bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved GROMOS96 force field for aliphatic hydrocarbons in the condensed phase
Authors: Schuler Lukas D. , Daura Xavier , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: October 2004

Over the past 4 years the GROMOS96 force field has been successfully used in biomolecular simulations, for example in peptide folding studies and detailed protein investigations, but no applications to lipid systems have been published yet. Here we provide a detailed investigation of aliphatic liquid systems. For liquids of larger aliphatic chains, n‐heptane and longer, the standard GROMOS96 parameter sets 43A1 and 43A2 yield a too low pressure at the experimental density. Therefore, a reparametrization of the GROMOS96 force field regarding aliphatic carbons was initiated. The new force field parameter set 45A3 shows considerable improvements for n‐alkanes, cyclo‐, iso‐, and neoalkanes and other branched aliphatics. Liquid densities and heat of vaporization are reproduced for almost all of these molecules. Excellent agreement is found with experiment for the free energy of hydration for alkanes. The GROMOS96 45A3 parameter set should, therefore, be suitable for application to lipid aggregates such as membranes and micelles, for mixed systems of aliphatics with or without water, for polymers, and other apolar systems that may interact with different biomolecules. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1205–1218, 2001
Presenting problems among treatment‐seeking gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth
Authors: Hart Trevor A. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: October 2004

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth are at risk for a variety of clinical problems amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention. However, many psychotherapists may be unaware of the difficulties faced by this population. The purpose of this article is to familiarize therapists with presenting complaints common to psychotherapy‐seeking gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Some of these problems include homophobia among family, peers, and authority figures (often expressed at school or at work), depression, suicidality, social anxiety, and body image disturbance. We illustrate these important issues via four case examples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 615–627, 2001.
A survival analysis of clinically significant change in outpatient psychotherapy
Authors: Anderson Edward M. , Lambert Michael J.
Published: October 2004

The number of sessions required to produce meaningful change has not been assessed adequately, in spite of its relevance to current clinical practice. Seventy‐five clients attending outpatient therapy at a university‐affiliated clinic were tracked on a weekly basis using the Outcome Questionnaire (Lambert et al., 1996) in order to determine the number of sessions required to attain clinically significant change (CS). Survival analysis indicated that the median time required to attain CS was 11 sessions. When current data were combined with those from an earlier investigation (Kadera, Lambert, and Andrews, 1996), it was found that clients with higher levels of distress took 8 more sessions to reach a 50% CS recovery level than clients entering with lower levels of distress. At a six‐month follow‐up, CS gains appeared to have been maintained. Other indices of change also were examined (reliable change, average change per session). The implications of these results for allocating mental‐health benefits, such as the number of sessions provided through insurance, are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 875–888, 2001.
Suicidal ideation and help‐negation: Not just hopelessness or prior help
Authors: Deane Frank P. , Wilson Coralie J. , Ciarrochi Joseph
Published: October 2004

Few distressed young people seek professional psychological help and little is known about what sources of help young people seek for different problems. In suicidal youth, the process of help‐negation may exacerbate poor help‐seeking. Three hundred and two undergraduate university students completed a questionnaire measuring suicidal ideation, hopelessness, prior help‐seeking experience, and help‐seeking intentions. Participants indicated they would seek help from different sources of help for different types of problems, but friends consistently were rated as the most likely source of help. Help‐negation was suggested by higher levels of suicidal ideation being associated with lower help‐seeking intentions. However, the negative suicidal ideation/help‐seeking‐intentions relationship was not explained by hopelessness or prior help‐seeking. Help‐negation appears to involve more than just negative expectations regarding the future. The discussion proposes social problem‐solving orientation as one of a number of potential explanatory variables. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 901–914, 2001.
Clinical science and human behavior
Authors: Plaud Joseph J.
Published: October 2004

The debate between mentalism/cognitivism and behaviorism is analyzed, and it is concluded that behaviorism is the philosophy more closely associated with psychology as a behavioral science, the cognitive approach being more closely aligned with biological science. Specific objections to mentalistic interpretations of behavioral phenomena are detailed, and examples from clinical psychology are used to show the importance of behavioral approaches in applied domains. It is argued that the relation between behavior theory and clinical psychology is critical to the continued advancement of applied psychology. Behavior analysis is offered as a direct, applied extension of behavior theory as well as a highly practical and effective approach for understanding, explaining, and modifying the factors that contribute to and maintain maladaptive behaviors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1089–1102, 2001.
Outcome of pregnancies in women with uterine leiomyomas identified by sonography in the first trimester
Authors: Benson Carol B. , Chow Jeanne S. , Chang‐Lee Wendy , Hill Joseph A. , Doubilet Peter M.
Published: October 2004

Purpose

We assessed the outcome of pregnancies in women with uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) documented by sonography in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

We collected cases of women who had undergone first‐trimester sonography and had uterine fibroids and singleton pregnancies with documented fetal heartbeats. We compared pregnancy loss rates and modes of delivery in these cases to a maternal‐age–matched and gestational‐age–matched control group of women who had normal uteruses and first‐trimester pregnancies with documented fetal heartbeats. Sonograms in patients with fibroids were reviewed to determine the number of fibroids, their sizes, and their locations. Within the group of patients with fibroids, the pregnancy loss rate was also compared based on the number of fibroids and fibroid size and location.

