bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contract Design by Service Providers with Private Effort
Authors: Zhang Hao , Kong Guangwen , Rajagopalan Sampath
Published: June 2017

We investigate the performance of two commonly used pricing schemes—hourly-rate contract and two-part tariff—in service environments where the buyer’s valuation is invisible to the service provider and the provider’s effort may not be visible to the buyer. In the private effort environment, we further distinguish between situations where the contract may be based on the outcome or on the effort reported by the provider. We show that under the two-part tariff, when effort is private, the provider can achieve the same profit as under public effort by contracting on reported effort and will be worse off by contracting on outcome. Under the hourly-rate contract, compared with the public effort case, the provider may be better or worse off in keeping effort private and contracting on the reported effort, and the trade-off is affected by the degree of outcome uncertainty in a nontrivial way. We find that a provider’s profits under an hourly-rate contract are as good as under a two-part tariff over a sizable parameter regime when contracting on reported effort.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2743 .

This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Optimal Marketing Strategies for the Acquisition and Retention of Service Subscribers
Authors: Ben Rhouma Tarek , Zaccour Georges
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we propose a diffusion model for a subscription service. The evolution over time of the number of subscribers is governed by a differential equation combining two processes—namely, a customer acquisition process and a customer attrition process. Assuming profit-maximization behavior of the firm, we use dynamic programming to optimize the customer equity and determine optimal customer relationship marketing expenditures. We implement an augmented Kalman filter with continuous state and discrete observations to estimate the model’s parameters using market data of two well-known companies in the telecommunications sector. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to model acquisition and retention efforts in the context of a diffusion model. By doing so, we extend the literature on product diffusion to services—that is, beyond its traditional area of durable (and occasionally nondurable) products. By the same token, we contribute to the literature on customer relationship marketing (CRM), where social interactions have been overlooked. Our analytical and numerical results provide a better understanding of the relationships among the optimal customer equity, the customer lifetime value, the prospect lifetime value, and the optimal acquisition and retention spending. Our model and estimation approach give the tools for assessing empirically the role of CRM spending, social interactions, and other factors in the service subscription dynamics. Our main empirical results are as follows: (i) CRM spending and external incentives have indeed a significant effect on acquisition and retention processes; (ii) the impact of CRM is market specific; (iii) compared with optimal levels, both firms underinvest in retention; and (iv) whereas we observe increasing spending in acquisition over time, the derived optimal policy recommends a decreasing level of spending over time.

This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.
Clinical Trials for New Drug Development: Optimal Investment and Application
Authors: Kouvelis Panos , Milner Joseph , Tian Zhili
Published: June 2017

Phase III clinical trials are expensive and require enrolling and treating hundreds or thousands of patients at many sites. The time and cost required to do so are uncertain, as is the economic value of the drug upon completion. We consider the problem of determining when and how many test sites should be opened and the rate at which patients should be recruited. We model the problem as a discrete time, discounted dynamic program with the objective of maximizing the expected net present value of a drug based on the costs of conducting the trial and on the drug’s quality-moderated likelihood of approval and its subsequent expected revenue stream if approved. We show the optimal policy is characterized by a series of thresholds on the number of patients enrolled over time that indicate when additional test centers should be opened and how many patients should be targeted. We demonstrate using data from completed clinical trials that for low- to moderate-valued drugs, these thresholds are relevant to the firm’s decisions. We extend the problem to the case with multiple interim analyses and demonstrate that optimizing the clinical trial capacity and its utilization provides significant value in addition to the option value of stopping the trial early.

The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0616 .
A Microscopic Investigation Into the Capacity Drop: Impacts of Longitudinal Behavior on the Queue Discharge Rate
Authors: Yuan Kai , Knoop Victor L. , Hoogendoorn Serge P.
Published: June 2017

The capacity drop indicates that the queue discharge rate is lower than the free-flow capacity. Studies show that the queue discharge rate varies under different traffic conditions. Empirical data show that the queue discharge rate increases as the speed in congestion increases. Insights into the underlying behavioral mechanisms that cause these variable queue discharge rates can help minimize traffic delays and eliminate congestion. However, to our knowledge, few efforts have been devoted to testing impacts of traffic behaviors on the queue discharge rate. This paper tries to fill this gap. We investigate to what extent the acceleration spread and reaction time can influence the queue discharge rate. It is found that the (interdriver) acceleration spread does not reduce the queue discharge rates as much as found empirically. Modeling reaction time might be more important than modeling acceleration for capacity drop in car-following models. A speed-dependent reaction time mechanism for giving variable queue discharge rates is proposed. That is, decreasing reaction time as the speed in congestion increases can give the same queue discharge rate as found empirically. This research suggests that motivating drivers to speed up earlier could increase the queue discharge rate and thereby minimize delays.
La Seccion Femenina en las campañas de vacunación del primer franquismo: El caso de la provincia de Valencia 1941-1958
Authors: Maceiras Chans Jose Manuel , Galiana-Sánchez María Eugenia , Bernabeu-Mestre Josep
Published: June 2017

