bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massenproduktion und Anwendung von Trichogramma 5. Bekämpfung von zwei Wicklerarten an Getreide, Cnephasia longana (Haw.) und C. pumicana (Z.) (Lep., Tortricidae)1
Authors: Glas M. , Hassan S. A.
Published: July 2010

Mass‐production and utilization of Trichogramma. 5. Control of two Tortricids on cereal crops, Cnephasia longana (Haw.) and C. pumicana (Z.) (Lep., Tortricidae)

Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to investigate the possibility of using Trichogramma to control the two Tortricids Cnephasia longana (Haw.) and C. pumicana (Z.) that attack cereal crops. A single release of about 108 000 Trichogramma evanescens/ha in screen bags hung on the trunk of trees within or in the vicinity of corn fields, where the pest eggs are laid, successfully controlled the pest.

In the laboratory, large differences were found between different Trichogramma species in their capacity to parasitize Cnephasia eggs. Among the 9 Trichogramma species and strains tested, T. confusum and T. dendrolimi were more active than T. evanescens. In other laboratory experiments, it was shown that Trichogramma can also parasitize older Cnephasia eggs, up to an age where the ocellia appear. Practical points to improve the use of Trichogramma for the control of Cnephasia are given.

Die Möglichkeit der biologischen Bekämpfung von Cnephasia longana und C. pumicana, zwei an Getreide schädlichen Wicklern, mit Trichogramma wurde unter Feld‐ und Laborbedingungen untersucht. Im Freiland konnte mit 108 000 T. evanescens/ha, ausgebracht an Feldgehölzen, ein guter Bekämpfungserfolg erzielt werden.

Unter Laborbedingungen unterschieden sich die getesteten Trichogramma‐Arten und ‐Stämme in ihrer Parasitierungsleistung voneinander. Die Arten T. confusum und T. dendrolimi waren in ihrer Leistung besser als T. evanescens.

Es wurde außerdem gezeigt, daß Trichogramma auch ältere Cnephasia‐Eier parasitiert. Das kritische Stadium für die Parasitierung war das Sichtbarwerden der Ocellen in den Eiern.

Eine Methode zur Optimierung des praktischen Einsatzes wird vorgeschlagen.
Integration of olfactometry and electrophoresis in the analysis of aphid parasitoid biotypes (Hym., Aphidiidae)
Authors: Starý P. , Pospíšil J. , Němec V.
Published: July 2010

Results obtained by laboratory transfers and electrophoretic analyses of individuals vs. olfactometric tests are compared and discussed. Laboratory test transfers of a single parasitoid species on populations of different hosts are agreed to be a useful supplement to the primary evidence of the host spectrum and relative abundance of its parasitoid member species. However, the population number in F1 on another host may be misleading if population diversity in F0 and F1 is not determined (by electrophoretic analysis). Olfactometric tests, too, are believed to be useful for screening of the host preference of a parasitoid species; however, they seem to indicate a general level and apparently need not be a positive proof of (complete) parasitization. Various aspects of the host specificity process are discussed. The results are used for a tentative classification of the alternative hosts of parasitoids in various reservoirs.

Integration von Olfaktometrie und Elektrophorese bei der Analyse der Biotypen von Blattlaus‐Parasitoiden (Hym.; Aphidiidae)

Es wurden die Ergebnisse von im Labor durchgeführten Übertragungen und elektrophoretische Analysen von Individuen mit olfaktrometrischen Tests verglichen und diskutiert. Die Übertragungen einer einzelnen Parasitoiden‐Art auf Populationen verschiedener Wirte ergab übereinstimmend, daß sie eine geeignete Ergänzung zum primären Nachweis des Wirtspektrums und der relativen Abundanz der Parasitoiden bilden. Jedoch kann die Abundanz von F1 in einem anderen Wirt zu Irrtümern führen, wenn die Populationsdiversität von F0 und F1 nicht elektrophoretisch bestimmt wird. Es werden auch olfaktrometrische Tests als geeignet für die Bestimmung der Wirtpräferenz einer Parasitoidenart gehalten, doch scheinen sie nur eine allgemeine Schwelle anzuzeigen und benötigen anscheinend keinen positiven Nachweis der vollständigen Parasitierung. Verschiedene Aspekte des Wirtsspezifisierungs‐Prozesses werden diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden für eine vorläufige Klassifikation der alternierenden Wirte von Parasitoiden in verschiedenen Reservoiren verwendet.
A method for size‐selecting lepidopterous larvae
Authors: ØGaard L. , Bolet B.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a method for size‐selecting lepidopterous larvae when uniformly sized larvae are to be collected from batches of different sized larvae. A net is used as a barrier between the larvae and the substrate (e.g. soil) the larvae want to reach; only larvae below a certain size will be able to pass the net. The resultant 2 sizegroups can be further limited by additional use of appropriately sized nets. The mean weight of each net‐selected size‐group will be the same at any time, but the size‐variation is slightly larger (SD = 25%) than the size‐variation of a batch of manually size‐selected larvae (SD = 18.5%). However, manual selection is less reproducible and more laborious than net‐selection and it is difficult to maintain a constant estimate during the selecting procedure. A combination of net and manual selection, however, is even better (SD = 17.7%) because in each selected group 95% of the selected larvae will be within a range of mean weight ± 35%. More uniformly sized larvae can only be collected by weighing each larva individually.

