidad de conservar las propiedades organolépticas y prolongas la vida de anaquel.Las pruebas microbiológicas presentaron resultados negativos en los análisis de Recuento total de bacterias, Coliformes, Coliformes fecales así como también respuestas negativas en los patógenos: Escherichia Coli, Salmonella typhi y Vibrio cholerae, indicando esto que los productos tratados no representan un peligro para la saludNo así las muestras que no fueron tratadas con ninguno de los métodos explicados donde su número más probable de bacterias fue de más de 1100 NMP/ml también un Recuento total de bacterias de 9.9 X10 4 UFC/ml, bacterias Coliformes 7.9X10 4 UFC/ml y Coliformes fecales 2.9X10 4 UFC/ml (Enterobacterias aerogenes) demostrando que una muestra “al fresco” de conchas representa un peligro para el consumidor. El análisis sensorial determinó que la Hipótesis Nula fue rechazada ya que el F Observado es mayor que el F Crítico por que este se encuentra en la zona de rechazo a un nivel de significancia del 5%. Esto demuestra que los tratamientos inciden de diferente manera sobre las muestras afectando sus propiedades sensoriales.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 2, No 27, Julio Diciembre 2016: 89-101
Ill-Structured Commercial Ship Design Problems: The Responsive System Comparison Method on an Offshore Vessel Case
Authors: Pettersen Sigurd S. , Rehn Carl F. , Garcia Jose J. , Erikstad Stein O. , Brett Per O. , Asbjørnslett Bjørn E. , Ross Adam M. , Rhodes Donna H.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we address difficulties in ill-structured ship design problems. We focus on issues related to evaluation of commercial system performance, involving perceptions of value, risk, and time, to better understand trade-offs at the early design stages. Further, this paper presents a two-stakeholder offshore ship design problem. The Responsive Systems Comparison (RSC) method is applied to the case to untangle complexity, and to address how one can structure the problem of handling future contextual uncertainty to ensure value robustness. Focus is on alignment of business strategies of the two stakeholders with design decisions through exploration and evaluation of the design space. Uncertainties potentially jeopardizing the value propositions are explicitly considered using epoch-era analysis. The case study demonstrates the usefulness of the RSC method for structuring ill-structured design problems.

1. Introduction

In a competitive maritime industry, there is a need to design, develop, and deliver systems able to sustain value throughout a multi-decade lifetime. However, design of ocean engineering systems remains a difficult task, mainly due to the complexity and uncertainty governing these systems and their sociotechnical contexts. Even a clear definition of what is a better ship is ambiguous (Ulstein & Brett 2015)—it all depends. Understanding the relation between business strategies and corresponding marine design decisions, is not straight forward, and the ship design task could be considered a wicked problem (Andrews 2012), or an ill-structured problem (Simon 1973). An ill-structured problem lacks a specified beginning and goal states, and the relation between these are unknown. More information must be gathered to enrich the problem definition and take informed decisions. A differentiation can hence be made between the problem of defining the problem to solve, and the problem of solving this problem. In this paper, we stress the importance of understanding both of these aspects when it comes to design of complex systems.
D’une expérience subversive du jeu théâtral à la création d’objets bouleversants par le groupe surréaliste de Bruxelles
Authors: Gillain Nathalie
Published: July 2017

À la lumière du paradoxe de l’énonciation surréaliste, cette étude analyse les effets discursifs de la pièce Le dessous des cartes de Paul Nougé, qui fut jouée lors d’un concert-spectacle peu avant la constitution du groupe surréaliste de Bruxelles en 1927. Elle y décèle un subtil tissage de références au genre théâtral et surtout un travail de réécriture qui dénonce les ambitions naïves du théâtre moderniste. Prenant pour cible Les mariés de la tour Eiffel de Jean Cocteau, Nougé montre que le langage, compris dans ses manifestations stéréotypées, opprime la pensée davantage qu’il ne libère l’imagination.
L’inapplicabilité de la Charte québécoise des droits aux entreprises fédérales : mythe ou réalité?
Authors: Otis Ghislain , Robitaille David
Published: July 2017

