bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le Budget de programmes a-t-il encore un avenir ?
Authors: Gaulle Yves de
Published: January 2024

El presupuesto de programa — ¿qué perspectivas tendrá ? Como instrumento de preparación de las decisiones públicas, el presupuesto de programa ha de proporcionar la definición de prioridades del gobierno, orientar las decisiones presupuestarias y facilitar la negociación presupuestaria ; como instrumento de mejora de la gestión y del control de los gastos públicos, tiende a la integración de los instrumentos presupuestarios y contables y a la redistribución de las modalidades del control. Consta asimismo un instrumento de informe de los parlamentarios, lo que implica una modificación a plazo del procedimiento de voto del presupuesto.
Approches pour définir un marketing public
Authors: Bon Jérôme , Louppe Albert , Menguy Michel
Published: January 2024

Methods for defining a marketing public. The authors have attempted to identify the various directions in which a marketing public develops. For a number of years, marketing techniques have been used by public companies, administrations and local governments ; that is why an up-to-date definition of «marketing public» is becoming a delicate issue. In view of this, the authors suggest two approaches : one presenting marketing normatively as a tool for public bodies whose main objectives and operating conditions are fixed on a political plane ; the other presenting marketing developmentally as a method to revise targets and overhaul structures. The authors follow up on both approaches, emphasizing that effective marketing experience is going to increasingly influence decision makers and contribute to changing the expectations of the public and of public bodies.
Le projet Carter de réorganisation de la bureaucratie fédérale
Authors: Koritansky John
Published: January 2024

Carter’s intended reshuffling of federal bureaucracy. The author gives some prominence to the rather reserved public reception in the U.S. of President Carter’s reform plans. The U.S. Administration is a tentacular monster that will enlace reformers. However, President Carter attempts to deal directly with this general skepticism, hoping to restore thereby the public’s confidence in his administration. The issue takes therefore an ideological turn. Yet, do such plans have any chance ? In order to provide an answer to this query, the author analyses the various deadlocks responsible for red tapery. The main hitch appears to him the unflagging tension between President and Congress. One of the main remedies envisaged by the President to tackle this difficulty is the adoption of zero-based budgeting. At the same time, President Carter is reconsidering his relations with Congress so as to avoid a number of deadlocks. Yet, not all reserves of this assembly have been dispelled, a fact which leaves some doubt as to the effectiveness of Carter’s reform.
L’aménagement du temps de travail dans les services publics
Authors: Labrusse Bertrand , Maréchal Geneviève
Published: January 2024

Working time arrangements in the public services. The improvement of living and working conditions of civil servants is particularly linked up with two working time arrangements : part-time work and flexible working hours. These two arrangements, which have been investigated in 1975 and 1977 by the Central Committee on Cost and Performance of Public Services, are analyzed successively by the authors. The part-time situation in the civil service is compared with similar arrangements in the private sector and the reasons why this System has never really worked so far in the administrative services are specially underlined. Finally the advantages and drawbacks of flexible working hours are examined to sort out the rules which should govern the proper functioning of this new opportunity offered to the public sector staff.
La réforme du pouvoir local dans l’« État régional » en Italie
Authors: Cassese Sabino
Published: January 2024

La reforma de los poderes locales en el estado regional de Italia

Analizando las dificultades que pone la reforma de los poderes locales en un Estado regional, el autor comprueba que, en general, una tendencia «natural» empuja los poderes locales a vivir dentro del ámbito del poder del Estado, sin dejar de solicitar de este poder intervenciones continuales para garantir sus relaciones con la Region. Se trata pués de llegar a un equilibrio tripolario Estado — Regiones — Communes. El autor propone tres importantes acciones de reforma : — la ley general sobre las autonomías, que habrá de evitar el centralismo por una parte y el vacuo por otra ; — la reforma en un sentido autonomista de la legislación de los sectores de actividades y del papel de los poderes locales ; en fin, la atribución de una autonomía financiera a los comunes. En otras palabras, el Estado y las Regiones tendrán que crear las condiciones de la autonomía y fijar los criterios generales de su aplicación. La reforma local tendrá que originar de los poderes locales, cuales tendrán que ponerla en obra.
Philosophie des nationalisations françaises
Authors: Chenot Bernard
Published: January 2024

A philosophy of french nationalizations

Three trends of very various origin seem to have met to convey to French public corporations their status and present image : a legal, a political, and a more recent yet not less efficient technocratical trend. After analyzing the impact of these various trends, the author shows that it is the combined effect, producing at times unexpected results, of such different forces which explains the contradictions encountered ail along the making of what is now known as the public sector, and its uncertain boundaries and provides an illustration of rather than a solution to the problems encountered by its functioning.
Management et principe de légalité
Authors: Durupty Michel
Published: January 2024

