bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in global methane sources and sinks during 1910–2010
Authors: Ghosh A. , Patra P. K. , Ishijima K. , Umezawa T. , Ito A. , Etheridge D. M. , Sugawara S. , Kawamura K. , Miller J. B. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Krummel P. B. , Fraser P. J. , Steele L. P. , Langenfelds R. L. , Trudinger C. M. , White J. W. C. , Vaughn B. , Saeki T. , Aoki S. , Nakazawa T.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) increased from ~900 ppb (parts per billion, or nanomoles per mole of dry air) in 1900 to ~1800 ppb in 2010 at a rate unprecedented in any observational records. However, the contributions of the various methane sources and sinks to the CH4 increase are poorly understood. Here we use initial emissions from bottom-up inventories for anthropogenic sources, emissions from wetlands and rice paddies simulated by a~terrestrial biogeochemical model, and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM)-based chemistry-transport model (i.e. ACTM) to simulate atmospheric CH4 concentrations for 1910–2010. The ACTM simulations are compared with the CH4 concentration records reconstructed from Antarctic and Arctic ice cores and firn air samples, and from direct measurements since the 1980s at multiple sites around the globe. The differences between ACTM simulations and observed CH4 concentrations are minimized to optimize the global total emissions using a mass balance calculation. During 1910–2010, the global total CH4 emission doubled from ~290 to ~580 Tg yr−1. Compared to optimized emission, the bottom-up emission data set underestimates the rate of change of global total CH4 emissions by ~30% during the high growth period of 1940–1990, while it overestimates by ~380% during the low growth period of 1990–2010. Further, using the CH4 stable carbon isotopic data (δ13C), we attribute the emission increase during 1940–1990 primarily to enhancement of biomass burning. The total lifetime of CH4 shortened from 9.4 yr during 1910–1919 to 9 yr during 2000–2009 by the combined effect of the increasing abundance of atomic chlorine radicals (Cl) and increases in average air temperature. We show that changes of CH4 loss rate due to increased tropospheric air temperature and CH4 loss due to Cl in the stratosphere are important sources of uncertainty to more accurately estimate the global CH4 budget from δ13C observations.
Assessment of small-scale integrated water vapour variability during HOPE
Authors: Steinke S. , Eikenberg S. , Löhnert U. , Dick G. , Klocke D. , Di Girolamo P. , Crewell S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The spatio-temporal variability of integrated water vapour (IWV) on small scales of less than 10 km and hours is assessed with data from the 2 months of the High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2) Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE). The statistical intercomparison of the unique set of observations during HOPE (microwave radiometer (MWR), Global Positioning System (GPS), sun photometer, radiosondes, Raman lidar, infrared and near-infrared Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellites Aqua and Terra) measuring close together reveals a good agreement in terms of random differences (standard deviation ≤1 kg m−2) and correlation coefficient (≥ 0.98). The exception is MODIS, which appears to suffer from insufficient cloud filtering. For a case study during HOPE featuring a typical boundary layer development, the IWV variability in time and space on scales of less than 10 km and less than 1 h is investigated in detail. For this purpose, the measurements are complemented by simulations with the novel ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic modelling framework (ICON), which for this study has a horizontal resolution of 156 m. These runs show that differences in space of 3–4 km or time of 10–15 min induce IWV variabilities on the order of 0.4 kg m−2. This model finding is confirmed by observed time series from two MWRs approximately 3 km apart with a comparable temporal resolution of a few seconds. Standard deviations of IWV derived from MWR measurements reveal a high variability (> 1 kg m−2) even at very short time scales of a few minutes. These cannot be captured by the temporally lower-resolved instruments and by operational numerical weather prediction models such as COSMO-DE (an application of the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling covering Germany) of Deutscher Wetterdienst, which is included in the comparison. However, for time scales larger than 1 h, a sampling resolution of 15 min is sufficient to capture the mean standard deviation of IWV. The present study shows that instrument sampling plays a major role when climatological information, in particular the mean diurnal cycle of IWV, is determined.
O+ transport in the dayside magnetosheath and its dependence on the IMF direction
Authors: Slapak R. , Nilsson H. , Westerberg L. G. , Larsson R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that the escape of oxygen ions (O+) into the magnetosheath along open magnetic field lines from the terrestrial cusp and mantle is significant. We present a study of how O+ transport in the dayside magnetosheath depends on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. There are clear asymmetries in the O+ flows for southward and northward IMF. The asymmetries can be understood in terms of the different magnetic topologies that arise due to differences in the location of the reconnection site, which depends on the IMF direction. During southward IMF, most of the observed magnetosheath O+ is transported downstream. In contrast, for northward IMF we observe O+ flowing both downstream and equatorward towards the opposite hemisphere. We observe evidence of dual-lobe reconnection occasionally taking place during strong northward IMF conditions, a mechanism that may trap O+ and bring it back into the magnetosphere. Its effect on the overall escape is however small: we estimate the upper limit of trapped O+ to be 5%, a small number considering that ion flux calculations are rough estimates. The total O+ escape flux is higher by about a factor of 2 during times of southward IMF, in agreement with earlier studies of O+ cusp outflow.
Comparison of ten packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry
Authors: Orr J. C. , Epitalon J.-M. , Gattuso J.-P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Marine scientists often use two measured or modeled carbonate system variables to compute others. These carbonate chemistry calculations, based on well-known thermodynamic equilibria, are now available in a dozen public packages. Ten of those were compared using common input data and the set of equilibrium constants recommended for best practices. Current versions of all 10 packages agree within 0.2 μatm for pCO2, 0.0002 units for pH, and 0.1 μmol kg−1 for CO32− in terms of surface zonal-mean values. That represents more than a 10-fold improvement relative to outdated versions of the same packages. Differences between packages grow with depth for some computed variables but remain small. Discrepancies derive largely from differences in equilibrium constants. Analysis of the sensitivity of each computed variable to changes in each constant reveals the general dominance of K1 and K2 but also the comparable sensitivity to KB for the AT–CT input pair. Best-practice formulations for K1 and K2 are implemented consistently among packages. Yet with more recent formulations designed to cover a wider range of salinity, packages disagree by up to 8 μatm in pCO2, 0.006 units in pH, and 1 μmol kg−1 in CO32− under typical surface conditions. They use different proposed sets of coefficients for these formulations, all of which are inconsistent. Users would do well to use up-to-date versions of packages and the constants recommended for best practices.
The 3He flux gauge in the Sargasso Sea: a determination of physical nutrient fluxes to the euphotic zone at the Bermuda Atlantic time series site
Authors: Stanley R. H. R. , Jenkins W. J. , Doney S. C. , Lott, D. E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We provide a new determination of the annual mean physical supply of nitrate to the euphotic zone in the western subtropical North Atlantic based on a three year time-series of measurements of tritiugenic 3He from 2003 to 2006 in the surface ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. We combine the 3He data with a sophisticated noble gas calibrated air–sea gas exchange model to constrain the 3He flux across the sea–air interface, which must closely balance the upward 3He flux into the euphotic zone. The product of the 3He flux and the observed subsurface nitrate-3He relationship provides an estimate of the minimum rate of new production in the BATS region. We also applied the gas model to an earlier time series of 3He measurements at BATS in order to recalculate new production fluxes for the 1985 to 1988 time period. The observations, despite an almost three-fold difference in the nitrate-3He relationship, yield a roughly consistent estimate of nitrate flux. In particular, the nitrate flux from 2003–2006 is estimated to be 0.65 ± 0.3 mol m-2 y-1, which is ~ 40% smaller than the calculated flux for the period from 1985 to 1988. The difference between the time periods, which is barely significant, may be due to a real difference in new production resulting from changes in subtropical mode water formation. Overall, the nitrate flux is larger than most estimates of export fluxes or net community production fluxes made locally for BATS site, which is likely a reflection of the larger spatial scale covered by the 3He technique and potentially also by decoupling of 3He and nitrate during obduction of water masses from the main thermocline into the upper ocean.
Firedrake-Fluids v0.1: numerical modelling of shallow water flows using an automated solution framework
Authors: Jacobs C. T. , Piggott M. D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This model description paper introduces a new finite element model for the simulation of non-linear shallow water flows, called Firedrake-Fluids. Unlike traditional models that are written by hand in static, low-level programming languages such as Fortran or C, Firedrake-Fluids uses the Firedrake framework to automatically generate the model's code from a high-level abstract language called Unified Form Language (UFL). By coupling to the PyOP2 parallel unstructured mesh framework, Firedrake can then target the code towards a desired hardware architecture to enable the efficient parallel execution of the model over an arbitrary computational mesh. The description of the model includes the governing equations, the methods employed to discretise and solve the governing equations, and an outline of the automated solution process. The verification and validation of the model, performed using a set of well-defined test cases, is also presented along with a road map for future developments and the solution of more complex fluid dynamical systems.
GIS modeling of seismic vulnerability of residential fabrics considering geotechnical, structural, social and physical distance indicators in Tehran using multi-criteria decision-making techniques
Authors: Rezaie F. , Panahi M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The main issue in determining seismic vulnerability is having a comprehensive view of all probable damages related to earthquake occurrence. Therefore, taking into account factors such as peak ground acceleration at the time of earthquake occurrence, the type of structures, population distribution among different age groups, level of education and the physical distance to hospitals (or medical care centers) and categorizing them into four indicators of geotechnical, structural, social and physical distance to needed facilities and from dangerous ones will provide us with a better and more exact outcome. To this end, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process to study the importance of criteria or alternatives and uses the geographical information system to study the vulnerability of Tehran to an earthquake. This study focuses on the fact that Tehran is surrounded by three active and major faults: Mosha, North Tehran and Rey. In order to comprehensively determine the vulnerability, three scenarios are developed. In each scenario, seismic vulnerability of different areas in Tehran is analyzed and classified into four levels: high, medium, low and safe. The results show that, regarding seismic vulnerability, the faults of Mosha, North Tehran and Rey make, respectively, 6, 16 and 10% of Tehran highly vulnerable, while 34, 14 and 27% is safe.
Is there an Association between Central Vein Stenosis and Line Infection in Patients with Tunnelled Central Venous Catheters (TCVCs)?
Authors: Aitken Emma , Honour Patrick , Johnson Natalie , Kingsmore David
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Central vein stenosis (CVS) and line infection are well-recognized complications of tunnelled central venous catheters (TCVCs) in patients on haemodialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate any relationship between CVS and line infection.

