bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where and When To Feed: Sex and Experience Affect Access To Food in Wintering Snow Buntings
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Metcalfe Neil B.
Published: April 2008

In group-foraging species an individual's ability to feed in the most beneficial situations could influence its overall foraging success more than its ability to find and handle food. Here we examined whether sex, age or site experience of individual snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis in winter flocks could help explain how frequently they were found in advantageous foraging situations. We found that inexperienced females were scarcer than expected in large flocks, that females fed less often in the early parts of flock feeding bouts, and that older and more experienced birds were more likely to feed in central flock positions. In addition, the likelihood of moving around the feeding station increased more with flock-size in females, while older birds were better at retaining access to the feeding patch. Previously reported differences in peck-rate between sex and age/experience categories of this species are therefore likely to be magnified by differential access to sources of food. We suggest that experience may help individuals to integrate within the feeding flock, but aggression from larger males may cause females to delay feeding or to feed in smaller flocks.
Divergent Systems of Agonistic Behaviour in Lemurid Primates
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: April 2008

Two semifree-ranging groups of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and two co-ranging groups of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) were studied across a two-year period to characterise and contrast the adult agonistic behaviour these primates exhibit within groups. Temporal analyses of behavioural data distinguished agonistic from non-agonistic behaviour and aggressive from submissive behaviour. The ringtailed lemurs employed a diverse repertoire of behavioural elements to communicate agonistic intent. More than 50% of these elements were signals and nearly 50% of signals were submissive. The agonistic repertoire of the redfronted lemurs, by contrast, was relatively unelaborated: less than 40% of agonistic behaviour in this species comprised signals and less than 20% of signals were submissive. These structural differences underlay marked species differences in agonistic interaction and relationship. All pairs of ringtailed lemurs maintained dominance relations resembling those seen in many anthropoid primates: subordinates consistently signalled submissively to dominant partners, often in the absence of aggression. Dominance relations among members of each sex were seasonally unstable and not always transitive (hierarchical) during periods of stability, however. Redfronted lemurs, by contrast, did not maintain dominance relations, failing to respond agonistically to most aggression received (52% of interactions) and responding with aggression on many other occasions (12%). Even applying relaxed criteria, few adult redfronted dyads (14%) showed consistent asymmetries in agonistic relations and several never exhibited any asymmetry. Lacking dominance, E. f rufus relied heavily on alternate behavioural mechanisms to moderate social conflict as frequent and intense as that seen in study groups of ringtailed lemurs. These included a great inclination not to respond agonistically to aggression, a distinctive behavioural proposal to limit or terminate dyadic conflict (Look away), post-conflict reconciliation, and relatively frequent third-party aggression. The existence of such divergent systems of agonistic behaviour in partially sympatric, closely related and generally similar prosimian primates offers important opportunities for comparative study of the ecology, development, and evolution of mammalian social systems. Future research may reveal ecophysiological factors that promote the use of dominance behaviour among like-sexed ringtailed lemurs and show how the relative absence of dominance relates to other major elements of redfronted lemur biology, including 'special relationships' of variable duration between adult males and females.
The Ontogeny of Antipredator Behaviour in Paradise Fish Larvae (Macropodus Opercularis). Ii. the Response To Chemical Stimuli of Heterospecific Fishes
Authors: Miklósi Ádám , Pongrácz Péter , Csányi Vilmos
Published: April 2008

The response of larval paradise fish to chemical stimuli from heterospecific fish was investigated. The behaviour of 15, 20 and 25 day old larvae was observed both in the presence and absence of the chemical stimuli and in the presence or absence of a predator model. Larvae decreased their swimming activity to a similar level both in the absence and in the presence of the model if they swam in water conditioned with chemical stimulus of the snakehead (Chana striata), a sympatric predator, or the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a sympatric benthic feeder. Moreover, if the model was present larval paradise fish showed more fleeing and backing in the water conditioned by the sympatric snakehead and pike (Esox lucius) in comparison to water of allopatric predators and the sympatric crucian carp. Fleeing and backing increased with age in the case of snakehead stimulus. We conclude that larval paradise fish are capable of discriminating between waters conditioned by sympatric and allopatric fish in the presence of a simple predator model and this ability develops with age even without experience. The results support the hypothesis that larval fish rely more on non-specific avoidance of potential predators at the beginning of their development but their ability of discrimination emerges in parallel with the improvement of the motor skills that enable them to actively avoid and escape from predators.
Beitrag Zur Kenntnis Von Zwei Psammopsyllus-Arten (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Cylindropsyllidae)
Authors: Kunz Helmut
Published: April 2008

Contribution to the knowledge of two Psammopsyllus species. A new record of Psammopsyllus stri Mielke (1983), hitherto only known from the Caribbean coast of Panama, is given from Hawaii. Psammopsyllus pori n.sp. is described from Namibia. Biogeographical notes are added.
Les Communautés Suprabenthiques Bathyales De La Mer Catalane (Méditerranée Occidentale): Données Préliminaires Sur La Répartition Bathymétrique Et L'Abondance Des Crustacés Péracarides
Authors: Enric Cartes Joan , Sorbe Jean Claude
Published: April 2008

