bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic (complete) para‐aortic lymphadenectomy: description of a novel surgical classification with technical and anatomical considerations
Authors: Pomel C , Naik R , Martinez A , Ferron G , Nassif J , Dauplat J , Jeyarajah A
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Pomel C, Naik R, Martinez A, Ferron G, Nassif J, Dauplat J, Jeyarajah A. Systematic (complete) para‐aortic lymphadenectomy: description of a novel surgical classification with technical and anatomical considerations. BJOG 2012;119:249–253.

The clinical indications for a complete para‐aortic lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of gynaecological malignancies remain controversial. The debate on complete para‐aortic node dissection is hindered by the absence of an identifiable and accepted definition for the procedure of systematic (complete) para‐aortic node dissection. In this paper we propose a classification of para‐aortic lymphadenectomy. We have identified and imaged the most common and rare para‐aortic vascular anomalies that we have encountered. An understanding of the anatomical anomalies in this area also provides a useful reference for the surgical technique that is adopted in order to ensure the completeness of excision.
Maternal mortality attributable to vascular dissection and rupture in the Netherlands: a nationwide confidential enquiry
Authors: la Chapelle CF , Schutte JM , Schuitemaker NWE , Steegers EAP , van Roosmalen J ,   on behalf of the Dutch Maternal Mortality Committee
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: la Chapelle C, Schutte J, Schuitemaker N, Steegers E, van Roosmalen J on behalf of the Dutch Maternal Mortality Commitee. Maternal mortality attributable to vascular dissection and rupture in the Netherlands: a nationwide confidential enquiry. BJOG 2012;119:86–93.

Objective  To determine the incidence of maternal deaths attributable to vascular dissection and rupture in the Netherlands, and to assess clinical features, risk factors and the frequency of substandard care in the cases identified.

Design  Confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal deaths.

Setting  Nationwide in the Netherlands.

Population  A total of 3,108,235 live births.

Methods  Data analysis of all cases of maternal death from vascular dissection and rupture in the period 1993–2008. A literature review was also performed.

Main outcome measures  Incidence, clinical features, risk factors and frequency of substandard care.

Results  A total of 23 maternal deaths attributable to vascular dissection and rupture were reported. In most cases the location was aortic (n = 13), followed by coronary (n = 4) and splenic (n = 3) arteries. Clinical features were various, but most women presented with sudden unexplainable pain. Risk factors were present in 14 cases (61%), with hypertension being most frequently reported in ten cases (43%). Substandard care was determined to have been received in 13 cases (56%), inadequate assessment of complaints and a delay in diagnosis being the most frequent problems identified.

Conclusions  Vascular dissection and rupture in pregnancy, although rare, carry a high risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Because of the rarity of this condition and its variety in presentation, diagnosis is easily missed. A high index of suspicion when a woman presents with suggestive complaints, leading to an early diagnosis, may improve the prognosis for the woman and her child.
Exogenous seeding of cerebral β‐amyloid deposition in βAPP‐transgenic rats
Authors: Rosen Rebecca F. , Fritz Jason J. , Dooyema Jeromy , Cintron Amarallys F. , Hamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Lah James J. , LeVine Harry , Jucker Mathias , Walker Lary C.
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 660–666.

Deposition of the amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques and cerebral Aβ angiopathy (CAA) can be stimulated in Aβ‐precursor protein (APP)‐transgenic mice by the intracerebral injection of dilute brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ seeds. Growing evidence implicates a prion‐like mechanism of corruptive protein templating in this phenomenon, in which aggregated Aβ itself is the seed. Unlike prion disease, which can be induced de novo in animals that are unlikely to spontaneously develop the disease, previous experiments with Aβ seeding have employed animal models that, as they age, eventually will generate Aβ lesions in the absence of seeding. In the present study, we first established that a transgenic rat model expressing human APP (APP21 line) does not manifest endogenous deposits of Aβ within the course of its median lifespan (30 months). Next, we injected 3‐month‐old APP21 rats intrahippocampally with dilute Alzheimer brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ. After a 9‐month incubation period, these rats had developed senile plaques and CAA in the injected hippocampus, whereas control rats remained free of such lesions. These findings underscore the co‐dependence of agent and host in governing seeded protein aggregation, and show that cerebral Aβ‐amyloidosis can be induced even in animals that are relatively refractory to the spontaneous origination of parenchymal and vascular deposits of Aβ.
Nitrous oxide emissions from vegetables grown in a polytunnel treated with high rates of applied nitrogen fertilizers in Southern China
Authors: Min J. , Shi W. , Xing G. , Powlson D. , Zhu Z.
Published: October 2011