El objetivo es analizar la participación de las enfermeras sociales y divulgadoras de la S.F. en las campañas de vacunación del primer franquismo, dichas campañas fueron poco uniformes y constantes, decreciendo con el paso del tiempo y mostraron importantes desigualdades territoriales. Dada la resistencia por parte de la pobación a vacunarse, desarrollaron  actividades de educación sanitaria,informadas por el paternalismo asistencial y el adoctrinamiento ideologico de la Sección Femenina, poniendose de manifiesto las limitaciones y dificultades que encontraron para alcanzar en la provincia de Valencia sus objetivos socio-sanitarios
Revisión sistemática de la formación acerca del duelo en los planes de estudios de enfermería en España
Authors: Sánchez Guio Tania , Delgado Sevilla David
Published: June 2017

Justificación: El duelo es un proceso adaptativo normal, que precede o sigue, a la pérdida significativa de un ser querido. Socialmente, puede conllevar un importante problema de morbimortalidad debido a que se relaciona con el desarrollo de diversos problemas de salud, que pueden suponer un incremento del consumo de servicios sanitarios hasta de un 80% del promedio anual de consultas al Centro de Salud. Los estudios demuestran que los estudiantes de enfermería no suelen saber cómo afrontar este proceso durante sus prácticas clínicas, por ello, es necesario incluir formación desde sus estudios universitarios.Objetivo: Mostrar qué universidades españolas incluyen en su programación académica el duelo.Metodología: Búsqueda de los programas académicos en todas las Universidades españolas que incluyen el duelo, dentro de sus contenidos o son una asignatura.Resultados: De las 19 Comunidades Autónomas, 14 de ellas incluyen en sus programas académicos contenidos acerca de la muerte y el duelo.Conclusión: La formación universitaria en la atención al duelo y cuidados paliativos es fundamental para la correcta actuación en su posterior trabajo profesional.
Ejercicio hipopresivo en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres multíparas: serie de casos
Authors: Abimael Baruc , Rial Rebullido Tamara , Chulvi Medrano Iván , Fabre Pierre
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: Un número cada vez mayor de matronas recomiendan los Ejercicios Hipopresivos (EH) como terapia de ejercicio alternativa en la recuperación abdomino-pélvica del post-parto. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los efectos de un protocolo de rehabilitación basado en ejercicio hipopresivo (EH) sobre la sintomatología de Incontinencia Urinaria (IU) de mujeres multíparas.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos realizado en la unidad de rehabilitación de Tolcayuca (México). Las participantes fueron 6 mujeres premenopáusicas multíparas con IU [M=40.33(11.76) años] las cuales realizaron 7 semanas de EH supervisado y dirigido. Las tres primeras semanas se realizaron 8  EH durante 10 minutos una vez por semana. Las últimas cuatro semanas se realizó el mismo protocolo dos días por semana incrementado 5 minutos el tiempo de sesión cada dos semanas. Los síntomas y severidad de IU fueron evaluados mediante el cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) que valora la frecuencia, cantidad y afectación de las pérdidas de orina. Resultados: El índice de IU disminuyó en todas las participantes al fin del protocolo. En 5 de los 6 casos el grado de severidad de IU disminuyó de categoría. En dos de los casos hubo remisión completa de los síntomas de IU.Conclusiones: Estos resultados preliminares muestran como un protocolo de EH supervisado fue eficaz en disminuir el índice de pérdidas de orina y el grado de severidad de mujeres multíparas con síntomas de IU.
O tratamento de homônimos em dicionários de ensino médio do PNLD 2012: análise dos verbetes cura e são
Authors: Aquino Neliane Raquel Macedo , Castiglioni Ana Claudia
Published: June 2017

O dicionário é um material didático que faz parte do contexto escolar. É ao mesmo tempo produtor e receptor de discurso. Por isso, a análise desse material possibilita a observação das construções de sentido produzidas em uma comunidade linguística. Em vista disso, propomos, neste texto, analisar o tratamento dos homônimos cura e são presentes em dicionários escolares distribuídos pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD 2012) para as escolas públicas de Ensino Médio no país a partir do que expõe Alves (2000); Biderman (2002); Dapena (2002); Correia (2000). O corpus retirado dos dicionários foi selecionado partindo-se dos exemplos de homônimos trazidos nos livros didáticos de Primeira Série do Ensino Médio (PNLD 2012). Essa análise proporciona pensar acerca da macroestrutura e da microestrutura dos dicionários analisados (Dicionário Houaiss Conciso; Dicionário UNESP do Português Contemporâneo; Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Evanildo Bechara) e uso desse material no processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
O apelidamento de estádios de futebol em Sergipe
Authors: Santos Cezar Neri , Costa Cleberson Franclin Tavares
Published: June 2017

