bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neue Laser und Strahlquellen – alte und neue Risiken?
Authors: Paasch Uwe , Schwandt Antje , Seeber Nikolaus , Kautz Gerd , Grunewald Sonja , Haedersdal Merete
Published: May 2017

Die Entwicklungen im Bereich dermatologischer Laser, hochenergetischer Blitzlampen, LED und neuer Energie‐ und Strahlquellen der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dass mit neuen Wellenlängen, Konzepten und Kombinationen zusätzliche, zum Teil über den ästhetischen Bereich hinaus gehende therapeutische Optionen für den Dermatologen erschlossen werden konnten. Wurden bisher zum Beispiel mit fraktionalen Lasern Falten behandelt, sind eben diese Systeme heute in Kombination mit Medikamenten wichtige Werkzeuge bei der Behandlung von Narben, bei Feldkanzerisierung und epithelialen Tumoren. Die Anforderungen an den die Indikation stellenden und vorzugsweise therapierenden Arzt steigen mit der immer komplexer werdenden Technik und den zunehmenden Komorbiditäten und Komedikationen einer älter werdenden Patientenklientel.

Parallel etabliert wurden, zunächst für einige wenige Indikationen, Geräte für die Heimanwendung, die sich durch geringe Leistung und spezielle Sicherheitsvorkehrungen zur Vermeidung von Unfällen, Risiken und Nebenwirkungen auszeichnen. Trotz der reduzierten Effizienz solcher Selbstbehandlungsmaßnahmen steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Fehlanwendung, da die Grundvoraussetzung für eine korrekte Therapie, nämlich die exakte Diagnose und Indikationsstellung, nicht vorausgesetzt werden kann. Bei einer Haarentfernung können so Pigmenttumoren, bei einer Faltentherapie neoplastische Hautveränderungen adressiert und zu erwartende, unvorhergesehene und neue Nebenwirkungen und Komplikationen induziert werden.

In diesem Szenario ist es wichtig, alle potenziellen Anwender dieser neuen Technologien vor deren Einsatz so zu qualifizieren, dass den Therapierten maximale Therapiesicherheit bei höchster Effizienz unter dem Leitbild diagnosis certa – ullae therapiae fundamentum garantiert wird.
Review of methods for measuring β‐cell function: Design considerations from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium
Authors: Hannon Tamara S. , Kahn Steven E. , Utzschneider Kristina M. , Buchanan Thomas A. , Nadeau Kristen J. , Zeitler Philip S. , Ehrmann David A. , Arslanian Silva A. , Caprio Sonia , Edelstein Sharon L. , Savage Peter J. , Mather Kieren J. ,   for the RISE Consortium
Published: May 2017

The Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study was initiated to evaluate interventions to slow or reverse the progression of β‐cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2D). To design the RISE study, we undertook an evaluation of methods for measurement of β‐cell function and changes in β‐cell function in response to interventions. In the present paper, we review approaches for measurement of β‐cell function, focusing on methodologic and feasibility considerations. Methodologic considerations included: (1) the utility of each technique for evaluating key aspects of β‐cell function (first‐ and second‐phase insulin secretion, maximum insulin secretion, glucose sensitivity, incretin effects) and (2) tactics for incorporating a measurement of insulin sensitivity in order to adjust insulin secretion measures for insulin sensitivity appropriately. Of particular concern were the capacity to measure β‐cell function accurately in those with poor function, as is seen in established T2D, and the capacity of each method for demonstrating treatment‐induced changes in β‐cell function. Feasibility considerations included: staff burden, including time and required methodological expertise; participant burden, including time and number of study visits; and ease of standardizing methods across a multicentre consortium. After this evaluation, we selected a 2‐day measurement procedure, combining a 3‐hour 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test and a 2‐stage hyperglycaemic clamp procedure, augmented with arginine.
Fate of 210Pbex fallout in soil under forest and scrub of the central Spanish Pre‐Pyrenees
Authors: Gaspar L. , Webster R. , Navas A.
Published: May 2017

The characteristics and distribution of unsupported radioactive lead‐210 (210Pbex) in soil and the relations between the radionuclide and soil properties determine its fate within the environment. We have explored the distribution of 210Pbex in stony soil profiles near the edge of the Ebro basin in northern Spain, the role played by vegetation in that distribution, and the relation between the radionuclide and organic carbon. We describe in detail the profiles of 210Pbex at 23 sites, 10 under forest and 13 under scrub, which were sampled at 2‐cm intervals to a maximum depth of 14 cm. The theoretical distribution of 210Pbex follows an exponential decline with depth in undisturbed soil, assuming minimal surface slope and no evidence of erosion or deposition processes. Comparable distribution patterns of 210Pbex and organic C became evident from the analyses. There were significant correlations between the activity of 210Pbex and organic C under both forest and scrub, but the strongest were in the surface layers of soil under forest. More than 80% of the total activity of 210Pbex was adsorbed in the upper 6 cm, with an exponential decline with increasing depth. The decline was modelled with exponential functions fitted by non‐linear least‐squares regression to predict the depth distributions of 210Pbex and organic C in forest and scrub soils separately. The results confirm the viability of the use of 210Pbex in stony soil as an indicator of soil redistribution and show the significant effect of vegetative cover. These results provide useful information about sampling design for future research if the radionuclide 210Pbex is used for assessing soil redistribution in similar Mediterranean environments.

