bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Age Reporting among Elderly African Americans
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira , Hill Mark E.
Published: March 2007

This article expands on previous research that has documented disparities in age information for elderly African Americans. Drawing on a sample of death certificates for Maryland-born African Americans purportedly aged 65-79 years, the validity of age data on both death certificates and social security records is examined through comparison with birth dates provided on linked birth records. The commonly assumed relationship between birth registration and quality of age reporting also is investigated. When compared to birth records, age reporting on social security records is significantly more accurate than that on death records. Age agreement between matched death and social security records closely reflects age validity as determined from birth records. Findings based on logistic regression analysis support the hypothesized birth registration effect: Controlling for demographic characteristics, persons known to have birth certificates exhibited significantly greater age agreement on linked death certificates and social security records (odds ratio = 2.3).
Changes in Antipsychotic Drug Use Following Shifts in Policy
Authors: McKenzie Darlene A. , Mullooly John P. , McFarland Bentson H. , Semradek Joyce A. , McCamant Lynn E.
Published: March 2007

This case study of antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes illustrates the potential benefits and limits of multilevel hierarchical linear analysis in long-term care research. Multilevel (MLn) logistic regression models were used to assess changes in exposure and average daily dose and their associations with resident and facility characteristics following implementation of the 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act regulations. Data were obtained for 8,158 elderly Oregon Medicaid residents residing in 128 facilities between July 1991 and December 1994. Findings support the general hypothesis that resident characteristics are the main determinants of drug use and that drug use decreased over time among some resident populations and some facility types. Although challenges were encountered in the use of the MLn software, hierarchical modeling has advantages that make it attractive for long-term care multilevel applications such as the drug use study reported here.
Facing Across Borders: The Diplomacy of Bon Voisinage
Authors: Henrikson Alan K.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes that transfrontier diplomacy, based on what is termed a consociative model of peacemaking, can ameliorate relations not only between border communities but also between central governments and even entire societies—if several conditions are met. The first is that the nations in question must “face,” or consciously confront, one another, and thus have one another’s full diplomatic attention. The second is that their domestic political systems must be so structured as efficiently to transmit border-community perspectives to national decisionmaking centers, which in turn must keep in touch with peripheral communities. The third is that international agreements, including “good neighborhood” or bon voisinage treaties, should be concluded to bind countries legally to a regime of border cooperation. Such bilateral border agreements can be elicited and also reinforced by multilateral “frame-work” cooperation pacts that cover larger regions.
International Alliances in the Power Cycle Theory of State Behavior
Authors: Chiu Daniel Y.
Published: March 2007

This study proposes that critical points are causally related to the formation of alliances, and that the relationship between alliances and war can be better understood as a relationship between critical points and war, with alliances as an intermediate variable. At these points of structural change in the system, states will seek protection against the uncertainty of massive alterations in their future foreign policy roles and security positions by forming alliances. Statistical analyses of empirical data and historical case-study material support this link between power cycle theory and alliance theory.
The Role of Culture in Global Structural Transformation: Opera and the Baroque Crisis in Seventeenth-Century Europe
Authors: Martin Geoffrey R.
Published: March 2007

There is increasing awareness that the world is going through fundamental changes at the level of the basic organization of the global political economy, and of the belief systems that have sustained human social and political life for the last several centuries. The seventeenth century was such a time, in which what we now call central and western Europe passed through a “fundamental historical crisis,” an age in which all human institutions—political, economic, social, cultural—were in the midst of crisis and change that only rarely occurs on such a scale. Analysts have observed the development of the states-system, or capitalism, or absolutism, or modernity, or new forms of family. This article concentrates on culture and cultural change, neglected subjects in political science. The “invention” of opera was an important development that signalled and influenced political-economic change in seventeenth-century Europe.
Sexing London: The Gender Mix of Urban Policy Actors
Authors: Abrar Stefania , Lovenduski Joni , Margetts Helen
Published: March 2007

