bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difficulties for the Levels Conception
Authors: Heil John
Published: October 2003

Problems arising from the idea that reality comprises levels of being are discussed. These include the problem of causal relevance (How could higher‐level properties be relevant to the production of higher‐ or lower‐level effects?) and the problem of inter‐level relations (If higher‐level properties have lower‐level realizers, what is the resulting ontological picture?).
The Sense of “Beautiful”
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: October 2003

Deals with the question of what, according to Hutcheson, we assert when we say ‘X is beautiful’.
The “Sense” Of Beauty and the Sense of “Art”: Hutcheson's Place in the History and Practice of Aesthetics
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: October 2003

Deals with the neglected topic of Hutcheson's philosophy of art, as opposed to his more talked about philosophy of beauty.
A History of Philosophy in America
Authors: Kuklick Bruce
Published: October 2003

I have been selective in my emphases rather than encyclopaedic and exhaustive. In focusing on American philosophy, the book makes implicit claims about thought and life related to a peculiar western polity and the US, by the nineteenth century. The study of the history of philosophy finally requires complex judgements of quality, which are both questionable and necessary. I have depicted student–teacher relations, conventions of argument, and constellations of problems that endure over generations; and the cultural setting and institutional connections that make up an enterprise of philosophy. I have described traditions of thought and the intentions of thinkers within a social matrix. The book divides naturally into three substantive parts: the first covers the eighteenth and most of the nineteenth centuries, and focuses on religious disputation; the second, from 1865–1930 on pragmatism, an influential American contribution to western ideas; the third, from 1910–2000, on professional philosophy in America, more secular and institutionalized. The thinkers covered include Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Bushnell, Charles Peirce, Josiah Royce, William James, John Dewey, C.I. Lewis, Wilfrid Sellars, Thomas Kuhn, Richard Rorty. The most important theme of the book is the long circuitous march from a religious to a secular vision of the universe. A subsidiary theme concerns social and political philosophy, the crux of Ch. 2.
Innovative Amateurs, 1829–1867
Authors: Kuklick Bruce
Published: October 2003

Thinkers unconnected to institutions were the most lively and creative thinkers in the US for much of the nineteenth century. These ‘amateurs’ were more willing to adopt untraditional, usually German, ideas; and they moved more quickly to modern, secular ideas. The most important of these thinkers were James Marsh of Vermont, who introduced Kantian ideas into America; Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading Transcendentalist; Connecticut minister Horace Bushnell, who followed Nathaniel William Taylor in remaking the theology of New England and leading it to figurative and metaphorical interpretations of the Bible; John Williamson Nevin and Philip Schaff of the Mercersburg Seminary in Pennsylvania, who meditated on an organicist Protestant theology; and The St Louis Hegelians.
The Shape of Revolution
Authors: Kuklick Bruce
Published: October 2003

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the American speculative system composed of divinity school theologians, college philosophers, and amateurs was revolutionized. The amateurs vanished as a creative force, as did the theologians. The victors were the philosophers, who emerged in the new university system as the only spokesmen for speculative thought. Guided by their interest in the ideas of Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill's criticism of Sir William Hamilton, and the Higher Criticism of the Bible, the philosophers left behind a robust Protestantism and focused on the practices of the men of science in the new universities.
After the Evil
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: October 2003

The evil of the holocaust demands a radical rethink of the traditional Christian understanding of Judaism. This is because the anti‐Judaism of the Christian Church prepared the way for the holocaust. This rethink includes looking at theological responses to the holocaust and examining which, if any, are adequate. It also means looking at issues of suffering and forgiveness in both Judaism and Christianity. On examination, the approach of the two religions is not as far apart as is sometimes suggested. The basic covenant is not with either Judaism or Christianity but with humanity. These, like other religions, are different, distinctive voices in response to God's primal affirmation of human life, which for Christians is achieved and given in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christians should not set out to convert Jews. Jesus is, traditionally, a highly divisive figure for the two religions but modern scholarship, including Jewish scholarship, has revealed some common ground. In addition to the common ground here, there is a shared hope and a common task though contentious questions still remain on questions such as Israel and Jerusalem. The church has a particular responsibility to ensure that its teaching and preaching is not implicitly anti‐Judaic.
Jerusalem in Religious Perspective
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: October 2003

Jerusalem is important for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. However, it is important in different ways. Within Christianity, Jerusalem became de‐territorialized and a symbol for heaven. So Christian concern with Jerusalem is for free access to the holy sites. For Islam, Jerusalem is important because of its connection with Muhammad in Islamic tradition and because it was for many centuries part of the realm of Islam. For Judaism, the actual geographical place has always remained important, not just as a symbol of world peace, but of the hope of an ingathering on this earth of the people to their promised land. In all three religions at the moment, there is a terrible contrast between the symbolic aspects of Jerusalem and the present divided reality.
Shared Hope and a Common Task
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: October 2003

