bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
404 Awardee Talk - Healthy gut, healthy calf, productive life
Authors: Steele Michael A
Published: December 2019

The calf undergoes major transformations in early life that make it more susceptible to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disease and disorders compared to all herd-mates. One of the most critical management factors in calf survival and health is feeding a sufficient amount of high-quality colostrum in order to improve passive transfer. However, further benefits to GIT function and health are now also being recognized. It has recently been shown that a delay in colostrum feeding of only six or twelve hours after birth can impact not only passive transfer but also the colonization of healthy bacteria (Bifidobacterium) in the small intestine of newborn calves. In addition, the heat treatment of colostrum has been shown to increase the colonization of Bifidobacterium and decrease the colonization of Escherichia coli in the small intestine of calves during the first 12 hours of life. New research is showcasing how the transition from colostrum to milk in the first days of life is critical to GIT development. For example, calves that transition directly to milk after the first meal of colostrum have less overall GIT mass and small intestinal villi development compared to calves fed transition milk or colostrum at three days of life. Based on these preliminary findings, there is a need to consider other bioactive components in colostrum and transition milk that impact GIT development in order to provide the calf with the best chance to combat GIT ailments later in life. With respect to the pre-weaning period of calf production, the amount of milk to be fed to calves has been a hot topic in the past decade, as it directly impacts pre-weaning average daily gain, which may be associated with lifetime production. Most dairy calves are only fed two meals per day and it is thought that increasing meal sizes may cause milk overflow into the rumen, resulting in digestive upsets and hyperglycemia. What recent research has shown however is that the GIT of the calf has a certain degree of plasticity and can adapt to large meal sizes (10% of birth bodyweight) in the first weeks of life by altering abomasal emptying as a means of controlling nutrient delivery to the intestine, thereby stabilizing blood metabolites such as glucose. In addition, new research investigating milk replacer composition, which is higher in lactose and lower in fat compared to whole milk, shows differences in abomasal function that may lead to a negative impact on insulin sensitivity. This research suggests that we have been underestimating how much milk calves can consume and how new milk replacer formulations may be impacting GIT health. An improved understanding of how diet, microbiota, and biomolecules interact to impact growth and barrier function of the calf’s GIT would greatly benefit the industry. A mechanistic understanding of such adaptations would also aid in the formulation of specific management regimens and the provision of diets that support or enhance gut function in young calves.
409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate
Authors: Espinoza-Rock Nadira J , Doblado Andrea O , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Dias Evandro , Sandes Michael , Hagestuen Erik , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D
Published: December 2019

A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P < 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P > 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P < 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P < 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P < 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P < 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.
410 Effect of relative dietary concentration of zinc amino acid complexes on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers - a nine study pooled analysis
Authors: Reinhardt Christopher , Millican Allison , Wickersham Tryon , Larson Connie , Branine Mark
Published: December 2019

A nine-study retrospective pooled analysis was conducted to evaluate effects of relative dietary concentration of supplemental Zn provided as an amino acid complex (ZnAA) on growth, feed efficiency, carcass quality and yield in finishing beef steers. Data from nine well-controlled studies conducted at university and commercial feedlot research facilities in AB, IA, KS, OK and TX were evaluated using 249 pens ranging from 6 to 275 steers/pen (Total number=14,096 animals.; initial BW = 340± 6.2 kg). Dietary ZnAA concentrations were defined where; Level 0 = < 30 mg-1·kg-1; Level 1 =30 – 59 mg-1·kg-1; Level 2= 60 – 89 mg-1·kg-1; Level 3= > 90 mg-1·kg-1. Linear (L), quadratic (Q) and cubic (C) effects of dietary ZnAA level were evaluated with pen as the experimental unit and initial BW as a covariate. Carcass-adjusted growth parameters (ADG and Gain:Feed) and final BW indicated a Q response (P ≤ 0.10) with increasing dietary ZnAA concentration, whereas DM intake was not affected by ZnAA level. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and ribeye area quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.03) as dietary ZnAA concentration increased. Measures of relative carcass finish (backfat thickness and calculated YG) indicated a L increase (P ≤ 0.01) towards a greater degree of carcass fat as ZnAA increased. Additionally, a L increase in percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice with increasing dietary ZnAA concentrations and conversely L reductions in percentages of carcasses in YG 1 and 2 categories; suggested dietary ZnAA concentration impacts carcass composition in finishing beef steers. Total and A+ liver abscess incidence was reduced (Q; P ≤ 0.01) with Level 2 having the lowest observed incidence. Results suggest a dietary concentration of 60 mg-1·kg-1 DM supplemental ZnAA results in optimal growth performance and carcass traits for finishing beef cattle.
159 The effect of multispecies swards on parasite faecal egg counts of grazing lambs
Authors: Rodriguez Romina A , Grace Cornelia , Lynch Mary B , Sheridan Helen , Lott Stephen , Boland Tommy
Published: December 2019

