bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РОЗВИТОК ПОДАТКОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ У НОВИХ УМОВАХ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ
Authors: Кудріна Ольга Юріївна , Божкова Вікторія Вікторівна
Published: October 2021

Statement of the problem: under present conditions of state management when in Ukraine are transformational changes associated with the forces of both global character (digitalization, informatization, transition to a new technological order, etc.), and with internal reforming factors (reform of public management and administration, economic reform, etc.), the resource support (financial, informational, interface, communication, etc.) Of these evolutions is particularly important) Of these evolutionary transformations. The goal of the research is to identify the factors that influence the formation and development of the tax potential of domestic industrial enterprises. The subject of research is the tax potential of industrial enterprises. Methods used in the research: comparative and decomposition analysis, systematization and logical generalization.The hypothesis of the research: it is assumed that taking into account the influence of the factors that occur in the new conditions of state management, with the tax potential of industrial enterprises will contribute to a more accurate assessment of the tax base of taxpayers and improve the efficiency of budgeting at both the state and local levels. Layout of the main material. As a result of the analysis of definitcii "tax potential" and "budget potential" revealed an important feature of the tax potential, which is associated with the possibility of taking into account not only the tax base, and reserves, which can be used in a situation of budget deficit, as well as to reconcile disparities in the development of different territories/regions. Originality and practical relevance of the research. It is requested to expand groups of factors that affect the formation and development of the tax potential of taxpayers (to analyze the globalization, information, interface factors), which will contribute to a more accurate assessment of the tax base. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The results of the research can be put into the basis of optimizattion model of differentiation levels of budget planning, which will ensure increase the efficiency of budgeting processes.
ОСНОВНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО СІЛЬСЬКОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІВНІЧНОГО РЕГІОНУ
Authors: Ivanov Valentin
Published: October 2021

The prevailing sectoral approach based on agrarian-industrial policy, to the detriment of the socio-spatial direction of the development of rural areas, is ineffective from a social point of view. More correct is an integrated approach, within which rural development is viewed as a process of improving the life of people directly related to the use of land and other biological resources included in the system of geographical division of labor and corresponding social relations. The purpose of the article is to consider the development of rural areas based on a combination of socio-territorial and sectoral approaches. The object of the research is the countryside of the Komi Republic. The example of Komi is interesting in that rural life in the taiga part of its territory has features characteristic of many thoroughly inhabited regions of the North-West, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, and in the extreme northern part (forest-tundra and tundra) - the western sector of the Arctic. The subject of the research is socio-economic processes in the northern village. Analytical, historical, statistical, logical, comparative methods were used as research methods. The main hypothesis of the study was the revival of rural life as a social process, the management of which cannot be carried out only within the framework of the production sector approach. Highlighting the development of rural areas and the agrarian sector as an object of comprehensive research will improve the quality and standard of living of rural residents. Presentation of the main material. New approaches to rural development are considered, including the transition from the exogenous-sectoral model to both endogenous and neo-endogenous. The impossibility of solving numerous problems of rural areas in the sectoral model of their development is shown. Originality and practical significance of the study. A significant disagreement in the domestic practice of rural development between sectoral and socio-spatial development has been established. The role of the rural economy in the development of the village is investigated, directions of its diversification are proposed. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The obtained results of the study can become the basis for the preparation of Strategies and Programs for the sustainable development of rural areas and its economic entities at the level of the region and municipalities.
УПРАВЛІННЯ ІННОВАЦІЯМИ ЯК ФАКТОР РОЗВИТКУ ГАЛУЗЕЙ ЕКОНОМІКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ
Authors: Kadirova Sharofat , Ismailkhodjaev Anvar
Published: October 2021

This article examines the role of investment and innovation in ensuring stable macroeconomic growth and the main directions of the state investment strategy of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study is to analyze investments and innovations as a factor in the development of sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan. The study used the methodology of logical, historical, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of expert assessments, economic modeling, a method for assessing the reliability of qualitative and quantitative statistical indicators. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption that without innovation, capital investments may be ineffective and even harmful, prolonging the future production of uncompetitive products. Presentation of the main material. The national aspect of sustainable development for the Republic of Uzbekistan is determined, first of all, by its formation as a sovereign state, the need for the fastest way out of socio-economic difficulties and environmental tension, raising the standard of living of the population, entering the world community, maintaining good-neighborly relations with other countries of the world and mutually beneficial cooperation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application by the executive authorities of the research results when drawing up medium-term and long-term programs for the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The main directions of the state investment strategy can be formulated as follows: pursuing a targeted policy to deepen structural reforms; comprehensive support of priority industries in order to ensure the high competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and world markets
Ways to Improve Foreign Language Teaching in Police Officers Training
Authors: Левашов О. С. , Орлова О. О.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of teaching foreign languages in higher education institutions with special conditions of study, first of all, in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The main factors related to the goals, conditions and content of training are analyzed. The aim is to determine the specific impact of these factors on the learning process and to justify the main areas of work to eliminate the negative factors that limit the effectiveness of learning. The thesis regarding the need to improve independent work as a powerful reserve for learning intensification significantly is put forward. The most effective forms of organization of such work on the basis of wide use of information technologies are offered.
Possíveis desfechos relacionados ao uso da ondansetrona na hiperêmese gravídica
Authors: Silva Angel Adriany da , Teixeira Gefferson Dias , Azevedo Marina Andrade de , Luso Rafaela Pessoa Alves , Oliveira Glauco Araujo de , Zietz Ana Carolina Gonçalves , Brasil Vitória Borges , Vasconcelos Isys Holanda Albuquerque de , Carneiro Caroline da Silva , Maia Ryan Brendo Silva
Published: October 2021

