bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avian-specific Salmonella transition to endemicity is accompanied by localized resistome and mobilome interaction
Authors: Jia Chenghao , Huang Chenghu , Zhou Haiyang , Zhou Xiao , Wang Zining , Siddique Abubakar , Kang Xiamei , Cao Qianzhe , Huang Yingying , He Fang , Li Yan , Yue Min
Published: October 2024

Bacterial regional demonstration after global dissemination is an essential pathway for selecting distinct finesses. However, the evolution of the resistome during the transition to endemicity remains unaddressed. Using the most comprehensive whole-genome sequencing dataset of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Gallinarum (
S
. Gallinarum) collected from 15 countries, including 45 newly recovered samples from two related local regions, we established the relationship among avian-specific pathogen genetic profiles and localization patterns. Initially, we revealed the international transmission and evolutionary history of
S
. Gallinarum to recent endemicity through phylogenetic analysis conducted using a spatiotemporal Bayesian framework. Our findings indicate that the independent acquisition of the resistome via the mobilome, primarily through plasmids and transposons shapes a unique antimicrobial resistance profile among different lineages. Notably, the mobilome-resistome combination among distinct lineages exhibits a geographical-specific manner, further supporting a localized endemic mobilome-driven process. Collectively, this study elucidates resistome adaptation in the endemic transition of an avian-specific pathogen, likely driven by the localized farming style, and provides valuable insights for targeted interventions.
Sensory-memory interactions via modular structure explain errors in visual working memory
Authors: Yang Jun , Zhang Hanqi , Lim Sukbin
Published: October 2024

Errors in stimulus estimation reveal how stimulus representation changes during cognitive processes. Repulsive bias and minimum variance observed near cardinal axes are well-known error patterns typically associated with visual orientation perception. Recent experiments suggest that these errors continuously evolve during working memory, posing a challenge that neither static sensory models nor traditional memory models can address. Here, we demonstrate that these evolving errors, maintaining characteristic shapes, require network interaction between two distinct modules. Each module fulfills efficient sensory encoding and memory maintenance, which cannot be achieved simultaneously in a single-module network. The sensory module exhibits heterogeneous tuning with strong inhibitory modulation reflecting natural orientation statistics. While the memory module, operating alone, supports homogeneous representation via continuous attractor dynamics, the fully connected network forms discrete attractors with moderate drift speed and nonuniform diffusion processes. Together, our work underscores the significance of sensory-memory interaction in continuously shaping stimulus representation during working memory.
Astrogliosis and neuroinflammation underlie scoliosis upon cilia dysfunction
Authors: Djebar Morgane , Anselme Isabelle , Pezeron Guillaume , Bardet Pierre-Luc , Cantaut-Belarif Yasmine , Eschstruth Alexis , López-Santos Diego , Le Ribeuz Hélène , Jenett Arnim , Khoury Hanane , Veziers Joelle , Parmentier Caroline , Hirschler Aurélie , Carapito Christine , Bachmann-Gagescu Ruxandra , Schneider-Maunoury Sylvie , Vesque Christine
Published: October 2024

Cilia defects lead to scoliosis in zebrafish, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood and may diverge depending on the mutated gene. Here, we dissected the mechanisms of scoliosis onset in a zebrafish mutant for the rpgrip1l gene encoding a ciliary transition zone protein. rpgrip1l mutant fish developed scoliosis with near-total penetrance but asynchronous onset in juveniles. Taking advantage of this asynchrony, we found that curvature onset was preceded by ventricle dilations and was concomitant to the perturbation of Reissner fiber polymerization and to the loss of multiciliated tufts around the subcommissural organ. Rescue experiments showed that Rpgrip1l was exclusively required in foxj1a-expressing cells to prevent axis curvature. Genetic interactions investigations ruled out Urp1/2 levels as a main driver of scoliosis in rpgrip1 mutants. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies identified neuroinflammation associated with increased Annexin levels as a potential mechanism of scoliosis development in rpgrip1l juveniles. Investigating the cell types associated with annexin2 over-expression, we uncovered astrogliosis, arising in glial cells surrounding the diencephalic and rhombencephalic ventricles just before scoliosis onset and increasing with time in severity. Anti-inflammatory drug treatment reduced scoliosis penetrance and severity and this correlated with reduced astrogliosis and macrophage/microglia enrichment around the diencephalic ventricle. Mutation of the cep290 gene encoding another transition zone protein also associated astrogliosis with scoliosis. Thus, we propose astrogliosis induced by perturbed ventricular homeostasis and associated with immune cell activation as a novel pathogenic mechanism of zebrafish scoliosis caused by cilia dysfunction.
Morphology and synapse topography optimize linear encoding of synapse numbers in Drosophila looming responsive descending neurons
Authors: Moreno-Sanchez Anthony , Vasserman Alexander N , Jang HyoJong , Hina Bryce W , von Reyn Catherine R , Ausborn Jessica
Published: October 2024