99 species of Peracarid Crustaceans (2 Mysidacea, 52 Amphipoda, 28 Cumacea, 15 Isopoda, and 2 Tanaidacea) were identified during a sampling performed on the muddy bottoms of the deep slope in front of Barcelona (western Mediterranean). Ten deep-water samples were performed between 552-1808 m using a small plankton net attached to a bottom trawl. Fifteen species should be considered as Mediterranean endemics: Ampelisca cf. anophthalma, Ampelisca dalmatina, Carangoliopsis spinulosa, Urothoe corsica, Lilljeborgia psaltrica, Idunella pirata, Bathymedon banyulsensis, Oediceropsis pilosa, Pardaliscoides stebbingi, Syrrhoe angulipes, Janirella bonnieri, Fageapseudes retusifrons, Diastyloides carpinei, Diastylis jonesi, and Makrokylindrus stebbingi, while 9 other species were recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean: Epimeria parasitica, Rhachotropis gracilis, Andaniexis abyssi, Chelator insignis, Desmosoma lineare, Belonectes parvus, Munnopsurus atlanticus, Ilyarachna longicornis, and Janirella nanseni. On the upper middle slope amphipods were the dominant taxa both in terms of species richness and abundance. Cumaceans were progressively more abundant when depth increased, being the dominant taxa on the lower slope. All these trends were discussed in the light of the sampling method used and in function of the ecological factors characterizing the deep bathyal environment in the Catalan Sea.
Timing of Ovulation in the Atlantic White Shrimp Pejvaeus Setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Decapoda, Penaeidea)
Authors: Chow Seinen , Browdy Craig L. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: April 2008

The timing of ovulation in the American white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) was studied by sacrificing mated females and females whose spawning was interrupted for histological observation of ovarian tissue. The ovaries of the three mated females were in the cortical body stage, either pre- or post-germinal vesicle breakdown. The oocytes in all of the mated females were entirely enveloped by the follicular epithelium. Observations on the ovaries of females which stopped spawning indicated that ovulation may occur within a very short time before spawning or parallel with spawning.
L'Origine Protocéphalique De La Carapace Chez Les Thermosbaenacés, Tanaidacés, Cumacés Et Stomatopodes
Authors: Casanova Bernadette
Published: April 2008

This study deals with the formation of the carapace in Malacostraca which have the last thoracic segments free. In all of them, the three gnathal cephalomeres are dorsally split open whereas this phenomenon affects only a few thoracomeres: the first and part of the second in the thermosbaenacean Monodella argentarii; the first and the second in the tanaidaceans Allotanais hirsutus and Apseudes spectabilis; the first, second and third in the cumacean Heterocuma intermedia, the last two being moreover stretched. The pseudozoean stages of Stomatopoda are slighty different: only the first thoracomere is partly split open and connected by epimera to the sides of the carapace which extends as far as the fourth thoracomere; the last four thoracomeres are exposed. The organization differs in the protocephalic area. In Thermosbaenacea, Tanaidacea and Cumacea which have sessile eyes or arc blind, the protocephalon is undivided. In Stomatopoda which have stalked eyes, the ocular and antennular segments are differentiated as previously observed in other Podophthalmata; that allows to observe that the carapace is produced by the sole antennal segment. Hence, the origin of the carapace is the same in all Malacostraca: it is a dorsal expansion of the protocephalic area (antennal segment when differentiated) which splits and pushes aside the gnathal cephalic tergites and a variable number of thoracic tergites. The tergites play absolutely no role in this formation, either by fusion or by coalescence.
The Benthic Amphipod Fauna of the Azores (Portugal): an Up-To-Date Annotated List of Species, and Some Biogeographic Considerations
Authors: Fatima Rosa Lopes M. , Carlos Marques Joao , BELLAN-SANTINI Denise
Published: April 2008

The Azores archipelago, located in the middle north Atlantic region, is biogeographically very interesting. With regard to the benthic amphipod fauna there are only few studies that concern the Azores, although species inventory and distributional ecology are relatively well known for the Portuguese continental coast (0 to 700 m). Actually, the knowledge of benthic amphipods from the Azores is limited to the results of two oceanographical expeditions, that took place in the first half of this century, and to data provided by some relatively recent papers and several other sporadic references. Moreover, this knowledge is mainly or exclusively taxonomic. Benthic amphipod dispersal capability is small compared to that of molluscs, decapods or fishes. They have direct development and a reduced swimming capability, and their migrations, both nictemeral and horizontal, cannot compensate these features. This limited dispersal capability determines a clear endemic tendency, and a reduced probability of global fauna mixtures. Therefore, amphipods constitute a fine biological material for biogeographic studies. In order to provide a tool for biogeographical comparisons, the available data on the Azores amphipod fauna were compiled. A review of the available literature and the study of several collections from the Azores, sampled during 1988 and 1989 at the islands of S. Miguel and Faial, provided a list of 122 species from 29 families. Thirty species were identified from the study of the S. Miguel and Faial collections, of which 15 (50%) are new records for the Azores, which emphasizes the existing lack of knowledge. One Ampithoe species might be new, and will be further studied, although it will be necessary to collect more specimens. Additionally, some available ecological data for each species arc given in the present paper.
Mitochondrial 16S-rRna Gene of Two Species of Shrimps: Sequence Variability and Secondary Structure
Authors: Garcia Machado Erik , Dennebouy Nicole , Oliva Suarez Mario , Mounolou Jean-Claude , Monnerot Monique
Published: April 2008

