bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Peripheral Nervous System in Palæo- and Schizo- Nemertini, one of the Layers of the Body-Wall
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

In a paper, which was published in May last, in the ‘Verhandelingen van de Koninklyke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, vol. xx,’ and which treats of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system of the Nemerteans (an abstract of the paper with accompanying plate appeared in the July number of this Journal), the peripheral nervous system is dealt with very superficially only. This was done on purpose. At the time when that paper was prepared for the press the results which I had arrived at concerning the peripheral nerves in the two suborders of the PALÆO- and SCHIZONEMERTINI were so much in contradiction with everything hitherto published on the subject that I could not venture to publish these results before I had been able to convince myself of their trustworthiness in numerous series of preparations, which should gradually come under my observation. During the correction of the proof-sheets of that paper I was happily surprised in obtaining, much sooner than I expected, different sets of sections, which, by their superior state of preservation, allowed me to settle the point. I could only mention this briefly and insufficiently in the explanation of the plate belonging to that article. A more detailed account was at the same time promised, and is now embodied in the following pages.
On the Terminations of Nerves in the Epidermis
Authors: Ranvier L.
Published: April 2021

It is well known that by the employment of chloride of gold it is possible to show the ultimate nerve-endings in tissues. But this reaction is not always followed with success if the original process of Cohnheim is pursued ; and in attempting, during the last few years, to render it more regular by combining the action of the gold with formic acid, Pritchard and Loewit have effected a very notable progress. At the same time the process of Loewit, although it gives far more constant results than any previous process, is not without its disadvantages. The solution of a third part of formic acid, in which the tissue is placed before being submitted to the action of the gold, alters the ultimate ramifications of the nerves, so that, on being fixed by the action of the gold, they are more or less altered.
On the Termination of the Nerves in the Mammalian Cornea
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

There is hardly an organ in which the distribution of the fine nerves can be so easily observed as in the cornea, thanks to the invaluable discovery of Cohnheim of staining the organ with chloride of gold. Since his publication, November, 1866, “On the Termination of the Sensory Nerves in the Cornea,” in ‘Virchow’s Archiv,’ vol. xxviii, a very great number of observations on the same subject have been published, all of which have been obtained by Cohnheim’s method of chloride of gold.
On the Head Cavities and Associated Nerves of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Marshall A. Milnes
Published: April 2021

The discovery by Mr. Balfour1 of the extension forwards to the head of that splitting of the mesoblast which in the trunk gives rise to the body cavity, and of the subsequent division of the cavity so formed into the series of segments which he has termed head-cavities, has given us a new and very important clue to that favourite problem of morphologists, the segmentation of the vertebrate head.
Review of Recent Researches on Karyokinesis and Cell Division
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: April 2021

The following is a short account of the latest investigations into the metamorphosis which nuclei undergo in the process of indirect division, and of the present state of knowledge and speculation concerning the structure of the cell and the phenomena of its life. 2
A Renewed Study of the Germinal Layers of the Chick
Authors: Balfour F. M. , Deighton F.
Published: April 2021

The formation of the germinal layers in the chick has been so often and so fully dealt with in recent years, that we consider some explanation to be required of the reasons which have induced us to add to the long list of memoirs on this subject. Our reasons are twofold. In the first place the principal results we have to record have already been briefly put forward in a ‘Treatise on Comparative Embryology’ by one of us; and it seemed desirable that the data on which the conclusions there stated rest should be recorded with greater detail than was possible in such a treatise. In the second place, our observations differ from those of most other investigators, in that they were primarily made with the object of testing a theory as to the nature of the primitive streak. As such they form a contribution to comparative embryology; since our object has been to investigate how far the phenomena of the formation of the germinal layers in the chick admit of being compared with those of lower and less modified vertebrate types.
Note on the Formation of Fibrine
Authors: Hart Ernest
Published: April 2021

The research, of which this paper is a record, was made in the laboratory of M. Ranvier, at the Collège de France, in the Autumn of 1879. It has remained so long unpublished because I was always in hopes of being able to make the work more complete and exhaustive. In presenting it now for publication and criticism, I do so with great diffidence, knowing that the work is incomplete; yet I am assured by competent authorities that, viewed in connection with other work on this subject now being carried on in various parts of the world, it may not be without utility and suggestiveness, as an addition to the data for the investigation of the production of fibrine.
The Genesis of the Egg in Triton
Authors: Iwakawa T.
Published: April 2021

Contents.—Some general remarks, 260. The manner of depositing the egg, 262. The structure of the ovary, 262. Origin of the ovum, 264. Epithelial islands, 266. Formation of yolk-spherules, 271. Vitelline membrane, 273. The germinal vesicle, 274. The “yolk-nucleus,” 276. Bibliography, 277. Explanation of plates.
The Organ of Jacobson in the Dog
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In my previous memoirs1 the general arrangement and structure of the organ of Jacobson in the guinea-pig and rabbit, as well as the relations of the organ to the canals of Stenson, were minutely described, and in the present paper I propose to follow up the subject in the dog.
On Saprolegnia in Relation to the Salmon Disease. Extracted from the Twenty-first Annual Report of H.M.’s Inspectors of Salmon Fisheries
Authors: Huxley T. H.
Published: April 2021

