bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems of determining the subject of non-execution of the court sentence
Authors: Krushynskyi S. A.
Published: February 2025

In the article the author emphasizes that non-execution of court decisions in Ukraine is currently a systemic problem, which is incompatible with the right to a fair trial, stipulated in Art. 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Taking into account the position of the Supreme Court, it is concluded that in addition to the general obligatory features (status of an individual, sanity, age from which criminal liability may arise), the subject of non-execution of a court sentence has an inherent obligatory special feature – the presence of a person’s obligation and real opportunity to enforce this court sentence. The scientific approach and judicial practice regarding criminal liability under Art. 382 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of a person convicted of committing a criminal offense by a relevant court sentence are criticized, because the Criminal Code of Ukraine also contains other criminal law prohibitions aimed at ensuring the implementation of sentences passed by courts – this is evasion of punishment not related to deprivation of liberty, evasion of serving a sentence in the form of restriction of liberty and in the form of deprivation of liberty, intentional failure to fulfill an agreement on reconciliation or on admission of guilt. According to the rules for overcoming the competition of general and special norms of the law on criminal liability, it is the special norm that should be applied in this case. The author proves that depending on the circumstances such actions of a person convicted of committing a criminal offense by a court sentence may be qualified under Art. 389, 389-1, 390, 390-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The subjects of non-execution of a court sentence may be officials of the relevant bodies (institutions) that are obliged to execute the court sentence. The legislator also uses the signs of a special subject to differentiate criminal liability providing for them as qualifying signs – the commission of such acts by an official, an official who holds a responsible or especially responsible position, a person previously convicted of a crime provided for in Art. 382 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The opinion on changing the term «person previously convicted of a crime provided for in this Article», used by the legislator in Part 3 of Art. 382 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, to the term «person who has a conviction for a crime provided for in this Article» is supported.
Implementation of administrative liability for motor vehicle violations in the state of intoxication: criminological analysis
Authors: Pyrozhenko O. S.
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to the issues of implementation of administrative liability for driving a vehicle while intoxicated. The author makes a thesis that there is a high level of road traffic injuries as a result of road accidents in Ukraine and a low level of road safety. One of the reasons for this state of road accidents is the commission of road traffic accidents while intoxicated, which is a consequence of the low culture of domestic drivers and a sense of impunity, as such offences are becoming the norm and have become commonplace.
It is argued that an important aspect of successful implementation of the State policy in the field of road safety is the ability of the national judicial system to fulfil its tasks of ensuring the inevitability of liability for committed road traffic offences. However, there are a number of factors (determinants) which prevent the courts from successfully performing their functions. Attention is drawn to the annual increase in the workload of the judicial system of Ukraine. The increase in vacant positions due to the dismissal of judges has a negative impact on the quality and quantity of cases considered, as well as on the overall duration of the process in the direction of its delay. The author provides statistical data showing an increase in the number of cases submitted to judges, which confirms the first thesis. The author emphasises the obsolescence of the current legislation on administrative liability and the existence of a significant number of shortcomings and gaps which require immediate response. The author supports the position that the latter significantly contributes to corruption among representatives of the judiciary. The author emphasises the typical mistakes made by police officers in the preparation of administrative offence case files, which significantly affect the final court decision, and as a result, the allegedly guilty person in drunk driving escapes liability altogether. The author provides an example of a common violation committed by police officers in the course of the procedure for bringing a driver to administrative responsibility. The author makes a conclusion about the organisational, regulatory and managerial determinants which lead to impunity of motor vehicle drivers.
Characteristics of persons who commit criminal offences against road safety and operation of vehicle transport
Authors: Rudyk M. M.
Published: February 2025

