bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengelolaan Wisata Ramah Lingkungan di Kawasan Sungai Siak Pekanbaru
Authors: Hadinoto Hadinoto , Sukma Dodi , Ervayenri Ervayenri
Published: August 2023

Increasing the role of the community in the development of Siak River-Based Tourism in Pekanbaru City requires various empowerment efforts, so that communities along the Siak River can play a more active and optimal role while at the same time getting positive benefits from the development activities carried out. This activity aims to support the success of tourism development in Riau Province by conducting counseling on environmentally friendly tourism management, sorting waste and planting trees as well as calling for/prohibiting throwing it into the river. The method used to achieve the goal is to provide counseling about environmentally friendly tourism management. Providing assistance by practicing disposing of waste in its place and sorting waste (organic and inorganic). Planting trees at tourist spots to prevent erosion of the soil surface on the banks of the river and Evaluating the activities carried out to achieve the goal. The results of this service can be concluded that: Increasing public knowledge about eco-friendly tourism management is evidenced by the evaluation results showing good results, the community is able to separate organic and inorganic waste as well as community participation and participation in tree planting.
Pengembangan Ekonomi Nelayan Kepenghuluan Sinaboi Kabupaten Rokan Hilir
Authors: Kamar Hamsal , Hidayat Hidayat , Nurman Nurman , Samsudin Dafrizal
Published: August 2023

This Community Service activity involves partners from the Sinaboi Village Government, where there are MSME actors. 75% of the people of Sinaboi Village are fishermen and produce dried fish. In reality, several obstacles were found: (a) Marketing constraints that have not used a digital approach. (b) Constraints on the limited availability of fuel, as well as non-syar'i capital. The methods used in this PKM are participatory methods, lectures, and discussions with fishermen or MSMEs, aimed at revitalizing the economy. Instead, the community is more active and creative in expanding the market. In addition to being traditional, and also using mass media, so that the results of fishermen and production are not only enjoyed locally, but have a wide marketing reach, and it is necessary to use the concept of syar'i capital, by avoiding the MAGHRIB principle. Therefore, people must master business science, and also business fiqh. So that businesses that are run according to Islam, gain profits and falah (luck), and abandon capitalis -style business practices, as the main factor for not realizing economic justice.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan Melalui Pengolahan Labu Kuning di Kelurahan Tangkerang Tengah Kecamatan Marpoyan Damai Kota Pekanbaru
Authors: Syafrani Syafrani , Endriani Endriani
Published: August 2023

Buah labu kuning atau yang lebih akrab disebut buah waluh merupakan buah yang banyak mengandung ?-karoten atau provitamin-A yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh. Selain itu waluh juga memiliki kandungan gizi yang cukup lengkap diantaranya mengandung protein; karbohidrat; beberapa mineral seperti kalsium, fosfor, besi; serta beberapa vitamin yaitu vitamin A, B dan C. Komposisi zat gizi waluh per 100 g bahan No Kandungan Gizi Kadar/Satuan 1 Kalori 29,00 kal 2 Protein 1,10 g 3 Lemak 0,30 g 4 Hidrat Arang 6,60 g 5 Kalsium 45,00 mg 6 Fosfor 64,00 mg 7 Zat besi 1,40 mg 8 Vitamin A 180,00 SI 9 Vitamin B1 0,08 mg 10 Vitamin C 52,00 g 11 Air 91,20 g 12 Bahan yang dapat dimakan 77,00 % 2 Berdasarkan komposisi tersebut bisa dilihat bahwa buah waluh memiliki kandungan ?karoten atau provitamin-A yang tinggi.

            Diversifikasi pengolahan labu kuning dalam memanfaatkan kandungan gizi pada daging buah merupakan upaya pengolahan bahan pangan menjadi penganan (Usmiati, 2012).Dalam mengkonsumsi Labu kuning perlu adanya variasi olahan yang menarik, salah satunya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk bronies, kue talam, klepon, donat, bolu kukus, kue ku dan puding  labu kuning yang merupakan produk inovasi baru yang dapat menjadlabu kuning labu kuning sebagai bahan substitusi atau pengganti yang banyak mengandung nilai gizi. Selain itu mitra juga disadarkan bahwa produk olahan labu kuning untuk dijadlabu kuning penganan aneka rasa memiliki peluang pasar yang cukup besar jika produk yang mereka hasilkan sesuai dengan selera konsumen.  Setelah dilakukan pelatihan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan pengolahan labu kuning sebanyak 100%
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Tanaman Eceng Gondok Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair
Authors: Zargustin Dedy , Susi Neng , Harmaidi Desma
Published: August 2023

