bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking Back, Moving Forward—Reflecting on a Career in Psychiatric Research
Authors: Reynolds Charles F.
Published: February 2025

The arc of my career has focused on the integration of clinical care, mentoring, and research, leading to meaningful research questions and intervention trials advancing the field. In this Special Communication, I first offer a brief synopsis of my work as an academic psychiatrist, highlighting mission, themes and publications, sponsors, and collaborators. I then discuss activities as a mentor, focusing on 2 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)–funded research career development programs. As the past recipient of K01, K02, and K05 awards from the NIMH (1980-2000), I have taken to heart the obligation to pay it forward: to support, advise, instruct, and guide younger colleagues, challenging them academically and professionally. For 20 years, my P30 infrastructure center grant provided a platform for institutional training grants (T32s) and psychiatric research education grants (R25s) to serve as a foundation for training the next generation of clinical scientists in late life mood disorders, as well as a nidus for interdisciplinary collaboration. I have benefitted greatly from having had mentors and wise friends, particularly David Kupfer, MD; Ellen Frank, PhD; and Thomas Detre, MD, of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; colleagues in the Aging Branch of NIMH throughout my 40-year career as a physician scientist; Dilip Jeste, MD, University of California at San Diego; Daniel Blazer, MD, PhD, Duke University School of Medicine; George Alexopoulos, MD, Weill Cornell School of Medicine; John Rush, MD, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine; Alan Schatzberg, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine; M. Katherine Shear, MD, Columbia University Schools of Social Work and of Medicine; Helena Kraemer, PhD, Stanford University School of Medicine; and Edmund Ricci, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health. These colleagues are good listeners, flexible, diverse in perspectives, knowledgeable, nonjudgmental, and able to give constructive feedback, network, and help find resources. I have sought to do likewise with many younger colleagues, both men and women, physicians and PhDs, and persons of different professional, racial, and ethnic backgrounds—totaling about 25 K awardees. I conclude with recommendations for future clinical practice and research in late-life depression, describing a broad spectrum of approaches aiming both to reduce its public health burden and to enhance wisdom, resilience, and well-being in later life.
TOMM20 as a driver of cancer aggressiveness via oxidative phosphorylation, maintenance of a reduced state, and resistance to apoptosis
Authors: Islam Ranakul , Roche Megan E. , Lin Zhao , Whitaker‐Menezes Diana , Diaz‐Barros Victor , Serrano Eurico , Martinez Cantarin Maria Paula , Philp Nancy J. , Basu Mallick Atrayee , Martinez‐Outschoorn Ubaldo
Published: February 2025

Chondrosarcomas are common bone sarcomas frequently resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, with high recurrence rates, development of metastatic disease, and death. Fibrosarcomas are soft tissue sarcomas associated with poor outcomes. Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane receptor 20 (TOMM20) is a mitochondrial receptor protein associated with cancer aggressiveness in many cancer subtypes, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the effects of TOMM20 overexpression and downregulation on the redox state, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and tumor growth using fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma models. TOMM20 overexpression increased OXPHOS, NADH, and NADPH with reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). TOMM20 induced resistance to apoptosis, including with BCL‐2 and OXPHOS complex IV inhibitors, but with increased sensitivity to an OXPHOS complex I inhibitor. Also, TOMM20 induced cell growth and migration in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Conversely, knocking down TOMM20 using CRISPR‐Cas9 reduced cancer aggressiveness in vivo in both chondrosarcoma and fibrosarcoma mouse models. In conclusion, TOMM20 is a driver of cancer aggressiveness by OXPHOS, apoptosis resistance, and the maintenance of a reduced state.
Mapping Hsp104 interactions using cross‐linking mass spectrometry
Authors: Westphal Kinga , Michalska Karolina , Joachimiak Andrzej , Joachimiak Lukasz A.
Published: February 2025

Molecular machines from the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activity) superfamily of protein disaggregases play important roles in protein folding, disaggregation and DNA processing. Recent cryo‐EM structures of AAA+ molecular machines have uncovered nuanced changes in their conformation that underlie their specialized functions. Structural knowledge of these molecular machines in complex with substrates begins to explain their mechanism of activity. Here, we explore how cross‐linking mass spectrometry (XL‐MS) can be used to interpret changes in conformation induced by ATP in Hsp104 and how a substrate may interact with Hsp104. We applied a panel of cross‐linking reagents to produce cross‐linking maps of Hsp104 and interpret our data on previously determined X‐ray and cryo‐EM structures of Hsp104 from a thermophilic yeast, Calcarisporiella thermophila. We developed an analysis pipeline to differentiate between intra‐subunit and inter‐subunit contacts within the hexameric homo‐oligomer. We identify cross‐links that break the asymmetry that is present in Hsp104 in an ATP‐hydrolysis competent conformation but is absent in an ATP‐hydrolysis‐defective mutant. Finally, we identify contacts between Hsp104 and a selected protein (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 PCSK9) to reveal contacts on the central channel of Hsp104 across the length of this protein indicating that we might have trapped interactions consistent with its translocation. Our simple and robust XL‐MS‐based experiments and methods help interpret how these molecular machines change conformation and bind to other proteins even in the context of homo‐oligomeric assemblies enabling coupling state‐of‐the‐art modeling approaches with XL‐MS.
Effects of cardiac motion on dose distribution during stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation treatment: A simulation and phantom study
Authors: Miyachi Takayuki , Kamomae Takeshi , Kawabata Fumitaka , Okudaira Kuniyasu , Kawamura Mariko , Ishihara Shunichi , Naganawa Shinji
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Cardiac motion may degrade dose distribution during stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation using the CyberKnife system, a robotic radiosurgery system. This study evaluated the dose distribution changes using a self‐made cardiac dynamic platform that mimics cardiac motion.

