bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Defocusing Effects in an Ethanol Solution of Chlorophyll
Authors: Dykstra R. , Mcduff R. G. , Heckenberg N. R.
Published: October 2003

The thermally induced optical nonlinearity in a chlorophyll ethanol solution is examined. A theory is presented which shows good agreement with experiment. The theory models an optically thick but physically thin medium whose only heat transport mechanism is conduction. An average n2 was found for the medium which corresponds well with previous results but the thermal medium is shown to be fundamentally different from a Kerr medium.
Optimal Solitary Pulse Stabilisation in a Gradient Distributed Rare-Earth Doped Fiber Amplifier
Authors: Mirtchev Todor Petrov
Published: October 2003

In this paper a new kind of device — a gradient distributed fiber amplifier — is proposed and analysed. In such an amplifier the concentration of the dopant ions increases along its length in the direction of pump power decrement, in a way that ensures nearly constant signal gain coefficient in every point of the fiber. Hence, an optimal amplification configuration that simultaneously stabilises the pulses against the background attenuation, the soliton self- frequency shift and the third order dispersion can be chosen and maintained globally in such a device. The results of the computer model clearly show that a gradient fiber amplifier can be designed as a completely transparent transport media for high-speed, long distance optical fiber communications.
Optical and Photorefractive Characterization of BTO Crystals Doped with Cd, Ca, Ga, and V
Authors: Riehemann S. , Rickermann F. , Volkov V. V. , Egorysheva A. V. , Von Bally G.
Published: October 2003

Single crystals of Bi12TiO20 (BTO) are grown by a modified Czochralski technique. Doping with cadmium, calcium, gallium, and vanadium is performed by adding corresponding oxides to the melt. Optical parameters like refractive index, optical absorption, optical activity, light induced absorption, electrooptic coefficient, and photoconductivity are determined. Photorefractive properties of the samples are characterized with the help of a conventional two-beam interference setup. Diffraction efficiency and decay time constant of elementary holograms are determined. The influence of the utilized dopands is discussed.
Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Coronary Arteries by Using Registration and Texture-Mapping onto Epicardial Surface on Nuclear 3D Image
Authors: Haraguchi Ryo , Sugimoto Naozo , Eiho Shigeru , Ishida Yoshio
Published: October 2003

This paper deals with a new method of three dimensional reconstruction of coronary arteries, by using the texture-mapping technique on a myocardial nuclear image. The bi-plane CAG images are texture-mapped onto a LV surface model which is pre-determined on a nuclear 3D image. By maximizing a matching degree between two mapped CAG images, registration between CAG and nuclear image is performed automatically. By taking only true images from the mapped CAG images, we can obtain 3D reconstructed coronary image on the LV surface model. This method has the great advantage that it is not necessary to extract the feature points, nor is there a need to identify the correspondence. The obtained images give us a clear understanding of the relation between the coronary artery and the function of the myocardium.
Enumeration of Contour Correspondence
Authors: Owada Shigeru , Shinagawa Yoshihisa , Nielsen Frank
Published: October 2003

With the recent advances in computed tomography and magnetic resonance devices, cross-sectional images are now commonly used for diagnosis. However, how contours between cross-sections should be connected is often ambiguous. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that enumerates all possible cases of the correspondence of contours. This is useful for achieving fully automatic interpolation of contours, although our current implementation still requires some degree of manual interaction.
Estimation of Asymmetry in Facial Actions for the Analysis of Motion Dysfunction Due to Paralysis
Authors: Gunaratne Pujitha , Sato Yukio
Published: October 2003

A mesh-based approach to estimate asymmetries in facial actions for the analysis of facial motion dysfunction due to paralysis is presented. Pre-designed facial actions are captured using a laser rangefinder system and then analyzed in three-dimension for patients with Bell's palsy. The asymmetry computations are based on analyzing the deformations in a symmetric generic face mesh that was adapted to the range maps of measured facial actions. In the mesh adaptation, 42 nodes are pre-determined as mapping points and extracted from the corresponding color image, which was taken at the same time as shape measurement. These mapping points are used to calculate the coefficients of a polynomial function, which is approximated by the least squares estimation during rest of the node mapping. A 3D mesh model of each action is thus generated by iterative adaptation to the range data. The asymmetry is computed by analyzing the amount of deformation in identical patches of left and right sides of the 3D mesh of each action against those of relaxed condition. Asymmetry distributions are obtained by plotting right patch deformations against the left. Standard error and standard deviation of distributions of each patient are obtained and analyzed to determine the degree of motion dysfunction.
Fast, Simple, Feature Preserving and Memory Efficient Simplification of Triangle Meshes
Authors: Hussain Muhammad , Okada Yoshihiro , Niijima Koichi
Published: October 2003

