bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Cellular Kinetic Studies of the Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity by Using Surface‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Du Libo , Suo Siqingaowa , Wang Guangqing , Jia Hongying , Liu Ke Jian , Zhao Baolu , Liu Yang
Published: December 2012

The enhanced antioxidant activity of surface‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized by self‐assembly has attracted great attention, but little is known about the mechanism behind the enhanced activity. To address this challenge, the antioxidant activity of Au@PEG3SA (i.e., surface‐functionalization of spherical AuNPs with the antioxidant salvianic acid A) was used as an example to illustrate the mechanism of the enhanced activity. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed in a radical‐scavenging reaction between Au@PEG3SA and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. As expected, the rate constant for the reaction of Au@PEG3SA with DPPH was about nine times greater than that for the salvianic acid A monomer. A comparative analysis of the spectral characteristics of Au@PEG3SA and the salvianic acid A monomer further imply that the enhancement of the antioxidative reaction kinetics may be ascribed to the variation in the transition state for the DPPH‐radical scavenging reaction through π–π stacking interactions between and among adjacent groups on the surface of Au@PEG3SA. On the other hand, the kinetic enhancement of Au@PEG3SA on reactive‐oxygen‐species (ROS) scavenging can be observed in living cells and in vivo, which possibly provides new insight for the bioapplication of self‐assembly of surface‐functionalized AuNPs.
Ligand‐Free Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted‐1,3‐diynes by Iron/Copper Cocatalyzed Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Wang Peipei , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Songlin
Published: December 2012

A simple and efficient protocol for Fe/Cu cocatalyzed oxidative homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes to symmetrical 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,3‐diynes was presented. The results showed that both CuBr and FeCl3 played crucial roles in the reaction. It is noteworthy that this protocol employs mild, efficient, aerobic and ligand free conditions. The alkynes, including aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic alkynes, were transformed into the corresponding 1,3‐diynes in good to excellent yields.
Thermal Drying and Alkaline Treatment of Biosolids: Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization
Authors: Silva‐Leal Jorge , Torres‐Lozada Patricia , Cardoza Yasmin J.
Published: December 2012

Biosolids from the Cañeveralejo WWTP were dehydrated by filter press and then applied two processes to reduce pathogens (PRP): thermally dried biosolid (TDB) and alkalinized biosolid (AB). Untreated, dehydrated biosolid (DB) was used as a control. We evaluated the impact of thermal drying and alkaline treatments on nitrogen mineralization in these substrates. Moreover, agronomic rates for biosolid applications to sugarcane were estimated for each of the treatments leading to application rates of 35.8, 36.4, and 54.5 t/ha for DB, TDB, and AB, respectively, to meet the nitrogen requirement (200 kg N/ha) for sugarcane cultivation (Saccharum officinarum). The results showed that the biosolid rates used increased the mineral nitrogen content of soils by an average of 93.8 and 439.8 mg/kg for all biosolids and the PRP (thermal drying and alkaline treatment) in biosolids had significant effects on mineralization rate, showing better results for the TDBs.
Fins improve the swimming performance of fish sperm: A hydrodynamic analysis of the Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii
Authors: Gillies Eric A. , Bondarenko Volodymyr , Cosson Jacky , Pacey Allan A.
Published: December 2012

The flagella of sturgeon sperm have an ultrastructure comprising paddle‐like fins extending along most of their length. These fins are seen in several other marine and freshwater fish. The sperm of these fish are fast swimmers and are relatively short lived: it is therefore tempting to think of these fins as having evolved for hydrodynamic advantage, but the actual advantage they impart, at such a small length scale and slow speed, is unclear. The phrase “the fins improve hydrodynamic efficiency” is commonly found in biological literature, yet little hydrodynamic analysis has previously been used to support such conjectures. In this paper, we examine various hydrodynamic models of sturgeon sperm and investigate both swimming velocity and energy expenditure. All of the models indicate a modest hydrodynamic advantage of finned sperm, in both straight line swimming speed and a hydrodynamic efficiency measure. We find a hydrodynamic advantage for a flagellum with fins, over one without fins, of the order of 15–20% in straight line propulsive velocity and 10–15% in a hydrodynamic efficiency measure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
In vitro study of SPIO‐labeled human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC‐3
Authors: Tong Mingmin , Xiong Fei , Shi Yuzhen , Luo Song , Liu Zhenjuan , Wu Zhengcan , Wang Zhongqiu
Published: December 2012

The survivin gene is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) targeting survivin gene for the detection of pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC‐3 with survivin gene expression was selected in this study. The healthy lung fibroblast cell was used as a control. Chitosan‐coated MNPs (CS@MNPs) and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of survivin gene were conjugated to MNPs to give Sur‐MNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to confirm the conjunction of chitosan. The interactions of MNPs, CS@MNPs, and Sur‐MNPs in BxPC‐3 cells were observed, recorded and analyzed. The size, morphology, cell uptake, cytotoxicity and stability of those particles were assessed by transmission electron microscope, Prussian blue staining, MTT assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. The magnetic resonance signal intensities of pancreatic cells labeled with CS@MNPs and MNPs, and Sur‐MNPs, were compared on T2‐weighted images. The results demonstrated that the level of cellular uptake of CS@MNPs was higher than that of naked MNPs. The Sur‐MNPs had a suitable size (12 nm sized core), high stability, no cytotoxicity and good water dispersion. Sur‐MNPs did not accumulate in healthy lung fibroblast cells, while being taken up by BxPC‐3 cells. The Sur‐MNPs in BxPC‐3 cells could be visualized on T2‐weighted images, which suggested that Sur‐MNPs could be used to detect the expression of survivin gene. Thus, Sur‐MNPs may be a potential molecular imaging probe targeting survivin gene for early detection of pancreatic cancer cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passive targeting of lipid‐based nanoparticles to mouse cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Geelen Tessa , Paulis Leonie E. , Coolen Bram F. , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J.
Published: December 2012

