bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz spectrum study of organic electro-optic crystal 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate
Authors: Lian Yu-Xiang  , Dai Ze-Lin  , Xu Xiang-Dong  , Gu Yu  , Li Xin-Rong  , Wang Fu  , Yang Chun  , Cheng Xiao-Meng  , Zhou Hua-Xin  ,   State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China;,   College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
Published: December 2020

The ground-state structural optimization and the terahertz spectrum calculation of an organic electro-optical crystal of 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) are performed using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D2). DAST consists of an organic pyridinium salt (cation), one of the most efficient non-linear optical active chromophores and a sulfonate (anion) for enhancing the stability of the noncentrosymmetric macroscopic crystal. Such an organic crystalline salt DAST exhibits highly electro-optical and nonlinear optical coefficients, and it is an efficient emitter of THz pulses. The steady ground-state structure of DAST is obtained by a step-by-step optimization method with gradually increasing the convergence accuracy. The calculated terahertz spectra in 0-4 THz are in good agreement with experimental measurements, implying the reasonability of DFT-D2 method. Moreover, the vibration displacement vector diagrams for DAST molecular structure are obtained using Cambridge sequential total energy package animation simulation function. The results indicate that the phonon modes of DAST crystal at 1.12 THz are attributed to the optical phonon modes of the anion and cation, and DAST cation (organic pyridinium salt) and anion (sulfonate) undergo translational vibrations in their respective (benzene ring) plane. In contrast the vibrations at 1.46 THz and 1.54 THz are mainly related to the vibration of the sulfonate, among which 1.46 THz vibration is caused by the rotation of the sulfonate along the a axis, while 1.54 THz is due to the motion of the whole sulfonate along the c axis. And the vibrations at 2.63 THz and 3.16 THz originate from the torsional vibrations of cations and the rotation of anions, respectively. The results presented in this work clearly illustrate the contributions of the anion and cation of DAST in the THz responses. The mode assignments provide important reference and guidance for further synthesis of new DAST derivatives with larger electro-optical coefficients. In particular, our results suggest that DFT method is a powerful theoretical tool for studying the THz photonics and it is helpful not only for better understanding the mechanisms of the THz responses of organic electro-optic crystals, but also for controlling their performances.
Single event upset characteristics and physical mechanism for nanometric SOI SRAM induced by space energetic ions
Authors: Zhang Zhan-Gang  , Lei Zhi-Feng  , Yue Long  , Liu Yuan  , He Yu-Juan  , Peng Chao  , Shi Qian  , Huang Yun  , En Yun-Fei  ,   Science and Technology on Reliability Physics and Application of Electronic Component Laboratory, China Electronic Product Reliability and Environmental Testing Research Institute, Guangzhou 510610, China
Published: December 2020

Based on Monte-Carlo method, the characteristics and physical mechanisms for deposited-energy spectra in sensitive volume (SV), single event upset cross sections, and on-orbit error rates in 65-32 nm silicon-on-insulator static random access memory (SOI SRAM) devices induced by space energetic ions are investigated. Space ions on geostationary earth orbit exhibit a flux peak at an energy point of about 200 MeV/n. In consequence, the single event response of nanometric SOI SRAMs under 200 MeV/n heavy ions is studied in detail. The results show that 200 MeV/n space ions exhibit the large straggling of deposited-energy in the device SV with thickness ranging from 60 nm to 40 nm, which causes the single event upsets to occur in the sub-LETmth region. The device SV can only partially collect the electron-hole pairs in the single ion track with a wide distribution of secondary electrons. As a result, the maximum and average deposited-energy in the SV decrease by 25% and 33.3%, respectively. Further, the single event upset probability decreases and the on-orbit error rate decreases by about 80%. With the downscaling of feature size, the per-bit saturated cross sections and on-orbit error rates of nanometric SOI SRAM devices decrease dramatically. The phenomenon of constant-increasing single event upset cross section with higher ion linear energy transfer (LET) is not observed, owing to the fact that (a) the density of electron-hole pairs in the track of 200 MeV/n space ion is relatively low and (b) the SOI device has thin sensitive volume, which results in the fact that the secondary-electron effect cannot upset nearby sensitive cells. Besides, it is found that the direct-ionization process of trapped protons leads to an increase of on-orbit error rate of 65 nm SOI SRAM by one to two orders of magnitude.
Weighting inversion of dynamic light scattering based on particle-size information distribution character
Authors: Xu Min  , Shen Jin  , Huang Yu  , Xu Ya-Nan  , Zhu Xin-Jun  , Wang Ya-Jing  , Liu Wei  , Gao Ming-Liang  ,   School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;,   School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tian Jin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
Published: December 2020

