bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Philosophical Theories of Virtuality
Authors: Laas Oliver ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2015

While the information revolution has ushered in a renewed philosophical interest in the notion of virtuality, the ontological status of virtual entities remains ambiguous. The present paper examines three forms of metaphysical realism about the meaning of the term ‘virtual’: genuine as well as intentionalist and computer-based reductivist realisms. Since all three are found wanting, a nominalist alternative is proposed. It is argued that ‘virtual’ is non-referential, and thus ontologically non-committing. Focusing on the metaphysical problem about the ontological status of virtuality obscures the real issue, namely the ontological status of models as implemented in software.
YcgC represents a new protein deacetylase family in prokaryotes
Authors: Tu Shun , Guo Shu-Juan , Chen Chien-Sheng , Liu Cheng-Xi , Jiang He-Wei , Ge Feng , Deng Jiao-Yu , Zhou Yi-Ming , Czajkowsky Daniel M , Li Yang , Qi Bang-Ruo , Ahn Young-Hoon , Cole Philip A , Zhu Heng , Tao Sheng-Ce
Published: December 2015

Reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most important protein posttranslational modifications that plays essential roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, only a few lysine deacetylases (KDACs) have been identified in prokaryotes, perhaps in part due to their limited sequence homology. Herein, we developed a ‘clip-chip’ strategy to enable unbiased, activity-based discovery of novel KDACs in the Escherichia coli proteome. In-depth biochemical characterization confirmed that YcgC is a serine hydrolase involving Ser200 as the catalytic nucleophile for lysine deacetylation and does not use NAD+ or Zn2+ like other established KDACs. Further, in vivo characterization demonstrated that YcgC regulates transcription by catalyzing deacetylation of Lys52 and Lys62 of a transcriptional repressor RutR. Importantly, YcgC targets a distinct set of substrates from the only known E. coli KDAC CobB. Analysis of YcgC’s bacterial homologs confirmed that they also exhibit KDAC activity. YcgC thus represents a novel family of prokaryotic KDACs.
Niyazi ve Zafernâme-i AliPaşa
Authors: ÜZÜMCÜ Hamza
Published: December 2015

ÖZET: Zafer-nâme-i Ali Paşa’nın müellifi olan Niyâzî, bu eserinde H.982/M.1574 ile H.999/M.1591 ve H.1007/M.1598 yılları arasında Bağdat Beylerbeyiliği yapmış olan Elvend-zâde Ali Paşa’nın 1583 yılında İranlılara (Safevilere) karşı kazandığı başarıları ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlatmıştır. Eser, bu konusuyla 1578-1590 Osmanlı-İran (Safevi) Savaşlarının önemli bir aşamasını oluşturan 1583 yılında Bağdat hududunda gerçekleşen olaylarını aydınlığa kavuşturmaktadır.
Mustafa Kemâleddin Bekrî’ye Göre Sûfî Benlik Gelişimi
Authors: Işıtan İbrahim
Published: December 2015

Bu makalede, Halvetiyye-Şa'bâniyye geleneği içerisinde yetişmiş 18. yüzyılın seçkin sûfîlerinden Mustafa Kemâleddin Bekrî (1162/1749)’ye göre sûfî benlik gelişimi konusu ele alınmıştır. Sûfî benlik gelişimi, bireyin kişiliği ve kimliği üzerine etki eden sûfî yaşamın mânevî aşamalardan geçip içsel dönüşümü gerçekleştirmesi anlamında kullanılan bir terim olarak kabul edilebilir. Çalışmanın girişinde psikoloji ve tasavvufa göre kısaca benlik gelişimi konusu ele alınmış, ardından sûfîmize göre benlik gelişimi meselesine geçilmiştir. Sûfîmize göre benlik gelişimi konusu üç ana başlık altında ele alınmıştır: zâhir-batın ilişkisi, mücâhede ve riyâzet konusu, mürşit-mürit ilişkisi. Zâhir-bâtın konusuyla iç-dış dengesi kurulmak istenmiş, ardından bu dengenin kurulmasında mücâhede ve riyâzetin yeri ve önemi vurgulanmış, daha sonra da mânevî yolculuğun gerçekleşmesinde birlikte hareket eden mürşit-mürit ilişkisi konusu ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu bu üç ana başlık çerçevesinde benlik gelişimi konusu incelenerek mânevî psikoloji kategorisinde düşünebileceğimiz sûfî psikolojisi konusuna katkı sağlanmak istenmiştir.
Process‐based characterization of evapotranspiration sources over the North American monsoon region
Authors: Bohn Theodore J. , Vivoni Enrique R.
Published: December 2015

