bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
St. Joseph Mission Church, Laguna Pueblo
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

The chapter opens with a detailed presentation of the church and altar, as described by Laguna informants. Also discussed in this context are the dipping of St. Joseph images in the San José River to bring rain, and Laguna’s request for a Franciscan mission around 1700. The experience of visiting the midnight mass and native dances on Christmas Eve is then described, with supporting observations from historical sources, and is followed by similar, detailed exposition of the annual September 19 feast-day events. Canes of power and the loss of one of these at Laguna are also discussed. The bulk of the chapter treats parallel religions—the simultaneity but (usually) separateness of native religion and Catholicism at Laguna. The chapter concludes with presentation of the factionalism and emigration that resulted when Laguna was divided by competition between Catholics and Presbyterians. A visiting guide is included.
Conflict at Kewa and Isleta Pueblos
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

This chapter opens with detailed analysis of deculturation policy during the Spanish, Mexican, and American governance of New Mexico and the Pueblos. In the more recent history it includes discussion of the Code of Indian Offenses, the General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), the Carlisle Indian School, the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians (Hiawatha Asylum), and the evolving policies of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe. These introductory remarks are followed by analyses of a 1935–1940 conflict at Santo Domingo (Kewa) Pueblo, when Archbishop Rudolph Gerken attempted to change traditional practice of Catholicism and to house a resident priest and sisters at Santo Domingo; and of a conflict at Isleta Pueblo that culminated when Monsignor Frederick Stadtmueller was removed in handcuffs by the pueblo governor in 1965. The Native American ministry of the archdiocese and native resistance to dogma are also considered more generally. Visiting information for Kewa and Isleta is included.
The Roots of Certainty
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 9 completes Part II on causes with a look at the origins of certain perceptions, which resist correction and curtail deliberation. Though a scientific approach insists that knowledge is only provisional and we must be open to new information, Americans hold a remarkable (and rising) amount of certainty regarding political facts. The chapter suggests that absolute or sacred values lead to absolutist facts. Survey data from 2013 to 2017 illustrate that extreme value positions are strongly predictive of factual certainty, while extremes of partisan identity are not, reinforcing the book’s core argument about the comparative importance of value projection.
The Democratic Consequences of Dueling Facts
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 10 introduces the Consequences section of the book, providing an overview of the democratic consequences of dueling fact perceptions. The clear consequences include greater public ignorance, more entrenched policy gridlock, and the failure of deliberation. Some more controversial consequences include rising perceptions of mental illness, higher barriers to scandal, and divided perceptions of specific events. The authors examine empirical evidence from the 2013 national survey that suggests that perceptions of the Trayvon Martin incident are strongly connected to value priorities. The chapter concludes by introducing the focus in Part III—the social consequences of how citizens perceive and react to others who hold conflicting perceptions of reality.
Symmetry, Asymmetry, and Durability
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Some writers have argued that the dueling facts phenomenon is driven disproportionately by the ideological Right: conservatives and Republicans, so the argument goes, are more likely to engage in motivated reasoning and wind up misinformed. An expanse of scholarship documents the rigidity of the Right, which suggests that conservatives tend to be disproportionately (1) ideological, (2) suspicious of moderation, (3) uninterested in compromise, (4) prone toward authoritarianism, (5) cognitively inflexible, (6) lacking in empathy, (7) socially and informationally insular, and (8) hostile toward outgroups. Chapter 15 evaluates whether one side of “the duel” is more heavily armed than the other. It finds that liberal Democrats are no less likely than conservative Republicans to perceive reality through political lenses. What is more, the Left is actually more likely than the Right to express factual certainty when none is warranted and to reveal contempt for those who perceive the world differently from how they do.
Learning from Shortcomings, Moving Forward with New Methods
Authors: Klimek Daniel Maria
Published: April 2019

The chapter considers the ideological biases that have formed in academic culture against taking mystical experiences and similar phenomena seriously. An in-depth analysis of Ann Taves’s “naturalistic” approach to religious experiences shows how seemingly “neutral” secular approaches, while criticizing metaphysical hermeneutics, are not free of their own metaphysical and philosophical assumptions. The work of several scholars from various fields, theologian John Milbank, historian Brad Gregory, religion scholar Robert Orsi, psychiatrist Bruce Greyson, is considered in articulating how one worldview, a philosophy of secular naturalism, guides academic discourse across disciplines at the expense of another worldview, an ontology of the supernatural. The myth of “secular neutrality” is exposed by these scholars. The chapter concludes with the call for cultivating a new method for the study of religious experiences, an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach that considers the potential integrity of extraordinary religious experiences and a more holistic understanding of knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

