bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of a malignant trichoepithelioma of the ear canal in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Budgeon Casey , Mans Christoph , Chamberlin Tamara , Stein John , Drees Randi , Robat Cecilia , Pinkerton Marie , Imai Denise M. , McAnulty Jonathan
Published: July 2014

Case Description—A 10-year-old spayed female Holland Lop–mix pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was evaluated because of purulent-hemorrhagic discharge from the right ear canal and a suspected mass within that ear canal.

Clinical Findings—Results of contrast-enhanced CT, video otoscopy, and histologic examination of endoscopic tissue biopsy samples indicated severe otitis media and externa and a benign trichoepithelioma of the right ear canal.

Treatment and Outcome—Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy were performed. Histologic examination of a surgical biopsy sample of the mass indicated malignant trichoepithelioma. Tumor recurrence was detected 22 weeks after surgery. The rabbit was euthanized 33 weeks after surgery because of the large size of the recurrent tumor and declining quality of life. Necropsy findings indicated a malignant trichoepithelioma with local and lymphatic invasion into the right mandibular lymph node.

Clinical Relevance—This was the first report of the clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, and outcome for a domestic rabbit with a diagnosis of a malignant trichoepithelioma of the ear canal and associated otitis media and externa. Neoplasia should be included as a differential diagnosis for pet rabbits with otitis externa and media. Although such tumors are typically benign, trichoepitheliomas in rabbits can be malignant. Computed tomography and histologic examination of tissue samples were useful diagnostic techniques, but histologic examination of an endoscopic biopsy sample did not allow identification of malignant characteristics of the trichoepithelioma.
July 2014 Book Reviews
Authors: Neumann Donald
Published: July 2014

JOSPT offers invited reviews of current titles. The July 2014 column includes 6 reviews of the following books: Physical Therapy Management of Patients With Spinal Pain: An Evidence-Based Approach; Traumatology for the Physical Therapist; Evidence-Based Rehabilitation: A Guide to Practice, Third Edition; Healing Through Trigger Point Therapy: A Guide to Fibromyalgia, Myofascial Pain, and Dysfunction; Your Headache Isn't All in Your Head: Neuroscience Education for Patients With Headache Pain; and Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management Package, Third Edition.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(7):542–546. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.44.7.542
Valuation and Crediting Approaches for Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Agencies
Authors: Kagan James S. , Shilling Fraser M. , Gaines Lisa J.
Published: July 2014

Measurement and crediting tools for ecosystem services are important to the processes of transportation planning and project implementation because these tools can aid in mitigating environmental impacts by reducing transaction costs, improving environmental outcomes, and shortening the time needed to implement projects. Because of this importance, such tools have been identified as a key step in the Eco-Logical framework to integrate transportation and conservation planning, characterized by a SHRP 2 capacity program study as the Integrated Ecological Framework. Currently, throughout much of the United States, there are no straightforward methods for the creation of transportation-centric crediting programs. However, successful programs in California, North Carolina, Oregon, and Washington have developed approaches cooperatively with regulatory agencies, state and nongovernmental conservation programs, those actively involved in mitigation banking, and agencies or organizations that fund restoration activities. An overview of crediting systems and valuation methods and their use at various scales in transportation planning are presented in this paper. Current projects and programs are evaluated to identify the opportunities and the obstacles that transportation organizations may encounter when attempting to implement a crediting program.
Habitat Conservation Plans
Authors: Lederman Jaimee , Wachs Martin
Published: July 2014

The development of transportation infrastructure requires a long planning, funding, and implementation cycle that often takes more than a decade for a particular project. Environmental mitigation is usually planned and implemented late in this process and on a project-by-project basis. Habitat conservation plans (HCPs), which provide an alternative model, are becoming increasingly popular. HCPs consist of an early assessment of regional mitigation needs and advanced planning for habitat- or landscape-level impacts from multiple infrastructure projects. This approach has potential benefits, which include reduced project delays, lower mitigation and transaction costs, and improved conditions for the affected species. This paper reviews the current status of HCPs and examines their use and place in the infrastructure planning process, as described by HCP developers in a national survey. The review and survey show that this model is growing in popularity and holds promise for further development as an approach to both habitat preservation and infrastructure development.
Toward Livability Ethics
Authors: Appleyard Bruce , Ferrell Christopher E. , Carroll Michael A. , Taecker Matthew
Published: July 2014

