bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic Facial Alterations Resulting from Osseous Chin Surgery
Authors: Burke Robert H.
Published: January 2017

Osseous surgery of the chin is discussed and reviewed. Emphasis is placed on functional and aesthetic facial harmony. This requires concurrent evaluation of skeletal maxillary and mandibular disharmony, including the occlusion. Both reduction and advancement procedures are outlined and examples are presented. Complications, including chin ptosis and lack of cervicomandibular definition, are reviewed. Optimal results dictate that the timing of adjunctive facial cosmetic procedures be coordinated.
Cosmetic Considerations of Maxillofacial Dysmorphism
Authors: Graper Charles E.
Published: January 2017

Facial dysmorphogenesis results in cosmetic deformities. Although these deformities may not be initially obvious, they must be carefully identified so that aesthetic surgery may camouflage or restructure them. Cephalometric analysis is used as an aid in the diagnosis of facial dysmorphism. Two cases are presented which discuss midfacial hypoplasia and mandibular deficiency and their surgical resolution with osteoplasty, rhinoplasty, and soft tissue procedures. Principles of diagnosis and treatment applicable to facial cosmetic surgery are illustrated.
Use of the KTP Laser in Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Keller Gregory S.
Published: January 2017

The KTP is a versatile laser system when used for cosmetic surgery.

When combined with a hexascanner or small spot size handpiece, it is equivalent to a continuous-wave yellow dye laser or copper vapor laser in the treatment of vascular lesions. The KTP laser wavelength (532 nm) is near the peak of a hemoglobin absorption curve as is the wavelength of the continuous-wave yellow dye or copper vapor laser.

The KTP laser is also excellent for use in the treatment of Lentigines. The solar lentigines of the hand, arm, and leg are particularly treatable. The hexascanner delivery system makes the KTP laser particularly time-efficient when used to treat the multiple lesions that usually occur with this condition.

The KTP laser can also be combined with special quartz contact probes and used for incisional cosmetic surgery such as blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, forehead lifting, and new “endolaser” small-incision cosmetic surgery. The contact probes focus and defocus the laser quickly allowing the precision use of the laser deep under a flap with a spot size of 0.1 mm. The coagulative abilities of the laser allow an almost bloodless dissection. The Laserlift™ produces less swelling and bruising for the patient and allows the surgeon to complete complicated surgery with excellent visualization in a bloodless field.
Update on Soft Tissue Augmentation
Authors: Elson Melvin L.
Published: January 2017

This article reviews all of the materials currently available for soft tissue augmentation as well as those that have recently been available and those undergoing current evaluation for possible use in the future. Techniques, side effects, and tips on the use of each of the substances are described, and the future of soft tissue augmentation is discussed.
Fine Points of Full-Face Dermabrasion: Edge Feathering, Combined with Chemical Peeling, for Uniform Results
Authors: Swinehart James M.
Published: January 2017

A uniform undetectable final result can be obtained from facial dermabrasion if (1) the entirety of the visible face is treated, and (2) the procedure is feathered gradually into untreated regions. This can be effected with the use of varying types of fraises and brushes for different regions of the face; by utilizing chemical peeling for the eyelids, lips, and neck; and by feathering the dermabrasion into the hairline and onto the earlobes, tragus, paranasal areas, and neck. The complete full-face dermabrasion is facilitated by a combination of anesthetic techniques.
Modified S Pattern for Scalp Reduction
Authors: Schauder Craig S. , Stough D. Bluford , Chu Thomas P.
Published: January 2017

A new incision pattern for scalp reduction, the modified S, is reported. The technique is outlined and advantages of the modified S over other techniques are discussed.
Preoperative Patient Attitudes and Surgical Outcome: A Pilot Study of Elective Nasal Surgery Patients
Authors: Ribner Ellen H. , Goodwin Dwight L.
Published: January 2017

The object of this study was to design a clinical tool, the Patient Attitudes Scale, that will enable surgeons to identify patients at risk for dissatisfaction postsurgery. Both cosmetic and noncosmetic nasal surgery patients completed a short preoperative questionnaire comprising item clusters believed to measure variables associated with the prediction of risk. Postoperatively, these same 65 patients rated their satisfaction/dissatisfaction with surgical results. Measures completed by participating surgeons included preoperative status and risk-level ratings. The questionnaire and surgeons' risk-level ratings were positively and significantly associated with patient outcome ratings and with each other, providing predictive and concurrent validity. Significant correlations were found between postoperative dissatisfaction and both a negative support system and inappropriate expectations. Extremely dissatisfied patients scored above the mean on five of the questionnaire's seven clusters: impulsivity, inappropriate expectations, external pressure for the surgery, negative support system, and mental/psychological factors.
Augmentation Phalloplasty with Girth Enhancement Employing Autologous Fat Transplantation: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Reed Harold M.
Published: January 2017

