bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Farm to Fork project: Community-engaged scholarship from community partners' perspective
Authors: Korzun Monika , Alexander Corey , Cluskey-Belanger Lee-Jay , Fudger Danielle , Needham Lisa , Vsetula Kate , Williamson Danny , Gillis Daniel
Published: February 2015

Higher education institutions have traditionally largely ignored their role in identifying and addressing issues that their communities face. In an attempt to tackle this situation, models such as community-engaged scholarship (CES) have been developed and used to illustrate the active roles higher education institutions can play in sustainable social change. CES is guided by principles of mutually beneficial collaboration and reciprocity to address issues faced by the community. CES can guide the development of an in-depth understanding of social issues and can promote long-term and sustainable solutions. CES literature focuses largely on the impacts and benefits to students and faculty, but often ignores assessment of CES projects based on their impact on community partners and the community overall.This article illustrates the experiences of community partners in a Farm To Fork project and the impact of the project on community partners and the community at large. Developed at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, the Farm To Fork project is helping increase the quantity and quality of food donated to emergency food providers, such as food banks and food pantries, via the use of online tools. Based on a survey questionnaire, the experiences of community partners are summarised under four categories: mutual benefit, resources, networking and collaborations, and raising awareness and addressing social issues. The results demonstrate that community partners greatly appreciate the effort and dedication of students and faculty. Through the project, community partners gained experience and access to university resources and formed networks with academics as well as other community organisations that will benefit them in the future. In addition, the Farm To Fork project helped to raise awareness about food insecurity, not only among students and faculty working on the project, but also in the Guelph-Wellington area.Keywords: community-engaged scholarship, food insecurity, community impacts, Farm To Fork, Guelph-Wellington
Breathing life into theory: Illustrations of community-based research – Hallmarks, functions and phases
Authors: Ochocka Joanna , Janzen Rich
Published: February 2015

