bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blank experimental study on the determination of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes by chemical conversion method
Authors: Zong Yuhan , Hu Jing , Wang Yadi , Sun Hongliang , Li Yuliang , Liu Weiguo
Published: November 2019

The reduction of nitrate to nitrous oxide by chemical conversion has the characteristics of simple operation and high sensitivity.
Unusual adsorption behaviours and responsive structural dynamics via selective gate effects of an hourglass porous metal–organic framework
Authors: Xiong Ying , Fan Yan-Zhong , Wei Zhang-Wen , Chen Cheng-Xia , Chen Sha , Wang Dawei , Barboiu Mihail , Jiang Ji-Jun , Su Cheng-Yong
Published: November 2019

A Cu2+ based metal–organic framework exhibits dynamic behaviour upon guest inclusion/release process, and performing stepwise sorption isotherms for various gas. We elucidate detailed mechanisms under its exceptional sorption behavior.
Metal–organic framework gels and monoliths
Authors: Hou Jingwei , Sapnik Adam F. , Bennett Thomas D.
Published: November 2019

This perspective links the synthesis of MOF Gels to the formation of MOF-monoliths and their resultant properties and application.
Mechanism of ion conductivity through polymer-stabilized CsH2PO4 nanoparticular layers from experiment and theory
Authors: Wagner Maximilian , Dreßler Christian , Lohmann-Richters Felix P. , Hanus Kevin , Sebastiani Daniel , Varga Aron , Abel Bernd
Published: November 2019

Rate limiting impact of porous electrodes in solid acid fuel cells was described with a combined experimental and computational approach.
The sensitivity of Cu for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction to hydrocarbons as revealed by high throughput experiments
Authors: Lai Yungchieh , Jones Ryan J. R. , Wang Yu , Zhou Lan , Richter Matthias H. , Gregoire John
Published: November 2019

The uniqueness of Cu for CO2 electroreduction is accompanied by high sensitivity to contaminants, but alloys can tune product selectivity.
The scaling of the ligand concentration and Soret effect induced phase transition in CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Li Jiagen , Hu Menglei , Wang Zhaojin , Lu Yihua , Wang Kai , Zhu Xi
Published: November 2019

An intelligent chemistry strategy based automated machine is applied for the study of the phase transition in CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs).
Tardigrade inspired polyelectrolyte complexation and functional materials
Authors: Zhang Fang , Song Changyuan , Zhu Xiangwei , Gong Jiang , Zhao Qiang
Published: November 2019

A Tardigrade inspired cryogenic strategy was proposed to process polyelectrolyte complexes with tailored structures and energy functionalities.
A novel fluorescent nanocellulosic hydrogel based on carbon dots for efficient adsorption and sensitive sensing in heavy metals
Authors: Guo Xin , Xu Dong , Yuan Hanmeng , Luo Qiuyan , Tang Shiyao , Liu Liu , Wu Yiqiang
Published: November 2019

A novel fluorescent nanocellulosic hydrogel based on carbon dots for efficient adsorption and sensitive sensing of heavy metals was synthesized.
Tuning the electrical conductivity of amorphous carbon/reduced graphene oxide wrapped-Co3O4ternary nanofibers for highly sensitive chemical sensors
Authors: Feng Qiuxia , Zeng Yamei , Xu Pengcheng , Lin Shiwei , Feng Chao , Li Xiaogan , Wang Jing
Published: November 2019

The electrical conductivity of amorphous carbon/reduced graphene oxide(rGO)-wrapped Co3O4nanofibers prepared by the electrospinning process is for the first time finely tuned creatively by the thermal-etching process in a controlled O2environment.
Moisture resistance evaluation on single electronic package moulding compound
Authors: Tan Cher Ming , Narula Udit , Seow Guan Ling , Sangwan Vivek , Chen Ching Hsiang , Lin Shu Ping , Chen Jia Yuan
Published: November 2019

Non-destructive evaluation indices that correlate with the moisture resistance of integrated circuit packages are developed.
Methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri ameliorates CCl4 induced hepatic injuries by regulation of genes in rats
Authors: Zai Jawaid Ahmed , Khan Muhammad Rashid , Mughal Zaib un Nisa , Batool Riffat , Naz Irum , Maryam Sonia , Zahra Zartash
Published: November 2019

We have investigated the protective potential of methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri (IAM) on the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated genes and inflammatory genes on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Hepatic damage markers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin were elevated while the content of antioxidants: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in CCl4 treated rats as compared to the control group. The CCl4 intoxication induced a higher expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), X-box-binding protein 1 total (XBP1t), spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s), unspliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1u), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), mothers against DPP homolog 3 (SMAD3), alpha skeletal muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1). The intoxicated rats showed a low expression of the glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like-2 (Nrf2). The administration of IAM to intoxicated rats restored the expression of ER stress, inflammatory, fibrosis and antioxidant genes in a dose dependent manner. Our results indicated that IAM can impede the ER stress and inflammatory genes and it could be a complementary and alternative therapeutic agent for oxidative stress associated disorders.
Upper extremity and craniofacial vascularized composite allotransplantation: ethics and immunosuppression
Authors: Benedict James , Magill Gerard
Published: November 2019

