bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alien plant invasion hotspots and invasion debt in European woodlands
Authors: Wagner Viktoria , Večeřa Martin , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Pergl Jan , Lenoir Jonathan , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Pyšek Petr , Agrillo Emiliano , Biurrun Idoia , Campos Juan Antonio , Ewald Jörg , Fernández‐González Federico , Jandt Ute , Rašomavičius Valerijus , Šilc Urban , Škvorc Željko , Vassilev Kiril , Wohlgemuth Thomas , Chytrý Milan
Published: March 2021

Questions

European woodlands harbor at least 386 alien plant species but the factors driving local invasions remain unknown. By using a large vegetation‐plot database, we asked how local richness and abundance of alien species vary by regions, elevation, climate, soil properties, human disturbance, and habitat types.

Location

Western, central and southern Europe.

Methods

We linked consolidated data from the European Vegetation Archive (16,211 plots) to a habitat classification scheme, climate, soil properties and human disturbance variables. In addition, we used 250 km × 250 km regional grid cells to test whether local patterns differ among regions. We used generalized additive models (GAMs) and quantile GAMs to explore how relative alien species richness and the sum of alien species covers per plot relate to predictors. Random Forest analyses (RFs) were employed to assess the importance of individual predictors that were not multicollinear.

Results

Relative alien species richness and the sum of alien species covers varied across regions and habitat types, with effects being more pronounced at the maximum rather than average responses. Both response variables declined with increasing elevation and distance to the nearest road or railroad and increased with the amount of sealed soil. Maxima in fitted functions matched plots from regional invasion hotspots in northwestern and central Europe. RFs accounted for 39.6% and 20.9% of the total variation in relative alien species richness and the sum of alien species covers, respectively, with region and habitat being the most important variables.

Conclusions

The importance of maximum response quantiles and the prevalence of regional hotspots point to invasion debt in European woodlands. As alien plants expand further, their species richness and abundance in woodlands will be likely driven by the shared effects of the introduction and planting history, differences in the invaded habitat types, and dispersal corridors.
Body composition and determinant factors among mother–child pairs (6–8 months) in rural areas of Senegal
Authors: Badiane Abdou , Diouf Adama , Sylla Papa M. D. D. , Cissé Ndeye S. , Idohou‐Dossou Nicole , Dramaix Michèle , Wade Salimata , Donnen Philippe
Published: March 2021

This cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the association between selected characteristics and body composition of mothers and children in early life. This study included 213 mother–child pairs 6 to 8 months involving in the cohort study of the Research and Development Project conducted in Kaffrine district. The main outcomes were fat‐free mass (FFM) and body fat (BF), measured using deuterium dilution method and anthropometry. Independent variables were sociodemographic, dietary diversity and health characteristics. Descriptive, correlation, bivariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted. According to body mass index (BMI), 23% of mothers were underweight, 12% were overweight/obese and 11% had excess BF. Four per cent of children were below −2 weight‐for‐length z‐score (WLZ), 10% were below −2 length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ) and 40% had excess BF. Maternal FFM was positively correlated with child FFM (r = 0.25, P = 0.002). Similarly, mothers' BMI, FFM and BF were significantly and positively correlated with children's LAZ. Stepwise regression showed an increased association between minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and WLZ score, FFM and BF of children. Among mothers, being employee and doing reproductive health care were determinants of higher BMI, FFM and BF. This study found a strong association between maternal and child body composition in early life. Adequate diet is the main determinant of children nutritional status. Among the mothers, having a job and doing primary health care seem to be beneficial for the nutritional status. Improvement of women's empowerment, quality of health care and dietary diversity could have a positive impact on maternal and child nutrition.
Adult male Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) engage in prolonged bouts of synchronous diving
Authors: Cioffi William R. , Quick Nicola J. , Foley Heather J. , Waples Danielle M. , Swaim Zachary T. , Shearer Jeanne M. , Webster Daniel L. , Friedlaender Ari S. , Southall Brandon L. , Baird Robin W. , Nowacek Douglas P. , Read Andrew J.
Published: March 2021

Studies of the social behavior of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are challenging because of their deep‐water habitat usually far from shore and the limited time they spend at the surface. The sociality of these deepest diving mammals is of interest, however, especially for our understanding of how social systems evolve in extreme habitats. High levels of scarring suggest that males compete agonistically for access to females and so we predicted that associations among adult males would be unstable due to competitive exclusion. We tested this prediction by evaluating the diving behavior of animals within social groups off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, considering diving synchrony a proxy for group membership. Using data from satellite‐linked depth‐recording tags, we found that adult male–male pairs showed extended periods of synchrony in diving behavior, while all pairs that included an adult male with an individual of another age and/or sex dove synchronously for less than a day. We assessed three hypotheses to explain these surprising results: sexual segregation; extended bouts of male–male competition; and the presence of male alliances. Finally, we considered testable predictions to distinguish among these explanations.
Sphingolipid long‐chain base hydroxylation influences plant growth and callose deposition in Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Gömann Jasmin , Herrfurth Cornelia , Zienkiewicz Agnieszka , Ischebeck Till , Haslam Tegan M. , Hornung Ellen , Feussner Ivo
Published: March 2021

Sphingolipids are enriched in microdomains in the plant plasma membrane (PM). Hydroxyl groups in the characteristic long‐chain base (LCB) moiety might be essential for the interaction between sphingolipids and sterols during microdomain formation. Investigating LCB hydroxylase mutants in Physcomitrium patens might therefore reveal the role of certain plant sphingolipids in the formation of PM subdomains.

