bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy-Related Adverse Events and Clinical Outcomes in Adult Solid-Tumor Patients Admitted to an Onco-Hospitalist Medicine Service
Authors: Simbaqueba Clavijo Cesar , Odaro Orhue , Gandhi Ayush , Koom-Dadzie Kwame , Musaelyan Arine , Dickson Kodwo , Chua Rosalie , Bhise Viraj , Amoateng Magdelene , Tomy Sophy , Leal Alviarez Daniel , Phyu Ei Moe , Bogdanich Ivana , Andersen Clark , Sheshadri Ajay , Palaskas Nicolas L. , Halm Josiah , Manzano Joanna
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Few studies have focused on patients with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment who were cared for primarily by hospitalists. The objective of our study was to describe the patterns and outcomes of adult solid-tumor cancer patients admitted to our onco-hospital medicine service. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with solid tumors who received ICIs and were admitted to our service in 2021–2022 with an irAE and compared them to a control group (IOTOX vs. NO IOTOX, respectively). The primary outcome was the patterns of irAEs requiring hospitalization; secondary outcomes included 30-day emergency room visit, readmission, and 30-day mortality. Results: There were 144 patients in the IOTOX group and 286 controls. The most common tumor type was lung and thoracic malignancies (62, 43.1%). The most common ICI causing the irAEs was pembrolizumab (66, 45.8%). The most common irAEs were pneumonitis (49, 34%), colitis (28, 19.4%), hepatitis (18, 12.5%), and myocarditis (16, 11.1%). Of the 144 patients, eight (6%) died from the hospitalization irAE. Fifteen (15.6%) had an ER visit within 30 days due to the same irAE, and thirteen (13.7%) were readmitted. Survival at 30 days after discharge did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: Despite many patients having severe irAEs and irAEs associated with higher mortality, they generally had a favorable outcome compared to the literature.
“Modernized” en Bloc Radical Cystectomy Versus Standard Radical Cystectomy: A Nationwide Multi-Institutional Propensity Score Matched Analysis
Authors: Kjøbli Eirik , Haug Erik Skaaheim , Salvesen Øyvind , Arstad Christian , Bergesen Anne Kvaale , Brennhovd Bjørn , Carlsen Birgitte , Gharib-Alhaug Bita , Gudbrandsdottir Gigja , Juliebø-Jones Patrick , Haugland Julie Nøss , Karlsvik Ann-Karoline , Larsen Magnus , Lilleaasen Gunder Magne , Mûller Stig , Plathan May Lisbeth , Roaldsen Marius , Roth Ingunn , Schwenke Bernd Lukas Luca , Wahlqvist Rolf , Wessel Nicolai , Wibe Arne , Beisland Christian
Published: January 2025

Background: Pelvic lymph node dissection during standard radical cystectomy (stdRC) for muscle invasive bladder cancer is performed as separate templates. In the modernized en bloc radical cystectomy (mEbRC), the bladder is removed together with all its associated lymphatic tissue as one specimen. Our aim was to evaluate the oncological and surgical outcomes of mEbRC with a propensity-matched national cohort of stdRC cases. Methods: 935 patients (mEbRC: 214 and stdRC: 721) were eligible for analysis, and 1:2 propensity score matching was performed regressing mEbRC treatment on the variables age, gender, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Charlson Comorbidity Index, lymph node metastases at final pathology, carcinoma in situ, and pT-stage. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), survival for female patients. and perioperative measures. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding complications, 30-day readmission rates, and 30- and 90-day mortality rates. In the propensity score matched groups, the 5-year RFS was 83% in the mEbRC group vs. 67% in the stdRC group (p < 0.001), the CSS was 89% and 78% (p ≤ 0.001), and OS 81% vs. 68% (p < 0.001) in the same groups, respectively. The results were confirmed by Cox regression analyses with hazard ratios ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 and p-values ≤ 0.001, favoring mEbRC. The 5-year OS for female patients was 86% for mEbRC and 60% for stdRC (p = 0.022). Conclusions: Performing mEbRC over stdRC might yield significantly better oncological outcomes, with equal survival rates for both genders.
Exploring Artificial Intelligence Biases in Predictive Models for Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Smiley Aref , Reategui-Rivera C. Mahony , Villarreal-Zegarra David , Escobar-Agreda Stefan , Finkelstein Joseph
Published: January 2025