We propose a new iterative algorithm for the automatic geometric simplification of a triangle mesh based on edge collapse transformations. The way how geometric deviation resulted from an edge collapse transformation is measured plays a basic role in inducing a priority ordering on the set of edge collapse transformations to control the simplification process. We introduce a new technique to measure this deviation based only on current simplified mesh and the new concept of accumulating the cost of collapse, which are easy to implement and involve simple computations making the algorithm computationally efficient. No geometric history is needed to be retained, so the resulting algorithm is also memory efficient. Results and numerical comparisons show that our algorithm generates simplified meshes of good visual fidelity, which compares well with those by other methods in terms of maximum and mean geometric error and it preserves the visually important features of the original mesh.
Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Large Scale at 470°C
Authors: Zhi Liu , Song Huai H.
Published: October 2003

We report a novel method to synthesize multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in large scale at 470°C. TEM and Roman spectra analysis show that dominating graphite crystalline coexists with amorphous carbon in MWNTs. XRD and TGA results suggest that fcc cobalt plays a catalytic role in the growth process of MWNTs, which exists and stable inside the carbon layers of MWNTs. The synthesis method is simple and can easily ensure adequate stability and reproducibility. Therefore the method is possibly suited to industrialized synthesizing process of MWNTs due to these advantages.
The Current Status of Nanoelectronic Devices
Authors: Nikolić K. , Forshaw M. , Compañó R.
Published: October 2003

Over the last thirty years, many new physical phenomena have been discovered and suggested for use in data processing devices. Many, but not all, of these devices are described as "nanoelectronic", because one or more of their characteristic dimensions lie in the size range ≈1–100 nm. However, any new idea has a long way to go before it can achieve any practical value. It is necessary to develop and test a series of increasingly complicated structures. Starting from (1) the basic physical effect and its theoretical description, one must design and fabricate prototypes of (2) a single device, then (3) a simple circuit, then (4) functional units such as assemblies of logic gates or blocks of memory cells, and eventually (5) electronic chips. This article provides an overview of the development status of some of these device technologies.
Synthesis and Properties of Magnetic Cobalt–Samarium Nanocluster Assemblies
Authors: Tuaillon-Combes J. , Négrier M. , Barbara B. , Wernsdorfer W. , Treilleux M. , Mélinon P. , Boisron O. , Perez A.
Published: October 2003

Bimetallic cobalt–samarium nanoparticles are prepared in the gas phase using a combined laser vaporization-rare gas condensation source and subsequently deposited on various substrates or embedded in non-magnetic metallic matrix using the Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition technique (LECBD). Structural and magnetic characterizations from assemblies of isolated clusters, reveal Co – Sm clusters with a mean diameter around 3.5 nm, and a loss of magnetization compared to the bulk SmCo 5 phase, probably due to an amorphous state associated to a segregation of the samarium atoms at the cluster surface. Annealing in ultra high vacuum up to 820 K considerably improves the crystallinity and the homogeneity of the mixed clusters leading to a significant increase of the magnetic anisotropy and consequently of the blocking temperature, as large as 400 K, without significantly increasing the mean size (around 6 nm). Such results seem promising for applications to high density memory devices and spintronics.
Band Structures of Carbon Nanotubes with Nanoscale Periodic Pores Depending on their Circumferences
Authors: Takeda Hiroyuki , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: October 2003

We theoretically evaluate the electronic band structures in carbon nanotubes with nanoscale periodic pores with a tight-binding approximation of π electrons, and demonstrate that band gaps of the carbon nanotubes with nanoscale periodic pores differ significantly from those of conventional carbon nanotubes. The band gaps of the carbon nanotubes with nanoscale periodic pores depend strongly on the size of pores and inter-pore distances. In some carbon nanotubes with nanoscale periodic pores, band gaps are constant as a function of their circumferences. In other ones, band gaps have the exact periodicity of three as a function of their circumferences. Those behaviors can be explained by taking properties of nanoscale periodic porous graphite into consideration. In some carbon nanotubes with relatively large nanoscale periodic pores, flat bands appear, which may cause singular properties about magnetism in one-dimensional porous carbon nanotubes.
Nondestructive Characterization of Nanostructure in Layered Materials Using Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Kao Y. H. , Kim S. , Soo Y. L.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a brief review of nondestructive methods useful for the general purpose of characterizing nanostructure in layered materials using x-rays from synchrotron radiation. By way of examples, some practical applications of these methods to the study of layered systems of recent technological interest are demonstrated.
Toward Just Sustainability in Urban Communities: Building Equity Rights with Sustainable Solutions
Authors: Agyeman Julian , Evans Tom
Published: October 2003

