bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mahatma Gandhi: Journalist and Freedom Propagandist
Authors: Chaudhary Anju , Bryan Carter R.
Published: December 2011

IndiaS freedom leader was a journalisr for 60 years. Influence of four weeklies he edited is felt today in both the society and the journalism of India.
An Intermagazine Analysis of Factors in Advertisement Readership
Authors: Fletcher Alan D. , Winn Paul R.
Published: December 2011

Regression analysis of Starch data shows bleed formats and left-hand pages have higher noted scores. Number of words is inversely related to the associated score.
The Eurovision News Exchange
Authors: Sherman Charles E. , Ruby John
Published: December 2011

EBU news operation gives 22 nations rapid access to televised news and provides an unusual example of cooperation.
Tiny Holland's Mighty Radio Voice
Authors: Hollstein Milton
Published: December 2011

With a high degree of autonomy, Radio Netherlands has gained a reputation for objectivity in international news broadcasts. Writers strive for balance when dealing with competing versions of the same story.
Media Advertising Credibility
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Martino Raymond A. , Towers Wayne M.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of data from 15 community newspaper studies finds newspaper is the most credible advertising medium.
Mass Media Exposure, Public Affairs Knowledge, and Black Militancy
Authors: Tan Alexis , Vaughn Percy
Published: December 2011

While media exposure and public affairs knowledge were related, the latter was related negatively to black militancy among black high school students.
Public Opinion Trends in the Last Days of the Nixon Administration
Authors: Laing Robert B. , Stevenson Robert L.
Published: December 2011

Those who viewed hearings were more likely to favor impeachment and more likely to base opinion on information about Watergate.
Validation of Economic Surveys in the Community Newspaper Field
Authors: Stone Gerald C.
Published: December 2011

Author's survey, with high response rate and high validity on 11 descriptive indicators, produces economic findings similar to those of NNA and Inland studies.
The Lingering Legacy of Pacifica: Broadcasters' Freedom of Silence
Authors: Barton Richard L.
Published: December 2011

Commercial broadcasters were silent, but others saw the implications for freedom of speech in Pacifica decision.
Newshole Allocation Policies of American Daily Newspapers
Authors: Drew Dan , Wilhoit G. Cleveland
Published: December 2011

National survey of managing editors finds newshole not determined by advertising department, and 91% of M.E.'s satisfied with policy of their paper.
Influence of In-State Election Poll Reports on Candidate Preference in 1972
Authors: de Bock Harold
Published: December 2011

In a one-sided presidential election, in-state election poll reports may cause the underdog to suffer a loss in preference intensity and turnout motivation.
Quotation Marks and Bylines—What Do They Mean to Readers?
Authors: Culbertson Hugh M. , Somerick Nancy
Published: December 2011

Survey finds 80% know exact meaning of quotation marks. While most readers observe bylines, they do not view them as indicators of importance.
How TV and Film Portrayals Affect Sexual Satisfaction in College Students
Authors: Baran Stanley J.
Published: December 2011

Those who perceived media portrayals as real reported greater satisfaction in first and subsequent coital experiences.
Power without Glory: Hearst in the Progressive Era
Authors: Sarasohn David
Published: December 2011

Hearst played an important role in liberalizing the Democratic party, but his vitriolic style kept his own ambitions from realization.
Business News in Post-Watergate Era
Authors: Hubbard J.T.W.
Published: December 2011

Duplication of 1965 survey shows sharp increase in investigative reporting. But smaller newspapers experience mounting pressure to distort business news.
Content as a Key to the Purpose of Community Newspapers
Authors: Stone Gerald C. , Morrison Janet
Published: December 2011

Weeklies and small dailies have similar proportions of various kinds of content, but there are differences related to circulation.
Is Media Exposure Unidimensional? A Socioeconomic Approach
Authors: Martin Richard R. , McNelly John T. , Izcaray Fausto
Published: December 2011

Unidimensionality of media exposure is found for low but not for high socioeconomic groups in a developing urban setting, reflecting socioeconomic constraints on access to media.
A Coorientation Study of Wisconsin State Senators and Their Constituencies
Authors: Hesse Michael B.
Published: December 2011

Rural sentators more accurate in assessing constituent opinion and more likely to vote the way their constituents feel than are urban senators.
South African Attitudes toward News Media
Authors: Giffard C. Anthony
Published: December 2011

Among English-speaking whites, South African radio tends to rate high in reliability, influence; English-language press perceived as better critic of government.
The New Editorial Voice for Andrew Jackson: Happenstance, or Plan?
Authors: Singletary Michael W.
Published: December 2011

The appointment of Blair to edit the Washington Globe originated with the Kitchen Cabinet.
How Uses and Gratifications Affect Recall of Television News
Authors: Gantz Walter
Published: December 2011

