bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOFT OPPOSITION: ELITE ACQUIESCENCE AND

KLAN-SPONSORED TERRORISM IN ALABAMA, 1946–1950
Authors: FELDMAN GLENN
Published: July 2002

The traditional division of the Klan phenomenon into three or four

separate outbreaks

(Reconstruction, 1920s, post-1954, and post-1979) is a useful

organizing construct for scholars, but

is deceptively simple and not necessarily reflective of reality.

Alabama's KKK is examined immediately

following World War II. During this alleged period of dormancy there is,

instead, a thriving Klan

presence in perhaps the most racist of the deep South states. Postwar

Alabama was especially tense as

black voting registration aspirations and the growing appeal of biracial

economic liberalism

challenged the status quo. Klan resurgence was part of a determined white

supremacist reaction. The

concept of soft opposition is also coined and introduced to

describe the efforts of elites to combat the

Klan. While waging a vigorous opposition, elites were not so concerned
with

Klan depredations as

abominations in and of themselves; rather, they were worried about the

threat of federal intervention

into southern race relations in response to violence. They opposed Klan

excesses to perpetuate

traditional elite, white control over southern blacks. Such opposition,

while genuine, was less than

effective, altruistic, or hard opposition; the kind needed

to eliminate the Klan as an accepted part

of southern society, which evolved only after 1979.
THE CASUAL POOR AND THE CITY OF
LONDON POOR LAW UNION, 1837–1869
Authors: TANNER ANDREA
Published: July 2002

The City of London Poor Law Union in the early to mid-Victorian
period was the
richest and least populated of all the metropolitan Poor Law districts.
A wide range of parochial,
livery, and other charities within the City not only attracted vast numbers
of applicants for assistance,
but influenced the quality and nature of the care given by the local union.
This not only meant that
provision for the outdoor poor, children, and the elderly tended to be
more liberal than elsewhere in the
capital, but that vagrants, many of whom took up winter residence in the
City, also experienced a
higher standard of pauper treatment than that offered by the surrounding
unions. The combination of
high Poor Law receipts from a low poor rate base, civic pride, competition
from City charities, and
the willingness of neighbouring unions to off-load this most troublesome
class of pauper on to their rich
neighbour gave an unparalleled level of choice to those who were truly
at the bottom of the heap in
Victorian London.
WITCHCRAFT, SEXUALITY, AND
COLONIZATION IN THE EARLY MODERN
WORLD
Authors: WALSHAM ALEXANDRA
Published: July 2002

Thinking with demons: the idea of witchcraft in early modern
Europe.
By Stuart Clark. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xvii+827. ISBN 0–19–820001–3.
£75.00.

The darker side of the Renaissance: literacy, territoriality, and

colonization. By Walter
D. Mignolo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+426.

ISBN 0–472–10327. $39.50.

Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft, sexuality, and religion in
early modern Europe. By Lyndal
Roper. London: Routledge, 1995. Pp. ix+254. ISBN 0–415–10581–1.
£13.99.

As Professor Richard Evans's spirited In defence of history
attests, postmodernism
continues to arouse strong passions and suspicions among distinguished
practitioners of
the discipline. This is hardly surprising: in their most extreme and undiluted
form, the
theories of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Hayden White, and more particularly

their many disciples, are stubbornly corrosive of the ethos and rationale
of history as
conventionally taught and written. To insist that the production of knowledge
is
inherently – indeed insidiously – political, and to claim that
the veil of language which
divides us from the past can never be pierced is to unsettle many traditional

epistemological assumptions. And yet postmodernism and the so-called ‘linguistic
turn’
have posed timely and fundamental questions about truth, discourse, and
objectivity
which historians can ill afford to ignore. They have also helped to generate
some of the
most innovative and provocative historical writing in recent years. In
different ways,
each of the books under review engages with and reacts to the swirling
debate about this
influential and controversial body of ideas. All three make strenuous demands
upon
their readers; all three challenge us to reflect critically upon the methodologies
we
employ and the categories, concepts, polarities, and narrative paradigms
to which we
instinctively resort. Taken together they highlight both the potential
strengths and
weaknesses, the rewards and dangers of injecting theory into the study
of witchcraft,
sexuality, and colonization in early modern Europe and the New World.
WOMEN'S WORK AND FERTILITY IN A SUB-SAHARAN URBAN SETTING: A SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT APPROACH
Authors: AGADJANIAN VICTOR
Published: July 2002

Data from three separate studies conducted in Maputo, Mozambique, in 1993 are used to analyse the relationship between the type of social environment in which women work and their fertility and contraceptive use. The analysis finds that women who work in more collectivized environments have fewer children and are more likely to use modern contraception than women who work in more individualized milieus and those who do not work outside the home. Most of these differences persist in multivariate tests. It is argued that collectivized work environments are most conducive to diffusion and legitimation of reproductive innovations. In contrast, individualized environments tend to isolate women and therefore may retard their acceptance of innovative fertility-related behaviour.
John Bale, Geoffrey Downes and Jesus College
Authors: REX RICHARD
Published: July 2002

