bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact Of Tourism Development On Residents' Perceptions Of Community Life
Authors: Allen Lawrence R. , Long Patrick T. , Perdue Richard R. , Kieselbach Scott
Published: March 2007

Thepurpose of this study was to determine whether residents' perceptions of community life satisfaction vary with the levels of tourism development in theircommunity. Thestudy was conducted in 20 rural communities as part of the 1985 Colorado Rural Recreation Development Project administered by the University of Colorado-Boulder. A comprehen sive questionnaire investigating residents'perceptions of the importance of and their satis faction with seven dimensions of community life was distributed to one adult member of randomly selected households in each community. The seven dimensions ofcommunity life were public services, economics, environment, medical services, citizen involvement, for mal education, and recreation services. In order to determine which dimensions were most sensitive to changes in the level of tourism development, canonical analysis was conducted using tourism development ratings and community population as the set of independent variables and the seven importance and seven satisfaction ratings as the set ofdependent variables. Two significant canonical variates (p<.001) were found revealing that the relationship between tourism development and satisfaction or importance of community dimensions is generally nonlinear with citizen involvement, public services, and the environment being most sensitive to tourism development.
The Distant Overseas U.S. Tourist: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Menezes Dennis , Chandra Satish
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a pilot survey aimed at profiling and better under standing the U. S. tourist visiting distant destinations in the Far East. Comparisons between this segment and other foreign destination segments are made . Implications of the findings are discussed.
Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques
Authors: Gartner William C.
Published: March 2007

State tourism image is a complex combination of various products and associated attributes . Attribute identification, along with state tourism product position, was inves tigated using multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS). Two-dimensional analysis on image data collected for the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah revealed salient attributes together with state touristic product images. The MDS procedure allowed for subjective interpretation of data, resulting in marketing implications for redirecting state image and modifying promotional campaigns. It was suggested that MDS analysis provides for alternative assessments of state tourism image, but before product reposition ing efforts are undertaken , individuals possessing intimate familiarity with the destination area be consulted for assistance in data interpretation.
The Impact Of Tourism On Ethnic Attitudes: The Israeli- Egyptian Case
Authors: Milman Ady , Reichel Arie , Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the role of tourism as an agent of change between two countries that have been traditionally unfriendly or hostile to each other, namely Israel and Egypt. A sample of 82 Jewish-Israeli tourists who traveled to Egypt for the first time was asked to complete a structured questionnaire that measured attitudes toward Egyptian people, their political beliefs, and their institutions. Each tourist was asked to complete the question naire before leaving for Egypt (pre-test) and after returning home (post-test). A control group of Israeli citizens who did notgo to Egypt was also asked to complete the question naire twice. The results showed that for most attitudes the touristic experience did not change the attitudes and opinions of Israelis towards Egypt and the Egyptian people. It is suggested thatfor this to occur certain conditions must be met, the most important being a balanced touristic experience that would emphasize all aspects ofthe host society as well as ! the opportunity to come in close and intimate contact with the destination's residents.
The Role Of Theme Parks As A Leisure Activity For Local Communities
Authors: Milman Ady
Published: March 2007

The article investigates residents' attitudes toward and participation patterns in local theme parks as a leisure activity. Data from 250 Central Florida residents reveal that although residents' frequency and intentions to visit the local theme parks may not be attributed to their available free time or admission price consciousness, some relationships were found between intentions to visit the local theme parks and residents' perceived avail able time, as well as their perception of theme park visitation as a leisure activity, in particular an "unconditional leisure" activity.
Travel Agent Perceptions And Responses In A Deregulated Travel Environment
Authors: Dilts Jeffrey C. , Prough George E.
Published: March 2007

The rippling effects of ailine deregulation and deregulation of ticket sales continue to affect travelagents. Propositions regarding these effects are considered and then compared to the findings of a survey of travel agents. Results show industry changes and how agents view methods of competing effectively.
Underground Atlanta: Resurrected and Revisited
Authors: Kent William E. , Chesnutt J. Thomas
Published: March 2007

Underground Atlanta, in its original form, was created, then flourished, declined and closed, all within a 10 year span. But its closing left such agap in Atlanta's array of assets that city leaders felt compelled to resurrect the concept, albeit in a new and more ambitious manner. This article outlines the development of the new Underground Atlanta and explores a number of issues relevant to urban tourism.
Projecting International Tourist Arrivals in East Asia and the Pacific to the Year 2005
Authors: HAILIN QU  , HANQIN QIU ZHANG
Published: March 2007

