bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic and Bioautographic Estimation of Plasma Cobalamins in Various Disturbances of Vitamin B12 Metabolism
Authors: Linnell J. C. , Hoffbrand A. V. , Peters T. J. , Matthews D. M.
Published: August 2015

1. This paper reports a survey of values for individual plasma cobalamins in normal subjects, hospital controls, and patients with vitamin B12 deficiency and diseases in which there are disturbances of B12 metabolism. The values were obtained by thin-layer chromatography and bioautography followed by photometric scanning or visual assessment.

2. Normal plasma contains methylcobalamin (the predominant component), deoxyadenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. The latter two compounds are not separable in the solvent system routinely used. In some samples there were traces of cyanocobalamin. The ratio of methylcobalamin to deoxyadenosylcobalamin plus hydroxocobalamin, normally greater than 1·0, was reduced in B12 deficiency. Many cases of untreated pernicious anaemia showed a high proportion (up to 40%) of cyanocobalamin. In folate deficiency there was no consistent change in individual cobalamins. Patients with leukaemias and liver disease showed a variety of changes, some attributable to alterations in plasma binding capacity and loss of deoxyadenosylcobalamin from the liver.

3. After oral or parenteral administration of cyanocobalamin, plasma cyanocobalamin increased and there was evidence of conversion to methylcobalamin. After parenteral administration of methylcobalamin, this compound increased in the plasma, but deoxyadenosylcobalamin plus hydroxocobalamin did not change.

4. Possible reasons for pathological changes in individual plasma cobalamins are discussed.
Depression of δ-Aminolaevulic Acid Dehydrase Activity by Ethanol in Man and Rat
Authors: Moore M. R. , Beattie A. D. , Thompson G. G. , Goldberg A.
Published: August 2015

1.β-Aminolaevulic acid (ALA) dehydrase activity has been measured in the blood of man and rats and in the tissues of rats intoxicated with ethanol.

2. ALA dehydrase activity was significantly depressed in the blood of man. This depression follows closely on the elevation of blood ethanol and returns to normal pari passu with the ethanol level.

3. In rats intoxicated with ethanol there is a significant depression of ALA dehydrase activity in blood, liver and kidney but not in heart or spleen.

4. A scheme is proposed whereby an increase in the intracellular redox potential by ethanol increases sulphydryl cofactor concentrations leading to an inhibition of enzyme activity.
Gas-Induced Osmosis as a Factor Influencing the Distribution of Body Water
Authors: Hills B. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Two methods have been used to determine whether differences in gas concentrations between adjacent regions of tissue can induce osmosis.

2. In a steady-state experiment water has been shown to move in the direction of increasing gas concentration across gross sections of excised tissues such as bladder and peritoneum.

3. In a second experiment it was found that more water was retained in subcutaneous pockets of saline saturated with a soluble gas (nitrous oxide or ethylene) than was retained in a control pocket saturated with nitrogen and simultaneously monitored in the same rabbit.

4. A value of the reflexion coefficient for nitrous oxide has been estimated from the results of the experiments with the gross tissue sections and shown to be compatible with those known for non-gaseous solutes by extrapolation with respect to molecular size.

5. The significance of possible osmotic effects due to transient gas concentration gradients are discussed in connection with dry joints, aseptic bone necrosis in caisson workers and inert gas narcosis, the approach offering a quantitative correlation of narcotic potency by a simple physical mechanism.

6. The steady-state gas concentration gradients which arise in tissue as a result of metabolism are suggested as a third driving force in homeostasis but, unless larger reflexion coefficients can be demonstrated, this effect would only appear to be significant for inspired oxygen partial pressures appreciably greater than normal.
Respiratory Responses to Sustained Static Muscular Contractions in Humans
Authors: Wiley R. L. , Lind A. R.
Published: August 2015

1. Respiratory responses to sustained static forearm and leg contractions performed separately and simultaneously were investigated in human volunteers.

2. Oesophageal pressure measurements indicated no tendency to breath hold or fix the thorax during fatiguing static contractions.

3. Marked hyperventilation occurred invariably with the static efforts, resulting in striking increases in ventilatory equivalent and reduction of end-tidal CO2. Simultaneous contraction of arm and leg muscle groups did not result in additive respiratory responses.

4. Contractions performed during circulatory occlusion or cool water immersion of the involved limb produced results which led to the conclusion that the hyperventilation is not due to stimulation of pain fibres, nor to stimulation of chemoreceptors locally or centrally by metabolites released from the active muscle. Some additional possible mechanisms responsible for the hyperventilation are discussed.
Pulmonary Function in Chronic Severe Anaemia
Authors: Guleria J. S. , Pande J. N. , Markose M. M. , Gupta R. G. , Jain B. P.
Published: August 2015

1. The process of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange was investigated in twenty-three young patients with chronic severe anaemia, before and after its correction.

2. Various lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were found to be normal in anaemic patients.

3. There was a mild respiratory alkalosis in anaemia. The arterial oxygen tension was lowered because of a marked widening of the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient. This was mainly because of an increase in the anatomical shunt as well as ventilation/perfusion inequalities.

