bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rabbinic Perceptions of Christianity and the History of Roman Palestine
Authors: HORBURY WILLIAM
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the use of rabbinic literature in the study of the history of Christianity in Roman Palestine. It explains that this issue goes back to medieval Jewish-Christian controversy and intertwines with the whole history of the reception of the Talmud in Europe and the western world. It suggests that the view that Christians are most often envisaged in the rabbinic references to minim is consistent with the likelihood that Christianity is envisaged in a number of rabbinic and targumic passages which do not mention minim.
Politics and Administration
Authors: OPPENHEIMER AHARON
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates the use of rabbinic literature in the study of politics and administration in Roman Palestine. It focuses on the relationship between Severan activities in the field of cities and urbanisation in talmudic sources which include actions and rulings of Rabbi Judah haNasi. The findings reveal that even though the Romans did not force, or even request it, Rabbi Judah haNasi joined in the Severan urbanisation policy, and exempted mixed cities from tithes and the sabbatical laws in order to strengthen the Jewish basis there.
Conclusion
Authors: GOODMAN MARTIN
Published: February 2012

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the application of rabbinic literature in studying the history of late-Roman Palestine. It has been demonstrated that a great deal of evidence preserved within the rabbinic tradition in medieval manuscripts originated in the Roman provinces of Palestine between c.200 and c.700 CE. It was also shown that rabbinic texts, even at their most reliable, can only provide a very partial glimpse of late-Roman Palestine. This chapter also highlights the inherent problems using rabbinic texts as historical source and suggests ways to overcome them.
Leon Battista Alberti and the Redirection of Renaissance Humanism
Authors: Mclaughlin Martin
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on the role of Leon Battista Alberti on the redirection of Renaissance humanism given at the British Academy's 2009 Italian Lecture. This text explains that Alberti, as successor of Renaissance humanism founder Petrarch, sought to redirect the movement. It compares Petrarch's and Alberti's notions of humanism and traces Alberti's inflection of the movement in directions that would never have been thought of by his predecessor.
Our Unwritten Constitution
Authors: Baker John
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Great Britain's unwritten constitution given at the British Academy's 2009 Maccabaean Lecture on Jurisprudence. This text criticises some of the recent developments related to the British constitution and expresses concern whether Britain has a constitution at all. It proposes the establishment of some body or institution independent of government to plan constitutional reform in a coherent manner, and for the renewal of public interest in constitutional affairs.
Timely Images: Chinese Art and Festival Display
Authors: Stuart Jan
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Chinese art and festival display given at the British Academy's 2009 Elsley Zeitlyn Lecture on Chinese Archaeology and Culture. This text suggests that Chinese art displayed in museums seem either unrelated to the passage of time or to defy its natural course. It analyzes the bond between Chinese visual culture and its temporal conventions in order to expand the interpretive framework for understanding Chinese pictorial art.
Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion
Authors: Clancy Thomas Owen
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Gaelic advent and expansion in medieval Scotland given at the British Academy's 2009 Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. This text reviews the evidence for Gaelic's arrival and expansion in the various different regions of Scotland in the Middle Ages and evaluates the different ways in which toponymic data can usefully be interpreted to inform our notion of the process of expansion. It argues that, contrary of received views, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries remained periods of expansion for the Gaelic language.
‘The Reason of this Preference’: Sleeping, Flowing and Freezing in Pope’s Dunciad
Authors: Rumbold Valerie
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on Alexander Pope's literary satire Dunciad given at the British Academy's 2010 Warton Lecture on English Poetry. This text discusses the difficulty of Samuel Johnson in interpreting Pope's couplet in the Dunciad which depicts the Sea of Azov and the river that flows into it. It suggests that analysing the process through which Pope shaped this couplet can help provide a better understanding of the wider significance of the couplet's structure and Pope's work more generally.
T. S. Eliot’s Daughter1
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on T.S. Eliot's poetry given at the British Academy's 2009 Warton Lecture on English Poetry. This text discusses issues concerning biography and Eliot's posthumous reputation. It analyses Eliot's poem Marina and argues that it is one of the greatest parent-child poems in the English language. It explains the this work was written in Eliot's career when he was coming to terms with the loss of his parents, with his own childlessness, and with what it might mean to be a godparent.
Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with Takayasu arteritis: Experience from a referral center with long‐term followup
Authors: Schmidt Jean , Kermani Tanaz A. , Bacani A. Kirstin , Crowson Cynthia S. , Matteson Eric L. , Warrington Kenneth J.
Published: February 2012

Objective

To report a single‐center experience with the use of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA).

Methods

We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients with refractory TA evaluated at our institution and treated with TNF inhibitors. American College of Rheumatology criteria for TA were used for inclusion. Disease activity was assessed according to the National Institutes of Health criteria.

