bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of High Precision Dynamic Star Emulator by Two-beam Combination Method
Authors: Xin Yang
Published: January 2025

In order to improve the simulation accuracy of the precision dynamic star emulator to the infinite sky to meet the needs of the ground calibration of the star sensor and meet the different needs of the design of the high-precision dynamic star emulator, a method for designing the initial structure of the high-precision dynamic star emulator is proposed. Firstly, the technical specifications of the star emulator are obtained by combining the requirements of the ground test of the star sensor, and then the design parameters of the projection optical system are calculated. According to the technical specifications, the light group 1 and the light group 2 are designed, and then the two light groups are combined into a new light group as the required. As the initial structure, the design optimization is carried out through the CODE V software, and the distortion of the system is mainly controlled. The final design result is: the field of view is 22 °, the focal length is 37.34 mm, the pupil distance is 40 mm, the distortion in the full field of view is less than 0.05%, and the MTF is close to the diffraction limit.
Impact of Fuel Injection Pressure and Timing on the Performance and Emissions of a Low Heat Rejection CI Engine with Fish Oil Methyl Ester, DEE and Butanol Blend
Authors: Narender B Raja , Kumar S Narasimha , Hadya B
Published: January 2025

This study examines how different fuel injection pressures and timings affect the performance and emissions of a Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine running on blends of fish oil methyl ester, diethyl ether, and butanol. Results indicate that optimizing the injection pressure up to 230 bar enhances engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emission control. Research supports that increasing fuel injection pressure improves performance and combustion characteristics. For instance, studies have shown that high injection pressures can reduce  and soot emissions without compromising fuel economy. The depletion of petroleum resources, rising car use, and environmental concerns have made the demand for alternate fuels more urgent. Fish oil methyl ester, which is made from fish oil and may be made from animal fats and edible and non-edible oils, offers a possible substitute for biodiesel. Diesel engines are prized for their effectiveness, dependability, and longevity; timing and fuel injection pressure have a big impact on emissions and performance.  However, higher pressures show diminishing benefits, and fine-tuning the injection timing to 29° before top dead centre further improves efficiency and reduces emissions. This research highlights the crucial role of optimizing injection parameters to maximize engine performance and reduce emissions when using alternative fuels.
Exploring Intelligent Technologies for Waste Management: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Badavath Akhila , Rathna Ganamala , Pragnya Neha , Padhy Chitrasena
Published: January 2025

The fast growth of information and communication technology (ICT) has made it a necessary component of contemporary solid waste management (SWM) system planning and design. ICTs are divided into four sections to assist in the planning, monitoring, collection, and management of solid waste: spatial technologies, identification technologies, data collecting technologies, and data transmission technologies. The basis of the ICT-based SWM systems categorized in this article is formed by the first three technologies, with the fourth technology being utilized by almost all systems. Waste, in all its forms solid, gaseous, and liquid increases and affects the entire world as a result of population expansion, urbanization, and industry. Waste management includes reuse, recycling, reducing the amount of rubbish produced, and other strategies to mitigate the effects of waste generation brought on by increasing population growth and industrialization. In order to solve issues with trash creation, waste collection, waste transportation, waste treatment, and waste disposal methods, monitoring is one of the most crucial parts of waste management. In waste management, artificial intelligence (AI) solutions were proposed, such as the application of convolutional neural networks and other AI technologies for efficient garbage recognition and sorting. Spatial analysis is a prominent area of study in environmental studies and collection, archiving, analysis, and mapping of spatial data. Topology, raster, attribute data, and features make up the majority of spatial data.
Enhancing the Productivity and Economic Feasibility of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Foliar Application of Nano Fertilize
Authors: Yadav Dev Narayan , Kumar Robin , Dubey Shivani , Kumar Pardeep , Singh Anand , Yadav Vikas , Baheliya Ajay Kumar
Published: January 2025

One of the world's most important field crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple diet for millions of people and is ranked second only to wheat. In Asia, rice consumption is projected to increase by over 51% by 2025 compared to the base year 1995. To sustain the growing population while considering environmental health, soil health, and the economic well-being of farmers, nano fertilizers could serve as an ideal alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. Keeping this in mind a field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2019-2020 at the Main Experimental Station of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), to evaluate the impact of foliar application of nano fertilizers on transplanted rice. The experiment aimed to compare different fertilizer treatments on rice productivity, nutrient uptake, and economic returns. Six treatments were tested, including T₀ (Control), T₁ (100% NPK & 100% Zinc application - RDF), T₂ (50% N, 100% P & K + 2 sprays of Nano Nitrogen), T₃ (0% Zn, 100% NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Zinc), T₄ (50% N & 0% Zn, 100% P & K + 2 sprays of Nano N mixed with Nano Zn), and T₅ (50% N & 0% Zn, 100% P & K + 2 sprays of Nano N mixed with Nano Zn & Nano Cu), arranged in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The results revealed that the highest grain yield was recorded in T₅, which involved the foliar application of Nano Nitrogen (Nano N), Nano Zinc (Nano Zn), and Nano Copper (Nano Cu) with 50% nitrogen (N) and 0% zinc (Zn), along with 100% phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). This treatment produced a yield that was statistically comparable to T₄ (50% N & 0% Zn, 100% P & K + 2 sprays of Nano N mixed with Nano Zn) and T₃ (0% Zn, 100% NPK + 2 sprays of Nano Zinc). Treatment T₅ also yielded the highest gross return (Rs. 119,841 ha⁻¹), net return (Rs. 64,711 ha⁻¹), and benefit-cost ratio (2.17). Additionally, the nitrogen (%), phosphorus (%), potassium (%), copper (%), and zinc (ppm) contents in both the grain and straw were significantly higher under T₅. These findings suggest that the foliar application of Nano N, Nano Zn, and Nano Cu in combination with reduced nitrogen and zinc can enhance nutrient uptake and improve the overall productivity and profitability of rice cultivation in central Uttar Pradesh.
Feed Additives for Layer Chicken Health and Production: A Review
Authors: Prakash Jai , Singh Vinay Kumar , Singh Sunil , Singh S.K.
Published: January 2025