In particle sizing with dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, the determination of particle size distribution (PSD), via inversing the autocorrelation function (ACF) of scattering light, is usually limited by the inherently low particle size information in ACF data and, the lack of targeted inversion on the noise restriction and the particle size information utilization. For the ACF data in DLS measurement, most of particle size information is centrally contained in the decay section and the larger noise is contained in the larger delay section. However, no consideration of the particle size information distribution in the ACF data for the routine inversion method increases the difficulty of the accurate PSD inversion, especially the broad and bimodal PSDs. Until now, it is still a difficult problem to obtain an accurate recovery of the broad and bimodal PSDs, specifically the bimodal PSD with a peak position ratio less than 2:1 and containing large particles (350 nm). In this paper, a character-weighted constrained regularization (CW-CR) method is proposed, in which, the particle size information distribution in the ACF as the base and the adjustment parameter as the exponent are used to weight the ACF. By using the weighting coefficients corresponding to the particle size information distribution along the delay time in ACF, the CW-CR method can enhance the utilization of the particle size information in ACF data, and effectively weaken the effect of noise at large delay time. With this method, the closely spaced bimodal PSD (with nominal diameters of m 350 nm:500 nm in simulation, m 300 nm:502 nm in experiment) is recovered successfully at a high noise level of 0.01. It shows that the CW-CR method, combined with the multiangle DLS (MDLS) measurement, can effectively make the best use of the particle size information hiding in the noisy ACF data, and improve the resolution of bimodal PSD as well as the capability of noise suppression. So it can make the advantages of MDLS more highlighted than the routine method in the recovery of the broad and bimodal PSDs.
Analysis of laser diode array pump coupling system based on microlens array
Authors: Yan Xiong-Wei  , Wang Zhen-Guo  , Jiang Xin-Ying  , Zheng Jian-Gang  , Li Min  , Jing Yu-Feng  ,   Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China;,   Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Mianyang 621900, China
Published: December 2020

In order to improve the performance of laser diode (LD) array pumping field in high-power solid state laser, an LD array pumping coupling system based on microlens array is used to achieve a high-uniformity pumping source with a longer transmission distance.
The homogenizer has two structures based on microlens array, which are called diffracting homogenizer and imaging homogenizer. In this paper, we mainly study imaging microlens array due to its advantages of simple structure, better output homogeneity, flexibility of changing pumping field size, and insensitive to change in the input beam.
First, the mathematical expression of the intensity distribution of target surface is derived based on the theory of geometrical optical. According to the geometrical optical formula, we obtain the relationship between the intensity distribution of target surface and system parameters, i.e., maximum incident angle of LD array, the distance between two microlens arrays, and the aperture and focal length of microlens. The boundary condition of microlens Fresnel number is derived based on the LD array beam parameters.
Second, the influence of the number of microlens array elements on the output field homogeneity is studied theoreti-cally by the mathematical statistics method. As the input beam is considered to be divided randomly, the central limit theorem is employed to derive the mathematical expression of calculating the integrated output field non-homogeneity. The formula shows that the non-homogeneity is in inverse proportion to the root of the number of microlens array elements and the related maximum and minimum value of input field intensity distribution. And the spatial period of microlens array is designed to be unrelated to the spatial period of LD array to reduce the coherence of LD beam.
According to the luminescence field parameters of an LD array consisting of 25 bars, an LD coupling imaging microlens array homogenizer test system is designed and constructed based on the theoretical analysis above. Another contrast system with a different microlens array which is not optimized is constructed at the same time.
The coupling characteristics of two coupling systems with different microlens arrays are compared. The simulation and experimental test are carried out. The experimental result accords well with the simulated result, and thus proving the correctness of the theoretical studies. The coupling system with optimized microlens array shows better homogeneous effect with an output field non-homogeneity of 7.9%, and a coupling efficiency of 90.7%, proving the feasibility of the system for LD array pumping field homogenization.
Measurement of molecular absorption spectrum with a laser locked on a high-finesse cavity
Authors: Kang Peng  , Sun Yu  , Wang Jin  , Liu An-Wen  , Hu Shui-Ming  ,   Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Published: December 2020

High-resolution and high-sensitivity molecular spectroscopy is widely used in fundamental molecular physics, atmospheric studies, remote sensing, industrial process monitoring, and medical diagnostics. Accurate determination of the parameters of molecule absorption lines, such as line positions, line strengths, line widths and profiles, is essential to support these studies and applications. For example, in order to retrieve the column density of carbon dioxide with a precision of one part per million (ppm), we need laboratory data of line positions with a uncertainty lower than 0.3 MHz and line intensities with a relative accuracy better than 0.5%. Here we present precision spectroscopy of molecules using a laser locked with a high-finesse cavity. The cavity made of invar is thermo-stabilized to reduce the drifts of its length and the cavity mode frequencies. The frequency of the probe laser is locked on a longitudinal mode of the cavity by using the Pound-Drever-Hall method. Another beam from the probe laser, which is frequency shifted and on resonance with a nearby longitudinal mode of the cavity, is used for cavity ring-down spectrum (CRDS) measurement. The CRDS absorption spectrum is recorded by stepping the modulation frequency of a fiber electro-optic modulator in increment of the mode spacing of the cavity. Note that the cavity mode frequencies are shifted due to the dispersion introduced by the absorption lines. Prior to the CRDS measurements, the transmittance spectra of the cavity modes are recorded by scanning the probe laser frequencies over the resonance, which allows the determination of the cavity mode frequencies with an accuracy at a Hz level. Therefore, a dispersion spectrum is also obtained using the same setup by measuring the frequency shifts of cavity modes of the samples with and without absorption. The absolute frequency of the probe laser is determined by an optical frequency comb referring to a GPS-disciplined rubidium clock. The long term drift of beat frequency between the optical frequency comb and the probe laser is measured to be about 1.8 MHz per hour, which is consistent with the thermal expansion of the cavity under a temperature drift of 50 mK. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated by measuring the Doppler-broadened spectra of CO2 around 6470.42 cm-1. Precise spectroscopic parameters are derived from both the absorption and dispersion spectra recorded by the same spectrometer. The line position is determined with an accuracy of 0.18 MHz, which is over one order of magnitude better than those given in previous studies and spectral databases.
Quasi-soliton solution of Korteweg-de Vries equation and its application in ion acoustic waves
Authors: Wang Jian-Yong  , Cheng Xue-Ping  , Zeng Ying  , Zhang Yuan-Xiang  , Ge Ning-Yi  ,   College of Teacher Education, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China;,   Department of Physics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China;,   College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
Published: December 2020

