bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Characteristics of the Influence of Punishment on Perceptual Decision Making in the Human Brain
Authors: Blank Helen , Biele Guido , Heekeren Hauke R. , Philiastides Marios G.
Published: February 2013

Perceptual decision making is the process by which information from sensory systems is combined and used to influence our behavior. In addition to the sensory input, this process can be affected by other factors, such as reward and punishment for correct and incorrect responses. To investigate the temporal dynamics of how monetary punishment influences perceptual decision making in humans, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data during a perceptual categorization task whereby the punishment level for incorrect responses was parametrically manipulated across blocks of trials. Behaviorally, we observed improved accuracy for high relative to low punishment levels. Using multivariate linear discriminant analysis of the EEG, we identified multiple punishment-induced discriminating components with spatially distinct scalp topographies. Compared with components related to sensory evidence, components discriminating punishment levels appeared later in the trial, suggesting that punishment affects primarily late postsensory, decision-related processing. Crucially, the amplitude of these punishment components across participants was predictive of the size of the behavioral improvements induced by punishment. Finally, trial-by-trial changes in prestimulus oscillatory activity in the alpha and gamma bands were good predictors of the amplitude of these components. We discuss these findings in the context of increased motivation/attention, resulting from increases in punishment, which in turn yields improved decision-related processing.
GABABReceptors Regulate Extrasynaptic GABAAReceptors
Authors: Connelly William M. , Fyson Sarah J. , Errington Adam C. , McCafferty Cian P. , Cope David W. , Di Giovanni Giuseppe , Crunelli Vincenzo
Published: February 2013

Tonic inhibitory GABAAreceptor-mediated currents are observed in numerous cell types in the CNS, including thalamocortical neurons of the ventrobasal thalamus, dentate gyrus granule cells, and cerebellar granule cells. Here we show that in rat brain slices, activation of postsynaptic GABABreceptors enhances the magnitude of the tonic GABAAcurrent recorded in these cell types via a pathway involving Gi/oG proteins, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Using a combination of pharmacology and knockout mice, we show that this pathway is independent of potassium channels or GABA transporters. Furthermore, the enhancement in tonic current is sufficient to significantly alter the excitability of thalamocortical neurons. These results demonstrate for the first time a postsynaptic crosstalk between GABABand GABAAreceptors.
A direct comparison of quality of life in obese and Cushing's syndrome patients
Authors: Abraham Smita Baid , Abel Brent S , Rubino Domenica , Nansel Tonja , Ramsey Sheila , Nieman Lynnette K
Published: February 2013

Objective

Obese (OB) individuals and patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) often have similar clinical presentations. While each group has reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL), it is not known whether the degree of impairment is different and might distinguish between them. The objective of this study was to compare HRQL in these two populations.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty-seven OB patients (48.1±11.7 years; 72.5% women) with weight gain and at least two features of CS were recruited from an outpatient weight management clinic. Sixty-six untreated patients with CS (41.6±13.2 years; 78.8% women) presented to the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation. Subjects completed the SF-36 survey and a locally created symptom questionnaire.

Results

After adjusting for symptom count, OB patients had a significantly higher (better HRQL) mean physical component summary (PCS) score than CS patients (44.9±0.6 vs 35.4±1.5, P<0.0001). However, the mean mental component summary (MCS) score was lower (worse HRQL) in the OB group (41.6±0.6 vs 50.7±1.6, P<0.0001). Symptom count showed significant correlations with PCS and MCS scores. BMI correlated with PCS (r=−0.29) in OB but not in CS patients. BMI was not associated with MCS in either group.

Conclusion

HRQL is significantly different between OB and CS patients. Surprisingly, after adjusting for symptom count, OB patients showed worse mental health scores than the CS population. Significant differences in HRQL and symptom count may suggest which OB patients should be screened for CS.
Acute psychological stress results in the rapid development of insulin resistance
Authors: Li Li , Li Xiaohua , Zhou Wenjun , Messina Joseph L
Published: February 2013

In recent years, the roles of chronic stress and depression as independent risk factors for decreased insulin sensitivity and the development of diabetes have been increasingly recognized. However, an understanding of the mechanisms linking insulin resistance and acute psychological stress are very limited. We hypothesized that acute psychological stress may cause the development of insulin resistance, which may be a risk factor in developing type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis in a well-established mouse model using 180 episodes of inescapable foot shock (IES) followed by a behavioral escape test. In this study, mice that received IES treatment were tested for acute insulin resistance by measuring glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. When compared with normal and sham mice, mice that were exposed to IES resulting in escape failure (defined as IES with behavioral escape failure) displayed elevated blood glucose levels in both glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Furthermore, mice with IES exposure and behavioral escape failure exhibited impaired hepatic insulin signaling via the insulin-induced insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate 1/Akt pathway, without affecting similar pathways in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. Additionally, a rise in the murine growth-related oncogene KC/GRO was associated with impaired glucose metabolism in IES mice, suggesting a mechanism by which psychological stress by IES may influence glucose metabolism. The present results indicate that psychological stress induced by IES can acutely alter hepatic responsiveness to insulin and affect whole-body glucose metabolism.
Investigation of interactions between a NLO-dye and metal alkoxide precursors of hybrid materials
Authors: Lebeau Bénédicte , Sanchez Clément
Published: February 2013

