bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardization of health informatics - results and challenges
Authors: Klein G.O.
Published: March 2018

A number of standardization initiatives have been in progress for more than ten years in several parts of the world with the aim to facilitate different aspects of the exchange of health information. Important results have been achieved, and in some fields and parts of the world, standards are widely used today. Unfortunately, we are still facing the fact that most healthcare information systems cannot exchange information with all systems for which this would be desired. Either the existing standards are not sufficiently implemented, or the required standards and necessary national implementation guidelines do not yet exist. This causes unacceptable risks to patients, inefficient use of healthcare resources, and sub-optimal development of medical knowledge. This article will review some of the difficulties surrounding standards, as well as highlight the achievements and main global actors, while focusing on the challenges facing the international consensus process.
Immuntherapie – Die neue Ära in der Onkologie
Authors: Kansy Benjamin , Lang Stephan
Published: March 2018

In den letzten Jahren wurden bedeutende Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Immuntherapie erreicht mit teils langanhaltendem Therapieansprechen bei unterschiedlichsten Tumorentitäten. Die Basis hierfür bildet ein verbessertes Verständnis der Interaktion zwischen Tumor und Immunsystem und der damit verbundenen Integration immuntherapeutischer Ansätze in die klinische Routine. Die hierbei eingesetzten immuntherapeutischen Strategien greifen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Immunantwort ein, fördern direkt oder indirekt die Zerstörung der Tumorzellen durch die körpereigene Abwehr und reichen von Zytokintherapien über Vakzinierungen und den Einsatz onkolytischer Viren bis hin zu monoklonalen Antikörpertherapien und dem adoptiven Zelltransfer.
Radiomics: Big Data statt Biopsie in der Zukunft?
Authors: Scheckenbach Kathrin
Published: March 2018

Die Präzisionsmedizin wird – auch mit Zunahme gezielter Therapieoptionen durch Biologicals – immer mehr vorangetrieben. Die individuelle Charakterisierung einer Erkrankung auf der Grundlage von Biomarkern im weitesten Sinne ist eine grundlegende Voraussetzung hierfür. Diese Biomarker können bisher klinisch, histologisch oder molekular bestimmt werden. Die Entwicklung breiter Screening Methoden und gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit, große Datenmengen („Omics“ ) mit geeigneter Software immer besser zu analysieren, führen dazu, dass man sich nicht nur auf einzelne Biomarker beschränkt, sondern Biomarker-Signaturen darstellen kann. Die „Radiomics” finden neben „Genomics“, „Proteomics“ oder „Metabolomics” in den letzten Jahren zunehmendes Interesse und erweitern das Biomarkerfeld. Basierend auf radiologischen Bildern werden eine Vielzahl von Merkmalen mithilfe spezifischer Algorithmen extrahiert. Diese Merkmale werden mit klinischen, (immun-) histopathologischen und genomischen Daten korreliert. Erfasste Strukturunterschiede sind Bestandteil der den Bildern zugrundeliegenden unbearbeiteten Metadaten. Diese sind für das bloße Auge oft nicht sichtbar und insofern ohne spezifische Software für den Untersucher nicht zu erfassen. Sie lassen sich aber numerisch abbilden und grafisch visualisieren. Ein besonderer Reiz der „Radiomics“ ist, dass bereits routinemäßig durchgeführte Bildgebungen einen Biomarker-Charakter zeigen. Dieser hat das Potenzial, Zusatzuntersuchungen oder Biopsien idealerweise durch eine „Radiomics“ Analyse zu ersetzen. Alternativ könnten „Radiomics“-Signaturen andere Biomarker suffizient ergänzen und hierdurch eine präzisere, multimodale Aussage ermöglichen. Bisher finden Radiomics vor allem in der Onkologie solider Tumore Anwendung. Auch bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen wurden bereits erste vielversprechende Untersuchungen veröffentlicht.
Evaluation of Inter-System Variability in Liver Stiffness Measurements
Authors: Ferraioli Giovanna , De Silvestri Annalisa , Lissandrin Raffaella , Maiocchi Laura , Tinelli Carmine , Filice Carlo , Barr Richard
Published: March 2018

Aim The primary aim of this study was to determine the inter-system variability of liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) in patients with varying degrees of liver stiffness. The secondary aim was to determine the inter-observer variability of measurements.

Materials and Methods 21 individuals affected by chronic hepatitis C and 5 healthy individuals were prospectively enrolled. The assessment of LSMs was performed using six ultrasound (US) systems, four of which with point shear wave elastography (p-SWE) and two with 2 D shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) systems. The Fibroscan (Echosens, France) was used as the reference standard. Four observers performed the measurements in pairs (A-B, C-D). The agreement between different observers or methods was calculated using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated as well.

Results There was agreement above 0.80 for all pairs of systems. The mean difference between the values of the systems with 2D-SWE technique was 1.54 kPa, whereas the maximum mean difference between the values of three out of four systems with the pSWE technique was 0.79 kPa. The intra-patient concordance for all systems was 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.83 – 0.94). Inter-observer agreement was 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.94 – 0.98) for the pair of observers A-B and 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.89 – 0.96) for the pair of observers C-D.

