bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olfactory eavesdropping: The odor of feathers is detectable to mammalian predators and competitors
Authors: Mihailova Milla , Berg Mathew L. , Buchanan Katherine L. , Bennett Andrew T. D.
Published: October 2017

The role of olfactory eavesdropping in interactions between mammalian predator and prey species is well established. Bird plumage can be odorous and consequently nest predators could use odor to identify and locate avian prey, and nest competitors could use odor to assess occupancy of nest cavities by birds. However, despite extensive research on avian nest predation and competition, the costs of olfactory eavesdropping on plumage odor by nest predators or competitors remain largely unknown. We used two experiments to investigate whether feather odor is detected by marsupial species which are competitors for nest hollows and predators of eggs and nestlings of crimson rosellas, Platycercus elegans. In the first experiment, odor presentation at nest boxes utilized by ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and rosellas showed that the latency of possums to enter the nest was shorter when crimson rosella odor was present compared to the controls. In the second experiment, carried out away from nest hollows, brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) discriminated odors of two predators (dingo, Canis lupus dingo, and cat, Felis catus) from crimson rosella and control odors; however, they did not discriminate between crimson rosella odor and a control. We show that marsupials may use feather odor cues to assess nest hollow status, information which could aid their detection of avian prey or their vigilance at nest hollows (for which they compete with parrots). To our knowledge, our study is the first to show that wild mammalian predators and competitors of birds respond to plumage odor at nests and suggest that odor signaling may have hitherto unrecognized costs for birds.
Importance of wing movements for information transfer during honey bee waggle dance
Authors: Łopuch Sylwia , Tofilski Adam
Published: October 2017

There is growing evidence indicating that dancing honeybees can transfer some information about the found food source by means of wing movements. However, the available data are limited and inconclusive in the case of the frequency of wing beats. Therefore, in this study, the hypothesis that the wing beats convey information about the foraging distance was re‐examined. Honeybee dances were recorded using a high‐speed camera, and foraging distances were decoded from the duration of waggle phases. Dancing honeybees moved their wings for almost half (47%) of the duration of waggle phases. The number of wing‐beating pulses and the combined duration of wing beating were strongly positively correlated with the duration of waggle phases (p < .0014), whereas the mean frequency of wing beats, the mean duration of wing‐beating pulses and the mean number of wing beats in one wing‐beating pulse were not correlated with the duration of waggle phases (p > .05). Nevertheless, both the mean frequency of wing beats and the mean number of wing beats in one wing‐beating pulse were positively correlated with the mean frequency of abdomen waggles (p < .0014). They were also positively correlated with the mean frequency of wing‐beating pulses (p < .0014). The correlation matrix revealed that there were two groups of dance components that were positively correlated within groups, but negatively correlated between groups. One of the groups provided information about distance to the food source. We hypothesise that the other group, including the number of wing beats in one pulse, the frequency of wing beats, the frequency of wing‐beating pulses and the frequency of abdomen waggles, may provide information about the motivational state of foragers.
Assessing trait‐based scaling theory in tropical forests spanning a broad temperature gradient
Authors: Enquist Brian J. , Bentley Lisa Patrick , Shenkin Alexander , Maitner Brian , Savage Van , Michaletz Sean , Blonder Benjamin , Buzzard Vanessa , Espinoza Tatiana Erika Boza , Farfan‐Rios William , Doughty Christopher E. , Goldsmith Gregory R. , Martin Roberta E. , Salinas Norma , Silman Miles , Díaz Sandra , Asner Gregory P. , Malhi Yadvinder
Published: October 2017

Aim

Tropical elevation gradients are natural laboratories to assess how changing climate can influence tropical forests. However, there is a need for theory and integrated data collection to scale from traits to ecosystems. We assess predictions of a novel trait‐based scaling theory, including whether observed shifts in forest traits across a broad tropical temperature gradient are consistent with local phenotypic optima and adaptive compensation for temperature.

Location

An elevation gradient spanning 3,300 m and consisting of thousands of tropical tree trait measures taken from 16 1‐ha tropical forest plots in southern Perú, where gross and net primary productivity (GPP and NPP) were measured.

Time period

April to November 2013.

Major taxa studied

Plants; tropical trees.

Methods

We developed theory to scale from traits to communities and ecosystems and tested several predictions. We assessed the covariation between climate, traits, biomass and GPP and NPP. We measured multiple traits linked to variation in tree growth and assessed their frequency distributions within and across the elevation gradient. We paired these trait measures across individuals within 16 forests with simultaneous measures of ecosystem net and gross primary productivity.

Results

Consistent with theory, variation in forest NPP and GPP primarily scaled with forest biomass, but the secondary effect of temperature on productivity was much less than expected. This weak temperature dependence appears to reflect directional shifts in several mean community traits that underlie tree growth with decreases in site temperature.

