bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implantação e implementação da Educação Física Inclusiva
Authors: Ferreira Eliana Lúcia , Cataldi Carolina Lessa
Published: April 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X7635 A Educação Física, como um dos componentes curriculares da educação básica, não está indiferente ao movimento da Educação Inclusiva. Corpos diferenciados estão conquistando um novo espaço social. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, identificar os principais apontamentos históricos da Política de Educação Inclusiva brasileira e sugerir uma proposta de implementação da Educação Física escolar inclusiva. Metodologicamente, este é um estudo caracterizado como uma pesquisa descritiva, edificada em dois eixos principais: o primeiro discute os apontamentos históricos, apoiado em documentos nacionais de referências sobre a Educação Física Inclusiva e o segundo, é baseado na experiência de 2000 professores, analisando suas práticas inclusivas. Como resultado dessa análise, surge uma proposta de Educação Física Inclusiva, que erige em uma outra dimensão de trabalho/movimento. Nas considerações finais, sugere-se quebrar/desestabilizar com as práticas corporais já cristalizadas e atuar com aquelas que respeitam as diferenças de cada um. Além disso, aponta que a Educação Física Inclusiva tem preconizado outro significado de corpo, pois prevalece em suas atividades, a busca do individual, em prol de uma Educação Física mais coletiva.
Demandas decorrentes da inclusão escolar
Authors: Matos Selma Norberto , Mendes Eniceia Gonçalves
Published: April 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X8796 Com a implementação das políticas públicas em inclusão escolar, cresce o número de alunos com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais (NEEs) em classes comuns, fato que ajuda a compor um cenário nas escolas que tem desvelado limitações e contradições do sistema educacional brasileiro. Atores e autores educacionais são desafiados a construir saberes capazes de responder às demandas do cotidiano escolar relacionadas à convivência e aprendizagem na diversidade. Considerando que este processo inclusivo é novo nas escolas, o estudo teve como objetivo analisar as demandas dos professores decorrentes da inclusão escolar. A pesquisa foi qualitativa do tipo exploratório, participando seis professoras, seus alunos com NEEs e três profissionais do Núcleo de Educação Inclusiva da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Para coleta de dados, foram utilizados: técnica de observação participante, diário de campo, entrevista semiestruturada, questionário e, para discussão dos dados, análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que existem conquistas e contradições na realidade das escolas que se propõem inclusivas; avanços e limitações resultantes da política municipal, e que o modelo de atuação da equipe de educação especial, no contexto analisado, pode ser revisto ou ampliado. Indicam que os professores apresentam demandas no domínio da política pública, da formação, e demandas dirigidas ao psicólogo.   Palavras chaves: Educação Especial. Inclusão Escolar. Demandas de Professores
Estudo do potencial de um sintetizador de voz no processo educativo de uma criança com Ataxia
Authors: Oliveira Ana Teresa , Osório António José , Santos Anabela Cruz
Published: April 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X9012 Este estudo de caso analisa o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no apoio a uma criança com Ataxia, a Bia (nome fictício) incluída numa Unidade de Apoio Especializado para a educação de alunos com Multideficiência (UAEM) numa escola pública de Braga, Região Norte de Portugal. A Bia apresentava incapacidade total ao nível da oralidade e graves dificuldades na coordenação da motricidade fina. Além de uma contextualização da relação entre as necessidades educativas especiais (NEE) e as TIC, através da sua interligação, aborda-se e descreve-se a intervenção ao nível das TIC e a sua integração no currículo e na aprendizagem e de seguida relata-se este processo de integração, que teve a finalidade de lhe proporcionar produtos de apoio que assegurassem os necessários meios para promover e aumentar a sua comunicação. Palavras-chave – Inclusão, Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE), Ataxia, Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), Sintetizador de Voz.
Percepção de professores face à educação de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais: um estudo no norte de Portugal
Authors: Santos Amanda Fernandes , Correia Luis Miranda , Cruz-Santos Anabela
Published: April 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X9013Atualmente, não apenas professores e pais esperam das escolas uma postura inclusiva, mas toda a sociedade parece compreender e pleitear esta necessidade. Porém, quando falamos em inclusão estaremos todos a pensar na mesma coisa? Teremos a mesma perceção das necessidades que a implementação desta filosofia requer? Estas questões impulsionaram-nos à elaboração deste estudo que teve por base a aplicação de um questionário com os objetivos de perceber a forma como os professores vêm a educação de alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE), e de averiguar as perceções dos professores face à inclusão de alunos com NEE nas escolas regulares. Participaram neste estudo 249 professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico de 52 Agrupamentos de Escolas do Distrito de Braga, região Norte de Portugal. O questionário é composto por 25 itens, agrupados em três grupos fundamentais: (1) Atitudes; (2) Recursos; e (3) Colaboração. Os resultados obtidos demonstram existir diferenças significativas entre alguns itens dos diferentes grupos e as variáveis género, habilitações académicas e experiência profissional dos sujeitos. Os resultados indicam ainda que, embora os participantes reconheçam que é importante implementar a filosofia inclusiva no país, é necessário providenciar mais formação para todos os indivíduos envolvidos na educação de alunos com NEE, bem como ter-se acesso a um conjunto de recursos especializados que possam prover respostas educativas de qualidade para esses alunos. Palavras-Chave: Educação Especial; Inclusão; Educação Escolar Básica
Les newen dans les processus politiques de production et de socialisation de connaissances-ontologies
Authors: Ramos Ana Margarita , Sabatella María Emilia , Deschamps Geneviève
Published: April 2014

