bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Tail Cancer with Sole Manifestation of Left Flank Pain: A Very Rare Presentation
Authors: Lin Hsing‐Lin , Kuo Liang‐Chi , Chen Chao‐Wen , Lin Yen‐Ko , Lee Wei‐Che
Published: November 2008

Pancreatic cancer is sometimes called a “silent disease” because it often causes no symptoms in the early stage. The symptoms can be quite vague and various depending on the location of cancer in the pancreas. The anatomic site distribution is 78% in the head of the pancreas, 11% in the body, and 11% in the tail. Pancreatic cancer is rarely detected in the early stage, and it is very uncommon to diagnose pancreatic tail cancer during an emergency department visit. The manifestation of pancreatic tail cancer as left flank pain is very rare and has seldom been identified in the literature. We present a case of pancreatic tail cancer with the sole manifestation of dull left flank pain. Having negative findings on an ultrasound study initially, this female patient was misdiagnosed as having possible acute gastritis, urolithiasis or muscle strain after she received gastroendoscopy and colonofiberscopy. Her symptoms persisted for several months and she visited our emergency department due to an acute exacerbation of a persistent dull pain in the left flank area. Radiographic evaluation with computed tomography was performed, and pancreatic tail tumor with multiple metastases was found unexpectedly. We review the literature and discuss this rare presentation of pancreatic tail cancer.
HTR Centennial Celebration: Words of Welcome
Authors: Graham William A.
Published: November 2008

Good morning and welcome to all of you who have gathered on this extremely proud day for Harvard Divinity School to mark the centennial celebration of the HTR, the Harvard Theological Review.
A Measured Faith: Edwin Starbuck, William James, and the Scientific Reform of Religious Experience
Authors: White Christopher
Published: November 2008

A number of recent studies have drawn attention to how the study of religion and religious seeking were intertwined in European and American cultures in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ann Taves, Leigh Schmidt and Hans Kippenberg, for example, have pointed to ways that particularly Protestant anxieties and dilemmas shaped scholarly thinking about categories such as experience and “mysticism.” Scholars have been less interested, however, in the other side of the exchange—less interested, in other words, in how scholarship has reshaped religious belief and practice. The first Americans to study religion scientifically, American psychologists of religion, serve as a particularly useful illustration of how scholarly methods influenced modern ways of believing, but there is still little historical scholarship on the key figures involved. There remain few critical works, for example, on the pioneer psychologists of religion—Edwin Starbuck (1866–1947), George Coe (1862–1951), James Bissett Pratt (1875–1944), and G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924)—and their ways of studying and attempting to reform religion. The notable exception is, of course, the literature on William James, which includes an enormous number of dissertations and monographs, including several important studies examining the Varieties of Religious Experience and James's other efforts to help fashion a science of religion. But even the scholarship on James does not consider how he and others used the sciences to reform religious belief and revitalize American culture. Given the fact that James identified himself as a psychologist, engaged a wide range of neurological, physiological and psychological thinkers in his work, and drew extensively on psychologists like George Coe and Edwin Starbuck, it is remarkable that these contexts have been overlooked. His debt to the psychologist Edwin Starbuck is particularly striking. In his Varieties, he uses or refers to Starbuck's empirical work twenty-six times, he draws from Starbuck's questionnaire data thirty-seven times, and he mentions Starbuck by name a total of forty-six times, which is roughly the equivalent of once in every six pages of text.
Spatial and temporal structure of the trematode component community inValvata macrostoma(Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)
Authors: FALTÝNKOVÁ A. , VALTONEN E. T. , KARVONEN A.
Published: November 2008

We conducted the first comprehensive study on the spatiotemporal structure of trematode communities in the large-mouthed valve snail,Valvata macrostoma. A total of 1103 snails were examined monthly between May and October 2007 from Lake Konnevesi, Central Finland, from a shallow (1–2 m deep) and an offshore site (5–6 m deep), located ca. 50–70 m apart. Snails were infected by 10 trematode species. The species composition and prevalence were strikingly different between the sites with high species diversity in the shallow site (all 10 species; total prevalence of sporocysts/rediae 12·1%, metacercariae 55·4%) compared to the deeper site (3 species; prevalence 15·0% and 1·9%, respectively). This difference persisted throughout our study and is probably related to the spatial distribution of bird definitive hosts, whereas the seasonal parasite dynamics are likely to be affected by changes in the age-structure of the snail population. The probability of sporocyst infections increased with snail size, but no such trend was observed in redial or metacercarial infections which decreased with host size. Our results show that generally well-described spatiotemporal differences in trematode infection of molluscs can emerge in very narrow spatial and temporal scales, which emphasizes the importance of these factors in community studies.
Theatre space as virtual place: audio technology, the reconfigured singing body, and the megamusical
Authors: Burston Jonathan
Published: November 2008

