bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lebensraum—Theory and Politics in Human Geography
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Thus far we have been concerned with the interaction between politics and cultural science mainly from the standpoint of how the the former affected the latter. The relationship can, of course, go the other way. The fact that ideologies or current political issues can influence the structure of theory in the social sciences is often due to the previous absorption into ideology of concepts and vocabulary from the world of theory. And ideas from social science, even those adopted in politics mainly as a form of legitimation, can become important guidelines for policy in their own right. Darwinism, for example, was used throughout Europe in the later nineteenth century to legitimate preexisting ideologies (laissez1aire liberalism, imperialism, etc.). But the Darwinian conception of the dynamics of life also strongly affected the ways in which social Darwinists constructed the political world around them. Theoretical structures with strong affinities to ideologies can, by influencing political thinking, also influence the outcome of politics.
Separationism Is Moderated
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

After the turn of the century, the customary zeal of the strict separationists was slowly tempered. Graver challenges faced by the rapidly expanding and maturing Jewish community-the unremitting persecution of Russian Jewry under the czars, the plight of the new immigrants, the entrenchment of racial anti-Semitism at home-reordered priorities, consumed resources, and generated fear. American Jews lost their nineteenth-century optimism and worried more about “mah yomru ha-goyim” (what will the gentiles say) to Jewish attacks on a Christian-flavored public religion. At the same time Jewish spokesmen were forced to concede that church-state separa tion was no longer an adequate guarantee of Jewish security. The rights of a “people” or a “race,” labels increasingly foisted on the Jewish com munity by Jews as well as by Christians, lay beyond the bounds of separation.
Philadelphia
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Philadelphia was no hotbed of cultural innovation. It had been the second city of the British Empire during the Age of Franklin, but had lost that status by 1800. By the middle of the nineteenth century it was stodgy and dull, devoid of innovation in literature, derivative everywhere else. But since Franklin’s day, it had been a city of institutions, a city where cultural life was possible. Not everyone was devoted to the making of money. Children could grow up in homes where books, music, and art were taken for granted, however antique the forms might be. Institutions also drew students, and these could mix with the children of the faculty, or from the professional classes, or from a less likely institution such as the local branch of the U.S. Mint.
Reconstruction in Morphology
Authors: Koch Harold
Published: November 2023

The linguistic literature gives little guidance on how to do morphological reconstruction. I propose a few basic procedures for morphological reconstruction and compare them to procedures needed for other kinds of linguistic reconstruction. Since so much of morphological reconstruction depends on knowing what morphological changes are possible, I present a typology of morphological change with comments on the reconstruction procedures that follow from each. Finally I illustrate the methodology in a few case studies where aspects of the morphology of Australian languages, principally of the Arandic subgroup’ of Central Australia, are reconstructed. The comparative linguist who wants to do morphological reconstruction will not find much guidance in the existing literature on how to go about the task. This stands in sharp contrast to the copious discussions available on the comparative method for reconstructing phonology. On the other hand, we find statements acknowledging that non phonological reconstruction is more difficult than phonological reconstruction because of the lack of regularity in changes and our more limited understanding of what kinds of changes are natural or common (Hock 1991: 609 f, 592).
Beyond Minimalism
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

When I first thought of writing a book about Beckett’s plays of the seventies and eighties, it seemed to me that the playwright had em barked on the exploration of an entirely new dramatic mode-new, at least, for him. Gone were the very recognizable moods of Waiting for Godot and Endgame, plays with which my generation had grown up.Beckett's later dramatic works defy generic classification as pure theatre, poetry, or prose. Instead, Brater argues, they forge a new aesthetic for themselves. Analysing Beckett's use of disjointed body imagery; mask; abstract monologue; and the experimentation in film and video in the 1980s, Brater demonstrates Beckett's truly avant-garde departure from our concepts of the `theatrical'.
The Eye in Not I
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to tell if Not I is primarily spectacle or literature-’ill seen,’ or ‘ill said.’ Certainly in production one is all but overwhelmed by the sheer persuasiveness of the image: a mouth staring out at us from otherwise ‘empty’ theater space. Disembodied, suspended in space, and throbbing with a constant pulsation of lips, teeth, tongue, and saliva, Mouth gives shape to words and phrases as segmented as itself. Never formulating any structure as unified or coherent as a sentence, Mouth opens this play with an unintelligible verbal onslaught, gets beaten into life as she rises toward an agonizing scream, th n settles down once more into a dull, incomprehensible drone. At the other side of the stage is a silent, elongated, hooded figure, ‘sex undetermina ble,’ standing on an invisible podium four feet above stage level, covered from head to bottom of platform in the folds of a djellaba. This mysterious, towering figure interrupts the monologue at four strategic moments, raising its arms ‘in a gesture of helpless compassion,’ then slowly returns them to its sides.
Monologue, Impromptu, and Mask
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

