bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Alcohols with Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide. Its Application for the Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Authors: TSUBOI S. , ISHII N. , SAKAI T. , TARI I. , UTAKA M.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation of allylic and benzyl alcohols with electrolytic MnO2 represents a new economical method for the preparation of ketones and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of a Tricyclic Lead‐Nitrogen‐Boron Heterocycle.
Authors: HEINE A. , FEST D. , STALKE D. , HABBEN C. D. , MELLER A. , SHELDRICK G. M.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of bis(tert‐butylamino)phenylborane (I) with butyllithium and subsequent reaction with PbCl2 (II) lead to the formation of the tetraazadiplumbadiboratricyclooctanediiumdiide (III) which undergoes sublimation at 175°C, but decomposes in chlorinated solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Chemistry of cis‐Trioxotungsten(VI) Complexes. Crystal Structures of LWO3·3 H2O, (L′WO2(OH))Br, (LWO2Br)Br, (L2W2O5)(S2O6)·4 H2O and (LWO2(μ‐O)WO(O2)2(OH2)) (L: 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane; L′: 1,4,7‐Trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane).
Authors: SCHREIBER P. , WIEGHARDT K. , NUBER B. , WEISS J.
Published: May 2016

The WO3(triamine) complex (I) (space group P21/c, Z=4) is obtained by treating WO3 in aqueous solution with the triamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of L‐5‐Fluorolysine from L‐Homoserine.
Authors: ZHENG G. , YOSHIHARA K. , KOBAYASHI Y. , TAGUCHI T.
Published: May 2016

Fluorinated amino acids, e.g. the title compound (VII), are used for 19F NMR studies of enzymes, receptors and peptides.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysis for Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steels in Various Hydroxy Acid Solutions by New Methods of Surface Analyses and Electrochemical Measurements.
Authors: SEKINE I. , HAYAKAWA T. , NEGISHI T. , YUASA M.
Published: May 2016

The corrosion rate of mild steel in aqueous 30 wt.% hydroxy acid solutions is found to decrease in the order malic acid > tartaric > lactic > citric > glycolic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon Functionalized Silyl Enol Ethers. Part 3. An α‐Alkylation/Reduction of Ketones via Radical Cyclizations of β‐Chloroethylsilyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: WALKUP R. D. , KANE R. R. , OBEYESEKERE N. U.
Published: May 2016

The methyl ketones (I) are coupled with 2‐(chloroethyl)dimethylsilyl chlorides (II) and subsequently reduced with tributylstannane to form mixtures of the cyclic ethers (II) and the acyclic vinyloxysilanes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopalladation of 5‐(1‐Hexyl)‐2((4′‐(1‐undecyloxy)phenyl))pyrimidine. Synthesis and Characterization of Mononuclear Complexes.
Authors: GHEDINI M. , PUCCI D.
Published: May 2016

The chloro‐bridged Pd complex (I) is prepared in 92% yield from PdCl2(NCPh)2 and 2‐(4'‐undecyloxyphenyl)‐5‐hexylpyrimidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Pigments of Fungi. Part 15. An Efficient, Unambiguous Route to Unsymmetrically Substituted Dibenzyl Acyloins and Their Use in the Synthesis of Fungus Pigments of the Pulvinone and Grevillin Types.
Authors: GILL M. , KIEFEL M. J. , LALLY D. A. , TEN A.
Published: May 2016

Dibenzyl acyloins such as (III) including those bearing unsymmetrically disposed aryl residues are assembled in high yield by reaction between the silyl ethers (I) of arylacetaldehyde cyanohydrins and the Grignard reagents (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleosides. Part 152. 2′‐Azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxy Pyrimidine Nucleosides. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Authors: WARSHAW J. A. , WATANABE K. A.
Published: May 2016

The benzoyluridines (I) are dehydrated by reaction with diphenyl carbonate to form the 2,2'‐anhydro derivatives (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations in the System Cu‐Mo‐S
Authors: HUANG D. , CHANG L. L. Y. , KNOWLES C. R.
Published: May 2016

are studied in the temp. range 500‐1000 °C. The chevrel‐type phase CuxMo3S4 is stable above 600 °C and is present in equilibrium with the cubic Cu2S solid solution, Cu, Mo, Mo2S3, and MoS2.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Absorption in the Zr‐Al System
Authors: CLARK N. J. , WU E.
Published: May 2016

is investigated over the whole composition range by means of TGA, DTA, XRD, XPS, and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of LnPS4 (Ln: Y, Gd, Tb, and Yb).
Authors: LE ROLLAND B. , MCMILLAN P. , MOLINIE P. , COLOMBET P.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds are prepared by reaction of the corresponding lanthanoid sulfides with elemental sulfur and phosphorus (evacuated silica tube, 900 °C, 14 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Boron Chemistry. Part 3. The Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Structure of ((H11C6)3PAu)2B8H10. Comments on the “Anomalous” Structure of B8H12.
Authors: WYND A. J. , WELCH A. J.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III) crystallizes in space group C2/c with Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: The Bromodesilylation of Fluorovinylsilanes.
Authors: GOUYON T. , SAUVETRE R. , NORMANT J.‐F.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction proceeds with inversion or retention of the configuration, dependent on the silane, the solvent and the temperature used.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of the Robinson Anellation: Studies on the Mode of Formation of the Intermediate Hydroxy Ketones.
Authors: NUSSBAUMER C.
Published: May 2016

The Robinson anellation is a convenient method for conversion of cyclohexanones into hexahydronaphthalenones and related ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Newer Aspects of Clemmensen Reduction of Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: TALAPATRA S. K. , CHAKRABARTI S. , MALLIK A. K. , TALAPATRA B.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (IV), (VIII), (XIII) are obtained as a new type of products in Clemmensen reduction of the carbonyl compounds (I), (V), (IX), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Phosphonium Ylides. Part 12. The Reaction of Stable Phosphoranes with Hexahydro‐1,3‐phthalandione.
Authors: BOULOS L. S. , SHABANA R.
Published: May 2016

