bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interprocedural parallelization analysis in SUIF
Authors: Hall Mary W. , Amarasinghe Saman P. , Murphy Brian R. , Liao Shih-Wei , Lam Monica S.
Published: August 2005

As shared-memory multiprocessor systems become widely available, there is an increasing need for tools to simplify the task of developing parallel programs. This paper describes one such tool, the automatic parallelization system in the Stanford SUIF compiler. This article represents a culmination of a several-year research effort aimed at making parallelizing compilers significantly more effective. We have developed a system that performs
full interprocedural parallelization analyses,
including array privatization analysis, array reduction recognition, and a suite of scalar data-flow analyses including symbolic analysis. These analyses collaborate in an integrated fashion to exploit
coarse-grain parallel loops,
computationally intensive loops that can execute on multiple processors independently with no cross-processor synchronization or communication. The system has successfully parallelized large interprocedural loops over a thousand lines of code completely automatically from sequential applications.This article provides a comprehensive description of the analyses in the SUIF system. We also present extensive empirical results on four benchmark suites, showing the contribution of individual analysis techniques both in executing more of the computation in parallel, and in increasing the granularity of the parallel computations. These results demonstrate the importance of interprocedural array data-flow analysis, array privatization and array reduction recognition; a third of the programs spend more than 50% of their execution time in computations that are parallelized with these techniques. Overall, these results indicate that automatic parallelization can be effective on sequential scientific computations, but only if the compiler incorporates all of these analyses.
Auto-ID
Authors: Bose Indranil , Pal Raktim
Published: August 2005

Tagging every item in a supply chain promises to help send the right product to the right destination at the right time, reducing the cost of operations and transportation and minimizing distribution lead times.
Introduction
Authors: Stafford Thomas F.
Published: August 2005

Anyone who has ever dealt with spyware knows the irritation of lost bandwidth, the frustration of commandeered machine processor cycles, the innumerable pop-up ads and spam trails that result from an infestation. It is indeed a threat to computer security, and yet the sort of maladaptive software application spyware represents is supported by just the sort of wink-and-a-nod online barter economy that seems to nourish the emerging business functions of the Internet worldwide. You "pay for free" by sacrificing (knowingly or not) some personal information or some loss of personal privacy in exchange for great "free" features in software functionality that you can download without paying for or as a "piggybacked" part of some other free applications you might wish to use.
PHAGOCYTOSIS: At the Crossroads of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Jutras Isabelle , Desjardins Michel
Published: August 2005

Phagocytosis, the process by which cells engulf large particles, requires a substantial contribution of membranes. Recent studies have revealed that intracellular compartments, including endocytic organelles and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), can engage in fusion events with the plasma membrane at the sites of nascent phagosomes. The finding that ER proteins are delivered to phagosomes, where degraded peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, has significantly enhanced our understanding of the immune functions associated with these organelles. Although it is well known that pathogens are killed in phagosomes, the contribution of ER proteins to phagosomes has provided a novel pathway for the loading of exogenous peptides onto MHC class I molecules, a process known as cross-presentation. Thus, phagocytosis has evolved from a nutritional function in unicellular organisms to play key roles in both innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates.
Regulatory phosphorylation sites in the NH2terminus of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2)
Authors: Giménez Ignacio , Forbush Biff
Published: August 2005

Short-term regulation of members of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter family takes place by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. Three NH2-terminal threonines have been previously identified as phosphoacceptors involved in activation of the ubiquitous/secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1). In this study, we demonstrate that the corresponding threonines are also involved in the regulation of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). The transport activity of NKCC2, exogenously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, is shown to be stimulated by hypertonicity. Mutagenic analysis demonstrated that threonines T99, T104, and T117 comprise a regulatory domain responsible for the activation of NKCC2 in hypertonic solutions: although none of the threonines was found to be individually necessary or sufficient for regulation, the three residues together are required to obtain the full hypertonic response. Under isotonic and hypotonic conditions, NKCC2 retains 50% of its activity in the absence of phosphorylation of the threonine-regulatory domain. Selective deletions of peptide segments revealed only a minor role for the NH2-terminal cytosolic domain of NKCC2 upstream of the threonine regulatory domain, including the recently identified proline alanine-rich Ste-20-related kinase-binding motif. A chimeric NKCC containing the first 104 amino acids of NKCC1 on the NKCC2 backbone behaved essentially the same as NKCC2, further arguing against a major role for this upstream region in NKCC2 regulation.
A Bibliometric Analysis of 30 Years of Research and Theory on Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Performance
Authors: De Bakker Frank G. A. , Groenewegen Peter , Den Hond Frank
Published: August 2005

