bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lumières coloniales. Les Antilles françaises dans la république des lettres
Authors: Regourd François
Published: June 2016

The fashion for theatre in 18th-century Paris was unprecedented, to the extent that one can say that theatricality was interiorised by high society. Crébillon's novel provides a significant example of this process. On the one hand, the author plays on dramatic or dramatised space, uses theatres as a background, as a trigger of speech (theatre) or as the scene of erotic contemplation (opera). On the other hand, he presents his characters as 'actors in society : accomplished, good or bad actors, but also apprentice actors learning about social interaction. Thus one can draw a parallel between this novel and Diderot's Paradoxe.
Traduire, emprunter, adapter la déclaration d'indépendance des États-Unis. Transferts et malentendus dans les traductions françaises
Authors: Wulf Naomi , Marienstras Élise
Published: June 2016

This article studies the transfer of revolutionary concepts from North America to France. The American Declaration of Independence was translated at least nine times into French on the eve of the French Revolution, and references to the U.S.A. are frequent in the debates of the Constituent. The conceptual shifts that appear in these translations and debates reflect the social and political differences between the two revolutionary nations. The universalist preamble of the American Declaration is often interpreted by the French as particular to the colonies, as they tend to emphasize the contrast between them and what they see as a young people. Beyond these discrepancies, the question of the rights of man as it appears in the translations and debates reveals the many contradictions inherent in Enlightenment philosophy. The adaptation into French of a text which is both universal and specific to the founding of the American nation is indicative of the fundamental differences between the two nation states.
Sur les traces de Coquebert de Montbret. A la recherche d'une géographie invisible
Authors: Laboulais-Lesage Isabelle
Published: June 2016

18th Century geographers considered geography as merely a description of the earth, which explains the contempt for them expressed by their 19th-century successors. But their modest conception did not mean that before the establishment of the discipline of geography there was no attempt to make space intelligible. The professional and private archives of Charles-Etienne Coquebert de Montbret, an important civil servant at the end of the Old Régime and during the Revolution, indicate an interest for the different ways of describing space. While some documents do show a concern to present reality directly and immediately, others on the contrary attempt to go beyond what is immediately visible in order to provide explanations. This article looks at four methods of writing about space in Coquebert de Montbret' s writings : the table, the inventory, the monograph, and the description. They are not linked to a particular type of source, to an individual or a profession, but they reveal a way of looking at space.
Du jardin de Julie au jardin de Virginie
Authors: Larrère Catherine
Published: June 2016

Virginie's garden, described by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre in Paul et Virginie, is not a mere copy of Julie's garden in La Nouvelle Héloïse ; it provides a guide for reading, showing subjectivated nature as a metaphor for feeling, which shows a romantic turn in Rousseau. But Rousseau resists such an interpretation and the comparison of the two gardens emphasizes instead Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's attention to exoticism which is not in Rousseau. Thus we can see Paul et Virginie as an early example of the 'colonial novel' which was to be found later in Chateaubriand or Pierre Loti.
De la religion naturelle à la religion de la nature
Authors: Duflo Colas
Published: June 2016

The philosophy of religion, as expressed by Rousseau and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, shares a number of common characteristics which can be explained in part by what the latter inherited from the former and in part by common heritages. Both authors affirm jointly the need for religion (by means of theodicy linked to a criticism of both atheists and atheism) and a critique of revealed religion inasmuch as they are also institutions. But Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's reference to nature (already present in Rousseau) is much more radical, which profoundly changes its significance. By specifying and accentuating something that was perhaps slightly ambiguous in Rousseau, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre decisively transformed the religion of the Philosophes : natural religion became the religion of Nature.
Rapport au savoir et utopie en éducation chez Rousseau et Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Authors: Drouin-Hans Anne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Both Rousseau and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre present us with the paradox of a philosophy impregnated with literary and scientific culture which claims to turn its back on learning and to praise ignorance. This apparent contradiction disappears if we understand the Utopian aspect of their thought and argue that it is not knowledge as such that is rejected but the perverse use made of it in the ordinary world. Émile' s education directs knowledge towards a progressive pleasure untainted by the lust for power, while for Bernardin, one must be careful not to let learning smother love of beings and the exercise of sensibility ; thus it is not primordial and is only valuable as an instrument in the service of human relations. Both authors invite us, in their own way, to redefine the aim of teaching, the role and value of knowledge in education, together with the risks and contradictions involved. It is significant that the fundamental question concerning the purpose of learning is posed at the heart of the Enlightenment.
Promouvoir le «vrai christianisme». La question religieuse et l'Aufklärung dans les communautés catholique de Trêves et protestante des Deux-Ponts
Authors: Drut-Hours Marie
Published: June 2016

A comparison of the writings on religious questions among two local commu¬ nities of Aufklàrer brings out many similarities across the religious divide. They are in the main hostile to deism and in search of a 'reasonable5 Christianity compatible with the anthopology and ideals of the Enlightenment, founded on the refusal of despotism and acceptance of social ethics. This results in a dynamic and practical vision of religion at the basis of numerous proposals to reform church structures, pastoral activity and religious practice ; although their applications and modalities differ according to each church's particular organisation and culture, these reform proposals have identical motivations and objectives. Thus, religious denomination cannot be seen as a fundamental characteristic differentiating the process of Enlightenment, which is above all a conception of intellectuality and thus, by definition, above religious differences.
Le christianisme dans le Journal encyclopédique entre 1756 et 1785
Authors: Wagner Jacques
Published: June 2016