Highlights

Characterizing the vertical distribution of 210Pbex requires high resolution sampling (2 cm).

In uncultivated soil of the Pre‐Pyrenees the fallout, 210Pbex, is retained in the uppermost 14 cm.

The distribution of 210Pbex matches that of the organic matter down the profile.

Vegetation affects the surface activity of 210Pbex in the soil, being greater under forest than under scrub.
Three‐dimensional structures and functional studies of two GH43 arabinofuranosidases from Weissella sp. strain 142 and Lactobacillus brevis
Authors: Linares‐Pastén Javier A. , Falck Peter , Albasri Khalil , Kjellström Sven , Adlercreutz Patrick , Logan Derek T. , Karlsson Eva Nordberg
Published: May 2017

Arabinofuranosidases degrade arabinose‐containing oligo and polysaccharides, releasing l‐arabinose, which is a potentially useful sugar, shown to reduce glycemic response under certain conditions. Arabinofuranosidases (Arafs) are frequently found in GH43, one of the most common GH‐families encoded in genomes in gut microbiota, and hence it is of interest to increase understanding of the function of these enzymes in species occurring in the gut. Here we have produced, characterized and solved the three‐dimensional structures, at 1.9 and 2.0 Å resolution respectively, of two homologous GH43 enzymes, classified under subfamily 26, from Lactobacillus brevis DSM1269 (LbAraf43) and Weissella strain 142 (WAraf43), respectively. The enzymes, with 74% sequence identity to each other, are composed of a single catalytic module with a β‐propeller structure typical of GH43, and an active‐site pocket with three identifiable subsites (−1, +1, and +2). According to size exclusion chromatography, native WAraf43 is a dimer, while LbAraf43 is a tetramer in solution. Both of them show activity with similar catalytic efficiency on 1,5‐α‐l‐arabinooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2–3. Activity is restricted to substrates of low DP, and the reason for this is believed to be an extended loop at the entrance to the active site, creating interactions in the +2 subsite.

Database

Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5M8B (LbAraf43) and 5M8E (WAraf43).
The Trigeminovascular Pathway: Role of CGRP and CGRP Receptors in Migraine
Authors: Edvinsson Lars
Published: May 2017

The trigeminal ganglion plays a key role in primary headache pathophysiology. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptors are expressed in trigeminal neurons that form C‐fibers and A‐fibers, respectively. In acute migraine and cluster headache attacks, there is release of CGRP into the cranial venous outflow. In addition, intravenous CGRP can induce migraine‐like symptoms in migraine patients. These findings led to the development of anti‐migraine therapies that inhibit CGRP action. Currently, CGRP receptor antagonists, the gepants, and monoclonal antibodies towards CGRP and the CGRP receptor are all showing positive relief of acute and chronic migraine in clinical trials. However, there is still much to learn about the role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in headache pathophysiology, the critical anatomical sites, peripheral or central, of anti‐CGRP agents, and the potential involvement of CGRP‐related peptides and receptors. This review provides a brief history of the discovery of the role of CGRP in migraine and highlights current progress in understanding the complexity of the trigeminovascular pathway and its peptide transmitters.
CIC break‐apart fluorescence in‐situ hybridization misses a subset of CIC–DUX4 sarcomas: a clinicopathological and molecular study
Authors: Yoshida Akihiko , Arai Yasuhito , Kobayashi Eisuke , Yonemori Kan , Ogura Koichi , Hama Natsuko , Mukai Wakako , Motoi Toru , Kawai Akira , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi
Published: May 2017

Aims

Approximately 60–70% of high‐grade round‐cell sarcomas that lack the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) rearrangement harbour a rearrangement of the CIC gene, most commonly CIC–DUX4. Recent studies have established that CIC‐rearranged sarcomas constitute a distinct group characterized by recognizable histology and immunoprofiles, such as positivity for ETV4 and WT1 and negativity for NKX2.2. Although these sarcomas are diagnosed increasingly in practice by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) with CIC break‐apart probes, the optimal modality to diagnose these sarcomas has not been determined. In this study, we describe four round‐cell sarcomas that showed false‐negative results by CIC break‐apart FISH assays.

