bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the variability of temperature profiles in the stratosphere: Implications for validation
Authors: Sofieva V. F. , Dalaudier F. , Kivi R. , Kyrö E.
Published: December 2008

Defining space‐time collocation criteria for the validation of measurements requires the information about natural variability of geophysical parameters. In this paper, we analyzed the variability of the small‐scale structure of temperature fields in the stratosphere using temperature profiles from radio‐soundings at Sodankylä (vertical resolution ∼10 m) with a small time difference between sonde launches. We found that the small‐scale structures in temperature profiles become different when the horizontal separation of measurements exceeds 20–30 km. The set of the collocated temperature profiles has allowed obtaining experimental estimates of the horizontal structure function of temperature fluctuations. The spectral analysis of the profiles has shown that vertical wavenumber spectra of temperature fluctuations are similar, even for profiles separated significantly in space and time (a few hundreds of kilometers, a few hours). Implications of these results for validation of high‐resolution profiles are discussed.
Shocked H2O ice: Thermal emission measurements and the criteria for phase changes during impact events
Authors: Stewart Sarah T. , Seifter Achim , Obst Andrew W.
Published: December 2008

Impact cratering events on icy planetary bodies may produce transient liquid water and vapor. We present the first thermal emission measurements from shocked H2O ice and derive peak and post‐shock temperatures. Under shock pressures between 8.2 and 13.6 GPa, initially ∼165 K ice is heated to between 673 and 1055 K. In the time frame of the experiment, the shocked H2O releases to the saturation vapor curve and does not achieve full decompression. The temperature results are used to validate the new 5‐Phase H2O model equation of state (EOS). The 5‐Phase EOS is used to predict the critical shock pressures required to induce melting and vaporization of ice for a wide range of ambient pressures and temperatures. Impact events with velocities as low as ∼1 km/s will initiate phase changes on icy surfaces. Thus, shock‐induced melting and vaporization of ice is a widespread process in the solar system.
Effect of interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations on groundwater in North Carolina
Authors: Anderson William P. , Emanuel Ryan E.
Published: December 2008

Multi‐year climate oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect precipitation and stream discharge rates in the western hemisphere. While inferences may be drawn between these hydroclimatological relationships and groundwater conditions, few studies explicitly link groundwater conditions to these cycles. Here we investigate relationships between winter ENSO, PDO, and lagging baseflow rates in the southeastern United States. We find strong correlation between winter ENSO and lagged baseflow in coastal North Carolina which, coupled with anomalies in mean baseflow, decrease with distance inland from the coast. Our results demonstrate that interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations in the Pacific Ocean have a strong effect on hydrological processes in eastern North America despite filtering by the groundwater flow process. These results have implications for water resource availability in regions where water management is complicated by population growth and climatic uncertainty.
A comparison between CloudSat and aircraft data for a multilayer, mixed phase cloud system during the Canadian CloudSat‐CALIPSO Validation Project
Authors: Barker H. W. , Korolev A. V. , Hudak D. R. , Strapp J. W. , Strawbridge K. B. , Wolde M.
Published: December 2008

Reflectivities recorded by the W‐band Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) aboard NASA's CloudSat satellite and some of CloudSat's retrieval products are compared to Ka‐band radar reflectivities and in situ cloud properties gathered by instrumentation on the NRC's Convair‐580 aircraft. On 20 February 2007, the Convair flew several transects along a 60 nautical mile stretch of CloudSat's afternoon ground track over southern Quebec. On one of the transects it was well within CloudSat's radar's footprint while in situ sampling a mixed phase boundary layer cloud. A cirrus cloud was also sampled before and after overpass. Air temperature and humidity profiles from ECMWF reanalyses, as employed in CloudSat's retrieval stream, agree very well with those measured by the Convair. The boundary layer cloud was clearly visible, to the eye and lidar, and dominated the region's solar radiation budget. It was, however, often below or near the Ka‐band's distance‐dependent minimum detectable signal. In situ samples at overpass revealed it to be composed primarily of small, supercooled droplets at the south end and increasingly intermixed with ice northward. Convair and CloudSat CPR reflectivities for the low cloud agree well, but while CloudSat properly ascribed it as overcast, mixed phase, and mostly liquid near the south end, its estimates of liquid water content LWC (and visible extinction coefficient κ) and droplet effective radii are too small and large, respectively. The cirrus consisted largely of irregular crystals with typical effective radii ∼150 μm. While both CPR reflectivities agree nicely, CloudSat's estimates of crystal number concentrations are too large by a factor of 5. Nevertheless, distributions of ice water content and κ deduced from in situ data agree quite well with values retrieved from CloudSat algorithms.
The mechanism of inhibition of metastasis by cartilage polysaccharide in breast‐cancer cells
Authors: Liu An‐jun , Hu Yan‐xun , Liu Chang‐jin , Yao Xiu‐ling , Zhang Guo‐rong
Published: December 2008

