bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition of Fatty Acids in Winged Bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC] Seed Oil
Authors: Singh S. P. , Shukla Sudhir , Khanna K. R. , Dixit B. S. , Banerji R.
Published: October 2010

The oil content and fatty acid composition of 19 genetically improved cultivars of winged bean [Psophocarpus teragonolobus (L.) DC] seeds were determined. The oil content ranged from 14.5% to 22.7%. Oleic acid (41.4% ± 1.5) and linoleic acid (29.7% ± 1.1) were main constitutents and contributed above 70%, however, the total unsaturated fatty acid ranged from 66.8% to 78.9% (73.9% ± 0.9). Varieties BRWS‐103. BRWS‐114 and BRWS‐118 have higher linoleic acid while BRWS‐101, BRWS‐102 and BRWS‐105 have many fold higher oleic acid. Palmitic (10.9% ± 0.6), behenic 6.7% ± 0.4) and stearic (3.5 % ± 0.3) acids were the major saturated fatty acids. Parinanc acid, a toxic fatty acid was absent in seed oil of all the varieties. The oil can be stored for longer period being low in hnolenic acid (0.9% ± 0.1).

Fettsäure‐Zusammensetzung des Samenöls von Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC

Der Ölgehalt und die Fettsäure‐Zusammcnsetzung von 19 genctisch veränderten Sorten von Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC wurden untersucht. Dcr Ölgehalt schwankte zwischen 14.5% und 22.7 %. Ölsäure (41.4% ± 1.5) und Linolsäure (29.7% ± 1.1) waren die Hauptbestandteile (mehr als 70%); dcr Gehalt an ungesäitigten Fettsäuren lag zwischen 66.8% und 78.9% (73.9% ± 0.9). Die Sortcn BRWS‐103. BRWS‐114 und BRWS‐118 hatten einen hohen Linolsäuregehalt, während die Sortcn BRWS‐101, BRWS‐102 und BRWS‐105 einen vielfach höhercn Ölsäuregchalt aufwiesen. Palmitin‐(10.9% ± 0.6), Bchen‐(6.7% + 0.4) und Stcarinsäure (3.5% + 0.3) waren die wichtigstcn gesättigten Fettsäuren. Die toxische Parinarsäure war in alien Sortcn nicht vorhanden. Das Öl enthält wenig Linolensäure (0.9%n ± 0.1) und kann langcre Zeit gelagert werden.
Studies of Cannabis sativa and Sorghum bicolor Oils
Authors: Raie M. Y. , Ahmad A. , Ashraf M. , Hussain S.
Published: October 2010

The white/red variety of Sorghum bicolor and Cannabis sativa of the family Moraeeae contains oil 2.8%, 2.7% and 33.3% respectively under the process of solvent extraction. The low percentage 2.1%. 1.2% and IK.7% of linolcnic acid as compared to high percentage of linoleic acid 46.3%. 46.7% and 46.8% in these oils classify them as semi‐drying oils and therefore they can be used for edible purposes after their refining, bleaching, and deodorization. They can also be utilized in the manufacturing of margarine and shortenings after the hydrogenation of the oils.
Alkyldimethylbetaine — Bestimmung des freien Amins in Alkyldimethylbetainen — Gemeinschaftsarbeiten der DGF, 149. Mitteilung: Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen, 115. Mitt.: Analyse von grenzflachenaktiven Stoffen XXIV
Authors: Arens M. , Wingen H.‐P.
Published: October 2010

Der “Gemeinschajtsausschuß für die Analytik der Tenside (GAT)” hat die nachstehende Methode nach einer Publikation1) erarbeitet und im Ringversuch geprüft. Der GATstellt die Methode, die dann in den DGF‐Einheitsmethoden2) veröffentlicht werden soil, zur Diskussion und billet um Anmerkungen an die Berichterstatler.
Studies on Reduction in Oil Content in Deep‐Fat Fried Legume Based Snack Using Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS)
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. , Chhaya P. N. , Singhal R. S. , Kulkarni P. R.
Published: October 2010

The need to reduce fat content in deep fat fried foods is acutely felt worldwide due to health associated problems of high fat intake. Sev. a deep fried legume based extruded savoury snack is a vcrv popular snack in the Indian sub‐continent. Incorporation of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was found to reduce the oil content in deep fat fried sev. CMS tested for this purpose was prepared from corn starch and waxy amaranth starch. Best results were obtained with CMS prepared from corn starch.
Lipid Production by Lipomyces lipoferus
Authors: Hamid Shahnaz , Khan S. A. , Iqbal M. Z.
Published: October 2010

Lipomyces lipoferus was studied for its lipid production by investigating the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of different metals on lipid synthesis. The nature of metallic ions present in the medium exercise a considerable influence on the lipid storage. Chlorides of Ca++ and Mg++ ' show a marked inhibition on the formation of lipid materials while the acetates of the same metallic ions show improving effect on the amount of lipid produced. It is further noted that Na+ and K+ ions show better results for lipid production as compared to Ca++ and Mg++ when used as their acetates. The utilisation of sugar is also less effective with Ca++ than with Na++. The fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from cells of L. lipoferus shows that palmitic acid and oleic acid are the major components. However, the percentage of these acids increases with the age of mycelium by 11 % and 6% respectively. TLC results reveal that triglycerides are the major components of the neutral lipids (90 % ).
Studies on Leguminous Seeds
Authors: Chowdhury A. R. , Banerji R.
Published: October 2010

