bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE KLEINER RINGE 26. MITT. PHOTOFRAGMENTIERUNG VON SPIRO‐PYRAZOLEN, STABILE NORCARADIENE UND SPIRO‐HEPTATRIENE
Authors: DUERR HEINZ , SERGIO RENE , GOMBLER WILLY
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse (UV) des durch Cycloaddition des Fluorens (I) mit dem Butin (IIa) erhaltenen Spiro‐pyrazols (IIIa) liefert in Benzol das Heptatrien (IV) (86%).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE VON CYCLOPENTADIENON‐DIMEREN
Authors: HOUK K. N. , NORTHINGTON D. J.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse der Cyclopentadienon‐Dimeren (Ia)‐(Ic) wird genauer untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTIONSRK. AN BENZO(B)THIOPHEN‐DERIVATEN 5. MITT. TERT.‐BUTYLIERUNG VON BENZO(B)THIOPHEN UND NITRIERUNG VON 3‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐BENZO(B)THIOPHEN‐2‐CARBONSAEURE
Authors: COOPER J. , SCROWSTON R. M.
Published: February 2016

Das Thiophen (I) wird von dem Methylpropen (II) in Polyphosphorsäure bei 125°C zu einem 71:22‐Gemisch der Derivate (III) und (IV) (Ausbeute zusammen 64%), von tert.‐Butanol in konz. Schwefelsäure bei 60°C ebenso zu (III) (89%) und (IV) (6%) butyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON CHLOR‐ISATIN (2‐CHLORINDOLENINON) MIT METHYLMERCAPTAN UND 1,2‐AETHANDITHIOL
Authors: BAKER J. T. , DUKE C. C.
Published: February 2016

Aus Isatin (I) erhält man mit Phosphorpentachlorid das 2‐Chlor‐indoleninon (II), das mit Methylmercaptan (III) oder 1,2‐Äthan‐dithiol (V) zu den Substitutionsprodukten (IV) bzw. (VI) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THEORETISCHE UND SPEKTROSKOPISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN INDIGOFARBSTOFFEN 13. MITT. DARST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN DES 3,3′‐DIOXO‐4,4,4′,4′‐TETRAMETHYL‐2,2′‐BISELENOLANYLIDENS, EINER VERBINDUNG MIT GRUNDCHROMOPHORSYST. DES SELENOINDIGOS
Authors: FITJER LUTZ , LUETTKE WOLFGANG
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion des Selenolanons (I) mit dem Butanonbromid (II) in Äthanol und in Gegenwart von K3[Fe(CN)6]/KOH unter Erhitzen wird die trans‐Form 4 des Bis‐selenolanylidens (III) in 45%iger Ausbeute erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 1,3,5‐TRIAZINEN AUS AMINOSAEURE‐DERIVATEN 2. MITT.
Authors: KUWANO E. , TANIGUCHI E. , MAEKAWA K.
Published: February 2016

N‐Blockierte Aminosäuren und Peptide (I) lassen sich mit den Biguaniden (II) in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid in Dimethylformamid, Dioxan oder Methanol mit Ausbeuten zwischen 5 und 45% nach verschiedenen Verfahren in 1,3,5‐Triazin‐Derivate (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON VANADINMONOXID IM HOMOGENITAETSBEREICH
Authors: AIVAZOV M. I. , GUROV S. V. , SARKISYAN A. G.
Published: February 2016

Die magnetische Suszeptibilität von VOX (x: O,79‐l ,29) bei 100‐1000°K wird gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: SORPTION AN DURCH IONENAUSTAUSCH MIT NICKEL(II)‐ UND CADMIUMKATIONEN MODIFIZIERTEN MOLEKUELSIEBEN
Authors: NAVRATIL V.
Published: February 2016

Die Sorption von Wasser und Ar an durch Ionenaustausch mit Ni(II) oder Cd(II) modifizierten Zeolithen A, Xund Ywurde untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUARTIGE SUBSTITUTION PHENOLISCHER HYDROXYLGRUPPEN DURCH WASSERSTOFF, RED. PHENOLISCHER ALKOXYALKYLAETHER MIT LITHIUM
Authors: CHERKASOV A. N. , PIVNITSKII K. K.
Published: February 2016

Die Reduktion der phenolischen Tetrahydropyranyläther (I) mit einem Li‐ Überschuß in siedendem 1,2‐Dimethoxy‐äthan liefert die Kohlenwasserstoffe (II) (Ausbeute 73‐91%); im Falle der Verbindung (Ia) läßt sich auch der entsprechende Methoxymethyläther einsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SUBSTITUIERENDE EINSTUFIGE ACYLOXYLIERUNG AM KOHLENSTOFF 1. MITT. RK. MIT PEROXIDEN
Authors: RAWLINSON D. J. , SOSNOVSKY SOSNOVSKY
Published: February 2016

In einer umfangreichen Übersicht mit 179 Literaturzitaten wird die direkte Substitution von Wasserstoff in organischen Verbindungen durch Acyloxygruppen mit Hilfe von Hydroperoxiden, Dialkylperoxiden, Peroxysäurcn und Diacylperoxiden in Gegenwart von Übergangsmetallionen als Katalysatoren oder auch in Abwesenheit von Katalysatoren behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON N‐ACYL‐GLYCINEN DURCH AMIDOMETHYLIERUNG VON KOHLENMONOXID
Authors: WITTE HELMUT , SEELIGER WOLFGANG
Published: February 2016

Durch Amidomethylierung von CO (II) mit den N‐Methylolamiden (I) in Schwefelsäure werden die N ‐Acyl‐glycine (III) in unterschiedlichen Ausbeuten (18‐88%; (IIIb): 1 1%) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE MIT TETRAMETHYLGUANIDIN KATALYSIERTE ADDITION VON NITROMETHAN AN ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTE CARBONSAEUREESTER
Authors: POLLINI G. P. , BARCO A. , DE GIULI G.
Published: February 2016

