bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acceso a datos personales conservados por proveedores de servicios de comunicaciones electrónicas en investigaciones penales según el Tribunal de Justicia de la UE
Authors: Oromí i Vall-llovera Susanna
Published: May 2020

El Tribunal de Justicia de la UE reconoce que el acceso, la conservación y cesión de datos personales electrónicos, una de las diligencias de instrucción cada vez más utilizada en el proceso penal, constituye una injerencia en los derechos fundamentales a la vida privada y familiar y a la protección de datos de carácter personal, de forma que si una autoridad pública pretende obtener tales datos precisa de una autorización judicial que debe respetar en todo caso el principio de proporcionalidad y establece, como criterio de apreciación de la proporcionalidad, la gravedad de los delitos. Parece, pues, que el acceso a datos personales electrónicos en la investigación penal deberá limitarse estrictamente a fines de prevención y detección de delitos graves o el enjuiciamiento de tales delitos. De ahí surge la duda que se pretende resolver en este trabajo: ¿el juez de instrucción únicamente puede autorizar la obtención de datos personales electrónicos conservados por prestadores de servicios de comunicaciones cuando se estén investigando delitos graves?; o, en una investigación penal, ¿cabe autorizar una diligencia de obtención y acceso a datos personales electrónicos cuando el delito no es grave? El TJUE ha dado recientemente una respuesta que es preciso analizar, pues sirve para fijar importantes criterios que debe utilizar el juez de instrucción en el juicio de proporcionalidad que fundamenta la autorización de este tipo de diligencias de instrucción.
La desconexión digital de los trabajadores. Reflexiones a propósito de su calificación como derecho y su instrumentación
Authors: Gutiérrez Colominas David
Published: May 2020

La desconexión digital ha sido regulada en la reciente Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales, como un derecho reconocido legalmente de los trabajadores en aras de garantizar el respeto del tiempo de descanso. Sin embargo, su contenido no ha sido definido por el legislador y traslada esta responsabilidad a los agentes sociales y los empleadores, quienes, a través de la negociación colectiva y la elaboración de políticas empresariales internas, están llamados a desempeñar un papel fundamental en la configuración y exigencia de este nuevo derecho. Ante tal escenario, este artículo aborda si la calificación como derecho ofrece una solución ajustada al propósito que se persigue con la desconexión digital, añadiendo además un análisis crítico del papel que desempeñan la negociación colectiva, la representación de los trabajadores y los empresarios, así como sus implicaciones jurídicas, en la regulación de la desconexión digital.
Mujeres y teletrabajo: más allá de la conciliación de la vida laboral y personal
Authors: Gálvez Mozo Ana
Published: May 2020

La problemática de la conciliación de la vida laboral, familiar y personal ha adquirido en las sociedades del siglo XXI una relevancia capital. Cada vez un mayor número de organizaciones se interesan en promover y promocionar este aspecto con el objetivo de mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de sus trabajadores/as, así como para atraer y fidelizar talento, mejorar la productividad y, en definitiva, volverse más competitivos. En este contexto, una de las medidas más utilizadas para conseguir tales objetivos es el teletrabajo. Este artículo analiza, desde la percepción de las teletrabajadoras, si esta modalidad laboral constituye una estrategia eficiente de conciliación de la vida laboral, familiar y personal. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa, en concreto se ha trabajado con entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión. La muestra estaba compuesta por mujeres teletrabajadoras con algún tipo de carga familiar. Los principales resultados muestran que el teletrabajo para estas trabajadoras es una modalidad laboral que va mucho más allá de la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar. Este es un tipo de lógica o dispositivo que resignifica las prácticas que despliegan y que conduce a la creación de nuevos significados de lo laboral y de la compatibilización con la vida doméstica, familiar y personal. Estas mujeres, a partir de la práctica del teletrabajo, elaboran un discurso crítico con el modelo laboral imperante, caracterizado por sus largas jornadas de trabajo que excluyen la posibilidad de una vida al margen de lo laboral. Utilizan las posibilidades de flexibilidad que les proporciona el teletrabajo para reivindicar su papel como profesionales y como madres, sin por esa razón renunciar a ninguno de ellos, y hacen uso del teletrabajo como herramienta para denunciar un mercado laboral que excluye todo lo relacionado con la esfera del cuidado.
On the necessity of existence of medical sobering stations in Russia
Authors: Zheltobryukh Aleksandr Vasil'evich
Published: May 2020

The research subject is social relations in the field of public order protection. The article focuses on the interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation represented by patrol and point duty officers and the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation represented by healthcare workers, in detecting people in the state of alcoholic intoxication, often unconscious or unable to walk, in public places. This category of citizens should be removed from public places and provided with medical aid. The author studies historical materials of the Soviet period, analyzes the current legislation issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Healthcare related to public order protection and its comparison with the practical activities of internal affairs bodies. Based on the analysis, the author suggests renewing the work of special medical sobering stations which will undoubtedly have a positive effect on the work of internal affairs officers, provide citizens in the state of alcoholic intoxication with professional medical assistance, and harmonize the actions of police officers and healthcare workers.   
Alterations in the amplitude and burst rate of beta oscillations impair reward-dependent motor learning in anxiety
Authors: Sporn Sebastian , Hein Thomas , Herrojo Ruiz Maria
Published: May 2020