Main conclusions

The observed shift in traits of trees that dominate in more cold environments is consistent with an ‘adaptive/acclimatory’ compensation for the kinetic effects of temperature on leaf photosynthesis and tree growth. Forest trait distributions across the gradient showed overly peaked and skewed distributions, consistent with the importance of local filtering of optimal growth traits and recent shifts in species composition and dominance attributable to warming from climate change. Trait‐based scaling theory provides a basis to predict how shifts in climate have and will influence the trait composition and ecosystem functioning of tropical forests.
Functional Parallelism of Detailed and Rough Speech Processing at the End of Infancy
Authors: Teickner Claudia , Becker Angelika B. C. , Schild Ulrike , Friedrich Claudia K.
Published: October 2017

Although realization of the same speech sound is far from being consistent across different contexts, speech recognition has to rely on phonetic detail in order to detect words. So far, it appeared that young infants cannot avoid noticing subtle speech sound variation whenever it occurs. Only later on, they are able to tolerate speech sound variation in some word recognition tasks. Here, we test whether this ability is associated with the time infants start storing their first word forms. We recorded event‐related potentials (ERPs) in a priming paradigm. German words (targets) followed syllables (primes) with a different amount of phoneme overlap. We tested infants at three, six, and nine months after birth.ERPs reflected sensitivity to prime‐target variation in a single phoneme in three‐month‐olds, tolerance to this in six‐month‐olds, and both processing aspects in nine‐month‐olds. Our findings reveal individual developmental priorities for different aspects of speech processing, with very detailed speech processing dominating at around 3 months, rough processing dominating at around half a year after birth, and an architecture of parallel rough and detailed processing at around 9 months. Functional parallelism at the end of infancy might explain the heterogeneous pattern of results regarding the degree of acoustic detail that toddlers appear to consider at different ages and across different paradigms.
Do leading indicators forecast U.S. recessions? A nonlinear re‐evaluation using historical data
Authors: Plakandaras Vasilios , Cunado Juncal , Gupta Rangan , Wohar Mark E.
Published: October 2017

This paper analyses to what extent a selection of leading indicators is able to forecast U.S. recessions, by means of both dynamic probit models and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models, using monthly data from January 1871 to June 2016. The results suggest that the probit models predict U.S. recession periods more accurately than SVM models up to six months ahead, while the SVM models are more accurate over longer horizons. Furthermore, SVM models appear to distinguish between recessions and tranquil periods better than probit models do. Finally, the most accurate forecasting models are those that include oil, stock returns and the term spread as leading indicators.
African origin and global distribution patterns: Evidence inferred from phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Strobilomyces
Authors: Han Li H. , Feng Bang , Wu Gang , Halling Roy E. , Buyck Bart , Yorou Nourou S. , Ebika Sydney T. N. , Yang Zhu L.
Published: October 2017

Aim

The ectomycorrhizal genus Strobilomyces is widely distributed throughout many parts of the world, but its origin, divergence and distribution patterns remain largely unresolved. In this study, we aim to explore the species diversity, distribution and evolutionary patterns of Strobilomyces on a global scale by establishing a general phylogenetic framework with extensive sampling.

Location

Africa, Australasia, East Asia, Europe, North America, Central America and Southeast Asia.

Methods

The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition method was used to delimit phylogenetic species. Divergence times were estimated using a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock. The ancestral area and host of Strobilomyces were inferred via the programs rasp and mesquite. The change of diversification rate over time was estimated using Ape, Laser and Bammtools software packages.

Results

We recognize a novel African clade and 49 phylogenetic species with morphological evidence, including 18 new phylogenetic species and 23 previously described ones. Strobilomyces probably originated in Africa, in association with Detarioideae/Phyllanthaceae/Monotoideae during the early Eocene. The dispersal to Southeast Asia can be explained by Wolfe's “Boreotropical migration” hypothesis. East Asia, Australasia, Europe and North/Central America are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Oligocene or later. A rapid radiation implied by one diversification shift was inferred within Strobilomyces during the Miocene.

Main conclusions

An unexpected phylogenetic species diversity within Strobilomyces was uncovered. The highest diversity, resulting probably from a rapid radiation, was found in East Asia. Dispersal played an important role in the current distribution pattern of Strobilomyces. The Palaeotropical disjunction is explained by species dispersal from Africa to Southeast Asia through boreotropical forests during the early Eocene. Species from the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia are largely derived from immigrant ancestors from Southeast Asia.
The Identification and Influence of Social Roles in a Social Media Product Community
Authors: Benamar Lamya , Balagué Christine , Ghassany Mohamad
Published: October 2017

This research focuses on the identification of social roles and an investigation of their influence in online context. Relying on a systemic approach for role conceptualization, we investigate member's activity, shared content and position in the network within a consumer to consumer social media-based community (SMC) around a product. This investigation led to the identification of ten core roles, based on three key elements: object of interest (product, practice, and community), main contribution type (sharing information and seeking information), individual orientation (factual, emotional). We propose an explanation about how these roles, through their positioning, participate in the community dynamics and how they contribute to the creation and diffusion of cookery as a social practice, shaping the periphery around this practice.
Incidental Exposure, Selective Exposure, and Political Information Sharing: Integrating Online Exposure Patterns and Expression on Social Media
Authors: Weeks Brian E. , Lane Daniel S. , Kim Dam Hee , Lee Slgi S. , Kwak Nojin
Published: October 2017