Die ungesättigten Carbonsäureester (I) lassen sich in Gegenwart von Tetramethylguanidin (III) mit Nitromethan (II) in Ausbeuten bis zu 83% zu den Nitrocarbonsäureestern (IV) kondensieren.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE VON 1,6‐CYCLODECADIENEN 1. MITT. 1‐METHYL‐(E,E)‐1,6‐CYCLODECADIENE 2. MITT. SYNTH. UND PHOTOCHEMIE VON 6‐METHYL‐1,6‐CYCLODECADIEN‐3‐ON
Authors: HEATHCOCK C. H. , BADGER R. A. , STARKEY R. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse des 1‐Methyl‐(E,E)‐l ,6‐cyclodecadiens (II) liefert in Gegenwart von Benzophenon, Naphthalin oder 2‐Acetonaphthon die beiden Cyclisierungsprodukte (III) und (IV); das Umlagerungsprodukt (I) konnte nicht erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SALZE VON DIARYLJODONIUMDIFLUORIDEN
Authors: LYALIN V. V. , ORDA V. V. , ALEKSEEVA L. A. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Diaryljodosyltrifluoracetate (I) gehen unter der Einwirkung von SF4 in Methylenchlorid bei ‐10 bis 0°C in die Difluoride (II) (Ausbeute 78 bzw. 65%) über.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON ALKOXYMETHYLEN‐DIMETHYLIMMONIUMHALOGENIDEN BEI DER RK. VON TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINDIHALOGENIDEN MIT ALKOHOLEN IN DIMETHYLFORMAMID
Authors: HERR M. E. , JOHNSON R. A.
Published: February 2016

In Dimethylformamid reagiert das Adamantanol (Ia) zu den Immoniumhalogeniden (IIa) und (IIb), aus denen mit Wasser das Formiat (Ib) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON ISOPHTHALSAEURENITRIL DURCH AMMONOX. VON M‐XYLOL
Authors: IKEDA T. , OGA T.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von m‐Xylol (I) mit Ammoniak und Luftsauerstoff bei 350 ‐ 450°C liefert in Gegenwart eines Katalysators über das Nitril (II) Isophthalsäurenitril (III) in 80‐85%iger Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR UND CANCEROGENE WIRKUNG VON ANTHRALIN (1,8‐DIHYDROXY‐9‐ANTHRON) UND AEHNLICHEN VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: SEGAL A. , KATZ C. , VAN DUUREN B. L.
Published: February 2016

Zunächst wurde die Struktur von Anthralin (I) festgelegt.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN EINFACHES VERFAHREN ZUR SYNTH. VON 2‐ARYL‐AZIRINEN
Authors: HORTMANN A. G. , ROBERTSON D. A. , GILLARD B. K.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Styrolen (I) erhält man mit Brom die Dibromäthyl‐Verbindungen (II), die mit Natriumazid über die Brom‐azide (III) zu Azido‐Styrolen (IV) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. EINIGER ADAMANTANDERIVATE VON 2‐AMINO‐BENZOTHIAZOLEN
Authors: COSTAKIS E. , CANONNE P.
Published: February 2016

2‐Amino‐benzothiazole (I) reagieren mit den Säurechloriden (II) zu den Amiden (III), aus denen die Amine (IV) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER REISSERT‐VERBINDUNGEN 3. MITT. UMLAGERUNGS‐ UND SUBSTITUTIONSRK.
Authors: UFF B. C. , KERSHAW J. R. , CHHABRA S. R.
Published: February 2016

Das aus o‐Vanillin durch Kondensation mit Aminoacetaldehyddiäthylacetal hergestellte Tetrahydroisochinolin (I) (62% Ausbeute als Hydrochlorid) wird beim Erhitzen in p‐Cymol in Gegenwart von Pd‐Kohle zu dem Isochinolin (II) (49%) dehydriert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETISCHE INDOLALKALOIDE 1. MITT. SYNTH. EINES PENTACYCLISCHEN LACTAMS
Authors: BRUTCHER F. V. , VANDERWERFF W. D. , DREIKORN B.
Published: February 2016

Der Ester (I) liefert die Oxo‐Derivate (IIa) und (IIb), die nach Ketalisierung zu (III) in das Anhydrid (IV) übergeführt wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFACHE PYRIMIDINE 14. MITT. BLDG. UND RK. VON DERIVATEN EINFACHER PYRIMIDINSULFONSAEUREN
Authors: BROWN D. J. , HOSKINS J. A.
Published: February 2016

Beim Behandeln einer gekühlten, KHF, enthaltenden Lösung des Pyrimidinthions (I) in HzO/Methanol mit C12 entsteht das Sulfonylfluorid (II) (78% Ausbeute), das sich mit flüssigem NH3, Hydrazinhydrat bzw. den entsprechenden Aminen in der Kälte zu den Sulfonylverbindungen (III) (40‐93%), beim Erwärmen mit geeigneten Reagenzien zu den Pyrimidinen (IV) (60‐95%) umsetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE EINFACHE SYNTH. FUER 5‐FLUOR‐URACIL
Authors: BARTON D. H. R. , HESSE R. H. , TOH H. T. , PECHET M. M.
Published: February 2016

9 Die Oxidation von Uracil (I) zur cytotoxischeg 5‐Fluorverbindung (II) mit T?fluormethylhypofluorit, das äußerst vorsichtig zu handhaben ist, wird untersucht und optimiert.
ChemInform Abstract: KOORDINATIONSCHEMIE VON PHOSPHORYL‐VERBINDUNGEN MIT DIMETHYLAMINO‐GRUPPEN 7. MITT. KOMPLEXE VON NONAMETHYLIMIDODIPHOSPHORSAEURETETRAMID MIT METALLACETATEN UND ‐SULFATEN
Authors: DE BOLSTER M. W. G. , GROENEVELD W. L.
Published: February 2016

Die Strukturen der aus mit Trimethylorthoformiat dehydratisierten Acetaten und Sulfaten und dem Titelliganden gewonnenen Verbindungen (I)‐(III) wer den anhand von röntgenographischen Untersuchungen, IR‐ und Ligandenfeldspektren diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: VERBESSERTE SYNTH. VON PILOCARPIN
Authors: DEGRAW J. I.
Published: February 2016