Anxiety results in sub-optimal motor learning, but the precise mechanisms through which this effect occurs remain unknown. Using a motor sequence learning paradigm with separate phases for initial exploration and reward-based learning, we show that anxiety states in humans impair learning by attenuating the update of reward estimates. Further, when such estimates are perceived as unstable over time (volatility), anxiety constrains adaptive behavioral changes. Neurally, anxiety during initial exploration increased the amplitude and the rate of long bursts of sensorimotor and prefrontal beta oscillations (13–30 Hz). These changes extended to the subsequent learning phase, where phasic increases in beta power and burst rate following reward feedback were linked to smaller updates in reward estimates, with a higher anxiety-related increase explaining the attenuated belief updating. These data suggest that state anxiety alters the dynamics of beta oscillations during reward processing, thereby impairing proper updating of motor predictions when learning in unstable environments.
Estimates of the Abundance of Cetaceans in the Central North Atlantic from the T-NASS Icelandic and Faroese Ship Surveys Conducted in 2007
Authors: Pike Daniel G. , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Mikkelsen Bjarni , Halldórsson Sverrir Daniel , Víkingsson Gísli , Acquarone Mario , Desportes Geneviève
Published: May 2020

The Trans-North Atlantic Sightings Survey (T-NASS) carried out in June-July 2007 was the fifth in a series of large-scale cetacean surveys conducted previously in 1987, 1989, 1995 and 2001. The core survey area covered an area of about 1.8 million nm² spanning from the Eastern Barents Sea at 34°E to the east coast of Canada, and between 52°N and 78°N in the east and south to 42°N in the west. We present design-based abundance estimates from the Faroese and Icelandic vessel survey components of T-NASS, as well as results from ancillary vessels which covered adjoining areas. The 4 dedicated survey vessels used a Buckland-Turnock (B-T) mode with a tracker platform searching an area ahead of the primary platform and tracking sightings to provide data for bias correction. Both uncorrected estimates, using the combined non-duplicate sightings from both platforms, and mark-recapture estimates, correcting estimates from the primary platform for bias due to perception and availability, are presented for those species with a sufficient number of sightings. Corrected estimates for the core survey area are as follows: fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus): 30,777 (CV=0.19); humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): 18,105 (CV=0.43); sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus): 12,268 (CV=0.33);  long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas): 87,417 (CV=0.38); white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris): 91,277 (CV=0.53); and white-sided dolphins (L. acutus): 81,008 (CV=0.54). Uncorrected estimates only were possible for common minke whales (B. acutorstrata): 12,427 (CV=0.27); and sei whales (B. borealis): 5,159 (CV=0.47). Sighting rates from the ancillary vessels, which used a single platform, were lower than those from the dedicated vessels in areas where they overlapped. No evidence of responsive movement by any species was detected, but there was some indication that distance measurements by the primary platform may have been negatively biased. The significance of this for the abundance estimates is discussed. The relative merits of B-T over other survey modes are discussed and recommendations for future surveys are provided.
Political Discourses of Trust: Stance-taking Acts in the Thai PM’s Weekly TV Addresses
Authors: Sudajit-apa Melada
Published: May 2020

This study aims to investigate the Thai PM Gen Prayuth Chan-o-cha’s use of stance expressions to construe trust, comprising attitudinal stance, epistemic stance and modality, in his weekly addresses broadcast on national television from March to December, 2017. The linguistic investigation incorporating Critical Discourse Analysis and trust frameworks shows that the three main aspects of trust are pursued. Integrity is however predominantly constructed through the use of a modal verb kʰᴐ̌ː ‘would like’ and an attitudinal verb jà:k ‘want’. Interestingly, a relatively small number of stance markers are found to project competency and benevolence. The results have led to the conclusion that the PM’s trust-building strategies mainly involve the construal of integrity by asserting his moral values linked with national reform, reconciliation, and advancement. These characteristics of linguistic hegemony via the construction of trust-building are expected to raise more sociopolitical awareness in the Thai political context.
Beyond the use of Code Mixing by Social Media Influencers in Instagram
Authors: Sutrisno Bejo , Ariesta Yessika
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyse code-mixing used by social media influencers in Instagram. The method of this research is qualitative method and observation is uded to find the posts of influencers where they use code-mixing. Questioning to the influencers about the reasons they often use code-mixing through Instagram direct message or email are also done. The writer decided that the two familiar influencers from public figures are the main samples of this research. The result from this research is that the influencers use code mixing because they want Indonesian people to develop themselves by mastering English language and they want to give example to people, especially their followers that English can be fun and everyone can practice English. Being habit is also one of the reasons that they like to use code mixing. The Influencers use code-mixing in instagram in certain time, such as lunch time and after office hours, because those are the active time for them and their followers online in Instagram. It is evident that the use of code-mixing by the influencers arouse the followers interested and motivated to sharpen their English language and it could be as one of the parts in practicing the followers’ English through social media. It then becomes one of the way to learn more a foreign language through social media.
The Preservation of Albanian Tongue (Shqip) Since the Beginning
Authors: Lolja Saimir A.
Published: May 2020

