bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the character and production of ‘active participation’ in neuro‐rehabilitation: an Actor‐Network perspective
Authors: Horton Simon , Mares Kathryn , Coull Neil , Poland Fiona
Published: November 2017

The importance of patients’ active involvement in neuro‐rehabilitation after acquired brain injury has been consistently emphasised in recent years. However, most approaches fail to show how ‘active participation’ is practically enacted, focusing on individualised explanations of patient choice and behaviours, or notions of inherent patient traits. Using actor‐network theory (ANT) as a sensitising concept, we investigated neuro‐rehabilitation practices, asking how participation is shaped through biological and socio‐material specificities, how rights to knowledge and expertise are constructed, and how a body acclimatises and adjusts within an order of participation and transformation. We analysed video‐recorded fieldwork extracts, examining the work of adjusting, testing and transforming; the construction of competence and incompetence; and material and social processes involved in the division of the body and its re‐composition. Our findings show how anANT‐sensitised approach provides a critical understanding and context‐specific characterisation of ‘active participation’, produced through the association of heterogeneous actors at any one time. Such specificity and the distribution of work suggest that efforts to account for optimum therapy ‘dosages’, and clinical attention to establishing individually‐located levels of ‘self‐efficacy’ or ‘motivation’ are misdirected. The performance of ‘active participation’, rather, should be re‐imagined as a product of diverse, mutually attuned entities.

A Virtual Abstract of this paper can be viewed at:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_979cmCmR9rLrKuD7z0ycA
Effectiveness of Interventions for Breast Cancer Screening in African American Women: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Copeland Valire Carr , Kim Yoo Jung , Eack Shaun M.
Published: November 2017

Objective

The purpose of this study was to report the results of a meta‐analysis conducted on the effects of clinical trials in breast cancer screening for African American women between 1997 and 2017.

Data Sources

Articles published in English and in the United States, between January 1997 and March 2017, were eligible for inclusion if they (1) conducted psychosocial, behavioral, or educational interventions designed to increase screening mammography rates in predominantly African American women of all ages; (2) utilized a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) design; and (3) reported quantitative screening rates following the intervention.

Study Design

Randomized clinical trials on breast cancer screening in African American women, published between January 1997 and March 2017, were selected from database searches.

Data Collection Methods

Data collected included effect size of screening versus comparison interventions, intervention characteristics, and a number of study characteristics to explore potential moderators. Search results yielded 327 articles, of which 14 met inclusion criteria and were included in analyses.

Principal Findings

Findings indicated that screening interventions for African American women were significantly more likely to result in mammography than control (OR = 1.56 [95 percent CI = 1.27–1.93], p < .0001). Although no patient or study characteristics significantly moderated screening efficacy, the most effective interventions were those specifically tailored to meet the perceived risk of African American women.

Conclusions

Screening interventions are at least minimally effective for promoting mammography among African American women, but research in this area is limited to a small number of studies. More research is needed to enhance the efficacy of existing interventions and reduce the high morbidity and mortality rate of this underserved population.
Prehospital transfusion of red cell concentrates in a paramedic‐staffed helicopter emergency medical service
Authors: Heschl Stefan , Andrew Emily , de Wit Anthony , Bernard Stephen , Kennedy Marcus , Smith Karen ,   on behalf of the Study Investigators
Published: November 2017

Objective

The optimal volume and type of intravenous fluid for the treatment of blood loss in the prehospital setting is controversial. The use of red cell concentrates (RCCs) may be associated with improved outcomes; however, the administration of blood products is limited to physicians in many jurisdictions. We sought to describe the characteristics of RCC transfusions in a paramedic‐staffed helicopter emergency medical system in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all cases where paramedics consulted the responsible physician for approval of RCC transfusion between July 2011 and December 2015 in Victoria, Australia. Ambulance data was retrieved from electronic patient care records and hospital and outcome data was retrieved from a state‐wide trauma registry.

Results

A total of 180 primary missions was identified where paramedics requested approval for transfusion of RCCs during the study period. A total of 150 patients received prehospital RCCs, of which 136 had suffered trauma. The majority of these patients were male (66.7%) and were involved in a car accident (62.5%). Most (97.4%) patients had an Injury Severity Score ≥12. There were improvements in median systolic blood pressure (80 mmHg vs 94 mmHg, P < 0.001) and shock index (1.50 vs 1.23, P < 0.001) between time of consultation and arrival at hospital. Overall, mortality for trauma patients was 37.7%. There were no transfusion‐related complications identified.