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a poorly constrained flux in the North American monsoon (NAM) region, leading to potential errors in land‐atmosphere feedbacks. We quantified the spatiotemporal variations of ET using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, modified to account for soil evaporation (Esoil), irrigated agriculture, and the variability of land surface properties derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer during 2000–2012. Simulated ET patterns were compared to field observations at 59 eddy covariance towers, water balance estimates in nine basins, and six available gridded ET products. The modified VIC model performed well at eddy covariance towers representing the natural and agricultural land covers in the region. Simulations revealed that major sources of ET were forested mountain areas during the summer season and irrigated croplands at peak times of growth in the winter and summer, accounting for 22% and 9% of the annual ET, respectively. Over the NAM region, Esoilwas the largest component (60%) of annual ET, followed by plant transpiration (T, 32%) and evaporation of canopy interception (8%). Esoiland T displayed different relationships with P in natural land covers, with Esoiltending to peak earlier than T by up to 1 month, while only a weak correlation between ET and P was found in irrigated croplands. Based on the model performance, the VIC‐based estimates are the most realistic to date for this region. Furthermore, spatiotemporal patterns reveal new information on the magnitudes, locations, and timing of ET in the North American monsoon region with implications on land‐atmosphere feedbacks.
The flow of a foam in a two‐dimensional porous medium
Authors: Géraud Baudouin , Jones Siân A. , Cantat Isabelle , Dollet Benjamin , Méheust Yves
Published: December 2015

Foams have been used for decades as displacing fluids for enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation, and more recently, for remediation of the vadose zone, in which case foams carry chemical amendments. Foams are better injection fluids than aqueous solutions due to their low sensitivity to gravity and because they are less sensitive to permeability heterogeneities, thus allowing a more uniform sweep. The latter aspect results from their peculiar rheology, whose understanding motivates the present study. We investigate foam flow through a two‐dimensional porous medium consisting of circular obstacles positioned randomly in a horizontal transparent Hele‐Shaw cell. The local foam structure is recorded in situ, which provides a measure of the spatial distribution of bubble velocities and sizes at regular time intervals. The flow exhibits a rich phenomenology including preferential flow paths and local flow nonstationarity (intermittency) despite the imposed permanent global flow rate. Moreover, the medium selects the bubble size distribution through lamella division‐triggered bubble fragmentation. Varying the mean bubble size of the injected foam, its water content, and mean velocity, we characterize those processes systematically. In particular, we measure the spatial evolution of the distribution of bubble areas, and infer the efficiency of bubble fragmentation depending on the various control parameters. We furthermore show that the distributions of bubble sizes and velocities are correlated. This study sheds new light on the local rheology of foams in porous media and opens the way toward quantitative characterization of the relationship between medium geometry and foam flow properties. It also suggests that large‐scale models of foam flows in the subsurface should account for the correlation between bubble sizes and velocities.
Characterization of products from fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae
Authors: Faeth Julia L. , Savage Phillip E. , Jarvis Jacqueline M. , McKenna Amy M. , Savage Phillip E.
Published: December 2015

We investigated nonisothermal (fast) and nominally isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae for the production of biocrude. Biocrude yields ranged from 36 to 45 wt % (dry weight), with fast HTL with low mass loading giving the highest yield. This condition also gave the biocrude with the lowest heating value, which indicates there are compromises to be made between biocrude quantity and quality. The aqueous phase and biocrude product fractions were characterized using elemental analysis and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS). This detailed level of analysis identified more than 30,000 unique molecular products. The aqueous phase products included compounds with the same molecular formulae as known herbicides, which may inform efforts in genetic engineering of algae and/or bacteria for cultivation on the aqueous phase. This detailed molecular‐level characterization provides some clues regarding the types of reactions that may take place during HTL. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 815–828, 2016
An elucidation for the central stress minimum in granular piles using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Yuu Shinichi , Umekage Toshihiko
Published: December 2015

Stress distributions on bases of granular piles were predicted based on the constitutive relations obtained by the discrete element method (DEM) using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics to elucidate the mechanism of the central stress minimum beneath piles. The calculated stress distributions are in good agreement with the experimental data of many researchers. A stress peak and a central stress minimum are mainly formed by the granular flows in a pile construction. The location of the stress peak was the same location of the minimum granular velocity before the granular pile became stationary. This suggests that the location of the stress peak corresponds to the base of the granular arching. The stresses distributions on the bases by a homogeneous falling showed the central stress maximum. The low shear stress gradient by the homogeneous falling produces a central stress peak with a gentle slope. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1417–1429, 2016
Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Morphology and clinical practice
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Thiele Jürgen , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: December 2015

In myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), controversy persists regarding the usefulness and reproducibility of bone marrow (BM) features. Disagreements concerning the WHO classification are mainly focused on the discrimination between essential thrombocythemia (ET) and prefibrotic/early primary myelofibrosis (prePMF) and prodromal polycythemia vera (PV). Criticism mostly refers to lack of standardization of distinctive BM features precluding correct morphological pattern recognition. The distinction between WHO‐defined ET and prePMF is not trivial because outcome is significantly worse in prePMF. Morphology was generally considered to be non‐specific for the diagnosis of PV. Recent studies have revealed under‐diagnosis of morphologically and biologically consistent PV. Am. J. Hematol. 91:430–433, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunotherapy compliance: comparison of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy
Authors: Leader Brittany A. , Rotella Melissa , Stillman Leisa , DelGaudio John M. , Patel Zara M. , Wise Sarah K.
Published: December 2015

Background

Patient compliance is critical for successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Previous studies suggest that AIT compliance is worse outside of controlled clinical trials, with reported subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) noncompliance at 11% to 50% and 3% to 25%, respectively.