Physcomitrium patens mutants for the LCB C‐4 hydroxylase S4H were generated by homologous recombination. Plants were characterised by analysing their sphingolipid and steryl glycoside (SG) profiles and by investigating different gametophyte stages.

s4h mutants lost the hydroxyl group at the C‐4 position of their LCB moiety. Loss of this hydroxyl group caused global changes in the moss sphingolipidome and in SG composition. Changes in membrane lipid composition may trigger growth defects by interfering with the localisation of membrane‐associated proteins that are crucial for growth processes such as signalling receptors or callose‐modifying enzymes.

Loss of LCB‐C4 hydroxylation substantially changes the P. patens sphingolipidome and reveals a key role for S4H during development of nonvascular plants. Physcomitrium patens is a valuable model for studying the diversification of plant sphingolipids. The simple anatomy of P. patens facilitates visualisation of physiological processes in biological membranes.
Potential Link between Ossification of Nuchal Ligament and the Risk of Cervical Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Evidence and Clinical Implication from a Meta‐Analysis of 8429 Participants
Authors: Zhang Baoliang , Chen Guanghui , Gao Xingshuai , Chen Zhongqiang
Published: March 2021

Objective

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the strength and the magnitude of the association between ossification of the nuchal ligament (ONL) and the risk of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (COPLL) and to determine whether there is a direct association or whether COPLL is a consequence of shared risk factors.

Methods

Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for studies evaluating the association of COPLL‐ONL published before July 2020. Eligible studies were selected based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two investigators independently conducted the quality assessment and extracted the data, including study designs, countries, patients' age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and the risk of COPLL between individuals with and without ONL. A meta‐analysis of homogenous data, a sensitivity analysis, a publication bias assessment, and a subgroup analysis were performed using Stata 12.0 software.

Results

A total of 10 cohort studies involving 8429 participants were incorporated into this analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a statistically significant association between the presence of ONL and the increased COPLL risk (odds ratio [OR] 3.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.68–5.52, P < 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analyses indicated that this association was independent of study design (6.36‐fold in case‐control studies vs 3.22‐fold in cross‐sectional studies), sex (6.33‐fold in male–female ratio >2.5 vs 2.91‐fold in male–female ratio <2.5), age (4.28‐fold in age ≥55 years vs 3.45‐fold in age <55 years), and BMI (3.88‐fold in BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 vs 2.43‐fold in BMI < 25 kg/m2), which also indicated that obese, older male patients with ONL had a higher risk of OPLL. Moreover, combined two articles revealed that patients with larger‐type ONL had a significantly higher risk of long‐segment COPLL compared with controls (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.41–2.47, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This is the first meta‐analysis to demonstrate a strong and steady association between ONL and higher risk of COPLL. This association was independent of sex, age, and BMI. Considering that ONL is generally asymptomatic and easily detectable on X‐ray, our findings implied that ONL might serve as an early warning sign of the onset of COPLL and provide clinicians an opportunity for early detection and early intervention.
Usefulness of a Three‐Dimensional‐Printed Model in the Treatment of Irreducible Atlantoaxial Dislocation with Transoral Atlantoaxial Reduction Plate
Authors: Tu Qiang , Chen Hu , Ma Xiang‐yang , Wang Jian‐hua , Zhang Kai , Xu Jian‐zhong , Xia Hong
Published: March 2021

Objective

To evaluate the usefulness of a 3D‐printed model for transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate (TARP) surgery in the treatment of irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation (IAAD).

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of 23 patients (13 men, 10 women; mean age 58.17 ± 5.27 years) with IAAD who underwent TARP from January 2015 to July 2017. Patients were divided into a 3D group (12 patients) and a non‐3D group (11 patients). A preoperative simulation process was undertaken for the patients in the 3D group, with preselection of the TARP system using a 3D‐printed 1:1 scale model, while only imaging data was used for the non‐3D group. Complications, clinical outcomes (Japanese Orthopaedic Association [JOA] and visual analogue score [VAS]), and image measurements (atlas–dens interval [ADI], cervicomedullary angle [CMA], and clivus‐canal angle [CCA]) were noted preoperatively and at the last follow up.

