bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Towards Civil Service of Pakistan: A Perception Survey
Authors: Faheem Jehangir Khan  , Mr. Musleh Ud Din
Published: August 2018

The Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) is generally regarded as a prestigious occupation offering numerous perks and benefits along with administrative power and high social status. Each year, thousands of applicants compete for a prized job in the civil service and only a fraction eventually makes it.1 Yet in recent years there has been a growing perception that the civil service might be losing its allure for at least three reasons. First, the salary structure of the civil service has not kept pace with the cost of living making it difficult for civil servants to maintain a decent living standard. Second, there has been a growing competition from the private sector which has created a variety of professional jobs in manufacturing and services sectors offering handsome salaries and other fringe benefits. Third, the civil service has faced mounting criticism in recent years for its inefficiency, and for its failure to modernise; and this may have spread a negative image among the potential entrants.2 It is important to note that the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) also laments the waning interest of highly qualified students in the civil service. 3 Against this backdrop, a survey was conducted to explore the students’ attitudes towards the civil service of Pakistan.4 This study reports some key findings of that survey. Section 2 provides some stylised facts about participants in the CSS examination based on secondary data. Section 3 spells out the survey methodology and highlights the key characteristics of the respondents. Section 4 examines students’ occupation choice in terms of a comparison between public and private sectors. Section 5 highlights student’s level of awareness about various aspects of the competitive examination while Section 6 explores students’ attitudes towards the civil service.5 Some key findings of the survey are summarised in the concluding section.
China’s Economic Growth, Global Economic Crisis and China’s Policy Responses (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Yu Yongding
Published: August 2018

As a result of opening and reform, China has maintained an annual average growth rate of 9.8 percent for nearly three decades. China’s growth is based on high savings and high investment. Its export promotion policy has also played a very important role in promoting economic growth. However, as a result of China’s growth pattern characterised by investmentdriven and export promotion, the Chinese economy also has been suffering from serious structural imbalances. Its high and ever-rising investment rate has created overheat and overcapacity in tandem. Its high dependency on external market makes its economy vulnerable to external shocks. The global financial crisis has hit the economy seriously and exposed the structural weakness of the economy. The dramatic fall of external demand led to dramatic slowdown of the economy. The Chinese government responded to the slowdown of the economy swiftly and forcefully. A four trillion Renmibi stimulus package and expansionary monetary policy have successfully stabilised the economy. However, the stimulate policy has worsened structural problems. China’s structure problems include high external dependency, high investment rate, deterioration of environment, widening income gap between different social group and between rural and urban areas, insufficiency in the provision of social goods and so on. Due to its strong fiscal position, there should be no problem with China to achieve a growth rate of 8 percent. At the same time, the Chinese government should be able to tackle its structural problems successfully so as to ensure the sustainability of China’s economic growth. JEL classification: G01, E44, E65 Keywords: Growth, Global Financial Crisis, Stimulus Package, Structural Adjustment
The Demands of Inclusive Growth: Lessons from South Asia (The Mahbub Ul Haq Memorial Lecture)
Authors: S. R. Osmani
Published: August 2018

It is always a pleasure for me to participate in these annual meetings. The knowledge and the talent displayed are immense. The quality of discussion is high. I had never thought however that I would have the honor of delivering the Aalama Iqbal lecture. To prepare for this lecture I read extensively from Iqbal’s poetry. Of course I read in translation, but even so I was overwhelmed by the beauty of the ideas and the expression. My search for an apt couplet or set of lines for this paper was in vain. Iqbal was speaking to his people and although he was expansive in his view of society, it is still not meant for me to carry the word of Iqbal to you. Nevertheless I do display at the beginning of this paper three lines from Iqbal. He is clear on the importance of doing for oneself and for ones country. At least in the modern world ones efforts are so much more productive if government provides a favourable environment for individual effort. And he would embrace the brotherhood of mankind, leaving some potential for us to help each other. He was very clear that learning from the West was desirable, and he was very selective about that—science and technology in particular. My paper is about what government must do, and specifically the government of Pakistan must do, to create an environment in which not just a few gather dew but in which all people gather dew. As soon as ones concern encompasses the bulk of the population food security comes to the fore. My paper can be seen as addressing how all rural people can gather the dew. It has a prominent place for science and technology.
William J. Baumol, Robert E. Litan and Carl J. Schramm. Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. 321 pp.
Authors: Naseem Akhter
Published: August 2018