Indragiri Hilir Regency is physiographically divided into several rivers and canals which have an impact on the shape of swamp ecological formations, the coast, the quality of river and sea water, the distribution of biodiversity and the utilization of coastal resources by humans. The large amount of biodiversity found in these waters is one of the factors that hinders the smooth flow of transportation using waters as a means or medium of transportation, one of which is water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). The purpose of this study was to provide training on increasing capacity/skills in processing techniques through training in plant processing techniques into POC and providing assistance with technology packages and equipment for processing plants into POC to enable groups to process plants into POC. The results of the training and evaluation activities during the activity can be concluded that the community welcomes this activity and from the results of the questionnaire this activity provides benefits and can improve the skills of participants in terms of processing plants into POC. As for the increase in knowledge of utilization of plants processed into POC is 100%.
Pendampingan Wirausaha Pembuatan Hantaran dan Aneka Gift di Kelurahan Tuah Madani Pekanbaru
Authors: Triandani Sahwitri , Arisandy Nelsi , Anggriani Irien Violinda , Muat Susnaningsih
Published: August 2023

The training for entrepreneurial assistance in making ‘hantaran’ and various gifts was held in the Tuah Madani sub-district of Pekanbaru with 15 women and young women participating. This training aims to generate entrepreneurial interest in the creative economy sector in making ‘hantaran’ and various gifts among women, in order to support women's empowerment programs. The products produced are products that have sales value such as ‘hantaran’ for weddings, flower bouquets, and balloon bouquets for various events. This activity provides a positive value for the formation and development of an entrepreneurial spirit, especially among mothers and young women.

Keyword: creative economy, Women and young women, wedding gifts, various gifts.
Modified Tricycles as Public Transport during Tidal Flooding Events: The Case of Tikling in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines
Authors: Umali Liberty Aimee R. , Recto Imre C. , Lansangan Rchielein S. , Torres Landriel Dane G. , Basilio Eleonor R.
Published: August 2023

Public transportation is one of the sectors most affected by high tides in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines. To overcome the challenges posed by these tides, local tricycles, a form of public transportation, have been modified with elevated sidecars and driver's seats that remain above the water level. These modified tricycles are locally known as Tikling. This study aims to identify the perceived risks associated with public transportation, specifically Tikling, during tidal flooding events in selected Barangays in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines. The researchers employed a mixed-method design to gather the necessary information and address the study's objectives. Data were collected from 161 respondents, including 130 passengers, 25 Tikling drivers, and six representatives from local government units and the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office. The findings revealed that passengers perceive riding Tikling under different weather conditions, flood levels, and ground clearance to pose moderate risks, as indicated by a mean score of 6.42, and that floods contribute to increased travel time and fare. The recommendations from the local government units include revisiting tariffs to establish accurate travel fees, conducting an Education Information Campaign to raise awareness about the risks associated with traveling, improving the structural quality of Tikling, and promoting coordination between the Pedicab Tricycle Operators and Drivers Associations (PETODA), a local association of tricycle drivers, and the local government office. The study suggests standardizing Tikling to minimize the risks involved. This standardization should address factors such as ground clearance, materials used, and the appropriate design of these modified public vehicles.
A Comprehensive Review on Human Health, Promoting the Well-Being of Teaching Professionals
Authors: Henrietta H. Mary
Published: August 2023

This article thoroughly examines recent research that sheds light on various aspects of human health, emphasizing the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and social well-being. The study explores significant factors that influence health, including genetics, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and access to healthcare. It relies on current references to emphasize the current knowledge and ongoing research in these areas. Developing successful interventions and policies to promote optimal well-being requires a comprehensive understanding of these factors. The maintenance of overall health and the enhancement of various aspects of well-being are reliant upon regular engagement in a range of health-promoting activities. These activities include exercise, a well-balanced diet, sufficient rest, stress management, nurturing relationships, and ongoing education. A comprehensive understanding of the complex connections among lifestyle, genetics, social factors, and access to healthcare is essential for developing approaches to improve the health outcomes of diverse populations. Recent advancements in the research highlight the significance of adopting a comprehensive approach to health, in which various elements can interact and influence each other. Individuals can take control of their health by incorporating healthy habits into their daily routines and carefully considering the various factors affecting their well-being. This proactive approach can lead to positive changes that ripple effect on society.
Analyzing and Predicting Land Use and Land Cover Changes with an Integrated CA-Markov Model: A Spatiotemporal Perspective in Case of Chuko Town and Surroundings, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Goshem Gashaw Kibret , Sahile Wendwesen Taddesse , Shifaw Seid Ali , Abidin Muh. Rais
Published: August 2023