Results

A total of 23 patients with a follow‐up time of 16.26 ± 4.27 months were included in the present study. The surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss, and fluoroscopy times in the 3D group were found to be shorter than those in non‐3D group, with statistical significance. The surgery duration was 3.29 ± 0.45 h in the 3D group and 4.68 ± 0.90 h in the non‐3D group, and the estimated intraoperative blood loss was 131.67 ± 43.03 mL in the 3D group and 185.45 ± 42.28 mL in the non‐3D group. No patients received blood transfusions. The intraoperative fluoroscopy times were 5.67 ± 0.89 in the 3D group and 7.91 ± 1.45 in the non‐3D group. Preoperatively and at last follow up, JOA and VAS scores and ADI, CCA, and CMA were improved significantly within the two groups. However, no statistical difference was observed between the two groups. However, surgical site infection occurred in 1 patient in the 3D group, who underwent an emergency revision operation of the removal of TARP device and posterior occipitocervical fixation; the patient recovered 2 weeks after the surgery. In 2 patients in the traditional group, a mistake occurred in the placement of screws, with no neurological symptoms related to the misplacement.

Conclusion

Preoperative surgical simulation using a 3D‐printed real‐size model is an intuitive and effective aid for TARP surgery for treating IAAD. The 3D‐printed biomodel precisely replicated patient‐specific anatomy for use in complicated craniovertebral junction surgery. The information was more useful than that available with 3D reconstructed images.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Synovial Fluid α‐Defensin Lateral Flow Test in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zeng Yu‐qing , Deng Shu , Zhu Xing‐yang , Sun Xiao‐bo , Feng Wen‐jun , Zeng Jian‐chun , Zhang Hai‐tao , Zeng Yi‐rong
Published: March 2021

Objectives

There is a controversy on the diagnostic reliability and accuracy of synovial fluid α‐defensin in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). We performed this meta‐analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the α‐defensin lateral flow test in PJI.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were systematically searched, and articles (up to January 2020) on the diagnosis of hip and knee PJIs using the α‐defensin Synovasure lateral flow test were included. The diagnostic accuracy of the α‐defensin lateral flow test in PJI was evaluated using meta‐analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and post‐test probabilities were calculated.

Results

Seventeen studies including 1443 cases were included. Meta‐analysis showed the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and a diagnostic odds ratio was 0.83 (95% CI 0.77, 0.88), 0.95 (95% CI 0.93, 0.97), 16.86 (95% CI 11.67, 24.37), 0.17 (95% CI 0.13, 0.24) and 85.30 (95% CI 47.76, 152.35), respectively. The area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98). Subgroup analysis also confirmed the high efficiency of α‐defensin Synovasure lateral flow test in diagnosing PJIs, irrespective of ethnicity. Fagan's nomogram analysis there was a high positive post‐test probability of 94% and a low negative post‐test probability of 15%.

Conclusions

We indicated that the α‐defensin lateral flow test had a high accuracy for diagnosing PJI. Large‐scale studies are needed to validate its significance in PJI diagnosis.
‘Everyone's so kind and jolly it boosts my spirits, if you know what I mean’: A humanising perspective on exercise programme participation
Authors: Killingback Clare , Tsofliou Fotini , Clark Carol
Published: March 2021

Background

Maintaining a physically active lifestyle across the life course can add to an individual's health and well‐being. Many people are insufficiently active to achieve these gains with a trend towards further decreases in activity as people age. Community‐based group exercise programmes have been shown to be one means of increasing sustained activity levels for older people.

Aim

To understand how and why older people sustain participation to community‐based group exercise programmes from a humanising perspective.

Methods

A multiple‐case study approach was employed to study three exercise programmes in the South‐West of England. Data were collected through participant observation, focus groups and documentation. Data were analysed with deductive thematic analysis and mapped against the humanisation framework.

Results

Findings suggest that the humanising nature of these particular exercise programmes supported sustained participation. In these programmes, agency was evidenced in the way participants self‐selected their level of exertion with exercises. There was freedom to be their unique selves and exercise within the limits of their insider challenges of an ageing body. Through this non‐judgemental exercise environment, there was an embodied understanding of who they were as people. The exercise programme became part of their personal journey. This journey helped inform their future by enabling them to keep active and maintain independence, allowing them to continue engaging in the world. There was a sense of togetherness and belonging which led to feelings of homeliness as they found a sense of place within the group. The friendships they formed helped them make sense and add meaning to their experiences and personal health challenges.

