bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live Supervision and Instant Feedback in Marriage and Family Therapy*
Authors: Birchler Gary R.
Published: June 2007

In the context of the increasing attention paid to, and increasing demand for training in marital and family therapy, this paper briefly describes several models of supervision and treatment appropriate for use in this field. Advantages and disadvantages of four basic supervision and treatment models are discussed: traditional, co‐therapy, direct observation with delayed feedback, and direct observation with instant feedback. The increased options in adopting the latter model are emphasized and a verbatim sample of a case illustrating its use is presented.
The Use of Multiple Family Marathon as a Teaching Device
Authors: Goldenberg Irene , Stier Serena , Preston Terry Anne
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the rationale and methods for using a multiple family marathon as a teaching device in the context of an intensive group‐supervision family therapy training program conducted by the authors. Procedures used in the marathon are described, as well as how the concept stimulates increased focus on issues common to family therapy and broadens the experience of the students. The effects of the marathon on the students' views of their therapy families and of themselves as family therapists are explored.
The Laboratory Evaluation and Enrichment of Couples: Applications and Some Preliminary Results
Authors: L'Abate Luciano , Wildman R. W. , O'Callaghan J. B. , Simon S. J. , Allison M. , Kahn G. , Rainwater N.
Published: June 2007

Data relating to the effects of structured versus unstructured interventions with three couples are presented and compared. Arguments are presented for the standard use of: 1) routine, pre‐ post‐intervention assessment, 2) laboratory procedures in the assessment and treatment of couples, and 3) paraprofessionals in intervention with couples. This report is part of a systematic program of research into the appropriate use of structured and unstructured intervention and into the optimal matching of client family and intervention approach.
Beginning Struggles with Families*
Authors: Napier Augustus Y.
Published: June 2007

Beginning treatment with families is marked by a sense of struggle between the family and the therapist. The family is seen as testing the therapist and as asking through their behavior questions about the therapeutic process. The therapist is advised to focus intently on the beginning interviews, working toward the point where the family relaxes and decides on an intuitive level to enter therapy. The major hurdle is in dealing with the family's anxiety as the therapist attempts to shift the focus from the individual patient to the family as a whole. Strategy in establishing this shift is outlined
A Tandem Approach: Marriage Counseling as Process in Tandem with Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Murphy James M.
Published: June 2007

More attention must be paid to the marriage and family unit in the mental health field (Haley, 1975), however, working exclusively with that unit and ascribing the cause of behavior solely to the interpersonal system would only perpetuate another kind of one‐sidedness. This paper presents a tandem approach, a form of combined treatment, that maintains a balanced perspective of the individual and marriage and family unit, provides a synthesis for intrapsychic and interpersonal theories of the causation of behavior, integrates the techniques of the modalities of individual psychotherapy and marriage counseling, and expedites the solution of underlying intrapsychic and interpersonal problems
Creatively Labeling Behavior in Individual and Group Counseling
Authors: Vriend John , Dyer Wayne W.
Published: June 2007

The authors make a case for the accurate labeling of behavior at the appropriate time in the counseling process and caution against the kind of labeling of a person which results in stereotyping and counseling ineffectiveness. They present a list of seven criteria to be considered if behavior is to be accurately labeled and advocate the use of metaphors, especially in group counseling, to label certain kinds of behavior
Differences in Interaction and Environmental Conditions of Clinic and Non‐Clinic Families: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Scoresby A. Lynn , Christensen Bernell
Published: June 2007

Three members of clinic and non‐clinic families were tested to determine if, as a family unit, they were significantly different in terms of interaction and intra‐family environmental conditions. Father‐mother, father‐child, and mother‐child interaction was measured. More complementary and symmetrical interaction were reported by members of clinic families while more parallel interaction was reported by non‐clinic subjects. Subjects in non‐clinic families reported more cohesion, expressiveness, organization, and less conflict than members of clinic families. Implications of these findings are discussed as they apply to counselors
Goals of Family Therapy*
Authors: Feldman Larry B.
Published: June 2007

A review of family therapy goals is presented and discussed. Therapy goals are divided into two major categories: 1) Specific Goals for Specific Families; and 2) General Goals. The latter category is further divided into goals having to do with family interaction and those related to symptoms and character traits of individual family members. Familial and individual goals are discussed in relation to the concept of interrelated, hierarchically arranged systems.
Marital Intimacy and the Deadly Love‐Anger Cycle
Authors: Mace David R.
Published: June 2007

The view is advanced that the fundamental cause of marital failure in our time is the inability to resolve the anger which is inevitably generated in an intimate relationship. The nature of anger, its impact on a love relationship, and its constructive management in marriage are examined. The concept of training couples in “marital fighting” is rejected in favor of a three‐step procedure which the author has tested out in his own marriage, and taught to other couples, with very satisfactory results.
Family Assessment and Intervention for Early Adolescent Problems*
Authors: Everett Craig A.
Published: June 2007