Management and the principle of legality

By tradition, the legitimacy of intervention of Public Power is mainly based on the regularity of proceedings, which is demonstrated by the principle of legality of administrative action as evidenced by the various countries’ public laws. The adoption by administration of new managerial techniques upsets considerably the traditional framework. Based on the existence of strict legal principles governing structures and means, our administration attempts to innovate by transposing the modem management techniques of the private sector to meet its own ends. This results in questioning the further applicability of the principle of legality of yore and requires not only a growing awareness of the dangers such an adoption is bound to entail, but also the retrieval of the value principles of modem management.
La diffusion des principes du management public dans l’administration américaine ; L’exemple du Civil Service Reform Act de 1978
Authors: Delpech Laurens
Published: January 2024

The prevalence of public management principles in the American administration : e.g. the civil service reform act of 1978

After a short description of the development and present situation of the US public administration, the author discusses the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act which explicitly purports to change in-depth the behaviour of the US Civil Service, to transform a bureaucracy into an efficient body likely to meet satisfactorily the requirements of the political power and the administered. This analysis of the recent reform of the American Civil Service shows the ways along which moves the new public management which operates unquestionably under the key-words “targets” and “participation”.
Influence de la planification française dans les pays du tiers monde, depuis 1960
Authors: Franchet Yves , Winter Gérard
Published: January 2024

The impact of French planning on Third World countries since 1960

Since the early 60’s, the impact of French planning on the Third World has passed through several stages, the first of which lasted for some ten years and was marked by the recognition of French thinking and experience in this field. A second stage of disillusionment followed with the growing awareness of both the importance of under-developmental problems and the specificity of developmental issues. After discussing these two stages, the author attempts to show that a third stage is shaping up which, in France, is intimately linked up with a new approach to planning. The third stage could be characterized by a convergent interest in planning taking a greater account of long term issues of a society whose needed changes have to be brought about under immediate exterior constraints
La gestion de la recherche au début des années 80 : problèmes et tendances
Authors: Ferné Georges
Published: January 2024

Management of research in the early 80’s.

Ever since the early seventies a change in the conception of managerial policies for the research systems of industrialized countries has been observed. Government officiais no longer believe that «the researchers’curiosity » will direct spontaneously research towards attempts to provide a solution to specifie social or economie problems. The result has been an increasing trend towards planning and control of research and innovation procedures.

However the awareness is spreading that these efforts have shown their limits and that they involve certain dangers. Consequently, several countries have changed their approach by attempting to arrive at a better balance between central control and a certain autonomy left to those who carry out research. Therefore, new attempts have been recorded with a view to arriving at new decision-making modules for research policies.
Note introductive
Authors: Benedic Philippe
Published: January 2024

Sistema tributario y política de desarrollo agrícola. Nota introductiva.

Presenta el autor una síntesis del sistema tributario agrícola en África, pasando de revista : la contribución directa, los impuestos indirectos y el problema de la fijación por el Estado de los precios de producción, para llegar a las conclusiones mayores siguientes :

En cuanto a la contribución directa, el rendimiento del impuesto territorial aún deja una gran margen de desarrollo dependiente por la mayoría de los casos de las opciones políticas de los Estados.

En lo que toca a los impuestos indirectos, la aplicación de tasas de salida a los productos de exportación procura una gran parte de los ingresos estatales.

La fijación de los precios al nivel de la producción constituye un instrumento portentoso para a la vez garantir al agricultor ingresos atrayentes, desarrollar la producción agrícola y regularizar las rentas públicas. Mas también es un instrumento que puede fácilmente desviarse de su objectivo inicial.
Panorama de la croissance économique des États africains, 1960-1977
Authors: Duverger Daniel
Published: January 2024

Overview of economic growth trends in African States-1960-77.

The first two papers, discussing growth factors in African economies, arrive at similar conclusions through divergent analyses: the great variety of economic growth patterns, on the one hand and the sizable share of foreign trade and respective terms of trade in the growth of public revenue, on the other.
Les difficultés de la réforme fiscale : l’exemple du Pérou
Authors: Garelick Jacques
Published: January 2024

Las dificultades de la reforma tributaria : el ejemplo del Perú.

En su papel sobre las dificultades de la reforma tributaria en el Perú, J. Garelick toca al problema de la compatibilitad de los imperativos financieros de la reforma con los objectivos políticos del gobierno, indicando toda una serie de obstáculos que había de vencer en su propósito de simplificar el sistema contributario.
L’administration locale et l’État-providence : les réformes structurelles et fonctionnelles opérées en Norvège depuis 1945
Authors: Kjellberg Francesco
Published: January 2024

La administración local y el «estado-providencia» : reformas estructurales y funcionales en noruega desde 1945.

