bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic-Ray Showers Provide Strong Evidence of Neutrino Flavor Oscillation
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: January 2008

To prolonged ovation at the recent Neutrino '98 conference in a ski resort west of Tokyo, the Japanese-American Super Kamiokande collaboration reported by far the most convincing evidence to date of oscillatory metamorphosis between different neutrino flavors. Super Kamiokande is the gargantuan 50-kiloton water-Cerenkov neutrino detector buried 1 kilometer under a mountain not far from the conference site. The collaboration is headed by Yoji Totsuka of Tokyo University's Institute for Cosmic Ray Research.
Advanced Techniques in Physical Forensic Science
Authors: Grant Patrick , Chambers David , Grace Louis , Phinney Douglas , Hutcheon Ian
Published: January 2008

The techniques and tools of modern physics have long been profitably applied to forensic science. Since the 1900s, forensic scientists have analyzed gunshot residues, examined fired munitions, determined the refractive indices of glass—to name a few of their diverse activities.
Two-Dimensional Electron Gases Continue to Exhibit Intriguing Behavior
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

The startling discoveries of the integral and fractional quantum Hall effects were made in two-dimensional electron gases subjected to very high magnetic fields (see the story on page 17). Now, it appears, other surprises await us at lower fields. In a recent study, the longitudinal resistivity exhibited a strong anisotropy in a certain range of temperature and magnetic field: When plotted as a function of the magnetic field, the resistivity has a dip when the current flows in one direction and a strong peak when it flows in an orthogonal direction. There's no a priori reason to think that these two directions are different.
Trapped Plasmas with a Single Sign of Charge
Authors: O’Neil Thomas M.
Published: January 2008

Despite their reputation, not all plasmas are difficult to confine. In fact, one kind of plasma can be kept for long times in a simple apparatus by means of static electric and magnetic fields. It is the kind of plasma that consists exclusively of particles with a single sign of charge. Examples include pure electron plasmas, positive ion plasmas of one or more species, positron plasmas and even electron-antiproton plasmas—all of which have been realized in recent experiments.
Visible Progress Made in Three-Dimensional Photonic ‘Crystals’
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

Spurred by the success of the semiconductor industry, researchers are trying to push circuit devices to higher speeds and greater functionality by using photons rather than electrons. At the heart of the semiconductor technology is the electronic bandgap, a range of energies within which electrons cannot propagate through a material. It turns out that certain material structures can have a photonic bandgap. a range of forbidden frequencies within which light cannot be transmitted. The electronic bandgap results from the periodic arrangement of atoms in the semiconductor; the photonic analog stems from a regular array of dielectric material, known as a photonic crystal.
Catalysis and Surface Science
Authors: Ertl Gerhard , Freund Hans-Joachim
Published: January 2008

In 1835 the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius coined the term “catalysis” to describe chemical reactions in which progress is affected by a substance that is not consumed in the reaction and hence is apparently not involved in the reaction. Both the term and the phenomenon were heavily debated throughout the rest of the 19th century until the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald proposed a now generally accepted definition: “A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without being part of its final products.” the catalyst acts by forming intermediate compounds with the molecules involved in the reaction, offering them an alternate, more rapid path to the final products.
Low-Energy Electron Beams Modify Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Day Charles
Published: January 2008

It is a truth universally acknowledged—at least in quantum mechanics—that you can't observe something without changing it. But, until recently, it's been widely assumed that the low-energy electron beams that form the basis of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) do not significantly alter clean semiconductor surfaces.
New Atom Lasers Eject Atoms or Run CW
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2008

The experimental observation of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in rubidium in 1995 demonstrated that a macroscopic number of bosons could be produced in a single quantum state of trapped atoms. The occupation of a single quantum state by a large number of identical bosons is the matter-wave analog of the storage of photons in a single mode of a laser cavity. In a conventional laser, one extracts a coherent beam of photons from a cavity by using a partially transmitting mirror as an output coupler. In 1997, Wolfgang Ketterle and his collaborators at MIT built a pulsed output coupler that extracted matter waves from a condensate, and they observed interference between atoms from two separate condensates, thereby demonstrating an atom laser for the first time (see PHYSICS TODAY, March 1997, page 17).
The Virtual Cook: Modeling Heat Transfer in the Kitchen
Authors: McGee Harold , McInerney Jack , Harrus Alain
Published: January 2008

Physics and food go way back together. The eating of high-energy, high-protein animal flesh may well have made civilization and science possible, by providing adequate nourishment for the evolving, enlarging human brain. And prehistoric cooks were certainly among the world's first applied scientists. They transformed matter through the controlled application of thermal energy, turning tough, microbe-ridden, bland animal flesh into softer, safer, more flavorful food.
Soft Matter in a Tight Spot
Authors: Granick Steve
Published: January 2008

