bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of ENT clinical examinations in hospitalised patients chronically addicted to alcohol and tobacco to detect head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A retrospective study of 159 patients
Authors: Baert Maxime , Pascual Caroline , Biet‐Hornstein Aurélie , Nadjingar Ritoungarte , Haremza Céline , Page Cyril
Published: May 2019

Objective

To determine whether an ENT clinical screening examination done on all patients chronically addicted to alcohol or tobacco would allow the early diagnosis of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Non‐university general hospital.

Subjects and methods

A total of 159 patients presenting chronic addiction to alcohol or tobacco hospitalized in an addiction center or a comprehensive medical clinic were included in this study covering the period 2011‐2016. All patients systematically benefitted from an ENT clinical examination to detect mucous membrane lesions. The lesions were categorized as: cancerous, pre‐cancerous, or benign. The patients were divided into two groups for comparison: 1) patients with symptoms (dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea upon inhalation, cervico‐facial pain, secondary otalgia, pharyngeal discomfort unrelated to deglutition, presence of a cervical swelling, or weight loss), and 2) asymptomatic patients.

Results

The ENT exam was normal in 121 patients (76.1%). Fifty‐two patients (32.7%) had at least one symptom. The ENT exam allowed us to detect a benign lesion in 11 patients, a pre‐cancerous lesion in 11 patients, and a cancer in 16 (13.22%) patients. All patients with cancer had at least one symptom.

Conclusion

An ENT clinical screening examination done on patients chronically addicted to alcohol or tobacco can allow early diagnosis of cancer, particularly in patients with at least one symptom.
Lumen‐apposing metal stents for endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided interventions
Authors: Bang Ji Young , Varadarajulu Shyam
Published: May 2019

Lumen‐apposing metal stents (LAMS) are integrated in a single‐step delivery platform and can be deployed under endoscopic ultrasound‐guidance for the drainage of intra‐abdominal fluid collections, decompression of obstructed ductal systems, establishment of anastomosis or creation of fistulous tracts between organs that can facilitate further endoscopic interventions if required. A unique feature of LAMS is their ability to approximate the adjoining structures, thereby minimizing the potential for leak and perforation. Consequently, the innovation has advanced our ability to carry out complex therapeutic interventions and obviate the need for high‐risk surgical procedures, particularly in morbid patients. However, a keen awareness of the technical design of LAMS and its implication on treatment effect is important to minimize adverse events and to improve clinical outcomes. This review outlines the technical approach to placement of LAMS, procedural challenges, adverse events, current clinical indications and emerging applications.
Outcomes for 18 to 25‐year‐olds with borderline personality disorder in a dedicated young adult only DBT programme compared to a general adult DBT programme for all ages 18+
Authors: Lyng Jim , Swales Michaela A. , Hastings Richard P. , Millar Tracy , Duffy Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Targeting young adults with borderline personality disorder (BPD) for treatment may carry significant social and clinical benefits. We aimed to evaluate a community‐based Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) programme delivered exclusively to young adults with BPD.

Methods

We describe a naturally occurring non‐equivalent, quasi‐experimental comparison of outcomes for young adults (18‐25 years) with BPD following 1 year of treatment in either a young adult only DBT programme or a general adult DBT programme (18+ years). Twenty‐four young adults enrolled in a community‐based young adult DBT programme open only to 18‐ to 25‐year‐olds with BPD. Another 13 young adults, also 18‐25 years, enrolled in a general adult DBT programme open to all ages above 18 years. Both treatment conditions offered all modes of standard DBT for 1 year. Participants completed a battery of self‐report measures on mental health symptoms at baseline and again at treatment completion after 1 year. Discharge rates at 2 years post‐treatment completion were also recorded.

Results

Better outcomes were found on borderline symptom severity and general psychopathology among completers of young adult DBT, with a large effect size for treatment condition as well as greater clinically significant change. Discharge rates from mental health services 24 months later were also higher for completers of young adult DBT.

Conclusions

There may be advantages in delivering DBT to young adults in an age‐specific programme, possibly due to group cohesion. Methodological limitations apply, such as small sample size and non‐randomization. Further controlled research is needed.
Juvenile convict cichlids shoaling decisions in relation to shoal size and age
Authors: Marlin Theresa , Snekser Jennifer L. , Leese Joseph M.
Published: May 2019