Multispecies swards (MSS) for ruminants are increasing in popularity in temperate regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of MSS containing grasses, legumes and herbs on lambs faecal egg counts (FEC) compared to a perennial ryegrass monoculture. Over two years (2015 and 2016) lambs (n = 60 per year, n = 120 in total per treatment) grazed one of four sward types. The treatments were: perennial ryegrass only (PRG), perennial grass and white clover (PRGWC), six species sward (perennial ryegrass, timothy, plantain, chicory, white and red clover; 6S) and nine species (9S) additional to the 6S were cocksfoot, greater birdsfoot trefoil and yarrow. Feces samples were collected fortnightly commencing when lambs were six weeks old and FEC were determined by the modified McMaster procedure for quantifying Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus eggs. All lambs were treated with anthelmintic at 12 weeks of age and subsequent anthelmintic treatments were administered when a threshold of 400 egg per gram (epg) was reached. The statistical analysis used was a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED of SAS. Nematodirus FEC did not differ with treatment (P > 0.05). Trichostrongylus FEC was influenced by sward type (P < 0.05), the lambs grazing the PRG sward displaying higher FEC, while the lambs grazing the 9S sward displaying lower FEC compared to other treatments. The lambs offered PRG required fewer days in reach the 400 epg threshold compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05) that did not differ. The repeatability of FEC from one date to the next date was 21.54% and 11.85% for Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus respectively, being considered low. The correlation between FEC (Nematodirus) and ADG (weaning-slaughter) was positive (0.1377), but FEC (Trichostrongylus) and ADG correlation was negative (-0.1084). These results suggest that lambs offered the 9S treatment had lower FEC of Trichostrongylus eggs compared to PRG.
168 Effects of forsythia suspensa extract supplemented in sows and piglets on performance, antioxidant status, serum immunity and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets
Authors: Long Shenfei , Piao Xiangshu
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) supplemented in sows and piglets on performance, serum immunity and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 192 healthy piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21-d weaned, average weight 6.98 ± 0.32 kg] were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment (3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen). The dietary treatments are 2 × 2 design, which included a corn-soybean basal diet (CTR) or FSE diet (CTR+100 mg/kg FSE) in sows (maternal) and weaned piglets (offspring) individually. Compared with CTR, maternal FSE supplementation could reduce (P < 0.01) diarrhea score and rate, tend to increase ADG in phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and 2 (d 15 to 28), as well as enhance (P < 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency in overall (d 1 to 28). On d 14, maternal and offspring FSE supplementation have interaction effects on increasing serum SOD, GSH-Px and CAT contents, while maternal FSE supplementation also showed enhanced (P < 0.05) serum GSH-Px content compared with CTR. On d 28, maternal or offspring FSE supplementation showed improved (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum IgG, SOD, T-AOC and GH, decreased (P < 0.05) content of serum MDA, whereas maternal and offspring FSE supplementation have interaction effects on enhancing (P < 0.05) the concentrations of serum IgA, T-AOC and GSH-Px contents compared with CTR. Moreover, maternal FSE supplementation had higher (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum, increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and lower (P < 0.05) crypt depth in ileum compared with CTR. In conclusion, maternal FSE supplementation could be an efficient way to improve performance, antioxidant status and immune function in weaned piglets.
169 Awardee Talk - nutrition from a risk management perspective
Authors: Lindemann Merlin D
Published: December 2019

Research with many nutrients for growing swine has historically focused on the effects of supplementation levels on feed intake, growth, and feed conversion ratio. Following the establishment of nutrient requirement estimates for the maximization of, principally, growth rate, there certainly have been studies that have evaluated altered nutrient supplementation effects on a variety of metabolic responses related to health. However, often the value of increased nutrients for health improvement in a typical production setting is not fully realized because of the difference in the conditions that exist between a typical production setting and a university research setting coupled with a use of only a subset of animals in a university setting and the fact that the subset of animals that are used may not include the most health-susceptible portion of the population. Thus, research in many university settings will not capture the true effect of health challenges or of added supplementation on mortality and morbidity. Further, when decisions about nutrient supplementation levels are made on the farm, the decisions must consider the cost of the nutrient relative to the potential improvement in performance; this exercise determines the return on investment (ROI). Consequently, in situations where the effects of a nutrient on health are inadequately quantified or infrequently observed, the ROI for increased nutrient supplementation is underestimated. Examples from vitamin supplementation demonstrate the difference between the ROI when it is calculated only from growth performance compared to a calculation that includes both growth performance and mortality. The examples argue for a more robust ROI calculator that includes mortality. Additionally, the lack of knowledge of nutrient supplementation effects on the entire pig population, with specific knowledge of the most health-susceptible segment, argues for scaling up of promising results observed in a university setting to a commercial setting.
176 Characterizing the mycobiome in piglets during the weaning transition
Authors: Arfken Ann , Frey Juli , Ramsay Timothy , Summers Katie L
Published: December 2019

