bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticides As Seed Treatments for Control of Seed Maggots on Vegetables, 1980
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

In this study 100 seeds per crop per treatment were treated and planted Jun 30. Plot size was 10’ x 20’, using 4 rows per plot, 1 row for each variety tested, in a randomized block design of 3 replications. A screen cone adult fly trap was used to monitor and time planting date for the appearance of second generation adults which peaked at planting date. Plots were baited after planting with 100 lbs/plot of Corenco blood and bone meal (an oviposirional bait), banded over the top of rows in a 7-10” band. Thirty seeds of each variety were hand planted after receiving treatment at day of planting by using hopper box, slurried or granular seed dressings. On Aug 4, plant stands were counted and degree of stand decrease determined. Averaged stand counts indicated in Table 1 include all “bald” or “snake head” plants.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Snap Beans, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Eagle’ snap beans were seeded May 17 ’80 to a field of Sassafras sandy loam. Plots consisted of a single row of beans 25 ft long, buffered on each side by a guard row; distance between rows was 5 ft. Treatments were replicated 4 times In a randomized complete block design. Soil treatments were applied as a preplant drench with a sprinkler can; foliar treatments were applied May 27, Jun 4, 10, 14, and 19. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer, equipped with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and.one nozzle over the center, delivered 43 gal/A at 40 psi. Categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: 1) no damage; 2) slight damage, 10% defoliation; 3) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 4) severe damage, 75% defoliation; and 5) defoliated. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal. Yield data were taken on Aug 11.
Bean Insect Control, Postemergence Systemic Application, 1980
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Two field studies were established near Twin Falls, Idaho. At each location three systemic insecticides and a check were replicated three times in 0.6 acre plots. The beans were planted Jun 12-15 and sidedressed Jul 10. The chemicals were applied in a narrow band 4” to the water side of the bean row and 3-4” deep. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Arthropods were sampled weekly by taking 300 sweeps per plot or brushing 20 trifoliates per plot. Twenty blooms per plot were shaken over paper to count thrips. Alate pea aphids were counted because of their potential role as vectors of mosaic virus as they leave cut alfalfa fields. Beneficial insects were also counted in the sweep samples. Nabis sp., Orius sp., and Geocoris sp. were the major species encountered.
Seed Maggot Control, 1980
Authors: Webb D. R. , Robbins P. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single rows, 15 ft long, on 36 in centers, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. They were planted In a Lima silt loam field on our vegetable entomology research farm near Geneva, NY. Cone seeders were used to plant 100 seeds/row and distribute granules of insecticide. Both tests were planted Jul 7. After planting, a 2-4 in wide band of meat and bone meal was sprinkled by hand over each row to increase seed maggot oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Damage readings were taken Jul 16 on snap beans by counting the total number of emerged seedlings, recording all damaged individuals, and calculating an average percent damage. Efficacy data on sweet corn were taken Jul 15 by making an emergence count and then digging up 25 seedy’row, examining them for injury, and computing an average percent damage.
Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Luetchford C. M.
Published: March 2022

An early trial was conducted to evaluate insecticides against the early season pest species (diamondback moth and imported cabbageworm) using lower rates than would be used when the cabbage looper becomes predominant. The early and late plots were transplanted Jun 23 and Jul 10, respectively, at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows, each with 35-in centers and 16-in plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. A 2-row, tractor-mounted boom operating at 60 psi and delivering 30 gal/acre with 3 nozzles/row was used to apply a single application to each trial. One-half tablespoon of sticker-spreader was added/gal. Treatment and evaluation dates, respectively, were: early trial, Jul 18 and 21; late trial, Sep 21 and 25. Treatments were evaluated by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting the above mentioned larvae. Infestation were considered light in the early trial and heavy in the later trial.
Cabbage Maggot Control on Direct Seeded Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Simonet D. E.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was direct seeded using a Planet Jr. on April 23, 1980 at Fremont, Ohio. Two row plots 30 ft long planted on 30 inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. In furrow liquid treatments were applied at planting in the open seed furrow with a hand held CO2 pressurized sprayer designed to apply 100 gal/acre through a 9505E nozzle at 40 psi. In furrow granular treatments were applied at planting with a Planet Jr. Post emergence directed sprays were applied on May 7, 1980 with the CO2 pressurized sprayer directing a spray of 100 gal/acre at the emerging cabbage. Soil type was a sandy loam, pH = 6.5, and organic matter = 3.1%. Treatments were evaluated on Jun 4, 1980 by digging 20 plants/plot and counting the number of cabbage maggots and tunnels/plant.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bagley P. C.
Published: March 2022

‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3 row plots 37.5 ft long on Jul 2 ’80. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 21 and 26; Sep 4. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1980
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A.
Published: March 2022

Funks G80 was planted Apr 24, 1980, at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. The soil type was an Appling sandy loam. A randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots and 5 replicates was used. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 50 gal/A directed on the plant ears. Plots were sprayed 8 times on Jun 19, 24, 26, 28, Jul 1, 3 and 5. All ears in the center 18 foot of row were examined on Jul 7 for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.
Onion Maggot Control, 1980
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted May 2 in muck soil near Oswego, NY. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a rondomized block design. Germination, damage, and yield data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 GPA through a gravity fed system. Dithane M-45 (80WP) was applied in the furrow with each treatment at 2.4 lb ai/A for control of onion smut. Stand counts were taken May 27. All foliar sprays timed for adult peaks were applied over the soil surface on May 27 in a 2-4 in band using a CO2-powered system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 100 GPA through a flat fan TeeJet nozzle (SS80O6). Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca twice/week from the time of stand counts until harvest on Sep 3. Yield data were taken by pulling, topping, and weighing the onions in each 20 ft row.
Sweet Peppers, European Corn Borer Control, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Hybelle’ bell peppers were transplanted Jun 3 ‘80 in Sassafras sandy loam in single rows, 25 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with one drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 43 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granular materials were banded 2 in deep and 4 in out from plant on both sides of the row and lightly incorporated on Jun 10 and Jul 12. Foliar treatments were initiated Jul 15 on a 7-day schedule until Sep 18. Mixed red and green commercial peppers were sampled for corn borer infestations on Aug 4, 19 and Sep 9 and 30.
Lepidopterous Larvae and Vegetable Leafminer Control on Tomatoes, 1979
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Hayashi J. T.
Published: March 2022

An experimental tomato planting (VFN Bush) was directly seeded on Jul 1. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely random design. The replicates were 4 rows wide (6-ft centers) by 25 ft long with a 5-ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied weekly from Sep 11 through Nov 9 (9 applications). Insecticides were applied by a tractor mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 114 gal/acre. The nozzles were hollow cone, D2 orifice, 33 core and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader/sticker (Biofilm). Mature green and pink fruit (100 per replicate) were harvested on Oct 24 and Nov 15. The fruit were inspected for tomato pinworm damage, external damage (primarily beet armyworm) and internal damage (primarily tomato fruitworm). The 2 harvests were combined. Vegetable leafminer control was evaluated by placing 2 pupal trays per replicate under the foliage on Oct 15, 22 and 29. After 72 hr, the trays were removed and all pupae counted. The data was analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level of probability. Arsin transformation was used for fruit damaged data.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1981
Authors: Seweli Gary H. , Storch R. H.
Published: March 2022

