bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“My Heart Feels Chained”
Authors: Akesson Bree , Badawi Dena
Published: September 2020

Lebanon currently hosts approximately 1.5 million refugees from neighboring Syria. Within this context, Syrian families face high rates of poverty, burdensome governmental policies and regulations, a lack of affordable housing, food insecurity, family violence, and survival practices. Exacerbated by displacement, these vulnerabilities have a destabilizing effect on parents, who are struggling to meet their individual and families’ needs in a low-resource and inhospitable environment. This chapter explores how parents experience daily economic challenges that can significantly affect their ability to adequately care for their children. Data from Syrian refugee families revealed that parents’ feelings of parental adequacy were tied to their ability to provide for their children. Parents’ feelings of inadequacy contributed to an ongoing cycle of poverty for families. Increased stress on family members manifested in negative mental and physical health consequences or family members not being able to work, thereby pushing families further into economic precarity.
Self-Regulation Capacities in Children Exposed to Trauma and Political Violence
Authors: Brickman Sophie , Fox Meir , Pat-Horenczyk Ruth
Published: September 2020

Continuous distress affects developing children in numerous ways and is especially consequential for children’s self-regulation abilities. During critical periods of brain development, children are especially vulnerable to the effects of trauma and violence. Exposure to trauma, including political violence, can drastically disrupt a child’s capacity for three domains of self-regulation that are crucial to healthy functioning: sensory regulation, executive functioning, and emotion regulation. Children’s self-regulation capacities are further influenced by parental regulation, which is reflected in relational emotion regulation and, at times, the subsequent manifestation of relational post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter summarizes the effects of trauma and exposure to political violence on these domains of regulation and the influence of parental co-regulation in times of continual exposure to trauma and political violence. The chapter concludes with two examples of interventions aimed at enhancing regulation capacities in children facing prolonged exposure to political violence in Israel.
Teachers as Agents of Clinical Practice During Armed Conflict
Authors: Slone Michelle , Mayer Yael , Gilady Ayelet
Published: September 2020

This chapter advocates for conceptualization of the classroom teacher as a frontline responder for the emotional needs of children affected by war and armed conflict. An efficacy study of a teacher-delivered intervention to strengthen coping and resilience among exposed children is presented. The Feeling Safe program trained enrolled educational staff to administer in the classroom activities aimed to enhance three resilience factors of mobilization of social support, self-efficacy, and self-esteem among children. Program efficacy was assessed among Israeli children aged 15 to 17 exposed to political conflict in a repeated-measures design with intervention (n = 248) versus waiting-list control (n = 246) groups who responded to questionnaires measuring social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and psychological symptoms. Findings showed increases among the children in perceptions of school support, self-efficacy, and self-esteem and reductions in distress and depression in the intervention but not in the control group. Findings provide support for the efficacy of post-crisis school-based interventions in which teachers assume the role of frontline responders by serving as agents of clinical practice.
Forming the Tube, Beveling, and Wrapping
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores forming the reed to fit on the bocal using a steaming method, which avoids cracks in the reed, and an ingenious beveling method to avoid leaking in the tube. Also covered are traditional and alternative methods to wrap the reed.
Finishing Strategies
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

In addition to several plans and measurement charts detailing ways to finish the reeds, there is a major study of the second “cycle of reeds” that encourages the reader to understand the importance of allowing the reed to stabilize without trimming too much at one time.
Workflow Chart for the Way of Cane
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

An overview in chart form of the entire process and where students can begin depending on their level of advancement.
Adjusting and Setting Reed Machines
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

A course in how to adjust and care for the gouging, profiling, and tip-profiling machines; what each adjustment controls and how to find adjustments that work.
A few Words About Auditions
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Some perspective on the audition process from the audition committee’s side of the screen.
“Remedies” and Remedies
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

Young people sought to resolve the challenge of untimely pregnancies in various ways. Male and female partners were involved with efforts to terminate the pregnancies—in effect, to induce abortion. Women’s reproductive health was potentially endangered both by the morbity of pregnancies and childbirth in pre-modern societies and by the potential risk of the “remedies” associated with attempting to end a pregnancy. A host of clergy, legal specialists, and friends and neighbors sought to support young couples in other ways by mediating informal settlements with the goal of ensuring safe deliveries and the welfare of the babies. In all of these efforts, working communities saw out-of-wedlock pregnancy as an inevitable if hopefully occasional occurrence to be managed pragmatically to secure the futures of all involved.
Foundlings and Makeshift Coffins
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