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is the name most often used to refer to the transplantation of anatomical units composed of multiple tissue types (skin, bone, muscle, tendon, nerves, vessels, etc.) when such transplants do not have the primary purpose of extending life, as is the case in the more familiar field of solid organ transplantation (SOT). A serious interest in VCA developed in the late twentieth century following advances in immunosuppression which had led to significant improvements in short and medium-term survival among SOT recipients. Several ethical concerns have been raised about VCA, with many being connected in one way or another to the limitations, burdens, and risks associated with immunosuppression. This article will focus on upper extremity and craniofacial VCA, beginning with a brief review of the history of VCA including reported outcomes, followed by a discussion of the range of ethical concerns, before exploring in greater detail how immunological issues inform and shape several of the ethical concerns.
Thermal analysis and derating of a power transformer with harmonic loads
Authors: Mikhak‐Beyranvand Morteza , Faiz Jawad , Rezaeealam Behrooz
Published: November 2019

Thermal conditions of power transformers in abnormal operating conditions such as harmonic loads can be considered as a critical case. In this study, thermal analysis of transformer and additional imposed heat on it, caused by non‐linear loads, are addressed. For this purpose, an appropriate thermal equivalent circuit is used in which temperature of different parts of oil‐immersed power transformers are obtained for harmonic loads. The losses of various components of transformer as heat‐generating sources are estimated. At this end, an appropriate three‐dimensional finite element method is applied to estimate the losses of different parts of transformer. To keep the transformer temperature rise around the permissible value, the transformer is derated. Transformer derating based on the IEEE Std C57.110–2008 recommendation considerably reduces the transformer loading capability. Therefore, this study introduces a new technique for derating of transformer for harmonic loads. This enhances the transformer thermal limits and transformer loading capacity.
Decision making on the state of transformers based on insulation condition using AHP and TOPSIS methods
Authors: Madavan Rengaraj , Saroja Subbaraj
Published: November 2019

The evaluation and selection of state of transformers based on their mineral oil data are quite difficult. In this study, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions (TOPSISs) are used as the multi‐criteria decision support methodologies to provide a simple approach to rank transformers based on their mineral oil data and to help decision makers to identify the transformer, which is in the most critical state. AHP is exercised for both priority weight calculation and ranking of transformers. The AHP method is used for weight calculation, and then transformers are ranked using TOPSIS. Here, data of 69 in‐service and 12 failed transformers in Tamil Nadu state in India is collected for assessment. From the results, transformers with good insulation condition are ranked at top, while the transformers are given lower ranks if they are found to have bad health. It is proved that decisions yielded by both methods are in agreement with reality.
Identification of internal fault against external abnormalities in power transformer using hierarchical ensemble extreme learning machine technique
Authors: Raichura Maulik B. , Chothani Nilesh G. , Patel Dharmesh D.
Published: November 2019

Various unwanted phenomena that are taken place in the transformer may occasionally mal‐operate selected fault classification based protective schemes. Hence, it is necessary to discriminate internal fault from external abnormal conditions for unit protection of power transformer. This study presents a new hierarchical ensemble extreme learning machine (HE‐ELM) based classifier technique to identify faults in & out of transformer. The component extreme learning machine (ELM) is structured hierarchically to improve its fault data classification accuracy. The developed algorithm is evaluated by simulating multiple disorders on 100 MVA, 132/220 kV transformer with the help of PSCAD software. DWT is used to extract features from acquired current signals from transformer. The feature vector formed after extraction process is fed to the HE‐ELM algorithm for data classification. The fault discrimination accuracy of HE‐ELM technique is 99.91%. This shows its effectiveness with respect to other classifier techniques. Moreover, the developed algorithm is successfully tested on hardware prototype in laboratory environment under various inrush and fault conditions using Cortex M4 microcontroller (STM32F407) with maximum identification time of 27 ms. The proposed HE‐ELM technique is compared with existing support vector machine, probabilistic neural network and ELM techniques for identical fault data. Results demonstrate that HE‐ELM outperforms than existing schemes in cross‐domain recognition task.
Reserve price of risk-averse search engine in keyword auctions with advertisers’ endogenous investment
Authors: Yang Qin , Hong Xianpei , Wang Zongjun , Zhang Huaige
Published: November 2019

Motivated by vigorous development of keyword auctions, this paper analyzes the reserve price policies in keyword auction with advertisers’ endogenous investment and risk-averse search engine. We explore advertisers’ optimal investment and equilibrium bidding strategies and derive the determination functions where utility-maximizing reserve price and efficient reserve price which maximizes the social welfare satisfy respectively. The results show that advertisers’ equilibrium bidding is monotonously increasing in bidders’ valuations, the number of advertisers, as well as the reserve price. Meanwhile, advertisers’ optimal investment is negatively correlated with reserve price and the number of advertisers. By numerical examples, the utility-maximizing reserve price decreases with the risk aversion parameter and the number of advertisers. Search engine’s expected utility increases with risk aversion parameter and decreases with the number of advertisers. Moreover, we declare that search engine can use reserve price as a regulatory tool to increase the utility. But there is an upper bound on search engine’s utility. It is interesting to find the efficient reserve price equals to zero. Hence there is a trade-off between total efficiency and search engine’s utility by search engine that has incentive to withhold reserve price that would benefit social welfare.
Prävention im Hautschutzzentrum – ein Konzept zur erfolgreichen Vermeidung von Berufsunfähigkeit
Authors: Siekmann A. , Friedlein H. , Neuber H.
Published: November 2019

