bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La "Virgen de la Cuchillada" en el Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid
Authors: Bosch Moreno Victoria , Jacek Rojewski Oskar
Published: January 2021

La conocida como Virgen de la Cuchillada es una tabla de origen flamenco que se conserva en el Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid, dentro de su relicario. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una aproximación a la misma a través de dos principales ejes de investigación. Por un lado, un análisis de sus características formales mediante el que se realiza una primera propuesta de atribución, ubicando el estilo de esta tabla en el contexto de producción europea de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y el protagonismo de los artistas que trabajaron en la ciudad de Amberes. Por otro lado, se ha llevado a cabo una recopilación de las fuentes que se hacen eco de su presencia entre la colección del cenobio desde sus orígenes (tanto inventarios como crónicas o, incluso, los datos escritos que la propia tabla incorpora en su reverso). El estudio de esta variada tipología de fuentes documentales ha permitido elaborar un marco de comprensión directamente relacionado con la problemática desarrollada en la Europa cristiana, y posconciliar, en torno a las imágenes oprobiadas. Dentro de este contexto, encontramos implicada la figura de una de las monjas más influyentes de la comunidad madrileña, sor Margarita de la Cruz (1567-1633), responsable de su acomodo entre las imágenes veneradas en las Descalzas Reales.
El arquetipo del nigromante: magia, mito y rito en San Lorenzo de El Escorial
Authors: Morales Estévez Roberto
Published: January 2021

La noche de San Juan de 1590 un clérigo nigromante y su paciente se dirigieron a los bosques que rodean El Escorial para realizar un interesante ritual mágico de invocación demoniaca con el fin de curar la impotencia. El análisis del mismo nos permitirá acercarnos al supuesto carácter mágico del Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial, así como desentrañar el significado del ceremonial y todos sus elementos. De esta manera emergió el arquetipo del brujo y de su ceremonial que podremos relacionar con la tradición mítica europea.
Ver o no ver: mirada y (meta)teatralidad en "Cómo se engañan los ojos" de Juan Bautista de Villegas
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez Natalia
Published: January 2021

A finales de 1622, la compañía de Juan Bautista de Villegas representó en el cuarto de la reina varias piezas dramáticas entre las que se encontraba una compuesta por él mismo que llevaba por título Cómo se engañan los ojos. La comedia, que se nutre de todos los ingredientes emblemáticos de la comedia nueva, encierra una reflexión epistemológica relacionada con la manera en que la mirada determina la percepción e interpretación del mundo y que hace visibles sobre las tablas algunos asuntos clave de la cosmovisión barroca. Mediante un sugerente juego metateatral que se expande a todos los niveles compositivos de la comedia, Villegas sitúa su tratamiento dramático-teatral del engaño a los ojos en esa línea que atraviesa la creación artístico-literaria de todo el siglo XVII.
Environmental protection from associated petroleum gas emissions in oil and gas industries
Authors: Yu F Korotkov , MG Kuznetsova , VM Larionov , AF Sadykava , IA Semina
Published: January 2021

The article deals with measures to protect the environment from gas emissions from oil and gas pipelines on gazoneftepromyslah gusts. Described gasdynamic igniter for ignition at abnormally discharged flare gas installations.­
Structure simulation and study of electronic and dielectric properties of unfluorinated and fluorinated C-Nitrile derivative
Authors: MS Arakesha , Ahamed Fazil , HR Ravi , HR Sreepad
Published: January 2021

First-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory have been done on the technologically important organic material C-Nitrile derivative 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-trimethyl-cyclohexane carbonitrile [C10H17NO]. The triclinic structure of the material has been simulated and the structural parameters are found to be a=6.144Å, b=8.107Å, c=6.163Å, 𝛼=111.81𝑜, 𝛽=105.69𝑜, 𝛾=109.24𝑜. After fluorination the structural parameters are found to be a=6.722Å, b=8.335Å, c=6.645Å, 𝛼=115.09𝑜, 𝛽=99.19𝑜, 𝛾=112.99𝑜. Electron Density of States (EDOS) has been computed in the material using the Electronic structure calculation code of Quantum-Espresso which gives a Band gap of 4.4 eV. After fluorination the Band gap is found to be 4.2 eV. The value of dielectric constant in the material comes out to be 2.28, 2.52 and 2.26 along x, y and z axes respectively and the average value comes out to be 2.35. After fluorination the dielectric constant of the compound comes out to be 2.11, 2.28 and 2.05 along x, y and z axes respectively and the average value comes out to be 2.15. The computed phonon modes range from 335𝑐𝑚−1 to 2802𝑐𝑚−1. After fluorination the phonon modes range from 245𝑐𝑚−1 to 3125𝑐𝑚−1. Present study is clearly indicating that this material is having the band gap and dielectric constant exhibited by organic semiconducting materials and NLO materials.
The influence of Triethanol amine and ethylene glycol on the grindability, setting and hydration characteristics of Portland cement
Authors: Hashem Fayza S , E Hekal Eisa , El Wahab M Abd
Published: January 2021