There are two other matters on which it is necessary for us to treat before we close this report; one of these we need only refer to in a short paragraph; the other we propose to deal with in more detail.
On the Development of the European Oyster (Ostrea edulis, L.)
Authors: Horst R.
Published: April 2021

Last summer, when the Dutch Zoological Station was erected in the neighbourhood of the East Scheldt oysterbanks, I studied for some weeks the development of the oyster. Although this research is not fully completed, I believe that the following communication may contribute to augment our still very scanty knowledge of the embryology of Lamellibranchiata.
The Vertebration of the Tail of Appendiculariæ
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

A Prominent objection to the association proposed by me of the Tunicata as a subdivision “Urochorda “with the “Cephalochorda” (Amphioxus) and the “Craniata “in one group, for which the name “Vertebrata” is retained, has been the fact especially put forward by Gegenbaur, that the Urochorda (Tunicata) do not exhibit any “vertebrate “structure, that is to say, a division of the body into myotomes. For a similar reason Balfour, whilst accepting the three-fold division of the Vertebrata, has proposed to denominate that group “Chordata,” and to restrict the term Vertebrata to the craniate division of the Chordata, thus excluding the Cephalochorda, as well as the Urochorda from the application of the term “vertebrate.”
The Tongue of Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: the Origin of Taste Bulbs and the parts upon which they occur
Authors: Poulton Eihiard B.
Published: April 2021

I am indebted to Professor Moseley for kindly giving me a very perfect tongue of Ornithorhynchus. This animal has never been brought alive to Europe, and therefore it must be unusually difficult to procure the tissues in a condition favorable for histological investigation. Professor Moseley obtained the specimen from which the tongue was taken in 1874, and the animal was one of those mentioned on page 263 of the ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger.’ The organ was hardened in chromic acid, and subsequently in spirit, and I found it in excellent condition during my work upon it last Christmas and again at Easter. There appears to have been some slight alteration of the most delicate tissues, due to the time that unavoidably elapsed before the organ could be hardened, together with the heat and jolting of a journey by coach. However, this change was not so great as to prevent me from arriving at definite conclusions with regard to these tissues, and it is very unlikely that the terminal organs of the gustatory nerves (to which I allude) could have been made out perfectly, except by work upon the fresh specimen.
Observations upon the Fœtal Membranes of the Opossum and other Marsupials
Authors: Osborn Henry F.
Published: April 2021

In 1834 and 1837 Professor Owen published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ descriptions of the fœtal membrane of the kangaroo. Quite recently his observations have been confirmed by Professor Chapman,1 of Philadelphia. They are given in full in the ‘Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates,’ and are to be found, in abstract, in Balfour’s ‘Comparative Embryology,’ vol. ii. It is surprising that no additions have been made to our knowledge of these forms during the long period intervening between Owen’s observation and the present time, even when one is aware of the extreme difficulty of obtaining females during the period of gestation.
Recent Researches upon the Origin of the Sexual Cells in Hydroids.1 A Review
Authors: Bourne A. G.
Published: April 2021

The question as to the place of origin of the sexual products of Hydroids is one upon which very various opinions have of late years been current. The ectoderm and endoderm have, in turn, been put forward as giving rise to either, or both, eggs and spermatozoa.
On Procalistes, a Young Cephalopod with Pedunculate Eyes, taken by the “Challenger” Expedition
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Mr. John Murray, the director of the “Challenger “publications has kindly placed in my hands for examination three specimens of a very young Cephalopod—mounted for microscopic study—together with a drawing and notes by the late Dr. R. von Willemoes Suhm relating thereto.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VIII. On some Points in the Anatomy of Larval Comatulæ
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: April 2021

While preparing the morphological section of my report on the “Challenger “Crinoids, I have continually felt the want of some knowledge of the organogeny of the Crinoid-type during the later larval stages. Götte’s admirable observations on the “Cystidean phase,” and the early Pentacrinoid, have told us much about the development of the water-vascular ring; while Ludwig’s researches have thrown consideable light on the relations of the primary water-pore and water-tube.1 But in neither case were the larvæ studied sufficiently advanced to afford any results as regards the earliest condition of the chambered organ, and of the puzzling glandular structure connected with it.
On the Chromatology of the Blood of Some Invertebrates
Authors: Munn C. A. Mac
Published: April 2021

The following account of a few observations made by me during the last two years on the blood of some invertebrate animals may prove of use to others engaged in the same kind of work, and although the observations are not by any means complete, I have thought it advisable to publish the results, with the remark that the present account is merely a preliminary one, and that I hope to follow up the subject more fully when an opportunity occurs of doing so.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: I
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

