bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Caregivers’ Knowledge of Delirium and Preferred Modalities for Receipt of Information
Authors: Bull Margaret J. , Boaz Lesley , Sjostedt Jennifer M.
Published: June 2014

Delirium is a life-threatening, frequently reversible condition that is often a sign of an underlying health problem. In-hospital mortality alone for older adults with delirium ranges from 25% to 33%. Early recognition of delirium is critical because prolonged duration poses a greater risk of poor functional outcomes for older adults. Family caregivers, who are familiar with the older adult’s usual behaviors, are most likely to recognize delirium symptoms but might dismiss them as due to aging. It is important to learn what family caregivers know about delirium to ascertain their need for education. The aims of this study were to describe family caregivers’ knowledge of delirium and preferred modalities for receipt of information about delirium. A cross-sectional design was used for this study and a survey distributed to family caregivers for older adults. Analysis of 134 usable surveys indicated that family caregivers need and want information about delirium. The preferred modalities for receipt of information included Internet, in-person classes, and newsletters.
The Impact of Activity Interventions on the Well-Being of Older Adults in Continuing Care Communities
Authors: Winstead Vicki , Yost Elizabeth A. , Cotten Shelia R. , Berkowsky Ronald W. , Anderson William A.
Published: June 2014

As the U.S. population ages, interventions are needed to ensure quality of life continues as boomers enter assisted and independent living communities (AICs). These transitions can significantly affect quality of life. Activity and continuity theories maintain that participation in discretionary/informal activities is crucial for psychosocial health and well-being (aspects of quality of life). This study evaluates the impacts of participation in discretionary activities on life satisfaction, social isolation, and loneliness, using data from a longitudinal study of older adults in AICs. Older adults who participated in 8 weeks of discretionary activities reported greater life satisfaction and lower levels of social isolation compared with non-participants. Forming alliances and group identities is the key for building new relationships and maintaining relationships in the community. Determining the impact participation in activities has on residents is vital to being able to help develop a more comprehensive understanding of how quality of life can be maintained in AICs.
Surface wettability controllable polyimides bearing long-chain alkyl groups via phenyl ester linkages by ultraviolet light irradiation
Authors: Tsuda Yusuke , Nakamura Ryuichi , Osajima Syouko , Matsuda Takaaki
Published: June 2014

The novel polyimides and copolyimides are synthesized from the diamines having three long-chain alkyl groups connected by phenyl ester linkages, 5-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride or diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride as a tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4’-diaminodiphenylether as a diamine comonomer. These polyimides show good film-forming ability and good thermal properties. The thin films of obtained polyimides were irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light ( λmax = 254 nm), and the contact angles for the water decreased from near 100° (hydrophobicity) to near 20° (hydrophilicity) in proportion to irradiated UV light energy. From the result of attenuated total reflectance analysis, it is recognized that the hydrophobic long-chain alkyl groups on the polyimide surface decrease and the hydrophilic groups such as carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups generate on their surface. Thus, the surface wettability of these polyimides can be controlled by UV light irradiation, and this method is expected to be applied in the field of printed electronics.
Artificial neural network modeling of mechanical behaviors of zea fiber–polyester composites
Authors: Balaji NS , Jayabal S
Published: June 2014

The tensile, flexural, and impact behaviors of zea fiber-reinforced polyester composites were evaluated. The different proportion of fiber length, fiber content in weight percentage, and molding pressure was used as process parameters in the fabrication of zea–polyester composites. The parameters and their levels were selected based on full factorial design as per the design of experiments. The composites were fabricated and tested as per ASTM standards. An artificial neural network algorithm was developed to predict the mechanical behaviors over the specified range of conditions, and the average absolute percentage of error of less than 4% was observed for tensile, flexural, and impact models.
Lesser known aspects of Ludwik Fleck’s (1896–1961) heroic life during World War II
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Ciesielska Maria
Published: June 2014

Professor Ludwik Fleck was a famous scientist and a prominent philosopher. Although his life and work were studied extensively, the Second World War period was a subject of some discussion and controversy. On account of his Jewish origin, he was first arrested and moved from the Lwów ghetto to the ‘Laokoon’ factory and then imprisoned in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and in KL Buchenwald. Fleck produced the anti-typhus vaccine in the chemo-bacteriological laboratory in the Jewish Hospital at Kuszewicza Street and in the ‘Laokoon’ factory in Lwów. During his incarceration in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Fleck worked in the camp laboratory in Block 10 carrying out bacteriological studies for the inmates and then was assigned to work in the Wasserman station in Rajsko. From January 1944 Fleck performed routine laboratory tests in Block 50 in KL Buchenwald. Though Fleck had a privileged life in the camp, he participated in the sabotage activities organized by the camp resistance.
Improving collaboration: a qualitative assessment of inter-agency collaboration between a pilot Multisystemic Therapy Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN) program and a child protection team
Authors: Hebert Sarah , Bor William , Swenson Cynthia C , Boyle Christopher
Published: June 2014

Objective:

Child protection inter-agency collaboration is characterized by strengths and problems. Some literature notes positive attitudes and high trust between teams. However, difficulties with communication, confidentiality, roles, boundaries and divergent paradigms reconciling child protection and parent mental health needs have been documented. This study investigated whether a pilot model of intensive family intervention for maltreated children and associated intensive inter-agency cooperation delivered an effective collaboration.