Early popular and theoretical work in popular music studies often bestowed implicit or explicit legitimacy on forms of music cultivating or preserving a ‘live’, ‘unplugged’, ‘acoustic’ and hence ‘authentic’ sound. Over the past fifteen years, much popular music scholarship (Frith 1986; Goodwin 1992; Cutler 1984) has rightly problematised this approach. It is important to note, however, that interpretations of popular music texts or scenes that depict the electrification or digitalisation of sound as uncomplicatedly pro-social or progressive remain problematic themselves. Within popular music production today, few areas exist where these aesthetics of recorded music have failed to penetrate. But there is one sub-field of popular music where the characteristic sounds of recording studio technology are still relatively new. It warrants the attention not only of those engaged in the study of popular music, but also of those involved in the exploration of virtual environments. This sub-field is the contemporary stage musical.
Cross-cultural perspectives in popular music: the case of Afghanistan
Authors: Baily John
Published: November 2008

It is inevitable that the first issue of this yearbook will raise questions about the use of the term ‘popular music’. I do not believe that this question is going to be easy to answer and, as a precaution, I think we should regard quick and seemingly clearcut solutions with suspicion. In fact, we may eventually have to operate with intuitive, poorly defined and rather elastic definitions of popular music. Before we resort to that expedient, however, the problem of definition must be considered and discussed from various points of view.
Asaf'ev's theory of intonation and the analysis of popular song
Authors: Zak Vladimir
Published: November 2008

‘All good things are born of wonder’, remarked Aristotle. Today, as ever, listening to good music one cannot cease wondering at the mysterious spell of sound combinations. The phenomenon becomes even more mystifying when one deals with a simple and popular tune.
Notation and identity in contemporary popular music
Authors: Bennett H. Stith
Published: November 2008

Popular music, like all manifestations of popular culture, lives on in spite of recurring criticisms that cast it as somehow inauthentic. In fact, defences against this discounting are built into popular music (for example, the Rolling Stones' classic: ‘It's only rock 'n' roll but I like it’) and built in, as well, to the identities of those who make the music a part of their lives, be they players, producers, consumers or critics. On the other hand, so-called classical music, not unlike other manifestations of Western European art culture, lives on in spite of popular music and provides the touchstone of authenticity that creates the defensive popular response. The ideas I am advancing here are intended to allow the players in this authenticity contest to be recognised as evidence of unique historical circumstances: recognised, that is, not only as stock dramatists of ethnocentrism, but as indicators of long-term changes in music cultures in all parts of the world.
Rock 'n' roll in a very strange society
Authors: Hamm Charles
Published: November 2008

An investigation of the reception and perception of early rock 'n' roll in various parts of the world may tell us little new about the music itself, but it can inform us on contemporary issues and attitudes in these places, and remind us of the ways in which popular music has been utilised by commercial and political forces controlling the mass media.
Paul, John andBroad Street
Authors: Sullivan Henry W.
Published: November 2008

Paul McCartney'sGive my Regards to Broad Streetopened in New York City (and in 319 cinemas across the USA) on 26 October 1984, following the most intense publicity campaign that the McCartneys and 20th-Century Fox could mount. Apart from a wave of magazine interviews with Linda and Paul, a new video,No More Lonely Nightsgave a cute synopsis, and the song itself was released as a single; a soundtrack album was produced and McCartney's own company, MPL Communications, put out a songbook including music and pictures from the film plus a forty-eight page screenplay (McCartney 1984). Despite all this, and an $8,000,000 investment by Fox the movie quickly sank like a stone and was withdrawn from distribution after a couple of weeks. Most people have never seenGive my Regards to Broad Street.
Progressive rock and psychedelic coding in the work of Jimi Hendrix
Authors: Whiteley Sheila
Published: November 2008

Discussion of the 1960s generally identifies progressive rock as the prime organ of communication within the counter-culture. At the same time, musical analysis of the genre is an underdeveloped field of study, including only an identification of musical characteristics (Willis 1978), Mellers' analysis of the Beatles (1973) and Middleton and Muncie's analysis of five representative songs in the Open University's course, Popular Culture (1981). As a particularly heterogeneous genre (compared with, for example, rock 'n' roll and r&b), definitions of progressive rock equally raise problems: to what extent does the variety of styles reflect the variety of radical movements contained within the overall term counter-culture; alternatively, given the variety of styles, can progressive rock be considered a single phenomenon and, if so, to what extent does it have musical codes in common?
Commercialising the sound of the people: Pleng Luktoong and the Thai pop music industry
Authors: Siriyuvasak Ubonrat
Published: November 2008

Since Thailand's Copyright Act became law in 1979 an indigenous music industry has emerged. In the past, the small recording business was concentrated on two aspects: the sale of imported records and the manufacture of popular, mainly Lukkroong music, and classical records. However, the organisation of the Association of Music Traders – an immediate reaction to the enforcement of the Copyright law – coupled with the advent of cassette technology, has transformed the faltering gramophone trade. Today, middle-class youngsters appreciate Thai popular music in contrast to the previous generation who grew up with western pop and rock. Young people in the countryside have begun to acquire a taste for the same music as well as enjoy a wider range of Pleng Luktoong, the country music with which they identify. How did this change which has resulted in the creation of a new pleasure industry come about? And what are some of the consequences of this transformation.
Buck Owens, country music, and the struggle for discursive control
Authors: Fenster Mark
Published: November 2008