The poultry industry continuously seeks to improve the health and productivity of layer chickens to meet rising demands for eggs. Feed additives, including probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and herbal extracts, have gained attention for their potential to improve health and production without relying on antibiotics. This review evaluates recent research on feed additives, focusing on their effects on egg production, quality, and immunity in layer chickens. New studies indicate that probiotics, such as Lactobacillus strains, and prebiotics, like mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), can improve nutrient absorption, enhance immunity, and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Enzyme supplements, especially those targeting non-starch polysaccharides, have shown promise in increasing digestive efficiency and nutrient bioavailability, ultimately supporting greater egg production. Organic acids, such as citric and lactic acid, were found to lower gut pH, suppress harmful bacteria, and improve feed conversion ratio. Additionally, herbal extracts like turmeric and oregano exhibited antioxidant properties, contributing to improved egg quality and bird health. The review highlights the importance of selecting the right additive combinations for optimal effects. This comprehensive review suggests that feed additives offer sustainable and antibiotic-free options to improve layer chicken health and productivity, aligning with current consumer and regulatory demands.
“Three‐in‐One” Multi‐Level Design of MoS2‐Based Anodes for Enhanced Sodium Storage: from Atomic to Macroscopic Level
Authors: Sui Simi , Xie Haonan , Liang Ming , Chen Bochao , Liu Chunyang , Liu Enzuo , Chen Biao , Ma Liying , Sha Junwei , Zhao Naiqin
Published: January 2022

Constructing sodium‐ion battery anodes with efficient ion/electron transport and high cycling stability is significantly promising for applications but still remains challenging. Here, “three‐in‐one” multi‐level design is performed to develop a carbon‐coated phosphorous‐doped MoS2 anchored on carbon nanotube paper (P‐MoS2@C/CNTP). The Na+ diffusion and electron transport, as well as the structural stability of the whole anode are simultaneously enhanced through the synergistically optimization of P‐MoS2@C/CNTP at atomic, nanoscopic, and macroscopic levels. Resulted from the multi‐level modification, the synergetic mechanism has been demonstrated by electrochemical measurement and theoretical calculation. As a result, the free‐standing P‐MoS2@C/CNTP anode presents a high rate performance (150 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) and a long cycling life (1 A g−1, 1200 cycles, 249 mA h g−1). This work provides a new approach to the design and fabrication of high‐performance conversion‐type electrode materials for rechargeable batteries application.
A Solution‐Processed All‐Perovskite Memory with Dual‐Band Light Response and Tri‐Mode Operation
Authors: Guan Xinwei , Wan Tao , Hu Long , Lin Chun‐Ho , Yang Jialin , Huang Jing‐Kai , Huang Chien‐Yu , Shahrokhi Shamim , Younis Adnan , Ramadass Kavitha , Liu Kewei , Vinu Ajayan , Yi Jiabao , Chu Dewei , Wu Tom
Published: January 2022

Integrating multiple semiconductors with distinct physical properties is a practical design strategy for realizing novel optoelectronic devices with unprecedented functionalities. In this work, a photonic resistive switching (RS) memory is demonstrated based on solution‐processed bilayers of strontium titanate (SrTiO3 or STO) quantum dots (QDs) and all‐inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3 (CPB) with an Ag/STO/CPB/Au architecture. Compared with the single‐layer STO or CPB RS device, the double‐layer device shows considerably improved RS performance with a high switching ratio over 105, an endurance of 3000 cycles, and a retention time longer than 2 × 104 s. The formation of heterojunction between STO and CPB significantly enhances the high resistance state, and the separation of the active silver electrode and the CPB layer contributes to the long‐term stability. More importantly, the photonic RS device exhibits UV–visible dual‐band response due to the photogating effect and the light‐induced modification of the heterojunction barrier. Last, tri‐mode operation, i.e., photodetector, memory, and photomemory, is demonstrated via tailoring the light and electric stimuli. This bilayer device architecture provides a unique approach toward enhancing the performance of photoresponsive data‐storage devices.
Dynamic Evolution of Active Sites in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction: Fundamental Understanding and Recent Progress
Authors: Lai Wenchuan , Ma Zesong , Zhang Jiawei , Yuan Yuliang , Qiao Yan , Huang Hongwen
Published: January 2022

