bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Antineovascular Gene Therapy by Ago2 Knockdown
Authors: Hatanaka Kentaro , Shimizu Kosuke , Asai Tomohiro , Oku Naoto
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Bioinformatics for Microarray Analysis
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Approach Toward Efficient DNA Methylation Analysis
Authors: Okamoto Akimitsu
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Water flux in cell motility: Expanding the mechanisms of membrane protrusion
Authors: Loitto Vesa M. , Karlsson Thommie , Magnusson Karl‐Eric
Published: April 2009

Transmembrane water fluxes through aquaporins (AQPs) are suggested to play pivotal roles in cell polarization and directional cell motility. Local dilution by water influences the dynamics of the subcortical actin polymerization and directs the formation of nascent membrane protrusions. In this paper, recent evidence is discussed in support of such a central role of AQP in membrane protrusion formation and cell migration as a basis for our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of directional motility. Specifically, AQP9 in a physiological context controls transmembrane water fluxes driving membrane protrusion formation, as an initial cellular response to a chemoattractant or other migratory signals. The importance of AQP‐facilitated water fluxes in directional cell motility is underscored by the observation that blocking or modifying specific sites in AQP9 also interferes with the molecular machinery that govern actin‐mediated cellular shape changes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonergic innervation of the caudal spinal stump in rats after complete spinal transection: Effect of olfactory ensheathing glia
Authors: Takeoka Aya , Kubasak Marc D. , Zhong Hui , Roy Roland R. , Phelps Patricia E.
Published: April 2009

Spinal cord injury studies use the presence of serotonin (5‐HT)‐immunoreactive axons caudal to the injury site as evidence of axonal regeneration. As olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) transplantation improves hindlimb locomotion in adult rats with complete spinal cord transection, we hypothesized that more 5‐HT‐positive axons would be found in the caudal stump of OEG‐ than media‐injected rats. Previously we found 5‐HT‐immunolabeled axons that spanned the transection site only in OEG‐injected rats but detected labeled axons just caudal to the lesion in both media‐ and OEG‐injected rats. Now we report that many 5‐HT‐labeled axons are present throughout the caudal stump of both media‐ and OEG‐injected rats. We found occasional 5‐HT‐positive interneurons that are one likely source of 5‐HT‐labeled axons. These results imply that the presence of 5‐HT‐labeled fibers in the caudal stump is not a reliable indicator of regeneration. We then asked if 5‐HT‐positive axons appose cholinergic neurons associated with motor functions: central canal cluster and partition cells (active during fictive locomotion) and somatic motor neurons (SMNs). We found more 5‐HT‐positive varicosities in lamina X adjacent to central canal cluster cells in lumbar and sacral segments of OEG‐ than media‐injected rats. SMNs and partition cells are less frequently apposed. As nonsynaptic release of 5‐HT is common in the spinal cord, an increase in 5‐HT‐positive varicosities along motor‐associated cholinergic neurons may contribute to the locomotor improvement observed in OEG‐injected spinal rats. Furthermore, serotonin located within the caudal stump may activate lumbosacral locomotor networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:664–676, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subdivisions and derivatives of the chicken subpallium based on expression of LIM and other regulatory genes and markers of neuron subpopulations during development
Authors: Abellán Antonio , Medina Loreta
Published: April 2009

Here we studied the combinatory expression patterns of nine developmental regulatory genes and six markers of different neuronal subpopulations in the telencephalic subpallium of developing chicken, from early embryos until hatching, in order to better understand the formation and organization of the basal telencephalon and the origin of its different cell groups. The genes analyzed include those encoding for: the transcription factors Islet1, Lhx6, Lhx7/8, Nkx2.1, and Pax6; the signaling protein Sonic hedgehog; the LIM‐only genes Lmo3 and Lmo4; the cell adhesion molecule cadherin‐8; markers of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, cholinergic, or glutamatergic neurons; and markers of neuron subpopulations containing substance P, enkephalin, or neuropeptide Y. The combinatory expression patterns of these genes indicate that the chicken subpallium parcellates into eight molecularly different compartments during development (three striatal, three pallidal, and two preoptic subdivisions), and suggest that each compartment produces specific cell groups. Our data are particularly relevant for understanding the avian extended amygdala and suggest the existence of distinct central and medial extended amygdala complexes in the subpallium, as well as a pallial amygdalo‐hypothalamic cell corridor, which are comparable to homonymous complexes of mammals based on similar embryonic origin, molecular features, and some connectivity patterns. Our data also indicate that the dorsal and ventral parts of the chicken basal ganglia originate in different striatal and pallidal compartments, and suggest a massive migration of neurons from the pallidal compartment into the medial striatum, which may explain the existence of pallidal‐like cells within the medial striatum of birds. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:465–501, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The W cell pathway to cat primary visual cortex
Authors: Anderson John C. , da Costa Nuno Maçarico , Martin Kevan A.C.
Published: April 2009

