bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Out of Time
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

The arrival of travelling professional actors in many Imperial cities disrupted festive schedules protected for more than a century. Focusing on two case studies—Nuremberg and Ulm—this chapter examines how the performances of the English Comedians interacted with civic cultures and changed them. It shows how the difficulty in accommodating itinerant theatre and the perception that it inflicted financial losses on urban polities led directly to the establishment of permanent theatre-houses. The travelling players are registered in cultural histories of these cities largely as an absence or negligible detail because those histories have generally subserved accounts of political and constitutional evolution. Yet the players’ introduction of commercial festivity assisted in the suppression of festive traditions and the long-term absorption of local cultures into larger political entities. The English Comedians were therefore important midwives of historical change. Urban governors struggled to recognize and place them: that struggle persisted within later history writing because their activities pose serious challenges to habits of chronologization and localization.
Moving Cloth
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

Clothes were the most important and expensive properties of an early modern theatre company. The first recorded performances of English professional actors on mainland Europe occurred in the context of a major crisis in the international cloth trade and efforts to form an international Protestant alliance. Known for their extravagant and luxurious clothing, the English Comedians took advantage of existing routes developed for the export and import of cloth. Extant dramatic adaptations of English plays associated with their tradition reflect the vital importance of textile stock to their performances and reception. Their reputation for sartorial extravagance involved the English Comedians in discourses of national loss: in the Holy Roman Empire, as in England, imported fine clothes were linked repeatedly to a diminishment of national treasure. Meanwhile, their comic tradition made extravagant use of the symbolic and physical properties of clothing. Although the formative importance of cloth economies to the early English professional theatre has been widely recognized, this chapter puts that dynamic into an international context for the first time.
Out of Laughter
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

The Thirty Years’ War and its associated deprivations rapidly curtailed the activities of travelling players. In 1620, just as it began, plays explicitly associated with the English Comedians entered print for the first time. Meanwhile Martin Opitz and other poets began to emphasize the importance of rescuing a specifically German language and culture from the chaos that was said to be threatening it. This chapter shows how these new concepts of tragic purity, central to many of the achievements of German baroque drama, depended on implicit castigation and derogation of travelling theatre and the comic medley associated with it. Drawing on a wide range of mid-seventeenth-century social, literary, and visual sources, the long-term influence of the English Comedians is discovered like a photographic negative in the received picture of German baroque drama. The transformation of the English professional clown into a multimedia figure used for satire and travesty, and ultimately into a metonym for the entire tradition of itinerant theatre, is linked to eighteenth-century banishments of the the comic figure, banishments through which once again the alleged formal purity of the dramatic canon could be defended and refreshed. A close connection is established between high art in a German dramatic tradition and the imputed degradations thought to have been effected by the travelling theatre, linked as it was to the damage and misery inflicted by foreign mercenaries on central European populations during the Thirty Years’ War.
Epilogue
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

