bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does dental hygienist professional education meet the needs of working life? Educators' views
Authors: Jokiaho T‐L , Kaakinen P , Virtanen JI
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the compatibility of dental hygienist education with working life from the perspective of their educators.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study among principal educators of dental hygienists in Finland in 2012‐2013. The participants were leading educators of dental hygienists (n = 13) from the four Finnish education units. We used semi‐structured interviews based on previous Nordic studies to collect the data and analysed them using inductive content analysis.

Results

According to the educators, dental hygienists' skills at work are neither fully nor effectively utilized, even though their education meets the needs of working life quite well. The educators felt that hygienists' professional competence would prove more useful in health promotion and orthodontic measures and that the division of labour should be clearer. Clarifying this distinction in periodontal therapy could be improved.

Conclusion

Fully utilizing dental hygienists' competence in clinical work would benefit from further development. The content of dental hygienists' clinical work should be reassessed so as to utilize their skills more fully. The compatibility of dental hygienist education corresponds largely to the needs of future working life.
Targeting of tolerogenic dendritic cells towards heat‐shock proteins: a novel therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases?
Authors: Jansen Manon A. A. , Spiering Rachel , Broere Femke , van Laar Jacob M. , Isaacs John D. , van Eden Willem , Hilkens Catharien M. U.
Published: August 2017

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are a promising therapeutic tool to restore immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The rationale of using tolDCs is that they can specifically target the pathogenic T‐cell response while leaving other, protective, T‐cell responses intact. Several ways of generating therapeutic tolDCs have been described, but whether these tolDCs should be loaded with autoantigen(s), and if so, with which autoantigen(s), remains unclear. Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are not commonly defined by a single, universal, autoantigen. A possible solution is to use surrogate autoantigens for loading of tolDCs. We propose that heat‐shock proteins may be a relevant surrogate antigen, as they are evolutionarily conserved between species, ubiquitously expressed in inflamed tissues and have been shown to induce regulatory T cells, ameliorating disease in various arthritis mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview on how immune tolerance may be restored by tolDCs, the problem of selecting relevant autoantigens for loading of tolDCs, and why heat‐shock proteins could be used as surrogate autoantigens.
Thermodynamic assessment of the pseudoternary Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 system
Authors: Utlak Stephen A. , Besmann Theodore M.
Published: August 2017

Vitrified high‐level radioactive waste that contains high concentrations of Na2O and Al2O3, such as the waste stored at the Hanford site, can cause nepheline to precipitate in the glass upon cooling in the canisters. Nepheline formation removes oxides such as Al2O3 and SiO2 from the host glass, which can reduce its chemical durability. Uncertainty in the extent of precipitated nepheline necessitates operating at an enhanced waste loading margin, which increases operational costs by extending the vitrification mission as well as increasing waste storage requirements. A thermodynamic evaluation of the Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 system that forms nepheline was conducted by utilizing the compound energy formalism and ionic liquid model to represent the solid solution and liquid phases, respectively. These were optimized with experimental data and used to extrapolate phase boundaries into regions of temperature and composition where measurements are unavailable. The intent is to import the determined Gibbs energies into a phase field model to more accurately predict nepheline phase formation and morphology evolution in waste glasses to allow for the design of formulations with maximum loading.
On the coupled ferroelectric‐electrochromic effect of ε‐WO3
Authors: Abe Owen O. , Jodhani Gagan , Gouma Perena
Published: August 2017

A reversible electrochromic effect has been observed for the first time in flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) processed ε‐WO3 thin films without the use of an ion storage layer and an electrolytic layer. The dark coloration that appears upon the application of a voltage in films deposited on top of interdigitated gold electrodes is localized to the low voltage (−) electrode arm and it switches to the opposite arm upon a reversal of the polarity. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the coloration was not due to intercalation. It is argued here that the coloration is driven by the asymmetric ferroelectric properties of the ε‐WO3 crystals and that this electrochromic reversibility is intrinsically coupled with the polarization switching of the device.
Evaluation of SiC/SiC minicomposites with yttrium disilicate fiber coating
Authors: Boakye Emmanuel E. , Key Thomas S. , Parthasarathy Triplicane A. , Keller Kristin A. , Opeka Samuel J. , Hay Randall S. , Cinibulk Michael K.
Published: August 2017

Hi‐Nicalon‐S/α‐Y2Si2O7/SiC minicomposites were formed by polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP) and characterized by TEM, SEM fractography, tensile testing, and fiber push‐in testing. All minicomposites with α‐Y2Si2O7 fiber coatings had strengths significantly higher than the control samples without fiber coatings. Extensive fiber pullout with debonding at the coating‐fiber interface or within the coating itself was observed in minicomposites with Y2Si2O7 fiber coatings, but no debonding was observed in minicomposites without fiber coatings. Debond energies of 4.5 ± 3, 4.6 ± 3 J/m2 and average sliding stresses of 91 ± 40, 94 ± 40 MPa were measured by fiber push‐in tests.
Gaussian covariance graph models accounting for correlated marker effects in genome‐wide prediction
Authors: Martínez C.A. , Khare K. , Rahman S. , Elzo M.A.
Published: August 2017

