bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous transluminal alcohol septal myocardial ablation after aortic valve replacement
Authors: Sitges Marta , Kapadia Samir , Rubin David N. , Thomas James D. , Tuzcu Murat E. , Lever Harry M.
Published: August 2002

When left ventricular outflow tract obstruction develops after aortic valve replacement, few treatment choices have been available until now. We present a patient with prior aortic valve replacement who developed left ventricle outflow tract obstruction that was successfully treated with a percutaneous transcoronary myocardial septal alcohol ablation. This technique is a useful tool for the treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, especially in those patients with prior heart surgery. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:524–526. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute symptomatic hyponatremia complicating invasive cardiac procedures: A report of three patients
Authors: Boulos Monther , Nakhoul Farid , Hir Jamal , Markiewicz Walter
Published: August 2002

Hyponatremic encephalopathy is a well‐known complication of surgical procedures. This syndrome has not been described in the cardiology literature. We report three patients who developed acute hyponatremia with life‐threatening encephalopathy following an invasive cardiac procedure. Diagnosis and treatment were delayed because of a lack of awareness for the syndrome among the cardiology staff. The diagnosis of hyponatremia should be suspected in any patient who develops behavioral or neurological manifestations following an invasive cardiac procedure. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid permanent neurological damage or death. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:542–545. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of total hospital costs for percutaneous coronary intervention patients receiving abciximab versus tirofiban
Authors: McCollam Patrick L. , Lage Maureen J. , Bala Mohan
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the total hospital costs associated with the receipt of abciximab versus tirofiban for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients. Hospital billing data for patients with a primary procedure of PCI was examined for the period of July 1998 to June 1999 from HCIA‐Sach's Clinical Pathways Database. Data were analyzed for all patient discharges whose records indicated use of abciximab or tirofiban with a PCI. Results are reported for 3,967 patients. Multivariate analysis was used to control for a wide range of factors (GP IIb/IIIa selection, patient demographics, stent use, insurance type, health conditions, admission information, and hospital characteristics) that may influence the cost of hospitalization. A two‐stage sample selection model was used to estimate total costs. The first stage of the analysis utilizes a probit regression to determine the factors associated with the likelihood of receiving abciximab versus tirofiban. The second stage of the analysis examines the factors associated with total hospital costs, while controlling for unobserved factors that may be correlated with the patient's likelihood of receiving abciximab. The mean unadjusted cost per hospitalization, including drug costs, was $10,762 (abciximab $10,813 and tirofiban $10,567). After controlling for high‐risk indications and selection bias with the two‐stage sample selection model, results indicate there was no significant difference in costs associated with the receipt of abciximab versus tirofiban. However, the results also indicate that the two‐stage sample selection model may not be needed (λ was not statistically significant) hence, the cost equation was reestimated using ordinary least‐squares methodology (OLS). In the OLS analysis, receipt of abciximab versus tirofiban was associated with a significant reduction in costs ($470 reduction; P = 0.05). This study uses real‐world data to examine the total hospital costs for PCI patients who receive abciximab versus tirofiban. Results of the two‐stage sample selection model indicate there is no difference in total hospital costs (including drug costs) between abciximab‐ and tirofiban‐treated patients. If the results of the OLS model are considered, a slight decrease in total hospital costs is observed in abciximab recipients. Cost‐containment strategies that focus on component costs may not lead to intended overall cost savings. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:152–157. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activated clotting time as a screening test prior to catheter‐based cardiovascular procedures
Authors: Siskin Gary P. , Reiner Eric , Stainken Brian F. , Dowling Kyran , Dolen Eric G. , Quarfordt Steven , Albons Gom
Published: August 2002

The activated clotting time (ACT) was investigated as a rapid, inexpensive, point‐of‐service screening test for coagulation abnormalities prior to catheter‐based procedures. A total of 963 patients were screened by obtaining a history, standard coagulation profile, and activated coagulation time. The prevalence of normal patients (normal ACT and coagulation profile) was 94% (sensitivity = 91%; specificity = 27%). A normal ACT had a positive predictive value of 95%. The ACT was an acceptable screening test due to its ability to predict positively a low rate of bleeding complication and normal coagulation studies. Patients with ACT > 150 sec should be further evaluated with a screening coagulation panel. Additionally, given its low specificity, coagulation studies should be obtained in high‐risk patients since an abnormal ACT does not effectively correlate with abnormal coagulation studies. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:191–195. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful closure of coronary artery perforation using makeshift stent sandwich
Authors: PienvichitMD Pavit , Waters James
Published: August 2002

An elderly woman underwent stenting of mid left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) 2 days after myocardial infarction. During high‐pressure stent dilatation, vessel perforation was noted. We assembled a “stent sandwich” in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and used it successfully to seal the perforation with good angiographic result. Although the long‐term patency remains an issue, this case demonstrates the feasibility of using makeshift covered‐stent as a bailout for arterial perforation in selected cases where emergency thoracotomy is undesirable. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:209–213. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ernest L. Eliel: A life of purpose, determination, and integrity
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: August 2002