In the early- and mid-1960s, as mainstream popular music began to reach and exploit the growing youth market, the country music genre was going through a number of important transformations (see Malone 1985; Hemphill 1970). During this period the country music industry, including record companies, recording studios, managing and booking agents, music publishers and musicians, was becoming more fully consolidated in Nashville. In addition, a different kind of dominant sound was beginning to coalesce, based on a more ‘uptown’ feel and intended for a more cosmopolitan audience accustomed to mainstream, adult pop music. The beat and whine of the honky-tonk song, as epitomised by the rural twang in the music of Hank Williams, Lefty Frizzell and Webb Pierce, was being replaced as the dominant country music sound by the smooth and urbane ballad styles of Eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Patsy Cline. This shift was both caused by and helped to foster the development of a steady set of studio musicians who would appear on thousands of country recordings per year. The musical style that coalesced in Nashville studios through the regular collaboration of these musicians and the record label producers who loosely arranged them became known as the ‘Nashville Sound’, a marketable and identifiable name for a particular set of musical conventions. This sound, nearly as similar to Rosemary Clooney as it was to Hank Williams, called into question the generic boundaries between ‘country’ music and mainstream ‘pop’ music.
A voice without a face: popular music and the phonograph in the 1890s
Authors: Laing Dave
Published: November 2008

While the rock'n'roll era, dance bands, country and the blues have been the subject of detailed and analytical histories, the 1890s, those formative years of music-recording, still await adequate and rigorous scrutiny. The standard (and only) history of the recording process remains Roland Gelatt's The Fabulous Phonograph, whose first edition appeared in 1955. But while Gelatt's foreword promisingly notes that ‘the history of the phonograph is at once the history of an invention, an industry and a musical instrument’, his book seldom rises above a journalistic narrative. It is also marred by an ill-concealed bias towards the classical repertoire and against popular musics.
The moral sense of the majorities: indecency and vigilance in Late-Victorian music halls
Authors: Davis Tracy C.
Published: November 2008

Although known as the ‘Naughty Nineties’, the last years of the nineteenth century are characterised by a succession of anti-liberal backlashes most notoriously including the Vizetelly prosecution of 1889 (principally involving Emile Zola's novels), Oscar Wilde's trials of 1895 (indirectly about homosexuality) and the pillorying of feminist reformers. Instead of becoming more sexually permissive, the English fin de siècle was in many respects deeply conservative, not only in bureaucratic responses to these sexual controversies but also in the creation of political organisations to represent and lobby for conventional moral values. Social purity campaigners' efforts to eradicate indecency in music-hall performance fits into this pattern, and provides insight into the continuity between the class politics of leisure reforms, control of artistic production and hegemonic sexual mores.
His name was in lights: Chuck Berry's ‘Johnny B. Goode’
Authors: Taylor Timothy D.
Published: November 2008

Chuck Berry recorded ‘Johnny B. Goode’ in December 1957 and it has since become one of his best-known songs. The reasons for its lasting popularity are varied, and one of the goals of this article is to elucidate and discuss them. But the main purpose is to raise ‘Johnny B. Goode’ as an example of the choices and problems Berry faced in his career as an African-American musician in the 1950s and 60s and the ways he dealt with them in this tune.
Blues and our mind-body problem
Authors: Smith Steven G.
Published: November 2008

Blues music is relatively well recognised as a cultural phenomenon. In tracing its history, both as a reflection of one people's particular circumstances of oppression and as an ingredient taken into mainstream popular art, we accumulate reasons for thinking of it as important. But these are external reasons. It is possible to know that one's everyday milieu is heavily indebted to blues (in manners as well as in music), even to feel blues quality strongly, and yet not be able to articulate an understanding of the import of blues. In that case one is kept from thinking well about how the meaning of blues in, say, the life of an early twentieth-century black Mississippian relates to the meaning of blues in other sorts of life, including yours and mine today – which is precisely the inside of the cultural phenomenon of blues. To get over this hump we need to pay a kind of attention that blues rarely receives.
Brazil
Authors: Perrone Charles A.
Published: November 2008

With its blends of Amerindian, African and European sources, Brazil has one of the richest and most diverse musical cultures in the world. Primitive tribal musics flourish in the Amazon, rural and urban regions practise many folk/traditional forms, and cosmopolitan art music has been produced since before the time of Villa-Lobos. Various musics that can be considered popular reflect both this wide national spectrum and the impact of international mass media pop music. Here, a description of the major tendencies in contemporary urban popular music of Brazil will be followed by bibliographical and discographic indications for further study or research.
Rock and rebellion: subversive effects of Live Aid and ‘Sun City’
Authors: Ullestad Neal
Published: November 2008

