bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Carboniferous rocks of the Donegal syncline
Authors: George T. Neville , Oswald Desmond Henry
Published: October 2009

The Donegal syncline in north-western Ireland is a shallow faulted downfold preserving a thickness of over 4000 feet of Lower Carboniferous rocks. Only the lower zones of the Viséan stage are represented : they rest upon the underlying metamorphic rocks with strong unconformity.

Along the south-eastern flanks of the fold the sequence is closely comparable in facies with the Ballyshannon Limestone, the Bundoran Shale and the Mullaghmore Sandstone of the Sligo syncline to the south.

Along the northern and north-western flanks of the fold, the Ballyshannon Limestone passes laterally into arenaceous rocks about Lough Eske and Banagher Hill. The overlying shales, though more persistent, carry tongues and lenses of sandstone and conglomerate that thicken northwards until along parts of the northernmost outcrops the whole Viséan succession is almost completely arenaceous.

The western outcrops, between McSwyne's Bay and Slieve League, display thick basal boulder-beds succeeded by sandstones ; these pass upwards into highly fossili-ferous limestones and shales overlain by sandy oolitic limestones, together about 600 feet thick. The rocks display strong overlap westwards, 2000 feet of the lower beds at Bruckless not being represented in the Largymore syncline.

The minerals of the sandstones and the facies changes indicate the proximity of a northern and north-western shoreline. The floor of the sedimentary basin suffered a near-shore downwarp to accommodate the thick deltaic sediments of the northern outcrops.

The Ballyshannon Limestone and the overlying shales carry a fauna of Upper Caninian and probably early Seminulan age.

The tectonic structure has a caledonoid grain and is partly inherited. Simple in essentials, it is complex in detail with several large oblique fractures that are in part tear-faults.
Fissure Metasomatism in Volcanic Rocks Adjacent to the Shap Granite, Westmorland
Authors: Firman Ronald John
Published: October 2009

Localizod alterations in wall-rocks of a pre-granite joint system, and other fissures, in thermally metamorphosed andesites, rhyolites and tuffs have resulted in either epidotization or sericitization.

Epidotization is often associated with the development of Ca-Fe garnets within the fissure and, more rarely, in the wall-rock. Later minerals, such as quartz, calcite, magnetite, haematite and metallic sulphides, occur filling cracks in the garnet in the centro of these garnet-bearing veins. The formation of epidote is attributed to silicification of the wall-rock followed by the introduction of Ca and OH from the granite. Al, Fe, Mg and some Ca migrated toward the fissure, where under higher temperatures in conditions of iron enrichment Ca-Fe garnets formed. Subsequently, movement of the granite mass cause deformation of the country rocks and also opened the garnet-bearing veins to fluids which precipitated to suite of hydrothermal minerals.

Sericitization is associted with the formation of cordierite and is restricted to rocks adjacent to pyrite veins. Al, K, S and OH ions appear to have diffused into the wall-rocks, causing this alteration.
Superimposed folding at Loch Monar, Inverness-Shire and Ross-Shire
Authors: Ramsay John G.
Published: October 2009

A sequence of rock types of over 20,000 feet in thickness has been established. Within this succession, rocks originally regarded as inliers of Lewisian Gneiss appear at four horizons ; the author believes them to be in integral part of the Moine Series.

The major folds were formed during two separate episodes of movement. The first major folds have E.-W. trending, southerly dipping axial planes and plunge at low angles to the west. A second set of major folds with NE.-SW. trending, south-easterly dipping axial planes were superimposed upon the earlier folds,refolding the limbs and axial planes of the first folds and distorting the early fold axes and minor structures. Gently dipping first-fold limbs were refolded into gently southwesterly plunging second folds, and steeply dipping first-fold limbs were refolded into steeply or vertically plunging major second folds. During the second folding there was some regeneration of folding about the first-fold axes. The microfabric of the metamorphic rocks shows cross-girdles of quartz c-axes and of biotite 001-plane poles.
Downward-facing structures of the Highland Border
Authors: Shackleton Robert Millner
Published: October 2009

The structures in the Dalradian rocks near the Highland Border of Scotland consistently face downwards. They are upside-down. In the south-western districts they face downwards to the south-east, between Loch Lomond and Aberfoyle vertically downwards and from Aberfoyle to Stonehaven downwards towards the north-west. The view that the Upper Dalradian Ben Ledi Grits and Leny Grits are equivalent and younger than the Aberfoyle Slates which outcrop between them is tentatively supported. The Aberfoyle anticline implied by this view must face downwards, not upwards as previously claimed. The downward-facing structures are connected with the recumbent folds to the north-west. The Carrick Castle anticline, formerly regarded as the hinge at the front of the Loch Tay inversion, is thought not to exist. That hinge is either located in the Aberfoyle anticline, which would thus mark the southern limit of the Loch Tay inversion, or, if the Aberfoyle anticline does not exist, the hinge lies in the Ben Ledi Grits. On either view the roots of the Highland Border structures lie north of the Loch Tay flat belt.