Part of the mitochondrial 16S-ribosomal RNA gene (around 400 nucleotides) of Penaeus notialis and Penaeus schmitti has been amplified and sequenced. The comparison of sequences reveals an 11% nucleotide divergence between the two species. When compared with that of the homologous fragment in Artemia salina and Drosophila yakuba, the secondary structure appears well conserved in spite of high nucleotide divergence due to numerous substitutions and additions/deletions. Sequences have been obtained for six individuals of P. notialis belonging to the same population, their comparison shows a 0.7% nucleotide diversity.
Ecological Diversity With Reference To Aesthetascs in Freshwater Prawns
Authors: Shenoy Shakuntala , Jalihal D.R. , Sankolli K.N.
Published: April 2008

The aesthetascs of the prawns are chemo- and mechano-receptors which exhibit diversity in number and shape depending on habitat and environment. In marine forms (both adults and larvae) they arc more numerous, longer, slender and uniformely thin wallcd. In adults of freshwater prawns they are fewer, shorter, divided into a thick walled stalk and a thin distal cob-like portion. However, they arc structurally different and positioned differently in the atyid genus Caridina and palaemonid genus Macrobrachium. Further, Caridina exhibits sexual dimorphism with males possessing a greater number of aesthctascs-bearing segments than females, unlike Macrobrachium which does not show such dimorphism. As far as larvae are concerned, in the 'inland species' of both genera, which complete their metamorphosis purely in freshwater, the 'freshwater- type aesthetases' appear in the first and second zoeal stages in totally or partially abbreviated type of development respectively. On the other hand, the early zoeal stages of 'coastal species' possess 'marine-type aesthetascs' indicating salinity dependence for their successful metamorphosis. These aesthetascs get shortened in late larval stages and subsequently get transformed into typically 'freshwater type' from postlarva onwards. A unique kind of 'branched larval aesthetascs' has been observed in two species of Macrobrachium. Thus, despite their common sensory function, the aesthetascs exhibit structural variations depending on environment and also play an important role as salinity indicators in the culture of freshwater prawns.
Decapod and Stomatopod Crustaceans From the Trawlable Bottoms of the Sicilian Channel (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Pipitone Carlo , Tumbiolo Maria Linda
Published: April 2008

78 species of decapod and stomatopod crustaceans were collected during a two-year survey on the trawlable bottoms of the Sicilian Channel. Bathymetric range, size range, size of the smallest ovigerous females and their period of occurrence are given. Some brief remarks on Parasquilla ferussaci, Pontophilus norvegicus and Maja goltziana are made.
A Comparative Study of Selected Physical Aspects of the Eggs of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) and P. Zonangulus Hobbs & Hobbs, 1990 (Decapoda, Cambaridae)
Authors: Noblitt Steven B. , Payne James F. , Delong Michael
Published: April 2008

Certain physical aspects of eggs from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and P. zonangulus were studied. Fecundity, both potential and actual, is greater in P. clarkii, while the size (diameter) of extruded eggs is considerably less. Counts of oocytes indicate that egg production in P. zonangulus is partitioned among all size classes of the reproducing population, while in P. clarkii, the major reproductive responsibility is with the largest individuals. P. clarkii exhibits a profligate reproductive strategy, one better adapted to warm water habitats where nutrient flow is continuous. P. zonangulus has a prudential reproductive strategy, one better adapted to cool water habitats in which nutrient flow is pulsed.
Biometrics and Fatty Acid Composition of the Resting Eggs of Thamnocephalus Platyurus (Anostraca) in View of an Eventual Use as Fish Feed
Authors: Mura Graziella
Published: April 2008

Fairy shrimps have recently been considered for use in larval fish rearing, because of their size and their nutritional value. This study presents the results obtained for Thamnocephalus platyurus, a species from Central and South America, which was already mass cultured successfully in the United States in a flow-through system. Cysts and instar I nauplii have an unfavourably large size: mean diameter 278 μm and 240 μm for untreated and decapsulated cysts, respectively; mean naupliar length 436 μm. However, the species shows an interesting pattern in its fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile, especially with regard to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In particular, T. platyurus cysts are characterized by significant levels of the 18:2 and the 20:5w3, and by the presence of the 22:6w3, which are normally absent in Artemia cysts.
Complete Larval Development of the Edible Mud.Shrimp Upogebia Edulis Ngoc-Ho & Chan, 1992 (Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Upogebiidae) Reared in the Laboratory
Authors: Chan Tin-Yam , Shy Jhy-Yun
Published: April 2008