Jews and Christians have a shared hope and a common task. That hope has been interpreted in different ways in both religions: as the coming of the kingdom of God on earth and as a hope of life in the hereafter, beyond space and time. Hope of a coming messiah and a messianic age remain part of mainstream Judaism. Both religions today, however, would emphasize that the priority is not so much to interpret the world as to change it. There is a common task that in Judaism has sometimes been called ‘repairing’ or ‘healing the world’ (Tikkun Olam).
Functionality of System Components: Conservation of Protein Function in Protein Feature Space
Authors: Jensen Lars Juhl , Ussery David W. , Brunak Søren
Published: October 2003

Many protein features useful for prediction of protein function can be predicted from sequence, including posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and physical/chemical properties. We show here that such protein features are more conserved among orthologs than paralogs, indicating they are crucial for protein function and thus subject to selective pressure. This means that a function prediction method based on sequence-derived features may be able to discriminate between proteins with different function even when they have highly similar structure. Also, such a method is likely to perform well on organisms other than the one on which it was trained. We evaluate the performance of such a method, ProtFun, which relies on protein features as its sole input, and show that the method gives similar performance for most eukaryotes and performs much better than anticipated on archaea and bacteria. From this analysis, we conclude that for the posttranslational modifications studied, both the cellular use and the sequence motifs are conserved within Eukarya.
On defining words, some scenarios and vectors in the ‘autobiography’ of C. G. Jung1
Authors: Gaillard Christian
Published: October 2003

Abstract:  Having first considered recent research into the circumstances surrounding the production and publication of the ‘autobiography’ of Jung, the author concludes that in spite of its being the work of several authors, it nevertheless constitutes a whole. Taken from whichever angle, they all point to Jung's particular inquiry into the unconscious, as it emerges through Jung's own words. The author goes on to suggest both a lateral and a structural reading of MDR (Memories, Dreams, Reflections) which in turn reveals, on the basis of the several dreams reported, the central ‘fantasy’ which inspired Jung's research and his oeuvre. Finally, he discusses the idea of the collective or impersonal unconscious and highlights the emphasis Jung places on processes which unfold according to rhythms which are associated with distinct scales, depending on whether they are those of the individual, the clan or the culture.
Jung's very twentieth‐century view of myth
Authors: Segal Robert A.
Published: October 2003

Abstract: It is commonly assumed that Jung's view of myth, like his view of everything else, is best understood vis‐à‐vis Freud’s. I argue that Jung in fact positions himself much more broadly, not merely against other psychologists of myth but more fundamentally against non‐psychologists altogether. Undeniably, Jung pits his theory against Freud’s, but onlyafterpitting both his theory and Freud's against those theories that assume the subject matter of myth to be the external world rather than the human mind and that assume the function of myth to be either the explanation or the description of the external world rather than the expression of the human mind. The theorists whom Jung challenges are called ‘nature mythologists’, for whom myth is either a literal explanation or a symbolic description of the natural world. Which element of the natural world myth is about varies from nature mythologist to nature mythologist. The two leading nature mythologists, both of whom Jung cites, were Edward Tylor and James Frazer. Their theories epitomize the nineteenth‐century approach to myth. For them, myth is the ‘primitive’ counterpart to science, which is entirely modern. For them, myth and science are incompatible, science is true and myth false, and myth must therefore go when science comes. Jung's rejection of the external world as the referent of myth and of explanation or description of that world as the function of myth epitomizes the twentieth‐century response to nineteenth‐century theories. For not merely Jung and Freud but also twentieth‐century theorists generally, myth is anything but the ‘primitive’ counterpart to modern science. Consequently, myth and science are not rivals, so that myth need not go when science comes.
Jung's view on myth and post‐modern psychology
Authors: Jones Raya A.
Published: October 2003

Abstract:  Post‐modern psychology embodies two core themes, the social mind and the narrative self. Whereas the social‐mind thesis seems diametrically opposed to Jung's position regarding human nature, the narrative‐self thesis is associated with research and theorizing about personal myth and mythmaking in ways that could make contact with Jung's concerns. Jung's view is examined here with particular attention to McAdams’ theory of narrative identity. It is suggested that the ostensible differences between Jung and post‐modern psychology might reflect divergent interests, rather than necessarily irreconcilable worldviews.
The experience of limits and the broadening of the horizons of consciousness
Authors: Gullota Concetto
Published: October 2003

