bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining a capability development framework for building successful consumer and staff partnerships in healthcare quality improvement: A coproduced eDelphi study
Authors: Cox Ruth , Kendall Melissa , Molineux Matthew , Miller Elizabeth , Tanner Bernadette
Published: April 2022

Background

The capability of consumers and staff may be critical for authentic and effective partnerships in healthcare quality improvement (QI). Capability frameworks describe core knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, and behaviours and guide learning and development at individual and organizational levels.

Objective

To refine a capability framework for successful partnerships in healthcare QI which was coproduced from a scoping review.

Design

A two‐round eDelphi design was used. The International Expert Panel rated the importance of framework items in supporting successful QI partnerships, and suggested improvements. They also rated implementation options and commented on the influence of context.

Participants

Seven Research Advisory Group members were recruited to support the research team. The eDelphi panel included 53 people, with 44 (83%) and 42 (77. 8%) participating in rounds 1 and 2, respectively. They were from eight countries and had diverse backgrounds.

Results

The Research Advisory Group and panel endorsed the framework and summary diagram as valuable resources to support the growth of authentic and meaningful partnerships in QI across healthcare contexts, conditions, and countries. A consensus was established on content and structure. Substantial rewording included a stronger emphasis on growth, trust, respect, inclusivity, diversity, and challenging the status quo. The final capability development framework included three domains: Personal Attributes, Relationships and Communication, and Principles and Practices. The Equalizing Decision Making, Power, and Leadership capability was foundational and positioned across all domains. Ten capabilities with twenty‐seven capability descriptions were also included. The Principles and Practices domain, Equalizing Decision Making, Power, and Leadership capability, and almost half (44.4%) of the capability descriptions were rated as more important for staff than consumers (p < .01). However, only the QI processes and practices capability description did not meet the inclusion threshold for consumers. Thus, the framework was applicable to staff and consumers.

Conclusion

The refined capability development framework provides direction for planning and provision of learning and development regarding QI partnerships.

Patient or Public Contribution

Two consumers were full members of the research team and are coauthors. A Research Advisory Group, inclusive of consumers, guided study execution and translation planning. More than half of the panel were consumers.
Characterizing the research data management practices of NIH biomedical researchers indicates the need for better support at laboratory level
Authors: Syn Sue Yeon , Kim Soojung
Published: April 2022

Background

The study investigated the research data management (RDM) practices of biomedical researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) representing various biomedical disciplines.

Objectives

This study aimed to analyse the state of biomedical researchers' RDM practices based on RDM practice levels (individual, laboratory, institution and external). The findings of the study are expected to provide directions to information professionals for effective RDM services.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews with 11 researchers were conducted. The interviews were analysed by levels of RDM practices.

Results

The findings revealed that biomedical researchers focus on storing and sharing data and that RDM is performed mainly at the individual level. There seems to be a lack of laboratory level RDM system that allows consistent RDM practices among researchers. External RDM practice is often challenged by not having one responsible for RDM.

Discussion

Findings suggested a need for an agreed RDM system and customized support, particularly at the laboratory level. Also, institutional support can help researchers prepare for long term data preservation.

Conclusion

Our suggestions emphasize the importance of RDM training and support for long term data preservation, especially at the laboratory level.
Effects of protein oxidation on the rheological behaviour of different wheat flour
Authors: Li Bang‐Bang , Lv Yang‐Yong , Wei Shan , Zhang Shuai‐Bing , Zhao Ying‐Yuan , Hu Yuan‐Sen
Published: April 2022

Wheat flour proteins are subject to oxidation reactions during production, processing and storage. The quality of protein and the rheological properties of wheat are crucial for the flour industry. However, the impact and mechanism of protein oxidised on wheat flour quality remain unclear. In this study, ozone was used to oxidise wheat grains, the secondary structure of protein in flour and the rheological properties of dough were analysed by FTIR and Mixolab. The proportion of α‐helix and β‐folding of protein were decreased significantly, as were the development time (DDT), stability time (DST) and protein weakening (C2) value of dough. Meanwhile, starch gelatinisation (C3), amylase activity (C4) and retrogradation (C5) were increased significantly, along with the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructure analysis indicated that protein oxidation destroyed the gluten network structure in the dough. In addition, the L* value of dough was decreased and a* and b* values were increased significantly. The results showed that the oxidation of protein reduced the stability of protein secondary structure, weakened the structure and stability of the gluten network in dough, and changed the viscoelasticity and colour of dough. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of rheological behaviour in wheat flour.
Behavioral factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in Japan
Authors: Arashiro Takeshi , Arima Yuzo , Muraoka Hirokazu , Sato Akihiro , Oba Kunihiro , Uehara Yuki , Arioka Hiroko , Yanai Hideki , Yanagisawa Naoki , Nagura Yoshito , Kato Yasuyuki , Kato Hideaki , Ueda Akihiro , Ishii Koji , Ooki Takao , Oka Hideaki , Nishida Yusuke , Stucky Ashley , Miyahara Reiko , Smith Chris , Hibberd Martin , Ariyoshi Koya , Suzuki Motoi
Published: April 2022

Background

The relative burden of COVID‐19 has been less severe in Japan. One reason for this may be the uniquely strict restrictions imposed upon bars/restaurants. To assess if this approach was appropriately targeting high‐risk individuals, we examined behavioral factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the community.