The larvae of the edible mud shrimp Upogebia edulis were successfully reared in the laboratory for the first time. The freshly laid eggs were orange in colour and 1.08 mm x 1.00 mm in average size. The diameter of eyed eggs was between 1.17 mm x 1.13 mm and 1.36 mm x 1.21 mm just before hatching. Under laboratory conditions at a water temperature of 23-26°C and a salinity of 33-34 ppt, newly hatched larvae were planktonic zoeae (average carapace length 0.90 mm) and already with biramous pleopods. The larvae quickly moulted into zoea II the next day and the average carapace length was 0.95 mm. On the third day, the larvae metamorphosed into decapodids with an average carapace length of 1.12 mm. The larval development of U. edulis is therefore abbreviated. The morphology of the larval stages is described in detail and comparisons are made with the larvae of some other Upogebia species found in the adjacent areas.
Skewed Sex-Ratio, Monogeny, and Maternal Sex Determination in Two Geographical Populations of Asellus Aquaticus (L., 1758) (Isopoda)
Authors: Vitagliano Giovanna , Marchetti Enzo , Vitagliano Eleonora
Published: April 2008

For the great majority of the amphipods and isopods a biased sex ratio is attributed to photoperiod or to micro-organisms present in the cytoplasm of the oocytes. Since monogenous pairs are found in orders and species phylogenetically very far from each other, in order to try and clarify this phenomenon, two geographical populations of Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) were collected in the Netherlands and in Italy, where the duration of the cold season and the photoperiods are very different. From these parental (P) populations, 200 females and 200 males per population were randomly subsampled and bred under standard conditions of temperature and nutrition. One half of each P generation was subjected to 18 hours light per day, the other to 14 hours light per day. New-born of each pair (laboratory F1) were grown up to differentiation of external sexual characters under the same photoperiod experienced by the parents. Also, hybrid F1 generation, born from mating between the two populations, was conceived in both photoperiods, but, after birth, one half of the new-born was maintained in the same photoperiod in which they were conceived, the other half was grown under the other photoperiod. No significant difference between the sex ratios was found in the two photoperiods, neither between Italian nor between Dutch Asellus. The sex ratio of Dutch F1 is female biased, while it is male biased in Italian Asellus. The female- or male-biased sex ratio can be ascribed to the high proportion of monogenous pairs in which offspring sex ratio is significantly biased towards females (in the Dutch population) and/or in which offspring sex ratio is significantly biased towards males (in the Italian population). On the basis of these results we can rule out the influence of photoperiod in sex determination for this species. The results shown by the hybrids suggest some form of maternal inheritance. In fact, the hybrids' sex ratio as indeed the frequency of pairs breeding one sex alone, was skewed towards the same sex for which the maternal population showed a bias. We therefore consider the possibility of sex determination associated with a cytoplasmic factor (a mitochondrial DNA?), which would inactivate only one of the two sets of genes governing sex determination.
Le Sens Du Sens Tactile
Authors: Zayan René C.
Published: April 2008

Les résultats quantitatifs que la psychologie et la physiologie n'ont cessé d'accumuler depuis le début du siecle à propos du sens tactile laissent apparaître aujourd'hui une certaine ambiguïteé. D'un côté en effet, la préoccupation de connaître les sensibilities cutanées spécifiques telles qu'elles se présentent de manière isolée à l'analyse objective des récepteurs stimulés: les sensations de chaud et de froid, de pression et de contact, de douleur, de vibration. D'un autre côté, le désir de sauvegarder l'unité fonctionnelle du sens tactile c.a.d. sa spécificité propre par rapport aux quatre autres sens traditionnels. Ainsi, par exemple, une analyse neurophysiologique des récepteurs tactiles5 ne manque pas de mentionner plusieurs catégories fonctionnelles de la sensibilité cutanée: la douleur, comme signal d'un danger qui peut menacer l'existence de l'organisme; la perception des qualités d'un objet, comme intégration du toucher et de la kinesthésie au cours d'une exploration active de la main; les expériences somatiques complexes telles que le chatouillement et les sensations sexuelles. Pour le phénoménologue, un tel compromis s'apparente à une confusion et provient des positions épistémologiques qui ont animé l'orientation méthodologique des recherches, depuis la psychophysiologie mécaniste jusqu'à la psychologie cybernétique de l'information sensorielle. En cela, la domaine de la sensation tactile reste l'apanage de la psychophysique, et nous tenterons de clarifier pourquoi cette position ne peut aboutir qu'à des résultats problématiques. A partir d'une psychologie anthropologique du sens tactile,14 nous défendrons l'idée d'une psychologie comparée qui permettrait une investigation empirique, objective des comportements animaux, sur la base de prolégomènes phénoménologiques.
S-R Theory and Dynamic Theory 1
Authors: Schubert Joseph
Published: April 2008

S-R theorists formulate psychological laws in terms of the relationship between external events and observed behavior. The state of the organism delimits the applicability of the law. Dynamic theorists formulate psychological laws in terms of the relationship between the initial state of the organism Oa and its subsequent state On. The significance of the stimulus is determined by .Oa and the principle of equifinality implies the equivalence of a wide range of behaviors by which On may be reached. It is maintained that regardless of the methodological difficulties inherent in a theory which is based on variables that cannot be observed directly, dynamic theory is testable in principle and in practice. It is suggested that recent neurophysiological theory is incompatible with an S-R approach.
Talks With Father William: Senile or Sensible?
Authors: Gognalons-Caillard Maryvonne , Markson Elizabeth W.
Published: April 2008