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has released the principles for the responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI) in oncology emphasizing fairness, accountability, oversight, equity, and transparency. However, the extent to which these principles are followed is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the presence of biases and the quality of studies on AI models according to the ASCO principles and examine their potential impact through citation analysis and subsequent research applications. A review of original research articles centered on the evaluation of predictive models for cancer diagnosis published in the ASCO journal dedicated to informatics and data science in clinical oncology was conducted. Seventeen potential bias criteria were used to evaluate the sources of bias in the studies, aligned with the ASCO’s principles for responsible AI use in oncology. The CREMLS checklist was applied to assess the study quality, focusing on the reporting standards, and the performance metrics along with citation counts of the included studies were analyzed. Nine studies were included. The most common biases were environmental and life-course bias, contextual bias, provider expertise bias, and implicit bias. Among the ASCO principles, the least adhered to were transparency, oversight and privacy, and human-centered AI application. Only 22% of the studies provided access to their data. The CREMLS checklist revealed the deficiencies in methodology and evaluation reporting. Most studies reported performance metrics within moderate to high ranges. Additionally, two studies were replicated in the subsequent research. In conclusion, most studies exhibited various types of bias, reporting deficiencies, and failure to adhere to the principles for responsible AI use in oncology, limiting their applicability and reproducibility. Greater transparency, data accessibility, and compliance with international guidelines are recommended to improve the reliability of AI-based research in oncology.
A Systematic Review of Indications and Clinical Outcomes of Electrochemotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rompianesi Gianluca , Loiaco Giuseppe , Rescigno Luigi , Benassai Gianluca , Giglio Mariano Cesare , Campanile Silvia , Caggiano Marcello , Montalti Roberto , Troisi Roberto Ivan
Published: January 2025

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of only 8–10%. This challenging prognosis highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for patients with PDAC. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), which enhances intracellular chemotherapeutic uptake via electric pulses, has been explored for resectable, borderline resectable (BR), locally advanced (LA), recurrent, and metastatic PDAC, either as a complement to conventional treatments or as an alternative when these are not feasible or effective, offering possible benefits in symptomatic palliation and local tumor control. Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines for studies assessing the efficacy of ECT in PDAC. After searching Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, five studies with a combined total of 43 patients in various disease stages were identified. Results: ECT showed promise in improving tumor control, alleviating cancer-related pain, and improving quality of life. One study noted a trend towards tumor size reduction of 8.3% at one-month and 16.1% at six-months follow-up (p = 0.211 and p = 0.315), although these findings were derived from studies conducted without specific comparative control groups. Severity of complication was mainly mild (Clavien–Dindo I-II), while severe complications occurred in only 2.3% of patients. Median overall survival was reported in two studies as 8 months (range 2–19) and 11.5 months (range 1–74). ECT showed efficacy for symptom management, with 60% of patients reporting reduced pain/discomfort and 40% showing enhanced quality of life in one study, while another reported pain scores as decreasing from 6 to 3 at one month and to 2 at six months. Conclusions: ECT appears to be a new promising and safe adjunct treatment modality in PDAC management across different disease stages, with potential benefits in tumor control, cancer-related pain reduction, and quality of life. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and identify patients who could benefit most.
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of US-, CT-, and MR-Guided Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation for HCC: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Hao , Vogl Thomas J. , Chen Kuei-An , Adwan Hamzah
Published: January 2025

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation, focusing on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using US-, CT-, and MR-guidance. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for studies comparing US, CT, and MR guidance in thermal ablation for HCC. Observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Overall survival (OS), local tumor recurrence (LTR), primary technique effectiveness (PTE), and major complications were assessed with network meta-analysis. Results: One RCT and 13 retrospective cohort studies reporting on 2349 patients were included. For OS at 3 years, compared to CT, US had hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.98 (95%CI: 0.77–1.26), and MR had HRs of 1.60 (95%CI: 0.51–5.00); For OS at 5 years, US had HRs of 0.80 (95%CI: 0.64–1.01), and MR had HRs of 1.23 (95%CI: 0.52–2.95) compared to CT. LTR rates, PTE, and major complications did not show statistical significance among the three guidance modalities (LTR: RR = 0.29 (95%CI: 0.08–1.14), p = 0.97 MR vs. CT; RR = 0.25 (95%CI: 0.06–1.02), p = 0.97 MR vs. US; PTE: RR = 1.06 (95%CI: 0.96–1.17), p = 0.90 MR vs. CT; RR = 1.08 (95%CI: 0.98–1.20), p = 0.90 MR vs. US. Major complications: RR = 0.27 (95%CI: 0.13–0.59), p = 0.94 MR vs. CT; RR = 0.41 (95%CI: 0.10–1.74), p = 0.94 MR vs. US). Conclusions: CT-, US-, and MR-guided RFA and MWA are equally effective and safe for HCC patients.
Adoptive T Cell Therapy Targeting MAGE-A4
Authors: Chandora Kapil , Chandora Akshay , Saeed Anwaar , Cavalcante Ludimila
Published: January 2025