Interactions between the dye Red 17 (4-(amino-N, N-diethanol)-2-methyl-4'-nitroazobenzene) having nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and metallo-organic sol-gel precursors M(OR)n (M = Ti, Zr, Si and Sn; R = CnH2n+1) have been investigated by means of UV-VIS spectrophotometry and liquid state NMR (1H, 29Si and 119Sn) techniques. The presence of titanium, zirconium or tin alkoxides make strong modifications in the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the Red 17 in solution. On the contrary, when the Red 17 is grafted to alkoxysilyl groups, only minor changes were observed. The resulting bathochromic shift of about 30 nm observed with transition metal or tin alkoxides was found to be due to Lewis acid-base type interactions between the Red 17 and the metallic centre.
Role of Interstitials in As TED and Clustering in Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Harrison Scott A. , Edgar Thomas F. , Hwang Gyeong S.
Published: February 2013

In recent years, experimental studies [1-3] have suggested that Si interstitials may play a role in facilitating As transient enhanced diffusion during pn junction formation in silicon. These studies contradict conventional models that assume vacancy-mediated As diffusion. Using density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation, we have examined the structure, stability, and diffusion of the neutral As-Sii pair. We find the lowest energy structure is comprised of an As and Sii atom pair that is aligned in the [110] direction while sharing a lattice site. We have calculated the binding energy as well as diffusion pathways and barriers for the neutral As-Sii pair. Our results suggest that the neutral As-Sii pair has a binding energy relative to neutral Sii and neutral As of 0.63 eV. We also find an overall diffusion activation energy of 3.3 eV, which is similar to experimental observations for As diffusion and preVious calculations for As-vacancy complex diffusion. These results clearly support that interstitials can contribute significantly to As transient enhanced diffusion, especially in regions where interstitials exist in excess. In addition, interstitial-mediated arsenic diffusion suggests that interstitials may also play a role in arsenic agglomeration.
The Electrical Phenomena of Non-planar Structure and Devices using Plasma Doping
Authors: Yang Jong-Heon , Baek In-Bok , Im Kiju , Ahn Chang-Geun , Baek Sungkweon , Cho Won-ju , Lee Seongjae
Published: February 2013

We fabricated narrow fins structures and non-planar MOSFETs like FinFETs and triple-gate MOSFETs using plasma doping with substrate heating under 350··, and measured their I-V characteristics. Fins and MOSFETs using low-temperature doping process show good current drivability and low subthreshold slope. However, without post high-temperature thermal annealing, this process could not avoid generating defects and traps as well as mobile protons on the gate and gate oxide interface and junctions, and therefore degraded device reliability. The results of ultra-small MOSFET research show possibility of new memory devices with these traps and ions in devices.
Sociologismo e individualismo em Émile Durkheim
Authors: Vares Sidnei Ferreira de
Published: February 2013

O presente trabalho pretende analisar o tema do individualismo na teoria sociológica de Émile Durkheim com vistas a compreender a validade das críticas direcionadas por seus principais comentadores à primazia do campo social, à preocupação com a ordem e à adoção de uma postura anti-individualista que permearia toda a extensão de sua obra. Para tanto, promovemos um diálogo entre as abordagens mais recentes da obra durkheimiana e as interpretações consagradas pela tradição sociológica, com o objetivo de verificar o peso que o sociólogo francês atribuía ao indivíduo e à sociedade em sua teoria.
Integrated modeling of bilateral photo‐identification data in mark–recapture analyses
Authors: McClintock Brett T. , Conn Paul B. , Alonso Robert S. , Crooks Kevin R.
Published: February 2013

When natural marks provide sufficient resolution to identify individual animals, noninvasive sampling using cameras has a number of distinct advantages relative to “traditional” mark–recapture methods. However, analyses from photo‐identification records often pose additional challenges. For example, it is often unclear how to link left‐ and right‐side photos to the same individual, and previous studies have primarily used data from just one side for statistical inference. Here we describe how a recently developed statistical method can be adapted for integrated mark–recapture analyses using bilateral photo‐identification records. The approach works by assuming that the true encounter history for each animal is a latent (unobserved) realization from a multinomial distribution. Based on the type of photo encounter (e.g., right, left, or both sides), the recorded (observed) encounter histories can only arise from certain combinations of these latent histories. In this manner, the approach properly accounts for uncertainty about the true number of distinct animals observed in the study. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling procedure, we conduct a small simulation study to show that this approach has reasonable properties and outperforms other methods. We further illustrate our approach by estimating population size from bobcat photo‐identification records. Although motivated by bilateral photo‐identification records, we note that the proposed methodology can be used to combine and jointly analyze other types of mark–recapture data (e.g., photo and DNA records).
Impacts of Diverse Fluvial Depositional Environments on Hydraulic Fracture Growth in Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Cuba Patricia H. , Miskimins Jennifer L. , Anderson Donna S. , Carr Mary M.
Published: February 2013

