bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial variability in channel and slope morphology within the Ardennes Massif, and its link with tectonics
Authors: Sougnez N. , Vanacker V.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Geomorphic processes that produce and transport sediment, and incise river valleys are complex; and often difficult to quantify over longer timescales of 103 to 105 years. Morphometric indices that describe the topography of hill slopes, valleys and river channels have commonly been used to compare morphological characteristics between catchments and to relate them to hydrological and erosion processes. This work focuses on a wide range of slope and river channel morphometric indices to study their behavior and strength in regions affected by low to moderate tectonic activity. We selected 10 catchments of about 150 to 250 km2 across the Ardennes Massif that cover various tectonic domains with uplift rates ranging from about 0.06 to 0.20 mm year−1 since mid-Pleistocene times. The morphometric analysis indicates that the slope and channel morphology of third-order catchments is not yet in topographic steady-state, and exhibits clear convexities in slope and river profiles. Our data indicate that the fluvial system is the main driver of topographic evolution and that the spatial pattern of uplift rates is reflected in the distribution of channel steepness and convexity. The spatial variation that we observe in slope and channel morphology between the 10 third-order catchments suggests that the response of the fluvial system was strongly diachronous, and that a transient signal of adjustment is migrating from the Meuse valley towards the Ardennian headwaters.
An experimental investigation for external RC shear wall applications
Authors: Kaltakci M. Y. , Ozturk M. , Arslan M. H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The strength and rigidity of most reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Turkey, which are frequently hit by destructive earthquakes, is not at a sufficient level. Therefore, the result of earthquakes is a significant loss of life and property. The strengthening method most commonly preferred for these type of RC buildings is the application of RC infilled walls (shear walls) in the frame openings of the building. However, since the whole building has to be emptied and additional heavy costs arise during this type of strengthening, users prefer not to strengthen their buildings despite the heavy risk they are exposed to. Therefore, it is necessary to develop easier-to-apply and more effective methods for the rapid strengthening of housing and the heavily-used public buildings which cannot be emptied during the strengthening process (such as hospitals and schools). This study empirically analyses the different methods of a new system which can meet this need. In this new system, named "external shear wall application", RC shear walls are applied on the external surface of the building, along the frame plane rather than in the building. To this end, 7 test samples in 1/2 and 1/3 geometrical scale were designed to analyse the efficiency of the strengthening technique where the shear wall leans on the frame from outside of the building (external shear wall application) and of the strengthening technique where a specific space is left between the frame and the external shear wall by using a coupling beam to connect elements (application of external shear wall with coupling beam). Test results showed that the maximum lateral load capacity, initial rigidity and energy dissipation behaviours of the samples strengthened with external shear wall were much better than those of the bare frames.
Time to Recovery in Diabetes and Comorbidities Following Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Thethi Tina K. , Yau C. Lillian , Shi Lizheng , Leger Sharice , Nagireddy Prathima , Waddadar Jay , Surampudi Prasanth , John-Kalarickal Jennifer , Yenoby Lydia , Fonseca Vivian
Published: September 2010

Background:The impact of a natural disaster on self-care and health care delivery has been well documented. The objective of the study was to document the recovery pattern from the impact of a natural disaster such as Hurricane Katrina on clinical and biochemical measures of diabetes and its comorbidities.

Methods:Patients were selected from Tulane University Hospital and Clinic, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, and the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans. Adults with diabetes and A1cmeasurement 6 months before (pre-K) Hurricane Katrina (February 28, 2005–August 27, 2005) and 6 to 16 months after (post-K) Katrina (March 1, 2006–December 31, 2006) were identified within the 3 facilities. Follow-up data (January 1, 2007–December 31, 2007) were 1 year after the first post-K visit. The outcome measures were hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], triglycerides).

Results:Averaged across the 3 facilities, the parameters significantly different in the follow-up period compared with pre- and post-K were HbA1c(P= .04), HDL, and systolic and diastolic BP (P< .0001). Parameters with significantly different patterns of change in the 3 facilities over time were HbA1c, HDL, systolic and diastolic BP (P< .0001), and low-density lipoprotein (P< .01).