Reperfusion therapy is commonly applied after a myocardial infarction. Reperfusion, however, causes secondary damage. An emerging approach for treatment of ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury involves the delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles to the myocardium to promote cell survival and constructively influence scar formation and myocardial remodeling. The aim of this study was to provide detailed understanding of the in vivo accumulation and distribution kinetics of lipid‐based nanoparticles (micelles and liposomes) in a mouse model of acute and chronic IR injury. Both micelles and liposomes contained paramagnetic and fluorescent lipids and could therefore be visualized with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In acute IR injury both types of nanoparticles accumulated massively and specifically in the infarcted myocardium as revealed by MRI and CLSM. Micelles displayed faster accumulation kinetics, probably owing to their smaller size. Liposomes occasionally co‐localized with vessels and inflammatory cells. In chronic IR injury only minor accumulation of micelles was observed with MRI. Nevertheless, CLSM revealed specific accumulation of both micelles and liposomes in the infarct area 3 h after administration. Owing to their specific accumulation in the infarcted myocardium, lipid‐based micelles and liposomes are promising vehicles for (visualization of) drug delivery in myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations of Gd–BOPTA in cholestatic fatty rat livers: role of transport functions through membrane proteins
Authors: Pastor Catherine M. , Wissmeyer Michael , Millet Philippe
Published: December 2012

Gd–BOPTA (gadobenate dimeglumine) is a magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent that, after i.v. administration, distributes within the extracellular space, enters rat hepatocytes through the sinusoidal transporters organic anion transporting peptides (Oatps) and is excreted unchanged into bile through the multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (Mrp2). It is unclear how the hepatobiliary contrast agent would accumulate in cholestatic fatty livers from obese rats with bile flow impairment. Indeed, the expression of both Oatps and Mrp2 transporters is decreased in cholestatic hepatocytes. To assess this question, we measured on‐line the hepatic concentrations of 153Gd–BOPTA with a gamma probe placed over perfused rat livers. During the perfusion of 153Gd–BOPTA, we obtained a similar maximal hepatic concentration in normal and fatty livers despite the decreased expression and function of membrane transporters in fatty livers. By pharmacokinetic modeling and mathematical simulations, we show how changes of transport into and out of hepatocytes modify the concentrations of 153Gd–BOPTA within hepatocytes. Mathematical simulations help to understand how each parameter (entry into hepatocytes, bile excretion, or efflux back to sinusoids) interferes with the hepatic concentrations. The hepatic concentrations of 153Gd–BOPTA within hepatocytes rely on the entry into hepatocytes through the sinusoidal membrane and on two paths of exit, the efflux back to sinusoids and the elimination into bile. Understanding how 153Gd–BOPTA accumulates in hepatocytes is then complex. However, such understanding is important to analyze liver imaging with hepatobiliary contrast agents in cholestatic fatty livers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Out‐of‐pocket health care expenditure burden for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer
Authors: Davidoff Amy J. , Erten Mujde , Shaffer Thomas , Shoemaker J. Samantha , Zuckerman Ilene H. , Pandya Naimish , Tai Ming‐Hui , Ke Xuehua , Stuart Bruce
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern regarding the financial burden of care on cancer patients and their families. Medicare beneficiaries often have extensive comorbidities and limited financial resources, and may face substantial cost sharing even with supplemental coverage. In the current study, the authors examined out‐of‐pocket (OOP) spending and burden relative to income for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer.

METHODS: This retrospective, observational study pooled data for 1997 through 2007 from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey linked to Medicare claims. Medicare beneficiaries with newly diagnosed cancer were selected using claims‐based diagnoses. Generalized linear models were used to estimate OOP spending. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with a high OOP burden, defined as spending > 20% of one's income during the cancer diagnosis and subsequent year.

RESULTS: The cohort included 1868 beneficiaries with and 10,047 without cancer. Compared with the noncancer cohort, cancer patients were older, had more comorbidities, and were more likely to lack supplemental coverage. The mean OOP spending for cancer patients was $4727. Cancer patients faced an adjusted $976 (P < .01) incremental OOP spending. Greater than one‐quarter (28%) of beneficiaries with cancer experienced a high OOP burden compared with 16% of beneficiaries without cancer (P < .001). Supplemental insurance and higher income were found to be protective against a high OOP burden, whereas assets, comorbidity, and receipt of cancer‐directed radiation and antineoplastic therapy were associated with a higher OOP burden.

