bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AF‐353, a novel, potent and orally bioavailable P2X3/P2X2/3 receptor antagonist
Authors: Gever Joel R , Soto Rothschild , Henningsen Robert A , Martin Renee S , Hackos David H , Panicker Sandip , Rubas Werner , Oglesby Ian B , Dillon Michael P , Milla Marcos E , Burnstock Geoffrey , Ford Anthony PDW
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose: Purinoceptors containing the P2X3 subunit (P2X3 homotrimeric and P2X2/3 heterotrimeric) are members of the P2X family of ion channels gated by ATP and may participate in primary afferent sensitization in a variety of pain‐related diseases. The current work describes thein vitropharmacological characteristics of AF‐353, a novel, orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective P2X3/P2X2/3 receptor antagonist.

Experimental approach: The antagonistic potencies (pIC50) of AF‐353 for rat and human P2X3 and human P2X2/3 receptors were determined using methods of radioligand binding, intracellular calcium flux and whole cell voltage‐clamp electrophysiology.

Key results: The pIC50estimates for these receptors ranged from 7.3 to 8.5, while concentrations 300‐fold higher had little or no effect on other P2X channels or on an assortment of receptors, enzymes and transporter proteins. In contrast to A‐317491 and TNP‐ATP, competition binding and intracellular calcium flux experiments suggested that AF‐353 inhibits activation by ATP in a non‐competitive fashion. Favourable pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in rat, with good oral bioavailability (%F = 32.9), reasonable half‐life (t1/2 = 1.63 h) and plasma‐free fraction (98.2% protein bound).

Conclusions and implications: The combination of a favourable pharmacokinetic profile with the antagonist potency and selectivity for P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors suggests that AF‐353 is an excellentin vivotool compound for study of these channels in animal models and demonstrates the feasibility of identifying and optimizing molecules into potential clinical candidates, and, ultimately, into a novel class of therapeutics for the treatment of pain‐related disorders.
The Role of Structural Factors in Limiting Women's Institutional Participation
Authors: Zellman Gail L.
Published: April 2010

The values and beliefs that we hold as a nation have created social structures and institutions whose norms and rules create barriers to women's full and equal participation. Until recently it was generally agreed that it was up to the individual woman to deal with these barriers and find personal solutions to the often conflicting demands posed by these institutions. Increasingly these barriers are being viewed as a societal problem, and societal solutions in the form of changes in institutions are being advocated. The economic and counternormative nature of such changes makes their realization problematic. Recent legal, political, and psychological forces are contributing to a climate for change.
Cognitive‐Developmental Factors in Emerging Sex Differences in Achievement‐Related Expectancies
Authors: Parsons Jacquelynne E. , Ruble Diane N. , Hodges Karen L. , Small Ava W.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines sex differences in achievement expectancies from a cognitive‐developmental point of view. It has been reported consistently that females have lower initial expectancies for success than males. The antecedents of this difference are considered: (a) by examining when expectancy differences develop, and (b) by examining cognitive factors which may underlie these differential expectancies. The discussion of the first question is primarily empirical in nature; previous developmental studies of expectancy are reviewed and original data presented. Discussion of the second question is more theoretical and speculative. Based on the Weiner attributional model of achievement, the role of subjective perceptions in mediating expectancy differences is considered.
Conceptualizing Sex as a Status Characteristic: Applications to Leadership Training Strategies
Authors: Lockheed Marlaine E. , Hall Katherine Patterson
Published: April 2010

Differences in activity, influence, and task orientation between males and females have been noted in small group research and have been attributed to differences in sex‐role socialization. Similar differences in behavior are predicted from the formal theory of status characteristics and expectation states; methods for improving the imbalance in power and prestige between males and females in work groups are also derivable from the theory. This paper characterizes sex as a status characteristic, presents data supportive of the characterization, and offers suggestions for remedying the noted imbalance.
Effects of Group Sex Composition on Self‐Presentation and Sex‐Typing
Authors: Ruble Diane N. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: April 2010

It is proposed that the sex composition of a group affects the sex‐role awareness and sex‐related responses of its members, and that such effects can operate even when there is no actual or anticipated verbal interaction among group members. In fact, the “mere presence” of certain proportions of males and females may be sufficient. Relevant studies by the present authors and others are reviewed, and their implications for the sex‐role status quo are considered.
Nonverbal Maintenance of Traditional Sex Roles
Authors: Frieze Irene Hanson , Ramsey Sheila J.
Published: April 2010

A number of studies have documented that certain nonverbal behaviors are reliable indicators of dominance and relative status within a group while other behaviors indicate liking and emotional warmth. These same cues have been independently found to differentiate men and women so that men display more dominance and high‐status cues and women more liking and warmth in their nonverbal expressions. These sex differences perpetuate sex‐role stereotypes, are particularly resistant to change because of their nonconscious nature, and serve to maintain traditional sex roles.
The Motherhood Mandate
Authors: Russo Nancy Felipe
Published: April 2010