Road transport plays a key role in the life of society. However, this type of transport is also a source of increased danger, which is associated with carelessness in its use, which in turn necessitates the search for ways to ensure road safety. It has been found that effective crime prevention is possible only when the emphasis is placed on the individual criminal, since it is he who is the source of the reasons that lead to the commission of criminal offenses against road safety.
The article examines the relationship between criminal behavior and consequences, in which the mechanism of criminal behavior is identified, which is a subjective factor in the perception of the road situation by the guilty person and the victim. Even with the same objective basis, there is almost always a difference in the subjective perception of the objective components of the situation. Such differences are often the most important moments in the mechanism of criminal behavior, the source of their conflicting, dangerous nature. The characteristics of persons who commit criminal offenses against road safety and the operation of motor vehicles are given. The study of the personality of a criminal in criminology has always played an important role, since it is the basis for identifying the patterns of formation of criminal behavior, its determination and development of appropriate preventive measures. The personality of a criminal in the context of road safety violations is of particular interest due to the specifics of the essence and mechanism of committing such offenses. In particular, a person who commits criminal offenses should be understood as a criminological set of signs and properties that are manifested in the mechanism of his criminal behavior. It is noted that in criminology several components are distinguished that form the criminological structure of the personality of a criminal: socio-demographic, moral-psychological and criminal-legal characteristics. The relationship between criminal behavior and its consequences has been studied, within which the mechanism of criminal behavior has been identified as a subjective factor in the perception of the road situation by both the guilty person and the victim. Even under the same objective conditions, there is usually a discrepancy in the subjective perception of the objective components of the situation. These discrepancies are often key aspects of the mechanism of criminal behavior, which become the source of their conflict and dangerous nature.
Criminal and legal consequences of violation of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles: a review of judicial practice
Authors: Shevchuk V. V.
Published: February 2025

The article provides an analytical review of the judicial practice of application of criminal law consequences for violation of traffic safety rules or operation of vehicles by persons driving vehicles as prescribed by law.
The analysis is based on judicial decisions in cases of violation of road safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), which are available in the Unified State Register of Judicial Decisions, as well as generalizations of the case law of the highest judicial body.
There are grounds to conclude that the courts are usually guided by the legislatively defined general principles of sentencing (Article 65 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), although there are some decisions in which such requirements are not met (for example, sentencing not within the sanction of the article providing for the committed criminal offense without any grounds for “going beyond” the sanction of the article). At the same time, due to legislative uncertainty, the characteristics that characterize the perpetrator are sometimes recognized as mitigating circumstances; courts arbitrarily mitigate liability in the presence of such circumstances.
It should be noted that the practice of exemption from serving a sentence with probation (Article 75 of the CC of Ukraine) for a qualified violation of the rules of road safety or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Part 2 of Article 286 of the CC of Ukraine), namely in more than 90% of the analyzed proceedings, is much more widespread than for a simple violation of the same (Part 1 of Article 286 of the CC of Ukraine), namely in approximately 30% of proceedings. Such law enforcement situation is caused by legislatively unbalanced sanctions for different corpus delicti of the same criminal offense, namely, the lack of alternative to the main punishment of imprisonment in part 2 of Article 286 of the CC of Ukraine.
The legislative indication of additional punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to drive vehicles as mandatory in part 1 of Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (simple violation of the rules of road safety or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles) and optional in part 2 of Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (qualified violation of the rules of road safety or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles) also does not contribute to justice and equality of responsibility before the law.
In general, the review is aimed at promoting the formation of a unified law enforcement framework for determining the criminal consequences of violations of road safety rules or operation of vehicles by persons driving vehicles by the courts. However, there are legislative shortcomings that have a negative impact on court practice and can only be eliminated by the legislator.
The importance of non-tariff barriers in the legal regulation of international trade relations
Authors: Kolisnyk A. S.
Published: February 2025

Non-tariff trade barriers in international legal regulation are a component of the system of non-tariff restrictions, the attitude to which in science and practice is ambiguous. The importance of regulating the application of such measures is confirmed by the presence of a number of international and national regulatory legal acts.
The purpose of this article was to establish the significance of non-tariff barriers for international trade relations and the prospects for their further application in the conditions of the development of international trade.
Taking into account the specifics of the scope of application of non-tariff restrictions, their system is multi-level, since the application of barriers is carried out at the international, national and regional levels. The application of non-tariff barriers in the regulation of international trade relations cannot be assessed unambiguously. The negative consequences of their application include the creation of obstacles in the economy of individual countries; the use of non-tariff restrictions as a means of discrimination; a negative impact on imports in individual countries; volatility and uncertainty; a negative impact on the international economy. The positive impact of non-tariff barriers includes: ensuring the safety of products and production processes; ensuring the competitiveness of certain types of goods; increasing the level of national security; ensuring the protection of life and health of people, animals, flora, and the environment; harmonizing national trade with the international system of trade standards. A promising direction of international activity in this area is the development of a Strategy for the implementation of non-tariff regulation of international trade relations at the WTO level, which will contribute to further integration processes in the development of uniform methods and standards in the regulation of international trade and economic relations, will allow unifying and harmonizing the norms of international trade in the field of application of non-tariff barriers. To achieve this goal, the Strategy should include a number of relevant areas of international trade and economic cooperation at all levels.
Copyright in the context of development of generative artificial intelligence tools
Authors: Kulchii O. O.
Published: February 2025