4. The transfer factor (pulmonary diffusing capacity) in anaemia was very much reduced. The diffusing capacity of the alveolar capillary membrane was usually decreased and volume of blood in the alveolar capillaries usually increased but these changes were not statistically significant.
Genetic Influences in Drug Responses of the Eye and the Heart
Authors: Bertler Å. , Smith S. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Pupillary responses to locally applied phenylephrine and cardiac responses to intravenous hyoscine N-butylbromide have been studied in ten pairs each of healthy monovular and binovular twins aged between 24 and 60 years.

2. Under identical lighting conditions resting pupil diameters differed widely among individuals, being greater in female subjects and in those with larger irides and smaller with increasing age.

3. Monovular twins, but not binovular twins, showed significant concordance in iris diameter, initial pupil diameter, initial heart rate and responses to both drugs. The results suggest that these responses were dependent on the concordance of peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic tone within each twin pair.

4. It is concluded that much of the variability in response to drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system is determined by physiological factors and that these are genetically influenced.
Ketone-Body Concentrations in Liver and Blood after Limb Ischaemia in the Rat
Authors: Barton R. N.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of a 4 h period of bilateral hind limb ischaemia on the concentrations of ketone bodies in blood and liver of post-absorptive and starved rats has been investigated.

2. The concentration of total ketone bodies in the blood did not change after injury in post-absorptive rats, but fell after injury in starved rats; the blood β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio fell after injury in both post-absorptive and starved rats.

3. Apart from a transient increase in fed rats, the hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio did not change after injury in post-absorptive or starved rats until the terminal stages, indicating adequate hepatic oxygenation during the early response to injury.

4. In control post-absorptive and starved rats the concentration of liver total ketone bodies was correlated with that of plasma non-esterified fatty acids; in post-absorptive rats the liver ketone body concentration rose after injury and was higher than would be predicted from the regression line for these controls, suggesting increased ketogenesis compatible with inhibition of complete oxidation of non-esterified fatty acids after injury. In contrast, in starved rats the liver total ketone-body concentration did not change after injury.
Patterns of Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide during Recovery from Severe Asthma
Authors: Rebuck A. S. , Read John
Published: August 2015

1. Ventilatory response to CO2 was measured regularly by a rebreathing technique in nineteen patients with severe asthma from the day of presentation to the time of clinical recovery.

2. Ventilatory response to CO2 increased during recovery in sixteen patients and the increased ventilatory response correlated well with increase of FEV1. Among these sixteen patients only one showed elevation of arterial CO2 tension at the time of presentation.

3. Ventilatory response to CO2 failed to increase during recovery in three patients despite increases in FEV1. All three patients showed elevation of arterial CO2 tension at the time of presentation.

4. In five patients (including three of the four with initial hypercapnia) ventilatory response to CO2 after recovery remained below the previously reported lower limit for normal subjects. The limits of normality were explored by examining ventilatory response to CO2 in seventeen outstanding athletic performers. Values for ventilatory response to CO2 both above and below the previously defined ‘normal range’ were found. The normal ventilatory response to CO2 covers a 14-fold range from 0.57 to 8.17 1 min−1 mmHg−1Pco2.
Renal Vasodilatation: Effect on Renal Handling of Phosphate
Authors: Ahumada J. J. , Massry S. G.
Published: August 2015

1. The combined effects of unilateral renal vasodilatation produced by acetylcholine or bradykinin and intravenous infusion of angiotensin on phosphate excretion and reabsorption were investigated in fourteen anaesthetized dogs. The influence of these manoeuvres on the excretion of sodium, calcium and magnesium was also evaluated.

2. Unilateral renal vasodilatation alone produced an increase in the excretion of phosphate, calcium, magnesium and sodium; and the infusion of angiotensin caused further augmentation of the excretory rates of these ions from the vasodilated kidney in most experiments.

3. The maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity (Tm) for phosphate was decreased by renal vasodilatation.

4. There was a close and significant correlation between the fraction of the filtered load of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium which was excreted and that of sodium.

5. The results indicate that renal vasodilatation with or without the infusion of angiotensin causes a decrease in the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, calcium, magnesium and sodium.
Studies with Radioactive Copper (64Cu and 67Cu); The Incorporation of Radioactive Copper into Caeruloplasmin in Wilson's Disease and in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Authors: Gibbs Kathleen , Walshe J. M.
Published: August 2015

1. A comparison has been made of the handling of radioactive copper by patients with Wilson's disease, patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and a small control group. The object of this study has been to assess the influence of an expanded hepatic pool of copper on the incorporation of radioactive copper into caeruloplasmin.

2. Studies with 67Cu have shown that radioactivity disappears steadily from the plasma of patients with Wilson's disease for periods up to 296 h. Both in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in controls, a well-marked secondary rise occurs as radioactive copper is incorporated into caeruloplasmin.

3. Caeruloplasmin has been isolated from the serum of one control subject, one patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and one with Wilson's disease. Of the plasma radioactivity 90% was present in the caeruloplasmin of the control subject and the patient with primary biliary cirrhosis; only 27% was found in the caeruloplasmin of the patient with Wilson's disease.