Many animals form groups and socialize in response to evolutionary pressures such as predation, food availability, and mate acquisition. Evidence of social choice based on various phenotypic characters (Group Phenotypic Composition [GPC]) has been observed in several animal species. In addition to the physical characteristics of the social group, it is also interesting to consider how decisions of who to socialize with might be expected to change for an individual over time. Younger individuals with limited life experience may discriminate differently between social groups than older conspecifics who have had the opportunity to learn and who may be faced with different ecological or environmental pressures. Here, we used a traditional two‐choice design to explore the shoaling behavior of juvenile convict cichlids and determine whether the number of fish and/or the size/life stage of the individuals within a shoal influenced social choices. We found that juvenile convict cichlids spent more time shoaling with similarly sized juvenile individuals and also preferred to shoal with larger shoals, but not when shoals were comprised of adult fish. The size of the individuals in a shoal was a more influential factor than the size of the shoal itself. Size of individual juveniles was correlated with tendency to visit shoals, but was not correlated with overall time spent shoaling, regardless of shoal composition. As juveniles, convict cichlids can make discriminatory choices that are influenced by specific aspects of shoal composition.
Ischaemic events are rare, and the prevalence of hypertension is not high in Japanese adults with haemophilia: First multicentre study in Asia
Authors: Nagao Azusa , Suzuki Nobuaki , Takedani Hideyuki , Yamasaki Naoya , Chikasawa Yushi , Sawada Akihiro , Kanematsu Takeshi , Nojima Masanori , Higasa Satoshi , Amano Kagehiro , Fukutake Katsuyuki , Fujii Teruhisa , Matsushita Tadashi , Suzuki Takashi
Published: May 2019

Introduction

With the increasing life expectancy of patients with haemophilia (PWH), the number of PWH with age‐related comorbidities, such as ischaemic events, is increasing.

Aim

We conducted this multicentre observational study to identify the risk factors for major ischaemic events in PWH.

Methods

This study was the first multicentre observational study, conducted with the participation of five haemophilia treatment centres in Japan, conducted in ≥30‐year‐old adult PWH. The latest data recorded in the medical charts between 1 January and 31 December 2016 were reviewed. Healthcare data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Survey were used as the control data.

Results

Data of a total of 711 patients were collected. Only two PWH (0.3%) had a history of ischaemic events. Age‐adjusted analysis indicated that the prevalence of hypertension defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or over was similar in the PWH to that in the males of the general population. However, when hypertension was defined more strictly (≥130/85 mm Hg), the prevalence was significantly lower in PWH than in the general male population. The hypertension in PWH was associated with the age, BMI, CKD, HIV infection and inhibitors. In particular, the odds ratio for the presence of inhibitors was high (odds ratio = 7.529).

Conclusion

Whether the present results can be attributed to Japanese ethnicity or to the presence of haemophilia per se remains uncertain. We propose to initiate a prospective study for further investigation.
Body temperature responses of Great Tits Parus major to handling in the cold
Authors: Andreasson Fredrik , Nord Andreas , Nilsson Jan‐Åke
Published: May 2019

Animals typically respond to stressful stimuli such as handling by increasing core body temperature. However, small birds in cold environments have been found to decrease body temperature (Tb) when handled over longer periods, although there are no data extending beyond the actual handling event in such birds. We therefore measured both the initial Tb decrease during ringing and standardized Tb sampling, and subsequent recovery of Tb after this handling protocol in wild Great Tits Parus major roosting in nestboxes in winter. Birds reduced their Tb by 2.3 °C during c. 4 min of handling. When birds were returned to their nestboxes after handling, Tb decreased by a further 1.9 °C over c. 2 min, reaching a Tb of 34.6 °C before taking 20 min to rewarm to 2.5 °C above their initial Tb. The Tb reduction during handling could be a consequence of increased heat loss rate from disrupted plumage insulation, whereas Tb reduction after handling might reflect reduced heat production. These are important factors to consider when handling small birds in the cold.
How effective is a powered toothbrush as compared to a manual toothbrush? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of single brushing exercises
Authors: Elkerbout Therese A. , Slot Dagmar E. , Rosema N. A. Martijn , Van der Weijden G. A.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

In adult participants, what is, following a single brushing exercise, the efficacy of a powered toothbrush (PTB) as compared to a manual toothbrush (MTB) on plaque removal?

Methods

MEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane‐CENTRAL were searched from inception to February 2019. The inclusion criteria were (randomized) controlled clinical trials conducted in human subjects ≥18 years of age, in good general health and without periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, implants and/or removable prosthesis. Papers evaluating a PTB compared with a MTB in a single brushing exercise were included. When plaque scores were assessed according to the Quigley‐Hein plaque index (Q&HPI) or the Rustogi modified Navy plaque index (RMNPI). From the eligible studies, data were extracted. A meta‐analysis and subanalysis for brands and mode of action being oscillating‐rotating (OR) and side‐to‐side (SS) were performed when feasible.

Results

Independent screening of 3450 unique papers resulted in 17 eligible publications presenting 36 comparisons. In total, 28 comparisons assessed toothbrushing efficacy according to the Q&HPI and eight comparisons used the RMNPI. Results showed a significant effect in favour of the PTB. The difference of Means (DiffM) was −0.14 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.19; −0.09]) for the Q&HPI and −0.10 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.14; −0.06]) for the RMNPI, respectively. The subanalysis on the OR mode of action showed a DiffM −0.16 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.22, −0.10]) for the Q&HPI. For the SS mode of action using RMNPI, the DiffM showed −0.10 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.15; −0.05]). The subanalysis for brands showed for the P&G OR PTB using the Q&HPI a DiffM of −0.15 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.22; −0.08]) and the Colgate SS for RMNPI showed a DiffM of −0.15 (P < 0.001; 95%CI [−0.18; −0.12]).