Triethanol amine and ethylene glycol are used as grinding aids for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Standard water of consistency, Blaine area, initial and final setting times and compressive strength are tested for OPC. The phase composition and microstructure of the formed hydrates are tested using DTA/TG and SEM techniques. Results showed that both the two GAs had a significant improvement in the performance of grinding mills. This is indicating by higher Blaine area when a dose of 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05wt. % are applied. Beside there are increase in the water demand (greater than 5%) for the all OPC mortar mixes admixed with triethanol amin or ethylene glycol at concentrations less than 0.05 wt.%. The improved hydration properties are reflected by an increase in the mechanical properties and microstructure of the mortar pastes admixed with the two GAs. This is with attributed to the increase in the cement fineness which leads to the progress in the degree of cement hydration.
A twin-fluid injector for FCC feed injection
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Sikroria Tushar , A Kushari , Kumar Pramod , G Sriganesh
Published: January 2021

In Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking (FCC) process, hydrocarbon feed undergoes vapour phase cracking in presence of hot regenerated catalyst to produce valuable products like LPG, Gasoline and Diesel. FCC feed injection system is most critical hardware component of FCC unit in order to get desired product yield by minimizing the undesirable dry gas and coke yield. Typically, twin-fluid nozzles (hydrocarbon and stream) are used to atomize the feed. In the present study, a twin-fluid injector, with an internal impactor to minimize the droplet size and velocity, is designed, developed and characterized. The performance of the feeding injector was evaluated using water and air as operating fluids and the droplet size and velocity were measured 150 mm downstream of the injector tip using a PDPA system for different water and air flow rates. The average droplet size (D32) showed an increase while the droplet velocity remained almost constant with the increase in the liquid flow rate for a given flow rate of air, consistent with the increase in droplet size with decreasing air-liquid ratio for twin–fluid atomizers. But, for a given liquid flow rate, the droplet SMD decreased and the droplet velocity increased with increasing airflow rate, which can be attributed to the increase in overall kinetic energy due to the increase in air flow rate. The flow rate of liquid was seen to be independent of air flow rate unlike conventional twin-fluid atomizers. The droplet size was found to be a function of ALR and the local volume flux of the droplets was found to be a function of the liquid flow rate.
Simulation of VSP data based on DSI data and estimation of shear wave velocity and elastic Moduli for a well case study
Authors: Noghretab Babak Sayad , Ghassem-Alaskari Mohammad Kamal
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article was to generate and compare seismic modeling results with real vertical seismic profiling data (VSP data) based on Dipole Shear Imager (DSI) data in the reservoir zone (Kangan and upper Dalan Formations) of a well in South Pars gas field. Estimation of shear wave velocity (Vs) and density for layers above the reservoir zone, for which; DSI data did not exist, was also done by the applied modeling method to estimate elastic parameters of the layers. In this method, modeling for X-component of the VSP survey was run by utilizing the DSI data set of reservoir zone and the VSP survey report of the studied well with high precision. Computed results for the proposed modeling method led to achieving highly accurate, close to the reality of VSP model around the studied well. According to compression wave velocity (VP) attained from VSP survey reports of the well and Vp/Vs ratio obtained from Dipole Shear Imager (DSI), modeling was done. Afterward, shear wave velocity (Vs) for upper layers of reservoir zone estimated with high precision, then density and elastic moduli for the above layers and the reservoir zone were calculated.
Community-based mangrove forest management action in Rangsang region, district of Kepulauan Meranti, Riau
Authors: Eddiwan Kamaruddin , Hanifah Abu
Published: January 2021

One of the coastal ecosystems that have experienced a high level of degradation due to its utilization pattern which tends not to pay attention to its sustainability aspects is the mangrove forest in Rangsang District, Meranti Islands Regency, and Riau, Indonesia. Seeing the symptoms of mangrove forest destruction for various purposes, it is necessary to manage mangrove forests sustainably. To be able to carry out sustainable management of mangrove forests, management efforts are needed ber of strategic value and right. Management of community-based marine resources is one management strategy that can improve efficiency and fairness in the utilization and management of natural resources. The research aims to identify and analyze the condition of mangrove forests, reviewing mangrove forest management, and the development of community-based mangrove forest in the district of stimuli. The approach used in this study is an analytical descriptive approach with survey methods. This research was conducted in Rangsang sub-district, Meranti Islands regency, Riau. The results showed that the mangrove vegetation found included 7 species from 3 families, namely Avicenniaceae (Avicennia alba and Avicennia marina), Rhizophoraceae (Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) families, and Sonneratiaceae family (Sonneratia alba) , with the value of diversity index (H ') of mangrove vegetation in Rangsang sub-district at each station ranged from 0.91 to 1.69 and the environmental parameters of mangrove vegetation in Rangsang sub-district were obtained from clay sand, sandy clay and sandy clay; Soil pH ranges from 6.6-7.1; temperatures range from 29-31˚C; salinity ranges from 27-31 ppt; and organic matter content between 1.09-7.65. At the very least, there are three factors of decision making on community participation in mangrove forest management, namely management factors, knowledge factors and attitude factors. Meanwhile, mangrove forest management carried out by the community in Rangsang District in the form of rehabilitation, care and supervision. Therefore, in an effort to manage community-based mangrove forests active community participation is required by taking into account management factors, knowledge factors and attitude factors.
Fisheries management and governance in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M Aminur , Lee Sang-Go , Molla Habibur Rahman , Asare OE , Megwalu FO , Jahan Bushra , Shaikh M Muzzamil
Published: January 2021

