bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting node replication attacks in mobile sensor networks: theory and approaches
Authors: Zhu Wen Tao , Zhou Jianying , Deng Robert H. , Bao Feng
Published: May 2011

A wireless sensor network composed of a number of sensor nodes is often deployed in unattended and harsh environments to perform various monitoring tasks. Due to cost concerns, usually, sensor nodes are not made tamper‐resistant, and a captured node may be easily compromised by an adversary. With the revealed secret credentials, the adversary can create many duplicate nodes that are seemingly legitimate, and deploy them into the network to cripple the monitoring applications. Defending against node replication attacks has become an important research topic in sensor network security, but so far, not many solutions have been proposed, most of which adopt a stationary network model where sensor nodes are fixed and immobile. In this work, we address the problem of detecting node replication attacks in a mobile sensor network, where each sensor node freely and randomly roams in the sensing region all the time, and one node meets with another in an occasional and unpredictable manner. For replication attacks where the replicas do not conspire, we employ very lightweight token‐based authentication as a detection approach. In case the replicas conspire by communicating with each other in an efficient manner, we harness the random encounters between physical nodes and propose a detection method based on statistics. Compared with existent solutions, our detections have the nice feature that sensor nodes are freed from the fragile assumption that they can correctly obtain their geographic positions, and that even loose time synchronization may be unnecessary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure authentication mechanism for RFID tag in WLAN convergence 3G networks
Authors: Guo Ming‐Huang , Liaw Horng‐Twu , Chen Jyun‐Fu , Deng Der‐Jiunn
Published: May 2011

In the convergence network, the different technologies can be integrated to offer pervasive networking. Although it is able to provide better networking ability, the technical differentiation will make the management be more difficult. Especially when the security issues are considered, it is very necessary and important to develop some proper mechanisms for such a convergence environment. In this paper, we propose a secure authentication mechanism for third‐generation telecommunication (3G) and wireless local area network integrated networks. The proposed scheme is developed based on TS 33.234 and improves the network security with radio frequency identification tags. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme not only provides more functions but also satisfies more secure considerations for authentication in 3G network and wireless local area network convergence environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New variable selection methods for zero‐inflated count data with applications to the substance abuse field
Authors: Buu Anne , Johnson Norman J. , Li Runze , Tan Xianming
Published: May 2011

Zero‐inflated count data are very common in health surveys. This study develops new variable selection methods for the zero‐inflated Poisson regression model. Our simulations demonstrate the negative consequences which arise from the ignorance of zero‐inflation. Among the competing methods, the one‐step SCAD method is recommended because it has the highest specificity, sensitivity, exact fit, and lowest estimation error. The design of the simulations is based on the special features of two large national databases commonly used in the alcoholism and substance abuse field so that our findings can be easily generalized to the real settings. Applications of the methodology are demonstrated by empirical analyses on the data from a well‐known alcohol study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐Dependent Photonic Bandgap in Silica Artificial Opals
Authors: Gallego‐Gómez Francisco , Blanco Alvaro , Canalejas‐Tejero Victor , López Cefe
Published: May 2011

Some characteristics of silica‐based structures—like the photonic properties of artificial opals formed by silica spheres—can be greatly affected by the presence of adsorbed water. The reversible modification of the water content of an opal is investigated here by moderate heating (below 300 °C) and measuring in situ the changes in the photonic bandgap. Due to reversible removal of interstitial water, large blueshifts of 30 nm and a bandgap narrowing of 7% are observed. The latter is particularly surprising, because water desorption increases the refractive index contrast, which should lead instead to bandgap broadening. A quantitative explanation of this experiment is provided using a simple model for water distribution in the opal that assumes a nonclose‐packed fcc structure. This model further predicts that, at room temperature, about 50% of the interstitial water forms necks between nearest‐neighbor spheres, which are separated by 5% of their diameter. Upon heating, dehydration predominantly occurs at the sphere surfaces (in the opal voids), so that above 65 °C the remaining water resides exclusively in the necks. A near‐close‐packed fcc arrangement is only achieved above 200 °C. The high sensitivity to water changes exhibited by silica opals, even under gentle heating of few degrees, must be taken into account for practical applications. Remarkably, accurate control of the distance between spheres—from 16 to 1 nm—is obtained with temperature. In this study, novel use of the optical properties of the opal is made to infer quantitative information about water distribution within silica beads and dehydration phenomena from simple reflection spectra. Taking advantage of the well‐defined opal morphology, this approach offers a simple tool for the straightforward investigation of generic adsorption–desorption phenomena, which might be extrapolated to many other fields involving capillary condensation.
Scaling up from individual behaviour of Orius sauteri foraging on Thrips palmi to its daily functional response
Authors: Hemerik Lia , Yano Eizi
Published: May 2011