While those who watch TV news primarily to gain information recall more than others, casual viewers recall more than those seeking diversion or both diversion and information.
Perceived TV Reality as a Predictor of Children's Social Behavior
Authors: Reeves Byron
Published: December 2011

Perception of pro-social reality on TV improvedprediction of children's social behavior.
Leaks—A Dilemma for Editors as Well as Officials
Authors: Culbertson Hugh M.
Published: December 2011

ASNE members surveyed were ambivalent about use of veiled attribution with editors of larger papers more likely to see need for it.
A Participant-Observer Study of TV Campaign Coverage
Authors: Ostroff David H.
Published: December 2011

Coverage of gubernatoral campaign relatively light partly because TV news persons were skeptical of news value of many campaign events.
The Times's Financial Markets Column in the Period Around the 1929 Crash
Authors: Bow James
Published: December 2011

Column did not predict the crash. On most days it was neutral, but it was optimistic in outlook more often than it was pessimistic.
Newspersons and the Environment Today
Authors: Schoenfeld A. Clay
Published: December 2011

Newspersons hold mixed opinions on the state of the art of environmental journalism today and on the state of the environmental movement itself.
The First First Daily Newspaper in English
Authors: Wilson C. Edward
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
On the Wire: How Six News Services are Exceeding Readability Standards
Authors: Catalano Kevin
Published: December 2011

A study of leads and other top paragraphs in stories in the AP, UPI, Scripps Howard News Service, and three major newspapers shows average lead sentence lengths ranging from 39 words (Washington Post) to 25 words (Scripps Howard). Lead sentences were longer than sentences in paragraphs two through four. The AP used more one-sentence leads (95%) than did UPI (77%). The author suggests journalists may be writing for themselves more than for readers.
The Importance of Mechanics in Journalistic Writing: A Study of Reporters and Editors
Authors: Ward Steven A. , Seifert Rick
Published: December 2011

These authors asked 86 reporters and their editors to fill out some measures of their knowledge of language mechanics and writing ability. The study found that editors judge reporters according to three major factors: writing mechanics, expressive skills, and journalistic abilities. Reporters judge themselves very similarly. On some tasks, college English majors scored better than did other types of college majors.
Network Television Evening News Coverage of Infectious Disease Events
Authors: Greenberg Michael , Wartenberg Daniel
Published: December 2011

This content analysis of the evening news of ABC, CBS and NBC for the 1978–1987 years, using the Vanderbilt archives, enables these authors to examine coverage of several infectious diseases and teenage suicide to see if television favors covering illness where it clusters, or near major news centers, where it is easier to cover. In general, this study finds television did go to where illnesses broke out, but tended to favor reporting urban over rural suicides. The study included coverage of AIDS, botulism, influenza, Legionnaires' Disease and measles, as well as teenage suicide.
News on the “700 Club” after Pat Robertson's Political Fall
Authors: Abelman Robert
Published: December 2011

This article employs content analysis to study topics and themes of televangelist Pat Robertson's televised “700 Club” in the last months of 1988 and early 1989, after Robertson lost the race for the Republican presidential nomination and a Bush administration took office. The study found that in the 30 episodes analyzed, social, political, and religious topics each accounted for about one-third of topics mentioned. The tone of political discussions was often disapproving. Areas of the world emphasized were North and South America and the Middle East. The study speculates that the religious right is keeping its hand in the national agenda-building process.
Cultural Proximity in International News Coverage: 1988 U.S. Presidential Campaign in the Greek Press
Authors: Zaharopoulos Thimios
Published: December 2011

Previous studies have shown that news selection is influenced by economic, social, political and geographic values, while this study tests the notion that cultural proximity also influences news choices and display. A content analysis of a liberal and a conservative Creek newspaper during the final three months of the 1988 U.S. Presidential campaign shows that Democrat Michael Dukakis, a Greek-American, was given more space — and that more favorable — than was Republican George Bush. The two newspapers used similar wire sources and differed little in overall U.S. campaign coverage, however, despite strong ideological differences.
Our Future Research Agenda: Confronting Challenges… Or Our Dying Grasp?
Authors: Carter Richard F.
Published: December 2011

Mass communication as a problem should not be confused, as it often is, with one of its solutions: the mass media. We might invent other solutions as we look for a way to think together, to produce a viable democratic public. Experiments in democratic behavior, conducted in a research and development context, could lead to applicable principles and to the construction of “information utilities.” These would furnish help with self-informing, along with informational data bases. Equating mass communication with mass media invites the risk of economic success for mass media … and societal failure for mass communication—a dying grasp for journalism.
Presidential Endorsement Patterns by Chain-Owned Papers, 1976–84
Authors: Busterna John C. , Hansen Kathleen A.
Published: December 2011