Methods

The cardiac dynamic platform was operated with amplitudes of 5 and 3.5 mm along the superior–inferior (SI) and left–right (LR) directions, respectively. The respiratory motion tracking of the CyberKnife system was applied when respiratory motion, simulated using a commercial platform, was introduced. The accuracy of respiratory motion tracking was evaluated by the correlation error between infrared markers and a fiducial marker. The dose distribution was compared with and without cardiac motion. The evaluations included error in the centroid analysis of the irradiated dose distribution, dose profile analysis in the SI and LR directions, and dose distribution analysis comparing the irradiated and planned dose distributions.

Results

Cardiac motion increased the correlation error in the direction of motion. Cardiac motion displaced the centroid by up to 0.23 and 0.19 mm in the SI and LR directions, respectively. Cardiac motion blurring caused the distance of the isodose lines to become smaller (bigger) at higher (lower) doses in the SI direction. The gamma pass rate was reduced by cardiac motion but exceeded 94.1% with 1 mm/3% for all conditions. Respiratory motion tracking was also effective under cardiac motion. The cardiac motion slightly varied the dose at the edges of the irradiation volume.

Conclusion

While cardiac motion increased respiratory tracking correlation errors, its effects on dose distribution were limited in this study. Further studies using motion phantoms that are close to a human or individual patient are necessary for a more detailed understanding of the effects of cardiac motion.
Sex‐related differences in efficacy and safety outcomes in axial spondyloarthritis randomized clinical trials: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gao Angel , Pardo Jordi Pardo , Dang Steven , Gensler Lianne S. , Mease Philip , Eder Lihi
Published: February 2025

Objective

We aimed to assess differences in baseline characteristics, efficacy, and safety of advanced therapies between male and female axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search for RCTs assessing the efficacy of advanced therapies in axSpA patients until March 19, 2023. We extracted the following outcomes by sex: baseline participant characteristics, Assessment in Spondylarthritis International Society criteria (ASAS40/20), and the Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score low disease activity or inactive disease (ASDAS‐LDA/ID). Random‐effects models were used to calculate pooled effects for responses in males vs. females for different medication classes.

Results

We included 79 RCTs (n=23,748, 69.7% males). Only 9 trials (11.4%), 22 trials (28%) and 9 trials (11.4%) reported baseline characteristics, efficacy endpoints and safety endpoints by sex, respectively. At baseline, females were significantly older and had higher pain scores, while males had higher c‐reactive protein levels. Overall, male patients were more likely to achieve an ASAS40 response compared to female patients for all advanced therapies (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.88, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.44, 2.46), and for IL‐17A inhibitors (i) (OR 1.82), TNFi (OR 2.42), and numerically higher for IL‐17A/Fi. Male patients were also more likely to achieve an ASDAS‐LDA/ID (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.47, 3.26) across all advanced therapies and for IL‐17Ai (OR 2.08) and TNFi (OR 2.42) individually.

Conclusions

Female patients with axSpA are less likely to achieve efficacy outcomes on advanced therapies compared to their male counterparts, with similar differences across medication classes. Future studies should study the biological (sex‐related) and socio‐cultural (gender‐related) mechanisms underlying these differences.

image
Application of an Improved Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter in Vehicle Driving State Parameter Estimation
Authors: Yang Luxia , Lin Xingliang , Hou Yilin , Ren JiaLe , Wang Mengran
Published: February 2025

In the research of estimating vehicle driving state parameters, the combination measurement unit of Global Navigation Satellite System and Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) often faces challenges such as inaccurate models and reduced accuracy and robustness due to noise effects. To address these issues, this article applied characteristics of the state equation's innovation vector following a Gaussian distribution and the detection function following a Chi‐square distribution. First, the properties of normal distribution are utilized to adaptively set the threshold value of the detection function to identify outliers in the measurement data. Subsequently, a novel adaptive unscented Kalman filter with Chi‐square test (CAUKF) is designed, based on the adaptive window weight allocation and ‐score normalization, to correct abnormal data that do not conform to the characteristics of the innovation vector. Finally, comparative experiments on various algorithms are conducted using real‐world data in terms of accuracy and robustness, and the results are analyzed in practical vehicle applications. The experimental results demonstrate that, without introducing noise errors in the target system, CAUKF exhibits superior accuracy compared to other algorithms. Moreover, in the testing of data contaminated with noise, CAUKF shows sensitivity to outlier data while ensuring rapid recovery of abnormal data without affecting data characteristics or calculating measurement noise characteristics. In summary, the CAUKF method effectively enhances the accuracy and robustness of the system.
The Hidden Aspects of Batteries: Mechanisms, Strategies, Challenges and Future Directions of Gas Generation in Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Yurong , Xu Ruonan , Xiao Zhuang , Wang Zhiyuan , Zheng Runguo , Song Zhishuang , Liu Yanguo
Published: February 2025

