bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification for transmission electron microscope images from different amorphous states using persistent homology
Authors: Uesugi Fumihiko , Ishii Masashi
Published: February 2022

It is difficult to discriminate the amorphous state using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). We discriminated different amorphous states on TEM images using persistent homology, which is a mathematical analysis technique that employs the homology concept and focuses on ‘holes’. The structural models of the different amorphous states, that is, amorphous and liquid states, were created using classical molecular dynamic simulation. TEM images in several defocus conditions were simulated by the multi-slice method using the created amorphous and liquid states, and their persistent diagrams were calculated. Finally, logistic regression and support vector classification machine learning algorithms were applied for discrimination. Consequently, we found that the amorphous and liquid phases can be discriminated by more than 85%. Because the contrast of TEM images depends on sample thickness, focus, lens aberration, etc., radial distribution function cannot be classified; however, the persistent homology can discriminate different amorphous states in a wide focus range.
Late infection of a breast prosthesis with staphylococcus aureus in a healthy woman: a case report
Authors: Dartaha Rami , Brimo Alsaman Muhamad Zakaria , Jobran Afnan W M
Published: February 2022

Infection following breast augmentation is a rare event with an incidence rate of 1–2.5%. Late onset infections following breast augmentation are very rare. Herein, we present a case of breast implant infection in a 29-year-old female patient who underwent a bilateral augmentation mammoplasty with a silicone gel prosthesis. After 8 uneventful post-operative years, she presented with right-sided signs of breast infection. She initially treated medically but without improvement. Then, she underwent surgical washout and debridement with removal of the bilateral breast implants. Culture demonstrated Staphylococcus aureus. The clinical history and management of this unusual case are described. Because most of the infections occurs in the first few weeks after augmentation mammoplasty, there is a paucity of data about late onset infections. The most common cultured organism in the early infection is S. aureus.
A case of intussusception caused by cecal duplication after COVID-19
Authors: Satoyoshi Rika , Kotanagi Kei , Kichiraku Takuya , Yoshino Kei , Kudoh Kazuhiro , Sawada Toshiya , Miyazawa Hideaki , Kotanagi Hitoshi
Published: February 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was thought to have respiratory symptoms as the main manifestation, but it has become clear that extrapulmonary symptoms such as gastrointestinal disorders also occur. There are several reports of intussusception associated with COVID-19 in children, but these are rare in adults. In this report, we present a case of cystic intestinal duplication that enlarged during the course of COVID-19 treatment and resulted in intussusception. Right hemicolectomy was performed for intussusception due to the cystic lesion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first resected case of intussusception due to alimentary tract duplication after COVID-19 infection.
2018 August 15 stellar occultation by minor planet (134340) Pluto
Authors: Silva-Cabrera José Sergio , Castro-Chacón Joel Humberto , Reyes-Ruiz Mauricio , Lehner Matthew J , Guerrero Carlos Alberto , Huang Chung-Kai , Alvarez-Santana Fernando Iván , Chang Yin-Chang , Ling Hung-Hsu , Porras-Navarro Issac , Hernández-Águila Joannes Bosco , Pérez-Arce Rosa L , Rojas-Quintero Juan Antonio , Avila Remy , Wang Shiang-Yu , Alcock Charles , Chen Wen-Ping , Granados Contreras Agueda Paula , Cook Kem H , Geary John C , Hernández-Valencia Benajmín , Kavelaars J J , Norton Timothy , Sánchez Edilberto , Szentgyorgyi Andrew , Yen Wei-Ling , Zhang Zhi-Wei
Published: February 2022

We present photometric light curves of the stellar occultation event of the star UCAC4 341-187633 on 2018 August 15 by the minor planet (134340) Pluto. Photometric observations were carried out using the 2.1-m telescope at the San Pedro Mártir Observatory and the 1.3-m telescopes at Sites 2 and 3 of the Trans-Neptunian Automated Occultation Survey (TAOS II) project, and using a portable 0.4-m telescope from Bahía Asunción, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Different filters were used with the 2.1-m telescope and the TAOS II telescopes, whilst observations with the portable system were performed with no filter. The resulting light curves from the San Pedro Mártir Observatory show clear structures, with at least two bright spikes observed on ingress and one more observed on egress as the star traverses the atmosphere of the dwarf planet. The light curve from the portable telescope (440 km away) measured a longer duration for the occultation event, because the shadow of Pluto was observed at a lower latitude. Normalized light curves were created for the 2.1-m telescope, the Site 3 telescope of the TAOS II and the portable telescope. These normalized light curves show a difference in amplitude.
New analysis of the fraction of observable nights at astronomical sites based on FengYun-2 satellite data
Authors: Wang Xian-Yu , Wu Zhen-Yu , Liu Jing , Hidayat T
Published: February 2022