Young couples, singly or together, could also choose to give up their baby to the local foundling hospital (the Hôtel-Dieu), seek to terminate a late term pregnancy, engage in situational infanticide by not providing essential newborn care, or more actively induce the newborn’s death. Single parents could negotiate with the Hôtel-Dieu staff months ahead of the babies’ due dates to make arrangements. Social welfare officials supported young women and held young men and male employers responsible, much as courts and communities did. They sought to discipline only women who were regarded as promiscuous. Court records and surgeons’ reports demonstrate that many late term terminations or post-natal newborn deaths were met with communal silence. Official reports of the finding of dead newborn cadavers around the city highlight how communal complicity, whether tacit silence or active assistance, enabled young people to deal with untimely pregnancies in a host of ways.
This Land is My Land
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

This Land Is My Land traces three periods of conservative rebellion against federal land authority over the last forty years—the Sagebrush Rebellion (1979–1982), the War for the West (1991–2000), and the Patriot Rebellion (2009–2016)—showing how they evolved from a regional rebellion waged by westerners with material interests in federal lands to a national rebellion against the federal administrative state. It explains how Western federal land issues were integrated into national conservative politics, and how federal land issues became inseparably linked to a wide range of constitutional issues, such as freedom of religious expression, private property rights, and gun rights. As a result, federal land issues became flashpoints in conservative status politics and American civil religion, leading to armed standoffs between citizens and federal law enforcement officers in 2014, 2015, and 2016. These conflicts illustrate both the profound challenges in multiple-use management of federal land and the violent potential in American civil religion.
International Populism
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

The 2014 European Parliament elections were hailed as a “populist earthquake” with parties like the French Front National, UKIP and the Danish People's Party topping the polls in their countries and commentators warning about the consequences of a large radical right populist bloc in the Parliament. But what happened after the elections? Based on policy positions, voting data, and interviews conducted over more than four years with senior figures from fourteen radical right populist parties and their main partners, this is the first major study to explain these parties' actions and alliances in the European Parliament. International Populism answers three key questions: Why have radical right populists, unlike other ideological party types, long been divided in the European Parliament? Why, although divisions persist, are many of them now more united than ever? And how does all of this inform our understanding of the European populist radical right today? Arguing that these parties have entered a new international and transnational phase, with some attempting to be “respectable radicals” while others have instead embraced their shared populism, McDonnell and Werner shed new light on the past, present and future of one of the most important political phenomena of twenty-first-century Europe.
International Populism
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This opening chapter sets out the book’s key questions: How can we explain the different choices radical right populist parties have made regarding the groups they join in the European Parliament? How have they behaved in the parliament within their groups? How do they use their group identities outside parliament? What do these group choices and actions at European level tell us about the past, present and futures of radical right populists, both domestically and internationally? The chapter then introduces the main concepts used in the book and briefly explains the quantitative and qualitative data used to answer these questions, the outline of chapters and some of the main findings.
Zarqawi’s Strategy
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

The focus of Chapter 2 is a letter written by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to al-Qaida leaders and intercepted by coalition forces on 23 January 2004. It reveals more than just the predatory operational and strategic rationale behind the violent campaign of Tawhid wal-Jihad in Iraq. It offers vital insights into the strategic thinkers in its ranks who clearly understood the importance of soberly assessing their own capabilities and those of their adversaries while identifying opportunities ripe for exploitation via words and violent actions. While the letter’s contents likely reflect the collective wisdom of Zarqawi’s inner circle, it offers a glimpse into his mind as field commander and aspiring commander-in-chief. Within three years of writing this letter, Zarqawi would be dead, but not before he became an iconic figure of the global jihad, turned Iraq into a sectarian killing field and established a movement that would champion his legacy.
The First Year of the Islamic State
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents four announcements from the pivotal first year of the newly formed Islamic State of Iraq, and a fifth from 2011 that looks back at these momentous events. The first source is a 2006 statement from official spokesperson Muharib al-Jubouri, announcing the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq. The second source is the introductory speech of the Islamic State’s newly elected leader Abu Umar al-Baghdadi (Hamid Dawud Mohammed Khalil al-Zawi). The third source is an excerpt of a letter critical of the new leaders written by Chief Sharia Judge to al-Qaida leaders in Pakistan. Next is an excerpt from Abu Umar’s fourth speech, commemorating the fourth anniversary of the jihad in Iraq since the US-led invasion. The fifth and final source is an excerpt from Islamic State spokesperson Abu Muhammad al-Adnani’s inaugural speech in 2011, as he reflects back on Abu Umar’s musings about the insurgency’s resiliency during a period of renewed growth for the movement.
Global War
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 features a speech by Islamic State’s charismatic spokesman Abu Muhammad al-Adnani titled ‘Indeed, Your Lord is Ever Watchful’. In it, Adnani describes a global war and calls on Muslims from around the world to join the fight. Since announcing its caliphate, the Islamic State had called foreign fighters to their lands but with Adnani’s speech came an explicit call for its supporters to engage in terrorism at home. In the months after this rallying cry, terrorist attacks across France, the United States, Canada, and Australia suggested that Islamic State supporters had heeded Adnani’s call. This chapter also features excerpts from ‘The Extinction of the Grayzone’, an article in the seventh issue of Islamic State’s Dabiq magazine. Praising terrorist attacks in the West, the article calls for all true Muslims to either travel to Islamic State territories or attack Islamic State’s enemies wherever they reside.
Conclusion
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Over fifteen chapters, The ISIS Reader has featured milestone texts, video transcripts and speeches from the Islamic State movement, drawn from its tumultuous multi-decade history. In doing so, it has told the ‘inside story’ of the Islamic State’s struggle, from a wandering band of jihadis in Afghanistan to the Islamic State in Iraq, from near decimation in 2010 to its triumphant declaration of a caliphate in 2014, and, finally, from its global expansion across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East to its return to beleaguered insurgency in 2018–19. Presenting this trajectory in the Islamic State’s ‘own words’ offers essential insights into the complicated mixure of personalities, strategic logic, opportunism, success, and failure that shaped its fortunes. Several recurring trends emerge from this study that are pertinent for scholars wishing to understand the movement and strategic-policy architects seeking to devise strategies to confront it....
Something of Themselves
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