Über eine Methode zur Größentrennung von Lepidopteren‐Larven

Es wird eine Methode zur Größentrennung von Gruppen aus gesammeltem Material verschieden großer Lepidopteren‐Larven vorgestellt. Ein Netz, das als Trennwand zwischen den Larven und dem angestrebten Substrat (Boden) fungierte, ließ die Larven nur einer bestimmten Größe passieren. Die daraus resultierenden zwei Größengruppen können durch zusätzliche Netze verschiedener Maschenweite weiter selektiert werden. Das mittlere Gewicht jeder selektierten Gruppe ist stets gleich, aber die Größenvariabilität etwas höher (SD = 25%) als bei manueller Größen‐Auslese (SD = 18.5%). Die manuelle Auslese ist jedoch weniger ergiebig und erfordert mehr Arbeit als jene mit dem Netz. Auch ist es schwierig, dabei eine konstante Bewertung einzuhalten. Eine Kombination von Netz‐ und Handauslese erwies sich als am günstigsten (SD = 17,7%), weil in jeder ausgelesenen Gruppe 95% der Larven in ihrem mittleren Gewicht nur um ± 35% differierten. Eine noch einheitlichere Größengruppierung ist dann nur noch durch individuelles Wiegen zu erreichen.
Behavioural sequence of host selection and oviposition in the turnip root fly Delia floralis (Fall.) (Anthomyiidae)
Authors: HAVUKKALA I. , VIRTANEN M.
Published: July 2010

Host plant selection and oviposition by the turnip root fly Delia floralis (Fall.) was observed in the laboratory using host plants and plastic models of plants. The behavioural sequence observed was 1. landing, 2. extension of the proboscis and examination of the leaf surface, 3. walking over the leaf, 4. running down the stem, 5. walking on the ground at the base of the stem and 6. oviposition. A host plant was most likely to be rejected during the stem run (42%), whereas for a model plant it was during the leaf walk (80%). With a model plant the proportion of flies not showing a landing response and the average time taken to land were twice as great as with a turnip seedling. The time from landing on a model plant to proboscis extension was not altered by the addition of host plant odour, but the proportion of flies probing the leaf was increased. Tarsal contact with sinigrin or a low concentration of allylisothiocyanate (ANCS) shortened the period to proboscis extension. Flies spent 50% less time walking on the leaves of the model than of the host plant, but 15 times longer running down and up the stem. ANCS and sinigrin promoted and inhibited, respectively, oviposition triggered by host plant extract. The role of various simultaneous and successive host cues in plant acceptance is discussed.

Die Verhaltenskette bei der Pflanzenwirtswahl und Eiablage der großen Kohlfliege, Delia floralis (Fall.) (Anthomyiidae)

Die Pflanzenwirtswahl der großen Kohlfliege (Delia floralis, Anthomyiidae) wurde eingehend im Labor untersucht. Die Kette von einzelnen Handlungen während des Eiablageverhaltens auf der Wirtspflanze wurde beobachtet und in folgende Phasen eingeteilt: 1. Landung, 2. Ausstrecken des Rüssels, 3. Blattlauf, 4. Stengellauf, 5. Erdlauf und 6. Eiablage in die Erde. Die Fliegen verließen die Pflanzen am häufigsten während des Stengellaufs, dagegen auf einer Pflanzenattrappe aus Plastik schon während des Blattlaufs. Auf der Attrappe beanspruchte der Stengellauf 15mal mehr Zeit als auf der Wirtspflanze. Die einzelnen Verhaltensschritte verbrauchten weniger Zeit bei den Fliegen, die innerhalb der Reaktionskette weitergingen, als bei den Fliegen, die die Pflanze schnell verließen, ohne Eier zu legen. Duftreize wirkten attraktiv bei der Landung und förderten die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß der Rüssel ausgestreckt wurde. Zusatz von chemischen Kontaktreizen, wie Pflanzenextrakt, Allylisothiocyanat (ANCS) oder Sinigrin, verkürzten die Zeit bis zum Ausstrecken des Rüssels. Die Fliegen bevorzugten Eiablageschalen mit ANCS gegenüber der Kontrolle (Schalen mit nur feuchtem Sand), aber vermieden Schalen mit Sinigrin. Zusatz von ANCS zu dem Pflanzenextrakt förderte die Eiablage synergistisch; Zusatz von Sinigrin wirkte stark hemmend. Die Bedeutung der aufeinanderfolgenden und gleichzeitigen Reize der Pflanze für die Wirtswahl wird diskutiert.
Tolerance levels for supervised control of insect pests in Brussels sprouts and white cabbage
Authors: THEUNISSEN J. , DEN OUDEN H.
Published: July 2010

During a number of growing seasons sets of tolerance levels, a practical approximation of variable control thresholds, have been tested and verified in various cabbage growing areas in the Netherlands. These sets are being used in supervised control of insect pests in Brussels sprouts and white cabbage. They indicate tolerable levels of caterpillar and cabbage aphid populations in relation to the growth stage of the crop.

Toleranzgrenzen für die Überwachung von Schadinsekten an Rosen‐ und Weißkohl

Während mehrerer Vegetationsperioden wurden in den Kohlanbaugebieten der Niederlande unterschiedliche Bekämpfungsschwellen als Grundlage für eine gezielte Schädlingsbekämpfung an Rosen‐ und Weißkohl erprobt. Die Schwellenwerte basieren auf dem Prozentsatz Raupen‐ bzw. Kohlblattlaus‐befallener Wirtspflanzen in Abhängigkeit von deren Entwicklungsstadium.
Sex ratio, occurrence of parthenogenesis, ovarian development and oviposition behaviour of the primary reproductives of Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)1
Authors: AFZAL MOHAMMAD , SALIHAH ZAHOOR
Published: July 2010

The swarming imagoes ofB. beesonirepresent both the sexes in equal proportion. The phenomenon of parthenogenesis is of rare occurrence. Although pairing of a female with the opposite sex exhibited a strong influence on development of the ovarioles and consequently the egg‐laying, dealation was of the primary concern. The process of oogenesis appears to be an important need for the normal survival of the reproductives. The females which initiated oviposition earlier laid more eggs and survived longer as compared to the ones started later or those laid no eggs at all. To initiate egg‐laying the females ofB. beesoniprefer a higher relative humidity than for their normal survival.

