bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future Directions
Authors: Krist Christina
Published: February 2025

In many ways, it is a fool’s errand to attempt to write a “future directions” chapter given the rapid pace at which AI is developing. Case in point: when we began writing this book, ChatGPT did not exist, and now, less than a year later, the conversation about the role of generative AI in education has taken up significant space in both formal and informal conversations. We have no doubt that technological advances are going to continue at a rapid pace. So, in light of this, rather than predict or project future applications of machine learning or AI more broadly in science education (see Zhai’s (2023) concluding chapter if you are looking for these types of insights), we would like to offer our perspective on our responsibilities and obligations as we continue to engage with the methodological advances in the field.
EU and Russian Hegemonic Power Over Time: From a Common Neighbourhood Policy Towards Differentiation
Authors: Burmester Isabell
Published: February 2025

This chapter synthesises the diachronic comparison of the EU and Russia’s use of hegemonic power mechanisms (coercion, prescription, and co-optation) over time in Moldova and Armenia. It highlights how these mechanisms evolved and became more interlinked for the EU, while Russia developed them separately. The EU increasingly utilised conditionality and sanctions, linking these to the promotion of “European values” and food safety rules. As EU-Russia relations grew more contentious, Russia’s co-optation activities became more confrontational, emphasising the Othering of the EU. The analysis reveals that Russia’s use of coercion was closer to the ideal type, characterised by unilateral threats or punishments reacting to Western orientations in neighbourhood countries. The EU’s coercion, focused on rewards, demanded democratic and institutional reforms. In prescription, the EU’s approach, through extensive legislative approximation and regulatory obligations, was more coherent compared to Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) standards, which emulated EU norms but retained a product-focused safety approach.
Fossiler Erdgasausstieg
Authors: Präger Fabian
Published: February 2025

Die Nutzung von fossilem Erdgas wird oft als klimafreundliche Alternative zu Kohle und Öl dargestellt, ist jedoch aufgrund seiner hohen Treibhausgasemissionen und langfristigen Klimarisiken nicht mit den Zielen der Energiewende vereinbar. Die Erzählung von Erdgas als „Brückentechnologie“ legitimiert eine nicht zukunftsfähige Infrastruktur, die zu Lock-in-Effekten und erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Risiken wie Asset-Stranding führt. Eine kritische Analyse zeigt, dass Methan nicht dekarbonisiert werden kann und fossiles Erdgas daher keine Rolle in einem emissionsfreien Energiesystem spielen sollte. Stattdessen sind Maßnahmen für einen geplanten Erdgasausstieg erforderlich, um die Einhaltung des Pariser Abkommens zu gewährleisten und Investitionen in nachhaltige Energieinfrastrukturen zu fördern. Klare regulatorische Vorgaben, progressive CO2-Preise und der Ausbau Erneuerbarer Energien sind essenziell, um den Übergang zu einem 100%-Erneuerbaren-Energiesystem zu beschleunigen.
Vanishing of quadratic Love numbers of Schwarzschild black holes
Authors: Iteanu Simon , Riva Massimiliano Maria , Santoni Luca , Savić Nikola , Vernizzi Filippo
Published: February 2025

Abstract

The induced conservative tidal response of self-gravitating objects in general relativity is parametrized in terms of a set of coefficients, which are commonly referred to as Love numbers. For asymptotically-flat black holes in four spacetime dimensions, the Love numbers are famously zero in the static regime. In this work, we show that this result continues to hold upon inclusion of nonlinearities in the theory for Schwarzschild black holes. We first solve the quadratic Einstein equations in the static limit to all orders in the multipolar expansion, including both even and odd perturbations. We show that the second-order solutions take simple analytic expressions, generically expressible in the form of finite polynomials. We then define the quadratic Love numbers at the level of the point-particle effective field theory. By performing the matching with the full solution in general relativity, we show that quadratic Love number coefficients are zero to all orders in the derivative expansion, like the linear ones.
Remarks on ghost resonances
Authors: Buoninfante Luca
Published: February 2025

Abstract

In this paper we study various aspects of ghost resonances: the resummation that leads to the dressed propagator, the poles locations, the analytic continuation into the second Riemann sheet and the spectral representations in both first and second sheets. In particular, we show that for real masses above the multiparticle threshold the ghost propagator has a pair of complex conjugate poles in the first sheet, unlike the case of an ordinary unstable resonance which has no pole in the first sheet but a complex conjugate pair in the second sheet. Mathematical and physical implications of this feature are discussed. We also clarify an important point regarding the two absorptive contributions of a ghost propagator in the narrow-width approximation. Furthermore, we argue that finite-time quantum field theories are needed to consistently derive the dressed ghost propagator and capture the true physical properties of ghost resonances. Throughout the work, different prescriptions to define the ghost propagator on the real axis are considered: Feynman, anti-Feynman and fakeon prescriptions.
Second order bosonic string effective action from O(d, d)
Authors: Wulff Linus
Published: February 2025

Abstract

The corrections to the tree-level effective action for the bosonic string up to second order in α

