bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the stability of Fe‐rich carbonates in the lower mantle
Authors: Boulard E. , Menguy N. , Auzende A. L. , Benzerara K. , Bureau H. , Antonangeli D. , Corgne A. , Morard G. , Siebert J. , Perrillat J. P. , Guyot F. , Fiquet G.
Published: December 2011

The fate of carbonates in the Earth's mantle plays a key role in the geodynamical carbon cycle. Although iron is a major component of the Earth's lower mantle, the stability of Fe‐bearing carbonates has rarely been studied. Here we present experimental results on the stability of Fe‐rich carbonates at pressures ranging from 40 to 105 GPa and temperatures of 1450–3600 K, corresponding to depths within the Earth's lower mantle of about 1000–2400 km. Samples of iron oxides and iron‐magnesium oxides were loaded into CO2 gas and laser heated in a diamond‐anvil cell. The nature of crystalline run products was determined in situ by X‐ray diffraction, and the recovered samples were studied by analytical transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy. We show that Fe(II) is systematically involved in redox reactions with CO2 yielding to Fe(III)‐bearing phases and diamonds. We also report a new Fe(III)‐bearing high‐pressure phase resulting from the transformation of FeCO3 at pressures exceeding 40 GPa. The presence of both diamonds and an oxidized C‐bearing phase suggests that oxidized and reduced forms of carbon might coexist in the deep mantle. Finally, the observed reactions potentially provide a new mechanism for diamond formation at great depth.
Preservice Efforts To Promote School-Based SLPs' Roles in Written Language Development
Authors: Lanter Elizabeth , Waldron Claire
Published: December 2011

The authors describe an innovative clinical education program that emphasizes the provision of written language services by preservice speech-language pathology graduate students at Radford University in Virginia. Clinicians combined academic coursework in language acquisition in school-age children and clinical experiences that target children's written language development to promote future literacy-based leadership roles and collaborative efforts among school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). These literacy-based experiences prepare SLPs to serve in the growing numbers of American public schools that are implementing Response to Intervention models.
Tunable superlattice in-plane thermal conductivity based on asperity sharpness at interfaces: Beyond Ziman’s model of specularity
Authors: Rajabpour Ali , Vaez Allaei S. M. , Chalopin Yann , Kowsary Farshad , Volz Sebastian
Published: December 2011

We prove that interfacial asperity sharpness allows for tuning superlattice in-plane thermal conductivity below or above the limit of high roughness derived from the Lucas-Ziman (LZ) model. Whereas LZ’s model predicts molecular dynamic (MD) results of Lennard-Jones superlattices for small asperities, it has to be modified with a roughness- and sharpness-dependent layer thickness to remain relevant at higher roughness. For the case of sharpest asperities, the modified LZ model still fails, and ray-tracing computations matching MD data reveal a phonon-trap effect in the asperity valleys. This behavior scales with the Knudsen number and should appear at the micron scale in large mean-free-path crystals, such as silicon.
Collaborative behavioral management among parolees: drug use, crime and re‐arrest in the Step'n Out randomized trial
Authors: Friedmann Peter D. , Green Traci C. , Taxman Faye S. , Harrington Magdalena , Rhodes Anne G. , Katz Elizabeth , O'Connell Daniel , Martin Steven S. , Frisman Linda K. , Litt Mark , Burdon William , Clarke Jennifer G. , Fletcher Bennett W. ,   the Step'n Out Research Group of CJ‐DATS
Published: December 2011

Aims  To determine whether collaborative behavioral management (CBM) reduces substance use, crime and re‐arrest among drug‐involved parolees.

Design  Step'n Out was a randomized behavioral trial of CBM versus standard parole (SP) during 2004–08. CBM adapted evidence‐based role induction, behavioral contracting and contingent reinforcement to provide parole officer/treatment counselor dyads with positive tools in addition to sanctions to manage parolees' behavior over 12 weeks.

Setting  Six parole offices in five states in the USA.

Participants  Parolee volunteers with a mandate for addiction treatment and a minimum of 3 months of parole (n = 476). Follow‐up was 94% at 3 months and 86% at 9 months.

Measurements  Drug use and crime in a given month from calendar interviews 3 and 9 months after parole initiation, and re‐arrests from criminal justice administrative data.

Findings  The CBM group had fewer months in which they used their primary drug [adjusted risk ratio (ARR) 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05, 0.78, P = 0.02] and alcohol (ARR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.66, P = 0.006) over follow‐up. CBM had its greatest effects among parolees who reported marijuana or another ‘non‐hard’ drug as their primary drug; parolees who preferred stimulants or opiates did not benefit. No differences were seen in total crime, re‐arrests or parole revocations.