Social responsibilities of businesses and their managers have been discussed since the 1950s. Yet no consensus about progress has been achieved in the corporate social responsibility/corporate social performance literature. In this article, we seek to analyze three views on this literature. One view is that development occurred from conceptual vagueness, through clarification of central constructs and their relationships, to the testing of theory—a process supported by increased sophistication in research methods. In contrast, other authors claim that hardly any progress is to be expected because of the inherently normative character of the literature. A final view is that progress in the literature on the social responsibilities of business is obscured or even hampered by the continuing introduction of newconstructs. This article explores which of these three views better describes the evolution of the literature during a period of 30 years and suggests implications for further research.
The we and the us
Authors: Crawford Kijana , Smith Danielle
Published: July 2005

This study investigates the importance of mentoring in African American women’s selection of higher education as a career choice and in their development as professionals in that career. The research provides recommendations on how African American female administrators in higher education can further advance their career choices and career development. Mentoring has been identified as a factor leading to upward mobility in employment, success in education, and personal development. However, research to date has not addressed the following questions:

• How are mentors relevant to the career choices and development of African American women administrators in higher education? • How do race and gender affect the career decision-making process of African American women in higher education?

This research clarifies how mentoring affects the career choices of African American women who become administrators in higher education and how their sociocultural and gender experiences define their career choices and development.
The Euro-Americanization of Race
Authors: Hall Ronald E.
Published: July 2005

In the aftermath of Western domination is the trivialization of skin color despite its significance among African Americans. Regrettably, scholars the world over emphasize race in the study of human social conditions. Regardless of the fact that race is increasingly irrelevant, Americans continually adhere to it and are at a severe disadvantage. Oblivious to the implications of skin color, their attempts to comprehend stereotypes, discrimination, and various issues attributed to race vis-à-vis African Americans is an exercise in futility. It is not compulsory to Euro-Americanize race at the expense of social fact, but Americans should familiarize themselves with African American perspectives as a critical point of reference to non-European American people. Sustaining the integrity and prestige of science will require concepts and a perspective less confined to intellectual domination.
God, Benefactor and Patron: The Major Cultural Model for Interpreting the Deity in Greco-Roman Antiquity
Authors: Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: July 2005

This study contributes to a renewed interest in the Christian Deity by employing the cultural model of benefactor–client relations. What is fresh here is an enlarged model of this pattern of social relations and fresh, apt and plentiful illustrations of it in antiquity. The patron–client model is expanded by concern for types of reciprocity and classification of what is exchanged. Typical titles of God-as-benefactor are examined in light of media of exchange, especially power, knowledge and material benefaction. Then several leading questions are asked: Why does God indeed give benefaction? What kind of reciprocity is in view? What kind of debt is incurred? Finally, what do clients return to God? Elites in antiquity state that God wants nothing and needs nothing. Yet mortals have offered sacrifice, a form of inducement, which practice Christians and philosophers rejected.
Reliability of Speeded Number-Right Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Attali Yigal
Published: August 2005

Contrary to common belief, reliability estimates of number-right multiple-choice tests are not inflated by speededness. Because examinees guess on questions when they run out of time, the responses to these questions generally show less consistency with the responses of other questions, and the reliability of the test will be decreased. The surprising implication is that adding questions to a multiple-choice test may lower its reliability when the test is speeded. This article develops the mathematical derivations and shows the effects of speededness on reliability in simulations.
A Test Characteristic Curve Linking Method for the Testlet Model
Authors: Li Yanmei , Bolt Daniel M. , Fu Jianbin
Published: August 2005

When tests are made up of testlets, a testlet-based item response theory (IRT) model may be used to account for local dependence among items from a common testlet. This study presents a new test characteristic curve method to link calibrations based on the Bradlow, Wainer, and Wang (1999) testlet model. Procedures for calculating the test characteristic curve linking coefficients are developed. The effectiveness of the method is investigated using simulated data. Results suggest that the linking coefficients are accurately recovered and superior to those obtained when using a traditional IRT model to link calibrations when testlet-based local dependence is present. A real data example illustrates the proposed linking method.
Cross-cultural dating patterns on an Israeli campus: Why are Russian immigrant women more popular than men?
Authors: Remennick Larissa
Published: August 2005