This article proposes an analysis of London's gender system. First, it explores the relationship between gender and the local economy and culture. Second, it examines decision-making structures in the local state and how they are gendered. Third, the article investigates London's autonomous women's movement and the extent to which its constituent groups possess the resources necessary to influence policy. Fourth, it looks at two issue areas, homelessness and hospital reorganization and the ways in which policy-making in these areas deal with gender issues. The authors conclude that women and particularly feminists can influence policy but the degree of influence varies by locality, organizational context and issue.
The Paradox of Bureaucratic Accountability in Developing Nations under a Promarket State
Authors: Haque Shamsul M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, it is argued that under the current promarket global atmosphere, there has been a significant shift in the nature of the state in developing countries toward the formation of a “market-centered” state. Under this emerging market-centered state, there have been similar market-oriented changes in the objectives, roles, institutions, norms, and beneficiaries of state bureaucracy. Although these recent changes in bureaucracy have often been introduced in the name of greater transparency and accountability, in reality, the adverse outcomes of such promarket changes constitute more critical challenges to bureaucratic accountability, and thus represent a new accountability paradox in developing countries. In line with this contention, the article includes the following analytical components: (1) an overview of the linkages between the nature of the state and the mode of bureaucratic accountability, (2) an analysis of the recent promarket changes in the nature of the state in developing countries, (3) an illustration of the corresponding changes in bureaucracy under the emerging market-centered state, (4) a critical assessment of the major challenges posed by these market-oriented changes to the realization of bureaucratic accountability, and (5) a concluding outline suggesting some necessary measures for rectifying the situation.
Eldercare as “Woman's Work” in Poor Countries
Authors: CLIMO JACOB J.
Published: March 2007

This article explores gender and eldercare by examining four issues concerning the activities of women giving and receiving eldercare: (a) the need for an ethnographic and comparative focus; (b) some important differences between poor and rich countries in the structure of eldercare and in eldercare roles for women; (c) continuity and change in the role of women as caregivers and care receivers, women empowered and women in need; and (d) family structures for eldercare focusing on the tensions surrounding cultural principles and circumstances governing caregiver selection. The discussion calls for more research concerning the actual and potential roles of both women and men in eldercare. Women who provide eldercare in most poor countries would benefit from extrafamilial health care, services, and material resources that alleviate poverty as well as from improved education, whereas men in most countries will continue to avoid eldercare as long as it is regarded as “woman's work.”
Adjustment and Satisfaction of Parents
Authors: FINE MARK A. , DONNELLY BRENDA W. , VOYDANOFF PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

This study compared the relative adjustment and satisfaction of three differing groups of parents. An extensive phone interview assessing a number of dimensions of well being (anxiety, depression, child problems, marital satisfaction, and family satisfaction) was administered to 154 parents from intact families, 28 single parents, and 28 remarried parents. Results indicated that single parents were significantly less satisfied and less well adjusted than their counterparts from first marriages and remarriages but that there were no differences on any dimensions between the latter two groups. These findings are discussed with reference to existing literature, and suggestions for future research are made.
Economic Distress, Social Integration, and Family Satisfaction
Authors: VOYDANOFF PATRICIA , DONNELLY BRENDA W. , FINE MARK A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines relationships between economic distress and family satisfaction and the effects of social integration on these relationships. The sample includes 1,561 married respondents between the ages of 18 and 65 who were interviewed as part of the 1983 and 1986 General Social Surveys. Results indicate that the income components of economic distress are related to family satisfaction while the employment components are not. Economic distress is negatively related to social integration; social integration is positively related to family satisfaction. One aspect of social integration, satisfaction with friends, partially mediates the relationship between economic strain and family satisfaction. Patterns of relationships are similar across sex and occupational subgroups.
Changes in the Age Distribution of Parents, 1940-1980
Authors: EGGEBEEN DAVID J. , UHLENBERG PETER
Published: March 2007

There have been substantial changes in the fertility patterns of women in the past half century. Using data drawn from the 1940 through 1980 Public Use Samples of the U.S. Census of Population, we examine how these changes have affected the age distribution of parents for successive cohorts of children. We find that the average age of mothers and fathers has declined across cohorts of children. Part of the reason for this decline in mean ages is the precipitous decline in the proportion of black and white children who have mothers and fathers more than 35 years older than themselves. The proportion of white children born to teenage mothers changed very little during this time period. However, the likelihood of black children being born to very young mothers increased rapidly after 1960.
Employment, Family, and Perceptions of Marital Quality Among Husbands and Wives
Authors: BLAIR SAMPSON LEE
Published: March 2007

Previous studies of work/family linkages have emphasized the effects of one domain or the other on the individual, yet few have sought to analyze the interconnective nature of paid labor and family environments. Using data from the 1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the effects of husbands' and wives' employment and marriage characteristics on their respective perceptions of marital quality. Contrary to previous findings, occupational factors have only a minimal effect on both husbands' and wives' perceptions of marital quality. Husbands and wives are both affected by wives' opinions of fairness in the marriage. The results also suggest that husbands may maintain traditional role expectations for themselves and their wives, despite the dual-earner status of their marriage. The implications of these findings for gender roles in dual-earner marriages are discussed.
The Relation Between Family Structure and Young Adolescents' Appraisals of Family Climate and Parenting Behavior
Authors: KURDEK LAWRENCE A. , FINE MARK A.
Published: March 2007