Conclusions

When planning exercise environments to support the long‐term adoption of a sustained behaviour change, in the form of physical activity for older people, it is helpful to consider dimensions that make an individual feel human.
Effects of experienced regret on risky decision making are dependent on risky degree
Authors: Lin Huiyan , Liang Jiafeng , Yang Junkai , Wu Fei
Published: March 2021

We investigated whether experienced regret influences risky decision making in future dissimilar situations and whether this effect is affected by risky degree. Therefore, participants (N = 39 and 54 in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively) were asked to select one of the two options. In the experienced regret condition, the selected option was worse than the unselected option; in the control condition, the information about the unselected option was unknown to the participants. Subsequently, participants were required to either keep the selected option or to gamble. Additionally, Experiment 2 varied in risky degree of the gamble from low to high. Results showed that experienced regret enhanced possibilities of gamble under low risk (Experiment 1 and 2). Under high risk, however, the effect of experienced regret was reversed (Experiment 2). The findings might suggest that experienced regret affects risky decision making in future dissimilar situations dependently on risky degree.
The rice LEC1‐like transcription factor OsNF‐YB9 interacts with SPK, an endosperm‐specific sucrose synthase protein kinase, and functions in seed development
Authors: Niu Baixiao , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Juan , Zhou Yong , Chen Chen
Published: March 2021

LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), a NUCLEAR FACTOR‐Y (NF‐Y) family member, plays a critical role in embryogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis. Previous studies have shown that rice OsNF‐YB9 and OsNF‐YB7 are homologous to Arabidopsis LEC1. However, the functions of LEC1‐like genes in rice remain unclear. Here we report that OsNF‐YB9 and OsNF‐YB7 display sub‐functionalization in rice. We demonstrate that OsNF‐YB7 is expressed mainly in the embryo, whereas OsNF‐YB9 is preferentially expressed in the developing endosperm. Heterologous expression of either OsNF‐YB9 or OsNF‐YB7 in Arabidopsis lec1‐1 was able to complement the lec1‐1 defects. We failed to generate osnf‐yb7 homozygous mutants due to lethality caused by OsNF‐YB7 defects. Loss of OsNF‐YB9 function caused abnormal seed development: seeds were longer, narrower and thinner and exhibited a higher chalkiness ratio. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to starch synthesis was deregulated in osnf‐yb9. OsNF‐YB9 could interact with SPK, a sucrose synthase protein kinase that is predominantly expressed in rice endosperm. Knockout of SPK resulted in chalky seeds similar to those observed in the osnf‐yb9 mutants. Ectopic expression of OsNF‐YB9 in both rice and Arabidopsis resulted in unhealthy plants with small seeds. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for OsNF‐YB9 in rice seed development.
Beneficial effect of oclacitinib in a case of feline pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Carrasco Isaac , Martínez Marta , Albinyana Gloria
Published: March 2021

Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) is a pustular, immune‐mediated skin disease characterised by acantholytic cells and commonly treated with high doses of glucocorticoids. This report describes one case of feline PF successfully controlled using oral oclacitinib, suggesting a possible therapeutic alternative to glucocorticoids in some cases.
A study into the fatty acid content of selected veterinary diets, supplements and fish oil capsules in Australia
Authors: Martinez Nicola , McDonald Beth
Published: March 2021

Background

Dogs with cutaneous diseases often receive supplementation with omega‐3 (n‐3) and omega‐6 (n‐6) essential fatty acids (FA), either through their diet or the use of an oral supplement. Labelling on these products is not always clear, especially regarding the total and relative amounts of FA.

Objectives

To provide clinicians with a breakdown of the FA content of selected veterinary diets, supplements and fish oil capsules so that the daily dose of supplementation can be calculated more easily. Repeated measurements of FA content over time demonstrate whether FA content changes temporally.

Methods and materials

Eight veterinary diets, four veterinary oral FA supplements and four fish oil supplements were analysed for FA content by gas chromatography at days 0, 28 and 56.

Results

The n‐6:n‐3 ratio varied among the supplement types with the food samples having higher ratios than the liquid supplements and fish oil capsules. The composition of n‐3 FA differed between products with some having higher concentrations of the less active n‐3 FA alpha‐linolenic acid than eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. No decreases in FA content over time were detected.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The results of this study provide the reader with a means to calculate the FA concentrations that their patient is receiving for each product tested, as well as allowing them to compare products for their differences in n‐6:n‐3 ratios and relative amounts of individual FA molecules. The FA concentrations did not change significantly over 56 days.
The role of affect, satisfaction and internal drive on personal moral norms during COVID‐19
Authors: Veseli Besarta , Koch Elena , Soliman Meikel , Sandner Sabrina , Studte Sinika , Clement Michel
Published: March 2021

Background and Objective

Societies require prosocial activities during crises. The COVID‐19 pandemic presents individuals with unique challenges that may affect their emotional state leading to reformed personal moral norms. Crucially, personal moral norms are important predictors of moral behaviour. Given the longevity of the pandemic, studying its impact on affect, satisfaction and internal drive of (non‐)donors during COVID‐19 and if personal moral norms are affected is paramount.

Material and Methods

This study relies on longitudinal data, consisting of six waves carried out biweekly. Our panel is representative for the German population, capturing changes in affect, satisfaction, internal drive and personal moral norms. We compare the emotional state and personal moral norms of (non‐)donors in the pandemic to pre‐pandemic phase. Moreover, we analyse changes in emotional state and personal moral norms during the pandemic and investigate the role of emotional state on personal moral norms.

