bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Simultaneous combination with x-ray diffraction
Authors: Rubio-Zuazo Juan , Castro German R.
Published: April 2013

Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is a powerful and novel emerging technique for the nondestructive determination of electronic properties and chemical composition of bulk, buried interfaces and surfaces. It benefits from the exceptionally large escape depth of high kinetic energy photoelectrons, increasing the information depth up to several tens of nanometers. Complementing HAXPES with an atomic structure sensitive technique (such as x-ray diffraction) opens a new research field with major applications for materials science. At SpLine, the Spanish CRG beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, we have developed a novel experimental set-up that combines HAXPES and x-ray diffraction (x-ray reflectivity, surface x-ray diffraction, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, and reciprocal space maps). Both techniques can be operated simultaneously on the same sample and using the same excitation source. The set-up includes a robust 2S + 3D diffractometer hosting a ultrahigh vacuum chamber equipped with a unique photoelectron spectrometer (few eV < electron kinetic energy < 15 keV), x-ray tube (Mg/Ti), 15 keV electron gun, and auxiliary standard surface facilities (molecular beam epitaxy evaporator, ion gun, low energy electron diffraction, sample heating/cooling system, leak valves, load-lock sample transfer, etc.). This end-station offers the unique possibility of performing simultaneous HAXPES + x-ray diffraction studies. In the present work, we describe the experimental set-up together with two experimental examples that emphasize its outstanding capabilities: (i) nondestructive characterization of the Si/Ge and HfO2/SiO2 interfaces on Ge-based CMOS devices, and (ii) strain study on La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 ultrathin films grown on SrTiO3(001) substrate.
Role of physical activity in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents
Authors: Deldin Anthony R. , Lee SoJung
Published: April 2013

Currently, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver abnormality observed in obese children and adolescents. A strong body of evidence suggests that increased liver fat is significantly associated with visceral adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents. Diet and exercise are generally recommended to treat obese youth with NAFLD as they do not carry side effects and confer multiple cardiometabolic benefits. Studies in adult populations report a beneficial effect of regular physical activity on reducing liver fat. In children and adolescents, available data show that weight loss induced by increasing physical activity and calorie restriction is beneficial to reduce liver fat and associated health risk factors such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Currently, evidence regarding the independent effects of regular exercise alone (e.g., without calorie restriction) on NAFLD are unclear. Additionally, there is no data regarding the optimal exercise regimen (e.g., type, dose, intensity) that should be prescribed for reducing NAFLD in children and adolescents. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of physical activity on NAFLD in children and adolescents.
Gamma-induced augmentation in EBHA: A dielectric and electro-optical study
Authors: Dixit Sudhaker , Manohar Rajiv , Arora A.K.
Published: April 2013

The gamma irradiation technique has been used to alter the dielectric and electro-optical properties of a liquid crystal material. The present paper reports a comparative study of dielectric and electro-optical properties of unirradiated EBHA nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with gamma-irradiated EBHA NLC. The dielectric measurement has been performed with variation in voltage and temperature within the frequency range 100 Hz – 10 MHz. Variations in response time for both gamma-irradiated and unirradiated samples have also been measured and are well explained in the present paper.
THE CASE OF ASYMPTOTIC SUPERSYMMETRY
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-VEGA BRUCE L. , SHAPIRO ILYA L.
Published: April 2013

We start systematic investigation for the possibility to have supersymmetry (SUSY) as an asymptotic state of the gauge theory in the high energy (UV) limit, due to the renormalization group running of coupling constants of the theory. The answer on whether this situation takes place or not, can be resolved by dealing with the running of the ratios between Yukawa and scalar couplings to the gauge coupling. The behavior of these ratios does not depend too much on whether gauge coupling is asymptotically free (AF) or not. It can be shown that the UV stable fixed point for the Yukawa coupling is not supersymmetric. Taking this into account, one can break down SUSY only in the scalar coupling sector. We consider two simplest examples of such breaking, namely N = 1 supersymmetric QED and QCD. In one of the cases one can construct an example of SUSY being restored in the UV regime.
STABLE AND DECAYING BOUND STATES ON THE NAKED REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM SPACETIME
Authors: GLADUSH V. D. , KULIKOV D. A.
Published: April 2013

We present a quantum mechanical study of the bound states of a neutral scalar particle on the curved background described by the Reissner–Nordström (RN) spacetime that corresponds to a naked singularity. We show that there occurs both the metastable, i. e. decaying bound states and the stable ones. The corresponding energy spectra are calculated in the leading WKB approximation and the comparison with RN black hole quasinormal mode spectrum is made. The metastable bound states on the naked singularity background turn out to be more long-living than the quasinormal modes for the black hole with the same mass.
AEROELASTIC MODEL TEST STUDY ON A BRIDGE PYLON CONSIDERING THE INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF SURROUNDING STRUCTURES
Authors: MA RU-JIN , HU XIAO-HONG
Published: April 2013