Synapses are often precisely organized on dendritic arbors, yet the role of synaptic topography in dendritic integration remains poorly understood. Utilizing electron microscopy (EM) connectomics we investigate synaptic topography in
Drosophila melanogaster
looming circuits, focusing on retinotopically tuned visual projection neurons (VPNs) that synapse onto descending neurons (DNs). Synapses of a given VPN type project to non-overlapping regions on DN dendrites. Within these spatially constrained clusters, synapses are not retinotopically organized, but instead adopt near random distributions. To investigate how this organization strategy impacts DN integration, we developed multicompartment models of DNs fitted to experimental data and using precise EM morphologies and synapse locations. We find that DN dendrite morphologies normalize EPSP amplitudes of individual synaptic inputs and that near random distributions of synapses ensure linear encoding of synapse numbers from individual VPNs. These findings illuminate how synaptic topography influences dendritic integration and suggest that linear encoding of synapse numbers may be a default strategy established through connectivity and passive neuron properties, upon which active properties and plasticity can then tune as needed.
Prediction of antigenic peptides of SARS- CoV-2 pathogen using machine learning
Authors: Bukhari Syed Nisar Hussain , Ogudo Kingsley A.
Published: October 2024

Antigenic peptides (APs), also known as T-cell epitopes (TCEs), represent the immunogenic segment of pathogens capable of inducing an immune response, making them potential candidates for epitope-based vaccine (EBV) design. Traditional wet lab methods for identifying TCEs are expensive, challenging, and time-consuming. Alternatively, computational approaches employing machine learning (ML) techniques offer a faster and more cost-effective solution. In this study, we present a robust XGBoost ML model for predicting TCEs of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus as potential vaccine candidates. The peptide sequences comprising TCEs and non-TCEs retrieved from Immune Epitope Database Repository (IEDB) were subjected to feature extraction process to extract their physicochemical properties for model training. Upon evaluation using a test dataset, the model achieved an impressive accuracy of 97.6%, outperforming other ML classifiers. Employing a five-fold cross-validation a mean accuracy of 97.58% was recorded, indicating consistent and linear performance across all iterations. While the predicted epitopes show promise as vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2, further scientific examination through in vivo and in vitro studies is essential to validate their suitability.
A robust chaos-inspired artificial intelligence model for dealing with nonlinear dynamics in wind speed forecasting
Authors: Barış Caner , Yanarateş Cağfer , Altan Aytaç
Published: October 2024

The global impacts of climate change have become increasingly pronounced in recent years due to the rise in greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. This trend threatens water resources, ecological balance, and could lead to desertification and drought. To address these challenges, reducing fossil fuel consumption and embracing renewable energy sources is crucial. Among these, wind energy stands out as a clean and renewable source garnering more attention each day. However, the variable and unpredictable nature of wind speed presents a challenge to integrating wind energy into the electricity grid. Accurate wind speed forecasting is essential to overcome these obstacles and optimize wind energy usage. This study focuses on developing a robust wind speed forecasting model capable of handling non-linear dynamics to minimize losses and improve wind energy efficiency. Wind speed data from the Bandırma meteorological station in the Marmara region of Turkey, known for its wind energy potential, was decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using robust empirical mode decomposition (REMD). The extracted IMFs were then fed into a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture whose parameters were estimated using the African vultures optimization (AVO) algorithm based on tent chaotic mapping. This approach aimed to build a highly accurate wind speed forecasting model. The performance of the proposed optimization algorithm in improving the model parameters was compared with that of the chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm. Finally, the study highlights the potential of utilizing advanced optimization techniques and deep learning models to improve wind speed forecasting, ultimately contributing to more efficient and sustainable wind energy generation. This robust hybrid model represents a significant step forward in wind energy research and its practical applications.
Status of Invasive Species of Thrips, Thrips Parvispinus (Karny) Infesting Chilli and Investigation Studies on IPDM Package in Dharmapuri Districts, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: K Sasikumar , M Deivamani , K Govindan , P Senthilkumar , M.S Aneesa Rani , S Usharani
Published: October 2024

Roving survey results revealed that mean population of thrips, mite population and tospovirus incidence was recorded to be 1.63, 0.68 & 2.05 and 1.88, 0.74 & 1.57 in Pennagaram and Palacode blocks. In the field experiments, mean population in the module I IPDM module was recorded low thrips population (1.05 nos./leaf and 0.64 nos/Sq.m2 leaves) followed by module II IPDM (1.11 Nos./leaf and 0.71nos/Sq.m2 leaves). A virus incidence of 1.0 to 2.0 % was recorded in treatment 2 module II and treatment 3 Farmers practices 2.2 to 9.5 % was observed. The per cent reduction over control of thrips and mite population is highest in T1 followed by T2 and farmer practice (81.70, 80.66 and 56.48 % & 79.61,77.38 and 33.12 %). The percent reduction over control of tospovirus by thrips is highest in T1 IPDM module followed IPDM II than farmer practice (100, 88.88 and 54.40%). The yield of green chilli and BC ratio were found to be high in IPDM module (22.96 t/ha and 3.02) followed by module II IPDM (19.14 t/ha and 2.78) followed by farmer’s practice (13.88 t/ha and 1.49).
O conceito de restauração na literatura científica e na legislação brasileira
Authors: Nery Emanoela Rodrigues Amorim , Saraiva Camila Silva , Cruz Leonídia Maria Serretti , Souza Maíra Miele Oliveira Rodrigues , Gomes Francisco Sanches , El-Hani Charbel Niño , Mariano-Neto Eduardo
Published: October 2024