A concise biography of Ernest L. Eliel is presented. The highlights of Eliel's scientific achievements are described, beginning with his Ph.D. thesis research performed under the supervision of Professor Harold Snyder (University of Illinois) and continuing as a faculty member at Notre Dame (synthesis of nonracemic C6H5CHDCH3; kinetic method of conformational analysis; equilibrium and NMR methods of conformational analysis); and at the University of North Carolina (conformational analysis of heterocyclic compounds; enantioselective synthesis). Eliel's professional career as a teacher, textbook author, and major figure in the American Chemical Society are discussed. His philosophies of life, science, and chemistry are described by a series of poignant quotations. Chirality 14:98–109, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereospecific cleavage of carbon‐phosphorus bonds: Stereochemical course of the phosphinoyl curtius (harger) reaction
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Dorow Roberta L.
Published: August 2002

The homochiral phosphinic azides (R,R)‐1 and (S,S)‐1 were prepared in enantiomerically pure form by resolution of diastereomeric phosphinamides derived from (S)‐l‐phenylethylamine and (R)‐phenylglycine. Irradiation of the azides in methanol induced a photo‐Curtius rearrangement to phosphonamidates in which the stereogenic carbon unit migrated to a nitrogen atom. Hydrolysis of the phosphonamidates produced 1‐phenylethylamine, which was 99.0% e.e. and of the same configuration as the carbon unit in the starting azide (99.0% retention). Chirality 14:241–257, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regioselective and stereoselective cleavage of cis‐4‐methyl‐2‐vinyl‐l,3‐dioxane by alkyllithiums
Authors: Bailey William F. , Zarcone Lyn M.J.
Published: August 2002

The reaction of alkyllithiums with cis‐4‐methyl‐2‐vinyl‐1,3‐dioxane proceeds in virtually quantitative yield via a formal SN2′ ring opening that proceeds in a regioselective manner to give preferential cleavage of the C(2)–O(l) bond remote from the 4‐methyl substituent, affording the E‐enol ether as the major stereoisomer. A two‐step mechanism, involving addition of the alkyllithium followed by syn‐elimination of lithium alkoxide, is suggested to account for the stereochemical outcome. Chirality 14:163–165, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An NMR investigation of the conformational equilibria of 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)ethylphosphonic acid in several solvents
Authors: Petterson Krag A. , Fort Diana , Wei Peter D. , Roberts John D.
Published: August 2002

Vicinal proton–proton NMR couplings have been used to investigate whether the position of conformational equilibria is determined by intramolecular N‐H hydrogen bonding for 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)ethylphosphonic acid 1 in its various possible ionization states in water, methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). With 1 in the form of its monoanion and dianion, the trans is favored, with the dianion being more trans than the monoanion for a given solvent, probably as the result of steric effects, possibly enhanced by repulsive electrostatic effects between the negatively charged phosphonic group and the lone pair on the pyridine nitrogen. For 1 and its conjugate acid, the gauche amounts, respectively, to 43% and 45% in water, 66% and 51% in methanol, 66% and 64% in ethanol, and 29% and 49% in DMSO. For these latter two species, electrostatic, steric, and hydrogen bonding‐effects are all likely to play a role in determining the conformational equilibria. Chirality 14:204–208, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrobenzoin‐based rigid chiral polymer
Authors: Bieging Anna , Liao Li‐Xin , McGrath Dominic V.
Published: August 2002

We prepared a rigid, chiral polymer (1) from optically active hydrobenzoin‐based subunits. Nonracemic monomer units 6 and 8 were prepared by asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) methodology and polymerization was carried out under Sonagashira coupling conditions. Polymer 1 was obtained in good yield with a molecular weight Mn = 5,100 (PDI = 2.3). Modeling suggests that polymer 1 could form a stable helical mainchain conformation in solution or the solid state. The chiroptical data of the polymer and a low‐molecular weight model compound (9) are compared. Chirality 14:258–263, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab initio (CASPT2) excited state calculations, including circular dichroism, of helically twisted cyanine dyes
Authors: Schreiber Marko , Vahrenhorst Rainer , Buss Volker , Fülscher Markus P.
Published: August 2002

Ab initio calculations at the CASSCF/CASPT2 level were performed on helically twisted mono‐, tri‐, and pentamethine cyanine dyes in the all‐Z‐configurations. Excitation energies and oscillator and rotatory strengths were calculated for the five lowest energy singlet states. Both the long wavelength methine band and the cis‐band could be identified unambiguously from their configurational parentage. The calculated state energies are within 0.09 eV of the experimental value for the methine band and within 0.16 eV for the cis‐band. The calculated rotatory strengths of the methine band shows sign inversion as the length of the chromophore increases: negative for the short monomethine, strongly positive for the pentamethine. The trimethine presents a borderline case: the measured rotatory strength is almost nil, the calculated one depends on the geometry. There is good agreement between rotatory strengths calculated in the velocity and in the length formalism. Chirality 13:571–576, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of chiral recognition in the enantioseparation of 2‐aryloxypropionic acids on new brush‐type chiral stationary phases
Authors: Vinkovic Vladimir , Kontrec Darko , Sunjic Vitomir , Navarini Luciano , Zanetti Flavio , Azzolina Ornella
Published: August 2002