Results

We included 20 patients (19 women, 17 white) with a mean ± SD age of 33 ± 10.2 years and a median disease duration of 15.9 months (interquartile range [IRQ] 2–32.7 months) prior to the use of TNF inhibitors. Before the use of TNF inhibitors, all 20 patients received prednisone. Other medication use included methotrexate (18 patients), azathioprine (5 patients), mycophenolate mofetil (3 patients), and cyclophosphamide (3 patients). Seventeen patients (85%) received infliximab, 2 patients (10%) received adalimumab, and 1 patient (5%) received etanercept. The median duration of treatment with TNF inhibitors was 23.0 months (IQR 8.7–38.9 months). Treatment with TNF inhibitors resulted in disease remission in 18 (90%) of 20 patients and sustained remission in 10 patients (50%). Ten (83%) of 12 patients were able to taper prednisone below 10 mg and 7 patients discontinued prednisone. However, 6 of the 18 patients achieving remission experienced relapse while receiving TNF inhibitors. Eleven patients (55%) discontinued TNF inhibitors for the following reasons: relapse, persistently active disease, lack of corticosteroid‐sparing effect, adverse effects (4 patients), and other reasons (4 patients).

Conclusion

In this study, treatment with TNF inhibitors induced remission, including sustained remission in patients with refractory TA. However, 33% of patients experienced disease relapse while receiving TNF inhibitors and 20% discontinued treatment because of adverse events.
Local Organization of Graphene Network Inside Graphene/Polymer Composites
Authors: Alekseev Alexander , Chen Delei , Tkalya Evgeniy E. , Ghislandi Marcos G. , Syurik Yuliya , Ageev Oleg , Loos Joachim , de With Gijsbertus
Published: February 2012

The local electrical properties of a conductive graphene/polystyrene (PS) composite sample are studied by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) applying various methods for electrical properties investigation. We show that the conductive graphene network can be separated from electrically isolated graphene sheets (GS) by analyzing the same area with electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM). EFM is able to detect the graphene sheets below the sample surface with the maximal depth of graphene detection up to ≈100 nm for a tip‐sample potential difference of 3 V. To evaluate depth sensing capability of EFM, the novel technique based on a combination of SPM and microtomy is utilized. Such a technique provides 3D data of the GS distribution in the polymer matrix with z‐resolution on the order of ≈10 nm. Finally, we introduce a new method for data correction for more precise 3D reconstruction, which takes into account the height variations.
Characteristic time scales for predicting the scalar flux at a free surface in turbulent open‐channel flows
Authors: Nagaosa Ryuichi , Handler Robert A.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study is to predict the turbulent scalar flux at a free surface subject to a fully developed turbulent flow based on a hydrodynamic analysis of turbulence in the region close to the free surface. The effect of the Reynolds number on turbulent scalar transfer mechanisms is extensively examined. A direct numerical simulation technique is applied to achieve the purpose. The surface‐renewal approximation is used to correlate the free‐surface hydrodynamics and scalar transport at the free surface. Two types of characteristic time scales have been examined for predicting turbulent scalar flux. One is the time scale derived from the characteristic length and velocity scale at the free surface. The other is the reciprocal of the root‐mean‐square surface divergence. The results of this study show that scalar transport at the free surface can be predicted successfully using these time scales based on the concept of the surface‐renewal approximation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Silica‐based iminodiacetic acid functionalized adsorbent for Ni hydrometallurgical extraction of nickeliferous laterite
Authors: Li Xin , Li Baohua , Wu Shan , Li Jingbing , Xu Qitai , Yang Zhiqiang , Liu Yuqiang , Wang Shaohua , Chen Dongsheng
Published: February 2012

A novel silica‐based iminodiacetic acid functionalized adsorbent was fabricated and then used to nickel hydrometallurgical extraction for low‐grade nickeliferous laterites. The surface morphology of the adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption experiment indicated a maximum nickel load capacity of about 0.45 mmol/g. Analysis of adsorption thermodynamic and kinetics revealed a spontaneous adsorption process driven by entropy increase, and limited by film diffusion. Semi‐industrial scale column experiments revealed that the Ni2+ in the acidic leach liquor of low‐grade nickeliferous laterites may be efficiently extracted by the iminodiacetic acid functionalized adsorbent, if the Fe3+ ions existing in the acidic leach liquor were previously reduced to be Fe2+ by sodium sulfite. This environmentally safe adsorbent may supplant the traditional solvent extraction process for low‐grade nickeliferous laterites. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Craniodental features in male Mandrillus may signal size and fitness: An allometric approach
Authors: Klopp Emily B.
Published: February 2012

According to a hypothesis in the broader mammalian literature, secondary sexual characteristics that have evolved to signal fitness and size to other conspecifics should exhibit positive allometry across adult males within a species. Here this hypothesis is tested in the genus Mandrillus. The overbuilding of bony features in larger individuals necessitates a functional explanation as bone is metabolically expensive to produce and maintain. Canine size and size of the maxillary ridge are scaled against a body size surrogate in intraspecific samples of male Mandrillus sphinx (mandrills) and Mandrillus leucophaeus (drills). Areal dimensions are weighted more heavily as they represent the size of a feature as it is viewed by individuals. Measures of the maxillary ridge and canine tooth are significantly correlated with the size surrogate and scale with positive allometry in both samples supporting the hypothesis that these features function to advertise a male's body size and fitness to other males competing for mates and potential discerning females. This is the first study in primates to test for intraspecific positive allometric scaling of bony facial features in adult males based on a theory of fitness signaling and sexual selection. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is hyperactivated in systemic sclerosis and induces Smad‐dependent fibrotic responses in mesenchymal cells
Authors: Wei Jun , Fang Feng , Lam Anna P. , Sargent Jennifer L. , Hamburg Emily , Hinchcliff Monique E. , Gottardi Cara J. , Atit Radhika , Whitfield Michael L. , Varga John
Published: February 2012

Objective

Fibrosis in human diseases and animal models is associated with aberrant Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activation. The aim of this study was to characterize the regulation, activity, mechanism of action, and significance of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the context of systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

The expression of Wnt signaling pathway components in SSc skin biopsy specimens was analyzed. The regulation of profibrotic responses by canonical Wnt/β‐catenin was examined in explanted human mesenchymal cells. Fibrotic responses were studied using proliferation, migration, and gel contraction assays. The cell fate specification of subcutaneous preadipocytes by canonical Wnt signaling was evaluated.