Abstract:  The author traces the gradual evolution of the clinical and diagnostic category of the borderline in order to demonstrate how, in the course of a few decades, twentieth century psychiatric culture, with its own particular vision of the world, passed from an experience of limit to a concept of limit. In other words, as psychiatric culture became aware of a certain difficulty in defining an object under observation, it was gradually forced to modify its own descriptive categories and elaborate a new concept that contained within itself that primitive experience of indeterminacy. The author suggests that a similar phenomenon can also develop in other fields of human life, but here it takes place over such a long period of time that the relationship between the primitive experience and its subsequent conceptualization is difficult to trace. Through the borderline experience or the experience of limits, consciousness modifies its horizons, not in the sense of a simple integration of a new content but in the sense of a profound modification of the entire system of values in which consciousness identified itself up to that moment. It is in this key that the author attempts a psychological reading of Aeschylus’Prometheus Bound and Shakespeare's Hamlet, a reading that has also implications for the understanding of the themes emerging at present on the international scene.
Psychoanalysis and empirical research
Authors: Giannoni Massimo
Published: October 2003

Abstract: At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the idea of reason began to lose its universal and absolute value, undermining the view of science as a form of objective knowledge that reveals a fundamental reality. These changes have also had an impact on psychoanalysis, leading to a proliferation of theories and the end of a positivistic approach, epitomized by a ‘neutral’ analyst who knows the contents of the patient's mind.

Hermeneutic philosophy provides a tool with which to explore both theoretical multiplicity and the contribution of the analyst's subjectivity to the analytic process. Furthermore, a hermeneutic approach does not have to be hostile to empirical science, but can be integrated with it in a ‘scientific‐hermeneutic model’ in which historical and biological principles are given equal value.
Psychoanalysis and Eastern spiritual healing traditions
Authors: Kakar Sudhir
Published: October 2003

Abstract:  An exploration of the theory and practice of healing in the Eastern spiritual traditions reveals the centrality of the idealizing transference in the patient‐seeker's interaction with the spiritual teacher or the guru although the aim and development of the idealizing transference in the spiritual traditions are quite different from those of self psychology. In its emphasis on the guru's empathy and in claiming that its meditative practices radically reduce the noise and glare produced by the sensual self which is the chief obstacle to the teacher‐healer's empathic understanding of the patient, the Eastern healing discourse goes considerably beyond most traditional psychoanalytic formulations on the nature and communication of empathy in the analytic situation. The Eastern traditions’ claim of a significant enhancement of the teacher‐healer's empathic capacity through meditative practices, and its communication to the patient/seeker through other channels besides the verbal one, can make an important contribution to the discussion on the role of empathy in psychoanalytic discourse and, if the claim proves true, to a place for meditative practices in psychoanalytic education.
‘Oh Rose, thou art sick!’ Anti‐individuation forces in the film American Beauty
Authors: Hewison David
Published: October 2003

Abstract:  The film American Beauty is used as a vehicle to explore difficulties in the individuation process, to look at a particular aspect of couple relationships in which mourning is avoided, and to make a general comment about the relationship between film and psychological experience. The thesis of the paper is that the individuation process is both an intra‐psychic experience and an inter‐psychic one which relies on relationships with external figures to enable development. The adult couple relationship is taken as one of the key areas of emotional life for the individuation process and as an area that can best show up false starts, successes, or even retreats in psychological development. Using the poetry of William Blake and the work of Michael Fordham, I show a process of anti‐individuation going on in the relationship between the characters of Lester and Carolyn Burnham in the film.
Social Economy Companies in the Spanish Agricultural Sector: Delimitation and Situation in the Context of the European Union
Authors: Juliá Juan F. , Server Ricardo J.
Published: October 2003

Abstract On the basis of the definitions that have found the greatest acceptance among the scientific community, this paper identifies the business formulas that comprise the Social Economy in the agri‐food sector with reference to the case of Spain, for which the latest data and figures are presented. At the same time, it presents a comparative study with agricultural cooperatives in the European Union, using the cluster analysis method, in order to place the business situation of Spanish cooperatives within this context.
Ancestral Inference in Population Genetics Models with Selection (with Discussion)
Authors: Stephens Matthew , Donnelly Peter
Published: October 2003

A new algorithm is presented for exact simulation from the conditional distribution of the genealogical history of a sample, given the composition of the sample, for population genetics models with general diploid selection. The method applies to the usual diffusion approximation of evolution at a single locus, in a randomly mating population of constant size, for mutation models in which the distribution of the type of a mutant does not depend on the type of the progenitor allele; this includes any model with only two alleles. The new method is applied to ancestral inference for the two‐allele case, both with genic selection and heterozygote advantage and disadvantage, where one of the alleles is assumed to have resulted from a unique mutation event. The paper describes how the method could be used for inference when data are also available at neutral markers linked to the locus under selection. It also informally describes and constructs the non‐neutral Fleming–Viot measure‐valued diffusion.
A Sparse Implementation of the Average Information Algorithm for Factor Analytic and Reduced Rank Variance Models
Authors: Thompson Robin , Cullis Brian , Smith Alison , Gilmour Arthur
Published: October 2003