Two concepts that provide new directions for public policy, environmental justice and sustainability, are both highly contested. Each has tremendous potential to effect long-lasting change. Despite the historically different origins of these two concepts and their attendant movements, there exists an area of theoretical compatibility between them. This conceptual overlap is a critical nexus for a broad social movement to create livable, sustainable communities for all people in the future. The goal of this articleis to illustrate the nexus in the United States. The authors do this by presenting a range of local or regionally based practical models in five areas of common concern to both environmental justice and sustainability: land use planning, solid waste, toxic chemical use, residential energy use, and transportation. These models address both environmental justice principles while working toward greater sustainability in urbanized areas.
Urbanization and the Politics of Land in the Manila Region
Authors: Kelly Philip F.
Published: October 2003

Land ownership has long been a source and outcome of political power in the Philippines. This article shows how in the 1990s land and politics continued to be closely entwined, but the disposal of agricultural land for urban uses, rather than its ownership, was sought by the powerful. By examining the process of land use conversion in Manila's extended metropolitan region, two dimensions of the politics of land are examined: policy choices relating to the uses of land that reflect a particular set of developmental priorities and the facilitation of conversion through the use of political power relations to circumvent regulations. These points are made at three interconnected scales: the national scale of policy formulation, the local scale of policy implementation and regulation, and the personal scale of everyday power relations in rural areas. The article draws on fieldwork in the rapidly urbanizing province of Cavite, south of Manila.
NGOs, Organizational Culture, and Institutional Sustainability
Authors: Lewis David
Published: October 2003

This paper draws on ongoing qualitative research on a sericulture project in Bangladesh to explore the ways in which the concept of organizational culture—which is rarely considered within the analysis of development interventions—can help reveal the complex roots of sustainability problems within multi agency rural development projects. The approach focuses both on local organizational realities and on power in the relationships that link project actors and process with wider systems and structures. It was observed that many of the initial project meanings have gradually fragmented over time, despite the earlier coherence expressed through the for-mal project culture expressed through documents and other artifacts.
The Power of Unsustainable Development: What is to be Done?
Authors: Fernando Jude L.
Published: October 2003

Regardless of the state of theory and practice in sustain-able development, there is no doubt that an ethical/moral imperative exists to address socioeconomic inequality and degradation of the environment. To realize the goals of sustainable development, it must be liberated from its embeddedness in the ideology and institutional parameters of capitalism. This calls for a departure from the current reformist character of development theory and the practice and articulation of an alternative vision of political economy, as well as a politically strong commitment to realizing it. This endeavor should be global in scope: not in an attempt to create a homogeneous world order but rather to prevent social diversity from being reconfigured and disciplined according to the imperatives of capital. The state must play a pivotal role if social transformative efforts are to bear fruit and break through the impasse capitalism has imposed on realizing the goals of sustainable development.
Level of Development and Democracy
Authors: Mainwaring Scott , Pérez-Liñán Aníbal
Published: October 2003

In this article, the relationship between modernization and democracy in Latin America from 1945 to 1996 is analyzed on the basis of quantitative data. Three arguments are made. First, it is shown that the level of development had a modest impact on the likelihood of democracy in Latin America from 1945 to 1996. Democracy in Latin America has survived in the face of a low level of development, and it has faltered despite moderately high per capita income. Second, it is shown that per capita income is a markedly worse predictor of democracy in Latin America than in other countries with the same income range or in the world as a whole. A distinctive, nonlinear, functional shape is identified for this relationship in Latin America. Third, some potential explanations for this Latin American exceptionalism are addressed. No existing structural explanation suffices, however; this issue merits further exploration in future research.
Decentralization as an Electoral Strategy
Authors: O'Neill Kathleen
Published: October 2003

The decentralization of government is one of the most significant trends in politics worldwide. Variation in the timing of reform across countries only vaguely relates to the genesis of an international consensus pushed by big lenders and development banks or the reemergence of democracy in decentralizing countries. Moreover, these reforms were enacted from the top, which appears to contradict one of political science's central tenets: that politicians seek to maximize (or at least maintain) control over political and fiscal resources. This article develops a theory linking the adoption of decentralization to the electoral concerns of political parties: Decentralization represents a desirable strategy for parties whose support at subnational levels appears more secure than their prospects in national elections. The author tests this argument using data from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Social Policy through Labor Markets
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano
Published: October 2003