Who benefits, and who loses, when emotions are represented in particular ways? Banned Emotions analyzes the ways that biology and culture combine in metaphors for socially undesirable emotions. These emotions include self-pity, prolonged crying, chronic anger, bitterness, grudge-bearing, and spite. In recent novels and films, metaphors represent these emotions through darkness, filth, impaired motion, and foul smells. These metaphors have obvious bodily sources associated with poor health, but they also draw on a Western religious and literary tradition that associates unsavory emotions with sin. Banned Emotions challenges recent cultural mandates to “let go” and “move on,” pointing out that people who have been hurt by an economic and political system may cherish their emotions as evidence of their humanity, and that calls to suppress their emotions may silence their voices.
The Bodily and Cultural Roots of Emotion Metaphors
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

Recent theories of emotion take different stands on how greatly language can influence emotional experience. William James’s peripheral feedback theory, Paul Ekman’s basic emotions theory, Magda Arnold’s appraisal theory, and Lisa Feldman Barrett’s conceptual act theory offer distinct frameworks for understanding how physiology and culture interact in human emotions. The research of Max Black, George Lakoff, and Zoltán Kövecses indicates that emotion metaphors have bodily and cultural roots. Dante Alighieri’s Inferno and John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress illustrate the religious origin of metaphors for culturally “banned” emotions. Traces of these religious origins can be seen in the metaphors of self-help books such as Daniel Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence, Travis Bradberry’s and Jean Greaves’s Emotional Intelligence 2.0, and Spencer Johnson’s Who Moved My Cheese? A long-standing cultural tradition presumes there is a self separate from the emotions that is responsible for controlling them, but scientific studies point toward emotional regulation within a self.
Making Suffering Visible
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

Attempts to manifest one’s suffering visually can turn aggressive if the people who have supposedly caused one’s pain refuse to see the results. Metaphors that suggest how pain looks can convey the cutting, wounding aspects of emotional anguish. Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground associates spite and vengefulness with darkness and dirt and shows how painful encounters can be when a hidden creature reveals himself to others. Franz Kafka’s representation of Gregor Samsa as a monstrous vermin in The Metamorphosis forces Gregor’s family to see the emotions they have aroused by exploiting him. Michael Haneke’s 2005 film Caché depicts a marginalized family determined to make a privileged man see how he has benefited from their deprivation. With a violent literal and metaphoric “cut,” the poor man ensures that the rich one will never stop witnessing the pain he has caused. Manifested visually, emotional pain can show itself through violent transformations of bodies.
Stars
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The stars have always fascinated poets and astronomers alike. Early Greek philosophers imagined a music of the spheres—a musica universalis—produced by the heavenly bodies. The sun, moon, planets, and stars, said Pythagoras, all emit their own unique hum, an orbital resonance based on the mathematical harmony of their movements. Number, motion, harmonics, mystery: These are the rhetoric of the stars. Origen of Alexandria, the third-century Christian theologian, drew on Plato and others before him in contending that the stars were living beings, actively engaged in praising God and assisting human life. In the twelfth century, the Mississippian people at the Cahokia Mounds site near East St. Louis carefully studied the rising of the sun and stars at important times of the year. The Cahokians created a habitable cosmos by perceiving the stars as the living source of their cultural and religious life. They built more than a hundred mounds and five wood-henges in order to carefully measure solstices, equinoxes, and star risings. They monitored the ascent of celestial objects like Venus and the star cluster we know as the Pleiades. On the winter solstice, the author spends a cold, wet night atop Monk’s Mound, awaiting the rising of the Pleiades himself.
Deserts
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The desert is often defined by what it isn’t—a place where you’re stripped of nonessentials, where language gives out. It’s no accident that the via negativa (apophatic spirituality) took shape in the desert landscape of fourth-century Egypt and Cappadocia. Gregory of Nyssa spoke of his heart’s desire being drawn to what he couldn’t put into words. The author encounters a similar reality in the outback of Western Australia, hiking an Aboriginal songline. Those who haven’t spent time in the desert may dismiss it as a negative landscape, defined by what isn’t there. But people who trust the desert as home delight in its quality of lean simplicity. The desert imagination thrives on the absence of what others consider essential. It revels in negation, attending to what isn’t seen, what can’t be proved, what provides no comforting assurances.
Rivers
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

