bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Preservation and Spatial Representation at the Washington Square Mound Site (41NA49), Nacogdoches County, Texas
Authors: Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

Thirty-one years of excavations at the Washington Square Mound site (41NA49) have produced a large number of artifacts, excavation records, field notes, photographs, slides, maps, excavation profiles, and plan view maps. This article is the product of an effort to synthesize the aforementioned information for the initial field school which occurred in the summer of 1979. Through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), a digital grid was constructed atop aerial photography to house the digitized information within a spatial representation of the provenience from which it was recovered. This allows a query of the artifact catalog to produce the spatial distribution of artifact categories across the site, and provides access to all associated information.
Sourcing Red River Jasper: An Archaeological and Geological Investigation of a Gravel Chert in the Red River Drainage
Authors: Dowd Elsbeth L.
Published: May 2019

Red River Jasper, a lithic material found in the Red River drainage, is an understudied chert that was widely used by prehistoric populations in this region from the Archaic to late prehistoric (Caddo) periods. Despite its common occurrence at sites along the Red River, this tabular chert has received little attention compared to other raw materials on the eastern margin of the Southern Plains. Although the material is macroscopically diverse, ranging in color from brown to yellow to red, microscopic analysis indicates that the material is relatively homogeneous and likely came from a limited set of sources. The archaeological distribution of Red River Jasper, geological evidence, and a stream survey of gravels demonstrate that the primary bedrock source was located in the Johns Valley Formation of the Ouachita Mountains and was carried downstream by the Kiamichi River into the Red River.
Foster Trailed-Incised: A GIS-Based Analysis of Caddo Ceramic Distribution
Authors: McKinnon Duncan P.
Published: May 2019

The use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) allows for dynamic visualizations in the analysis of spatial distributions and the modeling of data clusters and outliers. An on-going analysis of Foster Trailed- Incised vessels found within the Caddo Homeland seeks to construct a distributional framework that can be applied and compared to additional Caddo ceramic types and site location attributes using a GIS database. Preliminary results show high frequencies of Foster Trailed-Incised vessels along the Ouachita and Red River drainages as well as along the Saline, Arkansas, and Little Missouri rivers in Arkansas. Additional possible varieties of Foster Trailed-Incised have been identified in Caddo, Ouachita and Morehouse parishes in Louisiana and at Caddo sites in northeast Texas. While a full analysis of the distribution of Foster Trailed-Incised vessels (and relationships with other Caddo vessel types) is far from complete, initial conclusions are presented in this article.
Mountain Fork Archaeology: A Preliminary Report on the Ramos Creek Site (34MC1030)
Authors: Dowd Elsbeth L.
Published: May 2019

In May-June of 2010, the University of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Archeological Survey co-sponsored a field school at the Ramos Creek site (34MC1030) in southeastern Oklahoma. Ramos Creek is located in the Ouachita Mountains along the Mountain Fork, a tributary of the Little River. Recently identified by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), this site is the northernmost known site with a Caddo component along this stream (Figure 1). The best-known Caddo sites identified for this drainage were tested during the Oklahoma River Basin Survey project of the 1960s and today are covered by the man-made Broken Bow Lake. Archaeological investigations along the Mountain Fork have been conducted by Wyckoff, Klinger and Cande, Perttula, and Perttula and Nelson. This past summer’s work at Ramos Creek is part of a broader research program addressing several questions:

What was the relationship of Ramos Creek to sites further downstream, including the multimound Woods Mound Group?

How were the Caddo sites in this drainage organized politically and what social dynamics shaped their history? Is there a better way of understanding the socio-political organization of these communities than applying models used in other parts of the Caddo area and the wider Southeast?

How were these communities related to those living in other parts of the Caddo archaeological area, including the rest of the Ouachita Mountains, the Little River Valley, the Red River Valley, and the Arkansas Valley?
The Pipe Site, a Late Caddo Site at Lake Palestine in Anderson County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Buddy Calvin Jones excavated a Late Caddo cemetery and midden site he called the Lake Palestine site, in Anderson County, Texas, in March 1968. His notes indicate that a total of 21 Caddo burials were excavated at the site, and the burials were situated primarily around a midden of unknown dimensions. Jones' notes do not specify how many of the burials he excavated at the Pipe site, but one photograph in the records suggests he excavated at least three, one burial of which is the focus of this article.
Another Look at the Grace Creek #1 Site in Gregg County, Texas, as Seen Through Ceramic Analysis
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this article is to present archeological findings obtained from a re-examination of the ceramic sherds from the Grace Creek #1 site (41GG33). The Grace Creek site has been identified as having an early Caddo component by Jones, one that was contemporaneous with the Caddo occupation at the George C. Davis site. Story, in fact, identifies Grace Creek #1 as a "modest Alto-phase habitation site." This re-examination was occasioned by ongoing studies of the Early Caddo ceramics from the ca. A.D. 970-1260 Boxed Springs mound center, and the opportunity thus presented to compare the Boxed Springs ceramic assemblage with the Grace Creek #I site.
An Unique Shell Gorget from Wood County, Texas
Authors: Todd Jesse
Published: May 2019