Results

Firstly, our results show that personal moral norms of (non‐)donors drop compared to pre‐pandemic. Within pandemic, personal moral norms of active donors are not further altered. Secondly, we find significant changes of emotional state in the pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic phase, for example individuals feel more optimistic, but less satisfied and less energetic. Thirdly, we find that feeling more grateful increases personal moral norms of non‐donors.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into how crises shape (non‐)donors’ emotional state and its impact on relevant donor motivations, that is, personal moral norms. Blood banks can use this knowledge to enhance recruiting and retention efforts during crises.
Indigenous peoples’ positive experiences of culturally safe health care: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Harding Jillian , MacKinnon Karen , Sangster-Gormley Esther , Gordon Carol
Published: March 2021

Objective:

The purpose of this systematic review is to explore what is known about Indigenous peoples’ positive experiences with culturally safe health care.

Introduction:

Research indicates that Indigenous people often experience stigma and discrimination from non-Indigenous health care providers when accessing health care services. One approach that has been put forward to address Indigenous health inequities is cultural safety. Studies have been conducted to identify what comprises culturally safe care for Indigenous people, however, many of these studies target the health care provider's perspective, rather than the perspective of the Indigenous person who is receiving the care.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that involve Indigenous peoples’ positive experiences with culturally safe health care from any study setting. Studies that present relevant qualitative findings including descriptions, examples, or stories about how a health care provider enacted cultural safety from Indigenous perspectives will be considered.

Methods:

MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, First Nations Periodical Index, the Native Health Database, the Indigenous Studies Portal, and the Arctic and Antarctic Regions Database will be searched for published studies. The search for unpublished studies will include Google and Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and OpenGrey. Databases will be searched from 1988 onward and only studies published in English will be included. The JBI systematic review guidelines will be followed. The JBI process of meta-aggregation will be used to identify categories and synthesize findings. The ConQual approach will be used to assess confidence in the review findings.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020173003
Strategies for measuring prescription medication switching with pharmacy claims data: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Harris Daniel A. , Bouck Zachary , Tricco Andrea C. , Cadarette Suzanne M. , Iaboni Andrea , Bronskill Susan E.
Published: March 2021

Objective:

This scoping review will aim to compare strategies for measuring prescription medication switching with pharmacy claims data, with a focus on psychotropic vs non-psychotropic medications.

Introduction:

Medication switching (ie, the replacement of one medication for another) is common and occurs due to several factors (such as adverse effects to a specific medication). In pharmacoepidemiology studies that use pharmacy claims data, it is important to identify and account for switches; however, due to data limitations and lack of a methodological standard, this can be challenging. The aim of this scoping review is to describe how studies have previously measured medication switching with pharmacy claims data in order to create a repository of common strategies and highlight areas for future research.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will include studies that have used pharmacy claims data to measure medication switching as their primary independent or dependent variable. Studies conducted at the individual level (ie, not ecological), published between January 1, 1980, and October 31, 2020, and investigating orally administered, non-anti-infective medications will be considered. No age, population, or context restrictions are specified as inclusion criteria.

Methods:

JBI methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews were used for this protocol. MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Central (Cochrane Library), CINAHL (EBSCO), and Google Scholar will be searched with the assistance of a health sciences research librarian. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Strategies for measuring medication switching will be narratively described and summarized overall and by broad medication class.
Prehistory, Playhouses and the Public: London's Planning Archaeology
Authors: Single Adam , Davies Louise
Published: March 2021

Three recent examples of public benefit following archaeological discoveries in London are presented, alongside an explanation of the policy context that supports them. The examples are provided from the perspective of planning archaeologists, who advise decision makers and developers on managing archaeological sites in compliance with local and national policy.

The cases illustrate ad hoc public benefits secured following surprise discoveries at an excavation in Tottenham, as well as long-term benefits resulting from staged investigation and negotiation of two Elizabethan playhouses in Shoreditch and Aldgate. We discuss issues around encouraging and operating permanent visitor attractions and how to best secure the benefits deriving from those places through the UK planning system. We suggest some ways for this young field to develop further.
Public Benefit as Community Wellbeing in Archaeology
Authors: Monckton Linda
Published: March 2021

This article outlines the theory and strategy behind Historic England's (HE) Wellbeing Strategy. It acknowledges the relevance of wellbeing to HE's core purpose, and proposes ways in which wellbeing can be built into archaeological and heritage projects. There is an evidenced link between access to heritage and wellbeing, which now needs to be better integrated into project design and implementation. The article concludes with an outline strategy for wellbeing-led projects, and a discussion of how the success of these projects could be evaluated.
Bulgarian Development-Led Archaeology in the Public Eye. Reception, Reactions, Possible Solutions
Authors: Vagalinski Lyudmil , Raycheva Milena
Published: March 2021

Can the public see the benefit of archaeology without an awareness of what archaeology does? The authors consider this question while exploring the evolution of Bulgarian society's view on development-led archaeological excavations over the past 30 years, by drawing on specific examples.