Several statistical models used in genome‐wide prediction assume uncorrelated marker allele substitution effects, but it is known that these effects may be correlated. In statistics, graphical models have been identified as a useful tool for covariance estimation in high‐dimensional problems and it is an area that has recently experienced a great expansion. In Gaussian covariance graph models (GCovGM), the joint distribution of a set of random variables is assumed to be Gaussian and the pattern of zeros of the covariance matrix is encoded in terms of an undirected graphG. In this study, methods adapting the theory of GCovGM to genome‐wide prediction were developed (Bayes GCov, Bayes GCov‐KR and Bayes GCov‐H). In simulated data sets, improvements in correlation between phenotypes and predicted breeding values and accuracies of predicted breeding values were found. Our models account for correlation of marker effects and permit to accommodate general structures as opposed to models proposed in previous studies, which consider spatial correlation only. In addition, they allow incorporation of biological information in the prediction process through its use when constructing graphG, and their extension to the multi‐allelic loci case is straightforward.
Molecular and cellular discoveries in inflammatory dermatoses
Authors: Soumelis V.
Published: August 2017

It was no earlier than 1986 that T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells were described for the first time, opening the field of lymphocyte diversity and the investigation of the physiopathology of inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Since that time, much research has been carried out showing a very complex communication network leading to inflammatory responses. Nowadays, understanding the cellular and molecular components of the inflammatory network and of the different crosstalks not only for groups of diseases but also for the individual patient is mandatory for developing and personalizing treatments. The aim of the present proceeding was to provide an update concerning some of the most recent molecular and cellular discoveries in inflammatory skin diseases and especially of AD.
New data on hyperpigmentation disorders
Authors: Schalka S.
Published: August 2017

Recently visible light (VL) and vascularization triggered by infrared light (IR) play a role in hyperpigmentation disorders of the skin. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the aetiology of hyperpigmentation disorders and means of prevention against UV, visible (VL) and infrared light (IR). The author conducted a literature review of the most recent data about hyperpigmentation disorders and means of prevention and protection. VL impacts on pigmentation, especially in individuals with phototype III, IV or V and also causes the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), erythema and DNA damage through ROS production as well as photodermatoses. IR is supposed to be involved in melanogenesis throughout the activation of the endothelin receptor B and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and protein (p)38. To protect from hyperpigmentation caused by VL, sunscreens containing iron oxides are efficient. The development of systemic antioxidants and new UV‐VL sunscreens which allow absorption of the energy in the VL spectrum without reflection may provide further protection. With no existing organic or non‐organic filters able to absorb or reflect IR, topical antioxidants may be able to provide some protection against damage caused by IR. However, their clinical efficacy still needs to be confirmed. In conclusion, UV, VL and IR light induce pigmentation. To prevent hyperpigmentation, protection using adequate sunscreens on exposed areas is needed. To date, no efficient protection from IR light exists, but topical antioxidants may be able to provide some protection.
Comparison of starch films and effect of different rice starch‐based coating formulations on physical properties of walnut during storage time at accelerated temperature
Authors: Aghazadeh Mona , Karim Roselina , Sultan M. Tauseef , Paykary Maryam , Johnson Stuart K. , Shekarforoush Elhamalsadat
Published: August 2017

Effects of different rice starch‐based coating formulations on physical properties of walnut were studied during 20 days storage at accelerated temperature. Results from different starch films indicated there were nonsignificant differences in water and oxygen barrier properties of the starch films. However, significant (p ≤ .05) differences were present in the elongation at break characteristics between the corn and rice films. Tensile strength varied significantly between edible films made from rice starch with that of wheat and corn. Melting temperature (Tm) of wheat and corn starch films was higher than rice starch films (152.77 °C). Thus, rice starch in combination with different additives such as chitosan, emulsifier, and red palm oil, which improve the properties of rice starches have been chosen to coat dried walnut kernels. The coated walnuts were significantly (p ≤ .05) lighter than the control group. Results on different functional ingredients also showed significant variations, for example; yellowness of walnut in the presence of chitosan was lower among the coating formulas (p ≥ .05). However, the variations in textural characteristics of walnuts with different coating formulas remained nonsignificant (p > .05).

