bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bioenergetic mechanism for amoeboid-like cell motility profiles tested in a microfluidic electrotaxis assay
Authors: Peretz-Soroka Hagit , Tirosh Reuven , Hipolito Jolly , Huebner Erwin , Alexander Murray , Fiege Jason , Lin Francis
Published: September 2017

We explored a new bioenergetics model for amoeboid-like cell motility based on intracellular proton currents and cytoplasmic streaming (iPC-CS).
Revisit of the Saito–Dresselhaus–Dresselhaus C2 ingestion model: on the mechanism of atomic-carbon-participated fullerene growth
Authors: Wang Wei-Wei , Dang Jing-Shuang , Zhao Xiang , Nagase Shigeru
Published: September 2017

We introduce a mechanistic study based on a controversial fullerene bottom-up growth model proposed by R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus.
Ultra-high molecular weight elastomeric polyethylene using an electronically and sterically enhanced nickel catalyst
Authors: Mahmood Qaiser , Zeng Yanning , Yue Erlin , Solan Gregory A. , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen-Hua
Published: September 2017

Highly active para-t-Bu-containing 1,2-bis(imino)acenaphthene-Ni(ii) catalysts are disclosed which afford hyper-branched PEs with Mw's up to 3.1 × 106 g mol−1; high tensile strength, excellent shape fixity as well as high elongation at break are a feature.
Properties of a new renewable sesame protein adhesive modified by urea in the absence and presence of zinc oxide
Authors: Wei Xiaobo , Wang Xuede , Li Yaoran , Ma Yuxiang
Published: September 2017

Sesame protein (SP) is a new renewable resource for wood adhesives because of its brilliant performance, which is non-toxic and harmless to human health during the process of using plywood.
MoS2/Ni3S2 nanorod arrays well-aligned on Ni foam: a 3D hierarchical efficient bifunctional catalytic electrode for overall water splitting
Authors: Zhang Nan , Lei Junyu , Xie Jianpeng , Huang Haiyan , Yu Ying
Published: September 2017

A novel 3D hierarchical bifunctional catalytic electrode, MoS2/Ni3S2 nanorod arrays well-aligned on NF exhibited excellent electrocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting.
Experimental and theoretical studies on corrosion inhibition of 4-amidinophenyl-2,2′-bifuran and its analogues in acidic media
Authors: Fouda A. S. , Ismail M. A. , Abousalem A. S. , Elewady G. Y.
Published: September 2017

Corrosion inhibition studies of carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl by newly synthesized bichalcophene compounds namely; 4-(2,2′-bifuran-5-yl)benzamidine (MA-0947) and 6-(2,2′-bifuran-5-yl)nicotinamidine (MA-0941) and 6-[5-(thiophen-2-yl)furan-2-yl]nicotinamidine (MA-0940).
Flame-retardant effect of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative and layered double hydroxides for epoxy resin
Authors: Yan Wei , Yu Jie , Zhang Mingqiu , Qin Shuhao , Wang Tao , Huang Weijiang , Long Lijuan
Published: September 2017

Flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared by the incorporation of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (DiDOPO) and modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH).
Facile fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon for a high-performance electrochemical capacitor
Authors: Du Guixiang , Bian Qiuxiao , Zhang Jingbo , Yang Xinhui
Published: September 2017

A facile and rapid pyrolysis method is developed for the synthesis of 3D hierarchical porous carbon, which exhibits a high specific capacitance, good rate capability and good cycling performance.
One-step synthesis of well-structured NiS–Ni2P2S6 nanosheets on nickel foam for efficient overall water splitting
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhang Shan , Li Jing , Wang Erkang
Published: September 2017

A schematic illustration of the one-step synthesis of 3D self-supported NiS@Ni2P2S6/NF for efficient water splitting in basic media.
Gas induced conversion of hybrid perovskite single crystal to single crystal for great enhancement of their photoelectric properties
Authors: Ju Dianxing , Zhao Tianyu , Yangyang Dang , Zhang Guodong , Hu Xiaobo , Cui Deliang , Tao Xutang
Published: September 2017

Gas induced conversion of hybrid perovskite single crystal to single crystal for great enhancement of photoelectric properties with their morphology retained.
Thermally induced chain orientation for improved thermal conductivity of P(VDF-TrFE) thin films
Authors: Zhao Junnan , Tan Aaron C. , Green Peter F.
Published: September 2017