Methods and results

These sarcomas showed characteristic histology of CIC‐rearranged sarcomas, and all were immunohistochemically positive for ETV4 and WT1 and negative for NKX2.2. Although FISH showed non‐atypical negative signals for CIC rearrangement, high‐throughput RNA sequencing identified CIC–DUX4 and its fusion breakpoint in all cases. Their clinical and histological findings, as well as fusion points determined by RNA sequencing, did not differ significantly from those of nine FISH‐positive CIC–DUX4 sarcoma cases. We estimated that the FISH false‐negative rate for CIC‐rearranged sarcomas was 14%. Although neither histology nor immunoprofiles (e.g. ETV4 and WT1) are entirely sensitive or specific for CIC‐rearranged sarcomas, the observation that these four cases were identified successfully by such phenotypes suggested their practical utility.

Conclusions

CIC break‐apart FISH assays missed a significant minority of CIC–DUX4 sarcomas, and full awareness of typical morphology and judicious immunohistochemical work‐ups, including analyses of ETV4 and WT1, should complement diagnostic assessment.
Fractionated aliphatic alcohols as synthetic precursors of ultra long‐chain monoacylglycerols for cosmetic applications
Authors: Pérez B. , Hansen B. S. , Bulsara P. A. , Rawlings A. V. , Clarke M. J. , Guo Z.
Published: May 2017

Background

Xerosis is an abnormally dry and flaky skin condition that is associated with a change in the packing behaviour of the lipid matrix in the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin. This skin condition can lead to an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL). As ultralong‐chain fatty acids have a positive effect on maintaining the packing behaviour of the SC lipid matrix, a moisturizer which contains glycerides of ultralong‐chain fatty acids could act as a semi‐occlusive layer on the surface of the skin. This will lower the rate of water evaporation through the epidermis and consequently help prevent or improve skin xerosis.

Objective

To identify a novel source of ultralong‐chain lipids and develop monoacylglycerols with mixed fatty acyl chain lengths that have occlusive properties superior to petrolatum.

Methods

Initially, Performacol 425, a mixture of very long‐chain fatty alcohols, was fractionated using short path distillation to yield a fraction enriched with C22:0–C26:0 fatty alcohols. The fatty alcohol fraction was then oxidized using Jones reagent, and the resulting fatty acids were esterified with glycerol to yield the corresponding monoglycerides using Novozym 435. These were then evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and water vapour transmission rate measurements.

Results

The monoacylglycerols enriched with C22:0–C26:0 displayed a melting point of 80°C and orthorhombic packing; packing behaviour mainly present in healthy SC. In addition, a phospholipid‐structured emulsion containing 3% of the monoglycerides displayed occlusive properties superior to the vehicle containing 3% petrolatum jelly.

Conclusions

Performacol 425 can be a potential source of fatty alcohols to synthesize monoacylglycerols that can improve the occlusive behaviour of phospholipid‐structured emulsions.
Triboelectric properties of calcium aluminosilicate glass surfaces
Authors: Agnello Gabriel , Manley Robert , Smith Nicholas , LaCourse William , Cormack Alastair
Published: May 2017

Recent experiments on flat, multicomponent glass surfaces have suggested that a particular surface's propensity to adsorb water plays a critical role in how that surface accumulates/dissipates electrical charge. A key driver for glass surface‐water reactivity may be structural defect concentration(s) at the surface, which can be largely influenced by bulk composition. To further explore these hypotheses, a series of ternary calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glasses along the charge‐balanced join were modeled using classical molecular dynamics (MD), with the goal of understanding how glass composition impacts structural defect concentrations (NBO, under‐coordinated Si, Al, etc.) in the outermost layers (~5Å) of the surface. Concurrently, CAS glasses with the same compositions were prepared in the laboratory and their surfaces analyzed for charge response at variable humidity using a rolling sphere test (RST), as well as a newly developed metrology for contact charging phenomena called an electrostatic gauge (ESG). Molecular water interactions with CAS fracture surfaces were studied using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to establish correlation between bulk and surface compositional trends. Experimental results, in conjunction with corresponding MD calculations, suggest that glass bulk chemistry along with resultant surface defect states (NBO, etc.) represent crucial driving factors in glass contact charging.
Randomised clinical study of plaque removal efficacy of a power toothbrush in a paediatric population
Authors: Davidovich Esti , Ccahuana‐Vasquez Renzo Alberto , Timm Hans , Grender Julie , Cunningham Pam , Zini Avi
Published: May 2017

Background

Clinical investigations of plaque removal efficacy of power toothbrushes in children are limited.

Aim

To compare plaque removal of a power versus manual toothbrush in a paediatric population.

Design

This was a randomised, replicate‐use, single‐brushing, examiner‐blinded, two‐treatment, four‐period crossover clinical trial in children 8–11 years of age. Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence involving an oscillating–rotating power toothbrush and a manual toothbrush control. Subjects brushed under supervision with a NaF dentifrice. Plaque was assessed pre‐ (baseline) and post‐brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley‐Hein Plaque Index by two examiners. Plaque scores were averaged for mixed and permanent dentition on a per‐subject basis and analysed using a mixed‐model ancova for a crossover design.

