bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term energy and CO2 flux observations over an agricultural field in southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Anlun , Li Jian
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Information on the exchange of energy, momentum and mass (H2O, CO2, CH4, etc.) over complex topography is critical for determining the development of the boundary layer, carbon and water cycles, weather and climate. This information can also improve the numerical modelling of physical atmosphere-land processes. Based on a 12-year (2007–2018) eddy covariance dataset over the Dali agricultural field in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we analysed the diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual changes in sensible heat flux (Hs), latent heat flux (LE) and CO2 flux (Fc) and their meteorological controls on multiple timescales (half-hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly). The results show that both Hs and LE have similar diurnal and seasonal variations, but the amplitude of LE is obviously larger than that of Hs throughout the year, which indicates that the LE plays a dominant role in surface heat exchange. The Fc has a noticeable diurnal cycle, reaching its minimum around noon, and clear seasonal variations, reaching its minimum in the summer. The annual average Hs increased from approximately 6 W m−2 during 2007–2012 to 19 W m−2 during 2013–2018, while the LE decreased from approximately 110 W m−2 during 2007–2013 to 79 W m−2 during 2014–2018. The Dali observational area is a carbon sink in all years, while the magnitude of net uptake decreases significantly from approximately 739 g C m−2 yr−1 during 2007–2013 to 218 g C m−2 yr−1 during 2014–2018. The results also show that wind speed (WS) is the major control of Hs, while the product of WS and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is the main driver of LE on different timescales. The net radiation (Rn) and soil temperature (Ts) have the largest effects on Fc from the daily to monthly timescales, while the WS has the largest impact on annual total Fc.
An AeroCom/AeroSat study: Intercomparison of Satellite AOD Datasets for Aerosol Model Evaluation
Authors: Schutgens Nick , Sayer Andrew M. , Heckel Andreas , Hsu Christina , Jethva Hiren , de Leeuw Gerrit , Leonard Peter J. T. , Levy Robert C. , Lipponen Antti , Lyapustin Alexei , North Peter , Popp Thomas , Poulson Caroline , Sawyer Virginia , Sogacheva Larisa , Thomas Gareth , Torres Omar , Wang Yujie , Kinne Stefan , Schulz Michael , Stier Philip
Published: February 2020