MAGE A4 (Melanoma Antigen Gene A4) is a cancer testis antigen (CTA) that is expressed normally in germline cells (testis/embryonic tissues) but absent in somatic cells. The MAGE A4 CTA is expressed in a variety of tumor types, like synovial sarcoma, ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Having its expression profile limited to germline cells has made MAGE A4 a sought-after immunotherapeutic target in certain malignancies. In this review, we focus on MAGE-A4’s function and expression, current clinical trials involving targeted immunotherapy approaches, and challenges and opportunities facing MAGE-A4’s targeted therapeutics.
The Role of Douglasectomy Instead of Random Biopsies in the Surgical Treatment of Presumed FIGO Stage I Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tsolakidis Dimitrios , Zouzoulas Dimitrios , Tzitzis Panagiotis , Sofianou Iliana , Theodoulidis Vasileios , Chatzistamatiou Kimon , Karalis Tilemachos , Topalidou Maria , Timotheadou Eleni , Grimbizis Grigoris
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Douglasectomy is defined as the removal of the pelvic peritoneum of the entire pouch of Douglas. In presumed FIGO stage I ovarian cancer, isolated microscopic cancer cells might disseminate from the ovaries to their neighboring pelvic peritoneum. However, a simple hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and a staging procedure is the standard of care. This study aims to investigate the safety and feasibility of douglasectomy compared to random pelvic biopsies, and it is based on the survival of patients with early ovarian cancer. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with presumed 2018 FIGO stage I ovarian cancer who underwent surgery in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic from 2012 to 2022. Patient characteristics and oncological and follow-up information were collected. Results: A total of 88 patients were categorized into two groups, namely Group A (27 patients) with douglasectomy and Group B (61 patients) with random biopsies. There was no statistically significant difference in age, BMI, comorbidities, FIGO stage, intraoperative blood loss, and ICU admittance between the two groups. Conversely, patients with en bloc hysterectomy–douglasectomy had statistically significant higher pre-operative CA-125 values, surgery duration, rate of postoperative complications, and hospital stay. Concerning survival rates, there was a statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (p = 0.033), but no difference was observed in overall survival (p = 0.66). Conclusions: En bloc removal of the pelvic peritoneum of the entire pouch of Douglas with the uterus is a safe and feasible technique during surgery for early ovarian cancer, which leads to improved disease-free survival and local control.
Immunotherapy-Related Hypophysitis: A Narrative Review
Authors: Di Stasi Vincenza , La Sala Domenico , Cozzi Renato , Scavuzzo Francesco , De Geronimo Vincenzo , Poggi Maurizio , Vitale Mario , Tortora Anna
Published: January 2025

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized oncology, providing a groundbreaking therapeutic option for patients with various advanced-stage cancers. While these treatments can significantly extend survival, they also carry a substantial risk of immune-related adverse events, among which hypophysitis is particularly detrimental to endocrine function. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of ICI-induced hypophysitis (IH) based on an in-depth analysis of the recent literature and clinical trials. The diagnosis of IH presents unique challenges due to its overlap with systemic symptoms commonly associated with the underlying malignancy. These symptoms can include asthenia, anorexia, headache, vomiting, weight loss, hypotension, dizziness, decreased libido, and visual disturbances. Diagnostic evaluation typically combines clinical assessment, hormonal profiling, and findings from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Effective management of IH requires a personalized, multidisciplinary approach, focusing on hormone replacement therapy and vigilant monitoring. Long-term care depends on the severity of hypophysitis, and the specific hormonal axes involved. This review aims to enhance awareness of the critical aspects of recognizing and managing IH, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention to reduce its long-term effects on patient quality of life.
The Prospects of Curcumin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Papavassiliou Kostas A. , Sofianidi Amalia A. , Gogou Vassiliki A. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: January 2025

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, being responsible for approximately 2 million deaths in 2022 [...]
Nitrogen/Sulfur Co-Doped Biochar for Peroxymonosulfate Activation in Paracetamol Degradation: Mechanism Insight and Toxicity Evaluation
Authors: Cui Jiaqi , Meng Hong , Chen Yu , Zhang Yongqing , Hayat Waseem , Jia Charles Q.
Published: January 2025