By the kindness of Professor H. N. Moseley I have been enabled to study the anatomy of certain Madreporaria obtained by him during the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger.” As in lecture-courses and text-books but little information is given relative to this ancient and interesting group, and the few papers on the subject are scattered, a short sketch of the more recent researches is prefixed to my own results. Two forms only are described in this paper, Flabellum patagonichum and Rhodopsammia parallela ; others, it is hoped, will follow shortly. Throughout the text will be reduced as far as possible.
On a Peculiar Sense Organ in Scutigera coleoptrata, one of the Mvriapoda
Authors: Heathcote F. G.
Published: April 2021

In the spring of the year I was fortunate enough to get a fair number of Scutigera in the South of Europe. In making an examination, of their anatomy I found a sense organ which seemed to me to be of sufficient interest to render a more complete examination desirable. This organ is placed on the ventral surface of the head at a short distance behind the mouth and near the base of the mandibles. Its external appearance under a low power of the microscope (Zeiss’s objective A A) is shown in fig. 1.
A New Hypothesis as to the Relationship of the Lung-book of Scorpio to the Gill-book of Limulus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

The view which I advocated in my essay ‘Limulus an Arachnid’ as to the mode of conversion, of an external lamel-ligerous appendage into the hollow lameliiginous lung of Scorpio no longer commends itself to me. A much simpler and, as it appears to me, a thoroughly satisfactory explanation of the relationship of the two organs, has occurred to me in the course of recent investigations, and is supported also by embryological data. In the essay above referred to I suggested that by the enlargement of the hollow stigmata connected with the thoraco-branchial muscles of an ancestral Scorpion, resembling Limulus in having branchigerous appendages on the mesosoma, and provided with thoraco-branchial muscles, the branchigerous appendage might come to lie in the pit or hollow of the tendon of the thoraco-branchial muscle, and eventually the hollow might enclose it. The conversion of the insunken appendage into a hollow air-holding sac and the corresponding conversion of the surrounding pit into a closed blood-holding space, involved serious difficulties which were indeed fatal to the hypothesis.
The Anatomy of the Madreporarian Coral Fungia
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

During a visit, extending from the middle of September, 1885, to the middle of January, 1886, to the island of Diego Garcia, an atoll lying in S. lat. 7° 13′, E. long. 72° 23′, I was able to collect and preserve a large number of specimens of Fungia dentata, which form the subject of the present memoir.
The Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus: Part III. On the Changes from Stage a to Stage F
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

The early development of Peripatus capensis, as described in Parts I and II of this series, is apparently so different from that of the West Indian and New Zealand species, and at the same time our knowledge of the early stages of these species is still so incomplete,1 that it is difficult at present, and would indeed under the circumstances be waste of time, to attempt to institute any detailed comparison between them. With regard to the later stages, however, the matter stands otherwise; for not only do they seem to be alike in the three species, but in the case of the West Indian species at any rate we have in Dr. Kennel’s memoir, if not a complete still a detailed and coherent account of them.
The Anatomy of the Madreporaria: III
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

The present memoir deals with the anatomy of Turbinaria (p. 1), a colonial Perforate coral; of Lophohelia (p. 6), an Imperforate form, colonial but with separate calyces; and of the two aberrant Imperforate genera, Seriatopora (p. 10) and Pocillopora (p. 13), in which the calyces are merged in coenenchyme. To these descriptions is appended a note on the skeleton of Flabellum.
The Tongue and Gustatory Organs of Mephitis mophitica
Authors: Tuckerman Frederick
Published: April 2021

It is now twenty years since Christian Lovén (26)1 and Gustav Schwalbe (37) discovered and described, independently of each other, the peripheral end-organs of the nerves of taste in the tongue of Mammalia. Subsequent investigators have studied the distribution and minute anatomy of these organs in many animals, and in all essential points they confirm the results reached by Lovén and Schwalbe.
On the Anatomy of Allurus tetraedrus (Eisen)
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

Allurus was first recognised as a distinct genus by Eisen,1 who described the worm from specimens found in Sweden. It has since been recorded by Dr. Rosa,2 from Northern Italy; as it is probably identical with Hoffmeister’s3 Lumbricus agilis, it occurs also in North Germany and in Great Britain and France.
On the Occurrence of numerous Nephridia in the same Segment in Certain Earthworms, and on the Relationship between the Excretory System in the Annelida and in the Platyhelminths
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