The evolving techniques of augmentation phalloplasty and penile autologous fat transplantation (AFT) are described, with historical correlation. Experience derived from 200 procedures is presented, relating to patient selection, informed consent, biophotography, intraoperative technique, skin transfer, and postoperative care. While total corporal length remains unchanged, an outward gain of 1 to 5 cm (average 3 cm) can be obtained. Success with simultaneous AFT has been variable, and touch-ups may be required. Complications include disappointment with “low-end” results, reabsorption of fat (zonal and complete), seen especially with smokers, emergence of fatty nodules minimized by more thorough undermining, and one case of mucosal shaft edema and hyperesthesia still in follow-up. In general, patients are pleased and thus there is encouragement to refine and continue in appropriately selected cases.
Reduction Malarplasty
Authors: Burres Steven
Published: January 2017

Although many societies consider prominent cheekbones attractive, when the midface roundness reaches an excessive proportion this distinction may become undesirable. Besides the issue of hypertrophy, malar asymmetry in any individual may also require correction.

Reduction malarplasty is performed through a vertical incision in the canine fossa. After the zygomaticus muscles are bluntly divided and retracted, the periosteal cover is elevated from the cortex. With a high-speed cutting burr, the malar eminence is then drilled until the desired height is achieved. The wound is irrigated and closed.

We have performed this procedure successfully in eight patients with up to eighteen months follow-up. Transient loss of zygomaticus muscle function and numbness from traction on the infraorbital nerve occurred in two patients. All patients were completely satisfied with the improvement in their frontal profile. This operation requires a detailed understanding of the mid-face anatomy and the surgical boundaries of the malar bone but will result in a more sculptured front-face outline.
The Angiosome Theory, Flap Delay, and Scalp Surgery
Authors: Bridenstine James B.
Published: January 2017

The author reviews the present basic science of the angiosome theory and flap delay as it relates to scalp surgery. This current knowledge is applied to several present-day flap procedures—namely the Juri, Nordstrom, Stough, and Brandy scalp flaps.
Toxicity of Local Anesthetics in Hair Transplantation and Facial Plastic Surgery
Authors: Bruno Thomas G. , Greco Joseph F.
Published: January 2017

The tendency toward the use of local anesthetics for longer outpatient procedures such as hair transplantation micrograft megasessions and cosmetic facial plastic surgery calls for special consideration of potential toxicity and adverse reactions. As longer procedures on larger, highly vascular surface areas are attempted, the potential for adverse reactions becomes more likely. Understanding the pharmacological properties that govern the clinical effects of local anesthetics, such as onset of action, duration of action, and adverse effects, will prompt the clinician to carefully consider the technique of administration and the dosing limits of these potentially toxic anesthetic drugs.
Superficial Liposculpture: Can it Be Dangerous?
Authors: Shiffman Melvin A.
Published: January 2017

The paper presents a refresher on the Ten Commandments of Liposuction, and safe techniques for superficial liposculpture are also presented. Recent litigation and unsafe practices are discussed. Goode v. Goodstein illustrates that superficial liposculpture using undermining and sharp instruments should be avoided because it can cause permanent vascular damage, nerve damage, and scarring. Superficial liposculpture using tunnels and thin cannulas can be safely performed.
Molecular and Cultural Analysis of the Microflora Associated with Endodontic Infections
Authors: Munson M.A. , Pitt-Ford T. , Chong B. , Weightman A. , Wade W.G.
Published: January 2017

Cultural studies have indicated that a subset of the oral microflora is responsible for endodontic infections. Approximately 50% of oral bacteria are unculturable, so it is likely that currently unknown bacteria are present in such infections. In this study, cultural and molecular analyses were performed on the microflora in aspirate samples collected from 5 infected root canals. 16S rDNA sequences from 261 isolates and 624 clones were identified by comparison with database sequences. Sixty-five taxa were identified, of which 26 were found by the molecular method alone. A mean of 20.2 taxa was found in each sample. A new species of Dialister was the only organism present in all 5 samples. Twenty-seven novel taxa were detected, 18 of which belonged to the phylum Firmicutes and 8 to Bacteroidetes. Culture-independent, molecular analysis has revealed a more diverse microflora associated with endodontic infections than that revealed by cultural methods alone.
Surviving and Thriving in an Era of Reform
Authors: Martin Annette Lenzi
Published: January 2017

Nutrition support teams today are being buffeted by the winds of change. With the emphasis shifting from whether to deliver care to how to do so and to how much that care will cost, nutrition support professionals must stay attuned to their institution's needs—and be prepared to adapt to those needs.
Nutrition Care Given New Importance in JCAHO Standards
Authors: Dougherty Darlene , Bankhead Robin , Kushner Robert , Mirtallo Jay , Winkler Marion
Published: January 2017

In an unprecedented shift, the 1995 JCAHO manual focuses on performance rather than structure and process. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary delivery of care, including nutrition care. How will these new standards affect nutrition support professionals?
JCAHO Nutrition Care Standards Adopted For Home Care
Authors: Mirtallo Jay M.
Published: January 2017

Like the 1995 JCAHO Standards for hospitals, the Accreditation Manual for Home Care (AMHC) emphasizes nutrition.