Abstract. To better understand current uncertainties in the important observational constraint to climate models of AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), we evaluate and intercompare fourteen satellite products, representing 9 different retrieval algorithm families using observations from 5 different sensors on 6 different platforms. The satellite products, super-observations consisting of 1° × 1° daily aggregated retrievals drawn from the years 2006, 2008 and 2010, are evaluated with AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) and MAN (Maritime Aerosol Network) data. Results show that different products exhibit different regionally varying biases (both under- and overestimates) that may reach ±50 %, although a typical bias would be 15–25 % (depending on product). In addition to these biases, the products exhibit random errors that can be 1.6 to 3 times as large. Most products show similar performance, although there are a few exceptions with either larger biases or larger random errors. The intercomparison of satellite products extends this analysis and provides spatial context to it. In particular, we show that aggregated satellite AOD agrees much better than the spatial coverage (often driven by cloud masks) within the 1° × 1° grid cells. Up to 50 % of the difference between satellite AOD is attributed to cloud contamination. The diversity in AOD products shows clear spatial patterns and varies from 10 % (parts of the ocean) to 100 % (central Asia and Australia). More importantly, we show that the diversity may be used as an indication of AOD uncertainty, at least for the better performing products. This provides modellers with a global map of expected AOD uncertainty in satellite products, allows assessment of products away from AERONET sites, can provide guidance for future AERONET locations, and offers suggestions for product improvements. We account for statistical and sampling noise in our analyses. Sampling noise, variations due to the evaluation of different subsets of the data, causes important changes in error metrics. The consequences of this noise term for product evaluation are discussed.
Projecting ozone hole recovery using an ensemble of chemistry-climate models weighted by model performance and independence
Authors: Amos Matt , Young Paul J. , Hosking J. Scott , Lamarque Jean-François , Abraham N. Luke , Akiyoshi Hideharu , Archibald Alexander T. , Bekki Slimane , Deushi Makoto , Jöckel Patrick , Kinnison Douglas , Kirner Ole , Kunze Markus , Marchand Marion , Plummer David A. , Saint-Martin David , Sudo Kengo , Tilmes Simone , Yamashita Yousuke
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The current method for averaging model ensembles, which is to calculate a multi model mean, assumes model independence and equal model skill. Sharing of model components amongst families of models and research centres, conflated by growing ensemble size, means model independence cannot be assumed and is hard to quantify. We present a methodology to produce a weighted model ensemble projection, accounting for model performance and model independence. Model weights are calculated by comparing model hindcasts to a selection of metrics chosen for their physical relevance to the process or phenomena of interest. This weighting methodology is applied to the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) ensemble, to investigate Antarctic ozone depletion and subsequent recovery. The weighted mean projects an ozone recovery to 1980 levels, by 2056 with a 95 % confidence interval (2052–2060), 4 years earlier than the most recent study. Perfect model testing and out-of-sample testing validate the results and show a greater projective skill than a standard multi model mean. Interestingly, the construction of a weighted mean also provides insight into model performance and dependence between the models. This weighting methodology is robust to both model and metric choices and therefore has potential applications throughout the climate and chemistry-climate modelling communities.
A review and framework for the evaluation of pixel-level uncertainty estimates in satellite aerosol remote sensing
Authors: Sayer Andrew M. , Govaerts Yves , Kolmonen Pekka , Lipponen Antti , Luffarelli Marta , Mielonen Tero , Patadia Falguni , Popp Thomas , Povey Adam C. , Stebel Kerstin , Witek Marcin L.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Recent years have seen the increasing inclusion of per-retrieval prognostic (predictive) uncertainty estimates within satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data sets, providing users with quantitative tools to assist in the optimal use of these data. Prognostic estimates contrast with diagnostic (i.e. relative to some external truth) ones, which are typically obtained using sensitivity and/or validation analyses. Up to now, however, the quality of these uncertainty estimates has not been routinely assessed. This study presents a review of existing prognostic and diagnostic approaches for quantifying uncertainty in satellite AOD retrievals, and it presents a general framework to evaluate them based on the expected statistical properties of ensembles of estimated uncertainties and actual retrieval errors. It is hoped that this framework will be adopted as a complement to existing AOD validation exercises; it is not restricted to AOD and can in principle be applied to other quantities for which a reference validation data set is available. This framework is then applied to assess the uncertainties provided by several satellite data sets (seven over land, five over water), which draw on methods from the empirical to sensitivity analyses to formal error propagation, at 12 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites. The AERONET sites are divided into those for which it is expected that the techniques will perform well and those for which some complexity about the site may provide a more severe test. Overall, all techniques show some skill in that larger estimated uncertainties are generally associated with larger observed errors, although they are sometimes poorly calibrated (i.e. too small or too large in magnitude). No technique uniformly performs best. For powerful formal uncertainty propagation approaches such as optimal estimation, the results illustrate some of the difficulties in appropriate population of the covariance matrices required by the technique. When the data sets are confronted by a situation strongly counter to the retrieval forward model (e.g. potentially mixed land–water surfaces or aerosol optical properties outside the family of assumptions), some algorithms fail to provide a retrieval, while others do but with a quantitatively unreliable uncertainty estimate. The discussion suggests paths forward for the refinement of these techniques.
Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future
Authors: Rehfeld Kira , Hébert Raphaël , Lora Juan M. , Lofverstrom Marcus , Brierley Chris M.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. It is virtually certain that the mean surface temperature of the Earth will continue to increase under realistic emission scenarios. Yet comparatively little is known about future changes in climate variability. We explore changes in climate variability over the large range of climates simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6) and the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (PMIP3). This consists of time slices of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Mid Holocene and idealized warming experiments (1 % CO2) and abrupt4×CO2), and encompasses climates with a range of 12 K of global mean temperature change. We examine climate variability from different perspectives: the local interannual change, coherent climate modes and through compositing extremes. The change in the interannual variability of precipitation is strongly dependent upon the local change in the total amount of precipitation. Meanwhile only over tropical land is the change in the interannual temperature variability positively correlated to temperature change, and then weakly. In general, temperature variability is inversely related to mean temperature change – with analysis of power spectra demonstrating that this holds from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal timescales. We systematically investigate changes in the standard deviation of modes of climate variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, with global mean temperature change. While several modes do show consistent relationships (most notably the Atlantic Zonal Mode), no generalisable pattern emerges. By compositing extreme precipitation events across the ensemble, we demonstrate that the atmospheric drivers dominating rainfall variability in Mediterranean climates persist throughout palaeoclimate and future simulations. The robust nature of the response of climate variability, between both cold and warm climates and across multiple timescales, suggests that observations and proxy reconstructions could provide a meaningful constraint on climate variability in future projections.
Forecasting flood hazards in real-time: A surrogate model for hydrometeorological events in an Andean watershed
Authors: Contreras María Teresa , Gironás Jorge , Escauriaza Cristián
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Growing urban development, combined with the influence of El Niño and climate change, have increased the threat of large unprecedented floods induced by extreme precipitation in populated areas near mountain regions of South America. High-fidelity numerical models with physically-based formulations can now predict inundations with a substantial level of detail for these regions, incorporating the complex morphology, and copying with insufficient data and the uncertainty posed by the variability of sediment concentrations. These simulations, however, might have large computational costs, especially if many scenarios need to be evaluated to develop early-warning systems and trigger preemptive evacuations. In this investigation we develop a surrogate model or meta-model to provide a rapid response flood prediction to extreme hydrometeorological events. We characterize the storms with a small set of parameters and use a high-fidelity model to create a database of flood propagation under different conditions. We perform an interpolation and regression procedure by using kriging on the space of parameters that characterize the events, approximating efficiently the flow depths in the urban area. This is the first application of its kind in the Andes region, which can be used to improve the prediction of flood hazards in real conditions, employing low computational resources. It also constitutes a new framework to develop early warning systems to help decision makers, managers, and city planners in mountain regions.
Pío Cabanillas ante el espejo: la prensa semanal española ante su cese y el fin de la apertura informativa
Authors: García Martín Juan Andrés
Published: February 2020

