bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnitude of Negative Transfer by Myna Birds on a Spatial SDR Task as a Function of Stringency of Reversal Criterion
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Spatial SDR data were obtained from two groups of Mynas ( ns = 6, 2) under different levels of stringency of reversal criterion. The more stringent criterion heightened negative transfer but accelerated subsequent rate of error reduction.
Auditory Awakening Thresholds and Dream Recall in NREM Sleep
Authors: Watson Robert , Rechtschaffen Allan
Published: September 2011

Whereas earlier research had shown that Ss with lower auditory awakening thresholds (AATs) reported more dreams on awakenings from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, this study of 4 Ss over several nights each indicated no relationship between Stage 2 NREM dreaming and within-subject, within-night variations in AAT. Subjectively “deep” Stage 2 sleep was associated with high AATs and with reports of Stage 2 dreaming. AATs declined over successive nights of laboratory sleep. Earlier reports of similar AATs for Stage REM and Stage 2, a decrease in AAT with time of night, and no relationship between AAT and time since last awakening were all confirmed. Stage 2 awakenings made close together in time yielded more reports with similar manifest content.
Establishing and Increasing Verbalizations in a Deaf Schizophrenic Child through the Use of Contingent Visual-Color Reinforcement
Authors: Fineman Kenneth R. , Ferjo Juanita
Published: September 2011

A 10-session pilot study was conducted to determine the effect of a visual-color reinfotcer on the verbal behavior of a deaf schizophrenic 11-yr.-old male. Through systematic reinforcement and shaping of specific sounds, S's vocabulary went from 0 to over 100 sounds per session. Operant stimulus generalization was attained when S responded to E's prompts in the classroom situation. Since S had never before responded to speech training, it was assumed that the visual consequence was a determining factor, though other sensory modalities played a part in the methodology. Theoretical assumptions were discussed as were implications for further research.
Illumination Intensities and Test Performance
Authors: Butler Patrick C. , Rusmore Jay T.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to examine personnel test performance at conventional and extreme illumination levels. Illumination levels of 1.0, 3.5, 50, and 400 ft-c. were used under conditions controlled for temperature and glare. The tests used were Forms A, B, I and II of the Wonderlic Personnel Test. 45 freshmen college students were administered different and systematically varied forms of the test at each illumination level. After the scores were equated to one form of the test, it was concluded that no differences in performance on the test were associated with illumination levels above 3.5 ft-c.
Reversals in the Momentary Absence of Percepts
Authors: Pelton Leroy H.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that since reversals might have often occurred during “figure-off” intervals, the theory of “satiation of orientation” proposed by Orbach, Ehrlich, and Heath (1963) might be inadequate for explaining their data on the rate of reversals of the Necker cube.
Eye Movements during Search through Printed Lists
Authors: Gordon I. E.
Published: September 2011

Eye movements were recorded during search through a series of cancellation tasks. The main response to a change in the degree of complexity of the search lists was an increase in the number of fixation pauses and visual regressions: the average duration of visual fixations did not change significantly.
Components of Creativity, Verbal Conditioning, and Risk Taking
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

Three studies were conducted to elucidate the nature of creativity, as defined by scores on a personality questionnaire. In Study I ( N = 231) a cluster analysis suggested two important components for highly creative Ss: a bipolar cluster of personal vs impersonal competence, and an adventurousness cluster. In Study II ( N = 160) it was predicted and found that Ss who were personally competent would respond more on a verbal conditioning task if E preceded the conditioning with a friendly (socially enhanced) interaction, while impersonally treated but competent Ss conditioned better in a skill than in a chance condition. In Study III ( N = 62) adventurous Ss took more risks in two different classroom investigations. Additional findings are presented which suggest errors in previous conceptualizations of creativity.
“Reinforcement and Non-Reinforcement in Rogerian Psychotherapy:” A Reply
Authors: Truax Charles B.
Published: September 2011

Counter statements based on recent research are presented for Lieberman's criticisms of earlier work (Truax, 1966).
Performance Decrement as a Function of Total Sleep Loss and Task Duration
Authors: Donnell Julie M.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of task duration and its sensitivity to total sleep loss, measures of speed and accuracy on the Wilkinson addition test were obtained from 11 Navy enlisted men for 4 baseline days and 2 days without sleep. The number of additions attempted decreased significantly from the baseline level after 10 min. of testing on the first deprivation day and after 6 min. on the second day. 50 min. of testing were required to detect a significant decrease in accuracy from baseline on the first deprivation day, while 10 min. were required on the second day.
Non-Verbal Rigidity, Creativity, and Problem Solving
Authors: Gorman Bernard S. , Breskin Stephen
Published: September 2011