Methods

This multicenter case–control study involved individuals receiving SARS‐CoV‐2 testing in June–August 2021. Behavioral exposures in the past 2 weeks were collected via questionnaire. SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR‐positive individuals were cases, while PCR‐negative individuals were controls.

Results

The analysis included 778 individuals (266 [34.2%] positives; median age [interquartile range] 33 [27–43] years). Attending three or more social gatherings was associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.00 [95% CI 1.31–3.05]). Attending gatherings with alcohol (aOR 2.29 [1.53–3.42]), at bars/restaurants (aOR 1.55 [1.04–2.30]), outdoors/at parks (aOR 2.87 [1.01–8.13]), at night (aOR 2.07 [1.40–3.04]), five or more people (aOR 1.81 [1.00–3.30]), 2 hours or longer (aOR 1.76 [1.14–2.71]), not wearing a mask during gatherings (aOR 4.18 [2.29–7.64]), and cloth mask use (aOR 1.77 [1.11–2.83]) were associated with infection. Going to karaoke (aOR 2.53 [1.25–5.09]) and to a gym (aOR 1.87 [1.11–3.16]) were also associated with infection. Factors not associated with infection included visiting a cafe with others, ordering takeout, using food delivery services, eating out by oneself, and work/school/travel‐related exposures including teleworking.

Conclusions

We identified multiple behavioral factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, many of which were in line with the policy/risk communication implemented in Japan. Rapid assessment of risk factors can inform decision making.
The effect of different wound dressing materials used in postoperative treatment of wounds after total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Yingjia , Li Jin , Wang Ke , Zheng Guanqiang , Chai Shengting
Published: April 2022

A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effect of different wound dressing materials used in the postoperative treatment of wounds after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A systematic literature search up to January 2022 incorporated 16 trials involving 2765 subjects after THA or TKA at the beginning of the study: 1447 were using active and interactive dressings, and 1318 were using passive dressings. The statistical tools like the dichotomous or continuous method were used within a random or fixed‐influence model to establish the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the influence of different wound dressing materials used in postoperative treatment of wounds after THA and TKA. Active and interactive dressings had significantly lower overall wound complications (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.26–0.40, P < 0.001), number of dressing changes (MD, −1.53; 95% CI, −2.09 to −0.96, P < 0.001), and early dressing change need (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04–0.47, P = 0.002) compared with passive dressings for subjects after THA and TKA. Active and interactive dressings had significantly lower overall wound complications, the number of dressing changes, and early dressing change need compared with passive dressings for subjects after THA and TKA. Furthermore, evidence is needed to confirm the outcomes.
Tunable broadband photoluminescence from bismuth‐doped calcium aluminum germanate glasses prepared in oxidizing atmosphere
Authors: Cao Jiangkun , Ding Yicong , Limbach René , Nozari Vahid , Sajzew Roman , Sun Minghui , Zhang Pengzhu , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: April 2022

Tunable photoluminescence (PL) from transparent inorganic glass matrices is of interest for applications demanding a semitransparent photoconverter that does not elastically scatter incoming light. For this purpose, bismuth (Bi)‐doped optical materials exhibit unique spectral characteristics in terms of bandwidth and emission tunability. Here, we demonstrate a facile route for preparing such converters from Bi‐doped calcium‐aluminate and calcium‐aluminogermanate glasses. These glasses offer tunable PL across the near violet and visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) spectral range, with an emission lifetime in the range of 300 μs. The addition of GeO2 exerts a decrease in optical basicity, which in turn enables the stabilization of NIR‐active low‐valence Bi species for broadband NIR PL.
Effect of incorporation of hafnium diboride nanofibers on thermomechanical properties of carbon fiber–phenolic composites
Authors: Ghelich Raziyeh , Jahannama Mohammad Reza , Abdizadeh Hossein , Vaezi Mohammad Reza , Torknik Fatemeh Sadat
Published: April 2022

Carbon fiber/phenolic (C/Ph) composites were modified with different weight ratios of hafnium diboride (HfB2) nanofibers to apperceive thermomechanical properties of C/Ph–Hf nanocomposites. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and ablation resistance of C/Ph–Hf nanocomposites were found to be optimum when the weight percentage of HfB2 was equal to one. Maximum flexural strength and modulus were obtained with 118 MPa and 1.9 GPa for C/Ph–1%Hf nanocomposite, respectively. Increasing the proportion of HfB2, by delaying the temperature of thermal degradation of nanocomposites, enhanced the thermal stability and residual of C/Ph–Hf relative to C/Ph in both nitrogen and air environments. In the oxyacetylene flame test at 2500°C for 160 s, the optimum mass ablation rate of C/Ph–1%Hf nanocomposites was found to be 0.0150 g/s compared to 0.068 g/s for blank C/Ph, along with reducing the back surface temperature by 51%. The ablation mechanism of C/Ph–Hf nanocomposites after the oxyacetylene torch test was concluded from the derivations obtained from X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersion spectroscopy, and microstructure analyses. These clarified that the formation of high‐temperature species, such as HfO2, HfC, and B4C owing to oxidation of HfB2 and subsequent reaction products with char, resulted in an increased ablation resistance of the nanocomposites.
Influence of inversion level on the optical absorption spectra of Ti‐doped transparent MgGa2O4 ceramics
Authors: Zhang Guangran , Wu Yiquan , Shames Alexander I. , Goldstein Adrian
Published: April 2022