It was long a commonplace of Reformation history that John Bale,
the
Catholic friar turned Protestant firebrand, was during his time at
Cambridge University a member of Jesus College. This received
wisdom was enshrined in the pages of such standard reference works as
Cooper and Venn, and was regularly repeated, where appropriate, in
histories of the university and of the English Reformation. This was not

questioned until J. Crompton observed over thirty years ago that there

was no foundation for this tradition. Crompton's lead was followed
some
years later by L. P. Fairfield, who reiterated in his study of Bale that
there
was ‘no evidence whatever that Bale ever became a member of Jesus

College’. However, despite these categorical conclusions, the editor
of
Bale's surviving plays, Peter Happé, now the leading authority
on Bale's
life and works, has recently maintained that after all he ‘probably
entered
Jesus College’. In making this claim, Happé argues partly
from a passage
in Bale's own writings relating to his connection with two early Fellows
of
Jesus College, Geoffrey Downes and Thomas Cranmer, and partly from
a later tradition of Bale's membership attested in a seventeenth-century

manuscript history of the college. A close analysis of the evidence,
however, corroborates the contention of Crompton and Fairfield, and
indicates that the later tradition arose from a misinterpretation by the

Stuart antiquary Thomas Fuller of Bale's own recollections.
Frequency downshift in three-dimensional wave trains in a deep basin
Authors: TRULSEN KARSTEN , DYSTHE KRISTIAN B.
Published: July 2002

The conservative evolution of weakly nonlinear narrow-banded gravity

waves in deep

water is investigated numerically with a modified nonlinear Schrödinger

equation, for

application to wide wave tanks. When the evolution is constrained to two
dimensions,

no permanent shift of the peak of the spectrum is observed. In three dimensions,

allowing for oblique sideband perturbations, the peak of the spectrum is
permanently

downshifted. Dissipation or wave breaking may therefore not be necessary
to produce

a permanent downshift. The emergence of a standing wave across the tank
is also

predicted.
The axisymmetric Prandtl-Batchelor eddy behind a circular disc in a uniform stream
Authors: HARPER J. F.
Published: July 2002

Analytical support is given to Fornberg's numerical evidence
that the steady axially
symmetric flow of a uniform stream past a bluff body has a wake eddy which
tends
towards a large Hill's spherical vortex as the Reynolds number tends
to infinity.
The viscous boundary layer around the eddy resembles that around a liquid
drop
rising in a liquid, especially if the body is a circular disc, so that
the boundary
layer on it does not separate. This makes it possible to show that if the
first-order
perturbation of the eddy shape from a sphere is small then the eddy diameter
is of
order R1/5 times the disc diameter, where
R is the Reynolds number based on the
disc diameter. Previous authors had suggested R1/3

and lnR, but they appear to have
made unjustified assumptions.
The influence of phase on the nonlinear
evolution of wavepackets in boundary layers
Authors: MEDEIROS MARCELLO A. F. , GASTER MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear evolution of wavepackets in a laminar boundary layer has been
observed experimentally. The packets originated from disturbances generated by
a loudspeaker coupled to the boundary layer by a small hole in the plate. In a
preliminary experiment two types of short-duration acoustic pulses were used, one
with a positive excitation and another with a negative excitation. The experiments
indicated that the packet that originated from a positive pulse displayed nonlinear
behaviour at considerably lower amplitudes than that from a negative pulse. However,
the preliminary experiments suggested that at some distance from the source the
packets were identical in shape with a relative phase shift of 180°. Using complex-amplitude pulses it was possible to extend the experiments to include packets with
other phases. This more comprehensive experiment not only showed a strong influence
of the phase on the evolution of the packet, but also demonstrated that this nonlinear
behaviour is not determined by the local effects of the excitation process. The
observations suggested that the important parameter is the phase of the packet
relative to the modulation envelope.
The diacritic for velarization
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: July 2002

In this paper I should like to initiate discussion about an IPA diacritic, and suggest that the diacritic ought to be changed. The diacritic concerned is that for velarization.
The Imperial Japanese Navy and the Constructed Consciousness of a South Seas Destiny, 1872–1921
Authors: Schencking J. Charles
Published: July 2002

Similar to the romanticized images that Manchuria would evoke with Japanese citizens looking for a better life in the 1930s, but on a larger geographical scale and over a longer chronological period, the Nan'yô, or South Seas, conjured up a multiple of idyllic visions within the imaginations of many Japanese. In Japanese perception over the course of the Meiji and Taishô periods, the Nan'yô became a region as diverse and as expansive as the interests and energies of those who directed their attention toward it. To disenfranchised ex-samurai, it was a warm tropical paradise, a territory in which to gain personal achievements and fulfill a sense of adventure. Politicians, journalists, and patriots hoping to plant the Japanese flag for national glory mistakenly viewed the South Seas as the one area untouched by Western imperialists and thus the optimal place for the new nation of Japan to acquire territories. On the other hand, certain entrepreneurs came to view the South Seas as a resource-rich economic treasure house, an area waiting to be exploited through commerce and industry.
Das Land der Verheißung: Die Heimat der Glaubenden im Hebräerbrief
Authors: BACKHAUS KNUT
Published: July 2002