The centrality of motherhood to the definition of the adult female is characterized in the form of a mandate which requires having at least two children and raising them well. The processes mandating motherhood are discussed. A direct attack on the motherhood mandate is seen as basic to eliminating sex‐role stereotypes, mythologies, and sex‐typed behavior. Given the social and cultural forces that propel women into motherhood — either by choice or by chance — a thorough analysis of the purpose of childbearing and childrearing in a changing society is basic to understanding persistence and change in sex‐typed behavior.
The Male Sex Role: Definitions, Problems, and Sources of Change
Authors: Pieck Joseph H.
Published: April 2010

This article examines some persistent paradoxes in the definition of the male role, and proposes a distinction between traditional and modern male roles. Four current perspectives on the problems of the male role are distinguished: individual‐level sex‐role identity, cultural‐level sex‐role identity, contradictory socialization role strain, and inherent role strain. Finally, sources and forms of change in the male role are analyzed in terms of a distinction between the male role in relationship to women and the male role in other areas of life experience.
Education: Barrier or Boon to Changing Occupational Roles of Women?
Authors: Wirtenberg T. Jeana , Nakamura Charles Y.
Published: April 2010

Traditional educational institutions have contributed to occupational stratification by sex, but they have the potential to play a primary role in the sexual integration of the occupational world. Research on the ontogeny of the occupational aspirations of young women is reviewed, and three major sex‐biased educational practices which may be contributing to the restriction of these aspirations are discussed: textbooks and instructional materials, differential curricula for males and females, and vocational counseling and testing. Recent legislation is evaluated for its usefulness in modifying each of these sex biases. A conceptual framework is suggested for designing policy relevant research which is aimed at maximizing women's occupational potential.
A 63‐Year‐Old Woman with a Pericardial Effusion, Bilateral Pleural Effusions, and Ascites: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of Its Parts?
Authors: Sparano Dina M. , Kohli Priya , Gulati Martha
Published: April 2010

A 63‐year‐old female presented with dyspnea, leg edema, and abdominal distention. Exam revealed blood pressure of 104/58, pulse 108/min, jugular venous pressure of 8 cm, no pulsus paradoxus, a pericardial rub, muffled heart sounds, decreased basilar breath sounds, ascites, and ankle edema. Electrocardiogram showed low voltage. Imaging revealed thickened pericardium and a pericardial effusion. Hemodynamic tracings postpericardiocentesis revealed elevated right‐sided pressures. The patient was diagnosed with effusive constrictive pericarditis. The case and review of this condition are described. Patients with a pericardial effusion and symptoms unresponsive to pericardiocentesis or with pericardial thickening should undergo evaluation for effusive‐constrictive pericarditis. (Echocardiography 2010;27:454‐459)
Congenital Left Ventricular Apical Diverticulum
Authors: Aghasadeghi Kamran , Aslani Amir , Aslani Arsalan
Published: April 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:476‐477)
Unusual Lesion around Aortic Root: Identification Using Real‐Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Gadhinglajkar Shrinivas , Sreedhar Rupa , Sankarkumar R.
Published: April 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:478‐480)
Acinetobacter Endocarditis Presenting as a Large Right Atrial Mass: An Atypical Presentation
Authors: Bhagan‐Bruno Sherrita , Lather Navneet , Fergus Icilma V.
Published: April 2010

This paper discusses a 26‐year‐old woman with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus‐baumannii complex endocarditis. The patient had an indwelling right internal jugular catheter that was probably the nidus of infection. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed an atypical presentation of the endocarditis as a large intracardiac mass, measuring in centimeters and occupying more than 50% of the right atrial cavity. The mass was attached to the lateral wall of the right atrium without valvular involvement. The patient was treated with prompt removal of the indwelling catheter, intravenous antibiotics, and surgical resection of the mass with an uneventful recovery. A literature search for cases of “Acinetobacter endocarditis” reveals this as the first case reported of Acinetobacter endocarditis presenting in this manner. (Echocardiography 2010;27:E39‐E42)
Bilobed Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Demonstrated on Contrast Echocardiogram
Authors: Murugiah Kartik , Meisner Jay S.
Published: April 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:E43)
Evaluation of the Impact of Treatment on Endothelial Function and Cardiac Performance in Acromegaly
Authors: Akgul Ebru , Tokgozoglu S. Lale , Erbas Tomris , Kabakci Giray , Aytemir Kudret , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim , Oto Ali , Kes S. Sirri
Published: April 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effects of treatment on left ventricular (LV) performance and endothelial function in patients with acromegaly. Method: Nineteen patients with active acromegaly (AA), 18 patients with cured/well‐controlled acromegaly (CA), and 25 healthy control subjects were studied. LV performance was evaluated by two‐dimensional/Doppler echocardiography and Doppler tissue imaging (TDI). Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured by B‐mode ultrasound. Endothelial cell markers; thrombomodulin (TM), and P‐selectin were also measured. Results: Tei index was higher than the control subjects in both acromegaly groups. The ratio of early and late diastolic annular velocities (Em′/Am′) was significantly lower in the AA group than the other groups (P < 0.05). FMD in both acromegaly groups was significantly lower than the controls (P < 0.001) but difference between acromegaly groups was not significant (P > 0.05). In the CA group, P‐selectin was higher than the controls and was even higher in the AA (P < 0.05). TM was significantly higher in the active group (P < 0.05) and not different than the controls in the CA group. Conclusion: TDI determine LV performance changes in acromegaly earlier than conventional echocardiographic methods. Endothelial function both in the form of FMD and endothelial cell markers is impaired in acromegaly. While in cured acromegaly endothelial cell injury, as evidenced by TM levels, is decreased, endothelial dysfunction still persists. (Echocardiography 2010;27:990‐996)
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Post Traumatic Acquired Thoracic Aortic Coarctation
Authors: Singh Preeti , Hernandez Carlos Martinez , Singh Balwinder , Kuruba Mahesh , Samar Amena , Nanda Navin C.
Published: April 2010

