bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Language Disorder in Children Ages 2 to 5 Years: Contributions of Parent-Reported Development and Behavior
Authors: Richard Annette E. , Hodges Elise K. , Carlson Martha D.
Published: July 2019

Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has focused on differentiating children with ASD from neurotypical children. However, many children presenting with concern for ASD are ultimately diagnosed with language disorder (LD). This study aimed to identify differences in parent-rated development and behavior among children ages 2 to 5 years presenting with concern for ASD who were diagnosed with either ASD or LD. Children with ASD were rated as more socially withdrawn and more delayed in social development and self-help skills than those with LD. Parent-rated developmental delays were positively correlated with scores on an autism screening measure and with social withdrawal and pervasive developmental problems among children with ASD. Among those with LD, parent-rated social and self-help development were positively correlated with social withdrawal and attention problems. Thus, parent ratings of social withdrawal and development of social and self-help skills may facilitate differential diagnosis of ASD and LD in children ages 2 to 5 years.
Shadowed delamination area estimation in ultrasonic C-scans of impacted composites validated by X-ray CT
Authors: Ellison Andrew , Kim Hyonny
Published: July 2019

Although ultrasonic pulse-echo C-scanning is a mature non-destructive evaluation technique for imaging internal damage in composite structures, a major impediment of obtaining a full characterization of the internal damage state is delamination shadowing effects. Specifically, shadowing refers to regions of interest that are behind other delamination planes or discontinuities with respect to the scanning surface. The delamination planes block ultrasonic wave transmission and the regions of interest are thus hidden (i.e. shadowed) from the scan. A methodology has been developed to expand ultrasonic scan data of impacted composites by utilizing damage morphology information that is well established in the composite impact research community, such as matrix cracks bounding delaminations, to estimate shadowed delamination information and matrix cracking. First, impacted flat composite plates were C-scanned by pulse-echo ultrasonic and the results were segmented by depth of damage to establish interface-by-interface delamination information. These delaminations were then fit by bounding lines representing the fiber/matrix crack directions defined by the orientations of plies adjacent to each interface to estimate the shadowed portion of the delamination results. The area inside this boundary was added to the original ultrasonic delamination area to create an estimation of the full delamination state at each shadowed interface. Additionally, because this extension method is based on the interactions between delaminations and matrix cracking, this extension method provides an approximation of the matrix cracking of adjacent plies. Results were compared with X-ray computed tomography scans to assess the effectiveness of the extension method.
Rebel Territorial Control and Civilian Collective Action in Civil War: Evidence from the Communist Insurgency in the Philippines
Authors: Rubin Michael A.
Published: July 2019

Under what conditions do rebel organizations control territory during civil war? How do civilians influence the distribution of territorial control? This article introduces a civilian agency theory, emphasizing community collective action capacity (CAC) defined by underlying social network structure, to complement existing explanations of territorial control. I argue communities with greater CAC mobilize information and resources more efficiently, increasing belligerents’ incentives to control territory. However, CAC also increases community bargaining power to demand costly investments in governance, partially offsetting these gains. CAC increases rebel control in areas of state neglect. But, as state service provision increases, communities leverage CAC to demand prohibitively costly rebel governance, deterring rebel control. This article tests the theory in the context of the communist insurgency in the Philippines, using military intelligence reports from 2011 to 2014 to measure village-level communist insurgent territorial control and a household-level census (2008–2010) to measure village CAC. Interviews with village elders in Eastern Mindanao illustrate causal mechanisms and explore alternative explanations.
Religion and Tolerance of Minority Sects in the Arab World
Authors: Hoffman Michael
Published: July 2019

Does religious behavior always promote hostility toward members of other faiths? This article suggests that the relationship between personal religious behavior and religious tolerance is not so simple. Even in the Arab World, frequently cited as a center of religious piety and intolerance, different forms of religious behavior have markedly different effects on attitudes toward minority sects. Using both observational and experimental data from across the Arab World as well as an original nationally representative survey conducted in Lebanon in 2013 and 2014, I argue that while communal religious practice does indeed tend to promote intolerant attitudes, personal prayer has precisely the opposite effect. These findings indicate that the traditional assumption that piety invariably leads to intolerance should be rethought. Even in one of the most sectarian environments in the world, private religious behavior can have a substantial pro-tolerance effect.
Gaslighting: How Pathological Labels Can Harm Psychotherapy Clients
Authors: Tormoen Madeline
Published: July 2019