Rigidity vs flexibility has often been mentioned in discussions of creativity and problem solving. The present study investigated the relation of a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) to tests of semantic redefinition, associational fluency, inductive reasoning, and drawing completion. The performance of flexible Ss was significantly better than the performance of rigid Ss on all tests but the associational fluency test.
Relation of Spatial Abilities to Reversal Rates of Necker Cubes Varying in Degree of Completeness
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Barut Clara
Published: September 2011

One hypothesis was that reported reversal rates of Necker cubes with 6-in. horizontals and verticals that varied in 5° of completeness would correlate significantly with 3 measures of spatial visualization. The second hypothesis was that 6-in. cubes would result in lower reversal rates than did the 3-in. cubes used by Smith, et al. (1968). The first hypothesis proved to be untenable while the second remained tenable. Individual differences in reversal rates were large but fairly consistent since the correlations among reversal scores ranged from .71 to .97, with a median of .88.
Choices of Colored Blocks in the Play of Preschool Children
Authors: Gramza Anthony F. , Witt Peter A.
Published: September 2011

35 nursery school children, 4 to 5 yr. of age, were given trials during which they were allowed to play with blocks colored red, blue, green and gray that were presented in varied spatial arrays. Position preferences were more important than color preferences in Ss' use of blocks. This study emphasized the prominent role of stimulus context in play behavior.
Factor Analysis of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Crockett David , Klonoff Harry , Bjerring James
Published: September 2011

The Halstead-Reitan Battery, 2 Benton tests and the WISC were administered to a sample of normal children, ages 5 to 8. The results of a principal-component factor analysis indicated that at least nine different areas were being measured. The areas of neuropsychological functioning were: Analytic-Synthetic Visual-motor Ability, Undirected Motor Speed, Verbal Abstract Ability, Resistance to Distraction, Ability to Alternate between Motor Sets, Directed Motor Speed, Environmental Awareness and Judgmental Skills, Sequencing Visual Stimuli, and Checking Behavior. Regression weights and composite score formulae for estimating Ss' scores in these 9 areas were presented. Dimensions were found which correspond to the Verbal-Performance division of the Wechsler test. Five of the factors were found to be relatively independent of psychometric measures of intelligence. Two factors involving higher-order complex skills were also found. The derived factors were related to other factor analytic studies.
Figure Preference and Personality
Authors: Cornwell Henry G.
Published: September 2011

To identify personality syndromes indicated by preferences for figures, correlations among 10 scales of the Welsh Figure Preference Test, 18 scales of the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, and 6 scales of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values for 50 college students were calculated. 8 figure preference variables correlated significantly with 10 Cattell and 3 Study of Values scales. The 27 significant rs suggested that: (a) rejection of the figures is symptomatic of personal inadequacy and anxiety, while acceptance of the figures indicates personal stability, self-confidence, and freedom from anxiety; (b) the more stable personality syndromes are associated with preference for complex, black, shaded, and dotted figures; (c) inconsistency of preference is positively related to general intelligence.
Refusal to Communicate: Preliminary Study of a Classical Interpersonal Tactic
Authors: Denner Bruce
Published: September 2011

To determine the manner in which a person committed to silence handles another not so committed, separate groups of 16 female Ss were confronted by either another silent female, a smiling, or a talking female. A control group sat alone for the same 10-min. period. Ss also indicated whether they were inwardly or outwardly perceptually oriented. Ss exhibited more gross body movements, eye contacts, and gestures, and rated themselves more outwardly oriented in the talking than in the silent condition; the smiling condition fell in between. Control Ss exhibited even more and rated themselves even more outwardly oriented than Ss in the talking condition. These results may be understood in terms of anxiety, role-playing competence, and the systematic nature of a two-person interaction.
Studies of Movement Aftereffects
Authors: Cratty Bryant J. , Duffy Kirt E.
Published: September 2011

213 Ss participated in 4 experiments designed to identify relationships between figural aftereffects elicited by hand, limb, and total body movements. The measures obtained were reliable and highly task specific.
Test of Right-Left Discrimination
Authors: Culver Charles M.
Published: September 2011

A test of right-left discrimination is described which may be useful for measuring this aspect of spatial perception in adults. Some of the test's statistical properties as well as empirical correlates are presented.
Male Drug Addiction and the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Mann Edward T.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to evaluate the usefulness of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) for assessing the degree of character disturbance in drug addicts. The KTSA and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were administered to 40 addicts at the drug unit of the New Jersey Neuro-psychiatric Institute over a 2-mo. period. Evaluation of both semi-objective variables tapping cognitive-associative functioning and objective factors assessing more dynamic features was made. The composite symbol pattern for 40 Ss showed a close correspondence with that determined by past research for “character and behavior disorder” and the resulting diagnosis indicated little discrepancy from that obtained through psychiatric interviewing. The more clinical features of the KTSA generally support the diagnosis of characterological disturbance. In several cases it was felt that neurosis (obsessive-compulsive) and underlying schizophrenic process were more appropriate diagnoses. However, both quantitative and qualitative examination of KTSA performance showed consistently strong trends typically found in most drug addicts.
Flicker Fusion Measurements Using a Modified Perimeter Stand
Authors: Farrimond Thomas
Published: September 2011