The fraction of observable nights is an essential parameter for selecting astronomical sites. In recent years, meteorological satellite data have played an essential role in recognizing and providing statistics of observable nights. We present a method to estimate the fraction of observable nights based on the FengYun-2 series of geostationary meteorological satellites and weather records of multiple astronomical sites. We have calculated the fraction of observable nights at 27 sites in Indonesia and two astronomical sites in China to validate the method. The results derived from our method show good agreement with previous works. Furthermore, we have derived the yearly distribution of the fraction of observable nights above China, which indicates that the area near 40°N has more observable nights than other areas in China.
Late-time X-ray observations of the transient source Cygnus A-2
Authors: Snios Bradford , De Vries Martijn , Nulsen Paul E J , Kraft Ralph P , Siemiginowska Aneta , Wise Michael W
Published: February 2022

We examine Chandra observations of the powerful Fanaroff–Riley class II (FR II) radio galaxy Cygnus A for an X-ray counterpart to the radio transient Cygnus A-2 that was first detected in 2011. Observations are performed using the High-Resolution Camera (HRC) instrument in order to spatially resolve Cygnus A-2 and the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) at a separation of  0.′′42. Simulated images are generated of the emission region, and radial profiles for the region of interest are extracted. A comparison between the simulations and observations reveals no X-ray detection of Cygnus A-2 to a 0.5–7.0 keV flux upper limit of $1.04 \times 10^{-12}\rm \, erg\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}$, or a rest-frame 2–10 keV luminosity of $8.6\times 10^{42}\rm \, erg\, s^{-1}$. We estimate the black hole mass of Cygnus A-2 based on our X-ray flux limit and find it to be consistent with a flaring black hole rather than a steadily accreting source. The HRC observations are additionally compared with archival Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) data from 2016 to 2017, and both the overall morphology and the flux limits of the AGN complex agree between the two data sets. This consistency is despite the pile-up effect in ACIS which was previously considered to bias the observed morphology of the AGN. The agreement between the data sets demonstrates the viability of utilizing the archival Chandra data of Cygnus A to analyse its AGN at an unprecedented level of precision.
Model-independent constraints on Ωm and H(z) from the link between geometry and growth
Authors: Ruiz-Zapatero Jaime , García-García Carlos , Alonso David , Ferreira Pedro G , Grumitt Richard D P
Published: February 2022

We constrain the expansion history of the Universe and the cosmological matter density fraction in a model-independent way by exclusively making use of the relationship between background and perturbations under a minimal set of assumptions. We do so by employing a Gaussian process to model the expansion history of the Universe from present time to the recombination era. The expansion history and the cosmological matter density are then constrained using recent measurements from cosmic chronometers, Type-Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and redshift-space distortion data. Our results show that the evolution in the reconstructed expansion history is compatible with the Planck 2018 prediction at all redshifts. The current data considered in this study can constrain a Gaussian process on H(z) to an average $9.4 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision across redshift. We find Ωm = 0.224 ± 0.066, lower but statistically compatible with the Planck 2018 cosmology. Finally, the combination of future DESI measurements with the CMB measurement considered in this work holds the promise of $8 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ average constraints on a model-independent expansion history as well as a five-fold tighter Ωm constraint using the methodology developed in this work.
Completing the protostellar luminosity function in Cygnus-X with SOFIA/FORCAST imaging
Authors: Cheng Yingjie , Gutermuth Robert A , Offner Stella , Heyer Mark , Zinnecker Hans , Megeath S Thomas , Pokhrel Riwaj
Published: February 2022

We present a new SOFIA/FORCAST mid-infrared survey of luminous protostars and crowded star-forming environments in Cygnus X, the nearest million-solar mass molecular cloud complex. We derive bolometric luminosities for over 1000 sources in the region with these new data in combination with extant Spitzer and UKIDSS photometry, with 63 new luminous protostar candidates identified by way of the high-quality SOFIA/FORCAST data. By including FORCAST data, we construct protostellar luminosity functions (PLFs) with improved completeness at the high luminosity end. The PLFs are well described by a power-law function with an index of ∼−0.5. Based on the Herschel temperature and column density measurements, we find no obvious dependence of the PLFs on the local gas temperature, but PLFs in regions of high stellar density or gas column density exhibit some excess at higher luminosities. Through the comparison between our observed PLFs and existing accretion models, both the turbulent core and the competitive accretion models are consistent with our results, while the isothermal sphere model is disfavoured. The implications of these results on the star formation process are discussed.
Investigation of rotational (de-)excitation of cyanic acid (HOCN) by collision with He atoms
Authors: Naouai Manel , Jrad Abdelhak
Published: February 2022

