bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some results of winter keeping of paddlefish young-of-the-year (Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792)) in ponds of the Forest-Steppe and Polesye of Ukraine
Authors:   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv, Hankevych B. , Tretiak O. ,   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv, Kolos O. ,   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv
Published: December 2020

Purpose. Assessing the results of winter keeping of paddlefish young-of-the-year in ponds of the Forest-steppe and Polesye of Ukraine. Methodology. The study was carried out using 0.05-1.0 ha ponds intended for winter keeping of carps. The stocking density of paddlefish young-of-the-year with an average weight of 94.2-147.2 g in wintering ponds was 4.10-16.63 thousand fish/ha. The study of the physicochemical parameters of the aquatic environment was carried out according to the methods generally accepted in hydrochemistry and fish farming. The main piscicultural-biological parameters during the wintering period of fish were assessed using methods commonly used in ichthyology and fish farming according to the level of survival and body weight loss of paddlefish. Findings. The environmental conditions in the ponds during most of the wintering period of fish met the biological requirements of the studied object of cultivation. The water temperature varied within 0.9-6.50C. The dissolved oxygen content in water did not fall below 3.6-3.8 mgO2/dm3 and was mainly at the level of 3.9-7.9 3.9-7.2 mgO2/dm3. Other hydrochemical parameters were within acceptable values ​​for wintering fish in pond conditions. As a result, the survival rate of paddlefish young-of-the-year during the wintering period was 81.5-89.7%. The body weight loss of fish during the winter keeping was on average in the range of 6.41-8.17%. A conclusion was made on the need to conduct additional studies of physiological and biochemical parameters of paddlefish during the wintering period. Originality. New data were obtained on the peculiarities of wintering of paddlefish seeds in ponds of the Forest-steppe and Polesye of Ukraine. Practical value. The study results are part of the database for the development of improved technologies for sturgeon breeding in Ukraine. Key words: paddlefish, fish seeds, pond aquaculture, fish wintering, environmental conditions, piscicultural parameters.
Weight and linear parameters of juveniles of coregonids (Coregoninae) grown in conditions of recirculated aquaculture systems
Authors:   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv, Кravchenko І. , Кucheruk А. ,   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv, Mruk А. ,   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv
Published: December 2020

Purpose. Determining the growth dynamics of whitefish juveniles in conditions of recirculated aquaculture systems to current needs of industrial aquaculture of Ukraine. Methodology. The work was performed in accordance with generally accepted guidelines used for coregonid rearing in industrial aquaculture. The study was conducted in a specialized farm for whitefish breeding - "Lavaretus" LLC. Findings. Weight and linear growth during the period of cultivation in controlled conditions of whitefish young-of-the-year were characterized by dynamics, which were generally close to that typical for coregonids. The study included four coregonid species with different feeding types. Planktivorous (peled), bentivorous (whitefish), polyphagous species that is able to feed on various food organisms (muksun) and peled/broad whitefish hybrid. Feeding regime: during the transition to the mixed feeding was carried out 48 times a day (14 hours with an interval of 15 and 30 minutes) manually; further, according to an increase in fish weight was reduced to 4 times a day using automatic feeders. The average weight and length of young-of-the-year grown in a recirculating aquaculture system was: - peled – 5.6 ± 0.4, muksun – 10.1 ± 0.6.9, Baltic whitefish – 8.6 ± 1.2 g, peled/broad whitefish hybrid – 7.9 ± 0.2 g. The coefficient of variability of weights were: peled – 40.4%, muksun – 32.2%, Baltic whitefish – 21.1%, peled/broad whitefish hybrid – 41.9%. Originality. New data on piscicultural-biological parameters and dynamics of growth of juveniles of various coregonids or cultivation in conditions of a recirculating aquaculture system were obtained. Practical value. The development of whitefish farming technology in RAS conditions, which, in contrast to salmon cultivation, is only at the initial stage of implementation, so obtained data will be the basis for the development of whitefish culture in Ukraine. Key words: recirculating aquaculture system, young-of-the-year, coregonids, length-weight parameters, rearing.
Fish leukocytes. Thematic bibliography
Authors:   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv, Hrytsynyak Ir. , Shvets T. ,   Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv
Published: December 2020