Experiments A, B, C, and D were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, MA on land that was in clover in 1980. The planting dates were May 21 for experiments A, B and C and Jun 11 for experiment D. In each experiment the 2.0 m space between blocks and the 1.4 m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy seed pieces ca 75 g each were hand-planted 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal, for the area. Late blight control was effected by 3 foliar applications of CIBA-Geigy Ridomil (2EC) 280 g/ha the weeks of Jul 8, 22 and 396 g/ha the week of Aug 5. Soil applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide into the furrow or fertilizer band just prior to planting or as a sidedcessing after emergence.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1981
Authors: Storch R. H. , Seweli Gary H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was a 4 x 6 randomized complete block design planted May 22 at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1980. The 2.0 m space between blocks was bare soil. The space between columns was planted with 2 rows of untreated seed (ca 75 g) 30 cm apart. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy seed pieces ca 75 g each were machine planted 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were! normal for the area. Late blight control was effected by 3 foliar applications of CIBA-Geigy Ridomil (2EC) 280 g/ha the weeks of Jul 8, 22 and 396 g/ha the week of Aug 5. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of egg masses, larvae, and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middlef 2 rows of each plot. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of the raw data using log10 (x + 1). Means of the sum of each stage of the beetle were compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2.
Tomato Fruitworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes, 1981
Authors: Kouskolekas Costas A. , Jacobs R. J. , Hoilingworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Tomato transplants were set on Jun 13. Plots consisted of 3 rows, 25 ft long (88-inch centers), with 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. Sprays were initiated when fruit began to set. All applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 high clearance sprayer. Treatments were applied on Aug 5, 12, 26, Sep 2, 9 and 27. For disease control, Manzate 200 (at 1.6 lb ai/acre) was applied early in the season and Difolafan (at 1.0 lb ai/acre) was used late in the season. Tomatoes were harvested 5 times (Aug 25, Sep 1, 8, 16 and 23). Damage and yield data were taken from the middle row of each plot. All fruits were examined visually, and dissected when necessary, to determine damage by the fruitworm.
Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide and Synthetic Pyrethroids for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981
Authors: Silcox Charles A. , Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam Jun 3. Single row plots were 25 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a split plot experimental design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Plots were treated Jun 17, 24; Jul 3, 8, 15, 22, 24, 27; Aug 7, 14, 18, 25 and Sep 4. Sprays prior to Jul 24 were conducted using a preformuIated mixture of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide. Due to the ineffectiveness of the preformulated sprays, tank mixtures of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide 90% EC were initiated Jul 24. Parameters examined included percent defoliation, Colorado potato beetle larvae and adult counts, fruit damage and yield.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1979
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH was used for this study. Treatments were applied on May 15, 1979 using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer and calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 20 psi. Plots were 30 ft x 100 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block. Plants were 22 inches at treatment and 32 inches at the completion of the study. Reduction of this light infestation of alfalfa weevil larvae by FMC-35001 was comparable to Furadan at the same rate. Zolone was inferior to the standards of Supracide, Penncap-M and Furadan at comparable rates. No phytotoxicity was noted.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1981
Authors: Jokinen Duane , Lewis Brad , Ellington Joe , Owens John
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a 15 acre commercial field of alfalfa at Las Cruces, NM, on Apr 13 15. Each compound was replicated 4 times in a completely random design with a modified Hagie sprayer. Because wind became a factor, 2 tests, each consisting of 6 of the 12 compounds were conducted, one 48 hr later than the other. Each plot was 14 ft 90 ft. The distance between plots was 15 ft. Alfalfa weevil larvae were collected by taking 3 sample sets of 20 sweeps each each replication with a standard 15 inch sweep net. Samples were placed into paper bags, returned to the laboratory, frozen a counted. A pre-treatment sample was obtained the day prior to compound application and a post-spray sample 7 days after application.
Carzol and Alfalfa Seed Production, 1980
Authors: Karner Miles A. , Kehr W. R.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska field labortory, Mead, NE on a 5-yr-old alfalfa. A single treatment, Carzol W.P. (1.12 kg/ha), was applied 3 times: Jul 18 at early bud; at 75% bloom; and Aug 29 at dough stage. Plots were 14.6 x 23.6 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design and Replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a CO2 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 140.31 liter/ha at 1.41 kg/cm pressure and equipped with a 1.7 m boom with 4 N.F. number 12 nozzles. The insect population was monitored weekly (biweekly observations shown in table) with 10 sweeps in each plot with a 38.1 cm dia insect net. The entire plots were mowed on Sep 19; the alfalfa was subsequently windrowed and the seed threshed with a small stationary thresher and cleaned in a clipper mill.
In-Whorl Treatments For Fall Armyworm Control in Field Corn, 1981
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted on Jun 24 at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 33 plants/20 row ft. The first insecticide application was made on Jul 23, when 100% of the plants were infested. Additional applications were made on Jul 30 and Aug 6. Liquid formulations were sprayed with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 40 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 30 psi. Yields were determined on Nov 9.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1981
Authors: Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first brood corn borer control were applied to irrigated corn plots in Stanton County, NE on Jun 22. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 16 gal of water/acre at 2 mph at 22 psi with a specially modified back-pack sprayer. Each single row plot was 50 ft. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Prior to insecticide application 10 consecutive plants in each plot were infested with approximately 60 first instar borer larvae using a hand held inoculator. In mid-Aug, artificially infested corn plants were split in half from tassel to the ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Pre-Flowering Cowpea Insect Pests, 1981
Authors: Venugopal M. S. , Litsinger J. A. , Apostol R. F.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-nine insecticides applied as seed treatments at 10 g ai/100 kg seed were tested at IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) for control of pre-flowering cowpea insect pets. Cowpea seeds (100 kg/ha) were shaken in a plastic bag with each insecticide and 25% gum arabic before sowing to 5 m plots on Feb 27 in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plant stand was thinned to 200,000 plants/ha after emergence. The Santa rita Series soil (clayey amorphos isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludolls) -- pH = 6.5, 52% pore space, 2.7% organic matter, 34% clay, 36% silt, 30% sand -- averaged 39°C and 28°C for daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 5 cm depth, respectively, the first 14 days after sowing. There was no rainfall during this dry season trial, but the plots were irrigated with overhead sprinklers. In each plot at 21 days after crop emergence (DE), 25 random plants were dissected for evidence of beanfly stem tunneling and 25 leaf bud terminals were removed randomly and placed in 70% alcohol for counting thrips under a microscope. Leafhopper adults and nymphs were counted from 25 randomly selected plants per plot. All plots including the untreated control received post-flowering insect pest protection with decamethrin 0.03 kgai/ha sprays 25, 35, 45 DE. Yield cuts were 5 m row per plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Greenbug in Grain Sorghum, 1980
Authors: DePew Lester J.
Published: March 2022