El autor hace un análisis de dos sobre las cuatro categorías de reforma realizadas en Noruega, a saber : reformas de estructura relativas a la división territorial y organización, y reformas de tipo funcional que tratan de la redistribución de competencias entre las autoridades administrativas centrales y locales. Pone de relieve en particular el carácter ambiguo de los procesos de reformas funcionales los cuales han encontrado viva resistencia por parte del sistema burocrático central.
Les « grandes entreprises nationales » sont-elles efficaces ?
Authors: Fournelle Frank
Published: January 2024

Are the large national corporations efficient.

The nationalizations are carried by the endeavour to clinch two sore, often interrelated issues: sway monopolistic activities or get hold of concerns which by their size and prospects offer major assets for a successful industrial policy. Traditionally, the major internationalized concerns have lived mainly by the first consideration, however they have often been called upon to lead the way, including in the social field, owing to their weight and driving force within the national economy. It is precisely this double aspect which makes an evaluation of their performance so difficult. In fact, there have been frequent challenges by public enterprise managers of the targets assigned. Nevertheless, the concerns will obviously assume at least a stabilizing fonction on account of their share in heavy industries and their key position. This is not negligeable, as is witnessed by their recent resurgence.
Le statut de la fonction publique territoriale en France
Authors: Schrameck Olivier
Published: January 2024

La creación de una función pública local por dos leyes del 13 de julio de 1983 y 11 de enero de 1984, traduce la voluntad de reforma administrativa empezada desde 1981 con la descentralización. Los entes locales deben en efecto disponer de una función pública tan competente y atractiva que la del Estado. Los tres principios directivos de esta nueva función pública comuna a las regiones, los departamentos y los municipios son la unicidad, la paridad con la función pública del Estado y el carácter específico de las modalidades de organización y de gestión conformemente al principio de libre administración de los entes locales.

Esta reforma destinada a acompañar la descentralización se traduce sin embargo de manera paradojal por la generalización de reglas estatutarias comunas a todos los funcionarios territoriales, cualquier que sea su ente local de relación. A veces denunciada por esta razón como demasiado apremiante e insuficientemente respetuosa de la libertad de cada ente local tomada aisladamente, fue concebida como una apuesta, una inversión para el fortalecimiento de un poder local tomado totalmente, gracias a su capacidad de peritaje. Es demasiado temprano para afirmar que ya se ganó la apuesta, pero parece que hemos llegado a una situación irreversible de la reforma, simbolizada por la elaboración de un nuevo estatuto de administradores territoriales.
La formation des fonctionnaires territoriaux en France
Authors: Trosa Sylvie
Published: January 2024

La ley del 26 de enero de 1984 plantó el problema de la creación, dentro de las corporaciones locales, de una función pública estructurada en cuerpos comunes a las regiones, departamentos y municipalidades, que sea en paridad con la función pública del Estado. La formación es el elemento esencial de este proyecto. De ella depende el nivel de calificación y de competencia que asentará la proyección y la calidad de los cuerpos futuros de la función pública local. A este aspecto se precisan lo que está en juego : ¿Definirán las corporaciones locales, como quiere la ley, sus necesidades de formación? ¿Permitirá la formación asegurar la unidad y la cohesión de la función pública local? ¿Cómo se podrá ejecutar una apertura de los sistemas de formación, tanto entre el Estado y las corporaciones locales, como en el seno del Estado y con el sector privados?

Muy frecuentemente se opone un sistema de formación único, de cuerpos únicos, propios a una función pública, a la creación de escuelas de formación paralelas y totalmente separadas.

Este artículo se propone mostrar que la alternativa de estos dos sistemas no corresponde más a las necesidades y exigencias del servicio público.
La politique de la haute fonction publique aux États-Unis : grandeur et décadence du Senior Executive Service
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: January 2024

El punto fuerte de la reforma de la alta función pública decidida por el presidente Carter fue la creación del Senior Executive Service, por la Ley del 13 de octubre de 1978. El S.E.S debía permitir estructurar la alta función pública y abrir una carrera al personal administrativa de nivel superior. Se nota un desfase importante entre los objetivos de la reforma y su impacto, que se puede medir con la hostilidad de los altos funcionarios. La ejecución de la reforma se enfrenta una doble evolución, provocada por la nueva filosofía de la administración Reagan y por la difícil utilización de las operaciones de evaluación que estaban al centro del sistema.
La communication audiovisuelle, éléments de conceptualisation d’un système
Authors: Azibert Michel
Published: January 2024

Introduction to Broadcasting System Concepts.