The steep zone of down turned and overturned nappes near the Highland Border represents a powerful monocline associated with the Highland Boundary fault. It connects the Grampian Highlands with the Midland Valley. The nappes possibly continue beneath the Midland Valley.
Glacial Lakes anf Spillways in the Vicinity of Madeley, North Staffordshire
Authors: Yates Edward Marshall , Moseley Frank
Published: October 2009

Captures by the River Weaver head-streams of the upper Trent drainage have breached the west-facing feature that the North Staffordshire Coalfield presents to the Choshire plain. As the Irish Sea Ice retreated from the coalfield the gaps thus formed were linked in a spillway system through which the melt-waters impounded in lakes against the high ground were discharged into the Trent. The deepening of the channels due to the passage of the melt-water, plus the moraine deposits, has prevented the drainage from recovering completely its former course.
Mircro-organisms and the presence of syngenetic pyrite
Authors: Love Leonard Gregory
Published: October 2009

Certain beds of the Scottish Lower Carboniferous Oil Shale Group contain numerous small granules of pyrite. Isolation and subsequent solution of this pyrite has revealed the presence of a hitherto unknown group of microfossils clearly contained within the pyrite. Two new monotypic genera,
Pyritosphaera
and
Pyritella
, are described and their essential role in the production of hydrogen sulphide is suggested in relationship to the formation of syngonetic pyrite.
Sand volcanoes on slumps in the Carboniferous of County Clare, Ireland
Authors: Gill William Daniel , Kuenen Philip Henry
Published: October 2009

In the Namurian basin of western County Clare, Ireland, investigated by the first author, there is a fine display of slumping, which recurred frequently during the deposition of some 3500 feet of sands, silts and muds. The slumps occur in sheets and in channels with complex sheared margins, and exhibit a wide variety in size and in the degree and style of break-up. On the majority of the slumps are sand volcanoes. Some of these are quite large (up to 50 feet in diameter), but most are from one to three feet in diameter ; the volcanoes often occur in great profusion. They are interpreted as having been formed under water, by extrusion of sediment-laden water from the slumped masses before burial by undisturbed covering sediments. They provide proof that the slumps were " open-cast " and not buried during the movement. They also indicate a permanent cover of water with only slight wind and current action.

Although there is a clear empirical connexion between volcanoes and slumps, field evidence of feeding fissures or pipes is not common. The manner in which the volcanoes were formed is more fully explained on the basis of models produced on experimental slumps by the second author.
The basal Coal Measures of the South Wales Coalfield from Llandybie to Brynmawr.
Authors: Leitch Duncan , Owen Thomas Richard , Jones David Gwyn
Published: October 2009

The basal Coal Measures, from the
Oastrioceras subcrenatum
marine band to the Garw (Cnapiog or Bryn) Coal, have been studied in detail along that part of the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield which lies between Llandybie in the west and the Clydach valley (near Brynmawr) in the east. This sequence falls mainly within the zone of
Anthraconaia lenisulcata
and its thickness ranges from 380 feet in the west to 130 feet in the east.

Along much of the belt a lower arenaceous portion (the so-called " Farewell Rock ") is succeeded by a predominantly argillaceous division which contains a number of marine horizons. These bands can be identified by means of certain distinctive features. Many of them can be traced into the eastern areas and they show that the sequence is there attenuated and more uniformly arenaceous. This eastward thinning occurs even within separate units of the sequence. It can now be shown that the " Farewell Rock " of the western areas is older than sandstones which have been given this name in the north-eastern part of the coalfield.

The basal Coal Measures of the North Crop are correlated in detail with those of other parts of South Wales and the variations in lithology and thickness are discussed. Isopachyte maps show that the present " structural " form of the coalfield was being moulded, through differential subsidence, in Lower Coal Measures times, with the maximum subsidence occurring in the Margam area. It is probable that these basal Coal Measures were never deposited over the Usk and Forest of Dean regions.
Moine-Lewisian relations at Glenelg, Inverness-shire
Authors: Ramsay John G.
Published: October 2009

Metamorphosed psammitic and politic sediments of the Moine Series, together with a complex group of gneisses of Lewisian age, alternate in bands. A study of the relations of the individual members of the Lewisian complex shows that there has been an early phase of migmatization (probably of Scourian age) followed by a period of basic dyke intrusion. Neither of these events is shared by the adjacent Moine rocks.

New evidence indicates that the most extensive area of Moine rocks occurs in a major antiformal core and lies structurally beneath the Lewisian gneisses, whilst the alternating Lewisian and Moine bands represent slices of tectonic origin which came into position before the development of this antiform.

