bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental–Numerical Investigation on the Biomimetic Recovery of Natural Tooth Structural Response after Porcelain Veneer Restoration
Authors: Genovese K. , Cosola E. , Lamberti L. , Bux M. V. , Grassi F. R. , Pappalettere C. , Carlaio R. G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  This study analyzes the effect of porcelain veneer restoration on the structural response of a maxillary incisor. Tooth deformation is evaluated, prior to and after restoration, by the synergic use of Phase‐Shifting Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (PS‐ESPI) and 3D finite element (FE) analyses. The intact maxillary incisor and the porcelain veneer restored tooth are subject to flexural load. Displacement fields are measured with Phase‐Shifting Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry. Experimental tests are simulated with 3D FE analyses tuning materials parameters via an optimisation‐based inverse procedure. ESPI measurements indicate that the restoration design under study produced deformations very similar to those of the intact tooth under load. FE results show sharp changes in displacement and stress 1 mm above the cement–enamel junction on the facial side of the restored tooth. Severe stress concentration (about 50% increase with respect to natural tooth) appears at the interface between veneer restoration and intact enamel and dentine tissues. This confirms the hypothesis that veneer restorations can amplify the effect of occlusal loading on the loss of dental hard tissue in the tooth cervical region.
Effects of Shear‐Transverse Coupling and Plasticity in the Formulation of an Elementary Ply Composites Damage Model, Part II: Material Characterisation
Authors: O’Higgins R. M. , McCarthy C. T. , McCarthy M. A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  In this two‐part study, we examine the effects of neglecting plasticity and shear‐transverse coupling in a continuum damage mechanics model for composites. In part I, two models were formulated: one in which plasticity was neglected, and one in which both plasticity and shear‐transverse damage coupling were neglected, and the predictive capabilities for both models were examined. In this second part of the paper, the procedure and results of the experimental test series carried out to determine input parameters for the above two models are presented. Two materials were tested: one a carbon fibre‐reinforced plastic, the other an S2‐glass fibre‐reinforced plastic. Both material systems are currently used in the aerospace industry so the experimental results should be of interest to that community. Both materials exhibited non‐linear intralaminar shear behaviour, whereas the S2‐glass fibre‐reinforced plastic also exhibited a significantly non‐linear transverse response. Tests on ±45º and 10º off‐axis coupons indicated that a reasonable estimate of shear strength could be obtained from the ±45º test specimens. Some further insight is provided into the model predictions that were presented in part I.
In Situ Evaluation of Tensile Properties of Heat‐Affected Zones from Welded Steel Pipes
Authors: Castelluccio G. M. , Yawny A. A. , Perez Ipiña J. E. , Ernst H. A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Currently, measuring the local tensile strength in inhomogeneous materials is not standardised, nor accepted techniques are available despite such technique would be beneficial in a variety of technological applications. Thus, this work introduces an innovative method for assessing stress–strain properties at a sub‐millimeter scale and illustrates the potential of the technique by evaluating the strength of a sub‐region in the HAZ from welded steels pipes. The method employs a fully instrumented stage inside a scanning electron microscope that stretches small tensile specimens (2.0 mm × 0.5 mm cross‐section, 12.5 mm gage length) while registering detailed images of the deformed region. The specimens, cut from full‐scale welds, include in their gage length weld metal, base metal and HAZ and have an 85 μm period grid of evaporated lead on their surface to visualise the deformation. Upon straining, local strain is determined by correlating sequential images of the specimen surface with an open source code for particle image velocimetry. The calculated local strain within the HAZ and the load values recorded during testing are converted into a local stress–strain response. The results for two different heat inputs agree with usual, but indirect and less accurate assessments procedures, including local hardness measurements and notched bar testing.
Experimental Behaviour of RC Beams Shear Strengthened with NSM CFRP Laminates
Authors: Dias S. J. E. , Barros J. A. O.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The near‐surface mounted (NSM) is one of the most recent techniques applied for the increase of the shear resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This technique involves the installation of carbon fibre reinforcement polymers (CFRP) laminates into thin slits open on the concrete cover of the elements to strengthen. The effectiveness of this technique for the shear strengthening of T cross‐section RC beams was assessed by experimental research. For this purpose, three inclinations of laminates were tested (45º, 60º and 90º) and, for each inclination, three percentages of CFRP were applied in RC beams with a percentage of steel stirrups of 0.10% (ρsw). The highest percentage of laminates was designed to provide a maximum load similar to the reference RC beam, which was reinforced with a reinforcement ratio of steel stirrups of 0.28% (ρsw = 0.28%). For each percentage of laminates, a homologous RC beam strengthened with unidirectional U‐shaped CFRP wet lay‐up sheets (discrete strips) applied according to the externally bonded reinforcement technique was also tested, with the purpose of comparing the effectiveness of these two CFRP‐strengthening techniques. To evaluate the influence of the percentage of steel stirrups in the effectiveness of the NSM technique, some of the abovementioned CFRP configurations were also applied in beams with ρsw = 0.17%.
High Strain Rate Compressive Tests on Wood
Authors: Allazadeh M. R. , Wosu S. N.
Published: January 2011

