bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of learning orientation and global mindset on virtual team members’ willingness to cooperate in: The mediating role of self-efficacy
Authors: Tran Thi Bich Hanh , Oh Chang Hoon , Choi Suk Bong
Published: September 2015

This study investigates the effects of learning orientation and global mindset on virtual team member’s willingness to cooperate. It also explores the mediating role of self-efficacy in these relationships. To test the hypothesized relationships, the study used a sample of 224 employees from five global companies in South Korea. The results show that while global mindset is directly and positively related to virtual team members’ willingness to cooperate, learning orientation is not. Self-efficacy serves as a mediator in these relationships. The study concludes with a discussion of the theoretical contributions and managerial implications for improving virtual team members’ cooperative behavior.
Gravitational Waves from Neutron Stars: A Review
Authors: Lasky Paul D.
Published: September 2015

Neutron stars are excellent emitters of gravitational waves. Squeezing matter beyond nuclear densities invites exotic physical processes, many of which violently transfer large amounts of mass at relativistic velocities, disrupting spacetime and generating copious quantities of gravitational radiation. I review mechanisms for generating gravitational waves with neutron stars. This includes gravitational waves from radio and millisecond pulsars, magnetars, accreting systems, and newly born neutron stars, with mechanisms including magnetic and thermoelastic deformations, various stellar oscillation modes, and core superfluid turbulence. I also focus on what physics can be learnt from a gravitational wave detection, and where additional research is required to fully understand the dominant physical processes at play.
Records, Reasons and Rationality in Judicial Control of Administrative Power: England, the US and Australia
Authors: Cane Peter
Published: September 2015

This article analyses, from historical and comparative perspectives, three closely related concepts of administrative law – namely records, reasons and rationality. It finds that the concept of the ‘administrative record’ is far more significant in United States administrative law than in either English or Australian administrative law, and suggests why this might be so. The importance of the record in US law explains why it imposes stronger obligations on administrators to give reasons than does either English or Australian law. It also explains why terms such as ‘rationality’ and ‘reasonableness’ have significantly different meanings in US administrative law on the one hand, and English and Australian law on the other.
Being a Judge in the Modern World
Authors: Hallett Lady Justice
Published: September 2015

It is a pleasure and an honour to have been invited to give this year's Lionel Cohen lecture, especially looking at the cast list of my predecessors. It has been a particular pleasure for me to return to Israel after nearly 50 years and to bring my husband to visit the grave of his maternal grandfather, who died in 1917 on the Gaza Strip. This was before my mother-in-law was born so it was something of a poignant moment for my husband, and I am extremely grateful to those who made it possible.
Denying Humanitarian Access as an International Crime in Times of Non-International Armed Conflict: The Challenges to Prosecute and Some Proposals for the Future
Authors: Bartels Rogier
Published: September 2015

Impeding humanitarian access and the starving of civilians is prohibited under international humanitarian law in times of both international and non-international armed conflicts. Such conduct is criminalised under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) when committed during an international armed conflict. However, without good reason, it is not a war crime when committed during a non-international armed conflict. Contemporary conflicts, such as that in Syria, show that this is a problematic omission. This article addresses the challenges in prosecuting the denial of humanitarian access during international armed conflicts and examines the options to prosecute before the International Criminal Court such denial in times of non-international armed conflict as other war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The author concludes that these options would not suffice and proposes to add to the ICC Statute the starvation of the civilian population, including through impeding humanitarian access, as a war crime for non-international armed conflicts.
Survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in Norway
Authors: Ross J.L. , Ivanova E.S. , Hatteland B.A. , Brurberg M.B. , Haukeland S.
Published: September 2015

A survey of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs was conducted for the first time in Norway. A total of 611 terrestrial slugs were collected from 32 sample sites. Slugs were identified by means of morphological examination, dissection of genitalia and molecular analysis using mitochondrial DNA. Twelve slug species were identified, representing four different slug families. Internal nematodes were identiﬁed by means of morphological analysis and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Of the sample sites studied, 62.5% were found to be positive for nematode parasites, with 18.7% of all slugs discovered being infected. Five nematode species were identified in this study:Alloionema appendiculatum,Agfa flexilis,Angiostoma limacis,Angiostomasp. andPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.Of these species, only one nematode was previously undescribed (Angiostomasp.). This is the first record of the presence ofA. appendiculatum,A. flexilis andA. limacisin Norway.
Is there a relationship between premature hair greying and hearing impairment?
Authors: Ozbay I , Kahraman C , Kucur C , Namdar N D , Oghan F
Published: September 2015

Objective:

There is evidence for a strong correlation between low bone mineral density and hearing loss. Furthermore, premature hair greying has been associated with low bone mineral density. Hence, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the relationship between premature hair greying and hearing impairment.