Results

Our study population consisted of 143 women with leiomyomas, and our control group comprised 715 patients with a normal uterus. Among patients with fibroids, 14.7% of pregnancies resulted from assisted conception; in the control group, 6.4% of pregnancies resulted from assisted conception. The rate of spontaneous pregnancy loss in women with fibroids was almost twice the rate in women with normal uteruses (14.0% versus 7.6%; p < 0.05), and the loss rate was higher in women with multiple fibroids than in women with a single leiomyoma (23.6% versus 8.0%, p < 0.05). The loss rate was not significantly associated with fibroid size or location. The rate of cesarean‐section delivery was higher in patients with fibroids than in patients with normal uteruses (38% versus 28%, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Uterine fibroids are associated with an elevated risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss. The loss rate is higher in patients with multiple fibroids than with a single fibroid. The cesarean‐section rate is also higher in patients with fibroids than in patients with a normal uterus. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:261–264, 2001.
Impact of intraoperative sonography on resection and cryoablation of liver tumors
Authors: Gaitini Diana , Kopelman Doron , Soudak Michal , Epelman Monica , Assalia Ahmad , Hashmonai Moshe , Engel Ahuva
Published: October 2004

Purpose

We retrospectively analyzed the impact of intraoperative sonography (IOUS) on the management of patients referred for resection of liver tumors.

Methods

Forty patients underwent IOUS with a 7‐MHz curved‐array sector transducer; in selected cases, a 5‐MHz linear‐array transducer attached to a color Doppler unit was also used. The number, size, and location of tumors on IOUS, including tumor proximity to or invasion of major vessels or invasion of the diaphragm, were compared to findings on preoperative imaging studies. The effect of these findings on surgical management was assessed. Unresectable lesions were treated by cryoablation under ultrasound guidance.

Results

IOUS detected preoperatively unsuspected lesions in 7 patients (18%). Metastases suspected on CT arterial portography were ruled out in 2 patients (5%), and indeterminate lesions were diagnosed as cysts by IOUS in 2 other patients (5%). Vascular proximity or vascular or diaphragmatic invasion detected by IOUS rendered lesions unresectable in 4 patients (10%). Cryoablation under IOUS guidance and monitoring was attempted in 11 patients (28%) and performed successfully in 10.

Conclusions

IOUS changed the management in 38% of patients and guided cryoablation in 28% of patients. IOUS performed by an experienced sonologist is invaluable for the accurate assessment of liver tumor resectability; the detection of additional, preoperatively unknown lesions; and the guidance of cryoablation of unresectable tumors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:265–272, 2001.
Doppler sonography of the penile cavernosal artery: Comparison of intraurethral instillation and intracorporeal injection of prostaglandin E1
Authors: Kim Jong Min , Joh Young Duk , Huh Jin Do , Choi Seong
Published: October 2004

Purpose

We compared the Doppler sonographic findings in the penile cavernosal artery (arteria profunda penis) after intraurethral instillation and intracorporeal injection of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to evaluate the hemodynamic changes during drug‐induced erection.

Methods

Twenty healthy male volunteers were enrolled in the study. Ten subjects (intraurethral group) were examined with Doppler sonography of the penile cavernosal artery after intraurethral administration of 1 mg of PGE1. The remaining 10 subjects (intracorporeal group) underwent Doppler sonography of the cavernosal artery after intracorporeal injection of 5 μg of PGE1. The peak systolic velocity, minimal diastolic velocity, and resistance index were determined at 5‐minute intervals for 30 minutes following administration of PGE1 in both groups. The results were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

The peak systolic velocity in the intraurethral group increased progressively from a mean of 31.1 cm/second at 5 minutes to 65.6 cm/second at 30 minutes after intraurethral administration of PGE1. In the intracorporeal group, the mean peak systolic velocity ranged from 44.1 to 83.2 cm/second, reached a maximum at 10 minutes, and then decreased continuously through 30 minutes after intracorporeal injection of PGE1. The mean peak systolic velocities were significantly higher in the intracorporeal group at 10 and 15 minutes (p ≤ 0.05); the mean minimal diastolic velocities were significantly lower in the intracorporeal group at 15, 20, and 25 minutes (p ≤ 0.05); and the mean resistance indices were significantly higher in the intracorporeal group at all time points except 5 minutes (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions

The intracorporeal injection of PGE1 produced a greater vasoactive response in the cavernosal artery than did intraurethral instillation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:273–278, 2001.
Intraoral sonographic evaluation of parapharyngeal space tumors
Authors: Rebol Janez , Takač Iztok , Bumber Željko
Published: October 2004