This article discusses and analyzes 22 years of international tourist arrivals in 12 tourist destinations in East Asia and the Pacific, and applies a statistical analysis system (SAS) forecast autoregressive time series trend model to project international tourist_flows in that region up to 2005. The projection showed that tourist arrivals to this region's 12 major destinations will increase from 41 million in 1992 to 155 million in 2005, with an overall growth rate of 278% and an average annual growth rate of 10.4%. The tremendous growth of international tourism in the region has been very much associated with intraregional travel in the past. In the projected regional market share, Asia will still maintain its dominant position, increasing from 61% of total international tourist arrivals in 1992 to 65% in 2005, followed by Europe, America, and Oceania. In 2005, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, China, and South Korea will be the top five tourist destinations in the region.
Regional Analysis of Tourism Resources for Marketing Purposes
Authors: Spotts Daniel M.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies spatial patterns in Michigan's tourism resource base, reports the extent to which these patterns explain the spatial distribution of aggregate tourist expendi tures in Michigan, and delineates the state's tourism regions. Strong regional variations in tourism resources were discovered. Urban tourism resources had the greatest influence in explaining spatial variations in tourist spending, and regions formed on the basis of tourism resource patterns differed significantly from the jurisdictions of multicounty tourism promotion organizations in the state. Marketing implications are discussed and sugges tions for further research are advanced.
A Model for the Evaluation of National Tourism Destination Marketing Programs
Authors: Faulkner Bill
Published: March 2007

The increasing commitment of national governments to the funding of their tourism administrations' marketing activities abroad has been accompanied by demands for more rigorous evaluations of the effectiveness of these activities. More rigorous and compre hensive approaches to evaluation are also required to furnish a more solid foundation for strategic decision making. However, many evaluations to date have been ad hoc in the sense that they have relied on one or two techniques that address only part of the problem. A framework for systematically integrating a range of techniques is proposed as a way to overcome this deficiency, while an alternative approach to market share analysis is described in an effort to add to the battery of techniques in this field.
Conference Report... The 1997 Travel Outlook
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2007

This report briefly summarizes the 1997 Travel Outlook Forum, cosponsored by the Travel and Tourism Research Association and the Travel Industry Association of America. Copies of the 1997 Outlook for Travel and Tourism are available from the Travel Industry Asso ciation, 1100 New York Avenue NW, Suite 450, Washington, D.C. 20005-3934 for $150.
Nehru's dream and the village 'waiting room': Long-distance labour migrants to a central Indian steel town
Authors: Parry Jonathan P.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on long-distance rural migrants to the steel town of Bhilai. The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) was built with Soviet aid and by largely migrant labour drawn from all over India. It was one of a handful of mega-projects intended to kick-start India's modernisation, epitomising the Nehruvian dream. The central question addressed here concerns the extent to which its workforce have become permanent urban dwellers or form part of a pattern of rotating migration. The argument is that different patterns of migration are characteristic of workers in public and private sector factories, and at different levels of the industrial hierarchy. The aristocracy of labour are most likely to become fully-fledged townsmen. Surprisingly, this pattern is not significantly inflected by regional origin. The supposedly visceral commitment of migrants from Bhojpur to their villages does not make them more likely to return there. There are pragmatic reasons why not, but the article suggests that this is also a consequence of the extent to which the BSP workforce has internalised a vision of modernity which antithetically constructs the village as an area of darkness—a 'waiting room' from which one hopes to escape.
Interpersonal Tension
Authors: Gupta Mahesh
Published: March 2007

This article offers a theoretical explanation, in terms of a two-factor approach to a POX Situation, in an attempt to fill the void that exists in the face of the Heider-Newcomb controversy about POX balance. Both Heider's mathematicalformulafor balance criterion and Newcomb's three-category propositions regarding POX triads have been found untenable by the reported experimental research. Thisparadox is resolved by the two-factor approach, validity and parsimony of which is demonstrated by applying it to some of the POX data reported in earlier studies (see, for example, Jordan [1953], Rodrigues [1965], Aderman [1969], Gutman and Knox [1972], Insko et al. [19741).
Occupational Values of Male and Female Nursing Students
Authors: Auster Donald
Published: March 2007

This comparative analysis of the occupational values of nursing students is focused on males, for whom nursing is a status-contradictory occupation due to its sex typing as a female domain. The study suggests the strength of prior sex-role socialization and values and delineates the manner in which men maintain a masculine self-image and identity within the confines of an occupation in which their sex functions as a discrepancy.
Labor Force and Work Attitudes
Authors: Spitze Glenna D. , Waite Linda J.
Published: March 2007

We examine the relations between work-related attitudes and early labor force experiences using data from the National Longitudinal Study, of Young Women. Neither young women's work-related sex-role attitudes nor taste/for market Work while still in school affect the extent of employment during first .four years after schooling is completed. Women with long-range work plans start out in relatively low-paying, low prestige jobs, possibly, with higher chance for advancement compared to those who do not plan to work later. Attitudes and tastes change in response to certain job characteristics during this earl/period, but this process does not appear to depend on race. The general picture is one in which sex-role attitudes respond to, rather than affect, early work experiences. However, strong tastes for market work malt create patterns of earl,; labor force behavior which maximize the long-term rather than short-term benefit*s f employment and so might influence both timing of work and child-bearing, and characteristics of beginning jobs.
Preconditions for Increased Workers' Influence
Authors: Albrecht Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