Gaslighting is a conscious or unconscious form of psychological abuse that occurs when a perpetrator distorts information to confuse a victim, triggering the victim to doubt their memory and sanity. Gaslighting can contaminate a psychotherapy relationship when clinicians rely on pathological labels to direct the therapeutic process. When psychotherapists use pathological labels, the treatment focus is often directed toward problems that lie within the client, which can be counterproductive, particularly when the client is recovering from interpersonal abuse. This article summarizes how the application of pathological labels in combination with the principles of social constructivism influenced a group of mental health professionals to gaslight the author. Illustrative narrative that depicts the author’s experience of having been gaslit by her psychology professor and then by her psychotherapist is included. The author describes how these harmful relationships caused the author to endure double-binds and betrayal during her healing process. Last, a brief discussion about posttraumatic growth and recommendations related to potential alternatives to the current diagnostic process are offered. This article was written to raise awareness of how the use of pathological labels can result in harm to psychotherapy clients.
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: New Wine in Old Wineskins?
Authors: Pence Harry E.
Published: July 2019

Artificial intelligence applications are becoming common in every segment of American life; higher education will not be immune. Attempts to fit artificial intelligence into the existing syllabus or teaching roles are unlikely to be successful and will waste a major opportunity to move higher education into new directions. Students graduating today need to be prepared for frequent transitions in the workplace, and college professors will find that their jobs are also changing.
Comparing community and hospital data of snakebite in North Bihar: a community incidence survey and a parallel hospital-based clinical study
Authors: Armstrong Lois J , Cynthia Sharon , George Miriam , Zachariah Anand
Published: July 2019

In Bihar, an estimated 4500 snakebite deaths occur per year, but community data are scarce. Using a multi-stage cluster design, 4159 households were interviewed across six Community Development (CD) blocks in North Bihar, identifying 206 snakebites and 254 deaths between the Chhaat festivals of 2014 and 2015. Concurrently, 357 snakebite victims presented to Duncan Hospital from this area. None of the 254 verbal autopsies were attributed to snakebite envenoming. The annual community snakebite incidence was 643/100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 556–730) with peak incidence in women aged 30–39 years at 1323/100,000 person-years (95% CI = 837–1809). Two-thirds of snakebite victims attended traditional healers first for help (95% CI = 59.9–73.2). The community envenomation rate was 24.9/100,000 person-years (95% CI = 7.6–42.2). The hospital envenomation rate was 4.6% (95% CI = 3.5–5.7). Of the hospital snakebite deaths, 91% (10/11) were aged <16 years. Only 4.6% (95% CI = 4.1–5.1) of snakebite victims from this area presented at the local hospital.
Exploring the Relationship Between Performance-Based Funding Design and Underrepresented Student Enrollment at Community Colleges
Authors: Kelchen Robert
Published: July 2019

Objective: An increasing number of states are adopting performance-based funding (PBF) systems for their public colleges, but there are concerns that PBF dissuades colleges from recruiting and enrolling students with a lower likelihood of success. Some states have attempted to address this concern by providing additional funds for successfully serving low-income, underrepresented minority, or adult students, but the effectiveness of these particular provisions has yet to be examined among 2-year colleges. I explore whether these provisions have affected historically underrepresented student enrollments at community colleges. Method: I use generalized difference-in-difference panel regression techniques combined with data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System and information from states on their performance funding policies from the 2004-2005 to 2014-2015 academic years to address the research questions. I classified colleges based on whether they had a PBF system with equity provisions, a PBF system without equity provisions, or no PBF in a given year and compared these three groups of institutions. Results: I find little evidence that PBF policies, regardless of their design characteristics, have a relationship with traditionally underrepresented student enrollment levels. Contributions: Although there are concerns that PBF systems induce community colleges to selectively recruit students with a higher probability of success, I find no systemic evidence of that practice. However, as PBF systems become higher stakes and more ingrained in state higher education funding, this finding deserves further study.
Development and Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale
Authors: Hope Elan C. , Pender Kristen N. , Riddick Kristen N.
Published: July 2019

In this article, we describe the development and validation of a measure of orientation toward activism in and for the Black community—the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale (BCAOS)—in a sample of Black adolescents and emerging adults. An exploratory factor analysis ( n = 446) was conducted and the results were a 26-item measure with scores of three internally consistent factors: high-risk, low-risk, and formal political activism orientation. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted ( n = 447) and strong model fit estimates confirmed the factor structure of the exploratory factor analysis. Convergent validity was established through bivariate correlations of the BCAOS factors with social responsibility beliefs and nationalist ideology. In light of increased participation in sociopolitical movements in support of Black lives, the BCAOS can contribute to investigations of the psychology of adolescent and emerging adult activism in and for the Black community. We recommend additional scale development research to further contribute to this growing field.
Attachment Orientations Guide the Transfer of Leadership Judgments: Culture Matters
Authors: Gruda Dritjon , Kafetsios Konstantinos
Published: July 2019