El presente artículo estudia la cobertura que la prensa semanal española ofreció de uno de los acontecimientos clave del tardofranquismo: el cese de Pío Cabanillas, ministro de Información y Turismo. Ello se realizará a través de un análisis cualitativo de los contenidos de los semanarios de información general, económica-política y satíricos del momento. El objetivo de este artículo es acercarse al papel desempeñado por la prensa semanal española ante el final de la apertura informativa iniciada por el ministro, así como descubrir las diferencias de opinión entre cada una de las publicaciones ante el cese de Pío Cabanillas. Ello permitirá tanto conocer una valoración de la figura del ministro como un acercamiento a una de las figuras claves de los últimos compases del franquismo.
El estudio de las inundaciones históricas en Sevilla a través de fuentes periodísticas (siglo XX)
Authors: León González-Mazón Pilar , García-Martínez Belén , Langa Nuño Concha
Published: February 2020

La relación entre Sevilla y su río ha venido marcada por las reiteradas inundaciones que ha experimentado la ciudad desde que se tienen registros históricos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido el estudio de dos de las inundaciones históricas del siglo XX de mayor envergadura (la de febrero de 1917 y la marzo de 1963) en la llanura aluvial del Guadalquivir, en dos momentos políticos diferentes (la Restauración y el Régimen Franquista) y a través de la información publicada en la prensa escrita del momento. Este estudio ha permitido la elaboración de sendas cartografías en las que se representa la extensión máxima de la lámina de agua en Sevilla; así como el análisis de la influencia política e ideológica en la manera en la que la prensa aborda las noticias sobre las inundaciones de la ciudad.
‘Dibujando islamofobia’: islam y prensa en España a propósito un análisis de los atentados a Charlie Hebdo
Authors: Olmos Alcaraz Antonia , Politzer Mailia
Published: February 2020

El presente trabajo analiza el tratamiento que la prensa española hace del islam y los/as musulmanes. Para ello se ha tomado como referente la cobertura que El País y El Mundo realizaron del atentado a la revista Charlie Hebdo en 2015. El objetivo ha sido conocer cómo los citados diarios notician sobre el islam y los/as musulmanes antes y después de dichos ataques; y con ello tratar de establecer una comparativa e indagar sobre el posible incremento de la islamofobia en los medios después de un atentado de estas características. Se han analizado los titulares de unidades informativas registradas durante 4 meses. Los resultados apuntan a la existencia de islamofobia antes y después de los atentados en ambos periódicos, con algunos matices de recrudecimiento de la misma después del atentado.
La representación del sinhogarismo en la prensa digital colombiana: la intervención de ‘el Bronx’ (2016) y su cubrimiento en ‘El Tiempo’
Authors: León Parra-Monsalve James
Published: February 2020

En 2016 la Alcaldía de Bogotá, en Colombia, adelantó un operativo en un sector de la ciudad que albergó por años diferentes actividades delictivas. Sector concurrido por personas que pernoctaban o habitaban en esas calles capitalinas. Este operativo incrementó el cubrimiento noticioso y la opinión sobre asuntos a él relacionados. Uno de ellos, de interés para este trabajo, sobre personas en situación de calle, las cuales fueron representadas de un modo determinado. A partir de un corpus de 102 artículos noticiosos y de opinión, editados por el periódico El Tiempo durante el mes posterior al operativo, se analiza el discurso mediático sobre este tipo de población. Se revela la hegemonía del discurso oficial en la información publicada, contribuyéndose así al mantenimiento del estigma sobre una población que requiere una mejor comprensión por parte de la sociedad, como etapa previa para el tratamiento integral del problema.
La relación longitudinal de la participación política online y offline en el contexto de una campaña presidencial
Authors: Rodríguez-Estrada Alejandra , Muñiz Carlos , Echeverría Victoria Martín
Published: February 2020

En la literatura se discute tradicionalmente el papel que tiene la participación política (PP) para la toma de decisiones democráticas de un país, casi siempre desde la dicotomía de PP formal o no formal. La hiperconexión de hoy en día, permite nuevas expresiones de PP que deben considerarse a la hora de entender el concepto en sí mismo. Y para hacerlo se sugiere entender la relación entre la PP offline y la online, sobre todo en tiempos que detonen dicha interacción, como ocurre en tiempos electorales.