CONCLUSIONS: Medicare beneficiaries with cancer face a higher OOP burden than their counterparts without cancer; some of the higher burden was explained by the higher comorbidity burden and lack of supplemental insurance noted among these patients. Financial pressures may discourage some elderly patients from pursuing treatment. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of multiple bistratified retinal ganglion cells in a purkinje cell protein 2‐Cre transgenic mouse line
Authors: Ivanova Elena , Lee Patrick , Pan Zhuo‐Hua
Published: December 2012

Retinal ganglion cells are categorized into multiple classes, including multiple types of bistratified ganglion cells (BGCs). The recent use of transgenic mouse lines with specific type(s) of ganglion cells that are labeled by fluorescent markers has facilitated the morphological and physiological studies of BGCs, particularly the directional‐selective BGCs. The most important benefit from using transgenic animals is the capability to perform in vivo gene manipulation. In particular, the Cre/LoxP recombination system has become a powerful tool, allowing gene deletion, overexpression, and ectopic expression in a cell type‐specific and temporally controlled fashion. The key to this tool is the availability of Cre mouse lines with cell or tissue type‐specific expression of Cre recombinase. In this study we characterized the Cre‐positive retinal ganglion cells in a PCP2 (Purkinje cell protein 2)‐cre mouse line. We found that all of the Cre‐positive retinal ganglion cells were BGCs. Based on morphological criteria, we determined that they can be grouped into five types. The On‐ and Off‐dendrites of three of these types stratified outside of the cholinergic bands and differed from directional selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) morphologically. These cells were negative for Brn‐3b and positive for both calretinin and CART retina markers. The remaining two types were identified as putative On‐Off and On‐DSGCs. This Cre mouse line could be useful for further studies of the molecular and functional properties of BGCs in mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2165–2180, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polariton Dynamics under Strong Light–Molecule Coupling
Authors: Schwartz Tal , Hutchison James A. , Léonard Jérémie , Genet Cyriaque , Haacke Stefan , Ebbesen Thomas W.
Published: December 2012

We present a comprehensive experimental study of the photophysical properties of a molecule–cavity system under strong coupling conditions, using steady‐state and femtosecond time‐resolved emission and absorption techniques to selectively excite the lower and upper polaritons as well as the reservoir of uncoupled molecules. Our results demonstrate the complex decay routes in such hybrid systems and that, contrary to expectations, the lower polariton is intrinsically long‐lived.
Catalytic Synthesis of Hydroxymethyl‐2‐oxazolidinones from Glycerol or Glycerol Carbonate and Urea
Authors: Dibenedetto Angela , Nocito Francesco , Angelini Antonella , Papai Imre , Aresta Michele , Mancuso Raffaella
Published: December 2012

Oxazolidinones have been synthesized by reacting glycerol carbonate or glycerol with urea in the presence of γ‐Zr phosphate as a catalyst. The conversion yield of the polyol or its carbonate depends on the temperature. Below 408 K the selectivity is 100 % with a conversion of up to 25 %, whereas increasing the temperature means that conversion yield grows, but the selectivity decreases, which makes the separation process more difficult. Starting from glycerol carbonate, two isomers, 6 and 6′, are formed with a quasi 1:1 molar ratio because urea can attack the carbonate moiety on both sides of the carboxylic CO moiety. From glycerol the formation of the 6′ isomer is preferred: the ratio of 6′/6 is close to 7. The oxazolidinones formed act as templates because they interact through hydrogen bonding with glycerol. The intensity of the interaction depends on the 6 or 6′ isomer: DFT calculations showed that the energy was 22.6 kcal mol−1 for 6‐oxazolidinone and 25.7 kcal mol−1 for 6′‐oxazolidinone.
Application of a two‐source model for partitioning evapotranspiration and assessing its controls in temperate grasslands in central Japan
Authors: Wang Pei , Yamanaka Tsutomu
Published: December 2012

Partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration (T) is important for predicting the response of ecosystem water/energy budgets to climatic change. In this study, a new two‐source model of water and energy fluxes was developed and used to partition ET for a temperate–grassland ecosystem in central Japan, throughout a growing season. The Newton–Raphson iteration scheme was employed to solve the equations governing the energy balance at the canopy and the ground surface separately. Measured energy fluxes, including latent heat flux from the eddy covariance and energy balance method, and leaf temperature were compared with model predictions. Agreement between them demonstrates good performance by the model. Sensitivity analysis suggests this model is relatively insensitive to uncertainties/errors in assigned model parameters and measured input variables. Estimated T/ET was mainly controlled by shortwave radiation through changing leaf stomatal resistance at a diurnal timescale. Also, leaf area index is the primary controlling factor at a seasonal timescale and regulates both permittivity and canopy resistance. Soil moisture at the study site was a minor factor with the moderately humid conditions. Our results emphasize that water flow paths (i.e. transpiration and evaporation) from temperate grasslands to the atmosphere are strongly controlled by the physiological responses of plants to solar radiation on a diurnal timescale and vegetation growth on a seasonal timescale. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic or not organic – that is the question: How the knowledge about the origin of chlorinated compounds can help to reduce formation of 3‐MCPD esters
Authors: Matthäus Bertrand
Published: December 2012