Practical applications

Rice based edible coating added with chitosan can be used to extend the shelf life of walnut kernels. These coated walnuts can be safely distributed or sold in tropical countries where the surrounding relative humidity and temperature is high. Edible coating serves as a barrier which reduces the effect of oxygen, moisture and temperature (most important factors of rancidity) on nuts. The application of starch‐based coating for walnuts will also help to reduce storage space as removing the husk (green layer) and shell of walnuts (wooden layer) results in less space requirements. Furthermore, the coated walnuts can be stored at room temperature and requirement for refrigerated system can be eliminated, hence the cost of storage is minimized.
Commercialized machine for soaking and slicing peanuts to induce resveratrol production
Authors: Ju Jain‐Song
Published: August 2017

Resveratrol is a type of phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury. Peanuts have been discovered to contain more resveratrol once they have been sliced. In this study, we developed a machine for automatically soaking, slicing, and incubating peanut kernels to induce more production of resveratrol. In the overall process, the germination rate of the peanut kernels and the throughput of the peanut‐kernel slicer are 91.1% and 4.2 kg/hr, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the kernel slices had a smooth surface with undamaged tissue. The yield of resveratrol, which can be extracted by methanol and measured, using high‐performance liquid chromatography, was approximately 0.372 mg/g. Thus, this study demonstrated a machine designed for inducing peanut kernels to produce more resveratrol, and the slicer was demonstrated to save time and labor, reduce contamination, and have high‐throughput.

Practical applications

The present study proposed a system for automating the soaking and slicing of peanut kernels that eliminates manual work and ensures the quality of the resultant kernel slices. The settings of the system were configured using a human–machine interface (HMI) that enabled real‐time monitoring of the production process variables to decrease the human labor required and the need to adjust for environmental factors. This improved the germination rate, hygiene of the peanut products, and occupational safety. This system can be used to derive Res from peanuts for the development of dietary supplements.
AL amyloidosis, hypothyroidism and reduced tissue availability of thyroid hormones by thyroid hormone‐binding immunoglobulin: a new possible perspective
Authors: Benvenga S. , Guarneri F.
Published: August 2017

Click here to view the Original Article by Dr. E. Muchtar et al.
Mandibular complete denture versus single‐implant overdenture: a systematic review of patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Nogueira T. E. , Dias D. R. , Leles C. R.
Published: August 2017

The single‐implant mandibular overdenture (SIMO) has been proposed as an alternative for edentulous patients who are poorly adapted to their dentures due to low retention and stability of the conventional mandibular complete denture (CD). However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of SIMO, which can be measured by examining patient perception of treatment effects. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the comparative results of CD and SIMO treatments using patient‐reported outcome measures. A literature search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Central databases. The search included studies published up to July 2017. The focus question was: ‘Do single‐implant mandibular overdentures improve patient‐reported outcomes compared to conventional complete dentures in edentulous patients?’ Eligible studies were randomised clinical trials (RCT) and prospective studies. After initial screening for eligibility and full‐text analysis, 11 studies were included for data extraction and quality assessment (five parallel‐group RCTs, two crossover RCTs and four prospective studies). All studies reported marked improvement in satisfaction with the dentures and quality of life measures after SIMO treatment, irrespective of variations in implant treatment protocols and retention systems. Methodological considerations revealed a lack of evidence from RCTs on the comparative effectiveness of the two treatment strategies. Hence, although available evidence suggests considerable improvement in patient‐reported outcomes following the insertion of a single implant to retain a mandibular denture, further well‐designed comparative studies between SIMO and CD are required to improve the level of evidence and to support the indication of SIMO treatment in routine practice.
The Virtue of Emerson's Imitation of Christ: From William Ellery Channing to John Brown
Authors: Dumler‐Winckler Emily J.
Published: August 2017

Christians have traditionally conceived of the moral life as an imitation of Christ, whereby followers enter into fellowship with God. The American Transcendentalists can be understood as extending rather than dispensing with this legacy. For Emerson, a person cultivates virtues by imitating those she loves and admires. Ultimately, however, the virtues enable her to innovate on received models, to excel by pressing beyond exemplars. Emerson's famous line, “imitation is suicide,” is not a contradiction but a fulfillment of the imitation of Christ, understood in his terms. In his own time, John Brown was the public figure who, for Emerson, most nearly exemplified this innovative imitation of Christ. An examination of exemplarity, of this artful union of imitation and innovation in moral and spiritual formation, sheds light on how modern agents can cultivate the virtues needed to be at home in the modern world.
Temporal association of implementation of the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS) with changes in dental‐related emergency department visits in Maricopa County from 2006 to 2012
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed , Alhanti Brooke , McCullough Mac , Goodin Kate , Roling Kirsten , Glickman Larry
Published: August 2017

Objective

To evaluate changes in emergency department (ED) dental‐related visits in Maricopa County before and after the elimination of dental benefits for adult Medicaid‐insured patients as of October 2010.

Methods

Hospital visits extracted from a hospital discharge dataset were used to calculate a yearly rate ratio of dental‐related versus non–dental‐related ED visits (as a comparison group) for adults, children, and payer types. Changes in ED visits over time were evaluated from 2006 to 2012.

Results

Overall, 1.3 percent of all ED visits (8,030,767) were for dental‐related purposes. Medicaid‐insured patients accounted for 41.9 percent and 44.3 percent of all dental‐related ED visits in 2006 and 2012, respectively. The rate ratio for the percentage of dental‐related versus non–dental‐related ED visits in each age category and payer type showed little fluctuation over time indicating no evidence of change in the dental‐related ED visits as a proportion of the overall number of visits due to the cuts in the dental benefits for adult Medicaid‐insured patients.

