bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: October 2019

The conclusion argues that the “zonal borderlands” along the Iron Curtain constituted West Germany’s most sensitive geographical space. Each issue that arose in these borderlands—from economic deficiencies to border tourism, environmental pollution, landscape change, and the siting decision for a nuclear facility—was magnified by the presence of the most militarized border of its day. Over the course of the 1990s, European integration afforded Germans the privilege of thinking in terms of a borderless Europe. The refugee “crisis” of 2015 marks the moment when the significance of borders returned to German consciousness. In this context, historicizing the Iron Curtain is more important than ever.
Introduction
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

In his introductory chapter, Münsterberg summarizes the history of experimental psychology and its theoretical and practical contributions. In his opinion, the field had matured enough for the legal system to sit up and take notice. In a sense, Münsterberg’s entire book is an indictment of the legal profession for this neglect—an indictment that did not go unanswered. The response of John Henry Wigmore, a prominent American legal scholar, was so scathing that it almost single-handedly quelled the incipient law-psychology movement for a number of years. The chapter covers Wigmore’s criticisms in depth. The introductory chapter provides a historical sketch of the field of law-psychology as it has developed over the past 110 years, focusing particularly on the courts’ use (or lack thereof) of psychological research on legal topics.
The Detection of Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

The deception detection method Münsterberg advocates is grounded on principles of association. Although this approach derives partially from a Freudian view of the unconscious, it is not terribly dissimilar to more modern, physiologically based lie detection methods. In recent years, deception detection has become a major focus within psychology and law. Research shows that humans’ ability to detect deception is limited but, summarizing across the body of studies, slightly better than chance. However, most police investigators believe they can detect when suspects are lying. This chapter covers the reliability of modern deception detection techniques with the exception of the polygraph, which is covered in the next chapter.
The N Trilogy
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 presents the theoretical framework that forms the backbone of the remaining chapters in the book. This framework identifies three basic factors (the three Ns) that perform important roles within the radicalization process—that is, the process whereby individuals comes to endorse and/or act upon an extreme ideology. These factors are the individual’s psychological needs, the narratives to which individual are exposed, and the social networks that embrace those narratives. These factors are first discussed within the context of extremism as a general phenomenon, before being applied to violent extremism as its specific case. Throughout the discussion, the analysis is specifically applied to right-wing extremism in Germany. The chapter ends by examining alternative models of radicalization and how these models are related to the three-factor framework advanced here.
Introduction
Authors: Choi Suhi
Published: October 2019

This book is not about the Korean War itself. Rather, it is about communicating trauma in the process of constructing memories of the Korean War. My primary impulse to write this book stemmed from a reflexive awareness that I have an irresistible affinity with this war. I am drawn to the Korean War because I have visceral and psychological connections to this conflict through the bodies and minds of my loved ones who survived the war. As one who belongs to what Marianne Hirsch would call “the generation of postmemory,” I willingly pair my academic inquisitions about memory process with the subject of the Korean War since I am better positioned to articulate my questions about trauma, empathy, and memorials within this particular context. I do not necessarily have more abilities than others to witness the complex memories of this conflict, yet I am highly provoked to persistently reimagine it. I argue that postmemory could be an epistemologically advantageous site where one is able to glimpse how the texture of trauma is momentarily manifested in the multifaceted, cross-sectional, and dialogical interactions between survivors and past events, between survivors and the generation of postmemory, and between the generation of postmemory and past events.
Reenacting Survivors’ Bodies in the No Gun Ri Peace Park
Authors: Choi Suhi
Published: October 2019

The No Gun Ri Peace Park was built in 2012 to honor civilian victims of the No Gun Ri Killings, a wartime atrocity committed by US troops. Survivors and victims’ families had been silenced until Associated Press journalists published their story in 1999 and subsequently earned a Pulitzer Prize in 2000 for Investigative Reporting. As a durable war mnemonic in a public site, the park is now performing the critical roles that survivors and victims’ families once carried: witnessing, performing, and transferring trauma to others. This chapter explores not only how the park reenacts survivors’ bodies in communicating a traumatic event that most visitors did not experience directly, but also how it—as a newly constructed sign—negotiates meanings of the No Gun Ri Bridge, the original site of the killings that is located adjacent to the park.
Uncertainty in Everyday Life
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