Ti‐doped (0.08, 0.30, and 1.00 atomic% [at.%]) transparent MgGa2O4 ceramics (possessing a high inversion level; i up to 0.8) were fabricated by pulsed electric current sintering, at 950°C, under vacuum for 30–90 min. Optical transmission, emission, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra were recorded. The maximal transmission level was ∼70% (820 nm), for a thickness of ∼1 mm, which, while not very high, permitted the observation of the optical absorption bands location and profile.

Interpretation of the fluorescence spectra suggests that some Ti4+ cations (mostly hexacoordinated) were accommodated by the host despite the scarcity of oxygen in the atmosphere during the sintering process. The Ti3+ cations substitute native ions located in tetrahedral sites, distorting the original Td symmetry toward a D2d symmetry. Comparing the Ti‐doped MgGa2O4 (high inversion) and MgAl2O4 (low inversion) spinels, spectral characteristics revealed that a significant increase in the inversion level drives Ti3+ cations from octahedral toward tetrahedral sites. This is reflected in the optical absorption spectra by the disappearance of the band at ∼20 000 cm−1 (detectable in MgAl2O4) in MgGa2O4; the two d–d bands, of MgA2O4, in MgGa2O4 are reduced to a single one, located at 11 800 cm−1. These results, for MgGa2O4, strongly support a similar assignment—of the strong band at 12 800 cm−1, in Ti‐doped MgAl2O4—to a tetracoordinated Ti3+. Thus, while in MgAl2O4, Ti3+ appears in both octahedral and tetrahedral coordination and in MgGa2O4 only the latter state is stable. In both spinels, Ti dopant speciates into Ti3+ and Ti4+ cations.
Nuclear phylogeography reveals strong impacts of gene flow in big brown bats
Authors: Yi Xueling , Latch Emily K.
Published: April 2022

Aim

Understanding speciation mechanisms requires disentangling processes that promote and erode population‐level divergence. Three hypotheses are raised that contemporary population structure is mainly shaped by refugial isolation, gene flow or both. Testing these hypotheses requires range‐wide phylogeography and integrative analyses across scales. Here we aimed to (1) re‐estimate the previously unresolved nuclear divergence within a widespread bat; (2) test the above three phylogeographical hypotheses and (3) inform conservation management under climatic change.

Location

North America including the Caribbean.

Taxon

The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus).

Methods

We collected range‐wide samples and genome‐wide markers using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing. Population structure was analysed by clustering methods and spatial estimations. Nuclear phylogeographical divergence was estimated using tree methods (concatenation and coalescence) and network analyses (TreeMix). Phylogeographical hypotheses were tested by comparing alternative evolutionary scenarios using demographic modelling. Species distribution modelling was used to help identify Pleistocene refugia and predict future range shifts under climatic change.

Results

We identified three populations in the Caribbean, eastern and western North America. The western population further split into three phylogeographical clades: Pacific, southwestern North America and Mexico. Discordance among mitochondrial and nuclear topologies reflected strong impacts of gene flow without sex bias. Demographic modelling supported scenarios of historical isolation followed by secondary gene flow and estimated Holocene divergence times. Species distribution was essentially continuous during glaciation with possible regional isolation, and northward range shifts were predicted under future climatic change.

Main Conclusions

Contemporary population divergence of big brown bats was shaped by both historical isolation and secondary gene flow, supporting the third phylogeographical hypothesis. While climatic change likely triggered initial divergence, ongoing gene flow has largely impacted the dynamic within‐species evolution and generated population divergence without speciation.
Relation between the insulin lowering rate and changes in bone mineral density: Analysis among subtypes of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Suzuki Masaki , Urai Shin , Fukuoka Hidenori , Hirota Yushi , Yamamoto Masaaki , Okada Yuko , Yamamoto Naoki , Shichi Hiroki , Fujita Yasunori , Kanie Keitaro , Iguchi Genzo , Takahashi Yutaka , Ogawa Wataru
Published: April 2022

Aims/Introduction

The bone mineral density in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is reduced due to impaired insulin secretion. However, it is unclear whether the rate of bone mineral density reduction is affected by the type 1 diabetes mellitus subtype. This study aimed to clarify the difference in bone mineral density across type 1 diabetes mellitus subtypes: slowly progressive (SP), acute‐onset (AO), and fulminant (F).

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center, cross‐sectional study conducted on 98 adult type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. The main outcome included the bone mineral density Z‐score (BMD‐Z) measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck.