O fenômeno do apelidamento está intimamente ligado a dois sentimentos: afetividade e violência. No “mundo” do futebol, essa nomeação paralela é um frequente instrumento para referenciar times, torcedores e estádios, no qual, a depender da relação com estes elementos, pode ser eufórica ou pejorativa. Assim, este artigo descreve e analisa o fenômeno de nomeação paralela de locais de prática ludopédica em Sergipe, dando-se a conhecer práticas onomásticas. Estes nomes permitem refletir sobre contextos socioculturais e políticos, bem como identificar tendências linguísticas e culturais que se configuram, não raro, em todo o território nacional. Como fonte primária dos dados, valeu-se do Cadastro Nacional de Estádios de Futebol – CNEF (2013). No entanto, a constatação de lacunas de dados levou os pesquisadores a disporem de pesquisa de campo, por meio de investigação e entrevistas semidirigidas, em prol de um inventário exaustivo e fidedigno que permitisse uma melhor caracterização deste fenômeno. Como resultados, dentre outras questões, percebeu-se que a rivalidade funciona como uma forte motivação para a criação de apelidos. Também foram listadas diversas metáforas conceptuais e orientacionais a partir do corpus e constatou-se que tanto apelidos eufóricos quanto disfóricos se valem da sufixação em –ão, fenômeno corrente no Português brasileiro no apelidamento de estádios de futebol.
The opinions of preschool teacher candidates on vocational and personal achievements from the drama lesson
Authors: Çakır Turan
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine the opinion and attitudes of the preschool teacher candidates about the contribution of the drama lesson for their vocational and personal developments. The research sample consists of 62 students who take drama lessons in 2nd class in Department of Preschool Teaching of Teachers College of Sakarya University in 2014-2015. This study is actualized by descriptive research method that is one of the qualitative research techniques. Semi-structured interview form is used as the data collection tool. The content analysis is made by being interpreted the data collected. According to the results obtained, the teachers like the drama lessons when they took in university, and this lesson makes major contributions to their personal life and careers. It is confirmed at the end of this research that the attendees and the preschool teacher candidates notice the importance of the drama lesson at the right time and afterward as well. It is seen that the personal and vocational gains such as communication skills, verbal ability, empathy and social ability, body language, self-reliance, problem-solving, creativity, cognitive skills, awareness, learning by experience, psychomotor skills, taking responsibility skill are the qualifications that wanted to be gained by the students.
2-d mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flow inside and outside packing in catalytic packed bed reactor
Authors: Buchori L. , Bindar Y. , Sasongko D. , Makertihartha IGBN
Published: June 2017

Generally, the momentum equation of fluid flow in porous media was solved by neglecting the terms of diffusion and convection such as Ergun, Darcy, Brinkman and Forchheimer models. Their model primarily applied for laminar flow. It is true that these model are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model type above is available only for simple one-dimensional cases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. This work advances the flow model in porous media and provide two-dimentional flow field solution in porous media, which includes the diffusion and convection terms. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available  Brinkman-Forchheimer equation. The numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid  flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous  media is the basic principle of the flow model in morous media. The Brinkman-Forchheimer consider the momentum lost term to be determined by a quadratic function of the velocity component. The momentum and the continuity equation are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinat . the result were validated with the experimental data. The velocity of the porous media was treated to be radially oscillated. The result of velocity profile inside packing show a good agreement in their trend with the Stephenson and Steward experimental data. The local superficial  velocity attains its global maximum and minimum at distances near 0.201 and 0.57 particle diameter, dp. velocity profile below packing was simulated. The result were validated with Schwartz and Smith experimental data. The result also show an excellent agreement with those experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, flow distribution, velocity profile
Simulasi dan Pemodelan Proses Lumpur Aktif Tanpa Resirkulasi Lumpur Pada Keadaan Transien
Authors: Budiyono Budiyono
Published: June 2017

Pemodelan dan simulasi pada keadaan transien dilakukan terhadap sistem pengolahan air limbah dengan proses lumpur aktif tanpa resirkulasi lumpur. Model matematika pada keadaan transien disusun dengan membuat neraca massa substrat dan neraca massa sel. Persamaan yang diperoleh diselesaikan secara numerik. Beberapa parameter yang digunakan untuk penyusunan modelyaitu konsentrasi COD umpan 2.000 mg/l dan waktu tinggal cairan (Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT) bervariasi dari 8, 16, 24 hingga 32 hari. Konsentrasi mikroba (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid, MLSS) awal divariasikan dari 250, 500, 1000 hingga 2000 mg/l. substrat terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi divariasi dari 100, 300, 500 hingga 1000 mg/l. Parameter kinetika yang digunakan diperoleh dari literature yaitu laju pertumbuhan maksimum spesifik, laju kematian specific, koefisien perolehan sel dan konstanta setengah jenuh masing-masing 0,589 hari-1, 0,248 hari-1, 0,515 (mg sel/ mg substrat) dan 589 mg/l.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak tergantung pada HRT dan MLSS awal di dalam bak aerasi. Konsentrasi COD dan MLSS  di dalam bak aerasi pada keadaan transien  tergantung pada MLSS dan konsentrasi COD terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi dan SRT. Dari hasil simulasi ini bias diambil rele of thumbs bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak adalah sebesar 1-3 kali HRT pada HRT rendah satu kali HRT pada HRT tinngi.Kata kunci : simulasi dan pemodelan, proses lumpur aktif, keadaan transien
Kinetika Reaksi Karbonatasi Suspensi Seruk Batuan Marmer Dalam Reaktor Kolom Gelembung Bersekat Miring
Authors: Soemargono Soemargono
Published: June 2017

