bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty fish intake, n‐3 fatty acids and self‐rated health in middle‐aged adults
Authors: Høstmark Arne T. , Tomten Sissel E. , Holmboe‐Ottesen Gerd
Published: May 2007

Background – Since n‐3 fatty acids, abundant in fatty fish, may improve health, we raised the question whether self‐reported intake frequency of fatty fish (FF) might be related to the percentage of n‐3 fatty acids in serum phospholipids (PL‐n‐3), and also to self‐rated health (H).

Design – The study followed a cross‐sectional design.

Methods – In the cross‐sectional Oslo Health Study, PL‐n‐3 were determined in 121 middle‐aged ethnic Norwegians and 102 immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and correlated with FF and H. Logistic regression was used to study the relationship between PL‐n‐3 and H (dichotomized, i.e. Poor vs. Good health).

Results – FF correlated positively with PL20:5n‐3 (PL‐EPA, r = 0.467, p <0.001) and PL22:6n‐3 (PL‐DHA, r = 0.499, p <0.001), and negatively with PL20:4n‐6 (PL‐AA, r = –0.350, p = 0.001). H was positively associated with PL‐EPA (r = 0.321, p <0.001) and PL‐DHA (r = 0.275; p <0.001), but negatively with PL‐AA (r = –0.220, p = 0.001). The odds ratio for reporting Poor vs. Good health was significantly higher in subjects with low levels of PL‐EPA (OR = 1.49; 95% confidence interval = 1.17–1.89, p = 0.001), persisting after adjusting for sex, physical activity, ethnicity and length of education.

Conclusion – The intake frequency of fatty fish is related to n‐3 fatty acids in the serum phospholipids, and to self‐rated health.
Lipase‐catalysed enrichment of DHA and EPA in acylglycerols resulting from squid oil ethanolysis
Authors: Lyberg Ann‐Marie , Adlercreutz Patrick
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid specificity of four lipases towards eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was evaluated when performing ethanolysis of squid oil. During the first part of ethanolysis, no DHA ethyl esters were detected when using the lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Pseudomonas cepacia or Pseudomonas fluorescens (in the case of the second and third lipases, no EPA ethyl esters were detected either). This indicates that these three lipases could not catalyse the conversion of DHA located in a triacylglycerol to ethyl ester, and that the Pseudomonas lipases could not catalyse the conversion of EPA either. This pattern was not found for the lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus showed the lowest specificity towards DHA and the highest DHA recovery during DHA enrichment in the acylglycerol fraction. It was thus used to catalyse the ethanolysis of squid oil on a larger scale. The ethyl esters formed were removed using short‐path distillation, resulting in a product containing mainly mono‐ and diacylglycerols. The product contained 34 mol‐% DHA and 17 mol‐% EPA, compared with 19 mol‐% DHA and 12 mol‐% EPA in the original squid oil.
New Heterocyclic Mono‐ and Bis(α‐hydroxymethyl)phosphinic Acids: Synthesis and CuIIBinding Abilities
Authors: Olszewski Tomasz Krzysztof , Gałęzowska Joanna , Boduszek Bogdan , Kozłowski Henryk
Published: May 2007

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of (α‐hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acids in a pyridine and imidazole series from their corresponding aldehydes and aqueous hypophosphorous acid was developed. The same reaction carried out with an excess of aldehyde in the presence of a mineral acid led mainly to the corresponding bis(α‐hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acids in moderate yields. The coordination properties of these compounds towards CuIIions were determined. Additionally, it was found that [(hydroxy)(2‐pyridyl)‐ and (hydroxy)(4‐pyridyl)methyl]phosphinic acids were easy to cleave in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions, to form phosphorus acid (H3PO3) and the corresponding pyridinemethanols. The kinetics of the cleavage reaction was studied. On the basis of the obtained results, a mechanism of the cleavage was formulated.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Progress in Supramolecular Chemistry of Gases
Authors: Rudkevich Dmitry M.
Published: May 2007

The current progress in molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry of gases is presented. The structure and properties of supramolecular gas‐receptor complexes is discussed. Novel chromophoric and fluorophoric sensors for detection of gases are introduced. Studies on molecules and materials for gas entrapment, separation, storage and release that involve synthetic containers, capsules and nanotubes are overviewed. It is shown that supramolecular fixation of gases leads to stable and selective chemical reagents. Gases can also be used as building blocks. Polymers and reversible, dynamic nanostructures from gases are presented. Their potential application as storing and separating materials is discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Practical Gold‐Catalyzed Route to 4‐Substituted Oxazolidin‐2‐ones from N‐Boc Propargylamines
Authors: Lee Eun‐Sun , Yeom Hyun‐Suk , Hwang Ji‐Hyun , Shin Seunghoon
Published: May 2007

AuI‐catalyzed cyclization of N‐Boc propargylamines into 4‐alkylidene oxazolidin‐2‐ones is described. This modularapproach provides access to a variety of nonproteogenic 4‐substituted oxazolidinones that are important in asymmetric synthesis and biological applications. The current flexible route is characterized by low catalyst loading, mild conditions, and operational simplicity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Studies on the Synthesis of Schisandraceae Natural Products: Exploring a Cyclopropylcarbinol Ring Expansion Strategy
Authors: Fischer Derek , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: May 2007