Methods

A retrospective review of 384 AIT patients at a single, tertiary care otolaryngic allergy practice evaluated SCIT and SLIT compliance, based on treatment stage. SCIT compliance was defined as the number of 2‐week breaks per year or in compliance with their defined schedule: excellent = 2 or fewer; good = 3 to 4; fair = 5 to 6; and poor = 7 or more. Compliance with SLIT was defined as the number of days vials were refilled within the defined expiration date: excellent = 10 days or fewer; good = 11 to 15 days, fair = 16 to 20 days; and poor = 25 or more days. Fisher exact and chi square tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Seventy‐four SCIT and 200 SLIT patients had data appropriate for analysis. Compliance rates were excellent (62%) or good (22%) in 62 SCIT patients and excellent (31%) or good (35%) in 131 SLIT patients. Comparing excellent compliance rates, SCIT patients had a higher rate of excellent compliance at all stages of treatment compared to SLIT patients (p < 0.05). For SCIT patients there was no significant difference in excellent compliance rates between escalation, first year of maintenance, and greater than 1 year of maintenance (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study showed higher rates of patient adherence to treatment protocols among SCIT patients. There was no decrease in SCIT compliance rates across treatment stages.
Production of hyaluronic‐acid‐based cell‐enclosing microparticles and microcapsules via enzymatic reaction using a microfluidic system
Authors: Khanmohammadi Mehdi , Sakai Shinji , Ashida Tomoaki , Taya Masahito
Published: December 2015

This article describes the preparation of cell‐enclosing hyaluronic acid (HA) microparticles with solid core and microcapsules with liquid core through cell‐friendly horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐catalyzed hydrogelation. The spherical vehicles were made from HA derivative possessing phenolic hydroxyl moieties (HA‐Ph) cross‐linkable through the enzymatic reaction by extruding cell‐suspending HA‐Ph aqueous solution containing HRP from a needle of 180 μm in inner diameter into the ambient coaxial flow of liquid paraffin containing H2O2 in a microtubule of 600 μm in diameter. By altering the flow rate of liquid paraffin, the diameters of gelatin and HA‐Ph microparticles were varied in the range of 120–220 μm and 100–300 μm, respectively. The viability of the enclosed human hepatoma HepG2 cells in the HA‐Ph microparticles of 180 μm in diameter was 94.2 ± 2.3%. The growth of the enclosed HepG2 cells was enhanced by decreasing the HRP concentration. The microcapsules of 200 μm in diameter were obtained by extruding HA‐Ph aqueous solution containing thermally liquefiable cell‐enclosing gelatin microparticles of 150 μm in diameter using the same microfluidic system. The enclosed cells grew and filled the cavity within 10 days. Spherical tissues covered with a heterogeneous cell layer were obtained by degrading the microcapsule membrane using hyaluronidase after covering the surface with a heterogeneous cell layer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43107.
Fractional Flow Reserve Evaluation and Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis From a Multicenter Italian Registry (the FREAK Study)
Authors: Tebaldi Matteo , Biscaglia Simone , Fineschi Massimo , Manari Antonio , Menozzi Mila , Secco Gioel Gabrio , Di Lorenzo Emilio , D'Ascenzo Fabrizio , Fabbian Fabio , Tumscitz Carlo , Ferrari Roberto , Campo Gianluca
Published: December 2015

Objectives

To establish if the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) influences fractional flow reserve (FFR) value in patients with intermediate coronary stenosis.

Background

FFR‐guided coronary revascularization reduces cardiac adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease. CKD impairs microcirculation and increases cardiovascular risk. Whether CKD presence may limit FFR accuracy is unknown.

Methods

We used data from a multicenter prospective registry enrolling 1.004 patients undergoing FFR evaluation for intermediate stenosis. We assessed the relationship between clinical and angiographic variables and FFR measurement. CKD was defined as CrCl value ≤45 ml/min. FFR value was considered potentially flow‐limiting, and therefore positive, if ≤0.80. The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was calculated in 20 patients stratified according CrCl value (single‐center substudy). Results: FFR measurement was positive in 395 (39%) patients. Overall, 131 (13%) patients had CKD. Patients with CrCl ≤45 ml/min showed significantly higher FFR values as compared to the others (0.84 ± 0.07 vs. 0.81 ± 0.08, p < 0.001). Positive FFR occurrence was lower in patients with CrCl ≤45 ml/min (27% vs. 41%, p < 0.01). After multivariable analysis, diabetes (HR 1.07, 95%CI 1.008–1.13, p = 0.03), left anterior descending (HR 1.35, 95%CI 1.27–1.43, p < 0.001) and CrCl ≤45 ml/min (HR 0.92, 95%CI 0.87–0.97, p = 0.005) emerged as independent predictors of FFR measurement. Accordingly, IMR values were higher in patients with CrCl ≤45 ml/min (32 U [28245] vs. 16 U [11220], p < 0.01).

Conclusions

FFR and IMR measurements differ between CKD patients and those with normal renal function. Flow‐limiting FFR is less frequent in patients with CrCl ≤45 ml/min. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Barthel Index as a Predictor of 1‐Year Mortality in Very Elderly Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome: Better Activities of Daily Living, Longer Life
Authors: Higuchi Satoshi , Kabeya Yusuke , Matsushita Kenichi , Taguchi Hiroki , Ishiguro Haruhisa , Kohshoh Hideyasu , Yoshino Hideaki
Published: December 2015

Background

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is safe and effective in very elderly patients, defined as those who are age ≥85 years, with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the prognostic factors remain unknown. The association between activities of daily living (ADL) and the prognosis after PCI has not yet been investigated.