Abstract: The penetrating split Hopkinson pressure bar was used to study the response of dry maple wood under high strain rate impact load. Using longer bar and shorter specimens utilised the assumption of one‐dimensional stress waves travelling along the bars and specimen because the experiment fulfilled the ratio of diameter to length of bars condition in Kolsky bar experiments. The stress–strain relationships and behaviour of the fibre structure materials’ failure were investigated during the compressive dynamic tests at strain rates between 9501and 2000 s−1. The mechanics of dynamic failure was studied and it was confirmed that deformation of specimen is a linear function of energy absorption by specimens.
Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Datta Arnab , Scotton Chris J , Chambers Rachel C
Published: January 2011

Pulmonary fibrosis represents the end stage of a number of heterogeneous conditions and is, to a greater or lesser degree, the hallmark of the interstitial lung diseases. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium leading to the obliteration of functional alveolar units and in many cases, respiratory failure. While a small number of interstitial lung diseases have known aetiologies, most are idiopathic in nature, and of these, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common and carries with it an appalling prognosis – median survival from the time of diagnosis is less than 3 years. This reflects the lack of any effective therapy to modify the course of the disease, which in turn is indicative of our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. Current prevailing hypotheses focus on dysregulated epithelial–mesenchymal interactions promoting a cycle of continued epithelial cell injury and fibroblast activation leading to progressive fibrosis. However, it is likely that multiple abnormalities in a myriad of biological pathways affecting inflammation and wound repair – including matrix regulation, epithelial reconstitution, the coagulation cascade, neovascularization and antioxidant pathways – modulate this defective crosstalk and promote fibrogenesis. This review aims to offer a pathogenetic rationale behind current therapies, briefly outlining previous and ongoing clinical trials, but will focus on recent and exciting advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to the development of novel and effective therapeutic interventions for this devastating condition.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
Pilot Study: Alleviation of Pain in Burning Mouth Syndrome With Topical Sucralose
Authors: Hirsch Alan R. , Ziad Alhumayyd , Kim Ah Young , Lail Navdeep Singh , Sharma Sameer
Published: January 2011

Burning mouth syndrome affects 1‐3% of the population The exact mechanism is unknown. Bartoshuk has demonstrated sweet hypogeusia in those with burning mouth syndrome. Intensification of sweet taste may compensate for this deficit and reduce the pain.
Anthropology at the Phonosonic Nexus
Authors: Harkness Nicholas
Published: January 2011

[commentary, Music and Sound, voice, sound, body, Christianity, South Korea, Eastern Asia]
Mothers, Children and Maternal‐Child Health in Image and Song
Authors: Wheeler Jesse Samba
Published: January 2011

[commentary, Music and Sound, Southern Africa, Malawi, Embagweni Hospital, public health education, medical anthropology, antenatal care, pregnancy, birth, obstetric outcomes, public health]
Lost in Translation: Language, Race and the DEA's Legitimization of Ebonics
Authors: Alim H Samy , Perry Imani
Published: January 2011

[African American Language, AAL, Ebonics, sociolingistics, education, race and racism]
Advancing an Anthropology That Matters: Public Debate and Engagement in Anthropology Now
Authors: Polson Michael , Grove Chris , Lincoln Martha
Published: January 2011

[public anthropology, Anthropology Now]
German head circumference references for infants, children and adolescents in comparison with currently used national and international references
Authors: Schienkiewitz Anja , Schaffrath Rosario Angelika , Dortschy Reinhard , Ellert Ute , Neuhauser Hannelore
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To present valid head circumference (HC) percentiles from early infancy to 18 years and to compare them with percentiles currently used in Germany by Prader, as well as to international WHO and CDC references.

Methods:  Nationally representative sample of 17,158 children and adolescents aged 0.25–17.98 years (KiGGS study 2003–2006) with standardized HC measurement. HC references were created using Cole’s LMS method.

Results:  The median growth of HC is largest in the first year of life. Adult HC is reached at age 16 years in girls, while in boys, HC growth continues through age 17 years and adult HC have to be derived from future KiGGS follow‐up examinations. KiGGS percentiles are quite similar from early infancy to early school age compared to older Prader references, but higher thereafter (maximum difference of median HC: girls 1.4 cm, boys 0.9 cm). KiGGS percentiles are also higher than WHO and CDC percentiles over most of the compared age range, but differences are less pronounced compared to Prader.