In early 1900, the paths of three British writers--Rudyard Kipling, Mary Kingsley and Arthur Conan Doyle--crossed in South Africa, during what has become known as Britain's last imperial war. Each of the three had pressing personal reasons to leave England behind, but they were also motivated by notions of duty, service, patriotism and, in Kipling's case, jingoism. Sarah LeFanu compellingly opens an unexplored chapter of these writers' lives, at a turning point for Britain and its imperial ambitions. Was the South African War, as Kipling claimed, a dress rehearsal for the Armageddon of World War One? Or did it instead foreshadow the anti-colonial guerrilla wars of the later twentieth century? Weaving a rich and varied narrative, LeFanu charts the writers' paths in the theatre of war, and explores how this crucial period shaped their cultural legacies, their shifting reputations, and their influence on colonial policy.
Rudyard Kipling to 1897
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter covers Rudyard Kipling’s birth and early childhood in Bombay, how he was sent to England aged five where he was bullied and abused for the next six years before escaping to happier schooldays and a return, aged 16, to India, where for seven years he worked as a journalist, first in Lahore and later Allahabad. The chapter explores his formation as a writer and looks at his early work and early fame. It describes his first visit to South Africa in 1891 and the seeds of his later imperialist vision. It covers his marriage to Carrie Balestier, the period they spent in Vermont, the births of their three children, their return to England and setting up home in Rottingdean, next door to Kipling’s aunt and uncle, Georgiana and Edward Burne-Jones.
Mary Kingsley 1896–1899
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how Mary Kingsley believed the British merchants and traders in West Africa were better placed than missionaries or colonial officials to understand West African beliefs, laws and social practices; she supported the liquor trade. It looks at her two major books, Travels in West Africa and West African Studies, analyzing Kingsley’s literary style and the challenges her observations and arguments posed to the British colonial authorities and the Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain. In this chapter we see the emergence of Kingsley as a political campaigner for the rights of Africans, as she campaigns against the Hut Tax that was imposed on the people of Sierra Leone in 1898. The South African War offered her an excuse to leave England and return to the Africa she loved.
Arthur Conan Doyle 1894–1899
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows Arthur Conan Doyle busy on many different fronts: looking after his tubercular wife Touie; the setting up of a large household in Surrey; adventures as a journalist with the British army in Egypt; always writing. He struck a deal with American actor/playwright William Gillette for a stage version of Sherlock Holmes, which was hugely successful and lucrative. While Touie was confined to a sick room, Doyle fell in love with a much younger woman. When war broke out with the Boer Republics, Doyle championed the uitlanders, the foreigners in the Transvaal. His sense of fair play and his patriotism motivated a desire to enlist; turned down for soldiering, he secured a post as physician with Langman’s Field Hospital.
The Networked Global Order
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