The accelerated evolution of portable devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems has introduced heightened expectations regarding the cost, charge rates, lifespan, and safety of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, SIBs produce gas during the cycling and storage processes, leading to battery volume expansion, dislocation of the pole plates and diaphragm, and increased battery polarization. These factors contribute significantly to battery lifespan reduction and safety issues. Thus, gaining a thorough understanding of the gas generation mechanism in SIBs, as this will facilitate a profound comprehension of the intricate interactions between electrodes and electrolytes, and provide efficacious guidance for optimizing battery performance. This paper reviews recent advancements in the research on gas generation mechanisms in SIBs, with a particular focus on gas suppression strategies to enhance battery safety. Finally, this paper identifies current issues that remain to be addressed in the study of battery gas generation and suggests avenues for further exploration of gas generation mechanisms and the development of more effective gas suppression strategies. It is anticipated that this review will promote further advancements in the performance, gas suppression, and safety of SIBs, particularly in high‐energy‐density systems.
Mild Chemical Lithiation Strategy for Achieving Synergistic Lithium‐Compensation and Carbon‐Coating on SiO Anodes
Authors: Ou Yuqing , Chang Zu , Yang Siyu , Shu Yuanyuan , Zhang Juzheng , Tan Ran , Zhang Qian , Ai Xinping , Huo Kaifu , Qian Jiangfeng
Published: February 2025

Silicon monoxide (SiOx, x ≈ 1) has emerged as a promising anode material for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its commercial viability is hindered by low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and insufficient cycling stability. Herein, a mild chemical lithiation strategy is proposed that synergistically integrates lithium‐compensation and carbon‐coating to address these challenges, significantly boosting the electrochemical performance of SiO anode. Biphenyl‐lithium/2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (Bp‐Li/2‐MeTHF) is elaborately selected as a dual‐functional chemical lithiation reagent to ensure sufficient lithium incorporation into SiO at room temperature and simultaneously biphenyl (Bp*−) radical in‐situ polymerizes, then is converted into a carbon shell on a silicon/lithium silicates core upon subsequent thermal annealing (Li‐SiO@C). This unique structure of Li‐SiO@C effectively compensates for irreversible lithium loss and buffers volume expansion, leading to an exceptional ICE of 91.0% and remarkable capacity retention of 92.2% after 500 cycles, far surpassing the 72.9% ICE and 9.0% retention observed in the pristine SiO anode. Moreover, Li‐SiO@C demonstrates excellent moisture resistance that is well suited for aqueous‐based electrode coating processes. This work presents a simple yet effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of SiO anodes, offering strong potential for large‐scale applications in high‐energy‐density LIBs.
Inverse Oxide/Alloy‐Structured Nanozymes with NIR‐Triggered Enzymatic Cascade Regulation of ROS Homeostasis for Efficient Wound Healing
Authors: Zhao Yongsen , Zhao Shiqi , Du Yu , Gao Zhongfeng , Li Yanlei , Ma Hongmin , Li Hui , Ren Xiang , Fan Qing , Wu Dan , Wei Qin
Published: February 2025

The precise spatiotemporal control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging remains pivotal for infected wound healing. However, conventional nanozymes fail to adaptively regulate ROS dynamics across inflammatory and proliferative phases. A near‐infrared (NIR)‐activated inverse oxide/alloy‐structured nanozyme (Co7Fe3/ZnO@C) is developed, featuring enzymatic cascade activities to tune ROS homeostasis through synergistic chemodynamic (CDT), photodynamic (PDT), and photothermal (PTT) therapies. The nanozyme orchestrates a self‐regulated cascade: peroxidase (POD)‐like activity initially generates bactericidal hydroxyl radicals in acidic wounds, while subsequent NIR triggers hot electron transfer from Co7Fe3 to ZnO, facilitating synchronized superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like, catalase (CAT)‐like and hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC) activities to scavenge residual ROS. This cascaded network dynamically balances ROS production (POD) and scavenging (NIR‐driven SOD/CAT/HORAC), eradicating bacteria while resolving inflammation. In vitro/vivo studies have shown that the proposed method for maintaining ROS homeostasis can markedly enhance the rate of wound healing by the regulation of the inflammatory environment within the injured tissue and the facilitation of rapid re‐epithelialization. This work provides an intelligent nanozyme platform that simulates the function of natural enzymes and constructs a cascade reaction strategy to balance the antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory demands in the wound microenvironment.
Mechanochemical‐Triggered Confined Coordination of Iron‐Biomass Composites for Efficient Cr(VI) Reduction Under Circumneutral pH Via Accelerated Electron Extraction
Authors: Wang Yue , Li Hongyu , Liu Hao , Hou Chengsi , Zhou Zhengwei , Peng Shuai , Chen Zuofeng , Lei Zhendong , Wu Deli
Published: February 2025