Conclusions:Our results suggest that a variety of clinical and biochemical parameters related to diabetes and its comorbidities affected by natural disaster have varied the rate of recovery to predisaster levels.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S33-S38)
Emergency Preparedness for Residency/Fellowship Programs: Lessons Learned During Hurricane Katrina and Applied During Hurricane Ike
Authors: Donini-Lenhoff Fred G. , Rockey Paul H. , Surdyk Patricia M. , Heard Jeanne K. , Blackwell Thomas A.
Published: September 2010

When it struck the US Gulf Coast in 2005, Hurricane Katrina severely disrupted many graduate medical education residency/fellowship programs in the region and the training of hundreds of residents/fellows. Despite the work of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in responding to this natural disaster and facilitating communication and transfer of residents/fellows to other unaffected training programs, the storm exposed the gaps in the existing system. Subsequently, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, with the aid of its member organizations, including the American Medical Association, developed a new disaster recovery plan to allow for a more rapid, effective response to future catastrophic events. These policies were instrumental in the rapid relocation of 597 residents/fellows from the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston after the landfall of Hurricane Ike in September 2008. As a further accommodation to affected trainees, medical certification boards should be as flexible as possible in waiving continuity requirements in the event of a disaster that affects residency/fellowship programs.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S71-S74)
Population Changes, Racial/Ethnic Disparities, and Birth Outcomes in Louisiana After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Harville Emily W. , Tran Tri , Xiong Xu , Buekens Pierre
Published: September 2010

Objective: To examine how the demographic and other population changes affected birth and obstetric outcomes in Louisiana, and the effect of the hurricane on racial disparities in these outcomes.

Methods: Vital statistics data were used to compare the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g), preterm birth (PTB) (37 weeks' gestation), cesarean section, and inadequate prenatal care (as measured by the Kotelchuck index), in the 2 years after Katrina compared to the 2 years before, for the state as a whole, region 1 (the area around New Orleans), and Orleans Parish (New Orleans). Logistic models were used to adjust for covariates.

Results: After adjustment, rates of LBW rose for the state, but preterm birth did not. In region 1 and Orleans Parish, rates of LBW and PTB remained constant or fell. These patterns were all strongest in African American women. Rates of cesarean section and inadequate prenatal care rose. Racial disparities in birth outcomes remained constant or were reduced.

Conclusions: Although risk of LBW/PTB remained higher in African Americans, the storm does not appear to have exacerbated health disparities, nor did population shifts explain the changes in birth and obstetric outcomes.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S39-S45)
Sleep and Arousal as Risk Factors for Adverse Health and Work Performance in Public Health Workers Involved in the 2004 Florida Hurricane Season
Authors: McKibben Jodi B.A. , Fullerton Carol S. , Ursano Robert J. , Reissman Dori B. , Kowalski-Trakofler Kathleen , Shultz James M. , Wang Leming
Published: September 2010

Background: We examined the relation of sleep disturbance and arousal to work performance, mental and physical health, and day-to-day functioning in Florida Department of Health (FDOH) employees 9 months after the 2004 Florida hurricane season.

Methods: FDOH employees were contacted via e-mail 9 months after the 2004 hurricanes. Participants (N = 2249) completed electronic questionnaires including measures of sleep disturbance, arousal, work performance, physical health, mental health, day-to-day function, hurricane injury, and work demand.

Results: More than 18% of FDOH employees reported ≥25% reduced work performance and 11% to 15.3% reported ≥7 “bad” mental or physical health days in the past month. Sleep disturbance and elevated arousal were strongly associated with impaired work performance (odds ratios [ORs] 3.33 and 3.34, respectively), “bad” mental health (ORs 3.01 and 3.64), “bad” physical health (ORs 3.21 and 2.01), and limited day-to-day function (ORs 4.71 and 2.32), even after adjusting for sex, race, age, education, and marital status.

Conclusions: Among public health workers exposed to the 2004 hurricanes, sleep disturbance and arousal were associated with personal and work impairment. Future research should continue to examine the effect of repeated exposure to disasters in first responders.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S55-S62)
Isolation of Aggresomes and Other Large Aggregates
Authors: Meriin Anatoli B. , Wang Yan , Sherman Michael Y.
Published: September 2010

Upon permanent stresses and in various diseases, small protein aggregates may accumulate in cells and cause toxicity. A recently discovered protective system transports these aggregates to the centrosome location via microtubules, to form a large agglomerate of aggregates called the aggresome. Here, we describe a newly developed method for isolating aggresomes. This principle can also be used for purification of other large structures and even organelles. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 48:3.38.1‐3.38.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imaging Cells in Three‐Dimensional Collagen Matrix
Authors: Artym Vira V. , Matsumoto Kazue
Published: September 2010

The use of in vitro three‐dimensional (3‐D) collagen matrices to mimic an in vivo cellular environment has become increasingly popular and is broadening our understanding of cellular processes and cell‐ECM interactions. To study cells in in vitro 3‐D collagen matrices, both cellular proteins and the collagen matrix must be visualized. In this unit, the authors describe the protocol and provide troubleshooting for immunolabeling of cells in 3‐D collagen gels to localize and visualize cellular proteins with high‐resolution fluorescence confocal microscopy. The authors then describe confocal reflection microscopy as a technique for direct imaging of 3‐D fibrillar collagen matrices by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. They also provide instrument settings required for simultaneous imaging of cellular proteins with fluorescence confocal imaging and 3‐D collagen fibrils with confocal reflection microscopy. Additionally, the authors provide protocols for a “cell sandwiching” technique to prepare cell cultures in 3‐D collagen matrices required for high‐resolution confocal imaging. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 48:10.18.1‐10.18.20. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium Fluoride
Authors: Vrana Lisa M.
Published: September 2010