Functional responses of predators are generally measured under laboratory conditions at rather high prey densities. This is also true for the predation capability of the anthocorid predatory bug Orius sauteri (Poppius). To quantify the daily impact of one female Orius predator on its prey Thrips palmi Karny on greenhouse eggplants where the prey is present below the economic threshold density, we use its patch‐leaving and feeding behaviour on eggplant leaves with different prey numbers and scale up to the larger spatio‐temporal scale of the greenhouse and one foraging day by means of a simulation model. For this, we also use literature data on the distribution of T. palmi over eggplant leaves. The simulation results in a typical type II functional response for O. sauteri as a function of average T. palmi density: O. sauteri can find and eat approximately 10 prey items per day if T. palmi is present around its economic injury level. The daily mean number of prey eaten per O. sauteri predator, i.e., its predation capability, is highly sensitive to the actual baseline leaving tendency, the effect size of the presence of prey on the baseline leaving tendency and the effect size of the encounter rate with prey thereon.
Food habits of the farmer damselfishStegastes nigricansinferred by stomach content, stable isotope, and fatty acid composition analyses
Authors: Hata Hiroki , Umezawa Yu
Published: May 2011

The territorial damselfish,Stegastes nigricans, maintains algal farms by excluding invading herbivores and weeding unpalatable algae from its territories. In Okinawa, Japan,S.nigricansfarms are exclusively dominated byPolysiphoniasp., a highly digestible filamentous rhodophyte. This study was aimed at determining the diet ofS. nigricansin Okinawa and its dependency on these almost‐monoculture algal farms based on stomach content and chemical analyses. Stomach content analyses revealed that all available food items in the algal farms (i.e., algae, benthic animal inhabitants, trapped detritus) were contained in fish stomachs, but amorphous organic matter accounted for 68% of the contents. Therefore, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and fatty acid (FA) compositions were analyzed to trace items actually assimilated in their bodies. Stable isotope analyses showed that benthic animals were an important food source even for this farmer fish. Two essential fatty acids (EFAs), 20:4n6 and 20:5n3, which are produced only by rhodophytes among available food items, were rich in the muscle tissue ofS. nigricansas well as in algal mats and detritus, suggesting that algal mats contribute EFAs toS. nigricansdirectly and indirectly through the food web. In conclusion,S. nigricansingested algal mats, detritus, and benthic animals maintained within its farm. Algae and detritus were original sources of EFAs, and benthic animals, which were much more abundant in the farms than in outside territories, provided a nitrogen‐rich dietary source for the fish.
Pilot‐Plant Proof‐of‐Concept for Integrated, Countercurrent, Two‐Stage, Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans
Authors: de Moura J. M. L. N. , Maurer D. , Jung S. , Johnson L. A.
Published: May 2011

Proof‐of‐concept for integrated, countercurrent, two‐stage, enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans was demonstrated on a pilot‐plant scale (75 kg extruded flaked soybeans) where the protease used to demulsify the cream was recycled into upstream extraction stages. Oil, protein, and solids extraction yields of 98.0 ± 0.5%, 96.5 ± 0.4%, and 86.8 ± 0.5% were achieved by using the integrated countercurrent process. A three‐phase horizontal decanter centrifuge efficiently separated the solids from the two liquid fractions (skim and cream). Fine separation between the two liquid fractions was important to reducing the volume of skim contaminating the cream fraction, thereby reducing the amount of enzyme used for cream demulsification and subsequent extraction. We were able to reduce enzyme use when moving from the laboratory to the pilot‐plant scale, which reduced the degree of protein hydrolysis and improved cream demulsification. Enzyme‐catalyzed cream demulsification was 91.6% efficient and 93.0% free oil recovery from cream was achieved by using the integrated approach.
Ludovico Geymonat: Le problème de L'épistémologie historique
Authors: Minazzi Fabio
Published: May 2011

L’étude des différentes inspirations de l’épistémologie de Ludovico Geymonat (positivisme et néopositivisme, néorationalisme, historicisme et dialectique matérialiste) illustre la manière dont, pour le philosophe italien, le problème de l’objectivité de la connaissance reste inséparable de l’historicité des sciences. L’approche épistémologique de Geymonat associe le progrès des sciences à leur objectivité.
Généalogie du symbolique et archéologie de la théorie
Authors: Cavazzini Andrea
Published: May 2011

Enzo Melandri représente un trajet atypique de l’épistémologie italienne. Critique du néopositivisme, il a étudié les rapports entre les formations symboliques des théories et l’expérience en acte par le biais du concept de schématisme. Son projet a été celui de la réincorporation des sciences à la totalité de la praxis en articulant phénoménologie et archéologie des savoirs. L’épistémologie est ainsi devenue une méditation sur le sens de la raison scientifique et sur ses liens avec la société.
Giulio Preti ou le tournant pragmatique de La philosophie
Authors: Scarantino Luca Maria
Published: May 2011