Economic redistribution, and social equality required an interconnected, regional and global trading order. After 1989, it was easy to believe that a liberal democratic model, supported by US-sponsored international rules, would spread across the globe. However, over two decades, unmoveable progressive values proved internally and externally unsustainable. After 2008, the US subprime and Eurozone financial crises eroded the economic preconditions supporting these values and undermined the already fragile relationship between the nation state, the market, the media, and a cosmopolitan faith in a liberal democratic end of history. Ironically, liberal progressive values, committed to the idea that all social ills were amenable to technocratic remedy and that the state was a suitable instrument for making such change, rationally engineered inegalitarian outcomes. This chapter examines how the financial crisis destroyed the meliorist assumption linking capitalism, globalization, and democracy rendering the pursuit of universal emancipation and social justice increasingly redundant. One consequence of this evolution was an artificial intelligence and new technology driven intangible economic order. The new economy incubated a paranoid populist style of identity politics that emerged after 2016. Instead of convergence, the new intangible capitalist structure erected a burgeoning divide between a cosmopolitan elite and a disenfranchised, nation based, precariat class.
James Ussher, Covenant Theology, and Theological Contexts
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines the arguments of the book and sets them within the context of the expanding scholarly interest in both James Ussher and Reformed covenant theology. This chapter surveys the secondary literature on Ussher from the seventeenth to the twenty-first century, then describes the major arguments about the history of covenant theology and situates Ussher in the context of the development and failure of the Reformation in Ireland by describing the historical circumstances and surveying the major literature about the Irish Reformation. The last major section addresses some of the complexities in authorship, dating, and origin for some of the primary sources from Ussher’s corpus.
The Covenant of Works and Christology
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines James Ussher’s covenantal framework in reference to Christology. He emphasized Christ as the solution to Adam’s failure in the covenant of works. Ussher drew on ancient and medieval doctrines of Christological recapitulation from Irenaeus of Lyons and Anselm of Canterbury as he explained Christ’s work. Ussher reframed Christological recapitulation in connection to the covenant of works, which further demonstrates the underlying catholicity of the covenant of works and shows how Ussher, like other Reformed theologians, used the covenant of works to integrate their understanding of other essential points of the Christian faith.
A College Fetich?
Authors: Adler Eric
Published: September 2020

For part of Harvard’s graduation ceremony of 1883, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., delivered a fiery address lambasting the college for its continued insistence on ancient Greek as part of its admission examinations. This chapter analyses Adams’s speech and the spirited reactions it engendered. It probes the arguments proponents of the classical humanities made for their subject during this consequential debate over the shape and purpose of the nation’s higher education. The chapter demonstrates that skills-based arguments dominated the appeals offered by supporters of collegiate requirements in ancient Greek. Almost entirely failing to invoke the tenets of humanism, such supporters anchored their apologetics in the concept of “mental discipline.” Their opponents, sensing the weaknesses of these appeals, ably countered this defense. At a crucial point in time for the classical humanities in American higher learning, skills-based rationales proved a dismal failure.
Darwin Meets the Curriculum
Authors: Adler Eric
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the 1885 curricular debate between President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard and President James McCosh of Princeton over the comparative merits of prescription and election in the undergraduate course. It contends that Eliot’s laissez-faire approach to higher learning possessed shortcomings, but that McCosh failed to unearth and expound on many of them. Wedded to a skills-based-education rationale based on the principles of faculty psychology, McCosh delivered a rebuke to Eliot that relied too much on mockery and innuendo. The chapter also stresses that McCosh’s defense of required Greek centered on outdated theological concerns The 1885 Eliot-McCosh debate thus amounted to a lost opportunity for supporters of the classical humanities. McCosh’s contentless apologetics for the ancient languages have much to teach proponents of the contemporary humanities in America.
Introduction
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: September 2020

The Introduction to Qatar and the Gulf Crisis introduces the chronology and basic facts of the blockade of Qatar as well as the key themes that are addressed in the book. These include the ways in which the Gulf crisis since 2017 has differed from previous episodes of tension between Gulf Cooperation Council states and a summary of the reasons why the blockade failed to achieve its objectives. The Introduction provides an overview of Qatar’s policy responses to the blockade and the successful attempts to strengthen the bilateral relationship with the United States in the aftermath of President Trump’s controversial initial reaction to the blockade.
The Blockade
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines in detail the events surrounding the blockade of Qatar from the Riyadh Summit in May 2017 to the visit by Kuwait’s Emir to the White House in September. It begins with the hacking of the Qatar News Agency that formed the trigger for the events that followed, and reviews the campaign of outreach and influence-building in Washington, D.C. that led Saudi and Emirati officials to believe that their move against Qatar, an integral U.S. partner, would receive White House support. This, notably, did not happen, and the chapter focuses on how the blockade unfolded to the surprise and consternation of (most) observers in the United States and other world capitals. The remainder of the chapter explores how and why the blockading states’ ‘gamble’ on the Trump White House backfired over the course of the summer of 2017, as by September, the Trump administration had committed itself to a diplomatic resolution of the blockade.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: September 2020