Soils under intensive agricultural practices such as those for growing vegetables in plastic greenhouses are an important anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide emissions and measures to mitigate them through fertilizer N management have been less frequently studied than open field systems. The objectives of this study were to measure N2O emissions from vegetables under greenhouse conditions in Southern China and to investigate the effect of reducing the amount of applied synthetic N fertilizer compared with local practice. Results indicate that the average N2O‐N flux during the growth of four vegetables (tomato, cucumber, celery and a second tomato crop) was 117.4 ± 9 μg N/m2/h, and the annual emission rate was 8.1 ± 0.6 kg/N/ha for local farms. Temperature was important with much lower emissions during the celery‐growing season when soil and air temperatures were frequently <10 °C. Nitrous oxide emissions from the greenhouse vegetables were seven times greater than from the rice–wheat system in the same area and soils. Reducing the amount of applied synthetic N fertilizer by 40% relative to local farmers’ normal usage could reduce annual cumulative N2O emissions by 33% without any impact on crop yields.
Cognitive Skills, Openness and Growth*
Authors: BASU PARANTAP , BHATTARAI KESHAB
Published: October 2011

A significant positive relationship exists between the ratios of trade and educational spending to gross domestic product, implying that countries which are more open on the trade front also spend more on education. An open economy endogenous growth model with human capital is developed to understand this stylised fact. The model predicts that countries with greater cognitive skills spend more on education, and grow faster. These countries open up on the trade front to finance importation of raw materials for investment goods production, which becomes scarce due to the diversion of resources to education. The model highlights the importance of the productivity of human capital or cognitive skill as an important economic fundamental determining the cross‐country correlation between growth, trade share and education share.
Mechanism of action of a nanomolar potent, allosteric antagonist of the thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor
Authors: van Koppen Chris J , de Gooyer Marcel E , Karstens Willem‐Jan , Plate Ralf , Conti Paolo GM , van Achterberg Tanja AE , van Amstel Monique GA , Brands Jolanda HGM , Wat Jesse , Berg Rob JW , Lane J Robert D , Miltenburg Andre MM , Timmers C Marco
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid is overactive, producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, caused by thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor‐stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). Many GD patients also suffer from thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy or GO), as TSIs also activate TSH receptors in orbital tissue. We recently developed low molecular weight (LMW) TSH receptor antagonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GD and GO. Here, we determined the molecular pharmacology of a prototypic, nanomolar potent LMW TSH receptor antagonist, Org 274179‐0.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using CHO cells heterogeneously expressing human TSH receptors and rat FRTL‐5 cells endogenously expressing rat TSH receptors, we determined the potency and efficacy of Org 274179‐0 at antagonizing TSH‐ and TSI‐induced TSH receptor signalling and its cross‐reactivity at related follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors. We analysed the allosteric mode of interaction of Org 274179‐0 and determined whether it is an inverse agonist at five naturally occurring, constitutively active TSH receptor mutants.

KEY RESULTS Nanomolar concentrations of Org 274179‐0 completely inhibited TSH (and TSI)‐mediated TSH receptor activation with little effect on the potency of TSH, in accordance with an allosteric mechanism of action. Conversely, increasing levels of TSH receptor stimulation only marginally reduced the antagonist potency of Org 274179‐0. Org 274179‐0 fully blocked the increased basal activity of all the constitutively active TSH receptor mutants tested with nanomolar potencies.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nanomolar potent TSH receptor antagonists like Org 274179‐0 have therapeutic potential for the treatment of GD and GO.
Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 inhibitor 9‐phenanthrol abolishes arrhythmias induced by hypoxia and re‐oxygenation in mouse ventricle
Authors: Simard Christophe , Sallé Laurent , Rouet René , Guinamard Romain
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia and subsequent re‐oxygenation are associated with cardiac arrhythmias such as early afterdepolarizations (EADs), which may be partly explained by perturbations in cytosolic calcium concentration. Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4), a calcium‐activated non‐selective cation channel, is functionally expressed in the heart. Based on its biophysical properties, it is likely to participate in EADs. Hence, modulators of TRPM4 activity may influence arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti‐arrhythmic effect of 9‐phenanthrol, a TRPM4 inhibitor in a murine heart model of hypoxia and re‐oxygenation‐induced EADs.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mouse heart was removed, and the right ventricle was pinned in a superfusion chamber. After a period of normoxia, the preparation was superfused for 2 h with a hypoxic solution and then re‐oxygenated. Spontaneous electrical activity was investigated by intracellular microelectrode recordings.