Results

The lumbar spine BMD‐Z was lower in the acute‐onset than in the slowly progressive subtype (P = 0.03). No differences were observed when compared with the fulminant subtype. The femoral neck BMD‐Z tended to be higher in the slowly progressive than in the acute‐onset and fulminant subtypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that the lumbar spine BMD‐Z was associated with subtypes (AO vs SP) (P = 0.01), but not subtypes (F vs SP), adjusted for sex, duration, retinopathy, and C‐peptide immunoreactivity (CPR). When the patients were divided into disease duration tertiles, in the first and second tertiles, the CPR levels were lower in the acute‐onset or fulminant than in the slowly progressive subtype. In contrast, the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD‐Z differed between the acute‐onset and slowly progressive only in the second tertiles (both P < 0.01), with a similar tendency between the fulminant and slowly progressive subtypes.

Conclusions

Among the type 1 diabetes mellitus subtypes, bone mineral density undergoes time‐dependent changes, which reveals that the bone mineral density decline follows the impaired insulin secretion. These results provide novel insights into the association between the low insulin exposure duration and bone mineral density.
Effectiveness of an online program using telesimulation for academic–clinical collaboration in preparing nurse preceptors’ roles
Authors: Liaw Sok Ying , Rusli Khairul Dzakirin Bin , McKenna Lisa , Tan Jian Zhi , Lau Siew Tiang
Published: April 2022

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of an online program on nurse preceptors’ knowledge and self‐efficacy in their roles to support students’ clinical education, and to examine their online experience.

Background

Professional development of nurse preceptors is paramount to fostering work readiness of future graduate nurses on entering the workforce. The support from academic institutions in developing preceptors’ roles in clinical teaching and assessment is pivotal.

Design

This study employed a mixed‐methods design.

Method

A total of 59 nurse preceptors from six healthcare institutions participated in an online preceptor program by collaborating with academic educators in facilitating student clinical learning and assessment through telesimulation following web‐based instruction. Pre‐test and post‐tests were administered to evaluate the preceptors’ knowledge and self‐efficacy in their roles. Survey questionnaires and focus group discussions were conducted to evaluate their online experience. SQUIRE 2.0 guidelines were applied.

Results

The preceptors demonstrated significant improvements (p < .001) in knowledge and levels of self‐efficacy in their preceptor roles immediately and 1 month after the program. The following four themes emerged from their learning experiences: ‘interactive learning approach’, ‘academic–practice collaboration’, ‘better understanding of clinical assessment tool’ and ‘application of teaching strategies’. The preceptors reported positively on their motivation to learn using the web‐based instruction and on their telesimulation experience.

Conclusion

The study findings demonstrated effectiveness and feasibility of an online preceptor program to enhance preceptors’ roles in supporting nursing students’ transition to clinical practice, using a mix of web‐based technologies to provide preceptors with self‐directed and experiential learning approaches.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study contributed to the development of an innovative online preceptor program that provided opportunity for academic–clinical collaboration and has broad applicability. The telesimulation created robust remote simulation experiences for preceptors, allowing them to collaborate with academic educators in facilitating students’ clinical practice amid the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Is everything relative? A survey of the theory of matching tournaments
Authors: Hopkins Ed
Published: April 2022

This paper surveys the theory of matching tournaments, and shows how they can be used to understand how the social environment influences economic decision making. Matching tournaments are games in which players choose efforts or investments before entering a matching market in which attractiveness depends on these investments. This results in rat‐race‐like competition even in large populations, inducing a concern for relative position and resulting in higher effort than in the absence of competition. However, when both sides of the market invest, the result surprisingly can be socially efficient. Applications and extensions are discussed.
Epistemic isomorphism
Authors: Bnefsi Sayid R.
Published: April 2022

This paper presents and defends a novel meta‐epistemological thesis, epistemic isomorphism, according to which our relations to others and to ourselves have the same pattern of relevance to our rationality. This means that correct epistemological theorizing will give formal parity to interpersonal and intrapersonal epistemic norms, such that what holds interpersonally also holds, mutatis mutandis, intrapersonally. In addition to arguing for epistemic isomorphism, the paper presents some epistemological case studies in which it is shown that the methodological and argumentative strategies used by epistemologists in these case studies give expression to the idea of epistemic isomorphism as well as the argument presented here for its truth. Finally, the paper considers a possible counterexample to epistemic isomorphism based on an agent‐centered theory of justification, but it shows how to reconcile this theory with epistemic isomorphism.
Alteration of tight junctions during botulinum toxin type A‐inhibited salivary secretion
Authors: Mao Qian‐Ying , Xie Shang , Wu Li‐Ling , Xiang Ruo‐Lan , Cai Zhi‐Gang
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Tight junctions (TJs) are involved in the regulation of salivary secretion via paracellular pathway. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) is widely used for the treatment of hypersecretion diseases such as sialorrhea. This study aimed to investigate the role of TJs in BTXA‐inhibited secretion of the submandibular gland (SMG).

Materials and Methods

BTXA was injected into the SMGs of rats, and the same amount of saline was injected as a control. Western blot, real‐time PCR, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression and distribution of TJ proteins. Paracellular permeability was evaluated using the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements and fluorescent tracer detection in BTXA‐stimulated SMG‐C6 cells.

Results

BTXA injection into the SMGs of rats led to increased expression of claudin (Cldn) −1 and Cldn3. Immunofluorescence staining showed no significant changes in the distribution of TJ proteins. In vitro, BTXA increased the TER values and significantly reduced the permeability of fluorescent tracer, suggesting that BTXA decreased the paracellular permeability. The expression levels of Cldn1, Cldn3, and Cldn4 were upregulated after BTXA treatment.