The interference effect between buildings has been a popular issue in structural wind engineering for a long time. Most researches about this issue have been focused mainly on high-rise buildings. For long-span bridges, the interference effects between structures are rarely discussed. In this paper, an aerodynamic elastic model test of a free-standing bridge pylon located adjacent to two large-scale cooling towers is presented. Through the mode analysis, the structure mode shapes are obtained. Then by the simulation of the two cooling towers in the boundary layer during the aeroelastic model test, the vibration responses of the bridge pylon in smooth and turbulence flows are obtained respectively. The study shows that the interference effect of the two huge-volume cooling towers on the wind induced vibration responses of the bridge pylon should not be neglected. In smooth flow, due to the regular shedding vortex from the upwind cooling towers, the interference effect is evident in that strong resonant responses are induced on the lower-order modes of the downwind bridge pylon. However, in turbulence flow, this kind of interference effect is greatly reduced. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the case when the cooling towers are located at the perfectly right upwind direction of the bridge pylon. Their interference effect will certainly cause great resonant vibrations in the longitudinal direction, which cannot be ignored for granted. Furthermore, the turbulence flow at the bridge pylon considering the interference effect is measured through a 1:500 flow experiment to discover the interference effect of the cooling towers. In the end, a dynamic magnification factor is proposed to take the interference effect into consideration, with a value of 2.25 suggested for the design of pylons.
COMBINING CORRELATION-BASED AND REWARD-BASED LEARNING IN NEURAL CONTROL FOR POLICY IMPROVEMENT
Authors: MANOONPONG PORAMATE , KOLODZIEJSKI CHRISTOPH , WÖRGÖTTER FLORENTIN , MORIMOTO JUN
Published: April 2013

Classical conditioning (conventionally modeled as correlation-based learning) and operant conditioning (conventionally modeled as reinforcement learning or reward-based learning) have been found in biological systems. Evidence shows that these two mechanisms strongly involve learning about associations. Based on these biological findings, we propose a new learning model to achieve successful control policies for artificial systems. This model combines correlation-based learning using input correlation learning (ICO learning) and reward-based learning using continuous actor–critic reinforcement learning (RL), thereby working as a dual learner system. The model performance is evaluated by simulations of a cart-pole system as a dynamic motion control problem and a mobile robot system as a goal-directed behavior control problem. Results show that the model can strongly improve pole balancing control policy, i.e., it allows the controller to learn stabilizing the pole in the largest domain of initial conditions compared to the results obtained when using a single learning mechanism. This model can also find a successful control policy for goal-directed behavior, i.e., the robot can effectively learn to approach a given goal compared to its individual components. Thus, the study pursued here sharpens our understanding of how two different learning mechanisms can be combined and complement each other for solving complex tasks.
SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID SiC/SiO2 NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: HASSAN TARIG A. , RANGARI VIJAYA K. , BAKER FREDRIC , JEELANI SHAIK
Published: April 2013

In the present investigation, silicon carbide (β-SiC) nanoparticles (~ 30 nm) were coated on silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (~ 200 nm) using sonochemical method. The resultant hybrid nanoparticles were then infused into SC-15 epoxy resin to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of SC-15 epoxy for structural application. To fabricate an epoxy-based nanocomposite containing SiC/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles, we have opted a two-step process. In the first step, the silica nanoparticles were coated with SiC nanoparticles using high intensity ultrasonic irradiation. In a second step, 1 wt.% of as-prepared SiC/SiO2 particles were dispersed in epoxy part-A (diglycidylether of bisphenol A) using a high intensity ultrasound for 30 min at 5°C. The part-B (cycloaliphatic amine hardener) of the epoxy was then mixed with part-A- SiC/SiO2 mixture using a high-speed mechanical stirrer for 10 min. The SiC/SiO2 /epoxy resin mixture was cured at room temperature for 24 h. The SiC nanoparticles coating on SiO2 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). The as-prepared nanocomposite samples were characterized using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Compression tests have been carried out for both nanocomposite and neat epoxy systems. The results indicated that 1 wt.% (SiC) + (SiO2) loading derived improvements in both thermal and mechanical properties when compared to the neat epoxy system.
DYNAMIC ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSES BY SMOOTHED POINT INTERPOLATION METHODS
Authors: SOARES DELFIM
Published: April 2013

In this work, meshfree techniques based on weakened weak formulations are presented for the solution of dynamic problems considering elastoplastic materials. Nonlinear internal forces are computed taking into account edge-based, cell-based, and node-based smoothed domains. T-schemes are applied for the construction of the support domains of the approximating shape functions, which are here formulated based on the radial point interpolation method. The mass matrix is also computed considering smoothed domains and their quadrature points. For the time-domain solution of the nonlinear system of equations, the Newmark/Newton–Raphson method is adopted. Numerical results illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the discussed methodologies.
THE INVESTIGATION OF THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF SINGLE AXIAL GROOVE JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH FINITE LENGTH BY USING CFD TECHNIQUES
Authors: SOLGHAR ALIREZA ARAB , GANDJALIKHAN NASSAB S. A.
Published: April 2013