“Livability” has become a popular term in planning, design, and engineering circles, yet there continues to be a lack of clear consensus about what livability actually means, let alone how to measure it and how to achieve it. In response, this article draws deeply on the literature to develop a comprehensive understanding of this complex concept. The presented analysis suggests that livability is best understood as an individual's ability to access opportunities to improve his or her quality of life. However, one person's pursuit of quality of life can actually detract from the livability of another. This concept is particularly true in transportation, as one person's travel inherently touches the lives of others along the pathway. As wealth and social status often play a key role in determining whose pursuit of quality of life wins, a moral and ethical framework must be at the heart of the achievement of livability. Therefore, livability in a just society requires that all individuals be ensured equal access to such opportunities. Rather than one monolithic definition of livability, a need exists for a theoretical moral basis to measure, understand, and judge activities toward livability achievement through a set of clear, concise, and easily applicable livability ethics. Toward this goal, this paper first presents a comprehensive examination of the literature and then provides guidance to professionals on the application of livability concepts in practice by articulating (a) an overarching definition of livability and a set of supporting metaprinciples, (b) a set of ethical livability principles, and (c) a set of livability process principles.
Extending the Extreme Physical Information to Universal Cognitive Models via a Confident Information First Principle
Authors: Zhao Xiaozhao , Hou Yuexian , Song Dawei , Li Wenjie
Published: July 2014

The principle of extreme physical information (EPI) can be used to derive many known laws and distributions in theoretical physics by extremizing the physical information loss K, i.e., the difference between the observed Fisher information I and the intrinsic information bound J of the physical phenomenon being measured. However, for complex cognitive systems of high dimensionality (e.g., human language processing and image recognition), the information bound J could be excessively larger than I (J ≫ I), due to insufficient observation, which would lead to serious over-fitting problems in the derivation of cognitive models. Moreover, there is a lack of an established exact invariance principle that gives rise to the bound information in universal cognitive systems. This limits the direct application of EPI. To narrow down the gap between I and J, in this paper, we propose a confident-information-first (CIF) principle to lower the information bound J by preserving confident parameters and ruling out unreliable or noisy parameters in the probability density function being measured. The confidence of each parameter can be assessed by its contribution to the expected Fisher information distance between the physical phenomenon and its observations. In addition, given a specific parametric representation, this contribution can often be directly assessed by the Fisher information, which establishes a connection with the inverse variance of any unbiased estimate for the parameter via the Cramér–Rao bound. We then consider the dimensionality reduction in the parameter spaces of binary multivariate distributions. We show that the single-layer Boltzmann machine without hidden units (SBM) can be derived using the CIF principle. An illustrative experiment is conducted to show how the CIF principle improves the density estimation performance.
The Fuel Economy of Hybrid Buses: The Role of Ancillaries in Real Urban Driving
Authors: Bottiglione Francesco , Contursi Tommaso , Gentile Angelo , Mantriota Giacomo
Published: July 2014

In the present context of the global economic crisis and environmental emergency, transport science is asked to find innovative solutions to turn traditional vehicles into fuel-saving and eco-friendly devices. In the last few years, hybrid vehicles have been shown to have potential benefits in this sense. In this paper, the fuel economy of series hybrid-electric and hybrid-mechanical buses is simulated in two real driving situations: cold and hot weather driving in the city of Taranto, in Southern Italy. The numerical analysis is carried out by an inverse dynamic approach, where the bus speed is given as a velocity pattern measured in the field tests performed on one of the city bus routes. The city of Taranto drive schedule is simulated in a typical tempered climate condition and with a hot temperature, when the air conditioning system must be switched on for passenger comfort. The fuel consumptions of hybrid-electric and hybrid-mechanical buses are compared to each other and with a traditional bus powered by a diesel engine. It is shown that the series hybrid-electric vehicle outperforms both the traditional and the mechanical hybrid vehicles in the cold weather driving simulation, reducing the fuel consumption by about 35% with respect to the traditional diesel bus. However, it is also shown that the performance of the hybrid-electric bus gets dramatically worse when the air-cooling system is continuously turned on. In this situation, the fuel consumption of the three different technologies for city buses under investigation is comparable.
An Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Yang Mee , Al-Anbuky Adnan , Liu William
Published: July 2014

We propose a new authenticated key agreement scheme based on Blom’s scheme, but using multiple master keys and public keys in permutations to compute the private keys in each node. The computations are over a small prime field, and by storing them in a random order in the node, the private-public-master-key associations (PPMka) of the private keys are lost. If a node is captured, the PPMka of the private keys cannot be determined with certainty, making it difficult to begin to attack the scheme. We obtained analytical results to show that, using suitable keying parameters, the probability of discovering the correct PPMka can be made so small, that a very powerful adversary needs to capture the entire network of tens of thousands of nodes or expend an infeasible amount of effort to try all of the possible solutions. We verified our results using computer-simulated attacks on the scheme. The unknown PPMka enables our scheme to break free from the capture threshold of the original Blom’s scheme, so that it can be used in large networks of low-resource devices, such as sensor nodes.
Principaux types de modèles mathématiques de bassin versant (Main mathematical models of watershed)
Authors: Ambroise Bruno
Published: July 2014

Résumé. - Une brève présentation des principaux types de modèles de bassin versant - modèles statistiques, « à réservoirs » (globaux ou spatialisés), hydrodynamiques - conclut à la nécessité d'établir des modèles « spatialisés » et « physiques » de bassin versant.
Problèmes économiques de la moyenne montagne hors de France (Middle moutain)
Authors: Bergeron Robert , Cabouret Michel , Reyne Georges , Vitte Pierre
Published: July 2014

