bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Washington: The robot revolution: an interview with James Albus
Authors: Steier Rosalie , Albus James
Published: July 2002

There is growing awareness among U.S. manufacturers that time is running short to reorganize production processes and begin investment programs for new technology. Sales of accessories—robots, computer controls, and materials-handling systems—are expected to climb to $30 billion world-wide by 1996, compared with the 1982 total of $4 billion.
*
There is also much discussion about the feasibility of Japan's plans for a fifth generation of computers the danger of their outstripping us, and, in general, what the advent of robotics will do to the quality of life. Do you see the pervasive use of robots as a practical reality?
Computer graphics comes of age
Authors: Van Dam Andries
Published: July 2002

Andries van Dam describes major advances in computer graphics over the past 25 years and discusses future directions.
Managing application program maintenance expenditures
Authors: Guimaraes Tor
Published: July 2002

Program maintenance represents a major portion of the total expenditures on application programs. Despite the attention this subject has received in the MIS literature, new guidelines to action in this area remain of great interest to practitioners. A large number of variables thought to be determinants of application program maintenance expenditure have been studied through the inspection of application portfolios and personal interviews with top computer executives and systems development personnel. Based on the results, recommendations are made on how to reduce application program maintenance expenditures.
Recommendations for master's level programs in computer science
Authors: Magel Kenneth I. , Austing Richard H. , Berztiss Alfs , Engel Gerald L. , Hamblen John W. , Hoffmann A. A.J. , Mathis Robert
Published: July 2002

The ACM Committee on Curriculum in Computer Science has spent two years investigating master's degree programs in Computer Science. This report contains the conclusions of that effort. Recommendations are made concerning the form, entrance requirements, possible courses, staffing levels, intent, library resources, and computing resources required for an academic, professional, or specialized master's degree. These recommendations specify minimum requirements which should be met by any master's programs. The Committee believes that the details of a particular master's program should be determined and continually updated by the faculty involved. A single or a small number of model programs are not as appropriate at the graduate level as at the bachelor's level.
A program testing assistant
Authors: Chapman David
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the design and implementation of a
program testing assistant
which aids a programmer in the definition, execution, and modification of test cases during incremental program development. The testing assistant helps in the interactive definition of test cases and executes them automatically when appropriate. It modifies test cases to preserve their usefulness when the program they test undergoes certain types of design changes. The testing assistant acts as a fully integrated part of the programming environment and cooperates with existing programming tools such as a display editor, compiler, interpreter, and debugger.
Information systems curriculum recommendations for the 80s
Authors: Nunamaker Jay F. , Couger J. Daniel , Davis Gordon B.
Published: July 2002

The recommendations of the 1972 and 1973 ACM Curriculum Committee on Information Systems programs have been influential in the development of degree programs at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. The earlier curriculum has been revised and updated based on advances in the field over the past nine years. The report discusses the continuing need for education related to the definition, analysis, design, construction, and management of information systems in organizations. The structure of both bachelor's and master's level programs are described and courses are defined. Course outlines include rationale for the courase, course objectives, instructional modes, and a list of topics. Each topic is weighted in terms of suggested percent of time devoted to the subject.
The evolution of the Sperry Univac 1100 series
Authors: Borgerson B. R. , Hanson M. L. , Hartley P. A.
Published: July 2002

The 1100 series systems are Sperry Univac's large-scale mainframe computer systems. Beginning with the 1107 in 1962, the 1100 series has progressed through a succession of eight compatible computer models to the latest system, the 1100/80, introduced in 1977. The 1100 series hardware architecture Is based on a 36-bit word, ones complement structure which obtains one operand from storage and one from a high-speed register, or two operands from high-speed registers. The 1100 Operating System is designed to support a symmetrical multiprocessor configuration simultaneously providing multiprogrammed batch, timesharing, and transaction environments.
Empirical evaluation of some features of instruction set processor architectures
Authors: Lunde Åmund
Published: July 2002

This paper presents methods for empirical evaluation of features of Instruction Set Processors (ISPs). ISP features are evaluated in terms of the time used or saved by having or not having the feature. The methods are based on analysis of traces of program executions. The concept of a register life is introduced, and used to answer questions like: How many registers are used simultaneously? How many would be sufficient all of the time? Most of the time? What would the overhead be if the number of registers were reduced? What are registers used for during their lives? The paper also discusses the problem of detecting desirable but non-existing instructions. Other problems are briefly discussed. Experimental results are presented, obtained by analyzing 41 programs running on the DECsystem10 ISP.
A data structure for manipulating priority queues
Authors: Vuillemin Jean
Published: July 2002

A data structure is described which can be used for representing a collection of priority queues. The primitive operations are insertion, deletion, union, update, and search for an item of earliest priority.
Studies in machine cognition using the game of poker
Authors: Findler Nicholas V.
Published: July 2002