The rotational inelastic (de-)excitation of the cyanic acid (HOCN) molecule by collision with helium (He) atoms is studied. A new three-dimensional potential energy surface (3D-PES) for the HOCN−He van der Waals system is given. Explicitly correlated coupled cluster approach with single, double and perturbative triple excitation (CCSD(T)-F12a) in conjunction with augmented-correlation consistent-polarized valence triple zeta (aVTZ) Gaussian basis set is adopted to generate the ab initio 3D-PES. A global minimum with a well depth of 87.59 cm−1 localized at R = 5.9 bohr, θ= 76°, ϕ = 90° is found. Rotational inelastic cross-sections relevant to the 21 first rotational levels (up to $J_{K_aK_c}=8_{08}$) are investigated for total energy up to 550 cm−1 using coupled-states approach. Thermal rate coefficients are obtained for temperatures ranging between 0 and 90 K. |ΔJ| = 1 with |ΔKa| = |ΔKc| = 0 processes are found to be the predominant ones.
Spatially resolved evidence of the impact of quasar-driven outflows on recent star formation: the case of Mrk 34
Authors: Bessiere P S , Ramos Almeida C
Published: February 2022

We present the results of our spatially resolved investigation into the interplay between the ages of the stellar populations and the kinematics of the warm ionized outflows in the well-studied type II quasar Markarian 34 (Mrk 34). Utilizing integral field spectroscopy data, we determine the spatial distribution of the young stellar population (YSP; tYSP < 100 Myr) using spectral synthesis modelling. We also employ the [O iii] λ5007 emission line as a tracer of the warm ionized gas kinematics. We demonstrate a spatial correlation between the outer edges of the blue side of the outflow and an enhancement in the proportion of the YSP flux, suggesting that the outflow is responsible for triggering star formation in this region. In regions with more highly disrupted gas kinematics, we find that the proportion of YSP flux is consistent with that found outside the outflow region, suggesting that the increased disruption is preventing a similar enhancement in star formation from occurring. Our analysis suggests that Mrk 34 is an example of quasar-driven outflows simultaneously producing both ‘positive’ and ‘preventive’ feedback, further demonstrating the complex nature of the relationship between quasars and their host galaxies.
Convergent Adaptation of Ootheca Formation as a Reproductive Strategy in Polyneoptera
Authors: Du Erxia , Wang Shuai , Luan Yun-Xia , Zhou Caisheng , Li Zhaoxin , Li Na , Zhou Shutang , Zhang Tingting , Ma Wentao , Cui Yingying , Yuan Dongwei , Ren Chonghua , Zhang Jianzhen , Roth Siegfried , Li Sheng
Published: February 2022

Insects have evolved numerous adaptations and colonized diverse terrestrial environments. Several polyneopterans, including dictyopterans (cockroaches and mantids) and locusts, have developed oothecae, but little is known about the molecular mechanism, physiological function, and evolutionary significance of ootheca formation. Here, we demonstrate that the cockroach asymmetric colleterial glands produce vitellogenins, proline-rich protein, and glycine-rich protein as major ootheca structural proteins (OSPs) that undergo sclerotization and melanization for ootheca formation through the cooperative protocatechuic acid pathway and dopachrome and dopaminechrome subpathway. Functionally, OSP sclerotization and melanization prevent eggs from losing water at warm and dry conditions, and thus effectively maintain embryo viability. Dictyopterans and locusts convergently evolved vitellogenins, apolipoprotein D, and laminins as OSPs, whereas within Dictyoptera, cockroaches and mantids independently developed glycine-rich protein and fibroins as OSPs. Highlighting the ecological-evolutionary importance, convergent ootheca formation represents a successful reproductive strategy in Polyneoptera that promoted the radiation and establishment of cockroaches, mantids, and locusts.
Healthcare Costs Attributable to Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Indian Adults
Authors: John Rijo M , Dauchy Estelle P
Published: February 2022

Introduction

In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. This paper estimates the direct economic costs of diseases attributable to secondhand smoking (SHS) in India for persons aged 15 years and above.

Aims and Methods

Nationally representative data on healthcare expenditures, healthcare utilization, and SHS prevalence were used to estimate economic costs attributable to SHS. A prevalence-based attributable risk approach was used for estimating the attributable direct costs. To estimate the SHS-attributable fraction, the excess utilization of healthcare among SHS exposed non-smokers compared to unexposed non-smokers was estimated using a method of propensity score matching (PSM).

Results

The annual direct economic costs attributable to SHS from all diseases in India in the year 2017 for persons aged more than 15 years amounted to INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion). This amounted to INR 705 per adult non-smoker. The SHS attributable costs were higher among the youngest age group 20 to 24, and women bear 71% of the direct medical costs attributable to SHS.

Conclusions

The annual direct economic costs of SHS amount to approximately 0.33% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or 8.1% of total healthcare expenditures in India. It is also much larger than the total excise tax revenue from cigarettes and bidis. As bidi smoking is the most popular form of smoking in India and bidis are mostly consumed by the poor, a disproportionate burden of SHS is likely borne by poor households in India.