Recent work in comparative political economy has emphasized the existence of functional equivalents to the welfare state in the area of labor market policy. In many European countries, in Australia, and in New Zealand, labor laws, minimum wages, and collective agreements have traditionally played an important role in guaranteeing a certain level of economic security for workers and their families. This article tries to explain why different countries have developed different instruments for providing economic security to wage earners. It compares labor legislation and practices across several European countries and focuses on the detailed trajectory of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It finds that state-society relationships and ideological influences at key historical moments can help understand the original divergence, which is perpetuated through a typical path-dependent development.
Rational Citizens Against Reform
Authors: Jensen Nathan M.
Published: October 2003

The debate on the political obstacles to economic reform in postcommunist countries has centered around two interrelated theories. Adam Przeworski argues that short-term negative distributional consequences can stall economic reform. Joel Hellman contends that industry insiders and political elites have incentives to stall economic reform. Although both sets of theories contend that the distributional aspects of economic transition affect reform, important differences remain in their interpretation of the relationship between the rising levels of poverty and income inequality in transition economies. This article empirically examines the relationship between the pretransition levels of poverty and income inequality in 17 postcommunist transition economies using cross-sectional regressions. The central finding in this article is that countries with large spans of the population hovering above poverty are less likely to achieve high levels of economic reform, lending support to theory that adverse socioeconomic conditions prior to transition can impede economic reform.
The Practice of Adoption
Authors: Zamostny Kathy P. , O'Brien Karen M. , Baden Amanda L. , Wiley Mary O'Leary
Published: October 2003

This article presents an overview of the practice of adoption to counseling psychologists to promote clinical understanding of the adoption experience and to stimulate research on adoption. The article includes definitions of adoption terminology, important historical and legal developments for adoption, a summary of adoption statistics, conceptualizations of adoption experience, themes and trends in adoption outcome research related to adoptees and birthparents, and selected theoretical models of adoption. The importance of considering social context variables in adoption practice and research is emphasized.
The Transracial Adoption Paradox
Authors: Lee Richard M.
Published: October 2003

The number of transracial adoptions in the United States, particularly international adoptions, is increasing annually. Counseling psychology as a profession, however, is a relatively silent voice in the research on and practice of transracial adoption. This article presents an overview of the history and research on transracial adoption to inform counseling psychologists of the set of racial and ethnic challenges and opportunities that transracial adoptive families face in everyday living. Particular attention is given to emergent theory and research on the cultural socialization process within these families.
Older Adult Representation in the Counseling Psychology Literature
Authors: Werth James L. , Kopera-Frye Karen , Blevins Dean , Bossick Brian
Published: October 2003

The increasing older adult population has implications for the training and practice of counseling psychologists because of the field's avowed dedication to lifespan development. The present study examined the degree to which older adults were represented in articles in the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist from 1991 to 2000. Several issues were examined: age-based characteristics of samples reported, changes in these characteristics over time, whether articles including multiple studies involved older participants, and degree of attention to older adults in theoretical articles. Results are discussed in context of the traditional definition of counseling psychology, what counseling psychologists have to offer older adults, and the implications for the training of counseling psychologists with expertise in older adult issues.
Comprehensive Urban High School
Authors: Ilg Timothy J. , Massucci Joseph D.
Published: October 2003

This article examines four models for secondary education (magnet schools, school reform models, small high schools, and Catholic high schools) and their impact on student achievement in the urban setting. Numerous references to educational studies on the topic provide abundant opportunity for readers to engage in further study.
Wesley Elementary
Authors: Pollard-Durodola Sharolyn
Published: October 2003

Academic success of at-risk, African American students in inner-city environments is not due to chance but is the result of a culmination of factors. This study describes the characteristics of Wesley Elementary that are supported by research on effective schools. The researcher, formerly a Title I Coordinator/Reading Specialist at Wesley, interviewed three teachers who had taught at Wesley along with the former principal, Dr. Thaddeus Lott. An educational consultant who assisted teachers in the writing process from 1991-1992 was also interviewed to verify the perspectives of those interviewed that the school's success was due to specific factors. Implications for future research, instructional practice, and professional development are also discussed.
The Effects of Religious Commitment on the Academic Achievement of Urban and Other Children
Authors: Jeynes William H.
Published: October 2003

Using the 1992 NELS data set, this study assessed the effects of student religious commitment on the academic achievement of urban and other children. The results indicate that religiously committed urban children performed better on most academic measures than their less religious counterparts, even when controlling for SES, race, and gender. The same general pattern held for all the children in the sample as well. In addition, the effects for religiosity were usually greater for urban children than they were for nonurban children. Supplementary analyses indicated that there were no differences between Catholic and Protestant students, but there were differences between religious students of Christian faith versus students of other religious faiths. These results suggest that when researchers study the effects of religion on the academic achievement of children, the religious nature of the students should be considered. The significance of these results is discussed.
Layers of Diagnosis for Planned Relational Change in Organizations
Authors: Kahn William A. , Cross Robert , Parker Andrew
Published: October 2003