Purpose. Forming a thematic bibliographic list of publications devoted to studies of leukocytes (white blood cells) of various fish species such as granulocytes, or granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), and agranulocytes or agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Methods. The complete and selective methods were applied in the process of the systematic search. The bibliographic core have been formed with the publications exclusively in Ukrainian and Russian from the fund of scientific library of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS of Ukraine. Results. A thematic list of publications with a total quantity of 78 sources covering a time interval from 1953 to 2017, and including the results of studies of fish leukocyte blood cells, in particular, their functions, patterns of formation, mobilization, utilization, migration, depending on the season, age, physiological condition of fish and other factors has been composed. The literarysources are arranged in alphabetical order by author or title, and described according to DSTU 8302:2015 “Information and documentation. Bibliographic reference. General principles and rules of composition”, with the amendments (code UKND 01.140.40), as well as in accordance with the requirements of APA style — international standard of references. Practical value. The list may be useful for scientists, practitioners, students, whose area of ​​interests covers the questions of hematology, ichthyopathology, immunology, physiology and biochemistry of fish. Key words: leukocytes (leucocytes), eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, fish white blood cells.
Application of deep learning and computer vision frameworks for solving video context prediction problem
Authors:   Institute of Software Systems NAS of Ukraine, Voloshyn D.
Published: December 2020

Authors describe an application for solving video context detection problem. Application architecture use state-of-the-art deap learning TensorFlow framework together with the computer vision library OpenCV in isolated agent environment. The experimental results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of developed product.
The flora of the Batumi landfill (Adjara, Georgia)
Authors:   Institute of Phytopathology and Biodiversity, Shota Rustaveli State University of Batumi, Mikeladze I.Sh. , Sharabidze A.Sh. ,   Department of Biology, Shota Rustaveli State University of Batumi
Published: December 2020

Results of floristic research conducted within the territory of the Batumi landfill (Adjara, Georgia) are presented. The total area of the site is about 20 hectares, of which 10 hectares are active and the remaining part was closed in the beginning of the 21st century. In the closed area, the processes of formation of stabilized plant communities and spontaneous vegetation successions are going on. As a result of the survey, we revealed 244 species of vascular plants belonging to 163 genera of 59 families. Among them, 86 species are considered native and 158 species are alien. Among the listed species, 94 are representatives of the ruderal flora and others are species characteristic for various other habitats.
Synphytoindication evaluation of habitats of plant species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and habitat risk assessment under the impact of climate change
Authors:   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Institue of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources, Budzhak V.V. , Didukh Ya.P. ,   M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: December 2020

Ecological assessment of plant habitats in the territory of the upper basin of the Prut River was carried out using synphytoindication analysis of 2386 vegetation plots. This provided an opportunity to supplement the assessment of habitat conditions for 84 species of vascular plants listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. The conducted phytoindication assessment allowed to update and clarify information on the ranges of ecological amplitude for 55 species from the Red Data Book of Ukraine as well as to calculate indicators values for Crepis jacquinii for the first time. Based on the results of phytoindication assessment made for 49 species, the maximum ecological values (for 37 species) and minimum ecological values (for 38 species) were specified. Complete information on 12 environmental factors was obtained for habitats of 55 species, or 9% of species of vascular plants in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. A degree of possible threat to plant habitats is calculated, i.e. their reduction and loss due to increase in average annual temperature by 1, 2 and 3 °C. With the increase in temperature by 3 °C, the risk of habitat loss can reach 30% and only 3.5% of habitats remain out of danger, which indicates the catastrophic state of the studied habitats. At the same time, rising temperature can significantly affect the edaphic properties of the soil, in particular, the acidity regime; such indirect climate effects can be more significant for ecosystems than the direct ones. The obtained data indicate the risk of loss of species habitats, and subsequent result depends on further realization of species potential. Three options of the realization are possible: reduction and extinction, migration to other areas or landscape elements, and enhancing adaptive capacity of species. Results of ecological assessment of plant species and forecasting possible changes in their habitats based on synphytoindication methodology demonstrated the effectiveness and wide range of use of this methodology.
Ecological and cenological characteristics of Scopolia carniolica (Solanaceae) in Ukraine. II. Phytocenotaxonomy of forests with Scopolia carniolica
Authors:   M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Negrash J.M. , Vorobyov Y.O. ,   Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve
Published: December 2020

The composition of dominant species in syntaxa with S. carniolica is generalized. The phytocoenotic range of the species in Ukraine is defined, which allows to predict its presence in other syntaxa. The analysis shows that among the co-edificators, most of the subdominants of the stands are in the formations Fageta sylvaticae, Fraxineta excelsioris, Querceta roboris, and Q. petraeae. It has been found that the formation Carpineta betuli contains the largest number of semi-edificators that usually do not act as edificators. Thus, S. carniolica occurs in a variety of deciduous forests in the country. The species is rarely observed in Ukraine in the forests of the formation Alneta glutinosae. A syntaxonomic inventory of the localities of S. carniolica will contribute to composition of syntaxa in the next edition of the Green Data Book of Ukraine as well as improve the protection of the species.
Child Life Services
Authors: Romito Barbara , Jewell Jennifer , Jackson Meredith ,   AAP COMMITTEE ON HOSPITAL CARE; ASSOCIATION OF CHILD LIFE PROFESSIONALS, Ernst Kimberly , Hill Vanessa , Hsu Benson , Lam Vinh , Mauro-Small Melissa , Vinocur Charles
Published: December 2020