Land use and land cover changes fundamentally shape global environmental and societal dynamics. The study uses an integrated CA-Markov Model to analyze and predict the land use and cover changes from 2003 to 2023 in Chuko Town and its surroundings. LULC maps were extracted from Landsat 5, Landsat 7, and Landsat 8 data and the CA-Markov model simulated the LULC for 2043. The findings reveal a significant expansion of the built-up area, increasing from 243.18 hectares in 2003 to 356.60 hectares in 2013 and further to 982.33 hectares by 2023. In contrast, the bare land decreased from 426.74 hectares in 2003 to 388.86 hectares in 2013 and 280.26 hectares in 2023. However, the vegetation category remained relatively stable, with areas of 2241.81 hectares, 2221.58 hectares, and 2085.53 hectares in 2003, 2013, and 2023, respectively. The validation model for 2023 showed an overall KIA value of 0.8, indicating reasonable prediction accuracy. Looking ahead to 2023-2043, the built-up area is projected to increase by 721.81 hectares, while the areas of bare land, agriculture, and vegetation are predicted to decrease by 182.03 hectares, 386.29 hectares, and 153.49 hectares, respectively. This projection suggests reducing vegetation, agriculture, and bare land areas by 2043. Thus, understanding historical and simulated LULC changes is invaluable for decision-makers and urban planners to formulate effective policies and strategies to address urban growth, make informed decisions, and promote sustainable city development.
Dimensión pedagógica de la formación para el empoderamiento emprendedor de estudiantes de las carreras administrativas
Authors: Cobo Litardo Elsye Teresa , Izaguirre Remón Rafael Claudio , Chong Cruz Manuel Liborio
Published: August 2023

Se caracterizan los fundamentos pedagógicos del empoderamiento emprendedor como proceso que favorece la construcción de la competencia emprendedora en estudiantes de las carreras administrativas, en tanto condición necesaria para la articulación de emprendimientos económicos y sociales desde sus modos de actuación profesional. El objetivo de la presente investigación es modelar el empoderamiento emprendedor como condición pedagógica para formar un profesional en de las carreras administrativas competente para actuar en emprendimientos económicos y sociales, desde sus modos de actuación. La metodología aplicada tiene un enfoque cualitativo con métodos deductivo e inductivo considerando los principales fundamentos teóricos que aportan a la problemática identificada. Luego se desarrolla un esquema en el cual se propone un modelo de articulación del modo de actuación emprendedor profesional. Este modelo ofrece las vías para su instrumentación en la práctica y contribuir, desde la teoría, al desarrollo de la formación inicial del profesional y para el emprendimiento en las carreras administrativas; por tanto, la motivación y disposición emprendedora; empoderamiento emprendedor y actuación emprendedora  se concreta desde estimulación del estudiante a partir de la acción orientadora del docente, en función del logro de los objetivos propuestos en cada momento del proceso que se modela hasta el momento en el cual el estudiante demuestra preparación en relación al logro de una inserción laboral exitosa.
Algoritmos de Deep Learning utilizando Tensorflow para el Tratamiento de Datos de Producción Científica
Authors: Falconí Punguil Diego Geovanny
Published: August 2023

Introducción: La implementación de Inteligencia Artificial, Redes Neuronales y Algoritmos de Deep Learning apoyados en TensorFlow en la actualidad se encuentra en constante evolución ya que han abierto nuevas rutas para el tratamiento y análisis de grandes cantidades de datos en sistemas alojados en la web principalmente.

Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como finalidad, mejorar el nivel de toma de decisiones no supervisados en la plataforma científica Ecuciencia, la misma que se encuentra alojado en los servidores de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi.

Método: Los datos que se tomarán como referencia para los análisis introducidos en los algoritmos, será los referentes a Líneas y Sublíneas de Investigación de acuerdo a la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi.

Resultados: Los algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo se encargan de entrenar y agrupar por similitud una data de entrada sin supervisión denominado aprendizaje automático, los mismos que modelan abstracciones de alto nivel utilizando principalmente datos expresados en forma matricial o tensores.

Conclusión: El impacto de la implementación de algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo apoyados en TensorFlow en el sistema Ecuciencia, será muy importante, puesto que, gracias a este análisis, la plataforma científica podrá ser capaz de dar una predicción más acertada de las clasificaciones de Líneas y Sublíneas de investigación.
Kết quả đăng ký biến động đất đai tại thành phố Biên Hòa, tỉnh Đồng Nai giai đoạn 2019 - 2021
Authors: Thảo Xuân Thị Thu , Hải Nguyễn Thị , Hạnh Trần Thị Kiều
Published: August 2023

Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy giai đoạn 2019-2021 tại thành phố Biên Hòa có tổng số biến động là 131.067 hồ sơ. Trong đó số hồ sơ biến động thế chấp, xóa thế chấp là nhiều nhất với tổng số 66.641 hồ sơ, tiếp đến là biến động do thực hiện chuyển quyền sử dụng đất (với 33.823 hồ sơ) và một số biến động khác như biến động do chuyển mục đích sử dụng đất, biến động do Nhà nước thu hồi đất để phục vụ cho việc xây dựng các dự án phát triển kinh tế xã hội của địa phương… Quá trình thực hiện đăng ký biến động tại thành phố Biên Hòa được đánh giá thông qua ý kiến của người sử dụng đất đến thực hiện các thủ tục đăng ký biến động có sự khác nhau giữa các chỉ tiêu. Về thủ tục hành chính được đánh giá chủ yếu là bình thường (trên 50%). Về các văn bản pháp luật liên quan được người sử dụng đất đánh giá là biết 1 phần (chiếm 55%) và hầu hết nguồn thông tin đều được tra cứu trên mạng (chiếm 45%) hoặc tại Văn phòng Đăng ký đất đai (35%). Về cơ sở hạ tầng được đánh giá tốt (chiếm 70) còn phí và lệ phí được đánh giá là cao và bình thường (với tỷ lệ bằng nhau 40%). Ngoài ra, đánh giá về cán bộ chuyên môn được người sử dụng đất đánh giá không có trường hợp nào là kém. Hơn nữa, quá trình thực hiện đăng ký biến động còn tồn tại một số những hạn chế cần khắc phục để hoàn thiện công tác đăng kí biến động đất đai trên địa bàn thành phố Biên Hòa.
Đánh giá kết quả cấp giấy chứng nhận quyền sử dụng đất tại huyện Đà Bắc, tỉnh Hòa Bình giai đoạn 2020-2022
Authors: Thương Bùi Văn , Hải Nguyễn Thị , Loan Nguyễn Thị , Quế Phạm Thanh
Published: August 2023

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại huyện Đà Bắc, tỉnh Hòa Bình nhằm đánh giá kết quả công tác cấp giấy chứng nhận quyền sử dụng đất (GCNQSDĐ) và sự hài lòng của người dân về công tác cấp GCNQSDĐ tại huyện Đà Bắc. Nghiên cứu tiến hành điều tra, phỏng vấn 169 người dân trực tiếp thực hiện các giao dịch có liên quan. Kết quả cho thấy, giai đoạn 2020-2022 tỷ lệ cấp GCNQSDĐ của huyện đạt mức cao, đã cấp được 4.671 giấy trên tổng số 5.473 giấy cần cấp đạt 85,3% , tổng diện tích đã cấp là 776,48 ha trên tổng số diện tích cần cấp là 901,37 ha chiếm 86,14%; vẫn còn 802/5.473 hồ sơ chưa được giải quyết (chiếm 14,65% số GCNQSDĐ cần cấp). Nguyên nhân chủ yếu đến từ người dân trong quá trình sử dụng đất. Kết quả khảo sát về sự hài lòng của người dân cho thấy tỉ lệ người dân đánh giá về trình tự đăng kí cấp GCNQSDĐ, về trình độ và năng lực phục vụ, thái độ phục vụ tiếp nhận và hoàn trả hồ sơ và về sự rõ ràng trong mức phí, lệ phí được ngừơi dân đánh giá đồng ý và hoàn toàn đồng ý với tỉ lệ cao. Để hoàn thiện công tác cấp GCNQSDĐ trên địa bàn huyện cần chú trọng vào các giải pháp về tổ chức thực hiện, thủ tục, hồ sơ đăng kí cấp GCNQSDĐ và các giải pháp về nguồn lực.
L52356 Nomenclature for Natural Gas Transmission and Storage Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: McGrath  , Panek  , McCarthy
Published: August 2023

A compilation of harmonized terminology and standardized nomenclature for natural gas transmission and storage (T and S) equipment and operations associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources and emission estimates. Criteria for natural gas industry (per segments in 40 CFR 98) for GHG inventories are also addressed. This living document is intended to be a detailed reference for practitioners and managers developing GHG inventories. The document's primary purpose is to support T and S facilities GHG emissions reporting for 40 CFR 98 Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting�; however, information is also provided to support the development of GHG emission inventories for other purposes. Standardized nomenclature used in the estimation and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and provide a single living document to be used as a reference to enhance consistency within the natural gas industry. This document may also serve to form a more accurate basis for consistent reporting of emission sources through an enhanced common understanding of industry and regulatory terminology, synonyms and sector boundaries. Consistent terminology will promote higher fidelity emission inventories and focus subsequent EPA control strategies and requirements.
PR-457-14201-R01 Variable Natural Gas - Composition Effects and Control Methods for Two-Stroke Engines
Authors: Hedrick  , Jacobs
Published: August 2023

Literature is reviewed for the impacts of variable natural gas composition on two-stroke lean burn pipeline compressor engines. Information gathered for these engines can be simplified for development of control algorithms in four-stroke and richer burning engines. Data shows that geospatial, geological, and transient hydraulic effects cause composition variations that adversely affect engine emissions, efficiency, rated performance, and operational safety considering auto-ignition effects. In order to compensate for these changes in composition, better engine control schemes can help meet desired performance goals. For specific gas compositions combusting at a fixed air-fuel ratio, the laminar flame speed, adiabatic flame temperature, and ignition delay relate to and allow the prediction of the mixture�s reactivity, thermal availability, and auto-ignition tendency. Predicting changes in these combustion parameters, as caused by changes in fuel composition, is essential to the success of control development for variable composition engine operation. In addition to addressing the associated combustion effects resulting from variable fuel composition, an overview of sensor technologies is presented for use in control applications.
L19714 HVDC and Pipeline Protection - A Laboratory Study and Field Tests
Authors: Hays T.B. , Schrader W.R. , Schilling R.D. , Silkworth G.H.
Published: August 2023