A Piece of Monologue and Ohio Impromptu demonstrate how Beckett’s work in the mechanical media has shaped scripts written for live performance. What has been potential becomes concrete: in these works the playwright sets aside the technology for recording dialogue and in its place subjects his actor’s voice to the same metronomic considerations. Controlled by a precise rhythm and marshalled by the repetition of image and sound, the language of each play has been designed to mark the tempo of an action which is fundamentally verbal. In Beckett’s early plays the effect of the action is in the dialogue, but here the situation is different: the effect of the dialogue is the dramatic action. Within the language of Beckett’s late plays we therefore handle referential details with reverence, since we are granted so few. What is normally considered stage direction is contextually written as dialogue, which will develop and contain the rising action as well. Usually one searches for elements of structure, such as exposition, introduction, rising action, and recognition, in the dialogue rather than in the stage directions. But in these plays the relationship between the two, a ‘movement impossible to follow let alone describe,’1 is the source of the drama and the tension. In A Piece of Monologue and Ohio Impromptu the conflict is not in a character’s problem; the conflict is in language.
Play as Performance Poem
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

In Rockaby Beckett’s mature style achieves a somber elegance and a quiet dignity that is both original and sharply defined. Although this piece was produced before Ohio Impromptu, Catastrophe, and What Where, its dimensions develop a bold stage image which is at once more elusive, more disturbing, and more essentially profound. The play, which had its world premiere performance in Buffalo, New York, on April 8, 1981, continues Beckett’s preoccupation with a small-scale play written specifically for a prerecorded voice in conflict with live stage action. A strange mixture of the carefully controlled and the spontaneous, the drama, whose sole protagonist is a woman dressed in black and whose only scenery is a rocking chair, restricts its subject matter and directs our attention instead to the formal integrities of the play as a text for performance.
Berkeley at War
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

Berkeley, California stood at the center of the political, social, and cultural upheaval that made the 1960s a unique period in American history. In Berkeley at War, W.J. Rorabaugh, who attended the graduate school of the University of California at Berkeley in the 1970s, presents a lively, informative account of the events that changed forever what had once been a quiet, conservative white suburb. Rorabaugh's meticulously researched, authoritative narrative covers the entire period, from the rise of the Free Speech Movement to the growth and increasing militance of a black community struggling to end segregation; from the emergence of radicalism and the anti-war movement to the blossoming "hippie" culture; and from the explosive conflict over People's Park to the beginnings of modern-day feminism and environmentalism. An invaluable account of its time and place, Berkeley at War anchors the sixties in American history, both before and since that colorful decade.
Life Table
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

A life table is a detailed description of the mortality of a population giving the probability of dying and various other statistics at each age (Pressat, 1985). There are two general forms of the life table. The first is the cohort life table, which provides a longitudinal perspective in that it includes the mortality experience of a particular cohort from the moment of birth through consecutive ages until no individuals remain in the original cohort. The second basic form is the current life table, which is cross-sectional. This table assumes a hypothetical cohort subject throughout its lifetime to the age-specific mortality rates prevailing for the actual population over a specified period. These are often referred to in ecology as time-specific life tables and are used to construct a synthetic cohort.
Population I: Basic Concepts and Models
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

Population dynamics is concerned with population rate of change. This notion is different in an important respect from the rate of speed of a physical object like an automobile (Keyfitz, 1985). Suppose a mite population is 100 at the beginning of a week and 120 at the end of the week, then by analogy with the automobile its rate would be 20 mites per week. To become a population rate this has to be divided by the population at the start of the week. Therefore the population is growing at a rate of 20/100 or .20 per individual per week. Expressed in slightly different ways, this means that every individual in the population is increasing its percentage of the total by 20% weekly or by a factor of 1.2.
The Life of Robert Hooke
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan
Published: November 2023

The intellectual biography of Robert Hooke should he written by a committee of experts-a large committee. Hooke has done so much and contributed to so many fields of human endeavor that no single author could possibly do him justice. Besides Richard Waller’s 1705 summary of Hooke’s life in The Posthumous Works, the best biographies remain those of Margaret ‘Espinasse and E. N. da C. Andrade, dating to the 1950s. Gunther’s multivolume chronicle of Hooke’s life and work is an invaluable source. Yet even these excellent accounts can only touch upon certain aspects in his life while emphasizing others. And of course, the publication of Hooke’s diary in 1935 has illuminated both his personality and facts in his life.1 Many articles dealing with individual points in Hooke’s life have been written over the last 40 years. When a team of scholars led by Michael Hunter and Simon Schaffer (1989) recently convened for a much needed symposium on Hooke, what came forth, albeit of distinct value, was a collection of articles on some specific but disjointed aspects of Hooke’s life and work. Although it was not the goal of this symposium to represent Hooke in one conference and volume, their effort, with its broad range of topics, demonstrates the difficulty or impossibility of such a task.
The food tangle
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan
Published: November 2023