Conclusion

We found no evidence that cuts in dental benefits for adult Medicaid‐insured patients resulted in increased dental‐related ED visits in Maricopa County during the study period. Rather, we found evidence of a shift in payer type after the 2010 policy change where dental‐related ED visits by self‐paid patients increased as dental‐related ED visits by Medicaid‐insured patients decreased. Such payer shifts will result in high uncompensated care burdens for providers and, ultimately, governmental payers.
When Team Identity Helps Innovation and When It Hurts: Team Identity and Its Relationship to Team and Cross‐Team Innovative Behavior
Authors: Litchfield Robert C. , Karakitapoğlu‐Aygün Zahide , Gumusluoglu Lale , Carter Matthew , Hirst Giles
Published: August 2017

Although the success of team‐based organizations requires innovative behavior within and across teams, little research has considered how to foster both types of activity. This is problematic as strong team attachments such as team identification may have mixed effects on team innovative behavior, and may even negatively impact cross‐team innovative behavior. The present research explains these mixed effects through intra‐ and intergroup aspects of social identity theory and the concept of team reflexivity. Effects of team identification on team innovative behavior were expected to be contingent upon team reflexivity, such that team identification would be positively related to team innovative behavior only when team reflexivity was high. Where a team's innovative behavior involves working across team boundaries with other teams, i.e., cross‐team innovative behavior, this interaction between team identification and reflexivity was further expected to be qualified by perceived interdependence with another team. In a sample of 61 Turkish research and development (R&D) teams comprising 305 employees and 61 team leaders, the association between team identity and team innovative behavior was moderated by team reflexivity as predicted. Further, team identity was positively associated with cross‐team innovative behavior only when reflexivity and perceived interdependence between teams were both high, and negatively associated when reflexivity was low and perceived interdependence between teams was high.
Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, imaging findings and outcome in 99 dogs with leptospirosis
Authors: Knöpfler S. , Mayer‐Scholl A. , Luge E. , Klopfleisch R. , Gruber A. D. , Nöckler K. , Kohn B.
Published: August 2017

Objective

To report clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging features and prognostic factors in dogs with leptospirosis from North‐East Germany.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis from 2006 to 2013 were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

The study included 99 dogs. At initial presentation, the most common clinical signs were lethargy (96%), anorexia (88%), vomiting (85%), painful abdomen (39%), diarrhoea (38%), oliguria (27%) and tachypnoea (26%). Abnormal laboratory findings included anaemia (63%), thrombocytopenia (63%), leucocytosis (57%), increase of plasma urea (84%) and creatinine concentrations (81%), increased liver enzyme activities (80%), hyperbilirubinaemia (69%), hyperphosphataemia (67%), hyponatraemia (64%), hypoalbuminaemia (55%) and hypokalaemia (29%). Radiological pulmonary changes were detected in 57% of the dogs initially or during the course of disease. Severe dyspnoea, oliguria, azotaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia and severe radiological pulmonary changes were more often found in dogs that did not survive. There was renal, hepatic and pulmonary involvement in 95, 92 and 58% of the dogs, respectively, and multi‐organ lesions in 98 dogs (98%); 32 dogs died or were euthanased.

Conclusion

Several clinical and laboratory abnormalities were associated with a negative outcome; severe lung involvement was specifically associated with high mortality.
What Hindu Sati can teach us about the sociocultural and social psychological dynamics of suicide
Authors: Abrutyn Seth
Published: August 2017

By leveraging the case of Hindu sati, this paper elucidates the ways in which structure and culture condition suicidal behavior by way of social psychological and emotional dynamics. Conventionally, sati falls under Durkheim's discussion of altruistic suicides, or the self‐sacrifice of underindividuated or excessively integrated peoples like widows in traditional societies. In light of the fact that Durkheim's interpretation was based on uneven data, nineteenth century Eurocentric beliefs, and a theoretical framework that can no longer resist modification and elaboration, by reconsidering sati it is possible to sketch a new model that strengthens Durkheim's theory by making it more robust and generalizable. The following model is built on five principles. First, integration and regulation are not distinct causal forces, but overlapping contextual conditions. Second, to better explain the variation in suicidality across time and space, we must also pay attention to culture as it provides the underlying meanings of suicide that can increase the odds a person or class of persons become suicidal or are protected against suicidality. Third, structure still matters, but in many cases, the role power and power‐differentials play must be considered. Fourth, understanding why and how people choose suicide depends on incorporating identity and status processes. Fifth, because the expression of social emotions like shame are patterned by structural and cultural conditions, to understand how suicidality is socioculturally patterned we must further explore the link between identity/status, social emotions, and structure and culture.
Portal Vein/Aorta Ratio in Dogs with Acquired Portosystemic Collaterals
Authors: Sakamoto Y. , Sakai M. , Watari T.
Published: August 2017

Background

The portal vein (PV) diameter increases in humans with portal hypertension (PH). However, there is no evidence ofPVenlargement in dogs withPH.