We report a young patient with post traumatic acquired thoracic aortic coarctation in whom three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) demonstrated incremental value over two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE). 3DTTE showed (1) en face views of the obstruction site that showed a markedly narrowed, roughly circular orifice measuring 0.33 cm2 in area, (2) echogenic tissue encroaching on the graft lumen consistent with fibrosis/thrombus, and (3) no graft protrusion into the aortic lumen, only hypermobility of the medial portion of the graft. These important findings were not detected by 2DTTE. (Echocardiography 2010;27:470‐472)
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Burns Andrew T. , Gerche Andre La , Prior David L. , MacIssac Andrew L.
Published: April 2010

Article Title: Left Ventricular Torsion Parameters are Affected by Acute Changes in Load (Echocardiography 2010;27:406)
Moving towards in situ tracheal regeneration: the bionic tissue engineered transplantation approach
Authors: Bader Augustinus , Macchiarini Paolo
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Rationales for tracheal transplantation

Historical background

Regenerative approach to tracheal replacement

Human tissue engineering tracheal replacement

      ‐   Mesenchymal stem cell derived chondrocytes

      ‐   Epithelial respiratory cells

Ongoing progress

Conclusions

In June 2008, the world’s first whole tissue‐engineered organ – the windpipe – was successfully transplanted into a 31‐year‐old lady, and about 18 months following surgery she is leading a near normal life without immunosuppression. This outcome has been achieved by employing three groundbreaking technologies of regenerative medicine: (i) a donor trachea first decellularized using a detergent (without denaturing the collagenous matrix), (ii) the two main autologous tracheal cells, namely mesenchymal stem cell derived cartilage‐like cells and epithelial respiratory cells and (iii) a specifically designed bioreactor that reseed, before implantation, the in vitro pre‐expanded and pre‐differentiated autologous cells on the desired surfaces of the decellularized matrix. Given the long‐term safety, efficacy and efforts using such a conventional approach and the potential advantages of regenerative implants to make them available for anyone, we have investigated a novel alternative concept how to fully avoid in vitro cell replication, expansion and differentiation, use the human native site as micro‐niche, potentiate the human body’s site‐specific response by adding boosting, permissive and recruitment impulses in full respect of sociological and regulatory prerequisites. This tissue‐engineered approach and ongoing research in airway transplantation is reviewed and presented here.
Behaviour of multipotent maxillary bone‐derived cells on β‐tricalcium phosphate and highly porous bovine bone mineral
Authors: Payer Michael , Lohberger Birgit , Stadelmeyer Elke , Bartmann Christina , Windhager Reinhard , Jakse Norbert
Published: April 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the applicability of multipotent maxillary cells (MMC) for cell therapy concepts and to evaluate their in vitro behaviour on two different bone substitutes.

Material and methods: Cells isolated from maxillary bone from 10 donors were expanded using media containing human platelet lysate (HPL) replacing foetal bovine serum and differentiated towards both the osteogenic and the adipogenic lineage. Surface markers were determined by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis. Calcium deposits, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) were used as biomarkers of osteogenic differentiation. Oil Red O was used to verify adipogenic differentiation.

The osteogenic lineage and undifferentiated controls were further cultured on natural bone mineral of bovine origin (BioOss®) and β‐tricalcium phosphate (Vitoss®) scaffolds. Scaffold efficacy and cell migration were evaluated with live cell imaging.

Results: Isolated cells presented characteristics of bone marrow (BM)‐stromal cells and could easily be expanded to clinical scales. Cells expressed osteogenic and adipogenic markers when cultured with inductive media. There were no obvious differences in cell migration and growth behaviour between the two bone substitutes, but significantly higher OC expression was observed on BioOss® scaffolds. Both osteogenically differentiated and undifferentiated cell lines expressed ALP activity on the scaffolds.

