bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composting Management: a New Process Control Through O2 Feedback
Authors: de Bertoldi Marco , Rutili Anna , Citterio Barbara , Civilini Marcello
Published: March 2008

A new strategy for composting has been developed, based on O2 feedback control. Experiments were carried out on composting the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in a closed bioreactor, aerated by pressure ventilation. Ventilation was controlled in order to maintain the O2 level in the internal atmosphere of the composting mass between 15 and 20%. The new strategy seems to give satisfactory results in terms of process control, quality of end-product, low energy consumption, and hygienization of compost. These results were supported by analyses of: (1) the variation of the main microbial groups during composting; (2) the balance of material; (3) the gas present in the internal atmosphere (O2, NH3, CO2, H 2S); (4) phytotoxicity; and (5) pathogenic and indicator micro-organisms. The importance of carrying out these analyses to guarantee the quality of the end-product and to control the process is discussed. Finally, the new system for controlling composting is compared with the existing strategies (Beltsville and Rutgers systems).
Development of a National Toxic Waste Disposal Facility in the State of Bahrain
Authors: Wilson David C. , Vreeland Walter J.
Published: March 2008

Bahrain is an example of a small, newly industrialized country with a limited range of both heavy and light industry. A survey of toxic and hazardous wastes identified only four significant streams of bulk solid wastes and three of oily wastes. In these circumstances, the establishment of a conventional centralized treatment facility complete with high-temperature incinerator and chemical treatment facilities could not be justified. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at developing a national toxic waste disposal facility appropriate to the specific needs and circumstances of Bahrain. As such, it will be of interest to other newly industrialized countries. A national disposal facility has been developed at a remote desert site. A hydrogeological site investigation showed that the site is, effectively, impermeable. Nevertheless, design of the land disposal facility focussed on the desirability of preventing rainfall infiltration during occasional flash floods. Oily wastes are being utilised to "seal" both the base of the site and the completed surface.
Effectiveness of the Ppvt-r in tHe Screening of Young Gifted Children
Authors: Hayes Frusanna B. , Martin Roy P.
Published: March 2008

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Form L-M, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), Form M, were administered to 100 preschool, kindergarten, and first grade children (ages 3 years, 10 months to 6 years, 11 months). The sample contained a high proportion of children who were perceived by parents as being above average or intellectually gifted. The mean PPVT-R standard score for this referral sample was 111.43 (SD = 13.86) and the mean Stanford-Binet IQ score was 123.72 ( SD = 16.79). Analysis of the results indicated a correlation between the instruments of .58, and the mean scores were significantly different on the two measures ( p < .0001). Examination of the data revealed that differences were greater for children at the upper IQ ranges (120 +) than at the lower ranges. Based on the results of this study, it appears that the efficacy of the PPVT-R as a screening instrument for the identification of young gifted children is questionable if conventional intelligence measures such as the Stanford-Binet are to be used as a diagnostic criterion.
An Examination of Woodcock-Johnson Suppressor Effects With Learning-Disabled and Gifted Subjects
Authors: Mather Nancy , Burch Melissa
Published: March 2008

The Oral Language/Verbal Ability clusters and the Broad Reasoning/Reasoning clusters of the Woodcockjohnson Tests of Cognitive Ability were compared for two groups of elementary-aged children: (a) learning disabled, and (b) gifted and talented. Data indicated that the Oral Language and Broad Reasoning clusters were significantly lower than the Verbal Ability and Reasoning clusters for the learning disabled subjects and that the Broad Reasoning cluster was significantly higher than the Reasoning cluster for the gifted and talented subjects. Further subtest analyses indicated an overcompensating suppressor effect within the Reasoning cluster for both groups. The Oral Language and Broad Reasoning clusters provided a more accurate appraisal of student abilities.
Modality Preference: Prediction Via the Visual Aural Digit Span Test?
Authors: Moore David K.
Published: March 2008

This study examined the question of whether instruction matched to a student's preferred modality would result in more efficient learning than instruction matched to a student's nonpreferred modality. Modality preference was identified on the basis of a student's Aural and Visual Input scores of the Visual Aural Digit Span (VADS) test. Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) trigrams were utilized as the content to be learned. These trigrams were presented to students in two modality-pure formats: aural and visual. The students in the study were classified as learning disabled and were enrolled in resource rooms or self-contained special education classes. Sixty nine students participated in the study (age range = 75 to 155 months). The results revealed that there was no significant difference in students' learning of CVC trigrams when instructed according to their preferred modality as opposed to their nonpreferred modality.
A Review of the Differential Predictive Validity of the Woodcock-Johnson Scholastic Aptitude Clusters
Authors: McGrew Kevin S.
Published: March 2008