There is a growing interest in the area of research that engages communities. Increasingly, this community-based research (CBR) approach to research is being seen as a catalyst for social innovation, for public policy improvements, for solving complex community issues, and for promoting democracy in which local knowledge is valued in building local solutions. This emerging interest in engaging communities in research (both within and outside academia) brings both successes and challenges.The purpose of this article is to summarise the theory underlying community-based research and to illustrate that theory with Canadian case examples of research studies conducted by the Centre for Community Based Research (CCBR). The article begins by reviewing the hallmarks, functions and implementation phases of community-based research, which are rooted in academic tradition. Three case examples are presented to illustrate the main hallmarks of CBR. The intention is to clarify community-based research by reflecting on iterative theory through practice and practice through theory.Keywords: community-based research, community-university research, knowledge production, knowledge mobilisation, community mobilisation, research for society
A quantitative analysis of the impact of wind turbines on operational Doppler weather radar data
Authors: Norin L.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In many countries wind turbines are rapidly growing in numbers as the demand for energy from renewable sources increases. The continued deployment of wind turbines can, however, be problematic for many radar systems, which are easily disturbed by turbines located in the radar line of sight. Wind turbines situated in the vicinity of Doppler weather radars can lead to erroneous precipitation estimates as well as to inaccurate wind and turbulence measurements. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the impact of a wind farm, located in southeastern Sweden, on measurements from a nearby Doppler weather radar. The analysis is based on 6 years of operational radar data. In order to evaluate the impact of the wind farm, average values of all three spectral moments (the radar reflectivity factor, absolute radial velocity, and spectrum width) of the nearby Doppler weather radar were calculated, using data before and after the construction of the wind farm. It is shown that all spectral moments, from a large area at and downrange from the wind farm, were impacted by the wind turbines. It was also found that data from radar cells far above the wind farm (near 3 km altitude) were affected by the wind farm. It is shown that this in part can be explained by detection by the radar sidelobes and by scattering off increased levels of dust and turbulence. In a detailed analysis, using data from a single radar cell, frequency distributions of all spectral moments were used to study the competition between the weather signal and wind turbine clutter. It is shown that, when weather echoes give rise to higher reflectivity values than those of the wind farm, the negative impact of the wind turbines is greatly reduced for all spectral moments.
The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology – Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka BP) and the gas age–ice age difference
Authors: Buizert C. , Cuffey K. M. , Severinghaus J. P. , Baggenstos D. , Fudge T. J. , Steig E. J. , Markle B. R. , Winstrup M. , Rhodes R. H. , Brook E. J. , Sowers T. A. , Clow G. D. , Cheng H. , Edwards R. L. , Sigl M. , McConnell J. R. , Taylor K. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide (WAIS Divide, WD) ice core is a newly drilled, high-accumulation deep ice core that provides Antarctic climate records of the past ∼68 ka at unprecedented temporal resolution. The upper 2850 m (back to 31.2 ka BP) have been dated using annual-layer counting. Here we present a chronology for the deep part of the core (67.8–31.2 ka BP), which is based on stratigraphic matching to annual-layer-counted Greenland ice cores using globally well-mixed atmospheric methane. We calculate the WD gas age–ice age difference (Δage) using a combination of firn densification modeling, ice-flow modeling, and a data set of δ15N-N2, a proxy for past firn column thickness. The largest Δage at WD occurs during the Last Glacial Maximum, and is 525 ± 120 years. Internally consistent solutions can be found only when assuming little to no influence of impurity content on densification rates, contrary to a recently proposed hypothesis. We synchronize the WD chronology to a linearly scaled version of the layer-counted Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05), which brings the age of Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events into agreement with the U/Th absolutely dated Hulu Cave speleothem record. The small Δage at WD provides valuable opportunities to investigate the timing of atmospheric greenhouse gas variations relative to Antarctic climate, as well as the interhemispheric phasing of the "bipolar seesaw".
Evaluation of near surface ozone over Europe from the MACC reanalysis
Authors: Katragkou E. , Zanis P. , Tsikerdekis A. , Kapsomenakis J. , Melas D. , Eskes H. , Flemming J. , Huijnen V. , Inness A. , Schultz M. G. , Stein O. , Zerefos C. S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This work is an extended evaluation of near surface ozone as part of the global reanalysis of atmospheric composition, produced within the European Funded project MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate). It includes an evaluation over the period 2003–2012 and provides an overall assessment of the modelling system performance with respect to near surface ozone for specific European subregions. Measurements at rural locations from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) and the European Air Quality Database (AirBase) were used for the evaluation assessment. The annual overall error of near surface ozone reanalysis is on average 24% over Europe, the highest found over Scandinavia (27%) and the lowest over the Mediterranean marine stations (21%). Near surface ozone shows mostly a negative bias in winter and a positive bias during warm months. Assimilation reduces the bias in near surface ozone and its impact is mostly notable in winter. With respect to the seasonal cycle, the MACC reanalysis reproduces the photochemically driven broad spring-summer maximum of surface ozone of central and south Europe. However, it does not capture adequately the early spring peak and the shape of the seasonality at northern and north-eastern Europe. The diurnal range of surface ozone, which is an indication of the local photochemical production processes, is reproduced fairly well, with a tendency for a small overestimation during the warm months for most subregions (especially in central and southern Europe). Possible reasons leading to discrepancies between the MACC reanalysis and observations are discussed.
Temporal parameter sensitivity guided verification of process dynamics