Dans le cadre de la proposition cosmopolitique, qui est axée sur les articulations possibles entre mondes, ou ontologies, divergents, le présent article propose une réflexion sur le Futa Trawün, c’est-à-dire l’assemblée mapuche-tehuelche, en tant qu’instance de production, de transmission et de socialisation (ngulantuwün) de connaissances-ontologies. En 2002, les communautés et organisations autochtones de la province de Chubut (Patagonie argentine) ont décidé de rétablir cette pratique ancestrale face à la progression de la propriété privée et des exploitations minières sur leurs territoires. L’intérêt de ces réunions politiques réside, d’une part, dans le fait que leur existence même est fondée sur une épistémologie considérée comme mapuche-tehuelche et, d’autre part, dans le fait que la réactualisation des connaissances-ontologies y devient une pratique politique. Le Futa Trawün semble donc un point de départ intéressant pour une réflexion sur la relation entre les processus politiques et d’autres manières épistémiques d’envisager la politique.
Valeurs autochtones et modèles forestiers
Authors: Beaudoin Jean-Michel , St-Georges Gitane , Wyatt Stephen
Published: April 2014

Au Québec, la foresterie s’effectue majoritairement en territoires traditionnels autochtones. Il est de plus en plus reconnu qu’une gestion durable des forêts doit tenir compte des valeurs autochtones. Par contre, respecter ces valeurs dans les processus de gestion est difficile à mettre en pratique. Les auteurs de cet article s’attaquent à ce problème en expliquant comment six modèles de gestion reflètent les valeurs des Innus d’Essipit associées au territoire. En utilisant des groupes de discussion, quatre valeurs principales sont identifiées, soit : le maintien de l’identité innue, le développement de la communauté, le respect du Nitassinan et la gouvernance innue. En examinant six différents modèles forestiers, on peut voir qu’aucun ne répond à l’ensemble des valeurs identifiées. Cela suggère qu’une « foresterie innue » devra s’inspirer d’une diversité de modèles en les adaptant et en les intégrant, afin de développer une foresterie sur mesure qui soit culturellement appropriée.
Breastfeeding: the hidden barrier in Côte d'Ivoire's quest to eliminate mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV
Authors: Buesseler Heather M , Kone Ahoua , Robinson Julia , Bakor Albert , Senturia Kirsten
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Côte d'Ivoire has one of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in West Africa. This study sought to understand how HIV‐positive women's life circumstances and interactions with the public health care system in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, influence their self‐reported ability to adhere to antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 HIV‐positive women not eligible for antiretroviral therapy and five health care workers recruited from four public clinics in which prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission services had been integrated into routine antenatal care.

Results

Self‐reported adherence to prophylaxis is high, but women struggle to observe (outdated) guidelines for rapid infant weaning. Women's positive interactions with health providers, their motivation to protect their infants and the availability of free antiretrovirals seem to override most potential barriers to prophylaxis adherence.

Conclusions

This study reveals the importance of considering the full continuum of prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission interventions, including infant feeding, instead of focussing primarily on prophylaxis for the mother and newborn.
The influence of dynein processivity control, MAPs, and microtubule ends on directional movement of a localising mRNA
Authors: Soundararajan Harish Chandra , Bullock Simon L
Published: April 2014

Many cellular constituents travel along microtubules in association with multiple copies of motor proteins. How the activity of these motors is regulated during cargo sorting is poorly understood. In this study, we address this issue using a novel in vitro assay for the motility of localising Drosophila mRNAs bound to native dynein-dynactin complexes. High precision tracking reveals that individual RNPs within a population undergo either diffusive, or highly processive, minus end-directed movements along microtubules. RNA localisation signals stimulate the processive movements, with regulation of dynein-dynactin’s activity rather than its total copy number per RNP, responsible for this effect. Our data support a novel mechanism for multi-motor translocation based on the regulation of dynein processivity by discrete cargo-associated features. Studying the in vitro responses of RNPs to microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and microtubule ends provides insights into how an RNA population could navigate the cytoskeletal network and become anchored at its destination in cells.
The nucleosomal barrier to promoter escape by RNA polymerase II is overcome by the chromatin remodeler Chd1
Authors: Skene Peter J , Hernandez Aaron E , Groudine Mark , Henikoff Steven
Published: April 2014