I grudgingly concede that there is more to the Caribbean than Anolis. This chapter is about the other populations that anoles interact with - their predators, parasites, and prey. This chapter fills out the picture of where anoles fit into the entire ecosystem and raises the issue of how to move beyond a single tier in an ecosystem, as represented by the anoles, to understand how, in some sense, an entire ecosystem functions.
Comparative Scandinavian Syntax
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

Syntactically the Scandinavian languages fall into two groups, one comprising Icelandic, Old Scandinavian, and Faroese, the other comprising modern Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Between these two groups there is a number of syntactic differences involving a wide variety of syntactic constructions. These differences are the principal subject matter of this book. The claim which we will try to substantiate is that these syntactic differences can all be derived from a more fundamental difference between the two groups of languages regarding the system of inflections: The languages in the former group have a rich system of subject-verb agreement morphology and case morphology while the languages in the latter group have no subject-verb agreement morphology and a highly impoverished system of case morphology. The main purpose of this book is to construct a theory of the role that agreement and case morphology play in the syntax of the Scandinavian languages, and by extension in Universal Grammar. Let us take an example: In the unmarked word order of a finite clause in Icelandic, the subject is followed by the finite verb or auxiliary, which in turn is followed by adverbs and other clausal constituents including non-finite verb forms, as in (1.1):(Icelandic)
Null Subjects, Small pro, and the Role of Agr
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

This chapter will contain a discussion of various differences between ISc. :md MSc. related to Spec-IP, differences that are due to the presence of nominative Agr in the former type of languages and the lack of nominative Agr in the later type. Generally speaking, ISc. displays much more freedom with respect to Spec-IP than MSc. does: thus, in MSc., every finite clause must have a phonetically realized nominative subject in Spec-IP (or a trace of such a subject),1 whereas in ISc. we find cases with empty subjects and oblique subjects, in addition to nominative subjects. None of the modern Germanic languages accepts referential null subjects of the type found, for example, in many Romance languages; thus for instance (41a,b) contrast sharply with the Italian sentence (4.lc). 3, 4 This chapter has two aims: firstly, we want to show how the verb second phenomenon is analyzed in terms of our general theory of sentence structure, finiteness, and nominative Case outlined in chapter two above, and secondly, we want to show the effect on subordinate clause word order of the presence of Agr in ISc. and its absence in MSc.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosocial Identity
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Whoever knows only one thing about Freud knows something wrong, which is to say, knows something that standing alone is out of balance and is therefore only a partial truth. I will place Freud in the fecund cre ative historical-sociological tradition of those who are marginal to mainstream Western culture; they are in Western culture but not of it. The excitement of their lives and discoveries is that they are initially pe ripheral to the larger society, they stand on its boundaries, and therefore they have a cultural vantage point of both clarity of perception and vulnerability-and their discoveries are adopted by the culture to become central to its intellectual corpus.
Social Groups
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

The nobility was the smallest yet the dominant class of Russian society. Detailed and comprehensive surveys of its size and territorial distribution before 1782 are lacking. Kliuchevskii estimated that the capital nobility consisted of 6,385 males in 1681. Since the nobility of Petersburg and Moscow gubernias constituted about 30 percent of the total nobility of the twenty-six gubernias of central Russia in 1782 and 1816, the size of the Russian nobility in 1681, if the same ratio applied, would have been about 19,000 males. We know that it was 37,000 in 1744 and 53,360 20 years later. By the end of Catherine’s reign it had grown to 68,320 males (1795), and the census of 1816 reported a total size of 96,600 in Russia proper.
Concept and Scope of Police Authority
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Challenges to the legitimacy of the social and political order lacked any intellectual tradition justifying resistance to established authority, and only served to confirm the inflexible grip of the ruling class and its ideological apparatus on politics and society. As a result, that order remained, at least until the end of the eighteenth century, a self-policing world in which police attitudes permeated politics, administration, and social relations. The shattering of the traditional social order in the 1860s would generate a growing challenge to the legitimacy of the political order and, with it, the development of autonomous tendencies and the need for an ever more extensive police network to keep them in line.
Financial Agencies
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