Authors: Pfannerstill M. , Guse B. , Reusser D. , Fohrer N.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. To ensure reliable results of a hydrological model, it is essential that the model reproduces the hydrological processes adequately. Information about process dynamics is provided by looking at the temporal sensitivities of the corresponding model parameters. For this, the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity are used to describe the dominance of parameters for each time step. The parameter dominance is then related to the corresponding hydrological process, since the temporal parameter sensitivity represents the modelled hydrological process. For a reliable model application it has to be verified that the modelled hydrological processes match the expectations of real-world hydrological processes. We present a framework, which distinguishes between a verification of single model components and of the overall model behaviour. We analyse the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity of a modified groundwater component of a hydrological model. The results of the single analysis for the modified component show that the behaviour of the parameters of the modified groundwater component is consistent with the idea of the structural modifications. Additionally, the appropriate simulation of all relevant hydrological processes is verified as the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity represent these processes according to the expectations. Thus, we conclude that temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity are helpful for verifying modifications of hydrological models.
Impedance spectroscopy characterization of an interdigital structure for continuous particle measurements in wood-driven heating systems
Authors: Weiss A. , Bauer M. , Eichenauer S. , Stadlbauer E. A. , Kohl C.-D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In the course of the climate change and increased focus on CO2-neutral energy sources, the use of wood-driven small heating systems (SHS) becomes more important. But, their contribution to air pollution, especially particulate matter, is about as high as the emissions from car engines. The specific formation of harmful substances in wood fires and possible countermeasures by continuously operating sensor and control systems are covered. Impedance spectra of interdigital electrode (IDE) structures are taken before and after mounting in wood-driven SHS to get information about the particles in the exhaust stream. It appears that the capacitive parts of the impedance spectra at a fixed frequency are appropriate for a fast signal evaluation. The good correlation with established offline measuring methods is discussed and the capability of thermal regeneration is demonstrated. The offline measurements of this work shall give the experimental basis for the development of online measurements in order to control the particle emissions of wood-driven SHS.
Investigations into packaging technology for membrane-based thermal flow sensors
Authors: Dumstorff G. , Brauns E. , Lang W.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A new packaging method to mount a membrane-based thermal flow sensor, flush with the surface, is presented. Therefore, a specific design for the housing is shown, which is also adaptable to other conditions. It has been experimentally shown that it is important to mount the sensor flush with the surface. In addition, the experimental results are discussed. If a membrane-based thermal flow sensor is not mounted flush with the surface, vortices can occur (depending on velocity and fluid properties) or the reduction in the channel cross section plus a decrease in sensitivity have to be taken into account.
Permafrost soils and carbon cycling
Authors: Ping C. L. , Jastrow J. D. , Jorgenson M. T. , Michaelson G. J. , Shur Y. L.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Knowledge of soils in the permafrost region has advanced immensely in recent decades, despite the remoteness and inaccessibility of most of the region and the sampling limitations posed by the severe environment. These efforts significantly increased estimates of the amount of organic carbon stored in permafrost-region soils and improved understanding of how pedogenic processes unique to permafrost environments built enormous organic carbon stocks during the Quaternary. This knowledge has also called attention to the importance of permafrost-affected soils to the global carbon cycle and the potential vulnerability of the region's soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to changing climatic conditions. In this review, we briefly introduce the permafrost characteristics, ice structures, and cryopedogenic processes that shape the development of permafrost-affected soils, and discuss their effects on soil structures and on organic matter distributions within the soil profile. We then examine the quantity of organic carbon stored in permafrost-region soils, as well as the characteristics, intrinsic decomposability, and potential vulnerability of this organic carbon to permafrost thaw under a warming climate. Overall, frozen conditions and cryopedogenic processes, such as cryoturbation, have slowed decomposition and enhanced the sequestration of organic carbon in permafrost-affected soils over millennial timescales. Due to the low temperatures, the organic matter in permafrost soils is often less humified than in more temperate soils, making some portion of this stored organic carbon relatively vulnerable to mineralization upon thawing of permafrost.
Glacier-surge mechanisms promoted by a hydro-thermodynamic feedback to summer melt
Authors: Dunse T. , Schellenberger T. , Hagen J. O. , Kääb A. , Schuler T. V. , Reijmer C. H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets currently accounts for two-thirds of the observed global sea-level rise and has accelerated since the 1990s, coincident with strong atmospheric warming in the polar regions. Here we present continuous GPS measurements and satellite synthetic-aperture-radar-based velocity maps from Basin-3, the largest drainage basin of the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard. Our observations demonstrate strong links between surface-melt and multiannual ice-flow acceleration. We identify a hydro-thermodynamic feedback that successively mobilizes stagnant ice regions, initially frozen to their bed, thereby facilitating fast basal motion over an expanding area. By autumn 2012, successive destabilization of the marine terminus escalated in a surge of Basin-3. The resulting iceberg discharge of 4.2±1.6 Gt a−1 over the period April 2012 to May 2013 triples the calving loss from the entire ice cap. With the seawater displacement by the terminus advance accounted for, the related sea-level rise contribution amounts to 7.2±2.6 Gt a−1. This rate matches the annual ice-mass loss from the entire Svalbard archipelago over the period 2003–2008, highlighting the importance of dynamic mass loss for glacier mass balance and sea-level rise. The active role of surface melt, i.e. external forcing, contrasts with previous views of glacier surges as purely internal dynamic instabilities. Given sustained climatic warming and rising significance of surface melt, we propose a potential impact of the hydro-thermodynamic feedback on the future stability of ice-sheet regions, namely at the presence of a cold-based marginal ice plug that restricts fast drainage of inland ice. The possibility of large-scale dynamic instabilities such as the partial disintegration of ice sheets is acknowledged but not quantified in global projections of sea-level rise.
Values in dialogic pedagogy
Authors: Matusov Eugene , Lemke Jay
Published: February 2015