RNA polymerase II (PolII) transcribes RNA within a chromatin context, with nucleosomes acting as barriers to transcription. Despite these barriers, transcription through chromatin in vivo is highly efficient, suggesting the existence of factors that overcome this obstacle. To increase the resolution obtained by standard chromatin immunoprecipitation, we developed a novel strategy using micrococcal nuclease digestion of cross-linked chromatin. We find that the chromatin remodeler Chd1 is recruited to promoter proximal nucleosomes of genes undergoing active transcription, where Chd1 is responsible for the vast majority of PolII-directed nucleosome turnover. The expression of a dominant negative form of Chd1 results in increased stalling of PolII past the entry site of the promoter proximal nucleosomes. We find that Chd1 evicts nucleosomes downstream of the promoter in order to overcome the nucleosomal barrier and enable PolII promoter escape, thus providing mechanistic insight into the role of Chd1 in transcription and pluripotency.
Midnight density maximum in the thermosphere from the CHAMP observations
Authors: Ruan Haibing , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang , Wan Weixing , Liu Yong C.‐M.
Published: April 2014

The midnight temperature maximum (MTM) is generally believed to occur over the equatorial region, while a few recent studies suggested the extension of the MTM to middle and high latitudes. In this paper, we investigate the latitudinal variations of nighttime thermospheric density on the basis of the accelerometer measurement onboard the CHAMP satellite during 2002–2009. The sampling of the CHAMP satellite allows for observation of a statistical average of the midnight density maximum (MDM). From these observations, it was found that the MDM of the thermosphere, a manifestation of the MTM, occurs in all seasons at both low and high solar activities, but its features vary significantly with season and solar activity. The peak of the MDM over the equatorial region occurs at ~01:00 LT under the low solar activity condition, whereas it happens about 1–2 h earlier at high solar activity. We observe extension of the MDM from the equatorial region to southern midlatitudes, especially under the low solar activity condition.
He2+ dynamics and ion cyclotron waves in the downstream of quasi‐perpendicular shocks: 2‐D hybrid simulations
Authors: Hao Yufei , Lu Quanming , Gao Xinliang , Huang Can , Lu San , Shan Lican , Wang Shui
Published: April 2014

The free energy provided by the ion temperature anisotropy is considered to be the source of ion cyclotron waves in the downstream of a quasi‐perpendicular shock. Besides the proton cyclotron waves excited by the proton temperature anisotropy, He2 + is decelerated differentially from the protons by the shock due to its different charge‐to‐mass ratio and forms a bunched ring‐like distribution in the immediate downstream of the quasi‐perpendicular shock. However, how the helium cyclotron waves associated with the anisotropic distribution of He2 + are excited is still in debate. In this paper, with two‐dimensional (2‐D) hybrid simulations, we investigate He2 + dynamics and its role in the ion cyclotron waves downstream of quasi‐perpendicular shocks (the proton plasma beta in the upstream is 0.4). A bunched ring‐like distribution of He2 + is formed in the immediate downstream of the quasi‐perpendicular shocks; then it evolves into a shell‐like distribution. At last, a bi‐Maxwellian distribution of He2 + is generated in the far downstream. In the medium and low Mach number shocks, besides the proton cyclotron waves excited near the shock front, there is another enhancement of the magnetic fluctuations in the downstream. The results show that the helium cyclotron waves can be driven directly by the bunched ring‐like distribution of He2 + in a low or medium Mach number quasi‐perpendicular shock. The relevance of our simulation results to the satellite observations is also discussed in this paper.
The Syabru‐Bensi hydrothermal system in central Nepal: 2. Modeling and significance of the radon signature
Authors: Girault Frédéric , Perrier Frédéric
Published: April 2014

The Syabru‐Bensi hydrothermal system (SBHS), located in the Nepal Himalayas, is characterized by numerous hot (>30°C) springs and the release of dry, cold (<35°C) CO2 associated with radon‐222, detailed in the companion paper. In the SBHS, CO2 and radon fluxes on the ground vary over 5–6 orders of magnitude, reaching exceptional mean values of 100 kg m−2 d−1 and 12 Bq m−2 s−1, respectively. This paper extends the companion paper by developing three quantitative models for the radon signature of CO2 based on measurements of radon and radium concentrations in the spring waters and effective radium concentration of rocks and soils. The first model considers near‐surface radon and CO2 degassing from water, considered unlikely unless there exist currently unidentified large discharges of hydrothermal water. The second model considers CO2, arising from deeper hydrothermal sources, incorporating radon from shallow radium sources as it percolates upward toward the surface, considered more likely as a percolation depth of 100 m is sufficient to account for the observed radon discharge. The third model considers the observed peak radon concentrations in the gas zones and assumes that gaseous CO2 can be transported from kilometer‐scale depths through a fault network connected to the zones. This latter model affords the possibility that variations of physical parameters at depths associated with earthquake nucleation might be detectable at the surface. Gas‐dominated transport might operate in other locations in Himalayas and elsewhere and may be an important aspect of the coupled mechanisms associated with seismically active orogens.
Stress and displacement fields in the outer wedge induced by megathrust earthquakes
Authors: Fukao Yoshio , Hori Takane , Kodaira Shuichi
Published: April 2014