Conclusion The results of this study show that the agreement between LSMs performed with different US systems is good to excellent and the overall inter-observer agreement in “ideal conditions” is above 0.90 in expert hands.
High-Intensity Interval Training as a Tool for Counteracting Dyslipidemia in Women
Authors: Alvarez Cristian , Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Martinez-Salazar Cristian , Castillo Angélica , Gallardo Francisco , Ciolac Emmanuel
Published: March 2018

Sedentary overweight or obese adult (age<60 years) women, allocated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n=13), dyslipidemia alone (DYS, n=12), dyslipidemia associated with hyperglycaemia (DYSHG, N=12), or healthy control (CON, n=10) groups, had their lipid, glucose, blood pressure, endurance performance, and anthropometry variables assessed before and after 16 weeks of a thrice-weekly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program. Triglycerides reduced significantly (P<0.05) in all groups, and high-density lipoprotein increased (P<0.01) in T2DM, DYS and DYSHG; however, low-density lipoprotein reduced (P<0.05) only in DYSHG, and total cholesterol reduced (P<0.01) only in DYS and DYSHG. Fasting glucose reduced (P<0.05) significantly in T2DM, DYS and DYSHG, but with higher decreases in T2DM and DYSHG. Blood pressure, endurance performance and body composition improved (P<0.05) in all groups. The HIIT program was effective for restoring lipid profile of DYS and DYSHG, and fasting glucose of DYSHG to levels similar to those of CON, with a weekly time commitment 25% to 56% lower than the minimum recommended in current exercise guidelines. These findings suggest that HIIT may be a time-efficient intervention for counteracting dyslipidemia.
Validation of Field Methods to Assess Body Fat Percentage in Elite Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Munguia-Izquierdo Diego , Suarez-Arrones Luis , Di Salvo Valter , Paredes-Hernandez Victor , Alcazar Julian , Ara Ignacio , Kreider Richard , Mendez-Villanueva Alberto
Published: March 2018

This study determined the most effective field method for quantifying body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players and developed prediction equations based on anthropometric variables. Forty-four male elite-standard youth soccer players aged 16.3–18.0 years underwent body fat percentage assessments, including bioelectrical impedance analysis and the calculation of various skinfold-based prediction equations. Dual X-ray absorptiometry provided a criterion measure of body fat percentage. Correlation coefficients, bias, limits of agreement, and differences were used as validity measures, and regression analyses were used to develop soccer-specific prediction equations. The equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967) reached very large correlations and the lowest biases, and they reached neither the practically worthwhile difference nor the substantial difference between methods. The new youth soccer-specific skinfold equation included a combination of triceps and supraspinale skinfolds. None of the practical methods compared in this study are adequate for estimating body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players, except for the equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967). The new youth soccer-specific equation calculated in this investigation is the only field method specifically developed and validated in elite male players, and it shows potentially good predictive power.
Efficacy of Exercise on Breast Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Preclinical Data
Authors: Figueira Ana , Cortinhas António , Soares Jorge , Leitão José , Ferreira Rita , Duarte Jose
Published: March 2018

The use of preclinical models to investigate antitumor effects of exercise on breast tumor (BT) development and progression are critical. However, published results have not been quantitatively summarized or examined for potential exercise-moderating variables. We conducted this review to summarize and quantify the effect-size of exercise on BT outcomes in preclinical studies. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE) databases. Risk of bias was assessed using SYRCLE’s RoB tool. A total of 116 correlations were performed to analyze 28 preclinical studies published through December 2016, which included 2,085 animals and 51 exercise programs. Positive effects of small, medium and large magnitude were observed in tumor incidence, growth and multiplicity, respectively. In the tumor microenvironment, positive effects of large magnitude were also observed in proliferation and apoptosis but not in angiogenesis. Moderator variables correlated with higher intervention effects were identified along with a considerable heterogeneity in exercise protocols that precluded us from clearly perceiving the benefits of exercise exposure. In conclusion, exercise performed under specific conditions benefits BT outcomes. Preclinical studies with exercise designs mimicking exercise exposure that can be used in clinical contexts are needed.
Editorial Referateband 2018
Authors: Wollenberg Barbara
Published: March 2018

Liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,

mit großer Freude lege ich den Referateband zur 89. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie vor. Dem Kongressmotto „Forschung heute – Zukunft morgen“ folgend werden einige der Themen im Detail beleuchtet, die in den nächsten Jahren das Potential haben, die Versorgung unserer Patienten grundlegend zu verändern.
Role of Genetic Background in Cardiovascular Risk Markers Changes in Water Polo Players
Authors: Di Mauro Debora , Currò Monica , Trimarchi Fabio , Vecchio Mercurio , Rizzo Giuseppina , Barreca Davide , Visalli Giuseppa , Ientile Riccardo , Caccamo Daniela
Published: March 2018

Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms have been associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress increase, that are established cardiovascular risk factors. Given that intense physical activity may increase the susceptibility to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, here we investigated the effects of MTHFR C677T and A1298C as well as PON1 Q192R gene polymorphisms on cardiovascular risk markers in twenty-eight male water polo elite players. The mean plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were above reference limits in resting conditions, and increased after competition. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between Hcy and AOPP concentrations, and also between their variations (ratio post-exercise/pre-exercise values) and the variations of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities, known as muscle damage markers. The highest Hcy and AOPP values were found in subjects having either MTHFR CT/AC or TT/AA, and PON1 QR192 genotype, respectively. After exercise, Hcy concentrations significantly increased in CT/AC or TT/AA subjects than in athletes having other MTHFR genotypes. A training-induced increase in plasma levels of LDH and CK activities, as well as myoglobin concentrations, was also observed, even if significant differences were found only for CK activity in athletes with MTHFR CT/AC or TT/AA athletes.
Leaking in history space: A way to analyze systems subjected to arbitrary driving
Authors: Kaszás Bálint , Feudel Ulrike , Tél Tamás
Published: March 2018

Our aim is to unfold phase space structures underlying systems with a drift in their parameters. Such systems are non-autonomous and belong to the class of non-periodically driven systems where the traditional theory of chaos (based e.g., on periodic orbits) does not hold. We demonstrate that even such systems possess an underlying topological horseshoe-like structure at least for a finite period of time. This result is based on a specifically developed method which allows to compute the corresponding time-dependent stable and unstable foliations. These structures can be made visible by prescribing a certain type of history for an ensemble of trajectories in phase space and by analyzing the trajectories fulfilling this constraint. The process can be considered as a leaking in history space—a generalization of traditional leaking, a method that has become widespread in traditional chaotic systems, to leaks depending on time.
Integrated amorphous silicon-aluminum long-range surface plasmon polariton (LR-SPP) waveguides
Authors: Sturlesi Boaz , Grajower Meir , Mazurski Noa , Levy Uriel
Published: March 2018

We demonstrate the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a long range surface plasmon polariton waveguide that is compatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor backend technology. The structure consists of a thin aluminum strip embedded in amorphous silicon. This configuration offers a symmetric environment in which surface plasmon polariton modes undergo minimal loss. Furthermore, the plasmonic mode profile matches the modes of the dielectric (amorphous silicon) waveguide, thus allowing efficient coupling between silicon photonics and plasmonic platforms. The propagation length of the plasmonic waveguide was measured to be about 27 μm at the telecom wavelength around 1550 nm, in good agreement with numerical simulations. As such, the waveguide features both tight mode confinement and decent propagation length. On top of its photonic properties, placing a metal within the structure may also allow for additional functionalities such as photo-detection, thermo-optic tuning, and electro-optic control to be implemented.
Compressing the fluctuation of the magnetic field by dynamic compensation
Authors: Wang Wenli , Dong Richang , Wei Rong , Chen Tingting , Wang Qian , Wang Yuzhu
Published: March 2018

We present a dynamic compensation method to compress the spatial fluctuation of the static magnetic field (C-field) that provides a quantization axis in the atomic fountain clock. The coil current of the C-field is point-by-point modulated in accordance with the atoms probing the magnetic field along the flight trajectory. A homogeneous field with a 0.2 nT inhomogeneity is produced compared to a 5 nT under the static magnetic field with a constant current during the Ramsey interrogation. The corresponding uncertainty associated with the second-order Zeeman shift that we calculate is improved by one order of magnitude. The technique provides an alternative method to improve the uniformity of the magnetic field, particularly for large-scale equipment that is difficult to construct with an effective magnetic shielding. Our method is simple, robust, and essentially important in frequency evaluations concerning the dominant uncertainty contribution due to the quadratic Zeeman shift.
Modelling of nitrogen seeding experiments in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Casali L. , Fable E. , Dux R. , Ryter F. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: March 2018