Media coverage of rescue archaeological work in Bulgaria is usually done in a dull, non-systematic manner. Local archaeologists are neither trained for nor seem to fully grasp the necessity of active two-way communication with the public, particularly in the course of fieldwork. Moreover, project investors often impose restrictions on publicity, not realising that their business is losing out from such a secretive media policy. Nevertheless, some successful media projects have been carried out by a number of Bulgarian archaeologists in recent years and have significantly contributed towards society's increased knowledge and appreciation of archaeological work. The authors propose particular steps in order to accelerate and enhance this positive trend to keep the public informed and aware of the potential benefits of archaeology.
Archaeology 2030: A Strategic Approach for Northern Ireland
Authors: O'Keeffe John D.J.
Published: March 2021

In the Autumn of 2016, the archaeological sector in Northern Ireland came together in the first of a series of meetings and collaborations to consider how the sector needs to change to meet the challenges that it faces, especially in the context of development-led interventions. The products of that collaboration were published in December 2020 as Archaeology 2030: A Strategic Approach for Northern Ireland. The core vision of that document is this: that the heritage sector, and the archaeological sector in particular, wants archaeology to be accessed and valued by as many people as possible, led by a sector which is healthy, resilient and connected. This article is intended to give some context to how this coming together happened, how it has progressed, and to offer some perspective and reflections on where the journey may go in the future.
Development-led Archaeology and Public Benefit from a Swedish Perspective
Authors: Gill Alexander
Published: March 2021

There has been a specific national policy for culture in Sweden since 1974. Since then, the issue of public access to culture has been a central political objective. The ambition to provide the whole population with access to culture includes knowledge about the past. Making sure that the results of development-led archaeology are beneficial for the general public has therefore been an important issue in Sweden for quite some time.
Shared Archaeological Heritage: the European Archaeology Days
Authors: Ratier Pascal
Published: March 2021

A discipline where several scientific fields meet, archaeology studies the material traces of civilisations, from prehistory to the contemporary era. By enriching our knowledge of the societies that came before us, it contributes to a better understanding of today's world and helps sharpen citizens' critical outlook. When it comes to protection, conservation, awareness-raising and education, archaeological heritage is a significant societal opportunity for Europe. At a time marked by concerns over identity and community, archaeology is a source of openness and tolerance. The European Archaeology Days can therefore help shape a common identity, while preserving the cultural diversity that characterises a Europe of multiplicity. Developing this initiative could encourage open access to culture for all and, among future generations, foster acceptance of the 'Other' in all their differences. In this context, it feels important to give the event a European dimension.
A Robust Impedance Controller for Improved Safety in Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Laubscher Curt A. , Sawicki Jerzy T.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a novel impedance controller modified with a switching strategy for the purpose of improving safety in human–robot interactions. Under normal operating conditions, an impedance controller is enabled when adequate tracking performance is maintained in the presence of bounded disturbances. However, if disturbances are greater than anticipated such that tracking performance is degraded, the proposed controller temporarily switches modes to a control strategy better apt to limit control inputs. With disturbances returning to the prescribed bounds, tracking performance will be restored and the impedance controller will resume for nominal operation. The control parameters are constrained by a few conditions necessary for smooth operation. First, a pair of equality constraints is required for the control signal to be continuous when switching control modes. Second, a Lyapunov analysis is performed to formulate an equality constraint on the control parameters to ensure only a single switch occurs when changing control modes to avert control chatter. Third, a matrix inequality constraint is necessary to ensure a robust positive invariant set is formed for when impedance control is active. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the controller and conditions. The simulation results successfully validate the presented theory, demonstrating how the constraints yield a continuous control signal, eliminate switching chatter, and permit robustness to disturbances.
Leader-Following Consensus Over Acyclic Switching Digraphs
Authors: He Changran , Huang Jie
Published: March 2021

The existing results on the leader-following consensus problem for linear continuous-time multi-agent systems over jointly connected switching digraphs rely on the assumption that the system matrices do not have eigenvalues with positive real parts. In this paper, to remove this assumption, we first establish a stability result for a class of linear switched systems. Then, we show that the leader-following consensus problem for linear multi-agent systems with general system modes over jointly connected switching digraphs is solvable if the digraphs are acyclic. Moreover, the leader-following consensus can be achieved at a pre-assigned but arbitrarily fast convergence rate. A numerical example is provided to illustrate our design.
Pleasant Emotions Widen Thought–Action Repertoires, Develop Long-Term Resources, and Improve Reaction Time Performance: A Multistudy Examination of the Broaden-and-Build Theory Among Athletes
Authors: Thompson Mark A. , Nicholls Adam R. , Toner John , Perry John L. , Burke Rachel
Published: March 2021