The thalamic input to area 17 in the cat can be divided into at least three parallel pathways, the W, X, and Y. Although the latter two are some of the best studied synaptic connections in the brain, the former remains poorly understood both in structure and in function. By combining light and electron microscopy, we have reconstructed in 3‐D single W axons and described quantitatively the synapses that they form. We have also made a structural comparison of reconstructed synapses from the three visual pathways. Thalamic axons were labeled in vivo by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dLGN. W axons originating from C laminae injections arborized in layers 1, 2/3, and 5. Axons that traversed layer 1 supplied a few descending collaterals to layer 2/3, but the most extensive innervation in layer 2/3 was provided by axons ascending from the white matter. Most W boutons formed a single synapse, dendritic spines being the most common target, with dendritic shafts forming the remaining targets. In layer 1, the area of the postsynaptic density of spine synapses (0.16 μm2) was significantly larger than that of layers 2/3 (0.11 μm2) and 5 (0.09 μm2). Synapses from X and Y axons in layer 4 were similar in size to synapses formed by W boutons in layer 1. In layer 1, the main targets of the W axons are likely the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, so that both proximal and distal regions of pyramidal cell dendritic trees can be excited by the W pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:20–35, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of the early Drosophila larva
Authors: Cardona Albert , Larsen Camilla , Hartenstein Volker
Published: April 2009

By using a combination of dye injections, clonal labeling, and molecular markers, we have reconstructed the axonal connections between brain and ventral nerve cord of the first‐instar Drosophila larva. Out of the approximately 1,400 neurons that form the early larval brain hemisphere, less than 50 cells have axons descending into the ventral nerve cord. Descending neurons fall into four topologically defined clusters located in the anteromedial, anterolateral, dorsal, and basoposterior brain, respectively. The anterolateral cluster represents a lineage derived from a single neuroblast. Terminations of descending neurons are almost exclusively found in the anterior part of the ventral nerve cord, represented by the gnathal and thoracic neuromeres. This region also contains small numbers of neurons with axons ascending into the brain. Terminals of the ascending axons are found in the same basal brain regions that also contain descending neurons. We have mapped ascending and descending axons to the previously described scaffold of longitudinal fiber tracts that interconnect different neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord and the brain. This work provides a structural framework for functional and genetic studies addressing the control of Drosophila larval behavior by brain circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:427–440, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failures of the three‐dimensional patch test for large elastic deformations
Authors: Jabareen M. , Rubin M. B.
Published: April 2009

Within the context of 3‐D brick elements for nonlinear elastic materials it is well know that enhanced strain and incompatible mode methods can be used successfully to improve the accuracy of solutions for bending of thin structures. It is also known that these elements can exhibit unphysical hourglass instabilities in states of combined high compression and bending. Here, examples of large deformation uniaxial strain in tension indicate that the enhanced strain/incompatible mode elements in ABAQUS, ADINA and ANSYS predict negative eigenvalues in the stiffness matrix which can cause failure of the three‐dimensional patch test. Specifically, the elements in ABAQUS and ANSYS predict unstable element response with multiple unphysical solutions for a constant value of stretch. In contrast, the Cosserat point element (CPE) analytically satisfies the three‐dimensional patch test for all anisotropic nonlinear elastic materials and all reference element shapes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Characterization by IRMPD Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations of Deprotonated Phosphorylated Amino Acids in the Gas Phase
Authors: Scuderi D. , Correia C. F. , Balaj O. P. , Ohanessian G. , Lemaire J. , Maitre P.
Published: April 2009

Spectral assignment of the IRMPD bands and identification of the vibrational signatures of deprotonated phosphorylated amino acids are attained. The H2PO4− anion is used as a simple model of a free deprotonated phosphate group to identify the IR signatures of phosphorylation. The fragmentation efficiency is lower for [pSer‐H]− (left scale in figure) than for [pThr‐H]− and [pTyr‐H]− (right scale).

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Gas‐phase infrared spectra of deprotonated phosphorylated amino acids ([pAA‐H]−)—phosphoserine ([pSer‐H]−), phosphothreonine ([pThr‐H]−), and phosphotyrosine ([pTyr‐H]−)—and of the dihydrogen phosphate anion H2PO4− have been recorded in the mid‐IR region (650–2000 cm−1) under tandem mass spectrometry conditions. The experimental setup involved a Paul ion trap equipped with an electrospray ionization source coupled with a tunable free electron laser (FEL). Spectral assignment of the observed IRMPD bands and identification of the vibrational signatures of the phosphorylation have been performed by comparison with DFT calculations. The H2PO4− anion has been used as a simple model of a free deprotonated phosphate group, helping the identification of the IR signatures of phosphorylation. Our results show that deprotonation occurs on the phosphate group for the three amino acids. A comparison between the deprotonated and protonated phosphorylated amino acids is reported for the most important vibrational features.
Size Dependence of Molar Absorption Coefficients of CdSe Semiconductor Quantum Rods
Authors: Shaviv Ehud , Salant Asaf , Banin Uri
Published: April 2009

Fundamental properties: The molar absorption coefficients of CdSe quantum rods are determined experimentally as a function of their dimensions (see figure). Far above the band gap a simple dependence on volume is seen. The behavior at the band gap manifests a concentration of oscillator strength with decreased diameter in agreement with strong quantum confinement behavior.

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Interaction of Cytidine 5′‐Monophosphate with Au(111): An In Situ Infrared Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Doneux Thomas , Fojt Lukáš
Published: April 2009

Attracted to gold: The interaction of cytidine 5′‐monophosphate (CMP) with gold surfaces is studied at the Au(111) | aqueous solution interface. In situ infrared spectroscopy studies show that cytidine 5′‐monophosphate is chemisorbed on Au(111) through the N3 atom of the pyrimidine ring (see picture).