The management of public finances is the single most important function of government. Without adequate revenue, properly accounted for, a government’s freedom of action is severely circumscribed, both in the conduct of foreign policy and in building the foundations of a civilized society. Taxation affects the well-being of the population, and tax policy is a powerful tool of social engineering. Great controversies over power relationships in government and society are inseparable from bitter conflicts over the apportionment of the tax burden.
Book XVI
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

At dawn, after they had sent out the drovers with their pigs, Odysseus was helping the honest swineherd light the fire within their hut and prepare breakfast, when suddenly the restless noisy dogs hushed their baying to fawn about the approaching Telemachus.
Book XVII
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

At Dawn saw Telemachus, the son Odysseus loved, binding on his rich sandals. He picked up the heavy spear that so well fitted his grasp and turned his face town wards, saying to the swineherd, “I am for home, father, to show myself to my mother, for I think she will not stop her tearful lamenting till she has seen me in the flesh. Now for my orders. You are to bring this poor creature to the city where he can beg his bite or sup off the charitable. My heart is too distracted to care for every chance-comer.
Book XX
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

Eventually noble Odysseus made his bed in the entrance hall, by stretching an un tanned ox-hide on the floor and piling upon it many fleeces of the sheep sacrificed to Achaean appetite. Eurynome drew a mantle over him after he had lain down. Yet sleep would not come, because his heart was too active in planning evil against the suitors : for whom, besides, after a while those women that nightly played the strumpet poured out with laughter and loud jest from the servants’ quarter.
Book XXIII
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

But it was with a cackle of laughter that the old dame climbed towards the upper mom, to warn her mistress of the beloved husband’s return. Her knees moved nimbly and her feet tripped along to the lady’s bed-head where she stood and spoke her part. “ Awake dear child, Penelope : open your eyes upon the sight you have yearned for all these days. Odysseus has appeared, at this end of time. He has reached his home and in it slaughtered the recalcitrant suitors who for so long vexed the house, ate his stored wealth and outfaced his son.”
Fat, Lipid, and Blood Pressure Changes in Adult Years
Authors: Garn Stanley M
Published: November 2023

In Westernized countries such as the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, the thickness of outer fat and the weight of fat increase in both sexes during adulthood, until the sixth decade at least. These increases are so well replicated in the mass-data statistics from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS), National Health and Nutrition Examinations (NHANES I) and NHANES II, and the Tecumseh Community Health Survey, and with the same points of inflection, that the age-specific trend lines appear as slightly out-of-register copies of each other (cf,. Garn, 1991, and Figure 11-1). Despite sampling and measurement differences, data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, from Muscadine and from the Charleston (S.C.) Heart Study reiterate the adiposity trends shown in the figure. So do Polish data, as shown graphically by Wolanski and identically labeled with respect to points of inflection (Wolanski, 1979).
Occupational Lead Surveillance
Authors: Osorio Ana
Published: November 2023

Lead intoxication is one of the oldest known occupational diseases. At lower concentrations of lead exposure, there can be nonspecific early symptoms that milmic many other types of illness. These early symptoms include personality changes, fatigue, sleep disturbances, headache, constipation, abdominal pains, and anorexia. At higher lead levels, the later symptoms reflect further involvement of various organ systems: Hematologic: anemia, pallor Gastrointestinal: severe abdominal cramping (“lead colic”) Neurologic: peripheral nervous system involvement can result in the inability to extend the hand (“wrist drop”); central nervous system involvement can range from severe headaches to convulsions to coma Renal: kidney insufficiency with urinary protein loss and impaired renal clearanceReproductive: abortion, developmental abnormalities following in utero exposure, and abnormal semen quality (decreased sperm count, decreased percentage of normally shaped sperm, and decreased number of motile sperm) There is much individual variability with respect to lead exposure effects.
Introduction
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

A century after Emanuel Swedenborg’s colloquies with angels, on the last day of March in 1848 - a year distinguished by a westering plague of cholera, the California gold rush, the failure of the Chartists’ “Great Petition” to the English Parliament, and the spectacle of revolutions and counterrevolutions among the anciens régimes of Europe- a few residents of the small town of Hydesville, New York witnessed what many would later describe as the dawn of a new age of miracles. The experiences that began in the presence of Margaret and Kate Fox came to be called “the Rochester knockings,” after the nearby city, and these knockings opened the door onto modern spiritualism.
Purity
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

Once an artist imagined how he would look if he plucked out an offending eye. He painted a self-portrait in which the orbit on the right side of his face was gaping, dolorous. Seven years passed, and then there came a day when the artist tried to break up a fight among his friends. In the ensuing melee, a bottle was thrown, and the artist lost his left eye - the one he must have painted out all those years before, when working on the self-portrait, if he based his image on the sight of himself in a mirror. Mirrors, of course, reverse the images before them.
Outspoken Women and the Rightful Daughter of the Revolution: Madame de Staël’s Considérations sur la Révolution Française
Authors: Orr Linda
Published: November 2023