There is more to rivers than what we see. They flow in pockets underground as well as above. This hidden area of a river’s flow is its hyporheic zone, a subterranean ecosystem with its own forms of life—fungi, insects, and crustaceans that may never see the light of day. This lends the river an added mystery, seen in the Lost Creek Wilderness of Colorado—a stream that surfaces, then disappears again, eleven times on its way through the Rockies. Teresa of Avila was fascinated by water as a symbol of renewal in the spiritual life, offering four ways of watering a garden in dry terrain. “I don’t find anything more appropriate to explain some spiritual experiences than water,” she said. “I am so fond of this element that I’ve observed it more attentively than any other.” For her, the divine presence was alternately visible and invisible, revealed and hidden, an elusive yet ever-running river flowing through the high desert country of her life. It might go for years without breaking the surface, then erupt into effusions of indescribable joy.
From Obscenity Outside to Addiction Within
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 provides a historical and statistical overview of how the relationship between conservative Protestantism and pornography has changed over time. Conservative Protestants generally did not seek to confront pornography as a threat to the church until the 1960s and 1970s. Initially, conservative Protestants wanted to ban pornography through legal means. However, as pornography became more available to the general public and was accepted in the broader society, conservative Protestant leaders became more concerned that church members were also regularly viewing pornography. Today, conservative Protestants describe pornography use as an addiction and believe it is affecting a large proportion of churchgoers, especially men. Conservative Protestant leaders no longer operate under the belief that they can keep pornography away from young people but, rather, feel they must focus their efforts on helping those who are already addicted.
Fifty Shades of Gray Area—On Masturbation
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 explains the paradox of conservative Protestants’ interpretations of pornography use and masturbation. Though pornography and masturbation are functionally related, conservative Protestants seem to draw a distinction between the two. Conservative Protestants typically condemn pornography unequivocally and in the strongest possible terms, and yet they often take a rather ambivalent view toward solo masturbation, especially if it is done without the aid of pornography. This chapter shows that because conservative Protestants are committed to “biblicism” and “pietistic idealism,” they are more likely to focus on pornography use as the greater sin because it can more clearly be connected to explicit biblical proscriptions against lust and sins of the heart, while masturbation is not explicitly addressed in the Bible and does not necessarily involve the heart. Also, the rise of psychology within conservative Protestantism over the past few decades has served to heighten concern about pornography addiction, while debunking myths connecting masturbation with mental health issues.
Fleshly Lusts That War Against the Soul
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 explores the consequences of the dissonance conservative Protestants experience in porn use, shaping their religious lives and even mental health. The chapter goes deeper into the history and prevalence of what the author calls “sexual exceptionalism” among conservative Protestants, focusing on porn use in particular. The chapter then draws on numerous interviews with conservative Protestant men and women who describe how their habitual porn use has often caused them to back away from spiritual disciplines like praying or reading the Bible, serving in their churches, or being involved in religious community or leadership. The chapter also makes use of various quantitative data sources to show how pornography use can be associated with religious decline and depression for Americans who violate their own moral convictions by using it.
Every Man’s Battle?
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 considers how the influence of complementarian gender ideology differentially shapes the experiences of conservative Protestant men and women who view pornography. While the moral incongruence involving pornography use can often be crippling for conservative Protestant men, this chapter shows that conservative Protestant women often experience a “double shame” from their porn use, in that they are violating God’s design for women. More so than men, this shame leaves these women feeling particularly isolated and condemned. The chapter also discusses the challenges women face when it comes to seeking help in their struggle against lust and pornography use.
So Help Me God (or Whatever Works)
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 6 describes how conservative Protestants approach the challenge of trying to stop using pornography. It begins with the observation that different groups within conservative Protestantism advocate for different approaches to quitting pornography use. Some advocate more practical approaches based on contemporary psychology. Others advocate a more “biblical” and “idealistic” approach, believing that true transformation must take place in the heart first. Drawing heavily on content from sexual-purity manuals along with interviews with pastors and lay conservative Protestants, this chapter shows that conservative Protestant pastors seem to give rather mixed counsel when it comes to their parishioners regarding quitting pornography. Also, lay conservative Protestants seem to employ a pragmatic approach to quitting pornography use, and are often most successful when they combine close relationships of accountability with proactive steps to eliminate access to pornography.
Conclusion
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