Que problema ambiental é foco deste trabalho? As ambigüidades no entendimento do que significa “restauração” podem gerar problemas na utilização de técnicas para a restauração de uma área degradada e, conseqüentemente, ao objetivo desejado com essa prática. Isso prejudica iniciativas e ações de conservação da biodiversidade. Qual foi a estratégia do trabalho para contribuir com sua solução? Foi realizado um levantamento na legislação brasileira pertinente e nos sites de pesquisa os artigos acadêmicos com as seguintes palavras-chave: restauração, recuperação, reabilitação, revegetação, reflorestamento e regeneração. A partir disso, foram realizados debates acerca da utilização desses termos, levando-se em conta a origem, autoria e datação de quando foi empregado. Qual é a principal conclusão do trabalho? Em geral, a legislação brasileira e muitos dos trabalhos encontrados não apresentam o conceito de restauração, sendo que os artigos muitas vezes sinonimizam esse termo a outros que estão associados o que não ocorre na legislação brasileira. Estreitando os laços entre a academia e os tomadores de decisão, podemos conseguir uma clareza do objetivo que se quer alcançar com a restauração.
O Ministério Público do estado da Bahia e os desafios na implantação de fontes alternativas de energia
Authors: Rocha Érika Garcez
Published: October 2024

Maria Betânia Figueiredo Silva, analista ambiental do Ministério Público da Bahia, explica e exemplifica o papel dessa instituição na supervisão da implementação de empreendimentos para a produção de energia a partir de fontes alternativas. Ela exemplifica os principais impactos sociais e ambientais relacionados à implementação e funcionamento de estações de energia eólica e solar no estado.
Structural characterization of the linked NS2B‐NS3 protease of Zika virus
Authors: Li Yan , Phoo Wint Wint , Loh Ying Ru , Zhang Zhenzhen , Ng Elizabeth Yihui , Wang Weiling , Keller Thomas H. , Luo Dahai , Kang CongBao
Published: July 2017

The Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2B‐NS3 protease is an important drug target. The conventional flaviviral protease constructs used for structural studies contain the NS2B cofactor region linked to the NS3 protease domain via a glycine‐rich flexible linker. Here, we examined the structural dynamics of this conventional Zika protease (gZiPro) using NMR spectroscopy. Although the glycine‐rich linker in gZiPro does not alter the overall folding of the protease in solution, gZiPro is not homogenous in ion exchange chromatography. Compared to the unlinked protease construct, the artificial linker affects the chemical environment of many residues including H51 in the catalytic triad. Our study provides a direct comparison of ZIKV protease constructs with and without an artificial linker.
Light‐absorbing impurities enhance glacier albedo reduction in the southeastern Tibetan plateau
Authors: Zhang Yulan , Kang Shichang , Cong Zhiyuan , Schmale Julia , Sprenger Michael , Li Chaoliu , Yang Wei , Gao Tanguang , Sillanpää Mika , Li Xiaofei , Liu Yajun , Chen Pengfei , Zhang Xuelei
Published: July 2017

Light‐absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and their climatic impacts are of interest not only because this region borders areas affected by the South Asian atmospheric brown clouds but also because the seasonal snow and glacier melt from this region form important headwaters of large rivers. In this study, we collected surface snow and snowpit samples from four glaciers in the southeastern TP in June 2015 to investigate the comprehensive observational data set of LAIs. Results showed that the LAI concentrations were much higher in the aged snow and granular ice than in the fresh snow and snowpits due to postdepositional processes. Impurity concentrations fluctuated across snowpits, with maximum LAI concentrations frequently occurring toward the bottom of snowpits. Based on the SNow ICe Aerosol Radiative model, the albedo simulation indicated that black carbon and dust account for approximately 20% of the albedo reduction relative to clean snow. The radiative forcing caused by black carbon and dust deposition on the glaciers were between 1.0–141 W m−2 and 1.5–120 W m−2, respectively. Black carbon (BC) played a larger role in albedo reduction and radiative forcing than dust in the study area, enhancing approximately 15% of glacier melt. Analysis based on the Fire INventory from NCAR indicated that nonbiomass‐burning sources of BC played an important role in the total BC deposition, especially during the monsoon season. This study suggests that eliminating anthropogenic BC could mitigate glacier melt in the future of the southeastern TP.
Early cretaceous topographic growth of the Lhasaplano, Tibetan plateau: Constraints from the Damxung conglomerate
Authors: Wang Jian‐Gang , Hu Xiumian , Garzanti Eduardo , Ji Wei‐Qiang , Liu Zhi‐Chao , Liu Xiao‐Chi , Wu Fu‐Yuan
Published: July 2017