As large amounts of porcine cartilage are discarded as waste in daily life, it is necessary to find new uses for them. We extracted polysaccharide from cartilage and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments in cancer cells. A mouse breast‐cancer pulmonary metastasis model was set up, and we tried to determine the mechanism of the inhibition of metastasis by cartilage PS (polysaccharide). Effects on tumour size and the progression of metastasis indicated that cartilage PS can obviously inhibit metastasis in breast‐cancer cells. The levels of LNR1 (laminin receptor 1), αvβ3 integrin and MMP‐9 (matrix metalloproteinase‐9) in mice treated or not with cartilage PS showed significant differences. Cartilage PS inhibited the growth of MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, but had little effect on normal cells. Cartilage PS can inhibit the activity of the MMP‐2 and the MMP‐9 by decreasing the levels of LNR1 and αvβ3 integrin to inhibit metastasis further. In summary, we conclude that cartilage PS can act as a specific anti‐metastatic agent in breast‐cancer cells.
Elimination of fast variables in chemical Langevin equations
Authors: Lan Yueheng , Elston Timothy C. , Papoian Garegin A.
Published: December 2008

Internal and external fluctuations are ubiquitous in cellular signaling processes. Because biochemical reactions often evolve on disparate time scales, mathematical perturbation techniques can be invoked to reduce the complexity of stochastic models. Previous work in this area has focused on direct treatment of the master equation. However, eliminating fast variables in the chemical Langevin equation is also an important problem. We show how to solve this problem by utilizing a partial equilibrium assumption. Our technique is applied to a simple birth-death-dimerization process and a more involved gene regulation network, demonstrating great computational efficiency. Excellent agreement is found with results computed from exact stochastic simulations. We compare our approach with existing reduction schemes and discuss avenues for future improvement.
Energetics and molecular dynamics of the reaction of HOCO with HO2 radicals
Authors: Yu Hua-Gen , Poggi Gabriella , Francisco Joseph S. , Muckerman James T.
Published: December 2008

The energetics of the reaction of HOCO with HO2 have been studied using the quadratic configuration interaction with single and double excitations (QCISD(T)) method and a large basis set on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces of the system. The results show that the ground-state O2+HOC(O)H products can be produced by a direct hydrogen abstraction via a transition state with a small barrier (1.66 kcal/mol) on the lowest triplet surface. A similar hydrogen abstraction can occur on the singlet electronic surface, but it leads to the singlet O2(a1Δ) and HOC(O)H. On the singlet surface, a new stable intermediate, HOC(O)OOH, hydroperoxyformic acid, has been found. This intermediate is formed by the direct addition of the terminal oxygen atom in HO2 onto the carbon atom in HOCO in a barrierless reaction. The HOC(O)OOH intermediate may dissociate into either the CO2+H2O2 or CO3+H2O products through elimination reactions with four-center transition states, or into HOC(O)O+OH through an O–O bond cleavage. The heat of formation of HOC(O)OOH is predicted to be −118.9±1.0 kcal/mol. In addition, the dynamics of the HO2+HOCO reaction have been investigated using a scaling-all correlation couple cluster method with single and double excitation terms (CCSD) on the singlet potential energy surface. Reaction mechanisms have been studied in detail. It was found that the direct and addition reaction mechanisms coexist. For the addition mechanism, the lifetime of the HOC(O)OOH intermediate is predicted to be 880±27 fs. At room temperature, the calculated thermal rate coefficient is (6.52±0.44)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 with the product branching fractions: 0.77 (CO2+H2O2), 0.15 (HOC(O)O+OH), 0.056 (CO3+H2O), 0.019 (O2(a1Δ)+HOC(O)H), and 0.01 (O2(X 3Σ)+HOC(O)H).
Cone-beam tomography of propagation-based imaging
Authors: Li T. T. , Li H. , Diao L. H.
Published: December 2008

A tomography algorithm is proposed for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the real refractive index of a pure phase sample from the projections of cone-beam propagation-based imaging (PBI). The algorithm first retrieves the integral of the real refractive index based on the formula described in this letter, and then a conventional computed tomography algorithm is performed to reconstruct the 3D distribution of the real refractive index of the sample. The computer simulations show that this method is effective for PBI tomography.
Distribution of biologically functional habitats within a lowland river, United Kingdom
Authors: Harvey Gemma L. , Clifford Nicholas J.
Published: December 2008

The assessment and appraisal of river habitat quality for purposes of legislative compliance requires a sound understanding of the interactions between the hydrogeomorphological and ecological components of the instream environment. Reconciliation of complementary habitat concepts developed from geomorphology (‘physical biotopes’) and from ecology (biologically ‘functional’ habitats) offers improved integrity of both concepts, but may be limited by factors such as the distributional characteristics of functional habitats. Field surveys conducted on a lowland river in Shropshire, UK, reveal differences in both the spatial organisation and seasonal variations in abundance among functional habitat categories. Furthermore, the level of human modification to the channel and banks appears to influence the spatial organisation of certain functional habitats within the river channel. These factors have implications for rapid field survey methods and for the potential for linking functional habitats with the complementary geomorphological concept of physical biotopes.
Study of plasma formation within the electrostatic residual ion dump proposed for the HNB injectors of ITER
Authors: Rossi L. , Castejón F. , Moreno C.
Published: December 2008