Se aplicó una encuesta panel digital a nivel nacional con la finalidad de comparar la relación entre el reporte de la PP online con la offline. Se encontró que, sólo en el tiempo cercano a la elección y posterior a esta, se da un efecto spillover, en el que se puede hablar de que la PP offline influye en la online.
Periodistas en el cine español: héroes comprometidos con la verdad
Authors: San José de la Rosa Cristina , Miguel Borrás Mercedes , Gil-Torres Alicia
Published: February 2020

El periodista comprometido con la búsqueda de la verdad y de la justicia también tiene su espacio destacado en el cine español desde los años 40 hasta el siglo XXI. Historias basadas en novelas con valientes informadores como La verdad sobre el caso Savolta (Antonio Drove, 1979) o Territorio Comanche (Gerardo Herrero, 1997) o intentos de recuperar episodios de la historia reciente como Yoyes, (Helena Taberna, 2000), GAL (Miguel Courtois, 2006) o 23-F (Chema de la Peña, 2011) sitúan a los periodistas del cine en el bando de los héroes de la sociedad. Entre otras observaciones, se detecta que el periódico manda sobre la radio y la televisión en la gran pantalla y la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres se consigue a partir de la década de los 90. La aportación de este estudio se encuentra en la recuperación de la obra Morfología del cuento, del autor ruso del estructuralismo Vladimir Propp, para establecer unas funciones del periodista tras el análisis de 135 películas desde 1942 hasta 2012.
Fluid-Mineral Equilibria in Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Henley R. W. , Truesdell A. H. , Barton P. B. , Whitney J. A.
Published: February 2020

This text is designed to introduce you to the practical concepts and calculations involved in interpreting the chemistry of high-temperature fluids in geothermal systems and hydrothermal ore-forming environments. It is intended that the energetic reader will learn to understand chemical principles, handle routine calculations and follow specialized chemical studies involved in geothermal exploration and exploitation and in ore genesis.

Although the emphasis of the text is on the interpretation of the chemistry of active geothermal systems, the principles involved are equally relevant to the interpretation of fossil hydrothermal ore-forming environments. Many gold-silver ore deposits, for example, have been shown to have formed in the near-surface region of hydrothermal systems similar in fluid chemistry and setting to those active today (White, 1981; Henley and Ellis, 1983). Combination of a knowledge of the principle processes within the active geothermal systems, the thermodynamics of complex ion formation, mineral-fluid equilibria and stable isotope systematics provide a framework which may assist in reconstruction of the hydrological regime within a fossil hydrothermal system where ore deposition occurred. This in turn may become useful in ore search. A chapter dealing with the hydrothermal chemistry of magmatic systems is included later in order to encompass a wider range of ore depositing environments and perhaps the root zones of the active geothermal systems.

After a short introduction to the types of geothermal fluids and chemical calculations, successive chapters will address the interpretation of water and gas analyses from geothermal wells. When we understand the reservoir compositions of some geothermal fluids and their relations to rock chemistry and temperature, we will consider the chemical and isotopic changes that occur in the natural transport of this fluid to the surface, derive and use chemical geothermometers and mixing relations, and map the surface chemistry of a hot spring system. After these studies of natural fluids at depth and at the surface, we will study chemical changes that occur during the exploitation of geothermal fluids and how to anticipate and avoid some of the problems of scaling and corrosion.
General Aspects of Aquatic Colloids in Environmental Geochemistry
Authors: Ranville J.F. , Schmiermund R.L.
Published: February 2020

A recent emphasis in society is on conducting mining activities with the least environmental impact possible. A manifestation of this is the costonitoring of contaminant levels in surface and ground waters, usually in order to meet specific environmental regulations. However the simple collection of monitoring data may not provide understanding of either the actual impact of mining on the environment or suggest the most appropriate treatment processes for specific mining wastes. More detailed information on the chemical and physical forms of contaminants is needed. One aspect of this is that the occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic chemicals in natural water systems is strongly influenced by their partitioning between solid and aqueous phases (Allan, 1986). Therefore contaminant behavior is generally defined in terms of “two-phase” water-rock interactions where metals, for example, are present either in the stationary solid phases of the country rock, ore pad, waste rock pile, tailings empound- ment, or slag heap or they are present as mobile, aqueous phase solutes. For groundwater the solid phase is considered to be the stationary aquifer material. In surface waters the solid phases generally considered are the sediments in the stream, pond, or lake bottom. Accordingly, computer models have been developed that address dissolution, precipitation, adsorption, and desorption between the solid and aqueous phases as well as the formation of various solute species and complexes.
Bioavailability of Metals in the Environment
Authors: Krieger G.R. , Hattemer-Frey H.A. , Kester J.E.
Published: February 2020

The bioavailability of environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, is an important issue in assessing exposure and resultant risk to human and ecological receptors that contact these chemicals in the environment. Risk assessment at hazardous waste sites consists of two major elements: exposure assessment (estimation of chemical intake) and toxicity assessment (estimation of the chemical dose-response relationship). These two elements are combined in the process of risk characterization to provide risk managers with as complete and accurate a projection of site risks, including uncertainties, as possible. Chemical exposure is estimated by use of standard intake equations. For example, chemical intake via contaminated soil is modeled as (U.S. EPA, 1989):
Calculations of Geochemical Baselines of Stream Waters in the Vicinity of Summitville, Colorado, Before Historic Underground Mining and Prior to Recent Open-Pit Mining
Authors: Miller W.R. , McHugh J.B.
Published: February 2020