Methods

Analysis of 500 consecutive patients undergoing TCVC insertion was undertaken. Data were collected on patient demographics, details of line insertion and duration, culture-proven bacteraemia and presence of symptomatic CVS. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for CVS and bacteraemia.

Results

Mean patient age was 59.0 years (range: 17-93). Mean number of catheter days was 961.1 ± 57.6 per TCVC; 39.4% of TCVCs were associated with culture-proven bacteraemia and 23.6% developed symptomatic CVS. Bacteraemia and CVS were inevitable complications of all TCVCs. The time to symptomatic CVS was longer in patients with bacteraemia than without (1230.91 ± 101.29 vs. 677.49 ± 61.59 days, p<0.001). Patients who had early infection within 90 days of TCVC insertion were less likely to develop CVS (5.9% vs. 22.8%, p<0.001). There was no difference in the bacteraemia rate per 1,000 catheter days between patients with and without CVS (2.62 ± 1.41 vs. 2.35 ± 0.51; p = 0.98). Number of line days (odds ratio (OR) 1.02, p = 0.003), age (OR 1.04, p = 0.04) and culture-proven line infection (OR 0.59, p = 0.014) were all independently associated with CVS.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that early line infection may be protective against CVS. Alternatively, there may be two distinct predisposition states for CVS and line infection. Further studies are needed to confirm our association and investigate causation.
Transposition, Elevation, Lipectomy and V-Wing for Easy Needling
Authors: Bourquelot Pierre , Karam Lamisse , Robert-Ebadi Helia , Pirozzi Nicola
Published: March 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to report surgical techniques to facilitate cannulation of deep matured veins.

Methods and Results

1) Basilic vein tunnel superficialization with rerouting in an anterior tunnel is mandatory for brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistula (AVF), mostly performed in a second surgical stage. The elevation technique, which could necessitate cannulation of the vein through the overlying scar, is not advisable. 2) Femoral vein superficialization is a one-stage surgical operation. Complications of this high-flow AVF are distal ischemia (diabetes and occlusive arterial disease are contraindications), iliac vein stenosis due to intimal hypertrophy and cardiac issues. Nevertheless, we have achieved high long-term patency rates (N = 70). Primary patency rates at 1 and 9 years were 91% ± 4% and 45% ± 11%, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 1 and 9 years were 84% ± 5% and 56% ± 9%, respectively. 3) Lipectomy for superficialization of the forearm radial-cephalic AVF is described for obese patients. Subcutaneous tissues are resected using two transverse incisions. Mobilization of the vein is avoided. At 3 years (N = 49), we recorded 63% ± 8% and 88% ± 7% primary and secondary patency rates, respectively. Anterior transposition of the forearm basilic vein is not necessary when using microsurgery for creation of distal ulno-basilic AVF. 4) VWING is a novel surgically implanted device to help buttonhole technique cannulation. It is too early to draw any conclusion from the preliminary published reports.

Conclusions

Tunnel-transposition and lipectomy are efficient techniques to allow easy needling of deeply situated upper-arm basilic vein, and cephalic vein in obese patients, respectively.
Long-Term Results of Biological Grafts for Haemodialysis Vascular Access
Authors: Inston Nicholas G.
Published: March 2015

The quest for suitable conduits for dialysis access has continued since the first patients were dialysed. Whilst synthetic grafts made from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) have been the main definitive option after autologous arteriovenous fistulas they have a number of drawbacks, which has led to the use and development of biological grafts such as autografts, homografts or xenografts. Technology continues to improve and currently biosynthetic options are available which may combine the benefits of a readily available product without the drawbacks of PTFE. The history and evidence of biological options for haemodialysis access are discussed.
Arteriovenous Graft Configuration in Hemodialysis: Does it Matter?
Authors: Wuamett Joseph C. , Glickman Marc H.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

The current guidelines for arteriovenous graft (AVG) configuration in hemodialysis state the following sequence: forearm loop, upper arm straight or curved and upper arm looped. These recommendations are based upon literature from the 1980s. Modern patient demographics and patient treatment algorithms, i.e., the Fistula First initiative (FFI), have greatly changed the current practice environment. It is not clear if these changes alter the outcomes of AVGs based upon configuration.

Methods

The most recent National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF/K-DOQI) guidelines for vascular access were reviewed. Articles cited to support recommendations for AVG configuration were evaluated. The following search terms: arteriovenous graft configuration, access configuration, PTFE configuration in hemodialysis and straight, looped, curved graft configuration were used to search PubMed, Ovid, Medline and Google scholar. Articles that included data comparing AVG configuration were included. Citations within those articles were examined for publications overlooked in the initial search. Four articles and one abstract were reviewed and separated into pre- and post-FFI groups.

Results

Pre-FFI articles demonstrate superiority of forearm looped AVG over straight forearm grafts. Post-FFI, the literature suggests that primary patency, thrombosis and steal are not affected by configuration and location, although looped configuration may have superior secondary patency.