New brush‐type chiral stationary phases (CSP I–IV) comprising N‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2,4‐dicyanophenyl‐L‐α‐amino acids (1–4) were prepared by binding of chiral selectors 1–4 to γ‐aminopropyl silica gel. To check the role of excess free aminopropyl groups, CSP V was prepared by binding N‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2,4‐dicyanophenyl‐L‐alanyl‐(3‐triethoxysilyl)propylamide to unmodified silica gel. The best separation of racemic 2‐aryloxypropionic acids (TR‐1‐13) was obtained with CSP I; the ‐(−)‐S enantiomer were regularly eluted first, as determined by a CD detector. The mechanism of chiral recognition implies a synergistic interaction of carboxylic acid analyte with the chiral selector and achiral free γ‐aminopropyl units on silica. In fact, CSP V, which is lacking an achiral aminopropyl spacer, shows a lower separation ability for 2‐aryloxypropionic acids, but a similar enantioselective discrimination of esters TR‐19‐20, in comparison with CSP I. CSP I–IV retain unaltered separation ability after a few months of continuous work using a large number of various mobile phases. Chirality 13:581–587, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intelligent agents for competitive intelligence: Survey of applications
Authors: Desouza Kevin C.
Published: August 2002

In this article the author discusses a rather recent paradigm to artificial‐intelligence‐based computing, namely intelligent agents for generating competitive intelligence. The explosion in Internet use and private network development can be viewed as both a blessing and a curse. Companies that can effectively manage available information without suffering from “information overload” are leaders in their industry as they generate competitive intelligence. Those who drown in the information are part of history or will be soon. The article concludes by highlighting a series of business cases exemplifying the benefits of intelligent agents. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Circulating 92‐kilodalton matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐9) activity is enhanced in the euglobulin plasma fraction of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ranuncolo Stella M. , Matos Elena , Loria Dora , Vilensky Marta , Rojo Rodrigo , Bal de Kier Joffé Elisa , Inés Puricelli Lydia
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Cancer lethality is usually the result of local invasion and metastasis of neoplastic cells from the primary tumor. Because of their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components (EMC), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the breakdown of basement membranes and underlying stroma, thereby facilitating tumor growth and invasion.

METHODS

The authors quantitated, by gelatin zymography and densitometric analysis, MMP activity in the euglobulin plasma fraction of 50 healthy controls and 91 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients (51 from the larynx and 40 from the oropharynx).

RESULTS

The median value for 92‐kilodalton (kD) MMP (MMP‐9) activity was increased significantly in laryngeal (Md 2.1 arbitrary units (AU)/mL plasma; range, 0.2–6.4) and oropharyngeal patients (Md 2.08 AU/mL; range, 0.0–5.0) with respect to the controls (Md 0.48 AU/mL; range, 0.0–1.8). Both groups of cancer patients showed a similar behavior. Multivariate analysis indicated that circulating 92‐kD MMP activity was not predicted by the clinical‐pathologic parameters such as tumor stage, histologic grade, and metastatic lymph nodes. There was no association between high levels of MMP‐9 activity and either cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption, major risk factors for developing HNSCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors found a significant increase of MMP‐9 plasma activity both in laryngeal and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients as compared with healthy controls. Further studies are necessary to establish its usefulness in the clinical management of these patients. Cancer 2002;94:1483–91. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10356
Clinical significance of telomerase activity in multiple myeloma
Authors: Shiratsuchi Motoaki , Muta Koichiro , Abe Yasunobu , Motomura Seiichi , Taguchi Fumihiro , Takatsuki Hiroshi , Uike Naokuni , Umemura Tsukuru , Nawata Hajime , Nishimura Junji
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The clinical course of patients with multiple myeloma varies, and therefore it is important to evaluate the disease state. We studied the telomerase activity of myeloma cells as a possible prognostic factor in such patients.

METHODS

Twenty five samples from patients with multiple myeloma were studied. We purified myeloma cells in bone marrow samples according to the expression of surface antigens, CD38 and CD45. CD38+/CD45− or dim cells had morphologic characteristics of myeloma cells, with a purity exceeding 95%. The telomerase activity of myeloma cells was determined by a polymerase chain reaction‐based telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Ki‐67 positivity of the purified cells was determined by flow cytometry using anti‐Ki‐67 antibody. The relationship between telomerase activity and prognostic factors was also examined.