The reception of the English Comedians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is connected to their representation in modern theatre histories by ideations of travelling theatre in Enlightenment theatre projects. Theatre-historical chronicles began to be written in the second half of the eighteenth century, by which time there was already a vocabulary for itinerant theatre ready to be applied to the English Comedians in order to understand their effect on national dramatic culture. Setting these relations next to the development of Theaterwissenschaft out of philology in early twentieth-century German universities, this concluding chapter reflects on the influence of disciplinary structure upon the investigation of controversial historical phenomena. Various sorts of patriotism and methodologism have distorted the comprehension of the itinerant theatre and concealed its involvement in the generation of dramatic art. The contemporary crisis within the discipline of theatre history is explained with reference to the underestimation of theatre professionalization, which was a profound discontinuity in the history of Western culture.
Ellen La Motte and Mary Borden
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Ellen La Motte and Mary Borden worked together at the same field hospital during the war, an experience that prompted them to write their best-known works, The Backwash of War and The Forbidden Zone. La Motte and Borden have often been compared, and even described as collaborators. This chapter, however, contrasts their approaches to war writing and demonstrates that, moreover, the works for which they are commonly associated with the war do not typify their literary reaction to it. La Motte moved away from fiction-writing to concentrate on the opium trade. Borden, meanwhile, broached the war in a variety of novels throughout her prolific career—in works that eschew the fragmented aesthetics of The Forbidden Zone and focus on the nuances of interpersonal relations that are all but absent in her most noted work.
Thomas Boyd
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Boyd is best known for his debut novel, Through the Wheat, which is typically thought of as an anti-war modernist work. However, I argue, Boyd’s novel is, in fact, a more ambiguous take on World War I experience. Moreover, his war writing evolved in relation to his career trajectory, as reflected in Boyd’s need to write World War I magazine fiction and his attempt at Hollywood screenwriting on a World War I project. Toward the end of his life, Boyd turned to communism, which influenced his commentary on the war in In Time of Peace, his proletarian bildungsroman sequel to Through the Wheat.
Laurence Stallings
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Perhaps more than any author, Stallings exemplified the multimedia and collaborative nature of World War I writing in America. Following his bitter anti-war novel Plumes, Stallings co-authored the popular play What Price Glory with Maxwell Anderson, which led to Stallings’s involvement in The Big Parade—one of the most lucrative films of the silent era—and a film adaptation of What Price Glory As well as his diversity of representational forms, Stallings’s war writing was marked by an increasingly positive attitude to warfare, which emerged in his later short stories and his World War I history, The Doughboys.
Conclusion
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Rather than being defined by their membership of a particular constituency of ideological or sociopolitical war experience, writers hold and express complex and evolving views on the war. Studying authors’ careers reveals not only that their writing was influenced by the war, but that, simultaneously, the circumstances of their artistic and professional development shaped the manner and mode of their literary reactions. More than has been fully appreciated, American writers drew on native literary and historical culture to assess the Great War. Ultimately, however, American writing about the war was idiosyncratic, complex, and subject to change, as writers’ ongoing reactions to the war were influenced by the intricate group of intrapersonal and interpersonal variables that shaped professional authorship.
Mobile Inequality in the Age of Translocality
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of translocal inequality by highlighting the multi-faceted nature of inequality and its manifestation across multiple places, times and forms. Examples are offered to demonstrate how factors as diverse as a parent’s health, a child’s education and the specifics of agricultural livelihoods continue to influence individuals’ behaviour and wellbeing regardless of distance. However, as argued in this chapter, the impact of material differences across space is only part of the story. Rather, as Chapter 1 posits, such persistent, translocal inequalities in mobile contexts are sustained by narratives shaped by the interplay of economic, ecological, and embodied factors. In highly mobile and dynamic contexts, it is shown, these narratives of stigma and praise, inclusion and exclusion, are the constant that facilitates the persistence of inequality. Arguing that the large-scale nature of much scholarship on inequality serves to mask this subtle role, Chapter 1 then introduces the six linked case studies that comprise the book’s empirical sections, outlining how their combination reveals inequality to be a “total social fact” rooted in translocal networks of association, affection and obligation.
Sowing and Sewing Inequality in the Home
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 explores how gender and demographic roles within the translocal household shape and are shaped by the changing balance of agriculture and industry. By outlining changes in smallholder farming practices over the last two decades—such as the widespread transition from labour intensive transplanting to capital intensive broadcasting—it demonstrates how changing patterns of mobility and earnings are both underpinned by and promulgate normative change in the home. Focusing in particular on the rise of Cambodia’s garment industry, the everyday experience of translocal factory and agricultural work is deconstructed in order to explore how inequalities in the home shape both agricultural and industrial livelihoods. By demonstrating, in this way, how inter-household inequalities shape intra-houshold power relations and norms, the chapter aims to highlight the translocal and unequal nature of normative change in the home.
Framing a Total Social Fact
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 draws together the insights of the chapters that precede it to argue that in an age increasingly characterized by translocal livelihoods, conventional measures have failed to capture the extent of inequality. This is due to the prevalence of static, atomistic, and economically foreclosed conceptions of wealth, which under-represent both the scale and fungibility of inequality, viewing it as a local phenomenon mediated through income, where a more complex reality is preferable. It reflects on the example of Cambodia—a country where inequality is purported by macroscopic indicators to have declined in the last decade, but which more detailed studies reveal to be an endemic issue—to exemplify the need for a mobile approach to the measurement of inequality. In doing so, it concludes by demonstrating that a person’s inequality derives not only from multiple places, but also multiple forms of wealth and well-being. Inequality, viewed thus, is a ‘total social fact’ whose origins and remedies are far less tractable than conventional measures have shown.