Bangladesh is considered as one of the most suitable riverine country endowed with the rich inland and marine fisheries resources with enormous aquaculture potential. The suitable geographical location of Bangladesh along with its huge number of aquatic species offer excellent opportunities for the effective utilization and management of fisheries resources. Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. The country’s fisheries sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. The sector contributes 3.65% to the national GDP and 23.81% to the total agricultural GDP. Fish and fishery products are the country's second largest export commodity contributing 1.97 percent of its exchange earnings in 2015–2016. From the year 2000 to 2016, aquaculture production increased from 712,640 to 2,060,408 mt, which was much higher than wild capture production of 1.023 million mt in 2016. There has also been a recent increase in the value of fishery exports, with more than US $34.08 billion in 2010 rising to more than US $46.60 billion in 2015. However, fisheries production is well below production targets despite the large gains seen in the aquaculture sector. However, the fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country. In this paper, we also make an attempt to examine the current legal status of Bangladesh fisheries and constraints in the implementation of fisheries laws. It is identified that twelve fisheries regulations are executed for the regulation and management of the fisheries resources in Bangladesh. Among these laws, a few are historically important for the regulating and managing of fisheries. These laws are implemented with some amendments for the development of legal mechanisms for fisheries development of Bangladesh. The implementations of these laws often met limited success due to a number of shortcomings in the legislations. The constraints in the implementation are the lack of clear policy guidelines and strategy; inadequacy of existing regulatory framework, non-enforcement of legislation and jurisdictional conflicts, the absence of regular law review and updating mechanism and formulation of by-laws, rules, orders etc. However, in recent years, Bangladesh Government has taken some initiatives towards the conservation and management of fish stocks (e.g., hilsa fishery), both to optimize total production and ensure fisher’s livelihoods. Furthermore, a comprehensive legal framework is required for sustainable management of fisheries resources in Bangladesh.
Improving efficiency of seed system by appropriating farmer's rights in India through adoption and implementation of policy of quality declared seed schemes in parallel
Authors: RP Singh , RC Agrawal
Published: January 2021

Indian agriculture is dominated by the marginal and small farmers with very small average land holding size which is further fragmented and scattered into tiny pieces. Contemporary challenges being faced by Indian agriculture are increasing population pressure, diminishing natural resources (land, water and agro-biodiversity), increasing demand of diversified diets, increased frequencies of extreme climate change and increasing cost of production are keep on haunting. To increase production and productivity and to mitigate the adverse effect due to climate change, the regular and timely supply of quality seed of all crops and varieties at affordable prices at local level is prerequisite. The formal seed sector, although contributes in significant manner to make available the quality seed but is not in position to cater the demand of farmers at local level and therefore necessitates the quality seed production and distribution locally by involving farmers. In the present commentary issues have been discussed with regard to the adoption and implementation of quality declared seed policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in parallel. The QDS policy can easily accommodate and integrate the registered farmers varieties as per PPV&FR Act (2001) into seed chain effectively and efficiently.
Proximate analysis and SDS-PAGE protein profiling of cassava leaves: utilization as leafy vegetable in Nigeria
Authors: Popoola Jacob O
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important starchy food crop whose leaf is yet to be adopted and utilized as leafy vegetable and as potential protein source for monogastric animals in Nigeria. Providing more nutritional information and highlighting health benefits could encourage consumption, hence this study. Methodology: Twelve varieties of cassava were collected from farmers and Genetic Resources Centre of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Total protein content was estimated in supernatant using BSA as standard. Moisture, dry matter, protein, crude fat, ash, sodium and potassium contents were determined using standard protocols. Results: The proximate analysis show that crude protein percentage ranged from 11.81 in variety OsNo001 to 22.75 in variety IBA30572. Moisture content varied from 8.09 in OsNo001 to 10.90 in IBA011371 while ash content varied from 6.88 in IBA010040 to 9.64 in variety 1089A. Four varieties IBA950289, IBA980505, TMEB91934 and 1089A have richer proximate content in ash, protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents. The result of SDS-PAGE indicates the presence of proteins in all the cassava leaves analyzed. The SDS-PAGE cluster analysis generated four major cluster groups suggesting the presence of four types of protein. Conclusion: The cassava leaves are comparable to known leafy vegetables Amaranthus in nutritional and biochemical contents. It is evident that the protein content might be sufficient enough to adopt cassava leaves as a leafy vegetable based on the SDS-PAGE. Thus, the cassava varieties are good candidates for utilization as leafy vegetable to augment the exotic and known leafy vegetables in Nigeria.
Predicting weather changes
Authors: Padi Michael
Published: January 2021