Method:

At the completion of the pilot program, a child protection team was interviewed. A qualitative assessment by semi-structured group interview format of inter-agency collaboration was undertaken and evaluated by a thematic analysis.

Results:

The analysis identified: strong endorsement of the collaborative model; no changes in perception of referred patients; changes in treatment approaches. No perceived conflict between child protection and parent mental health needs were noted.

Conclusions:

The changes noted may be due to the unique structure and functioning of the pilot Multisystemic Therapy Child Abuse and Neglect program, which encouraged high levels of team communication, strong client engagement, availability and intensive treatment of child and parent mental health problems. The implications for future collaborations are discussed as well as limitations of the study.
Sir John Macpherson, the first but sometimes overlooked Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney
Authors: White Richard T
Published: June 2014

Objective:

To chronicle the creation of the Chair of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney, and the career and legacy, in New South Wales, of the first incumbent, Professor Sir John Macpherson CB MD FRCPE.

Conclusions:

The creation of the Chair, Macpherson’s appointment, and his contributions to psychiatry in Sydney during the 52 months of his tenure, are well documented in contemporaneous sources and demonstrate that he was a very worthy Foundation Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney. There are several possible reasons why Macpherson has been overlooked, including an erroneous statement in The World History of Psychiatry (1975) that William Siegfried Dawson, his successor from 1927 to 1952, was the first Professor of Psychiatry.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma Arising in an Adenomyoma of the Broad Ligament
Authors: Torres Diogo , Parker Lynn , Moghadamfalahi Mana , Sanders Mary Ann , Metzinger Daniel S.
Published: June 2014

Extrauterine adenomyomas are extremely rare benign tumors of smooth muscles, endometrial glands, and endometrial stroma. Ectopic endometrial glands can undergo malignant change. The ovary is the most common site of malignant change in endometriosis. Cancer arising in extraovarian endometriosis is a rare event with limited cases in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case of a clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from foci of ectopic endometrial tissue in an adenomyoma of the broad ligament. It supports the association between endometriomas and clear cell adenocarcinoma. Therefore, patients with a significant history of endometriosis may benefit from close follow-up or definitive surgery.
Variations in Molecular Profile in NSCLC Can Be Analyzed Using Cytological Samples
Authors: Lozano Maria D. , Labiano Tania , Zudaire Isabel , Subtil Jose C. , Gúrpide Alfonso , Echeveste Jose I. , Zulueta Javier J. , Martín-Algarra Salvador , Pérez-Gracia Jose L.
Published: June 2014

As a result of therapeutic advances, a revolution is taking place in the lung cancer field with major implications for pathologic diagnosis and tissue management. We report a case of a non–small cell lung carcinoma patient with coexistence of EGFR mutations and ALK-EML4 rearrangements that responded to EGFR inhibitors and in which the development of a new resistance mutation in exon 20 of EGFR-determined treatment resistance. All the molecular determinations were performed in cytological samples. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported with these characteristics, and the 11th case described with coexistence of EGFR mutations and ALK-EML4 rearrangements. The EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21 was found at diagnosis, and the patient presented a 4-year response to erlotinib. On progression, the T790M resistance mutation in the EGFR exon 20 was also confirmed in cytological samples. At this point, fluorescence in situ hybridization also detected ALK-EML4 translocation. This case emphasizes the usefulness of cytological samples for molecular analysis in lung adenocarcinoma, as well as the relevance of repeating biopsies/fine-needle aspirations in tumor recurrences to assess the mutation profile of the disease.
Shakespeare and criminology
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2014

This paper suggests that Shakespeare’s plays offer an embryonic version of criminology, and that they remain a valuable resource for the field, both a theoretical and a pedagogical resource. On the one hand, for criminology scholars, Shakespeare can open up new avenues of theoretical consideration, for the criminal events depicted in his plays reflect complex philosophical debates about crime and justice, making interpretations of those events inherently theoretical; reading a passage from Shakespeare can be the first step in building a new theory of criminology. On the other hand, for criminology students, Shakespeare can initiate and sustain an intellectual transition that is fundamental to their professionalization, namely the transition from what I call a “simplistic” to a “skeptical” model of criminology. For this reason, I recommend that criminologists try what the Shakespearean scholar Julia Reinhard Lupton has called “thinking with Shakespeare.” Thinking with Shakespeare is particularly valuable for criminologists because Shakespeare coded ancient philosophical ideas about crime and justice into the words and deeds of his characters: interpreting the drama takes us into the philosophy, and the philosophy provides us with the conceptual equipment for a better criminology.
Mediated public diplomacy: US and Taliban relations with Pakistani media
Authors: Arif Rauf , Golan Guy J , Moritz Brian
Published: June 2014