During the excavations preceding the construction of Lake Fork Reservoir, archaeologists from Southern Methodist University uncovered a child's burial at the Gilbreath site (41WD538) in Wood County, Texas. The child was from 2 to 3 years of age and burial furniture consisted of five ceramic vessels and an unique marine shell gorget from the chest area. The age of the site, which has a Titus phase component, ranges from ca. A.D. 1430-1680.
Texas in the Year 1000: What it was Like Then in East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This paper summarizes the native history of the Caddo peoples who lived in East Texas in the Year 1000. Of particular focus are the origins and early developments of the Caddoan tradition, regional diversity, subsistence changes and agricultural intensification, and socio-political dynamics.
Analysis of Artifacts from a 2010 Surface Collection at the Pace McDonald Site (41AN51), a Probable Middle Caddo Mound Center in Anderson County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Walters Mark , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The Pace McDonald site (41AN51) is a prehistoric Caddo mound center on Mound Prairie Creek in Anderson County, Texas, in the upper Neches River Basin. With the permission of one of the landowners, Mr. Johnny Sanford, the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology has initiated an archaeological research effort at the site in 2010, the first part of which was an April 2010 surface reconnaissance of the Sanford lands at the site, and the surface collection of artifacts exposed there following shallow disking of several tracts within the known boundaries of the site. This article discusses the character of the artifacts collected in the spring 2010 work.

The purpose of this work at the Pace McDonald site is to learn more about the native history of this mound center-when it was occupied and used, and by which prehistoric Caddo group-and its intra-site spatial organization. Ultimately, we hope to be able to obtain site-specific archaeological information that can help us to better understand the site's place and role in the Caddo prehistory of this part of East Texas.

The site is situated on a large and relatively flat upland landform (420-430 feet amsl) not far north of Mound Prairie Creek, in central Anderson County, Texas, in the East Texas Pineywoods. Mound Prairie Creek is a southward- and eastward-flowing tributary to the Neches River; the confluence of these two streams lies about 20 km to the east of the site. When the site was first visited and recorded in the 1930s, it was in a large cotton field. In more recent years, it is in an improved pasture, and the site is apparently owned by several landowners, including the Texas Historical Commission.
Analysis of the Prehistoric Artifacts from the Pace McDonald Site (41AN51), Anderson County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Pace McDonald site (41AN51) is a poorly known prehistoric Caddo mound center on Mound Prairie Creek in Anderson County, Texas, in the upper Neches River Basin. With the permission of one of the landowners, Mr. Johnny Sanford, the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology are planning on initiating an archaeological research effort at the site in 2010. The ultimate purpose of this work is to learn more about the native history of this mound center-when it was occupied and used, and by which prehistoric Caddo group--its intra-site spatial organization, and ultimately obtain site-specific archaeological information that can help understand the site's place and role in the Caddo prehistory of this part of East Texas.

It will be a long-term effort to accomplish these tasks. We intend to rely upon both archaeological (i.e., survey, surface collections, systematic shovel testing, and focused hand excavations) and archaeogeophysical disciplines (especially to complete a magnetometer survey of as much as the site as possible, as this has become an important aspect of Caddo archaeological investigations, to gather relevant archaeological information on the location and character of Caddo house features and outdoor activity areas, as well as the associated material culture remains and preserved plant and animal remains.

One key aspect of our work is to understand the characteristics of the Caddo material culture from the Pace McDonald site, since this will have a large bearing on the age of the Caddo occupation, which has been a matter of dispute for some years. In this article 1 summarize the results and findings of a recent examination of the site's prehistoric artifacts (especially its prehistoric Caddo artifacts) in the collections of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin (TARL).
Early to Mid-19th Century Occupation at the Dead Cow Site (41SM324), Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Dead Cow site is an early to mid-19th century archaeological site located within the northern part (Sabine River basin) of the proposed Republic of Texas 1836 Cherokee Indians land grant in East Texas, generally east of the downtown area of the modem city of Tyler. Cherokee Indians had moved into East Texas by the early 1820s, and "most of the Cherokees cleared land and carved out farms in the uninhabited region directly north of Nacogdoches, on the upper branches of the Neches, Angelina, and Sabine rivers. By 1822 their population had grown to nearly three hundred."