With the introduction of a series of legislative acts and pending proposals, the seventies and early eighties in Sweden have been marked by an increasing interest in worker influence or participation in decision making. This emphasis is seen both on the level of industrial democracy and economic democracy. The following article outlines these moves, concentrating on the Act on Employee Participation in Decision Making (MBL) and the Meidner proposal for Wage-Earners' Investment Funds. Relying on interview data from representatives of major Swedish political and economic organizations, journalists, and alternative groups, an attempt is made to explain the rise in participatory demands that surfaced in Sweden in the late sixties and has permeated the seventies and early eighties. Contrary to postindustrial theorists' contention that participatory demands rise out of the positive effects of industrial development, findings suggest that a more common perspective of Swedish interview respondents is that the increased interest in participation has risen from a negative reaction to the effects of industrialization.
Whither the Cuban Working Class?
Authors: Pérez-Stable Marifeli
Published: March 2007

"Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past" (Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Bru maire).
Designing with Fluorosilicone Materials
Authors: Elliott E.C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes applications of fluorosilicone elastomers in various types of aircraft and automobiles. Such applications re quire materials that have fuel and oil resistance, in addition to con tinuing flexibility at low temperatures. Properties of the fluorosili cone elastomers can be altered by blending with various silicone stocks.
The Synthesis and Characterization of New Polyether Based Soluble Polyurethanes
Authors: Mead J.W. , Arnold C.
Published: March 2007

Two soluble polyurethanes have been develped for use as castable, removable encapsulants for electronic com ponents. These polyurethanes were formulated using bitolylene diisocyanate (TODI) terminated polytetramethylene glycol, chain extended with 1,4 butanediol. TODI was chosen to furnish the isocyanate moiety in this system for its tendency to form semi crystalline polymers and provide physical crosslinking to retard creep. The required physical properties for our applications (low creep, 400% elongation, yield strength ~ 2000 psi, and T g <-55°C) were achieved after carefully removing urea from the starting isocyanate and water from the ether and glycol com ponents. The encapsulants were cured 16 hours at 80°C to achieve the desired properties. Although infrared examination showed residual isocyanate after cure, postcuri ng did not improve the physical properties.
Low Density Rim Elastomers: a Study of Processing and Properties
Authors: Gill W.A. , Heineck D.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the processing factors related to molding a high modulus RIM urethane elastomer at reduced density levels. Both unfilled and glass-reinforced ver sions of the high modulus elastomer were studied. As ex pected, key physical properties are lowered as density is reduced, with impact strength suffering the most. Overall, reduction in density seem to have less effect on the properties of the glass reinforced elastomer. The work concludes by stating that elastomers with reduced density levels and suffi cient enough stiffness-to-weight ratios can be made for many applications.
Mineral Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Theberge John E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews product advances for filling thermoplastic composites. Mica generally provides a desirable balance of property improvements including in creased tensile strength, isotropic properties, and decreased mold shrinkage. Magnetic composites are emerging as a new technology. These molded magnets are being used in energy conversion applications including time-motor rotors, magnetic indicators and sensors and beam-focusing devices for TV receivers and ion pumps.
SMC: Thinner — Smoother — Tougher a New Generation of Low Profile Additives
Authors: Atkins K.E. , Gandy R.C. , Gentry R.R.
Published: March 2007

The automotive industry's need for thinner, smoother and tougher low profile sheet molding compound (SMC) composites for the evolving body panel parts of the 1980's has prompted the development of Union Carbide Low Profile Additives XLP-4514 and XLP-8521. Composites utiliz ing these aditives have provided Class A surface characteristics at 80 mils thickness and above on developmental deck lid tools. Also improved surfaces on commercial parts such as a variety of models of grill opening panels, truck hoods, etc. have been observed. These studies were conducted using computer assisted experimental designs and results-analysis to ensure valid conclusions.
Cure Conditions for Isocyanurate Polymers
Authors: Carleton P.S. , Proctor G.C.
Published: March 2007