In the Considérations sur la Révolution française, Madame de Staël refuses to separate out her own family romance from her analytic reflections on history and politics. Her family romance and political or historical theory not only complement, but mutually constitute each other. This strange dialectic may make Staël’s history less than legitimate in the context of historiographical tradition, but it also engenders a different kind of history, less restricted in its self-definitions, in its ways of knowing and expression.
The Engulfed Beloved: Representations of Dead and Dying Women in the Art and Literature of the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Gutwirth Madelyn
Published: November 2023

In France we have only to think of the grandiose death scene of Racine’s guilt ridden, incest-obsessed Phèdre, imbibing the magic potion devised by Medea, which darkens her sight forever, as the light of the world returns (Phèdre, V.vii). A fascination with female frailty certainly recurs in western art with some reliability over the centuries, remaining one of the stock of topoi avail able to it. But no glut of such foredoomed figures exists in modern times before the waning of the Age of Enlightenment and in the century that copes with this heritage.
Additional Freudian Memory Concepts
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

Freud’s concepts of remembering and forgetting in this chapter have been less central to psychoanalytic memory theory than those previously described. Many of the same concepts have also been somewhat tangential to the practice of psychotherapy-repetition compulsion perhaps being an exception­ and most analysts would altogether disown the concept of “archaic memories” with its overtones of Jungian theory, particularly since Freud makes a specific avowal that memories can be inherited. This chapter is devoted to a description of some of these tangential memory concepts and concludes with consideration of Freud’s own self-confessedly excellent memory. It is not altogether far-fetched to view Freud’s strong emphasis on personal memory probing-emphasis persisting through his last theoretical writings-as stemming from his exceptional memoric abilities which, at the least, motivated and made feasible his own self-analysis.
Developmental Memory Theories
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

Theoretical ideas about development of children’s personal memories are by no means monopolized by psychoanalysis and related theories. As to the part such memories play in the normal socialization of the child, questions arise that scarcely occur when psychotherapy is the goal. In nonanalytical approaches, however, concepts descriptive of memory functioning tend to be fragmented and less central to overarching theory. This chapter samples concepts from three important theorists independent of the psychoanalytic tradition: James Mark Baldwin, Jean Piaget, and Pierre Janet.
The Korean War And The Peace With Japan, 1950-52
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

Washington interpreted the North Korean attack of June 25, 1950, on the Republic of Korea as ultimately directed against Japan. As Dulles commented during the first months of fighting, the “communist offensive in Korea was probably aimed at getting control over Japan, for had Korea been conquered Japan would have fallen without an open struggle.” The Korean attack made it “more important, rather than less important” to conclude a treaty. The “very fact” that Communist aggression in Korea sought to “check positive and constructive action” in Japan proved the “importance to take such action.” Finally, Dulles warned, if progress toward a peace treaty stalled “because of total preoccupation with the Korean war ... we may lose in Japan more than we can gain in Korea.”
United States-Japan Economic Cooperation,1950-53
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

ON appropriate occasions, Japanese com pose short poems called haiku that express a single overwhelming emotion in seventeen syllables. In April 1952, just before the Occupation ended, the Nihon Yukan newspaper ran a haiku as an editorial: “Cherry trees have blossomed out; we will be independent soon. Why don’t we feel as happy as we should?” It seemed clear, an American diplomat remarked of the poem, that “anxiety over Japan’s economic survival” restrained celebrations over regaining sovereignty.
China And Japan,1952-60
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

IN July 1953, as the Korean armistice took hold, the Japanese Diet unanimously passed a resolution favoring increased trade with the People’s Republic of China. Conservative and Socialist politicians joined business and labor groups to demand that Washington release Tokyo from special restrictions that forbade Japan from selling to China many products that Europeans sold freely. With the “exception of the problems arising from the presence in Japan of United States Armed Forces,” embassy counselor Frank Waring reported, “no other single issue affects Japanese-United States relations so adversely.”
Politics And Security: The Treaty Crisis Of 1960
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

DuRING the spring and summer of 1960, the Pacific alliance nearly came apart at the seams. Kishi’s efforts to push the revised security treaty through the Diet provoked violent opposition within the parliament and on the streets of Tokyo. The United States had agreed to treaty revision to signify its desire to play a reduced role in Japanese internal affairs, but found itself forced back to the center of domestic politics. American efforts to promote in Japan a consensus on security and anti-Communism, resembling that in West Germany, were frustrated by the refusal of the Japanese Socialists to behave like their German Social Democratic counterparts. To salvage the security treaty, Washington saw no alternative except to continue efforts to undermine the Socialists and bolster the LDP.
The “Nixon Shocks” And The Transformation Of Japanese-American Relations, 1969-74
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