We performed transcutaneous (external) sonography and then intraoral sonography to evaluate 3 parapharyngeal space tumors (1 vagal paraganglioma, 1 pleomorphic adenoma, and 1 carcinoma arising in a pleomorphic adenoma). All 3 patients had medial displacement of a tonsil. In all cases, we could measure the size and see the borders of the tumors and their relation to other structures on intraoral sonography. Intraoral sonography is useful for differentiating between unilaterally enlarged and medially displaced tonsils. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:302–305, 2001.
Rectus sheath hematoma in pregnancy
Authors: Humphrey Rachel , Carlan S. J. , Greenbaum Lennard
Published: October 2004

Although spontaneous hemorrhage into the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle is uncommon in pregnancy, rectus sheath hematomas (RSHs) should be considered in patients who present with an acute onset of abdominal pain in the latter half of pregnancy or the immediate postpartum period. Both sonography and CT are useful in diagnosing RSHs. We report a case of pregnancy‐associated RSH initially suspected of being a degenerating leiomyoma or torsed ovary. Sonography showed a large mass of mixed echogenicity with no internal vascularity. CT confirmed that the lesion was suprafascial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:306–311, 2001.
Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in intratesticular varicocele
Authors: Atasoy Çetin , Fitoz Suat
Published: October 2004

Purpose

We studied the gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in intratesticular varicoceles in 7 testes in 5 patients.

Methods

The study group comprised 5 infertile men referred for scrotal sonography and found to have intratesticular varicocele. Patients were examined at rest and during Valsalva's maneuver in supine and standing positions. A diagnosis of intratesticular varicocele was made when intratesticular veins visible on gray‐scale sonography showed retrograde flow on color Doppler sonography either spontaneously or during Valsalva's maneuver. The maximum diameter of dilated intratesticular veins and the predominant site of venous dilatation (mediastinum testis versus subcapsular) were recorded.

Results

Seven testes in 5 patients harbored visibly enlarged intratesticular veins that showed retrograde flow either spontaneously or during Valsalva's maneuver. The condition was bilateral in 2 patients and left‐sided in 3 patients. The largest intratesticular vein measured less than 2.0 mm in diameter in 3 testes and was 2.0 mm or larger in 4 testes. In all affected testes, there was some degree of subcapsular venous dilatation, which in 3 testes was even more prominent than venous dilatation in the mediastinum testis. All intratesticular varicoceles were accompanied by extratesticular varicoceles.

Conclusions

A threshold value of 2.0 mm seems inadequate for the diagnosis of intratesticular varicocele because obviously variceal venous structures with retrograde flow on color Doppler sonography may be smaller than 2.0 mm in diameter. Contrary to the previous descriptions of the entity, subcapsular veins may be affected to a greater degree than mediastinal veins in intratesticular varicocele. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:369–373, 2001.
Relationship between sonographic and pathologic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts
Authors: Lee Hak Soo , Joo Kyung Bin , Song Ho Taek , Kim Yong Soo , Park Dong Woo , Park Choong Ki , Lee Won Mi , Park Yong Wook , Koo Ja Hong , Song Soon Young
Published: October 2004

Purpose

We evaluated the sonographic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts and related them to the pathologic findings.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the sonograms and pathology specimens of 24 patients with pathologically proven epidermal inclusion cysts. We evaluated the lesions for shape, size, internal echogenicity, posterior sound enhancement, and presence of color Doppler signals. We classified the masses into 5 sonographic types according to their internal echogenicity. The relationship between the sonographic types and the pathologic findings was examined.

Results

The masses were ovoid or spherical in 17 cases (71%), lobulated in 5 (21%), and tubular in 2 (8%). The longest diameter ranged from 1 to 6 cm (mean, 3.1 cm). Twenty‐three cases (96%) were associated with posterior sound enhancement. Color Doppler signals were absent in 20 cases, but some vascularity was noted in 4 ruptured epidermal cysts, in areas of granulation tissue. The most common sonographic type was a hypoechoic lesion with scattered echogenic reflectors (10 cases). Sonographic findings were related to the lamellation of keratin debris and the granulation tissue secondary to rupture. Most cases with a lobulated configuration (4 of 5) or color Doppler signals (4 of 4) were ruptured cysts.

Conclusions

Epidermal inclusion cysts most often appeared sonographically as a hypoechoic mass containing variable echogenic foci without color Doppler signals. Ruptured epidermal cysts, however, may have lobulated contours and show color Doppler signals, mimicking a solid mass. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:374–383, 2001
Endoscopic sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with gallstones
Authors: Muguruma Naoki , Okamura Seisuke , Ichikawa Soichi , Tsujigami Koji , Suzuki Masaharu , Tadatsu Masaya , Kusaka Yoshihiro , Okita Yoshio , Yano Mitsuyasu , Ito Susumu
Published: October 2004

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic sonography (EUS) in the detection of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with and without gallstones.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, sonograms, and sonographic reports of 62 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gallbladder wall lesions evaluated by EUS. We assessed the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing gallbladder wall lesions in the presence or absence of gallstones and on the basis of the size and number of stones and the size of the gallbladder wall lesions. We also evaluated the effect of acoustic shadowing. The EUS results were compared with the histopathologic results.