The author’s relationship with Smith spanned fifty years, a period also correlating almost exactly with the study of religion developing in secular universities in the United States. This essay introduces Smith and Gill and their relationship. The importance of Smith to the study of religion since the 1960s to his 2017 death is outlined in some detail. His contributions are also presented in the context of the history of the development of the field. The author argues that it is at a crossroads at the present, making Smith’s legacy urgently important to follow. The chapter introduces the book with a description of each chapter, including how each is a distinct and independent contribution yet also how together they build toward the objectives of the book.
No Place to Stand
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: September 2020

Religion scholar Mircea Eliade held that the “question of character of place on which one stands is the fundamental question.” Smith engages the idea of place in developing a definition of religion as well as holding that the scholar’s selection of theory determines a study’s results. In a classic Smith position he outlined two kinds of maps common to religions, locative (place embracing) and utopian (place avoiding). The chapter shows that these are mirrors of one another and that neither is actually achievable. The chapter focuses then on Smith’s third unnamed mapping strategy that is akin to joke and play, arguing that play is fundamental to Smith’s theories of place, myth, and ritual. Religions are understood in terms of application and adjustment, the iterative, negotiative, interactive dynamics of play. Furthermore, the chapter argues that, following Smith, this same dynamic is at the core of a proper academic study of religion.
Storytracking the Academic Study of Religion
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: September 2020

The shift toward a proper academic study of religion is tracked and articulated by the comparative consideration of the way two central scholars—Mircea Eliade and Jonathan Smith—approached the same culturally specific example. Eliade’s approach is heavy-handed, using the example to support his assumed academic theology. Smith, who critiqued Eliade’s approach, offered an alternative interpretation that foregrounded difference and incongruity, religion as ongoing processes of application and adjustments. Based on these comparative studies, the chapter turns to an extensive consideration of their sources to critically evaluate Eliade’s and Smith’s approaches. Developing an academic comparative method called storytracking, which is based on a multiperspectival approach, the chapter offers creative advancements to topics essential to a proper academic study of religion, including definition, comparison, interpretation, academic writing styles, and the importance of ensuring that the subject of study has an actual presence.
Repressive Egalitarianism
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie
Published: September 2020

This chapter sketches Hobbes’s solution to the political problem, and interprets its meaning and significance for the question of popular power. Hobbes’s preferred model of politics, ‘repressive egalitarianism’, overcomes the political problem by breaking down the power blocs of the multitude into disempowered equality. The result is practically workable, but highly ambivalent to contemporary sensibilities. On the one hand, its elimination of informal oligarchy grounds its claim to meaningfully express popular power; the chapter offers a novel interpretation of Hobbes’s famous hostility to democratic assembly in light of this problem of informal oligarchy. But on the other hand, the resultant fragmented polity is unable to resist sovereign overreach.
Deviant Heterosexuality in Austere Times
Authors: Smith Nicola J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how sex work is constructed as a mode of deviant heterosexuality in the twenty-first century. It contends that ongoing moral panics over commercial sex do important political work for capitalism by distracting attention from the close entanglements between heteronormativity and economic injustice. The chapter begins by investigating the connections between the criminalization of sex work and the austerity agenda that has defined Britain’s political economy since 2010. It then interrogates the linkages between the politics of sex work and the politics of anti-immigration, arguing that neoliberalism has itself been made thinkable through anti-trafficking discourses that restrict labor freedoms in the name of eradicating unfree labor.
How the Rise and Fall of Regimes Affects Judicial Review
Authors: Balkin Jack M.
Published: September 2020

The rise and fall of regimes shapes partisan attitudes about judicial review. How people feel about judicial activism and judicial restraint depends on where they are in political time, and which party tends to control the federal courts. The parties’ positions are mirror images. Over the course of a regime the dominant party increasingly relies on judicial review to achieve its goals, while the opposition party becomes increasingly skeptical of judicial review and advocates judicial restraint—although neither party ever fully abandons using judicial review to advance its policies. As the cycle moves from the beginning of a regime to its final days, the parties—and the legal intellectuals allied with them—gradually switch positions. The party of judicial restraint becomes the party of judicial engagement, and vice-versa. The effect, however, is generational; older people may stick with their hard-won lessons about the courts, while younger generations, who have very different experiences, take contrary positions.
New India
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: September 2020