Cum-Ex in Concept
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the essential features of the cum-ex trade and outlines the ‘base template’ which was the foundation for the later refinement and expansion of the trade. The chapter begins by dealing separately with a number of the individual components that are relevant to the cum-ex trade: it explains the concept of dividend arbitrage, the workings of withholding taxes and tax credits, the distinction between cum-dividend and ex-dividend share sales, the idea of a settlement time lag, the workings of the dividend adjustment mechanism, and the concept of short selling. The discussion then explains how these individual components were assembled and synchronized in order to deliver the basic cum-ex trade.
The Emergence of Cum-Ex
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an explanation of how the cum-ex trade was designed to work in the German equities market. It describes the features of the market infrastructure that made the German share market fertile ground for the cum-ex trade, including the role of Clearstream as Germany’s central securities depository, and the way that dividends paid by German companies were treated for tax purposes. It then contrasts the intended operation of the settlement system with the unintended operation of the system that was exploited by the cum-ex trade. Finally, it explains that some German tax specialists took the view that the dividend and tax credit generated by the cum-ex trade should be respected for all relevant tax purposes in Germany. This was essential for the success of the cum-ex trade as it enabled the apparent tax credit to be repaid in cash or allowed as a credit to reduce an existing tax liability.
The Evolution of Cum-Ex
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how the basic cum-ex trade was subject to recurrent (and ingenious) further refinements through financial engineering in order to massively amplify its effectiveness and profitability. It identifies six separate constraints on a seller implementing a ‘stand-alone’ approach to cum-ex trading in the open market. These constraints are discussed in turn, before an exploration of the actions adopted by cum-ex traders to overcome each of them. The chapter then considers various refinements made to the design and implementation of the cum-ex trade to broaden the scale of trading activity, to improve the cosmetics and efficiency of the trade, and to boost its profitability both by devising a way to permit multiple repetitions of the basic trade between the same counterparties and also by cutting the costs of implementing the trade. Some further changes were made to sidestep efforts by the tax authorities to close down the cum-ex trade. The refinements to the cum-ex trade were continually layered onto the basic transaction, leading ultimately to colossally complex transaction structures.
The Closure of Cum-Ex and the Aftermath
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with the closing of the cum-ex trade in Germany from 2012 and its aftermath. It explains how the trade came to be challenged and ultimately (after various failed attempts) successfully defeated by the authorities by means of a fundamental—yet simple—modification of the rules governing the obligation to apply dividend withholding tax. It then outlines the ongoing response to the cum-ex trade by the German tax authorities and its impact. The chapter also deals with the other aspects of the fallout from the cum-ex trade, including the German parliamentary enquiry into the trade and the impact on so-called ‘cum-cum’ trades. Besides the actions within Germany, there have also been developments in other countries, and the chapter considers these with reference to Austria and Denmark. The chapter ends by considering possible future developments, predicting that it will be years before the full effects of the cum-ex affair are finally clear.
Assessing the Cum-Ex Trade
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the cum-ex transaction has been assessed to date before arguing that those assessments reflect a limited understanding of the real complexity and wider causes and implications of schemes such as the cum-ex trade. The reaction to cum-ex in the media and in political circles has focused on the scale of financial loss to the state and on the culpability of the individuals involved. This response to cum-ex involves relatively little focus on the nature of the transaction itself or how it came about. However, this chapter raises wider questions as to what transactions like cum-ex tell us about the nature of banks and inter-bank market activities, and what they reveal about tax systems. The chapter also explains what is meant by talking of bank ‘misconduct’, and considers the problematic distinction between tax avoidance and tax evasion.
Banks and Misconduct
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with the issues and implications of misconduct scandals involving banks and the inter-bank market. The discussion begins by surveying the significant incidence of misconduct by banks across the globe and then presents an explanation for this based on systemic features of the banking market. This includes an account of the impact of a number of profound changes to the banking business model which have taken place in the last half-century as banks have shifted to a highly transactional business model and discovered that tax systems around the globe present fertile opportunities for exploitation. The discussion includes an analysis of why it is considered that the banks’ internal and external control mechanisms have materially failed.
Banks and Tax Systems
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This chapter is concerned with the question of why tax is so often at the heart of highly structured trades entered into by banks. After first considering the position of banks in relation to tax systems, it sets out the reasons why banks have a unique ability to exploit such systems in order to generate revenue streams for their business. It then discusses the features in a tax system that have a tendency to contribute to the process by which rules in that system are exploited. These features include both the substantive tax rules and the arrangements for the administration of tax systems. The discussion explains why the fragmentation and inordinate complexity of the rules and the manner in which they are enforced and administered often have the collective and paradoxical effect of facilitating, rather than hindering, the exploitation of the tax system.
Illustration
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