The Summitville deposit, located in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, was discovered in the 1870s and is an example of an acid-sulfate epithermal Au-Ag-Cu system associated with advanced argillic alteration (Gray and Coolbaugh, 1994; Plumlee et al., 1995). After early mining, the Reynolds adit was constructed in 1887 to dewater existing mines. Limited mining occurred between 1950 and 1984. In 1984, Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, Inc., a subsidiary of Galactic Resources, constructed an open pit heap leach operation to extract gold and ceased operations after declaring bankruptcy in late 1992.
Geologic Characteristics and Exploration Significance of Gold-Rich Porphyry Copper Deposits in the El Salvador Region, Northern Chile
Authors: Rivera Sergio L. , Vila Tomás , Osorio Jorge
Published: February 2020

The porphyry copper systems of the El Salvador region, represented mainly by El Salvador, Potrerillos, Exploradora, Sierra Jardín, and Coya, are located in the southern part of the middle Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry copper belt of northern Chile. They have distinctively higher gold grades (between 0.1 and 0.5 g/t) and slightly lower molybdenum grades (<100 ppm) than the systems located in the northern parts of the belt. The El Salvador and Potrerillos deposits each contains resources of >600 million metric tons (Mt) at >0.6 percent Cu and 0.1 to 0.2 g/t Au. The Exploradora porphyry copper-gold prospect contains geologic resources of ~100 Mt at 0.3 percent Cu and 0.2 g/t Au, with an overlying leached capping enriched in gold, averaging ~0.5 g/t. The Sierra Jardín and Coya prospects show the lowest Cu contents (0.1–0.2 %), but the Au tenor is in the 0.1- to 0.5-g/t range.

The deposits are related to discrete magmatic pulses emplaced in different lithotectonic environments, including the borders of Paleocene volcanic structures (El Salvador, Sierra Jardín; 45–40 Ma) and dilational jogs and reverse and transfer faults (Exploradora, Potrerillos, and Coya; 37–31 Ma). Host rocks are mainly volcanic and marine sedimentary rocks of Jurassic to Cretaceous age. The most remarkable feature of the deposits is their relationship to multiphase, syntectonic tonalite to granodiorite intrusions. There is strong superimposition (telescoping) of intrusion and alteration-mineralization phases, including early, magnetite-rich, potassic alteration-mineralization, moderately to weakly developed sericitic alteration, and late-stage overprinted advanced argillic alteration. Postmineral phreatomagmatic activity is characterized by pebble dikes and/or diatreme breccias.

The appreciable number of gold-rich porphyries (as opposed to their gold-poor counterparts) discovered during the past ten years in the Chilean Andes (e.g., La Fortuna, Cerro Casale, Esperanza) implies that geologic conditions that favor their development are more widespread than previously considered. Several key characteristics of gold-rich porphyry copper deposits in the El Salvador region can be used for exploration purposes and open new ground to prospecting.
Hypogene Evolution of the Escondida Porphyry Copper Deposit, Chile
Authors: Padilla-Garza Rubén A. , Titley Spencer R. , Eastoe Christopher J.
Published: February 2020

At Escondida, the propylitic, potassic, and quartz-sericitic hydrothermal mineral assemblages are centered on a 38 Ma granodioritic stock composed of at least four phases. These early intrusive and related hydrothermal events were followed by rhyolitic intrusive and extrusive rocks and sulfide-rich veins of two advanced argillic alteration events at ~ 36 and ~34 Ma. The final hypogene copper grade of the deposit varies between 0.2 and 1.0 percent, reflecting varying degrees of overprinting by the successive copper mineralization stages.

The homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions from quartz-orthoclase- (stage A), quartzsericite- (stage B), and quartz-alunite-bearing veins (stage C) vary between 500° and 560°, 280° and 380°, and 200° and 340°C, respectively, with estimated depths of trapping ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 km.

The δ34S values of sulfide minerals from the potassic assemblage range from −3.2 to −2.0 per mil, whereas values from the quartz-sericite assemblage vary between −1.1 and +0.6 per mil. These values suggest a common source of magmatic sulfur and indicate that sulfide minerals of stage B were not formed by leaching sulfide from stage A. The δ34S values of stage C sulfide minerals range from −2.5 to +2.7 per mil, which suggests that sulfide for the advanced argillic event may have been derived, in part, by leaching sulfide from the two earlier hydrothermal stages. Calculated values of δD and δ18O for water coexisting with igneous and hydrothermal minerals indicate a dominantly magmatic component in stages A and B and a mixture with meteoric water at the lower temperatures of stage B and during the advanced argillic event (stage C). Stage C may have formed by circulatión of surficial meteoric water heated by the 34 to 36 Ma subvolcanic rhyolitic rocks. It is also possible that some 2 m.y. after the emplacement, uplift, and denudatión of the main Escondida porphyry system, a new porphyry copper stock was emplaced in the same structural weakness zone, and that the subvolcanic rhyolite and advanced argillic alteration and associated mineralization represent the upper levels of this younger porphyry system.
A Reconstructed Cretaceous Depositional Setting for Giant Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits at Tambogrande, Northwestern Peru
Authors: Winter Lawrence S. , Tosdal Richard M. , Franklin James M. , Tegart Peter
Published: February 2020