A progress report is presented of on-going research efforts concerning human decision making under uncertainty and risk and human problem solving and learning processes on the one hand, and machine learning, large scale programming systems, and novel programming techniques on the other. There has also been interest in how humans make deductive and inductive inferences and form and optimize heuristic rules, and how machines can reach similar results. Although the vehicle of these investigations has been the game of poker, a conceptual framework has been provided that should have a fairly wide range of applicability. The models of human judgement, choice, and decision making are incorporated in a large scale complex program. They represent both descriptive and normative theories of behavior. An interactive game environment has been recently established which, besides its usefulness for experiments in game playing, enables humans to construct machine strategies “on-line” in a question answering, advice taking mode.
Lucid, a nonprocedural language with iteration
Authors: Ashcroft E. A. , Wadge W. W.
Published: July 2002

Lucid is a formal system in which programs can be written and proofs of programs carried out. The proofs are particularly easy to follow and straightforward to produce because the statements in a Lucid program are simply axioms from which the proof proceeds by (almost) conventional logical reasoning, with the help of a few axioms and rules of inference for the special Lucid functions. As a programming language, Lucid is unconventional because, among other things, the order of statements is irrelevant and assignment statements are equations. Nevertheless, Lucid programs need not look much different than iterative programs in a conventional structured programming language using assignment and conditional statements and loops.
A linear sieve algorithm for finding prime numbers
Authors: Gries David , Misra Jayadev
Published: July 2002

A new algorithm is presented for finding all primes between 2 and
n
. The algorithm executes in time proportional to
n
(assuming that multiplication of integers not larger than
n
can be performed in unit time). The method has the same
arithmetic complexity
as the algorithm presented by Mairson [6]; however, our version is perhaps simpler and more elegant. It is also easily extended to find the prime factorization of
all
integers between 2 and
n
in time proportional to
n
.
A practitioner's guide to addressing algorithms
Authors: Severance Dennis , Duhne Ricardo
Published: July 2002

This paper consolidates a number of popular rules of thumb which have been suggested for the design of record addressing algorithms, and discusses the applicability of these rules to large commercial databases. Guidelines for selecting identifier transformations, overflow techniques, loading factors, bucket sizes, and loading order are considered. Particular attention is focused on the reasonableness of common heuristics for determining primary or secondary bucket sizes. A mathematical model which explicitly considers storage device characteristics and time/space cost tradeoffs is used to analyze the effect of design parameters on overall system costs. A specific design example is presented and solved.
Translation equations
Authors: Vere Steven
Published: July 2002

Input limited transduction expressions, or translation equations, are used to describe the syntax and left-context sensitive semantics for context-free languages. A formal procedure is given for deriving from a set of translation equations the specifications for a pushdown translator. The translator consists of Mealy form finite-state automata interacting by means of a pushdown stack. Within the framework described, string recognition and parsing may be treated as special cases of the translation problem.
Toward an understanding of data structures
Authors: Earley Jay
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a notation and formalism for describing the semantics of data structures. This is based on directed graphs with named edges and transformations on these graphs. In addition, and implementation facility is described which could be part of a programming language, which allows a programmer who has expressed the semantics of an algorithm in terms of the graphs to then specify the implementation of some of his data structures in order to gain efficiency.
Programming Techniques: ASP—a ring implemented associative structure package
Authors: Lang C. A. , Gray J. C.
Published: July 2002

ASP is a general purpose Associative Data Structure Package in which an arbitrary number of data items and an arbitrary number of the relationships between these data items may be represented. A special picture language is described which has proved very useful for drawing ASP structures on paper. ASP structures are built and manipulated by means of a series of macro calls, which are outlined in the Appendix. Emphasis is on the philosophy of the system rather than a particular implementation, though sufficient information is included to enable the reader to produce his own implementation of ASP.
An algebraic approach to static analysis of active database rules
Authors: Baralis Elena , Widom Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Rules in active database systems can be very difficult to program due to the unstructured and unpredictable nature of rule processing. We provide static analysis techniques for predicting whether a given rule set is guaranteed to terminate and whether rule execution is confluent (guaranteed to have a unique final state). Our methods are based on previous techniques for analyzing rules in active database systems. We improve considerably on the previous techniques by providing analysis criteria that are much less conservative: our methods often determine that a rule set will terminate or is confluent when previous methods could not make this determination. Our improved analysis is based on a “propagation” algorithm, which uses an extended relational algebra to accurately determine when the action of one rule can affect the condition of another, and determine when rule actions commute. We consider both conditon-action rules and event-condition-action-rules, making our approach widely applicable to relational active database rule languages and to the trigger language in the SQL:1999 standard.
A start on automatic storage assignment
Authors: Patrick Robert L.
Published: July 2002