Green and eco‐friendly iron‐based materials for efficient Cr(VI) removal have attracted considerable interest, but challenges related to narrow working pH ranges and iron utilization efficiency still remain. Herein, inspired by the hot‐spot effect‐triggered confined coordination strategy, a biomass‐confined iron‐based reductant (CMC‐GTB/Febm) is designed for Cr(VI) reduction and detoxification. Electron enrichment and confinement on biomass carriers are achieved through electron transfer mediated by coordination interactions between anchored iron species and biomass. Thus, the CMC‐GTB/Febm achieved 99% Cr(VI) reduction at circumneutral pH (5–9), with a maximum removal capacity of 180 mg g−1. Under iron dosing close to the stoichiometric ratio (Fe/Cr = 3/1), the Cr(VI) removal kinetics and efficiency of CMC‐GTB/Febm are 53.2–870.5 and 5.5–48.8 times higher than those of micro‐ or nano‐zero‐valent iron (ZVI), respectively. Mechanistic analyses revealed that confined electron transfer is facilitated by coordination interactions between biomass and anchored iron species, which enhanced Cr(VI) reduction. Moreover, biomass‐tethered reduced Cr(III) is stabilized by electrostatic adsorption and biomass‐Cr(III) coordination, which ultimately detoxifies the phytotoxicity of Cr(VI). The conversion of this strategy to kilogram‐scale production and the simulated Cr(VI) removal in real water matrices are confirmed. This study provides a basis for the controlled design and industrial application of environmentally friendly iron‐based reductants.
Understanding Key NaCMC Properties to Optimize Electrodes and Battery Performance
Authors: Keim Noah , Weber Andreas , Müller Marcus , Kaufmann Ulrike , Bauer Werner , Petermann Oliver , Bayer Roland , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: February 2025

This study examines the effects of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) on the performance of graphite anodes in lithium‐ion batteries, focusing on variations in degrees of substitution (DS), molecular weights (MW), and gel particles. The results indicate that the best electrochemical performance is achieved by balancing the residual water content introduced by NaCMC while maintaining the anode's volume resistivity. A NaCMC with a low molecular weight and DS of 0.7 shows the best results for this particular formulation. An impurity (in batteries yet unreported)in NaCMC is also reported that significantly impacts electrochemical performance, called gel particles. By reducing the gel particles, cell performance is enhanced by 5%, without further optimization of the formulation. It is highlighted that both DS and MW influence electrode properties. A decrease in DS enhances adhesion but negatively affects volume resistivity. Increasing the MW improves adhesive strength and reduces interfacial resistivity due to greater chain entanglements. Higher gel particle levels negatively impact electrode properties, making low‐gel NaCMC more effective for better adhesion and resistance. Water retention in electrodes again is influenced by both DS and MW. Higher DS leads to increased water retention due to greater hydrophilicity, while high MW contributes to this effect through enhanced entanglements.
Challenges of sustainability of rice agrosystem: Insights from energy use, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions (case study: Golestan province, Iran)
Authors: Asadkhani Ebrahim , Ramroudi Mahmoud , Asgharipour Mohammad Reza , Shahhosseini Hamid Reza
Published: February 2025

This study assesses the energy use, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions from rice (Oryza sativa) production in Iran's Golestan province. The energy indices, greenhouse gas emissions, and ecological footprint in the rice paddies were calculated and analyzed after identifying the key inputs and outputs of these cropping systems. The energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, and net energy were measured to be 3.17, 0.19 kg MJ−1, 5.30 MJ kg−1, and 77,685.42 MJ ha−1, respectively. Additionally, the analysis revealed that the global warming potential, net carbon, and carbon efficiency ratio were 4565.35 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2‐eq) ha−1, 1804.86 kg C ha−1, and 2.46, respectively. The ecological footprint was measured to be 2.68 global hectares, which was more than the carrying capacity of each hectare of land allocated for crop cultivation. Hence, the environmental sustainability of rice production in the Golestan province was low. Alternatives such as rapeseed (Brassica napus) could reduce the environmental impact of rice farming in the province. Sustainability could be improved by reducing the reliance on electricity and nitrogen fertilizer that are produced using fossil fuels.
Hierarchical porous carbon membranes for lean‐helium extraction from high‐pressure natural gas
Authors: Zhang Chi , Zhao Guanran , Li Zhi , Lei Linfeng , Xu Zhi
Published: February 2025

Given the scarcity of helium (He) resources, the application of scalable and energy‐efficient membrane‐mediated separation techniques for helium extraction holds substantial potential; however, few membrane materials have been reported for lean‐helium extraction from natural gas feeds (<1000 ppm). Herein, we present a facile strategy for fabricating the carbon molecular sieve (CMS) hollow fiber membranes with a hierarchical porous structure by tailoring the phase inversion behaviors of blend polymeric precursors and engineering the pyrolysis protocol. The CMS membranes composed of highly homogenized and inconsecutive macropores and size‐constrained ultramicropores in synergy exhibited superior separation performance in the separation of He/CH4. For instance, CA‐3‐700 membranes showed a He/CH4 ideal selectivity of 1427 and He permeability of 521 barrer. In addition, the membrane presented superior mixed gas separation performances under simulated helium‐contained high‐pressure natural gas at hundred ppm levels (400–1300 ppm), while demonstrating long‐term continuous stability (from a quinary mixture of He/CH4/N2/C2H6/CO2) over 120 h.
Methods to crosswalk between cognitive test scores using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Cohort
Authors: Ackley Sarah F. , Wang Jingxuan , Chen Ruijia , Hill‐Jarrett Tanisha G. , Rojas‐Saunero L. Paloma , Stokes Andrew , Shah Sachin J. , Glymour M. Maria ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Studies use multiple different instruments to measure dementia‐related outcomes, making head‐to‐head comparisons of interventions difficult.