This article provides a brief glossary of broadcasting terminology preceded by reference material on the economic, technical, legal, cultural and ideological terminology of broadcasting, consisting of the French equivalents of the following terms : freedom of the press, independent government bodies, broadcasting permits, grant of authority to private enterprise to undertake public services, contract conditions, networks, satellites, community antenna, standards, image, multi-media corporations, advertising markets, audience ratings, sponsoring, electronic buying, radio/tv receiver license fees, ‘highest cultural bidders’, theme channels, programme production financing, and cinema films.
Les enjeux politiques : Dix questions à Jack Lang
Authors: Lang Jack
Published: January 2024

The Political Challenge - 10 Questions to Jack Lang.

Socialist and former Minister of Culture, Jack Lang replies to 10 questions on subjects such as the role of the state and the public sector in broadcasting, public and private sector financing, the future of relations with the film industry and the impact of broadcasting on public opinion. He deplores the fall in programme quality and TV production crisis, and outlines the policy he would pursue if returned to office. Policy should separate programming and production from broadcasting, and promote a large number of small enterprises to ensure pluralism. Jack Lang feels the real power should be vested in artists and producers. He also opposes the growth of political advertising on TV because it gives an unfair advantage to certain parties.
Le câble en déroute ?
Authors: Schreiner Bernard
Published: January 2024

Cable TV on the Blink ?

The 1982 Plan Cable was followed by a period of confusion about the launching of cable TV in France that began in June 1986, thus discouraging the parties involved. Network commissioning delays and broadcasting restrictions caused major financial embarassment to 52 communes and agglomerations with PTT contracts. Direction Générale des Télécommunications has stepped down as sole owner to leave the field open to private enterprise, thereby repealing the principles of public service, equal access, standard charges and network coexistence. The 1982 Plan nonetheless constituted a coherent policy giving France a lead for starting up ‘added value services’ that combine telecommunications with teledistribution.
La communication audiovisuelle peut-elle être locale ?
Authors: Truchet Didier
Published: January 2024

Is Local Broadcasting Possible ?

The title has been a topical issue since the abolition of the state radio and TV broadcasting monopoly in 1982. The Law of 29 July 1982 provided an authoritarian response by imposing a local framework on private TV stations and a communal one on cable TV: it failed. The Law of 30 September 1986 was much less detailed, leaving the matter up to the Commission Nationale de la Communication et des Libertés and market forces. The problem is two-fold: local government should act on transmitter ranges, but regrouping local broadcasting services into nationwide networks operates against truly local production and programming. Local government can participate with difficulty only in isolated areas of broadcasting services despite greater legal leeway available since 1986; it must however intervene directly to establish, rather than operate, such services.
L’indépendance de la communication audiovisuelle aux États-Unis et au Canada
Authors: Didier Emmanuel , Didier René
Published: January 2024

Broadcasting Independence in Canada and USA.

Canada and the USA both have federal government with a strong tradition of democracy and decentralised authority where broadcasting is based on three basic principles that guarantee its independence: (1) private enterprise, within the limits of tradition and anti-trust legislation, (2) freedom of speech and press, tempered by a respect for privacy and the democratic values that prevail, and (3) self-imposed limitation of federal powers. As a result, both legislation and regulation are flexible. The Canadian CRTC (Conseil de la Radiodiffusion et des Télécommunications) and the US FCC (Fédéral Communications Commission) both regulate and monitor broadcasting by acting as government tribunals. They issue broadcasting licenses after summoning all parties concerned for public hearings.
Les exclus et les organismes sociaux
Authors: Strohl Hélène
Published: January 2024

National Health Insurance and De Facto Non-Coverage.

Between 5 and 1 million persons have difficulty accessing health care that covers the entire population, at least in theory. Misadministration in national health insurance is characterized by complicated procedures, difficulty in reaching certain categories of the public, regulation based on categorizing people, geographically dispersed institutions and outdated welfare legislation.
La maladministration en Suède
Authors: Wennergren Bertil
Published: January 2024

Misadministration in Sweden.

The Swedish ombudsman has wide-ranging powers to combat misadministration and can even adjudicate upon the expediency of administrative decisions and upon the adequacy of the procedures and practices involved. Mr. Wennergren cites four different examples of ombudsman intervention and other cases of victims to misadministration.
L’action de l’O.C.D.E. dans les migrations internationales
Authors: Rellini Giampiero
Published: January 2024

The OECD and International Migration.