The central idea of the book is that Capitalism has many forms—some good, others bad, with entrepreneurial capital being the best. The authors argue that the spectacular economic performance of the developed world is owed to the ‘good capitalism’ practised over there and that the blame for the poor performance of many economies must lie with one or the other kind of ‘bad capitalism’, that these economies continue to practise. The authors identify policy tools that can help countries in making a transition from ‘bad capitalism’ to ‘good capitalism’. The introductory chapter ‘Entrepreneurship and Growth’ gives an overview of the key elements of an entrepreneurial economy. In the next chapter, the authors question ‘Why Economic Growth Matters’ and convincingly rebuff those who question the virtues of growth. To those who put limits on growth the authors’ answer is: “the same process of technological advancement that undermined Malthus’ dire prediction about population growth may be able to quiet the concerns of modern day Malthusians who worry about disappearing energy”. Chapter 3 conducts a comprehensive review of modern growth theories with special focus on innovation and institutions. After reviewing the work of Solow, the authors move directly to the influence of institutions on growth. They argue that institutions take time to develop and that growth depends on ‘home grown’ institutions. The long time required to develop growth promoting institutions may explain why dictators have been successful in Korea and Singapore in boosting growth, while the time horizon of the politician is shorter, at best extended up to the next elections. The authors’ emphasis upon ‘home grown’ institution is also a verdict against the Washington Consensus.
Skills, Competitiveness and Productivity
Authors: Muhammad Khan  , Fozia Aftab Kiani  , Afsheen Ashraf
Published: August 2018

This study reviews selected indicators on skills and productivity for the period 2000-2008 using labour force survey data. The review of the labour market demonstrates the need of enhancement of skills as well as improved access to skills and education which are necessary to enter a virtuous circle of higher productivity, employment, incomes growth, and development. Without a workforce that is continuously acquiring new and improved skills, it will be difficult for Pakistan to be competitive in the globalising world. The analysis clearly emphasises the need for reforms in the technical and vocational education and training system. Keywords: Skills, Productivity, Labour Market, Competitiveness
Pakistan’s Higher Education System—What went Wrong and How to Fix it.
Authors: Pervez Hoodbhoy
Published: August 2018

None of Pakistan’s 50+ public universities comes even close to being a university in the real sense of the word. Compared to universities in India and Iran, the quality of both teaching and research is far poorer. Most university “teaching” amounts to a mere dictation of notes which the teacher had copied down when he was a student in the same department, examinations are tests of memory, student indiscipline is rampant, and a large number of teachers commit academic fraud without ever getting punished. In some universities the actual number of teaching days in a year adds up to less than half the officially required number. Some campuses are run by gangs of hoodlums and harbour known criminals, while others have had Rangers with machine guns on continuous patrol for years on end. Common wisdom has always been that increased funding can solve all, or at least most, of the systemic problems that bedevil higher education in Pakistan. But Pakistan offers an instructive counterexample: a many-fold increase in university funding from 2002-2008 resulted in, at best, only marginal improvements in a few parts of the higher education sector. This violation of “commonsense” points to the need for some fresh thinking. The analysis of Pakistan’s higher education system divides naturally into three parts: consideration of the necessary background; understanding the meaning of university quality in the Pakistani context; and exploring the space of solutions.
Inter-Governmental Funds Flows in Pakistan: Are they Reducing Poverty?
Authors: Qazi Masood Ahmed  , Akhtar Lodhi
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to see whether any link can be found between the inter-governmental fiscal transfers and the deprivation index in the districts of Pakistan. The data for the study was collected from 98 districts of four provinces of Pakistan for the year 2003 and 2007. The results of the study shows the transfers have reduced deprivation across the board but unable to solve disparity issue. In fact the results show the extreme inequality (ratio of maximum to minimum) has increased over time but average disparity (coefficient of variation) gives mixed results. Keywords: Fiscal Federalism, Horizontal Inequity, Vertical Inequity, Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer.
Inequality and Welfare by Food Expenditure Components.
Authors: Rashida Haq  , Nabeela Arshid
Published: August 2018