Constraining the timing of early topographic growth on the Tibetan plateau is critical for any models of India‐Asia collision, Himalayan orogeny and subsequent plateau development in the Cenozoic. Stratigraphic, sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Lower Cretaceous red‐beds of the Damxung Conglomerate provide new key information to reconstruct the paleogeography and the tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane at the time. The over 700‐m‐thick Damxung Conglomerate documents distal alluvial fan to braidplain sedimentation passing upward to proximal alluvial fan sedimentation. Deposition began near sea level, as documented by limestone beds occurring at the base of the unit. Zircon U–Pb dating of interbedded tuff layers constrain deposition age at ca. 111 Ma. Abundance of volcanic clasts, Cretaceous U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons yielding mainly negative εHf(t) values together with paleocurrent data indicate an active volcanic source located in the North Lhasa subterrane. Pre‐Mesozoic‐aged zircon, recycled quartz and (meta) sedimentary rock fragments increase up‐section, indicating progressive erosional exhumation of the Paleozoic sedimentary/metasedimentary basement. The Damxung Conglomerate thus records a significant uplift and unroofing stage in the source region, implying initial topographic growth on the Lhasa terrane at early Albian time. Early Cretaceous topographic growth on the Lhasa terrane is supported by the stratigraphic record in the Linzhou basin, the Xigaze forearc basin and the southern Nima basin. In contrast, marine strata in the central‐western Lhasa terrane lasted until the early Cenomanian (ca. 96 Ma), indicating diachronous marine regression on the Lhasa terrane from east to west.
Brazil
Authors: Passos José Luiz
Published: July 2017

The Brazilian novel comes from and still feeds on the desire to make sense of the mixing of social spaces and the fate of those who have shapedmoments of contact amongunequals. The quest for change and fitting in is often presented retrospectively, and in many cases it results in a search for puzzling family ties. From its beginnings to recent prizewinning works, one can chart across time how plots, structures, trends, authors, and their readership have relied on an intricate interplay between displacement, troubled origins, and the possibilities for a new self. Typically, social exile—or a journey if within the protagonist's own community—is paired with the ubiquity of an absent father figure. The conflict between past expectations and the limited opportunities protagonists have to reconnect or fulfill their hopes yields the grounds for the negotiation between opposing agendas: formal and colloquial registers, highbrow and lowbrow cultures, urban and regional spaces. Time and again the Brazilian novel reinvents the quest of Telemachus as a way of probing nationality, affective loss, and social compromise.
Central Europe
Authors: Trávnícek Jirí
Published: July 2017

“Central Europe” is not a self‐evident term. Indeed, it has represented a conceptual battlefield for nearly a century. The main period in which debates on Central Europe flourished was that of the 1980s. Milan Kundera, the Czech novelist living in France, was centrally responsible for this revival. In “The Tragedy of Central Europe” (1984,
New York Review of Books
31:33–38) he argued that this part of Europe had been kidnapped from the West and taken to the East. In addition, he tried to draw geographical lines of this area as a culturally specific
space
between Germany and Russia. The common denominator of what Central Europe is marked by could be called a unity of differences, i.e., a harmony of disharmonies, particularly—as Csaba G. Kiss stated‐“an odd mixture of pain and nostalgia, negative sentiments, affection and hate, gibes and national injuries” (1989, “Central European Writers about Central Europe,” in
In Search of Central Europe
, ed. G. Schöpflin and N. Wood, 127). Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Hungarian novelists are an unquestionable part of Central European culture. However, some would stress that Central Europe also encompasses Austria (Vienna, as the capital of the Austro‐Hungarian Empire, is a strong source of cultural and intellectual radiation, particularly at the turn of the nineteenth century), Slovenia, Croatia, the northern part of Italy (around Trieste), Bavaria, Serbia (Vojvodina), Romania (Transylvania and Bukovina), and the Ukraine (Galicia, Ruthenia).
C
hina
Authors: Wang Yiyan
Published: July 2017

Like the novel in many other cultural traditions, the Chinese novel has humble origins and a long history of evolution. Its current name,
changpian xiaoshuo
, has two components:
changpian
means long, full‐length, and
xiaoshuo
is the term for fiction, which, if taken literally, means small talk. Hence, short stories are
duanpian xiaoshuo
(short‐length stories) and novellas are
zhongpian xiaoshuo
(medium‐length stories). Alternatively, both
changpian
and
xiaoshuo
can also be a shorthand expression for the full‐length novel. An earlier name for the novel is
zhanghui xiaoshuo
, with the word
zhanghui
meaning chapters, emphasizing the regular structure of chapters that typically center on the plot to entice the reader to continue.
Comedy and Tragedy
Authors: Doody Margaret
Published: July 2017