Whereas we may think that knowledge requires certainty, this is not the case. We may be psychologically certain about something and still be wrong because of faults in our perception, because we are deceived, or because of reasoning errors. Epistemic certainty is impossible to achieve because we cannot be epistemically certain about anything. Fortunately, neither epistemic nor psychological certainty is a requirement for knowledge. Rather, what knowledge requires is good, solid evidence on the basis of which we can make choices and decisions. The better the evidence is, the better the choices and decisions can be. Thus, we can lead our lives successfully by relying on good evidence. We can certainly live with uncertainty.
The Psychology of (Un)Certainty
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

People strive for certainty due to an inherent desire for it. Uncertainty seems to be stressful in the same unconscious manner as anger and fear. We cannot really control this feeling, and we feel relaxed only when we feel certain about what we know or about what we should anticipate. However, our world is filled with uncertainty and so are most aspects of our life. Therefore, instead for looking for certainty where it does not exist, we had better learn to appreciate uncertainty and learn to live and deal with it. Education could play a major role here. But a major shift is necessary from the current educational practice of providing yes or no answers to one that would educate people to understand and deal with risk and uncertainty.
Uncertainty Is Inherent in Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

At times people seem to have a mythical view of science as an infallible source of absolute certainty. Despite the prevalence of such a view, it is deeply misguided. All science is inherently uncertain. Two key factors that contribute to science’s inherent uncertainty are the complexity of natural phenomena and human limitations. Although the challenges posed by these two factors can be somewhat mitigated by way of scientific methods of investigation and the use of precise mathematical formulations, neither can be fully done away with. As a result, all science, no matter how precise or careful the methods it employs, is inherently uncertain. This is important to realize not only for truly understanding the nature of science, but also for appreciating that pointing out uncertainties that exist in domains like climate science, evolution, and vaccination in no way undercuts their claims to being legitimate, trustworthy science.
Uncertainty in Scientific Predictions
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

A primary good of science is that it allows us to accurately predict what will happen in the future. Knowing what to expect helps alleviate anxiety about the future and allows for good planning. However, although scientific predictions are often very precise and accurate, they are inherently uncertain. In order for a scientific prediction to be certain, several conditions would have to be satisfied. First, it would have to be certain that the universe is deterministic, but this is contested by both philosophers and scientists. Second, it would have to be certain that the actual scientific laws governing the deterministic universe have been identified—this is far from certain. Third, the precise initial conditions that the prediction is drawn from would have to be known with certainty—it is impossible to know these with certainty. Nevertheless, despite the fact that scientific predictions are uncertain, it would be foolish to disregard them.
How Uncertainty Makes Science Advance
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

Rather than being a detriment to science, uncertainty actually helps it advance. And understanding the role that uncertainty plays in science is extremely helpful for avoiding four serious dangers. First, appreciating uncertainty in science helps one to avoid being dogmatically certain. Good science is always open to revision in the face of new evidence. Second, appreciating uncertainty in science allows one to avoid the mistaken view that all theories and ideas are equally plausible. Third, since uncertainty is an inherent feature of science, appreciating its role helps one better understand science. Fourth, with a proper appreciation of uncertainty in science, it is much harder for one to be deceived about things like the link between tobacco smoke and cancer or the reality of climate change. In the end, uncertainty in science helps us to make the best decisions we can while encouraging us to continually seek new discoveries.
At Magnus Caesar, and Yet!
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: October 2019

It is widely held that Augustus forcefully (and mostly successfully) exerted his power within the Roman sphere of influence, especially at Rome. There are grounds to support this; however, this fundamental view all too easily conceals a contrary perspective. Indeed, Augustus repeatedly met with considerable resistance which is mostly only hinted at in the sources but occasionally appears clearly. Resistance came partly from the Senate, but, in other cases, from the majority of Roman citizens, who opposed his plans. Thus Augustus was often forced to shelve these plans for years, or to change them. As this chapter shows, one striking example can be found in the so-called marriage laws; another is the lex Iulia de vicesima hereditatium. Especially important is a new document: a commentarius from the year ad 5 which formed the basis of the later lex Papia Poppaea reveals massive opposition that was successful for many years.
African Alternatives
Authors: Osgood Josiah
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores Africa, the province that Augustus never visited, and how its historical associations, as well as natural resources, empowered Augustus’ contemporaries. In the civil wars of the 40s, Africa emerged as a major base of resistance, first to Julius Caesar, then to the triumvirs. Memories of the Punic Wars, in which Africa and Italy dueled for control of the Mediterranean world, were reawakened and informed the actions of commanders. A legacy of the civil wars was the opening up of new opportunities for Romans in Africa. Governors, including T. Statilius Taurus and L. Cornelius Balbus, used it to elevate their profiles. Vergil added to the mystique of Africa, making it a uniquely dangerous rival to (Roman) Italy and closely associated with Rome’s imperial destiny. Late in Augustus’ principate, Africa supplied senators with wealth, unique chances for military honors, and opportunities to initiate their sons in traditional martial culture.
The Reputation of L. Munatius Plancus and the Idea of “Serving the Times”
Authors: Mitchell Hannah
Published: October 2019