Compound (II) reacts with Wittig reagents (I) and (V) yielding the new adducts (III), (IV), (VI) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cyclodimerization of Hexapentaenes: (4)Radialenes and (5)Radialenones with Cumulated Double Bonds.
Authors: IYODA M. , KUWATANI Y. , ODA M. , KAI Y. , KANEHISA N. , KASAI N.
Published: May 2016

The starting compounds (I) and (V) are prepared in five‐step syntheses with yields of ∼90% in every step.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Alkene‐Alkene and Arene‐Alkene Coupling Reactions with Vicinal Dibromides.
Authors: LANSKY A. , REISER O. , DE MEIJERE A.
Published: May 2016

Pd(II)‐catalyzed coupling reaction of the 1,2‐dibromo(cyclo)alkenes (I) with methyl acrylate (IIa) or styrene (IIb) yields the trienes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Ring Cleavage in the Reaction of 1‐Methyl‐3‐phenacylbenzimidazolium Ylide with Diethyl Azodicarboxylate.
Authors: SEPULVEDA‐ARQUES J. , ROMERO ARBIOL E. , GONZALEZ ROSENDE M. E. , LOPEZ‐RODRIGUEZ M. , PEREZ AFONSO R.
Published: May 2016

The title ylide, derived from the compound (IV), reacts differently compared to the ylides prepared from the compounds (I).
ChemInform Abstract: New and Efficient Conversion of Benzoic Acids into Salicylic Acids via Copper‐Mediated Hydroxylation Process.
Authors: REINAUD O. , CAPDEVIELLE P. , MAUMY M.
Published: May 2016

The condensation of the aroyl chlorides (I) with 2‐methylalanine (II) gives the amides (III) which are subjected to an ortho‐hydroxylation process using the system O2/triethylamine N‐oxide/Cu(0) to produce the salicylamides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Vicinal Tricarbonyls. Formation of Carbazole Derivatives.
Authors: WASSERMAN H. H. , VAN DUZER J. H. , VU C. B.
Published: May 2016

The indole‐3‐carboxylate (I) reacts with allyl bromide (II) to produce the N‐allylindolecarboxylate (III) which is coupled with the ester enolate (IV) to form the β‐keto ester (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorination of 1,5‐Dimethylpyrazole.
Authors: PEREVALOV V. P. , MANAEV YU. A. , BEZBORODOV B. V. , STEPANOV B. I.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction proceeds with low selectivity, producing the chlorinated pyrazoles (III) ‐ (VIII) and the diacetoxymethylpyrazole (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: 3,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole Derivatives. Part 4. N,N‐Disubstituted 3‐(3,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)propanamides and 3‐(3,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)propanamines with Sedative, Platelet Antiaggregating, and Local Anesthetic Activities.
Authors: BONDAVALLI F. , BRUNO O. , RANISE A. , SCHENONE P. , LOSASSO C. , DONNOLI D. , STELLA L. , MARMO E.
Published: May 2016

Starting with 3‐(3,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)propanoic acid (I), the title compounds (III) and (IV) are synthesized by convenient methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Geminal Azo‐ and Heteroelement Functions. Part 8. Triazolium Salts. Part 2. Derivatives of 4,5‐Dihydro‐5,5‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one.
Authors: SCHANTL J. G. , LANZNASTER N. , GSTACH H.
Published: May 2016

Acylation of 4,5‐dihydro‐5,5‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (I) with chloroacetyl chloride (II) or the aromatic sulfonyl chlorides (IV) in the presence of pyridines yields the carboxamide (III) or the sulfonamides (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Deuteration of Pyridine Derivatives: A Very Mild Procedure.
Authors: RUBOTTOM G. M. , EVAIN E. J.
Published: May 2016

A novel method of preparation of orthodeuterated pyridines, such as e.g. (II) and (IV) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminoindoles from Tetrahydroquinoline N‐Acylamino Derivatives.
Authors: SHORINA N. V. , GOLUBEVA G. A. , SVIRIDOVA L. A. , TOROCHESHNIKOV V. N.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the 1‐acylaminotetrahydroquinolines (I) with phosphorus oxychloride gives the 2‐iminopyrrolo(3,2,1‐ij)quinoline hydrochlorides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Factors Affecting Cyclisation of N‐Substituted 2‐Acetylamino‐3,5‐dibromobenzamide to 2,3‐Disubstituted 6,8‐Dibromoquinazolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: ISMAIL M. F. , EMARA S. A. , ENAYAT E. I. , MUSTAFA O. E. A.
Published: May 2016

Factors which affect the cyclisation of the benzamides (I) to give the quinazolinones (II) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleosides. Part 21. Synthesis of 1/2‐Substituted‐4‐amino/hydroxy‐6‐methylthio‐1H/2H‐pyrazolo(3,4‐d)pyrimidines as Analogs of Allopurinol and Their Antileishmanial Activity.
Authors: GARG N. , AVASTHI K. , PRATAP R. , BHAKUNI D. S. , GURU P. Y.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (II), (IV), (VI) and (VII), which may be regarded as non‐classical nucleosides, are tested for their activity against Leishmania donovani.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Phenyl‐6(7)‐R‐Substituted Quinoxaline N‐Oxides. Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: LORIGA M. , NUVOLE A. , PAGLIETTI G. , FADDA G. , ZANETTI S.
Published: May 2016

The previously synthesized quinoxalines, e.g. (I) and (III), are transformed to their N‐oxides (II) and (IV), resp., and the antimicrobial activity of the latter is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(N′‐Arylthioureido)styrenes as Suitable Intermediates for Preparation of Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: GONDA J.
Published: May 2016