Weather changes can be predicted by studing the pressure distribution over a very large surface area on the surface of the Earth. Wind direction and speed can also help in the prediction of the changes that could occur in wether conditions, depending on the surfaces on which these winds track. Winds have been observed to move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas, so analysed pressure charts could help determine the proposed direction of surface winds. Weather changes can bring about many unpleasant life situations, leading from heat to cold; dry to wet; drought to flooding; lightning flashes to thunder and then destructive winds that can cause havoc. Predicting these weather changes is very necessary to air craft’s airborne and even human activities on ground. Preparations are needed to be done before the approach of the phenomena that would change the current state of the atmosphere. Meteorological centres are tasked to observe and predict changes in the weather that will occur over a place. Weather products are exclusively produced in codes, colours, and symbols for professionals to interpret in order to protect the truth of the message.
Contribution to the wastewater by use of a numerical study of a secondary clarifier comsol multiphysics under
Authors: Redouane Fares , Abdelrahmane Aissa , Abed Bouadi , Mourad Lounis
Published: January 2021

The environmental assessment of industrial effluents (containing organic pollutants and minerals without proper treatment), generated by the mineral fertilizer factory and emptied into the seacoast, revealed the concentrations intense of suspended solids (SS).The wastewater treatment is a multi-step process to remove contaminants. At first, large solid particles were removed by sedimentation, flotation and filtration. In a second step, the biological treatment is aggregated by forming the smaller particles, which is called flocs. These flocs can be easily removed by sedimentation. The present investigation studying the separation of water flocs in a circular secondary clarifier. A mixture model is used to model the multiphase turbulent flow in the tank.
FK-array response simulation parameters of the four glacial events in greenland derived from array transfer functions by gpfksimulator (geopsy) software
Authors: M Toker , Kozlovskaya E
Published: January 2021

In this study, we have analyzed the four glacial events (Mw∼5 and T>30s) recorded in Greenland and applied fk-array response simulation to German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN) using array transfer functions of surface waves (Rayleigh) and basic procedure of the array response by Gpfksimulator (GEOPSY) software. This study presents fk-array response results for Greenland updated through 2008. The main processing step used at Gpfksimulator is to attribute waveform patterns to estimate the slowness, azimuth and back-azimuth parameters and to perform event array process. This process analyzes and images the array response simulation to associate seismic phase arrivals to define the four glacial events. Finally, we list the array response simulation parameters of the four events and present array response images regarding the nature of the four glacial earthquakes with GRSN seismic network (GERMAN-GR and GEOFON-GE).
Introduction: Approaches to Fictional Dialogue
Authors: Koivisto Aino , Nykänen Elise
Published: January 2021

This special issue is devoted to a cross-disciplinary investigation of a specific literary phenomenon, fictional dialogue. Fictional dialogue is used to refer to passages of character-character conversation within a literary text. More specifically, the articles of the issue deal with fictional dialogue as a narrative mode in prose fiction. The issue aims to engender an appreciation and a better understanding of the workings of dialogue by drawing on the insights and methods from both literary studies and linguistics. These methods include a rhetorical-ethical approach to narrative, cognitive and “natural” narratology, the study of everyday conversational storytelling, and Conversation Analysis (CA). Combining these methods helps us to understand that while dialogue is a central means to depict character-character relationships it also serves other levels of communication in a narrative and thus contributes to the reader's comprehension of the narrative design's rhetorical and ethical dimensions. The articles also suggest that while understanding dialogue depends partly on the reader’s experiences of real-life conversation, the interpretation of dialogue is determined by the overall design of a literary text and the historically changing conventions.
Constructing Dialogues, (Re)Constructing the Past: ‘Remembered’ Conversations in Frank McCourt’s Angela’s Ashes
Authors: Mildorf Jarmila
Published: January 2021

This article explores the uses and functions of dialogue in Frank McCourt’s memoir Angela’s Ashes. Taking conversational dialogue and fictional dialogue as points of comparison, the article argues that dialogue in autobiographical writing is essentially constructed, albeit not in the same way as fictional dialogue is. Dialogue as a means of dramatisation raises questions regarding factuality and fictionality. In McCourt’s memoir, dialogue is shown to serve numerous functions: characterisation and stereotyping; selfpositioning and indirect stance-marking; the creation of verisimilitude, humour and reader involvement.
A Sad Monologist: Unreliable Reporting of Dialogue in Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World
Authors: Karttunen Laura
Published: January 2021