The evaluation of the career of L. Munatius Plancus has been inextricably bound up with the idea of “serving the times”—a phrase which Cicero once used in reference to him. But was survival through various political vicissitudes the chief virtue or achievement of Plancus? Did he see it that way? By putting Plancus back at the center of his own story, this chapter explores how his reputation was constructed in a complex process of competition and in-fighting with his contemporaries, as his peers critiqued his actions and he tried to defend and glorify them. Unpacking Plancus’ negative reputation ultimately proves to be an important part of reconstructing not only his career, but also the political discourse of the period.
How Do You Solve a Problem Like Marcus Agrippa?
Authors: Tan James
Published: October 2019

This chapter offers a reconsideration of Agrippa, usually seen as the “right-hand man” of Augustus. Traditional republican culture demanded that a victor of Agrippa’s accomplishments had to earn the highest stature, but only the most extraordinary honors could reflect Agrippa’s achievements. Much like Cn. Pompeius Magnus before him, he embraced this path, advertising his exceptionalism by declining conventional honors and pursuing extraordinary ones, yet also ostentatiously avoiding the sort of solipsistic ambition that had led to civil war in the past. The promotion of Agrippa to someone of unprecedented excellence also worked well for Augustus. By elevating the independent status of his partner, he increased the value of Agrippa’s endorsement of the status quo.
Shields of Virtue(s)
Authors: Welch Kathryn
Published: October 2019

In 27 bce, the Senate and People of Rome awarded Augustus a golden shield (clupeus) celebrating his moral qualities. In his Res Gestae, Augustus associated the shield with the almost-contemporary award of the corona civica, even though a different entity (the SPQR) awarded it and it was designed for a different setting (the curia). A copy of the shield from Arles, dated to 26 bce, indicates that he also adjusted the dedicatory inscription, smoothing over the exclusion of familial pietas from the list. In specifying duty toward the community instead, the senators wanted to convey their own message of what Augustus’ principatus should look like. Only later was the clupeus associated with the more monarchical princeps-as-savior message of the corona civica.
Inventing the Imperial Senate
Authors: Russell Amy
Published: October 2019

The Senate under Augustus was a strikingly different institution from the one known from Cicero. It became one of the pillars of the regime, allowing Augustus to lay claim to a rhetoric of continuity and legitimacy he could not have achieved in any other way. But there was a fundamental change in the way senators themselves saw their role, and the relationship Rome’s political, economic, and social elite had to senatorhood more broadly. This chapter explores how the Senate itself became largely cooperative rather than competitive, and developed a new corporate personality. This shift fed into many of Augustus’ own goals, but it also represented a rational response by the senators to their new reality.
Harming vs. Trying
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This chapter assesses whether the codification of criminal attempts in a statutory regime that emphasizes completed crimes with consequences to personal or property interests is appropriate. A quick look at the four crimes within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC), as described by the Rome Statute, reveals that they are about concrete harming: killing, torture, rape, and invasion. Some of the sub-crimes within these categories address completed actions even though the harm is less tangible. However, attempts are one form of inchoate offense, that is, offenses that fall short of causing the harm or engendering the victimhood that would come with the completed offense. The problem is always how much the actor must do on the spectrum—from thought through the various stages of action to the final result of causing harm or instantiating the required “consequence” of the completed offenses.
The Coordinators
Authors: Mukherjee Anit
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines jointness—defined as the ability of the three services (army, air force, and navy) to operate together. It is informed by the widely held assumptions that jointness enhances military effectiveness but also requires civilian intervention. It chiefly argues that the single-service approach is still prevalent in India and that there has been an “incomplete transition” to jointness. This is primarily because of a lack of forceful and informed civilian intervention. The absent dialogue perfectly describes civil–military interaction on this issue. While making these claims, the chapter examines jointness in five major wars—the 1962 China war, the 1965 and 1971 India–Pakistan wars, the military intervention in Sri Lanka in the 1980s, and the 1999 Kargil war. It concludes by explaining why civilians have not intervened more forcefully on this issue.
An “In-House” Affair
Authors: Mukherjee Anit
Published: October 2019

