bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An open science resource for establishing reliability and reproducibility in functional connectomics
Authors: Zuo Xi-Nian , Anderson Jeffrey S , Bellec Pierre , Birn Rasmus M , Biswal Bharat B , Blautzik Janusch , Breitner John C.S , Buckner Randy L , Calhoun Vince D , Castellanos F. Xavier , Chen Antao , Chen Bing , Chen Jiangtao , Chen Xu , Colcombe Stanley J , Courtney William , Craddock R Cameron , Di Martino Adriana , Dong Hao-Ming , Fu Xiaolan , Gong Qiyong , Gorgolewski Krzysztof J , Han Ying , He Ye , He Yong , Ho Erica , Holmes Avram , Hou Xiao-Hui , Huckins Jeremy , Jiang Tianzi , Jiang Yi , Kelley William , Kelly Clare , King Margaret , LaConte Stephen M , Lainhart Janet E , Lei Xu , Li Hui-Jie , Li Kaiming , Li Kuncheng , Lin Qixiang , Liu Dongqiang , Liu Jia , Liu Xun , Liu Yijun , Lu Guangming , Lu Jie , Luna Beatriz , Luo Jing , Lurie Daniel , Mao Ying , Margulies Daniel S , Mayer Andrew R , Meindl Thomas , Meyerand Mary E , Nan Weizhi , Nielsen Jared A , O’Connor David , Paulsen David , Prabhakaran Vivek , Qi Zhigang , Qiu Jiang , Shao Chunhong , Shehzad Zarrar , Tang Weijun , Villringer Arno , Wang Huiling , Wang Kai , Wei Dongtao , Wei Gao-Xia , Weng Xu-Chu , Wu Xuehai , Xu Ting , Yang Ning , Yang Zhi , Zang Yu-Feng , Zhang Lei , Zhang Qinglin , Zhang Zhe , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhao Ke , Zhen Zonglei , Zhou Yuan , Zhu Xing-Ting , Milham Michael P
Published: December 2014

Efforts to identify meaningful functional imaging-based biomarkers are limited by the ability to reliably characterize inter-individual differences in human brain function. Although a growing number of connectomics-based measures are reported to have moderate to high test-retest reliability, the variability in data acquisition, experimental designs, and analytic methods precludes the ability to generalize results. The Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility (CoRR) is working to address this challenge and establish test-retest reliability as a minimum standard for methods development in functional connectomics. Specifically, CoRR has aggregated 1,629 typical individuals’ resting state fMRI (rfMRI) data (5,093 rfMRI scans) from 18 international sites, and is openly sharing them via the International Data-sharing Neuroimaging Initiative (INDI). To allow researchers to generate various estimates of reliability and reproducibility, a variety of data acquisition procedures and experimental designs are included. Similarly, to enable users to assess the impact of commonly encountered artifacts (for example, motion) on characterizations of inter-individual variation, datasets of varying quality are included.
SERS-based monitoring of the intracellular pH in endothelial cells: the influence of the extracellular environment and tumour necrosis factor-α
Authors: Jaworska Aleksandra , Jamieson Lauren E. , Malek Kamilla , Campbell Colin J. , Choo Jaebum , Chlopicki Stefan , Baranska Malgorzata
Published: December 2014

The intracellular pH plays an important role in various cellular processes.
Characterization of multiple constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Shengmai San using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry
Authors: Han Ying , Wu Fangfang , Zhang Aihua , Sun Hui , Wei Wenfeng , Wang Xijun
Published: December 2014

A rapid and robust UPLC-Q-TOF-HDMS approach has been applied for the online identification of multiple components in rat plasma after the oral administration of SMS.
A pyrene-linked thiourea as a chemosensor for cations and simple fluorescent sensor for picric acid
Authors: Udhayakumari Duraisamy , Velmathi Sivan , Venkatesan Parthiban , Wu Shu-Pao
Published: December 2014

A simple pyrene-linked thiourea has been synthesized and successfully applied as a fluorescent and visual sensor for the detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in living cells.
Mixed diboration of alkenes in a metal-free context
Authors: Miralles Nuria , Cid Jessica , Cuenca Ana B. , Carbó Jorge J. , Fernández Elena
Published: December 2014

Simultaneous addition of two different boryl moieties to alkenes with unequivocal formation of the less reactive C–B bond in the internal position, assisted by OMe−.
Theonellasterone, a steroidal metabolite isolated from a Theonella sponge, protects peroxiredoxin-1 from oxidative stress reactions
Authors: Margarucci L. , Monti M. C. , Tosco A. , Esposito R. , Zampella A. , Sepe V. , Mozzicafreddo M. , Riccio R. , Casapullo A.
Published: December 2014

Peroxiredoxin-1, a key enzyme in the cellular detoxification pathway, has been identified through a chemoproteomic approach as the main partner of theonellasterone, a marine bioactive metabolite.
Degradation of pharmaceuticals from membrane biological reactor sludge with Trametes versicolor
Authors: Llorens-Blanch Guillem , Badia-Fabregat Marina , Lucas Daniel , Rodriguez-Mozaz Sara , Barceló Damià , Pennanen Taina , Caminal Gloria , Blánquez Paqui
Published: December 2014