The JCAHO is focusing accreditation on the actual performance of governance, managerial, clinical, and support functions within organizations that directly and significantly affect the quality of patient care. This Agenda for Change consists of three sets of interlinked initiatives: reformulation of JCAHO standards, redesign of the survey process, and development of performance measures that will lead to the use of an interactive indicator data base. The reformulation of the standards is initially being achieved through reorganization of the AMHC into chapters that represent “important functions”—those that influence patient care outcomes the most.

The 1995 AMHC consists of two sections, with chapters related to direct (Section 1) and indirect (Section 2) care. Each chapter has a preamble that includes goals and essential processes that make up the function. The standards are accompanied by expanded intent and scoring guidelines to provide a clearer picture of how to comply. The intent statement and scoring guidelines for these standards relate to each type of service being provided. Further, how‐to examples are being used more extensively in the scoring guidelines. Thus the AMHC appears considerably different from previous editions.
Small-Denomination Paper Currency as the Focus of Supply-Reduction Drug Policy
Authors: Bernard Thomas J. , Hains Eric
Published: January 2017

Efforts to impede the supply of illegal drugs and the laundering of illegal drug money have been expensive and largely ineffective. The authors propose that supply-reduction drug policy concentrate on impeding the reintroduction into the banking system of the large volumes of small-denomination paper currency (primarily $1, $5, $10, and $20 bills) generated in street-level drug sales. Such highly focused policy might better achieve the supply-reduction goals of the “war on drugs” advocates and the harm-reduction goals of drug legalization advocates.
Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment for Apathy in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Theleritis Christos , Siarkos Kostas , Katirtzoglou Everina , Politis Antonios
Published: January 2017

Objective:

Apathy is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms encountered in Alzheimer disease (AD). Early diagnosis and timely treatment of apathy in AD seem to be of great importance, since apathy has been associated with poor disease outcome, reduced daily functioning, and caregiver distress.

Design:

Within this context, we conducted an extensive electronic search from the databases included in the National Library of Medicine as well as PsychInfo and Google Scholar for studies that have investigated the effect of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments of apathy in AD.

Results:

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, gingko biloba, methylphenidate, and a variety of nonpharmacological interventions were found to be successful in reducing apathy in patients with AD. Methodological heterogeneity of the studies and the small amount of studies where apathy was a primary outcome measure are limiting factors to evaluate for group effects.

Conclusion:

Treatment of apathy in AD is a complicated and an underexplored field. Standardized and systematic efforts primarily focused on the study of apathy in AD may establish a benefit from individualized treatment for specific disease groups that would stem from a combination of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions.
Simulation
Authors: Gray Lynton
Published: January 2017

A negotiating exercise
Initials
Authors: Sheffield Philip
Published: January 2017

Acronyms to information on education
Management Agenda
Authors: Dennison Bill
Published: January 2017

In the first of two articles Bill Dennison looks at some useful financial measures for schools
Three-Dimensional Localization of DNA Synthesis in Secretory Elements of Adult Female Mouse Submandibular Gland
Authors: Denny P.C. , Chai Y. , Klauser D.K. , Denny P.A.
Published: January 2017

A system based in part on three-dimensional structural relationships is described for precisely characterizing the location of cells within secretory complexes of the adult female mouse submandibular gland. The pattern of DNA synthesis during a 90-minute pulse with 3H-thymidine was characterized based upon the above system. Seventy-eight percent of all radiolabeled nuclei were found in the intercalated duct system. One-half of these were in second-order intercalated ducts. DNA synthesis was also observed in acinar cells, granular intercalated duct cells, striated granular duct cells, and granular duct cells. Some secretory complexes contained multiple radiolabeled nuclei, with some of these nuclei in a side-by-side configuration. Approximately one-half of all secretory complexes contained radiolabeled nuclei. A second survey of the frequency of complexes containing radiolabeled nuclei was conducted following four pulses at eight-hour intervals over a 26-hour period. Only about 30% of all complexes contained radiolabeled nuclei. This reduction in the frequency of radiolabeled nuclei when compared with the single pulse suggests the possibility of individual variation. However, a more prolonged period of daily injections for nine days with 3H-thymidine resulted in all but one of the secretory complexes containing radiolabeled nuclei. This latter observation suggests that cell addition in adult submandibular glands is widespread.
Regulation of Proto-Oncogenes and Salivary Gland Cell Proliferation
Authors: Kousvelari E. , Yeh C.-K. , Mertz P.M. , Chinchetru M.
Published: January 2017

The proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun express proteins targeted into the nucleus. The fos and jun proteins form a heterodimeric complex that binds to regulatory elements in the promoter region of specific genes to influence their transcription. Through such a mechanism, the fos and jun proteins have been suggested to link extracellular stimuli to short- and long-term functional changes in cells.