The electrostatic residual ion dump (ERID) concept, proposed as the reference RID design for the neutral beam system of ITER, represents an alternative to more conventional magnetic RID devices, with respect to which has some advantages. However, the removal of the ions emerging from the neutralizer of the neutral beam injectors by means of the ERID device presents some problematic issues, concerning, for instance, the power load suffered by the ERID panels, the deuterium recycling processes inside its channels and the possible formation of a plasma. The last one might be particularly critical, since the creation of a plasma would modify the deflection properties of the device, and therefore would affect its proper functioning. In this respect, we present a study of the ERID performances. The results obtained show that the peak power load is lower than about 8 MW m−2, which is admissible from a thermo-mechanical point of view. Moreover, the contribution due to the deuterium outgassing appears to be smaller than the value of the residual background gas. Finally, the estimated ionization density rate is tiny compared with the critical threshold for the production of a plasma inside the ERID.
Investigating the consequences of Marine Protected Areas for the South African deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) resource
Authors: Edwards Charles T. T. , Rademeyer Rébecca A. , Butterworth Doug S. , Plagányi Éva E.
Published: December 2008

Edwards, C. T. T., Rademeyer, R. A., Butterworth, D. S., and Plagányi, É. E. 2009. Investigating the consequences of Marine Protected Areas for the South African deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) resource. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 72–81. Protected areas are often touted as important management tools to mitigate the uncertainty inherent in marine ecosystems, and thereby improve the long-term prospects for sustainable resource use. However, although they certainly play an important role in conservation, their usefulness in improving fishery yields is contentious. We present a simulation model that explores spatial closure options, and apply it to the demersal hake trawl fishery off South Africa. The model is based on the age-structured approach used for current assessments, representing the dynamics of the deep-water hake Merluccius paradoxus within a zonally disaggregated spatial system. Fitting the model to two zones, which demarcate a potential closed area from the remaining fished area, we investigate the consequences that such a protected area could have for the fishery. Our model suggests that area closures would have a negligible benefit for the fishery, regardless of the level of hake movement between areas. This is likely the result of the model's simplicity, and we suggest additional factors that should be considered to quantify the impact of Marine Protected Areas on the fishery more reliably.
High-Affinity Copper Transport and Snq2 Export Permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Modulate Cytotoxicity of PR-10 from Theobroma cacao
Authors: Pungartnik Cristina , da Silva Aline Clara , de Melo Sarah Alves , Gramacho Karina Peres , de Mattos Cascardo Júlio Cézar , Brendel Martin , Micheli Fabienne , da Silva Gesteira Abelmon
Published: December 2008

A pathogenesis-related (PR) protein from Theobroma cacao (TcPR-10) was identified from a cacao–Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cDNA library. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed homology with other PR-10 proteins having P loop motif and Betv1 domain. Recombinant TcPR-10 showed in vitro and in vivo ribonuclease activity, and antifungal activity against the basidiomycete cacao pathogen M. perniciosa and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled TcPR-10 was internalized by M. perniciosa hyphae and S. cerevisiae cells and inhibited growth of both fungi. Energy and temperature-dependent internalization of the TcPR-10 suggested an active importation into the fungal cells. Chronical exposure to TcPR-10 of 29 yeast mutants with single gene defects in DNA repair, general membrane transport, metal transport, and antioxidant defenses was tested. Two yeast mutants were hyperresistant compared with their respective isogenic wild type: ctr3Δ mutant, lacking the high-affinity plasma membrane copper transporter and mac1Δ, the copper-sensing transcription factor involved in regulation of high-affinity copper transport. Acute exposure of exponentially growing yeast cells revealed that TcPR-10 resistance is also enhanced in the Snq2 export permease-lacking mutant which has reduced intracellular presence of TcPR-10.
The Signal Peptide of the Medicago truncatula Modular Nodulin MtNOD25 Operates as an Address Label for the Specific Targeting of Proteins to Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosomes
Authors: Hohnjec Natalija , Lenz Frauke , Fehlberg Vera , Vieweg Martin F. , Baier Markus C. , Hause Bettina , Küster Helge
Published: December 2008

The nodule-specific MtNOD25 gene of the model legume Medicago truncatula encodes a modular nodulin composed of different repetitive modules flanked by distinct N- and C-termini. Although similarities are low with respect to all repetitive modules, both the N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and the C-terminus are highly conserved in modular nodulins from different legumes. On the cellular level, MtNOD25 is only transcribed in the infected cells of root nodules, and this activation is mediated by a 299-bp minimal promoter containing an organ-specific element. By expressing mGFP6 translational fusions in transgenic nodules, we show that MtNOD25 proteins are exclusively translocated to the symbiosomes of infected cells. This specific targeting only requires an N-terminal MtNOD25 SP that is highly conserved across a family of legume-specific symbiosome proteins. Our finding sheds light on one possible mechanism for the delivery of host proteins to the symbiosomes of infected root nodule cells and, in addition, defines a short molecular address label of only 24 amino acids whose N-terminal presence is sufficient to translocate proteins across the peribacteroid membrane.
Identification of Novel Type III Secretion Effectors in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Furutani Ayako , Takaoka Minako , Sanada Harumi , Noguchi Yukari , Oku Takashi , Tsuno Kazunori , Ochiai Hirokazu , Tsuge Seiji
Published: December 2008