Cet article présente les traits essentiels de la pensée de Giulio Preti. Il se focalise sur le primat de l’expérience pragmatique pour historiser les principes formels du savoir. L’historicité des a priori acquiert chez Preti la forme d’une historicité du sens commun, conçu comme vecteur historique des structures conceptuelles qui forment la culture. L’intégration des classiques du pragmatisme aux philosophies critiques et transcendantales européennes engendre un tournant pragmatique de la philosophie d’une grande actualité théorique.
Asians differ from non‐Hispanic Whites in experimental pain sensitivity
Authors: Rowelll Lauren N. , Mechlinl Beth , Jil Ellen , Addamol Michael , Girdlerl Susan S.
Published: May 2011

This study examined differences between Asians and non‐Hispanic Whites (Whites) in pain sensitivity, and its relationship to mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). In 30 Whites (50% female) and 30 Asians (50% female), experimental pain sensitivity was assessed with a hand cold pressor task, yielding measures of pain threshold, tolerance, intensity, and unpleasantness. Mean arterial pressure and HR measurements taken at rest and in response to speech stress were assessed. Perceived stress, anxiety, perfectionism, parental criticism, parental expectations and depressive symptoms were also measured. The results indicated that for the cold pain test, Asians demonstrated significantly lower pain threshold and tolerance levels than Whites. Although no ethnic differences were seen for MAP or HR responses to stress, for Whites higher stress MAP levels were correlated with reduced pain sensitivity, while for Asians higher baseline and stress HR levels were correlated with reduced pain sensitivity. Asians reported higher parental expectations and greater parental criticism than Whites. For Asians only, higher levels of perfectionism were related to more depressive symptoms, anxiety and perceived stress. These results indicate that Asian Americans are more sensitive to experimental pain than Whites and suggest ethnic differences in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms (e.g. MAP and HR). The results may also have implications for understanding ethnic differences in clinical pain.
Widespread pain in chronic epicondylitis
Authors: Pienimäkil Tuomo , Siiral Pertti , Vanharantal Heikki
Published: May 2011

We studied the associations of widespread pain with other pain and functional measures among patients with chronic epicondylitis.

A total of 190 patients (66% females) participated in the study; with a mean age 43.7, mean duration of symptoms 48 weeks, chronic lateral (n =160) and medial (n =30) epicondylitis. We analysed clinical status, grip strength and cubital pain thresholds and interviewed pain and disability, leisure time physical activity, strenuous hobby activities for arms, duration of symptoms, other systemic and upper extremity disorders, arm operations, and work ability. The location of pain was analysed using a whole‐body pain drawing, categorized into three groups; the highest of which was classified as widespread pain.

A total of 85 patients (45%) reported widespread pain. It was highly associated with female gender, high pain scores, decreased grip strength and pain thresholds (p <0.001 for all), with increased number of positive manual tests, low level of hobby strain for arms and physical activity, long duration of symptoms, and sick leave (p for all <0.05). It was also related to upper extremity disorders and arm surgery, but not with operated epicondylitis, other systemic diseases, workload or work ability. In addition, 39% of patients without other disease reported widespread pain.

Widespread pain is common in chronic epicondylitis with and without other diseases, and is related to high pain scores, decreased function of the arm, long duration of symptoms, sick leave, and with a low level of physical activity.
How integrins control mammary epithelial differentiation: A possible role for the ILK–PINCH–Parvin complex
Authors: Rooney Nicholas , Streuli Charles H.
Published: May 2011

Differentiation into tissue‐specific cell types occurs in response to numerous external signals. Integrins impart signals from the extracellular matrix microenvironment that are required for cell differentiation. However, the precise cytoplasmic transducers of these signals are yet to be understood properly. In lactating mammary epithelial cells, integrin‐linked kinase has been identified as an indispensable integrin‐signalling adaptor that enables the activation of Rac1, which is necessary for prolactin‐induced milk protein expression. Here we use examples from various tissues to summarise possible mechanisms by which ILK and its binding partners PINCH and Parvin (ILK–PINCH–Parvin complex) could be required for Rac activation and mammary epithelial differentiation.
Doctors’ orders––If they’re electronic, do they improve patient satisfaction? A complements/substitutes perspective
Authors: Queenan Carrie C. , Angst Corey M. , Devaraj Sarv
Published: May 2011

Doctors’ orders entered with Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) systems are designed to enhance patient care by standardizing routines that are intended to improve quality of healthcare. As with other health information technology (IT) performance studies, literature shows conflicting results regarding the CPOE–performance relationship. By adopting a more nuanced perspective and employing not just adoption but extent of use of CPOE, we first examine whether or not CPOE use improves patient satisfaction. Next, given that CPOEs are implemented in the backdrop of other hospital IT infrastructure, we examine how IT infrastructure impacts the relationship between CPOE use and satisfaction, testing both a complementary and substitution perspective. Finally, we examine the differential impact of CPOE use between academic and non‐academic hospitals. Using data from 806 hospitals nationwide, we find a positive relationship between extent of CPOE use and patient satisfaction. Contrary to extant research, our results suggest this relationship is stronger in non‐academic hospitals. We also find evidence that a hospital's IT infrastructure substitutes for CPOE use in its effect on patient satisfaction.
Dichotic multiple‐frequency auditory steady‐state responses in evaluating the hearing thresholds of occupational noise‐exposed workers
Authors: Hsu Ruey‐Fen , Chen Shun‐Sheng , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Ho Chi‐Kung , Lin Hsiu‐Fen
Published: May 2011