Between 1756 and 1786, the Journal encyclopédique questioned the legiti¬ macy of Christianity's claim to universal empire. It doubted whether the study of Christianity could become religious science, and whether it was capable of providing an acceptable knowledge concerning nature, humanity and its history. In physics (A.G. de Forbin), history (dom Poncet, Pontoppidan, Bayer, Struchmeyer, Salchi) or rhetoric (Formey, Sigaud, Ducontant, Barruel, Para du Phanjas), either learning was not encouraged by faith, or faith would lose its rigour in contact with knowledge. Considering that the Church had not adapted itself to demands for a 'kinder5 justice, or accepted the autonomy of the secular power, the journal called on it to integrate the new fashionable charity seen in the sermons of Le Couturier, Girardot, Formey, Baer, Surian or Maury. It detached Christianity from its singular spirituality and extracted its moral elements which were useful for society, following Scottish theologians like Fordyce or Blair ; it thus substituted an evangelical Christianity for a misanthropic and tragic religion.
La position des apologistes conciliateurs
Authors: Masseau Didier
Published: June 2016

Christian apologetics in the second half of the 18th Century, far from being rigid as has been claimed, was influenced by history and a fervent desire to adapt to the modern world. Protestants like Formey appealed to reasonable Christianity, rejecting asceticism and mysticism, while Catholics like abbé Yvon, both apologist and Encyclopaedist, represent another category. Others moved the threshhold of ideological toleration by recognising the philosophical contributions of Locke and Montesquieu (abbé Baudisson, Essai sur l'union du christianisme avec la philosophie, 1787). Finally another thread, even more open to new ideas, claimed, by a sort of backhanded legitimation without any theological reference, that the Christian religion was the best way to achieve happiness in this world (père Lamourette). On the eve of the Revolution, the opposition was mainly between Christian conciliators and radical apologists.
Critiques chrétiennes des croisades et de l'intolérance
Authors: Favre Robert
Published: June 2016

A study of criticism of religious intolerance made by undisputed Christians in the name of evangelical values is useful in order to counter a manichaean vision of the 18th Century, without denying its tensions. A vigorous denunciation of the cruelty inflicted on Protestants is to be found in the Memoirs of Saint-Simon, a Gallican hostile to the Jesuits who condemned the Inquisition and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Louis Racine, in his poem La Religion, condemned the theologians who justified the Crusades. The wars of religion were also criticised, in the name of cthe spirit of Scripture5 and, from 1760, theologians questioned the intransigence of their 'fanatical' colleagues who conti¬ nued to refuse salvation to virtuous pagans. The issue of cpagan virtue3 was the subject of a long theological debate, whose importance needs to be understood.
Le «génie du christianisme» avant le Génie du christianisme
Authors: Guitton Edouard
Published: June 2016

The programme and arguments exploited by Chateaubriand in his 1802 work were already present in the sacred poetry of Louis XV' s reign. Most of these poets -of whom the most notable were Louis Racine, Le Franc de Pompignan and Gilbert -were sincere Catholics intent on defending and celebrating a religion which was under attack from the progress of unbelief. The didacticism of the sermon and the lyrical enthusiasm of prayer were their two major sources of inspiration. This 'counter-philosophy was as enlightened as the philosophy against which it was aimed, but it placed the light of faith above the light of reason ; it was at the heart of the Enlightenment's confrontation with Christianity, but its main error was to believe itself impregnable. The superiority of the Biblical over the pagan supernatural was proclaimed in 1750 by Fréron ; under Louis XVI, religious inspiration became more sensual, thus preparing Chateaubriand's rediscovery.
Le catéchisme de Jacob Vernes ou comment enseigner aux fidèles un «christianisme sage et raisonnable »
Authors: Pitassi Maria-Critina
Published: June 2016

This article analyses the Catéchisme à l'usage des jeunes-gens published in 1776 by the Genevan pastor Jacob Vernes (1728-1791), better known for his dealings with Rousseau than for his theological works. This work, which was not officially adopted by the Genevan Church, is interesting particularly for what it shows about the distance separating it from other post-orthodox Calvinist catechisms, like that of the Neuchâtel pastor Jean-Frédéric Ostervald, widely used in Geneva from the early 18th Century. A study of certain sensitive issues, like original sin, Christology or miracles, brings out a simplification of its theology which does not however refuse to recognise the need for Scripture in order to understand fully the truths essential to religion. Thus Vernes's position seems ambivalent when he distances himself from post-orthodox reformed theology without however breaking from it completely.
Conscience et raison chez Robert Challe
Authors: Artigas-Menant Geneviève
Published: June 2016