The article addresses the question of who reports the dialogue in fictional texts featuring an unreliable narrator. Since no human being can remember and reproduce lengthy conversations accurately, some narrative theorists attribute direct speech representation to the author instead of the character narrator. This means that the speech of other characters may be reported reliably even if the narrator is totally unreliable. The narrator’s version of the events may then be contradicted by others, which allows the reader to perceive his biases. However, Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World illustrates the fact that direct speech reports, too, can be distorted by the narrator’s subjectivity, especially his emotions. In Ishiguro’s novel, the narrator’s grief and depression lead him to misremember and invent past conversations. Following Meir Sternberg, the article argues that the reliability of speech reporting in unreliable narration must be determined on a case-by-case basis. The text must signal that the narrator’s speech reporting is unreliable. In the absence of a signal, the reader is supposed to disregard any deviations from verbatim reproduction and to accept the transgression of the limits of human memory.
C’est trop auch! The Translation of Contemporary French Literature Featuring Urban Youth Slang
Authors: Linn Stella
Published: January 2021

The French post-colonial novel has recently been witnessing the emergence of urban youth language or français contemporain des cités (Goudaillier 2001). This linguistic variety allows underprivileged youths from multi-ethnic suburbs to rebel against authority by deliberately violating standard language norms. Its characteristics include frequent lexical input from immigrant languages, in particular Arabic and English, and the use of verlan at the morphological level, with the latter involving a form of back slangusing syllabic inversion, which can be recurrently applied to heighten its coding function. In view of the social rejection of this ‘antilanguage’ (Halliday 1978), it has had difficulty penetrating into literature. However, this is now beginning to change, with urban youth discourse appearing in a number of novels, mostly by young ‘post-migration’ writers (Geiser 2008), such as Faïza Guène, Insa Sané and Rachid Djaïdani. While this language variety has mainly been dealt with by sociolinguists, some of the novels concerned are now crossing borders, and a multi-disciplinary approach to this phenomenon is now called for, combining linguistic, literary and translatological tools.The transfer of this heterolingual genre does indeed raise a number of issues. For example, if we assume that translation is a cultural-political practice (Venuti 2008), what options do translators have to convey the resistant discourse of young immigrant slang users? How will the relationship between language use and social identity manifest itself in the target text? And how can a contrastive linguistic analysis of the features of urban youth language help to resolve translation problems? I will draw on a corpus of French and Dutch novels as well as some translations from French in an attempt to answer these questions.
Literary Translation as Language Contact: A Pilot Study on the Finnish Passive
Authors: Kolehmainen Leena , Riionheimo Helka
Published: January 2021

This article approaches literary translation from a contact-linguistic perspective and views translation as a language contact situation in which the translator “moves” between the source and target language. The study touches upon the possible linguistic effects of the source text on the translated text and relates the translation-mediated cross-linguistic influence to other language-contact situations. The study investigates the use of Finnish passive in a corpus of literary texts consisting of Finnish translationsfrom Estonian and German and comparable non-translated Finnish literary texts. The translated texts are compared with non-translated ones by using corpus-linguistic tools, and the results are related to a previous contact-linguistic study on the use of the Finnish passive in spoken interviews of Finnish migrants in Estonia. The main objective is to test methodological tools that could be used for this kind of comparative purposes.In addition, the study approaches the question whether translation as a type of language contact affects the use of the Finnish passive in a similar way as an oral language contact situation. All in all, the study shows that there are some features that differentiate the investigated literary translations from non-translated Finnish texts but the evidence is not unambiguous. The article discusses the possible reasons for the mainly non-conclusive results of the analysis and points out factors that should be taken into account in future studies, such as the size of the sub-corpora and the possibly biased text or genre specific stylistic characteristics. The methodology clearly has to be adjusted and more in-depth methods developed in order to acquire a fuller picture of the Finnish passive in literary texts and to confirm what is author, translator, genre or source-language specific in the use of the Finnish passive.
Processing Effort and Poetic Closure
Authors: Fabb Nigel
Published: January 2021

Nigel Fabb (University of Strathclyde)Abstract: Smith (1968) argues that poems may end with formal changes which produce an experience of closure in the reader. I argue that formal changes do not directly cause an experience of closure. Instead, changes in poetic form always demand increased processing effort from the reader, whether they involve new forms, shifts from more to less regular form, or from less to more regular form. I use relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson 1995) to argue that the increased processing effort encourages the reader to formulate rich and relevant thoughts, including the thought 'this poem has closure'. Closure is thus the content of a thought rather than a type of experience. I further argue that 'closure' is a term whose meaning cannot be fully understood, which makes the thought 'this poem has closure' into a schematic belief of the kind which Sperber shows has great richness and productivity. This is one of the reasons that the thought 'this poem has closure' achieves sufficient relevance to justify the effort put into processing the end of the poem.
Readers’ Reaction to Tense Switching in Hrafnkels saga freysgoða: Combining Corpus-Linguistic and Experimental Methods
Authors: Miglio Viola , Gries Stefan Th
Published: January 2021