Advancing the development of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to address the environmental issues caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels requires rational design of remarkable electrocatalysts, where the identification of active sites and further understanding of structure–performance relationship are the bases. However, the notable dynamic evolution often appears on the catalysts, with typical examples of Cu‐based catalysts, under operating conditions, causing great difficulty in identifying the real active sites and further understanding the correlations between structure and catalytic property. In this context, understanding the dynamic evolution process of catalytically active sites during CO2RR is of particular importance, which inspires to organize the present review. Herein, the fundamental principles of dynamic evolution in CO2RR including thermodynamics and kinetics aspects, followed by the introduction of operando techniques employed to probe the evolution under operating conditions are first highlighted. The dynamic evolution behaviors, involving atomic rearrangement and change in chemical state, on typical catalysts are further discussed, with emphasis on the correlations between evolution behaviors and catalytic properties (activity, selectivity, and stability). The emerging CO2 pulsed electrolysis technique that behaves promise to manipulate the dynamic evolution and future opportunities are finally discussed.
Effective Genome Editing Using CRISPR‐Cas9 Nanoflowers
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ren He , Liu Gengqi , Li Jiexin , Wang Xiaojie , Zhang Yumiao
Published: January 2022

CRISPR‐Cas9 as a powerful gene‐editing tool has tremendous potential for the treatment of genetic diseases. Herein, a new mesoporous nanoflower (NF)‐like delivery nanoplatform termed Cas9‐NF is reported by crosslinking Cas9 and polymeric micelles that enables efficient intracellular delivery and controlled release of Cas9 in response to reductive microenvironment in tumor cells. The flower morphology is flexibly tunable by the protein concentration and different types of crosslinkers. Cas9 protein, embedded between polymeric micelles and protected by Cas9‐NF, remains stable even under extreme pH conditions. Responsive cleavage of crosslinkers in tumor cells, leads to the traceless release of Cas9 for efficient gene knockout in nucleus. This crosslinked nanoparticle exhibits excellent capability of downregulating oncogene expression and inhibiting tumor growth in a murine tumor model. Taken together, these findings pave a new pathway toward the application of the protein‐micelle crosslinked nanoflower for protein delivery, which warrants further investigations for gene regulation and cancer treatment.
High Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution via Strong Built‐In Electric Field Induced by High Crystallinity of Perylene Imide Supramolecule
Authors: Sheng Yuqiang , Li Wenlu , Xu Liangliang , Zhu Yongfa
Published: January 2022

A highly crystalline perylene imide supramolecular photocatalyst (PDI‐NH) is synthesized via imidazole solvent method. The catalyst shows a breakthrough oxygen evolution rate (40.6 mmol g−1 h−1) with apparent quantum yield of 10.4% at 400 nm, which is 1353 times higher than the low crystalline PDI‐NH. The highly crystalline structure comes from the ordered self‐assembly process in molten imidazole solvent via π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Further, the excellent performance ascribes to the robust built‐in electric field induced by its high crystallinity, which greatly accelerates the charge separation and transfer. What is more, the PDI‐NH is quite stable and can be reused over 50 h without performance attenuation. Briefly, the crystalline PDI‐NH with strong built‐in electric field throws light on photocatalytic oxygen evolution, showing a new perspective for the design of organic photocatalysts.
A Universal Ternary‐Solvent‐Ink Strategy toward Efficient Inkjet‐Printed Perovskite Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wei Changting , Su Wenming , Li Jiantong , Xu Bo , Shan Qingsong , Wu Ye , Zhang Fengjuan , Luo Manman , Xiang Hengyang , Cui Zheng , Zeng Haibo
Published: January 2022

Toward next‐generation electroluminescent quantum dot (QD) displays, inkjet printing technique has been convinced as one of the most promising low‐cost and large‐scale manufacturing of patterned quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). The development of high‐quality and stable QD inks is a key step to push this technology toward practical applications. Herein, a universal ternary‐solvent‐ink strategy is proposed for the cesium lead halides (CsPbX3) perovskite QDs and their corresponding inkjet‐printed QLEDs. With this tailor‐made ternary halogen‐free solvent (naphthene, n‐tridecane, and n‐nonane) recipe, a highly dispersive and stable CsPbX3 QD ink is obtained, which exhibits much better printability and film‐forming ability than that of the binary solvent (naphthene and n‐tridecane) system, leading to a much better qualitied perovskite QD thin film. Consequently, a record peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.54% and maximum luminance of 43 883.39 cd m−2 is achieved in inkjet‐printed green perovskite QLEDs, which is much higher than that of the binary‐solvent‐system‐based devices (EQE = 2.26%). Moreover, the ternary‐solvent‐system exhibits a universal applicability in the inkjet‐printed red and blue perovskite QLEDs as well as cadmium (Cd)‐based QLEDs. This work demonstrates a new strategy for tailor‐making a general ternary‐solvent‐QD‐ink system for efficient inkjet‐printed QLEDs as well as the other solution‐processed electronic devices in the future.
14 GHz Schottky Diodes Using a p‐Doped Organic Polymer
Authors: Loganathan Kalaivanan , Scaccabarozzi Alberto D. , Faber Hendrik , Ferrari Federico , Bizak Zhanibek , Yengel Emre , Naphade Dipti R. , Gedda Murali , He Qiao , Solomeshch Olga , Adilbekova Begimai , Yarali Emre , Tsetseris Leonidas , Salama Khaled N. , Heeney Martin , Tessler Nir , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: January 2022