′
are fixed by requiring its dimensional reduction to 26 – d dimensions to be compatible with O(d, d) symmetry. The result is in agreement with the literature, but takes a simpler form than previously know expressions. We identify some structures in the Lagrangian which appear at least at the first three orders in α

′
.
Nonuniform Exponential Dichotomy on the Half-Line via Evolution Semigroups
Authors: Lupa Nicolae , Popescu Liviu H.
Published: February 2025

We establish a sufficient condition for the existence of a nonuniform exponential dichotomy of an evolution family on the half-line in terms of evolution semigroups. Such endeavour is not at all of a formal type and our proof is new even in the particular case of uniform exponential dichotomy.
Translators of the Mean Curvature Flow in the Special Linear Group $$\textrm{SL}(2,\mathbb {R})$$
Authors: López Rafael , Munteanu Marian Ioan
Published: February 2025

Translators in the special linear group

$$\textrm{SL}(2,\mathbb {R})$$

SL
(
2
,
R
)

are surfaces whose mean curvature H and unit normal vector N satisfy

$$H=\langle N,X\rangle $$

H
=
⟨
N
,
X
⟩

, where X is a fixed Killing vector field. In this paper we study and classify those translators that are invariant by a one-parameter group of isometries. By the Iwasawa decomposition, there are three types of such groups. The dimension of the Killing vector fields is 4 and an exhaustive discussion is done for each one of the Killing vector fields and each of the invariant surfaces. In some cases, explicit parametrizations of translators are obtained.
Geschlossene/minimal-invasive Repositionstechniken an der oberen und unteren Extremität in der Kindertraumatologie
Authors: Ziebarth Kai , Slongo Theddy
Published: February 2025

Behandlungsziel

Stabile Reposition einer Fraktur in eine tolerable Stellung. Verhinderung einer erneuten Abkippung der Fraktur. Vermeidung von invasiven Operationen respektive Minimierung der Verwendung von Fremdmaterial.

Indikationen

Frakturen des Kindes an der oberen und unteren Extremität.

Kontraindikationen

Gelenkfrakturen. Trümmerfrakturen. Offene Frakturen.

Technik

Korrekte Analgesie/Narkose, um die Intervention für das Kind so angenehm wie möglich durchzuführen. Je nach Lokalisation und Frakturmuster ist eine indirekte Reposition durch die Ruhigstellung, z. B. Blount-Schlinge bei einer suprakondylären Humerusfraktur, oder eine direkte manuelle Reposition der Fraktur mit anschließender Gipsruhigstellung notwendig. Unterstützend können zur Retention perkutane Kirschner-Drähte/Schrauben oder ein externer Fixateur verwendet werden.

Weiterbehandlung

Im Anschluss an jede Reposition mit Gipsruhigstellung ohne weitere Fixation sollte eine Stellungskontrolle 5 bis 7 Tage nach Manipulation durchgeführt werden. Je nach Stellungsverhältnissen ergibt sich dann das weitere Procedere. Wurde eine Osteosynthese durchgeführt, ist keine Stellungskontrolle notwendig, sondern lediglich die Konsolidationskontrolle 3 bis 6 Wochen (altersabhängig) postoperativ.

Ergebnisse

Durch geschickte Repositionen und meist minimal-invasive Verfahren, können in der Kindertraumatologie viele Frakturen geschlossen oder sogar ohne eine Osteosynthese behandelt werden.
Pneumokokken-Impfung bei Personen ab 60 Jahren: Zusammenhänge zwischen Impfintention, Wissen und psychologischen Gründen für die Impfentscheidung
Authors: Nordmann Hannah , Uthoff Sarah Anna Katharina , Zinkevich Anna , Iwen Julia , Biedermann Marc , Ansmann Lena
Published: February 2025

Einleitung

Weltweit stellen Pneumokokken die häufigste Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität bei Infektionen der unteren Atemwege dar. Trotz Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) bleibt die Impfquote gegen Pneumokokken bei über 60-Jährigen in Deutschland niedrig. Daher wurden für diese Gruppe die Zusammenhänge zwischen psychologischen Gründen des (Nicht‑)Impfens, Wissen über Pneumokokken, Alter und Geschlecht, früheren Impfentscheidungen und der Pneumokokken-Impfintention untersucht.

Methoden

Die Analyse basiert auf Daten der Studie „ALtersspezifische Impfinanspruchnahme VErbessern“, bei der 2022 1117 Patient:innen ab 60 Jahren befragt wurden. Neben der deskriptiven Auswertung der Querschnittsdaten wurde eine Spearman-Korrelationsanalyse durchgeführt. Zudem wurden in einer linearen Regressionsanalyse prädiktive Variablen identifiziert.

Ergebnisse

Vertrauen in die Sicherheit von Impfungen (β = 0,514, p < 0,001) und eine Influenza-Impfung (β = 0,153, p < 0,001) in der letzten Saison sind die stärksten Prädiktoren für die Pneumokokken-Impfintention. Zudem zeigt die Einschätzung des von einer Pneumokokken-Infektion ausgehenden Risikos (β = 0,086, p = 0,002) einen signifikanten positiven Zusammenhang zur Impfintention. Die durchgeführte Regressionsanalyse konnte 48,8 % der Varianz der Impfintention erklären (R2 = 0,488).