To date, historic archaeological sites identified as being occupied by the Cherokee during their ca. 1820-1839 settlement of East Texas remain illusive, and to my knowledge no such sites have been documented to date in the region. This article considers, from an examination of the historic artifact assemblage found here, the possibility that the Dead Cow site is a Cherokee habitation site.
The Marcus Kolb Site (41CE438), Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Perttula TImothy K.
Published: May 2019

In 2001, Claude McCrocklin conducted metal detecting and test excavations at an historic 19th century site in the upper Neches River basin of East Texas. Based on the findings from that work, unreported until now, McCrocklin believed that this site was occupied by the East Texas Cherokee. This site, the Marcus Kolb site (41CE438), "was confirmed by the artifacts identical with those found on Lost Prairie in Arkansas." The Lost Prairie sites referred to by McCrocklin are the early 19th century Lost Prairie Cherokee sites along the Red River in southwestern Arkansas investigated by McCrocklin. The Marcus Kolb site is within the limits of the proposed 1836 treaty land grant between the Texas Cherokee and the Republic of Texas.
M. R. Harrington and the Lost Mound in Hempstead County, Arkansas
Authors: McKinnon Duncan P.
Published: May 2019

In the early months of 1916, Mark R. Harrington, under the auspices of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, visited a mound site at the Battle Farm in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Harrington describes the location of the Hempstead County mound being three miles west of Fulton “on the brink of a low terrace of the Red river bottoms, perhaps half a mile north of that stream and a quarter of a mile east of Little River, which empties into the Red at this point.” Using historical maps and archaeological site reports, this paper explores the area around the confluence of the Red and Little Rivers in search of the Lost Mound at the Battle Farm in Hempstead County. Results demonstrate that while the actual mound at the Hempstead County Battle Farm likely no longer exists on the landscape, the archaeological site 3HE413 is a likely candidate for the location of the mound site based on topographic location and the artifact assemblage recorded from the site.
Caddo Pottery in Modern and Contemporary Art and Protection of Native American Cultures in Fine Arts by the IACB’s Indian Arts and Crafts Act
Authors: Earls Chase K.
Published: May 2019

Hello, my name is Chase Kawinhut Earles. I was named by Julia Edge, daughter of Pauline Washington, who was the granddaughter of the Caddo chief, George Washington. I recently, well, not that very long ago started creating Caddo pottery with the much appreciated guidance from Jeri Redcorn. I have been an artist all my life, but mostly only a painter, not much clay, sculpture or pottery. I was inspired to create pottery though, but my experiences were with the Southwest and the Pueblo artists, as this is what I grew up around and what I learned. But I never started. I never found any inspiration. I realized one day it was because I am not a Pueblo Indian and creating Pueblo or Southwest pottery would, to me, feel hollow. I would feel as though I was just creating knock-offs or replications, and not truly inspired or authentic art. This beginning is what defines me and my ideas about Native American Art. Jeri Redcorn and I are two of only maybe a few active Caddo traditional potters. As we work to revive our long tradition and heritage of pottery we have started to unfold an ancient legacy that has proven to be very unique among other native cultures.
The Caddo Ceramic Assemblage from the New Hope Site (41FK107), Franklin County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The New Hope site (41FK107) is located on an alluvial terrace (330-340 ft. amsl) on the west side of the Big Cypress Creek valley, about 200m west of the channel at the time it was inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin. The site covers an estimated 2.5 acres.lt is about I km north of the confluence of Brushy Creek and Big Cypress Creek. In addition to what would have been the broad floodplain of Big Cypress Creek, there are gently sloping upland landforms (340-490 ft. amsl) to the northwest, west, and south of the site, and these landforms are dissected by several intermittent streams.

Previous archaeological work at the New Hope site indicates that the landform on which it sits has been occupied on several different occasions in prehistoric times. This includes use during the Late Paleoindian, Late Archaic, Woodland, Early Caddo, Middle Caddo, and Late Caddo period times. The most extensive prehistoric use of the New Hope site appears to have taken place in Early and Middle Caddo period times (ca. A.D. 1000-1400); the 20-30 grave-sized looter holes and burials that have been reported to have eroded out along the shoreline at the site are evidence of Caddo cemetery use during this era. The ceramic assemblages from these components have been recently documented in a private collection, and are the subject of this article.
Additional Lake Bob Sandlin Sites with Documented Collections of Prehistoric Lithic and Ceramic Artifacts
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo , Haskins Patti
Published: May 2019

This is the third in a series of publications that concern the documentation of prehistoric artifact-collections from sites found along the shoreline of Lake Bob Sandlin in the Big Cypress Creek basin of East Texas. These documentation efforts have demonstrated that sites at the lake have diverse temporal and spatial patterns, with an intensive Caddo occupation from the Middle (ca. A.D. 1200-1425) to Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) periods.
Documentation of Archaeological Materials from the Cherokee Lake Site (41RK132), Rusk County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Cherokee Lake site was discovered by Buddy Calvin Jones in 1956, after a terrace area along Tiawichi Creek, inundated by the construction of Lake Cherokee in 1947, had been graded for the constmction of fish hatcheries there. Jones identified a single burial and a large storage pit in Area A at the southern end of the terrace, where there was a shallow (0-30 em bs) midden deposit.

The burial in Area A is an Historic Nadaco Caddo grave that probably dates to the early 18th century based on the recovery of 15 blue glass beads. This strand of beads was placed near the legs of the deceased individual. The Caddo person had been placed in an extended supine position in a pit that was 1.83 m long and 0.76 em in width, with the head facing towards the west. The estimated depth of the grave was 0.76 m, and its fill was a dark charcoal-stained midden.