The Letter to the Hebrews develops a theological topography in which conventional biblical goods are desanctified by means of christological reorientation. The ‘land of promise’ (11.9), the promised rest, the sanctuary of the first covenant, Mount Sinai, are left behind in the shadows of earth whereas all light is shed upon their counterparts in God's heavenly realm, which turns out to be the faithful's true fatherland. This theocentric transformation is ascribable to the author's radical interpretation of επαγγελια: any earthbound hope will look vague because with Christ's ‘new and living way’ (10.20) promise has come to be bright.
SENS DE L'ÉCRITURE. RÉEXAMEN À LA LUMIÈRE DE L'HERMÉNEUTIQUE PHILOSOPHIQUE ET DES APPROCHES LITTÉRAIRES RÉCENTES
Authors: DUMAIS MARCEL
Published: July 2002

Dans le contexte romantique où a pris naissance l’exégèse scientifique au dix-neuvième siècle, l’interprétation psychologique proposée par Schleiermacher et les postulats positivistes qui ont marqué la théorie de la compréhension de Dilthey, ont influencé la conception du sens littéral de la Bible, conçlu comme ‘sens voulu par l’auteur’. Mais l’herméneutique a pris un tournant décisif sous l’influence de la phénoménologie de la connaissance. Le rapport intrinsèque et circulaire entre l’objet connu et le sujet connaissant, approfondi par Heidegger, a été repris et développé par Bultmann (précompréhension), Gadamer (appartenance, fusion des horizons) et Ricoeur (distanciation, cercle explication-compréhension). Les méthodes littéraires récentes proposent des procédures d’analyse des textes pour bien faire advenir du sens. La quête est mise sur l’intention de l’oeuvre plutôt que de l’auteur et sur l’apport du sujet-lecteur, ce qui conduit à reconnaître la lecture plurielle et la tradition des effets de sens. La réflexion sur le sens biblique se doit, toutefois, de tenir compte des caractères spécifiques des textes bibliques, notamment la réalité historique à leur source et ce que recouvre la notion de sens spirituel.
Failure of Schistosoma mansoni to reinfect Biomphalariaglabrata snails: acquired humoral resistance or
intra-specific larval antagonism?
Authors: SIRE C. , ROGNON A. , THERON A.
Published: July 2002

Failure of snail reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni
has been demonstrated in susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata infected

with 1 miracidium and subsequently re-exposed to 1 or 5 homologous
parasite larvae. The acquisition of ‘resistance’ to
secondary parasite infection was time dependent since complete inhibition

was observed at 2 weeks and longer following
monomiracidial exposure. This phenomenon was still observed in snails
challenged 8 weeks after primary infection.
Histological observations revealed that sporocysts from the challenge
infection were free of encapsulation, their development was stopped
and they degenerated slowly in the absence of
haemocytic reaction of the host. Under the hypothesis
of an acquired homologous resistance mechanism, this strongly suggests

that 1 or several unidentified humoral factors are
responsible for the non-development of the sporocysts from the challenge

infection. However, considering the time-dependent nature of the
phenomenon, an intraspecific larval antagonism
process between sporocysts resulting from the
primary infection and those from the challenge infection may be involved.
A radiometric analysis of nitric oxide synthase activity in
Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: TERENINA N. B. , ONUFRIEV M. V. , GULYAEVA N. V. , LINDHOLM A. M. , GUSTAFSSON M. K. S.
Published: July 2002

The free radical nitric oxide (NO) is a neuronal messenger which is synthesized from L-arginine and O2 by nitric oxide
synthase (NOS). In the synthesis NO and L-citrulline are produced in a stoichiometric 1[ratio ]1 relation. The activity of NOS
was analysed in homogenates of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta by measuring the formation of L-[3H]citrulline
after incubation with L-[3H]arginine. The nature of NOS in H. diminuta was determined by studying the effect of 3 types
of NOS inhibitors: (1) L-NAME, (2) EGTA, (3) 7-nitro-indazole. All inhibitors caused a significant but not complete
reduction in the formation of L-[3H]citrulline. The results are discussed against the background of nerve cells and fibres
positive for NADPH-diaphorase staining in H. diminuta.
The Basis of Equality
Authors: Cupit Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

This paper considers on what basis justice may require that people be treated as equals. It begins with an examination of the argument that people are to be treated as equals because they are equals, and suggests reasons for thinking that such an argument is unlikely to succeed. The remainder of the paper considers, and tries to make plausible, the argument that justice requires people be treated as equals because they are individuals. Thus the paper offers some support for the view that the proper foundation of egalitarianism is individualism.
The temporal stability and co-morbidity of prolonged
fatigue: a longitudinal study in primary care
Authors: HICKIE I. , KOSCHERA A. , HADZI-PAVLOVIC D. , BENNETT B. , LLOYD A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Depression, anxiety and fatigue are among the most common symptoms presented in
primary care. Whether such symptoms indicate discrete psychological syndromes or whether they
result from a common vulnerability is not clear. This study examined longitudinally the patterns of
co-morbidity between prolonged fatigue and other forms of psychological distress in patients
attending general practitioners.

Methods. Adults attending primary care completed questionnaires designed to detect cases of
prolonged fatigue and psychological distress at presentation and 12 months later.