Young adolescents (mean age = 11.99 years) who lived with both biological parents (BP), a single divorced mother (DM), a single divorced father (DF), a mother and stepfather (SF), a father and a stepmother (SM), or a multiply divorced parent (MD) ( ns = 681, 78, 21, 146, 36, and 55, respectively) appraised dimensions of family climate (supervision, warmth, conflict, and order) and dimensions of parenting (permissive, authoritatian, and authoritative). Differences among these six family structures were found on warmth (BP > SF), conflict (BP < SM, SF; DM < SM), permissive parenting (BP < DF, MD; SM < DM, DF, SF, MD), and authoritarian parenting (DM, SF, MD < DF). Gender did not moderate family structure differences. The findings are consistent with the view that different family structures vary on dimensions of family process.
A Link Between Generations
Authors: DUNHAM CHARLOTTE CHORN
Published: March 2007

This research examined the relationship between three aspects of intergenerational relations—a problem in the life of an adult child, conflict with an adult child, and social support from an adult child—and depression in aging parents in a sample of three-generation California families. Of the three issues, only support from an adult child was consistently related to depression in parents. Using a nonevaluative measure of support, it was found that those parents who receive support from a child are more depressed than those who do not, and those who have less conflict between the generations are more depressed when they receive support from an adult child.
Intergenerational Congruency
Authors: DALHOUSE MARIE , FRIDERES JAMES S.
Published: March 2007

The role of parents in transmitting political values to their children is investigated. A survey of parents and their children from two western Canadian urban centers was undertaken. Using a path analysis technique, the authors analyze the multiple roles parents play in transmitting political values and attitudes to their children. Both internal and external components of the family were analyzed with regard to their impact upon parent-child attitudinal similarity. The results show that parents' gender, political activity of the parents, socioeconomic status, and the type of family have an impact on the degree of parent-child political value similarity.
Child Care Choice in Urban Thailand
Authors: RICHTER KERRY
Published: March 2007

This article uses qualitative and quantitative evidence to examine child care decision making in Bangkok, Thailand. The preference model developed from qualitative data predicts a strong preference for care by a relative, even if the child has to live separately from his/her mother, and distrust of nonrelative and formal care. Overall about three quarters of children in the sample were cared for by their mother (some of whom were combining work with child care) or another relative when they were age 2. Although the degree to which mothers were working in a formal setting was the strongest predictor of being in nonmaternal care, children of higher socioeconomic status were also found more likely to be in nonmaternal care and less likely to be in a relative's care. The results are discussed in light of changing roles for women in a society undergoing rapid socioeconomic change.
Family Structure and Patterns of Independence Giving to Adolescents
Authors: BULCROFT RICHARD A. , CARMODY DIANNE CYR , BULCROFT KRIS A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between family structure and control attempts of parents with regard to their adolescent children. Differences in control attempts for lifelong intact families, single-parent households, cohabiting households, and stepparent households were analyzed using the National Survey of Families and Households. The nature of the control attempts focused on parental behaviors such as leaving the child home alone, variations in curfew, and application of household rules. The relationship between child's age, gender, and family structure was of particular interest. The findings reveal little difference between parental control attempts in lifelong intact families versus single-parent and stepparent families. Cohabiting parents demonstrated the greatest variation in adolescent control attempts for both sons and daughters. In general, the research suggests that parents in nontraditional families attempt to exercise control at about the same levels as parents in long-term two-parent families
Sources of Economic Distress
Authors: FOX GREER LITTON , CHANCEY DUDLEY
Published: March 2007

Examined in this article are relationships between six measures of economic stress—financial adequacy, perceived economic well-being, respondent's and partner's job instability, and respondent's and partner's job insecurity—and seven measures of individual and family well-being. Presented are descriptive and regression analyses of social survey data drawn from telephone interviews with 366 householders ages 18 to 65 residing in a southeastern U.S. metropolitan county. For both women and men, perceived economic well-being was generally the strongest predictor of measures of individual and family well-being. For men as well as women, spouse's or partner's job variables were important predictors of measures of family well-being. The respondent's own job instability and insecurity appeared more important to women than men, and more so for family than individual well-being outcomes. Two alternative pathways were proposed and partially supported for the influence of economic factors on individual well-being.
Gender Differences in Determinants of Marital Disruption
Authors: HEATON TIM B. , BLAKE ASHLEY M.
Published: March 2007