The article addresses fundamental legal issues in the field of intellectual property arising from the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence. It explores the challenges posed to copyright law by the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence technologies. In particular, the study examines the legal regime of objects created with the assistance of artificial intelligence, the legality of using copyright-protected works for training AI models, and specific issues related to the legal personality of AI.
Based on an analysis of international judicial practice and contemporary regulatory instruments, including the recently adopted European Union Artificial Intelligence Regulation, the study examines ambiguous approaches to determining copyright for AI-generated objects. Practical cases from various jurisdictions, including court decisions from the United States and China, are analyzed to illustrate the variability in legal assessments regarding the interaction of intellectual property law and AI.
The article offers an analysis of promising mechanisms for regulating legal relations in the field of study. These include the introduction of a collective rights management system (similar to extended or mandatory collective management), the establishment of mechanisms for fair compensation to rights holders, and the development of technical tools for identifying the origin of content. The study underscores the necessity of balancing the interests of AI technology developers, authors, and society’s technological advancement needs.
The article traces trends in legislative changes in the field of intellectual property and the regulation of artificial intelligence. In particular, it examines the provisions of the Artificial Intelligence Act, which imposes obligations on AI model developers to comply with copyright laws, including the requirement to disclose detailed reports on the content used for training AI models.
The article emphasizes the importance of creating a legal environment that simultaneously fosters technological progress and robustly protects the rights and interests of authors. Effective regulation should be grounded in fundamental principles of fairness, transparency, and comprehensive consideration of the interests of all participants in intellectual property legal relations.
Deceptiveness as a negative criterion for trademark protection
Authors: Pop S. M.
Published: February 2025

This article is dedicated to the analytical and legal exploration of the concept of «deceptiveness of signs» as one of the negative criteria for the registrability of a trademark through the lens of comparative legal research of this definition.
In this study, the possibility of classifying the term «deceptiveness of a sign» within the theoretical and legal research framework as a general legal category is argued, relative to the terms «signs that may mislead concerning goods or services» and «signs that may mislead concerning the person who produces the goods or provides the service».
The article highlights the positive aspects of the changes introduced to Ukrainian legislation, in particular, the elimination of the term «deceptive signs» by Ukrainian legislators.
Within the scope of this article, the content of the concepts of «deceptiveness of signs», «signs that may mislead regarding goods or services» and «signs that may mislead regarding the person who produces the goods or provides the service» has been investigated.
The article discusses the relevant aspects of the European Union’s experience concerning the legal interpretation of the deceptiveness of trademarks in the context of their registrability.
The study outlines the main approaches based on which the issue of the deceptiveness of signs is examined as a criterion for granting or refusing legal protection as a trademark. The author proposes an original approach to the classification of deceptive signs based on criteria such as the subject of deception and the degree of consumer misdirection.
To achieve the goal set, the author used several methods typical of legal science, including system-structural and comparative-legal methods, as well as the dialectical method of legal reality cognition. The research was conducted primarily using the formal-dogmatic method, which enabled the identification and analysis of legal approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of «deceptiveness of signs», «signs that may mislead regarding goods or services» and «signs that may mislead concerning the person who produces the goods or provides the service.» The article also utilized the methods of analysis and synthesis, based on which the author proposed original approaches to classifying deceptive signs based on relevant criteria.
Regulation of inheritance relations in Ukraine and the EU countries
Authors: Bilous T. Y.
Published: February 2025