Recently we have shown that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation of rat parotid acinar cells in vitro or addition of 8-BrcAMP in a rat submandibular cell line (RSMT-A5) increases the expression of the c-fos gene in a time-dependent manner. Maximal responses were found at 60 min. The expression of the c-fos gene did not correlate with DNA synthesis in either cell type, and c-fos transcripts were undetectable in the glands of animals treated for eight days with isoproterenol. The new data presented here extended our observations to c-jun gene expression in both salivary cell types where a similar pattern of expression for this proto-oncogene was seen. Conversely, treatment of rats with isoproterenol for nine days resulted in the appearance of two c-abl mRNAs of unique size, in addition to the known 5.3-kb c-abl transcripts. The data suggest that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation or exposure to 8-BrcAMP induces the early expression of the "nuclear proto-oncogenes" c-fos and c-jun before changes are noted in salivary epithelial cell proliferation. Differences in c-abl mRNA size, occurring later, may be associated with the morphological and biochemical changes known to occur in rat parotid glands after chronic β-adrenoreceptor stimulation.
Trends in Dental Caries in The Netherlands
Authors: Truin G.J. , Konig K.G. , Kalsbeek H.
Published: January 2017

Until 1985, epidemiological studies in The Netherlands were focused on school-age children. Up to that year, few caries prevalence data for (young) adults in selected groups were available. In 1986, the first National Dental Survey of the adult population was carried out in The Netherlands. Lack of information made it impossible for trends in dental caries in adults to be studied on a scientific basis. However, with use of cross-sectional studies conducted on selected adult populations between 1970 and 1989, an indication of a trend in dental caries is described. Evident changes in the age-specific average DMFT scores took place in the younger age groups. In the older age groups, the average DMFT score has not changed. Changes in percentages of edentates in the period 1980-1990 probably reflect part of the changes in oral health status of Dutch adults.
Root Caries in Scandinavia in the 1980's and Future Trends to be Expected in Dental Caries Experience in Adults
Authors: Fejerskov O. , Baelum V. , Østergaard E.S.
Published: January 2017

The large variety of diagnostic criteria used adds some uncertainty to comparisons of recent clinical and epidemiological data on root caries in Scandinavia.

Nevertheless, it is apparent that the prevalence of frank carious cavities on the root among 60+-year-olds is about 30-40%. When inactive and recurrent lesions and fillings are included, the prevalence is almost 100% in 60+-year-olds. At this age, the mean number of root surface fillings is about 7, and the mean number of active caries lesions ranges from 0.9 to 3.4. The degree of gingival recession does not appear to be a direct measure of root caries risk in a population. When the number of teeth at risk is accounted for, the age-dependent increase in prevalence of root caries is very weak. Therefore, comparisons of root caries prevalence between populations are meaningful only when information on number of teeth present and teeth at risk is also available. Recent studies from various parts of the world have demonstrated that caries is ubiquitous in all populations and that caries progression continues throughout life. The impact of this on trends in prevalence and incidence of dental caries in adults is discussed in the light of what is known about the natural history of dental caries.
Modern Radiographic Methods in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Van der Stelt P.F.
Published: January 2017

For many years, radiographs have been a valuable aid in the diagnosis of periodontal disease and the evaluation of treatment effects. Computer-based image acquisition and processing techniques will now further increase the importance of radiography in periodontal diagnosis.

Temporal changes of lesions can be made easily visible by means of subtraction radiography based on digital images. This process requires a pair of images with identical gray-level distributions and projection geometry. The gray-level distribution and perspective projection of images can be corrected by means of digital image processing. A pair of identical images can thus be obtained without mechanical alignment of patient, film, and x-ray source. Algorithms have been developed for automatical determination of the borders of lesions and can subsequently produce quantitative information ranging from simple distance measurements to advanced multidimensional quantitation of image parameters. Accurate volume measurements can be carried out by the utilization of calibration wedges in the image.

Image reconstruction procedures, such as tomosynthesis, provide information about the third dimension, which is normally lost in conventional radiographic projections. The buccal and lingual sites of the alveolar crest can be inspected separately.