Organic or not organic – That is the question: How the knowledge about the origin of the chlorinated compounds can help to reduce formation of 3‐MCPD esters
Cascade Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalysed Aromatic Heterocycle Synthesis: The Emergence of General Precursors
Authors: Ball Catherine J. , Willis Michael C.
Published: December 2012

Several privileged starting materials that allow access to a variety of different heterocyclic scaffolds through judicious choice of reaction conditions (and coupling partner) have emerged. This microreview focuses on the development and use of four of these starting material types in cascade reactions involving the palladium‐ or copper‐catalysed formation of aromatic carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen or carbon–sulfur bonds.
Design and Construction of a New Modified Screen‐Printed Sensor for Voltammetric Determination of Molybdenum(VI) Ions
Authors: Sadeghi Susan , Garmroodi Aziz
Published: December 2012

The development of a new electrochemical sensor for determination of trace molybdenum, based on cupferron‐tetraphenylborate ion‐pair drop coated modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (Cup‐SPCE) is described. The printing inks, printing device, substrate and all used materials for making the sensor were prepared as homemade. Under the optimum conditions, the analytical calibration curve was found bimodal with linear concentration ranges from 5 to 200 ng mL−1 and from 200 to 2000 ng mL−1. The detection limit of the method in the concentration of 5–200 ng mL−1 was found to be 2.5 ng mL−1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Mo(VI) in drinking water samples.
Nanogold‐Enriched Carbon Nanohorn Label for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Biomarker on a Disposable Immunosensor
Authors: Zhao Changrong , Lin Dajie , Wu Jie , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian , Yan Feng
Published: December 2012

A novel nanogold‐enriched carbon nanohorn structure (nanoAu/CNH) was designed as a trace tag for highly efficient electrochemical detection of tumor marker using a disposable immunosensor. The nanoAu/CNH was synthesized by one‐pot in situ growth of nanogold on carboxylated single‐walled CNH. The labeling of signal antibody was performed via the inherent interaction between protein and nanogold. The disposable immunosensor was constructed by covalently cross‐linking capture antibody on chitosan modified screen‐printed carbon electrode. With a sandwich format, the nanoAu/CNH labeled antibody was conjugated on the immunosensor for electrochemical measurement of tumor marker by electrooxidizing the nanoAu at +1.3 V and then cathodic potential scan in 0.1 M HCl. Using α‐fetoprotein as model target, the proposed immunoassay showed acceptable precision and wide linear range from 0.1 pg mL−1 to 1 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.07 pg mL−1. The new nanoAu/CNH label as well as the disposable immunosensor showed possessed potential application in point‐of‐care testing.
The cancer stem cell model: B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia breaks the mould
Authors: McClellan James Scott , Majeti Ravindra
Published: December 2012

See related article in EMBO Molecular Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201201703
Characteristic pattern analysis of polybromodiphenyl ethers in Great Lakes sediments: a combination of eigenspace projection and positive matrix factorization analysis
Authors: Zou Yonghong , Christensen Erik R. , Li An
Published: December 2012

A new idea in receptor modeling is proposed, which utilizes a geometric eigenspace projection combined with a mild alternative matrix updating technique. The eigenspace projection determines the sources or characteristic patterns as vertices that can span all measurements in a multidimensional eigenspace. The mild alternative matrix updating algorithm refines the results determined by the eigenspace projection to generate the optimized source profiles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was adopted to suggest initial characteristic patterns. The advantage of the eigenspace projection method, compared with a purely computational matrix updating method, is that it can substantially avoid rotational ambiguity. The matrix refining step can effectively minimize data uncertainties. The application of this method has been illustrated step by step through a case study on determination of polybromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) characteristic congener patterns in the sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. The number of factors was determined to be five for the Great Lakes PBDE 2002 data set. The sum of squares of error and coefficient of determination (r2) suggested that the results obtained using this method are better than those from three known sources or the initial application of PMF. The factors represent deca (Saytex 102E), penta (DE‐71), and octa (DE‐79) technical PBDE mixtures as sources and two degradation factors that may have been generated by both photolysis and biological debromination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event based analysis of chlorothalonil concentrations following application to managed turf
Authors: King Kevin W. , Balogh James C.
Published: December 2012

Chlorothalonil concentrations exceeding acute toxicity levels for certain organisms have been measured in surface water discharge events from managed turf watersheds. The duration of exceedence and the timing of these events related to precipitation/runoff and time since application, however, have not been explored. Chlorothalonil concentrations were measured from discharge waters draining a managed turf watershed in Duluth, Minnesota, USA, between 2003 and 2009. The median chlorothalonil concentration was 0.58 µg/L. Approximately 2% of all measured concentrations exceeded the 7.6 µg/L median lethal concentration (LC50) acute toxicity level for rainbow trout. One-twentieth the LC50 concentration, equivalent to the level of concern (0.38 µg/L) for endangered species, was exceeded 31% of the time during the present study. The concentrations that exceeded the LC50 threshold were associated with eight rainfall/runoff events. Low dose exposures are a more important biological concern than acute occurrences. Exceedence concentrations associated with acute effects were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated to time since application and were measured only in the fall following extensive application. A conflict exists between the transportability of chlorothalonil as suggested by its chemical properties and the data collected in the present study. With respect to course-wide golf course application, avoiding application until after the major autumn rainfall period but before the first snow coverage is recommended to reduce occurrence of chlorothalonil concentrations that exceed toxic levels associated with acute and chronic levels of concern. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:684–691. © 2012 SETAC
An integrated assessment of sediment remediation in a midwestern U.S. stream using sediment chemistry, water quality, bioassessment, and fish biomarkers
Authors: Meier John R. , Snyder Steve , Sigler Victoria , Altfater Dave , Gray Mike , Batin Bill , Baumann Paul , Gordon Denise , Wernsing Paul , Lazorchak Jim
Published: December 2012