Child life programs are an important component of pediatric hospital-based care; they address the psychosocial concerns that accompany hospitalization and other health care experiences. Child life specialists focus on the optimal development and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults while promoting coping skills and minimizing the adverse effects of hospitalization, health care encounters, and/or other potentially stressful experiences. In collaboration with the entire health care team and family, child life specialists provide interventions that include therapeutic play, expressive modalities, and psychological preparation to facilitate coping and normalization at times and under circumstances that might otherwise prove overwhelming for the child. Play and developmentally appropriate communication are used to (1) promote optimal development, (2) educate children and families about health conditions, (3) prepare children and partner with families for medical events or procedures, (4) plan and rehearse useful coping and pain-management strategies with patients and families, (5) help children work through feelings about past or impending experiences, and (6) partner with families to establish therapeutic relationships between patients, siblings, and caregivers. Child life specialists collaborate with the entire interdisciplinary team to promote coping and enhance the overall health care experience for patients and families.
Psychotic-like experiences in conduct disorders – a case report
Authors:   Klinika Psychiatrii Dzieci i Młodzieży, Katedra Psychiatrii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Łódź, Polska, Szmajda Rafał , Lewandowska Aleksandra ,   Oddział Psychiatryczny dla Dzieci, Specjalistyczny Psychiatryczny Zespół Opieki Zdrowotnej w Łodzi, Łódź, Polska, Gmitrowicz Agnieszka ,   Klinika Psychiatrii Dzieci i Młodzieży, Katedra Psychiatrii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Łódź, Polska
Published: December 2020

Psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents are an important and, at the same time, interesting issue. Current ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria for mental disorders obviously fail to exhaust the richness of psychopathologies and to fully describe patient’s experiences. Differentiation of psychotic experiences is of particular importance in pediatric psychiatry. A number of phenomena that can be classified as psychotic either occur as a variant of normal or, as reported in studies, have no clinical significance. We describe a case of an adolescent who, with a thoughtless use of criteria, could have been easily diagnosed with schizophrenia; however, a more thorough interview and observation allowed for identification of the phenomenology of psychotic symptoms in the course of conduct disorders. The paper discusses the differential diagnosis, which allowed for the diagnosis of dissociative and conduct disorders in the described patient.
Architectural Space of the City as a Factor of Identity Formation (Exemplified by the City of Volgograd
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Khrapova Viktoriya , Latysheva Maria ,   Volgograd State Technical University
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the architectural space of the hero-city of Volgograd and its role in the formation of urban identity. The methodological basis is the cultural-historical approach, phenomenological and hermeneutic methods. It is concluded that the disparate eclectic architectural environment does not contribute to the creation of regional identity, does not develop ideas about the uniqueness of the place, which negatively affects the formation of the city image and urban identity. At the same time, a conscious approach to the organization of the architectural environment in any of its forms can become the soft power of implicit management, a prerequisite for resource states, a technology for harmonizing and optimizing social space. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the explication of the mechanism of architectural space influence on a person as a biopsychosocial being. The authors distinguish archetypal, symbolic, and conceptual levels of perception, showing that the influence of the archetypal is implicit but necessary. This is the level of perception at the level of sensations, which are the basis of feelings, are the prerequisite for emotions and mental attitudes. This lies at the origins of the identityformation as the involvement of a person in the significant experience of the past, others, relatives. Symbolic and conceptual levels of perception are related to the process of cognition, rational and logical attitudes. In the conditions of modern social dynamics, a competent organization of the architectural landscape, which contributes to the optimization and harmonization of living activities, can become an important factor of integration and a prerequisite for the formation of a positive identity. The authors consider that modern identity can be formed in the course of new practices that remove traditional restrictions around life-affirming values and meanings that underlie the organization of the living environment, taking into account the principles of ecology.
Specificity of the Nature of the Image in the Socio-Cultural Space
Authors:   Saratov State University named by N.G. Chernyshevsky, Kurokhtina Sofya
Published: December 2020