Results

Forty‐one subjects (mean 9.0 years) were randomised and completed the trial. Both the power brush and manual brush provided statistically significant mean plaque reductions versus baseline in all analyses (P < 0.001). For both examiners, plaque removal was significantly (P < 0.001) larger for the power brush in permanent and mixed dentitions. The interexaminer correlations for the permanent dentition were strong (ICC = 0.68–0.88) for pre‐brushing plaque across all periods.

Conclusions

An oscillating–rotating power toothbrush provided superior plaque reduction versus a manual toothbrush in children.
Synthesis of monodisperse CeO2–ZrO2 particles exhibiting cyclic superelasticity over hundreds of cycles
Authors: Du Zehui , Ye Pengcheng , Zeng Xiao Mei , Schuh Christopher A. , Tamura Nobumichi , Zhou Xinran , Gan Chee Lip
Published: May 2017

Nano‐ and microscale CeO2–ZrO2 (CZ) shape memory ceramics are promising materials for smart micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS), sensing, actuation and energy damping applications, but the processing science for scalable production of such small volume ceramics has not yet been established. Herein, we report a modified sol‐gel method to synthesize highly monodisperse spherical CZ particles with diameters in the range of ~0.8‐3.0 μm. Synchrotron X‐ray micro‐diffraction (μSXRD) confirmed that most of the particles are single crystal after annealing at 1450°C. Having a monocrystalline structure and a small specimen length scale, the particles exhibit significantly enhanced shape memory and superelasticity properties with up to ~4.7% compression being completely recoverable. Highly reproducible superelasticity through over five hundred strain cycles, with dissipated energy up to ~40 MJ/m3 per cycle, is achieved in the CZ particles containing 16 mol% ceria. This cycling capability is enhanced by ten times compared with our first demonstration using micropillars (only 50 cycles in Lai et al, Science, 2013, 341, 1505). Furthermore, the effects of cycling and testing temperature (in 25°C‐400°C) on superelasticity have been investigated.
The subjective group dynamics in negative campaigns
Authors: Russo Silvia
Published: May 2017

I relied on the subjective group dynamics framework to analyse the derogation of inparty candidates involved in negative campaigns. In an experimental study (dynamic simulation of an electoral campaign, N = 118), I found that participants downgraded the inparty candidate (both in terms of evaluation and vote choice) more when he ran a person‐based negative campaign than when he ran an issue‐based negative campaign. This effect was significant for participants with high levels of political identification only. Overall, the findings revealed that political candidates, as members of significant social groups, are not exempt from the forms of extremity in evaluations typically observed in other social groups.
Effect of starvation and refeeding on the hepatopancreas of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone) using computer‐assisted image analysis
Authors: Cervellione F , McGurk C , Berger Eriksen T , Van den Broeck W
Published: May 2017

Under normal farming conditions, shrimp can experience starvation periods attributable to disease outbreaks or adverse environmental conditions. Starvation leads to significant morphological changes in the hepatopancreas (HP), being the main organ for absorption and storage of nutrients. In the literature, limited research has described the effect on the HP of periods of starvation followed by refeeding and none in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) using computer‐assisted image analysis (CAIA). This study describes the effect of starvation and starvation followed by refeeding on the HP of whiteleg shrimp using CAIA. Visiopharm® software was used to quantify the following morphological parameters, measured as ratio to the total tissue area (TLA): total lumen area (TLA:TTA), haemocytic infiltration area in the intertubular spaces (HIA:TTA), B‐cell vacuole area (VBA:TTA), lipid droplet area within R cells (LDA:TTA) and F‐cell area (FCA:TTA). Significant changes were measured for HIA:TTA and LDA:TTA during starvation (increase in HIA:TTA associated with decrease in LDA:TTA) and starvation followed by refeeding (decrease in HIA:TTA associated with increase in LDA:TTA). In the future, HIA:TTA and LDA:TTA have the potential to be used in a pre‐emptive manner to monitor the health of the HP, facilitate early diagnosis of diseases and study the pathophysiology of the organ.
The protective effect of humic‐rich substances on atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Yamin G , Falk R , Avtalion R R , Shoshana N , Ofek T , Smirnov R , Rubenstein G , van Rijn J
Published: May 2017

When challenged with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, exposure of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to different humic‐rich compounds resulted in a significant reduction in infection rates. Specifically, in fish exposed to (i) humic‐rich water and sludge from a recirculating system, (ii) a synthetic humic acid, and (iii) a Leonardite‐derived humic‐rich extract, infection rates were reduced to 14.9%, 17.0% and 18.8%, respectively, as compared to a 46.8% infection rate in the control treatment. An additional set of experiments was performed to examine the effect of humic‐rich components on the growth of the bacterial pathogen. Liquid culture medium supplemented with either humic‐rich water from the recirculating system, the synthetic humic acid or the Leonardite humic‐rich extract resulted in a growth reduction of 41.1%, 45.2% and 61.6%, respectively, as compared to the growth of the Aeromonas strain in medium devoid of humic substances. Finally, in a third set of experiments it was found that while the innate immune system of the carps was not affected by their exposure to humic‐rich substances, their acquired immune system was affected. Fish, immunized against bovine serum albumin, displayed elevated antibody titres as compared to immunized carps which were not exposed to the various sources of humic substances.
Prediction of pork storage time using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy and Adaboost‐ULDA
Authors: Wu Xiaohong , Fu Haijun , Tian Xiaoyu , Wu Bin , Sun Jun
Published: May 2017