Conclusion

There is moderate certainty that the PTB was more effective than the MTB with respect to plaque removal following a single brushing exercise independent of the plaque index scale that was used.
Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid irrigation on immune‐inflammatory response in teeth submitted to regenerative endodontic therapy
Authors: Bracks I. V. , Espaladori M. C. , Barros P. , de Brito L. C. N. , Vieira L. Q. , Ribeiro Sobrinho A. P.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To analyse longitudinally the immune‐inflammatory response in teeth of mice that underwent a regenerative protocol with or without the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to irrigate the root canal system.

Methodology

First maxillary molars of mice were devitalized using size 10 and 15 files. Teeth were divided into the following groups: Empty – the canals were left empty; Blood Clot (BC) – the canals were filled with a blood clot; and EDTA + Blood – the canals were irrigated with 0.06 mL of 17% EDTA for 1 min and filled with a blood clot. Access cavities were restored with Coltosol®. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14 or 21 days after the operative procedures, and teeth were collected. RNA was extracted, mRNA expression of the cytokines IGF, NGF, IL‐1α, IL‐10, TGF and VEGF was assessed using real‐time PCR, and the anova Kruskal–Wallis test was used.

Results

IL‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the Empty and BC groups at the 7th and 14th days of evaluation (P < 0.05). IL‐10 mRNA expression was similar across the three groups at all time periods. TGF‐β mRNA expression in the EDTA + BC group was significantly higher on the 7th and 21st days than on the 14th (P < 0.05); at day 21, TGF‐β mRNA expression was similar between the BC and EDTA + BC groups but significantly higher than in the Empty group (P < 0.05). IGF mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the other groups at all time periods. VEGF mRNA expression remained unchanged throughout the experimental period in all groups (P > 0.05). NGF mRNA expression was similar amongst all groups at the 7th and 21st days (P > 0.05). At the 14th day, however, there was a significant increase in NGF mRNA expression in the EDTA + Blood group (P < 0.05) when compared with the expression in the other groups.

Conclusion

EDTA promoted increased expression of factors that have the potential to improve the outcome of regenerative endodontic treatment.
The global factor in neutral policy rates: Some implications for exchange rates, monetary policy, and policy coordination
Authors: Clarida Richard
Published: May 2019

This paper highlights some of the theoretical and practical implications for monetary policy and exchange rates that derive specifically from the presence of a global general equilibrium factor embedded in neutral real policy rates in open economies. Using a standard two‐country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, we derive a structural decomposition in which the nominal exchange rate is a function of the expected present value of future neutral real interest rate differentials plus a business cycle factor and a purchasing power parity (PPP) factor. Country‐specific “r*” shocks in general require optimal monetary policy to pass these through to the policy rate, but such shocks will also have exchange rate implications, with an expected decline in the path of the real neutral policy rate reflected in a depreciation of the nominal exchange rate. We document a novel empirical regularity between the equilibrium error in the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) representation of the empirical Holston, Laubach, and Williams (HLW) four‐country r* model and the value of the nominal trade weighted dollar. In fact, the correlation between the dollar and the 12‐quarter lag of the HLW equilibrium error is estimated to be 0.7. Global shocks to r* under optimal policy require no exchange rate adjustment because passing though r* shocks to policy rates “does all the work” of maintaining global equilibrium. We also study a richer model with international spillovers so that in theory there can be gains to international policy cooperation. In this richer model, we obtain a similar decomposition for the nominal exchange rate, but with the added feature that r* in each country is a function of global productivity and business cycle factors even if these factors are themselves independent across countries. We argue that in practice, there could well be significant costs to central bank communication and credibility under a regime of formal policy cooperation, but that gains to policy coordination could be substantial given that r*s are correlated across countries.
Adults with conflicting or facilitating goals differ in adherence‐related self‐regulatory factors and exercise over time
Authors: Blouin Jocelyn E. , Gyurcsik Nancy C.
Published: May 2019

Most adults do not meet the public health recommendation of 150+ min each week of moderate–vigorous exercise. Exercise, which is performed during individuals' leisure time, does not typically occur in isolation as individuals often also pursue non‐exercise goals. According to social cognitive theory, concurrent pursuit of multiple goals that conflict with or facilitate one another may differentially affect the successful exercise self‐regulation, as illustrated by differences in adherence‐related self‐regulatory factors and exercise levels. To investigate this contention, the study examined whether adults (N = 191; Mage = 31.29, SD = 11.87 years), reporting conflicting or facilitating exercise and non‐exercise goals, differed in self‐regulatory factors (i.e., concurrent self‐regulatory efficacy and outcome expectations) and exercise. Participants completed online measures of self‐regulatory factors and exercise at study onset. Assessment of exercise occurred again one month later. Participants reporting conflicting (n = 100) or facilitating (n = 91) goals formed comparison groups. A between‐groups multivariate analysis of covariance, with Time 1 exercise as a covariate, was significant (p < 0.001). Post hoc univariate and descriptive discriminant analyses revealed that participants with conflicting goals reported significantly lower self‐regulatory efficacy (p < 0.001), which contributed the most to group classification, and Time 2 exercise (p = 0.01) than those with facilitating goals. Findings provide first evidence that concurrent self‐regulatory efficacy is a key differentiating factor between adults with conflicting or facilitating goals. Future research should investigate whether bolstering self‐regulatory efficacy improves exercise levels among adults with conflicting goals.
Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions
Authors: Sands Arthur F. , Sereda Sergej V. , Stelbrink Björn , Neubauer Thomas A. , Lazarev Sergei , Wilke Thomas , Albrecht Christian
Published: May 2019