Conclusion

Prehospital transfusion of RCC by paramedics is feasible. Future studies should compare the outcomes of patients receiving prehospital RCCs with outcomes for patients in which RCCs are administered in hospital.
Understanding employer engagement in youth labour market policy in the UK
Authors: Simms Melanie
Published: November 2017

This article applies van Gestel and Nyberg's framework to analyse employers' decisions about whether to engage in policies to help young people into work. The article identifies two main logics underpinning organisational decision making: an HR logic and a corporate social responsibility (CSR) logic. It is argued that engaged employers see a clear alignment in those logics, whereas less engaged employers see few advantages in one, the other or both areas. When this analysis is located within an institutional context that accounts for the agency of key actors, it is argued these logics explain decisions about whether or not to engage with particular labour market policies.
More than a match? Assessing the HRM challenge of engaging employers to support retention and progression
Authors: Sissons Paul , Green Anne E.
Published: November 2017

This article considers employer engagement within a changing landscape of active labour market policy (ALMP). Employer engagement in ALMP has focused on supporting job entry for disadvantaged groups, through working with employers to attain changes on the demand side or using dialogue with employers to implement changes on the supply side. Employer engagement in this model is orientated to a point in time: the job match. However, ALMP policy in the UK is beginning to give greater emphasis to the sustainability of job entries and progression opportunities. This potentially creates a quite different set of expectations around employer engagement and asks more of employers. Yet securing strong engagement from employers in ALMP has tended to be difficult. This article examines the challenges that such a change in focus will have for existing models of employer engagement and on associated implications for HRM theory, policy and practices.
Treatment efficacy of a probiotic preparation for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot trial
Authors: Manzhalii Elina , Virchenko Oleksandr , Falalyeyeva Tetyana , Beregova Tetyana , Stremmel Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of a probiotic cocktail containing Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Streptococcus thermophilus on non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

METHODS

In this open‐label trial, 75 patients with NASH fed a low‐fat/low‐calorie diet were randomly divided into the control group and experimental group, with the latter receiving the probiotic cocktail once daily for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

All patients were diagnosed with fatty liver by ultrasound examination and had elevated levels of γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and slightly increased body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol levels. BMI and serum cholesterol were reduced by the low‐fat/low‐calorie diet but ALT was not. However, the short‐term (12‐week) treatment with the probiotic cocktail caused a significant (by >20%) reduction of serum ALT compared with controls, indicating mitigation of inflammation. Accordingly, liver stiffness was decreased in the probiotic‐treated group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a more significant decrease in the BMI and serum cholesterol was observed in the probiotic‐treated group compared with control (P < 0.05). However, the reduction of GGT as a steatosis marker was insignificant. The composition of stool microbiota in probiotic‐treated patients demonstrated a shift towards a normal pattern for all bacterial species examined. No adverse events were observed in any patient during the trial.

CONCLUSION

Short‐term treatment with the probiotic cocktail caused significant improvement of liver inflammation without adverse events and, thus, may represent a promising candidate therapeutic approach for NASH.
Impacts of Bakken Shale Oil Development on Regional Water Uses and Supply
Authors: Lin Zhulu , Lin Tong , Lim Siew Hoon , Hove Michael H. , Schuh William M.
Published: November 2017

The Bakken shale play in western North Dakota is one of the largest unconventional oilfields in the United States, but published research about impacts on the region's water resources is rare. In this study, besides examining North Dakota water management policies and activities, we also analyzed three datasets: the Bakken horizontal well completion data (2008‐2014), North Dakota permitted water consumption data (2000‐2014), and groundwater level and streamflow observations in western North Dakota (2000‐2014). We found from 2008 to 2014, the annual total industrial water uses for Bakken shale oil development ranged between 0.5 and 10% of statewide total consumptive water use. The percentage increases were between 3.0 and 40% within the Bakken oil production region. The increased population of temporary oilfield service workers contributed additional domestic water use, which was equivalent to ~15% of annual industrial water use for the shale oil development in the Bakken. Despite being in a semiarid region, the impact of Bakken development on regional water supply was limited because the water in the Bakken was adaptively managed and the region received on average over 20% more precipitation than normal during 2008‐2014. Of the 15 glaciofluvial aquifers under study, 12 have seen water levels increasing or unchanged and the water levels for the remaining 3 aquifers have decreased.
Genotyping‐by‐sequencing for estimating relatedness in nonmodel organisms: Avoiding the trap of precise bias
Authors: Attard Catherine R. M. , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Möller Luciana M.
Published: November 2017

There has been remarkably little attention to using the high resolution provided by genotyping‐by‐sequencing (i.e., RADseq and similar methods) for assessing relatedness in wildlife populations. A major hurdle is the genotyping error, especially allelic dropout, often found in this type of data that could lead to downward‐biased, yet precise, estimates of relatedness. Here, we assess the applicability of genotyping‐by‐sequencing for relatedness inferences given its relatively high genotyping error rate. Individuals of known relatedness were simulated under genotyping error, allelic dropout and missing data scenarios based on an empirical ddRAD data set, and their true relatedness was compared to that estimated by seven relatedness estimators. We found that an estimator chosen through such analyses can circumvent the influence of genotyping error, with the estimator of Ritland (Genetics Research, 67, 175) shown to be unaffected by allelic dropout and to be the most accurate when there is genotyping error. We also found that the choice of estimator should not rely solely on the strength of correlation between estimated and true relatedness as a strong correlation does not necessarily mean estimates are close to true relatedness. We also demonstrated how even a large SNP data set with genotyping error (allelic dropout or otherwise) or missing data still performs better than a perfectly genotyped microsatellite data set of tens of markers. The simulation‐based approach used here can be easily implemented by others on their own genotyping‐by‐sequencing data sets to confirm the most appropriate and powerful estimator for their data.
Petrology, Geochemistry and Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of the Xiangshan Group in the Eastern Hexi Corridor Belt: Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Evolution
Authors: ZHAO Xiaochen , LIU Chiyang , WANG Jianqiang , DUAN Liang , ZHAO Yan , ZHANG Qihang , LUO Wei
Published: November 2017