Among the researchers of the visual, visualization is singled out as one of the universal characteristics of modern culture. This trend is due to the growth of visual artefacts that are rapidly filling the socio-cultural space. Many factors contributed to this, and one of the main ones is the development of media communications. The discourse on visuality went beyond the boundaries of Art Studies, which entailed the study of non-artistic visuality – the everyday life of visible things. As a result of visual experience expansion, the processes of production and consumption of visual images have changed, which is reflected in social practices. Terminological difficulties encountered in the field of visual studies speak to the problems of visual studies institutionalization. Nevertheless, we can distinguish two polar theoretical approaches: according to the first approach, the image is understood as a "cultural" representation mediated by various ideological practices. This approach has been influenced by constructivism, which is reflected in the interest in analyzing the role of images in the formation of social and cultural meanings. Also, the representational theory of imagery deals with issues related to the view of the observer and its conditioning by various scopic regimes. This paradigm is considered to be subject to emancipation trends. It asserts the change of the concept of a passive spectator, captured by images, to the concept of a spectator, who actively participates in the creation of visual images. The second approach, which is considered in the article, interprets the image from the phenomenology point of view. The phenomenological approach to visual imagery focuses on the image-presentation concept, which exists autonomously from the observer, in the mode of semantic closure, which means that the visual image has its own content that is difficult for the subject to access. The presented concept excludes reading the image only as a reflection or representation of the socio-cultural field. It is concluded that the image theory is undergoing significant changes, and vision and the viewer are becoming more independent.
Sociocultural Foundations of Embedding Examples of Deviant Behavior in the Process of Regulating Social Interactions of the Youth
Authors:   Institute of Socio-Political Research – Branch of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sorokin Oleg
Published: December 2020

The article analyzes the social and cultural foundations in modern society, which stimulate the embedding of examples of deviant behavior in the process of regulating social interactions in the youth environment. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the main provisions of the structural-functional school (Durkheim, Merton) is presented, the problems of functional integration of cultural elements (Sorokin), the contradictions between culture and social relations (Lapin), the interaction of cultural and social in the process of social development (Ahiezer). Special attention was paid to the correlation of social and cultural tools for regulating individual behavior (Alexander), and the consistency of social and cultural in society (Kravchenko). The author's analysis allowed to determine the main theoretical contradictions of the social mechanism of transformations of social institutions (Zaslavskaya), describe the role of macro-institutions in society (Dimans, Levicheva), and identify the impact of social uncertainty (Chuprov) and social deformations (Kudryavtsev) on society. Conclusions are made about the influence of socio-cultural conditions on the formation of deviant behavior patterns in conditions of uncertainty and the discontinuity of social interactions among young people. Social and cultural grounds determine the nature and direction of regulation of social interactions in society and the predominance of patterns of acceptable, normative or deviating from generally accepted norms of behavior in the mechanism of regulation. The mismatch of cultural and social grounds, as one of the key causes of this phenomenon, is studied from the positions of classical and modern sociological concepts. This discrepancy leads to an increase in illegal practices among young people. The above-mentioned processes of mismatch are accompanied by: dysfunction of macroinstitutions; deformation of the mechanism of normative regulation; reinterpretation of normative patterns in the social reality of young people; giving them a new, deviant meaning. The consequence of these processes is the formation of hybrid forms of regulation of social interactions in the youth environment, when normative patterns coexist with patterns of deviant behavior in the social reality of youth.
Stereotyping of Thinking as a Cultural Knowledge Transmission Factor
Authors:   Saint Luka Lugansk State Medical University, Sidorenko Vladimir
Published: December 2020

Stereotyping of thinking is a direct consequence of the rapidly increasing amount of information transmitted in the system of intra-cultural and intercultural communication. Stereotyping distributes the cognitive load on categorization and systematization of cultural knowledge between subjects of communication, allowing them to save physiologically limited mental resources. Stereotyped information is more adapted for direct use in solving problems facing the individual than unprocessed volumes that require understanding. One of the functions of the stereotype is the role of a socio-cultural filter that passes only the information that is consistent with the already formed system of cognitive schemes of its recipient. From the standpoint of linguistics, the prototype theory is confirmed by the analysis of units expressing the degree of prototypicality. At the same time, stable protoand stereotypes are transformed into archetypes, this fact has both a positive and negative effect – instead of effective communication schemes in modern conditions, archetyped programs come to life. Communication schemes can activate religious and other cultural attitudes instead of the actual ones which initially were supposed to be used for solving the problem. The fundamentalism of simple images considered as cultural schemes activates the potential for rejection of proto- and stereotypes, undermining their legitimacy. In the prototype-stereotype-archetype chain, the communicative potential of information components increases along with the growth in external influence on the subject's cognitive system. At the same time, the stereotyping of cultural knowledge can be used for collective programming of a social group, determining its common vector of development. Moreover, repeatedly tested and retransmitted stereotypes pass into the category of archetypes, forming the collective basis of a cultural community. In addition to that, an increase in the dependence of an individual on the transmitted information, including stereotypical information, leads to a decrease in his creative potential, forming in modern society a consumer attitude not only to the material world but also to cultural knowledge.
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL MODEL OF WEARING OF BRAKE PADS OF FREIGHT CARS
Authors: V. H. Ravliuk  , M. H. Ravliuk  , I. K. Kyrychenko  , N. Y. Lamnauer  , A. K. Melnychuk
Published: December 2020