The low carrier mobility of organic semiconductors and the high parasitic resistance and capacitance often encountered in conventional organic Schottky diodes hinder their deployment in emerging radio frequency (RF) electronics. Here, these limitations are overcome by combining self‐aligned asymmetric nanogap electrodes (≈25 nm) produced by adhesion lithography, with a high mobility organic semiconductor, and RF Schottky diodes able to operate in the 5G frequency spectrum are demonstrated. C16IDT‐BT is used, as the high hole mobility polymer, and the impact of p‐doping on the diode performance is studied. Pristine C16IDT‐BT‐based diodes exhibit maximum intrinsic and extrinsic cutoff frequencies (fC) of >100 and 6 GHz, respectively. This extraordinary performance is attributed to the planar nature of the nanogap channel and the diode's small junction capacitance (<2 pF). Doping of C16IDT‐BT with the molecular p‐dopant C60F48 improves the diode's performance further by reducing the series resistance resulting to intrinsic and extrinsic fC of >100 and ≈14 GHz respectively, while the DC output voltage of an RF rectifier circuit increases by a tenfold. Our work highlights the importance of the planar nanogap architecture and paves the way for the use of organic Schottky diodes in large‐area RF electronics of the future.
Development of Ni‐Ir Oxide Composites as Oxygen Catalysts for an Anion‐Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Park Deok‐Hye , Kim Min‐Ha , Lee Hak‐Joo , Lee Woo‐Jun , Byeon Jeong‐Hyeon , Kim Ji‐Hwan , Jang Jae‐Sung , Park Kyung‐Won
Published: January 2022

In water splitting, anode catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is the rate‐determining step, are more critical than cathode catalysts. Herein, the authors prepare Ni‐IrOx composite catalysts consisting of NiO and IrO2 for the OER by a solid‐state reaction with different ratios of NiO to IrO2 and reaction temperatures. In particular, Ni‐IrOx‐400 with a molar ratio of NiO/IrO2 = 1:1 heated at 400 °C shows the best OER performance. In the overall water splitting test using an anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzer, the single cell with Ni‐IrOx‐400 as the anode catalyst shows current densities of 1454.8 mA cm−2, respectively, measured at 1.8 V. Furthermore, the stability tests of the AEM single cells are carried out at 50 °C under a constant current density of 500 mA cm−2. The single cell with Ni‐IrOx‐400 shows only a slight increase in the overpotential (rate: 2.0 mV h−1) for 100 h owing to the enhanced stability of Ni‐IrOx‐400 compared to IrO2 (12.5 mV h−1). The improved OER performance of the Ni‐IrOx‐400 may be attributed to a composite structure that can prevent particle agglomeration and thus preserve the active sites during the OER.
Laser‐Induced Graphene from Paper by Ultraviolet Irradiation: Humidity and Temperature Sensors
Authors: Kulyk Bohdan , Silva Beatriz F. R. , Carvalho Alexandre F. , Barbosa Paula , Girão Ana V. , Deuermeier Jonas , Fernandes António J. S. , Figueiredo Filipe M. L. , Fortunato Elvira , Costa Florinda M.
Published: January 2022

Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) produced by irradiation of paper (paper‐LIG)holds substantial promise for flexible devices. This article presents paper‐LIG humidity and temperature sensors fabricated by single‐step irradiation of common filter paper with a pulsed UV laser (355 nm). The influence of the process parameters on the conversion of cellulose fibers into LIG is discussed based on the resulting morphology, structure, conductivity, and chemical composition, revealing a distinct barrier to transformation and a propagation behavior not seen under CO2 laser irradiation. The obtained material is constituted by a porous, electrically conductive network of fibers. The paper‐LIG relative humidity (RH) and temperature sensors with sensitivities of up to 1.3 × 10−3%RH−1 and ‐ 2.8 × 10−3  °C−1, respectively, are examined in terms of their linearity, reproducibility, and response time. A detailed discussion on the response mechanism is presented in the context of literature, pointing towards the absorption of water molecules in the interlayer spacing of graphene as the main reason for the increase in resistance with RH. Additionally, a contribution from variable range hopping along the ab plane of graphene at high RH is suggested. These results demonstrate the potential of paper‐LIG for low‐cost, sustainable, and environmentally friendly sensing.
Efficient Interfacial Upconversion Enabling Bright Emission at an Extremely Low Driving Voltage in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Izawa Seiichiro , Morimoto Masahiro , Naka Shigeki , Hiramoto Masahiro
Published: January 2022

A remaining frontier in the field of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is reducing their operating voltage. Herein, an efficient OLED is reported, operable by a 1.5 V battery, that produces bright emission equivalent to the luminance of a typical display. The OLED has a smaller turn‐on voltage at 0.97 V than an optical energy of emitted photons at 2.04 eV (608 nm), because the OLED is based on an upconversion (UC) transition associated with triplet–triplet annihilation that doubles the energy of excited states. The characteristics of charge transfer (CT) state at the interface have been revealed, which are key to efficient UC, and the percentage of excited states deactivated by parasitic loss processes during the UC transition is significantly reduced from over 90% to approximately 10% by introducing a highly crystalline acceptor material and an emissive dopant. Consequently, the UC‐OLED achieves a quantum efficiency that is two orders of magnitude higher than that in the previous report.
Constructing Artificial SEI Layer on Lithiophilic MXene Surface for High‐Performance Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhao Feifei , Zhai Pengbo , Wei Yi , Yang Zhilin , Chen Qian , Zuo Jinghan , Gu Xiaokang , Gong Yongji
Published: January 2022