Two experiments tested the role of global and relationship-specific attachment orientations in leader transference, a social-cognitive process in which mental representations of past leaders are associated with the evaluations of new, similar leaders. Individuals scoring higher on anxious attachment were more likely to hold high just treatment expectations of new leaders who were similar to their previous leaders. Conversely, avoidant individuals evaluated new similar leaders low on just treatment expectations and perceived them as less effective. Relationship-specific attachment orientations predicted transfer of behavioral judgments of just treatment, while global attachment orientations predicted transfer of perceived leader effectiveness. These effects were moderated by culture. In two collectivistic cultures (Greece and India), avoidant individuals demonstrated low just treatment expectations of their new similar leader. In an individualistic culture (United States), avoidant participants showed high behavioral expectations of their new, similar, leader. The results inform emerging views on relational social-cognitive processes in leader–follower interactions.
Relational Encounters and Vital Materiality in the Practice of Craft Work
Authors: Bell Emma , Vachhani Sheena J.
Published: July 2019

Practice-based studies of organization have drawn attention to the importance of the body as a site of knowledge and knowing. However, relational encounters between bodies and objects, and the affects they generate, are less well understood in organization studies. This article uses new materialist theory to explore the role of affect in embodied practices of craft making. It suggests that craft work relies on affective organizational relations and intensities that flow between bodies, objects and places of making. This perspective enables a more affective, materially inclusive understanding of organizational practice, as encounters between human and nonhuman entities and forces. We draw on empirical data from a qualitative study of four UK organizations that make bicycles, shoes and hand-decorated pottery. We track the embodied techniques that enable vital encounters with matter and the affective traces and spatial, aesthetic atmospheres that emerge from these encounters. We suggest that a concern with the vitality of objects is central to the meaning that is attributed to craft work practices and the ethical sensibilities that arise from these encounters. We conclude by proposing an affective ethics of mattering that constructs agency in ways that are not confined to humans and acknowledges the importance of orientations towards matter in generating possibilities for ethical generosity towards others.
“You’re a Juksing”: Examining Cantonese–English Code-Switching as an Index of Identity
Authors: Yim Odilia , Clément Richard
Published: July 2019

Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another, shows unique structural and functional patterns in different bilingual communities. Though historically viewed as negative, it has been documented as an acceptable way of speaking in certain contexts, namely multilingual communities. We investigated the implications of code-switching on bilinguals’ language attitudes and identities in Toronto, a distinctly multilingual and multicultural metropolis. Twelve Cantonese–English bilinguals participated in a semi-structured interview discussing their code-switching and language attitudes. Interviews were then evaluated using a critical realist framework and analysed via first and second cycle coding. Code-switching elicited mixed emotions: It was a source of pride, but also a reminder of weak Cantonese language skills due to others’ metalinguistic comments and judgments. Participants’ code-switching indexed them as juksings, labelling them as Chinese individuals born and raised overseas, de-authenticating their Chinese group membership. Results are discussed with regard to ethnic identity and intra-group communication.
Global Second Language Proficiency Predicts Self-Perceptions of General Sarcasm Use Among Bilingual Adults
Authors: Tiv Mehrgol , Rouillard Vincent , Vingron Naomi , Wiebe Sabrina , Titone Debra
Published: July 2019

Each culture has a distinct set of features that contribute to a unique communication style. For example, bilinguals often balance multiple social contexts and may undergo cognitive changes that consequently support different communication styles. The present work examines how individual differences in bilingual experience affect one form of communication style: sarcastic and indirect language. A diverse sample of largely bilingual adults (first language English) rated their likelihood of using sarcastic and indirect language across different daily settings. They also rated their second language experience. There were two key findings: Bilinguals use sarcasm for similar social functions as do monolinguals (general sarcasm, frustration diffusion, and embarrassment diffusion) and greater global second language proficiency linked to greater usage of general sarcasm in daily life. These results suggest that bilinguals may use sarcasm to achieve various communicative goals and bilingual experience may affect general cognitive capacities that support sarcasm use across real-world contexts.
A haemodynamic concept in the management of superficial non-saphenous vein thrombosis
Authors: Solimeno Giovanni , Valitutti Pasquale
Published: July 2019

Objective

Through the analysis of the haemodynamic model in the development of superficial non-saphenous vein thrombosis, the authors propose a therapeutic approach which is based on an ultrasound study of the superficial and perforating venous system of the lower limbs.

Methods

The authors propose the development of a haemodynamic model in the evolution of superficial non-saphenous vein thrombosis. They analyse three cases to highlight the importance of venous haemodynamics in the development of this condition and its possible complications, such as the progression of thrombosis in the deep vein system through the perforating veins.