Conclusion: Isolated maxillary cells demonstrate multipotent in vitro characteristics comparable with those of BM‐stromal cells. HPL can predictably be used for clinical‐scale expansion of MMCs. Both grafting materials provide potential carrier characteristics when loaded with MMCs.

To cite this article:
 Payer M, Lohberger B, Stadelmeyer E, Bartmann C, Windhager R, Jakse N. Behaviour of multipotent maxillary bone‐derived cells on β‐tricalcium phosphate and highly porous bovine bone mineral. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 699–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01856.x
Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Makris Nikos , Stamatakis Harry , Syriopoulos Kostas , Tsiklakis Kostas , Van Der Stelt Paul F.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: To assess the visibility and the course of the incisive canal and the visibility and the location of the lingual foramen using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: In total, 100 CBCT examinations of patients for preoperative planning were used for this study. The examinations were taken using the NewTom 3G CBCT unit, applying a standardized exposure protocol. Image reconstruction from the raw data was performed using the NewTom software. Three experts were asked to assess the visibility of the incisive canal using a four‐point rating scale. The position of the incisive canal was recorded in relation to the lower, buccal and lingual border of the mandible using the application provided by the CBCT software.

Results: The incisive canal was definitely visible in 83.5% of the scans and the mean endpoint was approximately 15 mm anterior to the mental foramen. The mean distance from the lower border of the mandible was 11.5 mm and its course was closer to the buccal border of the mandible in 87% of the scans. The lingual foramen was definitely visible in 81% of the scans.

Conclusions: The high detection rate of the incisive canal and the lingual foramen in the anterior region of the mandible using CBCT indicates the potentional high preoperative value of CBCT scan for surgical procedures in the anterior mandible.

To cite this article: Makris N, Stamatakis H, Syriopoulos K, Tsiklakis K, van der Stelt PF. Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone‐beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 766–771. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01903.x
A comparison between immediate loading and immediate restoration in cases of partial posterior mandibular edentulism: a 3‐year randomized clinical trial
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: April 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the survival rate, the bone loss and soft‐tissue healing patterns of immediately loaded and immediately restored implants in cases of partial posterior mandibular edentulism.

Material and methods: Fifty patients with partial posterior mandibular edentulism were randomly selected for two treatments: 25 were included in the immediate loading group (test) and 25 in the immediate restoration group (control). All implants were placed in healed sites with a torque of >25 N cm. The temporary prosthesis of the immediate restoration group was placed so as to avoid occlusal contact in centric and lateral excursions. Both groups received fully occluding final restorations 6 months after surgery. Mean marginal bone loss was assessed at 6‐, 12‐, 24‐ and 36‐month follow‐up examinations by a blinded examiner.

Results: A total of 100 implants were placed in the period between February 2004 and October 2006, of which 42 (42%) were for men and 58 (58%) for women. Five and 7 weeks after surgery, mobility of one implant was assessed in one (4%) patient in the test group and one (4%) patient in the control group, respectively. At the 36‐month follow‐up, the accumulated mean marginal bone loss was 0.987 mm (SD=0.375) for the immediate restoration group (n=48) and 0.947 mm (SD=0.323) for the immediate loading group (n=48). There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) for the tested outcome measures between the two procedures.

Conclusions: This study was unable to detect any statistically significant difference in the survival rate, bone loss and soft tissue healing patterns between the immediately loaded and the immediately restored implants in cases of partial posterior mandibular edentulism. The immediate temporary rehabilitation of the partially edentulous posterior mandible is a predictable procedure using both procedures.

To cite this article:
 Degidi M, Nardi D, Piattelli A. A comparison between immediate loading and immediate restoration in cases of partial posterior mandibular edentulism: a 3‐year randomized clinical trial. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 682–687. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01910.x
Degradation of human collagen isoforms by Clostridium collagenase and the effects of degradation products on cell migration
Authors: Shi Lei , Ermis Ryan , Garcia Anastacia , Telgenhoff Dale , Aust Duncan
Published: April 2010

Clostridium collagenase has been widely used in biomedical research to dissociate tissues and isolate cells; and, since 1965, as a therapeutic drug for the removal of necrotic wound tissues. Previous studies found that purified collagenase‐treated extracellular matrix stimulated cellular response to injury and increased cell proliferation and migration. This article presents an in vitro study investigating the digestive ability of Clostridium collagenase on human collagen types I, III, IV, V and VI. Our results showed that Clostridium collagenase displays proteolytic power to digest all these types of human collagen, except type VI. The degradation products derived were tested in cell migration assays using human keratinocytes (gold surface migration assay) and fibroblasts (chemotaxis cell migration assay). Clostridium collagenase itself and the degradation products of type I and III collagens showed an increase in keratinocyte and fibroblast migration, type IV‐induced fibroblast migration only, and the remainder showed no effects compared with the control. The data indicate that Clostridium collagenase can effectively digest collagen isoforms that are present in necrotic wound tissues and suggest that collagenase treatment provides several mechanisms to enhance cell migration: collagenase itself and collagen degradation products.
Cost‐of‐illness of chronic leg ulcers in Germany
Authors: Purwins Sandra , Herberger Katharina , Debus Eike Sebastian , Rustenbach Stephan J , Pelzer Peter , Rabe Eberhard , Schäfer Elmar , Stadler Rudolf , Augustin Matthias
Published: April 2010

