bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Transactional Approach to Organizing Efficiency
Authors: Butler Richard
Published: March 2007

A third mode of mediating transactions, the collective, which is based upon trust and commitment, is added to Williamson `s market and hierarchical modes. The three modes provide a starting point for considering the efficiency of integrating organizations. The characteristics of the three modes as arrangements for mediating transactions are examined in the light of the two underlying dimensions of communication feedback and collaboration. Feedback is seen as a proxy for cost and would be minimized for efficient mediation of transactions providing effective integration is achieved. To mediate transactions the two fundamental problems of bounded rationality and opportunism have to be coped with by the involved parties and each mode provides a particular combination of collaborative and feedback devices for doing this. In general, it is suggested that as transactional complexity increases more feedback and collaboration is needed and hence a move from the market mode through the hierarchical mode to the collective mode needs to be made. The constituent variables of complexity are discussed and so too are the effects of the surrounding institutional environment upon the operation of each mode. The conditions under which more communication might occur than a simple concern for efficiency would suggest are also examined.
The Supreme Court on Governmental Liability
Authors: Cooper Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that recent criticism of the Supreme Court rulings on the immunity of administrative officials and units of government from suits ignores the important background of the immunity controversy. Recent decisions limiting some forms of immunity are not radical new departures. They are contemporary steps in a long-standing effort by the Court to deal with the need to ensure administrative responsibility, while maintaining a sensitivity to administrative problems. Any efforts to alter the law in this area must be informed by an understanding of the foundations of sovereign and official immunity, in light of the problem of administrative responsibility.
Coproduction and Communities
Authors: Sundeen Richard A.
Published: March 2007

While coproduction has been the topic of a growing number of scholarly articles, this literature has neglected the relationship between coproduction and community. The concept of coproduction is rooted in the older and broader theoretical framework of community; because community contexts differ, so does the local capacity for coproduction. A typology of "alternative auspices" under which various local functions are carried out suggests that coproduction may be performed by individuals, informal groups, and formal nonprofit organizations. There are implications in this for the local administrator's three general role sets: extra community, local community, and intra-agency roles. Particularly, there may be different local roles-facilitator, broker, and organizer-to be played, depending upon the community's capacity for coproduction.
Bureaucracies in Retrenchment
Authors: Hood Christopher , Dunsire Andrew , Huby Meg
Published: March 2007

This article tests some received ideas on bureaucratic vulnerability to cutbacks, using data drawn from U.K central government departments over the period 1975-85. It looks at vulnerability at the level of programs, of groups within the bureaucracy, and of department, and tests three approaches to explaining vulnerability: party-political influences on political outcomes, the impact of prior history, and the influence of bureaucratic processes. Party-political influences and prior history seem to have low power in predicting vulnerability to cutbacks, but bureaucratic process influences have some predictive power for these data, particularly at the group and departmental levels of vulnerability.
Public Administration, Cognitive Competence, and the Public Interest
Authors: Long Norton S.
Published: March 2007

Public administration, if it is to become a discipline capable of developing cumulative knowledge about the phenomena with which it is concerned, needs to recognize the importance of epistemology for its cognitive competence and of an ethic, the public interest as the means to evaluate success from failure and the important from the trivial. Schools of public administration may well ask themselves why we have not learned more from our cases and look to the example of the teaching hospitals, where cases do lead to advances in useful knowledge. Public administration as a practical discipline has the great advantage of being able both to develop explanatory theory and to test it in action.
The "Emotional Fallout" of the New Efficiency Movement in Public Administration in Australia
Authors: Carr Adrian N.
Published: March 2007

Public enterprises are coming under increasing pressure to provide solutions to broader social and economic issues such as unemployment and income distribution. The public school system in Australia has been under just such pressure, the consequences of which include a restructuring of the system of schooling with a vocational and efficiency emphasis. A new efficiency movement has arrived in Australia. Privatization looms in the background as the ever-present threat if public schooling is unsuccessful in its adjustment to the demands of economic realities. Efficiency has become the major touchstone for administrative action, but the sociopsychological consequences of this new order for the managers of schools have largely been ignored. This article explores these issues and, drawing from a recent study by the author, also describes the emotional fallout for individual school managers in the face of administrative reform.
Why The Brownlow Commijtee Failed: Neutrality and Partisanship in the Early Years of Public Administration
Authors: Roberts Aiasdair
Published: March 2007