The eastern Hexi Corridor Belt (HCB) is located in the transitional belt among the Alxa Block, the Qilian Orogenic Belt and the North China Block. Because of its unique tectonic location, the tectonic setting, provenance, and even the age of the sedimentary strata in the eastern HCB during the Early Paleozoic remain controversial. This study analyzes the provenance of the poorly studied Xiangshan Group, discusses its age of development and tectonic setting in the eastern HCB using a combination of petrological, geochemical and LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb zircon dating methods. Based on the youngest age peaks and the fossil evidence, we suggest that the Xiangshan Group is Middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician in age. The complexity of the geochemical characteristics and associated diagrams suggests that the early stage of the Xiangshan Group developed in a passive continental margin environment, late in the back‐arc basin of the eastern HCB. Based on the sandstone detrital composition, whole‐rock geochemistry and detrital zircon ages, we conclude that the Xiangshan Group had an early provenance that was mainly from the Qilian Block and a late provenance from the Qilian Block and the western Alxa Block. The eastern HCB and its northern and southern blocks have similar palaeontology, lithology and basement age characteristics to the South China Block. This indicates that the eastern HCB might not have formed in the intra‐continental aulacogen of the North China Block during the Early Paleozoic but has a close affinity to eastern Gondwana.
Geochemical Characteristics of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin, China and its Significance for Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Authors: XIE Zengye , LI Jian , LI Zhisheng , GUO Jianying , LI Jin , ZHANG Lu , DONG Caiyuan
Published: November 2017

The alternative development of coal‐bearing hydrocarbon source rocks and low‐porosity and low‐permeability tight sandstone reservoirs of the Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin is favorable for near‐source hydrocarbon accumulation. The natural gas composition of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, of which the methane content is 80.16%–98.67%. Typically, the C2+ content is larger than 5% in main wet gas. The dry gas is mainly distributed in the western and northern regions of the basin. The non‐hydrocarbon gases mainly contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium, with a total content of <2%. The carbon isotope ranges of methane and its homologues in natural gas are: δ13C1 of −43.8‰ to −29.6‰, δ13C2 of −35.4‰ to −21.5‰, δ13C3 of −27.6‰ to −19.8‰, and δ13C4 of −27.7‰ to −18.8‰. δ13C3>δ13C4 occurs in some natural gas with a low evolution degree; such gas is mainly coal‐related gas from humic‐type source rocks of the Xujiahe Formation. As for the natural gas, δ2HCH4 values ranged from −195‰ to −161‰, δ2HC2H6 values ranged from −154‰ to −120‰, and δ2HC3H8 values ranged from −151‰ to −108‰. The dry coefficient, δ13C and δ2HCH4 are all positively correlated with the maturity of source rocks. The higher the maturity of source rocks is, the larger the natural gas dry coefficient is and the larger the δ13C and δ2HCH4 values are, indicative of the characteristic of near‐source accumulation. The δ2HC2H6 value of natural gas is influenced by paleosalinity to a relatively large extent; the higher the paleosalinity is, the larger the δ2HC2H6 value is. The Pr/Ph value of the condensate oil ranged from 1.60 to 3.43, illustrating light oxidization–light reduction and partial‐oxidization characteristics of the depositional environment of coal‐bearing source rocks of the Xujiahe Formation. The natural gas light hydrocarbon (C5–C7) from the Xujiahe Formation presented two characteristics: the first was the relatively high aromatic hydrocarbon content (19%–32.1%), which reveals the characteristic of natural gas with humic substances of high‐maturity; the second was the low content of aromatic hydrocarbon (0.4%–9.3%), reflecting water‐washing during the accumulation of the natural gas. The reported research outcomes indicate a potential mechanism for natural gas accumulation in the Xujiahe Formation, which will further guide natural gas exploration in this region.
Ketogenic Diet Suppresses Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Dencker Ditte , Molander Anna , Thomsen Morgane , Schlumberger Chantal , Wortwein Gitta , Weikop Pia , Benveniste Helene , Volkow Nora D. , Fink‐Jensen Anders
Published: November 2017

Background

Alcohol use disorder is underdiagnosed and undertreated, and up to 50% of alcohol‐abstinent patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence relapse within the first year of treatment. Current treatments for the maintenance of alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder have limited efficacy, and there is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies. Decreased cerebral glucose metabolism and increased brain uptake of acetate were recently reported in heavy drinkers, relative to controls. Given the switch of metabolic fuel from glucose to acetate in the alcohol‐dependent brain, we investigated the potential therapeutic benefit of a ketogenic diet in managing alcohol withdrawal symptoms during detoxification.