Berufsbedingte Erkrankungen der Haut erfordern umfangreiche Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung einer krankheitsbedingten Berufsaufgabe. Adäquate Diagnostik und Therapie sind wichtig, aber zur Wiederherstellung von Arbeitsfähigkeit und hautgesunder Weiterbeschäftigung allein oft nicht ausreichend. Das Konzept eines Hautschutzzentrums vereint alle wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Intervention in Zusammenarbeit mit den Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherern. Entscheidend ist die zeitnahe, umfassende Evaluation aller Ursachen sowie deren Beseitigung. Je länger die entscheidenden Stellschrauben nicht gedreht werden, desto eher ist durch Chronifizierung und Entstehen von Allergien ein Krankheitszustand erreicht, der ein hautgesundes Weiterarbeiten in dem häufig geliebten Beruf unmöglich macht. Neben organisatorischen und technischen Veränderungen beruht ein wesentlicher Teil des Erfolgs eines Hautschutzzentrums auf der Induktion und dem dauerhaften Etablieren grundlegender Verhaltensänderungen der Betroffenen.
Osteoporose beim Idiopathischem Parkinson-Syndrom: Risikopatienten erkennen, diagnostizieren und richtig behandeln
Authors: Bergmann Philipp , Emmert Kirsten , Maetzler Walter
Published: November 2019

Patienten mit idiopathischem Parkinson-Syndrom (IPS) erkranken deutlich häufiger als die Allgemeinheit an Osteoporose. Dies kann sowohl auf Gemeinsamkeiten in der Pathogenese als auch auf die Begleiterkrankungen des IPS, von denen zahlreiche Risikofaktoren für Osteoporose darstellen, zurückgeführt werden. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Risikofaktoren vorgestellt, auf die in der Praxis geachtet werden sollte. Insbesondere wird auf Vitamin D-Mangel, Hyperhomocysteinämie in Zusammenhang mit Levodopa-Einnahme und Mangelernährung sowie Konsequenzen der Immobilität eingegangen. Aufgrund des erhöhten Osteoporoserisikos ist es sinnvoll, dass nach der Diagnosestellung des IPS eine Basisdiagnostik der Osteoporose erfolgt und die IPS-Patienten auch im Verlauf immer wieder auf Osteoporose untersucht werden. Obwohl der Zusammenhang von IPS und Osteoporose allgemein bekannt ist, führt die Diagnose einer Osteoporose beim IPS häufig nicht zu einer ausreichenden Therapie. Konkret kann die Osteoporose bei IPS-Patienten durch Physio- und Ergotherapie, eine Anpassung von Lebensstil (Reduzierung von Alkohol und Nikotinkonsum) und Ernährung, großzügige Supplementierung von Vitamin D und durch Gabe einer spezifischen antiosteoporotischen Medikation, wie z. B. Bisphosphonaten, behandelt werden. Eine Studie, die noch validiert werden muss, zeigt auch einen positiven Effekt einer Substitution von Folsäure und Cobalamin, um die Homocystein-Serumkonzentration zu senken. Bei der medikamentösen Behandlung ist bei IPS-Patienten auch insbesondere zu beachten, dass die orale Einnahme der Medikamente einen suffizienten Schluckakt voraussetzt. Für IPS-Patienten mit kritischer Dysphagie stehen auch parenterale Applikationsformen zur Verfügung. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Behandlung des IPS und der Osteoporose bedarf es somit eines interdisziplinären und multiprofessionellen Behandlungsteams, das Neurologen, Geriater und Ernährungsmediziner mit einschließt.
Depression, Osteoporose, Stürze und Frakturen
Authors: Rapp Kilian , Pfeiffer Klaus
Published: November 2019

Die Depression geht mit einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko einher. Da Fragilitätsfrakturen meist Folge eines Sturzes und/oder einer erhöhten Knochenbrüchigkeit sind, beschreibt die Übersichtsarbeit, über welche Wege die Depression Sturzrisiko und Knochendichte beeinflussen kann.

Patienten mit Depression haben ein um 50 % erhöhtes Sturzrisiko. Diskutierte Gründe sind körperliche Inaktivität, Verlust der Muskelmasse und mit einer Depression einhergehende und mit Stürzen assoziierte Gangstörungen. Zudem erhöhen Antidepressiva das Sturzrisiko um ca. 70 %.

Bei Patienten mit Depression findet sich auch eine verminderte Knochendichte. Faktoren wie körperliche Inaktivität, geringe Sonnenlichtexposition, Rauchen, Alkoholkonsum und Untergewicht, von denen bekannt ist, dass sie einen negativen Einfluss auf die Knochendichte haben, sind bei depressiven Personen häufiger anzutreffen. Zudem haben die bei Depression beobachtete erhöhte sympathische Aktivität, pro-inflammatorische Zytokine und erhöhte Serumkortisonwerte einen potentiell schädigenden Effekt auf den Knochen. Ein direkt schädigender Effekt auf den Knochen wird für die Substanzklasse der SSRIs diskutiert.