This article examines the regulation of inheritance relations in Ukraine and the EU countries. The regulatory framework that constitutes inheritance relations in Ukraine and the European Union countries is examined. It is established that inheritance is the transfer of rights and obligations (inheritance) from a deceased individual (testator) to other individuals (heirs). It is investigated that a will is a personal disposition of an individual in the event of his or her death. This is a unilateral transaction, namely an action aimed at acquiring, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations after the opening of the inheritance. A legal analysis of the drawing up of a will is made and the establishment of its invalidity is investigated. The will must meet the requirements for transactions specified in Art. 203 of the Civil Code, in particular regarding form, content, subject composition, etc. A will may be declared invalid due to defects in the subject composition (conclusion of a transaction by a person who does not have the necessary capacity), defects of will (inconsistency of will with the expression of will), defects of form, defects (illegality or immorality) of the content or procedure for concluding a transaction. The invalidity of a will indicates the non-occurrence of legal consequences other than those associated with its invalidity. The invalidity of a will completely, first of all, causes the heir, deprived of the right to inheritance by this will, to have the right to inheritance under the law on general grounds. It has been studied that in Germany, Poland, and France it is allowed to conclude an allographical and extraordinary will. An allographical (handwritten) will is a will completely written by the testator and signed by him. An extraordinary will is a will in extraordinary circumstances) and it is allowed to be made orally in the presence of three or more witnesses. Privileged will – a will of a serviceman; a will during an epidemic; a will made while on an island or overseas departments where there are no notaries; a will made while on the high seas; a will made by a citizen while abroad. In the Republic of Latvia, a will is permitted when, as a single joint act, two or more persons appoint themselves as heirs in relation to each other (the so-called mutual will). The experience of EU countries in the field of inheritance rights is studied and whether it can have a significant impact on the legislation of Ukraine.
Alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care under martial law
Authors: Chornopyska V. Z. , Baіovska Y. Y.
Published: February 2025

The article examines alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care, such as: patronage, adoption, guardianship, foster care, foster families, family-type orphanages in conditions of martial law. The authors analyze the main aspects related to alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care, especially in conditions of martial law.
Special attention is paid to studying the issue of children left without parental care due to hostilities, evacuation, loss of contact with the family or death of parents. Traditional forms of care, such as adoption or placement in orphanages, often face a number of logistical, social and legal obstacles. In such conditions, alternative forms of placement become an important tool for ensuring the well-being and safety of these children.
In addition, an important role in this process is played by the interaction of state structures, public organizations and international partners in creating an effective system of assistance to children. It is important to take into account the need for rapid response, adaptation of the regulatory framework to the challenges of wartime, and development of psychological support for children and families that accept them. Consideration of alternative forms of placement, such as foster families or temporary care, allows ensuring the sustainable development of the child even in the most difficult circumstances.
Unilateral termination of a land lease agreement: problems of law enforcement
Authors: Shymko A.
Published: February 2025

The article comprehensively examines the mechanism of unilateral termination of a land lease agreement in Ukraine. The author substantiates the need to ensure a full-fledged possibility of unilateral termination of a land lease agreement. It is proved that the mechanism of unilateral termination of a land lease agreement ensures the realization of not only the private interests of the parties to the agreement, but also the public interests of the State.
Attention is drawn to the need to improve the legislative framework for unilateral termination of a land lease agreement with a view to ensuring the possibility of out-of-court cancellation of the state registration of the lease right. The author considers the outlined issues in the context of the expediency of unloading the judicial system of Ukraine. The author identifies the incompleteness of legal regulation in this area, which necessitates improvement of current legislation.
The author establishes that unilateral termination of a land lease agreement cannot be fully implemented out of court, since cancellation of the state registration of the lease right on this basis is not provided for by special legislation. It appears that the subjects of state registration still have the authority to cancel the state registration of the lease right in case of unilateral termination on the basis of current legislation. The author concludes that the impossibility of out-of-court cancellation of the state registration of a lease right in connection with a unilateral withdrawal from the contract is significant
The author concludes that the impossibility of out-of-court cancellation of the state registration of the lease right due to unilateral withdrawal from the contract is a significant limitation on the parties exercise of their property rights and derivative rights.
The author suggests ways to improve legislation with a view to ensuring the possibility of unilateral extrajudicial termination of a land lease agreement. The author analyzes the case law in the relevant categories of disputes and highlights the current legal positions of the Supreme Court. The author identifies effective ways of protecting rights in disputes concerning the cancellation of the state registration of the lease right. The author also reveals a complete legal algorithm for exercising the right to unilaterally terminate a land lease agreement in the current conditions and provides legal recommendations for practical application.
Specific issues of modern legal regulation of concession relations under the current legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Turchenko I. V.
Published: February 2025