This technique outlines a method whereby equation sets can be ordered in computational order and checked for compatibility. The technique also allows one to note what equations can be computed in parallel (provided one has parallel arithmetic capabilities) or can be considered a logical entity, i.e., segment. Furthermore, the technique will assist one to intelligently allocate high-speed memory (HSM) so that memory is reassigned to other duties as soon as its present duties are fulfilled. Last, the technique appears to be simple and fast to implement.
An introductory problem in symbol manipulation for the student
Authors: Rosin Robert F.
Published: July 2002

One objective of the course on Introduction to Digital Computers given by B. A. Galler at the University of Michigan is to equip the students with some knowledge of the techniques of automatic programming and to indicate some of the problems involved in such work. The final problem assigned in the course consists of a program to be written in some compiler language which involves symbol manipulation, automatic programming, etc. With the hope others in the computing field will find it of interest, an example of a final problem in this course is given here.
On the nonexistence of a phrase structure grammar for ALGOL 60
Authors: Floyd Robert W.
Published: July 2002

ALGOL 60 is defined partly by formal mechanisms of phrase structure grammar, partly by informally stated restrictions. It is shown that no formal mechanisms of the type used are sufficient to define ALGOL 60.
New methods and fast algorithms for database normalization
Authors: Diederich Jim , Milton Jack
Published: July 2002

A new method for computing minimal covers is presented using a new type of closure that allows significant reductions in the number of closures computed for normalizing relations. Benchmarks are reported comparing the new and the standard techniques.
The circle-brush algorithm
Authors: Posch K. C. , Fellner W. D.
Published: July 2002

Brushing
commonly refers to the drawing of curves with various line widths in hit-mapped graphics systems. It is best done with circles of suitable diameter so that a constant line width, independent of the curve's slope, is obtained. Allowing all possible integer diameters corresponding to all possible integer line widths results in every second width having an odd value. Thus, the underlying circle algorithm must be able to handle both integer and half-integer radii. Our circle-brush algorithm handles both situations and produces a “best approximation”: All grid points produced simultaneously minimize (1) the residual, (2) the Euclidean distance to the circle, and (3) the displacement along the grid line from the intersection with the circle. Our circle-brush algorithm was developed in careful consideration of its implementation in VLSI.
The Turing programming language
Authors: Holt Richard C. , Cordy James R.
Published: July 2002

Turing, a new general purpose programming language, is designed to have Basic's clean interactive syntax, Pascal's elegance, and C's flexibility.
High-accuracy arithmetic software—some tests of the ACRITH problem-solving routines
Authors: Jansen Paul , Weidner Peter
Published: July 2002

The program package ACRITH (High-Accuracy Arithmetic Subroutine Library) provides FORTRAN subroutines for the solution of several standard mathematical problems. The routines use floating point operations with extended precision and interval arithmetic and are designated especially for the solution of ill-conditioned problems. Test results for most of the routines are presented with emphasis on the practical usability of the package. It turns out that not all routines are of equal high quality and reliability; in the documentation, hints to the implemented numerical algorithms are completely missing, and the error messages are not always concise. Some possible alternatives like symbolic algebra systems or multiple precision packages are mentioned.
What makes users happy?
Authors: Rushinek Avi , Rushinek Sara F.
Published: July 2002

The results of a user questionnaire are used to determine the effects of 17 different independent variables on user satisfaction.
Toward real-time performance benchmarks for Ada
Authors: Clapp Russell M. , Duchesneau Louis , Volz Richard A. , Mudge Trevor N. , Schultze Timothy
Published: July 2002

Benchmarks are developed to measure the Ada notion of time, the Ada features believed important to real-time performance, and other time-related features that are not part of the language, but are part of the run-time system; these benchmarks are then applied to the language and run-time system, and the results evaluated.
Episodic skeletal-plan refinement based on temporal data
Authors: Tu Samson W. , Kahn Michael G. , Musen Mark A. , Fagan L. M. , Ferguson Jay C.
Published: July 2002

ONCOCIN is a medical expert system that extends the skeletal-planning technique to an applciation area where the history of past events and the duration of actions are important. The system's knowledge base is designed to reflect a hierarchical model of the domain, and its control and inference mechanisms encourage a mixed-initiative style of interaction between the computer and the user.
Sixth annual UCLA survey of business school computer usage
Authors: Frand Jason L. , Britt Julia A.
Published: July 2002

Providing the most comprehensive picture to date of the business school computing, communication, and information environment, this year's survey extends the focus of the Fourth Survey (1987) and raises the question: how to most effectively manage these resources.
Supply/demand of IS doctorates in the 1990s
Authors: Jarvenpaa Sirkka L. , Ives B. , Davis Gordon B.
Published: July 2002

The field of information systems (IS) has experienced a severe shortage of faculty throughout its 20-year history. This shortage now appears to be lessening. A survey of the supply of IS doctorates finds a steady stream of graduates from IS doctoral programs. In 1989, 61 universities in the U.S. offered Ph.D. or Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.) concentrations in information systems. A survey of these programs resulted in 51 responses, including all the programs producing significant numbers of graduates. The following are highlights from the survey:

Recent increase in the number of IS doctoral students:

In 1988-89 there were 807 doctoral students enrolled in 51 doctoral programs in information systems. The programs admitted 217 new students for 1989-90.