Historically the assessment of intelligence has been dominated by general ability or g type instruments. At variance with this tradition is the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability (WJTCA) which employs four Scholastic Aptitude clusters to provide differential prediction of expected achievement. A review of published and unpublished research studies which have addressed the differential predictive validity of the Scholastic Aptitude clusters is reported. Generally positive findings are noted which reinforce the use of the WJTCA Scholastic Aptitude clusters, as well as suggesting the possibility that the field of psychoeducational assessment may need to reconsider the concept of differential prediction of school success.
Self-Esteem, Gender-Role Perception, Gender-Role Orientation and Attributional Style as a Function of Academic Competence: Smart Girls are Different, But a Boy is a Boy is a Boy
Authors: Robison-Awana Pamela , Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. , Jenson William R. , Clark Elaine , Lawless Kimberly A.
Published: March 2008

This investigation examined adolescent self-esteem, gender-role perception, gender-role orientation, and attributional style as a function of academic achievement by having 3 groups of 10th-, 11th-, and 12th-grade males and females (n = 540) respond to (a) a self-esteem inventory under 2 sets of instructions, a standard set and a set in which participants responded as they thought a member of the same age and grade but of the opposite gender would respond; and (b) to an attributional style and a gender-role inventory under the standard set of instructions. The results of the self-esteem inventory under standard instructions revealed a significant difference in favor of males. Under opposite-gender instructions, academically below average and average females ascribed significantly higher levels of self-esteem to males. Males at all academic levels ascribed significantly lower levels of self-esteem to females. However, females in the above average academic group constituted an exception in that they attributed significantly lower self-esteem to males. Reported levels of self-esteem, positive attributional style, and androgynous gender-role orientation all significantly increased commensurate with higher academic achievement for both genders.
Temperament-based Learning Styles and School-based Applications
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Joyce Diana
Published: March 2008

Four temperament qualities and their origins are described together with the influence of temperament styles on teaching and learning styles. Teachers are encouraged to provide opportunities for students to utilize their strengths, to overcome weaknesses, to encourage positive behaviors, to promote an understanding of themselves and others, and to identify vocational interests. A method to assess temperament-based learning styles in students is described.
A Promblem Solving Training Program for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Blakemore Barb , Shindler Simone , Conte Richard
Published: March 2008

A behavior management approach is presented that is designed to enhance the active involvement of children with ADHD in managing their own behavior. In this program emphasis is placed on parents presenting behavior management situations as those where their child must make a choice between compliance and noncompliance. Each of these alternatives is linked to a consequence that is meaningfully connected to the antecedent behavior. Parents are also given instruction in acknowledging feelings, the use of process questions, anger management, and communication skills. The intervention is being delivered in both an individual program of therapy in which pairs of parents meet with the therapists and a group program in which 8-10 parent pairs meet with a pair of therapists. Preliminary findings indicate that the program is effective in reducing parental stress, improving the parents' perception of the child, and improving parental problem solving skills in behavior management situations. The effects appear to be stronger for individual as compared to group therapy.
The Future of Psychology in the Schools
Authors: Janzen Henry L. , Paterson John G. , Paterson David W.
Published: March 2008

The authors outline social factors that will coutribute to the evolving role of school psychology in Canada. Future directions are then proposed. This article follows cansultation at the 1992 BCASP/CASP conference in Vancouver and is an attempt to generate further investigation and discussion on this topic.
WIAT Performance of Children with ADHD
Authors: Saklofske D.H. , Schwean V.L. , O'Donnell L.
Published: March 2008

The WIAT and WISC-III were adminisfered to a sample of 21 children diagnosed with ADHD. All children were receiving Ritalin at the time of testing. Results indicated that WIAT test scores were quite variable. Correlation patterns betweerc WIAT subtests and with the WISC-1II are reported.
Incidence of Concussion in High School Football Players of Ohio and Pennsylvania
Authors: Langburt Wayne , Cohen Bruce , Akhthar Nadia , O'Neill Kelly , Lee Jar-Chi
Published: March 2008

Football injuries account for more concussions than any other sport in North America. A 1977 survey of high school football players in Minnesota found that 19% of players reported at least one concussion (characterized by loss of awareness) during a season. These results have not been confirmed in subsequent studies. This study sought to estimate the incidence of concussion among high school football players in our region, establish the frequency of the most common symptoms, and determine the duration of subsequent restriction from participation in the sport. The athletic boards of area high schools distributed a three-page survey to 450 high school football players. Of the 450 surveys distributed, 234 (52%) were returned, only 1 of which was excluded because of contradictory information. The incidence of concussion in football players was 47.2% (110/233, P < .001 versus a previously determined rate of 19%). Eighty-one of 233 players (34.9%) had multiple concussions. A total of 376 concussions were reported. The distribution of severity of the 376 reported concussive events was grade I, 87.8%; grade II, 9.9%; and grade III, 2.4%. Only 12 athletes were required to stop play for one or more games. The incidence of high school football players sustaining a concussion is much higher than previously established. The majority of these are mild (grade I) concussions. Further research is needed since multiple low-grade concussions may incur cumulative neuropsychologic impairments. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:83-85).
Language Dominance in Children as Determined by Magnetic Source Imaging and the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure: A Comparison
Authors: Breier Joshua I. , Simos Panagiotis G. , Wheless James W. , Constantinou Jules E.C. , Baumgartner James E. , Venkataraman Vijayalakshmi , Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: March 2008