Factor analytic variance models have been widely considered for the analysis of multivariate data particularly in the psychometrics area. Recently Smith, Cullis & Thompson (2001) have considered their use in the analysis of multi‐environment data arising from plant improvement programs. For these data, the size of the problem and the complexity of the variance models chosen to account for spatial heterogeneity within trials implies that standard algorithms for fitting factor analytic models can be computationally expensive. This paper presents a sparse implementation of the average information algorithm (Gilmour, Thompson & Cullis, 1995) for fitting factor analytic and reduced rank variance models.
Bayesian Inference for a Stochastic Epidemic Model with Uncertain Numbers of Susceptibles of Several Types
Authors: Hayakawa Yu , O'Neill Philip D. , Upton Darren , Yip Paul S.F.
Published: October 2003

A stochastic epidemic model with several kinds of susceptible is used to analyse temporal disease outbreak data from a Bayesian perspective. Prior distributions are used to model uncertainty in the actual numbers of susceptibles initially present. The posterior distribution of the parameters of the model is explored via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The methods are illustrated using two datasets, and the results are compared where possible to results obtained by previous analyses.
Economic Performance, Trade Restrictiveness, and Efficiency
Authors: Bureau J. Christophe , Chau Nancy H. , Färe Rolf , Grosskopf Shawna
Published: October 2003

The paper addresses the question of whether trade restrictiveness impacts economic performance, via a trade restrictiveness index that is decomposable into a trade distortion and a domestic distortion component. The paper builds on the Anderson and Neary price index measure of trade distortion, in evaluating trade restrictiveness via a distance function approach. This is accomplished by adding a “dual” version to their trade restrictiveness price index, based on distance functions that scale output quantities. The authors compute the trade restrictiveness quantity index (TRQI) using a parametric frontier approach to model the production side of the economy, and a panel of information on the agricultural sector of a set of European Community countries. The results suggest that the use ofTRQImakes a considerable difference to interpretations of the efficiency impact of agricultural trade policies in EC countries, as compared to policy‐oriented aggregates or result‐oriented measures of trade restrictiveness.
Trade, Exchange Rate, and Energy Pricing Reform in Iran: Potentially Large Efficiency Effects and Gains to the Poor
Authors: Jensen Jesper , Tarr David
Published: October 2003

Iran is committed to substantial trade and market reform in its Third Five Year Development Plan. It started, however, with nontariff barriers on all products, a dual exchange rate regime with the market rate more than four times the official rate, and domestic energy product subsidies of about 90%. The authors develop a multisector computable general‐equilibrium model with ten rural and ten urban households to analyze the various reforms, separately and together. Reflecting the large initial distortions, they find that the combined reforms could generate large welfare gains equal to about 50% of aggregate consumer income. Moreover, the results show that well‐intentioned policies of commodity subsidies for the poor can have perverse effects. Even nontargeted direct income payments to all households (not just the poor) would enormously and progressively increase the incomes of the poor compared to the status quo.
The European Single Currency and MENA's Exports to Europe
Authors: Achy Lahcen , Sekkat Khalid
Published: October 2003

The paper investigates future exchange rate policy of the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries vis‐à‐vis the euro aimed at fostering their manufactured exports towards Euroland. The exchange rate policy is captured through three different indicators: the real effective exchange rate changes, volatility, and misalignment. The investigation is conducted for 11 sectors over the period 1970–1997. The sample includes four North African countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt) and Turkey. The results show that exchange rate management plays a crucial role in providing incentives for manufactured exports toward Euroland. The food sector is weakly responsive to real exchange rate changes while the textile sector is highly responsive. Four growing sectors (electronic, electrical, mechanical, and vehicles) were also found to be highly sensitive to exchange rate changes. The results suggest that policymakers should be more concerned with misalignment than with volatility.
Optimal Fiscal Policy in an Economy Facing Sociopolitical Instability
Authors: Ghate Chetan , Le Quan Vu , Zak Paul J.
Published: October 2003