Results

The evolution of a thrombosis in the venous network of the lower limbs from the peripheral collateral veins to the deep vein can be haemodynamically explained through this model involving the perforating vein system.

Conclusions

In the management and treatment of superficial non-saphenous vein thrombosis, it is essential to perform an accurate ultrasound evaluation of the superficial venous system, the deep venous system and the perforator system, according to venous haemodynamic principles. This study proposes a new model to be used in the ultrasonic management and treatment of superficial non-saphenous vein thrombosis.
Why and How Commercial Marketing Should Promote Sufficient Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Gossen Maike , Ziesemer Florence , Schrader Ulf
Published: July 2019

Although marketing strategies are often accused of stimulating overconsumption, businesses increasingly show potential as enablers of sufficiency. The concept of sufficiency contributes to sustainable development through the absolute reduction of resources and energy used for consumption by questioning the level of demand. This study analyzes reasons and potential practices for commercial marketing to promote sufficiency through a systematic literature review of scientific publications, guided by the following research questions: Why should commercial marketing promote sufficiency? How can commercial marketing promote sufficiency? Which barriers for promoting sufficiency occur? The content-based study of 17 publications in the final review sample delivers recommendations for how to practically implement marketing for sufficiency, and theoretical considerations for strengthening the discourse within macromarketing and beyond.
Metadata accounts: Achieving data and evidence in scientific research
Authors: Mayernik Matthew S
Published: July 2019

‘Metadata’ has received a fraction of the attention that ‘data’ has received in sociological studies of scientific research. A neglect of ‘metadata’ reduces the attention on a number of critical aspects of scientific work processes, including documentary work, accountability relations, and collaboration routines. Metadata processes and products are essential components of the work needed to practically accomplish day-to-day scientific research tasks, and are central to ensuring that research findings and products meet externally driven standards or requirements. This article is an attempt to open up the discussion on and conceptualization of metadata within the sociology of science and the sociology of data. It presents ethnographic research of metadata creation within everyday scientific practice, focusing on how researchers document, describe, annotate, organize and manage their data, both for their own use and the use of researchers outside of their project. In particular, this article argues that the role and significance of metadata within scientific research contexts are intimately tied to the nature of evidence and accountability within particular social situations. Studying metadata can (1) provide insight into the production of evidence, that is, how something we might call ‘data’ becomes able to serve an evidentiary role, and (2) provide a mechanism for revealing what people in research contexts are held accountable for, and what they achieve accountability with.
A benchtop flight control demonstrator
Authors: Duran Joris R , Whidborne James F , Carrizales Martin , Pontillo Alessandro
Published: July 2019

A feedback control demonstrator is described. The demonstrator is intended for the demonstration of control principles applied to flight control of fixed-wing aircraft and hence is suitable for aeronautical programmes. The demonstrator consists of a two degree-of-freedom wing assembly where the wing is free to pitch in an airflow provided by a simple, benchtop wind tunnel. The second degree-of-freedom is provided by a hinged elevator which is actuated by a servomotor. The wing pitch angle is measured with a potentiometer attached to a pivot shaft, thus allowing feedback control of the elevator pitch to be implemented. The aerodynamics of the wing are modelled, the wind tunnel design is described and computational fluid dynamics analysis presented. An embedded controller that implements a proportional–integral–derivative controller and a graphical interface has been developed. Some details of these are also given.
Victimization Experiences and Executive Dysfunction as Discriminating Risk Indicators for Youth Offender Typologies
Authors: Yoder Jamie , Precht Madison
Published: July 2019

Research is becoming increasingly nuanced in its examination of offenders, and thus typological distinctions according to generalist and/or specialization offense profiles may be notable for targeted intervention efforts within and between classifications of offenders. There is a significant body of evidence identifying early-life victimization and executive function deficits as critical developmental antecedents to sexual and non-sexual offending alike, but they have not been exhaustively evaluated as a discernable experience among criminally versatile offenders (youth who commit both sexual and non-sexual crimes). This study aims to address gaps by examining associations between early-life victimization, other traumatic experiences in the home, and executive functioning deficits and then test how disparate offending groups differentially experience these early risks. Using a sample of juvenile-justice-involved youth ( N = 200), who committed sexual only offenses ( n = 41), non-sexual only offenses ( n = 124), and criminally versatile offenders ( n = 27), multivariate analysis of variance tests and bivariate correlations were conducted. Results revealed that there were statistically significant correlations between measures of executive functioning and specific incidents of victimization, particularly sexual, physical, and emotional. There were also significant group differences in measures of sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse, and executive functioning with criminally versatile offenders showing higher rates of physical and emotional abuse and sexual only offenders showing higher rates of sexual abuse and some executive functioning deficits. Practice and research implications are discussed.
Bridges over troubled water? Journals, geographers and economists in the field of economy and space 1980–2017
Authors: Atienza Miguel , Ronda-Pupo Guillermo Armando , Phelps Nicholas
Published: July 2019