While examining professional military education (PME) in the Indian military, this chapter makes three main arguments. First, informed civilian intervention is crucial for an effective system of PME. Such intervention is important for enforcing jointness, emphasizing education over training, and creating a role for civilian academics. Second, this type of intervention has not happened in India, and PME remains almost exclusively in the military’s domain. Third, India’s unique pattern of civil–military relations, the absent dialogue argument, has accentuated weaknesses in its PME. Hindered by a lack of expertise and the norm in civil–military relations, civilians do not actively shape PME. In making these arguments, the chapter describes the history of PME, highlighting the lack of civilian participation and the weaknesses therein.
Introduction
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

The introduction begins with the story of Carolina, a mother who struggles with her son’s addiction to paco, a cheap and pernicious drug that is increasingly common in the poor neighborhood where she lives. In describing her plight, Carolina articulates what constitutes the empirical object of this book: the illicit collaboration between police and drug dealers. The remainder of this chapter sets up the focus on not only overt and visible state interventions, but also the clandestine, hidden relations that structure life at the urban margins. To do so, it introduces the book’s unique combination of data: ethnographic evidence in a poor neighborhood combined with an original legal archive of court cases and, in particular, highly revealing wiretapped phone conversations between drug market actors and agents of the state. It concludes with an overview of the book and a note on the ethics of studying poverty and violence.
Collusion and Legal Cynicism
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

Residents in Arquitecto Tucci believe that the police are part of their problems in their neighborhood. Continuing the thick description of everyday life in Arquitecto Tucci, this chapter examines different expressions of the shared belief that police officers are seen not only as abusive and extortive but also as actively complicit with criminals. It finds that suspicions of collusion have bred a deep collective distrust in the police and contributed to a shared cynicism toward the law that pervades everyday life. It then shows how these attitudes constrain residents’ recourse against violence, finding that when they become the victims of crimes, residents do not call the police, but instead choose either not to act or to solve their problems through alternative channels or collective action.
Establishing the “Arreglo”
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

How do clandestine relationships emerge between police agents and drug dealers? Drawing on documentary evidence, this chapter examines the “foundational negotiations” of these arrangements or “arreglos.” It then reconstructs the case of Los Vagones, an organization that sells drugs in the slums outside Buenos Aires, detailing how it not only pays its police contacts for protection but also engages in the regular exchange of goods and information to evade prosecution. Through a rich description of these clandestine interactions, it shows how relationships of collusion evolve and power dynamics shift over time.
Competition, Retaliation, and Violence
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

This chapter begins conceptualizing the relational dynamics of collusion, outlining the resources, practices, and processes that sustain the clandestine relationships between police officers and drug market participants. The identification and description of these resources, practices, and processes underscore both the negotiated and provisional character of the clandestine interpersonal transactions, their impact on daily violence, and the ambivalent character of state action. The chapter reconstructs the case of Los Monos, an infamous drug market organization that relies on its contacts with police to navigate its competition, engage in retaliation, and direct its use of violence.
Introduction
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

The book describes voice change as a whole-body experience for adolescents, both female and male, which, while not always easy, should not scare music teachers away from working with adolescent singers. Many aspects of adolescent voice change are addressed throughout this book, but there may be exceptions to what is discussed. Everyone has an endocrine system that contains glands to produce hormones, but this system is sometimes influenced or disrupted by biological makeup, environmental conditions, or malnourishment; in addition, some people are diagnosed with atypical chromosomal structures. As a result, it is acknowledged that not every person on the planet does, in fact, experience a voice change. The focus of Thinking Outside the Voice Box remains on adolescent females and males who are engaged in the singing process and experiencing symptoms and expectations of a “typical” adolescent voice change.
Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

The chapter describes how an understanding of the way the voice operates can empower both female and male adolescent singers as well as the teachers assisting them through the voice change process. It unpacks basic vocal anatomy and physiology, and then overlays physiological transformations that occur in the larynx during female and male voice change. A special section addresses the impact of hormones on the adolescent voice (especially for females) and promotes awareness of premenstrual vocal syndrome. The chapter encourages music educators to frequently discuss and reference vocal anatomy and physiology with adolescent singers in order to demystify vocal challenges and dispel myths and misunderstandings about how the voice and body function.
Emerging Considerations
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