The importance of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals is recognized as a critical player in host health. Recently, the significance of the mycobiome has been recognized, but culture-independent studies are limited, especially in swine. Weaning is a time of stress, dietary changes, and a predisposition to infections, making it a time of interest to industry. In this study, we sought to assess and characterize the mycobiome and microbiome in the feces and GI tract of swine from birth through the critical weaning transition (days 1–35 post-birth). In addition, we investigated environmental factors that may alter microorganisms present in piglets. Fecal bacterial populations increased in diversity over the experimental timeline and demonstrated a transition from an Enterobacteriaceae-dominated population, to a Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae-dominated population by days 24–35 post-birth. These later populations are capable of fiber degradation and short chain fatty acid production. In fecal fungal populations, richness and diversity peaked at weaning and declined post-weaning. There was also a dynamic shift in the mycobiome to a Saccharomycetaceae-dominated population that remained stable into adulthood. Fungal organisms contributing to this colonization were not found in environmental samples including water, colostrum, and feed. Despite fungal populations present in the feces of sows, these maternal fungi were not similar to the piglet mycobiome and thus did not indicate a maternally-derived effect. Furthermore, the microbiomes of the GI tract showed decreased richness and diversity in the upper GI compared to the lower GI, and a high degree of individual variation and litter effect throughout the organs. This study provides insights into the early colonization and establishment of fungi during the weaning transition. Future studies will investigate the effect of the mycobiome on piglet growth and health during the weaning transition, including their role in fast- versus slow-growing piglets.
PSIII-16 Evaluating the impact of group stunning on physiological parameters of pigs in a small abattoir
Authors: Schaeperkoetter Morgan A , Grandin Temple , Edwards-Callaway Lily
Published: December 2019

Small abattoirs commonly process pigs and sheep in a handling system designed for cattle. Smaller species are usually stunned in groups in the cattle shackling area in front of the stun box. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stun order on physiological parameters in pigs. A total of 148 barrows and gilts were stunned in 29 groups of four to five pigs with seven control pigs. All pigs were moved together into the stunning pen and stunned one at a time with a handheld penetrating captive bolt stunner and immediately shackled and processed. The average time from pen entrance to the final stun was 22 minutes. To act as a control, one pig was moved into the pen individually and stunned after the same elapsed time as the groups. Blood lactate and glucose concentration were measured in exsanguination blood using hand-held analyzers. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of stun order on blood metabolite concentration. Pigs stunned first had significantly greater lactate than the last pigs stunned (P < 0.01). Stun order did not have a significant effect on blood glucose concentration (P = 0.43). The control pigs had significantly lower lactate than the first pig stunned (P = 0.04). Greater blood lactate concentrations in the first pig may be due to handling into the stunning pen prior to the first stun. Handler interaction may have resulted in an increase in certain behaviors such as turning back and squealing which further caused the first pigs to have increased lactate.
PSIII-8 A risk factor analysis of health traits in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) on Canadian farms
Authors: Leishman Emily M , van Staaveren Nienke , Osborne Vern R , Wood Ben J , Baes Christine F , Harlander Alexandra
Published: December 2019

Current production systems for commercial turkeys can lead to challenges including the development of footpad dermatitis (FPD) and aggressive pecking. Both have welfare and economic implications for turkey production. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies conducted in Canada on risk factors for either FPD or aggressive pecking. In this study, over 500 turkey farmers across Canada will receive a cross-sectional survey which includes a health-scoring guide and a questionnaire. Farmers will be asked to record the health status of 30 turkeys on their farms using the illustrated instructions to score head injuries, skin damage, and FPD. The information on head injuries and skin damage will provide insight into the prevalence of aggressive pecking within the flock. Farmers will score these areas on a three-point scale where a score of zero indicates no damage and two indicates severe damage. Additionally, an inventory of housing and management practices will be taken on each farm using a questionnaire covering topics on bird characteristics, lighting, air quality, litter quality, feeding, and health. The data obtained from this survey will be used to 1) estimate the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries, 2) describe housing and management practices, 3) identify risk factors for FPD and pecking injuries and 4) make recommendations to reduce the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries. With the information from this study we plan to develop a management tool tailored to the Canadian industry to reduce FPD and pecking injuries on Canadian farms.
PSVI-41 The comparative analysis of vaginal flora of high-productive cows in the postpartum period by Real-time PCR
Authors: Korochkina Elena A , Nechaev Andrey , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Nezhdanov Anatoliy
Published: December 2019

