bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter‐regional digital forensic knowledge management: needs, challenges, and solutions
Authors: Casey Eoghan , Zehnder Anna
Published: November 2020

Increasing demand for digital evidence in criminal investigations is driving decentralization of forensic capabilities closer to the crime scene. Law enforcement agencies are struggling to keep pace with technological developments, cybercrime growth, and scientific advances. In federated environments, digital forensic knowledge and practices vary widely across regions. To reduce delays, wasted resources, missed opportunities, mistakes, and misinterpretations, there is a pressing need to balance the democratization of digital forensic capabilities with knowledge management and sharing between decentralized regions. There are multiple forms of knowledge to be managed, including procedural, technical, investigative, scientific, behavioral, crime analysis, and forensic intelligence. In addition, there are multiple knowledge producers and consumers, including police investigators, digital forensic practitioners, criminal intelligence analysts, attorneys, and judges. Knowledge management becomes even more challenging when multiple interdependent regions are involved, speaking different languages. Taking all of these factors into consideration, this work presents an inter‐regional knowledge management solution for improving the quality, consistency, reliability, efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, and return on investment of digital forensic capabilities. The basis of this work is a community‐driven initiative of Swiss regional police authorities. Interviews were conducted with 15 digital forensic units to determine their current knowledge management practices and needs. The results were then generalized into a prioritized set of requirements for inter‐regional digital forensic knowledge management that may be applicable in other countries. These requirements were used to evaluate knowledge management platforms, and one was selected. Implementation, operations, and maintenance challenges of an inter‐regional digital forensic knowledge management platform are discussed.
CLP gene family, a new gene family of Cotesia vestalis bracovirus inhibits melanization of Plutella xylostella hemolymph
Authors: Wang Ze‐Hua , Zhou Yue‐Nan , Ye Xi‐Qian , Wu Xiao‐Tong , Yang Pei , Shi Min , Huang Jian‐Hua , Chen Xue‐Xin
Published: November 2020

Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts of parasitoid wasps and play an important role in suppressing host immune defenses. Although PDV genes that inhibit host melanization are known in Microplitis bracovirus, the functional homologs in Cotesia bracoviruses remain unknown. Here, we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) can inhibit hemolymph melanization of its host, Plutella xylostella larvae, during the early stages of parasitization, and that overexpression of highly expressed CvBV genes reduced host phenoloxidase activity. Furthermore, CvBV‐7‐1 in particular reduced host phenoloxidase activity within 12 h, and the injection of anti‐CvBV‐7‐1 antibody increased the melanization of parasitized host larvae. Further analyses showed that CvBV‐7‐1 and three homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses possessed a C‐terminal leucine/isoleucine‐rich region and had a similar function in inhibiting melanization. Therefore, a new family of bracovirus genes was proposed and named as C‐terminal Leucine/isoleucine‐rich Protein (CLP). Ectopic expression of CvBV‐7‐1 in Drosophila hemocytes increased susceptibility to bacterial repression of melanization and reduced the melanotic encapsulation of parasitized D. melanogaster by the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. The formation rate of wasp pupae and the eclosion rate of C. vestalis were affected when the function of CvBV‐7‐1 was blocked. Our findings suggest that CLP genes from Cotesia bracoviruses encoded proteins that contain a C‐terminal leucine/isoleucine‐rich region and function as melanization inhibitors during the early stage of parasitization, which is important for successful parasitization.
Ruminal and post‐ruminal barley grain digestion and starch granule morphology under three heat methods
Authors: Shirmohammadi Shahram , Taghizadeh Akbar , Hosseinkhani Ali , Moghaddam Gholam Ali , Salem Abdelfattah Z. M. , Pliego Alberto Barbabosa
Published: November 2020

This study was designed to investigate the effect of three heating methods on the ruminal and post‐ruminal nutrient degradability and starch granule morphology of barley grain (BG ‐ Hordeum vulgare). Treatments were Control (CG): without processing; Roasted (RG): roasted BG for 300 s at 130°C; Microwaved (MG): irradiated BG for 120 s at 1200 W; and Steam flaked (SG): BG misted for 30 min under steam flow of boiling water and flaked. Gas production and in situ techniques were used to evaluate the ruminal degradability of treatments, and a modified three‐step method was utilised to estimate the total‐tract digestibility. Morphological changes of starch granules were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Ruminal gas production and dry matter disappearance were increased (p < .05) in SG vs. CG. Heat processing had different effects on starch and crude protein degradability; however, starch degradability increased (p < .05) from CG to SG. Post‐ruminal disappearance of dry matter in CG was greater (p < .05) than other treatments. These results validated by FESEM images that explained high barley grain degradability in relation to the number of holes on the surface of starch granules. Heat processing can enhance ruminal and post‐ruminal utilisation efficiency of barley grain, resulting in improvement of total‐tract digestibility.
Cannabis use‐related working memory deficit mediated by lower left hippocampal volume
Authors: Paul Subhadip , Bhattacharyya Sagnik
Published: November 2020