Investigation of interaction between solitons and their background small amplitude waves has been an interesting topic in numerical study for more than three decades. A classical soliton accompanied with oscillatory tails to infinite extent in space, is an interesting quasi-soliton, which has been revealed in experimental study and really observed. However, analytical solution of such a special quasi-soliton structure is rarely considered. In this paper, two branches of soliton-cnoidal wave solution as well as the two-soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation are obtained by the generalized tanh expansion method. The exact relation between the soliton-cnoidal wave solution and the classical soliton solution of the KdV equation is established. By choosing suitable wave parameters, the quasi-soliton behavior of the soliton-cnoidal wave solution is revealed. It is found that with modulus of the Jacobi elliptic function approaching to zero asymptotically, the oscillating tails can be minimized and the soliton core of the soliton-cnoidal wave turns closer to the classical soliton solution. In addition, the quasi-soliton structure is revealed in a plasma physics system. By the reductive perturbation approach, the KdV equation modeling ion acoustic waves in an ideal homogeneous magnetized plasma is derived. It is confirmed that the waveform of the quasi-soliton is significantly influenced by the electron distribution, temperature ratio of ion to electron, magnetic field strength, and magnetic field direction. Interestingly, the amplitude of the quasi-soliton keeps constant due to the -independence of nonlinear coefficient A. The width of the soliton core and the wavelength of the surrounded periodic wave become constant with the further increase of . The explicit soliton-cnoidal wave solution with quasi-soliton behavior obtained here is applicable to many physical scenarios. For instance, the quasi-soliton structure can be viewed as a classical soliton with perturbations, and can correct the classical soliton in both theoretical and experimental study.
Mindfulness and Menopause- A Review
Authors: Thomas Timi , Kamath Neetha , Kumar Ajay
Published: December 2020

Mind-body therapies hold several advantages from the viewpoint of security, fulfilment, implementation and possible ancillary social and psychological health benefits. Side effects and risks of mind-body practice are generally nominal, implementation costs are little and most mind-body therapies can be performed by a broad range of populations, including overweight and sedentary menopausal women. The use of mind-body therapies for the alleviation of a menopausal symptoms is becoming increasingly common because of the perceived therapeutic benefits. The practice of mindfulness allows the participants to be aware of the present moment without concern for past or future consequences. Several researchers have discovered that being mindful may be helpful for menopausal women struggling with irritability, anxiety and depression. The purpose of this article aimed at reviewing the literature which studies the impact of the mindfulness-based training on menopausal symptoms among women during their climacteric period. Many midlife women try out practices like relaxation techniques, breathing exercises and yoga to help them get through these difficult times during their transitional period of life. Although these daily practices probably do not relieve symptoms such as hot flashes, they might improve overall wellbeing and help them sleep better. The literature was searched using databases such as CINAHL, Pub Med, Pro-Quest and Google scholar. The search terms used were: menopause, menopausal symptoms, mindfulness, quality of life and midlife transition. In India, the practice of mindfulness is not very well known among the menopausal women, so the aim of this review was to show a pathway to the primary health care workers like physicians, counsellors and the nurses, who can guide them about the practice of mindfulness thereby improving the quality of life.
To What Extent Buccal Mucosal Graft Can Shrink Immediately after Harvesting during Substitutional Urethroplasty for Stricture Urethra?
Authors: Choudhary Arpan , Patel Prashant , Thakur Avinash Pratap Singh , Solanki Fanindra Singh
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Long segment stricture urethra is a difficult urological disease to treat. Substitutional urethroplasty utilising the Buccal Mucosal Graft (BMG) has shown promising results. Still up to one fourth of the patients can develop recurrence in the long term. Shrinkage of BMG immediately after harvesting, is a less studied phenomenon. It may compromise the tension free placement of BMG over the urethral defect, especially in long strictures. This may ultimately affect the final outcome. Aim: To study postharvest shrinkage of the BMG in patients undergoing substitutional urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted during the study period from 2018 to 2020. All 18 patients of substitutional urethroplasty with BMG were enrolled. The baseline clinical profile was noted. Preharvest size of BMG was calculated and marked over the Buccal Mucosa (BM). Postharvest size was measured immediately after graft removal from the oral cavity. Changes in the donor area were also assessed. Alteration in BMG size and donor site area was analysed using paired t-test. Alterations in tobacco and non-tobacco users were compared using an unpaired t-test. Descriptive data were presented in the form of mean, range, percentage and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was completed using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM Corp, NY, USA). Statistical significance was kept below 0.05. Results: There were 18 cases which were finally available for analysis. Mean age was 32.9±14.2 years. Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) was the most common aetiology. Pan-anterior stricture was found in 9/18 of cases. Mean pre and postharvest BMG size was 7.7×1.8 and 6.9×1.6 cm, respectively. An 8.8% decrease in length (p<0.001**) and 10.8% decrease in width of BMG (p<0.001**) occurred after harvesting, which were statistically significant. A significant Increase in the donor site area was also seen (18.5%, p<0.001**). Conclusion: A shrinkage of around 9% in the length and 11% of the width was seen in BMG after harvesting. The study suggests taking an extra 10% of measured size of BMG, in order to compensate for the expected shrinkage. The donor site area also increases and can be left open to heal by itself.
Interface‐Enhanced and Self‐Guided Growth of 2D Interlayer Heterostructure Wafers with Vertically Aligned Van Der Waals Layers
Authors: Hu Yi , Wang Xingli , Wang Xingguo , Gong Yue , Tang Zikun , Zhao Guangchao , Yip Weng Hou , Liu Jingyi , Lim Seoung Bum , Boutchich Mohamed , Coquet Philippe , Lau Shu Ping , Tay Beng Kang
Published: February 2025