Treatment of mbr sludge in a bioslurry system withTrametes versicolor.
Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae family: an update
Authors: Shi Yi-Ming , Xiao Wei-Lie , Pu Jian-Xin , Sun Han-Dong
Published: December 2014

Plants from the Schisandraceae family produce architecturally interesting triterpenoids, including lanostanes, cycloartanes, and schinortriterpenoids. This review focuses on their structures, classifications, biogenetic pathways, syntheses, and bioactivities (from February 2008 to May 2014).
Cascading electron and hole transfer dynamics in a CdS/CdTe core–shell sensitized with bromo-pyrogallol red (Br-PGR): slow charge recombination in type II regime
Authors: Maity Partha , Debnath Tushar , Chopra Uday , Ghosh Hirendra Nath
Published: December 2014

For the first time ultrafast cascading hole and electron transfer dynamics in a CdS/CdTe type II core–shell sensitized with a molecular adsorbate (Br-PGR) have been demonstrated using transient absorption spectroscopy.
In situ nanofabrication of hybrid PEG-dendritic–inorganic nanoparticles and preliminary evaluation of their biocompatibility
Authors: Sousa-Herves Ana , Sánchez Espinel Christian , Fahmi Amir , González-Fernández África , Fernandez-Megia Eduardo
Published: December 2014

An in situ template fabrication of inorganic nanoparticles using carboxylated PEG-dendritic block copolymers of the GATG family is described as a function of the dendritic block generation, the metal (Au, CdSe) and metal molar ratio.
A self-assembled 3D Pt/TiO2 architecture for high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Li Haiyan , Yu Hongwen , Sun Lei , Zhai Jiali , Han Xuerong
Published: December 2014

A 3D Pt/TiO2 architecture assembled from 1D nanowires has been designed which exhibits a high quantum efficiency (34%) for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water.
Synthesis of enantiopure glycidol derivatives via a one-pot two-step enzymatic cascade
Authors: Liu Yu-Chang , Liu Yan , Wu Zhong-Liu
Published: December 2014

An enzymatic cascade reaction employing anS-specific ketoreductase and a styrene monooxygenase to synthesize enantiopure glycidol derivatives is described.
A facile and high-yield formation of dipyrrin-boronic acid dyads and triads: a light-harvesting system in the visible region based on the efficient energy transfer
Authors: Yamamura Masaki , Yazaki Shinya , Seki Motofumi , Matsui Yasunori , Ikeda Hiroshi , Nabeshima Tatsuya
Published: December 2014

Artificial light-harvesting systems, Ar,O-BODIPY dyads and triads conjugated with a light harvester, were synthesized in high yield by the reaction of an N2O2-type dipyrrin with boronic acids.
Graft copolymers of hydroxyethyl cellulose by a ‘grafting to’ method:15N labelling as a powerful characterisation tool in ‘click’ polymer chemistry
Authors: Joubert Fanny , Musa Osama , Hodgson David R. W. , Cameron Neil R.
Published: December 2014

The use of15N labeling demonstrates the success of ‘grafting to’ preparation of cellulose graft copolymers by ‘click’ coupling.
Cation distribution, structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Co1−xZnxFe2O4(x = 0–1) nanoparticles
Authors: Nikam Dipali S. , Jadhav Swati V. , Khot Vishwajeet M. , Bohara R. A. , Hong Chang K. , Mali Sawanta S. , Pawar S. H.
Published: December 2014

Crystal structure of CoFe2O4where green atoms are Co, pink atoms are Fe and blue atoms are O.
Fluorescent metal–organic framework based on pyrene chromophore for sensing of nitrobenzene
Authors: Xie Shuilin , Wang Haifeng , Liu Zhonghua , Dai Renke , Huang Lizhen
Published: December 2014

A novel 3D MOF constructed by a dendritic ligand with pyrene chromophore and Mg was synthesized. The MOF shows specific fluorescence response to DMF and can sense nitrobenzene at a low detection level, making this a promising material for detecting explosive substances.
Visible light driven reduction of carbon dioxide with water on modified Sr3Ti2O7 catalysts
Authors: Jeyalakshmi Velu , Mahalakshmy Rajaram , Ramesh Kanaparthi , Rao Peddy V. C. , Choudary Nettem V. , Sri Ganesh Gandham , Thirunavukkarasu Kandasamy , Krishnamurthy Konda Ramasamy , Viswanathan Balasubramanian
Published: December 2014

XRD, EDXA & XPS studies reveal incorporation of N, S & Fe in Sr3Ti2O7 matrix. Doping promotes visible light activity, Fe is the most effective dopant in reducing band gap and recombination Co-doping N, S & Fe together leads to maximum photo reduction activity.
Enhanced corrosion inhibitive effect of p-methoxybenzylidene-4,4′-dimorpholine assembled on nickel oxide nanoparticles for mild steel in acid medium
Authors: Wadhwani Poonam M. , Ladha Divya G. , Panchal Vikram K. , Shah Nisha K.
Published: December 2014