This article provides a unique perspective on US–Pakistan and Taliban–Pakistan media relations in the context of the regional war on terror. Based on mediated public diplomacy and news construction literature, the authors explore some of the key challenges and opportunities that both sides face as they aim to influence Pakistani media coverage and win the political support of the Pakistani people. Eighteen online interviews with Pakistani media practitioners explore their perceptions of wartime media relations involving five main categories: US–Pakistani media relations, Taliban–Pakistani media relations, Taliban/extremist groups’ understanding of Pakistani news routines, US officials’ understanding of Pakistani news routines, and social media/internet as sources of information for Pakistani journalists. The study’s key findings are discussed in the context of wartime media relations and mediated public diplomacy.
Effect of RGPP process on properties of Cr–Si–N coatings
Authors: Zairi A. , Nouveau C. , Larbi A. B. C. , Iost A. , Martin N. , Besnard A.
Published: June 2014

CrSiN films were deposited by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering in an Ar+N2 gas mixture. The nitrogen gas was injected in the deposition chamber using two methods: the classical constant injection and pulsed injection, the latter known as the reactive gas pulsing process (RGPP). Argon gas was continuously injected, whereas nitrogen gas was pulsed during the deposition. The RGPP was used to adjust the chemical composition and, consequently, allowed the improvement of the coating characteristics. The effect of process parameters such as silicon content and gas pulsing conditions (especially duty cycle α) on the crystallographic structure, chemical composition and morphology of the CrSiN layers is reported. It was found that the surface morphology evolves from a pyramid-like feature for 100% duty cycle to a typical cauliflower-like aspect, when duty cycle decreases to 84%. For shorter duty cycles, the growth produced a denser coating, with round and finer clusters.
An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor exhibiting immunoreactivity to KIT: a case report focusing on a diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Kataoka Tatsuki R , Yamashita Nobuhiro , Furuhata Ayako , Hirata Masahiro , Ishida Takaki , Nakamura Ichiro , Hirota Seiichi , Haga Hironori , Katsuyama Eiji
Published: June 2014

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are both spindle cell tumors, and occur rarely in the wall of the urinary bladder. In general, immunostaining allows differentiation of IMTs and GISTs. Most IMTs are positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and negative for KIT, whereas most GISTs are ALK-negative and KIT-positive. Here, we describe a case of a spindle cell tumor in the wall of the urinary bladder. The spindle cells were positive for both ALK and KIT, and it was thus difficult to determine whether the tumor was an IMT or a GIST. We eventually diagnosed an IMT, because ALK gene rearrangement was confirmed by fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Cytoplasmic staining for KIT and the absence of other GIST markers, including DOG1 and platelet-derived growth factor α, indicated that the tumor was not a GIST. Therefore, IMTs should be included in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumors, even those that are KIT-positive.
Decreased Pain Threshold and Enhanced Synaptic Transmission in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Experimental Hypothyroidism Mice
Authors: Yi Jun , Zheng Jian-Yong , Zhang Wei , Wang Shan , Yang Zhi-Fu , Dou Ke-Feng
Published: June 2014

Background:

Thyroid hormones are essential for the maturation and functions of the central nervous system. Pain sensitivity is related to the thyroid status. However, information on how thyroid hormones affect pain processing and synaptic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is limited. Nociceptive threshold and synaptic transmission in the ACC were detected in the experimental hypothyroidism (HT) mice.

Results:

HT was induced by methimazole and potassium perchlorate in distilled drinking water for 4 weeks. The threshold of pain perception to hot insults, but not mechanical ones, decreased in hypothyroid mice. After treatment with tri-iodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) for 2 weeks, thermal pain threshold recovered. Electrophysiological recordings revealed enhanced glutamatergic synaptic transmission and reduced GABAergic synaptic transmission in the ACC. Supplementation with T3 or T4 significantly rescued this synaptic transmission imbalance. In the same model, HT caused the up-regulation of the ***GluR1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor and NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but it down-regulated γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors in the ACC. Supplementation with T3 or T4 notably recovered the levels of above proteins.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that HT promotes hypersensitivity to noxious thermal, and that supplementation with T3 or T4 rescues the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the ACC.
In the Tower: Kerry James Marshall
Authors: Erickson Peter
Published: June 2014