RESULTS

A significantly high degree of telomerase activity was detected in subjects with a serum β2‐microglobulin level ≥ 6mg/dL or at Stage III (P = 0.002). The serum C‐reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine levels did not correlate with the telomerase activity, but this activity did significantly correlate with Ki‐67 positivity and the percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow (r = 0.561, P = 0.004, and r = 0.397, P = 0.049, respectively). The patients with high levels of telomerase activity were thus found to have a significantly short survival time after sampling (P = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

The measurement of the telomerase activity in myeloma cells was found to be a reliable marker for the proliferating capacity and tumor mass in myeloma patients. The telomerase activity of myeloma cells may therefore be useful as a prognostic factor. Cancer 2002;94:2232–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10472
Catecholaminergic innervation of the sympathetic preganglionic cell column of the filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer
Authors: Funakoshi Kengo , Nakano Masato , Atobe Yoshitoshi , Kadota Tetsuo , Goris Richard C. , Kishida Reiji
Published: August 2002

Nerve fibers immunoreactive for enzymes synthesizing catecholamines were examined in the central autonomic nucleus, a column of sympathetic preganglionic neurons, in the filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer. Varicose nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase were densely distributed in the rostral part, sometimes in contact with perikarya but were sparse in the caudal part of this nucleus. Fluorescent double labeling distinguished noradrenergic nerve fibers immunoreactive for both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β hydroxylase, and dopaminergic fibers immunoreactive only for tyrosine hydroxylase. In the brainstem, catecholaminergic neurons were observed in the locus coeruleus, the caudal dorsomedial reticular zone of the medulla, and the area postrema. Double labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β hydroxylase showed that the neurons in the locus coeruleus were all noradrenergic, and those in the caudal dorsomedial medulla were mostly noradrenergic, whereas the area postrema contained both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons. No catecholaminergic neurons were found in the ventral region of the brainstem. After application of DiI to the central autonomic nucleus, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the caudal dorsomedial medulla but not in the locus coeruleus or the area postrema. These findings suggest that the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the filefish may receive noradrenergic axonal projections from neurons in the caudal dorsomedial medulla. In the light of previous studies, inputs of these catecholaminergic fibers to the central autonomic nucleus may be involved in regulation of sympathetic activity of peripheral organs, together with serotoninergic and peptidergic inputs to this nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:204–216, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen receptor‐alpha immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray receive monosynaptic input from the lumbosacral cord in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Vanderhorst Veronique G.J.M. , Terasawa Ei , Ralston Henry J.
Published: August 2002

Estrogen affects female sexual behavior, analgesia, and micturition in mammals. One of the possible sites at which estrogen might exert its effect on these functions is the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG is involved in each of these functions, it receives sensory input relevant to these functions from the lumbosacral cord, and contains estrogen receptor‐alpha immunoreactive (ER‐α IR) neurons. The present light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) study seeks to determine whether there are monosynaptic projections from the lumbosacral cord to ER‐α IR neurons in the PAG of the female rhesus monkey. Tracer was injected into the lumbosacral cord to visualize the lumbosacral‐PAG projection, and the distribution of ER‐α IR neurons in the PAG was studied immunohistochemically. The medial part of the ventrolateral caudal PAG received the densest projection from the lumbosacral cord. Another prominent projection was found in the lateral PAG at the intercollicular level. Although ER‐α IR neurons were widely distributed throughout the PAG, approximately 40% of ER‐α IR PAG neurons were located as a distinct cluster in the medial portion of the ventrolateral, caudal PAG. Double labeling experiments showed that the location of this cluster precisely overlapped with the densest lumbosacral‐PAG projection. EM revealed that axons from the lumbosacral cord made asymmetrical synaptic contacts with unlabeled dendrites and ER‐α IR neuronal somata in the ventrolateral PAG. It is concluded that there exists a specific, monosynaptic pathway from lumbosacral neurons to ER‐α expressing PAG neurons in the rhesus monkey. This pathway might be involved in the mechanisms of analgesia, blood pressure, mating behavior, and micturition. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:27–42, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hair cell development in vivo and in vitro: Analysis by using a monoclonal antibody specific to hair cells in the chick inner ear
Authors: Kondo Kenji , Sagara Hiroshi , Hirosawa Kazushige , Kaga Kimitaka , Matsushima Satsuki , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Uchimura Hidemasa , Watanabe Takashi
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to establish a hair cell‐specific marker and a convenient explant culture system for developing chick otocysts to facilitate in vivo and in vitro studies focusing on hair cell genesis in the inner ear. To achieve this, a hair cell‐specific monoclonal antibody, 2A7, was generated by immunizing chick inner ear tissues to a mouse. Through the use of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, it was shown that 2A7 immunoreactivity (2A7‐IR) was primarily restricted to the apical region of inner ear hair cells, including stereocilia, kinocilia, apical membrane amongst the extending cilia, and superficial layer of the cuticular plate. Although the 2A7 antibody immunolabeled basically all of the hair cells in the posthatch chick inner ear, two different patterns of 2A7‐IR were observed; hair cells located in the striolar region of the utricular macula, which consist of two distinct cell types identifiable on the basis of the type of nerve ending, Type I and II hair cells, showed labeling restricted to the basal end of the hair bundles. On the other hand, hair cells in the extrastriolar region, which are exclusively of Type II, showed labeling extending over virtually the entire length of the bundles. These findings raised the possibility that chick vestibular Type II hair cells, characterized by their bouton‐type afferent nerve endings, can be divided into two subpopulations. Analysis of developing inner ear by using the 2A7 antibody revealed that this antibody also recognizes newly differentiated immature hair cells. Thus, the 2A7 antibody is able to recognize both immature and mature hair cells in vivo. The developmental potential of embryonic otocysts in vitro was then assessed by using explant cultures as a model. In this study, conventional otocyst explant cultures were modified by placing the tissues on floating polycarbonate filters on culture media, thereby allowing the easy manipulation of explants. In these cultures, 2A7‐positive hair cells were differentiated from dividing precursor cells in vitro on the same schedule as in vivo. Furthermore, it was found that hair cells with both types of 2A7‐IR were generated in culture as in vivo, indicating that a maturational process of hair cells also occurred. All these results as presented here suggest that the 2A7 monoclonal antibody as a hair cell‐specific marker together with the culture system could be a potential tool in analysis of mechanisms underlying hair cell development. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:176–198, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of endomorphin‐1 immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal pontine tegmentum: Evidence for preferential targeting of peptidergic neurons in Barrington's nucleus rather than catecholaminergic neurons in the peri–locus coeruleus
Authors: Peoples James F. , Wessendorf Martin W. , Pierce Tracy , Van Bockstaele Elisabeth J.
Published: August 2002