The seeds from 3 plant species belonging to Crotularia have been analyzed for fat, protein, fatty acid and mineral compositions. All the seed fats resembled the simple linolcic‐oleic‐palmitic type.
Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and their Combinations
Authors: Geda A. K.
Published: October 2010

Seven essential oils from Pseudo‐sorghum grass, Psoralen corylifolia, Oenan‐the stolonifera, Blurnea membranacea, Cyrnhopogon martinii, Laggera aurita and Caesulia uxiilaris were studied tor their antibacterial activity. The oils in 1:1 combination were found to be more active than the oils used individually against bacteria tested.
Studies on Some Minor Oilseeds
Authors: Banerji R.
Published: October 2010

The seeds from three plant species have been analysed for oil and protein contents and fatty acid composition. All the seeds were rich in oil and protein. The oil from Myroxylon balsamum contained four newly identified acids. The sum of oleic and linoleic acids in these oils ranged from 70.7‐74.8%.
Fat Concentration in Commercial Minced Meat
Authors: Krökki Anneli S
Published: October 2010

Fat concentrations were measured in minced beef and beef‐pork samples in order to detect the average amounts of fatty and low‐fatty meat. A total of 98 meat samples were examined, among which 59 % of the minced beef samples and 20 % of the beef‐pork samples contained less than 10% fat by weight. The minced beef altogether contained about 9.4% fat by weight and the beet‐pork about 15% by weight. The lowest fat concentration measured was 1.9% by weight and the highest 24 % by weight.
Fettsäureamidopropylbetaine ‐Gehalt an Fettsäureamidopropylamin ‐Gemeinschaftsarbeiten der DGF, 150. Mitteilung: Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen, 116. Mitt.: Analyse von grenzflächenaktiven Stoffen XXV
Authors: Arens M. , Spilker R.
Published: October 2010

Der “Gemeinschaftsausschuβ für die Analytik der Tenside (GAT)” hat die nachstehende Methode im Ringversuch geprüft. Der GATstellt die Methode, die dann in den DGF‐Einheitsmethoden1 veröffentlicht werden soil, zur Diskussion und hittet um Anmerkungen an die Berichterstatter.
Effect of Flavour Extraction on the Phenolic Constituents of Grape Leaves
Authors: Soliman M. M. A. , Fadel H. M. , Kaousar A. H
Published: October 2010

Extraction of phenolic compounds of grape leaves after flavour extraction has been studied. Fractionation of these compounds was done using thin‐layer and column chromatography and the compounds were identified by NMR analysis. A remarkable variation in the concentration of these phenolic compounds of all the varieties was observed. when subjected to flavour extraction.
Biologische Reinigung organisch verschmutzter Abluftströme
Authors: Böse Michael , MüNir Berkmen I. , Sitzmann Werner
Published: October 2010

Bei der Gewinnung und Veredelung von Ölen und Fetten aus pflanzlichen und tierischen Rohstoffen fallen, teilweise in erheblichem Umfaug, organisch verschmutzte Abluftströme an.

Reiativ neu im Vergleich zu konventionellen physikalisch‐chemischen Reinigungsmethoden ist die sioffliche Umsetzung der unerwünschten Verunreinigungen mit Hilfe von Mikroorganismen im Rahrnen der biologischen Abluftreinigung. In Abhängigkeit von der Aufgabenstellung kommen für die biologische Abluftreinigung die Sysierne Biofilter, Biowäscher und Rieselbettreaktor in Frage.

Es werdcn der aktuelle Stand der Technik und die jüngslen Neuentwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet vorgestellt sowie Funktionsweise und mögliche Einsatzgebiete der genannten Systeme aufgezeigt.Zicl des Beitrages ist es, dem Praktiker Hinweise zur systematischen Vorge‐hensweise bei der Auswahl eines geeigfieten biologischen Abluftreinigungsveifahrens zu geben.
Funktionalität von Lecithinen
Authors: Nieuwenhuyzen Willem Van
Published: October 2010

In der Industrie ist die funktionale Emulgierwirkung von Sojalecithinen von größerer technischer und kommerzieller Bedeutung, während Eilecithin eine Marktnische darstellt.

Die Anforderungen an konsistente Emulgier‐, Stabilisier‐ und nutritive Eigenschaften haben neben der Standardisierung zu einerReihe von Lecithin‐Modifikationen geführt:

Enzymatische Hydrolyse, Acetylierung, und Hydroxylierung ergeben Lecithine mit erhöhten hydrophilen Eigenschaften und dadurch bessere Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulgiereigenschaften. Alkohol‐Fraktionierung, zum Teil kombiniert mit chromatographischer Isolierung, trennt das Rohlecithin in spezifische Phospholipid‐Fraktionen, wodurch die Eigenschaften für den Einsatz in spezifischen Produkten zur Geltung kommen. Die Entölung von Rohlecithin zu „Reinlecithin”︁ mit pulverförmiger oder Granulatkonsistenz wird wegen bequemer Dosierung, neutralem Geschmack und verstärkter O/W Emulgierwirkung durchgeführt. Kombinationen dieser Verfahren ergeben eine breile Skala an Speziallecithinen mit unterschiedlichen „Hydrophile‐Lipophile‐Bilanz”︁‐Eigenschaften für den Nahrungsmittel‐ und Tierernährungssektor, Pharmazie, Kosmetik und technische Industrie.
Kontinuierliche Produktion von Sophoroselipiden mit Candida bombicola ATCC 22214
Authors: Fiehler Klaus , Albrecht Andre , Rasch Detlev , Rau Udo
Published: October 2010