Conclusions

The available literature is mixed regarding the effect of configuration on AVG outcomes. Current studies illustrate the effect may be limited and that larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to draw firm conclusions. Regardless, adequate inflow and an appropriately sized outflow vein are paramount for optimal graft performance.
استخدام أدوات البحث الذكية المتاحة عمى الويب فى البحث العممى: دراسة استكشافية مقارنة لطالب الدراسات العميا بجامعة المنيا.
Authors: الجوهرى أمجد عبد الهادى
Published: March 2015

أدى تزايد مصادر المعلومات المتاحة فى بيئة الويب إلى التفكير فى إنشاء العديد من التطبيقات و الخدمات التى من شإنها تيسير وصول المستفيد للمعلومات .و من بين هذه التطبيقات محركات البحث المتعددة، بالإضافة إلى محركات البحث الذكية و البرامج الوكيلة الذكية . ومن ثم هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مدى استخدام أحد الفئات الهامة من الباحثين المتمثلة فى فئة طلاب الدراسات العليا لهذه الأدوات لأغراض البحث العلمى. ونظراً لطبيعتها الاستكشافية ، اقتصرت الدراسة على عينة قصدية من طلاب الدراسات العليا بالكليات النظرية و العملية بجامعة المنيا
Application of key performance indicators (KPIs) in the UAE public libraries:An analytical study
Authors: Abu Eid Emad Mohammad , Jirjees Jassim Mohammed
Published: March 2015

The main purpose of the study was to identify the current application and use of key performance indicators (KPIs) in measuring library services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) public libraries. The study seeks to determine the importance of measuring the performance of library services in terms of, 1) methods of data collection, 2) resources spent, 3) current KPI methods employed, 4) use of information resulting from KPI measurement, and 5) the types of participants involved in the KPI measurement process. The population of the study was the federal and local governmental public libraries in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The population of the study included Dubai Public Library, Sharjah Public Library, Abu Dhabi National Library and Ministry of Culture and Community Development Public Libraries. Those public libraries administer the access to information and the provision of library services through thirty (30) service library branches, using (290) Full time employee (FTE) of staff, collection exceeds six (6) million items and around six hundred thousand visit FY 2012. All libraries of the population of the study provide electronic library services. The study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire distributed to Library Directors yielded a 100% response rate. Respondents recorded current application of KPIs practices, estimated resources expended to conduct KPIs measurement, identified KPIs measurement participants, and challenges facing them in KPIs measurement. The results of the study indicate that 80% of public libraries in the UAE are currently using and applying KPIs in measuring performance of library services, 57% of the UAE public libraries adopted ISO 11620 as a reference to their KPIs application. Finally, the study results indicated the common reasons for the application of performance indicators were to identify areas of strengths/weaknesses, to improve performance and to increase level of users’ satisfaction. Recommendations of the study include: emphasis on adopting best practices, benchmarks, automated performance management systems, ISO11620, and design and conduct of training programs for librarians.
تلوث المعلومات وثأثيرها على النمو املعرفي والتنميةدراسة: لوجهات نظراملجتمع للمشكلة
Authors: القبلان نجاح قبلان
Published: March 2015

أن الاستمرار السريع الذي يشهده العالم لتطور المعلومات وزيادة حجمها وسهولة الوصول لها برغم إيجابية التي لا يستطيع أحد أنكارها؛ أفرز وجه سلبي أثر على سلوك استخدام الأفراد للمعلومات؛ ظهر معه ما يسمي بتلوث المعلومات مثل صعوبة التحكم في ضبط مصداقية المعلومات وأمنها وأخلاقياتها وتأثيرها على المستخدمين وغيرها من القضايا التي ناقشتها الدراسة من خلال بناء إطار نظري من مراجعة الانتاج الفكري المرتبط بالموضوع ؛ وكذلك تحليل نتائج أداة الدراسة التي أثبتت أهم نتائجها اجتماع معظم المشاركين من مجتمع الدراسة على تلوث مصادر المعلومات؛ مع إيمان كثير منهم أن الكتب ثم المكتبة من أكثر مصادر المعلومات صدقاً ونقاء من تلوث المعلومات. كما إشارات النتائج أن ابرز تأثير لتلوث المعلومات يتمثل في سهولة تحريف المعلومات وتزويرها؛ في حين أن ابرز المشاكل تتمثل في بناء ثقافة معلوماتية هشة غير حقيقية رغم وجود تضخم حجم للمعلومات. وعليه أوصت الدراسة بالعديد من التوصيات التي تصنع رؤيا جديد لأدوار مؤسسات المعلومات ومجالات وظيفية مختلفة للعاملين فيها ستؤثر بالتأكيد على النمو المعرفي والتنمية بشكل عام
كفايات و مواصفات اخصائي المعلومات للتأقلم مع البيئة الرقميةدراسة ميدانية بمكتبة د.أحمد عروة بجامعة األمير عبد القادر للعلوم اإلسالمية-قسنطينة
Authors: قموح ناجية , بودربان عز الدين , بوخالفة خديجة
Published: March 2015