Methods:

Fifty patients with premature hair greying (20 women and 30 men), aged under 40 years (mean, 30.1 ± 4.9 years), who had onset of hair greying in their twenties, were recruited, along with 45 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (17 women and 28 men; mean age, 28.7 ± 5.1 years). Each participant was tested with low frequency audiometry at 0.125 to 2 kHz, high frequency audiometry at 4 to 8 kHz, and extended high frequency audiometry at 9 to 20 kHz.

Results:

Hearing thresholds were similar at all frequencies from 0.25 to 4 kHz (p > 0.05); however, significant hearing loss was observed at all frequencies from 8 to 20 kHz in the premature hair greying group compared with the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Patients with premature hair greying had hearing impairment at extended high frequencies. Premature hair greying may be an important risk factor for hearing loss.
God's fishes: religion, culture and freshwater fish conservation in India
Authors: Gupta Nishikant , Kanagavel Arun , Dandekar Parineeta , Dahanukar Neelesh , Sivakumar Kuppusamy , Mathur Vinod B. , Raghavan Rajeev
Published: September 2015

Indigenous communities worldwide have long relied on their environment for survival. Religious and customary beliefs that foster community conservation have not only bound these communities to ecosystems but also assisted in the conservation of species. We provide an example of how religion fosters the conservation of freshwater fishes in India. Since ancient times rural communities in India have revered fish species as symbols of divine power, and offered them protection in pools associated with temples. Such voluntary, informal institutions and arrangements continue to help conserve several freshwater fish species that are otherwise subjected to anthropogenic pressure in open-access areas. However, religious beliefs in India are waning as a result of increased urbanization, modernization of societies and disintegration of rural communities, and the sustainability of existing temple and community fish sanctuaries is questionable. We discuss the role of temple sanctuaries as an informal conservation strategy for freshwater fishes, and discuss the knowledge and policy gaps that need to be addressed for ensuring their future.
The political economy of tax enforcement: a look at the Internal Revenue Service from 1978 to 2010
Authors: Bagchi Sutirtha
Published: September 2015

This article looks at whether political ideology matters for enforcement of the nation’s tax laws. An analysis of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) budget and personnel suggests that the party affiliation of the President makes no difference to the overall level of IRS resources. However, there are significant increases in the number of IRS employees devoted to criminal investigation and revenue collection under Democratic administrations. Audits of tax returns filed by corporations, individuals and estates are also significantly more likely under Democratic administrations. The body of evidence points in the direction that while Congress has a greater influence in determining the overall level of resources available to the IRS, the President has a more pronounced influence on the allocation of those resources.
DO DEMOCRACIES SPEND LESS ON THE MILITARY? SPAIN AS A LONG-TERM CASE STUDY (1876-2009)
Authors: Sabaté Oriol
Published: September 2015

This paper analyses the influence of political regimes on the level and economic composition of military expenditure in Spain over the long run. In contrast with the widely accepted negative relation between democracy and military spending, the paper suggests that democratic governments established in the late 1970s and early 1980s after Franco’s dictatorship had a positive influence on the military burden owing to the efforts to reorient the army towards international threats and to involve the armed forces with the newly democratic institutions. In addition, the analysis of military expenditure allows us to conclude that the international orientation of democratic military policies took place along with financial efforts to obtain a capital-intensive army to confront international military threats.
Crisis stability or general stability? Assessing Northeast Asia’s absence of war and prospects for liberal transition
Authors: Kun Choi Jong
Published: September 2015

Is the relative long peace of Northeast Asia a result of crisis stability or general stability? The article introduces two stability concepts – crisis and general stability. Crisis stability occurs when both sides in military crisis are secure due to military capability and are able to wait out a surprise attack fully confident of the ability to respond with a punishing counter attack. On the other hand, general stability prevails when two powers greatly prefer peace even to a victorious war whether crisis stability exist or not, simply because war has become inconceivable as a means of solving any political disagreements and conflicts. While crisis stability entails delicate balance of military power from the deterrence literature of security studies, general stability bases its logic of inquiry on constructivism where the idea of war aversion – categorically rejecting war as a means to end conflicts – becomes the prevailing norm. Therefore, this article empirically examines how Northeast Asia has sustained its peace through crisis stability and presents a new trend toward general stability
Legal Pluralism and the English East India Company in the Straits of Malacca during the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: September 2015