This article analyses the evolution of the field of studies of space and economy (economic geography) between 1980 and 2017. Using a sample of 55 journals from the Web of Science, we study the existing subfields of research, the interaction between communities of geographers and economists and the changing role played by those journals that act as bridges for dialogue between these communities. For this purpose, we analyse the Bibliographic Coupling network of journals in four periods to identify groups of strongly interlinked journals that could represent research communities within the field of economic geography; and we also study the betweenness measure of centrality to identify those journals that have played the role of bridges between disciplines and estimate the level of interdisciplinarity of these journals. Results confirm the increasing complexity and fragmentation of the field of economy and space. We also find that there are spaces for dialogue and pluralism, but they are still peripheral to the core journals of academic communities related to space and economy both in geography and economics, and not yet strong enough to create a distinct academic community.
Mothers’ and Childrens’ Health Self-Rating: A Comparative Study Within and Across Various Ethnic Groups
Authors: Kato Kelly , Bzostek Sharon
Published: July 2019

Despite Latino adults’ health advantages in the United States, they tend to have worse self-rated health (SRH) than non-Hispanic Whites. This finding extends to Latina mothers’ ratings of their children’s health, but it is unknown whether Latino children also have worse SRH than Whites. We investigate this question, as well as variations in mother-child agreement in rating the child’s health by ethnicity, and the role of mothers’ acculturation in these associations. Using survey data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that Mexican-origin children’s SRH is worse than non-Hispanic White children’s SRH, but Mexican-origin children’s SRH is also often better than their mothers’ ratings of the children’s health. Maternal acculturation explains some of the relationship between Mexican-origin and child SRH, with particular facets of the acculturation experience operating in different directions. We discuss the implications of these findings for understandings of racial/ethnic disparities in health, particularly among children.
Polyurethane tissue adhesives for annulus fibrosus repair: Mechanical restoration and cytotoxicity
Authors: Agnol Lucas Dall , Dias Fernanda Trindade Gonzalez , Nicoletti Natália Fontana , Marinowic Daniel , Moura e Silva Sidnei , Marcos-Fernandez Angel , Falavigna Asdrubal , Bianchi Otávio
Published: July 2019

The microdiscectomy used for the treatment of intervertebral disc disorders leaves an open incision in the annulus fibrosus that must be sealed to avoid re-herniation and other subsequent degenerations. In this study, we developed an injectable and in situ polymerizable polyurethane adhesive as a long-term post-surgical annulus fibrosus repair strategy. It was investigated the chemical structure of the urethane-based adhesive and its physico-chemical, viscoelastic, kinetic, and in vitro cytotoxic properties. The adhesive formulated from the polycarbonate diol with the highest molar mass was the one that exhibited a compressive behavior closest to the intervertebral disc outer region, and therefore, the most suitable for restoration. This adhesive showed 18-day stability under moisture and required a preparation time of 10 h at 60°C before use. The material also adhered covalently to gelatin (without catalyst or initiator) and positively impacted cell proliferation after its polymerization, which are essential requirements for clinical translation. These findings confirmed the ability of the polyurethane adhesive to act as an annulus fibrosus sealant, although further improvements in its formulation are necessary.
Assessing Intimate Partner Violence Via Daily Diary Surveys: Feasibility, Reporting, and Acceptability
Authors: Waterman Emily A. , Edwards Katie M. , Dardis Christina M. , Kelley Erika L. , Sessarego Stephanie
Published: July 2019

Despite a growing number of research studies using experience sampling methodologies, little is known about feasibility of these methodologies to the study of intimate partner violence (IPV). In the current study, we examine (a) participant retention and completeness in a 3-week daily diary study, (b) the discrepancy between daily dairy reports of IPV and retrospective summary reports of IPV, and (c) participant reactions to a daily diary assessment of IPV experiences. Participants were 923 undergraduate students (primarily White, heterosexual, and middle to upper-middle class) at two medium-sized universities in New England and the Midwest who received course credit for completing daily diary surveys for 3 weeks about past 24-hour IPV experiences. At the end of the survey, participants summarized their IPV experiences across the 3-week period and answered questions about their reactions to participating in the research protocol. Of the students who completed the baseline survey, 460 (49.8%) were retained until the last day and 229 (24.8%) completed all 21 days. Participants reported higher incidence and frequency of IPV in the daily diaries compared with the retrospective summary measure. On average, participants reported low levels of negative reactions to research participation (e.g., increased fear of partner) and moderate levels of positive reactions to research participation (e.g., gaining insight). IPV victimization before the study, and IPV perpetration and victimization during the daily diary period, predicted negative reactions to research participation reported at the final assessment, whereas IPV perpetration during the daily diary period predicted positive reactions. Overall, findings suggest that although retention is challenging, daily diaries studies may improve accuracy of IPV reporting, and that participants have few negative responses to daily diary methodologies inquiring about IPV.
Evaluation of a Multi-Session Group Designed to Prevent Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Minors: The “My Life My Choice” Curriculum
Authors: Rothman Emily F. , Farrell Amy , Paruk Jennifer , Bright Katherine , Bair-Merritt Megan , Preis Sarah R.
Published: July 2019

The commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of children is a consequential public health and criminal justice problem, but no CSE prevention programs have been evaluated. The Boston-based My Life My Choice (MLMC) program offers a multisession psychoeducation group to girls who are identified as “at-disproportionate-risk” for CSE victimization and trains other agencies throughout the U.S. to offer this curriculum. The curriculum was designed to improve knowledge about the commercial sex industry and shift-related attitudes and behaviors. The current project was a multi-year, multi-site evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the MLMC prevention group. Using a one-group longitudinal design, changes in participant behavior and CSE knowledge were measured at baseline ( n = 354), upon group completion ( n = 296), and 3 months after group completion ( n = 241). The sample was 95% female-identified, 28% Black/African American, 26% White/non-Hispanic, 25% Hispanic/Latina, and 22% other race. The mean age of participants was 15.6 years old. Approximately 28% identified as bisexual, and 10% identified as lesbian, asexual, pansexual, or other. In multivariable-adjusted models, participants reported fewer episodes of sexually explicit behavior at follow up as compared to baseline (relative risk [RR]: 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.37-0.72 at Follow-up 1, and 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35-0.82 at Follow-up 2). Participants were 24% less likely to report dating abuse at Follow-up 2 as compared to baseline ( p = .06). In addition, as compared to baseline, participants were 40% more likely to have given help or information about CSE to a friend at Follow-up 2, and participants demonstrated increased knowledge and awareness about CSE and its harms over the follow-up period. Although additional evaluation using a comparison group and long-term follow up would increase confidence that observed changes are attributable to the group instead of other factors, results suggest that the MLMC curriculum may be effective in reducing the risk of CSE and improving other conditions for youth who are at-disproportionate-risk of CSE.
Fabrication of medical footwear for suitable distribution of stress and strain and reduction of plantar pressure by numerical and experimental approaches
Authors: Shakouri Ehsan , Mossayebi Alireza , Saraeian Payam
Published: July 2019

Medical insoles and orthopedic shoes are responsible for reducing the force exerted by the ground to the plantar region of the feet. This combination is designed to develop a suitable distribution of stress and strain in the plantar region. In the present study, attempts have been made to design a prototype of medical footwear which can provide a proper stress and strain distribution in the plantar region while reducing pressure in comparison with current orthopedic footwear. For this purpose, the hyper-elastic behavior materials, including styrene-butadiene rubber, silicon, Plastazote foam, polyfoam, ethylene-vinyl acetate foam, polyurethane foam, and polyurethane, have been investigated, with different degree of hardness as well as one layer of composite with Kevlar fiber, whose effect is reducing the pressure exerted to the feet. A combination of materials was used to construct an insole sample, and uniaxial pressure tests were performed for testing its mechanical properties. Then, these properties were used in finite element analysis, whereby the best type of insole for the footwear was chosen and fabricated. The results of finite element analysis were validated using Pedar system and after performing the experimental tests both statically and dynamically. Experimental and numerical investigations suggested that the sole material of orthopedic shoe should be selected as styrene-butadiene rubber. The internal layers of styrene-butadiene rubber frame from top to bottom should be comprised of Plastazote-polyurethane with Kevlar fiber-silicon shore A6, which can be a suitable orthopedic boot in terms of proper stress and strain distribution. Generally, it could reduce the pressure exerted to the sole by 79% compared with barefoot.
Trade unions and precariat in Europe: Representative claims
Authors: Meardi Guglielmo , Simms Melanie , Adam Duncan
Published: July 2019

Trade unions have been charged with neglecting labour market ‘outsiders’, while alternative actors have emerged to represent these. In response, unions have stepped up their claim to be representative of all workers, without distinction. We review the theoretical and policy debates on this issue, and argue that representation as such has been under-theorized. We draw on Saward’s concept of ‘representative claims’ to analyse the different grounds for competing assertions of representativeness. We identify four main forms of claims, and illustrate these with empirical examples. We conclude that these different claims are mutually reinforcing in stimulating attention to the outsiders, and in their interaction with institutional settings, they have a performative effect in defining new social actors.
Occupations and the recent trends in wage inequality in Europe
Authors: Fernández-Macías Enrique , Arranz-Muñoz José-María
Published: July 2019

