bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Making of Christian Toryism: The Public Faith of Harold Macmillan
Authors: Wood Benjamin J.
Published: December 2022

This article considers the significance of the public Christianity of the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (1894–1986). By excavating the socially conscious faith of the Edwardian upper classes, it locates Macmillan as the advocate of a unique synthesis of Disraelian Toryism and Christian Socialism. The discussion opens with an exploration of the origins of Macmillan’s politics. Drawing on the medievalism of William Morris, the Anglo-Catholicism of Ronald Knox, and Augustinian pessimism, Macmillan arrives at a sin-sensitive politics which seeks to tame capital and the state. The argument then considers how Macmillan’s rich articulation of Toryism has the capacity to challenge contemporary British Conservatives to recover and deepen their traditions of community-spirit and social justice. In an effort to contest a narrow description of British Toryism as a purely economic theory, I argue for a generous reassessment of a profoundly religious Toryism
Demonstratives in Musandam Arabic: Distinctive Archaisms and Innovations
Authors: Anonby Erik , Bettega Simone , Procházka Stephan
Published: December 2022

This study introduces and analyzes proximal and distal singular demonstratives in fourteen varieties of Musandam Arabic, a little-documented dialect group located on Musandam Peninsula in northern Oman and neighbouring areas of the United Arab Emirates. Following an overview of the dialect group in its regional context, the study provides a description of singular demonstratives from the point of view of phono-logy, morphology, and geographical distribution. The study then focuses on two salient features found in several of the varieties under investigation: gender distinction based on consonantal alternation (d-based masculine forms vs t-based feminine forms); and gemination of the feminine t-element. While the former is attested, albeit rarely, in other Arabic dialects, the latter is unheard of. In the last section of the article, some hypotheses are put forward as to how these forms could have developed from a historical point of view, in light of data from different Arabic and Semitic varieties. While the gemination of the t-element is best regarded as a Musandam-internal innovation, the d : t consonantal alternation reinforces the putative historical link between south-western Arabia and Oman.
“Rescued Women”
Authors: Isgrigg Daniel D.
Published: December 2022

This article traces the history of early pentecostal responses to sex trafficking and the related issue of prostitution. It documents the stories of Pentecostal Rescue missions recorded in pentecostal papers such as The Bridegroom’s Messenger, Apostolic Faith, Weekly Evangel, and the Pentecostal Holiness Advocate. This study explores pentecostal views of society and culture as well as rhetoric about trafficked women, especially the concepts of victimhood, guilt, and culpability for “fallen women.” It demonstrates how ministry to trafficked women positively and negatively shaped pentecostal attitudes toward women and dress in the pentecostal tradition.
Pentecostalism as a Product of the Enlightenment
Authors: Poirier John C.
Published: December 2022

Nothing has been more foundational within pentecostal scholarship than the idea that Pentecostalism is necessarily opposed to “modernism” and/or “Enlightenment thinking.” And yet an unmistakably “modernist” strain of thought lies behind several central pentecostal commitments. This article traces Pentecostalism’s debt to the English Enlightenment’s encounter with the miraculous and to John Wesley’s reception of Lockean empiricism, and traces in outline the empiricist shape of a true pentecostal epistemology. It shows that early pentecostal rhetoric used the term “modernism” strictly to denote liberalism, so that recent efforts to aim this rhetoric against modernist commitments as defined vis-à-vis postmodernism cannot legitimately claim continuity with the early Pentecostals. All things considered, Pentecostalism owes a greater debt to Enlightenment thought than do many streams of Evangelicalism.
Dis/parity: Blackness and the (Im)possibility of a Pentecostal (Political) Theology
Authors: Millner Marlon
Published: December 2022

American pentecostal political theology is not marked by a fivefold gospel, as key theologians contend, but is best understood as the justification of the color line. That term, popularized by W.E.B. Du Bois, is a theological-political term, and was invoked at Azusa Street. The color line is a spatial and racial order that is both politically and theologically inaugurated and upheld. Political theology, as such, is anti-Black. But at Azusa Street, a Black-led and interracial revival, the color line is washed away. Persons and practices excluded by the color line, and racialized as Black, reject the terms of order and generate the order’s undoing. If this undoing becomes the central interpretive grid for “pentecostal,” then the terms “pentecostal” and “Black” are read synonymously and over against political theology as terms of order. By turning to this generating mode of the Blackness of pentecostal origins, the impossibility of doing a pentecostal political theology emerges.
Engaging Racial Equity
Authors: Daniels David D.
Published: December 2022

This article explores the contours of an emerging pentecostal political theology of race that is framed by a quest for racial equity and racial justice that is reflected in early Black-led pentecostal interracialism, expressed in the Racial Reconciliation Manifesto, guardrailed by a theology of just-power, and informed potentially by equity as a hermeneutic to reread Scripture. A pentecostal political theology of race, then, could be a discursive construct that can orient the church and society toward racial justice in dismantling systems of racial injustice and erecting new ecclesial and societal structures of racial justice.
Cabanis’ Kunst der Koexistenz lebender Systeme
Authors: Cheung Tobias
Published: December 2022