As the illustrated book became newly affordable and highly popular in the nineteenth century, “illustration” emerged as a key aesthetic concept. Chapter 3 examines the illustrated Bible, a crucial example of book illustration and centerpiece of the Victorian parlor. The Bible’s age-old subject-matter—images of Moses and Esther, Jesus and Mary—evoked an aura of pre-industrial authenticity, even while religious publishing thrived on new media networks and new print technologies. Bible illustration served as a form of world-building, presenting a fantastical yet empiricist vision that drew upon recent discoveries in history and archaeology. Illustrators worked to make the Bible British, despite its Middle-Eastern roots, leaping across time and space to create a complicated world picture. These religious images ultimately formed what the chapter calls “orients of the self,” with destabilizing scenes hovering somewhere between East and West, ancient and modern, Jewish and gentile, patriarchal and democratic, and magical and rational.
Decadence
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 looks to the end of the nineteenth century to study the rise of the artistic advertising poster. Posters were mass-produced, disposable, and advertised commodities like cocoa and the circus. But they also starred in major art exhibitions in London and Paris and were attacked for their “decadent,” avant-garde styles. In fact, posters offer surprising insight into the Decadent Movement, which is usually associated with 1890s literary authors like Oscar Wilde and Joris-Karl Huysmans. The chapter shows how decadence manifested in visual media, including the advertising poster. Though decadence typically connotes aristocratic nostalgia, it was in fact reacting to a new, middle-class consumer culture of which it was very much a part. The graphic designer Aubrey Beardsley used decadent visual styles to create advertising posters, shocking critics while successfully marketing consumer goods. As posters became metaphysical symbols of commercial modernity, some feared that they presaged imminent cultural decline.
Excursus: Personifications in Dialogue and Debate
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The chapter argues for the centrality of the rhetorical trope of paradiastole in the Middle Ages: paradiastole redescribes something in terms of something else that is like it for the purposes of argument, so a virtue may be redescribed as an adjacent vice, or a vice redescribed as an adjacent virtue. Widespread in Classical rhetoric, the trope was said to have vanished in the Middle Ages, only to be rediscovered in the renaissance, when its corrosive effects were widely used to show the manipulability and instability of all moral categories. But this chapter argues that the figure never went away. In medieval pastoral and devotional theory, paradiastole became part of a subtle body of thought about the hypocritical or self-deceiving vices that nevertheless manage to ‘masquerade’ as virtues, as well as about virtues that turn into, or turn out to be, vices. This internally conflicted figure was thus central to medieval psychological, ethical, and devotional thought. However, paradiastole and the mutating vices and virtues also appear in medieval satirical and political writings. They are also widely used in medieval allegory, where they take the form of the paradiastolic ‘hypocritical personification’: this is a personification that involves some kind of structural contradiction signalling deceit—a figure whose name, appearance or words may signal virtue, for instance, but who nevertheless acts like the vice that is adjacent to the virtue. The chapter claims that such hypocritical figures are all-pervasive in medieval literature and allegory.
Anger, Insult and Rebuff
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The sharp words and violent gestures of Piers Plowman do a surprising and even disorienting range of work, both stimulating engagement and sometimes bring it to a stop. They are also closely linked to some fundamental features of the poem—its constant debates, its oppositional modes of thought, its pervasively dialectical procedures, and its disruptive allegory. This chapter claims that the poem’s often aggressive (and also ‘grammaticalizing’) debates echo the excitatory and catalytic work to be found both in much medieval allegorical debate, and in the grammatical pedagogy that lies behind it. But the chapter also argues that at some points in Piers Plowman strong words and aggressive gestures have an altogether more extreme effect, dismissing local speakers, particulars and situations in favour of some kind of spiritual and even apophatic turn. Although Langland is not a contemplative writer, the chapter claims that some of these dismissals (the tearing of the pardon, Conscience dismissing Clergy, Conscience leaving the barn of Unity) look remarkably like those to be found in apophatic contemplative writings.
Tales of Piers and Perceval: Langland, Romance Aventure, and Doing Well
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