Many gram-negative bacteria secrete so-called effector proteins via a type III secretion (T3S) system. Through genome screening for genes encoding potential T3S effectors, 60 candidates were selected from rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF311018 using these criteria: i) homologs of known T3S effectors in plant-pathogenic bacteria, ii) genes with expression regulated by hrp regulatory protein HrpX, or iii) proteins with N-terminal amino acid patterns associated with T3S substrates of Pseudomonas syringae. Of effector candidates tested with the Bordetella pertussis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase reporter for translocation into plant cells, 16 proteins were translocated in a T3S system-dependent manner. Of these 16 proteins, nine were homologs of known effectors in other plant-pathogenic bacteria and seven were not. Most of the effectors were widely conserved in Xanthomonas spp.; however, some were specific to X. oryzae. Interestingly, all these effectors were expressed in an HrpX-dependent manner, suggesting coregulation of effectors and the T3S system. In X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, HpaB and HpaC (HpaP in X. oryzae pv. oryzae) have a central role in recruiting T3S substrates to the secretion apparatus. Secretion of all but one effector was reduced in both HpaB– and HpaP– mutant strains, indicating that HpaB and HpaP are widely involved in efficient secretion of the effectors.
Peri‐operative use of paracetamol
Authors: Oscier C. D. , Milner Q. J. W.
Published: December 2008

This article is a review of the peri‐operative use of paracetamol. It reviews the pharmacology of paracetamol, highlighting new information about the mechanism of action, and examines its therapeutic use in the peri‐operative period, focusing on efficacy, route of administration, and the use of a loading dose to improve early postoperative analgesia.
Evaluating budesonide efficacy in nasal polyposis and predicting the resistance to treatment
Authors: Valera F. C. P. , Queiroz R. , Scrideli C. , Tone L.G. , Anselmo‐Lima W. T.
Published: December 2008

Background
Cell resistance to glucocorticoids is a major problem in the treatment of nasal polyposis (NP).

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to observe the effect of budesonide on the expression of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, basic fibroblast growth factor, eotaxin‐2, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐α, GR‐β, c‐Fos and p65 in nasal polyps and to correlate their expression to clinical response.

Methods
Biopsies from nasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients before and after treatment with topical budesonide. Clinical response to treatment was monitored by a questionnaire and nasal endoscopy. The mRNA levels of the studied genes were measured by real‐time quantitative (RQ)‐PCR.

Results
There was a significant decrease in the expression of TNF‐α (P<0.05), eotaxin‐2 (P<0.05) and p65 (P<0.05) in NP after treatment. Poor responders to glucocorticoids showed higher expression of IL‐1β (3.74 vs. 0.14; P<0.005), ICAM‐1 (1.91 vs. 0.29; P<0.05) and p65 (0.70 vs. 0.16; P<0.05) before treatment. Following treatment, IL‐1β (4.18 vs. 0.42; P<0.005) and GR‐β (0.95 vs. 0.28; P<0.05) mRNA expression was higher in this group.

Conclusion
Topical budesonide reduced the expression of TNF‐α, eotaxin‐2 and p65. Poor responders to topical budesonide exhibit higher levels of IL‐1β, ICAM‐1 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB at diagnosis and higher expression of both IL‐1β and GR‐β after treatment. These results emphasize the anti‐inflammatory action of topical budesonide at the molecular level and its importance in the treatment of NP. Nevertheless, IL‐1β, ICAM‐1 and NF‐κB may be associated with primary resistance to glucocorticoids in NP, whereas higher expression of GR‐β in poor responders only after glucocorticoid treatment may represent a secondary drug resistance mechanism in this disease.
Immune dysfunction in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Kindt S. , Van Oudenhove L. , Broekaert D. , Kasran A. , Ceuppens J. L. , Bossuyt X. , Fischler B. , Tack J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract  There is increasing evidence for involvement of the immune system in functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID), including onset after acute gastrointestinal infections, genotypes resulting in altered cytokine expression and abnormal presence of immune cells. Our aim was to assess cellular and humoral immune responses in (i) FGIDs, compared to healthy subjects and (ii) acute vs unspecified onset FGIDs. Lymphocytic [interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13 and interferon γ (IFN‐γ)] and monocytic [IL‐10, IL‐12, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α] cytokine production was characterized at baseline and after stimulation with phytohemagglutinine and anti‐CD28 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in controls (n = 32), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (n = 30), functional dyspepsia (FD) (n = 23) and non‐cardiac chest pain (NCCP) (n = 15). Serum IL‐6 and IL‐10 concentrations were compared, and the immunophenotype was assessed using fluorescent‐activated cell sorter. Findings were compared for acute vs unspecified onset FGID. Compared to controls, stimulated lymphocyte expression of IL‐5 and IL‐13 was enhanced in IBS, FD and NCCP (all P < 0.05). Conversely, the stimulated monocytic IL‐12 and lymphocytic IL‐10 expression were reduced in IBS and FD, while IFN‐γ expression was also reduced in FD patients. Except for an increase in the numbers of CD3+CD45RA+CD45RO+ cells, no distinct cellular profile was detected. Patients with a presumed acute onset of their symptoms had higher serum IL‐10 levels and more CD3+CD45RA+CD45RO+ cells, while TNF‐α levels following stimulation with LPS were higher in FD patients reporting an acute onset. A shift towards a Th2 cytokine profile is present in FGID, while the cellular immunophenotype remains largely unchanged. Further research is indicated and could provide new therapeutic strategies for these disorders.
Why would young people donate blood? A survey‐based questionnaire study
Authors: Weinberg I. , Zarka S. , Levy Y. , Shinar E.
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  Different issues associated with blood donation among young donors were studied, towards building a large and consistent blood donor base.