Results

EUS correctly diagnosed the gallbladder wall lesions in 17 (71%) of 24 patients with gallstones and in 34 (89%) of 38 patients without gallstones. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS was 86% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions smaller than 20 mm and 79% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions 20 mm or larger. The diagnostic accuracy was 75% in patients with gallstones smaller than 5 mm and 67% in patients with stones 5 mm or larger. The accuracy was 67% in patients with 1–5 stones and 83% in patients with 6 or more stones. None of these differences was statistically significant. Acoustic shadowing did not affect the diagnostic accuracy of EUS.

Conclusions

The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for gallbladder wall lesions is not affected by the presence of gallstones. However, better diagnostic criteria must be established based on larger studies, and technical refinements of the equipment are needed to increase the accuracy of EUS in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:395–400, 2001.
Development of intrahepatic arterial shunts in a transplanted liver: A potential pitfall for Doppler sonography
Authors: Wolf Rinze , Porte Robert J. , van der Vliet Ton M. , Kok Theodorus
Published: October 2004

We describe the hemodynamic features and anatomic basis of false‐negative Doppler sonographic findings compared with angiographic findings in a 42‐year‐old woman after orthotopic liver transplantation complicated by hepatic artery thrombosis. Complete common hepatic artery thrombosis was demonstrated by Doppler sonography and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) on the first postoperative day. A thrombectomy was performed. DSA on the third day after transplantation again showed occlusion of the left hepatic artery. No perfusion was observed in the left hepatic lobe. Liver function remained normal. Doppler sonography on days 8, 10, and 16 after transplantation demonstrated arterial blood flow in both the right and left lobes of the liver, suggesting patent left and right hepatic arteries. Repeat DSA revealed that the arterial flow in the left lobe depended on large, intrahepatic shunts originating from the right hepatic artery. Apparently, shunts can develop within a few days in a transplanted liver from radiologically undetectable structures into vessel‐like channels capable of supplying the entire left hepatic lobe. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:406–410, 2001.
Sonographic diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell tumor: Value of intermittent harmonic imaging
Authors: Ding Hong , Kudo Masatoshi , Onda Hirokazu , Nomura Hideaki , Haji Seiji
Published: October 2004

We describe a case of nonfunctioning islet cell tumor of the pancreas diagnosed preoperatively by intermittent harmonic power Doppler imaging and digital subtraction gray‐scale harmonic imaging and the use of the contrast agent SH U 508A (Levovist). Hypervascularity and tumor perfusion were clearly demonstrated with both harmonic imaging techniques in the early arterial phase. Sonographic findings were confirmed by other modalities and by histopathologic examination. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:411–416, 2001.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of Klippel‐Trénaunay‐Weber syndrome with cardiac failure
Authors: Zoppi Maria Angelica , Ibba Rosa Maria , Floris Marcella , Putzolu Monica , Crisponi Giangiorgio , Monni Giovanni
Published: October 2004

This report describes the prenatal sonographic diagnosis of a case of Klippel‐Trénaunay‐Weber syndrome. The sonographic appearance of this disorder was characterized by the presence of multiple distorted cystic areas involving the right leg and abdomen and cardiomegaly with early fetal heart failure. Despite the prenatal detection of the extensive cutaneous and visceral involvement, the infant died soon after birth of high‐output cardiac failure and Kasabach‐Merritt syndrome. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:422–426, 2001.
Fan‐type theorem for path‐connectivity
Authors: Hu Zhiquan , Tian Feng , Wei Bing , Egawa Yoshimi , Hirohata Kazuhide
Published: October 2004

For a connected noncomplete graph G, let μ(G):=min{max {dG(u), dG(v)}:dG(u, v)=2}. A well‐known theorem of Fan says that every 2‐connected noncomplete graph has a cycle of length at least min{|V(G)|, 2μ(G)}. In this paper, we prove the following Fan‐type theorem: if G is a 3‐connected noncomplete graph, then each pair of distinct vertices of G is joined by a path of length at least min{|V(G)|−1, 2μ(G)−2}. As consequences, we have: (i) if G is a 3‐connected noncomplete graph with $\mu(G)> {{|V(G)|}\over {2}}$, then G is Hamilton‐connected; (ii) if G is a (s+2)‐connected noncomplete graph, where s≥1 is an integer, then through each path of length s of G there passes a cycle of length≥min{|V(G)|, 2μ(G)−s}. Several results known before are generalized and a conjecture of Enomoto, Hirohata, and Ota is proved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 265–282, 2002 DOI 10.1002/jgt.10028
Comparative ultrastructure of the root system in Rhizocephalan barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala)
Authors: Bresciani José , Høeg Jens T.
Published: October 2004