My friends thought I was crazy when I began, ten years ago, to work on friction and lubrication—words that seemed to evoke the triviality of replacing the dirty oil in one's automobile. What could be fundamental or beautiful about friction? In this article, I try to explain why the subject still fascinates me.
Bose Condensates Produce Coherent Nonlinear Behavior
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2008

Because the atoms in a gaseous Bose condensate have nearly the same single-particle wavefunction, they can serve as sources of coherent atomic beams, or atom lasers. In analogy to an optical laser, the gain mechanism in the formation of a condensate of ultracold atoms is bosonic stimulation. (Bosonic stimulation occurs when N bosons are in a given state, and the transition rate into that state is proportional to N+1, so that the number of particles in that state is enhanced.)
Alpha Radiation Can Damage DNA Even When It Misses the Cell Nucleus
Authors: Day Charles
Published: January 2008

The biggest source of alpha radiation in our everyday lives is radon gas, which seeps out of the ground to accumulate in buildings and enter our lungs—with the potential to kill. Based on the average domestic radon concentration, the US Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that radon could cause up to 23 000 lung cancer deaths in the US each year.
I. I. Rabi As Educator and Science Warrior
Authors: Holton Gerald
Published: January 2008

Isi dor Isaac (known to the world simply as I. I.) Rabi was, first of all, a superb physicist. He headed a marvel ously productive laboratory at Columbia University, with brilliant students and postdocs. During World War II, he was associate director of the MIT Radiation Laboratory and a senior adviser to J. Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos, After the war, he continued to work as a physicist, and as a consultant to government, laboratories, and international organizations. He became a most respected senior statesman of science. Always the voice of reason and of moral authority, he sometimes succeeded in hiding his commitment behind his down-to-earth humor.
Going for the Gold: First Collisions at RHIC are Set for December
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2008

Some time in December, the newly constructed Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is expected to produce collisions between gold ions, each with 100 GeV/nucleon, providing twice that energy in the collision. Energy densities at least ten times higher than in ordinary nuclear matter are expected to be reached. With RHIC, experimenters hope to observe the phase transition from ordinary nuclear matter to a quark-gluon plasma, a decon-fined state of quarks and gluons. If the experiments succeed, RHIC will have produced the inverse of the phase transition from deconfined quarks and gluons to ordinary hadronic matter that occurred a few microseconds after the Big Bang, when the universe was at a temperature of 150-200 MeV.
Gravitational Radiation and the Validity of General Relativity
Authors: Will Clifford M.
Published: January 2008

While the detection of gravitational radiation may usher in a new era of “gravitational wave” astronomy (see the accompanying article by Barry Barish and Rainer Weiss, on page 44), it should also yield new and interesting tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity, especially in the radiative and strong-field regimes. Consequently, we are in an unusual situation. After all, we rarely think of electromagnetic astronomy as providing tests of Maxwell's theory. Neutrino astronomy may be a closer cousin: We can observe neutrinos to learn about the solar interior or about supernovae, while also checking such fundamental phenomena as neutrino oscillations. To some extent, the usefulness of astronomical observations in testing fundamental theory depends upon how well tested the theory is already. At the same time, since general relativity is the basis for virtually all discussion of gravitational-wave detectors and sources, the extent of its “upfront” validity is of some concern to us.
The Theory of Bose–Einstein Condensation of Dilute Gases
Authors: Burnett Keith , Edwards Mark , Clark Charles W.
Published: January 2008

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has long been known to be a key element of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity. BEC per se, however, eluded direct and unquestioned observation until 1995, when experimental groups produced condensates in dilute atomic alkali gases.
Should balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration be the first-line interventional radiologic treatment for bleeding duodenal varices? a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tanaka O. , Ohno K. , Ohno T. , Tomioka H. , Shimizu S. , Yamagami T. , Nishimura T.
Published: January 2008

We report a 78-year-old woman who presented with repeated tarry stools, and having lower duodenal variceal bleeding caused by portal hypertension. Endoscopic therapy had been attempted, but was impossible because the endoscope could not be inserted into the lower duodenum. Thus, the lower duodenal variceal bleeding was treated with balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in combination with embolization using microcoils. Complete hemostasis was achieved without complications, and neither the recurrence of varices nor rebleeding has occurred for the last 3 years. A review of the English-language literature reveals only 11 such cases. The world literature is reviewed.
Imaging features of helical computed tomography suggesting advanced urothelial carcinoma arising from the pelvocalyceal system
Authors: Kwak Kyung Won , Park Byung Kwan , Kim Chan Kyo , Lee Hyun Moo , Choi Han Yong
Published: January 2008

Background: Urothelial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor arising from the pelvocalyceal system. Helical computed tomography (CT) is probably the best preoperative-stage modality for the determination of treatment plan and prognosis.

Purpose: To obtain helical CT imaging features suggesting advanced pelvocalyceal urothelial carcinoma.