A large increase in thermal conductivity κ was observed in a P(VDF-TrFE) thin film annealed above melting temperature due to extensive ordering of polymer backbone chains perpendicular to the substrate after recrystallization from the melt. This finding may lay out a straightforward method to improve the thin film κ of semicrystalline polymers whose chain orientation is sensitive to thermal annealing.
Anion-induced ferroelectric polarization in a luminescent metal–organic cage compound
Authors: Yadav Ashok , Srivastava Anant Kumar , Kulkarni Priyangi , Divya Pillutla , Steiner Alexander , Praveenkumar B. , Boomishankar Ramamoorthy
Published: September 2017

A cage assembly consisting of an axially symmetric nonpolar octahedral [Zn6L8] core exhibits an interesting multifunctional luminescence and ferroelectric order at room temperature. The ferroelectric response originates from the toggling of nitrate anions and solvate molecules found in pockets between the cages.
How sulfidation of ZnO powders enhances visible fluorescence
Authors: Simmons Jay G. , Reish Matthew E. , Foreman John V. , Liu Jie , Everitt Henry O.
Published: September 2017

The type-II alignment of ZnS domains in sulfidated ZnO phosphors scavenges free holes, dramatically enhancing white fluorescence from oxygen vacancies.
A Mixed Methods Study of Expository Paragraph Writing in English-Proficient, Hispanic, Middle School Students With Writing Weaknesses
Authors: Perry Valencia
Published: September 2017

Many Hispanic students present with difficulties in developing proficient writing skills. Perhaps these difficulties are associated with cultural and linguistic differences. This pilot investigation explored this concept through a mixed-methods approach. A qualitative analysis of written expository paragraphs was conducted to identify common writing patterns among the samples. Then, a single-case, multiple baselines design was employed to examine the effectiveness of an original writing intervention targeting expository writing skills in Hispanic students who are proficient in English. Results are presented with implications for speech-language pathologists for consideration in providing written language services to similar populations.
Distributed optimal integrated tracking control for separate kinematic and dynamic uncertain non‐holonomic mobile mechanical multi‐agent systems
Authors: Tan Luy Nguyen
Published: September 2017

This study addres,ses a distributed optimal integrated tracking control method with disturbance rejection for separate kinematic and dynamic uncertain non‐holonomic mobile mechanical multi‐agent () systems. Initially, based on the graph theory, the overall tracking systems of agents are defined and the distributed optimal tracking problem of separate kinematics and dynamics is transformed into an equivalent distributed optimal regulation problem of the integrated affine system. Then, neural network (NN)‐based adaptive dynamic programming and cooperative differential game theory is utilised for control, in which only one NN is required for each agent. The NN weight‐tuning law and the online algorithm is developed to approximate the value function, and synchronously update both optimal control and worst disturbance laws in only one iterative loop. The tracking errors and function approximation errors are proven to be uniformly ultimately bounded using Lyapunov theory. Finally, as applications of the proposed method, control of the wheeled mobile multi‐robot system is discussed. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by the results of the comparative numerical simulation.
RF interferometric wearable wrist pulse detection system
Authors: Kim Byung‐Hyun , An Yong‐Jun , Yun Gi‐Ho , Yook Jong‐Gwan
Published: September 2017

This study presents a novel wrist pulse detection system based on the variation of transmission coefficient () of coupled resonators. Radiated signal from one resonator is modulated by the wrist pulse and transmitted to the other resonator. To improve sensitivity of the system, a radio‐frequency (RF) interferometer concept is employed and its validity is mathematically analysed. Full‐wave electromagnetic simulation is conducted with the wrist phantom model to predict the transmission coefficient between resonators. The peak level of the is around −10 dB and the resonance frequency shifts to higher frequency as the distance between the resonator and wrist increases. A prototype of the system is fabricated and tested to show sensitivity enhancement around the 2.4 GHz industry‐science‐medical (ISM) band. Experimental results reveal that the wrist pulse signal measured by the RF interferometer system is in exact coincidence with the reference finger sensor. Also, the sensitivity is enhanced about 23 dB with the RF interferometer system based on the measurement results.
Dynamical instability, strong anharmonicity and electron-phonon coupling in KOs2O6: First-principles calculations
Authors: Wang Wei , Sun Jiafa , Li Bin , He Junqi
Published: September 2017