Rhizocephalan barnacles are parasites of Crustacea. They lack even the rudiments of an alimentary canal, but infiltrate their hosts with a nutrient‐absorbing system of rootlets. We review the ultrastructure of the rootlets using light microscopy, SEM, and TEM in nine species from five families, representing both suborders of the Rhizocephala: from the Kentrogonida Peltogaster paguri, P. curvatus, Peltogasterella sulcata, Cyphosaccus norvegicus (Peltogastridae); Lernaeodiscus porcellanae (Lernaeodiscidae); and Sacculina carcini (Sacculinidae); and from the Akentrogonida Clistosaccus paguri (Clistosaccidae); Chthamalophilus delagei, and Boschmaella japonica (Chthamalophilidae). With the exception of Chthamalophilus delagei, the root system of the investigated species shares numerous apomorphies at the ultrastructural level and displays at all levels specializations that maximize the surface area. The rootlets consist of a cuticle, an epidermis and a subjacent layer of axial cells that often, but not always surround, a central lumen. The rootlets are at all times enclosed in a less than 0.5 μm thick cuticle, which is never molted. The cuticle consists of an inner homogeneous layer with a slightly fibrous structure and an outer, less than 15‐nm thick electron‐dense layer, from which numerous microcuticular projections extend into the hemolymphatic space of the host. The microcuticular projections consist of the outer electron‐dense layer and sometimes a core of the more translucent homogeneous layer. They vary among the species from being simple in Sacculina carcini to exhibiting complex branching patterns in Peltogasterella sulcata and Cyphosaccus norvegicus. Beneath the cuticle the epidermal plasma membrane is thrown into irregularly shaped projections. The epidermal cells are joined by long septate junctions and exhibit the characteristics of a transporting epithelium. Experiments with acid phosphatase revealed activity both in the epidermis and among the microcuticular projections. The projections may therefore form a domain that is important in absorption and extracellular digestion of nutrients from the host. The axial cells contain abundant endoplasmic reticulum and seem to convert absorbed carbohydrates into lipid, which is stored in large droplets. Subepidermal muscle cells cause sinuous movements of the rootlets, but it remains unknown how nutrients are transported along the rootlets towards the external reproductive body. In C. delagei the single, bladder‐shaped rootlet lacks both the apical projections in the epidermis, the electron‐dense cuticle layer, and the microcuticular projections. We review previous studies on the rhizocephalan root system and discuss functional and phylogenetic aspects of the morphology. J. Morphol. 249:9–42, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cypris metamorphosis, injection and earliest internal development of the Rhizocephalan Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler). Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae
Authors: Glenner Henrik
Published: October 2004

Rhizocephala is a group of crustaceans that exclusively parasitizes other crustaceans. It is taxonomically placed within the class Cirripedia, the barnacles, with which it shares a unique larval type, the cyprid. The main objective of the cyprid is to find and irreversibly attach to a suitable substratum and initiate metamorphosis. In the presumed sister group to Rhizocephala, the true barnacles or Thoracica, metamorphosis leads to a juvenile filter‐feeding version of the adult organism. In Rhizocephala the female cyprid settles on the integument of a crustacean and undergoes metamorphosis into a kentrogon that possesses a hollow cuticular‐tube structure, the stylet, which penetrates the integument of the host and acts as a guide tube for the prospective internal parasite. The first, hitherto unknown endoparasitic stage of a rhizocephalan, the vermigon, was recently discovered (Glenner and Høeg [1995] Nature 377:147–150) and its migration through the hemolymph of the host, as well as its internal development, was described in Glenner et al. ([2000] Mar Biol 136:249–257). The present article provides detailed information on kentrogon and vermigon formation, the injection process, and the succeeding developmental stages up to the stage of the earliest primordium reported from the literature. The anlage of the ovary is traced back to the free‐swimming cypris stage and it is implied that the mesoderm and ectoderm of the endoparasite are already differentiated in the cyprid. J. Morphol. 249:43–75, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of fiber‐type composition in the iliofibularis muscle of phrynosomatid lizards (Squamata)
Authors: Bonine Kevin E. , Gleeson Todd T. , Garland Theodore
Published: October 2004

The lizard family Phrynosomatidae comprises three subclades: the closely related sand and horned lizards, and their relatives the Sceloporus group. This family exhibits great variation in ecology, behavior, and general body plan. Previous studies also show that this family exhibits great diversity in locomotor performance abilities; as measured on a high‐speed treadmill, sand lizards are exceptionally fast sprinters, members of the Sceloporus group are intermediate, and horned lizards are slowest. These differences are paralleled by differences in relative hindlimb span. To determine if muscle fiber‐type composition also varies among the three subclades, we examined the iliofibularis (IF), a hindlimb muscle used in lizard locomotion, in 11 species of phrynosomatid lizards. Using histochemical assays for myosin ATPase, an indicator of fast‐twitch capacity, and succinic dehydrogenase, denoting oxidative capacity, we classified fiber types into three categories based on existing nomenclature: fast‐twitch glycolytic (FG), fast‐twitch oxidative‐glycolytic (FOG), and slow‐twitch oxidative (SO). Sand lizards have a high proportion of FG fibers (64–70%) and a low proportion of FOG fibers (25–33%), horned lizards are the converse (FG fibers 25–31%, FOG fibers 56–66%), and members of the Sceloporus group are intermediate for both FG (41–48%) and FOG (42–45%) content. Hence, across all 11 species %FOG and %FG are strongly negatively correlated. Analysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts indicate that this negative relationship is entirely attributable to the divergence between sand and horned lizards. The %SO also varies among the three subclades. Results from conventional nested ANCOVA (with log body mass as a covariate) indicate that the log mean cross‐sectional area of individual muscle fibers differs among species and is positively correlated with body mass across species, but does not differ significantly among subclades. The log cross‐sectional area of the IF varies among species, but does not vary among subclades. Conversely, the total thigh muscle cross‐sectional area does not vary among species, but does vary among subclades; horned lizards have slimmer thighs. Muscle fiber‐type composition appears to form part of a coadapted suite of traits, along with relative limb and muscle sizes, that affect the locomotor abilities of phrynosomatid lizards. J. Morphol. 250:265–280, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Refractive anomalies and visual activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): A versatile and low‐cost MR‐compatible device to correct a potential confound
Authors: Elbel Gregor‐K. , Kaufmann Christian , Schaefers Stefan , Buser Anne , Auer Dorothee P.
Published: October 2004