4. Turnover time for liver copper has been determined; in the control subjects it was of the order of 20–30 days, in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis it was between 600 and 700 days, in Wilson's disease the time exceeded 1800 days. In all cases the turnover time for radioactive copper was significantly less.

5. We conclude (a) that newly arrived radioactive copper is preferentially handled in the presence of copper overload and (b) dilution of radioactive copper in an expanded hepatic pool of the metal cannot alone account for the delayed incorporation found in patients with Wilson's disease.
The Relation between the Urinary Excretion of Inorganic Phosphate and Sodium
Authors: Fulop M. , Brazeau P.
Published: August 2015

1. The relation between the urinary excretion of inorganic phosphate and sodium was studied in anaesthetized dogs subjected to acute unilateral increases of ureteral back-pressure while receiving infusions of iso-osmotic sodium chloride. Under these circumstances modest increases of ureteral back-pressure, +14 to +23 cmH2O, were associated with relatively small changes of glomerular filtration rate from control values (−12.7 to +8.2%).

2. Increased ureteral back-pressure caused closely proportionate decreases of urinary phosphate and sodium excretion regardless of whether glomerular filtration rate increased, decreased or remained unchanged. When glomerular filtration rate increased or remained stable, the decreases of phosphate and sodium excretion were attributable to closely proportionate increases of tubular reabsorption of sodium and of phosphate. The increased tubular reabsorption of phosphate may be causally related to the increased tubular reabsorption of sodium.
Quantitative Changes in Plasma Amino Acids Induced by Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Craft I. L. , Peters T. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma amino acids have been determined in healthy untreated women and in those receiving synthetic steroids to suppress ovulation. Both groups were studied early in the cycle when endogenous sex hormone production is low, and again later in the same cycle, when endogenous or exogenous hormones are at high concentrations respectively.

2. In normal women there is a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of serine, glutamate and ornithine, and of total amino acids in the second half of the cycle.

3. At this time those taking oral contraceptives have significant decreases in plasma concentrations of proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and tyrosine, and of total plasma amino acids. In addition plasma glutamate, glycine, isoleucine and tyrosine concentrations are significantly lower than in normal women.

4. In the interval between completing one course of contraceptive pills and commencing the next, total plasma amino acid concentration reverts to normal, but a significant decrease in plasma glycine concentration persists.

5. It is suggested that these changes are due to the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones respectively.
Effect of Ileal Resection on Bile Salt Metabolism in Patients with Ileostomy following Proctocolectomy
Authors: Percy-Robb I. W. , Jalan K. N. , McManus J. P. A. , Sircus W.
Published: August 2015

1. Bile salt metabolism has been studied in seven patients with ileostomy following total proctocolectomy; three of these patients also had various degrees of ileal resection.

2. The half-life of the cholic acid pool was shortened in the patients with ileal resection.

3. Rates of bile acid synthesis were raised in two of the three patients with ileal resection. In the third, the rate was normal.

4. Four of the six patients had low bile acid concentrations in the duodenum after a fatty meal.

5. Deoxycholic acid could not be detected in the duodenum or ileal effluent of any of the patients.
Seasonal Influence on Insulin Secretion in Man
Authors: Fahlén M. , Odén A. , Björntorp P. , Tibblin G.
Published: August 2015

1. The seasonal variation of fasting blood glucose, peroral glucose tolerance, fasting plasma insulin and triglycerides and the sum of insulin values during glucose tolerance test was studied in 100 patients who had suffered a myocardial infarction. These patients comprised a population of all men who had suffered a myocardial infarction below the age of 55 years and had survived.

2. The material was divided into four numerically equal groups covering two dark, cold periods and two warm, light periods of the year.

3. Lower fasting blood glucose and insulin values during glucose tolerance test as well as a trend to higher glucose tolerance were found during the warm, light part of the year in comparison with winter. Triglycerides and fasting insulin values did not vary significantly in these infarction patients. The variation could not be explained by a difference in age or body weight between the groups.

4. It is suggested that glucose tolerance and insulin secretion are subjected to seasonal variation in man as has previously been shown in laboratory animals.
The Binding of Copper by Bile and Serum
Authors: Frommer D.
Published: August 2015

1. The strength of binding of 64Cu to the following was determined by dialysis against solutions of buffered sodium chloride with and without EDTA, penicillamine and sodium glycocholate. (a) Human albumin, serum and bile labelled in vitro from patients with and without Wilson's disease, (b) Rat bile labelled in vivo and in vitro.

2. Serum and albumin were found to bind copper comparatively weakly.

3. Bile from all sources contains a non-diffusible fraction with a very strong binding affinity for copper.

4. Bile from patients with Wilson's disease binds copper as strongly as normal bile.
The Isolation and Identification of Piperidine-2-Carboxylic Acid in the Urine of Protein Malnourished Rats
Authors: Crowne R. S. , Donninger C. , Grimble R. F. , Whitehead R. G.
Published: August 2015

1. A previously unidentified compound first observed in the serum of children with kwashiorkor has been isolated from the urine of experimental protein malnourished rats.