Endomorphins are opioid tetrapeptides that have high affinity and selectivity for mu‐opioid receptors (μORs). Light microscopic studies have shown that endomorphin‐1 (EM‐1) ‐containing fibers are distributed within the brainstem dorsal pontine tegmentum. Here, immunoelectron microscopy was conducted in the rat brainstem to identify potential cellular interactions between EM‐1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ‐labeled cellular profiles in the locus coeruleus (LC) and peri‐LC, an area known to contain extensive noradrenergic dendrites of LC neurons. Furthermore, sections through the rostral dorsal pons, from colchicine‐treated rats, were processed for EM‐1 and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide known to be present in neurons of Barrington's nucleus. EM‐1 immunoreactivity was identified in unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and occasionally in cellular profiles resembling glial processes. Within axon terminals, peroxidase labeling for EM‐1 was enriched in large dense core vesicles. In sections processed for EM‐1 and TH, approximately 10% of EM‐1–containing axon terminals (n=269) targeted dendrites that exhibited immunogold–silver labeling for TH. In contrast, approximately 30% of EM‐1–labeled axon terminals analyzed (n = 180) targeted CRF‐containing somata and dendrites in Barrington's nucleus. Taken together, these data indicate that the modulation of nociceptive and autonomic function as well as stress and arousal responses attributed to EM‐1 in the central nervous system may arise, in part, from direct actions on catecholaminergic neurons in the peri‐LC. However, the increased frequency with which EM‐1 axon terminals form synapses with CRF‐containing profiles in Barrington's nucleus suggests a novel role for EM‐1 in the modulation of functions associated with Barrington's nucleus neurons such as micturition control and pelvic visceral function. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:268–279, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic connectivity of the rat subiculum: II. Properties of synchronous spontaneous activity and a demonstration of multiple generator regions
Authors: Harris Elana , Stewart Mark
Published: August 2002

Brain structures that can generate epileptiform activity possess excitatory interconnections among principal cells and a subset of these neurons that can be spontaneously active (“pacemaker” cells). We describe electrophysiological evidence for excitatory interactions among rat subicular neurons. Subiculum was isolated from presubiculum, CA1, and entorhinal cortex in ventral horizontal slices. Nominally zero magnesium perfusate, picrotoxin (100 μM), or NMDA (20 μM) was used to induce spontaneous firing in subicular neurons. Synchronous population activity and the spread of population events from one end of subiculum to the other in isolated subicular subslices indicate that subicular pyramidal neurons are coupled together by excitatory synapses. Both electrophysiological classes of subicular pyramidal cells (bursting and regular spiking) exhibited synchronous activity, indicating that both cell classes are targets of local excitatory inputs. Burst firing neurons were active in the absence of synchronous activity in field recordings, indicating that these cells may serve as pacemaker neurons for the generation of epileptiform activity in subiculum. Epileptiform events could originate at either proximal or distal segments of the subiculum from ventral horizontal slices. In some slices, events originated in both proximal and distal locations and propagated to the other location. Finally, propagation was supported over axonal paths through the cell layer and in the apical dendritic zone. We conclude that subicular burst firing and regular spiking neurons are coupled by means of glutamatergic synapses. These connections may serve to distribute activity driven by topographically organized inputs and to synchronize subicular cell activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:506–518, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism and developmental expression of signal‐transduction machinery in the vomeronasal organ
Authors: Murphy F.A. , Tucker K. , Fadool D.A.
Published: August 2002