The association between cannabis exposure and working memory impairment and its neural substrates remain unclear. In this cross‐sectional observational study, we investigated this by examining the relationship between frequency of exposure to cannabis, working memory performance and regional brain volumes and tested whether lower volumes of cortical and subcortical structures mediate the association between cannabis exposure and working memory deficit using the Human Connectome Project data from 234 individuals with self‐reported cannabis exposure and 174 individuals unexposed to cannabis. We tested the relationship between self‐reported frequency of cannabis exposure and list‐sorting working memory task performance (total number of correct responses), between T1 weighted MRI‐derived regional grey‐matter volumes and working memory task performance as well as between frequency of cannabis exposure and brain volumes after controlling for potential confounders. Finally, mediation analysis was carried out to test whether deficit in working memory performance associated with cannabis use was mediated by its association with lower grey‐matter volume. Participants who reported higher frequency of cannabis use tended to have lower number of correct responses in the list‐sorting working memory task and lower bilateral hippocampal volumes. Association between severity of cannabis exposure as indexed by frequency of cannabis use and impairment in working memory was mediated by lower left hippocampal volume in cannabis users. We report evidence in support of the left hippocampus volume‐mediated working memory impairment associated with recreational cannabis exposure. Future studies employing prospective longitudinal design are necessary to examine the cause–effect relationships of cannabis exposure on working memory and brain volumes.
Antibody microarray analysis of amniotic fluid proteins associated with subsequent ruptured membranes in women with threatened preterm labor
Authors: Hong Subeen , Park Yehyon , Kim Yu Mi , Lee Ji Eun , Kim Hyeon Ji , Park Kyo Hoon
Published: November 2020

Problem

We aimed to identify amniotic fluid (AF) proteins associated with the subsequent rupture of membranes (ROM) occurring in the absence of active labor in women with threatened preterm labor (PTL) using an antibody microarray.

Method of the study

This retrospective cohort study included 183 singleton pregnant women with PTL (24–33 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis. A nested case‐control study was conducted using AF samples from 20 women with subsequent ROM within 7 days of sampling (case subjects) and 20 gestational age‐matched women with term delivery (TD) without ROM (control subjects), via protein‐antibody microarray analysis. Seven candidate proteins of interest were validated via ELISA in the total cohort.

Results

Seventeen proteins displayed significant intergroup differences. ELISA validation confirmed that the levels of EN‐RAGE, Fas, IL‐8, IP‐10, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 were significantly higher, whereas IGFBP‐3 levels were significantly lower in the AF of women with subsequent ROM within 7 days of sampling than in that of women with TD without ROM. Moreover, the time interval from sampling to membrane rupture was significantly correlated with the expression levels of AF proteins, except for IL‐10.

Conclusion

Using an antibody microarray, we identified various inflammatory, angiogenic, matrix‐degrading, and apoptosis‐related proteins in the AF that were associated with subsequent ROM occurring in the absence of active labor in women with threatened PTL. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying membrane rupture without active labor in threatened PTL.
Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: A breakdown in immune tolerance comparable to allograft rejection?
Authors: Brady Chloe A. , Williams Charlotte , Sharps Megan C. , Shelleh Amena , Batra Gauri , Heazell Alexander E. P. , Crocker Ian P.
Published: November 2020

Chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) is a pregnancy disorder characterized by infiltration of maternal macrophages into the intervillous space of the human placenta, often with accompanying perivillous fibrin deposition. CHI is associated strongly with foetal growth restriction and increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Although rare, affecting 6 in every 10 000 pregnancies beyond 12 weeks’ gestation, the rate of recurrence is high at 25%–100%. To date, diagnosis of CHI can only be made post‐delivery upon examination of the placenta due to a lack of diagnostic biomarkers, and criteria vary across publications. No treatment options have shown proven efficacy, and CHI remains a serious obstetric conundrum. Although its underlying aetiology is unclear, due to the presence of maternal macrophages and the reported increased incidence in women with autoimmune disease, CHI is hypothesized to be an inappropriate immune response to the semi‐allogeneic foetus. Given this lack of understanding, treatment approaches remain experimental with limited rationale. However, there is recent evidence that immunosuppression and antithrombotic therapies may be effective in preventing recurrence of associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. With similarities noted between the pathological features of CHI and acute rejection of solid organ transplants, further investigation of this hypothesis may provide a basis for tackling CHI and other immune‐related placental conditions. This review will explore parallels between CHI and allograft rejection and identify areas requiring further confirmation and exploitation of this comparison.
PIGH deficiency can be associated with severe neurodevelopmental and skeletal manifestations
Authors: Tremblay‐Laganière Camille , Kaiyrzhanov Rauan , Maroofian Reza , Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai , Salayev Kamran , Chilton Ilana T. , Chung Wendy K. , Madden Jill A. , Phornphutkul Chanika , Agrawal Pankaj B. , Houlden Henry , Campeau Philippe M.
Published: November 2020

Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis class H (PIGH) is an essential player in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) synthesis, an anchor for numerous cell membrane‐bound proteins. PIGH deficiency is a newly described and rare disorder associated with developmental delay, seizures and behavioral difficulties. Herein, we report three new unrelated families with two different bi‐allelic PIGH variants, including one new variant p.(Arg163Trp) which seems associated with a more severe phenotype. The common clinical features in all affected individuals are developmental delay/intellectual disability and hypotonia. Variable clinical features include seizures, autism spectrum disorder, apraxia, severe language delay, dysarthria, feeding difficulties, facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly, strabismus, and musculoskeletal anomalies. The two siblings homozygous for the p.(Arg163Trp) variant have severe symptoms including profound psychomotor retardation, intractable seizures, multiple bone fractures, scoliosis, loss of independent ambulation, and delayed myelination on brain MRI. Serum iron levels were significantly elevated in one individual. All tested individuals with PIGH deficiency had normal alkaline phosphatase and CD16, a GPI‐anchored protein (GPI‐AP), was found to be decreased by 60% on granulocytes from one individual. This study expands the PIGH deficiency phenotype range toward the severe end of the spectrum with the identification of a novel pathogenic variant.
Clinical comparison of different flap advancement techniques to periosteal releasing incision in guided bone regeneration: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zazou Nada , Diab Noha , Bahaa Samah , el Arab Azza Ezz , Aziz Omniya Abdel , el Nahass Hani
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To compare Double Flap Incision (DF), Coronally Advanced Lingual Flap (CALF), and Modified Periosteal Releasing Incision (MPRI) to Periosteal Releasing Incision (PRI) in flap advancement, postoperative complications in augmentation using titanium mesh.

Material and methods

Forty patients with partially edentulous posterior mandibles were randomly assigned to the four groups. We evaluated: (a) Flap advancement in mm (Primary outcome). (b) Pain using the Numerical Rating scale (NRS). (c) Swelling using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). (d) Exposure in mm and exposure percentage at 1 week to 6 months.

Results

The CALF showed the highest mean flap advancement of 19.9 (±5.0) mm while the PRI showed the lowest; 10.2 (±1.7) mm. The difference between groups was statistically significant (P value <.0001). MPRI showed the highest pain score of 5.3 (±1.3) while the DF showed the lowest; 2.39 (±1.7). Swelling did not show a significant difference between groups. MPRI showed the highest exposure mean; 18.6 mm (±26.3) while CALF showed the lowest; 2.5 mm (±4.0). PRI showed the highest exposure percentage; 7.4% (±9.3) while CALF showed the lowest; 0.4% (±0.7). The difference between groups was insignificant.

Conclusions

CALF reported highest advancement, least complications while PRI reported the highest complications.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma with germinative follicular differentiation
Authors: Moya‐Martínez Cristina , Torre‐Castro Juan , Mendoza‐Cembranos Dolores , Santonja Carlos , Requena Luis
Published: November 2020

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a low‐grade adnexal carcinoma with controversial lines of differentiation. We present here an example of MAC showing histopathologic findings of germinative follicular differentiation in the form of solid aggregates of trichoblastoma intermingled with neoplastic aggregates of MAC. Immunohistochemical findings, showing positivity for PHLDA1 and negativity for BerEp4 in neoplastic aggregates of trichoblastoma, also supported a germinative follicular differentiation. Follicular differentiation in MAC supports an apocrine line of differentiation for this neoplasm.
Development of functional pectin edible films with fillers obtained from red cabbage and beetroot
Authors: Otálora González Carlos M. , De’Nobili Maria D. , Rojas Ana M. , Basanta María F. , Gerschenson Lía N.
Published: November 2020

The present study aims to develop through casting, functional composite edible films based on pectin using beetroot powder and red cabbage powder as fillers obtained from by‐products of plant tissue industrialisation. Physico‐chemical, mechanical, thermal properties and colour stability of the films along 30 days of storage (5–45 °C; absence of light) were evaluated. The moisture and the stress at break decreased, and the intensity of red colour and the hydrophobicity increased with the presence of fillers. According to the FTIR results, there was a good compatibility between matrix and fillers in the composites. Pectin films generated an enhanced stability of red colour after 30 days of storage at 5 and 25 °C and, in general, after 16 days for 45 °C, showing their suitability to be used as colouring agents for edible food packaging applications.
Cyanogenic, carotenoids and protein composition in leaves and roots across seven diverse population found in the world cassava germplasm collection at CIAT, Colombia
Authors: Ospina Maria A. , Pizarro Monica , Tran Thierry , Ricci Julien , Belalcazar John , Luna Jorge L. , Londoño Luis F. , Salazar Sandra , Ceballos Hernan , Dufour Dominique , Becerra Lopez‐Lavalle Luis A.
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to characterise the nutritional potential of leaves and identify a diversity centre with low cyanide and high nutrient content among 178 Latin American cassava genotypes. This field‐based collection represents the seven diversity centres, held at The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT Palmira, Colombia) by the Cassava Program. The cyanide, all‐trans‐β‐carotene and lutein concentrations in cassava leaves ranged from 346 to 7484 ppm dry basis (db), from 174–547 μg g−1db and 15–181 μg g−1db, respectively. Cassava leaves also showed significant levels of essential amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine and threonine, and average total protein content of 26.24 g 100 g−1db. Among seven diversity centres, South American rainforest group showed low cyanide and high carotene content in leaves. In addition, VEN77 and PAN51 genotypes stood out for having low cyanide in leaves and roots and high carotene in leaves. This genetic diversity can be used to select high potential progenitors for breeding purposes.
Pod storage time and spontaneous fermentation treatments and their impact on the generation of cocoa flavour precursor compounds
Authors: Koné Koumba Maï , Assi‐Clair Brice Judicaël , Kouassi Ange Didier Dominique , Yao Alfred Koffi , Ban‐Koffi Louis , Durand Noël , Lebrun Marc , Maraval Isabelle , Bonlanger Renaud , Guehi Tagro Simplice
Published: November 2020