Methods

Male Sprague Dawley rats fed either ketogenic or regular diet were administered ethanol or water orally, twice daily for 6 days while the diet conditions were maintained. Abstinence symptoms were rated 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the last alcohol administration.

Results

Maintenance on a ketogenic diet caused a significant decrease in the alcohol withdrawal symptoms' “rigidity” and “irritability.”

Conclusions

Our preclinical pilot study suggests that a ketogenic diet may be a novel approach for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms in humans.
Comparison of three fixation methods in treatment of tibial fracture in adolescents
Authors: Lin Lixiang , Liu Yang , Lin Chuanlu , Zhou Yifei , Feng Yongzeng , Shui Xiaolong , Yu Kehe , Lu Xiaolang , Hong Jianjun , Yu Yang
Published: November 2017

Background

Tibial fractures are the most common musculoskeletal injury in adolescents. The optimal management of tibial fractures in adolescents is controversial. In this study, we compared the outcomes including complications of three fixation methods in tibial fractures of adolescents and explored the factors associated with the complications.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study about 83 diaphyseal tibial fractures in 79 children and adolescents, who were treated with plate fixation (PF), elastic stable intramedullary nail fixation (ESINF), or external fixation (EF), was conducted. After adjustment for age, weight, energy of the injury, polytrauma, fracture level and pattern, and extent of comminution, treatment outcomes were compared in accordance with the length of the hospital stay, time to union, and complication rates including many factors.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 13.4 years, and their mean weight was 44.2 kg. There was a loss of reduction in two of 33 fractures treated with ESINF and four of 13 treated with EF (P < 0.001). At the time of final follow‐up, three patients (two treated with EF and one treated with ESINF) had ≥2.0 cm of shortening. Four of the 32 patients (33 fractures) treated with ESINF underwent a reoperation (two due to loss of reduction and one each because of delayed union and nonunion). Six patients treated with EF required a reoperation (four due to loss of reduction, one for malunion and one for replacement of a pin complicated by infection). Two fracture treated with PF required refixation attributing to nonunion and malunion. A multivariate analysis with adjustment for baseline differences showed that EF was associated with a 7.56‐times (95% confidence interval 3.74–29.87) greater risk of loss of reduction and/or malunion than ESINF.

Conclusions

All three treatments had satisfactory outcomes, and EF was correlated with the highest rate of complications in our series of adolescents treated with a tibial fracture. However, we cannot currently recommend that all fractures might be suitable for ESINF. The choice of fixation will remain influenced by surgeon preference in term of expertise and experience, patient and fracture characteristics, and patients and family preferences.
Zopilotes, Alacranes, y Hormigas(Vultures, Scorpions, and Ants): Animal Metaphors as Organizational Politics in a Nicaraguan Garbage Crisis
Authors: Nading Alex M. , Fisher Josh
Published: November 2017

While scholars frequently frame conflicts over urban waste in terms of a politics of infrastructure, this article frames such conflicts in terms of a politics of organization. In 2008, self‐employed recyclers in and around Managua, Nicaragua blockaded local dumps in an effort to secure rights to scavenge for resellable material. Over the course of this “garbage crisis”, a material and semiotic entanglement of human labor organization with animal ecology became politically salient. At different points, recyclers were compared to ants (hormigas), vultures (zopilotes), and scorpions (alacranes). State officials, NGOs, and recyclers themselves used these animal metaphors to describe the organization of waste collection. Drawing on theories of value from political ecology and economic anthropology, as well as analysis of the deployment of these “organic” metaphors, we outline an “organizational politics” of urban waste.
Hypoxia challenge test and retinal circulation changes – a study using ocular coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Sousa David Cordeiro , Leal Inês , Moreira Susana , Dionísio Patrícia , Abegão Pinto Luís , Marques‐Neves Carlos
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Previous studies report that the response of retinal vessels to a decrease in oxygen (hypoxia) is vasodilation, thus increasing blood flow. We aimed to characterize the changes in retinal microvasculature induced by a mild hypoxia stress test in a healthy population, using ocular coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) technology.

Methods

Interventional repeated‐measures study. The standardized hypoxia challenge test (HCT) was performed to all volunteers, according to the British Thoracic Society protocol. Ocular coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) was performed at three time‐points (baseline, during HCT and 30′ posthypoxia). Macular and peripapillary vessel densities were assessed using the built‐in software. To minimize bias, analysis was performed separately in right (OD) and left (OS) eyes. Repeated‐measures anova and mean comparison analysis were used as statistical tests (stata v13).