KEY RESULTS In normoxic conditions, the ventricle exhibited spontaneous action potentials. Application of the hypoxia and re‐oxygenation protocol unmasked hypoxia‐induced EADs, the occurrence of which increased under re‐oxygenation. The frequency of these EADs was reduced by superfusion with either flufenamic acid, a blocker of Ca2+‐dependent cation channels or with 9‐phenanthrol. Superfusion with 9‐phenanthrol (10−5 or 10−4 mol·L−1) caused a dramatic dose‐dependent abolition of EADs.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypoxia and re‐oxygenation‐induced EADs can be generated in the mouse heart model. 9‐Phenanthrol abolished EADs, which strongly suggests the involvement of TRPM4 in the generation of EAD. This identifies non‐selective cation channels inhibitors as new pharmacological candidates in the treatment of arrhythmias.
Chronic mTOR inhibition by rapamycin induces muscle insulin resistance despite weight loss in rats
Authors: Deblon N , Bourgoin L , Veyrat‐Durebex C , Peyrou M , Vinciguerra M , Caillon A , Maeder C , Fournier M , Montet X , Rohner‐Jeanrenaud F , Foti M
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE mTOR inhibitors are currently used as immunosuppressants in transplanted patients and as promising anti‐cancer agents. However, new‐onset diabetes is a frequent complication occurring in patients treated with mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin (Sirolimus). Here, we investigated the mechanisms associated with the diabetogenic effects of chronic Sirolimus administration in rats and in in vitro cell cultures.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sirolimus was administered to rats fed either a standard or high‐fat diet for 21 days. Metabolic parameters were measured in vivo and in ex vivo tissues. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by glucose tolerance tests and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps. Rapamycin effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signalling were further evaluated in cultured myotubes.

KEY RESULTS Sirolimus induced a decrease in food intake and concomitant weight loss. It also induced specific fat mass loss that was independent of changes in food intake. Despite these beneficial effects, Sirolimus‐treated rats were glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic, but not hyperlipidaemic. The euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp measurements showed skeletal muscle is a major site of Sirolimus‐induced insulin resistance. At the molecular level, long‐term Sirolimus administration attenuated glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle by preventing full insulin‐induced Akt activation and altering the expression and translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. In rats fed a high‐fat diet, these metabolic defects were exacerbated, although Sirolimus‐treated animals were protected from diet‐induced obesity.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that the diabetogenic effect of chronic rapamycin administration is due to an impaired insulin action on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles.
Differential signalling in human cannabinoid CB1 receptors and their splice variants in autaptic hippocampal neurones
Authors: Straiker Alex , Wager‐Miller Jim , Hutchens Jacqueline , Mackie Ken
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoids such as Δ9‐ tetrahydrocannabinol, the major psychoactive component of marijuana and hashish, primarily act via cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors to produce characteristic behavioural effects in humans. Due to the tractability of rodent models for electrophysiological and behavioural studies, most of the studies of cannabinoid receptor action have used rodent cannabinoid receptors. While CB1 receptors are relatively well‐conserved among mammals, human CB1 (hCB1) differs from rCB1 and mCB1 receptors at 13 residues, which may result in differential signalling. In addition, two hCB1 splice variants (hCB1a and hCB1b) have been reported, diverging in their amino‐termini relative to hCB1 receptors. In this study, we have examined hCB1 signalling in neurones.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH hCB1, hCB1a hCB1b or rCB1 receptors were expressed in autaptic cultured hippocampal neurones from CB1−/− mice. Such cells express a complete endogenous cannabinoid signalling system. Electrophysiological techniques were used to assess CB1 receptor‐mediated signalling.

KEY RESULTS Expressed in autaptic hippocampal neurones cultured from CB1−/− mice, hCB1, hCB1a and hCB1b signal differentially from one another and from rodent CB1 receptors. Specifically, hCB1 receptors inhibit synaptic transmission less effectively than rCB1 receptors.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that cannabinoid receptor signalling in humans is quantitatively very different from that in rodents. As the problems of marijuana and hashish abuse occur in humans, our results highlight the importance of studying hCB1 receptors. They also suggest further study of the distribution and function of hCB1 receptor splice variants, given their differential signalling and potential impact on human health.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Making Creative Spaces: The Art and Design Classroom as a Site of Performativity
Authors: Wild Carol
Published: October 2011

Rather than taking a transformational role in schools, new art and design teachers quickly become subject to ‘school art’ orthodoxy. Theories of subjectivity and the development of professional identity within communities of practice can feel far removed from the classroom. This article seeks to make clearer the processes by which teacher identity and practice becomes normalised and proposes ways that such processes may be resisted. With reference to Foucault, Lyotard, Bruner, Wenger and Bey, the classroom as a site of performativity is contrasted with alternative heterotopia‐like sites away from the spectre of observation, where different identities and behaviours can be explored. These temporary sites of difference are an antidote to the orthodoxy of the ‘school art’ condition and open up the possibility for teachers, both new and experienced, to implement a more hospitable, participatory pedagogy.
Deregulation of Hippo kinase signalling in Human hepatic malignancies
Authors: Li Hua , Wolfe Andy , Septer Seth , Edwards Genea , Zhong Xiaobo , Bashar Abdulkarim Ahmad , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Apte Udayan
Published: October 2011

Background/Aims

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and hepatoblastoma (HB) are the main hepatic malignancies with limited treatment options and high mortality. Recent studies have implicated Hippo kinase pathway in cancer development, but detailed analysis of Hippo kinase signalling in human hepatic malignancies, especially CC and HB, is lacking.

Methods

We investigated Hippo kinase signalling in HCC, CC and HB using cells and patient samples.