In the beginning, humans had a tongue (gjuhën, Shqip). Then, they could or couldn’t let go of the tongue (len…gjuhën, Shqip). Albanian natural tongue (Shqip) implies the use of the tongue in the mouth for articulating (shqiptoj, Shqip) words. The eternity of Shqip (Speech) is in its words that are wordy clauses, phrases, parts of or short sentences. The Speech (Shqip) and other lan…guages (len…gjuhët, Shqip) carry these kinds of wordy clauses to prove the permanency of Shqip.The Speech (Shqip) had local and schooled forms in distant antiquity. Therefore, various types of writing appear now. Since the schooled style was in general use and carried later in the papers and books of lan…guages (len…gjuhëve, Shqip), it has been preserved unchanged. Its pieces, no matter how small are, every time get easily read and quickly understood using contemporary Shqip.The Speech (Shqip) was the first stratum in the Euro-Mediterranean area. It was the Speech (Shqip) of Nephilims (Nëfillimëve). The Shqip of today can be used to read and understand both words in other idioms and ancient writings.
Subtitling and its Acceptability in the Film Farewell, My Concubine: A Multimodal Approach
Authors: Wan Nan
Published: May 2020

Subtitling is intersemiotic translation that can bridge differences between two languages and should consider semiotic modes as subtitling is not merely determined by the source text but also by the constraints of time and space. The rapid development of audiovisual translation from the perspective of multimodality facilitates the development of translation. However, few studies focus on the rationality of subtitling methods. Farewell, My Concubine is a famous Chinese film with its subtitles translated by Linda Jaivin, an Australian audiovisual translator. Her subtitles contribute to the award of the Golden Palm Award at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. Under spatial-temporal constraints, multimodal transcription provides a basis for meaning choices to discuss how to choose proper translation methods guided by semiotic modes. The translation methods adopted in Farewell, My Concubine can be explicated such as adaptation, amplification, non-translation, and deduction including condensation, reductive paraphrasing and deletion. The acceptability of Jaivin’s translation methods can be explored from ideational intersemiotic complementarity that centers on multimodal consonance between verbal and visual modes to see how semiotic modes complement each other especially when Jaivin has altered the source text. The applicability of intersemiotic complementarity creatively finds a new way to discuss the relations between frames and subtitles. Meanwhile, the multimodal approach indicates now the interdisciplinary study on subtitling is a must and a trend to explore both the translation methods and their acceptability. It is also found that there are still complementary relations between non-verbal modes and translated subtitles. These findings prove the subtitling methods acceptable and the role of multimodality in subtitling essential. Translation cannot entirely replicate the original text, and different translators may adopt the same translation methods while they will produce varied translated text. In this respect, the analysis of translation methods and their rationality is of universality. Furthermore, the study on subtitles will promote the film itself and the culture of the country.
Meaning Variation in Metaphorical Expressions of the Tegalan Oral Literature: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Pristiwati Rahayu , Rustono - , Prabaningrum Dyah
Published: May 2020

This research aims to analyze the conceptualization metaphorical expression of the Tegalan oral literature. Those conceptualization metaphorical based on the experience that is felt by the body, the nature of conceptualization, characteristic based on conceptualization, strength-based on conceptualization, and conceptualization based on function. A qualitative pragmatic approach was employed by involving the types and forms of oral literature of the Tegalan Javanese ethnicity. The form of the data was fragments of discourse upon the type and form of oral literature of the Tegalan ethnicity. The data were collected by recording, listening, and noting technique. The sorting process was in line with the procedure of the method. Data analysis activities used referential identity method and introspective reflexive method. The results revealed that the meaning of metaphorical expressions of oral literature consisted of (1) objects to express objects, (2) objects to express conditions, (3) objects to express actions, (4) places to express places, (5) places to express circumstances, (6) actions to express actions, (7) actions to express circumstances, (8) circumstances to express circumstances, (9) circumstances to express actions, and (10) time to express time. The existence of metaphorical expression of oral literature in the Tegalan Javanese Ethnic is the representative of the real contex.
Vitamin Content and Storage Studies of Cookies Produced from Wheat, Almond and Carrot Flour Blends
Authors: Dinnah Ahure , Guyih Mulak Desmond , Eke Mike O.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to produce cookies from wheat, almond and carrot flour blend, evaluate the vitamin content and storage parameters. Wheat, almond and carrot flour were blended in the ratio: 100:0:0, 90:10:0, 90:0:10, 80:15:5, 70:20:10 and were labeled A, B, C, D and E respectively to produce cookies. The control sample A was without almond and carrot flour. The cookies produced were analysed for vitamin content and were stored for 7weeks at relative humidity corresponding to wet and dry season condition (70% and 30% respectively). The cookies were then analysed for pH, moisture and fungi content in an interval of every 2 weeks using standard methods, at the end of the storage, the sensory attributes and vitamin content of the cookies were analysed. The vitamin content range: from 341.53 to 653.27 µg/100 g for vitamin A, 1.523 to 2.450 mg/g for vitamin B1, 0.65 to 0.92 mg/g for vitamin B2, 3.12 to 3.52 mg/g for vitamin B3 and 2.093 to 3.007 mg/g for vitamin C. All cookies samples were generally accepted by sensory panelist before storage and at the end of storage time. At the end of storage, pH value ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 for wet season condition cookies and from 5.5 to 5.7 for dry season condition cookies. The moisture content ranged from 4.5 to 6.17% for wet season condition cookies and 1.33 to 1.63% for dry season condition cookies. The vitamin A content after storage ranged from 341.53 to 653.23 IU/100 g for wet season condition cookies and 336.61 to 653.01 IU/100 g for dry season condition cookies, while vitamin C ranged from 2.093 to 3.007 mg/g and 2.11 to 3.01 mg/g for wet and dry season condition cookies respectively. 1CFU of fungi was identified for each sample of cookie. The study provides evidence that wheat, almond and carrot are suitable for cookies production and variation of storage conditions did not cause spoilage of cookies.
Assessment of Growth and Yield of Watermelon and Soil Physical Properties in Response to Different Tillage Methods
Authors: Baayim A. J. , Dapaah H. K. , Agyarko K. , Atakora K. , Kyere K. , Osei B. Y. , Boateng I.
Published: May 2020