Structural RIM (MM/RIM) Composites are materials for use by automotive as well as industrial, agricultural, marine and leisure industries. Most often these composites are pictured as having sheet form because the reinforcement is made this way. Normal thicknesses are 0.100-0.125 inches; however, parts with different thicknesses may be required. For parts thicker than 0.125 inches Spectrim* MM composites based on polyisocyanurates are ideal because they do not scorch and parts up to 6-7 inches thick have been made which are well cured. To make parts thinner than 0.125 inches both adequate wet-out of the glass reinforcement and cure of the polymer must be achieved. Because these polymers cure from the heat evolved in the reaction, cure is a function of the volume percent polymer contained in the mold. Thin parts have been found to have the same mechanical properties as thicker parts, but the cure is not com plete as shown by the tendency of parts to be overly flexible on demold or to have poor green strength. It has been shown that the glass transition tempera ture, as determined by DMTA, is diagnostic for cure. Those parts which have too low a glass transition temperature require postcure. It has also been found that the state of cure is related to the maximum exotherm obtained during reaction and the duration of that exotherm. Thus, bulk polymerizations, in which the thickness is 2-5 inches, have exotherms which can exceed 400°F and remain above 350°F for about an hour. By contrast, thin parts may have exotherms which are not higher than the mold temperature.
Effect of Different Inorganic Fillers on the Physical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: Helaly F.M. , Badran A.S. , Ramadan A.M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of different inorganic fillers such as lead silicate (amor phous or crystalline), burnt mazote boiler deposits (BMBD), aluminium oxide and ilmenite (FeTiO3) on the physical properties of different filled styrene- butadiene rubbers (SBR) has been investigated. The rate of vulcanization was increased according to the following order: lead silicate (amorphous or crystal line) > BMBD > aluminium oxide > ilmenite.

Lead silicate of different types and BMBD were found to increase the tensile strength and resistance to abrasion. Dielectric constants (∈) for some of the com posites were determined. The lower (∈) values were obtained in the presence of aluminium oxide, burnt mazote and ilmenite while those obtained in the pres ence of different types of lead silicate were found to be higher.
Effect of Wood Sawdust on the Aqueous Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: El-Awady M.M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of different woods such as water-treated eucalypt saw dust (E.SD), alkali-treated E.SD and untreated white pine sawdust (SD) in the presence and absence of Cu2+ ions on the aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied. It was found that the rate of polymerization was considerably higher in the presence of treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD) and white pine sawdust (SD). The rate of polymerization was further increased upon copper-treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD). The highest conversion rates (>95%) were those obtained in the presence of copper leached from alkali- treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD) and the least conversion rates (<16%) were those obtained in the absence of copper in the untreated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD).
Studies on Mixing Homogeneity of Rubber Blends Using Viscosity Measurements
Authors: Yehia A.A. , Helaly F.M. , Elsabbagh S.H.
Published: March 2007

Viscosity measurements were used for measuring the rheological behaviour of rubber blends in solution and hence their compatibility. The change of the intrinsic viscosity [η] of NR/BR, NR/NBR, and NR/IIR blend com positions showed straight line, curve-linear, and S-shape respectively. This be haviour may be explained on the basis of compatibility, i.e., NR forms with BR compatible blends, with IIR incompatible blends, but with NBR semi- compatible blends.
A Method of Distinguishing Degree of Dispersion and Filler-Rubber Interaction in Silica- Filled Polyethylacrylate
Authors: Nakajima N. , Chu M.H.
Published: March 2007

Both the degree of dispersion and filler-rubber interaction affect mechanical properties of uncured compounds. Because the better dispersion offers a possibility of developing the enhanced interaction, the two effects are difficult to separate. However, under certain conditions of mechanical measurements, one effect dominates the other. This study seeks such conditions.

The silica-polyethylacrylate system was selected for two reasons:

1. The same partical-size silicas are available in forms that give different degrees of dispersion after the same mixing procedure is followed.

2. In some of the samples, a heat treatment significantly enhances the filler-rubber interaction.

Dynamic mechanical measurements are, in general, ineffective for separating the two effects. In tensile stress-strain measurements, the effect of dispersion dominates the behavior at relatively small strains and the effect of interaction dominates at larger strains. Qualitatively speaking, the above observation has been recognized, and the approaches in this study offer quantitative means. Direct comparisons of tensile stress-strain curves are not easy; however, the conversion of the data into strain amplification makes it more lucid.
Preparation and Evaluation of Some Homo and Copolymeric Emulsions for Latex Paint Applications
Authors: Abd El-Ghaffar M.A. , Badran A.S. , Shendy S.M.M.
Published: March 2007

Emulsion homopolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and emul sion copolymerization of VAc with butyl acrylate (BuA) using potassium persulfate-acetone sodium bisulfite as a developed redox pair initiation system were investigated. The rate of copolymerization decreased with increasing BuA content. The copolymer compositions were determined by H1 NMR analysis and the reactivity ratios for VAc and BuA were calculated using the Fine man-Ross equation and found to be r1 = 0.21 and r2 = 3.3 respectively. The prepared stable emulsions were incorporated into latex paint formulations. The physico-mechanical properties of the dried polymer and paint films im proved significantly with increasing BuA content.
Determination of the Parameters of Ogden's Law Using Biaxial Data and Levenberg-Marquardt- Fletcher Algorithm
Authors: Benjeddou A. , Jankovich E. , Hadhri T.
Published: March 2007

Ogden's constitutive law is often used in finite element simula tions of the behavior of mechanical parts containing rubber. This law has a phenomenological foundation and involves a serie of material parameters μ., α, which must be experimentally determined. Most of the works carried out in this field were based on experimental data published by Treloar in 1944. Theses results concern simple types of strain: simple tension, pure shear, or equi-biaxial tension. This single parameter validation is insufficient. Besides, the three one-parameter validations lead to different sets of material constants.