The large number of letters which the apologist Bergier exchanged over the space of more than a year with abbé Trouillet, a traditional theologian, show Bergier's originality. According to him redemption, which extended to the whole of the human race, was complete and overflowing in its effects. He referred to the Greek Church fathers and considered that original sin was a late and blameworthy Augustinian invention. He tended to believe in a small number of damned, comprising only those who voluntarily refused grace. In order to achieve a general redemption, he refused to limit it to those to whom grace was proposed by baptism alone. According to him, the baptised are saved by justice, according to which God keeps the promises made to his Church, while the others are saved by his mercy. It is in this context that Bergier used accounting formulae and proposed a sort of celestial demography.
La philosophie de l'histoire chez Antoine-Yves Goguet : chronique biblique et progrès historique
Authors: Rohbeck Johannes
Published: June 2016

Goguet's De l'origine des lois, des arts et des sciences , et de leurs progrès chez les anciens peuples, published lavishly in 1758, is characterised by a strange ambivalence. It sticks to the Biblical chronology and constantly appeals to Providence to explain historical change ; nevertheless Goguet is writing a profane history of civilisation created by humans, in which the Bible is read as a history of law, science and technology. Thus he arrives at genetic explanations which are surprisingly differentiated and systematised, breaking with linear causality. The range of subjects studied and the comparison of differing ways of life produce a general cultural history of Antiquity. Thanks to its wealth of historical documentation, scrupulous use of sources and theoretical treatment of the subject, this almost forgotten work deserves to be rediscovered.
Démographie céleste et révolution théologique chez Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier
Authors: Langlois Claude
Published: June 2016

The large number of letters which the apologist Bergier exchanged over the space of more than a year with abbé Trouillet, a traditional theologian, show Bergier's originality. According to him redemption, which extended to the whole of the human race, was complete and overflowing in its effects. He referred to the Greek Church fathers and considered that original sin was a late and blameworthy Augustinian invention. He tended to believe in a small number of damned, comprising only those who voluntarily refused grace. In order to achieve a general redemption, he refused to limit it to those to whom grace was proposed by baptism alone. According to him, the baptised are saved by justice, according to which God keeps the promises made to his Church, while the others are saved by his mercy. It is in this context that Bergier used accounting formulae and proposed a sort of celestial demography.
«Papistes» ou «catholiques» ? «Papisme» ou «catholicité» ? Terminologie confessionnelle et culture politique en Irlande et aux États-Unis à la fin du 18e et au début du 19e siècle
Authors: Burke Martin J.
Published: June 2016

This article shows how the different uses of this confessional terminology, which was common in political discourse, developed according to political cir¬ cumstances in Ireland and the U.S.A in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries. In Ireland in the early 1830s, common usage distinguished the political and religious aspects of the term 'popery5, but this separation was both temporary and problematical, and the terminology of confessional struggle was one of the basic elements of Irish political culture. In the U.S.A., with the separation of Church and State, confessional terminology was absent from political vocabulary ; warnings against the errors of 'popery5 were thus acceptable when made from the pulpit, but were considered as an 'abuse of language5 on political platforms.
Casanova, à l'école buissonnière d'Épicure
Authors: Aleksić Branko
Published: June 2016

Casanova discusses the Epicurean school in his first two Italian works, and in French in Histoire de ma fuite des Prisons de la République de Venise (1787) and the Utopian novel Icosameron (1789), as well as two late unpublished works. As he recounts in his Histoire de ma vie, he was suspect on his return to Venice as a young Doctor of Law in 1748 because of his Epicurean philosophy. His search for wisdom through love is inspired by this philosophy as taught by three masters : Epicurus via Diogenes Laertius and Gassendi ; Lucretius's De rerum natura ; and the abbé Batteux's La Morale d' Epicure, which contains French translations of long extracts from Epicurus (a fragment of which is given as an appendix to this article). An analysis of Casanova's various works reveals both his nocturnal 'philosophy' and the corpus of works he refers to and comments on over 30 years, in order to exhort his readers to follow Epicurus's philosophy.
Pratique et théorie de l'épicurisme : le cas du roman obscène
Authors: Mainil Jean
Published: June 2016

This article analyses the reciprocal influence of libertinage and enlightened philosophy through a study of the 'atheistic Epicureanism' of one of the first erotic Enlightenment best sellers, L'Histoire de Dom Bougre, Portier des Chartreux which immediately became a symbol of the seditious philosophical novel. Starting from two central themes, incest and homosexuality, this article analyses the Epicurean ethic arising from a double narrative movement : on the one hand, as an atheistic Epicurean philosophy preached by libertine mouthpieces, and on the other as the narrator's experience. We see how, while claiming to open our eyes to Epicurean morality, this novel preaches in fact not the Epicurean atheism it continually claims to follow but the impossibility of escaping from all the 'systems produced by the imagination' and 'ancient errors' which the novel claims to be attacking.
Mlle Bonnafon et la «vie privée» de Louis XV
Authors: Darnton Robert
Published: June 2016