As literary concepts, the terms “tragedy” and “comedy” arise from a Greek‐rooted Western tradition and cannot be imposed on other traditions. The identification of tragedy in particular is complex, partly because a major philosopher of the fourth century
bce
analyzed sets of Greek plays in a brilliantly authoritative fashion. Aristotle saw in serious Greek plays certain common elements which he extrapolated in order to create a category of thought. He gave us focus on plot and character, and terms to distinguish between dramatic representation (the mimetic), and narrative (diegetic). The purpose of this entry is not to elaborate a theoretical definition of tragedy or comedy in the history of literature, nor is it to offer a survey of “tragic” or “comic” novels, Western or non‐Western. Indeed, even within the Western tradition, the two modes often converge in the same literary work. Rather, this entry proceeds by drawing upon examples from fiction as well as drama in order to illustrate the iterations, transformations, and implications of tragic or comic modes as they have come to be understood in literary criticism.
Copyright/Libel
Authors: Towheed Shafquat
Published: July 2017

The concept of copyright, like the prose novel in codex form, was unknown in the era of manuscripts; both were directly shaped by the introduction of movable type (see
typography
). The concept of libel, on the other hand, long predates printing, with Sumerian, Greek, and Roman law all recognizing it as a punishable offence. The author‐privilege system (first granted in a range of European city‐states, starting with Venice, from 1469) and the French book‐privilege system (1498–1526) are examples of legal protection at the behest of the state or of printers to maintain a commercial monopoly and political
censorship
, predating the institution of formal copyright, and emerging within the first decades of printing (Rose, 10; Armstrong, 2–3). Initially, copyright was mediated through a printers’ guild operating with the approval of the state; in England this monopoly was held with the Stationers’ Company from 1557, when Queen Mary issued a Royal Charter aimed specifically at suppressing heretical and seditious material (copyright evolved in the light of both censorship and libel). The Stationers’ Company continued to hold this monopoly (as a trade protection) until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1640. This was replaced by the Licensing Act (1662–95), which required the registration of all works
before
publication in order to receive legal protection; the Act was specifically aimed at suppressing libel, i.e., the printing of “seditious, treasonable and unlicensed books and pamphlets,” and to facilitate the state's political, moral, and economic control over print (
http://www.copyrighthistory.org
: record, U.K._1622). In 1695, the Licensing Act expired after repeated attempts to renew it failed, and the legal protection of books (and with it, official state censorship) was effectively at an end. From 1695 until the passage of the 1710 Statute of Anne—the world's first copyright act—printing in England was effectively unregulated (see
publishing
).
Decadent Novel
Authors: Jenson Deborah
Published: July 2017

“Part of the problem of defining decadence has to do with the fact that a fully developed movement or school never actually existed,” notes Asti Hustvedt (13). The non‐coalescence of decadence as a fin‐de‐siècle movement is not an accident but an exemplification of its underlying ethos. As Paul Bourget described it in 1883, decadence is the condition of a society when too many individuals resist the work of collective life; the cells of the social organism refuse to subordinate themselves to the whole. The resulting anarchic decline is manifested—and encoded positively—at all levels of the decadent enterprise. It is symbolized by the lone cell or atom working against nature, against the evolutionary success and reproduction of the whole of which it is a part. A decadent style, Bourget notes, is one in which “the unity of the book decomposes to make way for the independence of the page, the page decomposes to make way for the independence of the sentence, and the sentence decomposes to make way for the independence of the word” (25). Yet although the solipsistic and transgressive dimensions of decadence countered the formation of a collective movement, leading to the classification of many examples of the decadent novel, such as Emile Zola's
La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret
(1875,
The Sin of Father Mouret)
, within the contiguous naturalist or symbolist movements, one novel has had lasting status as a paradoxical “bible” of decadence: Joris‐Karl Huysmans's
A Rebours
(1884,
Against Nature)
.
Description
Authors: Wall Cynthia
Published: July 2017

In the late seventeenth through the early eighteenth century, description consisted largely of brief tags, all‐purpose adjectives, the naming of things well known to the reader: a chamber, a beautiful woman, a window, a pot, a castle. By the nineteenth century, visual detail was virtually comprehensive, penciling in a complete portrait ofspace, oftime, of physiognomy, of surface. Although forms of description had been classified and used since classical times, from the seventeenth century on, prose fiction adapted “the crafth of descrypcyoun” (O. Bokenham, 1447, qtd. inOED)to its particular extended spaces, spacious tempos, and representations of the ordinary. By 1884, Henry James would assert that “the air of reality (solidity of specification) seems to me to be the supreme virtue of a novel—the merit on which all its other merits … depend.” Description changed from what was more or less a pointing index finger, a bare floor for action and dialogue, to a fully carpeted, thickly detailed space, from a “figure” for the novel to be wary of, to a necessary condition for its art.
Dialect
Authors: Redling Erik
Published: July 2017