Cabanis’ „Kunst der Koexistenz“ des Menschen in sozialen Ordnungen beruht auf dessen „tierischer Existenz“ als ein individuiertes physiologisches „Gesamtsystem“, das sich seinerseits aus verschiedenen, interagierenden „Reaktionszentren“ zusammensetzt und in einem bestimmten Verhältnis zur es umfassenden „Außenwelt“ steht. In diesem Aufsatz untersuche ich die Doppelstruktur physiologischer und sozialer „Koexistenz“ im Rahmen einer Existenzbedingungen und Entwicklungspotentiale umfassenden „Wissenschaft des Menschen“.
Ideologies and Commitments: An Analysis of Three Typical Attitudes to the Protestant Missions in the Anti-Christian Movement
Authors: Wang (王珏) Jue
Published: December 2022

This paper presents various Chinese-Christian understandings of the Protestant missions from the U.S. and U.K. in the 1920s. By examining three typical attitudes represented by Zhao Zichen, Li Chunfan, and Zhang Yijing, the author argues that external influences from ideologies – such as nationalism – alone are insufficient to explain the differences among them. Looking closely at what Zhao, Li, and Zhang wrote about the Anti-Christian Movement, it is argued that their inner commitments should be included when accounting for their differences.
Constructed Identities and Potent Imaginaries
Authors: Ng (吴海辉) David H. F.
Published: December 2022

This paper offers a missiological reflection on the construction of Mainland Chinese ethnic and racial identity. Through a survey of scholarly literature on both the ethnic classification project in Mainland China and “yellow” as a racial designator in Western imagination, this article demonstrates their fluid, constructed, and imagined nature in the context of power, inequality, and vulnerability. While these imposed constructions are contested and negotiated, they are also, to varying extents, shared and accepted. This article also argues that such constructed identities and imaginaries can powerfully shape our understanding and encounter with others in our increasingly diverse and interconnected world. For the Christian, Jesus’ humble, self-giving, sacrificial love and service should shape our identity and relationship with others in ways that transcend our inherited ethnic and racial identity constructions. As citizens of heaven, Christians – in both their attitudes and practices – should thus model an alternative to the ethnic and racial division and brokenness already evident in the church and the world.
Remaking the Church Catholic in Post-Maoist China
Authors: Chambon (陈立邦) Michel
Published: December 2022

After the political reforms that followed the death of Mao Zedong, Chinese Catholics were gradually allowed to reestablish their churches and resume public gatherings. Yet this opened serious challenges. After decades of persecution and isolation, which reshaped the ways Chinese Catholics worshipped and perceived themselves, they needed to redefine Chinese Catholicism. Is performing specific rituals in both Latin and a local dialect, at home and in secret, enough to be Catholic? Who holds the religious authority to effectively administer the sacraments? To what extent is a formal relationship with the Pope necessary to remain Catholic? This article explores how Chinese Catholics have searched for support from outside their family circles and the People’s Republic of China to answer their questions. This paper argues that in a rapidly changing politico-economic context marked by strict administrative control, Chinese Catholics have reestablished contacts with Global Catholicism through networking with missionary societies. More specifically, I look at collaborations which Chinese Catholics have established with the Paris Foreign Missions (MEP) to reassess the missiology of Chinese Catholicism. Discussing the evolving nature of these relationships after 1978, I show that the reconstruction of Catholicism in China has been a multilateral enterprise in which local Catholics have had to navigate political adversity, socio-cultural changes, and the Post-Vatican II reformation of worldwide Catholicism. In so doing, Chinese Catholics gradually moved outside of the intimacy of kinship groups and pre-defined rituals to engage actively with modernizing Chinese society and transforming world Catholicism.
“The Hatred in My Heart”: Challenges and Opportunities of Han Christian Identity in Engaging Uyghur Muslims
Authors: Copeland (郭麦克) Michael L.
Published: December 2022

As Han Christians continue to engage in Christian mission, understanding their interaction with Uyghur Muslims gives insights into growing barriers and future possibilities. Oral histories and relevant historical sources qualitatively explain the challenges and opportunities involved in Han Christian interaction with Uyghurs Muslims. The article assesses the historical and current backgrounds of both groups. Comparing self-reported identities and interactions reveal not just their distinctives but also opportunities for connection. Finally, this article discusses these specific opportunities, despite escalating tensions, for continued Han Christian engagement in Christian mission with Uyghurs, especially as it relates to sharing translated scripture.
Ruthless Critique of All That Exists and a Poetic-Political-Prayer
Authors: Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: December 2022