Two sets of major folds have been recognized, and the effects of their interference are discussed. The axial planes of the first folds originally dipped to the east. A second set of major folds with south-easterly dipping axial planes was superimposed across the early folds, distorting the early folds and their associated minor structures. This distortion is a combination of deformation resulting from a simple refolding of the first-fold limbs together with a plastic deformation.
The geological structure of the Wadi el Dirba area of Sinai
Authors: Robson Douglas Arthur
Published: October 2009

The Egyptian province of Sinai can be divided into three geological regions: (1) the northern plain, the isthmus, whose surface outcrops are confined chiefly to strata of Mesozoic age, (2) the mountainous peninsula, formed of a complex of Pre-Cambrian rocks, and (3) the western coastal belt, flanking the Gulf of Suez and largely made up of a series of rocks belonging to the Mesozoic and Tertiary. The rocks of the coastal belt have been involved in the rift-faulting movement which produced the Gulf of Suez trough. The effect of these movements was to break up the whole area into a series of tilted blocks. The rocks of the isthmus dip gently towards the Mediterranean, but this regional dip is broken by a number of fold-axes and associated faults which trend WSW.-EXE. They form the western extension of a similar group in Palestine.

The particular interest in the Wadi el Dirba area lies in the fact that it is there possible to establish the relationship between the isthmus structures and the Rift movements. The field evidence within the area mapped may be summarized as follows:–

1. There are four normal faults belonging to the Rift system. One of them has a dyke associated with it (both dyke and faults can be established in age as Oligocene from evidence outside the area); one fault also appears to show some horizontal movement.

2. Another normal fault, the Dirba fault, running through the area in a direction parallel to the isthmus structures and assumed to be associated with them is displaced by the Rift faults. Movement along the Dirba fault must therefore have ceased before the main Rift faulting began.

Reference is also made to other evidence beyond the area mapped which indicates (1) that the main Rift faulting movement was active during and after Miocene as well as during Oligocene times, and (2) that the isthmus folds may owe their origin predominantly to vertical rather than to horizontal movement.
The structure of the Culm Measures at Meldon, near Okehampton, North Devon
Authors: Dearman William Robert
Published: October 2009

The Culm Measures along the northern margin of the Dartmoor Granite have been divided into two groups. The Lower Culm Measures, from 655 to 770 feet thick, and comprising shales, quartzites, tuffs, cherts and limestones, are overlain without apparent unconformity by a great thickness of Upper Culm shales and grits.

A large overfolded anticlinal strip of Lower Culm Measures separates an outer band (the main outcrop) of Upper Culm Measures to the north from a major syncline of the same beds which lies next to the Dartmoor Granite. The granite contact appears to follow a constant horizon within this syncline.

The tectonic pattern is set by zig-zag folding—with long straight limbs and sharply turned crests and troughs—which is overturned to the south, and which controlled the distribution and subsequent tectonic history of the local Culm Measures. The early flexural slip was continued in reverse and normal faulting along and parallel to the bedding-plane directions; these movements were followed by the intrusion of basic dykes, granite emplacement, jointing and mineralization. Each successive phase followed the deformation pattern initiated by the zig-zag folding.

The structure is complicated by the presence of a faulted inlier of presumed Devonian slates in the core of the Lower Culm Measures anticline.
Observations on tropical weathering: a study of the movement of iron, aluminum and silicon in weathering rocks at Singapore
Authors: Alexander Frances Elizabeth Somerville
Published: October 2009

The precipitation of iron, aluminium and silicon released during the weathering of rocks in a humid equatorial climate is described.

While the composition of the weathering rock determines the composition of the solution from which the precipitates are deposited the type of precipitate is determined largely by the texture of the rock in which it is formed. Pure iron-oxide concretions are found only in weathered igneous rocks and shales, seams of secondary quartz crystals are found in weathering quartzites, and composite seams of crystalline quartz enclosed in iron-oxide layers are found in beds ranging in composition from argillaceous quartzites to sandy shales. It is suggested that this separation of iron and silicon from a composite solution is due to dialysis, the colloidal iron when first deposited on the walls of an intermittently drying crack forming a semi-permeable membrane which allows the crystalloid silica to pass through into the crack. The precipitation of aluminium as gibbsitic concretions is associated with shales, the form of the concretions being controlled by the structure of the weathering rock. Weathering processes are controlled by the density of the surface vegetation, the decomposition of which may account for the low
p
H values found in certain rocks. In other rocks the sulphide content is sufficient to account for the very low
p
H values found in the weathering zone.
Evolution in trilobites
Authors: Stubblefield Cyril James
Published: October 2009

Trilobites with their 300 million years' existence as a class are considered in relation to the subtitle—
the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
—of Darwin's book On the
Origin of Species
(1859). Well-known evidence is recalled concerning minor steps in trilobite evolution. Graphs showing the number of subfamilies surviving each of the geological epochs (series) are used to show the distribution in time of the rises and falls of the class's evolutionary vigour. Major steps in evolution are discussed on the basis of modifications of pre-existing, or the appearance of new, exoskeletal structures in Lower and Middle Cambrian, Tremadoc and Ordovician evolutionary “bursts”. The longest-lived survivors in a super-family are not invariably the most generalized forms. The longest-lived super-family was the last to become extinct but like most of the other trilobite super-families, its origin is cryptogenetic. It is hoped that further exploration will diminish gaps in knowledge of trilobite phylogeny; this knowledge is still as elusive as is any classification acceptable above the category of superfamilies.
The geological structure of the Loch Luichart area, Ross-shire
Authors: Clifford Paul
Published: October 2009

The paper describes three superimposed sets of folds affecting Moine and Lewisian rocks near Loch Luichart. The area lies south-east of the Fannich region, where comparatively open folds were formed and north-east of the Glen Orrin and Monar region, where a sequence of tight folds was produced. The new work suggests how the structures in these two regions may be tentatively linked.