The three-dimensional steady state thermohydrodynamic (THD) analysis of an axial grooved oil journal bearing is obtained theoretically. Navier–Stokes equations are solved simultaneously along with turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate equations coupled with the energy equation in the lubricant flow and the heat conduction equation in the bush. The AKN low-Re κ–ε turbulence model is used to simulate the mean turbulent flow field. Considering the complexity of the physical geometry, conformal mapping is used to generate an orthogonal grid and the governing equations are transformed into the computational domain. Discretized forms of the transformed equations are obtained by the control volume method and solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The numerical results of this analysis can be used to investigate the pressure distribution, volumetric oil flow rate and the loci of shaft in the journal bearings. To validate the computational results, comparison with the experimental and theoretical data of other investigators is made, and reasonable agreement is found.
EFFECTIVE FINITE HORIZON LINEAR-QUADRATIC CONTINUOUS TERMINAL CONTROL
Authors: XIA X. , XU Z.
Published: April 2013

An effective algorithm for the finite-horizon linear quadratic continuous terminal control is proposed. It is the combination of existing continuous soft and hard terminal control. We apply the algorithm to the automatic landing control of OH-6A helicopters. Numerical demonstration shows that, whether noise exists or not, the algorithm has less computation time and less feedback gains than existing hard terminal control while generally achieving the same terminal accuracy. The optimization problem which represents the hard terminal control can be addressed by sweep method and transit matrix method. It is also discovered that transit matrix method is a crucial point for improving terminal accuracy.
Synthesis, photophysical properties and photocatalytic activity of tungsten porphyrin (TPPWCl4)
Authors: Ion Rodica-Mariana
Published: April 2013

Although tungsten porphyrins are known as mimicking models in biology, only a few papers about its chemical properties have been reported, the rarity of studies being attributed to the difficulties encountered in their synthesis due to their low stability. In this paper 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-phenyl-porphyrin tungsten(VI) chlorine (TPPWCl4) was studied, this metallo-porphyrin characterized by different analytical techniques: UV-vis, FTIR, ESR, mass spectrometry, including photophysical determination of its singlet oxygen quantum yield, too. Its photodegradation reaction with the mechanism and species involved into this destruction reaction processes is discussed, too. Also, in order to maintain its photostability, TPPWCl4has been incorporated into solid substrates, such as ZnO and TiO2, and these composites were subsequently tested in the photooxidation reaction of isoamylenes (2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene mixture).
The tetratriptycenoporphyrazines revisited
Authors: Mughal Sabeeha , Bezzu C. Grazia , Carter Emma , Pope Simon J.A. , McKeown Neil B.
Published: April 2013

The spectroscopic behavior of octa-t-butyltetra-2,3-triptycenotetraazaporphyrin and some of its metal complexes ( Cu2+, Zn2+and Co2+) were examined. UV-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that these phthalocyanine derivatives form cofacial dimers in pentane solution. Modeling suggests that the lowest energy configuration of the dimer is a self-complementary embrace in which the two phthalocyanine cores are staggered at an angle of 45° relative to each other. This configuration results in a remarkably intense and sharp absorption band (~635 nm; ε = ~4.0 × 105M-1.cm-1) arising from excitonic coupling within the dimer, a unique property for self-assembled dimers but analogous to the behavior of certain μ-oxo-dimers of silicon phthalocyanine. Introduction of methyl substituents into the bridgehead positions of the triptycene subunits prevents dimer formation.
CROWDSOURCING INTERMEDIARIES AND PROBLEM TYPOLOGIES: AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY
Authors: COLOMBO GABRIELE , BUGANZA TOMMASO , KLANNER ILSE-MARIA , ROISER SUSANNE
Published: April 2013

Web-based intermediaries that offer crowdsourcing services represent a new and promising way through which firms can leverage the power of a crowd to sustain their innovation performance. However, limited attention has been devoted thus far to understanding the relationship between the intermediaries architecture, i.e., how they deliver their service, and the innovation problems they are designed to solve. Based on an empirical base of 7 in-depth case studies, two distinct architectures, namely competition and competence searching, will be described in the paper; it will be demonstrated that each type is designed to solve specific classes of innovation problems. The paper presents important implications both for firms and web-based intermediaries. On the one hand, firms should collaborate with the web-based intermediary which presents the architecture that best fits the innovation problem to be solved. On the other hand, web-based intermediaries should be designed in coherence with the problems at hand.
China's Foreign Policy: Responding to the US Pivot to Asia and Managing Differences with its Neighbours
Authors: ZHENG Yongnian , LYE Liang Fook , CHEN Gang
Published: April 2013

China devoted much effort to manage its relations with Asia-Pacific countries in 2012 due to the US pivot to the region. China views the military-centric focus of the US pivot as directed at China and as emboldening regional countries to be more assertive in their territorial claims vis-à-vis China. In 2013, the Chinese leadership will likely strike a balance between seeking a stable external environment and standing firm on issues concerning China's national interests.
China's Economy: Rebounded in 2012, Gearing up for Rebalancing in 2013 and Beyond
Authors: WONG John
Published: April 2013