The interviewer's desire for rapport with the respondent is both the greatest weakness and the greatest strength of semi-structured interviewing. As has been discussed at some length, structured interviews present difficulties with aged or mentally ill respondents who are unwilling or unable to play the game involved therein. Structured interviews also are impregnated with subjectivity in the form of working (and often unconscious) assumptions made by the researcher. For these reasons, they are likely to yield little understanding of the experiential world of the elderly. It has been suggested here that the major strength of the semi-structured interview is its flexibility, allowing the researcher to grasp more of the substance of the old person's world than is permitted in a more rigid methodological technique. This is not to say that the entire substance of the older person's world can ever be touched; one's understanding of anyone else (even with the best interviewer imaginable) will be imperfect. As Laing observed about the schizophrenic: What is required of us? Understand him? The kernel of a schizophrenic's experience of himself must remain incomprehensible to us.... But comprehension as an effort to reach and grasp him by our own categories whereby he inevitably falls short is not what the schizophrenic wants or requires. We have to recognize all the time his distinctiveness and differentness, his separateness and loneliness and despair.16 Semi-structured interviews such as those just described attempt to take into consideration both the nature of the experience of the interviewer and the respondent and their distinctiveness. Through this method, one can hope not only to describe particular experiences and perceptions of the respondent but also to "set them within the gestalt." With such information, perhaps one can not only move closer to a phenomenology of the interview but also possess more reliable tools in social science that will be of use with a variety of populations. Hopefully, one may also glean knowledge about the aging process, in both its normal and pathological aspects, that will provide a more complete understanding about this last stage of the life cycle and its relationship to all of life.
Psychology's Dilemma: To Explain or To Understand
Authors: Beshai James A.
Published: April 2008

At one time behavioristic psychology depreciated the value of introspection and descriptive observation in an attempt to exorcise the ghosts of mentalism and introspectionism. The roots of this bias were traced to a Cartesian dualism of subject and object. Behavioristic research has typically concentrated on a specific kind of data requiring the controls of a detached third-person observer. Its findings have been far removed from the concrete "lived world" of the subject, notwithstanding the sophistication and utility of its experimental designs. The task of understanding the human world of everyday life has been precluded from investigation by an exclusive reliance on explanation for the purpose of facilitating prediction. A case has been made that such a position is neither philosophically tenable nor conducive to the growth of psychology as a science. The contention of contemporary philosophers and behavioral scientists is that psychology cannot proceed as an independent science of man without combining empirical induction with experiential descriptions. Psychologists cannot exclude the role of intentionality and remain consistently within the orbit of causality. A science of psychology as the study of behavior and experience is possible through a comprehensive approach with equitable sharing of methodologies. Two methods were presented: The method of Phenomenal Study, and the method of Individual Reflection. Experiences from the real world may be studied without the earlier pitfalls of "introspectionism," or the present outcries against a meaningfulness. An application of the two methods to the experience of "feeling understood," suggests a necessary and possible rapprochement between the methods of behaviorism and phenomenology.
La Perception Du Mouvement Dans L'Image Picturale
Authors: Crabbé-Declève Geneviève , Jean-De Koninck Marie-Claude
Published: April 2008

Rapport d'expériences portant sur la reconnaissance, dans des photogrammes, des photographies ou des dessins, d'une action humaine filmée. Les résultats sont analysés à la lumière de certaines interprétations psychologiques de ce que l'on appelle le mouvement dans l'image. La reconnaissance ne pouvant pleinement rendre compte du phénomène perceptif en question, il est proposé d'y voir une forme de perception dans laquelle la dimension temporelle serait dominante.
Toward a Framework for Memory : Straus and Some Others
Authors: Marsh Michael
Published: April 2008

After defining various aspects of memory, this paper has sought to outline the phenomenology of memory developed by Erwin Straus and his effort to refute the trace or engram theory of memory storage. We found Straus proposing some major insights : that human experience has its own structure of lived time, that this experience transcends the realm of physical events, and that the suchness of past experiences is preserved, and can be reactivated, in lived time. Straus's approach repudiates the conventional reductionistic wisdom about memory. That wisdom has some powerful support, both ideological and experimental. However, other evidence taken from physiological, neurological, clinical and psychological observations lends weight to Straus's views. The final answer is not in, but it seems plausible that Straus was on the right track toward a framework for human memory. We concluded with a brief broadening out of the Straus framework into the whole realm of lived time or temporality.
Activite Perceptive Et Activite Hallucinatoire
Authors: Ey Henri
Published: April 2008