We aim to contribute to a better understanding of the role that occupations played in recent trends in wage inequality in some European countries. Using EU-SILC data, we observe that most of the changes in wage inequality between 2005 and 2014 were the result of changes in the distribution of wages within occupations. A longer term approximation using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) shows similar patterns. We conclude that occupational dynamics did not drive recent trends in wage inequality in Europe.
Meek as milk and large as logic: A corpus study of the non-standard poetic simile
Authors: Tartakovsky Roi , Shen Yeshayahu
Published: July 2019

A novel distinction is proposed between two types of closed similes: the standard and the non-standard. While the standard simile presents a ground that is a salient feature of the source term (e.g. meek as a lamb), the non-standard simile somewhat enigmatically supplies a non-salient ground (e.g. meek as milk). The latter thus violates a deep-seated norm of similes and presents interpreters with unexpected difficulty, whereby the concept set up to be an exemplar of a quality is actually less than ideal to fulfil this role. The main question addressed here is how these two simile types are relatively distributed across poetic and non-poetic corpora. We elaborate the criteria for what constitutes the non-standard simile, including separating it out from adjacent phenomena like the ironic simile (e.g. brave as a mouse), and go on to explain our operational criteria for salience. Then, we report culling 329 closed similes from an anthology of poetry and 350 closed similes from two corpora of non-poetic discourse, the Corpus of Historical American English and the British National Corpus. An independent judge rated the salience of each ground-and-source pair of each of the similes, presented in randomized order. Results show that while the standard simile is found in both types of discourse, the non-standard kind is only marginally present in the non-poetic corpora but makes up over 40% of the similes in the poetic corpus. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for theories of poetic language and literariness.
A finite element–based assessment of free vibration behaviour of circular and annular magneto-electro-elastic plates using higher order shear deformation theory
Authors: Vinyas M , Sandeep AS , Nguyen-Thoi T , Ebrahimi F , Duc DN
Published: July 2019

In this article, the free vibration behaviour of circular and annular magneto-electro-elastic plates has been investigated under the framework of higher order shear deformation theory. The three-dimensional finite element formulation has been derived with the aid of Hamilton’s principle by taking into account the coupling between elastic, electric and magnetic properties. The equations of motion are solved using condensation technique. Furthermore, the credibility of proposed finite element formulation has been validated using COMSOL software and also by comparing the results with previously published articles. Special attention has also been paid to assess the influence of parameters such as coupling effect, stacking sequences and inner-to-outer diameter ratio. The numerical results reveal that the coupled natural frequencies of the annular magneto-electro-elastic plates vary significantly with the circular hole dimensions incorporated. The circular and annular plates are considered as one of the prominent structural components in various engineering and industrial application. Therefore, the proposed finite element formulation and the results presented in this article can serve as benchmark solutions for the design and analysis of smart sensors and actuators.
No Peace, No Rest: Paying More Attention to Actors at the Wealth–Power Nexus
Authors: Lingelbach David C.
Published: July 2019

Actors at the wealth–power nexus—oligarchs, cronies, plutocrats, and the like—have become increasingly consequential in the global economic, political, and organizational landscapes. Yet, we know little about them, especially the processes by which they gain wealth or power, and then transform one into the other. I suggest that one reason for our limited understanding is that we are prisoners of Aristotle’s conceptualization of them as groups. To break out of that prison, a turn to the individual level seems warranted. This turn opens up new theoretical perspectives that focus on individuals and their processes, including effectuation, process research, biology and neuroscience, and arts and literature. These perspectives put individual-level processes front and center in the uncertain contexts in which these actors create and transform wealth and power.
Quantifying Behavioral Sensation Seeking With the Aroma Choice Task
Authors: Oberlin Brandon G. , Ramer Nolan E. , Bates Sage M. , Shen Yitong I. , Myslinski Jeremy S. , Kareken David A. , Cyders Melissa A.
Published: July 2019

Our goal was to develop a behavioral measure of sensation seeking (SS). The Aroma Choice Task (ACT) assesses preference for an intense, novel, varied, and risky (exciting) option versus a mild, safe (boring) option using real-time odorant delivery. A total of 147 healthy young adults completed 40 binary choice trials. We examined (1) intensity and pleasantness of odorants, (2) stability of responding, (3) association with SS self-report, and (4) association with self-reported illicit drug use. Participants’ preference for the “exciting” option versus the safe option was significantly associated with self-reported SS ( p < .001) and illicit drug use ( p = .041). Odorant ratings comported with their intended intensity. The ACT showed good internal, convergent, and criterion validity. We propose that the ACT might permit more objective SS assessment for investigating the biological bases of psychiatric conditions marked by high SS, particularly addiction. The ACT measures SS behaviorally, mitigating some self-report challenges and enabling real-time assessment, for example, for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
On the nonlinear performance of a tuned sloshing damper under small amplitude excitation
Authors: Roy Anuja , Zhang Zili , Ghosh Aparna (Dey) , Basu Biswajit
Published: July 2019