In 1938, Congress rejected a package of administrative reforms that had been developed by a commiuttee of academics headed by Louis B mwnlow. The defeat was the worst that President Roosevelt would suffer in three terms as President. This article suggests that the Brownlow Committee contributed to the debacle in Congress by ignoring evidence that its recommendations would prove contentious. It is argued that the committee members were caught in a dilemma: On the one hand, they wanted to obtain immediate reformsforapresident to whom they felt a personal loyalty; on the other, they needed to maintain a demonstration of neutrality, which made it difficult to undertake the tasks of political management that were essential to craft a viable reform program. The demonstration of neutrality was a combination of arguments and routines that the academic community had invented to allay public skepticism about its members'trustworthiness as advisers on contentious issues.
Development and Initial Validation of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory
Authors: Utsey Shawn O. , Adams Eve P. , Bolden Mark
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development and validation of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (ACSI). The ACSI is a 30-item measure of the culture-specific coping strategies used by African Americans in stressful situations and is grounded in an African-centered conceptual framework. Findings from a principal components factor analysis conducted with a sample of African American adults (N = 180) supported a four-factor model as best representing the culture-specific coping behaviors of the group. A content review of the factors suggested the following dimensions of coping behaviors: cognitive/emotional debriefing, spiritual-centered coping, collective coping, and ritual-centered coping. Using a separate sample of African Americans (N = 220), the ACSI was subjected to a confirmatory factor analytic procedure to establish whether the four-dimension model of coping adequately fit the data. This procedure indicated that the four-factor oblique model was the best fit. The ACSI also demonstrated adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity. The authors discuss limitations of the study and implications for future research.
The Impact of Personal Identity and Racial Identity on Drug Attitudes and Use among African American Children
Authors: Townsend Tiffany G. , Belgrave Faye Z.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to empirically test for a positive relationship between the two components of the self-system and to determine the relative contribution of each component to drug use and drug attitudes in a sample of African American youth. One hundred and four (53 males, 51 females) African American fourth-grade students attending an inner-city public school served as study participants. The Children’s Black Identity Scale, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, a Drug Use measure, and the Attitude Toward Drug Test were administered prior to the students’ participation in a substance abuse prevention program. Correlation and regression analyses were computed. Personal identity and racial identity were both significant predictors of drug attitudes. In addition, results revealed a significant positive relationship between personal identity and racial identity. Implications for substance abuse prevention efforts among African American children were discussed.
Using PANDA (Preventing the Abuse of Tobacco, Narcotics, Drugs, and Alcohol) in a Baltimore City Head Start Setting: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Belcher Harolyn M. E. , Lockhart Paula J. , Perkins-Parks Susan , McNally Margaret
Published: March 2007

This preliminary study describes an evaluation of a substance abuse prevention curriculum, the Preventing the Abuse of Tobacco, Narcotics, Drugs, and Alcohol (PANDA) taught to African American Head Start pupils. Protective factors against drug use include positive self-concept. Thus, this study used a measure of self-concept to begin to evaluate the effectiveness of the PANDA curriculum. A prospective cohort design with examiners masked to pre-and post-intervention results was used to evaluate 41 children ages 3 to 5. The Joseph Preschool and Primary Self-Concept Screening Test (JPPSST) was administered prior to the onset of the PANDA and within 1 month following completion of the curriculum. The mean change in JPPSST scores was 4.34, t statistic = 6.1, p ≤ 0.001. Mean teacher and teacher aide satisfaction with the curriculum was 94%. Following administration of the PANDA, significant improvement was noted in self-concept scores.
Racial Identity, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem: A Pilot Study of a Mediation Model for African American Women
Authors: Collins Kimberly Williams , Lightsey Owen Richard
Published: March 2007

In this pilot study, the authors tested the hypothesis that a generalized sense of self-efficacy mediates the relationship between racial identity attitudes and self-esteem among African American women. The Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale were administered in counterbalanced order to 70 African American women volunteers from two local agencies: a church and a private misdemeanor probation institution. Generalized self-efficacy (GSE) mediated the relationship between pre-encounter racial identity attitude and self-esteem. Lower pre-encounter attitude predicted higher GSE, which predicted higher self-esteem. Higher emersion attitudes predicted higher self-esteem and GSE more strongly in the probation subsample. This and other significant differences among the subsamples suggest that racial identity attitudes may play a different role in self-esteem in different groups of African American women.
A Theoretical Framework for the Study of the Psychological Sense of Community of English-Speaking Caribbean Immigrants
Authors: Regis Humphrey A.
Published: March 2007