Conclusion

The expression of TJ proteins changed in both animal models and SMG‐C6 cells after BTXA treatment, which may contribute to the inhibition of salivary secretion.
Mutual enjoyment in older couples' conversations and its links to marital satisfaction
Authors: Reimnitz Siera J. , Rauer Amy J.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the current study was to explore how much mutual enjoyment was observed when couples communicated across multiple types of discussions and how it predicted older spouses' concurrent and future marital satisfaction. Using a sample of happily married, older couples followed over a year (NT1 = 64 couples, NT2 = 55 couples), the current study used both self‐reports and observations of couples interacting in three different conversational tasks (marital reminiscence task, problem‐solving task, and a health support task) to capture mutual enjoyment. A series of Actor‐Partner Interdependence Models revealed that when couples were observed mutually enjoying the conversation more, both spouses reported being more maritally satisfied concurrently. The associations between enjoyment and later satisfaction, however, appeared dependent on both the partner's gender and the topic of the conversation.
Capacity management for a leasing system with different equipment and batch demands
Authors: Yang Xufeng , Jiao Wen , Zhang Juliang , Yan Hong
Published: April 2022

This work explores the admission and capacity allocation for a leasing system with two types of equipment and three kinds of batch demands: elementary specified, premium specified, and unspecified demands. The demands arrive following mutually independent Poisson processes, and the rental duration of equipment follows a negative exponential distribution. The lessor can satisfy partially the specified demands with the required type of equipment and satisfy partially the unspecified demands with any type of equipment. The objective is to maximize the expected discounted revenue. We formulate this problem as a Markov decision process, prove the anti‐multimodularity of the value function, and characterize the structure of the optimal policy. We show that the optimal policy has a simple structure and is characterized by state‐dependent rationing and priority thresholds. Moreover, a solution algorithm is proposed to calculate the optimal policy. We study the impacts of the system state on the optimal action and find that the optimal action has limited sensitivity to the system state. Numerical studies are conducted to compare the performance of the optimal policy with that of two heuristic methods and to derive some managerial insights by analysis. We further discuss batch acceptance.
Creating entrances to tree cavities attracts hollow‐dependent fauna: proof of concept
Authors: Ellis Murray V. , Taylor Jennifer E. , Rhind Susan G.
Published: April 2022

Redressing the paucity of tree hollows is essential for conservation of hollow‐dependent fauna in many landscapes around the world. We describe a method of accelerating availability of natural hollows in regenerating landscapes by mechanically creating entrances in tree stems that have existing voids or internal decay but have not yet developed entrances. We trialed this method in woodland and forest of south‐eastern Australia in 39 stems in the closely related tree genera Eucalyptus and Angophora. Exploratory drilling of 10‐mm diameter holes was used to detect the presence of internal decay or voids. We then drilled 40‐, 65‐, or 90‐mm diameter entrance holes, depending on the size of the potential cavity, 2.4–4.8 m above ground level. Camera traps showed that drilled entrances were investigated or used within hours of creation. A diverse suite of invertebrates, reptiles, mammals, and birds were recorded entering or leaving entrances, including threatened species. All 39 holes were used by animals with up to six vertebrate taxa using some entrances. Two bird species excavated material from within cavities, and three species of marsupial were recorded taking nesting material into the cavities. This trial provides evidence that adding entrances to currently inaccessible internal cavities in trees has potential to accelerate development of habitat for hollow‐dependent fauna, particularly in regenerating vegetation.
Defining disability and the role of the disability and the medical communities
Authors: Mosquera Julia
Published: April 2022

Definitions of disability are useful for different purposes and carry normative significance. However, defining disability has proven a difficult task. Communities with different theoretical backgrounds and practical aims disagree about how to define disability. Recently, Chong‐Ming Lim (2018) has attempted to define disability in a manner accommodating of the different interests and theoretical commitments of the disability and the medical communities. His account aims at broadening Elizabeth Barnes' (2016) definition of disability, which is not sufficiently inclusive of the interests of the medical community and leaves out cases other than physical disabilities. Under the most plausible interpretation of his account, however, the account becomes more restrictive than that of Barnes. In this paper, I propose instead two kinds of accounts: a disjunctive one based on a reinterpretation of Lim's, and a cluster concept account of disability. Both accounts can avoid the restrictiveness problem faced by Lim's and Barnes' original accounts.
Effects of a 0.3% cholesterol diet and a 20% fat diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus)
Authors: Beaufrère Hugues , Stark Ken D. , Wood R. Darren
Published: April 2022

Background

Lipid disorders are common in captive psittacine birds, but associated changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins have not been well characterized. The Quaker parrot is prone to dyslipidemia and has been extensively used as an experimental model.

Objectives

We aimed to study the effects of a 0.3% cholesterol diet and a 20% fat diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Quaker parrots.

Methods

Two crossover studies were performed with each diet. During each study, 12 parrots were divided into two groups fed the treatment or control diet for 2 weeks. After a 2‐month wash‐out period, the groups were reversed. At the end of each period, plasma lipidomics and lipoprotein profiling were performed. Data were analyzed by univariate tests adjusted for false discovery rates, volcano plots, and enrichment analyses.