This article responds to Robert Tally, For a Ruthless Critique of All that Exists. It relates his ideas to practical and public theology. Tally bemoans the negative attitude towards critical theory within the humanities. This tendency, away from theory towards surface reading of contexts, phenomena, and texts, is something that the theological disciplines in practical and public theology also need to take cognisance of, but it is also clearly visible in the public debate. I specifically focus on public and practical theology as these are the disciplines that directly engage with contemporary public discourses. Surface reading of texts and contexts might be the only option left if one understands the world as a capitalist world without any alternatives, or a universe of technical images, and yet in this article, I will seek to argue with Tally that there is more, namely that which calls these texts forth.
Religion and Environment
Authors: Öhlmann Philipp , Swart Ignatius
Published: December 2022

Achieving ecologically sustainable societies necessitates fundamental social and cultural transformations. Religion has the potential to foster the required paradigm shifts in mindsets, behaviour and policy. Moreover, in many religious communities there is increasing engagement with questions of environment, climate change and ecological sustainability. This has led to an increasing corpus of literature engaging with the nexus between religion, environment, development and sustainability. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of recent ecological trends in religious traditions as well as the literature on religion and sustainable development and on religion and ecology. While an ecological turn is evident in many religious communities and has been well documented in the literature, it emerges that more research is necessary on the way that this phenomenon manifests in environmental action at individual and institutional levels.
Displaying Archaeology and Circulating Knowledge
Authors: Coltofean-Arizancu Laura
Published: December 2022

This article explores the role of archaeological exhibitions organized at international archaeological congresses in the circulation of scientific knowledge in the nineteenth century. It does so through the case study of the exhibition organized at the 8th Congrès international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques (CIAAP; International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology) which was held in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest, Hungary, in 1876. The article discusses the exhibition’s curation and impact by analyzing key publications, newspaper articles, and archival documents. It examines the exhibitors’ backgrounds, along with the selection and arrangement of the displayed objects. It also highlights the exhibition’s press coverage and the discussions it generated among the international and domestic participants. The article concludes that the exhibition contributed to creating international scholarly networks, multi- and pluridisciplinary collaborations, as well as international visibility and public support for prehistoric archaeology in Hungary.
Archaeology, Archival Practices and National Identities in the Iconographic Repertoire of Spain (1915–1929)
Authors: Mallart Lucila
Published: December 2022

Archaeology was central to the research and public policies of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya, an administrative commonwealth that led Catalonia between 1914 and 1923. While some aspects of this connection, such as the interplay between archaeology and Catalan nationalism and the contribution of the archaeologist Pere Bosch Gimpera are well known, other key developments of the period remain largely unstudied. This is the case of the Iconographic Repertoire of Spain, an archive set up in 1915 by the architects and art historians Josep Puig i Cadafalch and Jeroni Martorell with the purpose of visually documenting Spain’s art history. This article fills this gap by exploring the political and epistemological significance of archaeological research and of archaeological “photo-objects” in the making of the Repertoire. In particular, it discusses the role of Iberian culture within the Repertoire; the setting up of a nation-wide archive from a peripheral location such as Barcelona; and the connection of the Repertoire to the utopia of the “total photo archive”.
Objects of Inquiry
Authors: Pizzato Fedra A.
Published: December 2022

Contrary to other forms of heritage (i.e., art collections), archaeology is based on allegedly objective data and is, therefore, particularly suitable to support ideological narratives on the past. Its scientific nature, combined with the proximity between its subject, material findings, and the cultural heritage of certain groups, entails that its history is key to understanding the interactions between science and its public. From an historical analysis that highlights the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, participation and narration of heritage, we can move on to reconstruct a critical approach to museums, collections, and cultural heritage in the society of the present and the future and re-imagine the role of history of science in this complex process.
Between the History of the Earth and the History of Men
Authors: Pizzato Fedra A.
Published: December 2022

This article aims at deconstructing the transdisciplinary circulation of knowledge between scientists and society in Liberal Italy. More specifically, I discuss the diffusion of human prehistoric studies in the first decades after the Unification of Italy (1861) and the important role thereby played by mountaineering. Particular attention will be paid to the following issues: 1) the mediating role played by geologists in the process of spreading knowledge about prehistoric archeology; 2) the impact of this interdisciplinary link between prehistoric archeology and geology in the creation of the interchange between archeologists and society.
Meaning-Making in an Imperial and Papal Context
Authors: Verhoeven Mariëtte
Published: December 2022

From a diachronic perspective, and considering both textual and visual evidence, this article traces the relic cult of SS Gregory Nazianzen and John Chrysostom. It focuses on two historical contexts, hitherto not compared with each other, in which both the relics and the architectural frame in which they were placed acquired significant additional meaning and value: tenth-century Constantinople and sixteenth- century Rome. I will show how Emperor Constantine VII, in the Holy Apostles, and Pope Gregory XIII, in St. Peter’s, used the same relics as an instrument in a process of meaning-making, thereby asserting their own authority and prestige.
Who Shaped the Dutch Liturgy?
Authors: de Jong Klaas-Willem
Published: December 2022