This study focused on reported dating patterns between Israeli-born and immigrant students from the former Soviet Union. Earlier survey findings indicated that twice as many Russian immigrant women reported having had a romantic relationship with an Israeli-born partner than did their male counterparts. Six focus groups were conducted on two Israeli campuses with third-year BA students. Results suggest that Russian women are ‘popular’ in part because of their perceived compliance with gender role expectations (i.e., passive and accepting), whereas Russian men are not as popular precisely for the same reason (i.e., adhering to the traditional masculine role in courtship). Across participants, however, those who were most prone to dating Israeli peers were those who felt more integrated and secure in Israeli society, had better Hebrew proficiency, and reported having a greater number of same-sex Israeli-born friends.
Trends in the Supply of Long-Term-Care Facilities and Beds in the United States
Authors: Harrington Charlene , Chapman Susan , Miller Elaine , Miller Nancy , Newcomer Robert
Published: July 2005

This article examined trends in the supply of institutional long-term-care facilities and beds in states and the United States. Using primary data collected from surveys of state officials, the authors found that licensed nursing home beds increased by 7%, residential care and assisted living beds increased by 97%, and intermediate care facility beds for the mentally retarded and developmentally disabled (ICF-MR/DD) declined by 27% between 1990 and 2002. The total growth in long-term-care beds per 10,000 population was 7.8% during the period, with wide variations in supply among states (ranging from 171 beds per 10,000 in Nebraska to 45.1 beds per 10,000 in Nevada in 2002). Nursing home bed growth may have slowed and ICF-MR/DD beds per population may have declined because of the growth in residential care and assisted living facilities and home and community-based services.
The Illness Attitude Scales: Adaptation and Translation Into Spanish for Use With Older Adults
Authors: Bravo Irene M. , Arrufat Ondina
Published: July 2005

The Illness Attitude Scales (IAS) were simplified from a 5-point Likert-type scale to a yes-or-no format and translated into Spanish using Brislin’s method. Because of the linkage between hypochondriasis and depression, the new version was administered to immigrant, Hispanic, older adults suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) (n= 21) and their controls (n = 21), and to non-Hispanic older adults with MDD (n = 32) and their controls (n = 32). Both versions of the IAS were equivalent and had adequate internal consistency. As hypothesized, Hispanic immigrants with MDD endorsed more hypochondriacal beliefs and were more concerned about the effect of their symptoms than controls. Non-Hispanics were more concerned about pain than controls. The two IAS simplified versions will be useful in the assessment of English- and Spanish-speaking older adults in both clinical and research settings.
Characteristics of wastes from electric and electronic equipment in Greece: results of a field survey
Authors: Karagiannidis Avraam , Perkoulidis George , Papadopoulos Agis , Moussiopoulos Nicolas , Tsatsarelis Thomas
Published: August 2005

The lifespan of electric and electronic equipment is becoming shorter and the amount of related waste is increasing. This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge about qualitative and quantitative characteristics of such wastes in Greece. Specifically, results are presented from a field survey, which took place in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, during the year 2002. The survey was conducted with suitable questionnaires in department stores and in households of various municipalities. Household appliances were grouped as follows: (A) large (refrigerator, freezer, washing machine, clothes dryer, electric cooker, microwave oven, electric heater), (B) small (vacuum cleaner, electric iron, hair dryer), (C) information technology and telecommunication equipment(PC, laptop, printer, phone) and (D) consumer equipment(radio, TV, video, DVD, console). The analysis indicated that the lifespan of all new goods is gradually reducing (apart from refrigerators, for which the lifespan was surprisingly found to be increasing) and provided linearized functions for predicting the lifespan, according to the year of manufacture, for certain large appliances.
Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation and other sewage sludge handling options
Authors: Svanström Magdalena , Fröling Morgan , Olofsson Mattias , Lundin Margareta
Published: August 2005

Sustainable development relies on the eco-efficient use of all flows in society; more value created out of each resource unit. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) can be used for treatment of wet organic waste. The technology has been under development for over 20 years but has not yet been fully commercialized. SCWO allows for complete oxidation of all organics in sewage sludge and almost complete recovery of the inherent energy, essentially without harmful emissions. In this paper, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of sewage sludge SCWO (Aqua-Critox) is presented and the results are compared with LCA results for other sludge handling options: agricultural use, co-incineration with municipal solid waste, incineration with subsequent phosphorus extraction (Bio-Con) and sludge fractionation with phosphorus recovery (Cambi-KREPRO). For SCWO, beneficial utilization of the heat of reaction is of crucial importance for the outcome. The electricity consumed by pumping and the nitrous oxide produced are other important parameters. The best sludge handling option from an environmental point of view depends on what aspect is considered more important in the impact assessment. Regarding global warming, the energy recovery methods perform better than agricultural use.
Cathode ray tube glass recycling: an example of clean technology
Authors: Andreola Fernanda , Barbieri Luisa , Corradi Anna , Lancellotti Isabella
Published: August 2005