The reports presents the results of a laboratory and engineering study to define 1) the detrimental effects that earth currents of high voltage direct current (HDVC) origin have on a buried pipeline; 2) methods that may be used to mitigate these effects; and 3) representative costs for a reasonable protection system. The report also includes the results of a field demonstration of an automatically controlled rectifier arranged to provide corrosion or coating disbonding protection.The study concluded that the detrimental effects of HVDC on the pipeline simulated in these laboratory studies can be effectively mitigated by any one or a combination of the following methods: 1) longitudinal cable; 2) cable to HVDC electrode; 3) multiple rectifier stations; and 4) sacrificial anodes. The mode and related laboratory techniques developed for this study can be used as engineering tools to study and evaluate corrosion problems on buried structures and their alternative solutions to a resolution of about one mile.
L41007 The Effects of Storing Odorized Gas in Gas Storage Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Slater  , Chase
Published: August 2023

In an extensive series of experiments, odorized methane was flowed through sandstone and dolomite cores in the dry, water wet, and oil saturated states to determine the effects that odorants may have on storage reservoir rocks. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of storing odorized natural gas in gas storage reservoir rocks. The investigation was tailored primarily to observe odorant adsorption and permeability changes in cores resulting from the flow of odorized methane through them. Three different odorant types were used to odorize chemically pure (C.P.) grade methane near and above the odor levels recommended by the manufacturer. Sandstone and dolomite cores were tested in the dry, water wet, and oil saturated states.
L40000 Materials of Construction for Use in an LNG Pipeline
Authors: Dainora  , Duffy  , Atterbury
Published: August 2023

The recent activities in the field of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has induced considerable interest in the possibility of piping natural gas in its liquid, rather than gaseous, form. Many national and international LNG projects are already commercially established. These plants are presently piping LNG within the plant and to and from loading terminals. Expansion of these facilities including piping LNG between widely separated storage depots is an anticipated future step in the advance of the LNG industry.

The objective of this report is to survey commercially available materials that are considered acceptable or potentially acceptable from a technical viewpoint for the construction of an LNG pipeline. Although material-cost figures are given and some discussion of them is presented, the scope of the current work does not include an evaluation of the economic feasibility of pipelining LNG. Because of the many evident alternatives in the actual design and construction of an LNG pipeline in addition to the many variables and uncertainties involved in economic studies in various parts of the country and the world, it was agreed that this investigation would summarize the data and information on materials of construction so that such economic studies could be made.
PR-343-14605-R01 Ultrasonic Meter Recalibration Frequency Phase 2
Authors: Zanker
Published: August 2023

In this project, all relevant publications available since the completion of the previous PRCI recalibration research efforts (5 years) that address the stability of ultrasonic meters� and the results of recalibration were reviewed. The review concentrates on the use of ultrasonic meter diagnostics as a guideline for the need for recalibration rather than time in service. This study includes subsequent recalibration data and a questionnaire to indicate if users of ultrasonic meters have utilized ultrasonic meter diagnostics to determine the need for recalibration.
L51418 Power Line-Induced AC Potential on Natural Gas Pipelines for Complex Rights-of-Way Configurations
Authors: Yunovich  , Tossey
Published: August 2023

The joint use of common corridors for overhead electric power transmission lines and buried natural gas transmission pipelines is increasing. While many benefits accrue from the sharing of corridors, the coupling of electromagnetic energy onto thenatural gas transmission pipelines is an undesired consequence of this joint usage. The steady-state pipeline voltage that can result may require mitigation as a safety measure.Many common corridors include multiple power lines and pipelines with complexities such as bonds or crossovers between the pipelines and terminating pipelines or insulators.

This project has resulted in the development of the methodology and techniques for analyzing such complex common corridor coupling problems. Field tests were conducted to verify key aspects of the analysis. Two complementary methods have been developed for solving coupling problems on common corridors: A handbook that provides simplified procedures and graphical aids that can be used to analyze many less complex common corridor concerns and a computer program that provides the means for analyzing a wide range of more complex configurations.
L51534 A Study of New Joining Processes for Pipelines
Authors: Salter  , Weston
Published: August 2023

Over many decades it has been accepted that the most economical way to produce a pipeline is to join together the standard lengths of pipe as quickly as possible, using a highly mobile task force of welders and other technicians, leaving tie-ins, crossings, etc. to smaller specialist crews. The work pattern which evolved almost invariably involved several crews of welders strung out along the pipelines, progress being controlled by the rate at which the leading pair could complete the weld root. The spread from this first crew to final inspection could be a considerable distance, acceptable on land but not acceptable offshore (a rapidly increasing need which reached a peak in the 1970's). This operation, involving costly lay barges, demanded even higher throughput rates to be achieved from a more compact working spread. In common with most manufacturing technologies, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with a system which relied entirely on the skill of a limited number of highly paid men who had little incentive to change their working practices. Increasingly there came reports of the development of new approaches to joining line-pipe, ranging from the mechanization of arc welding to entirely different forms of joining, for example, electron beam welding or mechanical joining. The investment in some of these developments is reported to be several million dollars. The review of present pipelining practice shows that only a handful has been put to practical use, and in the western world, probably only one, an arc welding variant, has been used to produce more than a few hundred miles of pipeline. The information available on these developments is sparse and is scattered amongst a range of companies and research agencies. A literature review and research study to collect together as much of this information as is available, assemble it into a coherent and useable form and identify those developments which show the most promise to fulfill future needs.