Because the family is a highly gendered institution, the authors anticipated that characteristics of husbands and wives would have differing influences on marital disruption. Longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households were used to examine the influence of sociodemographic and attitudinal characteristics of each spouse on the likelihood of marital disruption. In general, wives' variables have a stronger influence than do husbands' variables, suggesting that wives play a greater role in maintenance of marital relationships and are more sensitive to problems in the relationship. The relative influence of each spouse's characteristics is more similar in egalitarian marriages, however. Findings confirm the gendered nature of marital relationships.
Disneyland Dads, Disneyland Moms?
Authors: STEWART SUSAN D.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines gender differences in how nonresident parents spend time with their absent children. Whereas nonresident fathers are often perceived as “Disneyland” parents, nonresident mothers are generally considered to be more involved in their children's daily lives. However, results suggest that nonresident mothers and fathers exhibit a similar pattern of participation in activities with their absent children, controlling for sociodemographic and family characteristics. Most nonresident parents either engage in only leisure activities with their children or have no contact. Only about one third of parents mention school among activities they participate in with their child. These findings indicate that nonresident parent-child interaction patterns may be the result of circumstances surrounding the nonresidential role rather than the gender of the parent.
Responsibilities in Studying Postmodern Families
Authors: BERNARDES JON
Published: March 2007

Traditional modernist family sociology is identified as oppressive and reactionary; this is related to a lack of sense of responsibility. In exploring the responsibilities of those who study postmodern family life, recent material is explored with regard to theoretical, methodological, and policy-related issues. A vital link is made between sociological practice, everyday practice, and policy formation. It is argued that we must recognize and reconcile ourselves to considerable personal and professional responsibilities in the study of postmodern family life.
Middle School Foreign Language Programs: Excellence for All Students in 2000 and Beyond
Authors: McClendon Lynne
Published: March 2007

When students study English for 13 years and still cannot master all the nuances of the language, why do we assume they can master a for eign language in two years? The recent concern of business leaders about our nation's lack of ability to produce fluent users of languages other than English has spurred many school systems across the nation to seriously consider implementing elementary and middle level for eign language programs.
Evaluating Middle Grades Curricula for High Standards of Learning and Performance
Authors: Goldsmith Lynn T. , Kantrov Ilene
Published: March 2007

To meet recently promulgated standards, teachers are faced with new academic and pedagogical challenges. They must teach more challeng ing and extensive subject area content, they must develop different instructional strategies, and they must reach a wider range of students. Having a high-quality curriculum to guide instruction is an important part of meeting the challenges.
Math Lessons: A Case Study in the Adoption of An Innovative Math Curriculum
Authors: Lowry May
Published: March 2007

This is the story of an innovative math curriculum that was heavily pro moted by the chair of the math department, but not adopted by the teachers. Why was the curriculum not adopted, and what lessons did the team learn from the situation about the adoption process, the power of inclusion, and the nature of systems?
The Learning Community as a Foundation for Developing Teacher Leaders
Authors: Caine Geoffrey , Caine Renate Nummela
Published: March 2007

Many of the qualities that we look for in leaders are precisely those qualities that make people very good teachers. With this in mind, the development of leadership can be seen as the result of some types of professional development. It happens naturally in those processes where people begin to take charge. It happens even more powerfully when staff members work together to foster collective learning in a school.
Teachers as Leaders: Notes from a Leader Who Never Planned To Become One
Authors: Baumgartner Andy
Published: March 2007

There is both joy and difficulty in being a teacher leader. The ways in which we can lead are countless. Charting a course and following it to a desired destination requires developing a great deal of perseverance and stamina, on top of the requisite amount of these qualities involved in daily teaching duties.
The Changing Role of Principals in School Partnerships
Authors: Bradshaw Lynn K.
Published: March 2007

School administrators find themselves in new, more collaborative roles. Current and future school leaders must understand the collaboration process, and they must be able to involve all stakeholder groups in identifying problems, exploring options, building consensus, and developing innovative solutions to improve conditions for students and their families and to support educational excellence.
Preventing Project Teams from Developing Committee-Itis
Authors: Grier Terry B.
Published: March 2007

Decisionmakers are more often choosing to empower "project teams" to improve schools instead of "committees." Project teams are results driven and enlist others' insight in a manner that ensures success--but they must take certain steps to prevent committee-itis.
Exploratory Programs in Middle Schools
Authors: Anfara Vincent A. , Brown Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Following the call for middle-school reform, several arguments emerged that supported a consistent idea of what constitutes a “good middle school.” This article focuses specifically on exploratory programs, offers a review of related literature, and examines the problems and solutions principals and teachers from two middle schools reported during interviews.
Online Staff Development: Promise or Peril?
Authors: Killion Joellen
Published: March 2007