A portable device for the study of the flicker fusion frequency characteristics of those areas of the retina which differ in colour sensitivity is described and its use briefly mentioned.
Relationship between Perception (Input) and Execution (Output)
Authors: Friedrich Douglas , Fuller Gerald B. , Hawkins William F.
Published: September 2011

15 brain-damaged and 9 non-brain-damaged retarded Ss were given the following visual-motor tasks: (a) the WISC Block Design subtest, (b) the WISC Block Design multiple-choice procedure presented by Birch and his associates, and (c) the MPD circle-diamond figures, incorporating pencil and block procedures. A combination of the Block Design subtest and the circle-diamond figures was successful in indicating Ss with execution (motor) or integrative dysfunctions. The multiple-choice procedure proved invalid as a technique for differentiating Ss with executive or integrative dysfunctions from Ss with visual perceptual difficulties. The results argue against the commonly held notion that perception is a unitary process. Rather, the findings suggest that failures on visual-motor tasks by mentally retarded Ss result primarily from faulty executive or integrative components.
A Test of Reinforcer Forms with Flaps
Authors: Abell Andrew T.
Published: September 2011

An experiment in which a new group, verbal-conditioning device (reinforcer form) was used was essentially replicated but with a modification of the reinforcer forms. The modification, involving paper flaps that conceal all symbols except those where S is working, was designed to make the experimental contingencies more analogous to the usual operant and respondent ones. Earlier results, showing the simultaneous operation of evaluative words as operant and respondent reinforcers, were confirmed.
Effects of Cue Factors on Selective Eye Movements and Choices during Successive Discrimination
Authors: Schroeder Stephen
Published: September 2011

On a discrete-trial successive discrimination task which contained both reinforcing and redundant stimuli, Ss displayed orderly distributions of fixations and choices of the stimuli. Practice decreased fixation frequencies of all stimuli without altering their distributions. Number of reinforcing stimuli had no effect on selectivity when stimuli differed distinctively but was related to selectivity when stimuli were ambiguous. Stimulus configuration affected selectivity, as did relative position cues. The results suggest a complex interaction between fixation and visual choice.
Handedness: Proficiency versus Stated Preference
Authors: Barnsley Roger H. , Rabinovitch M. Sam
Published: September 2011

An investigation of performance factors of developed hand preference was undertaken. Measurements taken from both the preferred and nonpreferred hands of 50 males and 50 females yielded scores on 61 dependent variables from 32 tests. Factor analyses of the scores produced 9 interpretable factors of hand performance. Each factor was common to male and female and to preferred—nonpreferred performance. However, preferred hand performance was superior on almost all tasks. Results indicate that questionnaires of stated hand preference cannot adequately represent the range of handedness or degree of differential manual proficiency. It was suggested that preferred hand performance is characterized by “Automatization” of the skills involved in hand performance.
A Scoring System for Human Figure Drawings as a Measure of Personality at Level III of the Leary Interpersonal Diagnostic System
Authors: Mebane Donata F. , Die Jerry G.
Published: September 2011

Using the Leary diagnostic system DAP and TAT protocols for 47 male students permitted only gross discrimination of those having loving or hating, dominant or passive interpersonal attitudes.
Note: Primacy Effects in Impression Formation
Authors: McGinnis James H. , Oziel Leon J.
Published: September 2011

Primacy effects well account for differences in the mean ratings of the two groups of Ss employed. Such effects in impression formation may be the result of two separate but interacting processes, namely, Asch's directed impression formation and Anderson's decreased attention hypothesis.
Tactile and Kinesthetic Influences on Visual Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Kositsky N. , Dewar R.
Published: September 2011

12 Ss were presented with a bent line I (inspection) figure followed by a straight line T (test) figure under four different conditions in order to produce a FAE of a bent line. In the visual condition S saw the I figure and then the T figure. In the tactile condition S held a curved bar and viewed the I figure simultaneously. The two kinesthetic conditions required S feel a straight or curved bar and view the I figure simultaneously. In both the kinesthetic and tactile curved-bar conditions Ss showed a strong tendency to perceive the visual T figure as curved. In the other conditions Ss perceived the T figure as bent (the usual effect produced by this combination of I and T figures). The results demonstrate the influence of kinesthetic and tactile stimulation on visual FAE.
Voluntary Control of Heart Rate in a Practitioner of Yoga: Negative Findings
Authors: Fenz Walter D. , Plapp Jon M.
Published: September 2011