The conclusion briefly recapitulates and integrates previous chapters in order to outline implications both for research on pornography use and for religious life in the United States. It ends by drawing out important takeaways and challenges for conservative Protestant communities for whom pornography is not only a moral problem but also one that has severe consequences for their psychological well-being and relationships. The conclusion offers a critique of the conservative Protestant distinctives that are discussed in previous chapters and proposes practical adjustments on the part of Christian leaders and communities. These critiques involve conservative Protestants’ complementarian views on differences in gender and sexuality; their adherence to “sexual exceptionalism,” and their individualistic approach to pornography recovery.
The New Normal and a Good Life
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

This chapter inquires into the relation between normalcy and the good life. Beginning from a parental desire for a “normal life” for one’s children, it asks in what this desire for normalcy consists, and whether normalcy is necessary for a good life. It argues that the desire for normalcy actually springs from love: one desires to be loved for the unique individual that one is, and normalcy provides a baseline against which one’s singularity can be perceived and appreciated. Attending to the pernicious aspects of normalcy, this chapter argues that the seeming impossibility of having a good life with a significant disability arises from an inadequate conception of normalcy as having a fixed set of norms. It calls for more capacious norms that include and support lives that depart from statistical norms.
A Meditation on Normalcy Inspired by Camus’s The Rebel
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

Camus writes:

Art, at least, teaches us that man cannot be explained by history alone and that he also finds a reason for his existence in the order of nature. For him, the great god Pan is not dead. His most instinctive act of rebellion, while it affirms the value and the dignity common to all men, obstinately claims, so as to satisfy its hunger for unity, an integral part of the reality whose name is beauty. (...
The Ethics of Prenatal Testing and Selection
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on the moral considerations involved in prenatal testing and selection. It addresses the expressivist objection from some segments of the disability community, which charges that prenatal testing for and selection against the birth of a disabled child perpetuates the view that a disabled life is not worth living. Highlighting important flaws in the expressivist objection, this chapter clarifies several views on the moral permissibility, impermissibility, or obligation to select for or against disabling traits, enhancing traits, or selection tout court. Against the expressivist view, it argues that it is possible to value disabled life, see disabled lives as worth living, and nevertheless engage in prenatal testing or selection. Such reproductive choices do not, on this view, have expressive force. Threaded through the argument is a dialogue between the author and her nondisabled son that considers the force of these moral arguments within a family that includes a disabled child.
Dependency and Disability
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

Against the pervasive stigmatization of dependency, this chapter argues that dependence on others is crucial aspect of human life. In the realm of care, dependency can engender particular forms of relationality and closeness. While acknowledging the harms of imposed dependency on disabled people, Kittay insists that protecting disabled people’s demands for independence ought to go hand in hand with a refusal to stigmatize those disabled persons who cannot benefit from such claims. To this end, the chapter develops a normative concept of care, denoted as CARE, that respects the genuine needs and legitimate wants (the “cares”) of both those receiving and giving care. This care ethics attends to the needs and desires of people with disabilities while honoring the personhood and dignity of all involved in the relationships and work of care. Furthermore, it affirms that the rights of many individuals are realized only through caring work.
An Ethics of Care
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

While care has been marginalized within much of the history of moral philosophy, care ethics insists that caring be understood as a form of moral conduct. Arguing that care is a normative rather than solely descriptive category, this chapter articulates care as a moral practice that, when performed in accordance with its regulative ideals, is morally good. This moral practice is unpacked via the normative concept of CARE, which includes care as labor, disposition, and virtue. This chapter articulates the features of what Kittay names an ETHICS OF CARE through its conceptions of moral agency, moral relations, moral deliberation, the particularity of some moral judgments, the aim of morality, and moral harm. This ETHICS OF CARE addresses the obligations and responsibilities that arise within asymmetrical relationships of situation and power between caregivers and those receiving care.
Forever Small
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

This chapter analyzes the Ashley treatment (AT), named for a case where the parents of a six-year-old girl with severe cognitive impairment and global developmental deficits elected to have her undergo a procedure that involved growth attenuation (GA), along with removal of her breast buds, uterus and appendix. Acknowledging that AT is intended as care, Kittay argues that AT nevertheless fails to be ethical because it does not foster flourishing in critical ways. Kittay identifies four questionable presuppositions undergirding the arguments condoning AT: instrumentalization of the body; conflating apparent impairments with corresponding limitations to intellectual comprehension and emotional experience; positing severe cognitive disability and nonambulation as sufficient justification for these treatments even though they do nothing to cure or mitigate those conditions; and the notion that AT solves the problems of care of people with these conditions. Rather than pursue AT to handle the additional burden of care presented by nonabulating people with severe cognitive disability, we need social transformations that support the needs of severely disabled individuals and those who care for them.
Cracks in the Ivory Tower
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