Planned change innately involves shifting relationships and patterns of interaction. Social network analysis can make these patterns visible and so help target interventions. Yeta great deal of conscious and unconscious interpersonal dynamics that should also be considered exist beneath the surface of such patterns. This in-depth case study illustrates how clinical and network approaches to diagnosis can reveal different change interventions. Three principles for combining clinical and social network techniques are identified. First, in addition to viewing structure as constraining action, networks should be considered as symptoms of deeper organizational issues. Second, networks should be understood normatively in terms of rational task requirements but also in terms of other, less observable (and possibly irrational) needs of organization members. Finally, analysts and change agents are best served by developing relationships of trust when applying social network analysis and interpreting patterns in ways meaningful to those being assessed.
Front and Backstage Processes of an Organizational Restructuring Effort
Authors: Stevenson William B. , Bartunek Jean M. , Borgatti Stephen P.
Published: October 2003

Change processes in organizations involve the formal expectations of change agents and administrators, but social processes taking place in the organization also may generate different, sometimes conflicting, outcomes. This study examines a planned restructuring effort that attempted to get people in an organization to work more closely together. The authors hypothesize that individuals seek influence in the organization by acting as brokers between others who are not connected to each other. These brokers gain influence by connecting the otherwise disconnected and have no incentive to connect others to each other. The contradictory forces pushing for connection and the exploiting of disconnections between actors are examined in a school undergoing a change effort during the course of a year.
Ethical and Strategic Issues in Organizational Social Network Analysis
Authors: Borgatti Stephen P. , Molina José Luis
Published: October 2003

In addition to all the usual ethical problems that can arise with any kind of inquiry, network analyses, by their very nature, introduce special ethical problems that should be recognized. This paper delineates some of these problems, distinguishing between problems that arise in purely academic studies and those that arise in managerial practice settings. In addition, the paper raises the long-term question of whether the use of network analysis for making managerial decisions will make collecting valid network data impossible in the future, seriously harming the academic field of social network research. The paper concludes with a short set of principles intended to form the basis for a set of guidelines designed to safeguard participants in social network studies and protect the long term viability of the network research enterprise.
Familiar Voices
Authors: Bohn Anita Perna
Published: October 2003

This article presents classroom vignettes illustrating an African American first-grade teacher's use of selected Ebonics communication techniques that celebrate African American oral traditions while supporting the academic success of the children in her racially and ethnically mixed class. Five common Ebonics rhetorical devices are identified and explicated: (a) the use of repetitive, rhythmic phrasing for emphasis; (b) call and response exchanges; (c) testifying; (d) signifying; and (e) code switching. The experiences of three other teachers who attempt to employ these techniques in their classrooms are also reported. The vignettes and explications offer specific strategies for preparing teachers to deal effectively with linguistic diversity.
Tesol Tutor Time Homework Center
Authors: Ariza Eileen N.
Published: October 2003

Bilingual parents who struggle with language acquisition themselves cannot assist their children with homework and need academic support. This report describes the inception and progress of a university/public school collaboration where preservice teachers, who are working toward endorsement in teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL), volunteer to teach English as a second language (ESL) students. The preservice teachers provide academic support, homework help, language practice, and comprehensive explanations for children who are struggling to either learn English or to keep up with academic assignments. The TESOL Tutor Time Homework Center provides Florida Atlantic University's students the opportunity to apply current TESOL methodologies and approaches, thus enhancing the ESL student's ability to master the English language and achieve curriculum competencies.
Welfare Reform from the Inside Out
Authors: Bishop Sheilah Watson
Published: October 2003

Using a multiperspective framework, this study seeks to identify the types of problems that occur when massive policy changes are implemented in a state agency. Results of focus group and survey data indicate how inadequately prepared employees were for the onslaught of welfare reform. Failure of management to clearly and consistently communicate policy goals and their inability to foster coordination and cooperation within the organization left service deliverers in a position of interpreting welfare reform on their own. Translation of goals into specific tasks by upper management clearly broke down at the lower echelons.
The Community of Inquiry
Authors: Shields Patricia M.
Published: October 2003