A comprehensive biological, sediment, and water quality study of the lower Little Scioto River near Marion, Ohio, USA, was undertaken to evaluate the changes or improvements in biotic measurements following the removal of creosote-contaminated sediment. The study area covered 7.5 river miles (RMs), including a remediated section between RMs 6.0 and 6.8. Fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, fish biomarkers (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH] metabolite levels in white sucker [Castostomus commersoni] and common carp [Cyprinus carpio] bile and DNA damage), sediment chemistry, and water quality were assessed at five locations relative to the primary source of historical PAH contamination—upstream (RM 9.2), adjacent (RM 6.5), and downstream (RMs 5.7, 4.4, and 2.7). Overall, the biomarker results were consistent with the sediment PAH results, showing a pattern of low levels of PAH bile metabolites and DNA damage at the upstream (reference or background location), as well as the remediated section, high levels at the two immediate downstream sites, and somewhat lower levels at the furthest downstream site. Results show that remediation was effective in reducing sediment contaminant concentrations and exposure of fish to PAHs and in improving fish assemblages (60% increase in index of biotic integrity scores) in remediated river sections. Additional remedial investigation and potentially further remediation is needed to improve the downstream benthic fish community, which is still heavily exposed to PAH contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:653–661. © 2012 SETAC
High levels of maternally transferred mercury do not affect reproductive output or embryonic survival of northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon)
Authors: Chin Stephanie Y. , Willson John D. , Cristol Daniel A. , Drewett David V.V. , Hopkins William A.
Published: December 2012

Maternal transfer is an important exposure pathway for contaminants because it can directly influence offspring development. Few studies have examined maternal transfer of contaminants, such as mercury (Hg), in snakes, despite their abundance and high trophic position in many ecosystems where Hg is prevalent. The objectives of the present study were to determine if Hg is maternally transferred in northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) and to evaluate the effects of maternal Hg on reproduction. The authors captured gravid female watersnakes (n = 31) along the South River in Waynesboro, Virginia, USA, where an extensive Hg-contamination gradient exists. The authors measured maternal tissue and litter Hg concentrations and, following birth, assessed (1) reproductive parameters (i.e., litter size and mass, neonate mass); (2) rates of infertility, death during development, stillbirths, malformations, and runts; and (3) the overall viability of offspring. Mercury concentrations in females were strongly and positively correlated with concentrations in litters, suggesting that N. sipedon maternally transfer Hg in proportion to their tissue residues. Maternal transfer resulted in high concentrations (up to 10.10 mg/kg dry wt total Hg) of Hg in offspring. The authors found little evidence of adverse effects of Hg on these measures of reproductive output and embryonic survival, suggesting that N. sipedon may be more tolerant of Hg than other vertebrate species. Given that this is the first study to examine the effects of maternally transferred contaminants in snakes and that the authors did not measure all reproductive endpoints, further research is needed to better understand factors that influence maternal transfer and associated sublethal effects on offspring. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:619–626. © 2012 SETAC
Advisory groups for evaluations in diverse cultural groups, communities, and contexts
Authors: Cohen Barry B.
Published: December 2012

An advisory group constructed from within the community where a program evaluation is conducted can be an invaluable resource to an evaluator, particularly if the evaluator is an outsider and of a different culture. The author identifies useful roles that advisory groups have played in his organization's evaluations, and explores advisory group selection criteria, processes for identifying, vetting, and recruiting potential members who meet these criteria, and recruitment‐related pitfalls. Shortcomings of advisory groups in these contexts are discussed. The authors examine dos, don'ts, and lessons learned from working effectively with advisory groups in diverse cultural contexts; for example, understanding and appreciating unfamiliar styles of discourse and patterns of interaction and how to adapt to these. Differences in age, gender, position, social status, education, literacy, national origin, dialect, degree of assimilation, political affiliation, clan membership, knowledge of English, and comfort with European‐American manners and customs are all at play. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
The evolution of a philosophy and practice of evaluation advice
Authors: Compton Donald W. , Baizerman Michael L.
Published: December 2012

Advice regarding evaluation can be solicited, given, and used in a variety of informal to formal practices, which can range from unstructured to highly structured. Gathering input into an evaluation is intended to include other perspectives and voices into a process so that the evaluation is cocreated with others to enhance its rigor, relevance, and utility. In evaluation practice, the advice system should be integrated within a model of evaluation practice and should be a component of effectively managing one or more evaluation studies. The authors draw on a combined 40‐year career in evaluation and in advice giving to review their increasingly sophisticated advice‐system practice. This history is mined for some real‐world problems encountered and how these were addressed. Finally, the article provides suggestions on how an evaluator can include soliciting advice to create a shared understanding necessary for good evaluation practice. This we call the evaluation facilitator. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
A model for evaluation advisory groups: Ethos, professional craft knowledge, practices, and skills
Authors: VeLure Roholt Ross , Baizerman Michael L.
Published: December 2012