Diskussion

Vertrauen und Risikowahrnehmung scheinen entscheidende Faktoren für die Impfentscheidung zu sein. Maßnahmen, die diese Aspekte adressieren, könnten die Impfintention erhöhen. Eine gleichzeitige Impfung gegen Influenza und Pneumokokken könnte sinnvoll sein, da das Erhalten einer Influenza-Impfung in der letzten Saison einen positiven Effekt auf die Pneumokokken-Impfintention zeigte.
Effective cross-section of a timber beam exposed to natural fires
Authors: Huč Sabina , Hozjan Tomaž , Pečenko Robert
Published: February 2025

According to the Eurocode standards, advanced numerical models or the reduced cross-section method can be used to determine the mechanical resistance of timber structures under fire conditions. The method assumes a rectangular effective cross-section with full strength and stiffness and the cross-section of effective thickness without strength and stiffness after fire exposure. The effective thickness is the sum of the charring thickness and the zero-strength layer thickness, which are specified in the standards only for standard fire exposure. In the present paper, the analyses are combined with the reduced cross-section method and numerical fire, hygro-thermal and mechanical models to determine the charring thickness, zero-strength layer thickness and effective thickness of a simply supported timber beam under bending exposed to different natural fires. The results show that the three thicknesses increase with fire duration until the end values are reached at which the timber beam can withstand a prescribed natural fire. The end values for the charring thickness are between 18.2 mm and 72.1 mm, for the zero-strength layer thickness between 14.9 mm and 27.4 mm and for the effective thickness between 39.9 mm and 89.9 mm. The results also show that the end values of the charring thickness and the effective thickness depend on the maximum gas temperature. The end values of the zero-strength layer thickness depend on the linear cooling rate. Simple linear equations are proposed to account for these dependencies. Piecewise linear equations are also proposed to describe the temporal development of the three thicknesses.
Targeted serum proteomics of longitudinal samples from newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes affirms markers of disease
Authors: Moulder Robert , Hirvonen M. Karoliina , Välikangas Tommi , Suomi Tomi , Overbergh Lut , Peakman Mark , Brunak Søren , Mathieu Chantal , Knip Mikael , Elo Laura L. , Lahesmaa Riitta ,   on behalf of the INNODIA consortium
Published: February 2025

Aims/hypothesis

While investigating markers for declining beta cell function in type 1 diabetes, we previously demonstrated 11 statistically significant protein associations with fasting C-peptide/glucose ratios in longitudinal serum samples from newly diagnosed (ND) individuals (n=86; 228 samples in total) participating in the INNODIA (Innovative approaches to understanding and arresting type 1 diabetes) study. Furthermore, comparison with protein measurements from age- and sex-matched autoantibody-negative unaffected family members (UFMs, n=194) revealed differences in the serum levels of 13 target proteins. To further evaluate these findings, we analysed longitudinal serum drawn during the first year after diagnosis from a new group of ND individuals subsequently enrolled in the study, together with samples from additional UFMs.

Methods

To validate the previously reported statistically significant protein associations with type 1 diabetes progression, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) MS analyses were carried out. Sera from individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes under the age of 18 years (n=146) were collected within 6 weeks of diagnosis and at 3, 6 and 12 months after diagnosis (560 samples in total). The resulting SRM data were compared with fasting C-peptide/glucose measurements, which were used as a proxy for beta cell function. The protein data were further compared with cross-sectional SRM measurements from age- and sex-matched UFMs (n=272).

Results

Our results confirmed the presence of significant (p<0.05) inverse associations between fasting C-peptide/glucose ratios and peptides from apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein M and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in ND individuals. Additionally, we observed consistent differences in the levels of ten of the 13 targeted proteins between individuals with type 1 diabetes and UFMs. These proteins included GPX3, transthyretin, prothrombin, apolipoprotein C1 and afamin.

Conclusions/interpretation

The validated results reflect the landscape of biological changes accompanying type 1 diabetes. For example, the association of the targeted apolipoproteins with fasting C-peptide/glucose ratios in the first year after diagnosis is likely to relate to lipid abnormalities observed in individuals with type 1 diabetes, and reiterates the connection of apolipoproteins with the underlying changes accompanying the disease. Further research is needed to explore the clinical value and relevance of these targets.