The clinical assessment of adolescent problems is most effective when conducted in view of developmental tasks, family interaction, and peer group influences. For early adolescents, developmental issues need to be resolved within a supportive family milieu before satisfactory differentiation toward a peer group can occur. An assessment‐intervention model for initiating treatment with early adolescents and their parents is presented. The combined collaborative‐conjoint method was operationalized by interdisciplinary professional teams in a community health setting. The treatment model's effectiveness was evaluated by self‐reports and statistical comparisons in 50 cases over a two year period. The results are discussed and illustrated in two case studies.
Remarriage Between Divorced People with Children from Previous Marriages: A Proposal for Preparation for Remarriage*
Authors: Messinger Lillian
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the special attributes of the legally reconstituted families formed when divorced persons who have children from their previous marriages remarry. The remarriage family is identified as a high risk group for which society has not as yet established norms. Interviews with 70 couples suggest that the stress for couples and families involved in divorce and remarriage would be prevented or reduced through remarriage preparation courses.
Marital Therapy: Toleration of Differentness
Authors: Overturf Joan
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a way of understanding marriage and marital therapy in terms of Satir's concept of differentness. One important impetus toward marriage is the individual's need to feel complete through emotional fusion with the spouse. Individuals choose marriage partners who will give them a sense of completion. Marital balance is sought around the fulcrum of this need for unity. Any disturbance to the myth of unity of the two partners is seen as a personal threat by each. Marital balance or homeostatis is a way the partners disguise the unique differentness of each. Acknowledgement of the differentness and separateness of the other is seen as a threat to the self. The task of therapy is to help partners recognize and tolerate the differentness of the other.
Claiming Our Own: A Model for Women's Growth
Authors: Brashear Diane B. , Willis Kathleen
Published: June 2007

As traditional sexual roles in our society become less defined, searching for one's identity can be confusing and amorphous not only to those seeking help but to educators and counselors who strive to aid those experiencing change. The ownership model offers professionals a framework in which women can develop themselves, often without risk to marriage.
What Do Children Know About Sex?
Authors: Cox Richard H. , Davidson DeeAnn
Published: June 2007

A review of literature with two tables showing responses to sex differentiation cues and methods of childbirth. The article concludes with a brief annotated bibliography.
Supervision in Family Therapy: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Tucker Bernice Z. , Hart Gordon , Liddle Howard A.
Published: June 2007

A group model of supervision of family therapy was implemented by a team of three supervisors with doctoral students in counseling psychology. It was believed that such an approach would provide students with more opportunity to work as therapists with families and to observe a greater variety of families, therapists, and therapeutic styles than in other models. Interchange in supervisory sessions focused on co‐therapy issues, observation skills, family dynamics, differing therapeutic techniques and approaches, and planning and goal setting in therapy. This experience contributed to the professional and personal growth and development of students.
Problems Confronting the Female Therapist Doing Couple Therapy*
Authors: Ficher Ilda V. , Linsenberg Myrna
Published: June 2007

This paper describes some of the special problems confronting the female therapist doing couple therapy. They are grouped into four main categories, identified by a specific characteristic of the couple: the passive male, the aggressive male, the submissive female, and the dominant, aggressive female. The dynamics of each problem are delineated and suggestions for dealing with them, in marital as well as sex therapy, are presented. Additional observations are made on the values of using appropriate role modeling, and of forming and shifting supportive alliances, as therapeutic techniques.
Lawyer and Counselor as an Interdisciplinary Team: The Timely Referral*
Authors: Bernstein Barton E.
Published: June 2007

Lawyers and marriage and family counselors deal with people who have personal, legal, and emotional problems. As a matter of practice and procedure, lawyers refer individuals and couples to counselors, and counselors likewise refer to attorneys. Often this referrel comes too late to produce the desired results. This article indicates the areas where lawyers and counselors may function as an interdisciplinary team, making appropriate referrals at the proper time and in the proper manner.
Sex Role Stereotyping and Marriage Counseling*
Authors: Gingras‐Baker Sylvia
Published: June 2007

Evidence that sex role stereotyping (SRS) reflects a strong negative valuation of women and is a factor in clinical evaluation raises the question of its affects upon evaluation and treatment in marriage counseling. The counseling literature was reviewed and although data on SRS was found, it seldom was related specifically to marriage counseling. The purpose of this paper is to consider the implications of SRS for marriage counselors in the light of current research findings on this issue. Suggestions for assisting counselors to deal with SRS in themselves and as professionals in the field of marriage counseling are presented.
Behavioral Therapy for Marital Disharmony: An Educational Approach*
Authors: Liberman Robert Paul , Wheeler Eugene , Sanders Nancy
Published: June 2007