The nephridia of this worm differ in their appearance from those of any other species of Acanthodrilus at present known. In a dissection of the worm the nephridia can be recognised as a series of glandular tufts closely adherent to the body wall and to the intersegmental septa; each of the eight setæ often appeared to have a nephridial tuft specially related to it: thus by dissection there seemed to be eight separate nephridia in each segment. This, however, is not invariably the case, and in the anterior segments no relation between the setæ and the nephridia could be detected by dissection.
Two New Types of Actiniaria.
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In a bottle of corals, which had been collected from the reefs at Papeete during the expedition of H.M.S. “Challenger,” and sent to me by Mr. John Murray for investigation, I was fortunate enough to meet with three small specimens of an Actin-arian, which differs so markedly from all known types, that it will apparently necessitate in the future the formation of a new tribe of Actinaria, of equal value with the Hexactiniæ, Edward-siæ, Ceriantheæ, &c. From the study of such an isolated form, it is naturally impossible to deduce a satisfactory definition for either tribe, genus, or species. I will therefore leave this omission to be filled up by future observers of allied forms, and merely describe the anatomical characteristics in order. I propose for the animal the name
Descriptions of new and rare diatoms. Series X
Authors: Greville R. K.
Published: April 2021

Frustules free, elongated, compressed, with a convolute or nodulose central nodule (no median line or terminal nodule), and minute radiate or decussato-punctate structure. Valve (linear, keeled?) with a longitudinal row of puncta.
On the Structure and Functions of the Cerata or Dorsal Papillæ in some Nudibranchiate Mollusca
Authors: Herdman W. A.
Published: April 2021

Most of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca are provided with brightly coloured and sometimes elaborately branched projections from the sides and dorsal surface of the body. These include— The Rhinophores, or dorsal tentacles.The true Branchiæ.The Cerata, or dorsal papillæ.
On the Structure of a Species of Earthworm belonging to the Genus Diachæta
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

I received some time since, through the kindness of Mr. Windle, a number of examples of earthworms from the Bermudas. Some of these belonged to a species of Lumbricus, while others seemed to be referable to the genus Urochæta; under this generic name I described a year ago in ‘Nature’ the remarkable characteristics of the setæ of the hinder end of the body of the worm.
The Development of the Atrial Chamber of Amphioxus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray , Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

Last year one of us (Mr. Willey) collected during the months of May, July, and August many hundreds of embryos and larvæ of Amphioxus in Sicily.
The Renal Organs of Certain Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Weldon W. F. R.
Published: April 2021

In a paper published during the summer of 1889,1 I gave an account of the excretory apparatus of Palæmon serratus, in which I drew attention to the enormous development of the bladder, which extends dorsally from the level of the green glands to the anterior boundary of the pericardium.
On Pelomyxa Viridis, sp. n., and on the Vesi-cular Nature of Protoplasm
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs
Published: April 2021

My assistant, M.R.Ry. A. Sambasivan, B.A. (Madras), during the course of an exhaustive examination of the fauna of a small tank (pond) in the neighbourhood of the Presidency College discovered and drew my attention to numerous green “egg-like” bodies, of about inch in diameter, which were to be seen on the surface of the finely divided mud.
On a Red Pigment-forming Organism, B. Corallinus (?)
Authors: Slater Charles
Published: April 2021

The number of micro-organisms known which form red pigments is already considerable, and include the M. prodigiosus, B. indiens, B. ruber, and B. rouge de Kiel. The organism described below differs from any of these in morphology, cultural characteristics, and tint of pigment produced. It occurred as a coral-red, slow-growing, circular, non-liquefactive colony on a gelatine plate which had been used in an examination of the tap water of the laboratory. As the plate had been withdrawn from the moist chambers and examined at least once before the colony appeared, it is impossible to say whether it was derived from the water or was an air contamination. It was most probably the latter.
On the Occurrence of Pseudopodia in the Diatomaceous Genera, Melosira and Cyclotolla
Authors: Grenfell J. G.
Published: April 2021

The diatoms on which these pseudopodia have been found do not belong, as might have been expected, to the motile, but to the non-motile forms, to the genera Melosira and Cyclotella. The Cyclotella is certainly C. Kützingiana. The Melosiras belong to one or two small species which have not yet been satisfactorily determined.
On the Nauplius Eye persisting in some Decapods
Authors: Robinson Margaret
Published: April 2021

The nauplius eye has been described as persisting in Schizo-pods, but I have heard of no description of it in Decapods, though Dr. Paul Mayer mentions having seen it in an adult Pal æmonætes (‘Carcinologische Mitt. Naples Mitt.,’vol. ii). Professor Weldon noticed it in Pal æmon, and suggested that I should work it out either in that or in some other member of the Caridid æ. This is the only family in which I know of it as persisting. I have used Pal æmon serratus, Virbius varians, and Pandalus annulicornis.
On a New Genus of Synascidians from Japan
Authors: Oka Asajiro , Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

The remarkable compound Ascidian which we1 are about to describe was collected in quantity by one of us at Moroiso, a place which stands at the head of a small bay to the north of Misaki, some fifty miles south of Tokio. It was found in the months of July and August, hanging downwards from the lower surface of the shelving rocks between the tide-marks, and is therefore exposed at low water at certain times of the year. It was soon regarded as probably a new form, and such has since proved to be the case.
A New Branchiate Oligochæte (Branchi ura Sowerbyi)
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: April 2021