The central observation here is that a Caribbean immigrant from one island develops a psychological sense of community towards Caribbean immigrants from a different island. This sense of community is the inclination of the immigrant to consider himself or herself and immigrants from the other island to be a unit, to relate to the immigrants from the other island as though these immigrants were himself or herself. It may be engendered as the immigrant develops connections to immigrants from the other island: resides close to them, interacts with them, identifies with them, and displays a dependence on them for his or her identity. The immigrant develops these connections under the influence of contextual conditions under which the immigrant lives: the Caribbean migrant ideology, the disorganization the immigrant experiences because of the differences between his or her native culture and that of the new society and the achievement orientation of the immigrant in the new society.
Coping with Provider Role Strain: Adaptive Cultural Resources among Black Husband-Fathers
Authors: Bowman Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated provider role strain and adaptive cultural resources as predictors of global family satisfaction in a national sample of Black husband-fathers (N = 372). Multiple classification analysis revealed that provider role strain predictors had a significant negative effect on family satisfaction, with the harmful effect of objective difficulty being exacerbated by subjective reactions. In line with a role strain-adaptation model, cultural resources had offsetting positive effects with kinship bond and religious belief emerging as especially powerful predictors. In support of a buffering hypothesis, kinship bond eliminated harmful effects of both husband and father role discouragement. However, kinship bond failed to mitigate the harmful effect of objective employment difficulty. Findings not only provide important insight into the social psychology of role strain and adaptation, but also have relevance for clinical practice and public policy.
Making a Way Out of No Way: The Promise of Africentric Approaches to HIV Prevention
Authors: Randolph Suzanne M. , Banks H. David
Published: March 2007

The ways in which selected factors limit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efforts in African American communities are discussed. Specifically, this discussion focuses on barriers to expanding the HIVprevention knowledge base such as (a) the stigma associated with the HIV/AIDS pandemic, (b) the overreliance on traditional models of health such as those used with adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse, and (c) the lack offunding for needed service delivery and research programs. Several dimensions of the African worldview are presented and these are used to illustrate ways to overcome the barriers just mentioned so that HIV prevention efforts might be more effective in African American communities.
Culturally Relevant Psychiatric Care: The West Indian as a Client
Authors: Brent June Elaine , Callwood Gloria B.
Published: March 2007

Cultural sensitivity is essential to the provision of quality mental health intervention. West Indian culture, including belief systems,familypatterns, child-rearing practices, racial mixtures, and geography, influences the presentation of and perceived causes of symptoms in mentally ill persons, who are natives of the Eastern Caribbean Islands. Parenthood and childbearing beliefs and practices are discussed in relationship to their influences on the psychosocial development of the West Indianfamily. Salient cultural norms, mores,folkways, and habits are presented in relationship to the impact on clients presenting psychopathology. For example, the effects of child-rearing practices on the clients' hesitation to verbalize personal concerns are addressed, as well as the role and importance of the mental health professional. Cultural diversity requires the effective clinician to approach clients with an attitude of cultural relativity. The provision of mental health intervention to Eastern Caribbean natives involves understanding cultural traits and coping mechanisms that are prevalent in West Indian culture. Concerted effort on the clinician's part may be required to overcome egocentristic feelings and behavior which otherwise would interfere with culturally relevant and effective intervention.
The Effects of Black English and Code-Switching on Intraracial Perceptions
Authors: Doss Richard C. , Gross Alan M.
Published: March 2007

One hundred thirty African American subjects listened to audiotapes of vernacular speech patterns. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group I heard a Black English (BE) speaking person, Group 2 heard a codeswitching (CS) speaker, and Group 3 heard a Standard English (SE) speaking person. The content was the same in BE, SE, and CS scenarios, varying only in speech patterns. Subjects were then asked to complete an Interpersonal Evaluation Inventory (IEI) for the respective speaker Two additional items assessed how much the subject would want to get to know the model and how much the subject would want to work with that model on a committee. The results indicated that the SE model was rated as more likable than either the BE or CS model, that no significant difference existed in ratings of BE and CS speakers, and that male subjects rated models as more likable than did female subjects regardless of vernacular In addition, subjects also expressed a greater desire to work with the SE model than with either the BE or CS model. It was also found that male subjects expressed a greater desire than female subjects to get to know the speakers and to work with them on a committee. The implications of thefindings were discussed.
Date Rape: Effects of Race of Assailant and Victim and Gender of Subjects on Perceptions
Authors: Foley Linda A. , Evancic Christine , Karnik Karnik , King Janet , Parks Angela
Published: March 2007