IN a somber speech to the Diet in January 1972, Prime Minister Sato declared that “drastic changes in world conditions” during 1971 had “put Japan in a difficult international situation.” A sense of “uneasiness and “irritation” were “pervasive among the Japanese people.” Given Sato’s normal reserve, this had to be counted as a blunt, emotional statement.
“Lift up Your Head”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

Throughout 1953 and into the early months of 1954 the officers struggled to define the political agenda for the revolution and to create a base of popular support. They intended their revolution to be temporary. However, hoping to clear the path for a turnover in party leadership, they had instead overturned the liberal order, and in so doing had alienated many of those whom they had hoped to place in power. They still shared the goals of young liberal intellectuals: “sound” parliamentary rule, constitutional reform, and social justice. Their assertion of direct power reflected a sober realization that Egypt’s political reform required a bolder, more long-term strategy.
“The Secret of the Nine”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

The officers’ confrontations with forces of the political establishment and antiestablishment steeled their resolve to govern Egypt on their own. Resistance to land reform and party reorganization, the hesitance of young Wafdists to support the regime’s purge of party elders, the concomitant support voiced by anti-Wafdist politicians, conflicting messages from a divided Muslim Brotherhood, and the indefatigable efforts of communist movements in the face of repression prompted the officers to reevaluate and expand their personal political ambitions. With the appointment of Muhammad Nagib prime minister in September 1952 and the assignment of junta members to supervise government ministries, the officers took initial steps-even if they did not see it at the time-toward defining a new role in the political process. Experience in government administration bred confidence that, coupled with their over riding suspicion of civilian politicians and bureaucrats, weakened their inclination to remain in the background. Gradually, the officers came to see themselves as most qualified to initiate and carry out their developing reform agenda.
Sensory Hairs And Otoliths
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. We discuss two different types of sensory hairs. The first is a simple hair in a compliant mounting, the deflection of which at its root activates neural transducer cells. Such a sensor responds to the velocity of relative movement between the animal to which it is attached and the surrounding fluid medium. It may be used by an animal either to sense the velocity disturbance created by motion of the wings or fins of a predator, or to sense the animal’s own motion through the fluid. The second sensor is an otolith, consisting of a sensory hair loaded at its tip with a relatively large mass. Such a sensor responds to acceleration or to gravitational force, and can be used to detect the orientation of the animal relative to the vertical, the acceleration of its motion, or, in the case of aquatic animals, the acceleration component of disturbances in the medium.
Queens, Queans, and Kingship
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1314, scandal rocked the court of France. It was alleged that two of King Philip the Fair’s daughters-in-law, Marguerite of Navarre and Blanche of Burgundy, had for three years been involved in an adulterous relationship with two knights, Philip and Gautierd’ Aunay. The royal response was immediate: Marguerite and Blanche were imprisoned in Chateau Gaillard while their unfortunate lovers were subjected to a public execution that (depending on which chronicler one cares to believe) may or may not have included such popular delights as emasculation, flaying, drawing, hanging, beheading, and quartering, all followed by long and open display of the remains.
The Child Who Would Be King
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