This article reviews the history of OEEC and OECD involvement in international migration since 1948. It describes change in migration patterns for this timeframe, OECD understanding of said change and the influence it attempted to exert on member country migration policies. This influence is analyzed in light of developments which proved very non-linear. A succinct overview of migration in the 1960’s and 1970’s points up the nature and origins of migration trends in this decade. Overlap between European and North American models is examined. The author argues for a coordinated response to migration manifest in OECD member countries despite differences of type and nature, and closes on a number of considerations applicable to comparative statistics.
Les dispositifs d’aide à la réinsertion dans le pays d’origine : un bilan raisonné
Authors: Cansot Michel , Vialle Arlette
Published: January 2024

A Review of Social Reintegration Aid in Source Countries.

The French Government has developed a number of mechanisms to assist immigrants willing to resettle in their country of origin. The emigration bonus scheme and Accord Franco-Algerien attracted 50 000 and 94 000 persons respectively, but assistance never went beyond Financial incentives. To improve the quality of emigration, the Government instituted a new aid mechanism in 1984 that provides for job placement in the country of origin financed by the French Government and, where applicable, the unemployment insuran ce agency or employers. Originally intended for migrants laid-off, this scheme was extended in 1987 to cover ail migrants receiving unemployment benefits. This scheme enabled the repatriation of 66 900 immigrants. For optimum success, the French Government coordinates resettlement policy with source countries through bilateral treaties (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Yugoslavia). Resettlement aid bases on North-South collaboration, although job re-training and ancillary budget sourcing both require further attention.
Y a-t-il un «problème immigré» en France ?
Authors: Gaspard Françoise
Published: January 2024

An Immigration Issue in France ?

It is odd that immigration should be an issue of the 1980s since there has been very little of it for over 10 years. France has never wanted to consider herself as open to permanent settlement and the authorities have long kept up the illusion that immigrant labourers are temporary guests who will return abroad. The 1974 immigration ban changed migration patterns ; new arrivais were family members and not labourers. Government policy promoting reunification of immigrant families appeared as a standing refutation of any immigration ban or ‘go home bonus’. Then folio wed general misunderstanding of 1981 governmental change and of policy aimed at securing permanent status for illegal aliens and civic integration, ail leading to xenophobic rabble-rousing, which in fact reflects French fears of impending change in the next decade. Thus, immigrants both reveal and shoulder the profound crisis currently affecting French society.
Les professions réglementées face à 1992
Authors: Boivin Jean-Pierre , Carnelutti Alexandre
Published: January 2024

Regulated Professions and the 1992 Challenge.

A proper understanding of the legal and economie framework for the Single European Market should dissipate any fears of over-aggressive competition. In fact, the Single Market will mostly affect those professions already having international operations. However, the service sector will expand considerably to the detriment of any nation caught unprepared. Furthermore, the French professions suffer from certain serious and specifie handicaps. This article argues that the Single Market offers unique opportunities given the momentum for greater mobility in the service sector that results from the Single European Act. Member States and national professional bodies should take the lead without awaiting some hypothetical consensus to materialize.
Les chambres de commerce face au grand marché
Authors: Essig François
Published: January 2024

Member Chambers of Commerce and The Single European Act.

Through ‘Eurochamber’, chambers of commerce throughout EEC Member States were among the earliest supporters of the Single European Market. This article reviews the major training programs and information campaigns involved. It describes the leading role played by the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry since 1987 in founding the Mission Europe 1992 think tank, an information and advisory service, and the large-scale information campaign launched nationwide by the CCI Permanent Assembly. It also describes the recently established europewide business information service.
L’évolution des méthodes de gestion dans les armées
Authors: Le Menestrel Bertrand
Published: January 2024

Current Trends in Military Management.

War and thrift are diametrically opposed concepts to most citizens. Nonetheless, the armed services have undertaken a vast modernization program since the 1960’s for political, economic and technological reasons, based on Planning, Programming & Budget Preparation (’3PB’) and Budget Priority Sequencing (RC B). This resulted in the creation of the 1970-1975 Five Year Military Plan, financial planning & management services and economic advisory staff at ministerial level. Despite the setbacks and the difficulty of quantifying the resulting gains, this program has provided military decisionmakers with awareness of the value of management techniques, who used to consider combat and management techniques as mutually opposing notions.
Gestion des ressources humaines dans le secteur public et privé
Authors: Sainsaulieu Renaud
Published: January 2024

Human Resources Management in the Public and Private Sectors.