Conclusions  Collaborative behavioral management may reduce substance use among primary marijuana or other ‘non‐hard’ drug‐using parolees without increasing revocations. Because the majority of drug violation arrests in the United States are for marijuana, these findings have important implications for the management of a substantial proportion of the US community correctional population.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DQB1*03:03:04 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing in a Chinese leukemia patient
Authors: He Y.‐M. , Zhang W. , Zhu F.‐M. , Lv H.‐J. , Yan L.‐X.
Published: December 2011

Nucleotide sequence of HLA‐DQB1*03:03:04 allele was different from that of HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 603 C>T.
The contribution of self‐deceptive enhancement to display rules in the United States and Japan
Authors: Chung Joanne M.
Published: December 2011

Socially desirable responding was tested as a mediator of American and Japanese college student differences in display rules. Americans endorsed the expression of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, and surprise more than the Japanese. Americans also exhibited more self‐deceptive enhancement than the Japanese, and self‐deceptive enhancement partially mediated country differences on the endorsement of anger, disgust, happiness, and surprise, but not contempt and fear. These findings highlight the role of self‐deceptive enhancement in contributing to expressive display rules and support the point of view that socially desirable responding is a reflection of one's personality and culture rather than a statistical nuisance.
Contextual factors that foster or inhibit para‐teacher professional development: the case of an Indian, non‐governmental organization
Authors: Raval Harini , Mckenney Susan , Pieters Jules
Published: December 2011

The appointment of para‐professionals to overcome skill shortages and/or make efficient use of expensive resources is well established in both developing and developed countries. The present research concerns para‐teachers in India. The literature on para‐teachers is dominated by training for special needs settings, largely in developed societies. Little has been published about para‐teachers working in developing countries with children without disabilities, despite this being a common occurrence. The present research investigates how contextual factors influence the design and implementation of professional support for para‐teachers. The research participants were 12 para‐teachers and five management and administrative staff. Contextual factors included characteristics of para‐teachers, classrooms and students from under‐resourced settings; and the practices and policies found in a non‐school educational setting, here a non‐governmental organization. The study indicates that each factor has potentially enhancing and hindering effects which need to be taken into consideration when designing and implementing professional development work.
Experimental diabetes treated with trigonelline: effect on β cell and pancreatic oxidative parameters
Authors: Zhou Jiyin , Zhou Shiwen , Zeng Shengya
Published: December 2011

Oxidative stress in diabetes coexists with a reduction in the antioxidant status, which can further increase the deleterious effects of free radicals. Trigonelline is the major component of Mirabilis jalapa L., which has been used to treat diabetes in China. The present study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of trigonelline against hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, β cell damage and antioxidant of pancreas in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection 35 mg/kg streptozotocin and a high‐carbohydrate/high‐fat diet. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control, diabetic control, trigonelline‐treated diabetic, and glibenclamide‐treated diabetic. After 4‐week treatment, blood glucose, serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels, insulin content in pancreas, and oxidative stress parameters in pancreatic homogenate were assayed. Pancreas was examined by hematoxylin/eosin staining. Trigonelline significantly decreased blood glucose, TC, and TG levels of diabetic rats. Pancreas‐to‐body weight ratio, insulin level, insulin sensitivity index, insulin content in pancreas, malonaldehyde and nitric oxide contents, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities were altered in diabetic rats, and were near control levels treated with trigonelline. These findings suggest that trigonelline has beneficial effect for diabetes through decreasing blood glucose and lipid levels, increasing insulin sensitivity index and insulin content, up‐regulating antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing lipid peroxidation.
Mitral Valve Libman–Sacks Endocarditis Visualized by Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Shroff Hersh , Benenstein Ricardo , Freedberg Robin , Mehl Sydney , Saric Muhamed
Published: December 2011

Libman–Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is a common manifestation of valve disease in antiphospholipid syndrome. Mitral valve LSE is characterized by verrucous vegetations on the atrial surfaces of valve leaflets. In this report, mitral valve LSE was visualized by real time 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). 3D TEE provides a unique en face view of the mitral valve akin to a surgical or autopsy view that allows for an accurate determination of the size, shape, and location of the vegetations. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E100‐E101)
Long‐term motor and cognitive outcome in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Tureczek Isabell , Caflisch Jon , Moehrlen Ulrich , Natalucci Giancarlo , Bernet Vera , Latal Beatrice
Published: December 2011

Aims:  To determine the motor and cognitive outcome in a regional cohort of survivors of surgically corrected congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Methods:  Thirty‐three children (85% of survivors) were examined at a mean age of 8.6 years (3.3–15.7 years), seven had a genetic comorbidity. Outcome was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence 3rd version and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale 4th version. Motor performance was tested with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition in children younger than 5 years and thereafter with the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment.

Results:  Children without a genetic comorbidity had a normal cognitive outcome (median IQ 103, 70–121), but fine motor (p = 0.008) and gross motor outcome (p = 0.001) were poorer than the norm. Medical variables were not predictive of adverse outcome, whereas genetic comorbidity was the strongest predictor of low IQ (p < 0.001) and of poor motor performance (p = 0.04).