Abrupt switches between different tenses (past-to-present, present-to-past) are known from oral narratives and medieval literature in Romance languages, but there is little consensus about their function and interpretation. In this study, we combine corpus-linguistic tools with experimental methods and quantitative analysis to shed light on the use of tense switches in a medieval Icelandic prose text (Hrafnkels saga freysgoða). Specifically, we part-of-speech tagged all words in Hrafnkels saga freysgoða and then determined where verbs exhibit tense switches. In a second step, we had 19 subjects mark all parts in the saga they consider climactic so as to study the overall as well as subject-specific correlations between climaxness and tense switches. In the vast majority of subjects, we observe the expected correlation, and for most of these it is significant. We discuss the findings with regard to their implications for tense switching as a performative device and the position of sagas on an orality-literacy continuum.
An Appraisal Theory Approach to Point of View in Mansfield Park and its Translations
Authors: Alsina Victòria , Espunya Anna , Wirf Naro Maria
Published: January 2021

In order to achieve the goals of social commentary and moral judgement pursued in her novels, Jane Austen describes and evaluates different aspects of her characters’ personalities: social attitude, intellectual qualities and moral traits (Lodge 1966). Mansfield Park (1814) is one of her novels in which this moral awareness is most acute. In order to construct a community of shared values with her readers, Austen skilfully alternates different points of view as sources of evaluation. We propose an analysis of the first chapter of Mansfield Park that addresses this dialogic dimension by focusing on the resources of engagement, the subsystem of Appraisal Theory with which speakers/writers express their commitment to the truth of a proposition and their willingness to open the negotiation space to other voices (Martin & White 2005: 97).The linguistic subtlety and complexity of Jane Austen’s writing is a challenge to translators, who must try to identify all the concurrent interpretation possibilities and reproduce them in the target language. In this article we compare the English source text with various translations into Spanish, Catalan and German. Our analysis focuses on the lexicogrammatical realisations of engagement such as verba dicendi, epistemic expressions, lexical choices with a distinct attitudinal load, and also on the development of narration – as far as that is possible in a study centering on the first chapter –, since it is often the case that narrator stance is modified as the text unfolds.We discuss fragments of narrator discourse, direct speech and indirect/free indirect speech and consider the advantages of the framework to uncover changes in the evaluative dimension of meaning that affect the readings the translations will afford in their target society, from character building to the articulation of points of view.
Immersion in Digital Fiction
Authors: Bell Alice , Ensslin Astrid , Van der Bom Isabelle , Smith Jen
Published: January 2021

In this article, we profile an empirically grounded, cognitive approach to immersion in digital fiction by combining text-driven stylistic analysis with insights from theories of cognition and reader-response research. We offer a new analytical method for immersive features in digital fiction by developing deictic shift theory for the affordances of digital media. We also provide empirically substantiated insights to show how immersion is experienced cognitively by using Andy Campbell and Judi Alston’s (2015) digital fiction piece WALLPAPER as a case study. We add ‘interactional deixis’ and ‘audible deixis’ to Stockwell’s (2002) model to account for the multimodal nature of immersion in digital fiction. We also show how extra-textual features can contribute to immersion and thus propose that they should be accounted for when analysing immersion across media. We conclude that the analytical framework and reader response protocol that we develop here can be adapted for application to texts across media.
Overlapping Speech in Caryl Churchill’s Hot Fudge
Authors: Ivanchenko Andriy
Published: January 2021

Andriy Ivanchenko (Chukyo University)

The script of Caryl Churchill’s short play Hot Fudge (similarly to several other plays by this author) contains detailed directions for overlapping conversation. At certain points in the play these may be contributing to a number of effects similar to those described for the naturally occurring “collaborative floor”, such as participants’ enthusiasm and mutual support. The importance of an “interactive” approach to constructed conversation is pointed out in the article, particularly that of analysing the overlapped speaker’s response to appreciate discursive significance of the overlapping turn. For instance, acknowledging and/or reusing the other’s overlapping formulations in a non-oppositional format can show the speaker’s understanding of those contributions as collaboratively oriented. Therefore, an “interactive” interpretation of overlapping dialogue in a dramatic text will affect the reader’s understanding of the interpersonal context (e.g. dominance-seeking / mutual support / collaboration between pairs of speakers). Particularly, an “interactive” approach is taken to show how certain kinds of overlapping similar to those described for the naturally occurring conversation can be used dramatically for supportive rather than conflictive ends. Overall, it is shown how the dramatic characters’ interpersonal orientations become inferable from their use of certain dialogic options.
‘To imagine a language means to imagine a form of life?’
Authors: Luck Christiane
Published: January 2021