Subversion of satisfaction is the name of the game in pop rock music. The constant changes in artists and sounds perpetually subvert conventional meanings of desire and pleasure, and we ‘can't be satisfied’. Consumer mythologies of style and fashion work to condense the fulfilment of our desires into the act of buying that which is ‘new’, now. Clearly, such change seldom includes any significant disruption of the everyday acceptance of the ‘natural’ order of things. Since meaningful change is a threat to corporate control, it is the superficial change of the subversion of satisfaction – vital to increasing profits, it seems – that has been institutionalised.
Australian country music and the hillbilly yodel
Authors: Smith Graeme
Published: November 2008

Of the seventy-five tracks issued as a historical survey of Australian country performers from 1936 to 1960, sixty-eight feature a yodelling interlude, and in many the yodelling forms the main part of the performance. The importance of this vocal technique in Australian country music, and its persistence till the present day is a striking feature of the genre. Prominent Australian performers such as Wayne Horsborough comment that yodelling before country audiences in the USA produces reactions of amazement, for the technique has been almost totally abandoned by current American performers. Yet because most historical commentary on Australian country music has stressed textual development, the presence of the yodel, a wordless interlude, is often merely noted, even if with an acknowledgement of the skill of performers in this technique. And for those in the present period wishing to promote Australian country music to a broader audience, the yodel tends to be a source of embarrassment. The country music industry today is preoccupied with ‘throwing off the hick image’ and emphasising the broad appeal of the genre, and to many current propagandists for Australian country music yodelling is an aspect of both the history and current state of the music which condemns them to commercial unacceptability. Yet it has remained popular with audiences and a significant number of performers, and recently a telemarketed album of yodelling songs by veteran country performer Mary Schneider sold at Australian platinum levels (Latta, 1991, p. 150). Country music clubs, which form a backbone of committed support for the genre, frequently organise local festivals where talent quests characteristically include yodelling competitions.
Constructing the popular from public funding of community music: notes from Australia
Authors: Breen Marcus
Published: November 2008

Those things that go under community music and people who call themselves community music practitioners and organisations, have got to remember all the community music that is happening anyway. But at this point in time I think that it is incredibly important to develop community music activities, to fuel the fire and create examples of what the possibilities are. The real community music will happen when that is generating spontaneously out of community. (Linsey Pollak, 28 January 1993)
‘… into another kind of life in which anything might happen …’ Popular music and late modernity, 1910–1930
Authors: Baxendale John
Published: November 2008

One evening in Leeds, in about 1913, the young J.B. Priestley had a brush with modernity:

… hot and astonished in the Empire, we discovered ragtime … It was as if we had been still living in the nineteenth century and then suddenly found the twentieth glaring and screaming at us. We were yanked into our own age, fascinating, jungle-haunted, monstrous … Out of these twenty noisy minutes in a music hall, so long ago, came fragmentary but prophetic outlines of the situation in which we find ourselves now, the menace to old Europe, the domination of America, the emergence of Africa, the end of confidence and any feeling of security, the nervous excitement, the frenzy, the underlying despair of our century … here was something new, strange, curiously disturbing … (Priestley 1962, pp. 66–7)
From source to commodity: newly-composed folk music of Yugoslavia
Authors: Rasmussen Ljerka Vidić
Published: November 2008

There is a shared view among insiders that the release of the recording ‘Od izvora dva putića’ ([There are] ‘Two paths leading from the water spring’) by Serbian female singer Lepa Lukić in 1964, marked the beginning of the ‘market history’ of Yugoslav novokomponovana narodna muzika (newly-composed folk music; henceforth NCFM). The song's lyrics depict a young woman in a rustic village whose love is thwarted when her lover moves to the city. The music evokes a motif typical of the Central-Serbian region of Šumadija: a tuneful melody, steady 2/4 rhythm, and a caressing quality in the narration. The title of the song is highly symbolic of the divergence of Yugoslav folk music into a continuing narodna muzika (folk; literally, ‘people's’ music) and an emerging pop stream.
Tom Jobim and the Bossa Nova Era
Authors: Reily Suzel Ana
Published: November 2008

‘The Girl from Ipanema’ – or, in Portuguese, ‘Garota de Ipanema’ – is without doubt the song that turned bossa nova into a household term the world over. It was written by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinícius de Moraes one afternoon in 1962, as they sat in the Veloso bar – now renamed ‘Garota de Ipanema’ – on Montenegro Street, where they had watched the young Helô Pinheiro walk past them on her way to Ipanema Beach. The song was first recorded in 1963 by Peri Ribeiro (Odeon) (Machado 1971), and since then over 300 other recordings have appeared on the market, both in Brazil and abroad (Cabral n.d.c, p. 10). When it was first launched in America on the ‘Getz/Gilberto’ album (Verve), interpreted by Astrud and João Gilberto in 1964, ‘The Girl from Ipanema' posed a serious challenge to the Beatles’ hegemony over the charts, rapidly moving to second place. With 4.2 million registered performances, it was only in the last four years that its ratings began to fall, but it is still among the world's most widely aired popular songs (Anon 1994c, pp. 124–5).
Kristen Klatvask fra Vejle: Danish pub music, mythscapes and ‘local camp’
Authors: Björnberg Alf , Stockfelt Ola
Published: November 2008