METHODS

To address this gap, we developed two methods to crosswalk estimated treatment effects on cognitive outcomes that are flexible, broadly applicable, and do not rely on strong distributional assumptions.

RESULTS

We present two methods to crosswalk effect estimates using one measure to estimates using another measure, illustrated with global cognitive measures from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Specifically, we develop crosswalks for the following measures and associated change scores over time: the clinical dementia rating scale sum of box (CDR‐SB), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Finally, a setting in which crosswalking is not appropriate is illustrated with plasma phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) concentration and global cognitive measures.

DISCUSSION

Given the inconsistent collection and reporting of dementia and cognitive outcomes across studies, these crosswalking methods offer a valuable approach to harmonizing and comparing results reported on different scales.

Highlights

Developed methods to crosswalk from one cognitive outcome to another in studies of dementia interventions.

Methods illustrated using combinations of global cognitive tests: the CDR‐SB, MoCA, and MMSE.

Illustrates scenarios where crosswalking may not be appropriate for certain combinations of measures.

Crosswalking methods support comparison of interventions with accurate error propagation.

Facilitates inclusion of more studies in meta‐analyses by increasing data comparability.
Prevalence and factors associated with dementia in Lesotho: A cross‐sectional, population‐based study
Authors: Johnson Natalie E. , Belus Jennifer M. , Gerber Felix , Lee Tristan T. , Ayakaka Irene , Letsoela Pearl , Molulela Manthabiseng , Chammartin Frédérique , Amstutz Alain , Labhardt Niklaus D.
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Limited research has examined dementia prevalence and associated factors in Lesotho. This study investigates dementia prevalence and the associated factors in Lesotho.

METHODS

A survey in Lesotho included 1738 participants screened for dementia and potential associated factors with a focus on modifiable factors. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The median age was 66 years, with 54.83% women. The prevalence of dementia was 4.89%. Those with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–11.30), age ≥ 75 (aOR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.42–5.04), and underweight (aOR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.23–4.29) had increased odds of dementia. Those with moderate (aOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17–0.58) to high (aOR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16–0.77) physical activity and obesity (aOR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11–0.80) presented lower odds for dementia.

DISCUSSION

This study provides a contemporary estimate of dementia prevalence in Lesotho, highlighting an association with modifiable factors.

Highlights

In Lesotho there is a probable dementia prevalence of 4.89%, aligning with regional estimates for Africa.

Depression, older age, being underweight, and low physical activity were associated with increased odds of dementia.

Moderate to high physical activity and obesity were associated with lower dementia odds.

Further study of the association of dementia with potentially modifiable factors in low‐ and middle‐income countries is warranted.
Eating and swallowing care disparities in persons with dementia: A conceptual framework
Authors: Loy Raele Donetha , Rogus‐Pulia Nicole , Ketchum Fred , Troche Michelle , Rameau Anaïs , Jones Harrison N. , Riquelme Luis , Gilmore‐Bykovskyi Andrea , Shah Manish N. , Kind Amy
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Eating and swallowing difficulties are prevalent and distressing among persons living with dementia (PLWD). These challenges may be especially burdensome for PLWD in lower‐resourced settings, where environmental factors such as social support, health‐care infrastructure, and food access are critical for meeting quality standards of eating and swallowing care. However, clinical practices and research methods have not sufficiently focused on the lived environment to promote high‐quality, socially and culturally aligned management approaches.

METHODS

To address this gap, we developed a conceptual framework informed by the literature, grounded in ecological systems and fundamental cause theories, and refined through iterative discussion.

RESULTS

Our framework highlights individual‐, system‐, and community‐level factors and resources influencing person‐centered eating and swallowing care for PLWD. It identifies areas at risk for inequitable care along the swallowing management continuum.

DISCUSSION

We propose future research areas to help health‐care providers reconcile the demands of eating and swallowing care with the lived realities of PLWD.

Highlights

There are eating/swallowing care disparities among persons living with dementia.

We introduce a conceptual framework applying social and structural determinants of health to eating/swallowing care.