2. On mass spectroscopy and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy the unknown compound appeared identical with authentic piperidine-2-carboxylic acid. This identity was confirmed by the behaviour of the unknown and authentic compounds on paper, ion-exchange, thin-layer or gas-liquid chromatography.

3. The significance of the accumulation of piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in the serum of children with kwashiorkor is discussed.
The Relative Importance of Clinical, Radiological and Pulmonary Function Variables in Evaluating Asbestosis and Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease in Asbestos Workers
Authors: Regan Gillian M. , Tagg Beryl , Walford Joan , Thomson M. L.
Published: August 2015

1. The relative power of sixteen clinical, radiological and pulmonary function variables for evaluating asbestosis and chronic osbtructive airway disease has been assessed by principal component analysis of the data from a survey of 201 asbestos workers.

2. A decrease in the transfer factor (diffusing capacity) for carbon monoxide followed by a decrease in the vital capacity had the greatest power to measure the severity of both types of disease but had little ability to distinguish between the two.

3. In decreasing order of potency, the best indicators for distinguishing between asbestosis and obstructive airway disease were forced expiratory volume as a proportion of vital capacity, phlegm, radiological pleural thickening, cough and finger clubbing. Low values in FEV/VC and high values in phlegm and cough indicated obstructive airway disease: high values of pleural thickening and finger clubbing indicated asbestosis in the present context.

4. The analysis also provided numerical scores for each individual that could be plotted on a two-dimensional diagram. Orientation along one axis showed the degree of involvement of individuals by lung disease, whereas separation along the other axis depended on the nature of the disease process, asbestosis and obstructive airway disease in this instance.
Effect of Ouabain on Insulin Secretion in Man
Authors: Saxton C. , Majid P. A. , Clough G. , Taylor S. H.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of an intravenous infusion of ouabain 0·25 μg min−1 kg−1 for 1 h on plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations in peripheral venous blood and on urinary excretion of catecholamines was studied in six normal adult males. Ouabain had no effect on insulin and glucose concentrations but resulted in a significant decrease in urinary catecholamine excretion.

2. The effect of a single intravenous injection of 001 mg of ouabain/kg on the response of insulin secretion to intravenous tolbutamide was studied in four normal adult males. Ouabain had no significant effect on the increase of plasma insulin which followed tolbutamide.

3. These results indicate that improvement in insulin secretion observed during digitalis-induced remission in heart failure is probably due to the improved circulatory state of the patient and not to a direct insulin secretogogue effect.

4. The mechanisms responsible for decreased catecholamine excretion after ouabain in normal man are unexplained.
The Antidiuretic Action of Diazoxide
Authors: Pohl J. E. F. , Thurston H. , Swales J. D.
Published: August 2015

1. The renal response to a single slow intravenous injection of diazoxide has been studied in three patients with vasopressin-deficient diabetes insipidus, one patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and three normal subjects.

2. In all patients there was a fall in urinary volume, free water clearance and sodium excretion. This effect was maximal 3–4 h after the injection. Potassium excretion was unchanged. In only one experiment was there a fall in blood pressure. There was no correlation between these changes in renal function and changes in creatinine clearance.

3. The renal effect of diazoxide on the diuresis of diabetes insipidus therefore resembles that of thiazide diuretics, with the important difference that the antidiuresis is associated with sodium retention rather than natriuresis. It is postulated that diazoxide induces increased proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, as an indirect result of its peripheral vasodilator action, and that this explains both the similarities and the differences between the action of this drug and the thiazide diuretics in diabetes insipidus.
Search for Evidence of Lung Chemoreflexes in Man: Study of Respiratory and Circulatory Effects of Phenyldiguanide and Lobeline
Authors: Jain S. K. , Subramanian S. , Julka D. B. , Guz A.
Published: August 2015

1. Respiratory and circulatory effects of phenyldiguanide (PDG), sodium cyanide and lobeline have been studied in eighteen patients.

2. PDG, when injected into the main pulmonary artery, produced stimulation of breathing together with bradycardia and hypotension. A mean injection-response time of 5·2 s was close to the pulmonary artery-ear lobe circulation time in the same patients.

3. Sodium cyanide produced respiratory and circulatory effects similar to PDG and with the same injection-response time. It was concluded that both drugs act on the carotid body.

4. Lobeline sulphate produced apnoea with or without cough in twelve of the fifteen patients studied, with a mean injection-response time of 2·1 s; this was shorter than the pulmonary artery-ear lobe circulation time. This response preceded the well-known hyperpnoea.

5. The short injection-response time of lobeline is consistent with the hypothesis that lobeline stimulates pulmonary receptors before it acts on the carotid bodies, and that there are receptors in the human lung that are depolarized by chemical agents.