Calcium fluoride, commonly called fluorspar or fluorite, is the principal fluoride‐containing mineral. Large deposits of flurospar are found in China, Mongolia, Mexico, Spain and South Africa. Underground mining procedures are used for deep fluorspar deposits and open‐pit mines are used for shallow deposits or where conditions do not support underground mining techniques.

Most fluorspar ores as mined must be concentrated or beneficiated to remove waste.Calcium fluoride is prepared by several methods and these are discussed. Fluorspar is marketed in several grades: metallurgical flurospar sold as gravel, lump, or briquettes: ceramic‐grade fluorspar; and acid‐grade fluorspar. Fluorite is not classified as a hazardous material but precaution must be taken to prevent contact of calcium fluoride with water. The main uses of flurospar are in the production of hydrofluoric acid and in the processing of aluminum and uranium. Other uses include as a flux in steelmaking, primary aluminum production, glass manufacture, enamels, rod coatings, and cement production.
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Authors: Hodge F. Galen , Dominey Larry
Published: September 2010

Cobalt is a metallic element the earliest uses of which were colorants for glass and pottery. Cobalt is ubiquitous in the environment and occurs naturally in many different chemical forms. Cobalt has unique magnetic properties. The largest consumption of cobalt is in metallic form as magnetic alloys. cutting and wear resistant alloys, and superalloys. The second largest use of cobalt is in the form of salts, including lacquers, enamels, colorant for glass, and catalysts. Radioactive cobalt has considerable application in radiochemistry and radiography. Cobalt base alloys are generally described as wear‐resistant, corrosion‐resistant, and heat resistant. Many of the properties of alloys arise from the crystallographic nature of cobalt, the solid solution strengthening effects of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, the formation of carbides, and the corrosion resistance imparted by chromium. The most important natural sources of cobalt to the environment are soil and dust, seawater, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires. The important synthetic sources are the by‐processes of burning coal and oil, exhaust from cars and other vehicles, industrial processes that use cobalt, and sewage sludge from cities.
Cumene
Authors: Hwang S. Y. , Chen S. S.
Published: September 2010

Cumene is an aromatic compound. It is a clear liquid at ambient conditions. High purity cumene is manufactured from propylene and benzene. Successful development and commercialization of the zeolite‐based technology for the production of cumene has rendered obsolete the older processes based on phosphoric acid and aluminum chloride. Essentially all cumeme worldwide is consumed for the production of phenol and acetone. As a result demand for cumene is tied to the phenol market. Phenol is used to produce bisphenol A employed in making epoxy resins and polycarbonates. Cumene is a significant fire hazard when exposed to flames or sparks. It is a skin and eye irritant.
Design of Experiments
Authors: Anderson Mark J. , Whitcomb Patrick J.
Published: September 2010

The statistical design of experiments is an essential ingredient of successful product development and improvement, and provides an efficient and scientific approach to obtaining meaningful information. In contrast to traditional vary one‐factor‐at‐a‐time (OFAT) experimentation, variables are changed together, permitting evaluation of interactions. Standard texts give details about the construction of specific test plans, such full and fractional factorial, and response surface designs, and the analysis of the resulting data. This article gives a brief overview. The focus here is on the fundamental elements of experimental design: defining the purpose and scope of the experiment, differentiating between alternative types of experimental variables, understanding the underlying environment and constraints, and conducting stage‐wise experimentation. Brief discussions dealing with the statistical analysis tools, multiple response variables, and some historical background are also provided.
Lime and Limestone
Authors: Oates Tony
Published: September 2010

Limestone is a naturally occurring mineral that consists principally of calcium carbonate. It generally contains magnesium carbonate as a secondary component. Limestone is found in many forms and is classified in terms of origin, chemical composition, structure, and geological formation. Deposits are distributed throughout the world.