The earliest structure recognized in the Loch Luichart district is the Tarvie syncline. An open antiform produced in a second phase of folding crosses the Tarvie syncline. Two large folds formed in a third phase of folding produced intense deformation of earlier structures. The small structures formed during these episodes have been mapped and are described. The effects of the later movements on preexisting structures and the production of small slides during these late movements are described. Current-bedding is recorded from the Moines near Loch Luichart.
The stratigraphy, structure and metamorphism of the Pre-cambrian rocks of North-West Ankole, Uganda
Authors: Reece Alan
Published: October 2009

Two groups of Pre-Cambrian rocks from North-West Ankole, Uganda, are described. The Igara Group consists of schists, quartzites and granitic rocks, representing a sedimentary sequence which has been metamorphosed and granitized. The group is folded isoclinally about steeply dipping, northerly trending, axial planes. In the south-west a refolding about horizontal, west-north-westerly trending axes is apparent. The Buhwezu Group is a sequence of recrystallized psammitic and pelitic rocks lying unconformably on the Igara Group. Part of the basal formations have been granitized contemporaneously with the Igara Group. The lower psammitic formations of the Buhwezu Group were deposited as deltas by swift-running rivers flowing southwards into a shallow lake. These rocks were then covered by shallow-water pelitic and psammitic sediments. The rocks are folded about horizontal, west-north-westerly trending axes, the intensity of folding increasing from north to south, and from top to bottom. Some north-easterly trending structures are also found. Two periods of orogenesis are deduced. The first folded the Igara Group about northerly trending axes, and was accompanied by low-grade regional meta-morphism. The Buhwezu Group was then deposited. The second orogenesis folded both groups about west-north-westerly trending axes and was accompanied by re-crystallization and metasomatism.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II) – A drug-associated autoimmune disease
Authors: Nowak Götz
Published: October 2009

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disease characterised by isolated persistent thrombocytopenia and normal megakaryopoiesis. This definition also applies to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II), a frequent side effect of heparin treatment. In HIT II, the immunogen is a coagulation active complex of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). By now, diagnostics of HIT II is often material and time consuming. Three groups of patients were investigated for HIT II antibodies (HIT II-AB): 54 hospitalised stroke patients, 87 hospitalised cardiac patients, and 71 patients on chronic haemodialysis, all treated with heparin. Furthermore, 100 healthy volunteers were investigated. For detection of HIT II-AB the innovative whole blood test PADA-HIT (PADA: platelet adhesion assay) was used. PADA-HIT quantifies the interaction of IgG antibodies with FcγIIA receptors by comparing the activation state of platelets in citrated and heparinised whole blood. The occurrence of HIT II-AB in blood was very high with 44 % of stroke patients, 69% of cardiac patients and 38% of haemodialysis patients compared to only 15% of healthy volunteers. This demonstrates a high incidence and a rapid onset of HIT II-AB in patients being acutely treated with heparin. HIT II is one of the most frequent and severe autoimmune diseases bearing a great thrombosis risk. PADA-HIT represents an innovative diagnostic method for detection of autoimmune antibodies of IgG type that are directed against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin-complex. By early and fast diagnostics and appropriate treatment severe complications of HIT II can be prevented.
On the circularity of democratic justice
Authors: Thompson Simon
Published: October 2009

In this article, I argue that justice and democracy stand in a circular relationship: just outcomes emerge from democratic deliberations, but only if such deliberations meet the standards of justice. I develop my argument by engaging in a critical dialogue with Nancy Fraser. Contending that she fails to deal with the danger that unfair deliberative procedures and inadequate norms of justice may reinforce one another, I show what a satisfactory account of democratic justice would look like. Going beyond Fraser’s theory, I maintain that although justice and democracy do form a circular relationship, it is essential to give the former greater weight than the latter. I finesse my account by showing what this differential weighting would entail in practice. The result is an account of democratic justice that is significantly different from and a marked improvement on that of Fraser.
‘Sehnsucht Dorthin’
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: October 2009

In my response I take issue mainly with the conception of ‘political liberalism’, as defended by David Rasmussen, and of ‘civic republicanism’, as championed by Bernard Flynn. In opposition to the interest-based individualism of the former, and the state-centered conception of the latter, I support the perspective of an ethically sustained and pluralistic democracy, where democratic politics means the open-ended striving for the ‘good life’ of all people.
The Evolving Role of Surgery in the Management of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Souweidane Mark M.
Published: October 2009