This study evaluated the validity of data derived from magnetic source imaging regarding hemispheric dominance for language in children and adolescents with intractable seizure disorder by comparison with results of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Functional imaging of the receptive language cortex using a whole-head neuromagnetometer was performed in 19 consecutive epilepsy patients, ages 8 to 18 years, who also underwent the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. During magnetic source imaging recordings, patients engaged in a continuous recognition memory task for words in visual and auditory modalities. This task has previously been shown to be valid for the purpose of lateralization and localization of language cortex in adult epilepsy patients who undergo the intracarotid amobarbital procedure and intraoperative language mapping allowing confirmation of magnetic source imaging findings. Results indicated that language laterality indices formed for the intracarotid amobarbital procedure and magnetic source imaging procedures were highly correlated (R = .87). In addition, clinical judgments regarding cerebral dominance for language made by independent raters using the two methods were in excellent agreement. We conclude that magnetic source imaging is a promising method for determination of cerebral dominance for language in children and adults. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:124-130).
Seckel's Syndrome and Malformations of Cortical Development: Report of Three New Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Capovilla Giuseppe , Lorenzetti Maria Elena , Montagnini Alessandra , Borgatti Renato , Piccinelli Paolo , Giordano Lucio , Accorsi Patrizia , Caudana Roberto
Published: March 2008

Seckel's syndrome is a rare form of primordial dwarfism, characterized by peculiar facial appearance. In the past, this condition was overdiagnosed, and most attention was given to the facial and skeletal features to define more precise diagnostic criteria. The presence of mental retardation and neurologic signs is one of the peculiar features of this syndrome, but only recently were rare cases of malformation of cortical development described, as documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we present three new cases of Seckel's syndrome showing different malformations of cortical development (one gyral hypoplasia, one macrogyria and partial corpus callosum agenesis, and one bilateral opercular macrogyria). We hypothesize that the different types of clinical expression of our patients could be explained by different malformation of cortical development types. We think that MRI studies could be performed in malformative syndromes because of the possible correlations between type and extent of the lesion and the clinical picture of any individual case. (J Child Neurol 2001; 16:382-386).
Benign Intracranial Hypertension Associated With Budesonide Treatment in Children With Crohn's Disease
Authors: Levine Arie , Watemberg Nathan , Hager Hanoch , Bujanover Yoram , Ballin Ami , Lerman-Sagie Tally
Published: March 2008

Oral budesonide in adult studies is a potent corticosteroid with decreased systemic bioavailability and an improved adverse effect profile in comparison with prednisone. It has recently been introduced for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe, Canada, and Israel. Benign intracranial hypertension has rarely been associated with corticosteroid therapy but has not been reported in association with budesonide therapy. Three adolescents with Crohn's disease and poor nutritional status developed benign intracranial hypertension while receiving oral budesonide. All three patients had previously received multiple courses of prednisone during the course of their disease, without developing intracranial hypertension. Benign intracranial hypertension resolved after medication withdrawal and did not recur with subsequent use of prednisone. Evaluation for benign intracranial hypertension should be considered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who develop headache while receiving oral budesonide. This side effect may be associated with poor nutritional status. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:458-461).
Antineuronal Nuclei Immunohistochemical Staining Patterns in Childhood Ependymomas
Authors: Parker John R. , Armstrong Dawna L. , Strother Douglas , Rudman Dorene M. , Dauser Robert C. , Laurent John P. , Deyd Jeffery , Rouah Emilie
Published: March 2008

NeuN, the mouse-derived monoclonal antibody to the reportedly neuron-specific nuclear protein, has been observed to react with many different types of normal, postmitotic neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. We retrospectively examined 23 surgical specimens (collected from 20 patients) originally diagnosed at our institution between 1983 and 1999 as ependymoma (9), myxopapillary ependymoma (1), anaplastic/malignant ependymoma (10), and primitive neuroectodermal tumor with ependymal differentiation (3). The ependymomas included lesions from the spine (3), cerebrum (5), and posterior fossa (15). Representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from each tumor were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with antibody against NeuN (Chemicon International, Inc, Temecula, CA). Five astrocytomas, four primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and normal cerebral cortex and ependyma from autopsy brains of premature newborns, term infants, and older children served as controls. Thirteen ependymal tumors had positive nuclear staining ranging from rare tumor cells to numerous groups of cells; of these, 9 were anaplastic ependymomas and had the most staining. These studies suggest that some ependymomas arise from a pluripotential neuroglial cell. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:548-552).
Cytochrome c Oxidase Partial Deficiency-Associated Leigh Disease Presenting as an Extrapyramidal Syndrome
Authors: Čačić Melita , Wilichowski Ekkehard , Mejaški-Bošnjak Vlatka , Fumić Ksenija , Lujić Lucija , Marusić Branka , Marina Della , Hanefeld Folker
Published: March 2008