The aim of the study was the comparative analysis of species composition of vaginal bugs of high-productive cows (n = 7) in the postpartum period by Real-time PCR. The material were vaginal discharge of cows (four of them had acute pyogenic endometritis, another was apparently healthy). The vaginal discharge of sick cows contained the low count of bacteria Megasphaera spp., Veillonella spp., Dialister sрp., Lactobacillus spp. and streptococcus. The evaluation of bacterial count of Lachnobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., actinomycetes Atopobium spp., bacteria Staphylococcus spp., and yeast fungi Candida spр. did not demonstrate statistically different between groups. Probably this bacteria were not the etiological origin of postpartum endometritis of cows. However, vaginal discharge of cows with diagnosis acute pyogenic endometritis had high count of bacteria of Fusobacteriaceae (6,0±3,8 and 5,3±2,6 lg genomes/g), Enterobacteriaceae (6,4±4,1 and 5,1±3,0 lg genomes/g), bacteroides of Prevotella spp. and Porphyromonas spp. (7,4±5,2 and 6,4±4,4 lg genomes/g), actinomycetes Mobiluncus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. (5,1±2,5 and 4,7±1,9 lg genomes/g), Peptostreptococcus spp. and Eubacterium spp., in comparison with apparently healthy cows. The presence of this bacteria in the vaginal discharge of apparently healthy cows suggestive that this bacteria are the permanent vaginal flora. Thus, comparative analysis of the dysbiotic sort of vaginal flora of cows in postpartum period demonstrated that vaginal discharge of cows with diagnosis acute pyogenic endometritis consists the high count of bacteria of potentially pathogenic and pathogenic groups (Fusobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Mobiluncus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Eubacterium spp.).
PSVI-5 Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during the peripartal period reduces the expression of LGALS-1, -3 and -4 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and secretion of Gal-2 and Gal-12 in plasma of Holstein cows
Authors: Asiamah Emmanuel K , Worku Mulumebet , Loor Juan , Riboni Mario Vailati , Zhou Zheng , Ekwemalor Kingsley
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methionine(Met) supplementation on genes encoding Galectins (LGALS) and secretion in plasma during the periparturient period. Dairy cows are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of disease during the periparturient period. Impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions such as phagocytosis and pathogen killing capacity contribute to immune dysfunction and disease. Galectins (GALS) are an evolutionarily conserved family of animal lectins important in disease and homeostasis. They behave like pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell-surface receptors whose activation often results in signaling cascades to activate cells such as PMNL. Fourteen Holstein cows supplemented with either rumen-protected Met (n = 7) or no Met (CON; n = 7) were used. Diets were fed from −21 ± 2 before expected calving date and continued until 30 days postpartum. To evaluate LGALS expression and secretion of Gal, PMNL were isolated from blood and plasma was harvested at -10, +7, and +30 d relative to expected calving. The expression of LGALS1 (P = 0.09), LGALS3 (P = 0.02), and LGALS4 (P = 0.02) was lower in response to Met, but there was no effect on LGALS8, LGALS9, and LGALS12. Met supplementation reduced Gal-2 and Gal-12 secretion in plasma at -10, +7, and +30 d (P < 0.0005 and P < 0.0001 respectively). Methionine supplementation modulates the expression of GAL involved in inflammation and lipolysis in cow blood. Modulation of GAL in PMNL and plasma in response to Met may have implications for the use of dietary interventions to target gene expression in PMNL for improved function and needs further study.
PSVI-10 Detection of E. coli virulence genes during the pre-weaning and peri-weaning period in young meat goats
Authors: Ndegwa Eunice , Alahmde Aber
Published: December 2019

It has been postulated that changes in prevalence of E. coli isolates with particular virulence genes in animals may be affected by many factors including age, feed, geographical location and stress. The weaning period represents stressful stage during the growth of farm animals. To evaluate if weaning stress affects the prevalence of E. coli possessing virulence genes; shiga toxin (Stx), hemolysin (hly) and intimin (eae) in young meat goats, fecal samples were collected during pre-weaning period, day of weaning (0DPW), one day after weaning (1DPW), two days after weaning (2DPW) and 7 days after weaning (7DPW). Two hundred forty seven two E. coli isolates were screened for the virulence genes. All four virulence genes (Stx1, Stx2, Hly, and eae) evaluated were detected in E. coli during the peri-weaning period while only stx1, eae and hly were detected during the pre-weaning period. No Stx2 had been detected during the pre-weaning period. Both Stx1 and Hly frequency of detection increased significantly from 0DPW to 2DPW and then decreased on 7DPW. The Stx2 gene remained relatively the same between 0DPW and 7DPW. The frequency of eae detection was highest during the pre-weaning period but also increased significantly from 0DPW to 7DPW. Further characterization of peri-weaning isolates possessing either Stx2 or eae revealed that some belonged to serotypes important to animal and public health including O26, O103 and O146. We highlight a previously unreported finding on pattern of colonization by E. coli in young meat goats before and during peri-weaning period. This trend may be suggestive that strains of E. coli harboring specific virulence genes proliferate during times of stress such as weaning in young meat goats while others predominantly colonize very young animals. The significance of E. coli isolates possessing the various virulence genes in relation to animal health need further evaluation.
PSVI-31 Special characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in animal and poultry farms in the areas with various levels of technogenic pollution
Authors: Donnik Irina , Krivonogova Anna , Isaeva Albina , Shkuratova Irina , Moiseeva Kseniya , Musikhina Nina
Published: December 2019