Results

Studied population included 30 healthy subjects (14 women), with a mean age of 28.8 ± 4.2 [range 22–37] years. Baseline vessel density increased in hypoxic conditions and subsequently decreased to near‐baseline values in posthypoxia conditions. This pattern was observed for both eyes in both parafovea (OD: 55.3 ± 2.3 to 56.7 ± 1.9 to 55.8 ± 1.9, p < 0.05; OS: 56.9 ± 2.1 to 57.9 ± 1.9 to 57.3 ± 1.7, p < 0.05) and peripapillary (OD: 60.5 ± 0.5 to 62.6 ± 0.5 to 60.1 ± 0.4, p < 0.05; OS: 60.4 ± 0.4 to 62.3 ± 0.5 to 60.7 ± 0.4, p < 0.05) areas.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, there are no published data specifically addressing mild hypoxia conditions and retinal microvasculature changes, using OCT‐A. This pilot study may pave way to better understand vascular responses in disease setting.
Twenty years later, the cognitive portrait of openness to reconciliation in Rwanda
Authors: Caparos Serge , Giroux Sara‐Valérie , Rutembesa Eugène , Habimana Emmanuel , Blanchette Isabelle
Published: November 2017

With this work, we intended to draw a cognitive portrait of openness to reconciliation. No study had yet examined the potential contribution of high‐level cognitive functioning, in addition to psychological health, to explaining attitudes towards reconciliation in societies exposed to major trauma such as post‐genocide Rwanda. We measured the contribution of general cognitive capacity, analytical thinking, and subjective judgements. Our results show that higher cognitive capacity is not associated with greater openness to reconciliation. On the other hand, proneness to think analytically about the genocide predicts more favorable attitudes towards reconciliation. The latter effect is associated with more tempered judgements about retrospective facts (e.g., number of genocide perpetrators) and prospective events (e.g., risk of genocide reoccurrence). This work establishes the importance of cognitive functioning in the aftermath of political violence: A better understanding of the influence of information processing on openness to reconciliation may help improve reconciliation policies and contribute to reducing risks of conflict reoccurrence.
miR‐335 inhibited cell proliferation of lung cancer cells by target Tra2β
Authors: Liu Jian , Bian Tingting , Feng Jia , Qian Li , Zhang Jianguo , Jiang Daishan , Zhang Qing , Li Xiaoli , Liu Yifei , Shi Jiahai
Published: November 2017

Accumulating evidence has suggested that the dysregulation of miRNA is an important factor in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Here, we demonstrate that miR‐335 expression is reduced in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors relative to non‐cancerous adjacent tissues, while the expression of Tra2β is increased. In addition, clinical data revealed that the increased Tra2β and decreased miR‐335 expression observed in NSCLC cells was associated with poor patient survival rates. In vitro experimentation showed that the overexpression of miR‐335 inhibited the growth, invasion and migration capabilities of A459 lung cancer cells, by targeting Tra2β. In contrast, inhibition of miR‐335 or overexpression of the Tra2β target gene stimulated the growth, invasion and migratory capabilities of A459 lung cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‐335 or inhibition of Tra2β decreased the phosphorylation of Rb‐S780 and Rb‐AKT. Overall, these findings suggest that the downregulation of miR‐335 in A459 lung cancer cells promoted cell proliferation through upregulation of Tra2β, mediated via activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and suggest that miR‐335 may have potential as a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Assessment of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐Α levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis
Authors: Abduljabbar Tariq , Akram Zohaib , Vohra Fahim , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Javed Fawad
Published: November 2017

Background

It is hypothesized that levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are significantly higher in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe‐smokers (WS) compared with never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis.

Purpose

The aim of the present convenience sample case‐control study was to compare the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in the PISF of WS and never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis.

Materials and Methods

Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri‐implant probing depth (PPD) was measured and crestal bone loss (CBL) was measured on digital bitewing radiographs. PISF samples were collected using paper strips and the collected PISF volume was determined. levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Study sample‐size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Sixty‐six individuals (33 individuals in group‐1 and 33 in group‐2) were included. In groups 1 and 2, 41 and 44 implants, respectively were placed. The mean total PPD (P < .001) and peri‐implant CBL (P < .001) was statistically significantly higher around implants affected by peri‐implantitis in group‐1 compared with group‐2. The PISF volume (P < .05) collected and levels of IL‐1β (P < .01), IL‐6 (P < .01), and TNF‐α (P < .01) were statistically significantly higher among individuals in group‐1 compared with group‐2.

Conclusion

WS with peri‐implantitis present increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines in the PISF than never‐smokers.
Pelvic local recurrence from colorectal cancer: surgical challenge with changing preconditions
Authors: Iversen H. , Martling A. , Johansson H. , Nilsson P. J. , Holm T.
Published: November 2017

Aim

Although the rate of local recurrence (LR) after colorectal cancer surgery has decreased, it still poses major surgical and oncological challenges. The aims of this study, based on an audit from a tertiary referral centre, was to evaluate determinants associated with outcomes after surgery for pelvic LR and how these have changed over time.

Method

Retrospective analysis of all resections for pelvic LR of colorectal cancer performed at the Karolinska University Hospital from January 2003 until August 2009 (period 1) and from September 2009 until November 2013 (period 2) .