The town of Skagen is situated on the northernmost tip of Jutland (i.e., mainland Denmark). This is a remote and crisis-stricken area by Danish standards: the capital, Copenhagen, is eight hours away by train, the County of Northern Jutland has the highest unemployment rates in Denmark, and in recent years the region has been the target of several development projects financed by European Union funds. However, geographically, Skagen's position is quite central in Scandinavia. Ferry routes connect the nearby port of Frederikshavn (40 kilometres/25 miles away) with such relatively large Scandinavian cities as Oslo (9 hours away by ferry) and Gothenburg (3½ hours away). The town can also be reached from the south of Norway via the ferry route between Kristiansand and Hirtshals (also 40 kilometres/25 miles from Skagen). By these and other routes, tourists from Norway and Sweden, as well as from other parts of Denmark, regularly invade the town, in the summer season roughly doubling its 15,000 population.
The local and global in North African popular music
Authors: Langlois Tony
Published: November 2008

On 29 September 1994, Cheb Hasni, the most renowned Rai singer living in Algeria, was gunned down outside his family's house in Gambetta, a quarter of the city of Waharan (Oran). He was one of many public figures (and some 50,000 others) who have been killed since the main opposition political party, the FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) was prevented from assuming power by the annulment of elections that they would have won in 1991. Like the most notable of Algeria's victims of violence, which include journalists, lawyers, doctors, television presenters and top policemen, Hasni represented a version of Algerian identity that some people clearly could not tolerate. Responsibility for his assassination has not been claimed, but the manner of his death was identical to others carried out by the armed faction of the fundamentalist Islamic movement, the GIA (Armed Islamic Group). His death has possibly marked the demise of a genre of North African popular music known as Rai as it was produced in Algeria. Rai has been a particularly problematic idiom for Islamists and secularists alike. Both groups nurture distinct views of the place of Algeria, and Algerians in the world, and the role of Islam and liberal secularism in Algeria. Rai music constructs its own distinct trajectories linking local and global, ‘East’ and ‘West’, and, in this way, constitutes a distinct problem for Algerians, and indeed other North Africans today.
Rock musicians in Germany and ideas for their promotion
Authors: Niketta Reiner
Published: November 2008

In the field of scientific research on popular music there are a number of studies of the reception of rock music and various sociological analyses of the music industry, but there are few studies of rock musicians themselves. The empirical musician studies that do exist tend to use qualitative data analysis and to pursue limited research interests. There is thus work on the formation of rock bands (Jones and Harvey 1980; Schäffer 1996), on cover bands (Groce 1989), on group processes and structures (Groce and Dowell 1988; Tennstedt 1979), on female musicians (Groce and Cooper 1990) and on amateur musicians (Clemens 1983). Studies with standardised questionnaire and quantitative data analysis are rarer (but see Wills and Cooper 1988; and in Germany, Dollase, Rüsenberg and Stollenwerk 1974; Ebbecke and Lüschper 1987; Niketta 1986; Niketta, Niepel and Nonninger 1983; Weber 1990). The problem of these studies is their narrow database, and so I want to report here on a research project designed to provide empirically well-founded but broad-based evidence of the situation of rock musicians in West Germany. The research was undertaken in order to inform strategies for promoting rock music making in Germany (see Zickenheiner 1988). It was financed by the Federal Ministry for Education and Science and the Secretariat for Common Cultural Activities, in co-operation with the Centre for Music and Communication Technology, Wuppertal. The original project report was published in 1993 (Niketta and Volke 1993).
Of Two Lives One? Jean-Charles-Marguerite-Guillaume Grimaud and the Question of Holism in Vitalist Medicine
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2008

Argument

Montpellier vitalists upheld a medical perspective akin to modern “holism” in positing the functional unity of creatures imbued with life. While early vitalists focused on the human organism, Jean-Charles-Marguerite-Guillaume Grimaud investigated digestion, growth, and other physiological processes that human beings shared with simpler organisms. Eschewing modern investigative methods, Grimaud promoted a medically-grounded “metaphysics.” His influential doctrine of the “two lives” broke with Montpellier holism, classifying some vital phenomena as “higher” and others as “lower” and attributing the “nobility” of the human species to the predominance of the former. In place of Montpellier teaching that attributed health to the holistic equilibration of vital activities, Grimaud embraced spiritualist dualisms of soul and body, Creator and created. Celebrating the divinely-ordained “wisdom” evident in involuntary physiological processes, he argued that such life functions were incomprehensible to human investigators. While Grimaud's work encouraged inquiry into the division between the central and “vegetative” nervous systems that became paradigmatic in nineteenth-century neuroscience, it also opened Montpellier vitalism to charges of conservatism and obscurantism that are still lodged against it to the present day.
Recent Literary Approaches to the Mishnah
Authors: Alexander Elizabeth Shanks
Published: November 2008