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of soil physical properties, crop growth, yield and yield components of watermelon to different tillage methods in the transitional zone of Ghana in a two year period. The tillage treatments used in the study were plough and harrowed (PH), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT) which was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with 3 three replications. The two field experiments were undertaken at the experimental site of the University of Education, College of Agriculture, Mampong-Ashanti, (7°08‘ N, 1°24‘ W )located within the transitional agro-ecological zone between the forest and Guinea Savannah zones characterized with two rainfall regimes with an annual rainfall of 1094.2 mm with 30°C temperature. The soil belongs to the Bediase series with ochrosol type formed from voltain sandstone and a pH between 5.5 to 6. The statistical analysis revealed that, tillage methods significantly affected soil physical properties particularly, total porosity, volumetric water content and bulk density. Also, tillage methods influenced crop growth, (number of leaves and vine length), yield and yield components of watermelon in the order of Plough and harrowed > Minimum tillage > No-Tillage in almost all the treatments.  Accordingly, the ploughed and harrowed (PH) was found to be more appropriate and profitable tillage method to improving  soil physical properties, crop growth, yield and yield components of watermelon in the forest-transitional of Ghana.
Calcium triggers the dissociation of myosin‐Va from ribosomes in ribonucleoprotein complexes
Authors: Canclini Lucía , Cal Karina , Bardier Camila , Ruiz Paul , Mercer John A. , Calliari Aldo
Published: May 2020

The sorting of RNAs to specific regions of the cell for local translation represents an important mechanism directing protein distribution and cell compartmentalization. While significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the transport and localization of mRNAs, the mechanisms governing ribosome mobilization are less well understood. Ribosomes present in the cytoplasm of multiple cell types can form ribonucleoprotein complexes that also contain myosin‐Va (Myo5a), a processive, actin‐dependent molecular motor. Here, we report that Myo5a can be disassociated from ribosomes when ribonucleoprotein complexes are exposed to calcium, both in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that Myo5a may act as a molecular switch able to anchor or release ribosomes from the actin cytoskeleton in response to intracellular signaling.
Promiscuous activity of 3‐isopropylmalate dehydrogenase produced at physiological level affords Escherichia coli growth on d‐malate
Authors: Khan Mohammad Shahneawz , Gargiulo Serena , Soumillion Patrice
Published: May 2020

Promiscuous activities of enzymes may serve as starting points for the evolution of new functions. However, most experimental examples of promiscuity affording an observable phenotype necessitate the artificial overexpression of the target enzyme. Here, we show that 3‐isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH), an enzyme involved in leucine biosynthesis, has a secondary activity on d‐malate, which is sufficient for d‐malate assimilation under physiological conditions where the enzyme is upregulated. In vitro, the turnover constant (kcat) of IPMDH for d‐malate is about 30‐fold lower than the kcat for 3‐isopropylmalate, yet sufficiently high to support the growth on d‐malate. From an evolutionary perspective, our results highlight the possibility of phenotype emergence triggered by arbitrary changes in environmental conditions and prior to any mutational event.
Variability of EGFR exon 20 insertions in 24 468 Chinese lung cancer patients and their divergent responses to EGFR inhibitors
Authors: Qin YanRu , Jian Hong , Tong Xiaoling , Wu Xue , Wang Fufeng , Shao Yang W. , Zhao Xinmin
Published: May 2020