Results. Of 652 patients, the prevalence rates of ‘prolonged fatigue’ alone, ‘psychological distress’
alone, ‘prolonged fatigue+psychological distress’ and ‘no disorder’ were 7%, 19%, 15% and
59% respectively at initial assessment. Of those patients with any prolonged fatigue syndrome
initially, 58% still reported fatigue 12 months later (representing 13% of the total sample). Most
importantly, the risk of developing prolonged fatigue was not increased in patients who initially had
psychological distress (OR = 0·95; 95% CI 0·2–3·6), neither was the risk of developing psychological
distress increased in patients who initially had prolonged fatigue (OR = 1·4; 95% CI 0·6–3·4).

Conclusions. This study indicates that prolonged fatigue is a persistent diagnosis over time. The
longitudinal patterns of co-morbidity with psychological distress do not support an aetiological
model that proposes a common vulnerability factor for these disorders. Psychiatric classification
systems may be better served by treating prolonged fatigue and psychological distress as
independent disorders.
The relationship between depression and mortality in
elderly subjects with less severe dementia
Authors: JANZING J. G. E. , BOUWENS J. M. P. , TEUNISSE R. J. , VAN'T HOF M. A. , ZITMAN F. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Little is known about the effects of depression on the mortality rates of elderly subjects
with dementia.

Methods. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for possible confounders, was used to study the
associations between GMS-AGECAT derived syndrome and symptom measures and 12-month
mortality rates in a cohort of 73 elderly subjects who met the DSM-III-R criteria of dementia with
a median MMSE score of 19.

Results. Twenty-three subjects (32%) died within the 12 month follow-up period. A baseline
diagnosis of syndromal or subsyndromal depression was associated with increased mortality. At the
symptom level mortality was predicted by higher scores on the factor ‘mood symptoms’. The effects
of interactions between depression measures and severity of dementia were not significant.

Conclusions. Short-term mortality in elderly subjects with less severe dementia is predicted by the
presence of (sub) syndromal depression and by mood symptoms. The effects of depression and
severity of dementia on the mortality rates seem to be largely independent.
Anne Pauwels, Women changing language.
(Real language series). London & New York: Addison
Wesley Longman, 1998. Pp. xvi, 267. Hb £40.00, pb
£14.99.
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: July 2002

This is a book about feminist language reform. The
subject is not exactly neglected; since the late 1970s
there has been no shortage either of practical guides to
nonsexist language (for English see, inter alia,
Miller & Swift 1980) or of historical, descriptive,
and theoretical discussions (book-length examples include
Nilsen et al. 1977, Vetterling-Braggin 1981, and Baron
1986). Pauwels's text is primarily descriptive, though
it also has theoretical and practical elements; there is
an appendix advising on how to draft nonsexist language
guidelines. Like most previous work on this subject, it
is written by a self-identified feminist, and one who is
clearly sympathetic to the general project of feminist
language reform. But that is not to say that Pauwels breaks
no new ground: in fact, Women changing language
has two important distinguishing features.
Jean-Louis Calvet & Robert Chaudenson,
Saint-Barthélemy: Une énigme linguistique.
Paris: Diffusion Didier Erudition/CIRELFA-Agence de la
Francophonie, 1998. Pp. 165.
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: July 2002

Saint Barthélemy (SB) has long remained a linguistic
enigma. This islet – home of an indigenous, mostly White
population of about 3,000 – is divided into at least
three linguistic zones: one whose vernacular is a French-based
creole; the second, a northern French (oïl) dialect;
and the third, English. Calvet, a leading French sociolinguist,
and Chaudenson, an eminent French creolist, have set out to
explain how, as a result of social insularity triggered by
intertwined geographical and economic factors, an apparently
ethnically homogeneous population, established on a 25-sq.-km.
isolate, became so linguistically diverse. They also provide a
brief comparative description of the French-related varieties
used by this population, and an indication of its linguistic
attitudes (as reflected by the testimony of teenage members of
its two subcommunities).
Shedding old assumptions and consolidating what we know: Toward an attention-based model of dreaming
Authors: Conduit Russell , Gillard Crewther Sheila , Coleman Grahame
Published: July 2002

Most current theoretical models of dreaming are built around an assumption that dream reports collected on awakening provide unbiased sampling of previous cognitive activity during sleep. However, such data are retrospective, requiring the recall of previous mental events from sleep on awakening. Thus, it is possible that dreaming occurs throughout sleep and differences in subsequent dream reports are owing to systematic differences in our ability to recall mentation on awakening. For this reason, it cannot be concluded with certainty that sleep cognition is more predominant or in any way different during REM compared to NREM sleep. It is our contention that REM sleep and ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves do not necessarily represent “pseudosensory” stimulation of the cortex in the generation of dreams, but might rather represent enhanced arousal of attention mechanisms during sleep, which results in the subsequent recall of attended mentation on awakening.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Constraining the brain: The role of developmental psychology in developmental cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Estes David , Bartsch Karen
Published: July 2002