Das aus Furfural (I) in Gegenwart von Luft‐O, und Äthanol bei Sonneneinwirkung erhaltene Dihydrofuran (II) addiert das Malonat (III) zum Butyrolacton (IV), welches durch längere Behandlung mit HBr in die Säure (V) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDALKALOIDE 134. MITT. C‐NOR‐D‐HOMO‐UMLAGERUNG VON 12BETA‐MESYLOXY‐N,N′‐DICYAN‐DIHYDRO‐CONIMIN
Authors: LUKACS GABOR , CLOAREC LILIANE , LACOMBE LILIANE , LUSINCHI XAVIER
Published: February 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) lagert sich bei 72stündigem Erhitzen in Collidin in die Steroide (II) und (III) um, deren Strukturen durch Verwendung von an 12abzw.
ChemInform Abstract: GRUNDLEGENDE BEGRIFFE UND PROBLEME IN DER THEORIE DER KRITISCHEN ERSCHEINUNGEN
Authors: MUENSTER A.
Published: February 2016

Die grundlegenden Begriffe der Theorie der kritischen Erscheinungen werden am Beispiel eines fluiden Einkomponentensystems entwickelt.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DES LOESUNGSMITTELS AUF DIE STABILITAETSKONSTANTE DES TRIJODIDIONS
Authors: RAO T. S. , CHHABRA J. S.
Published: February 2016

Die Stabilitätskonstante Kdes Trijodidions wird in Wasser‐Dioxan‐Mischungen verschiedener Zusammensetzung bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 5‐HYDROXYMETHYL‐, 5‐ACETOXYMETHYL‐ UND 5‐METHYLMERCAPTO‐7,12‐DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENEN UND VON 5,7,12‐TRIMETHYL‐BENZ(A)ANTHRACEN
Authors: NEWMAN M. S. , CUNICO R. F.
Published: February 2016

Die o‐(a‐Methyl‐at‐naphthyl)=‐toluy1säure (Ia) liefert nach Bromierung zu (Ib) mit Methyllithium das Keton (II), das durch Polyphosphorsäure in Sulfolan zum 5‐Brom‐7,12‐dimethyl‐benz(a)anthracen (III) kondensiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PHARMACA MIT POTENTIELLER ANTILEUKAEMISCHER UND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVER WIRKUNG 3. MITT. EINFLUESSE DER SUBSTITUTION DER HOMOCYCLISCHEN RINGE AUF DIE IN VITRO AKTIVITAET VON 4‐NITROBENZO‐2,1,3‐OXADIAZOLEN (4‐NITROBENZOFURAZANEN) UND IHREN N‐OXIDEN (4‐NITRO‐BENZOFUROXANEN)
Authors: GHOSH P. B. , TERNAI B. , WHITEHOUSE M. W.
Published: February 2016

4‐Chlor‐3,5‐dinitro‐benzotrifluorid (I) liefert durch Behandlung mit Azidionen und nachfolgende Pyrolyse das Benzofuroxan (II).
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. UND MIKROBIOCIDE WIRKUNG DER D‐ UND L‐FORMEN VON 3‐AMINO‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐1‐HYDROXY‐CARBOSTYRYL
Authors: DAVIS A. L. , SMITH D. R. , FOYT D. C. , BLACK J. L. , MCCORD T. J.
Published: February 2016

Aus den o‐Nitro‐phenylalaninen (I) entstehen über die Hydrochloride bei der katalytischen Hydrierung die 3‐Amino‐3,4 dihydro‐carbostyrile (II); unter neutralen Bedingungen entstehen die Amine (III), die sauer zu den Lactamen (IV) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE SYNTH. VON FURO(2,3‐B)CHINOLIN
Authors: SHANMUGAM P. , LAKSHMINARAYANA P.
Published: February 2016

Der aus der Säure (Ia) erhältliche Ester (Ib) liefert bei der Behandlung mit Brom und nachfolgendem Erhitzen mit Triäthylamin das Furochinolin (IIa), aus dem durch Verseifung und Decarboxylierung die Titelverbindung (IIb) gewonnen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN PYRIMIDIN‐DERIVATEN UND VERWANDTEN VERBINDUNGEN 74. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON THIAMIN‐ANALOGEN MIT DIALKYL‐BENZOYLPHOSPHONATEN
Authors: TAKAMIZAWA A. , SATO H.
Published: February 2016

Die Thiamin‐Analogen (I) reagieren mit den Dialkylbenzoylphosphonaten (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zu den Dihydropyrimido(4′,5′:4,5)pyrimido= (2,1‐c)‐1,4‐thiazinen (III) (27 ‐ 78% Ausbeute), aus denen durch Hydrolyse die Dihydro‐1,4‐thiazinone (IV) entstehen (71% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: SILYL‐ANIONEN 3. MITT. EINE EINFACHE DARST. VON HEXAALKYLDISILANEN AUS TRIALKYLCHLORSILANEN
Authors: SAKURAI H. , OKADA A.
Published: February 2016

Bei einer neuen und bequemen Methode zur Darstellung von Hexaalkyldisilanen (II) werden die entsprechenden Chlorsilane (I) in ätherischer Lösung in Gegenwart äquimolarer Mengen Phosphorsäure‐tris‐(dimethylamid) (HMPT) und Lithium umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: PSEUDOHALOGENOMETALLVERBINDUNGEN 36. MITT. RK. VON AZIDOMETALLKOMPLEXEN MIT SULFANEN
Authors: KREUTZER B. , KREUTZER P. , BECK W.
Published: February 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (II) reagieren mit H25′ zu den Verbindungen (III) und mit Disulfiden zu den Produkten (I).
ChemInform Abstract: ZUSTANDSDIAGRAMME VON B(III)C(VI)CU‐SYST. UND PHYSIKALISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN DER LEGIERUNGEN
Authors: ATROSHCHENKO L. V. , GAL'CHINETSKII L. P. , KOSHKIN V. M.
Published: February 2016

Das Zustandsdiagramm In2Te3‐Cu im Bereich des Tellurids sowie die Grenzlöslichkeiten von Cu in In2Te3 und GagTe3 bei verschiedenen Temperaturen werden ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: VERTEILUNGSKOEFFIZIENTEN DER KOMPONENTEN UND ZUSTANDSDIAGRAMM DES SYST. INP‐GAP
Authors: SHUMILIN V. P. , UFIMTSEV V. B. , VIGDOROVICH V. N.
Published: February 2016

Die Verteilung der Komponenten beim Zonenausgleichsschmelzen von InP‐ GaP‐Lösungen wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUSTANDSDIAGRAMME DER SYST. PBTE‐UTE UND SNTE‐UTE BIS ZU 10 MOL‐PZ. UTE
Authors: TEREKHOV G. I. , SINYAKOVA S. I. , IVANOV O. S.
Published: February 2016