6. The cough response was replaced by apnoea when the dose of lobeline was decreased.

7. Whereas PDG did not produce any abnormal sensation in the body, lobeline caused a sensation of fumes or smoke in the lower throat or burning over the manubrium sterni. Neither drug produced a sensation of breathlessness.
Electrolyte Changes in Patients with Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: James I. M.
Published: August 2015

1. After spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage in man there is an acute rise in arterial blood pressure. Sodium balance studies were carried out on sixty-four patients with this syndrome and marked sodium retention was found to occur which did not appear to be correlated with a low glomerular filtration rate nor with any consistent change in aldosterone excretion.

2. Effective renal plasma flow was measured by p-aminohippurate clearance in twenty-four patients and renal blood flow calculated from the haematocrit. Renal blood flow was found to be significantly depressed during the first week of the illness. The possibility that the sodium retention was due to changes in proximal tubular reabsorption secondary to alterations in intrarenal pressure is discussed.

3. No change in potassium balance was found despite the frequent occurrence of hypokalaemia. The depression of plasma potassium was closely related to the degree of respiratory alkalosis. Since respiratory alkalosis has been shown in animals to occasion a shift of potassium from the extracellular fluid into the cells, it is postulated that a similar change occurs after subarachnoid haemorrhage in man.
Effect of Phosphate Supplements on Soft-Tissue Calcification and Bone Turnover
Authors: Jowsey Jenifer , Balasubramaniam P.
Published: August 2015

1. The short- and long-term effects of oral phosphate supplements were studied in two groups of adult rabbits.

2. In the short-term study, compared with control animals, the bones of phosphate-supplemented rabbits showed a greater degree of porosity, and defects in the tibia created at the beginning of the study were replaced with bone tissue containing many areas of resorption. There was an increase in retention of 85Sr in the hard and soft tissues, particularly in the kidney and thoracic aorta.

3. In the long-term study, a second group of rabbits received a low calcium and phosphate intake during the control period; half of this group were then fed a low dosage of supplemental phosphate while the remaining half remained on the control diet. After a period of 6 months the bones of phosphate-supplemented animals showed increased porosity and there was an increase in 85Sr retention by the kidney compared with the control group.

4. Phosphate supplementation appears to result in secondary hyperparathyroidism and to cause soft-tissue calcification.
Effects of Uraemic Serum, Urea, Creatinine and Methylguanidine on Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Balestri P. L. , Rindi P. , Biagini M. , Giovannetti S.
Published: August 2015

1. Uptake of glucose by the rat diaphragm in vitro and utilization of glucose by human erythrocytes were inhibited by urea, creatinine and, to an even greater extent, by urea plus creatinine. Guanidine, methylguanidine and guanidinoacetic acid individually had a small enhancing effect on glucose uptake and utilization but collectively there may be an additive effect. Urate, p-cresol and p-cresylsulphate had no appreciable effects.

2. Dialysis of uraemic patients greatly decreased, or abolished, the inhibitory effect of their sera on glucose uptake by hemidiaphragms.

3. Administration of urea or creatinine lowered the oral glucose tolerance of patients with moderately impaired renal function.

4. In ten normal dogs intravenous glucose tolerance curves were unchanged during methylguanidine administration, whereas in five dogs oral glucose tolerance curves became flattened.

5. Fasting blood glucose of five alloxan-diabetic dogs was decreased during administration of methylguanidine and increased again when administration was discontinued.
A Comparison of Leucocyte Potassium Content with other Measurements in Potassium-Depleted Rabbits
Authors: Patrick J. , Bradford Berenice
Published: August 2015

1. Potassium depletion was induced in rabbits with frusemide and measurements were made of plasma, leucocyte, erythrocyte and total exchangeable potassium before and during potassium depletion.

2. All measurements, except erythrocyte potassium expressed as mmol/kg of cells, decreased during the depletion period.

3. Significant correlations were observed between change in leucocyte potassium and change in total exchangeable potassium.

4. It appears that leucocyte potassium may prove a useful measurement of potassium depletion.
A Role for Sodium-Retaining Steroids in the Regulation of Proximal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption in Man
Authors: Gill John R. , Delea Catherine S. , Bartter F. C.
Published: August 2015

1. The response to an infusion of 4% (w/v) fructose in water was determined in fifteen women on a daily sodium intake of 100 mEq/day. The results were compared with those obtained during a similar infusion on another day after treatment with deoxycorticosterone (20 mg/day; seven subjects), or spironolactone (200 mg/day; eight subjects), for 1 day before the day of study.

2. Treatment with deoxycorticosterone significantly (P < 0·01) decreased sodium excretion (from a mean value of 391 to 192 μEq/min) and urine flow rate (from 14·3 to 12·4 ml min−1 100 ml−1 of glomerular filtrate) without a change in urinary osmolality or the clearance of inulin. The steroid also increased the fractional reabsorption of sodium at the diluting segment of the nephron, but this increase in reabsorption was not sufficient to compensate for the decrease in delivery of sodium to the site, so that absolute free-water clearance decreased.

3. Treatment with spironolactone significantly (P < 0·01) increased sodium excretion (from 349 to 437 μEq/min) and urine flow rate (from 12·5 to 14·4 ml min−1 100 ml−1 of glomerular filtrate) with essentially no change in urinary osmolality or in inulin clearance. Spironolactone also decreased the fractional reabsorption of sodium at the diluting segment of the nephron, but the degree of inhibition of reabsorption was not sufficient to prevent an increase in free-water clearance as a result of increased delivery of sodium to the site.