The research on the P. aeruginosa strains in animal and poultry farms located in the areas with various levels of technogenic pollution were done. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolone antibiotics and carbapenems was defined. For the research the enterprises with similar technological and economic cycles, breeds of animals, diet and veterinary treatment were chosen. The enterprises were located in the areas with various levels of contamination of agrobiocenosis with metals and radionuclides of technogenic origin. Samples of microflora were taken from integruments and mucosa of animals, from the floor, surfaces and equipment of premises, and tools, and microbiological analysis of cow milk, chicken eggs, manure and dung, water, feed stuff and air in premises was done. It was stated that content of P. aeruginosa in opportunistic pathogenic microbiota was the most in poultry farms (18% – 20%). At the same time, in man-made polluted areas the above-mentioned microorganism was most often found in samples from oral cavity and cloaca of laying hens and broiler chickens, and in “clean” areas” – mostly in wash-offs from cages and drinking pans. In dairy farms content of P. aeruginosa was higher in environmentally friendly areas (23%), as compared to the areas with technogenic pollution (12%). In pig-breeding farms in environmentally neglected areas P. aeruginosa was more often found, as compared with dairy farms, but more rarely than in poultry farms. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility has shown that in dairy farms average level of resistance of P. aeruginosa strains to carbapenems and fluoroquinolone was 12% and 6%, in pig-breeding farms - 9% and 13%, and in poultry farms - 6% and 18% correspondingly. In environmentally neglected areas significant content of the strains with low susceptibility to the above-mentioned antibiotics was stated. The research is executed at the expense of a grant of the RSF (project No.18-16-00040).
PSVI-13 Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenol-rich red osier dogwood extracts in Caco-2 mono- and Caco-2/EA.hy926 co-culture models
Authors: Zhang Hua , Chen Yuhuan , Mats Lili , Hui Qianru , Tsao Rong , Yang Chengbo
Published: December 2019

An impaired intestinal barrier function results in aggravating inflammatory response at a systemic scale, eventually leading to rising risk for systemic diseases (e.g., muscle myopathy and vascular disorders). In the present study, the impact of intake polyphenol-rich red osier dogwood extracts (RWE) on the inflammation of endothelial cells was exploited. A strong anti-inflammatory activity of RWE was found to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM) in the inflamed intestinal epithelial cell model. Furthermore, the intestinal transported RWE derived phenolic compounds was shown to protect the endothelial cells against both oxidative and inflammatory damages in a Caco-2/EA.hy926 co-culture cell model. Their protective activities in EA.hy926 was found to be strongly associated with intestinal absorption efficiency. The accumulation of transported rutin and unknown monoglyceride quercetin from RWE were identified across the Caco-2 BBe1 monolayer by HPLC up to 24 h. The highest concentration of transported rutin and monoglyceride quercetin derived from RWE were detected as 2.0 ± 0.22 µg/mL and 0.5 ± 0.08 µg/mL in the basolateral compartment after 12 h and 24 h of incubation, respectively. Profound anti-inflammatory effects of RWE derived polyphenols was observed to suppress pro-inflammatory mediator expression, including IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM and Cox2, in the TNF-α or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced basolateral EA.hy926 cells (co-culture model). Moreover, we observed a significant inhibitory effect of the transported RWE on oxLDL-induced inflammation after 6 h incubation rather than 24 h, indicating the potential health benefits of RWE is determined by its bioavailability. Results of this study demonstrated that phenolic compounds derived from RWE could be delivered into the circulation system to mitigate inflammatory responses thereby being a promising dietary agent for preventing systemic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases in humans and white stripping/woody meat in broiler chickens).
PSII-39 Effects of electrostatic spray and natural antioxidants on sensory quality and color of grass- finished beef strip steaks
Authors: Sajeev Dishnu , Thames Hudson , Cobb Harper , Holtcamp Alexander , Cavender Alexandria , Mello Amilton De , Dinh Thu
Published: December 2019

This study was aimed to determine the effects of electrostatic spray and natural antioxidants on sensory quality, color, and metmyoglobin reductase activity in grass-finished beef strip steaks. Eighteen certified grass-finished beef loins from nine animals were purchased from a certified grass-fed beef purveyor. Each loin was cut into eight 2.5-cm thick steaks without the gluteus medius muscle. A factorial arrangement of four treatments including a negative control (no spraying; NEG) and 1000-ppm of electrostatic spray of cherry extract rich in ascorbic acid (ES-ACE), electrostatic spray of rosemary and green tea extract rich in polyphenols (ES-RGT), and pressurized spray of ACE (PS-ACE) at 2 retail time points (0 and 5 d) was randomized within an animal. Instrumental color (CIE L*, a*, b*) and reflectance spectra (400 to 700 nm) were measured d-5 steaks. Five loins were randomly selected for metmyoglobin reductase activity and the other four loins were used for sensory evaluation. On d 0, ES_ACE steaks were slightly darker than ES_RGT and NEG steaks (P < 0.022); however, these differences disappeared on d 5 (P ≥ 0.138). On d 0, redness of ES_RGT and NEG steaks were greater than that of ES_ACE and PS_ACE steaks (P < 0.002); however, both ES_ACE and PS_ ACE steaks had more redness than ES_RGT and NEG steaks (P < 0.002). Similar phenomenon was found for color saturation. Both ES_ACE and PS_ACE steaks had less metmyoglobin and more oxymyoglobin than ES_RGT and NEG steaks on d 5 (P ≤ 0.021). All steaks had more sourness, bloody, and oxidized off-flavors on d 5 than d 0 (P ≤ 0.017). Electrostatic and pressurized spray provided similar protection for color stability and sensory quality; however, the natural antioxidant rich in ascorbic acid was more effective than polyphenol-rich natural extract.
PSIV-2 Investigating candidate scur genes in Bos taurus breeds
Authors: Ketel Crystal , Asai-Coakwell Mika
Published: December 2019