In addition to the strand of glass beads, three ceramic vessels had been placed as funerary offerings in the grave along with a Fresno arrow point by the upper left leg. One Simms Engraved vessel was on the left side of the body, near the foot of the grave, while a second Simms Engraved vessel had been placed by the individual's right foot, along with a Maydelle Incised jar. A plain clay elbow pipe had been placed inside the jar. Two of the vessels from this burial have been recently documented in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview, Texas; the Maydelle Incised vessel is no longer in the collection.
Certain Caddo Sites on Stone Chimney Creek, Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark , Perttula Timothy K. , Schniebs LeeAnna
Published: May 2019

Limited archaeological investigations coupled with private landowner’s surface collections on Stone Chimney Creek in northwestern Cherokee County, Texas has resulted in the recording of nine new Caddo sites, several of which appear to have been occupied after ca. A.D. 1650 in the Allen phase. The landowner had collected artifacts on his farm and contacted the Texas Historical Commission (THC) about getting information about them, who in turn contacted the author, a member of the Texas Archeological Stewardship Network. The landowner was interested in learning more about the native inhabitants who had once called this portion of Stone Chimney Creek home.

Stone Chimney Creek originates in northern Cherokee County and flows in a southerly direction before joining the Neches River under present day Lake Palestine. The study area is some 4.8 km north of the confluence of Stone Chimney Creek and the Neches River. Stone Chimney Creek, in the study area, is deeply entrenched with a narrow floodplain and steep valley walls. Therefore, in the study area, there are no good alluvial settings for archaeological sites. Rather, archaeological sites are located on upland slopes or on top of upland landforms paralleling Stone Chimney Creek. Some of the site settings are unusual, being at the head of dry drainages and gullies, as they are in the adjoining Flat Creek basin and long distances (in terms of easy access to water) from Stone Chimney Creek proper.

The soils in the study area are of the Nacogdoches series, which are the principal red soils in the Redlands section of East Texas. The iron and red pigments in these soils permeate everything: skin, clothing, the outside of houses, even artifacts. Depending on the degree of slope, soil layers and fertility vary across the study area; the steeper slopes are heavily eroded. Parent material is greensand marl or glauconitic sandy clay and clay. Certain locations in the study area have been mined of soil for construction purposes. There is evidence of old farming activities, such as farming terraces, but currently large portions of the study area have been cleared and developed for pasture. This land clearing and mining provided good surface visibility at certain sites, resulting in some large surface collections from those areas. Shovel tests were conducted at six of the recorded sites and a 1 x 1 m test unit was placed in a midden deposit at 41CE426. This article characterizes the work to date on these Stone Chimney Creek sites, focusing mainly on five sites with the largest surface collections. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader character and cultural affiliation of these sites with respect to the recently defined Upper Neches River cluster of Historic Caddo sites.
A Hematite Cone from Smith County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

Hematite (Fe2O3) is a mineral, its most important usage being iron ore. In the United States, hematite occurs over a large region with a major concentration in the central part of the country. Hematite has varying degrees of hardness and colors. Hematite gives rocks their red color and characteristic “red-streak.” Soft, earthy (red ocher) forms were prized as paints. Hard, compact forms with considerable iron content were valued as tools, because of their strength as well as susceptibility to a high and beautiful polish. Certain forms of hematite are used in making jewelry. During prehistoric times, hematite was fashioned and used in a wide variety of forms including celts, axes, pendants, plummets, pestles, discoidals, cup stones (nutting stones), manos, and cones. The high degree of workmanship on some of these tools, and the absence of use-damage, suggest that some of them may have had uses that were other than merely functional.

This study concerns a hematite cone that was found in eastern Smith County, Texas along Prairie Creek (41SM449). I also discuss a possible unfinished hematite cone found at the Brieger Point site (41CP42) at Lake Bob Sandlin. Prehistoric hematite objects are not uncommon in East Texas, the most common forms being grooved axes, celts, nutting stones, and manos. More uncommon are objects such as pendants and plummets. The hematite cone from the Prairie Creek site and the possible hematite cone from the Lake Bob Sandlin area are the only examples of hematite cones that I am aware of from the East Texas area. Hematite cones are more plentiful in the Ohio valley. Their function is unknown, although it has been surmised that they may have been gaming pieces or talismans.
Documentation of a Collection from the Poole Site (41TT47) in the Big Cypress Creek Basin in East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Poole site (41TT47) is about 2.5 miles south of Mt. Pleasant, and is now situated within the Mount Pleasant Wastewater Treatment Plant. The site was originally recorded by Milton Bell and Ken Brown in 1971 , who described it as "a thin scatter of artifacts, bone fragments, and charcoal necks brought to surface on gopher hills." The site was estimated at ca. 50 x 50 m in size; the artifacts "occurred mostly at the south side of the site. A metate was found in the center of the darker area. Wood charcoal flecks may be from more recent clearing." Their site map showed a 10 x 12 m area with a dark organic staining, possibly evidence for a midden, or more recent burning activities. Bell and Brown suggested that the site may have a Late Caddo (ca. A.D. 1430-1680), Titus phase, occupation.