Im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich der Titelsysteme wird Verbindungsbildung nicht festgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MISCHKRISTALLE IM SYST. ZRO2‐YB2O3 UND ZRO2‐Y2O3‐YB2O3
Authors: KUZNETSOV A. K. , KRASIL'NIKOV M. D. , TIKHONOV P. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Kinetik der Mischkristallbildung in den Titelsystemen und die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der erhaltenen Mischkristalle werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLGEMEINE METHODE ZUR UNTERSCHEIDUNG VON THREO‐ UND ERYTHRO‐ISOMEREN BESTIMMTER ALPHA‐GLYKOLE UND VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: NAKANISHI KOJI , SCHOOLEY DAVID A. , KOREEDA MASATO , MIURA IWAO
Published: February 2016

Die isomeren α‐Glykole bzw. verwandte Verbindungen werden in entsprechende Fünfring‐Derivate wie 1,3‐Dioxolane, Oxazolidine oder Thiazolidine umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRAN‐2‐YLIDEN‐CARBEN‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: REES C. W. , ANGERER E. VON
Published: February 2016

3‐Äthoxy‐1,2‐diphenyl‐cyclopropenylium‐tetrafluoroborat (I) bildet mit den Metallcarbonylen (II) die Komplexe (III), von denen (IIIb) bei der Belichtung Diphenyl‐acetylen (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SCHWINGUNGSANALYSE DES HYBRIDORBITALKRAFTFELDES VON BORANADDUKTEN
Authors: BERSCHIED JOHN R. JUN. , PURCELL KEITH F.
Published: February 2016

Von den Spezies BH3, CN′, BD3CN′, BH3NC′, BD3NC′, BH3F′ und BD3F′ werden die IR‐Spektren (4 0OO‐25O cm′ 1) und Raman‐Spektren aufgenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISCHE STRUKTUR VON GLAESERN DER SYST. NAPO3‐SB2O3 UND NAPO3‐SB2O5
Authors: WATANABE MAKOTO , KATO MINEO
Published: February 2016

Die glasigen Substanzen der genannten Systeme mit einem P/Sb‐Verhältnis von 5,0‐30O werden durch Erhitzen von NaPO3 mit Sb2O3 oder Sb2O5 bei 1000°C und nachfolgendem Abschrecken der Schmelzen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIK DER HYDROLYSE VON SAUERSTOFFDIFLUORID
Authors: MISRA SUDHINDRA N. , CADY GEORGE H.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydrolysereaktion verläuft nach A. Gemessen wird die Geschwindigkeit, mit der das aufgelöste 0F, verschwindet.
ChemInform Abstract: GESCHWINDIGKEITSBESTIMMENDER PROTONENUEBERGANG BEI DER SUBSTITUTION AN EIN TETRAEDRISCHES HYDROGENCHROMAT(VI)‐ION
Authors: LIN CHIN‐TUNG , BEATTIE JAMES K.
Published: February 2016

Die schnelle Substitutionsreaktion Aerfordert einen Protonenübergang an Cr(VI), um das H2O‐Molekül zu bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. ZWISCHEN EINER RHENIUMFASER UND STICKSTOFFOXID BEI HOHEN TEMPERATUREN UND GERINGEN DRUECKEN
Authors: TAMURA TEIJIRO
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit wird bei einer Fasertemperatur von 1300 bis 1800°K und einem NO‐Druck von 3·10‐5‐1·10‐3 Torr mit Hilfe einer statischen Methode gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS EINES AEUSSEREN ELEKTRISCHEN FELDES AUF DIE ABKLINGKONSTANTE VON (99M)TC IN HALOGENKOMPLEXEN
Authors: LEUENBERGER H. , HUBER P. , NYIKOS P. , KOBEL H. R. , SEILER H.
Published: February 2016

Eine positive Änderung der Abklingkonstante AÄ/Ä von 99mTc wird bei Anlegen eines äußeren Feldes in KzTcXö (X: F, Cl, Br, J), beobachtet.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON TRANS‐(CRCL2(NH3)4)CL.H2O
Authors: NAGASE KENZO , TANAKA NOBUYUKI
Published: February 2016

Es wird eine einfache Synthesemethode angegeben und die Konfiguration des Komplexes mit Hilfe der Absorptionsspektren im IR und Sichtbaren ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON URANSESQUICARBID DURCH TEILWEISE DECARBURIERUNG VON URANDICARBID MIT MAGNESIUMOXID
Authors: TAGAWA HIROAKI
Published: February 2016

Die Bildung von U2C3 nach Reaktion A wird chemisch und röntgenographisch bei Temperaturen von 1450‐1 700°C untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON HYDROAROMATISCHEN SYST. 2. MITT. 2,3‐DICHLOR‐5,6‐DICYAN‐BENZOCHINON 3. MITT. EINFLUSS DER AROMATISCHEN STABILISIERUNG AUF DIE DEHYDRIERUNG VON 1,4‐CYCLOHEXADIENEN
Authors: MUELLER PAUL , ROCEK JAN
Published: February 2016

Die Verbindungen (I) und (IV), die durch Abspaltung eines H′‐Ions in die Ionen (III) bzw. (V) übergeführt werden können, werden durch das Chinon (II) um 4‐5 Größenordnungen schneller oxidiert, als z.B. 1,4‐Pentadien, Cyclohexen oder 1,5‐Cyclooctadien.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE VON TETRAKIS‐(TRIAETHYLPHOSPHIT)‐NICKELHYDRID, NIH(P(OC2H5)3)4(+) 4. MITT. MECHANISMUS DER OLEFINISOMERISIERUNG
Authors: TOLMAN CHADWICK A.
Published: February 2016

Der Mechanismus der Isomerisierung von Buten‐(1) zu Butenen‐(2) durch die Titelverbindung und B2804 in Methanol wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON OPTISCH AKTIVEM CYCLONONADIEN‐(1,2) AUS ZWEI VERSCHIEDENEN CYCLOPROPYLIDEN‐VORSTUFEN
Authors: MOORE WILLIAM R. , BACH ROBERT D.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Methyl‐Li auf das Dibromcyclopropan‐Derivat (I) und bei der Einwirkung von Li‐äthylat auf den Nitrosoharnstoff (III) wird jeweils durch Öffnung der entstehenden chiralen Cyclopropyliden‐Vorstufen optischaktives Cyclononadien (II) mit der angegebenen (S)‐Konfiguration gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN 10. MITT. EINFLUSS VON BENACHBARTEN GRUPPEN BEI DER 1,2‐ASYMMETRISCHEN INDUKTION IN DER REDUKTION VON PROPIOPHENONEN 11. MITT. STEREOCHEMISCHER ABLAUF DER 1,2‐ASYMMETRISCH INDUZIERTEN REDUKTION N‐SUBSTITUIERTER 2‐AMINOPROPIOPHENON‐DERIVATE
Authors: KOGA K. , YAMADA S.
Published: February 2016