The Chinese economy experienced serious slowdown for the greater part of 2012 as a result of export slump. It rebounded in Quarter 4 and ended 2012 with around 7.8% along with 2.6% inflation. The slowdown signals the end of China's era of double-digit rates of growth and precipitated government efforts to step up macroeconomic rebalancing by boosting domestic demand-led growth, a departure from the past investment-driven growth. The year 2012 marks a critical shift in China's growth pattern.
Chinese Society after 2012: New Leaders, New Expectations
Authors: ZHAO Litao , QI Dongtao
Published: April 2013

On the social policy front, the new Xi-Li government will continue the minsheng project started by the Hu-Wen government. Meanwhile it will seek to make breakthroughs on other fronts, such as urbanisation, anti-corruption and so on. On social stability, the new administration will be facing an increasingly vibrant and complex society which makes it even harder to contain social and political pluralism in China.
Taiwan's Economy at Crucial Crossroads
Authors: CHIANG Min-hua
Published: April 2013

Taiwan's economy is expected to grow in 2013 from the sharp slowdown in 2012 thanks to an anticipated recovery in demand from its key export markets. In the long run however, the US' and Europe's unsolved debt problems, China's industrial upgrading and Taiwan's minimal involvement in regional economic integration will affect the island's export prospect. The Taiwan government is likely to open itself more to China as it is the easiest short-term solution.
Japanese Politics in 2012–2013: Return of the Right?
Authors: LAM Peng Er
Published: April 2013

Right winger Abe Shinzo became Prime Minister of Japan again after leading his party to a landslide victory in the December 2012 Lower House Election. However, Abe is likely to be a “pragmatic hawk” who will prioritise economic growth and seek to avoid diplomatic ruptures with China and South Korea.
Kim Jong-un's Power Consolidation and Worsening China-DPRK Relations
Authors: YOU Ji
Published: April 2013

Kim Jong-un placed power consolidation as his primary mission in 2012, mainly through leadership reshuffle. He presented a new face to the world by emphasising “people's livelihood” although the military first policy remains the top priority. In 2012 China-DPRK relations worsened due to Kim's continued violation of Chinese vital interests. Although Beijing's DPRK policy is still status-quo based, Xi Jinping has taken new approaches to manage the Pyongyang challenge. China-DPRK special relationship is no longer sustainable.
Stochastic Model for In-Host HIV Dynamics with Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Mbogo Waema R. , Luboobi Livingstone S. , Odhiambo John W.
Published: April 2013

Untangling the dynamics between HIV and CD4 cellular populations
and molecular interactions can be used to investigate the effective points
of interventions in the HIV life cycle. With that in mind, we propose
and show the usefulness of a stochastic approach towards modeling HIV
and CD4 cells’ dynamics in vivo by obtaining probability generating
function, the moment structures of the healthy CD4 cell and the virus
particles at any time t, and the probability of HIV clearance. The unique
feature is that both therapy and the intracellular delay are incorporated
into the model.
Our analysis shows that, when it is assumed that the drug is not
completely effective as is the case of HIV in vivo, the probability of
HIV clearance depends on two factors: the combination of drug efficacy
and length of the intracellular delay and also the education of the infected
patients. Comparing simulated data before and after treatment indicates the importance of combined therapeutic intervention and intracellular delay in having low, undetectable viral load in HIV-infected
person.
Application of MM5-CAMx-PSAT Modeling Approach for Investigating Emission Source Contribution to AtmosphericSO2Pollution in Tangshan, Northern China
Authors: Li Li , Cheng Shuiyuan , Li Jianbing , Lang Jianlei , Chen Dongsheng
Published: April 2013

The MM5-CMAx-PSAT modeling approach was presented to identify the variation of emission contribution from each modeling grid to regional and urban air quality per unit emission rate change. The method was applied to a case study in Tangshan Municipality, a typical industrial region in northern China. The variation of emission contribution to the monthly atmospheric SO2concentrations in Tangshan from each modeling grid of 9 × 9 km per 1000 t/yr of emission rate change was simulated for four representative months in 2006. It was found that the northwestern part of Tangshan region had the maximum contribution variation ratio (i.e., greater than 0.36%) to regional air quality, while the lowest contribution variation ratio (i.e., less than 0.3%) occurred in the coastal areas. Principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there was an obvious negative correlation between the grid-based variation of emission contribution to regional air quality and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) as well as wind speed, while terrain data presented insignificant impacts on emission contribution variation. The proposed method was also applied to analyze the variation of emission contribution to the urban air quality of Tangshan (i.e., a smaller scale).
Short-Term Effects of Pacifier Texture on NNS in Neurotypical Infants
Authors: Oder Austin L. , Stalling David L. , Barlow Steven M.
Published: April 2013