Seit einigjr Zeit wild die Gewinnung von Sophoroselipiden aus nachwacnsenuen Rohstoffen mit Candida bornhicola untersueht. Schwerpunkt der Betrachtungen waren bisher Kultivierungen in Batch‐ oder Fed‐Batch‐Verfahren. Zur Produktion dicser Biotenside jmkontinuierhchen Prozeß sind bisher kaum Uniersuchungen vorbf fentlicht worden. Erste Ergebnissc zeigen jedoch, daß in kontinuierlicher Kultnr holie Produktivitäten erzielt werden können, die dieses Verfahren beziiglich dcrvorgenannten Mctlioden ?.u einerechten Alternative machen. Ein Verglcich beslehender Verfahren der Sophoioselipidproduklion and der kontinuierlichen Methode soil dies ver deutlichen.
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume
Authors: Garcia-Martinez Rita , Rovira Alex , Alonso Juli , Jacas Carlos , Simón-Talero Macarena , Chavarria Laia , Vargas Víctor , Córdoba Juan
Published: October 2010

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of cirrhosis that is associated with brain atrophy and may participate in impaired cognitive function after liver transplantation. This study analyzes the relationship of HE with cognitive function and brain volume after transplantation. A total of 52 consecutive patients with cirrhosis (24 alcohol abuse, 24 prior HE, 14 diabetes mellitus) completed a neuropsychological assessment before liver transplantation and again, 6 to 12 months after transplantation. In 24 patients who underwent the posttransplant assessment, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in addition, with measurement of brain volume and relative concentration of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr), a neuronal marker, by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuropsychological assessment prior to transplantation identified minimal HE in 28 patients. All cognitive indexes improved after liver transplantation, but 7 patients (13%) showed persistent mild cognitive impairment. Global cognitive function after transplantation was poorer in patients with the following variables before liver transplantation: alcohol etiology, diabetes mellitus, and HE. Brain volume after transplantation was smaller in patients with prior HE. Brain volume correlated to NAA/Cr values (r = 0.498, P = 0.013) and poor motor function (r = 0.41, P = 0.049). In conclusion, the association of HE with cognitive function and brain volume suggests that having experienced HE before liver transplantation impairs the posttransplantation neurological outcome. Liver Transpl 17:38-46, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Dopamine turnover increases in asymptomatic LRRK2 mutations carriers
Authors: Sossi Vesna , de la Fuente‐Fernández Raul , Nandhagopal Ramachandiran , Schulzer Michael , McKenzie Jessamyn , Ruth Thomas J. , Aasly Jan O. , Farrer Matthew J. , Wszolek Zbigniew K. , Stoessl Jon A.
Published: October 2010

Increase in dopamine (DA) turnover was found to occur early in symptomatic Parkinson's disease (PD) and to be functionally related to the dopamine transporter (DAT). The objectives of this study were to examine changes in DA turnover in the asymptomatic PD phase; to compare them with changes in other dopaminergic markers, and to investigate a possible relationship between DAT and DA turnover. Eight subjects from families at increased risk of PD due to LRRK2 mutation were investigated. Positron emission tomography imaging was performed with: 18F‐fluorodopa to determine the effective DA distribution volume (EDV), the inverse of DA turnover, and the DA uptake rate Kocc, a marker of DA synthesis and storage; 11C‐methylphenidate (MP, a DAT marker) and 11C‐dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ, a VMAT2 marker) to estimate the binding potentials BPND_MP and BPND_DTBZ. On average, EDV showed the largest reduction from age‐matched control values (42%) followed by BPND
_
MP (23%) and BPND
_
DTBZ (17%), whereas Kocc remained in the normal range for all subjects. No correlation was found between EDV and any other marker. DA turnover was found to be elevated in asymptomatic mutation carriers at increased risk of PD. Such change was determined to be larger than and statistically independent from changes observed with the other markers. These results support a compensatory role of increased DA turnover in presymptomatic disease and indicate that at this stage, in contrast to the symptomatic PD phase, increased turnover is not related to DAT. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Speed effects of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Klostermann Fabian , Wahl Michael , Marzinzik Frank , Vesper Jan , Sommer Werner , Curio Gabriel
Published: October 2010

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) accelerates reaction time (RT) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in tasks in which decisions on the response side have to be made. This might indicate that DBS speeds up both motor and nonmotor operations. Therefore, we studied the extent to which modifications of different processing streams could explain changes of RT under subthalamic DBS. Ten PD patients on‐DBS and off‐DBS and 10 healthy subjects performed a choice‐response task (CRT), requiring either right or left finger button presses. At the same time, EEG recordings were performed, so that RTs could be assessed together with lateralized readiness potentials (LRP), indicative of movement preparation. Additionally, an oddball task (OT) was run, in which right finger responses to target stimuli were recorded along with cognitive P300 responses. Generally, PD patients off‐DBS had longer RTs than controls. Subthalamic DBS accelerated RT only in CRT. This could largely be explained by analog shortenings of LRP. No DBS‐dependent changes were identified in OT, neither on the level of RT nor on the level of P300 latencies. It follows that RT accelerations under DBS of the STN are predominantly due to effects on the timing of motor instead of nonmotor processes. This starting point explains why DBS gains of response speed are low in tasks in which reactions are initiated from an advanced level of movement preparation (as in OT), and high whenever motor responses have to be raised from scratch (as in CRT). © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Direct induction of CCK and GLP‐1 release from murine endocrine cells by intact dietary proteins
Authors: Geraedts Maartje C. P. , Troost Freddy J. , Fischer Marc A. J. G. , Edens Luppo , Saris Wim H. M.
Published: October 2010