Hypothesis

Better ADL is associated with better 1‐year prognosis.

Methods

This retrospective study included 91 consecutive very elderly patients with ACS. We calculated the Barthel Index (BI) as an indicator for ADL. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to BI: high BI (≥85) and low BI (<85). The BI was assessed both on admission (pre‐BI) and at discharge (post‐BI).

Results

In the 91 patients (mean age, 88.2 ± 3.0 years, 52% male), 1‐year mortality was 33%. The Cox regression model demonstrated that low pre‐BI was not a risk factor for 1‐year mortality (hazard ratio: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30‐1.78, P = 0.490). However, post‐BI was significantly associated with 1‐year mortality (hazard ratio: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.11‐0.57, P = 0.001). The 1‐year mortality of the high and the low post‐BI group was estimated as 21% (95% CI: 12%‐35%) and 62% (95% CI: 42%‐82%), respectively. A 5‐unit decrease in post‐BI was related to a 1.10‐fold increased risk for 1‐year mortality (95% CI: 1.05‐1.15, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Activities of daily living at discharge, although not before admission, may be a useful predictor for 1‐year mortality in very elderly patients undergoing PCI for ACS.
Sinus Node Dysfunction Is Associated With Higher Symptom Burden and Increased Comorbid Illness: Results From the ORBIT‐AF Registry
Authors: Jackson Larry R. , Kim Sung Hee , Piccini Jonathan P. , Gersh Bernard J. , Naccarelli Gerald V. , Reiffel James A. , Freeman James , Thomas Laine , Chang Paul , Fonarow Gregg C. , Go Alan S. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Peterson Eric D. , Kowey Peter R.
Published: December 2015

Background

Patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) have increased risk of atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF). To date, treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with SND and AF have not been well described.

Hypothesis

Patients with SND and AF have higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods

Sinus node dysfunction was defined clinically, based on treating physician. Treatment patterns were described and logistic regression analysis performed to assess outcomes.

Results

Overall, 1710 (17.7%) out of 9631 patients had SND at enrollment. Patients with SND and AF had increased comorbid medical illnesses, more severe symptoms (European Heart Rhythm Association class IV: 17.5% vs 13.9%; P = 0.0007), and poorer quality of life (median 12‐month Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality of Life score: 79.6 vs 85.2; P = 0.0008). There were no differences in AF management strategy between patients with SND and those without (rate control, 69.7% vs 67.7%; rhythm control, 30.0% vs 32.0%; P = 0.11). After adjustment, patients with SND were more likely than those without SND to progress from paroxysmal AF at baseline to persistent or permanent AF at any follow‐up, or persistent AF at baseline to permanent AF at any follow‐up (odds ratio: 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.01‐1.49, P = 0.035). However, there was no association between SND and major risk‐adjusted outcomes.

Conclusions

Sinus node dysfunction is present in 1 of 6 patients with AF and is associated with increased comorbidities and higher symptom burden. However, SND is not associated with an increase in major risk‐adjusted outcomes.
Annual Carbon Gas Emissions from a Boreal Peatland in Continuous Permafrost Zone, Northeast China
Authors: Miao Yuqing , Song Changchun , Wang Xianwei , Meng Henan , Sun Li , Wang Jiaoyue
Published: December 2015

Peatland is a significant ecosystem that has accumulated one‐third of the soil carbon in boreal regions. However, the net carbon balance, particularly with current carbon emissions, remains unclear. In this study, the annual ecosystem respiration and CH4 fluxes from a peatland located in Northeast China are reported. Ecosystem respiration fluxes from the shrub‐moss‐ and Eriophorum‐dominated communities in the peatland varied from 12 to 272 mg C m−2 h−1 during the snow‐free season, and the Eriophorum‐dominated community emitted more CO2. Rates of ecosystem respiration were strongly regulated by temperature and water table depth. The CH4 fluxes emitted from the peatland throughout a year varied with the type of the vegetation community during the snow‐free season. No distinct episodic CH4 efflux during the freeze–thaw cycles was observed from the shrub‐moss‐dominated community, whereas a subtle pulse of CH4 was found in the Eriophorum‐dominated community. The annual ecosystem respiration and CH4 fluxes from the peatland were 356 and 1.51 g C m−2 per year, respectively. The contributions of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the snowy season to annual emissions were much lower than those found in other boreal peatlands, whereas 24% of the annual methane flux was emitted during the freeze–thaw cycles. The results highlight the importance of gaseous carbon efflux in the estimation of carbon flux from peatlands, as well as the contribution of carbon efflux during the snow‐covered season.
Charge regulation phenomenon predicted from the modeling of polypeptide electrophoretic mobilities as a relevant mechanism of amyloid‐beta peptide oligomerization
Authors: Deiber Julio A. , Peirotti Marta B. , Piaggio Maria V.
Published: December 2015