A behavioral approach to marital therapy in groups includes training in communication skills; increasing the recognition, initiation, and acknowledgement of pleasing interactions; redistributing time spent in recreational and social activities; and contingency contracting. These treatment modules are offered during eight to 10 sessions spaced over a three month period. The specific techniques are imbedded in a matrix consisting of an alliance between the spouses and the co‐therapists, and group cohesiveness. Evaluations of the approach with 40 couples indicate that the group methods produce statistically significant improvements in marital satisfaction. An experimental comparison revealed that the behavioral methods led to significantly greater improvements in the observed interactions between spouses than in a group which used a discussion‐interaction format.
Non‐Sexist “Marital” Therapy*
Authors: Rice David G. , Rice Joy K.
Published: June 2007

Certain factors limit marital therapists in dealing with individuals conflicted over and disenchanted about “traditional” marriage: 1) the therapist's gender, 2) the presence of sex‐role stereotyped behaviors and expectations, and 3) the therapists own marital experience. Specific helpful experiences (working with a co‐therapist of the opposite sex, examining attitudes and biases toward divorce) and therapeutic techniques (working out a schedule for sharing household tasks and childcare, restructuring the marital contract, and dealing with open companionship) are discussed. The general therapeutic goal is working toward an equal sharing of overt power, with social, economic, and political considerations and intrapsychic forces given comparable consideration.
The AIAC, A Design for Systematically Analyzing Marriage and Family Counseling: A Progress Report*
Authors: Allred G. Hugh , Kersey Fred L.
Published: June 2007

The Allred Interaction Analysis for Counselors is an instrument for systematically analyzing counselors' and clients' verbal behaviors. It was constructed to provide marriage and family counselors‐in‐training a method for acquiring meaningful, objective feedback on their counseling behaviors. The interrater reliability coefficients have been high. Results of validity studies have been encouraging. Though the instrument was initially designed from analysis of structured family counseling, research indicates it may have rather wide application for many different counseling approaches and settings.
Family Therapy Process in a Family Therapy Seminar
Authors: Dell Paul F. , Sheely Margaret D. , Pulliam George P. , Goolishian Harold A.
Published: June 2007

The interaction between leaders and members in a year‐long family therapy seminar is systematically compared to the process that unfolds between therapist and family during the course of family therapy. A five stage developmental process common to both is postulated and described: (1) Battle for Structure, (2) Naive Enthusiasm, (3) Conflictual Frustration, (4) Task Orientation, and (5) Mutuality. The dynamic elements of each stage are analyzed and factors affecting their development are identified. It is concluded that this five stage process occurs in all similar groups, but that the content of each stage may vary widely from group to group.
A Multi‐Faceted Response to an Adolescent's School Failure*
Authors: Freund John C. , Cardwell Gilbert F.
Published: June 2007

A family‐based, multi‐system intervention is described as a response to three years of an adolescent's school failure. In a case study describing an unmotivated family, unmotivated school, and systems‐oriented helpers, an intervention plan is developed that is directed toward improving the adolescent's school behavior and performance. Family therapy occurred concurrently with those interventions. A family‐trained psycho educational consultant is employed to mediate between family and school to avoid disturbing the integrity of the therapists relationship with the family. Short‐term effects of these procedures are described.
The Therapist's Response to The Family's Aggression*
Authors: Beck Michael J.
Published: June 2007

Within our own bodies our cells are constantly in a process of repair and disassemblage. It is this process of disassemblage which is the physical analog of psychological destructive ness. In some families, the primary interchanges are not aimed at encouraging constructive ness, and if the family is uncomfortable with this state of affairs they may seek professional help. If the counselor does nothing to relieve the anxiety engendered by their hostile interchanges, the family may view him as just one more discordant element in their unhappy system and leave him very quickly. They may take up the gauntlet with another counselor or they may go on to continue to engage in the process of feeding their energy into the perpetuation of a system which takes up so much of the family's energy that it permits the family to accomplish little else besides maintaining the status quo.
The Silent Message: Communication in a Family with a Dying Patient*
Authors: Baider Lea
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the functionality of the linguistic code in the communication processes of a family in a crisis situation and in need of concealing its plight. Basic concepts of verbal interaction are discussed to show the difficulties of any open exchange of messages within a family with a dying patient. The paper concludes with two observations from a case study.
Life Stress and Marital Conflict A Pilot Study*
Authors: Frederickson Charles G.
Published: June 2007

