bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Woman Alcoholic
Authors: Lisansky Edith S.
Published: March 2007

There is evidence of a large increase in the number of American women who drink, but there is little evidence that the incidence of alcoholism among women has increased dramatically in the last several decades. Ideas pre sented by various investigators about the alcoholic woman are summarized.

A recent study by the writer indicates that women alcoholics vary greatly in degree of social integration. Two groups of women alcoholics—those attend ing a voluntary outpatient clinic and those committed to a penal institution— proved to be different in several measures of socioeconomic background and so cial class, some aspects of marital disruption, and some aspects of drinking pattern.
The Case of Mary Doe
Authors: Markham Jean E.
Published: March 2007

The case presented illustrates the progressive course of alcoholism in a woman who for a period of eleven years received many community services. These included help from family and welfare agencies, hospitals, courts, psychi atric and child guidance clinics, Alcoholics Anonymous, and religious institutions. The hidden aspect of her alcoholism over a long period of time contributed to her steady deterioration to the point where everyone gave up hope for her. Despite the final diagnosis of irreversible psychosis, this patient, after her alco holism was in the open, made a successful recovery for which everyone now wants credit.
Social Work and Alcoholism
Authors: Sapir Jean V.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the need for increased attention to, and work with, the alcoholic in all agency settings; the role of the social worker in an al coholism clinic in relation to case finding, case study and case treatment; team work between psychiatrists, physicians, psychologists and social workers in meet ing the treatment needs of alcoholic patients; and the contributions social work can make to research in relation to alcoholism. It presents a discussion of social work techniques which are helpful when agencies must work with alcoholics not seeking help. The need for better informed teaching related to alcoholism, al cohol problems, and treatment both social and individual at our schools of social work is examined.
Recent Population Trends in the New World: An Over-all View
Authors: Davis Kingsley
Published: March 2007

The Western Hemisphere has been leading the world in population growth. Although the United States-Canadian rate of increase is high in com parison to most other industrial nations, it is the Latin American countries that are contributing most to the over-all increase. These countries as a whole ex ceed the growth rate in any other major area of the world. Whereas industrial northern America has experienced a postwar upsurge in population due to in creased fertility, the tremendous gains in Latin America have been made because of sharply declining mortality. The consequences of the amazing rate of popu lation growth depend in part upon whether economic development itself or ex ternal factors have brought down the death rate.
Mortality Trends and Prospects and Their Implications
Authors: Spiegelman Mortimer
Published: March 2007

One of the many aspects of life shared by the United States and Canada is a record of low mortality and of high longevity. In both countries the trend has been toward a general reduction in mortality rates, but the rela tive reductions have been greater for females than for males. During this cen tury the nonwhite population of the United States has also benefited from mor tality reductions. Factors which cause variability in rates of mortality include such environmental influences as place of residence, occupation, and social-eco nomic status. The effect of selective influences on death rates is evident in the trends of mortality according to marital status. To date, mortality reductions have been accomplished mainly through the control of infectious diseases; ma jor mortality problems today are the cardiovascular-renal diseases, cancer, and accidents. It is clear that progress in the field of health is intimately related to economic progress with the consequent increases in wealth and resources for ad vancing medical science and public-health programs. In the light of present knowledge, future reductions in mortality will depend largely on new advances in diagnosis and therapy and the rapidity with which they come into general use.
Human Fertility in Latin America
Authors: Tietze Christopher
Published: March 2007

The rate of growth of the population of Latin America is higher than that of any other continent and almost certainly higher than in any major region in the world today. This rapid growth has resulted primarily from a substantial decline in mortality, reinforced by immigration, superimposed on a high level of human fertility. The average annual birth rate in Latin America during the period 1950-55 was about 42 per 1,000 population, compared with 25 in the United States, and 28 in Canada, over the same period. This paper deals with levels and trends of human fertility in Latin America, differential fertility, social and psychological factors associated with prevailing patterns of reproduc tion, the implication of these patterns for future population growth, and the prospects for a decline in fertility in the near future.
The Revolution in Death Control in Nonindustrial Countries
Authors: Stolnitz George J.
Published: March 2007