Methods  Data were collected from 221/285 donors in drives conducted among military personnel (response rate of 78%), through a self‐administered questionnaire tailored to review knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and habits regarding blood and general donations. Data were then further analysed using a multivariate model.

Results  The most significant factors related to blood donation were the donors’ perception of approval from a superior (the commander's request to donate blood) and the participant's military rank or position (P < 0·0001 and P = 0·0019, respectively). Experienced blood donors comprised 71·9% of all donors and more donations were noted among men (P = 0·0013).

Conclusions  The important role of a significant superior, and his or her personal involvement in the blood drive organization was elucidated. Various other factors, previously found to be related to readiness or reluctance to donate blood, were insignificant among the studied population. Our finding may assist blood centres in optimizing their efforts in recruiting and retention of young donors.
Advanced oxidative protein products are independently associated with endothelial function in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: KOCAK HUSEYIN , GUMUSLU SAADET , SAHİN EMEL , CEKEN KAAN , GOCMEN YESIM A , YAKUPOGLU GULSEN , ERSOY F FEVZI , TUNCER MURAT
Published: December 2008

Aim:  Oxidative stress (OS) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are accepted as non‐classical cardiovascular risk factors in end‐stage renal disease patients. To clarify the role of these factors in the atherosclerotic process, we investigated if OS and ADMA are associated with endothelial function (EF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

Methods:  Fifty‐two non‐diabetic PD patients without known atherosclerotic disease as well as 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals were included. We measured serum thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced glycation end‐product (AGE), pentosidine, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ADMA and EF as described by Celermejer et al. in all subjects.

Results:  TBARS, MDA, AOPP, AGE, pentosidine and ADMA levels were significantly higher in PD patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD)% and nitrate mediated dilatation (NMD)% in PD patients were lower than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.0% vs 11.70 ± 5.50%, P < 0.01 and 17.6 ± 8.3% vs 26.4 ± 4.6%, P < 0.01). Additionally, it was found that AOPP are independently correlated with FMD% and NMD% in PD patients (β = −463, P < 0.01 and β = −420, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  This study shows that PD patients without known atherosclerotic disease can also be characterized by endothelial dysfunction and AOPP levels independently predict endothelial function level in PD patients.
COEXISTENT TERATOMA AND SEMINOMA OF THE TESTIS
Authors: MASON J. K.
Published: December 2008

A case is described of multiple seminomata coexisting in the same testis with a malignant teratoma.

Theories relative to the histogenesis of seminoma and teratoma of the testis are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that this case is inexplicable on the basis of a teratoid origin of seminoma and strongly supports the conception of seminoma as a carcinoma of seminal epithelium.

The incidence of malignant disease of the testicle in the Royal Air Force is summarised, the outstanding features being the high percentage of malignant tumours which are found in the testis in such an age group and the remarkably similar mean age incidences of seminoma and teratoma.

It is considered that this case throws no positive light on the causation of coexistence of seminoma and teratoma of the testis, but the indications are that it is a chance occurrence.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRIGONE OF THE BLADDER WITH A REPORT OF A CASE OF ECTOPIC URETER
Authors: BROCKIS J. G.
Published: December 2008

The history of a patient suffering from incontinence of urine due to an ectopic ureter is presented. The embryology of this condition has been studied and the trigone of the bladder, together with the posterior part of the urethra, shown to be derived from the Wolffian ducts by gradual dilatation of the lower end of the latter. The subsequent alteration in relationship of the Wolffian ducts to the ureter is discussed, and it is suggested that the alteration of the orifices of the Wolffian ducts to the ureters during development is due to unequal absorption of the Wolffian duct and active growth at its upper and outer lip.

The opening of the ectopic ureters may occur at any point on the outer edge of the area of bladder and urethra derived from the Wolffian duct. In the case presented an ectopic ureter was found to open into the urethra below the sphincters in conformity with the development outlined.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor F. H. Bentley and Mr Fenton Braithwaite for their help, to Mr D. P. Hammersley for the diagrams used to illustrate this article, and to Mr A. L. Pegg of the Department of Photography, University of Durham, for the photomicrographs.
NOTES ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE FGETAL HORSESHOE KIDNEY
Authors: ZONDEK THEODOR
Published: December 2008

1. The present views about the development of horseshoe kidney have been reviewed.

2. Nine specimens of typical and four specimens of atypical late fcetal horseshoe kidneys have been considered and partly examined.

3. Associated congenital abnormalities have been investigated in twenty‐nine specimens of horseshoe kidney in the late foetus, infant, and young child.