MXene has been found as a good host for lithium (Li) metal anodes because of its high specific surface area, lithiophilicity, good stability with lithium, and the in situ formed LiF protective layer. However, the formation of Li dendrites and dead Li is inevitable during long‐term cycle due to the lack of protection at the Li/electrolyte interface. Herein, a stable artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is constructed on the MXene surface by using insulating g‐C3N4 layer to regulate homogeneous Li plating/stripping. The 2D/2D MXene/g‐C3N4 composite nanosheets can not only guarantee sufficient lithiophilic sites, but also protect the Li metal from continuous corrosion by electrolytes. Thus, the Ti3C2Tx/g‐C3N4 electrode enables conformal Li deposition, enhanced average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.4%, and longer cycle lifespan over 400 cycles with an areal capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2. Full cells paired with LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode also achieve enhanced rate capacity and cycling stability with higher capacity retention of 85.5% after 320 cycles at 0.5C. The advantages of the 2D/2D lithiophilic layer/artificial SEI layer heterostructures provide important insights into the design strategies for high‐performance and stable Li metal batteries.
Nitrogen, Oxygen‐Codoped Vertical Graphene Arrays Coated 3D Flexible Carbon Nanofibers with High Silicon Content as an Ultrastable Anode for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Mu Yongbiao , Han Meisheng , Wu Buke , Wang Yameng , Li Zhenwei , Li Jiaxing , Li Zheng , Wang Shuai , Wan Jiayu , Zeng Lin
Published: January 2022

Free‐standing and foldable electrodes with high energy density and long lifespan have recently elicited attention on the development of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for flexible electronic devices. However, both low energy density and slow kinetics in cycling impede their practical applications. In this work, a free‐standing and binder‐free N, O‐codoped 3D vertical graphene carbon nanofibers electrode with ultra‐high silicon content (VGAs@Si@CNFs) is developed via electrospinning, subsequent thermal treatment, and chemical vapor deposition processes. The as‐prepared VGAs@Si@CNFs electrode exhibits excellent conductivity and flexibility because of the high graphitized carbon nanofiber network and abundant vertical graphene arrays. Such 3D all‐carbon architecture can be fabulous for providing a conductive and mechanically robust network, further improving the kinetics and restraining the volume expansion of Si NPs, especially with an ultra‐high Si content (>90 wt%). As a result, the VGAs@Si@CNFs composite demonstrates a superior specific capacity (3619.5 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), ultralong lifespan, and outstanding rate capability (1093.1 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 8 A g−1) as a free‐standing anode for LIBs. It is believed that this work offers an exciting method for developing free‐standing and high‐energy‐density electrodes for other energy storage devices.
Strain Balanced Self‐Supporting Single‐Crystalline LiNbO3 Thin Films for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Zhou Hongyan , Zhang Shibin , Zheng Pengcheng , Wu Jinbo , Zhang Liping , Huang Hao , You Tiangui , Ren Zhongqi , Hu Yuqing , Zhong Ni , Huang Kai , Zhou Min , Ou Xin
Published: January 2022

Functional single‐crystalline films with mechanical flexibility have attracted intensive interest due to excellent material quality and the wide applications in flexible electronics. However, the free‐standing single‐crystalline films with the thickness in sub‐micrometer range usually deform due to insufficient mechanical strength or internal stress. This study introduces a strain balanced model (SBM) of a sandwich structure and an ion slicing‐based strain compensation bonding method for fabricating ultrathin but self‐supporting single‐crystalline thin films. Based on the SBM and the strain compensation bonding method, a centimeter‐scale strain balanced LiNbO3 (LN) thin film (SB‐LNTF) consisting of two pieces of 550 nm single‐crystalline LN film and an intermediate layer of benzocyclobutene is successfully fabricated. In additional to flat, bendable, transparent, and lightweight, the fabricated ultrathin (<10 µm) SB‐LNTF also exhibits excellent self‐supporting property. Standard piezoresponse force microscopy amplitude butterfly curve and a 180° phase switching associated with ferroelectric behavior of LN film are observed, which confirm its high crystal quality of the ion sliced LiNbO3 thin film. A flexible acoustic resonator demonstrated on SB‐LNTF shows strong resonances. In principle, the strain compensation bonding method is also applicable to epitaxial lift‐off films.
Unravelling Composition–Activity–Stability Trends in High Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts by Using a Data‐Guided Combinatorial Synthesis Strategy and Computational Modeling
Authors: Banko Lars , Krysiak Olga A. , Pedersen Jack K. , Xiao Bin , Savan Alan , Löffler Tobias , Baha Sabrina , Rossmeisl Jan , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Ludwig Alfred
Published: January 2022