We model plate boundary slip at the outer (oceanward) segment of the megathrust wedge as slip at the base of a two‐dimensional elastic wedge, subject to gravity force, with a sloping seafloor at the top, and drag at the bottom from a rigid plate in frictional contact. The stress and displacement fields in the wedge are given analytically as functions of basal frictional coefficient μe. Unlike either conventional dislocation models (constant slip) or crack models (constant stress drop), our wedge model (constant μe drop) does not show a stress singularity at the updip toe of the plate boundary. The slip increases, but the stress drop decreases updip along the fault toward the trench axis. There is a minimum stress difference state in the wedge when μe is varied. By referring to this state (μe = μec), the stress state is separated into a horizontally tensile regime (μe < μec) and a horizontally compressional regime (μe > μec). Slip associated with a μe drop in the range μe ≤ μec occurs toward increasing horizontal tension and shear energy. Such earthquakes include tsunami earthquakes occurring in the outer segment and the 2011 great Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, which involved both the outer and inner segments, with much larger slip in the outer segment. These earthquakes are characterized by an almost complete drop of basal stress, which brings the wedge into the maximum tensile state, leading to the rare occurrence of thrust aftershocks at the base of the wedge and frequent occurrence of normal fault aftershocks within the wedge.
Scale interaction between typhoons and the North Pacific subtropical high and associated remote effects during the Baiu/Meiyu season
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi
Published: April 2014

The interaction between typhoons and the North Pacific subtropical high and the associated remote impact on East Asian and North Pacific anomalous weather during the Baiu/Meiyu season have been investigated using the Japanese long‐term Reanalysis project data aided by the Japan Meteorological Agency Climate Data Assimilation System. The typhoons that appeared in July have been categorized into two primary tracks, the Hainan Island course (HC) and the Okinawa Island course (OC). A typhoon gives rise to negative absolute vorticity advection along its eastern periphery, which locally reinforces the western ridge of the North Pacific subtropical high, whereas the resultant anomalous high stimulates the westward (northward) migration of the HC (OC) typhoon through its combination with the background flow. A combined effect of the typhoon and its induced anomalous anticyclonic circulation increases the transportation of moisture into the Baiu/Meiyu frontal zone in the vicinity of Japan. Over the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, northward or northeastward moisture flux is pronounced along the western periphery of the typhoon‐induced anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the HC category, triggering heavy rainfall on central Japan's Sea of Japan coast. Similar remote effects also operate in the OC category, which is responsible for the occurrence of extremely heavy rainfall along the Pacific coast of western Japan. When an OC typhoon approaches the Asian jet, it is capable of giving rise to anticyclonic vorticity within the jet, leading to the downstream development of stationary Rossby wave packets via the North Pacific waveguide.
Analytical solutions for two‐phase subsurface flow to a leaky fault considering vertical flow effects and fault properties
Authors: Kang Mary , Nordbotten Jan M. , Doster Florian , Celia Michael A.
Published: April 2014

Conductive faults in geologic formations can serve as leakage pathways for fluids such as CO2 and methane, which would otherwise remain trapped beneath low‐permeability layers. To estimate leakage rates and the associated pressure effects on adjacent aquifers, modeling of the flow in the vicinity of leaky faults must be performed. The flow from an aquifer to a leaky fault is controlled by aquifer properties as well as fault properties, including the fault permeability, fault width, and anisotropy in the fault permeability. Depending on aquifer properties and leakage rates, vertical flow equilibrium may not be reached in the aquifer in the vicinity of the leaky fault. Therefore, analytical solutions for leakage through faults that allow for vertical flow need to be developed. To do this, the vertically integrated form of the two‐phase flow formulation based on vertical equilibrium is expanded by assuming a linearly structured vertical flow field, and steady state analytical solutions for single‐phase and two‐phase leakage are derived. In the case of two‐phase leakage, anisotropic aquifer permeabilities are shown to produce stronger vertical flow effects than in the case of single‐phase leakage. Using numerical simulations, a model representing fault properties that is compatible with the analytical solutions is developed. The combination of the fault model and the analytical solutions captures the effects of leakage through faults with different properties and vertical flow effects. The incorporation of this fault model/analytical solution in larger basin‐wide multiscale models can enable subgrid‐scale effects due to leakage through faults to be captured with improved efficiency.
Hydraulic conductivity field characterization from the joint inversion of hydraulic heads and self‐potential data
Authors: Soueid Ahmed A. , Jardani A. , Revil A. , Dupont J. P.
Published: April 2014

