bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doxastic Deontology and Cognitive Competence
Authors: Forrai Gábor
Published: April 2019

The paper challenges William Alston’s argument against doxastic deontology, the view that we have epistemic duties concerning our beliefs. The core of the argument is that doxastic deontology requires voluntary control over our beliefs, which we do not have. The idea that doxastic deontology requires voluntary control is supposed to follow from the principle that ought implies can (OIC). The paper argues that this is wrong: in the OIC principle which regulates our doxastic duties the “can” does not stand for the ability to shape our beliefs voluntarily. As an examination of everyday examples shows, it stands for cognitive competence, the reliable ability to acquire beliefs in compliance with the epistemic norms. The doxastic OIC principle asserts, in brief, that one is only obliged to believe something if one’s cognitive capacities are sufficiently strong. It is also explained why the doxastic duties do not require voluntary control as opposed to moral duties. This understanding of doxastic duties saves our everyday doxastic deontic judgments from Alston’s argument, but does not help the deontological conception of justification, which understands justification as not violating one’s epistemic duties. It actually provides another argument against the deontological conception: if the OIC regulating our doxastic duties is construed as suggested, the deontological conception of justification implies that one’s doxastic duties and, consequently, whether one’s belief is justified depend on one’s cognitive competence. Since cognitive competence varies from person to person, justification will not matter to truth and knowledge in the way epistemic justification is supposed to do.
Impact of travel time uncertainties on the solution cost of a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with synchronization
Authors: Anderluh Alexandra , Larsen Rune , Hemmelmayr Vera C. , Nolz Pamela C.
Published: April 2019

Two-echelon vehicle routing problems which contain synchronization between vehicles can be deeply impacted by time uncertainty, because one vehicle’s delay can propagate to other vehicles. In this paper, we evaluate the deterministic solution of such a problem based on simulated travel time scenarios. The information obtained by simulation is incorporated in the optimization procedure iteratively. Computational results show that the degree of synchronization in an instance is directly correlated with the potential improvements by reoptimization. We present findings on the number of travel time scenarios required to obtain a representative picture of the stochastic solutions. In addition, we demonstrate that time dependent travel times can be aggregated on a city-wide level and linearized as a function of free flow times without major loss of reliability.
Increasing the take-up of the housing allowance among Swedish pensioners: a field experiment
Authors: Engström Per , Forsell Eskil , Hagen Johannes , Stefánsson Arnaldur
Published: April 2019

Using a randomized field experiment in the Swedish pension system, we investigate whether receiving an information letter affects the take-up rate of the housing allowance for pensioners. We also investigate whether the framing of the information letter affects take-up. The results show that simple information letters had a significant effect on the application rate and subsequent take-up rate: The baseline application rate in the targeted control population was only 1.4%, while the corresponding rates in the different treatment groups were between 9.9 and 12.1%. However, while the applications in the control group were accepted in almost 3 out of 4 cases, up to 50% of the applications in the treatment group were declined. The lower conditional acceptance rate in the treatment group seems to be largely driven by wealth, which the Pensions Agency cannot observe prior to submission. Information campaigns aimed at increasing benefit take-up therefore need careful design in situations with imperfect targeting.
Pilot randomised controlled trial of a brief mindfulness-based intervention for those with persistent pain
Authors: Howarth Ana , Riaz Muhammad , Perkins-Porras Linda , Smith Jared G. , Subramaniam Jeevakan , Copland Claire , Hurley Mike , Beith Iain , Ussher Michael
Published: April 2019

A pilot-randomised controlled trial (RCT) examined the effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on persistent pain patients and assessed the feasibility of conducting a definitive RCT. A brief (15 min) mindfulness body-scan audio was compared with an active control administered in a clinic and then used independently over 1 month. Immediate effects of the intervention were assessed with brief measures of pain severity, distraction and distress. Assessments at baseline, 1 week and 1 month included pain severity and interference, mood, pain-catastrophizing, mindfulness, self-efficacy, quality of life and intervention acceptability. Of 220 referred patients, 147 were randomised and 71 completed all assessments. There were no significant immediate intervention effects. There were significant positive effects for ratings of intervention ‘usefulness’ at 1 week (p = 0.044), and pain self-efficacy at 1 month (p = 0.039) for the MBI group compared with control. Evidently, it is feasible to recruit persistent pain patients to a brief MBI study. Strategies are needed to maximise retention of participants.