Acid mediated cyclopropylcarbinol ring expansion has been shown to be a viable method for the construction of the AB ring framework of lancifodilactone F and related terpenoids of the Schisandraceae family of natural products. We found that this rearrangement proceeds with good stereochemical control based on inversion of the C10 cyclopropyl center. Our studies indicate that the cis‐decalin motif of 31 could be used as a key synthetic precursor of certain Schisandraceae metabolites.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Improved β‐Glucanase Production by a Recombinant Escherichia coli Strain using Zinc‐Ion Supplemented Medium
Authors: Beshay U. , Miksch G. , Friehs K. , Flaschel E.
Published: May 2007

In order to investigate the suitability of different metal chelates for affinity chromatography, an expression vector was constructed. It contained a hybrid β‐glucanase as a model protein fused with a His6‐tag and a secretion cassette providing the ability to secrete β‐glucanase into the culture medium. Supplementation of zinc to the medium led to a rapidly increased expression and release of the target protein into the cultivation medium. Results in respect to the supplementation of the commonly used Terrific Broth “TB‐medium” with different metal ions are reported with special emphasis on the influence of zinc ions. A concentration of zinc ions in the order of about 0.175 mM led to optimal results. Batch cultivation under well‐controlled conditions showed that the growth behavior did not change significantly by adding zinc ions. Growth in a stirred tank bioreactor was much faster in unsupplemented TB‐medium compared to shake flask experiments leading to a much higher biomass concentration (15 g/L instead of 3 g/L). The secretion of β‐glucanase under theses conditions started at the transition into the stationary phase and increased to yield an extracellular activity of 1350 U/mL at the end of the fermentation process. An even higher yield of extracellular β‐glucanase (2800 U/mL) was reached when the fermentation was carried out with TB‐medium supplemented with 0.175 mM ZnSO4.
Downscaling of coarse‐grained geomorphological data
Authors: Luoto Miska , Hjort Jan
Published: May 2007

One of the basic limitations to the use of geomorphological maps is their coarse resolution relative to the needs of pure and applied geomorphological research. In response to this, attempts have been made to ‘downscale’ geomorphological information to finer spatial resolutions. However, the potential of statistical downscaling in geomorphology has been insufficiently examined. We downscaled four different periglacial features (wind deflation, palsa mire, earth hummock and sorted solifluction sheet) from a 100 ha grid to a 1 ha grid resolution utilizing two different techniques: point sampling (PSA) and direct (DA) approaches. We assessed the predictive accuracy of the models with the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic plot using independent evaluation data. The PSA technique yielded encouraging results with a mean accuracy of 0·81, whereas the performance of DA was poorer. The predictive performance of the palsa mire and solifluction sheet models was excellent (AUC values from 0·89 to 0·96), whereas the AUC values of deflation and earth hummock models were lower (AUC = 0·57–0·81). The application of a point sampling approach as used here provides an efficient method to translate geomorphological information to finer resolution. However, further testing of the downscaling approaches is required before they can be applied to real‐world situations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long memory models for daily and high frequency commodity futures returns
Authors: Baillie Richard T. , Han Young‐Wook , Myers Robert J. , Song Jeongseok
Published: May 2007

The volatility of daily futures returns for six important commodities are found to be well described as FIGARCH, fractionally integrated processes, whereas the mean returns exhibit very small departures from the martingale difference property. Several years of high frequency intraday commodity futures returns are also found to have very similar long memory in volatility features as the daily returns. Semiparametric local Whittle estimation of the long memory parameter in absolute returns also finds very significant long memory features. Estimating the long memory parameter across many different data sampling frequencies provides consistent estimates of the long memory parameter, suggesting that the series are self‐similar. The results have important implications for empirical work using commodity futures price data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:643–668, 2007
Automation and manufacturing employment: A reappraisal
Authors: Rico Leonard
Published: May 2007

Manufacturing unemployment is caused by many kinds of organizational change, often a change to automatic production. A framework is suggested here for analyzing the relationship of automation‐change to other organizational changes.
Impact of tobacco‐smoke on key signaling pathways in the innate immune response in lung macrophages
Authors: Birrell Mark A. , Wong Sissie , Catley Matthew C. , Belvisi Maria G.
Published: May 2007

Many of the healthcare consequences of cigarette smoking could be due to its ability to compromise the immune system, and in respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a constant low level of infection could be responsible for some of the symptoms/pathology. The aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) on the release of innate effector cytokines in THP‐1 cells and human lung macrophages, and to determine the molecular mechanism behind the altered response. Cells were exposed to CS with and without endotoxin stimulus, cytokines, glutathione, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, IκB kinase‐2 (IKK‐2) activity, nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) pathway activation was measured. Attempts were made to mimic or block the effect of CS by using nicotine, nitric oxide donors/inhibitors, prostanoid inhibitors, and anti‐oxidants. Results showed that CS initially delayed the production of “innate” cytokines (e.g., IL‐1β and IL‐6) and reduced glutathione levels. This was associated with a reduction in NF‐κB pathway activation, which suggested a causative link. CS also increased the phosphorylation of MAPK's and the production of IL‐8 but interestingly only in stimulated cells. Exogenous glutathione treatment reversed both these effects of CS, which suggests that this molecule may play a central role. In conclusion, this data provides a novel mechanistic explanation for why smokers have increased prevalence/severity of respiratory infections. In addition, the suppression of the innate response is accompanied by an increase in the neutrophil chemoattractant, IL‐8, which may suggest a link to the pathogenesis of smoking‐related inflammatory disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:27–37, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluoropolymer Based on a Polyaspartamide containing 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole Units: A Potential Artificial Oxygen (O2) Carrier
Authors: Mandracchia Delia , Piccionello Antonio Palumbo , Pitarresi Giovanna , Pace Andrea , Buscemi Silvestre , Giammona Gaetano
Published: May 2007