الذي عرف خلال هذه السنوات الأخيرة حركية سريعة نتيجة التطور والتغيير الجدري في المقاييس العالمية المعتمدة في التعامل مع المعلومات من حيث أساليب وطرق ، وتقنيات معالجتها ، وتخزينها ، واسترجاعها ، وبثها في ظل التطورات التكنولوجية الحديثة وما أفرزته من تطبيقات تقنية ، في مجتمع المعلومات المعاصر الذي زاد فيه الاهتمام بتطوير مهارات القوى العاملة في حقل المعلومات، خاصة مع ظهور منهجية إدارة الجودة الشاملة التي أصبحت تطبقها منظمات المعلومات والتي تقضي هي الأخرى بضرورة قدرة اختصاصي المعلومات على فهم وتحليل واقعه الجديد ، من جهة والاستجابة الاحتياجات المستفيدين من جهة أخرى . وهو الأمر الذي يتطلب من هذا الأخير وحتى ينجح في التصدي لمختلف الصعوبات التي تواجهه بمناسبة أداءه لعمله ، ويتأقلم مع البيئة الرقمية الجديدة أن يتحلى ببعض المواصفات ، ويتوفر على بعض الكفايات للوقوف أما التحديات التي أفرزها مجتمع المعرفة ويغذيها التطور التكنولوجي، أين وجد المكتبي نفسه أمام أدوار جديدة متعددة ، تحتاج إلى مهارات نوعية لمواجهة هذه التغيرات ، ولرفع تحديات الواقع الافتراضي، وإثبات وجودة وأدائه. ويسعى هذا البحث إلى التعرف على أهم المواصفات و المهارات الرقمية التي يحتاجها اختصاصي المعلومات للتأقلم مع هذه البيئة الجديدة باعتبارها متطلبات أساسية لممارسة المهنة المكتبية المعاصرة من جهة، ولتعزيز دوره في عالم اليوم المتغير الذي تميزه المنافسة الشديدة بين مختلف الأسواق والمنظمات بما فيها تلك العاملة في حق المكتبات والمعلومات نتيجة العولمة . كما يحاول البحث التعرف على أهم الصعوبات والتحديات التي تواجه اختصاصي المعلومات في البيئة الرقمية من خلال دراسة ميدانية اعتمد فيها الإستبيان كأداة أساسية لجمع المعلومات
Conservation Agriculture Practices in Salt-Affected, Irrigated Areas of Central Asia: Crop Price and Input Cost Variability Effect on Revenue Risks
Authors: Hasan Boboev , Higano Yoshiro , Yabar Helmut , Devkota Mina , Lamers John P. A.
Published: March 2015

The threats to sustainable agriculture caused by severe land degradation, high soil salinity, and increased production costs on salt-affected, irrigated croplands of Uzbekistan, Central Asia, are both challenging and urgent. The present wide-spread cultivation practices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), but in particular cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which was the predominant crop during the Soviet Union period (1924-1991) need to be altered by considering improved, technically feasible and economically viable practices. Therefore, the economic performance of three innovative crop rotation systems have been assessed and compared to Conventional Tillage (CT) practices. The cropping systems were all exposed to Bed Planting (BP) with a crop residue cover and included cotton-cover crop-cotton, cotton-wheat, and cotton-wheat-maize. Risk assessment was based on commodity prices and included State Procurement Price (SPP) and free Market Price (MP), but also variable production and input costs. A linear mathematic optimization model was employed to generate various simulations. Financial benefits (expressed in US dollars) were based on 2009 input costs and product prices. The findings revealed that Conservation Agriculture (CA)-based practices applied to the cropping systems could substantially increase economic returns especially in the early stages of adaption, provided they are flanked with appropriate agricultural practices and careful farm managements.
The Effects of Resource Bundling on Third-Party Logistics Providers' Performance
Authors: Karia Noorliza , Wong Chee Yew , Asaari Muhammad Hasmi Abu Hassan , Lai Kee-Hung
Published: March 2015

This research develops and tests a model of the effects of resources bundling on third-party logistics (3PL) providers' performance. Based on data from a survey of Malaysian 3PLs, basic and advanced technology and equipment resources, knowledge and relational resources, and demand management interfaces are identified. The bundling of advanced technology, knowledge resources, and demand management interface capability are found to enhance 3PLs' customer service innovation. Similar resource bundling (excluding advanced technology) is required to achieve cost leadership. The effects of other resources on performance are mediated mainly by the demand management interface capability and knowledge resources. This is a novel attempt to justify the interaction and mediation effects of resources and capabilities on performance. The research highlights the needs for 3PL managers to focus on developing and bundling their demand management interface capability and knowledge resources in order to achieve cost leadership, and further combine advanced technology into such bundling of resources and capabilities to achieve innovation in customer service. It advances the application of resource-based view (RBV) theory in logistics research by identifying resources that play supporting roles and examining the capabilities for enhancing 3PLs' competitive performance.
Level-Wise Exploration of Linked and Big Data Guided by Controlled Vocabularies and Folksonomies
Authors: Andritsos Periklis , Keilty Patrick
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes a level-wise exploration of linked and big data guided by controlled vocabularies and folksonomies. We leverage techniques from both Reconstructability Analysis and cataloging and classification research to provide solutions that will structure and store large amounts of metadata, identify links between data, and explore data structures to produce models that will facilitate effective information retrieval.
Big Classification: Using the Empirical Power of Classification Interaction
Authors: Smiraglia Richard P.
Published: March 2015