Résumé. - La moyenne montagne de Scandinavie est originale par l'ancienneté du peuplement - surtout en Norvège, car en Suède l'occupation du sol est plus marginale. - En Italie, la moyenne montagne de l'Apennin (Toscane, Basilicate, Abruzzes) est marquée, depuis 1950, par un véritable exode rural. La vie traditionnelle s'effondre mais la montagne est encore très dense. Le tourisme, le grand élevage s'affirment. L'Etat vient de lancer une politique d'aménagement qui fait appel aux pouvoirs régionaux et aux collectivités locales.
Slovenian Recordings Made in America Prior to World War II
Authors: Debevec Charles F.
Published: July 2014

Slovenian music, brought to the United States by immigrants in the early years of the 20th century, evolved from its traditional form to forms influenced by American popular music as succeeding generations assimilated into the American culture. Its history, as documented and preserved in the medium of phonograph records, is described in this paper. Included are profiles of the recording artists and other individuals who made significant contributions.
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Slovenska glasba, ki so jo v Združene države Amerike prinesli izseljenci v zgodnjih letih 20. stoletja, se je ob asimilaciji naslednje generacije ameriški kulturi iz tradicionalnih oblik razvila v obliko, na katero je vplivala ameriška popularna glasba. V prispevku je opisana zgodovina te glasbe, kakor je dokumentirana in ohranjena na gramofonskih ploščah; pri tem so vključene tudi značilnosti izvajalcev in drugih posameznikov, ki so pomembno prispevali k nastanku posnetkov.
Implementation of Bologna Reforms
Authors: Agoston Simona Irina , Igret Ramona Stefania
Published: July 2014

This chapter develops a horizontal analysis of the implementation of the reforms adopted by the Bologna Declaration. Each signatory country of the declaration is analyzed according to each of the action lines: quality assurance, degree system, recognition of studies and degrees, mobility of students, researchers and teachers, social dimension, lifelong learning, joint degree programs, employability, student-centered learning system, and the European Research Area. The assessment provides not only some relevant indicators, but it refers also to the main challenges faced by signatory countries and possible measures that might foster convergence achievement within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).
Evaluating International Competitiveness
Authors: Voges Kathleen , Bratianu Constantin , Dima Alina Mihaela , Glaser-Segura Daniel A.
Published: July 2014

This chapter addresses the need for improvement in the development of quality assurance indicators to evaluate progress related to the implementation of the Bologna Process. There is noted room for improvement, as well as an interest in engaging feedback from key stakeholder groups, namely employers. The authors propose that the use of the Global Competitiveness Index with specific attention to the measures provided in Pillars 11, Business Sophistication, and Pillar 12, Innovation provide a transparent and trust-worthy indicator. The measures capture both the absolute and relative standing of a nation's international competitiveness. Using a case study approach that illustrates implementation efforts in Romania, the authors present how the measures might be incorporated into quality assurance indicators at both the national and institutional level. We provide propositions and suggest a future research agenda to advance an understanding of how the use of these indicators can advance convergence of higher education practices in the EHEA.
Policultura and Moodle
Authors: Laici Chiara
Published: July 2014

This chapter presents the research and professional development results carried out by teachers on the use of educational technologies in the classroom in the course of an experiment based on the Policultura and Moddle didactic format. The training course was designed as an integrated model of presence (laboratory) and online activities, and focuses on the use of LCMS Moodle as a resource for achieving a deeper interaction with both the institutions involved in the projects and with students (and their families) as well as for supporting and disseminating the educational activities carried out in the classroom, with an online environment that would enable the exchange, interaction, and sharing of the study content. The chapter also presents a case study carried out in a classroom taking part in the experiment showing that ICT can enhance different talents in the perspective of school inclusion.
Computer-Mediated Communication in Primary Education
Authors: Bratitsis Tharrenos , Kandroudi Marina
Published: July 2014

This chapter builds upon a previously published study in the International Journal of eCollaboration regarding the exploitation of asynchronous discussions in Primary Education. The originating point of reference was the fact that Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) tools are being exploited in various sectors, including education. Especially in education, numerous studies can be found in the literature, spanning the past 30 years. Most of these studies concern adult learners in tertiary and continuing education. In addition, approaches regarding secondary education have arisen in the past 10-15 years. Where Primary Education is concerned, only a few CMC-based research applications can exist. This chapter presents all these studies in an attempt to highlight the dynamics of CMC in Primary Education. As established in the literature, communication is directly connected to argumentation, thinking, and consequently, to learning. Moreover, a detailed research study is presented, serving as an example of educational design in Primary School settings, fully utilizing CMC, asynchronous discussions in particular.
Conceptual Possibilities and Restraints in Educational Games
Authors: Moore David Richard , Hsiao E-Ling
Published: July 2014