Latin America's population explosion is mainly the result of drastic declines in mortality, which have frequently matched or exceeded the maximum trends ever encountered in the low-mortality, industrial nations. The causes of the declines have been primarily noneconomic, suggesting that the traditional view of the relations between mortality and levels of living in economically un derdeveloped areas does not afford a reliable basis for explanation or prediction. Almost nothing of a quantitative nature is known about the social or economic implications of better health in underdeveloped regions. The usual statements on implications are accepted by presupposition rather than from documented evidence.
Limits and Problems of Decompression: The Case of Poland
Authors: Dzrewanowski M.K.
Published: March 2007

Revelation in 1953 of the corruption of members of the United Polish Workers party and of the sadism of the secret police caused a shake up in the party and the Ministry of Public Security. The resulting "thaw" was accompanied by many changes: "Socialist realism" was rejected; some Marxist tenets were questioned; economic policies were openly criticized. Events at Poznań and revolt of workers in June 1956 revealed dissatisfaction of the masses with party policies. Debates took place within the party—two factions emerged: "Liberal" and "Conservative." Gomulka was subsequently elected First Secre tary. His speech at the Eighth Plenum was a return to a "specific Polish way to Socialism." The Plenum was followed by many revolutionary changes: in re ligion, leadership, economic policy, and elections. Gomulka then began to lean toward the Stalinists. His position was made difficult by the economics of the country and its need to remain within the Soviet orbit. A certain recompres sion of liberty has taken place since the summer of 1957, but not all the accom plishments of October 1956 have been destroyed. However the trend of events in Poland has worried the people.—Ed.
Titoism
Authors: McVicker Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Tito has worked out a questionable compromise between Marxism- Leninism and democracy. This synthesis permits the average Yugoslav more personal freedoms than he had during the early postwar years of Tito's rule. But these new freedoms are all cautiously prepared to make certain they do not challenge ultimate Communist minority control. Many non-Yugoslav Commu nists, beset at home with the creeping sclerosis of Stalinism, cast covetous eyes at Tito's successes—foreign as well as domestic. Even Khrushchev was at tracted until the Hungarians taught him that it was Soviet domination the cap tive peoples detest, not merely Stalinism.
Continuity of Communist Strategic Doctrine Since the Twentieth Party Congress
Authors: Morris Bernard S.
Published: March 2007

The Soviet leaders have not broken as abruptly with Stalinist doctrine as the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union attempted to suggest. Yet the post-Stalinist modifications of doctrine concern ing the inevitability of war and the status of the colonial and former colonial areas are directly related to the more flexible conduct of foreign relations by the Khrushchevite leadership. The course of events, themselves, rather than any premeditated doctrinal revisions was responsible for the crisis between Moscow and the national Communist parties and has given some substance, notably in Poland, to the doctrine of "national roads to socialism."
Asia's Increasing Population
Authors: Taeuber Irene B.
Published: March 2007

The population of Asia today is five times what it was three centuries ago. In 1950 the world population was 2.5 billion people and that of Asia 1.4 billion people. Rates of growth have been high. Factors in this growth have been many and varied: administrative control which brought peace to cer tain areas, particularly when it also brought agricultural im provements ; the introduction of new foods; improved sanita tion; increased production and movement of foods; and recent Western scientific and technical advances. However while Asia's population was growing, its economic change was partial and its social change muted. Rates of growth are increasing because birth rates remain at their ancient levels while death rates decline. Continuation of this situation to the end of the century would increase the population from 1.5 billion of the year 1955 to 4.2 billion in the year 2000. The decisions of the governments of great Asian countries to slow population in crease through encouraging planned parenthood indicate that resolution of the problem of growth may come through reduced fertility rather than increased mortality. The case of Japan is given as an example.
A Burmese View of World Tensions
Authors: Thant U.
Published: March 2007