Advantages and disadvantages of online staff development and its implications are discussed. Benefits include accessibility, flexibility in scheduling, cost efficiency, and ease of collaboration. Drawbacks involve quality of content and process, readiness of the learner, and potential hidden costs.
Inclusion: Administrative Headache or Opportunity?
Authors: Rieck William A. , Wadsworth Donna E. Dugger
Published: March 2007

An inclusionary program was established in four secondary schools in a southeastern community. Components of the program include initial staff development, technical assistance, information sharing, scheduling, instructional strategies, and support. To ensure successful inclusion, collaboration among all participants is essential. Program results are discussed.
What Principals Should Know About Sheltered Instruction for English Language Learners
Authors: Short Deborah J.
Published: March 2007

ELLs come from diverse backgrounds; some are more proficient than others academically and linguistically. One approach to help teach this group of students is sheltered instruction, a strategic way to make subject matter concepts comprehensible while promoting English language development. Ways to recognize, evaluate, and implement quality sheltered instruction programs are discussed.
Parents of ESL Students: A Study of Parental Involvement
Authors: Cassity Julie , Harris Sandy
Published: March 2007

Parents of 20 students enrolled in a middle school English as a second language summer program were surveyed to identify possible motivators and inhibitors to parental involvement. Motivating factors identified included opportunity to ask about their child's behavior and desire to demonstrate their commitment to education. Inhibitors included lack of transportation and time.
Standards Versus Sentimentality: Reckoning—Successfully—with the Most Promising Movement in Modern Education
Authors: Schmoker Mike
Published: March 2007

Despite its imperfections the standards movement is already proving its value. Therefore, educators must critically exam the case against standards and accountability. Ironically, an analysis of the case against standards reveals its potential importance, especially for helping educators address profound gaps in the typical curriculum found in most schools.
Spheres of Influence: Supporting Mathematics Education Reform
Authors: Goldsmith Lynn T.
Published: March 2007

As instructional leaders of their schools, principals can contribute to efforts to improve mathematics education in three important ways: by becoming knowledgeable about the goals and strategies of mathematics education reform, by guiding and supporting school improvement efforts, and by involving parents and community members.
Championing Achievement: Combining Dreams and Democracy
Authors: Williams Claudia , Krajewski Bob
Published: March 2007

This article traces the history of two high schools in Birmingham, Ala., that eventually merged into one. The school’s status and test scores are discussed with regard to its leadership, mission, teaching initiatives, and student achievement.
Teaching Each and All: Harnessing Dynamic Tension in School Reform
Authors: Clarke John H.
Published: March 2007

Mandated testing has highlighted the struggle between national and local advocates of school development. High schools that pursue improved test scores for all students generate different reform strategies than those schools that aim to design educational programs appropriate for each student. Innovations such as Personal Learning Plans used in Vermont high schools are shown to generate successful reform.
SAT State Comparisons: A Response to Marchant and Paulson (2001)
Authors: Schmidt Amy E.
Published: March 2007

The College Board discourages ranking states and has made a change in policy in the presentation of data. Although it is not invalid nor inappropriate to report test scores by state, invalid inferences may be drawn from these scores. Further research based on analytically appropriate methods is recommended.
Interactive Online Learning for Teachers
Authors: Saunders Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2007

Although many teachers are interested in earning a master’s degree, most have schedules too crowded with professional and personal obligations to accomplish that goal. A new master’s degree program, Master Teaching and Leadership (MTL), offered through the University of Illinois at Springfield, enables teachers to work toward their degree without neglecting other demands in their life—by putting the program entirely online. This article describes the MTL program, including recruitment, admissions, and teaching techniques, and explains how it helps teachers develop professionally while functioning in the real world.
Strategies for Personalizing Instruction: A Typology for Improving Teaching and Learning
Authors: Jenkins John M. , Keefe James W.
Published: March 2007

It is often difficult to classify instructional approaches. To best serve the diverse needs of today's students, a personalized instruction approach is suggested. Nine representative strategies for personalizing instruction are discussed in relation to their interaction level and thoughtfulness level.
School Finance as Investment in Human Capital
Authors: Owings William A. , Kaplan Leslie S.
Published: March 2007