This paper examines inequality and welfare in food consumption expenditure in Pakistan. The indices are derived on the basis of Sen’s welfare function by employing HIES, 2005-06. The empirical results show that inequality and welfare varied widely in urban and rural areas. It can be seen that the concentration index of non essential/luxury food components are unevenly distributed over the total expenditure in favour of rich families. The price elasticity of welfare indicates that rising prices of food components have negative effect on the aggregate welfare. The present analysis provides a basis for determining the magnitude of inequality and welfare that can help in designing appropriate policies. JEL classification: D12, D13, D31, I31 Keywords: Food Consumption, Inequality, Welfare, Elasticity
Efficiency Dynamics of Sugar Industry of Pakistan.
Authors: Abdul Raheman Haq  , Talat Afza
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is the 15th largest producer of sugar in the world, 5th largest in terms of area under sugar cultivation and 60th in yield. The sugar industry is the 2nd largest agro based industry which comprises of 81 sugar mills. With this scenario, Pakistan has to import sugar which exposes it to the effects of shortage and rising prices in the world. The present sugar crisis has opened up new avenues for researcher to analyse the performance and efficiency of the firms in this sector. Total factor productivity plays a significant role in measuring the performance of a firm which ultimately affects the shareholder’s value. This paper analyses the performance of sugar firms in Pakistan and estimate/calculate the Malmquist total factor productivity growth indices using non-parametric approach. TFP growth is further decomposed into technical, scale and managerial efficiency change using balanced panel data of 20 sugar firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for the period 1998 to 2007. The results reflect a tormenting picture for the sugar industry. Overall sugar industry improved technological progress by 0.8 percent while managerial efficiency change put a negative effect on the productivity by a same percentage; as a result the overall total factor productivity during 1998-2007 remained almost static with a decline of 0.1 percent. The analysis of TFP and its sources in individual year for overall sugar industry also presents divergent trend. The research suggests that sugar industry is facing serious productivity growth problems where no increase is recorded in total factor productivity during 1998 to 2007. The sugar industry is lacking in terms of managerial efficiency which could be explained by a general reduction in the quality of managerial decision-making among the best practice firms. Regardless of the reason for this decline, it has potentially serious implications for the longer-term financial viability of these sugar firms. The pattern of TFP growth tends to be driven more by technical change (or technical progress) rather than improvements in technical efficiency.
Government Expenditure and Tax Revenue, Causality and Cointegration: The Experience of Pakistan (1972-2007).
Authors: Zinaz Aisha  , Samina Khatoon
Published: August 2018

This paper establishes empirically the causal relationship and long run relationship between government expenditures and government revenues for the case of Pakistan from 1972 to 2007. Fiscal policy, a short run issue, but that can have testing macro economic consequences. Fiscal policy is viewed as an instrument to mitigate short run fluctuations. In this paper we examine tax/spend or spend/tax hypothesis. For this purpose, bi-directional Granger causality will be applied for instance flow from government expenditure to revenue or revenue to government expenditure. This issue has been concerned with intretemporal relationship between revenue and expenditure, so to check long run relationship Engel Granger cointegration will be used. For checking data stationary, non stationary unit root, and ADF/DF approaches give the proof for this hypothesis. The results show the presence of co-integration between government expenditure and tax revenue variables implying evidence of a stable long-run relationship between them. The Granger Causality test suggest the unidirectional causality flow from government expenditure to tax revenue. Keywords: Government Expenditures, Government Revenues, Granger Causality, Stationary, Co-integration
Synthesis and Characterization of Pure and Rare-Earth Metal Gd Doped SnO2-CuO Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Prakash L. , Tirupathi C.
Published: August 2018

Pure and rare-earth metal Gd doped SnO2-CuO nanoparticles were successfully prepared from the starting materials SnCl2, CuCl2 and doping element gadolinium nitrate. Pure and Gd doped SnO2-CuO were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis, SEM, EDX and dielectric studies. The XRD analysis reveals that the rare-earth metal Gd dopants were substituted into rutile SnO2-CuO nanoparticles. Pure SnO2-CuO nanoparticles have an average crystallite size of 15 nm and rare-earth metal Gd doped SnO2-CuO nanoparticles have 18 nm. The average crystallite size of the sample increases when dopant was used and XRD peak intensity also increases when compared to pure SnO2-CuO nanoparticles. The optical absorption measurements exposed the nanometric size of the materials influences the energy band gap. Optical band gap was found to be 5.08 eV for pure SnO2-CuO nanoparticles and 5.14 eV for Gd doped SnO2-CuO nanoparticles. Surface morphology of pure and Gd doped SnO2-CuO nanoparticles annealed at 400 °C shows that most of the particles are rod shaped and hence it may have better sensitivity. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease with increasing frequency at 100 °C and 200 °C. Doped samples show larger dielectric properties than pure SnO2-CuO nanoparticles.
Praxeology and Space Syntax:
Authors: Paranaiba Adriano
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to identify the Praxeology as a method for studies that aim to bring solutions to urban mobility. In these sense, the present article seeks to connect Praxeology with the Theory of Space Syntax. For the Theory of Space Syntax understands urban spaces as a product of human interactions, and these are treated by the individual logic of their interests, and human dynamics within urban areas that may differ from what was originally planned.
The Effect Of Word Search Puzzle Game In Teaching Vocabulary To The First Gradestudents Of SMPN 3 Proppo
Authors: Al-Furqon Achmad Syarofi
Published: August 2018