EGFR exon 20 insertions (EGFR e20ins) account for up to 10% of EGFR mutations in lung cancer; however, tumors with EGFR e20ins had poor response rates to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) including gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and osimertinib, and the heterogeneity of EGFR e20ins further complicates the clinical studies. Here, we retrospectively screened next‐generation sequencing (NGS) data from 24 468 lung cancer patients, and a total of 85 unique EGFR e20ins variants were identified in 547 cases (2.24%), with p.A767_V769dup (25.1%) and p.S768_D770dup (17.6%) being the most prevalent ones. Comprehensive genomic profiling revealed that TP53 mutations frequently coexisted with p.H773dup (77.8%, P = 0.0558) and p.A767_V769dup (62.8%, P = 0.0325), while RB1 mutations usually co‐occurred with p.H773_V774insAH (33.3%, P = 0.0551), implying that different EGFR e20ins variants might require distinct genomic context for tumorigenesis and/or maintenance. Despite that treatment regimens were highly diverse for EGFR e20ins‐positive patients, we observed an overall response rate of 14% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 38.4% in 65 patients who received at least one EGFR TKI. The progression‐free survival (PFS) differs significantly in six representative EGFR e20ins variants (P = 0.017), and EGFR p.A763_Y764insFQEA was associated with better PFS than other EGFR e20ins when treating with various EGFR TKIs. Some EGFR e20ins variants showed at least partial response to first‐generation EGFR TKIs, including p.A767_V769dup, p.S768_D770dup, p.N771_H773dup, p.A763_Y764insFQEA, and p.D770_N771insG. Poziotinib achieved higher DCR for p.S768_D770dup than for p.A767_V769dup, whereas osimertinib showed limited effects for these two insertions when used as the first‐line treatment. Overall, our results demonstrated that EGFR e20ins were highly diversified in terms of insertion patterns and co‐occurring mutations and these EGFR e20ins variants showed different clinical responses to various EGFR TKIs, suggesting the clinical importance of selecting proper EGFR TKI treatment based on the specific EGFR e20ins type.
Retracted: Long non‐coding RNA PGM5‐AS1 promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by impairing miR‐140‐5p‐mediated FBN1 inhibition
Authors: Liu Wei , Liu Pengcheng , Gao Hang , Wang Xu , Yan Ming
Published: May 2020

Osteosarcoma is an uncommon tumor occurring in bone, accompanied by elevated incidence and reduced rate of healing. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves as a conceptual paradigm to explain the invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma and other cancers. Hence, developing effective therapeutic strategy to treat the EMT of osteosarcoma is essential. Here, we identified the molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) PGM5‐AS1 in EMT and progression of osteosarcoma. Microarray‐based analysis was employed to screen the osteosarcoma‐related differentially expressed lncRNAs. The levels of PGM5‐AS1 as well as microRNA‐140‐5p (miR‐140‐5p) and fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) in osteosarcoma tissues and cells were determined. Dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay, RNA pull‐down assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were conducted to validate the relationship among PGM5‐AS1, miR‐140‐5p, and FBN1. Expression of PGM5‐AS1, miR‐140‐5p, and FBN1 was altered by overexpression, shRNA, mimic, or inhibitors in order to investigate how they regulated migration, invasion, and EMT of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function approaches were employed in nude mice to detect their roles in tumorigenesis in vivo. Osteosarcoma tissues and cells exhibited low expression of miR‐140‐5p, but high expression of PGM5‐AS1 and FBN1. PGM5‐AS1 competitively bound to miR‐140‐5p to upregulate FBN1. Furthermore, hindering PGM5‐AS1 and FBN1 or overexpressing miR‐140‐5p dampened migration, invasion, and EMT of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, silencing PGM5‐AS1 or FBN1, or overexpressing miR‐140‐5p markedly inhibited tumorigenesis in nude mice in vivo. Taken together, PGM5‐AS1 depletion causes FBN1 reduction to retard osteosarcoma processes by negatively modulating miR‐140‐5p.
T follicular helper cells are elevated in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis
Authors: Xue Qi , Ma Yuan , Wang Lihong , Shao Hong
Published: May 2020

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that is associated with immune dysfunction. Earlier studies have suggested that T helper 1/2 cell imbalance plays an important role in the development of myocarditis, but the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the development of autoimmune myocarditis has not previously been reported. Here, we investigated this involvement by using a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Inflammatory cell infiltration, myocardial structure destruction and tissue necrosis were observed in EAM myocardial tissues, and the percentages of CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells and CD19+ B cells were both significantly higher in spleen and myocardial tissues of the EAM model as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin‐21, CXCL13 and myosin antibody were significantly higher in the serum of rats with EAM compared with the control group on days 14 and 35 after immunization. Fourteen or 35 days after immunization, the expression levels of interleukin‐21 and CXCL13 were both significantly higher in myocardial tissues of rats with EAM as compared with the control group. Our findings suggest that Tfh cell balance is disrupted during the pathological process of autoimmune myocarditis.
Bacterial Cell Division
Authors: Natale Paolo , Vicente Miguel
Published: May 2020

Escherichia coli
assembles a contractile ring, the divisome, in its envelope at the middle of its length exactly when it is needed for division. Its main component, FtsZ, is a cytoplasmic protein lacking the ability to be positioned by itself in the membrane. Additional proteins regulate either the action, the positioning or the stability of FtsZ by interacting with a unique region called the FtsZ ‘central hub’. The assembly of the divisome is initiated by a proto‐ring, in which ZipA and FtsA are two proteins that use the central hub for attaching FtsZ to the membrane. Polymerisation of FtsZ is blocked at the poles by the MinCDE proteins and also prevented by SlmA to occur at places adjacent to the nucleoid. After nucleoid segregation, the divisome becomes functional at midcell where it triggers invagination of the membrane and the production of septal peptidoglycan, leading ultimately to an efficient cell division.