The dense representation of trigeminal mechanosensitive afferents in the lip vermilion, anterior tongue, intraoral mucosa, and temporomandibular joint allows the infant’s orofacial system to encode a wide range of somatosensory experiences during the critical period associated with feed development. Our understanding of how this complex sensorium processes texture is very limited in adults, and the putative role of texture encoding in the infant is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effects of a novel textured pacifier experience in healthy term infants (N=28). Nonnutritive suck (NNS) compression pressure waveforms were digitized in real time using a variety of custom-molded textured pacifiers varying in spatial array density of touch domes. MANCOVA, adjusted for postmenstrual age at test and sex, revealed that infants exhibited an increase in NNS burst attempts at the expense of a degraded suck burst structure with the textured pacifiers, suggesting that the suck central pattern generator (sCPG) is significantly disrupted and reorganized by this novel orocutaneous experience. The current findings provide new insight into oromotor control as a function of the oral somatosensory environment in neurotypically developing infants.
DFRFT: A Classified Review of Recent Methods with Its Application
Authors: Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Saxena Rajiv
Published: April 2013

In the literature, there are various algorithms available for computing the discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT). In this paper, all the existing methods are reviewed, classified into four categories, and subsequently compared to find out the best alternative from the view point of minimal computational error, computational complexity, transform features, and additional features like security. Subsequently, the correlation theorem of FRFT has been utilized to remove significantly the Doppler shift caused due to motion of receiver in the DSB-SC AM signal. Finally, the role of DFRFT has been investigated in the area of steganography.
Predicting the Drug Safety for Traditional Chinese Medicine through a Comparative Analysis of Withdrawn Drugs Using Pharmacological Network
Authors: Xue Mengzhu , Zhang Shoude , Cai Chaoqian , Yu Xiaojuan , Shan Lei , Liu Xiaofeng , Zhang Weidong , Li Honglin
Published: April 2013

As the major issue to limit the use of drugs, drug safety leads to the attrition or failure in clinical trials of drugs. Therefore, it would be more efficient to minimize therapeutic risks if it could be predicted before large-scale clinical trials. Here, we integrated a network topology analysis with cheminformatics measurements on drug information from the DrugBank database to detect the discrepancies between approved drugs and withdrawn drugs and give drug safety indications. Thus, 47 approved drugs were unfolded with higher similarity measurements to withdrawn ones by the same target and confirmed to be already withdrawn or discontinued in certain countries or regions in subsequent investigations. Accordingly, with the 2D chemical fingerprint similarity calculation as a medium, the method was applied to predict pharmacovigilance for natural products from an in-house traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database. Among them, Silibinin was highlighted for the high similarity to the withdrawn drug Plicamycin although it was regarded as a promising drug candidate with a lower toxicity in existing reports. In summary, the network approach integrated with cheminformatics could provide drug safety indications effectively, especially for compounds with unknown targets or mechanisms like natural products. It would be helpful for drug safety surveillance in all phases of drug development.
Strong List Edge Coloring of Subcubic Graphs
Authors: Ma Hongping , Miao Zhengke , Zhu Hong , Zhang Jianhua , Luo Rong
Published: April 2013

We study strong list edge coloring of subcubic graphs, and we prove that every subcubic graph with maximum average degree less than 15/7, 27/11, 13/5, and 36/13 can be strongly list edge colored with six, seven, eight, and nine colors, respectively.
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Triggers Protective Pathways in Pancreatic Beta-Cells Exposed to Glycated Serum
Authors: Puddu Alessandra , Sanguineti Roberta , Durante Arianna , Nencioni Alessio , Mach François , Montecucco Fabrizio , Viviani Giorgio L.
Published: April 2013

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) might play a pathophysiological role in the development of diabetes and its complications. AGEs negatively affect pancreatic beta-cell function and the expression of transcriptional factors regulating insulin gene. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone that regulates glucose homeostasis, might counteract the harmful effects of AGEs on the beta cells in culture. The aim of this study was to identify the intracellular mechanisms underlying GLP-1-mediated protection from AGE-induced detrimental activities in pancreatic beta cells. HIT-T15 cells were cultured for 5 days with glycated serum (GS, consisting in a pool of AGEs), in the presence or absence of 10 nmol/L GLP-1. After evaluation of oxidative stress, we determined the expression and subcellular localization of proteins involved in maintaining redox balance and insulin gene expression, such as nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 (Nrf2), glutathione reductase, PDX-1, and MafA. Then, we investigated proinsulin production. The results showed that GS increased oxidative stress, reduced protein expression of all investigated factors through proteasome activation, and decreased proinsulin content. Furthermore, GS reduced ability of PDX-1 and MafA to bind DNA. Coincubation with GLP-1 reversed these GS-mediated detrimental effects. In conclusion, GLP-1, protecting cells against oxidants, triggers protective intercellular pathways in HIT-T15 cells exposed to GS.
The rs1142345 in TPMT Affects the Therapeutic Effect of Traditional Hypoglycemic Herbs in Prediabetes
Authors: Li Xi , Lian Feng-Mei , Guo Dong , Fan Lan , Tang Jie , Peng Jing-Bo , Deng Hong-Wen , Liu Zhao-Qian , Xiao Xin-Hua , Wang Yan-Rong , Qu Ke-Yi , Deng Sheng , Zhong Qi , Sha Yi-Ling , Zhu Yan , Bai Yu-Jing , Chen Xin-Yan , Zhou Qiang , Zhou Hong-Hao , Tong Xiao-Lin , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2013