Trial registration Current controlled trials ISRCTN61538090. Registered 20 April 2015.
Radiographic Humerus Union Measurement (RHUM) Demonstrates High Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability in Assessing Humeral Shaft Fracture Healing
Authors: Christiano Anthony V. , Goch Abraham M. , Burke Christopher J. , Leucht Philipp , Konda Sanjit R. , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: April 2019

Background

Orthopedic surgeons use radiographs to determine degrees of fracture healing, guide progression of clinical care, and assist in determining weight bearing and removal of immobilization. However, no gold standard exists to determine the progression of healing of humeral shaft fractures treated non-operatively.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a scale comparable to the modified Radiographic Union Score for Tibial (RUST) fractures applied to non-operatively treated humeral shaft fractures can increase interobserver reliability in determining fracture healing.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken by three orthopedic traumatologists and one musculoskeletal radiologist, who evaluated 50 sets of anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, presented at random, of non-operatively treated humeral shaft fractures at various stages of healing from 17 patients. The radiographs were scored using a modified RUST scale called the Radiographic Humerus Union Measurement (RHUM). Observers were blinded to the time from injury. After a 4-week washout period, observers again scored the same radiographs. Observers classified each fracture as either healed or not healed based on the combination of radiographs. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the RHUM were determined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Interobserver reliability of determining a healed fracture was calculated using Cohen's kappa (κ) statistics. A receiver operator characteristic curve was conducted to determine the RHUM score predictive of a fracture being considered healed.

Results

ICC demonstrated almost perfect interobserver reliability (ICC, 0.838; ICC 95% CI, 0.765 to 0.896) and intraobserver reliability (ICC range, 0.822 to 0.948) of the RHUM. κ demonstrated substantial agreement between observers in considering a fracture healed (κ = 0.647). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated that a RHUM of 10 or higher is an excellent predictor of the observer considering the fracture healed (area under the ROC curve = 0.946, specificity = 0.957, 95% CI specificity, 0.916 to 0.979).

Conclusions

This cortical scoring system has excellent interobserver reliability in humeral shaft fractures treated non-operatively. Consistent with previous cortical scoring systems, a RHUM score of 10 or above can be considered radiographically healed.
Distribution of Ni, Co, Precious, and Platinum Group Metals in Copper Making Process
Authors: Sukhomlinov Dmitry , Klemettinen Lassi , Avarmaa Katri , O’Brien Hugh , Taskinen Pekka , Jokilaakso Ari
Published: April 2019

The distribution coefficients of Ni, Co, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd between molten copper and silica-saturated iron silicate slags (

$$ {\text{L}}_{\text{Me}}^{{{\text{Cu}}/{\text{s}}}} $$

L

Me

Cu
/
s

) were measured experimentally. The distribution behaviors were studied under typical conditions of copper converting and fire refining, i.e., from 1250 °C to 1350 °C, and from 10−8 to 10−4 atm oxygen partial pressure. The coefficients were determined as the ratios of the trace element weight concentrations measured in situ, directly from the equilibrated metal and slag phases. For the quantitative elemental analysis of the phases, state-of-the-art analytic techniques, including electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, were employed. The distribution coefficients

$$ {\text{L}}_{\text{Me}}^{{{\text{Cu}}/{\text{s}}}} $$

L

Me

Cu
/
s

determined can be arranged in the following order: Pt > Au > Pd >> Ag > (Cu) > Ni > Co > (Fe).
Can selfies spark the identity (r)evolution in financial services?
Authors: Hendrikse René
Published: April 2019

It's no longer the distant future when we manage our finances through our mobile phones – it's current everyday life. We're growing increasingly used to banking, moving our money and even setting up accounts at the touch of a phone button. And it now seems outdated and tiresome to think about visiting a branch to open a bank account, take out a loan or even get financial advice, all once commonplace activities.
Biometrics the secret to securing industrial control systems
Authors: Pricop Emil
Published: April 2019

Industrial control systems automate activity in many key industrial facilities such as petrochemical plants, refineries and power plants (see box, page 9). Given their importance, it is perhaps not surprising that the frequency of cyber-attacks involving industrial control systems (ICSs) is significant: an ICS decoy, set up by cyber-security company Kaspersky Lab, attracted 1,300 attempts to gain unauthorised access in just one month 1 . In the face of this threat, biometric technology can be implemented to significantly improve ICS security.
How not to become a crypto-jacking statistic
Authors: Norman James
Published: April 2019

Successful businesses are constantly reinventing themselves to stay aligned with customer interests and buying habits, and successful cyber criminals do exactly the same. When one method ceases to be as effective as it once was, cyber criminals seek out a new source of revenue. For example, ransomware has been a known danger for years, but in the first half of 2018, a new vector of attack known as crypto-jacking replaced ransomware as the most popular digital threat.
Disinformation in international politics
Authors: Lanoszka Alexander
Published: April 2019