Introdução: Sintomas de náuseas e vômitos são comuns no primeiro trimestre da gestação, no entanto, algumas mulheres podem desenvolver hiperêmese gravídica, condição que traz esses sintomas de forma mais grave e recorrente, e muitas vezes refratária as medidas iniciais preconizadas atualmente. O cloridrato de Ondasetrona é um potente antiemético, porém até o momento não tem indicação franca em gestantes, e é prescrito apenas de forma off label e controversa. Objetivo: Analisar e discutir possíveis desfechos associados ao uso de ondansetrona durante a gravidez. Pergunta Problema: Tratando-se a gravidez de período delicado, é possível realizar a prescrição desse medicamento de forma segura nessas pacientes? Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa, retrospectiva do tipo qualitativa. Foi utilizado para a busca bibliográfica, o Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), e o PubMed. Tal pesquisa foi realizada por meio de descritores disponíveis no DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde), sendo esses “Hyperemesis Gravidarum“, “Hiperêmese Gravídica”, “Pregnancy“, “Grossesse” e “Ondansetron“. Resultando em 13 artigos, avaliados pelo método de revisão integrativa, que contemplaram os objetivos do presente estudo. Resultados: No presente trabalho, foram incluídos 12 estudos associados às repercussões do uso da ondansetrona durante a gestação, entre eles 25% (n=3) consideraram não haver evidências consistentes na literatura atual de que o uso da ondansetrona durante a gestação aumenta o risco do desfecho investigado. Por outro lado, 41% (n=5) dos estudos incluídos defendem que há possibilidades para o uso, com ressalvas. Por fim, 3 dos estudos incluídos evidenciaram um potencial teratogênico no uso de ondansetrona durante a gestação. Conclusão: Os achados do estudo em relação ao uso de ondansentrona na gravidez constata que não há relação entre o fármaco e o aumento de risco de abortos espontâneos, também não há indícios sólidos em relação a efeito teratogênico e malformações congênitas. Porém é preciso atenção contínua durante a utilização, principalmente no decorrer do primeiro trimestre da gravidez. Ressalta-se ainda, a importância de estudos futuros que abordem acerca da relação da dose dessa substância e o real impacto da terapia no tratamento de hiperêmese gravídica.
Great River Legs
Authors: Wiseman Laura Madeline
Published: October 2021

Great River Legs is a lyric collection of prose poetry, creative nonfiction, and found poetry. This creative response documents my 1,398 mile, 25-day bicycle ride from Muscatine, Iowa, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, between October 2017–March 2018. The journey took place in legs over breaks during the school year, with two additional back-to-back weekend rides that started the adventure.

In her latest book, Great River Legs, Laura Madeline Wiseman takes you on an intimate journey as she weaves in and out of a cross-country, long distance bike ride. In this beautifully curated book that includes prose poetry, creative non-fiction and found poetry, Wiseman embraces the many parts of herself—cyclist, data collector, meditation practitioner, nature lover, quiet observer—and brings them together in a seamless, profound, and captivating way. – Dawn Mauricio, author of Mindfulness Meditation for Beginners

In Great River Legs, Laura Madeline Wiseman measures the weeks in papers graded, classes taught, but also in miles ridden alongside rivers, lengths of the journey called “legs.” The book’s great subject is as much the making of narrative as it is an exploration of geography. Are our stories circular, spinning like wheels on a bicycle? Or do our lives move almost linearly like a waterway flowing across the land? Through small bursts of lyric prose, Wiseman explores the ways “we can begin again,” how we test ourselves on paths that are “steep and dangerous” while learning to accept that we can never “control the day’s rotation.” – Jehanne Dubrow, author of throughsmoke: an essay in notes
Imagen y posicionamiento de las tiendas de barrio en Colombia aplicando el análisis factorial de correspondencia (AFC)
Authors: Londoño-Aldana Emperatriz
Published: October 2021