Pumping tests can be used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity field from the inversion of hydraulic head data taken intrusively in a set of piezometers. Nevertheless, the inverse problem is strongly underdetermined. We propose to add more information by adding self‐potential data taken at the ground surface during pumping tests. These self‐potential data correspond to perturbations of the electrical field caused directly by the flow of the groundwater. The coupling is electrokinetic in nature that is due to the drag of the excess of electrical charges existing in the pore water. These self‐potential signals can be easily measured in field conditions with a set of the nonpolarizing electrodes installed at the ground surface. We used the adjoint‐state method for the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity field from measurements of both hydraulic heads and self potential during pumping tests. In addition, we use a recently developed petrophysical formulation of the streaming potential problem using an effective charge density of the pore water derived directly from the hydraulic conductivity. The geostatistical inverse framework is applied to five synthetic case studies with different number of wells and electrodes and thickness of the confining unit. To evaluate the benefits of incorporating the self‐potential data in the inverse problem, we compare the cases in which the data are combined or not. Incorporating the self‐potential information improves the estimate of hydraulic conductivity field in the case where the number of piezometers is limited. However, the uncertainty of the characterization of the hydraulic conductivity from the inversion of the self‐potential data is dependent on the quality of the distribution of the electrical conductivity used to solve the Poisson equation. Consequently, the approach discussed in this paper requires a precise estimate of the electrical conductivity distribution of the subsurface and requires therefore new strategies to be developed for the joint inversion of the hydraulic and electrical conductivity distributions.
Expected seismic shaking in Los Angeles reduced by San Andreas fault zone plasticity
Authors: Roten D. , Olsen K. B. , Day S. M. , Cui Y. , Fäh D.
Published: April 2014

Computer simulations of large (M≥7.8) earthquakes rupturing the southern San Andreas Fault from SE to NW (e.g., ShakeOut, widely used for earthquake drills) have predicted strong long‐period ground motions in the densely populated Los Angeles Basin due to channeling of waves through a series of interconnected sedimentary basins. Recently, the importance of this waveguide amplification effect for seismic shaking in the Los Angeles Basin has also been confirmed from observations of the ambient seismic field. By simulating the ShakeOut earthquake scenario (based on a kinematic source description) for a medium governed by Drucker‐Prager plasticity, we show that nonlinear material behavior could reduce the earlier predictions of large long‐period ground motions in the Los Angeles Basin by up to 70% as compared to viscoelastic solutions. These reductions are primarily due to yielding near the fault, although yielding may also occur in the shallow low‐velocity deposits of the Los Angeles Basin if cohesions are close to zero. Fault zone plasticity remains important even for conservative values of cohesions, suggesting that current simulations assuming a linear response of rocks are overpredicting ground motions during future large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault.
General Methods for Synthesis of N‐Methyliminodiacetic Acid Boronates from Unstable ortho‐Phenolboronic Acids
Authors: Ahn Su‐Jin , Lee Chun‐Young , Cheon Cheol‐Hong
Published: April 2014

A range of N‐methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronates of commercially available but unstable ortho‐phenolboronic acid derivatives can be readily prepared through simple condensation between the corresponding phenolboronic acids and MIDA in the presence of molecular sieves. The resulting MIDA boronates are bench‐top stable and display a remarkable stability even in DMSO solution at high temperature (>120 °C) compared with their parent boronic acids. Moreover, the utility of the resulting MIDA boronate was successfully demonstrated in a cross‐coupling reaction using the slow‐release protocol to afford the cross‐coupled product in much better yield compared with its parent boronic acid counterpart. In addition, an alternative, but more efficient, synthetic route for difficult‐to‐access ortho‐phenol MIDA boronates has been developed through the MIDA boronate formation of methoxymethyl (MOM) protected ortho‐phenolboronic acid, followed by deprotection of the MOM group with TMSCl under ambient conditions.

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Synergistic Gold(I)/Trimethylsilyl Catalysis: Efficient Alkynylation of N,O‐Acetals and Related Pro‐Electrophiles
Authors: Michalska Malina , Songis Olivier , Taillier Catherine , Bew Sean P. , Dalla Vincent
Published: April 2014

We report a unique mechanism‐guided reaction that enhances and expands the chemical space that readily generated gold(I) acetylides currently operate in. Our strategy exploits the propensity of gold(I) carbophilic catalysts with specific counteranions (LAuX – X=triflate or triflimidate) to efficiently activate and desilylate trimethylsilylalkynes, thereby mediating the in situ formation of equal and catalytic quantities of a silyl Lewis acid (TMSX) of tunable strength and a nucleophilic gold(I) acetylide. This unprecedented manifold opens avenues for developing synergistic silyl‐gold(I)‐catalyzed alkynylation strategies of diverse pro‐electrophiles which were heretofore unattainable, the proof of concept being principally exemplified herein with the first catalytic alkynylation of N,O‐acetals. The reaction proceeds at low catalyst loading, employs mild reaction conditions, is easily scalable, and affords propargylic lactam products in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, it is fully amenable to a diverse array of structure and function substrates, and also expands to other pro‐electrophiles beyond N,O‐acetals. Control experiments have been carried out that strongly support our dual reaction mechanism proposal which, furthermore, itself outlines an inextricable link between the strength of the ancillary silyl Lewis acid (TMSOTf versus TMSNTf2) and the coordinating ability of the gold counter anion employed. This underlying feature of our system underscores its significant potential and flexibility, which indeed manifests with the demonstration that by carefully selecting the gold counter ion, it is possible to manipulate the strength of the ancillary silyl Lewis acid so that it can be tailored to the ionizing ability of a particular pro‐electrophile.