The large scale of the paintings and the intensity of the blue ocean color of Voyager, Baptist, and Plunge, as well as of Gulf Stream, form the central visual core of this exhibition, with its varied, repeated, powerful evocations of the Middle Passage. In a dark, smaller, adjacent gallery, Portrait of Nat Turner with the Head of His Master provides a counterpoint with its muted palette and the enclosed space of the master’s bedroom. The viewer is caught in the rough cross-current between the two galleries; the logic of their connection is compelling and the emotional tension palpable. Marshall has brought the nation’s difficult historical legacy inside the nation’s museum.
Procentriole assembly without centriole disengagement: a paradox of male gametogenesis
Authors: Gottardo Marco , Callaini Giuliano , Riparbelli Maria Giovanna
Published: June 2014

Disengagement of parent centrioles represents the licensing process to restrict centriole duplication exactly once during the cell cycle. However, we provide compelling evidence that this general rule is override in insect gametogenesis where distinct procentrioles are generated during prophase of the first meiosis when parent centrioles are still engaged. Moreover, the procentriole number increases during the following meiotic divisions and up to four procentrioles were found at the base of each mother centriole. However, procentrioles fail to organize a complete set of A-tubules, so being unable to work as template for centriole formation. Such a system, in which procentrioles form but halt growth, represents a unique model to analyze the process of cartwheel assembly and procentriole formation.
The Return of “Patrimonial Capitalism”: A Review of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Milanovic Branko
Published: June 2014

Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty provides a unified theory of the functioning of the capitalist economy by linking theories of economic growth and functional and personal income distributions. It argues, based on the long-run historical data series, that the forces of economic divergence (including rising income inequality) tend to dominate in capitalism. It regards the twentieth century as an exception to this rule and proposes policies that would make capitalism sustainable in the twenty-first century. (JEL D31, D33, E25, N10, N30, P16)
Chemoplastic Modelling for Concrete at High Temperature
Authors: Hammoud Rabah , Boukhili Rachid , Yahia Ammar
Published: June 2014

A numerical model to simulate the impact of high temperature on the behavior of conventional concrete under chemoplastic framework is developed and validated. The model is based on new formulation of a constitutive law with new chemoplastic potential. By overlaying the chemoplastic potential on the modified Etse and Willam yielding surface, both defined on the Haigh-Westergaard coordinates, it was found that the two curves do not undergo similar stress state at the same strength parameter. For an adequate evaluation of normal vectors, each surface is forced to pass through the current stress state. Keeping the loading surface unchanged, the calculation of the plastic potential need to be modified. The proposed constitutive model is validated by comparing predicted and experimental data. The model is shown to be accurate to predict different stress states of concrete under different temperature levels.
The Generation of Seaquakes and its Impact on Floating Bodies
Authors: Uenishi Koji , Sakurai Shunsuke
Published: June 2014

A seaquake is a strong vertical shock experienced on board a floating body at sea (e.g. ship) during a seismic event, but its generation mechanism and effects on structures have not been fully understood yet. Here, in order to better comprehend the physical process associated with seaquakes, dynamic wave propagation in a seabed-seawater system is studied. From the linear elastodynamic and nonlinear hydrodynamic wave equations, the time-dependent displacements or velocities in the system are quantitatively evaluated. It is analytically shown, for instance, that in a one-dimensional framework, wave interaction may generate resonance of the solid-liquid system or a nonlinear wave of velocity discontinuity (vertical shock) may propagate in liquid. Earlier hydrodynamic analyses of motion responses of a floating body to a seaquake usually assume a potential flow, but such an assumption may not be able to offer a physically more precise description of the generation of seaquakes and their impact on structures.
Ecological implications of reduced pollen deposition in alpine plants: a case study using a dominant cushion plant species
Authors: Reid Anya , Hooper Robyn , Molenda Olivia , Lortie Christopher J.
Published: June 2014

The reproductive assurance hypothesis states that self-incompatible female plants must produce twice the number of seeds relative to their self-compatible hermaphroditic counterparts to persist in gynodioecious populations. This is a viable life-history strategy, provided that pollination rates are sufficiently high. However, reduced pollination rates in alpine plants are likely due to climate induced plant-pollinator mismatches and general declines in pollinators. Using a gynodioecious population of the dominant plant Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae), we tested the reproductive assurance hypothesis and also the stress gradient hypothesis with a series of pollinator exclusion trials and extensive measurements of subsequent reproductive output (gender ratio, plant size, percent fruit-set, fruit weight, seeds per fruit, total seeds, seed weight, and seed germination). The reproductive assurance hypothesis was supported with female plants being more sensitive to and less likely to be viable under reductions in pollination rates. These findings are the first to show that the stress gradient hypothesis is also supported under a gradient of pollen supply instead of environmental limitations. Beneficiary abundance was negatively correlated to percent fruit-set under current pollen supply, but became positive under reduced pollen supply suggesting that there are important plant-plant-pollinator interactions related to reproduction in these alpine plant species.
Distribuição Espacial da Macrofauna e Sua Interação Com o Sedimento no Parque Aquícola da Enseada da Armação do Itapocoroy/SC
Authors: Martins Mariana de Oliveira , De Almeida Tito Cesar Marques
Published: June 2014