Aim

Elevated biodiversity is the result of the cradle, museum or sink functions. The contributions of these three functions to species accumulation and their changes through time remain unknown for glacial refugia. Additionally, our understanding of the role these functions played during pre‐glacial periods is limited. We test for changes in contributions of functions through time leading to the current diversity patterns using a model refugium and taxon.

Location

Anatolia, Western Palaearctic.

Taxon

Freshwater neritid snails (genusTheodoxus).

Methods

Assessments were made to define molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) forTheodoxusand reaffirm the genus as a suitable model taxon with elevated interspecific diversity in noted glacial refugia. Thereafter, we constructed a time‐calibrated multilocus Bayesian phylogeny of mtDNAandnDNAby using both fossil data and published substitution rates. Ancestral area estimation was performed on the phylogeny to define the contribution of the functions through time.

Results

Accumulation ofTheodoxusdiversity in Anatolia over the Miocene–Pliocene transition is attributed to the museum function, but its contribution was small as only few divergence events occurred. The cradle function dominated during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, when most interspecific diversity built up and extant lineages in Anatolia were established. The sink function acted from the Middle Pleistocene to present‐day, but with only a small contribution to the total extant Anatolian interspecific diversity.

Main conclusion

Our results do not entirely mitigate the role glacial cycles played in species accumulation, but highlight Ice Ages may have been less effective in forcing temperate aquatic interspecific diversity into more opportune areas. The elevated diversity in refugia may rather be the result of earlier in situ diversification. Elevated interspecific diversity attributed to the legacy of glacially forced retreats may need to be re‐evaluated in cases where refugia have long and complex geological histories such as Anatolia. These results highlight the importance of considering species accumulation through a temporal perspective to adequately explain present‐day biodiversity patterns.
Outcomes of Micra leadless pacemaker implantation with uninterrupted anticoagulation
Authors: Kiani Soroosh , Black George B. , Rao Birju , Thakkar Nancy , Massad Christopher , Patel Akshar V. , Merchant Faisal M. , Hoskins Michael H. , De Lurgio David B. , Patel Anshul M. , Shah Anand D. , Leon Angel R. , Westerman Stacy B. , Lloyd Michael S. , El‐Chami Mikhael F.
Published: May 2019

Background

Implantation of the MICRA Leadless pacemaker requires the use of a 27 French introducer, blunt delivery system and device fixation to the myocardium via nitinol tines. While prior studies have proven its safety, it is unclear whether performing this procedure with uninterrupted anticoagulation exposes patients to increased risks. We sought to investigate the feasibility and safety of continuing therapeutic anticoagulation during the periprocedural period.

Methods

We evaluated all patients undergoing MICRA placement at our institution between April 2014 and August 2018 with complete follow‐up data (n = 170). Patients were stratified into two groups: those on active anticoagulation (OAC, n = 26), defined as having an International normalized ratio >2.0 or having continued a direct oral anticoagulant, and those not anticoagulated (Off‐OAC, n = 144). We evaluated for a composite outcome of all major complications, including access site complications and pericardial effusion.

Results

OAC and Off‐OAC groups had similar mean age (74 ± 13 vs 75 ± 13 years; P = .914). The OAC group had a nonsignificantly lower prevalence of end‐stage renal disease (8% vs 17%; P = .375) and aspirin use (27% vs 47%; P = .131). Those in the OAC group were more likely to be on warfarin than those in the Off‐OAC group (81% vs 30%; P < .001). The rate of the composite endpoint was similar between the OAC and Off‐OAC groups (3.8 % vs 1.4%, respectively; P = .761). Length of stay was similar between groups (1.3 ± 2.6 vs 2.3 ± 3.4 days; P = 0.108).

Conclusion

Continuation of therapeutic anticoagulation during MICRA implantation appears to be feasible, safe and associated with shorter hospitalization among appropriately selected individuals.
RETRACTED: Increased Six1 expression in macrophages promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and invasion by regulating MMP‐9
Authors: Zhang Yongyu , Wang Shiji , Liu Zhongmin , Yang Lewei , Liu Jian , Xiu Ming
Published: May 2019