Tradicionalmente, la actividad comercial en Colombia, ha sido entendida como una consecuencia del desempeño de los sectores agropecuario e industrial. Sólo a raíz de los cambios generados por la internacionalización de la economía en la década del 90, tanto empresarios como agentes del Estado, apuntaron hacia una concepción de la actividad comercial como el eslabón fundamental sobre el cual se debe intervenir para alcanzar niveles de mayor desarrollo. Dentro del sector comercio, el referente al de la venta al de productos de gran consumo tanto a nivel de grandes superficies como de las tiendas de barrio hoy reconocidas como pymes de comercio31, se muestra como el de mayor dinamismo tanto por su crecimiento como por su aporte al producto interno bruto y generación de empleo. El mercado de productos de gran consumo en el país se encuentra disputado por las denominadas grandes superficies y el comercio tradicional o tiendas de barrio: este pequeño comercio, (en conjunto) y en oposición a las teorías que muestran la extinción de las pequeñas unidades de negocios ante la presencia de los grandes minoristas, se ha convertido en la última década en el principal competidor de grandes supermercados e hipermercados. En estas condiciones es importante conocer y validar las características que hacen atractiva la tienda de barrio en beneficio del incremento de la demanda de la misma.Palabras Clave: Tienda, comercio detallista, precio, cercanía, ventaja competitiva
La influencia de la especialización productiva y regional en el comportamiento de las exportaciones colombianas del siglo XIX: Un análisis con la metodología Shift Share
Authors: Barrios-Aguirre Fernando
Published: October 2021

Una de las aproximaciones que nos permite entender la dinámica económica del Siglo XIX en Colombia es por medio de las Exportaciones de este período. Mediante las cifras podemos observar la dinámica de los principales rubros de producción diferentes al oro, así como su dinamismo y contribución al crecimiento de las exportaciones en el siglo XIX: el oro, el tabaco y la quina, y algunos artesanales (intensivos, también, en recursos naturales y trabajo no calificado), como los sombreros de paja, especialmente durante el período de expansión diversificada de exportaciones, 1850-1882. Los movimientos coyunturales así como la inserción de los países de Latinoamérica al proceso capitalista y a los primeros pasos de la globalización nos permiten incidir en la explicación del dinamismo, estancamiento y auge de algunos productos que fueron potencialmente exportables en el siglo XIX. Mediante el escenario de Cambio y Composición se puede observar resultados como la falta de dinamismo de la Quina y el Tabaco en el primer período o las   expectativas del periodo dos con la bonanza cafetera y la Quina y la crisis tabacalera de los años 1870 y 1873 que terminó afectando al sector y generando la cifra de dinamismo más baja del periodo de análisis y preparo al café en su expansión del tercer período. De acuerdo con estos resultados, el periodo nos evidencia el camino de una crisis, que realmente se dio entre 1876 y 1877. Algunos aspectos históricos que nos permiten complementar los resultados por países. En efecto se nota el poco dinamismo con Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos que sucedió en la primera mitad de los años sesenta, el dinamismo de las exportaciones hacia Alemania debido al impulso del mercado de tabaco y el dinamismo en Francia debido al incremento notable que se obtuvo en este periodo. El período dos muestra la recuperación que obtuvo Gran Bretaña en la bonanza quinera, el decaimiento de Alemania debido a la crisis tabacalera y la importancia que va tomando el mercado estadounidense. Muy seguido, el tercer periodo resalta la pérdida del poder comercial de Alemania, pero también un aspecto excepcional el camino de la crisis de los ochentas que afectaría a todos los socios comerciales, excepto a Los Estados Unidos.Palabras Clave: Exportaciones, Siglo XIX, Productos, Socios comerciales, disparidad histórica.
Entendiendo la cadena de suministro desde la óptica de la dinámica de sistemas a partir del modelo del juego de la cerveza
Authors: Vergara-Schmalbach Juan Carlos , Quesada-Ibargüen Victor Manuel , Fontalvo-Herrera Tomás José
Published: October 2021

Uno de los grandes aportes que ofrece la dinámica de sistemas, es que permite escudriñar un sistema entendiendo las causas de su comportamiento y efectos que éste genera, detallado a través de una serie de variables y relaciones enmarcadas en un modelo cuantitativo. Esta comprensión al detalle de los encadenamientos entre variables suministra al investigador herramientas para prever posibles estados futuros del sistema y, con base en ello, anticipar soluciones alternativas. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo simplificado de una cadena de suministro desde la óptica de la dinámica de sistemas, tomando como referencia el conocido "Juego de la Cerveza", para entender el comportamiento medio de una cadena de suministro a través de la observación de la actuación de los agentes que participan en ella. El resultado alcanzado en esta investigación arroja un modelo general de cadena de suministro que permitirá, realizar experimentos o simular escenarios para visualizar el efecto de una variable sobre otra.Palabras Clave: Métodos de simulación, organización de la producción, análisis de la producción, cadena de suministro, dinámica de sistemas.
La nueva Comunidad Andina y el apoyo de la Unión Europea
Authors: Julio-Giraldo María Carmela
Published: October 2021