Conclusion:  The KiGGS HC references presented here for boys and girls aged 4 months through 17 years are more valid than currently used German references. Because of the similarity of KiGGS and the currently used reference by Prader in early infancy, the currently used Prader reference for 0–4 months could complement KiGGS to cover the entire age range from birth to the end of adolescence.
Is phototherapy exposure associated with better or worse outcomes in 501‐ to 1000‐g‐birth‐weight infants?
Authors: Hintz Susan R , Stevenson David K , Yao Qing , Wong Ronald J , Das Abhik , Van Meurs Krisa P , Morris Brenda H , Tyson Jon E , Oh William , Poole W Kenneth , Phelps Dale L , McDavid Georgia E , Grisby Cathy , Higgins Rosemary D ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (see Acknowledgements in Supporting Information, Data S1)
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To compare risk‐adjusted outcomes at 18‐ to 22‐month‐corrected age for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants who never received phototherapy (NoPTx) to those who received any phototherapy (PTx) in the NICHD Neonatal Research Network randomized trial of Aggressive vs. Conservative Phototherapy.

Methods:  Outcomes at 18 to 22‐month‐corrected age included death, neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) and Bayley Scales Mental Developmental Index (MDI). Regression models evaluated the independent association of PTx with adverse outcomes controlling for centre and other potentially confounding variables.

Results:  Of 1972 infants, 216 were NoPTx and 1756 were PTx. For the entire 501‐ to 1000‐g‐BW cohort, PTx was not independently associated with death or NDI (OR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.60–1.20), death or adverse neurodevelopmental endpoints. However, among infants 501–750 g BW, the rate of significant developmental impairment with MDI < 50 was significantly higher for NoPTx (29%) than PTx (12%) (p = 0.004).

Conclusions:  Phototherapy did not appear to be independently associated with death or NDI for the overall ELBW group. Whether PTx increases mortality could not be excluded because of bias from deaths before reaching conservative treatment threshold. The higher rate of MDI < 50 in the 501‐ to 750‐g‐BW NoPTx group is concerning and consistent with NRN Trial results.
Persistent scrotal pain and suspected orchido‐epididymitis of a young boy during pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) infection in the bowel
Authors: Sinikumpu J‐J , Serlo W
Published: January 2011

Aim:  Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) is the most common parasite among mankind. Ectopic pinworm infections in number of organs are broadly reported. The aim of this report is to review the pinworm infection in the scrotum on the basis of our case.

Methods and results:  Our patient is a young boy with persistent pain in the scrotums together with abdominal symptoms. He underwent several urgent operations. Pinworm was finally found in appendix vermiformis. We hypothesize that concurrent unresponsive orchido‐epididymitis was caused by pinworm as well. Eradication happened finally with pyvrinembonate.

Conclusion:  Pinworm is a parasite that lives usually in the bowel. Many ectopic locations, like scrotum, are known. Orchido‐epididymitis by pinworm has to be kept in mind when treating boys with persistent scrotal pain.
Exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of children with Crohn’s disease in Sweden: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Gråfors Josefin M , Casswall Thomas H
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The general use of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) as therapy for children with Crohn’s disease (CD) in Sweden has not previously been studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how EEN is used as therapy in Sweden for children with CD.

Methods:  A questionnaire was sent to all 37 paediatric units in Sweden that treat children with inflammatory bowel disease.

Results:  The response rate was 78%, which covers nearly 90% of Sweden’s paediatric population between 0 and 17 years of age. Ninety‐six per cent of the units used EEN as a treatment option for children with CD, and 65% of the units used EEN as their primary therapy in newly diagnosed CD. The standard duration of EEN was 6 weeks, but the questionnaire revealed a span of 4–8 weeks. The use of polymeric formula was just as common as a combination of polymeric and elemental formulas. Fifty‐seven per cent used oral nutrition supplements, and 81% allowed some extent of concomitant feeding, the addition of food and fluids, during EEN. All units used enteral nutrition to some extent as maintenance therapy after EEN was discontinued.

Conclusions:  In Sweden, EEN is used as therapy for children with Crohn′s disease (CD), but the EEN protocols vary as to choice of formula and type of food and fluids allowed during EEN. Standardized EEN protocols would enable multicentre studies in Sweden, with the objective of investigating how EEN treatment can be improved and employed in the most efficient way.
Clinical and laboratory findings in 220 children with recurrent abdominal pain
Authors: Gijsbers CFM , Benninga MA , Büller HA
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To investigate the clinical and laboratory findings in children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP).

Methods:  Consecutive patients with RAP (Apley criteria), age 4–16 years, referred to a secondary medical centre were evaluated by a standardized history, physical examination and laboratory tests. The tests encompassed Helicobacter pylori (Hp), gastrointestinal bacterial infections, protozoa, coeliac disease, carbohydrate malabsorption, food intolerance, abdominal ultrasound and plain abdominal X‐ray. More investigations were obtained if indicated. Patient characteristics were compared with surgical patients without abdominal pain (control group).

Results:  A total of 220 consecutive patients were included (92 M, mean age 8.8 years [4.1–16.0 years]). In 88% of the patients, abnormalities were found that refer to possible causes. Especially, protozoa were present in 33% of the patients, mostly Dientamoeba fragilis, Yersinia enterocolitica in 12% and endoscopically proven infection with Hp in 11%. In 36%, a plain abdominal X‐ray raised suspicion of constipation.