Material and Methods: Preoperative CT images in 44 patients with pelvocalyceal urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with the pathological examination to determine imaging features suggesting stage III or IV of the disease.

Results: Pathological stages revealed stage I in 16, stage II in three, stage III in 17, and stage IV in eight patients. Seven patients had metastatic lymph nodes. CT imaging showed that renal parenchymal invasion, sinus fat invasion, and lymph node metastasis were highly suggestive of advanced urothelial cell carcinoma ( P<0.05). Helical CT sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for advanced pelvocalyceal urothelial carcinoma were 76% (19/25), 84% (16/19), and 80% (35/44), respectively.

Conclusion: Preoperative helical CT may suggest imaging features of advanced urothelial carcinoma, influencing treatment plan and patient prognosis, even though its accuracy is not so high.
Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features
Authors: Lee Yu-Jin , Han Daehee , Koh Young Hwan , Zo Joo Hee , Kim Sang-Hyun , Kim Deog Kyeom , Lee Jeong Sang , Moon Hyeon Jong , Kim Jong Seung , Chun Eun Ju , Youn Byung Jae , Lee Chang Hyun , Kim Sam Soo
Published: January 2008

Background: The sail sign is a well-known radiographic feature of the pediatric chest. This sign can be observed in an adult population as well, but for a different reason.

Purpose: To investigate the sail sign appearing in adult chest radiography.

Material and Methods: Based on two anecdotal adult cases in which frontal chest radiographs showed the sail sign, we prospectively screened radiographs of 10,238 patients to determine the incidence of the sail sign found in adults in their 40s or older. The cause of the sail sign was assessed using computed tomography (CT).

Results: The sail sign was revealed in 10 (seven males, three females; median age 60.6 years) of 10,238 patients. Of these 10 patients with a sail sign on frontal radiographs, eight underwent CT. The frontal radiographs of these 10 patients showed a concave superior margin toward the lung in nine patients, a concave inferior margin in five, and a double-lined inferior margin in three. Lateral radiographs disclosed a focal opacity over the minor fissure in five of six patients, which was either fuzzy ( n = 4) or sharp ( n = 1) in its upper margin, and was sometimes double lined in the inferior margin ( n = 3). CT revealed the anterior mediastinal fat to be the cause of the radiographic sail sign, which stretched laterally from the mediastinum to insinuate into the minor fissure.

Conclusion: The incidence of sail sign on adult chest radiographs is about 0.1%. The sign is specific enough to eliminate the need for more sophisticated imaging.
Modeling and Simulation of a Bacterial Biofilm That Is Controlled by pH and Protonated Lactic Acids
Authors: Khassehkhan Hassan , Eberl Hermann J.
Published: January 2008

We present a mathematical model for growth and control of facultative anaerobic bacterial biofilms in nutrient rich environments. The growth of the microbial population is limited by protonated lactic acids and the local pH value, which in return are altered as the microbial population changes. The process is described by a non‐linear parabolic system of three coupled equations for the dependent variables biomass density, acid concentration and pH. While the equations for the dissolved substrates are semi‐linear, the equation for bacterial biomass shows two non‐linear diffusion effects, a power law degeneracy as the dependent variable vanishes and a singularity in the diffusion coefficient as the dependent variable approaches its a priori known threshold. The interaction of both effects describes the spatial spreading of the biofilm. The interface between regions where the solution is positive and where it vanishes is the biofilm/bulk interface. We adapt a numerical method to explicitly track this interface in x–t space, based on the weak formulation of the biofilm model in a moving frame. We present numerical simulations of the spatio‐temporal biofilm model, applied to a probiotic biofilm control scenario. It is shown that in the biofilm neighbouring regions co‐exist in which pathogenic bacterial biomass is produced or killed, respectively. Furthermore, it is illustrated how the augmentation of the bulk with probiotic bacteria leads to an accelerated decay of the pathogenic biofilm.
Plasma membrane deformation by circular arrays of ESCRT-III protein filaments
Authors: Hanson Phyllis I. , Roth Robyn , Lin Yuan , Heuser John E.
Published: January 2008

Endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) proteins function in multivesicular body biogenesis and viral budding. They are recruited from the cytoplasm to the membrane, where they assemble into large complexes. We used “deep-etch” electron microscopy to examine polymers formed by the ESCRT-III proteins hSnf7-1 (CHMP4A) and hSnf7-2 (CHMP4B). When overexpressed, these proteins target to endosomes and the plasma membrane. Both hSnf7 proteins assemble into regular approximately 5-nm filaments that curve and self-associate to create circular arrays. Binding to a coexpressed adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis–deficient mutant of VPS4B draws these filaments together into tight circular scaffolds that bend the membrane away from the cytoplasm to form buds and tubules protruding from the cell surface. Similar buds develop in the absence of mutant VPS4B when hSnf7-1 is expressed without its regulatory C-terminal domain. We demonstrate that hSnf7 proteins form novel membrane-attached filaments that can promote or stabilize negative curvature and outward budding. We suggest that ESCRT-III polymers delineate and help generate the luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies.
Asymmetric centrosome behavior and the mechanisms of stem cell division
Authors: Yamashita Yukiko M. , Fuller Margaret T.
Published: January 2008