This study of some 1,500 newspapers in presidential election years 1976, 1980, and 1984 finds that newspapers supported the Republicans about 80% of the time, yet group-owned newspapers did not do so more often than other newspapers. Chain-owned newspapers demonstrated more autonomy than has been found in some earlier studies.
Changes in Editorials: A Study of Three Newspapers, 1955–1985
Authors: Hynds Ernest C.
Published: December 2011

This study is based on a content analysis of the New York Times, Chicago Tribune and Los Angeles Times for 1955, 1965, 1975 and 1985. Many variables are studied. The author finds that all three papers emphasized politics and government most in all periods, with economic activity a distant second. Local editorials usually accounted for about one-fifth the number. In 1985 versus 1955, editorials are more likely to take a stand, to be shorter, but are less likely to use the editorial “we.” The study finds that editorials have adapted to changes in the news columns, where there is far more interpretation.
Why Teenagers Do Not “Read All about it”
Authors: Cobb-Walgren Cathy J.
Published: December 2011

This study takes an integrative look at the correlates of newspaper nonreadership among teenagers. The author surveys more than a thousand high school students form Dallas, Texas. The results, based on regression analysis, suggest that the most important predictor of nonreadership is perception of time and effort needed to read the newspaper, with nonreaders having neither time nor interest. Nonreaders are also less likely to read magazines. In addition, their home environment is not conducive to newspaper reading. Nonreaders do look at the newspaper for information about products advertised.
Social Science Research, Professionalism and Public Relations Practitioners
Authors: Ryan Michael , Martinson David L.
Published: December 2011

This study, based on a mail survey of 111 public relations specialists, finds that most professionals feel that knowledge of social science techniques is important. Yet while about one-sixth of respondents reported using research in all their programs, one-third reported little use. The most used research techniques were focus groups, mail surveys and telephone and personal interviews.
Perceptions of Opinion “Climates” and Willingness to Discuss the Issue of Abortion
Authors: Salmon Charles T. , Neuwirth Kurt
Published: December 2011

This 1986 survey of 432 Madison, Wisconsin, residents describes an elaborated version of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's model of the “spiral of silence.” Consistent with her hypotheses, persons whose opinions were congruent with those of the national majority were more willing to speak to a stranger than were those whose opinions were shared only by a minority; however, the same result was not obtained for either a different mode of expression or system level. Factors such as involvement and knowledge were found to directly influence opinion expression, whereas education and gender were found to be indirectly related to expression.
The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio
Authors: Benjamin Louise M.
Published: December 2011

In the absence of a legislative solution, the Chicago Tribune in 1926 brought suit in state court to protect its station WGN from a newer station that was using a nearby, interferring frequency. The court did hold that WGN did have “priority of time” in that it was founded first and had built up its programs and audience on a fixed frequency. The 1927 Radio Act eliminated the need for courts to make these decisions.
Robert Henry Best: The Path to Treason, 1921–1945
Authors: Clark James C.
Published: December 2011

South Carolina native Robert Henry Best, son of a Protestant minister, obtained journalism credentials at the Columbia University School of Journalism and ended up in Vienna, as did others such as William L. Shirer and Dorothy Thompson in the years between the wars. Working as a stringer, Best became captivated by Vienna, although he never achieved the same fame as a reporter as did others. When World War II broke out, he decided to remain, by then engaged to an Austrian journalist whom he later married. He volunteered to broadcast for the German government, and did, although he denied ever being a Nazi. By shortwave, his broadcasts reached perhaps 150,000 Americans during twice-an-evening broadcasts. Best coined such phrases as “Jewnited States,” and even the Nazis found him extreme. Convicted in the United States of treason after the war, Best died in prison in 1952.
The Survival of “End-Run” Theories of Tort Liability after Hustler v. Falwell
Authors: Drechsel Robert E. , Gleason Timothy
Published: December 2011

The Supreme Court's decision striking down a verdict for the Rev. Jerry Falwell in an intentional infliction of emotional distress suit against Hustler Magazine was widely praised as a major victory for freedom of expression. Careful examination of the decision and subsequent cases in the lower courts, however, reveals that the Hustler decision is unclear and limited. It has not dealt decisively with plaintiffs' use of alternative theories of liability to avoid otherwise insurmountable First Amendment barriers to actions for libel or invasion of privacy. The lower courts have done a more effective job of resolving the issue without Hustler.
National Security Benchmark: Truman, Executive Order 10290, and the Press
Authors: Endres Kathleen L.
Published: December 2011