The addition reaction of the isocyanatobenzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (I) with anilines (II) gives the arylthioureido‐substituted derivatives (III) which undergo Wittig reaction with formaldehyde (IV) to yield the styrenes (V) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Tetramesityldisilene with Azides: Synthesis of Disilaaziridines.
Authors: GILLETTE G. R. , WEST R.
Published: May 2016

The reactions of several organic azides with the title disilene (I) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of N‐Arylaminomethylphosphonates.
Authors: HA H.‐J. , NAM G.‐S. , PARK K. P.
Published: May 2016

The anilines (I) are N‐methoxymethylated upon treatment with formaldehyde (II) and sodium methoxide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Atom Transfer and Exchange Reactions Involving Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium.
Authors: BAECHLER R. D. , STACK M. , STEVENSON K. , VANVALKENBURGH V.
Published: May 2016

The parameters of the title reactions, e.g. of those shown in the reaction scheme, are systematically compared.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Allylstannanes with Cationic α,β‐Unsaturated Alkoxycarbeneiron Complexes.
Authors: HERNDON J. W. , WU C.
Published: May 2016

Methylation of the acyliron complexes (I) with dimethoxycarbenium hexafluorophosphate, generated in situ from triphenylcarbenium hexafluorophosphate (III) and trimethyl orthoformate (II), yields the carbene complexes (IV) which are coupled in situ with the allylstannanes (V) and then demethylated to produce the hexenoyliron complexes (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: The Heteronuclear Cluster Chemistry of the Group IB Metals. Part 14. The Influence of the P(CH2Ph)3 Ligand on the Metal Framework Structures Adopted by Mixed‐Metal Clusters Containing M(P(CH2Ph)3) (M: Cu or Ag) Fragments. Crystal Structures of (Cu2Ru4(μ3‐H)2(CO)12(μ‐P(CH2Ph)2(η2‐CH2Ph))) and (Cu2Ru4(μ3‐H)2(CO)12(P(CH2Ph)3)2).
Authors: BROWN C. J. , MCCARTHY P. J. , SALTER I. D. , ARMSTRONG K. P. , MCPARTLIN M. , POWELL H. R.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the Ru4 cluster (I) with two equiv. Cu salt (II) or (Ag(NCMe)4)PF6, followed by the addition of two equiv. of the phosphane (III) affords the novel mixed‐metal clusters (IV) (space group P1, Z=2) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Coordination Mode for Dithiatetrazocines: Preparation, X‐Ray Structure, and Fluxional Behavior of (Pt(PPh3)(1,5‐Ph4P2N4S2))2.
Authors: CHIVERS T. , EDWARDS M. , KAPOOR P. N. , MEETSMA A. , VAN DE GRAMPEL J. C. , VAN DER LEE A.
Published: May 2016

The thermal decomposition of the diphosphadithiatetrazocine‐Pt complex (I) results in the S‐S bond cleavage of the ligand, the dissociation of PPh3, and the formation of the binuclear complex (II) (space group P21/c, Z=2).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen‐Rich Metal Cluster Complexes. Hexahydrido Platinum‐Osmium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes from the Reaction of Pt2Os4(CO)18 with Hydrogen.
Authors: ADAMS R. D. , CHEN G. , KATAHIRA D. A. , TANNER J. T. , WU W.
Published: May 2016

The two clusters (I) (yield 32%) and (II) (11%) (for both space group P21/n, Z=4) are obtained by reaction of Pt2Os4(CO)18 with H2 (100 atm, 25 °C) in CH2Cl2.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Condensation of Steroidal 17α‐Formyl 17β‐Acetates: Synthesis of 14‐Functionalized 17‐Spirolactones.
Authors: BULL J. R. , STEER L. M. , DILLEN J. L. M.
Published: May 2016

On treatment with a base, the aldehyde (I) undergoes the expected intramolecular condensation to yield a mixture of the diastereomeric hemiacetals (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Acylation of 6‐Deoxy‐L‐hexoses: Regioselectivity in the Enzymatic Transesterfication as Compared to Chemical Esterification.
Authors: CIUFFREDA P. , RONCHETTI F. , TOMA L.
Published: May 2016

Esterification of methyl α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (I) with butyryl chloride (II) gives a complex mixture of mono‐ (IIIa) ‐ (IIIc), di‐ (IIId) ‐(IIIf), and triesters (IIIg).
ChemInform Abstract: New Stereospecific Ring Closure Reaction of 1,2‐Diaxial Azido Alcohols.
Authors: SIMON C. , MAKLEIT S.
Published: May 2016

Substitution reaction of 14‐bromoisocodeine 6‐(p‐nitrobenzoate) (I) with azide (II) results in the predominant formation of the 7α‐azidoneopine (III) which is hydrolyzed with bases, yielding the α‐azido alcohol (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Microbial Oxidation in Synthesis: Concise Preparation of (+)‐Conduritol F from Benzene.
Authors: LEY S. V. , REDGRAVE A. J.
Published: May 2016

The cis‐cyclohexadienediol (I), prepared from benzene by microbial oxidation with Pseudomonas putida in a literature‐known manner, is esterified and then oxidized to give the cyclic epoxy carbonate (IV) which reacts with (R)‐(+)‐sec‐phenethyl alcohol (V), forming a 1:1‐mixture of the diastereomeric ethers (VI) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on FK482. Part 2. Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships of 7β‐(Z‐2‐(2‐Aminothiazol‐4‐yl)‐2‐Substituted‐acetamido)‐3‐vinyl‐3‐cephem‐4‐# carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: INAMOTO Y. , CHIBA T. , SAKANE K. , KAMIMURA T. , TAKAYA T.
Published: May 2016