Ideally, universities are centers of learning, in which great researchers dispassionately search for truth, no matter how unpopular those truths must be. The marketplace of ideas assures that truth wins out against bias and prejudice. Yet many people worry that there's rot in the heart of the higher education business. This book reveals the problems are even worse than anyone suspects. Marshalling an array of data, the authors systematically show how contemporary American universities fall short of these ideals and how bad incentives make faculty, administrators, and students act unethically. While universities may at times excel at identifying and calling out injustice outside their gates, the text contends that individuals within them are primarily guided by self-interest at every level. It finds that the problems are deep and pervasive: Most academic marketing and advertising are semi-fraudulent; colleges and individual departments regularly make promises they do not and cannot keep; and most students cheat a little, while many cheat a lot. Trenchant and wide-ranging, the text elucidates the many ways in which faculty and students alike have every incentive to make teaching and learning secondary.
The Care of Nuns
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

This book recovers the liturgical and pastoral ministries performed by Benedictine nuns in England from 900 to 1225. Three ministries are examined in detail—liturgically reading the gospel, hearing confessions, and offering intercessory prayers for others—but they are prefaced by profiles of the monastic officers most often charged with their performances—cantors, sacristans, prioresses, and abbesses. This book challenges past scholarly accounts of these ministries that either locate them exclusively in the so-called Golden Age of double monasteries headed by abbesses in the seventh and eighth centuries, or read the monastic and ecclesiastical reforms of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries as effectively relegating nuns to complete dependency on priests’ sacramental care. This book shows instead that, throughout the central Middle Ages, many nuns in England continued to exercise primary control over the cura animarum of their consorors and others who sought their aid. Most innovative and essential to this study are the close paleographical, codicological, and textual analyses of the surviving liturgical books from women’s communities. When identified and then excavated to unearth the liturgical scripts and scribal productions they preserve, these books hold a treasure trove of unexamined evidence for understanding the lives of nuns in England during the central Middle Ages. These books serve as the foundational documents of practice for this study because they offer witnesses not only to the liturgical and pastoral ministries that nuns performed, but also to the productions of female scribes as copyists, correctors, and even creators of liturgical texts.
Introduction
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

The Introduction challenges previous interpretations of the term cura monialium in the historiography of medieval nuns that have restricted its use to the material and spiritual care that these religious women, both as individuals and as communities, received from resident chaplains, visiting priests, and diocesan bishops. Such interpretations too often neglect the other meaning that this term could and did convey: the care that nuns extended to themselves and to those who sought their hospitality, counsel, instruction, healing, absolution, and intercession. Such care was no less vital to nuns’ practices and identities. Indeed, it is the contention of the Introduction and the chapters that follow that examining this meaning of cura monialium gets to the very heart of what it was to be a Benedictine nun in England during the central Middle Ages.
Evangelists
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