Despite several decades of linguistic research and activism, neutral/inclusive language use is far from the norm in English and German. In this article I explore whether the encounter with neutral terminology in June Arnold’s novel The Cook and the Carpenter can prompt readers to question dominant practices and consider alternatives. Based on narrative research, my premise is that fiction can create familiarity with new terms and thereby support linguistic change. I frame my investigation with Wittgenstein’s notion that ‘to imagine a language means to imagine a form of life’, and put it to the test with a discourse analysis of English and German reader responses. The results of my study show that Arnold’s novel stimulates fruitful debate of the issue of gender and language. Based on my findings, I propose the text’s integration into linguistics education in order to further promote neutral/inclusive language use.
Evaluation of Fracture Strength and Total Void Amount in Composite Restorations on Endodontically Treated Teeth
Authors: Tekçe Neslihan , Aydemir Seda , Demirci Mustafa , Tuncer Safa , Bozkaya Selen , Yıldırım Elif Sevilay , Akman Şeyma
Published: January 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the fracture strength of different composite resins and the quantity of voids in conventional posterior composite, high-flow flowable composite, bulk-fill flowable composite, and fiber-reinforced composite. Materials and Methods: Forty-four caries-free, freshly extracted mandibular premolars were used for this study. Teeth were prepared for cavity and root canal treatment. Subsequently, root canal treatment was applied to the teeth and cavities in order to prepare them for restorations. The specimens were then divided into four groups: group-1: Estelite Posterior; group-2: Estelite Flow Quick High Flow; group-3: Estelite Bulk-fill Flow; group-4: everX Posterior. One specimen from each experimental group was examined using micro-CT to perform measurement of voids. Results: The fracture strength values of high-flow flowable, bulk-fill flowable, fiber-reinforced, and conventional micro-hybrid composites were found to be similar (p=0.497). EverX Posterior showed the highest fracture strength values (841.1±149.4 N), followed by Estelite Bulk-fill Flow (822.8±170.8 N). Conclusion: Volume of voids (%) obtained from Micro-CT analysis revealed that restorations with high-flow liner or bulk-fill flowable exhibited more voids. The fiber-reinforced composite showed the lowest percentage volume of incorporating voids and the highest fracture strength results.
Why pygmy snails lay giant eggs: the kiwi syndrome
Authors: Monge-Nájera Julián
Published: January 2021

Some minute land snails lay disproportionally large eggs, and the reason is unknown. A possibility is the “Kiwi Syndrome”, in which natural selection pressures associated with low egg predation, heavy predation of the young, and a minimal viable size for hatchlings, force small females to invest in relatively large offspring at the cost of reduced fecundity.
Toxicological, enzymatic, and immunochemical characterization of Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) reference venom from Panama
Authors: Uribe-Arjona Alina , De Patiño Hildaura Acosta , Martínez-Cortés Víctor , Correa-Ceballos David , Rodríguez Abdiel , Gómez-Leija Leandra , Vega Natalia , Gutiérrez José María , Otero-Patiño Rafael
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT: Introduction: It is estimated that 2000 snakebites occur in Panama every year, 70% of which are inflicted by B. asper. Objective: To determine the biochemical and toxicologic effects and to assess the immunochemical characteristics of the reference B. asper venom experimentally used in this work. Methods: The venom was prepared as a homogeneous mixture of the venoms obtained from 78 adult specimens of this species collected in four geographic areas of Panama. Enzymatic and toxicologic activities were assayed following the specific methodologies of each experiment. SDS-PAGE (15% gel) was carried out under reducing conditions. Subsequently, Western blotting was performed. Results: It was found that this venom has lethal, hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edema-forming, coagulant, defibrinating, proteinase and phospholipase A2 activities. SDS-PAGE (15%) showed the presence in this venom of protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 8 to 70kDa, with the presence of predominant bands at ≈ 15kDa and ≈ 30 to 66kDa, which probably correspond to phospholipases A2 (the former) and metalloproteinases (the latter), respectively. Through immunoblotting, a high degree of recognition by various antivenoms was observed, mainly from Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusion: This B. asper reference venom will be highly useful for the preclinical evaluation of antivenoms.
Crude extract of the tropical tree Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae
Authors: De Campos Bortolucci Wanessa , Line Marko de Oliveira Herika , Roque Oliva Leiluana , Gonçalves José Eduardo , Piau Júnior Ranulfo , Mariano Fernandez Carla Maria , Barros Colauto Nelson , Linde Giani Andrea , Cristiani Gazim Zilda
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Phytoinsecticides are alternatives to control insects in different stages, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Phytolacaceae family, popularly known as pau d'alho, garlic tree, and guararema in Brazil, is known due to its strong alliaceous odor because of the presence of sulfur molecules in the plant. This species presents biological activity and potential insecticide effect that is still unexploited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the ethanolic crude extract from G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits on the control of Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae and pupae. Methods: The botanical material was collected in city Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil at the coordinates (23º46’16” S & 53º19’38” WO), and altitude of 442 m, the fruits of G. integrifolia were collected in May and the leaves and flowers in December 2017. The crude extracts of G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits were prepared by dynamic maceration technique. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of the crude extracts of G. integrifolia were carried out on larvae and pupae of A. aegypti in concentrations between 0.001 to 25 000 mg/mL, and afterwards the lethal concentrations that kill 50 % (LC50) and 99.9 % (LC99.9) were determined by probit analysis. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method at concentrations from 0.000095 to 50 mg/mL. Results: The yield of G. integrifolia crude extracts were 8.2, 9.1, and 17.3 % for flowers, fruits, and leaves, respectively. The chemical composition of G. integrifolia extracts was characterized by presence of fatty acid esters, phytosterols, vitamins, oxygenated diterpenes and organosulfur compounds. The flower extract presented the high amount of sulfur compounds (20.2 %) such as disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydryl ethyl) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-trithiahexane (6.2 %), 1,2,4-trithiolane (1.1 %), and 2,4-dithiapentane (1.1 %). Regarding the insecticidal activity, flower extract showed highly active with LC99.9 of 0.032 mg/mL and LC99.9 of 0.969 mg/mL on A. aegypti larvae and pupae, respectively, and the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. The flower extract presented anticholinesterase and larvicide activity, respectively, 12.8 % and 35.6 % greater than the control temephos. Conclusions: This study opens new perspectives on the use of extracts from G. integrifolia as a bioinsecticide alternative for the control of A. aegypti larvae and pupae.
Áreas en riesgo de invasión por Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae), un cangrejo de río introducido en Colombia
Authors: Camacho-Portocarrero Rosa F. , Duarte-Gándica Irene , Altamiranda-Saavedra Mariano
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El proceso de invasión biológica es una de las mayores amenazas a la biodiversidad y ecosistemas, con actuales y potenciales impactos en la salud pública y conservación. Procambarus clarkii es un crustáceo decápodo, originario del sur de Estados Unidos y noreste de México, que puede adaptarse a diferentes condiciones ambientales debido a su plasticidad ecológica. Objetivo: Se caracterizó el nicho ecológico fundamental existente de Procambarus clarkii con el fin de predecir las áreas con idoneidad ambiental para el potencial establecimiento de la especie en Suramérica y Colombia. Métodos: Usamos modelos de nichos ecológicos calibrados en el área nativa, elaborados con el algoritmo Maxent, basados en datos de presencia extraídos de GBIF y variables hidroclimáticas de ecosistemas acuáticos a una resolución de 1 km2. Resultados: En Suramérica el modelo indicó un potencial geográfico amplio de invasión mostrando áreas ambientalmente idóneas para la presencia y expansión hacia Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, Ecuador, Brasil, Guyana, Surinam, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Chile. En Colombia, el modelo predijo que las áreas idóneas se ubican principalmente en el norte y oriente, incluidos diversos ecosistemas, como: bosques tropicales, bosques basales, bosques riparios y sabanas. La especie tiene una alta posibilidad de expandirse hacia áreas de distribución de latitudes bajas, ocupando zonas hacia la parte norte de la región Caribe colombiana, en departamentos de Magdalena, Cesar, Córdoba y Atlántico. También se predijo áreas con idoneidad ambiental en el oriente de Colombia, hacia la extensión de la planicie oriental de la Orinoquia, una región de baja altitud en: Arauca, Casanare, Meta y Vichada. Conclusión: En este estudio se aplican modelos de nichos ecológicos, que puede ser de interés en la planeación de estrategias o la creación de planes de manejo, como sistemas de alerta temprana para evitar el establecimiento de esta especie.
Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia
Authors: Hernández Núñez Héctor Eduardo , Andrade Hernán J. , Suárez Salazar Juan Carlos , Sánchez A. José R. , Gutiérrez S. David R. , Gutiérrez García Gustavo Adolfo , Trujillo Trujillo Edwin , Casanoves Fernando
Published: January 2021