In this preliminary work we have prepared a fluorinated polymer capable of solubilizing an appreciable amount of O2 and, at the same time, maintaining a higher water solubility than perfluoroalkanes investigated as injectable O2 carriers. In particular, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new macromolecular conjugate obtained by derivatization of α,β‐poly(N‐2‐hydroxyethyl)‐DL‐aspartamide (PHEA) with 5‐pentafluorophenyl‐3‐perfluoroheptyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole, called PHEA‐F. This new water soluble fluoropolymer was prepared in high yield using a simple procedure. It was characterized by FT‐IR and UV‐vis spectrophotometry, 19F‐NMR and SEC measurements. O2 solubility studies on PHEA‐F aqueous solutions were carried out at 25 °C and 37 °C at atmospheric pressure and showed that PHEA‐F conjugate, despite its low degree of derivatization in fluorine containing groups (2.60 mol‐%), is capable of dissolving 13–15% more O2 than non‐fluorinated PHEA. Moreover, O2 release in simulated physiological conditions is faster for PHEA‐F than for PHEA. The biocompatibility of this conjugate has been evaluated by performing an in vitro viability assay on human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells (K‐562) chosen as a model cell line and in vitro haemolysis experiments on human RBCs. All these properties suggest the potential use of PHEA‐F as an artificial O2 carrier.

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Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis and Curing of High‐Molecular‐Weight Polyricinoleate
Authors: Ebata Hiroki , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: May 2007

High‐molecular‐weight polyricinoleate, with an $\overline M _{\rm w} $ of 100 600, was enzymatically prepared by the polycondensation of methylricinoleate using immobilized lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (IM‐PC) in bulk in the presence of 4 Å molecular sieves at 80 °C for 7 d. Polyricinoleate was a viscous liquid at room temperature with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −74.8 °C, showed no crystallinity and was biodegraded by activated sludge. Polyricinoleate was readily cured using a dicumyl peroxide at 170 °C for 30 min to produce a chloroform insoluble crosslinked polyricinoleate with a hardness of 50A using durometer A.

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Validity Measurement in Some Propositional Logics
Authors: Boričić Branislav
Published: May 2007

The language of the propositional calculus is extended by two families of propositional probability operators, inductively applicable to the formulae, and the set of all formulae provable in an arbitrary superintuitionistic propositional logic is extended by the probability measure axioms concerning those probability operators. A logical system obtained in such a way, similar to a kind of polymodal logic, makes possible to express a probability measure of truthfulness of any formula. The paper contains a description of the Kripke‐type possible worlds semantics covering the considered logical systems, being followed by the corresponding completeness results.
On Theories Having Three Countable Models
Authors: Ikeda Koichiro , Tsuboi Akito , Pillay Anand
Published: May 2007

A theory T is called almost 𝒩0‐categorical if for any pure types p1(x1),…,pn(xn) there are only finitely many pure types which extend p1(x1) ∪…∪pn(xn). It is shown that if T is an almost 𝒩0‐categorical theory with I(𝒩0,T) = 3, then a dense linear ordering is interpretable in T.
Reverse Mathematics and Recursive Graph Theory
Authors: Gasarch William , Hirst Jeffry L.
Published: May 2007

We examine a number of results of infinite combinatorics using the techniques of reverse mathematics. Our results are inspired by similar results in recursive combinatorics. Theorems included concern colorings of graphs and bounded graphs, Euler paths, and Hamilton paths.
Disjoint Unions of Topological Spaces and Choice
Authors: Howard Paul , Keremedis Kyriakos , Rubin Herman , Rubin Jean E.
Published: May 2007

We find properties of topological spaces which are not shared by disjoint unions in the absence of some form of the Axiom of Choice.
An Extension of the Lemma of Rasiowa and Sikorski
Authors: Flum Jörg
Published: May 2007

We prove an extension of the Lemma of Rasiowa and Sikorski and give some applications. Moreover, we analyze the relationship to corresponding results on the omission of types.
The role of corticosteroids in muscular dystrophy: A critical appraisal
Authors: Angelini Corrado
Published: May 2007

Over the years various steroid trials have been conducted in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In children who are still able to walk as well as in those who are wheelchair‐bound, corticosteroids have been found to stabilize muscle strength for a period of time. Controlled clinical observations have shown that some boys remain ambulatory for years longer than reported in natural history data. The two main steroids used are prednisone/prednisolone and deflazacort. They are probably equally effective in stabilizing muscle strength but may have different side‐effect profiles; for instance, deflazacort causes less weight gain. The exact mechanism by which steroids slow the dystrophic process is under investigation. DMD children treated long term also seem to develop other complications of the condition less frequently. For instance, they develop respiratory insufficiency later and have fewer cardiac symptoms. The therapeutic value of corticosteroids is limited, but these drugs represent the best treatment option currently available. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Recent service‐delivery improvements in local and state governments
Authors: Jarrett James E.
Published: May 2007