This study tries to answer a reseach question: Is there any significant effect of Word Search Puzzle Game in teaching vocabulary to the first grade students of SMPN 3 Proppo.          The population is all of students at the first grade of SMPN 3 Proppo. The sample is also the first grade student, and there were 29 students of the class. This research uses quantitative approach, while the research design used pre-experimental. The instruments were test and documentation, while test is used to measure students vocabulary. The result of this research is there was significance effect of Word Search Puzzle Game in teaching vocabulary to the first grade student of SMPN 3 Proppo because the t-calculated was higher than t-critical in significance alpha 5% The score of t-calculated in this research was 2,05 and the score of t-critical was 10.865 in level significance 5% with degree of freedom 28  ( 10.865>2,05  ). From these results, it is suggested to the English teachers to use an appropriate technique in teaching English especially in teaching vocabulary, in this case using Word Search Puzzle Game since Word Search Puzzle Game was gave positive effect in teaching vocabulary. It is also expected for further researchers to continue this research on the other vocabulary items.
Pairwork Activity Of The Development On Students’ Writing Paragraph Ability At SMA Al Amien Bugih Pamekasan
Authors: Mukammilah Sitti
Published: August 2018

Writing is the one of the important ways to learn English language that involves students’ ideas of  the written text. One of the ways to write all students’ ideas are used their ability by using pair work activity. The problem in this research is whether Is there any significant effect of using pair work activity on students’ writing paragraph at the tenth grade of SMA Al Amien Bugih Pamekasan. In this study, the population is all of the students at the tenth grade of SMA Al Amien Bugih Pamekasan. While, research instruments which are used are test, observation,  and documentation. The result showed that the effect is very significant. Theoretical statement above is supported by the result of research. It prove with t-value is higher than t-table either in 5%, or 1% (5% = 2.04 < 8.01) or (1% = 2.75 < 8.01). df 40, t-value is higher than t-table either in 5% , or 1% ( 5% = 2.03 < 8.01) or ( 1% = 2.72 < 8.01).
Forbidden arithmetic progressions in permutations of subsets of the integers
Authors: Geneson Jesse
Published: August 2018

Permutations of the positive integers avoiding arithmetic progressions of length $5$ were constructed in (Davis et al, 1977), implying the existence of permutations of the integers avoiding arithmetic progressions of length $7$. We construct a permutation of the integers avoiding arithmetic progressions of length $6$. We also prove a lower bound of $\frac{1}{2}$ on the lower density of subsets of positive integers that can be permuted to avoid arithmetic progressions of length $4$, sharpening the lower bound of $\frac{1}{3}$ from (LeSaulnier and Vijay, 2011). In addition, we generalize several results about forbidden arithmetic progressions to construct permutations avoiding generalized arithmetic progressions.
Improved Chebyshev inequality: new probability bounds with known supremum of PDF
Authors: Nishiyama Tomohiro
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we derive new probability bounds for Chebyshev's inequality if the supremum of the probability density function is known.This result holds for one-dimensional or multivariate continuous probability distributions with finite mean and variance (covariance matrix).We also show that the similar result holds for specific discrete probability distributions.
Models of Language Evolution
Authors: O'Grady Cathleen , Smith Kenny
Published: August 2018

Models of Language Evolution reviews the models that provide evidence for the role of cultural evolution in the emergence of linguistic structure. This chapter discusses the levels of linguistic structure, and why the emergence of structure in language is a central question for evolutionary linguistics. It reviews the computational and experimental models which demonstrate that pressures operating during language learning and language use can give rise to the appearance of design in language, through the repeated cycle of learning and use that characterise language transmission. Finally, it discusses how learning biases at the individual level lead to the presence of typological universals: systematic patterns in how the world’s languages tend to be structured.
A brief new measure of trauma, relationship security, and affect across the lifespan: Development and initial validation of the Lifespan Negative Experiences Scale (LiNES)
Authors: Mayberry Emily , Reuber Markus , Waller Glenn , Levita Liat
Published: August 2018

Background. Negative experiences across the lifespan – particularly interpersonal trauma (e.g., abuse/neglect), negative affective states (e.g., feeling afraid or anxious), and relationship insecurity (e.g., not feeling secure) have been associated with a range of adverse physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. However, negative previous life experiences are not always assessed when people present to services, particularly physical health services, and there are problems with existing measures, which are long and intrusive, and only ask about either current or childhood experiences without capturing other factors likely to affect resilience. Methods. Based on existing research, items were generated for a new measure called the Lifespan Negative Experiences Scale (LiNES), which was designed to retrospectively assess experiences of interpersonal trauma, relationship security, and affect at three developmental stages – childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Principal components analysis and regression were used to refine and validate the LiNES using data from a non-clinical sample. Results. The final version of the LiNES contains 13 items, optionally used to ask about three developmental stages. It was found to be reliable and valid. In addition, LiNES scores at each developmental stage significantly predicted both physical symptom reporting and emotional processing difficulties in adulthood. Conclusions. The LiNES is a brief new measure of negative life experiences capable of retrospectively capturing data from three developmental stages. This study provides an initial indication, based on non-clinical data, that the LiNES could be relevant in a range of settings, including physical and mental health settings, and for future research applications.
The rat medial frontal cortex controls pace, but not breakpoint, in a progressive ratio licking task
Authors: Swanson T. Kyra , Goldbach Hannah , Laubach Mark
Published: August 2018