Developmental psychology should play an essential constraining
role in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Theories of neural
development must account explicitly for the early emergence of
knowledge and abilities in infants and young children documented in
developmental research. Especially in need of explanation at the
neural level is the early emergence of meta-representation.
Female vulnerability to pain and the strength to deal with it
Authors: Berkley Karen J.
Published: July 2002

Sex is one of biology's, that is, life's most potent
experimental variables. So, are there sex differences in pain? And
are these sex differences applicable clinically? The answer to both
questions is decidedly yes, of course. But we still have a long way to
go. We have much to learn from the study of females, making use of
the lifelong changes in their reproductive conditions as experimental
variables. We also have much to learn from animals, especially if we
apply what we know about their social lives. However, the challenge
in all of these studies is not first to look for some mythical
neurological entity called pain experience and then to learn how
sex modulates it, but rather to seek to understand the rules by
which sex influences all of biology's mutually modulatory
factors – social, psychological, physiological, cellular,
molecular, and genetic – that collectively create the
motivating circumstances we designate as pain. It appears
almost beyond doubt that on the one hand these factors interact
to make women more vulnerable to these circumstances than men,
but on the other hand that women have more varied mechanisms
for balance. Happily, the details of these sex differences at all
levels biological (social to genetic) are now emerging in a rapidly
growing body of literature that promises new insights into and
applications for the individual person, male or female, in persistent
pain.
The neural basis of Imitative behavior: Parietal actions and frontal programs
Authors: Motomura Naoyasu
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon suggest that there are two kinds of
imitation learning – action level and program level – and
that the latter is critical for great apes' learning. I have
interpreted this phenomenon from the standpoint of clinical
neuropsychology and conjecture that action-level imitation might
be related to parietal lobe function and program-level imitation
might be related to frontal lobe function.
On sympathies with J. J. Gibson and on focusing reference
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: July 2002

Something of the relation of my work on substance concepts to Gibsonian theories of perception–action is discussed. What historical relations tie a particular substance concept to a particular substance is discussed.
The visual categories for letters and words reside outside any informationally encapsulated perceptual system
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2002

According to Pylyshyn, the early visual system is able to
categorize perceptual inputs into shape classes based on visual
similarity criteria; it is also suggested that written words may be
categorized within early vision. This speculation is contradicted by
the fact that visually unrelated exemplars of a given letter (e.g.,
a/A) or word (e.g., read/READ) map onto common
visual categories.
Simple proofs of some fundamental properties of the Julia set
Authors: BARGMANN DETLEF
Published: July 2002

Let $f$ be a holomorphic self-map of $\mathbb{C} \backslash \{ 0 \}, \mathbb{C}$, or the extended complex plane $\overline{\mathbb{C}}$ that is neither injective nor constant. This paper gives new and elementary proofs of the well-known fact that the Julia set of $f$ is a non-empty perfect set and coincides with the closure of the set of repelling cycles of $f$. The proofs use Montel–Caratheodory's theorem but do not use results from Nevanlinna theory.
$\mathbb{Z}^d$ Staircase actions
Authors: ADAMS TERRENCE , SILVA CESAR E.
Published: July 2002

We define staircase $\mathbb{Z}^d$ actions. We first prove that staircase $\mathbb{Z}^2$ actions satisfying a general condition are mixing. Then we describe how to extend the results to the staircase $\mathbb{Z}^d$ actions. Thus we have constructed explicitly rank one mixing $\mathbb{Z}^d$ actions which include natural analogues to the well-known staircase transformation.
Critical Musicology Study Day on ‘Authenticity’
Authors: Davison Annette
Published: July 2002

The most recent of the informal Critical Musicology study days focused on the concept of authenticity in popular music. The day consisted of seven short papers on this subject and was followed by a group discussion of issues raised by these papers.

In his opening paper, ‘ “We stripped it apart like a car and put it back together totally again”: music's authenticity-speak in the age of digital technology, c.1985’, Dai Griffiths (Oxford Brookes University) was keen to draw attention to the way that sampling technology had been interpreted, both in terms of practice and of discursive context, as a marker of identity. His historical framework made reference to earlier practices of cover and intertextual reference from the early 1960s onwards. Referring to A Tribe Called Quest and Beck, even with samples, it looked as though racial authenticity was still at issue. The role of sampling in the rendering of authenticity was also considered by Rupert Till (University College, Bretton Hall) in his paper ‘Club cultures and authenticity’. Making reference to hip-hop and dance music, he suggested that there are different authenticities for different kinds of popular music. Drawing on Sarah Thornton's (1995) study of club culture in which the underground is considered authentic and the commercial, inauthentic, Till gave examples of some of the alternative means by which it is considered possible to be financially successful and yet retain an aura of authenticity.
Effect of chamber pressure induced space charge potential
on ion acceleration in laser produced plasma
Authors: RAI V.N. , SHUKLA M. , PANT H.C.
Published: July 2002