The distribution of the benthic macrofauna of Itapocoroy Bay and the factors that influence it were analyzed within 50 sampling stations determined in a grid, covering the whole extent of the Bay. Two temporal sampling were done – one in July 2010 and the other in February 2011. Numeric describers of the community were associated with sediment characteristics, depth, salinity and temperature according to multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 4338 organisms were collected whereby 97 species were identified and classified in Polychaeta, Crustacea and Mollusca. Four faunal assemblages were found, and their spatial distribution was mainly related to depth and sediment characteristics. The first assemblage was the deepest and showed higher concentration of fine sediments, dominated by Kinbergonuphis sp.; the second assemblage - located under the mussel farm - showed high heterogeneity of sediments and was dominated by Ampelisca spp.; the third assemblage, shallower and with pebble concentration, was dominated by species of the Syllidae family; and the fourth assemblage was characterized by well sorted sediment with high percentage of sand, dominated by Prionospio sp. 1. Although the Bay is a sheltered site, the distribution of sediments showed that high energetic hydrodynamics processes operate inside it, which is able to avoid the formation of biodeposits. Nevertheless, the constant supply of organic matter and shell fragments accumulation from mussel farms are a source of stress, increasing the abundance and diversity values near the mussel farms.
The Impact of the Implementation of The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) on Aeronautical Navigation in the United States
Authors: Bolton Ronald M.
Published: June 2014

On October 15, 1992, the horizontal geodetic reference system used for all aeronautical charts and chart-related products published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Ocean Service (NOS) changed from the North American Datum of 1927 (NAO 27) to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAO 83). The Global Positioning System (GPS) now allows satellites to define much more accurately geographic locations in terms of latitude and longitude, utilizing an earth centered reference system; the NAO 83 is based on this new technology. As a result, the latitude and longitude of almost all points in the National Airspace System (NAS) were revised. The greatest coordinate s hifts were in Hawaii and Alaska where latitude moved by as much as 1200 feet and longitude by up to 950 feet. In the conterminous U.S., the largest changes were approximately 165 feet in latitude and 345 feet in longitude. The impact to aeronautical navigation in the C.S. of the datum shift from NAO 27 to NAO 83 was not limited to aeronautical charts and related publications. All Flight Management Systems (FMSs) and Air Traffic Control Systems (ATCs) had to be modified to accept and utilize the NAO 83 coordinates. The impact of the implementation of NAO 83 on aeronautical navigation in the United States was s gnificant.
Proactive Graphics for Exploratory Visualization of Biogeographical Data
Authors: Buttenfield Barbara P. , Weber Christopher R.
Published: June 2014

Developments in software functionality afford new opportunities for cartographic visualization that improve capabilities for data exploration. By using proactive tools such as animation and hypermedia, users may browse database contents to view the organization of the data as well as the organization of the database. When visual tools are proactive, users initiate queries and steer data presentation in a manner consistent with the associative power of the human intellect. This paper argues for increased emphasis on proactivity in designing cartographic displays. A hypermedia implementation is presented for a biogeographical database. Software functions include animation and hypermedia for browsing data at multiple scales and times. Issues of graphical design and hypermedia navigation are emphasized.
Using High-Resolution Digital Scans in Multimedia Cartographic Applications
Authors: Tilton David W.
Published: June 2014

Since June of 1993, the Geography Department at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee has been engaged in a research project to develop the Archive of Native American Maps on CD-ROM. A major component of this project involves the creation of high-resolution scans of the maps in the archive. This paper discusses several issues encountered in the acquisition, manipulation and display of these scanned images. The issues include scanning resolution, file compression, palette shifts, and image tiling.
The Potential of Electronic Atlases for Geographic Education
Authors: Dymon Ute J.
Published: June 2014

Available computer technology requires a rethinking of the use of cartographic aids for geographic education. Electronic atlases have the potential to provide a new, exciting medium to promote geographic instruction. They can provide an active, integrative tool to teach geographic concepts and allow processes of higher learning to take place in an innovative, dynamic format. While students are exposed to geographic concepts through electronic atlas use, they also acquire computer skills which will be essential in the twenty-first century.
A Personalized National Atlas of the United States
Authors: Morrison Joel
Published: June 2014