Key Concepts

Division depends on a cytoskeletal element (FtsZ ring) that functions as a scaffold to recruit additional division proteins.

Spatial regulation of the FtsZ‐ring placement involves positioning inhibitors of FtsZ in the cell to prevent FtsZ polymers from assembling at the poles or across unsegregated nucleoids.

Several complexes that effect the division process localise at specific places of the cell at precise moments after growth and nucleoid segregation.

The interactions of FtsZ, a cytoplasmic protein, with the proto‐ring anchors, FtsA and ZipA, serve to associate it to the cytoplasmic membrane forming the proto‐ring, the initial precursor of the division machinery.

The central hub of FtsZ is key to the action of the FtsZ regulatory proteins FtsA, FtsE, FtsX, ZipA, ZapC, ZapD, MinC, SlmA and ClpX.

The Min proteins generate an oscillatory pattern in artificial systems, and FtsZ filaments can form rings when attached to a lipid bilayer that has a cylindrical shape.

PBP3‐independent peptidoglycan synthesis (PIPS) prior to the production of septal peptidoglycan directly connects cytoplasmic division proteins with peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial periplasm.
Piezophiles
Authors: Yayanos Aristides
Published: May 2020

Organisms functioning best at high pressures are known as piezophiles. Piezophilic microorganisms, the main topic here, have a growth rate (k) maximum at high pressure, are prominent inhabitants of the cold ocean and found in warmer high pressure regions such as the deep waters of the Mediterranean and Sulu Seas, deep‐sea hydrothermal vent environments, the depths of sea floor sediments and the subsurface of continents. APTk‐diagram shows values of k of a microorganism as a function of temperature (T) and pressure (P) either on a 3‐D surface or as isopleths on a 2‐D contour map and allows for comparing organisms from habitats of disparate temperatures and pressures. Laboratory studies of piezophilic eukaryotic organisms from the abyssal and hadal ocean are rare. At the present time, research on piezophilic prokaryotes offers the best opportunity for discovering adaptations for life in the deep sea, in deep‐earth environments and in extraterrestrial settings.

Key Concepts

Pressure is a force per unit area and at any given point in a fluid at rest is equal in every direction.

High‐pressure habitats are found in the deep sea, beneath the sea floor and in the depths of continents.

Collecting living organisms from extreme high‐pressure habitats requires specialised equipment.

Laboratory study of organisms from high‐pressure habitats also requires specialised equipment.

Temperature and pressure are two of the essential coordinate variables for describing a habitat or environment.
Antiviral Drugs
Authors: Oxford John S , Oxford Juliette R
Published: May 2020

Antiviral drugs have now been developed against infections caused by influenza, herpes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses. Drug resistance is a practical problem and is stimulating the wider search for new drugs using compound libraries, molecular technology and particularly X‐ray crystallography. Drug combinations are used to treat people living with HIV to reduce the opportunities for virus mutations. The threat of a global influenza pandemic has led to government stockpiling of anti‐influenza drugs. A new influenza drug inhibiting a stage of the RNA replicase has clinical activity. Epidemic HIV and hepatitis C are targeted for enhanced control by antiviral drugs during the next decade. Rapid diagnostic tests and quantitation of virus RNA or DNA are key factors to monitor for drug efficacy and resistance.

Key Concepts

The use of combination therapy against hepatitis B and C, HIV and influenza with more than one antiviral drug, each with a differing mode of action, to reduce the chance of emergence of drug resistance.

Some newer antivirals inhibit members of more than one family, for example reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hepatitis B and HIV, but a broad antiviral spectrum activity is still rare.

Potentially new target viruses are emerging such as SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, Zika virus and Ebola. Climate change could enable mosquito‐borne Zika virus to spread more widely.

Influenza A remains a global threat, and pandemics can emerge from avian reservoirs of migrating geese and ducks quite rapidly. This has led to stockpiling of anti‐influenza drugs.

The absence of either HIV or hepatitis C vaccines continues to stimulate the search for more effective antiviral drugs.

Drug combinations of Directly Acting Antivirals (DAA) for hepatitis C and drugs for monotherapy to treat hepatitis B are being discovered and used in clinical practice very rapidly.