The medial frontal cortex (MFC) is crucial for selecting actions and evaluating their outcomes. Outcome monitoring may be triggered by the rostral part of MFC, which contains neurons that are modulated by reward consumption and is necessary for the expression of relative reward value. Here, we examined if the MFC further has a role in the control of instrumental licking. We used a progressive ratio licking task in which rats had to make increasing numbers of licks to receive liquid sucrose rewards. We determined what measures of progressive ratio performance are sensitive to value by testing rats with rewards containing 0-16% sucrose. We found some measures (e.g. breakpoint, number of licking bouts) were sensitive to sucrose concentration and others (e.g. response rate, duration of licking bouts) were not. Then, we examined the effects of reversibly inactivating rostral (medial orbital) and caudal (prelimbic) parts of the MFC. We were surprised to find that inactivation had no effects on measures associated with value (e.g. breakpoint). Instead, inactivation altered behavioral measures associated with the pace of task performance (response rate and time to break). These effects depended on where inactivations were made. Response rates increased and the time to break decreased when the caudal prelimbic area was inactivated. By contrast, response rates decreased and the time to break increased when the rostral medial orbital cortex was inactivated. Our findings suggest that the medial frontal cortex has a role in maintaining task engagement, but not in the motivational control of action, in the progressive ratio licking task.
Putting Popper to Work
Authors: Derksen Maarten
Published: August 2018

It is a feature of the reform movement that is sweeping through psychology at the moment that it is explicitly inspired by philosophy of science, the work of Karl Popper in particular. Whereas sociologists of science like Mulkay & Gilbert concluded that the actual practice of science does not follow the rules of Popper's philosophy of science, the current reforms are intended to create practices that do just that. In this article I describe how Popper is put to work and the resistance these reforms have encountered. I argue that direct replication in particular has been a productively disruptive research strategy, and speculate that it may turn out to be more disruptive than either the reformers or their critics will be comfortable with.
Parent Instrumentality for Adolescent Eating and Activity
Authors: Orehek Edward , Ferrer Rebecca
Published: August 2018

Background: Parent-adolescent interactions have health implications for adolescents. Parents can be instrumental to healthy eating by purchasing fruits and vegetables or refraining from purchasing hedonic (low nutrient, high energy-dense) foods. Parents can be instrumental to healthy activity by modeling exercise behavior or discouraging sedentary activities. Purpose: This research leverages theory on goal pursuit within relationships to investigate whether parents are instrumental to adolescent’s eating and activity. Methods: Using a national sample of 1556 parent-adolescent dyads, we conducted dyadic analyses to examine whether parent instrumentality (both parent-perceived and adolescent-perceived) for healthy behaviors was associated with adolescent engagement in those behaviors. We examined whether the link between parent instrumentality and adolescent BMI was mediated by parent instrumentality. We also explored whether parent instrumentality was associated with parent behaviors and parent BMI. Results: Greater adolescent-perceived parent instrumentality was associated with greater fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, and lower sedentariness. Parent-perceived parent instrumentality was associated with greater adolescent fruit and vegetable consumption, less hedonic eating, and more activity. Mediation modeling suggests that adolescent BMI is partially attributable to parent instrumentality for activity. Instrumental parents also engage in healthier behaviors, some of which in turn are associated with lower parent BMI. Conclusions: Findings have implications for the promotion of healthy eating and activity patterns among adolescents. Parental instrumentality for behavior may be an important target for interventions to improve adolescent health, and interventions may be most successful in facilitating adolescent behavior change if they target both parent- and adolescent-perceived parent instrumentality.
Dodgy Scholars: Resisting the Neoliberal Academy
Authors: Buchanan Blu , Patel Kush
Published: August 2018

This dialogue uses Fred Moten and Stefano Harney's writings on the "undercommons" as a launching point to discuss our experiences with navigating the neoliberal university. From within our respective institutional contexts, we explore what it means to be a "dodgy scholar," one who maintains just enough credibility within the system to subvert its purposes and boundaries. We raise questions, for ourselves and for our readers, seeking to engage with public scholarship in an era of precarity. We ask: How are we claiming the politics and experiences of hybrid spaces for ourselves? How does care-based organizing challenge the neoliberal university? How do we draw connections between our academic life experiences and the academy as a whole? And how might we reclaim and resist the cooptation of language and strategies built out of liberation movements by counter-publics? We conclude by asking how we, as a collective, may inform this engagement further.
Sequential development of human fetal pancreatic islets of langerhans cells: A histopathological study
Authors: Banerjee Smita Singh , Arole Vasanti
Published: August 2018