The main body of the report, which reviews development of the welding processes has been divided into three main joining categories, Fusion Welding, Forge Welding and Mechanical Interference Joining. Within each category each process is considered separately in terms of process principles, general applications, application to pipeline welding, equipment for pipe welding, consumables, process tolerance and skill requirements, weld quality and inspection, process economics, limitations and future developments. This study and comprehensive report compares the economics of the various alternatives. For each process an estimate has been made of the procedural and development costs involved as well as personnel needs and likely production rates.
PR-266-12213-R01 Minimizing Gas Compressor Lubricating Oil Consumption
Authors: Lease  , Jones
Published: August 2023

One of the main sources of fouling in pipelines is related to the use of lubrication (and possibly over-lubrication) in reciprocating compressors. In addition to the obvious cost of lubricants, there are also many hidden costs associated with reciprocating compressor lubrication. Some of these hidden costs include disposal of collected oil, gas storage field contamination, scrubber cleaning, and loss of general pipeline efficiency. Minimizing reciprocating gas compressor lubrication oil consumption can address these costs while at the same time reducing the negative environmental impact associated with reciprocating compressor over-lubrication. One approach to minimize reciprocating compressor lubrication oil consumption is to use non-lubricated reciprocating compressor trim (e.g. filled PTFE composites). This report provides an in-depth evaluation of a wear test program performed on a variety of filled PTFE materials in air and a natural gas environment. This evaluation included comparison of this data to results provided in the open literature. One specific reference used as a comparison performed a comprehensive wear testing program on filled PTFE materials in a variety of gases (including methane) for a variety of dew points. Parameters evaluated in this study included the effect of dew point ranging from +0� C to -100� C, and the effect of various gas environment, including air, methane, propane, ethylene, and nitrogen.
L51598 Tow Methods Design Guide for the Installation of Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Brown R.J.
Published: August 2023

In an effort to progress the development of hydrocarbon fields found in water depths beyond 1000 feet, the oil and gas industry is considering cost effective methods of subsea pipeline installation. As an established and reliable oil and gas transportation system, the pipeline will be an important factor in deepwater development. Surface installation methods are expected to become costly in deepwater due to the necessary equipment modifications and vessel requirements which are synonymous with increased tension capability and deepwater station keeping ability. This estimated increase in installation costs has spurred interests in alternative pipeline installation methods that possess the potential for economic competitiveness. Limiting parameters for single as well as bundled pipeline configurations are evaluated for surface, near-surface, mid-depth, off-bottom and bottom tow methods of pipeline installation. The evaluation shows that the viable towing methods for construction of offshore pipelines include the mid-depth and bottom tow methods. Buckle collapse criteria should be utilized in the design of deepwater pipelines to achieve low submerged weights with minimum buoyancy requirements. Low submerged weight provides the maximum pipe tow string length, reducing the number of mid-line connections. A cost estimating program in LOTUS 1-2-3 format is included with this study. The costing program generates cost for each tow method based on user specified pipeline parameters. The cost program also includes J-lay estimating capabilities for single pipelines.
L51644 Effect of Buckle Arrestors on Pipeline Failure During Pipelaying Operation
Authors: Fowler
Published: August 2023

Submarine pipelines are usually laid from the ocean surface onto the ocean floor using specially designed ships and barges. Lengths of pipes are welded together on board the barge to form the pipeline and then the pipeline is passed over a ramp called a stinger on its way to the ocean floor. A constant tension force is applied to the pipeline on the barge to prevent it from buckling as it approaches the ocean floor. For thin wall pipes, the high stresses could result in local buckling of the pipeline.

This report describes ananalytical and experimental research study to determine the effect of buckle arrestors on stresses and buckling behavior of submarine pipelines during their installation.
L51701 Determination of Clamp Repairable Leaks
Authors: Wilkowski  , Eiber
Published: August 2023

Once a leak in a subsea pipeline has been located, there are several methods available to deal with it. These range in cost and difficulty from relaying the line to clamping. Clamping is obviously the quickest and least expensive method. However, there are not clear guidelines as to where clamp repair is applicable.