The antibacterial effects of the title compounds (V) ‐ (VII) are tested.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 2‐Methyl‐1‐oxacephalosporins. Part 1. Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐3‐nor‐1‐oxacephem Nucleus.
Authors: OKONOGI T. , SHIBAHARA S. , MURAI Y. , INOUYE S. , KONDO S. , CHRISTENSEN B. G.
Published: May 2016

The α‐diazo β‐keto esters (XII), prepared from the chiral oxadiazabicycloheptenone (I) as outlined in the reaction scheme, undergo rhodium(II)‐catalyzed ring closure to produce the unstable dihydrooxazinones (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic‐Based Synthesis of Optically Pure (C‐6)‐Functionalized 1‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐2‐methyl‐(E)‐2‐heptenes.
Authors: LIANG S. , PAQUETTE L. A.
Published: May 2016

Sulcatol (±)‐(I), the aggregation pheromone of the ambrosia beetles Gnathotricus sp., is split up into its optical isomers by controlled lipase hydrolysis of its chloroacetate (±)‐(III).
ChemInform Abstract: Long‐Range Intramolecular Electron Transfer Between Two Naphthalene π‐Moieties Attached to a Rigid Norbornylogous Spacer of Variable Length: An ESR and ENDOR Study.
Authors: GERSON F. , WELLAUER T. , OLIVER A. M. , PADDON‐ROW M. N.
Published: May 2016

In contrast to the homoconjugatively delocalized species (I) with the counterion (K+) midway between the two naphthalene π‐moieties, the radical anions (II) and (III) form tight ion pairs in methyl‐THF indicating the unpaired electron being located on one π‐moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Square‐Planar Complex of Cd(II): Cd(OAr)2(THF)2 Where OAr: 2,6‐Di‐tert.‐butylphenoxide. A Structure Governed by Two Strong Covalent and Two Weak Dative Bonds.
Authors: GOEL S. C. , CHIANG M. Y. , BUHRO W. E.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (I), obtained from Cd(N(SiMe3)2)2 and the aryl alcohol in THF, crystallizes in P21/n with Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Rate Effects in Sigmatropic Homodienyl (1,5)‐Hydrogen Migrations.
Authors: PEGG G. G. , MEEHAN G. V.
Published: May 2016

Negligible substituent effects are apparent in the title reaction of (I) and (III) (in hexane at 145 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of 1‐(1,3‐Butadienyl) Carbonates and Carbamates.
Authors: DE CUSATI P. F. , OLOFSON R. A.
Published: May 2016

The aliphatic aldehydes (I) and (IV) as well as the ketone (VII) are converted to the corresponding enolates which then are coupled with the chloroformates (II) or (VIII) or the carbamoyl chloride (V) to give butadienyl compounds as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Pure Rubicene and Rubicene Derivatives.
Authors: SACHWEH V. , LANGHALS H.
Published: May 2016

The use of biphenyl as an inert additive to the reaction mixture of fluorenone (I) and Mg increases the yield of the title compound.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted Benzotriazoles as Synthons for 1,3‐Dipoles.
Authors: KATRITZKY A. R. , HITCHINGS G. J. , ZHAO X.
Published: May 2016

The compound (I) can be used as source of 1,3‐dipoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Bimetallic Pd‐Cu Colloids by Thermal Decomposition of Their Acetate Compounds in Organic Solvents.
Authors: ESUMI K. , TANO T. , TORIGOE K. , MEGURO K.
Published: May 2016

Bimetallic Pd‐Cu/Cu2O colloids are prepared by refluxing (20 min) the corresponding acetates in methyl isobutyl ketone or in bromobenzene.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Ethynyl‐2,7‐dimethoxynaphthalene: An Example of Hydrogen Bonding Between an Ethynylic Hydrogen and a Methoxyl Oxygen.
Authors: PRINCE P. , FRONCZEK F. R. , GANDOUR R. D.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (I) (space group P1 with Z=4) is a building block in the preparation of dinaphthylethynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Horizons in Hydrogen Bond Research 1989; Proceedings of the 9. Workshop
Authors: SEVERAL AUTHORS SEVERAL AUTHORS
Published: May 2016

(Zeist, Neth., Sept.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Approach to the Construction of Bicyclo(5.2.1) and (5.3.1) Ring Systems from Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane Precursors.
Authors: SAHA G. , BHATTACHARYA A. , ROY S. S. , GHOSH S.
Published: May 2016

The cyclopentene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride (I) is submitted to cycloaddition reaction, subsequent anhydride hydrolysis, and reesterification to yield the tricyclic dicarboxylate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Zinc(bis(3‐(dimethylamino)propyl‐C,N)tin)bis(dibenzoylmethanato)‐(Sn‐Zn). The First Example of a Dialkyltin(II) Compound Stabilized by Sn‐Zn Coordination.
Authors: JASTRZEBSKI J. T. B. H. , SYPKENS H. A. J. , DES TOMBE F. J. A. , VAN DER SCHAAF P. A. , BOERSMA J. , VAN KOTEN G. , SPEK A. L. , DUISENBERG A. J. M.
Published: May 2016

The novel title complex (III) (C2/c, Z=4) is prepared by a transmetallation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: (Tetrakis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)iron(II) Perchlorate, the First Rapidly Interconverting Ferrous Spin‐Crossover Complex.
Authors: CHANG H.‐R. , MCCUSKER J. K. , TOFTLUND H. , WILSON S. R. , TRAUTWEIN A. X. , WINKLER H. , HENDRICKSON D. N.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the hexadentate amine ligand with hydrated FeCl2 gives the title complex as a 2/3 H2O‐solvate, which crystallizes in C2/c with Z=12.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transitions in Strontium Perovskites. Studies of SrOsO3 Compared to Other 4d and 5d Perovksites.
Authors: Kennedy Brendan J. , Avdeev Maxim , Feng Hai L. , Yamaura Kazunari
Published: May 2016