We are acquainted at present with three genera of Oligo-chæta which render the Cuvierian name of “Annélides abranches sétigères” no longer applicable to the group. Dero has been known since the time of Rosel and Otto Friederich Müller, the latter of whom recognised the branchial function of the ciliated processes at the anal extremity of the body. Alma nilotica, originally described by Grube,1 and lately reinvestigated by Levinsen,2 is, according to Grube, much like a Rhynchelmis in general habit. It has paired sigmoid setae; the posterior sixty segments or so are furnished with short dorsally placed processes, more numerous upon the anterior than the posterior of these segments. The name given by Levinsen is Digitibranchus niloticus; but this worm is, in all probability, generically and specifically identical with Alma nilotica. The third branchiate form has been quite lately described in this Journal3 by Professor A. G. Bourne. It is a Naid furnished with long processes on the anterior segments which lodge the dorsal setæ. I shall refer more particularly to the structure of these processes in describing a quite new type of branchiate Oligochætous Annelid which I propose to name.
The Pigment Cells of the Retina
Authors: Boden J. S. , Sprawson F. C.
Published: April 2021

In preparing a specimen of the retinal pigment cells from a sheep’s eye in the practical histology class at King’s College one of us (S.) noticed that these were not all hexagonal in shape, as is usually described, but that many had seven sides; and on searching through the specimen, cells with varying numbers of sides were found. On showing this to Professor Halliburton he suggested that we should examine a large number of specimens from different animals, in order to ascertain if the same irregularities exist there. This we have done, and the present paper contains the results of the investigation. The descriptions and figures in the various text-books are taken from Max Schultze’s work on the subject.1 In all, the cells are represented as being perfect hexagons, and the existence of cells of other shapes is not mentioned.
Note on the Existence of a pair of Sub-cutaneous Orifices in the Head of the Eel and Conger
Authors: Houghton Rev. W.
Published: April 2021

Having been occupied at intervals during the last three months in. dissecting a number of eels (Anguilla acutirostris) and a couple of Congers, I observed the invariable presence of two sub-triangular openings in the fleshy portion of the head, just at its juncture with the spinal column. My first impression with regard to the use of these orifices was that they were connected with the auditory organs, and that they probably led to the vestibular cavity. Although so far, I believe, as has hitherto been observed, the existence of external auditory organs in the whole class of fishes is very exceptional—the skates amongst the cartilaginous order, and a few of the members belonging to the Gadidæ and Clupeidæ amongst the osseous order alone possessing them— still I thought it not improbable that the eel, which is commonly supposed to hear well, and which is occasionally an overland traveller, might prove another exception to the general rule. I may observe that Mr. Cholmondeley Pennell, in his recently published work, ‘The Angler Naturalist’ (p. 397), asserts the presence of an “ear or auditory aperture “amongst the various mucus pores about the head, but from the most minute examination of a large number of eels’ heads I can confidently affirm that no such external auditory aperture exists. I have, therefore, no doubt that Mr. Pennell must have mistaken two of the mucus pores for ears.
On the Illusive Appearances produced by some Transparent Objects
Authors: Beck Richard
Published: April 2021

To view an object by passing light through it, or, as it is commonly termed, to look at it as transparent, is a method of examination not only peculiar to the microscope, but also one to which the naked eye is quite unaccustomed. It frequently conveys to the mind most imperfect ideas of an object, and in very many instances it produces appearances which even in shape bear no resemblance to the true structure: of this fact, which is somewhat difficult of proof, most conclusive evidence may be furnished by a careful examination of the scales of Lepisma Saccharina.
The Molluscs of the Great African Lakes. : I. Distribution
Authors: Moore J. E. S.
Published: April 2021

The present paper forms the first instalment of the zoological report of an expedition which, through the generous support of the Royal Society and the British Association, I was able to make to Lake Tanganyika during 1895 and 1896.
On the Pelvic Girdle and Fin of Eusthenopteron
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

Through the kindness of Mr. A. Smith Woodward, 1 I have recently had the opportunity of looking through the fossil fish acquired by the British Museum since the Catalogue was published. Amongst these was found a specimen of Eusthenopteron foordi, Whit., showing the endoskeleton of the pelvic girdle and fin, of which I here give a description. The interest attaching to this fossil is considerable, since, of all the numerous extinct fish usually included in the group “Crossopterygii,” it is the first and only one in which the parts of the skeleton of the pelvic girdle and its fin have been found complete and in their natural relations. 2
The Lateral Sensory Canals, the Eye-Muscles, and the Peripheral Distribution of certain of the Cranial Nerves of Mustelus lævis
Authors: Allis Edward Phelps
Published: April 2021