At the time the site was recorded in 1971, it appeared to be basically undisturbed, except for activities associated with the construction of a stock tank and its associated earthen berm just to the southeast of the Poole site. Thurmond subsequently examined a small collection of sherds from the Poole site, and described it as a "Late Caddoan limited use area." The Late Caddoan attribution of the site was based on one brushed body sherd and a Maydelle Incised jar rim.

In 1990, the Mount Pleasant Wastewater Treatment Plant was under construction on the northern end of the Poole site, across a fence line from a pasture where intact archeological deposits likely remained undisturbed. At that time, a small collection of artifacts was obtained from a private individual from the northern part of the Poole site before a lab building was fully constructed on the southern part of this tract of land. It is those artifacts that are the subject of this article .

According to Perttula and Nelson, who conducted an archaeological survey of a part of the Poole site in 1999 because of proposed 1999 water and sewer system lines for the new City of Mount Pleasant municipal airport, it is a small prehistoric Titus phase settlement that dates from ca. A.D. 1430-1680. Although only a small portion of the site lay within the specific project area where the archaeological survey was conducted, like most Titus phase settlements, it may well contain trash middens, evidence for structures and other features, and a small family cemetery.
Three Mounds Creek Site, Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

One of the prehistoric Caddo sites represented in the Buddy Calvin Jones Collections at the Gregg County Historical Museum (GCHM) is the Three Mounds Creek site in Gregg County, in East Texas. The site is GC-68 in the Jones site numbering system (68th site he discovered in Gregg County).

The available information about the site in the GCHM records is sketchy at best. The site had three mounds along Spring Creek, near its confluence with the Sabine River, in the Longview area. A search of Gregg County 7.5' USGS topographic quadrangles failed to disclose a Spring Creek in the Sabine River basin, so it is likely that the Spring Creek appellation is an informal one used by Jones at the time. Jones' notes also fail to describe the mounds in any fashion, nor their relationship to each other or the landform they were built on, and no map is available that shows the location of the three mounds with respect to where he collected artifacts from the site.
The Caddo Nation Begins to Reassemble, 1840-1851
Authors: Tiller Jim
Published: May 2019

In July 1835 the Caddo Nation, which at the time was comprised of approximately 500 individuals, sold their Louisiana homeland to the United States and returned to their villages in eastern Harrison County, Texas where they remained until the opening of the Republic of Texas Land Offices in February 1838. At that point, deluged by squatters and Republic surveyors, the Caddo abandoned their villages and migrated to the prairies of frontier Texas. Approximately one-third of the tribe (some 165 individuals) under Chief Tsauninot returned to Shreveport in late September 1838 to collect the annuity for that year as called for in the land cession. Due to Indian wars then raging in Texas.
St. Denis, the Caddo and Others: Letters from Patty Lemee
Authors: Lemee Patty
Published: May 2019

There we were, sailing south along the California coastline at the very top of Princess Lines's Love Boat after climbing stairs we probably shouldn't have been climbing. But there were no warning sings, and we were just young enough and foolish enough that we didn't think twice about climbing them. The winds were dangerously strong so we kept a tight grip on the railing and, altogether and simultaneously, we looked up. Awestruck. We were awestruck. No moonlight. Just that gloriously brilliant Milky Way against a pitch black midnight sky.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analyses in the Ancestral Caddo Territory
Authors: Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

In an attempt to better comprehend the geochemical composition of ceramic sherds across the traditional Caddo landscape, the INAA results for 1192 sherds from 164 sires are employed within this discussion (not included in this sample are sherds from sites recovered in central Texas.) After assembling the dataset, two table were used - one with geochemical data, one with site data - to catalog the sample. The shell and bone-tempered sherds were noted, but the calcium correction was only applied to 4% (n=47) of samples known to be shell-tempered.
The Sam D. Carpenter Bottom Site (41CP495) in the Big Cypress Creek Basin, Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Schniebs LeeAnna
Published: May 2019

Robert L. Turner, Jr. obtained a surface collection of ancestral Caddo material culture remains from the Sam D. Carpenter Bottom site (41CP495) an unknown number of years ago. With records provided by Turner, Bo Nelson has recently recorded the site, and provided the artifacts from the surface collection for analysis.

The Sam D. Carpenter Bottom site (41CP495) is situated on a broad and cleared alluvial fan (280 feet amsl) in the Big Cypress Creek valley, with the Prairie Creek valley not far to the south and the Dry Creek valley not far to the north. There are short, intermittent tributaries to the creek on either side of the alluvial fan, and these flow roughly north and northeast to Big Cypress Creek, the current channel of which is ca. 2 km to the northeast. The Sam D. Carpenter Garden Plot site (41CP496), a Caddo site of similar age and character, is about 1 km to the west.
Temporal Dynamics of East Texas Caddo Sites with 10 or More Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Selden Robert Z. , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This article represents supplementary data highlighting the specifics of date combination and the subsequent production of summed probability distribution samples for Caddo sites in East Texas. All radiocarbon (14C) dates employed in this effort were collected from research and cultural resource management (CRM) reports and publications, synthesized, then recalibrated in version 4.1.7 of OxCal using IntCal09.