In the present work we use two-parameter experimental data given by a biax ial extension experimental technique: a cylindrical tubular sample with a thin wall is either stretched along its major axis or inflated uniformly. This tech nique allows the imposition of deformation along the two principal directions in an independent manner (1 ≤ λ, ≤ 2.7; 1 ≤ λ 2 ≤ 2.5). The third stretch is deduced by using the incompressibility property.

The material constants are then numerically determined by means of a syste matic optimization procedure based on the adaptation of the Levenberg- Marquardt-Fletcher algorithm, initiated by Levenberg-Marquardt (1963) and recently modified by Fletcher (1987).

Ogden's law parameters numerically determined by this procedure permit one to calculate numerical values of the principal stresses corresponding to the experimental values of the principal stretches. The agreement of the numerical values with the experimental ones over the whole field of stretches is moder ately good in the case of order two Ogden's law and very satisfactory in the case of order three Ogden's law.
Clear Nonionic Polyurethane Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Haschke E. , Sendijarevic V. , Wong S. , Frisch K.C. , Hill G.
Published: March 2007

Clear nonionic polyurethane hydrogels having a broad range of mechanical properties and degrees of swelling were prepared by both bulk (compression molding) and solution polymerization processes. Hydrogels con taining 70% water were also prepared which had an elongation of 1150% and a tensile strength of 280 kPa. The effects of the chemical structure, molecular weight, and functionality of polyether polyols and type of diisocyanate on hydrogel properties were studied. In addition, the type and concentration of crosslinker, and concentration of ethylene glycol, which was used as chain ex tender were investigated. In order to achieve transparency in the hydrogels, it was determined that poly(oxypropylene) glycols (PPGs) should be present in the system to disrupt the crystallinity of the poly(oxyethylene) glycol (PEG) soft segments. The PEG segments of the network which contain the hydrophilic moiety are responsible for the absorption of water. However, in addition to the concentration of oxyethylene, the degree of swelling of the hydrogels was also determined by measuring the elasticity of the polymer network. The elasticity of the polymer network is determined by the molecular weight between cross links (crosslink density) and the concentration of hard segments in the net work. The concentration of hard segments was controlled by the concentration of chain extender. The crosslink density was controlled by the diol/triol ratio and the respective molecular weight of each component.
Performance Level of Accelerator cum Antioxidants in Different Rubbers
Authors: Kumar Khanra Tapan , Maiti Sukumar , Adhikari Basudam
Published: March 2007

1-( N-oxydiethylene thiocarbamyl)-2-(N-oxydiethylene thio) ben zimidazole (MBSPT) has been found to act as a dual function accelerator cum antioxidant in natural and styrene butadiene rubber. Its dual functional activ ity has been evaluated in different diene rubbers viz. NR, SBR, CR, BR, IIR, NBR and EPDM. The accelerating function of MBSPT in these diene rubbers was compared with a standard commercial accelerator, N-cyclohexyl-2- benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), and the antioxidant function of MBSPT with two different commercial antioxidants viz. N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine (IPPD) and 2-mercapto benzimidazole (MBI). The results of this study show better dual performance of MBSPT in NBR, SBR, CR, NR and IIR rubbers in accelerating and antiaging characteristics. MBSPT, therefore, can be prescribed for technical rubber products instead of two monofunctional additives.
Congressional Staff
Authors: KINSEY BARRY A.
Published: March 2007

The tradition of field research has shown a strong inclination toward the study of the relatively powerless in American society. This study attempts to address this problem by examining the social world of one of the politically elite, that is, the occupational subculture of congressional staffs. Congressional staff work in a highly mobile, insecure environment in which current job success and future prospects depend upon development, cultivation, and maintenance of appropriate personal networks. They aspire to build job security and free themselves from feudal dependence on their bosses by developing reputations as influential but pragmatic persons who can be trusted to keep the process orderly and predictable. It is suggested that staff concerns and networking activities have a conservatizing effect upon national policy decisions.
Honouring the Emperor or Assailing the Beast: Participation in Civic Life Among Associations (Jewish, Christian and Other) in Asia Minor and the Apocalypse of John
Authors: Harland Philip A.
Published: March 2007

It is customary for scholars to depict Christian and Jewish groups as 'sects' in a sociological sense, stressing conflict with and separation from society. But this ap proach often obscures other evidence concerning a variety of possibilities in the involvements of some of these groups in certain facets of civic life, involvements that are comparable to those of other 'pagan' associations in the same context. In this paper, a comparison of associations (Jewish, Christian and other) with respect to particular dimensions of society in Roman Asia—especially imperial aspects of the polis—illustrates the complexities of group—society relations. Viewing the Apoca lypse in light of such evidence helps to locate John's sectarian perspective within the range of 'pagan', Jewish and Christian viewpoints and practices in Asia, shed ding further light on the opponents addressed in the opening letters.
The Ambiguous Pronouncement of the Centurion and the Shrouding of Meaning in Mark
Authors: Shiner Whitney T.
Published: March 2007