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The interaction of cytidine 5′‐monophosphate (CMP) with gold surfaces is studied by means of in situ infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry at the Au(111) | aqueous solution interface. Similar to other nucleic acid components, cytidine 5′‐monophosphate is chemisorbed on the surface at positive potentials, and the amount of adsorbed CMP increases with the potential. Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS) is used to identify the adsorbed and desorbed species. Upon electrochemical desorption, the molecules released in solution are unprotonated on the N3 atom. Striking similarities are found between the spectrum of adsorbed CMP and the solution spectrum of protonated CMP. The origin of such similarities is discussed. The results strongly suggest that chemisorption occurs through the N3 atom of the pyrimidine ring. A comparison is drawn with cytidine, whose electrochemical and spectroscopic behaviors are also investigated.
Cover Picture: On the Origin of the “Giant” Electroclinic Effect in a “De Vries”‐Type Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Material for Chirality Sensing Applications (ChemPhysChem 6/2009)
Authors: Kapernaum Nadia , Walba David M. , Korblova Eva , Zhu Chenhui , Jones Chris , Shen Yongqian , Clark Noel A. , Giesselmann Frank
Published: April 2009

The cover picture shows characteristics of a new ‘de Vries’‐type ferroelectric liquid crystal in which the ferroelectric transition is an order–disorder transition where the directions of molecular tilt inside a smectic layer order into a certain direction. Since the rod‐like molecules (drawn as cylinders) are tilted in the paraelectric SmA* (with random tilt directions) as well as in the ferroelectric SmC* phase, the ferroelectric transition is connected with a rather weak contraction of the smectic layer thickness (even though the optical tilt θ reaches values of about 25°). On page 890, F. Giesselmann et al. show that this new ferroelectric material exhibits a remarkably weak temperature dependence of its giant electroclinic effect (the coupling between tilt and elelctric field) in the SmA* phase. The origin of this striking electroclinic effect is the co‐occurrence of a ‘de Vries’‐type ordering with a weak first‐order tilting transition.

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Relaxation of Photogenerated Carriers in P3HT:PCBM Organic Blends
Authors: Moehl Thomas , Kytin Vladimir G. , Bisquert Juan , Kunst Marinus , Bolink Henk J. , Garcia‐Belmonte Germà
Published: April 2009

Relaxing in the sunlight. Long time‐transient decays of photogenerated carriers in P3HT:PCBM blends for organic solar cells are interpreted in terms of the relaxation of hole carriers in a broad density of states.

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The after‐pulse time‐resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) decays observed in P3HT:PCBM blends display a dependence on time close to t−β, independent of excitation intensity, in the 10 ns–1 μs range. This is explained in terms of the relaxation of carriers in a Gaussian density of states (DOS). The model is based on a demarcation level that moves with time by thermal release and retrapping of initially trapped carriers. The model shows that when the disorder is large the after‐pulse decay of the type t−β is obtained, while at low disorder and large temperature the carrier distribution becomes independent of time. In the measurements different β values were observed depending on the solvent used for spin‐coating: 0.4–0.6 for chlorobenzene and 0.3–0.4 for toluene. The model was applied to extract the shape of the DOS from the TRMC decays, giving a dispersion parameter of about 120 meV for blends with high P3HT content.
Restriction of ectopic eye formation by Drosophila teashirt and tiptop to the developing antenna
Authors: Datta Rhea R. , Lurye Jessica M. , Kumar Justin P.
Published: April 2009

In Drosophila, the retinal determination network comprises a set of nuclear factors whose loss‐of‐function phenotypes often include the complete or near total elimination of the developing eye. These genes also share the ability of being able to induce ectopic eye formation when forcibly expressed in nonretinal tissues such as the antennae, legs, halteres, wings, and genitals. However, it appears that the ability to redirect and transform tissue fates is limited; not all tissues and cell populations can be forced into adopting an eye fate. In this report, we demonstrate that ectopic eye formation by teashirt and its paralog tiptop, a potential new eye specification gene, is restricted to the developing antennae. Of interest, tiptop appears to be a more effective inducer of retinal formation than teashirt. A genetic screen for interacting proteins failed to identify paralog‐specific relationships suggesting that the differences between these two genes may be attributed instead to structural differences between the duplicates. We also demonstrate that in addition to being expressed in coincident patterns within the developing eye, both paralogs are transcribed at very similar levels. Developmental Dynamics 238:2202–2210, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective X‐ray analysis of electron localizing sites using capacitance or electrostatic force
Authors: Ishii Masashi
Published: April 2009

For selective analyses of nanostructures, an X‐ray analysis in which X‐ray‐induced photoionization of electron localizing sites is probed with capacitance (C) or electrostatic force (EF) is proposed. The photoionization of nanostructures with localized electrons provides a quasi‐stable state with a long lifetime of 1 ms or longer. The photoionization is rapidly relaxed to initial state within several femtoseconds at the other sites without localized electrons. Because of high sensitivity of C and EF to the quasi‐stable state with long lifetime, selective analyses of nanostructure can be achieved. We demonstrate this technique with samples of Cu metal and chemically deposited Si oxide film. We observe the modulation of C and EF with a parallel‐plate capacitor and electrostatic force micro‐scopy. The C modulation dependent on X‐ray photon energy indicated an electronic state of Cu/Cu2O interface, and the EF modulation realized stoichiometry mapping of thin SiOx film on Si wafer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 38–45, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10016
A method for extraction of function modules of sequential control programs based on structure analysis
Authors: Nakamura Satoshi , Fujimoto Yasutaka
Published: April 2009