During the early nineteenth century, the English East India Company (EIC) was in a state of transition in Penang, an island in the Straits of Malacca off the coast of the Malay Peninsula. Although the EIC had established strong ties with merchants based in Penang, they had failed to convince the EIC government in Bengal to invest them with more legal powers. As a result, they could not firmly extend formal jurisdiction over the region. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London) that officially cemented EIC legal authority over the Straits of Malacca, was not signed until 1824, bringing the three Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore under EIC rule officially in 1826. Prior to that, the EIC imposed their ideas of legitimacy on the region via other means, mainly through the co-optation of local individuals of all origins who were identified as politically and economically influential, by granting them EIC military protection, and ease of sailing under English flags. Because co-opted influential individuals could still be a threat to EIC authority in the region, EIC company officials eradicated competing loci of authority by discrediting them in courtroom trials in which they were treated as private individuals. All clients in EIC courts including royal personages in the region were treated like colonial subjects subject to English Common Law. By focusing on a series of trials involving a prominent merchant named Syed Hussain Aideed from 1816 to 1821, this article traces how EIC legal authority became pervasive at the eastern end of the Indian Ocean by the early nineteenth century without actual territorial conquest.
Southern Politics Revisited: On V. O. Key's “South in the House”
Authors: Bateman David A. , Katznelson Ira , Lapinski John
Published: September 2015

V. O. Key's Southern Politics in State and Nation continues to be a central text in political science, the single most important work in understanding the role of the South in American politics. This article returns to, replicates, and seeks to advance Key's analysis of southern politics in Congress, reanalyzing and extending his account of southern strategies and actions in the House of Representatives. Where Key's text was characterized by an episodic attention to issue substance, we focus directly on how southern representation varied across discrete issue areas. We generate temporally fine-grained issue-specific ideal points for members of Congress that allow us to determine how congressional preferences changed across time, generating a more refined portrait of the process by which southern Democratic members diverged from their northern counterparts. We also thicken and extend Key's account along regional and temporal dimensions, assessing how his findings change when we employ a legal-institutional definition of the South, and include the whole period from the beginning of the New Deal to the close of the Truman administration. The article concludes by detailing the significance of our finding to the study of American politics, particularly American political development.
How to Use the Experience Machine
Authors: LIN EDEN
Published: September 2015

The experience machine was traditionally thought to refute hedonism about welfare. In recent years, however, the tide has turned: many philosophers have argued not merely that the experience machine doesn't rule out hedonism, but that it doesn't count against it at all. I argue for a moderate position between those two extremes: although the experience machine doesn't decisively rule out hedonism, it provides us with some reason to reject it. I also argue for a particular way of using the experience machine to argue against hedonism – one that appeals directly to intuitions about the welfare values of experientially identical lives rather than to claims about what we value or claims about whether we would, or should, plug into the machine. The two issues are connected: the conviction that the experience machine leaves hedonism unscathed is partly due to neglect of the best way to use the experience machine.
Multiple independent reduction or loss of antifreeze trait in low Antarctic and sub-Antarctic notothenioid fishes
Authors: Miya Tshoanelo , Gon Ofer , Mwale Monica , Cheng C.-H. Christina
Published: September 2015

Antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) in Antarctic notothenioids presumably evolved once at the base of the notothenioid radiation in the Southern Ocean. Some species closely related to the endemic Antarctic notothenioids occur in non-freezing sub-Antarctic waters where antifreeze protection is unnecessary. We examined the antifreeze trait (phenotype and genotype) of these sub-Antarctic species to help infer their evolutionary history and origin. The status of the AFGP genotype (AFGP coding sequences in DNA) and/or phenotype (serum thermal hysteresis) varies widely, from being undetectable in Dissostichus eleginoides and Patagonotothen species from the Falkland Islands, minimal in Marion Island Paranotothenia magellanica and Lepidonotothen squamifrons from the South Sandwich and Bouvet islands, to considerable genotype in the Falkland Islands Champsocephalus esox and Marion Island Harpagifer georgianus. All low Antarctic notothenioid species examined show substantial AFGP trait. Mapping of the AFGP trait status onto ND2 phylogenetic trees of a large sampling of notothenioids revealed that AFGP trait reduction or loss occurred at least three independent times in different lineages.
Why is the last Thick-billed MurreUria lomviacolony in central West Greenland heading for extinction?
Authors: MERKEL FLEMMING , BOERTMANN DAVID , FALK KNUD , FREDERIKSEN MORTEN , JOHANSEN KASPER , LABANSEN AILI LAGE , LINNEBJERG JANNIE FRIES , MOSBECH ANDERS , SONNE CHRISTIAN
Published: September 2015