In an attempt to enhance the understanding of fracture growth in fluvial systems, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of depositional environments and associated heterogeneities on hydraulic fracturing growth in fluvial tight gas reservoirs. A 3D geostatistical reservoir model, representing a 160-acre field area, was created based on a 3D meandering fluvial tight gas geologic model developed from outcrop. This detailed geologic model differentiates between sandstone-dominated channel-belt environments including point bars, crevasse channels, and crevasse splays, as well as the intervening overbank environments consisting of mudstone and coal deposits. Petrophysical properties and reservoir conditions used in the reservoir model were based on subsurface data from nearby producing fields with comparable fluvial systems.

Two different well locations were then chosen within the 3D model in an effort to capture various sandstone body distributions. A range of hydraulic fracture orientation planes, associated with the two well locations, were selected and loaded into a 3D hydraulic fracture modeling package. Eight cases, representing various stimulation-treatment sensitivities, were studied.

Results show that consideration of both vertical and lateral reservoir changes is critical to understanding fracture growth in fluvial systems. When comparing a layered system with no lateral variation to a system with lateral variation, 1-year cumulative production can vary by as much as 25%. Subtle lithofacies variations, present in significant quantities in these complex depositional systems, affect fracture growth and can affect well production by 25 to 50%. Additionally, how depletion is treated in the fracturing model (i.e., whether the entire interval is considered depleted or just a single sand body) can also have a significant effect on fracture propagation.
Could application of epinephrine improve hemostatic efficacy of hemoclips for bleeding peptic ulcers? A prospective randomized study
Authors: Grgov Sasa , Radovanovic-Dinic Biljana , Tasic Tomislav
Published: February 2013

Background/Aim. Bleeding from peptic ulcers can be effectively and safely
treated with endoscopic hemoclips therapy. However, due to certain limiting
factors of hemoclips, application of combination with another endoscopic
method may give better results. The aim of this study was to examine the
efficacy and safety of endoscopic hemoclips therapy and to evaluate potential
benefits of this therapy combined with epinephrine in the treatment of
bleeding peptic ulcers. Methods. This prospective randomized study included
70 patients with bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcer. In 34 of the patients
endoscopic hemoclips therapy was applied (group I), and in 36 of them a
combined therapy of hemoclips and epinephrine (group II). Results. Initial
hemostasis was achieved in most patients treated with endoscopic hemoclips
therapy (94.1%) as well as in the patients treated with combination therapy
(97.2%). After initial hemostasis achieved rebleeding occurred in 3 (9.3%)
patients treated with hemoclips and in 2 (5.7%) patients treated with
combination therapy, but this difference was not statistically significant (p
> 0.05). The difference in the achieved final hemostasis between the group I
(91.1%) and the group II (94.4%) was not statistically significant. Also, the
differences between the two groups of patients in the need for blood
transfusions, length of hospital stay, need for surgery and mortality were
not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Endoscopic hemoclips
therapy is effective and safe in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers.
Combination therapy of hemoclips and epinephrine has no advantage over
hemoclips monotherapy.
The variable "Jung" as a predictor of mortality in patients with pulmonary edema
Authors: Jung Robert , Ivanovic Vladimir , Potic Zoran , Panic Gordana , Petrovic Milovan , Pavlovic Katica , Cemerlic-Adjic Nada , Baskot Branislav
Published: February 2013

Background/Aim. In our Intensive Coronary Care Unit (CCU) a specific scoring
system named the AMIS_NS was developed both for prediction of mortality in
patients with acute myocardial infarction and for evaluation of the quality
of work. One of the most important variables of the AMIS_NS system is the
variable Jung which stands for the interrelationship unified mortality
predictors. The variable includes all the values of systolic blood pressure,
heart rate and age, without limiting values for any of these. The cutoff
value is 2.08. The patients with the lower variable value account for a
significantly higher mortality. Data on the actual infarction are not
necessitated now for this variable. The aim of this study was to assess the
significance of the variable Jung in non-infarction patients with acute
pulmonary edema. Methods. In a 24-month period out of 2,223 patients there
were 1,087 and 1,136 patients with and without acute myocardial infarction,
respectively. There was the subgroup without myocardial infarction of 312
(84.1%) patients admitted with the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. The subgroup
with myocardial infarction consisted of 59 (15.9%) patients who were admitted
for acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema which developed
immediately after admission or during hospitalization in the CCU. For all the
patients a uniform questionnaire was fulfilled on admission. Data were put
into the personal computer. The variable ?Jung? was used: (systolic bloog
pressure/heart rate ? age) ? 100. Results. Regarding sex, there was no
difference in mortality, so that males and females were regarded as a whole.
Previous myocardial infarction was equally registered in both groups. The
investigated persons had less percent of mortality and a significantly higher
systemic pressure as well as higher value of the variable Jung. There was no
statistically significant difference in the heart rate between the two
groups. In both groups of deceased patients the variable Jung (1.5 vs 1.6)
was significantly lower in respect to the survived patients (2.3 vs 2.1).
Conclusion. The variable Jung is simple, highly reliable and can absolutely
be used as a significant indicator of clinical status also in noninfarction
patients with the acute pulmonary edema, no matter if it is caused by acute
myocardial infarction or not.
Online Homework Managers and Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Study of Their Impact on Student Learning in the Introductory Financial Accounting Classroom
Authors: Hahn William , Fairchild Chris , Dowis William B.
Published: February 2013