Conclusion:  In 220 consecutive patients with RAP, referred to secondary care, a standardized work‐up yielded abnormal results in a high percentage. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be established.
Overall welfare assessment of laying hens: Comparing science‐based, environment‐based and animal‐based assessments
Authors: SHIMMURA Tsuyoshi , BRACKE Marc B. M. , DE MOL Rudi M. , HIRAHARA Satoshi , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio
Published: January 2011

To increase the validity of evaluations and facilitate expansion and maintenance of assessment systems, we constructed a database of studies on the welfare of laying hens around the world. On the basis of this database, we devised a science‐based welfare assessment model. Our model includes measurements, levels and weightings based on the scientific studies in the database, and can clarify the advantages and disadvantages of housing systems for laying hens from the viewpoint of the five freedoms. We also evaluated the usefulness of our model by comparing it with environment‐based Animal Needs Index (ANI), another science‐based model called FOWEL, and animal‐based measurements. Our model showed that freedom from injury, pain and disease, and freedom from discomfort were more secure in the cage system, while non‐cage systems scored better for natural behavior and freedom from fear and distress. A significant strong‐positive correlation was found between the animal‐based assessment and the total scores of ANI (rs = 0.94, P < 0.05), FOWEL (rs = 0.99, P < 0.05) or our model (rs = 0.99, P < 0.05), which indicate that these different approaches to welfare assessment may be used almost interchangeably to ‘measure’ a common property (‘overall laying hen welfare’). However, assessments using our model and FOWEL were more sensitive than ANI and can be applied to cage systems, which suggest that our model and FOWEL may have added value.
Promotion of intramuscular fat accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation
Authors: KATSUMATA Masaya
Published: January 2011

Recently, pork with marbling has received attention as good quality pork and scientists are required to develop methods to produce pork with reasonable amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF). The aim of this review is to describe studies relevant to promotion of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. The main focus is on effect of dietary lysine levels. First, we found dietary low lysine up‐regulated glucose transporter protein 4 messenger (m)RNA expression in Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and Rhomboideus muscles. In addition, the proportion of oxidative fiber of both muscles was also enhanced by dietary low lysine. Because it has been observed that higher oxidative capacity is associated with higher IMF content, we hypothesized that dietary low lysine would promote IMF accumulation. Further, higher mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, in both muscles induced by dietary low lysine, supported this hypothesis. Indeed, IMF content of L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs given a low lysine diet for 2 months until reaching the market weight was twice that of pigs given a control diet. Possible underlying mechanisms of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.
Versatility and HIV Vulnerability: Investigating the Proportion of Australian Gay Men Having Both Insertive and Receptive Anal Intercourse
Authors: Lyons Anthony , Pitts Marian , Smith Geoffrey , Grierson Jeffrey , Smith Anthony , McNally Stephen , Couch Murray
Published: January 2011

Introduction

There is a lack of recent data on the extent to which gay men engage in insertive anal intercourse (IAI) and receptive anal intercourse (RAI). Accurate assessments of the overall risk of infection from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) require such data because versatile men who engage in both roles have heightened vulnerability for becoming infected and infecting others.

Aim

To investigate the extent to which gay men are versatile with regard to having IAI and RAI.

Main Outcome Measures

Percentages of gay men who reported engaging in IAI, RAI, or both during the past 12 months and in their most recent sexual encounter.

Methods

Eight hundred fifty-six Australian gay men completed an online survey to retrospectively report on their sexual practices over the past 12 months.

Results

Of men who had anal intercourse in the past 12 months, 83% had both IAI and RAI, of whom 57% were highly versatile in that they had approximately equal numbers of partners for IAI and RAI. Of men who had anal intercourse in their most recent sexual encounter, as many as one in five (20%) had reciprocal anal intercourse, having both IAI and RAI with the same partner in a single encounter. Condom use was significantly less likely with reciprocal (38%) than nonreciprocal anal intercourse (50%; P = 0.04). While highly versatile men were less likely to know their HIV status, practices at most recent sexual encounter such as reciprocal anal intercourse and condom use were not significantly related to either their HIV status or that of their partner.

Conclusions

Engaging in both IAI and RAI appears to be common among gay men. HIV/STI prevention strategies would benefit from paying attention to the implications of high rates of versatile sexual practices, particularly the tendency for condoms to be used less often when having reciprocal anal intercourse.
The prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism
Authors: Cook A. K. , Suchodolski J. S. , Steiner J. M. , Robertson J. E.
Published: January 2011

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism and to investigate the relationship between cobalamin status and selected haematologic parameters.

Methods: Serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in 76 spontaneously hyperthyroid cats [serum thyroxine (T4) concentration ≥100 nmol/L] and 100 geriatric euthyroid cats. Erythrocyte and neutrophil counts in hyperthyroid cats with hypocobalaminaemia were compared with those in hyperthyroid cats with adequate serum cobalamin concentrations (≥290 ng/L).