Implications

In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. However, there is no estimate of the economic burden of any kind from SHS exposure in India. This study used a prevalence-based attributable risk approach combined with a PSM technique to estimate excess healthcare utilization for SHS exposed non-smokers and the annual direct economic costs of SHS in India. Annual direct SHS-attributable costs in India is INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion) SHS costs constituted 0.33% of GDP and 8.1% of healthcare expenditures in India.
Avian botulism is a primary, year-round threat to adult survival in the endangered Hawaiian Duck on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA
Authors: Malachowski Christopher P , Dugger Bruce D , Uyehara Kimberly J , Reynolds Michelle H
Published: February 2022

Adult survival is the most important demographic parameter influencing population dynamics for many bird taxa. Thus, understanding how survival probabilities and causes of mortality vary throughout the annual cycle is critical for developing informed and effective management strategies. In this study, we used radio-telemetry data to evaluate the effects of biotic (e.g., sex, peak [September–April] vs. off-peak [May–August] nesting seasons) and abiotic factors (e.g., rainfall, year, bi-monthly interval) on adult survival, estimate annual survival probabilities, and identify primary sources of mortality for Hawaiian Ducks (Anas wyvilliana), an endangered, non-migratory dabbling duck, on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA over 2013 and 2014. Additionally, we used contemporaneous Hawaiian Duck carcass recovery and surveillance data to examine temporal and climatic associations with avian botulism outbreaks. Our results suggested bi-monthly survival decreased with total rainfall during the preceding 2-month interval. Survival did not vary with sex, between peak and off-peak nesting seasons, or between the two years of this study. Annual survival probabilities (62–80%) were relatively low compared to the closely related Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) on Laysan Island. Primary causes of mortality included avian botulism and presumed predation by cats (Felis catus). The botulism surveillance dataset revealed support for the effect of rainfall on the number of sick and dead birds recovered (n = 216), with generally a greater number of recoveries during months with middle-range total rainfall during the concurrent and preceding months. Our study provides critical baseline demographic data for population monitoring and highlights the importance of managing botulism risk and non-native mammalian predators for the recovery of the endangered Hawaiian Duck.
Constitutionalism in Turkey
Authors: Bâli Aslı Ü.
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides an analysis of the history of constitutionalism in Turkey leading to exercises in constitutional reinvention in the 2010s. Turkey has a long history of constitutionalism going back to the first Ottoman Constitution of 1876. Yet, constitutional rule in the country has remained vulnerable to military coups and executive aggrandizement. The current constitution was enacted under military rule in 1982 and has been amended nearly twenty times, ostensibly to civilianize and democratize the constitutional order. However, the introduction of a presidential system through a controversial referendum in 2017 has brought an end to debates about liberal constitution-making that had been under way in the previous decade. This chapter assesses the struggle over constitutionalism in Turkey by addressing the following questions: What has been the trajectory of constitution-making in Turkey? What factors have inhibited the enactment of a liberal constitutional order? What has been the role of the Turkish Constitutional Court in promoting and undermining democratic struggles? Finally, to what extent have constitutional amendments contributed to the democratic erosion and rising authoritarianism that now characterize Turkish politics?
Assessing Acute Stress Symptoms
Authors: Bryant Richard A.
Published: February 2022

Since the acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis was introduced in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), there has been considerable research on and clinical attention to the role of acute traumatic stress responses. This chapter commences with an overview of the history of ASD, including its rationale and its initial diagnostic definition. It provides an outline of findings accrued since ASD’s introduction, and particularly regarding the structure of ASD, its relationship to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the evidence regarding the role of dissociation. The changes to the conceptualization and definition of ASD in DSM-5 are outlined. The available measurement tools for acute stress reactions are then discussed, although at the current time these have not yet been validated for the DSM-5 criteria. Additional important evidence regarding acute traumatic stress is also reviewed, including how biological and cognitive factors need to be considered when conducting an assessment of people in the acute period after trauma exposure.
Classification of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Feeny Norah C. , Klein Alexandra B. , Benhamou Kathy S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews current diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), including changes to the criteria from DSM-IV. PTSD frequently co-occurs and shares symptoms with other conditions, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Research suggests that syndromally indistinct symptoms are not sufficient to explain comorbidity and may be central to the PTSD diagnosis. The diagnostic utility and specificity of individual symptoms is discussed as is the latent structure of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. The chapter then discusses boundaries between PTSD and other commonly comorbid conditions, with an emphasis on borderline personality disorder, complicated grief, and a discussion of childhood trauma and complex PTSD. Recent evidence regarding the construct of complex PTSD is also discussed. Finally, the cross-cultural validity of the PTSD diagnosis is reviewed.
Jonathan Harvey and Spectralism as “Spiritual Breakthrough”
Authors: Whittall Arnold
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores Jonathan Harvey’s understanding of spectralism as enabling him to connect his spiritual concerns with technical developments in electro-acoustics. After his early contacts with the thinking of Milton Babbitt and Karlheinz Stockhausen, Harvey was instinctively drawn to retain aspects of traditional techniques and approaches to sound alongside the new possibilities emerging from electronic and digital technologies. Nor did the evolution of a particular interest in Buddhism require the exclusion of Christian or more secular associations. Rather, he relished the multivalence and ambiguity that he believed to be the essential quality of art in his time. The “spiritual breakthrough” that spectralism represented for him was also a technical breakthrough facilitating an approach to harmony and form that has been called “spectral tonality.”
Moral Responsibility and Existential Attitudes
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