Secara umum kinetika reaksi heterogen ditentukan oleh kecepatan perpindahan massa, atau kecepatan reaksi kimia, atau dapat pula oleh keduanya. Kinetika reaksi karbonatasi suspensi serbuk batuan marmer dalam air yang dicari dalam model persamaan diferensial  simultan hasil penjabaran neraca bahan menurut reaksi dalam fase cair.Penelitian dilakukan secara sinambung dalam reaktor kolom berdiameter 2,5 cm terbuat dari kaca dengan sekat miring dan tinggi kolom aktif 50 cm. Suspensi ditempatkan di bagian atas kolom sebagai umpan. Gas karbondioksida dialirkan melalui bagian bawah kolom dengan kecepatan alir yang diinginkan.Hasil penggolongan data menunjukkan bahwa reaksi dapat balik dengan model reaksi terjadi dalam fase cair, yang dikendalikan oleh perpindahan massa dan reaksi kimia bersama-sama. Hubungan kLa dengan G berbentuk :kLa = 4,3509 G0.5276dan hubungan k1 dengan suhu sesuai persamaan Arrhenius, yaitu:k1 = 6,5547 e2886,8/RTKata kunci : kinetika reaksi, karbonatasi, reaktor kolom
Studi Awal Pembuatan Asam Oksalat Dari Saut Kelapa Dengan Metoda Oksidasi
Authors: Widiyarti G.
Published: June 2017

Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan asam oksalat ( H2C2O4) dari selullosa sabut kelapa dengan mtoda oksidasi menggunakan oksidator asam nitrat (HNO3) dan katalis Fe. Sabut kelapa sebagai bahan baku dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu dan kadar sellulosanya. Hasil analisa tersebut menunjukkan bahwa,bahan baku sabut kelapa memiliki kadar air 22,3%, kadar abu 9,22% dan kadar sellulosa 64,804%. Optimasi reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dilakukan dengan metode factorial disain 2 level temperature, waktu dan konsentrasi HNO3 sebagi variabel berubah. Asam oksalat yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara kuantitatif dengn metode permanganometri.Data hasil percobaan yang didasarkan pada yield terbesar, maka kondisi optimum reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dengan metode oksidasi adalah pada temperature 110 0C,  waktu reaksi 20 menit dengan konsentrasi HNO3 8,6N. Dengan kondisi reaksi optimum tersebut diperoleh yield sebesar 15,497%. Kata kunci : asam oksalat, sellulosa sabut kelapa, optimasi reaksi, fakktorial desain 2 level.
Malaysian Crude Oil Emulsions : Stability Study
Authors: Pramudono B. , Mat H. B.
Published: June 2017

The stability of water-in-oil emulsion of some Malaysian crude oils was studied with particular emphasis on effect of interfacial active components existed in the crude oil, i.e. asphaltene, resin and wax. The emulsion stability was studied by measuring the volume of water or oil phase separated in variation with time, water hold up, and the heights of the sedimenting/coalescing interfaces during the separation at various temperatures. The study investigated the influence of asphaltene, resin and wax on emultion stability if it`s present in the crude oil alone, together or combination one of the others. The result show that the interfacial active component that stabilize emulsion is asphaltene. The resin and wax  do not form stale emulsion either aloneor together. There is a correlation between emulsion stability and physicochemical properties of crude oil which showed that higher asphaltene content in the crude oil would form more stable emultion. Increased temperature was found to cause instability of emultion. Keywords : emultion stability, crude oil, asphaltene, resin and wax
Analysing the Methods of Dzongkha Word Segmentation
Authors: Dhungyel Parshu Ram , Grundspeņķis Jānis
Published: June 2017

In both Chinese and Dzongkha languages, the greatest challenge is to identify the word boundaries because there are no word delimiters as it is in English and other Western languages. Therefore, preprocessing and word segmentation is the first step in Dzongkha language processing, such as translation, spell-checking, and information retrieval. Research on Chinese word segmentation was conducted long time ago. Therefore, it is relatively mature, but the Dzongkha word segmentation has been less studied by researchers. In the paper, we have investigated this major problem in Dzongkha language processing using a probabilistic approach for selecting valid segments with probability being computed on the basis of the corpus.
Twin Peaks Regulation After the Global Financial Crisis: A Reform Model for China?
Authors: Han Miao
Published: June 2017

The global financial crisis (GFC) has been defined as the worst financial crisis after the Great Depression of the 1930s. Reforms underway, as well as debates in discussion, revolve around both regulatory philosophy and approaches towards better supervisory outcomes. One of the most radical institutional reforms took place in the United Kingdom (UK), where the Twin-Peak model replaced the previous fully integrated regulator – the Financial Services Authority (FSA) under the Financial Services Act 2012. This paper argues that China should also introduce twin peaks regulation, but it is rather based on the resources of risk in its financial sector than the direct GFC challenge. In theory, the core arguments focus on the structure of agencies responsible for prudential regulation and the role played by the central bank as well. The Twin-Peak model has been further examined in terms of regulatory objectives and instruments. By method, this paper is a country-specific comparative study; Australia, the Netherlands and the UK are selected to represent different Twin-Peak models. This paper contributes to the relevant literature in two main aspects. First, it has displayed the principal pattern of the Twin-Peak model after detailing the case studies, including the relationship involving in two regulators, central bank and finance minister in particular. Based on this, second, it becomes possible to design a very specific model to reform China’s current sector-based financial monitoring regime. As far as the author knows, until end-2015, this is the first paper which has proposed such a particular model to China. It is argued that the appropriate institutional structure of market regulation should fit well in with a country’s financial market. Accordingly, the Twin-Peak model will be able to balance the regulatory tasks for the over-concentrated risk in China’s large banking sector but the underdeveloped securities market. Even though, regulatory independence will continue to be challenged.
Tribology of nitrided-coated steel-a review
Authors: Bhaskar Santosh V. , Kudal Hari N.
Published: June 2017