Most of volatile flavour compounds occurred during the cocoa postharvest operations including pod storage and fermentation whom effects on these metabolites were aimed by the present study. Three different spontaneous fermentation treatments were performed on the farm, and the main isolated yeasts were identified using PCR‐DGGE technique. Fermented cocoa beans were solar‐dried, and their flavour compounds were identified using solid phase microextraction technique–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The main results showed that Pichia kudriavzevii was common yeast involved in the cocoa fermentation. Thirty flavour precursor compounds grouped into six chemical families including alcohols and pyrazines were identified in raw cocoa samples. ACP showed that short durations of pod storage and fermentation promote the formation of flavour precursors of cocoa. No spontaneous cocoa fermentation treatment influenced the occurrence of aroma compounds. The generation of flavour compounds depends only on the pod storage and the fermentative microorganisms of cocoa.
Physicochemical properties of rice flour as affected by alkaline soaking and washing treatments
Authors: Pedcharat Kasarin , Jangchud Kamolwan , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: November 2020

Effects of alkaline [NaOH, saturated Ca(OH)2 and/or limewater] soaking and subsequent washing (with water vs. without washing) treatments on physicochemical properties of rice flour were investigated. Alkaline soaking treatment generally caused a loss of granule angularity but some birefringence was observed for unwashed alkali‐soaked flour granules. After soaking, protein content of the flours significantly (P < 0.05) decreased but swelling power significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to the control (soaked in water). The washed flours had lower protein content than unwashed flours (3.77–6.87% vs. 5.26–7.87%). The NaOH‐soaking treatment yielded higher swelling power and solubility, respectively, for unwashed and washed flours. Alkaline soaking increased breakdown but decreased pasting temperature, trough viscosity, final viscosity and setback of the paste compared to the control. Compared to the control, hardness of soaked flour paste was lower due to lower final viscosity and setback. Overall, physicochemical properties of rice flour could be modified by alkali‐soaking and washing treatments.
The Regulation of Private Money*
Authors: GORTON GARY
Published: November 2020

Financial crises are bank runs. At root, the problem is short‐term debt (private money), which while an essential feature of market economies, is inherently vulnerable to runs in all its forms (not just demand deposits). Bank regulation aims at preventing bank runs. History shows two approaches to bank regulation: the use of high‐quality collateral to back banks’ short‐term debt and government insurance for the short‐term debt. Also, explicit or implicit limitations on entry into banking can create charter value (an intangible asset) that is lost if the bank fails. This can create an incentive for the bank to abide by the regulations and not take too much risk.
Capital Adequacy Pre‐ and Postcrisis and the Role of Stress Testing
Authors: SCHUERMANN TIL
Published: November 2020

The financial crisis forced the development of new approaches for determining capital adequacy in banks since extant methods clearly did not prepare banks or their supervisors sufficiently. The success of stress testing as a crisis response tool, particularly in the U.S. in 2009, has led to its adoption postcrisis as the tool of choice for assessing capital adequacy in banks and testing resiliency to economic and financial shocks. But the increased reliance on stress testing in financial peacetime has given rise to a new risk concentration, namely, in the rather narrow set of scenarios and their translation to outcomes and impact on bank financials.
Targeting transthyretin ‐ Mechanism‐based treatment approaches and future perspectives in hereditary amyloidosis
Authors: Dohrn Maike F. , Ihne Sandra , Hegenbart Ute , Medina Jessica , Züchner Stephan L. , Coelho Teresa , Hahn Katrin
Published: November 2020