Scurs (loose horns) are inherited in a sex-influenced manner and are believed to appear in cattle when the animal is heterozygous (Pp) for the polled mutation. They are unwanted by beef producers, but are difficult to eradicate because scurs are epistatic to the polled mutation. With the development of a test for the 202 bp indel on BTA1 resulting in the polled phenotype in Celtic breeds, horned (pp) and polled (PP/Pp) animals can be genotyped at this locus. The aims of this study were: 1) to confirm the polled genotype in scurred families from a Canadian beef research herd (SCBRH), scurred cattle families from producers (SCFP), and polled and scurred feedlot steers using the Celtic poll test (PC), and 2) to identify new candidate genes between the recombinant genes of the postulated scur loci on BTA19. Through PCR amplification, the polled/horned genotype was confirmed in the SCBRH, SPCF, and 153 phenotyped feedlot steers with gel electrophoresis. One family from the SPCF, 26 scurred and 10 polled feedlot steers were genotyped as horned. Removing the SPCF horned animals from the scur loci mapping data changed the recombinant markers and created a new boundary, resulting in examination of five new candidate genes (CTDNEP1, FGF11, SOX15, SHBG, DHRS7C) based on function and position. To identify SNPs segregating with scurs, 16 animals were chosen from the PC genotyped feedlot steers, 8 Pp scurred steers and 8 Pp polled steers. Two SNP’s found in CTDNEP1 and DHRS7C were examined in the SCBRH with PCR-RFLP using BseRI and AciI, respectively, but did not segregate with scurs. In conclusion, careful phenotyping and genotyping for the polled/horned status of an animal should be confirmed for future studies to determine the genetic mutation resulting in scurs.
PSIV-12 Effects of an additional iron injection administered to piglets before weaning
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: December 2019

Advancements in genetics have led to an increase in growth rates of nursing piglets. Previous studies have suggested that the common 100–200 mg Fe injection shortly after birth is not sufficient to prevent anemia for all pigs throughout the suckling and nursery phases, more so for heavy (fast-growing) piglets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and hematological effects of supplementing an additional iron injection 4 days before weaning. A total of 136 crossbred pigs from 20 litters with an initial BW of 5.48 ± 1.08 kg were assigned to either the control or an added-injection treatment. All pigs had received a 150 mg Fe intramuscular (IM) injection 1 d after birth. The added-injection group received an additional 150 mg Fe IM injection 4 days before weaning. Pigs were weaned at 18–24 days. All pigs received a common nursery diet, formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. Blood and tissue samples were collected at pre-wean (-4), weaning (0), 14, and 28 days in the nursery. All data were subjected to ANOVA by the GLM procedure of SAS. Hemoglobin concentration was greater at weaning (12.1 vs. 10.3 g/dL, P < 0.0001) and 14 d (11.9 vs. 11.5 g/dL, P = 0.016) for the added-injection treatment. Added-injection pigs had a greater overall ADG (526 vs. 498 g, P = 0.033) for the experiment. Added-injection pigs also had a greater liver Fe concentration at weaning (36.6 vs. 11.7 mg/kg of liver, P = 0.009). In conclusion, an additional 150 mg Fe injection administered 4 d before weaning increased blood and liver iron status at weaning as well as improved ADG in the nursery.
PSIV-11 The effect of a high sugar supplement versus a beef supplement during pregnancy on offspring hepatic gene expression in a swine biomedical model
Authors: Hall Jerica R , Hoyle Ashley , Hirchert Mara , Swanson Kendall C , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Ward Alison
Published: December 2019

Our objective was to investigate the effect of a maternal supplemental calorie source, (high protein or high sugar) on offspring developmental programming of metabolic gene expression. Multiparous sows (n = 35) were bred to one of two full-sibling boars. Sows were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet and randomly assigned to one of four isocaloric supplement treatments: 126 g of the basal diet, (CON, n = 5); 85 g of crystalized sugar (SUGAR, n = 5); 110 g of cooked ground beef (BEEF, n = 6); or a combination of 55 g cooked beef and 43 g of crystalized sugar (B+S, n = 5). Supplements were fed three times daily from d 40 of gestation through d 18 of weaning. A male and female offspring of median weight from each sow were individually housed and phase fed standard production diets. Offspring were harvested at d 160 of age and a liver tissue sample collected. Expression of the following genes was quantified via qPCR with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) as the reference gene: pyruvate carboxylase (PC); phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1); lipase C hepatic type (LIPC); fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC); and fructose 1, 6-biphosphate (FBFase). Genes were selected based on their function in hepatic metabolism. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with sex, treatment, and interaction as fixed effects. Sex influenced (P < 0.05) expression of PC and FBFase, with males having greater expression than females (1.38 vs. 0.63 ± 0.14 and 1.15 vs. 0.82 ± 0.09, respectively). However, there was no effect of treatment or sex by treatment interaction on hepatic expression of the genes studied (P > 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that supplemental caloric source during pregnancy does not alter developmental programming of the stated liver metabolic genes in peripubertal offspring.
PSIV-21 Landscape-use pattern and performance of small ruminants in woodlands with altering understory vegetation heights
Authors: Bhattrai Shailes , Karki Uma , Paneru Bidur , Ellis Nevershi , Poudel Sanjok
Published: December 2019