Experiments using nitrogen were conducted in H-mode plasmas at ASDEX Upgrade that has a full-W wall. The edge region of H-mode plasmas is modulated by the edge-localized modes (ELMs) which lead to a loss of energy and particles from the confined plasma. In order to gain a better understanding of the complex physical mechanisms which govern the behaviour of radiation and impurities in the presence of ELMs, the evolution of impurities and radiation has been modelled in a time-dependent way. The simulations have been carried out with the ASTRA-STRAHL package featuring the self-consistent interplay between impurity transport, radiation, heat and particle transport of the background plasma, and the effects of ELMs. ELMs are modelled based on the two different assumptions of a diffusive and a convective transport, respectively. The experimental discharge behaviour was reproduced providing only transport coefficients, heat, and particle source. The results underlie the importance of non-coronal effects through the ELM-induced transport which lead to a strong enhancement of the nitrogen radiation. Taking these effects into account is crucial in order to not underestimate the radiation. The radiation properties of high-Z impurities such as tungsten are instead very weakly influenced by non-coronal effects due to its faster equilibration time. While the nitrogen density does not change significantly decreasing the ELM frequency, tungsten density and consequently the radiation increase strongly. The degree to which W is flushed out depends on whether the ELM transport is diffusive or convective. Simulations show that for the N seeded cases considered here, the diffusive model reproduces more accurately the experimental observations. The different behaviour of N and W can be explained in terms of profile peaking which increases with Z (neoclassical pinch). The strong increase in W radiation when the ELM frequency is decreased is not only due to the lack of a sufficiently strong flush out of this impurity but also to the fact that the long time between two crashes gives the impurities time to penetrate further into the plasma escaping the region where they can be flushed out. This is in agreement with the experimental observations and highlights the importance of maintaining high ELM frequencies for the stability and performance of the discharges.
Effect of geometric configuration on the electrocaloric properties of nanoscale ferroelectric materials
Authors: Hou Xu , Li Huiyu , Shimada Takahiro , Kitamura Takayuki , Wang Jie
Published: March 2018

The electrocaloric properties of ferroelectrics are highly dependent on the domain structure in the materials. For nanoscale ferroelectric materials, the domain structure is greatly influenced by the geometric configuration of the system. Using a real-space phase field model based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, we investigate the effect of geometric configurations on the electrocaloric properties of nanoscale ferroelectric materials. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops under different temperatures are simulated for the ferroelectric nano-metamaterials with square, honeycomb, and triangular Archimedean geometric configurations. The adiabatic temperature changes (ATCs) for three ferroelectric nano-metamaterials under different electric fields are calculated from the Maxwell relationship based on the hysteresis loops. It is found that the honeycomb specimen exhibits the largest ATC of ΔT=4.3 °C under a field of 391.8 kV/cm among three geometric configurations, whereas the square specimen has the smallest ATC of ΔT=2.7 °C under the same electric field. The different electrocaloric properties for three geometric configurations stem from the different domain structures. There are more free surfaces perpendicular to the electric field in the square specimen than the other two specimens, which restrict more polarizations perpendicular to the electric field, resulting in a small ATC. Due to the absence of free surfaces perpendicular to the electric field in the honeycomb specimen, the change of polarization with temperature in the direction of the electric field is more easy and thus leads to a large ATC. The present work suggests a novel approach to obtain the tunable electrocaloric properties in nanoscale ferroelectric materials by designing their geometric configurations.
Dynamics of Nafion membrane swelling in H2O/D2O mixtures as studied using FTIR technique
Authors: Bunkin Nikolai F. , Kozlov Valeriy A. , Shkirin Alexey V. , Ninham Barry W. , Balashov Anatoliy A. , Gudkov Sergey V.
Published: March 2018

Experiments with Fourier transform spectrometry of Nafion, a water-swollen polymeric membrane, are described. The transmittance spectra of liquid samples and Nafion, soaked in these samples, were studied, depending on the deuterium content in water in the spectral range 1.8–2.15 μm. The experiments were carried out using two protocols: in the first protocol we studied the dynamics of Nafion swelling in H2O + D2O mixtures for the deuterium concentrations 3 < C < 104 ppm, and in the second protocol we studied the dynamics of swelling in pure heavy water (C = 106 ppm). For liquid mixtures in the concentration range 3 < C < 104 ppm, the transmittance spectra are the same, but for Nafion soaked in these fluids, the corresponding spectra are different. It is shown that, in the range of deuterium contents C = 90–500 ppm, the behavior of transmittance of the polymer membrane is non-monotonic. In experiments using the second protocol, the dynamics of diffusion replacement of residual water, which is always present in the bulk of the polymer membrane inside closed cavities (i.e., without access to atmospheric air), were studied. The experimentally estimated diffusion coefficient for this process is ≈6·10−11 cm2/s.
The interaction of intense, ultra-short microwave beams with the plasma generated by gas ionization
Authors: Shafir G. , Cao Y. , Bliokh Y. , Leopold J. G. , Levko D. , Rostov V. , Gad R. , Fisher A. , Bernshtam V. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: March 2018

Results of the non-linear interaction of an extremely short (0.6 ns) high power (∼500 MW) X-band focused microwave beam with the plasma generated by gas ionization are presented. Within certain gas pressure ranges, specific to the gas type, the plasma density is considerably lower around the microwave beam axis than at its periphery, thus forming guiding channel through which the beam self-focuses. Outside these pressure ranges, either diffuse or streamer-like plasma is observed. We also observe high energy electrons (∼15 keV), accelerated by the very high-power microwaves. A simplified analytical model of this complicated dynamical system and particle-in-cell numerical simulations confirm the experimental results.
Resolving runaway electron distributions in space, time, and energy
Authors: Paz-Soldan C. , Cooper C. M. , Aleynikov P. , Eidietis N. W. , Lvovskiy A. , Pace D. C. , Brennan D. P. , Hollmann E. M. , Liu C. , Moyer R. A. , Shiraki D.
Published: March 2018