The online homework manager (OHM) and the intelligent tutoring system (ITS) are two supplemental teaching tools available for accounting educators' use in the introductory financial accounting course. While research related to these systems is limited, prior studies find a tenuous performance advantage related to their use. To advance the literature in this area, this paper evaluates the performance benefit related to an OHM and an ITS, each employed independently as an additional study aid during the first course unit in one of two sections of the introductory financial accounting course. A third section used paper-and-pencil only and served as a control group. Results of tests on several performance measures did not identify a learning advantage associated with either the OHM or the ITS. Nor was a learning advantage identified when this study's results were compared to exam results from 14 previous semesters. Implications for accounting educators and future research directions are discussed.
Treatment of pyloric stenosis in a cat via pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I procedure)
Authors: Syrcle Jason A. , Gambino Jennifer M. , Kimberlin William W.
Published: February 2013

Case Description—A 5-month-old 1.9-kg (4.2-lb) spayed female Siamese cat was evaluated because of a history of decreased appetite, regurgitation, vomiting, and lack of weight gain.

Clinical Findings—Radiographic findings included a fluid- and gas-distended stomach with a small accumulation of mineral opacities. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed severe fluid distention of the stomach with multiple hyperechoic structures present and revealed protrusion of the thickened pylorus into the gastric lumen, with normal pylorogastric serosal continuity. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an abnormally shortened pyloric antrum and stenotic pyloric outflow orifice. Pyloric stenosis resulting in pyloric outflow obstruction was diagnosed.

Treatment and Outcome—A pylorectomy with end-to-end gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I procedure) was successfully performed, and a temporary gastrostomy tube was placed. Six days after surgery, the cat was eating and drinking normally, with the tube only used for administration of medications. The gastrostomy tube was removed 12 days after surgery. Results of follow-up examination by the referring veterinarian 3 weeks after surgery were normal. Occasional vomiting approximately 2 months after surgery was managed medically. Fifteen months after surgery, the owners reported that the cat seemed completely normal in appearance and behavior.

Clinical Relevance—Pyloric stenosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for young cats with pyloric outflow obstruction. The cat of this report was treated successfully with a Billroth I procedure. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis of the excised tissue showed the stenosis to be associated with hypertrophy of the tunica muscularis.
Rural settlement pattern in Belarus
Authors: AntipovaCDFMR Ekaterina
Published: February 2013

The article presents the analysis of the Belarusian rural settlement system over the period of the years 1959‒2009. Spatial and temporal shifts in the rural population distribution and settlement structure were found, and types of the Belarusian rural settlement pattern were developed. Distribution features and demographic development of a new form of the Belarusian rural communities - agrotowns - were discovered
Regional differences in the age structure of Poland’s population in the years 1999–2010: a multivariate approach
Authors: MierzejewskaCDFMR Lidia , ParysekCDFMR Jerzy J.
Published: February 2013

One of the characteristic features of the modern world is the dynamics of demographic changes. Depending on their nature and intensity, they can be a driving force behind socio-economic development or doom it to stagnation or regression. There is no doubt, however, that a declining demographic potential, especially unfavourable changes in the age structure of the population (an ageing society), may contribute to economic difficulties in the given area, often leading to social problems. The aim of the research the results of which are presented in this article was to analyse regional differences in the age structure of Poland’s population in two time intervals, viz. the years 1999 and 2010, using multivariate techniques, and more specifically, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. They both make it possible to accommodate many features of the population age structure simultaneously, thus better illustrating the two situations (the years 1999 and 2010) and changes that took place in between, than univariate approaches
Spatial distribution and differences in migration patterns and revenues of gminas in the Kraków Metropolitan Area
Authors: RaźniakCDFMR Piotr , Winiarczyk-RaźniakCDFMR Anna
Published: February 2013