About 125 years ago, the question of whether a synod established the handed-down classical Reformed Liturgy, and if so, which one, was hotly debated. The answer to this question was important in determining which text should be considered authoritative in the church. It is now clear that the answer has only limited relevance. On the one hand, the text of the Liturgy has certainly been handed down in a broadly correct manner. On the other hand, there is a large number of variations, most of which, however, are of minor importance. The influence of church assemblies on all this is only one factor. This article, therefore, chooses to ask what factors influenced the shape of the Liturgy as it developed in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. It names six factors in addition to the (both provincial and national) synods, namely the government, some prominent pastors, local church councils, printers, buyers’ tastes, and local practice.
The Making of the Dutch Form for Adult Baptism
Authors: Moehn Wim
Published: December 2022

The Liturgy of the Dutch Reformed Church came about in several steps from Petrus Dathenus’s 1566 edition of the Psalms to the National Synod of Dordt (1618–1619). During the Post-Acta sessions of Dordt in 1619, it was finally decided to draw up a form for baptism of adults (“de bejaerde”), in addition to the already existing form for infant baptism. This essay shows that the church in the Netherlands could not fall back on texts that were already in use elsewhere in Europe. Both the provincial synods of North- and South-Holland and that of Zeeland provided material that was incorporated into the new form, which gradually replaced the so-called “Corte ondersoeckinge” in the years after the Synod of Dordt.
Dynamics in Reformed Liturgy
Authors: de Jong Klaas-Willem
Published: December 2022

This article introduces five contributions written by participants in the project “The Dynamics of the Classical Reformed Liturgy in the Netherlands: its Texts and their History.” After an overview of research on the Classical Reformed Liturgy in the past 125 years, this introduction offers an overview of the research taking place as part of this project. It gives a brief description of each of the articles and lists the main results. To reach further depth, research on liturgical practice appears to be especially important. Points of attention for follow-up are the relationship to other traditions (Mennonite, Lutheran, Walloon, Remonstrant) and the impact of the Dutch Reformed Liturgy abroad.
Emergence and Structuring of the Clean Energy Regime Complex
Authors: Chelminski Kathryn , Andonova Liliana B. , Sun Yixian
Published: December 2022

While many have observed a regime complex for global clean energy governance, research has not yet accorded sufficient attention to the interplay of multiple streams of politics that have led to the structuring of overlapping governance initiatives and, ultimately, the articulation of a set of norms that hold this regime complex together. To understand these dynamics, this article argues that with the visibly increased agency of transnational actors and international organizations, four mechanisms together are likely to shape regime complexity: divergent state preferences, the agency of transnational actors, practices of intergovernmental organizations, and interorganizational recognition and normative legitimation. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of policy documents and interviews, and a social network analysis, it studies global clean energy governance from 1980 to 2014 to illuminate these dynamics. The findings suggest that the combination of these four mechanisms can explain the evolution from a nonregime to a loosely coupled governance system for clean energy.
Comparative Perspectives on Zimbabwe and South Africa’s Social Policy Response to covid-19
Authors: Chipenda Clement
Published: December 2022

Zimbabwe and South Africa have been burdened by the challenges of poverty and inequality, a consequence of their historical legacy and post-colonial developmental challenges. To counter these, the development and adoption of progressive social policies has been witnessed. In 2020, the social policy architecture of both countries was put to the test by the covid-19 pandemic. What has been the social policy response to covid-19 by the two countries and how effective has it been? This is the major question which this article addresses, utilising the transformative social policy framework as a conceptual and heuristic tool to undertake a comparative analysis of social policy responses to covid-19. It shows that responses crystallised around cash transfers, food mitigation and health interventions. Although timely, these interventions proved inadequate in addressing the welfare needs of citizens. The article highlights the limitations of the current social policy paradigm in mitigating covid-19-induced shocks and reducing vulnerability.
Malawi’s Post-Independence Foreign Policy and Its Influence on Development Options
Authors: Chasukwa Michael , Kayuni Happy , Msiska Yapikachi
Published: December 2022