In November 2014 on the Dialogic Pedagogy Journal Facebook page, there was an interesting discussion of the issue of values in dialogic pedagogy[1]. The main issue can be characterized as the following. Should dialogic pedagogy teach values? Should it avoid teaching values? Is there some kind of a third approach? The participants of the Facebook discussions were focusing on teaching values in dialogic pedagogy and not about teaching aboutvalues. On the one hand, it seems to be impossible to avoid teaching values. However, on the other hand, shaping students in some preset molding is apparently non-dialogic and uncritical (Matusov, 2009). In the former case, successful teaching is defined by how well and deeply the students accept and commit to the taught values. In the latter case, successful dialogic teaching may be defined by students’ critical examination of their own values against alternative values in a critical dialogue. Below, Eugene Matusov and Jay Lemke, active participants of this Facebook dialogue, provide their reflection on this important issue and encourage readers to join their reflective dialogue.[1] See in a public Facebook domain: https://www.facebook.com/DialogicPedagogyJournal/posts/894734337204533, https://www.facebook.com/DialogicPedagogyJournal/posts/896916850319615
Adopting Environmental Transportation Practices
Authors: Ellram Lisa M. , Golicic Susan L.
Published: February 2015

Nearly every supply chain in the United States includes motor transportation. Relationships between these carriers and their shippers are sometimes strong, but often tenuous. As environmental sustainability receives increased attention in supply chain management, shippers and carriers are beginning to consider how, if at all, this affects transport practices. To date, little research has been done to explain how shippers and carriers adopt environmental transport practices and the impact this adoption has on the relationship. Using conceptual theory building, this research addresses this gap through a study of a sample of US motor carriers and shippers. Association with a form of public–private partnerships, called voluntary environmental partnerships, plays a large role in the adoption of environmental transportation practices. However, the motivation that drives the association and subsequent adoption of practices influences whether the relationship benefits or suffers. A conceptual framework grounded in institutional theory is developed to address the research questions, and implications from the results are presented for shipper-carrier relationship management.
Supply Chain Interdiction as a Competitive Weapon
Authors: Bell John E. , Autry Chad W. , Griffis Stanley E.
Published: February 2015

Businesses have throughout time competed in the marketplace to maximize profits and market share against fellow competitor firms. The emergence of supply chain management has shifted this competition to one reflective of supply chains competing against one another rather than just firms. However, this “toward the customer only”–based competition may not represent the fullest basis of potential competition between supply chains. For example, over the centuries nations have fielded military forces that have competed not only in the open field against opposing forces, but also behind the scenes by constraining the resource base of the opposing force, in an effort to limit or avoid face-to-face struggles altogether. The military term for this competitive strategy is “interdiction,” and reflects long-standing military theory development, including practical as well as ethical considerations. This work outlines the military theory behind bidirectional channel competition, and compares historical military and contemporary business examples of the supply side–focused competition that interdiction prescribes.
Stranická patronáž a její vztah ke korupci a klientelismu: teoretický koncept a nástin uplatnění v postkomunistickém prostředí
Authors: Naxera Vladimír
Published: February 2015

This article examines the patterns of party patronage in both communist and post-communist regimes in Central Eastern Europe. Firstly, the text outlines the theoretical concept of patronage and explains in more detail the linkage between patronage and other related phenomena – i.e. corruption and clientelism. This part focuses on both the differences and similarities between them. In the second part, the article sketches out the principles of the working of patterns of patronage (so-called nomenclature) in communist regimes. In the last part, the paper discusses changes in the patterns of party patronage after the fall of communism and provides an explanation for the varying practices of patronage among post-communist parties, stressing the institutional legacy of the past. The paper thus generally aims to provide theoretical background for further research on party patronage in post-communist countries and also in more specific (i.e. local or regional) contexts
Podmienky legitímnej štátnosti v SR: Téma Kosova v parlamentnej rozprave
Authors: Imreová Ivana
Published: February 2015

This article has two main objectives. The first is to reveal, on the basis of parliamentary debate on Kosovo, how political elites in Slovakia perceive conditions for legitimate statehood. The second is to describe and explain the perception and impact of the “Kosovo issue” on the Slovak political scene. Discourse analysis of parliamentary debate on Kosovo´s future is used as the primary analytical tool to accomplish both objectives. The following three characteristics of legitimate statehood are identified in the arguments of six parliamentary political parties: accordance of the creation of a new state with international law, the willingness and capability of a new state to ensure the protection of people´s rights within its territory, and a further group of conditions for legitimate statehood which are closely tied to the identity of both the new and parent states. In Slovakia, the perception of the Kosovo issue has always been emotive, and this fact can help us to see ethnicity as one of the main factors influencing the outcome of the parliamentary discourse, as well as the overall attitude of the Slovak Republic towards Kosovo. Ethnicity explains the Slovak approach better than the Slavic reciprocity principle, the existence of which was not proven in this study.
Paul Blokker: New Democracies in Crisis? A Comparative Constitutional Study of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Romania
Authors: Baroš Jiří
Published: February 2015

London: Routledge, 2014, xii, 200 stran, ISBN: 978-0-203-79502-6.
Automedicação entre estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior de Goiás
Authors: Alves Tarine De Araújo , Malafaia Guilherme
Published: February 2015