Selon une position dominante, les employés, les clients et les fournisseurs des entreprises fédérales présentes au Québec, notamment les banques, les entreprises de télécommunications et de transport interprovincial, et les sociétés d’aéronautique, ne peuvent se prévaloir des droits prévus par la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne du Québec à l’encontre de ces entreprises. Il en serait ainsi parce que l’application de la Charte constituerait un empiétement inacceptable sur les compétences fédérales exclusives. Une jurisprudence bien établie reconnaît toutefois que les lois provinciales valides peuvent s’appliquer aux entreprises fédérales, et ce, même pour des matières relevant du coeur des compétences fédérales. Nous soumettrons ainsi que, généralement, la Charte québécoise s’applique aux entreprises fédérales. Puisque la Charte fait partie du droit de la responsabilité civile et que ce dernier a déjà été jugé comme ne faisant pas, sauf exception, partie du coeur des compétences fédérales, il ne fait aucun doute que, dans ce contexte, la Charte s’applique. L’on ne peut non plus présumer que dans ses fonctions préventive et coercitive, la Charte ne puisse s’appliquer, puisque depuis l’arrêt Banque canadienne de l’Ouest, il ne suffit plus qu’une loi provinciale touche le coeur d’une compétence fédérale pour être déclarée inapplicable; encore faudra-t-il que l’entreprise ne souhaitant pas respecter une loi provinciale valide démontre une entrave à l’exercice des activités relevant du coeur de cette compétence, sur la base de faits caractéristiques.
Unearthing Ourselves Upon Prison Release: Corporal Practices and the Pursuit of Health
Authors: Chesnay Catherine T
Published: July 2017

Recent feminist scholarship on prison release has demonstrated that, upon incarcerated women’s release from prison, they are not quite free from the criminal-justice system, as they carry with them the imprint of their time spent in prison. Using data from interviews and a focus group from a study informed by participatory action research, this article explores how participants attempted to “undo” the imprint of penal governance on their bodies and health. Through the exploration of corporal practices, such as taking care of their appearance, using psychoactive medications, and defecating, this article shows how women attempt to “undo” prison in order to pursue health. It concludes that corporal practices may help them to partially unearth themselves from prison.
A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus candidate vaccine based on Japanese encephalitis virus replicon system
Authors: Hu Pingsheng , Chen Xiaoming , Huang Lihong , Liu Shukai , Zang Fuyu , Xing Jinchao , Zhang Youyue , Liang Jiaqi , Zhang Guihong , Liao Ming , Qi Wenbao
Published: July 2017

In the swine industry, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease which causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Effective prevention and disease control is an important issue. In this study, we described the construction of a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) DNA-based replicon with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter based on the genome of Japanese encephalitis live vaccine virus SA14-14-2, which is capable of offering a potentially novel way to develop and produce vaccines against a major pathogen of global health. This JEV DNA-based replicon contains a large deletion in the structural genes (C-prM-E). A PRRSV GP5/M was inserted into the deletion position of JEV DNA-based replicons to develop a chimeric replicon vaccine candidate for PRRSV. The results showed that BALB/c mice models with the replicon vaccines pJEV-REP-G-2A-M-IRES and pJEV-REP-G-2A-M stimulated antibody responses and induced a cellular immune response. Analysis of ELSA data showed that vaccination with the replicon vaccine expressing GP5/M induced a better antibodies response than traditional DNA vaccines. Therefore, the results suggested that this ectopic expression system based on JEV DNA-based replicons may represent a useful molecular platform for various biological applications, and the JEV DNA-based replicons expressing GP5/M can be further developed into a novel, safe vaccine candidate for PRRS.
Spatiotemporal variations of differences between surface air and ground temperatures in China
Authors: Wang Yanjiao , Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Yan Feng
Published: July 2017