This paper analyses the causes, processes and systemic factors that have been central to Malawi’s post-independence foreign policy and its implications for national development policy options between 1964 and 1993. The paper argues that Malawi’s post-independence foreign policy and development direction were mainly adopted in reaction to the failure of Kamuzu Banda (the first president of Malawi) to win international support (at an Organisation of African Unity summit) for his quest to interact economically with more countries. From a historical institutionalist perspective, it can be argued that this rejection “carved out” a future foreign policy direction that was deliberately meant to “rebel” against the Organisation of African Unity’s prescriptions. Subsequent development policies (for instance, maintaining ties with Israel and the apartheid South African regime) were actually more of an aftermath of this “carved-out” foreign policy direction. In other words, foreign policy dictated the development policy options. The findings are drawn from available documentary sources (new and old) and a review of existing literature. Through a re-examination of the existing evidence in the context of historical institutionalism, it provokes and recasts a new and fascinating debate on Malawi’s post-independence foreign policy architecture.
Prescribing Constitutional Interpretation for Postponing the 2020 National Election: The covid-19 Complicatedness in Federalist Ethiopia
Authors: Gutema Solomon Emiru
Published: December 2022

The covid-19 pandemic has become a global health, economic, social and political problem since January 2020. Like other countries, Ethiopia has been seriously threatened by the effects of the pandemic. Among the impacts, the Ethiopian government was forced to declare a state of emergency and thereby postpone the 2020 national election. The ruling party (the Prosperity Party) came up with four options for postponing the election, namely: dissolving the parliament, a constitutional amendment, a declaration of state of emergency and constitutional interpretation. The parliament eventually approved the fourth option, constitutional interpretation. Consequently, the objective of this article is to assess the constitutionality of the four mechanisms considered by the ruling government to postpone the national election, putting emphasis on constitutional interpretation. The article hence evaluates the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the action taken by the Ethiopian government in postponing the 2020 election by assessing all of the alternatives, with a particular emphasis on the constitutional interpretation option which the government eventually pursued.
The Convoluted Experiences of Young Nigerian Victims of Trafficking along Their Migration Trajectories
Authors: Adeyinka Sarah
Published: December 2022

This dissertation comprises two studies: the European Research Council-funded ChildMove Project, which studied the impact of transit experiences on the psychological wellbeing of unaccompanied refugee minors, and the Sub-Saharan Women In Prostitution Ethnographic Research (swipser) Project on the wellbeing of Nigerian and Ghanaian women working in prostitution in the red-light district of Brussels, funded by the municipality of Schaerbeek, Brussels. The ChildMove Project has various aspects: the present study focused on the complex experiences of Nigerian victims of trafficking in Italy. To better understand respondents’ experiences during their migration trajectories, we employed a multi-site, longitudinal approach which included semi-structured interviews with the participants. Using a multi-method ethnographic approach, the swipser Project highlights the experiences of Nigerian and Ghanaian women working in the red-light district of Brussels: their daily challenges and how those challenges impact their wellbeing. Both studies discuss the challenges, violent experiences and stigmatisation that the respondents encounter, as well as their coping strategies and their inability to escape the labelling and abuse that they experience, even though the migration journey has ended for many but continues for others.
The Effect of Household Energy Use on Residential Indoor Air Pollution in South East Nigeria
Authors: Agbo Kevin Emeka
Published: December 2022

The lack of data on the concentrations, sources and dynamics of pollutants makes management of household air quality ineffective. This PhD thesis focused on identifying pollutant sources and understanding the factors influencing indoor concentration levels and exposure in the home. A survey of 1698 urban and 287 rural homes and two one-week measurement campaigns showed that solid fuels, including charcoal, firewood and sawdust, are used in 95% of rural and 50% of urban homes for cooking. Kerosene lanterns and power generators provide lighting in 51% and 85% of urban and 72% and 43% of rural households, respectively, In addition, 78% of urban and 50% of rural families use mosquito repellants. The indoor no2, so2 and total volatile organic compound (tvoc) levels are 12–366 μg/m3, 3–21 μg/m3 and 26–841 μg/m3 in urban homes and 10–722 μg/m3, 3–101 μg/m3 and 2–673 μg/m3 in rural homes, indicating a potential health risk. The data will enable policy direction for effective air-quality management in Nigeria.
(Un)certainty After Return
Authors: Wanki Presca
Published: December 2022

Migration in Cameroon is often linked to specific expectations towards migrants, particularly with regard to sharing accumulated resources. To understand how differences in post-return experiences are created, this study, which is a summary of a PhD research project on the post-return experiences of Cameroonian migrants, takes a holistic approach by considering the socio-cultural, economic and political characteristics of the Cameroonian context. These factors were examined at four levels: (1) the expectations of the local community towards returned migrants; (2) family perspectives towards return; (3) tactics in navigating the socio-cultural, economic and political uncertainties after return; and (4) the formal support structures available for returnees. In addition to increasing scientific knowledge, this study leads to clear recommendations for policy and practice.
The Estonian Tradition of International Law
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri
Published: December 2022