As subdivisions of a language, different dialects (e.g., Cockney) are to a large extent mutually intelligible, but different languages such as English and French usually are not. However, originally, a standard language was often just one of the dialects that happened to be institutionalized as the standard ornationallanguage for a number of political and social reasons and thus became more prestigious than the other dialects. But once a dialect is institutionalized, it loses itsregionalconnotations because it is spread throughout the whole country and becomes the language taught in school, which is used for practically all scholarly, scientific, and literary writing and general public communication because of its non‐regional basis (Baugh/Cable; Trudgill). At certain times or in certain communities where there never was such a written standard language, texts were written in the dialect spoken by the writer and usually displayed variable spellings of words: for instance, the noun “candle” was spelled as “kandel,” “candel,” and “candell” in the Middle English period (“Candle”). The rise of written standard languages created a challenge for dialect writers because they had to motivate or even justify their use of writing in a dialect, either by specifically limiting their addressees to dialect speakers or by insinuating that what they were trying to express could not be expressed equally through the standard language. “Writtenness” thus became the main distinguishing factor between a dialect and a national language in their literary use. In an effort to render the “orality” of a dialect variety in writing, dialect writers were not able to resort to an established dialect orthography but had to rely on an orthography derived from the standard language and transform conventionally spelled words via respellings (e.g., “lafft” for “laughed” and “kyared” for “carried”), or via the use of the apostrophe (e.g., “eve'ybody” for “everybody” and “sump'n” for “something”), and nonstandard grammatical features (e.g., “I is”). Also, the specific meaning of dialect vocabulary often had to be guessed from the context.
Disability Theory
Authors: Krentz Christopher
Published: July 2017

Like
feminist
theory,
race
theory, and
queer
theory, disability theory calls attention to the ways that literature relates to a historically oppressed and marginalized group. The field of disability studies started to gain traction toward the end of the twentieth century, when people with bodily differences began to see themselves as an allied minority and lobbied for civil‐rights legislation. It builds upon the work of earlier scholars of the body, including Erving Goffman on stigma (1963,
Stigma)
, Leslie Fiedler on freaks (1978,
Freaks)
, and Michel Foucault on disease, madness, and biopower. It also draws upon and complicates feminist, racial,
marxist
, queer, postcolonial, and postmodern approaches (see
modernism
). Disability theory emphasizes a shift away from medical discourse to how the cultures around disabled people determine what physical differences mean; it particularly focuses on language and social values.
Discourse
Authors: Lehtimäki Markku , Tammi Pekka
Published: July 2017

A notoriously fluid concept, discourse may be used to designate the linguistic strategies available for rendering the speech, verbal interaction, or verbalized thought processes of fictional characters in novels (seelinguistics). On the other hand, as Mikhailbakhtin(1973) has famously stated, “dialogic relationships [involving discourse in the novel] … are extra linguistic 2 phenomena.” It was Bakhtin who also affirmed that “verbal discourse is a social phenomenon—social throughout its entire range and in each and every of its factors, from the sound image to the furthest reaches of abstract meaning” (1981, 259), urging subsequent novel criticism toward the deep waters of exploring discursive formations (in the Foucauldian sense), the construction of subjectivity innarrative, and the role narrative discourse plays in propping up—or in subverting—the prevailing social order (see Lodge).
The Epistolary Novel
Authors: Beebee Thomas O.
Published: July 2017

In an epistolary novel, the narrative is conveyed mostly or entirely in one or more sequences of letters. The term
epistolary
derives from the Latin
epistula
, meaning “letter.” Fiction in letters was practiced by Egyptian, Greek (e.g., Alciphron), and Roman (e.g., Ovid) writers, but the stories were brief, and we do not know of a novel produced in this manner. The epistolary novel proper originated in the late seventeenth century and peaked in the later half of the eighteenth century, before falling into disfavor. The last quarter of the twentieth century witnessed a revival of the form, with new innovations such as the email novel.
Ideology
Authors: Wegner Phillip E.
Published: July 2017

The difficulty of the concept of ideology, Slavoj Žižek argues, lies in “its utterly ambiguous and elusive character”; it “can designate anything from a contemplative attitude that misrecognizes its dependence on social reality to an action‐orientated set of beliefs, from the indispensable medium in which individuals live out their relations to a social structure to false ideas which legitimate a dominant political power” (1994, 3–4). Further problems arise because ideology is often defined by what it is not—not truth, not reality, not science. However, it is this multiplicity that makes ideology such an effective tool for reading the novel.
Korea
Authors: Park Sunyoung
Published: July 2017

The notion of a Korean novel
(Han'guk sosŏl)
is today a highly contested concept whose boundaries of
genre
, language, and geographical location are open to interpretation. The Korean word
sosol
(literally “small talk,” from the Chinese
xiaoshuo)
is not an exact equivalent of “the novel” in English. In premodern times, the word referred to a wide range of fiction and nonfiction, including fantasies, folktales, biographies, and miscellaneous essays, and today Koreans would call fictional works of any length
sosol
. In addition, classical Chinese was the official literary language in Korea from antiquity until the early twentieth century. Although
han'gul
, the Korean vernacular script introduced in 1443, played a major role in the development of the novel in modern times, many Korean novels in the premodern era were written in Chinese. Finally, since the late nineteenth century an intensifying Korean diaspora has created large Korean communities around the world. As a result, many works relevant to the Korean tradition are today written in foreign languages such as Japanese, Chinese, Russian, and English.
Libraries
Authors: Black Alistair
Published: July 2017