The ability of dividing cells to produce daughters with different fates is an important developmental mechanism conserved from bacteria to fungi, plants, and metazoan animals. Asymmetric outcomes of a cell division can be specified by two general mechanisms: asymmetric segregation of intrinsic fate determinants or asymmetric placement of daughter cells into microenvironments that provide extrinsic signals that direct cells to different states. For both, spindle orientation must be coordinated with the localization of intrinsic determinants or source of extrinsic signals to achieve the proper asymmetric outcome. Recent work on spindle orientation in Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells and neuroblasts has brought into sharp focus the key role of differential centrosome behavior in developmentally programmed asymmetric division (for reviews see Cabernard, C., and C.Q. Doe. 2007. Curr. Biol. 17:R465–R467; Gonzalez, C. 2007. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:462–472). These findings provide new insights and suggest intriguing new models for how cells coordinate spindle orientation with their cellular microenvironment to regulate and direct cell fate decisions within tissues.
Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric divisions: cell cycle regulators, asymmetric protein localization, and tumorigenesis
Authors: Chia William , Somers W. Gregory , Wang Hongyan
Published: January 2008

Over the past decade, many of the key components of the genetic machinery that regulate the asymmetric division of Drosophila melanogaster neural progenitors, neuroblasts, have been identified and their functions elucidated. Studies over the past two years have shown that many of these identified components act to regulate the self-renewal versus differentiation decision and appear to function as tumor suppressors during larval nervous system development. In this paper, we highlight the growing number of molecules that are normally considered to be key regulators of cell cycle events/progression that have recently been shown to impinge on the neuroblast asymmetric division machinery to control asymmetric protein localization and/or the decision to self-renew or differentiate.
Epithelial polarity requires septin coupling of vesicle transport to polyglutamylated microtubules
Authors: Spiliotis Elias T. , Hunt Stephen J. , Hu Qicong , Kinoshita Makoto , Nelson W. James
Published: January 2008

In epithelial cells, polarized growth and maintenance of apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains depend on protein sorting from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and vesicle delivery to the plasma membrane. Septins are filamentous GTPases required for polarized membrane growth in budding yeast, but whether they function in epithelial polarity is unknown. Here, we show that in epithelial cells septin 2 (SEPT2) fibers colocalize with a subset of microtubule tracks composed of polyglutamylated (polyGlu) tubulin, and that vesicles containing apical or basolateral proteins exit the TGN along these SEPT2/polyGlu microtubule tracks. Tubulin-associated SEPT2 facilitates vesicle transport by maintaining polyGlu microtubule tracks and impeding tubulin binding of microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4). Significantly, this regulatory step is required for polarized, columnar-shaped epithelia biogenesis; upon SEPT2 depletion, cells become short and fibroblast-shaped due to intracellular accumulation of apical and basolateral membrane proteins, and loss of vertically oriented polyGlu microtubules. We suggest that septin coupling of the microtubule cytoskeleton to post-Golgi vesicle transport is required for the morphogenesis of polarized epithelia.
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin acts as an alarmin to activate the TLR2–MyD88 signal pathway in dendritic cells and enhances Th2 immune responses
Authors: Yang De , Chen Qian , Su Shao Bo , Zhang Ping , Kurosaka Kahori , Caspi Rachel R. , Michalek Suzanne M. , Rosenberg Helene F. , Zhang Ning , Oppenheim Joost J.
Published: January 2008

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) is an eosinophil granule–derived secretory protein with ribonuclease and antiviral activity. We have previously shown that EDN can induce the migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report that EDN can activate myeloid DCs by triggering the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2–myeloid differentiation factor 88 signaling pathway, thus establishing EDN as an endogenous ligand of TLR2. EDN activates TLR2 independently of TLR1 or TLR6. When mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) together with EDN or with EDN-treated OVA-loaded DCs, EDN enhanced OVA-specific T helper (Th)2-biased immune responses as indicated by predominant production of OVA-specific interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, as well as higher levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 than IgG2a. Based on its ability to serve as a chemoattractant and activator of DCs, as well as the capacity to enhance antigen-specific immune responses, we consider EDN to have the properties of an endogenous alarmin that alerts the adaptive immune system for preferential enhancement of antigen-specific Th2 immune responses.
Innocuous IFNγ induced by adjuvant-free antigen restores normoglycemia in NOD mice through inhibition of IL-17 production
Authors: Jain Renu , Tartar Danielle M. , Gregg Randal K. , Divekar Rohit D. , Bell J. Jeremiah , Lee Hyun-Hee , Yu Ping , Ellis Jason S. , Hoeman Christine M. , Franklin Craig L. , Zaghouani Habib
Published: January 2008