Las instituciones de la Comunidad Andina, han venido trabajando en la consolidación de una integración multidimensional a través del fortalecimiento de sus aspectos sociales, políticos, ambientales e institucionales, al margen de los logros y fracasos en sus aspectos económico-comerciales ya pesar de las disputas entre los gobiernos de sus países miembros. En este proceso, el apoyo de la Unión Europea ha sido fundamental, gracias al rediseño de su estrategia prointegracionista aplicada en América Latina. Explicar cómo ha sido el proceso de consolidación de la integración multidimensional andina y qué papel ha jugado en esto la cooperación para el desarrollo de la Unión Europea, son los objetivos del presente artículo.Palabras clave: Comunidad Andina, integración regional, multidimensionalidad, nueva agenda estratégica, cooperación internacional, Unión Europea.
Modelo de evaluación de la calidad de la educación superior en Colombia. Análisis crítico
Authors: Blanco-Hernández Ingrid
Published: October 2021

La preocupación por el mejoramiento y evaluación de la calidad de la educación superior en Colombia, generó una serie de políticas y acciones que condujeron al establecimiento del Sistema de Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior SA CESo Uno de los entes reguladores de este sistema es, el Consejo Nacional de Acreditación CNA, que establece los lineamienios para la acreditación de programas e instituciones. El propósito de este artículo es presentar un análisis crítico del modelo de evaluación de la calidad de la educación superior, como resultado de la investigación "Diseño de un Modelo de Gestión Integral para las Instituciones de Educación Superior, basado en los lineamientos para la Autoevaluación con fines de Acreditación del CNA". El documento inicia con los antecedentes históricos, constitucionales y legales del Sistema Colombiano de Acreditación, describe la estructura del sistema y explica el Modelo de Acreditación propuesto por el CNA, para evaluar los programas académicos de pregrado, que aspiran a alcanzar la acreditación de calidad, la cual tiene carácter de voluntaria.Palabras clave: Modelo de Evaluación, Calidad, Acreditación, Educación Superior.
El aprendizaje organizacional una estrategia de cambio en la administración de hoy
Authors: Mayorca-Capataz Eliecer , Mayorca-Beltrán Dolly Yamile
Published: October 2021

Este trabajo ofrece un marco conceptual, que explica cómo las iniciativas de cambio en una época de rápido progreso social, tecnológico y de inminentes casos de urgencias, influyen sobre la capacidad de aprendizaje de las personas y organizaciones que las obliga a aprender, y utilizar con la mayor rapidez los nuevos conceptos, para con ellos, iniciar cambios en la conducta organizacional. Bajo esta perspectiva, se explica que las organizaciones centradas en el aprendizaje como estrategia de cambio integran diversos conceptos, elementos, conocimientos y posiciones para adaptarse y generar de manera creativa nuevas maneras de hacer las cosas. Al final se concluye que el aprendizaje como estrategia de cambio, asume la función de orientar a la organización en definir posibles caminos de evolución y progreso. Es decir, el aprendizaje y el cambio procesos dialógicos, y en consecuencia, todo proceso de cambio es tanto un aprendizaje como una reconciliación de ideas.Palabras Clave: Aprendizaje Organizacional, Estrategia, Cambio, Organización, Administración, Teoría de la acción
Apuntes sobre la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y la Responsabilidad Social frente a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el Pacto Global
Authors: Blanco-Rangel Ibelis
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo, es una revisión sobre la relación de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y la Responsabilidad Social teniendo como elemento central la relación entre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y el Pacto Global. Se encuentra dividido en dos partes: La primera, describe la Cooperación internacional para el desarrollo así como el enfoque de desarrollo al que se hará referencia, seguidamente se argumenta los roles que ha desempeñado el sector privado, como beneficiaria de cooperación y como financiadora de desarrollo. La segunda parte, puntualiza el concepto de la Responsabilidad Social que se tomará como referencia, posteriormente se hará de la relación entre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el Pacto Global.
Relación del consumo de alcohol y trastornos mentales en habitantes de una población rural
Authors: Rivas Acuña Valentina , Rodríguez Hernández Carlos Manuel , Arias Guzmán Maríz Roxana , Carrillo Hernández Laura , Zetina Contreras Esmeralda , González Jorge Rafael
Published: October 2021

El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la relación del consumo de alcohol y trastornos mentales en una población rural del municipio de Centro, Tabasco, México; mediante diseño correlacional-descriptivo, se aplicaron la Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI) y el AUDIT. La muestra fue de n= 400, con edad promedio de 34.2 años. El consumo de alcohol fue perjudicial (76%), con predominio en mujeres. Los principales trastornos identificados fueron:  nsiedad generalizada, 69.5%; trastorno antisocial de la personalidad, 60%; agorafobia, 57.7%; trastorno por estrés postraumático, 54.5%; riesgo de suicidio, 53.2% y fobia social, 50.5%. El consumo de alcohol correlacionó significativamente (p= <.01)  con: edad (r= .235); trastorno por estrés postraumático (r= .509); trastorno de ansiedad (r= -.457); fobia social (r= -.332) y riesgo de suicidio (r= -.241). El consumo de alcohol de forma perjudicial indica posible dependencia de alcohol y desarrollo de trastornos de ansiedad, trastornos del estado de ánimo y trastorno antisocial
La gramática en la diacronía: La evolución de las perífrasis verbales modales en español
Authors: Eslava-Heredia Cristina
Published: October 2021