The liturgical proclamation of the gospel serves as the focus of Chapter 3. The evidence examined in this chapter shows that Benedictine nuns in England—like their male counterparts, but contrary to the prescriptive sources ostensibly regulating their practices—read the gospels in a variety of liturgical and communal contexts during the central Middle Ages: Matins on Sundays and on feast days, chapter, and refectory. This chapter also demonstrates that many nuns possessed the requisite literacies to read and comprehend the scriptures for their personal edification and to copy and adapt these texts for their communities’ use. Paleographical, codicological, and textual analyses of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 155, an early eleventh-century gospel book from Barking Abbey, are especially revealing of how nuns could copy and adapt a book for liturgical proclamation. These women were capable of evangelizing the Word through their textual productions, verbal instructions, and ministerial actions.
Intercessors
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 spotlights Benedictine nuns as intercessors, focusing especially on how they served those who were not members of their communities through offering prayers. This role—both in its idealized forms and in its lived realities—is reconstructed through the conventual and personal seals, charters, letters, mortuary rolls, prayer books, and psalters that women’s communities received, produced, and used. This chapter challenges the persistent scholarly assumption that nuns’ intercessory prayers depreciated in value over the central Middle Ages because, unlike their male counterparts, they could not offer the individualized forms of commemoration increasingly desired by prospective patrons—namely Masses—without the assistance of resident chaplains or visiting priests. Comparative analysis of the extant documentary sources from religious communities in Oxfordshire reveals that the nuns of Godstow Abbey rivaled neighboring monks, canons, and Templars in attracting lay donations in return for certain spiritual benefits, particularly prayers for the remission of sins and salvation.
A Theory of Rights
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter covers the theory of rights that sits at the core of this book. It starts with an account of the purpose of rights, the three principles that ground the space of rights, and the basic structure of rights, known as the mechanics of claims. Next, it gives a more formal account of what is meant by the mechanics of claims. It then contrasts it with the infringement model. Finally, it introduces, explains, and defends the restricting claims principle, which, in turn, can be used to defend a key principle in deontology: the means principle, that is, the principle that it is particularly hard to justify using another as a means if doing so imposes some cost on him, unless he has waived or forfeited his right not to be so used.
Putting the Mechanics of Claims in Perspective
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter covers two basic themes. First, it argues that the mechanics of claims is substantively preferable to the infringement model in two ways. First, it considers the main reason to adopt the infringement model: its account of the duty to compensate those who are “rightfully wronged.” This model is inferior to the account of compensation that one can articulate using the mechanics of claims. Second, it reviews four other problems that are particularly telling against the infringement model. Then it turns to the second theme, acknowledging the limits of the mechanics of claims and the need for some notion of threshold deontology. But it also explains how threshold deontology can complement the mechanics of claims.
Avoiding a Misplaced Emphasis on Intentions
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter is meant to defuse the objection that intentions have been given short shrift. It starts with a discussion of Seth Lazar’s use of intentions in his effort to shore up the idea that it is harder to justify targeting noncombatants than it is to justify targeting combatants in war (the principle of distinction). It also adds a more general argument in defense of giving intentions relatively little significance in accounting for the permissible use of defensive force. The chapter concludes by applying the lesson of these arguments to Lazar’s argument that eliminatively killing noncombatants is generally impermissible and to the use of intentions in just war theory generally.
Negative Agent-Claims and the Agent–Patient Inference
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter’s goal is twofold. First, it refines the thought, argued for in Chapter 3, that an agent may be partial to herself, when serious harms to others are at stake, only insofar as she is exercising a negative agent-claim. It argues that this can be extended to action when the justification for inaction is that the agent could then serve as a means, at some cost to her, of preventing others from suffering harms. Second, it describes the conditions under which having a right to act comes with a claim-right against others that they not interfere: the agent–patient inference. I focus, in particular, on when competition should block the agent–patient inference. These are connected points because they are both necessary to rebut a commonly held view, to wit, that agents often have the right to resist another agent who is rightfully engaged in self-defense or warfare.
Conclusions
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

The final chapter offers concluding thoughts on the permissibility of eliminatively killing noncombatants who help unjust combatants. The limits of necessity and proportionality are profound. In addition, some noncombatants have a right to do what they do that helps unjust combatants. Practical difficulties and the law provide other limits. The chapter identifies four reasons why it may not be justifiable to eliminatively kill noncombatants, all things considered. The chapter also offers some concluding thoughts about rights, emphasizing the way the mechanics of claims enables us to avoid the normative gulf opened up by using the infringement model with its emphasis on forfeiture.
The Indians’ Old Sea, to 1500
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

Prior to the arrival of European strangers from the east, the ocean possessed a generative richness that contrasted starkly with the predictable darkness and despair of the interior woodlands. Wabanaki oral traditions paint the sea as a rich repository of natural resources awaiting human manipulation, but Native stories also imbue the ocean with capricious forces that lurk just below the surface. Artifacts, legends, and eyewitness accounts reveal that Indians carried out death-defying feats to pursue mammoths of the deep and enemies of distant lands. Climate studies also point to seismic shifts in ocean levels and temperatures that transformed marine ecosystems and the human populations long dependent on them. At once life sustaining and life threatening, the sea’s duality hovered over people throughout the Dawnland’s ancient past and would shape the context of possibilities within which they situated new peoples and things from the east.
A New Dawn on an Old Sea, 1500–1600
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