Electrophoretic mobilities of amyloid‐beta (1‐40) and (1‐42) peptides and their aggregates are modeled to study the amyloidogenic pathway associated with Alzheimer´s Disease. The near molecule pH generated by the intraparticle charge regulation phenomenon during the oligomerization of amyloid‐beta (1‐40) and (1‐42) peptides is evaluated and discussed as a relevant mechanism supporting the “amyloid cascade hypothesis” proposed in the literature. A theoretical framework associated with the oligomerization of amyloid‐beta peptides including simple scaling laws and the consideration of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic global properties of oligomers is presented. The central finding is the explanation of the near molecule pH change toward the pI when the oligomerization number increases. These results allow one to rationalize consecutive physical stages that validate the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Concluding remarks involving mainly the effects of pair and intraparticle charge regulation phenomena on the amyloidogenic pathway with some suggestions for future research are provided.
Glycobiology of the cell surface: Its debt to cell electrophoresis 1940–65
Authors: Cook Geoffrey M.W.
Published: December 2015

This Review describes how in the period 1940–1959 cell electrophoresis (in the earlier literature often referred to as ‘microelectrophoresis’) was used to explore the surface chemistry of cells. Using the erythrocyte as a suitable model for the study of biological membranes, the early investigators were agreed on the presence of negatively charged groups at the surface of this cell. The contemporary dogma was that these were phosphate groups associated with phospholipids. Work in the 1960s, particularly on changes in the electrokinetic properties of erythrocytes following treatment with proteolytic enzymes, lead to the realization that the negatively charged groups at the red cell surface are predominantly due to sialic acids carried on glycoproteins. It quickly became apparent from cell electrophoresis that sialic acids have a ubiquitous presence on the surface of animal cells. This finding required that any complete model of the plasma membrane must include glycosylated molecules at the cell periphery, thus laying the foundations for the field termed ‘Glycobiology of the Cell Surface’.
Biosorption of dye from synthetic wastewater using alga enriched in phenolic compounds
Authors: Deniz Fatih , Kepekci Remziye Aysun
Published: December 2015

In the current study, we report the preparation of modified biosorbent from Spirulina platensis microalga via the high light application in order to enhance its dye biosorption capacity. The modified biosorbent was characterized with analyses of content of phenolic compounds, FTIR and SEM. The biosorbent was applied to kinetic and equilibrium studies for removal of C.I. Basic Red 46 (C.I. BR 46) from aqueous solution. The kinetic data were best described by the logistic model, while the equilibrium data were best fitted by Langmuir model. The kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that C.I. BR 46 biosorption onto the modified biosorbent occurred in monolayers and the biosorption process was controlled by physical sorption. The level of phenolic compounds in the high light applied biosorbent was defined approximately eightfold higher than in the native biosorbent. Moreover, the high light application provided an increase in the dye biosorption capacity of about 31%, when compared to the raw biosorbent. The maximum biosorption capacity of modified biosorbent was found to be 33.33 mg g−1 for C.I. BR 46 at the worked biosorption conditions. Thus, this work reveals that high light application can potentially be used to increase biosorption capacity of biosorbents. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 737–742, 2016
Long saphenous vein and its anatomical variations
Authors: Chen Suzi Su‐Hsin , Prasad Shri Kumar
Published: December 2015

Vascular ultrasonography has an important role in the diagnosis and management of venous disease. The venous system, however, is more complex and variable compared to the arterial system due to its frequent anatomical variations. This often becomes quite challenging for sonographers. This paper discusses the anatomy of the long saphenous vein and its anatomical variations accompanied by sonograms and illustrations.
Nephrocalcinosis in a preterm infant
Authors: Fox Lisa , Rogerson Sheryle
Published: December 2015

Bilateral medullary echogenic foci are not uncommonly seen in renal ultrasounds of sick, preterm neonates. Often, the likely diagnosis is nephrocalcinosis. We present one such case. The long term outcome in this population is unknown, but is generally thought to be essentially good.
Echocardiographic evaluation of systolic heart failure
Authors: Lo Queenie , Thomas Liza
Published: December 2015

Echocardiography is the most commonly used modality for evaluating left ventricular size and function in the context of systolic heart failure. Traditional techniques, though extensively used, have their limitations and more recently several newer technologies have emerged that are more reproducible, provide prognostic information, guide therapies and have an important role in monitoring progress. This review will evaluate the traditional and more novel techniques used and briefly provide an overview of the role of echocardiography in guiding and monitoring therapies in patients with systolic heart failure.
What's in a referral letter: does the detail matter?
Authors: Dickie JA , Ellwood DA , Robertson M
Published: December 2015

Background: The referral letter is an often‐overlooked yet essential element that contributes to the quality of patient care when specialist services are accessed. In the field of maternal‐fetal medicine, incomplete referral letters that fail to comprehensively identify pregnancy risk factors can have significant implications for pregnancy management and delivery planning.

Objectives: To evaluate the quality and completeness of referral letters from general practitioners and obstetricians to the Fetal Medicine Unit (FMU) at The Canberra Hospital and to improve practice through validation of a patient questionnaire with sensitivity for identifying pregnancy risk factors.