Sin Resumen
Barbarian in the City Walls. Schumpeter’s ‘Entrepreneur’ as the Subject of a Historico-political Discourse
Authors: Vanunts Georgy
Published: October 2021

A common narrative about the recent reactionary turn in electoral democracies around the world highlights a fundamental lack in the heart of neoliberal rationality — a lack of political/ social in the version of critical theorists and a lack of morals/ traditions in the version of conservative critics. What if this lack is complemented by an excess, an antinomic element, that overdetermines this shift to the right? Following the mainstream version of neoliberal subject — an entrepreneurial self — this study reaches into the genealogy of the ‘entrepreneur’ concept in the theory of Joseph A.Schumpeter, tracing its roots to the conservative dichotomies of Werner Sombart and Friedrich von Wieser. By placing the ‘entrepreneur’ in the framework of Foucault’s theory of two discourses, I draw out the complex relationship between Schumpeterian concept and its analogues in the mainstream neoliberal theory. An outcome of this analysis is the hypotesis of polidiscoursivity: a problem of ‘barbarian subject’ at the gates (or within the city walls) of the Austrian school’s (neo)liberal utopia.
The “Strangely Apolitical” Politics of Tora Lane’s Platonov
Authors: Cieply Jason
Published: October 2021

Book review: Tora Lane. Andrey Platonov: The Forgotten Dream of the Revolution Lexington Books, 2018, 160 p. ISBN 1498547753
The Basics of Microbiology
Authors: Solbach Werner
Published: October 2021

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth.

Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits.

Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection.

Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi.

Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes.

There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death.

The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues.

Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours.

Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses.

In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.
Diphtheria
Authors: Kuria Timothy Chege
Published: October 2021

Diphtheria is caused by toxin-producing bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and less frequently by one of two other, zoonotic, Corynebacteria.

Diphtheria toxin destroys tissue, which builds up in the throat and tonsils, making breathing and swallowing almost impossible.

The bacteria are transmitted by respiratory droplets, by direct physical contact with skin lesions, via secretions from infected patients, or contaminated materials.

Clinically, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and skin infections (wound infection; ulcers) appear; diphtheria once was a terrible killer of young children.

Antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin, others) are used to eradicate the bacteria; for respiratory infections, diphtheria antitoxin is used to neutralize circulating toxins and reduce/prevent complications like myocarditis, neuritis (nerve palsies).

Case fatality rates of up to 10% have been reported during diphtheria outbreaks, and are even higher in settings where diphtheria antitoxin is unavailable.

Diphtheria vaccines consist of inactivated toxins, called toxoids, and are available in combinations with other antigens such as tetanus, pertussis, and others.

These combinations are usually well-tolerated, local reactions are the most frequently observed side effects.

Efficacy studies are not available but various observational studies consistently indicate high vaccine effectiveness between 87% and 96%.
Rabies
Authors: Moore Susan M
Published: October 2021

Rabies is the deadliest disease known to mankind and yet it is virtually 100% vaccine preventable.

There are no known cures for rabies once clinical symptoms are evident.

Over 95% of all human deaths occur in Asia and Africa and approximately 99% of all deaths are caused by exposure to infected dogs.

Children under 15 years of age constitute an estimated 40% of the victims of rabies and they should be targeted for increased educational awareness programs.

In regions where the exposure rates are high and access to rabies vaccines is limited, administering pre-exposure-prophylaxis (PrEP) to children would save lives.

Rabies is significantly under-reported and often misdiagnosed as another encephalitic disease.

Travelers visiting rabies endemic countries where vaccine supplies are limited should consider receiving PrEP (vaccination).
Malaria
Authors: Hrynkevych Khrystyna , Schmitt Heinz-Josef
Published: October 2021

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by protozoan parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

More than 3 billion people live in endemic areas, and there are >200 million cases resulting in >400,000 deaths annually.

The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts, humans and mosquitos.

Five Plasmodium species infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and the monkey parasite P. knowlesi, with more than 90% of deaths in sub-Saharan Africa due to P. falciparum.

Young children and pregnant women are at highest risk for severe and deadly disease courses.

While there are several dozen vaccine candidates, the only approved vaccine as of 2021 is RTS,S/ASO1 (Mosquirix®). In a 5-year phase 3 study, 4 doses of RTS,S prevented 39% malaria cases over a 4-year follow-up and 29% of severe malaria cases.

It requires four injections and has a short-term efficacy around 30%.