Conclusions:  In the absence of a genetic comorbidity, children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have a favourable cognitive outcome, but motor outcome may be affected. This needs to be taken into account for parental counselling. Further, long‐term neurodevelopmental assessment in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is important to provide early therapeutic interventions.
A Novel Type of Dental Tube Implant for Areas with Limited Bone Height. Clinical and Radiographic Data from Three Patients with 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Lundgren Dan , Slotte Christer , Gröndahl Kerstin
Published: December 2011

Background: Alternative implant designs may reduce the need for complicated and costly bone augmentation procedures in situations with limited bone height.

Purpose: Wide dental tube implants have been manufactured and tested in three patients and followed for 5 years to evaluate if such implants are capable to support fixed prosthetic constructions with good prognosis in areas with limited bone height.

Materials and Methods: Four machined‐tube implants with a height of 6 mm, an outer diameter of 7.4 mm, and an inner diameter of 6.0 mm were placed in three patients. After a healing period of 3 months, ceramometal suprastructures were constructed to supply the implants. Annual clinical and radiographical follow‐ups were done up to 5 years. At the 5‐year follow‐up, all three patients were examined with a cone beam computed tomography technique.

Results: All implants and the suprastructures were clinically stable after 5 years. In one patient, vertical bone loss and a 6‐mm deep pocket appeared after 1 year. The pocket has remained throughout the observation period and has been regularly debrided and kept it free from clinical signs of inflammation. In the other two patients, the soft tissue surrounding the implants was in good health with no or only slight inflammation throughout all observations. Pocket probing revealed no or slight bleeding and pocket depths amounting to less than 3 mm.

Conclusion: It was shown that this new type of implant will function excellent during follow‐up times of several years. Further studies should be done to explore in more detail indications for such implants.
Healing of Fresh Frozen Bone Allograft with or without Platelet‐Rich Plasma: A Histologic and Histometric Study in Rats
Authors: Messora Michel , Braga Laís , Oliveira Gabriela , Oliveira Luiz Fernando , Milagres Roselaine , Kawata Leandro , Furlaneto Flávia , Pola Natália , Campos Natália , Nagata Maria
Published: December 2011

Purpose: This study histomorphometrically analyzed the effect of autogenous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) on healing of fresh frozen bone allograft (FFBA) in bony defects in rat calvaria.

Materials and Methods: A 5 mm–diameter defect was created in the calvarium of 30 rats. Animals were divided into three groups: C (defect was filled by blood clot only), FFBA (defect was filled with 0.01 mL of FFBA), and FFBA/PRP (defect was filled with 0.01 mL of FFBA combined with 100 µL of PRP). All animals were euthanized at 30 days postoperatively. Histomorphometry and histology analyses were performed. Data were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance, Tukey, p < .05).

Results: FFBA had a statistically smaller new bone area than groups FFBA/PRP and C. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups FFBA and FFBA/PRP with regard to remaining bone graft particle area.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that (1) PRP improved the incorporation of FFBA, increasing the amount of new bone formed; (2) PRP has not influenced the resorption of nonviable particles of the FFBA; and (3) presence of remaining FFBA particles might have accounted for the smaller amount of new bone observed in group FFBA when compared with control group.
Osteotome Maxillary Sinus Lift Using Bovine Bone and Calcium Sulfate: A Case Series
Authors: AlGhamdi Ali Saad Thafeed
Published: December 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the success of bovine bone and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) as sinus augmentation material with osteotome maxillary sinus lift.

Materials and Methods: Thirty‐one osteotome sinus lift procedures were performed for 18 healthy patients (7 males and 11 females). A mixture of bovine bone and CaSO4 (ratio, 4:1) was used as sinus augmentation material with simultaneous implant placement. Implants were loaded 4 to 5 months postimplant surgery. Cases were followed for an average of 23.4 months postloading (range, 12–60 months).

Results: The mean age of the study group was 49.7 ± 10.66 years. The residual height of the alveolar ridge ranged from 5.5 to 11 mm (mean, 8.16 ± 1.52 mm). Four to 5 months after implant placement, the x‐ray showed a 1.5 to 5 mm apical shift of the sinus floor (mean, 3.47 ± 0.97 mm), which was maintained to the end of the evaluation period. At 12 months postloading, crestal bone loss ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mm (mean, 0.87 ± 0.26 mm), and pocket depth ranged from 2 to 4 mm (mean, 2.9 ± 0.67 mm). No significant change in crestal bone loss or pocket depth was noticed afterward.

Conclusion: Bovine bone plus CaSO4 can be used successfully as a sinus augmentation material with osteotome sinus elevation. The use of CaSO4 significantly improved the handling properties of bovine bone and helped to stabilize the bone graft particles during healing.
Influence of Preparation and Wall Thickness on the Resistance to Fracture of Zirconia Implant Abutments
Authors: Att Wael , Yajima Nao‐Daniel , Wolkewitz Martin , Witkowski Siegbert , Strub Joerg Rudolf
Published: December 2011

Background: Studies about the effect of grinding procedures as well as material thickness on the resistance of zirconia implant abutments are in short supply.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of wall thickness as well as preparation on the resistance of zirconia implant abutments.