Increased Six1 expression is commonly observed in a variety of cancers and is positively correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Six1 affects the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. A series of experiments involving cell counting kit‐8, colony formation and Transwell assay was used to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion respectively. Histological examination and immunofluorescence assay were also performed. The messenger RNA and protein expression of interesting genes were determined by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blotting respectively. We found that Six1 was up‐regulated in HCC and was associated with worse histological grade and poor survival rate. Increased expression of Six1 was shown to be able to boost cell growth, invasion, migration and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas silencing of Six1 suppressed these malignant phenotypes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that, in macrophages, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) was up‐regulated by Six1. Interestingly, Six1 expression in macrophages was also able to trigger MMP‐9 induction in HCC cells. Moreover, macrophage Six1 expression was able to induce interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) up‐regulation and increase the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in HCC cells, which accounted for the elevated levels of MMP‐9 and the higher invasive levels seen in HCC. Increased expression of Six1 in HCC aggravates the malignant behaviour of cancer cells, and we provide novel evidence that macrophage Six1 can stimulate cancer cell invasion by elevating MMP‐9 expression.
Ordoliberalism: The Next Generation. What Do Prospective Social Science Teachers in Germany Think About the Euro Crisis?
Authors: Blum Silvia , van Treeck Till
Published: May 2019

We present results from a survey of 785 prospective social science teachers who were asked about their attitudes on the euro crisis during their first year at university in Germany. The students strongly believe that the crisis is mainly due to excessive public debt and lack of competitiveness in the crisis countries but do not consider Germany's persistent trade surplus as a major problem. A regression analysis suggests that students’ views about Germany's trade surplus are unrelated to their political orientation, their general support for the European idea or their perceptions of its efficiency and fairness. The implications for European integration and citizenship education are discussed.
The Three‐spined Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758, plays a minor role as a host of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837) in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Pietrak Michael , Jensen Alexander , Barbin Zydlewski Gayle , Bricknell Ian
Published: May 2019

The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837), is a significant parasite of farmed salmon throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Management of on‐farm louse populations can be improved by understanding the role that wild fish play in sustaining and providing refuge for the local population of sea lice. In this study, 1,064 sticklebacks were captured. Of these animals, 176 individuals were carrying a total of 238 sea lice, yielding a prevalence and intensity of 16.5% and 1.4 lice per fish, respectively. Detailed examination of the sea lice on the three‐spined sticklebacks captured in Cobscook Bay found two L. salmonis individuals using three‐spined sticklebacks as hosts. A 2012 survey of wild fish in Cobscook Bay, Maine, found multiple wild hosts for Caligus elongatus (von Nordmann 1832), including three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), but no L. salmonis were found in this earlier study.
Optimization of binding process for premade yak steaks using transglutaminase, sodium caseinate, and carrageenan
Authors: Zhang Qing , Ma Guoyuan , Chen Hao , Han Ling , Yu Qunli , Ma Junyi , Zhang Wenhua
Published: May 2019

This study aimed to optimize the binding process for premade yak steaks using transglutaminase (TG), sodium caseinate, and carrageenan. The optimal ratio of binders and binding conditions were determined by mixture and Box–Behnken experimental designs for premade yak steaks, respectively. Results showed that the optimal ratio of binders was as follows: TG 0.31%, sodium caseinate 0.85%, and carrageenan 0.34%. The tensile strength was 844.46 g/s. The optimal binding conditions were as follows: adhesive content of 1.4%, binding time of 10 hr, and binding temperature of 12°C. In conclusion, using minced meat to manufacture premade yak steaks improves its utilization, increases the added value of the product, and enhances the company profit.

Practical applications

This study shows the technique of producing premade yak steaks using factory minced meat. This research also optimizes the binder ratio and binding processing parameters of premade yak steaks. From the application point of view, this work can efficiently improve the use of minced meat, provide a low‐cost and effective processing technology and expand the area of yak steak processing. Moreover, these advantages not only are beneficial for alleviating environmental pollution but also have certain economic, practical value, and broad application prospect in the market.
Moving Frailty Toward Clinical Practice: NIA Intramural Frailty Science Symposium Summary
Authors: Walston Jeremy , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Buta Brian , Bergman Howard , Gill Thomas M. , Morley John E. , Fried Linda P. , Robinson Thomas N. , Afilalo Jonathan , Newman Anne B. , López‐Otín Carlos , De Cabo Rafa , Theou Olga , Studenski Stephanie , Cohen Harvey J. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: May 2019

Frailty has long been an important concept in the practice of geriatric medicine and in gerontological research, but integration and implementation of frailty concepts into clinical practice in the United States has been slow. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program and the Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center sponsored a symposium to identify potential barriers that impede the movement of frailty into clinical practice and to highlight opportunities to facilitate the further integration of frailty into clinical practice. Primary and subspecialty care providers, and investigators working to integrate and translate new biological aging knowledge into more specific preventive and treatment strategies for frailty provided the meeting content. Recommendations included a call for more specific language that clarifies conceptual differences between frailty definitions and measurement tools; the development of randomized controlled trials to test whether specific intervention strategies for a variety of conditions differently affect frail and non‐frail individuals; development of implementation studies and therapeutic trials aimed at tailoring care as a function of pragmatic frailty markers; the use of deep learning and dynamic systems approaches to improve the translatability of findings from epidemiological studies; and the incorporation of advances in aging biology, especially focused on mitochondria, stem cells, and senescent cells, toward the further development of biologically targeted intervention and prevention strategies that can be used to treat or prevent frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1559–1564, 2019
Beyond the Present Indicative: Lexical Futures as Indicators of Development in L2 Spanish
Authors: KANWIT MATTHEW
Published: May 2019