Indicators describing the migration of population and revenues of local administrative units of the Krakow Metropolitan Area are presented and compared in this paper. A review of ideas on how to determine the number of Polish metropolitan statistical areas is also presented. The rank of Polish metropolitan statistical areas in world city rankings made by international publications is examined. Revenues of gminas from their own sources and total revenues of gminas are studied in the paper. Changes in revenue over time and location-dependent differences in revenue are analysed. However, the available data only allow for an examination of gminas without separating urban gminas from rural ones Substantial differences exist in the influx of revenue, both in terms of temporal and spatial changes. In order to summarise and evaluate the relevant social and economic processes, net migration of population and total revenue of gminas in the study area have been analysed. Furthermore, a classification of areas has been developed to describe the relevant areas as being of a certain type
The Community Initiative LEADER I and the implementation and results of the Hungarian Pilot LEADER programme in rural development
Authors: RuszkaiCDFMR Csaba , KovácsCDFMR Tibor
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study is to present the basic methodological elements of the LEADER Community Initiative in rural development established in 1991 and its practical implementation in geography. The most important principle of the LEADER programme is the territorial approach and the appearance of local communities in a relevant subregional and landscape context. The determination and creation of a natural and cultural geographical framework is not at all an easy task, although the LEADER cautiously puts down basic principles and makes clear references to spatial definition of local action groups. The aim of LEADER I is to demonstrate the spatial segregation of these communities and to evolve a particular image and a kind of critical mass (population, resources) to build a relative self-sufficiency
Bathymetry and geographical regionalization of Brepollen (Hornsund, Spitsbergen) based on bathymetric profiles interpolations
Authors: Moskalik Mateusz , Grabowiecki Piotr , Tęgowski Jarosław , Żulichowska Monika
Published: February 2013

Determination of High Arctic regions bathymetry is strictly dependent from weather and ice mass quantity. Due to safety, it is often necessary to use a small boat to study fjords area, especially close to glaciers with unknown bathymetry. This precludes the use of modern multi−beam echosounders, and so traditional single−beam echosounders have been used for bathymetry profiling. Adequate interpolation techniques were determined for the most probable morphological formations in−between bathymetric profiles. Choosing the most accurate interpolation method allows for the determination of geographical regionalisation of submarine elevations of the Brepollen area (inner part of Hornsund, Spitsbergen). It has also been found that bathymetric interpolations should be performed on averaged grid values, rather than individual records. The Ordinary Kriging Method was identified as the most adequate for interpolations and was compared with multi beam scan− ning, which was possible to make due to a previously modelled single beam interpolation map. In total, eight geographical units were separated in Brepollen, based on the bathy− metry, slope and aspect maps. Presented results provide a truly new image of the area, which allow for further understanding of past and present processes in the High Arctic.
Pygoscelid penguins breeding distribution and population trends at Lions Rump rookery, King George Island
Authors: Korczak−Abshire Małgorzata , Węgrzyn Michał , Angiel Piotr J. , Lisowska Maja
Published: February 2013

Long term changes (46 years) in the abundance of pygoscelid penguins breeding populations and nests distribution in the Lions Rump (King George Island) colony were in− vestigated in three time intervals, according to previously published two censuses and one original study conducted in 2010. At that time a detailed colony map based on the GIS system was made. Results of this study showed different trends for each investigated species. In the last three decades Adélie penguin breeding populations showed strong declining tendencies (69.61%). In contrast, the population of gentoo penguins represents the reverse trend, increasing 171.85% over the same period. Observed changes in both penguin population sizes are reflected in the different spatial and geographic distribution of their nests. The population changes observed at the Lions Rump colony are consistent with the relevant pygoscelid penguin tendencies in the western Antarctic Peninsula region. Breeding penguin population dynamics at Lions Rump area with a minimal disturbance by human activity may well illustrate a natural response of those birds to environmental changes in the Antarctic.
Thirty years of gender differences in self-assessed health: the case of Slovenia / Trideset let razlik v samoocenah zdravja med spoloma: primer Slovenije
Authors: Malnar Brina , Hafner-Fink Mitja
Published: February 2013

Background: This article explores gender trends in self-rated health in Slovenia over the period of thirty years.
The main research goals are to examine the associations between gender, social class and health, establish the
extent that the patterns of subjective health converge with those in other countries and identify the most vulnerable
health groups.

Methods: The study is based on six waves of the Slovenian Public Opinion survey carried out between 1981 and
2012 on representative samples of the adult Slovenian population. The main dependent variables are the respondent’s
self-assessed health and three indicators of psychosomatic health - experiences of insomnia, irregular heartbeat
and anxiety. The main independent variables are gender and socio-economic status. The relationship between them
was examined using Chi-square tests.

Results: The 30 year trend is consistent with prior studies, which found that women report poorer self-assessed
health than men. In Slovenia, this gender gap was observed in both social classes, but was more pronounced for
women in the lower educated category. The higher prevalence of stress symptoms among women supports the
theory of chronic exhaustion resulting from the dual-role strain.