Graphical Abstract
Wire cutting as a viable substitute for machining standardized V-notches for Charpy specimens
Authors: Spanu Florencia , Cantero Mariano , Lorusso Hernán , Simoncelli Alejandro , Migliorino Diego , Martínez Krahmer Daniel , Sánchez Egea Antonio J.
Published: February 2025

In engineering, selecting the right material is crucial, with toughness being a key property. The Charpy impact test is essential for assessing a material’s ability to absorb energy during sudden loads, aiding in material selection, temperature behavior analysis, and heat treatment effects. Modern manufacturing technologies address materials with poor machinability, such as those in metalworking. Fabricating standardized Charpy specimens requires machining notches. While traditional milling methods are standard, there is growing interest in alternative processes like electro-discharge machining, which can replace milling without significantly affecting mechanical properties. This study evaluates the feasibility of wire electrical discharge machining with a conventional wire as an alternative to the standardized machining method for creating notches in Charpy specimens. The results show that for brass and AISI 1045 steel, no significant differences in resilience were observed between processes. However, the resilience of the aluminum specimens tested by Charpy with the WEDM notch was 28% lower than that of the machined specimens. This work demonstrates the potential of wire electrical discharge machining for manufacturing V-notches in Charpy specimens across a broad range of materials while preserving the sensitivity of the standard test. These findings highlight valuable insights for its application in various industries where impact toughness assessment is critical.
The effect of the combination therapy with chlorophyllin, a glutathione transferase P1-1 inhibitor, and docetaxel on triple-negative breast cancer invasion and metastasis in vivo/in vitro
Authors: Burus Ayse , Ozcan Mehmet , Canpinar Hande , Bozdemir Ozlem , Zeybek Naciye Dilara , Bayazit Yasemin
Published: February 2025

The expression of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) enzyme increases in cancer cells, leading to anticancer drug resistance. The antioxidant chlorophyllin has an inhibitory effect on GSTP1. In this study, we investigated the effect of chlorophyllin and its combined administration with the chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel on metastatic processes. For this purpose, both the 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cell line and metastatic animal model were used. The MTT, flow cytometry, and wound healing assays were used to investigate cell viability, cell cycle, and cell migration, respectively. Total gelatinase activity, GST activity, and glutathione levels in cell and liver tissue lysates measured by colorimetric methods. Micrometastases were evaluated histochemically in liver tissue sections. As a result, the coadministration of chlorophyllin and docetaxel significantly inhibited cell migration in vitro. There was a significant decrease in the total gelatinase activity in vivo. We found that only combined treatment reduced the micrometastatic lesions in the liver tissues, though this reduction was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the coadministration of chlorophyllin and docetaxel may have a potential role in controlling metastatic processes by suppressing cell migration, gelatinase activity, and micrometastasis formation in triple-negative breast cancers.

Graphical Abstract
Integrating the lactulose-mannitol test for intestinal permeability with untargeted metabolomics for drug monitoring through dual liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Hildebrand Felina , Cukaci Cemre , Schoeny Harald , Baumgartinger Christoph , Stelzer Bruno , Spedicato Matteo , Frey Tobias , Catani Martina , Schmetterer Klaus , Frey Richard , Koellensperger Gunda
Published: February 2025

In this study, we developed a customized high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics workflow integrating the dual sugar test employing lactulose and mannitol as test probes for intestinal permeability assessment with untargeted screening of small molecules. Urine samples were collected from patients with major depression and healthy controls as part of a clinical study at the psychiatric department. Using a dual injection/dual chromatography setup, the test probes were quantified by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in a targeted assay, while drugs and their metabolites were profiled in an untargeted manner by reversed-phase separation. Rigorous method development and validation allowed for selective separation of sugar isomers and consequently accurate quantification of lactulose and mannitol in urine. Internal standardization with compound specific stable isotope-labeled standards enabled excellent analytical figures of merit such as high recoveries, precision (< 5%), and working range (5 orders of magnitude). Within one analytical run, intestinal permeability was assessed together with drugs and their metabolites, allowing to screen for confounding drugs and patient compliance to the therapeutic scheme.

Graphical Abstract
Optimization of irrigation on walnut through the IRRIFRAME water balance model
Authors: Perulli Giulio Demetrio , Baldi Elena , Toselli Moreno , Gentile Salvatore Luca , Solimando Domenico , Anconelli Stefano , Perez Pastor Alejandro , Boini Alexandra , Corelli Grappadelli Luca , Manfrini Luigi
Published: February 2025

In recent years, reduced summer precipitation frequencies related to climate change have raised the probability of water scarcity, even in the Po Valley of Italy, thus requiring an optimization of the irrigation management for walnut cultivation which has become very present in the area. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, during four consecutive seasons (2018–2021), the physiological (stem water potential Ψw, leaf photosynthesis A and stomatal conductance gs), yield (nut weight, shelled yield, kernel colour) and water use efficiency (WUE) responses of walnut trees to different irrigation levels (100% ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc) in order to obtain an improved water balance model, fit for walnut production under Emilia Romagna conditions. Water supply in 100% ETc (CTRL) was managed according to the IRRIFRAME water balance model. CTRL trees generally showed higher stem Ψw at midday, than those irrigated at 75% (DI75) and 50% ETc (DI50). Less sensitivity was found for gs and A, than for Ψw, to the different water regimes: in fact, differences among treatments occurred only in the first two years, when yield was reduced by 50% ETc irrigation, compared to 100% and 75% ETc. No differences were registered for shelled yield and kernel colour during the experimental period. On the contrary, irrigation treatments affected WUE in all the seasons, with CTRL being the less efficient treatment, followed by DI75 and DI50.
Artificial intelligence in otorhinolaryngology: current trends and application areas
Authors: Demir Emre , Uğurlu Burak Numan , Uğurlu Gülay Aktar , Aydoğdu Gülçin
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of scientific research on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL), with a specific focus on identifying emerging AI trend topics within this discipline.