Aus den substituierten Propiophenonen (I)‐(VIII) werden mit Boranat Mischungen aus den threo‐ (IXa)‐(XVIa) und den erythro‐Verbindungen (IXb)‐(XVIb) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DIE SYNTH. VON STEROID‐ANTIPODEN
Authors: TAHARA A. , HARIGAYA Y. , ONDA M.
Published: February 2016

Aus (I) und (IX) werden nach den angedeuteten Methoden die beiden in der Synthese von Steroiden bereits früher eingesetzten Ketone (VIII) und (XV) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. UND DESAMINIERUNG VON 1‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐3‐AMINO‐, 1‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐3‐AMINOMETHYL‐ UND 1‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐2‐AMINOMETHYL‐AZETIDIN
Authors: CHEN TENG‐YUEH , HUNG MU‐HUANG , CHEN PO‐TAU , OHTA MASAKI
Published: February 2016

Das Azetidin (Ia) wird nach bekannter Methode durch Ammonolyse von l‐tert. Butyl‐azetidinyl‐(3)‐tosylat, die Azetidine (Ib) (74% Ausbeute) bzw. (III) (80% durch Li‐alanat‐Reduktion der l‐tert.‐Butyl‐3‐ bzw. Q‐cyan‐azetidine erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 1‐(4‐CHINOLYL)‐2‐ALKYLAMINO‐AETHANOLEN
Authors: SCHULTZ O.‐E. , AMSCHLER U.
Published: February 2016

Das durch NaBH4‐Reduktion von 4‐Bromacetylchjnolin (I) in 83%iger Ausbeute erhältliche l‐(4‐Chinolyl)‐2‐bromäthanol (II) ergibt durch Umsetzung mit den primären Aminen (III) in Äthanol bei 90°C unter Druck die 1‐(4‐Chinolyl)‐2‐alkylaminoäthanole (IV), die als Hydrobromide in 22 ‐ 62%iger Ausbeute isoliert wunden.
ChemInform Abstract: GEMISCHT‐LIGAND‐KOMPLEXE VON EISEN(III) MIT AMINOPOLYCARBONSAEUREN UND THIOCYANAT IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG 1. MITT. NITRILOTRIESSIGSAEURE
Authors: KOCH SIEGFRIED , ACKERMANN GERHARD
Published: February 2016

Die Komplexbildung von F e(III) mit Thiocyanat wurde in Gegenwart von Nitrilotriessigsäure in Hinblick auf die Anwendbarkeit in der photometrischen Analyse untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE LIGANDEN‐SUBSTITUTION IN UEBERGANGSMETALL‐PI‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: RUBEZHOV A. Z. , GUBIN S. P.
Published: February 2016

Getrennt nach π‐Komplexen, deren Liganden auch unkoordiniert stabil sind, und solchen, die unkoordiniert unstabile Liganden haben, werden Liganden‐ Austausch‐Reaktionen beschrieben und mit dem Versuch der Verallgemeinerung diskutiert.
Spectroscopic, Structural, and Computational Characterization of Three Bispidinone Derivatives, as Ligands for Enantioselective Metal Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Castellano Carlo , Sacchetti Alessandro , Meneghetti Fiorella
Published: February 2016

Three chiral derivatives of the alkaloid sparteine (bispidines), characterized by the 3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane moiety, were designed as efficient ligands in a number of enantioselective reactions due to their metal coordination properties. A full evaluation of the 3D properties of the compounds was carried out, as the geometrical features of the bicyclic framework are strictly related to the efficiency of the ligands in the asymmetric catalysis. The selected molecules have different molecular complexity for investigating the effects of different chiral groups on the bicycle conformation. We report here a thorough analysis of their molecular arrangement, by NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X‐ray crystallography, and computational techniques, which put in evidence their conformational preferences and the parameters needed for the design of more efficient ligands in asymmetric synthetic routes. The results confirmed the high molecular flexibility of the compounds, and indicated how to achieve a control of the chair–chair/boat–chair conformational ratio, by adjusting the relative size of the substituents on the piperidine nitrogens. Chirality 28:332–339, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 3D Homochiral MOF [Cd2(d‐cam)3]•2Hdma•4dma for HPLC Chromatographic Enantioseparation
Authors: Zhang Mei , Chen Xinglian , Zhang Junhui , Kong Jiao , Yuan Liming
Published: February 2016

Up to now, some chiral metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography. Here we report a homochiral MOF, [Cd2(d‐cam)3]·2Hdma·4dma, used as a new chiral stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation. Nine racemates of alcohol, naphthol, ketone, and base compounds were used as analytes for evaluating the separation properties of the chiral MOF packed column. Moreover, some effects such as mobile phase composition, column temperature, and analytes mass for separations on this chiral column also were investigated. The relative standard deviations for the resolution values of run‐to‐run and column‐to‐column were less than 2.1% and 3.2%, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the homochiral MOF offered good recognition ability, which promotes the application of chiral MOFs use as stationary phase for enantioseparation. Chirality 28:340–346, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acetylated Trivalent Mannobioses: Chemical Modification, Structural Elucidation, and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Rahkila Jani , Panchadhayee Rajib , Ardá Ana , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Savolainen Johannes , Leino Reko
Published: February 2016