Field plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Garden City, Kansas* Each plot was 4 rows 50 ft long. Plots were separated by 2 untreated buffer rows to minimize spray drift between treatments. Insecticides were applied with a compressed-air, backpack sprayer equipped with a boom fitted with 3 hollow-cone nozzles (6x) that directed the spray to the top and sides of the plants. The sprayer was operated at 25 psi and delivered 15.5 gal/acre. Treatments were applied Aug 2 at which time plants were in the early boot stage. The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 4 plants selected at random from each plot at pre-treatment and 3, 7 and 16 days post-treatment. Grain yields were obtained by combine harvesting the middle rows in each plot. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable on Aug 15 (1.98 inches).
Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Soybean, 1981
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Allen William A. , Babineau David E.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were examined to determine their efficacy in bean leaf beetle control and to determine their effects on the most common non-target predatory arthropods. Insecticides were applied Jul 22 in soybean located at the Lee Sisson Farm in Westmoreland County near Montross, VA. A randomized block experimental design was employed with 4 replications. Individual plots were 4 rows, 30 ft in length, spaced 3 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the soybean foliage with a CO2 compressed air sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 26 gal of finished formulation per acre. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined on Jul 23, 25, 29 and Aug 5 by taking 10 sweeps, with a 15 inch dia sweep net, down a single row and counting all bean leaf beetle adults, nabids, geocorids and spiders.
Corn Earworm and Green Cloverworm Control in Soybean, 1981
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Ferguson Holly J. , Deighan John
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on corn earworms, green cloverworms and arthropod predators. Insecticides were applied on Sep 3 on ‘Bay’ soybean grown on the Earl Vaughn Farm in Richmond County near Warsaw, VA. Individual plots were rows 30 ft long ahd spaced 2.5 ft apart. A randomized block experimental design with 3 replications was utilized. Each spray concentrate was applied to the soybean foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 29 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 2, 5, 8 and 14 days after application by comparing the number of corn earworms, green cloverworms, and predators per 6 row ft in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco, 1981
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Eight foliar insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco ‘Va 509’ was transplanted on May 25. Plots were 20 ft x 3 rows spaced 40 inches apart; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated from each other by 5 ft alleys. Five insecticide applications were made on a 14 day schedule, beginning Jun 15. Sprays were applied with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank presure of 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases).
Scots Pine, Pine Needls Scale Control, Carroll Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pinus sylvestris 2-3 m high growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate effectiveness of selected insecticides against crawlers. Infested trees were selected and sprayed May 23, using a KWH backpack mistblower delivering ca 500 ml of finished spray per each of 4, single tree replicates/ treatment. Ambient temperature during application was 24-26°C with cloudy skies and a slight (5-7 kph) breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days post-treatment by removing several crawler-infested needle fascicles from each tree and placing them in coin envelopes. Samples were transported in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory where mortality counts were made using a binocular microscope and counting the number of dead and alive settled nymphs of the first 100 encountered. On May 30, different trees were selected and treated with the most promising insecticides used on May 23. Application and evaluation were conducted in the aforementioned manner, except 3, single tree replicates were used. Sprayed and unsprayed check trees were sampled Jun 5.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1979
Authors: Potter Daniel A.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a golf course rough that had sustained moderately heavy grub infestations in the previous 3 years. Thatch accumulation was ca 1 cm, and all grubs were first or early second instars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, with individual 2 x 3 m plots assigned to blocks based on pretreatment counts. Pretreatment populations ranged from 6 to 47 grubs/m2. Granular materials were mixed with sand and hand shaken onto the plots. Other formulations were mixed with water to provide the proper rates in 20 gal total volume, and applied with a low volume CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 730308 Tee Jet nozzles operated at 30 psi. Treatments were applied Aug 15, under sunny skies at 21°C, with winds 6-8 km/h. After all treatments were applied, the entire test was irrigated with 1.9-cm of water. Surviving grubs were sampled at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment by cutting a 2.7 m x 20 cm x 2.5 cm deep strip (0.82 m2) with a mechanical sod cutter, and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs.