Its GDP having touched $2.6 trillion, India is poised to become the world’s third-largest economy in less than a decade. In doing so, it will have moved one step closer to reclaiming its pre-1820s glory, when it accounted for one-sixth of global output and ranked second in economic size. This rapid movement in the absolute size of the economy will be insufficient, however, to bring prosperity to India’s vast population. Today, 44 percent of the country’s workforce remains in agriculture and another 42 percent in tiny enterprises with fewer than twenty workers. Labor productivity of both sets of workers remains low, and they live overwhelmingly on subsistence-level incomes. This book lays down a concise road map of reforms that would help transform the country and create well-paid jobs in industry and services for those with limited or no skills. It argues that creation of good jobs requires the emergence of medium and large enterprises in industry and services, especially labor-intensive sectors such as apparel, footwear, and other light manufactures. India needs policies conducive to the growth of firms from small to medium, from medium to large, and from large to larger still. They must compete in the global marketplace to help increase India’s share in the world export market from less than 2 percent currently to 5 to 6 percent in a decade. Such policies include greater outward orientation; more flexible markets in land, labor, and capital; a concerted effort to improve the quality of higher education; faster urbanization; and improved governance at all levels.
Reclaiming the Lost Glory
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: September 2020

Until 1820, India accounted for one-sixth or more of world output. But under British rule and in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, its economy was eclipsed. Today, though, India stands on the cusp of reclaiming its lost glory. During the fifteen years ending in 2017/18, India’s economy grew 7.7 percent in real rupees and 9.9 percent in real dollars. Today its GDP stands at $2.6 trillion. Even if it were to grow at only 8 percent in real dollars in the coming decade, GDP would reach $7.2 trillion by 2030/31, placing the country in third place in the global GDP rankings. But, as the experiences of all successful developing countries show, sustained growth at a rate of 8 percent or higher requires a policy framework that leads to greater outward orientation, urbanization, and expansion of labor-intensive manufacturing. With concerted policy reform, such transformation is within India’s grasp.
Land of Liberty
Authors: Colls Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 describes the gentry’s love of fox-hunting and how important it was to their self-image as riders and rulers. It opens by going out with Minna and Algernon Burnaby of The Quorn in 1909. Along the way, it unpicks the complex relationship between fox-hunting and land management, fox-hunting and county networks, and fox-hunting and the wider and inter-connected roles of Master of Fox Hounds and Tory grandee. From the aristocracy down to the minor gentry, devotion to horse and hound was almost a calling. To be able to ride well and look good mattered, and loaned authority. The middle and working class hardly came near a horse, except for work. Leicestershire as the prime ornament of English fox-hunting features strongly in the chapter, as does the part equestrianism played in how the landed class saw their role as English freeborn men and women. Chapter 1 also considers the part riding and hunting played in the liberation (or non-liberation depending on how you look at it) of uppity class young women.
Bonny Moor Hen
Authors: Colls Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 looks at poor men’s hunting. Poor men went hunting too, only their masters call it poaching and, under the game laws, they could transport you for it. This chapter starts with events in the northern Pennines between 1797 and 1822 when poachers went toe to toe with game keepers over the right to take ‘The Bonny Moor Hen’. The Bishop of Durham and a conglomerate of landowners claimed the red grouse for themselves and built up an army of keepers to defend their right. Local people saw it the other way. Up on the moors, opinions seemed not to apply either way. It was more a question of what you could take and who you could defy. Chapter 2 includes the so-called ‘Battle of Stanhope’ recorded in song and story. There were two such battles in Weardale, one in October 1818 and the other in the December, when leadminers rescued comrades after a gun battles with the constables. The whole of the county magistracy were up in arms over these humiliations, literally so, and called in the Hussars. Leadminers thought they lived in a land of liberty and took game accordingly. Landowners thought the same. The chapter considers how eighteenth-century sporting art featured horses and hounds and parkland not simply as ‘pictures of record’ but ideal expression of the landed class’ right to possess and command.
New Moral Worlds
Authors: Colls Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 brings the history of modern sport and the modern school together. In the Uppingham School Archives there’s a photograph of the school cricket team gathered round its ambitious and reforming headmaster Rev. Edward Thring. At this moment (1858) Thring was involved in painful disputes with these boys, trivial struggles that confirmed in his mind if not theirs the need to build a network of powerful schools committed to reforming the character of elite young men. He and his brother headmasters spent their lives reinventing these so called ‘public’ schools as new moral worlds. Chapter 6 looks also at the Girls Public Day School Company (1872) and its work towards the proper education of middle-class young women. Sport and gender was vital to both campaigns although how vital rather depended on the extent to which girls won a new independent voice and the boys retained their old one. Public schools were seen by their inventors as new moral worlds but they could be new immoral worlds as well. Or, to put it another way, the schools were reconfigured as closed institutions deliberately designed to influence the character and behaviour of the young. By the beginning of the twentieth century the leading public schools were seen as uniquely successful enterprises, obsessed with the athletic body, significant and forceful in the definition of what a ‘school’ should be, stately and beautiful, and surrounded almost by definition by playing fields. A new set of national icons had been created.
Introduction
Authors: Karshan Thomas , Murphy Kathryn
Published: September 2020