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Basic isoreticular metal–organic framework (IRMOF‐3) porous nanomaterial as a suitable and green catalyst for selective unsymmetrical Hantzsch coupling reaction
Authors: Rostamnia Sadegh , Xin Hongchuan
Published: April 2014

A catalytic amount of the basic metal–organic framework (IRMOF‐3) with organic substrates was found to be an efficient, selective and waste‐free green approach for the unsymmetrical Hantzsch coupling reaction. The catalyst can be isolated from the reaction mixture and reused at least four times. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do people understand IARC's 2B categorization of RF fields from cell phones?
Authors: Wiedemann Peter M. , Boerner Franziska U. , Repacholi Michael H.
Published: April 2014

In May 2011, the International Agency on Cancer in Research (IARC) issued an official statement concluding that cell phone usage was “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” There have been considerable doubts that non‐experts and experts alike fully understood what IARC's categorization actually meant, as “possibly carcinogenic” can be interpreted in many ways. The present study is based on an online survey indicating that both the characterization of the probability of carcinogenicity, as well as the description of the risk increase given in the IARC press release, was mostly misunderstood by study participants. Respondents also greatly overestimated the magnitude of the potential risk. Our study results showed that IARC needs to improve their scientific communications. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:373–378, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapeutic monitoring of amphotericin B in Saudi ICU patients using UPLC MS/MS assay
Authors: Al‐Quadeib Bushra T. , Radwan Mahasen A. , Siller Lidija , Mutch Elaine , Horrocks Ben , Wright Matthew , Alshaer Abdulaziz
Published: April 2014

Amphotericin B (AmB) is the first‐line agent for the treatment of life‐threatening invasive fungal infections. The aim of this study was to monitor AmB in critically ill Saudi patients in ICU after i.v. administration of 0.68 ± 0.1 mg/kg/day Fungizone®. A selective, sensitive and precise UPLC MS/MS method was developed to measure AmB concentrations in these patients. Seven ICU patients with creatinine clearance (ClCr) >40 mL/min were included. AmB levels were analyzed using a Waters Aquity UPLC MS/MS system, a BEH Shield RP18 column and detection via electrospray ionization source with positive ionization mode. The precision and accuracy of the developed UPLC method in the concentration range of 200–4000 ng/mL show no significant difference among inter‐ and‐intra‐day analysis (p > 0.05). Linearity was observed over the investigated range with correlation coefficient, r > 0.995 (n = 6/day). The pharmacokinetics of AmB in these patients, at steady state, showed a high terminal half‐life of 124.6 ± 73.4 h, with a highest concentration of 513.9 ± 281.1 ng/mL, a lowest concentration 316.4 ± 129.0 ng/mL and a mean clearance 91.1 ± 39.2 mL/h/kg. The pharmacokinetics of AmB in critically ill Saudi patients in ICU was studied using a fully validated assay. A weak correlation (r = −0.22) of AmB Cl with ClCr was obtained, which suggests the need for further investigation in a larger population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins
Authors: Cesmebasi Alper , Du Plessis Maira , Iannatuono Mark , Shah Sameer , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: April 2014

The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy. Most commonly, one central vein drains each adrenal gland. The long left adrenal vein joins the inferior phrenic vein and drains into the left renal vein, while the short right adrenal vein drains immediately into the IVC. Multiple variations exist bilaterally and may pose the risk of surgical complications. Due to the potential for collaterals and accessory adrenal vessels, great caution must be taken during an adrenalectomy. Adrenal venous sampling, the gold standard in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism, also requires the clinician to have a thorough knowledge of the adrenal vein anatomy to avoid iatrogenic injury. The adrenal vein acts as an important conduit in portosystemic shunts, thus the nature of the anatomy and hypercoagulable states pose the risk of thrombosis. Clin. Anat. 27:1253–1263, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Roadmap to Uranium Ionic Liquids: Anti‐Crystal Engineering
Authors: Yaprak Damla , Spielberg Eike T. , Bäcker Tobias , Richter Mark , Mallick Bert , Klein Axel , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: April 2014