Education improves an individual's and a community's standard of living. In a time when education funding is insufficient for schools to meet high quality standards, principals are in a unique position to influence their community to fully support state and local school budgets. By using data to show education's positive influence on human capital as seen in income, employability, safety, and community lifestyle, as well as how education decreases other social service costs, principals can make a persuasive argu ment for school funding.
A Historical Perspective on Closing Achievement Gaps
Authors: Guskey Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written recently about gaps in the achievement of different groups of students, the problem has been with us for many years. This manuscript presents a historical perspective of the problem, viewing it as one of reducing variation in students' achievement. Specifically, it reviews the work of renowned educator Benjamin S. Bloom, who argued that to reduce variation in students' achievement and have all students learn well, we must increase variation in instructional approaches and learning time. Bloom also outlined a specific strategy to accomplish this instructional differentiation, labeling it "mastery learning."Bloom's work is described, along with common misinterpretations of his ideas and the results of research on the effectiveness of their implementation.
The 1997 IDEA Amendments: Implications for School Principals
Authors: Williams Brenda T. , Katsiyannis Antonis
Published: March 2007

Principals should facilitate, at the school level, collaborative planning and problem-solving discussions between general and special educa tors, other specialists, students, and family members to respond to the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. The law serves as a backdrop against which such planning can occur.
Avoiding the Special Education Trap for Conduct Disordered Students
Authors: Murray Barbara A. , Myers Mary Alice
Published: March 2007

School personnel often misclassify a Conduct Disordered student as Severely Emotional Disturbed following a serious offense. Educators must remember, however, that mislabeling a child in order to obtain services, to prevent a child from being expelled, or to remove the stu dent to a special classroom is both inappropriate and unethical. What, then, should school administrators do?
Creating Conditions for Developing and Nurturing Talent: The Work of School Leaders
Authors: Marshall Stephanie Pace , Ramirez Martin , Plinske Kathy , Veal Catherine
Published: March 2007

Because exceptional performance results from exceptional learning, our role as administrators is to ensure that the conditions we create enable gifted and talented students—and all students—to thrive. We can do this by engaging our communities in questions that matter, questions that cause us to articulate principles of system and program identity, information, and relationships.
"What I Did on My Vacation": Summer Options for Gifted Students
Authors: Stocking Vicki B.
Published: March 2007

Educators and parents adopt a variety of strategies to augment the curriculum for gifted students during the school year. Increasingly, however, talented students are turning to summertime activities as a way to maintain a high level of challenge. A wide variety of summer options are available, ranging from outdoor wilderness experiences to culturally-rich international programs to intensive academic programs.
Revisiting Cooperative Learning...And Making It Work: Success with Cooperative Learning On the Secondary Level
Authors: Bevevino Mary M. , Snodgrass Dawn M.
Published: March 2007

By revisiting a framework for successful cooperative learning strategies, secondary teachers can ensure that their cooperative learning activities produce solid learning and satisfying results. What are some common questions about cooperative learning and recommendations for teachers interested in making cooperative learning strategies work?
The Forgotten Standard: The Value of Making Things
Authors: Ambrosie Frank
Published: March 2007

Our society appears to doubt the viability of vocational-technical education as a legitimate alternative career choice for students. Students who may be interested in an occupational/technical education are at risk. The relative position and condition of vocational-technical education has been compromised in our society. What should we do?
The Principal and the Issue of Negligence
Authors: Permuth Steve
Published: March 2007

Principals must understand the concept of negligence, in anticipating and responding both to situations that could lead to injuries to stu dents, and to lawsuits against them as agents of the school and the school system. A study of negligence requires understanding the term and its implications, how to prevent negligence from occurring, and how to defend one's action if prevention fails.
Responding to Parent and Public Concerns About Middle Level Schools
Authors: Williamson Ronald D. , Johnston J. Howard
Published: March 2007

An April 1998 NASSP Bulletin article by Williamson and Johnston, "Listening to Four Communities: Parent and Public Concerns About Middle Level Schools," reported the findings of a study in four diverse communities. What can be done to respond to those concerns?
Healthy Health Education for Your School and Your Students
Authors: Wooley Susan F. , Marx Eva , Lohrmann David , Smith Becky
Published: March 2007

Students with health problems that affect their ability to learn need access to health services. When health services are available on or near school grounds—in school health rooms and school-based or school- linked health centers—students can schedule appointments during study halt or lunch period without missing class.
Successful Communications for School Leaders
Authors: Wentz Pat
Published: March 2007

Communication effectiveness is a prime indicator of a professional who is well trained and willing to continue working toward being an excellent school leader. The awareness of our current state of training, the knowledge of what we should do to improve, and the desire to make that improvement defines an educated individual who has the potential to be an outstanding school leader.
Preventing Violence in School: What Can Principals Do?
Authors: Williams Wendy M.
Published: March 2007