We have explored the use of a new model to study the transduction of chemosignals in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), for which the functional pathway for chemical communication is incompletely understood. Because putative vomeronasal receptors in mammalian and other vertebrate models belong to the superfamily of G‐protein‐coupled receptors, the objective of the present study was to define which G‐protein subunits were present in the VNO of Sternotherus odoratus (stinkpot or musk turtle) in order to provide directionality for future functional studies of the downstream signaling cascades. The turtle vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) was found to contain the G‐proteins Gβ and Gαil–3 at the microvillar layer, the presumed site of signal tranduction in these neurons, as evidenced by immunocytochemical techniques. Gαo labeled the axon bundles in the VNE and the somata of the vomeronasal sensory neurons but not the microvillar layer. Densitometric analysis of Western blots indicated that the VNO from females contained greater concentrations of Gαi1–3 compared with males. Sexually immature (juvenile) turtles showed intense immunolabeling for all three subunits (Gβ, Gαi1–3, and Gαo) in the axon bundles and an absence of labeling in the microvillar layer. Another putative signaling component found in the microvilli of mammalian VNO, transient receptor potential channel, was also immunoreactive in S. odoratus in a gender‐specific manner, as quantified by Western blot analysis. These data demonstrate the utility of Sternotherus for discerning the functional signal transduction machinery in the VNO and may suggest that gender and developmental differences in effector proteins or cellular signaling components may be used to activate sex‐specific behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:61–74, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity to naloxone of the behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal and c‐Fos expression in the rat CNS: A quantitative dose‐response analysis
Authors: Le Guen Stéphanie , Gestreau Christian , Besson Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2002

Several studies have used c‐Fos expression to delineate the neural substrate underlying naloxone‐precipitated morphine withdrawal (MW). However, because behavioral manifestations of MW depend on both the degree of dependence and the doses of naloxone (NAL), a comprehensive study would require examining c‐Fos expression in relation with the degree of MW. Here, changes in behavior and in c‐Fos–like immunoreactivity (FLI) were studied in the same rats after injection of three doses of NAL to precipitate various degrees of MW. Fifteen established signs of MW were examined for 1 hour after NAL injection, and FLI was quantified in 52 regions of the brain and in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Linear regression analyses were used to examine changes in numbers of signs and FLI neurons with the doses of NAL, and data were considered dose‐related for a statistical level of significance of P < 0.05. In summary, autonomic signs of MW increased in a dose‐related manner, whereas somatomotor signs did not. After MW, 33 central nervous system regions exhibited significant increases in FLI and were, thus, considered as important neural correlates of MW. Twenty of them displayed dose‐related increases in c‐Fos expression and correspond to regions related to autonomic functions. Low c‐Fos expression was detected in some regions involved in motor control or in reward, suggesting either their minor role in MW or a limitation of the technique. This dose‐response analysis suggests that the increase in the severity of autonomic manifestations of MW is associated with a gradual activation of major structures of the autonomic nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:272–297, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Branchiogenic motoneurons innervating facial, masticatory, and esophageal muscles show aberrant distribution in the reeler‐phenotype mutant rat, Shaking Rat Kawasaki
Authors: Setsu Tomiyoshi , Ikeda Yayoi , Woodhams Peter L. , Terashima Toshio
Published: August 2002

Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an autosomal recessive mutant rat that is characterized by cerebellar ataxia. Although previous studies indicated many points of similarity between this mutant rat and the reeler mouse, nonlaminated structures such as the facial nucleus have not been studied in this mutant rat. Nissl‐stained sections through the brainstem showed that the cytoarchitecture of the facial, motor trigeminal, and ambiguus nuclei was abnormal in SRK, especially in the lateral cell group of the facial nucleus and the compact formation of the ambiguus nucleus. To examine whether orofacial motoneurons are also malpositioned in the SRK rat, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the facial, masticatory, and abdominal esophageal muscles of the SRK rats and normal controls to label facial, trigeminal, and ambiguus motoneurons, respectively. HRP‐labeled facial, trigeminal, and ambiguus motoneurons of the SRK rat were distributed more widely than those of their normal counterparts, as in the case of the reeler mouse, with the one exception that labeled facial motoneurons innervating the nasolabial muscle were distributed more widely in the ventrolateral‐to‐dorsomedial direction in comparison with those of the reeler mutant. These data demonstrate that nonlaminated structures in the brainstem of the SRK rat are affected severely, as is the case in the reeler mutant mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:275–290, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fos‐like immunohistochemical identification of neurons active during the startle response of the rainbow trout
Authors: Bosch Tom J. , Maslam Suharti , Roberts Barry L.
Published: August 2002