Purpose

To develop a magnetic resonance (MR)‐compatible, versatile, easy‐to‐use, and low‐cost device for refractive correction.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the application and practicability of the refractive correction in 110 subjects who had participated in various functional MR imaging (fMRI) studies with complex visual stimulation paradigms since the introduction of the MR‐compatible lens frame at our site. The subjects consisted of 31 patients with Parkinson's disease (age range, 40–85; mean age, 63.2 years) and 79 healthy volunteers (age range, 18–79; mean age, 46.7 years).

Results

In volunteers, experimentally induced myopia caused a substantial (>20%) reduction of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to a flickering dartboard.

Conclusion

Refractive errors (and the resulting optical blur) may play a nonnegligible role as a possible interfering factor in fMRI experiments with visual stimuli. The MR‐compatible frame (fitted with appropriate lenses) used in this study affords full refractive correction at reasonable cost and preparation time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:101–107. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of choroid plexus tumors in children
Authors: Horská Alena , Uluǧ Aziz M. , Melhem Elias R. , Filippi Christopher G. , Burger Peter C. , Edgar Mark A. , Souweidane Mark M. , Carson Benjamin S. , Barker Peter B.
Published: October 2004

A variety of lesions may present as intraventricular masses in children. We report quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of two intraventricular tumors of the choroid plexus: choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) and choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). Both lesions were characterized by high levels of choline‐containing compounds and a complete absence of creatine and the neuronal/axonal marker N‐acetyl aspartate. The CPC showed higher levels of choline compared to the CPP, and it also had elevated lactate. These preliminary results, if confirmed in a larger cohort of patients, indicate that proton MRS may have a role in the presurgical diagnosis of choroid plexus tumors in children, which may also have important implications for therapy and prognosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:78–82. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disturbance of hippocampal long‐term potentiation after transient ischemia in GFAP deficient mice
Authors: Tanaka Hidenobu , Katoh Akira , Oguro Keiji , Shimazaki Kuniko , Gomi Hiroshi , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Masuzawa Toshio , Kawai Nobufumi
Published: October 2004

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) is an intermediate filament protein found exclusively in the astrocytes of the central nervous system. We studied the role of GFAP in the neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus after transient ischemia using knockout mice. Wild‐type C57 Black/6 (GFAP+/+) mice and mutant (GFAP−/−) mice were subjected to occlusion of both carotid arteries for 5–15 min. Hippocampal slices were prepared 3 days after reperfusion and the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) in the CA1 were recorded. High frequency stimulation induced robust long‐term potentiation (LTP) in GFAP−/−, as in GFAP+/+ mice. After ischemia, however, the LTP in GFAP−/− was significantly depressed. Similarly, paired pulse facilitation (PPF) displayed little difference between GFAP+/+ and GFAP−/−, but after ischemia, the PPF in GFAP−/− showed a depression. Histological study revealed that loss of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons after ischemia was marked in GFAP−/−. MAP2 (dendritic) immunostaining in the post‐ischemic hippocampus showed little difference but NF200 (axonal) immunoreactivity was reduced in GFAP−/−. S100β (glial) immunoreactivity was similar in the post‐ischemic hippocampus of the GFAP+/+ and GFAP−/−, indicating that reactive astrocytosis did not require GFAP. Our results suggest that GFAP has an important role in astrocyte‐neural interactions and that ischemic insult impairs LTP and accelerates neuronal death. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circadian profile of Per gene mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and pineal body of aged rats
Authors: Asai Makoto , Yoshinobu Yuko , Kaneko Satoshi , Mori Akiko , Nikaido Takato , Moriya Takahiro , Akiyama Masashi , Shibata Shigenobu
Published: October 2004