We also recommend areas to address disparities and improve eating/swallowing care.
Mechanochemically Enabled Formal Reductive Cross‐Coupling Reaction Between Aryl Ethers and Aryl Fluorides
Authors: Liu Tianfen , Zhang Xuemei , Wang Qingqing , Lian Zhong
Published: February 2025

Reductive cross‐coupling reactions involving two electrophilic reagents have become increasingly important in modern synthetic chemistry. Previous studies have investigated electrophilic reagents featuring zero or one inactive bond; however, reactions involving electrophilic reagents with two inactive bonds remain unexplored. This study presents the first nickel‐catalyzed reductive cross‐coupling reaction under mechanical conditions, involving aryl ethers and aryl fluorides, both of which contain inactive bonds. The reaction successfully synthesized a series of multifunctional biphenyl compounds, specifically including several sparingly soluble substrates that are challenging to prepare in a solvent system. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that nickel and magnesium play a crucial role in the activation of C‐F bonds. This novel coupling reaction offers a beneficial approach for polymer degradation and the development of luminescent materials.
A Multicomponent Reaction Integrating Selenium(II)‐Nitrogen Exchange (SeNEx) Chemistry and Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC)
Authors: Hou Wei , Zhou Wei , Zhou Xiaohui , Yang Zhikun , Xia Huhui , Wang Yan , Xu Keren , Hou Shaoneng , Zhang Shuning , Cui Dongmei , Ma Peixiang , Xu Hongtao
Published: February 2025

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are powerful tools for rapidly constructing compound libraries with sufficient molecular diversity and complexity. Herein, to fully leverage a third aspect of molecular diversity enabled by the selenium‐nitrogen exchange (SeNEx) reaction between alkynes and benzoselenazolones, a novel CuI‐catalyzed three‐component reaction has been successfully developed. This reaction integrates SeNEx with CuAAC click chemistry, enabling rapid and regioselective synthesis of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 5‐seleno‐1,2,3‐triazoles with high atom economy and good to excellent yields (65 examples, 50‐95%). Notably, this MCR demonstrates excellent functional group tolerance and features modular, predictable, robust, mild reaction conditions, and operational simplicity (air and water compatibility). Extensive mechanism studies have revealed that this reaction proceeds by a unique SeNEx‐CuAAC tandem reaction pathway, distinguishing it from conventional copper(I)‐catalyzed interrupted click reactions. Importantly, a mononuclear σ‐bound copper(I)‐acetylide Cu1 was synthesized and confirmed to be an efficient catalyst for the SeNEx reaction. This discovery provides crucial mechanistic insights into the preferential reactivity of alkynyl groups towards SeNEx over CuAAC. Furthermore, preliminary biological activity screening identified compound 14 as a potent inhibitor of Escherichia coli β‐glucuronidase (EcGUS), with an IC50 value of 3.16 μM. These findings underscore the significant potential of this MCR in synthetic chemistry, medical chemistry, and chemical biology.
Repurposing Post‐consumer Polyethylene to Access Cross‐linked Polyethylene with Reprocessability, Recyclability, and Tunable Properties
Authors: Miyake Garret , Liu Kun , Zhao Yucheng , Wolff Anna , Harry Katherine L. , Rettner Emma M. , Miscall Joel , Rorrer Nicholas A.
Published: February 2025

Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely produced plastic but accumulation and resistance to degradation has significantly contributed to the plastic waste crisis. Upcycling has presented promising solutions to transform PE waste into value‐added products. Herein, mixed post‐consumer PE was successfully repurposed into reprocessable and chemically recyclable cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE). This process involved converting PE into telechelic oligomers, followed by repolymerization using a hybrid cross‐linking system consisting of a dynamic cross‐linker 2,4,6‐triethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine (TETA) and non‐dynamic cross‐linker tris(6‐isocyanatohexyl)isocyanurate (Tri‐HDI). In the resulting XLPE, TETA facilitated iterative reprocessing with minimal property degradation across cycles, while Tri‐HDI helped preserve functional performance throughout service life. Compared to PE, XLPE exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, reduced creep deformation under application‐relevant temperatures, and high temperature structural stability. Notably, copolymerizing PE oligomers with commercial macrodiols was employed to create composite XLPEs, enabling tuning material properties. After use, XLPE can be efficiently and selectively depolymerized under mild conditions, even when mixed with commercial insulator cables. This depolymerization allows for the recovery of the constituent building blocks, enabling purification and subsequent repolymerization for reuse. This approach demonstrates the potential of repurposing plastic waste into sustainable materials and fostering the development of a circular economy.
Multisite Cross‐Linked Ligand Suppressing Ion Migration for Efficient and Stable CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dot‐Based Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Xu Yuzhu , Guo Weichuang , Yao Jisong , Xu Leimeng , Wang Jindi , Yang Zhi , Wang Shalong , Song Jizhong
Published: February 2025

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs), as promisingly solution‐processed emitters, have produced impressive external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the operational stability of perovskite QD‐based LEDs (QLEDs) is still limited by severe ion migration. Here, we propose a multisite cross‐linked ligand strategy using α‐lipoic acid (LA) molecules to simultaneously reduce non‐radiative recombination and suppress ion migration in QLEDs. Meanwhile, the introduction of cross‐linked LA ligands can reduce the roughness and contact potential difference variation of QD films, which facilitates the injection and recombination of carriers in devices. As a result, the colour‐saturated green CsPbBr3‐based QLED deliver a maximum EQE of 25.6% together with an operational lifetime of 1340 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m–2, representing the most efficient and stable perovskite LEDs based on cross‐linked QDs. The improvement in device stability is attributed to the reduced ion migration, which is confirmed by analyzing the current behavior of QLEDs and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry. This study provides a facile strategy for mitigating halide ion migration in perovskite fields toward more efficient and stable perovskite QLEDs.
The Knowledge and Perceptions of Recreational Anglers Related to Alien Plant Species in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study From Hungary
Authors: Nagy András , Neményi Zsolt , Hagyó Attila , Lukács Balázs András , Vitál Zoltán , Mozsár Attila , Reynolds S. James , Nagy Jenő , Löki Viktor
Published: February 2025