Areas of agreement and disagreement with present-day models of runaway electron (RE) evolution are revealed by measuring MeV-level bremsstrahlung radiation from runaway electrons (REs) with a pinhole camera. Spatially resolved measurements localize the RE beam, reveal energy-dependent RE transport, and can be used to perform full two-dimensional (energy and pitch-angle) inversions of the RE phase-space distribution. Energy-resolved measurements find qualitative agreement with modeling on the role of collisional and synchrotron damping in modifying the RE distribution shape. Measurements are consistent with predictions of phase-space attractors that accumulate REs, with non-monotonic features observed in the distribution. Temporally resolved measurements find qualitative agreement with modeling on the impact of collisional and synchrotron damping in varying the RE growth and decay rate. Anomalous RE loss is observed and found to be largest at low energy. Possible roles for kinetic instability or spatial transport to resolve these anomalies are discussed.
Analytic Morse/long-range potential energy surfaces and “adiabatic-hindered-rotor” treatment for a symmetric top-linear molecule dimer: A case study of CH3F–H2
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Long , Ma Yong-Tao , Zhai Yu , Li Hui
Published: March 2018

A first effective six-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES) for CH3F–H2 which explicitly includes the intramolecular Q3 stretching normal mode of the CH3F monomer is presented. The electronic structure computations have been carried out at the explicitly correlated coupled cluster level of theory [CCSD(T)-F12a] with an augmented correlation-consistent triple zeta basis set. Five-dimensional analytical intermolecular PESs for ν3(CH3F) = 0 and 1 are then obtained by fitting the vibrationally averaged potentials to the Morse/Long-Range (MLR) potential function form. The MLR function form is applied to the nonlinear molecule-linear molecule case for the first time. These fits to 25 015 points have root-mean-square deviations of 0.74 cm−1 and 0.082 cm−1 for interaction energies less than 0.0 cm−1. Using the adiabatic hindered-rotor approximation, three-dimensional PESs for CH3F–paraH2 are generated from the 5D PESs over all possible orientations of the hydrogen monomer. The infrared and microwave spectra for CH3F–paraH2 dimer are predicted for the first time. These analytic PESs can be used for modeling the dynamical behavior in CH3F–(H2)N clusters, including the possible appearance of microscopic superfluidity.
Krüppel homolog 1 represses insect ecdysone biosynthesis by directly inhibiting the transcription of steroidogenic enzymes
Authors: Zhang Tianlei , Song Wei , Li Zheng , Qian Wenliang , Wei Ling , Yang Yan , Wang Weina , Zhou Xuan , Meng Meng , Peng Jian , Xia Qingyou , Perrimon Norbert , Cheng Daojun
Published: March 2018

Significance

Two major endocrine hormones in insects, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone, regulate developmental transitions and growth duration in an opposite manner. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying cross-talk between JH and ecdysone is key to understanding the control of insect growth and development. We show that in both
Drosophila
and
Bombyx
, JH directly acts on the prothoracic gland to induce
Krüppel homolog 1
(
Kr-h1
) expression, which in turn represses ecdysone biosynthesis by reducing the transcription of steroidogenic enzymes. This transcriptional repression is mediated by direct binding of Kr-h1 to target gene-promoter regions, inducing epigenetic promoter DNA methylation. Our findings provide insights into the direct repression of ecdysone biosynthesis by Kr-h1–mediated JH signaling in insect prothoracic gland.
The invisibility of the translator in environmental translation
Authors: Bracho Lapiedra Llum , MacDonald Penny
Published: March 2018

The question concerning the visibility of the translator has been widely discussed in translation studies from different ideological positions, especially during the so-called post-structuralism period. Unlike other types of translation such as audiovisual or literary translation, in the case of specialized translation the translator’s name rarely appears, as demonstrated in previous research, in which, from an ambidirectional corpus in Catalan of environmental texts, in only 16% of cases was the translator’s name made explicit (Bracho, 2004, p. 318). In the present article, therefore, we study a current sample with similar features to that of the original corpus, with the aim of analyzing its profile and determining the behaviour, in this sense, more than a decade after our previous conclusions.
Informational pamphlets for asylum seekers in English
Authors: Toledo Báez Cristina , Alexandra Conrad Claire
Published: March 2018

The aim of our study is to examine the legal and administrative English used in the informational pamphlet the Spanish Ministry for Home Affairs created to explain Law 12/2009 to international protection applicants. To do so, a linguistic revision of the translated pamphlet was carried out in order to identify the linguistic and discursive elements which make comprehension difficult. Then, using translation techniques developed by Molina and Hurtado Albir (2002), an intralinguistic translation was proposed with the goal of rewriting the text in easily-understandable English. Additionally, errors were classified and corrected in accordance with Toledo Báez’s (2010, 2015) analytical assessment scale and the pamphlet’s design was updated. Lastly, the readability of both the original and simplified translations was evaluated using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula.
Phase transformations in Fe–Ni–Cr heat-resistant alloys for reformer tube applications
Authors: Tancret Franck , Laigo Johanne , Christien Frédéric , Le Gall René , Furtado Jader
Published: March 2018