This study examines President Harry Truman's executive order that extended a classification system to cover civilian agencies, along with press resistance to that move. In Truman's view, classification was needed to protect national security in the face of growing Communism. But the press argued the order would lead to suppression of legitimate news and that there was no avenue of appeal from classification decisions. This research finds that, in 1987 alone, nearly seven thousand classifiers made more than two million classification decisions, many against allowing openness. Concerns raised during the Truman administration have proven justified.
Contracts and Confidential Sources: The Implications of Cohen v. Cowles Media
Authors: Horvath-Neimeyer Paula S.
Published: December 2011

An analysis of a 1988 Minnesota Supreme Course case finds that news sources cannot rely on an oral contract with reporters that promise confidentiality. The court held that reporter-source relationships, unlike business contacts, are too informal, and that strict contract law does not appply well. This analysis examines the issues of the application of contract law in dealings between reporters and sources, and the general current state of law in flux.
Encoding TV News Messages into Memory
Authors: Grimes Tom
Published: December 2011

Some libel suits involving TV news stories appear to have originated because viewers confused what they heard with what they saw. This experiment examines the “translation phenomenon,” a phenomenon in which words are remembered as pictures, and vice versa. Translation is more likely to occur after the passage of 48 hours. And it most often results in facts that were conveyed in narration being remembered as having been conveyed in video. These findings are interpreted in light of current encoding and memory theory.
Receiver Prejudice and Model Ethnicity: Impact on Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Lai Hsiu-Chen Sandra , Tan Zoe , Tharp Marye
Published: December 2011

For the most part, use of Asian models does not cause prejudiced respondents to evaluate a product or advertisement more negatively than when white models are used, according to this experiment. The study used Bogardus' social distance scale, among other measures, and sought to test how well use of Asian versus white models affected advertisement recall and credibility, attitudes toward the model, and purchase intentions. There was a very small effect on those moderately (as versus very) prejudiced on some measures when Asian models were used, but by and large there was little effect on respondents as a whole. The study concludes that advertisers need not fear negative reactions from use of non-Caucasian models.
Effects of TV “Instant Analysis and Querulous Criticism:” following the First Bush-Dukakis Debate
Authors: Lowry Dennis T. , Bridges Janet A. , Barefield Paul A.
Published: December 2011

An experimental examination of different TV exposure groups following the September 1988 debate between Republican George Bush and Democrat Michael Dukakis found that post-debate commentary primarily reinforced voting predispositions. A control group that saw and reacted immediately to the debate was most likely to find the debate interesting, to report change in the intensity of their candidate choice and to judge Bush's performance highly. A content analysis of network instant analysis found that both candidates received more positive than negative assertions. The group that viewed the results of an instant poll by ABC indicating that Dukakis had won the debate seemed to be influenced by the poll results.
Defining Ethics in Electronic Journalism: Perceptions of News Directors
Authors: Wulfemeyer K. Tim
Published: December 2011

Four of every ten television or radio stations has a code of ethics, according to this survey of 220 television and 66 radio news directors, and these codes provide clear standards for employees while improving ethical standards. But, these codes may also inhibit flexibility. Some news directors say it is acceptable to accept free tickets (if not too much money is involved) and to go undercover for stories, but it is not acceptable to pay sources for news. The study reveals many other such findings.
Conflict Resolution and the Prestige Press: El Universal and the Mexican Oil Crisis, 1938
Authors: Leslie Michael
Published: December 2011

In a test suggested in part of Galtung's theories of national press performance, this content analysis of a prestige Mexican newspaper's coverage of the 1938 nationalization of foreign oil interests found that the newspaper at first retreated to a government-support position, but within two months had regained a more independent stance. The study therefore finds some support for Galtung's argument about elite influences on the press, prestige newspaper like El Universal de Mexico, during times of national crisis.
How Readers' Letters May Influence Editors and News Emphasis: A Content Analysis of 10 Newspapers, 1948-1978
Authors: Pritchard David , Berkowitz Dan
Published: December 2011

Several studies have documented that there is often little connection between reality and press attention—for example, a “crime wave” is as likely to reflect press attention as actual crime. Using information from a large government-gathered database, and cross-lagged partial correlations, this study finds some evidence that letters to the newspaper do influence some editors to write about certain issues and also some newspapers to emphasize particular topics in the news. This was true of six of the 10 papers for which data could be used. But there was little evidence that editorials influenced news topics, or vice versa.
Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News
Authors: Brosius Hans-Bernd
Published: December 2011

An experiment finds that comprehension of television news is enhanced by use of film (versus only “talking heads”) and by mixing up formats in the sequence in which news is presented. Comprehension was lowest for talking head items in programs with unvaried format and best for film items in mixed format newscasts.
News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning: The Influence of Non-Paid Activities in Congressional Elections
Authors: Weaver-Lariscy Ruth Ann , Tinkham Spencer F.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the influence of traditional, nonpaid campaign activities—news coverage, endorsements and personal campaigning—on election outcome by polling congressional winners and losers. Results argue that non-paid activities affect both outcome and percent of votes received. For incumbents, appearances before small groups enhanced vote percentages. For non-incumbents, external endorsements and editorial support from print and broadcast media were positively related to voter response. Evidence indicates that incumbents and challengers use different strategies … and that challengers have something to learn from incumbents.
Source Diversity and Newspaper Enterprise Journalism
Authors: Hansen Kathleen A.
Published: December 2011