Geschlechterverhältnis, Parthenogenese, Ovarentwicklung und Eiablage‐Verhalten bei den primären Geschlechtstieren von Bifiditermes beesoni (Gard.) (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)

Die schwärmenden Adulten vonB. beesonibestehen aus beiden Geschlechtern in etwa gleichem Verhältnis. Parthenogenese tritt selten auf. Obwohl die Paarung einen starken Einfluß nimmt, ist die Entwicklung der Ovariolen und damit die Eiablage vor allem vom Flügelabwurf abhängig. Der Prozeß der Oogenese scheint eine wichtige Voraussetzung für das normale Leben der reproduktiven Weibchen zu sein. Weibchen, die mit der Eiablage eher begannen, legten mehr Eier ab und lebten lïnger als die anderen. Eine frühere Eiablage findet vor allem bei höherer Luftfeuchtigkeit statt.
Impact of ploughing on emergence of pollen beetle parasitoids after hibernation
Authors: NILSSON CHRISTER
Published: July 2010

Emergence of Meligethes parasitoids from previous year's rape plots were recorded using emergence boxes. Three species were collected: Phradis interstitialis, P. morionellus and Tersilochus heterocerus. Catches from ploughed and fallow plots were compared. In 1977 a total of 104 and 17 parasitoids/m2 were emerged from fallow plots that had winter and spring rape the previous year. Corresponding values for ploughed plots were 13 and 9 parasitoids/m2. In 1978 the emergence from the previous year's spring rape plots were 181 and 84 parasitoids/m2 for fallow and ploughed plots, respectively. Phradis interstitialis emerged 9–13 days before the other two species. Males of all three species appeared before females.

In the trials 1981–1983 the emergence of the three pollen beetle parasitoids from winter wheat plots which had winter rape the previous year, were recorded. The winter wheat was sown using different kinds of cultivation technique. As an average four times as many parasitoids/m2 emerged from direct drilled plots compared to plots that were disk harrowed or ploughed. There was no difference between fallow and direct drilled plots (46 parasitoids/m2). There were no differences in winter wheat yields between the plots.

Zur Wirkung des Pflügens auf das Schlüpfen der Rapsglanzkäfer (Meligethes)‐Parasitoiden nach der Überwinterung

Unter Verwendung von Schlüpfboxen wurde das Ausschlüpfen von Meligethes‐Parasitoiden auf vorjährigen Rapsfeldern untersucht. Drei Arten wurden festgestellt: Phradis interstitialis, P. morionellus und Tersilochus heterocerus. Die Fänge aus gepflügten und brachliegenden Flächen wurden verglichen. 1977 schlüpften a. 104, b. 17 Parasitoide/m2 aus Brachflächen, die a. Winterund b. Frühjahrsraps im vergangenen Jahr trugen. Die entsprechenden Werte für die gepflügten Felder betrugen 13 und 9 Parasitoide/m2. 1978 lauteten die Schlüpfzahlen aus vorjährig Frühjahrsraps tragenden Flächen 181 bzw. 84 Parasitoide/m2 auf Brachflächen bzw. gepflügten Flächen. Phradis interstitialis schlüpfte 9‐13 Tage vor den beiden anderen Arten. Bei allen drei Arten schlüpften die Männchen vor den Weibchen. Bei den Versuchen 1981‐83 wurde das Schlüpfen der drei Meligethes‐Parasitoiden aus Winterweizenfeldern, die im Vorjahr Winterraps trugen, erfaßt. Der Winterweizen wurde mit verschiedenen Kultivierungstechniken gesät. Im Mittel schlüpften viermal so viele Parasitoide/m2 aus gedrillten Parzellen, verglichen mit solchen, die geeggt oder gepflügt waren. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen Brachflächen und gedrillten Flächen (46 Parasitoide/m2). Auch bestand zwischen den Flächen kein Unterschied in der Winterweizenernte.
Sex pheromones for mass trapping of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in Egypt
Authors: SALEM S. , SALAMA H. S.
Published: July 2010

Pheromone traps can be relied upon as a simple and practical method for estimation of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) population on its hosts over an annual cycle. This population and new sources of infestation can be detected at a very early stage. This may allow the use of insecticides only when needed and a reduction in their use can be achieved by using monitoring information to mediate the spray schedule. Results obtained showed that various formulations of the pheromones and the design of the trap were very effective in catching the males of S. littoralis. The number of annual generations of this pest were estimated to be six.

Massenfang von Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) mit Pheromonfallen in Ägypten

Pheromonfallen bilden eine einfache und praktikable Methode zur Einschätzung der S. littoralis‐Population im Verlauf eines Jahres. Die Population sowie auch neue Befallsquellen können auf diese Weise in einem frühen Stadium erkannt werden. Dadurch ist es möglich, Insektizide nur noch im Notfall anzuwenden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß verschiedene Formulierungen des Pheromons und verschiedene Fallengestaltung zum Fang der männlichen Falter geeignet waren. Die Zahl der jährlichen Generationen des Schädlings wurde bei dieser Gelegenheit mit sechs ermittelt.
Changes in phenols content and metabolism in leaves of susceptible and resistant winter wheat cultivars infested by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: LESZCZYŃSKI B.
Published: July 2010

The changes of the phenols content and metabolism in the leaves of susceptible‐Bezostaya 1 and relatively resistant Atlas 66 winter wheat varieties after artificial infestation by bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) has been investigated. After infestation the total phenols content has slightly increased in the both studied cultivars. In the Atlas 66 variety the increase was due mainly to the higher amount of monophenols, whereas in Bezostaya 1 it was caused by the polyphenols. The attack of the aphids brought also increase of the phenylalanine and tyrosine ammonia‐lyases activity in the tissues of the studied varieties. Much higher increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity was observed in the plants of the susceptible cultivar Bezostaya 1. The effect of the aphid infestation on the interactions between the pest and host plant and presumable role of the phenolic compounds in the induced resistance of the wheat to the R. padi are discussed.