The U.S. Geological Survey published the National Atlas of the United States of America in 1971. Since then times have changed, and the technological revolution in cartography today makes it mandatory to take a close look at the concept of a national atlas. This paper focuses on two concepts related to national atlases: the popular conception of a national atlas and the notion that a comprehensive national atlas would contain information on the United States that most commercial atlases would not include. Ideas are presented that describe what a future, comprehensive, digitally produced national atlas for the United States (CD-NAUS) might look like.
The Benefits of Verbal and Spatial Tasks in Contour Map Learning
Authors: Lanca Margaret , Kirby John R.
Published: June 2014

It has been proposed that the ability to read a map stems from both verbal-analytic and spatial-holistic processes. It has, in tum, been argued that these processes are affected by both spatial ability and gender. This essay presents the results of a study exploring these relationships. Subjects studied a contour map in one of four conditions: a verbal learning group, a spatial learning group, a combined spatial and verbal learning group, and a study-only control group. Contrary to previous reference map learning studies, this study found that the verbal task had no effect upon memory for two-dimensional map information. As predicted, the spatial task did increase memory for three-dimensional map information. In terms of spatial learning instructions, males performed significantly better than females for three-dimensional map information, and females' two-dimensional map memory was better in the non-spatial task groups than in the spatial task groups. There was no effect of spatial ability for map memory. These results suggest limits for the benefit of a verbal learning task in contour map learning.
Cartography and the Internet: Introduction and Research Agenda
Authors: Peterson Michael P.
Published: June 2014

The Internet is helping to redefine how maps are used. Maps are now delivered to the user in a fraction of the time required to distribute maps on paper allowing them to be viewed in a more timely fashion. Weather maps, for example, are posted on an hourly basis. Most importantly, maps on the Internet are more interactive. They are accessed through a hyperlinking structure that makes it possible to engage the map user on a higher-level than is possible with a map on paper. Finally, the Internet is ma.king the distribution of cartographic animations possible. The Internet presents cartographers with a faster method of map distribution, different forms of mapping, and new areas of research.
Uses, Users, and Use Environments of Television Maps
Authors: Carter James R.
Published: June 2014

Weather maps have been part of our television environment for more than half a century and, as such, have become part of our culture. Weather maps are seen in a unique environment where users know when and where to tune in to see maps that they have become comfortable viewing. It is argued that these weather maps are good examples of animated cartography and complementarity in cartography. Weather programming on U.S. television is grouped into four types: local, national, all-news, and all-weather. Although it can be argued that more people see weather maps on television than any other type of map, these weather presentations are designed and produced by a community which includes few if any cartographers. The weather maps are used in many different ways, including a general education of the public and entertainment comparable to watching a sporting event. A typology of weather map users is developed based on what users want to get from the maps.
About the Quality of Maps
Authors: Gartner Georg
Published: June 2014

Periodically throughout history, advances in technology have affected cartography. Some current forces for change in cartography are interactivity, multimedia, computer-animation and the Internet. Cartographers complain of a missing quality in the maps associated with this new technology. This paper examines the meaning of quality in cartography. It is argued that only when terms such as quality are understood in a larger, external context can the goal of map-making- making better maps - be pursued. This includes esthetical and cognitive aspects as well as aspects of communication, GIS and geographic visualization.
Water Quality Mapping for Water Management
Authors: Caquard Sébastien
Published: June 2014

This paper explores how maps can support water quality management as part of a common project between a water management organization (Service Départementale de L’eau du Conseil Général de Haute-Loire - France) and a research laboratory (Centre de Recherche sur l’Environnement et l’Aménagement - Université de Saint-Etienne - France). Visualization tools are proposed to bring together the different stakeholders in the negotiation process for water management. Two fundamental questions are examined here: (1) how do we communicate the different water quality information to the various stakeholders to improve their awareness of the environment; and (2) how could we evaluate the effectiveness of a cartographic visualization system in the process of negotiation between different stakeholders. Alternative methods are proposed here to present and evaluate water quality information in the form of maps.
Use and Users of Maps on the Web
Authors: Van Elzakker Corné P.J.M.
Published: June 2014

Accessibility and actuality are presented here as the real benefits of the WWW medium for the dissemination of geospatial information through maps. In addition, the Web allows different modes of using web maps that address different map use goals. An argument is made that a great deal of web map use research will be required to develop more effective cartographic tools to better serve the needs of the users. Part of this research will have to be directed towards the characteristics of the web map users and the nature of their questions. Currently, we are witnessing a significant diversification of the user profile combined with an exponential growth of the total number of Internet users worldwide. The global distribution of the Internet is still very uneven, but there are now signs that the geographical anomalies will be somewhat reduced in the years to come. There are a number of other problems and limitations with which users are confronted in their use of maps on the web. However, the Web already is the major medium for the dissemination of maps and it has a great potential for further growth. But, this growth will have to be accompanied by cartographic research.
Visualizing Change: Using Cartographic Animation to Explore Remotely-Sensed Data
Authors: Harrower Mark
Published: June 2014