The progress of computer-aided procedures as discussed in this paper appears to have great potential for the improvement of the radiographic diagnosis of periodontal lesions. Especially, the benefits of reproducibility and quantitative evaluation of treatment effects will greatly improve the role of radiography in periodontics.
New Approaches for Determining the Site of Salivary Fluid Secretory Disorders
Authors: Baum B.J. , Hiramatsu Y. , Kohn W.G. , Valdez I.H.
Published: January 2017

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the events which underlie salivary fluid secretion. We have utilized novel approaches to evaluate the functional status of three distinct sites in the secretory cascade. First, salivary sympathetic nerve function studies used isotopic dopamine to measure catecholamine uptake and metabolism in vivo. Second, salivary muscarinic-cholinergic receptors were characterized in vivo by use of stereo-specific ligands and pharmacokinetic analyses. Finally, microfluorometric methods were used to study intracellular Ca2+ signaling in dispersed cells prepared from biopsied tissue. We conclude that it is possible to determine the functional status of key steps in salivary fluid generation with isotopic and fluorometric imaging techniques.
Microbiological Predictors of Caries Risk
Authors: Van Houte J.
Published: January 2017

The prediction of caries risk has been of longstanding interest. Generally, few of the tests involving oral bacteria or their products have become accepted. Presently, the main focus is on counts of lactobacilli (L) and mutans streptococci (MS). Due to their positive numerical association with human caries and the linkage of this association to carbohydrate consumption, counts of L and MS may, potentially, serve not only as a caries risk predictor but also as an indicator of carbohydrate consumption, another caries-risk factor. The value of counts of L and MS as caries-risk predictors has been evaluated by means of studies providing data on test sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. These and other studies indicate that their use for the prediction of caries risk of individuals is not possible but is more promising for that of the caries risk of groups (e.g., identification of high-caries-risk subjects); further, the prediction of low caries risk may be more reliable than that of high caries risk. The influence of test variables on the test results has been discussed. These include the level of caries increment, subject age, methods of caries evaluation, use of saliva or dental plaque as test sample, sampling frequency, type of bacterial growth medium, and the use of simplified methods rather than conventional laboratory procedures for microbial enumeration. An approach to optimize the use of microbiological caries-risk predictors in different populations as well as their use in conjunction with other caries-risk predictors has been discussed. The latter include the incipient caries lesion or past caries experience and salivary buffering capacity and flow rate. Due to the multifactorial nature of caries etiology, it is expected that multivariate approaches rather than the use of single parameters may improve caries risk prediction for individuals as well as groups of subjects.
The Utility and Validity of Current Diagnostic Procedures for Defining Temporomandibular Disorder Patients
Authors: Clark G.T. , Delcanho R.E. , Goulet J.-P.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the evolution of different concepts of classifying and defining Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) for both clinical and research settings. The literature is reviewed with respect to the utility and validity of the different questionnaire and examination procedures that have been used to assess TMD patients. The presented view is that many of these procedures have not been validated, that there is a lack of standardization in the use of the procedures themselves, and that an ideal method of classifying this broad group of patients into better-defined subgroups has not yet been developed. More standardized and better-defined research by trained and calibrated researchers is needed worldwide to elucidate these subgroups so that a better and widely agreed upon research classification system can be developed for widespread use. It also seems clear that as research requirements for defining TMD patient subgroups become more stringent over time, it may not be practical for the clinician to implement them on a day-to-day basis in his or her practice. As such, a practical utilitarian definition of the common subtype of TMD patients is also needed which parallels any research grouping, so that data from research are valuable and generalizable to the practicing clinician.
In Situ Models, Physico-Chemical Aspects
Authors: Ten Cate J.M.
Published: January 2017

In situ (intra-oral) caries models are used for two purposes. First, they provide information about oral physiological processes. Such information helps to detail our knowledge of the oral ecosystem and to verify conclusions from in vitro experiments. Second, in situ models are utilized to test preventive agents in the phase between laboratory testing and clinical trials. Most investigations involving enamel inserts have been aimed at testing new dentifrices. The experimental designs of such studies usually do not allow one to draw conclusions on physico-chemical processes, e.g., because of single point measurements. Studies of model parameters (lesion type, lesion severity, and de/remineralization in time) constitute only a minority of the research reports. The most striking observation obtained with in situ models has been the significant differences in de/remineralization observed among individuals and, more importantly, within one individual during different time periods and between different sites in the same mouth (for review, see ten Cate et al., 1992).

Regardless of this, some general findings can be inferred: During in situ demineralization, up to 62 vol%μm/day may be removed from enamel. For dentin specimens, this value may be as high as 89 vol%μm/day.

For remineralization, during fluoride dentifrice treatment, a median deposition rate of 0.7%/day (for lesions with integrated mineral loss values between 2000 and 4000 vol%μm) is found. The rate of deposition seems to be correlated with the extent of the pre-formedlesion. This suggests that the number of sites (crystallite surface) available for calcium phosphate precipitation is an important parameter. However, the rate at which mineral ions are supplied (by saliva) could also be a limiting factor, as is shown in a theoretical analysis of mass-balance of enamel constituents. The few studies that have monitored caries development in time reveal that mineral loss (and also lesion progression in depth) from enamel in situ is linear in time. This is in contrast to results from laboratory findings.
Absorption and Retention of Dietary and Supplemental Fluoride by Infants
Authors: Ekstrand J. , Ziegler E.E. , Nelson S.E. , Fomon S.J.
Published: January 2017