Classification as a cultural artifact serves an epistemological role as disseminator of the culture it embodies. A theory of classification interaction has been proposed that would combine empirical iterations of bibliographic characteristics as factors interacting with traditional conceptual elements in classifications. Nine million UDC numbers extracted from the OCLC WorldCat are sampled and deconstructed, to look for correlations with content-designated components of the associated bibliographic records. Chi-squared is used to locate statistically-significant correlations among nominal-level variables. Results demonstrate a series of footprints of predictable associations. A complex network of associations is revealed and visualized. The results are promising and point to a series of more complex investigations.
Advances in Classification Research Online 2013 Classification, Ontology, and the Semantic Web
Authors: Szostak Rick
Published: March 2015

The Semantic Web is developing slowly, but arguably surely. Two inter-related sources of delay are network effects and ontologies. The Semantic Web has come over time to rely onformal ontologies but there are many of these and they are each hard to master. The ability to link databases is compromised by the use of incompatible ontologies. But the RDF triplet format at the centre of the Semantic Web insists only on triplets of the form (object) (predicate orproperty) (subject). This paper explores the potential for a classification system that contains these three types of hierarchies (things, predicates, properties), plus a minimal set of rules on how they can be combined, to serve the needsof the Semantic Web. To this end, it surveys theroles (both the intended roles and side-effects) that formal ontologies play within the Semantic Web. The paper also briefly reviews the challenges faced in applying existing classification systems or thesauri to the Semantic Web.
A Semantic Similarity Approach for Linking Tweet Messages to Library of Congress Subject Headings using Linked Resources: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yi Kwan
Published: March 2015

The objective of this study is to propose, implement, and test a framework of assigning relevant Library of Congress (LC) subject headings to tweet messages. In this study, the task of assigning LC headings is considered an automatic classification task that identifies relevant LC subject headings for given tweets. The classification task is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, tweets are clustered so that similar tweets are grouped together. In the second stage, the degree of similarity between a cluster of tweets and LC subject headings is measured by a popular similarity metric, Jaccard Coefficient (JC). In this pilot study, five selected tweet clusters and nine LC subject headings were carefully chosen and used. This pilot study demonstrates a positive result forthe proposed approach of identifying subject headings for tweets. In three cluster cases out of the five, JC selected the most relevant headings as the largest degrees of similarity. For the other two cases, JC was not successful in ranking the most relevant within the top three headings. In the next step, a more sophisticated clustering method will be explored and applied. Also, all possible LC subject headings will be employed to identify LC subjects for tweets in the next steps of this study.
Metadata Capital via a linked data HIVE
Authors: Greenberg Jane
Published: March 2015

This paper explores medatada capital via linked open metadata vocabularies, specifically via the HIVE (Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Engineering) initiative in the U.S. DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC). Formulas representing 'Capital-sigma notation' and 'Succesive growth rates' are introduced as potential means for quanitifying metadata capital. A conclusion summarizes this paper and identitifies next steps.
La simplicité volontaire : Une dissidence réappropriée
Authors: Ladwein Richard
Published: March 2015

La simplicité volontaire est une démarche caractérisant un nombre croissant de consommateurs qui va dans le sens de consommer moins pour consommer mieux. Le marketing est-il prêt à un tel défi ? Rien n’est moins sûr. Les adeptes de la simplicité volontaire obligent les professionnels du marketing à moduler leurs pratiques : exit les visions à court terme et la culture des actions publipromotionnelles intensives et bienvenue aux valeurs et au retour du marketing de l’offre .
Comprendre les comportements de rejet de certains consommateurs face aux programmes de fidélité
Authors: Pez Virginie
Published: March 2015

Si de nombreuses recherches traitent des effets des programmes de fidélité ou de leurs bénéfices perçus pour le client, la littérature existante ne s’intéresse que très peu au fait que ces programmes puissent être rejetés par les consommateurs. Cet article propose d’explorer le phénomène, en identifiant les différents types de rejet et les raisons pour lesquelles certains consommateurs s’engagent dans cette forme de résistance. Prenant appui sur les concepts d’équité, de réactance psychologique et d’apprentissage, nous identifions, à travers une étude qualitative (N=25) trois types de rejet ainsi que leurs facteurs d’émergence .
Are arthropods at the heart of virus evolution?
Authors: Dudas Gytis , Obbard Darren J
Published: March 2015

The huge diversity of negative-sense RNA viruses in insects, spiders and other arthropods suggests that these animals could be central to virus origin and evolution.
Synthesis of γ‐Phosphate‐Labeled and Doubly Labeled Adenosine Triphosphate Analogs
Authors: Hacker Stephan M. , Welter Moritz , Marx Andreas
Published: March 2015