High entropy alloys (HEA) comprise a huge search space for new electrocatalysts. Next to element combinations, the optimization of the chemical composition is essential for tuning HEA to specific catalytic processes. Simulations of electrocatalytic activity can guide experimental efforts. Yet, the currently available underlying model assumptions do not necessarily align with experimental evidence. To study deviations of theoretical models and experimental data requires statistically relevant datasets. Here, a combinatorial strategy for acquiring large experimental datasets of multi‐dimensional composition spaces is presented. Ru–Rh–Pd–Ir–Pt is studied as an exemplary, highly relevant HEA system. Systematic comparison with computed electrochemical activity enables the study of deviations from theoretical model assumptions for compositionally complex solid solutions in the experiment. The results suggest that the experimentally obtained distribution of surface atoms deviates from the ideal distribution of atoms in the model. Leveraging both advanced simulation and large experimental data enables the estimation of electrocatalytic activity and solid‐solution stability trends in the 5D composition space of the HEA system. A perspective on future directions for the development of active and stable HEA catalysts is outlined.
Multiple Twin Boundary‐Regulated Metastable Pd for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Liu Chang , Shen Yi , Zhang Jinfeng , Li Gen , Zheng Xuerong , Han Xiaopeng , Xu Lianyong , Zhu Shuze , Chen Yanan , Deng Yida , Hu Wenbin
Published: January 2022

Abundant surface structural defects can endow electrocatalysts with extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics. Herein, metastable Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with abundant twin boundaries (TBs) and atomic steps (ASs) anchored on a carbon substrate (TS‐Pd/C) are directly synthesized by a solid‐state thermal shock (TS) strategy. Molecular dynamics simulation indicates that the transient super cooling procedure after the TS synthesis can boost the formation of TBs. Benefitting from the abundant TBs and ASs, these metastable Pd NPs can serve as an advanced electrocatalyst for the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) with superior reactivity, stability, and CO tolerance in alkaline solutions, which far exceeds that of commercial Pd/C. The first‐principles calculations suggest that the defect structure dominated by TBs can achieve the spatial separation of the optimal adsorption sites for CO and OH. The CO can concentrate at optimal surface sites to minimize the number of poisoned active sites. The strong adsorption of OH can accelerate the EOR process and jointly promote the improvement of electrocatalytic reactivity.
Randomized, controlled, double‐blinded clinical trial of effect of bevacizumab injection in management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients undergoing surgical cauterization
Authors: Khanwalkar Ashoke R. , Rathor Aakanksha , Read Amelia K. , Paknezhad Hassan , Ma Yifei , Hwang Peter H.
Published: January 2022

Background

Given its role in the disease pathophysiology, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐mediated angiogenesis has received attention as a potential strategy to reduce epistaxis associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a submucosal injection of bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, in reducing the severity of epistaxis and improving quality of life when given at the time of operative electrocautery.

Methods

This randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted at a single institution from 2014 to 2019. Patients scheduled to undergo operative bipolar electrocautery of nasal telangiectasias were randomized to receive a submucosal injection of saline or bevacizumab at time of surgery. Surveys to assess epistaxis severity and quality of life (QOL), including the Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) and the 12‐item Short Form (SF‐12), were administered preoperatively and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the ESS instrument is reported to be 0.71.

Results

Of 39 patients enrolled, 37 (94.9%) completed the study. The saline group demonstrated a reduced ESS vs baseline at 1 (−1.2; p = 0.01) and 4 (−1.2; p = 0.05) months postprocedure. The bevacizumab group demonstrated a reduced ESS score vs baseline at 1 (−2.3; p < 0.001), 2 (−2.3; p < 0.001), 4 (−2.0; p = 0.003), and 6 (−1.3; p = 0.05) months postprocedure. The additive benefit of bevacizumab over saline exceeded the MCID at 1, 2, and 4 months, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The addition of a single treatment of submucosal bevacizumab may be associated with additional clinically meaningful benefit for up to 4 months when compared with electrocautery alone.
Relating Binding Energy and Scattering Length of Cold Hybrid Ion‐Atom Systems
Authors: Augustovičová Lucie D. , Špirko Vladimír
Published: January 2022

The universal properties of the loosely bound vibrational states of cold hybrid ion‐atom systems are probed using a “scaling” approach. This approach is based on the use of numerical relations (a versus Dlast) between the binding energy (Dlast) of the highest vibrational state and the s‐wave scattering length (a) obtained by solving the appropriate Schrödinger equations with scaled interaction potentials. The actual probing is accomplished by evaluating the “a versus Dlast” relations for 6Li and 7Li in the ground electronic state using a set of ab initio potential energy curves from the literature. Although these curves provide strongly differing values of a and Dlast, the corresponding “a versus Dlast” relations closely coincide, thus enabling an accurate determination of scattering lengths directly from experimental binding energies and vice versa.
Design of Broadband Plasmon‐Induced Transparency Hybrid Metamaterial Based on the Interaction of the Metal and Dielectric Resonances
Authors: Zeng Li , Zhang Hai‐feng
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a broadband plasmon‐induced transparency (PIT) hybrid metamaterial system (HMS) is realized and numerically demonstrated via the interference between different resonance modes of metal and dielectric resonators. The employed PIT HMS supports a strong near‐fired coupling between unit cells consisting of eight TiO2 nested split rings (dark plasmonic resonators) surrounded by four metal cut wires (bright plasmonic resonators) embedded in the intermediate dielectric layer, and a broad transparency window which is higher than 0.9 is obtained from 0.61 to 0.76 THz with a relative bandwidth of 21.9%. In the transparent window, the drastic change of phase leads to high group delay, and the remarkable slow light phenomenon can be clearly observed. The maximum of the group delay and group index can reach 528 ps and 2880, respectively. The localization distributions of the electromagnetic field intuitively exhibit the generation and action process of destructive interference. The theoretical investigation of the two‐oscillator model further confirms the effectiveness and consistency of the simulation results. In addition, the fourfold symmetric of the proposed PIT HMS supports the liberation from the dependence of incident polarization form. Such an implementation opens a new path for the designing of filtering, switching, and data storing devices.
Independent Wavefront Tailoring in Full Polarization Channels by Helicity‐Decoupled Metasurface
Authors: Ding Guowen , Chen Ke , Zhang Na , Zhao Junming , Jiang Tian , Feng Yijun
Published: January 2022