Scope: Consumption of high‐protein diets cause elevated levels of CCK and GLP‐1. Although unknown, this might be due to protein breakdown by various proteases that originate from the gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated which dietary proteins, hydrolysates, or synthetic‐peptides are most potent to affect secretion of CCK and GLP‐1 in STC‐1 cells known for satiety hormone release.

Methods and results: Addition of intact proteins to STC‐1 cells exerted strong effects on secretion of satiety hormones. Casein, whey, and pea showed strongest effects on CCK release, whereas casein, codfish, egg, and wheat showed most pronounced effects on GLP‐1 release. Egg‐hydrolysate stimulated release of CCK and GLP‐1, whereas all other tested hydrolysates and synthetic‐peptides showed no significant effects on hormone release. Addition of a combination of trypsin and casein‐hydrolysate, codfish, egg, egg‐hydrolysate, sodium‐casein, wheat‐hydrolysate, or wheat resulted in additional stimulation of CCK release, compared to only the protein. Addition of a combination of DPP‐IV and egg‐hydrolysate, ovomucoid, or sodium‐casein decreased GLP‐1 levels.

Conclusion: This study showed that specific intact, or partially digested proteins, in contrast to protein‐hydrolysates and synthetic‐peptides, stimulated hormone release. We conclude that intact proteins exert strong effects on satiety hormone release, and may therefore provide potent dietary supplements for prevention or treatment of obesity.
Dietary L‐carnitine alters gene expression in skeletal muscle of piglets
Authors: Keller Janine , Ringseis Robert , Priebe Steffen , Guthke Reinhard , Kluge Holger , Eder Klaus
Published: October 2010

Scope: Carnitine improves protein accretion, muscle mass, and protein:fat accretion in piglets. The underlying mechanisms, however, are largely unknown.

Methods and results: To gain insight into mechanisms through which carnitine exerts these effects, we fed piglets either a control or a carnitine‐supplemented diet, and analyzed the transcriptome in skeletal muscle. Carnitine concentrations in plasma and muscle were about four‐fold higher in the carnitine group when compared to the control group. Transcript profiling revealed 211 genes to be differentially expressed in muscle by carnitine supplementation. The identified genes were mainly involved in molecular processes such as cytoskeletal protein binding, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding, transcription factor activity, and insulin receptor binding. Identified genes with the molecular function transcription factor activity encoded primarily transcription factors, most of which were down‐regulated by carnitine, including pro‐apoptotic transcription factors such as proto‐oncogene c‐fos, proto‐oncogene c‐jun and activating transcription factor 3. Furthermore, atrophy‐related genes such as atrogin‐1, MuRF1, and DRE1 were significantly down‐regulated by carnitine. IGF signalling and insulin signalling were identified as significantly up‐regulated regulatory pathways in the carnitine group.

Conclusion: Carnitine may have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle mass through stimulating the anabolic IGF‐1 pathway and suppressing pro‐apoptotic and atrophy‐related genes, which are involved in apoptosis of muscle fibers and proteolysis of muscle proteins, respectively.
Coupling global methylation and gene expression profiles reveal key pathophysiological events in liver injury induced by a methyl‐deficient diet
Authors: Tryndyak Volodymyr P. , Han Tao , Muskhelishvili Levan , Fuscoe James C. , Ross Sharon A. , Beland Frederick A. , Pogribny Igor P.
Published: October 2010

Scope: A methyl‐deficient diet induces liver injury similar to human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, one of the main risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous studies have demonstrated that this diet perturbs DNA methylation by causing a profound loss of global cytosine methylation, predominantly at heavily methylated repetitive sequences. However, whether methyl deficiency affects the methylation status of gene promoters has not been explored.

Methods and results: Mouse gene expression and CpG island microarrays were used to characterize the gene expression and CpG island methylation profiles in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a methyl‐deficient diet. We detected 164 genes that were differentially expressed and exhibited an inverse relationship between the gene expression and the extent of CpG island methylation. Furthermore, these genes were associated with altered lipid and glucose metabolism, DNA damage and repair, apoptosis, the development of fibrosis, and liver tissue remodeling. Although there were both increased and decreased levels of CpG island methylation, the number of hypomethylated genes was substantially greater than the number of hypermethylated genes.

Conclusion: The results this study demonstrate that pairing methylation profiles with gene expression profiles is a powerful approach to identify dysregulated high‐priority fundamental pathophysiological pathways associated with disease development.
Exploring solid lipid nanoparticles to enhance the oral bioavailability of curcumin
Authors: Kakkar Vandita , Singh Sukhjit , Singla Dinesh , Kaur Indu Pal
Published: October 2010

Scope: Curcumin, a molecule with pluripharmacological properties, was loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with a view to improve its oral bioavailability (BA).