Recordings of heart rate were obtained from a yogi in a reaction time task without and with instructions to decelerate during the anticipatory interval, as well as under a condition of augmented feedback. We found no evidence that S was able voluntarily to control his heart rate.
Biplane Center of Gravity Procedures
Authors: Waterland Joan C. , Shambes Georgia M.
Published: September 2011

Biplane center of gravity procedures which determine the vertical projection of the line of gravity in any two planes have been described. The triangular center of gravity platform provides a means to study various bio-mechanical and physiological mechanisms operable during relatively “static” postural conditions.
Visual Phenomena in Long Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Heinemann Ludwig G.
Published: September 2011

In order to study the spontaneous production of visual patterns without structured input under the condition of several days of sensory deprivation, the observations of one person over 108 and 128 hr. were tape recorded, one study including immobilization, the other acoustical isolation. The phenomena depended on illumination and on time from start. Very bright light suppressed imagery, bright daylight was associated with moving bright commas, average daylight in the room produced irregular patterns of darker circles, later multiple apparent objects composed of circular elements, often in geometrical arrays. There was a different style of phenomena with closed eyes: colored spots, later showing textural qualities, movements of elements and areas, flickering brightness changes, jumping white lines, and also pictures with dark backgrounds. Phenomena are interpreted as randomly arising events of dark-perception, inhibition, color perception, and as patterns arising from complex functions that have been studied in constancy phenomena.
How Does Language Familiarity Influence Stuttering under Delayed Auditory Feedback?
Authors: Mackay Donald G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the experiment was to determine how language familiarity affects stuttering under delayed auditory feedback (DAF). In one condition we compared DAF interference in German-English bilinguals speaking their more and less familiar languages. A language familiarity effect was found: the bilinguals spoke faster and stuttered less under DAF when speaking their more familiar language. This effect was independent of both delay time and language spoken. Moreover, the slower rate in the less familiar language could not explain the language familiarity effect since instructing Ss to slow down their rate of speech decreased rather than increased their stuttering. A second condition showed that the language familiarity effect was not due to paying more attention to feedback in the less familiar language. Rather, practice or experience in producing the motor organization of speech seemed to underlie the effect of language familiarity.
Adding and Averaging Effects in Impression Formation as a Function of the Situational Context
Authors: Rosnow Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

Male and female Ss made comparative judgments of paired sets of simultaneously presented income stimuli. The pairs were constructed so that the sum of the values was higher in one set than in the other, while the mean income was simultaneously higher in the latter set than in the former. When the incomes within a set were represented as all belonging to the same person or when the incomes were attributed to different members of a family, both men and women tended to rate higher in economic status whichever sets of stimuli had the higher sums in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between sums. When the same stimuli were attributed to different members of a group, both sexes rated higher in economic status whichever sets had the higher arithmetic mean values in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between arithmetic means. The significance of this finding is in demonstrating that the stimulus-combination rule in impression formation is at least partially predicated upon situational determinants and that neither simple summation nor simple averaging is an exclusively valid or invalid combinatory principle.
Focal-Point Dependency in Inversion Perception among Negro, Urban Caucasian and Rural Caucasian Children
Authors: Barabasz Arreed F. , Dodd John M. , Smith Manon , Carter Donald E.
Published: September 2011

21 deprived Negro, 41 deprived rural Caucasian and 23 non-deprived Caucasian preschool children viewed 12 figure pairs and indicated which figure of each pair was upside down. Analysis of variance results demonstrated significant differences in focal-point dependency between non-deprived urban Caucasians and deprived urban Negroes, and between deprived urban Negroes and deprived rural Caucasians. No significant differences were found between non-deprived urban Caucasians and deprived rural Caucasians.
Effects of Auditory Stimulation on the Performance of Brain-Injured and Familial Retardates
Authors: Schoenfeld Lawrence S.
Published: September 2011

This experiment studied the effect of extraneous auditory stimulation on the performance of familial and brain-injured retardates. Brain-injured retardates were matched with familial retardates for chronological age, IQ, race, and sex. The results were discussed in reference to: (1) the value of the dichotomus medical diagnosis of brain-injured versus familial retardates for prediction of performance; (2) the hypothesis that the so-called distractibility is an attempt by the brain-injured to sustain his “normal” level of stimulation; and (3) the advisability of using an enriched environment in teaching the brain-injured retardate.
Investigation of the Symbolic Self Using the Concentric Circles Method and Animal Metaphor
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Miller John R.
Published: September 2011

An exploratory investigation having persons conceptualize themselves as a series of concentric circles (each circle representing a layer of personality) was used to investigate the self concept. Measurements of the diameters of the outer and inner self could be done with high reliability. Further, the use of the animal as a metaphor to symbolize further the various layers of the self was explored and appears satisfactory for further research. Some speculations as to the direction of future research with this method and the animal metaphor technique were discussed.
Tactual Poggendorff Illusion in Blind and Blindfolded Subjects
Authors: Pasnak Robert , Ahr Paul
Published: September 2011