The arrival of European fishermen, explorers, ships, and supplies in the sixteenth-century northeast emerged from the long-standing paradox that was the Wabanaki ocean. Indians first made sense of these novelties and then incorporated them into their world in the same spirit of cautious opportunism that guided their historic relationship to the sea. While they encountered foreign fishermen and adventurers with increasing regularity through the century, only a fraction of their quotidian exchanges were recorded. In these oftentimes fraught interactions Indians began to regard the attraction of European vessels. None of the exogenous innovations to their maritime world appeared more conspicuous to Indians than the sailing technology that transported the newcomers and their belongings. And none would be more quickly or thoroughly integrated into Native society. By the early seventeenth century, Indians were pursuing a number of avenues to the watercraft they now held in high esteem.
Pieces of Eight, Pieces of Empire, 1700–1713
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

Just three years after the War of the League of Augsburg, Indians took advantage of another conflict rooted in faraway places to bear down on English ships, settlers, and settlements, to forge a homeland ruled by its flourishing people. Manipulating English and French neighbors engrossed in debilitating feuds of their own had proven such an effective method of reinforcing sovereignty in 1676 and 1688 that Indians again rallied to execute it after the War of Spanish Succession reached their shores in 1702. The success of their blue-water strategy lay in its successful consolidation of an expanding militancy afloat and ashore with an evolving diplomacy of transatlantic politics. As it did twice before, the strategy forced English subjects from the borderlands to Boston to London to entertain troubling questions about their empire’s wherewithal in the face of Native power.
Agency organizes violence
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood
Published: April 2019

As part of a material turn, organizational scholars increasingly pay attention to nonhuman agents, the things and stuff of organizing. These nonhuman agents are often discussed without consideration of difference. To encourage a more nuanced conversation about agency and the human/nonhuman divide, this chapter analyzes PRU’s boundary-making practices—the organization’s continuous decisions about who or what can act, especially in violent ways. It shows that these practices are gendered, raced, and sexualized, and they emerge as such while PRU members grapple with Title IX reporting processes. Importantly, statements and texts about violence—both forms of discourse—are considered to be agentic when they uphold whiteness. In contrast, their capacity to act is minimized when they challenge systemic racism or identify patterns of violence. Though some scholars are concerned that discourse has become too muscular, this chapter shows that the agency of discourse—when considered in proximity to Title IX and sexual violence—is far from uniformly too forceful. Drawing on scholarship rarely read among organizational scholars, this chapter issues a caution: Theories that minimize the supposedly bulging biceps of discourse may keep a violent status quo in place.
Conclusion
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

This chapter summarizes the book’s main argument, outlines its contribution to international relations scholarship, and applies the argument to current debates about the rise of China. Two positions dominate current debates about US foreign policy and the rise of China: engagement, which calls for integrating China deeply into the global economy and institutional architecture of the international order; and containment, which sees security competition as an inevitable outgrowth of Chinese power, and calls for the United States to preemptively increase its military presence in the region. This chapter argues that by focusing narrowly on China’s economic and military interests, the current debate misses an important aspect of China’s rise because it fails to consider the social motivations of rising great powers. Building on the core argument of this book, it suggests that only by accepting China’s recognition-claims can the United States facilitate China’s peaceful rise. The chapter concludes by exploring how the United States might navigate a foreign policy that both approaches China as a recognized partner in leading the international order and also protects its regional and global interests—and if such recognition is even possible.
Historical Challenges of Using 360 Feedback for Performance Evaluation
Authors: London Manuel , Smither James W.
Published: April 2019

This chapter notes the strengths of 360 Feedback as a strategic performance management tool; the strengths include providing unique information about focal leaders, providing information to decision-makers (including managers) who cannot directly observe performance, creating a feedback culture, communicating leadership behaviors to the organization, and improving performance management. Then, several challenges of using 360 Feedback for performance evaluation and administrative decisions (pay or promotion) are described, such as its proper use (development, decision-making); how to select and motivate raters; how to interpret the data (accurately, fairly, consistently); and how not to overtax the raters. The chapter concludes with recommendations for using 360 Feedback for evaluation purposes: (a) ensure clear communication and understanding of the process and continuous observation and documentation during the year; (b) use 360 Feedback to help leaders understand their performance; (c) address development needs; (d) provide sufficient resources to support integration with performance management; and (e) treat 360 Feedback processes as part of the culture through integration into human resource systems (e.g., performance management) while identifying resistors and creating accountability.
Strategic 360 Feedback for Organization Development
Authors: Church Allan H. , Burke W. Warner
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on the application of Strategic 360 Feedback specifically for large-scale organization development (OD) and change interventions. The emphasis is on (a) ways in which using data-based feedback for OD efforts is similar to and different from other applications and (b) the origins, evolution, and current state of the method as a key tool for OD practitioners. The chapter begins with an overview of the role and key differentiators of strategic 360 Feedback for OD and change-related interventions. Following a discussion of the importance of linking the process to a broader strategic organizational framework such as the Burke–Litwin model, case examples are provided for using 360 Feedback as either a transactional (managerial) or a transformational (leadership) lever for change. The chapter concludes with summary observations about the evolution and potential future of 360 Feedback for OD interventions, with an emphasis on trends in technology and the digitization of human resources.
Is 360 Feedback a Predictor or Criterion Measure?
Authors: Pulakos Elaine D. , Rose Dale S.
Published: April 2019