Die Beziehung zwischen Depression und Fraktur ist nicht unidirektional. Stürze und Frakturen können ihrerseits zu Sturzangst und Depression führen.

Therapeutisch hat körperliches Training einen moderaten Effekt auf die depressive Symptomatik. Für spezifische Sturzpräventionsprogramme konnte dies bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Kognitiv-behaviorale Ansätze stehen zur Therapie der Sturzangst zur Verfügung. Der Einsatz von Antidepressiva sollte auf mittelschwere und schwere Depressionen beschränkt werden. Der Beginn sollte mit niedrigen Dosen erfolgen, Blutdruck und Elektrolyte müssen kontrolliert werden. Trizyklische Antidepressiva sollten bei älteren Patienten ganz vermieden werden.

Depression/Antidepressiva finden als Risikofaktoren in den DVO-Leitlinien Berücksichtigung.
Phytotherapeutische Antworten auf bakterielle Resistenzentwicklung
Authors: Brendieck-Worm Cäcilia
Published: November 2019

Die Anwendung von sekundären Pflanzenstoffen in Form von, auf Wirksamkeit und Unbedenklichkeit geprüften, Phytopharmaka, wie dem in der Tiermedizin seit langem bewährten Angocin® Anti-Infekt N in Therapiekonzepten gegen Infektionen, ist aus erfahrungsmedizinischer Sicht sinnvoll und medizinisch zu rechtfertigen.

Die Therapieerfolge mit Angocin® Anti-Infekt N beim Hund, insbesondere bei Infektionen der Atemwege und der Harnwege, sind überzeugend, insbesondere angesichts des geringen Risikos von unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen.
Direct Transformation of Propargylic Alcohols and O,O-Diethyl Phosphorothioic Acid into S-(2H-Chromen-4-yl) Phosphorothioates
Authors: Song Xian-Rong , Yang Tao , Ding Haixin , Xiao Qiang
Published: November 2019

An environmentally benign and efficient method has been successfully developed to generate S-(2H-chromen-4-yl) phosphorothioates from easily available 2-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)phenols and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioic acid [(EtO)2P(O)SH] with water as the only byproduct. The reaction proceeds smoothly in moderate to excellent yields. It is noted that (EtO)2P(O)SH acts not only as an acid promoter, but also as the nucleophile to attack the allenic carbocation intermediate.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Couplings under Acidic Conditions
Authors: Pruschinski Lucas , Lücke Ana-Luiza , Freese Tyll , Kahnert Sean-Ray , Mummel Sebastian , Schmidt Andreas
Published: November 2019

Suzuki–Miyaura reactions with Pd(PPh3)4 have been carried out using lithium N-phenylsydnone-4-carboxylate as additive, which gave best yields at pH 5.7 in a mixture of acetic acid, water, and sodium carbonate. Reaction parameters such as the Pd source, the solvent, reaction time and temperature, acid, base and carboxylate have been varied and some representative examples of the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction have been examined.
Organophosphorus-induced extrapyramidal intermediate syndrome in an adolescent suicide attempt survivor
Authors: Sarkar Sumantra , Nandi Madhumita , Mondal Rakesh , Mandal Sandip Kumar
Published: November 2019

The victims of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisoning usually present with acute cholinergic crisis, due to the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Any neurological complication in the form of intermediate syndrome is rare and its presentation with extrapyramidal symptoms is even rarer. The authors report such a case in a 12-year-old adolescent girl, who survived a near lethal suicidal attempt.
A patient with pycnodysostosis presenting with seizures and porencephalic cysts
Authors: Kumar Subhash
Published: November 2019

Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cysteine protease Cathepsin K gene located on chromosome 1q21. It has a well characterized skeletal phenotype which include short stature, generalized increased bone density with propensity of fractures, open calvarial sutures and fontanelle, dental abnormalities, obtuse mandibular angle, resorption of lateral end of clavicle, acro-osteolysis, and in some cases visceromegaly. Central nervous system involvement is very rare and porencephalic cysts has been reported only once, the cause being hypothesised to be an imbalance between the growing brain, its vascular supply and intraventricular fluid pressure. We had a patient with bilateral frontal lobe porencephalic cysts; the patient presenting with complex partial seizures. Cathepsins have been found to be involved in neurological diseases and role of proteases has been well established in gliosis.
Fully epitaxial magnetic tunnel junction on a silicon wafer
Authors: Yakushiji Kay , Sugihara Atsushi , Nakano Takafumi , Yuasa Shinji
Published: November 2019

We developed a fully epitaxial magnetic tunnel junction on an 8″ silicon wafer by using a mass-production sputtering apparatus and achieved a high magnetoresistance ratio exceeding 240% at room temperature. One of the key factors in this achievement is the use of a B2-type Ni-Al seed layer on the wafer as a (001)-oriented and an atomically smooth template. Another is the insertion of a thin Al layer prior to MgO sputtering as protection from plasma damage, resulting in the formation of a spinel-type single-crystal Mg-Al-O tunnel barrier after in situ annealing. This epitaxial technology for transition metals on large wafers will lead to advanced practical spintronics devices incorporating high-performance single-crystalline materials such as chemical-ordered alloys and tunnel barriers.
Reduced nonradiative recombination in semipolar green-emitting III-N quantum wells with strain-reducing AlInN buffer layers
Authors: Farr Philipp , Horenburg Philipp , Bremers Heiko , Rossow Uwe , Tendille Florian , Vennégués Philippe , de Mierry Philippe , Zúñiga-Pérez Jesús , Hangleiter Andreas
Published: November 2019