Results

Increased expression of yes‐associated protein (Yap), the downstream effector of the Hippo kinase pathway, was observed in HCC cells, and siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Yap resulted in decreased survival of HCC cells. The density‐dependent activation of Hippo kinase pathway characteristic of normal cells was not observed in HCC cells and CCLP cells, a cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Immunohistochemistry of Yap in HCC, CC and HB tissues indicated extensive nuclear localization of Yap in majority of tissues. Western blot analysis performed using total cell extracts from patient samples and normal livers showed extensive activation of Yap. Marked induction of Glypican‐3, CTGF and Survivin, the three Yap target genes was observed in the tumour samples. Further analysis revealed significant decrease in expression and activity of Lats kinase, the main upstream regulator of Yap. However, no change in activation of Mst‐2 kinase, the upstream regulator of Lats kinase was observed.

Conclusions

These data show that Yap induction mediated by inactivation of Lats is observed in hepatic malignancies. These studies highlight Hippo kinase pathway as a novel therapeutic target for hepatic malignancies.
Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Exhibit Deficits when Regulating Isometric Force
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Nguyen Tanya T. , Levy Susan S. , Thomas Jennifer D. , Mattson Sarah N. , Riley Edward P.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Production of isometric (i.e., constant) force is an essential component of performing everyday functional tasks, yet no studies have investigated how this type of force is regulated in children with confirmed histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

Methods:  Children 7 to 17 years old with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 25) and without exposure (n = 18) applied force to a load cell to generate an isometric force that matched a criterion target force displayed on a computer monitor. Two levels of target force were investigated in combination with 3 levels of visual feedback frequency that appeared on the computer monitor as a series of yellow dots. Force was maintained for 20 seconds and participants completed 6 trials per test condition.

Results:  Root‐mean‐square error, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and sample entropy indexed response accuracy, response variability, and signal complexity, respectively. The analyses revealed that in comparison with controls, children with gestational ethanol exposure were significantly less accurate and more variable in regulating their force output and generated a response signal with greater regularity and less complexity in the time domain.

Conclusions:  Children with prenatal alcohol exposure experience significant deficits in isometric force production that may impede their ability to perform basic motor skills and activities in everyday tasks.
Endothelial Dysfunction and High Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Severe Alcoholics Improve Only Partially Following a Medium‐Term Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Di Gennaro Cristiana , Saccani‐Jotti Gloria , Pinelli Silvana , Venturi Nicola , Palombi Francesca , Manfredi Guido , Pellegrino Antonina , Bicchieri Lorenza , Sansoni Paolo , Montanari Alberto
Published: October 2011

Background:  Little is known about brachial artery flow‐mediated vasodilatation (FMD) in active and medium‐term withdrawing heavy alcoholics (HA).

Methods:  FMD and some parameters of cardiovascular (CV) risk were measured in 29 HA (average alcohol intake 135, range 86 to 215 g per day) at baseline and after a 9 ± 7 months withdrawal and in 35 teetotalers.

Results:  HA showed baseline impaired maximal % FMD (8.5 ± 5.4 SD vs. 14.9 ± 7.4, <0.001 vs. teetotalers), higher systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (+24 mm Hg, <0.001; +15 mm Hg, <0.01), uric acid (5.3 ± 1.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl, <0.05), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP; 2.7 ± 2.0 vs. 1.0 ± 0.9 mg/l, <0.02), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1, 0.88 ± 0.36 vs. 0.37 ± 0.10 pg/ml,<0.001), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, 0.50 ± 0.21 vs. 0.41 ± 0.12 μmol/l, p < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (2.3 ± 1.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4, <0.001), and urinary 8‐isoprostane (U8‐iso‐PGF2α) (237.2 ± 172.4 vs. 168.5 ± 96.6 pg/mg creatinine, <0.05). After withdrawal, SBP fell by 15 mm Hg, DBP by 11 mm Hg (p < 0.001), and hs‐CRP by 0.94 mg/l (p < 0.02), all remaining still higher than teetotalers (<0.05, 0.01, 0.05 respectively). ET‐1, HOMA‐IR, and U8‐iso‐PGF2α were unchanged (p = NS vs. baseline, <0.05 to 0.001 vs. teetotalers). Maximal % FMD rose (to 10.6 ± 6.2, p < 0.04), but it still remained impaired (<0.04 vs. teetotalers). ADMA increased further to 0.64 ± 0.15 μmol/l (<0.05 vs. baseline, <0.02 vs. teetotalers).

Conclusions:  HA show marked endothelial dysfunction (ED) and high BP, impaired insulin sensitivity, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and elevated ET‐1 and ADMA, which are unaffected or only partially reversed by a medium‐term alcohol withdrawal. ED and related abnormalities persist in detoxified alcoholics, thus contributing to a greater CV morbidity and mortality.
Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking Among U.S.–Mexico Border and Non‐Border Mexican Americans
Authors: Caetano Raul , Mills Britain , Vaeth Patrice A. C.
Published: October 2011

Background:  This paper examines differences in drinking and binge drinking between Mexican Americans living along the U.S.–Mexico border and those living in 2 metropolitan areas away from the border (Houston, Texas and Los Angeles, California).