For their kind assistance and permission to make use of their post‐mortem records and for the supply of some specimens of fcetal horseshoe kidneys I should like to thank Dr Agnes McGregor, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Professor Dible and Professor Moncrieff, Hammersmith Hospital, London; Professor Turnbull, late of London Hospital; Dr Newns and Dr Bodian, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London; Dr Murray and Dr Hunt, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London; Dr Woodhouse Price and Dr Ross, Queen Mary's Hospital for the East End, London; Dr Donald Teare and Dr Kathleen Wright.
POST‐OPERATIVE OSTEITIS PUBIS: CAUSES AND TREATMENT
Authors: CIBERT JEAN
Published: December 2008

Post‐operative osteitis pubis is now well known. Two points, however, remain under discussion–its cause and treatment.

In most cases–perhaps in all–the cause appears to be due to the presence of a septic focus in contact with the symphysis, usually behind it but sometimes in front of it.

It is possible to reduce its frequency by increasing the duration of post‐operative drainage, and by avoiding too early closure of the superficial planes.

The complication may be rapidly cured by reopening the space of Retzius, resecting infected tissue, and by drainage. The failures which have been observed appear to be due to the fact that a residual septic focus was not found or that intervention had been delayed too long.

The frequency of osteitis pubis after retropubic prostatectomy is not great (1–5 per cent. in 1,000 cases), and its importance is slight if further intervention is carried out promptly. It must not be considered a contraindication to that excellent operation.
DELAYED TRAUMATIC STRICTURE OF THE ANTERIOR URETHRA
Authors: DANIEL OWEN
Published: December 2008

Four examples of delayed traumatic urethral stricture are reported. In three patients symptoms appeared twelve, twenty‐four, and twenty‐five years after apparently trivial external injuries, and in the fourth, symptoms appeared twelve years after the passage of a catheterising cystoscope.

The long latent period in these cases gives support to those who advocate that all patients who have suffered urethral injury should attend, for dilatation, at six‐monthly intervals for the remainder of their lives.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE URETHRA IN THE MALE
Authors: SWINNEY JOHN
Published: December 2008

A new procedure for the cure of urethral stricture is presented wherein a buried strip of skin is used to make an entirely new urethra.
THE USE OF AN ISOLATED LOOP OF ILEUM AS AN AUXILIARY KIDNEY
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Care A. D.
Published: December 2008

A case of polycystic kidneys is described for which an auxiliary kidney in the form of an isolated loop of ileum was prepared.

Irrigation of this loop usually resulted in clinical improvement, and the investigations carried out suggest that this was brought about by the removal of some toxic metabolite, possibly nitrogenous in character.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE URETHRAL CARUNCLE
Authors: Adno J.
Published: December 2008

The incidence of primary carcinoma of the urethra with a review of the literature is mentioned.

 The ætiology of primary carcinoma of the female urethra with special reference to the lesion of urethral caruncle is discussed.

 A case of early malignancy in a urethral caruncle is reported.

 The therapy used is described and twenty months' follow‐up is given.

 A plea for conservative therapy in the very early case is made, as opposed to extensive surgery.

 The importance of examining, microscopically, all urethral caruncles, polypi, and hypertrophic mucosae that are removed is stressed.
RENAL INFARCTION and ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HYPERTENSION1
Authors: Mogg By Richard A.
Published: December 2008

1. A plea is made for renewed interest and appreciation of the condition of renal infarction with special reference to partial infarction of renal tissue.

2. A complete and detailed investigation by aortography of the renal vascular pattern is advocated in all cases of hypertension, especially those occurring in young people.

3. Illustrative cases are described.
CINE‐RADIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL BLADDER‐NECK OBSTRUCTION and THE MEGAURETER1
Authors: Edwards David
Published: December 2008

Cine‐radiology with an image intensifier is a valuable aid to the study of the anatomy and physiology of the normal and abnormal urinary tract.

The appearances of the normal bladder and urethra, and the physiology of normal micturition, are described. The normal bladder neck may produce a distinct impression on the lumen of the posterior urethra.

The appearances of the megaureter‐megacystis are described. In the mild cases the bladder is smooth, increased in capacity, and contracts normally without vesical residue, and the bladder neck is normal. By means of double or triple micturition the urinary tract can be largely cleared of residual urine. Vesico‐ureteral reflux is the rule and the ureteric contractions are increased in frequency and amplitude, and reverse contractions are present. In the retention phase the bladder is trabeculated and ureteric contractions, although still present, are reduced in frequency and amplitude as compared with the mild cases.

The simple megaureter also shows active contractions with reverse contractions. The bladder is normal. Where a narrow supravesical segment is present, reverse contractions are not seen and the movements of the lower ureter suggest that the narrowed segment produces partial obstruction of the lumen of the ureter. Vesico‐ureteral reflux was seen in only one case of simple megaureter.

Congenital bladder‐neck obstruction shows a trabeculated bladder with vesical residue and ureteral reflux into atonic ureters. Diverticulum formation and hydro‐ureter do not necessarily indicate lower urinary tract obstruction.

Cine‐radiography demonstrates the fallacy of attempting to assess the size of vesical diverticula on a single still radiograph.

Double and triple micturition is a means of clearing the urinary tract of residual urine in cases of vesico‐ureteral reflux and vesical diverticula.
BACTEREMIA FOLLOWING RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: MARSHALL A.
Published: December 2008

A bacteriological study of fifty patients undergoing retropubic prostatectomy is presented, with special reference to post‐operative bacteraemia.

In the presence of infected urine a positive blood culture was found in 82 per cent, of thirty‐four patients following retropubic prostatectomy, and it was found to remain positive in a number of cases for periods varying from two to five hours.