Results

The cholesterol diet induced changes in many plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Total cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were significantly and markedly elevated. Ceramides were the second subclass of lipids that were elevated. Several glycerophosphocholines, sphingomyelins, and one diacylglycerol were also significantly elevated, albeit to a lesser magnitude. All lipoproteins were elevated, with the greatest increase seen in non‐HDL. The fat diet mainly resulted in a decrease in plasma glycerolipids and an increase in acylcarnitines. Lipoprotein plasma levels remained unchanged.

Conclusions

Quaker parrots fed a 0.3% cholesterol diet showed profound and complex dyslipidemic changes that could be used to further study lipid disorders and their management in psittacine birds. A 20% fat diet higher in n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids did not lead to dyslipidemia.
Technical and personal remembrances of David A. Shirley in studies of surface magnetism, photoelectron spectroscopy, EUV lithography, and hydrogen storage
Authors: Klebanoff L. E.
Published: April 2022

This article describes the influence of Professor David A. Shirley on the research science of one of his Ph.D. students in the diverse areas of surface magnetism, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spin-resolved XPS (SRXPS), extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, and hydrogen storage materials science. Examples are given from the author's work on Cr(001) surface magnetism, XPS, and SRXPS studies of multiplet-splitting in core-level photoemission from Fe. In addition, Dave's influence in understanding the radiation-induced deposition of carbon on EUV optics is described, along with the use of XPS in deciphering how hydrogen storage materials are modified by repeated hydrogen adsorption/desorption cycling. The current status of these particular topics is briefly summarized. These technical remembrances are combined with some fond personal stories about Dave, in recognition of his passing on March 29, 2021.
Resurgence of avian influenza virus
Authors: Wille Michelle , Barr Ian G.
Published: April 2022

Unprecedented outbreaks of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus raise concern
Structural analysis of TrkA mutations in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain reveals PLCγ as an analgesic drug target
Authors: Moraes Beatriz C. , Ribeiro-Filho Helder V. , Roldão Allan P. , Toniolo Elaine F. , Carretero Gustavo P. B. , Sgro Germán G. , Batista Fernanda A. H. , Berardi Damian E. , Oliveira Victoria R. S. , Tomasin Rebeka , Vieceli Felipe M. , Pramio Dimitrius T. , Cardoso Alexandre B. , Figueira Ana C. M. , Farah Shaker C. , Devi Lakshmi A. , Dale Camila S. , de Oliveira Paulo S. L. , Schechtman Deborah
Published: April 2022

Chronic pain is a major health issue, and the search for new analgesics has become increasingly important because of the addictive properties and unwanted side effects of opioids. To explore potentially new drug targets, we investigated mutations in the
NTRK1
gene found in individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA).
NTRK1
encodes tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) and that contributes to nociception. Molecular modeling and biochemical analysis identified mutations that decreased the interaction between TrkA and one of its substrates and signaling effectors, phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ). We developed a cell-permeable phosphopeptide derived from TrkA (TAT-pQYP) that bound the Src homology domain 2 (SH2) of PLCγ. In HEK-293T cells, TAT-pQYP inhibited the binding of heterologously expressed TrkA to PLCγ and decreased NGF-induced, TrkA-mediated PLCγ activation and signaling. In mice, intraplantar administration of TAT-pQYP decreased mechanical sensitivity in an inflammatory pain model, suggesting that targeting this interaction may be analgesic. The findings demonstrate a strategy to identify new targets for pain relief by analyzing the signaling pathways that are perturbed in CIPA.
Neuropeptides promote respiratory distress
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: April 2022

Increased neuropeptidergic signaling underlies lung dysfunction in a rare pediatric disease and may contribute to ARDS.
An engineered ACE2 decoy neutralizes the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and confers protection against infection in vivo
Authors: Ikemura Nariko , Taminishi Shunta , Inaba Tohru , Arimori Takao , Motooka Daisuke , Katoh Kazutaka , Kirita Yuhei , Higuchi Yusuke , Li Songling , Suzuki Tatsuya , Itoh Yumi , Ozaki Yuki , Nakamura Shota , Matoba Satoaki , Standley Daron M. , Okamoto Toru , Takagi Junichi , Hoshino Atsushi
Published: April 2022

The Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant contains an unusually high number of mutations in the spike protein, raising concerns of escape from vaccines, convalescent serum, and therapeutic drugs. Here, we analyzed the degree to which Omicron pseudo-virus evades neutralization by serum or therapeutic antibodies. Serum samples obtained 3 months after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccination exhibited 18-fold lower neutralization titers against Omicron than parental virus. Convalescent serum samples from individuals infected with the Alpha and Delta variants allowed similar frequencies of Omicron breakthrough infections. Domain-wise analysis using chimeric spike proteins revealed that this efficient evasion was primarily achieved by mutations clustered in the receptor binding domain but that multiple mutations in the N-terminal domain contributed as well. Omicron escaped a therapeutic cocktail of imdevimab and casirivimab, whereas sotrovimab, which targets a conserved region to avoid viral mutation, remains effective. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoys are another virus-neutralizing drug modality that are free, at least in theory, from complete escape. Deep mutational analysis demonstrated that an engineered ACE2 molecule prevented escape for each single-residue mutation in the receptor binding domain, similar to immunized serum. Engineered ACE2 neutralized Omicron comparably to the Wuhan strain and also showed a therapeutic effect against Omicron infection in hamsters and human ACE2 transgenic mice. Similar to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, some sarbecoviruses showed high sensitivity against engineered ACE2, confirming the therapeutic value against diverse variants, including those that are yet to emerge.
Exposure–Efficacy Analyses Support Optimal Dosing Regimens of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam in Participants with Hospital-Acquired/Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia in ASPECT-NP
Authors: Gao Wei , Passarell Julie , Patel Yogesh T. , Zhang Zufei , Lin Gina , Fiedler-Kelly Jill , Bruno Christopher J. , Rhee Elizabeth G. , De Anda Carisa S. , Feng Hwa-Ping
Published: April 2022