There is a widespread belief that an adequate intake of fluoride during the pre-eruptive stage of enamel formation (i. e., from the diet in frequent small doses throughout the day) will be protective against caries in later life. To obtain data on bio-availability and retention of fluoride in one age group (infants), we studied 3 treatment regimens: In Regimen A, small amounts of fluoride were obtained from the diet in frequent doses throughout the day; in Regimen B, a fluoride supplement (0.25 mg) was given once each day with a feeding; Regimen C was similar to regimen B except that the fluoride supplement was given 1 h before a feeding. For the 3 regimens, the respective mean absorptions of fluoride were 90.1, 88.9, and 96.0% of intake, and the respective retentions were 12.5, 47.1, and 52.3% of intake. Neither the difference in absorption nor the difference in retention between regimens B and C was statistically significant. By subtracting the background urinary excretion of fluoride (i.e., excretion of fluoride while diet was the sole source of fluoride) from the excretion after administration of the fluoride supplement, we calculated that 68.1% of the supplement was retained in Regimen B and 73.0% of the supplement in Regimen C. The difference was not significant.
Professional Topical Fluoride Applications— Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action
Authors: Øgaard B. , Seppä L. , Rolla G.
Published: January 2017

All currently used topical fluoride agents deposit soluble fluoride as calcium fluoride on enamel or in lesions. Calcium fluoride serves as a source of fluoride for the formation of fluorapatite. The latter phase is formed when pH drops in plaque, not during topical application. The potential for calcium fluoride formation should probably be increased in topical fluoride agents. In countries with low caries prevalence, the clinical recommendations for topical fluoride need to be reconsidered. Toothpaste is the basic fluoride regimen recommended for everybody. The need for additional fluoride supplementation depends on caries activity. There is no distinct difference in the caries-preventive effects of concentrated fluoride solutions, gels, or varnishes. Thus, the choice of method depends on costs, convenience, patient acceptance, and safety. The use of fluoride varnishes has proven to be a feasible and safe method of fluoride application. With fluoride varnishes, the amounts of fluoride exposure can be better controlled, and less chair-time is required compared with conventional solutions and gels. No dose-response effect to concentrated fluoride agents is apparent, and the benefit of frequent application is not clearly established. In individuals with the most severe cariogenic challenge, combinations of fluoride and antimicrobials may give better clinical effects than fluoride alone.
Saliva Stimulation and Caries Prevention
Authors: Edgar W.M. , Higham S.M. , Manning R.H.
Published: January 2017

The protective role of saliva is demonstrated by the rampant caries seen in human subjects with marked salivary hypofunction, and in desalivated animals. In normal cases, however, the relationship between saliva flow and coronal or root caries experience is doubtful, and to examine the concept that stimulation of saliva might have protective effects against caries, one must look beyond a simple correlation between caries and flow rate.

Protective properties of saliva which increase on stimulation include salivary clearance, buffering power, and degree of saturation with respect to tooth mineral. These benefits are maximized when saliva is stimulated after the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, by reducing the fall in plaque pH leading to demineralization and by increasing the potential for remineralization.

Plaque acid production is neutralized, and experimental lesions in enamel are remineralized, when gum is chewed to stimulate saliva after a carbohydrate intake. The pH-raising effects are more easily explained by the buffering action of the stimulated saliva than by clearance of carbohydrates. The remineralization action depends upon the presence of fluoride. These findings suggest that the protective actions of saliva can be mobilized by appropriate salivary stimulation, and that in addition to established procedures such as tooth cleaning and fluoride regimens, eating patterns which lead to saliva stimulation to increase the potential for saliva protection might be included in recommendations for caries prevention. Confirmation of this concept in clinical tests is required.
Experiments With Triclosan-Containing Mouthrinses: Dose Response—and an Attempt to Locate the Receptor Site(S) of Triclosan in the Mouth
Authors: Kjærheim V. , Waaler S.M.
Published: January 2017

A double-blind cross-over clinical study was performed on eight volunteers to determine the plaque-inhibiting effect of different triclosan- and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-containing mouthrinses. An attempt was also made to locate the binding site(s) of triclosan in the oral cavity. After the volunteers rinsed for four days with solutions of various concentrations of triclosan and/or SLS, plaque deposits were scored according to the Silness and Loe Plaque Index. The study showed that 0.15% and 0.3% concentrations of triclosan yielded a comparable plaque-inhibiting effect in vivo. Furthermore, the 0.1% triclosan with 1.5% SLS exhibited a higher (though not significant) effect than 0.1% triclosan with 0.75% SLS. The mouthrinse containing 0.05% triclosan and 0.25% SLS was as effective as the two mentioned mouthrinses containing 0.1% triclosan. Collectively, the results indicate that triclosan alone has an antiplaque effect, independent of the effect of SLS. Furthermore, the results suggest that the SLS monomers may play a role as carriers of triclosan and that the teeth are not the only binding site of triclosan, since topical application of 0.3% triclosan failed to produce a clinically discernible effect.
Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Activity
Authors: Embery G. , Waddington R.
Published: January 2017