The chapter discusses emerging considerations of adolescent voice change beyond classification systems and provides new food for thought about working with the adolescent changing voice. A section of the chapter specifically addresses female singers, for while it is common to have more females than males in choral programs, enrollment numbers do not ensure that choral programs are meeting females’ musical, developmental, and personal needs. In addition, discussion of the documentary Riot Acts provides insight into voice change from the perspective of professional musicians who identify as transgender. The chapter ends with ideas for working with changing voices, especially with regard to approaching choral repertoire.
Introduction
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

This Introduction elaborates the theoretical frameworks that shape the book, with a focus on meeting points of mediation, attention, and branding. It features a critique of prevailing discourses of listener attention and distraction in popular music studies in favor of relational and trans-human conceptions of attention, which are more appropriate for a study that interrogates mediation processes. It points to the long history of US and British interference in Brazilian politics and situates the present study through a transnational framework. It outlines the historical connection between Brazil’s myth of racial democracy and the perpetuation of racial stereotypes in the country’s brand. The Introduction also outlines the chapters in the rest of the book.
Copying the Bossa Nova
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter analyzes the initial proliferation of bossa nova in the United States and United Kingdom in the early 1960s, primarily as a jazz and dance fad. By using material culled from top English-language periodicals of the era, it traces the popularity of bossa nova in the United States from its adoption by jazz musicians in the early 1960s, the invention of a dance to accompany the musical trend, and the ultimate rejection of bossa nova by purists in the jazz press. It also shows how the style’s initial popularity was partially due to the divisive racial politics that had overtaken jazz in that era, allowing the Otherness of bossa nova to temporarily offer an alternative for jazz musicians and fans.
From Fusion to Funk
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter investigates how Brazilian musicians adjusted their approach to appealing to audiences in the United States and the United Kingdom once the Brazilian military dictatorship descended into the “Leaden Years.” Many Brazilian musicians sought to affiliate themselves with sounds that more directly linked them to the African diaspora and the Otherness of Brazilian indigeneity. Drawing on the coverage of this music in major music periodicals of the era, it shows the ways that attention to Brazilian music changed after the height of bossa nova. It features close discussions of the penetration of Brazilian musicians into the jazz fusion and funk scenes, including analyses of landmark recordings by Milton Nascimento, Sérgio Mendes, Airto Moreira, Flora Purim, and Deodato.
Brazilian Music as World Music in the Late 1980s
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter traces the development of Brazilian music within a “world music” framework, through the influence of music compilations in contrast with attempts to market a short-lived world dance craze (lambada), and through the participation of Margareth Menezes in a high-profile international tour. These musical phenomena owed their heightened prominence to contact between Brazilians and enterprising outsiders in Brazil, especially in the state of Bahia. Brazil’s international musical brand would be linked either to the kinds of music that US-based rock and pop musicians tapped in their effort to revitalize their sound, or to specialist record labels compiled to meet the rising demands of the market. Through these contrasting examples, the chapter historicizes the emergence of “world music” as a marketing genre and subject of scholarly inquiry.
Islam in Malaysia
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2019

Islam has maintained its presence in Malaysia for over a millennium, giving rise to highly pluralized and complex communities. In this richly textured portrait, Khairudin Aljunied explores the overlapping waves of Islamization and conversion in Malaysia across ten centuries, through the Hindu-Buddhist period, the age of Muslim kingdoms, the colonial interregnum, and the contemporary era. The book offers a new approach to studying Malaysian Islam—entwined history—that will be useful for scholars specializing in historical Islam in other contexts. It is an approach that considers how states and societies, scholars and ordinary Muslims, and, more crucially, non-Muslims have all contributed to the embedding of Islam in the everyday lives of Malaysians. Providing a gripping and sophisticated account of these various driving forces, Aljunied also explores the roles of global movements and currents of thought, offering perceptive insights into how local actors appropriated and reinterpreted a world religion to suit their unique customs and circumstances. Islam in Malaysia: An Entwined History is at once an original and an authoritative take on the manner in which Islam has been infused, lived, expressed, enforced, and debated in one of the world’s most developed Muslim-dominated nations.
Refugee Mothers Raising Children Born of Sexual Violence in Dutch Society
Authors: Anderson Kimberley , van Ee Elisa
Published: October 2019