In this chapter, the authors explore arcade-style gaming and its limitations for promoting mastery in the conceptual learning domain. Arcade-style game play is primarily a function of presenting concepts to players and continually requiring them to respond with finer responses. The degree to which a concept is malleable determines how large its range is in game play. In other words, the characteristics of a concept determine its role in game play. The primary purpose of this chapter is to distinguish between two types of concepts: one that is appropriate for arcade-style gaming and another that requires a different, more involved style. Designers of games, particularly of educational games, will find guidance for selecting concepts related to their instructional content.
Using Smartphone Technology in Environmental Sustainability Education
Authors: Dogbey James , Quigley Cassie , Che Megan , Hallo Jeffrey
Published: July 2014

This study engaged key stakeholders in an economically and environmentally fragile region in Kenya in a unique, interdisciplinary, and integrative approach to explore the extent to which the use of smartphone technology helps access the environmental values and sustainability perspectives of the people of the Maasai land. The results of the study indicate that the participants' environmental values and sustainability perspectives, exposed through photovoices, pertain mainly to issues regarding livestock grazing, deforestation, soil erosion, wildlife and human co-habitation, waste management, afforestation, and the conservation of the natural vegetation. A common theme permeating the participants' photovoices was their awareness of the intertwining effects of these major environmental issues on the environment. The results also suggest a strong understanding of ecological compositions and connections in the environment by the participants.
Weak Arithmetic Equivalence
Authors: Mantilla-Soler Guillermo
Published: July 2014

Inspired by the invariant of a number field given by its zeta function, we define the notion of weak arithmetic equivalence and show that under certain ramification hypotheses this equivalence determines the local root numbers of the number field. This is analogous to a result of Rohrlich on the local root numbers of a rational elliptic curve. Additionally, we prove that for tame non-totally real number fields, the integral trace form is invariant under arithmetic equivalence
The preservation status of the lichen biota in the designed Special Area of Conservation NATURA 2000 „Middle Łyna River Valley – Smolajny”
Authors: Kubiak Dariusz , Czarnota Paweł , Zduńczyk Anna , Dynowska Maria , Leśniański Grzegorz , Cygańska Aleksandra , Olszewska Sandra , Sadowska-Deś Anna , Wojdal Paweł
Published: July 2014

The paper presents the list of 159 taxa, including 151 lichens and 8 saprotrophic or parasitic (lichenicolous) fungi, recorded in the designed Special Area of Conservation NATURA 2000 „Middle Łyna River Valley – Smolajny” (the Forest Division of Wichrowo). The analysed area (2953 ha) covers mostly forest communities, with natural character, associated with the valley of the Łyna river (hillside lime-oak-hornbeam forests, streamside alder-ash forest, riparian black alder forest).
Annotated checklist of fungi in Cyprus Island. 1. Larger Basidiomycota
Authors: Torrejón Miguel
Published: July 2014

An annotated checklist of wild fungi living in Cyprus Island has been compiled broughting together all the information collected from the different works dealing with fungi in this area throughout the three centuries of mycology in Cyprus. This part contains 363 taxa of macroscopic Basidiomycota.
Characterization of the Calicheamicin Orsellinate C2‐O‐Methyltransferase CalO6
Authors: Singh Shanteri , Nandurkar Nitin S. , Thorson Jon S.
Published: June 2014

Although bacterial iterative type I polyketide synthases are now known to participate in the biosynthesis of a small set of diverse natural products, the subsequent downstream modification of the resulting polyketide products is poorly understood. We report the functional characterization of the putative orsellinic acid C2‐O‐methyltransferase, which is involved in calicheamicin biosynthesis. This study suggests that C2‐O‐methylation precedes C3‐hydroxylation/methylation and C5‐iodination and requires a coenzyme A‐ or acyl carrier protein‐bound substrate.
Reducing session establishment delay using timed out packets in SIP signaling network
Authors: Mishra Garima , Dharmaraja S. , Kar Subrat
Published: June 2014

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) has a retransmission mechanism to maintain the reliability for its real time transmission. But these real time transmissions cause overload in the server and creates redundant messages. SIP does not offer sufficient mechanisms for handling overload situations. In this paper, we study the SIP system behavior by separating signaling traffic in two different classes (Invites and Non‐invites) and creating a cut‐off priority queueing model. SIP retransmission mechanism with timeout is modeled as a queueing system with impatient customers. Using this model, the effect of unnecessary retransmissions is studied, and delay distribution and loss probability (Pb_loss) are calculated. The proposed analytical model is verified with simulations that demonstrate that the inclusion of timeout gives better delay performance. Using Pb_loss, an algorithm is developed to control the overload in hop‐by‐hop transaction as described in RFC 6357. The simulation results for the proposed model with overload control and the standard SIP as per RFC 3261 are compared. The results demonstrate that the server utilization factor of an overloaded server always remains less than one and hence avoids system collapse. Further, the redundant messages in the system are reduced by 30% as compared with the standard SIP network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Automatic Spelling Correction Software on Understanding and Comprehension in Compensated Dyslexia: Improved Recall Following Dictation
Authors: Hiscox Lucy , Leonavičiūtė Erika , Humby Trevor
Published: June 2014