Results

Ninety‐five patients with pelvic LR were operated on with a curative intent. An R0 resection was achieved in 77% and an R1 resection in 23%. Lateral compartments were invaded in 48% and this proportion increased in resections performed in period 2 (37% vs 60%, P = 0.05). R1 resections were associated with a higher risk of local re‐recurrence than R0 resections (64% vs 16%; OR = 8.90, 95% CI: 2.71–29.78). Lateral recurrences were associated with a lower R0‐resection rate than nonlateral recurrences (63% vs 90%; OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05–0.64) and a higher risk of treatment failure in terms of local re‐recurrence or distant metastases, or death, as first event (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.06–2.75). However, in a multivariate analysis only R1 resections remained a significant prognostic factor for treatment failure (HR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.32–4.27).

Conclusion

The proportion of lateral pelvic recurrences has increased over time. In comparison with non‐lateral LRs, lateral LRs are more difficult to resect radically and are associated with worse overall and disease‐free survival. However, with radical surgery many patients with pelvic locally recurrent colorectal cancer may be offered curative treatment.
“Economies of Experience”—Disambiguation of Degraded Stimuli Leads to a Decreased Dispersion of Eye‐Movement Patterns
Authors: Król Magdalena Ewa , Król Michał
Published: November 2017

We demonstrate “economies of experience” in eye‐movement patterns—that is, optimization of eye‐movement patterns aimed at more efficient and less costly visual processing, similar to the priming‐induced formation of sparser cortical representations or reduced reaction times. Participants looked at Mooney‐type, degraded stimuli that were difficult to recognize without prior experience, but easily recognizable after exposure to their undegraded versions. As predicted, eye‐movement dispersion, velocity, and the number of fixations decreased with each stimulus presentation. Further analyses showed that this effect was contingent on recognition, and the selection of information from the stimulus could be informed by the identity of the presented object. Finally, our study demonstrates that after exposure to the undegraded version of the stimulus, eye‐movement patterns associated with its degraded and undegraded versions become more similar. This suggests that eye‐movement patterns can evolve to facilitate the optimal processing of a given stimulus via experience‐driven perceptual learning.
Training in molecular cytopathology testing
Authors: Maxwell P. , Salto‐Tellez M.
Published: November 2017

Training in molecular cytopathology testing is essential in developing and maintaining skills in modern molecular technologies as they are introduced to a universal health care system such as extant in the UK and elsewhere. We review the system in place in Northern Ireland (NI) for molecular testing of solid tumours, as an example to train staff of all grades, including pathologists, clinical scientists, biomedical scientists and equivalent technical grades. We describe training of pathologists as part of the NI Deanery medical curriculum, the NI training programme for scientists and laboratory rotation for Biomedical Scientists. Collectively, the aims of our training are two‐fold: to provide a means by which individuals may extend their experience and skills; and to provide and maintain a skilled workforce for service delivery. Through training and competency, we introduce new technologies and tests in response to personalised medicine therapies with a competent workforce. We advocate modifying programmes to suit individual needs for skill development, with formalised courses in pre‐analytical, analytical and postanalytical demands of modern molecular pathology. This is of particular relevance for cytopathology in small samples such those from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded cell blocks. We finally introduce how university courses can augment training and develop a skilled workforce to benefit the delivery of services to our patients.
Negative symptoms in first‐episode psychosis: Clinical correlates and 1‐year follow‐up outcomes in London Early Intervention Services
Authors: Rammou Aikaterini , Fisher Helen L. , Johnson Sonia , Major Barnaby , Rahaman Nikola , Chamberlain‐Kent Nick , Stone James M.
Published: November 2017

Aim

Negative symptoms (NS) have been associated with poor outcome and remain difficult to treat in patients with psychosis. This study examined the association of NS with clinical features at first presentation to mental health services for psychosis and with outcomes at 1‐year follow‐up.

Methods

Clinical data were utilized from five London Early Intervention Services (EIS) included in the MiData audit database. The sample comprised 484 first‐episode psychosis patients with complete Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale data at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. Multiple imputation (N = 50) was conducted to account for missing follow‐up data.

Results

Baseline NS were associated with male gender (B = −1.63, P < .05), younger age at onset (B = −.15, P <. 05), a higher level of impairment on the Global Assessment of Functioning (disability) Scale at baseline (B = −.19, P <. 010), an absence of reported substance misuse prior to baseline assessment (B = −3.05, P <. 001) and unemployment at baseline (B = −.93, P <. 01). At 1‐year follow‐up, NS at presentation were associated with worse Global Assessment of Functioning Scale for symptom (B = −.28, P < .01) and disability (B = −.27, P <. 05) and with hospital admission (OR = 1.06, P < .01).