This article is dedicated to examining specific issues in the legal regulation of concession relations under the current legislation of Ukraine. It addresses key challenges arising during the implementation of concession agreements in Ukraine, including gaps and contradictions in existing legal norms, as well as practical difficulties in applying concession legislation. The impact of current regulatory acts on the development of concession relations is analyzed, and conclusions are drawn on the necessity of improving the legislative framework in the concession sector to create favorable conditions for attracting investments and ensuring the stable functioning of concession objects in Ukraine.
It is also established that the ongoing reform of concession legislation has provided a legal foundation for developing Ukraine’s transport infrastructure based on public-private partnership in the form of concessions. Particular attention is paid to the legal issues of attracting foreign investors. It is determined that, according to the current legislation of Ukraine, only legal entities registered as Ukrainian residents may act as concessionaires, which, in the author’s opinion, restricts the participation of foreign companies in concession projects. This limitation reduces healthy competition and hinders the inflow of foreign investments, which holds strategic importance under Ukraine’s current conditions. Special focus is placed on assessing the legal and economic prerequisites for granting concessions for railway stations as individual infrastructure objects, national highways, port facilities, and other critical elements of Ukraine’s transport infrastructure. Despite their strategic importance, these infrastructure objects could potentially be transferred to private entities under conditions ensuring non-discriminatory access for all users.
This issue underscores the priority task for Ukraine’s legal doctrine: conducting thorough and comprehensive research to evaluate the effectiveness and alignment of proposed approaches with the strategic interests of the state and society. These studies should form the legal foundation for enshrining clear and transparent mechanisms for regulating concession relations in the strategically significant sector of Ukraine’s transport infrastructure.
Further improvement of the economic-legal regulation of concession relations, taking into account the challenges provoked by the war, will contribute to the sustainable development of Ukraine’s transport infrastructure and its entry into international transport markets. Ultimately, this will enhance the competitiveness of Ukraine’s transport sector in global markets and facilitate the integration of domestic infrastructure into the pan-European system, serving as another step toward Ukraine’s EU membership.
Legal regulation of parents’ rights and obligations regarding the child’s property under the legislation of Ukraine and the European Union states: comparative legal study
Authors: Galash A.
Published: February 2025

In the scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the features of the legal regulation of the rights and obligations of parents regarding the child’s property under the legislation of Ukraine and the European Union. The scientific article indicates that to determine the rights and obligations of parents regarding the child’s property, the family legislation of the EU states uses the categories of «custody of the child’s property» or «management of the child’s property» and, as a rule, includes the powers of parents to manage the child’s property, use the income from such management and the child’s funds, however, the exercise of parental rights and the fulfillment of parental duties in this area is limited by the priority of the child’s interests over the interests of other family members (income from assets is primarily spent on managing such assets and supporting the child, and only then - on supporting other family members; property purchased by parents with the child’s funds becomes the child’s property; transactions concluded regarding the child’s property must be concluded in the interests of the child, and in some cases - with the permission of the family court). The family legislation of the EU countries, unlike the family legislation of Ukraine, applies the legal regime of separation of the property of parents and the property of their children. Unlike the family legislation of Ukraine, which provides for the need to provide consent for the conclusion of certain transactions regarding the child’s property by the guardianship and trusteeship authorities, the legislation of the EU countries grants such powers to the family court (Germany), the family judge (France), the family and guardianship court (Poland), the orphan’s court (Latvia), and the general court (Czech Republic, Estonia). French, Latvian, and Polish family legislation specifically define the issue of exercising judicial control over the management of the child’s property by its parents (not only through the mechanism of providing consent to conclude transactions in the interests of the child, but also through the submission of inventories of the property under management, changes to the inventories in the event of a significant change in the value and volume of such property, an annual management report with detailed information on maintenance expenses together with supporting documents for the family judge to verify the appropriateness of the parents’ management of their children’s property). Also interesting is the approach of the Polish and Slovak legislators, which not only determine the need to return the child’s property from the management carried out by its parents, but also determine specific terms of return and the consequences of failure to comply with it.
Ways of digitalization of labour legislation
Authors: Balashova D. D. , Shvets N. M.
Published: February 2025