In spite of a general public perception — articulated most effectively by proponents of privatization — that government employees are neither productive nor quality oriented, numerous examples of service‐improvement efforts may be cited. Whether initiated by line workers or top management, involving high technology or merely more efficient use of current resources, service‐delivery and operational improvements indicate a move toward greater accountability in public agencies.
Total Quality management in federal agencies
Authors: Burstein Carolyn
Published: May 2007

Long recognized by the private sector as the most effective way to improve customer service, federal agencies are implementing the “total quality management” approach to provide high quality and timely products and services to the federal tax‐paying public. Based on the Office of Management and Budget's FY 1990 Management of the United States Government report, this article describes some federal initiatives that could hold lessons for local governments.
Community development corporations: A national perspective
Authors: Vidal Avis C. , Komives Bob
Published: May 2007

Increasingly, community development corporations are being recognized as major agents of improvement in deteriorated neighborhoods and stagnated economies. The number of such of groups and their total funding continues to grow. The extent and nature of this support will define their future role in community development.
Politics for a troubled planet
Authors: Lappé Frances Moore
Published: May 2007

In spite of healthy giving and volunteering levels—reflecting community concern among Americans—citizens are not linking their concerns with government policies and citiizen politics. If citizens are to view involvement in the political process as a means to beneficial social change, methods must be installed that foster greater identification of personal welfare with community well being and draw upon the creative capacity of citizens to shape society within the parameters of our democratic institutions.
Facilitating citizenship: An interview with peg michels
Authors: Boyte Harry C.
Published: May 2007

This interview with an experienced political campaign field organizer and manager suggests that attitudes toward the current practice of electoral politics overlook the connection between citizenship and empowerment. Self government cannot be passive, and active citizenship requires both knowledge of issues and personal political involvement.
CIVITAS: Civic education to inform and involve
Authors: Buchanan John H.
Published: May 2007

A former member of congress and current president of the Council for the Advancement of Citizenship describes the CIVITAS framework of civic education, Intended to promote civic renewal by instructing K‐12 students in both the privileges and responsibilities of citizenship in a democracy.
Progressive roots of the model charter and the manager profession: A positive heritage
Authors: Svara James H.
Published: May 2007

The Model City Charter's vision of a form of government with complementary and cooperative relationships between officials who reflect democratic accountability (council members) and administrative professionalism (the manager) is the contribution of the Progressive reform era to the American political tradition. We still benefit from a governmental arrangement that places experts in a position to serve the public better than any alternative form of government. With periodic modification, the council‐manager plan will continue to be the basis and model for responsive and effective local government.
Prospects for state‐local relations
Authors: Roberts Jane F.
Published: May 2007

In spite of a burgeoning era of “do‐it‐yourself federalism.” state and local officials continue to place emphasis on traditional service‐delivery and program responsibilities. They have taken the lead in a broad range of entrepreneurial activities, and are demonstrating progress in forging stronger state‐local partnerships. When viewed together, these developments provide hopeful signals that state and local governments are indeed responding to the challenges posed by a decentralizing federal system and an increasingly complex and internationalized fiscal order.
Thornburg V. fingles: The unresolved issues
Authors: Heath C. Robert
Published: May 2007

The Supreme Court's 1986 decision in Thornburg v. Gingles represents the first occasion on which the 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (specifically. Section 2) were subjected to the high Court's review. In spite of its landmark Character, the Court's decision offers unclear guidance to local jurisdictions facing redistricting litigation. This article, through analysis of both pre‐ and post‐Thornburg opinions, presents insights into justiciable causes of legal action under Section 2, based on the Court's three‐point criteria.
Enhancing the quality and productivity of state and local government
Authors: Milakovich Michael E.
Published: May 2007

Total quality management (TQM) is a theory‐based option which allows public managers to reward truly exceptional individual performance while increasing the capacity for agency‐wide cooperation and process improvement. TQM techniques are being applied extensively in federal agencies and provide a promising model for launching a similar quality‐improvement strategy at the state and local levels. This article presents a brief overview of current federal quality‐improvement applications, examines the origins of TQM, describes how the philosophies of leading quality theorists apply, and offers guidelines for overcoming barriers to TQM implementation.
The arts, artists and community development
Authors: Rogowsky Edward T.
Published: May 2007

Communities have discovered that the encouragement of downtown arts and cultural districts — consisting of galleries, studios, and mixed‐use residential/commercial facilities —offers a unique economic development opportunity based on tourism, historic preservation, and increased downtown residency. Jurisdictions interested in such strategies, however, must be aware of the human service needs of the artists that populate these downtown cultural cores. Commitment to arts‐based redevelopment requires more than changes in zoning codes.
The position of the mayor in large council‐manager cities
Authors: Blodgett Terrell
Published: May 2007