Background: Knowledge of normal development pattern of various endocrine cells of the human pancreas is of paramount importance, due to its implication during replacement therapies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Development related literature of fetal pancreas is scanty due to ethical and technical difficulties to obtain fetuses.Aims and Objectives:Present study was conducted on 49 fetuses from gestational weeks 10 to 40 to obtain the sequential appearance and arrangement of islets of langerhans cells of pancreas.Material and Methods: Forty nine fetuses were collected in formal saline immediately after abortion, medical termination of pregnancy or premature delivery. The fetal pancreas was processed for paraffin blocks. Sections were taken and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin as well as Gomori’s modified Aldehyde Fuchsin stain and observed under light microscope.Results: Islets were initially a small number of cells with Alpha cells, which were seen at 10th week of gestation. Beta cells were identified in the islets of fetuses around 16 weeks of gestation. Delta cells were observed from 17 weeks onwards and islets appeared as a group from the beginning of 19th week.Conclusion: In the present study we observed a sequential development of Alpha, Beta and Delta cells and subsequent grouping of the islets. The exact gestational time of appearance of above islet cells and their encapsulation can add to the existing knowledge data base for successful transplant of pancreas in patients of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(5) 2018 67-72
Study of unstable fracture of Distal Tibia and its outcome managed with Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO)
Authors: Onta Pratyenta Raj , Ranjeet Niraj , Wahegaonkar Krishna , Sapkota Krishna , Thapa Pabin , Thapa Upendra Jung
Published: August 2018

Background: Distal tibia fracture is one of the difficult fractures to manage. There are many treatment options from conservative management to operative management. Each treatment methods have its advantages and disadvantages. Minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) in distal tibia fracture has better outcome due to the advantages of minimal soft tissue dissection, preservation of periosteum and fracture hematoma. There is indirect reduction of fracture with correction of axial and rotation malalingement.Aims and Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the functional and clinical outcome of distal tibia fracture treated with distal tibia anatomical contoured plate by MIPO technique.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study that included 56 patients of which 37 were males. 31 patients had right sided distal tibia fracture. The most common mechanisms of injuries were road traffic accidents and fall injury. There was 6 cases of type I open fracture and 3 cases of type II open fracture. The patients were followed up at2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 month and 12 months’ time.Result: The mean age of the patients was 45.89 years. The mean time for partial and full weight bearing was 7.29 weeks and 14.29 weeks respectively. Radiological union was seen at 17.75 weeks. There was no case of nonunion or delayed union. The most common complication was ankle stiffness (5/56). Conclusion: MIPO is a good treatment option for unstable distal tibia fracture because of minimal soft tissue dissection and preservation of periosteum and fracture hematoma.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(5) 2018 73-76
Genetic causes of reproductive problems in the Bosnian women population
Authors: Mackic-Djurovic Mirela , Rukavina Dunja , Ahmetas Lejla
Published: August 2018

Background: The causes of infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortions are diverse and numerous – including non-genetic and genetic factors – whereby the importance of genetic factors in pathogenesis of infertility is becoming more and more common. Chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects can cause reproduction failures, and for this reason genetic analysis can play an important role in reproductive problems research.Aims and Objective: This study aims to determine the type and frequency of chromosomalaberrations in the female population sample, as well as to determine if the difference between groups with and without chromosomal aberrations was statistically significant.Materials and Methods: One hundred women aged 15-46 were included in the study, allhaving different reproductive disorder diagnoses and requiring karyotype analysis in the Sarajevo Medical Faculty Genetic Center. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on the peripheral blood, which was cultured for four days, using GTG banding forchromosomalanalysis.Results: Out of 100 women included in the study, an abnormal karyotype was found in 16 of them (16%). The difference between the frequency of normal and abnormal karyotype in women with reproductive problems identified in this study was found to be statistically significant. The pattern of chromosomal aberrations was similar to that reported in the previous cytogenetic studies with similar inclusion criteria.Conclusion: This fact should be taken in the consideration in order to estimate true etiology of reproductive problems and it is a valuable information in the process of genetic counseling and decision making in assisted reproductive technology.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(5) 2018 12-16
Türkçe Eğitiminde Karikatür Kullanımı ve Eğitsel Değeri
Authors: GÖÇER Ali , AKGÜL Okan
Published: August 2018