The raw sample of Caddo 14C dates (n=889, with a standard deviation of 58) exceeds the minimum number of dates-750 suggested by Michczynska and Pazdur and 500 by Williams - but the combined sample (n=407, with a standard deviation of 53) does not meet the required minimum number of dates necessary to achieve significance. However, the distilled sample of 407 dates reduces probability bias introduced by sites with large numbers of 14C dates, and provides a more accurate representation of the temporal character for sites with ~10 14C dates.
The Dave Spencer Site on Middle Lilly Creek in Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The Dave Spencer site (41CP497) is an ancestral Caddo site in the Middle Lilly Creek valley in southwestern Camp County, Texas. It is situated on a lower upland ridge slope (350-355 feet amsl) about 200 m south of the current channel of Middle Lilly Creek. This creek is an eastward-flowing stream in the Little Cypress Creek basin.

Robert L. Turner, Jr. identified the site some years ago, and obtained a surface collection from it. The analysis of the artifacts in that surface collection are the subject of this article.
The Tom Hanks Site (41CP239): A Late Caddo, Titus Phase Mound Site in the Big Cypress Creek Basin, Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Tom Hanks site (41CP239) is one of a number of Late Caddo, Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) mound sites in the Big Cypress Creek basin "heartland." It is situated along an unnamed eastern-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Creek, between Walkers Creek to the north and Dry Creek to the south. Robert L. Turner, Jr. found and reported the site in 1990, and obtained a small surface collection. The artifacts from this surface collection are the subject of this article.

According to Perttula, there are 12 known Titus phase mound sites in the Big Cypress Creek basin. Most of these mound sites have only one constructed mound, although the Tom Hanks site has two mounds, and the Harroun (41UR10) and Whelan (41MR2) sites have four small earthen mounds. These mounds were generally built over the burned remains of important structures used by the social and political elite in different Titus phase political communities in the basin.
Analysis of a Collection of Early Caddo Artifacts from the Davis-McPeek Mound Site (41UR4/99), Upshur County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Davis-McPeek site (41UR4/99) is an Early Caddo (ca. A.D. 900-1200) mound and associated village on an alluvial terrace along Little Cypress Creek, in western Upshur County in East Texas. The site, with one known mound, has been known since the early 1930s, and in the early 1960s Buddy Jones conducted archaeological investigations in the mound. A small collection of ancestral Caddo artifacts from that work are curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum (GCHM, Longview, Texas), and this article provides an analysis of this collection.
Aboriginal Ceramic Sherds from 41MA30 in the Navasota River Basin in Madison County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Aboriginal ceramic sherds from three sites (41MA27, 41MA29, and 41MA30) in the Navasota River basin in the Prairie Savannah of Texas provided the opportunity to investigate their spatial and temporal nature, and to establish with a reasonable certainty their origins, ethnic affiliations, as well as relationships to other ceramic assemblages in the general region. A second collection of nine ceramic sherds is available from 41MA30, and this article describes the analysis of these additional sherds, and then summarizes the character of the larger assemblage (n=30 sherds) as a whole.
The Sam D. Carpenter Garden Plot Site (41CP496), Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Robert L. Turner, Jr. obtained a surface collection of ancestral Caddo material culture remains from the Sam D. Carpenter Garden Plot site (41CP496) some unknown number of years ago. With records provided by Turner, Bo Nelson has recently recorded the site, and provided the artifacts from the surface collection for analysis.

The site is located in the uplands (330ft. amsl) on the west side of the Big Cypress Creek valley, about 2 km west of the modem channel of Big Cypress Creek. The Sam D. Carpenter Bottom site (41CP495), another Caddo site, is about l km to the east. Prairie Creek lies several kilometers to the south. while Dry Creek is a comparable distance to the north of the site.
Analysis of Surface Collections from Areas A and B at the Sam Roberts Site (41CP8) on Prairie Creek, Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Sam Roberts site is a large ancestral Caddo mound center and habitation site on the floodplain of Prairie Creek, an eastward-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Creek, as well as on an upland landform south of the creek. Robert L. Turner, Jr.'s surface collections came from what he labeled Area A (in a plowed field in the floodplain) and Area B (in the uplands), several hundred meters apart. His notes with the collection also indicated that Caddo vessels had been plowed up in another cultivated field well to the east of Area A in the Prairie Creek floodplain.

The two Turner surface collection areas appear to correspond to two of the five distinct subareas (AE) identified by Thurmond. Thurmond's Area A is the same as Turner's, and Thurmond describes it as a "dense concentration or occupation debris on a floodplain rise adjacent to Prairie Creek, associated with a dark brown greasy soil. Large, dark outlines associated with concentrations of wattle-impressed daub may mark the locations of structures." Area A has a Late Caddo Titus phase component. Thurmond's Area B is the same as Turner's Area B, and this area is marked by an apparent Early or Middle Caddo settlement.