Materials and Method: Sixty‐four implants received titanium (group Ti) and zirconia abutments (groups Zr‐8, Zr‐18, and Zr‐1). The abutments of group Zr‐8 had a 0.8‐mm wall thickness, whereas the wall thickness of group Zr‐18 was reduced by preparation from 1 mm to 0.8 mm. The abutments of group Zr‐1 had a wall thickness of 1 mm. Standardized maxillary central incisor metal crowns were cemented on all abutments. All specimens were then tested in a universal testing machine for their resistance to fracture before and after masticatory simulation (n = 8).

Results: The median resistance to fracture values (N) before and after aging were, respectively: group Ti: 500–504; group Zr‐8: 487–491; group Zr‐18: 490‐451; and group Zr‐1: 519‐480. No significant effects of group, aging, or combinations were found (p > .05).

Conclusion: All tested abutments have the potential to withstand physiologic occlusal forces in the anterior region (>200 N). The applicability of the results to other implant systems should be verified.
Use of food labels, awareness of nutritional programmes and participation in the special supplemental program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC): results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2006)
Authors: Wojcicki Janet M. , Heyman Melvin B.
Published: December 2011

Use of nutritional labels in choosing food is associated with healthier eating habits including lower fat intake. Current public health efforts are focusing on the revamping of nutritional labels to make them easier to read and use for the consumer. The study aims to assess the frequency of use of nutritional labels and awareness of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutritional programmes by low‐income women including those participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as surveyed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. Many low‐income women do not regularly use the nutrition facts panel information on the food label and less than half had heard of the USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans (38.9%). In multivariate logistic regression, we found that WIC participation was associated with reduced use of the nutrition facts panel in choosing food products [odds ratio (OR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.91], the health claims information (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.28) and the information on carbohydrates when deciding to buy a product (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.97) in comparison with WIC eligible non‐participants. Any intervention to improve use of nutritional labels and knowledge of the USDA's nutritional programmes needs to target low‐income women, including WIC participants. Future studies should evaluate possible reasons for the low use of nutrition labels among WIC participants in comparison with eligible non‐participants.
Role of zinc ion for catalytic activity in d‐serine dehydratase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ito Tomokazu , Koga Kazushi , Hemmi Hisashi , Yoshimura Tohru
Published: December 2011

d‐Serine dehydratase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DsdSC) is a fold‐type III pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzyme catalyzing d‐serine dehydration. The enzyme contains 1 mol Zn2+ in its active site and shows a unique zinc dependence. The Zn2+ is essential for the d‐serine dehydration, but not for the α,β‐elimination of β‐Cl‐d‐alanine catalyzed as a side‐reaction. The fact that dehydration of d‐threonine and d‐allo‐threonine, also catalyzed by DsdSC, is likewise Zn2+ dependent indicates that Zn2+ is indispensable for the elimination of hydroxyl group, regardless of the stereochemistry of Cβ. Removal of Zn2+ results in a less polar active site without changing the gross conformation of DsdSC. 1H NMR determined the rates of α‐hydrogen abstraction and hydroxyl group elimination of d‐serine in 2H2O to be 9.7 and 8.5 s−1, respectively, while the removal of Zn2+ abolished both reactions. Mutation of Cys400 or His398 within the Zn2+ binding sites to Ala endowed DsdSC with similar properties to those of the Zn2+‐depleted wild‐type enzyme: the mutants lost the reactivity toward d‐serine and d‐threonine but retained that toward β‐Cl‐d‐alanine. 1H NMR analysis also revealed that both α‐hydrogen abstraction and hydroxyl group elimination from d‐serine were severely hampered in the C400A mutant. Our data suggest that DsdSC catalyzes the α‐hydrogen abstraction and hydroxyl group elimination in a concerted fashion.
The violin bow: Taper, camber and flexibility
Authors: Gough Colin
Published: December 2011

An analytic, small-deflection, simplified model of the modern violin bow is introduced to describe the bending profiles and related strengths of an initially straight, uniform cross-section, stick as a function of bow hair tension. A number of illustrative bending profiles (cambers) of the bow are considered, which demonstrate the strong dependence of the flexibility of the bow on longitudinal forces across the ends of the bent stick. Such forces are shown to be comparable in strength to critical buckling loads causing excessive sideways buckling unless the stick is very straight. Non-linear, large deformation, finite element computations extend the analysis to bow hair tensions comparable with and above the critical buckling strength of the straight stick. The geometric model assumes an expression for the taper of Tourte bows introduced by Vuillaume, which is re-examined and generalized to describe violin, viola and cello bows. A comparison is made with recently published measurements of the taper and bending profiles of a particularly fine bow by Kittel.
Acoustic source separation for the detection of coronary artery sounds
Authors: Cooper Daniel B. , Roan Michael J. , Vlachos Pavlos P.
Published: December 2011