Introdução: A automedicação tem sido considerada uma prática crescente nos dias atuais. Objetivo: Conhecer aspectos ligados à prevalência da automedicação e quais medicamentos são mais usados entre estudantes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal, no qual 160 alunos responderam a um questionário autoaplicado contendo questões diversificadas. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, no software Microsoft Excel. Resultados: Dos participantes, 52,4% eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos. A prevalência geral da automedicação foi de 68,3%. Os fatores que levam os acadêmicos da instituição investigada a utilizarem medicamentos sem prescrição são principalmente a orientação para a prática da automedicação provinda de fontes de informação não ligadas à área médica e sinais e/ou sintomas relacionados a afecções que causam cefaleias, febre e dores no corpo. Além disso, verificou-se que os estudantes de diferentes cursos superiores da instituição investigada apresentam perfil de automedicação semelhante, com prevalência do uso de medicamentos da classe dos analgésicos, antipiréticos, antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios (não tarjados e de tarja vermelha). Também foi observado pouco conhecimento sobre os efeitos adversos ou sobre as contraindicações do medicamento consumido. Conclusão: A automedicação é um problema grave e importante no âmbito dos cursos superiores do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Urutaí, e não se restringe aos universitários ligados apenas às áreas médicas e/ou biológicas, sendo necessária a realização de ações/atividades que contribuam para o uso racional de medicamentos.
Percepções dos estudantes da área de saúde sobre a obesidade
Authors: Cordoni Juliana Kessar , Rossaka Vanessa Keiko , Reato Lígia de Fátima Nóbrega
Published: February 2015

Introdução: A incidência de sobrepeso e obesidade, assim como agravos e comorbidades relacionados, tem se destacado como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública da atualidade. Isso requer o envolvimento de diversos profissionais, em uma conjunção multidisciplinar, para a prevenção, promoção e recuperação da saúde física e psicossocial de pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de estudantes da área de saúde sobre a obesidade, a fim de contribuir com questionamentos e reflexões com relação à formação e atuação deles no tratamento de pessoas com obrepeso/obesidade. Métodos: Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio da apresentação de figuras, seguida da aplicaçãode um questionário dirigido a universitários da área de saúde; e posterior análise qualitativa e quantitativa das respostas. Resultados: Os entrevistados reconheceram a importância do tratamento da obesidade, assim como a necessidade de preocupação com aspectos da saúde; no entanto, os resultados indicam a existência de rejeição e crítica quanto à obesidade na maioria dos entrevistados. Conclusão: Os resultados são um alerta de que a questão da obesidade precisa ser mais bem abordada nos cursos de formação da área da saúde, para reduzir os efeitos negativos dessa rejeição/crítica no decorrer do tratamento de tais pacientes. Considerando-se o impacto de aspectos psicológicos e emocionais dos profissionais envolvidos no tratamento e a escassa produção técnica-científica sobre o tema, sugere-se a produção de outras pesquisas, assim como deve-se intensificar a abordagem e sensibilização dos estudantes quanto à questão da obesidade como um distúrbio alimentar de relevância pública.
A ABCS Health Sciences agradece a valiosa colaboração de seus revisores científicos em 2014
Authors: Corpo Editorial ABCS Health Sciences
Published: February 2015

Não disponível
Quando o estudante é o objeto do estudo
Authors: Baldassin Sérgio Pedro
Published: February 2015

Não disponível
Diffusion and use of Galemys (Spanish Journal of Mammalogy) by the scientific community: citations and recent im
Authors: Torre Ignasi , Requejo Andrés , Palomo L. Javier , Díaz Mario
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the trends in publication and citation of Galemys, the scientific journal of the Spanish Society of Mammalogist (SECEM) in the last 15 years. We reviewed the citations obtained in the 38 issues of Galemys published between 1997 and 2012 in journals covered by the Journal Citation Reports, as well as in the journal itself. As a whole, 425 articles have been published in Galemys (296 articles and 129 short notes), with an average of 26.5 ± 13.2 (SD) items / year. There have been 596 citations to 408 articles and notes published in Galemys, both in international journals (349 citations, 58.6%) and in the journal itself (247 citations, 41.4%). The average impact of Galemys in the period 1997-2012 was 0.09 citations/year, with a five-years impact factor of 0.15 citations/year, and with a halflife of 7.5 years. Galemys is currently only moderately used by the scientific community, but patterns of use are growing, especially by the Spanish mammalogists linked to the SECEM. Its potential for future use and larger impacts is probably high. This suggestion is sustained on results obtained on recent trends, together with the expected effect of the lasts changes in the journal, especially its open access publication an identification with a DOI and their inclusion in the CrossRef database.
Electric field control of E region coherent echoes: Evidence from radar observations at the South Pole
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. , Forsythe V. V. , Kellerman A. C.
Published: February 2015