Following pilot programs in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi in 2019 to address concerns, in October 2021, WHO recommended “. . . the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine be used for the prevention of P. falciparum malaria in children living in regions with moderate to high transmission as defined by WHO.”
BEEF CATTLE FARMING IN SOUTH WESTLAND
Authors: Williams L.J.
Published: October 2021

WE farm at Fox Glacier on the plains of the Fox and Cook rivers and their tributaries, the Clearwater River and others. The source of the main stream is the Fox Glacier which can be seen from the farm. Fox Glacier is 90 miles from the railhead at Ross; the road is good in parts and is being improved. Ross is 180 miles from the Addington market. This distance increases costs; the transport charge involved in sending a truck of bullocks to Addington is f34. Transport cost for lambs is 7s. 6d. per head to the freezing works, and for fertilizer from Hornby, f5 13s. 10d. per ton. Thus, the total cost of superphosphate at Fox Glacier is f15 5s. 10d. per ton.
НАПРЯМКИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ТА ОРГАНІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ В ПРОТИДІЇ НЕЗАКОННОМУ ОБІГУ НАРКОТИКІВ
Authors: Стрільців О. М. , Буковський Ю. Д.
Published: October 2021

У статті здійснено аналіз нормативно-правового регулювання організації діяльності підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України в протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків. За результатами дослідження встановлено, що на сьогодні поліція керується інструкцією з протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків, яка була ще прийнята у 2004 році. При тому в основу цієї інструкції було закладені положення, які були затверджені наказами МВС України ще у 90-і роки минулого століття. Автори виходять із пропозицією прийняти новий нормативно-правовий акт, який би регламентував діяльність підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України в протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків. Причому, акцентована увага на тому, що зміст такого акту має обов’язково враховувати положення Стратегії державної політики щодо наркотиків на період до 2020 року, схваленої розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 28 серпня 2013 р. № 735-р. Авторами пропонується орієнтовний зміст нової інструкції, який повинен містити наступні розділи: 1) порядок створення та діяльності дорадчо-консультаційних органів; 2) організація діяльності та повноваження підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України щодо зменшення незаконних пропозицій на наркотики; 3) організація діяльності та повноваження підрозділів і територіальних органів Національної поліції України щодо зменшення незаконного попиту на наркотики; 4) організація діяльності та повноваження підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України щодо зменшення шкоди від немедичного вживання наркотиків; 5) співпраця підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України з громадськими та неурядовими організаціями в протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків; 6) участь підрозділів та територіальних органів Національної поліції України в реалізації безперервності замісної підтримувальної терапії.
ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ КРИМІНАЛІСТИЧНОЇ МЕТОДИКИ СУДОВОГО РОЗГЛЯДУ КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ СПРАВ
Authors: Мирошниченко Ю. М.
Published: October 2021

Стаття присвячена формуванню загальних положень методики судового провадження, першим серед яких розглянуто питання щодо того, чи належить методичний аспект судового провадження до предметної області криміналістики. Визначені суб’єк­ти методики судового розгляду кримінальних справ. Сформульовані положення, що стосуються предмета, завдань, функцій, джерел, структури судової методики та її місця в системі криміналістики. Запропоновані дефініції деяких ключових категорій. Обґрунтовано значення розвитку судової методики для підвищення ефективності кримінального судочинства.
Effect of Cutting Insert Type on Surface Roughness of Hardened AISI 420 Stainless Steel
Authors: Dalkıran Anıl Berk , Yılmaz Furkan , Bilim Samet Emre
Published: October 2021

AISI 420 stainless steel is one of the alloys that can be used in various applications due to its malleability, high strength, and weldability. In this study, the effects of cutting parameters (feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed) on the surface roughness were investigated during the turning of AISI 420 under dry test conditions using coated carbide and ceramic cutting inserts. Response surface methodology, analysis of variance, and statistical methods of the main effect plot were applied to investigate the effects of input parameters on response values. The results of this study showed that feed rate followed by the depth of cut had the most significant effect on output parameters. According to the experimental data, as the feed rate and depth of cut increase, the surface roughness increases.
Non-Invasive in Vivo Quantification of Directional Dependent Variation in Mechanical Properties for Human Skin
Authors: Lakhani Piyush , Dwivedi Krashn K. , Parashar Atul , Kumar Navin
Published: October 2021