The liver‐derived, circulating transport protein transthyretin (TTR) is the cause of systemic hereditary (ATTRv) and wild‐type (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. TTR stabilization and knockdown are approved therapies to mitigate the otherwise lethal disease course. To date, the variety in phenotypic penetrance is not fully understood. This systematic review summarizes the current literature on TTR pathophysiology with its therapeutic implications. Tetramer dissociation is the rate‐limiting step of amyloidogenesis. Besides destabilizing TTR mutations, other genetic (RBP4, APCS, AR, ATX2, C1q, C3) and external (extracellular matrix, Schwann cell interaction) factors influence the type of onset and organ tropism. The approved small molecule tafamidis stabilizes the tetramer and significantly decelerates the clinical course. By sequence‐specific mRNA knockdown, the approved small interfering RNA (siRNA) patisiran and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inotersen both significantly reduce plasma TTR levels and improve neuropathy and quality of life compared to placebo. With enhanced hepatic targeting capabilities, GalNac‐conjugated siRNA and ASOs have recently entered phase III clinical trials. Bivalent TTR stabilizers occupy both binding groves in vitro, but have not been tested in trials so far. Tolcapone is another stabilizer with the potential to cross the blood–brain barrier, but its half‐life is short and liver failure a potential side effect. Amyloid‐directed antibodies and substances like doxycycline aim at reducing the amyloid load, however, none of the yet developed antibodies has successfully passed clinical trials. ATTR‐amyloidosis has become a model disease for pathophysiology‐based treatment. Further understanding of disease mechanisms will help to overcome the remaining limitations, including application burden, side effects, and blood–brain barrier permeability.

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Between Pachakuti and Passive Revolution: The Search for Post‐colonial Sovereignty in Bolivia
Authors: Hesketh Chris
Published: November 2020

From the period 2000 to 2005, Bolivia experienced a profound political convulsion as social movements rose‐up to contest the neoliberal model of development. This was most markedly inspired by contestation over the control of natural resources, namely water and gas. The period of mobilisation brought down two successive governments and propelled the MAS, led by Evo Morales, to power in 2006. This period also helped to revalorise indigenous culture and held out hope for a reimagining of power, politics and political economy. The transformation that would result from this uprising, effectively re‐founded Bolivia as a “pluri‐national state,” recognising 36 separate national groups with their own languages and cultures. This was, furthermore, a process based on the convergence of national‐popular and indigenous struggles. However, following his disputed election for a fourth successive term in office, Evo Morales and other key leaders of the MAS have gone into exile, while right‐wing, revanchist social forces are increasingly prominent. How do we begin to make sense of this turn of events, which include the swirling combinations of reactionary capitalist interests but also left‐indigenous critiques of development from marginalised sectors? In this article, I argue that we need to situate Bolivia's indigenous social movements in the struggle between Pachakuti (an Andean term referring to the desire to turn the world upside down and forge a new time and space) and passive revolution (a state‐led process of modernisation that seeks to expand capitalist social relations whilst incorporating limited demands from below, ultimately diffusing their radical potential).
Minding the Gaps in British Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Commercial History: From the Genesis to the 21st Century
Authors: Yamoah Fred A. , Johnson Christopher
Published: November 2020

Tracing the origin and development of British ethnic entrepreneurship from the 1800s to the 21st century raises awareness of a salient research gap to make a contribution to entrepreneurship research. We draw on path dependency theory to understand the range of socio‐cultural and economic factors that inform the dynamic behaviour and actions of visible minorities (Africans, Chinese, South Asians and people form the Caribbean) ethnic entrepreneurship. Archival and industry documentations are analysed to identify four distinctive epochal periods of origination of ethnic entrepreneurship that highlight the path dependency of activities. Furthermore, we found network alliances, business clusters and resilience factors, such as founder‐owner social outlook, culture, faith, and social identity as critical success factors. We further outline the implications of the historical development for research, government policy, industry and entrepreneurial practice in the UK.
Developing a research diagnostic criteria for burning mouth syndrome: Results from an international Delphi process
Authors: Currie Charlotte C. , Ohrbach Richard , De Leeuw Reny , Forssell Heli , Imamura Yoshiki , Jääskeläinen Satu K. , Koutris Michail , Nasri‐Heir Cibele , Huann Tan , Renton Tara , Svensson Peter , Durham Justin
Published: November 2020

Objective

To develop a beta version of a preliminary set of empirically derived research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) through expert consensus, which can then be taken into a test period before publication of a final RDC/BMS.

Design

A 6 round Delphi process with twelve experts in the field of BMS was used. The first round formed a focus group during which the purpose of the RDC and the definition of BMS was agreed upon, as well as the structure and contents. The remaining rounds were carried out virtually via email to achieve a consensus of the beta version of the RDC/BMS.

Results

The definition of BMS was agreed to be ‘an intraoral burning or dysaesthetic sensation, recurring daily for more than 2 hours per day over more than 3 months, without evident causative lesions on clinical examination and investigation’. The RDC was based upon the already developed and validated RDC/TMD and formed three main parts: patient self‐report; examination; and psychosocial self‐report. A fourth additional part was also developed listing aspirational biomarkers which could be used as part of the BMS diagnosis where available, or to inform future research.

Conclusion

This Delphi process has created a beta version of an RDC for use with BMS. This will allow future clinical research within BMS to be carried out to a higher standard, ensuring only patients with true BMS are included. Further validation studies will be required alongside refinement of the RDC as trialling progresses.
Impact of Body Weight Perceptions and Electronic Bullying on Suicide‐Related Risk Behaviors among Youth: Results from Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2015
Authors: Singh Shipra , Thompson Carly Jean , Kak Rahul , Smith Lauren Nicole , Quainoo Nadia
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

For youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third leading cause of death, and results in approximately 4600 lives lost each year. Body weight status and bullying is associated with increase mental health disorders.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, consisting of 15,506 students in grades 9‐12. Logistic regression analysis was performed using STATA13 to estimate the independent association of perceived weight status and bullying experienced at school and electronically to suicidal behaviors measured as—considered suicide, made a suicide plan, attempted suicide, and injurious suicide attempt, after controlling for socio‐demographics.