Conclusions: In Slovenia the welfare state was able to buffer the adverse effects of increased economic stresses
to a significant extent after 1991, resulting in favourable health outcomes for both genders. Dismantling these
arrangements may result in short-term financial gains but is likely to trigger long-lasting negative consequences for
public health, especially in the case of vulnerable groups such as women.
The health condition of female victims of violence / Zdravje žensk, ki doživljajo nasilje
Authors: Leskošek Vesna
Published: February 2013

Introduction: The article addresses one of the most vulnerable social groups - women who have experienced
various types of violence. The problem is presented through a discussion of the consequences of violence on
women’s health. Based on the analysis of the research data, the article proposes measures that should boost health
care policies in handling violence against women.

Methods: The source of data is the Survey on Violence Against Women in the private sphere and partnership
relations conducted in 2010. The sample consisted of 3000 women, equally stratified by age, type of neighbourhood
and region. The research was quantitative and the response rate was 25% (n=752), which is an average response
rate when researching intimate spheres accompanied by fear, shame or emotional distress.

Results: The results have shown that violence has a powerful and lasting effect on health. In some cases, injuries
lead to lasting disability. Psychological and mental disorders are also present, including depression, nightmares,
fear, shame, anger, the feeling of threat and distrust. The problems are compounded by a distrust of professional
help, which further affects their health condition.

Conclusions: health policies should include training and knowledge of the causes, dynamics and consequences
of violence, so that women could be encouraged to report violence. The first step was made when the relevant
rules of procedures were adopted, but the process must continue with the drawing of protocols, the definition of the
responsibility of individual professions within health care and cooperation with other institutions.
Measurements of high level of iodine activity in thyroid with different radiation meters
Authors: Ośko Jakub , Golnik Natalia , Pliszczyński Tomasz , Sosnowiec Renata , Umaniec Marianna , Zielczyński Mieczysław
Published: February 2013

Iodine activity in thyroid of female patient was measured with different radiation meters in order to estimate a possibility to use them in case of radiation accident. Two series of measurements were performed - first after diagnostic and second after therapeutic administration of iodine to the patient. The isotope activities were higher than those registered during routine radiation monitoring and similar to the activities which could be registered after radiation accident. The studies showed that simple dose rate meters may serve for identification and selection of contaminated persons which should be later subjected to the measurements with especially dedicated equipment. The initial measurements can be performed outside laboratory.
Establishment of in vitro 192Ir γ-ray dose-response relationship for dose assessment by the lymphocyte dicentric assay
Authors: Kowalska Maria , Meronka Katarzyna , Szewczak Kamil
Published: February 2013

In vitro dose-response relationships are used to describe the relation between dicentric chromosomes and radiation dose for human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The dicentric yield depends on both the dose and the radiation quality. Thus, for reliable dose estimation in vitro dose responses must be determined for different radiation qualities. This paper reports the work for setting up the relationship for the dicentric production in the lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 192Ir g-rays at Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR). In a case of a radiation accident in industrial radiography using 192Ir sealed sources, this will be the basis for the indirect evaluation of the g-ray dose to which an accidental victim was exposed.
Changes of Calcium and Magnesium in the Beddings Made From Sewage Sludge and Fluidal Ash From Hard Coal and in Festulolium Braunii Grass
Authors: Gibczyńska Marzena , Siwek Hanna
Published: February 2013

Based on the results of a three-year study with Festulolium braunii, Felopa variety, the influence of factors introduced in the experiment on the calcium and magnesium content and ratios of ions in the soil and grass was observed. The use of sewage sludge fertilization together with straw significantly increased the total content of calcium and magnesium in the soil beddings and lower surfaces of the ash in the coal beddings. The introduction of the preparation EM-1 was a factor in lowering the overall content and exchangeable forms of calcium and magnesium in the beddings. Adding to the bedding of sewage sludge caused a reduction in calcium and increases magnesium content in grass
Application Of Magnetic Susceptibility of Soils for Identification of Potential Sources of Secondary Dust Emmision in Urban Parks
Authors: Łukasik Adam , Rachwał Marzena , Strzyszcz Zygmunt
Published: February 2013

Urban forests and parks, besides a recreation function, play significant role in pollution removal by tree canopies. Main sources of dust emissions in cities are industry (steelworks, power plants, coking plants, cement plants) and traffic. The most of dusts, stored in tree crowns, are deposited on soil surface as litterfall (leaves, needles) or are washed into soil by stemflow and throughfall. However, certain amount of dusts can be released into atmosphere as secondary dust emission. The presented studies were conducted on areas of four urban parks and both magnetic and chemical analyses of topsoil were employed. Results show topsoil contamination by heavy metals in urban parks and cumulative role of vegetations (trees) in processes of distribution of air pollution into soil surface. Magnetic susceptibility measurements allow for discrimination of areas for being the potential sources of secondary dust emission in urban parks.
Late Glacial and Holocene 14 C-Dated Fossil Soils in the Middle Vistula Valley
Authors: Konecka-Betley Krystyna
Published: February 2013

Transformations of the natural environment in the area surrounding and encompassing the Vistula River valley during the last 20 000 years BP should be discussed with regard to radiocarbon dating of the organic matter in the documented fossil soils. Part of the 14C dates from horizons A of pedosols in the valley have already been published, for the upper part of the valley by Balwierz & Nalepka [1992], and for the lower part - by Turkowska [1992]. Palynologic analysis was also made in many of the documented sites. The most important events in the history of the valley have been supplemented by radiocarbon dating by Starkel [2001]. This report presents 14C dates measured in the buried organic horizons of fossil soils in the Middle Vistula valley between Stężyca (Dęblin area) to Liszyno (Płock area). Most datings were made in the Kampinos Forest. For mineral-organic soils the dates lie between 1080 ± 90 Gd. 19S, Laski [Urbaniak-Biernacka 1973] and 12 160 ± 260 [Gd. 4391, Mariew [Konecka-Betley 1991]. In turn, the base of the oldest peat horizon in the Kampinos Forest supplied a date of 10 S90 ± 340 Gd. 2260, Wilków [Konecka-Betley et al. 1991].
Bildung Nowoczesnego Poety. O Poecie i Świecie Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego / The Bildung of a Modern Poet : Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s The Poet and the World
Authors: Wojciechowska Ewa
Published: February 2013

This is an analysis of J. I. Kraszewski’s controversial novel The Poet and the World in the context of the idea of Bildung. The main character’s development is treated here as a passage from childhood - associated with innocence, clarity, unity with nature, a belief that the world makes sense and a reliance on one’s coherent identity - to adulthood, which brings with a revision of all those certainties. Faced with a disenchanted world and stripped of his dreams, Gustaw looks back at the golden age of childhood, which now reveals to him its mythical constitution. Yet it is not a story of the triumph of disillusionment and despair. Gustaw can be saved by his imagination (which functions, as noted by Agata Bielik-Robson, as a defense and strategic trope): even if it will not restore the idyllic landscapes of childhood, it should help him to salvage his individual identity.
Nie Tylko Dzienniki. Oryginalne Warianty Kobiecej Literatury Dokumentu Osobistego (Na Wybranych Przykładach) / ‘Not Only Diaries’: Original Variations of Women’s Memoirs (A Selection of Women‘s Autobiographical Documentary Literature)
Authors: Pekaniec Anna
Published: February 2013

This article is concerned with some 20th-century women’s autobiographies whose authors do not play according to the rules of the genological model of autobiography and even go round its fundamental assumption that the autobiographical pact between writer and reader is impossible outside the conventional diary narrative. The three memoirs discussed in the article (written by Bronisława Ostrowska Grabska, Zuzanna Rabska, and by the poetic duo of Maryla Wolska and Beata Obertyńska) exhibit a freshness and unconventionality which make them perfect examples of Jennifer A. Gonzáles’s subgenre of ‘autotopography’. Organized round eye-catching random objects that generate a non-linear, non-sequential string of personal, or even intimate stories, they show that the true potential of women’s memoirs lies in their chequered, heterogeneous forms that can produce a seamless blend of the physical world and the world of words.
Milczenie Boga w Twórczości Literackiej Arnolda Schönberga / The Silence of God in Arnold Schönberg’s Literary Texts
Authors: Kmiecik Michalina
Published: February 2013

This article attempts to delineate the religious dimension of Arnold Schönberg’s literary texts. The question about the role of religion in his creative work has been discussed at great length, though almost always with reference to his musical compositions. His literary texts, however, do not deserve such neglect as they address a number of fundamental religious concerns. The author is perplexed by the elusiveness of the divine presence, his inability to express the experience of Nothingness and Absolute Abstraction, the necessity of praying treated as an act of defiance against the void. The article also discusses Schönberg’s libretti to his major musical works (Die Jakobsleiter, Moses und Aron, and Moderne Psalmen) and his drama Der biblische Weg. It is there that the composer shows how the modern man’s religious experience gets tainted by negativity and a sense of God’s absence. The only way to cope with the problem of Le Dieu caché is to enter the path of apophatic theology, that is to try to approach Him through negation, adopt the attitude of ‘deliberate incomprehension’ and puts one’s trust in paradoxes
Tigecycline For Skin Infection With SIRS In Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Stela Halichidis
Published: February 2013

Tigecycline is the first agent in the new class of glycylcycline antibiotics.

It’s expanded broad spectrum of activity, with demonstrated efficacy as monotherapy against clinically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens include also anerobes and antibiotic-resistant isolates.