The corrosion inhibition efficiency ofp-methoxybenzylidene-4,4′-dimorpholine (p-MBDM) andp-MBDM assembled on nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) was investigated here.
Carbon quantum dots as a macromolecular crowder
Authors: Mondal Somnath , Thirupathi Ravula , Atreya Hanudatta S.
Published: December 2014

Carbon quantum dots induce macromolecular crowding making them suitable for probing structure and function of peptides/proteins under near in-cell conditions.
A facile synthesis of microporous organic polymers for efficient gas storage and separation
Authors: Liu Guoliang , Wang Yangxin , Shen Chaojun , Ju Zhanfeng , Yuan Daqiang
Published: December 2014

A series of porous polymers based on tritopic benzyl bromide exhibit high H2 and CO2 uptake capacities and CO2/N2 selectivities.
Diselenogermole as a novel donor monomer for low band gap polymers
Authors: Fei Zhuping , Ashraf Raja Shahid , Han Yang , Wang Sarah , Yau Chin Pang , Tuladhar Pabitra S. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Chabinyc Michael L. , Heeney Martin
Published: December 2014

Soluble co-polymers of the fused selenophene monomer, DSG, withN-octylthienopyrrolodione are reported. Polymer solar cells fabricated from blends with PC71BM exhibit promising performance in inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells
Preparation of three-dimensional inverse opal SnO2/graphene composite microspheres and their enhanced photocatalytic activities
Authors: Chen Lechen , Xie Lizhao , Wang Mozhen , Ge Xuewu
Published: December 2014

3D inverse opal SnO2/graphene composite microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic activities were first prepared using polystyrene colloidal crystal balls as a template.
Formation of copper vanadate nanobelts and their electrochemical behaviors for the determination of ascorbic acid
Authors: Pei Lizhai , Lin Nan , Wei Tian , Liu Handing , Yu Haiyun
Published: December 2014

Copper vanadate nanobelts were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process and used for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid.
The orientation dependence of the photochemical reactivity of BiVO4
Authors: Munprom Ratiporn , Salvador Paul A. , Rohrer Gregory S.
Published: December 2014

Photochemical reduction and oxidation reactions occur on complementary and perpendicular surfaces of BiVO4 crystals.
Carbon-based cores with polyglycerol shells – the importance of core flexibility for encapsulation of hydrophobic guests
Authors: Lukowiak Maike C. , Ziem Benjamin , Achazi Katharina , Gunkel-Grabole Gesine , Popeney Chris S. , Thota Bala N. S. , Böttcher Christoph , Krueger Anke , Guan Zhibin , Haag Rainer
Published: December 2014

Two core–shell nanoparticles with a polyglycerol shell and sp3carbon core but different core flexibilities were synthesized and compared for their encapsulation capacities.
Reversible J- to H-aggregate transformation in thin films of a perylenebisimide organogelator
Authors: Sarbu Alexandru , Biniek Laure , Guenet Jean-Michel , Mésini Philippe J. , Brinkmann Martin
Published: December 2014

A perylene bisimide organogelator is shown to behave as a reversible stimuli responsive material: thermal annealing and contact with organic non solvents allow to switch back and forth between a green J-type (Form I) and a red H-type (Form II) aggregate in thin films and powders of a N,N′-substituted H-bonding perylenebisimide (PBI-C10).
Gas-dependent photoresponse of SnS nanoparticles-based photodetectors
Authors: Lu Fangyuan , Yang Juehan , Li Renxiong , Huo Nengjie , Li Yongtao , Wei Zhongming , Li Jingbo
Published: December 2014

Different gas environments play important roles in the photosensitive properties of SnS nanoparticles based multifunctional devices.
Relaxed laser control of uncooled multiple‐input and multiple‐output dense wavelength‐division multiplexing systems for low power consumption data communication links
Authors: von Lindeiner Johannes Benedikt , Ingham Jonathan , Penty Richard , White Ian
Published: December 2014