Leigh disease is a subacute neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symmetric necrotic lesions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, and optical nerves and caused by altered oxidative phosphorylation. We describe the clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging, and molecular studies of a 19-year-old boy with early-onset Leigh disease manifesting as severe extrapyramidal disorder with generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis. He was born of healthy parents after an uneventful pregnancy and delivery. At the age of 2½ years, after a minor respiratory infection, he developed unstable, broad-based gait and tremor of the hands. These symptoms persisted for the next several years, when ataxia became more prominent. Difficulty in swallowing, dysarthria, trunk dystonia, and marked dyskinesia of the arms and hands gradually developed. Nystagmus, transient ptosis, and strabismus also appeared. Abnormal laboratory findings included elevated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lactate and pyruvate, with an abnormal lactate/pyruvate ratio. Cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signs of cerebellar atrophy, bilateral and symmetric hypodensities in the lentiform nucleus and thalamus, and transient hyperintensities of cerebral peduncles in T2-weighted sequences suggestive of Leigh disease. Muscle biopsy revealed isolated fiber atrophy, necrotic fibers undergoing phagocytosis, and no ragged-red fibers. The measured catalytic activity of cytochrome c oxidase in skeletal muscle homogenates demonstrated a partial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. No abnormalities in the mitochondrial genome and in the SURF-1 gene were found. The boy is currently receiving levodopa therapy, creatine monohydrate, and a high dosage of thiamine and lipoic acid, his condition is stabilized, and extrapyramidal symptoms are less pronounced. (J Child Neurol 2001; 16:616-619).
Is Hyperprolinemia Type I Actually a Benign Trait? Report of a Case With Severe Neurologic Involvement and Vigabatrin Intolerance
Authors: Humbertclaude Véronique , Rivier François , Roubertie Agathe , Echenne Bernard , Bellet Helène , Vallat Catherine , Morin Denis
Published: March 2008

Hyperprolinemia type I is a deficiency of proline oxidase (McKusick 23950), leading to hyperprolinemia and iminoglycinuria, usually with renal involvement. Hyperprolinemia type I is considered a benign trait. We reported a case of hyperprolinemia type I with a severe neurologic disorder and without renal involvement. The patient had marked psychomotor delay and right hemiparesis. Epilepsy was characterized by status epilepticus or a cluster of seizures. Laboratory findings revealed elevated levels of proline in the serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid without Δ 1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in the plasma or urine. Fluorescence in situ hybridization excluded a chromosome 22q11 deletion. Vigabatrin inhibits ornithine transaminase. Thus, vigabatrin could lead to a depletion of the normal pool of pyrroline 5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and could aggravate the clinical condition of the child. In this study, vigabatrin was discontinued. In the following months, the patient had marked psychomotor improvement, without modification of the epilepsy. We suggest that vigabatrin should be avoided in hyperprolinemia type I. (J Child Neurol 2001; 16:622-623)
Prenatal and Perinatal Determinants of Neonatal Seizures Occurring in the First Week of Life
Authors: Arpino Carla , Domizio Sergio , Carrieri Maria Patrizia , Brescianini Sonia , Sabatino Giuseppe , Curatolo Paolo
Published: March 2008

To evaluate prenatal and perinatal risk factors for early neonatal seizures, we conducted a case-control study including 100 newborns with neonatal seizures in the first week of life and 204 controls randomly selected from a list of healthy newborns born in the same hospital during the study period. Generalized tonic seizures were the most common seizures observed (29%), although the majority of newborns (71%) experienced more than one type of seizure. The most frequent presumed etiology of neonatal seizures was hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (30%). A history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives was found only for cases. Neonatal seizures were found to be associated with maternal disease in the 2 years before pregnancy, mother's weight gain > 14 kg during pregnancy, placental pathology, preeclampsia, low birthweight, low gestational age, and jaundice in the first 3 days of life. The need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation was found only for cases (37%). The causal pathways for neonatal seizures often begin before birth, and some of the factors identified may be preventable. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:651-656).
Clinical Correlates of White-Matter Abnormalities on Head Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lasbury Nora , Garg Bhuwan , Edwards-Brown Mary , Cowan Linda D. , Dimassi Hani , Bodensteiner John B.
Published: March 2008