Characteristics and formation mechanisms of E region plasma irregularities at high latitudes are investigated using observations with the newly deployed Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar at the South Pole Antarctic station (SPS) near a magnetic latitude (MLAT) of 75°S. It is shown that E region echo occurrence at SPS exhibits a diurnal variation that is significantly different from those at auroral and polar cap latitudes. Moreover, analysis of major spectral populations also showed a distinct and previously unreported diurnal pattern. The plasma drift velocity estimates are derived at E region ranges of SPS, leveraging the SPS radar's position well within the MLAT region where SuperDARN convection estimates are well constrained by the data. It is shown that E region irregularity occurrence increases when the convection direction is within the SPS field of view and/or when the plasma drift component is comparable with the nominal ion‐acoustic speed Cs of 350 m/s. This is the expected behavior for irregularities generated directly by the modified two‐stream plasma instability (MTSI). On the other hand, irregularity velocity dependence on convection velocity showed an unexpected saturation at velocity values smaller than nominal Cs. It is demonstrated that the convection velocity at which irregularity velocity starts to differ from the convection component and to approach a maximum value is dependent on the magnetic aspect angle. Moreover, the maximum velocity value itself also depends on the aspect angle. The observed behavior is discussed in context of recent models that involve evolving aspect angles as a key characteristic of MTSI saturation.
New 3‐D simulations of climate change in the thermosphere
Authors: Solomon Stanley C. , Qian Liying , Roble Raymond G.
Published: February 2015

Model simulations of temperature and density trends in the upper thermosphere are generally consistent with satellite drag data, but some discrepancies remain. The most important of these is that satellite drag analyses under solar minimum conditions have measured density change of about −5% per decade near 400 km altitude, while model simulations of upper atmosphere cooling due to anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide and other trace gases have predicted about half that rate. For solar moderate and maximum conditions, agreement is better. The rate of change is less during higher solar activity, because higher levels of nitric oxide cooling compete with the anthropogenic cooling. However, some past modeling studies used global mean models, and others attempted to scale to decadal rates from scenarios where carbon dioxide was doubled. Both of these approaches have shortcomings. Therefore, we have performed new, fully 3‐D simulations, using the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model, to better quantify secular change rates at various levels of solar activity. These simulations use a 12 year baseline (approximately one solar cycle) in order to more directly compare with measured rates. Our new findings are in better agreement with observations for solar minimum conditions, approximately −5% per decade at 400 km, and are also still in reasonable agreement at solar maximum, approximately −2% per decade. This confluence of observation and simulation strengthens the case that some of the best evidence of the impact of anthropogenic global change on the upper atmosphere is the continued systematic decrease of thermospheric density.
Electrodynamics of the equatorial evening ionosphere: 2. Conductivity influences on convection, current, and electrodynamic energy flow
Authors: Richmond A. D. , Fang T.‐W.
Published: February 2015

We analyze how the evening equatorial plasma vortex and the prereversal enhancement (PRE) of the vertical drift are influenced by the distributions of conductivity in the E and F regions in relation to the wind, through numerical simulations with the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model coupled with the global ionosphere‐plasmasphere model. The nightside electric potential satisfies an approximate minimization principle that unifies the connection of the horizontal and vertical components of plasma convection to the wind and conductivity distributions. The relative roles of E and F region conductivities on the convection and current closure are clarified. Evening time F region zonal winds at latitudes that encompass the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region provide the main energy source to drive the convection, including the PRE. The E region helps regulate both the meridional and the zonal convection through drag on the meridional convection associated with Cowling current. For large nighttime E region conductivities, additional drag on the zonal convection comes from the Pedersen conductance. The minimization principle favors meridional plasma inflow to the EIA region from lower rather than higher magnetic apex heights, so long as the E region Cowling conductance is not too large. This upward/poleward inflow maximizes on field lines that traverse the lower F layer near the equatorward edge of the EIA region, producing a PRE with maximum vertical velocity within the equatorial F layer.
Relating reactive solute transport to hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture in a Lagrangian‐based transport model: 1. Time‐dependent effective retardation factor
Authors: Soltanian Mohamad Reza , Ritzi Robert W. , Huang Chao Cheng , Dai Zhenxue
Published: February 2015

This series of papers addresses the transport of reactive solutes in groundwater. In part 1, the time‐dependent effective retardation factor,
, of reactive solutes undergoing equilibrium sorption is linked to hierarchical stratal architecture using a Lagrangian‐based transport model. The model is based on hierarchical expressions of the spatial covariance of the log distribution coefficient,
and the spatial cross covariance between
and the log permeability,
. The spatial correlation structure in these covariance expressions is the probability of transitioning across strata types of different scales, and they are parameterized by independent and quantifiable physical attributes of sedimentary architecture including univariate statistics for Y,
, and the proportions and lengths of facies. Nothing is assumed about Y‐
point correlation; it is allowed to differ by facies type. The duration of the time‐dependent change in
is a function of the effective ranges of the cross‐transition probability structures (i.e., the ranges of indicator correlation structures) for each scale of stratal architecture. The plume velocity and the effective retardation stabilize at a large‐time limit after the plume centroid has traveled a distance that encompasses the effective ranges of these cross‐transition probability structures. The well‐documented perchloroethene (PCE) tracer test at the Borden research site is used to illustrate the model. The model gives a viable explanation for the observed PCE plume deceleration, and thus the observed
can be explained by the process of linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in k and Kd. In part 2 [Soltanian et al., ], reactive plume dispersion, as quantified by the particle displacement variance is linked to stratal architecture using a Lagrangian‐based transport model.
An Ion‐Exchange Promoted Phase Transition in a Li‐Excess Layered Cathode Material for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Jianqing , Huang Ruiming , Gao Wenpei , Zuo Jian‐Min , Zhang Xiao Feng , Misture Scott T. , Chen Yuan , Lockard Jenny V. , Zhang Boliang , Guo Shengmin , Khoshi Mohammad Reza , Dooley Kerry , He Huixin , Wang Ying
Published: February 2015