The physical and psychological repercussions of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) against women are long-lasting and far-reaching, and it is by no accident that CRSV is now widely referred to as a “weapon of war.” Many women conceive a child as a result of CRSV, but due to long-standing customs and traditions in some conservative societies surrounding gender roles and sexuality, these mothers and children are highly stigmatized. Often in these situations, fleeing is the only option for them. Countries such as the Netherlands that host asylum seekers and refugees and provide psychological support are faced with the challenging task of addressing the intricate needs of mothers and children born of sexual violence. This chapter discusses the victimhood of these dyads, the challenges they face, and future directions for providing optimal care and treatment.
Rape as a Weapon of War in Myanmar/Burma
Authors: Oatman Annalise , Majewski Kate
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the conflict in Myanmar and its historical development as an example of the way that rape is wielded as a weapon of war. It also provides a discussion of advocacy for the ethnic minority women of Myanmar at the grassroots, national, and international levels. It reviews statistics on conflict-related rape and theories regarding the social and political forces driving it. It examines the political history of Myanmar and the status of Myanmarese women. It also discusses the way that current conditions have set the stage for conflict-related rape in Myanmar and data on its prevalence. It discusses the extradition of the rapist of a 7-year-old girl, Myanmarese grassroots efforts to address this issue, and international proposals for reform. In addition, it discusses the way that the “legal culture” of a nation can get in the way of the enactment of international legislation.
Domestic Violence in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Childress Saltanat , Aparicio Elizabeth M. , Messing Jill T.
Published: October 2019

This chapter is based on the stories of 16 women residing in a domestic violence shelter in Kyrgyzstan. It examines the experiences of these women with regard to domestic violence and help-seeking, focusing on their strength and resilience in searching for ways to find safety, voice, and empowerment. The chapter deconstructs the myths and cultural biases that seem to encourage or support violence, and it discusses how cultural and societal beliefs influence this violence and serve as a deterrent to help-seeking. The chapter disentangles these different myths from the viewpoint of the status of daughter-in-law and the role of mother-in-law in the Kyrgyz society, and it discusses how traditional norms and attitudes are used to justify and perpetuate abuse. It presents women’s ideas for helping and empowering other women, their outlook and lessons learned, and discusses potential entry points and pathways for change.
Dating Violence in China
Authors: Wang Xiying
Published: October 2019

Dating violence is aggressive behavior that occurs in intimate dating relationships; it includes physical assault, verbal and psychological aggression, and sexual coercion. This chapter discusses the issue of dating violence globally, with a focus on China. The chapter first presents a case of date rape. It then describes the prevalence of dating violence locally and globally and discusses the risk factors and protective factors. Next, it highlights how transnational feminism is adopted to understand the phenomenon. The chapter situates dating violence in China in the historical trends of women’s movement and violence research. The chapter deconstructs the current myths regarding dating violence and illustrates the current creative advocacy and activism among Chinese young people.
The US Military–Prostitution Complex, Patriarchy, and Masculinity
Authors: Weiss Eugenia L. , Enrile Annalisa
Published: October 2019

The US military–prostitution complex is a form of institutionalized sexual exploitation of women around American bases located worldwide. From the historical World War II “comfort women” in Japan to the Korean War “camptowns” used for service members’ rest and recreation and the current phenomena of global sex tourism and sex trafficking, the US military has played a role in not only imperialism and attempts at global domination but also the objectification of women. A feminist transnational perspective renders the patriarchy and hypermasculine military culture that involves an “othering” of women and examines the abuse of power in gender relations from an international and militaristic lens. Women, regardless of social and economic status, race/ethnicity, or nationality, can empower themselves to take action through various grassroots network organizations to resist militarism in its various forms, advocate for equity, and promote justice for women and girls worldwide.
The Inclusion Calculation
Authors: Valdini Melody E.
Published: October 2019