Methods:  Respondents in the non‐border area (Houston and Los Angeles) constitute a multistage probability sample (N = 1,288), who were interviewed as part of the 2006 Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS). Respondents in the border area (N = 1,307) constitute a household probability sample of Mexican Americans living on the U.S.–Mexico border. In both surveys, data were collected during computer‐assisted interviews conducted in respondents’ homes. The HABLAS and the border sample response rates were 76 and 67%, respectively.

Results:  There were no differences between border and non‐border Mexican American men in the proportion of drinkers, the proportion who binge drink at least once a year, and volume of alcohol consumption. However, within each location, there were significant differences in drinking by age, indicating that younger men drank more than men who were older. Border women showed significant differences across age‐groups in the proportion of drinkers, in binge drinking, and volume of alcohol consumption, which were not seen among non‐border women.

Conclusions:  Women’s drinking seems to be more affected than men’s by their residence on or off the U.S.–Mexico border. This is seen most clearly among young women 18 to 29 years old, and it is associated with an increased proportion of drinkers, a higher volume of drinking, and an increased proportion of women who report binge drinking. Increased drinking in this group of younger women seems to be associated with drinking in Mexico.
Loss of Dopamine D2 Receptors Induces Atrophy in the Temporal and Parietal Cortices and the Caudal Thalamus of Ethanol‐Consuming Mice
Authors: Delis Foteini , Benveniste Helene , Xenos Michalis , Grandy David , Wang Gene‐Jack , Volkow Nora D. , Thanos Panayotis K.
Published: October 2011

Background:  The need of an animal model of alcoholism becomes apparent when we consider the genetic diversity of the human populations, an example being dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) expression levels. Research suggests that low DRD2 availability is associated with alcohol abuse, while higher DRD2 levels may be protective against alcoholism. This study aims to establish whether (i) the ethanol‐consuming mouse is a suitable model of alcohol‐induced brain atrophy and (ii) DRD2 protect the brain against alcohol toxicity.

Methods:  Adult Drd2+/+ and Drd2−/− mice drank either water or 20% ethanol solution for 6 months. At the end of the treatment period, the mice underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging under anesthesia. MR images were registered to a common space, and regions of interest were manually segmented.

Results:  We found that chronic ethanol intake induced a decrease in the volume of the temporal and parietal cortices as well as the caudal thalamus in Drd2−/− mice.

Conclusions:  The result suggests that (i) normal DRD2 expression has a protective role against alcohol‐induced brain atrophy and (ii) in the absence of Drd2 expression, prolonged ethanol intake reproduces a distinct feature of human brain pathology in alcoholism, the atrophy of the temporal and parietal cortices.
The difference between fingerstick and venous hemoglobin and hematocrit varies by sex and iron stores
Authors: Cable Ritchard G. , Steele Whitney R. , Melmed Russell S. , Johnson Bryce , Mast Alan E. , Carey Patricia M. , Kiss Joseph E. , Kleinman Steven H. , Wright David J. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II)
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Fingerstick blood samples are used to estimate donor venous hemoglobin (Hb).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fingerstick Hb or hematocrit (Hct) was determined routinely for 2425 selected donors at six blood centers, along with venous Hb. Using sex and measures of iron status including absent iron stores (AIS; ferritin < 12 ng/mL), linear regression models were developed to predict venous Hb from fingerstick.

RESULTS: Across all subjects, fingerstick Hb was higher than venous Hb in the higher part of the clinical range, but lower in the lower part of the range. The relationship varied by sex and iron status. Across centers, a female donor had on average a venous Hb result 0.5 to 0.8 g/dL lower than a male donor with the same fingerstick Hb and iron status. Similarly, a donor with AIS had on average a venous Hb result 0.3 to 1.1 g/dL lower than an iron‐replete donor with the same fingerstick value and sex. An iron‐replete male donor with a fingerstick result at the cutoff (Hb 12.5 g/dL) had an acceptable expected venous Hb (12.8 to 13.8 g/dL). A female donor with AIS with a fingerstick result at the cutoff had an expected venous Hb below 12.5 g/dL (11.7 to 12.4 g/dL). Of females with AIS, 40.2% donated blood when their venous Hb was less than 12.5 g/dL.