Literary approaches to rabbinic literature entered the field through biblical studies, in which scholars from different quarters and different points of reference were using them to make sense of the biblical text as it has come down to us. The literary approach took umbrage at the way in which the historical source-critical approach dissects the Bible into its constituent sources. The literary approach was an overt attempt to overcome the fractures that historical criticism had introduced into the surface of the biblical text. It proposed instead to read the text—with all of its surface irregularities, gaps, and hiatuses—as coherent and meaningful.
Origins of intrusions in children’s dietary recalls: data from a validation study concerning retention interval and information from school food-service production records
Authors: Baxter Suzanne Domel , Royer Julie A , Guinn Caroline H , Hardin James W , Smith Albert F
Published: November 2008

Objective

To use data from a published validation study concerning retention interval and school food-service production records to examine intrusions (uneaten items reported eaten) in the school-meal parts of 24 h recalls.

Design

For that study, children were observed eating two school meals (breakfast, lunch) and interviewed under one of six conditions from two target periods (previous day (PDTP), prior 24 h (24TP)) crossed with three interview times (morning, afternoon (AIT), evening). For the present article, a catalogue was constructed of foods available for that study’s school meals. The study’s intrusions were classified as stretches (on children’s meal trays but uneaten), internal confabulations (in children’s school food-service environments for that meal but not on children’s trays) or external confabulations (not in children’s school food-service environments for that meal). Occurrence, types and amounts of intrusions were investigated.

Setting/subjects

Six schools; sixty fourth-grade children (ten per condition).

Results

For breakfast, for the 24TPv. PDTP, reported items were less likely to be intrusions, internal confabulations and external confabulations; and intrusions were more likely to be stretches. For lunch, for the 24TP-AIT conditionv. the other five conditions, reported items were less likely to be intrusions and external confabulations. Mean amounts reported eaten were smaller for stretches than for internal confabulations or external confabulations at breakfast, and for stretches than for internal confabulations at lunch.

Conclusions

Accuracy was better for the 24TP (with fewer intrusions of which proportionally more were stretches which had smaller amounts reported eaten) than for the PDTP. Studies with 24 h recalls should minimize retention interval to improve accuracy.
Measurement of magnetic fluctuation-induced particle flux (invited)
Authors: Ding W. X. , Brower D. L. , Yates T. Y.
Published: November 2008

Magnetic field fluctuation-induced particle transport has been directly measured in the high-temperature core of the MST reversed field pinch plasma. Measurement of radial particle transport is achieved by combining various interferometry techniques, including Faraday rotation, conventional interferometry, and differential interferometry. It is observed that electron convective particle flux and its divergence exhibit a significant increase during a sawtooth crash. In this paper, we describe the basic techniques employed to determine the particle flux.
L
-shell spectroscopy of Au as a temperature diagnostic tool
Authors: Träbert E. , Hansen S. B. , Beiersdorfer P. , Brown G. V. , Widmann K. , Chung H.-K.
Published: November 2008

In order to develop plasma diagnostic for reduced-size hot Hohlraums under laser irradiation, we have studied the L-shell emission from highly charged gold ions in the SuperEBIT electron beam ion trap. The resolving power necessary to identify emission features from individual charge states in a picket-fence pattern has been estimated, and the observed radiation features have been compared with atomic structure calculations. We find that the strong 3d5∕2→2p3∕2 emission features are particularly useful in determining the charge state distribution and average ion charge ⟨Z⟩, which are strongly sensitive to the electron temperature.
A high-resolution coherent transition radiation diagnostic for laser-produced electron transport studies (invited)
Authors: Storm M. , Begishev I. A. , Brown R. J. , Guo C. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Mileham C. , Myatt J. F. , Nilson P. M. , Sangster T. C. , Stoeckl C. , Theobald W. , Zuegel J. D.
Published: November 2008

High-resolution images of the rear-surface optical emission from high-intensity (I∼1019W∕cm2) laser illuminated metal foils have been recorded using coherent transition radiation (CTR). CTR is generated as relativistic electrons, generated in high-intensity laser-plasma interactions, exit the target’s rear surface and move into vacuum. A transition radiation diagnostic (TRD) records time-integrated images in a 24nm bandwidth window around λ=529nm. The optical transmission at λ=1053nm, the laser wavelength, is 15 orders of magnitude lower than the transmission at the wavelength of interest, λ=527nm. The detector is a scientific grade charge-coupled device (CCD) camera that operates with a signal-to-noise ratio of 103 and has a dynamic range of 104. The TRD has demonstrated a spatial resolution of 1.4μm over a 1mm field of view, limited only by the CCD pixel size.
Method to estimate the electron temperature and neutral density in a plasma from spectroscopic measurements using argon atom and ion collisional-radiative models
Authors: Sciamma Ella M. , Bengtson Roger D. , Rowan W. L. , Keesee Amy , Lee Charles A. , Berisford Dan , Lee Kevin , Gentle K. W.
Published: November 2008