The pilot study presented in this paper focuses on the relationship of life event stress (as measured by the Holmes Social Readjustment Rating Scale) and the incidence of marital dysfunction. It was found that those couples in which one or both partners were receiving marital counseling had experienced a significantly greater amount of life stress events during the previous 12‐month period than had couples who were not experiencing marital dysfunction. The discussion includes a theoretical examination of the life stress event/marital dysfunction relationship, as well as implications regarding the use of this scale by the counselor for preventative and intervention purposes.
Karen Horney (1885–1952) A Tribute
Authors: Hyatt Ralph
Published: June 2007

It is twenty‐five years since the passing of Karen Horney. A productive professional who dared to differ with Sigmund Freud, Horney has written clearly and brilliantly, almost in a “common‐sensical” style, about the development of neurotic character structure and interpersonal relationships. Her stress on cultural, societal, and family influences has strong implications for theorists and professional practitioners in the field of marriage and the family. Her optimistic view of human nature, especially as it relates to the possibility for change at all ages and stages, should be a continuous inspiration to those helping disturbed individuals, relationships, marriages, and families. This is a tribute to a rare, worthy human being.
A Structural Approach to a Family with an Encopretic Child*
Authors: Andolfi Maurizio
Published: June 2007

This article describes brief therapy using a structural approach. During the course of therapy the encopretic behavior of a pre‐adolescent boy was observed in relation to the interactionand structure of the family system. The presenting problem was analyzed as a sign of family dysfunction and of the stress consequent to the parents separation. The success of the therapy didnot consist only of the disappearance of the encopretic behavior, but also in the discovery of different modalities of relating which produced a liberating effect on the identified patient and on other members of the family.
Two is Better than One: Use of Behavioral Techniques within a Structural Family Therapy Model
Authors: Rosenberg John B.
Published: June 2007

This paper encourages the combination of behavioral and family therapeutic techniques within the family context. The approach discussed is most helpful during the beginning to intermediate stages of family therapy and serves to provide the therapist with the necessary leverage to allow for effective intervention and change. Three case histories are presented to illustrate the techniques discussed
Struggling with the Impotence Impasse: Absurdity and Acting‐In
Authors: Keith David V. , Whitaker Carl A.
Published: June 2007

Psychotherapists are forced to face the troubling fact of their ineffectiveness. Part of the sense of uselessness arises out of going face‐to‐ face with family systems. Another part is based in the therapist's theoretical orientation. Two methods for breaking out of this double paralysis are described. Both methods are illustrated with clinical examples.
A Therapist's Perspective on Jewish Family Values
Authors: Zuk Gerald H.
Published: June 2007

Family therapy has been deficient in accounting for the impact of ethnic, religious and racial values on success or failure in treating families. Jews do well in family therapy, and they readily become engaged in it. The favorable response of Jewish families is due to a set of values. This set is composed of high familism, high egalitarianism, high secularism, maternal intrusive‐ness, verbal rather than physical aggressiveness, an assertive stance toward problem‐solving, and the maintenance of a scapegoat theme. In treating Jewish families it is important to keep the entire set in mind rather than any one particular value.
Family Therapy for the Trainee in Family Therapy*
Authors: Guldner Claude A.
Published: June 2007

The growth and self understanding of the therapist as a person are considered by most training centres to be a significant part of the training process. This article reports on a pilot project which provided marital and family therapy for trainees in a two‐year program. Therapy was established on a contract basis and included individual, conjoint, family intergenerational and small group. Interns and family members responded favorably to the program. Supervisors found the experience enabled trainees to maintain an experiential consistency with a general systems model utilized as the core theory of the training program.
Developments in Family Psychiatry in the United Kingdom
Authors: Howells John G.
Published: June 2007

In the United Kingdom, Family Psychiatry began at the Ipswich Hospital, in 1949, mainly as a reaction to the then prevailing practice of child psychiatry. The family became the unit not only of theoretical formulations, but also of clinical psychiatric practice. Family psychopathology is understood in terms of real experience; family diagnosis is arrived at by taking into account the total dysfunctioning of the family, and family therapy, a part of Family Psychiatry, is applied with the aim of benefiting the family as a whole. Developments in the inpatient field have followed. The efforts of a number of British workers have been directed to the problem of schizophrenia and the family.
Family Therapy: A Phenomenological and Active Directive Approach
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: June 2007

Because the most popular forms of family therapy, psychodynamic and systems‐oriented therapy, appreciably fail to consider family members as individuals in their own right, a phenomenological‐humanistic view of families who come for therapy would serve to correct this oversight. The particular phenomenological view espoused by those who do client‐centered family therapy, however, is too passive and neglects some of the realities of human disturbance. A “third force” in family therapy is therefore outlined in this paper, which combines a phenomenological‐humanistic approach with a highly active‐directive attempt to help family members surrender their misperceptions of themselves and others and to make profound philosophic changes in their intrapersonal and interpersonal attitudes and behaviors. As an example of this kind of phenomenological and active‐directive approach, some of the principles and practices of rational‐emotive therapy (RET) are outlined and applied to family counseling.
The Child's View of Death
Authors: Glicken Morley D.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents an overview of current theory related to the way in which children learn to cope with death. Additionally, the paper discusses ways in which therapists and parents might help children learn to deal more effectively with death. The paper suggests that an inability to cope effectively with death may have significant negative impact on the child's emotional life.
Family Theory According to the Cambridge Model
Authors: White Stephen L.
Published: June 2007