CONCLUSIONS: Fingerstick is considered a useful estimator of venous Hb. However, in some donor groups, particularly female donors with AIS, fingerstick overestimates venous Hb at the donation cutoff. This significant limitation should be considered in setting donor fingerstick Hb or Hct requirements.
Comparative in vitro evaluation of apheresis platelets stored with 100% plasma or 65% platelet additive solution III/35% plasma and including periods without agitation under simulated shipping conditions
Authors: Moroff Gary , Kurtz James , Seetharaman Shalini , Skripchenko Andrey , Awatefe Helen , Thompson‐Montgomery Dedeene , Myrup Andrew , Wagner Stephen J.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: A comparative study evaluated the retention of apheresis platelet (A‐PLT) in vitro properties prepared with PLT additive solution (PAS)‐III or 100% plasma and stored with continuous agitation (CA) and without continuous agitation (WCA).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PLTs collected with the Amicus cell separator (Fenwal, Inc.) were utilized to prepare two matched components, each with approximately 4 × 1011 PLTs. In the primary study, one component contained 65% PAS‐III/35% plasma and the other 100% plasma. Four storage scenarios were used, one with CA and three with periods without agitation under simulated shipping conditions. In vitro assays were used early and after 5 days of storage.

RESULTS: pH levels after 5 days with CA were less with PAS‐III components than 100% plasma components, with levels always above 6.6 in any component. With CA, a number of other variables were reduced even early during storage with PAS‐III including morphology, extent of shape change, hypotonic stress response, adhesion, and aggregation. Storage WCA resulted in only a limited increase in the magnitude of the assay differences between PAS‐III and 100% plasma components. Periods WCA did not reduce the pH below 6.6. The thromboelastograph variable associated with the strengthening of clots by PLTs was essentially comparable with PAS‐III and plasma components throughout storage with CA or WCA.