People suffering from allergies can be treated with repeated injections of increasing amounts of a specific allergen. This type of specific immunotherapy is currently the only way to treat the underlying pathological immune response associated with an allergy. The approach can afford long‐lasting protection, but the process takes 3–5 years, can produce allergic reactions, and in severe cases treatment is often aborted due to anaphylaxis. However, treatment can be optimized with the use of specific adjuvants that modify the immune response, its duration, and that increase the production of the correct type of antibodies. In the pursuit of such adjuvants, two new trivalent acetylated β‐(1→2)‐linked mannobioses based on a previously discovered lead molecule were prepared. The new molecules, along with the previously developed lead, were investigated by rigorous NMR and molecular modeling experiments in order to elucidate their behavior and preferred conformations in solution. Furthermore, the molecules were subjected to a biological investigation in which their immunostimulatory properties were evaluated by assessing their effect on the production of TH2‐type cytokine interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and Treg pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Treatment of peripheral mononuclear blood cell cultures from patients suffering from birch allergy with birch allergen Bet v induced a strong IL‐4 response, whereas the same treatment together with the trivalent acetylated mannobioses caused significant suppression of the induced IL‐4.
Effects of In utero environment and maternal behavior on neuroendocrine and behavioral alterations in a mouse model of prenatal trauma
Authors: Golub Y. , Canneva F. , Funke R. , Frey S. , Distler J. , von Hörsten S. , Freitag C. M. , Kratz O. , Moll G. H. , Solati J.
Published: February 2016

Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma exposure during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of affective disorders in children. To investigate the mechanisms by which prenatal trauma and/or maternal PTSD affect brain development and behavior we established a mouse model of prenatal traumatic (PT) experience based on the application of an electric foot shock to C57Bl/6N female mice on the gestational day 12 during their pregnancy. The model is based on a previously validated animal model of PTSD. We found high anxiety levels and poor maternal care along with reduced serum prolactin and increased corticosterone levels in dams following maternal trauma (MT). PT‐pups were born smaller and stayed smaller throughout their life. We show increased time and frequency of ultrasonic calls in PT‐pups when separated from the mothers on the postnatal day (PND) 9. Cross‐fostering experiments reveal lower anxiety levels in PT pups raised by healthy mothers as compared to trauma‐naive pups raised by MT‐dams.

Importantly, the combination of prenatal trauma and being raised by a traumatized mother leads to: (1) the highest corticosterone levels in pups, (2) longest USV‐call time and (3) highest anxiety levels in comparison to other experimental groups. Our data indicates a distinct change in maternal care following MT which is possibly associated with trauma‐induced decrease in prolactin levels. Furthermore, we show that maternal behavior is crucial for the development of the offspring anxiety and specific aspects in maternal care overwrite to a significant extend the effects of in utero and postnatal environment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1254–1265, 2016
Phenotypic plasticity in life‐history traits of Daphnia galeata in response to temperature – a comparison across clonal lineages separated in time
Authors: Henning‐Lucass Nicole , Cordellier Mathilde , Streit Bruno , Schwenk Klaus
Published: February 2016

Climatic changes are projected to result in rapid adaptive events with considerable phenotypic shifts. In order to reconstruct the impact of increased mean water temperatures during past decades and to reveal possible thermal micro‐evolution, we applied a resurrection ecology approach using dormant eggs of the freshwater keystone species Daphnia galeata. To this end, we compared the adaptive response of D. galeata clones from Lake Constance of two different time periods, 1965–1974 (“historical”) versus 2000–2009 (“recent”), to experimentally increased temperature regimes. In order to distinguish between genetic versus environmentally induced effects, we performed a common garden experiment in a flow‐through system and measured variation in life‐history traits. Experimental thermal regimes were chosen according to natural temperature conditions during the reproductive period of D. galeata in Central European lakes, with one additional temperature regime exceeding the currently observable maximum (+2°C). Increased water temperatures were shown to significantly affect measured life‐history traits, and significant “temperature × clonal age” interactions were revealed. Compared to historical clones, recent clonal lineages exhibited a shorter time to first reproduction and a higher survival rate, which may suggest temperature‐driven micro‐evolution over time but does not allow an explicit conclusion on the adaptive nature of such responses.
Heteroleptic Ruthenium Sensitizers with Hydrophobic Fused‐Thio­phenes for Use in Efficient Dye‐­Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Lu Zong‐Zhan , Peng Jia‐De , Wu An‐Kai , Lin Chun‐Han , Wu Chun‐Guey , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Lin Ying‐Chih , Lu Kuang‐Lieh
Published: February 2016

Two fused‐thiophene‐containing ruthenium sensitizers, [Ru(Hdcbpy)(ottip)(NCS)2]–·0.5[H]+·0.5[N(C4H9)4]+ [Z1, H2dcbpy = 4,4′‐dicarboxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine, ottip = 2‐(5‐octylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline] and [Ru(Hdcbpy)(odttip)(NCS)2]–·0.5[H]+·0.5[N(C4H9)4]+ {Z2, odttip = 2‐[6‐octyldithieno(3,2‐b:2′,3′)thiophen‐2‐yl]‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline}, were designed for use in dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The fused‐thiophene‐based Z1 and Z2 have stronger light‐harvesting capabilities compared with a non‐fused‐thiophene analog, [Ru(Hdcbpy)(otip)(NCS)2]–·0.5[H]+·0.5[N(C4H9)4]+ [JF‐2t, otip = 2‐(5‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline], and a standard N3 dye. The power‐conversion efficiency of the Z1‐ and Z2‐sensitized solar cells were superior (8.70 % and 8.15 %) to JF‐2t‐ and N3‐sensitized solar cells (7.85 and 7.40 %, respectively) under standard AM1.5G full sunlight irradiation. The photovoltaic performance of Z1 was better than Z2, primarily owing to the fact that Z1‐based cells have a higher level of dye loading and less charge recombination, as seen from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. This study not only demonstrates the excellent power‐conversion efficiency of new fused‐thiophene ruthenium sensitizers, but also points to the promise that fused‐thiophene antennas might be a useful molecule in the engineering of ruthenium dyes for DSSCs.
Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Graphene Oxides – Comparative Electrochemical Studies of Thioguanine
Authors: Smarzewska Sylwia , Pokora Joanna , Leniart Andrzej , Festinger Natalia , Ciesielski Witold
Published: February 2016

The voltammetric study of thioguanine (TG) was comparatively investigated on bare, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrodes using cyclic (CV) and square wave stripping (SWSV) voltammetric techniques. Depending on the working electrode and pH of supporting electrolyte, characteristic electrochemical behaviour of thioguanine was established and the mechanism of TG oxidation was suggested. Based on the obtained results, the new voltammetric method for TG determination in buffer solutions and pharmaceutical formulation was developed. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize electrodes surfaces.
LASSO‐Type Penalties for Covariate Selection and Forecasting in Time Series
Authors: Konzen Evandro , Ziegelmann Flavio A.
Published: February 2016