The dossier of Marie-Madeleine Bonafon in the archives of the Bastille reveals the functioning of a communication system that transmitted rumours from the court in Versailles to the public in Paris and that linked the spoken to the printed word under the Ancien Régime. Engaged as a chambermaid to the princess of Montaubon, Mile Bonafon admitted in her interrogation that she had written a fairy tale, Tanastès, which was produced secretly in Rouen in 1745. It was the first in a series of romans à clef about court intrigues and the sex life of Louis XV during the 1740s. In order to be deciphered, the texts of these books have to be treated as puzzles. And in solving the puzzles, 18th-century readers were led to a disturbing conclusion : the French monarchy had degenerated into a despotism.
Ex Oriente nox ? Le paradoxe byzantin chez Montesquieu
Authors: Volpilhac-Auger Catherine
Published: June 2016

How can one explain the fact that the fundamentally decadent and despotic Eastern empire lasted so long ? Trying to explain this paradox in the final chapters of his Considérations sur les Romains, Montesquieu identified Justinian as the main artisan of its weakness ; although revered by the Church, his faults and crimes are also described in the Esprit des lois. Thus Montesquieu provides an original answer to a major historiographical problem : how could a historian like Procopius write a dual work both praising and mercilessly satirizing Justinian ? Thus he is dealing with the very conditions for the writing of history and affirming his critical position.
Le plaisir, principe du goût dans la métaphysique de D'Alembert
Authors: Groult Martine
Published: June 2016

We study here the Encyclopédie articles on Goût written by D'Alembert, Voltaire and Jaucourt rather than the more famous one by Montesquieu. D'Alem¬ bert elaborates on the metaphysical definitions given, starting from the 'esprit philosophique', composed of scientific speculation and artistic pleasure, and his philosophy develops the idea of pleasure as the principle of taste. As pleasure is what everyone knows and cannot explain, its existence, like that of movement, is doubted by no-one. Another strong claim is that taste is not arbitrary and to affirm the opposite would be to consider taste as fashion, not art. As there is a difference between culture -the result of what is best in society -and opinion built on prejudice, taste is part of culture and not of transitory opinion. This approach to taste provides the metaphysical basis on which the faculty of judge¬ ment will be built, beginning with the distinction between illusion and what can be felt.
La religion, ses institutions, ses problèmes en Vénétie à travers la Marfisa bizzarra de Carlo Gozzi
Authors: Luciani Gérard
Published: June 2016

In his mock-heroic poem La Marfisa bizzarra, Count Carlo Gozzi (1720-1806) uses historical fiction to picture 18th-century Venice as Paris under Charle¬ magne's reign, when the Emperor is an old man and the Paladins of his court have forgotten their past heroism. Gozzi depicts his enemies, the advocates of new enlightened ideas within this framework of general decline. According to him, these ideas had spread subversion in Venice, in a reign of irréligion encouraged by the mistakes of a degenerate clergy who were unable to keep under control a society ready for any kind of upheaval.
L'Essai sur l'art oratoire de Joseph Droz. Histoire d'un livre
Authors: Négrel Eric
Published: June 2016

The Essai sur l'art oratoire (1799) is the only treatise on rhetoric published during the French Revolution ; in a period of powerful public speech, its actors were suspicious of eloquence and eliminated rhetoric from school curricula. Droz's reflection takes into account political upheaval and tries to establish the conditions, forms and importance of a new democratic speech. This article studies the immediate reaction to the Essai and its practical implications by comparing it to Droz's other revolutionary writings and practice as a teacher at Besançon' s Ecole Centrale. The Essai, reprinted in 1800, was never republished, in accordance with the author's wishes. His denial of his early writings influenced the way his role during the Revolution was seen in the 19th Century. Two opposing attitudes towards the book had the result of obfuscating its original publication date ; the reprint aimed at boosting its sales and Droz's own reticence contributed to the treatise's oblivion.
La vie privée des femmes de théâtre d'après Les Causes célèbres
Authors: Vissière Isabelle
Published: June 2016

Towards 1900, monographs on 18th-century actress were all the rage : Mlle Dumesnil, Mile Raucourt, Sophie Arnould, Mlle Duthé or Mile Flore. These were naturally 'scandalous5 biographies which titillated the public's imagination whilst nourishing the libertine legend of the 1 8th century and consolidating the image of a corrupt theatre generating high flying prostitutes. Legal archives and the Causes célèbres series reveal a far more complex reality. In trials or legal wrangles involving theatrical women, private life overshadows public life. Every¬ day difficulties replace the illusion of opera sets and often sordid personal dramas send the grandeur of classical tragedy into oblivion. Far from spangles and shining lights, unknown women appear, victims rather than queens. Can one equate theatrical women with Enlightenment women ? Yes, probably, if one considers the Causes we propose to study. Paradoxically at first by their personal dramas since their defenders call for the equality of both sexes in the name of the philosophical ideal of emancipation on their behalf. And, quite logically thereafter, by their art itself : if, as their lawyers claim, following Voltaire and d'Alembert, the stage is a school of morality and civilisation, they are the best propagandists of the ideas of progress and stand in the forefront of Enlightenment warriors.
Sophie de Condorcet, l'égérie du bonheur
Authors: de Lagrave Jean-Paul
Published: June 2016