Noting that Piers Plowman has often been described as multi-generic, the conclusion reviews the claim that the five diverse allegorical narrative structures analysed in the book all occur in Langland’s poem. It affirms that in Piers Plowman they bring with them their own internal conflicts and disruptions, but are also in constant tension with each other. They overlay, pressure and contradict one other, illustrating the entrenched nature of the text’s dialecticism and its inexhaustible determination to unpack its own terms. The Conclusion ends with an analysis of the feast of Patience, in which many different descriptions of ‘do-well’ are brought together to ‘undo’ each other. Its implicit claim is that this is the kind of work allegory does best.
What's Wrong with Rights?
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

Are natural rights ‘nonsense on stilts’, as Jeremy Bentham memorably put it? Must the very notion of a right be individualistic, subverting the common good? Should the right against torture be absolute, even though the heavens fall? Are human rights universal or merely expressions of Western neo-imperial arrogance? Are rights ethically fundamental, proudly impervious to changing circumstances? Should judges strive to extend the reach of rights from civil Hamburg to anarchical Basra? Should judicial oligarchies, rather than legislatures, decide controversial ethical issues by inventing novel rights? Ought human rights advocates to learn greater sympathy for the dilemmas facing those burdened with government? These are the questions that What’s Wrong with Rights? addresses. In doing so, it draws upon resources in intellectual history, legal philosophy, moral philosophy, moral theology, human rights literature, and the judgements of courts. It ranges from debates about property in medieval Christendom, through Confucian rights-scepticism, to contemporary discussions about the remedy for global hunger and the justification of killing. And it straddles assisted dying in Canada, the military occupation of Iraq, and genocide in Rwanda. What’s Wrong with Rights? concludes that much contemporary rights-talk obscures the importance of fostering civic virtue, corrodes military effectiveness, subverts the democratic legitimacy of law, proliferates publicly onerous rights, and undermines its own authority and credibility. The solution to these problems lies in abandoning rights-fundamentalism and recovering a richer public discourse about ethics, one that includes talk about the duty and virtue of rights-holders.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and the Modern Roman Catholic Tradition
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the modern Roman Catholic appropriation of rights-talk, in order to see whether or not Catholic tradition has proven better than other ‘modern’ traditions at meeting the sceptics’ objections to natural rights. It focuses particularly on Rerum Novarum, Jacques Maritain, ‘Pacem in Terris’, and John Finnis and, in passing, it criticises Samuel Moyn’s construal of twentieth-century Catholic thought on rights. It concludes that, through its affirmation of a larger moral order (‘natural law’), Catholic thinking about rights has shown itself more ready to talk in terms of moral categories other than ‘rights’. It is also unusual in the prominence it gives to the concept of the common good, although typically without offering any exact explanation of how this relates to individual rights—except in the case of John Finnis. Finnis also identifies a common problem with much other ‘modern’ rights-talk: that, since the very concept of a right has an absolute, ‘conclusory’ force, rights-talk has the logical tendency to shut down wider deliberation about justice. Instead, he argues, rights should emerge at the end of deliberation about a range of factors—moral, social, and political—rather than be invoked at the beginning. This appears to affirm socially contingent positive rights rather than absolute natural ones. But that is not the whole story, because the Catholic rights tradition consistently asserts some absolute natural rights. These, however, are either tautologous or practically unilluminating.
Are there Absolute Rights?
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

During the discussion of natural rights-talk in Chapters 1 to 5, it was argued that claims to an absolute status do not survive scrutiny. Moreover, a main conclusion was that such rights-talk, trading on the legal paradigm’s connotations of stability and security, tends to obscure the conditionality of a putative natural right upon a range of moral considerations. Further, John Finnis’s absolute rights were judged to be either not natural, or too abstract and unspecified to be practically illuminating. This chapter returns to the topic, to consider whether, and how, it can make good sense to talk of absolute rights—that is, rights against kinds of action wrong per se, which must therefore be always granted and never suspended, regardless of the circumstances, especially the consequences. Since the right against torture is the paradigm of an absolute right, that is the focus here. The chapter concludes that there are kinds of action that are absolutely wrong by definition, and one of these is (sadistic, domineering, humiliating) ‘torture’. Therefore, there is a natural moral duty never to perform such an action. However, since there are no natural moral rights at all, there is no natural right against this. Nonetheless, there are good moral reasons of prudence why there should always be an absolute legal right against ‘torture’, so defined as to encompass all instances of non-consensual pain infliction, even though rare cases of the latter might be morally permissible. There is, therefore, at least one absolute legal right.
What’s Wrong with (Some) Human Rights Lawyers?
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns from judges to human rights lawyers, whose role as advocates gives rise either to different problems or to the same ones in more overt form. It focuses on writings intended for the general public by Shami Chakrabarti, Conor Gearty, and Anthony Lester. All three are publicly prominent British lawyers, whose views echo and amplify those reported in previous chapters from judges in Strasbourg and Ottawa, and from Human Rights Watch in New York. The chapter argues that their advocacy for the rights of individuals is vitiated by habitual cynicism toward government, and a constantly deaf ear to its genuine concerns. Since it cannot persuade sceptics, this is poor advocacy. Moreover, since it is widely acknowledged in principle that few rights are absolute and unconditional, it follows that there are circumstances when it would be proportionate for rights to be limited or suspended, or not to be extended. Therefore, human rights lawyers should be more willing than are these three to think about what those circumstances would be, and to recognise them when they obtain, instead of treating every concession to circumstance as if it were a grubby betrayal of principle. A defence of rights that fully accepted that imperfect compromise can really be inevitable, and that acknowledged that sometimes the claims of the social good really do justify exposing individuals to greater risk, would be a more honest defence, and much the stronger for it.
Coquetry and the Transamerican Foundations of US Literary Sentimentalism
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 recontextualizes early US sentimental literature through the coquette, a figure who connects Hannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette (1797), Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798), and Leonora Sansay’s novel of the Haitian Revolution, Secret History (1808). The chapter argues that the historical connections between Sansay’s and Foster’s heroines demonstrate how novels such as The Coquette obscure the transamerican connections underlying their “found[ing] on fact.” Secret History instead uses its Saint-Dominguan setting to rewrite paradigmatic US understandings of the coquette, rescuing the figure from both gothic horrors and the condemnations suffered by Brown’s and Foster’s heroines. Pairing Foster’s, Brown’s, and Sansay’s novels illustrates how early US sentimentalism was shaped by the Americas’—not just early America’s—literary, economic, political, and military flows.
Moor, Mulata, Mulatta
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: September 2020