In the 1988-89 time period, 36 programs produced 120 doctorates—a 24 percent increase in graduates from the previous year.

In the 1989-90 time period, 41 programs expect to graduate a total of 140 students—a 2-year cumulative increase of 44 percent: ownsizing by some programs, but others—including new programs—adding to capacity.

In 1988-89, there were 13 programs that produced three or more doctorates. Those 13 programs accounted for 70 percent of all the graduates in 1988-89. In 1989-90, those same 13 programs expect to account for only 39 percent of the total number of graduates. Of the 13 programs, 5 except to have a decrease in the number of students over the next five years.

Of 51 schools, 9 offering doctorates in IS have yet to graduate a student. Another 9 schools had their first graduate in 1985 or later. Several additional doctoral programs are in the planning stages. Twenty-three programs expect a growth in the number of students over the next five years.

In this article, we examine the supply and demand gap
MODELING THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF MODERN POPULATIONS
Authors: Sherry S. T. , Batzer M. A. , Harpending H. C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This article summarizes recent genetic evidence about the population history of our species. There is a congruence of evidence from different systems showing that the genetic effective size of humans is about 10,000 reproducing adults. We discuss how the magnitude and fluctuation of this number over time is important for evaluating competing hypotheses about the nature of human evolution during the Pleistocene. The differences in estimates of effective size derived from high mutation rate and low mutation rate genetic systems allow us to trace broad-scale changes in population size. The ultimate goal is to produce a comprehensive history of our own gene pool and its spread and differentiation over the world. The genetic evidence should also complement archaeological evidence of our past by revealing aspects of our history that are not readily visible from the archaeological record, such as whether hominid populations in the Pleistocene were different species.
The First 50 Years at Palomar, 1949–1999 Another View: Instruments, Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry and the Infrared
Authors: Wallerstein George , Oke J. B.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We review the research on a wide variety of topics using data obtained with the 200-inch Hale telescope. Using state-of-the-art spectrographs, photometers, spectrometers and infrared detectors, the Palomar astronomers investigated the spectra of stars, interstellar matter, AGNs and quasars in great detail. Spectral resolutions ranged from 1000 A for broad-band photometry to 0.04 A using interferometric techniques.
RHEOLOGY OF PARTIALLY MOLTEN MANTLE ROCKS
Authors: Kohlstedt David L. , Zimmerman Mark E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the rheological properties of partially molten mantle rocks. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that a few percent of melt can have an unexpectedly large effect on viscosity both in the diffusional creep regime and in the dislocation creep regime. In both cases, the enhancement in creep rate is much larger than anticipated based on deformation models because melt wets at least a fraction of the grain boundaries. For diffusion creep, the wetted interfaces provide a rapid diffusion path that is not included in analyses based on melt distribution in isotropic melt-crystal systems. For dislocation creep, two points require consideration. First, even without a melt phase present, fine-grained samples deformed in the dislocation creep field flow a factor of ∼10 faster than coarse-grained rocks due to contributions from grain boundary mechanisms to the deformation process. Second, melt has only a small effect on creep rate for coarse-grained rocks but has a relatively large effect for fine-grained samples. Thus, because olivine has only a limited number of slip systems, grain boundaries contribute significantly to deformation of fine-grained rocks in the dislocation creep regime, provided that deformation occurs near the transition between diffusional creep and dislocation creep. Based on laboratory measurements, this transition is expected to occur at a grain size of about 6 mm for a differential stress of 0.1 MPa. Therefore, under mantle conditions, even a few percent melt should reduce the viscosity by as much as a factor of 10. A broad range of problems related to deformation beneath mid-ocean ridges and in the mantle wedge above subducting slabs can now be addressed using experimentally determined rheologies for partially molten mantle rocks.
Quantitative Atom-Atom Potentials from Rotational Tunneling: Their Extraction and Their Use
Authors: Johnson M. R. , Kearley G. J.
Published: July 2002

Rotational tunneling of small molecular groups has been the subject of considerable theoretical and experimental activity for several decades. Much of this activity has been driven by the promise of exploiting the extreme sensitivity of quantum tunneling to interatomic potentials, but until recently, there was no straightforward means by which quantitative information about these potentials could be extracted. This review explains how a quantitative method, suitable for general application, was developed. It then goes on to show how this has been used to understand tunneling systems for which no previous satisfactory explanation had been found. The application of the methodology, and its results, to other disciplines is discussed.
Virtual Unreality and Dynamic Form: An Exploration of Space, Time and Energy
Authors: Brown Richard D.
Published: July 2002