In this study the use of ‘cleaned’ end of life (EOL) cathode ray tube (CRT) glass as a raw material in ceramic glazes is described. At present, the recycling and industrial utilization of CRT, a glass material from TV and computer sets, is a subject of intense research with particular regard to the so-called open-loop recycling, namely cycles different from that of the origin. However, the use of CRT glass as a secondary raw material is strictly related to the demand of high-quality raw material. The good preliminary results reached by introducing clean TV and PC monitor panel and cone glass into ceramic glaze formulations pushed research toward the setting-up of a base glaze that is exploitable for the production of pigmented, silk-screened and flame-hardened glazes (products used industrially for coating floor tiles). The aesthetic and chemical characterization of the tiles glazed by this product showed an extremely similar behaviour to originals that did not contain CRT glass. The good technical results achieved have been supported by the life cycle assessment analysis, which has demonstrated a reduction of the environmental impact of the CRT glass-containing ceramic glaze with respect to the standard one.
Before and After
Authors: Wilkins Vicky M. , Wald Michael
Published: July 2005

The final regulations issued in April 2004 by the Department of Labor make a number of changes to the way in which employers will apply the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The primary changes concern overtime compensation and how employers test to determine whether an employee is exempt from the FLSA’s overtime provisions. The new regulations increase the minimum salaries required for exempt status and eliminate the “short” test and the “long” test in favor of one standard test. This article reviews the changes in the regulations and discusses the implications of the revisions on the work of public human resource managers.
A Review of Court Decisions on Cognitive Ability Testing, 1992-2004
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Pedigo Leslie C.
Published: July 2005

General cognitive ability is likely the single best predictor of job performance, although it typically results in race-based adverse impact. The majority of the 22 cognitive ability testing cases in appellate and district courts from 1992 to 2004 involved class action plaintiffs and civil service jobs. Organizations that used professionally developed tests that were validated and that set cutoff scores supported by the validity study fared well in court. The validation study must be conducted according to professional standards, and the results should be used properly when setting cutoff scores. Plaintiffs in cognitive ability test-related lawsuits were likely to be members of minority groups; the majority of cases were race-based claims. Utilizing a consultant to develop and validate selection tests may ensure the appropriate expertise and a professionally developed and validated test; however, it does not alleviate the responsibility of the employer for adverse impact.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Role for a Pharmacist in Multidisciplinary Antiretroviral Management
Authors: Slish Judianne C. , Catanzaro Linda M. , Okusanya Olanrewaju , Demeter Lisa M. , Albrecht Mary , Difrancesco Robin , Morse Gene D.
Published: July 2005

The current treatment guidelines for HIV pharmacotherapy recommend combinations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) to achieve optimal suppression of HIV replication. However, the initiation and long-term management of ARV therapy in a patient is often complicated by variable medication adherence, complex medication use with multiple drug interactions, the occurrence of drug toxicity, and drug therapy for comorbid conditions that require additional patient education and laboratory monitoring. For these reasons, the inclusion of a well-trained pharmacist in multidisciplinary health system management strategies has been increasing. Furthermore, the use of fixed-dose ARVs is accompanied by considerable interpatient variation in pharmacokinetics yielding a range of drug exposures from any given ARV dose. One approach to overcoming this variable drug exposure is to use plasma concentration monitoring (eg, therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM]) as a clinical tool to adjust doses to achieve targeted concentration ranges, often in conjunction with HIV resistance tests. While data in support of TDM are emerging, the development of programs that include an HIV pharmaceutical care specialist and an adherence program with an integrated clinical pharmacology resource that can provide reliable TDM assays has been reported and provides the rationale for including pharmacists in the implementation of ARV TDM programs.
Overview of Antiretroviral Agents in 2005
Authors: Stanic Anela , Schneider Tulip K.
Published: July 2005