The second chapter centers a figure familiar within US sentimental literature, the tragic mulatta, placing her among hemispheric counterparts: the enslaved Moor and the Cuban mulata. Mary Peabody Mann’s only novel, Juanita (1887), offers an Uncle Tom’s Cabin-style antislavery narrative set in Cuba, importing a US racial hierarchy to the island. Mann’s novel overwrites figures such as the Cuban mulata and the mulato antislavery leader, replacing them with Eva-like children and a tragic US mulatta. Yet Cuban author Cirilo Villaverde’s novel Cecilia Valdés (1882) demonstrates how Juanita’s racial hierarchy diverges from that developing in late-nineteenth-century Cuba, which offered a different model of racial relationships. Erasing the multiracial nature of Cuba’s antislavery and anticolonial movements, Juanita prefigures US influence in Cuba following the Spanish–American War.
The Jacobs Siblings’ Black Hemispheric Geographies
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: September 2020

The fourth chapter highlights the hemispheric imaginaries and sentimental skepticism of Harriet A. Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1862) and John S. Jacobs’s speeches and writings. The siblings challenge the North–South mapping of US slavery, instead embedding it in an East–West, antiracist, anti-imperial mapping that makes explicit the transamerican pressures shaping the dispossession of African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexicans. Their writings move not only along familiar abolitionist routes from South to North and the United States to Britain but also from North Carolina and New York to Florida, Haiti, Jamaica, California, and Mexico. As the foreclosure of Harriet’s journey to California at the end of Incidents suggests, however, transamerican sentimentalism here struggles to sustain even localized moments of connection. The Jacobs siblings’ writings highlight the challenges that complicate potential multiethnic, transnational alliances.
Introduction
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

Joanne Simpson transformed the science of the tropical atmosphere and set a course in science for professional women to follow. She had a lifelong passion for clouds and severe storms, flying into and above them, measuring and modeling them, theorizing about the role of tropical clouds in the planetary circulation, and mentoring a generation of tropical meteorologists. In 1993, just shy of her seventieth birthday, Joanne commandeered a fully equipped NASA-owned DC8 research airplane during a field project to study El Niño, and flew several flights directly into tropical cyclone Oliver in the Coral Sea, some 500 km off the coast of Townsville, Australia. She and the crew did this on several consecutive days. The aircraft was equipped with radar being tested for use on a new satellite to measure tropical rainfall, and they wanted to use it to collect the best possible data on storm structure and dynamics. The third flight, directly into the storm, pushed the plane to its limits. The excessive humidity and turbulent shaking shorted out the experimental electronics and rendered the plane unusable for future missions. NASA was not pleased. Buffeted but invigorated by the successful but totally unauthorized flights, Joanne told the press that she felt fortunate to have seen meteorology develop from the “horse-and-buggy era” to the space age....
University of Virginia
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

Joanne accepted a named chair at the University of Virginia, but the position was not right for her or her husband.
NASA
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