Pork storage time is related to its freshness. To discriminate the pork storage time rapidly, Adaboost‐ULDA algorithm was proposed to classify the Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT‐NIR) spectra of pork samples acquired by a Fourier transform near‐infrared spectrophotometer. Adaboost‐ULDA can not only extract discriminant information from FT‐NIR spectra but also construct a strong classifier with weak classifiers to classify spectra. Adaboost‐ULDA is a powerful classifier by combining uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis (ULDA) with Adaboost. Experimental results showed that Adaboost‐ULDA achieved the highest classification accuracy (100%) and classification accuracies were obtained as 87.9, 89.4, and 97.7% in principal component analysis (PCA) plus linear discriminant analysis (LDA), ULDA, and Adaboost‐PCA + LDA, respectively. In addition, the experiments demonstrated that the classification time of Adaboost‐ULDA was much less than that of Adaboost‐PCA + LDA. The overall results show that Adaboost‐ULDA combined with FT‐NIR is a feasible method in predicting the pork storage time.

Practical applications

Freshness is an important quality characteristic to pork's quality for food industry. Pork storage time is associated with its freshness. From the food safety point of view, it is significant and meaningful to predict the pork storage time. In our research, the proposed Adaboost‐ULDA coupled with Fourier transform near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy can successfully predict the pork storage time. The results demonstrate the application prospect of this method to the quality control of pork products.
The quality of life of people who have chronic wounds and who self‐treat
Authors: Kapp Suzanne , Miller Charne , Santamaria Nick
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic wounds on the physical, emotional, social, lifestyle and financial domains of quality of life among people who self‐treat their wounds.

Background

Patient‐centred models of care have received increased attention over recent decades because of the potential to contribute positively to the patient's health and well‐being. A contemporary understanding of the effect of chronic wounds on quality of life may assist care providers and healthcare systems to respond to patient needs and improve patient outcomes.

Method

A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Participants were aged 18 years or older and had a chronic wound that was currently or previously self‐treated. A sample of 25 participants was recruited from the community, and in‐depth interviews were conducted in participants’ homes. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes that represented the physical, emotional, social, lifestyle and financial domains of quality of life.

Results

Study participants (n = 25) were 71 years of age (average), and the majority had a leg wound. Participants experienced a negative effect on quality of life. Physical limitations affected activity and compromised the management of other health conditions. Participants felt frustrated with and distrusting of healthcare professionals from whom they received advice and care. Daily lifestyle and workforce participation were disrupted when receiving professional care. Wound treatment and professional care expenses negatively affected personal finances.

Conclusion

Continued effort is required to develop relationships and treatment regimens that are conducive to healing and to optimise well‐being. Additionally, healthcare systems should identify and address structural shortcomings of care services to create more patient‐centred models of wound care in the community setting.
The double‐edged experience of healthcare encounters among women with endometriosis: A qualitative study
Authors: Grundström Hanna , Alehagen Siw , Kjølhede Preben , Berterö Carina
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To identify and describe the experience of healthcare encounters among women with endometriosis.

Background

Endometriosis is a “hidden” chronic gynaecological disease appearing in every 10th woman of fertile age. Different manifestations of pain are the main symptoms, often leading to impaired physical and mental health, and lower quality of life. Previous research on healthcare experiences among women with endometriosis has focused on diagnostic delay and experiences of encountering general practitioners.

Design

A qualitative, interpretive, phenomenological approach was used.

Methods

We interviewed nine women aged 23–55, with a laparoscopy‐confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed following the steps of the interpretive phenomenological approach.

Results

Two themes were identified in the interview transcripts: being treated with ignorance and being acknowledged. The essence: “the double‐edged experience of healthcare encounters” emerged from the themes. The women's experience was double‐edged as it involved contradictory feelings: the encounters were experienced as both destructive or constructive. On the one hand, the destructive side was characterised by ignorance, exposure and disbelief. On the other hand, the constructive side made the women feel acknowledged and confirmed, boosting their self‐esteem.

Conclusions

The new and important aspects of the findings are that the experience of healthcare encounters is for the first time expressed as double‐edged: both destructive and constructive. The experience was of specific importance as it affected the women's perceptions of themselves and of their bodies.

Relevance to clinical practice

The information about the constructive side of the experience is of clinical valuable for all healthcare professionals (nurses, midwives and doctors) encountering these women, as it provides a new level of understanding of the experiences. The findings demonstrate both psychological and practical aspects that can help professionals to improve the encounters.
Families’ perceptions of the contribution of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists in Ireland
Authors: Doody Owen , Slevin Eamonn , Taggart Laurence
Published: May 2017

Aim and objectives

To explore families’ perceptions of the contribution of clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability nursing in Ireland.