This research describes a geovisualization tool that is designed to facilitate exploration of satellite time-series data. Current change-detection techniques are insufficient for the task of representing the complex behaviors and motions of geographic processes because they emphasize the outcomes of change rather than depict the process of change itself. Cartographic animation of satellite data is proposed as a means of visually summarizing the complex behaviors of geographic entities. Animation provides a means for better understanding the complexity of geographic change because it can represent both the state of a geographic system at a given time (i.e. its space-time structure) and the behavior of that system over time (i.e. trends). However, a simple animation of satellite time-series data is often insufficient for this task because it overwhelms the viewer with irrelevant detail or presents data at an inappropriate temporal and spatial resolution. To solve this problem, dynamic temporal and spatial aggregation tools are implemented with the geovisualization system to allow analysts to change the resolution of their data on the fly. These tools provide (1) a means of detecting structures or trends that may be exhibited only at certain scales and (2) a method for smoothing or filtering unwanted noise from the satellite data. This research is grounded in a delineation of the nature of change, and proposes a framework of four kinds of geographic change: location, size/extent, attribute and existence. Each of these kinds of change may be continuous (a process) or discrete (an event).
Marianne Moore’s “Sea Unicorns and Land Unicorns”: The “Unreal realities” of Early Modern Maps and Animals
Authors: Haft Adele J.
Published: June 2014

This paper is about a poet and two cartographers. The poet is Marianne Moore, one of the most lauded and loved American poets of the twentieth century. In 1924 she published “Sea Unicorns and Land Unicorns,” a poem examining four exotic beasts—narwhals, unicorns, sea lions, lions—and their celebrated, if unreal, relationships to one another. While describing sea unicorns early in the poem, Moore specifies “the cartographers of 1539.” The date can only allude to the Carta Marina of the Swedish mapmaker and historian Olaus Magnus, whose famous 1539 “marine map” features a profusion of Scandinavian land and sea creatures. Moore’s “cartographers of 1539” compels us, in turn, to consider other mapmakers who crowded their maps with animals. The plural phrase also balances and anticipates her comparison, near the end of the poem, of the unicorn and “an equine monster of an old celestial map.” Though vague, the simile may suggest the winged figure of Pegasus on a celestial chart by Peter Apian. This popular German cartographer and astronomer originally designed his chart in 1536, then reproduced it—a year after the Carta Marina—in his exquisite Astronomicum Caesareum (1540). In the end, Moore’s portrayal of animals in “Sea Unicorns and Land Unicorns” captures the spirit that animated mapping, art, and science during the sixteenth-century Age of Exploration.
Encroachment by Word, Axis, and Tree: Mapping Techniques from the Colonization of New England
Authors: Pearce Margaret W.
Published: June 2014

It is well established that mapping has been an important tool for the colonization of North America. Techniques such as removal of toponymy, alteration of a boundary line location, and use of a map grid, were all successfully used for advancing colonial interests in the printed regional and national maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This article compares these known techniques to those that were used in local, town level mapping in Connecticut during the same period. Whereas toponymic removal and replacement are found to remain central to cartographic encroachment at the local level, English colonists also successfully encroached on unpurchased Native lands through other uses of toponyms, as well as new devices such as the axis, tree-marking, and appropriation of Native mapping style. Native people actively contested these encroachments at the town and colony levels; these resistances successfully slowed but did not stop the mappings’ effects. The final effectiveness of each encroachment technique is found to depend on its ability to maintain a vague definition of territory and boundaries within an aura of precision and legality.
Unusual Displays of DEMs
Authors: Eyton J. Ronald
Published: June 2014

Three procedures for producing new ways to visualize landforms as maps or images derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are given. One procedure is used to create a highly detailed circular gray scale image from an azimuthal distribution. A second procedure utilizes the principles associated with x-ray tomography for the construction of a volumetric map from DEM cross-sectional ‘slices’. The conversion of a DEM to a Digital Distance Model (DDM) comprises the third procedure, to provide ‘side-looking’ views of the DEM in a variety of map formats including stereograms. DEMs generated from Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data were used to produce illustrations utilizing the three procedures.
Miscommunicating With Isoline Preference Maps: Design Principles for Thematic Maps
Authors: Montello Daniel R. , Gray M. Violet
Published: June 2014