Advanced oxidation processes based on either peroxydisulfate (PDS) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS), collectively termed persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs), show potential in wastewater treatment applications. In this work, the nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped biochar (NSBC) was prepared via a one-step pyrolysis of coffee grounds at 400 to 800 °C as a PMS activator for degrading paracetamol (PCT). The non-metallic NSBC demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity in activating PMS. In the NSBC-800/PMS system, 100% of PCT was completely degraded within 20 min, with a high reaction rate constant (kobs) of 0.2412 min−1. The system’s versatility was highlighted by its degradation potential across a wide pH range (3–11) and in the presence of various background ions and humic acids. The results of various experiments and characterization techniques showed that the system relied on an NSBC-800-mediated electron transfer as the main mechanism for PCT degradation. Additionally, there was a minor involvement of 1O2 in a non-radical degradation pathway. The graphitic N and thiophene-S (C-S-C) moieties introduced by N/S co-doping, as well as the carbonyl (C=O) groups of the biochar, were considered active sites promoting 1O2 generation. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate reached 37% in 120 min, while the assessment of the toxicity of the degradation products also affirmed the system’s environmental safety. This research provides a novel method for preparing environmentally friendly and cost-effective carbon-based catalysts for environmental remediation.
Postural Differences in Speaking Versus Non-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Będziechowska-Czyżewska Marta , Malak Roksana , Romanowski Mateusz , Andrusiewicz Mirosław , Samborski Włodzimierz , Baum Ewa
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition with diverse symptoms influenced by factors like gender, severity and the involvement of family and therapists. While many risk factors that contribute to ASD development are known, the exact etiology remains unclear. The relationship between speech ability and postural/gait patterns in ASD has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to verify if the ability to speak can affect body posture and gait patterns. Methods: The study involved 28 boys aged 6–17. The postural assessment used the Adams test, Bunnell scoliometer, goniometer, and inclinometer to measure trunk rotation, joint range of motion, and spinal curvature. Trunk muscle strength was assessed via a flexion test measuring position maintenance time. This study compare body posture parameters in speaking and non-speaking children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Moreover the parameters were compared to the general norms. Results: The study observed a tendency for speaking children to deviate more from normative body posture. They presented shoulder protraction more often, increased lumbar lordosis angle, and anterior pelvic tilt. Additionally, non-speaking children were more prone to toe-walking, which, according to other studies, is present in approximately 8–9% of all children with autism spectrum disorders. Both groups presented a decreased angle of dorsal flexion in the ankle joint. Conclusions: This study suggests that speaking children with ASD exhibit greater anterior-posterior postural deviations (increased lumbar lordosis, shoulder protraction, anterior pelvic tilt) than non-speaking children. ASD did not affect scoliosis or trunk rotation. Non-speaking children showed a higher incidence of toe-walking. However, the small sample size limits the generalizability of these findings.
Progress in Icephobic Coatings for Wind Turbine Protection: Merging Chemical Innovation with Practical Implementation
Authors: Minoofar Ghazal , Kandeloos Amirhossein Jalali , Koochaki Mohammad Sadegh , Momen Gelareh
Published: January 2025

Ice accumulation on wind turbine blades poses a significant challenge to turbine performance and safety, and these issues have led to extensive research on developing effective anti-icing methods. Polymer-based icephobic coatings have emerged as promising solutions, given their passive nature and low energy requirements. However, developing effective icephobic coatings is a complex task. In addition to anti-icing properties, factors such as mechanical strength, durability, and resistance to UV, weathering, and rain erosion must be carefully considered to ensure these coatings withstand the harsh conditions faced by wind turbines. The main challenge in coating engineering is mastering the chemistry behind these coatings, as it determines their performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the suitability of current icephobic coatings for wind turbine applications, emphasizing their alignment with present industrial standards and the underlying coating chemistry. Unlike previous works, which primarily focus on the mechanical aspects of icephobicity, this review highlights the critical yet underexplored role of chemical composition and explores recent advancements in polymer-based icephobic coatings. Additionally, earlier studies largely neglect the specific standards required for industrial applications on wind turbines. By demonstrating that no existing coating fully meets all necessary criteria, this work underscores both the urgency of developing icephobic coatings with improved durability and the pressing need to establish robust, application-specific standards for wind turbines. The review also combines insights from cutting-edge research on icephobic coatings that are coupled with active de-icing methods, known as the hybrid approach. By organizing and summarizing these innovations, the review aims to accelerate the development of reliable and efficient wind energy systems to pave the way for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Complexes of Cd(II) with Nicotinamide, Nitrate, and Oxalate as Mixed Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity
Authors: Pricop Laurențiu , Marinas Ioana Cristina , Hanganu Anamaria , Ganciarov Mihaela , Mădălan Augustin M. , Miclăuș Maria Olimpia
Published: January 2025

Three complexes of Cd(II), [Cd(NA)2(NO3)2(H2O)2] (1), [Cd(NA)2(NO3)2(H2O)2]·2NA (2), and [Cd(ox)(NA)(H2O)]·H2O (3) (NA = nicotinamide, ox = oxalate) were synthesized and characterized. Complexes (1) and (2) are mononuclear, while complex (3) is a bidimensional polymeric coordination compound, with oxalate anions bridging metal ions in two different ways: µ2 bis-bidentate chelating manner and µ4 bis-bidentate bis-monodentate manner. The stereochemistry of Cd(II) in compounds (1) and (3) is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid, while in compound (2) it is a regular octahedron. Complexes (1) and (2) demonstrated significant activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, showcasing their potential as effective antibacterial agents and inhibitors of microbial adhesion. The complexes were characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FTIR (all complexes), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and antimicrobial activity (complexes (1) and (2)).
New Onset Diabetes After Organ Transplantation: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Consequences
Authors: Popović Lucija , Bulum Tomislav
Published: January 2025