Dyslexia is associated with difficulties in language‐specific skills such as spelling, writing and reading; the difficulty in acquiring literacy skills is not a result of low intelligence or the absence of learning opportunity, but these issues will persist throughout life and could affect long‐term education. Writing is a complex process involving many different functions, integrated by the working memory system; people with dyslexia have a working memory deficit, which means that concentration on writing quality may be detrimental to understanding. We confirm impaired working memory in a sample of university students with (compensated) dyslexia, and using a within‐subject design with three test conditions, we show that these participants demonstrated better understanding of a piece of text if they had used automatic spelling correction software during a dictation/transcription task. We hypothesize that the use of the autocorrecting software reduced demand on working memory, by allowing word writing to be more automatic, thus enabling better processing and understanding of the content of the transcriptions and improved recall. Long‐term and regular use of autocorrecting assistive software should be beneficial for people with and without dyslexia and may improve confidence, written work, academic achievement and self‐esteem, which are all affected in dyslexia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Messages

Working memory is a finite temporal storage of information, which integrates different ongoing behaviours and functions.

In addition to the problems with language‐specific skills shown by people with dyslexia, reduced working memory capacity is also found.

If someone with dyslexia is concentrating on writing, and making sure that their spelling/grammar is accurate, they might not fully appreciate the content of the information they are writing.

Our results show that using autocorrecting assistive software during transcription increases the understanding of the content of the written information.

We propose that using autocorrecting software during lectures/class will aid understanding of the presented material and may improve academic achievement.

Our study investigated university students, that is, compensated dyslexia, but these findings may be extrapolated to pre‐university students.
Toxicity testing of sildenafil base‐loaded liposomes in in vitro and ex vivo models for pulmonary application
Authors: Paranjpe Mukta , Neuhaus Vanessa , Braun Armin , Mueller‐Goymann Christel C.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to formulate sildenafil base‐loaded liposomes using a solvent‐free method, followed by the investigation of the potential cytotoxicity of the prepared liposomes in in vitro and ex vivo cell culture models. The liposomes were manufactured by dispersing 5% w/v phospholipid in aqueous phase at RT. The prepared dispersion was then homogenized using an Avestin extruder. The particle size of the prepared liposomes was between 100 and 110 nm and was stable up to 6 months. For in vitro models, human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) and mouse heart endothelium cell line (MHEC5‐T) were used. For ex vivo models, rat precision cut lung slices (PCLS) and rat heart slices (PCHS) were used. All the models were treated with liposomes loaded with or without sildenafil in a concentration range of 0–2500 µg/mL of phospholipid. The toxicity was assessed in vitro and ex vivo using MTT assay. Median lethal dose (LD50) values for A549 cells and PCLS were found between 800 and 1800 µg/mL while for MHEC5‐T cells and PCHS they were found between 1000 and 1200 µg/mL. PCHS demonstrated higher LD50values as compared to PCLS. Considering the high LD50values, sildenafil‐loaded liposomes may have the potential for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension via inhalation route.

Practical applications:The liposomes have a potential for administration in lungs. Toxicity study was performed to determine a safe dose for potential human administration.

The use of solvents for the preparation of liposomes using the conventional dried lipid film method can be avoided.
Inspired by lipids (the Chevreul Award Lecture 2014)
Authors: Harwood John L.
Published: June 2014

As an undergraduate student of Medical Biochemistry, I was unsure what I wanted to do with my life after graduating. Then, one day, I had a lecture about membrane lipids. It turned out that not only were they far from the inert structural compounds that they were often portrayed to be but they turned over quite rapidly. But there was one class of lipids—the higher inositides (PtdIns4P, PtdIns (4, 5) P2)—that had a T½ of only a few minutes! I found this fascinating and was inspired not only to do my post‐graduate work with J. N. (Tim) Hawthorne on inositides but to continue work on lipids ever since. I have no regrets for it has been a fascinating journey. The great French scientist Chevreul made contributions to several different areas of science so, in humble appreciation of his seminal discoveries, I will discuss some diverse lipid topics that I have worked on.
Positional specificity of sardine digestive lipase in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and analogs
Authors: Smichi Nabil , Fendri Ahmed , Gargouri Youssef , Miled Nabil
Published: June 2014