Polycrystalline SrOsO3 is prepared by hot‐press sintering and investigated using powder neutron diffraction at 5—300 K and powder synchrotron XRD at 80—870 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Crystal Magnetic Structure and Susceptibility of CoSe2O5.
Authors: Rodriguez Efrain E. , Cao Huibo , Haiges Ralf , Melot Brent C.
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of CoSe2O5 are grown by hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous solution of SeO2 and CoSO4 (autoclave, 200 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Hydroamination Reactions Catalyzed by Zirconium Complexes Bearing Bridged Bis(phenolato) Ligands.
Authors: Zhang Yu , Sun Qiu , Wang Yaorong , Yuan Dan , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi
Published: May 2016

Zirconium complexes stabilized by bis(phenolato) ligands are shown to possess good activities in catalyzing intramolecular hydroamination reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Impregnated Palladium on Magnetite as Catalyst for Direct Arylation of Heterocycles.
Authors: Cano Rafael , Perez Juana M. , Ramon Diego J. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: May 2016

The direct arylation of heterocycles or the intramolecular arylation of haloethers (X) furnishes the products in good yields under relatively mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiodefined Synthesis of Brominated Hydroxyanthraquinones Related to Proisocrinins.
Authors: Roy Joyeeta , Mal Tanushree , Jana Supriti , Mal Dipakranjan
Published: May 2016

A regiospecific route to the scaffold of proisocrinin F via Hauser annulation of a dibromobenzoisofuranone with a cyclohexanone is shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted, Catalyst‐Free, Multi‐Component Reaction of Proline, Aldehyde, 1,3‐Diketone: One Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines and Pyrrolizinones.
Authors: Manjappa Kiran B. , Peng Yu‐Ting , Jhang Wei‐Fang , Yang Ding‐Yah
Published: May 2016

When indene‐1,3‐diketones [e.g. (II)] are used, spiropyrolizidines [e.g. (IV) and (V)] are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Pyrrolospirooxindole Derivatives as Novel Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) Inhibitors by Catalyst‐Free, Green Approach.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Mahesh Rasala , Nayak V. Lakshma , Babu Korrapati Suresh , Kumar G. Bharath , Shaik Anver Basha , Kapure Jeevak Sopanrao , Alarifi Abdullah
Published: May 2016

Among the new pyrrolospirooxindole derivatives, compound (Vd) displays the highest cytotoxicity against the human prostate cancer (DU‐145).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of Bromoenals with 3‐Aminooxindoles: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindolo‐γ‐Lactams.
Authors: Chen Kun‐Quan , Li Yao , Zhang Chun‐Lin , Sun De‐Qun , Ye Song
Published: May 2016

A new [3 + 2] annulation of α‐bromoenals and 3‐aminooxindoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Access to 2‐Methylene Tetrahydrofurans and γ‐Lactones: A Tandem Four‐Step Process.
Authors: Liang Renxiao , Chen Kai , Zhang Qiaohui , Zhang Jiantao , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhu Shifa
Published: May 2016

The reaction of enynals (I) with propynols (II) proceeds via hydrolysis, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and Conia‐ene reaction to afford indanone‐fused 2‐methylene tetrahydrofurans (III), which are oxidized to α‐methylene γ‐lactones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reagent‐Switch Controlled Metal‐Free Intermolecular Geminal Diamination and Aminooxygenation of Vinylarenes.
Authors: Venkatesan Balaji Pandur , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: May 2016

A general protocol for the geminal diamination and an intermolecular metal‐free, geminal aminooxygenation of vinylarenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of a Series of Silicon‐Containing Six‐Membered‐Ring Molecules.
Authors: Nakashima Takayuki , Shimada Masaki , Kurihara Yu , Tsuchiya Mizuho , Yamanoi Yoshinori , Nishibori Eiji , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: May 2016

Pd‐catalyzed coupling of 1,2‐bis(silyl)arenes with 1,2‐diiodoarenes provides access to various silicon‐containing six‐membered ring compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Clinoposides A—F: Meroterpenoids with Protective Effects on H9c2 Cardiomyocyte from Clinopodium chinense.
Authors: Xu Xu‐Dong , et al.
Published: May 2016

Six novel flavonoid‐triterpene saponin meroterpenoids, clinoposides A (I), B—F, are isolated and represent a novel class of isopentyl flavonoid saponins.
ChemInform Abstract: Electromagnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy and Its Importance for Paramagnetic NMR and Optical Spectroscopy in Lanthanide Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Blackburn Octavia A. , Edkins Robert M. , Faulkner Stephen , Kenwright Alan M. , Parker David , Rogers Nicola J. , Shuvaev Sergey
Published: May 2016

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Carbenoid Insertion into C(sp3)—H Bonds
Authors: Santiago J. V. , Machado A. H. L.
Published: May 2016

Review: [72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: How to Homologate Your Sugar: Synthetic Approaches to Septanosyl Containing Carbohydrates
Authors: Vannam Raghu , Peczuh Mark W.
Published: May 2016

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Stereoselectivity in Organophosphorus Chemistry
Authors: Kolodiazhnyi Oleg I. , Kolodiazhna Anastasy O.
Published: May 2016

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Khandelwal Sarita , Tailor Yogesh Kumar , Kumar Mahendra
Published: May 2016

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances on Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Mannich Reactions in Aqueous and Non‐Aqueous Media
Authors: Ghosh Ayndrila , Bhowmick Sudipto , Mondal Anirban , Garai Harekrishna , Bhowmick Kartick C.
Published: May 2016