In the search for uranium‐based ionic liquids, tris(N,N‐dialkyldithiocarbamato)uranylates have been synthesized as salts of the 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (C4mim) cation. As dithiocarbamate ligands binding to the UO22+ unit, tetra‐, penta‐, hexa‐, and heptamethylenedithiocarbamates, N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate, N‐methyl‐N‐propyldithiocarbamate, N‐ethyl‐N‐propyldithiocarbamate, and N‐methyl‐N‐butyldithiocarbamate have been explored. X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction allowed unambiguous structural characterization of all compounds except N‐methyl‐N‐butyldithiocarbamate, which is obtained as a glassy material only. In addition, powder X‐ray diffraction as well as vibrational and UV/Vis spectroscopy, supported by computational methods, were used to characterize the products. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to investigate the phase‐transition behavior depending on the N,N‐dialkyldithiocarbamato ligand with the aim to establish structure–property relationships regarding the ionic liquid formation capability. Compounds with the least symmetric N,N‐dialkyldithiocarbamato ligand and hence the least symmetric anions, tris(N‐methyl‐N‐propyldithiocarbamato)uranylate, tris(N‐ethyl‐N‐propyldithiocarbamato)uranylate, and tris(N‐methyl‐N‐butyldithiocarbamato)uranylate, lead to the formation of (room‐temperature) ionic liquids, which confirms that low‐symmetry ions are indeed suitable to suppress crystallization. These materials combine low melting points, stable complex formation, and hydrophobicity and are therefore excellent candidates for nuclear fuel purification and recovery.
The Bim deletion polymorphism clinical profile and its relation with tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in Chinese patients with non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhao Mingchuan , Zhang Yishi , Cai Weijing , Li Jiayu , Zhou Fei , Cheng Ningning , Ren Ruixin , Zhao Chao , Li Xuefei , Ren Shengxiang , Zhou Caicun , Hirsch Fred R.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used for the treatment of patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have EGFR mutations. Recent studies have indicated that some patients with positive mutations were refractory to EGFR TKIs if they harbored a B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma (Bcl‐2)‐like 11 (Bim) deletion polymorphism. The objective of the current work was to retrospectively study the Bim deletion polymorphism in Chinese patients with NSCLC and its correlation with the efficacy of EGFR TKIs.

METHODS

Distribution of the Bim polymorphism was detected using polymerase chain reaction analysis and direct sequencing of DNA from peripheral neutrophils in samples from 352 patients with NSCLC. Of the 352 patients, 166 who received TKI therapy and had an activating mutation identified were involved in further analysis. Progression‐free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint of the subsequent analyses, and the incidence of the Bim polymorphism and its relation to clinical benefit from EGFR TKIs also were investigated.

RESULTS

In total, 45 of 352 patient samples (12.8%) had the Bim deletion polymorphism, which was distributed randomly with regard to various clinical characteristics. In patients with EGFR mutations who received treatment with TKIs, the median PFS and the median objective response rate were 4.7 months and 25%, respectively, for those with the Bim deletion polymorphism versus 11 months (P = .003) and 66% (P = .001), respectively, for those with wild‐type Bim. Cox regression analysis identified Bim status (P = .016) and sex (P = .002) as independent factors predicting clinical benefit from EGFR TKIs in patients with EGFR‐mutated NSCLC.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of the Bim deletion polymorphism was approximately 13% in this study, and it was associated with a poor clinical response to EGFR TKIs in patients who had NSCLC with EGFR mutations. Cancer 2014;120:2299–2307. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Highly heterogeneous, activated, and short‐lived regulatory T cells during chronic filarial infection
Authors: Metenou Simon , Coulibaly Yaya I. , Sturdevant Daniel , Dolo Housseini , Diallo Abdallah A. , Soumaoro Lamine , Coulibaly Michel E. , Kanakabandi Kishore , Porcella Stephen F. , Klion Amy D. , Nutman Thomas B.
Published: April 2014

The mechanisms underlying the increase in the numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells in chronic infection settings remain unclear. Here we have delineated the phenotype and transcriptional profiles of Treg cells from 18 filarial‐infected (Fil+) and 19 filarial‐uninfected (Fil−) subjects. We found that the frequencies of Foxp3+ Treg cells expressing CTLA‐4, GITR, LAG‐3, and IL‐10 were significantly higher in Fil+ subjects compared with that in Fil− subjects. Foxp3‐expressing Treg‐cell populations in Fil+ subjects were also more heterogeneous and had higher expression of IL‐10, CCL‐4, IL‐29, CTLA‐4, and TGF‐β than Fil− subjects, each of these cytokines having been implicated in immune suppression. Moreover, Foxp3‐expressing Treg cells from Fil+ subjects had markedly upregulated expression of activation‐induced apoptotic genes with concomitant downregulation of those involved in cell survival. To determine whether the expression of apoptotic genes was due to Treg‐cell activation, we found that the expression of CTLA‐4, CDk8, RAD50, TNFRSF1A, FOXO3, and RHOA were significantly upregulated in stimulated cells compared with unstimulated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that in patent filarial infection, the expanded Treg‐cell populations are heterogeneous, short‐lived, activated, and express higher levels of molecules known to modulate immune responsiveness, suggesting that filarial infection is associated with high Treg‐cell turnover.
Electrocatalytic and Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Folic Acid at Ruthenium(II) Complex‐ZnO/CNTs Nanocomposite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Karimi‐Maleh Hassan , Tahernejad‐Javazmi Fahimeh , Daryanavard Marzieh , Hadadzadeh Hassan , Ensafi Ali A. , Abbasghorbani Maryam
Published: April 2014