The lime and limestone industries have generated many traditional expressions. Definitions covering most of the terms are given. Physical and chemical properties of limestone vary so many of the properties discussed here are to be considered typical. Over 95% of limestone is produced by quarrying. The primary use of limestone is crushed rock for construction and building mainly as aggregate and filler. The manufacture of cement is another major use. Production of quicklime, ground quicklime, slaked lime, milk of lime, and lime putty are detailed. Lime products have many uses, for example, in steel manufacture, asphalt paving and soil stabilization; chemical and food industries, building materials, environmental protection, and agriculture. Many countries have their their own standards. for sampling, sample preparation, and testing. Environmental issues include noise and vibration from quarrying, air pollution, and energy use. Calcium carbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate are nonhazardous substances. Recycling and disposal are also discussed.
Urea
Authors: Mavrovic Ivo , Shirley A. Ray , Coleman G. R. “Buck”
Published: September 2010

Urea was discoverd in urine by Rouelle in 1773 and first synthesized from ammonia and cyanic acid by Woehler in 1828. This was the first synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic compound, and it dealt a death blow to the vital force theory. Commercially, urea is produced by the direct dehydration of ammonium carbamate at elevated temperature and pressure. Ammonium carbamate is obtained by direct reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. The two reactions are usually carried out simultaneously in a high pressure reactor. Most urea plants are licensed by Snamprogetti, Stamicarbon, or Toyo Engineering. Their processes are discussed in detail. Urea's biggest use is as a fertilizer. It is also used in animal feeds, in the manufacture of resins, and in reducing automotive emissions by catalytic reduction. Urea is classified as a nontoxiic compound.
The role of cognitive flexibility and vocabulary abilities of younger and older users in searching for information on the web
Authors: Dommes Aurelie , Chevalier Aline , Lia Sarah
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated the role of cognitive flexibility and vocabulary abilities in explaining age‐related differences in information searching with a search engine. Nineteen older and 20 younger participants had to carry out nine searches and to complete a battery of cognitive tests. Older participants obtained poorer search performance with fewer correct answers, and lower task completion speed. They interacted little with the system, and showed specific difficulties in getting out of impasses and reformulating unfruitful requests. Regression analyses suggested that age differences in the number of requests were moderated by differences in cognitive flexibility and that the older participants did not leverage their increased vocabulary in producing new keywords. The findings suggest that the age‐related decline in cognitive flexibility plays a role in the age‐related differences observed in searching for information, especially in the way users get out of impasses. The results have implications for designing search engine tools. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Guo Yunlong , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi
Published: September 2010

Functional organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted increasing attention in the past few years due to their wide variety of potential applications. Research on functional OFETs underpins future advances in organic electronics. In this review, different types of functional OFETs including organic phototransistors, organic memory FETs, organic light emitting FETs, sensors based on OFETs and other functional OFETs are introduced. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of this field, the history, current status of research, main challenges and prospects for functional OFETs are all discussed
Associations between the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and sympatric monkeys in Korup National Park, Cameroon
Authors: Astaras Christos , Krause Stefan , Mattner Lutz , Rehse Christoph , Waltert Matthias
Published: September 2010

Studies of polyspecific associations among African forest primates have primarily focused on arboreal Cercopithecus and Procolobus/Colobus species. We examined the association frequency of the terrestrial drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) with six sympatric monkey species in Korup National Park, Cameroon, testing reports that Mandrillus associations are infrequent and transient. We conducted 3,284 km of trail walks for 12 months (February–June 2006; July 2007 to January 2008), recording species composition in 612 primate clusters. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo test, we compared the observed frequency of dyadic associations against null models of “no association.” A novel conservative statistical approach which addresses possible dependence of observations close in time was also used, further strengthening confidence in our findings. Drills associated with all monkeys throughout the study period, and were with at least one other species (range 1–5) in half of the encounters. The association frequency of drills with red‐capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) was greater than expected by chance, which is interesting given the morphological adaptation of the Mandrillus‐Cercocebus clade for the exploitation of the same dietary niche, hard seeds. The difference we observed in the use of forest strata by drills and mangabeys may reflect a strategy to reduce food competition while in association. The nature and duration of observed drill associations varied. Although some associations seemed to be chance encounters, others lasted for hours with the involved species foraging together. Am. J. Primatol. 73:127–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bulk and shear viscosity in Hagedorn fluid
Authors: Tawfik A. , Wahba M.
Published: September 2010

Assuming that the Hagedorn fluid composed of known particles and resonances with masses m < 2 GeV obeys the first‐order theory (Eckart) of relativistic fluid, we discuss the transport properties of QCD confined phase. Based on the relativistic kinetic theory formulated under the relaxation time approximation, expressions for bulk and shear viscosity in thermal medium of hadron resonances are derived. The relaxation time in the Hagedorn dynamical fluid exclusively takes into account the decay and eventually van der Waals processes. We comment on the in‐medium thermal effects on bulk and shear viscosity and averaged relaxation time with and without the excluded‐volume approach. As an application of these results, we suggest the dynamics of heavy‐ion collisions, non‐equilibrium thermodynamics and the cosmological models, which require thermo‐ and hydro‐dynamics equations of state.
Entomotoxic action of Sambucus nigra agglutinin i in Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids and Spodoptera exigua caterpillars through caspase‐3‐like‐dependent apoptosis
Authors: Shahidi‐Noghabi Shahnaz , Van Damme Els JM , Mahdian Kamran , Smagghe Guy
Published: September 2010