First-principles pseudopotential calculations on phonon and electronic properties of β−pyrochlore superconductor KOs2O6 are performed. The imaginary soft-phonon modes with a special double-well potential for the lowest Eu(1) mode and the second lowest T1u(1) mode are reported, which indicates the dynamical instability in KOs2O6. However, the double wells are too small to induce a structural phase transformation in KOs2O6. The strong anharmonicity especially for K T2g(1) phonon mode is got, which is approved to be from the strong electron-phonon coupling that supports the superconductivity in KOs2O6.
Fast grasping of unknown objects using principal component analysis
Authors: Lei Qujiang , Chen Guangming , Wisse Martijn
Published: September 2017

Fast grasping of unknown objects has crucial impact on the efficiency of robot manipulation especially subjected to unfamiliar environments. In order to accelerate grasping speed of unknown objects, principal component analysis is utilized to direct the grasping process. In particular, a single-view partial point cloud is constructed and grasp candidates are allocated along the principal axis. Force balance optimization is employed to analyze possible graspable areas. The obtained graspable area with the minimal resultant force is the best zone for the final grasping execution. It is shown that an unknown object can be more quickly grasped provided that the component analysis principle axis is determined using single-view partial point cloud. To cope with the grasp uncertainty, robot motion is assisted to obtain a new viewpoint. Virtual exploration and experimental tests are carried out to verify this fast gasping algorithm. Both simulation and experimental tests demonstrated excellent performances based on the results of grasping a series of unknown objects. To minimize the grasping uncertainty, the merits of the robot hardware with two 3D cameras can be utilized to suffice the partial point cloud. As a result of utilizing the robot hardware, the grasping reliance is highly enhanced. Therefore, this research demonstrates practical significance for increasing grasping speed and thus increasing robot efficiency under unpredictable environments.
SrZnO nanostructures grown on templated <0001> Al2O3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Labis Joselito P. , Alanazi Anwar Q. , Albrithen Hamad A. , El-Toni Ahmed Mohamed , Hezam Mahmoud , Elafifi Hussein Elsayed , Abaza Osama M.
Published: September 2017

The parameters of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) have been optimized to design different nanostructures of Strontium-alloyed zinc oxide (SrZnO). In this work, SrZnO nanostructures are grown on <0001>Al2O3 substrates via two-step templating/seeding approach. In the temperature range between 300 - 750 oC and O2 background pressures between 0.01 and 10 Torr, the growth conditions have been tailored to grow unique pointed leaf-like- and pitted olive-like nanostructures. Prior to the growth of the nanostructures, a thin SrZnO layer that serves as seed layer/template is first deposited on the Al2O3 substrates at ∼300oC and background oxygen pressure of 10 mTorr. The optical properties of the nanostructures were examined by UV/Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL), while the structures/morphologies were examined by SEM, TEM, and XRD. The alloyed SrZnO nanostructures, grown by ablating ZnO targets with 5, 10, 25% SrO contents, have in common a single-crystal hexagonal nanostructure with (0002) preferential orientation and have shown remarkable changes in the morphological and optical properties of the materials. To date, this is the only reported work on optimization of laser ablation parameters to design novel SrZnO nanostructures in the 5-25% alloying range, as most related Sr-doped ZnO studies were done below 7% doping. Although the physical properties of ZnO are modified via Sr doping, the mechanism remains unclear. The PLD-grown SrZnO nanostructures were directly grown onto the Al2O3 substrates; thus making these nanomaterials very promising for potential applications in biosensors, love-wave filters, solar cells, and ultrasonic oscillators.
Comparative investigation of Schottky barrier height of Ni/n-type Ge and Ni/n-type GeSn
Authors: Jheng Li Sian , Li Hui , Chang Chiao , Cheng Hung Hsiang , Li Liang Chen
Published: September 2017

We report an investigation of the Schottky barrier height (SBH) of Ni/n-type Ge and Ni/n-type GeSn films that is annealed at a wide range of temperatures. Both voltage- and temperature-dependent current–voltage (I–V) measurements are performed. From the analysis of these nonlinear I–V traces, the SBH is found and the results shows that the SBH of Ni/n-type GeSn (a) is smaller than that of Ni/n-type Ge and (b) decreases with the Sn content of the surface GeSn layer associated with the thermal annealing. By modeling the composition- and strain-dependent energy bandgap (Eg), the relationship between the SBH and Eg is established and it is found that SBH/Eg ∼0.8. These results suggest that the GeSn film could serve as an interfacial layer for the reduction of the SBH in Ge-based electronic devices that are desirable for applications.
Inner and outer layer turbulence over a superhydrophobic surface with low roughness level at low Reynolds number
Authors: Abu Rowin W. , Hou J. , Ghaemi S.
Published: September 2017