Today, human resources management (HRM) is structured around the development of a collective capability, the search for individual commitment, and the management of the problems associated with employment. HRM is an organizational response to an environment in crisis. The changes taking place in the administrative sector’s environment can oniy provide a spur to reform of human resources management if the administrative authorities adopt an open attitude to this environment, while drawing on their human potential and “company culture” to hammer out a project and mobilize staff. The civil service has advantages : security of tenure, cultural homogeneity (the culture of public service), and experience in collective policy-making. To handle this opening properly, personnel management could be developed along three lines : increasing inflows of staff from other sectors, encouraging mobility between regions, professions, specializations, and countries, and using existing collective capabilities to promote a more decentralized administration.
L’assistance technique extérieure et l’administration des pays en développement
Authors: Mikulowski Witold
Published: January 2024

Foreign technical assistance and the civil service of developing countries

Administrative reforms are today incorporated into structural adjustment programmes and constitute the preconditions for granting loans. We are witnessing a return to substitute assistance at the bilateral level. The institutional reform programmes being implemented at the multilateral level are ill-matched to the administrative environment where they are introduced and often pursue objectives that are incompatible with existing administrative strategies and reforms. The adverse effects of technical programmes are well known today. This assistance cornes up against obstacles created by the numerous internal constraints operating in the countries and by its own often-bureaucratic organization, dominated by macro-economists who, far from reducing, inflate the role of State organizations. There is need for greater coherence between the proposals and programmes offered under this assistance and the country’s administrative System on the one hand, and improved management of this technical assistance on the other, either through its privatization or through the alteration of the status of international experts.
Histoire de l’administration des télécommunications : une succession de crises et de réformes
Authors: Bertho-Lavenir Catherine
Published: January 2024

History of Telecommunications Management

Catherine Bertho-Lavenir

The history of telecommunications management may be broken down into four broad stages : the nationalization of telephone networks in 1889 ; the introduction of a separate budget for the PTT in 1922-1923 ; the setting up of close links between management, research and industry between 1944 and 1964, and finally, since the seventies, the drive to model telecommunications management on company management. This evolution illustrates that in spite of partial and often poorly implemented reforms, French telecommunications management has been able to show — under pressure of technological change and crises — a marked capacity for adaptation and innovation.
Les enjeux juridiques : l’adaptation du service public des télécommunications
Authors: Chevallier Jacques
Published: January 2024

Reform of the Public Telecommunications Service

Jacques Chevallier

The transition from a monopoly situation to a partially free market calls for a redefinition of the public telecommunications service. Although its specifie role as an essential counterweight to the predominance of market forces is clearly felt to be of great importance, it is hardly a justification for the public service to remain in a world of its own : the interdependence of the two branches of the telecommunications sector is such that the public service cannot claim a watertight compartment for itself. The deregulation of telecommunications could therefore corne as an opportunity for striking a new balance between the public and private sectors whereby the market sharing arrangements would include a mechanism for mutual interaction.
Les satellites
Authors: Georges Martine
Published: January 2024

Satellites

Martine Georges

The distinction between the operational and regulatory functions in the satellite telecommunications sector is far more clearcut at the international level. A detailed analysis nevertheless reveals that in reality the regulations sometimes favour the notion of content, as in the case of broadcasting satellites, and at others that of support, as in the case of telecommunication satellites. The regulations governing the latter are insufficiently adapted to the growing diversity of services offered by satellite at a time when the effectiveness of the operational framework for satellite Systems as a whole is being called into question.
Les financements et les conditionnalités : réflexions sur l’évolution d’une notion
Authors: Peyrard Max
Published: January 2024

Financing and Conditions

The terms of the conditions imposed by a State or lending body on the borrowing countries has changed considerably in the last 25 years. It was first a question of micro-economic conditions (determining a profitable project, inserting a project in an overall plan) then macro-economic (respecting the code of conduct demanded by the IMF and the World Bank, economic austerity, financial discipline, opening to the free-market system and to competition, pre-established priorities by sector). It seems that we are now headed towards political and social conditions with the obligation to respect human rights, the laws of the nation and political pluralism guaranteed by free elections.
Grèce. Fonction publique et politique
Authors: Pappas Spyros A.
Published: January 2024

Greece.

Civil Service and Politisation

The Greek Civil Service is suffering from politization ; the principle of irremovability of civil servants that was laid down by the Constitution has not helped to improve the situation. Paradoxically, these two principles go together to the detriment of the quality of Public Service which is overstaffed, resulting in a general lack of confidence on the part of Greek citizens. The approach of the 1992 deadline makes it however necessary to envisage reforms that will modernize civil service. But nothing will be achieved unless there are modifications to the recruitment and training programs. Such changes should be backed by a strong political will.
Italie. La modernisation de la fonction publique
Authors: D'orta Carlo
Published: January 2024

Italy.