Methods: Self reported information from a questionnaire completed by pregnant women presenting for initial consultation to the FMU was compared with information contained in the written referral letter for that particular patient. Information compared was categorised as mandatory referral information, significant past obstetric or gynaecological history, or other relevant medical history.

Results: The patient questionnaire was successful in providing clinicians with relevant medical information in addition to that which was contained in professional referrals in 57% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48–67%) of cases. Significantly more risk factors for the current pregnancy were highlighted in the questionnaires than in the referral letters (P = 0.008).

Conclusions: A significant proportion of referral letters received by the FMU during the study period lacked completeness in many key areas. Recommendations to improve this situation include the routine use of patient questionnaires or referral letter templates, the development of local referral guidelines, and regular clinician education.
Caesarean scar pregnancy at 19 weeks gestation
Authors: Ebner Florian , Hanna Nadar , Petrich Simone , Paterson Helen
Published: December 2015

Due to the increased numbers of caesarean sections in the last decade, women with a caesarean section scar in pregnancy are becoming more commonly diagnosed using ultrasound. One of the rare but more severe complications of this is an implantation of the pregnancy in the caesarean section scar.
First trimester findings of combined duodenal and oesophageal atresia with a trachea‐oesophageal fistula
Authors: Sullivan Tegan , Robertson Meiri , Hallam Lavinia
Published: December 2015

This case demonstrates the ability to diagnose a significant duodenal atresia coexisting with an oesophageal atresia with associated tracheo‐oesophageal fistula within the first trimester, however the mechanisms underlying the sonographic features remain uncertain.
Incarcerated adult femoral hernia containing a fallopian tube
Authors: Oakenful Cindy , Lambrianides Andreas L
Published: December 2015

Femoral hernias are not common in the adult population however they are often associated with higher rates of incarceration compared to other hernia subtypes. Subsequently they have an increased need for emergency surgical intervention. It has been well documented in the literature that femoral hernia sacs can contain an array of anatomical structures and rarely this includes fallopian tube. Within the limits of the authors' literature review, this case represents the only documented pre‐operative diagnosis of femoral hernia containing fallopian tube.
Ultrasonography of sternal fractures
Authors: Nickson Chris , Rippey James
Published: December 2015

This paper describes the use of clinician‐performed ultrasound to detect sternal fractures in trauma patients. It is a pictorial essay that describes the ultrasound technique, the normal anatomy and ultrasound findings, variants, potential pitfalls and the appearance of fractures when they occur in both children and adults.
Twin pregnancy complicated by an adnexal mass
Authors: Coveney Sean D
Published: December 2015

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours are mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract.1 This case study reports the incidental finding of a left sided adnexal mass in a woman with twin pregnancy. The presence of any mass during pregnancy raises issues for patient management, the effect on the developing fetus and mode of delivery.
Ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Winder Simon , Reid Shannon , Condous George
Published: December 2015

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) remains the number one cause of first trimester maternal death. Traditionally, laparoscopy has been the gold standard for diagnosis of EP. The advent of high‐resolution transvaginal scan (TVS) means more clinically stable women with EPs are diagnosed earlier, well before surgery becomes necessary in many cases. Early diagnosis by TVS is therefore potentially life saving and can reduce surgical morbidity by allowing elective surgery or even non‐surgical conservative treatment options. Combining transabdominal and transvaginal scanning confers no benefit over transvaginal scanning alone. Reports that reads “…empty uterus, ectopic pregnancy cannot be excluded” should be a thing of the past. Diagnosis of EP should be based upon the positive identification of an adnexal mass using TVS rather than the absence of an intra‐uterine gestational sac. A systematic approach to scanning the early pregnancy pelvis will diagnose the vast majority of EPs at the initial scan. Ultrasound, and in particular TVS, is fast becoming the new gold standard for diagnosis of all types of EP. In modern management, laparoscopy should be seen as the operative tool of choice while TVS the diagnostic tool of choice.
Key findings from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) study: an approach to the optimal ultrasound based characterisation of adnexal pathology
Authors: Kaijser Jeroen , Bourne Tom , De Rijdt Sylvie , Van Holsbeke Caroline , Sayasneh Ahmad , Valentin Lil , Van Calster Ben , Timmerman Dirk
Published: December 2015

The principal aim of the IOTA project has been to develop approaches to the evaluation of adnexal pathology using ultrasound that can be transferred to all examiners. Creating models that use simple, easily reproducible ultrasound characteristics is one approach.
Spontaneous hemopertitoneum – a matter of life and death
Authors: Paoletti Debra , Robertson Meiri
Published: December 2015

Spontaneous hemopertitoneum in pregnancy (SHiP) is a rare but potential catastrophic complication with high maternal and fetal mortality. The main cause of morbidity and mortality is delayed diagnosis and treatment. In this paper we will document the findings of an interesting case managed in our unit. We also discuss the etiology, diagnosis and management of this condition with high potential to lead to medico‐legal cases.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometrial and intracavitary pathology: an update
Authors: Van den Bosch Thierry
Published: December 2015

Over the last two decades, ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium and uterine cavity evolved from 2D grayscale evaluation of the endometrial thickness to a much more comprehensive examination including colour imaging, fluid instillation and 3D ultrasound. The International Endometrial Tumor Analysis (IETA) group recently published a consensus opinion paper on terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic features on the endometrium and intrauterine lesions.
Sonographic visibility of breast tissue markers: a tissue phantom comparison study
Authors: Seow James Han‐Su , Phillips Michael , Taylor Donna
Published: December 2015

Rationale and objectives: Several commercially available breast tissue markers are promoted as being sonographically visible, allowing for subsequent targeting using ultrasound. The aim of this study was to compare the visibility of selected sonographic markers with the use of tissue phantoms.