Methods

A total of 498 articles on AI in ORL, published between 1982 and 2024, were retrieved from the Web of Science database. Various bibliometric techniques, including trend keyword analysis and factor analysis, were applied to analyze the data.

Results

The most prolific journal was the European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (n = 67). The USA (n = 200) and China (n = 61) were the most productive countries in AI-related ORL research. The most productive institutions were Harvard University / Harvard Medical School (n = 71). The leading authors in this field were Lechien JR. (n = 18) and Rameau A. (n = 17). The most frequently used keywords in the AI research were cochlear implant, head and neck cancer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hearing loss, patient education, diagnosis, radiomics, surgery, hearing aids, laryngology ve otitis media. Recent trends in otorhinolaryngology research reflect a dynamic focus, progressing from hearing-related technologies such as hearing aids and cochlear implants in earlier years, to diagnostic innovations like audiometry, psychoacoustics, and narrow band imaging. The emphasis has recently shifted toward advanced applications of MRI, radiomics, and computed tomography (CT) for conditions such as head and neck cancer, chronic rhinosinusitis, laryngology, and otitis media. Additionally, increasing attention has been given to patient education, quality of life, and prognosis, underscoring a holistic approach to diagnosis, surgery, and treatment in otorhinolaryngology.

Conclusion

AI has significantly impacted the field of ORL, especially in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic planning. With advancements in MRI and CT-based technologies, AI has proven to enhance disease detection and management. The future of AI in ORL suggests a promising path toward improving clinical decision-making, patient care, and healthcare efficiency.
A bottom-up initiated digital external quality assessment scheme for the state-of-the-art pathology in Sweden: reduced variability between pathology departments
Authors: Rask Gunilla , Olofsson Helena , Bauer Annette , Bodén Anna , van Brakel Johannes , Colón-Cervantes Eugenia , Ehinger Anna , Kovács Anikó , Rundgren-Sellei Åsa , Hartman Johan , Ågren Josefin , Darai-Ramqvist Eva , Andersson Charlotta , Gustafsson Christina Kåbjörn , Acs Balazs
Published: February 2025

External quality assessment (EQA) schemes for pathology are essential, yet large/international programmes do not assess morphology-based biomarkers or address local/regional needs. This study outlines bottom-up initiated, flexible Swedish Digital Pathology EQA rounds for breast pathology, and presents results from the 2021 and 2023 rounds. Six breast carcinoma cases were selected for each EQA round by the Swedish Breast Pathology Expert Group (KVAST Breast). Whole tissue slides stained with HE, IHC, and ISH were anonymized, digitized, and uploaded to the digital EQA platform. Biomarkers were selected based on national registry data analysis and pathologist and clinician feedback. The 2021 round assessed Nottingham grade (NHG), oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), while the 2023 round focused on NHG, HER2-low, and global Ki67. Twenty-seven pathology departments participated. From 2021 to 2023, the variability of NHG assessment on digital slides improved from moderate to substantial (kappa 0.50; 95% CI 0.45–0.55 to 0.64; 95% CI 0.60–0.68), with better agreement for NHG3 than NHG1. Participants showed substantial and excellent agreement in ER (kappa 1) and PR (0.75 (95% CI 0.69–0.82). We found similar agreement in distinguishing HER2 IHC 0 (0.78; 95% CI 0.72–0.82) and HER2 IHC 3 + (0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.00) from other HER2 IHC scores. Participants showed substantial agreement in detecting Ki67 high and Ki67 low cases (kappa 0.65; 95% CI 0.60–0.71 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.64–0.74, respectively). This digital EQA identifies local issues and complements large international EQAs to address challenges in the rapidly changing biomarkers of cancer therapy.
Spinel to plagioclase reaction in high heat flow mantle domains entrapped in uprising lavas: the case study of mantle xenoliths from Azrou-Timahdite, Middle Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Orlando Andrea , Tommasini Simone , Braschi Eleonora , Santo Alba P. , Langone Antonio , Barni Lorenzo , Sestini Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

Mantle xenoliths (lherzolites and a wehrlite) found in Cenozoic alkaline lavas from Azrou–Timahdite (Middle Atlas, Morocco) were petrographically studied with a particular emphasis on mineral chemistry. The most striking feature of these rocks is that plagioclase formed as a result of Al-rich spinel destabilization. This reaction is recorded in different steps and determined a variety of microstructures that allowed to identify four groups of xenoliths. Spinel chemistry generally becomes more refractory approaching the magma-xenolith interface. Geothermobarometry of both xenoliths and host lavas based on pyroxene equilibria and Forsterite—Anorthite—Ca Tschermak—Enstatite (FACE) geobarometer is consistent with a scenario in which spinel to plagioclase reaction was triggered at 0.7–1 GPa by hot (> 1100 °C) upraising magma in a mantle already characterized by a high heat flow (> 80 mW/m2). The entrapment of the xenoliths by the host magma en route to the surface caused a chemical interaction resulting in orthopyroxene destabilization with the formation of anorthoclase. The high geothermal gradient outlined by the mineral chemistry of the xenoliths is consistent with the geodynamic setting of the area, where the lithosphere has been thinned due to the upraising of a mantle plume active since Mesozoic and producing the Mesozoic Central High Atlas basalts.