The inner and outer layers of a turbulent channel flow over a superhydrophobic surface (SHS) are characterized using simultaneous long-range microscopic particle tracking velocimetry (micro-PTV) and particle image velocimetry, respectively. The channel flow is operated at a low Reynolds number of ReH = 4400 (based on full channel height and 0.174 m/s bulk velocity), equivalent to Reτ = 140 (based on half channel height and friction velocity). The SHS is produced by spray coating, and the root-mean-square of wall roughness normalized by wall-unit is k+rms = 0.11. The micro-PTV shows 0.023 m/s slip velocity over the SHS (about 13% of the bulk velocity), which corresponds to a slip-length of ∼200 μm. A drag reduction of ∼19% based on the slope of the linear viscous sublayer and 22% based on an analytical expression of Rastegari and Akhavan [J. Fluid Mech. 773, R4 (2015)] realized. The reduced Reτ over the SHS based on the corresponding friction velocity is ∼125, which is in the lower limit of a turbulence regime. The results show the increase of streamwise Reynolds stresses 〈u2〉 for the SHS in the linear viscous sublayer due to the slip boundary condition. The 〈u2〉 peak does not change in magnitude while it is displaced closer to the wall in physical distance. The wall-normal Reynolds stress 〈v2〉 over the SHS and smooth surface is observed to overlap near the wall at y+ < 10, while 〈v2〉 for the SHS is smaller further away from the wall in physical dimensions. At y+ = 30, 〈v2〉 is 30% smaller for the SHS. A small increase of Reynolds shear stress for the SHS is observed at y+ < 10, while about 30% reduction is observed at y+ = 30. The observed variation of Reynolds stresses is associated with the relatively small roughness of the surface. If Reynolds stresses are normalized based on the corresponding friction velocity, the non-dimensional stresses show a large increase of 〈u2〉 and a small increase of 〈uv〉 over the SHS at y+ < 20. Farther away from the wall at y+ > 20, the scaling of Reynolds stresses based on the corresponding uτ results in their overlap for the smooth and SHSs. The drag reduction is mainly associated with the reduction of viscous wall-shear stress, while the variation in Reynolds shear stress at the wall is negligible. The quadrant analysis of turbulent fluctuations shows attenuation of stronger sweep motions at y+ < 15, while ejections are attenuated in the buffer layer at y+ = 20 until 30.
Measuring correlations with two lasers reveals the kinetic signature of plasma waves
Authors: Blaustein Rich
Published: September 2017

Researchers for the first time measure the plasma velocity-space cross-correlation matrix and measure the velocity-space structure of plasma waves.
Characterization of an Alteromonas long-type ulvan lyase involved in the degradation of ulvan extracted from Ulva ohnoi
Authors: He Chuan , Muramatsu Hisashi , Kato Shin-ichiro , Ohnishi Kouhei
Published: September 2017

Ulvan is a sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell wall of the green algae Ulva. We first isolated several ulvan-utilizing Alteromonas sp. from the feces of small marine animals. The strain with the highest ulvan-degrading activity, KUL17, was analyzed further. We identified a 55-kDa ulvan-degrading protein secreted by this strain and cloned the gene encoding for it. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the enzyme belongs to polysaccharide lyase family 24 and thus the protein was named ulvan lyase. The predicted molecular mass of this enzyme is 110 kDa, which is different from that of the identified protein. By deletion analysis, the catalytic domain was proven to be located on the N-terminal half of the protein. KUL17 contains two ulvan lyases, one long and one short, but the secreted and cleaved long ulvan lyase was demonstrated to be the major enzyme for ulvan degradation.
The Effect of Sunday Alcohol Sales Bans on Teen Drinking in Georgia
Authors: Meany Brendan , Berning Joshua , Smith Travis , Rejesus Roderick M
Published: September 2017

Current Blue laws are primarily concerned with limiting the sale of alcohol on Sunday. This presumably decreases adverse outcomes related to alcohol consumption. We examine whether the repeal of alcohol sales on Sunday in Georgia had an impact on teenage drinking, which is linked to a multitude of risky behaviors. We exploit the heterogeneous repeal across counties and municipalities. To account for potential endogeneity, we employ an instrumental variable approach. Across several model specifications, we find no effect of repeal on underage drinking. Concerns that repeal might contribute to increases in underage drinking appear to be unfounded in this case.
Impact of European Union–U.S. Organic Equivalency Arrangement on U.S. Exports
Authors: Demko Iryna , Jaenicke Edward C
Published: September 2017