The article also highlights the potential challenges faced by Ukrainian labour legislation in the context of digitalization, in particular the need to harmonize regulations on the protection of employees in remote employment and to strengthen legal guarantees regarding the storage and processing of personal data. Issues of automation of management processes are considered, which allow to reduce time and resource costs for both employees and employers, and reduce the level of bureaucracy. In addition, ways of increasing the transparency of labour relations through the introduction of digital technologies are being analysed, which will help reduce corruption risks and ensure clearer control over the observance of labour rights. To increase the efficiency of the digitalization process, it is proposed to develop the Instructions “On the procedure for storing and processing personal information in remote work conditions in the Register of Insured Persons of the State Register of Compulsory State Social Insurance”.
Also, amendments are proposed to the Standard Form of an Employment Contract for Remote Work, which was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine dated May 5, 2021 No. 913-21, paragraph 30-1 of the following content: “The employee’s personal data shall be destroyed after the expiration of the period for their storage provided for by law”. The implementation of an electronic monitoring system for labour relations with clear requirements for data confidentiality is being considered, which will allow automating the accounting of working hours and the performance of work tasks, while ensuring the protection of employees’ rights. Attention is being paid to expanding training programs for employees and employers to increase their digital literacy and readiness to work in an electronic document management environment.
Peculiarities of legal regulation of the placement of apiaries on the lands of the forest fund of Ukraine
Authors: Latysheva V. V. , Pustovit I. V.
Published: February 2025

The article examines the legal aspects of the placement of apiaries on the lands of the forest fund of Ukraine, which is of great importance for the development of beekeeping and maintaining ecological stability. Legislative norms are analysed, in particular, the Law of Ukraine «On Beekeeping» and the Forest Code of Ukraine, which regulate the procedure for using land for beekeeping. It is established that forests play a huge role in beekeeping, since a significant part of the forest ecosystems of Ukraine is a high-quality and productive honey collection. Key problems of legal regulation are highlighted, including insufficient regulatory regulation of the criteria for the placement of apiaries and control over their activities.
Particular attention is paid to the impact of martial law on the possibility of placing apiaries in forests, in particular, restrictions introduced to ensure the safety of citizens. It is proposed to review restrictions on the placement of apiaries on forest lands in those regions of Ukraine that are located far from the line of hostilities and from the border with russia and belarus, and in which relative safety can be guaranteed when visiting the forests. The paper substantiates the need to maintain free access to forestlands for beekeepers as a tool to support entrepreneurship in rural areas. This will contribute to the preservation of traditional forms of beekeeping and support for entrepreneurial initiative in rural areas. Regulation of the placement of apiaries should maintain a balance between environmental sustainability, economic interests of beekeepers and social responsibility for the safety of citizens.
Based on the analysis, it is proposed to improve the regulatory and legal regulation of beekeeping through the development of a specialized institute of law in the field of beekeeping, which will ensure the regulation of not only agrarian and legal relations, but also ecological and legal relations and will contribute to the ecological security of the state. The conclusion is made about the feasibility of partially revising the bans on access to forests in safe regions to promote the development of the industry.
Legal mechanisms for environmental protection under martial law
Authors: Yara O. S. , Stasiuk N. A.
Published: February 2025

This article is a comprehensive and thorough study of legal mechanisms for environmental protection under martial law, triggered by Russian aggression against Ukraine. Military actions have caused catastrophic consequences for ecosystems, including air, water, and soil pollution due to the use of explosives and ammunition. The author highlights international legal mechanisms such as the Geneva Conventions, the Rome Statute, and UN Conventions that regulate environmental protection during armed conflicts. The importance of UN resolutions on environmental security in wartime is also noted. Ukrainian legislation, adapted to the conditions of martial law, includes provisions from the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law on Environmental Protection, and other regulatory acts. However, the suspension of environmental impact assessments for certain activities increases ecological risks in the post-war period. Special attention is given to the Law of Ukraine on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts Regarding Environmental Protection and Civil Defense Activities During Martial Law.
Additionally, the author analyzes the state’s strategic initiatives for ecosystem restoration and the implementation of an environmental monitoring system that meets international standards. The article emphasizes the importance of developing climate adaptation measures, promoting environmental education, and enhancing international cooperation. Reports from the Ministry of Environmental Protection confirm progress in implementing these initiatives, including the creation of a greenhouse gas emissions registry.
Based on the research, the author formulates practical recommendations, including strengthening the legal framework, intensifying international cooperation, institutional strengthening, preparing for restoration, and ensuring public oversight. A comprehensive approach to the implementation of these measures will help minimize environmental harm during the war and ensure Ukraine’s sustainable development in the future.
Financial and legal regulation of virtual currency circulation
Authors: Babych E. Yu. , Liptuha V. O.
Published: February 2025

Virtual currencies have become an important part of the modern financial system, influencing economic processes and financial transactions. They include cryptocurrencies and electronic money used for fast and secure transactions. Cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, operate on the basis of decentralized systems and blockchain technology, ensuring transparency and anonymity of payments. At the same time, electronic money is backed by government or financial institutions and is pegged to fiat currencies, which ensures its stability.
The main problem that arises when using virtual currencies is the lack of clear legal regulation, which creates a number of risks for states and users. Today, government agencies need to define the legal status of cryptocurrencies and develop appropriate legislation to regulate their circulation, taxation, and the operation of crypto exchanges. This will help to protect consumer rights and prevent financial crimes such as money laundering, tax evasion and terrorist financing.
Virtual currencies open up new opportunities for global markets by lowering transaction costs and reducing the need for financial intermediaries. However, their anonymity and lack of proper regulation pose significant challenges to public financial systems that seek to ensure economic stability and financial transparency.
Virtual currencies are creating a new model of commodity-money relations, which simultaneously brings new opportunities for businesses and citizens and challenges for government agencies. They reduce transaction costs, allow for quick payments, and facilitate access to international markets. However, the lack of clear regulations and oversight leads to risks that threaten economic stability and consumer rights. The development of an effective regulatory framework is essential to mitigate these risks and to the development of virtual currencies in the future.
This article analyzes the key issues of legal regulation of virtual currencies, as well as the prospects for their development based on current legislation.
Limits for artificial intelligence freedom and the initiatives of the Future of Life Institute
Authors: Kosheliev H. , Hachkevych A.
Published: February 2025

Discussions about the freedom of artificial intelligence revolve around differing views on the importance of technological progress versus traditional social values protected by the law. Striking a balance between these two aspects is crucial for addressing the challenges of artificial intelligence governance. This issue has become increasingly relevant over the past two to three years, particularly with the rise of generative artificial intelligence. This article aims to define the preconditions and limitations of artificial intelligence that should underlie a state policy in this area. To illustrate the point at which restrictions may become excessive, the authors examine the initiatives of the Future of Life Institute, a respected non-profit organization focused on cutting-edge technologies. The open letters compiled, published, and circulated for signatures by this organization highlight key restrictions on artificial intelligence. These include: a suspension of the training of advanced AI systems more powerful than GPT-4, the establishment of a distinct set of guidelines, e.g. the Asilomar Principles for Artificial Intelligence, and a prohibition on lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS) that can strike without human supervision. Additionally, the open letters emphasize the necessity of conducting in-depth studies on artificial intelligence as a phenomenon. Special focus is given to the Future of Life Institute, which is relatively unknown in Ukrainian academic circles. Founded about a decade ago, it seeks to ensure that modern technologies are utilized in an effective and balanced manner. The study’s results offer a valuable framework for understanding both the real and potential dangers associated with the freedom of artificial intelligence and unrestricted technological advancement. This highlights the seriousness of the issue covered in this article. In addition, the authors have prepared a timeline designed for the systematization of the open letters of the Future of Life Institute related to artificial intelligence that have been published over the past ten years.
Comparative Analysis of Lexico-Functional Peculiarities of Conjunctions Connecting Words and Phrases in English and Tajik (on the example of “Reminiscences” by S. Aini)
Authors:   Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov, Ashrapov Bahodurjon
Published: February 2025

The given article dwells on the comparative analysis of the lexico-functional peculiarities of conjunctions connecting words and phrases in English and Tajik, exemplified by Sadriddin Aini’s “Reminiscences”. The study demonstrates how conjunctions operate at various levels: connecting clauses, phrases, and words, as well as contributing to overall textual coherence. The use of relevant examples from the text under study allows for a better and more comprehensive understanding of the diverse communicative contexts in which these words operate. Furthermore, conjunctions emerge as more than mere grammatical devices; they are crucial in shaping meaning and enabling nuanced discourse.
Narrative Chromaticism in History
Authors:   University. Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Gjorgjieva-Dimova Marija
Published: February 2025

Starting from the premise about the actuality of the interdiscursive relations between literature and history in the contemporary Macedonian novel, the purpose of this text is to elaborate and confirm that thesis through the interpretation of the novel Bruno I boite by the Macedonian authoress Kalina Maleska. The theoretical framework of the research is related to the Elisabeth Wesseling’s and Brian McHale’s concept of postmodernist historical novel that will be interpretatively applied to Maleska’s novel. The interpretive focus is placed on two levels: 1. On the genre variations of the postmodernist historical novel, embodied in the “making history” model; 2. on the epistemological and ontological themes in the Maleska’s novel and the metafictional narrative strategies through which those themes are articulated in the novel.
Work Program of the Discipline (Module) “Specialty ‘Russian as a Foreign Language’ at the Philological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (linguistic aspect)”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Pankov Fedor , Barkhudarova Elena ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chaplygina Tatiana ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: February 2025