An objective, fast, and reasonably accurate assessment test that allows for easy interpretation of the responses of the hearing thresholds at all frequencies of a conventional audiogram is needed to resolve the medicolegal aspects of an occupational hearing injury. This study evaluated the use of dichotic multiple‐frequency auditory steady‐state responses (Mf‐ASSR) to predict the hearing thresholds in workers exposed to high levels of noise. The study sample included 34 workers with noise‐induced hearing impairment. Thresholds of pure‐tone audiometry (PTA) and Mf‐ASSRs at four frequencies were assessed. The differences and correlations between the thresholds of Mf‐ASSRs and PTA were determined. The results showed that, on average, Mf‐ASSR curves corresponded well with the thresholds of the PTA contours averaged across subjects. The Mf‐ASSRs were 20 ± 8 dB, 16 ± 9 dB, 12 ± 9 dB, and 11 ± 12 dB above the thresholds of the PTA for 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, and 4,000 Hz, respectively. The thresholds of the PTA and the Mf‐ASSRs were significantly correlated (r = 0.77–0.89). We found that the measurement of Mf‐ASSRs is easy and potentially time saving, provides a response at all dichotic multiple frequencies of the conventional audiogram, reduces variability in the interpretation of the responses, and correlates well with the behavioral hearing thresholds in subjects with occupational noise‐induced hearing impairment. Mf‐ASSR can be a valuable aid in the adjustment of compensation cases.
Global stability of swept flow around a parabolic body: the neutral curve
Authors: MACK CHRISTOPH J. , SCHMID PETER J.
Published: May 2011

The onset of transition in the leading-edge region of a swept blunt body depends crucially on the stability characteristics of the flow. Modelling this flow configuration by swept compressible flow around a parabolic body, a global approach is taken to extract pertinent stability information via a DNS-based iterative eigenvalue solver. Global modes combining features from boundary-layer and acoustic instabilities are presented. A parameter study, varying the spanwise disturbance wavenumber and the sweep Reynolds number, showed the existence of unstable boundary-layer and acoustic modes. The corresponding neutral curve displays two overlapping regions of exponential growth and two critical Reynolds numbers, one for boundary-layer instabilities and one for acoustic instabilities. The employed global approach establishes a first neutral curve, delineating stable from unstable parameter configurations, for the complex flow about a swept parabolic body with corresponding implications for swept leading-edge flow.
Understanding State Sponsorship of Militant Groups
Authors: Bapat Navin A.
Published: May 2011

States engage in coercive diplomacy by sponsoring militant violence against their rivals. This gives militant groups’ sponsors bargaining power, but may produce moral hazard, because it can empower groups so much that sponsors cannot control them. This study develops a game theoretic model to explain why states take the risk of sponsoring militant groups. The model demonstrates that sponsorship may be a form of costly signalling that increases the probability both of bargaining failure and of a negotiated settlement favourable to the sponsor. The model further demonstrates that only moderately weak states and major powers are likely to gain coercive power through sponsorship. Data on militant violence during the period 1989–2001 support the model's predictions.
Cloning and characterization ofmariner-like elements in the soybean aphid,Aphis glycinesMatsumura
Authors: Mittapalli O. , Rivera-Vega L. , Bhandary B. , Bautista M.A. , Mamidala P. , Michel A.P. , Shukle R.H. , Mian M.A.R.
Published: May 2011

Soybean aphid,Aphis glycinesMatsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is currently the most important insect pest of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) in the United States and causes significant economic damage worldwide, but little is known about the aphid at the molecular level.Mariner-like transposable elements (MLEs) are ubiquitous within the genomes of arthropods and various other invertebrates. In this study, we report the cloning of MLEs from the soybean aphid genome using degenerate PCR primers designed to amplify conserved regions ofmarinertransposases. Two of the ten sequenced clones (designated asAgmar1andAgmar2) contained partial but continuous open reading frames, which shared high levels of homology at the protein level with othermarinertransposases from insects and other taxa. Phylogenetic analysis revealedAgmar1to group within the irritans subfamily of MLEs andAgmar2within the mellifera subfamily. Southern blot analysis and quantitative PCR analysis indicated a low copy number forAgmar1-like elements within the soybean aphid genome. These results suggest the presence of at least two different putativemariner-like transposases encoded by the soybean aphid genome. BothAgmar1andAgmar2could play influential roles in the architecture of the soybean aphid genome. Transposable elements are also thought to potentially mediate resistance in insects through changes in gene amplification and mutations in coding sequences. Finally,Agmar1andAgmar2may represent useful genetic tools and provide insights onA. glycinesadaptation.
NATIONAL COURT INTERVENTION IN ARBITRATION AS AN INVESTMENT TREATY CLAIM
Authors: Garnett Richard
Published: May 2011