Introducción: Los cultivos de café, cacao y pasturas para la ganadería son actividades agropecuarias de interés económico en Colombia. Cuando estas actividades se desarrollan bajo sistemas agroforestales (SAF) promueven la conservación e incrementan la fijación de carbono y, por ende, la mitigación del cambio climático. Objetivo: El estudio estimó el almacenamiento de carbono en la biomasa aérea, necromasa y carbono orgánico del suelo bajo SAF con cacao (SAF cacao), SAF con café (café SAF), sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) y bosque en el municipio de Mesetas, Meta (Colombia). Métodos: Se establecieron 44 parcelas de muestreo, en donde se tomaron medidas dasométricas a individuos con un diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho (dap) ≥ 2.5 cm (latizales, fustales y fustales grandes), cuyos valores fueron transformados a carbono con modelos de biomasa y una fracción de carbono default. En los tres sistemas agropecuarios, se contó el número de árboles de cacao, café, plantas asociadas y se identificó el tipo de uso (maderable, alimento, combustión). Resultados: El almacenamiento de carbono presentó diferencias significativas (P < 0.0001) entre usos del suelo. La mayor acumulación se encontró en bosque, con 216.6 t C ha-1, superando en 59, 72 y 73 % a SAF cacao, SSP y SAF café, respectivamente. Fabaceae, Lauraceae y Primulaceae presentaron el mayor almacenamiento de carbono. En SAF cacao, la mayor acumulación de carbono fue encontrada en especies para alimento humano; en SAF café y SSP, el mayor almacenamiento fue presentado en las especies maderables. Conclusión: Estos resultados resaltan el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en los sistemas productivos de mayor importancia en el departamento del Meta, lo cual es importante para el diseño de estrategias que permitan integrar acciones de mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y promover la economía campesina local.