Ritenbenk/Innaq in Disko Bay is the only remaining Thick-billed Murre colony in central West Greenland. It has declined by 72% since 1980 and now (2012) holds c.1,100 breeding pairs. In 2005–2006 and 2011–2012, a number of studies were carried out in this colony to improve our understanding of the population decline and its causes. Hunting has previously been identified as a problem for the colony, but local breeding conditions have never been studied and the non-breeding distribution was known only from ringing. Our studies showed that breeding success was moderate to good in the Ritenbenk colony and apparently not limited by food availability. The impact of gull predation was more uncertain, but seemed limited in our study plot. In contrast, estimates of maximum sustainable harvest levels showed that hunting, including illegal activities, was and still is too high and probably can explain much of the population decline. It is puzzling though, that the steepest population decline was observed within the most recent decade when the harvest level was markedly reduced. This may indicate that something else besides hunting mortality affects the colony. The winter distribution of the Ritenbenk birds includes areas in the central North Atlantic, such as the waters around South Greenland, where conditions have been identified as potentially deteriorating due to pronounced oceanographic changes. The potential impact on the Ritenbenk colony, as well as other colonies in the North Atlantic, needs to be studied further.
What is the avifauna of Amazonian white-sand vegetation?
Authors: BORGES SÉRGIO HENRIQUE , CORNELIUS CINTIA , RIBAS CAMILA , ALMEIDA RICARDO , GUILHERME EDSON , ALEIXO ALEXANDRE , DANTAS SIDNEI , SANTOS MARCOS PÉRSIO DOS , MOREIRA MARCELO
Published: September 2015

White-sand vegetation (WSV) is a rare vegetation type in the Amazon basin that grows in nutrient impoverished sandy soils that occur as patches of variable size. Associated with this vegetation is bird assemblage that has not yet been fully characterized. Based on published species inventories and our own field data we compile a checklist of bird species recorded in WSV. In addition, we compared the avifauna of WSV with that found in savanna patches, another type of Amazonian open vegetation. WSV hosted a distinctive avifauna including endemic and threatened species. The number of bird species was lower in WSV compared to nearby terra firme forests, seasonally flooded forests and Amazonian savannas. Despite its low diversity, the avifauna of WSV has a distinctive species composition and makes a significant contribution to Amazonian beta diversity. At least 35 bird species can be considered as indicator species for this environment. Previously identified areas of endemism within the Amazon basin house at least one WSV indicator bird including cases of congeneric species with allopatric distributions. Seven of the WSV indicator species (20% of this avifauna) are in an IUCN threatened category, with one speciesPolioptila clementsiconsidered Critically Endangered. Their isolated distribution, small area occupied, and fragility to human-driven disturbances makes WSV one of the most threatened vegetation types in the Amazon basin. The study of WSV avifauna contributes to a better understanding of mechanisms that generate and maintain species diversity as well as of the environmental history of the most biologically diverse biome of the planet.
Role of Place in Explaining Racial Heterogeneity in Cognitive Outcomes among Older Adults
Authors: Liu Sze Yan , Glymour M. Maria , Zahodne Laura B. , Weiss Christopher , Manly Jennifer J.
Published: September 2015

Racially patterned disadvantage in Southern states, especially during the formative years of primary school, may contribute to enduring disparities in adult cognitive outcomes. Drawing on a lifecourse perspective, we examine whether state of school attendance affects cognitive outcomes in older adults and partially contributes to persistent racial disparities. Using data from older African American and white participants in the national Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the New York based Washington Heights Inwood Cognitive Aging Project (WHICAP), we estimated age-and gender-adjusted multilevel models with random effects for states predicting years of education and cognitive outcomes (e.g., memory and vocabulary). We summarized the proportion of variation in outcomes attributable to state of school attendance and compared the magnitude of racial disparities across states. Among WHICAP African Americans, state of school attendance accounted for 9% of the variance in years of schooling, 6% of memory, and 12% of language. Among HRS African Americans, state of school attendance accounted for 13% of the variance in years of schooling and also contributed to variance in cognitive function (7%), memory (2%), and vocabulary (12%). Random slope models indicated state-level African American and white disparities in every Census region, with the largest racial differences in the South. State of school attendance may contribute to racial disparities in cognitive outcomes among older Americans. Despite tremendous within-state heterogeneity, state of school attendance also accounted for some variability in cognitive outcomes. Racial disparities in older Americans may reflect historical patterns of segregation and differential access to resources such as education. (JINS, 2015, 21, 677–687)
Community forests, carbon sequestration and REDD+: evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Beyene Abebe D. , Bluffstone Randall , Mekonnen Alemu
Published: September 2015

REDD + is one of the tools under development to mitigate climate change, but it is not yet clear how to appropriately bring in the approximately 25 per cent of developing country forests that are managed by communities. Drawing on the economics of collective action literature, the authors attempt to shed light on whether forest collective action itself sequesters carbon. Using satellite imagery combined with household and community data from Ethiopia, they examine whether community forests (CFs) with high levels of collective action attributes known to be associated with better management have more carbon than other systems. Although these results should be considered indicative due to the nature of the data, the analysis suggests that in the absence of dedicated sequestration policies the quality of local-level collective action offers at best marginal carbon benefits. Specific incentives like REDD + may therefore play important roles in delivering climate change benefits from CFs in low-income countries.
COMPUTING MARKOV-PERFECT OPTIMAL POLICIES IN BUSINESS-CYCLE MODELS
Authors: Dennis Richard , Kirsanova Tatiana
Published: September 2015