I have recently had occasion to examine three series of sections of the head of embryos of Mustelus lævis, one of them being an embryo 12·2 cm. long. It was not my intention, when these sections were prepared, to make any extended study either of the lateral canals or of the cranial nerves of the fish ; the investigation I had proposed relating entirely to the innervation of the sensory organs of the ampullae. I have long had a very decided impression, opposed to that of most workers on the subject, that these ampullary organs must be genetically related to the terminal buds of ganoids and teleosts rather than to the pit organs of those fishes; and I thought that I should easily be able to get some positive evidence of this in the general course and position of the nerves that innervate them in advanced selachian embryos. This positive evidence I have wholly failed to get, for the very simple reason that, in the main nerve trunks, I could not distinguish in my sections the ampullary fibres from the lateral canal ones. Disappointed in this at the very beginning of the investigation, I nevertheless decided to quite carefully trace the lateral canals and the nerves that innervate them and the ampullæ, as far back as my sections went, that is, nearly to the level of the first gill slit. Careful consideration of these observations has fully convinced me, though indirectly, that the ampullary organs do represent the terminal buds of ganoids and teleosts, and not the pit organs. As, in this research, I was also led to trace the other cranial nerves of the region under consideration, and as my observations differ in certain respects from, and complete in others, the results of earlier writers on the subject, I have thought best to fully describe, not only the lateral canals of the head and the ampullary canals, but also the facial, trigeminal, and eye-muscle nerves, notwithstanding the fact that there will necessarily be, in these descriptions, a certain amount of repetition of well-known facts.
Oligotrema psammites: a New Ascidian belonging to the Family Molgulidæ
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

The interesting little Ascidian which forms the subject of this paper was dredged by Dr. A. Willey from a depth of fifty fathoms off Lifu, New Britain, and was sent to me among a collection of Zoanthids made in the same locality. Externally the animal has so little resemblance to an Ascidian, and has so many features resembling those of Anthozoa, that it might well be mistaken for a member of the latter group. The body is sack-shaped and covered with grains of sand, like that of a Zoanthid. The mouth, or more correctly, the branchial aperture, is transversely elongated and bordered by tumid lips (Fig. 2), and there is a circlet of six pinnate arms or tentacles resembling those of an Alcyonariau surrounding the mouth. The internal organs can only be distinguished as a dark mass through the translucent walls of the body, and the atrial siphon is so small and inconspicuous that it might easily escape observation. My attention was at once attracted by the presence of six pinnate tentacles, and, suspecting that the animal was new to science, I cleared it for preliminary examination in dilute glycerine, which rendered the test transparent and exposed clearly the intestine, the atrial aperture, and the other structures shown in Fig. 1. Further examination left no doubt that the animal was an Ascidian.
A Contribution to the Morphology and Development of the Pectoral Skeleton of Teleosteans
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: April 2021

The following pages contain the results of an investigation conducted chiefly on the salmon and the stickleback. These types were chosen as representative of lowly and of advanced teleosts respectively. The adult sturgeon and developmental stages of other teleosts were also examined in order to correct, confirm, and extend results.
Rhinosporidium kinealyi, n.g., n.sp., a new Sporozoön from the Mucous Membrane of the Septum Nasi of Man
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Fantham H. B.
Published: April 2021

The peculiar organism which forms the subject of this memoir was first brought to notice by Major F. O’Kinealy, I.M.S., occurring in a growth removed from a native patient at the Medical College Hospital, Calcutta, in May, 1894. The growth in question was described as “a small, vascular, pedunculated tumour, about the size and shape of a large pea, projecting into the vestibule of the left nasal fossa. It was a freely movable, painless growth, with all the appearances of a papilloma, and was attached by a short pedicle to the mucous membrane at the anterior and upper end of the cartilaginous septum, being entirely confined to that region.” The tumour was examined microscopically by Major J. C. Vaughan, I.M.S. then officiating Professor of Pathology at the Medical College. A section of the tumour was exhibited by Major O’Kinealy before the Laryngological Society of London, and his description of the case, including the report of Major Vaughan, was published in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society for April, 1903 (1). Later on a second report, with drawings of the clinical appearances of the growth, was sent by Major O’Kinealy and published in the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for December, 1903 (2). Since the original case seven or eight others had cropped up at the Medical College Hospital.
Record of the occurrence, new to Ireland, with Note, of a Peculiar Condition of the Volvocinaceous Alga, Stepha- Nosphzera Pluvialis (Cohn), and Observations thereon
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

THE discovery in Ireland of the very interesting and very beautiful and apparently very rare organism, Stephanosphcera pluvialis (Cohn), would in itself alone be worthy of a record in the ‘Proceedings’ of this society. But inasmuch as, whilst I had a supply of this “Volvocine” in my possession, a remarkable phase or condition in its history—so far as I am aware, not before observed in this form, though not without parallels elsewhere—presented itself to my notice, the value of that record becomes thereby in so far enhanced.
Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