Erwin Straus nourished his spirit on "Act psychology", "Gestalt psychology" and "Husserlian phenomenology" in Berlin and Göttingen, and has renewed his engagement with these problems in Lexington without renouncing his commitment to a tradition to which he has remained always faithful. It is in the realm of the psychology of perception that Erwin Straus - as did the analyses of Bergson, Gestalt psychology, and the phenomenology of Husserl - made his point of departure for his critique of sensationistic empiricism and of the sensory psychophysiology from Johannes Miller to Wundt... The guiding idea of Erwin Straus, as Merleau-Ponty has so profoundly made explicit, is that the sphere of sensing, the sense of the senses, is discovered to be the constitution of the very corporeity of experience, the latter being capable of being lived only in and by a living body. As abstract an sophisticated as this primordial description of the phisical body might be insofar as it is the object and subject of phenomenology, it appears to me to be the only possible, or more simply, the only one which allows us to formulate a general law of the temporal organization (the arrow of time) of the existent, that is to say, of the human being in the proper constitution of his own becoming. The phenomenology that I have just outlined founds the system of reality as the very form of conscious being, and the organization of the psychical body as the constitution of the ego. Four theses within this framework relating perceptual and hallucinatory activity are (1): hallucination is virtual in perception, and that it is, as Ernest Hartman recently stated, an "ubiquitous capacity" immanent to this "psychical apparatus" of which Freud spoke, and which I prefer to call "the psychical body". (2) That hallucinatory difficulties are real difficulties and not a simple difference of intensity between the image and sensation. (3) The pathogenesis of hallucinations can only be theorized according to the (Hughlings) Jacksonian model of negative (a process of disorganization) and positive (the contents of the hallucinatory phenomenon); and (4) There is a fundamental distinction between the diverse forms and levels of delirious or psychotic hallucinatory activity and hallucinatory images.
Description versus Interpretation: Competing Alternative Strategies for Qualitative Research
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

In the contemporary scene, psychological researchers seeking alternative (qualitative) research strategies are turning increasingly toward interpretation theory. However, other strategies are also available, and one of these is descriptive science. Descriptive practices as the basis for the clarification of meanings have received less emphasis because of several epistemological assumptions about meaning that have appeared in the literature of interpretive science. Based upon the work of contemporary transcendental philosophers, especially J. N. Mohanty, this article argues that a descriptive scientific perspective can respond to some of the hermeneutic arguments about meaning and that solid findings can be established descriptively. It is argued that both description and interpretation are legitimate but that they are tied to different conditions and interests.
The Echo Phase
Authors: Barclay Michael W.
Published: April 2008

This article focuses on the significance of acoustical phenomena (acoumena) in the development of the subjectivity of the infant. An attribute of that development, beginning with the breakdown of psychological symbiosis for the infant, is the loss implicit in the eventual participation of the subject in a symbolic order and the consequent acquisition of language. The essay examines how such loss can contribute to the constitution of the subject and the ego of the subject. Two aspects of language, metaphor and metonymy, are examined in regard to their fundamental relationship to subjectivity. The character Echo, from the myth of Narcissus and Echo, is the namesake for a phase of development, the Echo Phase, which is postulated to begin after the third month of life. During this phase, to some extent the development of the subject depends upon intersubjectivity and concomitant auditory and linguistic phenomena. It is an implicit purpose of this essay to understand the advent of the ego as the expression of a phenomenological structure, dependent upon language and intersubjectivity, that mediates between subject and world. ... By chance Narcissus lost track of his companions, started calling "Is anybody here?" and "Here!" said Echo. He looked around in wonderment, called louder "Come to me!" "Come to me!" came back the answer. He looked behind him, and saw no one coming; "Why do you run from me?" and heard his question Repeated in the woods. "Let us get together!" There was nothing Echo would ever say more gladly, "Let us get together!" And to help her words, Out of the woods she came, with arms all ready To fling around his neck. But he retreated: "Keep your hands off," he cried, "and do not touch me! I would die before I give you a chance at me." "I give you a chance at me," and that was all She ever said thereafter, spurned and hiding, Ashamed, in the leafy forests, in lonely caverns. She frets and pines, becomes all gaunt and haggard, Her body dries and shrivels till voice only And bones remain, and then she is voice only For the bones are turned to stone. She hides in woods And no one sees her now along the mountains, But all may hear her, for her voice is living. Ovid, Metamorphoses
Constructing the Child in Psychology: the Child-as-Primitive in Hall and Piaget
Authors: Johnson Ann
Published: April 2008

This analysis focuses on a particular sedimented construction of the child found in child development theory. In traditional developmental theory the child is conceptualized as being qualitatively different from the adult; the child is conceived as "other" and as an incomplete version of the adult. The historical roots of this construction of meaning are explored through examination of two influential contributors in the child development field, G. S. Hall and Jean Piaget. The source of Hall's conception of the "child-as-primitive" in evolutionary theory is demonstrated, and the consequences of his romanticized view of the "primitive" child are examined. Piaget's stage approach to cognitive development is similarly analyzed, with an emphasis on the way in which his method of inquiry reflects the fundamental assumption of the child's incompleteness, and the on the use of the "child-as-primitive" image in his theory. Anthropological and philosophical contributions in this area are reviewed, and ethical consequences of the "primitive" notion are explored. Implications for phenomenological approaches to child development research and theory are offered, with emphasis on Merleau-Ponty's contributions in this area.
The Obstacle and the Threshold : Two Fundamental Metaphors Governing the Natural and Human Sciences
Authors: Jager Bernd
Published: April 2008