The value of recreational anglers' ecological knowledge and perceptions have come to prominence in the past few decades. Based on recent studies, their observations might include those of alien organisms and, therefore, might be particularly important in monitoring and revealing the causes of aquatic invasions. Although the number of registered anglers in Hungary has doubled in less than 5 years, exceeding 1 million by May 2024, little is known about their ecological knowledge. To learn more about anglers' knowledge and perceptions of alien plant species, 72 field interviews were conducted between December 2021 and May 2023 at four regularly fished freshwater bodies in Hungary: Hévíz Canal and Lakes Fényes, Balaton and Velence. During interviews, photographs of 12 alien plant species, occurring mostly at thermal water habitats, were shown to anglers as their observations on the effects of biological plant invasions were recorded. Overall, most anglers were unable to name all of the presented species, but at least half of the respondents could confidently identify four species, whereas those regularly fishing at thermal water habitats were able to identify correctly more of the invasive plants. Sixteen of the 72 interviewed anglers were engaged in aquaristics, two of whom confessed that a plant species (i.e., water lettuce [Pistia stratiotes]) and a fish species (i.e., goldfish [Carassius auratus]) previously held in aquaria had been intentionally released into the wild by them. Our research underlines the importance of anglers' observations about alien organisms, but anglers also have the potential to promote aquatic invasions, especially if they are aquarists too. Anglers might also facilitate early detection of plant invasives before biological invasions occur. We suggest that anglers are an untapped resource in defining and implementing conservation strategies that could counter the spread and establishment of aquatic plant invasives.
Celebrating student engagement in an undergraduate histology course: A showcase review
Authors: Vieno‐Corbett Kayla , Deweyert Andrew M.
Published: February 2025

Drawing is a teaching tool that provides numerous benefits to student learning, including enhanced knowledge retention, improved observation skills, and increased engagement with course content. However, these exercises also place high cognitive demands on students and require a considerable time commitment. To acknowledge and celebrate the effort students invest in their drawings; while also giving these illustrations curricular significance, a gallery walk can be an effective teaching strategy. During a gallery walk, students move around a learning space to view, analyze, and discuss work displayed on the walls. This article describes an adaptation of a gallery walk, named a ‘showcase review session’, which was implemented in an undergraduate histology course. This optional session highlighted highly accurate assignment drawings while offering a content review before the final examination. The course instructor created review questions associated with the student drawings, which were projected onto screens around the room. Students could visit the session at any time, with the questions cycling continuously, and the course instructor and teaching assistants circulated to answer questions. Students responded positively to the session, noting that it helped them prepare for their upcoming practical laboratory examination and that showcasing student work added value to the course. Showcase review sessions like the one described can be applied across disciplines, giving students the opportunity to learn from their peers' work while effectively reviewing course content in an engaging and interactive environment.
Structure Evolution of Organic Luminescent Molecules Utilizing Through‐Space Charge Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Meng Xin , Lang Xuteng , Cao Ziping
Published: February 2025

Organic structures provide an extensive platform for luminescent materials thanks to the easy to design and synthesize, low toxicity and tunable functionalization. Through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) in organic molecules, characterized by the transfer of excitons through spatial charge motion, has emerged as a significant research topic in optoelectronics, offering new avenues for the development of high‐performance luminescent materials. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental principles of TSCT and highlights the recent advancements in organic small molecules that exhibit this emission mechanism. Key aspects covered include the molecular design strategies that enhance TSCT efficiencies, the role of charge transport spacers, and the correlation between molecular donor‐acceptor structures and emission properties. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges and future directions in the field, emphasizing the importance of understanding TSCT for the development of next‐generation light‐emitting materials. By providing a comprehensive analysis of current research, this review serves as a crucial resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to innovate in the realm of organic optoelectronic materials, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of TSCT processes and their practical applications.
Atypical Developmental Patterns of Sensorimotor‐Related Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A BrainAGE Study Based on Resting‐State fMRI
Authors: Wu Yifei , Lu Chunying , Li Min , Li Bowen , Shang Xing , Jian Guifen , Zhang Qianyue , Chen Xue , Cao Xuan , He Bifang , Wang Jia , Liu Heng , Chen Heng
Published: February 2025