Concerns over disinformation have intensified in recent years. Policymakers, pundits, and observers worry that countries like Russia are spreading false narratives and disseminating rumours in order to shape international opinion and, by extension, government policies to their liking. Despite the importance of this topic, mainstream theories in International Relations offer contradictory guidance on how to think about disinformation. I argue that disinformation is ineffective in terms of changing the policies of a target as regards to its foreign policy alignments and armaments – that is, the balance of power. To be strategically effective, disinformation must somehow overcome three powerful obstacles: first, the fundamental uncertainty that international anarchy generates over any information broadcasted by adversaries; second, the pre-existing prejudices of foreign policy elites and ordinary citizens; and third, the countermeasures that are available even amid political polarisation. I examine the most likely case of there seemingly being a conscious and effective strategy that emphasises disinformation: the Russian campaign that has targeted the Baltic states, especially since the 2014 annexation of Crimea. The available evidence strongly suggests that the strategic effects of disinformation are exaggerated.
Test stewardship, frequency and fidelity: Impact on reported hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Fleming Michele S. , Hess Olivia , Albert Heather L. , Styslinger Emily , Doll Michelle , Nguyen Huong Jane , McAulay-Kidd Susan , Hemphill Robin R. , Srivastava Tara , Cooper Kaila D. , Stevens Michael P. , Bearman Gonzalo
Published: April 2019

We assessed the impact of an embedded electronic medical record decision-support matrix (Cerner software system) for the reduction of hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile. A critical review of 3,124 patients highlighted excessive testing frequency in an academic medical center and demonstrated the impact of decision support following a testing fidelity algorithm.
Life cycle of a star: Carl Sagan and the circulation of reputation
Authors: MARSH OLIVER
Published: April 2019

It is a commonplace in the history of science that reputations of scientists play important roles in the stories of scientific knowledge. I argue that to fully understand these roles we should see reputations as produced by communicative acts, consider how reputations become known about, and study the factors influencing such processes. I reapply James Secord's ‘knowledge-in-transit’ approach; in addition to scientific knowledge, I also examine how ‘biographical knowledge’ of individuals is constructed through communications and shaped by communicative contexts. My case study is Carl Sagan, widely discussed – amongst scientists, media professionals and publics – for his skill as a charismatic popularizer, his perceived arrogance, his political activism, and his debated merit as a researcher. By examining how aspects of Sagan's reputation circulated alongside his scientific work – rather than existing as a static context for his scientific work – I show how different forms of knowledge (biographical and scientific) influence each other as they circulate.
Intake of α-linolenic acid is not consistently associated with a lower risk of peripheral artery disease: results from a Danish cohort study
Authors: Bork Christian S. , Lasota Anne N. , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Jakobsen Marianne U. , Tjønneland Anne , Calder Philip C. , Schmidt Erik B. , Overvad Kim
Published: April 2019

Intake of the plant-derivedn-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been associated with anti-atherosclerotic properties. However, information on the association between ALA intake and development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is lacking. In this follow-up study, we investigated the association between dietary intake of ALA and the rate of PAD among middle-aged Danish men and women enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. Incident PAD cases were identified through the Danish National Patient Register. Intake of ALA was assessed using a validated FFQ. Statistical analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard regression allowing for separate baseline hazards among sexes and adjusted for established risk factors for PAD. During a median of 13·6 years of follow-up, we identified 950 valid cases of PAD with complete information on covariates. The median energy-adjusted ALA intake within the cohort was 1·76 g/d (95 % central range: 0·94–3·28). In multivariable analyses, we found no statistically significant association between intake of ALA and the rate of PAD (P= 0·339). Also, no statistically significant associations were observed in analyses including additional adjustment for co-morbidities and in sex-specific analyses. In supplemental analyses with additional adjustment for potential dietary risk factors, we found a weak inverse association of PAD with ALA intake above the median, but the association was not statistically significant (P= 0·314). In conclusion, dietary intake of ALA was not consistently associated with decreased risk of PAD.
Estimating sodium intake from spot urine samples at population level: a validation and application study in French adults
Authors: Emeville Elise , Lassale Camille , Castetbon Katia , Deschamps Valérie , Salanave Benoît , Vernay Michel , Guergour Dorra , Faure Patrice , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Verdot Charlotte
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the predictive INTERSALT equation using spot urine samples to estimate 24-h urinary Na (24-hUNa) excretion and daily Na intake among the French adult population. Among 193 French adults (‘validation sample’), we assessed the validity by comparing predicted 24-hUNa excretion from spot urine and measured 24-hUNa excretion from 24-h urine collections. Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots were used and we calculated calibration coefficients. In a nationally representative sample of 1720 French adults (‘application sample’), the calibrated predictive equation was then applied to the spot urine Na values to estimate 24-hUNa excretion and daily Na intake. In that sample, predicted Na intake was compared with that estimated from 24-h dietary recalls. Results were adjusted and corrected using calibration coefficients. In the validation sample, the measured 24-hUNa excretion was on average 14 % higher than the predicted 24-hUNa (+13 % for men and +16 % for women). Correlation between measured and predicted 24-hUNa excretion was moderate (Spearmanr0·42), and the Bland–Altman plots showed underestimation at lower excretion level and overestimation at higher level. In the application study, estimated daily salt intake was 8·0 g/d using dietary recalls, 8·1 g/d using predicted INTERSALT equation and 9·3 g/d after applying calibration coefficients calculated in the validation study. Despite overall underestimation of 24-hUNa excretion by spot urinary Na, the use of predictive INTERSALT equation remains an acceptable alternative in monitoring global Na intake/excreted in the French population but its use is not advised at the individual level.
Oxylipin concentration, but not fatty acid composition, is altered in human donor milk pasteurised using both thermal and non-thermal techniques
Authors: Pitino Michael A. , Alashmali Shoug M. , Hopperton Kathryn E. , Unger Sharon , Pouliot Yves , Doyen Alain , O’Connor Deborah L. , Bazinet Richard P.
Published: April 2019