Political information sharing in social media offers citizens opportunities to engage with news and express their political views, but how do different patterns of online political information exposure, including both incidental and selective exposure, affect sharing? Using two-wave panel survey data collected in the United States, we examine the relationship between incidental and selective exposure and their consequent links to political information sharing, across different levels of strength of political party affiliation. Our results demonstrate that incidental exposure to counter-attitudinal information drives stronger partisans to more actively seek out like-minded political content, which subsequently encourages political information sharing on social media. The results highlight the need to consider both types of political information exposure when modeling citizens' political behavior online.
Classification of Heat‐Related Illness Symptoms Among Florida Farmworkers
Authors: Mutic Abby D. , Mix Jacqueline M. , Elon Lisa , Mutic Nathan J. , Economos Jeannie , Flocks Joan , Tovar‐Aguilar Antonio J. , McCauley Linda A.
Published: October 2017

Background

Farmworkers working in hot and humid environments have an increased risk for heat‐related illness (HRI) if their thermoregulatory capabilities are overwhelmed. The manifestation of heat‐related symptoms can escalate into life‐threatening events. Increasing ambient air temperatures resulting from climate change will only exacerbate HRI in vulnerable populations. We characterize HRI symptoms experienced by farmworkers in three Florida communities.

Methods

A total of 198 farmworkers enrolled in 2015–2016 were asked to recall if they experienced seven HRI symptoms during the previous work week. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between selected sociodemographic characteristics and reporting three or more symptoms. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of symptoms representing the HRI severity range. We examined sociodemographic characteristics of the farmworkers across the latent classes.

Results

The mean age (±SD) of farmworkers was 38.0 (±8) years; the majority were female (60%) and Hispanic (86%). Most frequently reported symptoms were heavy sweating (66%), headache (58%), dizziness (32%), and muscle cramps (30%). Females had three times the odds of experiencing three or more symptoms (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.18–6.89). Symptoms fell into three latent classes, which included mild (heavy sweating; class probability = 54%), moderate (heavy sweating, headache, nausea, and dizziness; class probability = 24%), and severe (heavy sweating, headache, nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps; class probability = 22%).

Conclusions

Farmworkers reported a high burden of HRI symptoms that appear to cluster in physiologic patterns. Unrecognized accumulation of symptoms can escalate into life‐threatening situations if untreated. Our research can inform interventions to promote early recognition of HRI, on‐site care, and appropriate occupational health policy. Administrative or engineering workplace controls may also reduce the manifestation of HRI.

Clinical Relevance

This study advances the current knowledge of HRI symptoms in farmworkers and moves beyond reporting individual symptoms by utilizing latent class analysis to identify how symptoms tend to co‐occur together in this population. It acknowledges multiple symptoms occurring as a result of occupational heat exposure and highlights the importance of symptom recognition.
Long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors, dose–response relationship and associated risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction
Authors: Sehested T. S. G. , Gerds T. A. , Fosbøl E. L. , Hansen P. W. , Charlot M. G. , Carlson N. , Hlatky M. A. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Gislason G. H.
Published: October 2017

Background

Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated with cardiovascular disease amongst patients not on antiplatelet therapy. The associations of PPI use, duration and dose, with risk of first‐time ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) are poorly understood.

Methods

All Danish individuals with no prior history of MI or stroke, who had an elective upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed between 1997 and 2012, were identified from nationwide registries. We used multiple Poisson regression to test associations with current PPI use and its dose and used multiple cause‐specific Cox regression and g‐formula methods to analyze long‐term use.

Results

Amongst 214 998 individuals, during a median follow‐up of 5.8 years, there were 7916 ischemic strokes and 5608 MIs. Current PPI exposure was associated with significantly higher rates of both ischemic stroke (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.19) and MI (HR 1.31, CI 1.23–1.39) after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and concomitant medication. High‐dose PPI was associated with increased rates of ischemic stroke (HR 1.31, CI 1.21–1.42) and MI (HR 1.43, CI 1.30–1.57). Histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) use was not significantly associated with ischemic stroke (HR 1.02, CI 0.84–1.24) or MI (HR 1.15, CI 0.92–1.43). Long‐term users of PPIs, compared with nonusers, had a 29% (CI 5%‐59%) greater absolute risk of ischemic stroke and a 36% (CI 7%‐73%) greater risk of MI within a 6‐month period.

Conclusion

Use of PPIs was associated with increased risks of first‐time ischemic stroke and MI, particularly amongst long‐term users and at high doses.
Mixed‐Methods Evaluation of a Healthy Exercise, Eating, and Lifestyle Program for Primary Schools
Authors: Cochrane Thomas , Davey Rachel C.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Reversing decline in physical fitness and increase in excess body weight in school children are considered major public health challenges. We evaluated a proposed model to integrate a screening and healthy exercise, eating, and lifestyle program (HEELP) into primary schools in Canberra, Australia. Objectives were: (1) to establish body status and physical competencies of 5‐ to 10‐year‐old children; (2) to evaluate the service's impact on body status and physical fitness; and (3) to gauge parent/guardian and school perspectives on the service.