New onset diabetes mellitus after organ transplantation (NODAT) is a frequent and serious complication of solid organ transplantation. It significantly impacts graft function, patient survival, and quality of life. NODAT is diagnosed based on the criteria for type 2 diabetes, with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) serving as the gold standard for diagnosis. The development of NODAT is influenced by a range of risk factors, which are classified into modifiable and non-modifiable categories. Post-transplant, regular glycemic monitoring at specific intervals is essential for timely diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Early intervention can help prevent or delay the onset of diabetes-related complications. The treatment strategy for NODAT involves lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions. These include medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, glinides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and insulin. Adjusting immunosuppressive therapy—either by reducing dosages or substituting drugs with lower diabetogenic potential—is a common preventative and therapeutic measure. However, this must be performed cautiously to avoid acute graft rejection, which poses a greater risk to the patient compared to NODAT itself. In addition to managing diabetes, addressing comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia is crucial, as they elevate the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Patients with NODAT are also prone to developing common diabetes-related complications, including diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, regular follow-ups and appropriate treatment are vital to maintaining quality of life and improving long-term outcomes.
Relationship Between Muscle Tone and Elasticity: Simultaneous Quantitative Assessment Using Train-of-Four Monitoring and Continuous Shear Wave Elastography During Anesthesia Induction—A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Shitara Hitoshi , Hiroki Tadanao , Koda Ren , Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Kamiyama Masataka , Miyamoto Ryosuke , Nakase Kurumi , Ino Fukuhisa , Kachi Takuma , Mieda Rie , Aso Chizu , Yamakoshi Yoshiki , Saito Shigeru , Chikuda Hirotaka
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Non-invasive evaluations of muscle elasticity and tone are crucial in musculoskeletal medicine. Shear wave elastography (SWE) provides quantitative assessments of muscle elasticity, whereas train-of-four (TOF) monitoring measures muscle tone during neuromuscular blockades. This study investigated the relationship between muscle elasticity and tone during anesthesia induction using continuous SWE (C-SWE) and TOF monitoring. Methods: Fifteen patients who underwent general anesthesia with rocuronium were recruited. The muscle elasticity of the vastus lateralis was assessed using C-SWE, and muscle tone was evaluated using TOF monitoring. Measurements were taken at two time points: before rocuronium administration and during complete muscle relaxation, confirmed by the TOF ratio (TOF = 0). Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and correlation analyses. Results: Data from 11 patients were analyzed. The mean shear wave velocity (SWV) decreased significantly from 5.0 ± 0.4 m/s before rocuronium administration to 3.1 ± 0.3 m/s during complete relaxation (p < 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was observed between the baseline SWV and the degree of reduction in the SWV (r = −0.728, p = 0.011). No significant correlations were found between SWV and demographic factors such as age, sex, height, or body mass index. Conclusions: C-SWE and TOF monitoring are reliable and sensitive methods for evaluating muscle elasticity and tone during general anesthesia. This study highlights the interplay between muscle tone and elasticity, suggesting that muscles with a higher baseline tone exhibit a greater reduction in elasticity after relaxation. These findings have implications for improving intraoperative muscle function assessments and advancing the application of C-SWE in clinical practice.
Developing and Validating a Video-Based Measurement Instrument for Assessing Teachers’ Professional Vision of Language-Stimulation Interactions in the ECE Classroom
Authors: Dorme Lien , Stevens Anne-Lotte , Vantieghem Wendelien , Van den Branden Kris , Vanderlinde Ruben
Published: January 2025

This study reports on the development and validation of a video-based instrument to assess early childhood education (ECE) teachers’ professional vision (PV) of language-stimulation (LS) interactions. PV refers to noticing and reasoning about key classroom interactions, a skill that can be trained and distinguishes experts from novices. The instrument targets the PV of three language-stimulation (LS) strategies: language input (LI), opportunities for language production (OLP), and feedback (FB). The instrument measures noticing through comparative judgement (CJ) and reasoning through multiple-choice items. Construct validity was assessed using the AERA framework, using three samples: a sample of professionals (n = 22), a pre-service teachers’ sample (n = 107), and a mixed sample with in- and pre-service teachers (n = 6). Reliability and validity were confirmed, with strong reliability scores for the CJ aggregated “master” rank orders (SRR: 0.827–0.866). Think-aloud procedures demonstrated that respondents’ decisions during CJ were mainly based on LS-relevant video features. Decisions unrelated to LS require further study. Multiple-choice reasoning items were developed from professionals’ open-ended feedback. Pre-service teacher reasoning scores showed no significant predictors. Using real classroom videos, this instrument provides an ecologically valid, scalable tool for assessing teachers’ professional vision of LS interactions. This validated instrument offers a foundation for professional development programs aimed at addressing the theory–practice gap in early language education.
Effect of Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction Reaction on the Combustion and Emission Performance of In-Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel/Ammonia Dual Fuel Engines
Authors: Wang Zhongcheng , Li Ruhong , Zhu Jie , Fu Zhenqiang
Published: January 2025