Chronic wounds are important because of their frequency, their chronicity and high costs of treatment. However, there are few primary data on the cost‐of‐illness in Germany. The aim was to determine the cost‐of‐illness of venous leg ulcers (VLU) in Germany. Prospective cost‐of‐illness study was performed in 23 specialised wound centres throughout Germany. Direct, medical, non medical and indirect costs to the patient, statutory health insurers and society were documented. Thereover, health‐related quality of life (QoL) was recorded as intangible costs using the Freiburg quality of life assessment for wounds (FLQA‐w, Augustin). A total of 218 patients (62.1% female) were recruited consecutively. Mean age was 69.8 ± 12.0 years. The mean total cost of the ulcer per year and patient was €9569, [€8658.10 (92%) direct and €911.20 (8%) indirect costs]. Of the direct costs, €7630.70 was accounted for by the statutory health insurance and €1027.40 by the patient. Major cost factors were inpatient costs, outpatient care and non drug treatments. QoL was strikingly reduced in most patients. In Germany, VLU are associated with high direct and indirect costs. As a consequence, there is a need for early and qualified disease management. Deeper‐going cost‐of‐illness‐studies and cost‐benefit analyses are necessary if management of chronic wounds is to be improved.
The operative treatment of pressure wounds: a 10‐year experience in flap selection
Authors: Ahluwalia Romy , Martin Daniel , Mahoney James L
Published: April 2010

This study sought to both assist in the selection of flaps for ischial pressure wound re‐construction and to evaluate the overall complication rates associated with re‐construction. A retrospective medical record review was conducted for 78 patients following the surgical re‐construction of an ischial pressure sore. Records were reviewed for demographics, location of sores, methods of re‐construction and flap selection, as well as any complications and recurrences. Seventy‐two wounds were re‐constructed with an average of 1·4 flaps used per wound. An ischial flap complication rate of 16% was observed in flap follow up, with a recurrence rate of 7% recorded. The vast majority of complications went on to heal with 15% of patients requiring a second re‐construction. Our relatively large sample of ischial flaps allowed for a close comparison with previously published work. Both flap selection and site of reconstruction significantly affected the success rates for pressure sore coverage. The overall complication rates by flap and re‐constructive site in this review are lower than previously published reports. Our experience with ischial re‐construction was extensive enough to suggest a posterior medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap combined with a biceps femoris muscle flap as a first choice in ischial pressure wound re‐construction.
Parathyroid Hormone Variability Parameters for Identifying High Turnover Osteodystrophy Disease in Hemodialysis Patients: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: De Paola Luciano , Coppolino Giuseppe , Bolignano Davide , Buemi Michele , Lombardi Luigi
Published: April 2010

Abnormalities in bone morphology that develop secondary to chronic kidney disease are defined as renal osteodystrophy and are identified by bone biopsy. As systematic and sequential bone biopsy is not practicable on a large number of patients, various chemical bone markers are commonly used to detect the bone remodeling status in chronic kidney disease and to grade bone disease in the clinical setting. Recent literature has considered the effect of absolute levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on clinical outcomes and not the measurement of their change over time, the PTH variability. In a retrospective observational study, we examined PTH variability parameters in a group of hemodialysis patients as independent risk factors for high vs. low turnover osteopathy, and investigated their usefulness with respect to commonly used markers of renal osteodystrophy. The study was conducted on 90 chronic hemodialysis patients undergoing regular treatment at the same dialysis centre (Catanzaro, Italy) with standard bicarbonate dialysis. Patients were classified into either high or medium–low turnover osteopathy for the diagnosis based on renal osteodystrophy using the following criteria: PTH ≥ 400 pg/mL associated with bone ALP ≥ 20 ng/mL. We used a regression‐based measurement of PTH variability, which was characterized by different parameters: PTH‐Res‐SD, PTH‐Slope, PTH‐Intercept, PTH‐Abs‐Var, and PTH‐Res‐SD. In our analysis, these parameters of PTH variability were demonstrated to be good independent predictive factors for high turnover osteodystrophy, and they had a greater sensitivity than the use of a single and/or mean PTH measurements in renal osteodystrophy classification.
Prognostic Study of Cardiac and Renal Events in Japanese Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Using Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: J‐ACCESS 3 Study Design
Authors: Nakamura Satoko , Kawano Yuhei , Hase Hiroki , Hatta Tsuguru , Nishimura Shigeyuki , Moroi Masao , Nakagawa Susumu , Kasai Tokuo , Kusuoka Hideo , Takeishi Yasuchika , Nakajima Kenichi , Momose Mitsuru , Takehana Kazuya , Nanasato Mamoru , Yoda Syunichi , Nishina Hidetaka , Matsumoto Naoya , Nishimura Tsunehiko
Published: April 2010