The family systems theory of David Kantor and William Lehr as expressed in their book, Inside the Family, forms the foundation for the model of family therapy which is taught at the Family Institute of Cambridge. This paper is a summary of and an introduction to that theory. Their concepts of family boundaries, dimensions, typal arrangements, and the four player system are presented and discussed.
Is a Confrontational Tone Necessary in Conjoint Therapy?
Authors: Wile Daniel B.
Published: June 2007

The dominant model in the field of conjoint therapy is the notion of the family as a unit or system (Beels & Ferber, 1969) and, in particular, as a homeostatic system in which change in one part requires compensatory adjustment in others (Jackson, 1957). This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the systems model and proposes an alternative approach, the paired bind model. The paired bind orientation retains the major advantage of the systems approach (its focus upon couple and family interactions) while eliminating its major disadvantage (its oppositional tone).
The Family Picture
Authors: Ruben Ann G.
Published: June 2007

In the family picture the camera records during the first and last session how each family member arranges other members in a tableau or family sculpture. The picture offers the therapist and family a quick opportunity to learn about each other. It visually depicts the coalitions, the separation or togetherness of family members, which help the therapist formulate therapeutic goals. When the pictures taken during the first session are compared with those taken during the last session, they can be a validation of the positive family changes.
A Stimulus Control Model of Change in Behavioral Couples' Therapy: Implications for Contingency Contracting
Authors: Jacobson Neil S.
Published: June 2007

Although contingency contracting is a popular strategy for use in treating distressed relationships, there is no direct evidence of its efficacy. A stimulus control model of change in behavioral couples' therapy states that the conditions under which an agreement was negotiated, regardless of the consequences specified in the agreement itself, are the primary determinants of whether the agreement is upheld. Once change is prompted, its maintenance is associated with stimuli generated by the negotiating session itself (that is, self‐statements) and contingencies provided by concurrent changes occurring in therapy. Therefore, it is argued that explicit contingency contracting is unnecessary, and in fact contraindicated, for reasons which are elaborated. Hypotheses are offered which provide indirect tests of this model of change in behavioral couples' therapy.
Delayed Stress Response Syndrome: Family Therapy Indications*
Authors: Figley Charles R. , Sprenkle Douglas H.
Published: June 2007

The paper draws upon the work of Mardi Horowitz and his colleagues in the explication of the delayed stress response syndrome. The syndrome is a form of chronic catastrophic stress disorder to be discussed in the new “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.” The theoretical nature of the syndrome and its most characteristic symptoms are delineated within the context of treating Vietnam combat veterans. The paper outlines treatment implications within a family therapy program. Specific issues and procedures discussed include (a) diagnosis of the syndrome and the family pathology within which it is embedded, (b) identification of the particular family characteristics which tend to affect and be affected by the syndrome, and (c) the use of both the spouse and another survivor of the catastrophic event in the treatment program.
Exorcising the Ghosts In the Marital System
Authors: Russell Axel , Russell Lila
Published: June 2007

A heuristic model is presented for the diagnosis and treatment of families in stress. A systems approach and psychoanalytic concepts are integrated to understand and modify dysfunctional behavior transmitted across generations.
Abstracts
Authors: Taggart Morris
Published: June 2007

Chessick, R. D. The sad soul of the psychiatrist. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 1978, 42, 1–9.

Greenberg, G. S. The family international perspective: A study and examination of the work of Don D. Jackson. Family Process, 1977, 16, 385–112.

Hines, P. M. & Hare‐Mustin, R. T. Ethical concerns in family therapy. Professional Psychology, 1978, 9, 165–171.

Keshet, H. F. & Rosenthal, K. M. Fathering after marital separation. Social Work, 1978, 23, 11–18.

Loewenstein, S. An overview of some aspects of female sexuality. Social Casework, 1978, 59, 106–115.

Mace, D. R. & Mace, V. C. Measure your marriage potential: A simple test that tells couples where they are. The Family Coordinator, 1978, 27, 63–67.

Wexler, J. & Steidl, J. Marriage and the capacity to be alone. Psychiatry, 1978, 41, 72–82.
Essay Review: Enrichment and Therapy In Depth
Authors: Stahmann Robert F.
Published: June 2007

Chernick, Beryl and Chernick, Noam. In touch.