Gehaltsänderungen und Metabolismus der Phenolverbindungen in den Blättern von zwei Winterweizensorten, empfindlich für bzw. unempfindlich gegen den Befall von Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hom., Aphididae).

Es wurden Gehaltsänderungen der Metabolismus der Phenolverbindungen der empfindlichen Winterweizensorte Bezostaya 1 und der unempflindlichen Sorte Atlas 66 nach künstlicher Besiedlung mit Rhopalosiphum padi L. untersucht. Nach dem Befall nahm der Gesamtgehalt an Phenolverbindungen in beiden untersuchten Sorten leicht zu. Diese Zunahme wurde vor allem durch höheren Gehalt an Monophenolen in der Sorte Atlas 66 und an Polyphenolen in der Sorte Bezostaya 1 verursacht. Der Blattlausbefall führte auch zur Aktivitätserhöhung der Phenyloalanin‐mmoniak‐Lyase und der Thyrosin‐Ammoniak‐Lyase in den Geweben der beiden Sorten. Es wurde ein wesentliches Ansteigen der Peroxidase‐ und Polyphenolperoxydase‐Aktivität in den Pflanzen der empfindlichen Sorte Bezostaya 1 beobachtet.

Der Einfluß des Blattlausbefalls auf die Beziehungen zwischen dem Schädling und der Wirtspflanze und die voraussichtliche Rolle der Phenolverbindungen in der induzierten Resistenz der Weizensorten gegenüber der R. padi werden diskutiert.
Forest Lepidoptera attracted to six synthetic pheromones in Czechoslovakia
Authors: BREWER J. WAYNE , KRAMPL F. , SKUHRAVÝ V.
Published: July 2010

The attractiveness of six synthetic pheromones to forest Lepidoptera was studied at two locations in Czechoslovakia during 1983. The synthetic attractants tested included pheromones for Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae), Eucosma sonomana Kearf. (Olethreutidae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.) (Lymantr.), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.) (Olethr.) and Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Olethr.). The attractant for R. buoliana was prepared in Czechoslovakia for use with European species but the other five materials are of North American origin and intended for use with species there. Sticky traps baited with these pheromones captured some 32 species in 26 genera with significant numbers of species as follows: Traps with the C. fumiferana attractant contained Acleris sparsana (Den. et Schiff.) (Tortr.) and Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) (Tortr.). Those with the E. sonomana attractant contained Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) (Tortr.) and Caradrina morpheus (Hufn.) (Noctuidae). The L. dispar material attracted L. monacha (L.) and L. dispar (L.). Traps with the O. pseudotsugata contained O. antiqua (L.) and those with the R. frustrana pheromone contained Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.) and Dichrorampha simpliciana (Haw.) (Olethr.). Traps with the R. buoliana attractant contained Gypsonoma oppressana (Treit.) (Olethr.). Our results indicate that substantial species, genus and family cross attraction occurs with some of the synthetic sex attractants tested.

Forst‐Lepidopteren‐Fang mit 6 synthetischen Pheromonen in der CSSR

Es wurde die Attraktivität von 6 synthetischen Pheromonen für forstliche Lepidopteren an 2 Standorten in der CSSR 1983 untersucht. Die verwendeten synthetischen Anlockstoffe enthielten Pheromone von Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae), Eucosma sonomana Kearf. (Olethreutidae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.) (Lymantr.), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.) (Olethr.) und Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Olethr.). Der Anlockstoff für R. buoliana wurde in der CSSR zum Gebrauch bei europäischen Arten hergestellt, während die anderen 5 Wirkstoffe aus Nordamerika stammten. Mit diesen Pheromonen versehene Leimfallen fingen 32 Arten von 26 Gattungen Lepidopteren, wobei folgende Kombinationen (Pheromon/Species) die wichtigsten waren: C. fumiferana‐Pher./Acleris sparsana (Den. et. Schiff.) (Tortric.) und Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) (Tortr.); E. sonomana‐Pher./Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) (Tortr.) and Caradrina morpheus (Hufn.) (Noctuidae); Lymantria dispar‐Pher./L. dispar (L.) und L. monacha (L.); Orgyia pseudotsugata‐Pher./O. antiqua (L.); Rhyacionia‐Pher./Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.) und Dichrorampha simpliciana (Haw.) (Olethr.); Rhyacionia buoliana‐Pher./Gypsonoma oppressana (Treit.) (Olethr.). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die getesteten synthetischen Anlockstoffe im wesentlichen Umfang Arten‐, Gattungen‐ und Familien‐Kreuzanlockung aufwiesen.
Diets improving pupal yield of the olive fruit fly at high larval densities
Authors: MANOUKAS A. G.
Published: July 2010

New diets for rearing the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel.) under high larval densities were formulated and their effect upon larval survival, larval growth, pupal yield and adult emergence was studied. Diets PS33, PS67 and PS100 were obtained from a basal control diet PS by increasing its food ingredients by 33, 67 and 100%, respectively, per ml of dietary water. These diets were tested under three egg densities with satisfactory hatchability. It was found that the proportional increase of food ingredients improved pupal yield and adult emergence compared to the control. Diets PS, PS33 and PS67 gave weight equal to 2.9, 4.4 and 5.4 mg/pupa and adult emergence 41.5, 67.5 and 89.7%, respectively at density of 40 eggs/g diet. The same figures were 3.9, 5.2 and 5.6 mg/pupa and 56.3, 79.8 and 83.2%, respectively, for density of 20 eggs/g diet.