In this project, the toxicity and mechanism of action of the ricin‐B‐related lectin SNA‐I from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), two important pest insects in agriculture, were studied. SNA‐I is a chimeric lectin belonging to the class of ribosome‐inactivating proteins and consists of an A‐chain with N‐glycosidase activity and a carbohydrate‐binding B‐chain. Incorporation of 2 mg/ml of SNA‐I in the diet of neonates and adults of A. pisum caused 40–46% mortality within 2 days, while in third instars of S. exigua, the larval biomass was significantly reduced by 12% after feeding for 3 days on a diet containing 5 mg/g of SNA‐I. Interestingly, extracts of the (mid)gut of treated A. pisum and S. exigua demonstrated DNA fragmentation and this was accompanied with an increase in caspase‐3‐like activity. The involvement of cell death or apoptosis in the entomotoxicity of SNA‐I through induction of caspase‐3‐like activity was also confirmed by addition of the permeable caspase‐3 inhibitor III in the diet, leading to a rescue of the treated aphid neonates. Finally, similar to the chimeric lectin SNA‐I, the hololectin SNA‐II, consisting of two carbohydrate‐binding B‐chains caused high mortality to neonate A. pisum aphids with an LC50 of 1.59 mg/ml, suggesting that the entomotoxic action of the lectins under study mainly relies on their carbohydrate‐binding activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An effective radius of the sea surface enthalpy flux for the maintenance of a tropical cyclone
Authors: Miyamoto Y. , Takemi T.
Published: September 2010

This study found that there is a radius within which the sea surface flux for moist enthalpy plays a vital role in determining the intensity of a tropical cyclone. From the results of the numerical experiments using an axisymmetric nonhydrostatic model, it was shown that when the sea surface fluxes are modified within the radius, the intensity suddenly changes on a short timescale. As long as the surface enthalpy flux diminishes outside this radius, the tropical cyclone intensity does not decrease. In the simulated tropical cyclone, this radius locates 7–8 times the radius of the maximum wind speed. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Therapeutic ultrasound to noninvasively create intracardiac communications in an intact animal model
Authors: Owens Gabe E. , Miller Ryan M. , Ensing Greg , Ives Kimberly , Gordon David , Ludomirsky Achi , Xu Zhen
Published: September 2010

Objective: To determine if pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy (histotripsy) can accurately and safely generate ventricular septal defects (VSDs) through the intact chest of a neonatal animal, with the eventual goal of developing a noninvasive technique of creating intra‐cardiac communications in patients with congenital heart disease. Background: Histotripsy is an innovative ultrasonic technique that generates demarcated, mechanical tissue fractionation utilizing high intensity ultrasound pulses. Previous work has shown that histotripsy can create atrial septal defects in a beating heart in an open‐chest canine model. Methods: Nine neonatal pigs were treated with transcutaneous histotripsy targeting the ventricular septum. Ultrasound pulses of 5‐μsec duration at a peak negative pressure of 13 MPa and a pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz were generated by a 1 MHz focused transducer. The procedure was guided by real‐time ultrasound imaging. Results: VSDs were created in all pigs with diameters ranging from 2 to 6.5 mm. Six pigs were euthanized within 2 hrs of treatment, while three were recovered and maintained for 2–3 days to evaluate lesion maturation and clinical side effects. There were only transient clinical effects and pathology revealed mild collateral damage around the VSD with no significant damage to other cardiac or extra‐cardiac structures. Conclusions: Histotripsy can accurately and safely generate VSDs through the intact chest in a neonatal animal model. These results suggest that with further advances, histotripsy can be a useful, noninvasive technique to create intracardiac communications, which currently require invasive catheter‐based or surgical procedures, to clinically stabilize newborn infants with complex congenital heart disease. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding the base for teaching of percutaneous coronary interventions: The explicit approach
Authors: Lanzer Peter , Prechelt Lutz
Published: September 2010

Objectives:

Accelerate and improve the training and learning process of operators performing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).

Background:

Operator cognitive, in particular decision‐making skills and technical skills are a major factor for the success of coronary interventions. Currently, cognitive skills are commonly developed by three methods: (1) Cognitive learning of rules for which statistical evidence is available. This is very incomprehensive and isolates cognitive learning from skill acquisition. (2) Informal tutoring received from experienced operators, and (3) personal experience by trial‐and‐error are both very slow.