METHODS

A mixed‐methods approach was used over 4 school years, 2010‐2013. Primary evaluation used direct quantitative measurement. Confirmatory qualitative methods were implemented in the last 2 years.

RESULTS

The service was delivered on 71 occasions involving 25 schools; 7750 children were screened and 709 completed all aspects of the HEELP evaluation. Over 60% of children screened had 2 or more measures that would benefit from remedial intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

All body status and physical fitness measures showed small beneficial changes on a population basis immediately after the HEELP. Further benefit did not accrue at 6 months after the program. Semistructured interviews with schools and parent/guardian surveys confirmed some beneficial effects observed by direct quantitative measurement.
Impact of NFL PLAY 60 Programming on Elementary School Children's Body Mass Index and Aerobic Capacity: The NFL PLAY 60 FitnessGram Partnership Project
Authors: Saint‐Maurice Pedro F. , Bai Yang , Welk Gregory J. , Bandelli Lorraine N. , Allums‐Featherston Kelly , Candelaria Norma
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

We examined the impact of the Fuel Up to Play 60 (FUTP60) program on children's body mass index (BMI) and aerobic capacity (AC).

METHODS

Participation in the FUTP60 and both BMI and AC profiles were collected through the NFL PLAY 60 FitnessGram Partnership Project involving over 100 schools from 22 US states. We specifically examined the distributions of BMI and AC among participating versus nonparticipating schools in the 2012‐2013 school year. Hierarchical linear models tested the impact of participation and availability of additional funding for program implementation on the proportions of youth meeting FitnessGram health‐related fitness standards (ie, Needs Improvement—Health Risk [NIHR] and Healthy Fitness Zone [HFZ] categories).

RESULTS

After 1 year implementing the program, participating schools had lower proportions of boys (−4.1 ± 2.0%, p = .04) and girls (−4.5 ± 2.0%, p = .03) in the NIHR for BMI, and lower proportion of girls (−9.7 ± 4.0%, p = .02) in the NIHR for AC. There were no differences in the distributions for the HFZ and the availability of additional funding did not alter the relationships (p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides preliminary evidence that participation in the FUTP60 is associated with improved profiles of health‐related fitness.
Macronutrient intake of dogs, self‐selecting diets varying in composition offered ad libitum
Authors: Roberts M. T. , Bermingham E. N. , Cave N. J. , Young W. , McKenzie C. M. , Thomas D.G.
Published: October 2017

The diet of the domestic dog has changed significantly from that of its wolf ancestor, with to date only two studies having examined macronutrient self‐selection in dogs. Whilst the first focused solely on protein intake, determining an intake of 30% metabolisable energy (ME), the second investigated dietary protein, fat and carbohydrate (PFC), indicating an intake ratio of 30:63:7% by energy. This study's aim was to further elucidate macronutrient intake by providing greater macronutrient range, energy content, and to investigate over a longer duration than previous studies. Fifteen adult dogs were given access to three wet diets providing 500% of daily ME, twice daily over 10 days. The diets were nutritionally complete and formulated using the same four ingredients in different proportions to supply high levels of protein (58% ME), fat (86% ME) or carbohydrate (54% ME). Overall fat and carbohydrate consumption significantly declined from 6,382 to 917 kcals per day (p < 0.001) and 553 to 214 kcals day−1 (p < .01) respectively. Protein intake, however, remained constant over the study and ranged from 4,786 to 4,156 kcals day−1. Such results impacted on percentage total energy intake, with fat decreasing from 68% to 52% (p < .001) and protein increasing from 29% to 44% (p < .01). Our findings suggest that dogs still possess a “feast or famine” mentality, wherein energy dense fat is prioritised over protein initially. With continued feeding over 10 days, a transition to a more balanced energy contribution from both macronutrients is evident. The study also shows that given the option, dogs do not select carbohydrate to be a significant portion of the diet. The health implications of such dietary selection are of interest.
Changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism‐related parameters in domestic pigeon (Columba livia) during incubation and chick rearing
Authors: Wan X. P. , Xie P. , Bu Z. , Zou X. T.
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism‐related parameters of adult male and female White King pigeons (Columba livia) during incubation and chick rearing. At day 4 (I4), 10 (I10) and 17 (I17) of incubation and day 1 (R1), 7 (R7), 15 (R15) and 25 (R25) of chick rearing, livers were sampled from six pigeons for each sex. Glycogen and fat contents, activities of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, HK; 6‐phosphofructokinase, 6‐PFK), and genes expressions of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (pyruvate kinase, PK; glucokinase, GK), gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase cytosolic, PCK1; fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, FBP1; glucose‐6‐phosphatase, G6Pase), fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthase, FAS; acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, ACC) and fatty acid β‐oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1; acyl‐CoA 1, ACO) were measured. In male and female pigeon livers, glycogen content and HK activity dramatically increased after I17 and after R1, respectively; expressions of FBP1 and G6Pase genes were maximized at R15; activity of 6‐PFK and expressions of PK and CPT1 genes were highest at R7; fat content and expressions of FAS and ACC genes steeply increased from I10 to R1. In females, hepatic expressions of GK and PCK1 genes were greatest at R7 and I17, respectively; however, in males, both of them were maximized at R15. Hepatic expression of ACO gene was significantly enhanced at R1 compared to I17 and R7 in males, whereas it was notably up‐regulated at I17 and R7 in females. Furthermore, expressions of PCK1, GK, FAS and ACC genes were in significant relation to fat content in the livers of female pigeons, while fat content in male pigeons was highly correlated with expression of PCK1, ACC, CPT1 and ACO genes. In conclusion, regulations of glucose and lipid metabolic processes were enhanced in parent pigeon livers from terminal phases of incubation to mid phase of chick rearing with sexual effects.
Long‐term dynamics of the East European forest‐steppe ecotone
Authors: Shumilovskikh Lyudmila S. , Novenko Elena , Giesecke Thomas
Published: October 2017