The changes that some large council‐manager cities have proposed for the mayoralty have significant implications for the leadership contributions of the council and the manager as well as the mayor. Mayors in council‐manager jurisdictions who seek an expanded role in the administration of city affairs should look instead toward the increasingly important leadership they can provide their communities in intergovernmental and regional affairs.
The mayor in small council‐manager municipalities: Are mayors to be seen and not heard?
Authors: Wheeland Craig M.
Published: May 2007

The National Civic League's recent revision of the Model City Charter recognizes the leadership potential of the mayor's office under the council‐manager plan. The new charter reflects the work on leadership by James Svara, who has developed a model of the “facilitative” mayor applicable to council‐manager jurisdictions. In this study, Svara's model has been applied to four Pennsylvania municipalities. After an examination of the mayor's 1) formal position in the governmental structure, 2) information network. and 3) performance in each community, we conclude that the facilitative model is void provided the mayor is a regular voting member of council.
The role of the city manager in effectiveness team building
Authors: Banovetz James
Published: May 2007

Structure does not assure successful governmental operations without careful attention to relationships within the city organization. The manager can neither be seen as simply the agent of the city council nor merely the director of administrative staff. The manager's success depends increasingly on his or her effectiveness as a team builder with council, personal staff, and department heads, who increasingly are graduate level, trained public administrators themselves.
Regional problem solving in the 1990s: Experimentation with local governance for the 21st century
Authors: Dodge William R.
Published: May 2007

The federally mandated regional planning efforts and the consolidation proposals of the past three decades are being replaced by voluntary cooperation among governments and sectors through public‐private, “intercommunity partnerships.” Such partnerships solve problems through a systematic process based on identification of challenges, assessment of strengths and weaknesses, and the formulation of strategies for addressing regional challenges.
Community partnerships to fight crime and substance abuse
Authors: Brown Lee P.
Published: May 2007

The key to safe communities lies in an interactive partnership between citizens and law enforcement. Citizens have a responsibility to report crimes and criminal activity — to be the eyes and ears of the police, on the ground, in communities. This essay discusses the relationship between neighborhood pride, civic responsibility, and public safety.
Drug czars: Rhetoric and reality the case of Florida
Authors: Bowman James S. , Debeaugrine James P.
Published: May 2007

The drug problem begs a response from government, but solutions remain elusive. To forge a comprehensive effort, some jurisdictions have turned to “drug czars.” How effective is this office? Criteria to evaluate a czar include leadership effectiveness, service provision, funding acquisition, and political viability. Florida's drug czar, as well as alternative reform strategies, are analyzed using these factors. Based on this assessment, recommendations for change are made.
Is citizen participation consistent with effective political parties?
Authors: Eksterowicz Anthony J. , Cline Paul C.
Published: May 2007

Without significant and meaningful citizen participation, political parties will continue to decline in electoral influence. This prospect might be welcomed by many who question the ability of the current two‐party system to generate either viable candidates or effective policies. Adopt a multi‐party, parliamentary‐like system? The cure may be worse than the disease. A moderate and workable approach would be to build mechanisms for citizen involvement into the two‐party system.
A different kind of politics
Authors: Mathews David
Published: May 2007

A new politics is emerging that embraces a broader range of choices than the polarized liberal and conservative options of the conventional political system. It is personal, reflective and deliberative, nurturing true “public opinion” and generating true “public will.”
Educating real‐world problem solvers
Authors: Lappé Frances Moore , Dubois Paul Martin
Published: May 2007

Greater empowerment and enhanced self‐determination for educators, students and parents alike are the keys to preparing a new generation of Americans capable of contributing to a “living democracy.” But with freedom comes responsibility — new modes of education must be tempered with result‐oriented accountability.
The civic virtue of balance
Authors: Kelly Donald C.
Published: May 2007

We must forge a compromise between the antagonistic forces of unity and diversity that challenge social cohesion and a shared vision of collective progress.
Photochromism induced aggregate‐monomer interconversion and fluorescence switch of porphyrin with spiropyran
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Fan Meigong , Zhang Shuxiao , Yao Jiannian
Published: May 2007

A photo‐induced fluorescence switch based on a novel mechanism was provided by physically mixed TPPS (tetra (4‐phenylsulfonicacid) porphyrin) and SP (1‐(β‐carboxyethyl)‐3, 3‐dimethyl‐5′‐nitrospiro (indoline‐2, 2′ [2H‐1] benzopyran)). The ground state dipole moment of the open form (photomerocyanine, MC) is much larger than that of SP, thus it can induce the transformation of aggregated TPPS to its monomer, which is confirmed by UV–Vis absorption spectra, RLS spectra, and fluorescence lifetime. While TPPS aggregate has a fluorescence self‐quenching phenomenon, its fluorescence was greatly enhanced after the formation of monomer. When the mixture was exposed to visible light, MC decayed back to SP, and consequently, TPPS monomer aggregated again, which resulted in its fluorescence turn off. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochromism of dithiazolylethenes having pyridyl and N‐methylpyridinium groups
Authors: Irie Masahiro , Takami Shizuka
Published: May 2007