A human being 'possesses, with the power to do good to others, that of always bearing a happy feeling within ; this power makes a large share of his or her happiness independent of fate and allows him or her to defy death and bear all the ills of life.5 Drawn from her fifth Letter on Sympathy, composed in 1793, in the midst of the revolutionary torment, these few lines could serve, in a nutshell, as a biography of Sophie de Grouchy, marquise de Condorcet. This article sets out to show the indestructible tie between Sophie de Grouchy and her husband, beyond the philosopher's tragic death in March 1794, through her dogged determination to publish his texts, first the Sketch (Esquisse ) as early as 1795, then, from 1801 to 1804, with the help of Pierre Cabanis, Joseph Garat and A.-A. Barbier, the twenty-one volumes of Condorcet' s complete works. She never ceased to spread her dead husband's philosophical message. In 1822, the very year of her death, she was preparing to reedit the Sketch and envisaging a new publication of Condorcet' s works absent from the 1801-1804 edition. With exemplary filial love, Eliza Condorcet-O' Connor took over where her mother left off.
Femmes du peuple dans les archives judiciaires
Authors: Lambert Karine , Lapied Martine
Published: June 2016

Legal archives have been used to study women's trials in South-Eastern France. These sources show why women were sent to court and make it possible to examine Enlightenment justice's attitude towards them. Plebeian women shared the everyday and banal violence of the popular classes in which insults and blows were exchanged in the street, the scene of many a conflict. Violent action allowed women to express themselves in the public arena, both individually and collectively. If there is little difference between male and female behaviour for such petty violence, in more serious cases, aggressiveness is generally masculine and women are the victims.

Women accused of scandalous and lubricious living can be considered as a separate category. Condemnation of such women, often living alone, having broken off social and family relations, show that repressive measures seem to be reinforced during a century traditionally seen as a period of slackening of moral standards.
Justice et société dans la France du 18e siècle
Authors: Garnot Benoît
Published: June 2016

Relations between justice and society in 1 8th-century France can no longer be presented simply by legal standards ; they must also take social practice into account. All means of dealing with criminality, whether within (penal and civil) justice or outside state institutions must be analysed. The settlement of conflicts is concretised as a process in pluralism which associates or juxtaposes judicial, sub-judicial and para-judicial modalities, according to the case. Arbitrariness allowed them a great flexibility in their organisation.
La désertion : mobilité, territoire, contrôles. Enjeux sociaux et politiques au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Cicchini Marco
Published: June 2016

Starting with the example of Geneva, a sovereign republic from the time of the Reform, this article deals with the social and political stakes of desertion during the Enlightenment. Along with the military and legal problems posed by deserters, their mobility was the object of increasing attention from states desirous of ensuring their prerogatives in the field of territorial sovereignty. Control registers, descriptions, postponed vacations, «international » agreements : the dispositions developed to limit deserters' wanderings are all, in spite of their slight operational efficiency, elements which contributed to the territorialisation state control.
Le rapport entre la loi et la constitution dans la pensée des Lumières
Authors: Gojosso Éric
Published: June 2016

The thematic importance of the law and the constitution in the 18th century is well known. However, the relationship between these two notions in Enlighten¬ ment thought is unknown. Although ignored by many contemporaries, this ques¬ tion interested authors who were close to the Parlement and were seeking to control the power of the monarchy based on the naturalist teachings of Swiss partisans.
Après la «culture politique» ? De nouveaux courants dans l'approche linguistique
Authors: Baker Keith
Published: June 2016

Keith Baker, After «political Culture » ? New Trends in linguistic Approaches.

The «political culture » approach to the study of political culture suggested by François Furet and scholars associated with him continues to be a target of considerable critical engagement. This article discusses several recent studies of aspects of the Old Regime and the French Revolution that may be seen as developing this approach in a direction that emphasizes the performative aspects of discourse, (traduction par l'auteur)
L'enjeu pénal à l'assemblée constituante : un chantier prometteur (1789-1791)
Authors: Martucci Roberto
Published: June 2016

Debates over the penal system of the revolutionary Constituent Assembly between 1789 and 1791 have not given rise to great historical works, except for those which concern the "intermediate legislation" contained in well-known university manuals of historical synthesis (Esmein, Laingui, Lebigre, Royer, Carbasse). The stakes of this penal debate shape the modernity of the right to punish. The important thing is to re-discover the specifics of the subject, which lie less in the "intermediate legislation" than in the constitutional nature of the penal question during the period of the Constituant Assembly.
Maçonnisme et anti-maçonnisme en Grande-Bretagne sous la Révolution française
Authors: Révauger Cécile
Published: June 2016

It is contended here that paradoxically British freemasons concurred with notorious anti-masons such as Abbé Augustin Barruel, the Jesuit who wrote Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du jacobisnime (1790), and John Robison, the Scottish author of Proofs of a Conspiracy (1797) in condemning the French revolution. As British Grand Lodges identified themselves more and more with the Establishment, they supported Edmund Burke's views and like Barruel and Robison blamed French Jacobins for their lack of respect for property, monarchy and religion. Burke befriended Barruel and even more significantly, while laun¬ ching such an attack upon freemasonry, both Barruel and Robison made an exception for English lodges. Edmund Burke was never proved to be a mason, although it has been suggested that he was. However British freemasons fully endorsed his views on the French revolution. (traduction par l'auteur)
Artificial Diels–Alderase based on the transmembrane protein FhuA
Authors: Osseili Hassan , Sauer Daniel F , Beckerle Klaus , Arlt Marcus , Himiyama Tomoki , Polen Tino , Onoda Akira , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Hayashi Takashi , Okuda Jun
Published: June 2016

Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes were covalently linked to an engineered variant of the transmembrane protein Ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA ΔCVFtev). Copper(I) was incorporated using an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand equipped with a maleimide group on the side arm at the imidazole nitrogen. Copper(II) was attached by coordination to a terpyridyl ligand. The spacer length was varied in the back of the ligand framework. These biohybrid catalysts were shown to be active in the Diels–Alder reaction of a chalcone derivative with cyclopentadiene to preferentially give the endo product.
AN OSTROWSKI TYPE INEQUALITY FOR TWICE DIFFERENTIABLE MAPPINGS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Erden Samet , Budak Huseyin , Sarikaya Mehmet Zeki
Published: June 2016

We establish an Ostrowski type inequality for mappings whose second derivatives are bounded, then some results of this inequality that are related to previous works are given. Finally, some applications of these inequalities in numerical integration and for special means are provided.
A MATHEMATICAL STUDY ON THE SYSTEM OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS DESCRIBING REVERSE-FLOW REACTOR
Authors: Edy Wibowo Ratno Bagus , Suzuki Takashi , Takahashi Ryo
Published: June 2016

The RFR (reverse flow reactor) has been widely studied for abatement of lean methane emission from coal mining or natural gas piping system. We show a global-in-time existence of the solution to a nonlinear system of partial differential equations modeling RFR.
ROBO-AO KEPLER PLANETARY CANDIDATE SURVEY. II. ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING OF 969 KEPLER EXOPLANET CANDIDATE HOST STARS
Authors: Baranec Christoph , Ziegler Carl , Law Nicholas M. , Morton Tim , Riddle Reed , Atkinson Dani , Schonhut Jessica , Crepp Justin
Published: June 2016

We initiated the Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Candidate Survey in 2012 to observe each Kepler exoplanet candidate host star with high angular resolution, visible light, laser adaptive optics (AOs) imaging. Our goal is to find nearby stars lying in Kepler's photometric apertures that are responsible for the relatively high probability of false-positive exoplanet detections and that cause underestimates of the size of transit radii. Our comprehensive survey will also shed light on the effects of stellar multiplicity on exoplanet properties and will identify rare exoplanetary architectures. In this second part of our ongoing survey, we observed an additional 969 Kepler planet candidate hosts and we report blended stellar companions up to

that contribute to Kepler's measured light curves. We found 203 companions within ∼4″ of 181 of the Kepler stars, of which 141 are new discoveries. We measure the nearby star probability for this sample of Kepler planet candidate host stars to be 10.6% ± 1.1% at angular separations up to 2.″5, significantly higher than the 7.4% ± 1.0% probability discovered in our initial sample of 715 stars; we find the probability increases to 17.6% ± 1.5% out to a separation of 4.″0. The median position of Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) observed in this survey are 1.°1 closer to the galactic plane, which may account for some of the nearby star probability enhancement. We additionally detail 50 Keck AO images of Robo-AO observed KOIs in order to confirm 37 companions detected at a <5σ significance level and to obtain additional infrared photometry on higher significance detected companions.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RED GIANT BRANCH STARS IN THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS NGC 6342 AND NGC 6366
Authors: Johnson Christian I. , Caldwell Nelson , Rich R. Michael , Pilachowski Catherine A. , Hsyu Tiffany
Published: June 2016

We present radial velocities and chemical abundances for red giant branch stars in the Galactic bulge globular clusters NGC 6342 and NGC 6366. The velocities and abundances are based on measurements of high-resolution (R ≳ 20,000) spectra obtained with the MMT–Hectochelle and WIYN–Hydra spectrographs. We find that NGC 6342 has a heliocentric radial velocity of +112.5 km s−1 (σ = 8.6 km s−1), NGC 6366 has a heliocentric radial velocity of −122.3 km s−1 (σ = 1.5 km s−1), and both clusters have nearly identical metallicities ([Fe/H] ≈ −0.55). NGC 6366 shows evidence of a moderately extended O–Na anti-correlation, but more data are needed for NGC 6342 to determine if this cluster also exhibits the typical O–Na relation likely found in all other Galactic globular clusters. The two clusters are distinguished from similar metallicity field stars as having larger [Na/Fe] spreads and enhanced [La/Fe] ratios, but we find that NGC 6342 and NGC 6366 display α and Fe-peak element abundance patterns that are typical of other metal-rich ([Fe/H] > −1) inner Galaxy clusters. However, the median [La/Fe] abundance may vary from cluster-to-cluster.
QUANTIFYING THE TOPOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF A MAGNETIC FLUX ROPE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTI-FLARE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Yang Kai , Guo Yang , Ding M. D.
Published: June 2016

Magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) play an important role in solar activities. The quantitative assessment of the topology of an MFR and its evolution is crucial for a better understanding of the relationship between the MFR and associated activities. In this paper, we investigate the magnetic field of active region (AR) 12017 from 2014 March 28–29, during which time 12 flares were triggered by intermittent eruptions of a filament (either successful or confined). Using vector magnetic field data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we calculate the magnetic energy and helicity injection in the AR, and extrapolate the 3D magnetic field with a nonlinear force-free field model. From the extrapolations, we find an MFR that is cospatial with the filament. We further determine the configuration of this MFR from the closed quasi-separatrix layer (QSL) around it. Then, we calculate the twist number and the magnetic helicity for the field lines composing the MFR. The results show that the closed QSL structure surrounding the MFR becomes smaller as a consequence of flare occurrence. We also find that the flares in our sample are mainly triggered by kink instability. Moreover, the twist number varies more sensitively than other parameters with the occurrence of flares.
A COMBINED SPECTROSCOPIC AND PHOTOMETRIC STELLAR ACTIVITY STUDY OF EPSILON ERIDANI
Authors: Giguere Matthew J. , Fischer Debra A. , Zhang Cyril X. Y. , Matthews Jaymie M. , Cameron Chris , Henry Gregory W.
Published: June 2016

We present simultaneous ground-based radial velocity (RV) measurements and space-based photometric measurements of the young and active K dwarf Epsilon Eridani. These measurements provide a data set for exploring methods of identifying and ultimately distinguishing stellar photospheric velocities from Keplerian motion. We compare three methods we have used in exploring this data set: Dalmatian, an MCMC spot modeling code that fits photometric and RV measurements simultaneously; the FF′ method, which uses photometric measurements to predict the stellar activity signal in simultaneous RV measurements; and Hα analysis. We show that our Hα measurements are strongly correlated with the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope (MOST) photometry, which led to a promising new method based solely on the spectroscopic observations. This new method, which we refer to as the HH′ method, uses Hα measurements as input into the FF′ model. While the Dalmatian spot modeling analysis and the FF′ method with MOST space-based photometry are currently more robust, the HH′ method only makes use of one of the thousands of stellar lines in the visible spectrum. By leveraging additional spectral activity indicators, we believe the HH′ method may prove quite useful in disentangling stellar signals.
A DWARF TRANSITIONAL PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND XZ TAU B
Authors: Osorio Mayra , Macías Enrique , Anglada Guillem , Carrasco-González Carlos , Galván-Madrid Roberto , Zapata Luis , Calvet Nuria , Gómez José F. , Nagel Erick , Rodríguez Luis F. , Torrelles José M. , Zhu Zhaohuan
Published: June 2016

We report the discovery of a dwarf protoplanetary disk around the star XZ Tau B that shows all the features of a classical transitional disk but on a much smaller scale. The disk has been imaged with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), revealing that its dust emission has a quite small radius of ∼3.4 au and presents a central cavity of ∼1.3 au in radius that we attribute to clearing by a compact system of orbiting (proto)planets. Given the very small radii involved, evolution is expected to be much faster in this disk (observable changes in a few months) than in classical disks (observable changes requiring decades) and easy to monitor with observations in the near future. From our modeling we estimate that the mass of the disk is large enough to form a compact planetary system.
How to Verify and Manage the Translational Plagiarism?
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: June 2016

The use of Google translator as a tool for determining translational plagiarism is a big challenge. As noted, plagiarism of the original papers written in Macedonian and translated into other languages can be verified after computerised translation in other languages. Attempts to screen the translational plagiarism should be supported. The use of Google Translate tool might be helpful. Special focus should be on any non-English reference that might be the source of plagiarised material and non-English article that might translate from an original English article, which cannot be detected by simple plagiarism screening tool. It is a hard job for any journal to detect the complex translational plagiarism but the harder job might be how to effectively manage the case.
L’Église catholique ou la tentation écologique
Authors: Blesson Mathieu
Published: June 2016

Du 30 novembre au 11 décembre dernier s’est tenue au Bourget la conférence de Paris pour le climat, autrement appelée la COP21 pour désigner la 21 e conférence des parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques. L’occasion de rappeler au monde entier aux côtés de quelque 400 scientifiques, élus, artistes, chefs d’entreprise ou représentants d’ONG combien l’heure est grave pour la planète et qu’il est temps tous ensemble de prendre conscience des risques liés au réchauffement climatique. Ainsi l’Église catholique se propose-t-elle de jouer le rôle de guide spirituel en accompagnant les politiques au plus près des préoccupations d’ordre existentiel que tout un chacun se pose dès lors qu’il interroge le futur au regard des générations passées. Or, il se pourrait bien que le médiéviste américain Lynn Townsend White, Jr. en soit l’un des acteurs majeurs trop souvent oublié, sinon refoulé.
Inégalité sociale de santé et périnatalité : évolution de la place de la pmi
Authors: Bernard Olivier
Published: June 2016

La protection maternelle et infantile, depuis sa création après-guerre, joue un rôle crucial dans la santé des nourrissons. Son évolution en direction de la promotion de la santé de l’enfant et de la famille l’a amenée à se voir reconnaître un rôle de plus en plus important dans la santé mentale. Elle est liée à la politique de prévention périnatale par l’inscription de celle-ci dans les guides d’application de la loi de réforme de protection de l’enfance de 2007, qui lui confie aussi le rôle de coordonner des actions mises en œuvre sur la base de l’entretien prénatal précoce.
L’intervention tisf au cœur du travail en réseau
Authors: Faure Christine , Espinosa Chloé
Published: June 2016