Question

The European forest‐steppe ecotone extends over 6,000 km from the Carpathian to the Ural Mountains. It is extensively used for agriculture with very few patches of semi‐natural vegetation. Little is known about the history of the forest‐steppe ecotone in Eastern Europe and here we examine its Holocene dynamics and stability and investigate when it was transformed to the modern agro‐pastoral landscapes.

Location

Mid‐Russian Upland.

Methods

We summarize the information from five pollen diagrams for the last 7,000 years and estimate forest cover using the best modern analogue technique. We use the PCA and principal curve analysis to evaluate compositional changes.

Results

The pollen data suggest that the East European forest‐steppe boundary was located 50–70 km further northwest from the presumed present position during the period 7,000–4,500 cal yr BP. After 4,500 cal year BP, it moved approximately 100–130 km to the southeast. Since 2,000 cal year BP land use affected the boundary, while a total forest clearance and transformation to agricultural landscapes took place in the last 400 years. Pollen data indicate a NW–SE direction of the forest‐steppe vegetation gradient. Prior to clearance, open lime–pedunculate oak forests existed in the NW, while the south was characterized by pine woodlands with an admixture of oak and lime with 20%–40% forest cover.

Conclusions

The East European forest‐steppe ecotone is sensitive to climate change. The Late Holocene expansion of forest cover is in agreement with evidence suggesting an increase in moisture availability during this time. The rapid recovery to a similar composition after human disturbance indicates a high resilience of woodland in the ecotone, which may be connected to a naturally high disturbance regime, possibly through fire. The information revealed on the position of the gradient and natural composition of the forest is currently not depicted in maps of the potential natural vegetation.
An Evaluation of Replacing Fishmeal with Rapeseed Meal in the Diet of Pseudobagrus ussuriensis: Growth, Feed Utilization, Nonspecific Immunity, and Growth‐related Gene Expression
Authors: Bu Xian‐Yong , Wang Yue‐Yang , Chen Fang‐Yi , Tang Bai‐Bing , Luo Cheng‐Zeng , Wang Yi , Ge Xian‐Ping , Yang Yu‐Hong
Published: October 2017

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal with rapeseed meal (RM) on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immunity, and growth‐related gene expression of Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (initial body weight 14.0 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain RM to replace fishmeal at 0 (R0), 10 (R10), 20 (R20), 30 (R30), 40 (R40), and 50% (R50), respectively. The results showed that final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary RM levels. Fish fed the diets with 30% or more fishmeal replaced by RM had significantly lower SGR (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, and crude lipid decreased with increasing dietary RM levels. Similar trends were observed in immune parameters and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, an increasing trend was observed in malondialdehyde. Fish fed the diets with 30% or more fishmeal replaced by RM had significantly lower hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities than the control group R0 (P < 0.05). Hepatic insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) gene expression level significantly decreased in fish fed Diet R50 compared with the R10 group (P < 0.05). However, the IGF‐I gene expression level in muscles significantly increased in fish fed Diet R50 compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Broken‐line model analysis based on SGR against dietary RM substitution level indicated that the appropriate substitution level was 17%.
Secularism, Religion and the 20th/21st Century Novel
Authors: Sambrooke Jerilyn
Published: October 2017

As many commentators within and beyond the academy decry the “resurgence of religion,” literary scholars have been reconsidering familiar narratives about religion and literature. Literary studies has a complex relation with secularization theses, narratives that tie the ostensible decline of religion in the modern age with the rise of modern literature, particularly the novel. Increasingly, however, scholars are stepping away from such rise‐and‐fall narratives and asking how literature—both literary texts and literary modes of reading—might contribute to shifting our understanding of secularism. Focusing on different methodological approaches scholars take to their study of the novel's relation to secularism, this article contrasts literary studies that take secularization theses as their point of departure with those that investigate the practices and sensibilities underlying and enabling contemporary secularism.
Do genetic drift and accumulation of deleterious mutations preclude adaptation? Empirical investigation using RADseq in a northern lacustrine fish
Authors: Perrier Charles , Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Sirois Pascal , Thibault Isabel , Bernatchez Louis
Published: October 2017