In this paper, a method to extract function modules from sequential control programs is proposed. A hierarchical structure of a given sequential program can be found by using association graph. If some or more variables are connected to each other (strongly connected), the layered structure is not easy to find. Thus, based on the concept of Markov chain, the importance of variables can be conducted. We propose a new method to divide unclear layered variables in more details. An illustrative example of a tank control program is shown as an application of the proposed method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 9–16, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10052
Fabrication of an optical polymer waveguide by plasma‐enhanced polymerization
Authors: Moriki Kazunori , Satoh Tetsuji , Itabashi Atsushi , Yumoto Motoshige
Published: April 2009

We have fabricated an optical polymer waveguide using plasm‐enhanced polymerization. C6H6 and C6H10 are used as monomer materials for depositing core and cladding layer, respectively, because the refractive index of polymerized layers is known to dominantly depend on the ratio of sp2 and sp3 bond in those. By decreasing RF power below 0.04W/cm2, dangling bonds formed in a polymer film will be suppressed, so that a relatively low‐loss waveguide has been fabricated. We measured propagation loss of those waveguides using the end‐fire method employing laser light at a wavelength of 787 nm. The losses are 3.2cm−1 for the samples plasma‐polymerized in Ar. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(4): 21–28, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10084
Voltammetric Determination of 2′‐Deoxyadenosine and Adenine in Urine of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Fullerene‐C60‐modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Goyal Rajendra N. , Chatterjee Sanghamitra , Bishnoi Sunita
Published: April 2009

A fullerene‐C60‐modified glassy carbon electrode has been examined for the simultaneous determination of 2′‐deoxyadenosine (2′‐dAdo) and adenine in human blood and urine using Osteryoung square‐wave voltammetry (OSWV) at pH 7.2. Compared to bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the modified electrode displays a shift of the oxidation potential in the negative direction with significant increase in the peak current for both the analytes. At modified electrode well‐defined anodic peaks at potential of 1248 mV and 994 mV are observed for 2′‐dAdo and adenine respectively. Linear calibration curves were obtained within the concentration range 10 nM to 100 μM for both the compounds in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with the limit of detection 0.8×10−8 M and 0.95×10−8 M for 2′‐dAdo and adenine respectively. The analytical utility of the present method is demonstrated by quantitative detection of 2′‐dAdo and adenine in human urine of normal subjects as well as in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Interfering effect of some coexisting metabolites has also been reported.
Chloroperoxidase Modified Electrode for Amperometric Determination of 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenol
Authors: Díaz‐Díaz Goretti , Blanco‐López M. Carmen , Lobo‐Castañón M. Jesús , Miranda‐Ordieres Arturo J. , Tuñón‐Blanco Paulino
Published: April 2009

A carbon paste‐poly(o‐phenylendiamine)‐modified electrode to be used as amperometric biosensor for 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) is described. The enzyme chloroperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.10) from Caldariomyces fumago is immobilized through dispersion in a graphite paraffin oil carbon paste covered by an electrogenerated poly(o‐phenylendiamine) (PPD) layer. The main enzymatic dehalogenation product, 2,6‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DCQ) is characterized by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. This product is electrochemically active and can be detected amperometrically at +150 mV vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl (3 M). The biosensor exhibits a response time of 4 min, a detection limit of 10−7 M, and a dynamic linear range between 10−7 and 10−6 M. Selectivity as well as operating and storage stability were evaluated.
An Aptamer‐Based Bound/Free Separation System for Protein Detection
Authors: Fukasawa Mieko , Yoshida Wataru , Yamazaki Hiroki , Sode Koji , Ikebukuro Kazunori
Published: April 2009

Aptamer hybridizes with its complementary strand. However, the complementary strand has difficulties to hybridize with the aptamer bound to a target because the aptamer forms higher‐order structures. Exploiting this property, we developed simple bound/free separation systems for thrombin and IgE detection. The complementary strand was immobilized onto beads and the aptamer was labeled with pyrroquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH). In the absence of a target, the aptamer is trapped by beads, whereas in the presence of a target, the aptamer bound to the target is not trapped. Thus the aptamer‐target complexes can be recovered easily and detected by PQQGDH activity. This system allow the detection of 270 pM thrombin and 1 nM IgE.
Electroanalytical Determination of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) Using an Antimony Nanoparticle Modified Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Toghill Kathryn E. , Xiao Lei , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G.
Published: April 2009

We report the simultaneous electroanalytical determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) using an antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond (Sb‐BDD) electrode. Sb deposition was performed in situ with the analytes, from a solution of 1 mg L−1 SbCl3 in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1). Pb2+ inhibited the detection of Cd2+ during simultaneous additions at the bare BDD electrode, whereas in the presence of antimony, both peaks were readily discernable and quantifiable over the linear range 50–500 μg L−1.
An efficient technique to estimate the realisation bit error rate of multiband OFDM based UWB systems
Authors: Masazade Engin , Keskinoz Mehmet
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we present a simple method to estimate the realisation bit error rate (RBER) of a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based ultra‐wide band (UWB) system. Under time‐varying channels, error event based BER estimation of convolutionally encoded systems requires the knowledge of error events in the Viterbi decoding. In this work, we show that the upper‐bound of instantaneous outage capacity is a function of the percentage of subcarriers, whose signal‐to‐noise (SNR) ratio is less than a predefined outage threshold which we call as realisation outage ratio (ROR). Simulation results reveal that the RBER of the channel realisations and their corresponding ROR are highly correlated at an optimally selected outage threshold. Using this correlation, we form a simple mathematical model between ROR and RBER and obtain quite accurate and consistent RBER estimates with respect to the error event based RBER estimates and the empirical RBER simulation results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective processing of social stimuli in the superficial amygdala
Authors: Goossens Liesbet , Kukolja Juraj , Onur Oezguer A. , Fink Gereon R. , Maier Wolfgang , Griez Eric , Schruers Koen , Hurlemann Rene
Published: April 2009