Perceptions of and reactions to date rape affect whether women will report their victimizations and whether authorities will prosecute the accused. The current research examines the effects of race of assailant (Black or White) and victim (Black or White) and gender (male orfemale) of subjects on perceptions of a date rape. The 75 subjects read a scenario describing a date that ended with forced sexual intercourse. The subjects responded to a series of questions about the interaction. It was hypothesized that (a) a forced sexual encounter would be perceived as less serious when the victim was a Black woman than if she were a White woman, (b)forced sexual activity between a Black male and a Whitefemale would be more likely to be considered date rape and a crime than would the same activity between a same-race couple or between a White male and a Blackfemale; (c)females would be more likely than males to define the forced sexual encounter as a crime, and females would be more in favor of prosecuting the perpetrator The second hypothesis was not supported. The other hypotheses were strongly supported. It is suggested that society be educated to replace stereotypes about date rape with accurate information. Otherwise, women-particularly Black women-will continue to be reluctant to report sexual assaults, cases of rape will be difficult to prosecute, and the assailants will continue to victimize others.
Patterns of Racial Identity Development of African American Adolescent Males and Females
Authors: Plummer Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the patterns of racial identity expression for 174 African American adolescent females and 111 African American adolescent males between the ages of 14 and 18. Participants were given the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B) as an assessment of attitudes that characterize self-concept issues concerning race. It was predicted that African American adolescents would predominantly endorse internalization attitudes, and endorse pre-encounter attitudes the least. It was further predicted that there would be a difference in pattern expression for males and females. Results revealed that African American adolescents widely endorsed internalization attitudes that represent a healthy, self-defined racial transcendence. African American adoles-centfemales endorsed significantly less pre-encounter attitudes (prediscovery of racial identity) than their male counterparts. Racial identity development as part of the global search for identity of adolescence and the present limitations in measuring adolescent racial identity attitudes are discussed.
Marital Attitudes, Perceived Mate Availability, and Subjective Well-Being among Partnered African American Men and Women
Authors: James Angela D. , Tucker M. Belinda , Mitchell-Kernan Claudia
Published: March 2007

This study examined attitudinal and structural correlates of personal and relationship well-being among 139 African Americans in romantic partnerships, including marriage. Multiple regression analyses indicated that marital valuation is an important predictor of subjective well-being among partnered African American men. Among women, the value of relationships more generally, rather than marriage, was predictive of happiness and marital/relationship satisfaction. Although perceived mate availability was not a salient predictor of subjective well-being in the overall sample, it was related to depressive symptomatology among men. Income and education were unrelated to well-being. Results suggest that men who value marriage are more likely to reap the benefits ofpartnerships. They also suggest that the relative shortage of available men has no direct impact on women's mental health, perhaps because of a sense that the situation is systemically determined rather than a measure of personal adequacy.
African Americans' and Whites' Selection Attributions about Solos Appearing in Same-Sex Groups
Authors: Craig Kellina M.
Published: March 2007

One hundred and eleven African American and White participants viewed photographs and determined the likelihood that African American and White male andfemale solos would be selectedfor membership to a work group on the basis of affirmative action or ability. Participants also provided judgments on a 7-point Likert-type scale about the overall groups contained in the photographs. As predicted, differences in selection attributions were associated with racial differences among participants. Participants' judgments of the overall work groups reflected both in-group and out-group homogeneity effects. These and other results are discussed, as are the implications for organizational settings.
Treatment Motivation Among African American Drug-Using Arrestees
Authors: Longshore Douglas , Grills Cheryl , Anglin M. Douglas , Annon Kiku
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of treatment motivation among African American drug users. Working from Andersen 's (1968) model of health behavior, the authors examined demographic factors, drug-problem severity indicators, social resources, and treatment perceptions as potential correlates. Their sample was 122 African American drug-using arrestees with no prior experience in drug-use treatment. Findingsfrom a multivariate regression analysis suggested that recognition of drug-related interpersonal problems was a key determinant of treatment motivation in this sample. Other relevant factors included legal income, conventional moral beliefs, perceived treatment benefit, and social stigma associated with treatment. In addition, a test fir interaction found that treatment motivation was highest among African American drug users who scored high on both drug problem recognition and endorsement of Africentric values. The authors cite implications of these findings for treatment motivation and treatment entry among African American drug users.
Social and Emotional Loneliness: Gender Differences and Relationships with Self-Monitoring and Perceived Control
Authors: Clinton Monique , Anderson Lynn R.
Published: March 2007