Objectives

To measure thePV‐to‐aorta (PV/Ao) ratio in dogs withPH(chronic hepatitis [CH], primary hypoplasia of thePV[PHPV]), in dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt (EH‐CPSS), and in healthy dogs, and to evaluate the relationship betweenPV/Ao ratio and splenic pulp pressure (SPP).

Animals

Twenty‐five dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals (APSCs; 15 withCH, 10 withPHPV), 32 dogs withEH‐CPSS, and 20 healthy dogs.

Methods

Retrospective study. ThePV/Ao ratio was calculated with images obtained by computed tomography.SPPwas measured at the time of liver biopsy in 45 dogs.

Results

MedianPV/Ao ratio was similar between dogs withCH(1.35, range 1.05–2.01) and healthy dogs (0.95, 0.80–1.15), but differed significantly between theCHgroup and both thePHPV(0.40, 0.24–0.67) andEH‐CPSSgroups (0.30, 0.11–0.64) (P< .001). ThePV/Ao ratio was significantly lower in thePHPVgroup than in healthy dogs (P< .05). It also correlated positively withSPP(rs= 0.71;P< .001). However, there was no intragroup correlation betweenSPPand thePV/Ao ratio in any group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ThePV/Ao ratio can be evaluated in dogs withAPSCs on computed tomography. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship betweenSPPand thePV/Ao ratio in larger groups of dogs withPHand to determine its clinical relevance.
Efficacy of a mephentermine‐based product as a vasopressor and a cardiac performance enhancer when given intramuscularly to cattle
Authors: Cunha D. N. Q. , del Rio C. L. , Youngblood B. L. , Ferris E. L. , Geist G. E. , Ueyama Y. , Franz L. C. , Mathur S. , Hamlin R. L.
Published: August 2017

The goal of this study was to confirm the vasopressor and cardiac effects of POTENAY® INJETÁVEL (POT), a mephentermine‐based product, given to cattle with induced vascular/cardiac depression. Ten healthy Holstein cattle (206 ± 13 kg) followed a randomized‐complete‐block design (RCBD) utilizing crossover study design. Each animal randomly received (1 ml/25 kg, IM) of either POT (n = 10) or volume‐matched placebo control (0.9%NaCl, CP, n = 10). A subset of animals (n = 5) received POT first (day 0) while the remaining (n = 5) received CP; after a six‐day washout period, cattle received the opposite compound. Animals were anesthetized and catheterized for systemic/left ventricular hemodynamic monitoring. Myocardial dysfunction/hypotension was induced by increasing the end‐tidal isoflurane concentration until arterial blood pressure was 20% lower than at baseline and remained stable. Once the animal was determined to be hypotensive and hemodynamically stable, steady‐state hypotensive baseline data (BL2) were acquired, and treatment with either POT or CP was given. Data were acquired post‐treatment at every 15 min for 90 min. POT improved cardiac output (+68 L/min, ±14%, p < 0.05), MAP (+14 mmHg, ±4%, p < 0.05), HR (+22 bpm, ±8%, p < 0.05), and peak rates of ventricular pressure change during both systole (dP/dtmax: +37 mmHg/s ±13%, p < 0.05) and diastole (dP/dtmin: +31 mmHg/s, ±7%, p < 0.05). No improvements were noted following placebo‐control administration. Results indicate that POT improves cardiac performance and systemic hemodynamics in cattle with induced cardiovascular depression when given as single intramuscular injection.
Fillet Quality and Processing Attributes of Postsmolt Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Fed a Fishmeal‐free Diet and a Fishmeal‐based Diet in Recirculation Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Davidson John , Kenney P. Brett , Barrows Frederic T. , Good Christopher , Summerfelt Steven T.
Published: August 2017

Many studies have evaluated the adequacy of alternate ingredient diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, mainly with focus on fish performance and health; however, comprehensive analysis of fillet quality is lacking, particularly for salmon fed these diets in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). To this end, a study was conducted comparing fillet quality and processing attributes of postsmolt Atlantic salmon fed a fishmeal‐free diet (FMF) versus a standard fishmeal‐based diet, in replicate RAS. Mean weight of Atlantic salmon fed both diets was 1.72 kg following the 6‐mo trial and survival was >99%. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) processing and fillet yields, whole‐body proximate composition(fat, moisture, protein), fillet proximate composition, cook yield, fillet texture, color, or omega‐3 fatty acid fillet content, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels. Whole‐body ash content was greater in salmon fed the FMF diet. The FMF diet resulted in a wild fish‐in to farmed fish‐out ratio of 0:1 per Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch criteria due to its fishmeal‐free status and use of lipids from fishery byproduct. Overall, fillet quality and processing attributes were generally unaffected when feeding a diet devoid of fishmeal to postsmolt Atlantic salmon cultured in RAS. [Correction added on 7 September 2017, after first online publication: the P value in Abstract has been changed from “P < 0.05” to “P > 0.05”.].
Closing the gap: Avian lineage splits at a young, narrow seaway imply a protracted history of mixed population response
Authors: Trewick Steve A. , Pilkington Stephen , Shepherd Lara D. , Gibb Gillian C. , Morgan‐Richards Mary
Published: August 2017