What motivates young people—some only eight years old—to attack and kill other children? This question has been hotly debated in the media recently, as the public's attention has been seized time and time again by stories of brutal acts performed by children against their classmates and peers. Can schools do anything to help disturbed or potentially violent students?
Engaging All Middle Level Learners in Multidisciplinary Curricula
Authors: Sprague Marsha M. , Pennell Dale , Sulzberger LeeAnne
Published: March 2007

The middle level school is an ideal setting for connecting the curricu lum. The team approach allows teachers time to plan together, and sharing a common group of students makes multidisciplinary instruc tion feasible. Nevertheless, many middle level schools have had a dif ficult time implementing multidisciplinary instruction.
What Principals and Students Should Know About College Admissions
Authors: Wallinger Linda Moody
Published: March 2007

College-bound high school students devour multitudes of college recruitment materials, and agonize over the required applications and essays. Parents encourage visits to college campuses, while guidance counselors confirm enrollment in rigorous high school courses. Teachers are asked to write letters of recommendation. But high school administrators must ask themselves if any of these tactics really contribute to college admission for their students.
Building a Climate of Acceptance For Block Scheduling
Authors: Queen J. Allen , Isenhour Kimberly Gaskey
Published: March 2007

Time management has been seen as a tool for the administration to use in moving students through the day. Since the institution of block scheduling, time can become more than a mere tool. A block or flexible schedule can be molded to fit any school's instructional, building, cli mate, student management, accountability, assessment, or fiscal needs.
Fighting Spirits
Authors: King C. Richard , Springwood Charles Fruehling
Published: March 2007

This article explores the racial politics of sports mascots through a comparative account of the uses of Indianness at Florida State University and the centrality of Confederate symbols at the University of Mississippi. It avoids the temptation of romanticizing resistance as well as easy, if not impulsive, condemnations. Instead, employing a neo-Gramscian and poststructural framework, it seeks to complicate prevailing understandings of sports mascots. It details the contours of imperial Whiteness and the competing efforts to reformulate Euro-American identity emergent in its wake. At the same time, it theorizes the awkward alliances often forged between subalterns and institutions with racially charged sports mascots.
Soccer and Croatian Nationalism
Authors: Sack Allen L. , Suster Zeljan
Published: March 2007

In 1990, the Yugoslav Federation was on the verge of dissolution. Slovenia and Croatia had just voted communists out of power and were threatening to secede. The purpose of this study is to examine the role that soccer played at this critical juncture to bolster Croatia’s efforts to gain independence as well as to inflame ethnoreligious passions that would soon lead to the outbreak of war. By focusing on two soccer matches—one that led to the worst soccer riot in Yugoslavian soccer history and the other that Croats celebrate as the restoration of their national team—this study examines the often intimate relationship between sport, politics, and war.
The Political Scorecard of Professional Sports Facility Referendums in the United States, 1984-2000
Authors: Brown Clyde , Paul David M.
Published: March 2007

Nearly 70 teams in the four major professional sports in the United States built new stadiums and arenas in the past two decades. About a dozen additional facilities are under construction, and many of the remaining franchises are interested in renovating an existing structure or building a new facility. Funding a new sports facility generally involved local public officials developing a financial package subject to a public vote. These projects are among the largest and most expensive public works a community might undertake. They have often been politically controversial. This study provides a detailed, comprehensive overview of the population of these important ballot measures.
Social Criticism as Moral Criticism
Authors: Morgan William J.
Published: March 2007