A practice model of evaluation advisory groups (EAGs) is described with the use of the frames of craft orientation, practice, and skills. Questions for EAG research and evaluation are presented, and a beginning guide to organizing and using an EAG is offered. A formal training agenda completes the text. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Price Discovery in Interrelated Markets
Authors: Lien Donald , Shrestha Keshab
Published: December 2012

In this study, we generalize the information share (IS) proposed by Hasbrouck (1995) and extended by Lien and Shrestha (2009). The new generalized information share (GIS) can be used to analyze the price discovery process in interrelated securities markets, whereas the previous two measures can only be applied to almost identical markets. Thus, using the GIS, we can analyze broader markets thereby improving our understanding of the price discovery process as well as the efficiency of securities markets. As an empirical demonstration of the proposed method, we apply the GIS to credit default swap (CDS) and bond markets, and find that for the majority of cases price discovery mostly takes place in the CDS markets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:203–219, 2014
Polymorphisms of TNF and IL‐10 genes and clinical outcome of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Lech‐Maranda Ewa , Mlynarski Wojciech , Grzybowska‐Izydorczyk Olga , Borowiec Maciej , Pastorczak Agata , Cebula‐Obrzut Barbara , Klimkiewicz‐Wojciechowska Gabriela , Wcislo Monika , Majewski Miroslaw , Kotkowska Aleksandra , Robak Tadeusz , Warzocha Krzysztof
Published: December 2012

Genetic variations in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were reported to influence susceptibility to and outcome of patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Therefore, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNF and IL‐10 may play a role in the clinical course of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). TNF‐308G>A, IL‐10‐3575T>A, and IL‐10‐1082A>G seem to be functionally relevant, were genotyped in 292 previously untreated patients with CLL. The control group consisted of 192 randomly selected blood donors. The patients carrying TNF‐308GG and IL‐10‐1082AA genotypes presented a higher 3‐year treatment‐free survival (56.6 vs. 40.6%, P = 0.05) as well as a 10‐year overall survival (OS) rates (92.3 vs. 57.6%, P = 0.005) than those with other TNF‐308 and IL‐10‐1082 genotype combinations. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the Rai stage (P = 0.0002), IGHV mutation status (P = 0.01), TNF‐308G>A (P = 0.03), and TNF/IL‐10 polymorphism‐based risk groups (P = 0.05) to be independent factors predicting OS. When the mutated IGHV patients were analyzed, the homozygotes TNF‐308GG and IL‐10‐1082AA presented a higher 10‐year OS rate than those carrying other TNF‐308 and IL‐10‐1082 genotypes (100 vs. 67.7%, P = 0.01). In the unmutated IGHV patients, only the TNF‐308G>A polymorphism influenced OS. The genetic variations in TNF and IL‐10 genes work as independent predictors of survival and may play a role in the clinical course of CLL. It suggests inherited ability of the host to shift the balance between the Th1 and Th2 response, which in turn might contribute to the pathogenesis and prognosis of B‐cell malignancies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Submicroscopic genomic imbalances in burkitt lymphomas/leukemias: Association with age and further evidence that 8q24/MYC translocations are not sufficient for leukemogenesis
Authors: Lundin Catarina , Hjorth Lars , Behrendtz Mikael , Ehinger Mats , Biloglav Andrea , Johansson Bertil
Published: December 2012

Chromosome banding analyses reveal secondary chromosome abnormalities in addition to the MYC translocations t(8;14)(q24;q32), t(8;22)(q24;q11), and t(2;8)(p11;q24) in 60%–80% of Burkitt lymphomas/leukemias (BL). The high incidence of such aberrations indicates that additional changes are important, perhaps necessary, for malignant transformation, i.e., the 8q24/MYC rearrangements may not be sufficient. To investigate this possibility, we performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis on 20 cases of 8q24/MYC‐positive BL. Nineteen (95%) harbored genomic imbalances; the only case without such aberrations displayed secondary changes by chromosome banding analysis. Thus, all BL cases had abnormalities in addition to the 8q24 translocation. The adult cases harbored more changes (median 3; range 1–21) than did the childhood cases (median 1.5; range 0–5) (P = 0.034). Several recurrent aberrations were detected by SNP array analysis, in particular losses of 6q14.1‐q22.33, 9p21.3, and 13q14.2‐q14.3, gains of 1q23.3‐q31.3, chromosome 7, 13q31.3, and partial uniparental isodisomies for 6p12.2‐pter, 9p23‐pter, and 17p11.2‐pter. The molecular genetic consequences of these changes include deletions of the CDKN2A and TP53 genes, and gains/losses of several genes, such as MIR17HG and E2F2K, involved in the MYC pathway. Thus, deregulation of the MYC pathway, both directly through the 8q24/MYC translocation and indirectly through secondary genomic imbalances, may be essential not only for the initiation but also for the progression of BL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tunnel projects require cooperation / Tunnelprojekte brauchen Kooperation
Authors: Jodl Hans Georg
Published: December 2012

A high degree of cooperation is necessary on every tunnel project. Scarcely any other branch of construction is faced with similar rapidly changing problems. The constantly changing properties of the ground demand the greatest attention and flexibility from all parties. Despite the differing initial positions of the interest groups involved, they have to overcome the complex tasks together. Increasing technical requirements of the project parties are in contrast with the increasing expectations of external stakeholders outside the project. Ever more complicated and extensive contract documents hinder rapid solutions on site for the benefit of the project and lead to a certain loss of ability by the site staff in making appropriate decisions. This unsatisfactory situation can only be countered with mutual understanding and cooperation based on trust.