Conclusions

Negative symptoms at presentation to EIS were associated with worse functioning at entry and poorer outcomes 1 year later. Future research is required to better understand the aetiology and trajectories of NS in early psychosis and propose novel targeted interventions.
The Impact of Emotions on Stakeholder Reactions to Organizational Wrongdoing
Authors: Dufour Lucas , Andiappan Meena , Banoun Arnaud
Published: November 2017

In this study, we develop a theoretical model that captures the influence of emotions on a stakeholder's decision to act against an organization after organizational wrongdoing. Relying on cognitive appraisal theory, we focus on the role of emotions during two central phases in the stakeholder response process: appraisal and intention. First, we argue that based on their appraisal of the wrongdoing, stakeholders will experience certain primary emotions (e.g. disappointment, anger) which will impact their first response towards the organization. Second, we propose that certain secondary emotions (e.g. hope, remorse) will influence their intention to act against the organization. Finally, we argue that the stakeholder's perceived power and self‐interest will influence the stakeholder's decision to act against the organization.
Connecting color with assembly in the fluorescent B‐phycoerythrin protein complex
Authors: Leney Aneika C. , Tschanz Aline , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: November 2017

Phycoerythrin is the major light‐harvesting pigment protein in red algae and is nowadays widely used as a fluorescent probe in biotechnological applications such as flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, it has had substantial economic impact due to its potential as a natural food colorant. However, knowledge on the precise molecular composition of phycoerythrin is limited. Here, we use a combination of high‐resolution native mass spectrometry (MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the assembly properties of the B‐phycoerythrin protein complex from Porphyridium cruentum. Our data highlight the stabilizing role of the γ subunit in the intact B‐phycoerythrin protein complex. In addition, by native MS we monitor B‐phycoerythrin (dis)assembly intermediates, providing insight into which species contribute to B‐phycoerythrins color and the factors that give B‐phycoerythrin its highly fluorescent properties. Together, the data provide significant insights into the structural properties of B‐phycoerythrin which is beneficial for its use within the biotechnology industry.
High concentrations of GTP induce conformational changes in the essential bacterial GTPase EngA and enhance its binding to the ribosome
Authors: da Silveira Tomé Catarina , Foucher Anne‐Emmanuelle , Jault Jean‐Michel , Housset Dominique
Published: November 2017

EngA is a conserved bacterial GTPase involved in ribosome biogenesis. While essential in bacteria, EngA does not have any human orthologue and can thus be an interesting target for new antibacterial compounds. EngA is the only known GTPase bearing two G domains, making unique its catalytic cycle and the induced modulation of its conformation and interaction with the ribosome. We have investigated nucleotide‐induced conformational changes in EngA in order to unveil their role in ribosome binding. SAXS and limited proteolysis were used to probe EngA conformational changes, and revealed a change in protein structure and a distinct rate of proteolysis induced by GTP. Structure analysis showed that the conformation adopted in solution in the presence of GTP does not match any known EngA structure, while the SAXS data measured in the presence of GDP are in perfect agreement with two crystal structures (i.e. 2HGJ and 4DCU). Combination of mass spectrometry and N‐terminal sequencing for the analysis of the fragmentation pattern upon proteolytic cleavage gave insights into which regions become more or less accessible in the different nucleotide‐bound states. Interactions studies confirmed a stronger binding of EngA to the bacterial ribosome in the presence of GTP and suggest that the induced change in conformation of EngA plays a key role for ribosome binding.
Promoting high standards of care for women living with HIV: position statement from the Women Against Viruses in Europe Working Group
Authors: Kowalska JD , Aebi‐Popp K , Loutfy M , Post FA , Perez‐Elias MJ , Johnson M , Mulcahy F ,   Women Against Viruses in Europe (WAVE) Working Group
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Gender‐related factors can influence management decisions, treatment outcomes and the overall long‐term wellbeing of people living with HIV (PLWH). The Women Against Viruses in Europe (WAVE) Working Group was established to promote the health and wellbeing of women living with HIV (WLWH). WAVE is part of the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) and organizes annual workshops to discuss different issues in the management of WLWH.

Methods

In 2016, 34 WAVE members including community representatives, HIV clinicians and researchers met to discuss standards of care for WLWH and to review current guidelines. Participants focused on three different themes: (1) access to and engagement and retention in care; (2) monitoring of women on antiretroviral therapy and management of comorbidities; and (3) review of EACS treatment guidelines.

Results

Five priority areas for optimizing the care of WLWH were identified: (1) psychosocial aspects of HIV diagnosis and care; (2) mental health and wellbeing; (3) pharmacokinetics, toxicity and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy; (4) coinfections and comorbidities; and (5) sexual and reproductive health. WAVE recommendations are provided for each of these areas, and gaps in knowledge and needs for changes in currently existing standards are discussed.

Conclusions

This position statement provides an overview of the key recommendations to optimize the care of WLWH that emerged during the 2016 WAVE workshop.
Improvement in lipids after switch to boosted atazanavir or darunavir in children/adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV on older protease inhibitors: results from the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study
Authors: Jao J , Yu W , Patel K , Miller TL , Karalius B , Geffner ME , DiMeglio LA , Mirza A , Chen JS , Silio M , McFarland EJ , Van Dyke RB , Jacobson D ,   the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) Adolescent Master Protocol (AMP) study
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Dyslipidaemia is common in perinatally HIV‐infected (PHIV) youth receiving protease inhibitors (PIs). Few studies have evaluated longitudinal lipid changes in PHIV youth after switch to newer PIs.