The acceleration of ions (∼108 cm/s)
has been observed in the laser produced plasma expanding
across an uniform magnetic field at low laser irradiance
(∼5 × 1012 W/cm2). This
acceleration was found correlated with the onset of instabilities
in the plasma and decrease in the slope of X-ray emission
with laser intensity. A large enhancement in the X-ray
emission (E > 2 KeV) from plasma in the presence of
magnetic field supports the observation of ion acceleration.
An increase in the number of ions was noticed in the pressure
range in which enhancement in the self-generated spontaneous
magnetic field has already been established. Even scaling
of both the variations with chamber pressure during rising
part was found in close agreement, which further supports
the correlation. The possibility of an external magnetic
field in triggering the acceleration and space charge potential
in generating a correlation (between ion acceleration and
self-generated spontaneous magnetic field) has been discussed.
Random execution of a set of contacts to solve the
grasping and contact uncertainties in robotic tasks
Authors: Chua Alvin , Katupitiya Jayantha , De Schutter Joris
Published: July 2002

This paper
addresses the problem of identifying the uncertainties present in a
robotic contact situation. These uncertainties are errors and misalignments of
an object with respect to its ideal position. The paper
describes how to solve for the errors caused during grasping
and errors present when coming into contact with the environment.
A force sensor is used together with Kalman Filters to
solve for all the uncertainties. The straightforward use of a
force sensor and the Kalman Filters is found to be
effective in finding only some of the uncertainties in robotic
contact. The other uncertainties form dependencies that cannot be estimated
in this manner. This dependency brings about the problem of
observability. To make the unobservable uncertainties observable a sequence of
contacts are used. The error covariance matrix of the Kalman
Filter (KF) is used to obtain new contacts that are
required to solve for all the uncertainties completely. There is
complete freedom in choosing which unobservable quantity to be excited
in forming the next contact. The paper describes how these
new contacts can be randomly executed. A two dimensional contact
situation will be used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
method. Experimental data are also presented to prove the validity
of the procedure. Due to the non-linear relationship between the
uncertainties and the forces, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has
been used.
Reports & Surveys
Authors: Rudall Brian H.
Published: July 2002

1. Robodogs

The American public has greeted the arrival of the Robodog with a great deal of enthusiasm, but not the animal rights lobby. The Robodog is, in fact, an ordinary police dog that has been equipped with the latest high tech systems, and is still under control of a human handler.
Fast sensor guidance of industrial robots – experimental results
Authors: Feldmann Klaus , Wenk Matthias , Zeller Josef
Published: July 2002

For securing and increasing the quality of various material processing technologies a flexible sensor data integration is indispensable. Hence, a powerful and configurable sensor-robot-system was designed and implemented, integrating sensor data into industrial robot controls within the interpolation or the position control clock rate. Different controllers were designed and the system responses of the control loops were simulated
and optimized by an efficient control design tool. Experimental results on the achievable path accuracy are presented. Finally, some application for the developed sensor control loops are introduced.
Econometric Society Australasian Meetings 1997 (ESAM97)
Authors: Martin Vance L.
Published: July 2002

The Econometric Society Australasian Meeting in
1997 was hosted by the economics department at the University
of Melbourne on July 2 to 4 with Peter Bardsley (economics)
and Vance L. Martin (econometrics) as cochairpersons. Special
features consisted of a star-studded lineup of invited
speakers, the inaugural E.J. Hannan lecture, a range of
special seminars in economic theory and econometric theory,
and a number of nonacademic but spirited special events
that took place both during and after the conference.
CHILDREN'S LANGUAGE: VOLUME 9.Carolyn E. Johnson and
John H. V. Gilberts (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. xii + 297. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Foster-Cohen Susan
Published: July 2002

This eclectic volume represents a selection of 17 papers from the Seventh Congress of the
International Association for the Study of Child Language held in Trieste in 1993. They cover a
wide range of languages, including Swedish, Italian, German, Spanish, a group of Bantu
languages, Polish, Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN), Hebrew, American Sign Language
(ASL), and English, and a wide range of topics and frameworks. Although almost all the papers
can be mined by SLA researchers, I will mention five papers that might be of particular
interest.
LA ADQUISICIÓN DE LAS LENGUAS SEGUNDAS Y LA
GRAMÁTICA UNIVERSAL [Second language acquisition and Universal
Grammar].Juana M. Liceras. Madrid: Síntesis, 1996. Pp. 255. Ptas
2055 paper.
Authors: Comajoan Llorenç
Published: July 2002

This volume is most welcome in the field of SLA, especially in the discipline of Spanish
SLA. Although there are some important translations of SLA material into
Spanish—most notably Liceras (1992) and Larsen-Freeman and Long
(1991/1994)—this volume is a step ahead because it provides an up-to-date
discussion of SLA and UG based on studies of Spanish SLA.
BILINGUAL EDUCATION: FROM COMPENSATORY TO QUALITY
SCHOOLING.María Estela Brisk. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xx
+ 206. $29.95 paper.
Authors: Rosenthal Judith W.
Published: July 2002