Dedication to parliamentary democracy and aver sion to totalitarianism characterize the approach of Burma and her leaders to national and international problems. By means of democratic socialism Burma is endeavoring to create a society of free and equal peoples. The Burmese see the world as plagued by age-old tensions—political, social, and economic— and they believe firmly that the safety and survival of free political institutions depend upon resolving these tensions before they become intolerable. Although committed herself to demo cratic ideals, Burma refuses to pass judgment on the interna tional affairs of other countries and subscribes instead to the principles of peaceful coexistence. She believes that man must rise to the challenge of his age—an age which calls for a new outlook, a new approach, even a new philosophy. The old ways are no longer adequate for the new circumstances and for the crucial issues of today. These issues include not only com munism versus democracy but also strong versus weak, pros perous versus poor, ruler versus ruled, master race versus sub human. These issues can be resolved only when mankind is willing to sit down together and create for itself a world which will guarantee freedom, justice, well-being, and equality to all.—Ed.
An Indonesian Policy Aimed at Maintaining Freedom and Promoting World Peace
Authors: Notowidigdo Moekarto
Published: March 2007

Left with the colonial heritage of a lopsided economy, a lack of trained personnel in practically every field, Indonesia, even though rich in natural resources, was born poor. Because it needs peace and tranquility to stabilize its economy and its government, Indonesia is pursuing an independent for eign policy free of alignment with either Western or Communist bloc, but not without international responsibility. Even though it prefers to remain "uncommitted" the true principle of de mocracy is very much alive in Indonesia, having been practiced for centuries in the villages. This principle, allowing all voices to be heard, is now being applied on the national level in the concept of the oft-misunderstood guided democracy of the In donesian government, with a cabinet, responsible to a parlia ment based on general free elections and assisted by an advisory council composed of representatives of all walks of life. Striv ing for peace and given time to correct past mistakes, Indonesia has faith in its ability to achieve and maintain a strong govern ment.
Conditions of East-West Peace
Authors: Barghoorn Frederick C.
Published: March 2007

Although there is some agreement between Soviet and Western views regarding the nature of peace, particularly on the Soviet side, these are shaped by their attitude toward war. Whereas Western attitudes have, on the whole, been relatively optimistic, the Soviets seem to view peace as a more or less accidental interlude between wars—so long as capitalism exists. Khrushchev's speech to the Twentieth Party Congress modified these views somewhat, but he did not backtrack on the necessity of transforming capitalist society into a socialist one. With nuclear war a potentiality, East and West maintain what Churchill has aptly called "a balance of terror." But so long as both Soviet and Western leaders value their personal sur vival, as well as that of civilization, they will refrain from launching all-out aggression. Eliminating the possibility of direct or indirect nonnuclear military operations by the West against the Communists, the author feels the greatest threat to the West is the Soviet's strategy of piecemeal expansion which relies on a combination of military power and local subvorsive movements, as well as the shrewd manipulation of the universal human desire for peace. In large part the Soviet threat is more political than military, the Soviet pattern being one of military caution accompanied by political boldness. The West can counteract this by helping underdeveloped countries to erad icate conditions under which communism can flourish, but neither foreign assistance nor cultural relations are a panacea. In the long run the winning system will be the one which appears best to satisfy the aspirations of mankind.—Ed.
Automotive Design Contributions to Highway Safety
Authors: Chayne Charles A.
Published: March 2007

The automobile industry has an intense interest in highway safety, prompted by both humanitarian and economic considerations. Designing safety into cars is a major objective of the industry. Progress in vehicle safety helps greatly to re duce traffic hazards, but it is not a panacea. Automobile manu facturers can encourage and facilitate safe driving, but they can not guarantee it nor provide immunity to the consequences of unsafe driving. Designing safety into automobiles is a complex operation. