bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The connection between carrier lifetime and doping density in nondegenerate semiconductors
Authors: Landsberg Peter T. , Kousik Ganesh S.
Published: February 2003

It is assumed that there exists a temperature Tf at which dominant recombination centers in the form of electrically neutral, mechanical defects (e.g., vacancies) are frozen into a semiconductor matrix. For this process we assume an Arrhenius-type law with an activation energy. From this assumption there follows by standard semiconductor statistics the doping dependencies of (a) the defect concentration and (b) the minority carrier lifetimes. The analysis can in principle be applied to any defect in any semiconductor which satisfies the above assumptions, provided the cross sections and related data are known. For the case of silicon we have deduced a set of parameters to fit the optimal experimental lifetimes. Assuming the unknown defects to have two charge states, neutral and negative, it is inferred that the levels lie near midgap and have recombination coefficients of order 10−9 cm3 s−1.
Electron tunneling in heavily In-doped polycrystalline CdS films
Authors: Garcia-Cuenca M. V. , Morenza J. L. , Esteve J.
Published: February 2003

The electrical properties of heavily In-doped polycrystalline CdS films have been studied as a function of the doping level. The films were prepared by vacuum coevaporation of CdS and In. Conductivity and Hall measurements were performed over the temperature range 77–400 K. The conductivity decreases weakly with the temperature and shows a tendency towards saturation at low temperatures. A simple relationship σ=σ0(1+βT2) is found in the low-temperature range. The temperature dependence of the mobility is similar to that of the conductivity since the Hall coefficient is found to be a constant in the whole temperature range. We interpret the experimental results in terms of a modified version of grain-boundary trapping Seto’s model, taking into account thermionic emission and tunneling of carriers through the potential barriers. The barriers are found to be high and narrow, and tunneling becomes the predominating transport mechanism.
Density of states at the interface between semi-insulating polycrystalline and single crystal silicon
Authors: Taylor D. M. , Tong D. W.
Published: February 2003

C-V and G-V measurements have been carried out on metal/semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon (SIPOS)/silicon structures. From the results a density-of-states curve for the SIPOS/silicon interface was constructed. The density of interface states can be as high as ∼1×1013 cm−2 eV−1, but falling to ∼3×1011 cm−2 eV−1 at about 0.1 eV from midgap.
Silicon oxynitride films prepared by plasma nitridation of silicon and their application for tunnel metal-insulator-silicon diodes
Authors: Hezel R. , Meisel T. , Streb W.
Published: February 2003

Silicon oxynitride films in the thickness range 1–6 nm have been prepared by nitridation of silicon in a NH3/H2 plasma at a temperature of 340 °C. An O/N ratio of 1.5 and a significantly smaller amount of excess silicon compared to ultrathin thermal silicon oxide films was found by Auger electron spectroscopy. Silicon oxynitride films of only 1.3 nm in thickness turned out to be good oxidation barriers up to 980 °C and revealed excellent resistance against electron irradiation. Aluminum/silicon oxynitride/p-silicon and aluminum/silicon oxide/p-silicon tunnel metal-insulator-silicon (MIS) diodes were prepared and a nearly identical I-V behavior was observed. However, significantly increased stability of the tunnel MIS diodes with silicon oxynitride was found after life testing at 250 °C. For the two diode structures the different behavior of both series and shunt resistance during the heat treatment is discussed.
Localized field ion emission using adsorbed hydrogen films on 〈110〉-oriented tungsten field emitters
Authors: Schwoebel Paul , Hanson Gary
Published: February 2003

Growth of microstructures on the surface of thermally annealed 〈110〉-oriented tungsten field emitters is reported to occur in association with local field electron stimulated desorption of physisorbed hydrogen films. Localized electron stimulated desorption of the hydrogen film and the simultaneous local increase of the electron emission to values greater than 104 A/cm2 activate surface rearrangement and the growth of microstructures in the region bounded by the film. Growth of a single 0.02-μm-wide structure by this means and imaging in a low-field (1 V/Å) regime of the field ion microscope provides a stable beam of hydrogen (H+2) ion current of 15 nA in half-angular apertures of 0.016 rad.
Electrical properties of ( p)Te-( p)Si isotype heterojunction
Authors: Mansingh A. , Garg A. K.
Published: February 2003

The ( p) tellurium-( p) silicon heterojunction has been prepared by vacuum evaporation of tellurium (Te) films on silicon (Si) substrates. The influence of the thickness (1000–13000 Å) and annealing on the electrical properties of the films and heterojunction properties have been investigated. The films prepared on heated substrates (∼425 K) show the properties of the annealed films and good adherance on Si substrates. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the ( p)Te-( p)Si heterojunction have been studied in the temperature range 77 to about 360 K. The I-V characteristics show a double saturation indicating the applicability of double Schottky diode model for isotype heterojunctions when large density of interface states (∼1014) are present. The film thickness and resistivity of the Si (0.4–11 Ω cm) show little influence on the I-V characteristics or builtin potential estimated from the temperature dependence of I-V characteristics. In spite of large difference in band gap of Si and Te the estimated builtin potential on Si (VD1) is only slightly higher than on Te (VD2) side. This suggests that the heterojunction properties are mainly controlled by the interface states. The large interface states in Te-Si heterojunction make the double Schottky diode model valid even when the carrier concentration of Te is more than three orders of magnitude higher than that of Si.
The “Metaphor of Life”: Herder’s Philosophy of History and Uneven Developments in Late Eighteenth‐Century Natural Sciences
Authors: Palti Elías
Published: March 2003

The origins of the evolutionary concept of history have normally been associated with the development of an organicist notion of society. The meaning of this notion, in turn, has been assumed as something perfectly established and clear, almost self‐evident. This assumption has prevented any close scrutiny of it. As this article tries to show, the idea of “organism” that underlies the emergence of the evolutionary concept of history, far from being “self‐evident,” has an intricate history and underwent a number of radical and successive redefinitions from the mid‐eighteenth century up to approximately 1830 (the heyday of Romanticism and the period in which the first modern “philosophies of history” took form). More specifically, this paper traces some of these transformations in order to contextualize and shed some new light on Herder's philosophy of history and the complex process of its inception—a process that was not concluded by the end of his intellectual career. As the article shows, Herder did not actually succeed in solving some key problems involved in an evolutionary concept of history. The difficulties he found were analogous to those that emerged at that very moment in the development of a dynamic, onto‐genetical theory (that is, a theory of the embryo's transformation), and both were ultimately linked to the combination of some uneven developments produced in the natural sciences of that time. Herder's philosophy of history thus appears as a paradoxical (and highly unusual, seen from a epistemological point of view) case of a system of thought that formulates problems which it is still radically unable to solve, lacking the tools to devise a possible solution for them.
Carl Schorske's Theory and Practice
Authors: Tholfsen Trygve R.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Thinking with History. Explorations in the Passage to Modernism, by Carl E. Schorske
Ideology, Semiotics, and Clifford Geertz: Some Russian Reflections
Authors: Zorin Andrey
Published: March 2003

This article, written by a Russian cultural historian, analyzes the concept of “ideology” in the work of Clifford Geertz and his role in understanding the figurative nature of ideology as a cultural system. The author compares Geertz's semiotic approach to culture with the semiotics of culture developed by Russian theorists, particularly Yuri Lotman, showing the convergence and divergence of the two different national traditions. This understanding of the nature and functions of ideology opens new possibilities for discussing the tortured relations of ideology and literature, showing the way fiction can affect the formation of ideological systems and influence practical politics. The analysis is illustrated by examples from Russian political life of the 1990s,when revolutionary changes demanded new sets of ideological metaphors that in their turn shaped the direction of events.
Paul Fussell's The Great War and Modern Memory: Twenty‐five Years Later
Authors: Smith Leonard V.
Published: March 2003

This article probes some of the issues The Great War and Modern Memory raises today, whether by Fussell himself, by critics at the time of its original publication, or by rereading the book anew now, in the context of a veritable renaissance in the study of World War I and of the revolution effected by the “literary turn” in historical study. I situate Fussell's book against the backdrop of three foundational works or points of view in cultural history that came to the forefront after 1975. My purpose is not to chide Fussell for failing to anticipate the future directions of the cultural history of war, but rather to show how his work fits into the development of that history.

I argue that The Great War andModern Memory itself became a lieu de mémoire or “site ofmemory” of the Great War. But like many very successful works, Fussell's bookbecame famous not exclusively or even primarily because of its originality, but because of itsability to reformulate or reinscribe pre‐existing ways of understanding. As critic and as veteran,Fussell reasserted the “evidence of experience” as the cornerstone of war writingin the twentieth century. In addition, some of the impact of The Great War and ModernMemory can be explained by the way it supported the most venerable narrative explanationof the Great War, that of tragedy.
On Some Problems with Weak Intentionalism for Intellectual History
Authors: Brown Vivienne
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that the notion of weak intentionalism in Mark Bevir's The Logic of the History of Ideas is incoherent. Bevir's proposal for weak intentionalism as procedural individualism relies on the argument that the object of study for historians of ideas is given by the beliefs that are expressed by individuals (whether authors or readers) since these beliefs constitute the historical meaning of the work for those individuals as historical figures. Historical meanings are thus hermeneutic meanings. In the case of insincere, unconscious, and irrational beliefs, however, the beliefs expressed by individuals are not in fact their actual beliefs, and their actual beliefs are now taken to be those expressed by the works. It thus turns out that it is not the beliefs expressed by individuals that are the object of study for historians but the works themselves, since the overriding requirement for historians of ideas is to “make sense of their material” and it is this requirement that determines whether or not the beliefs are to be construed as expressed by individuals or by the works. But once it is accepted that the beliefs that are the object of study for historians are expressed by the works and not by individuals, the original argument that such beliefs are historical hermeneutic meanings for historical figures no longer applies. The argument for weak intentionalism thus turns out to be incoherent. Bevir's argument fails to establish that the object of study for the history of ideas is external to the works, and the attempted distinction between interpreting a work and reading a text also fails.
History and Holocaust Representation
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Michael Rothberg, Traumatic Realism: The Demands of Holocaust Representation
Models, Narratives, and French Ways off Doing
Authors: Carrard Philippe
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Jean‐Yves Grenier, Claude Grignon, and Pierre‐Michel Menger, eds., Le Modèle et le récit
Toward Flexible Industrial Relations? Neo‐Liberalism, Democracy, and Labor Reform in Latin America
Authors: Cook Maria Lorena
Published: March 2003

Neo‐liberal economic reforms have placed significant pressure on traditional industrial relations systems throughout Latin American. In this context, most countries have revised their basic labor legislation. Yet, despite similar economic pressures, countries have moved in varying directions in revising their labor laws, and industrial relations systems remain highly diverse. This paper focuses on democratization, institutional legacies, the role of organized labor, and the political negotiations surrounding labor law changes to help explain this diversity.
Mathematical College Majors and the Gender Gap in Wages
Authors: Weinberger Catherine J.
Published: March 2003

College graduates with mathematical college majors earn more than other college graduates. Women are less likely than men to pursue mathematical college majors. This does not, however, explain the entire gender wage differential. In a representative cross section of recent college graduates, women earn 9 percent less than men with equally mathematical college majors. The gender wage disadvantage faced by women with technical college majors is no larger than that faced by women with nontechnical college majors.
Where the Grass Is Greener: Voluntary Turnover and Wage Premiums
Authors: Kim Marlene
Published: March 2003

Standard economic and compensation theories suggest that voluntary turnover should decline when a firm pays wages that are higher than those of its competitors. Turnover behavior in the State of California's Civil Service, however, does not support this prediction. Using a fixed‐effects estimator to control for job‐specific characteristics, I find that the wages California pays relative to those of its competitors has little or no effect on turnover. In addition, estimates of the elasticity of turnover with respect to alternative wages indicate that higher wage rates do not pay for themselves through lower turnover costs. Instead, the absolute wage level and wage growth have large effects. In other words, it appears that workers are less likely to quit jobs that pay high wages and have larger wage increases no matter how their wages compare with those paid by other employers.
A Segmented Model of Union Participation
Authors: Flood Patrick , Turner Thomas , Willman Paul
Published: March 2003

This article presents and explores a model of union participation using union orientation as a segmenting criterion. Union orientation is shown to have a strong relationship with participation rates. The relationship between union segmentation, social networks, and political socialization is explored. The implications of this approach for union policy are explored.
The Performance Effects of Human Resource Practices: The Case of Interclub Networks in Professional Baseball, 1919–1940
Authors: Olson Craig A. , Schwab Andreas
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the performance effects of two industry‐specific human resource management innovations that dramatically changed the way professional baseball teams selected and trained ballplayers. In the early part of this century, major league clubs developed and refined two player‐development practices based on “reserve team” and “farm team” systems. We use a panel data set of the win/lose records for the population of 16 major league clubs for the seasons from 1919 through 1940 to test hypotheses about the effect of human resource practices on organizational performance. The results suggest that the reserve team practice had no significant impact on organizational performance. In contrast, the more complex farm‐team system, pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals, improved organizational performance and diffused rapidly throughout the league. We estimate that by 4 years after its creation, the farm‐team system improved a team's win rate by 0.068 points relative to nonadopters of the farm‐team system and teams with less than 4 years of prior experience with a farm‐team system. The results also show that the farm‐team effect was not confined to St. Louis but also was experienced by later adopters. These results contribute to the growing literature showing a positive effect of human resource policies on organizational performance. The results also illustrate the important role the external environment plays in shaping this relationship (e.g., legal restrictions to labor mobility).
The Local Union Revisited: New Voices from the Front Lines
Authors: Rubinstein Saul A.
Published: March 2003

This article revisits the description of local unions published in 1953 by Sayles and Strauss to see if locals in firms now transforming to meet the needs of the current economic environment also are changing in important ways. Locals are increasingly involved in areas of work previously considered the exclusive domain of management. These additional roles and responsibilities have required local leaders to develop new capacities that better fit current institutional needs.
The Social Ecology of Residential Pattern and Memberships In Immigrant Churches
Authors: Ebaugh Helen Rose , O’Brien Jennifer , Slatzman Chafetz Janet
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we utilize GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping data to locate eleven immigrant congregations and the residential addresses of their members in Houston, Texas. Combining this information with ethnographic data allows us to understand how ecological variables impact organizationalcharacteristics of religious institutions. Specifically, we combine GIS and ethnographic data on immigrant congregations in Houston, Texas, to analyze characteristics that make them more parish or niche‐like in structure. We demonstrate that the combination of GIS techniques and standard field methods yields the greatest potential to provide a comprehensive understanding of what congregations mean to their members.
The Effects of Tragedies and Contradictions on Religion as a Quest
Authors: Krauss Stephen W. , Flaherty Robert W.
Published: March 2003

The present study was designed to investigate the differential influences of exposure to life tragedies and religious contradictions on the tendency to engage in religious questioning (quest orientation). A replication and extension of a study by Burris, Jackson, Tarpley, and Smith (1996) was conducted to determine whether exposure to religious contradictions alone or life tragedies alone would influence quest orientation. Additional experimental conditions attempted to address Batson's (1982) theoretical position that quest orientation results “from a process of cognitive restructuring in response to existential questions” (p. 162). The results replicated Burris et al. (1996) and also showed that exposure to tragedy alone led to increases in quest orientation. The results did not support the idea that exposure to contradictions increased quest orientation. Unexpectedly, some evidence was found that exposure to tragedy influenced extrinsic orientation.
Abuse History, World Assumptions, and Religious Problem Solving
Authors: Webb Marcia , Otto Whitmer Kara J.
Published: March 2003

At a Christian university, 167 subjects completed questionnaires measuring worldview assumptions, religious problem solving, physical and emotional abuse, and subjects' beliefs about whether they had been “abused.” Results indicated that worldview assumptions were not related to actual abuse histories. Instead, such assumptions were related to the subjects' beliefs that they had been abused. Subjects who believed that they had been abused had more negative views of the impersonal world, people, and themselves; they were also more likely to see events as random. Both actual abuse history and subjects' beliefs that they had been abused were related to religious problem‐solving styles. Finally, problem‐solving styles were related to various worldview assumptions. Results are discussed in terms of previous research on abuse and in the psychology of religion.
Does Risk Sharing Motivate Interdealer Trading?
Authors: REISS PETER C. , WERNER INGRID M.
Published: March 2003

We use unique data from the London Stock Exchange to test whether interdealer trade facilitates inventory risk sharing among dealers. We develop a methodology that focuses on periods of “extreme” inventories—inventory cycles. We further distinguish between inventory cycles that are unanticipated and those that are anticipated because of “worked” orders. The pattern of interdealer trade during inventory cycles matches theoretical predictions for the direction of trade and the inventories of trade counterparts. We also show that London dealers receive higher trading revenues for taking larger positions.
Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth: The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors
Authors: Barber Brad M. , Odean Terrance
Published: March 2003

Individual investors who hold common stocks directly pay a tremendous performance penalty for active trading. Of 66,465 households with accounts at a large discount broker during 1991 to 1996, those that trade most earn an annual return of 11.4 percent, while the market returns 17.9 percent. The average household earns an annual return of 16.4 percent, tilts its common stock investment toward high‐beta, small, value stocks, and turns over 75 percent of its portfolio annually. Overconfidence can explain high trading levels and the resulting poor performance of individual investors. Our central message is that trading is hazardous to your wealth.
Multiple versus Single Banking Relationships: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Detragiache Enrica , Garella Paolo , Guiso Luigi
Published: March 2003

A theory of the optimal number of banking relationships is developed and tested using matched bank‐firm data. According to the theory, relationship banks may be unable to continue funding profitable projects owing to internal problems and a firm may thus have to refinance from nonrelationship banks. The latter, however, face an adverse selection problem, as they do not know the quality of the project, and may refuse to lend. In these circumstances, multiple banking can reduce the probability of an early liquidation of the project. The empirical evidence supports the predictions of the model.
Feedback from Stock Prices to Cash Flows
Authors: Subrahmanyam Avanidhar , Titman Sheridan
Published: March 2003

Feedback from financial market prices to cash flows arises when a firm's nonfinancial stakeholders, for example, its customers, employees, and suppliers, make decisions that are contingent on the information revealed by the price. Complementarities across stakeholders result in cascades, wherein relatively small stock price moves trigger substantial changes in asset values. This paper analyzes the relation between such feedback effects and parameters such as the information cost, the volatility of existing projects, the risk aversion of liquidity suppliers, and the precision of managerial information.
Valuation of the Debt Tax Shield
Authors: Kemsley Deen , Nissim Doron
Published: March 2003

In this study, we use cross‐sectional regressions to estimate the value of the debt tax shield. Recognizing that debt is correlated with the value of operations along nontax dimensions, we estimate reverse regressions in which we regress future profitability on firm value and debt rather than regressing firm value on debt and profitability. Reversing the regressions mitigates bias and facilitates the use of market information to control for differences in risk and expected growth. Our estimated value for the debt tax shield is approximately 40 percent (10 percent) of debt balances (firm value), net of the personal tax disadvantage of debt.
Differences of Opinion and the Cross Section of Stock Returns
Authors: Diether Karl B. , Malloy Christopher J. , Scherbina Anna
Published: March 2003

We provide evidence that stocks with higher dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts earn lower future returns than otherwise similar stocks. This effect is most pronounced in small stocks and stocks that have performed poorly over the past year. Interpreting dispersion in analysts forecasts as a proxy for differences in opinion about a stock, we show that this evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that prices will reflect the optimistic view whenever investors with the lowest valuations do not trade. By contrast, our evidence is inconsistent with a view that dispersion in analysts' forecasts proxies for risk.
Actual Share Reacquisitions in Open‐Market Repurchase Programs
Authors: Stephens Clifford P. , Weisbach Michael S.
Published: March 2003

Unlike Dutch auction repurchases and tender offers, open‐market repurchase programs do not precommit firms to acquire a specified number of shares. In a sample of 450 programs from 1981 to 1990, firms on average acquire 74 to 82 percent of the shares announced as repurchase targets within three years of the repurchase announcement. We find that share repurchases are negatively related to prior stock price performance, suggesting that firms increase their purchasing depending on its degree of perceived undervaluation. In addition, repurchases are positively related to levels of cash flow, which is consistent with liquidity arguments.
Total Factor Productivity in the Contiguous United States, 1977–1986
Authors: Domazlicky Bruce R. , Weber William L.
Published: March 2003

A linear programming technique is used to measure total factor productivity change in the contiguous 48 states during the period 1977 to 1986. The technique allows the decomposition of productivity change into its constituent parts: technological change, changes in pure technical efficiency, and changes in scale economies. This decomposition is used to identify “innovative” states that are pushing out the production frontier as opposed to states that are primarily in the process of ‘catching‐up.’
The Effect of Hedonic Migration Decisions and Region‐Specific Amenities on Industrial Location: Could Silicon Valley Be in South Dakota?
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the effect of hedonic migration decisions and regional amenities on industrial location. Labor‐intensive firms bifurcate into companies that follow the workers completely to the most attractive places, and companies which engage in a trade‐off between “following” and “compensation for disamenities.” In the latter case, regional amenities induce three distinct location patterns: (a) a concentration of firms where the level of amenities is rapidly changing, (b) a gradual change of industrial composition at intermediate locations, and (c) a concentration of specific industries at the periphery of high‐amenity areas. These patterns explain some of the controversial empirical findings about regional amenities and migration.
The Welfare Economics of Rural‐To‐Urban Migration: The Harris‐Todaro Model Revisited
Authors: Krichel Thomas , Levine Paul
Published: March 2003

In this paper we extend the Harris‐Todaro model of rural‐to‐urban migration to include urban agglomeration effects, some urban real wage flexibility, and a government budget constraint. Without employment subsidies laissez‐faire migration is excessive unless real wage flexibility and agglomeration effects are high. Laissez‐faire migration is too low compared with the first‐best outcome supported by a subsidy, if its financing involves no costs. Simulations suggest that such a program would imply a substantial increase in taxation. If, as seems likely, an increase of this magnitude involves economic costs then the optimal outcome falls well short of first‐best.
An Application of Canonical Correlation Analysis in Regional Science: TheInterrelationships Between Transport and Development in China's Zhujiang Delta
Authors: Loo Becky P.Y.
Published: March 2003

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has the ability to deal with two sets of multivariate variables simultaneously and to produce both structural and spatial meanings. In view of the valuable insights to be gained, in this paper I examine the potential applications of CCA in regional science by describing its algorithm in a regional or spatial context. Next, I apply CCA to explore the mutually interdependent relationship between transport and development inChina's Zhujiang Delta. The results highlight the utility of CCA in revealing the structural and spatial patterns of two dominant and four subdominant transport‐development relationships in this growing region of China.
Housing Market Dynamics Under Stochastic Growth: An Application to the Housing Market in Boulder, Colorado
Authors: Riddel Mary
Published: March 2003

Recent housing‐market studies have modeled slow stock and price adjustment with some success. However, the empirical procedures used in these models break down if housing stocks or prices are driven by stochastic growth. In this paper I suggest an error‐correction model for analyzing housing supply and demand under conditions of stochastic growth for a regional housing market. The model is applied to the housing market in Boulder, Colorado from 1981 through 1995—a period of rapid growth in housing values in the area. Long‐run housing supply and demand are shown to be inelastic with respect to changes in the price of housing. The results indicate that developers respond more accurately to housing‐market disequilibrium attributable to supply‐side disturbances than to disturbances generated by changes in the demand for housing. On the other hand, price appreciation is driven primarily by demand disturbances.
Gender, Self‐Esteem, and Focus of Interest in the Use of Power Strategies by Adolescents in Conflict Situations Schwarzwald and Koslowsky
Authors: Schwarzwald Joseph , Koslowsky Meni
Published: March 2003

Considerable evidence indicates that an individual's preference of power strategies for gaining compliance is associated with personal and social variables that may affect the quality of the relationship between the parties involved. This study examined how adolescents manage conflict situations and tested the importance of personal and situational characteristics in choosing power strategies for influencing others. Using Raven's (1992, 1993) power interaction model of interpersonal influence, hypotheses regarding the relationship between gender, self‐esteem, and focus of interest (self versus group), on the one hand, and power choice, on the other hand, were formulated. Eighth graders (N = 356) were given scenarios of conflict situations and were asked to indicate the extent to which they would resort to each of the power strategies listed in the questionnaire to influence the other party in the scenario. Gender and focus of interest explained most of the observed variance. Boys, as compared to girls, indicated greater influence attempts regardless of strategy type. Adolescents with a self‐interest focus, as compared to those with a group interest focus, resorted more to coercion and less to dependence. Low‐self‐esteem adolescents preferred reciprocity when compared with high‐self‐esteem ones. Because gender differences explained the bulk of the variance, the discussion emphasized social ramifications concerning cross‐cultural differences and gender role development as they relate to power strategy preferences.
Attitudes Toward the Poor and Attributions for Poverty
Authors: Cozzarelli Catherine , Wilkinson Anna V. , Tagler Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Prior psychological research on attitudes toward the poor has focused almost exclusively on the attributions people make to explain why individuals are poor (e.g., Smith & Stone, 1989; Zucker & Weiner, 1993). The goal of the current study was to investigate the relationships among feelings about the poor and poverty, stereotypes of the poor, attributions for poverty, and sociopolitical ideologies (as assessed by the Protestant Ethic, Belief in a Just World, and Right Wing Authoritarianism Scales). In our Midwestern college sample (n = 209), attitudes toward the poor were found to be significantly more negative than attitudes toward the middle class. In addition, participants were most likely to blame poor people them‐selves for their poverty. However, attitudes toward the poor and attributions for the causes of poverty were found to vary among individuals from different sociodemographic backgrounds and by degree of endorsement of Protestant ethic, just world, and authoritarianism beliefs. Few gender differences were obtained.
Chapter One: The Study of Time Talk in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Early Studies of Verbal Morphology , p.4

The Morpheme Order Studies, p.4

Phonetic Constraints, p.6

Investigating the Expression of Temporality, p.10

Methods of Research and Analysis, p.14

Overview of the Book, p.16
Multidimensional Project‐Based Teaching in French Second Language (FSL): A Process‐Product Case Study
Authors: Turnbull Miles
Published: March 2003

The study describes the pedagogical approaches of 4 Grade 9 core French teachers and compares students' results on tests of general French proficiency and achievement tests, based on the objectives of a multidimensional project‐based instructional unit used by all 4 teachers during the time I observed them. The observation data suggest that the 4 teacher participants were implementing this new multidimensional project‐based approach in very different ways in their core French classes. Two teachers were classified as multidimensional project‐based and 2 as less‐multidimensional. Students from the multidimensional project‐based classes obtained higher test scores than those in the less‐multidimensional classes on some components of the French proficiency and achievement tests. It was not possible to conclude with certainty that project‐based multidimensional teaching was the single cause of superior test performance by the students from the multidimensional project‐based classes. Student involvement in curriculum decisions, a dual form‐meaning focus, and teachers' uses of French are discussed as possible confounding factors.
The Rating of Direct and Semi‐Direct Oral Proficiency Interviews: Comparing Performance at Lower Proficiency Levels
Authors: Kenyon Dorry M. , Tschirner Erwin
Published: March 2003

As states and universities institute oral proficiency requirements with vast numbers of students to be tested, there is a need to investigate effective alternatives to the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) that allow group testing. This article reports on a study comparing student performances and test reliabilities for the German Speaking Test (GST) developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics, a semi‐direct tape‐mediated oral proficiency test, and the ACTFL OPI. Both the GST and a German OPI were administered as final oral exams to a randomly selected group of 20 students (out of a total of 59 students) enrolled in a fourth‐semester German course at a large Midwestern university. The OPI levels of the students tested ranged from Novice High (n= 5) and Intermediate Low (n= 9) to Intermediate Mid (n= 6). At these 3 levels, final ratings on the GST and the OPI agreed with each other perfectly in 90% of the cases. There were only 2 one‐step disagreements, both involving students who were rated Novice High on the ACTFL OPI, but who received other ratings on the GST. Although the results indicated a high score equivalency between ACTFL proficiency ratings obtained on both tests, this study underscores the pressing need for double ratings and arbitration procedures in high stakes testing situations.
Observational Weighting Considerations In GPS Aerial Triangulation
Authors: Fraser C. S.
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses aspects of relative observational weighting for GPS camera station positions, ground control and image co‐ordinate data in GPS aerial triangulation. Weighting implications for different control point and drift parameter scenarios are discussed, a two stage adjustment/transformation procedure is proposed and the implications of observational weighting on triangulation precision are reviewed. Bundle block adjustment results from a 626 photograph, 1650 point GPS aerial triangulation project are presented to illustrate the outcomes of different weighting and ground control strategies.
Innovations in Automation for Vision Metrology Systems
Authors: Fraser C. S.
Published: March 2003

The advantages of vision metrology (VM) systems over their film‐based counterparts, in terms of the degree of automation within the measurement process, were initially confined to the image mensuration stage. Of late, however, the potential of significantly raising the level of automation of offline and real time VM systems has been more fully exploited, to the point where full automation of the offline procedure has been realized. Innovative features such as automatic image point identification via coded targets, exterior orientation through automatically recognizable “control” groupings of target points, determination of image point correspondences within unlabelled point clouds, and real time tracking of multipoint, handheld measurement probes are now incorporated in industrial VM systems. Another significant innovation is the development of “smart” cameras with incorporated image processing and measurement capabilities which remove the necessity for transmitting image data to the host computer. This paper reviews recent innovations in automation and discusses their operational impact on practical VM applications. The concepts discussed are illustrated through reference to a modern VM system which supports offline and real time measurement.
Digital Elevation Models By Laser Scanning
Authors: Lohr U.
Published: March 2003

The TopoSys laser scanner system is designed to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) at a maximum accuracy of 0.5 m in x and y and 0.1 m in z. The regular scan pattern and the measurement frequency of 80 000 measurements per second (on average 5 measurements per m2) form the basis for high quality DEMs.

The mainly automated data processing makes it possible to generate DEMs of large areas in a short production time. The DEMs produced come into common use as basic data for different applications, some of which are water resources management, shoreline control, planning of utility lines and urban planning (simulation of noise and pollution distributions). The performance of the system is illustrated with the help of DEM sections produced with the TopoSys system.
Assessment of Dem Quality for Characterizing Surface Roughness Using Close Range Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Butler J. B. , Lane S. N. , Chandler J. H.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a procedure for assessing the quality of a digital elevation model (DEM) which has been applied to the output of a normalized cross correlation based stereomatching algorithm. Using semimetric photography of natural gravel river bed surfaces acquired in the field, digital photogrammetry was used to extract DEMs automatically for use in characterizing surface roughness properties.

The procedure for assessing DEM quality involves examination of (i) ortho‐images, to provide a qualitative check on stereomatching performance; (ii) DEM collection statistics which quantify the percentage of correctly matched pixels as a function of those interpolated; and (iii) height differences between check points, measured using independent field survey, and corresponding DEM points. The concepts of precision, accuracy and reliability are defined in the context of DEM quality assessment and methods are outlined which can be used to assess these variables. The assessment is conducted for two adjacent stereopairs with similar characteristics, considering the effects of both DEM collection parameters and different lens models upon DEM quality.

Results show that digital photogrammetry, in conjunction with independent field survey, can be used successfully for extracting high resolution, small scale DEMs from natural gravel surfaces. Components (i) and (ii) of the quality assessment suggest the need to optimize DEM collection parameters, although the effects of not using a properly specified lens model were minimal at this scale. Method (iii) showed that increasing stereomatching success does not necessarily lead to more accurately estimated DEM points. However, the use of method (iii) remained difficult because of the scale of the photogrammetric application being used; check point positioning within the photogrammetric co‐ordinate system was only possible to ±10 mm which, for a gravel bed surface, was associated with elevation variance of a similar, sometimes greater, magnitude. The next stage of this research will require the use of higher quality check data, possibly from laser profiling.
Fourcade: the Centenary of a Stereoscopic Method of Photographic Surveying
Authors: Adams Laurence P.
Published: March 2003

In the Preface to his book, The Four Faces of Fourcade, Clare Storrar (1990) wrote: “It is di.cult to appreciate the breadth and depth of Henry Georges Fourcade's intelligence and creative power. He was an intellectual giant, a phenomenon, whose theoretical and practical achievements have never received proper recognition. These were all the more remarkable because he began his original work on photogrammetry when science in South Africa was in its infancy, and he laboured alone far from libraries and other research facilities. His only higher academic training was in land surveying. He was adept in each of four sciences at various stages in his life, but, mainly because of his natural reserve, his reputation was highly compartmentalised. To foresters he was ‘the most brilliant forestry officer of his time’ to surveyors, he was exceptionally learned in theory and skilled in practice. Photogrammetry was a new subject, unheard of, except by a handful of scientists. In botany, which he took up seriously at the age of fifty‐five, his work was highly regarded by leading botanists in South Africa and in Europe. All stood in awe of his extraordinary talent and ability. Some were frightened of him. But few were able—in fact, not even the best brains were wholly qualified—to grasp fully the tremendous intellectual stature and potential of this protean man.”