2D heterostructures have garnered significant interest in the scientific community owing to their exceptional carrier transport properties and tunable band alignment. The fabrication of these heterostructures on a wafer scale is crucial for advancing industrial applications but remains particularly challenging for metals with low sulfidation activity, such as Hf. Herein, the one‐pot method is developed for fabricating wafer‐scale HfSe2/WSe2 interlayer heterostructures with vertically aligned van der Waals layers via interface‐enhanced selenization and self‐guided growth. By depositing a W layer (high sulfidation activity) over a Hf layer, followed by a one‐pot selenization process, the chemical combination between Hf and Se atoms is enhanced through interfacial Se diffusion and confined lattice reaction. Moreover, the WSe2 layers grow perpendicular to the substrate and further guide the crystallization of the bottom HfSe2 layers. The resulting heterostructures, characterized by covalent bonds, demonstrate significant charge transfer, enhanced piezoelectricity, notable rectification effects, and Si‐compatible transistor integration. This interface‐enhanced selenization and self‐guided growth pathway may provide valuable insights into the fabrication of covalently connected interlayer heterostructures involving metals with low sulfidation activity, as well as the development of high‐density integrated circuits.
Human‐Centric, Three Dimensional Micro Light‐Emitting Diodes for Cosmetic and Medical Phototherapy
Authors: Nam Ki Yun , Kim Min Seo , An Jaehun , Min Seongwook , Lee Jae Hee , Park Jae Sung , Huh Chang‐Hun , Yun Seok Hyun , Lee Keon Jae
Published: February 2025

Phototherapy based on micro light‐emitting diodes (µLEDs) has gained enormous attention in the medical field as a patient‐friendly therapeutic method due to its advantages of minimal invasiveness, fewer side effects, and versatile device form factors with high stability in biological environment. Effective cosmetic and medical phototherapy depends on deep light penetration, precise irradiation, and simultaneous multi‐site stimulation, facilitated by three‐dimensional (3D) optoelectronics specifically designed for complex human matters, defined here as 3D µLEDs. This perspective article aims to present the functionalities and strategies of 3D µLEDs for human‐centric phototherapy. This study investigates the effectiveness of phototherapy enabled by three key functionalities such as shape morphing, self‐adaptation, and multilayered spatiotemporal mapping of 3D µLEDs. Finally, this article provides future insights of 3D µLEDs for human‐centric phototherapy applications.
Registry‐Based Frequency of Molecularly Confirmed Osteogenesis Imperfecta in a Swiss Cohort of Individuals With Connective Tissue Disorders
Authors: Abegglen Olivia , Srikantharupan Shajanth , Zotter Kathrin , Marcionelli Giulio , Ndarugendamwo Timothée , Lim Pei Jin , Giunta Cecilia , Kaufman Christina , Rohrbach Marianne
Published: February 2025