The paper presents a model of optimal government policy when policy choices may exacerbate sociopolitical instability (SPI). The authors show that optimal policy that takes into account SPI transforms a standard concave growth model into a model with both a poverty trap and endogenous growth. The resulting equilibrium dynamics inherit the properties of government policies and need not be monotone. Indeed, for a broad set of conditions, government policy is unable to eliminate the poverty trap; when these conditions do not hold, “most” countries eventually reach a balanced growth path. The predictions of the model are tested by developing three new measures of SPI for a panel of 58 countries. Estimating optimal policies and the growth equation derived from the model reveals strong support for the theory.
Capital Flows, Vertical Multinationals, Wage Inequality, and Welfare
Authors: Liang Wen‐Jung , Mai Chao‐Cheng
Published: October 2003

Wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor in the US and its trading partners, Mexico and Chile, has increased since 1980, while Taiwan's wage inequality has decreased since the mid‐1980s. The authors provide a new explanation for the latter, involving a rise in capital flows from Taiwan to less‐developed countries (LDCs) in the form of vertical multinationals (MNEs), and a corresponding rise in intermediate‐good exports from the MNEs to subsidiaries in LDCs. Moreover, national income in both countries definitely improves.
Food Aid Disincentives: the Tunisian Experience
Authors: Bezuneh Mesfin , Deaton Brady , Zuhair Segu
Published: October 2003

An econometric model is used to assess the short‐term (impact), interim, and cumulative effects of food aid on the economy of Tunisia for the period 1960–92. Food aid displaced neither domestic production nor commercial imports of food grains. Rather, food aid provided incentives to promote growth through its income and policy effects. Food aid provided increased public revenue that enabled the government to take an active role in domestic pricing, preventing disincentive prices and promoting domestic production. The results indicate a positive role for food aid when disincentive effects are managed through public policies.
Distinguishing Between the Effects of Primary and Post‐primary Education on Economic Growth
Authors: Papageorgiou Chris
Published: October 2003

The paper follows Benhabib and Spiegel (Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 34, 1994:143–73) in examining the effect of human capital accumulation on economic growth. The paper is innovative in two ways. First, it takes the R&D‐based models more seriously. This delivers more structural specifications in which human capital affects growth as an input of final output and as a catalyst of technological innovation and imitation. Second, owing to data availability it is possible to disaggregate human capital and assign different roles to primary and post‐primary education. Regression estimates obtained from these alternative specifications suggest that the relative contribution of human capital to technology adoption and final output production vary by country wealth. More importantly, regression estimates suggest that primary education contributes mainly to production of final output, whereas post‐primary education contributes mainly to innovation and imitation of technology.
Are Returns to Investment Lower for the Poor? Human and Physical Capital Interactions in Rural Vietnam
Authors: Walle Dominique van de
Published: October 2003

If the gains from investment depend on knowledge, but households cannot hire skills, then poorly educated households will achieve lower returns than educated ones. If the income‐poor are less well educated, then they will also have lower returns to investment. The paper tests this argument for the case of irrigation in Vietnam, a setting where existing irrigation can be treated as exogenous at the household level with appropriate controls for the determinants of facility placement. Strong complementarities between household education and irrigation expansion suggest that, unless disparities in education are redressed, reforms will generate an inequitable growth process in Vietnam.
Postcolonialising Geography: Tactics and Pitfalls
Authors: Robinson Jenny
Published: October 2003

The moves within postcolonial theory to “provincialise Europe” encourage an acknowledgement of the parochial nature of much of what still passes for universal theory in the western academy. Within geography, postcolonialism has generated a strong interest in colonial histories and contemporary postcolonial politics, but this has not displaced the dominant parochial forms of theorising in the discipline. The paper argues for a more cosmopolitan theoretical project within geography, one whose routes through a range of intellectual traditions and contexts might encourage a broader scope to conversations about space and nature, and produce more lively and creative insights into some of the urgent political issues facing the world today. A geography whose intellectual vision is limited to the concerns and perspectives of the richest countries in the world has little hope of effectively participating in the debates that will matter in the twenty‐first century. Within the frame of this long‐term intellectual project, this paper will suggest some initial practical steps which researchers, writers, teachers and students in geography might take to start to decentre the predominant Euro‐Americanism of the discipline. The specific sources of inspiration for this argument are drawn from comparative urbanism and Southern African geography.
“Making Place”: The “Pacific Solution” and Australian Emplacement in the Pacific and on Refugee Bodies
Authors: Rajaram Prem Kumar
Published: October 2003

In September 2001, Australia effected a “Pacific Solution” to its “refugee problem”: the interception and transfer of “unauthorised boat arrivals” to processing centres in the Pacific Third World. These centres were agreed to by poor countries that were approached precisely because of their vulnerability and dependence upon Australia, in exchange for increases in aid. Australia thereby created a regional refugee problem and, in so doing, Australian seignorage also demands that the laws of those sovereign countries be placed in stasis so that people not convicted of a crime may be detained indefinitely. The Pacific region, in effect, came to be mapped in terms of its utility to Australia, both downplaying and concealing complex economic, social and political issues. This essay studies the Pacific Solution as a means of Australian "emplacement" in the Pacific and on refugee identity/bodies. Both refugee identity and the Pacific Third World are assessed in terms of their utility in serving as sites for Australian emplacement, whereby and wherein the borders of Australia are reinforced, to the detriment of extant “local” emplacements.
Defiled Cities
Authors: Gregory Derek
Published: October 2003