Gould and White (1968) introduced the measurement and isoline mapping of regional preferences, producing preference or “isoeutope” maps. As cartographers know, the decision to employ isoline mapping as a cartographic display technique is valid insofar as certain assumptions are met, notably the assumption that the variable being mapped reflects an underlying continuum. This assumption is doubtful in the case of a variable such as regional preference insofar as it is based on rankings or ratings of existing regional units such as states for which human cognition is not continuous. The implications of mapping preference with isolines are discussed, particularly with respect to the attitudes the maps reflect and the cognitive responses they elicit in viewers. We argue that isoline mapping of data such as state preferences produces misleading impressions of intraregional variation and is neither necessary nor desirable. Alternative methods for the collection and cartographic display of regional preference data are discussed. Notably, we propose the use of “psuedo-Chernoff” faces as an appropriate technique.
From Drawer to Digital: A Statewide Collaboration for Building Digital Historic Map Collections
Authors: Michel Peter , Newman Linda , Rankin Katherine , Toy-Smith Vicki , Willis Glee
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, when you tell someone you recently visited a map library, it’s hard for them to discern whether you mean virtually or in person. The two comprehensive public universities in Nevada are building complementary digital collections of historic maps of interest to the region to enable virtual map library visits. This article briefly describes the two university library map collections, discusses the criteria that were used to select maps to be digitized, provides insight into some of the scanning issues and how they were resolved, discusses technical considerations in using CONTENTdm®, and talks about metadata issues in the collaborative effort. The conclusion provides insight into what has been learned and why the project is important as a foundation for the future.
Art-Machines, Body-Ovens and Map-Recipes: Entries for a Psychogeographic Dictionary
Authors: Kanarinka Featured Article
Published: June 2014

A map is more than a picture, but what are artists doing about it? “Mapping” has exploded as an artistic practice. Artists are making geographic maps, psychogeographic maps, sound maps, demographic maps, data-driven maps, and emotional maps. Artists are performing maps—enacting and documenting location like never before. With the advent of new media art, GIS and mobile technologies, the concern with data collection and mapping through locative media is pursued with both romance and criticality. This article presents a dictionary of terms and projects that demonstrate the variety and complexity of these map-art practices. These projects utilize the map in a political and social dimension to produce new configurations of space, subjectivity and power. Their methodology is based on an ethics of experimentation; the map is a tool to experiment with a particular territory in specific ways in order to reach unforeseen destinations.
“False Truths”: Ethics and Mapping as a Profession
Authors: Koch Tom
Published: June 2014

Think about this: You and your partner are the owners and operators of a struggling cartographic firm, Map-Off, Ltd. You are offered a lucrative contract, with more to come if they like your work, to make a map based on publicly available data (http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss). The client asks you to map healthy smokers over 70 years of age in the United States. You are free to find and use statistics (a barchart, for example), graphic images (of tobacco, of smokers, etc.) and anything else that will make your map the best statement possible. Your perspective client is the American Association of Tobacconists (AAT). Knowing that tobacco is a carcinogen responsible for the deaths of some but not all users, and some non-users affected by second-hand smoke, do you take the contract? Do you make the map?
Mountain Ski Maps of North America: Preliminary Survey and Analysis of Style
Authors: Tait Alex
Published: June 2014

This article examines mountain ski resort trail maps in North America in 2008. It looks at the styles of maps used by resorts and at the main artists involved in producing the maps. The survey included maps from 428 resorts with additional analysis of maps from the 100 largest resorts. Point of view and creation method are the primary factors in determining the style of each ski trail map. Artists have employed three main types of views for ski mountains: panoramas, profiles, and planimetric maps. Panoramic views are by far the most common type of map (86% of all maps and all of the maps at the top 100 areas). Profile views are used in 8% of the maps and planimetric views in only 6%. Production methods for ski trail maps fall into three main categories: painting, illustrating, and computer rendering. Maps created with painting techniques are the most widespread, in use at 72% of all resorts and at 89% of the top 100 areas. Those created in a hard-edged vector-based illustration style are in use at 20% of resorts and those created through computer modeling and rendering at 3% of resorts.Many artists have created ski trail maps for resorts in North America but one artist, James Niehues, has produced by far the most maps in current use. His maps are in use at over a quarter of all ski areas and at half of the top resorts. Niehues follows in the footsteps of two other Coloradans, Hal Shelton and then Bill Brown, and this Colorado School has been key in the development of a classic painted panoramic style of North American ski maps. Additional research is recommended to provide further details of the history of the maps and their creators as well as to analyze the artists’ terrain manipulations and to look at the growing use of electronic trail maps.
Terrain Sculptor: Generalizing Terrain Models for Relief Shading
Authors: Leonowicz Anna M. , Jenny Bernhard , Hurni Lorenz
Published: June 2014

Shaded relief derived from high-resolution terrain models often contains distracting terrain details that need to be removed for medium- and small-scale mapping. When standard raster filter operations are applied to digital terrain data, important ridge tops and valley edges are blurred, altering the characteristic shape of these features in the resulting shaded relief. This paper introduces Terrain Sculptor, a software application that prepares generalized terrain models for relief shading. The application uses a generalization methodology based on a succession of raster operations. Curvature coefficients detect and accentuate important relief features. Terrain Sculptor offers a graphical user interface to adjust the algorithm to various scales and terrain resolutions. The freeware application is available at http://www.terraincartography.com/terrainsculptor/.