Surface engineering such as surface treatment, coating, and surface modification are employed to increase surface hardness, minimize adhesion, and hence, to reduce friction and improve resistance to wear. To have optimal tribological performance of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) hard coating to the substrate materials, pretreatment of the substrate materials is always advisable to avoid plastic deformation of the substrate, which may result in eventual coating failure. The surface treatment results in hardening of the substrate and increase in load support effect. Many approaches aim to improve the adhesion of the coatings onto the substrate and nitriding is the one of the best suitable options for the same. In addition to tribological properties, nitriding leads to improved corrosion resistance. Often corrosion resistance is better than that obtainable with other surface engineering processes such as hard-chrome and nickel plating. Ability of this layer to withstand thermal stresses gives stability which extends the surface life of tools and other components exposed to heat. Most importantly, the nitrogen picked-up by the diffusion layer increases the rotating-bending fatigue strength in components. The present article reviews mainly the tribological advancement of different nitrided-coated steels based on the types of coatings, structure, and the tribo-testing parameters, in recent years.
Finite Element Analysis Of Influence Of Flank Wear Evolution On Forces In Orthogonal Cutting Of 42CrMo4 Steel
Authors: Madajewski Marek , Nowakowski Zbigniew
Published: June 2017

This paper presents analysis of flank wear influence on forces in orthogonal turning of 42CrMo4 steel and evaluates capacity of finite element model to provide such force values. Data about magnitude of feed and cutting force were obtained from measurements with force tensiometer in experimental test as well as from finite element analysis of chip formation process in ABAQUS/Explicit software. For studies an insert with complex rake face was selected and flank wear was simulated by grinding operation on its flank face. The aim of grinding inset surface was to obtain even flat wear along cutting edge, which after the measurement could be modeled with CAD program and applied in FE analysis for selected range of wear width. By comparing both sets of force values as function of flank wear in given cutting conditions FEA model was validated and it was established that it can be applied to analyze other physical aspects of machining. Force analysis found that progression of wear causes increase in cutting force magnitude and steep boost to feed force magnitude. Analysis of Fc/Ff force ratio revealed that flank wear has significant impact on resultant force in orthogonal cutting and magnitude of this force components in cutting and feed direction. Surge in force values can result in transfer of substantial loads to machine-tool interface.
Prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and associated socio-demographic variables in Syrian women using different anthropometric indicators
Authors: Bakir M Adel , Hammad Kholoud , Mohammad Loreen
Published: June 2017

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing globally in both developing and developed countries, especially, those with rapid cultural and social changes. The aims of current study were twofold: (a) to examine, for the first time in Syria, the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in Syrian women and obesity-related socio-demographic determinants, and (b) to establish a base line data about obesity related determinants needed to develop appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Cross-sectional study with a randomly representative sample of 923 women aged 18-60 years was conducted. Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Socio-demographic data were collected with a designed questionnaire. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in Syrian women as defined by BMI were 31% and 43%, respectively. The overall central obesity as defined by WC and WHR were 53% and 33%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity and central obesity were increased with age. WC and HC were strongly correlated with BMI. The mean BMIs and other anthropometric measurements were significantly higher in married, house wife, less educated, high parity, and low physical activity women. The results of this study indicate an increased rates of overweight, overall, and central obesity in Syrian women. Also, central obesity as defined by WC is higher than BMI derived obesity. In conclusion, WC is more appropriate to be used for obesity assessment, where, BMI underestimates the obesity prevalence among middle-age women. Development of appropriate treatment and prevention strategies are urgently needed to combat with increasing rate of obesity among Syrian women.
Evidence of tuberculosis among children in medieval (13th–15th century) Wrocław: A case study of hip joint tuberculosis in a juvenile skeleton excavated from the crypt of the St. Elizabeth church
Authors: Cieślik Agata Izabela
Published: June 2017

Paleopathological examinations of the skeletal remains of people who died centuries ago are material source of knowledge about health and diseases in the past. In this article, a case of skeletal tuberculosis from historical (13th–15th c.) Wrocław, Poland has been presented. The juvenile skeleton excavated from grave No 93, from the crypt located under the church of St. Elizabeth, displayed pathological lesions within the right hip joint resulting from a chronic inflammation, which might have been assigned to signs typical for skeletal tuberculosis. The results of macroscopic and radiological analyses appeared to be consistent, and allowed to determine a reliable diagnosis of this paleopathological case.
Phylogenetic and variability study on all known hemagglutinin subtypes of influenza A virus
Authors: Filip Rafał , Leluk Jacek
Published: June 2017