The Cretaceous Tambogrande volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of northwestern Peru represent some of the largest Cu-Zn-Au-Ag bimodal-mafic VMS deposits in the world. There are currently three known deposits each with approximately 100 million metric tons (Mt) of massive pyrite-rich sulfide. The deposits are intimately associated with dacite lava dome complexes and were deposited within steep-sided basins on the sea floor. Reconstructed sea-floor paleogeomorphic models suggest that sulfide deposition was concentrated in the deepest parts of the basins. Sulfide deposition accompanied synvolcanic faulting and episodic dacitic and basaltic eruptions. A series of time-stratigraphic horizons are defined at the TG1 and TG3 deposits and mark stages in the development of the volcanic complex and massive sulfide bodies. There is only limited evidence for replacement of host rocks during formation of the Tambogrande deposits, in contrast to many other large massive sulfide deposits. The deposits at Tambogrande resulted from focused hydrothermal fluid flow along synvolcanic faults with deposition of sulfide minerals within deep and restricted basins. These depressions, the results of the structural and volcanologic setting, acted as efficient traps for sulfide deposition and were also important for the preservation of the sulfide masses as they acted to shield them from submarine oxidation and weathering. Steep basins and episodic bimodal lava eruptions are key geologic attributes of the depositional setting at Tambogrande and may be necessary for the formation of anomalously large VMS deposits in a volcanic-rock–dominated environment.
Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) Capacity Building and Cassava Farmers Productivity in Anambra State
Authors: Adaobi J. Obiadi , Frank O. Nwankwo , Uche R. Ezeokafor
Published: February 2020

This study was necessitated as a result of the low productivity of cassava farmers in Anambra State. The study set out to examine the effect of Agricultural Development Program (ADP) capacity building on cassava farmers’ productivity in Anambra State. The work was anchored on Cobb-Douglas production model. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised of all the ADP cassava farmers and non-ADP cassava farmers in Otuocha and Onitsha Agricultural Zone. With membership strength of three hundred and sixty (360) ADP Cassava farmers and one hundred and sixty (160) non-ADP cassava farmers, making up a total of five hundred and twenty (520) respondents. Structured and unstructured questionnaires were used for data collection and the analysis was done with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. From the analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the output of ADPCFs and non ADPCFs in Anambra State (F =13.209 and p-value < .05). Based on the findings, the study concluded that belonging to ADP was responsible for the differences in output observed in the study. Sequel to this, it was recommended that cassava farmers in the state that are yet to key into ADP needs to do so in order to learn from the various level of capacity development programs organized by the body.
New Means of Workplace Surveillance Model: From the Gaze of the Supervisor to the Digitalization of Employee Performance
Authors: Khanchel Hanen
Published: February 2020

Based on a data collection using the puzzle method. This method allowed us, first, to collect new types of data on Tunisian workers, in order to better quantify and analyse their activities. As a result, this study shows the consequences of the excessive use of employee behaviour monitoring tools and control devices established in Tunisian companies after the events of 14 January 2011. Indeed, it has been found that the system of control and monitoring of employee behaviors can feed the sources of stress and burn-out. Finally, some recommendations were proposed to address these issues.
Verfassungsgerichtliche Entscheidungsfindung und ihre Folgen
Authors: Abad Andrade Maria
Published: February 2020

How do constitutional courts decide and how do institutional factors affect decision-making processes and their outcomes? This book answers these questions—in a way that is relevant for law and politics—in two steps. In the first place, it develops possible theoretical models of constitutional courts’ decision-making. Thereafter, they are applied to the politically significant Turkish Constitutional Court (1962–2012) for the first time. Using interviews with former judges and analyses of court rulings, the author proposes that ‘unfavourable coupling’ takes place at the Turkish Constitutional Court in the form of a decision-making logic that follows majority principles combined with a process that requires a willingness to compromise and seek consensus for the court to function appropriately. This coupling affects the court’s decision-making process, its case law and, indirectly, even its ability to gain institutional autonomy and authority.
Über den Sinn, die Bedeutung und das Wesen des Besitzes
Authors: Lüttenberg Christoph J.
Published: February 2020

The legal nature of possession has always been contested. In this study, Christoph Lüttenberg draws on the works of Savigny, Jhering and Heck, while adding semantic epistemology based on the categorical differentiation between the sense, meaning and essence of legal terms.