Therapeutic interventions in prediabetes are important in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its chronic complications. However, little is known about the pharmacogenetic effect of traditional herbs on prediabetes treatment. A total of 194 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects were treated with traditional hypoglycemic herbs (Tianqi Jiangtang) for 12 months in this study. DNA samples were genotyped for 184 mutations in 34 genes involved in drug metabolism or transportation. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that rs1142345 (A>G) in the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) gene was significantly associated with the hypoglycemic effect of the drug (P=0.001, FDRP=0.043). The “G” allele frequencies of rs1142345 in the healthy (subjects reverted from IGT to normal glucose tolerance), maintenance (subjects still had IGT), and deterioration (subjects progressed from IGT to T2D) groups were 0.094, 0.214, and 0.542, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that rs1142345 was also significantly associated with the hypoglycemic effect of the drug between the healthy and maintenance groups (P=0.027,OR=4.828) and between the healthy and deterioration groups (P=0.001,OR=7.811). Therefore, rs1142345 was associated with the clinical effect of traditional hypoglycemic herbs. Results also suggested that TPMT was probably involved in the pharmacological mechanisms of T2D.
Combined Awake Craniotomy with Endoscopic Port Surgery for Resection of a Deep-Seated Temporal Lobe Glioma: A Case Report
Authors: Bodily Lance , Mintz Arlan H. , Engh Johnathan
Published: April 2013

The authors describe the combination of awake craniotomy and minimally invasive endoscopic port surgery to resect a high-grade glioma located near eloquent structures of the temporal lobe. Combined minimally invasive techniques such as these may facilitate deep tumor resection within eloquent regions of the brain, allowing minimum white matter dissection. Technical aspects of this procedure, a case outcome involving this technique, and the direction of further investigations for the utility of these techniques are discussed.
Intervertebral Disc Rehydration after Lumbar Dynamic Stabilization: Magnetic Resonance Image Evaluation with a Mean Followup of Four Years
Authors: Fay Li-Yu , Wu Jau-Ching , Tsai Tzu-Yun , Tu Tsung-Hsi , Wu Ching-Lan , Huang Wen-Cheng , Cheng Henrich
Published: April 2013

Objective.To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients of different ages who underwent the Dynesys stabilization.Methods.This retrospective study included 72 patients (mean age 61.4 years) with one- or two-level lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent laminectomy and the Dynesys (Zimmer Spine, Minneapolis) dynamic stabilization system. Thirty-seven patients were younger than 65-year old while the other 35 were older. Mean followup was 46.7 months. Pre- and postoperative radiographic and clinical evaluations were analyzed.Results.The mean calibrated disc signal (CDS) at the index level was significantly improved from60.2±25.2preoperatively to66.9±26.0postoperatively (P>0.001). Screw loosening occurred in 22.2% of patients and 5.1% of screws. The improvement in CDS at index level was seen to be significant in younger patients but not in older patients. Overall, the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) of back pain, VAS of leg pain, and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores improved significantly after operation. There were no significant differences in pre- and postoperative VAS and ODI and screw loosening rates between the younger and older patients.Conclusions.There is significant clinical improvement after laminectomy and dynamic stabilization for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Intervertebral disc rehydration was seen in younger patients.
IL-1βand IL-6 Upregulation in Children with H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Chiaretti Antonio , Pulitanò Silvia , Barone Giovanni , Ferrara Pietro , Romano Valerio , Capozzi Domenico , Riccardi Riccardo
Published: April 2013

The role of cytokines in relation to clinical manifestations, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 virus infection remains thus far unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate interleukin IL-1βand IL-6 plasma expressions and their association with clinical findings, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 infection. We prospectively evaluated 15 children with H1N1 virus infection and 15 controls with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Interleukin plasma levels were measured using immunoenzymatic assays. Significantly higher levels of IL-1βand IL-6 were detected in all patients with H1N1 virus infection compared to controls. It is noteworthy to mention that in H1N1 patients with more severe clinical manifestations of disease IL-1βand IL-6 expressions were significantly upregulated compared to H1N1 patients with mild clinical manifestations. In particular, IL-6 was significantly correlated with specific clinical findings, such as severity of respiratory compromise and fever. No correlation was found between interleukin expression and final outcome. In conclusion, H1N1 virus infection induces an early and significant upregulation of both interleukins IL1βand IL-6 plasma expressions. The upregulation of these cytokines is likely to play a proinflammatory role in H1N1 virus infection and may contribute to airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity in these patients.
Protective Effect of Short-Term Genistein Supplementation on the Early Stage in Diabetes-Induced Renal Damage
Authors: Kim Min Ju , Lim Yunsook
Published: April 2013