I am writing this review approximately three months before voters go to the polls in
California to decide the fate of Proposition 227, the English for Children Initiative (otherwise
known as the Unz Initiative). Whatever the outcome, the fate of bilingual education in California
(and, as a consequence, across the United States) will be profoundly affected. Mr. Unz, who
opposes bilingual education, is described in a page one article in the New York Times
(March 10, 1988) as a person who has no “background in education,” “has
never set foot in a bilingual education class,” and “puts no credence in any of the
research on either side of the (bilingual) debate.” Brisk, the author of the book under
review here, is a proponent of quality bilingual education and draws upon her personal
experiences as an educator as well as an enormous body of research and literature to help define
the characteristics of effective bilingual programs. She forcefully argues that: “Our society
seems to be unable to differentiate between choice of a national language and choice of a
language for education,” (p. 31) and she challenges bilingual education's
opponents, who she says “in effect would postpone quality education until students master
English” (p. 2).
The multiplicity of a set of homogeneous polynomials over a
commutative ring
Authors: KIRBY DAVID , REES DAVID
Published: July 2002

Some thirty years ago Buchsbaum and Rim [1]

extended the notion of multiplicity
e(a1, …, an;
E)
for elements a1, …, an

of a commutative ring R with identity and a
Noetherian R-module E (≠0) with
lengthR
(E/[sum ]nt=1aiE) finite to give a multiplicity

e((aij); E)
associated with E and an m×n matrix
(aij) over R satisfying a certain

extended finiteness condition. One of their results states that for each
of a set of m
complexes depending on E, (aij) the

Euler–Poincaré characteristic is a certain integer
multiple of e((aij); E),
at least
when R is a local ring.

Some of these ideas were taken up in [4] where it
is
shown that when n[ges ]m−1,
each of the complexes K((aij); E;
t)
with t∈ℤ introduced in [3] also have

e((aij); E) as
their Euler–Poincaré characteristic. With a slight change
in
viewpoint (aij) can be replaced by linear
forms
aj=[sum ]mi=1aijxi
(j=1, …, n) of the graded polynomial ring
R[x1, …, xm];

the complex K((aij); E;
t)
then becomes the component of degree t in a certain graded double
complex

formula here

where K(a1, …, an;

F) is the standard Koszul complex (see [4; section
2]). From this
point of view the construction can be extended to allow the homogeneous
polynomials
a1, …, an
to have any (possibly unequal) positive degrees [6].
The main aim of the
present note is to extend similarly the results of [4]
and
to strengthen those results
to give information on the vanishing of the multiplicity.
On Safety Metrics related to Aircraft Separation
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C. , Marques J. M. G.
Published: July 2002

ICAO safety standards require low probabilities of collision of the order of 5×10−9 per hour. Such low probabilities are virtually impossible to confirm through simulations, implying the need for alternative and related safety metrics, which are easier to use. Several such alternative safety metrics are discussed in this paper. For example, it is shown that if the r.m.s. position error σ is less than about one-tenth L/σ ∼ 10 of the minimum separation distance L, then the probabilities of collision will be less than the ICAO standard, in the case of aircraft flying in opposite directions on parallel tracks. This result is derived from an analytical formula based on the statistical application of a Gaussian probability distribution to a worst-case collision scenario and a rather different result L/σ ∼ 20 arises for a Laplace probability distribution. The implication is that the ICAO standard of low probability of collision can be satisfied, by checking that the r.m.s. position error does not exceed a given value, though that value is dependent on the shape of the ‘tail’ of the probability distribution. Whether the condition is met can be checked in simulations, by measuring the drift between the intended and actual trajectory, due to all factors (navigation inaccuracy, atmospheric disturbances, trajectory drift between position updates, etc.). Thus the r.m.s. deviation from the intended trajectory can be used as a safety metric, as an alternative to the probability of collision, using the formulas and tables provided. The formulas concern a variety of possible safety metrics, including the maximum and cumulative probabilities of coincidence, probabilities of overlap, collision rates and collision probabilities; the tables apply to horizontal and vertical separation in controlled and transoceanic airspace. The sensitivity of the results to the probability distribution assumed (Gaussian or Laplace) suggests the introduction of a parametric family exponential of probability distributions, of which these are particular cases. A choice of the parameter is given that could lead to a probability distribution with a ‘tail’ shape more suited to typical Air Traffic Management (ATM) scenarios than the Gaussian and Laplace distributions, while being simpler than multi-parameter distributions.
Legal Issues including Liability associated with the Acquisition, Use, and Failure of GPS/GNSS
Authors: Michael Gregory E.
Published: July 2002

This, and the following two papers, were presented during the European GNSS98 Symposium
held at the Centre de Congrès Pierre Baudis, Toulouse, France, from 20–23 October 1998.

It is now clear that Global Positioning Systems (GPS) will be the primary navigational and positioning tool used as we move into the 21st century. As a result of the continued expansion and development of GPS, concerns have been voiced about the liability associated with development, construction, and use of the system. No short paper can explore all of the various liability issues associated with GPS. However, this paper will touch upon various liability issues in the hope that this analysis will continue with the development of GPS.
Adaptive Cruise Control, System
Optimisation and Development for Motor Vehicles
Authors: Haney P. R. , Richardson M. J.
Published: July 2002