Dithiazolylethenes 1a and 2a having 4‐ or 3‐pyridyl groups and 3a having N‐methylpyridinium groups at thiazole rings were prepared and their photochromic performance was examined. Upon irradiation with 313 nm light the colorless acetonitrile solutions of 1a and 2a turned violet, which show the absorption maxima at 538 and 530 nm, respectively. The violet color is due to the closed‐ring isomers 1b and 2b. The violet color disappeared upon irradiation with visible light (λ > 480 nm). When the pyridine rings were converted to N‐methylpyridinium ions, the colorless acetonitrile solution of 3a turned blue (λmax = 596 nm) upon irradiation with 365 nm light. The absorption maximum of the closed‐ring isomer 3b showed a bathochromic shift as much as 58 nm relative to the maximum of 1b. In methanol 3a changed to green (λmax = 750 nm) upon irradiation with 365 nm light. It was suggested J‐aggregates of 3b are formed in methanol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochromism of dihydroindolizines part VII: multiaddressable photophysical properties of new photochromic dihydroindolizines bearing substituted benzo[i]phenanthridine as a fluorescing moiety
Authors: Ahmed Saleh Abdel‐Mgeed
Published: May 2007

Sixteen benzo[i]phenanthridine derivatives 8a‐p were prepared via photocyclization of cis‐trans substituted 4‐styrylquinolines in low‐to‐moderate yields. The chemical structure of the photocyclized benzo[i]phenanthridine derivatives was unambiguously elucidated by means of both spectral and analytical tools. The photochromic (PC) dihydroindolizines (DHIs) 8a‐p based on benzo[i]phenanthridines were prepared in 19–57% yields via nucleophilic addition of benzo[i]phenanthridines 4a‐p to spirocyclopropenes 5. The 1D, 2D, NOESY NMR spectra, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis were used for characterization of the chemical structures of the newly synthesized DHIs 8a‐p. Developing and tuning of the photophysical properties of the synthesized compounds by substituents in the base part have been achieved. The absorption maxima (λmax) and the half‐lives (t1/2) of the colored zwitterionic forms 7a‐p were detected in all cases by flash‐photolysis measurements due to the fast 1,5‐electrocyclization back to the DHI system. Irradiation of DHI 8a‐p in'CH2Cl2 solution with polychromatic light leads to the formation of green to green–blue colored betaines 7a‐p after cooling with liquid nitrogen. The kinetics of the fast bleaching process of betaines 7a‐p to DHIs 8a‐p, studied by flash photolysis as well as low temperature FT‐UV/VIS, were found to take place in the millisecond range (432–2675 ms) in dichloromethane solution and fitted well a first‐order thermal back reaction. The fluorescence spectra as well as the fluorescence quantum yield were studied. Noticeable bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts in the emission spectra by changing the substituents in the base part were monitored. Interestingly, the photo‐fatigue resistance of some studied betaines 7a‐p showed a higher t30‐value than the standard one (dicyanopyridazine DHI). Large solvatochromic effects on the absorption maxima (λmax) as well as a substantial increase in the half‐lives (t1/2) with solvent polarity of betaines 7a‐p were also observed. The multiaddressable PC properties of DHIs 8a‐p will help these compounds to find applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normally‐off GaN‐MISFET with well‐controlled threshold voltage
Authors: Kuraguchi Masahiko , Takada Yoshiharu , Suzuki Takashi , Hirose Mayumi , Tsuda Kunio , Saito Wataru , Saito Yasunobu , Omura Ichiro
Published: May 2007

A new device structure with four epitaxial layers and a recessed gate is proposed for normally‐off operation in GaN‐FETs. Employment of this structure makes it possible to control accurately the threshold voltage without accurate control of recess etching depth. The high breakdown voltage and the low on‐resistance of the fabricated devices are also reported. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanocomposite of SWNTs and SnO2 fabricated by soldering process for ammonia gas sensor application
Authors: Duc Hoa Nguyen , Van Quy Nguyen , Suk Cho You , Kim Dojin
Published: May 2007

We introduce a simple method to fabricate an ammonia gas sensor with a nanocomposite of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SnO2. The nanocomposite showed a semiconducting property. With exposure to ammonia gas, the electrical resistance of the nanocomposite sensor increases rapidly. It was found that the sensor can detect the concentration of NH3 down to the 10 ppm level at room temperature. The sensor exhibited a fast response time of less than 100 s and good sensing response and recovery. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Percolation in two‐dimensional nanoparticle films from colloidal self‐assembly
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Ling , Chu Szu‐Ming , Wood Kiwi , Yang Yi‐Rong
Published: May 2007

We demonstrate that the percolation threshold in a two‐dimensional disordered nanoparticle film constructed from colloidal self‐assembly is possible to be less than the classical value. A lattice gas model with Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to study the morphological self‐assembled patterns and the relevant percolations numerically. The non‐ohmic behaviour, which indicates Coulomb blockade in percolated paths, of disordered Au nanoparticle films was observed in our electrical transport measurements. By using polystyrene nanoparticles in different solvents (water and methanol), the effects of different interaction energies in colloids upon self‐assembly are examined and compared with simulated results. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The asymptotic number of labeled connected graphs with a given number of vertices and edges
Authors: Bender Edward A. , Canfield E. Rodney , McKay Brendan D.
Published: May 2007