Graphical abstract
Safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant cisplatin + S-1 combined with radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Karashima Takashi , Takamori Shinkichi , Abe Miyuki , Takumi Yohei , Osoegawa Atsushi , Sugio Kenji
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To assess the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin plus S-1 for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with a focus on real-world outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 32 patients with stage II-III NSCLC eligible for resection, who received preoperative induction therapy between January 2012 and December 2022. Specifically, 20 patients received cisplatin, S-1, and radiation therapy.

Results

Among the 32 patients who received induction therapy, the objective response rate (ORR) was 56.2%, and surgical resection was feasible in 29 patients (90.6%). The 5 year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate was 76.4%, and the 3- and 5 year overall survival (OS) rates were 86.2% and 82.3%, respectively. In the cisplatin + S-1 + radiation therapy group (n = 20), the ORR was 65.0%, and surgical resection was feasible in 17 patients (85.0%). The 3-year RFS and OS rates were 78.3% and 83.8%, respectively. Ef. 3 (complete pathological response) was observed in 3 patients (10.3%). No recurrences occurred in the non-adenocarcinoma subgroup (n = 6), indicating better outcomes relative to the adenocarcinoma group (5-year RFS, 100% vs. 61.4%; p = 0.07).

Conclusions

Induction therapy, particularly with cisplatin + S-1 + radiation was associated with promising RFS and OS in locally advanced NSCLC, with favorable tolerability and effectiveness.
Trends in fertility preservation treatments in Japan until 2023: analysis of the Japan Oncofertility Registry
Authors: Kawai Takao , Harada Miyuki , Urata Yoko , Sanada Yuko , Kaneda Youtaro , Takai Yasushi , Osuga Yutaka , Suzuki Nao
Published: February 2025

Background

Fertility preservation for patients with cancer or other diseases who receive gonadotoxic treatment has gained importance as cancer survival rates increase. In Japan, a database for registering all fertility preservation patients, named the Japan Oncofertility Registry (JOFR), was established in 2018. This study aimed to analyze recent trends in fertility preservation in Japan utilizing data from the JOFR.

Methods

Data was extracted from the JOFR for patients who consulted fertility preservation teams until May 2024. A descriptive analysis was conducted to examine trends in patient demographics, cancer types, fertility preservation treatments, complications, and outcomes. The data covered the period from diagnosis to fertility preservation and subsequent usage or disposal of frozen specimens.

Results

A total of 11,510 patients were recorded, with 9491 undergoing fertility preservation treatments. The number of patients increased steadily after 2006. After 2021, the number of female patients was much higher than the number of male patients. The most common primary diseases were breast cancer among women and testicular tumors and leukemia among men. There were some complications including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (5.0%), bleeding (0.12%), and infections (0.05%) for women. Seven hundred and sixty clinical pregnancies were recorded, with 440 using preserved specimens. The discard rate was 16.3% for men and 3.7% for women.

Conclusion

The study highlights recent trends in the growing number of cases undergoing fertility preservation in Japan. It also identifies several issues to be solved in fertility preservation in Japan, regarding its efficacy and safety, as well as the medical provision system.
Better together: Combining expert and citizen science data improves our understanding of occurrence patterns of lynx and wolves in Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Ludolphy Catharina , Gräber Reinhild , Strauß Egbert , Klages Inga , Reding Raoul , Anders Ole , Middelhoff Tomma Lilli , Balkenhol Niko
Published: February 2025

The return of the two large carnivores wolf and lynx to the federal state of Lower Saxony, Germany, is accompanied by conflicts, which have to be addressed by comprehensive management strategies. Basis for such management is rigorous monitoring of spatial and temporal occurrence patterns of both species. Currently, there are two different monitoring approaches executed in Lower Saxony: the official one, established with the species’ return, is based on reporting opportunistic findings by the general public complemented with systematic camera trap surveys and scat searches. The other approach was implemented in 2014 as part of the “Wildlife Survey Lower Saxony”, an annual questionnaire sent out to owners and tenants of hunting districts, with the goal to obtain state-wide information on huntable wildlife. In this study, we therefore aimed to compare both monitoring approaches in terms of general, spatial and temporal congruence using an internal classification scheme. We showed that the different monitoring approaches provide similar information on the general development of lynx and wolf occurrence across Lower Saxony. Spatial differences were mainly found at the edges of known distributional ranges. In terms of temporal dynamics, the wildlife survey data seemed to be slightly ahead of the official monitoring programmes. We also found species-related differences, which may be related to different attitudes towards the two species. Overall, our findings indicate that the different approaches complement each other and inferences on species occurrence should be made in conjunction of the two data sets.
Longitudinal renal function changes during real-world anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema in Japan
Authors: Usui-Ouchi Ayumi , Kishishita Shuta , Sakanishi Yoshihito , Mashimo Keitaro , Tamaki Kazunori , Matsuzawa Moe , Kimura Meiko , Ikari Riyu , Morita Shuu , Ninomiya Ishin , Sakuma Toshiro , Ebihara Nobuyuki , Nakao Shintaro
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the longitudinal changes in renal function and central macular thickness (CMT) and their impact on visual outcomes during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME).