Early twentieth-century art, including the works of Duchamp and the Cubists, attempted to portray aspects of a reality that were beyond sensory perception, such as multiple perspectives, the fourth dimension and curved space. Virtual reality (VR) now offers artists a soft medium for creating artificial experiences of space, time and energy through mathematical models. In this article the author outlines his artistic explorations leading to the creation of Alembic, an alchemical VR installation that challenges the representational simulation of reality often associated with the medium of VR.
Mathematics, Computers and Visual Arts: Some Applications of the Product-Delay Algorithm
Authors: Sen Asok K.
Published: July 2002

The author experiments with a product-delay algorithm as a means of creating graphic de-signs on a computer. With the product-delay algorithm and a little imagination, it is possible to create a wide variety of artistic patterns, several examples of which are presented here.
Backward Control
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Potsdam Eric
Published: July 2002

This article documents and analyzes a pattern of backward subject control in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Tsez. In backward control two subject arguments are coindexed but it is the higher subject that is unpronounced: δitried [Johni to leave]. The principles-and-parameters framework (Chomsky and Lasnik 1993) explicitly rules out backward control. In contrast, recent minimalist analyses of control (e.g., Hornstein 1999) permit backward control because they allow movement from one thematic position to another. Backward control results if this movement takes place covertly. We argue that the phenomenon thus provides interesting evidence for the reduction of control to movement.
Adaptive Algorithm for Blind Separation from Noisy Time-Varying Mixtures
Authors: Koivunen V. , Enescu M. , Oja E.
Published: July 2002

This article addresses the problem of blind source separation from time-varying noisy mixtures using a state variable model and recursive estimation. An estimate of each source signal is produced real time at the arrival of new observed mixture vector. The goal is to perform the separation and attenuate noise simultaneously, as well as to adapt to changes that occur in the mixing system. The observed data are projected along the eigenvectors in signal subspace. The subspace is tracked real time. Source signals are modeled using low-order AR (autoregressive) models, and noise is attenuated by trading off between the model and the information provided by measurements. The type of zero-memory nonlinearity needed in separation is determined on-line. Predictor-corrector filter structures are proposed, and their performance is investigated in simulation using biomedical and communications signals at different noise levels and a time-varying mixing system. In quantitative comparison to other widely used methods, significant improvement in output signal-to-noise ratio is achieved.
Activity-Dependent Development of Axonal and Dendritic Delays, or, Why Synaptic Transmission Should Be Unreliable
Authors: Senn Walter , Schneider Martin , Ruf Berthold
Published: July 2002

Systematic temporal relations between single neuronal activities or population activities are ubiquitous in the brain. No experimental evidence, however, exists for a direct modification of neuronal delays during Hebbian-type stimulation protocols. We show that in fact an explicit delay adaptation is not needed if one assumes that the synaptic strengths are modified according to the recently observed temporally asymmetric learning rule with the downregulating branch dominating the upregulating branch. During development, slow, unbiased fluctuations in the transmission time, together with temporally correlated network activity, may control neural growth and implicitly induce drifts in the axonal delays and dendritic latencies. These delays and latencies become optimally tuned in the sense that the synaptic response tends to peak in the soma of the postsynaptic cell if this is most likely to fire. The nature of the selection process requires unreliable synapses in order to give successful synapses an evolutionary advantage over the others. The width of the learning function also determines the preferred dendritic delay and the preferred width of the postsynaptic response. Hence, it may implicitly determine whether a synaptic connection provides a precisely timed or a broadly tuned “contextual” signal.
Information Loss in an Optimal Maximum Likelihood Decoding
Authors: Samengo Inés
Published: July 2002

The mutual information between a set of stimuli and the elicited neural responses is compared to the corresponding decoded information. The decoding procedure is presented as an artificial distortion of the joint probabilities between stimuli and responses. The information loss is quantified. Whenever the probabilities are only slightly distorted, the information loss is shown to be quadratic in the distortion.
Variational Learning in Nonlinear Gaussian Belief Networks
Authors: Frey Brendan J. , Hinton Geoffrey E.
Published: July 2002