An exposure–efficacy analysis of the phase 3 ASPECT-NP trial was performed to evaluate the relationship between plasma exposure of ceftolozane and tazobactam and efficacy endpoints (primary: 28-day all-cause mortality; key secondary: clinical cure at test-of-cure visit) in adult participants with hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP). Participants (
N 
=
 
231) from the ceftolozane/tazobactam treatment group in the intention-to-treat population who had pharmacokinetic data available and relevant baseline lower respiratory tract (LRT) pathogen(s) susceptibility data were included.
Sculpting the Bacterial
O
-Glycoproteome: Functional Analyses of Orthologous Oligosaccharyltransferases with Diverse Targeting Specificities
Authors: Hadjineophytou Chris , Anonsen Jan Haug , Svingerud Tina , Mortimer Tatum D. , Grad Yonatan H. , Scott Nichollas E. , Koomey Michael
Published: April 2022

Although general protein glycosylation systems have been well recognized in prokaryotes, the processes governing their distribution, function, and evolution remain poorly understood. Here, we have begun to address these gaps in knowledge by comparative analyses of broad-spectrum
O
-linked protein glycosylation manifest in species within the genus
Neisseria
that strictly colonize humans.
Screening of the Pandemic Response Box Reveals an Association between Antifungal Effects of MMV1593537 and the Cell Wall of
Cryptococcus neoformans
,
Cryptococcus deuterogattii
, and
Candida auris
Authors: de Oliveira Haroldo C. , Castelli Rafael F. , Reis Flavia C. G. , Samby Kirandeep , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Alves Lysangela R. , Rodrigues Marcio L.
Published: April 2022

The development of novel antifungals is a matter of urgency. In this study, we evaluated antifungal activities in a collection of 400 molecules, using highly lethal fungal pathogens as targets.
Genetic Characterization of a Conjugative Plasmid That Encodes Azithromycin Resistance in
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Liu Xiaoxuan , Yang Xuemei , Ye Lianwei , Chan Edward Wai-Chi , Chen Sheng
Published: April 2022

In this study, we identified a conjugative plasmid carrying a novel azithromycin resistance gene,
erm
(42), from a clinical
K. pneumoniae
strain. Conjugation of this plasmid into
Salmonella
conjugants conferred resistance to azithromycin, which is considered a choice for treating
Salmonella
infections.
Molecular Insight into Gene Response of Diorcinol- and Rubrolide-Treated Biofilms of the Emerging Pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Gudzuhn Mirja , Alio Ifey , Moll Raphael , de Vries Jessica , Boehlich Jacob , Assmann Maik , Janneschütz Jasmin , Schützenmeister Nina , Himmelbach Axel , Poehlein Anja , Daniel Rolf , Streit Wolfgang R.
Published: April 2022

Combating
Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia
biofilms in clinical and industrial settings has proven to be challenging.
S. maltophilia
is multidrug resistant, and occurrence of resistance to commonly used drugs as well as to antibiotic combinations, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is now frequently reported. It is therefore now necessary to look beyond conventional and already existing antimicrobial drugs when battling
S. maltophilia
biofilms.
A Velvet Transcription Factor Specifically Activates Mating through a Novel Mating-Responsive Protein in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus deneoformans
Authors: Liu Huimin , Yao Xiaoxia , Ke Weixin , Ding Hao , He Guang-Jun , Ma Shuang , Peng Yan , Xu Xinping , Liao Guojian , Tian Xiuyun , Wang Linqi
Published: April 2022

The human fungal pathogen
C. deneoformans
is a model organism for studying fungal sexual reproduction, which is considered to be important to infection. However, the specific regulatory determinants for activation of sexual reproduction remain poorly understood.
Time scales of open-system processes in a complex and heterogeneous mush-dominated plumbing system
Authors: Albert Helena , Trua Teresa , Fonseca José , Marani Michael P. , Gamberi Fabiano , Spiess Richard , Marzoli Andrea
Published: April 2022