Understanding genomic signatures of divergent selection underlying long‐term adaptation in populations located in heterogeneous environments is a key goal in evolutionary biology. In this study, we investigated neutral, adaptive and deleterious genetic variation using 7,192 SNPs in 31 Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations (n = 673) from Québec, Canada. Average genetic diversity was low, weakly shared among lakes, and positively correlated with lake size, indicating a major role for genetic drift subsequent to lake isolation. Putatively deleterious mutations were on average at lower frequencies than the other SNPs, and their abundance relative to the entire polymorphism in each population was positively correlated with inbreeding, suggesting that the effectiveness of purifying selection was negatively correlated with inbreeding, as predicted from theory. Despite evidence for pronounced genetic drift and inbreeding, several outlier loci were associated with temperature and found in or close to genes with biologically relevant functions notably related to heat stress and immune responses. Outcomes of gene–temperature associations were influenced by the inclusion of the most inbred populations, in which allele frequencies deviated the most from model predictions. This result illustrates challenge in identifying gene–environment associations in cases of high genetic drift and restricted gene flow and suggests limited adaptation in populations experiencing higher inbreeding. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the conservation and management, notably regarding stocking and genetic rescue, of Lake Trout populations and other species inhabiting highly fragmented habitats.
Multispeed genome diploidization and diversification after an ancient allopolyploidization
Authors: Mandáková Terezie , Pouch Milan , Harmanová Klára , Zhan Shing Hei , Mayrose Itay , Lysak Martin A.
Published: October 2017

Hybridization and genome doubling (allopolyploidy) have led to evolutionary novelties as well as to the origin of new clades and species. Despite the importance of allopolyploidization, the dynamics of postpolyploid diploidization (PPD) at the genome level has been only sparsely studied. The Microlepidieae (MICR) is a crucifer tribe of 17 genera and c. 56 species endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Our phylogenetic and cytogenomic analyses revealed that MICR originated via an intertribal hybridization between ancestors of Crucihimalayeae (n = 8; maternal genome) and Smelowskieae (n = 7; paternal genome), both native to the Northern Hemisphere. The reconstructed ancestral allopolyploid genome (n = 15) originated probably in northeastern Asia or western North America during the Late Miocene (c. 10.6–7 million years ago) and reached the Australian mainland via long‐distance dispersal. In Australia, the allotetraploid genome diverged into at least three main subclades exhibiting different levels of PPD and diversity: 1.25‐fold descending dysploidy (DD) of n = 15 → n = 12 (autopolyploidy → 24) in perennial Arabidella (3 species), 1.5‐fold DD of n = 15 → n = 10 in the perennial Pachycladon (11 spp.) and 2.1–3.75‐fold DD of n = 15 → n = 7–4 in the largely annual crown‐group genera (42 spp. in 15 genera). These results are among the first to demonstrate multispeed genome evolution in taxa descending from a common allopolyploid ancestor. It is suggested that clade‐specific PPD can operate at different rates and efficacies and can be tentatively linked to life histories and the extent of taxonomic diversity.
Assessing recovery of biological soil crusts across a latitudinal gradient in Western Europe
Authors: Williams Laura , Jung Patrick , Zheng Ling‐Juan , Maier Stefanie , Peer Thomas , Grube Martin , Weber Bettina , Büdel Burkhard
Published: October 2017

Biological soil crusts are ecologically important communities in areas where vascular plant coverage is low, and their presence is often vital in prevention of soil erosion. Despite recurrent threats to biological soil crusts across different environments, their recovery after disturbance has been little studied. We therefore established experiments across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, from Öland, Sweden in the north, to Gössenheim, Germany and Hochtor, Austria, to Almeria, Spain in the south, spanning over 20° latitude and 2,300 m in altitude, and including natural and semi‐natural sites. At each site 10 (1 × 1 m) paired plots were constructed where the biological soil crusts were either completely removed, or left intact. Over a 2‐year period (2012–2014) the plots were regularly sampled to assess functional group recovery (cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants), soil stability, and chlorophyll, carbon, and nutrient contents. Cyanobacterial assemblages were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, a technique used to detect DNA in environmental samples. The results indicated that recovery was site dependent, suggesting that physical and climatic parameters play a major role in biological soil crust recovery. This conclusion is supported by the results of the soil properties, which were found to differ between sites, although they did not show meaningful recovery over the study period. Although 2 years was insufficient for pronounced biological soil crust recovery, this study documents changes over the initial recovery period, suggests management practices for future projects, and recommends proxies for measuring recovery over time.
Prognostic significance of Glasgow prognostic score in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Kang Hye S. , Cho Kang W. , Kwon Soon S. , Kim Yong H.
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) reflects the host systemic inflammatory response and is a validated independent prognostic factor in lung cancer. We investigated GPS as a potential predictive factor of clinical outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients with acute exacerbation (AE).