Tactual Poggendorff illusions were presented to 11 blind and 19 blindfolded normal Ss according to the method of constant stimuli. The reports of both groups showed small illusions which did not differ significantly in magnitude. These results indicate that sensory experience per se is probably not an important determinant of the illusion's magnitude since the greater experience of the blind Ss should produce a smaller illusion. The equivalence of the illusions obtained for the two groups argues against receptor sensitivity as an important factor, although the direction of the difference favors Pollack's (1969) explanation. Theoretical explanation of illusions should rely on central mechanisms and not the visual system.
Attention Deployment in Field Dependence and Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Marino Dominic R. , Fitzgibbons David J. , Mirabile Charles S.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports an investigation of autokinetic response tendency based upon a conceptualization of the autokinetic phenomenon as being rooted in attention deployment. The hypothesis that field-dependence-independence and the autokinetic phenomenon require a similar type of attention deployment was tested in a multiple regression design. Results suggest that the autokinetic response requires the ability to attend selectively to relevant aspects of the external environment while ignoring the spatial context in which they are embedded. Attention to internal stimuli was found to be unrelated to the autokinetic response tendency.
Mental Rehearsal and Point of Introduction within the Context of Overt Practice
Authors: Singer Robert N. , Witker Janet
Published: September 2011

65 college women were placed in one of five groups to learn the pursuit-rotor task. Four of the groups practiced mentally at various designated points during the overt practice context; the fifth practiced without any directed mental rehearsal. Using various statistical analyses, no significant differences were found between the groups, although a trend indicated some value of early introduction of mental rehearsal within the context of overt practice.
Preferences of Preschool Children for Enterable Play Boxes
Authors: Gramza Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

Measurements were obtained of 4-yr.-old children's preferences for enterable play boxes having various degrees of openness. In their use of boxes, Ss strongly favored those boxes having least degrees of openness and greatest amounts of encapsulation. Consideration is given to stimulus factors possibly reinforcing the observed preferences.
An Electronic Explanation of Experienced Oscillating Movements
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The explanation of the beta-apparent movement remains open. In earlier works, the writer has investigated various manifestations of the oscillating apparent movements, for example, in connection with a straight line and a circle, and has given an electronic explanation of the phenomenon. The present paper demonstrates that the beta-apparent movement seems to be classifiable as one of the oscillating forms for apparent movement, and we have an approach to give and explanation based on the aforementioned electronic working-model.
Effect of Moderate Exercise on the Performance and Learning of a Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Bartz Douglas W. , Smith Leon E.
Published: September 2011

The problem was to investigate the effect of a moderate standardized work load upon the learning of a gross motor skill. Non-exercised Ss performed 10 30-sec. trials on a stabilometer, rested, and performed three additional trials. On the same apparatus the exercised Ss performed an initial exercise bout, in addition to exercise bouts between the first 10 30-sec. trials. Results showed that, although the exercised Ss had an elevated heart rate, performance throughout the learning trials and the retest trials did not differ significantly from that of non-exercised Ss.
Influence of Amount of Training and Retention Interval Length on Long-Term Perceptual Memory in Normal and Educable-Retarded Children
Authors: Raskin Larry M.
Published: September 2011

The influence of perceptual memory on the perception of apparent movement was found to be the same for educable-retarded children and normals of the same MA following a short retention interval. However, in order for the memory effects to endure 24 hr., the EMRs needed much more training than did normals. The results are discussed with respect to those reported in an earlier paper (Raskin, 1969b) and interpreted in terms of association perceptual learning.
Authoritarianism among White and Black Deaf Adolescents: Two Measures Compared
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

White and black deaf adolescents were tested for the personality dimension of authoritarianism, using a symbolic test and the verbal Adorno F-scale. As expected, scores were in the direction of greater authoritarianism on both tests, though the symbolic measure yielded the more marked and unambiguous results.
Some Normative Data for the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Reilly Thomas
Published: September 2011

67 college students were exposed to the spiral aftereffect (SAE) in varied combinations of stimulation time and direction of rotation to observe the frequency and duration of SAE for a normal population. It was noted: (a) Men report slightly more AEs than women. (b) More men than women always report an AE. (c) AE reports increase with longer inspection times. (d) Expansion AEs occur more often and last longer than contraction AEs. (e) Reversal stimulation yields fewer AE reports of shorter duration and has a greater effect on contraction AE than expansion AE, and (f) the relation between stimulation time and AE duration is not linear.
Experimental Effects of Amphetamine: Supplementary Report
Authors: Cole Sherwood O.
Published: September 2011