Hemagglutinin (HA) is a surface glycoprotein found in influenza viruses. This particle plays two crucial functions in the viral life cycle: it allows for the attachment of the virus into the host cell and participates in the fusion of the virus and host membranes. There are 18 different subtypes of HA. Recently, the H17 and H18 strains have been discovered whose hosts were bats. The evolution of these two strains had most likely occurred in isolation for a long period of time. This work presents the phylogenetic analysis and study on mutational variability based on sequences from all 18 currently known HA strains belonging to influenza virus type A. The results have been presented regarding the current knowledge about influenza. The classical software (Clustal, PHYLIP, and ConSurf) as well as original applications (SSSSg and Consensus Constructor) have been used in this research.
New Technologies in 3D Mapping
Authors: Atoyan Ruben Vladimirovic , German Anna
Published: June 2017

Among cartographic works, three-dimensional panoramas should be marked out as a special kind of map, which are characterised by visual modes of representing objects in space. The main principles of the creation of both hand-painted and automated maps vector and raster graphics software (Corel Draw and Adobe Photoshop) are considered in the paper. The use of modern information technologies has several advantages over traditional mapping.
Deciphering the history of forest disturbance and its effects on landforms and soils – lessons from a pit-and-mound locality at Rogowa Kopa, Sudetes, SW Poland
Authors: Pawlik Łukasz , Musielok Łukasz , Migoń Piotr , Wrońska-Wałach Dominika , Duszyński Filip , Kasprzak Marek
Published: June 2017

The historical dimension of pit-and-mound topography has been studied at the Mt Rogowa Kopa locality, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. This site represents one of the best developed regional examples of hummocky forest floor relief due to widespread tree uprooting and subsequent degradation of root plates. Through map analysis and dendrochronology the disturbance history was traced to at least the 1930s and, most likely, a strong wind episode from 1933 was the reason for the forest calamity that resulted in the nearly total destruction of the original stand. However, the affected forest was a planted Norway spruce monoculture, introduced and managed until at least the beginning of the 20thcentury, and not a natural forest. The windthrow niche was then used by beech, whose individuals preferentially chose mounds to grow, conserving the hummocky microtopography. Changes in soil evolutionary pathways brought about by wind-driven disturbance include both haploidisation (rejuvenation) and horizonation (differentiation). Evidence of soil rejuvenation includes a decrease in organic carbon content and an increase in pH in the upper parts of soils developed on mounds relative to the pH of undisturbed references soils. Soil texture was relatively homogenised in pits and mounds. Dating of the pit-and-mound microrelief by means of soil properties (organic carbon content, iron forms) was only partly successful. Although the young age of pits and mounds is evident, the actual age inferred from soil properties was underestimated by a few tens of years. Evaluation of factors potentially controlling the propensity to widespread treethrow suggests that the type of forest is a far more important variable than local abiotic factors of bedrock geology, regolith characteristics, and slope inclination.
符合認知理論的多媒體部首教學設計
Authors: 曾 金金 , 紀 壽惠 , 黃 立己
Published: June 2017

提要

由於漢字的內部結構複雜，但部首卻有一定的認知規律可循，因此，部首教學就成為漢字教學導入的一大利器。因此，本研究進行以認知學習理論為基礎的部首多媒體教學設計，考量學習者的認知負擔，以寓教於樂的方式，袪除對漢字的畏懼感，有效建立學習者的部首意識。由於部首對於絕大多數初學漢字的學習者是一個全新的概念建構，我們要從功能類比部首是相當於印歐語系(Indo-European family) 文字的字根 (base word) 概念，是帶有主要語義成分的最小單位。本文統計視聽華語（一）（二）冊教材中的614個生字之部首頻率，再對照常用字頻部首頻率，並參酌黃沛榮 (2001) 從漢字的辨識、書寫與使用三個角度來評估部首的學習價值，綜合列出100個具有優先學習價值的部首，作為多媒體教學設計之主要範疇。規劃出符合五項認知歷程的單元教學，包括：（一）直觀圖形，聯結形符。（二）解構字碼，凝聚概念。（三）鞏固部首位置及組合結構，加強形近辨識。（四）語義彙整，加強義近區辨。（五）綜合運用，融會貫通。
漢語和德語植物固定語式的形成——從菜和蘋果出發
Authors: 謝 菁玉
Published: June 2017

提要

Atran (1990) 相信植物名稱是拿來形容人或社會通用的喻依 (vehicle)。本文旨在觀察漢語和德語的『菜』和『蘋果』固定語式的語意出發點，再綜合討論其他植物語式，最後我們統計所討論的語式資料，比較漢、德語在植物固定語式上造詞的不同觀察點。Lakoff & Turner (1989) 等人所提出的語意出發點是本文的研究理論基礎，語料乃從字典、辭典、文獻、和媒體中搜集而得。研究比較後顯示，同樣有【普通易得的食材】這個語意出發點，在德語是『蘋果』，在漢語則是『菜』。從德語的Apfel [蘋果]語式中我們看到蘋果在德國人心目中的普遍性和重要性，從其形狀、果肉、作為食品、飼料、農業特色、成熟後掉落地面、到腐爛等方面皆是入詞的參考。德語的Gemüse [菜]和漢語的『菜』語意相差甚多；在德語是名詞，在漢語多半為形容詞。德語Gemüse [菜]常用來代指＜人＞，漢語的『菜』則常是＜食物＞的統稱。漢語和德語從外型、可食性、可用性、或是農耕與生長特色的語意出發點，有相同或不同的分佈比例。植物固定語式這種生命體詞彙是語言使用者表詞達意的良好利器。透過外語學習者的角度來探究語意出發點，比較漢語和德語，更能切實的看到語言的核心和實用的面向，對漢語學習有所助益。
Erweckung und Aufklärung. P. O. Enquists Roman Lewis resa
Authors: Hoff Karin
Published: June 2017