This paper studies some forms of LASSO‐type penalties in time series to reduce the dimensionality of the parameter space as well as to improve out‐of‐sample forecasting performance. In particular, we propose a method that we call WLadaLASSO (weighted lag adaptive LASSO), which assigns not only different weights to each coefficient but also further penalizes coefficients of higher‐lagged covariates. In our Monte Carlo implementation, the WLadaLASSO is superior in terms of covariate selection, parameter estimation precision and forecasting, when compared to both LASSO and adaLASSO, especially for a higher number of candidate lags and a stronger linear dependence between predictors. Empirical studies illustrate our approach for US risk premium and US inflation forecasting with good results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RevisitingFDIStrategies and the Flow of Firm‐Specific Advantages: A Focus on State‐Owned Enterprises
Authors: Rudy Bruce C. , Miller Stewart R. , Wang Dana
Published: February 2016

Plain language summary

Research on the motivations driving multinational enterprises to undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) has largely ignored state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). In this article, we consider the unique motivations ofSOEs and demonstrate that such organizations are more likely to undertakeFDIin host (foreign) countries with the goal of acquiring unique resources and capabilities that can subsequently be returned to theSOE's home country. This strategic behavior is distinct from theFDIof multinational enterprises, which typically leverage their resources and capabilities in their home countries to expand into host (foreign) countries.

Technical summary

The international business literature has focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies that involve resource seeking, market seeking, and efficiency seeking. Although scholars have introduced the notion of strategic asset‐seekingFDI, questions have been raised about the feasibility of thisFDIstrategy and the nature of the flows of firm‐specific advantages (FSAs) stemming from it. The present study seeks to address this gap in the literature by identifying new strategic asset‐seekingFDIstrategies and theFSAflows associated with them. Because of their unique locational advantages, we contend that the proposedFDIstrategies are particularly feasible for state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). We discuss each newFDIstrategy using case illustrations ofSOEs. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Stability Study of Ring‐like Sheet of Ag Atoms Wrapping a CNT
Authors: Hagita Katsumi , Ono Youky , Tejima Syogo
Published: February 2016

The stability of a ring‐like sheet of Ag atoms wrapping a carbon nanotube (CNT) is examined though density‐functional theory (DFT) simulation. We propose various candidates for stable sheet‐like rings of Ag atoms wrapping the CNT. We perform structural relaxation calculations and DFT molecular dynamics (DFT‐MD) simulations. We compare a single‐ring chain and sheet‐like rings wrapping the CNT with a 3D nanocluster beside the CNT. Although the relative energies of the ring structures are higher than that of the 3D aggregate of Ag atoms beside the CNT, the ring structures are observed to have metastable states after the structural relaxations. For multiple stacked rings, we found that the sheet‐like ring structure, whose geometrical feature involves a baseline of each triangle of Ag atoms being parallel to the CNT axis, is relatively stable in comparison with the perpendicular case. We clarify that this difference can be examined through structural relaxation calculations with random displacements and DFT‐MD simulations.
Planar Hypohamiltonian Graphs on 40 Vertices
Authors: Jooyandeh Mohammadreza , McKay Brendan D. , Östergård Patric R. J. , Pettersson Ville H. , Zamfirescu Carol T.
Published: February 2016

A graph is hypohamiltonian if it is not Hamiltonian, but the deletion of any single vertex gives a Hamiltonian graph. Until now, the smallest known planar hypohamiltonian graph had 42 vertices, a result due to Araya and Wiener. That result is here improved upon by 25 planar hypohamiltonian graphs of order 40, which are found through computer‐aided generation of certain families of planar graphs with girth 4 and a fixed number of 4‐faces. It is further shown that planar hypohamiltonian graphs exist for all orders greater than or equal to 42. If Hamiltonian cycles are replaced by Hamiltonian paths throughout the definition of hypohamiltonian graphs, we get the definition of hypotraceable graphs. It is shown that there is a planar hypotraceable graph of order 154 and of all orders greater than or equal to 156. We also show that the smallest planar hypohamiltonian graph of girth 5 has 45 vertices.
Average vs. extreme salinity conditions: Do they equally affect the distribution of macroinvertebrates in estuarine environments?
Authors: Galván Cristina , Puente Araceli , Castanedo Sonia , Juanes José A.
Published: February 2016

Salinity is a key variable used to explain the distribution of species within estuaries and the functioning of estuarine ecosystems. Despite the relevance of average conditions and extreme events, the existing schemes of zonation are only based on average values; the extreme values obtained through high‐resolution long‐term data have not been still integrated in an appropriate methodology capable of recognizing salinity types. Therefore, the background variability of salinity has been frequently underestimated in ecological studies. The primary goal of this research is the identification of ecologically significant salinity zones capable of encompassing the entire estuarine regime. A two‐step methodological approach was developed: (1) the reconstruction of long‐term salinity series using the Deflt3D hydrodynamic model, the analog method and a subset of short‐term representative states of river flow and tidal level and (2) the identification of different zones using eight descriptors of the salinity regime (i.e., the median, the range and the intensity, duration and frequency of extreme events) and the application of a combination of two clustering techniques of unsupervised learning (Self‐Organizing Maps (SOM) and K‐Means). Thus, five ecologically significant salinity types that are representative of estuarine variability were identified based on a salinity series reconstructed using a validated method. Differences in the mean values of salinity among typologies allow explaining patterns in the general descriptors of benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages (i.e., richness and diversity). If extreme salinity conditions are also considered, typologies increase their ecological significance and they are able to recognize differences in species composition.
A Comparative Study of Cellular Uptake and Subcellular Localization of Doxorubicin Loaded in Self‐Assemblies of Amphiphilic Copolymers with Pendant Dendron by MDA‐MB‐231 Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Viswanathan Geetha , Hsu Yu‐Hsuan , Voon Siew Hui , Imae Toyoko , Siriviriyanun Ampornphan , Lee Hong Boon , Kiew Lik Voon , Chung Lip Yong , Yusa Shin‐ichi
Published: February 2016

Previously synthesized amphiphilic diblock copolymers with pendant dendron moieties have been investigated for their potential use as drug carriers to improve the delivery of an anticancer drug to human breast cancer cells. Diblock copolymer (P71D3)‐based micelles effectively encapsulate the doxorubicin (DOX) with a high drug‐loading capacity (≈95%, 104 DOX molecules per micelle), which is approximately double the amount of drug loaded into the diblock copolymer (P296D1) vesicles. DOX released from the resultant P71D3/DOX micelles is approximately 1.3‐fold more abundant, at a tumoral acidic pH of 5.5 compared with a pH of 7.4. The P71D3/DOX micelles also enhance drug potency in breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells due to their higher intracellular uptake, by approximately twofold, compared with the vesicular nanocarrier, and free DOX. Micellar nanocarriers are taken up by lysosomes via energy‐dependent processes, followed by the release of DOX into the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation into the nucleus, where it exert its cytotoxic effect.