Time inconsistency is an essential feature of many policy problems. This paper presents and compares three methods for computing Markov-perfect optimal policies in stochastic nonlinear business cycle models. The methods considered include value function iteration, generalized Euler equations, and parameterized shadow prices. In the context of a business cycle model in which a fiscal authority chooses government spending and income taxation optimally, although lacking the ability to commit, we show that the solutions obtained using value function iteration and generalized Euler equations are somewhat more accurate than that obtained using parameterized shadow prices. Among these three methods, we show that value function iteration can be applied easily, even to environments that include a risk-sensitive fiscal authority and/or inequality constraints on government spending. We show that the risk-sensitive fiscal authority lowers government spending and income taxation, reducing the disincentive to accumulate wealth that households face.
Association between breakfast consumption and educational outcomes in 9–11-year-old children
Authors: Littlecott Hannah J , Moore Graham F , Moore Laurence , Lyons Ronan A , Murphy Simon
Published: September 2015

Objective

Breakfast consumption has been consistently associated with health outcomes and cognitive functioning in schoolchildren. Evidence of direct links with educational outcomes remains equivocal. We aimed to examine the link between breakfast consumption in 9–11-year-old children and educational outcomes obtained 6–18 months later.

Design

Data on individual-level free school meal entitlement and educational outcomes (Statutory Assessment Tests (SATs) at Key Stage 2) were obtained via the SAIL databank and linked to earlier data collected on breakfast consumption. Multilevel modelling assessed associations between breakfast consumption and SATs.

Setting

Trial of the Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative in Wales.

Subjects

Year 5 and 6 students, n 3093 (baseline) and n 3055 (follow-up).

Results

Significant associations were found between all dietary behaviours and better performance in SATs, adjusted for gender and individual- and school-level free school meal entitlement (OR=1·95; CI 1·58, 2·40 for breakfast, OR=1·08; CI 1·04, 1·13 for healthy breakfast items). No association was observed between number of unhealthy breakfast items consumed and educational performance. Association of breakfast consumption with educational performance was stronger where the measure of breakfast consumption was more proximal to SATs tests (OR=2·02 measured 6 months prior to SATs, OR=1·61 measured 18 months prior).

Conclusions

Significant positive associations between self-reported breakfast consumption and educational outcomes were observed. Future research should aim to explore the mechanisms by which breakfast consumption and educational outcomes are linked, and understand how to promote breakfast consumption among schoolchildren. Communicating findings of educational benefits to schools may help to enhance buy-in to efforts to improve health behaviours of pupils.
The association between intimate partner domestic violence and the food security status of poor families in Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro-Silva Rita de Cássia , Fiaccone Rosemeire Leovigildo , Barreto Maurício Lima , Santana Mônica Leila Portela , Santos Sandra Maria Chaves dos , Conceição-Machado Maria Ester Pereira da , Aliaga Marie Agnès
Published: September 2015

Objective

To assess the association between physical intimate partner violence and household food security within households with schoolchildren.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Salvador, Bahia, north-eastern Brazil.

Subjects

The study was conducted in 1019 households with students. Violence between couples was evaluated using the Portuguese version of the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), previously adapted and validated for use in Brazil. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (BFIS) was used to identify food insecurity. We also obtained socio-economic information for each participant. We used multivariate Poisson regression to assess the associations of interest.

Results

According to the results of the BFIS, 62·5 % of the households were found to experience food insecurity, including 19·5 % moderate food insecurity and 6·5 % severe food insecurity. The prevalence of minor physical violence was 9·6 % (95 % CI 7·8, 11·4 %) and of severe physical violence was 4·7 % (95 % CI 3·4, 6·0 %) among the couples. In the final multivariate model, it was found that couples reporting minor (prevalence ratio=1·23; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·35) and severe (prevalence ratio=1·16; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·34) physical violence were more likely to be experiencing household food insecurity, compared with those not reporting physical violence.

Conclusions

Physical intimate partner violence was associated with food insecurity of households. The present study brings new data to the subject of the role of violence in the context of food insecurity.
A nutrient profiling assessment of packaged foods using two star-based front-of-pack labels
Authors: Carrad Amy M , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu , Yeatman Heather R , Dunford Elizabeth K , Neal Bruce C , Flood Victoria M
Published: September 2015

Objective

To compare two front-of-pack nutrition labelling systems for the assessment of packaged foods and drinks with Australian Dietary Guidelines.

Design

A cross-sectional nutrient profiling assessment. Food and drink products (n 20 225) were categorised into scoring levels using criteria for the Institute of Medicine (IOM) three-star system and the five-star Australian Health Star Rating (HSR). The effectiveness of these systems to categorise foods in accordance with Australian Dietary Guidelines was explored.

Setting

The study was conducted in Australia, using a comprehensive food database.

Subjects

Packaged food and drink products (n 20 225) available in Australia.