Using strain-reducing partially relaxed AlInN buffer layers, we observe reduced nonradiative recombination in semipolar green-emitting GaInN/GaN quantum wells. Since strain is a key issue for the formation of defects that act as nonradiative recombination centers, we aim to reduce the lattice mismatch between GaInN and GaN by introducing an AlInN buffer layer that can be grown lattice-matched along one of the in-plane directions of GaN, even in the semipolar (112¯2) orientation. With the increasing thickness, the buffer layer shows partial relaxation in one direction and thereby provides a growth template with reduced lattice mismatch for the subsequent GaInN quantum wells. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements show reduced nonradiative recombination for the structures with a strain-reducing buffer layer.
Mode transitions of a helium dielectric barrier discharge from Townsend, normal glow, to abnormal glow with varying voltage rising time
Authors: Gao Kun , Liu Rui , Jia Pengying , Ren Chenhua , Wu Kaiyue , He Xingran , Li Xuechen
Published: November 2019

Transition from a Townsend mode to a normal glow mode has been reported in the literature for uniform dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure. In this paper, through a one-dimensional fluid model, more modes of uniform DBD in helium and transitions between them are found with varying rising time of a saw-tooth voltage. The results indicate that a positive discharge initiates at the positive-slope voltage phase, whose pulse duration decreases, while the peak value increases with decreasing rising time. During this process, a negative discharge initiating at the negative-slope voltage phase keeps weakening to almost zero current. The predominant positive discharge is then investigated through analyzing spatial distributions of electron density, ion density, and electric field at the peak current moment. In combination with the voltage-current curve, discharge modes of DBD are revealed to transit from a Townsend, a normal glow, to an abnormal glow with decreasing voltage rising time. These mode transitions are qualitatively explained by analyzing the gap voltage and electron density averaged in the gap just before discharge initiation. The results also suggest that by reducing the rising time or increasing voltage amplitude, DBD is prone to operate in the abnormal glow mode. Moreover, DBD in the abnormal glow mode has an increasing peak current and a decreasing pulse duration with increasing voltage amplitude. Finally, the critical voltage amplitude is given as a function of voltage rising time for the mode transitions from the Townsend to the normal glow and the normal glow to the abnormal glow.
Discrete and continuous models of probability flux of switching dynamics: Uncovering stochastic oscillations in a toggle-switch system
Authors: Terebus Anna , Liu Chun , Liang Jie
Published: November 2019

The probability flux and velocity in stochastic reaction networks can help in characterizing dynamic changes in probability landscapes of these networks. Here, we study the behavior of three different models of probability flux, namely, the discrete flux model, the Fokker-Planck model, and a new continuum model of the Liouville flux. We compare these fluxes that are formulated based on, respectively, the chemical master equation, the stochastic differential equation, and the ordinary differential equation. We examine similarities and differences among these models at the nonequilibrium steady state for the toggle switch network under different binding and unbinding conditions. Our results show that at a strong stochastic condition of weak promoter binding, continuum models of Fokker-Planck and Liouville fluxes deviate significantly from the discrete flux model. Furthermore, we report the discovery of stochastic oscillation in the toggle-switch system occurring at weak binding conditions, a phenomenon captured only by the discrete flux model.
Universal nature of dynamic heterogeneity in glass-forming liquids: A comparative study of metallic and polymeric glass-forming liquids
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Xu Wen-Sheng , Zhang Hao , Douglas Jack F.
Published: November 2019

Glass-formation is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is often observed in a broad class of materials ranging from biological matter to commonly encountered synthetic polymer, as well as metallic and inorganic glass-forming (GF) materials. Despite the many regularities in the dynamical properties of GF materials, the structural origin of the universal dynamical properties of these materials has not yet been identified. Recent simulations of coarse-grained polymeric GF liquids have indicated the coexistence of clusters of mobile and immobile particles that appear to be directly linked, respectively, to the rate of molecular diffusion and structural relaxation. The present work examines the extent to which these distinct types of “dynamic heterogeneity” (DH) arise in metallic GF liquids (Cu-Zr, Ni-Nb, and Pd-Si alloys) having a vastly different molecular structure and chemistry. We first identified mobile and immobile particles and their transient clusters and found the DH in the metallic alloys to be remarkably similar in form to polymeric GF liquids, confirming the “universality” of the DH phenomenon. Furthermore, the lifetime of the mobile particle clusters was found to be directly related to the rate of diffusion in these materials, while the lifetime of immobile particles was found to be proportional to the structural relaxation time, providing some insight into the origin of decoupling in GF liquids. An examination of particles having a locally preferred atomic packing, and clusters of such particles, suggests that there is no one-to-one relation between these populations of particles so that an understanding of the origin of DH in terms of static fluid structure remains elusive.
Atomic structures and local electronic properties of K- and Rh-modified ceria/Pt(111) inverse model catalysts
Authors: Chen Haoran , Rong Wenhui , Huang Zhichao , Peng Zhantao , Xu Zhen , Zhou Junyi , Di Bin , Zhou Xiong , Wu Kai
Published: November 2019