Patient registries play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of rare diseases, enabling the collection of comprehensive clinical and molecular data that inform diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies and advance our understanding of rare diseases. We showcase the first Swiss registry of 796 patients with suspected or confirmed connective tissue disorders (CTD) who were referred to our center over a period of 26 years between 1995 and 2022. The registry contains information on the natural history, anthropometrics, biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses. 61.3% of patients were referred by other hospitals or genetic specialists, with the primary reasons for referral being suspicion of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) (53.6%) and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) (28.1%). Molecular confirmation of these diagnoses was obtained in 60 cases of EDS and 98 cases of OI through genetic testing. In‐depth analyses of 173 OI patients revealed that the majority of OI cases were caused by mutations in COL1A1 or COL1A2. Rarer variants were identified in genes involved in collagen synthesis and bone regulation. Genotype–phenotype correlations were observed in a small subset of patients, with a high prevalence of glycine substitutions in COL1A1 and COL1A2 variants associated with severe phenotypes. This registry offers insights into the molecular underpinnings of EDS and OI and underscores the importance of genetic testing for accurate diagnosis and management.
Quinazoline, Imidazoline, and Azetidine Heterocycles via Oxidative Sulfonamidation of Camphene
Authors: Moskalik Mikhail Yu. , Garagan Ivan A. , Borodina Tatyana N. , Zinchenko Sergei V. , Shainyan Bagrat Armenovich
Published: February 2025

The NBS‐induced reaction of camphene with sulfonamides in acetonitrile in the presence of cesium carbonate and with three‐fold excess of NBS results in the formation of the Ritter type solvent interception products with spiro‐joined imidazoline ring and the unrearranged camphene framework (major products, up to 70%), and the rearranged products with fused azetidine and camphene rings (minor products, up to 28%). With equimolar amount of NBS, only the rearranged products of the quinazoline type with fused tetrahydropyrimidine and camphene rings are formed in up to 74% yield. The azetidine derivatives of monoterpenes represent practically unknown class of compounds, their structure was proved by X‐ray analysis, and the mechanism of formation of all three types of products is discussed.
Selective C3 Functionalization of 4H‐Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones via Glyoxylic Acid: Tuning Products with Temperature and Solvents
Authors: Shaikh Arbaz Sujat , Kumar Ashish , Makhal Priyanka N. , Ikhe Akanksha Sanjayrao , Bhale Nagesh , Dikundwar Amol G. , Kaki Venkatarao
Published: February 2025

Herein, we report a metal free protocol for direct and selective C3 hydroxymethylation, methylenation and formylation of 4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones. The protocol is achieved by using an environmental friendly, economical and naturally occurring reagent, glyoxylic acid. Selectivity of the reaction product can be achieved by simply switching the reaction medium, DMSO for hydroxymethylation/methylenation and CH3CN for formylation. The protocol is scalable, delivering good yields, reaching up to 95% across a wide range of derivatives.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Cyclization of Cyclohexadienone‐Tethered (Z)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds
Authors: Zhang Jian-Wei , Li Shu-Hui , Li Qinghua , Tian Ping
Published: February 2025

The hydrobenzofuranone framework is a core structural motif found in natural products. Herein, we report an efficient rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric reductive cyclization of cyclohexadienone‐tethered (Z)‐α,β‐unsaturated amides and esters, providing hydrobenzofuranones bearing three consecutive stereogenic centers in cis‐cis‐form with good yields, moderate diastereoselectivity, and excellent enantioselectivity. The subgram‐scale experiment and downstream transformations underscore the utility of this protocol. Furthermore, DFT calculations show that the enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity are determined by the cyclization step.
Aqueous Zr/HfIV‐Oxo Cluster Speciation and Separation
Authors: Roseborough Alexander , Loughran Ryan , Zakharov Lev N. , Colla Christopher A. , Nyman May
Published: February 2025

Many industrial separations of chemically‐similar elements are achieved by solvent extraction, exploiting differences in speciation and solubility across aqueous‐organic interfaces. We recently identified [OM4(OH)6(SCN)12]4− (OM4, M=Zr/HfIV) tetrahedral oxoclusters as the main species in industrial processes that produce nuclear‐grade Zr and Hf from crude ore. However, isostructural/isoelectronic OM4‐oxoclusters do not explain selective extraction of Hf into the organic phase. Here we have characterized heterometal Hf−Zr clusters in solution and the solid‐state yielding key information about their fundamentally different chemistry that engenders separation. Clusters prepared with both ammonium (industrial process) and tetramethylammonium counter cations revealed that 1) heterometal clusters (instead of a mixture of homometal clusters) assemble, and 2) Hf‐rich OM4 selectively precipitates over Zr‐rich OM4, providing a separation process that does not require an organic extractant. Mass spectrometry, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, solution‐state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and solid‐state 17O NMR evidence both mixed‐metal speciation and selective Hf‐precipitation. Raman spectroscopy suggests greater Zr‐ligand lability than Hf‐ligand lability, consistent with higher aqueous solubility of Zr‐rich clusters, enabling both extraction and precipitation‐based separation. Fundamentally, we also identify a key difference between these chemically similar elements that has enabled diversification of Zr‐polyoxocation chemistry over the last decade, while Hf‐polyoxocation chemistry lags.
Cu(I) Halide Complex Featuring Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Aggregate Induced Emission for Efficient X‐ray Scintillation and Imaging
Authors: Jiang Jiaxin , Zhao Yunfang , Li Zhijia , Ye Yangxingyu , Wu Zhiyuan , Jiang Feilong , Chen Lian , Hong Maochun
Published: February 2025