Larval survival was equivalent. On the contrary, diet PS100 improved pupal weight but it depressed larval survival, at both densities. All diets gave equivalent results to the control when 10 eggs/g diet were used. The possible effect of consistency, and nutritional content of these diets upon larval performance is discussed.

Diäten zur Gewinnung von Puppen der Olivenfliege bei hoher Larvendichte

Neue Diäten, geeignet für die Zucht der Olivenfliege Dacus oleae (Gmel.) unter hoher Larvendichte, wurden formuliert und ihre Wirkung auf die Mortalität und das Wachstum der Larven, auf den Puppenertrag sowie auf die Schlupfrate der Adulten untersucht. Die Diäten PS33, PS67 und PS100 entstanden aus einer Grund‐Diät „PS” (Kontrolle) durch Anreicherung der Nahrungsbestandteile um 33, 67 bzw. 100 % je ml Futterwasser. Diese Diäten wurden bei 3 verschiedenen Eidichten getestet. Dabei ergab sich, daß die proportionale Zunahme der Nahrungsbestandteile den Puppenertrag und die Schlupfrate der Adulten gegenüber der Kontrolle verbesserte. Die Diäten PS, PS33 und PS67 mit jeweils 40 Eiern pro g Futter gaben Puppengewichte von 2,9; 4,4 und 5,4 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 41,5; 67,5 und 89,7 %. Die gleichen Diäten mit 20 Eiern pro g Futter erzeugten Puppengewichte von 3,9, 5,2 und 5,6 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 56,3; 79,8 bzw. 83,2%. Das Überleben der Larven war in allen Diäten gleich. Dagegen verbesserte die Diät PS100 bei beiden Eierdichten nur das Gewicht der Puppen, während sie das Überleben der Larven verminderte. Alle Diäten führten zu gleichen Ergebnissen, wenn sie mit 10 Eiern pro g Futter versehen wurden. Der mögliche Einfluß der Futterbestandteile und der Konsistenz der Diäten auf die Leistung der Larven wird erörtert.
On the Ecological Genetics of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
Authors: WEBER G.
Published: July 2010

About 120 clones of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) were established from aphids, which were sampled from barley, wheat and oat fields in Germany. All clones were analysed for their host plant adaptation (population increase in 12 days ‐ P12) to barley, wheat and oat and for their life cycle strategy. M. dirhodum is characterized by a broad physiological plasticity within individuals and genetically homogenous clones, but there exists also a wide genetic variability between clones in host plant adaptation on barley, wheat and oat. This pattern of variability allows at least in oat fields a genetic adaptation of field populations to their respective food plant “oat”. The degree and pattern of adaptation seems to depend on field size. All clones tested proved to be holocyclic.

Zur ökologischen Genetik von Metopolophium dirbodum (Walker) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Etwa 120 Klone von Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) wurden in Zucht genommen, die in der Bundesrepublik von Gersten‐, Weizen‐ und Haferfeldern gesammelt wurden. Alle Klone wurden auf ihre Wirtspflanzenanpassung (Populationsanstieg in 12 Tagen ‐ P12) an Gerste, Weizen und Hafer und auf ihren Vermehrungszyklus geprüft. M. dirbodum ist durch eine breite physiologische Plastizität innerhalb von Individuen und genetisch homogenen Klonen charakterisiert, aber zusätzlich ist eine breite genetische Variabilität zwischen Klonen in der Wirtspflanzenanpassung an Gerste, Weizen und Hafer feststellbar. Die vorhandene Variabilität erlaubt zumindest in Haferfeldern eine genetische Anpassung der Population an ihre Wirtspflanze „Hafer”. Grad und Muster der Anpassung scheinen von der Feldgröße abzuhängen. Alle geprüften Klone erwiesen sich als holozyklisch.
The effects of lindane and azinphosmethyl on survival time of soil animals, under extreme or fluctuating temperature and moisture conditions
Authors: DEMON A. , EIJSACKERS H.
Published: July 2010

Fluctuating and partly extreme environmental conditions may have a significant impact on effects of pesticides on soil animals. Therefore the effects of lindane and azinphosmethyl on survival time of isopods and collemboles have been measured with fluctuating or extreme soil temperatures, and of lindane on collemboles under changing moisture conditions. With the isopod Philoscia muscorum combined effects of increased temperature and pesticide application are multiplicative. Moreover juvenile animals are more sensitive than adults.

From the moisture experiments with the collembole Onychiurus quadriocellatus it appears that pesticide impact is reinforced by dessicating conditions.

According to these results unfavourable (extreme) environmental conditions must be incorporated into assessment procedures.

Zur Wirkung von Lindan und Azinphosmethyl bei extremen oder schwankenden Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeitsverhältnissen auf die Überlebensdauer von Bodentieren

Einwirkungen von Pestiziden auf die Bodenfauna werden möglicherweise erheblich beeinflußt durch schwankende und teilweise extreme Umweltbedingungen.

Deshalb wurden die Effekte von Lindan und Azinphosmethyl auf die Lebensdauer von Isopoden und Collembolen gemessen bei schwankenden oder extremen Temperaturen und von Lindan auf Collembolen bei wechselnden Feuchtigkeitsverhältnissen.