A new approach to intentionally induce phase transition of Li‐excess layered cathode materials for high‐performance lithium ion batteries is reported. In high contrast to the limited layered‐to‐spinel phase transformation that occurred during in situ electrochemical cycles, a Li‐excess layered Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 is completely converted to a Li4Mn5O12‐type spinel product via ex situ ion‐exchanges and a post‐annealing process. Such a layered‐to‐spinel phase conversion is examined using in situ X‐ray diffraction and in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is found that generation of sufficient lithium ion vacancies within the Li‐excess layered oxide plays a critical role for realizing a complete phase transition. The newly formed spinel material exhibits initial discharge capacities of 313.6, 267.2, 204.0, and 126.3 mAh g−1 when cycled at 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 C (1 C = 250 mA g−1), respectively, and can retain a specific capacity of 197.5 mAh g−1 at 1 C after 100 electrochemical cycles, demonstrating remarkably improved rate capability and cycling stability in comparison with the original Li‐excess layered cathode materials. This work sheds light on fundamental understanding of phase transitions within Li‐excess layered oxides. It also provides a novel route for tailoring electrochemical performance of Li‐excess layered cathode materials for high‐capacity lithium ion batteries.
Prevalence of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations related to adult mitochondrial disease
Authors: Gorman Gráinne S. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Ng Yi , Gomez Nicholas , Blakely Emma L. , Alston Charlotte L. , Feeney Catherine , Horvath Rita , Yu‐Wai‐Man Patrick , Chinnery Patrick F. , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Douglass M. , McFarland Robert
Published: February 2015

Objective

The prevalence of mitochondrial disease has proven difficult to establish, predominantly as a result of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The phenotypic spectrum of mitochondrial disease has expanded significantly since the original reports that associated classic clinical syndromes with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements and point mutations. The revolution in genetic technologies has allowed interrogation of the nuclear genome in a manner that has dramatically improved the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. We comprehensively assessed the prevalence of all forms of adult mitochondrial disease to include pathogenic mutations in both nuclear and mtDNA.

Methods

Adults with suspected mitochondrial disease in the North East of England were referred to a single neurology center from 1990 to 2014. For the midyear period of 2011, we evaluated the minimum prevalence of symptomatic nuclear DNA mutations and symptomatic and asymptomatic mtDNA mutations causing mitochondrial diseases.

Results

The minimum prevalence rate for mtDNA mutations was 1 in 5,000 (20 per 100,000), comparable with our previously published prevalence rates. In this population, nuclear mutations were responsible for clinically overt adult mitochondrial disease in 2.9 per 100,000 adults.

Interpretation

Combined, our data confirm that the total prevalence of adult mitochondrial disease, including pathogenic mutations of both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (≈1 in 4,300), is among the commonest adult forms of inherited neurological disorders. These figures hold important implications for the evaluation of interventions, provision of evidence‐based health policies, and planning of future services. Ann Neurol 2015 Ann Neurol 2015;77:753–759
Significant Enhancement in the Efficiency and Selectivity of Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Phenols by Fluoroalcohols
Authors: Gaster Eden , Vainer Yulia , Regev Almog , Narute Sachin , Sudheendran Kavitha , Werbeloff Aviya , Shalit Hadas , Pappo Doron
Published: February 2015

Significant enhancement of both the rate and the chemoselectivity of iron‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols can be achieved in fluorinated solvents, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol (HFIP), 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE), and 1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. The generality of this effect was examined for the cross‐coupling of phenols with arenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and of phenol with β‐dicarbonyl compounds. The new conditions were utilized in the synthesis of 2′′′‐dehydroxycalodenin B in only four synthetic steps.
Rutheniumkatalysierte Synthese von 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenen und komplexer Polycyclen aus Propargylalkoholen
Authors: Thies Nora , Haak Edgar
Published: February 2015

Rutheniumkatalysierte Kaskadentransformationen zur Synthese von 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenen und darauf basierende Mehrkomponentenprozesse zum Aufbau komplexer Polycyclen werden vorgestellt. Die Kombination von Allylierungs‐Cyclisierungs‐Sequenzen mit Dien‐transmissiven Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen ermöglicht den schnellen und selektiven Aufbau naturstoffähnlicher Motive ausgehend von leicht zugänglichen Verbindungen im Eintopfverfahren und eröffnet einen neuen Zugang zu potenziellen Wirkstoffkandidaten.
Nickel‐Triad Complexes of a Side‐on Coordinating Distannene
Authors: Sindlinger Christian P. , Weiß Sebastian , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars
Published: February 2015