Methods and results: Curcumin‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (C‐SLNs) with an average particle size of 134.6 nm and a total drug content of 92.33±1.63% was produced using a microemulsification technique. The particles were spherical in shape, with high drug entrapment of 81.92±2.91% at 10% drug loading. Thein vitrorelease was predominantly by diffusion phenomenon and was prolonged up to 7 days. No significant variation in particle size and curcumin content of C‐SLNs was observed, upon storage, over a period of 12 months at 5±3°C.In vivopharmacokinetics performed after oral administration of C‐SLNs (50, 25, 12.5 and 1 mg/kg dose) and (free) solubilized curcumin (C‐S; 50 mg/kg), using a validated LC‐MS/MS method in rat plasma revealed significant improvement (atp<0.05) in BA (39 times at 50 mg/kg; 155 times at 1 mg/kg; and, 59 and 32 times at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg, respectively) after administration of C‐SLNs at all the doses with respect to C‐S.

Conclusions: Enhanced and reliable BA will help in establishing its therapeutic usefulness especially for neurodegenerative and cancerous disorders in humans.
Identification of estrogen‐responsive vitelline envelope protein fragments from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma using mass spectrometry
Authors: Salinas K. , Hemmer M.J. , Serrano J. , Higgins L. , Anderson L.B. , Benninghoff A.D. , Williams D.E. , Walker C.
Published: October 2010

Plasma peptides previously associated with exposure of juvenile male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the hormone 17β‐estradiol (E2) were identified using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). Specifically, plasma peptides of interest were fractionated and subsequently identified via spectra obtained by MALDI QqTOF MS/MS and LC‐MALDI TOFTOF MS/MS analysis, de novo sequencing and database matching. The two peptide masses were identified as significant matches for fragments of the C‐terminal propeptides from rainbow trout vitelline envelope protein (VEP)α and VEPγ isoforms. Our findings document the presence of the C‐terminal propeptides from rainbow trout VEPα and VEPγ proteins in the bloodstream of juvenile male rainbow trout exposed to E2 via MALDI‐TOF‐MS detection. We provide three possible explanations for the presence of C‐terminal propeptides in the bloodstream, as well as compare previously obtained hepatic transcriptomic results with the plasma proteomic results obtained in the present study. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77:963–970, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Split‐acquisition real‐time CINE phase‐contrast MR flow measurements
Authors: Steeden Jennifer A. , Atkinson David , Taylor Andrew M. , Muthurangu Vivek
Published: October 2010

The temporal and spatial resolution of real‐time phase‐contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) is restricted by the need to acquire two interleaved phase images. In this article, we propose a split‐acquisition real‐time CINE PCMR technique, where the acquisition of flow‐encoded and flow‐compensated data is divided into separate blocks. By comparing magnitude images, automatic matching of data in cardio‐respiratory space allows subtraction of background phase offsets. Thus, the data is acquired in real‐time but with phase correction originating from a different heart beat. This effectively doubles the frame rate, allowing either higher temporal or spatial resolution. Two split‐acquisition sequences were tested: one with high‐temporal resolution and one with high‐spatial resolution. Both sequences showed excellent agreement in stroke volumes in 20 adults when validated against cardiac‐gated PCMR and interleaved real‐time PCMR (cardiac gated: 95.2 ± 20.0 mL, interleaved real‐time: 96.2 ± 20.7 mL, high‐temporal resolution: 95.6 ± 20.1 mL, high‐spatial resolution: 95.5 ± 20.4 mL). In six children, the high‐spatial resolution sequence provided more accurate flow measurements than interleaved real‐time PCMR, when compared with cardiac‐gated PCMR (cardiac gated: 20.6 ± 7.6 mL, interleaved real‐time: 24.3 ± 9.2 mL, high‐spatial resolution: 20.8 ± 7.8 mL), due to the increased spatial resolution. The matching technique is shown to be accurate (truth: 94.6 ± 21.8, split‐acquisition: 95.0 ± 21.9 mL) and quantitative image quality (signal‐to‐noise ratio, velocity‐to‐noise ratio and edge sharpness) is acceptable. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative 1H MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate gland using LCModel and a dedicated basis‐set: Correlation with histologic findings
Authors: García‐Martín M. L. , Adrados M. , Ortega M. P. , Fernández González I. , López‐Larrubia P. , Viaño J. , García‐Segura J. M.
Published: October 2010

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H‐MRSI) has been advocated as a valuable tool for prostate cancer diagnosis. However, a barrier to widespread clinical use of this technique is the lack of robust quantification methods that yield reproducible results in an institution‐independent manner. The main goal of this study was to develop a standardized and fully automated approach (LCModel‐based) for quantitative prostate 1H‐MRSI. To this end, a dedicated basis set was constructed by the combination of simulated (citrate, Cit; choline, Cho, and creatine, CR) and experimentally acquired (spermine, Spm) spectra. The overlapping Spm, Cho, and Cr could be resolved and quantified individually, thus allowing for the independent assessment of glandular (Cit and Spm) and proliferative (Cho) components. Several metabolite ratios were calculated and compared to the histologic findings of prostatectomy specimens from 10 prostate cancer patients with Gleason scores (3 + 3) and (3 + 4). The Cho mole fraction and the Cho/(Cit + Spm) ratio were found to best discriminate between prostate cancer and healthy tissue. The comparison between the quantitative MRSI results and the histologic findings suggests that no correlation exists between the detected metabolic alterations and the Gleason score of low‐grade tumors. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CEST‐FISP: A novel technique for rapid chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI at 7 T
Authors: Shah T. , Lu L. , Dell K. M. , Pagel M. D. , Griswold M. A. , Flask C. A.
Published: October 2010