This article introduces the Baltic Yearbook of International Law volume on the Estonian tradition of international law. It interprets the comparative and translational role of the Estonian tradition of international law as a Western borderland physically close to Russia, and thematises this argument through historical examples going back several centuries. Topics discussed include the role of historical figures such as Olaus Hermelin, the 19th century legal positivists in international law, and the founders of the German Ostrecht tradition. The article also examines key Estonian positions in international law such as the role of international law in the UN, international law in cyber conflicts and other issues. One of the conclusions is that international law is an existentially important matter for small States such as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Non-legally Binding Agreements in International Relations: An Estonian Perspective
Authors: Mändveer Martin
Published: December 2022

Legally non-binding international agreements branded as soft law generally receive little respect and are only rarely studied, yet they are becoming ever more common in international relations, stepping on the toes of the international treaty system. Estonia too is concluding memorandums of understanding (MoUs) more and more often and this Chapter gives an overview of its national views and practice. Estonian national legislation sets few limits to legally non-binding agreements, creating a flexible alternative for conducting diplomacy, and MoUs are beneficial especially for establishing contacts and setting out general areas of cooperation. However, procedural complexity seems to be only a small part of the reason why MoUs are often preferred to treaties – more often it is the lack of a legally binding nature itself that is appealing for the participants and such agreements are deemed binding by other means. A lot of effort goes into keeping MoUs clearly legally non-binding, using specific wording and specific terminology to distinguish them from treaties. Yet despite this distinction, MoUs can still affect the international treaty system by way of related interpretation and gradual development of state behaviour and customary international law. MoUs should therefore be drafted with thorough care and quality, in close cooperation with legal experts. A concept so heavily used with considerable effects should be studied and discussed rather than ostracized as simply not being part of the well-known treaty system under international law.
Understanding and Effects of EU Directives
Authors: Ginter Carri , Schasmin Piret
Published: December 2022

General principles of law, treaties, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, regulations, directives, framework decisions and other sources of EU law have their distinctive nature, which is reflected in their effects on legal relationships. This article focuses on the interrelationship between national and EU law, primarily focusing on the various impacts of directives and framework decisions. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has clarified that directives may, in certain situations, have both a vertical direct effect and, in some limited cases, also a de facto incidental horizontal direct effect on a legal relationship. In addition, directives can have a decisive role in interpreting national law. These tools to deal with national and EU law inconsistencies are analysed in detail. The chapter aims to establish a comprehensive understanding of the topic and add the Estonian perspective by providing an insight into the practice of the Estonian courts, which has so far not been available to English- speaking legal scholars.
Chinese Approach to International Law with Regard to Cyberspace Governance and Cyber Operation: From the Perspective of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence
Authors: Zhu Lixin , Chen Wei
Published: December 2022

Since sovereign States under international law are still the dominant force in coping with cyberspace threats and carrying out international governance of cyberspace, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, initiated by China, have their unique advantages in cyberspace application. In the process of constructing international norms of cyber security and cyber operation, it is necessary to develop their new significance. Firstly, cyberspace sovereignty is the extension of State sovereignty in cyberspace, so cyber sovereignty should be mutually respected. Secondly, each State should promise not to infringe, attack or destroy the cyberspace of another State, while each State bears the responsibility and enjoys the right to protect its cyberspace from threat, interference and destruction. Thirdly, cyberspace should not be utilised to interfere in the internal affairs or destabilise the political, economic and social order of other States, and the diversities of cyberspace policies in different States should be respected. Fourthly, all States should fulfil their duty on international cyberspace governance and enjoy cyber fruits together, thus enabling a democratic and transparent governance mechanism to be established. Lastly, cyberspace should be a peaceful, secure and open space, in which China is dedicated to strengthening cooperation with other countries, maintaining cyber security together, and building a shared future for humankind.
Integrating, Reconciling, and Prioritising Climate Aspirations in Investor-State Arbitration for a Sustainable Future: The Role of Different Players
Authors: Sharma Mala
Published: December 2022

There is a pervasive sense of tension between investor-State arbitration (ISA) and international climate change law. Both fields use different rationalities and evolved through completely different treaty systems. The tensions between the regimes are evident in the practice of ISA tribunals that hardly engage in analyses of States’ climate obligations. To mitigate this, this article proposes that climate aspirations must be integrated at various levels of the ISA regime by different players and at various stages. While States can contribute to this by drafting investment treaties better; arbitrators can reconcile the tensions by using pro-climate interpretative mechanisms; arbitration institutes can formulate procedural rules embedding third party participation and allowing counterclaims in ISA. Counsels and disputing parties can adopt best practices in managing arbitrations in a sustainable way, use climate and net zero aligned clauses and empower the arbitration tribunal to interpret and modify applicable law to align it to climate objectives.
Together Alone – the Lord’s Supper Between Ritual And Ritualisation
Authors: Rønkilde Jette Bendixen , Johansen Kirstine Helboe
Published: December 2022