Materials and methods: Seven different markers were deployed into chicken and beef tissue phantoms, including a non‐sonographically enhanced marker used as a baseline. Six participants assessed their sonographic visibility and needle targeted the markers using ultrasound. The sonographic visibility of each marker was graded, with scores corrected for accuracy following mammographic review of needle targeting position.

Results: Only four of the six “ultrasound enhanced” markers demonstrated statistically significant greater visibility than the non‐sonographically designed marker (P range < 0.001 to 0.04). Marker size (P < 0.001) and composition (P < 0.004) were shown to be contributing factors, with the composition of the BiomarC™ (Carbon Medical Technologies Inc, St Paul, MN, USA) demonstrating the highest conspicuity adjusted for length.

Conclusion: There is significant variance in the visibility of breast tissue markers purported to be visible on ultrasound. Marker size, composition and possibly shape are contributory factors, with the utilisation of non‐metallic components associated with improved conspicuity. Our study provides a basis for further determination of optimal marker qualities, and we recommend evaluation with a larger sample size and an “in‐vivo” technique.
Persistent left superior vena cava – considerations in fetal, pediatric and adult populations
Authors: Saha Sumi , Paoletti Debra , Robertson Meiri
Published: December 2015

Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the commonest congenital anomaly of the thoracic venous system. It is within the group of anomalous systemic venous return (ASVR) and the group is subdivided in cephalic, involving the superior vena cava (SVC) and caudal, involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) types. It is also important to recognise that there can be a persistent LSVC with or without a normal right superior vena cava (RSVC). In most cases, a persistent LSVC drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus without any clinical symptoms. In this article we discuss embryology, diagnostic and further management approaches and a review of the literature related to persistent LSVC.
Vasa praevia: ultrasound diagnosis at the mid‐trimester scan
Authors: Marr Stefanie , Ashton Lindsay , Stemm Annmarie , Cincotta Robert , Chua Jacqueline , Duncombe Gregory
Published: December 2015

Background: Vasa praevia is a condition in which fetal vessels, unsupported by the umbilical cord or placenta, run on the fetal membranes in the lower uterine segment near the cervix. Rupture of these vessels prior to or at the time of delivery is associated with a very high perinatal mortality rate. Antenatal diagnosis of this condition with ultrasound is readily available, alters management and significantly decreases the risk of fetal loss.

Materials and methods: We describe our experience of diagnosing vasa praevia at a tertiary referral ultrasound centre. The ultrasound characteristics that led to the diagnosis of vasa praevia and associated risk factors will be discussed. A guide to aid sonographers when performing an obstetric examination to help screen for this condition has been included.

Conclusions: Where suspicion of vasa praevia is raised, and cannot be ruled out on transvaginal ultrasound, a third trimester scan is required.
The ‘sliding sign’ in conjunction with sonovaginography: is this the optimal approach for the diagnosis of Pouch of Douglas obliteration and posterior compartment deep infiltrating endometriosis?
Authors: Menakaya Uche , Reid Shannon , Infante Fernando , Condous George
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Endometriosis is a chronic peritoneal disease that may progress as a deep infiltrating lesion involving the posterior compartment of the pelvis. Efforts to improve pre‐operative knowledge of the location and extent of these lesions have resulted in the development of Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) as the first‐line imaging modality for extra‐ovarian endometriosis. However, various techniques of TVS have been described in the literature for this purpose.

Methods: In this review we will detail the evolution of TVS as the primary imaging modality in the pre‐operative diagnosis of posterior compartment deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). We will also discuss the potential of an emerging new real‐time diagnostic ultrasound‐based technique known as the ‘sliding sign’ in combination with office gel sonovaginography for the pre‐operative diagnosis of Pouch of Douglas obliteration and posterior compartment DIE.

Conclusion: Implementation of the new real‐time dynamic, reproducible and simple ‘sliding sign’ in conjunction with SVG has the potential to challenge the current concept that traditional laparoscopy is the ‘gold standard’ modality for the diagnosis of women with posterior compartment DIE.
Cervical length for predicting preterm birth and a comparison of ultrasonic measurement techniques
Authors: O'Hara Sandra , Zelesco Marilyn , Sun Zhonghua
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality not attributable to congenital anomalies or aneuploidy. It has been shown that a shortened cervix is a powerful indicator of preterm births in women with singleton and twin gestations – the shorter the cervical length, the higher the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Ultrasound measurements of the cervix are a more accurate way of determining cervical length (CL) than using a digital method.