Activity‐dependent Fos‐like expression was investigated immunohistochemically in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that had performed vibratory‐evoked startle responses. We found significantly higher numbers of Fos‐like‐immunoreactive neurons in the reticular formation, in the octavolateral area, and in several cranial nerve motor nuclei in the brain and in the motor column of the spinal cord of startled fish than in control fish. In one fish, in which stimulation did not evoke startle responses, substantial numbers of positive cells occurred in the brain, primarily in the magnocellular octavolateral nucleus. We observed Fos‐like‐immunoreactive neurons in cell groups that are known to participate in the startle response (e.g., the Mauthner cell) as well as in cell groups that have been proposed but until now not shown to be involved. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:306–314, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some superconvergence results for the covolume method for elliptic problems
Authors: Huang Jianguo , Li Likang
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we attempt to give analysis of the covolume method for solving general self‐adjoint elliptic problems. We first present some useful superconvergence results for the deviation between the solution of the covolume method and the solution of the induced finite element method, in the energy norm and maximum norm, respectively. With these results, we then reproduce the maximum norm estimates obtained by Chou and Li for the covolume method easily. Furthermore, based on the covolume method, we propose a high‐accuracy algorithm for solving general self‐adjoint elliptic problems. Compared with the original covolume method, the computation work of the new algorithm is increased slightly, but the approximate error is improved remarkably. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stochastic second‐order perturbation technique in the finite difference method
Authors: Kamiński Marcin
Published: August 2002

The main idea of the paper is to introduce the second‐order perturbation second probabilistic moment extension of the finite difference method (FDM). The approach can be successfully applied to all these engineering analyses where FDM modelling is still useful and some structural parameters are treated as random variables or fields. The main advantage of the stochastic finite difference method (SFDM) proposed is relatively easy extension of the existing deterministic results in the classical theory of elasticity on the random or even stochastic problems. A very attractive aspect can be the usage of the SFDM in the stochastic signals processing in a conjunction with the wavelet optimized FDM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetric Galerkin BEM for multi‐connected bodies
Authors: Pérez‐Gavilán J. J. , Aliabadi M. H.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, it is shown that the symmetric Galerkin boundary element formulation cannot be used in its standard form for multiple connected bodies. This is because the traction integral equation used for boundaries with Neuman boundary condition give non‐unique solutions. While this fact is well known from the classical theory of integral equations, the problem has not been fully addressed in the literature related to symmetric Galerkin formulations. In this paper, the problem is reviewed and a general way to deal with it is proposed. The details of the numerical implementation are discussed and an example is solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color control of interference pigments dispersed in translucent media
Authors: Kann Yelena , Maznev Alexei
Published: August 2002

This article presents a method of evaluating the color of special‐effect pigments dispersed in translucent media and of characterizing the color of such media. An analytical model eliminating the effect of sample thickness variations is proposed. The method is based on reflectance measurements against both white and black backgrounds and is applied to the flexible poly(vinyl chloride) model for the quality control of pearlescent/interference/aluminum pigments based on the calculated color differences and for creating a color‐matching database for computer color formulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 83–87, 2002; DOI 10.1002/col.10032
SPiDER—An advanced symbolic debugger for Fortran 90/HPF programs
Authors: Fahringer T. , Sowa‐Piekło K. , Czerwiński P. , Brezany P. , Bubak M. , Koppler R. , Wismüller R.
Published: August 2002

Debuggers play an important role in developing parallel applications. They are used to control the state of many processes, to present distributed information in a concise and clear way, to observe the execution behavior, and to detect and locate programming errors. More sophisticated debugging systems also try to improve understanding of global execution behavior and intricate details of a program. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of SPiDER, which is an interactive source‐level debugging system for both regular and irregular High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) programs. SPiDER combines a base debugging system for message‐passing programs with a high‐level debugger that interfaces with an HPF compiler. SPiDER, in addition to conventional debugging functionality, allows a single process of a parallel program to be expected or the entire program to be examined from a global point of view. A sophisticated visualization system has been developed and included in SPiDER to visualize data distributions, data‐to‐processor mapping relationships, and array values. SPiDER enables a programmer to dynamically change data distributions as well as array values. For arrays whose distribution can change during program execution, an animated replay displays the distribution sequence together with the associated source code location. Array values can be stored at individual execution points and compared against each other to examine execution behavior (e.g. convergence behavior of a numerical algorithm). Finally, SPiDER also offers limited support to evaluate the performance of parallel programs through a graphical load diagram. SPiDER has been fully implemented and is currently being used for the development of various real‐world applications. Several experiments are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of SPiDER. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel implementation of the fluid particle model for simulating complex fluids in the mesoscale
Authors: Boryczko Krzysztof , Dzwinel Witold , Yuen David A.
Published: August 2002