A simulation‐based assessment is made of the benefits of using advanced modulation formats including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) to ease laser control requirements of a recently proposed novel uncooled multiple‐input and multiple‐output wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) system. At a per channel bit rate of 25 Gb/s, the spectral efficiency improvements inherent to these schemes provide additional optical system power margin over non‐return‐to‐zero (NRZ) modulation (0.4 dB for PAM‐4 and 4.4 dB for CAP‐16) for a link distance of 20 km. This allows the minimum channel spacing between channels to be reduced from 0.4 nm (NRZ) to 0.3 nm for PAM‐4 and to 0.14 nm for CAP‐16, this in turn allowing for a more stable operating region to be realised. Compared with a traditional 16 × 25 Gb/s dense WDM system, a power consumption saving of 30% can be realised using NRZ whereas PAM‐4 and CAP‐16 offer 29 and 27% savings, respectively.
Fluctuating magnetic field induced resonant activation
Authors: Mondal Shrabani , Das Sudip , Baura Alendu , Bag Bidhan Chandra
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we have studied the properties of a Brownian particle at stationary state in the presence of a fluctuating magnetic field. Time dependence of the field makes the system thermodynamically open. As a signature of that the steady state distribution function becomes function of damping strength, intensity of fluctuations and constant parts of the applied magnetic field. It also depends on the correlation time of the fluctuating magnetic field. Our another observation is that the random magnetic field can induce the resonant activation phenomenon. Here correlation time is increased under the fixed variance of the fluctuating field. But if the correlation time (τ) increases under the fixed field strength then the mean first passage time rapidly grows at low τ and it almost converges at other limit. This is sharp contrast to the usual colored noise driven open system case where the mean first passage time diverges exponentially. We have also observed that a giant enhancement of barrier crossing rate occurs particularly at large strength of constant parts of the applied magnetic field even for very weak fluctuating magnetic field. Finally, break down of the Arrhenius result and disappearance of the Kramers’ turn over phenomenon may occur in the presence of a fluctuating magnetic field.
Ethanolic RAFT Dispersion Polymerization of 2-(Naphthalen-2-yloxy)ethyl Methacrylate and 2-Phenoxyethyl Methacrylate with Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate] Macro-Chain Transfer Agents
Authors: Pei Yiwen , Dharsana Nadia C. , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: December 2014

The ethanolic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization (RAFTDP), at 21 wt-%, of 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)ethyl methacrylate (NOEMA) and 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate (POEMA) with a poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] macro-chain transfer agent (CTA) with an average degree of polymerization of 20 (PDMAEMA20) is described. DMAEMA20-b-NOEMAy (y = 20–125) block copolymers were readily prepared under dispersion conditions in ethanol at 70°C. However, the polymerization of NOEMA was not well controlled, with size exclusion chromatograms being distinctly bi or multimodal with measured dispersities . Though NOEMA copolymerization was not ideal, the resulting series of block copolymers did exhibit the anticipated full spectrum of nanoparticle morphologies (spheres, worms, and vesicles). Interestingly, these morphology transitions occurred over a relatively narrow range of block copolymer compositions. In the case of POEMA, copolymerization was also poorly controlled with 1.50 ≤ ĐM ≤ 1.83 for the series of DMAEMA20-b-POEMAy copolymers. In contrast to the NOEMA-based copolymers, the POEMA series only yielded nanoparticles with a spherical morphology whose size increased with increasing average degrees of polymerization of the POEMA block. Collectively, though both NOEMA and POEMA can be utilized in ethanolic RAFT dispersion polymerization formulations, these preliminary studies suggest that neither appears to be an ideal aryl methacrylate choice as comonomer, especially if the goal is to combine the synthesis of well-defined copolymers with efficient nanoparticle formation.
A systematic study of Bonnaya section Bonnaya (Linderniaceae)
Authors: Liang Yi-Shuo , Wang Jenn-Che
Published: December 2014

Bonnaya Link & Otto section Bonnaya (Linderniaceae) is revised on the basis of morphological evidence. Eleven species, including the new species B. sanpabloensis, are recognised. Several names are reduced to synonymy or excluded from the genus Bonnaya, and a lectotype is designated for Bonnaya cyanea. A key to the genus is also provided.
Variables en el desarrollo de la reflexión metalingüística (L1) de alumnos plurilingües en el primer año universitario
Authors: Cáceres-Lorenzo Mª Teresa
Published: December 2014

The deficiencies in metalinguistic reflection of the Spanish language (L1) in the first degree course for Modern Languages is the origin of this research. The objective is to find the variable that has a greater influence on the development of metalinguistic reflection as part of the multilingual competence. The European Higher Education Area (EHEA), offered 43 students a classroom workshop production of texts. The selected variables are related to the knowledge of other languages (L1, L2 and L3), intrinsic motivation to participate voluntarily in autonomous work and years of studies in Spanish language. Through the analysis of Pearson correlation index it is concluded that the most influential variable in improving is motivation, followed by knowledge of other languages. This result is useful for future educational activities in Higher Education.
“I’m sorry I don’t agree with you”
Authors: Maíz-Arévalo Carmen
Published: December 2014

Disagreement has been relatively less studied than other speech acts such as requests or compliments, especially as produced by nonnative speakers of English. The present study aims to analyze the production of disagreement by an international group of Master students who use English as lingua franca in an online collaborative project. More specifically, the study tries to answer the following research questions: (1) does linguistic proficiency entail pragmatic competence? and (2), what is the effect of explicit instruction on pragmatic competence? To this purpose, two subcorpora (prior to and post instruction) were gathered by means of two online collaborative activities, rendering a total of 25,347 words. The analysis of the data reveals that high linguistic proficiency plays a crucial role in pragmatic competence. On the other hand, explicit instruction seems to benefit students to different extents, with intermediate B1 students improving their expression of disagreement and lower level students still remaining far from pragmatic and linguistic competence.
Representaciones multimodales de metáforas y metonimias en las etiquetas de vino de la D.O. ca. Rioja
Authors: Moreno Lara María Ángeles
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we will try to offer an analysis of multimodal representations in a sample of Riojan wine labels. Basic formal operation such as cueing has allowed us to present metonymic and metaphoric relations existing between brand names, their origins, Riojan culture as well as viticultural aspects. We present four models of pictorial metaphors and a model of blended space. The role of these conceptual mappings in meaning derivation is relevant in multimodal genre as well as in the communicative functions of wine labels. In this study we have considered ontological metonymies (Kövecses & Radden, 1998), formal and content cognitive operations (Ruiz de Mendoza, 2001, 2011) as well as multimodal representations (Forceville, 2005, 2009).
Literatura, sexo y censura
Authors: Meseguer Purificación , Rojo Ana
Published: December 2014