New public health initiatives in the United States aim to use DAA alongside rapid diagnostics and molecular quantification of virus replication to control epidemic HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C by the year 2030.
Archaea
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: May 2020

Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) led in the 1970s to the recognition of the existence of three domains of life, named Eukarya (Eukaryotes), Bacteria (Eubacteria) and Archaea (Archaebacteria). This classification replaced the earlier accepted Eukaryotes–Prokaryotes dichotomy. Archaea resemble Bacteria in cell size and cell structure but possess many distinguishing features, including lack of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, presence of unique membrane lipids not found in the other domains of life and other unique biochemical and genetic properties. Most cultivated Archaea were recovered from extreme environments characterised by high salt concentrations, high temperatures and/or very high or very low pH. Some nonextremophilic aerobic ammonia‐oxidising chemoautotrophs are abundant in the marine environment and in soils. The strictly anaerobic methanogenic prokaryotes also belong to the archaeal domain. Cultivation‐independent studies have shown the existence of many more archaeal lineages for which no cultivated representatives have yet been obtained.

Key Concepts

The Archaea form a second lineage of prokaryotes, evolutionarily distant from the Bacteria.

Most Archaea are classified within the phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota; a few cultivated nonextremophilic Archaea are classified in the phylum Thaumarchaeota.

Cultivation‐independent approaches have led to proposals for many more archaeal phyla whose representatives are still awaiting to be isolated.

Archaea resemble Bacteria in cell size, morphology and ultrastructure but differ from the Bacteria in many biochemical, physiological and genetic features.

The cell membrane lipids of the Archaea are based on branched (isoprenoid) hydrophobic carbon chains linked to glycerol by ether bonds.

Peptidoglycan, the characteristic cell‐wall constituent of the Bacteria, does not occur in the Archaea.

Obligately anaerobic methanogenic Archaea are responsible for the formation of nearly all biogenic methane.

Most cultivated Archaea are extremophiles that live at high temperatures, sometimes combined with low pH, or at high salt concentrations, sometimes combined with high pH.

Archaea contribute to the autotrophic oxidation of ammonia to nitrite in different ecosystems.

Thanks to their unique biochemical features, the Archaea have considerable potential for biotechnological applications.
Vertebrate Embryo: Neural Patterning
Authors: Itasaki Nobue
Published: May 2020

Neural patterning is a process by which neural cells acquire region‐specific identity and features during embryogenesis. It takes place during gastrulation and progressive neural induction and continues after the neural induction for further refined patterns and specification. Tissue interactions and signalling play key roles in neural patterning. The main signals include retinoids, fibroblast growth factors, Wnts, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) and Shh (Sonic hedgehog). Following the signalling‐based patterning, expression of transcription factors, such as Hox genes for anterior–posterior (rostral–caudal) axis and other homeobox or paired‐box containing genes, consolidate the induced pattern. Combinatorial expression of such genes forms functional compartments or groups of cells in the right position in the developing CNS, providing the basis for further neuronal networking. The knowledge of neural patterning by signalling mechanisms is now used in stem cell technologies, enabling us to obtain specific neuronal subtypesin vitro.

Key Concept

Neural patterning is the process through which neural progenitors acquire positional identities.

The initial allocation of positional information along the anterior–posterior (=rostral–caudal) axis is mainly provided by retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factors and Wnts. This is followed by expression of transcription factors; for example,Hoxgenes for the anterior–posterior (rostral–caudal) axis.

The main signals for dorsal‐ventral patterning are Shh and BMP.

Neural patterning is accompanied by specific gene expression in groups of cells. This has led to refined neuroanatomy mapping based on the ontogeny.

The knowledge on neural patterning in embryogenesis has enabled us to develop methods to develop specific neuronal subtypes from stem cellsin vitro.
La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal
Authors: Balzeau Antoine , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier
Published: May 2020

The La Ferrassie 1 (LF1), skeleton discovered over a century ago, is one of the most important Neandertal individuals in both paleobiological and historical terms. It is indeed among the most complete specimens ever found, and it has played an important role in the interpretation of Neandertal anatomy and lifeways. LF1 was found in 1909 and has been described as an adult male, of around 172 cm of stature and a body mass of 85 kg. He was found in what was considered a funerary tip in a level with a chronological range between 40 000 and 54 000 years. This individual has been the subject of scientific studies for more than 100 years, and the most recent ones, using cutting‐edge imaging technologies, have provided additional important paleobiological and taphonomic information. LF1 shows different pathological lesions, including fractures of the clavicle and the femoral trochanter, degenerative pathologies in the spine and evidence of a pulmonary disease (thoracic infection and/or carcinoma) which could have been the cause of death.

Key Concepts

La Ferrassie 1 (LF1) was found in 1909 and was paramount at the beginning of the twentieth century to understand the adult Neandertal anatomy.

La Ferrassie 1 had a stature of about 172 cm and a body mass of around 85 kg.

LF1 was an old individual that survived to different traumas and lesions and was finally interred by his group.

A pulmonary disease (thoracic infection and/or carcinoma) could have been the cause of death.