Surgery is an integral component and typically the first line of therapy for children with central nervous system tumors. The outcome with regard to surgical morbidity and disease control can be greatly influenced by the initial care that these children receive. Conventional aims of neurosurgery including tumor removal, management of hydrocephalus, and diagnostic sampling have been radically modified with innovative technologies such as navigational guidance, functional mapping, endoscopic surgery, second-look surgery, and physiologic imaging. The overall role of the pediatric neurosurgeon in caring for children with nervous system tumors is also expanding to include unconventional responsibilities including disease staging, tissue procurement, and drug delivery. It is thus anticipated that the pediatric neurosurgeon will be increasingly relied upon for oncologic therapeutic strategies and should thus remain abreast of forthcoming information and technologies.
An Overview of CAM
Authors: Kiefer David , Pitluk Jessica , Klunk Kathryn
Published: October 2009

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), more recently known as integrative health or integrative medicine, is a diverse field comprising numerous treatments and practitioners of various levels of training. This review defines several of the main CAM modalities and reviews some of the research relevant to their clinical application. The goal is to provide healthcare providers with a basic understanding of CAM to start the incorporation of proven treatments into their clinical practice as well as guide them to working with CAM providers; ultimately, such knowledge is a fundamental part of a collaborative approach to optimal patient health and wellness.
Formulation, Stability, and Administration of Parenteral Nutrition With New Lipid Emulsions
Authors: Hardy Gil , Puzovic Marko
Published: October 2009

Intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLE) are an important source of energy and essential fatty acids and their incorporation into pediatric and adult parenteral nutrition (PN) regimens has revolutionized nutrition therapy. However, their clinical use has not been without risk, and will continue to remain so because of the intravenous route of administration. Pharmaceutical and microbiological concerns are centered around the methods of compounding all‐in‐one (AIO) admixtures, but these can be largely minimized with today's technologies and advanced understanding of aseptic principles. Modern lipid products, based on olive, coconut, and/or fish oils, have demonstrable formulation and clinical benefits over traditional soybean and safflower IVLE and, when combined in the new multi‐chamber bags, can also offer improvements in stability and safety. This review outlines the rationale for different lipid formulations in PN admixtures, reviews the factors influencing stability and efficacy of lipid‐based AIO regimens and evaluates some technologies for minimizing peroxidation and maximizing stability of AIO admixtures.
Spaces of care in the third sector: understanding the effects of professionalization
Authors: Carey Gemma , Braunack-Mayer Annette , Barraket Jo
Published: October 2009

Increasingly the health and welfare needs of individuals and communities are being met by third sector, or not-for-profit, organizations. Since the 1980s third sector organizations have been subject to significant, sector-wide changes, such as the development of contractual funding and an increasing need to collaborate with governments and other sectors. In particular, the processes of ‘professionalization’ and ‘bureaucratization’ have received significant attention and are now well documented in third sector literature. These processes are often understood to create barriers between organizations and their community groups and neutralize alternative forms of service provision. In this article we provide a case study of an Australian third sector organization undergoing professionalization. The case study draws on ethnographic and qualitative interviews with staff and volunteers at a health-based third sector organization involved in service provision to marginalized community groups. We examine how professionalization alters organizational spaces and dynamics and conclude that professionalized third sector spaces may still be ‘community’ spaces where individuals may give and receive care and services. Moreover, we suggest that these community spaces hold potential for resisting the neutralizing effects of contracting.
The bodies of law
Authors: Bainbridge Jason
Published: October 2009

This article considers the way lawyers are represented in American television legal series. Countering the view that their focus on lawyers' theatrics makes these texts unworthy of study, this article argues that it is this very focus on physicality, and more particularly the performing bodies of these lawyers, that makes these series so interesting and important. They offer us alternative ways of thinking about lawyers' functioning by making visible how heavily lawyers' bodies are implicated in the processes of law. They reveal the ways in which lawyers embody and perform competing notions of truth and they demonstrate how law itself is constructed as spectacle. Given the global popularity of American legal series, it is concluded that they are constructing a new mythology of lawyers and lawyering that transcends cultural specificities, despite the apparent disjunction in the representation of a system of law which does not operate in the country of the consumer.
Visible victims and the politics of suffering in Omagh
Authors: Blaney Aileen
Published: October 2009

This article situates a film based on the struggle of victims of the Omagh bombing in the broader context of a post-conflict society attempting to come to terms with a violent past. The film's circulation in a concrete historical and local context is examined in an effort to appreciate the cultural significance of the film's production at a crucial juncture in the lives of members of the Omagh community.
Mediated class-ifications
Authors: Morley David
Published: October 2009