Purpose. This study aims to use linear models to determine the wear of brake pads of freight cars at the top and bottom for further use in solving similar practical problems. Methodology. As a working technique the known approach for controlling linear wear changes of pad parameters depending on freight cars run on a network of Ukrzaliznytsia JSC with the modernized brake levers in real operating conditions is used. Based on the obtained statistical data in the operating conditions, we the consistently found values of the corresponding regression analysis indicators for pad wear at specific points, which are recommended by regulatory documents when performing maintenance in operational units of car facilities for brake systems of freight cars. Findings. A probabilistic-statistical model of brake pad wear is constructed on the basis of experimental data collected in the respective parks of the sorting station during the operation of freight cars. The function of wear distribution for the top and bottom part of a pad by means of which the decision of practical problems is possible is offered. Also for different parts of the brake pad found its γ-percentage and average residual wear. Originality. For the first time for the brake pads of freight cars with modernized devices, the functional dependence of their wear depending on the run of cars on the network of Ukrzaliznytsia JSC was determined. Based on the received dependence the statistical model of pad wear taking into account possibilities of their use before full resource exhaustion is developed. The function of distribution of run of freight cars taking into account pad wear due to which the wear percent at the set run is also defined. Practical value. The results obtained in the work will be taken into account in the future to solve technical problems related to non-standard wear of pads in the brake systems of bogies and increase the service life of freight cars.
DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF THE BENCH FOR RAILWAY WHEELS COMPLEX TESTS
Authors: S. V. Raksha  , P. H. Anofriiev  , O. S. Kuropiatnyk
Published: December 2020

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine and analyze the technical parameters of the bench for railway wheels complex tests, providing for the combination of fatigue and contact strength tests, their simultaneous performing on same test-bench. Methodology. Determination of the technical parameters of the test-bench was carried out based on comparing the characteristics of fatigue and contact strength tests of railway wheels. Requirements for fatigue tests and related equipment are determined based on an analysis of the current regulations and patent review. A model of the contact strength test-bench with the introduction of necessary changes in terms of ensuring the cyclicity of the working effort application was adopted as the basic model for the development of a complex test-bench. The criterion for the possibility of complex tests, involving the simultaneous testing of railway wheels for fatigue and contact strength, was the dependence of the test-bench roller diameter on the parameters of the tested wheel, the wheelset axle load, which includes the tested wheel and the wheel material endurance limit. Findings. The analysis of the obtained dependence showed that the roller diameter as a function of the load in the contact zone of the “wheel – roller” pair has second order discontinuity in the section where this load changes from the minimum to the maximum value. Analytical dependence is also presented and analyzed in graphical form. The generalization of the results obtained made it possible to conclude that it is impossible to carry out complex tests of railway wheels, which provide for the combination of fatigue strength tests with contact strength tests, subject to their simultaneous holding at the same test-bench. Originality. For the proposed scheme of the bench for complex tests of railway wheels, for the first time, we obtained the dependence linking the parameters of the test wheel, the parameters of the bench, the wheel pair axle load and the wheel material endurance limit. Practical value. The results obtained can be used as a basis for the development of new test-benches for railway wheels.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES IN AEROTANKS WITH PLATES
Authors: Biliaiev M. M. , Lemesh M. V. , Biliaeva V. V. , Mashykhina P. B. , Yakubovska Z. M.
Published: December 2020