Just as forerunners of the novel can be found in Antiquity, long before the genre became rooted in society in the eighteenth century, the institution of the library can also be traced back thousands of years prior to the appearance of popular libraries around the eighteenth century. For most of their history, the aims and roles of libraries have been related to the formal institutions of state, church, trade, and education. The content of libraries throughout most of their history has been scholarly, religious, civic, and practical. From the eighteenth century on, however, a new type of library, the social or people's library, began to emerge. While not jettisoning the instructional dimension, nor forgetting that poetry and plays as well as scholarly writings had long offered pleasure as well as entertainment to their readers, the aims of the social library included a greater prominence of recreation and diversion, of which the novel was the prime vehicle.
Low Countries (Europe)
Authors: Goedegebuure Jaap
Published: July 2017

The modern novel in the Netherlands dates to the end of the eighteenth century. The examples of Samuel Richardson's
Pamela
(1740) and
Clarissa
(1747–48) inspired Betje Wolff and Aagje Deken, two female authors who lived and worked together for more than twenty‐five years, to write one
epistolary
novel after the other. The first of these,
Historie van mejuffrouw Sara Burger‐hart
(1782,
History of Miss Sara Burgerhart)
, marked their greatest success and is still considered as the first
psychological
novel in the Netherlands. We follow the young heroine, an orphan who is given the chance to grow up more or less independently, on her path to knowledge and virtue, taking risks by getting acquainted with a man who appears to be an unscrupulous seducer, quarrelling about religion and morals with bigoted people, but, in the end, being happily married to a righteous husband. It is clear that the authors intended to give a positive example to the young women among their readers, but their novel is still enjoyable because of its wit and its variety of characters, who are portrayed through their letters.
Mythology
Authors: Blazek William
Published: July 2017

In Don DeLillo's 1985 novel
White Noise
, a sociologist explains the postmodern significance of television: “It's like a myth being born right there in our living room, like something we know in a dreamlike and preconscious way. I'm very enthused, Jack” (51). The passage hints at several of the issues involved in considering the place of mythology in studies of the novel: whether or not it is possible to have a modern myth, how relevant oral storytelling (from which myths are born) is to literary fiction, and what role the preconscious or unconscious self has in either mythology or literature (see
psychoanalytic
). Perhaps the fact that a contemporary novelist such as DeLillo can reconfigure the novel form through references to mythology and some of its key tenets suggests the enduring importance of myths to human perception and the writer's imagination. Moreover, the novel, especially in the twentieth century, provides examples of the variety of functions served by mythology in the shaping of modern fiction. Depending on how the parameters of myth are defined and on how they are applied to literature, a case could also be made that myth is such a basic and vital aspect of human nature that it infuses the novel structurally, linguistically, and thematically.
National Literature
Authors: Szeman Imre
Published: July 2017

Even as it was in the process of being established at the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the productivity and function of the concept of “national literature” was already being questioned. National literature and its apparent oppositeworld literaturefind their origins in German Romanticism. The intimate, organic connection between land, language and people (captured in the concept ofVolksgeist, or “national spirit”) that lies at the heart of all understandings of national literature owes a great deal to the ideas of Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803); the first expression of the concept of aWeltliteratur(world literature) was made by Herder's contemporary, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This origin of opposites from the same conceptual terrain is less surprising than it might seem. From our contemporary perspective, it is all too easy to imagine that the idea of national literature has been gradually superseded by ideas of world literature, global culture, and cosmopolitanismthe xenophobia and false limits of the national giving way over time to the borderless imaginings that we (too quickly) assign to contemporary cultural production. But in literature the “world” was always already a category that unsettled the assertion of the national. Goethe's scattered comments on world literature show how the consolidation of a number of discrete national‐literary fields immediately opens up its opposite: the possibility of encountering numerous literary traditions as a form of enlightened training in both difference and the common humanity thought to be expressed incompletely in each national form.
Reading Aloud
Authors: Michaelson Patricia Ho Well
Published: July 2017

The development of the novel is often linked to the practice of silent reading. Previously, readers typically read only a few texts, such as the Bible, “intensively” and often aloud (Engelsing). Silent reading gave access to a wider range of texts, which might be read only once and in private. Silent, solitary reading has been seen as essential to the novel's appeal to its early readers (Hunter). But reading aloud has never disappeared: novels have been read aloud since the genre developed, both in the family and, especially in the nineteenth century, in professional performances. The oral performance of literature was a part of the school curriculum in Britain and the U.S. well into the twentieth century. Professional recording of books began in the 1930s as an aid for the blind; today, a burgeoning market for audiobooks supplements that for printed novels.
Religion
Authors: Pécora Vincent P.
Published: July 2017