International commercial arbitration has long been a popular method for resolving cross-border business disputes. The opportunity for parties to choose their adjudicators and the dispute resolution procedure, the scope for privacy and the greater capacity for enforcement of awards compared to court judgments are all important reasons that parties prefer international arbitration over litigation. Reinforcing this trend in favour of international commercial arbitration has been a general consensus among national courts and legislatures that support, rather than interference, should be provided to the arbitral process. Such a philosophy is apparent, for example, in the requirements in the widely adopted New York Convention for States to recognize and enforce both foreign arbitration agreements and awards, and in international instruments such as the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, which authorize national courts to assist, rather than intervene, in the conduct of arbitrations within their borders. Moreover, international commercial arbitration has proven to be sufficiently flexible as a dispute resolution method to be used both in disputes between private parties, and between private and State entities.
ARBITRATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS
Authors: Paulsson Jan
Published: May 2011

The law applicable to arbitration is not the law applicable in arbitration. The latter determines arbitrators' decisions. The former refers to the source of their authority: the legal order that governs arbitration. According to the territorialist thesis, an arbitration can have no foundation other than that of the legal order of the particular State in which the arbitration takes place. This outdated conception is disproved by the simple factual observation that a plurality of legal orders may give effect to arbitration. Some French scholars promote the notion of an autonomous arbitral order. Inasmuch as they ultimately seek to establish this order by positing its recognition by the very State orders from which they claim autonomy, their idea is circular and in effect no more than a dressed-up variant of ordinary horizontal pluralism. But the model of horizontal pluralism fails to account for important orderings of arbitral activity. Arbitration in modern society is accurately perceived as a complex, three-dimensional form of pluralism, in which legal orders (i) are not exclusively those of States and (ii) frequently overlap.
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF THIRD COUNTRY JUDICIARIES THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE EU ACQUIS: THE CASES OF RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
Authors: Petrov Roman , Kalinichenko Paul
Published: May 2011

The aim of this article is to look at the phenomenon of Europeanization of judiciaries of third countries through the prism of EU external policy. It is argued that external factors (objectives of EU external policies, EU soft law, EU technical and financial assistance, favourable interpretation of EU law by the ECJ towards third country nationals) play important role in persuading third country judiciaries to apply the EU acquis in their judgments. The similar pattern can be envisaged with regard to Russia and Ukraine. Case study shows that EU policies towards these countries led to generally favourable attitude towards applying the EU acquis by Russian and Ukrainian courts, though mainly as a persuasive source of law. However, problems linked to effectiveness, independence and fight with corruption hinder further Europeanization of judiciaries in Russia and Ukraine.
THE CANCUN CLIMATE AGREEMENTS: READING THE TEXT, SUBTEXT AND TEA LEAVES
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya
Published: May 2011

The Cancun Agreements, hailed by Patricia Espinosa, Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs and President of the Cancun Conference, as launching ‘a new era of international cooperation on climate change,’1 were concluded on 11 December 2010 to widespread acclaim. These agreements that will guide the climate negotiations for the foreseeable future represent another twist in the tale of the ongoing negotiations.
THE FUNCTIONS OF TRANSPARENCY IN REGULATING CONTRACT TERMS: UK AND AUSTRALIAN APPROACHES
Authors: WILLETT CHRIS
Published: May 2011

This article considers the functions of transparency in regulating consumer contract terms in the UK and Australia. The discussion is set in the context of EU level regulation with various references to civil law approaches. The main issue explored here is the extent to which transparency is capable of legitimizing substantively unfair terms. However, I also exploreotherroles that may be played by transparency and the extent to which these are facilitated in the UK and Australia.
I. CLARIFYING THE ‘PHILOSOPHY OF ARTICLE 15’ IN THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION: C-585/08 PETER PAMMER V REEDERE KARL SCHLUTER GMBH & CO AND C-144/09 HOTEL ALPENHOF GESMBH V OLIVER HELLER
Authors: Gillies Lorna
Published: May 2011

In the Cases C-585/08 Peter Pammer v Reedere Karl Schluter GmbH & Co and C-144/09 Hotel Alpenhof GesmbH v Oliver Heller, the CJEU considered the applicability of article 15(1) (c) of Regulation EC 44/2001 (Brussels I) vis-à-vis the use of web sites in commercial communications with consumers domiciled in other Member States. Article 15 of Brussels I contains special rules which determine the jurisdiction of disputes concerning ‘protected’1 consumer contracts falling within its scope. Articles 15(1)(a) and (b) apply where either the contract is subject to an instalment credit arrangement or where the contract is for a loan to finance the sale of goods respectively. These two recent cases were concerned with article 15(1)(c), itself previously regarded by the Commission as the ‘philosophy of Article 15.’2 The connecting factors in article 15(1)(c) apply in two situations.3 The first is where the seller concludes contracts as a result of commercial activities entered into in the Member State of the consumer's domicile. The alternative applies when a business ‘directs’ its professional or commercial activities to the Member State of the consumer's domicile and a contract is concluded as a consequence of those activities. Article 15(2) also (currently) provides that a non-EU defendant corporation which has a branch or agency in a Member State that contracts with a consumer may be regarded as domiciled in that Member State. The cases are important as for the first time references were made to the CJEU to specifically consider and interpret the extent to which a business' web site should be construed as ‘directing [commercial] activities’ towards consumers domiciled in other Member States. Essentially, what kind of activity should be construed as directing activity when a seller or his agent uses a web site with the intention to facilitate contractual activities with consumers located in a Member State?
I. REFORM OR REVOLUTION? THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, EU FINANCIAL MARKETS LAW, AND THE EUROPEAN SECURITIES AND MARKETS AUTHORITY
Authors: Moloney Niamh
Published: May 2011