The bacteriological flora found in blood, urine, external meatus, and prostatic cavity in these cases are described.

The post‐operative courses of patients with negative and positive blood cultures are compared, as also are the post‐operative courses of a group of patients who had a bacteremia lasting less than two hours and a group with a more protracted bacterasmia.

In this series protracted bacteremia was a feature of those patients whose convalescence tended to be unduly long and complicated.

The relation of pre‐operative catheter drainage to post‐operative bacteremia is discussed.

It is suggested that bacteremia, especially when protracted, is an important factor in initiating infective complications following retropubic prostatectomy and an indication is given of further study being made to lessen its incidence.
CLEAR‐CELLED RENAL TUMOUR: REPORT WITH COMMENTARY OF AN EXAMPLE FOUND IN A BOY AGED ELEVEN YEARS
Authors: WOODWARD W. W.
Published: December 2008

A clear‐celled renal tumour in a boy aged 11 years is reported with a commentary.

In a limited survey in the English language the writer has found mention, made since Wilms' publication, of six clear‐celled renal tumours, regarded as adenocarcinomata, afflicting children under 11 years of age, of one at 11 years of age, and of two at the age of 14 years.
CYSTO‐URETHROGRAPHY IN PARAPLEGIA: ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Authors: DAMANSKI M.
Published: December 2008

Cysto‐urethrography is the most valuable urological examination in paraplegia.

It helps to locate exactly the sector of the urethra responsible for retention of urine.

It makes it possible to assess the effect of an operation, and in case of failure it makes it clear what should next be attacked surgically.

It gives an excellent representation of the effects of infection and in many cases helps to establish indications for surgical treatment.

In some cases it contributes to a radiological representation of the upper urinary tract.
SIMPLE RENAL CYST IN INFANCY
Authors: ZAIDI Z. H. , CAMPBELL J. S.
Published: December 2008

This report presents the unusual occurrence of a simple congenital renal cyst in an infant. The patient was a 5‐month‐old male; the right kidney was involved. Bilateral cysts of this nature have not yet to our knowledge been recorded, but in our case hydronephrosis, resulting from congenital ureteral stenosis, affected the contralateral kidney.
URINARY TRACT SUBSTITUTION1
Authors: SWINNEY JOHN , TOMLINSON B. E. , WALDER D. N.
Published: December 2008

In three groups of dogs, portions of the urinary tract have been removed and replaced by aortic homografts and plastic materials. The three groups were those in which the upper hemisphere of the bladder was removed (Group 1), where the whole bladder and lower ureters were removed (Group 2), and where one ureter only was removed (Group 3). When aortic homografts were used the results were unsatisfactory. When plastic materials were used, some satisfactory functional results were obtained in the first two groups, but the results in the third group were poor.

There is no evidence in these experiments that bladder muscle fibres regenerate or take any part in the development of the re‐formed urinary tract.
PROBLEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF Ps. PYOCYANEA INFECTIONS1
Authors: Slade Norman , Unton K. B.
Published: December 2008

The long‐term results in the treatment of Pseudomonas urinary infections with Colomycin have been assessed. In many patients emergence of other bacterial strains resulted. These strains were commonly present at the outset of the infection and could be demonstrated then by the use of special culture media.

A high proportion of uncomplicated infections were cured, but in those where serious underlying urinary tract disease existed, failure was common and there was a high recurrence rate in the long term.

In many patients emergent strains were prevented by a combination of Colomycin with Negram.

We wish to thank Messrs Pharmax Ltd. for generous supplies of Colomycin, Messrs Bayer Ltd. for generous supplies of Negram, and Miss V. Brown for technical assistance in the laboratory.
THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL CORD BLADDER BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION1
Authors: Ellis By Frank , Parker Joan , Lale P. G.
Published: December 2008

Following the development of a method of emptying the normal bladder in dogs by electrical stimulation, the technique has been successfully applied to dogs with chronic paraplegia for periods of up to four weeks. A radio‐linked implantable stimulator has been developed and current tests indicate that with a square wave stimulus of 7 v.; 1–5 m.sec.; 30 p.p.s. applied for periods of one minute at intervals of six to eight hours, satisfactory emptying of the bladder can be maintained. Cineradiography has shown minimal residual urine. The daily output has been the same as that of normal dogs. The blood urea has remained normal and the urine has been sterile. No catheters have been used. Two positive and one negative stainless steel braided wire electrodes have proved to provide satisfactory stimulation when threaded through the detrusor muscle.

The method appears to be feasible in the treatment of retention following paraplegia in humans, but further development is necessary in overcoming difficulties due to spread of the stimulus, pain, and mechanical failures. Successful reports in the use of electrical stimulation for human neurogenic bladder dysfunction are recorded. The use of the method may eliminate the need for catheter drainage thereby overcoming one of the most difficult problems in the treatment of paraplegia.

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Medical Research Council. We wish to acknowledge the kind assistance of members of the staff of the Hospital Physics Department, the Experimental Surgical Unit, the Illustration and Photographic Departments, Guy's Hospital.
PRIMARY URETERIC NEOPLASMS1
Authors: McIntyre Donald , Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P.
Published: December 2008

The Leeds series of 40 cases of primary ureteric neoplasm (36 treated and 4 discovered at necropsy) is analysed and the relevant literature discussed.