We present a method to infer the electron temperature in argon plasmas using a collisional-radiative model for argon ions and measurements of electron density to interpret absolutely calibrated spectroscopic measurements of argon ion (ArII) line intensities. The neutral density, and hence the degree of ionization of this plasma, can then be estimated using argon atom (ArI) line intensities and a collisional-radiative model for argon atoms. This method has been tested for plasmas generated on two different devices at the University of Texas at Austin: the helicon experiment and the helimak experiment. We present results that show good correlation with other measurements in the plasma.
Spectroscopic evaluation of three different gratings used for a flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer to monitor Δn=1 transitions from medium-Z impurities in 10–30Å
Authors: Chowdhuri Malay Bikas , Morita Shigeru , Goto Motoshi , Sasai Hiroyuki
Published: November 2008

Spectral characteristics of varied line spacing 2400grooves∕mm gratings used for a flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer have been evaluated to monitor Δn=1 (n=2–3) transitions from medium-Z impurities in 10–30Å, where many spectral lines from metallic impurities closely exist. For this purpose emission spectra of the Δn=1 transitions from partially L-shell-ionized Ti and Fe have been measured in large helical device. At first, a ruled and a holographic grating were utilized for the comparative study. Both gratings suppressed higher order light effectively but spectral sensitivity was much higher for the holographic grating. The ruled grating, however, attained better spectral resolution (0.083Å at 18.97Å) in the 10–100Å range compared to that (0.130Å) of the holographic grating. After that a recently developed new holographic grating with different laminar shapes and line spacings has attempted to improve the spectral resolution. As a result, it has considerably improved the spectral resolution in the 10–30Å range, i.e., ∼0.090Å. However, it is found that the experimentally obtained spectral resolution is quit poor compared to the computationally simulated one, suggesting a technical difficulty in manufacturing exactly the varied line spacing of the holographic grating at such a short wavelength range.
Design of a new optical system for Alcator C-Mod motional Stark effect diagnostic
Authors: Ko Jinseok , Scott Steve , Bitter Manfred , Lerner Scott
Published: November 2008

The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic on Alcator C-Mod uses an in-vessel optical system (five lenses and three mirrors) to relay polarized light to an external polarimeter because port access limitations on Alcator C-Mod preclude a direct view of the diagnostic beam. The system experiences unacceptable, spurious drifts of order several degrees in measured pitch angle over the course of a run day. Recent experiments illuminated the MSE diagnostic with polarized light of fixed orientation as heat was applied to various optical elements. A large change in measured angle was observed as two particular lenses were heated, indicating that thermal-stress-induced birefringence is a likely cause of the spurious variability. Several new optical designs have been evaluated to eliminate the affected in-vessel lenses and to replace the focusing they provide with curved mirrors; however, ray tracing calculations imply that this method is not feasible. A new approach is under consideration that utilizes in situ calibrations with in-vessel reference polarized light sources.
Detection of a new parametric decay instability branch in TST-2 during high harmonic fast wave heating
Authors: Adachi Y. , Ejiri A. , Takase Y. , Watanabe O. , Oosako T. , Tojo H. , Kainaga S. , Masuda T. , Sasaki M. , Sugiyama J. , Yamaguchi T.
Published: November 2008

Parametric decay instability (PDI) is often observed in the TST-2 spherical tokamak during high harmonic fast wave heating by rf pickup probes. The frequency spectrum exhibits lower and upper sideband peaks in addition to the pump wave at f0=21MHz. Two types of PDI are observed. One is the well-known decay into the ion-cyclotron quasimode (nfci) and the ion Bernstein wave (f0−nfci). The other is a newly found decay with the sideband frequency between f0 and f0−fci. The frequency difference between this sideband and the pump increases in proportion to Bt. Moreover, high-speed visible light measuring systems with photomultiplier tubes or hybrid photodetectors viewing the plasma core detected oscillation of light emission at around f0.
The Thomson scattering system on the lithium tokamak experiment
Authors: Strickler T. , Majeski R. , Kaita R. , LeBlanc B.
Published: November 2008

The lithium tokamak experiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak with R0=0.4m, a=0.26m, BTF∼3.4kG, IP∼400kA, and pulse length ∼0.25s. The goal of LTX is to investigate tokamak plasmas that are almost entirely surrounded by a lithium-coated plasma-facing shell conformal to the last closed magnetic flux surface. Based on previous experimental results and simulation, it is expected that the low-recycling liquid lithium surfaces will result in higher temperatures at the plasma edge, flatter overall temperature profiles, centrally peaked density profiles, and an increased confinement time. To test these predictions, the electron temperature and density profiles in LTX will be measured by a multipoint Thomson scattering system. Initially, TS measurements will be made at up to 12 simultaneous points between the plasma center and plasma edge. Later, high resolution edge measurements will be deployed to study the lithium edge physics in greater detail. Technical challenges to implementing the TS system included limited “line-of-sight” access to the plasma due to the plasma-facing shell and problems associated with the presence of liquid lithium.
Installation of a fast framing visible camera on KSTAR
Authors: Chung Jinil , Lee Deok Kyo , Seo Dongcheol , Choi Myoung Choul
Published: November 2008