The evolutionary significance of spatial habitat gaps has been well recognized since Alfred Russel Wallace compared the faunas of Bali and Lombok. Gaps between islands influence population structuring of some species, and flightless birds are expected to show strong partitioning even where habitat gaps are narrow. We examined the population structure of the most numerous living flightless land bird in New Zealand, Weka (Gallirallus australis). We surveyed Weka and their feather lice in native and introduced populations using genetic data gathered fromDNAsequences of mitochondrial genes and nuclear β‐fibrinogen and five microsatellite loci. We found low genetic diversity among extant Weka population samples. Two genetic clusters were evident in the mtDNAfrom Weka and their lice, but partitioning at nuclear loci was less abrupt. Many formerly recognized subspecies/species were not supported; instead, we infer one subspecies for each of the two main New Zealand islands. Although currently range restricted, North Island Weka have higher mtDNAdiversity than the more wide‐ranging southern Weka. Mismatch and neutrality statistics indicate North Island Weka experienced rapid and recent population reduction, while South Island Weka display the signature of recent expansion. Similar haplotype data from a widespread flying relative of Weka and other New Zealand birds revealed instances of North Island—South Island partitioning associated with a narrow habitat gap (Cook Strait). However, contrasting patterns indicate priority effects and other ecological factors have a strong influence on spatial exchange at this scale.
Lane's Disease (Erythema Palmare Hereditarium): A Report of Five Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Gurioli Carlotta , Patrizi Annalisa , Lambertini Martina , Neri Iria
Published: August 2017

Background

Erythema palmare hereditarium (EPH), also known as Lane's disease, is a rare, benign condition presenting as persistent erythema involving the palms. EPH can appear at birth or later in life and usually in at least two members of the same family, although a sporadic case has been reported.

Methods

We report five cases of EPH and offer a review of the current literature. The first and second cases are twin boys presenting with erythema mainly on the thenar and hypothenar eminences and on the phalanges that appeared 8 months after birth. The third case is a girl with congenital palmar erythema and two other capillary malformations. The fourth case is a 58‐year‐old woman with palmar erythema that appeared after pregnancy. Her 32‐year‐old daughter had presented with the same palm redness since birth.

Results

A review of the literature shows that women are affected almost three times more than men. Dermoscopic evaluation showed red structureless areas with arborizing vessels, mainly running parallel along follicular openings.

Conclusion

EPH should be considered in all patients presenting with palmar erythema, especially in familial long‐lasting forms. It can be congenital or acquired, but the pathogenetic mechanism is unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dermatoscopic study of EPH and the largest case series reported in the literature, involving two families and one sporadic case.
Demyelinating neuropathy in a 6‐year‐old girl with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kamata Akiko , Muramatsu Kazuhiro , Sawaura Noriko , Makioka Nishiki , Ogata Tomomi , Kuwashima Makoto , Arakawa Hirokazu
Published: August 2017

Herein we report the case of a 6‐year‐old girl with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and weakness in the distal portion of the right upper limb. Although difficult to perform, nerve conduction studies indicated demyelinating neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed swelling a nd high‐intensity signals in the right brachial plexus and cervical spinal roots. The symptoms recovered after a single course of i.v. immunoglobulin. Electrophysiological indices and MRI findings also improved after treatment. This case demonstrates the utility of neuroimaging in addition to electrophysiological assessments for the diagnosis of demyelinating neuropathy, particularly in young patients with ASD.
Can Character Traits Be Based on Brute Psychological Facts?
Authors: Fileva Iskra
Published: August 2017

Some of our largely unchosen first‐order reactions, such as disgust, can underwrite morally‐laden character traits. This observation is in tension with the plausible idea that virtues and vices are based on reasons. I propose a way to resolve the tension.
Abortion in goats by Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in Spain
Authors: Gonzalez J , Passantino G , Esnal A , Cuesta N , García Vera JA , Mechelli L , Saez A , García Marín JF , Tempesta M
Published: August 2017

Contents

An abortion outbreak occurred in a goat herd of Murciano‐Granadina breed in Almeria Region in Spain where 80 pregnant females aborted. All bacteriological and parasitological examinations resulted negative, whereas virological investigations and real‐time PCR assay showed the presence of Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 DNA in the pathological specimens from aborted foetuses. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the DNA was highly close related to the Swiss strain E‐CH (99.7%) and a little less extent to the Italian BA.1 strain (99.4%). Histopathological examination revealed multifocal, well‐circumscribed, 50‐ to 200‐μm‐diameter foci of coagulative necrosis in the liver, lungs and kidneys of three foetuses. In the periphery of the necrosis, there were frequently epithelial cells with the chromatin emarginated by large, round, amphophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. The source of the infection in the herd could not clearly find out even some hypothesis were formulated. This seems to be the first report of an abortion outbreak due to Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in a goat herd in Spain.
The Comet assay for detection of DNA damage in canine sperm
Authors: Pereira AF , Borges P , Fontbonne A , Cardoso L , Gaivão I , Martins‐Bessa A
Published: August 2017