This article argues that the community of inquiry notion of the classical pragmatists has much to offer public administration theory and practice. The community of inquiry is an ideal position from which public administrators can effectively examine how they approach problems, consider data, and communicate. Participatory democracy is a vital component of the community of inquiry developed by John Dewey and Jane Addams. The recognition of participatory democracy's place in public administration is underdeveloped. The community of inquiry context provides a useful lens to show how participatory democracy can nurture a creative public service.
Tally of Nonprofits
Authors: Reiner Thomas A.
Published: October 2003

Identification of nonprofit organizations in a study area is often a first step in research or action projects. This article demonstrates the usefulness of combining two data sources: IRS 990 forms and municipal files on tax-exempt real property. A case study for a community in Philadelphia illustrates how merger of the two files expands the information base. Limitations and difficulties in applying this strategy are discussed, but the gain in combining the two sources is substantial.
Asymmetrical Attributions for Approach Versus Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias , Weiner Bernard
Published: October 2003

Five studies examined responsibility inferences and/or person and situation attributions in positively versus negatively valenced motivational contexts. In Experiment 1, participants received information about a teaching assistant who was promised a reward or threatened with a punishment when asked for compliance with a requested transgression. The teaching assistant was perceived as more responsible for complying given the positive than the negative incentive. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 using different vignettes and incentives. Experiment 3 revealed that the effect of incentive valence on perceived responsibility for compliance remains significant when statistically controlling for perceived compliance rates. Experiment 4 then demonstrated that there are not only greater responsibility judgments given a positive than a negative incentive but also greater dispositional attributions. Finally, Experiment 5 revealed that a similar incentive valence effect is found in other appetitive versus aversive motivational contexts. Theoretical explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
The Effects of Self-Esteem and Ego Threat on Interpersonal Appraisals of Men and Women: A Naturalistic Study
Authors: Vohs Kathleen D. , Heatherton Todd F.
Published: October 2003

A naturalistic study examined the effects of self-esteem and threats to the self on interpersonal appraisals. Self-esteem scores, ego threat (operationalized as a substantial decrease in self-esteem across an average of 9 months), and their interaction were used to predict likability and personality perceptions of college men and women. The results revealed a curvilinear function explaining likability: Moderate to low self-esteem men and women were higher in likability when threatened, whereas high self-esteem men were seen as less likable when threatened. Personality ratings indicated that high self-esteem men and women who were threatened were rated highest on Antagonism (i.e., fake, arrogant, unfriendly, rude, and uncooperative). Mediational analyses revealed that differences in Antagonism statistically accounted for differences in likability. These patterns are interpreted with respect to gender and time in interpersonal perceptions as well as naturalistic versus laboratory investigations.
The Meaning of Life (Events) Predicts Changes in Attachment Security
Authors: Davila Joanne , Sargent Erica
Published: October 2003

Building on prior research, which has failed to find consistent effects of life events on change in self-reported adult attachment security over time, the present study tested the hypothesis that it is the meaning people assign to events, rather than the objective features of events, that is associated with changing levels of security. Participants engaged in an 8-week daily diary study, during which they completed daily self-report measures of attachment security, negative life events, perceptions of loss associated with events, and mood. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that perceptions of greater interpersonal (but not achievement) loss associated with life events were significantly associated with greater insecurity on a day-to-day basis, even controlling for objective features of events and for mood. Trait levels of security did not moderate this association. Results are discussed with regard to social-cognitive models of attachment security and the utility of understanding the meaning of life events to under-stand how attachment models may be confirmed or disconfirmed.
On Difficult Questions and Evident Answers: Dispositional Inference from Role-Constrained Behavior
Authors: Gawronski Bertram
Published: October 2003

The present research investigated the underlying processes of how perceivers draw correspondent dispositional inferences about two interacting targets in the presence of situationally induced role constraints. Specifically, it is argued that a sufficient under-standing of role-dependent attributional biases (e.g., the fundamental attribution error) requires a separate consideration of the respective dispositional inference processes about each of the tar-gets involved, particularly with respect to deliberate attributional inferences. Employing the quiz-role paradigm results from four experiments generally support this assumption. Moreover, the present findings suggest that perceivers are much more sensitive to situationally induced role constraints than previous results may suggest. Implications for the fundamental attribution error and theories of dispositional inference are discussed.
The Dynamic Structure of Relationship Perceptions: Differential Importance as a Strategy of Relationship Maintenance
Authors: Neff Lisa A. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: October 2003