The vast coverage of woodlands (>60%) in Alabama and other Southeast states presents a great potential for increasing grazing opportunity for small ruminants. Canopy height and openness may influence the utilization of woodland vegetation by small ruminants. However, such information is least explored and reported. The study objectives were to 1) determine the browsing height and preference of small ruminants for woodland vegetation present at different heights and 2) evaluate animal performance while stocked in woodlands. Study plots (6; 0.4-ha each) comprised southern pines [longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.)], hardwood trees, and numerous understory vegetation. The non-pine (non-target) species were either cut to one of the heights from the ground level (0-m, 0.91-m, 1.52-m) or left uncut (control). Kiko wethers (n = 8, 73±2.6 kg LW) and Katahdin rams (n = 5, 98±4.6 kg LW) were rotationally stocked (3 plots/species). Browsing height was measured at ten random points in each treatment and control, and animals’ preference for different plant species (0–5: 0-not preferred, 5-highly preferred) was recorded after moving animals out of each plot at each rotation. Animal performance data (LW; body condition score, BCS; and FAMACHA score) were collected fortnightly. Data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 (Mixed and GLM procedures). Goats browsed from higher heights than sheep in 0.9-m (1.3-m vs. 1-m) and 1.52-m (1.6-m vs. 1.1-m) treatments and control (1.3-m vs. 1-m) (P < 0.0001). Numerous plant species present in 0-m and 0.91-m treatments were consumed more by both species versus the same plant species present in the control (P < 0.0001). Both animal species performed well while grazing in woodlands, maintaining the desirable BCS (goats: 2.6–2.8; sheep: 3.7–4.0) and FAMACHA (goats: 1.6–2.1; sheep: 1.0–1.6) scores. Results show that lowering the height of non-target vegetation in woodlands is very useful to increase vegetation utilization and achieve desired animal performance.
PSII-11 RNA sequencing analysis reveals differentially expressed genes and novel upstream transcriptional regulators in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle affected by dietary lysine restriction
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhou Huaijun , Liao Shengfa F
Published: December 2019

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of dietary lysine restriction on the global gene expression of skeletal muscle in growing pigs. Twelve crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) barrows (initial BW 22.6 ± 2.04 kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (Diet I: a lysine-deficient diet; Diet II: a lysine-adequate diet) according to a completely randomized experiment design (n = 6). After feeding for 8 weeks, muscle samples were collected from longissimus dorsi of individual pigs (approximately 2 g/each). The total RNA isolated was used to prepare cDNA library for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. The RNA-Seq data was then analyzed using the CLC Genomics Workbench to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Sixty-nine genes were found differentially expressed (Benjamin-Hochberg corrected P < 0.05) in Diet I vs. Diet II pigs, of which 29 genes were down-regulated (Log₂ fold change (FC) < - 0.58) and 40 genes were up-regulated (Log₂ FC > 0.58). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of these DEGs for functional annotation using DAVID found a total of 36 GO terms. The significantly enriched terms (Benjamin-Hochberg corrected P < 0.05) are associated with biological processes that include acute-phase response, platelet activation, and protein polymerization, and Molecular Functions that include serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity, small molecule binding, heme binding, and oxidoreductase activity. In addition, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted some upstream transcriptional regulators that regulate several sets of DEGs. For example, lysine restriction may lead inhibition of insulin, EIF2AK4 (an eIF2α activator), and MYC (a transcript elongation factor), which are associated with the regulation of protein synthesis. It may also lead activation of STAT3 and HNF1A, which regulate cell movement and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. In summary, these novel results showed that dietary lysine restriction may compromise pig muscle protein synthesis through the aforementioned transcriptional regulators and their affected genes.
PSII-7 Uterine artery hemodynamics and placentome quantification during maternal nutrient restriction in beef cattle
Authors: Reid Dana , Lemley Caleb O , Yankey Kalisha , Burnett Derris
Published: December 2019