Results: The median cobalamin concentration in hyperthyroid cats was lower than the control group (409versus672 ng/L; P=0·0040). In addition, 40·8% of hyperthyroid cats had subnormal serum cobalamin concentrations compared with 25% of controls (P=0·0336). Weak negative correlation (coefficient: –0·3281) was demonstrated between serum cobalamin and T4concentrations in the hyperthyroid population, and the median cobalamin concentration was lower in cats with T4above the median of 153 nmol/L compared with cats with T4below this value (P=0·0281). Hypocobalaminaemia was not associated with neutropenia or anaemia in hyperthyroid cats.

Clinical Significance: This study indicates that a substantial proportion of cats with T4≥100 nmol/L are hypocobalaminaemic and suggests that hyperthyroidism directly or indirectly affects cobalamin uptake, excretion or utilisation in this species.
Home and Away: A Schoolmistress in Lowland Scotland and Colonial Australia in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: McDermid Jane
Published: January 2011

Writing in this journal in 1993, Marjorie Theobald examined the history of middle-class women's education in late-eighteenth-century Britain and its transference and adaptation to colonial Australia in the nineteenth century. She questioned both the British historical perception that before the middle of the nineteenth century middle-class parents showed little, if any, interest in their daughters' education, and the Australian assumption that the transplantation of the private female academy (or seminary) was simply a reflection of the scramble for respectability by a small middle class scattered among a convict society. Theobald found that, as in Britain by the early 1800s, these schools—all private and run for profit by the wives and daughters of clergy and other professional men—shared a remarkably similar curriculum, generally advertised as “An English education with the usual accomplishments.” This was not, she argued, an elementary education, but rather was rooted in the liberal arts tradition and had been influenced by the search for stability within a rapidly industrializing Britain. The daughters of the British middle classes were to be taught how to deploy their learning discreedy, to ensure that it was at the service of their domestic role and civilizing influence.
Northern Desegregation: A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Danns Dionne
Published: January 2011

Throughout American history, African American communities have fought for desegregated education, equal school funding, and the right to a quality education. Many activists and scholars have long believed that a racially desegregated education would be the best way to educate citizens in a democratic society. Segregated education has historically been a reality for many African Americans throughout the nation. Before the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully won theBrown v. Board of Education(1954) Supreme Court case, much of the attention to racial segregation was paid to the South, although there had been numerous cases fought in the North before theBrowndecision. AfterBrown, the NAACP decided to take their school desegregation litigation to the North in an effort to fight de facto segregation. The federal government also became involved in school desegregation with the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Title IV and VI) and through the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and the Justice Department who enforced the act. Court cases, along with the federal government efforts, pushed school districts in the North and South to desegregate.
Imaging brain response to reward in addictive disorders
Authors: Hommer Daniel W. , Bjork James M. , Gilman Jodi M.
Published: January 2011

We compare the evidence from human neuroimaging studies for and against two of the major hypotheses of how alterations in the brain's reward system underlie addiction. One of these, the impulsivity hypothesis, proposes that addiction is characterized by excessive sensitivity to reward combined with a failure of inhibition. The other, the reward‐deficiency hypothesis, proposes that addicted individuals have a reduced response to nondrug rewards that leads them to seek drugs in preference to more socially acceptable goals. Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies of dopamine receptor density and dopamine release strongly support the reward‐deficiency hypothesis, while the more recent and numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of goal‐directed behavior provide both support and contradiction for each of the hypotheses. Differences in the time scale on which PET and fMRI make measurements probably account for differences in results, at least in part. It is likely that aspects of brain function described by both the impulsivity and reward‐deficiency hypotheses contribute to the pathophysiology of addiction.
Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green®: Photochemical Behavior in Solution and in a Mammalian Cell
Authors: Gollmer Anita , Arnbjerg Jacob , Blaikie Frances H. , Pedersen Brian Wett , Breitenbach Thomas , Daasbjerg Kim , Glasius Marianne , Ogilby Peter R.
Published: January 2011

The development of efficient and selective luminescent probes for reactive oxygen species, particularly for singlet molecular oxygen, is currently of great importance. In this study, the photochemical behavior of Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green® (SOSG), a commercially available fluorescent probe for singlet oxygen, was examined. Despite published claims to the contrary, the data presented herein indicate that SOSG can, in fact, be incorporated into a living mammalian cell. However, for a number of reasons, caution must be exercised when using SOSG. First, it is shown that the immediate product of the reaction between SOSG and singlet oxygen is, itself, an efficient singlet oxygen photosensitizer. Second, SOSG appears to efficiently bind to proteins which, in turn, can influence uptake by a cell as well as behavior in the cell. As such, incorrect use of SOSG can yield misleading data on yields of photosensitized singlet oxygen production, and can also lead to photooxygenation‐dependent adverse effects in the system being investigated.
The Comparative Effects of Azilsartan Medoxomil and Olmesartan on Ambulatory and Clinic Blood Pressure
Authors: Bakris George L. , Sica Domenic , Weber Michael , White William B. , Roberts Andrew , Perez Alfonso , Cao Charlie , Kupfer Stuart
Published: January 2011

The current study assesses the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the investigational angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), azilsartan medoxomil (AZL‐M), compared with placebo and the ARB olmesartan medoxomil (OLM‐M). This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study assessed change from baseline in mean 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) following 6 weeks of treatment. Patients with primary hypertension (n=1275) and baseline 24‐hour mean ambulatory systolic pressure ≥130 mm Hg and ≤170 mm Hg were studied; 142 received placebo and the remainder received 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg AZL‐M or 40 mg OLM‐M. Mean age of participants was 58±11 years, baseline mean 24‐hour SBP was 146 mm Hg. Dose‐dependent reductions in 24‐hour mean SBP at study end occurred in all AZL‐M groups. Reduction in 24‐hour mean SBP was greater with AZL‐M 80 mg than OLM‐M 40 mg by 2.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −4.0 to −0.1; P=.038), while AZL‐M 40 mg was noninferior to OLM‐M 40 mg. The side effect profiles of both ARBs were similar to placebo. AZL‐M is well tolerated and more efficacious at its maximal dose than the highest dose of OLM‐M. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:81–88. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cochrane Collaboration: International activity within Cochrane Review Groups in the first decade of the twenty‐first century
Authors: Allen Claire , Richmond Kiley
Published: January 2011

The Cochrane Collaboration (http://www.cochrane.org) is the world's largest organisation dedicated to preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare interventions. It is an international organisation with participants in more than 100 countries, principally focused around the Cochrane Review Groups that are responsible for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane reviews. Since 2000, a periodic audit has been done to count the number of active members in the Cochrane Review Groups, subdivided by the countries in which these people are based. At the beginning of 2010, there were almost 28,000 people involved, an increase from about 5500 in 2000. The growth of activity has been dramatic, and especially large for authors of Cochrane reviews and protocols. In the year 2000, 2840 people were listed as authors by the Cochrane Review Groups. At the beginning of 2010, this had risen to over 21,000 people.
Diagnosis and treatment of excessive lateral pressure syndrome of the patellofemoral joint caused by military training
Authors: Zhang De‐hui , Wu Zheng‐qing , Zuo Xin‐cheng , Li Jian‐wei , Huang Chang‐lin
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To investigate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of excessive lateral pressure syndrome of the patellofemoral joint caused by military training.

Methods:  Fifteen patients (patient group) and 18 healthy volunteers (control group) were involved in this retrospective study. Radiographs of the knee joints of all patients and volunteers were taken. The bone architecture was assessed, the trochlear angle, coincidence angle and patellofemoral joint index measured in both groups, and the resulting data compared. All 15 patients (17 knees) were treated by lateral collateral retinaculum release. Pre‐ and post‐operative pain was evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS).

Results:  The differences between the two groups in coincidence angle (patient group: 7.67°± 5.81°; control group: −2.2°±−2.71°) and patellofemoral joint index (patient group: 2.49 ± 1.40; control group: 1.25 ± 0.15) were statistically significant. Subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophytosis in the patellofemoral joint were more pronounced in the patient group than in the control group. The VAS was higher preoperatively (7.06 ± 0.85) than postoperatively (6 months postoperatively: 3.87 ± 0.24; 1 year postoperatively: 3.01 ± 0.17), and the differences between preoperative and postoperative were statistically significant.

Conclusions:  Apart from the case history, typical symptoms and physical signs, X‐ray examination is the most basic way to diagnose excessive lateral pressure syndrome of the patellofemoral joint, and the patellofemoral joint index is the most reliable for diagnosis. Lateral collateral retinaculum release with a small‐incision is an effective treatment for this disease.
The use of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in fracture non‐unions
Authors: O'hEireamhoin Sven , Quinlan John F , Rourke Kieran O
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To assess the rate of clinical and radiological union with the use of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP‐7) in a range of fractures.

Methods:  This case series retrospectively reviews a series of 16 fracture non‐unions in 13 patients. These patients were treated with the commercially available BMP‐7. Time to radiological and clinical union was assessed by serial out‐patient follow‐up.

Results:  At nine months post‐surgery in which BMP‐7 was added, 12 of 16 non‐unions had achieved clinical and radiographic union. Three patients required repeat grafting. The mean time to union was 5.1 ± 1.6 months after the application of BMP‐7.

Conclusion:  The use of the osteo‐inductive agent, BMP‐7 results in good clinical and radiological outcomes which are not restricted to tibial non‐unions.
Early and middle term results after surgical treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Zi‐rong , Shi Zhen‐cai , Yang Yu‐run , Wang Bai‐liang , Guo Wan‐shou , Liu Zhao‐hui
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To evaluate the early and middle‐term results of in situ single screw fixation and subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur with external fixator for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).