This paper describes the development a novel ruthenium(II) complex‐ZnO/CNTs modified carbon paste electrode (Ru(II)/ZnO/CNTs/CPE) for the electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid (AA). The objective of this novel electrode modification was to seek new electrochemical performances for the detection of AA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and folic acid (FA). The peak potentials recorded were 170, 500 and 830 mV vs. Ag/AgCl/KClsat for AA, NADH and FA, respectively. The peak currents were linearly dependent on AA, NADH and FA concentrations using square wave voltammetry (SWV) method at the ranges of 0.008–251, 1.0–650, and 3.0–700 µmol L−1, with detection limits of 0.005, 0.5, and 1.0 µmol L−1, respectively.
Design space definition for a stirred single‐use bioreactor family from 50 to 2000 L scale
Authors: Dreher Thomas , Husemann Ute , Adams Thorsten , de Wilde Davy , Greller Gerhard
Published: April 2014

Single‐use bioreactors continue to gain large interest in the biopharmaceutical industry. They are frequently used for mammalian cell cultivations, e.g. production of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. This is motivated by several advantages of these bioreactors such as reduced risk of cross contaminations or short lead times. Single‐use bioreactors differ in terms of shape, agitation principle, and gassing strategy. Hence, a direct process transfer or scale‐up can be a challenge. Conventional stirred tank bioreactor designs are therefore still considered as the gold standard due to their well‐defined and characterized properties. Based on this knowledge, a stirred single‐use bioreactor family from 50 to 2000 L scale was developed with geometrical ratios similar to conventional reusable systems. To follow a quality by designapproach, the single‐use bioreactor family evaluated here was characterized by using process engineering methods such as the power input per volume, the mixing time, and the kLa value. The process engineering characterization demonstrates that these systems are suitable for cultivations of mammalian cells, even for high cell density and high titer applications. Based on the data, a scale‐up or process transfer is possible between this bioreactor family as well as reusable systems. Therefore, this bioreactor family represents a major progress for the single‐use technology.
Probabilistic forecasts of solar irradiance using stochastic differential equations
Authors: Iversen E. B. , Morales J. M. , Møller J. K. , Madsen H.
Published: April 2014

Probabilistic forecasts of renewable energy production provide users with valuable information about the uncertainty associated with the expected generation. Current state‐of‐the‐art forecasts for solar irradiance have focused on producing reliable point forecasts. The additional information included in probabilistic forecasts may be paramount for decision makers to efficiently make use of this uncertain and variable generation. In this paper, a stochastic differential equation framework for modeling the uncertainty associated with the solar irradiance point forecast is proposed. This modeling approach allows for characterizing both the interdependence structure of prediction errors of short‐term solar irradiance and their predictive distribution. Three different stochastic differential equation models are first fitted to a training data set and subsequently evaluated on a one‐year test set. The final model proposed is defined on a bounded and time‐varying state space with zero probability almost surely of events outside this space. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demographic characteristics do not decrease the utility of depressive symptoms assessments: examining the practical impact of item bias in four heterogeneous samples of older adults
Authors: Dmitrieva Natalia O. , Fyffe Denise , Mukherjee Shubhabrata , Fieo Robert , Zahodne Laura B. , Hamilton Jamie , Potter Guy G. , Manly Jennifer J. , Romero Heather R. , Mungas Dan , Gibbons Laura E.
Published: April 2014

Objective

Previous studies have identified differential item function (DIF) in depressive symptoms measures, but the impact of DIF has been rarely reported. Given the critical importance of depressive symptoms assessment among older adults, we examined whether DIF due to demographic characteristics resulted in salient score changes in commonly used measures.

Methods

Four longitudinal studies of cognitive aging provided a sample size of 3754 older adults and included individuals both with and without a clinical diagnosis of major depression. Each study administered at least one of the following measures: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (20‐item ordinal response or 10‐item dichotomous response versions), the Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Hybrid logistic regression‐item response theory methods were used to examine the presence and impact of DIF due to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and years of education on the depressive symptoms items.

Results

Although statistically significant DIF due to demographic factors was present on several items, its cumulative impact on depressive symptoms scores was practically negligible.

Conclusions

The findings support substantive meaningfulness of previously reported demographic differences in depressive symptoms among older adults, showing that these individual differences were unlikely to have resulted from item bias attributable to demographic characteristics we examined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIFFERENCE IN DIFFERENCES FOR STAYERS WITH A TIME‐VARYING QUALIFICATION: HEALTH EXPENDITURE ELASTICITY OF THE ELDERLY
Authors: Lee Myoung‐Jae , Kim Young‐Sook
Published: April 2014

In difference in differences, a treatment is applied only to a qualified group at some time point. The qualification may be time‐constant as in gender, or time‐varying as in residential location. When the qualification is time‐varying, there appear four groups: the newly qualified (in‐movers), the already qualified (in‐stayers), the newly disqualified (out‐movers), and the already disqualified (out‐stayers). A change in qualification may affect the response variable of interest even when the treatment effect is zero, which is an ‘untreated moving effect’. Also, when the treatment effect is not zero, it may be different across the four groups. The conventional difference in differences fails to remove untreated moving effects and ignores the possible treatment effect heterogeneity across the groups. This paper shows how to account for untreated moving effects and proposes ‘the effect on in‐stayers’ as the main effect of interest. Our proposal can be implemented with least squares estimator for panel models or with nonparametric methods. An empirical analysis is provided using Korean data for the effects of the basic elder pension on health‐care expenditure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.