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress has been concerned in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which may cause kidney damage associated with inflammation and fibrosis. This study has been conducted to investigate the role of genistein supplementation in an acute DN state. Mice with FBG levels more than 250 mg/dL after alloxan injection (single i.p., 150 mg/kg) were considered as diabetic. Diabetic mice (DM) were further subdivided according to their FBG levels, medium-high FBG (DMMH < 450 mg/dL) and high FBG (DMH; 450 mg/dL) and were administrated by an AIG-93G diet supplemented with different doses of genistein (0, 0.025 or 0.1%). After 2 weeks’ treatment, the levels of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and plasma creatinine and lipid profiles, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation-related markers, were measured (P<0.05). Genistein supplementation improved levels of FBG in the DMMH groups, but not in the DMH group, regardless of the treatment dose. Moreover, the supplementation attenuated kidney oxidative stress indicated by MDA, BUN, and plasma creatinine. In addition, genistein treatment decreased inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa B (p65), phosphorylated inhibitory kappa B alpha, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and improved oxidative stress markers (nuclear-related factor E2, heme oxygenase-1, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase isoforms) in treatment groups, regardless of the genistein treatment dose. Furthermore, genistein supplementation inhibited the fibrosis-related markers (protein kinase C, protein kinase C-beta II, and transforming growth factor-beta I) in the DN state. However, 0.1% genistein supplementation in diabetes with high FBG levels selectively showed a preventive effect on kidney damage. These results suggest that genistein might be a good protective substance for DN through regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. In particular, genistein is more efficient in diabetes patients with medium-high blood glucose levels. Finally, it is required to establish the beneficial dosage of genistein according to blood glucose levels.
Logic Gates and Ring Oscillators Based on Ambipolar Nanocrystalline-Silicon TFTs
Authors: Subramaniam Anand , Cantley Kurtis D. , Vogel Eric M.
Published: April 2013

Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs) are well suited for circuit applications that require moderate device performance and low-temperature CMOS-compatible processing below 250°C. Basic logic gate circuits fabricated using ambipolar nc-Si TFTs alone are presented and shown to operate with correct outputs at frequencies of up to 100 kHz. Ring oscillators consisting of nc-Si TFT-based inverters are also shown to operate at above 20 kHz with a supply voltage of 5 V, corresponding to a propagation delay of <10 μs/stage. These are the fastest circuits formed out of nanocrystalline silicon TFTs to date. The effect of bias stress degradation of TFTs on oscillation frequency is also explored, and relatively stable operation is shown with supply voltages >5 V for several hours.
Sensory Systems and Environmental Change on Behavior during Social Interactions
Authors: Bierbower S. M. , Nadolski J. , Cooper R. L.
Published: April 2013

The impact of environmental conditions for transmitting sensory cues and the ability of crayfish to utilize olfaction and vision were examined in regards to social interactive behavior. The duration and intensity of interactions were examined for conspecific crayfish with different sensory abilities. Normally, vision and chemosensory have roles in agonistic communication ofProcambarus clarkii; however, for the blind cave crayfish (Orconectes australis packardi), that lack visual capabilities, olfaction is assumed to be the primary sensory modality. To test this, we paired conspecifics in water and out of water in the presence and absence of white light to examine interactive behaviors when these various sensory modalities are altered. For sighted crayfish, in white light, interactions occurred and escalated; however, when the water was removed, interactions and aggressiveness decreased, but, there was an increase in visual displays out of the water. The loss of olfaction abilities for blind cave and sighted crayfish produced fewer social interactions. The importance of environmental conditions is illustrated for social interactions among sighted and blind crayfish. Importantly, this study shows the relevance in the ecological arena in nature for species survival and how environmental changes disrupt innate behaviors.
Distribution Network Design for Fixed Lifetime Perishable Products: A Model and Solution Approach
Authors: Firoozi Z. , Ismail N. , Ariafar Sh. , Tang S. H. , Ariffin M. K. A. M. , Memariani A.
Published: April 2013

Nowadays, many distribution networks deal with the distribution and storage of perishable products. However, distribution network design models are largely based on assumptions that do not consider time limitations for the storage of products within the network. This study develops a model for the design of a distribution network that considers the short lifetime of perishable products. The model simultaneously determines the network configuration and inventory control decisions of the network. Moreover, as the lifetime is strictly dependent on the storage conditions, the model develops a trade-off between enhancing storage conditions (higher inventory cost) to obtain a longer lifetime and selecting those storage conditions that lead to shorter lifetimes (less inventory cost). To solve the model, an efficient Lagrangian relaxation heuristic algorithm is developed. The model and algorithm are validated by sensitivity analysis on some key parameters. Results show that the algorithm finds optimal or near optimal solutions even for large-size cases.
On the Multispecies Delayed Gurtin-MacCamy Model
Authors: Poskrobko Anna , Dawidowicz Antoni Leon
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the description of multispecies model with delayed dependence on the size of population. It is based on the Gurtin and MacCamy model. The existence and uniqueness of the solution for the new problem ofnpopulations dynamics are proved, as well as the asymptotical stability of the equilibrium age distribution.
Achieving the Balance between ROS and Antioxidants: When to Use the Synthetic Antioxidants
Authors: Poljsak Borut , Šuput Dušan , Milisav Irina
Published: April 2013