This unit describes the synthesis of γ‐phosphate‐labeled and doubly labeled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analogs and their characterization using the phosphodiesterase I from Crotalus adamanteus (snake venom phosphodiesterase; SVPD). In the key step of the synthesis, ATP or an ATP analog, bearing a linker containing a trifluoroacetamide group attached to the nucleoside, are modified with an azide‐containing linker at the terminal phosphate using an alkylation reaction. Subsequently, different labels are introduced to the linkers by transformation of one functional group to an amine and coupling to an N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester. Specifically, the Staudinger reaction of the azide is employed as a straightforward means to obtain an amine in the presence of various labels. Furthermore, the fluorescence characteristics of a fluorogenic, doubly labeled ATP analog are investigated following enzymatic cleavage by SVPD. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interhemispheric asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly in solstices observed by COSMIC during 2007–2012
Authors: Luan Xiaoli , Wang Pan , Dou Xiankang , Liu Yong C.‐M.
Published: March 2015

The ionospheric radio occultation measurements from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites during 2007–2012 are utilized to analyze variations of the hemispheric asymmetry in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in solstice seasons. A hemispheric asymmetry index (Ah) is introduced to quantitatively characterize the relative interhemispheric asymmetry or north‐south differences of the EIA crests. The seasonal, solar activity, and longitudinal dependences of the hemispheric asymmetry are investigated during these low to moderately high solar activity levels. Our main findings are as follows: (1) The transition of stronger crest from the winter to summer hemispheres generally took place during noon to afternoon hours (~11:00–14:00 LT), whereas the change of the EIA hemispheric asymmetry pattern toward a stronger summer crest actually started 2–3 h earlier. (2) Remarkable differences were observed in the EIA hemispheric asymmetry between June and December solstices. In June solstice, the transition from stronger winter to summer crests occurred later, and consequently, the duration with stronger winter crest lasted longer during the morning period. (3) In the afternoon hours, the magnitudes of relative interhemispheric asymmetry of EIA crests were obviously anticorrelated with the solar activity, while in the morning hours their solar activity dependence was weak. (4) Interhemispheric asymmetry of the crests and its transition time varied with longitudes. It is also found that the longitudinal and seasonal variations of the change rate of Ah was generally consistent with the corresponding variations of hemispheric asymmetry in ion production rate. Our results indicate that the photochemical process may also play a role in the EIA hemispheric asymmetry, in addition to the important contribution from the transequatorial neutral wind and equatorial fountain effects.
Anatomy of a Strombolian eruption: Inferences from particle data recorded with thermal video
Authors: Bombrun Maxime , Harris Andrew , Gurioli Lucia , Battaglia Jean , Barra Vincent
Published: March 2015

Over the past decade, a proliferation of new technologies has pushed forward our ability to measure the dynamics of volcanic emissions as they exit, and ascend above, the vent. Measuring parameters of all particles as they exit the vent during an explosive eruption is the best way to gather parameters such as size, shape, velocity, and mass for the solid (particulate) fraction of the plume, in our case this being the lapilli and bomb component. We compute particle velocities and size distributions using high spatial resolution (centimeter‐sized pixel) thermal infrared imagery collected at 200 Hz for small explosive eruptions at Stromboli (Italy). Our study covers 13 eruptions from Stromboli's southwest crater that occured in October 2012, plus 13 eruptions from the southwest crater, and 5 eruptions from the northeast crater in May 2014. We obtain a statistically robust database for size, mass, and velocity of 83,000 particles. Most particles have sizes of 5 to 15 cm so that the majority of individual particle masses are below 0.4 kg. However, 4950 (6%) of the particles are heavier than 5 kg and represent 59% of the total mass erupted. We also show that the smallest particles detected have the highest velocities with the maximum recorded vent‐leaving velocity being 240 m/s. While the thermal data provide insights into particle emission and launch dynamics, correlation with seismic data sheds light on the source mechanism. Our results lead us to suggest that pyroclast‐dominated explosions are a consequence of the presence of a viscous, degassed cap at the head of the magma column, whereas gas‐dominated events are a consequence of slug bursting in a “cleaner” conduit, the cap having been lost by convective overturn.
A Developmental Route to Local Specificity. Nested Catenaries
Authors: Hensel Defne Sunguroğlu , Bover Guillem Baraut
Published: March 2015

Architect Defne Sunguroğlu Hensel and engineer Guillem Baraut Bover describe the Nested Catenaries design and construction system they have developed as part of a research project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO). They explain how their innovative development of an unreinforced masonry shell structure made up of a single layer of bricks is informed by ancient building traditions and has been further evolved to be attuned to local context.
Nickel‐Catalyzed CS Bond Formation: Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides from Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides and Boronic Acids
Authors: Singh Rahul , Allam Bharat Kumar , Singh Neetu , Kumari Kumkum , Singh Satish Kumar , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: March 2015

A practical nickel‐catalysed approach has been developed for the CS bond formation through the cross‐coupling of arylsulfonyl hydrazides and aryl boronic acids. The report employs arylsulfonyl hydrazide as an aryl thiol equivalent and offers a mild and eco‐safe synthesis of unsymmetrical thioethers in good to excellent yields in air. The scope and versatility of the method has been successfully demonstrated with 22 examples.