Little research focuses on the distinction between emotional and social loneliness, particularly within the African American population. This article provides insight into these overlooked dimensions of loneliness. African American under-graduates (50 men, 50 women) from a large predominantly White, Midwestern university completed measures of social and emotional loneliness, the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale, an index of perceived control, and several sociometric questions. Regression analyses indicated social loneliness—a lack of companionship—was inversely related to “number of close friends” and Ability to Modify Self-Presentation. For men, emotional loneliness—lack of intimacy with friends—was inversely related to having a reciprocated best friend. For women, emotional loneliness was inversely related to perceived control. Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others was significantly and inversely correlated with emotional loneliness only when individuals had high scores on the perceived control scale. We urge development of better scales for assessing these 2 critical forms of loneliness.
Children and Young People Living in Changing Worlds
Authors: Cockburn Laura
Published: March 2007

'What is my identity? Although I was born in Singapore I never once had the opportunity to study in a local school and to mix with local friends. In fact I have had very few local friends because for the past seven years of primary education, I studied in a Japanese school, surrounded only by Japanese people. Naturally my spoken Japanese became slightly better than my English but, despite having a lot of Japanese friends, I still feel closer to Singapore and I'm proud to be a Singaporean. But sometimes I feel that I don't belong here because I don't speak Chinese. At times when I am with my local friends I feel that I'm a bit of a foreigner to them. I don't feel this way (like a foreigner) when I'm with my Japanese friends because I speak fluent Japanese. However, I hardly know much about the Japanese culture, so again sometimes I feel, what's my identity? Japanese? Singaporean?'

A 15-year old girl placed in a special school within an international context as a result of her learning difficulties.

'The art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings'. Okarkura Kazuzo
An Observation Schedule for Use with Children Who Have Severe Learning Difficulties
Authors: Bailey Terence , De Souza Denis
Published: March 2007

Classroom observation instruments exist in abundance. American authors, writing from an American perspective, have spoken of 120 systems as an underestimation. Galton (1979) surveyed 41 native British systems currently in use. Evans and Wragg (1971) did adapt Flanders' system to investigate laguage in an ESN(s) school, but, as Beveridge (1976) points out, there have been relatively few naturalistic studies of the classroom behaviour of children with severe learning difficulties. We were certainly unable to find an observational schedule for use with such children and therefore developed our own instrument to allow us to observe a range of pupil behaviours.
Mental Massacre
Authors: Vassaf Gunduz Y.H.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the misuse of psychological tests and in particular intelligence tests in the Third World. The author's observations are based on his experiences in Turkey. During the past ten years he has worked both in a clinical setting administering tests and in a university setting giving a course in psychological testing. He has also developed and standardized (though with subsequent regret) the first intelligence test in Turkey. In discussing the misuse of tests I feel that the present situation in Turkey is a particularly good case in point as what is happening will most probably be repeated in less developed nations than Turkey.
Editorial: Behaviour Problems; Their Many Facets and New and Old Ways of Dealing with Them
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

One of the unkindest blows of all has been the realization that modern societies, with their great wealth of material things, greater security for their citizens and many other benefits, have somehow failed to provide similar progress in other directions. Although it is possible that we are now more sensitive to disturbed or disturbing behaviour in our young population, a strong likelihood exists that behaviour problems are also increasing among the young, who appear, in many instances, to be impervious to the benefits which modern society has showered upon them.
Provision of Psychological Services for Deaf Children in the United States
Authors: Spragins Anne B.
Published: March 2007

A review of school psychological services for deaf children in the United States is presented in the context of the historical relationship between deaf education and psychological services. Questions concerning what constitutes a full range of psychological services for deaf children and what steps might be taken to increase the range of services available to deaf children are addressed in relation to a proposed model of psychological services for deaf children.
Selected Current Trends in the United States,Implications for Education and Possible Futures for School Psychology
Authors: Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