Contents

Sperm DNA integrity is a fundamental prerequisite in fertilization and embryo development. Among DNA integrity tests, the Comet assay is an accurate and sensitive test for the detection of sperm oxidative damage. The aim of this work was to evaluate sperm oxidative damage using the Comet assay and to study the correlation between Comet and routine assays for the evaluation of semen quality. Dogs were divided in two groups: group A (n = 6), comprising dogs with abnormal spermiogram, that is astheno‐, terato‐ or oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT); and group B (n = 8), comprising normospermic dogs. The distribution of sperm oxidative damage was significantly different between the two groups (p = .001): group A—median: 31.55%, interquartile range (IQR): 30.18–38.01; group B—median: 0.90%, IQR: 0.65–1.96. The correlation between oxidative damage and abnormal morphology was high (r = .846; p < .001). There was a negative correlation between progressive motility and oxidative damage (r = −.792; p = .001). Basal and oxidative DNA damage of spermatozoa are increased in dogs with non‐normospermic semen. In conclusion, and considering the elevated correlation with classical tests of sperm quality, the Comet assay has ample potential for clinical and research purposes in dogs.
Influence of gender, working field and psychosocial factors on the vulnerability for burnout in mental hospital staff: results of an Austrian cross‐sectional study
Authors: Schadenhofer Petra , Kundi Michael , Abrahamian Heidemarie , Stummer Harald , Kautzky‐Willer Alexandra
Published: August 2017

Introduction

According to the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU‐OSHA), hospitals represent a work environment with high job strain. Prolonged perceived occupational stress may result in symptoms of burnout, such as emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). Understanding which factors may reduce vulnerability for burnout is an important requirement for well‐targeted occupational stress prevention in mental hospital staff.

Objective

To identify the influence of gender, age, working field, family structure, education, voluntarily occupational training during holidays and length of stay on job on occupational stress perception.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional design, 491 employees (311 female, 180 male) of an Austrian mental health centre participated in the study. The extent of perceived occupational stress was assessed by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with the scales for emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Participants were divided according to their working field in those working with/without patients.

Findings

Prevalence of emotional exhaustion was higher in women working with patients compared to men working with patients (25% vs. 18%, p = 0.003). Age above 45 years was significantly associated with decreased vulnerability for burnout in men (EE p = 0.040, DP p = 0.010, PA p = 0.007), but not in women. A lower level of education had a significant impact on depersonalisation in both sexes (p = 0.001 for men, p = 0.048 for women). Length of stay on job showed a significant influence on emotional exhaustion. No significant relationship was found between family structure and vulnerability for burnout.

Conclusion

Gender had a differential effect on perceived occupational stress indicating a need for gender‐tailored preventive strategies. Age, working field, education, voluntarily occupational training during holidays and length of stay on job affect vulnerability for burnout in mental hospital staff.
Extending F‐Perceptory to model fuzzy objects with composite geometries for GIS
Authors: Khalfi Besma , de Runz Cyril , Faiz Sami , Akdag Herman
Published: August 2017

When analyzing spatial issues, geographers are often confronted with many problems with regard to the imprecision of the available information. It is necessary to develop representation and design methods which are suited to imprecise spatiotemporal data. This led to the recent proposal of the F‐Perceptory approach. F‐Perceptory models fuzzy primitive geometries that are appropriate in representing homogeneous regions. However, the real world often contains cases that are much more complex, describing geographic features with composite structures such as a geometry aggregation or combination. From a conceptual point of view, these cases have not yet been managed with F‐Perceptory. This article proposes modeling fuzzy geographic objects with composite geometries, by extending the pictographic language of F‐Perceptory and its mapping to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) necessary to manage them in object/relational databases. Until now, the most commonly used object modeling tools have not considered imprecise data. The extended F‐Perceptory is implemented under a UML‐based modeling tool in order to support users in fuzzy conceptual data modeling. In addition, in order to properly define the related database design, an automatic derivation process is implemented to generate the fuzzy database model.
Three representative inter and intra‐subspecific crosses reveal the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation in rice
Authors: Li Guangwei , Li Xiaoting , Wang Yuan , Mi Jiaming , Xing Feng , Zhang Dahan , Dong Qiyan , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Zhang Qifa , Ouyang Yidan
Published: August 2017