As a supplement to a previous review, generalizations related to the experimental effects of amphetamine on food-motivated operant behavior, bodily activity and avoidance conditioning are evaluated in terms of recent evidence. Acceptance of generalizations related to the drug's action on such behaviors requires that one also accept numerous qualifications or limitations in terms of drug-dose factors, S variables, and task characteristics. However, the desirability of such generalizations is stressed.
Influence of Physiognomic Stimulus Properties on Afterimage Adaptation
Authors: Fries Ingrid , Smith Gudmund J. W.
Published: September 2011

The study compares results from a process-oriented afterimage experiment in 3 groups of 24 psychiatric patients each. The fixation stimuli were a blank oval, a sad and a happy face—one for each group. Results show that the sad stimulus produces mote distinct adaptive patterns in a sequence of repeated measurements than do the other stimuli.
Relationship of Field Dependence and Motor-Vehicle-Accident Involvement
Authors: Harano Richard M.
Published: September 2011

A group of 28 accident and 27 accident-free drivers were requested by the California Department of Motor Vehicles to participate in a Driver Research Survey, the purpose being to evaluate the relationship between field dependence and motor-vehicle-accident involvement. The multiple regression results indicated that field dependence was significantly related to accident involvement. The results suggest that measures of perceptual style such as field dependence may hold promise for future research in traffic safety.
Exhibits at the Provincetown Art Association
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

A note indicating the availability of (1) a Provincetown art register, (2) a Record of exhibits, and (3) a Title register which, in different orders, list all works catalogued for exhibit at The Provincetown Art Association 1915 through 1968. More than 14,000 exhibits, the work of more than 2060 artists, are listed.
Evaluation of Speech-Communication Trends
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Study compared the attitudes of speech majors with non-speech majors on three components: program satisfaction, interest in speech performance skills, and interest in speech-communication trend. Methodology is applicable to other curriculum problems in higher education.
Scaling of Subjective Credibility: A Prothetic Continuum
Authors: Pine Lawrence D. , Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

To determine the scalability of a subjective credibility dimension pertaining to psychometric test-item statements and also whether such a judgmental dimension could be classified as being metathetic or prothetic, student judges made magnitude estimations of the subjective credibility of items on the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale with respect to a standard item statement (modulus value = 50). Judges were randomly divided into two groups with respect to the magnitude-estimation task, one group presented with a reversed order of stimuli. Each judge also made category scale judgments of the stimuli on a five-point credibility category scale. The judgmental credibility continuum possessed high intrascale and interscale reliability. With such high reliability, item statements can be legitimately scaled with respect to a subjective credibility judgmental dimension. The judgmental continuum was considered to be prothetic based on two criteria, a concave downward relationship between the category and magnitude-estimation scales and a positive relationship between judgmental variability and subjective magnitude.
Use of a Voice-Response Computer Terminal to Generate Verbal Auditory-Stimulus Materials
Authors: Hauser G. K. , Levine W. J. , Taylor R. , Van Oot L. L.
Published: September 2011

High-quality auditory-stimulus materials for use in perceptual or human learning experiments can be produced with relative ease by recording on tape the output from an audio response unit connected to a computer. The technique gives E a high degree of control over the nuisance variables typical of verbal stimulus materials.
Pupillary Size as an Index of Preference
Authors: Barlow Jerry Dean
Published: September 2011

5 Ss were shown groups of semi-erotic, neutral, and aversive photographs and ranked them on a pleasant-unpleasant continuum. When compared to the pupillary ranks, significant agreement between the two ranks was noted. The absolute pupillary size was also positively correlated with absolute subjective scores given to photographs which were viewed on the pleasant-unpleasant continuum.
Sex Differences in Knowledge of Letter and Number Names in Kindergarten
Authors: Iversen Iver A. , Silberberg Norman E. , Silberberg Margaret C.
Published: September 2011

A study of the learning of letter and number names prior to the onset of formal instruction in kindergarten indicated that there are sex differences not only in the rate of learning but in the components of learning. There is a tendency, reported earlier by Gates (1939), for all children to either know the names of most letters and numbers or know only a few. Further, boys had learned their number names at least as well as girls while girls knew significantly more letter names than did boys. These findings exemplify the importance of developmental factors in learning to read which should be taken into account in the teaching of beginning reading.
Investigation of Color in the Cuisenaire Rods
Authors: Hater Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

To determine the value of color in the Cuisenaire rods 66 first and second graders were given treatments of teacher-presented lessons using either colored or uncolored rods. Tests of efficiency, rod identification, and comprehension were administered during the second and fifth periods and after the last period. Ss using colored rods took less time to complete the tasks and received higher scores on tests of rod identification than Ss using uncolored rods. No differences in comprehension were found between the two groups.
Reaction Time, Agility, Equilibrium, and Kinesio-Perceptual Matching as Predictors of Intelligence
Authors: Sommers Paul A. , Joiner Lee M. , Holt Laurence E. , Gross J. C.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine the predictive validity of 5 kinesio-perceptual (KP) items (dynamic equilibrium, reaction time, agility, static equilibrium, and KP matching) contained in a test battery (KPT) administered to 120 institutionalized retarded children, chronological ages (CA) 8 to 20 yr. When multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (IQ) the multiple correlation was .75 ( R2 = .57, p = .001). Knowledge of CA and sex added only 1% to the total amount of IQ variance accounted for. A brief discussion of the conflict between the goals of developmental validation and prediction of intellective criteria was also presented.
Choice for Shape vs Textural Matching by Young Children
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