We might describe the philosophical issue of human freedom and moral responsibility as an existential metaphysical problem. Problems of this kind are not just a matter of theoretical interest and curiosity: They address issues that we care about and that affect us. They are, more specifically, relevant to the significance and value that we attach to our lives and the way that we lead them. According to the orthodox view, there is a tidy connection between skepticism and pessimism. Skepticism threatens a wide range of interests and concerns that themselves rest on the foundation of our self-conception as responsible moral agents. From this perspective, whereas skepticism licenses a degree of pessimism about our human predicament, the defeat of skepticism serves to vindicate optimism. In recent years this orthodox view of the relationship between skepticism and pessimism has been challenged. It has been argued, for example, that skepticism may be defended in much more optimistic terms. While we have reason to accept skepticism, we have no reason to draw any bleak or depressing consequences from this. Another way of severing the orthodox connection between skepticism and pessimism is to reject skepticism but deny that this will serve to secure or salvage any unqualified form of optimism. This chapter reviews and contrasts these various positions and approaches, beginning with an account of P. F. Strawson’s particularly influential statement of the relationship between the skeptical challenge and pessimism.
Manipulation Arguments Against Compatibilism
Authors: Pereboom Derk , McKenna Michael
Published: February 2022

This chapter surveys the debate focused on manipulation arguments against the compatibility of moral responsibility in the basic desert sense and the naturalistic determination of an action by factors beyond the agent’s control. Manipulation arguments draw an analogy between such causal determination and intentional deterministic manipulation by other agents, claiming that because the intentional determination precludes responsibility, so does causal determination. The dialectical structure of these arguments is analyzed, and the main sorts of objections are discussed. Compatibilist responses to manipulation arguments can be divided into two categories. Soft-line replies do not resist the intuition that the manipulated agent is not morally responsible, and instead aim to show that an agent who is merely naturalistically determined differs from the manipulated agent in a way relevant to moral responsibility. Hard-line replies, by contrast, resist the intuition, essential to the incompatibilist’s case, that the intentionally and deterministically manipulated agent is not morally responsible. Versions of each type of reply are critically assessed.
Attributionist Theories of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Talbert Matthew
Published: February 2022

According to attributionism, assessments of moral responsibility are centrally concerned with the morally significant features of an agent’s orientation toward others that are attributable to her, and an agent is eligible for moral praise or blame solely on the basis of these attributions. In this context, attributionists often focus on an agent’s evaluative judgments, as revealed through her actions, omissions, beliefs, and attitudes. According to attributionism, we are interested in these judgments because we are interested in how other agents stand with respect to us and to one another: Do their judgments, and the actions they inform, indicate an appropriate degree of respect and concern for us and for others, or not? This chapter discusses the recent development of attributionist accounts of moral responsibility, the components that these accounts have in common, and the central criticisms that have been leveled against attributionism. Particular attention is paid to attributionism’s rejection both of the claim that you are morally responsible only for what is under your control, and of the claim that you are responsible for wrongdoing only if you could have responded to the moral considerations that spoke against your behavior. Attributionists reject these two conditions on moral responsibility for the same reason: Agents may reveal features of their selves, in a way that is sufficient for moral responsibility, even when these conditions are not met. The roles that moral protest and negative emotional responses (such as resentment) play in attributionist accounts are also discussed in some detail.
Responsibility and Causation
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the various connections that exist between moral responsibility and causation. It focuses on the role played by causation in different forms of responsibility, including basic responsibility and derivative (or inherited) responsibility, responsibility for actions and for omissions, and responsibility as blameworthiness and as praiseworthiness. It also examines the phenomenon of causal overdetermination and the role played in those cases by the individual and/or collective contributions of morally responsible agents. Finally, it discusses the role played by causation in certain views of responsibility that are inspired by Harry Frankfurt’s attack on the classical model of free will and responsibility based on alternative possibilities (and, in particular, in the corresponding “Frankfurt-style” scenarios). These are views according to which the free will of agents is exclusively a function of the actual causes of their behavior, or of the factors that actually explain how they acted.
Durkheim’s Ambivalence toward Art
Authors: Tiryakian Edward A. , Tiryakian Josefina Cintron
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines Durkheim’s perspectives on art at the intersection of his sociological commitment to develop sociology as a science and his political and personal imperative to promote social solidarity. It traces Durkheim’s views on art from his early career at Bordeaux to his “cultural turn” in Paris, manifested in The Elementary Forms, exploring the cultural life of Australian “primitives.” Before this turn, Durkheim had discussed art’s contributions to society: as a facilitator for teaching morality and as leisure and recreation. But it is while reading about tribal sacred rituals that he discovered art and religion’s powerful role in enhancing solidarity and group identity. What has been termed ambivalence toward art morphs into a more comprehensive and appreciative perspective, which Durkheim described as fundamentally linked to religion: art in the service of religion and society. Additionally, the chapter explores transgressive approaches to Durkheim’s views on art, as well as contemporary authors who have probed Durkheim’s perspectives on art.
Notes on the Real and the Fake in South African Popular Music
Authors: Steingo Gavin
Published: February 2022

In South Africa, as well as in many other places around the world, popular music has a strong and obvious relationship with brands. Of what does this relationship consist? This chapter argues that an adequate answer to this question is only possible with a rigorous theorization of the logic of brands qua economic objects. It develops this theorization through contemporary Marxist thought and goes on to suggest that the logic of brands forms an antagonistic relationship with the logic of Black popular music. The chapter is grounded in fieldwork with electronic musicians in Soweto. It observes that these musicians deploy a form of mimesis that functions not in terms of copy and original, but rather in terms of process and becoming. Finally, it suggests that a geopolitical reorientation away from Euro-America toward China may in fact bolster the creative processes of Black South African musicians.
Berkeley and Mathematics
Authors: Jesseph Douglas
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates Berkeley’s approach to mathematics. The first section connects Berkeley’s philosophical understanding of mathematics to his anti-abstractionist epistemology. Where a long tradition had taken mathematics to be concerned with abstract ideas, Berkeley sought to show that mathematics did not depend upon the supposition of abstract ideas. The second section deals with Berkeley’s account of geometry and outlines a significant change in his approach to the subject. In his early writings, Berkeley was prepared to abandon traditional geometry in favor of a radical doctrine of sensible minima, but in the Principles of Human Knowledge and later works, he accommodates essentially all of Euclidean geometry within the constraints of his epistemology. The third section examines Berkeley’s highly nominalistic approach to arithmetic and algebra, arguing that his doctrine is in many respects a predecessor of the formalist philosophy of mathematics. The fourth section studies Berkeley’s approach to the calculus, particularly his critique of the Newtonian calculus of fluxions in his 1734 work The Analyst.
Berkeley on Chemistry
Authors: Peterschmitt Luc
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that we must read what Berkeley writes about chemistry in the context of his struggle against free-thinking. Some free-thinkers attempted to ground their materialist conception of the human soul and their atheism on chemistry. Against them, Berkeley tries to show first that chemistry is nothing else than the science of the principles of bodies, that is, of their inner parts (or constituents) and natural laws. Thus, it is impossible to deduce from chemistry anything concerning the nature of the soul. Second, Berkeley grounds a natural theology on chemistry. Thus, he considers that chemistry rightly understood necessarily leads to God.
Berkeley and Malebranche
Authors: Lee Sukjae
Published: February 2022

Among the philosophers influential to Berkeley, Malebranche is prominent. Berkeley’s many references to Malebranche in both his published and unpublished work well attest to this influence. Even in his own lifetime, Berkeley’s views about the perception of physical objects were compared to Malebranche’s “Vision in God” doctrine, and Berkeley does his best to distance himself from Malebranche on this account. However, in endorsing occasionalism, albeit a limited version, restricted to the natural changes in the physical world, Berkeley’s views converge with Malebranche’s. This chapter examines and compares the views of these two philosophers with a focus on these two topics—i.e., the “Vision in God” doctrine and occasionalism—and argues that while there are some similarities, there are significant differences as well, stemming from certain core commitments, distinct to each philosopher.
Berkeley and Newton
Authors: Solomon Monica
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents Berkeley’s engagement with Newton’s metaphysics of motion. It argues that by a careful reading of Berkeley’s criticism in An Essay on Motion, we understand that his chief concern was not so much with a deflationary metaphysics of space, time, motion, and forces as it was the clear understanding of the practice of mechanics and of applying the laws of motion. Berkeley’s primary aims are the conceivability of mathematical concepts used in rational mechanics and how these concepts help us make sense of experience by organizing complex series of motions. Though Berkeley is often considered a metaphysician, his reactions to Newton’s writings provide valuable insight into the epistemology of the practice of a natural philosopher.
Berkeley and Hume
Authors: Marušić Jennifer Smalligan
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines a tension in Berkeley’s influence on Hume: on the one hand, Hume recommended the Principles as one of the key works for understanding his metaphysical thought, but on the other hand, Hume seems unconcerned with many metaphysical issues that are important to Berkeley. This chapter argues that Hume’s engagement with Berkeley’s views about abstraction helps explain this tension. While Hume expresses agreement with Berkeley’s rejection of abstract ideas, Hume seems not to appreciate the significance that Berkeley thought this rejection carried. In particular, Hume continues to hold that words are meaningful only if they signify ideas. This helps explain his responses to key Berkeleyan theses, including anti-materialism, the esse is percipi principle, the likeness principle, the commitment to an ontology of immaterial substances and ideas that depend on substances, the heterogeneity thesis, and the view that the visible world is a divine language.
Berkeley and Kant
Authors: Jankowiak Tim
Published: February 2022