The human amygdala plays a pivotal role in the processing of socially significant information. Anatomical studies show that the human amygdala is not a single homogeneous structure but is composed of segregable subregions. These have recently been functionally delineated by using a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and cytoarchitectonically defined probabilistic maps. However, the response characteristics and individual contribution of these subregions to the processing of social‐emotional stimuli are little understood. Here, we used this novel technique to segregate intra‐amygdalar responses to facial expressions and nonsocial control stimuli. We localized facial expression‐evoked signal changes bilaterally in the superficial amygdala, which suggests that this subregion selectively extracts the social value of incoming sensory information. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attachment avoidance modulates neural response to masked facial emotion
Authors: Suslow Thomas , Kugel Harald , Rauch Astrid Veronika , Dannlowski Udo , Bauer Jochen , Konrad Carsten , Arolt Volker , Heindel Walter , Ohrmann Patricia
Published: April 2009

According to recent models of individual differences in attachment organization, a basic dimension of adult attachment is avoidance. Attachment‐related avoidance corresponds to tendencies to withdraw from close relationships and to an unwillingness to rely on others. In the formation of attachment orientation during infancy facial emotional interaction plays a central role. There exists an inborn very rapid decoding capacity for facial emotional expression. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine differences in automatic brain reactivity to facial emotions as a function of attachment avoidance in a sample of 51 healthy adults. Pictures of sad and happy faces (which are approach‐related interpersonal signals) were presented masked by neutral faces. The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) was used to assess the attachment avoidance. Masked sad faces activated the amygdala, the insula, occipito‐temporal areas, and the somatosensory cortices. Independently from trait anxiety, depressivity, and detection performance, attachment avoidance was found to be inversely related to responses of the primary somatosensory cortex (BA 3) to masked sad faces. A low spontaneous responsivity of the primary somatosensory cortex to negative faces could be a correlate of the habitual unwillingness to deal with partners' distress and needs for proximity. The somatosensory cortices are known to be critically involved in the processes of emotional mimicry and simulation which have the potential to increase social affiliation. Our data are consistent with the idea that people who withdraw from close relationships respond spontaneously to a lesser extent to negative interpersonal emotional signals than securely attached individuals. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol hangover: a critical review of explanatory factors
Authors: Prat Gemma , Adan Ana , Sánchez‐Turet Miquel
Published: April 2009

Objective

To describe the hangover phenomenon and briefly review its main explanatory factors.

Design

Bibliographic research on main databases (Medline and Psychinfo).

Results

Alcohol hangover is characterized by adverse physical and mental effects that occur the next morning after the intake of toxic doses of alcohol. This phenomenon is a very frequent experience among alcohol‐consuming people and it has been associated to high socio‐economic costs, mainly due to absenteeism and poor performance in academic and work settings. Multiple theories exist to explain the appearance and severity of hangover, such as direct or indirect effects of alcohol, alcohol withdrawal, and toxic effects of alcoholic beverage congeners or of alcohol metabolites. In addition, a number of intervening factors have been identified, such as vulnerability to alcohol dependence or psychological factors.

Conclusions

Although several studies analyze and describe hangover, it is still poorly understood. Further well‐designed studies with a unitary methodology and clear operational criteria to define hangover are necessary in order to clarify such a phenomenon. We suggest some future working ideas that should be pursued in order to address the current shortcomings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell‐cycle‐dependent PC‐PLC regulation by APC/CCdc20‐mediated ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway
Authors: Fu Da , Ma Yushui , Wu Wei , Zhu Xuchao , Jia Chengyou , Zhao Qianlei , Zhang Chunyi , Wu Xing Zhong
Published: April 2009

Phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) is involved in the cell signal transduction, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The mechanism of its action, however, has not been fully understood, particularly, the role of PC‐PLC in the cell cycle. In the present study, we found that cell division cycle 20 homolog (Cdc20) and PC‐PLC were co‐immunoprecipitated reciprocally by either antibody in rat hepatoma cells CBRH‐7919 as well as in rat liver tissue. Using confocal microscopy, we found that PC‐PLC and Cdc20 were co‐localized in the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum region (the “juxtanuclear quality control” compartment, JUNQ). The expression level and activities of PC‐PLC changed in a cell‐cycle‐dependent manner and were inversely correlated with the expression of Cdc20. Intriguingly, Cdc20 overexpression altered the subcellular localization and distribution of PC‐PLC, and caused PC‐PLC degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP). Taken together, our data indicate that PC‐PLC regulation in cell cycles is controlled by APC/CCdc20‐mediated UPP. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 686–696, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor induced by estrogens and phytoestrogens promotes the differentiation of U2OS human osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Salvatori Luisa , Caporuscio Francesca , Coroniti Giuseppe , Starace Giuseppe , Frati Luigi , Russo Matteo Antonio , Petrangeli Elisa
Published: April 2009