Newspaper stories that win or are submitted to win Pulitzer or other enterprise journalism awards are less likely to use official or government sources than are regular stories. This content analysis of 60 enterprise stories finds only about four of ten sources are government officials, compared with Sigal's finding of up to nearly eight of ten in regular news coverage in major newspapers. Instead, enterprise stories use more ordinary people—with or without an official affiliation—as well as individuals representing labor or other special interest groups. Even so, the study speculates that the press could meet the model of using diverse sources in a pluralistic society even better.
Journalist and Librarian Roles, Information Technologies and Newsmaking
Authors: Ward Jean , Hansen Kathleen A.
Published: December 2011

Information retrieval technologies and databases are causing the work of newspaper reporters and librarians to merge and blend, this survey of 105 larger daily newspapers reveals. Among newspapers studied, 90% subscribed to at least one database, with a median number of four taken. In 60% of newsrooms equipped with personal computers, reporters searched public records electronically. This study also discovered that at least four of ten newspapers that sell information from their own electronic databases are making money.
Consumer Costs: A Determinant in Upgrading or Downgrading of Cable Services
Authors: Umphrey Don
Published: December 2011

People add and drop cable services often, a phenomenon called “churning.” A panel survey of a sample of nearly 400 cable users compares cable use across a year interval and finds that about one-third of cable subscribers, respectively, added, dropped or maintained various cable services. Cost was a factor, but one could not predict who would add or drop on the basis of demographics. Those who added or dropped did bring their opinions into line, as cognitive dissonance theory would predict.
Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela J. , Danielian Lucig H. , Brendlinger Nancy
Published: December 2011

Significant events happen daily around the world, but only some of these are reported in the U.S. news media. A content analysis of the New York Times, and ABC, CBS, and NBC found that the Times covered only about a fourth of a sample of world events and the networks mentioned only about a tenth. This study finds that events which are deviant in certain ways from U.S. national values and which occur in nations of political and economic significance to the United States are more likely to be covered in the news.
Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885–1985
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G. , Nerone John C.
Published: December 2011

The conventional wisdom suggests that technology and competition have revolutionized newspaper front pages in the past 20 years. This study took the long view, analyzing the visual form of three newspapers over a century. We found that front pages had in fact changed in much the way that the conventional wisdom predicted. But we also found that the change was gradual, that is, that the ideas behind the “design revolution” had been influencing front pages for over half a century. The direction of change was toward making the front page a more efficient map of the news for readers, implying that the sources of change were in design theory and news ideology rather than in economics or technology. The upshot of these changes has been greater uniformity among front pages.
Killing ‘Gnats with a Sledgehammer’? Case Study: Fairness Doctrine and a Broadcast License Denial
Authors: Gleason Timothy W.
Published: December 2011

Each year since the FCC rescinded the Fairness Doctrine in 1987, efforts have been made in Congress to restore it. This indepth look at the denial of a license to Washington state religious station KAYE, which broadcast very strong conservative views, attempts to balance the public interest in diversity with concerns about fairness. This study demonstrates how citizen “watchdog” groups used the Fairness Doctrine to rid the airwaves of a broadcaster and highlights inherent conflicts in First Amendment theory.
Telecommunications Research Productivity of U.S. Communication Programs: 1984–1989
Authors: Vincent Richard C.
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of 15 major research journals shows that research into telecommunications has a strong presence, with the most frequent contributors at the assistant and associate professor ranks. The subjects most emphasized are about broadcasting and video (about 83%), with cable and STV accounting for 7% of the article research. Articles on new technology amounted to just under 10% of telecommunication article totals. Journalism Quarterly published more telecommunications research than did the other journals in the study.
Not an Empty Box with Beautiful Words on It: The First Amendment in Progressive Era Scholarship
Authors: Cobb-Reiley Linda
Published: December 2011

Although most First Amendment histories focus on the colonial period or on the suppression of expression during World War I (and the controversies that emerged from the war period), the Progressive Era from 1900 to 1914—a time rich with dissent, violence, censorship and suppression—produced the first significant body of legal literature dealing with the meaning of free speech and press in theoretical terms. This study examines that literature and suggests that early 20th-century legal scholars gave new interpretations to the constitutional free press and speech guarantees and, in fact, the era was an important turning point in the evolution of our free press and free speech values.
Racial Differences in Evaluations of the Mass Media
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Kosicki Gerald M. , Jones Felecia
Published: December 2011