Methods:

We propose in this concept article a conceptual framework to elicit, capture, and transfer expert PCI skills to complement the current approach. This includes the development of an in‐depth understanding of the nature of PCI skills, terminology, and nomenclature needed to streamline communication, propensity of reproducible performance assessment, and in particular an explication of intervention planning and intra‐intervention decision‐making. We illustrate the impact of improved decision‐making by simulation results based on a stochastic model of intervention risk.

Results:

We identify several key concepts that form the basis of this conceptual framework, in particular different risk types and the notions of strategy, interventional module, and tactic.

Conclusions:

The increasing complexity of cases have brought PCI to the point where the decision‐making skills of master operators need to be made explicit to make them systematically learnable such that the skills of beginner and intermediate operators can be improved much faster than is currently possible. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes of intraoperative pulmonary artery stent placement for congenital heart disease
Authors: Angtuaco Michael J. , Sachdeva Ritu , Jaquiss Robert D.B. , Morrow W. Robert , Gossett Jeffrey M. , Fontenot Eudice , Seib Paul M.
Published: September 2010

Objective:Our objective was to examine long‐term outcomes of intraoperative pulmonary artery stents and determine risk factors for reintervention Background:Short‐term outcomes of intraoperative pulmonary artery stents have been reported previously. However, long‐term results are unknown. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent intraoperative pulmonary artery stent placement for branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Results: Ninety‐six stents were implanted intraoperatively in 67 patients. Twenty‐seven patients received two or more stents at initial intervention. Median patient age at initial stent placement was 1.8 years. Median post‐inflation diameter was 8 mm. At a mean follow‐up of 7.6 ± 4.5 years, 49% of stents required reintervention (balloon angioplasty at catheterization in 28 patients and surgical revision in 19 patients). Actuarial freedom from reintervention at 2, 5, and 10 years was 68%, 49%, and 40%, respectively. In univariate analysis of time to first reintervention, age at implantation < 2 yrs (P < 0.0009) and initial post‐inflation stent diameter < 10 mm (P < 0.0002) were associated with risk for reintervention. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed age < 2 years (P < 0.005) and diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (p < 0.002) or truncus arteriosus (P < 0.007) to be significant risk factors for reintervention. Conclusion: Intraoperative placement of stents in the pulmonary arteries is an alternative to surgical angioplasty, but is associated with a high incidence of reintervention. Age < 2 years and the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot or truncus arteriosus are risk factors for reintervention. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous revascularization of long femoral artery lesions for claudication
Authors: Connors Gerard , Todoran Thomas M. , Engelson Brian A. , Sobieszczyk Piotr S. , Eisenhauer Andrew C. , Kinlay Scott
Published: September 2010

Background: Angioplasty and stenting are preferred treatments for revascularizing femoral artery lesions up to 100 mm, but surgical bypass is recommended for longer lesions. We assessed long‐term patency after percutaneous revascularization of long femoral artery lesions for claudication with intensive out‐patient surveillance. Methods: We followed a cohort of 111 consecutive patients receiving angioplasty or stenting in 142 limbs in two institutions. Patients were followed for 2.5 years, and event curves and multivariable survival analysis used to compare outcomes in three groups according to lesion length (< 100 mm, 100–200 mm, and greater than 200 mm). Failed patency was defined as recurrence of symptoms with a decline in ankle brachial index, or stenosis identified by duplex ultrasound, or reintervention. Results: Compared to lesions less than 100 mm, longer lesions had higher failed primary patency (100–200 mm: HR = 2.0, P = 0.16, >200 mm: HR = 2.6, P = 0.03). Failed secondary patency was similar for short and intermediate lesions (< 5% incidence), but trended higher for lesions >200 mm (HR = 4.2, P = 0.06). An initial procedure residual stenosis greater than 20% was the only significant multivariable factor related to poorer long‐term patency (HR = 15.8, P = 0.003). Compared to short lesions, the gain in long‐term patency with out‐patient surveillance and reintervention was higher for longer lesions and significantly so for intermediate lesions (100–200 mm = 23% versus <100 mm = 8%, P = 0.041). Conclusion: Percutaneous treatment of long femoral artery lesions can provide acceptable long‐term patency for patients with claudication when out‐patient surveillance is used to identify patients who require repeat interventions. Future long‐term studies should consider overall patency encompassing more than one percutaneous reintervention. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of CTO recanalization on FFR of the donor artery
Authors: Sachdeva Rajesh , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: September 2010