This study analyzed the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the difference between ground surface temperature (GST) and surface air temperature (SAT) in China based on monthly station data (1970–2015). Overall, the spatial patterns and temporal evolutions of the annual and seasonal means of GST are similar to those of SAT. However, a dramatic increase in the difference between GST and SAT in northern China in winter is observed since 2005, which is due to a pronounced increase of GST and a slight decrease of SAT. The interdecadal variations of the tendencies of GST and SAT appear associated with the increase of snow depth in northern China (north of 40°N) in winter in recent decades, especially in northern Xinjiang, northern Inner Mongolia, and most parts of Northeast China. The connection of snow depth with the variation of GST‐SAT obtained from the station observations was consistent with that based on reanalysis data.
Connecting depth limits of interseismic locking, microseismicity, and large earthquakes in models of long‐term fault slip
Authors: Jiang Junle , Lapusta Nadia
Published: July 2017

Thickness of the seismogenic zone is commonly determined based on the depth of microseismicity or the fault locking depth inferred from geodetic observations. The relation between the two estimates and their connection to the depth limit of large earthquakes remain elusive. Here we explore the seismic and geodetic observables in models of faults governed by laboratory‐based friction laws that combine quasi‐static rate‐and‐state friction and enhanced dynamic weakening. Our models suggest that the transition between the locked and fully creeping regions can occur over a broad depth range. The effective locking depth, Delock, associated with concentrated loading and promoting microseismicity, is located at the top of this transition zone; the geodetic locking depth, Dglock, inverted from surface geodetic observations, corresponds to the depth of fault creeping with approximately half of the long‐term rate. Following large earthquakes, Delock either stays unchanged or becomes shallower due to creep penetrating into the shallower locked areas, whereas Dglock deepens as the slip deficit region expands, compensating for the afterslip. As the result, the two locking depths diverge in the late interseismic period, consistent with available seismic and geodetic observations from several major fault segments in Southern California. We find that Dglock provides a bound on the depth limit of large earthquakes in our models. However, the assumed layered distribution of fault friction and simple depth estimates are insufficient to characterize more heterogeneous faults, e.g., ones with significant along‐strike variations. Improved observations and models are needed to illuminate physical properties and seismic potential of fault zones.
Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Takikawa Hiroki , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Hanasaki Naota , Nishimori Motoki
Published: July 2017

The use of different bias‐correction methods and global retrospective meteorological forcing data sets as the reference climatology in the bias correction of general circulation model (GCM) daily data is a known source of uncertainty in projected climate extremes and their impacts. Despite their importance, limited attention has been given to these uncertainty sources. We compare 27 projected temperature and precipitation indices over 22 regions of the world (including the global land area) in the near (2021–2060) and distant future (2061–2100), calculated using four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), five GCMs, two bias‐correction methods, and three reference forcing data sets. To widen the variety of forcing data sets, we developed a new forcing data set, S14FD, and incorporated it into this study. The results show that S14FD is more accurate than other forcing data sets in representing the observed temperature and precipitation extremes in recent decades (1961–2000 and 1979–2008). The use of different bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets contributes more to the total uncertainty in the projected precipitation index values in both the near and distant future than the use of different GCMs and RCPs. However, GCM appears to be the most dominant uncertainty source for projected temperature index values in the near future, and RCP is the most dominant source in the distant future. Our findings encourage climate risk assessments, especially those related to precipitation extremes, to employ multiple bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets in addition to using different GCMs and RCPs.
Modeling tabular icebergs submerged in the ocean
Authors: Stern A. A. , Adcroft A. , Sergienko O. , Marques G.
Published: July 2017