Edward Said laid some of the foundation stones for postcolonialism, but this project has — for the most part — ignored the pressing question of Palestine that has been the goad for so much of Said's own work. This essay discusses some of the ways in which, in the wake of September 11, the Israeli government of Ariel Sharon took advantage of the so‐called “war on terrorism” to ratchet up the dispossession of the Palestinian people. It also seeks to show that imaginative geographies are never merely representations — they are also performances of space — and that, in this case (as in others), they have served to rationalise and radicalise colonial aggression, ultimately through the prosecution of a necropolitics.
From City to City: Tan Malaka, Shanghai and the Politics of Geographical Imagining
Authors: Kusno Abidin
Published: October 2003

This paper focuses on the geographical imagining and agency of colonised people by exploring particular accounts in the life‐experience manuscript of Tan Malaka (1897‐1949), a displaced Indonesian “radical”, who found himself in Shanghai in January 1932 and engulfed in the semi state of war between China and Japan. It traces the ways in which this adventure in Shanghai both shaped and was shaped by how this “hero of national independence” confronted colonialism and the nationalist agitations in Jakarta in the 1940s. It, thus, traces the ways in which the landscape and contradictions in the social space of the (colonial) city heightened the consciousness of people in the colonial world, transforming the way they thought about their social and political identities.
‘Did you see that, Mom?’: Social Looking in Three‐Year‐Old Boys
Authors: Martin Sarah E. , Crnic Keith A. , Belsky Jay
Published: October 2003

This study examined social looking, defined as child‐initiated looking to a caregiver's face, in a sample of three‐year‐old boys and their mothers: 59.6% of boys looked to their mothers at least once over the course of emotion‐eliciting puppet show vignettes. Social looking occurred more often during puppet show events that were child‐focused and positive in valence. Boys’ social looking was related to their concurrent affective state, with more expressions of positive emotion looking associated with more social looks. Patterns of family emotionality predicted children's use of social looking. Specifically, a history of positive family expressiveness was associated with children's less frequent use of social looking, whereas a history of negative family expressiveness was associated with children's more frequent use of social looking.
Mothers’ Self‐Reported Control of Their Preschool Children's Emotional Expressiveness: A Longitudinal Study of Associations with Infant–Mother Attachment and Children's Emotion Regulation
Authors: Berlin Lisa J. , Cassidy Jude
Published: October 2003

In the present longitudinal study we examined the associations between mothers’ self‐reported control of their preschoolers’ emotional expressiveness and two other key facets of early socioemotional development: the quality of the infant–mother attachment and children's emotion regulation. Seventy‐six white preschool‐aged children (46 boys and 30 girls) and their mothers participated. Principal assessments included the Parent Attitude Toward Child Expressiveness Scale (PACES; Saarni, 1985), the infant Strange Situation, and ‘Beat the Bell,’ a measure designed for this study to elicit children's emotional expression, sharing, and suppression in the presence of their mothers. Mothers’ control of their children's expressiveness was associated with both attachment and children's emotion regulation in theoretically predicted ways. First, mothers of children who had been classified insecure‐avoidant in the Strange Situation reported greater control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers, and mothers of children who had been classified insecure‐ambivalent reported less control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers. Second, mothers who reported greater control of their children's expressiveness had children who were less likely to express and share their feelings and more likely to suppress their anger in the ‘Beat the Bell’ emotion regulation assessment. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of maternal emotion socialization in children's early socioemotional development.
Representing the Mental World in Children's Social Behavior: Playing Hide‐and‐Seek and Keeping a Secret
Authors: Peskin Joan , Ardino Vittoria
Published: October 2003

This study examined the relationship between children's developing theory of mind and their ability to engage in two social behaviors which have, as their cognitive underpinning, the representation that what one knows may not be accessible to others. Children of 3, 4, and 5 years, in a quasi‐naturalistic setting, played hide‐and‐seek and also were required to keep a secret about a surprise. The ability to play hide‐and‐seek was significantly related to children's ability to refrain from disclosing the secret, and there was a significant relationship between these behaviors and children's social cognition, as measured by theory of mind tasks. The relationship between these social behaviors and tasks measuring executive function was not significant once age was taken into account. With regard to the development of these social behaviors, few 3‐year‐olds, but most 4‐year‐olds, and almost all 5‐year‐olds could successfully play hide‐and‐seek and keep a secret. This study demonstrates the importance of the conceptual understanding of mental states in the young child's social world.
Children's Appraisal of Peer Rejection Experiences: Impact on Social and Emotional Adjustment
Authors: Sandstrom Marlene J. , Cillessen Antonius H. N. , Eisenhower Abbey
Published: October 2003