This paper explores the potential of a tuned sloshing damper (TSD) in the control of small amplitude vibrations, which is often important from serviceability considerations, through the use of a relatively small mass ratio of the damper liquid. To investigate the nonlinear behavior of the TSD, real-time hybrid testing is conducted in which a single rectangular tank containing water constitutes the prototype TSD. The structure is modeled as a multi-degree-of-freedom system. Two different base input motions, namely harmonic and synthetically generated broad-banded input, are considered. The sensitivity of the TSD performance to tuning ratio vis-à-vis low mass ratio is studied. The experimental results are compared with those obtained from a numerical study carried out using the shallow water wave theory-based nonlinear, semi-empirical model, for the simulation of the sloshing motion of the TSD liquid (water). Results indicate that in the tuned condition, even with a low mass ratio, the TSD is highly effective in the suppression of the small amplitude vibrations, which is underestimated by the simulation model.
Front-line use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: Practice considerations
Authors: Reff Michael J , Shillingburg Alexandra , Shah Bhavesh , Elder Christopher , Prescott Hillary , Kennerly-Shah Julie
Published: July 2019

The development of BCR-ABL-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors has transformed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP CML) from a disease with a terminal prognosis to a treatable chronic illness. Long-term treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors means that patients have to be clinically managed and monitored over extended periods of time, thus a patient-centered, medically integrated, and multidisciplinary oncology healthcare team is required to support patients through their journey. Pharmacists work with patients, physicians, and the wider support team to select the optimum therapy plan for a given patient. These decisions are based on risk factors, comorbidities, concomitant medications, and personal circumstances and pharmacists advise on the efficacy and safety of different treatment options. Additionally, pharmacists are a key point-of-contact and resource for monitoring patient response to treatment, identifying and managing adverse events and drug–drug interactions, any subsequent therapy plan modifications, and, potentially, treatment-free remission. Pharmacists also assist with patient education, medication adherence, and financial discussions with patients throughout the long course of the disease. This review provides an overview of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors, discusses the role of the medically integrated pharmacy team, and suggests strategies that pharmacists can use in patient management and clinical decision-making to optimize the treatment of CP CML.
Thermoelastic analysis of a cracked orthotropic strip under heat conduction effect of crack interior
Authors: Zhong Xian-Ci , Wu Yuan-Bo , Liao Shan-Li
Published: July 2019

The problem of a Griffith crack embedded in an orthotropic strip is investigated under a combination of thermal and mechanical loadings. The extended thermal-medium crack model is used to address the effects of thermal conductivity of crack interior on the fracture parameters of concerns. Using the Fourier transform technique, the boundary-value problem is reduced to solving singular integral equations with Cauchy kernel. The closed-form solutions of temperature fields are determined. In solving the elastic fields, the Lobatto–Chebyshev integration formula is applied to discretize the obtained singular integral equations as a system of algebraic equations, which is solved by elaborating an algorithm. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the effects of the thermal conductivity inside crack and the thickness of orthotropic strip on the partial insulation coefficient, the thermal stress intensity factor, and the strain energy density factor. The crack initiation behavior is analyzed according to the normalized strain energy density factor. The observations reveal that the crack-tip thermoelastic fields in an orthotropic strip are dependent on the combined effects of the thermoelastic loadings, the physical and geometrical properties of the material and crack. Some comparisons with the existing works are offered to show the novelty and applicability of the obtained results.
Urban Design as a Form of Agonistic Democratic Expression
Authors: Vergara-Perucich José Francisco
Published: July 2019

This article reflects on the potential of urban design to contribute to spatializing the theory of agonistic democracy grounding this reflection by three specific urban practices that have emerged from cracks in the democratic system under neoliberalism: a protest, a community-developed square, and an artistic intervention in the public space. The analysis of these practices valorizes the role of urban design as a potential methodology for contesting the consensus of democracy from the very praxis of shaping urban spaces illustrating how urban design practices can contribute to democratizing society. “How do urban design practices contribute to the discussion of democracy under neoliberalism?” The spatial practices analyzed were observed in three different neoliberal cities: marches in Santiago de Chile, an informal public space in Madrid’s downtown, and an artistic intervention near Euston in London. Finally, the article constructs an agenda for a democratic contestation using urban design resulted from these explorations of spaces of dissensus.