The architecture of a mush-dominated plumbing system in active volcanic areas conditions the magma pathways feeding eruptions. Open-system processes along these pathways and the associated time scales are directly related to monitoring data and eruptive behavior. Despite crystal mush–dominated systems being common in active volcanoes, previous studies have not focused on the integration of data from the mush sectors feeding different eruptions, supplying a partial view of the pre-eruptive magmatic processes and hindering the interpretation of the monitoring signals during unrest periods. We focus on the Marsili seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea), where the mineral data document processes within a magmatic system vertically extended throughout the local oceanic crust and made of a mush framework spotted with eruptible melt- and crystal-rich pockets. We undertook a study of Marsili olivine crystals that constrains the time scales of three pre-eruptive scenarios, dominated by open-system processes: (1) disaggregation of the deep Marsili volcano mush zone that occurred over a time scale of years prior to the eruption; (2) rapid ascent (days) of mantle-derived basaltic magma that, in some cases, intercepts shallow plagioclase-rich pockets; and (3) multiple mixing events between melt- and crystal-rich mush zones occurring approximately 1–2 mo and 0.5–3 yr before the eruption. Our results highlight the importance of contemporaneously studying eruptions in different locations on a volcano edifice for a better comprehension on how mush-dominated plumbing systems work as a whole and how this must be considered during the interpretation of monitoring data.
Plate tectonic–like cycles since the Hadean: Initiated or inherited?
Authors: Mitchell Ross N. , Spencer Christopher J. , Kirscher Uwe , Wilde Simon A.
Published: April 2022

Interpretation of Earth's oldest preserved crustal archive, the Jack Hills zircon of Western Australia, has been controversial in terms of the onset of plate tectonics. We conduct time-series analysis on hafnium isotopes of the Jack Hills zircon and reveal an array of statistically significant cycles that are reminiscent of plate-tectonic subduction. At face value, such cycles may suggest early Earth conditions similar to those of today—the uniformitarian hypothesis that plate tectonics was essentially operational since “day one”. On the other hand, in the context of expected secular changes due to planetary evolution and geological observations, the cycles could instead imply that modern plate-tectonic subduction inherited mantle convective harmonics already facilitated by an early phase of stagnant-lid delamination—the “lid-to-plates” hypothesis. Either way, any model for the nature of plate tectonics must incorporate conditions operating during Hadean time, either by initiation of plate tectonics then or by later inheritance of preexisting cycles of mantle convection.
Potential candidate for oral pericoital contraception: evaluating ulipristal acetate plus cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor for ovulation disruption
Authors: Cahill Erica P , Lerma Klaira , Shaw Kate A , Blumenthal Paul D
Published: April 2022

Background

There remains considerable global unmet contraceptive need, with almost 200 million women reporting desire to limit or space childbearing without contraceptive use. Researchers have documented worldwide interest in an oral, on-demand contraceptive option were it available. Candidates for use include ulipristal acetate (UA), levonorgestrel and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors alone or in combination.

Methods

We performed an exploratory, prospective study of matched menstrual cycles: one baseline cycle and one treatment cycle of UA 30 mg plus meloxicam 30 mg just prior to ovulation. The primary outcome was ovulation disruption, defined as unruptured dominant follicle for 5 days. Secondary outcomes included comparing cycle length, endometrial stripe thickness, and side effects.

Results

Nine participants completed all study procedures in both cycles. Ovulatory disruption occurred in 66.7% (n=6) of treatment cycles and all but one demonstrated features of ovulatory dysfunction. Cycle length (mean±SD) was longer in the treatment cycle (31.9±4.0 vs 28.6±3.5 days, p<0.01). Secondary outcomes did not differ between the two cycles.

Conclusions

UA plus the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam disrupts ovulation at peak luteal surge and is a promising candidate for evaluation as a pericoital oral contraceptive.

Trial registration number

NCT03354117.
Migrations of Devonian brine up-section and the origin of calcite-cemented sand in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Athabasca Oil Sands
Authors: Broughton Paul L.
Published: April 2022

Calcite-cemented sand intervals are widely distributed in the lower interval of the McMurray Formation of the Lower Cretaceous Athabasca Oil Sands deposit, northeastern Alberta. Flows of Devonian brine were driven up-section upon mixture with meteoric-charged groundwater that came in contact with the Prairie Evaporite Formation only 200 m below. Voluminous migrations of carbonate-saturated Devonian formation water during lower McMurray Formation deposition account for the distribution of decimetre to multimetre thick calcite-cemented sand intervals and giant concretions within the syndepositional fill of the Bitumount Trough, a 100 km long salt dissolution–collapse structure that floored the northern Athabasca Oil Sands deposit. Precipitations of calcite cement concurrent with deposition of the lower McMurray Formation provide insight into the eventual disposition of the voluminous brine that would have resulted from the dissolution of as much as 130 m of Middle Devonian salt section below the Bitumount Trough in contrast to deep basin storage elsewhere. Breccia pipes developed in Middle–Upper Devonian carbonate beds flooring the Bitumount Trough provided migration pathways up-section for the carbonate-saturated Devonian brines. Giant concretions of calcite-cemented sand, 1–2 m across, developed in homogeneous sands proximal to collapse-breccia pipes that vent along the Trough floor, whereas brine flows directed along heterogeneous sands resulted in tabular calcite-cemented beds. Similar but volumetrically less significant Quaternary brine migrations diluted with glacial meltwater were discharged at the surface as saline springs along the modern river valleys, resulting in geochemical trends characterized by concentration of total dissolved solids but without associated precipitations of calcite cement.