Methods

This was a retrospective study performed between January 2006 and March 2016 in Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea. Overall, 327 admitted IPF patients were registered in the study. Patients with definite pneumonia at the time of admission, those with left‐sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism and an identifiable cause of acute lung injury, and those whose albumin or C‐reactive protein levels were not measured were excluded.

Results

A total of 66 patients hospitalized with IPF‐AE were finally included. Median survival was 20.7 days and 29 (43.9%) patients died during hospitalization. The median length of overall survival (OS) was 26.0, 20.0 and 15.0 days for GPS‐0, GPS‐1 and GPS‐2, respectively. There were significant differences in OS between GPS‐0 and GPS‐2 (P = 0.002). In a multivariate analysis performed using a Cox regression model, eosinopenia (P = 0.007), lower partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (P = 0.014), and higher GPS (P = 0.006) were independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

GPS can be helpful in predicting mortality in IPF patients with AE.
Income and Price Elasticities of Demand in South Africa: An Application of the Linear Expenditure System
Authors: Burger Rulof Petrus , Coetzee Lodewicus Charl , Kreuser Carl Friedrich , Rankin Neil Andrew
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the expenditure patterns of South African households using detailed cross‐sectional expenditure and price data that varies across region and time. Linear expenditure system parameter estimates are used to calculate income and price elasticities for a number of product categories at different points of the income distribution. We find substantial variation in the price and income elasticities of demand for items across the income distribution, with the bottom quartile being extremely sensitive to increases in the price of food and clothing items, and the top quartile being as sensitive as households in developed countries.
Preceding haemorrhagic shock as a detrimental risk factor for respiratory distress after excessive allogeneic blood transfusion
Authors: Masuda R. , Iijima T. , Kondo R. , Itoda Y. , Matsuhashi M. , Hashimoto S. , Kohira T. , Kobayashi N. , Okazaki H.
Published: October 2017

Background and Objectives

Whether transfusion‐associated circulatory overload arises as a simple result of over‐transfusion or requires another trigger remains unclear. Here, we examined whether respiratory distress could be reproduced by massive transfusion alone in an animal model.

Materials and Methods

A total of 20 anaesthetized swine were equipped with monitors. Allogeneic blood was obtained from 10 donor swine. A 4‐stage loading protocol with each stage equivalent to 25% of the blood volume (BV) in the recipient swine was then used to infuse crystalloid (CR), hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or allogeneic blood (TR) (n = 5 each). The five remaining animals were subjected to a haemorrhagic shock (HS) prior to an allogeneic blood transfusion (TRS).

Results

The PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio did not decrease to the level of respiratory distress in either the CR group or the HES group after loading with a volume corresponding to 100% of the recipient BV. However, the TRS and TR groups exhibited significant reductions in the P/F ratio after fluid overloading (227 ± 29 and 267 ± 133, respectively). Blood transfusion after HS expanded the blood volume, but over‐transfusion alone did not. HS was accompanied by an increase in the white blood cell count.

Conclusion

The lung and the heart can tolerate volume overloads with HES, CR and even transfused blood. However, a preceding HS may induce an inflammatory response, making the lung vulnerable to subsequent blood overloads. In this study, a preceding haemorrhagic shock mediated respiratory distress following massive transfusion in a swine model. (247 words)
An investigation of fetal behavioural states during maternal sleep in healthy late gestation pregnancy: an observational study
Authors: Stone Peter R. , Burgess Wendy , McIntyre Jordan , Gunn Alistair J. , Lear Christopher A. , Bennet Laura , Mitchell Edwin A , Thompson John M. D. ,   the Maternal Sleep In Pregnancy Research Group The University of Auckland
Published: October 2017

Key points

Fetal behavioural state in healthy late gestation pregnancy is significantly affected by maternal position overnight.

Maternal left lateral position is the one most frequently adopted at sleep onset.

The maternal position at sleep onset is maintained the longest overnight.

Fetal state 1F is more common in maternal supine positions overnight.

Fetal state 4F is less common in maternal supine sleep positions.

Fetal state and maternal sleep position are independently associated with fetal heart rate variability.

Maternal sleep position significantly affects fetal heart rate and heart rate variability and affects circadian fetal heart rate patterns.