This chapter surveys some of the most important issues concerning Kant’s relation to Berkeley. Early critics of the first edition of Critique of Pure Reason (1781) accused Kant of Berkeleyanism, which prompted him to repudiate his predecessor in later writings from the 1780s. However, as many readers have noticed, Kant’s remarks about Berkeley seem curiously off the mark, which raises a host of interpretive questions. The first section of the chapter addresses the question of whether Kant had firsthand knowledge of Berkeley’s writings at all. It presents the case that he probably did. The second section addresses Kant’s published criticisms of Berkeley. While these criticisms do reveal some familiarity with Berkeley’s writings, they fall short insofar as they either fail to distinguish Kant’s own idealism from Berkeley’s, or they misrepresent Berkeley’s position. The final section presents a direct comparison of several important aspects of Berkeley’s and Kant’s metaphysics, including the relation between their respective “idealisms,” their views on the existence and nature of bodies, and their responses to skepticism.
Latinos/as, Healing, and Christianity
Authors: Hendrickson Brett
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the varieties of healing traditions practiced by Latino/a Christians. Because healing has been an intrinsic part of Christianity from its inception, it is little wonder that Latinos/as have likewise relied on the healing power of the Christian God and God’s representatives to treat their suffering, cure their diseases, and to restore wholeness to broken bodies and relationships. This chapter traces the particularities of how the Latino/a experience has shaped how this healing takes form. Spanish colonization and evangelization of indigenous populations, and the accompanying brutality and dislocation, necessitated a faith that included healing. A medicinal and religious tradition developed that drew as much on Iberian Catholicism as it did on indigenous medicines and understandings of the human body. Curanderismo and other combinatory healing practices have creatively and effectively addressed the health needs of many Latin Americans and Latinos/as. In the last century, charismatic forms of Christianity have grown rapidly in Latino/a communities, often because they specialize in miraculous healing. Religious healing has been and promises to remain an essential element of Latino/a Christianities. There are many opportunities for future study in this area. As the Latino/a population continues to grow and diversity, it will be important to understand better how religious healing traditions from different national origins come to interact and even combine in the United States.
Latino Men, Machismo, and Christianity
Authors: León Luís
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that the construction of machismo is central to Latina/o/x collective and public identities. Latino men, despite their countries of origin, religion, or race, are subjected to personal and media valuations of their masculinities using the characteristic negative stereotypes of machismo. These assessments not only hurt Latino men but at once impugn Latina women as enablers of what have been called the “machista vices.” This chapter proposes that machismo is not a discourse that exists in isolation or secularization, but instead it is a central component to a distinctly Christian, colonial mythology that justified colonialism and continues to support the criminalization and incarceration of Latino men in particular, and regenerates the public mythologies that pathologize indigenous and Latinx communities more generally.
Latinx Indigeneities and Christianity
Authors: Avalos Natalie
Published: February 2022

This chapter posits that despite five hundred years of colonialism, indigenous Latinx America continues and even thrives. These rhythms continue in unique ways. They may constitute the metaphysical foundation from which this population draws in order to make sense of the world; they may constitute features of religious practice, conceptualizations of the soul, and sacred relationships to the land and to community. While one cannot generalize here and say this is the experience of all Latinos in the United States, these dynamics make a compelling case for the existence of Latinx indigeneities in diaspora. Moreover, for Latinx communities in the United States who continue to experience the everyday violence of marginalization and racial stigma, this kind of inner agility may mean the difference between thriving and despair. Christianity mediates these religious expressions; but they are not quite “Christian.” They are something more, something unique—something entirely of their own. They evince strategic survivals of Native metaphysical worlds that continue with and for the people.
Puerto Rican Christianities in the United States
Authors: Ortíz Díaz Alberto
Published: February 2022