My speculations regarding possible futures of school psychology in the United States of America are offered. However, it is recognized that the methodology necessary to make reliable and valid prognostications is not available in the social sciences, the existing data base is narrow and meagre and that moralistic and ideological beliefs often prevail, producing tenuous and often conflicting prognostications. The accuracy and comprehension of my speculations will be improved, it is hoped, by the identification of four current conditions, first within the fabric of US society and then within its school systems.
The School Consultant As Advocate
Authors: Conoley Jane Close , Conoley Collie Wyatt
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to underscore the important relationship of advocacy to consultation and to present training strategies for increasing students' awareness of the relationship. Some background information related to the topic is presented, followed by a series of discussions concerning skills, philosophies and goals in training. It is hoped that this paper may be helpful to trainers of consultants in examining their own training endeavours, especially as their strategies relate to consultant values.
Validation of the Italian Form of the Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Guadagnoli Edward , Sparacino Rosalia Russello
Published: March 2007

A report published in a previous issue of this journal (Merenda, Guadagnoli and Sparacino, 1983) described the process of developing the final operational form of the Italian version of the Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale (RIPIS). It further presented the results of the research underlying the standardization of the current form on large samples of young schoolchildren in northern Italy (Milan) and southern Italy (Palermo). The present study investigated the validity of the current Italian form of the RIPIS.
The Therapeutic Class Teacher
Authors: Manor Hava , Margalit Malka
Published: March 2007

The therapeutic class is an Israeli means of providing a back-up resource to enhance mainstreaming. The role of the therapeutic teacher is to improve emotional adjustment and act as an educational therapist. Fifty-five therapeutic class teachers in 42 regular schools participated in the study, in the attempt to define the role. They expressed role conflict in structured interviews. Their principals and school psychologists expected them to act as educational therapists, but the therapeutic class teachers themselves expressed confusion between the role expected of them as therapists and the need to be more involved in teaching. The more experienced of them tended to evaluate their therapeutic work as more successful.
Inclusion or Exclusion?
Authors: Strein William
Published: March 2007

Statistical procedures for performing profile analysis based on intra-individual comparisons of subtest scores are widely used by school psychologists everywhere. Despite the popularity of these procedures, examiners are often concerned that valid relative strengths or weaknesses will be missed in cases in which markedly discrepant scores skew the mean, which is used as the benchmark for all comparisons. Two alternate methods of analysis including or excluding the subtest in question have traditionally been proposed. Analysis of the formulas used in the different methods and a case example using WISC subtest scores are provided to demonstrate the counter-intuitive finding, first articulated by Silverstein (1984a,b), that both methods produce the same result.
Promoting a Therapeutic Classroom Climate through Democratic Values
Authors: Shechtman Zipora
Published: March 2007

A therapeutic classroom climate is an essential factor in education, related to both the emotional and the cognitive growth of students. It is directly related to student self-concept, motivation to learn and academic outcomes (Butler-Por, 1987; Wittrock, 1986). This paper proposes a classroom intervention programme, based on value clarification theory, which is designed to enhance a therapeutic atmosphere. The rationale underlying the programme is that such a climate is promoted through the enhancement of democratic values.
Action Research Notes on Developing School Staff Suicide- awareness Training
Authors: Klingman Avigdor
Published: March 2007

This paper describes action research employed in the development of a suicide-prevention program which prepared educational staff to become 'gatekeepers'. Intervention strategies and programs were based on results of a survey. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the workshops offered within this intervention. The three studies presented in the article demonstrate a collaboration between practitioner and researcher in a recurring cycle of basic research, program development and program evaluation, aimed at addressing the problem of adolescent-suicide prevention.
Are Behavioural Classroom Management Approaches Appropriate to a Non-Western Education System?
Authors: Winter Sam
Published: March 2007

The behavioural approach to classroom management is largely a product of Western psychology. Most research in the field has been carried out in the developed countries of the West. Is the approach appropriate to the needs of teachers and pupils in schools elsewhere? The article attempts to answer this question in relation to secondary schools in a developing territory in the East - Hong Kong. The article begins with information on the education system and cultural values of Hong Kong and then examines recent secondary school research in four areas: (1) the prevalence of off-task, unruly and disruptive behaviour; (2) teachers' and pupils' attitudes towards rewards, (3) patterns of teacher approval and disapproval; (4) the application of behavioural management techniques. Research in these areas indicates (1) a prevalence of off-task, unruly, disruptive behaviour in Hong Kong; (2) teachers and pupils have very positive attitudes to rewards in pupil behaviour management; (3) teachers' use of approval and disappxoval compares closely with Western research; and (4) behavioural management programmes can be successful in Hong Kong secondary schools.
Review of Issues and Measures in Childhood Depression
Authors: Semrud-Clikeman Margaret , Hynd Eorge W.
Published: March 2007