The Introduction addresses problems in the history of the essay, and criticism and scholarship on it. Although the essay’s origin is easy to date—Montaigne’s Essais (1580) was the first book of that title—it is notoriously difficult to define, and there is remarkably little scholarship and criticism on it. This introduction asks why, offering a prehistory in Plutarch, Seneca, miscellaneous writing, and commonplacing; examining the metaphorical range of the term ‘essay’, and various other names for the form; exploring the transformation of Montaigne’s legacy in England; surveying criticism on the essay; and exploring the contradictions in its use in pedagogy. Rather than attempting a definition, the Introduction explores how the essay resists one, exposing a sequence of contradictions which anticipate the subsequent chapters: that the essay can be institutional or amateurish; methodical or anti-methodical; artistic or scientific; detached or polemical; intimate or formal; sociable or isolated; journalistic or philosophical; poetic or novelistic.
The Montaignian Essay and Authored Miscellanies from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Boutcher Warren
Published: September 2020

The chapter resituates the history of the literary essay in English in the tradition of ‘various and miscellaneous’ literature going back to classical antiquity. This vast and multifarious tradition of writing was defined negatively by its not being classifiable as a contribution to the formal literary and scholarly genres of poetry and philosophy. Montaigne founded the modern ‘essay’ by putting a particular and enduring stamp on what is identified in this chapter as the ‘authored miscellany’. This is not an anonymous anthology of texts but a personal and varied collection of or commentary upon sundry texts and examples of the kind represented in classical antiquity by Aulus Gellius’s Noctes Atticae. The chapter traces the history of the authored miscellany, and Montaigne’s role in its transformation into the essay, from the perspective of a pivotal moment at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteeth centuries, as captured in the writings and library of Isaac D’Israeli (1766–1848).
The Sociable Philosopher
Authors: Parker Fred
Published: September 2020

David Hume’s philosophical essays of the 1740s offer to bring intellectual reflection into ‘the conversible world’, posing the question of whether this compromises or exemplifies the task of philosophy. Comparisons are drawn with Shaftesbury’s philosophical worldliness, facilitated by the selective nature of the ‘Club’ for whom he writes, Johnson’s more strenuous negotiations between intellectual and social being, and the edgy raillery with which Fielding addresses his public in the essay-chapters of Tom Jones. Against these contexts, the urbanity of Hume’s essay-writing is explored in relation to the implications of the Treatise; the importance of convention and civility; and qualities of ‘reserve’ or ‘modesty’ and the kind of detachment implied in Hume’s ‘delicacy of taste’. The sense of an elusive intentionality, poised against the overt hospitality to contingency and spontaneity which the essay-form equally enables, is traced in particular in the essays that make up the first Enquiry.
Things Said by the Way
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: September 2020

Walter Pater (1839–1894) saw the essay as the quintessentially modern literary form: a dialectic of philosophy and poetry, yoking together the precious and the commonplace, capable of embodying the scepticism and relativism of the nineteenth century. At the same time, the literary essay was for him a rich source of experimentation in his own writing. In his critical works Pater explored the genealogy and features of essayistic style in a highly self-conscious way, tracing a history of the genre that goes from the Platonic dialogues to Montaigne, while his historical novels are punctuated with a series of digressions that gives them a distinctly hybrid, essayistic quality. In Gaston de Latour, Pater even stages an encounter between his fictional protagonist and Montaigne, in which he brings into focus his theory of the essay as revealing the importance of things found ‘at some random turn by the way’.
Rational Distortions
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the revival of various forms of the essay in fiction written in Great Britain from the 1970s to the present day. Angela Carter, Julian Barnes, W. G. Sebald and Kazuo Ishiguro are shown to integrate speculation and reflection into experimental narratives that open up spaces for these notionally old-fashioned strangers. Under the disguised and perhaps indirectly borrowed aegis of Jorge Luis Borges, these writers ask questions about time, history, laughter, invention, and much else. Dark fantasy in Carter, unreliable knowledge in Barnes, trauma in Sebald, memory and forgetting in Ishiguro all give rise to stories that think, and thinking that can’t do without stories.
Desert Insurgency
Authors: Saunders Nicholas J.
Published: September 2020