L’Aide aux mères et aux familles à domicile ( amfd ) présente le travail partenarial mené avec les différents partenaires hospitaliers, institutionnels et associatifs du territoire, qui permet un travail sur mesure des tisf au domicile : de la prise en charge de mères en souffrance psychique au travail du réseau Présence Périnat’, en passant par le projet avec la maison d’arrêt pour femmes des Baumettes et le conseil départemental des Bouches-du-Rhône... C’est d’ailleurs suite à la recherche-action concernant le dispositif de prévention précoce en périnatalité menée par l’association que ce travail a donné une autre dimension à la formalisation du travail en réseau et en partenariat.
Un berceau groupal ou « Tout un village pour accueillir un bébé »
Authors: Douzon-Bernal Marina
Published: June 2016

La capacité à penser, à travailler ensemble, à coopérer de façon humaine, inventive et vivante au sein d’une équipe de soignants pour un soin de qualité dépend, au-delà de leurs compétences, de la confiance et du respect qui ont pu s’établir entre ses membres, et ce d’autant plus que les situations auxquelles ils sont confrontés sont complexes. De même la capacité à coopérer des professionnels autour de situations à risques intriqués en périnatalité nécessite que s’établissent ces conditions de connaissance mutuelle, de respect de la place de chacun et de confiance au sein de réseaux de proximité personnalisés. L’expérience de l’unité parents-bébé du centre hospitalier de Montfavet, à Avignon, et de ses partenaires, montre qu’un certain nombre d’éléments participent à l’établissement de ces conditions : formations interdisciplinaires interprofessionnelles interinstitutionnelles, rencontres régulières autour de projets communs, pratique des staffs médico-psycho-sociaux, espaces pour l’analyse de pratique et les reprises de cas difficiles, qui constituent à la fois des espaces de régulation et de coformation.
Le réseau de psychiatrie périnatale au sein de la région Aquitaine
Authors: Sutter-Dallay Anne-Laure
Published: June 2016

Les troubles psychiques maternels ou parentaux périnatals mettent potentiellement en péril le développement et parfois la sécurité immédiate du fœtus, du nouveau-né et du nourrisson, et génèrent des dépenses de santé importantes. Il existe donc des besoins de soins spécifiques pour des mères souffrant de pathologies mentales accompagnées de leurs enfants, dits « soins conjoints », en milieu psychiatrique. Le travail du Réseau de psychiatrie périnatale ( rpp ) vise actuellement deux axes prioritaires : la prévention primaire et secondaire, à la fois en termes de santé mentale maternelle et de développement précoce du nourrisson, et la cohésion des parcours de soins des patientes et de leur famille, souffrant de troubles psychiques en période périnatale.
Développer encore les soins de santé mentale périnatale au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Grégoire Alain
Published: June 2016

En trois ans, une dynamique rassemblant de nombreuses institutions mobilisées en faveur de la santé mentale périnatale de la mère a obtenu des résultats espérés, mais qui pouvaient sembler hors d’atteinte. L’alliance pour la santé mentale maternelle ( mmha  : Maternal Mental Health Alliance) a convaincu les plus hautes autorités du Royaume-Uni de la nécessité d’articuler les unités mère-bébé pour les femmes les plus malades et les services de santé mentale communautaire pour toutes celles qui en ont besoin. Des moyens considérables viennent d’être affectés à la réduction des inégalités dans les soins de santé mentale périnatale, sur tous les territoires du Royaume-Uni.
Coopérer... même avec le père du bébé
Authors: de Montigny Francine , Gervais Christine
Published: June 2016

Les pères d’aujourd’hui s’engagent auprès de leur enfant de différentes manières. Le plaisir qu’ils y trouvent aide leurs enfants à grandir. En tant que cliniciens en périnatalité, savons-nous vraiment à quel point cette implication fait une différence pour le bien-être des enfants, des familles, de la société et des pères eux-mêmes ? Comment nos interventions auprès des familles peuvent-elles être plus inclusives des pères ? De quelles manières pouvons-nous reconnaître leur expertise ? Cet article propose des éléments de réflexions et des réponses à ces questions.
La sinergia entre el diseño estructural y la dinámica de fluidos: el caso particular del velódromo de Medellín, en Colombia
Authors: Muñoz Blanc C.
Published: June 2016

En el presente trabajo se presentan las ventajas que la determinación prestacional de las acciones eólicas a partir de los métodos basados en la dinámica computacional de fluidos tiene en el diseño estructural de edificaciones de geometría ahusada y/o compleja como la que aquí se expone. El análisis del comportamiento del flujo eólico en diseños arquitectónicos y estructurales cada vez más etéreos y ligeros mediante avanzadas herramientas de simulación, las cuales utilizan una amplia fundamentación teórica basada en la dinámica de fluidos y en los medios continuos, ha permitido minimizar el impacto de las cargas eólicas en la dimensión de los elementos estructurales principales. Se muestran las metodologías de trabajo que han permitido optimizar la estructura principal del nuevo Velódromo de Medellín, en Colombia.