Although unnoted by Turner, there was a Late Caddo, Titus phase mound and a midden deposit about 200 m west of Area A, also in the floodplain of Prairie Creek (Thurmond's Area E). The mound (15.2 m in diameter and 1.1 min height) was built over a burned circular structure. Two radiocarbon dates on burned structural materials have median calibrated ages of A.D. 1567 and A.D. 1681; these dates, along with the brushed and brushed-punctated sherds recovered in the excavations, indicate that the Area E mound was built during Titus phase times, along with a number of other mounds in the Big Cypress Creek basin. Thurmond's Area D may be at the same location where Turner noted vessels had been plowed up; this area also has Titus phase occupational remains. Thurmond's Area Cis just east of Area B, and also represents an Early to Middle Caddo habitation area with substantial amounts of ceramic sherds. Finally, the recovery of Gary dart points from Area A indicates that there was a limited Woodland period use in this part of the Sam Roberts site.
New Radiocarbon Dates from East Texas Caddo Sites
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

In this article, we report on new radiocarbon dates obtained from five Caddo sites in East Texas. The radiocarbon samples are charred organic remains scraped off of one surface of whole vessels or sherds. These samples are from the Johns (41CP12), Shelby Mound (41CP7l), Gilbert (41RA13), Henry Spencer (41UR315), and Henry Williams (41UR318) sites. All of the dates are calibrated using Ox Cal v4.1.7, with atmospheric data from Reimer.
The Linebarger Site on Dry Creek, Camp County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Linebarger site (41CP493) is an ancestral Caddo site on Dry Creek in Camp County, not far upstream from the Tuck Carpenter site and large Late Caddo Titus phase cemetery. At least four ancestral Caddo burials are known to have been excavated at the Linebarger site in the 1960s, and Perttula documented two vessels and a large chipped biface from burial contexts in the Tommy Johns collection. The Robert L. Turner. Jr. surface collection came from an unspecified habitation area at the site.

The first documented vessel was a small inverted rim carinated bowl with a typologically unidentified engraved motif (horizontal engraved rim panel with a series of unique elements, including vertical engraved lines, ovals, semi-circles, and diagonal engraved lines, without apparent rhyme or pattern), and the other was a small tool punctatedjar with rim peaks and lug handles. The biface, made from a dark grayish-brown Central Texas chert, was well knapped with small retouch/pressure flakes along both edges of the piece; there is no evidence of polish on either face . The biface has basal notches and a short expanding stem (20.8 mm in stem width and 11 .8 nun in stem length). The biface is 174.5 mm in length, 72.0 mm in width, and only 7.6 mm in thickness.
Analysis of a Surface Collection from the L. A. Hale (41TT12) Mound Site, Titus County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This article, and the three that follow in this volume, are summaries of artifact surface collections obtained by Robert L. Turner, Jr. at four sites in the Big Cypress Creek basin in the Post Oak Savanna and Pineywoods of Northeast Texas. The first surface collection is from the L.A. Hale Mound site (41TTI2) on Blundell Creek, a southward-draining tributary to Big Cypress Creek.

According to Thurmond, the principal component at the L.A. Hale Mound site is an Early Caddo (ca. A.D. 900-1200) mound center with extensive midden deposits. There are six mounds at the site, two large platform mounds (Mounds 1 and 2) and four low mounds that cover occupational deposits and burned house structures. There are also four large midden areas adjacent to the earthen mounds as well as at least one borrow pit. In addition to the Early Caddo component, Thurmond has recognized Late Paleoindian, Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, Late Caddo Titus phase, and an early historic Anglo-American occupation from material culture remains recovered in excavations conducted at the site in 1934 by A. T. Jackson (1934) at The University of Texas and a 1980 surface collection by Susan Lisk of The University of Texas at Austin. Turner's collection adds additional information on the occupational history of the site. The exact location of the surface collection area at the site is not known.
Book Review: Before the Line. Vol I, II, and III
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This three volume set written and compiled by Dr. Jim Tiller of Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) represents a significant body of work concerning the history of East Texas-Northwest Louisiana between 1803-1842. His study area includes what is now Caddo Parish in Louisiana and Harrison and Panola counties in Texas. Tiller's interest in the history of the Caddo Indian in this area is also shown by a series of articles he has written about them in recent years.
Looped and Perforated Elbow Pipes in Northeast Texas
Authors: Todd Jesse
Published: May 2019

Todd presented a general chronology for the presence of aboriginal-manufactured clay elbow pipes in Northeast Texas Caddo sites. Most of the pipe types have an extensive range in time; however, this may be true for thong elbow pipes. This paper looks further at the time range for; and the variety, of thong pipes.