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and magnetization transfer techniques provide unique and potentially quantitative contrast mechanisms in multiple MRI applications. However, the in vivo implementation of these techniques has been limited by the relatively slow MRI acquisition techniques, especially on high‐field MRI scanners. A new, rapid CEST‐fast imaging with steady‐state free precession technique was developed to provide sensitive CEST contrast in ∼20 sec. In this study at 7 T with in vitro bovine glycogen samples and initial in vivo results in a rat liver, the CEST‐fast imaging with steady‐state free precession technique was shown to provide equivalent CEST sensitivity in comparison to a conventional CEST‐spin echo acquisition with a 50‐fold reduction in acquisition time. The sensitivity of the CEST‐fast imaging with steady‐state free precession technique was also shown to be dependent on k‐space encoding with centric k‐space encoding providing a 30–40% increase in CEST sensitivity relative to linear encoding for 256 or more k‐space lines. Overall, the CEST‐fast imaging with steady‐state free precession acquisition technique provides a rapid and sensitive imaging platform with the potential to provide quantitative CEST and magnetization transfer imaging data. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superelliptical insert gradient coil with a field‐modifying layer for breast imaging
Authors: Moon Sung M. , Craig Goodrich K. , Rock Hadley J. , Kim Seong‐Eun , Zeng Gengsheng L. , Morrell Glen R. , McAlpine Matthew A. , Chronik Blaine A. , Parker Dennis L.
Published: October 2010

Many MRI applications such as dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of the breast require high spatial and temporal resolution and can benefit from improved gradient performance, e.g., increased gradient strength and reduced gradient rise time. The improved gradient performance required to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution for this application may be achieved by using local insert gradients specifically designed for a target anatomy. Current flat gradient systems cannot create an imaging volume large enough to accommodate both breasts; further, their gradient fields are not homogeneous, dropping off rapidly with distance from the gradient coil surface. To attain an imaging volume adequate for bilateral breast MRI, a planar local gradient system design has been modified into a superellipse shape, creating homogeneous gradient volumes that are 182% (Gx), 57% (Gy), and 75% (Gz) wider (left/right direction) than those of the corresponding standard planar gradient. Adding an additional field‐modifying gradient winding results in an additional improvement of the homogeneous gradient field near the gradient coil surface over the already enlarged homogeneous gradient volumes of the superelliptical gradients (67%, 89%, and 214% for Gx, Gy, and Gz respectively). A prototype y‐gradient insert has been built to demonstrate imaging and implementation characteristics of the superellipse gradient in a 3 T MRI system. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short note: An integrable numerical algorithm for computing eigenvalues of a specially structured matrix
Authors: Sun Jian‐Qing , Hu Xing‐Biao , Tam Hon‐Wah
Published: October 2010

This paper is motivated by some recent work of Fukuda, Ishiwata, Iwasaki, and Nakamura (Inverse Problems 2009; 25:015007). We first design an algorithm for computing the eigenvalues of a specially structured matrix from the discrete Bogoyavlensky Lattice 2 (dBL2) system. A Lax representation for the dBL2 system is given in a matrix form. By considering the asymptotic behavior of dBL2 variables, some characteristic polynomials are then factorized. A new algorithm for computing the complex eigenvalues of a specially structured matrix is then introduced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the life history of an andean traveller through biogeochemistry: Stable and radiogenic isotope analyses of archaeological human remains from Northern Chile
Authors: Knudson K. J. , Pestle W. J. , Torres‐Rouff C. , Pimentel G.
Published: October 2010

Bioarchaeology and biogeochemistry can elucidate aspects of individual life histories that are often lost in the archaeological record. Here, we use stable and radiogenic isotope analyses of enamel, bone and hair to reconstruct paleodiet and paleomobility in an adult male interred along a pre‐Columbian route connecting the northern Chilean coast to the inland Loa River Valley. Although this well‐preserved burial included mortuary goods typical of coastal cultures, it was discovered in a vast, uninhabited part of northern Chile's hyper‐arid Atacama Desert.

Variation in carbon and nitrogen isotopes reflects dietary differences, while strontium and oxygen isotopes vary geologically and geographically. We use these data to examine paleodiet and paleomobility and to assess whether this was a coastal traveller seeking provisions from the interior orvice versa. Enamel stable isotope analysis is consistent with the consumption of a mixture of terrestrial and marine resources during the first years of life. Bone stable isotope analyses indicate habitual consumption of marine foodstuffs over the last 10–30 years of this individual's life. Interestingly, stable isotope analysis of hair samples provides more fine‐grained information on this individual, suggesting movements between the coast and highlands in the months before his death. Radiogenic strontium isotope data are consistent with residence on the coast or in the Atacama Desert, but are lower than strontium isotope values from higher altitudes. These dietary and geological patterns are reconcilable with coastal residency; the isotopic data are consistent with foodstuffs and textiles found with the burial. Therefore, we argue that this individual was regularly moving from the coast to inland areas, crossing the hyper‐arid Atacama Desert by following strategic interzonal routes that provided access to particular resources. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumption of serum lipid‐reducing drugs in Serbia compared with Scandinavian countries: a population‐based study, 2004–2008
Authors: Sabo Ana , Tomić Zdenko , Stilinović Nebojša , Milijašević Boris , Mikov Momir , Vukmirović Saša , Horvat Olga
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The aim of this study was to measure the consumption of serum lipid reducing drugs in Serbia from 2004 to 2008, to compare this data with that from Scandinavian countries, and to compare the consumption of lipid lowering drugs and the rate of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in these countries.