Developing solution‐processable and stable scintillators with high light yields, low detection limits and high imaging resolutions holds great significance for flexible X‑ray imaging. However, attaining an optimal equilibrium among X‐ray absorption capacity, exciton utilization efficiency, and decay lifetime of scintillators remains a substantial challenge. Here, a new Cu(I) halide complex was synthesized in a mild condition. It exhibits intense blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), remarkable aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristic, as well as good water‐oxygen stability and photochemical stability. Notably, the complex shows excellent radiation resistance and efficient radioluminescence (RL) with an ultra‐low detection limit of 42.5 nGyairs‐1. This superior scintillation performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of effective X‐ray absorption by the heavy Cu2I2 core, the high radiation‐induced exciton utilization rate in TADF process, and the remarkable suppression of non‐radiative transitions by the restriction of intramolecular motions in solid state. Furthermore, the favourable solution processability of the complex facilitates the successful fabrication of a flexible film, achieving high‐quality X‐ray imaging with a resolution of 17.3 lp mm‐1. This work highlights the potential of hybrid Cu(I) halides with AIE‐TADF effects for high‐energy radiation detection and imaging, opening up new avenues for the exploration of cost‐effective and high‐performance scintillators.
Maximizing the Accessibility of Acid Sites Within Zeolite Catalysts for Syngas Conversion
Authors: Wang Haodi , Jiao Feng , Feng Jingyao , Zhang Yinchan , Xu Zhaochao , Pan Xiulian , Bao Xinhe
Published: February 2025

Mass transport within zeolites is pivotal in determining the accessibility of active sites to reactants and hence the catalytic performance. However, there lacks of quantitative guidance for synthesis of desired zeolites with negligible diffusion limitation. Herein, we take mordenite (MOR) zeolite as a model, which is characterized by 12‐membered rings (MR) channels as transport path towards the active sites within the 8MR side pockets for syngas conversion to light olefins. By correlating the effective diffusion lengths (2l) with the Thiele modulus and the effectiveness factors of reaction rates over a composite catalyst ZnAlOx‐MOR, we determine that the shortest 12MR channel length (2L) of 60 nm in this study is close to the threshold length necessary for full access to the 8MR acid sites. As a result, it exhibits excellent catalytic performance with CO conversion reaching 33% and ethylene selectivity 69%. Furthermore, the methodology is general and essential for further development of efficient zeolite catalysts with fully accessible active sites.
Facilitating OH* Generation on Atomic Pd–Cu Dual Sites towards Efficient Glycerol Electrooxidation to Formate
Authors: Li Junjun , Zhang Yizhen , Zhang Liya , Zhou Qi , Yang Jiangrong , Fu Yu , Yu Le , Sun Yuanmiao , Li Zhenhua , Qin YuChen , Yi Ding , Zhang Hui , Wang Dingsheng , Zhang Zhicheng
Published: February 2025

The electrocatalytic glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) represents a mild and sustainable pathway to produce value‐added chemicals such as formate. However, the rational design and controlled synthesis of efficient catalysts to achieve highly selective C‐C bond cleavage of glycerol towards formate remains a great challenge. Herein, atomic Pd doped Cu3N hollow nanocubes with Pd‐Cu dual sites were prepared via the unique Kirkendall process, exhibiting superior electrocatalytic GOR activity and selectivity towards formate with a maximum Faraday efficiency of 91.6%. In situ spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that Pd atoms located in partial Cu substituent sites could facilitate the generation of active *OH and enhance the adsorption of glycerol molecule on adjacent Cu sites, while Pd atoms located in Cu3N unit center could effectively reduce the energy barrier of C‐C bond cleavage for the rate determining step. Our work provides new insights into the development of well‐defined dual‐site catalysts to boost glycerol electrooxidation to formate.
Large‐area, Ultra‐thin Organic Films with Both Photochromic and Phosphorescence Properties
Authors: Chen Chuanli , Zhang Weijing , Wang Zeng , Wang Xin , Yang Jianhui , Ren Yue , Huang Ziqi , Dai Wenbo , Huang Xiaobo , Lei Yunxiang
Published: February 2025

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the most commonly used polymers in plastic products. Therefore, endowing these polymers with unique optical properties would significantly enhance their overall technological value. Herein, we synthesized a phosphorescent molecule, 2,2'‐diphenyl‐3,3'‐bibenzofuran (DBF), with notable reversible photochromic properties (switching between colorless and deep red) as the guest and constructed a doped system with the above polymers as the hosts. All doped materials exhibited both room‐temperature phosphorescence and reversible photochromic properties. The guest molecule exhibited strong reversible cyclization activity and small conformational changes during the reaction process, as well as moderate rigidity of the host matrix, which enabled the uncommon coexistence of these two properties in the doped system. Finally, DBF/PET was successfully formed into a transparent and uniform film with a length of 200 m, a width of 20 cm, a thickness of only 60‐70 μm. This film exhibited excellent thermal‐stability, sensitivity, and resistance to photo‐fatigue, indicating its applicability in industrial production.
Sustainable Pathways for the Synthesis of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate
Authors: Reigl Selina , Van Driessche Alexander , Stawski Tomasz M. , Koltzenburg Sebastian , Kunz Werner , Kellermeier Matthias
Published: February 2025