Chinch Bug Control on a Ridge Avenue Home Lawn in State College, Pennsylvania, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied Aug 7 to a chinch bug infested lawn, consisting primarily of Chewings fescue. Due to the limited size of the home lawn, treatment plots were 5x5 ft. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follow: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature, 75°F; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil condition, dry; percent organic matter, 2.3; soil pH, 6.9; and amount of thatch, 0.5 inch. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 inch dia circular cans. Post-treatment counts were made 7 days later (Aug 14). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10 min count (per location) was recorded and converted to ft2 count.
Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Robb K. L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied weekly for 7 weeks to commercially grown chrysanthemums located in Orange County beginning Sep 1. The insecticides Dursban 25W, Monitor 4E, silicon dioxide, and SD-52618 85W were selected based on their potential ability to control the various stages of the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), and due to a lack of information necessary for their registration on chrysanthemums, materials were applied to 10 row feet of each variety. Insecticides were applied at 1X, 2X and 4X concentrations where 1X = 8 oz ai/100 gal (Monitor, Dursban), and IX = 4 oz ai/100 gal (SD-52618). Silicon dioxide was applied only as a 2% solution. Applications were made with an Arimitsu sprayer with a capacity of 2.25 gpm at 150 psi and water pH was 7.0.
Cattle-Hypooerma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Builis, Bexar Co., TX, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypodermalineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were detected to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test. Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at greater than 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton x-100 (10 parts), and ai (25 parts). In other tests, insecticides labeled for use as systemic treatments for cattle grub control may be administered dermally to calves by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection of a specific weight of insecticide (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate) per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. Occasionally cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of dosages less than label-tested dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-5 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with systemics for control of cattle grubs in cattle was presented by Drummond, R. 0., 1981, Insect, and Acaric. Tests 6:188.
Management of Manure Breeding Flies Under Caged-Layers with Cga-72662, 1980
Authors: Combs Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Two caged-layer houses, located in Grenada Co., MS., were used to evaluate the insect growth inhibitor CGA-72662 for management of house fly and soldier fly breeding in manure. Each house contained 3 manure pits ca 2.14 m wide x 86.9 m long x 0.10 m deep and housed 20,000 layers. Prior to treatment with CGA-72662, the manure was removed each 10 days and Improved Golden Malrin house fly bait was applied for fly control. One house served as an untreated (control) and the other house received CGA-72662 5% SC metered through the water supply. The growth inhibitor was added to the water supply at the rate of 3 ml per 378.4 liteis of water. The test commenced on Aug 15 end continued to Sep 23. Due to the moist condition of the droppings, the houses were cleaned as the pits filled (ca each 10 to 12 days). Management of fly populations was observed for adult house flies in the houses and adults (of both species) emerging from the feces. Adult house fly counts were taken from the flies resting on the overhead electrical wires. At 3 randomly chosen sites in each house, the number of adult house flies were counted while resting on a 3.05 tn section of wire and averaged. No attempt was made to determine adult soldier fly populations. From each treatment, 300 mature larvae or newly formed pupae (of both species) were removed and placed in emergence containers. Pretreatment observations on Aug 15 indicated that larvae of both fly species were numerous in the pits and adult house fly populations were high. The pits were cleaned on Aug 15. From Aug 18 through Sep 23, the growth inhibitor was metered through the water to the treatment house.
Evaluation of Miticides on Mites, 1981
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