Results

Analysis of published genome‐wide expression data revealed elevated expression of the Wnt receptor FZD2 and the Wnt target LEF1 and decreased expression of Wnt antagonists DKK2 and WIF1 in skin biopsy specimens from subsets of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc compared to the other distinct subsets. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased nuclear β‐catenin expression in these biopsy specimens. In vitro, Wnt‐3a induced β‐catenin activation, stimulated fibroblast proliferation and migration, collagen gel contraction, and myofibroblast differentiation, and enhanced profibrotic gene expression. Genetic and pharmacologic approaches were used to demonstrate that these profibrotic responses involved autocrine transforming growth factor β signaling via Smads. In contrast, in explanted subcutaneous preadipocytes, Wnt‐3a repressed adipogenesis and promoted myofibroblast differentiation.

Conclusion

Canonical Wnt signaling was hyperactivated in SSc skin biopsy specimens. In explanted mesenchymal cells, Wnt‐3a stimulated fibrogenic responses while suppressing adipogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate that Wnts have potent profibrotic effects, and that canonical Wnt signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and lipoatrophy in SSc.
N‐ and c‐terminal extensions of μ‐conotoxins increase potency and selectivity for neuronal sodium channels
Authors: Schroeder Christina I. , Adams Denise , Thomas Linda , Alewood Paul F. , Lewis Richard J.
Published: February 2012

μ‐Conotoxins are peptide blockers of voltage‐gated sodium channels (sodium channels), inhibiting tetrodotoxin‐sensitive neuronal (Nav1.2) and skeletal (Nav1.4) subtypes with highest affinity. Structure‐activity relationship studies of μ‐conotoxins SIIIA, TIIIA, and KIIIA have shown that it is mainly the C‐terminal part of the three‐loop peptide that is involved in binding to the sodium channel. In this study, we characterize the effect of N‐ and C‐terminal extensions of μ‐conotoxins SIIIA, SIIIB, and TIIIA on their potency and selectivity for neuronal versus muscle sodium channels. Interestingly, extending the N‐ or C‐terminal of the peptide by introducing neutral, positive, and/or negatively charged residues, the selectivity of the native peptide can be altered from neuronal to skeletal and the other way around. The results from this study provide further insight into the binding profile of μ‐conotoxins at voltage‐gated sodium channels, revealing that binding interactions outside the cysteine‐stablilized loops can contribute to μ‐conotoxin affinity and sodium channel selectivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 161–165, 2012.
β‐turn tendency in N‐methylated peptides with dehydrophenylalanine residue: DFT study
Authors: Buczek Aneta , Wałęsa Roksana , Broda Małgorzata A.
Published: February 2012

The tendency to adopt β‐turn conformation by model dipeptides with α,β‐dehydrophenylalanine (ΔPhe) residue in the gas phase and in solution is investigated by theoretical methods. We pay special attention to a dependence of conformational properties on the side‐chain configuration of dehydro residue and the influence of N‐methylation on β‐turn stability. An extensive computational study of the conformational preferences of Z and E isomers of dipeptides Ac‐Gly‐(E/Z)‐ΔPhe‐NHMe (1a / 1b) and Ac‐Gly‐(E/Z)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2 (2a/2b) by B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) methods is reported. It is shown that, in agreement with experimental data, Ac‐Gly‐(Z)‐ΔPhe‐NHMe has a great tendency to adopt β‐turn conformation. In the gas phase the type II β‐turn is preferred, whereas in the polar environment, the type I. On the other hand, dehydro residue in Ac‐Gly‐(E)‐ΔPhe‐NHMe has a preference to adopt extended conformations in all environments. N‐methylation of C‐terminal amide group, which prevents the formation of 1←4 intramolecular hydrogen bond, change dramatically the conformational properties of studied dehydropeptides. Especially, the tendency to adopt β‐turn conformations is much weaker for the N‐methylated Z isomer (Ac‐Gly‐(Z)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2), both in vacuo and in the polar environment. On the contrary, N‐methylated E isomer (Ac‐Gly‐(E)‐ΔPhe‐NMe2) can easier adopt β‐turn conformation, but the backbone torsion angles (ϕ1, ψ1, ϕ2, ψ2) are off the limits for common β‐turn types. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:518–528, 2012.
Hundegenom: die Auswirkungen der Domestikation
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: February 2012