Background

Clinical nurse specialists roles have developed over the years and are seen as complex and multifaceted, causing confusion, frustration and controversy. 2001 saw the formal introduction of clinical nurse specialists roles in Ireland across nursing including intellectual disability.

Design

A exploratory qualitative approach using semistructured one‐to‐one interviews with 10 family members regarding their perceptions of the clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability.

Methods

Data were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using Burnard's framework. Ethical approval was gained and access granted by service providers.

Findings

The study highlights that intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists contribute and support care deliver across a range of areas, including personal caring, supporting and empowering families, liaison, education and leadership.

Conclusions

Clinical nurse specialists have an important role and contribution in supporting families and clients, and Ireland is in a unique position to develop knowledge regarding specialist care for people with intellectual disability that can be shared nationally and internationally.

Relevance to clinical practice

Ireland is in a unique position to develop knowledge regarding specialist care for people with intellectual disability that can be shared and adapted by other healthcare professionals in other countries that do not have a specialised intellectual disability nurses.
Pondering practice: Enhancing the art of reflection
Authors: Hayes Carolyn , Jackson Debra , Davidson Patricia M. , Daly John , Power Tamara
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to describe the effect that immersive simulation experiences and guided reflection can have on the undergraduate nurses' understanding of how stressful environments impact their emotions, performance and ability to implement safe administration of medications.

Background

Patient safety can be jeopardised if nurses are unsure of how to appropriately manage and respond to interruptions. Medication administration errors are a major patient safety issue and often occur as a consequence of ineffective interruption management. The skills associated with medication administration are most often taught to, and performed by, undergraduate nurses in a controlled environment. However, the clinical environment in which nurses are expected to administer medications is often highly stressed and nurses are frequently interrupted.

Design/Methods

This study used role‐play simulation and written reflections to facilitate deeper levels of student self‐awareness. A qualitative approach was taken to explore students' understanding of the effects of interruptions on their ability to undertake safe medication administration. Convenience sampling of second‐year undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a medical–surgical subject was used in this study. Data were obtained from 451:528 (85.42%) of those students and analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Students reported increasing consciousness and the importance of reflection for evaluating performance and gaining self‐awareness. They described self‐awareness, effective communication, compassion and empathy as significant factors in facilitating self‐efficacy and improved patient care outcomes.

Conclusions

Following a role‐play simulation experience, student nurses reported new knowledge and skill acquisition related to patient safety, and new awareness of the need for empathetic and compassionate care during medication administration. Practicing medication administration in realistic settings adds to current strategies that aim to reduce medication errors by allowing students to reflect on and in practice and develop strategies to ensure patient safety.

Relevance to clinical practice

Experiencing clinical scenarios within the safety of simulated environments, offers undergraduate student nurses an opportunity to reflect on practice to provide safer, more empathetic and compassionate care for patients in the future.
Richness pattern and phytogeography of the Cerrado herb–shrub flora and implications for conservation
Authors: Amaral Aryanne G. , Munhoz Cássia B.R. , Walter Bruno M.T. , Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Raes Niels
Published: May 2017

Aims

The herb–shrub flora has been widely neglected in science and conservation policy throughout the world, so that this biodiversity component remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate the spatial patterns of species richness and phytogeographic regions of the Cerrado herb–shrub flora, and to estimate the percentage of areas with high species richness that is still covered by natural vegetation and is located in protected areas or priority areas for conservation.

Location

Central Brazil and surrounding territories.

Methods

To estimate the pattern of species richness we produced species distribution models (SDMs) for 5362 species using botanical records combined with 17 least correlated environmental variables. All SDMs were tested against a bias‐corrected null model and the 5039 significant SDMs were stacked to generate the pattern of botanical richness. The resulting presence–absence matrix was subjected to a partitioning around medoids (PAM) cluster analysis to delineate phytogeographic regions.

Results

The pattern of species richness indicated that highest levels of richness are in the central–south and west parts of the Cerrado. The study recognized two floristically distinct clusters at the core of the Cerrado region, and seven additional regions that share floristic elements with the two core clusters. Many areas with high levels of modelled species richness are located outside protected and priority areas for conservation.