In previous studies on HeLa cells we demonstrated estrogen‐responsiveness of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, as 17β‐estradiol (E2) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) genistein (G), daidzein (D), and 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4OH‐T) modulated its transcription in a ligand‐ and estrogen receptor (ER) isoform‐specific way. This study describes further investigations into the role of ERs in mediating the effects induced by E2 and SERMs on EGFR expression, and the relationship between the actions of ERs and EGFR in U2OS osteosarcoma cells stably expressing ERα or ERβ. Cell number and DNA content determination revealed that E2, G, and D inhibited proliferation and cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis in both cell lines. In parallel, changes in cell morphology typical of osteoblast maturation were observed via optical microscopy. Consistently, quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis showed an up‐regulation of markers of osteoblast differentiation and bone repair, and a decrease in EGFR expression. The transfection of specific antisense (AS) oligonucleotides strengthened our hypothesis that EGFR reduction caused changes in the proliferation/differentiation pattern comparable to those induced by ER ligands. The link between the ER and EGFR pathways was confirmed by treatment with 4OH‐T, which decreased the EGFR level and produced differentiation effects via ERα, but induced both EGFR expression and proliferation effects via ERβ. In conclusion, we show that also in U2OS cells, E2 and SERMs are able to modulate the expression of the EGFR gene and can affect events strictly controlled by its signaling pathway, such as the maturation of osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 35–44, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectral fragmentation pattern of 2,2‐bipyridyls. Part V. 2,2′‐oxydipyridine
Authors: Keats N. G. , Summers L. A.
Published: April 2009

The mass spectrum of 2,2′‐oxydipyridine obtained by electron impact is reported. The principal fragmentations involve loss of C2IIO and CO in addition to rupture of the central bonds. Molecular rearrangements accompany the fragmentations.
The condensation of ethyl phenylpropiolale with 3‐pyridylacetonitrile
Authors: Al‐Jallo Hikmat N. , Al‐Azawi Fatin
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 3‐pyridylacetonitrile with ethyl phenylpropiolate gave not only the expected 3‐hydroxy‐5‐phenyl‐2‐(3‐pyridyl)pent‐2‐en‐4‐ynenitrile (IX) but also a di‐Michael addition product of one molecule of the pyridylacetonitrile and two molecules of the acetylenic ester, ethyl 4‐earbethoxy‐3,5‐diphenyl‐6‐(3‐pyridyl) anthranilate (IV). Moreover, 2‐elhoxy‐6‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐pyridyl)pyrid‐4‐one (XIV) was also isolated as the eyclization product obtained after the addition of a molecule of ethanol to compound IX. Ir and ninr spectra arc reported for all products.
Unusual products from the synthesis of 3‐(2‐phenylethyl)pyridines by the hydrosulfite reduction of nitrosamines
Authors: Walter Lewis A. , Chang Wei K. , Mcglotten James , Foester Robert
Published: April 2009

The Overberger hydrosulfite reduction of N‐nitroso[(3‐phenylmethylamino)methyl]pyridine gave 3‐(2‐phenylethyl)pyridine and, as determined by nmr, glc and mass spectral studies, about 15% of a mixture which consisted of the 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐(phenylmethyl)‐3‐methylpyridines, and the 3‐[2‐, 3‐, and 4‐(methylphenylmethyl)]pyridines. These by‐products resulted from the coupling of an arylmethyl fragment with the opposite aryl group. A concerted reaction is suggested for the ortho couplings and a radical rearrangement for the para couplings. Authentic samples of three of these by‐products were prepared for comparison. A similar reduction of (+)‐N‐nitroso‐3‐[(phenylethylamino)methyl]pyridine gave (+)3‐(2‐phenylpropyl)pyridine of undetermined optical purity and by‐products which were not examined but whose nmr spectrum indicated them to be of analogous origin.
Synthèse et propriétés des aroylhydrazones du benzoate d'éthyle. Synthèses d'hétéroscycles azotes
Authors: Milcent R. , Redeuilh Et C.
Published: April 2009

L'action des aroylhydrazines sur le ehlorhydrate de benziminoéther conduit aux aroyl‐liydrazones du benzoate d'éthyle. Ces composés se cyclisent thermiquemenl ou dans l'alcool en présence de carbonate de sodium pour donner les aryl‐5 phényl‐2 oxadiazoles‐1,3,4 correspondants. L'action de 1′hydrazine conduit aux amino‐4 aryl‐5 phényl‐3 4Htriazoles‐1,2,4 et au diphényl‐3,6 tétrazine‐1,2,4,5. Enfin, L'iodure de méthylmagnésium réagit sur ces hydrazones en formant les aroylhydrazones de L'acétophénone. Les spectres IR, RMN, et UV des nouveaux composés sont étudiés.
Psilocin analogs. 1. Synthesis of 3‐[2‐(dialkylamino)ethyl] ‐and 3‐[2‐(cycloalkylamino)ethyl] indol‐4‐ols
Authors: Repke David B. , Ferguson Wilfred J. , Bates Dallas K.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of four dialkyl and three eyeloalkyl analogs of psilocin (4, R ‐ CH3), a hallucinogenic principle found in certain fungi, is described. The synthetic route involves four transformations starting with 6,7‐dihydroindol‐4(5H)one: (1).
The photochemical synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds from s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazine (II)
Authors: Maas Garren E. , Bradshaw Jerald S.
Published: April 2009