ÖZ: Dil eğitiminde verimliliği belirleyen önemli
unsurlardan biri de eğitim ortamı tasarımı ve bu çerçevede materyal
kullanımıdır. Bu çalışmada Türkçe Öğretiminde işlevsel değere sahip olan ancak
gerektiği kadar yararlanılmayan ‘karikatür’ ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada ilk
olarak eğitim ortamlarında pedagojik bir materyal olarak karikatürün
özellikleri, türleri ve eğitimde kullanılmasının önemi üzerinde durulmakta ve
literatürde karikatürle ilgili ulaşılabilen çalışmalara değinilmektedir. Ayrıca
Türkçe Öğretimi Programında karikatüre yer verilme durumu üzerinde de
durulmaktadır. Çalışma sonunda ise karikatürün Türkçe eğitimi metin işleme
sürecini çeşitlendirmede pedagojik bir materyal olarak kullanılabilirliğini
örneklemek amacıyla karikatür çalışmalarını içeren ders işleyiş etkinliğine yer
verilmiştir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Türkçe eğitimi, dil becerileri, metin işleme süreci tasarımı, materyal
kullanımı, karikatür.
INTEGRATION MECHANISMS IN COMMODITY MARKETS: CONCEPTUAL ESSENCE AND PRACTICAL ACTION
Authors: Lysiuk V.M. , Nikishyna O.V. , Zarudna O.P.
Published: August 2018

In article the authors developed theoretical positions of economic integration in market aspect, proposed use of category �market integration� to study modern integration processes in commodity markets. According to the authors, market integration is not only united of business entities but also their functions and commodity flows on the stages of logistics chain. There are two types of market integration � internal and external, is shown its impact on expansion the commodity and geographic boundaries of strategic markets. Market integration has target landmark, it reveals the purpose and objects of integration, which, in its turn, forms the basis to select effective forms and integration mechanisms. Author's definition of category �integration� is proposed, namely: the process of combining elements system into a single whole and mechanism of their interaction through the formation of stable ties between the elements, which is focused on balanced development of systems on micro, meso- and macro levels. Substantiated conceptual essence of category �integration mechanisms� on based the synthesis of process and meaningful approaches. The author's vision of category �integration mechanism� is as follows: ways of interaction of business entities, oriented towards the formation of stable ties between them and efficient use of resources of process (material, financial, labor). Target orientation of a particular integration mechanism determined by the management centers (economic entities, state, international organizations, etc.). The authors defined types of integration mechanisms and structures functioning in sectors of commodity markets. On the example of strategic agricultural markets shown spontaneity and ungovernability of modern integration processes. Proposed the concept of �step by step� as the basis for forming an active integration policy of state in a market context.
Optimal duration of postoperative helmet therapy following endoscopic strip craniectomy for sagittal craniosynostosis
Authors: Iyer Rajiv R. , Ye Xiaobu , Jin Qiuyu , Lu Yao , Liyanage Luckmini , Ahn Edward S.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVE

Many infants with sagittal craniosynostosis undergo effective surgical correction with endoscopic strip craniectomy (ESC) and postoperative helmet therapy (PHT). While PHT is essential to achieving optimal cosmesis following ESC, there has been little comprehensive analysis of the ideal PHT duration needed to attain this goal.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of infants undergoing ESC and PHT for sagittal synostosis at our institution between 2008 and 2015. Data collected included age at surgery, follow-up duration, and PHT duration. Cephalic index (CI) was evaluated preoperatively (CIpre), at its peak level (CImax), at termination of helmet therapy (CIoff), and at last follow-up (CIfinal). A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine factors influencing CIfinal.

RESULTS

Thirty-one patients (27 male, 4 female) were treated in the studied time period. The median age at surgery was 2.7 months (range 1.6 to 3.2) and the median duration of PHT was 10.4 months (range 8.4 to 14.4). The mean CImax was 0.83 (SD 0.01), which was attained an average of 8.4 months (SD 1.2) following PHT initiation. At last follow-up, there was an average retraction of CIfinal among all patients to 0.78 (SD 0.01). Longer helmet duration after achieving CImax did not correlate with higher CIfinal values. While CImax was a significant predictor of CIfinal, neither age at surgery nor CIpre were found to be predictive of final outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing ESC and PHT for sagittal synostosis reach a peak CI around 7 to 9 months after surgery. PHT beyond CImax does not improve final anthropometric outcomes. CIfinal is significantly dependent on CImax, but not on age, nor CIpre. These results imply that helmet removal at CImax may be appropriate for ESC patients, while helmeting beyond the peak does not change final outcome.
Die Entwicklung der Brutvögel in der Waldbrandfläche bei Leuk
Authors: Rey Livio , Jacot Alain
Published: August 2018