Power-holders and gate-keepers in political parties and governments continue to be primarily men. How are they responding to the increasing numbers of women who are seeking leadership roles in politics? Are they angels who embrace equality and fling open the doors to power? Are they devils who block women at every turn? Are they powerless against the increasing tide of feminism and inadvertently succumbing to the push for power from women? Most likely, these male elites are primarily concerned with maintaining their own power, which drives their reaction to women’s political inclusion. The Inclusion Calculation examines women’s inclusion from the perspective of men in power and offers a novel approach to understanding differences in women’s descriptive representation. The book argues that with declining legitimacy it is valuable for male elites to “strategically feminize,” associating themselves or their party with women, because citizens will interpret the increased presence of women as meaning that the party or government is becoming more honest, cooperative, and democratic. Using a combination of case studies from Latin America, Europe, and Africa, as well as large-N analyses, the book provides evidence that male elites are more likely to increase the number of women candidates on party lists or adopt a gender quota when “feminizing” is advantageous to the political careers of men. Women’s exclusion from government, then, is not a product of their own lack of effort or ability but rather a rational action of men in power to keep their power.
Plan of the Book
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the central themes of this book, which revolve around the science of consciousness. It first outlines the intended audience for this work, which can range from newcomers to the field to those interested in the development of neuroscience. Thereafter, this chapter briefly outlines the key topics to be covered under the umbrella of the science of consciousness, including animal behaviors, the intricacies of the nervous system, consciousness research, and technological breakthroughs in the field. Each of these topics are briefly touched upon. Finally, this chapter concludes with some final remarks emphasizing the people-oriented nature of the discussion this book entails.
Groundwork
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter lays down the groundwork for succeeding discussions by exploring the nervous system. It briefly traces the history of research into the structure of the nervous system and into the nature of the nerve impulse, the transitory event that enables neurons to communicate and upon which the brain—Sherrington’s “enchanted loom”—depends for all its transactions. This chapter also discusses the synaptic connections that determine the excitatory or inhibitory responses of the nerve cells to incoming impulses. In addition to these basic foundations, the chapter also turns to a brief look into the life and career of Charles Scott Sherrington, from whom this work was named after. Sherrington was a skilled anatomist and neuropathologist famous for his investigations into the nervous system.
Mapping the Brain
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter turns to the next period in the history of brain studies. It follows up on the previous chapter’s discussion by pinpointing where exactly in the nervous system that consciousness takes place. This chapter thus takes the reader through the findings of the late 19th century that attempted to understand the inner workings of the cerebral cortex, particularly in three key areas: the motor, the visual, and the somatosensory. In doing so, the chapter shows that the identification of the motor and sensory areas accounted for rather more than half of the cortex. It briefly touches upon the questions raised by this topic—in particular the contribution to consciousness—before discussing other aspects of brain maps, including memory and plasticity.
Continuing the Synthesis
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter considers the brain as a whole. It first returns to the idea that consciousness has an existence that is at least partly independent of brain activity (dualism) and returns to the monism–dualism debate. It also provides some historical context, most notably the work done by experimental psychologists on reflex behavior. The chapter also examines the “hard problem” (the nature of the process whereby electrical activity in neurons is transformed into a sensation), especially in the light of back-projections to the primary sensory receiving areas in the cortex. Finally, this chapter provides some observations on patients with “split” brains—a topic that cannot be ignored in any scientific discussion of the whereabouts of consciousness.
Summary
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter summarizes the key points of the preceding chapters and embarks on a number of speculations. It shows that the strength of the evidence for each of the preceding statements varies. On one hand, some propositions are based merely on the supposition that it would make sense if an anatomical or physiological feature functioned in a certain way (such as sensory processing by back-projections). On the other hand, the proposition for “time-chunking” seems irrefutable in view of the abundant evidence from masking experiments. Further, given the existence of time-chunking, then not only is the case for binding of sensory features by common rhythmical activity untenable, but one can also then look for neurophysiological activity that would fit in with time-chunking. Ultimately, this chapter presents both of these key speculations and the evidence for them and leaves the reader to decide for themselves.
Information Theory of the Soul
Authors: Enns Anthony
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the similarities between the techno-fantasies promoted by the modern spiritualist movement and the claims made by contemporary scientists and engineers with regard to the uploading of human consciousness onto computers. It argues that these similarities help to explain why spiritualist concepts, such as the survival of the soul after death and the possibility of communication with disembodied spirits, appear so frequently in contemporary science fiction narratives, which often depict the survival of human personalities as virtual subjects in cyberspace. Instead of celebrating these spiritual possibilities, however, science fiction narratives often represent simulated experience as a loss of true identity and agency, which more closely resembles the arguments made by the opponents of spiritualism in the nineteenth century. Spiritualist concepts thus remain relevant today because they continue to serve as a common language for representing and critiquing the effects of new information technologies.
Why International Cooperation is Failing
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas
Published: October 2019