Conventional cruise control systems fulfil the function of automatic speed control. A desired
speed is selected by the driver, and a control system operates on the throttle to maintain this
desired speed. When traffic density is moderate or high, the driver is faced with having to
adjust the set speed regularly in order to maintain a comfortable distance from preceding
vehicles and will frequently have to brake, disengaging the cruise control. Thus conventional
cruise control can become a source of irritation when used in moderate or heavy traffic. If
a distance sensor is added to a conventional cruise control system, then it is possible to add
distance keeping to the basic speed control function. This forms the basis for adaptive cruise
control, which can be further improved if a limited authority braking system is incorporated.
Use can then be made of both throttle and brake actuators to control the distance and
relative velocities between a vehicle and a preceding target vehicle.
Forest-dweller demographics in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: FOX JEFFERSON , ATOK KRISTIANUS
Published: July 2002

Although the Government of Indonesia has good data on forest cover and population, it does not have data on how many people live on state-claimed forest land. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of this deficiency and to develop a methodology for overcoming it, based on field research in the province of West Kalimantan. The project retrieved and combined government data on forests and people, analysed their significance in terms of numbers of forest-dwelling people, compared these results with government estimates and an empirical field-check, and sought to explain why knowledge of forest dwellers on state-forest lands is problematic. Results suggest that 20 to 30% of the population of West Kalimantan (approximately 650 000 to one million people) live on state-claimed forests. The main reason why it is difficult to determine how many people live on state-claimed forest lands is that a large number of villages remain unmapped and thus it is not possible to unite census data with forest boundaries in a spatially-precise manner. While the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry has not placed a high priority on determining how many people live on state-claimed forests, this study suggests that the lack of information on forest population densities is as much a consequence of the lack of information on village locations as it is a result of political or institutional interests.
The crisis in global fisheries: can trade laws provide a cure?
Authors: STONE CHRISTOPHER D.
Published: July 2002

Fisheries, over-capacity and subsidies

A consensus is emerging regarding world fisheries.

Overall, the world's living marine resources are being overexploited; in many major areas a reprieve in the level of fishing would assure larger and more valuable fish supplies in the long term. Less would be more.

The system is uneconomical and unsustainable. We are paying an unnecessarily high price, in capture costs and environmental degradation, for a dwindling catch.

Conventional management measures (including time, space and gear constraints) have not proved themselves capable of stanching excessive fishing effort. Indeed, many of the traditional measures, by prohibiting the most economical means of fishing, amplify inefficiencies, raising unit costs without compensatory benefits in catch reduction.

Increasing blame is being placed on over-capacity. As long as investment in harvest capacity is excessive, in other words beyond the level required for efficient attainment of fisheries objectives, effective regulatory efforts are frustrated at the levels of both rule making and enforcement.
Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei and

Burkholderia pseudomallei-like strains
Authors: BRETT P. J. , DESHAZER D. , WOODS D. E.
Published: July 2002

Previous reports in the literature suggest that Burkholderia

pseudomallei strains can be

differentiated on the basis of animal virulence. Twenty environmentally
and

clinically derived

isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei were examined for the production

of exoenzymes,

morphological and biochemical phenotypes and virulence for Syrian golden
hamsters.

The partial sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA [rRNA] genes from
a

number of these strains was

also determined. Based upon these observations, it is suggested that highly

virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei strains are true Burkholderia

pseudomallei strains. The DNA

sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of the true Burkholderia pseudomallei

strains were identical

to the published sequences for Burkholderia pseudomallei while

differences were revealed

between the published sequences and those of the lowly virulent strains.
Thus,

these latter

strains have been designated as Burkholderia pseudomallei-like

organisms since they

demonstrate significant differences in exoenzyme production, hamster virulence

and 16S rRNA gene sequences.
The effect of ice-cream-scoop water on the hygiene of ice

cream
Authors: WILSON I. G. , HEANEY J. C. N. , WEATHERUP S. T. C.
Published: July 2002

A survey of unopened ice cream, ice cream in use, and ice-cream-scoop

water (n=91) was

conducted to determine the effect of scoop water hygiene on the

microbiological quality of ice cream. An aerobic plate count around

106 c.f.u. ml−1 was the modal value for scoop
waters.

Unopened ice creams generally had counts around

103–104 c.f.u. ml−1

and this increased by one

order of magnitude when in use. Many scoop waters had low coliform counts,

but almost half contained >100 c.f.u. ml−1.

E. coli was isolated in 18% of ice creams in use, and in 10% of

unopened ice creams. S. aureus was not detected in any

sample. Statistical analysis showed

strong associations between indicator organisms and increased counts in

ice cream in use. EC

guidelines for indicator organisms in ice cream were exceeded by up to

56% of samples.
SHORT PAPER Human hydatidosis in Dalmatia, Croatia
Authors: MOROVIĆ M.
Published: July 2002

Human echinococcosis remains a very serious public health problem

worldwide, although a

decline in incidence has been observed in some endemic areas during the
last decades.

However, in some non-endemic areas an increase in new cases and new foci
of animal

echinococcosis were registered during the same time. In Dalmatia, a well

known endemic area

of hydatidosis in the most Mediterranean part of Croatia, from the mid-1950s

until present a

decrease of incidence of over 70% has been registered. Age, sex and

occupational category

specific incidence as well as lethality rate have remained the same as
before.

Migrations from

rural to urban regions seem to be the most important parameter in the

changing epidemiology of human hydatidosis in Dalmatia.