How do couples maintain relationship satisfaction despite specific negative perceptions of their relationships? One way to minimize the global implications of negative perceptions is to attribute differential importance to positive and negative features of the relationship. As those features change over time, satisfied intimates may alter their perceived importance, ensuring that positive features are always more closely associated with global satisfaction than negative ones. The current study examined the specific perceptions of 82 newly married couples at five assessments across their first 3 years of marriage. A tendency to view positive perceptions as more important than negative perceptions was associated with higher marital satisfaction. Moreover, a tendency to alter the importance of specific perceptions as those perceptions changed over time was associated with more stable global satisfaction. These findings highlight the interplay between the content and the structure of intimates' perceptions in determining relationship outcomes.
Implicit Romantic Fantasies and Women's Interest in Personal Power: A Glass Slipper Effect?
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Heppen Jessica B.
Published: October 2003

Three experiments investigated the relationship between women's romantic fantasies and their interest in personal power. Romantic fantasies (associating partners with chivalry and heroism) were assessed using the Implicit Association Test and self-reports. In each experiment, women's implicit romantic fantasies were dissociated with their conscious beliefs. More important, implicit (but not explicit) romantic fantasies negatively predicted women's interest in personal power, including projected income, education goal, interest in high-status jobs, and group leadership appeal. By contrast, men's implicit romantic fantasies were not routinely linked to their interest in personal power. In concert, the findings are consistent with positing a “glass slipper” effect for women that may be an implicit barrier to gender equity.
Race Differences in the Mental Health Effects of Divorce
Authors: Barrett Anne E.
Published: October 2003

Some research reports that divorce exerts greater negative effects on the mental health of Whites compared with African Americans. However, this literature is limited by inadequate attention to temporal dimensions of marital dissolution, in particular stages of the process and duration in each stage. This study incorporates stage and duration into an examination of race differences in the effects of marital dissolution on symptoms of depression and substance abuse or dependence. Data are drawn from the 1983 Piedmont Health Survey (PHS) of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program ( N = 1,941). Results suggest that the mental health effects of marital dissolution are not weaker for African Americans; rather, the nature and timing of the effects vary by race. Furthermore, gender interacts with race to influence the impact of separation and divorce on mental health.
The Crossroads of Race and Sexuality
Authors: Phua Voon Chin , Kaufman Gayle
Published: October 2003

The authors examine 2,400 personal ads from male advertisers collected from the Internet, focusing on issues of race and sexual orientation. They look at advertisers' desire for a partner of a particular race and the effect of their race and sexual orientation on their choices. The data indicate that Black, Hispanic, and Asian men are more likely than White men to have a race preference for a partner. Additionally, gay men are more likely to mention race than straight men. However, gay Black men and gay Hispanic men are less likely to have a race preference. The authors explain the differences in terms of race sensitivity and how preferences reflect the current racial hierarchy.
The Ever Widening Gyre: Factors Affecting Change in Adult Education Graduate Programs in the United States
Authors: Milton Judy , Watkins Karen E. , Studdard Scarlette Spears , Burch Michele
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of recent changes that have occurred in the size of adult education graduate programs. Three factors (program integration, responsiveness to change, and leadership) that contributed to changes in the number of students and faculty in graduate programs were identified and measured through a mixed-method study incorporating both qualitative interview and survey data analyses. The findings indicate that program integration has a significant effect on change in student enrollment, whereas program integration, innovation, and leadership together significantly predict variance in faculty growth. Implications for adult education graduate programs and directions for further research are discussed.
Deep Listening in a Feminist Popular Theatre Project: Upsetting the Position of Audience in Participatory Education
Authors: Butterwick Shauna , Selman Jan
Published: October 2003

Investigating the participatory, collaborative, and conflictual character of learning within feminist coalitions was the focus of an interdisciplinary community-based project that used popular theatre as the methodology. Popular theatre, with its creative approach to analyzing, naming, and acting on problems and working creatively with conflict, created a unique opportunity to enrich and complicate one's understanding of deep listening—an embodied and active stand-point for speaking and listening across difference. This article outlines some of the deeper under-standings about feminist politics, theatre processes, and the creation of democratic sites of learning that emerged from this study. The authors focus on theatre processes that created new opportunities for high-risk storytelling and deep listening. Insights from this study can be applied to the learning processes of movements for social justice, particularly feminist coalitions, and to the ways the participatory process and democratic intent of adult education class-rooms are understood.
Moments of Apprehension in the Midst of a Certainty: Some Frail Older Widows' Lives with a Personal Emergency Response System
Authors: Porter Eileen J.
Published: October 2003