Human donor milk (DM) is Holder pasteurised (62·5°C, 30 min) to ensure its microbiological safety for infant consumption. In low-resource settings, flash heating is used to pasteurise milk. Although there is considerable interest in non-thermal alternatives (high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHP) and UVC irradiation) for pasteurisation, their effect on the fatty acid composition is not well understood. Of particular interest is the effect of pasteurisation on the generation of oxylipins. DM from eight mothers containing bacteria >5 × 107colony-forming units/l was used. In a paired design, each pool of milk underwent four pasteurisation techniques: Holder; flash heating; UVC (250 nm, 25 min) and HHP (500 MPa, 8 min). Fatty acids were quantified by GC-flame ionisation detection and oxylipins derived from arachidonic acid; 18-carbon PUFA (α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid) and EPA/DHA were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS in aliquots of raw and processed milk. There were no significant changes to the composition of fatty acids following all pasteurisation techniques compared with raw milk. Then-6:n-3 ratio remained constant ranging from 6·4 to 6·6. Several arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins were highest post-UVC and elevated post-HHP compared with raw milk. Several oxylipins derived from 18-carbon PUFA (linoleic and α-linolenic acids) were elevated in UVC-treated milk. EPA/DHA-derived oxylipins were on average, unaffected by pasteurisation. Although some PUFA-derived oxylipins were increased following UVC and HHP, no method affected the fatty acid composition of human DM. Further research is needed to determine if varying levels of oxylipins in human DM as a result of processing can potentially mediate cellular signalling; proliferation and apoptosis, especially important for preterm infant development.
PLAUTIANUS' ZEBRAS: A ROMAN EXPEDITION TO EAST AFRICA IN THE EARLY THIRD CENTURY
Authors: Mallan C.T.
Published: April 2019

The kleptocratic supremacy of the praetorian prefect C. Fulvius Plautianus (PIR2F 554) was felt throughout the city of Rome, the Empire and (according to one author) even beyond the imperial frontiers. Indeed, for the senatorial historian Dio Cassius, there was no more picturesque demonstration of Plautianus' acquisitiveness than his seizure of strange striped horse-like creatures from ‘islands in the Erythraean Sea’. The passage, as preserved in the text of Xiphilinus'Epitome, reads as follows (Dio Cass. 76[75].14.3):

καὶ τέλος ἵππους Ἡλίῳ <ἱεροὺς> τιγροειδεῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἐρυθρᾷ θαλάσσῃ νήσων, πέμψας ἑκατοντάρχους, ἐξέκλεψεν·

In the end he even stole tiger-like horses  to Helios from the islands in the Erythraean Sea, having sent some centurions to carry out the task.
The Folklore of Deinstitutionalization: Popular Film and the Death of the Asylum, 1973–1979
Authors: RONDINONE TROY
Published: April 2019

The demise of America's state mental hospital system, or “deinstitutionalization,” has received much attention from sociologists and historians of medicine. Less understood is the manner in which the public experienced and came to terms with it. Using elements of folklore and horror studies, I will examine how popular films accommodated audiences to institutional decline and confirmed popular antistatist pessimism.The Exorcist(1973),One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975),Halloween(1978), andWhen a Stranger Calls(1979) helped weave a tapestry of distrust. By endorsing popular conceptions of institutional failure and presenting mythical narratives of individualist triumph, these films helped pave a path towards the conservative Reagan era to come.
Leverage and the Beta Anomaly
Authors: Baker Malcolm , Hoeyer Mathias F. , Wurgler Jeffrey
Published: April 2019

The well-known weak empirical relationship between beta risk and the cost of equity (the beta anomaly) generates a simple tradeoff theory: As firms lever up, the overall cost of capital falls as leverage increases equity beta, but as debt becomes riskier the marginal benefit of increasing equity beta declines. As a simple theoretical framework predicts, we find that leverage is inversely related to asset beta, including upside asset beta, which is hard to explain by the traditional leverage tradeoff with financial distress that emphasizes downside risk. The results are robust to a variety of specification choices and control variables.
Critical review of the follow-up protocol for head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Kytö E , Haapio E , Minn H , Irjala H
Published: April 2019

Objective

Head and neck cancer follow-up length, interval and content are controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the follow-up protocol after curative treatment in head and neck cancer patients.