s‐Triazolo[4,3‐b Jpyridazine (I) photochemically reacted with dihydropyran; 2,3‐dihydro‐p‐dioxin; 2,5‐dihydrofuran; 2,5‐dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydrofuran; and 1,3‐dioxep‐5‐ene to give a new series of substituted pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐.s‐triazoles (II‐IX). In most reactions, two or more products were formed. The following compounds have been prepared from I: 9‐methylene‐4a,5,6,7,8a,9‐hexahydropyrano[2,3 :4,5]pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐s‐triazole (Ha), the corresponding 9‐cyanomethyl product (III), and 9‐methylene‐4a,7,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐6H,9H‐pyrano[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐s‐triazole (IIb) from dihydropyran; 9‐methylene‐4a,6,7,8a‐tetrahydro‐9H‐p‐dioxino[2′,3′:4,5]‐pyrrolo[1,2‐6]‐s‐triazole (IV) from 2,3‐dihydro‐p‐dioxin; 8‐methylene‐4a,5,7a,8‐tetrahydro‐7H‐furo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐s‐triazole (V) and the corresponding 8‐cyanomethyl product (VI) from 2,5‐dihydrofuran; 8‐cyanomethyl‐5,7‐dimethoxy‐4a,5,7a,8‐tetrahydro‐7H‐furo[3′,4′:4,5]‐pyrrolo[1,2‐6]‐s‐lriazole (VII) from 2,5‐dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydrofuran; and 10‐methylene‐4a,5,9a,10‐tetrahydro‐9H‐[1,3]dioxepino[5′,6′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐s‐triazole (VIII) and the corresponding 10‐cyanomethyl product (IX) from 1,3‐dioxep‐5‐ene. The addition of several other compounds (1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine, 1‐acetylimidazole, 3‐sulfolene, 2,3‐dihydro‐p‐dithiin, and vinylene carbonate) was attempted, but no reactions were observed.
Basc‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange in benzo derivatives of five‐membered aromatic heterocyeles. Part III. A comparative and systematic study of the i‐beuzothiopbene, benzofuran, henzotbiazole and benzoxazole systems
Authors: Allanasi Orazio
Published: April 2009

The rates of base‐catalyzed hydrogen‐deuterium exchange at C‐2 in 1‐benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzothiazole and benzoxazole were studied. For benzothiophene benzofuran the relative second‐order rale constants of hydrogen‐deuterium exchange were 4:1, while for benzothiazole and benzoxazole they were 1:20. These data can be explained by assuming that the sulphur heteroatom interacts electronically with the atom in position 3 of the five‐membered ring. While, very probably, the d‐orbital conjugation cannot depend much on the: atom in position 3, the polarization phenomena can vary more with the atom in position 3. For this reason it was thought that the electronic activity ol the sulphur heleroatom is due to polarization phenomena rather that d‐orbilal interaction.
Synthesis and reactions of 3‐carbethoxy and 3‐aroyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐1h‐2,3‐benzoxazin‐1‐ones
Authors: Trani Aldo , Bellasio Elvio
Published: April 2009

A series of 3‐substituted 3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐2,3‐benzoxazin‐1‐ones (IV) (Scheme I) was prepared by reaction of 2‐bromomethylbenzoyl chlorides (II) with N‐hydroxyethylcarbamate (III) or with benzohydroxamic acids. Acid hydrolysis of 3‐carbethoxy (IVa) and 3‐benzoyl derivatives (IVb) afforded a mixture of 2‐(hydroxyaminomethyl)benzoic acid (V) and 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1H‐1‐isoindolinone (VII). Compound IVa reacted with ethanol, amines or hydrazine to yield the ethyl ester X, amides XIV (Scheme II) and the hydrazide XII of 2‐(N‐carbethoxy‐N‐hydroxy‐aminomethyl)benzoic acid. Diazotization of the hydrazide XII afforded the unstable azide XIII which did not undergo the Curtius reaction but gave the benzoxazinone IVa by loss of hydrazoic acid.
The reaction of 2‐picoline N‐Oxide with o‐substituled benzoates and lsatoic anhydrides
Authors: Connor David T. , Young Patricia A. , Von Strandtmann Maximillian
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 2‐picoline N‐Oxide anion with o‐substituted henzoates and isatoic anhydrides to give synthetically useful l‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethanone N‐oxides, I‐(2‐hydroxy‐phenyJ)‐2‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethanone N‐oxides and I ‐(2‐arninopheny])‐2‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethanone N‐oxides is described.
Heterocyclic synthesis with N‐oxides. Preparation of pyridine n‐oxide substituted chromones, chromanones, coumarins, quinolones, dihydroquinolones and cinnolones
Authors: Connor David T. , Young Patricia A. , Von Strandtmann Maximillian
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of pyridine N‐oxide substituted chromones, chromanones, coumarins, quinolines, dihydroquinolines and cinnolines from l‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethanone N‐oxide, 1‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐2‐(2‐pyridinyl)ethanone N‐oxide and 1‐[2‐(methylamino)phenyl]‐2‐(2‐pyri‐dinyl)ethanone N‐oxide is described.
Heterocydic compounds. VIII. Synthesis of 3‐ and 2,3‐substituted thienopyrimidones
Authors: Manhas M. S. , Amin S. G.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of a number of substituted thienopyrimidones and quinazolones has been deseribed.
2‐Methylisoxazolin‐5‐ones III. Curboxylic. Acids and their Derivatives
Authors: De Sarlo Francesco , Cencioni Roberto , Renzi Ciovanni , Bausi Letizia
Published: April 2009