Skin is the body’s largest organ, and it shows non-linear and anisotropic behavior under the deformation. This behavior of the skin is due to the waviness and preferred orientation (in a particular direction) of collagen fibers. This preferred orientation of collagen fibers results in natural pre-tension and anisotropy of the skin. The knowledge of natural skin pre-tension and anisotropy is essential during incisions and surgery. The available suction-based devices quantify the anisotropy through the displacement field and cannot measure the stress-strain relation in particular directions. Therefore, in the current study, an in vivo full-field measurement suction apparatus was developed to measure the stress and strain of skin in all planar directions through a single experiment. First, this apparatus was tested on silicone substrates of known properties, and then it was used to test the skin of 12 human forearms. Further, to check the effect of hand stability on the measurements, the obtained results of the skin were compared with the results of a standard test performed in the same skin using a steady setup. The consistency between these two results confirms that the stability of the hand does not influence the measurements of skin properties. Furthermore, using the developed apparatus, the skin’s anisotropy and its relation with the Kraissl’s lines orientation was quantified by measuring the toe and linear moduli at an interval of one degree. The minimum and maximum values of the toe and linear moduli were 0.52 ± 0.09 and 0.59 ± 0.11 MPa, and 3.09 ± 0.47 and 5.52 ± 1.13 MPa, respectively. Also, the direction of maximum moduli was found almost similar to Kraissl’s lines’ orientation. These results confirm the contribution of skin pre-tension on the anisotropy of the skin. The present apparatus mimics the tissue expansion procedure, where observation of the test may be helpful in the selection of size and shape of the expander.
Design and Applications of Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanogels as Drug Carriers
Authors: Du Xinjing , Gao Yuting , Kang Qi , Xing Jinfeng
Published: October 2021

In recent years, the exploration of tumor microenvironment has provided a new approach for tumor treatment. More and more researches are devoted to designing tumor microenvironment-responsive nanogels loaded with therapeutic drugs. Compared with other drug carriers, nanogel has shown great potential in improving the effect of chemotherapy, which is attributed to its stable size, superior hydrophilicity, excellent biocompatibility, and responsiveness to specific environment. This review primarily summarizes the common preparation techniques of nanogels (such as free radical polymerization, covalent cross-linking, and physical self-assembly) and loading ways of drug in nanogels (including physical encapsulation and chemical coupling) as well as the controlled drug release behaviors. Furthermore, the difficulties and prospects of nanogels as drug carriers are also briefly described.
Gridded GDP Projections Compatible With the Five SSPs (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways)
Authors: Murakami Daisuke , Yoshida Takahiro , Yamagata Yoshiki
Published: October 2021

Historical and future spatially explicit population and gross domestic product (GDP) data are essential for the analysis of future climate risks. Unlike population projections that are generally available, GDP projections—particularly for scenarios compatible with shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)—are limited. Our objective is to perform a high-resolution and long-term GDP estimation under SSPs utilizing a wide variety of geographic auxiliary information. We estimated the GDP in a 1/12-degree grid scale. The estimation is done through downscaling of historical GDP data for 1850–2010 and SSP future scenario data for 2010–2100. In the downscaling, we first modeled the spatial and economic interactions among cities and projected different future urban growth patterns according to the SSPs. Subsequently, the projected patterns and other auxiliary geographic data were used to estimate the gridded GDP distributions. Finally, the GDP projections were visualized via three-dimensional mapping to enhance the clarity for multiple stakeholders. Our results suggest that the spatial pattern of urban and peri-urban GDP depends considerably on the SSPs; the GDP of the existing major cities grew rapidly under SSP1, moderately grew under SSP 2 and SSP4, slowly grew under SSP3, and dispersed growth under SSP5.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Porcine lncMGPF Regulate Meat Production Traits by Affecting RNA Stability
Authors: Lv Wei , Zhao Shiyu , Hou Yunqing , Tong Qian , Peng Yaxin , Li Jianan , Xu Zaiyan , Zuo Bo
Published: October 2021

lncMGPF is a novel positive regulator of myogenic differentiation, muscle growth and regeneration in mouse, pig, and human. But whether natural mutations within lncMGPF gene regulate animal meat production traits is unclear. In this study, ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pig lncMGPF (plncMGPF) gene were identified among commercial pig breeds and Chinese local pig breeds. These SNPs are highly linked and constructed into multiple haplotypes, and haplotype ATTCATGTTC (H1) mainly exists in commercial pig breeds while haplotype GCCTGCACCT (H3) is more frequent in Chinese local pig breeds. Association analysis indicated that all SNPs are significantly associated with the backfat thickness and loin muscle area (P < 0.05), respectively, and homologous H1 individuals have higher loin muscle area and lower backfat thickness than H3 pigs. Bioinformatics and functional analysis showed that haplotype H1 has a longer half-life and more stable RNA secondary structure than haplotype H3. plncMGPF haplotype H1 has stronger effects on pig primary myogenic progenitor cells differentiation and muscle growth than haplotype H3. Further experiments showed that two SNPs (rs81403974 and rs325492834) function together to confer plncMGPF stability and function. Our observation suggested that the SNPs in lncMGPF can change the RNA stabilities and lncMGPF function, thereby affecting the porcine meat production traits.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Augments Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis in Damaged Liver to Improve Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish
Authors: Qiang Weidong , Shen Tianzhu , Noman Muhammad , Guo Jinnan , Jin Zhongqian , Lin Danfeng , Pan Jiaxuan , Lu Huiqiang , Li Xiaokun , Gong Fanghua
Published: October 2021