Since the outset of the financial crisis, the EU financial markets regime1has been undergoing a period of turbulence which contrasts sharply with the period of relative stability which it briefly enjoyed over 2005–2007 and post-FSAP (Financial Services Action Plan2). The FSAP reforms had been adopted. The Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) had emerged as an influential actor, driving some degree of supervisory coordination and co-operation and constructing a significant soft law ‘rule-book.’ And the 2007 Lamfalussy Review suggested broad political, institutional and stakeholder satisfaction with the Lamfalussy process. There was little enthusiasm for grand adventures in institutional design, albeit that supervision, an institutionally-driven concern, was presciently if belatedly emerging as a concern of the EU institutions. The Review's main concern, however, was with strengthening the pragmatic, if somewhat haphazard, network-based, ‘supervisory convergence’ model as the means for supervising the integrating EU financial market. With respect to regulation, reflecting the wider internationalzeitgeistpre-crisis,3‘Better Regulation’ and the need for a ‘regulatory pause’ were the watchwords of a Commission which, once the massive FSAP regime was safely in place, espoused the benefits of self-regulation and highlighted the risks of intervention without impact assessment, extensive consultation and evidence of market failure.4This was most apparent with respect to credit rating agencies,5debt market transparency,6hedge funds,7and clearing and settlement.8Institutionally, a relatively sophisticated law-making apparatus, in the form of the Lamfalussy structures, a plethora of advisory bodies and stakeholder bodies (notably FIN-NET which represents the consumer and SME interest), had been established.
III. THE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF EU PRIVILEGE LAW UNDER AKZO NOBEL AT HOME AND ABROAD
Authors: Stefanelli Justine N
Published: May 2011

On 14 September 2010 the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) delivered its judgment in Akzo Nobel.1 The judgment and its preceding opinion focused on the application of legal professional privilege to communications between a client and in-house legal counsel. The less-emphasized aspect of the case was the Court's decision to exclude all lawyers qualified outside of the European Union (EU) from the application of legal professional privilege.2 Because the application of legal professional privilege to lawyers from third States was not the focus of Akzo Nobel, the issue was lost in the extensive debate surrounding privilege and in-house legal counsel. The Court unfortunately missed an opportunity to reshape EU privilege law in acknowledgement of its negative consequences on the EU human rights framework and also on the EU's relationships with countries which do not apply a similar bright line rule. These implications will be discussed below with a particular emphasis on the EU's obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its relationship with the United States (US).
An animal model for endoscopic endonasal surgery and dacryocystorhinostomy training: uses and limitations of the lamb's head
Authors: Mladina R , Vuković K , Štern Padovan R , Skitarelić N
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

Structured training in endoscopic sinus surgery is essential, considering the serious potential complications. We have developed a detailed endoscopic endonasal surgery training programme, using a lamb's head model. This study aimed to assess the possibilities of using such a model for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy training.

Materials and methods:

Dacryocystography was performed on lamb's head models, which were then meticulously dissected, both macroscopically and endoscopically, to assess the nasolacrimal system.

Results:

Dacryocystography showed the absence of a lacrimal sac in all the lamb's heads dissected. This result was confirmed by dissection.

Conclusion:

Lamb's heads are excellent models with which to teach endoscopic sinus surgery techniques. However, this study clearly demonstrated the absence of a lacrimal sac in all such models dissected. Thus, this animal model is inappropriate for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy training.
Significance of advanced haemostasis investigation in recurrent, severe post-tonsillectomy bleeding
Authors: Kontorinis G , Schwab B
Published: May 2011

Objective:

To evaluate the significance of advanced post-operative haemostasis investigation in cases of recurrent, severe post-tonsillectomy bleeding.

Materials and methods:

Of the 120 patients treated at our tertiary centre between 2006 and 2010 due to post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage, 22 with recurrent, severe episodes of bleeding underwent further, advanced haemostasis investigation.

Results:

Underlying haemorrhagic disease was not diagnosed in any case. Isolated abnormal clotting factor levels were identified in two patients. Decreased fibrinogen concentration due to dilutional coagulopathy was found in nine cases (40.9 per cent).