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent studies have indicated that the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Although coronary angiography is considered the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease, contrast‐induced nephropathy or cholesterol microembolization remain serious problems; therefore, a method of detecting coronary artery disease without renal deterioration is desirable. From this viewpoint, stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) might be useful for patients with chronic kidney disease. We recently performed the Japanese Assessment of Cardiac Events and Survival Study by Quantitative Gated SPECT (J‐ACCESS) investigating patients with suspected or extant coronary artery disease and the J‐ACCESS 2 study of patients with diabetes. The findings from these studies showed that SPECT can detect coronary artery disease and help to predict future cardiac events. Thus, we proposed a multicenter, prospective cohort study called “J‐ACCESS 3” in patients with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk. The study aimed at predicting cardiovascular and renal events based on myocardial perfusion imaging and clinical backgrounds. We began enrolling patients in J‐ACCESS 3 at 74 facilities from April 2009 and will continue to do so until 31 March 2010, with the aim of having a cohort of 800 patients. These will be followed up for three years. The primary endpoints will be cardiac death and sudden death. The secondary endpoints will comprise any cardiovascular or renal events. This study will be completed in 2013. Here, we describe the design of the J‐ACCESS 3 study.
Removal of Humoral Mediators and the Effect on the Survival of Septic Patients by Hemoperfusion With Neutral Microporous Resin Column
Authors: Huang Zhao , Wang Si‐Rong , Su Wei , Liu Ji‐Yun
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of neutral microporous resin hemoperfusion on hemodynamic improvement, removal of inflammatory cytokines, and mortality in critical care patients with severe sepsis. Forty‐four patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were randomized to HA type hemoperfusion treatment (N = 24) or standard therapy (N = 20). Those undergoing hemoperfusion treatment received HA330 hemoperfusion. We measured the plasma concentrations of IL‐6 and IL‐8 at the start of every hemoperfusion treatment, and the following parameters were compared between the control group and the hemoperfusion group on days 3, 7, and 14: hemodynamics (cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure); change of hematology and coagulation function; organ function; and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. Hospital, 28‐day, and ICU mortality were also observed. Patients treated with HA hemoperfusion showed a significant removal of plasma IL‐6 and IL‐8 over time while in the study. Patients in the HA group also demonstrated significant increases in cardiac index, systemic vascular resistant index, fast withdrawal of vasoactive agents and decreases in heart rate compared with the controls at days 3 and 7. Although there was no significant difference between the groups in organ dysfunction as assessed by SOFA scores from day 0 (baseline) to day 7, significant improvement can be demonstrated in the hemoperfusion group at day 14. There was no significant difference between the groups in 28‐day mortality, hospital mortality, or length of hospital stay, but ICU mortality and the length of ICU stay in the HA group were markedly reduced. Hemoperfusion treatment using the HA type cartridge in sepsis is safe and it may improve organ dysfunction, ICU mortality, and shorten the length of ICU stay. Clinical significant removal of inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 and IL‐8 from circulation by hemoperfusion may contribute to improving a patient's outcome in an ICU.
Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy in Japan
Authors: Yasuda Hideo , Kato Akihiko , Fujigaki Yoshihide , Hishida Akira ,   the Shizuoka Kidney Disease Study Group
Published: April 2010

No population‐based studies have described the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Japan. This study prospectively examined the incidence of AKI requiring RRT by surveying 16 hospitals in Shizuoka prefecture from January to October 2006. The subjects comprised 242 patients treated with RRT during the observation period. The estimated incidence of AKI requiring RRT was 13.3 cases/100 000 persons/year in this area. Major contributing factors for AKI were sepsis (34%), cardiac shock (23%), and major surgery (12%). The in‐hospital mortality rate was 47.1%, paralleling the increased number of insufficient organs. Oliguria was a risk factor for in‐hospital mortality. These findings suggest that the incidence of AKI treated with RRT in Japan is comparable to those in Western countries, and the prognosis of AKI patients requiring RRT is also poor in Japanese patients.
DIFFERENT SWEETENERS IN BEVERAGES PREPARED WITH INSTANT AND ROASTED GROUND COFFEE: IDEAL AND EQUIVALENT SWEETNESS
Authors: TREVIZAM MORAES PATRÍCIA CARLA BARBOSA , BOLINI HELENA MARIA ANDRÉ
Published: April 2010

Nowadays, people are increasingly concerned about their health and appearance, and have sought feeding alternatives to the main problems that affect world population, such as obesity and diabetes, that share a close relation with high sucrose consumption.