In Franco’s totalitarian state, censorship became from the start an efficient mechanism to control artistic production — and by extension, ideas — which was conceived to maintain and enhance the values of Francoist regime. But its violent and ruthless measures did not prevent it from being considered by some as arbitrary and inconsistent. The present article argues that Francoist censorship was a rigid and normalised system with fixed criteria that guided and determined censors’ decisions. The study carried out here compares three novels sharing the theme of sexuality, which were originally written in English and French and translated into Spanish under Franco’s dictatorship: The last of the wine, by Mary Renault (1961); Safo, by Alphonse Daudet (1964); and The anti-death league, by Kingsley Amis (1967). It aims to identify examples of censorship manipulation and establish translational patterns by analysing — both quantitatively and qualitatively — the strategies or censorship mechanisms detected in the translated texts. The results of the study illustrate the influence that Francoist censorship exerted upon the translation of novels with sexual content, contributing to unveiling the reasons behind their alterations.
Investigating the transitive and intransitive constructions in English and Japanese
Authors: Luk Zoe Pei-sui
Published: December 2014

Previous research has suggested that languages differ in terms of how much prominence is given to the agent. Namely, English prefers to give prominence to a human agent, whereas Japanese prefers to suppress the human agent and express events as if they happen spontaneously (e.g., Ikegami 1981). By using a Japanese novel and its English translation as a parallel corpus, this paper shows quantitatively that Japanese uses more intransitive constructions than English. Using Hopper & Thompson’s (1980) parameters to measure semantic transitivity, this paper also shows that the difference in intransitive constructions was only observed in low semantic transitivity events, whereas both languages exhibit similar trends for high semantic transitivity events. An analysis under the framework of Construction Grammar suggests that the Japanese intransitive construction covers a space in a semantic map which would be occupied by the transitive and adjectival constructions in English.
‘Restricted group’ and ‘group’ within the pronominal system of Western Toba (Guaicuruan, Argentina)
Authors: Carpio María Belén
Published: December 2014

This paper describes splits on the basis of number within first-person verbal pronominal indexes and independent pronouns, and third-person verbal pronominal indexes in Western Toba, a southern Guaicuruan language. First-person nonsingular dependent and independent pronouns are analyzed in terms of ‘restricted group’ and ‘group’, i.e., according to the number of participants plus the speaker involved in the situation depicted by the verb. This is a peculiarity of Western Toba among the southern Guaicuruan languages. In addition, horizontal homophony between third-person singular and collective (‘group’) vs. plural (‘restricted group’) verbal pronominal indexes is shown. Finally, genetic and areal implications of this description are discussed.
Risk and Recovery
Authors: Boevink Wilma
Published: December 2014

The process of recovery from severe mental suffering can be seen as a journey through life for which there is no roadmap. The traveler has to find her way without it, sometimes even all alone, sometimes surrounded by fellow-travelers. Starting in the dark, overwhelmed by, e.g. fear or depression or negative voices, every step can be risky, but not moving means staying in the dark. Western society developed the psychiatric system as an answer to psychiatric problems, but does this system support recovery processes? This chapter addresses some ethical issues that come up from a patient perspective on the concept of recovery.
Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Dangerous Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Potter Nancy Nyquist , Englehart Jay
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines ethical issues that arise when diagnosing and treating dangerous and self-destructive patients. In particular, we look at sex offenders and those diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), who primarily present a danger to others, and those with borderline personality disorder (BPD), who primarily present a physical danger to self. We identify four questions that arise within this population: (1) when should patients be restrained and secluded; (2) what ethical justifications can be employed to analyze the use of restraint and seclusion in these populations; (3) what special considerations need to be taken into account in the use of restraint and seclusion; and (4) what metaphysical and epistemological challenges are involved with this population? Each of these questions is linked to ethical concerns and responsibilities in the use of confinement measures when patients are dangerous to themselves or others.
The Theory, Method, and Practice of Principlism
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: December 2014

This chapter explains and defends the theory and methods of principlism as a theoretical approach to biomedical ethics. Principlism is not merely a framework of four principles; it is a method for using these principles in practice. I discuss their practical roles in biomedical ethics, with a focus on psychiatric ethics. I start with a history of the use of principles in bioethics and then turn to the nature and commitments of the framework of four clusters of principles that James Childress and I defend. Also analyzed is the central place occupied in principlism by common morality theory—the theory that basic moral standards apply everywhere in the moral life across all cultures. Particular moralities, such as those found in professional ethics guidelines, are shown to presuppose universally valid principles. Finally, I explain the central role of specification—the method by which general principles are made concrete and practical.
Jewish and Rabbinic Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Pies Ronald
Published: December 2014