Jackson refers to elbow pipes that have a hole between the keel and the bowl as "thong pipes." A string appears to have been run through the holes. He refers to the two types of pipes as "handled" and "holed," but "I use the terms "looped" and "perforated."" Perino mentions that the perforation in the pipe's keel may have been so that a cord could be fastened to the stem, similar to some French and Native American micmac pipes.
Predictive Modeling of a Caddo Structure in the Ouachita Mountains, Montgomery Counts, Arkansas
Authors: Hanvey Vanessa N.
Published: May 2019

During the Arkansas Archaeological Survey/Society Training Program in June, 2014, an arc of postmolds from a Caddo structure was uncovered at site 3MN298. The site is located in Montgomery County, Arkansas, within the Ouachita National Forest, on a bend of the Ouachita River. After reviewing the literature on Caddo architecture, an attempt was made to predict the size and shape of the building as well as the location of any associated features. In September, 2013, a small field crew effectively ground-truthed the model. This article explores the process of creating and using a predictive model to guide archaeological excavations of Caddo period structure and presents the results of this endeavor.
Burned Rock Mounds in North-Central and Northeastern Oklahoma
Authors: Brooks Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Burned rock mounds haven been identified in Oklahoma since the early twentieth century. The Oklahoma River Basin Survey pioneered the study of these features of the cultural landscape in the 1960's- 1970's; however, little research has taken place since that time. This paper reports on the history of research pertaining to burned rock mound features, examines their distribution on the cultural landscape and their construction, analyzes the artifact content of the mounds, and presents some thoughts on the purpose of mound construction and use
The Joe M. Smith Collection from the Roseborough Lake Site (41BW5), Bowie County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Joe M. Smith collection is held by the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. It appears to have been given by Mr. Smith to A. T. Jackson in the early 1930s, around the time of The University of Texas excavations at the nearby Eli Moores site (41BW2). The collection is said to have come from the Rochelle Plantation, which is an earlier name for the Roseborough Lake site (41BW5). The Roseborough Lake site is on an old meander of the Red River “that was cut off in 1872 and named Roseborough Lake." It lies a few miles west of other important Caddo sites, a few miles west of Texarkana in Bowie County.

The Roseborough Lake site is a large historic Caddo village occupied from the 17th century until the late 18th century, with habitation features and cemeteries. It also is the location of a Nassonite post established by the French in the 1720s, known by the Spanish as San Luis de Cadohadacho.

Investigations at the Roseborough Lake site by Miroir and Gilmore recovered Historic Caddo ceramics, mainly shell-tempered, of the types Emory Punctated-Incised, McKinney Plain, Keno Trailed, Simms Engraved, Natchitoches Engraved, Womack Engraved, and Avery Engraved, along with brushed, incised, punctated, and red-slipped body sherds and clay figurines and pipes. The chipped stone tool assemblage included Fresno and Maud arrow points, drills, large knives, many end/side scrapers, as well as a diorite celt. European trade goods are particularly abundant at the Roseborough Lake site, and they include iron axes and scrapers, iron bridle bits and knives, iron strike-a-lights, scissors, iron kettle pieces, pendants, many flintlock gun parts, gunflints, lead balls, brass rings, tinklers, bells, and rivets, brass and iron arrow points, metal buttons, green wine bottle glass and mirror glass, faience, majolica, and delft ceramics, along with many glass beads (n=2958) and shell beads (n=18). Substantial samples of animal bones are also present in the archaeological deposits at the site, along with carbonized maize cob fragments.
Analysis of the Hardin A Site (41GG69) Faunal Remains
Authors: Schniebs LeeAnna
Published: May 2019

The excavation of the Hardin A site (41GG69), a late 14th to early 15th century A.D. period Caddo site in Gregg County, Texas, yielded 495 faunal specimens. This sum includes all bone fragments, and pieces of antler and turtle shell. Total weight of the assemblage is 266.6 grams. Faunal material was recovered from 15 levels in a single 1 x 2 m unit comprised of a midden deposit and feature fill. The remainder of the article discuss the methods employed in the faunal analysis, results of taxonomic identification and quantification, and the distribution of these remains.
New Radiocarbon Dates from East Texas Caddo Sites
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

In this article, we report the results of AMS dating of organic remains from ancestral East Texas Caddo sites in Gregg and Harrison counties. These sites are the Wade site (GC-38), a Middle Caddo period habitation in the mid-Sabine River basin, as well as from vessels (in the Gregg County Historical Museum) placed in Caddo burials at the Susie Slade (41HS13), Hyte, Eli Fields, J. O. and Henry Brown (41HS261), and the Patton (41HS825) sites in the Big Cypress and mid-Sabine River basins, and a vessel from an unknown site in the Big Cypress Creek basin.
An Engraved Caddo Vessel from the Quitman Area, Wood County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Wright Kim
Published: May 2019

Pottery vessels from ancestral Caddo sites are widely known across all parts of East Texas, with recognizable vessel forms and decorative styles that have both distinctive temporal and spatial distributions. In this article we put on record an engraved Caddo vessel with a rather unique design from an unknown site in the Quitman area in Wood County.

This part of East Texas, specifically the Lake Fork Creek basin in the upper Sabine River drainage, is an area with an extensive record of ancestral Caddo habitation sites and cemeteries. In particular, there are many Late Caddo period, Titus phase, sites and family cemeteries dating from approximately 330 to 580 years ago (A.D. 1430-1680) known in this area. The Caddo vessel described herein is thought to come from an unknown Titus phase cemetery in this area.