Conclusion:

Recurrent, severe post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage is rarely related to undiagnosed haemostatic disorders. Thus, advanced haemostasis studies have little therapeutic relevance. However, repetitive post-tonsillectomy bleeding may be related to decreased fibrinogen levels due to dilutional coagulopathy. Therefore, fibrinogen concentration should be tested, and dilutional coagulopathy treated promptly.
‘Creative industries’: Economic programme and boundary concept
Authors: Hornidge Anna-Katharina
Published: May 2011

On 31 December 1985, Singapore left the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), turning against the ‘New International Information Order’ demanded by UNESCO at that time. In October 2007, after 22 years of absence, Singapore rejoined UNESCO, looking for an intensification of cultural and scientific exchange. Taking this example of reviving co-operation between Singapore and UNESCO, this paper assesses the concept of ‘creative industries’ as a boundary concept that allows for increased co-operation between players with generally opposing knowledge concepts — as manifested in their respective knowledge and cultural politics. The paper starts with a conceptual discussion on the crossing of boundaries. This is followed by an assessment of first, UNESCO's and second, Singapore's gradual repositioning towards culture. While UNESCO turned from distinctly separating ‘culture’ and ‘market’ in the 1970s and 1980s to an increased openness for profit-oriented conceptualisations of culture today, Singapore identified the economic potential of culture, creativity and the arts, and therefore the need to foster these as part of its development into a knowledge-based economy. The underlying differences in interests and the orientation of content, expressed by the traditionally opposing conceptualisations of knowledge and culture, are still valid today, yet the concept of ‘creative industries’, adopted by both sides, seems to offer a common meeting ground. It acts clearly as a bridge, and hence a boundary concept, allowing for an intensification of mutual co-operation. This is discussed in the final part of the paper.
Beyond Conversion and Sanskritisation: Articulating an Alternative Dalit Agenda in East Punjab
Authors: RAM RONKI
Published: May 2011

Given different socio-economic structures, and acute landlessness among the Dalits of East Punjab, the agendas of conversion to neo-Buddhism and sanskritisation, the two most popular Dalit social mobility models in India, have failed to strike a cord among the Dalits in this border state of northwest India. But that does not imply that Dalits of Punjab have failed in improving their social status. On the contrary, they have been very vocal in their assertions for social justice and dignity, and pressing for a due share in the local structures of power; a clear indication of a significant surge of Dalit social mobility in Punjab. The question that still remains largely unexplored, however, relates to the patterns of Dalit social mobility in Punjab that have emerged independently of the agendas of conversion to neo-Buddhism and sanskritisation. The study aims to map out the contours of an emerging alternative Dalit agenda in Punjab, which is conspicuous by its absence in existing Dalit studies, and examines its catalytic role in enhancing the legitimacy and effectiveness of increasingly visible Dalit social mobility in the state. The paper concludes by visualising the possibility of an articulation and assertion of a similar alternative Dalit agenda through highly contentious democratic politics in other parts of India, where the archetypical agendas of conversion and sanskritisation have either failed to deliver social justice and dignity or could not simply appeal to the local Dalit population.
Provincialising embedded liberalism: film, orientalism and the reconstruction of world order
Authors: AITKEN ROB
Published: May 2011

This article explores conceptions of post-war world order promoted in appeals to ‘filmic internationalism’ – an Anglo-American movement of filmmakers, artists, and cultural bureaucrats who became committed to social-realist documentary films throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Examining this movement, I argue, allows us to reflect on the cultural consititution of embedded liberalsim, a vision of post-war order pursued not only in political-economic but also in cultural terms. Moreover, retelling the story of filmic internationalism also unsettles our accounts of embedded liberalism by foregrounding the lingering importance of imperial governmentality to interwar conversations regarding post-war world order. Traces of imperial governmentality are visible in both the ways in which filmmakers conveived the cultural agency of ‘other’ populations as well as the universal conceit with which they promoted a form of social governance. Recovering these ‘other’ stories, I argue, is a critical gesture which provincialises embedded liberalism by situating it in a more diverse set of contexts than is often acknowledged.
Synthesis and reformulation of foreign policy change: Japan and East Asian financial regionalism
Authors: LEE YONG WOOK
Published: May 2011

What explains major foreign policy changes? Why and when does the state change its foreign policy? Despite the importance of foreign policy change, which can (re)shape the nature of a given state's international relationsvis-à-visother states and international systems, explanations of foreign policy change have received only sporadic attention in foreign policy analysis literature. Against this backdrop, I offer in this article a new framework designed to capturebothmotivational and processual aspects of foreign policy change. I develop the framework by critically examining and synthesising two recent systematic explorations of foreign policy change: one framework within the tradition of rationalism (broadly defined) – David Welch'sPainful Choice: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change(2005) – and the other within constructivism – Jeffrey Legro'sRethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order(2006). For the motivational analysis, I link the role of crisis-defining ideas tothreat perceptionto sharpen prospect theory. I illustrate this reformulated synthesis with an example of Japan's policy shift toward East Asian financial regionalism.
Multilateral cooperation in Africa between China and Western countries: from differences to consensus
Authors: JIANBO LUO , XIAOMIN ZHANG
Published: May 2011