Background: There are three approaches that may be used to perform ultrasound measurements of the cervix; these are the transabdominal (TA), transperineal (TP) and the transvaginal (TV) approach. The TV approach is considered to be the gold standard. In women who are considered to be at a high risk of preterm birth it is now recommended that the cervix is measured at the mid‐trimester ultrasound using the TV ultrasound approach. For women considered to be at a historical low risk the TV scan is not recommended, however it has been found that many women who deliver a preterm baby have no known risk factors.

Conclusion: There is contradictory evidence in the literature with regard to the correlation between TA, TP and TV measurements. This article provides an overview of these three approaches with a focus on the clinical value for the assessment of the maternal cervix.
Vasa Praevia: a descriptive review of existing literature and the evolving role of ultrasound in prenatal screening
Authors: Donnolley Natasha , Halliday Lesley E , Oyelese Yinka
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Literature addressing the feasibility of prenatal detection of vasa praevia during the mid‐trimester morphology ultrasound scan is scarce, as is a lack of consensus about the appropriate management of pregnancies once it is detected.

Method: The following descriptive review will provide historical context about the clinical significance, epidemiology, diagnosis and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by vasa praevia. It will also examine the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vasa praevia, and will examine current evidence surrounding this debate of whether routine screening for vasa praevia is possible, beneficial, or cost‐effective. Conclusion: Finally, it will highlight the need for increased research into effective management of pregnancies at high risk of, or affected by vasa praevia to reduce fetal mortality and maternal and fetal morbidity associated with the condition.
The use of middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography to guide delivery of a viable pregnancy complicated by metastatic gestational chroriocarinoma
Authors: Thagard Andrew S , Dubil Elizabeth A , Lee Amy , Allard Jay , Zelig Craig M
Published: December 2015

Background: Choriocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive subtype of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. The diagnosis of metastatic choriocarcinoma in the setting of a viable intrauterine pregnancy is exceedingly rare and often associated with feto‐maternal hemorrhage.

Case: An otherwise healthy Gravida 1 Para 0 at 34 weeks gestational age presented with metastatic choriocarcinoma and a viable fetus. Measured Doppler peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery was used to detect fetal anemia, thus optimising the timing of delivery.

Conclusion: This is the first case report to our knowledge using Doppler ultrasonography to detect fetal anemia in an effort to guide delivery in a case of choriocarcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy. If choriocarcinoma is diagnosed during pregnancy, middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography may serve as a critical tool to help detect anemia, allowing pregnancy prolongation to promote fetal maturity while screening for the development of feto‐maternal hemorrhage.
Ultrasound assessment of fetal cardiac function
Authors: Crispi Fàtima , Valenzuela‐Alcaraz Brenda , Cruz‐Lemini Monica , Gratacós Eduard
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Fetal heart evaluation with US is feasible and reproducible, although challenging due to the smallness of the heart, the high heart rate and limited access to the fetus. However, some cardiac parameters have already shown a strong correlation with outcomes and may soon be incorporated into clinical practice.

Materials and Methods: Cardiac function assessment has proven utility in the differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathies or prediction of perinatal mortality in congenital heart disease. In addition, some cardiac parameters with high sensitivity such as MPI or annular peak velocities have shown promising results in monitoring and predicting outcome in intrauterine growth restriction or congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Conclusion: Cardiac function can be adequately evaluated in most fetuses when appropriate expertise, equipment and time are available. Fetal cardiac function assessment is a promising tool that may soon be incorporated into clinical practice to diagnose, monitor or predict outcome in some fetal conditions. Thus, more research is warranted to further define specific protocols for each fetal condition that may affect cardiac function.
Malposition of Double Lumen Bicaval Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV ECMO) cannula resulting in hepatic venous congestion
Authors: Yastrebov Konstantin , Kapalli Tejo
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Optimal positioning of double lumen bicaval canula for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support used as a rescue measure in refractory hypoxaemia is essential to facilitate adequate oxygenation, prevent recirculation and avoid complications.

Method: Echocardiography via transoesophageal or transthoracic windows can be used as guidance and as a surveillance technique to prevent cannula malposition. We describe a case of Double‐Lumen Bicaval VV ECMO cannula malposition leading to a massive retrograde hepatic venous flow. Conclusion: Rapid echocardiographic diagnosis was pivotal in preventing potentially fatal complications.
Paediatric Iliopsoas abscess: A case report
Authors: Elliott Carla
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Iliopsoas abscess is an uncommon condition in the paediatric population. The clinical presentation is variable and may be confused with other conditions such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and appendicular abscess. A suspicion of iliopsoas abscess requires a prompt diagnosis so that rapid management and treatment can be undertaken.

Discussion: This case describes the presence of an iliopsoas abscess in a paediatric patient presenting to the emergency department within a rural community. Due to the variability in clinical presentation imaging studies are necessary to distinguish an iliopsoas abscess from other inflammatory processes. Ultrasound is often the modality of choice. Imaging guided percutaneous drainage and/or aspiration and the administration of intravenous antibiotics are minimally invasive modern techniques providing a safe treatment options in the presence of an iliopsoas abscess.

Conclusion: Iliopsoas abscess is an uncommon condition in the paediatric population. Due to the variability in clinical presentation, imaging, and in particular, ultrasound play a vital role in the diagnosis of cases with a high suspicion of abscess formation. Accurate diagnosis leads to a rapid treatment plan, avoiding further insult.