Let c(n, q) be the number of connected labeled graphs with n vertices and q ≤ N = (2n) edges. Let x = q/n and k = q − n. We determine functions wk ˜ 1. a(x) and φ(x) such that c(n, q) ˜ wk(qN)enφ(x)+a(x) uniformly for all n and q ≥ n. If ϵ > 0 is fixed, n→ ∞ and 4q > (1 + ϵ)n log n, this formula simplifies to c(n, q) ˜ (Nq) exp(–ne−2q/n). on the other hand, if k = o(n1/2), this formula simplifies to c(n, n + k) ˜ 1/2 wk (3/π)1/2 (e/12k)k/2nn−(3k−1)/2.
Component behavior near the critical point of the random graph process
Authors: Łuczak Tomasz
Published: May 2007

We study the behavior of a random graph process (G(n, M))02n for M(n) = n/2 + s and ∣s∣3n−;2 → ∞. Among others we find the number of components in G(n, M) and estimate the number of vertices and edges in the kth largest component of G(n, M), for any natural number k, Moreover, it is shown that, with probability 1 –o(1), when M(n) = n/2 + s, s3n−2 →−∞, then during a random graph process in some step M1 > M a “new” largest component will emerge, whereas when s3n−2→∞, the largest component of G(n, M) remains largest until the very end of the process.
Asymptotic properties of labeled connected graphs
Authors: Bender Edward A. , Canfield E. Rodney , McKay Brendan D.
Published: May 2007

We prove various properties of C(n, q), the set of n‐vertex q‐edge labeled connected graphs. The domain of validity of the asymptotic formula of Erdös and Rényi for |C(n, q)| is extended and the formula is seen to be the first term of an asymptotic expansion. The same is done for Wright's asymptotic formula. We study the number of edges in a random connected graph in the random edge model 𝒢n,p. For certain ranges of n and q, we determine the probability that a random edge (resp. vertex) of a random graph in C(n, q) is a bridge (resp. cut vertex). We also study the degrees of random vertices.
Ramsey properties of orientations of graphs
Authors: Brightwell G. R. , Kohayakawa Y.
Published: May 2007

A classical result of Rödl (in Graphs, Hypergraphs and Block Systems, 1976, pp. 211 to 220) says that for any acyclic digraph D there is a graph G = G(D) such that every acyclic orientation of G contains an induced copy of D. A recent result of Rödl and Winkler (SIAM J. Discrete Math., 2: 402–406, 1989) implies that there is such a graph G of order O(n3 (log n)2), where n = |D| is the order of D. Here we show by probabilistic means that almost every graph Gn of order [(4/9)n2n/2] has the property that every acyclic orientation of Gn contains an induced copy of every acyclic digraph on n vertices. We also show that the order of any such graph Gn has to be greater than (1/10)n2n/2. Thus our results are essentially best possible. Moreover, we show that there are Paley graphs of order O(n24n) having the property above. We also consider some problems raised by Cochand and Duchet (Irregularities of Partitions, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, 1989, pp. 39–46.) on related topics. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expectation transfer between branching processes and random trees
Authors: Gutjahr Walter
Published: May 2007

An approach for translating results on expected parameter values from subcritical Galton–Watson branching processes to simply generated random trees under the uniform model is outlined. As an auxiliary technique for asymptotic evaluations, we use Flajolet's and Odlyzko's transfer theorems. Some classical results on random trees are re‐derived by the mentioned approach, and some new results are presented. For example, the asymptotic behavior of linearly recursive tree parameters is described and the asymptotic probability of level k to contain exactly one node is determined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A note on the connectivity of 2‐regular digraphs
Authors: Cooper C.
Published: May 2007

Let D2(n) be the probability space of 2‐regular digraphs on n vertices with the uniform measure. As n tends to infinity, the probability that the digraphs are 2‐connected tends to 1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The threshold for hamilton cycles in the square of a random graph
Authors: Cooper C.
Published: May 2007

We show in Gn.p' that the threshold for δ(G) ⩾ 1 is the threshold for G2–G to be Hamiltonian. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The instability time distribution behavior of slotted ALOHA
Authors: Drmota Michael
Published: May 2007

This article deals with a quantification of the instability behavior of the slotted multiuser communication network system ALOHA. In (2) U. Schmid and the author could quantify the expected value E(Y) of the instability time Y = max (n: Xn = 0), where Xn denotes the backlog after n slots. Here it is shown that Y is approximately exponentially distributed. Moreover, uniform asymptotic expansions for ym = P[Y = m] and for the moments Mm = E(Ym) are given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Connection reliabilities in stochastic acyclic networks
Authors: Gutjahr Walter
Published: May 2007

Acyclic networks are represented by rooted trees T from a given simply generated family ℱ. Let ℱn,p be the subset of ℱ containing all trees T with n nodes and p leaves. Assume that T is selected uniformly from ℱn,p and that each edge of t has probability q of failing. Let Zi = 1 if the path conecting the root of T to the ith leaf does not contain a failed edge, O otherwise. We investigate the stochastic process (Zi,…,Zp). Asympototic results, manly for the family of tary trees, are derived. As auxiliary results, a general rotation lemma for simple families of trees is given, and the (joint) asymptotic leaf height destributions in tary trees determined. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balanced ordered trees
Authors: Kemp Rainer
Published: May 2007

A 0‐balanced ordered three is an ordered tree all of whose root‐to‐leaf paths have the same length. In this article, we persent exact and asymptotic enumeration and distribution ersults for classes of 0‐balanced ordered trees with n nodes. These results enable us to compute various expected values of interesting parameters defined on these trees. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Random graphs and systems of linear equations in finite fields
Authors: Kolchin V. F.
Published: May 2007