Free radical damage is linked to formation of many degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and aging. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation can induce oxidative stress, leading to cell damage that can culminate in cell death. Therefore, cells have antioxidant networks to scavenge excessively produced ROS. The balance between the production and scavenging of ROS leads to homeostasis in general; however, the balance is somehow shifted towards the formation of free radicals, which results in accumulated cell damage in time. Antioxidants can attenuate the damaging effects of ROSin vitroand delay many events that contribute to cellular aging. The use of multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVMs) has grown rapidly over the past decades. Some recent studies demonstrated no effect of antioxidant therapy; sometimes the intake of antioxidants even increased mortality. Oxidative stress is damaging and beneficial for the organism, as some ROS are signaling molecules in cellular signaling pathways. Lowering the levels of oxidative stress by antioxidant supplements is not beneficial in such cases. The balance between ROS and antioxidants is optimal, as both extremes, oxidative and antioxidative stress, are damaging. Therefore, there is a need for accurate determination of individual's oxidative stress levels before prescribing the supplement antioxidants.
Revisiting NSC 68
Authors: Young Ken
Published: April 2013

This article revisits the creation of NSC 68, a landmark in Cold War history, in the light of continuing historical debates and with the assistance of archival material recently made available. The article reviews the historiography of NSC 68, including controversies over the language adopted, together with recent writings that stress a broader political economy analysis of U.S. foreign policy. The article revisits the contested issue of whether NSC 68 represented continuity with past policy or a sharp departure from it. In addressing this issue, the article looks closely at the style and tone of the document as well as its impact on the U.S. defense budget and finally its convergence with the other transformative decision of the time, the commitment of resources to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
The Ground Observer Corps: Public Relations and the Cold War in the 1950s
Authors: Clymer Kenton
Published: April 2013

This essay examines the development and demise of one of the least studied elements of U.S. homeland defense efforts in the 1950s: the Ground Observer Corps (GOC). The article recounts the history of the GOC from its founding in the mid-1950s until its deactivation in 1959 and concludes that it never came close to achieving its goals for recruitment and effectiveness. Yet, despite the major shortcomings of the GOC, the U.S. Air Force continued to support it, primarily because it was seen as helpful for the public relations interests of the Air Force, continental air defense, and, more generally, U.S. Cold War policies. The lack of widespread public support for the GOC raises questions about the view that Americans were deeply fearful of an imminent Soviet nuclear strike in the 1950s.
Hermann J. Muller, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Leslie Clarence Dunn, and the Reaction to Lysenkoism in the United States
Authors: deJong-Lambert William
Published: April 2013

This article outlines the response of three U.S. geneticists—Hermann Muller, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and Leslie Dunn—to the anti-genetics campaign launched by the Soviet agronomist Trofim Lysenko. The Cold War provided a hospitable environment for Lysenko's argument that genetics was racist, fascist science. In 1948, at a session of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lysenko succeeded in banning genetics in the USSR. The movement against genetics soon spread to Soviet-allied states around the globe. Efforts to rebut Lysenkoism were launched in the United States, Great Britain, and other Western countries by scientists who saw Lysenko as a pseudo-scientific charlatan. Muller, Dobzhansky, and Dunn were among the biologists most active in this counter-campaign. The history of their campaign reveals the challenges scientists faced at an important moment in the field of biology, with the recent synthesis of genetics and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, as well as the difficulties of engaging in politics and persuading a lay audience to support their ideas.
Book Reviews
Authors: Graaf H.J. , Budiman Amen , Hooykaas C. , Bernet Kempers A.J. , Hooykaas C. , Bernet Kempers A.J. , Pernis H.D. , Wojowasito S. , Pluvier J.M. , Bradley et al William , Ras J.J. , Pink Peter W.
Published: April 2013

- H.J. de Graaf, Amen Budiman, Semarang riwayatmu dulu. Jilid pertama. Penerbit Tanjung Sari, Semarang 1978 (270 blzn.). - C. Hooykaas, A.J. Bernet Kempers, Monumental Bali, Introductions to Balinese archaeology, Guide to the monuments, Den Haag: Van Goor Zonen, 1978. - C. Hooykaas, A.J. Bernet Kempers, Herstel in eigen waarde, Monumentenzorge in Indonesië, De Walburg Pers, Zutphen, 1978, 232 pp., 148 illustraties + 1 schetskaart. - H.D. van Pernis, S. Wojowasito, Kamus umum Belanda-Indonesia. Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru - van Hoeve, 1978. 848 pp. - J.M. Pluvier, William Bradley et al, Thailand, domino by default? The 1976 coup and the implictions for U.S. policy (Ohio University Center for International Studies), Athens (Ohio), 1978. viii + 62 pp. - J.J. Ras, Peter W. Pink, Gathutkaca Nagih Janji, Gathutkaca Fordert die Einlösung eines Versprechens, Lakon des Javanischen Wayang Purwa, Aufgeführt von Raden Soetrisno, Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität Hamburg, Band 12, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1977, 516 pp.