Conclusions

We recognized patterns of regional variation, reflected in the phytogeographic division. Furthermore, we show that the current protected areas in Brazil do not effectively protect high richness areas of the herb–shrub flora.
Union Affiliation, Socialization, and Political Identities: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Nolan-García Kimberly A. , Inclán María
Published: May 2017

The literature on voting behavior has generally accepted that party identification largely determines voter choice. While many studies have found that party identification is largely transmitted through social learning, less studied are the processes of the construction of party identity by way of group membership. This study seeks to understand how group identity influences party identification among Mexican workers through an analysis of the effects of union affiliation on political behavior. It assesses the utility of corporatist legacies in explaining party identity in Mexico and provides a first assessment of party affinities among independent unionists. The evidence draws from original survey data collected during six demonstrations in Mexico City. The study finds that union membership does condition the party identity of corporatist workers but not that of independent unionists.
Comparison of central pit craters on Mars, Mercury, Ganymede, and the Saturnian satellites
Authors: Barlow Nadine G. , Ferguson Sierra N. , Horstman Ryan M. , Maine Aviva
Published: May 2017

We report on the first results of a large‐scale comparison study of central pit craters throughout the solar system, focused on Mars, Mercury, Ganymede, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys. We have identified 10 more central pit craters on Rhea, Dione, and Tethys than have previously been reported. We see a general trend that the median ratio of the pit to crater diameter (Dp/Dc) decreases with increasing gravity and decreasing volatile content of the crust. Floor pits are more common on volatile‐rich bodies while summit pits become more common as crustal volatile content decreases. Uplifted bedrock from below the crater floor occurs in the central peak upon which summit pits are found and in rims around floor pits, which may or may not break the surface. Peaks on which summit pits are found on Mars and Mercury share similar characteristics to those of nonpitted central peaks, indicating that some normal central peaks undergo an additional process to create summit pits. Martian floor pits do not appear to be the result of a central peak collapse as the median ratio of the peak to crater diameter (Dpk/Dc) is about twice as high for central peaks/summit pits than Dp/Dc values for floor pits. Median Dpk/Dc is twice as high for Mars as for Mercury, reflecting differing crustal strength between the two bodies. Results indicate that a complicated interplay of crustal volatiles, target strength, surface gravity, and impactor energy along with both uplift and collapse are involved in central pit formation. Multiple formation models may be required to explain the range of central pits seen throughout the solar system.
Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro‐FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Martin Dayl J. P. , Pernet‐Fisher John F. , Joy Katherine H. , Wogelius Roy A. , Morlok Andreas , Hiesinger Harald
Published: May 2017

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging techniques, combined with electron microprobe analyses, have been used to determine the physical state of feldspathic phases that have been subject to varying levels of shock in the grouped lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075. Six feldspathic phases have been identified based on spectral, textural, and chemical properties. A specific infrared wavelength band ratio (1064/932 cm−1 equivalent to 9.40/10.73 μm), chosen because it can distinguish between some of the feldspathic phases, can be used to estimate the pressure regimes experienced by these phases. In addition, FTIR spatial mapping capabilities allow for visual comparison of variably shocked phases within the samples. By comparing spectral and compositional data, the origin and shock history of this lunar meteorite group has been determined, with each of the shocked feldspathic phases being related to events in its geological evolution. As such, we highlight that FTIR spectroscopy can be easily employed to identify shocked feldspathic phases in lunar samples; estimate peak shock pressures; and when compared with chemical data, can be used to investigate their shock histories.
Quantitative proteomics in plant protease substrate identification
Authors: Demir Fatih , Niedermaier Stefan , Villamor Joji Grace , Huesgen Pitter Florian
Published: May 2017

Contents

Summary
936

I.
Introduction
936

II.
The quest for plant protease substrates – proteomics to the rescue?
937

III.
Quantitative proteome comparison reveals candidate substrates
938

IV.
Dynamic metabolic stable isotope labeling to measure protein turnover in vivo
938

V.
Terminomics – large‐scale identification of protease cleavage sites
939

VI.
Substrate or not substrate, that is the question
940

VII.
Concluding remarks
941

Acknowledgements
941

References
941

Proteolysis is a central regulatory mechanism of protein homeostasis and protein function that affects all aspects of plant life. Higher plants encode for hundreds of proteases, but their physiological substrates and hence their molecular functions remain mostly unknown. Current quantitative mass spectrometry‐based proteomics enables unbiased large‐scale interrogation of the proteome and its modifications. Here we provide an overview of proteomics techniques that allow profiling of changes in protein abundance, measurement of proteome turnover rates, identification of protease cleavage sites in vivo and in vitro and determination of protease sequence specificity. We discuss how these techniques can help to reveal protease substrates and determine plant protease function, illustrated by recent studies on selected plant proteases.
The right and the wrong kind of reasons
Authors: Gertken Jan , Kiesewetter Benjamin
Published: May 2017