This case illustrates that fractional flow reserve (FFR) in addition to the severity and length of the coronary stenosis is critically dependent on the extent of viable myocardium perfused. In the presented case, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) that had modest angiographic stenosis supplied collaterals to the entire left ventricle. After recanalization of chronic total occlusions (CTO) of the right and circumflex arteries, FFR in the LAD had normalized. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transapical repair of mitral valve paravalvular leakage using 3‐D transesophageal guidance
Authors: Swaans Martin J. , Post Martijn C. , Ten Berg Jurien M.
Published: September 2010

We report a case where transapical access with real time 3D transesophageal echocardiographic guidance is used for repair of a mitral valve paravalvular leakage. The transapical approach is a new, elegant, and relative safe alternative for repair of a paravalvular defect in high‐risk patients. The use of real time 3DTEE for guiding the procedure provides the operator fast and complete information about the leakage, and allowing online monitoring of the procedure. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicatalysis: Advancing Synthetic Efficiency and Inspiring Discovery
Authors: Ambrosini Lisa M. , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: September 2010

Heavy reliance on iterative synthetic strategies represents one of the most serious drawbacks of modern organic synthesis. There has been increasing interest of late in the development of processes that attempt to alleviate this dependence by achieving multiple transformations in a single vessel, thereby circumventing the need for intermittent isolation and purification. One such strategy is encompassed by the term multicatalysis, an approach wherein multiple catalytic reactions are executed in a single flask, either in tandem or sequentially. In this Minireview, some recent efforts in the field of multicatalysis, including our own work, are discussed. In addition, a case regarding the need for consistent terminology in this rapidly developing field is advanced.
Chiral Mesoporous Organosilica Nanospheres: Effect of Pore Structure on the Performance in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Peiyuan , Zhang Lei , Yang Jie , Li Can , Yang Qihua
Published: September 2010

(R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol ((R)‐(+)‐Binol)‐functionalized (Binol=2,2′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl) chiral mesoporous organosilica nanospheres with uniform particle size (100 to 300 nm) have been synthesized by co‐condensation of tetraethoxysilane and (R)‐2,2′‐di(methoxymethyl)oxy‐6,6′‐di(1‐propyl trimethoxysilyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl in a basic medium with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the template. Nanospheres with a radiative 2D hexagonal channel arrangement exhibit higher enantioselectivity and turnover frequency than those with a penetrating 2D hexagonal channel arrangement (94 versus 88 % and 43 versus 15 h−1, respectively) in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. In addition, under similar conditions, the enantioselectivity of the nanospheres can be greatly improved as the structural order of the framework increases. These results clearly show that the structural order of nanospheres affects enantioselective reactions. The enantioselectivity of the nanospheres synthesized by the co‐condensation method is higher than that of nanospheres prepared by a grafting method and even higher than that of their homogeneous counterpart. These results indicate that the bite angle of (R)‐(+)‐Binol bridging in a more rigid porous network is in a more favorable position for achieving higher enantioselectivity. The efficiency of a co‐condensation method for the synthesis of high‐performance heterogeneous asymmetric catalysts is also reported.
A Brush‐Gel/Metal‐Nanoparticle Hybrid Film as an Efficient Supported Catalyst in Glass Microreactors
Authors: Costantini Francesca , Benetti Edmondo M. , Tiggelaar Roald M. , Gardeniers Han J. G. E. , Reinhoudt David N. , Huskens Jurriaan , Vancso G. Julius , Verboom Willem
Published: September 2010

A polymer‐brush‐based material was applied for the formation and in situ immobilization of silver and palladium nanoparticles, as a catalytic coating on the inner wall of glass microreactors. The brush film was grown directly on the microchannel interior by means of atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which allows control over the polymer film thickness and therefore permits the tuning of the number of nanoparticles formed on the channel walls. The wide applicability of the catalytic devices is demonstrated for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol and for the Heck reaction.
Synthesis of a GaN Cage Compound with a Hydrazinetetraide Fragment, [NN]4−, Stabilised by Six Gallium Atoms
Authors: Uhl Werner , Rezaeirad Babak , Layh Marcus , Hagemeier Elke , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Ghavtadze Nugzar , Kuzu Istemi
Published: September 2010

Thermolysis of the bicyclic gallium hydrazide [(GaMe2)4(NHNMe)(NHNHMe)2] (1) yielded the unique cage compound [(GaMe)4(GaMe2)4(N2)(NHNMe)4] (2). Compound 2 contains a remarkable hydrazinetetraide moiety, [NN]4−, as the central structural motif which is stabilised by coordination to six gallium atoms.
Tribenzotriquinacenes Based on Regioselective Bis‐formylation: Optical Resolution and Absolute Configuration of Inherently Chiral Derivatives and Synthesis of the First Cyclophane‐Type Tribenzotriquinacene Dimers
Authors: Wang Tao , Hou Qin‐Qing , Teng Qing‐Feng , Yao Xiao‐Jun , Niu Wen‐Xue , Cao Xiao‐Ping , Kuck Dietmar
Published: September 2010