Results

Using the IOM three-star system, the majority (55 %) of products scored the minimum 0 points and 25·5 % scored the maximum 3 points. Using HSR criteria, the greatest proportion of products (15·2 %) scored three-and-a-half stars from a possible five and 12·5 % received the lowest rating of a half-star. Very few products (4·1 %) scored five stars. Products considered core foods and drinks in Australian Dietary Guidelines received higher scores than discretionary foods in all food categories for both labelling systems (all P<0·05; Mann–Whitney U test), with the exception of fish products using IOM three-star criteria (P=0·603). The largest discrepancies in median score between the two systems were for the food categories edible oils, convenience foods and dairy.

Conclusions

Both the IOM three-star and Australian HSR front-of-pack labelling systems rated packaged foods and drinks broadly in line with Australian Dietary Guidelines by assigning core foods higher ratings and discretionary foods lower ratings.
Changes of dietary patterns during participation in a web-based weight-reduction programme
Authors: Luger Eva , Aspalter Rosa , Luger Maria , Longin Rita , Rieder Anita , Dorner Thomas Ernst
Published: September 2015

Objective

To examine the weight-loss success associated with distinct dietary patterns and to determine changes of these dietary patterns during participation in a web-based weight-reduction programme.

Design

Factor analysis was used to identify the dietary patterns of twenty-two food groups that were administered in 14 d dietary protocols at baseline and after 3 months. Successful weight loss (≥5 % of initial weight) and BMI were calculated. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the rates of weight-loss success from each dietary pattern and changing or remaining in the initial dietary pattern. A generalised linear mixed model was used to estimate the effects of changing or staying in a dietary pattern on change in BMI.

Subjects

Adults (n 1635) aged 18–81 years.

Setting

Users of a web-based weight-reduction programme (2006–2012).

Results

Participants who aligned to a healthful dietary pattern at baseline (OR=1·8; 95 % CI 1·5, 2·3) and after 3 months (OR=1·5; 95 % CI 1·2, 1·9) had a greater chance of successfully losing weight. After adjusting for age, sex, initial dietary pattern and BMI, participants who started with or changed to the healthful dietary pattern had a greater chance of being successful (OR=1·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 1·7) and a higher BMI reduction of 0·30 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·5) kg/m2 compared with those who started with or changed to the energy-dense or high-carbohydrate dietary pattern.

Conclusions

A favourable healthful dietary pattern at the beginning and after 3 months was positively associated with anthropometry. However, successful weight loss was feasible in each dietary pattern.
RF-Carpets that Compress Ions to High Density Beams
Authors: Wollnik H. , Arai F. , Ito Y. , Schury P. , Wada M.
Published: September 2015

Ions that are moved by electric fields in gases follow quite exactly the electric field lines since these ions have substantially lost their kinetic energies in collisions with gas atoms or molecules and so carry no momenta. Shaping the electric fields appropriately the phase space such ion beams occupy can be reduced and correspondingly the ion density of beams be increased.
Achieving the Highest Accuracy With the BEM
Authors: Read Frank H.
Published: September 2015

The high accuracy that can be achieved by the Boundary Element Method when it is used to solve the Laplace and Poisson equations for electrostatic systems is discussed. Applications to charged particle optics are described, with the emphasis on the commercial CPO programs [1]. The BEM is a charge-based method and so is ideally suitable for systems that include space-charge and/or cathodes. It can deal easily with electrodes of very different sizes. These and other properties of the BEM are illustrated by a range of benchmark tests.
Advanced SIMION Techniques: Boundary Matching and Genetic Optimization
Authors: Dowsett D.
Published: September 2015

Two techniques for use with SIMION [1] are presented, boundary matching and genetic optimization. The first allows systems which were previously difficult or impossible to simulate in SIMION to be simulated with great accuracy. The second allows any system to be rapidly and robustly optimized using a parallelized genetic algorithm. Each method will be described along with examples of real world applications.
Optimization of the Shapes of Electrodes of Electrostatic Lenses
Authors: Read Frank H.
Published: September 2015

We explore the benefits of using novel electrode shapes in electrostatic lenses. Two representative types of lenses are considered and significant improvements are obtained in their spherical aberrations.
Conformal antenna array for millimeter-wave communications: performance evaluation
Authors: Semkin V. , Bisognin A. , Kyrö M. , Kolmonen V-M. , Luxey C. , Ferrero F. , Devillers F. , Räisänen A.V.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we study the influence of the radius of a cylindrical supporting structure on radiation properties of a conformal millimeter-wave antenna array. Bent antenna array structures on cylindrical surfaces may have important applications in future mobile devices. Small radii may be needed if the antenna is printed on the edges of mobile devices and in items which human beings are wearing, such as wrist watches, bracelets, and rings. The antenna under study consists of four linear series-fed arrays of four patch elements and is operating at 58.8 GHz with linear polarization. The antenna array is fabricated on polytetrafluoroethylene substrate with thickness of 127 µm due to its good plasticity properties, and low losses. Results for both planar and conformal antenna arrays show rather good agreement between simulation and measurements. The results show that conformal antenna structures allow achieving large angular coverage and may allow beam-steering implementations if switches are used to select between different arrays around a cylindrical supporting structure.
The fetal programming of food preferences: current clinical and experimental evidence
Authors: Dalle Molle R. , Bischoff A. R. , Portella A. K. , Silveira P. P.
Published: September 2015