Methods

A population‐based study was undertaken to analyse lipid lowering drug consumption using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose methodology. Cause‐specific mortality rates were obtained from the WHOSIS annual report for the year 2009.

Results

In 2008, a total of 1207.44 DDD/1000 inh/day of all drugs, was used in Serbia, of which 38.89% belonged to drugs for cardiovascular diseases. While in Scandinavian countries 17.03–24.80% of drugs for cardiovascular diseases belonged to lipid‐lowering drugs, in Serbia it was substantially lower (3%). In 2004 in Serbia, 1.50 DDD/1000 inh/day of statins were used. In 2008, this value was 14.24 DDD/1000 inh/day. In every investigated country, simvastatin made up more than 50% of the consumption of statins. After simvastatin, the next most frequently used statin was atorvastatin, with 5.52, 11.00, 11.17 and 24.82 DDD/1000 inh/day, in Serbia, Denmark, Finland and Norway, respectively. In 2004 Serbia has the highest mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases among investigated countries with 762/100.000 inhabitants and Norway has the lowest rate with 158/100.000 inhabitants.

Conclusion

The use of lipid lowering drugs is 6–8 times lower in Serbia than in Scandinavian countries but there is an evident rise in lipid lowering drugs consumption in Serbia during years. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreasing inappropriate vocalizations using classwide group contingencies and color wheel procedures: A component analysis
Authors: Kirk Emily R. , Becker Jennifer A. , Skinner Christopher H. , Fearrington Jamie Yarbrough , McCane‐Bowling Sara J. , Amburn Christie , Luna Elisa , Greear Corinne
Published: October 2010

Teacher referrals for consultation resulted in two independent teams collecting evidence that allowed for a treatment component evaluation of color wheel (CW) procedures and/or interdependent group‐oriented reward (IGOR) procedures on inappropriate vocalizations in one third‐ and one first‐grade classroom. Both studies involved the application of B‐C‐D‐C designs, with the initial B phase involving the application of independent group‐oriented punishment (IGOP) procedures that were applied in all classrooms at the respective schools and maintained across all phases of the studies. In Study I, the C phase involved that application of IGOP, IGOR, and CW; CW was withdrawn in the D phase and reinstated in the subsequent C phase. In Study II, IGOP procedures were supplemented with CW procedures (first C phase), then IGOR procedures were added (D phase) and withdrawn (second C phase). Results from the two studies converge and provide evidence that CW procedures are effective when applied with IGOP procedures and that supplementing them with IGOR procedures may have little classwide impact on inappropriate vocalizations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social problem solving and depression in couples coping with cancer
Authors: McClure Kelly S. , Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine Maguth , O'Hea Erin L. , McMahon Cori
Published: October 2010

Objective: When one person in a couple has cancer, both members may experience depressive symptoms and may react as an emotional system. However, the variables that influence this depressive system have not been identified. This study examined whether social problem solving, an important moderator of individual cancer‐related depression, is related to depression in the couple system.

Methods: Sixty‐three couples with one partner diagnosed with cancer completed self‐report questionnaires regarding depressive symptoms, social problem solving, and relationship satisfaction.

Results: Multiple regression correlations supported the hypothesis that depression occurs in an emotional system (patient depression predicted partner depression and partner depression predicted patient depression). When examining how partner social problem solving impacts transmission from patient to partner, hierarchical multiple regression demonstrated that one social problem‐solving component (positive problem orientation) eliminated the prediction of partner depression by patient depression. No other component of partner social problem solving eliminated the prediction of partner depression by patient depression. Partner social problem solving had no effect on whether partner depression predicted patient depression.

Conclusions: Partners with more positive beliefs about solving problems were less likely to experience depression together with the patients. Further investigation into the role of social problem solving in the interpersonal depression system is warranted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gauge/gravity duality applied to condensed matter systems
Authors: Ammon M.
Published: October 2010

In this review we investigate phenomena of strongly‐coupled quantum critical theories, which also appear in condensed matter systems. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, a technique motivated by string theory, the strongly‐coupled scale‐invariant theories can be related to gravity theories at weak coupling. Within this framework we study the holographic description of superconductors and the emerging fermi surface of strongly coupled fermions. We also calculate the conductivity of alternating currents and determine the direct current conductivity for (non‐) relativistic systems beyond linear response. Since the explicit string theory construction in terms of probe branes embedded in type IIB supergravity is explicitly known, we are able to identify the dual operators on the field theory side and can compare the effects at weak and strong coupling.
Predicting kinetic constants of protein–protein interactions based on structural properties
Authors: Bai Hongjun , Yang Kun , Yu Daqi , Zhang Changsheng , Chen Fangjin , Lai Luhua
Published: October 2010