It is presented the case of a 54 years old man, recently diagnosed with HIV infection, that had high fever and skin abscesses. The laboratory investigations showed a Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

After 10 days of treatment with Tygacil, 100 mg at first, then 50 mg/12 hours, surgical incision and drainage, antiinflammatory and symptomatic treatment, the patient’s symptoms disappeared and we started also the antiretroviral therapy.
Sea-ice coverage variability on the Northern Sea Routes, 1980–2011
Authors: Shibata Hiroki , Izumiyama Koh , Tateyama Kazutaka , Enomoto Hiroyuki , Takahashi Shuhei
Published: February 2013

We analyze sea-ice conditions along seven segments of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) over four time periods. We researched sea ice by segment, using data from the satellite microwave sensors SMMR, SSM/I and AMSR-E. The four analysis periods (periods I–IV: 1980–88, 1989–2001, 2002–06 and 2007–11, respectively) were determined based on changes in the extent of minimum sea ice throughout the Arctic Ocean. Sea ice showed a decreasing tendency from period I to period IV. For example, sea-ice area in period IV decreased compared to previous periods in the eastern East Siberian Sea and around Severnaya Zemlya, areas that had very high sea-ice concentrations in period I. Sea-ice area in the eastern East Siberian Sea decreased sharply during period III, whereas the Severnaya Zemlya area maintained a high ice concentration. In period IV, sea-ice coverage around Severnaya Zemlya was low, although it remained at 25% in the area east of Severnaya Zemlya, which is a key area for navigation. The proportion of multi-year (MY) ice drastically decreased after winter 2002, and only a small amount of MY ice existed in the winters of 2003–06. MY ice disappeared from the eastern East Siberian Sea after 2007. On the other hand, around Severnaya Zemlya the proportion of MY ice showed cyclic ups and downs between 1997 and 2008. Thus, the persistence of various types of sea ice varies according to region. The persistence of various types of sea ice around Severnaya Zemlya also varied each year.
In situ sampled snow particle sizes of the East Antarctic ice sheet and their relation to physical and remotely sensed snow surface parameters
Authors: Ingvander Susanne , Dahlke Helen E. , Jansson Peter , Surdyk Sylviane
Published: February 2013

Knowledge of snow properties across Antarctica is important in estimating how climate could potentially influence the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, measuring these variables has proven to be challenging because appropriate techniques have not yet been developed and extensive datasets of field estimates are lacking. The goal of this study was to estimate the relationship between field-observed snow particle-size parameters from across the East Antarctic ice sheet and a suite of spatial datasets (i.e. topography, remote-sensing data) using a principal component analysis (PCA). Five snow particle-size parameters were correlated to spatial datasets of the following five groups: (1) relief properties such as elevation and slope; (2) remote-sensing data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors; (3) spatially interpolated data (i.e. 10 m maps of temperature and approximate snow accumulation in kgm−2 ä−1); (4) field-retrieved data on surface roughness; and (5) in situ elevation and distance from the coast. The results show that the relief parameter slope correlated best with the snow particle length and area (r=0.76, r=0.80). Further, the PCA indicated that the different remote-sensing parameters correlated differently with the size parameters and that the most common parameter in visual analysis, particle length (grain diameter), is not always the optimal parameter to characterize the snow particle size as, for example, area correlates better to slope and aspect than length.
Early melt season snowpack isotopic evolution in the Tarfala valley, northern Sweden
Authors: Dahlke Helen E. , Lyon Steve W.
Published: February 2013

This study investigated the stable water isotopic (δ18O and δD) evolution of two snowpacks located at the same elevation on a north-facing (Nf) and a south-facing (Sf) slope within the Tarfala research catchment, northern Sweden, and the potential impact of pre-freshet snowpack melt on streamflow. Our results indicate that over the study period the Sf snowpack showed a more enriched isotopic composition, especially in the top of the profile, and contributed more snowmelt to streamflow than the Nf slope. The Sf snowpack also showed a significantly higher variability in snowpack δ18O levels and snowpack snow water equivalent (SWE) over time. Comparing snowpack and snowmelt isotopic values it was seen that the Sf slope experienced earlier snowmelt from upslope positions due to greater insolation that subsequently enhanced the meltwater flux at the base of downslope snowpacks. In contrast, the Nf slope primarily underwent changes within the snowpack and experienced relatively minimal melt. Detailed field-based isotopic snowmelt studies such as this highlight the potential importance of incorporating spatio-temporal runoff generation concepts into distributed energy-balance models, which could allow for more accurate prediction with regard to the spatio-temporal dynamics associated with the snowmelt ion pulse.
Newtonian vs. Newtonian: Baxter and MacLaurin on the Inactivity of Matter
Authors: Ablondi Fred
Published: February 2013

In my essay I look at the specifics of the dispute between the Scottish metaphysician Andrew Baxter and the mathematician Colin MacLaurin in an attempt to identify the source or sources of their contradictory, yet in both cases Newtonian, positions regarding occasionalism. After some general introductory remarks about each thinker, I examine the metaphysical implications that Baxter sees as following from Newton's concept of vis inertiæ. Following this, I look at MacLaurin's commitment to the role of sense experience in natural philosophy. Finally, I discuss the different passages from Newton's Opticks on which the two thinkers focus.
Hume's Social Theory of Memory
Authors: Azeri Siyaves
Published: February 2013

Traditionally, Hume's account of memory is considered an individualist-atomic representational theory. However, textual evidence suggests that Hume's account is better seen as a first attempt to create a social theory of memory that considers social context, custom and habits, language, and logical structures as constitutive elements of memory.