Increased energy consumption is one of the major factors implicated in the epidemic of obesity. There is compelling evidence, both clinical and experimental, that fetal paucity of nutrients may have programming effects on feeding preferences and behaviors that can contribute to the development of diseases. Clinical studies in different age groups show that individuals born small for their gestational age (SGA) have preferences towards highly caloric foods such as carbohydrates and fats. Some studies have also shown altered eating behaviors in SGA children. Despite an apparent discrepancy in different age groups, all studies seem to converge to an increased intake of palatable foods in SGA individuals. Small nutrient imbalances across lifespan increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases in adult life. Homeostatic factors such as altered responses to leptin and insulin and alterations in neuropeptides associated with appetite and satiety are likely involved. Imbalances between homeostatic and hedonic signaling are another proposed mechanism, with the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway having differential reward and pleasure responses when facing palatable foods. Early exposure to undernutrition also programs hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, with SGA having higher levels of cortisol in different ages, leading to chronic hyperactivity of this neuroendocrine axis. This review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence related to fetal programming of feeding preferences by SGA.
What we know, what we do not know, and where are we heading? Efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for depression
Authors: Solomonov N. , Barber J. P.
Published: September 2015

In the past several decades, increasing evidence supports the efficacy of psychotherapies for depression. The vast majority of findings from meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and naturalistic studies have demonstrated that well-established psychotherapies (behavioural activation, problem-solving therapy, psychodynamic therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy and emotion-focused therapy) are superior to no-treatment and control conditions, and are in most cases equally effective in treating depression. However, despite this abundant support for psychotherapies, studies have also consistently shown high drop-out rates, high percentages of non-respondent patients who experience treatment failures, and mixed findings regarding the enduring effects of psychotherapy. Thus, there is a need to develop more personalised treatment models tailored to patients’ needs. A new integrative sequential stepwise approach to the treatment of depression is suggested.
Kommunikationstraining MultiTANDEMplus – Ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Kommunikation zwischen Pflegenden und Ärzten
Authors: Meyer-Kühling Inga , Wendelstein Britta , Pantel Johannes , Specht-Leible Norbert , Zenthöfer Andreas , Schröder Johannes
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Störungen in der Kommunikation von Pflegenden und ÄrztInnen beeinflussen die Versorgungsqualität von AltenpflegeheimbewohnerInnen. Ziel: Im Rahmen eines Modellprojekts wurde die Entwicklung eines Trainings für Pflegende zur Verbesserung der Kommunikation und Förderung der Kooperation mit Ärzten angestrebt. Methode: Zur Bedarfserhebung als Grundlage für das zu entwickelnde Training beantworteten 56 Pflegende und 40 an der Heimversorgung beteiligte ÄrztInnen Fragebögen zu ihrer Kooperation. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein Modul zur Kommunikation zwischen Pflegenden und ÄrztInnen entwickelt und dem TANDEM-Kommunikationstraining für Pflegende nach Haberstroh und Pantel (2011) angepasst. 25 Pflegende in leitender Position wurden zu Multiplikatoren ausgebildet, um das Training mit dem Zusatzmodul (TANDEMplus) ihren KollegInnen zu vermitteln. TANDEMplus wurde in Form von Reflexionsrunden und Feedbackbögen evaluiert. Ergebnisse: 254 MitarbeiterInnen der Pflege, Hauswirtschaft und Alltagsbegleitung nahmen bis Juli 2014 an einer kompletten TANDEMplus-Schulung durch die Multiplikatoren teil. Die Umsetzung der dort erarbeiteten Kommunikationsstrategien in die Praxis wurde von den TeilnehmerInnen positiv erlebt. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Modul «Kommunikation mit Ärzten» ist für Pflegende zur Sensibilisierung eigener Kompetenzen und Förderung eines strukturierten Informationsaustauschs auf Augenhöhe relevant. Die Multiplikatorenschulung dient der Gewährleistung von Transfereffekten und Nachhaltigkeit in den Einrichtungen.
Dealing With the Past: Survivors’ Perspectives on Economic Reparations in Argentina
Authors: Sveaass Nora , Sønneland Anne Margrethe
Published: September 2015