Beim Isopoden Philoscia muscorum sind die kombinierten Wirkungen von erhöhter Tempera‐tur und Pestizidzugabe multiplikativ. Überdies sind juvenile Tiere empfindlicher als Adulte.

Aus den Feuchtigkeitsversuchen mit dem Collembolen Onychiurus quadriocellatus geht hervor, daß der Pestizideinfluß bei trockenen Bedingungen verstärkt ist.
Courtship and copulation in the termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) (Isoptera)
Authors: AFZAL MOHAMMAD
Published: July 2010

Some psycho‐physiological aspects of the sexual behaviour of the drywood termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) are reported. In this species, attraction of the opposite sex is tactile in nature brought about by antennal contact. The observations suggest that the organs responsible for the attraction of the opposite sex might be located in the region between metathorax and the first abdominal sternites, and the terminal abdominal sternites of female. The duration of grooming and display of an excited male to stimulate a female and of a calling female to activate a male for copulation varies greatly, depending upon the receptivity of the individuals concerned. Mostly, the male takes the initiative in bringing about courtship leading to copulation. There is an indirect evidence that some males may be physiologically incapable of copulating. Similarly, a female though in company with a potent male may remain unfertilized for as long as a year. A male might not copulate in the presence of two females.

Werbung und Kopulation bei der Termite Bifiditermes beesoni (Gard.) (Isoptera)

Es wird über einige etho‐physiologische Aspekte des Sexualverhaltens der Trockenholz‐Termite, B. beesoni berichtet. Bei dieser Art erfolgt eine Anlockung des anderen Geschlechts durch Antennenkontakt. Den Beobachtungen zufolge dürften die auf die Anlockung reagierenden Organe in der Region zwischen Metathorax und den ersten Abdominalsterniten bzw. im Bereich der letzten Abdominalsternite des Weibchens liegen. Die Dauer der Vorbereitung bei einem erregten Männchen zur Stimulierung eines Weibchens sowie eines lockenden Weibchens für die Aktivierung eines Männchens zur Kopulation schwankt stark in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktions‐fähigkeit des Individuums. Zumeist übernehmen die Männchen die Initiative zur Werbung, die zu einer Kopulation führt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, daß manche Männchen physiologisch nicht zur Kopulation imstande sind, und daß auch Weibchen trotz Anwesenheit potenter Männchen länger als ein Jahr unbefruchtet bleiben. Es kommt vor, daß ein Männchen in Anwesenheit von zwei Weibchen nicht kopuliert.
Characterization and expression of AmphiBMP3 /3b gene in amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum
Authors: Sun Yi , Zhang Qiu‐Jin , Zhong Jing , Wang Yi‐Quan
Published: July 2010

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are responsible for regulating embryo development and tissue homeostasis beyond osteogenesis. However, the precise biological roles of BMP3 and BMP3b remain obscure to a certain extent. In the present study, we cloned an orthologous gene (AmphiBMP3/3b) from amphioxus (Branchiostoma japonicum) and found its exon/intron organization is highly conserved. Further, in situ hybridization revealed that the gene was strongly expressed in the dorsal neural plate of the embryos. The gene also appeared in Hatschek’s left diverticulum, neural tube, preoral ciliated pit and gill slit of larvae, and adult tissues including ovary, neural tube and notochordal sheath. Additionally, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) analysis revealed that the expression displayed two peaks at gastrula and juvenile stages. These results indicated that AmphiBMP3/3b, a sole orthologue of vertebrate BMP3 and BMP3b, might antagonize ventralizing BMP2 orthologous signaling in embryonic development, play a role in the evolutionary precursors of adenohypophysis, as well as act in female ovary physiology in adult.
Requirement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons for appropriate development of corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shan , Zhu Jie , Wager‐Miller Jim , Wang Shan , O’Leary Dennis , Monory Krisztina , Lutz Beat , Mackie Ken , Lu Hui‐Chen
Published: July 2010

A role for endocannabinoid signaling in neuronal morphogenesis as the brain develops has recently been suggested. Here we used the developing somatosensory circuit as a model system to examine the role of endocannabinoid signaling in neural circuit formation. We first show that a deficiency in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), but not G‐protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), leads to aberrant fasciculation and pathfinding in both corticothalamic and thalamocortical axons despite normal target recognition. Next, we localized CB1R expression to developing corticothalamic projections and found little if any expression in thalamocortical axons, using a newly established reporter mouse expressing GFP in thalamocortical projections. A similar thalamocortical projection phenotype was observed following removal of CB1R from cortical principal neurons, clearly demonstrating that CB1R in corticothalamic axons was required to instruct their complimentary connections, thalamocortical axons. When reciprocal thalamic and cortical connections meet, CB1R‐containing corticothalamic axons are intimately associated with elongating thalamocortical projections containing DGLβ, a 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) synthesizing enzyme. Thus, 2‐AG produced in thalamocortical axons and acting at CB1Rs on corticothalamic axons is likely to modulate axonal patterning. The presence of monoglyceride lipase, a 2‐AG degrading enzyme, in both thalamocortical and corticothalamic tracts probably serves to restrict 2‐AG availability. In summary, our study provides strong evidence that endocannabinoids are a modulator for the proposed ‘handshake’ interactions between corticothalamic and thalamocortical axons, especially for fasciculation. These findings are important in understanding the long‐term consequences of alterations in CB1R activity during development, a potential etiology for the mental health disorders linked to prenatal cannabis use.
Supplementing desflurane with intravenous anesthesia reduces fetal cardiac dysfunction during open fetal surgery
Authors: BOAT ANNE , MAHMOUD MOHAMED , MICHELFELDER ERIK C. , LIN ERICA , NGAMPRASERTWONG PORNSWAN , SCHNELL BEVERLY , KURTH CHARLES D. , CROMBLEHOLME TIMOTHY M. , SADHASIVAM SENTHILKUMAR
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To lower the incidence and severity of fetal cardiovascular depression during maternal fetal surgery under general anesthesia.