Choice for shape vs textural matching of stimulus materials by means of active touch was studied intra- and intermodally in 130 preschool children. A significant trend toward matching by shape was present as early as ages 4 and 5 under both intra- and intermodal conditions. This finding is contrary to those of other investigations of preference for shape vs texture matching and discrimination learning in children. This discrepancy is resolvable in terms of recent evidence on the nature of perceptual activity and exploration by young children which highlights the interaction between stimulus materials and mode of exploration for determining what is perceived.
Effect of an “Overload” Concentric Training of the Quadriceps on Strength and Limb Circumference in Females
Authors: Merrifield H. H. , Caliel Robert J.
Published: September 2011

For 37 college-aged females measurements, including body weight, standing height, thigh circumference, and isometric quadticep strength, were determined before and after an 8-wk. progressive resistive exercise program. Thigh circumference changes of the average-weight Ss were compared with those of overweight Ss. The average-weight Ss showed small increases in thigh circumference whereas the overweight Ss showed small decreases.
Methodological Note: An Application of Three-Way Analysis of Variance in the Estimation of Inter-Judge Reliability
Authors: Coles Gary J.
Published: September 2011

An application of three-way analysis of variance to the estimation of inter-judge reliability in a psychological scaling investigation is described.
Maintenance of Attention: Leveling-Sharpening Differences in a Randomization Task
Authors: Israel Nancy Rule
Published: September 2011

In a task requiring the random generation of binary digits, Accuracy sharpening Ss were superior to Accuracy leveling Ss in sustaining the randomness of longer binary words across time. These results were interpreted as stemming from stylistic differences in the maintenance of attention during tedious and monotonous tasks. The results also supported the prediction that levelers and sharpeners as measured by the lag score would be less differentiated on the randomization task than accuracy levelers and sharpeners since the lag score involves a kind of attention, that is, to context and long-term change, which is largely irrelevant to the randomization task.
Comparative Study of Three Stretching Techniques
Authors: Holt Laurence E. , Travis Thomas M. , Okita Ted
Published: September 2011

This study involved comparison of three techniques for increasing range of motion. Fast stretch (ballistic), slow stretch, and IA-CA, a modified version of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) were compared using 24 normal male Ss. Controlling for serial order effects, 6 groups of 4 Ss each were administered the treatments, and the differences between pre- and post-exercise measures were observed. Multiple regression analysis indicated the superiority of the IA-CA approach.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Subjective Components of Activation
Authors: Wijting Jan P. , Wollack Stephen , Smith Patricia C.
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to cite personal examples of experiences involving high, moderate, and low levels of activation and to describe each of these experiences in terms of 132 adjectives and adjectival phrases. These data were subjected to varimax factor analyses and 12 interpretable high-, 9 moderate-, and 5 low-activation factors were extracted. The relevance of these results to activation theory and to Wolf's (1967) analysis was discussed.
Conditioning the Pupillary Reflex with Control for the Orienting Response
Authors: Tanck Roland H.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to achieve conditioning of the pupillary reflex under conditions designed to limit the effects of the orienting response, data were obtained for 14 Ss who observed a series of lights of four colors. Each color light was presented 30 times for 7.5 sec. in random order. A mild electric shock was paired with one of the colors during the middle third of the experiment. Comparisons of pupil diameters during various stages of the study show a significant level of conditioning.
Eye Dominance in a Monkey
Authors: Smith Lars
Published: September 2011

A technique of examining eye dominance in rhesus monkey was developed. One S was tested in binocular viewing conditions which were conflicting due to the method of previous training. Left-eye dominance was demonstrated in this S, who also preferred to use its left hand when working a lever.
Indices of Pathology in Acquisition Responses by Mental Patients on a Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Authors: Kroeker L. L. , Cole C. W. , Oetting E. R.
Published: September 2011

10 hospitalized psychiatric patients and 5 institution employees were run for 40 min. on an FR 75 schedule in which nickels were used as rein-forcers for button-pressing responses. All Ss were able to learn the response; moreover, there was clear evidence that mental patients' behavior is highly shapable under these conditions and that they will develop a high and consistent rate of responding to immediate reinforcement on FR schedules. Individual differences related to patient status indicate that operant procedures are potentially useful in the assessment of behavior pathology and, perhaps, in the prediction of response to treatment.
Star-Tracing Test during Alcohol Withdrawal, Preliminary Report of a Method
Authors: Resnick Harvey , Adamson John D.
Published: September 2011