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Vast Libraries of Scaffold‐Diverse, Conformationally Constrained Oligomers
Authors: Kodadek Thomas , McEnaney Patrick J.
Published: May 2016

Review: 125 refs.
A modular distributed simulation‐based architecture for intelligent transportation systems
Authors: De Grande Robson E. , Boukerche Azzedine , Guan Shichao , Aljeri Noura
Published: May 2016

Simulations have been used extensively for evaluating scenarios, which are very difficult, costly or impractical to implement in real systems. Testing in a synthetic, realistic environment provides a means to determine the viability of solutions. Simulations have proved to be very useful in the verification of algorithms and protocols, offering tools for testing them in different situations. The simulation of vehicular area networks pose additional challenges as realistic mobility models are crucial and must be incorporated in scenario elements while applications and communication protocols are tested. Several simulators and simulation frameworks have been designed that aim to synthetically reproduce communication and mobility of vehicles as realistically as possible. The majority of such simulators merge pre‐existing networking and mobility simulators, which add issues regarding compatibility and realism. Such simulators present limited run‐time 3D visualization tools, essential for providing immersive environments. Therefore, in this paper, we propose real‐time simulation and 3D visualization for vehicular networks of realistic scenarios. This proposed simulation system generates output in real time, making use of 3D‐modelled real‐world maps and effectively generating visualization as elements are updated in the simulation. Experiments have been conducted with simulation and visualization components to evaluate delays and performance of the proposed simulator. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Android VoIP voice conversations be decoded? I can eavesdrop on your Android VoIP communication
Authors: Pokharel Shasi , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond , Liu Jixue
Published: May 2016

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is increasingly used by both individuals and corporate users. Recent studies had suggested that communications using VoIP apps may not be encrypted, although it has not been demonstrated that original conversations could be recovered from unencrypted communications that were subsequently intercepted. In this research, we propose a process for codec identification and decoding of captured communications from 15 popular Android VoIP apps. We are able to recover the original voice conversations from intercepted app‐to‐app voice calls of nine apps and app‐to‐phone calls from 10 apps. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast parallel skew and prefix‐doubling suffix array construction on the GPU
Authors: Wang Leyuan , Baxter Sean , Owens John D.
Published: May 2016

Suffix arrays are fundamental full‐text index data structures of importance to a broad spectrum of applications in such fields as bioinformatics, Burrows–Wheeler transform‐based lossless data compression, and information retrieval. In this work, we propose and implement two massively parallel approaches on the graphics processing unit (GPU) based on two classes of suffix array construction algorithms. The first, parallel skew, makes algorithmic improvements to the previous work of Deo and Keely to achieve a speedup of 1.45x over their work. The second, a hybrid skew and prefix‐doubling implementation, is the first of its kind on the GPU and achieves a speedup of 2.3–4.4x over Osipov's prefix‐doubling and 2.4–7.9x over our skew implementation on large datasets. Our implementations rely on two efficient parallel primitives, a merge and a segmented sort. We theoretically analyze the two formulations of suffix array construction algorithms and show performance comparisons on a large variety of practical inputs. We conclude that, with the novel use of our efficient segmented sort, prefix‐doubling is more competitive than skew on the GPU. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods in our implementations of the Burrows‐Wheeler transform and in a parallel full‐text, minute‐space‐index for pattern searching. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privacy‐preserving data search and sharing protocol for social networks through wireless applications
Authors: Wang Xiaofen , Mu Yi , Chen Rongmao
Published: May 2016

Data search and sharing are two important functionalities in social networks. The social network users can form a peer‐to‐peer group and securely and flexibly search and share cloud data through wireless applications. When the number of users increases, the communication, storage, and computational overheads will be increased, and the quality of services such as searching and data sharing for clients could be affected. In order to solve these problems, we formalize an ID‐based multi‐user searchable encryption (IDB‐MUSE) and formally define its security model, where the security notions accommodate indistinguishability against insider's keyword guessing attack, indistinguishability against chosen keyword attack, and indistinguishability against insider's identity guessing attack. We present an IDB‐MUSE scheme, where the index and search trapdoor are of constant size. We formally prove its security properties. To improve the search efficiency, we divide the computation of the trapdoor into two phases, that is, the offline phase and the online phase. The computation cost for the online phase trapdoor remains constant with respect to the number of users. Based on the IDB‐MUSE scheme, a privacy‐preserving data search and sharing protocol is proposed, where only the authorized user can access the shared group data. It captures the properties of source authenticity, data and search pattern privacy‐preserving, anonymity, and request unlinkability. The experimental results show that the protocol is practical for wireless applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A skip list for multicore
Authors: Dick Ian , Fekete Alan , Gramoli Vincent
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we introduce the Rotating skip list, the fastest concurrent skip list to date. Existing concurrent data structures experience limited scalability with the growing core count for two main reasons: threads contend while accessing the same shared data, and they require off‐chip communication to synchronize. Our solution combines the rotation of a tree to maintain logarithmic complexity deterministically, a skip list structure to avoid the tree root bottleneck, and no locks to limit cache line bouncing. This combination requires us to trade usual skip list towers for wheels, a novel algorithmic design that favors spatial locality and allows for a constant‐time restructuring operation. We evaluate the performance of our skip list on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon multicores, show that its rotations guarantee its balance and compare its performance against seven state‐of‐the‐art skip lists and trees using four different synchronisation techniques. The Rotating skip list shows an unprecedented peak performance of 200 Mops/second. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generating long‐lived CD8+ T‐cell memory: Insights from epigenetic programs
Authors: Dogra Pranay , Ghoneim Hazem E. , Abdelsamed Hossam A. , Youngblood Ben
Published: May 2016