Using lipid emulsions as well as the monomolecular film technique, we studied some kinetic properties of sardine digestive lipase (SaDL). The pure lipase was able to hydrolyze a triolein emulsion in the absence of any additives and seems therefore to tolerate the accumulation of long free fatty acids at the interface. The kinetic behavior of SaDL can be explained by the high penetration capacity of this enzyme into a lipidic interface. SaDL hydrolyzes efficiently pure tributyrin, in the absence of additives. Subsequently, the sardine lipase is not denaturated at high interfacial energy. A kinetic study of the surface pressure dependency of the regioselectivity of SaDL was performed using an optically pure stereoisomer of diglyceride (1,2‐sn‐dicaprin) and a prochiral isomer (1,3‐sn‐dicaprin) that were spread as monomolecular films at the air‐water interface. At low surface pressure, SaDL acts preferentially on distal carboxylic ester groups of the diglyceride isomer (1,3‐sn‐dicaprin) but at high surface pressure, this enzyme prefers adjacent ester groups of the (1,2‐sn‐dicaprin) isomer. Interestingly, the SaDL was found to hydrolyze efficiently the secondary ester group of a triglyceride analog. This is in line with the fact that SaDL hydrolyzed triolein at the sn‐2 position, as shown using the thin‐layer chromatography technique. This property is sought for the synthesis of specific triacylglycerol‐based compounds, such as structured lipids.

Practical applications: The sardine digestive lipase was found to efficiently hydrolyse the secondary ester group of a triglyceride analogue, a characteristic sought for the synthesis of structured lipids.

The sardine digestive lipase (SaDL) showed an ability to hydrolyze the secondary ester group of a triglyceride analog (1,2‐DDG) with the R configuration (R3).
Antioxidant activity of phytosteryl phenolates
Authors: Tan Zhuliang , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: June 2014

Phytosteryl phenolates occur naturally in many cereals and were successfully synthesized through a two‐step chemoenzymatic process, as previously reported. They were also found to exhibit a system dependent antioxidant activity. Three model systems were employed in this study to shed light on the antioxidant activity and action mechanisms involved. The maintaining or enhancing of the antiradical capacity of phytosteryl phenolates in the DPPH assay suggested that these derivatives might be used as antioxidants in more lipophilic systems. However, reducing power of phytosteryl phenolates was lower than that of their phenolic acid counterparts, possibly due to their poor solubility in the aqueous test medium or via micelle formation. In the DNA scission test, phytosteryl phenolates showed either the same/or lower DNA retention ability against both peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals with the exception of phytosteryl caffeates and sinapates, which showed enhanced DNA retention ability against hydroxyl radical. Phytosteryl caffeates also displayed higher activity in DNA retention against peroxyl radical. The antioxidant activity of phytosteryl phenolates was similar or superior to that of their parent phenolic acid counterparts, suggesting their potential use as phenolic acid alternatives with added benefits of phytosterols in the food industry.

DPPH radical scavenging ability of phenolic acids and their derivatives. CA, caffeic acid; FA, ferulic acid; SA, sinapic acid; and VA, vanillic acid.
Microbial reduction efficacy of various disinfection treatments on fresh‐cut cabbage
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Hee , Hong Seok‐In , Kim Dongman
Published: June 2014

To reduce the pathogenic microorganisms of fresh‐cut vegetables, various sanitizers applied at different concentrations and against four different bacteria inoculated in high or low initial loads were tested on shredded cabbage. The bacteria were reduced by 1 log CFU g−1 after being exposed to over 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite, over 1% hydrogen peroxide, over 50 ppm peroxyacetic acid, and three types of electrolyzed water (EW) for 1 min. When the efficacy of the sanitizer was compared in the low initial bacterial load of 103–104 CFU g−1, a significant reduction in the inoculated bacteria was observed with the acidified EW treatment, followed by the 50 ppm peroxyacetic acid and the neutral EW treatment, which was more efficient than the 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite treatment. The efficacy of the various sanitizers used could be also influenced by different bacterial species.
Solution‐Processable Donor–Acceptor Polymers with Modular Electronic Properties and Very Narrow Bandgaps
Authors: Foster Michael E. , Zhang Benjamin A. , Murtagh Dustin , Liu Yi , Sfeir Matthew Y. , Wong Bryan M. , Azoulay Jason D.
Published: June 2014

Bridgehead imine‐substituted cyclopentadithiophene structural units, in combination with highly electronegative acceptors that exhibit progressively delocalized π‐systems, afford donor–acceptor (DA) conjugated polymers with broad absorption profiles that span technologically relevant wavelength (λ) ranges from 0.7 < λ < 3.2 μm. A joint theoretical and experimental study demonstrates that the presence of the cross‐conjugated substituent at the donor bridgehead position results in the capability to fine‐tune structural and electronic properties so as to achieve very narrow optical bandgaps (Egopt < 0.5 eV). This strategy affords modular DA copolymers with broad‐ and long‐wavelength light absorption in the infrared and materials with some of the narrowest bandgaps reported to date.