Three formulations of NC-21314, were compared to Plictran for control of European red mites (ERM) and twospotted spider mites (TSSM) in Clarksville, AR. Three blocks (replicates) of Red Delicious were selected on M106, and M104, and Ml 11 or M106 rootstocks, respectively. Treatments were randomized within each 5 tree block. The tree spacing was 12 ft by 15 ft. On Apr 27 a pump sprayer was used at 60 psi to apple 1.5 gal/tree to runoff with a No. 4 disc nozzle. On May 20 and Jul 7 a pump sprayer was used at 300 psi to apply about 1.5 gal/tree to runoff. The first major rainfalls after the 3 applications above were 8 (.58 in), 6 (.14 in), and 1 (.23 in) days, respectively. Biweekly or weekly samples consisted of randomly selected 20 leaves/tree, 10 from each side perpendicular to the row. Mites were removed from leaves by a mite-brushing machine. Eggs and actives/leaf were counted.
Residual Barn Treatments Using Ectiban, Permethrin for the Control of House Flies, 1980
Authors: Treece Robert E.
Published: March 2022

Three Wayne County, OH dairy barns were sprayed with Ectiban EC using 1 liter/750 m2 (4 oz/1000 ft2) surface, applied in a Fogmaster Tri-Jet, AFA Corp., Miami, FL. The fogger was held 1/2-1 m from surfaces and directed to all vertical surfaces and most horizontal surfaces except the floor. Three additional barns were sprayed with Ectiban WP (25%) diluted 170 g/41.8 liter (6 oz/11 gal) water and applied at rate of 1 liter/1.8 m 2(1 gal/750 ft2) surface using a hydraulic sprayer at 50 psi.
Bacillus

thuringiensls

var.

Israelensis

for Control of Fl00Dwater Mosquitoes, 1981
Authors: Mullen G. R. , Hinkle N. C. , Estes P. M.
Published: March 2022

Two commercial formulations of BaciIlusthuringiensis var. Israelensis were evaluated at different water temperatues in small-plot field trials for control of Aedescanadensis, A. stimulans, and Psorophoraferox at Tuskegee National Forest, Macon Co., AL. Both materials were compared with Abate 4-E and untreated controls. The area surrounding the standing water in which the tests were carried out was dominated by loblolly pine and mixed hardwood species including tulip poplar, sycamore and water oak. All tests were conducted in circular, plastic-sided, open-bottom pools (ht = 50 cm) delimiting a surface area of 1 m2. Each pool was pressed into the substrate and secured in place with iron rods, preserving the natural bottom conditions. A polyvinyIchloride cylinder (dia = 10 cm,length = 30 cm) was attached to a wooden stake within each test plot and positioned with the lower end (covered with muslin screen) in contact with the substrate, providing a column of water virtually identical to that of the natural pool. Prior to treatment, 20 III- and IV-stage mosquito larvae of a given species were placed in each test cylinder, eliminating predation and providing a convenient means by which mortality could be acurately assessed following treatment. Water temperature was recorded immediately prior to each test. Treatments and rates were randomly assigned to test plots and were replicated 3 times/test. Materials were applied to the entire surface within each test plot with 1 gal compressed-air hand sprayers at 40 psi.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Drenches and Granules, 1981
Authors: Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Control of red harvester ants was evaluated in 3 separate tests. Tests 1 and 3 were conducted near Stillwater, OK on 16 acres of open pasture land. Test 2 was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, OK. Treatments in Tests 1 and 3 were randomized and replicated 10 times. Treatments in Test 2 were randomized and replicated 4 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the tests. Treatments for Tests 1 and 2 were applied on May 27. Treatments for Test 3 were applied on Jun 17. Mounds were checked for activity at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 wk after treatment. In Test 3, if more than 2 ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. In Test 1 and 2 each mound was checked by digging to a depth of 6 inches underneath the mound before it was recorded as active or inactive. Treatments were applied over 1 m as centered on each nest opening as follows: drenches consisted of 3.8 liter applied from a garden sprinkler can; granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area of all tests consisted of 3.8 liter applied from a garden sprinkler can; granules were evenly distributed over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area of all tests consisted of: May, 1.64 inches; Jun, 4.8 inches; Jul 5.5 inches; and August 3.26 inches for a total of 15.25 inches.
Effectiveness of AC-217,300 for Control of Imported Fire Ants, 1979
Authors: Williams D. F. , Lofgren C. S.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were initiated in Florida with the bait toxicant AC-217,300 to evaluate the effect of toxicant concentration, percent soybean oil on the carrier (pre-gel defatted corn grits), and the rate of application of baits on control of natural infestations of the red imported fire ant (RIFA). Twenty-four plots were established on improved pasture land. Each plot was 1 acre in size and contained a 0.25 acre evaluation area. Three of the plots were used as untreated checks. The baits were applied at various rates with a tractor-mounted auger system. The test was evaluated at 6 and 12 wk post-treatment. The population index method of determining control was used in which we evaluated the colonies according to the number of worker ants and the presence or absence of worker brood (larvae and pupae) and assigned each colony to a class from 1-10. Colonies in classes 1-5 did not contain worker brood while those in classes 6-10 contained worker brood. The differences within classes 1-5 and 6-10 were related to the size of the colony. The Interaction of population density and colony classes was then used to establish a population index.
Swine, Sarcoptic Mange Control, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Stockdale H. J.
Published: March 2022