This paper briefly describes the historic achievements of Henry Georges Fourcade, with the emphasis on his land surveying and, in particular, his photogrammetric contributions to science. The centenary of one of these, his proposal of a stereoscopic method of photographic surveying, occurs in October 2001.
Automatic Dem Generation for Antarctic Terrain
Authors: Fox Andrian J. , Gooch Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Automatic digital elevation model (DEM) generation has become an established technique within mapping agencies. This paper assesses the effectiveness of automatic DEM generation using area‐based matching for glaciated terrain in Antarctica. DEM accuracy is assessed by comparison with check data acquired using analytical photogrammetry and independent field measurements.An optimum DEM collection strategy is identified. DEM success is linked to ground terrain type and it is found that areas of a DEM which can be collected successfully are relatively insensitive to changes in the collection strategy. A method of isolating unsuccessful areas of a DEM for manual editing is tested for Antarctic terrain. In this example, over 90% success is achieved in identifying erroneous DEM results measured against check data.
Digital Photogrammetry at English Heritage: A Pictorial Review of Projects to Date
Authors: Clowes Michael
Published: March 2003

Digital photogrammetry as an aid to the process of conservation of the historic environment is now an established technique within English Heritage. Digital elevation models, orthophotographs and perspective views are becoming invaluable to the conservator as a record of a monument or site prior to some form of intervention or historical analysis. This paper reviews a range of projects where the various products generated by digital photogrammetry have been used and discusses some of the problems encountered
Efficiently Taking Soundings in a Sea of Change: Two Histories of Public Budgeting and Finance
Authors: Lewis Carol
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Irene S. Rubin, Class, Tax, and Power: Municipal Budgeting in the United States.

Donald R. Stabile, The Origins of American Public Finance: Debates over Money, Debt, and Taxes in the Constitutional Era, 1776–1836.
Race, Social Welfare, and the Decline of Postwar Liberalism: A New or Old Key?
Authors: Williams Arthur R. , Johnson Karl F.
Published: March 2003

Fifty‐one years ago, when liberalism and social welfare democracy were expanding in all advanced industrialized nations, V.O. Key, Jr., forecast the decline of postwar liberalism in the United States. Current discussion of the decline of liberalism has ignored Key or, when evidence is lacking, has incorrectly cited him. In contrast to Key's relatively direct, simple, and heavily documented reasoning, current explanations are multifactorial, complex, less well documented, and often ideologically loaded. Some explanations for the “postwar” decline identify causal factors more than six years after the war, yet they ignore events in 1945–47. At the fifty‐first anniversary of V.O. Key's Southern Politics in State and Nation, attention to Key's forecast and Occam's razor is called for. Key argued that racism in the South, exerted through congressional committees, would lead to a decline of liberalism in the nation. Using “legislative histories,” this article compares Key's single‐factor “racial” explanation with a two‐factor explanation—and by implication with multifactor ones—and finds Key's more compelling and parsimonious. Archival sources indicate that more than two years before the 1948 Democratic Convention, Charlie Ross, Truman's closest advisor, and Truman himself encouraged Key to assess the emerging postwar politics of the South. As Key anticipated, institutionalized racism sunk the Fair Deal and postwar social democracy, despite Truman's efforts. The effects of racism on postwar and current politics and public administration should be reexamined as a key to understanding American distinctiveness or exceptionalism.
Symbolic Black Representation: An Empirical Test
Authors: Bullock, III Charles S. , Scicchitano Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Objective. Symbolic benefits are among the results attributed to increased black political participation. This research explores awareness of the race of the respondent's state senator, a precondition of receipt of symbolic benefits by the black community. African Americans unaware that their senator is black will receive no symbolic benefits from descriptive representation. Methods. Data were gathered by the Florida Survey Research Center in six southern state senate districts, of which three had black senators. Results. Most blacks—as well as most whites—represented by an African American senator were unaware of that fact. Larger percentages of both groups knew the race of their senator when he or she was white than when black. Respondents who knew their senator's name were more likely to also know the legislator's race. African Americans represented by black senators were significantly less likely to know their legislator's race. Conclusions. Black voters' awareness of the name or race of their black senator is in line with other research into voter knowledge about candidates for other offices. To the extent that having black senators provides symbolic benefits, those benefits may go to a thin strata of the politically active.