The essay presents a description of two metaphors, that of the threshold and that of the barrier, each characterizing a different, but complementary, fundamental attitude toward the world. The metaphor of the threshold addresses a human world of conversation centered on the question: "Who are you?" The metaphor of the barrier describes work-oriented human situations that reflect a never-ending human struggle with a resistant nature. Natural scientific approaches guided by the metaphor of the barrier are allied to technology and to the profane workaday world. Human science understood as an inquiry guided by the metaphor of the threshold makes possible an understanding of festive reality and of human encounter.
Toward a Phenomenological Psychology of Cultural Artifacts
Authors: Aanstoos Christopher M.
Published: April 2008

Phenomenological psychology is shown as a means to examine implications of mass-commodity culture, through the presentation of a phenomenological analysis of a TV commercial. This advertisement plays upon the vicissitudes of fathers' experiences of their relationships with their pre-pubescent daughters. The findings disclose an image of a father's ambivalently lived inability to tolerate his daughter's first sexual attraction to another male, and his attempt to continue to control the satisfaction of his daughter's bodily desire through commodities. The significance of and alternatives to this variation are suggested.
Sartre and Kohut: Existential and Self-Psychological Approaches To the Phenomenon of Conflict
Authors: Mir Vish Adrian , Rechtin Lissa
Published: April 2008

Both Sartre and Kohut use the idea of conflict in a positive sense to explain how authentic relations and viable therapy are possible, although there are important differences between the two thinkers on this topic. For Kohut it will be shown that optimal frustration is conceived of as a mechanism through which the healthy child, or the well-managed patient, learns to react in a calming and loving way to internal drive demands. Concomitantly, this individual learns to cope with a world that is obdurate, one that will thwart his desires. By contrast, in the authentic case the child for Sartre is taught to accept the gulf between him/herself and the adult. Positive conflict becomes something the child not only accepts but also enjoys as he/ she learns to cope enthusiastically in the face of his environment's inevitable obduracy. Sartre's sense of joy and volition will be shown to go beyond Kohut's more guarded optimism in the face of the challenge of contingency. The above ideas of both Sartre and Kohut will also be used to criticize views of therapy in which understanding and empathy on the part of the therapist are taken to be the sine qua non of the therapeutic process.
Subjectivity Revisited Sartre, Lacan, and Early German Romanticism
Authors: Frie Roger
Published: April 2008

This article examines and elaborates the nature of subjective experience by drawing on a variety of perspectives in recent philosophy, psychology, and psychoanalysis. The question of subjectivity has been much debated in each of these disciplines. In contrast with postmodern thinkers who wish to discard subjectivity altogether, I discuss alternative ways to understand and conceptualize subjectivity, or self-consciousness. I consider a tradition of thinkers that includes Sartre, Fichte, and the early German Romantics, who conceptualize self-consciousness as a "being-familiar-with-oneself" that is prior to all reflection. I argue that a developmental corollary to this approach can be found in the psychological research of Daniel Stern, who attributes to infants a "simple non-self-reflexive awareness," while Jacques Lacan's discussion of the specular misrecognitions of the self complicates any simply rendering of "mirroring." By thus combining epistemological, developmental, and phenomenological treatments of the self, I believe it is possible to achieve a conception of subjectivity that avoids the snares of Cartesian essentialism.
Heidegger's Interpretation of the German "Revolution"
Authors: Edler Frank H.W.
Published: April 2008

From Heidegger's letters to Elisabeth Blochmann in 1932, it is apparent that he is on the verge of crossing the Rubicon into the political arena. On December 19, 1932, Heidegger tells her
A Further Note On Two Staters of Philip Iii From Phanagoreia
Authors: Macdonald D.J.
Published: April 2008

Two staters of Philip III from Phanagoreia were struck by an uncertain eastern mint and an Anatolian mint perhaps located at Abydus, according to current numismatic thought. These attributions do not effect the conclusion that the staters entered the Cimmerian Bosporus through Pontus. Almost all gold staters of Philip III were struck in eastern and Anatolian mints and coins from distant mints circulated widely in Alexander's empire.
Medieval Islamic Philosophy and the Virtue of Ethics
Authors: Butterworth Charles E.
Published: April 2008

The goal of this essay is to set forth the ethical teaching of al-Fārābī and of Ibn Sina. However, because their writings and their philosophy are not well-known to us, it seems appropriate to move towards what is unknown by starting from what is known. The writings and philosophy of Plato and Aristotle being generally well-known to us, the essay begins by setting forth the main points of their ethical teaching and then moves to the main points of Fārābī's and Avicenna's ethical teaching. This method commands itself for another reason as well : Fārābī and Avicenna were quite familiar with the thinking of Plato and Aristotle, so familiar that they cast many of their own ideas in the idiom of their Greek predecessors or drew attention to their differences with them. This procedure leads to the basic conclusion that ethics is less important for Plato, Aristotle, and Fārābī than virtue - a point on which Avicenna presents a rather unique argument. For all of our authors except Aristotle, virtue is to be understood as subordinated to theoretical understanding. And a number of other conclusions are drawn, all serving to suggest that the current understanding of ethics is at odds with the traditional view and is unable to account adequately for political life.
La Pandémie Avicennienne Au VIe/XIIe Siècle
Authors: Michot Jean R.
Published: April 2008