Calcium sulfate, and especially its hemihydrate form (bassanite), is crucial in the construction industry, primarily used as a hydraulic binder in cements, mortars, and wallboards. Because of the rapid transformation of bassanite into thermodynamically stable gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) upon contact with water, natural deposits of the hemihydrate are scarce, rendering it one of the most extensively produced inorganic materials worldwide. Currently, bassanite is derived from mined or waste gypsum through a thermal dehydration process, which is energy‐intensive and costly. As sustainability has become a key target for industrial processes and products, a series of studies aiming to increase the energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of bassanite production was published recently. Two primary approaches are pursued: conversion of gypsum and direct precipitation of bassanite from solution. In both cases, organic solvents, (specific) additives and/or elevated temperatures have been used to control the activity/availability of water in the reaction medium and thus direct phase selection towards the hemihydrate. This review offers a comprehensive overview of alternative bassanite production methods, critically examining their benefits, potential downsides, and overall impact on the sustainability of industrial‐scale calcium sulfate hemihydrate use.
Zinc(II)‐Enhanced Excimer Probe for Recognition of MDMB‐CA Synthetic Cannabinoids
Authors: Wang Yihang , Dong Jiahao , Liu Yuan , Liang Longlong , Du Yuwan , Dou Xincun
Published: February 2025

Specific recognition with optical responses towards the analytes which are structurally diverse and weak chemical‐active remains a big challenge but is of great significance. Here, a zinc(II) enhanced fluorescent emission probe was developed by conjugated modulating and metal bridging to specifically recognize synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). The transformed luminescence mechanism from excimer emission to fluorescence resonance energy transfer was demonstrated upon the integration of coordination and non‐covalent interactions towards target SCs. As a result, the specific and instant detection of the certain type SCs (MDMB‐CA series) was achieved in complicated sample medium. Hence, we envisage that this work would not only offer a novel recognition strategy for SCs, but also advance the development of the optical sensing probe especially for analyzing the substances with diverse structures and weak chemical‐activity, as well as for fighting against the illicit drugs.
Charge Polarization Boosting Electrochemical Urea Synthesis by Co‐Reduction of CO2 and Nitrite in Dilute Concentrations with a Unity Carbon Selectivity
Authors: Feng Zhihao , Zhang Lu-Hua , Guo Yabo , Guo Jiangyi , Li Fei , Yu Fengshou
Published: February 2025

Synthesis of urea through electrocatalytic coupling reaction of CO2 with nitrite (NO2‐) represents a sustainable means to substitute the conventional energy‐intensive urea synthetic protocol. The direct conversion of dilute NO2‐ in real wastewaters to urea with high efficiency is still a significant challenge, as C‐intermediates tend to go through an extensive reduction achieving mostly C‐containing productions due to the lack of N‐intermediates, originating from slow diffusion rate of NO2‐. Herein, we report the charge‐polarized Feδ‐‐Cuδ+ dual sites in metal/carbon heterojunction material (Cu@Fe‐N‐C) for co‐reduction of CO2 and dilute NO2‐ solution (100 ppm NO2‐‐N). The electron‐rich single Fe atoms dispersed N‐doped carbon (Fe‐N‐C) restrain *CO desorption, and the electron‐deficient Cu nanoparticles (Cu) promote the deep reduction of NO2– to *NH2. As a result, the obtained Cu@Fe‐N‐C exhibits a high Faradic efficiency for urea of 50.05% with a yield of 850.57 mg h‐1 g‐1 at ‐0.35 V (vs. RHE) in a flow cell. Moreover, Curea‐selectivity reaches to 100% and a near‐unity selectivity for the value‐added urea and NH3 is realized. The present results provide a valuable reference for the design of new catalysts for efficient synthesis of C‐N compounds in dilute NO2‐ solution.
Direct Photopatterning of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks via Photoinduced Fluorination
Authors: Tian Xiaoli , Li Wenjun , Li Fu , Cai Mingfeng , Si Yilong , Tang Hao , Li Haifang , Zhang Hao
Published: February 2025

Precise and effective patterning strategies are essential for integrating metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into microelectronics, photonics, sensors, and other solid‐state devices. Direct lithography of MOFs with light and other irradiation sources has emerged as a promising patterning strategy. However, existing direct lithography methods often rely on the irradiation‐induced amorphization of the MOFs structures and the breaking of strong covalent bonds in their organic linkers. High‐energy sources (such as X‐rays or electron beams) and large irradiation doses – conditions unfavorable for scalable patterning – are thus required. Here, we report a photoinduced fluorination chemistry for patterning various zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) under mild UV irradiation. Using UV doses as low as 10 mJ cm−2, light‐sensitive fluorine‐containing molecules covalently bond to ZIFs and enhance their stability in water. This creates a water‐stability contrast between ZIFs in exposed and unexposed regions, enabling scalable direct photolithography of ZIFs with high resolution (2 μm) on 4‐inch wafers and flexible substrates. The patterned ZIFs preserve their original crystallinity and porous properties while gaining increased hydrophobicity. This allows for the demonstration of a water‐responsive fluorescent MOFs array with implications in sensing and multicolor information encryption.
Who is teaching anatomy? An examination of the demographic characteristics, academic backgrounds, and professional responsibilities of US anatomy teachers
Authors: Hall Tyler R. , Mosley Claudia F. , Vakil Joanne B. , Lambert Carson K. , Savelli Dustin M. , Balta Joy Y.
Published: February 2025