The role of Th17 cells in type I diabetes (TID) remains largely unknown. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) sequence 206–220 (designated GAD2) represents a late-stage epitope, but GAD2-specific T cell receptor transgenic T cells producing interferon γ (IFNγ) protect against passive TID. Because IFNγ is known to inhibit Th17 cells, effective presentation of GAD2 peptide under noninflammatory conditions may protect against TID at advanced disease stages. To test this premise, GAD2 was genetically incorporated into an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule to magnify tolerance, and the resulting Ig-GAD2 was tested against TID at different stages of the disease. The findings indicated that Ig-GAD2 could not prevent TID at the preinsulitis phase, but delayed TID at the insulitis stage. More importantly, Ig-GAD2 sustained both clearance of pancreatic cell infiltration and β-cell division and restored normoglycemia when given to hyperglycemic mice at the prediabetic stage. This was dependent on the induction of splenic IFNγ that inhibited interleukin (IL)-17 production. In fact, neutralization of IFNγ led to a significant increase in the frequency of Th17 cells, and the treatment became nonprotective. Thus, IFNγ induced by an adjuvant free antigen, contrary to its usual inflammatory function, restores normoglycemia, most likely by localized bystander suppression of pathogenic IL-17–producing cells.
In Byron's Shadow
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This book examines the significance of what Victor Hugo called the “Greece of Byron” or modern Greece in English and American literature. Although ancient Greece, Hugo's “Greece of Homer”, and modern Greece occupy the same geographical space on the map, they are two distinct entities in the Western imagination. Modern Greece, constructed by the early 19th-century ideals and ideas associated with Byron, has been “haunted, holy ground” in literature for almost two centuries. This book analyzes how authors employ ideas about romantic nationalism, gender politics, shifts in cultural constructions, and literary experimentation to create variations of “Greece” to suit changing eras.
Introduction
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a description of the primary aim of this book, which is to examine the significance of what Victor Hugo called the “Greece of Byron”, or modern Greece, in English and American writing. It argues that the Romantic age constructed an image of a politicized, female, modern Greece fit for the temple of Apollo. This image dominated representations of Greece into the 20th century and was eventually transmuted by writers affiliated with modernism into an apolitical, male Greece in a Dionysian frenzy. The transition is obvious in literary works, but the reasons are not, and it certainly cannot be explained only as a modernist reaction to Romantic Greece. The literary geography of the Mediterranean is equally important. While the story of Italy or Egypt in English and American writing differs greatly from that of Greece, the perception of these three places and the adjoining areas interact and affect one another. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
1 I Want to Revive Athens
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

In early 1770, a small expeditionary force from Russia landed in the southern Peloponnesus to aid local Greeks in a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The revolt of 1770 appears in history, when it appears at all, as a footnote to the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768-1774 or the more important Greek rebellion of 1821. This chapter argues that 1770 marked a watershed in how Western Europeans perceived modern Greeks. The revolt was the emergence of philhellenism as a significant literary movement, and the year 1770 continued to echo in European writing for decades.
3 On the Ruins of Missolonghi
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

The town of Missolonghi, situated in a salt marsh in western Greece just north of the Corinthian Gulf, had been under siege since April 27, 1825. By the middle of April 1826 the Greeks were in a desparate situation: food was scarce and ammunition low. Rather than surrender to the attacking Ottoman and Egyptian armies, the defenders of Missolonghi decided to try to break through Turkish lines on the night of April 22, 1826. Out of 9,000 men, women, and children who took part, only about 2,000 eventually reached safety. On April 24, the last remaining Greek soldiers blew themselves up in the town's powder magazine. This chapter argues that Byron's Minotti had expired exactly the same way at the end of The Siege of Corinth and that, in Western European eyes, these Greek soldiers also lived and died a Byronic fiction. The rest of the world revered Missolonghi. And it was Byron who was primarily responsible for placing one of the more obscure and unappealing locations in Greece on the map of the world.
6 Politicized Pans
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This chapter shows that following the “rebirth” of Greece in 1833, the Western world began to look for signs of the promised revitalization that had been confidently assumed in earlier philhellenic literature. From 1833 until 1900, philhellenes and Turkophiles fought over their ideas on the degree of progress that had been made in Greece. However, toward the end of the 19th century, intellectuals in Britain and America began to turn away from the Victorian view of science and advancement as a sign of progress. In opposition to the perceived ugliness and emptiness of modern urban life, a pastoral ideal once again found favor. As at the end of the 18th century, a hundred years later the ancient Greeks again occupied a special place in the pastoral vogue. For many thinkers of European descent the ancient Greek world still represented their collective, lost, bucolic past. The importance of Greek antiquity in this desire to return to nature is supported by Samuel Hynes's observation that “Pan is a particularly prominent figure” in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods.
The Navel of the Demoness
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