This chapter makes the argument that the history of Puerto Rican Christianities must be understood in relation to Puerto Rico, as the archipelago is part of the United States proper. Circulatory movement between Puerto Rico and the US mainland and internal migration within the United States have and will continue to characterize Puerto Rican Christianities. This makes them a collective, evolving object of study. This chapter examines Puerto Ricans who have contributed to building Hispanic/Latino churches in the United States since at least the middle decades of the twentieth century and are still doing so in the early twenty-first century. This chapter emphasizes that while Puerto Ricans are mainly Catholic, their interpretations of dogma and ritual practices transcend mainstream and vernacular forms of Catholicism. In recent years, the number of evangelical churches, especially Pentecostal, has ballooned on both sides of the air bridge that links Puerto Rico and the US mainland. The field of Puerto Rican religion patiently awaits the scholars who will take it seriously, move it forward within Puerto Rican studies, and venture into comparative terrain.
Christianities and the Construction of Latinx Ethnoracial Identities
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers a framework of ethnoracial identity formation that emphasizes the historical factors linking Latin American religions and Latinx ethnoracial identity. The chapter explores how Catholicism in particular, and other forms of Christianity in general, historically function in an inculturated manner within Latinx communities. The chapter presents Latinx ethnoracial identities as involving ongoing negotiations that are both macro-level and micro-level social processes; identities are deeply personal in one sense, and highly imposed by external forces in another. The chapter also explores the particular social dynamics of Latinx identity negotiation. These dynamics do not pertain to individual Christian traditions, but rather manifest variably across Christian traditions. The analyses offered in this chapter suggest directions for further inquiry for researchers of Christianity and Latinx identity formation.
Latino/a Protestantisms
Authors: Ramos Aida Isela , Martí Gerardo , Mulder Mark T.
Published: February 2022

The number of Latino Protestants in America is growing, and scholars are taking notice. More and more Latinos have some type of Protestant affiliation, more Latino Protestant churches are being founded across widely diverse geographies, and Latino Protestant parachurch organizations are gaining more social and political power through their representation and outreach. This chapter synthesizes the latest research on Latino Protestants in the United States in relation to history, sociodemographics, conversion, and race/ethnic identity formation from a sociological perspective. This chapter urges scholars to engage more productively the diversity of worship, liturgy, theology, identities, resources, and religious orientations, taking into account varied origins and migrations across Latino ancestral groups. This chapter argues against ethnoracial essentialization, that is, neglecting the nuances of Latino Protestant identity in favor of idealized notions often in the form of racial/ethnic stereotypes—even among scholars. This chapter shows that systematic, empirical research does not support often-cited assessments of Latino Protestants and their churches as “fiestas” with “spicy” worship. This chapter urges scholars to avoid such front-loaded, racialized assumptions and exercise their social scientific expertise. Broader reading and more closely contextualized observation will ensure a more textured understanding of these newer and rapidly expanding Latino Protestants and their churches.
During Japanese Colonization (1910–1945)
Authors: Cha Jungsik
Published: February 2022

Biblical interpretation in Korea during the Japanese colonial period was conducted primarily by pastors and seminary teachers who had been influenced by Western missionaries. In particular, American missionaries equipped with theological fundamentalism and dispensationalism influenced the earliest biblical interpreters, who were equally enthusiastic evangelicals. Historical critical methods, however, were gradually introduced to liberal Korean biblical interpreters. This led to a serious collision with the conservative denominational authorities in the Korean Church in the 1930s. Consequently, the Abingdon Commentary Incident became a later turning point of theological division. Nevertheless, outsiders helped generate a new dimension of biblical interpretation in Korea. In particular, the diverse perspectives of Kim Gyo-Shin, Yu Young-Mo, Ham Seok-Heon, Lee Yong-Do, and Lee Se-Jong are noteworthy for their search for Korean subjectivity in interpreting the Bible. Some of them sought to illuminate the biblical messages in light of Korean indigenous cultural soil. Still others were focused on practicing a radical message in the historical reality of Japanese persecution.
Korean American Feminist Interpretation
Authors: Choi Jin Young
Published: February 2022

An important case study of Korean American women’s reading of the Bible situates their experience in Asian American cultural formation in general, and Korean American immigration history in particular. This Korean American feminist interpretation addresses two related themes: women in relation to nation and colonialism and the racialization and ethnicization of Korean women in the United States. In turn, these themes are a prism for reading the women in the Gospel of Mark, whose journey overlaps with that of Korean immigrant women crossing boundaries between the past and the present, between the margin and the center, in search of home, and realizing a resurrected life for all.
Double Marginality in the Context of the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Kim Honam
Published: February 2022

This chapter applies postcolonial and locality methodologies to a biblical interpretation of the Jacob narrative. First, building on the work of David J. A. Clines and Fernando F. Segovia, “locality” here is that of immigrants to the southern hemisphere. Their perspectives contrast with those of northern Euro-Americans who have dominated the field of biblical interpretation. Second, a localized Australian perspective decolonizes the conventional reading of the Jacob narrative. In so doing, it contends that the narrative of Jacob was written under the influence of the imperialistic viewpoint, picturing vividly the life of immigrants who cannot fully assert and claim their personal rights. More important, it argues for a God who hates the misuse of worldly power, not just by the corrupt kings of the empire but also by his chosen people.