Guerin, Philip J., Jr. Family therapy.

L'Abate, Luciano. Enrichment: Structured interventions with couples, families, and groups.
The Place of Values In Psychotherapy
Authors: Abroms Gene M.
Published: June 2007

Psychotherapy is a value‐laden process because the very notions of therapeutic', ‘cure’, and ‘health’ involve patients and therapists in making value choices. Two hierarchies of health values as they apply to therapy are reviewed. The first guides the therapist in setting limits on pathological behavior and constitutes the so‐called 6 D's of pathology: destructiveness, dysphoria, disorganization, deviancy, dependency, and disillusionment. The second illuminates the therapist's role‐modeling or ideal‐setting function and takes the form of a developmental sequence of positive health values, as derived from Kohlberg's work on moral judgment. These health values, from the lowest to the highest forms, are fit‐survival, pleasure‐seeking, social‐belonging, structural duty, adaptive flexibility, and universal commitment. this hierarchy has important implications for understanding the nature of therapeutic changeand the appropriate matching of therapist and patients
Evaluating Families With Custody or Visitation Problems
Authors: Musetto Andrew P.
Published: June 2007

The mental health professional is increasingly being called upon by the courts to assist them in evaluating and intervening in families involved in disputes over custody or visitation of children. The evaluation requires the participation and cooperation of the entire family; assessing only individual dynamics and competencies is inadequate. In intervening in the family and making a recommendation to the court, the interviewer should take into account the well‐being and perspectives of all family members, especially the loyalties of the children and the responsibilities and roles of the parents.
Marriage Encounter: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Doherty William J. , McCabe Patricia , Ryder Robert G.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes and evaluates the Marriage Encounter movement from theoretical and clinical perspectives. While acknowledging that Marriage Encounter responds to a need among many couples for greater marital closeness, the authors raise concerns about potentially destructive and illusory effects of the Marriage Encounter experience. The paper calls for more dialogue between professionals and leaders of the Marriage Encounter movement as well as for empirical evaluations of the program's effects.
The Uses and Abuses of Co‐Therapy
Authors: Russell Axel , Russell Lila
Published: June 2007

The literature on co‐therapy suggests increased interest in this treatment procedure. There is some agreement over advantages and disadvantages, but there is also confusion on indications and counter‐indications. This paper summarizes the current use and abuse of co‐therapy. The reported clinical experiences of several co‐therapist teams, including spouse co‐therapists, are also discussed. It appears that co‐therapy will remain controversial until outcomes are rigorously measured and compared with the results of other therapeutic modalities in a standardized, acceptable way.
Family Separation‐Individuation Tolerance‐A Developmental Conceptualization of the Nuclear Family
Authors: Farley Joan E.
Published: June 2007

Family health is dependent upon the individual family members' capacity to establish mature relationships with one another. The development of these relationships occurs through the experiential ranging of family members between the poles of symbiotic union and individuation, a continual process of ego development through self‐other differentiation. A model which encompasses the family system's tolerance for ranging is presented in this paper. The model aids the clinician in making a family developmental diagnosis and in understanding family treatment as a growth experience.
Organizational Consultation and the Teaching of Family Therapy: Contrasting Case Histories*
Authors: Kahn Michael D.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the process of attempting to teach the principles and effective utilization of family therapy to the indigenous staff of two mental health institutions. Both interventions are conceptualized as entrees into entrenched organizational systems requiring shifts in power alignments, clarification of self and group goals, articulation of needs, reallocation of resources, and attention to group process in order to succeed. One case, where such issues were overlooked and neglected, resulted in failure in which apparently little learning of family therapy occurred. The second, where these issues were anticipated, addressed and resolved, resulted in successful learning of family therapy, implementation of therapy programs and lasting change in the organizational climate to support those programs. The teacher of family therapy, by functioning as an organizational consultant, can help create the kind of working conditions which are best suited to effectively treating families.
Adult Unfolding and Marital Conflict*
Authors: Vines Neville R.
Published: June 2007

This paper incorporates relevant knowledge about adult development into an understanding of marital conflict, suggests hypotheses to be explored in the marital evaluation and subsequent therapy, and illustrates the concepts presented with case material.
Religious Cults, the Individual and the Family
Authors: Schwartz Lita Linzer , Kaslow Florence W.
Published: June 2007

Relatively little attention has been paid in the professional literature to the cult phenomenon: what it is, how it attracts converts, what differentiates the vulnerable youth from the non‐vulnerable; the effects of cult membership on the convert's family, and, particularly, in what ways the family can be aided during and after involvement with the cult. The authors have drawn on clinical observations, interviews, and extant literature from a variety of disciplines in constructing a portrait of the vulnerable youth; the techniques used by cults to attract, recruit, and convert members; the dynamics of the recruits family; and the most effective modes of therapy for intervening. The intent of the article is to stimulate: 1) professional awareness of and knowledge about the cults, and 2) further research into related family dynamics and therapeutic techniques.
Family Therapy Following the Death of a Child*
Authors: Hare‐Mustin Rachel T.
Published: June 2007