The pronouncement of the centurion in Mk 15.39 is commonly understood as the end of the messianic secret in Mark's narrative. This paper challenges that interpre tation on the basis of the syntax of the pronouncement, the connection of the pro nouncement with the portents surrounding Jesus' death, and the audience's expecta tion that can be assumed from the literary parallels. As the narrative continues we see continuing confusion in the reaction to Jesus' death and resurrection. The pro nouncement is intentionally ambiguous and is used by Mark to allow his audience to hear a deeper meaning while leaving the veil of secrecy, an essential part of Mark's religious world view, intact.
The Lamb of God in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: O'Neill J.C.
Published: March 2007

The term "The Lamb of God" in the Testaments appears in a passage that has been corrupted by scribes who were not Christians and in a passage that deals with the Messiah ben Joseph. It was, therefore, a Jewish term before it became Christian. The pervasive corruption of the text of the Testaments by scribes who were not Christian helps to prove that the Testaments were originally a Jewish entity.
Matthew xxviii 16-20 and the Design of the First Gospel
Authors: Brooks Oscar S.
Published: March 2007

It is the thesis of this article that the con cluding pericope (xxviii 16-20) has controlled the entire design of the Gospel of Matthew. In this final commissioning the two main themes are "authority" and "teaching." These two themes are found consistently emphasized in each section of the Gospel so as to support the thesis and pre pare the reader for the concluding paragraph. This analysis suggests that the author was moti vated to produce a work in keeping with the com mand of the risen Lord.
Socio-Rhetorical Criticism and the Parable of the Tenants
Authors: Hester James D.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to provide a new and hitherto unexplored interpretation to the parable of the Tenants (found in Mt. 21.33-46, Mk 12.1-12, Lk. 20.9-19 and Gos. Thom. 65). By eliminating allegorical accretions found in the canonical tradition, the story is seen to focus on the relationship of the Jewish farmer to his/her land. This relationship is explored within the important theo-political theme of 'inheritance', a catchword of great significance when viewed against ancient religious traditions cen tering upon 'the promise of the land' given by YHWH to the people. When the parable was spoken to a first-century audience sensitive to the issue of landedness, two significant but contrary reactions were recorded within the tradition. On the one hand, the Gospel of Thomas testifies to a very early connection with a theme of reversal, as evidenced by the stone quotation from Psalm 118. When set against the narrative structure of the parable, it is seen that this theme of reversal applies to the landless tenants who are in the position to secure access to the land through the death of the son (legally or not). On the other hand, another tradition expected a vengeful response on the part of the landowner. It was this tradition, once a post-Easter rein terpretation of parable as prophecy held sway, which was the historical successor, easily incorporating the theme of reversal, now referring to the resurrected Lord.

Potential for future exploration in parable research along this line is suggested. One of the more important nuances, however, is the careful consideration of varying interpretations within the same audience construct. With this important caveat, the potential for socio-rhetorical reading of the parable tradition is significant in providing a new method within parable scholarship.
The Pastoral Epistles and the Ethics of Reading
Authors: Young Frances
Published: March 2007

Critical theory needs to concern itself with the ethics of a text's reception. Ethical reading involves respecting the otherness of the text, and also being responsible to oneself by articulating difference. The paper explores the Pastoral Epistles from this perspective. Distinctions are drawn among the stated, implied and actual readers, and these are linked with the question of 'reading genre'. The importance of entering the world of the text is then explored, four areas of difference between then and now being sketched. Text-genre and authorship are discussed, prior to an exploration of the rhetoric of these texts. Passages are discussed as examples. The conclusion is reached that an ethical—indeed sympathetic—reading of these texts is possible, despite their apparent pseudonymity. A responsible reading must involve attention both to past meaning and future potential.
John 21.1-23: Narrative Unity and Its Implications
Authors: Wiarda Timothy
Published: March 2007

Both outward form and inner coherence indicate that Jn 21.1-23 is a tightly unified narrative describing the progress of an extended encounter between Jesus and Peter. Among the many indicators of this unity, the phrase πλέον τούτων in v. 15 is par ticularly important; it refers to the fish and fishing described in vv. 1-14. The nature of the text as one unified narrative has implications for a proper understanding of the author's purpose and meaning. The most significant aspect of this is that in portray ing Peter's encounter with Jesus the narrative illustrates aspects of discipleship. The narrative form of the text also provides some evidence which calls into question the view that the text is a composite of several independent pieces of tradition.
Divorce, Celibacy and Joseph (Matthew 1.18-25 and 19.1-12)
Authors: Allison Dale C.
Published: March 2007