To date, 25 antiretroviral agents (including fixed-dose combinations) have gained approval by the Food and Drug Administration and are currently available on the market for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. New protease inhibitors, atazanavir sulfate (Reyataz) and fosamprenavir (Lexiva), were licensed, in addition to the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) emtricitabine (Emtriva) and 2 fixed-dose NRTI combinations, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and lamivudine/abacavir (Epzicom). These newly licensed antiretroviral agents allow for lower pill burden and dosing schedule simplification, and some agents such as atazanavir sulfate are associated with improved lipid profile in comparison to other currently marketed protease inhibitors. In addition, a new class of anti-retroviral agents, entry inhibitors, of which a subclass exists called fusion inhibitors with its representative member, enfuvirtide (Fuzeon), which is currently the only available drug in its class, was marketed almost 2 years ago. Despite a remarkable progress in the treatment of HIV infection noted during the past decade, significant challenges to therapy such as tolerability issues and emergence of drug-resistant strains remain. Therefore, new antiretroviral drug development has focused on a design of drugs that work against the resistant strains of HIV and/or have a novel mechanism of action.
‘A Child has Many Mothers’
Authors: Verhoef Heidi
Published: August 2005

This article examines 20 fostering arrangements in a growing urban community in northwestern Cameroon from the perspectives of those involved. Analysis of interviews with caregivers and birth mothers suggests that the nature of adult relationships is central to children’s living arrangements. Three caregiver-mother relationship profiles are described: the joint venture, the ambivalent takeover and the tug-of-war. These profiles are compared with views of the ideal fostering arrangement and subsequently discussed in relation to the adjustments sub-Saharan families have made and continue to make to contemporary realities.
Gender, poverty and economic adjustment in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Kanji Nazneen
Published: August 2005

This paper examines the changes in household incomes, expenditure, savings and debts, patterns of work, living costs and use of social services among 100 households in a low-income settlement in Harare, Zimbabwe. The households were interviewed in mid-1991 as the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme began, and one year later in mid-1992 to see what changes had occurred. The paper considers the way in which gender functions as a critical variable in determining the effects of Structural Adjustment and disaggregates changes in incomes, expenditures and work of men and women and their effect on gender relations.
Access to land by the urban poor in Tanzania: Some findings from Dar es Salaam
Authors: Kironde J.M. Lusugga
Published: August 2005

This paper considers how low-income households and communities in Dar es Salaam have obtained access to land. The paper begins with an analysis of urban land policy in Tanzania, drawing the distinction between planned and unplanned areas. After a consideration of poverty in Tanzania and a brief historical review of urban land allocation, the paper reports on a study carried out in Dar es Salaam in 1993 to better understand the relationship between poverty, housing and access to land.
Crisis, restructuring and urban poverty in Mexico
Authors: Latapí Agustín Escobar , de la Rocha Mercedes González
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the scale and nature of urban poverty in Mexico and how it changed during the 1980s and early 1990s. The authors draw on their own research in Guadalajara and on other studies in Mexico and in other Latin American countries to consider how men and women within households responded to rising prices, falling incomes and other economic and social problems. The paper also includes a review of how poverty and inequality have changed in Mexico, over the last few decades.
Collaborative alliances: the environment, women and the Africa 2000 Network
Authors: Muteshi Jacinta Khasiala
Published: August 2005

This paper reviews the work of an international environmental management project known as the Africa 2000 Network that emerged from the need to address the growing awareness of gender issues in environmentally sustainabledevelopment activities worldwide.

The intention of this study was first to establish the degree of linkage between women’s needs and interests and the work of Africa 2000 Network’s national coordinators in Cameroon, Ghana, and Kenya. The second was to relate the findings of Africa 2000 Network’s (hereafter called the Network) responses to women to the current research on gender, environment and development. The third was to clarify more specifically and substantively the types of actions that have empowered the resource management roles of African women while at the same time alleviating the effects of environmental degradation. It is hoped that this investigation will begin to contribute to the formulation of strategies and structures that go beyond the mere cooptation of African women’s labour into mainstream development activities. The aim is to work towards the transformation of current configurations of power relations within the ownership and control of resources; not only between men and women but also, ultimately, between nations.
Participatory methodologies for rapid urban environmental diagnoses
Authors: Mazzucchelli Sergio A.
Published: August 2005

There is an increasing interest in participatory environmental assessment and this paper describes such an exercise in two cities in Argentina, San Fernando and San Nicolas. The author discusses the process and outcome of these initiatives.
Reaching the poor: lessons from the Chilean housing experience
Authors: Rojas Eduardo , Greene Margarita
Published: August 2005