Ammonia, as a hydrogen carrier and an ideal zero-carbon fuel, can be liquefied and stored under ambient temperature and pressure. Its application in internal combustion engines holds significant potential for promoting low-carbon emissions. However, due to its unique physicochemical properties, ammonia faces challenges in achieving ignition and combustion when used as a single fuel. Additionally, the presence of nitrogen atoms in ammonia results in increased NOx emissions in the exhaust. High-temperature selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is an effective method for controlling flue gas emissions in engineering applications. By injecting ammonia as a NOx-reducing agent into exhaust gases at specific temperatures, NOx can be reduced to N2, thereby directly lowering NOx concentrations within the cylinder. Based on this principle, a numerical simulation study was conducted to investigate two high-pressure injection strategies for sequential diesel/ammonia dual-fuel injection. By varying fuel spray orientations and injection durations, and adjusting the energy ratio between diesel and ammonia under different operating conditions, the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine were numerically analyzed. The results indicate that using in-cylinder high-pressure direct injection can maintain a constant total energy output while significantly reducing NOx emissions under high ammonia substitution ratios. This reduction is primarily attributed to the role of ammonia in forming NH2, NH, and N radicals, which effectively reduce the dominant NO species in NOx. As the ammonia substitution ratio increases, CO2 emissions are further reduced due to the absence of carbon atoms in ammonia. By adjusting the timing and duration of diesel and ammonia injection, tailpipe emissions can be effectively controlled, providing valuable insights into the development of diesel substitution fuels and exhaust emission control strategies.
Research of CO2-Responsive Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery: Review and Outlook
Authors: Dong Bo , Xu Quan , Liu Jierui , Du Shuming , Luo Wenli , Wu Wei , Zou Xinyuan , Liang Shisheng
Published: January 2025

In enhanced oil recovery (EOR), various processes have specific requirements concerning surfactant surface activity. High surface activity is essential during the oil production, whereas low or even negligible surface activity is required during the oil separation process. CO2-responsive surfactants can regulate their surface activity through the addition or removal of CO2 in their aqueous solutions. This property makes them suitable for the formulation of CO2-responsive displacement systems, including CO2-responsive foam, emulsion, and hydrogel systems. These three systems hold significant application value within the realm of enhanced oil recovery. This paper reviews the structure, types, synthesis methods, applications in EOR technology, and the effects of EOR in both field and laboratory settings. This method is both environmentally friendly and efficient for enhancing oil recovery. Furthermore, the application of CO2-responsive surfactants facilitates carbon capture, utilization, and storage, contributing to the achievement of carbon neutrality and the carbon peak.
Review: Overview of Organic Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Andezai Andekuba , Iroh Jude O.
Published: January 2025

Organic materials have emerged as promising candidates for cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, offering unique properties and advantages over traditional inorganic counterparts. This review investigates the use of organic compounds as cathode materials in energy storage devices, focusing on their application in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The review covers various types of organic materials, organosulfur compounds, organic free radical compounds, organic carbonyl compounds, conducting polymers, and imine compounds. The advantages, challenges, and ongoing developments in this area are examined and the potential of organic cathode materials to achieve higher energy density, improved cycling stability, and environmental sustainability is highlighted. The comprehensive analysis of organic cathode materials provides insights into their electrochemical performance, electrode reaction mechanisms, and design strategies such as molecular structure modification, hybridization with inorganic components, porous architectures, conductive additives, electrolyte optimization, binder selection, and electrode architecture to improve their efficiency and performance. In addition, future research in the field of organic cathode materials should focus on addressing current limitations such as low energy density, cycling stability, poor discharge capability, potential safety concerns and improving their performance. To do this, it will be necessary to improve structural stability, conductivity, cycle life, and capacity fading, explore new redox-active organic compounds, and pave the way for the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices. For organic cathode materials to be commercially viable, it is also essential to develop scalable and economical manufacturing processes.
Influence of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil and Sunflower Oil on Engine Efficiency and Emission Profiles
Authors: Stanescu Ruxandra-Cristina , Soica Adrian , Leahu Cristian-Ioan
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the performance and emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel blends derived from used cooking oil (UO) and sunflower oil (SF) at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. Tests were conducted under different load conditions (20%, 50%, and 100%) across engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 3600 rpm, focusing on effective power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and emissions of NOx, CO, HC, particulate matter (PM), smoke, and CO2. Consistent engine operating conditions were maintained for all fuel blends. The results indicated that increasing the biodiesel concentration led to a decrease in brake power and torque—up to 3.18% reduction for SF50 compared to diesel—due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel. For SF biodiesel, the BSFC increased with higher biodiesel content, while for UO biodiesel the results varied across concentrations. Emissions analysis revealed lower CO and HC at 2500 rpm for all biodiesel blends relative to diesel, while NOx emissions varied depending on fuel type and concentration. In terms of particles, both PM and smoke were measured, and while PM showed different results across blends, smoke was lower for all blends compared to diesel. Our overall analysis shows that biodiesel blends up to 20% can be effectively used in diesel engines without substantial modifications, offering a balance between performance and reduced emissions.
A Review of Synergies Between Advanced Grid Integration Strategies and Carbon Market for Wind Energy Development
Authors: Lu Kai-Hung , Hong Chih-Ming , Lian Junfang , Cheng Fu-Sheng
Published: January 2025