In the 21st century, it is a great event in the field of international politics that both China and Africa are marching towards revival and more cooperation among each other. The old international order which centered on the West can no longer meet the demand of the changes of African geopolitical pattern. Therefore, it is high time to establish a multilateral cooperation mechanism concerning Africa's peace and development. The authors argue that there are differences in historical experience, diplomatic ideas and principles as well as extensive common grounds of diplomatic strategy and national interests between China and the West in respect of their relations with Africa. Both China and the West should promote talks which are more open, more cooperative and more conducive to a win-win end. In doing this, they can achieve a win-for-all result for all the parties involved.
The Westphalian model and sovereign equality
Authors: STIRK PETER M. R.
Published: May 2011

Although the Westphalian model takes many forms the association of Westphalian and sovereign equality is a prominent one. This article argues firstly that sovereign equality was not present as a normative principle at Westphalia. It argues further that while arguments for sovereign equality were present in the eighteenth century they did not rely on, or even suggest, a Westphalian provenance. It was, for good reasons, not until the late nineteenth century that the linkages of Westphalia and sovereign equality became commonplace, and even then sovereign equality and its linkage with Westphalia were disputed. It was not until after the Second World War, notably through the influential work of Leo Gross that the linkage of Westphalia and sovereign equality became not only widely accepted, but almost undisputed until quite recently. The article concludes by suggesting that not only did Gross bequeath a dubious historiography but that this historiography is an impediment to contemporary International Relations.
Ontological dissonance, clashing identities, and Israel's unilateral steps towards the Palestinians
Authors: LUPOVICI AMIR
Published: May 2011

This article further conceptualises and empirically tests the concept ofontological security. This concept, which refers to an actor's need to have a secure identity, has been used in International Relations (IR) mainly to study situations in which states face a threat to one of their identities. However, my focus here is on situations in which states are facing threats to a number of identities they hold, situations that result in what I termontological dissonance. In such cases, not only are various distinct identities threatened, but the solutions to ease these threats are contradictory, forcing the state to choose between different cherished values. I contend that in such situations avoidance can become an attractive option for states in dealing with the difficulties arising from this dilemma. This theoretical framework is used to explain Israel's unilateral steps toward the Palestinians in recent years. I argue that the terror attacks of theSecond Intifada(2000–2005) represented more than a physical security threat to Israel. The attacks and Israel's initial response to them aggravated threats to a number of Israel's identities and, more importantly, emphasised existing and potential future clashes among these identities. As a result, Israeli policy makers advanced unilateral steps to reduce these threats and to ease the accompanying ontological dissonance. These unilateral measures can thus be understood as measures of avoidance, and as such they complicated further cooperation between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
Beyond the metropolis? Popular peace and post-conflict peacebuilding
Authors: ROBERTS DAVID
Published: May 2011

The debate on peacebuilding is deadlocked. Leading scholars of ‘fourth generation’ peacebuilding, who take Liberalism to task for creating what they refer to as crises in peacebuilding, have themselves been challenged by those they criticise for over-stating Liberal failure and failing themselves to produce the goods in terms of an alternative. But behind this debate, it seems that both approaches are asking the same question: how can stable, legitimate, sustainable peace be engineered? This article engages critical theory with problem-solving social sciences. It proposes that the crises in orthodox post-conflict peacebuilding are genuine, but there are approaches that might put flesh on fourth generation concepts without bringing the Liberal edifice down, shifting the debate away from ontology and ideology and returning it to the people in whose name it is held.
On the use of agent technology in intelligent, multisensory and distributed surveillance
Authors: Gascueña José M. , Fernández-Caballero Antonio
Published: May 2011

This article revises the state of the art of the application of agent technology within the scope of surveillance systems. Thus, the potential of the practical use of the concepts and technologies of the agent paradigm can be identified and evaluated in this domain. Current surveillance systems are noted for using several devices, heterogeneous in many instances, distributed along the observed scenario, while incorporating a certain degree of intelligence to alert the operator proactively to what is going on in the observed scenario and prevent the operator from having to observe the monitors continuously. The basic characteristics of the agents (autonomy, reactivity, proactiveness and social ability), along with multiagent systems’ characteristics (distributed data management, low coupling, robustness, communication and coordination between autonomous entities), suggest that the agency is a good choice for solving problems which appear and are dealt with in surveillance systems.
Sovereignty, Accountability, and the Wealth Fund Governance Conundrum
Authors: GELPERN Anna
Published: May 2011

Sovereign wealth funds—state-controlled transnational portfolio investment vehicles—began as an externally imposed category in search of a definition. SWFs from different countries had little in common and no desire to collaborate. This article elaborates the implications of diverse public, private, domestic, and external demands on SWFs, and describes how their apparently artificial grouping became a site for innovation in international law-making.