We undertook this study to investigate the relationship between white-matter abnormalities (seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and muscle tone and muscle stretch reflexes on clinical examination. We identified all patients less than 5 years of age who had undergone cranial MRI studies at Riley Hospital for Children between June 30, 1999, and July 1, 2000, whose scans were read as showing white-matter abnormalities. We measured two ratios and the thickness of the corpus callosum as indicators of the quantity of cerebral white matter. The ratios were R1, the ratio of the thickness of the white matter at the level just above the body of the lateral ventricle compared with the width of the hemisphere, and R2, the ratio of the thickness of the white matter to the width of the hemisphere at the level of the trigone of the lateral ventricle. The thickness of the corpus callosum was measured at the junction of the anterior two thirds and the posterior third. We also evaluated the signal intensity of the cerebral white matter by reviewing the fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images and grading the signal as normal to severely abnormal depending on the degree and extent of high signal intensity seen (0 = normal to 4+). Thirty-eight children less than 5 years of age who underwent MRI scans between June and August 2000 and who were found to have normal tone prospectively and normal MRI scan on review served as a control group. We identified 215 patients who had white-matter abnormalities; of these, only 142 (66%) had documented tone assessments in their medical record. Our study group was divided into three groups: increased ( n = 35), decreased ( n = 53), and normal tone ( n = 54). All three measurements of white matter in each of the three study groups were significantly below values for control children. The children with white-matter abnormalities and decreased tone had significantly less signal intensity abnormality than the other study groups. Children with white-matter abnormalities and increased tone had a greater frequency of increased reflexes and tended to have more signal abnormalities than the other groups. The group of children with white-matter abnormalities and normal tone had the least amount of cerebral white-matter deficiency of the three study groups. In patients with strikingly decreased quantities of cerebral white matter, those with normal signal-intensity white matter are likely to be hypotonic with normal reflexes and those with increased signal intensity in the white matter are likely to be spastic. ( J Child Neurol 2001;16:668-672).
Cavernous Hemangioma in a Child Presenting With Hemichorea: Response to Pimozide
Authors: Yakinci Cengiz , Durmaz Yasar , Korkut Meltem , Aladag Arif , Önal Cagatay , Aydinli Mehmet
Published: March 2008

The case of a 9-year-old boy with hemichorea due to cavernous hemangioma in the left caudate nucleus is presented. To our knowledge, only two children have been reported with hemichorea associated with cavernous hemangioma. Hemichorea in our patient responded to pimozide, a neuroleptic that blocks central nervous system dopaminergic receptors. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:685-688).
Sleep and Its Disturbance in a Variant Form of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CLNS)
Authors: Kirveskari Erika , Partinen Markku , Santavuori Pirkko
Published: March 2008

To examine the nature of sleep disturbance in patients with a variant form of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLNS), we studied 12 patients (age range 7-32 years). We used a sleep questionnaire to assess sleep and its disturbances quantitatively. To identify the periodicity in the diurnal rest-activity rhythms, the motor activity level was recorded by activity monitors continuously for a 1-week period with concomitant sleep logs. In addition, whole-night polysomnographic recordings were performed. The patients under 20 years of age had an excess of nocturnal sleep (the mean of the usual duration of nighttime sleep was 10.0 hours) and frequent daytime naps. Frequent shifts of the longest sleep period into the daytime hours and fragmented diurnal rest-activity patterns with no distinct rhythm occurred in the older patients. The progressive disease may damage the internal circadian timing system and also impair the ability of patients with variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis to use external time cues for synchronization of their sleep and environmental time. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:707-713).
Comparative Study of the Behavioral and Neuropsychologic Characteristics of Tic Disorder With or Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Shin Min-Sup , Chung Sun-Ju , Hong Kang-E Michael
Published: March 2008

To study the nature of the comorbidity of tic disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), patients with tic disorder with or without ADHD were compared on the basis of clinical ratings and neuropsychologic tests. Seventy-eight children were involved in this study: 16 with tic disorder, 19 with comorbid tic disorder and ADHD, 21 with ADHD, and 22 normal controls. Rating scales for ADHD, the Child Behavior Checklist and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, were completed in clinical groups. To identify differences in neuropsychologic function among the four groups, the results of seven neuropsychologic tests of global cognitive abilities, attention, information-processing capacity, and fine motor skill were compared. On most behavioral and neuropsychologic tests, the tic disorder with ADHD and the ADHD groups demonstrated similar performance patterns and marked deficits compared with the tic disorder and the control groups, whereas in most of the attention tests, the ADHD group made more commission errors than the tic disorder with ADHD group. These findings suggest that the tic disorder with ADHD group has marked cognitive deficits and behavioral disturbance similar to the ADHD group, whereas the tic disorder group is more similar to the controls. The tic disorder with ADHD group might represent a true comorbidity of the two disorders. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:719-726).
Pediatric Migraine Prophylaxis With Divalproex
Authors: Pakalnis Ann , Greenberg Greg , Drake Miles E. , Paolicchi Juliann
Published: March 2008