Jewish and Rabbinic Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethicscompares and contrasts the medical-ethical principles of rabbinic Judaism with those of clinical psychiatry. On many general ethical principles-in particular, those of benevolence, nonmalfeasance and justice-there is a good deal of concordance between Jewish and medical-psychiatric ethics. However, these two ethical systems sometimes diverge in their approach to the patient's "autonomy." This may have important consequences in matters such as involuntary medical treatment; the patient's sexual orientation; and decisions regarding circumcision, suicide, euthanasia, and terminal illness. This chapter summarizes ways the clinician working with observant Jewish patients may resolve some of these potential conflicts and preserve the therapeutic alliance.
Confucian Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Fan Ruiping , Guo Zhengrong , Wong Michael
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines Confucian perspectives on psychiatric ethics by focusing on a family-based and family-oriented way of life. It first provides a background on Confucianism and Confucian familism, with emphasis on central concerns in the Confucian virtuous way of life including the integrity, continuity, and prosperity of the family. It then compares Confucian ethics with Western bioethics in terms of moral responsibility and individual autonomy in the context of family obligations and patient needs. It also discusses the Mental Health Act in China, which became effective in May 2013, and its restrictions on involuntary hospitalization within the context of Confucian ethics. The chapter considers two cases, one from mainland China and another from Australia, to illustrate Confucian psychiatric ethics at work in real life and highlight various issues that arise in contemporary clinical settings.
Buddhist Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Loizzo Joseph John
Published: December 2014

This chapter surveys an interface of growing interest to clinicians and patients, from four points of view. First, it explores the growing dialogue between Buddhism and modern psychology, tracing it to a surprising complementarity in ideas and methods. Second, it shines light on the distinctiveness between Buddhist and modern psychology, exploring the religious and ethical aspects of Buddhism neglected by many proponents of dialogue. Third, it reviews key areas of potential conflict, where clinicians may helpfully challenge Buddhist patients to reconsider their understanding and practice of Buddhism. Fourth, it surveys key areas of potential contribution, where mental health researchers, clinicians, and patients may benefit from studying Buddhist theories or applying Buddhist methods.
The Necessity of Understanding
Authors: Verhaegh Jan
Published: December 2014

This chapter explains that helping people with mental health problems requires a professional worker to have a clear understanding of the person and their problems in their own context and history. The author uses his own experience of psychological problems and history of professional care. He was helped initially with his history and social circumstances and overcame a major depression and returned to his paid job. But problems remained until it was discovered that on the biological level they had to address a handicap—the handicap of Asperger syndrome. This meant that they could not ignore a biological factor. Conversely, when we look only at biological factors and do not understand them against the framework of their meaning in an individual’s life history and social context we can make serious mistakes and even traumatize people. This is the author’s second narrative.
History and Doxography of the Philosophical Schools
Authors: Aklujkar Ashok
Published: December 2014

This chapter begins with a discussion of the reach of the expression “Indian Philosophy” and its various provisional equivalents in Sanskrit. It describes the relationship between philosophy and religion in India, observing that although philosophical discussion often occurs in the context of religious writing, this does not entail that the philosophy is itself religious. The structure of Indian philosophical texts is described, and difficulties in accurate historical reconstruction are noted. The use of the labels “āstika”/“orthodox” and “nāstika”/”heterodox” is shown to have its origins in Brahmanical attempts to foreground adherence to belief in a Vedic after-world. It is shown that the six so-called “schools” of Brahmanical Indian philosophy emerged in interdependence on one another, and reflect broad styles of doing philosophy. Philosophical divisions within Jainism and Buddhism are briefly documented.
Victims of Violence
Authors: McCart Michael R. , Zajac Kristyn
Published: December 2014

This chapter provides a brief overview on the prevalence and common consequences of violent victimization among adults. It also summarizes practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of victims in the acute aftermath of an assault. Guidelines argue against delivery of debriefing interventions in the days following a traumatic event and advocate instead for the provision of Psychological First Aid or early, exposure-based protocols. Symptom-based assessments are recommended for tracking victims’ distress levels over time. In addition, for individuals who continue to experience significant distress symptoms several weeks postincident, it may be advisable to deliver an evidence-based, early cognitive-behavioral intervention.
Polydrug Use
Authors: Anthony James , Barondess David A. , Radovanovic Mirjana , Lopez-Quintero Catalina
Published: December 2014

This chapter reviews selected research topics and issues in relation to research on polydrug use. It includes a review of the history of the concept of polydrug use and often-referenced terminological confusion in this area of public health research. A pharmacoepidemiological perspective on responses to drug compounds taken in combination is presented, with coverage of sometimes misunderstood concepts such as interaction, antagonism, and synergy. The distinction is made between a description of subgroup variation in responses to a drug and drug–drug interactions for which there is an underlying pharmacological or toxicological theory to guide the research. Finally, there is a selective review of published evidence on population studies of polydrug use, with an emphasis upon investigations with epidemiologically defined populations under study. This review is organized in relation to five main rubrics of epidemiology, and includes topics, issues, and directions for future research on patterns of polydrug use.
Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
Authors: Rohsenow Damaris J. , Pinkston-Camp Megan M.
Published: December 2014