Purpose. Efficiency determination of the aeration tank at the stage of design or reconstruction of bioreactors in which biological wastewater treatment is carried out requires the use of special mathematical models and calculation methods. The main purpose of the article is to develop CFD models for evaluating the operation efficiency of aeration tanks. Methodology. A numerical model has been developed for the computer calculation of the biological wastewater treatment process in aerotanks, taking into account hydrodynamics. The model is based on two-level mass conservation equations for the substrate and activated sludge and the velocity potential equation. The process of biological transformation of the substrate is calculated based on the Monod model. For the numerical integration of the mass transfer equations of activated sludge and substrate, the alternating-triangular difference splitting scheme is used. In this case, the basic equations are divided into two equations of a more simplified form. For the numerical integration of the equations for the velocity potential, it is split into two one-dimensional equations. Further, each equation is solved according to explicit scheme. For the numerical integration of equations that describe the process of substrate transformation based on the Monod model, the Euler method is used. Findings. The software implementation of the constructed numerical model has been carried out. The results of a computational experiment on the study of the wastewater treatment process in an aeration tank with plates are presented. This leads to the conclusion that the quality control of wastewater treatment in aeration tanks is possible with the help of plates. Originality. A multivariate CFD model has been developed, which makes it possible to quickly assess the efficiency of the aeration tank. A feature of the model is the ability to evaluate the operation of the aeration tank, taking into account its geometric shape and location of additional plates in the construction. Practical value. The constructed numerical model can be used during calculations in the case of designing aeration tanks, or in determining the efficiency of wastewater treatment under new operating conditions.
DETECTION OF ATTACKS ON A COMPUTER NETWORK BASED ON THE USE OF NEURAL NETWORKS COMPLEX
Authors: Zhukovyts'kyy I. V. , Pakhomova V. M. , Ostapets D. O. , Tsyhanok O. I.
Published: December 2020

Purpose. The article is aimed at the development of a methodology for detecting attacks on a computer network. To achieve this goal the following tasks were solved: to develop a methodology for detecting attacks on a computer network based on an ensemble of neural networks using normalized data from the open KDD Cup 99 database; when performing machine training to identify the optimal parameters of the neural network which will provide a sufficiently high level of reliability of detection of intrusions into the computer network. Methodology. As an architectural solution of the attack detection module, a two-level network system is proposed, based on an ensemble of five neural networks of the multilayer perceptron type. The first neural network to determine the category of attack class (DoS, R2L, U2R, Probe) or the fact that there was no attack; other neural networks – to detect the type of attack, if any (each of these four neural networks corresponds to one class of attack and is able to identify types that belong only to this class). Findings. The created software model was used to study the parameters of the neural network configuration 41–1–132–5, which determines the category of the attack class on the computer network. It is determined that the optimal training speed is 0.001. The ADAM algorithm proved to be the best for optimization. The ReLU function is the most suitable activation function for the hidden layer, and the hyperbolic tangent function – for the output layer activation function. Accuracy in test and validation samples was 92.86 % and 91.03 %, respectively. Originality. The developed software model, which uses the Python 3.5 programming language, the integrated development environment PyCharm 2016.3 and the Tensorflow 1.2 framework, makes it possible to detect all types of attacks of DoS, U2R, R2L, Probe classes. Practical value. Graphical dependencies of accuracy of neural networks at various parameters are received: speed of training; activation function; optimization algorithm. The optimal parameters of neural networks have been determined, which will ensure a sufficiently high level of reliability of intrusion detection into a computer network.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR RATIONAL PARAMETERS DETERMINATION OF THE CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE FOR THE METRO TRAIN
Authors: A. O. Sulym  , P. O. Khozia
Published: December 2020

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine the rational capacity and energy consumption of the onboard capacitive energy storages using a complex approach for estimating the parameters, which is based on the methods of theoretical research. Methodology. The article performs a comparative analysis of existing methodologies and approaches for determination of the onboard capacitive storages parameters for subway trains with recovery systems, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. It is determined that among the existing methodologies it is most reasonable to use a complex approach, the aim of which is to determine the rational capacity and energy consumption according to two parameters of the energy storage system – weight and payback period. A procedure for determining the rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage using theoretical research methods is proposed: theoretical basis of electric traction, mathematical modeling of dynamic motion and energy processes, mathematical statistics, technical-economic and comparative analysis. Findings. According to the results of the complex theoretical researches, the economic expediency of implementation of onboard capacitive energy storages on the subway train is confirmed. The energy storage system with rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage for established operating conditions in the Municipal Enterprise «Kyiv Metro» and selected experimental train of the subway is determined. The amount of saved electricity due to the implementation of the energy storage system with rational parameters is estimated. Originality. The methodology for determining the rational parameters of the onboard capacitive energy storage in terms of replacing the use of experimental research data with theoretical research, the purpose of which is to model the movement of subway trains with recovery systems using software to reduce financial costs, research time and increase their accuracy. The research on determination of quantitative indicators of recovery electricity for the analysis of energy saving reserves was further developed in the subway. Practical value. The results of theoretical research can be the basis for the creation of full-scale samples of subway trains with onboard capacitive energy storages. The researches will create recommendations for the design of innovative energy-saving subway trains with improved technical and economic characteristics that can increase the efficiency of the transportation process in the subway.
RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF LOCOMOTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM ON THE OPERATION ORGANIZATION OF LOCOMOTIVE DEPOT
Authors: B. Y. Bodnar  , О. B. Ochkasov  , Y. B. Bodnar  , D. V. Bobyr  , M. V. Ocheretniuk
Published: December 2020