Windhund und Mops, Bernhardiner und Pinscher – kaum zu glauben, dass sich diese Hunderassen noch als ihresgleichen erkennen. Die Variabilität des Haushundes ist erstaunlich und übertrifft die aller anderen domestizierten Arten. Nicht nur Spötter behaupten, der Hund gleiche seinem Halter in Temperament und Figur. Parallelen zwischen Mensch und Hund findet man tatsächlich bei Erkrankungen wie Diabetes, Rheuma oder Krebs, das gilt aber nicht für jede Rasse gleichermaßen. Das entschlüsselte Genom des Haushundes eröffnet die Chance, die genetische Basis von Variabilität, Domestikation und Evolution besser zu verstehen und liefert vielleicht auch Erkenntnisse für die Humanmedizin.
Erste Erfolge bei der künstlichen Ansiedlung von Korallenlarven im Riff
Authors: Loch Karen , Loch Wolfgang
Published: February 2012

In BIUZ 5/2011 wurde über die künstliche Aufzucht von rund 500.000 reifen Steinkorallen‐Larven bei den Malediven berichtet. Durch fortlaufende mikroskopische Kontrolluntersuchungen der einzelnen Entwicklungsstadien gelang es nun, deren Siedlungskompetenz zu dokumentieren.
Innervation of the elbow joint: Is total denervation possible? A cadaveric anatomic study
Authors: De Kesel Renata , Van Glabbeek Francis , Mugenzi Dominique , De Vos Joris , Vermeulen Katrien , Van Renterghem Debbie , Bortier Hilde , Schuind Frédéric
Published: February 2012

The aim of this anatomical study was to find out if total denervation of the elbow joint is technically feasible. The endbranches of the brachial plexus of eight fresh‐frozen upper arm cadavers were dissected with optical loupe magnification. All major nerves of the upper limb (except the axillary and the medial brachial cutaneous nerve) give some terminal articular endbranches to the elbow. The articular endbranches arise from muscular endbranches, cutaneous endbranches, or arise straight from the main nerves of the brachial plexus. A topographic diagram was made of the different nerves innervating the elbow joint. The ulno‐posterior part of the elbow is innervated by the ulnar nerve and some branches of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The radial‐posterior part of the elbow is innervated exclusively by the radial nerve. The ulno‐anterior part of the elbow is innervated by the median nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve. The radio‐anterior part of the elbow is innervated by the radial nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve. These elbow innervation findings are relevant to both anatomical and clinical field as they provide evidence that the total denervation of the elbow joint is impossible. Nevertheless, partial denervation, like denervation of the lateral epicondyle or the ulnar part of elbow, is technically possible. Clin. Anat. 25:746–754, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894): Physician, jurist, poet, inventor, pioneer, and anatomist
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios , Carmichael Stephen W.
Published: February 2012

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. was a physician, dean of the Harvard Medical School, one of the best regarded American poets of the 19th century, father of a future United States Supreme Court Justice, inventor and — unknown to many — an anatomist. His friends included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Louis Pasteur. He trained with some of the most influential anatomists/surgeons of his day including Lisfranc, Larrey, Velpeau, Bigelow, and Dupuytren. As a teacher of anatomy, he had strong feelings regarding medical curricular reform and to some, was considered one of the best lecturers in the discipline. As dean, he pioneered social reform by admitting both white women and free black men to Harvard Medical School. He coined the term “anesthesia,” was the first American to introduce microscopy to a medical curriculum, and made important contributions to the understanding of the spread of infectious disease. Herein, we review the life of this influential American academic and focus on his contributions to the field of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 25:992–997, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Hydrogenolysis of Alkanes at Low Temperature and Pressure Using Tantalum Hydride on MCM‐41, and a Quantum Chemical Study
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Pasha Farhan A. , De Mallmann A. , Norsic S. , Thivolle‐Cazat Jean , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: February 2012

Hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbons is of considerable technological importance for applications such as the hydroprocessing of petrochemical feedstocks to generate high‐value and useful chemicals and fuels. We studied the catalytic activity of tantalum hydride supported on MCM‐41 for the hydrogenolysis of alkanes at low temperature and low atmospheric pressure in a dynamic reactor. The reactions proceed with good turnover numbers, and the catalyst could be reused for several times, which makes the overall catalytic process sustainable. We derived the plausible mechanism by using DFT calculations and identified the preferred pathways by the analysis of potential energy surface. Our results and the proposed reaction mechanism demonstrate the viability of the “catalyst‐by‐design” approach.
Aminomethylation of Michael Acceptors: Complementary Radical and Polar Approaches Mediated by Dialkylzincs
Authors: Maury Julien , Mouysset Dominique , Feray Laurence , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Siri Didier , Bertrand Michèle P.
Published: February 2012

Phtalimidomethyl iodide and substituted maleimidomethyl iodide were used as radical precursors in dialkylzinc‐mediated radical addition to diethyl fumarate. The reactions led stereoselectively to functionalized pyrrolizidines. The radical mechanism was supported by spin‐trapping experiments and rationalized by theoretical calculations. Radical additions, on the one hand, and carbozincation followed by transmetalation with copper(I), on the other, were shown to be complementary methods to achieve the formal aminomethylation of activated unsaturated compounds.
F‐actin distribution at nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt‐Lanterman incisures in mammalian sciatic nerves
Authors: Kun Alejandra , Canclini Lucía , Rosso Gonzalo , Bresque Mariana , Romeo Carlos , Hanusz Alicia , Cal Karina , Calliari Aldo , Sotelo Silveira José , Sotelo José R.
Published: February 2012