The object of this project is to explore the limits of a dent which may be sealed by a clamp. This is to determine whether or not a particular dent can be sealed by the prototype clamp. This work was done with the aid of non-linear finite element analysis of a typical rubber seal using the ABAQUS program. The effect of various pipe ovalities was investigated relative to the clamps ability to provide active circumferential seal pressure. It was shown that initially the clamp circumferential seals gradually built hydrostatic pressure due to gland loading until the rubber traversed the gap distance between the clamp and pipe. Then the contact pressure increased at a rapid linear rate as the glands were tightened further.
L51667 Causes and Effects of the Spiking Phenomenon
Authors: Thompson  , Lawson
Published: August 2023

During a prior research program, a spiking phenomenon was identified that prevented the measurement of the off potential directly from the pipe-to-soil potential waveform. Furthermore, the spike made it impossible to measure an off potential during current interruption for some period of time following interruption. In recent years, there has been discussion that the spike in the pipe-to-soil potential waveform affects the ability of the CP system to mitigate corrosion. In addition, the increased significance that has been placed on off-potential measurements within the industry has made it important to understand any phenomenon that may affect the ability to measure the off potential.

This effort works to establish the cause and effects of the spiking phenomenon. To accomplish this program, a Work Plan was established that provided for the following four tasks: Task 1 - Field Measurements, Task 2 - Circuit Analog Model, Task 3 - Effect of the Spike on Off- Potential Measurements, and Task 4 - Laboratory Experiments. Through this combined effort of field evaluations, modeling, and laboratory experiments, the root cause of the spike was established along with guidelines for making the off-potential measurement. The results of this project provides the CP engineer with a standard practice for measuring off-potentials in the presence of the spiking phenomenon.
PR-312-14206-R01 Considerations for Developing a New Electrochemical Cell Portable Analyzer Test Method
Authors: Coulson  , McGrath  , McCarthy
Published: August 2023

The basis of electrochemical cell gas sensor technology is presented in the context of electrochemical cell portable analyzers for emissions testing of NOx and CO. This paper presents a modified test method approach and QA/QC criteria that supplement the project goal of assessing existing portable analyzer test methods and protocols for appropriate QA/QC requirements. The goal of a modified method is to minimize testing costs while ensuring data quality. The modified method leverages the inherent linearity of electrochemical cell technology, based on fundamental scientific principles, to employ single point calibration and order of magnitude span gases. Special considerations are included for �near zero� emissions testing (e.g., concentrations that are single digit parts per million by volume). Further demonstration and validation of a modified method through laboratory and field testing is recommended.
PR-201-114508-R01 Evaluation of Composite Systems for Subsea Pipeline Repairs
Authors: Sheets  , Alexander
Published: August 2023

This project evaluates the use of composite materials for reinforcing corroded subsea pipelines. All repair work was done underwater and pipe samples were pressurized during the duration of testing. After the designated hold period of 10,000 hours (approximately 420 days), the samples were removed from service and subjected to destructive testing involving different combinations of internal pressure, axial tension, and bending. The study involved the participation of four composite repair manufacturers including Air Logistics, Armor Plate, Inc. Neptune Research, Inc., and Walker Technical Resources. These manufacturers provided materials, personnel for performing the installations, and financial contributions to the study.
L51916 Pressure Based Parametric Emission Monitoring Systems (PEMS)
Authors: Olsen  , Willson
Published: August 2023

The natural gas industry operates over 8000 stationary large bore (bore greater than 14 in) natural gas engines for natural gas compression on pipelines and power generation. As emissions regulations become increasingly more stringent, the need for low cost methods for compliance demonstration arises. A PEMS model is one such approach. Research in this area has increased significantly during the last decade. PEMS models for this application utilize parameters commonly measured on industrial engines in the field to predict engine-out emissions. Monitoring emissions in this manner represents a significant cost savings over the periodic use of chemiluminescence NOX analyzers, which are not standard equipment in natural gas compressor stations. PEMS model accuracy is dependent on the quality of the input data, both the training NOX measurements and the selection of input parameters. Hence, it is important to have both reliable data measurement methods and an understanding of engine operating parameters relation to NOX.

This work is part of the body of work referred to as the Integrated Test Plan (ITP), performed at the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL). This report details an investigation into Parametric Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS) models. It is the final document to be delivered under the ITP program. Much of the work performed under the ITP program focused on Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) research. However, the emphasis of the PEMS work is on the prediction of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions from large bore natural gas engines.

In this work two different PEMS models are developed, a semi-empirical model and a neural network model. The semi-empirical model is based on general relationships between NOX emissions and engine parameters, but contains empirical constants that are determined based on the best fit to engine experimental data. The neural network model utilizes a similar set of input parameters, but relies on the neural network code to determine the relationships between input parameters and measured NOX emissions. The neural network model also contains empirical constants. The mathematics involved in both models is described. A single term semi-empirical model, which has been utilized in the literature as a PEMS model, is applied for comparative purposes.
L52265 User Manual for Electrical Isolation Devices
Authors: Yunovich
Published: August 2023

There is no specific guidance available on the use of electrical isolation devices and how to protect against faults. Because of this, the practice of isolation is varied, which at times may lead to a possible loss of pipeline integrity or electrical safety hazards. Electrically isolating devices are common in cathodically protected piping systems. They can be used to electrically isolate the pipeline from terminal facilities and pumping systems, to divide the pipeline into sections for individual CP, or to manage stray current interference. NACE International defines these devices as an Electrical Isolating Joint.