The book explores these three categories of possession. By using the terminology and the abstractionism of a phenomenological approach, the author brings the act of possessing in real life into view and thus inductively integrates it into law.
Masa hidup imago, progeni, dan kemampuan parasitisasi Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid kutu putih singkong
Authors: Maharani Juwita Suri , Rauf Aunu , Maryana Nina
Published: February 2020

Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) diintroduksikan dari Thailand ke Indonesia pada tahun 2014 untuk mengendalikan hama asing invasif, kutu putih singkong Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui potensi reproduksi, pengaruh pemberian larutan madu terhadap masa hidup imago, mempelajari keperidian, progeni, dan respons A. lopezi terhadap peningkatan kerapatan inang. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan memajankan nimfa instar-3 kutu putih pada parasitoid. Pengaruh perlakuan pakan madu terhadap masa hidup imago parasitoid dilakukan pada kondisi tanpa inang. Keperidian diukur berdasarkan banyaknya mumi yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan betina hidup selama 3,7 hari dan jantan 3,2 hari bila hanya tersedia air. Masa hidup imago parasitoid berlangsung lebih lama bila tersedia madu. Parasitoid yang diberi larutan madu 50% mampu hidup 6–9 kali  lipat lebih lama dibandingkan dengan yang hanya diberi air. Selama hidupnya imago betina A. lopezi memarasit 96–287 kutu putih, dengan rataan 203,7 atau tingkat parasitisasi 34,6%, serta 24,86% mengalami kematian karena kegiatan pengisapan inang. Masa perkembangan pradewasa dari telur hingga imago muncul berlangsung 17,97 dan 17,67 hari, berturut-turut untuk jantan dan betina. Rataan progeni per induk adalah 88,8 individu, dengan 56,9% berjenis kelamin betina. Pada kerapatan inang 2–100 individu, parasitoid A. lopezi memperlihatkan tanggap fungsional tipe III.
Modelling the Dynamic Impact of Replanting Subsidy on Tea Production in Sri Lanka: Policy Analysis Using the ARDL Model Approach
Authors: Silva M.W.A. De , Cooray N.S.
Published: February 2020

The tea industry in Sri Lanka plays a vital role in the economy with its direct and indirect contribution to the gross domestic products, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. The successive governments have introduced subsidy schemes for replanting to increase tea production. However, according to the authors' knowledge, there are no comprehensive quantitative studies undertaken to effectively investigate and quantify the effect of tea replanting subsidy scheme on tea production of the various geographic elevations of tea cultivating lands. The significant contribution of this paper is the quantification of the impact of tea replanting subsidy schemes on tea production in the short-run and long-run at different altitudes. This research takes time series data from 1970 to 2018 of three different heights or elevations-high, medium, and low. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model examines the short-run and long-run dynamics of the subsidy scheme on tea production. The results reveal that there is a cointegration between tea production and three variables; tea replanting subsidy, tea prices and tea bearing area; in all three elevations. But tea replanting subsidy is not significant in long run for all three elevations, separately. In the short-run analysis, the impact of replanting subsidy is significant only for tea production in low heights with one-year time lag. Since the study reveals that tea replanting subsidy increases, the tea production of low elevation also increases, and almost 60% of the tea extent and 73% of the total tea production gained from low heights, we recommend that the government continue the tea replanting subsidy schemes as it is benefitted by whole tea industry in long run.
INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND 3D PRINTERS IN THE ART CASTING INDUSTRY
Authors: SAORIN PEREZ JOSE LUIS , DRAGO DIAZ MANUEL , MEIER CECILE , PEREZ CONESA ITAHISA
Published: February 2020

This work involves updating the traditional techniques and procedures of the casting workshop through the incorporation of new design and digital manufacturing technologies. Specifically, the aim is to use additive manufacturing to generate 3D printed pieces that can replace lost wax in the usual processes of artistic ceramic shell casting. A pilot test is carried out with future professionals who are taught how to implement these technologies, specifically scanning, modelling and 3D printing in the creative process. The aim is to show that the introduction of these technologies is feasible and simple in the field of artistic casting.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/TranslatorKeywords: Artistic Foundry, Additive Fabrication, 3D Modeling, 3D Scanner, Industry
España: la coalición autoritaria franquista ante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los años 1939 y 1940
Authors: Thomàs Joan Maria
Published: February 2020

El artículo pone el foco en el análisis de aspectos internos de la coalición autoritaria franquista en los años 1939 y 1940. Específicamente, en cómo vivieron, cómo actuaron políticamente y qué propugnaron ante el estallido y durante el primer año de la Segunda Guerra Mundial los diferentes grupos políticos e instituciones que conformaban este bloque político y social presidido por el dictador. Igualmente, se incide en las coincidencias y en los conflictos que se dieron tanto en el seno de esta coalición autoritaria franquista como dentro de algunos de los sectores e individuos que la conformaban. Especialmente, en los dos sectores más importantes por su peso y significación, como fueron por una parte el ejército y por otra el partido único, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Se estudian específicamente las diferentes actitudes presentes en el ejército, en el partido único, en la Iglesia católica, en los carlistas, en los alfonsino-juanistas y entre técnicos católicos de especial relevancia, como fue el caso del ministro de Hacienda José Larraz.
Glycyrrhizin suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting high-mobility group box1 via the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway in lung epithelial cells
Authors: Gui Yanni , Sun Jian , You Wenjie , Wei Yuanhui , Tian Han , Jiang Shujuan
Published: February 2020

Background

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in fibrosis, chronic inflammation, tumor metastasis, etc. Glycyrrhizin, an active component extracted from licorice plant, has been reported to treat a variety of inflammatory reactions through inhibiting high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), which has been suggested to be a significant mediator in EMT process. However, whether glycyrrhizin affects the EMT process or not remains unclear.