Very little is known about the function of the F‐actin cytoskeleton in the regeneration and pathology of peripheral nerve fibers. The actin cytoskeleton has been associated with maintenance of tissue structure, transmission of traction and contraction forces, and an involvement in cell motility. Therefore, the state of the actin cytoskeleton strongly influences the mechanical properties of cells and intracellular transport therein. In this work, we analyze the distribution of F‐actin at Schmidt‐Lanterman Incisures (SLI) and nodes of Ranvier (NR) domains in normal, regenerating and pathologic Trembler J (TrJ/+) sciatic nerve fibers, of rats and mice. F‐actin was quantified and it was found increased in TrJ/+, both in SLI and NR. However, SLI and NR of regenerating rat sciatic nerve did not show significant differences in F‐actin, as compared with normal nerves. Cytochalasin‐D and Latrunculin‐A were used to disrupt the F‐actin network in normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerve fibers. Both drugs disrupt F‐actin, but in different ways. Cytochalasin‐D did not disrupt Schwann cell (SC) F‐actin at the NR. Latrunculin‐A did not disrupt F‐actin at the boundary region between SC and axon at the NR domain. We surmise that the rearrangement of F‐actin in neurological disorders, as presented here, is an important feature of TrJ/+ pathology as a Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Targeting of Nphp3 to the primary cilia is controlled by an N‐terminal myristoylation site and coiled‐coil domains
Authors: Nakata Kana , Shiba Dai , Kobayashi Daisuke , Yokoyama Takahiko
Published: February 2012

Primary cilia are organelles that extend from the cell surface. More than 600 proteins have been identified in cilia, but ciliary targeting mechanisms are poorly understood. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease with 11 responsible genes (NPHP1–11) thus far being identified. The mouse Nphp3 gene product is localized in the cilia and contains coiled‐coil (CC) domains and tetratricopeptide repeats, but the ciliary targeting sequences (CTSs) are unknown. In the present study, we generated a series of GFP‐tagged deletion constructs of Nphp3 and tried to find the CTSs of Nphp3. We found that the N‐terminal 201 amino acid fragment (Nphp3 [1–201]), which contains two CC domains, is necessary and sufficient for cilia localization. Further analysis revealed that an N‐terminal glycine (G2), which is a conserved myristoylation site among vertebrates, is also essential for trafficking of Nphp3 to the ciliary shaft. Interestingly, the N‐terminal fragments, Nphp3 (8–201), Nphp3 (52–201), and Nphp3 (96–201), that contain the CC domains, targeted the basal body, but could not enter into the ciliary shaft. Our results showed the importance of myristoylation in ciliary trafficking, and suggest that Nphp3 trafficking to the ciliary shaft occurs in a two‐step process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repulsive axon guidance cues ephrin‐A2 and slit3 stop protrusion of the growth cone leading margin concurrently with inhibition of ADF/cofilin and ERM proteins
Authors: Marsick Bonnie M. , Roche Florence K. , Letourneau Paul C.
Published: February 2012

Axonal growth cones turn away from repulsive guidance cues. This may start with reduced protrusive motility in the region the growth cone leading margin that is closer to the source of repulsive cue. Using explants of E7 chick temporal retina, we examine the effects of two repulsive guidance cues, ephrin‐A2 and slit3, on retinal ganglion cell growth cone protrusive activity, total F‐actin, free F‐actin barbed ends, and the activities (phosphorylation states) of actin regulatory proteins, ADF/cofilin and ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) proteins. Ephrin‐A2 rapidly stops protrusive activity simultaneously with reducing F‐actin, free barbed ends and the activities of ADF/cofilin and ERM proteins. Slit3 also stops protrusion and reduces the activities of ADF/cofilin and ERM proteins. We interpret these results as indicating that repulsive guidance cues inhibit actin polymerization and actin‐membrane linkage to stop protrusive activity. Retrograde F‐actin flow withdraws actin to the C‐domain, where F‐actin bundles interact with myosin II to generate contractile forces that can collapse and retract the growth cone. Our results suggest that common mechanisms are used by repulsive guidance cue to disable growth cone motility and remodel growing axon terminals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
The immune inhibitory complex CD200/CD200R is developmentally regulated in the mouse brain
Authors: Shrivastava Kalpana , Gonzalez Pau , Acarin Laia
Published: February 2012

The CD200/CD200R inhibitory immune ligand–receptor system regulates microglial activation/quiescence in adult brain. Here, we investigated CD200/CD200R at different stages of postnatal development, when microglial maturation takes place. We characterized the spatiotemporal, cellular, and quantitative expression pattern of CD200 and CD200R in the developing and adult C57/BL6 mice brain by immunofluorescent labeling and Western blotting. CD200 expression increased from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P5–P7, when maximum levels were found, and decreased to adulthood. CD200 was located surrounding neuronal bodies, and very prominently in cortical layer I, where CD200+ structures included glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes until P7. In the hippocampus, CD200 was mainly observed in the hippocampal fissure, where GFAP+/CD200+ astrocytes were also found until P7. CD200+ endothelium was seen in the hippocampal fissure and cortical blood vessels, notably from P14, showing maximum vascular CD200 in adults. CD200R+ cells were a population of ameboid/pseudopodic Iba1+ microglia/macrophages observed at all ages, but significantly decreasing with increasing age. CD200R+/Iba1+ macrophages were prominent in the pial meninges and ventricle lining, mainly at P1–P5. CD200R+/Iba1+ perivascular macrophages were observed in cortical and hippocampal fissure blood vessels, showing maximum density at P7, but being prominent until adulthood. CD200R+/Iba1+ ameboid microglia in the cingulum at P1–P5 were the only CD200R+ cells in the nervous tissue. In conclusion, the main sites of CD200/CD200R interaction seem to include the molecular layer and pial surface in neonates and blood vessels from P7 until adulthood, highlighting the possible role of the CD200/CD200R system in microglial development and renewal. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2657–2675, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Auslaugverhalten von Putzen und Mörteln
Authors: Nebel Holger , Vollpracht Anya , Brameshuber Wolfgang
Published: February 2012