Modernization of the Civil Service

The reforms of the 1980s resulted in the increasing use of collective bargaining, the introduction of “professional profiles” in career planning and an effort to standardize civil service management methods as well as controlling such management costs. An assessment of the implementation of these reforms revealed that certain objectives were not attained : improvement in job efficiency, improvement in responsibility of civil servants, cost control. The more recent measures tend to corne doser to private sector management methods ; they also tend to encourage productivity and make top civil servants into self-reliant and responsible managers.
Consommation et société
Authors: Carnelutti Alexandre
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection and Modem Societies.

In modem societies where consumer protection has developed over the past 25 years, legislation ought to be promoted only with the greatest caution. The consumer is no more an isolated figure and even though the consumer movement is often weak and divided, the legal framework is nowadays comprehensive. Other actions are warranted : information campaigns or any similar measure, strong competition policy and a greater participation of consumers to their own protection. 1992 will play a major role in emphasizing that consumers have to take charge of their own problems and cease to consider the State as an absolute shelter.
La Stiftung Warentest et la politique de la consommation en Allemagne
Authors: Forch Stefan
Published: January 2024

The Stiftung Warentest and Consumer Policy in Germany.

In a market economy, consumer policy forms an integral part of economic policy. In Germany its implementation is carried out by a number of organizations responsible for the representation of consumers’ interests at the political level and the dissemination of information, principally through consumer groups based in each Land. The Stiftung Warentest, an independent and mostly self-financed private foundation, deserves special mention. Its comparative trials and surveys, whose results have an important impact, have helped to restore the balance between producers and consumers.
Les privatisations au Maroc
Authors: Bras Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2024

Privatization in Morocco.

The 1989 Privatization Act transfers an appreciable part of Moroccan public enterprise to the private sector. It demonstrates a desire to promote the domestic economic actors, to readjust the regional economies, to improve public finances, to direct savings towards industrial employment Conditions for applying it raise numerous questions, due, in particular, to the very substantial powers granted the minister in charge of privatisation. Moreover, implementing these transfers implies parallel structural reforms (stock exchange, accounting standards, financial engineering, a policy for State borrowing) which condition the success of the operation.
France : un processus continu relayé par un projet politique
Authors: Pêcheur Bernard
Published: January 2024

France : A Continual Process Relayed by a Political Project. The revival of the public service consists in affirming the role of State as a guarantor of republican values, an agent of economic life, and an actor in social cohesion. It is, thus, a process, political in its objective, which tends to extend beyond the traditional dilemma of ‘more’ or ‘less’ State in France, and to affirm the need for a ‘better’ State. This means a government more respectful of civil society, closer to citizens and more efficient.
Militaires et civils face aux crises
Authors: Mingasson Jean
Published: January 2024

Soldiers and Civilians Facing Crisis

The aim of this article is to compare the experiences of armed forces and civilian authorities when confronting crisis situations. The two intervene, and most often cooperate, during crises in ways that are often similar, even if their roles are different. They provide mutual support which benefits civilian authorities in cases of major catastrophy (unforeseen natural or technical disasters) and armed forces in conflict situations. Both cases are discussed in this article.
Le financement de la culture à l’épreuve du Nouveau Fédéralisme aux États-Unis
Authors: Horowitz Harold
Published: January 2024

The Support of Culture and New Federalism in the United States.

Since the Hatch Act of 1887, and up to the end of the 1970s, federal intervention in the cultural field has considerably increased. With President Reagan’s election in 1980 and his administration’s action, a new policy has been implemented. The reduction of aid programs and the transfer of responsibilities from Washington to the States were called «New Federalism». The objective was to reduce the role of ail government levels in comparison to private sector, by tax reductions, budgetary cuts, giving global grants to the States and by reducing and simplifying regulations. As a consequence of this policy in the cultural field, States and cities desperately look for an increase in their resources, whereas the federal government goes on with a policy wich is reducing them.
La justice administrative
Authors: Finocchi Renato , Midena Elisabetta
Published: January 2024

Administrative Justice

Italian administrative justice is undergoing a crisis concerning as well its field of jurisdiction (based upon the distinction between subjective interests and legitimate rights) as its functioning. This phenomenon is particularly clear in view of the average time needed for court cases to come to an end, and the number of cases still to examine. Even more important : the system for protecting citizens has only a limited effectiveness, probably because it is still centered on squashing the decisions of administration. There is a pathological addition of the control of criminal courts which are more and more often the last possible instance. Will a reform be able to correct these flaws resulting from an accumulation of different layers of administrative justice regulations ?
L’administration de l’Assemblée nationale de la République du Sénégal — La théorie... et la pratique
Authors: Nzouankeu Jacques mariel
Published: January 2024

The Administration of the National Assembly of the Republic of Senegal —

Theory ... and Practice.