Elucidating kinetic processes of protein–protein interactions (PPI) helps to understand how basic building blocks affect overall behavior of living systems. In this study, we used structure‐based properties to build predictive models for kinetic constants of PPI. A highly diverse PPI dataset, protein–protein kinetic interaction data and structures (PPKIDS), was built. PPKIDS contains 62 PPI with complex structures and kinetic constants measured experimentally. The influence of structural properties on kinetics of PPI was studied using 35 structure‐based features, describing different aspects of complex structures. Linear models for the prediction of kinetic constants were built by fitting with selected subsets of structure‐based features. The models gave correlation coefficients of 0.801, 0.732, and 0.770 for koff, kon, and Kd, respectively, in leave‐one‐out cross validations. The predictive models reported here use only protein complex structures as input and can be generally applied in PPI studies as well as systems biology modeling. Our study confirmed that different properties play different roles in the kinetic process of PPI. For example, kon was affected by overall structural features of complexes, such as the composition of secondary structures, the change of translational and rotational entropy, and the electrostatic interaction; while koff was determined by interfacial properties, such as number of contacted atom pairs per 100 Å2. This information provides useful hints for PPI design. Proteins 2010;79:720–734. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature‐dependent oligomerization in M‐crystallin: Lead or lag toward cataract, an NMR perspective
Authors: Barnwal Ravi P. , Devi K. Manjula , Agarwal Geetika , Sharma Yogendra , Chary Kandala V. R.
Published: October 2010

The oligomerization and/or aggregation of proteins is of critical importance in a wide variety of biomedical situations, ranging from abnormal disease states like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease to the production of inclusion bodies, stability, and delivery of protein drugs. In the case of eye‐lens proteins, oligomerization is implicated in cataract formation. In the present study, we have investigated the temperature driven oligomerization of M‐crystallin, a close homologue of eye‐lens proteins, using NMR spectroscopy and dynamic‐light scattering (DLS). The NMR data primarily included R1, R2 relaxation rates and nOes of the backbone amide groups recorded at three different temperatures, 25, 20, and 15° C. The major outcome of the study is the two fold increase in the overall tumbling time (τc) of M‐crystallin on lowering the temperature from 25 to 15° C. An extrapolation of τc to a further lower temperature (5° C) may lead to a τc of ∼19 ns that would correspond to a τc value of a tetrameric M‐crystallin. These results also validate the observed changes in the hydrodynamic radius of M‐crystallin, determined using DLS data. Further, the temperature‐dependent protein dynamics of M‐crystallin reveal considerable variation at/near the Ca2+‐binding sites. A concerted analysis of the temperature dependent relaxation parameters and DLS data reveals that the self‐association of the protein is not only a monomer‐dimer equilibrium, but also goes to tetramers or other multimeric states. These higher states may co‐exist in fast exchange with the monomeric and dimeric M‐crystallin at milli‐molar to sub‐millimolar concentrations and at lower temperature. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation energies of point defects at finite temperatures
Authors: Grabowski B. , Hickel T. , Neugebauer J.
Published: October 2010

The dominant entropy contribution affecting defect concentrations is configurational entropy. Other contributions such as harmonic and anharmonic lattice vibrations are second order effects and computationally expensive to calculate. Therefore, such contributions have been rarely considered in defect investigations. However, to achieve the next accuracy level in defect calculations and thus significantly improve the agreement with experiment, the inclusion of these contributions is critical. In this paper, we present the methods needed to compute highly accurate free energies of point defects from first principles. We demonstrate how to include all relevant free energy contributions up to the melting point. The focus will be on nonmagnetic metals and point defects in the dilute limit. We consider all relevant excitation mechanisms: electronic excitations and ionic vibrations both in the quasiharmonic approximation and explicitly including anharmonicity (i.e., phonon–phonon interaction). Since computing such interactions requires to sample large parts of the phase space, straightforward ab initio based simulations (such as molecular dynamics) are in most cases out of reach even on supercomputers. To overcome this difficulty, a recently developed hierarchical scheme will be presented which allows to coarse grain the configuration space and thus to efficiently calculate anharmonic contributions to defect formation. We discuss the performance and accuracy of the developed methodology for the example of vacancies in aluminum. An important insight is that the entropy of vacancy formation is significantly affected by anharmonicity. We further show that the inclusion of all the aforementioned excitation mechanisms is critical to guarantee an accurate description of thermodynamic properties up to the melting point.
Characteristics of abductive inquiry in earth science: An undergraduate case study
Authors: Oh Phil Seok
Published: October 2010

The goal of this case study was to describe characteristic features of abductive inquiry learning activities in the domain of earth science. Participants were undergraduate junior and senior students who were enrolled in an earth science education course offered for preservice secondary science teachers at a university in Korea. The undergraduate students conducted, as a course activity, earth scientific inquiry according to the Abductive Inquiry Model (AIM) to explain a typhoon's anomalous path. Data sources included students' presentation materials, written reports, and interviews with five selected participants. The data were analyzed qualitatively in collaboration with a practicing earth scientist. The findings of the study revealed the characteristics of students' inquiry performance in each phase of the AIM. During the exploration phase, the students investigated earth scientific phenomena with provided data and transformed the data into new forms to discover problems to be explained abductively. In the examination phase, the students activated and expanded their background knowledge to find appropriate rules for abductive inference. Furthermore, they created new rules, which contained hypothetical explanations for the phenomena in question. The selection phase provided the students with opportunities to evaluate their hypotheses with empirical and theoretical criteria and choose more plausible ones. Finally, in the explanation phase, the students provided genetic and narrative explanations using the hypotheses selected previously. Implications for science inquiry learning as well as relevant research were suggested. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 409–430, 2011