Drawing on empirical data from a study of Sunday Services in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark (elcd) and using a theoretical framework from ritual theory, this article analyses and interprets regular churchgoers’ participation in the Lord´s Supper. The empirical material consists of participant observations combined with focus group workshops. The article puts forward the argument that participants experience the Lord´s Supper as a ritual in the Sunday Services that enables and embodies an intensified space in which they come to terms with the other churchgoers, themselves and God. The article thoroughly explores how the Lord´s Supper as a ritual seems to consist of different parts or movements marked by collective and individual practices that significantly affect the churchgoers’ ways of participating in and experiencing the Eucharist. It thus reveals that insights from ritual theory can provide an opportunity to rethink the theological and ritual dynamic of worship and in particular the Lord’s Supper.
Dialogic Drawing: A Method for Researching Abstract Phenomenon in Early Childhood
Authors: Ruscoe Amelia
Published: December 2022

This article explores the theoretical, ethical, and practical opportunities and constraints considered in the methodological design and use of Dialogic Drawing, a participatory method for accessing qualitative data with young children. The method was designed to gather data about abstract phenomena from young children, as part of a larger study investigating the impact of discursive affordances in the first year of compulsory school in Western Australia. Methodological findings are reported from the application of Dialogic Drawing with 28 five-year-old children from diverse school-based semiotic landscapes in the Perth metropolitan area in Western Australia. Three strands of analysis are described and critiqued: drawn product, drawing process, and approach to drawing. Thematic analysis of drawn visual schema, dialog and embodied behaviours highlights the potential reach of Dialogic Drawing for interdisciplinary research significant to early childhood. The participating children revealed they perceive drawing as the child’s domain, endorsing Dialogic Drawing as a relevant and accessible method with capacity to gain untapped information significant to qualitative researchers seeking to elicit the authentic perspectives of children.
Resisting World Literature
Authors: Végső Roland
Published: December 2022

This article examines the historical tensions between the theoretical definitions of “world literature” and the institutionalization of world literature programs in the context of early Cold War literary criticism in the United States. It uses the works of René Wellek, Austin Warren, and Lionel Trilling to establish that this type of criticism resisted the rise of world literature based on the theoretical claim that world literature does not exist as a legitimate object of literary analysis. In its conclusion, the article turns to Gayatri Spivak’s critique of world literature to demonstrate that the resistance to world literature is part of the ongoing history of Weltliteratur well beyond the Cold War.
Hidden Journey from Australia to the Second World
Authors: Moore Nicole
Published: December 2022

This article concentrates a query as to the facility of current transnationalism in coming to grips with Cold War culture as a world phenomenon bound by both time and space. On the one hand we confront its forceful synchronicities, inspiring but also requiring aesthetic congruities across substantial, sometimes hitherto unrelated portions of the world, and, on the other, its calculated silencings and censorship, enforcing asynchrony and differentiated cultural production, readerships and aesthetic formations on polarised political ground. Exploring little-traced, transverse literary connections between postcolonial Australia and the metropolitan Second World, this paper foregrounds the dissident practices of mid-century poetry, centring the work of settler Australian communist poet Dorothy Hewett. Can such transverse valency help us displace the moribund bipolar model of the cultural Cold War, in favour of a more worldly poetics of disruption, able to speak to the as-yet unrealised utopic horizons that propelled the conflict?
The Cold War, Multilingualism, and the Epistemology of Participation in Primo Levi’s The Truce
Authors: Molnár Gábor Tamás
Published: December 2022

This paper focuses on multilingualism and intercultural communication in Primo Levi’s autobiographical narrative The Truce (1963), in the framework of a non-universalist view of world literature and the concept of “significant geographies.” The interpretation aims to discover how the historical moment of pre-Cold War armistice is related to transnational movements, the experience of displacement, and intercultural or interlinguistic encounters. Reading several key scenes and passages, I claim that the narrator’s strategies convey a participatory anthropological approach to the understanding of foreignness, which is also evidenced by a subtle and multilayered irony. Some of Primo Levi’s other fiction and nonfiction is used to frame this discussion of The Truce.
Arabic in Hindustan: Comparative Poetics in the Eighteenth Century and Azad Bilgrami’s The Coral Rosary
Authors: Gupta Vivek
Published: December 2022

This article examines the contributions of Ghulām ʿAlī “Āzād” Bilgrāmī (1704–1786) to our understanding of comparative poetics and Arabic in eighteenth-century Hindustan. It attends to Azad’s oeuvre through the lenses of translation, multilingualism, and literary science. Philological analysis reveals how Azad establishes analogues across these three literary languages that attest to the adaptive capacity of poetics. His sections on Hindi poetry in his Arabic work Subḥat al-marjān fī āthār Hindūstān (The Coral Rosary of Hindustan’s Traditions, 1763–64), and its later adaptation into Persian Ghizlān al-Hind (The Gazelles of India, 1764–65) anchor this study. The essay also establishes a Hindi inspiration for Azad’s Arabic poem Mir‘āt al-Jamāl (The Mirror of Beauty, 1773). By probing the intertextualities within and beyond Azad’s corpus, this study demonstrates how Arabic literary production in Hindustan benefits from a comparative method that accounts for a multilingual milieu. It thus considers the contributions of precolonial Hindi and Persian literatures to a reading of Arabic in Hindustan.
Islamic Revivalism and Millennial Movements in the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of Aḥmad Sirhindī (1564–1624 CE)
Authors: Malik Jamal
Published: December 2022