This study determined the ideal sweetness in beverages prepared with instant coffee and roasted ground coffee, using a “just about right” scale, and the equivalent sweetness of samples sweetened with sucralose, stevia, aspartame, cyclamate/saccharin (2:1), acesulfame K, by using the Magnitude Estimation.

Sucrose concentration considered ideal by consumers for instant coffee beverages was 9.5%, with sweetener concentrations equivalent to 0.01494% for sucralose; 0.09448% for stevia; 0.05064% for aspartame; 0.04967% for acesulfame K; and 0.0339% for a cyclamate/saccharin (2:1) blend.

Sucrose concentration considered ideal by consumers for roasted ground coffee beverages was 12.5%, with sweetener concentrations equivalent to 0.0209% for sucralose; 0.0166% for stevia; 0.0724% for aspartame; 0.0640% for acesulfame K; 0.0582% for cyclamate/saccharin (2:1) blend.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study may serve as a guide for the food industry that aims at producing drinks or powders (instant coffee or roasted ground coffee) with the addition of sweeteners to replace sucrose, or to educate consumers about the amount of sweetener that can be added to these drinks for obtaining the ideal sweetness in relation to sucrose.

This information is only possible to be obtained with the application of a sensory technique analysis, because sweeteners behavior is specific for each product type.
FORMULATION OF A SOY–COFFEE BEVERAGE BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND INTERNAL PREFERENCE MAPPING
Authors: FELBERG ILANA , DELIZA ROSIRES , FARAH ADRIANA , CALADO ERÔNICA , DONANGELO CARMEN MARINO
Published: April 2010

Coffee consumers (n = 60) tasted and rated samples of a new soy–coffee beverage made from instant coffee, soymilk powder and sugar. Ingredient concentrations (independent variables) varied according to a 23central composite design for overall degree of acceptance. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), least square difference and response surface methodology, followed by internal preference mapping (IPM) with cluster analysis. ANOVA from the consumers' acceptance data revealed that samples differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Although soymilk content did not influence significantly the consumers' acceptance in the tested range, IPM with cluster analysis indicated that at least part of the acceptance differences was based on the soy beverage consumption habit. The final beverage formulation was evaluated cold and hot for overall acceptability (9‐point structured hedonic scale) by 112 coffee consumers and the cold beverage reached a good acceptability mean score (6.2) among the participants.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The consumption of soy products has been reported to reduce the risk of several diseases and a number of recent studies have found beneficial health properties attributed to coffee. Considering the current consumer trend for healthier alternatives in food products, we decided to combine the health benefits of these two important Brazilian commodities in a functional beverage. In order to optimize the formulation and maximize sensory acceptance, we performed consumers' tests using response surface methodology. Internal preference mapping and cluster analyses were also applied to provide information on the variability of the consumer individual opinions and segment them in groups of similar preference criteria.
A COMPARISON OF THE LABELED AFFECTIVE MAGNITUDE SCALE AND THE 9‐POINT HEDONIC SCALE AND EXAMINATION OF CATEGORICAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: LAWLESS HARRY T. , SINOPOLI DOMINIQUE , CHAPMAN KATHRYN W.
Published: April 2010

Two experiments compared the performance of the 9‐point hedonic scale with the labeled affective magnitude (LAM) scale for food acceptability ratings of a well‐liked food (potato chips). Both scales performed well in discriminating products. Both scales uncovered a strong relationship between usage patterns and acceptance ratings. Both scales found a significant product by user group interaction effect that showed a consistent pattern of the type of chip consumed versus acceptance ratings. The 9‐point scale showed somewhat higher reliability as measured by the correlation of scores for a duplicate product. “Categorical” usage of the LAM scale, defined as making ratings within ±1–2 mm of a word phrase (depending upon the line length, approximately 1% of scale range), was observed here as seen previously. Use of a physically longer line (200 mm versus 116 mm) decreased the frequency of such categorical ratings. These results showed no strong advantage to either scaling method. The categorical use of the LAM scale may depend in part upon the physical appearance of the scale.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Different scales have been used for examining acceptability of foods. Using scales with high discriminative power, good reliability and some predictive value for correlating with food habits is a goal of sensory evaluation. Better scales may help show differences among new consumer products and avoid type II error (missing a difference, and/or not identifying a business risk or an opportunity).
CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE OF BOTTLED AND TAP WATER
Authors: TEILLET ERIC , URBANO CHRISTINE , CORDELLE SYLVIE , SCHLICH PASCAL
Published: April 2010

In order to understand consumer behavior toward drinking water, it is first necessary to determine sensory perception and liking for tap and bottled water. Nevertheless, sensory analysis of water is a challenge as drinking water is supposed to have almost no taste. Therefore, a methodology based on a perceptive sorting task was designed for that purpose.