This book is a study of religion in a Tibetanised community of highland Nepal. The village of Te, in Mustang District, is nominally Buddhist: until recent times it had a tradition of Sakyapa monasticism, and depends on Nyingmapa tantric priests for ritual and clerical services. However, it also has a thriving cult of territorial divinities involving the performance of animal sacrifices. At first glance, Te appears to be a fundamentally pagan community attempting to preserve its traditions against the efforts of Tibetan Buddhist missionaries. However, a closer investigation reveals that this picture of simple ideological opposition is untenable. A combination of ethnographic observation and a close study of the community's archives—which date back to the 17th century—reveals an altogether more complex picture. Documentary evidence indicates that clan solidarity was gradually replaced by a sense of shared community. The creation of this community was an active process involving the designation of public resources, the production of written laws, a change in the inheritance pattern, and the emergence of ceremonies that entailed the piecemeal adoption of Buddhist rituals and dramatised episodes from Te's history. This complex is best understood in terms of civil religion, a concept developed by Rousseau and later elaborated by writers such as Robert Bellah and Gerald Parsons. While this reified community is ultimately the product of the individuals of which it is composed, it is perceived and represented as an autonomous, “transcendent” entity with a reciprocal influence on their lives.
Defining Women Out of Ordination
Authors: Macy Gary
Published: January 2008

This chapter presents in detail how the definition of ordination changed in the 11th and 12th century. A law from the 11th‐century reform council of Benevento was interpreted by both canon lawyers and theologians to limit ordination to the ministries of subdeacon, deacon, and priest. At the same time, based on a scriptural commentary attributed to St. Ambrose, canonists and theologians began to argue that women could not be ordained. A debate in both canon law and theology concerning the ordination of women continued until the end of the 12th century. By the 13th century, however, it was assumed in both law and theology that women could not be ordained and indeed had never been ordained.
Methodology 1
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: January 2008

This chapter reviews some of the current and recent literature produced in religious studies departments and delineates the present book in relation to them. It shows how the construction of “religion” as an essentialized domain distinct from “nonreligious” domains feeds on other essentialized rhetorical binaries such as God and the world, nature and supernature, mind and matter, female and male, science and faith, rationality and irrationality. These binaries underlie the transformation of encompassing Religion as Christian Truth into the contemporary commodification of religions as multiple objects in the world. Religion has been “disembedded” from a holistic worldview and turned into the objects of “secular” knowledge, much as anthropologists have disembedded a putative sphere of “economic” practice from non‐European cultures. Problems in translating dominant Anglophone categories into non‐European languages are analogous to translating contemporary Anglophone usages into premodern Anglophone usages. “Religions,” like “nations,” are specific, historically emergent acts of the imagination that make modernity seem inevitable.
Religion, State, and American Constitutionalism
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: January 2008

The case of William Penn shows us a dissenter who strove to articulate a new discourse on the essential difference between the external domain of the magistrate and civil society on the one hand, and the private and inner domain of religion on the other. His and Locke's ideas fed into the general stream of American dissent and bills of rights which culminated in the Federal Constitution. Even within the Church of England Bishop Hoadly, often quoted by American revolutionaries, preached to the King the essential distinction authorized by Jesus between the kingdoms of this and the future worlds. That many of these revolutionary ideas were the stuff of sermons and pamphlets written by priests underscores the point that the distinction between religions as private nonpolitical domains of voluntary associations, and politics as a nonreligious domain of public obligation, was a rhetorical formation in the making, a discursive space intended to subvert and replace a radically different and older discourse of Religion as encompassing Christian Truth.
Invocation of the Sage: The Ritual to Glorify the Emperor
Authors: Mohr Michel
Published: January 2008

Chapter 7 describes the history and contemporary standing of a political ritual practiced in most Japanese Zen monasteries and temples today. This hour long ritual—Shukushin (Invoking the Sage)—is performed at least twenty‐six times each year throughout Japan. The concept of the sage can be traced back from classical Daoism and the practice of rituals on behalf of the well‐being and long life of the emperor through early Chinese Buddhist sources up through the Sung dynasty Ch'an school. Describing the ritual as it is performed today in Japan, the essay shows how continuity of ritual tradition is maintained in Zen even into the postwar era in which the emperor's role in maintaining the prosperity and well‐being of the nation is minimal.
Dharma Transmission in Theory and Practice
Authors: Bodiford William M.
Published: January 2008