The lack of precise clinical criteria for assessment of periodontal disease has led to a search for alternative means of determining active disease sites, prognosis of future sites of breakdown, and response to therapy. This review highlights the potential array of biomarkers present in gingival crevicular fluid and which may relate to existing or predicted tissue regions undergoing metabolic change and derived from bacterial or host-cell-derived products. Among the former may be listed endotoxin, amines, butyrate, and a variety of enzymes and their inhibitors, such as trypsin-like proteases and bacterial collagenase. Arising from host cells is a variety of leucocytic hydrolase enzymes, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. These appear to be useful inflammatory markers and may be distinguished from products of connective tissue breakdown which include collagenous and non-collagenous products, including collagen peptides, osteonectin, and fibronectin. The proteoglycans have found particular favor as biomarkers of possible bone-resorptive activity. Attention has also been directed at the immune response, including comment on immunoglobulins, complement, eicosanoids, and cytokines. This review lists available information on the presence of these in gingival sulcus fluid and wherever possible relates their presence to disease activity.
Successful Treatment of Mandibular Nonunion With Cortical Allograft, Cancellous Autograft, and Locking Titanium Miniplates in a Dog
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Bleedorn Jason A. , Soukup Jason W.
Published: January 2017

Discontinuities of the mandible can occur for a variety of reasons including primary pathology of bone, pathologic fracture secondary to periodontal disease, and segmental resection for the treatment of neoplasia. Surgical intervention is necessary in many cases to establish normal occlusion and normal mandibular function. Rigid stabilization and treatment of these defects can be challenging due to the limited availability of bone for fixation as well as limited soft tissue coverage. This case report describes successful treatment of a nonunion fracture using cortical allograft and locking titanium miniplates. Complete osseointegration and bone healing were achieved, allowing for complete return to normal occlusion and function.
Philanthropic Funding of Human Services: Solving Ambiguity Through the Two-Stage Competitive Process
Authors: Grønbjerg Kirsten A. , Martell Laura , Paarlberg Laurie
Published: January 2017

Philanthropic funders play an important role in human services—they support policy research and community services—but little is known about how they structure their funding or select grant recipients. Using personal interviews with Chicago-area foundation officials, this article documents how four types of philanthropic funders approach these decisions. The article shows that the grant process is constrained by how funders obtain their resources and govern themselves. It is also constrained by ongoing relationships between funders and grant recipients, reflecting pervasive task ambiguity and weakly institutionalized norms. The result is a grant award system that resembles a two-stage competitive process.
When Missions, Markets, and Politics Collide: Values and Strategy in the Nonprofit Human Services
Authors: Frumkin Peter , Andre-Clark Alice
Published: January 2017

This article explores the meaning of nonprofit strategy in the human services through an examination of the challenges facing nonprofit organizations working in the field of welfare-to-work transitions. After considering how the growing competition from large business firms in this field poses a major challenge to nonprofit organizations, the article suggests that many nonprofits are not well equipped to engage in a narrow efficiency competition with large corporations. Instead, nonprofit human service organizations need to develop a strategy that emphasizes the unique value-driven dimension of their programs. Welfare reform legislation can serve as an opening for both faith-based and secular nonprofits to differentiate themselves and to develop a distinctive position within the government-contracting market. From this analysis, the article draws some broader conclusions about the future of strategy in the nonprofit human services in an increasingly competitive environment.
Asian megastructure and queer futurity
Authors: Lim Eng-Beng
Published: January 2017

Megastructures are promulgated by a progressive set of transnational architects in the 1960s influenced by ideas of social equality, biological process, neofuturism and eco-fantasy. As complex and symbolic attempts to solve the problems of urban density, their utopic visions include vast cities floating on oceans and plug-in capsule towers with loosely aformal composition and ludic multi-functions. This essay approaches two large-scale infrastructural projects in Singapore as millennial megastructures. It considers the implications of thinking about them as Asian iterations of this architectural phenomenon with particular interest on their queerness. The two case studies are the global university complex such as Yale-National University of Singapore (NUS) College, and man-made biospheres that look like fantasy islands or parks such as Gardens by the Bay in Singapore. Combining architectural history, urban studies, performance studies and queer studies, the essay considers how these are big projects and big ideas testing the limits of environmental design, mass human scale form, extreme engineering. While providing an analysis about the gender and racial analysis of these developments, it also configures the island-state of Singapore itself as a megastructure with neoliberal and postcolonial biopolitics. Read as provocations, the space-clearing gestures of this essay begin to clear the space for using megastructure to think about queer and urban futurities in performance, visual and cultural terms. In particular, it asks how these dominant mega-projects are producing new technologies of gender, race and sexuality not only in this city-state but everywhere in the world.
Covering art in a crisis: Bankruptcy, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and moral orders in the news
Authors: Ten Eyck Toby A , Bowen Lauren F
Published: January 2017