Temporal changes of the breeding bird community in the burnt forest of Leuk

Wildfires and windstorms are dynamic processes that can heavily impact habitats and alter their species compositions. Especially species of open and semi-open habitats can benefit from such disturbances, among them several bird species. In this study, we investigated the species-specific changes of the breeding bird community in the burnt forest of Leuk between 2006 and 2016, starting three years after the wildfire of 2003. Several species increased or decreased significantly in abundance after the fire event. A few species showed a complex reaction, where territory numbers increased after the fire, reaching a maximum after a few years and subsequently decreased. Interestingly, many of these bird species (e.g., Eurasian Wryneck, Common Redstart) are threatened and are priority species for conservation action. They may have benefitted from the first, open successional stages with a high proportion of bare ground, but are expected to decrease in abundance with the ongoing densification of the vegetation layers. Our study demonstrates that a large-scale forest fire can promote threatened bird species of open and semi-open habitats also in temperate regions. To what extent forestry measures, grazing or controlled fires can imitate the positive effects of wildfires is an open question and should be part of future research in the combined fields of forestry and conservation biology.
Eğitimde Yeni Yönelimlerin Değerlendirilmesi ve Eğitim 4.0
Authors: Öztemel Ercan
Published: August 2018

Dördüncü Endüstriyel devrim olarak adlandırılan ve kısaca
“Endüstri 4.0” olarak bilinen teknolojik gelişimler insan hayatı üzerinde
önemli değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Yaşamın her alanında yeni sistemler,
yaklaşım tarzları, yönetim sistemleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Toplumların, önceleri
tarım toplumundan endüstri toplumuna oradan enformasyon toplumuna oradan da
bilgi toplumuna evrilmesi sadece imalat sistemlerinde değil aynı zamanda
eğitim, sağlık, çevre gibi hizmet üretiminin kaçınılmaz olduğu alanlarda da
kendisini göstermektedir. Literatürde sağlık 4.0, çevre 4.0, su 4.0, lojistik
4.0, eğitim 4.0 gibi kavramlara rastlamak mümkündür. Bu çalışmada özellikle
eğitim 4.0 kavramı irdelenecek ve bilinen eğitim sistemlerinde olası
değişimlere dikkatler çekilecektir. Eğitim 4.0 ile bilinen eğitim sistemleri
teknolojik gelişmeler ile bütünleştirilmesi ve inovasyon ağırlıklı bir yapıya
bürünmektedir. Eğitim 4.0 sisteminin bileşenleri açıklanarak bu kapsamda
sistemsel dönüşümün nasıl gerçekleştirileceğine yönelik bilgiler verilecektir.
Evaluation of passively induced shoulder stretch reflex using an isokinetic dynamometer in male overhead athletes
Authors: Heinke Lars N. , Knicker Axel J. , Albracht Kirsten
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND:

Muscle stretch reflexes are widely considered to beneficially influence joint stability and power generation in the lower limbs. While in the upper limbs and especially in the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint such evidence is lacking.

OBJECTIVE:

To quantify the electromyographical response in the muscles crossing the shoulder of specifically trained overhead athletes to an anterior perturbation force.

METHODS:

Twenty healthy male participants performed six sets of different external shoulder rotation stretches on an isokinetic dynamometer over a range of amplitudes and muscle pre-activation moment levels. All stretches were applied with a dynamometer acceleration of 10,000[Formula: see text]/s[Formula: see text] and a velocity of 150[Formula: see text]/s. Electromyographical response was measured via sEMG.

RESULTS:

Consistent reflexes were not observed in all experimental conditions. The reflex latencies revealed a significant muscle main effect (F (2,228) [Formula: see text] 99.31, [Formula: see text] 0.001; [Formula: see text] 0.466; [Formula: see text] 0.934) and a pre-activation main effect (F (1,228) [Formula: see text] 142.21, [Formula: see text] 0.001; [Formula: see text] 0.384; [Formula: see text] 1.418). The stretch reflex amplitude yielded a significant pre-activation main effect (F (1,222) [Formula: see text] 470.373, [Formula: see text] 0.001; [Formula: see text] 0.679; [Formula: see text] 1.454).

CONCLUSION:

Short latency muscle reflexes showed a tendency to an anterior to posterior muscle recruitment whereby the main internal rotator muscles of the shoulder revealed the most consistent results.
O drama da doença: Tragédia e Medicina na Construção das Dramatis Personae platônicas.
Authors: Cornelli Gabriele , Matsui Sussumo
Published: August 2018

A doença é um evento transcultural, pelo fato que ela interfere nos rumos da cultura, bem como na política, nas artes e na moral de um povo. Ela também foi, desde as origens do pensamento ocidental, um ponto de contato entre Tragédia, Medicina e Filosofia. Este artigo pretende acompanhar de perto as estratégias pelas quais Platão se apropriou de elementos da medicina e do teatro para construir suas dramatis personae enfermas, para em seguida procurar compreender um dos motivos de seu distanciamento da tragédia na República.