This article takes, as its point of departure, recent debates about the representation of working-class life, especially the lives of the 'feckless poor', on reality television in the UK. These issues are contextualized by reference to a set of wider-ranging historical debates about: a) the category of class as a mode of social determination (and as an explanatory model); b) the relations of language, class and culture in educational sociology and in community publishing; and, c) in relation to classical Marxism's theorization of both the 'respectable' working class and the lumpen proletariat. The article concludes with a consideration of debates about the representation of the working class in the contemporary British TV drama series Shameless.
‘Urban safety, anti-social behaviour and the night-time economy’
Authors: Crawford Adam , Flint John
Published: October 2009

The contemporary city is a contested space and its governance is the subject of complex global economic forces, local interests and political struggles as well as a response to the changing face of governing alliances in residential and commercial areas, forms of consumption, commercially-generated crime and disorder and cultural expressions of leisure. This article seeks to provide a thematic introduction to the manner in which the regulation of contemporary British cities has been influenced by concerns with tackling anti-social behaviour and promoting civility. It argues that in governing urban safety, the normative governmental agendas that seek to remoralize and cleanse city spaces and promote certain values of appropriate consumer-citizen, often clash with commercially-driven imperatives to (excessive) consumption and the allure of cities, for some, as places of difference that exhibit relaxed normative constraints; most notably in the night-time economy. It argues that the manner in which these forces are played out is conditioned by the interplay between different actors and organizations, as both regulators and regulated, some of whom have assumed new responsibilities in the governance of urban safety. The resultant pressures have produced mixed experiences of the city as a meeting place for loosely connected strangers, as a place of indulgence and as a place of cultural expression.
Family Physician attitudes about prescribing using a drug formulary
Authors: Suggs L Suzanne , Raina Parminder , Gafni Amiram , Grant Susan , Skilton Kevin , Fan Aimei , Szala-Meneok Karen
Published: October 2009

Background

Drug formularies have been created by third party payers to control prescription drug usage and manage costs. Physicians try to provide the best care for their patients. This research examines family physicians' attitudes regarding prescription reimbursement criteria, prescribing and advocacy for patients experiencing reimbursement barriers.

Methods

Focus groups were used to collect qualitative data on family physicians' prescribing decisions related to drug reimbursement guidelines. Forty-eight family physicians from four Ontario cities participated. Ethics approval for this study was received from the Hamilton Health Sciences/Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Board at McMaster University. Four clinical scenarios were used to situate and initiate focus group discussions about prescribing decisions. Open-ended questions were used to probe physicians' experiences and attitudes and responses were audio recorded. NVivo software was used to assist in data analysis.

Results

Most physicians reported that drug reimbursement guidelines complicated their prescribing process and can require lengthy interpretation and advocacy for patients who require medication that is subject to reimbursement restrictions.

Conclusion

Physicians do not generally see their role as being cost-containment monitors and observed that cumbersome reimbursement guidelines influence medication choice beyond the clinical needs of the patient, and produce unequal access to medication. They observed that frustration, discouragement, fatigue, and lack of appreciation can often contribute to family physicians' failure to advocate more for patients. Physicians argue cumbersome reimbursement regulations contribute to lower quality care and misuse of physicians' time increasing overall health care costs by adding unnecessary visits to family physicians, specialists, and emergency rooms.
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study
Authors: Javadi Mohammad Ali , Katibeh Marzieh , Rafati Nasrin , Dehghan Mohammad Hossein , Zayeri Farid , Yaseri Mehdi , Sehat Mojtaba , Ahmadieh Hamid
Published: October 2009

Background

To determine the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among Iranian patients with diabetes.

Methods

Design: population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: patients with diabetes aged 25 to 64 years in Tehran province, Iran. This survey was conducted from April to October 2007. The study sample was derived from the first national survey of risk factors for non-communicable disease. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or more, use of diabetic medications, or a physician's diagnosis of diabetes. All patients known to have diabetes underwent an eye examination by bio-microscope and indirect ophthalmoscope to check for any signs of DR through dilated pupils by + 78 lens. Participants were also interviewed and examined to determine their demographic characteristics, medical conditions and the regularity of their eye visits.

Results

Among 7989 screened patients, 759 (9.5%) had diabetes. Of them, 639 patients (84.2%) underwent eye examination. Five patients (0.7%) with media opacity were excluded. Of 634 examined patients with diabetes, 240 had some degree of diabetic retinopathy, and the overall standardized prevalence of any retinopathy was 37.0% (95% CI: 33.2-40.8), including 27.3% (95% CI: 23.7-30.8) (n = 175) with non-proliferative and 9.6% (95% CI: 7.3-11.9) (n = 65) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinically significant macular edema and vision-threatening retinopathy were detected in 5.8% (95% CI: 4.0-7.7) (n = 38) and 14.0% (95% CI: 11.3-16.7) (n = 95) of patients, respectively. Only 143 patients (22.6%) with diabetes had a history of regular eye examination.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a high prevalence and poor control of DR in Tehran province. This suggests the need for adequate prevention and treatment in patients with diabetes.
Effects of leptin on in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryonic cleavage after ICSI and early developmental expression of leptin (Ob) and leptin receptor (ObR) proteins in the horse
Authors: Lange Consiglio Anna , Dell'Aquila Maria Elena , Fiandanese Nadia , Ambruosi Barbara , Cho Yoon S , Bosi Giampaolo , Arrighi Silvana , Lacalandra Giovanni M , Cremonesi Fausto
Published: October 2009