A great deal has been written in the last few years about the structure, development, and origin of the paired fins of fish, yet two rival and incompatible theories are still prevalent. According to the theory put forth by Gegenbaur (14, 15,16), the paired fins have been derived from gill structures, the gill-arch having been modified into the limb-girdle, and the fin itself, with its skeleton, having been derived from the gill-flap or septum, and its supporting gill-rays. This may shortly be called the “gill-arch theory.” The second theory, that of Balfour (1, 2), Thacher (35), and Mivart (23), holds that the paired fins are of the same nature as the unpaired median fins. According to this view, the limbs have been derived from paired longitudinal fin-folds, in which skeletal supports, the radials, or somactidia (Lankester), became developed as in the median fins, and subsequently gave rise to the limb-girdles. This may be called the “lateral fin-fold theory.” Each of these theories may claim to have among its numerous supporters the names of some of the most eminent exponents of the morphology of the vertebrates. Dohrn (10), Haswell (20), Rabi (31), Mollier (24, 25, 26), Harrison (19), Wiedersheim (36), A. Smith Woodward (37), and Dean (9) have written in favour of the lateral fold theory; Davidoff (8), Fürbringer (12), Braus (3—7), and others have supported its rival. It is unnecessary for me in these notes to give a history of the discussions to which the question has given rise; the literature has been recently reviewed by Mollier and Braus, and the whole subject is familiar to zoologists. But there are certain essential points which seem to be in danger of being obscured from view in a cloud of controversy, and it is in the hope of clearing up some of these points and of filling up certain gaps in the evidence that these notes have been published.
On the Development of Nebalia
Authors: Robinson Margaret
Published: April 2021

It was at the suggestion of Professor W. F. R. Weldon that I began this investigation, and he kindly gave me the material which he had taken from the brood pouches of specimens obtained by dredging at Naples. Unfortunately it had been preserved some time when it came to me, and part of it (including some of the later stages) had been rendered of little use by the action of tannin from the corks of the bottles. I have, however, been able to work at six stages which are fairly consecutive, and seem important.
The Structure, Development, and Bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, Linn
Authors: Hewitt C. Gordon
Published: April 2021

This paper is intended to be the first of a series of three dealing with the anatomy, development and bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, L. The second part will include an account of the anatomy of the larva, its development and the breeding habits of the fly ; the series will be concluded with an account of the bionomics of the fly with special reference to its relations with man.
The Development of the Head-muscles in Gallus domesticus, and the Morphology of the Head-muscles in the Sauropsida
Authors: Edgeworth F. H.
Published: April 2021

A Few papers have been published on the early stages of development of the head-muscles of Gallus and other birds, and on the insertion of the mandibular muscles into Meckel’s cartilage and the lower* jaw; but as yet there has been no description of the formation of all the muscles in any one bird which might serve as a basis for a discussion of their morphology. The following is a contribution to the subject founded on an investigation of Gallus.
The Eyes of Chrysochloris hottentota and C. asiatica
Authors: Sweet Georgina
Published: April 2021

After the completion of my work on the eye of Notoryetes typhlops, the opportunity was afforded me, through the kindness of Professor R. Broom, of Victoria College, Cape Colony, of examining the eyes of Chrysochloris hottentota and C. asiatica, which are herein described. I wish, therefore, to thank Professor Broom for my whole supply of material consisting of—
Note on the Cytology of Calothrix fusca
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: April 2021

While studying the cytology of several Trichobacterinæ I came across a representative of the group of Cyanophyceæ, the study of which may cast perhaps some light on the question of relationship between Cyanophyceæ and Bacteria.
Contributions to the Cytology of the Bacteria
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford
Published: April 2021

“Ich hoffe zuversichtlich, dass wir nicht mehr allzu weit von dem Augenblicke entfernt sind, wann es klar werden wird, dass die verschie- denartigsten Angaben, insofem dieselben einer ernsten mid gewissen-haften wissenschaftlichen Arbeit entspringen, alle in reinen Einklang gebracht werden, so dass ein nenes schemes Gebiiude, das der Bacterien- cytologie, in der allerfeinsten der Wissenschaften hoch emporragen wird.”—Mencl (1910).
The Spermatogenesis of Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Agar W. E.
Published: April 2021

The material for this work was obtained during an expedition to the swamps of the Paraguayan Chaco, undertaken primarily for this purpose. The spot where the Lepidosirens were collected was a station of the South American Missionary Society called Naktetingma, about ninety miles west of Villa Concepcion, and about a league from the spot which Prof. Graham Kerr made his headquarters while collecting his material for working out the embryology of this fish. It is to him that I owe the whole idea of making this expedition. The expenses of the expedition were defrayed by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society and by the managers of the Balfour Fund of the University of of Cambridge, to both of which bodies I should like to take this opportunity of conveying my thanks. I should also like to acknowledge my indebtedness to the South American Missionary Society for the help they so cordially gave me, and especially to the little band of missionaries at Naktetingma, who most generously provided me with horses, waggous, bullocks and a home during the whole of my stay in the Chaco, and more important still, procured Indian hunters for me, and, in fact, ensured the success of the expedition.
The Dorsal Vibratile Fin of the Rockling (Motella)
Authors: Stu:ir Thomson J.
Published: April 2021