In recent years, the Chilean government has been refining the housing support offered to households. This paper discusses the main strengths and weaknesses of this system, particularly its ability to satisfy the needs of low-income households. After a description of the system including effectiveness and targeting issues, the authors discuss future challenges for the Chilean housing system including the quality and flexibility of support.
The political and institutional context of popular organizations in urban Argentina
Authors: Gazzoli RubÈn
Published: August 2005

The paper considers the political and institutional context within which non-government organizations provide support to low income communities in urban areas in Argentina and how this is shaped by the relationships between the state, NGOs and low income communities..
Legitimizing informal housing: accommodating low-income groups in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Soliman Ahmed M
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the different residential areas within the city of Alexandria and how those with low incomes have to compromise on the size and quality of housing and on the possibility of secure tenure and of improved basic services if they need to be in a relatively central location. It also shows how “semi-formal” housing developments account for much of the increase in the housing stock and the explicit and implicit role of the state in their development and commercialization.
Partners in development -the urban poor of Ahmedabad
Authors:   VIKAS
Published: August 2005

This paper describes a series of participatory research and training workshops that enabled the poor in Ahmedabad to identify their problems and priorities and develop their capacity to address them and to work with other groups in so-doing. Each “workshop” consisted of a six-month process of research, training and discussion, and information dissemination. As the paper describes, VIKAS began as the organizer but increasingly became the facilitator as representatives from lowincome groups became more active in organizing and managing the workshops.
u Tshani Buyakhuluma (The grass speaks): People's Dialogue and the South African Homeless People's Federation (1994-6)
Authors: Bolnick Joel
Published: August 2005

The paper describes the growth of the People’s Dialogue/South African Homeless People’s Federation alliance over the past three years including its housing savings schemes, exchange programmes, the uTshani Fund for housing loans, the land unit and its dealings with government. It also describes the remarkable community-based training and enumeration exercise which helps the residents in any settlement to develop their own plans for housing and priorities for action. The paper also describes the ineffectiveness of the Mandela government’s housing policies which thought that support for private sector “mass housing” was the solution, rather than support for people’s own processes, as advocated and demonstrated by the alliance. The paper ends with an account of how official support for the alliance has grown but also how difficult it is for any formal government structure to support community directed action.
The significance of relocation for chronically poor families in the USA
Authors: Bartlett Sheridan
Published: August 2005

This paper considers the difficulties facing the many low income households who are constantly moving-for instance because of eviction or as they search for better conditions-and the factors influencing their decision to move. After reviewing the literature on relocation, this paper describes the experiences of one low income family living in a small town in the United States who have moved 24 times since the birth of their nine year old daughter. The low paying, poor quality jobs they find do not encourage them to stay in one location and the family income is never sufficient to pay for decent housing. Moving becomes an escape from unsatisfactory conditions and a hope of better conditions in the new location. But it also means constant disruption for the children as they change school and lose friends, great difficulties for the whole family in maintaining social relations and the obvious difficulties in constantly re-registering with new authorities for health care and schools. The paper ends by considering the role of inadequate housing in supporting this cycle of constant relocation and suggesting that if low income groups could find decent housing, it would help break this cycle and the heavy costs it imposes on all family members.
Reducing risk as a tool for urban improvement: the Caqueta ravine, Lima, Peru
Authors: Sanderson David
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a description of the Caqueta district in Lima and describes the methodology and research methods used. It presents the key findings of the project and concludes with a brief discussion of mitigation as a tool for urban development. The paper seeks to reinforce the key point of the project: that adherence to “top down” interventions can ignore community level initiatives and the positive inputs of other actors; also that risk reduction can be used as a tool in uniting key actors to focus on protecting livelihoods, as well as lives, in the promotion of sustainable urban development.

This paper results from a recently completed project entitled “Reducing Risk In Vulnerable Communities, Lima, Peru. Phase One: Caqueta Pilot Project”. The principle aim of the project was to identify and subsequently develop, with the participation of key “stakeholders”, sustainable risk reduction measures for Caqueta, a particularly low-income area of Lima, Peru, vulnerable to landslides, earthquakes and fire.
From tenants to owners: experiences with a revolving fund for social housing
Authors: Richmond Pattie
Published: August 2005

This paper begins by describing the situation of tenants at national and municipal level within Bolivia, drawing on the limited data and information available and highlighting relevant legislation and policy. The paper then describes the circumstances leading to the setting up and implementation of FROVIS (an NGO revolving fund for low-cost housing) and examines its achievements and the difficulties encountered. Finally, the paper discusses how private tenants might be better included within the policies and activities of both the state and the nongovernment sector.
To live in the city centre: housing and tenants in central neighbourhoods of Latin American cities
Authors: Harms Hans
Published: August 2005