In 1377, those recording the death of Edward III had little difficulty in dating it, for all agreed that it had come on June 21, “the Sunday immediately preceding the feast of St. John the Baptist”Nevertheless, finding a date for the coronation of Richard II, his ten-year-old grandson, seems to have posed greater problems. There was a general consensus that the ceremony had taken place on July 16, but after that, agreement broke down. Responsibility for planning the event had rested with John of Gaunt, steward of England and the young king’s uncle, so if the solemnities occurred at midweek, and not on a Sunday as was more typical in English practice, the change doubtless reflected his conscious choice. It was one the uncle never explained, but a clue to his reasoning may lie in the dating used in his formal report to the Chancery, one in which the coronation is said to have taken place on “Thursday, the morrow of the translation of St. Swithun. “ Still, however much this date may reflect his motives, it failed to find favor. Only one chronicle followed him in using it, while most joined Thomas Walsingham in preferring “Thursday, the eve of St. Kenelm the king,” or, as at least two had it, “Thursday, the eve of St. Kenelm the king and martyr. “
St. Louis and the M ise of Amiens
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Because the Mise of Amiens was the arbitral judgment in which Louis IX attempted to quash the Provisions of Oxford, French historians have never studied it with care. For them, it has seemed no more than an incident from English history, and therefore unworthy of note. At the same time, English historians have proved equally negligent. After all, the Mise reflects only the views of an outsider, a mere foreigner, and it surely did nothing to end the disputes between Henry III and his barons. One might have expected that constitutional historians of the traditional school would have seized on this judgment as a wonderful opportunity for attacking the absolutist proclivities of the French, but in fact their interpretations were few, brief, and remarkably restrained. Even Bishop Stubbs, so often criticized for bias these days, found it possible to be judicious. “The king of France,” he wrote, “had his own idea of the dignity of royalty, and was too humble and charitable not to credit other men with the same desire of doing their duty which was predominant in himself”
The Deposition of Edward V
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Edward IV died on April 9, 1483. The death was not unexpected, nor the factional disputes to which it gave rise. As early as 1481-82, the municipal records of Canterbury note that when passing through the town, Edward’s lord chamberlain, William, Lord Hastings, had stopped long enough to warn the mayor that “the king’s health was not good, and another revolution, with its consequent suppression of the city charter, was not impossible”1 Closer to the event, fears of the impending royal demise and of its likely impact became so widespread that on March 8, Anthony, Lord Rivers-the heir’s uncle and his guardian tutor at Ludlow-found it desirable to apply for a royal patent granting him authority to raise troops.2 Premature news of the king’s death reached York on April 6, and, unquestioningly, the town fathers had appropriate dirges sung on the 7th while scheduling a solemn requiem mass for the 8th.
“A Desperate Remedy”: Politics, Ideology, and Secession
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

During the summer of 1850, as South Carolina actively contemplated leaving the Union in response to the perceived affronts to Southern rights and honor emanating from the famous compromise of that year, J. E. Broome, a local political leader in Tallahassee, Florida, wrote to his friend Iveson Brookes of Edgefield comparing the political situation in his state to that in South Carolina. “Our condition in this state is somewhat different from yours,” Broome reported. “We are tied down to a great extent by party fetters and the Whig party for the most part [is] afraid to move a finger.” Worse still, Broome noted, “everything looking to strong measures is caught up [and] the cry of disunion stamped upon it.” Broome was a radical by Florida standards, a strong Southern Rights advocate who supported Calhoun’s old idea of a united Southern party and who feared that the South was rapidly loosing its political rights within the Union. “The character of the [European] immigration to the free states warrants the presumption that they will be overwhelmed in a few years with all kinds of fanaticism,” Broome predicted. “Socialism will doubtless prevail there in less than twenty years, will control their legislatures, and will then enter the National legislature as abolition has.” The only alternative to “submission” to all manner of political insults and threats to property rights, Broome concluded, was the creation of an aggressive Southern Rights party which could maintain political equality for the region within the Union or, failing that, lead the South out of the Union. The creation of a single Southern party, however, was no easy task in Florida. Before such a party could unite Florida under its banner, Southern Rights advocates would have to break the shackles of the existing party organizations, and that, Broome admitted, could be done only if Southern Rights activists entered the ranks of one of the parties, seized control of its machinery, and drove the other party off the field with success at the polls.
AIDS Research and the Nuremberg Code
Authors: Mariner Wendy K
Published: November 2023

The Nuremberg Code has served as the formal basis for virtually all subsequent ethical codes concerning experimentation with human beings. Yet the ways in which the Code’s principles have been restated and embellished in the ensuing years have created different visions of ethically defensible objectives and methods of research involving human subjects. Chapter 8 describes how the Declaration of Helsinki and the World Health Organization/Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences Proposed Guidelines shifted the primary focus of research ethics from (a) ensuring that a subject voluntarily consents to participate in research to (b) independent review of the risks and benefits of proposed research.1At least some of this shift in emphasis appears to derive from expanding opportunities for therapeutic medical research - research with people who are ill or disabled that is intended to find or develop ways to help them - research that is conducted, for the most part, by physicians.
The Longue Durée of the Eunuchs of the Prophet
Authors: Marmon Shaun
Published: November 2023

When Eldon Rutter, a British traveler in the Hijaz, made his ritual visit to the tomb of the Prophet in 1925, the aghas, the eunuch guardians, still entered the tomb enclosure in solemn procession every day at dusk to light the great oil lamps which would bum all night in honor of the “Beloved of God.”
Elongation Factor Genes: Ef 1 α1, Ef 1 α2
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

There is remarkable conservation of the amino acid sequence in very distant species (Fig. 12.1). The similarities are particularly noteworthy in a region near the N-terminus that is thought to be the GTP binding site and in the neighborhoods of Ala-92, Lys-244 and Lys-273, residues that are considered important for tRNA binding (Walldorf et al. 1985; Hovemann et al. 1988).
υErmilion: υ
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