We view perceptual tasks such as vision and speech recognition as inference problems where the goal is to estimate the posterior distribution over latent variables (e.g., depth in stereo vision) given the sensory input. The recent flurry of research in independent component analysis exemplifies the importance of inferring the continuous-valued latent variables of input data. The latent variables found by this method are linearly related to the input, but perception requires nonlinear inferences such as classification and depth estimation. In this article, we present a unifying framework for stochastic neural networks with nonlinear latent variables. Nonlinear units are obtained by passing the outputs of linear gaussian units through various nonlinearities. We present a general variational method that maximizes a lower bound on the likelihood of a training set and give results on two visual feature extraction problems. We also show how the variational method can be used for pattern classification and compare the performance of these nonlinear networks with other methods on the problem of handwritten digit recognition.
“Reform” at the Shanghai Jingju Company and Its Impact on Creative Authority and Repertory
Authors: Wichmann-Walczak Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

Once upon a time, Beijing/Peking “Opera” was a thriving, popular art. But for most of the 20th century—both before and after the victory of Communism in 1949—it was an endangered species. Today, however, the Shanghai Jingju Company is one of the few to successfully increase its audiences, approach eco-nomic independence, and practice bold artistic innovation.
A Virtual Environment for the Simulation and Programming of Excavation Trajectories
Authors: DiMaio Simon P. , Salcudean Septimiu E. , Reboulet Claude
Published: July 2002

An excavator simulator has been developed to facilitate the training of human operators and to evaluate control strategies for heavy-duty hydraulic machines. The operator controls a virtual excavator by means of a joystick while experiencing visual and force feedback generated by environment and machine models. The simulator comprises an impedance model of the excavator arm, a model for the bucket-ground interaction forces, a graphically rendered visual environment, and a haptic interface. This paper describes the simulator components and their integration.
Analysis of the (1, λ)-ES on the Parabolic Ridge
Authors: Oyman A. Irfan , Beyer Hans-Georg , Schwefel Hans-Paul
Published: July 2002

The progress rate of the (1 +λ)-ES (Evolution Strategy) is analyzed on the parabolic ridge test function. A differentprogress behavior is observed for the (1, λ)-ES than for the sphere model test function. The characteristics of the progress rate picture for the plus strategy differs little from the one obtained for the sphere model, but this strategy has drastically worse progress rate values than those obtained for the comma strategy. The dynamics of the distance to the progress axis is also investigated. A theoretical formula is derived to estimate the change in this distance over generations. This formula is used to derive the expected value of the problem-specific distance to the ridge axis. The correctness of the formulae is supported by simulation results.
Is It the Right Ansatz?
Authors: Gross Dominique , McMullin Barry
Published: July 2002

This article is a response to Rasmussen et al. [Artificial Life, 7, 329–350], in which the authors suggest that, within a particular simulation “framework,” there is a tight correspondence between the complexity of the primitive objects and the emergence of dynamical hierarchies. As an example they report a two-dimensional artificial chemistry that supports the spontaneous emergence of micellar structures, which they classify as third-order structures. We report in this article that essentially comparable phenomena can be produced with relatively simpler primitive objects. We also question the order classification of the micellar structures.
Politics, Power, and U.S. Policy in Iran, 1950–1953
Authors: Gavin Francis J.
Published: July 2002

Explanations that focus on norms, ideology, and domestic sources of foreign policy are increasingly popular in studies of international politics during the Cold War. This article finds that U.S. policy in the early 1950s was driven chiefly by structural factors, especially the changing balance of power. What appeared to be a radical shift in policy toward Iran initiated by Eisenhower was, in fact, largely a continuation of the policies of the Truman administration, with new options made possible by the huge U.S. military buildup of the early 1950s. Rethinking the Role of Ideology in International Politics During the Cold War
Global Climate Change and the Futility of the Kyoto Process
Authors: Soroos Marvin S.
Published: July 2002

This article assesses continuing international efforts to establish an international regime to limit global climate change based on the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. It is highly unlikely that enough states will ratify the protocol for it to enter into force. Even if it does come into force, few of the developed countries are positioned to comply with their commitments to reduce or limit emissions of greenhouse gases by the target years 2008 to 2012. Furthermore, the Kyoto-man-dated reductions will at best be a first step toward the emission reductions needed to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the reasons for the failure of the Kyoto process are the indeterminancy of the science of climate change, the complexity of the Kyoto Protocol's flexibility mechanisms, the tendency for differentiated responsibilities to encourage self-serving negotiating strategies, and the stalemate between the North and South. The prospects for reviving and energizing the Kyoto process are dim in the wake of the collapse of the climate change talks at COP6 in The Hague in November 2000 and the new Bush administration in Washington.
Courtesans and Scholars in the Writings of Feng Menglong: Transcending Status and Gender
Authors: Pi-Ching Hsu
Published: July 2002

The last century of the Ming dynasty saw an upsurge in romances between talented scholars and devoted courtesans. This paper discusses the social, cultural, economic, and political factors which might have contributed to the popularity of that genre. Focusing on Feng Menglong's writings of idealized courtesans who transcended their lowly existence at the bottom of gender and status hierarchies, the study also explores the interplay of ethics and culture in the courtesan-scholar romances and what the romances revealed about the literati perceptions of Self and Other.
RESPONSE TO THE GREAT WORK BY THOMAS BERRY
Authors: Gnanadason Aruna
Published: July 2002