Method

Clinical data of 456 patients with new malignancy of the head and neck from a tertiary care centre district from 1999 to 2008 were analysed. Time from treatment, symptoms and second-line treatment outcomes of patients with recurrent disease were evaluated.

Results

A total of 94 (22 per cent) patients relapsed during the 5-year follow-up period; 90 per cent of recurrences were found within 3 years. Fifty-six per cent of the patients had subjective symptoms indicating a recurrence of the tumour. All recurrent tumours found during routine follow-up visits without symptoms were found within 34 months after completion of treatment.

Conclusion

Routine follow up after three years is questionable; recurrent disease beyond this point was detected in only 2 per cent of patients. In this study, all late tumour recurrences had symptoms of the disease. Easy access to extra follow-up visits when symptoms occur could cover the need for late follow up.
Incidence and clinical predictors of cystic squamous cell carcinoma metastases in lateral cervical cysts
Authors: Stefanicka P , Gnojcakova N , Kurinec F , Profant M
Published: April 2019

Objective

This study aimed to determine the incidence of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in patients with an isolated cervical cystic mass, and to describe the clinical features that might predict the origin of cystic tumours.

Method

Adult patients with isolated lateral cervical cystic masses who were scheduled for surgery from 1st January 2010 to 31st August 2016 in two tertiary care referral centres in Slovakia were analysed retrospectively.

Results

The incidence of cystic metastases in the whole cohort and in patients aged over 40 years were 9.9 per cent and 18.5 per cent, respectively. The incidence in patients aged over 40 years (18.5 per cent) was statistically significant (p= 0.003).

Conclusion

The incidence of cystic squamous cell carcinoma metastases in lateral cervical cysts in patients aged over 40 years is high enough to call for excisional biopsy with frozen section, panendoscopy with direct biopsies, tonsillectomy and even neck dissection in cases of histologically confirmed carcinoma.
Patterns of educational achievement among groups of immigrant children in Denmark emerge already in preschool second-language and preliteracy skills
Authors: Højen Anders , Bleses Dorthe , Jensen Peter , Dale Philip S.
Published: April 2019

Immigrant children in Denmark differ greatly in educational outcomes. This study examined whether systematic differences in majority language (L2) and preliteracy skills are apparent already at ages 2–6 in immigrant children in Denmark across regional immigration background. Danish language and preliteracy skills in 1,211 immigrant children in four regional groups (based on maternal origin) and 11,259 native Danish nonimmigrant children, all enrolled in Danish childcare centers, were assessed using an age- and gender-normed language assessment instrument. Hierarchical linear models showed that all four immigrant groups scored significantly lower than the native Danish group; the negative coefficients diminished but remained significant when socioeconomic background and having a native Danish father were controlled for. In addition, even with these controls, significant differences existed between some of the immigrant groups, suggesting that factors relating to regional immigrant background were important sources of differences in L2 development. A greater immigrant disadvantage for language than preliteracy skills was found; two immigrant groups did not differ significantly from the nonimmigrant Danish group for preliteracy skills. The results suggest that measures to reduce inequalities in long-term educational achievement between immigrant groups should be taken already before school with a particular focus on L2 language skills.
The Spanish Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment and Services of the National Health System (RedETS)
Authors: Serrano-Aguilar Pedro , Asua-Batarrita José , Molina-López María Teresa , Espallargues Mireia , Pons-Rafols Joan , García-Armesto Sandra , Arriola-Bolado Paloma , López-García Marisa , Faraldo-Vallés María José , Sánchez-Gómez Luis María , Juárez-Rojo Celia , Prieto-Yerro Isabel , Casado-Durández Paloma , Sarria-Santamera Antonio
Published: April 2019

Earlier activities on health technology assessment (HTA) started in Spain around 1984, with the creation of a National Advisory Board on HTA, and the development of national and regional HTA organizations in the early 1990s. In 2012, the Spanish Health Ministry established the Spanish Network for Health Technology Assessment of the National Health System (RedETS); funded at national level and including all public HTA organizations at national and regional levels. RedETSis focused on the assessment of nondrug health technologies to inform the revision (approval and funding or disinvestment) of the Benefit Portfolio of the Spanish NHS. In parallel with European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA), RedETS has been setting-up and sharing common procedures and methodological guidelines to ensure effective cooperation and mutual recognition of the scientific and technical production in HTA. The output of RedETS is fifty to sixty annual reports, including the production of full HTA reports, Clinical Practice Guidelines, methodological guidance reports, relative effectiveness assessments, tools to support shared decision making between patients and healthcare professionals, and monitoring studies. The HTA assessments requested by the Regional Health Authorities are the biggest component of the annual RedETS working plan. These assessment needs are identified according to a yearly process and prioritized by a Commission composed of representatives from all Spanish regions with the aid of the PRITEC tool. The objectives of this study are to report and update the normative and organizational state of HTA in Spain; describing noteworthy advances witnessed over the past 10 years, as well as discussing existing challenges.
Disentangling the role of heat sources on microhabitat selection of two Neotropical lizard species
Authors: Ortega Zaida , Mencía Abraham , Martins Kleber , Soares Priscilla , Ferreira Vanda Lúcia , Oliveira-Santos Luiz Gustavo
Published: April 2019