T‐cell‐based immunological memory has the potential to provide the host with life‐long protection against pathogen reexposure and thus offers tremendous promise for the design of vaccines targeting chronic infections or cancer. In order to exploit this potential in the design of new vaccines, it is necessary to understand how and when memory T cells acquire their poised effector potential, and moreover, how they maintain these properties during homeostatic proliferation. To gain insight into the persistent nature of memory T‐cell functions, investigators have turned their attention to epigenetic mechanisms. Recent efforts have revealed that many of the properties acquired among memory T cells are coupled to stable changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that the delineating features among memory T cells subsets are also linked to distinct epigenetic events, such as permissive and repressive histone modifications and DNA methylation programs, providing exciting new hypotheses regarding their cellular ancestry. Here, we review recent studies focused on epigenetic programs acquired during effector and memory T‐cell differentiation and discuss how these data may shed new light on the developmental path for generating long‐lived CD8+ T‐cell memory.
Kinetic Studies of the Chirality Inversion of Salicylaldiminato–Ruthenium Using Racemic η6‐p‐Cymene Complexes as a Mechanistic Probe
Authors: Komiya Naruyoshi , Nakajima Tomoko , Hotta Masato , Maeda Takatoshi , Matsuoka Tatsuya , Kawamorita Soichiro , Naota Takeshi
Published: May 2016

Kinetic studies of the chirality inversion of a series of mono‐ and bimetallic (p‐cymene)(salicylaldiminato)RuII complexes with halo ligands (1 and 2) in solution have been performed by means of the line‐shape method, using 1H NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the signal exchange rates between diastereotopic protons in the p‐cymene ligand. The activation parameters (ΔH‡ and ΔS‡) associated with the flipping molecular mobility were determined from variable‐temperature NMR analyses, and it was found that the neutral halo complexes 1 and 2 exhibit much lower enthalpies and entropies than the corresponding cationic pyridine analogues 3.
Silica Functionalized by Bifunctional Dendrimers: Hybrid Nanomaterials for Trapping CO2
Authors: Riegert David , Bareille Laurianne , Laurent Régis , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Chaumonnot Alexandra
Published: May 2016

Three types of poly(phosphorhydrazone) dendrimeric structures bearing function(s) suitable for grafting to silica and trapping CO2 have been grafted to different types of silica with various textural properties (e.g., different surface areas, porous or nonporous, pore sizes). These hybrid hard/soft and inorganic/organic nanomaterials have been characterized. Some representative examples of these hybrid materials were chosen for trapping CO2 and their performances have been analyzed.
Estimating the specific chemical exergy of municipal solid waste
Authors: Eboh Francis Chinweuba , Ahlström Peter , Richards Tobias
Published: May 2016

A new model for predicting the specific chemical exergy of municipal solid waste (MSW) is presented; the model is based on the content of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine on a dry ash‐free basis (daf). The proposed model was obtained from estimations of the higher heating value (HHV) and standard entropy of MSW using statistical analysis. The ultimate analysis of 56 different parts of MSW was used for the derivation of the HHV expression. In addition, 30 extra parts were used for validation. One hundred and seventeen relevant organic substances that represented the main constituents in MSW were used for derivation of the standard entropy of solid waste. The substances were divided into different waste fractions, and the standard entropies of each waste fraction and for the complete mixture were calculated. The specific chemical exergy of inorganic matter in the waste was also investigated by considering the inorganic compounds in the ash. However, as a result of the extremely low value calculated, the exergy of inorganic matter was ignored. The results obtained from the HHV model show a good correlation with the measured values and are comparable with other recent and previous models. The correlation of the standard entropy of the complete waste mixture is less accurate than the correlations of each individual waste fraction. However, the correlations give similar results for the specific chemical exergy, indicating that HHV has a greater impact when estimating the specific exergy of solid waste than entropy.
Reformulating the entropic contribution in molecular docking scoring functions
Authors: Procacci Piero
Published: May 2016

We have derived, in the context of the Rigid Rotor Harmonic Approximation (RRHO), a general mass and Planck's constant h independent expression for the dissociation free energy in ligand–receptor systems, featuring a systematically (anti‐binding) additive negative entropic term depending on readily available ligand–receptor quantities. The proposed RRHO expression allows to straightforwardly compute the absolute standard dissociation free energy without resorting to expensive normal mode analysis or other dynamical matrix‐based techniques for evaluating the entropic contribution, hence providing an effective scoring function for assessing docking poses with no adjustable parameters. Our RRHO formula was tested on a set of 55 ligand–receptor systems obtaining correlation coefficients and unsigned mean errors comparable to or better than those obtained with computationally demanding techniques for the dissociation entropy assessment. The proposed compact reformulation of the RRHO entropy term could constitute the basis for new and more effective scoring functions in molecular docking‐based high‐throughput virtual screening for drug discovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Evaluation of Fully Automated Elecsys® Syphilis Assay for the Detection of Antibodies of Treponema pallidum
Authors: Li Dongdong , An Jingna , Wang Tingting , Tao Chuanmin , Wang Lanlan
Published: May 2016

Objective

The resurgence of syphilis in recent years has become a serious threat to the public health worldwide, and the serological detection of specific antibodies against Treponema pallidum (TP) remains the most reliable method for laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. The performance of the Elecsys® Syphilis assay, a brand new electrochemiluminescene immunoassay (ECLIA), was assessed by large amounts of samples in this study.

Methods

In comparison with InTec assay, the Elecsys® Syphilis assay was evaluated in 146 preselected samples from patients with syphilis, 1803 clinical routine samples, and 175 preselected samples from specific populations with reportedly increased rates of false‐positive syphilis test results. Discrepancy samples must be investigated by Mikrogen Syphilis recomline assay.