The time-honored traditions of prudence of small communities are based on a deep respect for the integrity of creation. However they are confronted with economic and development agenda that are unraveling the very capacity of peoples to sustainable livelihood. This article explores the relationship between Berry's vision and the realities of these communities who are attempting to maintain their ecological traditions. Berry's vision of progress is challenged from the perspective of small poor communities, as well as the problem of the universalizing of knowledge.
FEMALE RED THROAT COLORATION IN TWO POPULATIONS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK
Authors: McKinnon Jeffrey , Demayo Robert , Granquist Richard , Weggel Lisa
Published: July 2002

In a population of stream-resident stickleback from British Columbia, females frequently have orange-red throats which are conspicuous to the human eye and, according to two straightforward physical measures of coloration, are more intensely red than the throats of anadromous females. Stream and anadromous males from these populations, however, do not differ for a reflectance-based index of red chroma. This suggests that exceptional female red coloration in the stream population has not evolved as a byproduct of the evolution of exceptional coloration in males. In contrast to results for female lateral barring in another threespine stickleback population, red is not strongly associated with reproductive readiness and unlikely to function strictly as a signal of readiness to mate. Larger stream females have more intensely red throats though this pattern was significant only in one year and according to one technique. With these findings and the extensive literature already available for this species, the threespine stickleback becomes a promising model system for studying the evolution of female secondary sexual characters in species with conventional sexual dimorphism.
Do Pied Flycatcher Females Defend an Extra Nest Hole Against Conspecific Females?
Authors: Ratti Osmo
Published: July 2002

In birds, females are often aggressive against conspecific females during the breeding. There are many explanations for this intrasexual aggression by females: e.g., nest site or food resource defence, prevention of intraspecific brood parasitism or infanticide, and monopolization of paternal care. A pair might also benefit by defending an alternative nest site in addition to the current nest site. Here, I study by experimentation whether pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) females defend an extra nest box as an alternative nesting site. Further, I examine whether females behave differently when their mate is present vs not present. I measured the reactions by resident females to a caged female intruder when provided with an extra nest box. I did not find any evidence that females defended an extra nest box. However, females spent less time near the caged intruder when their mate was present and instead seemed to guard him, most likely to secure his contribution to feeding the young. Females were also aggressive when their mate was absent and when there was no alternative nest site suggesting the importance of defending the current nest site per se.
Nematodes of agricultural importance in Israel
Authors: Orion Daniel
Published: July 2002

Although Israel is a small semi-arid country of only 20 000 sq. km, half of which is uncultivated desert, a broad spectrum of plant parasitic nematodes affects its crops. Cohn et al. (1973) listed over 100 plant parasitic species, 25 of which are pathogenic. The following short review tries to discuss this unique situation and the control measures taken to abate their damage.
Structural changes in phenol-intercalulated hydrotalcite caused by heating
Authors: Cornejo J. , Celis R. , Pavlovic I. , Ulibarri M. A. , Hermosín M. C.
Published: July 2002

Thermal analysis (DTA-TG-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques were used to assess the structural changes induced upon heating of two hydrotalcite-phenol (trichloro- and trinitrophenol, HT-TCP and HT-TNP) complexes, and the results were compared with those obtained for the original hydrotalcite (HT) sample. The DTA revealed thermal effects that depended on the nature of the interlayer ion in the complexes. The total weight loss (TG-DTA) increased from 37% for the original HT to 40% for HT-TCP and 77% HT-TNP, as the amount of phenol increased. The XRD and FTIR spectroscopy showed that the calcination product (550°C) of the HT-phenol complexes was indistinguishable from that formed from the original HT. Since HT-phenol complexes were prepared by phenol adsorption on calcined HT, our results confirm the recyclability of HT-like compounds as sorbents for phenols.
Expression of the neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator p35Nck5a in human monocytic cells is associated with differentiation
Authors: Chen Fei , Studzinski George P.
Published: July 2002

Although cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is widely expressed in human tissues, its activator p35Nck5a is generally considered to be neuron specific. In addition to neuronal cells, active Cdk5 complexes have been reported in developing tissues, such as the embryonic muscle and ocular lens, and in human leukemia HL60 cells induced to differentiate by an exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; however, its activator in these cells has not been demonstrated. The results of this study indicate that p35Nck5a is associated with Cdk5 in monocytic differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Specifically, p35Nck5a is expressed in normal human monocytes and in leukemic cells induced to differentiate toward the monocytic lineage, but not in lymphocytes or cells induced to granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid. It is present in a complex with Cdk5 that has protein kinase activity, and when ectopically expressed together with Cdk5 in undifferentiated HL60 cells, it induces the expression of CD14 and “nonspecific” esterase, markers of monocytic phenotype. These observations not only indicate a functional relationship between Cdk5 and p35Nck5a, but also support a role for this complex in monocytic differentiation.
Human erythroid porphobilinogen deaminase exists in 2 splice variants
Authors: Gubin Alexander N. , Miller Jeffery L.
Published: July 2002