The present study investigates to what extent first‐language (L1) and second‐language (L2) speakers use lexical futures, whether such forms provide evidence of development, and whether these forms are constrained differently from the present indicative (PI) according to linguistic predictors. It uses a combined approach through its concept‐oriented consideration of an underreported form and analysis of the behavior of individual learners, along with applying variationist methods to determine whether independent linguistic predictors differentiate between lexical futures and a formally similar structure (i.e., the PI). The study includes 120 English‐speaking learners of Spanish from 5 course levels and 20 native speakers (NSs) of Spanish. Participants completed an oral production task, in which they responded to 8 personal prompts. Results indicate that NSs used lexical futures robustly and that part of the development associated with the acquisition of future‐time expression included increases in the overall rates of lexical future use and the inventory of lexical future periphrases. Mixed‐effects models revealed that from the earliest level lexical futures could be differentiated from the PI as predicted by independent variables, and that independent variables patterned in a more target‐like way as course level increased.
Karl Barth and the Purification of Divine Simplicity
Authors: Johnson Keith L.
Published: May 2019

Johnson investigates Karl Barth's critical appropriation of the doctrine of divine simplicity. While Barth is critical of traditional formulations of the doctrine, he understands himself to be refining the doctrine rather than rejecting it. Barth notes that Scripture attributes a diverse set of perfections to God in describing his salvific actions. These diverse perfections, however, have a fundamental unity: God does not contradict himself, but rather his perfections describe his unified, trustworthy agency. For this reason, we can know that in God's inmost being, God is not self‐contradictory but utterly unified or simple in his self‐fidelity. Johnson points out that a key element of Barth's doctrine of God is that it can never be the mere deduction of an abstract, transcendent entity; rather, it must begin with the transcendent God's relationship to creation, and therefore must begin with Jesus Christ, who reveals the true being of God. Johnson identifies three guidelines for speaking of Barth's doctrine: each one of God's perfections must be seen as perfections of his one divine being; God's one being does not exist above and behind his revealed perfections; and God's revealed perfections are essential to his divine nature. On this basis, Johnson explores what Barth has to say about the relationship between God's freedom and his self‐fidelity, including as this regards his freedom to live his one eternal life for us.
Religious Commitment in Scriptural Reasoning: A Critical Engagement with Gavin D'Costa's “Catholics Reading the Scripture of Other Religions”
Authors: Sarisky Darren
Published: May 2019

The essay considers the objection that Scriptural Reasoning does not actually bring particular religious points of view into discussion, but rather suppresses traditions by the way it is organized. The article contends that, while Scriptural Reasoning as a whole is not entirely determined by a defining statement from any single religious tradition, any given participant can and is encouraged to bring the fullness of their commitment to discussion, and even overarching accounts of Scriptural Reasoning may well deploy the resources of a tradition. The essay closes by testing Scriptural Reasoning against criteria for being religious, concluding that it allows religious commitment to function in every respect that matters, given that it allows multiple traditions to have a say in how the practice is configured.
Transvenous extraction of very old (over 20‐year‐old) pacemaker leads using mechanical systems: Effectiveness and safety
Authors: Ząbek Andrzej , Boczar Krzysztof , Dębski Maciej , Matusik Paweł T. , Pfitzner Roman , Ulman Mateusz , Musiał Robert , Lelakowski Jacek , Małecka Barbara
Published: May 2019

Objective

To analyze and compare the effectiveness and safety of transvenous lead extraction (TLE) with mechanical systems of pacing leads older than 20 years (group A) versus younger leads (group B).

Methods

We performed TLE of 591 pacing leads in 377 patients. Fifty (8.5%) leads in 43 (11.4%) patients were implanted for equal to or more than 20 years. The mean dwell time of all extracted leads was 8.9 years (range, 0.1–36.0). Infection related to cardiovascular implantable electronic device was an indication for TLE in 18.3% of patients.

Results

Complete lead removal and complete procedural success rates were similar between both groups (94.7% in group A vs 97.1% in group B, P = 0.445, and 90.7% in group A vs 95.8% in group B, P = 0.329, respectively). Incomplete lead removal in group A was observed only in leads older than 20 years. Removal of leads in group A was associated with significantly longer fluoroscopy time compared with group B (4.6 vs 1.9 minutes, P < 0.001). We did not find a significant difference in major and minor complication rates between groups (2.3% in group A vs 0.9% in group B and 2.3% in group A vs 2.2% in group B, P = 0.687, respectively). There were no deaths associated with the TLE procedure within 30 days after the procedure in either group.