The reactions of the entire family system to the death of a child are examined. The case illustrates therapeutic interventions dealing with changes in family structure, guilt and mourning processes in parents, anxiety and other reactions of children, and the cognitive confusion of both children and adults. The problems for the therapist in working with a family following the death of a child are discussed.
Pre‐Marital Counseling and Examination
Authors: Trainer Joseph B.
Published: June 2007

The author's system of premarital counseling and examination is presented. The program consists of four visits before the marriage and one following. The first visit introduces the couple to the contractual elements of marriage; the second and third are used for taking the medical history and physical examination. The fourth visit summarizes the findings and introduces a program for beginning the marriage. The fifth visit occurs between the eighth and twelfth weeks of the marriage to help resolve problems which become apparent in the early weeks of married living. The work sheets and sample examinations are appended.
Common Developmental Tasks in Forming Reconstituted Families*
Authors: Kleinman Judith , Rosenberg Elinor , Whiteside Mary
Published: June 2007

Developmental tasks common to the formation of a reconstituted family are described, particularly the continued mourning of the old family; the formation of a solid marital relationship despite the difficulties presented by past failures and the presence of children; formation of sibling alliances across family lines. A treatment case is described which illustrates one family's process of achieving these developmental tasks.
An Insight Approach to Marital Therapy
Authors: Wile Daniel B.
Published: June 2007

The trend in marital therapy has traditionally been away from insight approaches and toward action‐oriented methods, such as manipulating the couple system or teaching partners to negotiate. This paper presents a form of insight therapy based upon systems theory and suggests that this orientation has much to offer. The first part describes general categories of relationship problems with which a couples therapist must deal. The second part takes each of these problem types and suggests how a therapist with the present systems‐interpretive approach might proceed. The goal is a shared understanding by partners of their marital system.
THE USE OF NON‐VERBAL AND BODY MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES IN WORKING WITH FAMILIES WITH INFANTS
Authors: Murphy James M.
Published: June 2007

This article presents an experiential‐educational approach to families with infants (under one year of age). This approach integrates dance and movement therapy with family therapy theories and techniques. Non‐verbal techniques are the only possible methods of working directly with infants, who are present with their parents in these workshops. The focus is on harmonious and conflictual interactions and functional and dysfunctional communications, negotiations and exchanges of feelings in the child‐parent dyads and family triads.
Counseling the Divorced Father
Authors: Dreyfus Edward A.
Published: June 2007

Counseling divorced fathers brings with it many special concerns unique to the divorced father. Four phases of counseling with these men are discussed. Phase I deals with the immediate crisis bringing the client into counseling; Phase II examines the various losses and dependency needs; Phase III centers around beliefs, values, and social realities; Phase IV focuses on issues of being an unmarried parent. Each of these phases has its own unique set of issues indigenous to the divorced father. The role of the therapist and several counter transference issues are discussed.
The Hopi Family Therapist and the Aristotelian Parents
Authors: Dell Paul F.
Published: June 2007

Benjamin Whorf's description of the Hopi Indian culture is used to explore the differences between the grammar/metaphysics of systems theory and the Aristotelian culture of Western man. The Hopi, instructed from birth in an optimistic and process‐view of the world, provide a worthy model for family therapists who too often succumb to the pessimistic and thing‐view of their Western World. Even those therapists who are committed to systems theory tend to have lacunae in their conceptual thinking. In particular, Western expectations about the nature of people, systems, and especially change, frequently contaminate the process of therapeutic intervention. To the extent that a therapist remains unaware of his own Aristotelian epistemological heritage, his or her ability to “think systems” will be impeded, as may his or her therapeutic effectiveness.
The Functional Approach to Using Dreams in Marital and Family Therapy*
Authors: Cirincione Dominic , Hart John , Karle Werner , Switzer Alan
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a process based method for using dreams as an adjunct to marital and family therapy. Based on the functional orientation in psychology, this approach identifies and emphasizes personality and life area strengths rather than weaknesses. Dreams are viewed as pictures of feelings and as guides to the emotional dynamics operating for each individual in a family system. The process variables of expression, feeling, clarity, activity, and contact levels are emphasized. A case study illustrates the application of this approach in the treatment of a disturbed family system.
Introducing Videotape to the Family in the Role of a Specialized Member of the Treatment System*
Authors: Metcoff Jill
Published: June 2007