Ceria has been widely applied as a support in heterogeneous catalysis due to its unique capability to store and release oxygen. As a typical inverse model catalyst, a ceria/Pt(111) system has attracted much attention due to its strong metal-oxide interaction. The structural and electronic properties of the ceria/Pt(111) system can be effectively modified by the introduction of alien K and Rh atoms. Here, the K- and Rh-modified ceria/Pt(111) inverse model catalysts have been investigated with high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and apparent local work function measurement. The experimental results indicate that the K atoms prefer to occupy the top sites of the stoichiometric ceria, while the Rh atoms are prone to stay at the electron-rich ceria island edges. The K and Rh atoms act as an electron donor and acceptor on ceria/Pt(111), respectively. Such a study on the modification of the ceria-based catalysts should help understand strong metal-oxide interaction in heterogeneous catalysis at the atomic level.
Reference Correlations for the Viscosity of Molten LiF-NaF-KF, LiF-BeF2, and Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3
Authors: Tasidou K. Α. , Magnusson J. , Munro T. , Assael M. J.
Published: November 2019

In 1974, reference correlations for the viscosity of molten LiF-NaF-KF, LiF-BeF2, and Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 were proposed by Janz and have been extensively used since then. However, in the last 45 years, many additional measurements have been published. This is why in this paper, new reference correlations for the viscosity of these salts are proposed. All available experimental data for the viscosity of these three molten salts have been critically examined with the intention of establishing improved or new reference viscosity correlations. All experimental data have been categorized into primary and secondary data according to the quality of measurement specified by a series of criteria. The reference correlation proposed for LiF-NaF-KF, with an uncertainty of 2.9% at the 95% confidence level, expands the temperature range of the previous correlation from (770–970) K to (732–1163) K and retains its uncertainty. The correlation proposed for LiF-BeF2, with an uncertainty of 4.9% at the 95% confidence level, expands the high temperature range of the previous correlation from (740–870) K to (793–1573) K, with a slight loss in its uncertainty. It is, however, a much better correlation as it is based upon measurements not available at the time of the previous one. Finally, the reference correlation for Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3, with an uncertainty of 3%, also expands the temperature range of the previous correlation from (920–1170) K to (738–1170) K and retains its uncertainty.
Creating and controlling non-Rayleigh speckles
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: November 2019

A method is developed to control and create spatially random light fields, a type of complex light which occurs in all varieties of waves.
Introduction to meta-cognitive processes of thought separation: an illustrative overview / Introducción a los procesos metacognitivos de separación del propio pensamiento: una visión general ilustrativa
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Paredes Borja , Gandarillas Beatriz
Published: November 2019

The main goal of this introductory article is to provide an overview of some of the main empirical illustrations relevant to the psychology of separating from one’s thoughts. Separating from our own thoughts often involves thinking about our own thoughts (meta-cognition). We describe meta-cognitive processes relevant to how individuals calibrate and control the impact of their thoughts on judgement and behaviour. Amongst other things, this special issue presents us with an opportunity to examine the similarities and differences between key contributions focused on correction and suppression processes, decentering approaches and separating from thoughts by using a variety of techniques. In addition to these paradigms covered in the articles of this special issue, we review other approaches that also involve reducing the impact of thoughts, with special attention to invalidation processes. Additional frameworks relevant to mental separation included in this review are those relevant to non-evaluative observation of thoughts, psychological distance and mental hygiene.
Deliberate practice in training differentiates the best Kenyan and Spanish long‐distance runners
Authors: Casado Arturo , Hanley Brian , Ruiz‐Pérez Luis Miguel
Published: November 2019

The aim of this novel research was to compare the amount of systematic training and the different training activities undertaken by elite‐standard long‐distance runners during their first seven years of systematic training. Participants were divided into three performance groups: world‐class Kenyans (N = 19), European‐standard Spanish athletes (N = 18), and Spanish national‐standard athletes (N = 18). Performance and training data were obtained for two‐year periods using retrospective recall (including training diaries) from the time the athletes began systematic training, until the seventh year after. These activities included high‐intensity training sessions considered deliberate practice (DP) and easy runs. There was no evidence that starting systematic training at a younger age was advantageous, and easy runs (a non‐DP activity) were the most used by participants as a proportion of overall running distance. As part of an overall higher accumulation of distance run (P < 0.001, d ≥ 1.35), the Kenyans completed more tempo runs and short‐interval training than the other groups (P < 0.001, d ≥ 1.38), but did not complete more long intervals or races. There were few differences between the European‐ and national‐standard athletes except for easy runs, which highlights the value of these easy runs but also the need for higher‐intensity training to compete with world‐class performers. When planning for training overload and progression, long‐distance running coaches should consider increasing the volume of tempo runs and short intervals, in addition to easier runs that develop cardiovascular conditioning.
Epitaxial growth and air-stability of monolayer Cu2Te*
Authors: Qian K , Gao L , Li H , Zhang S , Yan J H , Liu C , Wang J O , Qian T , Ding H , Zhang Y Y , Lin X , Du S X , Gao H-J
Published: November 2019