This document addresses the conditions when the use of isolating devices is indicated and outlines the conditions when installing an isolating device may either create an adverse condition or require additional measures (such as protective devices) to ensure the proper operation. Installation of electrical isolation (EI) devices may be a requirement for cathodically protected underground pipe. The primary purpose of the isolation is to open an electrical circuit formed by the protected structure and other metallic objects such as terminal facilities, pumping and compressor stations, metering stations, river crossings, etc.
L51771 Alternative Acceptance Criteria of Girth Weld Defects
Authors: Ruschau
Published: August 2023

The girth weld defect acceptance standards based on good workmanship reflect quality levels that can be reasonably expected from a qualified welder. Workmanship (WM) or weld quality standards specify a maximum allowable length whilst the percentage loss of cross-sectional area is used for porosities. This approach to defect acceptance philosophy has arisen from the use of radiography as the NDE technique for detecting and quantifyingweld discontinuities. The first WM standard for inspection and acceptance of finished girth welds was implemented by API in 1953. The specific requirements of the 1953-standard were largely based on the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code which was first adopted by ASME in 1931. Since then, a number of slightly revised standards were issued to reflect what should be attainable with normal good welding practices. The failure behaviour of defective girth welds in large diameter pipe lines was assessed using radiographic and mechanized ultrasonic inspection, small scale (tensile, hardness, Charpy and CTOD) and wide plate tests. The specimens were taken from girth welds in API 5LX70 pipe of 1219 mm (48 inches) in diameter by 8,0 mm (0,323 inch) and 13,3 mm (0,524 inch) wall. The test welds were made with the SMAW (8 welds) and GMAW (9 welds) welding processes. Upon completion of the non-destructive tests, 96 curved wide plate specimens were tested to destruction under tensile load. Testing was performed at low temperature (-50�C/-58�F). Defect type, defect position and size were determined from photographs of the fracture face and macro sections (defect characterization and sizing). In total, 290 typical surface breaking and embedded defects in SMAW or GMAW girth welds have been evaluated.
L51887 Compatibility of Repair Coatings Applied to Existing Below Grade Coatings
Authors: Ruschau
Published: August 2023

Defects and holidays in mainline coatings necessitate the use of repair coatings for all coated pipelines. This includes both newly coated pipelines just out of the plant as well as existing buried lines in need of small repairs. The repair coating must provide corrosion protection for the steel, lessen the demand on the cathodic protection system, and provide good long-term service. In short, the repair coating must protect the pipe to the same extent as the mainline coating. Two additional requirements for repair coatings are that they adhere not only to the steel but also to the existing mainline coating, and that they be field-applicable under varying ambient conditions. Repair coatings sometimes also have to adhere to non-ideal surfaces, including poorly prepared welds, thermite welds, and flash rusted steel.

The compatibility of commercially available repair coatings applied to common mainline pipe coatings was investigated by a laboratory investigation. The mainline coatings investigated were fusion bond epoxy (FBE), coal tar enamel, asphalt enamel, cold-applied polyethylene tape wrap, and extruded polyethylene. Specific combinations ofmainline coatings with different types repair coatings were evaluated for chemical compatibility and adhesion strength in three different scenarios:· As applied to a new pipeline coating, simulating initial repairs made at a coating plant or on a job site prior to installation· As applied to an artificially aged pipeline coating, simulating repairs made to a mainline coating which has been in buried service· After artificially aging a repaired mainline coating, simulating the longer term service of an initial repair made at a coating plant or job site prior to installation.
L51671 Criteria for Dent Acceptability of Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

Extensive research has provided an understanding in the behavior of pipelines subjected to mechanical damage. The presence of a gouge or the combination of a gouge and a dent has been proven detrimental to the burst strength of pipelines. The research has also revealed that plain smooth dents, in the absence of a defect, do not significantly reduce the burst strength of pipelines. On the other hand, plain dents locally increase the pipe stress due to pressure. Thus, fatigue failures from dents can occur from normal operating pressure fluctuations in the lines over a period of time This report documents the testing and analysis work done to establish the effects of pipeline dents (without gouges) under cyclic internal pressure loading. The work consisted of several sub-tasks. First, operators were surveyed regarding the expected dent shapes and failures from dents that had been experienced. Secondly, a full scale test program utilizing 12-3/4" pipe was carried out. In this program eight pipes, each 20" long with diameter/thickness ratios of 18-50, were subjected to three dents each of various sizes and pressure cycled until failure or until 50,000 to 70,000 equivalent cycles of 0 - 1200 psi pressure was achieved. Next, elastic finite element analysis was utilized to determine the significance of dent shapes and lengths. Finally plastic finite element analysis was utilized to determine analytically the stress to pressure ratios so that a fatigue analysis could be done.