On 3 December 2013, a federal judge approved the bankruptcy filing for Detroit, MI, the largest municipality to seek such protection in US history. The bankruptcy forced those overseeing the city to determine the economic value of Detroit’s assets, including the art collection at the Detroit Institute of Arts. These efforts led to debates over the moral commitments to art, on the one hand, and paying the city’s debts, including pensions owned to retired city workers, on the other. We analyze newspaper coverage of this situation from US newspapers as well as Detroit Free Press between 1 January 2013 and 31 January 2014 to investigate how these moral commitments became moral orders during an economic crisis that has been argued is symptomatic of neoliberalism.
Regulating Abortion
Authors: Mullally Siobhán , Murray Claire
Published: January 2017

This article forms the introduction to a special issue on comparative perspectives on the regulation of abortion and on the sociopolitical contexts within which proposals to expand access to abortion for women are won and lost. This introduction frames the collection of articles in the special issue and highlights key themes that reappear throughout the articles, such as the risks associated with the turn to law to secure the vindication of rights. Many of the articles contained in the special issue are concerned with the ‘after-rights’ moments associated with the implementation of abortion law in practice.
Gender in Constitutional Discourses on Abortion
Authors: Rodríguez-Ruiz Blanca
Published: January 2017

In as far as the regulation of abortion deals with issues like how and to what extent can women’s capacity to gestate and give birth be controlled, and by whom, any discourse on abortion necessarily reflects a construction of women’s citizenship, hence of gender. The question is, which is the ruling construction? Behind non-legal discourses that focus on human life and public power’s duty to protect it, there lies the modern construction of gender that articulates women’s passive citizenship within the state. This is also true of confrontational discourses that construct women and the foetus as potential adversaries. Both discourses are traditional in continental Europe. Yet, they are being superseded by an understanding of abortion from the perspective of women’s active citizenship. Spanish Organic Act 2/2010 stands as part of this trend. Not surprisingly, governmental attempts to reinstate women’s passive citizenship in this matter have met stark resistance.
Rehearsing Justice: Theatre, Sexuality and the Sacred
Authors: Rue Victoria
Published: January 2017

The theatre actor’s process in a rehearsal hall is reality and metaphor. It can be a rehearsal for justice, where we can live freely. In this laboratory the actor becomes all of us. Like the actor, we inhabit our bodies and our sexualities, sometimes as spiritual practice, or as sacred and creative, even as incarnations. In particular, women’s bodies remember what it is like to be no-body and what it is like to be a some-body. The texts of women’s bodies contain their history of pain, wellness and illness.

In creating a character, the actor creates a biography, an inner life, and the actor’s imagination aligns with the character’s situation. This is the creation of a character’s ‘living story’. Similarly, for all of us, this is akin to self knowledge. When women and sexual minorities tell their stories and listen to each others’ self knowledge, they are reading their bodies as texts. And worlds split open.
Feminist New Materialism and Process Theology: Beginning the Dialogue
Authors: Hekman Susan
Published: January 2017

For many years feminist theologians have found much in common with process theology. As a consequence a robust tradition has developed that links feminist theology with many aspects of process theology. An important element of this tradition is the attempt to draw similarities between postmodernism and feminist process theology. In this article I argue, first, that the connection between feminist process theology and postmodernism is philosophically problematic and, second, that another contemporary feminist approach, the new materialism, provides the basis for a more fruitful dialogue between feminist theology and process theology. My goal is to extend this dialogue.
Party and Nation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Gungwu Wang
Published: January 2017

When feudal kingdoms in Europe recognized that the people within their borders shared enough of culture and history to be organized as separate nations, political parties became increasingly important. These parties represented different interest groups, but were committed to making their nations richer, stronger and better integrated. That model was brought to other parts of the world following the retreat of imperial powers like Britain, France and the Netherlands. In Southeast Asia, the powers left behind states with communities that did not have either common cultures or similar histories. Thus many of the political parties that the local leaders established sought to use the state machinery to create nation-states. This essay examines how the imported nation-state model spawned a variety of parties and why these parties needed strong states in order to mould future nations. The diverse experiences show that political parties that were effective where nation-states existed can serve to divide people and destabilize their lives when they are still struggling to see themselves as a newborn nation.
Book Review: India’s Economy - Performance and Challenges: Essays in Honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia
Authors: Marwah Reena
Published: January 2017

Shankar Acharya and Rakesh Mohan (Eds.), India’s Economy - Performance and Challenges: Essays in Honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 2010. 465 pp. ISBN 9780198064695 (hbk)