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, being responsible for more than 20% of all deaths in the country. This is in large part due to the difficulty of diagnostic screening for CAD. Phonoangiography seeks to detect CAD via the acoustic signature associated with turbulent flow near an abnormally constricted, or stenosed, region. However, the usefulness of the technique is severely hindered by the low strength of the CAD signal compared to the background noise within the chest. In this work, acoustic finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on physiologically accurate chest geometries to demonstrate the feasibility of an original acoustic source separation methodology for isolating coronary sounds. This approach is based upon pseudoinversion of mixing matrices determined through a combination of experiment and computation. This allows calculation of the sound emitted by the coronary arteries based upon measurements of the acoustic velocity on the chest surface. This work demonstrates the feasibility of such a technique computationally and examines the vulnerability of the proposed approach to measurement errors.
Asymmetry and Aging of Mycobacterial Cells Lead to Variable Growth and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Aldridge Bree B. , Fernandez-Suarez Marta , Heller Danielle , Ambravaneswaran Vijay , Irimia Daniel , Toner Mehmet , Fortune Sarah M.
Published: December 2011

Live Fast, Die Faster

Treatment of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infections is complicated by the need for a prolonged course of antibiotics to fully eliminate all the bacteria present in an infected individual. Most antibiotics target growth and division machinery; thus,

Aldridge
et al.

(p.
100
, published online 15 November) postulated that heterogeneity in the growth properties of mycobacterial cells underlies variable antibiotic susceptibility. Cell division in mycobacteria was found to be asymmetrical, with one cell inheriting the growing pole and elongating rapidly, while the other cell elongated more slowly. Over multiple cell divisions, the rapidly growing cells became more susceptible to antibiotic treatment, helping to explain the observed heterogeneity in response to antibiotic therapy.
Development and Prospects for the Future of Superconducting Wires
Authors: Kumakura Hiroaki
Published: December 2011

Superconducting wires are important from the viewpoints of energy saving and the realization of a low-carbon society, because their applications in various types of electric power applications enable not only improved efficiency but also the reduction of size and weight owing to the fact that they can allow a large electric current density without resistance. Wires of Nb–Ti and Nb3Sn metallic superconductors have conventionally been used in various magnets. The research and development of high-temperature Cu-oxide superconducting wires has been intensively carried out focusing on Bi- and Y-based oxides; recently, the development of long wires of these oxides has also been in progress, and their applications to a variety of power systems are being eagerly discussed. MgB2, whose superconductivity was discovered in Japan in 2001, is also being studied with the aim of fabricating MgB2wires, and promising performance has been obtained. The research and development of superconducting wires using these materials is expected to achieve further progress and lead to their practical applications in the future.
Effect of Co Impurities on Superconductivity of FeSe0.4Te0.6 Single Crystals
Authors: Nabeshima Fuyuki , Kobayashi Yusuke , Imai Yoshinori , Tsukada Ichiro , Maeda Atsutaka
Published: December 2011

The effect of Co doping on the supercoductivity of FeSe0.4Te0.6 single crystals is investigated. The superconducting transition temperature decreases linearly for Co doping at a rate of -0.75 K/(Co %). On the other hand, the increase in residual resistivity is less than 50 µΩ cm for 4% Co doping. These data are consistent with the interband scattering mechanism of superconductivity with the sign change (s± symmetry).
Rare-Earth-Dependent Tri-axial Magnetic Anisotropies and Growth Conditions in REBa2Cu4O8
Authors: Yamaki Momoko , Horii Shigeru , Haruta Masakazu , Shimoyama Jun-ichi
Published: December 2011

Tri-axial orientation under modulated rotation magnetic fields (MRFs) and the growth of single crystals in ambient pressure were demonstrated in various REBa2Cu4O8(RE124; RE, rare earth elements) compounds. RE124 crystals have been successfully grown for RE = Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, and Er. Optimal growth temperature regions for RE124 largely depended on the type of RE and became narrower in the case of lighter RE ions. By applying an MRF of 10 T, powders of all the grown RE124 were tri-axially oriented in epoxy resin at room temperature, and their orientation axes were clearly dependent on the type of RE ions in RE124. Furthermore, it was found from the changes in the degree of orientation under three different MRF conditions that tri-axial single-ion magnetic anisotropies of heavy RE3+ions were highest among magnetic anisotropies generated by Cu–O networks and RE3+ions. The appropriate choice of RE ions in RE-based cuprate superconductors enables the reduction of the magnetic field required for the production of bulk and thick films based on the magnetic orientation technique.
Theory of Proximity Effect in Ferromagnet/Superconductor Heterostructures in the Presence of Spin Dependent Interfacial Phase Shift
Authors: Yoshizaki Daisuke , Golubov Alexander A. , Tanaka Yukio , Asano Yasuhiro
Published: December 2011

We study the proximity effect and charge transport in ferromagnet (F)/superconductor (S) and S/F/I/F/S junctions (where I is insulator) by taking into account simultaneously exchange field in F and spin-dependent interfacial phase shifts (SDIPS) at the F/S interface. We solve the Usadel equations using extended Kupriyanov–Lukichev boundary conditions which include SDIPS, where spin-independent part of tunneling conductance G
T and spin-dependent one G
φ coexist. The resulting local density of states (LDOS) in a ferromagnet depends both on the exchange energy E
ex and G
φ/G
T. We show that the magnitude of zero-temperature gap and the height of zero-energy LDOS have a non-monotonic dependence on G
φ/G
T. We also calculate Josephson current in S/F/I/F/S junctions and show that crossover from 0-state to π.
Longitudinal Magnetic Field Effect in Superconductors
Authors: Matsushita Teruo
Published: December 2011