A new two-dimensional atomic crystal, monolayer cuprous telluride (Cu2Te) has been fabricated on a graphene-SiC(0001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) characterization shows that the monolayer Cu2Te forms a

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superstructure with respect to the graphene substrate. The atomic structure of the monolayer Cu2Te is investigated through a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The stoichiometry of the Cu2Te sample is verified by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement. The angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data present the electronic band structure of the sample, which is in good agreement with the calculated results. Furthermore, air-exposure experiments reveal the chemical stability of the monolayer Cu2Te. The fabrication of this new 2D material with a particular structure may bring new physical properties for future applications.
Soliton evolution and control in a two-mode fiber with two-photon absorption
Authors: Li Qianying
Published: November 2019

Soliton dynamics are numerically investigated in a two-mode fiber with the two-photon absorption, and the effects of the two-photon absorption on the soliton propagation and interaction are demonstrated in different dispersion regimes. Soliton dynamics depend strictly on the sign and magnitude of the group velocity dispersion (GVD) coefficient of each mode and the strength (coefficient) of the two-photon absorption. The two-photon absorption leads to the soliton collapse, enhances the neighboring soliton interaction in both modes, and increases the energy exchange between the two modes. Finally, an available control is proposed to suppress the effects by the use of the nonlinear gain with filter.
Data augmentation for self-paced motor imagery classification with C-LSTM
Authors: Freer Daniel , Yang Guang-Zhong
Published: November 2019

Objective. Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are becoming important tools for assistive technology, particularly through the use of motor imagery (MI) for aiding task completion. However, most existing methods of MI classification have been applied in a trial-wise fashion, with window sizes of approximately 2 s or more. Application of this type of classifier could cause a delay when switching between MI events. Approach. In this study, state-of-the-art classification methods for motor imagery are assessed offline with considerations for real-time and self-paced control, and a convolutional long-short term memory (C-LSTM) network based on filter bank common spatial patterns (FBCSP) is proposed. In addition, the effects of several methods of data augmentation on different classifiers are explored. Main results. The results of this study show that the proposed network achieves adequate results in distinguishing between different control classes, but both considered deep learning models are still less reliable than a Riemannian MDM classifier. In addition, controlled skewing of the data and the explored data augmentation methods improved the average overall accuracy of the classifiers by 14.0% and 5.3%, respectively. Significance. This manuscript is among the first to attempt combining convolutional and recurrent neural network layers for the purpose of MI classification, and is also one of the first to provide an in-depth comparison of various data augmentation methods for MI classification. In addition, all of these methods are applied on smaller windows of data and with consideration to ambient data, which provides a more realistic test bed for real-time and self-paced control.
Dynamic manoeuvres of KCS in waves using URANS computations with overset grids
Authors: Jin Yuting , Magee Allan R , Yiew Lucas J , Zheng Yingying
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a CFD URANS approach to model self-propelled free running maneouvres for autonomous or remote-controlled surface vessels in calm water and Stokes waves. The object of study in this paper is a benchmark container ship KCS. A hierarchy of overset grids are utilised, allowing active rudder motions while the vessel is undertaking 6 DoF turning circle and zig-zag manoeuvres. Body force propeller model (BFM) is adopted to drive the vessel at a constant approaching speed corresponds to Fr=0.26. Verification and validation study is performed for estimating the numerical uncertainties within the computations. In calm water, the computed vessel trajectories and velocities are compared against experimental data from literature and mathematical model (MM) based simulation results. Differences between URANS and experimental data are around 10.0%. After introducing waves, the manoeuvring behaviour of the vessel changes due to the presence of wave frequency loads and drift loads. The wave frequency loads exert fluctuations on measurements such as velocity, yaw rate, vessel encounted loads and etc., while the drift loads result in shift in the vessel’s trajectory especially for the turning circle manoeuvre.
Simplifying interactions between autonomous and conventional ships with e-Navigation
Authors: Porathe Thomas , Rødseth Ørnulf Jan
Published: November 2019

Ships in autonomous mode will for a long time interact with conventional ships with human decision-makers on the bridge. For safety it will be necessary to simplify this interaction and this paper discusses three areas which will be crucial in this respect: the collision regulations, e-navigation and traffic separation schemes. To be able to code collision avoidance algorithms COLREGS must be quantified. Soft enumerations like “good seamanship” needs to be made machine-readable. At the same time, such attempts threaten to make them less human-readable. On the positive side e-Navigation services like route exchange promises to make ship intentions more transparent and paired with an extended network of Traffic Separation Schemes future interaction between manned ships and ships in autonomous mode can be facilitated.
Projecting global urban land expansion and heat island intensification through 2050
Authors: Huang Kangning , Li Xia , Liu Xiaoping , Seto Karen C
Published: November 2019