Purpose. The work is aimed to assess the influence of locomotive service systems on the indicators of their use and operation organization of the locomotive depot. Methodology. To achieve this purpose the calculation of operational indicators of locomotives of series 2TE116 and TE33AS in the conditions of locomotive depot is performed. The simulation model of the locomotive repair shop has been improved. Using the methods of the queuing systems theory, simulation modeling of the locomotive repair shop with service and schedule preventive systems for locomotive service was performed. Findings. The program of locomotives repair at schedule preventive and service systems is calculated. Based on the simulation results of the repair shop operation, we compared the influence of operation and repair on the locomotive depot operation for two different approaches to the organization of locomotives maintenance. The simulation model of the locomotive repair shop allows further comparative analysis of the use of different series of locomotives in the depot. The analysis of the results obtained demonstrates that the proposed approach to modeling the maintenance and repair of a diesel locomotive fleet can be improved by determining the reliability indicators when locomotives arrive for scheduled and unscheduled repairs. Originality. We improved the simulation model of the locomotive repair shop, which allows analyzing the influence of operational factors on the system of locomotive repair, in order to select a rational system of the locomotive fleet maintenance. Practical value. The results obtained make it possible to analyze the influence of the operation and repair indicators of locomotives on the operation of the locomotive depot and to determine the feasibility of using the selected traction rolling stock at a given service area. The results obtained indicate that the use of TE33AS diesel locomotives with a service system should reduce the residence time for all types of maintenance and repairs.
Origin of Words Denoting ‘Salt’ in the Selkup and Ugric Languages
Authors:   Perm State University, Napolskikh Vladimir V.
Published: December 2020

In the Finno-Permian languages, the words denoting ‘salt’ are loans (from an Indo-European language of the Proto-Baltic or Iranian groups), while in the North Samoyedic languages, they are later innovations (a word meaning ‘white’). Their appearance can be associated with the spread of cattle breeding and agriculture among the respective peoples. The situation is similar in the Ugric languages and in Selkup, but the sources of words for ‘salt’ are different there. The Khanty (*sФl-nк) and Northern Mansi (solwкl) words for ‘salt’ were borrowed from the Permian *sЫl ‘salt’, or, more precisely, from its derivatives (compare Udmurt s2lal), between the first half and mid-first millennium AD, which mainly reflects the hunting and fishing lifestyle of the Ob-Ugrians before and during the contact (the word was borrowed to denote salt as a preservative from the Permians who were familiar with agriculture and cattle breeding). In the Mansi dialects except for the Northern dialect and in the Selkup language (in most dialects), apparently, the older word for ‘salt’ was kept (Mans. *CЁkkг ~ Selk. *њяq < *ќяq) going back to the Proto-Ugric times (there is a Hungarian parallel: szik ‘swamp; salt marsh, ground soda outlets’) when the Ugrians were familiar with the producing economy. Its only possible source may be the Yeniseian *VкЭ ‘salt’, which is of a Sino-Caucasian origin, or a word of some Sino-Caucasian language, since one can assume that this term has also penetrated into the languages of the peoples of the Far East. The Hungarian word for ‘salt’ (sв < *VaU) has a relatively late origin and is most likely to have been borrowed by the ancient Hungarians from the Adyghe languages (*ќкʁwк) before the Hungarian land-taking (between the fifth and ninth centuries).
Markers of Ore Deposits in the Toponymy of the Russian North and the Central Urals
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Makarova Anna A. 
Published: December 2020