Die Umweltverträglichkeit von Putzen und Mörteln in der Nutzungsphase ist ein wissenschaftlich bislang wenig untersuchtes Thema. Das Institut für Bauforschung (ibac) der RWTH Aachen University hat das Auslaugverhalten von drei Putzen und einem Mauermörtel durch Langzeitstandtests, Labortauchverfahren und bei künstlicher Beregnung im Labor untersucht. Diese Ergebnisse wurden Ergebnissen des Fraunhofer‐Instituts für Bauphysik (IBP) in Holzkirchen gegenübergestellt, welches mit den gleichen Putzen und Mörteln einen mehrjährigen Freilandversuch durchgeführt hat. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass es nicht immer möglich ist, ein worst‐case‐Szenario vorherzusagen. Welches Prüfverfahren das ungünstigste ist, hängt von dem jeweiligen Baustoff ab.

Leaching behaviour of renderings and masonry mortars. The environmental compatibility of renderings and mortars in the utilisation phase is a scientific theme which is so far poorly investigated. The Institute of Building Materials Research (ibac) of the RWTH Aachen University has investigated the leaching behaviour of three renderings and one masonry mortar by conducting long term tank tests, laboratory immersion method and artificial irrigation in the laboratory. The results of the laboratory experiments were compared to several years lasting outdoor experiments of the Fraunhofer‐Institute for Building Physics (IBP) at Holzkirchen. The comparison of the results shows that it is not always possible to predict the worst‐case, which depends on the building material properties.
Eigenschaften industrieller Lehmbauprodukte für den Mauerwerksbau und Verhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk
Authors: Müller Urs , Ziegert Christof , Kaiser Caroline , Röhlen Ulrich
Published: February 2012

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Eigenschaften industriell hergestellter Bauprodukte aus Lehm für den Mauerwerksbau. Die Qualität der industriellen Fertigung dieser Produktgruppe hat inzwischen einen Stand erreicht, der vergleichbar mit dem anderer Bauprodukte ist. Lehm‐Putzmörtel gibt es als Universalputze für ein‐ oder mehrlagige Anwendung oder in Form von Unter‐, Ober‐ oder Feinputzen. Lehmsteine werden in verschiedenen Größen und mit Lochung angeboten. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften verschiedener Lehmsteinsorten sind geprägt durch Druckfestigkeiten bis 11 N/mm2, mit üblichen Werten bei 2 bis 5 N/mm2. Ein kritischer Punkt ist die Abhängigkeit der Festigkeitseigenschaften der Lehmsteine von der Materialfeuchte. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen haben jedoch gezeigt, dass in einem Luftfeuchtebereich von 40 bis 70 % RLF die Druckfestigkeit von Lehmsteinen verhältnismäßig konstant ist. Mauerwerk, errichtet mit Lehmsteinen und Lehm‐Mauermörtel, zeigt ähnliche Druckfestigkeiten und E‐Module wie Mauerwerk, das mit Porenbetonsteinen errichtet wurde. Infolge einer geringeren Haftscherfestigkeit zwischen Lehmmörtel und Lehmstein ist die Schubfestigkeit von Lehmsteinmauerwerk vergleichsweise niedrig.

Properties of industrially produced earthen building products for masonry and behaviour of earth block masonry. The contribution gives an overview of the properties of industrially produced earthen building products for masonry. In the meantime the quality of the industrial production of this group of building materials reached a level similar to that of other products for construction. Earth plasters exist as plasters for universal, one or multi layer applications or as lower, upper or finish plasters. Earth blocks are provided in different sizes and with different perforations. The mechanical properties of different earth block types are signified by compressive strength of up to 11 N/mm2 but are typically in a range between 2 and 5 N/mm2. A critical point is the correlation of the strength of earthen materials with their moisture content. Results from earth blocks showed that in a relative humidity window between 40 and 70 % rh the compressive strength of earth blocks is fairly constant. Masonry made from earth block and earth mortar exhibited compressive strength and elastic modules similar to masonry made with aerated autoclaved concrete blocks. The shear strength of earth block masonry, however, is fairly low, due to the weak bond between earth block and earth mortar.
Erratum to “Characterization of the regulatory roles of the SUMO”
Authors: Hwang Kwang Woo , Won Tae Joon , Kim Hyunok , Chun Ha‐Jung , Chun Taehoon , Park Yongsoo
Published: February 2012

Background

Type 1 diabetes is a multi‐factorial autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of insulin‐producing β cells of the pancreas; both genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its development. Recently, a novel gene encoding small ubiquitin‐like modifier protein 4 (SUMO4) was cloned and a single nucleotide substitution (M55V) was found to be strongly associated with type 1 diabetes. SUMO4 was shown to interact with IκBα and inhibit NFκB transcriptional activity. The M55V substitution of SUMO4 may affect its ability to modify IκBα by sumoylation, and so lead to activation of NFκB and transcription of genes implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes. However, the effects of sumoylation on immune cells are poorly understood.