We have described the use of the simple laboratory star-tracing test in assessing the course of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Test scores (number of line irregularities) correlated best with clinical estimates of tremulousness (Spearman rho = 0.61) and also correlated with the over-all course of the syndrome as measured by total scores computed from a nurses' clinical rating form. Apart from the basic physiological disturbance, it appears that the other main influence on test scores is variation in emotional disturbance. It is concluded that such a performance measure should be a useful objective adjunct in evaluation of treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Cues to Word Similarity Used by Children and Adults: Supplementary Report
Authors: Fisher Virginia Lee , Price Jill H.
Published: September 2011

Use of letter and shape cues in visual recognition of 3- and 5-letter nonsense words by 1st- and 3rd-graders, and college students ( ns = 50) was investigated. Shape cues were used less frequently than letters; use of shape cues decreased with increasing educational level of Ss and were more frequently used with longer words.
Autokinetic Word Writing
Authors: Vaught Glen M.
Published: September 2011

Role-playing and standard instructions were administered to 100 Ss during autokinetic word-writing sessions. Role-playing instructions produced more words than standard instructions with no apparent loss of projection. It was hypothesized that role-playing instructions decreased the degree of ambiguity accompanying AWT. This hypothesis was not supported.
Effect of One Day of Sensory Deprivation on a Battery of Open-Ended Cognitive Tests
Authors: Oleson D. S. , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to test the hypothesis that performance on unstructured or open-ended cognitive tests will be impaired by sensory deprivation (SD), the Guilford battery of creative thinking, consisting of 10 subtests, was administered to a group of 18 experimental Ss before and after one day of SD. The results showed that, relative to a group of 18 controls, only the performance on associational fluency was significantly impaired. Three possible explanations were offered for these essentially negative results.
Use of the “Famous Sayings” Test in South Africa
Authors: Schmidt Harald-Edwin
Published: September 2011

The Famous Sayings test consists of four measures: (CM) Conventional Mores, (HO) Hostility, (FF) Fear of Failure, and (SA) Social Acquiescence. The test was applied to two samples of South African students, 338 College of Education students whose data were analyzed according to sex, education and age; and a nearly all male group of 110 first-year students of the Department of Architecture, whose data were combined for analysis. The mean scores for each total group on two of the four scales, CM and SA, were considerably higher for the college group. The correlations among four scales for the two groups were similar and significant ( p ≤ .01). The item-analyses (internal consistency) performed for both groups show similar reliability coefficients for CM and SA but lower reliability for College of Education group on FF and HO. On the whole, the measures are sufficiently reliable and independent for screening purposes.
Activity, Motor Coordination and Attention: Individual Differences in Twins
Authors: Matheny Adam P. , Brown Anne M.
Published: September 2011

Differences in temperament, attention span, and activity level as reported by mothers of 56 pairs of 12-mo.-old twins were related to tested differences in cognitive abilities at age 4 yr. The more active twins were found to show temper more, have shorter attention span in play, and walk earlier but to have poorer manual dexterity than their co-twins. The twins with longer attention showed less temper and walked later but had better manual dexterity than their co-twins. Twins who were less active or had longer attention span at 12 mo. had significantly higher WPPSI Performance IQs than their co-twins when tested at age 4 years. Verbal IQ differences were in the same direction but not significant.
Housing for the Disabled: II. Characteristics of Those Willing to Move to Specially Designed Facilities
Authors: Columbus Dorothy , Fogel Max L.
Published: September 2011

455 physically disabled persons were surveyed regarding their attitudes toward moving to housing facilities designed to give more independence to the disabled. While the majority were satisfied with their present living arrangements, one-third (134) of the total group expressed a desire to move to such a facility. Those willing to move were younger, had more severe disabilities and were more dependent upon others for daily needs. They were more often city dwellers who had lived in their present homes for a shorter period of time than those not willing to move.
Perception and Creativity in Clothing
Authors: Kilborn Susan King
Published: September 2011

152 college women were administered perception and creativity measures developed to test relationships between aspects of such performance in areas of clothing. The hypothesized relationships between extent and type of verbalized perception in clothing and level of judged success on selected factors of creativity for a design exercise in clothing were not confirmed. The data gave no insight into possible relationships between the two behaviors.
Differences in Creative Thinking of Black and White Deaf Children
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration scores were obtained from Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A, given to 233 white and black deaf children in Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4. Fluency scores were not dependent upon race as such but upon grade level as such and in interaction with race. Flexibility scores showed an over-all relation with race and grade level but not with sex. Originality scores were independent of grade level, race, and sex. Elaboration scores were dependent upon race and grade level and upon interaction of race with grade level.