Chapter 9 provides an example of ritual transformation in the movement of Zen from one culture to another. After describing dharma transmission in East Asia by highlighting the theme of the family explicit in it and then focusing on transmission in the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen, the author describes a newly created ritual for the confirmation of dharma transmission in the Sōtō sect of North America. This ritual—called the Dharma Heritage Ceremony—was created in the recognition of participants that an “accessible Western ceremony” to recognize and confirm dharma transmission was essential to the ongoing success of their Zen practice in North America. This essay asks, “What issues arise when Zen teachers attempt to transplant these various aspects of dharma transmission into twenty‐first century North America?”
Celibacy in the Greco‐Roman World
Authors: Braun Willi
Published: January 2008

Citizens of ancient Greece and Rome were expected to reproduce, whereas violators of this guideline were penalized by governmental legislation. An exception was made for the Vestal Virgins and the eunuch‐priests of the Cybele cult because of their religious office. The obligation to reproduce hides a cultural conviction that sexual pleasure was potentially dangerous and antisocial because orgasm was associated with epilepsy and loss of vital spirit.
“Does the Science Kill a Patient Here and There?”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis
Published: January 2008

This chapter delineates the history of Christian Science and the beliefs and practices of its adherents as they relate to spiritual healing. After establishing the basic tenets of the faith, it examines a succession of Christian Science legal cases, beginning with the widely reported manslaughter prosecution of Boston midwife Abby Corner in 1888. Other turn-of-the century cases include the prosecution of Christian Scientists under state medical practice acts (a common avenue for prosecutors to pursue when spiritual healing was implicated in a child's death). A close look at such cases reveals a pattern that became increasingly common in spiritual healing prosecutions: the accused touted the efficacy and sacred lineage of their healing methods, pilloried medical science as ineffective, and asserted that the state could not regulate (through medical licensing laws) what was fundamentally a religious practice. Then and later, the courts endeavored to balance these claims against prosecutors’ assertions that parents, whatever their religious beliefs, bore not only a moral but also a legal responsibility for the welfare of their children.
Encountering Each Other
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman
Published: January 2008

Three hypothetical dialogue encounters between Muslims and Christians introduce the reader to some of the issues that can arise in interfaith conversation. The first is a dialogue set up by a local ecumenical council and involves Christians and Muslims from a range of backgrounds. The second is a conversation among African American Muslims and Christians, and the third involves Roman Catholic and Muslim women. In these three different kinds of dialogues the reader can begin to get some sense of the breadth of possibility for bringing Muslims and Christians in the contemporary United States together for better understanding and the possibility of serious friendships.
When Dialogue Goes Wrong
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman
Published: January 2008

Most Muslims and Christians who have been involved with dialogue, either as a one-shot experience or in the context of an on-going group, are enthusiastic and want to affirm that good things have come out of the encounter. Nonetheless, not all interfaith experiences turn out well. There are traps into which even the most ardent advocates of interfaith exchange may fall, and problems that must be addressed if real progress is to take place in mutual understanding. This chapter identifies some of these potential pitfalls, and suggests how, with careful planning, groups can avoid problems and proceed in their discussions with a greater degree of comfort.
The Pluralistic Imperative
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman
Published: January 2008

Americans generally understand pluralism to be a descriptive term for the multiplicity of religions and cultures in their country. This chapter and the next, however, are concerned with another kind of pluralism, namely the theological response of each faith to the presence of other religions, most specifically how Christians and Muslims look at each other. This chapter considers how some American Christian thinkers have thought about issues of pluralism and the encounter with Islam. Christian evangelicals, moderates, and pluralists, both Roman Catholics and Protestants, have all contributed to the conversation about how Christians might look personally and spiritually at the religion of Islam.
The Pluralist Imperative
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman
Published: January 2008

This chapter considers three ways in which the question of Islam and pluralism has been addressed by contemporary American Muslims. The first is how the term pluralism is applied by some Muslims to past and present political realities. The second relates to ethical concerns raised by some as to whether Islam is as internally pluralistic as it is called to be. The third deals with the relationship of Islam to other religious traditions and whether Islam is theologically open, especially to Christianity. It is important for anyone interested in moving from introductory to deeper levels of discourse between Muslims and Christians to have an understanding of each of these modes of interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Najar Monica
Published: January 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of American's reorganization of the relationship and boundaries between the religious and civil realms, on both national and local levels, during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It then describes how Baptist churches consistently exercised authority over all aspects of their members' lives, including marriage, slavery, business practices, child rearing, and leisure activities. In doing so, they extended religious influence into traditionally secular arenas, expanding the reach of the sacred realm. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
On a Scale of Justice
Authors: Najar Monica
Published: January 2008