This study uses the synthetic control method to investigate the impact of the 2012 bilateral organic equivalency arrangement between the European Union and the United States, the two largest organic markets in the world. Employing the newly‐available USDA Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS) data on organic trade, we collectively analyze 23 products of U.S. organic exports representing fresh produce, coffee, and tomato sauce, at the quarterly level during the 2011–2014 period. We find that the policy generates an increase of 9.1% in the organic exports of these products to the European Union each quarter.
Developing and testing a computer vision method to quantify 3D movements of bottom-set gillnets on the seabed
Authors: Savina Esther , Krag Ludvig Ahm , Madsen Niels
Published: September 2017

Gillnets are one of the most widely used fishing gears, but there is limited knowledge about their habitat effects, partly due to the lack of methodology to quantify such effects. A stereo imaging method was identified and adapted to quantify the dynamic behaviour of gillnets in-situ. Two cameras took synchronized images of the gear from slightly different perspectives, allowing to estimate the distance from the observation unit to the gear such as in the human 3D vision. The sweeping motion on the seabed and the penetration into the sediment of the leadline of light and heavy commercial bottom gillnets deployed in sandy habitats in the Danish coastal plaice fishery were assessed. The direct physical disruption of the seabed was minimal as the leadline was not penetrating into the seabed. Direct damage to the benthos could however originate from the sweeping movements of the nets, which were found to be higher than usually estimated by experts, up to about 2 m. The sweeping movements were for the most part in the order of magnitude of 10 cm, and resulted in a total swept area per fishing operation lower than any of the hourly swept area estimated for active fishing gears. Whereas the general perception is that heavy gears are more destructive to the habitat, light nets were moving significantly more than heavy ones. The established methodology could be further applied to assess gear dynamic behaviour in situ of other static gears.
Automated Text Analysis for Consumer Research
Authors: Humphreys Ashlee , Wang Rebecca Jen-Hui
Published: September 2017

The amount of digital text available for analysis by consumer researchers has risen dramatically. Consumer discussions on the internet, product reviews, and digital archives of news articles and press releases are just a few potential sources for insights about consumer attitudes, interaction, and culture. Drawing from linguistic theory and methods, this article presents an overview of automated text analysis, providing integration of linguistic theory with constructs commonly used in consumer research, guidance for choosing amongst methods, and advice for resolving sampling and statistical issues unique to text analysis. We argue that although automated text analysis cannot be used to study all phenomena, it is a useful tool for examining patterns in text that neither researchers nor consumers can detect unaided. Text analysis can be used to examine psychological and sociological constructs in consumer-produced digital text by enabling discovery or by providing ecological validity.
Infections caused by mycobacteria
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex and Mycobacterium leprae. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-negative organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella species (including typhoid and paratyphoid), Brucella, melioid, Campylobacter, and meningococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Infections caused by spirochaetes
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by spirochaetes. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including leptospirosis, syphilis, non-venereal treponemes, and relapsing fevers. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, and Bartonella species. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including the typhus group (caused by rickettsial infection) and Q fever. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Infections caused by DNA viruses
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize DNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes pox viruses and hepatitis B virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human cestode (‘tapeworm’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter then goes on to cover dwarf tapeworm, fish tapeworm, beef/pork tapeworm, and hydatid disease. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Protozoal infections of the gut
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize protozoal infections of the human gut, starting with a classification system and then providing specific notes on amoebiasis and Giardia infection. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Infections classified by organ system
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a page-per-topic view for clinical syndromes classified by organ system (central nervous system, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and genitourinary, ocular, and cutaneous syndromes). Each page contains a tabulated list of organisms that may be responsible for causing pathology in this organ system, with a brief description of the likely nature of the clinical presentation. This aims to provide clinicians with a quick check-list of the potential aetiology underpinning any particular clinical presentation, as well as providing a summary of information presented on specific organisms in earlier chapters of the book.
Other bites and stings
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter contains notes on envenomation by creatures other than snakes, including scorpions and spiders, as well as Lepidoptera (caterpillars), Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and hornets), weever fish, and jelly fish.
Single group studies
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 discusses single group studies, and covers prevalence, how to present results, screening studies, calculating, and presenting sensitivity and specificity. It discusses how to deal with calculations with a rare condition where the numbers are small. Finally, it discusses the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Analysing relationships between variables
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 9 discusses how to analyse relationships between variables, including how to use, interpret, and report Pearson’s correlation, rank correlation, and regression. It discusses the use of transformation in regression and how to report results. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Presenting a meta-analysis
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 13 introduces systematic reviews and meta-analyses, describing the use of aggregate or individual patient data. It describes how bias can arise in meta-analyses. It describes and demonstrates the use of the PRISMA guidelines statement.
Exam tips
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