Six bottled mineral water and six types of tap water were presented to 389 consumers who had to group these samples according to their sensory similarities, describe their groups and give their preferences. The resulting sensory map was found to be mainly driven by the overall level of mineralization. Tap water, after being passively dechlorinated, did not perform differently from bottled water in all aspects for most consumers. Basically, three main tastes of water were highlighted and linked to the amount of minerals. The study demonstrated that the most likely preferred types of water are those with medium mineralization (total dissolved solids 300–350 mg/L), which are perceived as tasteless and cooler.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Practical use of the research presented in the present article is in water industry. This study enabled to understand the basis of consumers' perception and preference among drinking water and is a starting point in understanding consumers' behavior toward drinking water. There is also a methodological interest in the use of sorting tasks associated with preference ratings, which demonstrated its efficiency in assessing the links between perception and preference in water.
EFFECT OF MILK PASTEURIZATION ON FLAVOR PROPERTIES OF SEVEN COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRENCH CHEESE TYPES
Authors: CHAMBERS DELORES H. , ESTEVE EMILIEN , RETIVEAU ANNYLSE
Published: April 2010

Previous research on matched pairs of experimental cheese showed that heat treatment of milk affected flavor properties. However, whether pasteurization has a generalized effect or whether the effect is specific to certain cheese varieties is not known. Experienced, highly trained sensory panelists developed flavor profiles for seven commercially available French cheeses (Brie, Coulommier, Camembert, Saint Nectaire, Muenster, Chèvre and Bleu) for which versions made from pasteurized or unpasteurized milk were commercially available. Raw‐milk cheese had stronger odor properties. Soft cheeses with white rind (Brie, Coulommier, Camembert and Saint Nectaire) as well as Chèvre and Bleu were affected similarly by heat treatment of milk, but the sensory characteristics of Muenster cheese did not follow the pattern of other cheeses. These results suggest that many, but not all, cheese types show similar changes in sensory attributes as a result of using pasteurized rather than raw milk.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study gives manufacturers and researchers information on flavor differences that exist between similar cheese types made from raw or pasteurized milk. Researchers and manufacturers can use that information in order to develop pasteurized‐milk cheese that has the traditional full‐flavored characteristics of its raw‐milk counterpart.
FLAVORS OF GREEN TEA CHANGE LITTLE DURING STORAGE
Authors: LEE JEEHYUN , CHAMBERS DELORES H.
Published: April 2010

The objective of the current study was to determine how flavor changes in green teas that are stored over a period of 2 years (a commonly noted shelf life for green tea products in loose leaf form). Two Korean green teas were packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films and stored at an ambient temperature of∼20C. Both green tea samples were evaluated by six highly trained descriptive panelists at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after their original packaging dates. The intensity of the major attributes changed minimally among the samples as they were evaluated over the 2‐year period. The green tea samples that were stored for 6 months did not change, up to 12 months they changed little, and after 12 months the samples sometimes developed low levels of off‐flavors such as medicinal, musty/new leather or grain flavors, or they became higher in characteristics such as tooth‐etch. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that green tea will change minimally during the first year of storage and will change slightly more during the second of 2 years of storage. However, these changes appear to be minimal when the samples are packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research provides the first evidence that, even though the flavors of green tea may change, the change will be minimal during the first 1–2 years of storage in metalized multilayer polyethylene films. This research indicates that green tea leaves do have an extended storage time, at least in terms of sensory quality, and can be held for extended periods of time at room temperature.
THE EFFECT OF THE COMBINATION OF SALTY, BITTER AND SOUR ACCOMPANIMENT ON THE FLAVOR AND JUICINESS OF PORK PATTIES
Authors: AASLYNG M.D. , FRØST M.B.
Published: April 2010

Most food is eaten as meals and taste interactions between individual components of a meal may occur. These interactions were studied to examine the effect of combinations of vegetable accompaniments on sensory properties of pork patties. A solution of three basic tastes (sour, bitter and salty) and subsequently vegetables representing the same basic tastes (sour: pickled cucumber, bitter: arugula, and salty: salted potatoes) were tested. Results showed that indeed interactions occurred, but in more complex meal combinations the effects are smaller than if only one basic taste is used, as previously demonstrated.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

This study expands the current knowledge of food–food interactions in a meal consisting of pork and accompaniments, from the effect of a single accompaniment to a more complex meal serving the meat with two or three different types of vegetables with different basic tastes. The knowledge can be used in a product development phase, developing meals in which the accompaniment can be designed from a combination of the knowledge of the sensory properties of the meat after frying and how the vegetables suppress negative sensory properties and/or enhance positive sensory properties in the meat. This opens up for possibilities of producing new and innovative meals from traditional ones by knowing if and how the vegetables affect the sensory properties of the meat. Furthermore, the knowledge can be used as an aid in developing meals from new meat cuts for which there are no previous traditions of accompaniment. In addition to this very practical knowledge, the study reports new results on food–food interactions in a more complex matrix than previously reported.