Methods

Human SUMO1, 2, 3, 4 and mouse SUMO2 (mSUMO2) were cloned and overexpressed in T and B cells using retroviral transduction. We then investigated whether SUMO overexpression affected their functions in vitro. To study the function of mSUMO2 in vivo, we made transgenic mice overexpressing mSUMO2 in T cells and pancreatic β cells and compared them with transgenic mice expressing a super‐repressor of NFκB (a dominant negative form of NFκB, IκBαΔN) in T cells. Diabetes was induced in the two groups of mice by i.p. injection of streptozotocin.

Results

Human SUMO1, 2, 3, 4 and mSUMO2 were all found to negatively regulate the transcriptional activity of T and B cells. Supporting this idea, mSUMO2 overexpression in T cells suppressed the production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines unlike T cells from the IκBαΔN mice. However, transgenic mice overexpressing mSUMO2 had the same susceptibility to diabetes as wild type whereas the mice overexpressing IκBαΔN Tg were completely protected against diabetes.

Conclusion

These results indicate that at least in T cells, whereas NFκB has pro‐apoptotic activity, mSUMO2 plays a more complex role in the development of autoimmune diabetes. The relative influence of NFκB and sumoylation on the development of autoimmune diabetes in vivo may vary depending on the developmental stage and cell type. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging roles of neural stem cells in cerebral cortex development and evolution
Authors: Borrell Víctor , Reillo Isabel
Published: February 2012

Expansion and folding of the cerebral cortex are landmark features of mammalian brain evolution, which are recapitulated during embryonic development. Neural stem cells and their derived germinal cells are coordinated during cerebral cortex development to produce the appropriate amounts and types of neurons. This process is further complicated in gyrencephalic species, where newborn neurons must disperse in the tangential axis to expand the cerebral cortex in surface area. Here, we review advances that have been made over the last decade in understanding the nature and diversity of telencephalic neural stem cells and their roles in cortical development, and we discuss recent progress on how newly identified types of cortical progenitor cell populations may have evolved to drive the expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 955–971, 2012
Mechanistic Study of the Oxidative Carbonylation of Methanol Catalyzed by Palladium Diphosphane Complexes with Nitrobenzene as Oxidant
Authors: Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Bouwman Elisabeth , Drent Eite
Published: February 2012

The reactivity of Pd complexes having bidentate diarylphosphane ligands was studied in the oxidative carbonylation of CH3OH to dimethyl carbonate/oxalate (DMC/O) with PhNO2 as the oxidant. Different ligands were employed with variation in backbone length and aryl ring substituent, and the acidity, CO pressure, or the partial pressure of H2 was varied. At two different stages in the catalytic cycle, one equivalent of DMC/O may evolve for every equivalent of PhNO2 reduced, which means that the efficiency with which nitrobenzene can function as the oxidant for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol (EOC) can potentially be 200 % relative to nitrobenzene conversion. The selectivity for DMC relative to DMO is thought to be determined by a species of the type [P2PdC(O)OCH3(R)]; the DMO/DMC ratio can be increased by increasing the CO pressure, by addition of an acid, or by using a ligand with a relatively large bite angle. On the basis of the collected results, we conclude that an ideal catalyst for oxidative carbonylation would have a relatively acidic palladium center and be sterically undemanding in the axial positions but sterically demanding in the equatorial positions of palladium. The Pd complex of bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene meets these criteria and was found to function most efficiently with PhNO2 as oxidant for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol among the series of compounds studied, that is, with about 50 % of the theoretical maximum efficiency EOC.
Towards the Synthesis of (–)‐Callipeltoside A: Stereoselective Synthesis of the C1–C14 Macrolactone Core
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Haldar Animesh , Maity Tapas
Published: February 2012

A highly stereoselective synthesis of the C1–C14 macrolactone core of the cytotoxic macrolide (–)‐callipeltoside A has been achieved by utilizing an anti‐selective aldol reaction and Wittig olefination to introduce an (E)‐trisubstituted alkene, chemoselective diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL‐H) reduction of the 2,3‐epoxy tosylate to install the C13 stereocenter, and intramolecular trapping of the acyl‐ketene intermediate by the C13 hydroxy group as key steps.
Facile Construction of [6,6]‐, [6,7]‐, [6,8]‐, and [6,9]Ring‐Fused Triazole Frameworks by Copper‐Catalyzed, Tandem, One‐Pot, Click and Intramolecular Arylation Reactions: Elaboration to Fused Pentacyclic Derivatives
Authors: Nagarjuna Reddy M. , Kumara Swamy K. C.
Published: February 2012

A sequential copper‐catalyzed, one‐pot, click reaction–intramolecular direct arylation, which involves two mechanistically distinct reactions (atom‐economical click reaction and direct arylation of 1,2,3‐triazole), to generate [6,6]‐, [6,7]‐, [6,8]‐, and [6,9]ring‐fused triazoles is reported. Furthermore, a unique divergence of reactivity between the fused triazoles prepared from 2‐bromobenzyl azide and 2‐bromophenylazide that leads to a fused pentacyclic heterocycle for the former and a C–C‐coupled, biphenyl‐fused, tricyclic product for the latter is observed under Pd catalysis. All of the key products have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography.
Towards Normalising Variability in Current Responses at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Using Double Layer Capacitance; a Case Study of Citrinin
Authors: Niland Michael J. , Fogel Ronen , Flanagan Shane P. , Limson Janice L.
Published: February 2012