Characteristic electromagnetic phenomena called longitudinal magnetic field effect are observed for a current-carrying superconductor in a parallel magnetic field. These phenomena and the mechanism of the longitudinal magnetic field effect are generally discussed from the viewpoint of flux motion in this article. This effect includes a significant enhancement of the critical current density from that in the transverse magnetic field, a deviation from Josephson's relation E= B×v for the induced electric field (B and v are the magnetic flux density and the velocity of flux lines), negative electric field in the resistive state, etc. These are attributed to the force-free torque to reduce the rotational shear in flux lines that appears in the force-free configuration and the resultant rotational flux motion. This is analogous to the electromagnetic phenomena in the transverse magnetic field in which the Lorentz force causes the flux motion. The similarity and difference of electromagnetic phenomena are discussed between the transverse and longitudinal magnetic field configurations.
Changes in Work Function and Electrical Resistance of Pt Thin Films in the Presence of Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Tsukada Keiji , Inoue Hirotsugu , Katayama Fumiya , Sakai Kenji , Kiwa Toshihiko
Published: December 2011

The changes in the electrical properties, such as work function and resistance, of Pt thin films in the presence of hydrogen gas were studied. They were simultaneously measured with a flow-through cell at different concentrations of hydrogen gas in atmosphere containing gaseous nitrogen and that containing air. The resistance was measured by a four-terminal sensing method and the relative work function changes were measured using a field effect transistor. In both atmospheres, the resistance decreased as the concentration of hydrogen gas increased. This result was repeatable only in air because of the differences in the dynamic mechanism of increased density of electrical carriers inside the Pt film as a result of diffused H atoms. In the nitrogen atmosphere, the diffused H atoms were not easily released because of the surface barrier. On the other hand, oxygen gas reacted with H atoms at the surface and this reaction accelerated atom release into air. The work function showed repeatable responses in both atmospheres, but the response characteristics were different. The equilibrium reaction between the adsorption and desorption of hydrogen occurred at the surface in the nitrogen atmosphere, whereas the equilibrium reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water molecules occurred in air. The changes in work function and resistance in the presence of hydrogen were due to changes in dissociated hydrogen intensity in the bulk, as well as to the surface reactions.
Gas Flow Characteristics in a Plasma Process Chamber and Proposal of New Pulse-Controlled Gas Injection Method Using Interference Matrix Operation for Rapid Stabilization of Gas Pressure
Authors: Morishita Sadaharu , Goto Tetsuya , Shirai Yasuyuki , Ohmi Tadahiro
Published: December 2011

To realize precise and high-throughput multiprocesses in a single plasma process chamber with a rapid alternative of multiple gases, gas flow characteristics in a plasma process chamber are investigated and a pulse-controlled gas injection method is developed. It is found that gas replacement characteristics greatly depend on the gas supply method used. An upper shower plate has a great advantage in realizing a rapid gas replacement over the case without using the upper shower plate, resulting from the realization of the down flow pattern of feed gas in the chamber. The pulse-controlled gas injection method employs the intentional overshoot pulse at the beginning of gas supply to rapidly stabilize gas pressure. Interference matrix operation is newly introduced to determine the pulse size for the arbitrary gas flow pattern in the chamber. The optimum pulse size can be successfully obtained in the case of HBr addition to a pure Ar plasma.
Does thoracic pump influence the cerebral venous return?
Authors: Zamboni Paolo , Menegatti Erica , Pomidori Luca , Morovic Sandra , Taibi Angelo , Malagoni Anna Maria , Cogo Anna Luisa , Gambaccini Mauro
Published: December 2011

We assessed the hemodynamic effects induced by the thoracic pump in the intra- and extracranial veins of the cerebral venous system on healthy volunteers. Activation of the thoracic pump was standardized among subjects by setting the deep inspiration at 70% of individual vital capacity. Peak velocity (PV), time average velocity (TAV), vein area (VA), and flow quantification (Q) were assessed by means of echo color Doppler in supine posture. Deep respiration significantly increases PV, TAV, and Q, but it is limited to the extracranial veins. To the contrary, no significant hemodynamic changes were recorded at the level of the intracranial venous network. Moreover, at rest TAV in the jugular veins was significantly correlated with Q of the intracranial veins. We conclude that the modulation of the atmospheric pressure operated by the thoracic pump significantly modifies the hemodynamics of the jugular veins and of the reservoir of the neck and facial veins, with no effect on the vein network of the intracranial compartment.
Reducing Dropout among Traumatized Alcohol Patients in Detoxification Treatment: A Pilot Intervention Study
Authors: Odenwald Michael , Semrau Peter
Published: December 2011