Bei jedem Tunnelprojekt ist ein hohes Maß an Kooperation erforderlich. Kaum eine andere Bausparte wird mit ähnlichen rasch wechselnden Problemen konfrontiert. Die ständig wechselnde Beschaffenheit des Baugrunds fordert von allen Beteiligten höchste Aufmerksamkeit und hohe Flexibilität. Trotz unterschiedlicher Ausgangspositionen der beteiligten Interessensgruppen ist die gemeinsame Bewältigung der komplexen Aufgabe vorgegeben. Steigende fachliche Anforderungen an die Projektbeteiligten stehen den steigenden Erwartungshaltungen projektferner Stakeholder gegenüber. Immer komplizierter und umfangreicher werdende Vertragswerke erschweren rasche und projektgerechte Lösungen von Problemen vor Ort und führen zu einer gewissen Entmündigung des Baustellenpersonals. Diesem unbefriedigenden Zustand kann nur durch eine von gegenseitigem Verständnis und Vertrauen getragene Kooperation begegnet werden.
Tunnelling on the railway line VDE 8.1 Ebensfeld‐Erfurt through the example of the Eierberge Tunnel / Tunnelbau auf der Bahnstrecke VDE 8.1 Ebensfeld‐Erfurt am Beispiel Tunnel Eierberge
Authors: Karlbauer Andreas
Published: December 2012

German Railways DB AG has awarded a contract to the joint venture Tunnel Eierberge consisting of the Austrian companies PORR, G. Hinteregger, Östu‐Stettin and Jäger Bau for the design and construction of the Bad Staffelstein construction section. This 7.7 km long section is part of the new line from Ebensfeld to Erfurt and the core structure is the Eierberge Tunnel. The Eierberge Tunnel is a two‐track rail tunnel with an excavated cross‐section of 160 to 190 m2 and will be built with three emergency exits. The main tunnel and the emergency exits pass through the clay, marl and limestone of the Lower Jurasssic (Lias) overlain by Quaternary strata and lie entirely below the groundwater table. The 3.7 km long Eierberge Tunnel was driven by drill and blast with mucking by hydraulic excavator. The support was according to the principles of the ne Austrian tunnelling method.

The tunnel was constructed on account of the prevailing water pressures of up to 6 bar with all‐round plastic waterproofing membrane and inner lining of waterproof concrete. In order to comply with the provisions of a guideline that was revised during the construction period, an integrated system for subsequent grouting had to be designed and installed; this was used for DB for the first time in the Eierberge Tunnel.

Die Deutsche Bahn hat die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tunnel Eierberge aus den österreichischen Unternehmen PORR, G. Hinteregger, Östu‐Stettin und Jäger Bau mit der Planung und dem Bau des Bauabschnitts Bad Staffelstein beauftragt. Dieser 7,7 km lange Abschnitt ist Teil der Neubaustrecke Ebensfeld‐Erfurt und umfasst als Kernelement den Tunnel Eierberge. Der Tunnel Eierberge ist ein zweigleisiger Eisenbahntunnel mit einem Ausbruchquerschnitt von 160 bis 190 m2 und wird mit drei Notausgängen hergestellt. Der Haupttunnel und die Notausgänge durchörtern die Ton‐, Mergel‐ und Kalksteine des Unteren Jura (Lias) sowie Deckschichten des Quartärs und liegen zur Gänze unter dem Grundwasserspiegel. Der 3,7 km lange Tunnel Eierberge wurde im Spreng‐ und Baggervortrieb aufgefahren. Die Sicherung erfolgte nach den Grundsätzen der Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise.

Der Tunnel wurde aufgrund der vorherrschenden Wasserdrücke bis 6 bar mittels KDB‐Rundumabdichtung und Innenschale aus WU‐Beton druckdicht ausgebildet. Um der Forderung einer während des Baus geänderten Richtlinie nachkommen zu können, musste ein integriertes Injektionssystem geplant und eingebaut werden, das bei der DB am Tunnel Eierberge zum ersten Mal zum Einsatz gelangte.
Project implementation as partners of the Filder Tunnel and Ober‐ and Untertürkheim approach lines on the line Stuttgart‐Ulm / Partnerschaftliche Projektdurchführung Stuttgart‐Ulm im Bereich Fildertunnel und Zuführung Ober‐ und Untertürkheim
Authors: Penn Stefan , Holzhuber Michael
Published: December 2012

The Stuttgart–Ulm railway project is a central investment in the future for the German state of Baden‐Württemberg. The new line will be part of the European high‐speed rail network “Magistrale for Europe”, linking the European metropolitan areas of Paris, Strasbourg, Munich and Vienna along a central west‐east axis to Bratislava and Budapest. Altogether, the Stuttgart‐Ulm railway project includes the rearrangement of the Stuttgart rail node and the new line Wendlingen‐Ulm. The joint venture ATCOST21 under lead company Porr has been awarded the contract for the Filder Tunnel and the approaches to Ober‐ and Untertürkheim. Employer and contractor intend to develop the project as partners with the aim of technical and commercial optimisation under the terms of the contractually agreed partnering model.