Despite having been the object of monographs in the past, recent studies have described new fossils and new data on this individual.
Orphan Crops
Authors: Tadele Zerihun
Published: May 2020

Orphan crops are crops with little significance at the global scale but play vital role in the food and nutrition security in the developing world. The term ‘orphan’ refers to the neglect of the crop by the international research community. Similar to major crops such as maize, wheat and rice, orphan crops belong to cereals, legumes, vegetables, root and tuber and fruits. Orphan crops possess desirable agronomical, nutritional and health‐related properties, which makes them favourable crops by both farmers and consumers. The ability of orphan crops to grow under extreme environmental conditions indicates their prospect in the changing climate. However, due to little scientific improvement, orphan crops produce inferior yield in terms of both the quantity and quality. The recent efforts by some researchers and institutions at the national and global levels have advanced the improvement of few orphan crops.

Key Concepts

Orphan crops play vital role in the food security in the developing world.

Orphan crops provide nutritional security for resource‐poor consumers.

Orphan crops are resilient to diverse environmental constraints.

The improvement of orphan crops has been given little attention at the national and global levels.

Scientific improvement of orphan crops is necessary to enhance food security in the developing world.
Structural Consequences of Disease‐Related Mutations for Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Rosell Mireia , Fernández‐Recio Juan
Published: May 2020

Mutation of a single amino acid in a protein often has consequences on the interaction with other proteins, which may affect other interaction networks and pathways and ultimately lead to pathological phenotypes. A detailed structural analysis of these altered protein–protein complexes is essential to interpret the impact of a given mutation at the molecular level, which may facilitate intervention with therapeutic purposes. Given current limitations in the structural coverage of the human interactome, computational docking is emerging as a complementary source of information. Structural analysis can help to locate a given mutation at a protein–protein interface, but further characterisation of its impact on binding affinity is needed for a full interpretation. The integration of computational docking methods and energy‐based descriptors is facilitating the characterisation of an increasing number of disease‐related mutations, thus improving our understanding of the consequences of such mutations at the phenotypic level.

Key Concepts

Protein–protein interactions are key to understand disease at the molecular level.

Disease‐related mutations can have significant structural and energetic impact on protein–protein interactions.

The 3D structure of a complex is essential to interpret the functional impact of a mutation.

Computational docking can provide structural models for protein–protein interactions with no available structure.

In addition to structural data, further energetic description is needed to fully interpret the impact of a mutation.

Hot‐spot interface residues are causing the greater impact on a protein–protein interaction when mutated.

Altered protein–protein interactions are potentially suitable drug targets for therapeutic purposes.
Health Organizational Design: Information Exchange and Accountability
Authors: Lee Soo‐Hoon , Dai Tinglong , Phan Philip H.
Published: May 2020

In this article, we introduce two essential components of the field of healthcare organizational design: information exchange and accountability. We emphasize how the limitations from information‐exchange and accountability theories can be bridged by operations management principles to improve patient outcomes through redesigning healthcare delivery processes. We also highlight managerial implications for health organizations and venues for future investigation.
Clogg, CliffordC
Authors: Grego John M.
Published: May 2020

Clifford (Cliff) C. Clogg (1949–1995) was a sociologist and statistician known for his work in labor force measurement and the development of statistical methods with applications in demography. Spending most of his career at Pennsylvania State University, he pioneered new methods for the analysis of categorical data and rates, particularly in the study of association models, and latent structure and latent class analysis. Cliff served numerous roles in professional societies and shared his expertise with a wide variety of governmental and research organizations. Upon his untimely death, memorial lectures and scholarships were established by professional societies and departments at Penn State.
3D MIMOAntenna Designs
Authors: Sharawi Mohammad S.
Published: May 2020

Multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technology has been a key driver in the development of fourth‐generation wireless systems and will continue to be utilized in the upcoming fifth‐generation one. MIMO was an excellent technology to make use of multipath effects and enhance the system capacity dramatically. A new technology that is based on MIMO that utilizes large amounts of antennas at the base‐station side to simultaneously send dedicated beams and create dedicated channels for various users has been identified and will be deployed with fifth‐generation systems to enhance the channel capacity even more. This technology is called massive‐MIMO (MaMI). The majority of works that addressed MaMI focused on one dimensional (azimuthal) beam steering. Adding the second dimension (elevation) to the original MaMI systems has been denoted as three‐dimensional MIMO (3D‐MIMO) since the beams will cover the 3D space in front of the MaMI array, thus enhancing coverage, reducing interference and enhancing capacity. This article focuses on 3D‐MIMO antenna array systems, their performance metrics and some examples of actual implementations at microwave and mm‐wave bands.
Service‐Based Architecture
Authors: Trossen Dirk
Published: May 2020

In this article, the concept of a service‐based architecture (SBA) is being introduced from the perspective of 5G. We will argue that the introduction of SBA departs significantly from the patterns of design used for pre‐5G systems, informed by methods and patterns long used in the Internet and enterprise service architecture space. Applied to 5G, we will present how SBA is being used to realize flexible 5G deployments over a cloud‐native basic transport infrastructure with considerations for the implementation of such SBA in 5G. Finally, a roadmap for the evolution of SBA is being provided, grounded into the ongoing and planned future efforts in 3GPP and other standards bodies.