CONCLUSION: The data indicate that a 100% plasma medium provides for better retention of specific in vitro PLT properties, with CA and WCA, although the clinical significance of these in vitro decrements due to PAS‐III is unknown.
THE MODERN LANGUAGE STUDENT vs. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Authors: Jack W. Shaffer
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Tests given to college freshmen reveal a direct relation between knowledge of (English) grammar and proficiency in foreign language. Modern language teachers must give more systematic instruction in grammatical terminology and theory in order to give their pupils a fair chance to learn the foreign language.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AUDITION‐SPEECH TESTS
Authors: Lundeberg Olav K.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Satisfactory tests of aural skill have yet to be devised. The present article passes in review the chief attempts in this field, without attempting any critical evaluation.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN METHOD AND OUTCOMES IN SPANISH INSTRUCTION
Authors: Greenup Julian C. , Segel David
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A controlled experiment shows that certain methods of teaching will achieve predictable results. This emphasizes the importance of determining our objectives.)
AVAILABLE TESTS IN MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Authors: Pattee Edith B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Discussion of methods and equipment now available with price list and full information concerning individual tests for French, Spanish, and German.)
NEW TYPE EXAMINATION IN SPANISH LITERATURE
Authors: Alpern Hymen
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An attempt to apply the new‐type testing methods to an examination in an advanced literature course.
LITERARY SPAIN 1928
Authors: Sturgis Cony
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A survey of the Spanish literary world, with general critical comment and annotated bibliography.
THE LABORATORY AS AN AID TO MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Waltz Ralph H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The purpose of this article is to outline a very practical application of scientific fact and principles to the teaching of language without specific reference to the data involved.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE A.B. DEGREE
Authors: Miller Minnie M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This paper surveys the present language requirements of 100 representative collegiate institutions, the results being presented with respect to four main geographical divisions of the United States. A purely fact‐finding report without recommendations.
THE CASE FOR FRENCH EN PANTOUFLES
Authors: Chapman Dwight I.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Bookish French must be learned, but the student needs for ordinary use the every‐day expressions actually current in correct but colloquial speech.
PAR L'ESTAMINE
Authors: Beardsley Wilfred A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— In view of the short period of time which the majority of our students devote to any one foreign language, and considering the approximate maturity of most of them, we should offer reading matter of more thought‐provoking power than has usually been the case so far. Various French and Spanish texts are examined for subjective values in class reading.
TEACHING AND TESTING VOCABULARY ON A ONE‐LANGUAGE BASIS
Authors: Maronpot Raymond P.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The “raison d'être” of this article is two‐fold. In the first place, it will bring to your attention once more that much discussed thesis of the direct method approach in the teaching of modern foreign languages—but in this case only as it concerns the teaching of vocabulary‐building. Secondly, it is to suggest a new‐type test, based exclusively on the foreign language, to measure achievement in mastery of vocabulary.)
THE LANGUAGE CONCEPTS NEEDED BY COLLEGE FRESHMEN
Authors: Pressey Luella Cole , Pressey Sidney L.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An attempt to determine, by a study of foreign language and English textbooks, how many and what grammatical concepts may be expected of a college freshman at entrance.
AIMS AND VALUES OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY*
Authors: Feise Ernst
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The O'Shea report re‐examined, in part critically; cultural values of modern language study reasserted; a new trend from materialism toward idealism makes renewed demands on the collaboration of the language teacher.
GRAMMAR PITFALLS
Authors: Austin H. D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Some of the infelicities in current grammar terminology, and insidious inaccuracies in analysis of grammatical phenomena, which the writer's teaching experience leads him to consider among the most prejudicial to effective pedagogy in the modern languages.
AN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF ERRORS MADE IN TRANSLATING SPANISH PROSE
Authors: Crider Blake
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An analysis is made of the various types of errors that students make in translating Spanish prose. A psychological explanation is advanced for their cause and frequency.
STYLE AND RICARDO LEÓN1
Authors: Rosenberg S. L. Millard
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A discussion of the cliché suggested by Julio Casares' criticism in Critica Profana of Ricardo León; his theory of predominant ear‐memory as its cause; its conflict with psykchologists' findings.
PROGNOSIS AND THE OPEN DOOR
Authors: Warshaw J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— As yet of doubtful scientific value in foreign language work, prognosis for elimination purposes appears unlikely to react favorably either upon the student body or upon foreign language as a subject of general educational importance. What we need at present is not so much prognosis of the pupil as diagnosis directed at the real source of most of our ills—the course of study.
CONRAD FERDINAND MEYER IN RECENT TRANSLATION
Authors: Burkhard Arthur
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The difficulties encountered in translating Meyer's prose, as revealed in the most recent English version of “Der Heilige.”
DISCOVERING APTITUDE FOR THE MODERN LANGUAGES
Authors: Richardson H. D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This study describes the use of the Symonds Foreign Language Prognostic Test for purposes of prediction and placement in the modern foreign languages. Prognostic test scores correlate .64±.046 with first semester grades and they can be used to advantage in selecting good “risks” for modem foreign language study.
THE PUBLISHER AND OUR CONSCIENCE
Authors: Porterfield Allen W.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Begging for complimentary copies of texts should be frowned on, and publishers should be warned against their unfructuous overhead caused by too many agents, and other unwise expenditures, which increase cost of texts for indigent students.
IN RETROSPECT*
Authors: Snow Wm. B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The founders of the New England Modern Language Association; the work of the Association during thirty years; what different leaders may contribute to an eclectic method.
THE NOVELS OF JUAN DE FLORES AND THEIR EUROPEAN DIFFUSION
Authors: Rosenberg S. L. Millard
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— What moving tale of thwarted love, hastening with dramatic speed to a tragic end, will be written in the twentieth century that shall have children and grandchildren legitimately its own unto the fourteenth generation? In all likelihood it is no longer possible to keep track of such progeny as Doctor Barbara Matulka has traced for Juan de Flores, and, back of him, such literary ancestry.
Heinrich Heine's Appraisal of John Bull*
Authors: Hess John A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Heine had a natural antipathy for what seemed to him the cold, mechanical ways of the English coupled with their Puritanism and cant, but he admired their political freedom and parliamentary activity, especially the liberalism of George Canning.)
DOES RADIO BROADCASTING HELP PUPILS PRONOUNCE A FOREIGN LANGUAGE?1
Authors: Lumley F. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Pronunciation of equivalent pupils in radio and non‐radio classes is recorded. As shown by these records radio influences pupil pronunciation
FOREIGN LANGUAGE AS AN EDUCATIVE INFLUENCE
Authors: Hawkins Frederick E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— We should not be betrayed into a one‐sided aim or an unworthy attempt to justify foreign language teaching; but we should evaluate our work rather as an educative process.
On the Difference Between the Functions of the Simple Past and the Present Perfect Indicative in Modern German
Authors: Schroeder Paul G.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An attempt at reducing to two basic rules the many rules given in most grammars for the use of the tenses in question.
High‐School Spelling of English and Foreign Language Words
Authors: Gilbert Luther C. , Loofbourow Graham C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This study shows that with pupils of the secondary school where no spelling instruction is given, improvement in English spelling from one semester to another is more rapid and regular than in foreign language spelling; that variability in spelling in all the languages decreases with increased maturity in the language; and that the average degree of relationship between ability to spell in English and ability to spell in a foreign language is about .65.
Foreign Language Work at New College
Authors: Sammartino Peter
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A sketch of the various phases of the language work at New College, a new institution for the training of teachers. The arrangement of the activities in accordance with the philosophical set‐up of the College is radically different from the traditional series of courses.
The Modern Foreign Languages and Their Critics
Authors: Kaulfers Walter V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The foreign language teacher can view his work with pardonable pride and satisfaction. To judge the new‐type modern language course in terms of personal experience in modern foreign language study ten, fifteen, or twenty‐five years ago, is as ridiculous as comparing the instruction in reading of today with that of the “gay nineties.”
Two Honest Serving‐Men and Foreign Language Study
Authors: Rockwell Leo L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The article will attempt to prove, on the basis of scientific studies and the testimony of competent persons, that foreign languages bring a valuable contribution to education and that every child is entitled to exposure to foreign language study.
An Appraisal of Newer Practices in Teaching French
Authors: Wrightstone J. Wayne
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A carefully conducted study reveals that newer practices in harmony with the recommendations of the Coleman Report do not lessen pupil achievement on standardized French tests. In fact, higher achievement in the tests is associated with newer practices.
When the Surface Gold Is Gone
Authors: Divet Donovan R.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The problem of developing a French style in composition work as distinguished from grammatical perfection may be attacked from three sides, all based on the predominance of expressive word combinations in current French: (1) suggestive grouping of words in vocabulary learning; (2) use of comparisons; (3) availability of onomatopoeias.
The German Language House: A Successful Educational Experiment in Modern Language Teaching on a College Campus
Authors: Schlimbach Alice , Jordan Emil L.
Published: October 2011