In the current study, 95 children of different social status classifications (rejected, neglected, average, and popular) were exposed to hypothetical vignettes designed to assess their ‘generalized’ rejection sensitivity (GRS) and a mild social rejection experience designed to assess their ‘on‐line’ rejection sensitivity (ORS). Measures of internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed through a composite of peer‐ , parent‐ , and self‐reports. As expected, sociometric rejection was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems. More importantly, both types of rejection sensitivity were associated with internalizing and externalizing problems after controlling for the effect of peer rejection. High levels of GRS were associated with more internalizing problems for both boys and girls. In addition, rejection sensitivity emerged as a significant moderator of the relation between rejection and externalizing problems. The nature of the moderating effect varied as function of type of rejection sensitivity and gender. Rejected girls with low GRS and rejected boys with high ORS displayed the highest levels of externalizing behavior problems.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Values Socialization: Correlates of a Moral Self‐ Ideal in Late Adolescence
Authors: Pratt Michael W. , Hunsberger Bruce , Pancer S. Mark , Alisat Susan
Published: October 2003

There has been considerable study of the development of moral reasoning in adolescence within the cognitive–developmental paradigm, but less empirical attention to the development of moral valuing and motivation. In a two‐year longitudinal study, we examined the correlates of high‐school students’ endorsement of explicitly moral values as ideals for the self. Those who reported being involved in community helping activities at age 17 were subsequently more likely to increase their relative emphasis on the importance of prosocial moral values for themselves. As predicted, an authoritative family parenting style was associated with more parent–adolescent value agreement in general (regarding both moral and non‐moral values). Particularly for males, reports of greater parent monitoring and strictness were associated with more emphasis on moral values for the self. This relation between parental strictness and males’ self‐ideals was mediated over time by perceived stronger emphases on moral values by both parents and friends. These findings suggest the potential utility of studying moral motivation to help understand prosocial development in adolescence.
Friendships of Indonesian Children: Adjustment of Children Who Differ in Friendship Presence and Similarity Between Mutual Friends
Authors: French Doran C. , Jansen Elizabeth A. , Riansari Meta , Setiono Kusdwiratri
Published: October 2003

Two aspects of the friendships of 960 Indonesian 10‐year‐old children were assessed. First, the characteristics of children with and without mutual friends were compared. Children without friends were more aggressive, withdrawn, and lower in academic achievement and social preference than those with friends. Second, similarities between children and their friends were assessed by comparing 132 target children with their friend and non‐friend classmates. Children were more similar to their friends than to non‐friends in social preference, achievement, peer and teacher rated antisocial behavior, and peer and teacher rated social withdrawal. The similarities of the friendships of Indonesian children to those of Western children with respect to these two features provide evidence of construct equivalence of friendships across cultures.
On Directionality and the Structure of the Verb Phrase: Evidence from Nupe
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baker Mark C.
Published: October 2003

Abstract. We propose a movement account of why some verb phrases seem to be head‐final in the Nupe language whereas others seem to be head‐initial. Several converging arguments are given that verbs come before their complements in the underlying structure. Apparent counterexamples come from the presence of identifiable functional heads within the verb phrase structure that attract NPs to their specifier position. Two such heads are distinguished: Agro0, which attracts an NP nonlocally for purposes of licensing accusative Case, and Infin0, which attracts the closest NP to check an EPP feature regardless of whether it is Case marked. We briefly compare our analysis to remnant movement analyses to sharpen the typology of leftward movement in natural language. We conclude that the success of Kayne's (1994) approach to word order depends on uncovering and cataloging the triggers of these movements.
The Core of a Production Economy with Asymmetric Information
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich
Published: October 2003

The paper analyses the core of a production economy with asymmetric information. Due to the incompleteness of information the transactions an agent can make are restricted. However, if the agent joins a coalition, his information changes according to an exogenously given information rule. The production possibilities of a coalition are described by a technology set and information that the coalition can employ in production. This information depends on the information of the coalition members and is also described by an information rule. Given that the technology sets satisfy some regularity conditions, a production economy with asymmetric information generates a well‐defined cooperative game. It is shown that the core of this game and thus the core of the underlying economy is non‐empty provided that the technology sets satisfy a balancedness condition. This result holds independently of the given information rules.
Regimes of Interest Rates, Income Shares, Savings and Investment: A Kaleckian Model and Empirical Estimations for some Advanced OECD Economies
Authors: Hein Eckhard , Ochsen Carsten
Published: October 2003