Heterogeneity in surface condition is a widely reported factor of carbonaceous electrodes that leads to irreproducibility in faradaic current response(s) (Ip). As Ip and double layer capacitances (Cdl) are similarly influenced by surface associated parameters, we report on a method aimed at exploiting that interaction to normalise Ip variability of adsorptive analytes across inconsistent electrode surface preparations. A linear correlation was observed between Cdl and Ip to citrinin and 1,2,4‐benzenetriol. By rendering Ip a factor of Cdl, the coefficient of variation of Ip was reduced to a third of original responses on assessed surfaces permitting determination of analyte solution concentration.
The role of ATM and 53BP1 as predictive markers in cervical cancer
Authors: Roossink Frank , Wieringa Hylke W. , Noordhuis Maartje G. , ten Hoor Klaske A. , Kok Mirjam , Slagter‐Menkema Lorian , Hollema Harry , de Bock Geertruida H. , Pras Elisabeth , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. , de Jong Steven , van der Zee Ate G.J. , Schuuring Ed , Wisman G. Bea A. , van Vugt Marcel A.T.M.
Published: February 2012

Treatment of advanced‐stage cervical cancers with (chemo)radiation causes cytotoxicity through induction of high levels of DNA damage. Tumour cells respond to DNA damage by activation of the ‘DNA damage response’ (DDR), which induces DNA repair and may counteract chemoradiation efficacy. Here, we investigated DDR components as potential therapeutic targets and verified the predictive and prognostic value of DDR activation in patients with cervical cancer treated with (chemo)radiation. In a panel of cervical cancer cell lines, inactivation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) or its substrate p53‐binding protein‐1 (53BP1) clearly gave rise to cell cycle defects in response to irradiation. Concordantly, clonogenic survival analysis revealed that ATM inhibition, but not 53BP1 depletion, strongly radiosensitised cervical cancer cells. In contrast, ATM inhibition did not radiosensitise non‐transformed epithelial cells or non‐transformed BJ fibroblasts. Interestingly, high levels of active ATM prior to irradiation were related with increased radioresistance. To test whether active ATM in tumours prior to treatment also resulted in resistance to therapy, immunohistochemistry was performed on tumour material of patients with advanced‐stage cervical cancer (n = 375) treated with (chemo)radiation. High levels of phosphorylated (p‐)ATM [p = 0.006, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.817] were related to poor locoregional disease‐free survival. Furthermore, high levels of p‐ATM predicted shorter disease‐specific survival (p = 0.038, HR = 1.418). The presence of phosphorylated 53BP1 was associated with p‐ATM (p = 0.001, odds ratio = 2.206) but was not related to any clinicopathological features or survival. In conclusion, both our in vitro and patient‐related findings indicate a protective role for ATM in response to (chemo)radiation in cervical cancer and point at ATM inhibition as a possible means to improve the efficacy of (chemo)radiation.
Increasing the bioavailability of leadership in organizations
Authors: Rieley James B.
Published: February 2012

To achieve long‐term, sustainable success, an organization needs to not only have tangible financial and human resources, but also be driven by effective leadership at every level. Taking a cue from the medical industry's notion of bioavailability, organizational leaders can learn how to make the right decisions at the right times, and for the right reasons. In so doing, they ultimately can create an environment in which managers and employees throughout the hierarchy can realize their individual and collective potential. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the way to great at Morristown Medical Center's Emergency Department
Authors: Calichman Meghan , Klemm Richard
Published: February 2012

The Emergency Department (ED) at Morristown Medical Center in New Jersey, the largest hospital within the Atlantic Health System, was already well known for providing quality care when its leaders determined it could do even better. They formed a task force that developed several new processes to expedite patient care and ensured that the staff was committed to a new series of performance objectives. Continual feedback and ongoing communication helped keep the staff on track. In less than two months, the ED was able to cut the time it took a provider to see a patient by 20 percent, reduce the number of patients leaving without being seen or treated by 40 percent, and increase patient satisfaction by 20 percent. Now the focus in the ED is on maintaining progress by continuing to strive for even greater performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural and conformational analysis of 1‐oxaspiro[2.5]octane and 1‐oxa‐2‐azaspiro[2.5]octane derivatives by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR
Authors: Montalvo‐González Rubén , Ariza‐Castolo Armando
Published: February 2012

A structural and conformational analysis of 1‐oxaspiro[2.5]octane and 1‐oxa‐2‐azaspiro[2.5]octane derivatives was performed using 1H, 13 C, and 15 N NMR spectroscopy. The relative configuration and preferred conformations were determined by analyzing the homonuclear coupling constants and chemical shifts of the protons and carbon atoms in the aliphatic rings. These parameters directly reflected the steric and electronic effects of the substituent bonded to the aliphatic six‐membered ring or to C3 or N2. The parameters also were sensitive to the anisotropic positions of these atoms in the three‐atom ring. The preferred orientation of the exocyclic substituents directed the oxidative attack. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.