The author's aim is to describe older frail widows' experience of having a personal emergency response system (PERS). Over 3 years, she interviewed 8 frail widows during a study of the home care experience using a phenomenological method to describe the context and the phenomena of the experience. “Being certain that I can get help here quickly” was a context for the phenomena of “deciding whom to put on my list (of first responders)” and “keeping the connection intact.” However, the women also experienced apprehension. Being shocked by unexpected voices and visits was a context for “figuring out why a stranger is talking in my house” and “finding that they show up to check on me.” The findings are a basis for considering the potential influences of having a PERS on elders' well-being.
“Sticking Jewels in Your Life”: Exploring Women's Strategies for Negotiating an Acceptable Quality of Life with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Reynolds Frances , Prior Sarah
Published: October 2003

The authors explored women's strategies for achieving quality of life with multiple sclerosis (MS) through interviews with 27 women, most of whom had lived with MS for more than 5 years. Analysis of the semistructured interviews followed the interpretative phenomenological approach. The women portrayed living with MS as an ongoing process of negotiation and described gaining quality of life through looking after health; maintaining meaningful occupations and roles; establishing mutual relationships; clarifying beliefs, aspirations, and philosophy of life; activism on disability issues; consciously valuing positive life experiences; and finding benefits in adversity. Despite recounting resourceful strategies, many acknowledged ongoing difficulties. Some narratives suggested a mesh or tapes-try of coexisting positive and negative experiences. Others portrayed an adversarial relationship, with the positive and negative forces in their lives constantly battling for supremacy. A wide array of flexible, evolving strategies was required to achieve an acceptable quality of life with MS.
Experiences of Contemplating Returning to Work for People Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Nixon Stephanie , Renwick Rebecca
Published: October 2003

In the mid-1990s, medical advances dramatically altered the experience of living with HIV/AIDS. The shifting medical climate spurred new social and financial questions, such as the possibility of returning to work. In this qualitative study, the authors examine how people living with HIV/AIDSperceive, attach meaning to, and approach the experience of returning to work. Findings demonstrate that the participants are influenced by, and wrestle with, both the dominant societal perspective that “people should return to work,” and the oppositional perspective that people living with HIV/AIDS “should not return to work.” Theoretical understanding of the results is enhanced using the concepts of the “sick role” and the “hierarchy of identities.” Findings have conceptual and methodological implications for literature in HIV/AIDS, return to work, and identity.
Living with Bodily Strangeness: Women's Experiences of their Changing and Unpredictable Body Following a Stroke
Authors: Kvigne Kari , Kirkevold Marit
Published: October 2003

The authors' aim in this phenomenologial and feminist study was to gain a deeper under-standing of how female stroke survivors experienced their body after a stroke. They recruited 25 women in a rural area in eastern Norway who had suffered a first-time stroke and inter-viewed them in depth three times each during the first 11/2to 2 years following the stroke. The data analysis was inspired by phenomenological method. The stroke survivors' experiences of their bodies were characterized by profound, disturbing, and, in part, unintelligible changes during the onset and the process of recovery from the stroke. Their experiences can be summarized under three major themes: The Unpredictable Body, The Demanding Body, and The Extended Body.
Deciding Whether to Continue, Share, or Relinquish Caregiving: Caregiver Views
Authors: Caron Chantal D. , Bowers Barbara J.
Published: October 2003

Using grounded theory, the authors explore informal caregiving and develop the beginnings of a substantive caregiving theory explaining some of the decision making involved in pro-viding care to an older family member. Sixteen caregivers (CGs) participated in the study. Line-by-line and dimensional analyses reveal various purposes of caregiving for an older family member. These purposes influence whether and how CGs continue to provide the care or decide to share or relinquish caregiving to health care providers. This study suggests that a broader conceptualization of caregiving is needed to illuminate fully the complexity involved in providing care to older adults.
Risk for Acute Confusion in Sensory-Impaired, Rural, Long-Term-Care Elders
Authors: Cacchione Pamela Z. , Culp Kennith , Dyck Mary J. , Laing Joan
Published: October 2003

Acute confusion is a common geriatric syndrome in long-term care (LTC) elders with prevalence rates of 10% to 39%. Sensory impairment, specifically vision and hearing impairment, is even more common in LTC, with prevalence rates of 40% to 90%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk relationship between sensory impairment and the development of acute confusion in LTC elders. Each resident (N = 114) underwent sensory screening and then was followed for 28 days to monitor for the onset of acute confusion. Twenty residents (17.5%) developed acute confusion, 60 residents (52.6%) were found to be visually impaired, 49 (44.1%) were hearing impaired, and 28 (24.6%) were found to be dually impaired. Significant relationships between vision impairment, odds ratio (OR) = 3.67, confidence interval (CI) (1.13, 11.92), and dual sensory impairment, OR = 2.88, CI (1.04, 8.26), with the development of acute confusion were identified.