We followed 23 patients with pediatric migraine, ranging in age from 7 to 17 years, who were treated with preventive divalproex sodium for migraine prophylaxis. Patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of comorbid psychiatric disorders or epilepsy to assess the possible differential effects of divalproex therapy. Doses ranged from 3.1 to 32.9 mg/kg/day. Seven patients had comorbid psychiatric disorders, whereas six patients had epilepsy (three rolandic, two generalized, and one indeterminate). Fifteen patients had a greater than 50% reduction in migraine; six patients became headache free. Divalproex doses used were not statistically different among the three groups. A favorable response and headache freedom were more likely in patients with migraine alone or with comorbid epilepsy, and less likely in patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Divalproex was well tolerated, and no significant side effects were reported. No notable changes were noted in behavioral problems, and patients with epilepsy were well controlled. In our cohort of patients, divalproex was most effective in patients with migraine alone or comorbid epilepsy. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:731-734).
Long-Term Survival in a Child With Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Falsaperla Raffaele , Romeo Giusi , Di Giorgio Angelo , Pavone Piero , Parano Enrico , Connolly Anne M.
Published: March 2008

Spinal muscular atrophy type 0 is a severe form of spinal muscular atrophy that is usually fatal in the first months of life. These children present with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and respiratory compromise. We describe a child with spinal muscular atrophy and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita who has had a much better course and is alive without ventilator support at age 6 years. This case illustrates that the prognosis for spinal muscular atrophy and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita cannot always be predicted with certainty. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:934-936).
Presence of the 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Mutation in Puerto Rican Patients With Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Garcia-Fragoso Lourdes , García-García Inés , de la Vega Alberto , Renta Jessicca , Cadilla Carmen L.
Published: March 2008

Folic acid supplementation can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. The first reported genetic risk factor for neural tube defects is a C677T mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, resulting in decreased activity of the enzyme. We examined the enzyme mutation role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the etiology of neural tube defects in our population. The study group consisted of 204 Puerto Rican individuals including 37 pregnant females with a prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects in their fetuses, 31 newborns, 36 fathers, and 100 healthy adults. The prevalence of the C677T mutation was examined. Homozygosity for the alanine to valine substitution (TT) was observed in 9% of the controls and 19% of the mothers with children with neural tube defects. Our results indicate that the presence of the T allele at the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 position may increase the risk of giving birth to an infant with a neural tube defect. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:30-32).
Hypomagnesemic Seizures: Case Report and Presumed Pathophysiology
Authors: Weisleder Pedro , Tobin Joshua A. , Kerrigan John F. , Bodensteiner John B.
Published: March 2008

Hypomagnesemia has previously been recognized as an uncommon cause of seizures. The electrolyte abnormality is caused by poor gastrointestinal absorption or excessive renal wasting, both from a variety of causes. We report on a 5-week-old patient who developed hypomagnesemic seizures as a consequence of renal magnesium wasting. Although the exact pathophysiology of hypomagnesemic seizures remains uncertain, currently available information suggests that it is related to disinhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor-sodium channel complex. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:59-61).
Multiple Ring-Enhancing Lesions in a Child With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Wang Ching H. , Walsh Kristen
Published: March 2008

The presence of ring-enhancing lesions in brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) often raises the concern of an infectious etiology, although this radiographic finding is also seen in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple ring-enhancing lesions have been reported in adult patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis but have not yet been reported in childhood multiple sclerosis. We report here a 14-year-old girl with recurrent neurologic symptoms. Her initial brain MRI showed multiple ring-enhancing lesions involving numerous white-matter fiber tracts. An extensive investigation for infectious etiologies was unrevealing. Studies of cerebrospinal fluid showed an elevated myelin basic protein and the presence of an oligoclonal band not seen in the serum. The results of electrophysiologic studies suggested a demyelinating process. The patient responded rapidly to high-dose corticosteroid treatment. However, she suffered a clinical relapse 3 months later, presenting with dysesthesia and weakness of the right arm. Repeat MRI showed multiple new active lesions. This case report illustrates that multiple ring-enhancing lesions in the brain MRI can be seen in children with multiple sclerosis and that multiple sclerosis should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis when encountering a pediatric patient with similar radiographic findings. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:69-72).
Hemiplegic Migraine With Prolonged Symptoms: Case Report
Authors: Serdaroğlu Gül , Tütüncüoğlu Sarenur , Çalli Cem , Sanoğlu Berrak , Korkmaz Harun
Published: March 2008

Hemiplegic migraine is defined by the occurrence of migraine during attacks of unilateral weakness. Neurologic symptoms last for 15 to 60 minutes in most cases. Attacks usually start in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. Diagnosis may be delayed if there is no relevant family history. A 16-year-old girl who was diagnosed with hemiplegic migraine presenting with prolonged left hemiparesis is reported. The importance of this case is that the pediatrician will also consider migraine in the differential diagnosis of a child presenting with hemiparesis even if there is no previous headache and family history. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:80-81).
Radiation Myelitis in a 5-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Lobo Antunes Nuno , Wolden Susan , Souweidane Mark M. , Lis Eric , Rosenblum Marc , Steinherz Peter G.
Published: March 2008