The integration of wind energy into power systems is essential for achieving global decarbonization goals but poses significant challenges, including transmission losses, grid instability, and risks of wind farm disconnection during contingencies. This review focuses on advanced grid stability technologies, optimization strategies, and carbon trading mechanisms, proposing a synergistic framework to address these issues. By enhancing transmission efficiency and maintaining grid stability, these solutions reduce energy losses, contribute to carbon reduction, and create economic incentives through carbon credits. Moreover, optimization models enable wind farms to remain operational during severe faults, ensuring their active participation in carbon markets. This review connects recent technical advancements with economic and policy frameworks, offering a comprehensive pathway to achieving sustainable and stable power systems while maximizing the economic potential of wind energy.
Rubber Crumb Infill in Synthetic Turf and Health Outcomes: A Review of the Literature on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Metalloids
Authors: Karatela Shamshad , Popovic Igor , Sobhani Zahra , Kumar Shiv Basant , Palanisami Thava , Lin Li-Zi , Paul Gunther
Published: January 2025

Synthetic turf has become a popular alternative to natural grass due to low upkeep costs; however, its health impacts have not been clearly elucidated. This review examines and consolidates the existing literature on rubber crumb in infill in synthetic turf and its associated adverse health outcomes, along with recommendations for future research. A database search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar of studies on exposures to rubber crumb in infills in synthetic turf. The search focused on epidemiological and toxicological laboratory studies (including exposure simulation and animal studies), as well as government reports. Non-English studies and those addressing injuries (musculoskeletal and burn injuries) were not considered. Eighteen laboratory studies examined concentrations of PAHs found in synthetic turf rubber infill. The total level of PAHs detected in samples varied between 0.4 mg/kg and 3196 mg/kg. The PAH levels were influenced by the age of the synthetic turf, with the older synthetic surface fields containing lower concentrations (compared to newly laid turfs). Synthetic turfs composed of industrial rubber crumb infill also had a lower PAH composition relative to end-of-life tyre-derived infill. In the six studies that investigated the metal content and composition of rubber crumb infill, Aluminium (5382 mg/kg), Zinc (5165 mg/kg), and Iron (489.6 mg/kg) had the highest median concentrations. There were minor differences in heavy metal concentrations found in newly installed synthetic turf compared to older turfs and synthetic sporting fields exposed to direct sunlight (versus indoor fields). There were two epidemiological studies on synthetic turf rubber crumb infill (one ecological and one cross-sectional study), which found no significant associations between synthetic turf exposure and the incidence of leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Similarly, one metabolomic study of urine samples from athletes taken pre- and post-match on synthetic turf, and two studies simulating dermal, ingestion, and inhalation exposure concluded that there was no elevated health risk associated with playing on synthetic turf pitches. Currently, there is very limited evidence of an association between synthetic turf use and adverse health outcomes. Considering the ubiquitous use of synthetic grass globally and the scarcity of epidemiological studies, there is a vital need for further research based on longitudinal study designs and more robust exposure assessments, to help improve our understanding of any potential health risks associated with synthetic turf infill exposures.
Uncertainty Analysis of Remote Sensing Estimation of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Aboveground Biomass in Southern China
Authors: Hu Yaopeng , Fu Liyong , Qiu Bo , Xie Dongbo , Wu Zheyuan , Lei Yuancai , Ye Jinsheng , Wang Qiulai
Published: January 2025

Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is not only the basis for forest carbon stock research, but also an important parameter for assessing the forest carbon cycle and ecological functions of forests. However, there are various uncertainties in the estimation process, limiting the accuracy of AGB estimation. Therefore, we extracted the spectral features, vegetation indices and texture factors from remote sensing images based on the field data and Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing images in Southern China to quantify the uncertainties. Then, we established three AGB estimation models, including K Nearest Neighbor Regression (KNN), Gradient Boosted Regression Tree (GBRT) and Random Forest (RF). Uncertainties at the plot scale and models were measured by using error equations to analyze the influences of uncertainties at different scales on AGB estimation. Results were as follows: (1) The R2 of the per-tree biomass model for Cunninghamia lanceolata was 0.970, while the uncertainty of the residual and parameters for per-tree biomass model was 4.62% and 4.81%, respectively; and the uncertainty transferred to the plot scale was 3.23%. (2) The estimation methods had the most significant effects on the remote sensing models. RF was more accurate than other two methods, and had the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.867, RMSE = 19.325 t/ha) and lowest uncertainty (5.93%), which outperformed both the KNN and GBRT models (KNN: R2 = 0.368, RMSE = 42.314 t/ha, uncertainty = 14.88%; GBRT: R2 = 0.636, RMSE = 32.056 t/ha, uncertainty = 6.3%). Compared to KNN and GBRT, the R2 of RF was enhanced by 0.499 and 0.231, while the uncertainty was decreased by 8.95% and 0.37%, respectively. The uncertainty associated with the scale of remote sensing models remains the primary source of uncertainty when compared to the plot scale. On the remote sensing scale, RF is the model with the best estimation effect. This study examines the impact of both plot-scale and remote sensing model-scale methodologies on the estimation of AGB for Cunninghamia lanceolata. The findings aim to offer valuable insights and considerations for enhancing the accuracy of AGB estimations.
CaCO₃ Radiata Pine Wood Mineralization: Weathering and Mold Resistance, and Effect on Mechanical and Adhesion Properties
Authors: Hernandez Vicente A. , Ovalle Carlos , Fuentes Sebastian , Núñez-Decap Mario
Published: January 2025