RESULTS

Considered suicide and attempted suicide were significantly associated with very overweight, slightly overweight, very underweight, and slightly underweight weight perceptions. Made suicide plan was significantly associated with slightly and very overweight perceptions. Injurious suicide attempt was significantly associated with very underweight or very overweight perceptions. Bullying, at school and electronically was significantly associated with all suicidal behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS

Examination of not just body weight status but body weight perceptions held by adolescent students, and the experience of not just in‐person bullying but also electronic bullying on youth suicidal behaviors is crucial.
Three‐dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2‐dimensional ultrasound methods
Authors: Kendall Allison , Keenihan Erin , Kern Zachary T. , Lindaberry Crystal , Birkenheuer Adam , Moore George E , Vaden Shelly L.
Published: November 2020

Background

Although point‐of‐care volumetric assessments of the urinary bladder are not routinely performed in dogs, urine volume quantification can provide important clinical information including noninvasive urine output estimation.

Hypothesis/Objective

Use of 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound for determination of urinary bladder volume (UBV) in dogs will be accurate for different bladder volumes and will decrease the need for operator skill in measuring UBV compared to 2‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound evaluation.

Animals

Ten laboratory‐bred Beagle dogs.

Methods

Prospective, experimental study. Urinary bladders were infused with a calculated amount of sterile saline to represent small, medium, and large volumes. Each UBV was estimated and calculated by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist using 3 different 2D ultrasound formulas followed by use of a 3D ultrasound device by a novice. Measured UBVs were compared to the instilled UBV for both 2D and 3D ultrasound methods. Time from start to end of examination was recorded for both ultrasound methods in a subset of dogs.

Results

The 3D ultrasound device underestimated UBV with a mean difference of −9.8 mL compared with 2D ultrasound that overestimated UBV with a difference of +4.2 to 20.3 mL dependent on the 2D formula used. The 3D ultrasound method took less time to measure UBV (mean of 80 seconds per measurement) compared to the 2D method (165 seconds per measurement;P= .02).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The tested 3D ultrasound device was found to be an accurate and rapid point‐of‐care tool for measuring UBV in dogs, providing a noninvasive method to estimate bladder volume in real time.
Nonelectoral Motivations to Represent Marginalized Groups in a Democracy: Evidence from an Unelected Legislature
Authors: McAndrews John R. , Goldberg Jonah I. , Loewen Peter John , Rubenson Daniel , Allen Stevens Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Do legislators from marginalized groups have non‐electoral motivations to represent ‘their’ group? Previous observational and experimental research on this question focuses on elected politicians and is thus unable to isolate representation absent a desire to win re‐election. We address this limitation by observing the decision‐making of appointed legislators who, by institutional design, have no personal re‐election motive. We administered to Canadian senators and their staff a novel survey instrument that captured how they prioritized learning about the policy opinions of various groups of citizens. We show that senators’ group identities—specifically, those associated with racial and regional minorities—influenced which group’s views they chose to learn about. The findings refine the central conclusion of the literature and have implications for the study not only of unelected legislators but also of elected officials in settings where public monitoring is weak.
Levofloxacin based non‐rifampicin anti‐tuberculous therapy: An effective alternative in renal transplant recipients in resource limited setting
Authors: Gupta Krishan Lal , Bagai Sahil , Kumar Harsha , Nayak Saurabh , Muthu Valliappan , Kumar Vivek , Rathi Manish , Kohli Harbir S , Sharma Ashish , Ramachandran Raja
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Rifampicin is one of the most effective components of anti‐tuberculous therapy (ATT). Since rifampicin is a hepatic enzyme (CYP3A4) inducer, in a post‐renal transplant recipient, the dose of calcineurin inhibitors needs to be up‐regulated and frequently monitored. In resource‐limited (low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries) setting this is not always feasible. Therefore, we evaluated a non‐rifampicin‐based ATT using levofloxacin in kidney transplant recipients.

Methods

We retrospectively studied the medical records of renal transplant recipients diagnosed with tuberculosis in our institute between 2014 and 2017. After a brief discussion with patients regarding the nature and course of ATT, those who opted for a non‐rifampicin based therapy due to financial constraints were included in the study and followed for a minimum of 6 months period after the completion of ATT.

Results

Out of the 550 renal transplant recipients, 67 (12.2%) developed tuberculosis after a median period of 24 (1‐228) months following transplantation, of them, 64 patients opted for non‐rifampicin‐based ATT. The mean age was 37.6 years. Only 25% were given anti‐thymocyte globulin based induction, while the majority (56; 87.5%) of them were on tacrolimus‐based triple‐drug maintenance therapy. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was noted in 33% of cases, while 12 (18.7%) had disseminated disease. The median duration of treatment was 12 months and the cure rate of 93.7% (n = 60) was achieved at the end of therapy.