Depending on the population of children examined, 2-50 percent of children and adolescents can be diagnosed as exhibiting clinical symptoms associated with depression. Controversy exists as to how depression is expressed at various age levels, its relationship to other forms of psychopathology, differences in ratings based on setting or informant, and measures most likely to provide accurate diagnostic information. Assessment issues related to the purpose of evaluation, treatment and use of these procedures are addressed. Moreover, this article reviews the current self-rating scales, interviews, parent, teacher and peer rating scales most often employed in clinical assessment of childhood depression. Psychometric properties are discussed, particularly those related to reliability and validity (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and classification accuracy).
The Development of Children's Understanding of Jewish Identity and Culture
Authors: Short Geoffrey , Carrington Bruce
Published: March 2007

There are many similarities between anti-Semitism and other forms of ethnic and racial prejudice. Yet while British educationalists have in recent years given much attention to the impact of racism on people of Afro-Caribbean and South Asian descent, they have all but ignored the problem of anti-Semitism. There is no research in Britain on the nature of anti-Semitism in the primary school; and no published evaluation of an initiative to tackle this form of prejudice in any type of school. The data we present go some way towards rectifying this situation. The assumption underpinning the data is that no intervention to reduce prejudice can hope to succeed unless it takes account of children's existing beliefs and assumptions. Based on semi-structured interviews with eight to thirteen year olds, we explore the development of children's understanding of Jewish identity and culture and consider related issues. This research forms part of a wider study of the extent to which such understanding may vary, inter alia, with social class, gender, ethnicity and geographical location.
A Survey of School Psychology in Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Oakland Thomas D. , Cunningham Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2007

Professionals with expertise in school psychology, particularly with regard to the preparation of school psychologists, responded to a questionnaire examining the status of school psychology in fifty-four developed and developing countries. Substantive findings are discussed relating to six issues: functions of school psychologists, their characteristics, their preparation, regulation of services, importance of research and predicted future trends. School psychology is a growing profession. Similar conceptions of the roles and functions of school psychologists are held throughout the world. School psychology is regulated by four sectors: universities and federal agencies together with professional associations of psychology and education. Discrepancies exist in the perceived need for research and the roles accorded to research participation among school psychologists. Expectations for more professionalism within school psychology are higher in the more developed countries. Substantial differences often exist between high- and low-GNP countries. Recommendations for the future development of the field are offered.
Training Psychologists for the 21st Century
Authors: Farrell Peter , Lunt Ingrid
Published: March 2007

What is the future of training in educational and school psychology as we move towards the end of the 20th century? Are we adequately preparing trainees for the rapidly changing demands that face them? Is there a common core of knowledge and skills in applied psychology which should be reflected in a generic pattern of training across the different disciplines in applied psychology? As links between countries become closer, particularly in Europe, how can we ensure that professional training is 'equivalent'? In this article we review the training and role of educational psychologists in England and Wales and suggest some options for the future. We believe that, despite the considerable and well-documented achievements in educational psychology research and practice, radical changes to the current system of training in the UK are needed in order to prevent educational psychology as a profession from becoming increasingly marginalized.
Secondary School Students' Risks that May Promote HIV Infection and the Spread of AIDS
Authors: Zimba Roderick Fulata
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire was administered to 1471 grades 8 to 12 Namibian students with a mean age of 18 years to determine their cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural risks that could promote HIV infection. Derived from the students' need for belonging, love, acceptance and sexual experience, several risks were identified. For instance, 50 percent of them were unaware of AIDS, 42 percent thought that some people were immune to AIDS, 48 percent reported that they would be rejected by their peers if they refused to have premarital sex, 47 percent indicated that mistrust was communicated when one used or suggested the use of a condom during sexual intercourse and 50 percent believed that alcohol facilitated communication with peers of the opposite sex. Chi-square, multi-variate ANOVA and multiple regression analyses revealed differences in the expression of the risks due to age, sex and region. For example, significantly more boys than girls and more students from Northern than from Central and Southern regions thought that mistrust was communicated by condom use, sexual intercourse provided popularity, proved sexual maturity, showed commitment to and maintained love relationships. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Students at Risk
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Marie
Published: March 2007