Aim:  We hypothesized that supplemental intravenous anesthesia (SIVA) with propofol and remifentanil would lower the need for high‐dose inhalational anesthesia and provide adequate maternal depth of anesthesia and uterine relaxation. SIVA technique would minimize prolonged fetal exposure to deep inhalational anesthetics and significant intraoperative fetal cardiovascular depression.

Background:  Fetal hypoxia and significant fetal hemodynamic changes occur during open fetal surgery because of the challenges such as surgical manipulation, hysterotomy, uterine contractions, and effects of anesthetic drugs. Tocolysis, a vital component of fetal surgery, is usually achieved using volatile anesthetic agents. High concentrations of volatile agents required to provide an appropriate degree of uterine relaxation may cause maternal hypotension and placental hypoperfusion, as well as direct fetal cardiovascular depression.

Methods:  We reviewed medical records of 39 patients who presented for ex utero intrapartum treatment and mid‐gestation open fetal surgery between April 2004 and March 2009. Out of 39 patients, three were excluded because of the lack of echocardiographic data; 18 patients received high‐concentration desflurane anesthesia and 18 patients had SIVA with desflurane for uterine relaxation. We analyzed the following data: demographics, fetal medical condition, anesthetic drugs, concentration and duration of desflurane, maternal arterial blood pressure, intraoperative fetal echocardiogram, presence of fetal bradycardia, and need for intraoperative fetal resuscitation.

Results:  Adequate uterine relaxation was achieved with about 1.5 MAC of desflurane in the SIVA group compared to about 2.5 MAC in the desflurane only anesthesia group (P = 0.0001). More fetuses in the high‐dose desflurane group compared to the SIVA group developed moderate‐severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction over time intraoperatively (P = 0.02). 61% of fetuses in the high‐dose desflurane group received fetal resuscitative interventions compared to 26% of fetuses in the SIVA group (P = 0.0489).

Conclusion:  SIVA as described provides adequate maternal anesthesia and uterine relaxation, and it allows for decreased use of desflurane during open fetal surgery. Decreased use of desflurane may better preserve fetal cardiac function.
Migraine and obesity: epidemiology, possible mechanisms and the potential role of weight loss treatment
Authors: Bond D. S. , Roth J. , Nash J. M. , Wing R. R.
Published: July 2010

Migraine and obesity are two public health problems of enormous scope that are responsible for significant quality of life impairment and financial cost. Recent research suggests that these disorders may be directly related with obesity exacerbating migraine in the form of greater headache frequency and severity, or possibly increasing the risk for having migraine. The relationship between migraine and obesity may be explained through a variety of physiological, psychological and behavioural mechanisms, many of which are affected by weight loss. Given that weight loss might be a viable approach for alleviating migraine in obese individuals, randomized controlled trials are needed to test the effect of weight loss interventions in obese migraineurs. Large‐scale weight loss trials have shown that behavioural interventions, in particular, can produce sustained weight losses and related cardiovascular improvements in patients who are diverse in body weight, age and ethnicity. Consequently, these interventions may provide a useful treatment model for showing whether weight loss reduces headache frequency and severity in obese migraineurs, and offering further insight into pathways through which weight loss might exert an effect.
Diurnal oscillations of metabolite abundances and gene analysis provide new insights into central metabolic processes of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus
Authors: Gravot Antoine , Dittami Simon M. , Rousvoal Sylvie , Lugan Raphael , Eggert Anja , Collén Jonas , Boyen Catherine , Bouchereau Alain , Tonon Thierry
Published: July 2010

Featured paper: See Commentary p1
Seed dispersal effectiveness revisited: a conceptual review
Authors: Schupp Eugene W. , Jordano Pedro , Gómez José María
Published: July 2010

Growth in seed dispersal studies has been fast‐paced since the seed disperser effectiveness (SDE) framework was developed 17 yr ago. Thus, the time is ripe to revisit the framework in light of accumulated new insight. Here, we first present an overview of the framework, how it has been applied, and what we know and do not know. We then introduce the SDE landscape as the two‐dimensional representation of the possible combinations of the quantity and the quality of dispersal and with elevational contours representing isoclines of SDE. We discuss the structure of disperser assemblages on such landscapes. Following this we discuss recent advances and ideas in seed dispersal in the context of their impacts on SDE. Finally, we highlight a number of emerging issues that provide insight into SDE. Overall, the SDE framework successfully captures the complexities of seed dispersal. We advocate an expanded use of the term dispersal encompassing the multiple recruitment stages from fruit to adult. While this entails difficulties in estimating SDE, it is a necessary expansion if we are to understand the central relevance of seed dispersal in plant ecology and evolution.