Proper fetal nutrition via adequate uteroplacental blood flow is critical for maximizing fetal development and reducing mortality. However, our understanding of adaptations during maternal nutrient restriction is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrient restriction during mid to late gestation on utero-placental hemodynamics and placentome morphometrics in gestating beef cattle. Animals (n = 10) were randomly assigned one of 2 treatments: Control (CON; 100% NRC Requirements) vs Restricted Feed (NR; 60% of NRC Requirements) from 140 to 240 days of gestation. Hemodynamic parameters were collected by Doppler ultrasonography 1 week prior to slaughter from the ipsilateral and contralateral uterine arteries, after which, total uterine artery blood flow was calculated. Six animals (n = 3 per treatment) were slaughtered on day 240 of gestation (Group 1) and the remaining 4 animals were slaughtered on 265 ± 15 days (Group 2). Placentome tissues were harvested for weight and number determination. Placentome number decreased (P = 0.01) in nutrient restricted (49 ± 6) versus control (83 ± 6) fed dams. There was an interaction between treatment and group in which ipsilateral diameter increased (P < 0.05) in group 2 NR animals versus group 2 CON animals while there was no difference between NR and CON in group 1. There was no difference (P = 0.30) in total uterine artery blood flow in fetal weight, which averaged 212 ± 37 mL/min*kg in nutrient restricted versus 153 ± 34 mL/min*kg in control fed dams. In summary, these data indicate limited alterations in uterine artery blood flow and fetal weight in nutrient restricted dams during the last half of gestation. The decrease in placentome number with no difference in placentome weight could indicate larger placentomes in nutrient restricted dams were able to compensate for the reduction in total number.
PSII-15 Effects of oxidized feed on productivity, plasma oxidative stress, and meat quality of broilers
Authors: Attuquayefio Wendy , Min Byungrok R , Don Anuradha Punchihewage , Timmons Jennifer , OH Sang-Hyon , Ahn Dong
Published: December 2019

High environmental temperature due to climate change can accelerate oxidation of feed during storage and preparation. Oxidized feed can cause elevated oxidative stress in live birds, resulting in decreased productivity and meat quality of broilers. The study was aimed to determine effects of feed containing oxidized oil on growth performance, plasma oxidative stress, and breast meat quality of broilers. Male broilers (192; Cobb500) at 21 days old were randomly allotted to 32 pens (8 pens/treatment) and raised for 21 days. The birds were fed feed containing fresh (Control) or oxidized corn oil (5%, Peroxide Value:140) with or without vitamin E (500 IU/kg feed) supplementation. Growth performance, oxidative stress markers in plasma collected at Day 42, and quality parameters of breast meat harvested at Day 43 were determined. Data were analyzed using proc glm and means were compared using Tukey’s studentized range (HSD) test. Oxidized feed and/or vitamin E supplementation did not affect growth performance and plasma DNA and protein oxidation. Oxidized feed significantly increased lipid oxidation and reduced total antioxidant capacity in plasma (P < 0.05) and, interestingly, dietary vitamin E made them worse (P < 0.05), indicating that oxidized lipids in feed can induce oxidative stress in live birds and vitamin E may act as a pro-oxidant in highly oxidized conditions. Although they did not affect sensory and functional properties of chicken breast meat, oxidized feed significantly increased lipid oxidation in cooked meat (P < 0.05) but dietary vitamin E considerably inhibited its development (P < 0.05), indicating that oxidized oil and vitamin E in feed can be accumulated in muscle and act as a pro- and anti-oxidants in meat, respectively. The results suggested that oxidized oil in feed can increase oxidative stress in live birds and susceptibility of breast meat to lipid oxidation, and dietary vitamin E can improve its oxidative stability.
PSI-20 The effect of ewe gastrointestinal nematode burden during the periparturient period on lamb growth
Authors: Mosichuk Allison , Petersson Katherine , Hoffman Maria L
Published: December 2019

Research evaluating the effects of ewe gastrointestinal nematode infection (GNI) during the periparturient period (PPR) on offspring growth is limited. We hypothesized ewes with a greater parasite burden during the PPR will negatively impact birth and weaning weight. Packed cell volume (PCV) was measured in ewes (2018, n = 11) at 3 weeks pre-partum (-3), birth, 3 (+3) and 6 (+6) wks postpartum. Lamb birth weight, weaning weight (WW), and ADG (birth - 8 weeks) were collected. Ewes in the upper 50% (n = 5–6) and lower 50% (n = 5–6) for PCV were classified as either HIGH and LOW at each time period. Data were analyzed in SAS using proc mixed (significance P ≤ 0.05). PCVs for LOW and HIGH ewes were (mean ± SEM) 27% ± 0.2% vs 30% ± 0.8% at -3, 28% ± 0.3% vs 32% ± 0.4% at birth, 24% ± 0.4% vs 29% ± 0.6% at +3, and 25% ± 0.2% vs 30% ± 1.0% at +6 respectively. Post-partum, lambs reared by LOW ewes exhibited reduced ADG (0.69 ± 0.03 kg/d vs 0.81 ± 0.03 kg/d; P = 0.02) and WW (29.34 kg ± 1.41 kg vs 33.64 kg ± 1.47 kg; P = 0.04) compared to lambs reared by HIGH ewes. Lambs reared by LOW ewes at +3 exhibited reduced ADG versus lambs reared by HIGH ewes (0.69 ± 0.034 kg/d vs. 0.81 ± 0.034 kg/d; P = 0.02). No effect of maternal PCV on birth weight or WW, at -3, birth, or +6 was observed on offspring birth weight, WW, or ADG (P ≥ 0.13). In conclusion, the effects of PPR GNI appear to be postnatal.