Interest in geographical names based on names of ores (железо ‘iron’, медь ‘copper’) and their generic designation (руда ‘ore’) is due to the fact that ore deposits are linked to a specific area and at the same time have a high value for the national economy, therefore, it is logical to expect their reflection in toponymy. The research material is a set of geographical names formed from the words железо, медь, руда and their derivatives recorded in the Russian North (Arkhangelsk and Vologda Regions) and in the Urals (Perm and Sverdlovsk Regions) during the work of the Toponymic Expedition of Ural University between the 1960s and 2010s. Taking into account the type of objects denominated, their areal distribution, and accompanying contexts, the author determines the motivation for such names. Additionally, the article examines alternative toponymic markers (ржавец ‘viscous, swampy place, swamp covered with a reddish-brown coating, film (due to ironstone it contains)’, домница ‘blacksmith forge’), which could indicate the mining and production of iron. Moreover, the article examines data from the substrate toponymy of the Russian North with the same meaning (Ровдозеро, cf. Veps. roud ‘iron’; Розмега, cf. Veps. rozḿe ‘rust (on water)’). In the Russian North, железный is used to denote objects that are mostly water bodies — rivers, streams, swamps, and lakes, most of which are located in old iron-producing areas. Some of the names (for example, the metaphorical model Железные Ворота ‘Iron Gate’) are not related to iron ore deposits. Geographical names derived from the words руда, рудный и рудник are “synonymous” to toponyms referring to iron: water bodies also predominate among them, and most explanatory contexts associate them with the extraction of ore or the corresponding colour of water. The areas of toponyms formed from the words железо ‘iron’, ржавец ‘rusty’ and рудный (рудник) ‘mine’ in the Russian North overlap with and correspond to the territory of the main areas of the peasant iron industry. There are significantly fewer toponyms associated with copper mining in the Russian North: perhaps because there were practically no copper deposits. Most of the objects are fields and mows and the context does not allow the author to say which part of their names is associated with copper mining and which has a metaphorical meaning. In the Urals, ore toponymy is significantly less abundant than that of the Russian North: this applies to both железо and медь toponyms, and names derived from the words рудный and рудник. The only toponymic model that is massively represented in the Ural material is names derived from the word ржавец. Ore toponymy in the Russian North is more diverse and widespread than that of the Urals, which is probably due to the fact that the peasant iron industry in the Russian North was more widespread and lasted longer, while the Urals switched to factory production earlier.
Borders and Walls Made of Privileges? Urban Communities and the Rivalry in Drapery in the Surroundings of Ypres during the 14th Century
Authors:   Institute of World History RAS, Mayzlish Anna A.
Published: December 2020

This article deals with several conflicts between Flemish cities in the fourteenth century that concerned export-oriented drapery. The focus is made on the contradictions between one of the powerful Flemish cities, Ypres, and two of the smaller neighbouring towns, the monastic town of Poperinge and Langemark that produced drapery resembling that manufactured in Ypres. The author also draws a comparison with a similar conflict between Saint-Omer and the monastic town of Arques in the county of Artois. The study of these contradictions is mostly based on documental sources and gives an opportunity to find out what measures the cities resorted to in order to protect the well-being of their artisans and drapers. For example, Ypres and Saint-Omer obtained privileges over their neighbouring regions with monopoly rights to produce cloth meant for export; their rivals (Langemark, Poperinge) made attempts to get excluded from such “monopolies”; the cities in question also used legal methods of regulation (arbitrage, appeals to supreme courts) and sometimes employed force to convince smaller towns to observe their “monopoly”, especially during revolts. Additionally, the author defines various forces that took part in the process of balancing the interests of the rival cities and towns: the count, the lords of the towns, urban authorities, supreme courts (the Council of Flanders, the Parliament of Paris), and deans of the craft guilds of the cities. The measures used by the rival towns often brought no durable results, but the search of means to protect their interests in long-time conflicts itself shows the high level of self-organisation reflected in what urban authorities, city craft-guilds, and the urban communities did.
Bashkirs of Samara Transvolga Region: Inclusion into Russian Imperial Space in the 18th–19th Centuries
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Smirnov Yuri N.
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the participation Bashkirs took in the development of Transvolga Region. The lands in Samara Province were the most western ones in Russia where the Bashkir population lived compactly. Historical studies of the region and the population living there between the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries refer to documents of central and local archives, manuscripts of the Russian National Library, etc. Critical analysis of sources and historiography and the application of modern techniques of local and ethnic history allows the author not only to solve research problems, but also look at the past while constructing historical and cultural memory. In the “imperial period”, the problem of correlating the ethnic and local history was complicated by the resettlement of peoples in different territories over considerable distances. The transformation of Volga Region into an internal Samara province of the empire, on the one hand, was due to the mobilisation of part of the estates of Bashkir lands, which occurred both forcibly and voluntarily. On the other hand, the loss by the Bashkirs of mostly remote and underutilised Transvolga estates was compensated for by receiving the status of a military service class, the presence of self-government, and the possibility of modernising the economy, culture, and life. As a result, the territories of the ethnos’s settlement were preserved and expanded, its undoubted numerical growth took place, amounting to more than a tenfold increase over two centuries nationwide. In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 50 thousand Bashkirs lived in Transvolga Region. The author provides a definition of the “imperial people” on the basis of active participation in the genesis of the empire, especially in the process of including “peripheral lands”. The Bashkirs are certainly an “imperial people” and Samara Transvolga Region is one of the “peripheral lands” included in the economic, political, and multicultural space of the Russian Empire, which was important for the further development of the entire multi-ethnic country.