Fe–35Ni–25Cr–0.4C alloys with different compositions are aged between 750 and 1150°C up to ∼10,000 h. As-cast microstructure contains interdendritic carbides of type M7C3 (‘Cr7C3’) and MC (‘NbC’). At service temperatures, M7C3 transform into M23C6 (‘Cr23C6’) within hours. Then, a hardening precipitation of secondary intragranular M23C6 occurs over hundreds of hours, the nose of the ‘temperature-time-hardening’ curve being around 1000°C. G phase forms after long aging; its solvus temperature and formation kinetics depend on silicon content. Z phase is observed after long aging at 950°C or above. G and Z phases form at the expense of MC. Very long aging causes nitridation under air, with first a transformation of M23C6 into chromium-rich M2X carbonitrides (X = C,N), then of MC into chromium-rich MX carbonitrides.
Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy
Authors: Lasevicius Thiago , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Schoenfeld Brad Jon , Roschel Hamilton , Tavares Lucas Duarte , De Souza Eduardo Oliveira , Laurentino Gilberto , Tricoli Valmor
Published: March 2018

The present study investigated the effects of different intensities of resistance training (RT) on elbow flexion and leg press one‐repetition maximum (1RM) and muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA). Thirty men volunteered to participate in an RT programme, performed twice a week for 12 weeks. The study employed a within‐subject design, in which one leg and arm trained at 20% 1RM (G20) and the contralateral limb was randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: 40% (G40); 60% (G60), and 80% 1RM (G80). The G20 started RT session with three sets to failure. After G20 training, the number of sets was adjusted for the other contralateral limb conditions with volume‐matched. CSA and 1RM were assessed at pre, post‐6 weeks, and post‐12 weeks. There was time effect for CSA for the vastus lateralis (VL) (8.9%, 20.5%, 20.4%, and 19.5%) and elbow flexors (EF) (11.4%, 25.3%, 25.1%, and 25%) in G20, G40, G60, and G80, respectively (p > .05). G80 showed higher CSA than G20 for VL (19.5% vs. 8.9%) and EF (25% vs. 11.4%) at post‐12 weeks (p < .05). There was time effect for elbow flexion and unilateral leg press strength for all groups post‐12 weeks (p < .05). However, the magnitude of increase was higher in G60 and G80. In conclusion, when low to high intensities of RT are performed with volume‐matched, all intensities were effective for increasing muscle strength and size; however, 20% 1RM was suboptimal in this regard, and only the heavier RT intensity (80% 1RM) was shown superior for increasing strength and CSA compared to low intensities.
Introduction
Authors: Black Helen K. , Groce John T. , Harmon Charles E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter One offers a brief history of the rise in awareness of the vast numbers of informal, family caregivers caring for aged, demented, and impaired loved ones in the home. The importance of informal caregivers to the healthcare system, both financially and emotionally, emerged in studies exploring the numbers of home caregivers and the nature of their care work. Early studies also focused on the sense of burden caregivers experienced due to caregiving. Since the 1980s, caregiving studies have been a constant in research, and have become increasingly complex in the use of large data sets and advanced technology to study the number of caregivers, their characteristics and labors, and the outcomes of caregiving on their emotional and physical health. Few studies have focused solely on the experience of caregiving in African-American elder male caregivers, and in the way we accomplish here.
Identity in Caregiving
Authors: Black Helen K. , Groce John T. , Harmon Charles E.
Published: March 2018

In this chapter we use case studies and men’s own words to show how each man’s caregiving style reflected his sense of personal identity. We also examine if and how the legacy of his culture and family prepared him for the role of caregiver. Witnessing and taking part in caregiving earlier in life supported men’s belief in the moral worth of both affective and instrumental acts of providing care. The self-worth individuals found in caregiving both reflected and paralleled the self-esteem men found in maintaining important personal values, such as compassion, loyalty, helpfulness to others, and religious or spiritual faith.
The Construction of Reputation and the Case of Debussy
Authors: Wheeldon Marianne
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers some of the general mechanisms by which artistic figures are consecrated and weighs their relative contribution to the construction of Debussy’s reputation. Drawing on Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang’s analysis of the survival of reputation in the fine arts, four areas emerge that would seem to be particularly relevant to Debussy: (1) the initiatives undertaken by the composer to establish his own legacy; (2) the posthumous reception of the corpus of works left behind; (3) the actions of heirs and family members on behalf of the deceased: and (4) the efforts of the composer’s close friends and collaborators. Yet, as Chapter 1 demonstrates, the first two were rendered less effective because of the particularities of Debussy’s case—namely, his protracted illness and his death during the First World War.
A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices
Authors: Hammond Marlé
Published: March 2018