Human porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) is, reportedly, encoded by 2 distinct messenger RNAs (mRNAs) transcribing from a single gene. The ubiquitous form of the PBGD gene product is often used as an endogenous reference in gene expression studies because it is pseudogene free and has minimal transcriptional variability among tissues. A distinct erythroid-specific gene product has also been described because of the alternate splicing of the gene. Here is reported the existence of an additional erythroid-specific isoform of PBGD mRNA in primary cells.
Identical mutations in RAG1 or RAG2 genes leading to defective V(D)J recombinase activity can cause either T-B–severe combined immune deficiency or Omenn syndrome
Authors: Corneo Barbara , Moshous Despina , Güngör Tayfun , Wulffraat Nicolas , Philippet Pierre , Deist Françoise Le , Fischer Alain , de Villartay Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

Omenn syndrome (OS) is an inherited disorder characterized by an absence of circulating B cells and an infiltration of the skin and the intestine by activated oligoclonal T lymphocytes, indicating that a profound defect in the lymphoid developmental program could be accountable for this condition. Inherited mutations in either the recombination activating genes RAG1 orRAG2, resulting in partial V(D)J recombinase activity, were shown to be responsible for OS. This study reports on the characterization of new RAG1/2 gene mutations in a series of 9 patients with OS. Given the occurrence of the same mutations in patients with T-B–severe combined immune deficiency or OS on 3 separate occasions, the proposal is made that an additional factor may be required in certain circumstances for the development of the Omenn phenotype. The nature of this factor is discussed.
Identification of a region in glycoprotein IIIa involved in subunit association with glycoprotein IIb: further lessons from Iraqi-Jewish Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Authors: Yatuv Rivka , Rosenberg Nurit , Zivelin Ariella , Peretz Hava , Dardik Rima , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Seligsohn Uri
Published: July 2002

The most frequent mutation causing Glanzmann thrombasthenia in Iraqi-Jews (IJ-1) is an 11-bp deletion in exon 13 of the glycoprotein (GP) IIIa gene. This deletion predicts a frameshift that results in the elimination of the C406-C655 disulfide bond and a premature termination codon shortly before the transmembrane domain. To determine the contribution of each of these alterations to the thrombasthenic phenotype, Chinese hamster ovary or baby hamster kidney cells were cotransfected with normal GPIIb complementary DNA (cDNA) and the following GPIIIa cDNAs: normal, cDNA bearing IJ-1 mutation, 2011T>A mutated cDNA predicting C655S (single-letter amino acid codes) substitution, and 2019A>T mutated cDNA predicting Stop657. Elimination of the C406-C655 disulfide bond by C655S substitution did not affect GPIIb/IIIa surface expression or binding of the transfected cells to immobilized fibrinogen, whereas elimination of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in IJ-1 and Stop657 mutants prevented both surface expression and binding of the transfected cells to immobilized fibrinogen. Immunohistochemical staining and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the elimination of amino acids 657-762 in IJ-1 and Stop657 prevented intracellular GPIIb/IIIa complex formation, and differential immunofluorescence staining of GPIIIa and cellular organelles suggested that the truncated uncomplexed GPIIIa protein was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Because the use of GPIIIa Stop693 and normal GPIIb cDNAs yielded GPIIb/IIIa complex formation, though with lower efficiency, it is suggested that amino acids 657-692 of GPIIIa are essential for the intracellular association of GPIIb and GPIIIa.
Transcription patterning of uncoupled proliferation and differentiation in myelodysplastic bone marrow with erythroid-focused arrays
Authors: Lee Y. Terry , Miller Lance D. , Gubin Alexander N. , Makhlouf Fairouz , Wojda Urszula , Barrett A. John , Liu Edison T. , Miller Jeffery L.
Published: July 2002

Because abnormal erythroid differentiation is the most common manifestation of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), it was hypothesized that erythroid gene expression may be used to illustrate myelodysplastic transcription patterns. Ten normal bone marrow aspirates (NBM) were first analyzed using an erythroid-focused cDNA array to define steady-state transcription levels. Proliferation and differentiation gene subsets were identified by statistically significant differences between NBM and erythroleukemia gene expression. Next, cDNAs from 5 separate MDS aspirates were studied: refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T), and RAEB-T/secondary MDS. A distinct pattern of significantly increased proliferation-associated and reduced differentiation-associated gene activity was established for MDS.