Contents

Summary
333

I.
Introduction
334

II.
Caveats
335

III.
What is an effective disperser?
335

IV.
The SDE landscape and its quantitative and qualitative axes
336

V.
How are disperser assemblages distributed on the SDE landscape?
340

VI.
Composite seed shadows and SDE: are there advantages to being dispersed by multiple dispersal agents?
342

VII.
The context dependence of SDE
344

VIII.
‘Distance‐dependent SDE’
347

IX.
Emerging issues
348

X.
Conclusions
349

Acknowledgements
349

References
349
LEUCINE OXIDATION IN BRAIN SLICES AND NERVE ENDINGS1
Authors: Chaplin E. R. , Goldberg A. L. , Diamond I.
Published: July 2010

—It is generally believed that leucine serves primarily as a precursor for protein synthesis in the central nervous system. However, leucine is also oxidized to CO2 in brain. The present investigation compares leucine oxidation and incorporation into protein in brain slices and synaptosomes. In brain slices from adult rats, these processes were linear for 90min and 14CO2 production from 0·1 mm‐l‐[l‐14C]leucine was 23 times more rapid than incorporation into protein. The rate of oxidation increased further with greater leucine concentrations. Experiments with l‐[U‐14C]leucine suggested that all of the carbons from leucine were oxidized to CO2 with very little incorporation into lipid. Oxidation of leucine also occurred in synaptosomes. In slices, leucine oxidation and incorporation into protein were inhibited by removal of glucose or Na+, or addition of ouabain. In synaptosomes, replacement of Na+ by choline also reduced leucine oxidation; and this effect did not appear to be due to inhibition of leucine transport. The rate of leucine oxidation did not change in brain slices prepared from fasted animals. Fasting, however, reduced the incorporation of leucine into protein in brain slices prepared from young but not from adult rats. These findings indicate that oxidation is the major metabolic fate of leucine in brain of fed and fasted animals.
MEMBRANE THIAMINE TRTPHOSPHATASE FROM RAT BRAIN: INHIBITION BY ATP AND ADP
Authors: Barchi R. L.
Published: July 2010

—The hydrolysis of ThTP by rat brain membrane‐bound ThTPase is inhibited by nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. ATP and ADP are most effective, reducing hydrolysis by 50% at concentrations of 2 × 10−5m and 7·5 × 10−5m respectively. Nucleoside monophosphates and free nuclcosides as well as Pi have no effect on enzyme activity. ThMP and ThDP also fail to inhibit hydrolysis in concentrations up to 5 × 10−3m. Non‐hydrolysable methylene phosphate analogs of ATP and ADP were used in further kinetic studies with the ThTPase. The mechanism of inhibition by these analogs is shown to be of mixed non‐competitive nature for both compounds. An observed Ki, of 4 × 10−5m for the ATP analog adenosine‐PPCP and 9 × 10−5m for the ADP analog adenosine‐PCP is calculated at pH 6·5. Formation of the true enzyme substrate, the [Mg2+. ThTP] complex, is not significantly affected by concentrations of analogs producing maximal (>95%) inhibition of enzyme activity. Likewise the relationships between pH and observed Km and pH and Vmax are not shifted by the presence of similar concentrations of inhibitor.
FATTY ACID ABNORMALITY IN ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
Authors: Igarashi M. , Schaumburg H. H. , Powers J. , Kishimoto Y. , Koilodny E. , Suzuki K.
Published: July 2010

—Recent clinical and morphological evidence established that adrenoleukodystrophy is a distinct X‐linked genetic disorder. Fatty acid compositions of lipids in the brain, adrenal and serum from seven patients were examined. Cholesterol esters of both brain and adrenal contained substantial proportions of fatty acids longer than C22 (11.8–41.9% of total in the brain and 13.4‐34.8% of total in the adrenal), while cholesterol esters from normal and pathological control specimens contained very little. These very long chain fatty acids were generally saturated in brain cholesterol esters but significant amounts of unsaturated long chain fatty acids were also present in adrenal cholesterol esters. The long chain fatty acids showed bell‐shaped distribution with C25 or C26 at the peak. Ganglio‐sides from patients’white matter also showed increased proportions of very long‐chain fatty acids, up to 50% of the total. Qualitatively similar but much milder fatty acid abnormalities were also found in galactosylceramide of the brain. On the other hand, fatty acids and fatty aldehydes of brain glycerophospholipids, adrenal free fatty acids, triglycerides and glycerophospholipids were not abnormal. Furthermore, serum cholesterol esters from two patients did not show the long‐chain fatty acid abnormality found in brain and adrenal cholesterol esters. Sequential extractions with acetone and hexane established that the characteristic birefringent material in the brain and adrenal is indeed cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids. This type of fatty acid abnormality has not been described in other pathological conditions and may well represent the unique biochemical abnormality that is directly related to the fundamental genetic defect underlying adrenoleukodystrophy.
Enhanced Noradrenergic Neuronal Activity Increases Homovanillic Acid Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Scheinin Harry
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Idazoxan, a highly specific and selective α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, caused a dose‐dependent increase in the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) a metabolite of 3.4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine, in cisternal CSF of freely moving rats. This increase in HVA level could be antagonized by the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine. The increase was directly proportional to the concurrent elevation in level of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, a metabolite of noradrenaline, in the CSF of individual rats and followed a similar time course. It is suggested that the HVA level in CSF may be increased under conditions of enhanced noradrenergic activity and that, in such situations, it reflects noradrenergic rather than dopaminergic neuronal activity. Care should be taken, therefore, when changes in central dopaminergic activity are assessed by measurements of HVA level in CSF.
Isolation and Sequencing of a Genomic Clone for Mouse Brain Specific Small RNA
Authors: Anzai Kaijiro , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Kitamura Narumi , Kanai Yuri , Nakajima Hiromichi , Suehiro Yoshioki , Goto Sataro
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We isolated a mouse genomic clone that hybridized with small RNA present in the cytoplasm of the brain. The RNA was about 150 nucleotides long. This RNA seemed to be specific to the brain, since it was not found in the liver or kidney. The clone DNA contained a sequence homologous to 82‐nucleotide “identifier” core sequence of cDNA clones of rat. The sequence contained a split promoter for RNA polymerase III and was flanked by a 12‐nucleotide direct repeat (ATAAATAATTTA).