Joanne finally found contentment and professional fulfillment at NASA, where she supervised the development and launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and served as a mentor to many colleagues.
The Dudleys
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

Chapter one describes how the local ascendancy of Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, and his older brother, Ambrose, earl of Warwick, used the law and many cultural strategies to establish their Warwickshire authority, a transformative event that was the single most important influence on the county during William Shakespeare’s early life. It examines the relationship between local history and the past identities of the earldoms of Warwick and Leicester in sustaining the Dudleys’ authority in the county, surveying a range of material culture and social behaviour designed to consolidate the earls’ claims, in which Ambrose Dudley, earl of Warwick shared equally with his brother, Robert, earl of Leicester. It shows Ambrose’s active landlordship in Stratford and his other Warwickshire lands by re-examining surveys and land disputes in which he was involved, suggesting how the Dudleys invoked old feudal structures to their own advantage while reshaping local power structures to marginalize the Throckmorton kinship network, triggering their emerging feud with the prominent Warwickshire Catholic gentleman, Edward Arden. The chapter discusses the riots at Drayton Bassett in summer 1578 as part of resistance to Dudley expansion in the county, expansion best seen as a political project in support of the emerging Protestant state, but which provoked widespread fear about their intentions. Through the involvement of local men, including Shakespeare’s later friend Thomas Combe (d. 1609) we outline how Drayton Bassett represented the intrusion of national politics into life in Stratford and Warwickshire.
The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This book advances a new interpretation of the origins of the American Revolution by looking at how conceptions of Europe and Europeanness shaped British-American political culture. It reconstructs colonial debates about the European states system and European civilization, and Britain’s position within both. From this basis, it shows how these concerns informed colonial attitudes towards American identity and America’s place inside—and, ultimately, outside—the emerging British Empire. The book explores the way in which colonists inherited and adapted Anglo-British traditions of thinking about international politics, how they navigated imperial politics during the European wars of 1740–63, and how the burgeoning patriot movement negotiated the dual crisis of Europe and Empire in the period between 1763 and 1775. In the process, it sheds new light on the development of public politics in colonial America, the anglicization/Americanization debate, the political economy of empire, the place of art and poetry in political culture, the interplay of history and prophecy with identity, eighteenth-century geopolitical thinking, and the relationship between international affairs and revolution. What emerges from this story is an imperial crisis and an American Revolution that seem both decidedly arcane and strikingly relevant to the political challenges of the twenty-first century.
Language and the Subject
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

The chapter focuses on Conrad’s scenes of suspension as sites for an investigation of language and its role in the creation of the modernist subject. Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, and Victory are read as the serial restaging of an unsolicited encounter with the language of the other. These unwarranted interruptions contribute to an exploration of a particularly passive and fragmented subjectivity that relinquishes the agency and cohesion afforded the Cartesian cogito. The insistence on the oral tradition is thus read not as an attempt to resurrect speech within an essentially silent medium but as a dramatization of the role of language in the evolution of the modernist subject and the narrative that houses him. Those same experimental narrative techniques that are often associated with Conrad’s commitment to an inherently epistemological philosophical inquiry are attributed here to the author’s effort to chart the ontological coordinates of character and narration.
Continuum Mechanics of Solids
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