The authors investigated relationships between emotions, coping, and resilience across two studies. In Study 1a, 319 athletes completed dispositional questionnaires relating to the aforementioned constructs. In Study 1b, 126 athletes from Study 1a repeated the same questionnaires 6 months later. In Study 2, 21 athletes were randomly allocated to an emotional (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant emotions) or control group and undertook a laboratory-based reaction-time task across three time points. Questionnaires and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after each performance with imagery-based emotional manipulations engendered during the second testing session. Partial longitudinal evidence of the broaden-and-build effects of pleasant emotions was found. Pleasant emotions may undo lingering cognitive resource losses incurred from previous unpleasant emotional experiences. In Study 2, pleasant and unpleasant emotions had an immediate and sustained psychophysiological and performance impact. Taken together, this research supports the application of broaden-and-build theory in framing emotional interventions for athletes.
Having a Little Confidence: A Career of Studying Self-Efficacy in Sport
Authors: Feltz Deborah L.
Published: March 2021

In this brief autobiography, I reflect on how my childhood and adolescent experiences influenced my decision to study the psychology of sport and physical activity. I describe how my research evolved over time, my contributions to the field, and the people who were influential in my career. Finally, I offer some suggestions for how the field of kinesiology, as a whole, might engage in the future.
The Influence of Age and Maturation on Trajectories of Stretch-Shortening Cycle Capability in Male Youth Team Sports
Authors: De Ste Croix Mark , Lehnert Michal , Maixnerova Eliska , Ayala Francisco , Psotta Rudolf
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To examine the influence of growth and maturation in the trajectory of stretch-shortening cycle capability. Method: Using a mixed-longitudinal design, absolute and relative leg stiffness and reactive strength index (RSI) were measured 3 times over a 3-year period in 44 youth team-sport players. Maturation was determined as maturity offset and included within the Bayesian inference analysis as a covariate alongside chronological age. Results: Irrespective of age and maturation, there was no change in absolute leg stiffness, however relative leg stiffness decreased over time. Maturation and age reduced this decline, but the decline remained significant (Bayesian factor [10] = 5097, model averaged R2 = .61). The RSI increased over time and more so in older more mature youth players (Bayesian factor [10] = 9.29e8, model averaged R2 = .657). Conclusion: In youth players who are at/post peak height velocity, relative leg stiffness appears to decline, which could have an impact on both performance and injury risk. However, RSI increases during this period, and these data reinforce that leg stiffness and RSI reflect different components of stretch-shortening cycle capability. Practitioners should consider these differences when planning training to maximize stretch-shortening cycle capability during growth and maturation in athletes on the developmental performance pathway.
Identification of an Intermediate Form of Ferredoxin That Binds Only Iron Suggests That Conversion to Holo-Ferredoxin Is Independent of the ISC System in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ren Xiaojun , Liang Feng , He Zhengfen , Fan Bingqian , Zhang Zhirong , Guo Xiudi , Du Yukuan , Pang Yilin , Li Jianghui , Lyu Jianxin , Tan Guoqiang
Published: March 2021

Fdx is an electron carrier that is required for the maturation of many other iron-sulfur proteins. Its function strictly depends on its [2Fe-2S] center that bonds with the cysteinyl S atoms of four cysteine residues within Fdx.
Increased Pulmonary Pneumococcal Clearance after Resolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Li Jingyun , Wang Hongyan , Lian Pengjing , Bai Yu , Zhang Zihui , Zhao Lihong , Xu Tong , Qiao Jian
Published: March 2021

H9N2 avian influenza virus has been continuously circulating among poultry and can infect mammals, indicating that this virus is a potential pandemic strain. During influenza pandemics, secondary bacterial (particularly pneumococcal) pneumonia usually contributes to excessive mortality.
One versus Many: Polymicrobial Communities and the Cystic Fibrosis Airway
Authors: Jean-Pierre Fabrice , Vyas Arsh , Hampton Thomas H. , Henson Michael A. , O’Toole George A.
Published: March 2021

Culture-independent studies have revealed that chronic lung infections in persons with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) are rarely limited to one microbial species. Interactions among bacterial members of these polymicrobial communities in the airways of pwCF have been reported to modulate clinically relevant phenotypes.
A Conserved Class II Type Thioester Domain-Containing Adhesin Is Required for Efficient Conjugation in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Gago-Córdoba César , Val-Calvo Jorge , Abia David , Díaz-Talavera Alberto , Miguel-Arribas Andrés , Aguilar Suárez Rocío , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Wu Ling Juan , Meijer Wilfried J. J.
Published: March 2021