NHC adducts of the stannylene Trip2Sn (Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) were reacted with zero‐valent Ni, Pd, and Pt precursor complexes to cleanly yield the respective metal complexes featuring a three‐membered ring moiety Sn‐Sn‐M along with carbene transfer onto the metal and complete substitution of the starting ligands. Thus the easily accessible NHC adducts to stannylenes are shown to be valuable precursors for transition‐metal complexes with an unexpected SnSn bond. The complexes have been studied by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. The compounds featuring the structural motif of a distannametallacycle comprised of a [(NHC)2M0] fragment and Sn2Trip4 represent rare higher congeners of the well‐known olefin complexes. DFT calculations indicate the presence of a π‐type Sn–Sn interaction in these first examples for acyclic distannenes symmetrically coordinating to a zero‐valent transition metal.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3‐Cyclo[3]dendralenes and Complex Polycycles from Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Thies Nora , Haak Edgar
Published: February 2015

Ruthenium‐catalyzed cascade transformations for the synthesis of 2,3‐cyclo[3]dendralenes and multicomponent processes based thereon to generate complex polycycles are presented. The combination of allylation–cyclization sequences with diene‐transmissive Diels–Alder reactions allows the rapid and selective construction of natural‐product‐like motifs from easily accessible starting materials in a one‐pot process and provides a new method to access potential drug candidates.
Crosslinkable micelles from diblock amphiphilic copolymers based on vinylbenzyl thymine and vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride
Authors: Barbarini Alejandro L. , Estenoz Diana A. , Martino Débora M.
Published: February 2015

Polymeric micelles (PMs) composed of self‐assembled amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized from vinylbenzyl thymine (VBT) and vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride (VBA) exhibiting improved physical stability. Three diblock copolymers of different chemical compositions and similar molecular weights (polydispersities below 1.5) were obtained via nitroxide mediated radical polymerization. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined by dye micellization method, the shift of the absorption peak of the anionic (EY) due to the interactions with non‐assembled chains and auto‐assembled copolymers was followed. Polymeric systems exhibited good stability revealing that a higher proportion of cationic monomers in the diblock reduce the CMC. Furthermore, after the core of PMs was photocrosslinked by UV irradiation, the CMC decreases notably. Kinetic release studies using EY dye as probe demonstrated that both, higher VBA ratios in the polymer and higher UV‐irradiation, slow down the dye release. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41947.
Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Interlocked Architectures in Solution and at the Solution:Surface Interface
Authors: Wilson Hannah , Byrne Sean , Mullen Kathleen M.
Published: February 2015

Despite advances in the range of mechanically interlocked architectures that can be synthesized and operated as supramolecular machines, motors and sensors in solution, in many cases their synthesis is laborious and expensive requiring long multistep pathways with extensive purification at each stage. Dynamic covalent chemistry has been shown to overcome problems with traditional kinetically controlled synthetic approaches that often afford low yields of interlocked architectures due to irreversible formation of non‐interlocked by‐products. Herein, we describe the use of reversible disulfide exchange reactions as a means to assemble catenanes and rotaxanes in organic solutions. Moreover, the application of this thermodynamic approach to assemble interlocked architectures at the solution:surface interface, specifically polymer resins, is discussed.
An improved method for the production of fructooligosaccharides by immobilized β‐fructofuranosidase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Mouelhi Refka , Abidi Ferid , Marzouki Mohamed Nejib
Published: February 2015

This work is focused on the prebiotic synthesis by a purified immobilized β‐fructofuranosidase (FFase) using a by‐product molasses as a substrate. When cultivated on wheat bran, the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces FFase with interesting transfructosylating activity. The enzyme was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography to homogeneity. It showed a specific activity of 66.06 U/mg and a molecular mass of 50 kDa. The FFase was immobilized covalently on alginate and chitosan, and the immobilization yield was 90% and 81% respectively, yet the immobilization efficiency was 52% and 93% in that order. The fixed enzymes were stable at a pH varying from 4.0 to 7.0 and at a temperature ranging from 4 to 70 °C. Yet, kinetic parameters and catalytic efficiency were determined for both immobilized and free FFases. Interestingly, chitosan cross‐linked enzyme activity was maintained at 89.24% level after 50 reuses during 1 week. Continuous production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from beet molasses in chitosan enzyme reactor was improved. The maximum production yield obtained in 12 H was 72.2% (g FOS/g Sucrose). Thin‐layer chromatography analysis showed that the major products are kestose and nystose.