TO converts tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, the first step in the synthesis of xanthomatin from tryptophan. This is the major pathway for utilization of nonprotein tryptophan in higher insects; and xanthomatin is the only brown eye pigment in Drosophila (Phillips and Forrest 1980 and references therein). There is considerable similarity between Drosophila and mammalian TO (Fig. 30.1).
yellow: y
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Several features of the y product are suggested by the predicted amino-acid sequence (y Sequence). A signal peptide-like segment is an indication that the protein is either secreted or incorporated into membrane. Two potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Thr/Ser) are present, occurring at Asn-144 and Asn-215. The widespread occurrence of Pro and Gly residues suggests that extensive regions of α-helix or β-pleated sheet do not occur (Geyer et al. 1986).
The Development of Dominance Relations Before Puberty in Cercopithecine Societies
Authors: Pereira Michael E
Published: November 2023

Many monkey species in the subfamily Cercopithecinae show broad-scale similarities in their natural histories. These are the macaques, or Asian semiterrestrial monkeys (Macaca spp.; also M. sylvanus of Africa), the savanna baboons of Africa (Papio cynocephalus subspp.), and an African guenon known as the vervet monkey (also grivet or green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops). Social groups of these species commonly comprise 20 to 100 members, including infants, juveniles, adolescents, and adults of each sex (Figure 6-1). Males normally disperse around puberty, whereas females remain in their natal groups for their entire lives (Pusey and Packer 1987). Consequently, at the core of social groups are several distinct matrilines, or families of females accompanied by male kin that have yet to disperse.
The Female Paradox: Higher Education for Women, 1945-63
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

The paradox of women who are educated like men and can do most of the things men do, but are still taught to prefer marriage to any other way of life, causes most of the confusion that exists for women today. •

One of the paradoxes which plague thoughtful persons who are actively interested in matching educational patterns to the special needs of women in today’s world is that an overwhelming majority of the young women in whose behalf so much pioneering and soul searching has gone forward appear to be unwilling to believe or be interested in the variety of roles that changing times offer and require of them.
Imitation and Autonomy: Catholic Education in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and to prepare him for additional obligations.

The first step for successful Catholic teaching is to convince every Catholic teacher and have her treasure this conviction in the very core of her heart: that what we have done, what we are doing, the way we have done it, and the way we are doing it has not been and is not inferior to what the public schools have done and are doing, the way they have done it, and the way they are doing it. We have great room for improvement, but we have by no means been failures.
Fallen Soldiers
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

Millions were killed and maimed in the senseless brutality of the First World War, but once the armistice was signed the realities were cleansed of their horror by the nature of the burial and commemoration of the dead. In the interwar period, war monuments and cemeteries provided the public with places of worship and martyrs for the civic religion of nationalism. The cult of the fallen soldier blossomed in Germany and other European countries, and people seemed to build war into their lives as a necessary and glorious event - a proof of manhood and loyalty to the flag. Ultimately there was even a process of trivialization, with light comedies, war toys, and battlefield tourism becoming popular. Tracing wartime experience from the Napoleonic Wars to Vietnam, Professor Mosse's chilling study explores why mankind has drawn the sting of death from modern war and transformed it into an acceptable, even sacred, event.
The Cult of the Fallen Soldier
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

The indescribable enthusiasm which in Germany accompanied the outbreak of the First World War seemed confirmed three months later by a passage in the army bulletin of November 11, 1914: “West of Langemarck youthful regiments stormed the first lines of the enemy trenches and took them, singing ‘Deutschland, Deutschland Uberalles.’ “This was patriotic youth in action, sacrificing themselves in order to attain victory, fired by a famous patriotic song-though not yet the German national anthem-as testimony of their youthful ardor. The battle of Langemarck conjured up Theodor KOrner’s “happiness lies only in sacrificial death,’ and, indeed, youth at Langemarck seemed to demonstrate that the spirit of the Wars of Liberation was still alive and would lead Germany to victory. The battle was often remembered simply as that of the “Youth of Langemarck” or “the Volunteers,” and those who fell symbolized what German youth ought to be. Thus the promise of the August days was fulfilled in November.
The Brutalization of German Politics
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of the First World War, the Myth of the War Experience had given the conflict a new dimension as a means of national and personal regeneration. The continuation of wartime attitudes into peace furthered a certain brutalization of politics, a heightened indifference to human life. It was not only the continued visibility and high status of the military in nations like Germany which encouraged a certain ruthlessness but, above all, an attitude of mind derived from the war and the acceptance of war itself. The outcome of the process of brutalization in the interwar yean; was to energize man, to propel him into action against the political enemy, or to numb men and women in the face of human cruelty and the loss of life.