Study design

This study employed a retrospective observational design and analyzed data from treatment-naive patients with DME (62 cases, 100 eyes) receiving anti-VEGF therapy for 36 months. Baseline and follow-up assessments were conducted at 12, 24, and 36 months.

Methods

Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), CMT, number of anti-VEGF injections, HbA1c, serum creatinine (Cre), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary protein levels, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage were measured at each time point.

Results

The study population had a mean age of 60.7 ± 12.2 years, with 41 men and 21 women. Over the 36-month period, the mean number of anti-VEGF injections per eye was 5.3 ± 3.3. Maximum CMT significantly decreased at each time point, and final BCVA showed significant improvement (logMAR: − 0.07). HbA1c levels remained stable, BUN and Cre levels increased, and eGFR decreased significantly over time. CKD stage 3+ at 36 months significantly resulted in worse CMT.

Conclusion

This retrospective observational study provides valuable insights into the longitudinal changes in renal function and CMT during anti-VEGF therapy for DME. Our findings emphasize the importance of monitoring renal function. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex relationship between renal function, DME, and anti-VEGF therapy, thereby facilitating improved management and outcomes in patients with DME.
Some musings on erythrogigantoacoustics
Authors: Gough Douglas
Published: February 2025

Observations of stars other than the Sun are sensitive to oscillations of only low degree. Many are high-order acoustic modes. Acoustic frequencies of main-sequence stars, for example, satisfy a well-known pattern, which some astronomers have adopted even for red-giant stars. That is not wise, because the internal structures of these stars can be quite different from those on the Main Sequence, which is populated by stars whose structure is regular. Here I report on pondering this matter, and point out two fundamental deviations from the commonly adopted relation. There are aspects of the regular relation that are connected in a simple way to gross properties of the star, such as the dependence of the eigenfrequencies on the linear combination

$n+\textstyle {\frac{1}{2}}l$

n
+

1

2

l

of the order

$n$

n

and degree

$l$

l

, which is characteristic of a regular spherical acoustic cavity. That is not a feature of red-giant frequencies, because, as experienced by the waves, red-giant stars appear to have (phantom) singular centres, which substantially modify the propagation of waves. That requires a generalization of the eigenfrequency relation, which I present here. When fitted to the observed frequencies of the Sun, the outcome is consistent with the Sun being round, with no singularity in the core. That is hardly novel, but at least it provides some assurance that our understanding of stellar acoustic wave dynamics is on a sound footing.
Glycolysis regulates palatal mesenchyme proliferation through Pten-Glut1 axis via Pten classical and non-classical pathways
Authors: Wang Yijia , Peng Xia , Wang Xiaotong , Chen Jing , Zheng Xiaoyu , Zhao Xige , Guo Cui , Du Juan
Published: February 2025

Abnormal embryonic development leads to the formation of cleft palate (CP) which is difficult to be detected by genetic screening and needs sequent treatment from infants to adults. There are no interceptive treatment about CP until now. Germline deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) was related to embryonic malformation and regulated tumor cell proliferation through glycolysis. However, the role of Pten in CP and the relationship between CP, Pten, and glycolysis are unknown. In our research, we constructed Pten knockdown models in vitro and in vivo. Our results provided preliminary evidence that blocking Pten by its inhibitor such as VO-OHpic might be an effective interceptive treatment in early period of palate development when pregnant mother expose in harmful environment during the early period of palate development to reducing CP occurring which was related with the crosstalk between Pten, and glycolysis in the process.

Graphical Abstract
Biased Perceptions of Physiological Arousal in Social Anxiety: Understanding the Role of Objective and Subjective Physiological Arousal in the Discrepancy Between Self and Observer Perceptions of Social Performance
Authors: Thomas Teegan , Johnco Carly
Published: February 2025

Background

Individuals with social anxiety underestimate their social performance compared to observers (i.e., self-observer discrepancy). Cognitive models suggest that heightened attention to, and exaggerated perception of, physiological symptoms of anxiety results in the construction of (inaccurate) mental representations of their external appearance. This study examined the relative contribution of subjective physiological arousal, self-focused attention and objective physiological arousal in predicting self-observer discrepancies during a speech performance task.

Method

Participants with high (N = 39) and low (N = 36) levels of speech anxiety completed a 10-minute speech task, with continuous measurement of objective physiological arousal (heart rate and skin conductance), self-reported subjective physiological arousal and focus of attention. Speech performance quality was rated by participants and observers to assess self-observer discrepancy.