Received wisdom of the twentieth century tells us that the concepts “religion” and “novel” are mutually exclusive. That the novel is a powerful reflection and instrument of secularization is a truism. As Jack Goody writes, at the start of what maybe the most ambitious anthology so far to circumscribe the novel transnationally, “The modern novel, after Daniel Defoe, was essentially a secular tale, a feature that is comprised within the meaning of ‘realistic’ The hand of God may appear, but it does so through ‘natural’ sequences, not through miracles or mirabilia. Earlier narrative structures often displayed such intervention, which, in a world suffused by the supernatural, was present everywhere” (1:21). The division in European fiction for Goodyas for so many before himis between, on the one side, mythic classical
romances
, such as Apuleius's
The Golden Ass
(ca. 100–200
ce
), the saints’ lives of the Middle Ages, and exemplary tales such as John Bunyan's
Pilgrim's Progress
(1678), and on the other side naturalistic fictions such as Daniel Defoe's
Robinson Crusoe
(1719–22), which often elaborated upon current events and assumed the characteristics of print reportage (see
journalism
). (In such accounts, it is important that the etymology of
novel
is “news,” the sort of diplomatic information that appeared in broadsheets in the late fifteenth century along with the printing press, but eventually included stories like the shipwreck of Alexander Selkirk and other castaways.)
R
ussia (18th–19th Century)
Authors: Kliger Ilya
Published: July 2017

The rise of the Russian novel in the middle of the eighteenth century coincides with a period of intense interest in and
translation
of narrative works from Western Europe. In the period from the 1730s to the 1760s,
précieux
romances
and
picaresque
and politico‐
philosophical
novels appeared in translations from French and English in handwritten and printed editions. Along with translations came the first attempts to defend the novel against the attacks of the neoclassical literary establishment. Most of these defenses reiterated Pierre Daniel Huet's celebrated argument in
Traitté de l'origine des romans
(1670, Treatise on the origin of romances) which claimed that the novel can serve as a powerful tool for communicating and inspiring virtuous principles through pleasurable entertainment.
Southeast
A
sian Mainland
Authors: Smyth David
Published: July 2017

Mainland Southeast Asia refers to the countries of Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The national language of each is written in its own distinctive script, and with the exception of Thai and Lao, which are closely related, they are mutually unintelligible. In the past these countries have often been at war with one another and, even today, many citizens of the region have grown up with attitudes of indifference, suspicion, or hostility toward the countries which border their own.
translations
of novels from one Southeast Asian language to another are almost nonexistent; the novel has developed separately in each of the five countries, responding to literary influences from outside the region more than from within.
Space
Authors: Green Julie O'Leary
Published: July 2017

At least since Plato and Aristotle, space in narrative has often been seen as ornamental rather than functional, relegated disparagingly to the realm of the descriptive or the merely representational (as opposed to the artful or rhetorical) and subordinated to plot and character. It is often seen as non‐purposeful or as mere amplification, and within discourse on the novel it is considered unnecessary (although not useless): most definitions of narrative include tellers and events, but none includes any mention of or relation to space.
Story/Discourse
Authors: Kernan Ryan
Published: July 2017

The concepts of
histoire
(story) and
discours
(discourse) constitute the fundamental elements of the formalist (see
formalism
) theory of narrative. Story resides in the content, the chain of events (the actions or happenings), and what is often labeled the “existents”: the characters, settings, and the objects or persons that serve as a background for these events. Discourse refers to the means by which the content is communicated. In short, the story is that which is depicted, and the discourse is the actual narrative statements, the form of expression. While the distinction between story and discourse is most often associated with practitioners of narratology (the study of narrative) who can be classified as formalist, to a lesser extent it has also been incorporated into the arguments of structuralist and poststructuralist theorists of narrative (see
structuralism
). Indeed, as Jonathan Culler emphasizes, most strands of narratology are united by the recognition that any theory of narrative requires a distinction between story and discourse.
High‐Performance Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on a Few‐Layered 2D NiPS3 Nanosheet
Authors: Chu Junwei , Wang Fengmei , Yin Lei , Lei Le , Yan Chaoyi , Wang Feng , Wen Yao , Wang Zhenxing , Jiang Chao , Feng Liping , Xiong Jie , Li Yanrong , He Jun
Published: July 2017

2D materials, represented by transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have attracted tremendous research interests in photoelectronic and electronic devices. However, for their relatively small bandgap (<2 eV), the application of traditional TMDs into solar‐blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetection is restricted. Here, for the first time, NiPS3 nanosheets are grown via chemical vapor deposition method. The nanosheets thinning to 3.2 nm with the lateral size of dozens of micrometers are acquired. Based on the various nanosheets, a linearity is found between the Raman intensity of specific Ag modes and the thickness, providing a convenient method to determine their layer numbers. Furthermore, a UV photodetector is fabricated using few‐layered 2D NiPS3 nanosheets. It shows an ultrafast rise time shorter than 5 ms with an ultralow dark current less than 10 fA. Notably, this UV photodetector demonstrates a high detectivity of 1.22 × 1012 Jones, outperforming some traditional wide‐bandgap UV detectors. The wavelength‐dependent photoresponsivity measurement allows the direct observation of an admirable cut‐off wavelength at 360 nm, which indicates a superior spectral selectivity. The promising photodetector performance, accompanied with the controllable fabrication and transfer process of nanosheet, lays the foundation of applying 2D semiconductors for ultrafast UV light detection.