Background

The identification of the adipocyte-derived obesity gene product, leptin (Ob), and subsequently its association with reproduction in rodents and humans led to speculations that leptin may be involved in the regulation of oocyte and preimplantation embryo development. In mice and pigs, in vitro leptin addition significantly increased meiotic resumption and promoted preimplantation embryo development in a dose-dependent manner. This study was conducted to determine whether leptin supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to horse oocytes could have effects on their developmental capacity after fertilization by IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).

Methods

Compact and expanded-cumulus horse oocytes were matured in medium containing different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of recombinant human leptin and the effects on maturation, fertilization and embryo cleavage were evaluated. Furthermore, early developmental expression of Ob and leptin receptor (Ob-R) was investigated by immunocytochemical staining.

Results

In expanded-cumulus oocytes, the addition of leptin in IVM medium improved maturation (74% vs 44%, for 100 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05) and fertilization after ICSI (56% vs 23% for 10 ng/ml leptin-treated and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05). However, the developmental rate and quality of 8-cell stage embryos derived from leptin-treated oocytes (100 ng/ml) was significantly reduced, in contrast to previous data in other species where leptin increased embryo cleavage. Ob and Ob-R proteins were detected up to the 8-cell stage with cortical and cytoplasmic granule-like distribution pattern in each blastomere.

Conclusion

Leptin plays a cumulus cell-mediated role in the regulation of oocyte maturation in the mare. Species-specific differences may exist in oocyte sensitivity to leptin.
Sparkling Morphological Changes and Spontaneous Movements of Self-assemblies in Water Induced by Chemical Reactions
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Toyota Taro , Takakura Katsuto , Sugawara Tadashi
Published: October 2009

This review covers the drastic morphological changes, including division or birthing dynamics, and even spontaneous movements performed by molecular self-assemblies constructed by reactive amphiphiles with the imine group that connects hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. It turns out that the formation (dehydrocondensation) of such amphiphiles or their cleavage (hydrolysis) into individual moieties occurs depending on the reaction fields, such as in membranes, or at interfaces between water and self-assemblies constructed by the amphiphiles. Moreover these chemical conversions induce outstanding dynamics aforementioned. Hence these findings give a hint to understand hierarchical dynamics occurring in a living system.
Highly Stereoselective C-Silylation and Alkylation of 1-Chlorocyclopropanecarboxylic Ester Using SmI2
Authors: Yoshida Eri , Nagano Takao , Motoyoshiya Jiro , Nishii Yoshinori
Published: October 2009

Highly stereoselective SmI2-promoted substitutions of alkyl 1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylate 1 using TMSCl or alkyl halide proceeded to give trans adduct 2 or 3 in moderate to high yield with excellent trans stereoselectivity (trans-add/cis-add = >99/1) in the presence of HMPA in THF. Silylation occurred on the α-carbon of the ester with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity (C-silylation/O-silylation = >99/1, trans-add/cis-add = >99/1).
Solid-state Transformation of Achiral Crystals to a Chiral Crystal by Guest Release from Host–Guest Inclusion Crystals of Achiral Host Compound
Authors: Saito Hironori , Suzuki Mitsuaki , Miyamae Hiroshi , Hayashi Naoto , Kobayashi Keiji
Published: October 2009

Solid-state transformation of achiral crystals into a chiral crystal was induced by thermal guest release from the host–guest inclusion complexes of 2,5-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as a host component. The chilarity of the resulting guest-free crystals, also obtained by recrystallization from dichloromethane, is attributed to conformational freezing of the achiral molecule into a chiral molecular structure in the solid state.
Primary Photochemical Process of Thiobenzophenone as Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Tanaka Miyuki , Yago Tomoaki , Wakasa Masanobu
Published: October 2009

Self-quenching of the triplet excited state of thiobenzophenone (TBP) was suppressed in a viscous alcoholic solution, an SDS micellar solution and an ionic liquid of TMPA TFSA. In those solutions, the photochemical primary process of TBP could be studied by ns laser flash photolysis. Thiobenzophenone ketyl and phenylsulfanyl radicals were found to be generated from hydrogen abstraction of benzenethiol by TBP. The rate constant for the reaction was observed to be 1.1×107 s−1 mol−1 dm3.
In Situ Observation of Reductive Deposition of Uranium on an Electrode/Electrolyte Interface by Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy
Authors: Nankawa Takuya , Suzuki Yoshinori , Ohnuki Toshihiko
Published: October 2009