The organization of the senegalese National Assembly is not very developped. This is due to the subordination of the Assembly to Government. Some legal texts, such as articles 51 and 52 of the Constitution of 1963 or the Internal Regulations of the Assembly are setting the framework of the organization and functionning of the Assembly’s administrative organs, and the status of its personnel. Practice however differs largely from the principles. But the senegalese authorities are conscious of the institution’s deficiencies and try to put them right by way of recent reforms.
La réforme administrative graduelle en Russie
Authors: Lesage Michel
Published: January 2024

The Gradual Reform of Russian Administration.

Since december 12th 1993, Russia has a new Constitution, making of the Russian Federation ‘a democratic State applying the rule of Law, with a republican form of government’. The Constitution maintains a dual federal executive branch, which consists of the President — elected by universal suffrage — and a Government both responsible to the President and to the State Duma — the House of federal Parliament representing the nation as a whole. The President has undertaken a gradual administrative reform which deals with central government departments, the representative organs of local government, and the civil service.
La fonction de coordination
Authors: Dufourcq Bertrand
Published: January 2024

The Coordination Function.

The growing diversification of international affairs, and thereforce the development of central administration in the ministry of Foreign Affairs hâve created the need for an instance able to exercise authority upon the whole range of the ministry’ s services. Since the permanent set up of a General Secrétariat in 1920, its rôle and place have varied. Internai service régulations in the department do not explicitly mention this coordinating function which results from a sériés of practices and traditions. The reform of the Ministry of Foreign affairs in september 1993 has confirmed and reinforced the General Secretary’s coordinating rôle.
La réforme des relations culturelles, scientifiques et techniques
Authors: Levitte Jean-David
Published: January 2024

The General Directorate for Cultural, Scientific and Technical Relations and its Reform.

Cultural diplomacy has always been a major and original component of France’s foreign policy. Today, the general directorate for cultural, scientific and technical relations, with 12 000 officers working in 160 countries, is at the heart of a very dense network of 300 primary and secundary schools, 200 ‘alliances françaises’, 130 cultural centers or institutes and 30 research centers. Budgetary constraints make it necessary to look for a better efficiency of coopération tools in order to cope with a widening presence of french coopération throughout the world. This is why the reform of the general directorate must be fostered under the heading of intégration of human resources, procedures and structures.
Des cadres supérieurs en devenir
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: January 2024

Constantly Evolving Senior Managers.

The future of the administrative modernization policy depends mainly on the social and professional status granted to the senior administration managers. A systematic research conducted through a representative sample of senior executives reveals a certain number of problems at heart : discontent towards remunerations and careers, the feeling of a more intense politicization training and organization little adapted to team work. The administrative elite is however divided into many groups having sensitively different professional expectations. It appears that offer, demand and capacities of modernization are very unequal according to ministries but also according to whether the managers work in the central services or in the outside services. It seems that the dynamic of modernization now necessitates a new definition of the criteria of professional success but also a deep thought on the functions of the State.
Mobiliser les entreprises : faux débats, vraies questions et possibles avancées
Authors: Spizzichino Robert
Published: January 2024

Mobilizing Enterprises for Urban Policy : False Debates, True Questions and Possible Progress

The private sector can actively contribute to urban policy through its competence and techniques. This leads to a multiplication of cooperation between private enterprises and public partners. But these initiatives meet numerous obstacles as well on the administrative as on the enterprises’ side : they stress the need of important changes in the legal framework and of a clear definition of the policy local and central authorities want to pursue. Enterprises also feel reticent to invest in a project which will transform their structures, their policy, their values and the culture of their personnel. The systems which have been established are not evolving as rapidly as the social situation in towns, but the challenge must be persistently met.
L’administration japonaise et la chute du parti libéral démocrate
Authors: Bouissou Jean-Marie
Published: January 2024

Japan’s Administration and the Fall of the Liberal-Democratic Party

Three forces which constitute the “brass” triangle try to monopolise decision-making power : bureaucracy, the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) and big business. During the last years, the two first ones were dominating. For some commentators the bureaucracy holds the decision-making power despite of the political domination of the LDP. For others on the contrary it is the LDP which had the means to manipulate administration. At the beginning of the eighties, the LDP launched an important struggle against bureaucrats. Deregulation, decentralisation and the recovery of decision making power by citizens show that political power was taking the lead. But at the beginning of the nineties the LDP was driven away by the neo-conservatives. The administration took advantage of these political troubles. Fighting bureaucracy quickly presents three advantages for political parties : to hide their own problems, to overshadow the major issues, and to allow for being easily popular. Eventually, a change in economical policy driven by the crisis and supported by the liberals is undermining the traditional interventionism of public administration in its mere principle.