Methods

We compared longitudinal changes in fasting lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and TC:HDL‐C ratio] in PHIV youth enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) Adolescent Master Protocol (AMP) study who switched to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)‐ or darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r)‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) from an older PI‐based ART and those remaining on an older PI. Generalized estimating equation models were fitted to assess the association of a switch to ATV/r‐ or DRV/r‐based ART with the rate of change in lipids, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

From 2007 to 2014, 47 PHIV children/adolescents switched to ATV/r or DRV/r, while 120 remained on an older PI [primarily lopinavir/r (72%) and nelfinavir (24%)]. Baseline age ranged from 7 to 21 years. After adjustment for age, Tanner stage, race/ethnicity, and HIV RNA level, a switch to ATV/r or DRV/r was associated with a more rapid annual rate of decline in the ratio of TC:HDL‐C. (β = −0.12; P = 0.039) than remaining on an older PI. On average, TC declined by 4.57 mg/dL/year (P = 0.057) more in the switch group. A switch to ATV/r or DRV/r was not associated with the rate of HDL‐C, LDL‐C, or TG change.

Conclusions

A switch to ATV/r or DRV/r may result in more rapid reduction in TC and the TC:HDL‐C ratio in PHIV youth, potentially impacting long‐term cardiovascular disease risk.
Synthesis of Zn0.5Ti0.5NbO4 microwave dielectric ceramics with Li2O‐B2O3‐SiO2 glass for LTCC application
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Li Enzhu , Yang Hongcheng , He Hongcai , Zhang Ren S.
Published: November 2017

Single phase of dense ixiolite structure Zn0.5Ti0.5NbO4 (ZTN) microwave dielectric ceramics were synthesized at low temperature (850°C‐900°C) via solid state reaction with small amount of Li2O‐B2O3‐SiO2 (LBS) glass. There is a liquid phase generated by LBS at about 760°C, which significantly enhances the shrinkage and decreases the activation energy. And with the assistance of liquid phase, single phase of ZTN with orthorhombic structure is detected, sintering temperature of ceramics drops from 1125°C to 850°C and still maintain high relative density (>97%) with great microwave dielectric properties (εr ~ 34.32, Q×f ~ 17740 GHz). Ceramics with 0.5 wt. % LBS cannot be sintered and densified, and the lack of densification determines a lower dielectric constant, large dielectric loss, and undetectability of temperature coefficient of resonant frequency. With the increase in LBS, a dense structure can be formed, but the deterioration of performance should be mainly attributed to the variation in LBS glass content.
A systematic surveillance programme for infectious salmon anaemia virus supports its absence in the Pacific Northwest of the United States
Authors: Gustafson L L , Creekmore L H , Snekvik K R , Ferguson J A , Warg J V , Blair M , Meyers T R , Stewart B , Warheit K I , Kerwin J , Goodwin A E , Rhodes L D , Whaley J E , Purcell M K , Bentz C , Shasa D , Bader J , Winton J R
Published: November 2017

In response to reported findings of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in 2011, U.S. national, state and tribal fisheries managers and fish health specialists developed and implemented a collaborative ISAV surveillance plan for the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Accordingly, over a 3‐1/2‐year period, 4,962 salmonids were sampled and successfully tested by real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR. The sample set included multiple tissues from free‐ranging Pacific salmonids from coastal regions of Alaska and Washington and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from Washington, all representing fish exposed to marine environments. The survey design targeted physiologically compromised or moribund animals more vulnerable to infection as well as species considered susceptible to ISAV. Samples were handled with a documented chain of custody and testing protocols, and criteria for interpretation of test results were defined in advance. All 4,962 completed tests were negative for ISAV RNA. Results of this surveillance effort provide sound evidence to support the absence of ISAV in represented populations of free‐ranging and marine‐farmed salmonids on the northwest coast of the United States.
Sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour in response to high salmon lice concentrations
Authors: Halttunen E , Gjelland K‐Ø , Hamel S , Serra‐Llinares R‐M , Nilsen R , Arechavala‐Lopez P , Skarðhamar J , Johnsen I A , Asplin L , Karlsen Ø , Bjørn P‐A , Finstad B
Published: November 2017

Sea trout face growth–mortality trade‐offs when entering the sea to feed. Salmon lice epizootics resulting from aquaculture have shifted these trade‐offs, as salmon lice might both increase mortality and reduce growth of sea trout. We studied mortality and behavioural adaptations of wild sea trout in a large‐scale experiment with acoustic telemetry in an aquaculture intensive area that was fallowed (emptied of fish) synchronically biannually, creating large variations in salmon lice concentrations. We tagged 310 wild sea trout during 3 years, and gave half of the individuals a prophylaxis against further salmon lice infestation. There was no difference in survival among years or between treatments. In years of high infestation pressure, however, sea trout remained closer to the river outlet, used freshwater (FW) habitats for longer periods and returned earlier to the river than in the low infestation year. This indicates that sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour by actively choosing FW refuges from salmon lice to escape from immediate mortality risk. Nevertheless, simulations show that these adaptations can lead to lost growth opportunities. Reduced growth can increase long‐term mortality of sea trout due to prolonged exposure to size‐dependent predation risk, lead to lower fecundity and, ultimately, reduce the likelihood of sea migration.