The experiences of persons affected by gross human rights violations during the dictatorship in Argentina, with regard to economic reparations for their suffering and losses, were explored. Thirty-seven participants were interviewed, 35 of whom were survivors and/or family members of persons seriously affected by the violence during the period from 1976 to 1983. Economic reparations form part of the Argentine state’s efforts to deal with the atrocities of the past, with such reparations constituting one of the transitional justice mechanisms implemented. The findings suggest that economic reparation, especially in the absence of justice, was regarded as problematic and contradictory by most participants. Thus, the reactions to economic reparation seem related to the context in which it was provided and to what it was provided for. Accepting reparations for oneself was less problematic than accepting it for disappeared family members. Nevertheless, some of the participants regarded the provision of reparation as a form of public confirmation of the injustice done. The study underscores the importance of a broader transitional justice process, including access to truth and legal justice.
All-passive nonreciprocal metastructure
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed M. , Davoyan Arthur R. , Engheta Nader
Published: September 2015

One-way propagation of light, analogous to the directional flow of electrons in the presence of electric potential difference, has been an important goal in the wave–matter interaction. Breaking time-reversal symmetry in photonic flows is faced with challenges different from those for electron flows. In recent years several approaches and methods have been offered towards achieving this goal. Here we investigate another systematic approach to design all-passive relatively high-throughput metastructures that exhibit nonreciprocal properties and achieve wave-flow isolation. Moreover, we build on those findings and propose a paradigm for a quasi-two-dimensional metastructure that mimics the nonreciprocal property of Faraday rotation without using any magnetic or electric biasing. We envision that the proposed approaches may serve as a building block for all-passive time-reversal symmetry breaking with potential applications for future nonreciprocal systems and devices
Structure of the native Sec61 protein-conducting channel
Authors: Pfeffer Stefan , Burbaum Laura , Unverdorben Pia , Pech Markus , Chen Yuxiang , Zimmermann Richard , Beckmann Roland , Förster Friedrich
Published: September 2015

In mammalian cells, secretory and membrane proteins are translocated across or inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by the universally conserved protein-conducting channel Sec61, which has been structurally studied in isolated, detergent-solubilized states. Here we structurally and functionally characterize native, non-solubilized ribosome-Sec61 complexes on rough ER vesicles using cryo-electron tomography and ribosome profiling. Surprisingly, the 9-Å resolution subtomogram average reveals Sec61 in a laterally open conformation, even though the channel is not in the process of inserting membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer. In contrast to recent mechanistic models for polypeptide translocation and insertion, our results indicate that the laterally open conformation of Sec61 is the only conformation present in the ribosome-bound translocon complex, independent of its functional state. Consistent with earlier functional studies, our structure suggests that the ribosome alone, even without a nascent chain, is sufficient for lateral opening of Sec61 in a lipid environment.
The structural origin of the hard-sphere glass transition in granular packing
Authors: Xia Chengjie , Li Jindong , Cao Yixin , Kou Binquan , Xiao Xianghui , Fezzaa Kamel , Xiao Tiqiao , Wang Yujie
Published: September 2015

Glass transition is accompanied by a rapid growth of the structural relaxation time and a concomitant decrease of configurational entropy. It remains unclear whether the transition has a thermodynamic origin, and whether the dynamic arrest is associated with the growth of a certain static order. Using granular packing as a model hard-sphere glass, we show the glass transition as a thermodynamic phase transition with a ‘hidden’ polytetrahedral order. This polytetrahedral order is spatially correlated with the slow dynamics. It is geometrically frustrated and has a peculiar fractal dimension. Additionally, as the packing fraction increases, its growth follows an entropy-driven nucleation process, similar to that of the random first-order transition theory. Our study essentially identifies a long-sought-after structural glass order in hard-sphere glasses.
Combining genomic and network characteristics for extended capability in predicting synergistic drugs for cancer
Authors: Sun Yi , Sheng Zhen , Ma Chao , Tang Kailin , Zhu Ruixin , Wu Zhuanbin , Shen Ruling , Feng Jun , Wu Dingfeng , Huang Danyi , Huang Dandan , Fei Jian , Liu Qi , Cao Zhiwei
Published: September 2015

The identification of synergistic chemotherapeutic agents from a large pool of candidates is highly challenging. Here, we present a Ranking-system of Anti-Cancer Synergy (RACS) that combines features of targeting networks and transcriptomic profiles, and validate it on three types of cancer. Using data on human β-cell lymphoma from the Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods consortium we show a probability concordance of 0.78 compared with 0.61 obtained with the previous best algorithm. We confirm 63.6% of our breast cancer predictions through experiment and literature, including four strong synergistic pairs. Further in vivo screening in a zebrafish MCF7 xenograft model confirms one prediction with strong synergy and low toxicity. Validation using A549 lung cancer cells shows similar results. Thus, RACS can significantly improve drug synergy prediction and markedly reduce the experimental prescreening of existing drugs for repurposing to cancer treatment, although the molecular mechanism underlying particular interactions remains unknown.