This chapter argues that Baptist churches met the civil as well as spiritual needs for their membership. They acted as “overseers to the poor”, land processioners (securing property boundaries), grand juries, and courts. Most often, they replicated the adjudicating functions of courts, arbitrating disputes over business and debt and prosecuting offenses such as theft, slander, and assault. Churches also handled matters that had little, if any, place in the southern county court system, such as monitoring individuals' conduct as they migrated to new areas and judging cases of wife beating and abuse of slaves. These civil functions ensured that churches acted to create and sustain order in their communities, often in ways that served the nonevangelical population as well. Ultimately, in acting as a type of local government, Baptist churches helped to shape the local political economy and constructed a version of “citizenship” for their members, including those excluded from definitions of citizenship during the revolutionary and early national periods.
The Equity of Hereditary Slavery
Authors: Najar Monica
Published: January 2008

This chapter argues that in the Baptists' ongoing efforts to mark the boundaries between the sacred and the secular realms, slavery came to be the defining issue — one that would determine the extent of, and limits to, Baptists' reach. As Baptists sought to preserve the unity of their churches in the early 19th century, they sacrificed their authority over slavery and yielded it to the civil realm. In doing so, they helped to define the boundaries of religion and the new nation-state.
FOUR ASSAULT FROM THE REAR
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: January 2008

The issues of domination and submission central to insult have an often hidden, often not (“Up yours!”), sexual significance. Central are anal erotism and phallic aggression, which are written large in insult rituals and cultural practices in Turkey and other Mediterranean cultures, Mexico, Ancient Greece, modern prisons, and elsewhere. Anxieties over gender, masculinity‐femininity, and activity‐passivity play out in the language and customs of insult. The psychoanalysis of sado‐masochistic fantasy and the “narcissism of minor differences” can help us understand the power play and the issues of identity at work in insult.
SEVEN INSULT IN THE LAW
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: January 2008

The law of defamation seeks to provide remedies for some of the harms in insult, in particular damage to reputation. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan limits those remedies with respect to public figures, and this chapter considers some of the distinctions and principles involved in providing remedies, including the nature of reasonable expectations.
TO UNDERSTAND ALL IS TO FORGIVE ALL—OR IS IT?
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: January 2008

Why should understanding lead to forgiveness? What is it about knowledge of the cause of an offense that makes it not an offense or less of an offense? Does such knowledge affect the character of the harm inflicted or does the forgiveness depend on other conditions of anger? And when should understanding lead to forgiveness? After all, every action has some explanation. Is any explanation enough for forgiveness, or are only certain ones of the appropriate kind? Which? What are the implications of these questions for contemporary therapeutic movements that urge forgiveness (of self and others) as a step toward self-healing?
Taking Action, Saving Lives
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin
Published: January 2008

Pollution kills hundreds of thousands of people annually. This book shows why this environmental epidemic continues. Campaign contributors, lobbyists, and special interests often control information by capturing media and even science itself. Yet this book puts the blame — and the solution — on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. Calling for a new “democratic revolution” and arguing that justice requires us each to become the change we seek, this book offers many concrete proposals for reform — many based on American Public Health Association recommendations.
The God Strategy
Authors: Domke David , Coe Kevin
Published: January 2008

Religion has always been a part of American politics, but something profound has changed in recent decades. This book demonstrates that, beginning with the election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980, US politicians have employed religion as a partisan weapon, using it in a no-holds-barred calculus designed to attract voters, identify enemies, and solidify power. The book reveals this political approach by identifying four crucial religious signals used by leading Republicans and Democrats, from Reagan to Bill Clinton to George W. Bush to the front-running candidates for the 2008 presidential election. In their emphasis on God and faith in public addresses, commemorations of tragedies and requests for divine blessing for the nation, the issue agendas pursued, and even the audiences addressed and the nature of Christmas celebrations, today's political leaders use religion for partisan gain in a manner distinct from those who came before. These signals become apparent through analysis of thousands of public communications by American politicians over the past seventy-five years, the tracking of public sentiment on several topics during the same period, and the perspectives of interest groups and political strategists. The result of these developments is an environment in the United States in which religion and politics have become almost inseparably intertwined — an outcome which benefits savvy politicians but endangers the vitality of church, state, and the entire American experiment in democracy.
2 Seeing Surfaces
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2008

This chapter defends a surprising implication of the causal theory of perception: we see silhouetted objects by virtue of seeing their back surfaces. The primacy of surfaces is reviewed to support the principle that we see opaque objects by seeing their surfaces. Since the front surface of a silhouetted object is idle, the causal theory rules out the possibility that we see silhouettes by seeing their front surfaces. Only back surfaces are available.
8 Goethe's Colored Shadows
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2008

Newton says shadows are mere absences of light. Since the visual response to a lack of stimulation is black, all shadows would then be black. In his attack on Newton's optics, Goethe drew attention to subtle conditions under which there appear to be blue shadows. According to Goethe, all hues are colored shadows. Later, color scientists, most famously Edwin Land (founder of the Polaroid Corporation), appear to produce shadows of virtually every hue. Most contemporary color scientists inconsistently accept both Newton's account of light and standard, textbook demonstrations of colored shadows. They should regain consistency by distinguishing between shadows and "filtows."