A wave of eschatological ideologies and movements emerged in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries across Europe and the Muslim world alike. With their messianic expectations and soteriological promises of deliverance from the apocalypse, they were sometimes introduced by rulers to legitimize and sustain their sovereignty, or conversely, by others as emancipative counter-ideologies to challenge the status quo. It is in such a context that the present paper revisits an example of the latter, the mystical thought of the highly influential and controversial figure of Aḥmad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624), the “Reformer of the Second Millenium.” By re-reading his Persian letters, maktūbāt, in the light of such a setting, I argue that his mysticism evinces a distinctively modern character, particularly by empowering the individual, the common believer. His is an historiographical project which seeks, at the turn of the second Islamic millennium, to correct a drastic decline that began immediately after the time of the Prophet Muḥammad. Sirhindī propounds a highly unconventional prophetology wherein it is possible for the common believer to strengthen the Prophet and indeed, even to partake in his prophetic mission. This mystic of Sirhind emphasizes God’s transcendence over His immanence, and the descent portion of the mystical journey over the ascent, that is, realizing man’s utter servanthood and returning to the world. In so doing, Sirhindī replaces otherworldly mystical piety with a mysticism that has considerable socio-political import, one in which the self- determined individual is endowed with substantial abilities and responsibilities. It is perhaps this self-empowering nature of Sirhindī’s message that, inter alia, facilitated the rapid spread of his teachings and that continues to preserve their relevance for and resonance among Muslims across the globe today.
Separazione tra stato e religione: le proposte di riforma di ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kawākibī tra utopia e concretezza
Authors: De Angelis Francesco
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with the ideas and opinions of the Syrian reformer ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kawākibī, one of the pioneers of the Arab Renaissance in the 19th century, and one of the founders of Arab nationalist thought. He expressed his ideas and reformistic proposals in two books Umm al-qurā and Ṭabāʾiʿ al-istibdād wa maṣāriʿ al-istʿbād. Both al-Kawākibī’s works are very peculiar ones. In Umm al-qurā al-Kawākibī imagines a gathering of all Arab and Muslim political leaders trying to find solutions to solve social and political problems affecting the Umma. In Ṭabāʾiʿ al-istibdād al-Kawākibī not only shows how bad could be a despotic power, but he also tries to mobilize the entire society and its collective conscience, suggesting strategies and methods to get rid by the despot.

This article tries on one hand to highlight the realistic and concrete dimension of the Syrian intellectual’s proposals, and on the other hand to show the limits of those ideas through a detailed analysis of the above-mentioned books.
The Authority of icj Advisory Opinions as Precedents: The Mauritius/Maldives Case
Authors: Lanzoni Niccolò
Published: December 2022

The role played by precedents in international law is usually addressed with regard to their bearing on other judicial decisions and their contribution to the development of international law. Recently, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (“itlos”) has offered a novel interpretation of the legal effects of the International Court of Justice’s (“icj”) advisory opinions as precedents. In Mauritius/Maldives, the itlos rejected two of the Maldives’ preliminary objections – based on the existence of a dispute between Mauritius and the United Kingdom over the sovereignty of the Chagos Islands – , arguing that the 2019 icj advisory opinion on the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius had resolved the dispute in favour of the latter. In light of the itlos’s decision, the present contribution is aimed to provide some reflections on the authority of icj advisory opinions as precedents and on their legal effects in international law.
A Role for Precedent in the Determination of the Standard of Review Applicable by Investment Arbitral Tribunals? A Case Study of ect-based Energy Disputes Against Spain
Authors: Zugliani Niccolò
Published: December 2022

The present article enquires whether arbitral “precedent” plays any part in the identification of the applicable standard of review by arbitral tribunals. It does so by surveying a selected sample of arbitral awards that displayed a remarkable degree of uniformity and that might have encouraged arbitral tribunals to resort to previous case law when applying a specific standard of review. This sample consists of regulatory disputes initiated against Spain for alleged violations of the fair and equitable standard provided by Article 10(1) of the Energy Charter Treaty. The article initially gives an account of the relevance of the standard of review doctrine and of the role of precedent in international investment arbitration. It then moves to investigate the possibility that previous case law has served as the legal basis for determining the appropriate standard of review in the regulatory disputes against Spain. Based on the analysis of the Spanish cases, the article finally elaborates on the role of precedent in the identification of the applicable standard of review in general terms.