In a number of recent philosophical debates, it has become common to distinguish between two kinds of normative reasons, often calledthe right kind of reasons(henceforth, RKR) andthe wrong kind of reasons(henceforth, WKR). The distinction was first introduced in discussions of the so‐calledbuck‐passing account of value, which aims to analyze value properties in terms of reasons for pro‐attitudes and has been argued to face thewrong kind of reasons problem. But nowadays, it also gets applied in other philosophical contexts and to reasons for other responses than pro‐attitudes, for example in recent debates about evidentialism and pragmatism about reasons for belief. While there seems to be wide agreement that there is a general and uniform distinction that applies to reasons for different responses, there is little agreement about the scope, relevance, and nature of this distinction. Our aim in this article is to shed some light on this issue by surveying the RKR/WKR distinction as it has been drawn with respect to different responses, and by examining how it can be understood as a uniform distinction across different contexts. We start by considering reasons for pro‐attitudes and emotions in the context of the buck‐passing account of value (Section 1). Subsequently, we address the distinction that philosophers have drawn with respect to reasons for other attitudes, such as beliefs and intentions (Section 2), as well as with respect to reasons for action (Section 3). We discuss the similarities and differences between the ways in which philosophers have drawn the RKR/WKR distinction in these areas and offer different interpretations of the idea of a general, uniform distinction. The major upshot is that there is at least one interesting way of substantiating a general RKR/WKR distinction with respect to a broad range of attitudes as well as actions. We argue that this has important implications for the proper scope of buck‐passing accounts and the status of the wrong kind of reasons problem (Section 4).
A philosopher's guide to the foundations of quantum field theory
Authors: Swanson Noel
Published: May 2017

A major obstacle facing interpreters of quantum field theory (QFT) is a proliferation of different theoretical frameworks. This article surveys three of the main available options—Lagrangian, Wightman, and algebraic QFT—and examines how they are related. Although each framework emphasizes different aspects of QFT, leading to distinct strengths and weaknesses, there is less tension between them than commonly assumed. Given the limitations of our current knowledge and the need for creative new ideas, I urge philosophers to explore puzzles, tools, and techniques from all three approaches.
Linking public health nursing competencies and service‐learning in a global setting
Authors: Brown Cynthia L.
Published: May 2017

Background

Nurse educators in baccalaureate programs are charged with addressing student competence in public health nursing practice. These educators are also responsible for creating nursing student opportunities for civic engagement and development of critical thinking skills. The IOM report (2010) on the Future of Nursing emphasizes the nurse educator’s role in promoting collaborative partnerships that incorporate interdisciplinary and intraprofessional efforts to promote health.

Aim

The purpose of this article is to describe an innovative approach to address public health nursing competencies and to improve the health and well‐being of indigenous populations in a global setting through promotion of collaboration and service‐ learning principles.

Methods

As part of a hybrid elective course, baccalaureate nursing students from various nursing tracks participated in a 2 week immersion experience in Belize that included preimmersion preparation. These students were to collaborate among themselves and with Belizean communities to address identified health knowledge deficits and health‐related needs for school‐aged children and adult populations.

Results

Students successfully collaborated in order to meet health‐related needs and to engage in health promotion activities in the Toledo district of Belize. They also gained practice in developing public health nursing competencies for entry‐level nursing practice. Implementation of service‐learning principles provided students with opportunities for civic engagement and self‐reflection.

Discussion

Some challenges existed from the students’, faculty, and global community’s perspectives. Lack of culturally appropriate and country specific health education materials was difficult for students and the community. Faculty encountered challenges in communicating and collaborating with the Belizean partners.

Conclusion

Commonalities exist between entry‐level public health nursing competencies and service‐learning principles. Using service‐learning principles in the development of public health experiences increases the likelihood of success in achieving these competencies. While students demonstrated intraprofessional collaboration in a global setting, these same collaborative opportunities can occur in local communities.
Estimation of Downside Risks in Project Portfolio Selection
Authors: Kettunen Janne , Salo Ahti
Published: May 2017

In project portfolio selection, the aim is to choose projects which are expected to offer most value and satisfy relevant risk and other constraints. In this study, we show that uncertainties about how much value the projects will offer, combined with the fact that only a subset of the proposed projects will be selected, lead to inaccurate risk estimates about the aggregate value provided by the selected project portfolio. In particular, when downside risks are measured in terms of lower percentiles of the distribution of portfolio value, these risk estimates will exhibit a systematic bias. For deriving unbiased risk estimates, we present a calibration framework in which the required calibration can be presented in closed‐form in some cases or, more generally, derived by using Monte Carlo simulation to study a large number of project selection decisions. We also show that when the decision must comply with risk constraints, the introduction of tighter (more demanding) risk constraints can counterintuitively aggravate the underestimation of risks. Finally, we present how the calibrated risk estimates can be employed to align the portfolio with the decision maker's risk preferences while eliminating systematic biases in risk estimates.
Evaluation Potential and Task Performance: Evidence From Two Randomized Field Experiments in Election Administration
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: May 2017

Individuals behave differently in the presence of others. Some scholars argue the mere presence of others has the capacity to improve task performance, while other researchers demonstrate individuals become “social loafers,” exerting less effort in group tasks unless they perceive potential for evaluation. I investigate these claims in the context of evaluating poll‐worker performance using two randomized field experiments conducted in New York City during a special election that took place in February 2009 and during the presidential primary conducted in April 2016. The results suggest that manipulating the presence of observers, or even poll workers’ perceptions of the potential for evaluation, likely enhances their performance overall, resulting, especially, in greater efficiency and potentially strengthening voters’ confidence that their ballots were accurately counted and diminishing perceptions of electoral fraud.