Analysis of two national data sets reveals that African-Americans in general know less about how the mass media operate, see fewer outside influences on the media, see themselves as having less influence on the media and are less cynical about the media than are whites. African-Americans who have the most contact with the dominant white society do evaluate the media as being more biased, compared with those with less contact with white people. Blacks and whites alike judged the news media to be influenced by advertisers, big business, unions and to be influenced by the two major political parties. If many news media are part of large corporations, this fact has not gone unnoticed by audiences, fairly or not.
Public Opinion on Investigative Reporting in the 1980s
Authors: Weaver David , Daniels LeAnne
Published: December 2011

This study compares findings of four telephone surveys on perceived public importance of investigative reporting and the acceptability of different reporting methods—a 1980 Chicago study, a 1981 national Gallup survey, a 1984–1985 national poll and a 1989 statewide Indiana poll. Higher levels of public support were found in Chicago, a city with a tradition of investigative reporting, than nationally or in Indiana. Those who had an interest in the topic under journalistic investigation also expressed higher interest. Yet these studies, collectively, find approval of investigative techniques is not predicted by age, race, gender, education, income, political party, newspaper or television viewing habits, or by beliefs in the importance of keeping up with the news or exposing public problems. These studies do suggest that a particular community is an important predictor of public opinion about investigative reporting.
Practitioner Roles and Uses of New Technologies
Authors: Anderson Ronald , Reagan Joey
Published: December 2011

New technologies are used by both public relations managers and technicians and seem to be related, for technicians, to production of more news releases, graphics and literature searches. As a group, eight of 10 used personal computers daily and one of five was involved daily with desktop publishing, but managers, according to this mail survey of public relations practitioners, use technologies in more “strategic” ways, such as in budgeting or market and demographic data research.
The Weekly “World Report” on CNN, an Analysis
Authors: Ganzert Charles , Flournoy Don M.
Published: December 2011

A comparison of stories sampled from CNN's weekly “World Report” reveals coverage patterns different from those demonstrated by ABC, CBS, and NBC in other studies. Since 1987 the “World Report” has presented short contributions from other countries and these are presented without editing or censoring. In this content analysis of a 1989 sample of stories, CNN emphasized arts as the number one topic, while the arts ranked 13th in a recent study of network world coverage. Some nations took greater advantage of the opportunity to contribute material, for example, Japan, West Germany and Vietnam. This study argues that CNN provides an alternative view of some types of events, with a somewhat more positive tone, as might perhaps be expected from news that is contributed.
Network Rerun Viewing in the Age of New Programming Services
Authors: Litman Barry R. , Kohl Linda S.
Published: December 2011

This mail survey in a midwestern city compared original viewing of the top 20 programs of the 1985–1986 season with rerun viewing. Only a minority of sample households admitted to frequent rerun viewing. The typical rerun enthusiast was something of a television addict, satisfied with current programming. These hard-core viewers, though small in number, were very devoted to network television. These rerun viewers contrasted with a new group of demographically attractive video adventurers who were more eager to experiment with programs and video technologies. Those who grew up with the newer technologies were more likely to experiment.
Predictors of Systematic Public Relations Research in Higher Education
Authors: Cameron Glen T. , Lariscy RuthAnn Weaver , Sweep Duane D.
Published: December 2011

A survey of nearly 400 public relations practitioners in higher education found that characteristics of individuals, not structural or environmental factors, were significant predictors of systematic research. The study concludes that practitioners who are graduates of public relations programs can have an influence on the research of the field, especially when they work for administrators who encourage use of systematic research.
Development News in Rural Georgia Newspapers: A Comparison with Media in Developing Nations
Authors: Griswold William F. , Swenson Jill D.
Published: December 2011

Development reporting in 14 rural Georgia weekly newspapers is examined, and the extent and manner of development news in these newspapers are compared with results from previously published studies of development news in other countries. The data indicate that the rural Georgia newspapers tend to devote less space to development news, to emphasize physical facilities development more and to quote or portray government sources less. These results are interpreted as indicating a need for more attention to development communication in local media in rural areas of the United States.
News Conferences on TV: Ike-Age Politics Revisited
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: December 2011

Televised presidential news conferences marked an advancement in media history; for the first time, tools of electronic journalism were used in covering them. Yet as early as 1955, when the first TV news conference was held under Dwight Eisenhower, it was also known that these events could benefit a president at least as much as the journalistic community. In opening news conferences to cameras and microphones, Eisenhower sought a means of channeling information directly to millions of home viewers in a way that could not be mediated by skeptical reporters, particularly those who wrote for newspapers and magazines. Despite complaints by print reporters, Eisenhower took steps to make TV news conferences a fixture, his press secretary conceiving them as a “very potent way of getting the president's personality and viewpoints” across to the American public.
The Effects of Public Ownership on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations
Authors: Blankenburg William B. , Ozanich Gary W.
Published: December 2011