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Probing Long‐Lived Plasmonic‐Generated Charges in TiO2/Au by High‐Resolution X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Amidani Lucia , Naldoni Alberto , Malvestuto Marco , Marelli Marcello , Glatzel Pieter , Dal Santo Vladimiro , Boscherini Federico
Published: March 2015

Exploiting plasmonic Au nanoparticles to sensitize TiO2 to visible light is a widely employed route to produce efficient photocatalysts. However, a description of the atomic and electronic structure of the semiconductor sites in which charges are injected is still not available. Such a description is of great importance in understanding the underlying physical mechanisms and to improve the design of catalysts with enhanced photoactivity. We investigated changes in the local electronic structure of Ti in pure and N‐doped nanostructured TiO2 loaded with Au nanoparticles during continuous selective excitation of the Au localized surface plasmon resonance with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS). Spectral variations strongly support the presence of long‐lived charges localized on Ti states at the semiconductor surface, giving rise to new laser‐induced low‐coordinated Ti sites.
Macrodiolide Formation by the Thioesterase of a Modular Polyketide Synthase
Authors: Zhou Yongjun , Prediger Patrícia , Dias Luiz Carlos , Murphy Annabel C. , Leadlay Peter F.
Published: March 2015

Elaiophylin is an unusual C2‐symmetric antibiotic macrodiolide produced on a bacterial modular polyketide synthase assembly line. To probe the mechanism and selectivity of diolide formation, we sought to reconstitute ring formation in vitro by using a non‐natural substrate. Incubation of recombinant elaiophylin thioesterase/cyclase with a synthetic pentaketide analogue of the presumed monomeric polyketide precursor of elaiophylin, specifically its N‐acetylcysteamine thioester, produced a novel 16‐membered C2‐symmetric macrodiolide. A linear dimeric thioester is an intermediate in ring formation, which indicates iterative use of the thioesterase active site in ligation and subsequent cyclization. Furthermore, the elaiophylin thioesterase acts on a mixture of pentaketide and tetraketide thioesters to give both the symmetric decaketide diolide and the novel asymmetric hybrid nonaketide diolide. Such thioesterases have potential as tools for the in vitro construction of novel diolides.
Investing Even in Uneven Contests: Effects of Asymmetry on Investment in Contests
Authors: Hart Einav , Avrahami Judith , Kareev Yaakov , Todd Peter M.
Published: March 2015

Many competitions, such as political campaigns, innovative endeavors, sports, or courting rituals, require investment of nonrefundable resources: One contestant wins the prize for the invested amount, whereas all others lose their investments without receiving compensation. Frequently, contests are asymmetric, because of differing resources or prize valuations. Does asymmetry discourage the weaker contestants from investing? Do stronger contestants take this into account and also invest less? Or does the desire to win abolish these differences? Two experiments explored the effects of asymmetry between the contestants—arising from their resources or prizes—on nonrefundable investments. Subjects repeatedly competed in both symmetric and asymmetric contests, enabling within‐subject comparisons. We observed an effect of asymmetry only when it concerned resources: Subjects overall invested less when their resources were unequal, whereas inequality in the prizes did not influence investments. This pattern suggests that winning itself is motivating. The changes between consecutive investments can be explained by reactions to the previous outcome (win or loss): Across all contests, investment decreased following a win and increased following a loss. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Goes Up Apparently Needn't Come Down: Asymmetric Predictions of Ascent and Descent in Rankings
Authors: Davidai Shai , Gilovich Thomas
Published: March 2015

In eight studies, we document an upward mobility bias, or a tendency to predict that a rise in rankings is more likely than a decline. This asymmetry was observed in predictions of classroom performance, NBA and NFL standings, business school rankings, and employee performance rankings. The bias was found for entities people care about and want to see improve their standing, as well as entities in which people are not invested. It appears to result from people's tendency to give considerable weight to a focal agent's intentions and motivation, but to give less weight to the intentions of competitors and other factors that would thwart the focal agent's improvement. We show that this bias is most pronounced for implicit incremental theorists, who believe that performance is malleable (and hence assign more weight to intentions and effort). We discuss implications of this asymmetry for decision making and for an understanding of the underdog bias. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic factors and survival of patients with brain metastasis from breast cancer who underwent craniotomy
Authors: Leone José Pablo , Lee Adrian V. , Brufsky Adam M.
Published: March 2015

Brain metastasis (BM) in patients with breast cancer is a catastrophic event that results in poor prognosis. Identification of prognostic factors associated with breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) could help to identify patients at risk. The aim of this study was to assess clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival of patients with BCBM who had craniotomy and resection in a series of patients treated with modern multimodality therapy. We analyzed 42 patients with BCBM who underwent resection. Patients were diagnosed with breast cancer between April 1994 and May 2010. Cox proportional hazards regression was selected to describe factors associated with time to BM, survival from the date of first recurrence, and overall survival (OS). Median age was 51 years (range 24–74). Median follow‐up was 4.2 years (range 0.6–18.5). The proportion of the biological subtypes of breast cancer was ER+/HER2− 25%, ER+/HER2+ 15%, ER‐/HER2+ 30%, and ER‐/HER2− 30%. Median OS from the date of primary diagnosis was 5.74 years. Median survival after diagnosis of BM was 1.33 years. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, stage was the only factor associated with shorter time to the development of BM (P = 0.033), whereas age was the only factor associated with survival from the date of recurrence (P = 0.027) and with OS (P = 0.037). Stage at primary diagnosis correlated with shorter time to the development of BM, while age at diagnosis was associated with shorter survival in BCBM. None of the other clinical factors had influence on survival.