Carbethoxy‐substituted 12‐methylisoxazolin‐5‐ones and several functional derivatives have been prepared. Spectral properties of the corresponding carboxylic acids are discussed. These acids ant stronger when the carboxy group is in position 3 than when in position 4 of the heterocycle.
Structure and acidity of some heterocyclic nitrosazones
Authors: Shawali Ahmad Sarni
Published: April 2009

Several new heterocyclic nitrosazones were prepared and their acid dissociation constants determined in 50 volume percent ethanol‐water solution at 25.0 ± 0.1° and μ of 0.10. Infrared, electronic, and pmr spectra of these compounds and some deuterated nitrosazones were also examined and compared with their O‐methyl derivatives. It is concluded that all compounds have the azo oxime structure and that the stereochemistry around the azo group is trans. The data revealed also that the nitrosazones derived from pyridine aldehydes show the existence of equilibria between zwitterionic and neutral molecules. No evidence for the tautomeric nitroso‐hydrazone form could be obtained.
A new, one‐step transformation of furoic acid derivatives to 2‐Amino‐3‐hydroxypyridines
Authors: Greater Hans , Belluš Daniel
Published: April 2009

2‐Arnino‐3‐hydroxypyridine and its 6‐methyl derivative can be prepared in yields up to 55% by heating 2‐furoic acid derivatives at 200‐250° with ammonia in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The reaction is preferably conducted in an amide or a nitrile as solvent.
Derivatives of 2,3‐Dihydrocyclopenta[d] pyrido[1,2‐a] pyrimidin‐10(1H)one
Authors: Yale Harry L.
Published: April 2009

The annulation of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐, 2‐amino‐3‐carboxy‐, and 2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridine with ethyl cyelopenlanone‐2‐earboxylate led to the 5‐hydroxy‐, 2, 5‐carboxy‐, 3, and 5‐methyl‐, 4, derivatives of the 2,3‐dihydrocycloperita[d]pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐10(1H) one heterocycle. Alkylation of 2 with α‐bromotolue, ne gave the 5‐benzyloxy derivative.
Diazepines. III. Synthesis of 4H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a] thieno[3,2‐f] [1,4] diazepines
Authors: Fujimori Hitoxhi , Kayama Yasutaka , Hara Takeshi , Itoh Kazuhiko , Sunami Tamiko
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of 4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]thieno[3,2‐f] [1,4]diazepines (8) is described. Phthal‐imidomethylfurans 1 were treated with bromine‐methanol to give the dihydrofurans 2, which were hydrolyzed and then liydrogenated over Raney nickel or with zinc‐acetic acid to afford the 1,4‐diketones 5. Condensation of 2‐amino‐3‐benzoylthiophenes 6 with 5 gave 3‐benzoyl‐2‐pyrrolylthiopenes 7. The removal of the phthaloyl group from 7 with hydrazine hydrate and ring closure to the diazepine ring yielded the new heterocycles 8.
The 1H and 13C nmr spectra of the “onium” salts of dithiacyclophanes
Authors: Ricci Alfredo , Danieli Roberto , Boicelli Andrea , Ridd John H.
Published: April 2009

The 1H and 13C nmr spectra of three cyclic sulphonium salts ol dithiacyclophanes have been recorded and compared with those of the open‐chain analogue. The 1H spectra indicate that methylation of the dithiacyclophanes gives a mixture of eonformational isorners with slightly different chemical shifts for the benzylic protons. The 13C spectra indicate that the smaller rings adopt an unsymmetrical conformation with respect to the aromatic ring but that in the larger ring studied, the aromatic carbon atoms are magnetically equivalent. The relevance of these results to the reactivity of the aromatic ring is discussed.
2,1‐benzisothiazoles. X. Acylation of 2,1‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one. A remarkable sulfur extrusion with ring expansion
Authors: Davis Michael , Pogany Stephen P.
Published: April 2009

Acylation of 2,1‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐ones (1) in pyridine gives O‐acyl derivatives initially; these rapidly extrude sulfur and form substituted 3,1‐benzoxazinones (4).
Inverted reactivity of aryllithium derivatives V. On the syntheses of thiocyano‐, phenylsulfinyl‐, and phenoxy derivatives of thiophenes and furans
Authors: Gronowitz Salo , Holm Boris
Published: April 2009

The reaction of some diheterocyclic iodonium salts with a variety of nucleophiles has been studied. The reaction was of preparative use for the syntheses of thiocyano, phenylsulfinyl and phenoxy derivatives of thiophenes and furans.
Acetylenic ketones. Part IV. Reaction of p‐nitrobenzoylphenylacetylene with nucleophilic nitrogen compounds
Authors: El‐Rayyes N. R. , Al‐Hajjar F. H.
Published: April 2009

p‐Nitrobenzoylphenylacetylene (I) reacted with acylhydrazines (IIa‐d) to give the corresponding hydrazones (VIa‐d), which when treated with acetic anhydride, gave the same substituted pyrazole (VII). Hydrolysis of the latter with methanolic potassium hydroxide gave the pyrazole derivative (IX).

The reaction of I with ethyl and phenyl hydrazinecarboxylates (IIe,f) led to the formation of the hydrazones (VIe) and (VIf), respectively, whereas with methyl‐ and phenylhydrazines it produced the pyrazoles (X) and (XI), respectively. However, guanidine hydrochloride gave with acetylenic ketone (I), the pyrimidine (XV).