An analysis of several public newspaper companies reveals the degree of inside control is associated with financial performance in ways that support a journalistic theoretical explanation rather than an economic one. Public companies emphasized profits more than did private companies, contrary to an economic argument that expects lower profits from a company whose stockholder-owners are separate from management.
Lifting the Veil: Ethics Bodies, the Citizen-Critic, and the First Amendment
Authors: Bunker Matthew D.
Published: December 2011

This study examines legal cases that relate to First Amendment free speech concerns versus a governmental interest in maintaing confidentiality in ethics proceedings. The study suggests that silencing criticism of judges, lawyers, and public officials is not consistent with constitutional guarantees of free expression.
The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables and Graphs
Authors: Kelly James D.
Published: December 2011

An experiment using a 3 × 3 × 3 Latin square design tested the effects of the number of data points and type of statistical display on time spent answering questions about the information. The design allowed within-subject comparisons of main effects, and the procedure was administered by a Macintosh computer. The results, that tables and graphs are more efficiently processed than text presentation of the same data, partially confirm earlier studies that used information recall as the dependent variable, but suggest the time variable is a more realistic measure of cognitive processing effort.
Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s
Authors: Busby Linda J. , Leichty Greg
Published: December 2011

In this study researchers content coded advertising images in traditional and nontraditional women's magazines in 1959, 1969, 1979 and 1989 to determine the impact of the feminist movement on consumer imagery. This timeframe allowed analysis from several historical vantages: 1959 (pre-feminist movement), 1969 (developing feminist ideology), 1979 (social implementation of ideology), 1989 (post feminist movement). The data were analyzed from the perspective of three major variables, the first being time (a specific decade); the second being magazine type (traditional or nontraditional women's magazines); and the third being product category. The study answers a primary research question: To what extent do ads in women's magazines (traditional and nontraditional) reflect the goals of the second feminist movement? A secondary research question is explored: Are advertising and the feminist movement incompatable, thus dooming “feminist publications” depending on ad dollars to demise?
The Distribution of News Coverage in Presidential Primaries
Authors: Gurian Paul-Henri
Published: December 2011

News coverage is a critical component of modern presidential nomination campaigns. In this study, the geographic distribution of news coverage during several such campaigns is analyzed. Controlling for the size of the state delegation and other factors, contests that are part of a regional primary receive less coverage than contests that are not. As an illustration, it is shown that the southern states involved in Super Tuesday, 1988 received less coverage than would normally be expected considering the early date and large number of delegates at stake.
Political Diversity is Alive among Publishers and Opinion Page Editors
Authors: Kapoor Suraj , Kang Jong G.
Published: December 2011

Newspaper publishers and opinion page editors were surveyed to differentiate their political views. They were asked to respond to a 52-item questionnaire containing 30 liberal, conservative and pragmatic statements. The editorial decision-making process also was addressed. Results indicate diversity in political perceptions among publishers and opinion page editors, with the publishers being more liberal.
First Amendment vs. Business Orientations of Broadcast General Managers and News Directors
Authors: Lipschultz Jeremy H. , Hilt Michael L.
Published: December 2011

A two-state survey found that general managers and news directors prefer their own judgments, and those of audience members, to government regulation. General managers support the First Amendment when it is good for business, while news directors show some support for business freedoms.
How Eight Weekly Newsmagazines Covered Elections in Six Countries
Authors: Buckman Robert T.
Published: December 2011

This study of how eight newsmagazines in six countries covered the same events - elections in the six countries - found that geographic proximity was an important newsworthiness factor, but that other cultural, political, and economic ties also affected coverage. The study showed no support for the often-held belief that news is carefully defined by East-West or North-South relationships.
Exploring the Role of VCR Use in the Emerging Home Entertainment Culture
Authors: Lin Carolyn A.
Published: December 2011

This study of video viewing explores the emergence of home entertainment culture, focusing on the attitudes of the audience toward the medium and how well the medium meets audience expectations. These attitudes are found to be significant in predicting types of video cassette recording use.
The Impact of Group Ownership Variables on Organizational Professionalism at Daily Newspapers
Authors: Beam Randal A.
Published: December 2011

The impact of group ownership on U.S. newspapers has been the subject of controversy in American journalism. This study of professional practices at fifty-eight U.S. daily newspapers finds few differences between group-owned and independent newspapers. It does, however, find that the size of a newspaper group and number of papers in a group are associated with differences in some professional practices.
Access to Governors' Records: State Statutes and the Use of Executive Privilege
Authors: Bush Ellen M.
Published: December 2011