Since the global financial crisis of 2008/09, international cooperation has failed to curb volatile financial markets. Changes in the global rules of finance discussed in the G20 during the last decade remain limited, and it is uncertain whether they are suitable to help mitigate and manage future crises to come. This book offers an alternative to the popular notion that this failure is the result of the ‘nature’ of the international system, the clash of national egoisms, or lack of leadership. It instead investigates problems of international cooperation by looking at their deeper structural origins in the competition of different models of capitalism. US finance-led, EU integration-led, and East Asian state-led capitalism complement each other globally but have conflicting preferences on how to regulate international finance. This interdependence of capitalist models is relatively stable but also prone to crises caused by volatile financial flows, global economic imbalances, and ‘currency wars’. By bringing together approaches from international political economy and comparative capitalism, this book shows that regulating international finance is not a technocratic exercise of fine-tuning the machinery of international institutions, but rather a political process. International cooperation can only be successful if it goes hand in hand with deep domestic changes in each of these capitalist models.
Machine Learning for Signal Processing
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

Digital signal processing (DSP) is one of the ‘foundational’ engineering topics of the modern world, without which technologies such the mobile phone, television, CD and MP3 players, WiFi and radar, would not be possible. A relative newcomer by comparison, statistical machine learning is the theoretical backbone of exciting technologies such as automatic techniques for car registration plate recognition, speech recognition, stock market prediction, defect detection on assembly lines, robot guidance and autonomous car navigation. Statistical machine learning exploits the analogy between intelligent information processing in biological brains and sophisticated statistical modelling and inference. DSP and statistical machine learning are of such wide importance to the knowledge economy that both have undergone rapid changes and seen radical improvements in scope and applicability. Both make use of key topics in applied mathematics such as probability and statistics, algebra, calculus, graphs and networks. Intimate formal links between the two subjects exist and because of this many overlaps exist between the two subjects that can be exploited to produce new DSP tools of surprising utility, highly suited to the contemporary world of pervasive digital sensors and high-powered and yet cheap, computing hardware. This book gives a solid mathematical foundation to, and details the key concepts and algorithms in, this important topic.
Mathematical foundations
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

Statistical machine learning and signal processing are topics in applied mathematics, which are based upon many abstract mathematical concepts. Defining these concepts clearly is the most important first step in this book. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce these foundational mathematical concepts. It also justifies the statement that much of the art of statistical machine learning as applied to signal processing, lies in the choice of convenient mathematical models that happen to be useful in practice. Convenient in this context means that the algebraic consequences of the choice of mathematical modeling assumptions are in some sense manageable. The seeds of this manageability are the elementary mathematical concepts upon which the subject is built.
Statistical modelling and inference
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

The modern view of statistical machine learning and signal processing is that the central task is one of finding good probabilistic models for the joint distribution over all the variables in the problem. We can then make `queries' of this model, also known as inferences, to determine optimal parameter values or signals. Hence, the importance of statistical methods to this book cannot be overstated. This chapter is an in-depth exploration of what this probabilistic modeling entails, the origins of the concepts involved, how to perform inferences and how to test the quality of a model produced this way.
Nonlinear and non-Gaussian signal processing
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

Linear, time-invariant (LTI) Gaussian DSP, has substantial mathematical conveniences that make it valuable in practical DSP applications and machine learning. When the signal really is generated by such an LTI-Gaussian model then this kind of processing is optimal from a statistical point of view. However, there are substantial limitations to the use of these techniques when we cannot guarantee that the assumptions of linearity, time-invariance and Gaussianity hold. In particular, signals that exhibit jumps or significant non-Gaussian outliers cause substantial adverse effects such as Gibb's phenomena in LTI filter outputs, and nonstationary signals cannot be compactly represented in the Fourier domain. In practice, many real signals show such phenomena to a greater or lesser degree, so it is important to have a `toolkit' of DSP methods that are effective in many situations. This chapter is dedicated to exploring the use of the statistical machine learning concepts in DSP.
Well-Being
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

Utilitarians have ample reason for wanting to know the nature of well-being. The central issue in this debate is whether some form of subjectivism is true. However, this chapter claims that the arguments for and against subjectivism are currently in stalemate, and that we should remain agnostic about the nature of well-being. Yet we can still make progress in thinking about well-being and how to promote it by considering how we can know whether something would be good for someone. In particular, the chapter argues that we should use Peter Railton’s idea of alienation for epistemic purposes. It then discusses how best to formulate the alienation test in light of false beliefs and subjects’ changing values. It concludes that decreasing the cost and difficulty of trying things may improve our capacity to promote our own and others’ well-being.