Systematic characterization of genetic and molecular mechanisms in the formation of hybrid sterility is of fundamental importance in understanding reproductive isolation and speciation. Using ultra‐high‐density genetic maps, 43 single‐locus quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 223 digenic interactions for embryo‐sac, pollen, and spikelet fertility are depicted from three crosses between representative varieties of japonica and two varietal groups of indica, which provide an extensive archive for investigating the genetic basis of reproductive isolation in rice. Ten newly detected single‐locus QTLs for inter‐ and intra‐subspecific fertility are identified. Three loci for embryo‐sac fertility are detected in both Nip × ZS97 and Nip × MH63 crosses, whereas QTLs for pollen fertility are not in common between the two crosses thus leading to fertility variation. Five loci responsible for fertility and segregation distortion are observed in the ZS97 × MH63 cross. The importance of two‐locus interactions on fertility are quantified in the whole genome, which identify that three types of interaction contribute to fertility reduction in the hybrid. These results construct the genetic architecture with respect to various forms of reproductive barriers in rice, which have significant implications in utilization of inter‐subspecific heterosis along with improvement in the fertility of indica–indica hybrids at single‐ and multi‐locus level.
Does the US EXIM Bank really promote US exports?
Authors: Agarwal Natasha , Wang Zheng
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates the impact of US Export‐Import Bank (EXIM) on US exports particularly in the wake of international competition from foreign national export credit agencies (ECAs). We employ a gravity framework on a country‐industry‐year‐level panel data set that matches EXIM authorisations with US bilateral exports. Our results depict the general ineffectiveness of the Bank in promoting exports within and across industries. Some heterogeneities behind the general finding are also uncovered: industries other than aerospace parts and products are more likely to benefit from EXIM authorisations, and EXIM authorisations to larger businesses seem to be more effective in encouraging exports. Furthermore, we find no evidence that EXIM encourages US exports by offsetting foreign ECA competition. These results are neither affected by competing countries’ membership to the OECD Arrangement nor by the size of American firms that received EXIM support. Our results cast doubt on the ubiquitously positive claims made by the Bank and its supporters, yet also provide policy lessons for countries that are either in the inception stages of establishing their own ECAs or are now placing greater importance on ECA financing in encouraging exports.
Factors associated with high pain intensity during wound care procedures: A model
Authors: Gardner Sue E. , Abbott Linda I. , Fiala Catherine A. , Rakel Barbara A.
Published: August 2017

The most common wound care procedures (WPCs) performed on open wounds are dressing changes and wound cleansing. Dressing changes cause moderate to severe pain in 74% of patients, nearly half (36%) of whom experience severe pain (rated as 8–10 on a 10‐point numeric rating scale). The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of clinically accessible factors that can be tested in order to develop a clinical tool to identify which patients are likely to experience high intensity pain during nonoperative WCPs, such as dressing changes. Although multiple factors are known to be associated with pain, the factors selected for this model were limited to those that (1) are supported based on evidence and/or pain mechanisms and (2) are readily accessible to clinicians/practitioners and can be tested as a prediction tool to be used prior to WCPs. This model may be helpful to identify those likely to experience high intensity pain during WCPs. In this way, use of aggressive pain management strategies, including specialty dressings, pharmacologic analgesics, and/or non‐pharmacological strategies, such as high intensity transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
Arrhythmogenic gene remodelling in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes with aortic stenosis and normal left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Ashrafi R. , Modi P. , Oo A. Y. , Pullan D. M. , Jian K. , Zhang H. , Gerges J. Yanni , Hart G. , Boyett M. R. , Davis G. K. , Wilding J. P. H.
Published: August 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher rate of ventricular arrhythmias compared with the non‐diabetic population, but the associated myocardial gene expression changes are unknown; furthermore, it is also unknown whether any changes are attributable to chronic hyperglycaemia or are a consequence of structural changes.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We found downregulation of left ventricular ERG gene expression and increased NCX1 gene expression in humans with type 2 diabetes compared with control patients with comparable left ventricular hypertrophy and possible myocardial fibrosis. This was associated with QT interval prolongation. Diabetes and associated chronic hyperglycaemia may therefore promote ventricular arrhythmogenesis independently of structural changes.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher rate of ventricular arrhythmias, and this is hypothesized to be independent of coronary artery disease or hypertension. To investigate further, we compared changes in left ventricular myocardial gene expression in type 2 diabetes patients with patients in a control group with left ventricular hypertrophy. Nine control patients and seven patients with type 2 diabetes with aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement had standard ECGs, signal‐averaged ECGs and echocardiograms before surgery. During surgery, a left ventricular biopsy was taken, and mRNA expressions for genes relevant to the cardiac action potential were estimated by RT‐PCR. Mathematical modelling of the action potential and calcium transient was undertaken using the O'Hara–Rudy model using scaled changes in gene expression. Echocardiography revealed similar values for left ventricular size, filling pressures and ejection fraction between groups. No difference was seen in positive signal‐averaged ECGs between groups, but the standard ECG demonstrated a prolonged QT interval in the diabetes group. Gene expression of KCNH2 and KCNJ3 were lower in the diabetes group, whereas KCNJ2, KCNJ5 and SLC8A1 expression were higher. Modelling suggested that these changes would lead to prolongation of the action potential duration with generation of early after‐depolarizations secondary to a reduction in density of the rapid delayed rectifier K+ current and increased Na+–Ca2+ exchange current. These data suggest that diabetes leads to pro‐arrythmogenic changes in myocardial gene expression independently of left ventricular hypertrophy or fibrosis in an elderly population.