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) and its generalization—the fluid particle model (FPM)—represent the ‘fluid particle’ approach for simulating fluid‐like behavior in the mesoscale. Unlike particles from the molecular dynamics (MD) method, the ‘fluid particle’ can be viewed as a ‘droplet’ consisting of liquid molecules. In the FPM, ‘fluid particles’ interact by both central and non‐central, short‐range forces with conservative, dissipative and Brownian character. In comparison to MD, the FPM method in three dimensions requires two to three times more memory load and a three times greater communication overhead. Computational load per step per particle is comparable to MD due to the shorter interaction range allowed between ‘fluid particles’ than between MD atoms. The classical linked‐cells technique and decomposing the computational box into strips allow for rapid modifications of the code and for implementing non‐cubic computational boxes. We show that the efficiency of the FPM code depends strongly on the number of particles simulated, the geometry of the box and the computer architecture. We give a few examples from long FPM simulations involving up to 8 million fluid particles and 32 processors. Results from FPM simulations in three dimensions of the phase separation in binary fluid and dispersion of the colloidal slab are presented. A scaling law for symmetric quench in phase separation has been properly reconstructed. We also show that the microstructure of dispersed fluid depends strongly on the contrast between the kinematic viscosities of this fluid phase and the bulk phase. This FPM code can be applied for simulating mesoscopic flow dynamics in capillary pipes or critical flow phenomena in narrow blood vessels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder
Authors: Hedley Liv Margaret , Hoffart Asle
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the validity of the DSM‐diagnosis agoraphobia without history of panic disorder. The question posed is whether agoraphobia without history of panic disorder is a separate entity, or whether it is related to panic disorder. Research papers, including population‐based as well as clinical studies, have been reviewed. The inconclusiveness of the research together with methodological deficits do not constitute sufficient evidence to conclude that agoraphobia without history of panic disorder is a separate category. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular non‐linear networks for minimization of functionals. Part 2: Examples
Authors: Bizzarri Federico , Storace Marco , Parodi Mauro
Published: August 2002

A method for the definition of cellular non‐linear networks able to find approximate minima of rather a large class of continuous functionals is illustrated through three examples. The method, based on the spatial discretization of continuous functionals and on the theory of potential functions for resistive circuits, has been presented in Part 1 of this paper. The first example (related to electromagnetic‐field theory) has the main purpose to show some aspects of the application procedure. The other two examples concern, respectively, a possible image‐processing application of the method (where a parallel processing is highly desirable) and a comparison with another method proposed in the literature on CNNs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controllability and observability criteria of RLC networks over F(z)
Authors: Lu Kai‐Sheng , Lu Kunsheng
Published: August 2002

RLC networks are a class of important linear systems. This paper discusses the problem of controllability and observability of RLC networks over the field F(z) of rational functions in independently variable parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric analysis of breast cancer resistance protein expression and function
Authors: Minderman Hans , Suvannasankha Attaya , O'Loughlin Kieran L. , Scheffer George L. , Scheper Rik J. , Robey Robert W. , Baer Maria R.
Published: August 2002

Background

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is an ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) half‐transporter that mediates energy‐dependent drug efflux. Assessing the clinical relevance of the BCRP will require sensitive and specific methods for detecting its expression and function that allow high‐volume specimen throughput and employ widely available instrumentation.

Methods

The BXP‐34 and BXP‐21 monoclonal antibodies were evaluated for flow cytometric detection of BCRP expression. The modulation of efflux of rhodamine‐123, 3,3′‐diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide, doxorubicin, and mitoxantrone by fumitremorgin C was studied as an assay for BCRP function in BCRP‐overexpressing cell lines and controls.

Results

BXP‐34 and BXP‐21 allowed detection of BCRP expression by flow cytometry in all BCRP‐expressing cell lines. Mitoxantrone was the only substrate transported by BCRP in all lines, and with mitoxantrone at a 3‐μM concentration, light emission (>670 nm) caused by excitation at 488 nm was sufficiently intense to allow detection of differences in retention associated with low levels of BCRP expression.

Conclusions

Immunophenotyping with BXP‐21 or BXP‐34 and fumitremorgin C modulation of mitoxantrone retention allow detection of BCRP expression and function by flow cytometry with standard instrumentation. These assays will facilitate determination of the role of BCRP in clinical drug resistance. Cytometry 48:59–65, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of the ATM‐based interconnecting network of the access segment of future cellular systems
Authors: Demestichas P. P. , Louta M. D. , Tzifa E. C. , Demesticha V. P. , Theologou M. E.
Published: August 2002

An important issue in future cellular communication systems is the design of the interconnecting network of their access segment. This problem aims at finding the minimum‐cost configuration of cell site switches (CSSs) and local exchanges (LEs) given the base transceiver station (BTS) layout. An extended version of the problem may also comprise the deployment of mobility and service control points‐access (MSCPs‐A), based on the assumption that CSSs and LEs are not fully capable of handling the logic of the cellular system. In this paper we solve the extended problem, under the additional assumption that the communication among the network elements is based on the ATM technique. The problem is formally defined, optimally formulated, and solved by computationally efficient heuristics. Finally, results are provided and subsequent conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.