4. The findings support the concept that changes in circulating aldosterone can alter the renal excretion of sodium in man by affecting its reabsorption in the proximal tubule as well as in the distal tubule.
Renal Vasodilatation: Studies on the Site of Action in the Nephron
Authors: Massry S. G. , Ahumada J. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of unilateral renal vasodilatation produced by acetylcholine or bradykinin on free water clearance (CH2O) and free water reabsorption (TcH2O) was investigated in dogs in an effort to localize the site(s) in the nephron where renal vasodilatation inhibits tubular sodium reabsorption.

2. Renal vasodilatation in dogs undergoing water diuresis produced an increase in urinary sodium excretion, urine volume and CH2O. However, for any given level of sodium delivery to the diluting segment of the nephron, CH2O was less during the intrarenal infusion of the vasodilator drugs than during the infusion of hypo-osmotic saline.

3. During renal vasodilatation in hydropenic dogs receiving vasopressin and hyperosmotic saline, TcH2O at a given rate of osmolal clearance was depressed. The effect of bradykinin on TcH2O was greater than that of acetylcholine.

4. The results indicate that renal vasodilatation inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the diluting segment of the nephron as well. Increased medullary blood flow may play an additional role in the effect of acetylcholine and bradykinin on TcH2O.
Influence of Patient Age on Forearm and Systemic Vascular Response to Hypoxaemia
Authors: Kravec T. F. , Eggers G. W. N. , Kettel L. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Forearm blood flow and cardiac output were measured during 12–14% oxygen breathing in eleven subjects aged 23–72 years. Forearm blood flow alone was measured in eight additional subjects aged 45–70 years.

2. The cardiac output increased and systemic vascular resistance decreased during hypoxaemia in all subjects. Although the initial cardiac output was lower with increasing age, the change during hypoxaemia correlated poorly with age.

3. Forearm blood flow increased with age and the change produced by hypoxaemia was also related to the age of the subjects. In six healthy subjects aged 23–37 years forearm blood flow increased during hypoxaemia. In thirteen older subjects, six of whom had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, forearm blood flow either increased to a lesser degree, decreased, or remained unchanged during hypoxaemia. The mechanism for the change in forearm vascular response to induced hypoxaemia in older subjects was not apparent from these studies.
The Measurement of the Extracellular Space in an In Vitro System of Human Leucocytes
Authors: Patrick J. , Hilton P. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The extracellular space of an in vitro system of human leucocytes in an artificial extracellular fluid has been measured with Na235SO4, 131I-labelled human serum albumin and 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone of high molecular weight.

2. There was no significant difference between the space measured with Na235SO4 and 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone. The space measured with 131I-labelled human serum albumin was significantly larger than that measured with 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone.

3. High-molecular-weight 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone appears to be a useful extracellular marker for this in vitro system.
Relationships between Calcium and Oxalic Acid Intake in the Diet and Their Excretion in the Urine of Normal and Renal-Stone-Forming Subjects
Authors: Marshall R. W. , Cochran M. , Hodgkinson A.
Published: August 2015

1. The short-term effects of different intakes of calcium and oxalic acid on the urinary excretion of these substances was studied in eight normal men and eight men with a history of calcium-containing renal stones.

2. The effect of dietary oxalate on urine oxalate depended partly upon the calcium intake. Thus, on a normal calcium intake an increase in oxalate intake caused an increase in oxalate excretion that corresponded to 3·6% of the additional dietary oxalate; on a low calcium diet, however, the increase corresponded to 8·1%.

3. A decrease in daily calcium intake from 1000 to 250 mg caused a fall in calcium excretion averaging 150 mg/day in the patients and 60 mg/day in the controls but this was accompanied by average rises of 10 and 7 mg/day respectively in oxalate excretion, with the result that the calcium oxalate activity products remained almost unchanged.

4. A decrease in oxalate as well as calcium intake resulted in a fall in calcium excretion that was not accompanied by a rise in oxalate excretion, and there was a statistically significant fall in the calcium oxalate activity product in both the patients and normal subjects.
Serum Immunoglobulins in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Alarcón-Segovia D. , Fishbein Eugenia
Published: August 2015

1. Activities of the three major classes of immunoglobulins were quantitatively determined in 481 sera from 106 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus residing in Mexico City and compared with activities in 112 healthy Mexico City residents.

2. To allow comparison with studies from other laboratories, results were related to a standard reference preparation from the World Health Organization and expressed in international units of immunoglobulin activity.

3. The mean activities of IgG and IgM, but not those of IgA, were significantly higher in the lupus sera than in controls. Abnormal elevation of IgG activity was related to the presence of antibodies to whole calf thymus nuclei, but not to those directed to nucleoprotein or DNA. Sera with rheumatoid factor activity had a higher mean IgA activity than those without it.

4. Patients with active lupus had significantly higher IgM activity than those with inactive disease. High IgM activities also correlated with presence of antibodies to calf thymus nuclei, nucleoprotein and native and heat-denatured DNA.