We report the first in situ and real-time observation of UV–vis absorption spectra of uranium electrodeposited on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes by slab optical waveguide (SOWG) spectroscopy. An absorption peak around 670 nm was distinguished after a 30-min holding period at −0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy confirmed the presence of uranium(IV) in the uranium electrodeposited on the ITO electrode.
Conformation-dependent Room-temperature Emission Spectra of Single MEH-PPV Chains in Different Polymer Matrices
Authors: Ebihara Yohei , Habuchi Satoshi , Vacha Martin
Published: October 2009

Emission spectra of single molecules of the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV in host matrices of ZEONEX® and polystyrene are reported. Depending on the matrix, the polymer chains attain different conformations, from compact defect cylinders to extended defect coils. The conformations are correlated with photophysical properties, such as emission intensity fluctuations, and with shapes and peaks of emission spectra. The observed bimodal distribution of the spectral peaks is related to distribution in conjugated segment lengths.
Perspectives on Leadership in Organizations Providing Services to People With Disabilities: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Brady Laura Thompson , Fong Lisa , Waninger Kendra N. , Eidelman Steven
Published: October 2009

As leaders from the Baby Boomer generation prepare for retirement over the next decade, emerging leaders must be identified and supported in anticipation of a major organizational transition. Authentic leadership is a construct that informs the development of values-driven leaders who will bring organizations into the future, just as the previous generation of leaders oversaw the movement of services away from state institutions and into networks of community-based service delivery organizations. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine executive and emerging leaders' opinions about the unique leadership values, skills, and challenges in organizations that serve individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Themes of defining, developing, and sustaining leaders emerged from the data and are explored through an authentic leadership framework.
Viral terrorism and terrifying viruses: the homological construction of the war on terror and the avian flu pandemic
Authors: Muntean Nick
Published: October 2009

In the climate of panic following the September 11 attacks, previously little-discussed threats were publicized as potential instruments for terrorist attacks. Anxious discourses in the media surrounding anthrax, smallpox, dirty bombs and suitcase nukes blurred distinctions between
viruses, bacteria and radiation, creating a generalized environment of fear which facilitated and legitimized controversial government initiatives. This essay argues that this environment of fear was advanced and maintained not only through explicit discursive invocations of terrorism, but
also through seemingly unrelated issues, such as a possible bird flu pandemic. By rhetorically constructing bird flu as a threat that is ontologically homologous to that of terrorism, the nature of pandemic disease and the policies and programs designed to counter it have been fundamentally
misconstructed, leaving us in some ways more vulnerable to pandemic disease than before. With the recent international swine flu pandemic revealing just how underprepared we are to deal with serious pandemic threats, it is clear that our social and political conceptual frameworks for conceiving
of pandemic disease must be rethought. We must sunder the present reality of pandemic threats from the beclouding epistemological influence of the 9/11 attacks, and re-learn the differences between terrifying viruses and viral terrorism.
Book Reviews
Authors: Smith Simon , Miriam Kathy , Michailidou Asimina , Price Lada , Steinert Heinz , Breen Marcus
Published: October 2009

The Myth of Digital Democracy, Matthew Hindman (2008) Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 181 pp., ISBN: 978-0-691-13868-8, Paperback, 16.50

Age of Oprah: Cultural Icon for the Neoliberal Era, Janice Peck (2008) Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers,
288 pp., ISBN: 9781594514685, Hardback, $90.00, ISBN: 9781594514692, Paperbac, $26.95, k

Internet-Mediated Participation Beyond the Nation State, Bart Cammaerts (2008) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 266 pp., ISBN: 978-0-7190-7648-0, Hardback, 60

The
Baltic Media World, Richard Brug (ed.), (2005) Riga: Flra Printing House, 198 pp., ISBN: 9984-19-683-6, Paperback

Posters, Propaganda, and Persuasion in Election Campaigns Around the World and Through History, Steven A. Seidman, (2008) New York: Peter Lang Publishing
Group, 327 pp., ISBN 9780820486178, Hardback, $109.95, ISBN 9780820486161, $33.95, Paperback

Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Internet Age, Christian Fuchs, (2008) London and New York: Routledge, 408 pp., ISBN 0415961327, Hardback, $95.00
Making metapictures political: public screenings of the fall of the Berlin Wall
Authors: Manghani Sunil
Published: October 2009

The fall of the Berlin Wall was a global media-event. Yet, little critical attention has been given to the images of this event. Two film comedies,Helden Wie Wir/Heroes Like Us(Sebastian Peterson, 1999) andGoodbye Lenin!(Wolfgang Becker, 2002), are examined, which offer potentially novel visual deliberation over this political, media spectacle. It is argued that the concept of the public sphere is eclipsed by what recent commentators term the public screen, which accepts the conditions of a mediated public arena for contemporary debate and opinion-making. However, drawing insight from a concept of the metapicture, this essay extends the notion of the public screen to that of public screening, with the films under analysis shown to offer layered, loaded narratives that do not simply add to the public screen, but provide a point of concentration whereby a public can screen or filter through multiple aspects of a media event.