Given the demand for anatomy instruction, it is imperative to understand the current cohort of anatomy teachers. This study aimed to delineate the demographic characteristics, academic backgrounds, and professional responsibilities of United States (U.S.) anatomy teachers. A survey was sent to teachers who were identified by their professional membership profiles. Results from 654 responses indicated that 45% of respondents identified as female and 67% identified as white. Most (68%) respondents had an academic doctoral degree. On average, respondents had completed graduate coursework in approximately half of the traditional anatomical sciences subdisciplines. However, approximately 40% of respondents with graduate/professional teaching responsibilities lacked graduate coursework in histology, neuroanatomy, and/or embryology, while approximately 70% of respondents without graduate/professional teaching responsibilities lacked similar coursework. Survey participants reported an assigned time effort of 58% teaching, 16% research, 10% service, and 10% administration and a perceived time effort of 56% teaching, 13% research, 10% service, and 12% administration. Perceived and assigned time efforts were significantly different (p ≤ 0.04) for administrative, research, and teaching responsibilities. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.03) also existed amongst participants regarding assigned administrative and teaching time effort and perceived administrative, service, and teaching time effort. Given these findings, we are concerned about protected research time for and the subdiscipline education of anatomy teachers. As such, we provide potential solutions for increasing protected research time and pursuing additional subdiscipline education. We also speculate about the potential impact of the now decades‐long anatomy educator shortage on anatomy teacher responsibilities.
What does it mean? Translating anatomical language to engage public audiences
Authors: Sanders Kat A. , Taylor Adam M.
Published: February 2025

The language of anatomy, with its roots in Ancient Greek and Roman languages, is complex and unfamiliar to many. Its complexity creates a significant barrier to public knowledge and understanding of anatomy—many members of the public find themselves asking “what does it mean?”, and this can manifest as poor health literacy and outcomes. To address this, anatomists who interact with the public should be able to translate anatomical language and support the development of individuals' foundational understanding of why structures are named the way they are. In this review, language is categorized by themes that inform the naming of anatomical structures, such as function, location, and appearance, and paired with pedagogical approaches informed by education and public engagement research to underpin effective communication that demystifies the language of anatomy for public audiences. Drawing on pre‐existing sometimes unrelated knowledge, gamification and quizzes can make language more accessible and recognizable. Humorous etymological insights into the origins of anatomical terms can build rapport between anatomist and public audience and normalize discussions about sensitive topics, such as genitalia, in an inclusive manner. Finally, eponyms, while contentious due to their lack of diversity and ethical concerns, can serve as narrative subjects to start discussions that address anatomy's relevance to wider socio‐political and bioethical discourse. Ultimately, by deploying established science communication tools when translating anatomical language, anatomists can deliver effective public engagement that cultivates ongoing curiosity in anatomy, its language, and more broadly health.
A Monomeric Diarylstannanone with a Sn=O Double Bond: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoharu , Ueno Yuto , Konaka Shigeaki , Numata Yasuyuki , Imai Mizuki , Ota Kei , Fueno Hiroyuki , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Hashizume Daisuke , Matsuo Tsukasa
Published: February 2025

A series of diarylstannylenes, (Rind)2Sn: (1) [Rind = 1,1,7,7‐tetra‐R1‐3,3,5,5‐tetra‐R2‐s‐hydrindacen‐4‐yl: EMind (a: R1 = Et, R2 = Me), Eind (b: R1 = R2 = Et), and MPind (c: R1 = Me, R2 = nPr)], has been obtained as purple to blue crystals by the reaction of SnX2·dioxane (X = Br or Cl) with two equiv of (Rind)Li. The less bulky EMind‐based stannylene, (EMnd)2Sn: (1a), reacted with N2O gas to afford a 1,3,2,4‐dioxadistannetane, (EMind)4Sn2(μ–O)2 (3a), through the dimerization of a stannanone, (EMind)2Sn=O (2a). In contrast, a similar oxidation reaction using the bulkier MPind‐based stannylene, (MPind)2Sn: (1c), produced a hitherto unknown acid‐base free monomeric diarylstannanone, (MPind)2Sn=O (2c), with an authentic Sn=O double bond. The stannanone 2c was highly sensitive to air and moisture but remained thermally stable at room temperature. Isolating 2c as a pure single crystalline material proved challenging due to its highly‐reactive nature; however, its structural characteristics and bonding properties were discussed based on both experimental findings and computational results. The Sn=O double bond in 2c exhibits a weaker and more polarized character compared to the Ge=O double bond in the diarylgermanone, (Eind)2Ge=O (A).