Methods

Human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 and normal human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B were treated with extrinsic TGF-β1 to induce EMT. Elisa was used to detect HMGB1 concentrations in cell supernatant. RNA interference and lentivirus infection experiments were performed to investigate the involvement of HMGB1 in EMT process. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the viability of A549 and BEAS-2B cells treated with glycyrrhizin. Finally, the effects of glycyrrhizin on EMT changes, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were evaluated via Western blot, immunofluorescence and transwell assays.

Results

Our results showed that HMGB1 expression was increased by TGF-β1, and knockdown of HMGB1 expression reversed TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Ectopic HMGB1 expression or TGF-β1 treatment caused a significant increase in HMGB1 release. Notably, we found that glycyrrhizin treatment effectively suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT process by inhibiting HMGB1. Also, glycyrrhizin significantly inhibited the migration of both A549 and BEAS-2B cells promoted by TGF-β1. Mechanistically, HMGB1 overexpression could activate Smad2/3 signaling in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Glycyrrhizin significantly blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 stimulated either by TGF-β1 or by ectopic HMGB1 in A549 and BEAS-2B cells.

Conclusions

HMGB1 is a vital mediator of EMT changes induced by TGF-β1 in lung epithelial cells. Importantly, glycyrrhizin can effectively block Smad2/3 signaling pathway through inhibiting HMGB1, thereby suppressing the EMT progress.
Effect of Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices on the Nutritional Status of Children 0-24 Months of Age in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: S. Tobi N. , Alex-Hart B. A. , O. George I.
Published: February 2020

Background: Childhood under-nutrition is prevalent in many developing countries including Nigeria, and is an underlying cause for more than half of all childhood deaths. Based on the recent Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), the prevalence of under-nutrition between 2008 and 2013 has risen, despite an increase in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate over the same period.

This study was carried out to assess the effect of infant and young child feeding practices on , nutritional status of children  0 – 24 months in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Subjects and Methods:  Data were collected between November and December 2016 from 307 mother-child (aged 0 – 24 months) pairs attending six health centres in Port Harcourt using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. Data collected included maternal and child socio-demographics, mother’s infant feeding practices, 24-hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0.

Results: The mean age of the children was 5.6±6.1 months, 207 (67.4%) were under 6 months of age and 100 (32.6%) between the ages of 6 to 24 months. Three hundred and three (98.7%) children were breastfed. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 51.7% among the children aged 0 – 5.9 months. The mean age at which breastfeeding was stopped was 9.3±5.5 months. The average age at which complementary foods were started was 4.4±1.8 months. All the children on complementary feeding met the minimum feeding frequency, but only 43 (33.6%) met the minimum dietary diversity of 4 or more food groups. Overall, 111 (36.2%) children were fed according to WHO recommendation. 10.1% of the children were overweight/obese, 5.5% were wasted, 6.2% were underweight and 8.8% were stunted. Lack of EBF was positively associated with stunting (p = 0.024).

Conclusion: Infant and Young Child Feeding practices among mothers in Port Harcourt fall short of the WHO recommendations, resulting in various types of malnutrition among the children. Therefore, more emphasis should be laid on growth monitoring and promotion services and age-specific nutritional counseling to parents and care-givers.
Microbiological and Probiotic Assessment of Yeast Isolated from Wholegrain Millet Sourdoughs
Authors: M. Adisa A. , O. T. Ifesan B. , Enujiugha V. N. , B. Adepeju A.
Published: February 2020

Background: The term probiotics have been described as live microorganisms associated with fermented foods that confer health benefit to the host. For a long time, researches into the world of probiotics have extensively and predominantly centred upon species of lactic acid bacteria and until recently Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as the only well-defined and proven probiotic yeast strain. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterise the yeast species associated with the fermentation of wholegrain millet sourdoughs and investigate in vitro the possible probiotic potential of the isolates.

Methodology: Wholegrain millet sourdoughs were prepared by spontaneous fermentation of the flours with tap water in the ratio 1:1 (w/v) for 48 h at 28 ± 2ºC through backslopping. A total of twenty five yeasts were identified based on their cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The selected isolates were characterized to species level using API 20 C AUX test identification kit. Probiotic properties examined included bile salt and acid tolerance under conditions simulating the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and positive antagonistic activity against selected pathogens following well established procedures.

Results: The selected isolates investigated were characterized to belong to species of Saccharomyces and Kluveromyces. All of the isolates were discovered to exhibit sufficient survival under acidic pH of 2.0 with values ranging from 1.0log cfu ml-1 to 7.8log cfu ml-1 and showed high resistance to bile salt with values ranging from 63-99%. They also exhibited good antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens of E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas sp.

Conclusion: Millet sourdoughs can serve as an affordable nutritionally healthy substrate for delivery of probiotics to the gastro-intestinal tract, thereby proffering basic health functionality. This study allowed to isolate and to identify yeast species present in millet sourdoughs with technological potential for sourdough applications.