Large tabular icebergs calved from Antarctic ice shelves have long lifetimes (due to their large size), during which they drift across large distances, altering ambient ocean circulation, bottom‐water formation, sea‐ice formation, and biological primary productivity in the icebergs' vicinity. However, despite their importance, the current generation of ocean circulation models usually do not represent large tabular icebergs. In this study, we develop a novel framework to model large tabular icebergs submerged in the ocean. In this framework, tabular icebergs are represented by pressure‐exerting Lagrangian elements that drift in the ocean. The elements are held together and interact with each other via bonds. A breaking of these bonds allows the model to emulate calving events (i.e., detachment of a tabular iceberg from an ice shelf) and tabular icebergs breaking up into smaller pieces. Idealized simulations of a calving tabular iceberg, its drift, and its breakup demonstrate capabilities of the developed framework.
Design of optimal groundwater monitoring well network using stochastic modeling and reduced‐rank spatial prediction
Authors: Sreekanth J. , Lau Henry , Pagendam D. E.
Published: July 2017

A method for the stochastic design of groundwater quality observation well network is presented. The method uses calibration‐constrained Null‐space Monte Carlo analysis for the stochastic simulation of the reduction ratio of peak concentration and the time corresponding to this in an injection well field. The numerical groundwater model simulations are constrained with a limited amount of field measurements. The objective of the monitoring network design is to identify optimal monitoring locations that allow for prediction of spatial fields from the data collected at limited number of points in the spatial domain. These locations need to be robust to different possible outcomes simulated using the stochastic model runs, and result in good spatial predictions, regardless of which one of the many possibilities turned out to be the true representation of nature. Multiple simulated fields of concentration and time are used to identify a small set of empirical orthogonal functions (spatial basis functions) for reduced‐rank prediction of the spatial patterns in these two fields. The Differential Evolution algorithm was used to find the monitoring locations that allowed for optimal reconstruction of all the simulated fields (potential future states of reality) from the set of empirical orthogonal functions. The applicability is demonstrated for designing a monitoring network for an injection well field. Optimal locations of 10 monitoring wells were identified. The method has the capability to simultaneously identify the optimal locations and inform optimal times for monitoring reduction ratio of peak concentration. The method is flexible to iteratively combine stochastic modeling and monitoring for optimal groundwater management.
Re‐Entry Courts
Authors: Ahlin Eileen M.
Published: July 2017

Re‐entry courts are a criminal justice program developed to ease an offender's transition from prison or jail back into society. Re‐entry courts are based on the problem‐solving court model and provide offenders with a support network for finding treatment, housing, and employment while also using the judicial system to encourage offenders to desist from crime. Compared to other problem‐solving court models, re‐entry courts are relatively new and empirical evidence about their effectiveness is in its infancy.
Racial Conflict in Prison
Authors: Thistlethwaite Amy B.
Published: July 2017

Events taking place in society permeate inmate social systems. Nowhere is this more evident than in the area of race relations where the conflicts between racial groups in society also exist behind prison walls. Correctional administrators historically segregated inmates according to race, but inmates also preferred to remain separate from one another. The civil rights movement had a major influence on race relations and the prison environment. Racial tensions in society escalated as black Americans pushed for equality and an end to racial discrimination. Black inmates have always been part of more solidified groups compared to their white counterparts, due largely in part to their ideologies and efforts to maintain a unique cultural identity. The ideological perspectives adhered to by black inmates shape their attitudes and behaviors in prison. Despite court rulings limiting the use of segregation to further security goals in prison, inmates continue to voluntarily segregate themselves from one another.
Therapeutic Communities
Authors: Fortune Clare‐Ann , Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: July 2017

Therapeutic communities provide an intensive environment that can facilitate and support change. There are two main types of therapeutic communities: democratic and concept‐based or hierarchical. Both types view the community and its members (staff and prisoners) as the agents of change. Therapeutic communities within prison settings have been associated with reductions in offending and improvements in other areas of well‐being such as mental health and substance use.
T
ilanqiao
P
rison
Authors: Liu Haiyan
Published: July 2017