Our aim was to disentangle the effects of different heat sources and the non-thermal properties of the substrate in the microhabitat choices of two lizard species living in savanna habitats of central-western Brazil: the teiidAmeivulaaff.ocellifera(N = 43) and the tropiduridTropidurus oreadicus(N = 23). To this end, a mixed structural resource selection function (mixed-SRSF) approach was used, modelling the probability of finding a lizard on a certain microhabitat based on environmental variables of used and simultaneously available places. First, we controlled for the effects of solar radiation, convection and the physical thermal properties of the substrate on substrate temperature. Then we assessed the effects of solar radiation, convection, conduction and the non-thermal properties of the substrate in the probability of use of a certain microhabitat. Results confirmed that substrate temperature was mediated by: air convection > solar radiation > physical thermal properties of the substrates. Moreover, the mixed-SRSF revealed that direct solar radiation and the non-thermal properties of the substrates were the only drivers of microhabitat selection for both species, with approximately the same strength. Our novel approach allowed splitting of the effect of different mechanisms in the microhabitat selection of lizards, which makes it a powerful tool for assessing the conformation of the interactions between different environmental variables mediating animal behaviour.
Frequency of use – the First Step Toward Human-Centred Interfaces for Marine Navigation Systems
Authors: Vu Viet Dung , Lützhöft Margareta , Emad Gholam Reza
Published: April 2019

This article presents research on how frequently seafarers utilise functions and information available on an Integrated Navigation System to perform navigation duties. Using an online questionnaire, the study collected data from 601 members of the global seafaring community. The results provide an overview of the frequency of use for each feature, together with factors affecting the use and associated usability issues. The study finds that the use of navigation equipment is situation-dependent and affected by administrative factors, experience and professional habits, characteristics of the sailing area, traffic conditions, weather conditions, ship management factors and geographical location. Additionally, information overload, particularly with overlay and alert management functions, was found to be the major issue with existing systems. The findings of this study can be applied to improve menu tree structure, display layout, and interaction methods on the interface of navigation systems, such as making frequently-used features more readily available or easier to access.
The Last Farm Bill?
Authors: Barnett Barry J.
Published: April 2019

“Farm bill” is a colloquial term for omnibus legislation that authorizes various government programs related to agriculture, food, and rural areas. Some of these programs have their roots in New Deal legislation. Others were initially authorized after the New Deal and subsequently included in farm bills. Some debate exists about exactly which omnibus legislation was the precursor of modern-day farm bills. However, since at least 1973, farm bills have included titles related to farm programs, trade, rural development, farm credit, conservation, agricultural research, food and nutrition programs, and marketing. Beginning in 2008, crop insurance-authorizing language was also included in the farm bill.

Farm bills generally have a life of approximately five years. In the case of farm support programs (typically authorized in Title 1), the farm billtemporarily amends permanent legislation. When the farm bill expires, theseprograms revert to permanent legislation (from the 1930s and 1940s) unless a new farm bill is adopted that again temporarily amends permanent legislation. The permanent legislation would put in place price supports, at extremely high levels, for many agricultural commodities, distorting markets and greatly increasing federal costs. The specter of reverting to permanent legislation has, through the years, been used by Congress to ensure that future Congresses will replace expiring farm bills with new legislation.
Belgium's historic beer diversity: should we raise a pint to institutions?
Authors: Poelmans Eline , Taylor Jason E.
Published: April 2019

Despite its relatively small size, Belgium has historically been considered to have the most diverse array of beer varieties in the world. We explore whether Belgium's institutional history has contributed to its beer diversity. The Belgian area has experienced a heterogeneous and variable array of institutional regimes over the last millennia. In many cases institutional borders crossed through the Belgian area. We trace the historical development of many of Belgium's well-known beer varieties to specific institutional causes. We also show that the geographic production of important varieties, such as Old Brown, Red Brown, Trappist, Lambic, Saison, and Gruitbeer, continues to be influenced by Belgium's institutional past.
When children remember: A history of the Tutsi genocide through the eyes of children (1994–2006)
Authors: Dumas Hélène
Published: April 2019

Drawing on a corpus of accounts written by survivor children in 2006, this article looks at the Tutsi genocide through the eyes of children, enabling us to see the radical social and emotional transgressions of 1994 from a new angle. As members of society and prime targets of the genocide, these children tell how the world of their childhood was turned upside-down, through the unique intensity of their own words. An idealized “before”, inhabited by the beloved characters of their parents, brothers and sisters, is brutally swept away as everything they have known becomes inverted. Forced to watch killings and cruelty, they adopt survival strategies that show how thoroughly they understand the radical nature of what is unfolding. An extreme distrust of adults will forever mark these children – now orphans – who still live in “the time of the genocide”.
Item and domain network structures of the Resilience Scale for Adults in 675 university students
Authors: Briganti G. , Linkowski P.
Published: April 2019

Aims

The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) is a questionnaire that measures protective factors of mental health. The aim of this paper is to perform a network analysis of the RSA in a dataset composed of 675 French-speaking Belgian university students, to identify potential targets for intervention to improve protective factors in individuals.