This chapter highlights the recent changes in the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) postgraduate examination required for Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training in the United Kingdom and focuses on the key aspects of the new Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) intermediate short-answer question (SAQ) exam, previously the MRCEM B. The chapter provides a description of the exam style and layout, marking system, and curriculum content, as well as exam tips to aid revision. The new FRCEM exam structure is linked to the new 2015 RCEM curriculum and this chapter reflects that. In addition this chapter provides useful information on how to use this book to optimize revision.
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

The Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum covers a number of both gynaecological and pregnancy-related problems. This chapter covers the management and differential diagnosis for a female patient presenting with abdominal pain, including gynaecological causes as well as ectopic pregnancy. In addition, this chapter also focuses on the obstetric problems of bleeding in pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, and eclampsia in line with the RCEM curriculum, which may all appear in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper. This chapter also covers the special circumstance of trauma in a pregnancy, which is not covered in Chapter 4 (Major trauma), and highlights the differences in managing a pregnant trauma patient.
Cardiac emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Chest pain is a common presenting complaint for patients in the emergency department. This chapter focuses on the management and recent changes to non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and STEMI pathways, in keeping with national guidance. Arrhythmia management including atrial fibrillation as well as the use of scoring systems as the CHADVASC score also commonly appears in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper, which is covered in this chapter in line with current NICE guidance. In addition, there is also a section on the diagnosis and differentiation on managing a patient with a transient loss of consciousness and the associated risk factors of sudden cardiac death. This chapter also includes sections on hypertensive emergencies and the management of heart failure.
Gastrointestinal emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers the medical aspects of patients presenting to the emergency department with a gastrointestinal problem. It covers both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, including the management and scoring systems available for risk stratification. This chapter also includes a section on diarrhoea and vomiting, as well as the management of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. In addition to bowel-related pathology, another common presentation includes liver and alcohol-related pathology. This chapter summarizes the key aspects of liver failure. Included in this are the key investigation and indications for transplant, as well as the management of alcohol-related liver disease and alcohol withdrawal.
Toxicology
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Toxicology questions frequently appear in the Intermediate FRCEM short-answer question (SAQ) paper and a general knowledge of poisoning and its associated management is required. This chapter covers the basic principles of poisoning and drug elimination. It also focuses on common toxidromes to aid diagnosis and their associated management. In addition, this chapter also provides detailed information and management for the commonest poisoning agents such as paracetamol, salicylates, tricyclic antidepressants, and carbon monoxide. Paracetamol overdose is one of the commonest presentations of poisoning to the emergency department, the treatment guidelines for which have recently changed. This chapter provides the basic pathophysiology of paracetamol toxicity and details the current management guidance.
The Future of Correctional Psychiatry
Authors: Appelbaum Kenneth L. , Trestman Robert L. , Metzner Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2017

Recent decades have seen many advances in the knowledge base and practice standards for correctional psychiatry. In many ways, however, the field remains in the early stages of development. As it continues to mature in the coming years, we hope and expect to see further progress. Establishment of evidence-based clinical practices and a firm foundation for ethical standards has begun, and the momentum will continue to build. The questions and dilemmas that we present do not all lend themselves to easy consensus. They do, however, require attention and resolution. Custodial and clinical practices in correctional settings continue to evolve and change. Some of those changes may occur in a rapid and dramatic way. Psychiatry should stake-out a place in the forefront of the ongoing debate. By being proactive instead of reactive we will have a greater chance of influencing the outcomes and we will fulfill our responsibilities for the inmate patients who we serve. No one can predict with certainty what the future holds. We feel safe, however, in predicting that changes, incremental and perhaps revolutionary, will occur. In this chapter we identify opportunities to expand the evidence-base of correctional psychiatry, the need to refine practice guidelines, and the role that psychiatry might play in influencing the use of incarceration. As part of our review we describe what we believe the future may hold in store for our subspecialty. We hope that this textbook contributes to a picture of where things stand and a vision of where we need to go.
An Evolutionary Approach to Humiliation and Shame Induced by Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
Authors: Björkqvist Kaj
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, the effects of humiliation and shame on the human psyche are examined from an evolutionary point of view, with the purpose of providing information useful for an examination of the role of social pain in torture. There is neurophysiological evidence that the ability to feel social pain has developed from the ability to feel physical pain, and that this development took place when the reptilian brain developed into the mammalian brain, in particular among mammal species living in groups. The ability to feel humiliated and shamed is especially strong in humans, and there is evidence that social pain may be experienced as “worse” than physical pain. This fact has implications for the definition of torture because it casts doubt on the validity of traditional distinctions between torture and cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment.
The United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Authors: Sveaass Nora
Published: September 2017