Enantiomerically pure tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) bearing two monofunctionalized aromatic nuclei were synthesized for the first time and their optical properties and absolute configuration determined. A remarkably regioselective bis‐formylation of the fully bridgehead methylated parent TBTQ hydrocarbon with MeOCHCl2/TiCl4 afforded a mixture of two Cs‐symmetrical (achiral) difunctionalized derivatives together with one C1‐symmetrical (chiral) isomer. Reduction and subsequent column chromatography furnished the three respective benzylic TBTQ dialcohols. Optical resolution of the racemic 2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl) derivative was achieved via the diastereomeric (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol ethers and the absolute configuration of the enantiomers was determined by CD exciton model analysis. The electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra and the specific rotation of the enantiomers were found to agree with the results of DFT calculations. Among the Cs‐symmetrical isomers, the “proximal” 2,11‐dialdehyde and the corresponding benzylic dialcohol were identified by 2D NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallographic analysis, respectively, and used as the starting point for the synthesis of several novel dithiametacyclophanes. These include the first “dimeric” tribenzotriquinacene‐based cyclophanes bearing the bowls of the two TBTQ units attached to each other in a syn (concave–concave) or anti (convex–concave) configuration. The usefulness of such thiacyclophanes as fluorescent chemosensors for different metal ions is also demonstrated.
Homoleptic Zincate‐Promoted Room‐Temperature Halogen–Metal Exchange of Bromopyridines
Authors: Chau Nguyet Trang Thanh , Meyer Maxime , Komagawa Shinsuke , Chevallier Floris , Fort Yves , Uchiyama Masanobu , Mongin Florence , Gros Philippe C.
Published: September 2010

Homoleptic lithium tri‐ and tetraalkyl zincates were reacted with a set of bromopyridines. Efficient and chemoselective bromine–metal exchanges were realized at room temperature with a substoichiometric amount of nBu4ZnLi2⋅TMEDA reagent (1/3 equiv; TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine). This reactivity contrasted with that of tBu4ZnLi2⋅TMEDA, which was inefficient below one equivalent. DFT calculations allowed us to rationalize the formation of N⋅⋅⋅Li stabilized polypyridyl zincates in the reaction. The one‐pot difunctionalization of dibromopyridines was also realized using the reagent stoichiometrically. The direct creation of CZn bonds in bromopyridines enabled us to perform efficient Negishi‐type cross‐couplings.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Sr3Sc(BO3)3.
Authors: THOMPSON P. D. , KESZLER D. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Thallium Sulfarsenites Tl3AsS3 and TlAsS2 (Thallium(I)‐ Thioarsenates(III)): Structural Characterization and Syntheses.
Authors: YANG Z.‐M. , PERTLIK F.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase IR Spectrum of 7‐Azaindole. Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Field and Complete Spectrum Assignment.
Authors: CANE E. , PALMIERI P. , TARRONI R. , TROMBETTI A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of a Protonated Silanol: tBu3Si(OH2)+.
Authors: XIE Z. , BAU R. , REED C. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Silanes with a Stereogenic Center at Silicon via Hydrosilylation of Symmetric Ketones with Prochiral Diaryl Silanes Catalyzed by BINAP‐Rh(I) Complexes.
Authors: OHTA T. , ITO M. , TSUNETO A. , TAKAYA H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Optically Active Aziridine Carboxylates by Lipase‐ Catalyzed Alcoholysis.
Authors: MARTRES M. , GIL G. , MEOU A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Introduction of Carbon‐Carbon Bond via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution.
Authors: ARTAMKINA G. A. , BELETSKAYA I. P.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1,1,2,4,4‐Pentachloro‐1‐buten‐3‐one with Mono‐ and Bifunctional Nucleophilic Reagents.
Authors: POTKIN V. I. , KABERDIN R. V.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (2 + 2) Photocycloaddition of Cinnamyloxy Silanes.
Authors: WARD S. C. , FLEMING S. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cleavage of C‐S Bond by Samarium Diiodide: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Disulfides and Thiolesters.
Authors: JIA X. , ZHANG Y. , ZHOU X.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silyl Stabilization of Unsymmetrical Bisketenes: 3‐(Trimethylsilyl) and 3‐(Triisopropylsilyl)‐2‐substituted‐1,3‐butadiene‐1,4‐diones.
Authors: ALLEN A. D. , JI R. , LAI W.‐Y. , MA J. , TIDWELL T. T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Ethinyl Carbinols Instead of the Isomeric Aldehydes for Aldolisation Reactions.
Authors: DUCHESNE J.‐P. , JULIA M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.