Methods

We estimated a network structure for the 33-item questionnaire and for the six domains of resilience: perception of self, planned future, social competence, structured style, family cohesion and social competence. Node predictability (shared variance with surrounding nodes in the network) was used to assess the connectivity of items. An exploratory graph analysis (EGA) was performed to detect communities in the network: the number of communities detected being different than the original number of factors proposed in the scale, we estimated a new network with the resulting structure and verified the validity of the new construct which was proposed. We provide the anonymised dataset and code in external online materials (10.17632/64db36w8kf.2) to ensure complete reproducibility of the results.

Results

The network composed of items from the RSA is overall positively connected with strongest connections arising among items from the same domain. The domain network reports several connections, both positive and negative. The EGA reported the existence of four communities that we propose as an additional network structure. Node predictability estimates show that connectedness varies among the items and domains of the RSA.

Conclusions

Network analysis is a useful tool to explore resilience and identify targets for clinical intervention. In this study, the four domains acting as components of the additional four-domain network structure may be potential targets to improve an individual's resilience. Further studies may endeavour to replicate our findings in different samples.
Health Regulatory Focus, Selection Optimization and Compensation Strategy and Sports Practice: A Mediational Analysis
Authors: Laroche Manon , Roussel Peggy , Mascret Nicolas , Cury François
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to investigate associations of health promotion and prevention regulatory foci with sports practice, and examined the Selection, Optimization and Compensation (SOC) process behind the positive relationship between health promotion focus and sports practice. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 513 French volunteer sports participants aged from 18 to 82. Participants completed an online self-report survey measuring health regulatory foci, SOC strategy, Amount of Sports Practice (ASP), health condition, and educational level. Path analysis main results (χ2 = 16.64; df = 5; p < .01; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.98; R2 = .24) demonstrated that ASP was positively related with health promotion focus (β = .13, p < .01), SOC strategy (β = .28, p < .001) and negatively related with health prevention focus (β = –.20, p < .001). SOC strategy was positively related with health promotion focus (β = .39, p < .001) and bootstrapping analyses revealed that this strategy partially mediated the positive relationship between health promotion focus and ASP, 95% CI [.13, .29]. Finally, additional analyses showed that it was specifically the elective selection, optimization and compensation sub-components of SOC strategy which played mediating roles in this link, [.13, .29] < 95% CI < [.13, .29]. For the first time in the literature, these results evidenced direct links between health regulatory foci and sports practice, and a mechanistic pathway between health promotion focus and sports practice. The theoretical and applied implications of these results for sports promotion are discussed.
A Twin Study of Cigarette and Snus Initiation and Quantity of Use in Norwegian Adult Twins
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Aggen Steven H. , Gillespie Nathan , Czajkowski Nikolai , Ystrom Eivind , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted
Published: April 2019

While snus has been the focus of increasing public health interest, twin studies have examined neither sources of individual variation for its use nor the sources of resemblance between snus and cigarette use. Twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Panel were assessed by self-report questionnaire for the initiation of regular use and maximal quantity used for snus and cigarettes. Twin modeling was performed using OpenMx on data from 2767 twins including 856 complete pairs. Fitting univariate twin models produced similar results for cigarette initiation and quantity with estimates of additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental effects of approximately 77%, 0% and 23%, respectively. Estimates of snus initiation and quantity were, respectively, approximately 53%, 26% and 21%. Joint analyses suggested that the genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental correlations between cigarette and snus initiation and quantity were +.82, 0 and +.42, respectively. However, these results could not be statistically distinguished from a model which postulated that resemblance between cigarette initiation and quantity resulted from genetic and unique environmental correlations of +.47 and +.43. Compared with cigarette initiation and quantity of use in Norwegian twins, the role of genes was less prominent and shared environment more prominent for initiation and quantity of use of snus. Joint analyses of both tobacco phenotypes suggested, but did not confirm definitively, that genetic risk factors for cigarette and snus use were similar but not identical, while shared environmental factors existed that were specific to snus use.
Vegetable soybean tolerance to flumioxazin-based treatments for waterhemp control is similar to grain-type soybean
Authors: Williams Martin M. , Moody James L. , Hausman Nicholas E.
Published: April 2019