Methods:  From June 1998 to July 2008, 11 patients (seven male [eight hips] and four female [four hips]) of average age 14.3 years (range, 9–18 years) were treated in our hospital. According to the Southwick measurement, seven hips were mildly affected (<30°), two moderately (30–50°), and three severely (>50°). The average body mass index (BMI) was 31.1 g/m2 (range, 27–35 g/m2). All the mild and moderate cases underwent in situ single screw fixation, and the three severe cases subtrochanteric osteotomy of femur with external fixator. All cases were evaluated both clinically and radiographically at 3 months, 6 months and every year postoperatively.

Results:  All cases were followed up for 2–12 years (average 5.6 years). The Harris hip score increased from a mean of 74.8 (70 ∼ 85) points preoperatively to 90.6 (70 ∼ 100) points postoperatively. X‐ray films showed epiphyseal closure in the in situ single screw fixation cases, and no further increase in epiphyseal‐shaft angle. Partial reduction of slipped epiphysis with normal joint spaces was observed after subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur in the external fixator cases.

Conclusion:  In situ single screw fixation for treating mild and moderate SCFE has a satisfactory clinical outcome, and the advantage of prevention of further slippage. Subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur with external fixator is suitable for severe SCFE with late deformity; the realignment procedure can correct deformity and postpone or prevent subsequent osteoarthritis.
Clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment of acetabular labral tears
Authors: Wang Wei‐guo , Yue De‐bo , Zhang Nian‐fei , Hong Wen , Li Zi‐rong
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To investigate the clinical diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment of acetabular labral tears.

Methods:  Twenty‐one patients with unilateral acetabular labral tears hospitalized from November 2008 to December 2009 were included in this retrospective study. A definitive diagnosis was made preoperatively on the basis of physical examination, plain radiography and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA). All cases were treated with arthroscopic surgeries: labral debridement (14 cases), labral debridement plus femoral osteoplasty (5 cases), and labral repair plus osteoplasty (2 cases). All patients were followed‐up and the results evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Harris hip score.

Results:  A positive flexion, abduction and internal rotation (FADIR) impingement sign was found in all 21 affected hips, a positive flexion, abduction and external rotation (FABER) impingement sign in 15, and a positive McCarthy test in 9. Plain radiography showed 11 cases had cam type impingement, in 6 of whom it was combined with pincer type impingement; and 2 cases had acetabular retroversion alone. Labral tears were observed on MRA in all cases and were all confirmed by arthroscopy. All patients were followed up for an average of 11.6 months (range, 6 to 19 months). The VAS decreased from (5.3 ± 1.3) preoperatively to (1.4 ± 0.9) 6 months postoperatively. The mean Harris hip score improved from (63 ± 9) preoperatively to (84 ± 10) 6 months postoperatively. All these differences were statistically significant.

Conclusions:  Acetabular labral injury is closely correlated with femoro‐acetabular impingement. Impingement tests and MRA have high sensitivity and accuracy in clinical diagnosis of labral tears. Arthroscopic debridement, repair and osteoplasty for labral tears results in a good early outcome.
Posterior lumbar ring apophysis fracture
Authors: Wu Xue‐yuan , Ma Wei
Published: January 2011

Lumbar posterior ring apophysis fracture (PRAF) is an uncommon cause of low back pain in the pediatric age group, and a detailed understanding of this disease is important for the orthopaedic surgeon because it is easily misdiagnosed. However, to date no comprehensive review of PRAF has been published. The majority of published reports are in the form of cases report generally targeted at either diagnosis or therapy, or both. In this essay, we comprehensively review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of PRAF.
Radical resection of pleuropulmonary blastoma
Authors: Bhat Mohammad Akbar , Shah Shabir Hussain
Published: January 2011

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare intrathoracic neoplasm of early childhood that occurs in the lung or visceral pleura. We present a case of a 5‐year‐old boy with a cough, left‐sided chest pain and progressive dyspnea on exertion. The patient had had an operation for a congenital lung cyst of the left lower lobe, six months prior to the present admission. A CT showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion filling the left hemithorax. CT‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology of the mass was inconclusive. En bloc resection of the mass along with left lower lobe, the involved ribs and left diaphragm was performed. The diaphragmatic defect was repaired using prolene mesh. Histopathology of the resected specimen showed solid and cystic areas consistent with type II PPB. The patient received adjuvent chemotherapy and was doing well 23 months after surgery. Radical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvent chemotherapy provides the only hope of salvaging cases of type II or type III PPB.
Liver abscess caused by periodontal bacterial infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: Yoneda Masato , Kato Shingo , Mawatari Hironori , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Imajo Kento , Fujita Koji , Endo Hiroki , Takahashi Hirokazu , Inamori Masahiko , Kobayashi Noritoshi , Kubota Kensuke , Saito Satoru , Tohnai Iwai , Watanuki Kei , Wada Koichiro , Maeda Shin , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: January 2011