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by atypical brain development. Previous whole‐brain BrainAGE studies have unveiled the presence of accelerated or delayed brain function developmental patterns in individuals with ASD. However, it remains unclear whether these patterns manifest at a global level throughout the entire brain or are specific to certain functional sub‐networks. The study included resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 127 individuals with ASD and 135 healthy controls (aged between 5 and 40 years). ALFF maps were measured for each participant. Then, sub‐network‐level BrainAGE analyses were conducted across 10 sub‐networks using the Individual‐weighted Multilayer Perceptron Network (ILWMLP) regression method. The BrainAGE analyses revealed atypical developmental trajectories in sensorimotor‐related sub‐networks, encompassing auditory, motor, and sensorimotor sub‐networks. In individuals with ASD, delayed brain function development was observed in the auditory and sensorimotor networks, with a more pronounced delay observed in older individuals. Conversely, the motor network exhibited accelerated development in younger individuals but delayed development in older individuals. Our findings unveiled aberrant developmental patterns in sensorimotor‐related sub‐networks among individuals with ASD, exhibiting distinct atypical profiles across different sub‐networks. These results might contribute to a deeper understanding of the deviant brain development observed in ASD.
Feasibility and population exposure of 5‐fluorouracil using therapeutic drug monitoring (PREDICT‐5FU): A multicentre clinical trial
Authors: Glewis Sarah , Michael Michael , Gurney Howard , Olver Ian , Zdenkowski Nicholas , Ackland Stephen , Kukard Craig , Jayawardana Madawa , Silva S. Sandun M. , Alexander Marliese , Tie Jeanne , Galettis Peter , Martin Jennifer H.
Published: February 2025

Aim

PREDICT‐5FU aimed to document 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) exposure in a cancer population and to evaluate the feasibility of 5FU and capecitabine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients receiving standard doses and schedules.

Methods

Multicentre, prospective, observational single‐arm study. Eligible adult patients received 5FU (infusional ≥24 h) or capecitabine. Patients were treated for gastrointestinal, breast and head‐and‐neck cancers at four Australian hospitals. TDM was performed in consecutive cycles until target area under the curve (AUC) was reached. Pharmacogenetic testing was performed for all patients.

Results

Fifty patients (24 males, 26 females) were recruited. Median age was 63 years; common diagnoses were lower gastrointestinal cancers 40% (20/50) and metastatic disease 80% (40/50). The majority received 5FU (38/50, 76%) over 46 h. Only 36% of 5FU patients achieved target AUC when dosed based on body surface area; 61% were below and 3% above target range. Post TDM‐adjusted dosing, target AUC was achieved in 58% of patients (22% absolute increase vs. BSA dosing, p = 0.03), within median three cycles (range 1–5). DPYD variant allele carriers (3/4) had upfront reduced dosing due to heterozygosity; all were below the target AUC and one experienced Grade 3 toxicity. There was no correlation between dihydrouracil: uracil ratio [UH2/U] or uracilemia [U] and DPYD genotype. TDM results were reported with an average of 4 days from sampling.

Conclusion

TDM dosing is feasible and increases the proportion of patients reaching target AUC. Findings are relevant across all cancers treated with 5FU, and particularly for DPYD variant allele carriers receiving upfront dose reductions.
Preparation and properties of Zn5(OH)8Cl2 as an inorganic filler in poly(vinylidene fluoride) based electrolytes for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Kim Mi‐Ra , Park Sung Soo , Oh Wontae , Lee Seongman , Kim Gahyun , Yoo Minseok , Ying Hu , Oh Pilgun , Lee Songyi
Published: February 2025

The integration of inorganic fillers into polymer materials has garnered considerable attention for the development of advanced electrolyte materials, particularly in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among various potential fillers, zinc hydroxide chloride (Zn5(OH)8Cl2) emerged as a promising inorganic filler owing to its unique structural and electrochemical properties. This study focuses on developing a preparation method for Zn5(OH)8Cl2 as an inorganic filler, investigating its effects on the properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based electrolytes, and evaluating the performance of the resulting electrolyte in DSSCs. When Zn5(OH)8Cl2 was used as a filler, significant enhancements were observed in ionic conductivity and the overall cell performance. By harnessing the interactions between Zn5(OH)8Cl2 and PVDF, we optimized the PVDF‐based electrolytes for improved energy conversion efficiency of DSSCs. Notably, a DSSC device with a PVDF‐based electrolyte containing 15 wt% of Zn5(OH)8Cl2 in PVDF exhibited an overall efficiency of 7.52%.
Transgender History, Part II: A Brief History of Medical and Surgical Gender‐Affirming Care
Authors: Oles Norah , Fontenele Rodrigo , Abi Zeid Daou Margarita
Published: February 2025

The history of gender‐affirming care (GAC) dates back millennia. Ancient records acknowledged gender variance and early attempts at medical/surgical treatment. The twentieth century saw significant advancements in GAC, particularly in the success of gender‐affirming surgeries. The emergence of centers like the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in the 1970s marked a turning point in GAC's recognition and acceptance. However, their sudden closure after just a few years hampered progress in GAC for the next several decades. In 2014, the Department of Health and Human Services overturned its prohibition on Medicare coverage for gender‐affirming surgery, leading to greater access. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines have played a significant role in shaping contemporary GAC. The Standards of Care 8 (2022) emphasises patient‐centered care and guideline flexibility. While challenges have marked the historical trajectory of GAC, it has also witnessed significant evolution which we review in this article.