Conclusion

This study shows that TLE of leads older than 20 years conducted at an experienced center seems to be comparably safe and effective as extraction of younger leads but requires longer fluoroscopy time.
To abandon or not to abandon: Late consequences of pacing and ICD lead abandonment
Authors: Jacheć Wojciech , Polewczyk Anna , Segreti Luca , Bongiorni Maria Grazia , Kutarski Andrzej
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The increasing number of cardiac implantable electronic device complications represents a current problem. Abandoned leads are difficult to manage, even because indications to transvenous lead extraction (TLE) cannot be generalized. The aim of the study was to assess the late consequences of previous abandoned leads.

Methods

We did a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 3,810 patients undergoing TLE in two high‐volume centers (Poland and Italy) in the years 2006–2017. In order to evaluate the effects of lead abandonment, the patients were divided into a group of 582 (15.3%) subjects with abandoned leads (AL) and a group of 3,228 (84.7%) subjects with functional leads (FL).

Results

Infective indications to TLE were predominant in the AL group (61.34% vs 43.4%; P < 0.001). AL was associated with a higher number of leads per patient, longer lead dwell times, more frequent venous occlusion, higher probability of intracardiac lead abrasion, and tricuspid regurgitation (P < 0.001 for all factors). The presence of AL was connected with more frequent technical complications of TLE (odds ratio [OR] 1.617; confidence interval [CI] 1.412–1.852; P = 0.000), lower procedural success rate (OR 0.270; CI 0.199–0.363; P = 0.000), and with higher mortality rate during 3.518 years of follow‐up [hazard ratio 1.286; 95% CI (1.062–1.558), P = 0.010].

Conclusions

Presence of previously abandoned leads was associated with the risk of device infections, technical problems during subsequent lead extraction, dysfunction of tricuspid valve, and worse long‐term outcomes.
Private regulatory capture via harmonization: An analysis of global retailer regulatory intermediaries
Authors: Marques José Carlos
Published: May 2019

Studies using the Regulatory–Intermediary–Target (RIT) framework have examined a variety of forms of regulatory capture, including how targets capture intermediaries (T➔I) and how intermediaries capture regulators (I➔R). Little attention has been paid to why and how regulators themselves might engage in capture. Yet such a scenario is likely in transnational governance settings characterized by regulatory competition and conflict, as well as power differentials between different types of private regulators (non‐governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and business associations). This paper elucidates why and how a private regulator might capture another private regulator via a regulatory intermediary: R1➔I➔R2. Drawing on interview and archival data, I examine three industry‐driven regulatory intermediaries created to harmonize private labor codes of conduct and ethical audit processes. These are founded and governed by a small group of retail trade associations and global retailers who also fulfill the role of private regulators (R1). My analysis reveals that the creation of these intermediaries is driven by global retailers’ reliance on standardization, low transaction costs, and regulatory harmonization across all aspects of their operations. It further reveals how the harmonization platforms are designed to leverage global retailers’ market power and evolve from regulatory intermediaries into de facto regulators that supplant existing private regulators (R2), and thereby capture transnational governance of consumer product supply chains. The article concludes by discussing contributions, implications, and avenues for future research.
Experts, regulatory capture, and the “governor's dilemma”: The politics of hurricane risk science and insurance
Authors: Weinkle Jessica
Published: May 2019

Using historical context and brief case studies of hurricane risk science, this article illustrates the intimate relationship between the insurance industry and scientific researchers largely assumed to be external to the industry. This paper argues that the extent to which the insurance industry directs, funds, and validates the production and use of science for estimating risk is itself a full blown political enterprise that functions to prioritize industry interests in views of hurricane risk and potentially narrow the broader discussion of disaster losses to the single solution of insurance pricing. The situation presents what has recently been termed the “governor's dilemma.” Regulators face losing control over industry's influence on understandings of society's hurricane risk; at the same time, greater control over the research effort may stymie advancement in knowledge needed for effective risk management.
Diagenetic mineral development within the Upper Jurassic Haynesville‐Bossier Shale, USA
Authors: Dowey Patrick J. , Taylor Kevin G.
Published: May 2019

Despite recent advances, diagenetic processes in fine‐grained sediments are still relatively poorly understood. Key questions still to be resolved include the types of diagenetic minerals present in mudstones and the extent of element mobility in these low permeability systems. This study utilizes data from the Haynesville‐Bossier Shale, USA, to analyze lithologies, discriminate authigenic phases and identify mobile elements during diagenesis. It has implications for understanding how authigenic minerals develop and the sources of those authigenic minerals in fine‐grained sediments. On the basis of grain‐size and mineralogy five lithologies are designated: (i) silica‐rich argillaceous mudstones; (ii) argillaceous siliceous mudstones; (iii) mixed siliceous mudstones; (iv) mixed mudstones; and (v) authigenically‐dominated mudstones. The diagenetic development of the Haynesville‐Bossier Shale can be divided into early and late diagenesis. Ferroan and non‐ferroan dolomite, framboidal pyrite and bioclast pore‐filling kaolinite and calcite grain replacements and cements all formed during early diagenesis. Late diagenetic mineral phases include illite formed by the illitization of smectite, replacive and displacive chlorite, calcite‐replacive albite, quartz‐replacive calcite and replacive and/or displacive quartz. The presence of extensive late diagenetic mineral precipitates indicates that there was a degree of element mobility on at least the local scale. Aluminium present in albite is most likely to have resulted from the illitization of smectite. Quartz overgrowths probably resulted from illitization and the pressure dissolution at quartz silt grain boundaries. Externally, hydrothermal fluids resulting from regional‐scale igneous activity appear to have played a role in the formation of chlorite and possibly albite. The work indicates that extensive mineral development and element mobility occurred during late diagenesis.
Effects of music, video, and 360‐degree video on cycle ergometer exercise at the ventilatory threshold
Authors: Bird Jonathan M. , Karageorghis Costas I. , Baker Steven J. , Brookes David A.
Published: May 2019