According to Article 2 of the Convention Against Torture (UNCAT), each State party should take effective measures to prevent acts of torture. The obligation to prevent torture and ill-treatment (i.e., cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment) (CIDT) is wide ranging and closely related to accountability and the obligation to redress. The chapter presents and discusses CAT jurisprudence in areas such as sexual abuse and other forms of violence against children and adults in domestic settings, as well as in armed conflict, human trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Questions related to the deprivation of liberty in health care settings, such as involuntary hospitalization of persons with psychosocial disabilities, are discussed. The chapter emphasizes the State’s obligation to show due diligence to prevent acts of torture and ill-treatment by the state and also by private actors.
Embryonal and pineal tumours
Authors: Taylor Roger E. , Pizer Barry L. , Tarbell Nancy , Brandes Alba A. , Lowis Stephen
Published: September 2017

Embryonal tumours account for 20% of paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours. Medulloblastoma (MB), the most frequent, arises in the cerebellum. Clinical strategies have been based on series of multi-institutional trials since the 1970s. Recent understanding of the influence of molecular/biological factors has led to subdivision into four distinct subtypes with differing clinical and prognostic profiles, on which stratification is now based. Management of MB in adults is largely based on principles of managing children, modified according to differing clinical and toxicity profiles. Molecular analysis has led to the understanding that what was previously referred to as CNS-PNET comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours with a significant proportion representing other histologies. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT) carries mutations in the gene hSNF5/INI1 in most cases, with many now associated with an improved prospect of long-term survival. Pineal tumours have similar clinical presentations, comprising a heterogeneous mix of histologies from pineocytoma through to pineoblastoma.
Tumours of the cranial nerves
Authors: Tonn Joerg-Christian , Kondziolka Douglas
Published: September 2017