Controlling the polarization and wavefront of light is essential for compact photonic systems in modern science and technology. This may be achieved by metasurfaces, a new platform that has radically changed the way people engineer wave–matter interactions. However, it still remains very challenging to generate versatile beams with independent wavefronts in each polarization channel by a single ultrathin metasurface. By modulating both the geometric and propagation phases of the metasurface, here a method is proposed that can generate an assembly of circularly and linearly polarized beams with simultaneously the capability of independent encoding desired wavefront to each individual polarization channel, which is believed to greatly enhance the information capacities of the metadevices. Two proof‐of‐concept designs are experimentally demonstrated in microwave region. Upon the excitation of an arbitrary linear polarization, the first device can generate distinct vortex beams with the desired two linear and two circular orthogonal polarizations, whereas the second one can generate multifoci containing components of full polarizations. This approach to generate versatile polarizations with tailored wavefront may pave a way to achieve advanced, flat, and multifunctional metadevice for integrated systems.
Effect of polycaprolactone on physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties of polyethylene oxide and polyamino acids nano block copolymers
Authors: Parhi Biswajit , Bharatiya Debasrita , Swain Sarat K.
Published: January 2022

This work aims to design robust and biocompatible nano block‐copolymers (NBCPs) of polycaprolactone@‐polyethylene oxide‐polyaminoacid (PCL@‐PEO‐PAAs) by ring‐opening polymerization. Mechanical behavior including modulus, elongation at yield and break of the tetra block copolymer are studied at room temperature. The significant result lies when the extension at break is reduced by four times with an addition of 2 and 3 wt% of PCL respectively. The tensile strength at yield is found to be 22.39 ± 3.6 MPa, 34.66 ± 5.8 MPa, and 22.906 ± 4.1 MPa for 1, 2, and 3 wt% PCL@‐PEO‐PAAs NBCPs respectively. The partial hydrophobic nature of designed 3 wt% NBCP plays an important role in decreasing the strain at break and increasing the elongation at break of the composites compared to other 1 and 2 wt% NBCPs. In vitro cytotoxicity is observed to be more effective in irregular spheroid shaped 2 wt% compared to 1 and 3 wt% NBCPs due to a greater number of the amphiphilic groups present in the PCL grafted PEO‐PAAs nano BCPs. The ζ potential value for 3, 2, and 1 wt% NBCPs are found to be −26.9, −24.7, and − 15.8 MeV respectively due to higher electrostatic repulsion and became suitably used for in vivo applications.
The cranial base and related internal anatomical features in Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens
Authors: Balzeau Antoine , Pagano Anthony
Published: January 2022

The cranial anatomy of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens is well documented in the paleoanthropological and medical literature. However, there are few high‐quality visual guides of their comparative morphology. We give here a detailed description of the anatomy of two important fossil specimens, La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints 1 and abri Pataud 1, based on high‐resolution imaging data with each specimen representing the respective morphologies of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens. We describe the comparative morphology of external, endocranial, and internal characteristics of the cranium, with a focus on the petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal bone. This descriptive approach shows differences between our specimens, including in positions of cerebral components relative to cranial structures and patterns of dural sinus drainage. Numerous external and internal differences in the shape of the petrous temporal are also described, including its articulation with the tympanic bone and the orientation of the petrotympanic crest. The presence of a large protuberance between the osseous Eustachian tube orifice and carotid foramen in H. neanderthalensis suggests that the levator veli palatini muscle took origin more laterally than the dilator tubae arm of the tensor veli palatini muscle, a feature shared with H. sapiens. The overall pattern that emerges is one in which two species have undergone large‐scale evolutionary changes in a functionally critical region. Such differences necessitate high‐quality visualization and consideration of both internal and external morphology.
Assessing kidney stone composition using smartphone microscopy and deep neural networks
Authors: Onal Ege Gungor , Tekgul Hakan
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To propose a point‐of‐care image recognition system for kidney stone composition classification using smartphone microscopy and deep convolutional neural networks.