5. Abnormal elevation of the IgM activity without concurrent elevation of IgG or IgA activity was the most frequent pattern observed but was not predominant enough to be characteristic of systemic lupus.
Movement of Sodium and Cholesterol across Porcine Aortic Intima
Authors: Edwards I. R. , Smith Sandra A.
Published: August 2015

1. A method for measuring the movement of substances across porcine aortic intima in vitro is described.

2. The rates of movement of sodium and cholesterol were decreased by adding dinitrophenol to the bathing solutions and increased by adding adrenaline.

3. The relevance of these results to hypertension and atheroma is mentioned.

4. The possibility of active transport of sodium and cholesterol is suggested.
The Transient Nature of Angiotensin-Induced Natriuresis in the Rabbit
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments in rabbits confirmed that natriuresis induced by a continuous 2-h intravenous infusion of angiotensin is temporary and declines after 1 h. A similar transient increase in magnesium and calcium excretion occurred. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood pressure fell towards the end of the angiotensin infusion.

2. This pattern of response was not influenced by prior adrenalectomy or by replacement of water lost in the associated diuresis, but water replacement accompanied by partial replacement of lost sodium resulted in a sustained natriuresis and better maintenance of GFR.

3. Transience of the natriuretic response was not peculiar to angiotensin, since continuous intravenous infusion of five other natriuretic agents produced the same effect, together with progressive reduction of GFR and blood pressure.

4. An increase in angiotensin infusion rate after 1·5 h produced a further temporary natriuresis.

5. It was concluded that neither aldosterone nor water loss are primarily responsible for the decline in natriuresis after 1 h during angiotensin infusion, but that a progressive fall in GFR, aggravated by sodium loss, is the most likely mechanism.
Effects of Chronic Beta-Adrenergic Blockade on Systemic and Renal Haemodynamic Responses to Hyperosmotic Saline in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Krauss X. H. , Schalekamp M. A. D. H. , Kolsters G. , Zaal G. A. , Birkenhäger W. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Ten patients with essential hypertension received an intravenous load of hyperosmotic saline before and during treatment with propranolol. In seven patients blood pressure was lowered by the drug.

2. In the control period saline infusion induced a sharp rise in cardiac output due to an increase in stroke volume. This pattern was absent during beta-adrenergic blockade. Renal blood flow showed a moderate rise in the control studies; this rise was not reduced during treatment. Natriuresis was reduced by propranolol.

3. Measurements of central blood volume and central venous pressure in five patients revealed that modified responses during beta-adrenergic blockade may be due to a reduced venous return rather than to myocardial depression.
The Relation between the Concentration of Calcium Salts in the Urine and Renal Stone Composition in Patients with Calcium-Containing Renal Stones
Authors: Marshall R. W. , Cochran M. , Robertson W. G. , Hodgkinson A. , Nordin B. E. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Diurnal variations in urine calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate activity products were observed in normal men and patients with recurrent calcium oxalate or mixed oxalate—phosphate renal stones.

2. Maximum and minimum calcium oxalate products were higher in the patients than in the controls, the difference being most marked in the patients with calcium oxalate stones.

3. Maximum and minimum calcium phosphate products expressed as octocalcium phosphate [(Ca8H2(PO4)6], brushite or hydroxyapatite, were significantly higher than normal in the patients with mixed stones but not in the patients with calcium oxalate stones.

4. The raised calcium oxalate products in the patients were due mainly to increased concentrations of Ca2+ ions; these, in turn, were due mainly to an increased rate of excretion of calcium. Raised calcium phosphate products were due mainly to hypercalciuria, combined with abnormally high urine pH values.

5. Patients with recurrent calcium stones appear to fall into two types: (1) patients with calcium oxalate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a normal urine pH; (2) patients with mixed oxalate—phosphate stones associated with hypercalciuria, a normal or raised urine oxalate and a raised urine pH.

6. The implications of these findings in regard to treatment are discussed.
Comparison of Intestinal Absorption Rates of Glycine and Glycylglycine in Man and the Effect of Glucose in the Perfusing Fluid
Authors: Cook G. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Using a double-lumen tube perfusion system the rates of glycine, glycylglycine, and glycylglycine and glucose absorption from a 30-cm jejunal segment have been studied in vivo in a group of relatively normal Zambian African subjects.

2. To determine the kinetic curve for glycine absorption, four subjects were given consecutive perfusions of 50, 100 and 150 mm-glycine.

3. Six other subjects had consecutive perfusions of (1) a 100 mm-glycine and (2) a 50 mm-glycylglycine solution. Five of the six had a higher absorption rate of glycine from the glycylglycine solution. When data from a further six similar subjects in another study are included, the mean rate of glycine absorption is significantly greater from the glycylglycine compared with the glycine solution (P < 0·001).