Das Bahnprojekt Stuttgart–Ulm ist für Baden‐Württemberg eine zentrale Investition in die Zukunft. Die Neubaustrecke wird Teil des europäischen Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetzes “Magistrale für Europa” und verbindet als zentrale West‐Ost‐Achse die europäischen Metropolen Paris, Straßburg, München und Wien mit Bratislava und Budapest. Insgesamt umfasst das Bahnprojekt Stuttgart‐Ulm die Neuordnung des Bahnknotens Stuttgart sowie die Neubaustrecke Wendlingen‐Ulm. Die Arge ATCOST21 unter Federführung der Firma Porr ist mit der Herstellung des Fildertunnels und der Zuführung nach Ober‐ und Untertürkheim beauftragt. Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer bekennen sich zur partnerschaftlichen Abwicklung des Projektes mit dem Ziel einer technischen und wirtschaftlichen Optimierung im Sinne des vertraglich vereinbarten Partnerringmodells.
Optimization of tractography of the optic radiations
Authors: Benjamin Christopher F.A. , Singh Jolene M. , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Warfield Simon K.
Published: December 2012

Imaging and delineation of the optic radiations (OpRs) remains challenging, despite repeated attempts to achieve reliable validated tractography of this complex structure. Previous studies have used varying methods to generate representations of the OpR which differ markedly from one another and, frequently, from the OpR's known structure. We systematically examined the influence of a key variable that has differed across previous studies, the tractography seed region, in 13 adult participants (nine male; mean age 31 years; SD 8.7 years; range 16–47). First, we compared six seed regions at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and sagittal stratum based on the literature and known OpR anatomy. Three of the LGN regions seeded streamlines consistent with the OpR's three “bundles,” whereas a fourth seeded streamlines consistent with each of the three bundles. The remaining two generated OpR streamlines unreliably and inconsistently. Two stratum regions seeded the radiations. This analysis identified a set of optimal regions of interest (ROI) for seeding OpR tractography and important inclusion and exclusion ROI. An optimized approach was then used to seed LGN regions to the stratum. The radiations, including streamlines consistent with Meyer's Loop, were streamlined in all cases. Streamlines extended 0.2 ± 2.4 mm anterior to the tip of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. These data suggest some existing approaches likely seed representations of the OpR that are visually plausible but do not capture all OpR components, and that using an optimized combination of regions seeded previously allows optimal mapping of this complex structure. Hum Brain Mapp 35:683–697, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflections on codes of conduct: Asymmetries, vulnerabilities, and institutional controls
Authors: Bray Nathaniel J. , Braxton John M.
Published: December 2012

This chapter discusses asymmetries that exist in both positional and professional authority, the relations between main campus stakeholders, and the vulnerabilities that are presented by such power differentials. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the deterrence, detection, and sanctioning of violations of tenets of codes of conduct.
Prognostic factors and prevention of radioembolization-induced liver disease
Authors: Gil-Alzugaray Belen , Chopitea Ana , Iñarrairaegui Mercedes , Bilbao Jose I. , Rodriguez-Fraile Macarena , Rodriguez Javier , Benito Alberto , Dominguez Inés , D'Avola Delia , Herrero Jose I. , Quiroga Jorge , Prieto Jesus , Sangro Bruno
Published: December 2012

Radioembolization (RE)-induced liver disease (REILD) has been defined as jaundice and ascites appearing 1 to 2 months after RE in the absence of tumor progression or bile duct occlusion. Our aims were to study the incidence of REILD in a large cohort of patients and the impact of a series of changes introduced in the processes of treatment design, activity calculation, and the routine use of ursodeoxycholic acid and low-dose steroids (modified protocol). Between 2003 and 2011, 260 patients with liver tumors treated by RE were studied (standard protocol: 75, modified protocol: 185). REILD appeared only in patients with cirrhosis or in noncirrhosis patients exposed to systemic chemotherapy prior to RE. Globally, the incidence of REILD was reduced in the modified protocol group from 22.7% to 5.4% and the incidence of severe REILD from 13.3% to 2.2% (

P

< 0.0001). Treatment efficacy was not jeopardized since 3-month disease control rates were virtually identical in both groups (66.7% and 67.2%,

P

= 0.93). Exposure to chemotherapy in the 2-month period following RE and being treated by the standard protocol were independent predictors of REILD among noncirrhosis patients. In cirrhosis, the presence of a small liver (total volume <1.5 L), an abnormal bilirubin (>1.2 mg/dL), and treatment in a selective fashion were independently associated with REILD.

Conclusion
: REILD is an uncommon but relevant complication that appears when liver tissue primed by cirrhosis or prior and subsequent chemotherapy is exposed to the radiation delivered by radioactive microspheres. We designed a comprehensive treatment protocol that reduces the frequency and the severity of REILD. (Hepatology 2013)