Aging alters circadian components such as the free‐running period, the day‐to‐night activity ratio and photic entrainment in behavioral rhythms, and 2‐deoxyglucose uptakes and neuronal firing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A core clock mechanism in the mouse SCN appears to involve a transcriptional feedback loop in which Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) genes play a role in negative feedback. The circadian rhythm systems include photic entrainment, clock oscillation, and outputs of clock information such as melatonin production. In this experiment, we examined clock gene expression to determine whether circadian input, oscillation, and output are disrupted with aging. Circadian expression profiles of rPer1, rPer2, or rCry1 mRNA were very similar in the SCN, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the pineal body of young and aged (22–26 months) rats. On the other hand, the photic stimulation‐induced rapid expression of Per1 and Per2 in the SCN was reduced with aging. The present results suggest that the molecular mechanism of clock oscillation in the SCN, PVN, and pineal body is preserved against aging, whereas the impairment of Per1 induction in the SCN after light stimulation may result in impaired behavioral photic entrainment in aged rats. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1133–1139, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenesis of heterotopic gray matter in the brain of the microcephalic mouse
Authors: Sun Xue‐Zhi , Takahashi Sentaro , Fukui Yoshihiro , Hisano Setsuji , Kubota Yoshihisa , Sato Hiroshi , Inouye Minoru
Published: October 2004

Neurogenesis of heterotopic gray matter in the brain of the microcephalic mouse prenatally exposed to X‐rays at embryonic day 13 (E13) was studied immunohistochemically. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker to label the migrating position of neuroblasts generated at various embryonic stages showed that no “inside‐out” pattern of neuronal migration occurred in the heterotopic cell mass similar to that seen in the laminated cortex. Further results in which midkind (MK) immunoreactive radial glial fibers did not appear in the heterotopic cell mass demonstrated that heterotopia formed in the absence of radial glia system. Different types of cells (pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons) in the heterotopic cell mass were identified with immunoreactivity for anti‐parvalbumin and anti‐calbindin D‐28K antibodies in addition to current histological methods. Two major types of neurons were mixed together with random distribution in the heterotopic cell mass. This finding indicates that irradiation might have no selective effects on the precursors of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons. Moreover, anti‐glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining showed that numerous astrocytes were present in the heterotopic cell mass. The fact that astrocytes appeared in the heterotopia without the transition from classic radial glial cells to astrocytes suggests that astrocytes might be generated directly from a separate astroglial precursor. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1083–1093, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelin phagocytosis and remyelination of macrophage‐enriched central nervous system aggregate cultures
Authors: Copelman Cheryl A. , Diemel Lara T. , Gveric Djordje , Gregson Norman A. , Cuzner M. Louise
Published: October 2004

An increased level of myelin basic protein (MBP) degradation peptide 80–89, representative of myelin breakdown, is detected in myelinating foetal rat brain aggregate cultures supplemented with peritoneal macrophages at a time coinciding with the onset of myelination. During the period of myelination, the proportion of activated macrophages/microglia in the aggregates decreases, accompanied by a reduction in the content of MBP degradation products. During the recovery period following a demyelinating episode, the rate of MBP synthesis in antibody‐treated standard aggregates was greater than in their medium controls. However, the rate of MBP accumulation was not as efficient in macrophage‐enriched aggregates and was associated with persistently raised MBP peptide levels. Thus, as occurs in multiple sclerosis lesions, attempts at remyelination appear to be counterbalanced by macrophage‐mediated demyelination, with the continued presence of degraded myelin rendering a local environment that is not fully conducive to remyelination. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1173–1178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate decreases pyruvate carboxylase activity and spares glucose as energy substrate in cultured cerebellar astrocytes
Authors: Qu Hong , Eloqayli Haytham , Unsgård Geirmund , Sonnewald Ursula
Published: October 2004

The effects of glutamate on [U‐13C]glucose metabolism were studied in cerebellar astrocytes using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Labeled glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, lactate, and alanine were observed both in the cell extracts and in media, and, additionally, labeled glycogen was detected in the cell extracts. However, only labeled lactate and alanine were quantifiable in the medium in addition to [U‐13C]glucose. In the presence of unlabeled glutamate, the amount of [U‐13C]glucose removed from the medium was decreased, indicating that glutamate might spare glucose as an energy substrate and thus decrease the uptake of glucose. Labeled glycogen, [4,5‐13C]glutamate, [3,4,5‐13C]glutamate, [3,4‐13C]aspartate, and [U‐13C]alanine were increased in the presence of glutamate. However, the increase in the amount of [3,4,5‐13C]glutamate from the second turn in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was less pronounced than that of [4,5‐13C]glutamate from the first turn in the TCA cycle. This indicates the dilution of label, probably resulting from the synthesis of unlabeled oxaloacetate from glutamate in the TCA cycle. Furthermore, exogenous glutamate had an inhibiting effect on pyruvate carboxylation, presumably by formation of oxaloacetate from 2‐oxoglutarate derived from glutamate. It could be shown that glucose is a better substrate for energy production than glutamate; it is, however, less efficient in labeling amino acids than glutamate in cerebellar astrocytes. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1127–1132, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutually exclusive apicobasolateral sorting of two oligodendroglial membrane proteins, proteolipid protein and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells
Authors: Kroepfl John F. , Gardinier Minnetta V.
Published: October 2004