This chapter points out that 360 Feedback processes are often asked to do too many things at once. It examines the implications for using 360 Feedback as a predictor versus using it as a criterion measure to support various strategic talent decisions in organizations. Because 360s are quite flexible as a methodology, the chapter emphasizes the importance of proactively defining a clear purpose for the process and illustrates the critical link between purpose and design of the process. The chapter explores specific ways in which 360 processes should differ when being used as a predictor or as a criterion. Finally, the chapter describes design considerations that apply to both uses of 360 Feedback and articulates specific guardrails that will impact the quality and validity of any 360 program.
360 Feedback Versus Alternative Forms of Feedback
Authors: Rose Dale S.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines three alternative forms of feedback that have emerged in recent years and have been presented by their proponents as new and improved approaches to employee feedback. As a common frame of reference, the chapter establishes that the purpose and benefit of employee feedback in any form is to create behavior change. Using this frame, the chapter compares four alternative forms of feedback: 360 Feedback, ratingless reviews, crowdsourced feedback, and Quasi 360. After providing an overview of each form of feedback, the theory of change for that method is described. The strengths and weaknesses of each alternative are discussed in relation to its effectiveness at creating behavior change, and each alternative method is explicitly compared to 360 Feedback.
Gender, Diversity, and 360 Feedback
Authors: Valerio Anna Marie , Sawyer Katina
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the opportunities and challenges associated with using Strategic 360 Feedback to foster gender inclusiveness in organizations. Strategic 360 Feedback is an important transformational tool whose content must be derived from the organization’s strategy and values. It has the potential to create desired change in leader behaviors valued by organizations and supports the establishment of a feedback culture that creates awareness and accountability for such change. This chapter also examines the research evidence that shows how bias and stereotypical thinking may have a negative impact on 360 Feedback ratings of women’s leadership competencies and derailment potential by bosses and other raters. However, despite these challenges, recent research and practice in the areas of mentorship, allyship, and senior male champions for gender inclusiveness may offer strategies to decrease gender bias in measurements and demonstrate the support of top management to achieve inclusiveness in organizations.
The Ethical Context of 360 Feedback
Authors: Macey William H. , Barbera Karen M.
Published: April 2019

Ethical dilemmas originate when parties of interest interpret the basic charter of the 360 Feedback process differently. Open specifications, ambiguities, inappropriate assumptions, or simple misinterpretations of agreements over what information will or can be shared create dilemmas for the consulting psychologist. Individuals in different roles, including not only the participants but also the consulting psychologist and organizational sponsors, perceive the risks and rewards of 360 data differently. These different perspectives are contextually driven and have implications for the integrity of the Strategic 360 Feedback process and outcomes. By example and clarification of the ethical principles involved, this chapter identifies the potential challenges and difficult choices that face the internal or external consulting psychologist.
Pathways to Climate Justice in a Desert Metropolis
Authors: Harlan Sharon L. , Chakalian Paul , Declet-Barreto Juan , Hondula David M. , Jenerette G. Darrel
Published: April 2019

Future societies face many uncertainties in a rapidly warming and urbanizing world. One of the most critical challenges is how cities will adapt to new local temperature regimes. This chapter examines the climate hazard of extreme heat, the human health risks of high temperatures for vulnerable populations, and two complementary potential pathways for societal adaptations to climate change in Phoenix, Arizona. The challenge for the public health pathway is to protect groups that are vulnerable to heat because they either are physiologically susceptible or experience acute heat exposure. Pro-poor pathways are needed for populations that are vulnerable to climate change primarily because they live in low-income neighborhoods that are chronically exposed to the highest temperatures and lack access to economic and social resources, ecological benefits, and technological means to cope with heat. This chapter examines differences between the two pathways, using climate justice as a guiding principle for future recommendations.