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Modelling Degradative Chain Transfer in d‐Limonene/2‐Ethylhexyl Acrylate Free‐Radical Copolymerization
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Dubé Marc A. , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo
Published: February 2016

Degradative chain transfer plays a significant role in the free‐radical copolymerization of d‐limonene (LIM) and 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA). This is due to d‐limonene allylic radicals. A kinetic model was developed to account for degradative chain transfer. Experimental data at feed compositions (LIM/EHA, mol/mol) of 40/60, 50/50, 30/70 were compared with model predictions. The model revealed the considerable effect of degradative chain transfer on conversion, copolymer composition and molecular weight. Moreover, it indicates that degradative chain transfer to d‐limonene is not only conversion‐dependent but also concentration‐dependent.
Photo‐Triggered Microcapsules
Authors: Tylkowski Bartosz , Giamberini Marta , Underiner Todd , Prieto Susana Fernandez , Smets Johan
Published: February 2016

Photosensitive microcapsules that reversibly switch upon visible light irradiation are attractive targets for drug delivery, fragrance release and pesticide delivery. In this study we report the development of visible light triggered microcapsules and demonstrate the concept of protection and remote release of a model, non‐toxic perfume oil. Polyamide microcapsule shells containing visible light‐sensitive ortho‐substituted azobenzene moieties in the main chain of the polymer were prepared by oil‐in‐water interfacial polymerization method. Microcapsules surface and cross‐section morphologies were observed by SEM. Triggered perfume release during light irradiation was monitored by means of GC/MS. We suggest that the mechanism of perfume release from the microcapsules shell is based on decrease of modified azobenzene length during light illumination. This visible light‐induced compression of microcapsules offers a new way to modulate the release of encapsulated materials.
A New Methodology for Measuring the Stability of Emulsion Polymer Particles
Authors: Méndez‐Ecoscia Ana C. , Prates‐Pereira André F. , Fonseca‐Marques Margarida B. , Sheibat‐Othman Nida , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: February 2016

A new methodology for the rapid and robust evaluation of the electrostatic stabilization of latex particles has been developed. It is based on the interpretation of the backscattering profile obtained using a Turbiscan Lab®. The experimental approach employs Multiple Light Scattering (MLS) in agitated measurement cells so the colloidal stability study can be performed at moderate concentration of latexes particles. Coalescence of the latex particles at different volume fraction was provoked by the addition of an aliquot of a concentrated solution of monovalent electrolyte (NaCl). The backscattering spectra were treated in order to follow the variation of the stability as a function of salt concentration, and from this variation to identify the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of the system under investigation, in a rapid and robust manner.
An Overview of the Potential of UV Modification of Polypropylene
Authors: Amintowlieh Yasaman , Tzoganakis Costas , Penlidis Alexander
Published: February 2016

UV radiation with a photoinitiator has been utilized to modify polypropylene (PP). Factors affecting solid state photomodification were studied and the optimal processing conditions for formation of three different structures (degraded, long chain branched and crosslinked) in PP were determined. A long radiation time (more than 5 minutes) is required to form long chain branched PP (LCBPP) and this exposure time is even higher for production of crosslinked PP (XPP). Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was utilized to decrease UV radiation duration. Optimal concentrations of TMPTA and photoinitiator for formation of long chain branched and crosslinked PP were determined. Finally, a setup was suggested for continuous photomodification of PP using a twin screw extruder. In this design, PP strands are irradiated directly after the die. Optimal photoinitiator (benzophenone) concentration, coagent (TMPTA) concentration and radiation time required to form controlled rheology (CRPP) or long chain branched PP or crosslinked PP were identified.
Comparison of Different Dynamic Monte Carlo Methods for the Simulation of Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Brandão Amanda L. T. , Soares Joao B. P. , Pinto Jose C. , Alberton Andre L.
Published: February 2016

In this work, Monte Carlo methods were used to simulate olefin polymerization with coordination catalysts: the Direct method (DM), the First Reaction method (FRM), the Next Reaction method (NRM), and the τ‐Leaping method. The first three methods are exact stochastic simulation algorithms (SSA), while the τ‐Leaping is an approximate method with faster computation times. It is shown that all four methods predict similar polymer microstructures, but require significantly different computation times. The τ‐Leaping method is the fastest, being recommended when complex polymerization mechanisms are being investigated. The NRM, because of its intelligent data storage and handling approach, is the best among the SSA.
Genetics of movement disorders in the next‐generation sequencing era
Authors: Olgiati Simone , Quadri Marialuisa , Bonifati Vincenzo
Published: February 2016

Several innovative and extremely powerful methods for sequencing nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), collectively known as next‐generation sequencing technologies, have become available in the past few years. The application of these technologies is rapidly changing the landscape of both medical genetic research and clinical practice: the pace of discovery of novel disease‐causing or disease‐predisposing genes is markedly accelerating; the phenotypic spectra associated with previously known genes is expanding; and novel tools for rapid, cheap, and comprehensive genetic testing are entering the clinical practice. As with every technological revolution, next‐generation sequencing also comes with new challenges concerning the storage, the analysis, and crucially, the interpretation of the large amounts of generated data. The current possibility to sequence entire human exomes (the coding part of the genome) or entire genomes at affordable costs has brought the era of personalized medicine closer than ever, also raising new legal and ethical issues. In this article, we summarize the essential technological aspects of next‐generation sequencing and discuss their applications in the field of movement disorders. We review the different strategies for gene finding enabled by these technologies (including project designs, filtering approaches, and bioinformatic tools) and we then discuss their applications in clinical practice. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society