This study explores the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineralization on radiata pine wood, focusing on artificial weathering performance, mold resistance, and mechanical and adhesion properties. CaCO3 mineralization demonstrated significant improvements in wood’s resistance to environmental degradation, reducing color changes and inhibiting mold growth. Despite these benefits, the process showed limited impact on mechanical properties and adhesive performance. The study utilized a novel gaseous diffusion method for mineralization, which has been proven to provide effective fire-retardant protection at low weight gain. The mineralized samples used for the weathering, mold, and adhesion tests achieved an average weight gain of 15%, while those used to assess changes in mechanical properties and density 18%. The findings suggest that while CaCO3 enhances surface durability, further research is needed to optimize mechanical and adhesive properties, potentially integrating additional treatments. This work highlights the potential of CaCO3 mineralization for sustainable wood applications, offering insights into its practical implications and future research directions.
Effects of Stand Age and Environmental Factors on Soil Phytolith-Occluded Organic Carbon Accumulation of Cunninghamia lanceolata Forests in Southwest Subtropics of China
Authors: Huang Qifen , Sheng Maoyin
Published: January 2025

The area of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests in China is expansive, the soil PhytOC(phytolith-occluded organic carbon) stock of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests is a vital carbon reservoir on the global scale. Soil from the Cunninghamia lanceolata forests was collected, and the soil physicochemical indexes and phytoliths and PhytOC content were measured to explore the accumulation characteristics of PhytOC in the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layers at different stand ages. The results are as follows: (1) soil phytolith content (11.98–32.60 g·kg−1), PhytOC content (0.48–1.10 g·kg−1), PhytOC/TSOC (1.90%–6.93%), soil PhytOC stock (0.446–1.491 t·hm−2), and mature forest > middle–aged forest > Huitou-sha forest > young forest. The soil PhytOC accumulation was significantly affected by stand age. Huitou-sha is not an advantageous afforestation way of Cunninghamia lanceolata. (2) the soil physicochemical properties and stand conditions had significant effects on soil PhytOC accumulation. High–silicon, carbon-rich, acidic soil environment and appropriate thinning are conducive to phytolith formation and PhytOC sequestration. (3) the accumulation potential of soil PhytOC in the Cunninghamia lanceolata forest is relatively large, and its importance as a forest carbon sink cannot be ignored. Soil PhytOC stock in Cunninghamia lanceolata forests of different stand ages will lay a foundation for accurate estimation of forest carbon sink.
Study on the Eco-Environmental Index and Its Application: A Case Study of the Surablak Coal Fire Area, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Gao Jie , Zeng Qiang
Published: January 2025

Coal fires are disasters that occur when underground coal seams are subjected to combustion conditions induced by natural or human factors. This study attempts to investigate the impact of coal fires on the surrounding environment by assessing the eco-environmental quality and its dynamic changes in the Surablak coal fire area. To achieve this, an improved remote sensing ecological index (termed RSEIds) is introduced to assess and track the quality and dynamics of eco-environmental conditions in the Surablak coal fire area from 1990 to 2022. Subsequently, this index is combined with a geographic detector (GeoDetector) model to identify potential factors influencing eco-environmental quality. The findings indicate that (1) compared with the established Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI), the RSEIds provides a high degree of precision in reflecting the eco-environmental conditions within the regions affected by coal fires, (2) the eco-environmental quality within the Surablak coal fire area underwent a continuous deterioration from 1990 to 2022, with the area of ecological degradation constituting 53.41% of the study region, (3) regions with excellent and good RSEIds values are mainly found in the forested mountainous regions located in the northern section of the coal fire area, whereas regions with poor and fair RSEIds values largely coincide with the coal fire locations, and (4) since 2006, the distance to the coal fire has become the key factor influencing eco-environmental quality in the Surablak area, while temperature and precipitation remained important factors. The outcomes of this study will provide essential references for guiding ecological restoration and promoting sustainable development in coal fire areas.