Myelopathy is an uncommon complication of radiotherapy, particularly in the pediatric age group. A 5-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed a severe but transient radiculopathy after intrathecal administration of methotrexate and cytarabine for an isolated central nervous system relapse. Chemotherapy was then given through an intraventricular catheter. Owing to a second central nervous system recurrence, she was treated with craniospinal radiation. The whole brain down to the level of C2 received a dose of 2400 cGy. Two months after completion of radiation, the child developed a progressive tetraparesis, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing lesion involving the medulla and upper cervical cord. A biopsy was consistent with a treatment-related necrotizing leukoencephalopathy. This case suggests that patients who develop neurologic dysfunction when treated with methotrexate can also be particularly susceptible to radiation-related injury. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:217-219).
Neonatal Hypocalcemic Seizures: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Kossoff Eric H. , Silvia Mary T. , Maret Alexander , Carakushansky Mauri , Vining Eileen P.G.
Published: March 2008

Seizures during the neonatal period have a broad differential diagnosis, many with a specific treatment and prognosis. In the case reported, a combination of dietary and endocrinologic abnormalities resulted in hypocalcemic seizures, which continued despite aggressive correction of serum ionized calcium levels. Serial electroencephalograms (EEG) performed during the hospitalization were markedly abnormal, and treatment with anticonvulsant drugs was considered given the persistence of seizures despite normalization of serum calcium levels. After 4 days of intravenous calcium administration, the seizure activity resolved, and the patient returned to his normal baseline level of functioning. This case highlights the clinical course of neonatal hypocalcemic seizures, EEG fmdings in several cases, and possible mechanisms for both hypocalcemic precipitation of seizures and anticonvulsant ineffectiveness. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:236-239).
Neuromotor Function and School Performance in 7-Year-Old Children Born as High-Risk Preterm Infants
Authors: Samsom Janny F. , de Groot Laila , Cranendonk Anneke , Bezemer Dick , Lafeber Harry N. , Fetter Willem P.F.
Published: March 2008

Neuromotor behavior was studied in 63 children at a mean age of 7 years. They were born at a gestational age less than 32 weeks and/or birthweight under 1500 g and were categorized according to their medical history in conformance with the Neonatal Medical Index (from category I to V, from few to serious complications). We included only children considered at high risk as categorized in III to V. The neuromotor behavior study focuses on different subcategories, such as hand function, quality of walking, posture, passive muscle tone, coordination, and diadochokinesia. Hand preference and/or lateralization, the presence of associated movements, and/or asymmetry were noted, as was school performance. Then gender, gestational age, birthweight, and dysmaturity were investigated as confounding factors. The outcome at 7 years was correlated with the Neonatal Medical Index and the neonatal brain ultrasonography classification. None of the children scored 100% on the combined subcategories. Nineteen children (30%) had an overall score between 75 and 99%. Significant relationships between all different subcategories were found. Lack of hand preference, poor lateralization, and male gender were related to poor overall outcome. Poor motor control was correlated to special schooling and education below age level. The Neonatal Medical Index proved to have a significant influence on total outcome and the subcategories at the age of 7 years, with the worst outcome in children formerly classified in category V. Neuromotor behavior at 7 years of age was not related to birthweight, gestational age, dysmaturity, and neonatal brain ultrasonography classification only. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:325-332).
Changes of Autonomic Nervous System Function in Patients With Breath-Holding Spells Treated With Iron
Authors: Orii Kenji E. , Kato Zenichiro , Osamu Fukutomi , Funato Michinori , Kubodera Kuniko , Inoue Ryosuke , Shimozawa Nobuyuki , Kondo Naomi
Published: March 2008

To evaluate the autonomic nervous system of patients with breath-holding spells after iron treatment, we attempted to determine whether a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system reflexes exists in children with severe cyanotic breathholding spells. An electrocardiogram for each subject was recorded for 24 hours in the subject's home and parasympathetic activity was investigated by the fast Fourier transform method. Hematologic data and clinical symptoms of all three patients treated with iron improved and attacks of severe breath-holding spells disappeared. After iron treatment was started, the heart rate variability increased during sleep. It appears that supplementation of iron is effective in improving the dysregulation of autonomic nervous system reflexes. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:337-340).
Short Duration of Benign Partial Epilepsy in Infancy
Authors: Nelson Gregg B. , Olson Donald M. , Hahn Jin S.
Published: March 2008