The diagnosis of a primary ureteric tumour is often straightforward but occasionally very difficult.

A plea is made in all cases of hæmaturia for:‐

1. Cystoscopy during hæmaturia if possible.

2. The urologist not to be satisfied with the finding of a bladder tumour since there may be a ureteric tumour as well.

3. The obtaining of complete pyelo‐ureterograms.

Although nephro‐ureterectomy is the operative procedure most commonly employed in the treatment of primary ureteric neoplasms consideration should be given to the possibility of a renal conservation operation, particularly if the ureteric tumour is believed to be benign.

We are indebted to many for their help in the production of this paper. We wish to thank in particular the Leeds pathologists Dr C. K. Anderson, Dr William Goldie, and Dr J. A. Dossett; Mr D. B. Feather, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, who operated on Case C7; Mr Geoffrey Wilson, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, for Case CI6; Mr D. S. Poole‐Wilson, Manchester, for Figures 17 and 18; Mr Herbert Honey, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, for Figure 15; Mr C. M. Weintraub, Urological Registrar, Salford Royal Hospital, for his most generous help with the illustrations; and the staff of the Departments of Medical Illustration in the two Leeds hospitals, Christie Hospital, Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital.
NEPHROSTOMY: REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE
Authors: Gonick Paul
Published: December 2008

Nephrostomy techniques from the time of Albarran until the present are reviewed. These are divided into methods where the nephrostomy is established without the aid of a pyelotomy and those done with a pyelotomy. A new technique is described that utilises a Penrose drain to establish a tract through which the nephrostomy catheter is inserted.
CONGENITAL MULTIPLE DIVERTICULA OF THE URETER
Authors: Willfams John L. , Goodwin Willard E.
Published: December 2008

Congenital multiple diverticulosis of the ureter is reported. It occurred in a 4‐year‐old girl who also had pyelonephritis and interstitial fibrosis. The presenting symptom was a urinary tract infection. Treatment was nephro‐ureterectomy. The patient was cured.
URETEROVESICAL JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION FOLLOWING TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION
Authors: Amar Arjan D.
Published: December 2008

An unusual but important complication following transurethral resection for lesions of the prostate gland, vesical neck, or base of the urinary bladder may be obstruction of the lower end of one or both ureters, either early in the post‐operative period or later, as stricture results from fibrosis or scarring. Hydroureter and hydronephrosis may result. This complication can usually be avoided. When it occurs, it must be diagnosed early and treated. Illustrative X‐rays of seven such patients are presented. Diagnosis and treatment of the complication are discussed.

The writer expresses his thanks to Dr Jack Lapides, Chief of Urology at Veterans Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for permission to include Figure 1.
XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Seth H. N. , Kathpalia P. M. L. , Rao B. D. P.
Published: December 2008

A case of tumefactive xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has been reported. This obscure inflammatory process presented clinically as a neoplastic lump and had strikingly different gross and histological appearances from a classical pyelonephritis.
TORSION OF HYDATID OF MORGAGNI
Authors: Khan T. A.
Published: December 2008

Seven cases of torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni are described.

 The condition is much commoner than is usually recognised.

 Many children and adolescents who are regarded as having epididymo‐orchitis may, in fact, have torsion of the testicular appendix or torsion of the testis. In the absence of general disturbance and urinary infection they should be explored surgically.
MYXOSARCOMA OF THE PENIS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Fraser G. A.
Published: December 2008

A rare case of myxosarcoma of the penis, with apparent cure eight years after partial amputation, is reported.

The literature regarding previously published reports of sarcomata of the penis is briefly reviewed.
OCTOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE: THE PHASE GOVERNING THE SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM IN APATITIC CALCULI
Authors: Macgregor J. , Robertson W. G. , Nordin B. E. C.
Published: December 2008

Powdered apatitic renal calculi have been allowed to come into equilibrium with buffers in the pH range 7 to 8.

 The ion products for the commoner calcium phosphate salts have been calculated and related to pH at equilibrium.

 Only the pK of the ion product [Ca++]8[HPO4=]2[PO4≡]6 is independent of pH

 Determination of the stoichiometry of the exchange reaction at equilibrium suggests a Ca: P of 7.9:6.

 It is suggested that, quite apart from the apparent average composition of apatitic renal calculi, the phase on the crystal surfaces determining the physico‐chemical characteristics of the equilibrium is octocalcium phosphate.

 It is suggested that the critical phase governing the solubility of calcium phosphate in urine in vivo may be octocalcium phosphate.
THE VALUE OF URETHROGRAPHY IN THE BOUGIE CLINIC PATIENT
Authors: Greenwell F. P. , Grieve N. W. T.
Published: December 2008

The technique of urethrography using high‐viscosity contrast medium is described and the radiological anatomy and pathological changes seen following disease of the anterior urethra are reviewed.

 The findings resulting from the use of urethrography in a series of patients attending a bougie clinic are presented.

 The value of the information provided by urethrography in the assessment and management of such patients is discussed. It is suggested that the examination provides a useful objective record of the extent of the disease.

 Urethrography as a routine investigation prior to prostatectomy is suggested.