Students with mild educational disabilities are characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficiencies. Such students are diagnosed, labeled and provided with special educational support. In contrast, at-risk students are characterized by risk factors, that is, attributes and circumstances associated with increased probability of academic, personal and social difficulties. Such students require a broad range of interdisciplinary intervention and prevention efforts. Review of the literature reveals that students with mild educational disabilities are remarkably similar to at-risk students in terms of characteristics and life experiences. Given that intervention for at-risk students is comprehensive, less stigmatizing and potentially more effective, it is recommended that conceptual foundations associated with mild educational disabilities be replaced with the theoretical underpinnings of studenits at risk.
Quality and Improvement Potential in School Psychology Services
Authors: Anthun Roald
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluates the collaboration and school psychology task priority of elementary school administrators, teachers and school psychology counsellors. The aim of the study was to shed light on the subjects' service quality concepts and to evaluate the change potential of the categorical school psychology services (SPS). Factor analyses of the Collaboration Index show different quality indicators between administrators and teachers. Some support was found for agreement among school personnel, that responsiveness of school psychology counsellors is the most important quality criterion. The Task Priority Index shows overlapping preferences among the school personnel-all groups wanting extension of all services. Teachers, however, want more consultation and systemic prevention services than administrators, who were more preoccupied by the timeliness and availability of the services. Teachers who are members of special education teams evaluate the collaboration with the SPS more positively than do non-members. They also demand fewer extra services than non-members. A promising finding is the school personnel's and the SP personnel's agreement that intervention, consultation and prevention need preference over categorical services. The finding is discussed in relation to the change potential of the SPS.
Some Factors Affecting the Success or Failure of Worker Co-operatives: A Review of Empirical Research in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cornforth Chris
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies and examines the factors affecting the success or failure of worker co-operatives based on an analysis of existing research in the UK. It compares findings from research on worker co-operatives formed during the last century and early this century, with the findings from research on the recent wave of worker co-operatives established since 1960.
Industrialization and the Changing Labour Process in SE Asia: Implications for 'First World' Countries
Authors: McFarlane Bruce
Published: March 2007

The growing prominence of products from the 'offshore' factories in SE Asia on world markets poses a challenge to the established national firms of Western Europe. Thev have adjusted to the new situation, in part, by undertaking joint ventures with local Asian businessmen. Judgement about future trends, however, requires more than a study of market phenomena. It involves an understanding of how far a genuine industrialization process has put down roots in SE Asia from the viewpoint of the labour process -the formation of a working class, of unions and of a responsible attitude by capital to new workers. The article describes key aspects of the labour process in three different forms of capital ownership of firms: local, joint-venture, and overseas-owned. It uses empirical data from a survey of three industrial estates in Malaysia.
Workplace Reform and Democratic Dialogue
Authors: Gustavsen Bjorn
Published: March 2007

Theory to guide a process of workplace democratization can be of various types. In Scandinavia, structurally oriented theory of organization dominated in the 1960s and first part of the 1970s. More recently, however, there has been a change towards generative theory theory about how to create solutions to problems of work and organization. Contrary to the micro-orientation in most ideas about organization development, the emerging generative theory is macro-oriented and applies concepts such as democratic dialogue. The article outlines the development towards generative theory and discusses some of the problems emerging when democratization of working life is defined as the introduction of a democratic dialogue where work experience is the key to participation.
Economic Democracy and Civil Sociely
Authors: Pusic Vesna
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to identify and analyse the relevant context of workers' management, the type of environment by which any scheme of democratization of decision-making in industrial organizations stands or falls. This context consists of political and economic democracy. Meeting workers' interests is one of the main goals of industrial democracy, but the concept of interest is also what makes industrial democracy closely related to the democratic political system which uses articulation of collective interests as a strategy for social regulation. I will also analyse social ownership as, in theory, the most democratic scheme of ownership distribution, and the problem of its dual role as a program for social transformation.

The mines of Asturia were controlled by a council composed of a director representing the State, certain technicians, a deputy director and secretary chosen by the Asturias mines councillor, and three workers. The director could not act without the workers' agreement, and this administration can be therefore regarded as a unique mixture of nationalization and workers' control. H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War'