Continuum mechanics of Solids presents a unified treatment of the major concepts in Solid Mechanics for beginning graduate students in the many branches of engineering. The fundamental topics of kinematics in finite and infinitesimal deformation, mechanical and thermodynamic balances plus entropy imbalance in the small strain setting are covered as they apply to all solids. The major material models of Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Plasticity are detailed and models for Fracture and Fatigue are discussed. In addition to these topics in Solid Mechanics, because of the growing need for engineering students to have a knowledge of the coupled multi-physics response of materials in modern technologies related to the environment and energy, the book also includes chapters on Thermoelasticity, Chemoelasticity, Poroelasticity, and Piezoelectricity. A preview to the theory of finite elasticity and elastomeric materials is also given. Throughout, example computations are presented to highlight how the developed theories may be applied.
Vectors and tensors: Analysis
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the differentiation of scalar, vector, and tensor fields with respect to position in order to calculate the gradients of such fields. The important differential operators: divergence, curl, and Laplacian are defined. The differentiation of scalar, vector, or tensor-valued functions whose arguments are scalars, vectors, and tensors are also discussed. In addition to these differential operations, integral operations are discussed, and two important integral theorems, namely the divergence theorem, and Stokes' theorem --- which are central to the formulation of the basic laws of continuum mechanics are stated.
Three-dimensional plasticity with isotropic hardening
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to isotropic hardening plasticity models in the three-dimensional small strain setting. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain and equivalent tensile plastic strain for three-dimensional problems. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and a complete model of plasticity is formulated with Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading conditions. Both rate independent and rate dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed with an emphasis on Mises-Hill type theories which utilizes a Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A variety of important flow models are presented.
Three-dimensional plasticity with kinematic and isotropic hardening
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to combined isotropic-kinematic hardening plasticity models in the three-dimensional small strain setting. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain, equivalent tensile plastic strain, and back stress for three-dimensional problems. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and a complete model of plasticity is formulated with Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading conditions. The kinematic hardening model is based upon the Armstrong-Fredrick evolution law. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed.
Fatigue
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces methods for analysing fatigue failure of materials under repeated loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant failure analysis are discussed. For defect free analysis the notion of S-N curves is introduced and Coffin-Mason low cycle as well as Basquin high cycle relations are discussed. Miner’s rule is also introduced. For a defect-tolerant approach Paris’s law for fatigue crack growth is presented.
Linear viscoelasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the essential elements of linear viscoelastic material behaviour and modeling in one- and three-dimensions. Both relaxation and creep phenomena are introduced and modeled using Boltzmann’s superposition integral. Various common kernel functions are introduced, as is the standard and generalized standard linear model in differential and integral form. The correspondence principle is discussed for the solution of practical problems and to connect relaxation and creep formulations. Storage and loss moduli for oscillatory loadings are discussed, as are loss tangents and dissipation. For the generalized standard linear solid its time integration via the Herrmann-Peterson recursion relation is discussed. Effects of temperature are discussed, and the concept of time-temperature equivalence is introduced.
The Iliad
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the portrayal of Menelaus in the Iliad. Menelaus is among the most important heroes in the Iliad, mentioned by name or making an appearance in seventeen out of the twenty-four books. Menelaus’ stature does not primarily depend, however, on the frequency of his appearances. The scholia note Homer’s evident sympathy for Menelaus, observing that Menelaus is, like Patroclus, ‘kindly’. Menelaus expresses concern for the sufferings of others; he takes pity on an enemy and swiftly comes to the aid of others, even at potential harm to himself. Moreover, Menelaus yields to his friends, not out of weakness, but regard. Ultimately, his ‘sympathetic’ personality arises from an acute awareness of his own responsibility for the Trojan War. Homer portrays this special trait of Menelaus’ character, his sympathy, through repeated actions and marked language. Indeed, Homer fashions Menelaus as a memorable and unique character within the traditional diction and rhetoric of his craft.
The Safety of Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: McCormick Zachary L , Patel Jaymin , Conger Aaron , Smith Clark C ,   the Spine Intervention Society’s Patient Safety Committee
Published: September 2020

Myth

Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is not associated with known clinically significant complications.

Fact

Although genicular nerve RFA is generally considered a safe procedure, cases of septic arthritis, pes anserine tendon injury, third-degree skin burn, and clinically significant hematoma and/or hemarthrosis have been reported. As with any emerging procedure, other yet-to-be-reported complications are possible.
Study of muonium emission from laser-ablated silica aerogel
Authors: Beare J , Beer G , Brewer J H , Iijima T , Ishida K , Iwasaki M , Kamal S , Kanamori K , Kawamura N , Kitamura R , Li S , Luke G M , Marshall G M , Mibe T , Miyake Y , Oishi Y , Olchanski K , Olin A , Otani M , Rehman M A , Saito N , Sato Y , Shimomura K , Suzuki K , Tabata M , Yasuda H
Published: September 2020

The emission of muonium ($\mu^+e^-$) atoms into vacuum from silica aerogel with laser ablation on its surface was studied with various ablation structures at room temperature using the subsurface muon beams at TRIUMF and Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). Laser ablation was applied to produce holes or grooves with typical dimensions of a few hundred $\mu$m to a few mm, except for some extreme conditions. The measured emission rate tends to be higher for larger fractions of ablation opening and for shallower depths. More than a few ablation structures reach the emission rates similar to the highest achieved in past measurements. The emission rate is found to be stable at least for a couple of days. Measurements of spin precession amplitudes for the produced muonium atoms and remaining muons in a magnetic field determine a muonium formation fraction of $(65.5 \pm 1.8)$%. The precession of the polarized muonium atoms is also observed clearly in vacuum. A projection of the emission rates measured at TRIUMF to the corresponding rates at J-PARC is demonstrated taking the different beam condition into account reasonably.