Sixteen sarcoptes mange mite positive hogs, approximately 3.5 mo old, were split into 4 groups of 4 animals per treatment. The treatment groups were isolated from each other by housing each group in separate pens. The treated groups were sprayed to run-off with the following materials on 18 Mar and again on 2 Apr using a power sprayer delivering 120 psi at a rate of 1 pt finished spray per animal: 0.03% Lindane, 0.025% Ectiban and 0.05% Ectiban. Treatments wee applied particularly on the ears, flanks and dorsal mid-line. The wails, doors and gates of the inside and outside pen areas where hogs rub were also sprayed to kill any free-living mites. The control group and their pen were not treated. Three, approximately 1 inch scrapings, were taken from inside the ears and examined for mange mites microscopically. Treatment assessment was made on day 7 following the first treatment, immediately prior to the second treatment and day 28 and day 56 following the second treatment.
Cherry, Chemical Control of Fall Webworm, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Infested cherry (1.5-4 m) growing along roadsides were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A Myers 50 gal (189 liter) hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi (14Kg/cm2) was used to apply ca 1 gal (3.8 liter) of finished spray to each of 4 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied Sept. 2 when larvae were 20-35 mm long. Ambient temperature was 24°C with partly cloudy skies and 16-24 kph winds. Spray was initially directed to the web(s) and the surrounding foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days later by dismantling 1 web per tree and counting living and dead larvae. Sampling required 2 man-hours.
Blueberry, Spanworm Control, 1981
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Flanders K. L.
Published: March 2022

In 2 blueberry burn fields in Washington Co., ME, test materials were applied to 25 x 25 ft plots on Juri 8-9 (Test 1) and Jun 11 (Test 2) when newly emerged stems were up to 2 inches tall. Each spray was applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. There were 4 replications/treatment, set in a randomized complete block design. On dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 15 inch sweep net were taken in the center of each plot; after counting the larvae, they were spread back over the same plot. The larvae were mostly middle to late instars.
Cranberry, Fruitworm Control, 1981
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 19-yr-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 10 treatment plots replicated 3 times. Plots of 15 x 7 ft were separated within blocks by 5-ft pathways and between blocks by either a 15- or 30-ft pathway. Two post-bloom applications were made on Jul 7-8 and Jul 22-23 with a 10 gal, powered ground sprayer delivering ca 0.6 gal per min at 50 psi. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre. A spray disc (4/64 inch orifice) and long distance nozzle tip allowed the applications to simulate those achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. Difoiatan was applied on Jun 12 and Jul 22 to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Temperatures and rainfall were normal for Jul and markedly below normal for Aug. During the second week of Sep, berries from 5 randomly selected, square-foot areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen.
Control of Insects on Concord Grapes, 1981
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Danko Lisa
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on Jun 24, Jul 9, and Aug 14 using an Ortho garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Meyers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer, peratin pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in approximately 200 gal of spray per acre. Spray water was adjusted from a pH of 7.40 to pH 6.65 using Miller Spray Aide (4 oz/100 gal). Triton AG-98 (2 oz/100 gal) was used as a spreader sticker. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot. Fifty clusters per plot were randomly selected and examined for grape berry moth larval injury. Fifty leaves were selected at radom per plot and the number of Japanese beetles recorded from the time of first beetle appearance until natural population decline. A modified Horsfall-Barratt scheme was used to rate leafhopper injury on Sep 30, by examining 25 leaves atrandom per plot.
Pecan Nut Casebearer Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1980
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