Despite the seemingly ubiquitous presence of audiovisual stimuli in modern exercise facilities, there is a dearth of research examining the effects of audiovisual stimuli in combination during exercise. Accordingly, we examined the influence of a range of audiovisual stimuli on the improvement of affective, perceptual, and enjoyment responses to cycle ergometer exercise at the ventilatory threshold (VT), an intensity that is associated with the most affect‐related interindividual variability. A within‐subject design was employed, and participants (N = 18) completed a 25‐minute protocol that consisted of 2 minutes of seated rest, 5 minutes of warm‐up, 10 minutes of exercise at VT, 5 minutes of cooldown, and 3 minutes of seated rest. Participants exercised at VT under music, video, music‐video, 360‐degree video, 360‐degree video with music, and control conditions. The results revealed a condition × time interaction for perceived activation and a main effect of condition for state attention and perceived enjoyment. The 360‐degree video with music condition elicited the most positive affective valence, greatest perceived activation, most dissociative thoughts, and highest ratings of perceived enjoyment. The present findings indicate that audiovisual stimuli can influence affective, perceptual, and enjoyment responses to cycle ergometer exercise at the VT. Given the emerging support pertaining to a positive relationship between affective responses and exercise adherence, audiovisual stimuli, such as 360‐degree video with music, should be considered as a means by which to promote an enjoyable exercise experience.
Subconjunctival nodule due to Setaria equina erratic migration in a horse: First case report
Authors: Regnier Alain , Martin Coralie , Semin Marie‐Odile , Lienard Emmanuel , Geffre Anne , Douet Jean‐Yves , Raymond‐Letron Isabelle
Published: May 2019

An 18‐month‐old Arabian‐English filly resident in southwest France was referred for evaluation of a conjunctival mass in the right eye (OD). A pink, solid, and mobile nodular formation, measuring approximately 1.2 × 0.8 cm was found under the superior nasal bulbar conjunctiva during an ophthalmic examination that was otherwise normal. The mass was surgically removed using a standing procedure. Cytological examination of fine‐needle aspirates from the mass revealed a mixed eosinophilic‐lymphocytic inflammation. Histological examination confirmed the dense and diffuse eosinophilic‐lymphocytic infiltrate of the mass, and it revealed several cross sections of a parasitic nematode. The morphometric diagnosis identified an immature form of a filarial worm, and molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA gene sequences led to further identification of the specimen as Setaria equina. Microfilaremia was not observed on fresh blood smears. There have been no signs of local recurrence after 18 months, nor any evidence of intraocular involvement. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of subconjunctival setariasis due to S equina in a horse.
The impact of red blood cell manufacturing variables on bacterial growth dynamics: a pilot study
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Kou Yuntong , Cayer Marie‐Pierre , De Grandmont Marie‐Joëlle , Girard Mélissa , Cloutier Marc
Published: May 2019

Background and objectives

Bacterial contamination of red blood cells (RBC) remains a rare but serious clinical concern. Despite the low temperature storage of RBC, some bacteria can proliferate. The impact of RBC additive solutions (AS), manufacturing method or donor sex on bacterial growth/survival in RBC was addressed in this pilot study.

Materials and methods

Using a partial pool‐and‐split design, bacterial growth/survival was assessed in intentionally inoculated RBC, manufactured separately from male and female donors using three different manufacturing methods (two whole blood [WB] filtration methods; one RBC filtration method), and resuspended in one of four AS: SAGM, PAGGSM, AS‐1 or AS‐3. At the beginning of storage, RBC were inoculated with 10 CFU/ml of either Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Yersinia enterocolitica or Propionibacterium acnes. Manufacturing, inoculation, storage (until day 42) and monitoring of bacterial growth were conducted at two sites: Canadian Blood Services and Héma‐Québec.

Results

Yersinia enterocolitica was the only bacterium that proliferated during storage at both sites. RBC tested at Canadian Blood Services had higher bacterial concentrations than those at Héma‐Québec (P = 0·0044). At Héma‐Québec, where two different manufacturing methods were used, Y. enterocolitica reached significantly higher bacterial concentrations in AS‐3 RBC (WB filtration method) compared to units prepared in the other three AS (RBC filtration method; P < 0·05). Bacterial survival/growth dependent on donor sex was not uniformly noted.

Conclusion

Only one of four bacteria grew under RBC storage conditions. The results indicate that RBC manufacturing variables, rather than AS or donor sex, affect bacterial growth in RBC.