This study looks at open records laws in all fifty states to determine where governors' records are open. The study also examines state appellate case law regarding access to records and governors' use of executive privilege. Reasons behind the executive privilege theory and the advantages and disadvantages for the public are explored. Recent cases in California, Alaska, and Virginia indicate a change in the type of material governors seek to protect using executive privilege. State courts have protected factual material such as appointment files, schedules, and phone bills, rather than just deliberative material.
Knowledge Gaps, Social Locators, and Media Schemata: Gaps, Reverse Gaps, and Gaps of Disaffection
Authors: Fredin Eric S. , Monnett Teresa Haugen , Kosicki Gerald M.
Published: December 2011

In a study of a public school controversy, a knowledge gap is found that the authors describe as a gap of disaffection. Among women only, higher education leads to greater knowledge, but does so partly through reduced trust of government and lower perceived fairness of the news media. Similar findings occur with other less powerful groups.
Public Relations Practitioners, Journalists View Lying Similarly
Authors: Ryan Michael , Martinson David L.
Published: December 2011

Journalists and public relations persons hold similar views about what is and is not lying as practitioners supply information about two hypothetical events: the firing of a basketball coach and nuclear waste disposal problems facing a research laboratory. The 210 respondents in the nationwide survey do not view lying differently if the practitioner works for a public or private organization.
Willingness to Discuss “Official English”: A Test of Three Communities
Authors: Salwen Michael B. , Lin Carolyn , Matera Frances R.
Published: December 2011

This study surveyed respondents in three disparate communities regarding their willingness to express their opinions about “Official English.” The findings raised questions as to whether perceived media opinion influenced their willingness to “speak out.” People were more likely to express their opinions when they perceived that national opinion (public and media) corresponded with their own opinions.
Impact of Ownership on Newspaper Quality
Authors: Coulson David C.
Published: December 2011

This study of journalists' perceptions of local news coverage by independent and group-owned newspapers shows that journalists hold generally positive opinions about their publications' local news coverage. Journalists at independent papers more often rated their papers' commitment to quality local coverage as excellent and were more likely to strongly agree that their newspapers provided an appropriate amount of local coverage.
Preserving the Community: Cleveland Black Papers' Response to the Great Migration
Authors: Ross Felecia G. Jones
Published: December 2011

Cleveland, Ohio, was among many destinations for Southern black migrants during World War I. The city's two competing black newspapers, the Cleveland Gazette and the Cleveland Advocate, represented divergent philosophies concerning race matters. The Gazette advocated uncompromised racial equality and viewed the migration as a weapon against oppression. The Advocate viewed the migration as a way to increase black solidarity. Despite these divergent perspectives, both papers functioned as advocates for race progress by urging the community to help the migrants succeed in their new home.
Quelling Radio's Quacks: The FCC's First Public-Interest Programming Campaign
Authors: Smith F. Leslie
Published: December 2011

In 1935, the Federal Communications Commission launched its first campaign to ensure that broadcasters programmed in the public interest. The FCC's law department ran the campaign, focusing on the elimination of fraudulent medical radio advertising. Eighteen stations underwent hearings for airing such advertising, most often for one or more of seven particularly egregious firms; one station lost its license. The campaign, which took place during a protracted congressional battle over tougher controls for medicine and cosmetics, alarmed broadcasters and advertisers, involved other government departments, and was shut down after eight months.1
Understanding Media Bias: The Press and the U.S. Invasion of Panama
Authors: Dickson Sandra H.
Published: December 2011

This study measures and discusses the relationship between journalists and official sources in times of crises. The author analyzes New York Times coverage of the Panama invasion and finds that although the Times provides a forum for criticism, it allows the government to define the parameters of the debate.
“A Death in the Family” – A Case Study of Newspaper Influence on Health Policy Development
Authors: Walsh-Childers Kim
Published: December 2011

This case study of an Alabama newspaper's series on infant mortality and of subsequent changes in related state health services shows that the series helped increase public support for policy changes to reduce infant mortality and created pressure on the governor and legislators to make those changes. Factors that seem to have affected the series' influence include expert agreement on solutions, the existence of supportive private citizen groups and public officials, Alabama's political situation, the newspaper's location in the capitol city, widespread distribution of series reprints, editorial and reporting follow-ups, and publicity when the series won a Pulitzer Prize.
African Americans' Criticisms concerning African American Representations on Daytime Serials
Authors: Abernathy-Lear Gloria
Published: December 2011

This article presents African Americans' criticisms of how they are portrayed in daytime serials. In addition to desiring an increase in the numbers portrayed, critics condemned the whitewashing of African American characters and storylines and the lack of diverse roles. Because the findings support the existence of a racially separate world view, the author suggests that African American viewing practices should be analyzed within a framework of historical and contemporary black culture.