Sports at all levels have been racked by one moral controversy after another. It is almost a truism that socialization into sports nowadays has as much to do with becoming adept at breaking and bending rules, not to mention other forms of cheating and violence, as it does with the furtherance of athletic excellence. Surprisingly, although critical social theorists of sports have had plenty to say about these and other shortcomings of contemporary sports, little of what they say touches on their specifically moral character. Habermas’s critical theory of society is a notable exception, claiming, as it does, that if one wants to understand contemporary social practices such as sports, one cannot turn their back on the moral ideals and values that drive them. The author puts Habermas’s theory to the test here, examining how successful it is in shedding light on the moral dilemmas that presently plague sports.
Idealized Functions of Sport: Religious and Political Socialization Through Sport
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the purported functioning of sport as a "symbolic refuge" in American society. In particular the paper considers the extent to which acceptance of the established structure of American sport and two dimensions of sports involvement are associated with religious conviction and political conservatism. Faith in God and in tradi tional American values and institutions are two consequences of involvement in sport claimed by the dominent American sports creed and emphasized by the symbolic aspects of major sports spectacles in America. Data were presented as an exploratory test of con nections between sports involvement and faith in God and country. The data were derived from a survey of students at two colleges in a small Northeastern state. It was found that religious conviction and political conservatism were in no way related to one of the dimen sions of sports involvement, sports enthusiasm, and that political conservatism was weakly related to the other dimension, past sports success. It also was found that accep tance of the established structure of sport was associated both with religious conviction and political conservatism. Interpretations of the statistically significant findings in this research had to be qualified on the basis of difference in sex, state of residence, and/or college.
The National Football League Player Draft: Does It Equalize Team Strengths?
Authors: Lock Ethan , Gratz J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The teams in the National Football League are bound by a set of agreements that restrict the competition and divide the market for playing talent. This article analyzes one of these agreements: the draft, its effects on player salaries, the League's justifications for it, and its impact on team performances. There is evidence to suggest that the amateur player draft system has a restrictive effect on player salaries. Yet, the owners have argued that the draft helps equalize team strengths and is therefore essential to the League's financial well-being. The statistical study described in this article attempted to determine the relationship between a team's priority position in the draft and its change in performance in subsequent years. The actual correlations between these two variables, although statistically significant, were rather low and, thus, undermine the League's arguments.
Outta My Endzone
Authors: Pronger Brian
Published: March 2007

This article proposes an analytical framework for sport that emerges from the interplay of elements of postmodern, gay, and queer theories. Embarking on a demythologizing trajectory, the article suggests that competitive sport fosters the emotional logic that is embedded in the will to power produced by the mythical union of an ever-expanding phallus and territorially enclosing anus—these work together in sport in the desire to conquer the space of the other and protectively enclose the space of the self. Drawing parallels, the violating phallus with the desire to win and the closed anus with the desire not to lose, the article deconstructs the emotional logic of sport as a celebration of patriarchal violation and homophobic resistance to penetration. As an immensely popular cultural spectacle and practice, therefore, competitive sport plays an important role in the reproduction of phallically aggressive and anally closed cultures of desire.
THE POLITICS OF WOMEN'S BODY IMAGES AND PRACTICES: FOUCAULT, THE PANOPTICON, AND SHAPE MAGAZINE
Authors: Duncan Margaret Carlisle
Published: March 2007

This study demonstrates how the metaphor of the panopticon, a particular prison structure that renders prisoners self-monitoring, offers a useful way of understanding the mechanisms that inculcate an unrealistic body ideal in women. Foucault's notion of panopticism and a critical approach are used to show how textual mechanisms in two issues of Shape magazine—a women's fitness glossy—invite a continual self-conscious body monitoring in women. An analysis of two panoptic mechanisms, “The Efficacy of Initiative” and “Feeling Good Means Looking Good,” is supplemented with a discussion of Foucault's notion of confession/shame, and specific features of Shape' s discourse are analyzed for their panoptic content.
DISCRIMINATION IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: HIRING STANDARDS FOR MAJOR LEAGUE MANAGERS, 1975-1994
Authors: Rimer Edward
Published: March 2007

This article examines the prior experiences of individuals who were major league managers between 1975 and 1994 to determine whether the standards used by the teams were job related and the extent to which these standards were applied equally to all who became managers. Previous research on discrimination in baseball has focused on positional segregation, entry barriers for players, and salary differentials using economic theory as the explanatory model. The focus of this article is on the hiring actions of the teams rather than on the behaviors of individuals seeking managerial positions. An examination of the prior experience of the managers as major league players, minor league managers, and major league coaches reveals that Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites had to possess different attributes to be hired as major league managers.
WOMEN'S ATHLETICS AND THE ELIMINATION OF MEN'S SPORTS PROGRAMS
Authors: Sabo Don
Published: March 2007

Survey method was used to test the assertion that increases in women's sports programs since Title IX led to cutbacks in men's sports programs. A subsample of 637 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-affiliated schools reported the numbers of men's and women's sports programs on their campuses that were added or eliminated between 1978 and 1996. All five NCAA divisions were represented. Data analyses revealed that whereas women netted a total gain of 1,658 sports programs during those years, men netted on overall gain of 74 across all NCAA divisions in the time frame. Men's sports programs did show a net decrease of 152 programs, but only in Division I-A and I-AA schools. The results suggest that increases in women's sports programs between 1978 and 1996 were not accompanied by downsizing of men's programs except for Division I-A and I-AA schools with the largest athletic budgets.