Dropout rates from detoxification treatment are high. We tested whether high trauma event load was related to a higher dropout from alcohol detoxification. Furthermore, we studied the feasibility and effects of a short psychoeducational tool to increase retention among traumatized alcohol in-patients. Retention and treatment length were compared between treatment as usual (TAU) and standard therapy plus a psychoeducational group intervention on alcohol drinking related to stress and trauma (PAST). Patients with high trauma load were identified with the Trauma History Questionnaire. Of the 159 in-patients treated during the study period, 66 were included in the analysis: 33 in TAU and 33 in PAST. Sociodemographic characteristics did not differ between the groups. During TAU, patients with high trauma load tended to drop out more often (p = 0.056). Among patients with high trauma load, retention level increased from 29 to 80% (p = 0.006), and among those with low trauma load from 63 to 83% (p = 0.250). Treatment length only tendentially improved among patients with lower burden (p = 0.056). The pilot study supports the idea that detoxification treatment dropout occurs more often among alcohol patients with high trauma load and that their retention can be increased by a psychoeducational group intervention.
Comparison of Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Anthropometric Parameters in Elderly Women With and Without Insulin Resistance
Authors: Silva Alessandro O. , Oliveira Hildeamo B. , Tavares Adriano B. , Funghetto Silvana S. , Prestes Jonato , Karnikowski Margô G. O.
Published: December 2011

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between inflammatory, metabolic, and anthropometrical parameters of elderly women with insulin resistance (IR) and without insulin resistance (WIR). One hundred and seventy-two elderly women aged 67.5 (± 5 years) were submitted to anthropometrical analysis, by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and biochemistry tests such as lipidogram, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Interferon-gamma. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein, fasting glucose, and insulin were significantly higher, while lean body mass was lower ( p < 0.05), in elderly with IR as compared to WIR. There was no significant difference between groups in the inflammatory parameters. Elderly women with IR present increased anthropometrical and metabolic parameters that predispose them to several chronic nontransmissible diseases. Additional inflammatory parameters should be used in elderly women to define an optimal relationship with insulin resistance in clinical practice.
Religiosity and Death Attitudes and Engagement of Advance Care Planning Among Chronically Ill Older Adults
Authors: Dobbs Debra , Emmett Catherine Parsons , Hammarth Ashley , Daaleman Timothy P.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the association of religiosity and death attitudes with self-reported advance care planning (ACP) in chronically ill older adults. Survey data were collected in person for a sample of 157 chronically ill older adults drawn from primary care clinics in North Carolina. Logistic regression was used to examine associations of religiosity and death attitudes in the likelihood of engagement in three ACP outcomes: (a) ACP discussions with the doctor, (b) ACP discussions with family, and (c) the completion of a living will. Greater reported religiosity ( b = 1.67, p < .01) was significantly associated with reported ACP discussions with the doctor ( R2 = .29, model significance p < .01). Less fear of death was significantly associated ( b = −0.41, p < .01) with self-reported completion of a living will ( R2 = .21, model significance p < .01). Religiosity and fears of death should be considered in future ACP studies.
Tearful oriental songs and the role they play among adolescents
Authors: Bodner Ehud , Fradkin Dafna
Published: December 2011

The current study explored a new musical trend, “Tearful Oriental Songs” (TOS), which are associated with social marginality. The participants were 313 high school students who completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory and a survey on their attitudes toward TOS. They then listened to 14 oriental songs and TOS, and were asked to decide whether each song was a TOS or not, to score the song’s familiarity and likeability, and to choose words they associate with the song. Adolescents who were familiar with TOS differentiated between TOS and common oriental songs (OS), reported coming from an oriental ethnic origin and living in development areas, and were more prevalent in earlier grades. Musical analysis demonstrated that TOS have characteristics which resemble Turkish Arabesk songs. Analysis of associations supported this conclusion. Participants reported mood improvement after listening to TOS. No significant difference in depression was found between adolescents who listen and those who do not listen to TOS. TOS can be considered a genre, which reflects Arabic cultural influences on the Israeli culture. It may also be regarded as a musical remedy for adolescents from the lower classes, and can be used as a therapeutic means by music therapists.
The Biomechanical and Clinical Application of Using the Anterior Half of the Peroneus Longus Tendon as an Autograft Source
Authors: Zhao Jinzhong , Huangfu Xiaoqiao
Published: December 2011

Background: The shortage of autogenous grafts has often times been a problem in knee ligament reconstruction. There are little data concerning the use of the anterior half of the peroneus longus tendon (AHPLT) as an autograft.

Hypothesis: The AHPLT is a suitable graft with respect to its strength, safety, and donor site morbidity.

Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study and case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: The safety and efficacy of using the AHPLT as an autograft source were evaluated. A cadaveric study was first done to reveal the anatomic profile of the AHPLT, to test its failure load, and to compare it with that of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Then, a cadaveric harvest study was performed to show it was safe and reproducible. The space between the tendon stripper and the peroneal nerve during harvesting of the AHPLT was evaluated. Lastly, a clinical study was performed to evaluate donor site morbidity. The preoperative and postoperative foot and ankle functions of 92 patients who underwent a variety of knee ligament reconstructions with the AHPLT were followed for more than 2 years and were then evaluated using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale and the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) to determine the influence of tendon removal on ankle and foot function.

Results: The average failure load of the AHPLT was 322.35 ± 63.18 N, accounting for 97.69% ± 19.48% and 147.94% ± 41.30% of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, respectively. During tendon harvesting, the distance between the head of the tendon stripper and the branching point of the deep peroneus nerve was 4.6 to 10.4 cm. The clinical study showed that the preoperative and postoperative AOFAS scores were 97.4 ± 2.0 and 97.2 ± 1.6 ( P = .85), respectively, while the FADI scores preoperatively and postoperatively were 96.8 ± 2.2 and 96.9 ± 2.5 ( P = .91), respectively. No signs of peroneus nerve injury, peroneus longus tendon rupture, or tendinopathy were found.

Conclusion: The AHPLT is acceptable for use as an autograft with respect to its strength, safety, and donor site morbidity.
Evaluation of pits in GRP composite pipes by thermal NDT technique
Authors: Vijayaraghavan G. K. , Sundaravalli S.
Published: December 2011

In recent years, pipeline operators face many threats to the integrity of pipelines and hence, sophisticated nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies and measuring devices are being used for diagnosing the pipeline conditions. The presence of various defects is almost common during manufacturing, handling and under servicing conditions of glass-fibre reinforced polymers (GRP) composite pipes. Among various defects, severe pits or wall loss defects can be internally produced after a certain period of time due to various practical reasons. The present study has been taken up to analyse theviability and effectiveness of thermal NDT techniquein the evaluation of pits in GRP pipes. The thermal contrast evaluation profiles are obtained from number of experiments conducted on GRP pipes with artificially induced pits and the effect of pit size and its penetrationare analysed. The results show that the largerand deeper pits can be detected faster with increased thermal contrast and vice-versa. The investigation shows that the method leads a simple approach in applying thermal NDT to evaluate pits in GRP pipes.
From Non-Places to Non-Events
Authors: Pütz Ole
Published: December 2011

In this article I raise the question of how individuals avoid interaction in spite of bodily proximity. I consider the empirical case of the airport security checkpoint. Drawing on participant observation of nine different airports, my research focuses on the security checkpoints of a small German airport. I suggest that the security checkpoint functions as a junction of security and mobility where screeners and travelers cannot avoid physical contact. Guided by the insights of Goffman and Augé, my analysis reveals that practices akin to civil inattention, which are based on the avoidance of interaction, create the experience of a non-place through “non-events.” A precondition for non-events is the standardization of procedures at the checkpoint, which creates a visual and sequential order. Strict procedural rules allow screeners and travelers to disconnect the body of the traveler temporarily from the traveler as an individual. Screeners and travelers practically achieve this disconnection by minimizing face-to-face interaction, thereby avoiding problematic definitions of the situation. This practice, however, results in discrimination against travelers who are unable or unwilling to present their body as a normalized and passive body. My findings thus point to the ability of organizationally framed settings, like the security checkpoint, to deviate from public life, while also addressing the limits of such a deviation. In concluding, I discuss the utility of the concept of non-places along with the merits of interactional analysis for understanding consequences of technological and procedural change. I also consider the efficiency of security practices from a dramaturgical perspective.
Nonlinear parametric excitation of an evolutionary dynamical system
Authors: Ruelas Rocio E , Rand David G , Rand Richard H
Published: December 2011

Nonlinear parametric excitation refers to the nonlinear analysis of a system of ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients. In contrast to linear parametric excitation, which offers determinations of the stability of equilibria, nonlinear parametric excitation has as its goal the structure of the phase space, as given by a portrait of the Poincare map. In this article, perturbation methods and numerical integration are applied to the replicator equation with periodic coefficients, being a model from evolutionary game theory where evolutionary dynamics are added to classical game theory using differential equations. In particular, we study evolution in the Rock–Paper–Scissors game, which has biological and social applications. Here, periodic coefficients could represent seasonal variation.
Prescient Human Fetuses Thrive
Authors: Sandman Curt A. , Davis Elysia Poggi , Glynn Laura M.
Published: December 2011

Fetal detection of adversity is a conserved trait that allows many species to adapt their early developmental trajectories to ensure survival. According to the fetal-programming model, exposure to stressful or hostile conditions in utero is associated with compromised development and a lifelong risk of adverse health outcomes. In a longitudinal study, we examined the consequences of prenatal and postnatal exposure to adversity for infant development. We found increased motor and mental development during the 1st year of life among infants whose mothers experienced congruent levels of depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy, even when the levels of symptoms were relatively high and the prenatal and postnatal environments were unfavorable. Congruence between prenatal and postnatal environments prepares the fetus for postnatal life and confers an adaptive advantage for critical survival functions during early development.