For a T × n matrix A = ‖ aij‖ in GF(2) we define a hypergraph GA with n vertices and T hyperedges et = {j: atj = 1}, t = 1,…, T. Denote at = (atn),t= 1,…, T. A set of row numbers {t1,…,tm} is called a critical set if the sum of vectors at1 + …︁ + at m is the zero vector. In terms of hypergraph GA a critical set can be interpreted as a hypercycle. We can naturally definite the concept of independence for critical sets. Let s(A) be the maximal number of independent critical sets in A. The rank r(A) of the matrix A and s(A) are connected by the equality r(A) + s(A) = T. The total number of critical sets S(A) is equalt 2s(A) −1.

Consider the folowing system of T random equations in GF(2):

where i1(t.…,i(t), i = 1,…,T are indepndent identically distributed random variables which take values 1,…., n with equal probabilities. Denote Ar, n, T the matrix of this system. We prove that the number S(Ar,n,T) of critical sets in Ar, n, T or hypercycles in GAr,n,T has a threshold property. Let n, T→∞ and T/n→ α. Then for any fixed integer r ⩾ 3 there exists a constant α, such that MS(Ar,n,T)→0 if α < αr, and MS(Ar,n,T)→∞if α > α αr. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An extension of 0‐1 laws
Authors: Lynch James F.
Published: May 2007

Let σ be a first‐order sentence about graphs. For n ϵ ω let nα, α ⩾ 0, be the edge probability for the random graph on n vertices, and let pr(σ, n) be the probability that the random graph on n vertices, satisfies σ. If σ and σ satisfy certain conditons then either pr(σ,n)∼βn−γ for some β > 0 and γ ⩾0, or pr(σ,i)=o(n−γ) for all γ, In particular, this holds for all γ and irrational α. The result has implications for rapidly mixing Markov chains whose stags are finite structures. If the stationary distribution is the same as the for random graphs with edg probability n−α, then the expected waiting time unitl σ holds (as a function of n) is either bounded above by a polynomial in n, or it grows faster than any polynomical. All these results easily extend to finite structures of any relational type. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Matchings in superpositions of (n, n)‐bipartite trees
Authors: Schmutz Eric
Published: May 2007

Pick two trees from among all “bipartite trees” with a fixed (n, n) two‐coloring. We estimate the probability that the superposition of these two trees contains a perfect matching. As n →∞, this probability approaches 1. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sequential evaluation of a medical diagnostic test with binary outcomes
Authors: Shu Y. , Liu A. , Li Z.
Published: May 2007

In a study evaluating a medical diagnostic test, human samples are valuable and often costly, therefore prime concerns require termination of the study if the test is evidently inefficient (or efficient) in diagnosis of diseases in order to keep the number of samples as low as possible. In this paper, we propose sequential designs to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test. One method allows early stopping if the sensitivity and specificity of a new medical test are both within the level of tolerance. Another method terminates the study if either the
sensitivity or the specificity is below the minimally acceptable level. The latter method minimizes the expected sample size when the test does not meet expectations on performance, and illustrates substantial advantage of having smaller expected sample sizes in various two‐stage designs compared to the sample sizes of single‐stage designs when a diagnostic test is not promising. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über die Flügelschwingungen eines Hub‐ oder Tragschraubers beim Vorwärtsflug
Authors: Müller Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Beim Vorwärtsflug eines Trag‐ oder Hubschraubers treten entsprechend der periodischen Änderung der auf einen Schraubenflügel wirkenden Kräfte während eines Umlaufs Schwingungserscheinungen an den Flügeln auf, die durch eine trigonometrische Reihe dargestellt werden können. Es werden insbesondere die Schlagbewegungen senkrecht zur Schraubenebene und die damit verbundenen Schwenkbewegungen in dieser Ebene bis zu den Gliedern dritter Ordnung auch zahlenmäßig ermittelt.
Asymptotisches Verhalten der Zylinderfunktionen in Abhängigkeit vom komplexen Index
Authors: Beckmann Peter , Franz Walter
Published: May 2007

Es wird für festes komplexes Argument untersucht, welche Sattelpunkte in den verschiedenen Gebieten der komplexen Indexebene das asymptotische Verhalten der Zylinderfunktionen bestimmen. Dadurch ergeben sich in der Indexebene Verzweigungsschnitte für die asymptotischen Darstellungen. Auf diesen liegen die Nullstellen.
Application of Dirac's delta‐function in isolated force problems of semi‐infinite elastic solid of isotropic and non‐isotropic materials
Authors: Verma G. R.
Published: May 2007

In this paper problems of isolated forces acting on the boundary of a semi‐infinite solid, composed of isotropic or non‐isotropic material have been solved by using Diracs δ‐function.
Fehlerabschätzung für das Ritz‐Galerkin sche Verfahren bei Eigenwertproblemen
Authors: Bertram G.
Published: May 2007

Aufstellung unterer Schranken und asymptotischer Beziehungen für gewöhnliche Eigenwertprobleme der Eingliedklasse. Konvergenzbeweis für das Ritz‐Galerkinsche Verfahren.