Conclusion

Levofloxacin based ATT appears to be a safe and effective alternative of rifampicin in kidney transplant recipients who cannot afford heightened tacrolimus dosage.
Resprouting grasses are associated with less frequent fire than seeders
Authors: Simpson Kimberley J. , Jardine Emma C. , Archibald Sally , Forrestel Elisabeth J. , Lehmann Caroline E. R. , Thomas Gavin H. , Osborne Colin P.
Published: November 2020

Plant populations persist under recurrent fire via resprouting from surviving tissues (resprouters) or seedling recruitment (seeders). Woody species are inherently slow maturing, meaning that seeders are confined to infrequent fire regimes. However, for grasses, which mature faster, the relationships between persistence strategy and fire regime remain unknown.

Globally, we analysed associations between fire regimes experienced by hundreds of grass species and their persistence strategy, within a phylogenetic context. We also tested whether persistence strategies are associated with morphological and physiological traits.

Resprouters were associated with less frequent fire than seeders. Whilst modal fire frequencies were similar (fire return interval of 4–6 yr), seeders were restricted to regions with more frequent fire than resprouters, suggesting that greater competition with long‐lived resprouters restricts seeder recruitment and survival when fire is rare. Resprouting was associated with lower leaf N, higher C:N ratios and the presence of belowground buds, but was unrelated to photosynthetic pathway.

Differences between the life histories of grasses and woody species led to a contrasting prevalence of seeders and resprouters in relation to fire frequency. Rapid sexual maturation in grasses means that seeder distributions, relative to fire regime, are determined by competitive ability and recruitment, rather than time to reproductive maturity.
Experimental philosophy and the method of cases
Authors: Horvath Joachim , Koch Steffen
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we first briefly survey the main responses to the challenge that experimental philosophy poses to the method of cases, given the common assumption that the latter is crucially based on intuitive judgments about cases. Second, we discuss two of the most popular responses in more detail: the expertise defense and the mischaracterization objection. Our take on the expertise defense is that the available empirical data do not support the claim that professional philosophers enjoy relevant expertise in their intuitive judgments about cases. In contrast, the mischaracterization objection seems considerably more promising than its largely negative reception has suggested. We argue that the burden of proof is thus on philosophers who still hold that the method of cases crucially relies on intuitive judgments about cases. Finally, we discuss whether conceptual engineering provides an alternative to the method of cases in light of the challenge from experimental philosophy. We argue that this is not clearly the case, because conceptual engineering also requires descriptive information about the concepts it aims to improve. However, its primarily normative perspective on our concepts makes it largely orthogonal to the challenge from experimental philosophy, and it can also benefit from the empirical methods of the latter.
Recurrence of severe maternal morbidity: A population‐based cohort analysis of California women
Authors: Bane Shalmali , Wall‐Wieler Elizabeth , Lyndon Audrey , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: November 2020

Background

Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) has increased in the United States by 45% in the last decade. While the recurrence of several adverse pregnancy outcomes from one pregnancy to the next has been established, the recurrence risk of SMM is unknown.

Objective

To determine whether women who have SMM in a first pregnancy are at increased risk of SMM in their second pregnancy, compared to women who did not have SMM in their first pregnancy.

Methods

This is a population‐based study using linked vital statistics and hospital discharge records from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development in California from 1997 to 2012. The study population had their first two singleton births (live births or stillbirths) in California between 1997 and 2012 (n = 1 180 357). The primary exposure was SMM during the hospitalisation at first birth, and the primary outcome was SMM during the hospitalisation at second birth. Prevalence and risk ratios of SMM at second birth were computed for women who did and did not have SMM at first birth, as well as for certain specific indicators of SMM.

Results

Of the 1 180 357 women included in this analysis, 9088 (77 per 10 000 births) experienced SMM at first birth. Among these women, the prevalence of SMM at second birth was 470 per 10 000 births, compared to 68 per 10 000 births among women without SMM at first birth. This corresponded to an unadjusted risk ratio of 6.87 (95% CI 6.23, 7.57), which did not differ substantially when adjusted for factors known to be associated with SMM (6.42, 95% CI 5.86, 7.13).

Conclusion

Women experiencing SMM in their first pregnancy were at an approximately sixfold increased risk of experiencing SMM in their second pregnancy.
Are large census‐sized populations always the best sources for plant translocations?
Authors: Van Rossum Fabienne , Destombes Antoine , Raspé Olivier
Published: November 2020