‘Tumours of the cranial nerves’ describes diagnosis and management for the most common tumours such as vestibular (acoustic) schwannomas as well as for rare entities such as optic nerve sheath meningioma and esthesioneuroblastoma. It reviews the current data concerning epidemiology and the grading systems according to the World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumours and describes refined magnetic resonance imaging techniques for differential diagnosis. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of specific therapeutic modalities such as microsurgery, radiotherapy, as well as stereotactic radiosurgery, either alone or in combination. The focus of the differential therapeutic considerations is to provide personalized approaches in order to attain maximal efficacy with preservation of neurological function.
Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O'Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine provides a unique resource for medical students and junior doctors as a definitive guide to medicine. It is divided into 19 chapters, each covering a core area, including chest medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, renal medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, neurology, oncology and palliative care, rheumatology, surgery, clinical chemistry, radiology, practical procedures, and emergency medicine. It presents clinical information in a clear way that makes it easy to revise, remember, and implement on the ward. It gives reliable advice on what to do, and when and how to do it, with clinical photographs and diagrams that bring theory to life. It weaves history, literature, art, and philosophy into its survey of medicine, casting new light on the specialties and encouraging the reader to see beyond the practical aspects of medicine and adopt a patient-centred approach to care.
Cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses cardiovascular medicine, including cardiovascular health, cardiovascular symptoms at the bedside, ECG abnormalities, cardiac imaging, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, cardiovascular drugs, angina pectoris, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), complications of MI, arrhythmias, continuous ECG monitoring, narrow complex tachycardia, broad complex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter, pacemakers, heart failure, hypertension, rheumatic fever (RF), mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, right heart valve disease, cardiac surgery, systemic diseases, infective endocarditis (IE), diseases of heart muscle, pericardial diseases, adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), and driving and the heart.
Eponymous syndromes
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses eponymous syndromes, including Alice in Wonderland syndrome, Arnold–Chiari malformation, Baker’s cyst, Barrett’s oesophagus, Bazin’s disease, Behçet’s disease, Berger’s disease, Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis, Brown-Séquard syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Budd–Chiari syndrome, Buerger’s disease, Caplan’s syndrome, Charcot–Marie–Tooth syndrome, Churg–Strauss syndrome, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), Crigler–Najjar syndrome, Devic’s syndrome, Dressler’s syndrome, Dubin–Johnson syndrome, Dupuytren’s contracture, Ekbom’s syndrome, Fabry disease, Fanconi anaemia, Felty’s syndrome, Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Froin’s syndrome, Gardner’s syndrome, Gélineau’s syndrome, Gerstmann’s syndrome, Gilbert’s syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Goodpasture’s disease, Guillain–Barré syndrome, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), Horner’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Leriche’s syndrome, Löffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis, Löffler’s syndrome, Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome, McArdle’s glycogen storage disease (type V), Mallory–Weiss tear, Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome, Marchiafava–Micheli syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, Meckel’s diverticulum, Meigs’ syndrome, Ménétrier’s disease, Meyer–Betz syndrome, Mikulicz’s syndrome, Milroy disease, Münchausen’s syndrome, Ogilvie’s syndrome, Ortner’s cardiovocal syndrome, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Paget’s disease of the breast (PDB), Pancoast’s syndrome, Parinaud’s syndrome, Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Peutz–Jeghers’ syndrome, Peyronie’s disease, Pott’s syndrome, Prinzmetal (variant) angina, Raynaud’s syndrome, Refsum disease, Romano–Ward syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sister Mary Joseph nodule, Sjögren’s syndrome, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), Takayasu’s arteritis, Tietze’s syndrome, Todd’s palsy, Vincent’s angina, Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Von Willebrand’s disease (VWD), Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome, Waterhouse–Friderichsen’s (WhF) syndrome, Weber’s syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Whipple’s disease, Zellweger syndrome, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
Reference intervals, etc.
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores reference intervals, including statistics in medicine, biochemistry reference intervals, haematology reference intervals, drug therapeutic ranges in plasma, and important drug interactions.
Practical procedures
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents practical procedures, including nasogastric tubes, placing IV cannulae, cutting down on to a vein, catheterizing bladders, draining ascites, diagnostic aspiration of a pleural effusion, abdominal paracentesis, inserting a chest drain, relieving a tension pneumothorax, aspiration of a pneumothorax, lumbar puncture (LP), cardioversion/defibrillation, arterial blood gas sampling, emergency airway management, central venous cannulation, internal jugular catheterization, and inserting a temporary cardiac pacemaker.
Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Older Patients
Authors: Steinberg Martin , Rosenberg Paul B.
Published: September 2017

Depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the elderly can present with similar features such as cognitive complaints, loss of initiative, and difficulties with psychosocial functioning. These can be difficult to distinguish in the office setting, especially when mild in severity. The relationships between the three syndromes remains incompletely understood. Patients with MCI are at high risk for conversion to dementia. Depression may be either a risk factor for or early manifestation of MCI. Depression in late life is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, but the causal relationship remains controversial. Depression may also increase the risk of conversion from MCI to dementia and be more strongly associated with conversion to Vascular dementia (VaD) than to AD. This book will provide guidance to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of these complex conditions in the office setting.
Medical Conditions That May Cause Cognitive Impairment and Depression
Authors: Awan Kanwal , Steinberg Martin
Published: September 2017

Ruling out medical conditions that can cause depression or cognitive impairment is essential in effectively caring for elderly patients. Case examples illustrate how these may present. Diabetes can cause confusion due to either hyper- or hypoglycemia. Congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive lung disease can cause hypoxia and resulting confusion. Sleep apnea can present with amnesia, apathy, and depression. Physiological changes make elderly patients especially susceptible to adverse drug effects, including hyponatremia and anticholinergic symptoms. Depression and cognitive changes have been associated with both hyper- and hypothyroidism, as well as with hyperparathyroidism. Elderly patients are at risk for developing subdural hematomas which can present with cognitive deficits and blunting of mood, and some patients may not have taken notice of the traumatic incident. Vitamin B12 deficiency can present with neurological symptoms including dementia, and cancer may present with fatigue and weight loss, which may be interpreted as depression.