After reviewing structural changes in metropolitan areas of Latin America and the implications for housing, this paper describes five central neighbourhoods with a predominance of rental housing: three in Lima and one each in Havana and Rio de Janeiro. This includes the types of buildings, how, when and why they were built, who occupies them and who owns them. It also describes what influence government policy has had on them and what measures (if any) have been taken to maintain or improve them by owners and tenants. In some of the case study areas, it is the tenants, not the owners, who are committed to their neighbourhood and who are taking on most of the responsibility for their neighbourhood.
Problems in translating NGO successes into government settlement policy: illustrations from Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica
Authors: Mohammed Asad
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the case of Sou-Sou Land, a non-government programme that developed many new settlements for low-income households in Trinidad and Tobago based upon community mobilization, self-help, appropriate standards and incremental development within the context of comprehensive settlements. It considers the NGO's effectiveness and the later problems in implementing its philosophy when its approach was accepted as state policy. Finally, it reviews the current relevance of the approach in the region including its relevance for a similar programme in Jamaica called Operation PRIDE (Programme for Resettlement and Integrated Development Enterprises). By way of introduction, the paper reviews the conditions in Trinidad and Tobago and parts of the English Caribbean that gave rise to the Sou-Sou Land movement.
Umzamo:improving hostel dwellers' accommodation in South Africa
Authors: Thurman Sarah
Published: August 2005

Migrant labour hostels are estimated to provide accommodation for one million people in South Africa. Whilst there has been a strong focus on housing low-income families in the country, Umzamo is one of the few organizations that work specifically with hostel dwellers and hostel redevelopment. In partnership with hostel residents, the local and provincial authorities and technical consultants, Umzamo is playing a key role in the conversion of public hostels into family accommodation in Cape Town. This paper looks at work to support tenant involvement in hostel redevelopment in a project to provide homes for 70,000 people. The author describes the background to the project and some of Umzamo's longstanding activities within the settlement. She then examines the scope and nature of tenant involvement in the conversion project before drawing some conclusions about the future management of the converted accommodation, the role of Umzamo itself, and critical challenges to the successful realization of the hostel redevelopment.
Towards community based indicators for monitoring quality of life and the impact of industry in south Durban
Authors: Nurick Robert , Johnson Victoria
Published: August 2005

This paper presents the findings of research carried out in residential communities adjacent to petrochemical and chemical industries in Durban, South Africa during January-March 1997. The purpose of the research was to begin the process of developing community based indicators for monitoring and evaluating industrial performance. This was done using a range of participatory methods with men and women in community groups, and was a part of a wider set of Local Agenda 21 activities within the city.
The politics of urbanrural relations: land use conversion in the Philippines
Authors: Kelly Philip F.
Published: August 2005

By examining the process of land use conversion in Manila's extended metropolitan region, this paper suggests that rural-urban relations must be seen as intensely political. The conversion of rice land into industrial, residential and recreational uses represents a political process in two senses: first, policy choices are made relating to the use of land that reflect a particular set of developmental priorities; and second, the facilitation of conversion involves the use of political power relations to circumvent certain regulations. These points are made at three different, but interconnected, levels: at the national level of policy formulation; at the local level of policy implementation and regulation; and at the personal level of everyday power relations in rural areas. The paper draws upon fieldwork in the rapidly urbanizing province of Cavite to the south of Metropolitan Manila.
Urban agriculture in the metropolitan zone of Mexico City: changes over time in urban, suburban and peri-urban areas
Authors: Losada H. , Martínez H. , Vieyra J. , Pealing R. , Zavala R. , Cortés J.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the scale and nature of agricultural production in urban, suburban and peri-urban zones of Mexico City and how these have adapted to the changing demands from urban populations for food, wood and recreation. It also demonstrates how agricultural producers have successfully adapted their products and their production methods, including building on traditional production systems, despite the environmental deterioration brought about by urban development and the lack of support from government. These agricultural producers have also devised new ways of using degraded land and large volumes of waste. The authors also describe how appropriate support for this diverse production brings many ecological advantages and supports a great range of jobs – but also implies important changes in the ways in which city authorities manage urban expansion.
Agenda 21; a form of joint environmental management in Manizales, Colombia
Authors: B. Luz Stella Velásquez
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the development of Bioplan-Manizales, a local environmental action plan (LEAP) for the city of Manizales, and the different groups that contributed to its development; also, how this plan became integrated into the municipal development plan and the municipal budget. The measures taken to monitor and evaluate the social, economic and environmental effects of the environmental policy are also described and these include a series of urban environmental observatories. The paper also describes the broader national and international context for the innovations in Manizales – including the political, legislative and fiscal changes in Colombia that have encouraged local authorities to develop local environmental agendas. Manizales’ own historical development is described including the environmental changes that this development brought and the environmental problems that it precipitated.
Invisible real estate agents and urban housing development on customary land in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kaitilla Sababu
Published: August 2005