The story of Joseph seeking to divorce Mary (Mt. 1.18-25) illustrates the teaching in both Mt. 5.31-32 and 19.1-12. These last pericopes attach exception clauses to the prohibition of divorce (contrast Mark and Luke) and show sympathy for sexual abstinence (19.10-12). Without the exception clauses, however, and if πoρνεία is not equated with 'adultery', there would be a striking contradiction between the behavior of the 'just' Joseph and the teaching of Jesus. Perhaps, then, 1.18-25 partly explains the addition of the exception clauses and establishes that πoρνεία = 'adultery', the imagined crime of Mary. Furthermore, 1.18-25 relates that Joseph abstained from sexual intercourse during pregnancy, and maybe this circumstance should be related to the well-attested conviction that such intercourse is improper.
Cornelius over and over and over again
Authors: Witherup Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

Commentators usually note that the repetition seen in the story of Cornelius and Peter (Acts 10.1-11.18) indicates either the importance which the story plays in Acts, the sources behind the narrative, or stylistic variation. This article contends that the seemingly minor variations in these repetitions are not for emphasis alone. Rather, they constitute a narrative strategy called 'functional redundancy' in which repetitions with variation function to teach the reader how to interpret properly the events narrated in the story. Employing an understanding of redundancy developed by Meir Sternberg ( The Poetics of Biblical Narrative ), the article applies four tools of literary redundancy (truncation, addition, change of order, and substitution) to the story of Cornelius's conversion to analyze how these repetitions function. The structure, literary style, and content of the narrative together reinforce that the movement to the Gentiles, symbolized by the contact between Peter and Cornelius, is part of God's plan of salvation.
Amica Pauli: the Role of Phoebe in the Early Church
Authors: Whelan Caroline F.
Published: March 2007

The role of Phoebe in the early Church has long been the subject of debate. There is a lack of understanding of the terminoogy used by Paul to describe her— διακoνoς and πρoστατις. Moreover, little attempt has been made to relate these terms to the context of voluntary associations where such terms are particularly common.

In this paper the role of Phoebe is re-examined drawing upon the recent disciplines of epistolary analysis and rhetorical interpretation. It is expected that once the social and literary contexts have been clarified, a historically nuanced reading of Rom. 16.1-3 will be possible.
A Reassessment of the Woman at the Well in John 4 in Light of the Samaritan Context
Authors: Maccini Robert Gordon
Published: March 2007

Studies on the Samaritan woman of John 4 are marred at two points: (1) inattention to differences between the beliefs, customs and laws of Samaritans and Jews; (2) misapplication of Jewish rabbinic laws to Samaritans. When these two points are corrected, an alternative portrait of the Samaritan woman emerges. In the Samaritan context her actions and words in public, with men, are not extraordinary. The Samaritans' reception of her testimony to Jesus is not surprising, and even under Jewish laws she would not have been an intrinsically incompetent witness. Readers of John's Gospel, both Samaritan and Jewish, could respond to her testimony in the same way as did the people of Sychar, that is, by coming out to meet Jesus for themselves.
όλίγων δέ έστιν χρεία ή ένός (LUKE 10.42)
Authors: North J. Lionel
Published: March 2007

The phrase όλίγων δέ έστιν χρεία ή ένός at Lk. 10.42 is not entirely secure but it has been ably defended on text-critical grounds and now can be interpreted in the light of a parallel from a second (?)-century CE phrase book and two other features of Greek grammar. I make two assumptions about the parallel. (a) The book's compiler has adapted a common classical idiom όλίγoυ δεί(ν) ('almost') and produced όλίγων δείται. (b) Because this adaptation is found in a pedagogic context (όλίγων δείται πρός τήν μάθησιν, 'he/she has almost learned'), and because similar words in Lk. 10.42a (όλίγων δέ έστιν χρεία) also occur in a pedagogic context (vv. 39, 42b), at one level they too are an adaptation of όλίγoυ δεί(ν) and mean 'almost'. While at that level Jesus is clearly talking about hospitality, food and his own needs, the new parallel opens up the possibility that at a deeper level he is talking about a would-be disciple and, in words from Pss. Sol. 16.2 and Mk 12.34, her closeness to the Kingdom. The whole phrase can be translated, '[Mary] is close, better, very close'. Mary is contrasted not only with Martha and the lawyer (10.25-37) but, like the Samaritan, probably with the priest and Levite in Jesus's story (vv. 31-32). Along with the Samaritan, Mary might embody Luke's new understanding of Jewish priesthood, as something to be discharged not in sacrifice but, eventually, in loving service (the Samaritan; cf. Tabitha), but first, in attention to the word of Jesus (Mary).
The Law About Liquids: a Rejoinder
Authors: Maccoby Hyam
Published: March 2007

Jesus' saying, 'First clean the inside' (Mt. 23.25-26), is a metaphor about hypocrisy taken not from the context of ritual purity (as argued by Jacob Neusner), but from that of the ordinary washing of dirty dishes. The ritual purity law concerning the inside and outside of non-earthenware vessels probably did not exist in the time of Jesus, and is in any case unsuitable as a metaphor for hypocrisy. This was argued by me in an earlier article.