Results

There was an overall agreement of 99.58% between two assays (Kappa = 0.975). The sensitivity and specificity of the Elecsys® Syphilis assay were 100.0% (95% CI, 96.8–100.0%) and 99.8% (95% CI, 99.5–100.0%), respectively. The Elecsys syphilis assay displays better sensitivity (100%), specificity (99.8%), PPV (98.7%), and NPV (100%) in 2124 samples enrolled, compared with the InTec assay.

Conclusion

Considering the excellent ease of use and automation, high throughput, and its superior sensitivity, especially in primary syphilis, the Elecsys® Syphilis assay could represent an outstanding choice for screening of syphilis in high‐volume laboratories. However, more attention was still needed, or the results must be confirmed by other treponemal immunoassays. The new Elecsys® Syphilis assay is applied to patients with malignant neoplasm or HIV infection.
A 1D numerical model for rapid stress analysis in bipolar junction transistors
Authors: Gnanachchelvi Parameshwaran , Wilamowski Bogdan M. , Jaeger Richard C. , Hussain Safina , Suhling Jeffrey C. , Hamilton Michael C.
Published: May 2016

Stress effects in semiconductor devices have gained significant attention in semiconductor industry in recent years, and numerical modeling is often used as a powerful tool for stress analysis in semiconductor devices. Here, we present a nontraditional 1D model for fast stress analysis in bipolar junction transistors. Because bipolar transistors are operationally 1D devices, it is possible to speed up the simulation with a 1D numerical model and get results that are comparable with 2D and 3D simulation outcomes. This model consists of a complete numerical algorithm that can be used for stress analysis of bipolar transistors on any plane. Existing 1D simulators take more time as they solve all device equations throughout the device. In contrast, our model optimizes the solutions for different regions with the development and inclusion of specific algorithms. A fractional starting point is introduced for the depletion region to speed up the process further. This way, faster computing time and much higher accuracy can be reached. At the same time, popular 2D and 3D simulators, which are using finite element methods, are naturally much slower, especially if high accuracy is needed. Simulation results of this 1D model match well with the simulation results of a 2D model developed with a commercial technology computer aided design (TCAD) tool. The validity of our model was verified with experimental results and theoretical expectations as well. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change scenarios for Tibetan Plateau summer precipitation based on canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , You Qinglong , Sielmann Frank , Ruan Neng
Published: May 2016

Precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) reaches its peak in summer. The seasonal projection skill of a statistical downscaling model (SDM) for summer precipitation in the TP was compared with that of direct model output. The SDM, which is based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA), significantly increased the projection skill. The CCA reveals the flow patterns behind the seasonal projection skill of summer precipitation in the TP between 1961 and 2012 and quantifies its relative contributions. East Asia 500 hPa geopotential height (ZG500), tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and east Asia 850 hPa meridional water vapour flux (MWVF850), obtained from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model, low‐resolution (MPI‐ESM‐LR) simulations for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are considered as potential predictors. The SDMs are established in 1961–2005, validated in 2006–2012 and applied in 2013–2100. The ensemble canonical correlation (ECC) is also applied to improve projection skill. The following results are obtained: (1) The SDM projection skill for each predictor is higher than that of the MPI‐ESM‐LR climate model, and ECC performs even better. (2) Spatial correlation patterns of different predictors with influence on the TP are well recognized by CCA. The high relevance of ZG500 can be explained by the thermal adaptation theory, that of SST exhibits a canonical Indian Ocean Dipole mode, and MWVF850 shows a simple water vapour link. (3) The amount of summer precipitation in the TP will slightly decrease under RCP2.6 by −3.4 mm decade−1, whereas RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 reveal an increase by 2.4 and 18.4 mm decade−1, respectively.
Overcoming obstacles in obtaining individual participant data for meta‐analysis
Authors: Polanin Joshua R. , Williams Ryan T.
Published: May 2016

Individual participant data (IPD) is the backbone of scientific inquiry and important to a meta‐analysis for a variety of reasons. It is therefore important to be able to access IPD, and yet, obstacles persist that make it difficult for meta‐analysts, as well as interested primary study analysts, to obtain it. In this paper, we discuss the barriers to obtaining IPD via online repositories or contacting primary study authors and provide an example data sharing agreement that can be used to ameliorate a few of these issues. We also discuss the ethics of data sharing. The goal of this paper is to help meta‐analysts anticipate these potential barriers at the outset of their studies and hopefully increase the likelihood of producing thorough IPD syntheses and foster collaborative partnerships with primary study researchers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity–Productivity Trade‐off During Converting Cropland to Perennial Grassland in the Semi‐arid Areas of China
Authors: Liu Yu , Wu Gao‐Lin , Ding Lu‐Ming , Tian Fu‐Ping , Shi Zhi‐Hua
Published: May 2016

The trade‐off between plant community structure and function is an important issue during grassland restoration. It is essential to assess changes of structure and function after converting farmland to grassland. Three restoration stages (5, 15, and 30 years) were studied to determine the optimum time when the trade‐off between diversity and productivity occurs. The results showed that the vegetation coverage, height, and productivity significantly increased, but the species richness, diversity, and density significantly decreased along the restoration time. Grassland community presented a succession from small individuals and high density to larger individuals and lower density. The community changed from being dominated by grass and forb functional groups to being dominated only by the grass functional group. The dominant grass functional group plays a decisive role on community structure and function (productivity, diversity, and density) during grassland succession. Our results suggest that community structure and function were mainly driven by the dominant grass functional group during the long‐term succession. Grassland should be utilized to suppress the leading role of the dominant functional groups in the 20th year for keeping the trade‐off of diversity and productivity. We suggest that the restoration grassland should be considered to use appropriately in the 20th year. Our study could provide a key guidance for maintaining the community structure and function trade‐off for cropland‐converted grassland management in the semi‐arid areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.