Visible camera technologies have made remarkable progress in recent years, and the fast camera has proven itself to be a capable imaging diagnostic in studies of specific fusion plasma issues such as the start-up physics, plasma wall interactions, edge-localized modes, and disruptions. For the purpose of favorable visible imaging, a fast framing camera has recently been installed on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device. The camera uses a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor detector with a maximum resolution of 1280×1024 at 1000frames∕s (fps) and a minimum resolution of 1280×16 at 64kfps. A 2-m-long viewport having a novel optical rail system was installed on a tangential port to view the tokamak interior. The system is fully controlled from the main control room and protected by a shutter from deposits. To verify that the camera electronics are safe from the high magnetic field and its rapid time variation, possible influences are considered theoretically and experimentally. In this work, we present the design and installation of the fast camera system on the KSTAR device with discussions on the field variation effect issues.
Time-of-flight neutral particle analyzer and calibration
Authors: Harris W. S. , Garate E. P. , Heidbrink W. W. , McWilliams R. , Roche T. , Trask E. , Zhang Yang
Published: November 2008

A time-of-flight diagnostic has been implemented on the Irvine field reversed configuration (IFRC) to obtain an energy distribution function from charge-exchanged neutral hydrogen. The diagnostic includes a 13cm radius slotted disk rotating at 165Hz in vacuum which chops the emitted neutrals at a rate of 26kHz. In situ timing verification was performed with a dc xenon discharge lamp with an uncertainty less than 100ns for a 38μs chopping period. Energy calibration was accomplished with a singly ionized lithium source in the range of 300–1500eV, achieving an average energy uncertainty, ΔE∕E, of 0.11. The diagnostic has measured neutrals in the range of 20–80eV from the IFRC and the corresponding energy distribution function has been obtained.
Optimization of the optical design of the ITER MSE diagnostic
Authors: Makowski M. A. , Allen S. L. , Holcomb C. T. , Lerner S. , Morris K. , Wong N.
Published: November 2008

The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic will be essential for the study of advanced scenarios on ITER and its design is currently underway with initial emphasis on the optical design. Optical performance, as measured by photon throughput and minimization of polarization aberrations, will be critical to the success of the diagnostic. Consequently, the initial design work has been focused heavily on this area. In order meet the ITER MSE diagnostic design requirements, two approaches for the measurement are under consideration. The first is based on standard polarimeter techniques to measure the polarization of the emitted light, whereas the second measures the Stark splitting from which ∣B∣ can be inferred, where ∣B∣ is the magnitude of the total magnetic field. The base line design of the optical system is centered on the first approach. Emphasis in this case is placed on minimizing the polarization aberrations of the optical relay system. Motivation for the second method results from concern that the optical properties of the plasma-facing mirror, particularly its diattenuation and retardance, will degrade with plasma exposure. The second approach, while less sensitive to aberrations induced by plasma exposure effects, requires greater optical throughput in order to measure the complete Stark spectrum. We have developed an optimized optical design applicable to both measurement techniques. A summary of the design is presented and design issues are discussed.
Heat flow diagnostics for helicon plasmas
Authors: Berisford Daniel F. , Bengtson Roger D. , Raja Laxminarayan L. , Cassady Leonard D. , Chancery William J.
Published: November 2008

We present experimental studies of power balance in an argon helicon discharge. An infrared camera measures the heating of the dielectric tube containing a helicon discharge based on measurement of temperature profiles of the tube surface before and after a rf pulse. Using this diagnostic, we have measured surface heating trends at a variety of operating conditions on two helicon systems: the 10kW VASIMR VX-50 experiment and the University of Texas at Austin 1kW helicon experiment. Power losses downstream from the antenna are measured using thermocouples and probes. The heating of the dielectric tube increases with decreasing magnetic fields, higher gas flow rates, and higher molecular mass of the gas. These preliminary results suggest that cross-field particle diffusion contributes a significant proportion of the energy flux to the wall.
In situ window cleaning by laser blowoff through optical fiber
Authors: Alfier A. , Barison S. , Danieli T. , Giudicotti L. , Pagura C. , Pasqualotto R.
Published: November 2008

The feasibility of a window cleaning system based on the laser blowoff technique is investigated to remove the impurity deposition on vacuum windows of the modified reversed field experiment fusion device. The laser pulse is sent to the window through a fused silica fiber optic (φ=1mm), then focused on its internal surface, single shot ablating up to ∼5mm2 of the impurity layer; the focused pulse is scanned across the window to clean its entire surface. The composition of the deposited layer is studied through the secondary ion mass spectrometry and profilometry techniques. Effectiveness of cleaning is analyzed in terms of quality of the cleaned spot, its dimension, repetition rate of the laser, and its wavelength. The energy damage threshold of the fiber optic is also investigated. Three different lasers (microjoule Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and ruby) are first tested directly on the window; then only the ruby laser beam is propagated through an optical fiber and tested.