Results

There was higher self-observer discrepancy, self-focused attention and subjective physiological arousal in the high vs. low anxiety group, but no significant difference in objective physiological arousal. Subjective physiological arousal and self-focused attention predicted self-observer discrepancy, but objective physiological arousal did not.

Conclusions

Results are consistent with cognitive models of social anxiety suggesting that cognitive and attentional biases, rather than differences in objective physiological experience, are key in understanding self-observer discrepancies in social anxiety.
Fingerprint analysis and reporting in legal trials: a critical re-evaluation
Authors: Levanon Liat , Tully Gillian
Published: February 2025

Some types of forensic evidence are analysed by forensic experts using non-probabilistic methods; the conclusions of the analysis are then reported to courts as categorical opinions. Fingerprint evidence is the most common example. The article calls for a change of practice: forensic evidence should be analysed using probabilistic methods and reported to the court in non-categorical terms. It should then be for the court to decide which categorical conclusions to draw from the evidence. The court should do so based on the unique practical considerations that enter at that stage and that guide legal decision-making. It is suggested that forensic scientists are not well-placed and indeed should not be authorised to weigh such considerations, which are inconsistent with those relevant for scientific discourse.
Adaptive Functioning Across Contexts: A Comparison of Parent and Self-Reported Ratings in Autistic and Non-Autistic Youth
Authors: Yon-Hernández Jo A. , Iosif Ana-Maria , Srivastav Apurv , Solomon Marjorie
Published: February 2025

Multi-informants are essential for capturing the full range of adaptive functioning abilities necessary for daily living and independence. However, discrepancies within parent-child dyads, specifically comparing parent-reports to child self-reports, can cloud interpretation from assessments and hinder support planning. This study examines discrepancies in parent-youth perceptions of adaptive functioning, focusing on the social domain, and investigates associations among parents, youth, and independent ratings, considering factors like IQ, autism severity, and parental education. The study included 132 individuals (66 autistic, 66 non-autistic) aged 16–24 years. Adaptive functioning was measured using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-3 across the conceptual, practical, and social domains. Agreement between reporters was assessed using paired-sample t-tests, intraclass-correlations, and Bland-Altman plots. Spearman’s correlations examined associations between raters, while the effects of IQ, autism severity, and parental education on discrepancies were analyzed using linear regression. Autistic self- and parent-reports showed lower adaptive functioning than non-autistic dyads. Autistic youth reported higher social and less practical adaptive skills compared to parents. Autistic self-reports in the social domain correlated significantly with independent assessment. Increased autistic symptoms were associated with greater parent-child discrepancies. This study underscores the importance of multi-informant assessments to understand the full range of adaptive functioning in autistic individuals. Discrepancies in social and practical domains highlight the need for both perspectives, because parents may not observe all behaviors and may overlook autistic individuals’ perception of support needs in the practical domain. Understanding these differences is crucial for improving supports planning and enhancing quality of life for autistic individuals.
Morse Decomposition of Scalar Differential Equations with State-Dependent Delay
Authors: Bartha Ferenc A. , Garab Ábel , Krisztin Tibor
Published: February 2025

We consider state-dependent delay differential equations of the form

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{x}(t) = f(x(t), x(t - r(x_t))), \end{aligned}$$

x
˙

(
t
)

=
f

(
x

(
t
)

,
x

(
t
-
r

(

x
t

)

)

)

,

where f is continuously differentiable and fulfills a negative feedback condition in the delayed term. Under suitable conditions on r and f, we construct a Morse decomposition of the global attractor, giving some insight into the global dynamics. The Morse sets in the decomposition are closely related to the level sets of an integer-valued Lyapunov function that counts the number of sign changes along solutions on intervals of length of the delay. This generalizes former results for constant delay. We also give two major types of state-dependent delays for which our results apply.
Novel Statistical Modelling and Optimization Techniques of Fading Channel Coefficients for 5G Network Performance
Authors: Sabuncu Özlem , Bilgehan Bülent
Published: February 2025

The channel estimation process (CE) is a pivotal element in wireless communication employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. The derived coefficient can represent the channel characterization. A newly proposed model derived for fifth-generation (5G) network and future communication systems two encounter the fading effects of the channel. The proposed model improves the channel estimation accuracy by incorporating precise measurements of channel coefficients, enhancing the overall performance. The model uses least square (LS) and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) optimization algorithms for the channel coefficient extraction process. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been experimentally confirmed using different fading channel scenarios in the literature. The mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) test criteria are used for performance measures. The test was generalized using a 64, 256 and 1024 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme, demonstrating the model’s applicability to various communication scenarios. The proposed model was evaluated alongside several state-of-the-art statistical channel estimation methods to demonstrate its performance across various tests. When compared to pilot-based estimation, the model consistently exhibits superior accuracy and adaptability, ensuring dependable performance in a wide range of communication scenarios. Additionally, the proposed model is better suited to handle the complexity of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and multipath environments, offering a more nuanced approach compared to pilot signals, which often rely on idealized assumptions of channel linearity.