Oligodendrocytes elaborate an extensive membrane network that ensheathes CNS axons in multilamellar wrappings. A compaction process excludes much of the cytoplasm in mature myelin membranes, giving rise to distinct lipid/protein compositions in two membrane compartments (compact myelin and membranes of the cell body and processes). Insofar as oligodendrocytes arise from neuroepithelial progenitors, it seems likely that some elements are shared for protein targeting by these two cell types. We hypothesized that certain membrane proteins targeting different oligodendroglial membrane compartments would preferentially sort to opposite domains when transfected into Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is found in uncompacted membrane (cell body, processes), and it sorts exclusively to MDCK basolateral membrane. Proteolipid protein (PLP) is found in compact myelin, and it sorts exclusively to MDCK apical membrane. Myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) is primarily in the periaxonal inner loop of myelin; however, it fails to target preferentially within MDCK cells. This inability of MAG to sort within MDCK cells suggests a lack of required oligodendroglial‐specific targeting components. In contrast, the sorting machinery in both oligodendrocytes and MDCK cells recognizes targeting signals for MOG and PLP, and we propose that these oligodendroglial membrane proteins delineate cognate basolateral and apical domains, respectively. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1140–1148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin 2C receptor knockout mice: Autoradiographic analysis of multiple serotonin receptors
Authors: López‐Giménez Juan F. , Tecott Laurence H. , Palacios José M. , Mengod Guadalupe , Vilaró M. Teresa
Published: October 2004

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to study possible alterations of the densities of multiple serotonin (5‐HT) receptor subtypes and of serotonin transporter in the brain of 5‐HT2C receptor knockout mice. The radioligands employed were [3H]citalopram, [3H]WAY100,635, [3H]8‐OH‐DPAT, [3H]GR125743, [3H]sumatriptan, [3H]MDL100,907, [125I](±)DOI, [3H]mesulergine, [3H]5‐HT, [3H]GR113808, and [3H]5‐CT. As expected, radioligands that label 5‐HT2C receptors showed a complete absence of labeling in mutant mice choroid plexus and significantly reduced densities in other brain regions expressing 5‐HT2C receptors. With the rest of the radioligands, no significant alterations in the densities of labeled sites were found in any brain region. In situ hybridization showed no changes in 5‐HT2A receptor and serotonin transporter mRNA levels, whereas 5‐HT2C receptor mRNA levels were reduced in certain brain regions. The present results indicate that the mouse serotonergic system does not exhibit compensatory up‐ or down‐regulation of the majority of its components (serotonin transporter and most 5‐HT receptor subtypes) in response to the absence of 5‐HT2C receptors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic induction of HSP40 and HSC70 in the mouse hippocampal neurons after cerebral ischemia and ischemic tolerance in gerbil hippocampus
Authors: Tanaka Shigeru , Kitagawa Kazuo , Ohtsuki Toshiho , Yagita Yoshiki , Takasawa Kenichirou , Hori Masatsugu , Matsumoto Masayasu
Published: October 2004

An ischemia‐induced gene was screened using a differential display technique in mouse transient forebrain ischemia. One of the ischemia‐responsive clones was found to encode mouse hsp40. HSP40 has a critical regulatory function in the HSC70 ATPase activity. Expression of hsp40 mRNA was low in the nonischemic mouse hippocampus, but it was significantly upregulated 4 hr after ischemia by Northern blot analysis. In situ hybridization analysis revealed hsp40 mRNA induction in the neuron. HSP40 protein expression was also enhanced in the pyramidal and dentate granular neurons from 2 to 4 days after ischemia. The temporal expression and distribution profile of HSC70 protein was similar to that of HSP40, and both proteins were colocalized in ischemic hippocampal neurons. In the gerbil transient forebrain ischemia model, both HSP40 and HSC70 proteins were expressed strongly in ischemia‐resistant CA3 neurons and dentate granule cells 1 day after 5 min ischemia, but were not expressed in vulnerable CA1 neurons. However, both proteins were in parallel expressed in the tolerance‐acquired CA1 neurons. Based on the current observation that both HSP40 and HSC70 proteins were synergistically expressed in the ischemia‐resistant and tolerance‐acquired neurons, cochaperone HSP40 may play a significant role against postischemic neuronal response and lead to cell survival through interaction with simultaneously induced HSC70. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in mouse oligodendrocytes
Authors: Bury Fabienne , Carré Jean‐Luc , Vega Sonia , Ghandour M. Said , Rodriguez‐Peña Angeles , Langley Keith , Sarliève Louis L.
Published: October 2004

Double and triple immunocytochemistry with stage‐specific markers and specific antireceptor antibodies was used to study expression of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes. To evaluate the coexpression of each TR isoform, antibodies were raised in rabbits and mice against specific regions of α1‐TR and α2‐TR common to both α isoforms and β1‐TR. Their specificities were assessed by Western blotting and by immunocytochemistry on rat hepatocytes. Oligodendrocyte subpopulations were found to coexpress the α‐ and β1‐TR epitopes at defined developmental stages. Both α‐ and β1‐TR isoforms are colocalized in oligodendrocytes during an early stage identified by the marker OL‐1, before 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase is expressed. Expression of β1‐TR varies during maturation, and that of α‐TR decreases during terminal maturation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.