The first part of the paper deals with the effects of an exogenous variation in the monetary interest rate on the real equilibrium position of the economic system in a Kaleckian effective demand model. Different regimes of accumulation are derived and it is shown that a negative relation between the interest rate and the equilibrium rates of capacity utilization, accumulation and profit usually expected in post‐Keynesian theory only exists under special conditions. In the second part the model is applied to the data of some major OECD countries, the relevant coefficients are estimated and the relevance for an explanation of the course of GDP and capital stock growth since the early 1960s is discussed.
Wage Hikes as Supply and Demand Shock
Authors: Jerger Jürgen , Michaelis Jochen
Published: October 2003

Wage hikes affect production costs and hence are usually analysed as supply shocks. There is a long‐standing debate, however, about demand effects of wage variations. In this paper, we bring together these two arguments in a Kaldorian model with group‐specific saving rates and a production technology that allows for redistribution between workers and entrepreneurs following a wage hike. We thereby pinpoint the conditions under which (a) wage variations affect aggregate demand and (b) the positive demand effects of wage hikes may even overcompensate the negative supply effects on aggregate employment (‘purchasing power argument’). We conclude by noting that, whereas demand effects are very likely to occur, the conditions under which the purchasing power argument does indeed hold are very unrealistic.
Contracts, the Spot Market Wage and Unemployment Benefits
Authors: Skåtun John Douglas , Theodossiou Ioannis
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a model of the labour market with a contract and a spot market sector. Contracts are binding and enforceable, but unemployed contract workers are free to work in the spot market. The contracting wage is shown to be constant across states. A non‐trivial result shows that the spot market wage is increasing with product price. An increase in product price has an ambiguous effect on contract employment. An increase in unemployment benefits increases the contracting sector wage whilst stabilizing the spot market wage, and may have ambiguous effects on unemployment.
Mortality, the Trade‐off between Child Quality and Quantity, and Demo‐economic Development
Authors: Strulik Holger
Published: October 2003

An economy is investigated where parents observe wage rates, interest rates and child mortality and decide about savings and the quantity and quality of their children. Expenditure on child quality causes human capital accumulation as an external effect. If mortality is high parents prefer to have many children and spend only essential rearing effort. Without human capital accumulation the economy may stabilize in an equilibrium of economic stagnation and high population growth. If mortality is low parents prefer to have only few children and spend comparatively large fractions of income on their quality. With human capital accumulation the economy is capable of long‐run growth. The paper also shows the possibility of an endogenously explained demographic transition and a development aid program on education is discussed.
Sky Service: The Demands of Emotional Labour in the Airline Industry
Authors: Williams Claire
Published: October 2003

Following Hochschild'sThe Managed Heart, which emphasized the problematic features that emotional labour had for women flight attendants, a critical literature emerged which focused on the more enjoyable aspects of emotional labour in service employee experience. This article draws on this literature and analyses emotional labour as a gendered cultural performance but takes issue with the individualizing and pluralistic tenor in the post‐Hochschild discussions. Using a qualitative and quantitative study of nearly 3000 Australian flight attendants, it focuses on organizational and occupational health and safety variables, as well as sexual harass‐ment and passenger abuse — factors barely discussed by Hochschild's critics. The qualitative data indicate that emotional labour is both pleasurable and difficult at different times for the same individual. Gender is still pivotal, as Hochschild suggested, linking emotional labour with sexual harassment. At the same time, the most significant predictors from the quantitative study of whether emotional labour would be costly were organizational. Variables such as whether flight attendants felt valued by the company show that the airline management context is highly influential in the way in which emotional labour is experienced. As a means of understanding the complex relations in this important and eroticized area of service work where flight attendants, airline crews, airline management and passengers have convergent and conflicting interests, the article also deploys a new concept: ‘demanding publics’, to refer to trangressions of the legitimate boundaries of the service worker.
Analysing Competence: Gender and Identity at Work
Authors: Rees Bronwen , Garnsey Elizabeth
Published: October 2003

Competence approaches are among the techniques that claim to measure the behaviour, skills, knowledge and understanding crucial to effective managerial performance. It is claimed that competence approaches empower and develop managers while enabling them to meet organizational objectives. Since the bases for the techniques are avowedly scientific, they are said to provide organizations with a gender neutral form of assessment. In this paper we construct a theoretical framework in terms of which these claims can be analysed and assessed. Using this framework, we examine the competence approach as it has been implemented in six organizations in relation to the claim to objectivity.