John C. Poirier has criticized my argument on the grounds that the distinction between inside and outside didexist in Jesus' time and that metaphors are more com plex than I represented. His argument, however, is characterized by incomprehen sion of rabbinic concepts of ritual purity, and by muddled ideas about metaphor.
Signed English in the classroom, I. Teaching style and child participation
Authors: Wood David , Wood Heather
Published: March 2007

Signed English is a system of communication involving the simul taneous use of spoken and signed morphemes expressed in English grammar. It has been invented for use with pre-lingually deaf children, the aspiration behind its creation being both to facilitate communication and to help in the acquisition of English.

In this paper (the first of a series of four: 'S.E.C. I-IV') we replicate and extend previous studies of classroom discourse to teachers and pupils conversing in Signed English. Analyses show that the relations between aspects of teaching 'style' and pupil participation in discourse are similar to those found in oral communication between teachers with both deaf and hearing children. The extent to which children contribute to the discourse, elaborate on their answers to questions, ask questions, address each other and show signs of misunderstanding are, as in previous work, predictable from analyses of teaching style. Measures of child loquacity also relate to the manner in which teachers control and pace discourse.

Previous analyses are extended by multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques to explore in detail the relationships between measures of teaching style, characteristics of children and the emergent discourse measures. The results show that different measures of child participation relate in different ways to a common set of teacher and child factors. The implications of such findings for issues about cause and effect in language development are addressed.
Maternal style at the early one-word stage: re-evaluating the stereotype of the directive mother
Authors: Pine Julian M.
Published: March 2007

Since Nelson's original (1973) study there has been a tendency in the literature to view maternal directiveness in an essentially negative way, equating it with maternal intrusiveness or insensitivity (e.g. Nelson 1973, McDonald & Pien 1982). The present study attempts to re-evaluate this negative characterization of maternal directiveness by examining the interactive behaviour of 8 mothers at the early one-word stage of development. The results show that, in contrast to McDonald & Pien's behaviour-oriented/conversation-eliciting dimension, based on the relative proportion of directives and real questions in mothers' speech, the major dimension of variation in the present sample was the relative proportion of behavioural directives and tutorial prompts or test questions. Furthermore this dimension was unrelated either to maternal sensitivity, defined in terms of responsiveness to the child's utterances, or to mothers' use of attentional directives. These findings raise doubts, not only about the tendency to equate directiveness with maternal intrusiveness or insensitivity, but also about the assumption that directiveness reflects a single unitary dimension of mother's interactional behaviour. This suggests that current views of maternal directiveness are based on a negative stereotype of the directive mother and implies the need to analyse maternal speech effects much more carefully than has been done hitherto if we are to understand the mechanisms by which they are actually mediated.
Young children's detection of semantic anomaly
Authors: Robinson E.J.
Published: March 2007

Four- to six-year-olds listened to sets of questions which were easy, difficult or semantically anomalous, or to sets of verbal clues which were unambiguous, ambiguous or semantically anomalous. Half the children judged whether the questions/clues were good or silly. The others responded by answering the questions or interpreting the clues if they could, or by pointing to a 'mystery man' if they could not.

The children discriminated between easy, difficult and semantically anomalous questions. Unambiguous clues were treated differently from ambiguous and semantically anomalous ones, but children did not treat these latter two kinds differently. Detection of problems seemed to be much poorer with clues than with questions.

We relate the results to those of previous work in which children were found to answer rather than refuse to answer semantically anomalous questions. Results are also discussed in the broader context of children's ability to detect and understand the source of problems with inadequate oral input. Children may find it easier to analyse the quality of oral input when it has no implications for action on the outside world.
Phonological short-term memory and individual differences in learning to speak: a bilingual case study
Authors: Speidel Gisela E.
Published: March 2007

The language development of two bilingual siblings, who learned to speak at greatly different rates, is briefly described. The child with the delayed onset of speech had difficulty with articulation, syntax, function words and inflections, particularly when speaking in German. Now, as a young teenager, he has no overt speech problem in English, his preferred language, and he does well in school and on standardized achievement tests of language arts and mathematics. Nevertheless, on a storytelling task at age 12;6, he used significantly shorter, less complex sentences than his sister did at the same age. In German, his 'mother tongue' yet less preferred language, he still has major grammatical difficulties. Recent memory tests showed that his early difficulty with immediate verbal repetition is still present. His difficulty is most pronounced on a verbal short-term memory task requiring repetition of unrelated words, whereas on a task where the verbal input can be reproduced nonverbally, his short-term memory is excellent.