Although videotape replay in clinical treatment is becoming common, intervention opportunities have been limited by conceptualizing this tool as equipment to be mastered or as a set of how‐to‐do‐it techniques. Videotape intervention is a process which begins when the equipment is introduced to the family. Introducing this equipment as an unthinking, almost human, record keeper is the first step in a process which leads to the understanding that videotaped information is initially available to provide interpersonal behavioral data. Utilizing this approach, the therapist avoids a therapist‐video‐family triangle while channelling the potentially anxious responses of family members to their recorded images into an interpersonal viewing style.
Family Therapy and the Black Middle Class: A Neglected Area of Study*
Authors: Bagarozzi Dennis A.
Published: June 2007

Little has been written and virtually no empirical research has been presented concerning family therapy with members of the Black middle class. In this article, a number of factors are discussed in the light of recent sociological inquiries. These findings are discussed in terms of family systems theory in order to provide the clinician with some insights into the dynamics of family functioning in the Black community. Suggestions for working with these families are then offered. The question of whether White therapists can work effectively with Black families is discussed and the pertinent empirical findings available from the field of individual therapy are considered.
Do Marriage Preparation Programs Really Work?: A Canadian Experiment*
Authors: Bader Edward , Microys Gisele , Microys Gisele , Sinclair Carole , Willett Elizabeth , Conway Brenda
Published: June 2007

This paper reports on the development, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative marriage preparation program. The program used a small discussion‐group format, had pre‐ and post‐wedding sessions, and emphasized the importance of communication patterns and conflict resolution. It was hypothesized (1) that spouses who took part in such a program would be less likely to engage in destructive conflict with each other than those who had not taken part; and, (2) that spouses who took part in the program would seek assistance in solving either individual or marital problems more readily than those who did not take part. The data supported both hypotheses.
An Analysis of AAMFT Supervisors: Their Identities, Roles, and Resources*
Authors: Everett Craig A.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports data from a comprehensive study of AAMFT approved supervisors. It reviews findings on a variety of demographic variables and identifies significant relationships between these data and patterns of supervisory attitudes and procedures. The discussion presents a demographic profile of the approved supervisors with an analysis of their supervisory models and resources, the extent of their professional activities, and the issue of adjunctive personal psychotherapy for students in clinical training.
The Marital/Family Therapist as an Expert Witness: Some Thoughts and Suggestions
Authors: Nichols John F.
Published: June 2007

The role of the therapist in forensic activities is highlighted from the standpoint of protection of the therapist from unauthorized disclosure to orientation and effectiveness in court in a step‐by‐step process. Conclusions reached that the adversary process and the role of mental health professional challenge the objectivity needed by the mental health professional.
Family Therapy with Substance Abusers: Legal Considerations Regarding Confidentiality*
Authors: Rinella Vincent J. , Goldstein Marc R.
Published: June 2007

This paper explores various problems in the area of confidentiality often confronted by family therapists working with substance abusers. The scope and intent of the Federal Regulations controlling the release of all alcohol and drug abuse patient records and information are examined. Also, the rules regarding the release of confidential information by family therapists to attorneys, other family members and third‐party funding sources are explained. Suggestions regarding the release of information in questionable cases are made. Finally, the growing use of family therapy in treating substance abusers, and its impact on confidentiality law and policy, is noted.
Abstracts
Authors: Taggart Morris
Published: June 2007

Colapinto, J. The relative value of empirical evidence. Family Process,

Frank, H. Psychodynamic conflicts in female law students. American Journal of Psychoanalysis.

Riskin, L.L. Sexual relationships between psychotherapists and their patients: toward research or restraint. California Law Review,

Verhulst, J. & Heiman, J.R. An interactional approach to sexual dysfunctions. American Journal of Family Therapy,
How to be a Marriage Therapist Without Knowing Practically Anything
Authors: Haley Jay
Published: June 2007

Therapists in training as marriage and family therapists often do not learn techniques for bringing about change. They also do not learn ways to conceal from colleagues and from clients the fact that they do not know how to solve the presenting problems of couples in distress. Both general and specific techniques are reviewed for concealing ignorance as well as ways to make correct excuses for failure. The presentation is designed for therapists who find themselves not knowing what to do with a couple in a particular case and for therapists who do not know what to do with any case.
Child Abuse: A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Model
Authors: Otto Mary L. , Smith David G.
Published: June 2007

The frequency of child abuse, together with its generational pattern of reocurrence, has created a need for additional models for child abuse treatment. Presented herein is a six‐step child abuse intervention model based upon cognitive‐behavioral change strategies. Allowing immediate alleviation of abuse when only one adult family member is in contact with the assisting agency, the proposed model provides for the restructuring of parenting style to increase the probabilities of permanent change.

This model is currently being utilized by one of the authors to assist self‐referred abusive patients in a group setting.