Materials and methods

A total of 37 surgically extracted human kidney stones consisting of calcium oxalate (CaOx), cystine, uric acid (UA) and struvite stones were included in the study. All of the stones were fragmented from percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The stones were classified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis before obtaining smartphone microscope images. The size of the stones ranged from 5 to 10 mm in diameter. Nurugo 400× smartphone microscope (Nurugo, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was functionalized to acquire microscopic images (magnification = 25×) of dry kidney stones using iPhone 6s+ (Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA). Each kidney stone was imaged in six different locations. In total, 222 images were captured from 37 stones. A novel convolutional neural network architecture was built for classification, and the model was assessed using accuracy, positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1 scores.

Results

We achieved an overall and weighted accuracy of 88% and 87%, respectively, with an average F1 score of 0.84. The positive predictive value, sensitivity and F1 score for each stone type were respectively reported as follows: CaOx (0.82, 0.83, 0.82), cystine (0.80, 0.88, 0.84), UA (0.92, 0.77, 0.85) and struvite (0.86, 0.84, 0.85).

Conclusion

We demonstrate a rapid and accurate point of care diagnostics method for classifying the four types of kidney stones. In the future, diagnostic tools that combine smartphone microscopy with artificial intelligence (AI) can provide accessible health care that can support physicians in their decision‐making process.
Monolayer assembly of gold nanodots on polyelectrolyte support: A multifunctional electrocatalyst for reduction of oxygen and oxidation of sulfite and nitrite
Authors: Viswanathan Perumal , Lee Dohun , Manivannan Shanmugam , Yim Taeeun , Kim Kyuwon
Published: January 2022

The present work demonstrates a monolayer self‐assembly of methionine‐capped gold nanodots (AuNDs) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its application in various electrocatalytic reactions. Positively charged poly(acrylamide‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PADA)‐modified GCE was used as electrode substrate and monolayer assembly of negatively charged AuNDs was performed over PADA‐modified GCE by simple dipping method. The successful modification of AuNDs on GCE was confirmed by characteristic cyclic voltammetry behavior of gold oxidation and reduction. Further to optimize the dipping time duration of AuNDs self‐assembly, dipping time‐dependent electrocatalysis was performed. Interestingly, the prepared AuNDs self‐assembled electrodes exhibit very good electrocatalytic activity in the reduction of oxygen with excellent methanol tolerance and simultaneous electrooxidation of pollutants and food additives, nitrite, and sulfite ions.
Disparities in telemedicine during COVID‐19
Authors: Qian Alexander S. , Schiaffino Melody K. , Nalawade Vinit , Aziz Lara , Pacheco Fernanda V. , Nguyen Bao , Vu Peter , Patel Sandip P. , Martinez Maria Elena , Murphy James D.
Published: January 2022

Background

Oncology rapidly shifted to telemedicine in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Telemedicine can increase access to healthcare, but recent research has shown disparities exist with telemedicine use during the pandemic. This study evaluated health disparities associated with telemedicine uptake during the COVID‐19 pandemic among cancer patients in a tertiary care academic medical center.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study evaluated telemedicine use among adult cancer patients who received outpatient medical oncology care within a tertiary care academic healthcare system between January and September 2020. We used multivariable mixed‐effects logistic regression models to determine how telemedicine use varied by patient race/ethnicity, primary language, insurance status, and income level. We assessed geospatial links between zip‐code level COVID‐19 infection rates and telemedicine use.

Results

Among 29,421 patient encounters over the study period, 8,541 (29%) were delivered via telemedicine. Several groups of patients were less likely to use telemedicine, including Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.86, p = 0.03), Asian (aOR 0.79, p = 0.002), Spanish‐speaking (aOR 0.71, p = 0.0006), low‐income (aOR 0.67, p < 0.0001), and those with Medicaid (aOR 0.66, p < 0.0001). Lower rates of telemedicine use were found in zip codes with higher rates of COVID‐19 infection. Each 10% increase in COVID‐19 infection rates was associated with an 8.3% decrease in telemedicine use (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates racial/ethnic, language, and income‐level disparities with telemedicine use, which ultimately led patients with the highest risk of COVID‐19 infection to use telemedicine the least. Additional research to better understand actionable barriers will help improve telemedicine access among our underserved populations.
Consumer reactions to pay‐what‐you‐want and name‐your‐own‐price mechanisms
Authors: Wagner Rafael Luis , Pacheco Natalia Araujo , Basso Kenny , Rech Eduardo , Pinto Diego Costa
Published: January 2022

Pay‐what‐you‐want (PWYW) and name‐your‐own‐price (NYOP) participative pricing mechanisms are becoming more popular among firms. In response, researchers have examined separate outcomes for each mechanism. However, questions remain, especially regarding which mechanism is most beneficial for consumers and companies. Therefore, our main objective is to investigate the role of these participative pricing mechanisms on consumers' pricing satisfaction, pain of payment, and amount of money they intend to pay. We also explore perceived control as mediating the effect of pricing mechanism on pricing satisfaction and pain of payment. Results from two experimental studies indicate that consumers are more satisfied with the pricing mechanism and feel less pain of payment under PWYW offers rather than under NYOP offers, but they intend to pay less than they would have paid for NYOP. External reference prices (ERPs) act as a boundary condition. That is, in both PWYW and NYOP pricing conditions, when retailers use ERPs, consumers intend to pay more but they are less satisfied with pricing and feel more pain of payment. The article concludes with implications for retailers using participative pricing.