the experiment was conducted on mature ‘Schley’ trees on Shreveport, LA. A randomized block design was used with 3 blocks and 2 trees per treatment per block. Insecticide applications were made on May 29 using a John Bean 957 sprayer delivering ca 35 gal of spray per tree. Evaluation occurred on Jun 10 by examining 25 randomly tagged nut clusters per tree for signs of pecan nut casebearer damage. A cluster was considered damaged if any nut in the cluster was injured by casebearer. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Interaction of Soil Systemics and Herbicides on Lima Beans, 1981
Authors: Beste C. E. , Linduska James J. , Bagley P. C.
Published: March 2022

‘C-elete’ lima beans were planted 1 to 1.5 inches deep, in single row plots, 17 ft in length and 6 ft in width, on Jul 16. The treatments were arranged in a randomized split block design with 3 replications. The insecticide treatments were applied at planting time with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2). Sidedress treatments were applied 2 inches to the side of the row and 2 inches below the seed. Dribble treatments were allowed to flow freely from the tube directly over the row behind the furrow press - wheel and followed by a drag chain. Band treatments were applied in a 6 inch wide band over the row behind the furrow press - wheel and followed by a drag chain.
Aphid Control in Broccoli, 1981
Authors: Trumble John T.
Published: March 2022

‘De Cicco’ broccoli was seeded at 5.6 kg/ha on Nov 11, 1980 at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. Experimental plots were 15 m long and 3 rows wide, with 1 m between rows. Plants were thinned to .33 - .38 m spacings on Dec 15. Following thinning the crop was furrow-irrigated weekly. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a Latin square design, with replicates separated by 2 m and 1 untreated row of plants. Plants were sprayed on Jan 22, 1980 with Pirimor 50WP at 0.28 kg/ha or PPG 647 4EC at 0.14, 0.28, or 0.56 kg/ha. Control plots were not treated. Biofilm spreader-sticker was incorporated at 2.3 ml/liter; carrier (water) was 785 liter/ha for all treatments. Treatments were evaluated by counting cabbage aphids and green peach aphids from 5 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. Counts were taken at 1, 3, 7 and 15 days following pesticide application. Strong winds (gusts greater than 30 kph) and rain (ca 1 inch) occurred on Jan 23. Approximately 1 inch of rain fell Feb 4.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Cabbage, 1981
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Cuperus Gerrit W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Jun 9 to 36 inch row with a 30 Inch in-row spacing at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. Stn., Dakota Co., MN. Three separate trials were conducted. Plot size was 25 row-ft in the first and 2nd trials, 30 row-ft in the 3rd trial. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and border rows separated all plots to minimize effects of drift. Spray applications were made Aug 18, Sep 8, and Sep 22 using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 75 gal/acre at 25 psi. Plots were counted Aug 21, Sep 11 and Sep 24 by examining 6-8 heaas in a plot.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Blue Heaven’ cabbage were seeded on Aug 5 in Sassafras sandy loam soil in single rows, 25 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 45 gal/A at 40 psi. Granular treatments were sidedressed on Sep 1 and foliar treatments were applied Sep 9, Sep 15 and Sep 24. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts, foliage injury ratings, and percent marketable heads. Foliage injury ratings are expressed as percent defoliation. Yields (percent marketable heads) were taken on Oct 28 and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
A Five-Year Summary of Looper Control on Cabbage and Lettuce in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1976-80
Authors: Harding James A. , Browning H. W.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on Great Lakes 659 lettuce in 1977 and ‘Val Verde’ lettuce in 1979 and 1980. Cabbage plots were ‘Rio Verde’ in 1976-77 and ‘Sanibel’ in 1979-80. Seed were planted on beds for furrow irrigation with centers 1 m apart. Plots were 2 beds wide by 10.67 m long with 1.5 m alleyways between blocks. Each test was arranged as a randomized, complete block having each treatment replication 3 or 4 times. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted, CO2-powered sprayer operated at 4 mph and 30 psi. Three flat-fan nozzles approximately 0.3 m above the plants and 0.5 m apart on the boom were directed downward spraying a broadcast pattern which simulated aerial application. This system delivered 46.7 liters of formulation per hectare, and coverage appeared adequate.