It has previously been reported that benign partial epilepsy in infancy constitutes up to 29% of the epilepsies presenting in the first 2 years of life. To determine the proportion of benign partial epilepsy in our epilepsy population, we retrospectively reviewed 331 patients with greater than two afebrile seizures in the first 2 years of life between 1993 and 2000. Inclusion criteria were (1) partial seizures with or without secondary generalization, (2) normal development, (3) no other neurologic abnormalities, (4) normal interictal electroencephalograms (EEGs), and (5) good response to treatment. Exclusion criteria included seizures that (1) were caused by acute central nervous system insult, (2) occurred only within the first month of life, and (3) lasted longer than 30 minutes. Of 331 patients, 22 (6.6%) fulfilled the criteria with a minimum of 2 years and a mean of 4 years of follow-up off antiepilepsy drug treatment. Six (27%) had complex partial seizures, and 16 (73%) had complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Neuroimaging studies were normal in all patients. Of the 6 patients with ictal EEGs, 3 had a temporal lobe focus, 1 had an occipital lobe focus, and the remaining 2 had dual foci. Median onset was 4.0 months (range 0.8-9.3). Seizures remitted within 4 months in 20 (91%). Mean duration of seizure persistence was 2.1 months (range 0-8.3) and was longer in treated patients. Median age at last seizure was 6.4 months (range 2-18). Nineteen were treated with antiepilepsy drugs. At last follow-up (mean duration of 52.2 months), all patients were seizure free and off antiepilepsy drugs. Benign partial epilepsy in infancy is an epilepsy syndrome of short duration and is easily recognized using accepted classification criteria. Benign partial epilepsy in infancy appears to be an idiopathic localization-related epilepsy with a favorable prognosis. The incidence in our population is not as common as previously reported. Based on our findings, we suggest weaning of antiepilepsy drugs 6 months after seizure onset. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:440-445).
Neuropathologic and Clinical Features in Eight Chinese Patients With Leigh Disease
Authors: Jiang Yu-Wu , Jiong Qin  , Yun Yuan  , Yu Qi  , Wu Xi-Ru
Published: March 2008

We present the neuropathologic and clinical features of eight Chinese patients with Leigh disease. Five cases had onset before 1 year of age, the other three after 1 year of age. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated symmetric and bilateral long T1 and long T2 lesions mainly in the basal ganglia and brain stem. The putamen was most commonly and severely affected. Brain neuropathologic examinations showed multiple symmetric foci of degeneration and necrosis with capillary proliferation and dilation. In contrast to previous reports, these foci were mainly in the brain stem, not the basal ganglia. We examined mitochondrial DNA from three patients and found the T8993G mitochondrial DNA mutation in one of them. This patient inherited the mutation from his mother, who does not display any symptoms now. From this study, we found that the nuclei in the brain stem can be more frequently affected than those in the basal ganglia. (J Child NeuroL 2002;17: 450-452).
Spontaneous Long-Term Remission of Intractable Partial Epilepsy in Childhood
Authors: Pandley Pratima , Shah Jagdish , Juhász Csaba , Pfund Zoltán , Chugani Harry T.
Published: March 2008

Drug-resistant partial epilepsy in children often has a major impact on cognitive development, and early surgical intervention has been advocated to prevent adverse neurobehavioral effects of seizures in such patients. We report a 5-year-old boy who had cryptogenic partial epilepsy of right parietal origin as documented by ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) and glucose metabolism positron emission tomographic (PET) scan. His atonic seizures could not be controlled by multiple antiepilepsy drugs; therefore, cortical resection was scheduled. However, his seizures remitted spontaneously after 1 year of failed medical treatment. The epileptiform abnormality disappeared on the follow-up EEGs, and a glucose PET scan also normalized. This boy has fully retained his cognitive and motor functions and has remained seizure free in the past 4z\x years off medications. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:466-470).
Magnetic Resonance Angiogram Evidence of Vasospasm in Familial Hemiplegic Migraine
Authors: Prodan Calin I. , Holland Neil R. , Lenaerts Marc E. , Parke Julie T.
Published: March 2008

We report a case of familial hemiplegic migraine in an 11-year-old girl who presented with coma and left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed reversible vasospasm and evidence of oligemia, bringing new information regarding neurovascular changes in familial hemiplegic migraine. (J Child Neurol 2002;17: 470-472).
Review Article : Antiangiogenesis in Neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Kurtz Andreas , Martuza Robert L.
Published: March 2008

Antiangiogenesis therapy has become a potentially promising tool to inhibit tumor growth by targeting an essential yet untransformed tissue component. Identifying the factors involved and understanding the mechanisms required for tumor angiogenesis will facilitate efficient and specific targeting. In neurofibromas, tumor growth is facilitated by a genetically and cytologically diverse mixture of cell types, including Schwann cells, fibroblast, mast cells, and neurons where nf-l-Schwann cells are most likely the tumorigenic cell type. The matrix forming nf+/- cells may provide a permissive environment, facilitating tumor development, perhaps by providing landscaping factors such as the angiogenic molecules fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet-derived growth factor, endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and midkine, which have been detected in neurofibromas. Systemic overexpression of specific factors such as midkine owing to loss of one nf allele might further lower the overall threshold for tumorigenesis and development of a tumor vasculature. Targeting these heparin-binding growth factors might inhibit not only angiogenesis but also proliferation of tumor cells because most of these factors also stimulate proliferation of neurofibroma-derived Schwann cells. We discuss the role of specific secreted molecules for angiogenesis in tumors of neurofibromatosis 1 and possible approaches for their targeting. Furthermore, results are discussed that demonstrate the efficacy of antiangiogenesis targeting to inhibit growth of neurofibrosarcomas in experimental animal models. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:578-584).