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a serious health care problem. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria of the same or different species is often mediated by a process named conjugation, where a donor cell transfers DNA to a recipient cell through a connecting channel.
Environmental Isolation of Candida auris from the Coastal Wetlands of Andaman Islands, India
Authors: Arora Parth , Singh Prerna , Wang Yue , Yadav Anamika , Pawar Kalpana , Singh Ashutosh , Padmavati Gadi , Xu Jianping , Chowdhary Anuradha
Published: March 2021

Candida auris
is a recently emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen capable of causing severe infections in hospitalized patients. Despite its recognition as a human pathogen a decade ago, so far the natural ecological niche(s) of
C. auris
remains enigmatic.
The ChiS-Family DNA-Binding Domain Contains a Cryptic Helix-Turn-Helix Variant
Authors: Klancher Catherine A. , Minasov George , Podicheti Ram , Rusch Douglas B. , Dalia Triana N. , Satchell Karla J. F. , Neiditch Matthew B. , Dalia Ankur B.
Published: March 2021

Regulating gene expression is essential in all domains of life. This process is commonly facilitated by the activity of DNA-binding transcription factors.
Elucidation of the Pathogenicity-Associated Regulatory Network in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Zheng Dehong , Wang Huihui , Zhong Hao , Ke Wenli , Hu Huifeng , Sun Ming , Ruan Lifang
Published: March 2021

The host plant infection process of pathogenic bacteria is a coordinating cellular behavior, which requires dynamic regulation at several levels in response to variations in host plants or fluctuations in the external environment. As one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic bacteria,
Xanthomonas
has been studied as a model.
Temperatures of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) methane-derived authigenic carbonates from the Western Interior Seaway, South Dakota, USA, using clumped isotopes
Authors: Gao Yang , Henkes Gregory A. , Cochran J. Kirk , Landman Neil H.
Published: March 2021

Methane seep deposits, comprising large, carbonate-rich mounds formed from hydrocarbon seepage, were widely distributed in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS) of North America. Well-preserved, methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDACs) from these deposits have been shown to retain petrological, paleontological, and geochemical imprints of their ancient depositional setting, all of which are important for understanding the dynamics and evolution of the shallow, epeiric WIS. To better characterize the environmental conditions of WIS seeps, we applied clumped isotope paleothermometry to magnesium calcite MDAC samples from five seep localities in the upper Campanian Pierre Shale, South Dakota, USA. We measured 21 subsamples, including 18 micritic carbonates and demonstrated apparent clumped isotope equilibrium between MDACs and WIS bottom waters. Extreme 13C depletion in most samples (δ13C ranging to −45.44‰) indicates they were precipitated with oxidized methane as a major source of dissolved inorganic carbon, which itself implies a close association with ancient methanotrophic metabolism. The average clumped isotope paleotemperature from the micritic carbonates is 23 ± 7 °C (1σ standard deviation), which agrees with bottom water paleotemperatures inferred from δ18O measurements of MDACs and well-preserved mollusk shells at similar localities in the WIS. The calculated average δ18Ow value for these samples is −0.5 ± 1.7‰ (1σ SD), which is indistinguishable from previously reported calculation on Campanian seawater δ18Ow from fossil mollusk shells, but elevated above younger fossils collected from other locations in the WIS. Our conclusions are inconsistent with previously hypothesized disequilibrium for WIS MDAC clumped isotope and therefore we propose that fossil MDAC deposits may be used as paleotemperature archives.
Microbial Arsenal of Antiviral Defenses – Part I
Authors: Isaev Artem B. , Musharova Olga S. , Severinov Konstantin V.
Published: March 2021

Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells (for the scope of this review we will also consider viruses that infect Archaea). Constant threat of phage infection is a major force that shapes evolution of the microbial genomes. To withstand infection, bacteria had evolved numerous strategies to avoid recognition by phages or to directly interfere with phage propagation inside the cell. Classical molecular biology and genetic engineering have been deeply intertwined with the study of phages and host defenses. Nowadays, owing to the rise of phage therapy, broad application of CRISPR-Cas technologies, and development of bioinformatics approaches that facilitate discovery of new systems, phage biology experiences a revival. This review describes variety of strategies employed by microbes to counter phage infection, with a focus on novel systems discovered in recent years. First chapter covers defense associated with cell surface, role of small molecules, and innate immunity systems relying on DNA modification.
Delayed miscarriage inside an infected decidual cast: a rare complication of the Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate injection
Authors: Fukaura Ryo , Ward Alistair , Datta Shreelata
Published: March 2021

Decidualisation of the endometrium is a progesterone-mediated reaction that naturally occurs during a woman’s menstrual cycle. The hyperproliferated tissue is then usually dissolved and passed in a menstrual period. Occasionally, the natural dissolution does not happen, and the tissue maintains the shape of the endometrium, forming a decidual cast. These casts are known to be formed secondary to the use and/or cessation of various contraceptive methods. Here, we report a case of a patient presenting with passage of a decidual cast secondary to cessation of the Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate injection. This is the first reported case of the cast becoming infected, and also the first case of a decidual cast containing old products of conception.