Over 300 entries

This new dictionary provides clear definitions of the most important literary terms and devices in classical and modern Arabic literature. It covers technical terms and rhetorical devices, themes and motifs, concepts, historical eras, literary schools and movements, forms and genres, and significant figures and institutions. Defining terms such as ‘root-play’, highlighting schools such as the Mahjar poets, and exploring concepts such as ‘imaginary evocation’, the dictionary introduces students of Arabic and Arabic literature to the specificities of the Arabic literary tradition and equips them with the tools to understand the nuances and complexities of the texts they encounter.
6. Sustainable development
Authors: Goldin Ian
Published: March 2018

The environment and development are intimately related yet this relationship has only recently come to the centre of development concerns. The 1987 Brundtland Report from the World Commission for the Environment and Development recognized that while economic growth has contributed to improved living standards and life expectancy, it has adversely affected the environment by depleting (or irreversibly damaging) the natural resource base, which in the longer term undermines future growth prospects and living standards. ‘Sustainable development’ considers the limits to growth and our planetary boundaries, concluding that given the scale and urgency of the need for new ideas, technologies, and finance to address the needs of sustainable development, much greater investment in environmental awareness and protection is required.
Genomics: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Archibald John
Published: March 2018

Genomics has transformed the biological sciences. From epidemiology and medicine to evolution and forensics, the ability to determine an organism’s complete genetic makeup has changed the way science is done and the questions that can be asked of it. Genomics: A Very Short Introduction explores the science of genomics and its rapidly expanding toolbox. Sequencing a human genome can now take only a few days and those of simple bacteria and viruses, a matter of hours. The resulting sequences can be used to better understand our biology in health and disease and to ‘personalize’ medicine. This VSI explains the implications for science and society today and in the future.
6. The Earth’s heat
Authors: Lowrie William
Published: March 2018

The Earth’s internal heat is its greatest source of energy. It powers global geological processes such as plate tectonics and the generation of the geomagnetic field. ‘The Earth’s heat’ explains that the internal heat arises from two sources: the decay of radioactive isotopes in crustal rocks and the mantle, and primordial heat left over from the planet’s fiery formation. The internal heat has to find its way out of the Earth. The three basic forms of heat transfer are radiation, conduction, and convection. Heat is also transferred in compositional and phase transitions. Heat transport by conduction is most important in solid regions of the Earth, while thermal convection occurs in the viscoelastic mantle and molten outer core.
5. Anthropos
Authors: Ellis Erle C.
Published: March 2018

Humans are the ultimate ecosystem engineers. From land clearing using fire, to domesticating other species, and tilling the soil, there is a long, rich, and diachronous history of human transformation of Earth’s environments. The Anthropocene tells a story about human capacity to transform Earth. But when does the story begin? ‘Anthropos’ considers the archaeological evidence of human impact on Earth and concludes that the Industrial Revolution and the Great Acceleration are merely the latest, and most impactful, chapters in a long, entangled, and evolving history of human transformation of Earth’s environments; a history that is still unfolding.
2. Practices and principles
Authors: Hutchinson Ben
Published: March 2018

‘Practice and principles’ asks what it means to ‘do’ comparative literature. A number of basic principles can be identified as constitutive of comparative literature’s disciplinary practice and they can be considered as conceptual pairs: topics versus methods; periods versus regions; close versus distant reading; the canon versus the counter-canon; genres versus styles; and writers versus readers. When considering the practices and principles of comparative literature, it is important to consider them from the perspective of both creators and critics. This double perspective is emerging as a focal point for the discipline. Readers cannot compare without writers, and writers cannot compare without reading.
What are viruses?
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: March 2018

‘What are viruses?’ introduces viruses and their structure. Martinus Beijerinck, in 1898, was the first to coin the term ‘virus’, and invention of the electron microscope in the late 1930s greatly enhanced virus identification. Viruses are not cells, but obligate parasites that must infect a cell and use its organelles in order to reproduce. They carry either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid. The whole structure is called a virion. Viruses have a high mutation rate, which helps them to survive and boost their resistance to antiviral drugs. The molecular clock technique to track a virus’s history is also explained.
Emerging virus infections
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: March 2018

Arboviruses are generally transmitted by small biting insects such as mosquitoes. These insects are not just passive carriers of the viruses, but are required by the viruses to complete their life cycles. So arboviruses cannot pass directly from one victim to another except rarely by transfusion of contaminated blood or transplantation of an infected organ. Nevertheless, these viruses are spreading widely, causing large epidemics in humans and domestic animals, with increasing morbidity, mortality, and severe economic implications. ‘Emerging virus infections: arthropod-transmitted viruses’ describes the yellow fever, Zika, Chikungunya, West Nile, dengue fever, and Rift Valley viruses. As the emergence and re-emergence of viruses is increasing, vaccines to protect both humans and domestic animals and to prevent virus spread are urgently needed.
Epidemics and pandemics
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: March 2018

Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. ‘Epidemics and pandemics’ considers historical epidemics of viruses, vaccination programmes, and the spread of viruses from one continent to another—pandemics. Airborne viruses mainly cause respiratory illnesses, like flu, the common cold, or pneumonia, while those transmitted by faecal–oral contamination, like rotaviruses and noroviruses, cause intestinal upsets with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
1. A life and its legacy
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

Marx’s influence, which has extended beyond communist societies, can be compared to that of major religious figures like Jesus or Muhammad. The lives of hundreds of millions of people were transformed, for better or for worse, by Marx’s legacy. ‘A life and its legacy’ outlines Marx’s life, marriage, and family; his early intellectual career; his friendship and collaboration with Friedrich Engels; and describes the slow-burning impact of his key publication, Capital. His ideas transformed the study of history and sociology, and profoundly affected philosophy, literature, and the arts. In this sense of the term we are all Marxists now. What were the ideas that had such far-reaching effects?
3. From God to money
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

The Young Hegelians, including Bauer and Feuerbach, saw religion as the alienated human essence, and sought to end this alienation through their critical studies of Christianity. ‘From God to money’ explains how Marx then went on to transform Hegel’s ideas and methods. Marx’s ideas at this stage were liberal rather than socialist, thinking that a change in the state of consciousness was all that was needed. A shift to his emphasis on the material and economic conditions of human life was to come later, initially in his essay ‘On the Jewish Question’ (1843). Marx insisted that it is neither religion nor philosophy, but money that is the barrier to human freedom.
Youth leadership programs for community development and social action: a pedagogical approach
Authors: Buzinde Christine , Foroughi Behrang , Godwyll Josephine
Published: March 2018

This conceptual paper explores pedagogical interventions that can be applied to social change centered youth leadership programs. It specifically focuses on two interventions, Image Theatre and autonomy promotion; the former is a pedagogical tool while the latter is a pedagogical approach. These interventions are vital for social change centered youth leadership programs because they allow facilitators to account for participants’ sense of agency and determination while concurrently engaging them in critical social analyses necessary for the advancement of community development and well-being. This paper presents a description of Image Theatre and autonomy support as well as a discussion of how facilitators can apply these interventions to youth leadership programs. The theoretical tenets that inform the aforementioned pedagogical interventions, theory of self-determination and critical consciousness, respectively, are presented.
Apples, Oranges, and Erasers: The Effect of Considering Similar versus Dissimilar Alternatives on Purchase Decisions
Authors: Friedman Elizabeth M S , Savary Jennifer , Dhar Ravi
Published: March 2018

When deciding whether to buy an item, consumers sometimes think about other ways they could spend their money. Past research has explored how increasing the salience of outside options (i.e., alternatives not immediately available in the choice set) influences purchase decisions, but whether the type of alternative considered systematically affects buying behavior remains an open question. Ten studies find that relative to considering alternatives that are similar to the target, considering dissimilar alternatives leads to a greater decrease in purchase intent for the target. When consumers consider a dissimilar alternative, a competing nonfocal goal is activated, which decreases the perceived importance of the focal goal served by the target option. Consistent with this proposed mechanism, the relative importance of the focal goal versus the nonfocal goal mediates the effect of alternative type on purchase intent, and the effect attenuates when the focal goal is shielded from activation of competing goals. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Clinic Satisfaction Tool Improves Communication and Provides Real-Time Feedback
Authors: Zakare-Fagbamila Rasheedat T , Howell Elizabeth , Choi Ashley Y , Cheng Tracy Z , Clement Mary , Neely Megan , Gottfried Oren N
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Patient-reported assessments of the clinic experience are increasingly important for improving the delivery of care. The Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CG-CAHPS) survey is the current standard for evaluating patients’ clinic experience, but its format gives 2-mo delayed feedback on a small proportion of patients in clinic. Furthermore, it fails to give specific actionable results on individual encounters.

OBJECTIVE

To develop and assess the impact of a single-page Clinic Satisfaction Tool (CST) to demonstrate real-time feedback, individualized responses, interpretable and actionable feedback, improved patient satisfaction and communication scores, increased physician buy-in, and overall feasibility.

METHODS

We assessed CST use for 12 mo and compared patient-reported outcomes to the year prior. We assessed all clinic encounters for patient satisfaction, all physicians for CG-CAHPS global rating, and physician communication scores, and evaluated the physician experience 1 yr after implementation.

RESULTS

During implementation, 14 690 patients were seen by 12 physicians, with a 96% overall CST utilization rate. Physicians considered the CST superior to CG-CAHPS in providing immediate feedback. CG-CAHPS global scores trended toward improvement and were predicted by CST satisfaction scores (P < .05). CG-CAHPS physician communication scores were also predicted by CST satisfaction scores (P < .01). High CST satisfaction scores were predicted by high utilization (P < .05). Negative feedback dropped significantly over the course of the study (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

The CST is a low-cost, high-yield improvement to the current method of capturing the clinic experience, improves communication and satisfaction between physicians and patients, and provides real-time feedback to physicians.