Assisted gene flow by plant translocations is a solution for restoring populations when other measures were unsuccessful. An essential step for preparing the translocations is the selection of populations as seed sources, which should be large, genetically diverse, and produce good quality seeds. For asexually propagating species, census population size may largely exceed the number of genotypes, which means that genetic variation may be low, and inbreeding levels high. We developed 14 microsatellite markers to investigate the clonal extent and the genetic status of four large census‐sized populations used as seed sources for plant translocations and of two small populations of Dianthus deltoides in southern Belgium. Small and two large populations were highly clonal, with a low number of genotypes and low genetic variation. No inbreeding was detected among flowering plants, suggesting that these populations are relictual, consisting of old, asexually spreading individuals, with the risk of high inbreeding and so low plant fitness in the seed progeny. The high genetic differentiation between populations despite their close proximity suggests genetic drift effects and restricted gene flow. Mixing the four source populations may prevent inbreeding in the cross progeny, but also lead to outbreeding depression. Despite large census sizes, highly clonal populations may not be appropriate as seed sources for plant translocation. In case of (or suspicion of) clonal propagation ability, we recommend to use a genetic approach in translocation design. Also, seeds should be collected from more populations, and from individuals separated by larger distances.
Evaluation of periodontal health in breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors drugs therapy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ustaoğlu Gülbahar , Göller Bulut Duygu , Üyetürk Ümmügül , Uysal Özge
Published: November 2020

Aim

To study the dental and periodontal status of women with breast cancer (BCa) having tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) treatment in comparison with control healthy women.

Methods

Fifty‐one women on tamoxifen therapy, 52 women on AIs therapy and 52 systemically healthy controls were included in the study. The total number of teeth, the number of teeth indicated for extraction, the number of decayed teeth, and the duration of medication were recorded. Periodontal status was evaluated with gingival index (GI); plaque index (PI); bleeding on probing (BOP); probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL).

Results

The lowest number of teeth and decayed teeth was found in AIs users (P < .001 and P = .003 respectively). The highest CAL value was seen in AIs users (P = .042) whereas no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of PI, GI, and PD (P = .102, P = .233, and P = .306, respectively). Lower PI was observed in patients using AIs for less than 2 years (P = .048).

Conclusions

While tamoxifen did not affect the dental and periodontal condition, AIs medication adversely affected the dental and periodontal condition by more tooth loss and higher CAL.
Outcomes and complications of hospitalised patients with HIV‐TB co‐infection
Authors: Agudelo Carlos Andrés , Álvarez María Fernanda , Hidrón Alicia , Villa Juan Pablo , Echeverri‐Toro Lina María , Ocampo Adriana , Porras Glenys Patricia , Trompa Iván Mauricio , Restrepo Laura , Eusse Alejandro , Restrepo Carlos Andrés
Published: November 2020

Background

Tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of hospitalisation in patients with HIV. Despite this, hospital outcomes of patients with this co‐infection have rarely been described since antiretroviral therapy became widely available.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of HIV‐infected adult patients hospitalised with TB in six referral hospitals in Medellin, Colombia, from August 2014 to July 2015.

Results

Among 128 HIV‐infected patients hospitalised with tuberculosis, the mean age was 38.4 years; 79.7% were men. HIV was diagnosed on admission in 28.9% of patients. The median CD4 + T‐cell count was 125 (±158 SD) cells/µL. Only 47.3% of patients with a known diagnosis of HIV upon admission were on antiretroviral therapy, and only 11.1% had a tuberculin skin test in the previous year. Drug toxicity due to tuberculosis medications occurred in 11.7% of patients. Mean length of stay was 23.2 days, and 10.7% of patients were readmitted. Mortality was 5.5%.

Conclusions

Hospital mortality attributable to tuberculosis in patients with HIV is low in reference hospitals in Colombia. Cases of tuberculosis in HIV‐infected patients occur mainly in patients with advanced HIV, or not on antiretroviral therapy, despite a known diagnosis of HIV. Only one of every 10 patients in this cohort had active screening for latent tuberculosis, possibly reflecting missed treatment opportunities.
An integral insight into pollen wall development: involvement of physical processes in exine ontogeny inCalycanthus floridusL., with an experimental approach
Authors: Gabarayeva Nina I. , Grigorjeva Valentina V.
Published: November 2020

We aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms of development in the sporopollenin‐containing part of the pollen wall, the exine, one of the most complex cell walls in plants. Our hypothesis is that distinct physical processes, phase separation and micellar self‐assembly, underpinexine development by taking the molecular building blocks, determined and synthesised by the genome, through several phase transitions. To test this hypothesis, we traced each stage of microspore development inCalycanthus floriduswith transmission electron microscopy and then generatedin vitroexperimental simulations corresponding to every developmental stage. The sequence of structures observed within the periplasmic space around developing microspores starts with spherical units, which are rearranged into columns to then form rod‐like units (the young columellae) and, finally, white line centred endexine lamellae. Phase separation precedes each developmental stage. The set of experimental simulations, obtained as self‐assembled micellar mesophases formed at the interface between lipid and water compartments, was the same: spherical micelles; columns of spherical micelles; cylindrical micelles; and laminate micelles, separated by gaps, resembling white‐lined lamellae. Thus, patterns simulating structures observed at the main stages of exine development inC. floriduswere obtained fromin vitroexperiments, and hence purely physicochemical processes can construct exine‐like patterns. This highlights the important part played by physical processes that are not under direct genomic control and share influence on the emerging ultrastructure with the genome during exine development. These findings suggest that a new approach to ontogenetic studies, including a consideration of physical factors, is required for a better understanding of developmental processes.