Herbicides registered in vegetable soybean often fail to control waterhemp. The objective of this research was to quantify vegetable soybean tolerance to preemergence herbicides for early-season waterhemp control, including flumioxazin applied alone PRE or in mixture with chlorimuron, metribuzin, or pyroxasulfone at use rates in grain-type soybean. Crop tolerance to the herbicides was tested in field trials with 20 vegetable soybean cultivars and four grain-type cultivars through 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Flumioxazin-based treatments were equally safe, resulting in only minor, transitory crop response (<5% injury 2 WAT) and no effect on crop emergence or early season growth. Flumioxazin mixtures provided greater than 99% control of waterhemp 4 WAT, as evidenced by reduced weed density from 29.7 plants m−2 in the nontreated control to no waterhemp. Flumioxazin applied alone or in tank mixture with chlorimuron, metribuzin, or pyroxasulfone were as safe in vegetable soybean as previously reported in grain-type soybean. Registration of these products in vegetable soybean would provide the industry with additional options for managing waterhemp.
Radiocarbon and Helium Isotope Constraints on Deep Ocean Ventilation and Mantle‐3He Sources
Authors: DeVries Tim , Holzer Mark
Published: April 2019

Radiocarbon (Δ14C) and helium isotopes (δ3He) have long been used to constrain the ocean's ventilation rates and to trace regional deep ocean circulation pathways, but they have not been fully exploited together to constrain the deep circulation in global models. Here we assimilate Δ14C and δ3He measurements into a global ocean circulation inverse model (OCIM) to jointly constrain the deep ocean circulation and the rate of mantle‐helium injection at seafloor spreading ridges. We find that the new version of the inverse model (OCIM2) matches the observed Δ14C and δ3He distributions much better than a previous version (OCIM1) that assimilated objectively mapped Δ14C but not δ3He. OCIM2 features faster‐ventilated bottom waters and slower‐ventilated intermediate‐depth waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The mean time since last ventilation (ideal mean age) in Pacific bottom waters is up to 150 years younger, while middepth Pacific waters are up to several hundred years older. The δ3He constraints are shown to be important for estimates of the mean time to next ventilation in the Pacific Ocean. The δ3He constraints also favor jet‐like currents in the deep equatorial Pacific to capture realistic westward propagating helium plumes emanating from the East Pacific Rise. The globally integrated mantle‐helium source is 585–672 mol/year, compared to 400–1,000 mol/year from previous estimates. The major regional difference occurs in the Southern Ocean, where the OCIM2 mantle‐helium source is up to threefold smaller than estimates based on ridge spreading rates.
Lateral Heat Transport in the Lofoten Basin: Near‐Surface Pathways and Subsurface Exchange
Authors: Dugstad Johannes , Fer Ilker , LaCasce Joe , Sanchez de La Lama Martha , Trodahl Marta
Published: April 2019

The Lofoten Basin in the Nordic Seas plays a central role in the Atlantic overturning circulation by acting as a reservoir for the warm and saline Atlantic Water flow toward the Arctic Ocean. The mass and heat exchange between Atlantic Water and the Lofoten Basin impacts the water mass transformations and the surface heat loss, but the processes governing this exchange are not well understood or quantified. Here we study the circulation in the Nordic Seas and the heat transport in the Lofoten Basin using a combination of Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. We analyze the trajectories of about 150 surface drifters, augmented with a set of about 47,000 surface trajectories calculated using the output from a regional numerical simulation, to investigate the drifter pathways and their exchange with the Lofoten Basin. The drifters reveal that water parcels with long residence time inside the basin contribute substantially to the heat loss and typically enter from south across the outer rim of the Vøring Plateau and, to some extent from east, from the eastern branch of the Norwegian Atlantic Current. The main contributors to the lateral heat transport to the Lofoten Basin are the near‐surface heat transport by the mean flow in the southern sector of the basin and the subsurface eddy fluxes from the Lofoten Escarpment in the east.
Effects of Deforestation on the Onset of the Rainy Season and the Duration of Dry Spells in Southern Amazonia
Authors: Leite‐Filho Argemiro Teixeira , de Sousa Pontes Verônica Yameê , Costa Marcos Heil
Published: April 2019

Amazonian deforestation is causing notable changes in the hydrological cycle by altering important precipitation characteristics. This study uses daily rainfall time series data from 112 rain gauges and a recent yearly 1‐km land use data set covering the period from 1974 to 2012 to evaluate the effects of the extent of deforestation at different spatial scales on the onset of the rainy season and on the duration of dry spells in southern Amazonia. Correlation analyses indicate a delay in the onset of 0.12–0.17 days per percent increase in deforestation. Analysis of cumulative probability density functions emphasizes that the likelihood of rainy season onset occurring earlier than normal decreases as the local deforestation fraction increases. In addition, the probability of occurrence of dry spells in the early and late rainy season is higher in areas with greater deforestation. The delayed onset and longer dry spell events in highly deforested areas increase the climate risk to agriculture in the region.