Religion has recently regained a prominent role in contemporary
discussions. Even though secularisation has a strong foothold in
Scandinavia, religion is not only an important topic of public debate but
also plays a strong part in contemporary Scandinavian literature. The
article takes a closer look at P. O. Enquist’s novel Lewis resa and at his
autobiography Ett annat liv, which both examine the dialectic structure of
pietism and enlightenment. Pietism as a religious movement was important in
forming modern day scandinavian societies but also plays a significant role
in Enquist’s personal life. The internal struggle of the pietistic movement
with its focus on education and the individual relationship with god on the
one hand and the strong collective moral pressure on the other hand,
translates on a personal level into the conflict between individuality and
the collective. The article argues that this conflict is an essential
structural element of the analysed texts by Enquist.
Th e eff ects of Nigella Sativa extract on renal tissue oxidative damage during neonatal and juvenile growth in propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rats
Authors: Mohebbati R. , Hosseini M. , Haghshenas M. , Nazariborun A. , Beheshti Farimah
Published: June 2017

Objective. We investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (NS) on renal tissue oxidative damage associated with propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats.

Methods. Pregnant rats were divided into five groups designated as: 1) control; 2) propylthiouracil (PTU); 3) PTU-NS100; 4) PTU-NS200, and 5) PTU-NS400. All mothers except the control group received 0.005% PTU in their drinking water during lactation. Besides PTU, mothers in groups 3-5 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of NS extract. After lactation period, the off spring continued to receive the same experimental treatment for the first 8 weeks of their life. Ten male off springs of each group were randomly selected, blood samples collected, and the kidney tissues removed.

Results. The serum thyroxin concentration in PTU group was lower than control group and improved by extract. PTU increased the renal malondialdehyde (MDA), while reduced the total thiols concentrations and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to control group. Administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of NS extract decreased MDA level, while it increased the total thiols and 400 mg/kg increased CAT and SOD activity in renal tissues compared to PTU group. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in PTU group was higher than in comparison with the control group. 400 mg/kg decreased creatinine, but both 200 and 400 mg/kg improved BUN concentration compared to PTU group.

Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of NS has a protective effect on the renal tissue oxidative damage associated with PTU-induced hypothyroidism during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats.
Inclusive Multilingualism: Concept, Modes and Implications
Authors: Backus Ad , Gorter Durk , Knapp Karlfried , Schjerve-Rindler (†) Rosita , Swanenberg Jos , ten Thije Jan D. , Vetter Eva
Published: June 2017

Departing from a critical discussion of the
A construct of cognitive discourse functions for conceptualising content-language integration in CLIL and multilingual education
Authors: Dalton-Puffer Christiane
Published: June 2017

School-level learners who study curricular content in a language that is not their first require active support in their development of academic language, ideally in conjunction with working on said content. However, content teachers naturally orient towards the learning goals formulated for their respective subjects, while language teachers do not routinely consider them. This situation could be resolved if a zone of convergence between content and language pedagogies could be established. In this paper I argue that cognitive discourse functions (CDFs) constitute such a zone of convergence as the cognitive processes involving subject-specific facts, concepts and categories are verbalized in recurring and patterned ways during the event of co-creating knowledge in the classroom. While numerous publications make reference to such discourse functions, no coherent and theoretically explicit model of CDFs exists to date. The main purpose of this paper is, therefore, to introduce such a model that is theoretically explicit and conceptually anchored in both education and linguistics. Initial evidence for the empirical grounding of the construct is presented and suggestions are made for the further elaboration, consolidation and use of the CDF Construct introduced in this article.
Multilingual discourse competence in minority children: Exploring the factors of transfer and variation
Authors: Riehl Claudia Maria
Published: June 2017

The paper aims to explore the mutual influence of writing competences in L1 and L2 of early bilinguals growing up in migrant contexts. Referring to the framework of

Ziel des Artikels ist, zu zeigen, wie sich schriftsprachliche Kompetenzen in L1 und L2 bei Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund wechselseitig beeinflussen. Unter Bezugnahme auf die