Cognitive-behavioral approaches to treatment are derived from learning principles underlying behavioral and/or cognitive therapy. Only evidence-based approaches are recommended for practice. Support for different approaches varies across substance use disorders. For alcohol use disorders, cognitive-behavioral coping skills training and cue-exposure treatment are beneficial when added to an integrated treatment program. For cocaine dependence, contingency management combined with coping skills training or community reinforcement, and coping skills training added to a full treatment program, produce increased abstinence. For marijuana abuse, contingency management or coping skills training improve outcomes. For opiate dependence, contingency management decreases use of other drugs while on methadone. For smoking, aversive conditioning produces good results and key elements of coping skills training are supported, best when medication is also used. Recent advances include Web-based coping skills training, virtual reality to present cues during cue exposure, and text-messaging to remind clients to use coping skills in the natural environment.
Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Stewart Sherry , Grant Valerie V. , Mackie Clare J. , Conrod Patricia J.
Published: December 2014

The comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) with anxiety and depression is the focus of substantial research attention and approached from myriad perspectives. This chapter focuses on the resultant complex research literature, first providing an overview of epidemiologic studies that have examined the prevalence of co-occurrence of SUDs (including alcohol and other drug use disorders) with anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as clinical correlates of these forms of comorbidity. Next, theoretical models of the onset and maintenance of emotional disorder–SUD comorbidity are considered, followed by a review of various types of studies evaluating these theoretical models (studies focusing on order-of-onset, the independent versus substance-induced disorder distinction, self-reported motives for use, genetic epidemiology, and experimental studies). Distinctions and commonalities between anxiety–SUD associations and depression–SUD associations are examined throughout. The chapter concludes by examining treatment implications of this comorbidity and suggests future directions for this burgeoning field.
Adapting to a Dry Continent
Authors: Davies Peter , Lawrence Susan
Published: December 2014

Technology, environment, and society have always been intimately connected in Australia, from the earliest arrival of modern humans almost 50,000 years ago to the settlement of Europeans since 1788. Colonists from Britain quickly learned the lessons of the natural environment in terms of thin soils and erratic rainfall. These factors placed real limits on settlement and industry, but also stimulated the introduction and adaptation of new ideas and technologies. No environmental factor had greater impact on colonial settlement than the availability of water. Archaeologists in Australia have focused on the use of water as a source of industrial energy, its role in the formation of cultural landscapes, and the development of urban water supplies and drainage. Much archaeological work remains to be done, however, on documenting and interpreting the ways in which people captured, stored, and distributed water, and the ever-changing relationships between people, technology, and environment through time.
Definitions in Historical Archaeology
Authors: Leone Mark P. , Tang Amanda
Published: December 2014

This chapter addresses how research questions are created in historical archaeology. It tackles how archaeologists find evidence and apply it to understanding problems that are often given by constituents, as opposed to being predefined by the archaeologists. Definitions in historical archaeology do not come automatically with the field either. Defining methods in historical archaeology is something that is envisioned throughout the process of doing historical archaeology. This means comprehending why a site is being excavated, understanding the motivations and the impacts of the data on the site’s constituents, and producing data in a manner cognizant of the power that archaeological interpretations can hold. This chapter exemplifies one way to define historical archaeology—through the lens of African American enslavement and European scientific gardening—using archaeological work at an eighteenth-century greenhouse/orangery located at the Wye House Plantation in Easton, Maryland, USA.
The North American Fur Trade in Historical and Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Nassaney Michael S.
Published: December 2014

The fur trade was a multifaceted, global phenomenon that had a formative influence on the history and cultures of post-contact North America. Archaeological investigations of fur trade-related sites coincide with the inception of historical archaeology. This chapter begins with a brief historical overview of the fur trades and summarizes some of the interpretive frameworks that have been employed to organize this phenomenon spatially and temporally. It also discusses the historiography of the archaeologies of the fur trades and examines how sites and sources have been mined, and what has been learned. While early efforts were oriented towards data recovery for reconstruction to aid in interpretation, more problem-oriented research has been conducted over the past three decades to study subsistence, social identity, cultural accommodation, land use, and symbolism of both European and aboriginal peoples involved in the fur trades. The archaeology of the fur trades remains relevant in the twenty-first century.
Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: December 2014

Despite a long history of colonialism, slavery, immigration, and ethnic conflict in Europe, issues of racism and discrimination have only recently gained the attention of policy makers in many European countries. In this chapter, I will examine how the issue of race has been dealt with in the literature related to European politics and discuss the development of “race relations” or antidiscrimination policy, particularly the situation in France, Britain, and Germany. I will focus on the development of antidiscrimination prior to harmonization under the EU’s racial equality directive (RED) as an example of the public policy implications of immigration and race in Europe.
Interactions between Modality and Other Semantic Categories
Authors: Squartini Mario
Published: December 2014