Liver abscess is recognized as a life‐threatening disease. However, even in recent years, approximately 50% of liver abscess cases are considered to be cryptogenic. Here, we report a case of liver abscess associated with periodontal bacterial infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum, which is commonly found in the oropharyngeal flora. A 36‐year‐old man presented with fever and contrast‐enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed multiple liver abscesses. F.necrophorum was isolated from oral smears, liver aspirates and blood samples. Liver abscesses caused by periodontal bacterial infection are rare, however, the incidence is expected to increase in the future, as periodontitis is extremely common and is on the rise as one of the most common chronic infections in the world. A systemic survey including periodontitis may be required for the exact diagnosis of the source of infection.
Simple formula to predict response to peginterferon alpha2b and ribavirin combination therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients with high viral loads
Authors: Itoh Yoshito , Nishimura Takeshi , Hashimoto Hiroaki , Yamaguchi Kanji , Niimi Toshihisa , Yokomizo Chihiro , Fujii Hideki , Minami Masahito , Yasui Kohichiroh , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Okanoue Takeshi , Takehara Tetsuo , Hiasa Yoichi , Onji Morikazu , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: January 2011

Aim:  We advocate a simple formula which can conveniently predict the outcome of Peg‐interferon (IFN) alpha2b and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) with high viral load.

Methods:  A total of 338 (group A: 230, Group B: 108) genotype 1 CH‐C patients treated with Peg‐IFN alfa‐2b and RBV were enrolled. Clinical parameters differing significantly between sustained virological responders (SVRs) and non‐SVRs in group A were categorized, then a simple formula to predict SVR was constructed and re‐evaluated in group B. Another formula containing hepatitis C virus amino acid mutations/substitutions also was constructed.

Results:  In group A, gender and HCV RNA load <1000 KIU were significant predictors of SVR by multivariate logistic regression analysis. A simple formula was constructed (formula A): male gender (point 2) + HCV RNA load <1000 KIU (3) + platelet counts ≥15 × 104 /mm3 (1) + age <60 (1). In group A, score (0–1) predicted SVR rate 23.8% (2–4): 48.1% and (5–7): 70.2%. According to this formula, score (0–1) predicted SVR rate 7.1% (2–4): 38.6%, and (5–7): 70.3% in group B. Information on HCV amino acid mutations/substitutions seemed to add some accuracy.

Conclusions:  This simple formula can be used to roughly determine, at the patients' first/second visit, the probability of response to Peg‐IFN alpha2b and RBV combination therapy for genotype 1 CH‐C with high viral load.
Classification and characteristics of interferon‐related diabetes mellitus in Japan
Authors: Muraishi Kazuhisa , Sasaki Yuko , Kato Tomoko , Inada Chizuko , Tajiri Yuji , Yamada Kentaro
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to assess the classification and clinical characteristics of interferon (IFN)‐related diabetes.

Methods:  Cases with IFN‐related diabetes in Japan were retrieved through web search engines for medical literature until July in 2009, and unreported data were obtained from the authors by letter or e‐mail.

Results:  We collected 143 cases with IFN‐related diabetes consisting of 104 type 1 diabetes including 4 own cases, and 39 non‐autoimmune type 2‐like diabetes. We found a marked increase in IFN‐related type 1 diabetes for these 3 years. In contrast, no increase was observed in IFN‐related type 2‐like diabetes in the literature. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐IFN and ribavirin had been more frequently used in patients with type 1 diabetes than in patients with type 2‐like diabetes. The age of diabetes onset was comparable between type 1 and type 2‐like diabetes, while the ratio of male patients was higher and the latency before diabetes was shorter in type 2‐like diabetes. Patients with IFN‐related type 1 diabetes had HLA types susceptible to Japanese type 1 diabetic patients, and a high positive rate of GAD antibodies.

Conclusion:  Potent combination therapy with PEG‐IFN and ribavirin is likely associated with the increase in IFN‐related type 1 diabetes. The combined measurement of GAD antibody and HLA‐typing could be an effective strategy to predict the onset of type 1 diabetes associated with IFN therapy.
Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury and therapeutic strategies to alleviate cellular damage
Authors: Dogan Serdar , Aslan Mutay
Published: January 2011

Warm hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury is a significant medical problem in many clinical conditions such as liver transplantation, hepatic surgery for tumor excision, trauma and hepatic failure after hemorrhagic shock. Partial or, mostly, total interruption of hepatic blood flow is often necessary when liver surgery is performed. This interruption of blood flow is termed “warm ischemia” and upon revascularization, when molecular oxygen is reintroduced, the organ undergoes a process called “reperfusion injury” that causes deterioration of organ function. Ischemia reperfusion results in cellular damage and tissue injury associated with a complex series of events. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to tissue injury following ischemia–reperfusion will be discussed and therapies targeted to reduce liver damage will be summarized within this review.