El objetivo del presente artículo es demostrar la influencia mutua que existe entre las competencias escritas del idioma principal (L1) y el idioma secundario (L2), en alumnos bilingües de menor edad en un contexto migratorio. Las competencias escritas de cada alumno en los dos lenguajes deben ser consideradas de acuerdo a la Dynamic Systems Theory. Se presenta un estudio realizado en Alemania con alumnos de 9.º y 10.º grado, quienes provienen de familias turcas, italianas y rusas. De este estudio se desprende un modelo, a través del cual se pueden comprender las competencias escritas de los textos narrativos y argumentativos de manera global, lo que demuestra al mismo tiempo las diferencias específicas de cada género de texto (narrativo y argumentativo) entre los idiomas como entre los diferentes alumnos. Se distingue que las competencias escritas en los dos idiomas se influencian recíprocamente, cuando el alumno ya llegó a un cierto nivel en alguno de los dos idiomas. Por otra parte, la transferencia de ciertas estructuras de un lenguaje a otro depende de varios factores extralingüísticos, la actitud personal así como las condiciones cognitivas previas.
The effects of Alginite fertilization on selected tree species seedlings performance on afforested agricultural lands
Authors: Cukor Jan , Linhart Lukáš , Vacek Zdeněk , Baláš Martin , Linda Rostislav
Published: June 2017

Afforestation of marginal agricultural lands is an important issue in the land use changes running in Europe at present. The aim of the presented study is the documentation of effects of site improving material Alginite three years after afforestation of agricultural land in the locality with unfavourable hydrophysical regime. The impact was evaluated on growth parameters (height increment, mortality and foliar nutrient content) of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and a mixture of English oak (Quercus robur L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seedlings on former agricultural land in central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The research plot consists of 36 square sub-plots, each sub-plot is 400 m2 in size. Each sub-plot consists of 400 individuals, except Douglas-fir with 200 individuals. The following doses of Alginite were applied: control (variant A without Alginite), 0.5 kg of Alginite (B) and 1.5 kg of Alginite (C) on both conifers and broadleaves. The results showed that Alginite application had greater positive effect on height growth of seedlings than mortality, especially variant C. In most of the cases height increments were significantly positively affected (p < 0.05) by both variants of Alginite application only in the third year after planting. Alginite applications were also connected with differences in the foliar nutrient content, especially with higher magnesium and phosphorus values. The highest differences among Alginite variants were observed for Norway maple and English oak, while the lowest for red oak and Scots pine within all monitored parameters.
Movement Remote Command and Control in the Military Technical Systems through the Inferential Method
Authors: Grigore Dumitru
Published: June 2017

The research described in the paper at had approaches the interaction between the bio-signal and the remote movement control, by introducing an original mathematical model, regarding the psychophysiological inference from the EDA response bio-signals. The experiments were performed using an adequate design, consisting of two different techniques regarding bio-signals, in order to obtain, in variables corresponding to each of them, the same type of electrical behaviour. In order to establish the projective functions, a direct measurement method was used on the levels of potential in the epidermis’s alternative current, of base-(SPL) and response-type (SPR), the acquisition being executed with an integrated technical system, patented by the author in year 2013.

The statistical study targets the correlation analysis of the action of multiple stimuli on the EDA functions, respectively the analysis of the multiple correlations between the EEG and EDA patterns. Necessary in sending the remote command and control of a movement, this correlation in the electrical signal can be implemented in the BCI-type systems, offering superior possibilities of using the bio-feedback systems.
Urban Networking vs. Smart City
Authors: Păuna Carmen Beatrice
Published: June 2017

Taking into consideration that the development of strong partnerships involving local citizens, civil society, the local economy and the various levels of government is an indispensable element for an Integrated Sustainable Urban Development, our paper is focusing on the role of an appropriate urban networking in the relationship with the objectives of a smart city. In this context, the Romanian good practices - as Oradea city - are worth to mention. In compliance with Europe 2020 Strategy’s objectives there will be discussed the particularities of urban networking in order to strengthen the resilience of cities, and to ensure synergies amongst the investments supported by European Structural and Investment (ESI) funds. According to economic literature the urban network is not a funding instrument but a way for cities to share feedback on the use of these new approaches. The estimated results of our research are related to the conclusion that the urban networks act as a forum for capacity building and exchange between the cities pioneering new techniques and developing integrated investments.
Das Problem mit den Problemen. Mögliche Auswege aus dem Dilemma / The problem with problems: Possible ways out of the dilemma / Le problème avec les problèmes : Issues possibles pour sortir de ce dilemme
Authors: Ratzek Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

Die Wirklichkeit ist komplexer als das Abbild, das wir uns von ihr erschaffen. Es gibt keine dauerhafte Ordnung und Stabilität für komplexe Systeme. Die aus ihnen resultierenden Probleme, wie Komplexitätsreduzierung und Interessensteuerung dürfen nicht vernachlässigt werden. Entscheider befinden sich in einem Dilemma: Zum einen lösen sie keine Probleme, sie bewältigen sie, indem sie für eine unbestimmte Zeit einen möglichst breiten Konsens erreichen. Zum anderen müssen sie ihre Entscheidungen rhetorisch so vortragen, dass diese missliche Lage, in der sie sich befinden, verdeckt bleibt. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrages steht eine Auswahl von Entscheidungs-, Kreativitäts- und Problemlösungstechniken (EKP). Einen besonderen Wert wird neben den klassischen EKP auch auf Methoden, Techniken und Strategien gelegt, die in der LIS-Welt selten oder gar keine Anwendung finden.