An attempt to set down the principles and results of an experiment of six years' standing as it passes from the status of an experiment into that of a permanent institution. Expansion of the linguistic teaching of modern foreign languages into a thorough modern language and cultural education is, of course, impossible to achieve in the classroom alone. Through the organization of so‐called “Foreign Language Houses” this goal may be reached. Foreign Language Houses exist in a small number of American colleges. The organization, methods and results of a German language house which after six years of existence is so organized as to make its underlying principles clearly discernible
A More Effective Modern Foreign Language Program*
Authors: Leavitt Sturgis E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The morale of the modern foreign language teacher has been lowered by the depression and the effectiveness of his teaching has been reduced. The resulting inferiority complex needs treatment, and perhaps old‐fashioned remedies are best.
Silent Films and Lantern Slides in Teaching French
Authors: Bernard Edward G.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A brief survey of the advantages, the free and commercial sources of materials, and some teaching methods and bibliography.
Newspapers and the Bible as Supplementary Reading Material
Authors: Lindsay Dorothy N.
Published: October 2011

Weekly clippings from foreign‐language newspapers, on which individual reports are expected, outside of class, have proved successful in developing reading ability, interest, and integration of the foreign language with history courses. Penny copies of St. John and other books of the Bible make good sight‐reading and dictation material.)
Index to Research in Modern Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: McDonald Katherine S. , Tharp James B.
Published: October 2011

Research workers and directors of research have long needed an indication of the nature and location of other projects being investigated, not only to permit correspondence on similar problems but to suggest projects that may be studied. Index A is a topical finding list. Index B gives a description of each project, arranged alphabetically under the name of the person directing the research. It should be understood that this Index lists only the projects reported in response to the three surveys; much other research is in progress that has not been reported.)
An Outline of German Grammar on the Mnemonic Scheme of Three, Five, Eight
Authors: Goodloe Jane F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The necessarily analytical approach to a foreign language usually results in the student's never seeing the “forest for the trees.” The following simple outline of German grammar is offered as a kind of compass, by which he can orientate himself in the “forest” while acquiring familiarity with the various “trees.”
Motivation, Socialization, Correlation, Integration
Authors: Giltner Gwendolyn
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The newer trends in education demand that we reorganize our subject matter in such a manner that not only facts but desirable standards and attitudes be encouraged. In order to foster these standards and attitudes new techniques and materials must be developed. Methods employed in Spanish classes in Hirsh High School are used to illustrate the principles cited.)

“Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it.”—
The Auxiliary Language Question1
Authors: Talmey Max
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Usefulness of an adequate auxiliary language; objections against and possibility of an artificial language.
“Un Tintamarre si Diabolique”
Authors: Minton Arthur
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The cries of street vendors are of interest linguistically and musically. They have been utilized in various types of art. The teacher of a foreign language can employ these cries to develop a heightened awareness of the language as a means of communication. Toward this purpose various dramatic and musical devices are specified. Sources of cries are given in a bibliography.)
Two Experiments in Reading‐Vocabulary Building
Authors: Tate Harry L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Two scientific experiments in word study involving equated groups of 8B and 6B pupils attempted to evaluate the effect upon reading‐vocabulary building of (a), studying word roots, and (b), listing English words similar to those studied. The data show that (a) has value but that (b) has not.
Linguist, Informant and Units
Authors: Sebeok Thomas A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article describes the experiences of the author, a linguist, in teaching Hungarian and Finnish in the AST program of Indiana University, using both native speakers and the Basic Course.
French Canada: An Example of What America Is Learning
Authors: Leland Marine
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article is an attempt to summarize briefly and accurately, the historical background and present day situation of the Province of Quebec, the modern incarnation of New France of Colonial days. While the author makes no effort to idealize French Canadians, she does aim at correcting some of the most glaring errors which are currently made concerning French Canadians.
Let's Cooperate!
Authors: Weigel Harold W.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Better results in foreign language teaching can be achieved through close cooperation of high schools and colleges, especially by coordination of their programs, more alert counseling, and constant improvement in the quality of instruction.
A Method of Teaching Modern Languages
Authors: Scholz Albert
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An aural‐oral approach with novel features and many practical suggestions for the beginner‐course in a modern foreign language.)
Realia Found in Certain Spanish Textbooks Used in Massachusetts' High Schools
Authors: Arce Nellie E. Sanchez
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This study aims to discover what realia concerning Hispanic culture are found in several Spanish textbooks frequently used in high school classes. The character of these realia determines what supplementary material needs to be presented in class so as to offer a balanced picture of Hispanic culture.)