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A Deeper Insight into the Postpolymerization Modification of Polypenta Fluorophenyl Methacrylates to Poly(N‐(2‐Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide)
Authors: Mohr Nicole , Barz Matthias , Forst Romina , Zentel Rudolf
Published: June 2014

This work provides a detailed insight into the synthesis of N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) polymers employing the activated ester approach. In this approach, polypenta fluorophenyl methacrylate (PFPMA)‐activated ester polymers are synthesized by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and transferred into HPMA‐based systems by the use of 2‐hydroxypropylamine. To prove quantitative conversion in the absence of side reactions, special attention is devoted to investigate different reaction conditions by different analytical methods (1H, 19F, inverse‐gated 13C NMR, and zeta potential measurements). Furthermore the influence of common solvent impurities, such as water, is investigated. Besides differences in polymer tacticity, the poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PHPMA) synthesized under water‐free conditions display the same properties like the conventional synthesized control‐PHPMA. However, 3% water content in the dimethylsulfoxide are already sufficient to yield PHPMA polymers with a negative zeta potential of –15.8 mV indication the presence of carboxylic groups due to partial hydrolysis of the activated ester.

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The effect of the change in the microscopic structures of the iron on corrosion resistance and passivated properties
Authors: Jinlong Lv , Luo Hongyun
Published: June 2014

The passive film of iron showed n‐type semiconductor characteristic in borate buffer solution, and its donor concentration increased slightly after tensile strain in the present study. However, comparing with solution‐annealed sample, the anodic passive film formed on tensile‐strained one was highly protective. The more dislocations on tensile‐strained sample promoted the diffusion of iron and oxygen vacancy. Moreover, more donor density (mainly oxygen vacancies) promoted the diffusion of oxygen. They all facilitated tensile‐strained sample to form Fe2O3 and thicker passive film on the surface. More Fe2O3 and thicker passive film on the surface of tensile‐strained iron could improve corrosion resistance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hölder shadowing on finite intervals
Authors: TIKHOMIROV SERGEY
Published: June 2014

For any ${\it\theta},{\it\omega}>1/2$, we prove that, if any $d$-pseudotrajectory of length ${\sim}1/d^{{\it\omega}}$ of a diffeomorphism $f\in C^{2}$ can be $d^{{\it\theta}}$-shadowed by an exact trajectory, then $f$ is structurally stable. Previously it was conjectured [S. M. Hammel et al. Do numerical orbits of chaotic dynamical processes represent true orbits. J. Complexity3 (1987), 136–145; S. M. Hammel et al. Numerical orbits of chaotic processes represent true orbits. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.19 (1988), 465–469] that for ${\it\theta}={\it\omega}=1/2$, this property holds for a wide class of non-uniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. In the proof, we introduce the notion of a sublinear growth property for inhomogeneous linear equations and prove that it implies exponential dichotomy.
An analysis of Meyer and Allen's continuance commitment construct
Authors: Jaros Stephen , Culpepper Robert A.
Published: June 2014

Researchers have disagreed recurrently over the years concerning the nature of continuance commitment as developed within the Meyer and Allen paradigm, specifically whether continuance commitment consists of ‘high sacrifices’ and ‘low alternatives’ subdimensions. To address this, Edward's analytical strategy was used to examine continuance commitment as having superordinate, aggregate, or multivariate structural forms. Results suggest that (1) continuance commitment is not a multidimensional construct, (2) that the ‘high sacrifices’ subscale alone taps continuance commitment, and (3) the ‘low alternatives’ subscale measures neither continuance commitment nor perceived employment alternatives. Implications for further exploration of the continuance commitment construct are discussed.
Environmental uncertainty affects inter-organisational partner selection: The mediating role of cost and strategy in alliance motivations among SMEs
Authors: Lee Wei-Long
Published: June 2014

This paper investigate the degree to which environment uncertainty affects inter-organisational alliance partner selection in small to medium-sized enterprises and blends the resource-based view in a multiple-mediator model in which different dimensions of alliance motivation (cost and strategy) act as mediating mechanisms that transmit the positive effects of environment uncertainty to partner selection criteria. Four hypotheses are developed and then tested on a survey data sample of 108 firms in the Taiwanese steel industry. Our research findings show the mediating effects of alliance motivation cost and strategy and understanding how environment uncertainty impacts alliance motivation (cost and strategy) within small to medium-sized enterprises.
Frederick A. Cook: the role of photography in the making of his polar explorer-hero image
Authors: Millar Pat
Published: June 2014

This paper aims to show how the photography of Frederick A. Cook (1865–1940) played an important role in the making of his polar explorer-hero image. It considers portraits and Arctic and Antarctic photographs that Cook used in his own publications and illustrated lectures, and which he provided for press articles. The paper is underpinned by discourse analysis and the concept of the photograph as a representation of reality filtered through various lenses. The visual impact and discursive messages of the photographs were aimed at situating readers and audiences in responsive attitudes that would generate a public persona which he exploited to increase his fame and heroic reputation. In time, Cook's photography also played a critical part in the collapse of the hero image.
The Failure of European Governance of the Crisis
Authors: Bilbao-Ubillos Javier
Published: June 2014