This paper discusses how urban households acquire land for housing in a country where virtually all land is held in customary ownership. Since no-one has the right to sell in customary ownership, households unable to acquire land through their “clan” have to obtain permission to use land belonging to other clans. This process has become increasingly commercialized, as some clans sub-divide and sell land use rights to nonclan members and become, in effect, major landlords. Although this process has become an important means by which low-income households acquire land for housing, it also remains informal and invisible. It is also controversial as many clan members disapprove of land being allocated to non-clan members and thus no longer available for present or future members of their own clan.
Evaluation of healthy city projects:stakeholder analysis of two projects in Bangladesh
Authors: Burton Salma
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the Healthy City projects that are underway in Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar and presents the findings of a stakeholder analysis in each city. These analyses were used to demonstrate to project staff the value of evaluations and to show how such evaluations can involve the stakeholders in identifying evaluation needs and tools. The paper discusses the potential of this kind of analysis within evaluations of on-going projects, especially to primary stakeholders. It also discusses why few evaluations of Healthy City projects have been undertaken and how and why those involved in what they perceive to be “successful” projects often feel that evaluations are unnecessary.
Urban governance and health development in León, Nicaragua
Authors: Montiel René Pérez , Barten Françoise
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the development of a “healthy municipality” initiative in León, Nicaragua's second largest city, in 1995, and of the innovations in local governance that preceded it - especially the partnerships that local government developed with the university, bilateral agencies and the long-established urban social movement. The healthy municipality initiative helped bind and mobilize support for the already established partnerships set up to address poverty and health and environmental problems. The emphasis has been on building the capacity of urban social movements to interact with local government in the process of policy-making. After first discussing why participation and good governance are so central to “healthy cities”, the paper describes the specific conditions which fostered the participatory approach in León, and the difficulties faced - especially an unresponsive central government. The paper also analyzes the process of citizen participation in policy-making and the contents and results of the programme. León and its surrounds were also severely affected by the recent hurricane Mitch - and the paper describes how important the existing local capacity and the healthy municipality initiative proved in addressing the immediate needs of communities during and after the emergency.
Indicators for urban environmental services in Lucknow - process and methods
Authors: Revi Aromar , Dube Manish
Published: August 2005

This paper describes how community indicators were used in Lucknow to support a dialogue between representatives from communities lacking basic services and service providers. This led to agreement on the indicators needed to benchmark existing environmental conditions, monitor and evaluate the quality of urban services and set priorities for environmental improvements. The paper describes how four neighbourhoods were chosen to develop an initial indicator set, how the local organizations were approached and the scope of the primary research – including community meetings and interviews with households and with officials from service providers. It then describes how this draft indicator set was presented at a workshop that brought together service providers and community representatives and how they agreed on an indicator set. The paper ends with an analysis of what the collection of data for this indicator set showed and a discussion of lessons for future work in this area.
Planning urban environmental health information systems: a case study of Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Lewin Simon , Strauss Nicci
Published: August 2005

This paper describes and reflects on an initiative to develop environmental health indicators in Cape Town, South Africa. The project aimed to provide decision makers, environmental health professionals and the community with better information on the health impacts of environmental hazards. The paper summarizes the social, environmental and health conditions in the city and the organization of local government services, and then describes the participatory process used by the initiative including the qualitative approaches used to develop a situation analysis of environmental health information systems. Despite the use of participatory methods to involve planners and field staff from different municipal agencies, the initiative failed to develop the hoped for set of indicators. The primary reasons for this were difficulties in creating an “institutional space” for the project; on-going local government restructuring; and poor linkages to other initiatives. The paper concludes that there is a need for planners, managers and academics to begin using a more structured approach to implementing policies and managing uncertainty in order to facilitate change in areas such as environmental health information systems. Policy instruments which can be used for planning and managing change are discussed.