The paper deals with the analysis of discipline curriculum “ ‘Russian as a Foreign Language’ at the Faculty of Philology of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Linguistic Aspect)”, which was developed by teachers of the Department of Didactic Linguistics and Theory of Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language for the 270th jubilee of Lomonosov Moscow State University and includes three main linguistic parts: phonetic, lexicological and grammatical. Тhe course is designed to introduce students to the history of the development of the specialty “Russian as a Foreign Language” and give them an idea of the linguistic foundations of teaching the Russian language in a foreign language audience. The history and methodology of studying Russian as a foreign language are presented in the course in inextricable unity, which is extremely important for the training of specialists in this field – linguists and methodologists.
Derivatives from the Abbreviations in the Theory and Practice of Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Eremeeva Daria
Published: February 2025

The article considers derivatives from the abbreviations as lexemes that are widely used and that didn’t appear easy in a foreign audience.
BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STRESS LEVELS OF GLASS EEL (Anguilla sp.) IN THE SOUTHERN ESTUARIES OF SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA
Authors: Larasati Aulia Nur , Affandi Ridwan , Kamal Mohammad Mukhlis , Wildan Dudi Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Palabuhanratu Bay is the terminating flow for some rivers, i.e. the Cimandiri River, Ciletuh River, Cikaso River, and Cibuni River, where the estuary is the entry route for glass eels (Anguilla spp.) or fish seeds from sea waters to these estuaries. Different rivers have different water quality conditions that may imply differences in the quality and quantity of eels entering the estuary. This research aims to determine locations with superior seeds, and seeds with low quality based on studying biometric characteristics and stress levels of eel seeds in several estuaries in the south of Sukabumi, West Java. The information gathered is subject to determining the highly recommended use of glass eels as seeds in eel aquaculture, as well as determining the area where habitat rehabilitation and conservation. The research was carried out in four locations, namely the Cimandiri, Ciletuh, Cibuni, and Cikaso River Estuaries, from December 2021 to January 2022, the peak time for eel seed migration. The parameters observed include water physics and chemistry, biometrics, and blood glucose. The research results show that each location has different physical and chemical water parameter values but has relatively the same stress level. The best biometric value of eel fish seeds was found in eel seeds originating from the Cimandiri River, while the lowest one was at the mouth of the Cibuni River. Therefore, eels that are suitable for cultivation activities come from the Cimandiri River Estuary, while the eel location that needs conservation is the Cibuni River Estuary.
DETERMINING GROSS TONNAGE OF PURSE SEINERS USING A PHYSICAL MODELING APPROACH IN TEGAL, CENTRAL JAVA
Authors: Suharyanto Suharyanto , Sari Ratih Purnama , Akbar R. Mohamad Adha , Krisnafi Yaser , Kusumo Tonny
Published: February 2025

The research was carried out at the dock and shipping companies, PT. Indonesian Fisheries, PT. Tiara, and village cooperative unit (KUD) Karya Mina, at Tegal, Central Java, in October 2023. The research aims to determine the percentage change in shape of the ship’s hull below deck, Cb (coefficient block) and GT (gross tonnage) values of purse seiners in the Tegal using a physical model that is dipped in water. The Cb and GT values research was focused on KM. Himalaya SB with 84.44% accuracy. The results at the three dock and shipping companies showed that the change in the shape of the ship’s hull below deck, on average, in part I, II, III, IV, and V were 14%, 20%, 30%, 11%, and 25%, respectively, and in the case of KM. Himalaya SB part I, II, III, IV, and V were 15%, 18%, 29%, 9%, and 29%, respectively. The shape was dominated by shapes III and V. The ones that increase Cb and GT values were shape III with a U shape. The results of the average percentage change in shape for 6 ships, including the case example purse seiner, have a pattern that tends to be the same. The Cb value obtained from the experimental results was 0.82 > 0.70 from the "f" factor coefficient according to Minister of Transportation Regulation Number 8 of 2013. Based on the GT calculation, it was obtained that the value increased by 17% when compared to the regulation.