This article examines the relationships between modality and other linguistic categories such as time/tense and aspect, evidentiality, and negation from a semantic perspective. It shows that alternative views on these relationships are associated with differences in the definition of modality. The article first considers interactions between modality and tense and aspect. It then analyses in great detail alternative views on the special relationship between modality and evidentiality, focusing among others on the questions whether evidentiality should be considered a modal category, and how evidentiality relates to epistemic modality. Finally, the article surveys discussions in the literature on the question how modality and negation relate and interact.
Informality, Growth, and Development in Africa
Authors: Aly Mbaye Ahmadou , Benjamin Nancy
Published: December 2014

This chapter begins with an overview of the major approaches and potential limitations of defining the informal sector, followed by an analysis of its size, structure, and institutional context. It then considers the taxation of informal firms and notes the pervasiveness of tax evasion in the informal sector, along with state failures and informal employment, earnings differentials between formal and informal actors, and the role of rural–urban migration in the rise of informal labor force in developing countries. The chapter explores why informality is so pervasive in Africa; why informal firms are less productive than their formal counterparts; whether it is best for development to proceed in order to get informal firms to register and pay formal taxes; and how to help informal firms and those employed in the informal sector. Finally, it discusses a good approach to development that takes into account the existence of the informal sector.
Households and Income in Africa
Authors: Beegle Kathleen , Carletto Calogero , Davis Benjamin , Zezza Alberto
Published: December 2014

A range of international efforts have established definitions on the components of household income. Putting these ideas into practice in Africa poses challenges, partly because many African household income activities are informal and seasonal: in farming and non-farm enterprises. This chapter explores aspects of measuring household income in Africa and reflects on latest recent data. While agriculture continues to be the most important income source for the majority of poor households, diversification into non-farm sources is the norm even in the poorest countries of Africa. Economic development will likely shrink the agricultural sector and shift incomes to more formal, non-farm activities. While the shift will make international statistical income standards more applicable, in the medium run, the range of measurement challenges described here will remain relevant. Understanding the fundamentals of development in Africa and policies that improve economic well-being requires continued investment in the theory and measurement of household income.
Bureaucracy and the Administrative State
Authors: Moore Colin D.
Published: December 2014

Over the past thirty years, scholars in the field of American Political Development (APD) have made major advances in understanding the structure and development of the US administrative state. This chapter considers the exceptionalism of the American state and reviews dominant theories advanced by scholars of APD to explain change in American bureaucracy. It also examines how the unique development of this state influences American social policy and contributes to racial and economic inequality. Evidence is drawn from some of the watershed moments of administrative state development, such as Jacksonian spoils system, the creation of a modern civil service during the Progressive Era, and the remarkable expansion of American state capacity in the post-war period. It argues that such research reveals how the liberal American state exercises power and why it developed as such a unique and fragmented set of institutions.
Black Dance after Race
Authors: DeFrantz Thomas F.
Published: December 2014

What happens when race ceases to be a primary marker of identity used to categorize experience transformed into art making? What might “postblack” dance convey? What are the sources and sympathies of a “fugitive” black, and what debt does “black dance” convey? This chapter explores the inevitably radical capacities of black dance in a speculative future when race matters differently than it does in 2015. The chapter includes discussion of recent offerings of theatrical dance made by African American men that imagine an “outside” to racial identification, alongside assessment of contemporary performance that seeks to align and elude racial labeling. The essay suggests the limiting strictures of language and categorization in defining dance along lines of race.
The Systemic Nature of Substratum Transfer
Authors: Zhiming Bao
Published: December 2014

This chapter discusses four grammatical systems in Singapore English that are transferred from Chinese: aspect, pragmatic particles, topicalization, and quantification. Proper analysis of the relevant substrate features reveals extensive clustering: features which form a grammatical system transfer together. Substratum transfer targets the grammatical system, and the transferred system is then exponenced with suitable morphosyntactic materials from the lexifier, filtering out those component features for which the lexifier has no well-formed morphosyntactic exponent. The analysis of the four systems shows that post-transfer stabilization is subject to the normative effect of English. It is argued that data obtained through introspection and corpora are complementary, and substrate-induced grammatical change is best accounted for in a usage-based model that uses the two types of data.
Embedded Inversion as an Angloversal
Authors: Meriläinen Lea , Paulasto Heli
Published: December 2014

This chapter discusses angloversals (i.e., similar nonstandard features) across L1 and L2 varieties and learner English with a special focus on embedded inversion (EI), with the aim of bringing together research into World Englishes and learner English. The chapter examines whether EI is similar in L1, L2, and learner Englishes and, hence, indicative of a development that is taking place in Englishes throughout the world. The use of EI is analysed in terms of the emerging commonalities as well as variety-specific or L1-specific uses. The findings show that EI may be found in different types of Englishes, but apparent similarities also conceal patterns of contact-induced variation. This is interpreted as evidence for the interplay between universal tendencies and transfer effects.