Regeneration of a part of the diseased liver after surgical resection is mainly achieved by the proliferation of the remaining healthy liver cells. However, in case of extreme loss of liver cells or in the final stages of chronic liver disease, most liver cells are depleted or lose their ability to proliferate. Therefore, to foster liver regeneration, it is of great clinical and scientific significance to improve the survival and proliferation ability of residual hepatocytes. In this study, we conducted experiments on a zebrafish model of targeted ablation of liver cells to clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We found that FGF21 increased the regeneration area of the damaged liver and improved the survival rate of damaged liver cells by inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress. Our results also showed that administration of FGF21 upregulated autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by the well-known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), indicating that FGF21-activated autophagy played a central role in the treatment. We further showed that the enhancement of autophagy induced by FGF21 was due to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that FGF21 is an effective autophagy regulator that can significantly improve the survival of damaged livers.
The ERK-p38MAPK-STAT3 Signalling Axis Regulates iNOS Expression and Salmonella Infection in Senescent Cells
Authors: Fernandes Sheryl Erica , Saini Deepak Kumar
Published: October 2021

The cellular changes occurring due to senescence like proliferation arrest, increase in free radical levels, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been well studied, but its associated alteration in intracellular signalling networks has been scarcely explored. In this study, we examine the roles of three major kinasesviz. p38 MAPK, ERK, and STAT3 in regulating iNOS expression and thereby the levels of the free radical Nitric oxide in senescent cells. Our study revealed that these kinases could differentially regulate iNOS in senescent cells compared to non-senescent cells. Further, we tested the physiological relevance of these alterations withSalmonellainfection assays and established an inter-regulatory network between these kinases unique to infected senescent cells. Overall, our findings show how key signalling networks may be rewired in senescent cells rendering them phenotypically different.
Proline Isomerization as a Key Determinant for Hsp90-Toxin Interactions
Authors: Kellner Alisha , Cherubin Patrick , Harper James K. , Teter Ken
Published: October 2021

The A chains of ADP-ribosylating toxins exploit Hsp90 for translocation into the host cytosol. Here, we hypothesize that cis proline residues play a key role in toxin recognition by Hsp90. Our model is largely derived from studies on the unusual interplay between Hsp90 and the catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CTA1), including the recent identification of an RPPDEI-like binding motif for Hsp90 in CTA1 and several other bacterial toxins. Cis/trans proline isomerization is known to influence protein-protein interactions and protein structure/function, but it has not yet been proposed to affect Hsp90-toxin interactions. Our model thus provides a new framework to understand the molecular basis for Hsp90 chaperone function and Hsp90-driven toxin translocation.
The Broadband Albedo of Snow
Authors: Kokhanovsky Alexander A.
Published: October 2021

The asymptotic radiative transfer theory is used to derive the analytical approximation for the broadband albedo of pure and polluted snow surfaces. The technique for the determination of the effective snow grain size and also the snow specific surface area from the shortwave broadband albedo measurements is proposed.
Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in LEP, LEPR, and PPARG With Humoral Immune Response to Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Li Mao , Wei Hejiang , Zhong Shuyi , Cheng Yanhui , Wen Simin , Wang Dayan , Shu Yuelong
Published: October 2021

Background: Although previous studies have proposed leptin plays an important role in energy metabolism as well as in immune response, the effects of leptin-related genes on influenza vaccine-induced immune response remain unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential association of leptin gene (LEP), leptin receptor gene (LEPR), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) polymorphisms with humoral immune response to influenza vaccine.

Methods: Based on the seroconversion to influenza vaccine, 227 low-responders and 365 responders were selected in this study, and 11 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using the MassARRAY technology platform. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association of SNPs in LEP, LEPR, and PPARG with humoral immune response to influenza vaccine. We also conducted a stratified analysis by gender to further clarify this association. The haplotypes analysis was performed using SNPStats.

Results: Significant differences were observed in the genotypic distribution of PPARG rs17793951 between the two groups (p = 0.001), and the PPARG rs17793951 AG + GG genotype was associated with a higher risk of low responsiveness to influenza vaccine adjusted for gender and age (additive genetic model: OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.67–5.19, dominant genetic model: OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.61–4.92). No significant association of other SNPs in LEP and LEPR with immune response to influenza vaccine was found. The stratified analysis found the gender difference in the association of LEPR and PPARG variants with immune response to influenza vaccine. We found that LEPR rs6673591 GA + AA genotype was correlated with low responsiveness to influenza vaccine only in males (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.05–3.67), and PPARG rs17793951 AG + GG genotype was associated with low responsiveness to influenza vaccine in females (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.61–6.67). Compared with the CGGAGGC haplotype composed of LEPR rs1327118, rs7602, rs1137101, rs1938489, rs6673591, rs1137100, and rs13306523, the CAAAAAC haplotype was positively correlated with immune response of influenza vaccine (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15–0.77). Haplotype TG comprised of PPARG rs796313 and rs17793951 was associated with a 2.85-fold increased risk of low responsiveness to influenza vaccine.

Conclusion: Our study identified that PPARG rs17793951 variants were significantly associated with the immune response to influenza vaccine.