Le Livre de l'advenue du monde d'Ibn Ghaylān al-Balkhī est la réfutation d'une œuvre inédite d'Avicenne: Où l'on juge des arguments de ceux qui établissent l'existence, pour le passé, d'un commencement temporel. Jusqu'ici, ce livre et son auteur étaient à peu près complètement inconnus en Occident. D'aucuns cependant le présentaient comme un philosophe avicennien de la troisième génération. L'introduction du Livre de l'advenue du monde dont on donne ici l'editio princeps et la première traduction en une langue européenne présente deux intérêts majeurs. D'une part, par son caractère partiellement autobiographique, elle apporte plusieurs renseignements sur l'identité de l'auteur, sur sa formation de juriste et sur son activité de théologien du kalām, remettant en cause l'idée qu'il ait pu s'agir d'un disciple d'Avicenne. D'autre part, cette introduction apporte un témoignage sans pareil sur l'empire que la pensée avicennienne exerce déjà sur les esprits au VIe/XIIe s. et tente une analyse des raisons, du contexte sociétal et des modalités de cette importante évolution idéologique de la société musulmane orientale, en laquelle Ibn Ghaylān voit une grave maladie. Bref, une approche sociologique du triomphe de la philosophie avicennienne par un homme de religion de Transoxiane, une génération après le Tahāfut al-Falāsifa d'al-Ghazālī.
Zur Form Der Eheschliessung in Der Türkei
Authors: Jäschke Gotthard
Published: April 2008

Die Jurisprudentes der klassischen romischen Zeit lehren, dass die irgendwie erkennbare Ubereinstimmung des Willens zur Ehe (consensus mit affectio maritalis) genfge, um eine rechtsgfltige Ehe zustande zu bringen 6. Demgegenfber fordern die islamischen Gesetzesgelehrten (Iuqahd"), insbesondere der "grosse Imam" Abu Hanifa, als wesentliche Elemente des Ehevertrags «aqd an- siikah) das vor zwei Zeugen klar und eindeutig ausgedrfckte Angebot (igab) und die ihm unmittelbar folgende Annahme (qabul). Noch starker betonen den Grundsatz der Publizitat Kirche und Staat, die beiden Gesetzgeber der Christenheit, indem sie einen Beamten zum qualifizierten Zeugen bei der Eheschliessung be- stimmen : zuerst der mit der griechisch-orthodoxen Kirche eng
Die Eheschliessung Und Ihre Wirkungen Im Syrisch-Islamischen Recht
Authors: Sabuni Abdulghafur , Wiedensohler Günter
Published: April 2008

Comme presque tous les états arabes la Syrie aussi a codifié la législation traditionnelle islamique en matière de famille et de succession, en l'adaptant de manière modérée aux situations sociales. La loi syrienne n° 59/1953 sur le statut personnel, traitée ici, dont la partie sur la législation familiale a été modifiée ou complétée par la loi n° 34/1975, comprend 308 articles. À la codification servent de base les sources suivantes: le code ottoman sur les lois familiales de 1917, les lois égyptiennes correspondantes des années 1920 et 1929, la compilation des dispositions juridiques hanéfites (al-ahkām aš-šar'īya) par Kadri Pacha, juriste renommé, des doctrines d'autres écoles juridiques orthodoxes (madāhib), particulièrement de celle de Mālik Ibn Anas, des règlements séculiers (mawādd at-tanzīm), concordant largement aux idées fondamentales du droit islamique et enfin le projet de loi sur le statut personnel par 'Alī Tantāwī, cadi de Damas. Le code jordanique sur la législation familiale de 1951 y prend également une influence assez grande. L'œuvre juridique remonte en premier lieu aux doctrines de l'école de AbŪ Hanīfa, qui diffère d'autres écoles islamiques par ses méthodes de déduction moins doctrinaires. Abstraction faite de quelques exceptions mises en évidence en faveur des Drûz, des chrétiens et des juifs, le domaine d'application concernant la personne atteint les ressortissants syriens quelle que soit leur confession religieuse.
The Beginning of the Maynooth Movement in Southern Nigeria and the Rise of the St. Patrick's Missionary Society, 1920-1930
Authors: Okwu Austine S.O.
Published: April 2008

The Catholic mission in Southern Nigeria under the management of the Congregation of Holy Ghost Fathers was established in 1885 by French and Alsatian Spiritans. In 1905 the mission came under the charge of the Irish Province of the Congregation with Father Shanahan (later Bishop) as the chief of mission. As a result of the fact that the Province was entrusted with responsibility for the supply of missionary personnel for the Spiritans' missions in the vast English-speaking areas of the then British Empire, and also because of the Irish Spiritans' preoccupation with schools and colleges in Ireland and Trinidad, the Province was unable to meet its personnel responsibilities to the missions. The dire need for priests made Shanahan, the ecclesiastical head of the Spiritan mission in Nigeria, who had been charged sub gravi by Rome with the obligation for staffing his mission, to invite Maynooth trained secular priests to serve on a temporary basis in Southern Nigeria. The coming of the secular volunteers to Nigeria created a series of problems leading to their being constituted into an independent secular missionary society, and subsequently to the allocation to them of a part of the vicariate as their own mission field.