4. A further six subjects were given consecutive perfusions of (1) 50 mm-glycylglycine, (2) 50 mm-glycylglycine and 200 mm-glucose, and (3) 200 mm-glucose. The absorption rate of glycine from glycylglycine was lower in all subjects when glucose was present in the perfusing fluid (P < 0·01). Although the mean glucose absorption rate was lower when glycylglycine was present in the perfusing fluid, the difference was not significant.
Volatile Phenols in Serum of Uraemic Patients
Authors: Wengle B. , Hellström K.
Published: August 2015

1. The volatile phenols in sera of uraemic patients were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. The concentrations of p-cresol, 1·17 ± 0·58 (mean ± SD), and phenol, 0·44 ± 0·39 mg/100 ml, were higher than the corresponding values (0·23 ± 0·17 and 0·02 ± 0·03 mg/100ml, respectively) in control subjects. Both compounds were recovered mainly as acid labile conjugates, probably sulphate esters. No unconjugated phenol, o-, m-, or p-cresol or conjugated derivatives of o- or m-cresol were detected.

2. When the standard hospital diet was replaced by an isocaloric low-protein diet, the concentration of p-cresol and urea in serum decreased in the two uraemic patients studied. The serum concentration of phenol was uninfluenced by this change of diet.

3. One female patient was studied during treatment with peritoneal dialysis, which on two out of three occasions appeared to result in decreased concentrations of phenol and p-cresol in serum.
The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide on Calcium, Phosphorus and Aluminium Balances, the Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentration and the Aluminium Content of Bone in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Clarkson E. M. , Luck V. A. , Hynson W. V. , Bailey R. R. , Eastwood J. B. , Woodhead J. S. , Clements V. R. , O'riordan J. L. H. , De Wardener H. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Eight patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance 4·9–22·0 ml/min) were given 75–150 ml of aluminium hydroxide gel (‘Aludrox’) daily for 20–32 days.

2. In all patients there was a decrease in plasma phosphorus. The phosphorus balance became more negative in four and less positive in one, remained unchanged in two, and became positive in one.

3. Patients absorbed 100–568 mg of aluminium daily. In two of three patients the content of aluminium in the iliac bone increased but not above normal values.

4. The concentration of parathyroid hormone was decreased by aluminium hydroxide therapy in three patients in whom there was an increase in plasma calcium and in one other patient in whom plasma calcium did not change.
Inspiratory Flow Rate and Ventilation Distribution in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Simple Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Hughes J. M. B. , Grant B. J. B. , Greene R. E. , Iliff L. D. , Milic-Emili J.
Published: August 2015

1. Seated subjects stopped ventilation briefly at end expiration while a 5 ml bolus of 133Xe was injected close to the mouth. They then inspired air at different flow rates and the distribution of radioactivity in the lungs was measured with a scanning technique during a period of breath-holding at maximal inspiration.

2. In five normal subjects the dependent zones received a greater fraction of the 133Xe bolus than the apex during slow inspirations, but apical distribution exceeded basal for fast inspirations. The volume history of the lungs before the bolus injection had no effect on the slow/fast difference in four out of five subjects.

3. In five patients with clinical bronchitis but normal forced expired volume, dependent zone ventilation was much reduced on a slow inspiration compared with normals, but at fast flow rates the distribution was normal.

4. Insofar as the bolus in the fast inspiration was distributed according to regional airway conductances, these results suggest that in normal subjects differences in airway resistance exist between the upper and lower zones of the upright lung. An early abnormality in bronchitis appears to be a reduction of compliance in the dependent zones, as judged from the decrease in basal ventilation on a slow inspiration.
Peritoneal Dialysis for the Support of Respiratory Insufficiency in Rabbits
Authors: Beran A. V. , Taylor W. F.
Published: August 2015

1. This study tests the feasibility of peritoneal dialysis for the delivery of O2 and removal of CO2 during experimental hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidaemia in rabbits.

2. Immediately after peritoneal infusion of a bolus of oxygenated dialysate, dialysate O2 content decreased, CO2 content increased and pH decreased. However, arterial Po2, Pco2 and pH did not change significantly.

3. During active dialysis at a flow of 70–120 ml/min, O2 and CO2 content difference between dialysate inflow and outflow was 0·87 and 1·32 ml 100 ml−1min−1, respectively. After 60 min of active dialysis, arterial Po2 increased from 50 to 63 mmHg, Pco2 decreased from 49 to 43 mmHg, and pH was maintained.
Normal Urine Concentrating Ability in Magnesium Depletion
Authors: Suh S. M. , Sellors J.
Published: August 2015

1. We studied urine concentrating ability in ten magnesium-depleted puppies and compared the results with those of match-fed, littermate controls.

2. The experimental puppies became hypomagnesaemic and hypocalcaemic without evidence of potassium depletion. After 24 h of food and water deprivation, urine osmolality increased to 1350 ± 340 mosm/kg of water. This value did not differ from that of control animals.

3. We also studied urine concentrating ability in a child with primary hypomagnesaemia and secondary hypocalcaemia. He could achieve a urine concentration of 1080 mosm/kg of water after 20 h of water deprivation when he was hypomagnesaemic and hypocalcaemic.

4. We conclude that urine concentrating ability is normal in magnesium depletion uncomplicated by hypercalcaemia or severe potassium depletion.