Urban populations are expected to increase by 2–3 billion by 2050, but we have limited understanding of how future global urban expansion will affect urban heat island (UHI) and hence change the geographic distributions of extreme heat risks. Here we develop spatially explicit probabilistic global projections of UHI intensification due to urban land expansion through 2050. Our projections show that urban land areas are expected to expand by 0.6–1.3 million km2 between 2015 and 2050, an increase of 78%–171% over the urban footprint in 2015. This urban land expansion will result in average summer daytime and nighttime warming in air temperature of 0.5 °C–0.7 °C, up to ∼3 °C in some locations. This warming is on average about half, and sometimes up to two times, as strong as that caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (multi-model ensemble average projections in Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5). This extra urban expansion-induced warming, presented here, will increase extreme heat risks for about half of the future urban population, primarily in the tropical Global South, where existing forecasts already indicate stronger GHG emissions-warming and lack of adaptive capacity. In these vulnerable urban areas, policy interventions to restrict or redistribute urban expansion and planning strategies to mitigate UHIs are needed to reduce the wide ranges of impacts on human health, energy system, urban ecosystem, and infrastructures.
Empirical Bayes method for Boltzmann machines
Authors: Yasuda Muneki , Obuchi Tomoyuki
Published: November 2019

We consider an empirical Bayes method for Boltzmann machines and propose an algorithm for it. The empirical Bayes method allows for estimation of the values of the hyperparameters of the Boltzmann machine by maximizing a specific likelihood function referred to as the empirical Bayes likelihood function in this study. However, the maximization is computationally hard because the empirical Bayes likelihood function involves intractable integrations of the partition function. The proposed algorithm avoids this computational problem by using the replica method and the Plefka expansion. Our method is quite simple and fast because it does not require any iterative procedures and gives reasonable estimates at a certain condition. However, our method introduces a bias to the estimate, which exhibits an unnatural behavior with respect to the size of the dataset. This peculiar behavior is supposed to be due to the approximate treatment by the Plefka expansion. A possible extension to overcome this behavior is also discussed.
Heat supply for the town Velingrad (Bulgaria) and thermo mineral waters of Bulgaria and Russia
Authors: Svalova V , Tetimova S
Published: November 2019

Russia and Bulgaria have rich resources of thermal waters. They are used for many purposes - for development of electric power, for central heating and cooling, for hot water supply, in agriculture, animal industries, fish culture, in the food, chemical and oil-extracting industries, in balneology and spas, and for the recreational purposes. Involving of these waters in economic activities can promote the decision of some social - economic and environmental problems. The problem of heat supply for town Velingrad (Bulgaria) is investigated.
XRD-investigations of the mechanism of lithium sorption from the separated liquid of the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant (Kamchatka) by modified zeolites
Authors: Belova T P
Published: November 2019

The process of extracting lithium ions from the separated liquid of the Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Power Plant by modified zeolites of the Yagodninsky deposit of Kamchatka region has been experimentally studied. The four most characteristic reflexes at 2θ, deg.: 25.68, 27.11, 27.43 and 27.68 were singled out on the basis of the study of the solid phase composition of the modified sorbent on the X-ray diffractometer RIGAKU Ultima-IV (Japan). It has been established that there occurs displacement of the position of the reflexes with a change in the interplanar distance and a change of the peak width value at the semi-height (FWHM) in the process of modification. The predominant mechanism is the ion exchange H+→Me+: the calcium and magnesium ions that have been preserved in the zeolite structure during acidic treatment are exchanged for sodium and potassium ions Me2+→2Me+. The total sorption capacity of the modified sorbent during sorption from an technogenic solution under dynamic conditions is 0.31 mmol/g.
Hydrologic balance between surface waters and geothermal fluids in Dixie Valley, north-central Nevada, USA
Authors: Jones Adam
Published: November 2019

Geothermal power production relies on elevated temperature, high-enthalpy and consistent transmissivity from the tapped geothermal system. The Dixie Valley power plant in north-central Nevada, has been in operation for the last 30 years with sustained fluid production and has experienced negligible temperature decrease. Indicating that the power plant has produced sustainably from the resource in that time. Chemical and isotope analysis does infer that the thermal fluids produced at the power plant are from meteoric sources yet the Dixie Valley hydrologic basin receives only an average total annual recharge of 28 million m3. The average annual fluid production at the power plant is more than 20 million m3, and would amount to a substantial portion of the total yearly aquifer recharge being produced by this facility. Mountain precipitation is suggested as the primary source for thermal fluid recharge. Mountain infiltration into regional aquifers ranges from 3-15% of precipitation and valley surface recharge is negligible due to roughly equivalent precipitation and evapotranspiration. It is unlikely that infiltration from mountain recharge is the primary fluid for this geothermal resource but rather a regional input from the broader subsurface saturated zone that supplies this system.
Structure, substance and near-surface magmatic chambers of Mutnovsky and Gorely volcanoes (Mutnovsky geothermal region, Kamchatka). I. Geological position of the volcanoes
Authors: Selyangin O B
Published: November 2019

Geological position of two close active volcanoes in Southern Kamchatka – Mutnovsky and Gorely perspective for geotechnological development as sources of energy and raw materials is presented. Multicone ridged volcanoes edifices of a general linear range are localized respectively in front and near rear zones of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc system in the zone of crust decompression with different depth of their basement. The characteristics of the volcanoes positions are considered as the reasons for the differences of compositions and evolution features of magma feeding them.