Tilanqiao Prison was initially built in 1901 as a prison for the Shanghai International Settlement and was controlled by foreigners. After 1949, it was turned over to the Chinese government and now it is run by the Public Security Bureau of China. It was the largest prison in East Asia throughout the first 40 or so years after it was built and was entitled the “Alcatraz of the Orient.” Multiple aspects of the early administration of Tilanqiao Prison have been modernized and deeply influenced by modern Western ideas of penal systems such as natural rights, humanity, education, and equality. Nowadays, rehabilitation and reform are highly emphasized in prisons.
Qincheng Prison
Authors: Liu Haiyan
Published: July 2017

Qincheng Prison is a maximum security penitentiary. It is the major prison in China for incarceration of political prisoners. Those imprisoned here include the 1989 Tiananmen Square protestors, other political dissidents, and corrupt top government officials. Currently, the vast majority of the convicted government officials at the province and department level in China are incarcerated in Qincheng Prison. Most of them are corrupt top party cadres. Due to the political significance of its inmates, Qincheng Prison is placed under the administration of the Public Security Bureau. All the other prisons in China are under the authority of the Department of Justice.
Supermax Prisons
Authors: Griffin O. Hayden
Published: July 2017

After the rehabilitative era of the 1960s and 1970s there was a demand for a more punitive criminal justice system. As a result, tougher laws, greater enforcement, and longer sentences led to a vast increase in the American prison population. In an effort to combat prison violence and riots, super‐maximum (supermax) facilities were constructed. The establishment of modern supermax facilities in American prisons has been riddled with controversy regarding their cost, effectiveness, and psychological harm to inmates.
Wardens
Authors: Winters Georgia M. , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2017

A warden is the chief administrator of a prison or jail who is tasked with ensuring that the facility is operating safely, securely, and efficiently. Wardens are responsible for managing budgets, attending to staff and inmate needs, managing public relations, and maintaining public safety. Despite the high demands of the position, warden job satisfaction remains high. Wardens set policies within their facilities that impact rehabilitative philosophy and safety issues related to race relations and sexual activity behind bars.
SupremeCourt (US) Cases on Corrections
Authors: Magnus Amy M. , Troshynski Emily I.
Published: July 2017

There have been various Supreme Court cases that have influenced the United States corrections system particularly with regard to constitutional issues associated with pretrial detention, incarceration, community corrections (probation and parole) as well as the death penalty. Similarly, several Supreme Court cases have also impacted constitutional rights and liberties afforded to individuals not yet charged but detained (detainees), charged and incarcerated (inmates), sentenced to probation in lieu of prison/jail (probationers), placed on parole post‐incarceration (parolees), as well as those on death row.
Prison Violence
Authors: Meade Benjamin
Published: July 2017

Violence is an enduring aspect of prisons. Prison violence includes both individual and collective acts, as well as physical and sexual violence. National statistics indicate that rates of violence in prisons are higher than in the general population. This entry will cover the correlates, theories, and responses related to prison violence.
Residential Programs for Juveniles
Authors: Monell Jack S.
Published: July 2017

Residential programs are facilities used to house juveniles who have emotional, psychological or drug‐dependent deficiencies. Although they have been used traditionally to address juvenile delinquency in the nineteenth century, they have also been used as an interventional approach for juveniles who may suffer from various crises at home or in educational settings. Group homes, one of the earliest types of residential facilities, were a direct result of the passage of the English Elizabethan Poor Laws in the 1600s, which were created initially for the removal of children. Many residents were forced into apprenticeship or indentured servitude. Ideologically, this was motivated by assisting children and adolescents who were considered incorrigible. Group homes eventually evolved into residential programs, both secure and non‐secure. Similar to the Child Savers' Movement and the creation of juvenile reformatories, the United States expanded on this concept during the 1800s to include many programs to address juveniles in a more therapeutic manner, including day treatment programs and wilderness/outdoor programs.