The current euro crisis, considered by the IMF to be the new heart of the international economic crisis, has its historical roots in the process of construction of the European Monetary Union (EMU). The resulting architecture of economic governance in the EU has revealed itself to contain serious shortcomings in both ideological terms (design of a coherent exit strategy) and institutional terms (procedures, irreversibility and implementation times of the decisions made). As a result, the responses made by Europe have been late, hesitant, sometimes lacking in intensity and inconsistent in their attempts to manage the crisis.
Towards a European Division of Labour: Do Europe’s Crises Highlight Structural Challenges to Sustainable Economic Growth in the Eurozone?
Authors: Scholten Daniel , Scholten Miroslava
Published: June 2014

The financial and economic crises of the last few years in many Southern Eurozone countries are generally studied individually, without reference to other such crises in the region. In this note, we argue that they may also be approached as symptoms of an underlying structural challenge facing the EU economy. In many ways the relationship between northern and southern Eurozone countries seems remarkably similar to typical economic centre–periphery relations, yet without the harmonizing role that a national government could play. The occurrence and combination of crises seems to be indicative of what one would expect from the adverse effects of centre–periphery relations among countries. Unfortunately, this would imply that the crises we are currently seeing are likely to continuously reoccur in the near future to the detriment of sustainable economic growth and political-economic stability in Europe.
The Notion of Paradigm Shift and the Roles of Science and Literature in the Interpretation of Reality
Authors: Onega Susana
Published: June 2014

Starting from the premise that human knowledge develops in terms of paradigm shifts, the article draws attention to the problems caused by the demise of transcendent knowledge after the Newtonian paradigm shift. By the turn of the twentieth century, the ensuing ideology of endless progress, unfettered by emotional, affective and imaginative knowledge, brought about a split of cognitive cohesion observable in the increase of mental diseases and the birth of psychoanalysis. The trauma paradigm thus initiated an ‘ethical turn’ in the 1990s heralding a wider scientific and academic shift towards the recuperation of holistic knowledge.
A Brief History of Wine in South Africa
Authors: Estreicher Stefan K.
Published: June 2014

Vitis vinifera was first planted in South Africa by the Dutchman Jan van Riebeeck in 1655. The first wine farms, in which the French Huguenots participated – were land grants given by another Dutchman, Simon Van der Stel. He also established (for himself) the Constantia estate. The Constantia wine later became one of the most celebrated wines in the world. The decline of the South African wine industry in the late 1800s was caused by the combination of natural disasters (mildew, phylloxera) and the consequences of wars and political events in Europe. Despite the reorganization imposed by the KWV cooperative, recovery was slow because of the embargo against the Apartheid regime. Since the 1990s, a large number of new wineries – often small family operations – have been created. South African wines are now available in many markets. Some of these wines can compete with the best in the world.
Socio-Sonic: An ethnographic methodology for electroacoustic composition
Authors: Rennie Tullis
Published: June 2014

This paper outlines a way forward for an anthropologically inclined electroacoustic music. Considering the similarities in methodological approaches between the fields of ethnography and soundscape composition, this paper proposes to further the use of contextual information when making compositional decisions with sound materials derived from field recordings: a socio-sonic methodology. To begin the discussion, theoretical readings of sound in context are presented. Parallels are highlighted between the practices of ethnographic study and soundscape composition, illustrated with the work of Steve Feld and the World Soundscape Project. A brief consideration of the soundscape–acousmatic continuum with reference to works by Luc Ferrari, Denis Smalley and Hildegard Westerkamp is followed by a combined summation of ethnographic, soundscape and acousmatic approaches to outline a socio-sonic methodology for composition. Examples of work by Peter Cusack, Justin Bennett and Bob Ostertag are discussed alongside my own workManifest– a fixed-media composition based on field recordings and interviews made at political protests in Barcelona. The potential is for a music considered equally for its sonic and socio-political properties.
In-Between Soundscapes of Vancouver: The newcomer's acoustic experience of a city with a sensory repertoire of another place
Authors: Iscen Ozgun Eylul
Published: June 2014

The ‘in-betweenness’ of a newcomer, which derives from being familiar with multiple sensuous geographies and living through diverse cultural regimes, creates for them an almost experimental situation. Their lack of habitual memory and ‘soundscape competence’ (Truax 2001) of the new city is full of creative potentials in terms of acoustic experience and expression. In order to explore the dynamics of such contexts in their richness, we need to develop sensorily rich methods of inquiry. In this regard, the field of soundscape studies has been offering performative methods for sensory methodologies including ethnography. On the other hand, by incorporating a sensory ethnographic process, we can also address some issues like cultural and social sensitivity within the field of soundscape composition. I drew upon methods such as the soundwalk and sound diary, which were turned into performative expressions by employing approaches to a soundscape composition and developing a collaborative and process-oriented sound installation. In this paper, I will be discussing the recent sonic ethnographic and artistic projects I developed in Vancouver,1and how these projects can contribute to our understanding of cultural soundscapes.