Fetal behavioural states (FBS) are measures of fetal wellbeing. Maternal position affects FBS with supine position being associated with an increased likelihood of fetal quiescence consistent with the human fetus adapting to a lower oxygen consuming state. Several studies have now confirmed the association between sleep position and risk of late intrauterine death. We designed this study to observe the effects of maternal sleep positions overnight in healthy late gestation pregnancy. Twenty‐nine healthy women had continuous fetal ECG recordings overnight. Two blinded observers assigned fetal states in 5 min blocks. Measures of fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) were calculated from ECG beat to beat data. Maternal position was determined from infrared video recording. Compared to state 2F (active sleep), 4F (active awake‐high activity) occurred almost exclusively when the mother was in a left or right lateral position. State 1F (quiet sleep) was more common when the mother was supine [odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.52] and less common on the maternal right side with the left being the referent position (OR 0.81, 95% CI, 0.70–0.93). State 4F was more common between 21.00 and 01.00 h than between 01.00 and 07.00 h (OR 2.83, 95% CI 2.32–3.47). In each fetal state, maternal position had significant effects on fetal heart rate and measures of FHRV. In healthy late gestation pregnancy, maternal sleep position affects FBS and heart rate variability. These effects are probably fetal adaptations to positions which may produce a mild hypoxic stress.
Caracterización de riesgos ambientales y de salud asociados al uso de preservantes tradicionales y alternativos en formulaciones cosméticas de cuidado personal
Authors: García Lina , Saenz Santiago
Published: October 2017

Los preservantes son sustancias químicas adicionadas a los productos cosméticos que se utilizan para evitar el riesgo de que se presente una contaminación microbiana en el producto y se pueda afectar la salud del consumidor. Estos han resuelto el problema de contaminación microbiana pero han generado una serie de riesgos para la salud humana y el ambiente, por lo cual surge la necesidad de utilizar preservantes alternativos a los tradicionales, los cuales declaran tener un una toxicidad menor. Se espera que estos ingredientes alternativos sí generen una ventaja sostenible en relación a los tradicionales. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue realizar una caracterización de los preservantes tradicionales y alternativos utilizados en formulaciones cosméticas de cuidado personal con el fin de determinar cuáles son los riesgos asociados a su uso. A través de una investigación descriptiva se realizó la caracterización selección y evaluación de los mismos con base en la guía de sostenibilidad del Departamento del Medio ambiente de Alemania. Se determinaron 20 preservantes tradicionales y alternativos en la industria, de los cuales cuatro, (uno tradicional y tres alternativos), presentan una menor toxicidad en relación a la salud y el ambiente: el benzoato de sodio, el alcohol fenetílico, el caprilato de sorbitán y la hidroxiacetofenona.
PARTICIPATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN COLOMBIA AND MEXICO
Authors: Pachón Ariza Fabio Alberto , Bokelmann Wolfgang , Ramirez Miranda Cesar Adrian
Published: October 2017

The participation of stakeholders in the design and application of rural development policies is one of the major concerns of policy makers. The Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) is a methodology to measure the impact of policies, which could include different stakeholders. This paper used FoPIA to assess the impact of rural development policies in Mexico and Colombia. The results showed a positive impact in the case of Mexico, whereas in Colombia, just one of the policies showed positive results. In both cases, social themes were remarked in order to take them into account at the moment of designing rural development policies.
Rural Water Supply in Mexico
Authors: Silva Rodríguez de San Miguel Jorge Alejandro
Published: October 2017

The supply of water to rural areas has historically provided the Mexican government with a significant challenge. Years of uncertainty in relation to responsibility for water supply, as well as geographical differences across the country and a division between rural and urban areas, explain this phenomenon. I have reviewed in this paper a substantial proportion of the literature on this topic, the reasons behind its nature, and the solutions to the problem in Mexico, as my main aim. The key conclusion is that while improvements in rural water supply in Mexico have been made, further work is required for equality in its supply.
Two-beam interference patterning of biodegradable magnesium alloy: Influence of number of passes and spots overlap
Authors: Furlan Valentina , Biondi Marco , Demir Ali Gökhan , Previtali Barbara , Pariani Giorgio , Bianco Andrea
Published: October 2017

Laser based texturing methods provide enhanced surface properties exploitable, especially in biomedical applications. Direct writing methods allow for processing features in tens of micrometers in size due to the use of diffraction limited beams. Feature size can be further reduced exploiting the light interference combined with the pulsed laser ablation. In this work, an industrial grade single mode nanosecond-pulsed green fiber laser was used to realize two-beam direct laser interference patterning system. The system was employed on a biodegradable Mg alloy to test the feasibility of the approach for submicrometric patterning. The combination of low melting point and high thermal conductivity of Mg alloy with the use nanosecond pulses generates difficulties in terms of the machining quality. The influence of number of pulses and number of passes was evaluated on the patterned area diameter as well as the pattern periodicity. Finally, patterned regions were overlapped on a scanned line to assess the feasibility of the process on larger areas.
Tsunamis in the geological record: Making waves with a cautionary tale from the Mediterranean
Authors: Marriner Nick , Kaniewski David , Morhange Christophe , Flaux Clément , Giaime Matthieu , Vacchi Matteo , Goff James
Published: October 2017

Climate pacing of “tsunami” deposits in the Mediterranean’s geological record challenges ~90% of the original interpretations.
Herbivory enables marine communities to resist warming
Authors: Kordas Rebecca L. , Donohue Ian , Harley Christopher D. G.
Published: October 2017

By maintaining interaction webs in the face of warming, herbivores dampen the effects of warming on succession and stability.