Most collectors on our shores are familiar with the rockling, and have observed the series of free, vibrating rays situated slightly anterior to the ordinary dorsal fin. It is the object of the present paper to give an account of this vibratile fin, together with co-related parts, and to indicate its function as a whole.
Two New Species of the Phoronidea from Vancouver Island
Authors: Pixell H.L. M.
Published: April 2021

The animals described in this paper were obtained while I was working at the Marine Biological Station, Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in the summer of 1911 during my tenure of the Reid Fellowship. They include two species—one belonging to the genus Phoronis (Wright, 1856), the other to the genus Phoronopsis (Gilchrist, 1907).
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoflrey
Published: April 2021

It has been shown in previous studies that Sacculina elaborates fatty material in its roots at the expense of its host, and it has been stated that the livers of infected crabs show a more constantly abundant supply of fat in the liver than normal crabs. Since the maturing ovary of the normal female crab also stores a fatty material in the form of yolk, and since at this time also the female shows an abundant supply of fat in the liver, and, moreover, exhibits characteristic changes in the blood, which becomes loaded with yellow lipochrome (lutein) and fatty material, the suggestion was advanced that the Sacculina roots played the same part in the metabolism of infected crabs as is normally played by the ovary of a maturing female crab, and that the alterations in the secondary sexual characters of infected crabs followed as a consequence of this fat-forming activity of the Sacculina roots.
Studies on the Development of the Veno-Lymphatics in the Tail-region of Polistotrema (Bdellostoma) stouti. First Communication : Formation of the Caudal Hearts
Authors: Allen William F.
Published: April 2021

The purport of this and a following communication is to record certain facts and conclusions concerning the origin of the veno-lymphatics in the tail region of Polistotrema (Bdellostoma) stouti. This paper will include a description of the adult condition of these vessels and the manner in which the caudal hearts are formed. Shortly I hope to follow with a second communication on the development of the venolymphatics in the tail region.
Microscopical Researches on the Cattle Plague
Authors: Beale Dr. Lionel
Published: April 2021

In the third report of the Cattle Plague Commissioners Dr. Beale’s observations bear particularly upon the facts of diseased conditions in general, and open out in a very special manner what may be called tissue actions as contradistinguished from blood alterations. Dr. Beale’s researches, if true in their inferential aspect, must very materially modify present pathological notions as to the nature of fevers and inflammatory conditions. Dr. Beale takes as his starting-point the congested state of the capillary vessels so constantly seen in rinderpest, and proceeds to show that as this is “by no means uniform in all different textures, or of equal degree in every part of the same tissue, while the capillaries of some organs (those between the uriniferous tubules of the kidney, those of the lobules of the liver, those of the mammary, and probably some other glands) are not as much congested as they are often found in healthy animals killed suddenly, it cannot be referred to any general impediment in the circulation” but, on the other hand, the congestion would seem to have a local origin, for there are patches of various sizes, but distinctly separated from one another by uncongested, or only slightly congested, portions of tissue …. the patches are of an intensely dark red colour, of circular form, as though the congestion had commenced at and radiated from a central spot. The result of the congestion is an increased pouring out of nutrient matter and a growth of the germinal matter (usually termed nuclei) of the vessels and tissues. Dr. Beale thinks that whatever causes the local congestion is the cause of rinderpest.
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoffrey , Hamm A.H
Published: April 2021

It has long been known that the presence of Strepsipterous parasites on solitary bees and wasps may exert a remarkable influence on their hosts, and the paper by Professor J. Pérez in 1886 (1), gave a full account of the effect of Stylops melittæ on the bees Andrena, which must always be referred to as a classical contribution to the study of parasitic castration. Although many authors have subsequently written on these parasites, the observations of Monsieur Pérez remain unsurpassed for fulness of detail and interest, and we are indebted to the veteran entomologist for additional information which he has kindly put at our disposal in answer to inquiries. The re-examination of the subject, which is undertaken here, seemed desirable, not so much for the purpose of bringing new facts to light, but for confirming reported facts and collating them with the newly acquired results on parasitic castration brought about by Sacculina, since the effect of Stylops on its hymenopterous hosts seemed to be parallel to that of Sacculina on crabs,and yet to differ from it in many important respects. The Strepsipterous parasites differ from Sacculina in that they have the sexes separate, whereas Sacculinais hermaphrodite, so that we can test whether the sex of the parasite has any influence on the effect excited. Moreover, it is clear that in certain cases the female host is induced to assume certain male characters as the result of parasitic castration by Stylops, an effect which is never observed in the case of Sacculina, and which requires careful examination. We have been able to study a large number of stylopised bees of various species, but the most fruitful material consisted of a large colony of heavily stylopised Andrena nigroænea, established in a grassy bank close to the University Muséum, which was kept under observation for several years and afforded us a rich collection. The following observations on the structure and history of the parasite are based on the bees taken from this colony.