This book explores the once-hidden conflict landscape along the Hejaz Railway in the desert sands of southern Jordan. Built at the beginning of the twentieth century. This railway track stretched from Damascus to Medina and served to facilitate participation in the annual Muslim Hajj to Mecca. The discovery and archaeological investigation of an unknown landscape of insurgency and counterinsurgency along this route tells a different story of the origins of modern guerrilla warfare; the exploits of T. E. Lawrence, Emir Feisal, and Bedouin warriors; and the dramatic events of the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. Ten years of research in this prehistoric terrain has revealed sites lost for almost 100 years: vast campsites occupied by railway builders; Ottoman Turkish machine-gun redoubts; Rolls-Royce armoured-car raiding camps; an ephemeral Royal Air Force desert aerodrome; as well as the actual site of the Hallat Ammar railway ambush. Ultimately, this unique and richly illustrated account tells, in intimate detail, the story of a seminal episode of the First World War and the reshaping of the Middle East that followed.
Conflict on Jebel Sherra
Authors: Saunders Nicholas J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the town of Ma’an, the largest and most sophisticated conflict landscape of the Arab Revolt in the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) study area. It is the site of the largest set-piece battle of the campaign east of the Jordan River, where 4,000 Ottoman troops faced 3,000 Arabs in a fierce five-day struggle. In this respect, it was an anomaly—a true battle in an otherwise mainly guerrilla campaign. Ma’an Station and its hinterland was an archaeological challenge as well. The station itself was surrounded by extensive Turkish earthwork defences—crenelated trench systems interspersed with karakoll hilltop defences—sitting within what is still an active training ground for the Jordanian Army. However, the evidence was mounting that the defence of the railway was a very late affair, that it could be dated to within a few months, and that it had an instructive relationship with the earlier defences of the construction era.
The Early History of Renunciation
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: September 2020

The terms ‘renunciation’ and ‘renouncer’ have become commonplace in modern scholarship on ancient and medieval Indian religions. One of the prominent examples of the use of these terms is the seminal study of Louis Dumont (1960), ‘World Renunciation in Indian Religions’, which had a profound impact on later scholarship. He makes several sweeping assertions relating to the centrality of renunciation both within Hinduism and more generally in Indian religions. ‘The secret of Hinduism’, he claims, ‘may be found in the dialogue between the renouncer and the man-in-the-world’ (37). While the ‘man-in-the-world’ is bound in a network of relationships including caste, the renouncer ‘depends upon no one but himself, he is alone’; ‘he thinks as an individual and this is the distinctive trait which opposes him to the man-in-the-world and brings him closer to the western thinker’ (46). It is not this chapter’s intention to analyse these assertions or determine their historical accuracy. Rather, the beginning of this chapter, devoted to exploring the origins of the institution that Dumont elevates to such a central position, defines the terms and categories used. What is ‘renunciation’? Who is a ‘renouncer’? To which Indian institutions and indigenous terms and categories do they refer?
The Modern Spirit of Yoga
Authors: Michelis Elizabeth De
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents a brief re-examination of the modern yoga phenomenon and field of studies. Based on the author’s previous publications on the topic, it aims to improve and expand earlier observations, to integrate some new and older scholarship, and to comment on more recent modern yoga developments. It starts with the briefest historical summary of the emergence of modern yoga, now fairly well mapped in various academic studies. It then goes on to argue that, developing in the wider ideological context of modern spirituality and mirroring different socio-cultural milieus, modern yoga gave rise to five main yoga idioms or discourses: the revivalist, from which emerged the nationalist, and the transnational (in its monastic and non-monastic variants), from which emerged the globalized. Last but not least, we find the pervasive healthist idiom.
The Mythical Exempla of Faithful Heroines in Seneca the Elder’s work
Authors: Larosa Beatrice
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the literary presence of a declamatory device: the reference to mythical heroines to express the paradigm of conjugal fides. It takes its starting point from the analysis of the sections of some controversiae quoted in Seneca the Elder’s anthology. The use of mythological exempla is a common practice both in rhetoric and in poetry and the customary quotation of these in Latin literature seems to manifest the influence exerted by the declamation schools and the rhetorical education a Roman would receive. In particular, comparison between passages of the rhetoricians (Arellius Fuscus, Triarius, Clodius Turrinus) and those quoted above reveals stylistic correspondences and compositional patterns that become authoritative for later authors. The influence of declamation is also significant in a number of passages on faithful wives in Ovidian poetry, the writings of the younger Seneca, the letters of Pliny the Younger, Martial’s epigrams, and Claudian’s poetry. The presence of declamatory influence in such a great variety of literary works confirms the notion of Seneca the Elder’s anthology as a collection in which the frontiers between declamatory inventio and literary material are allowed to blur.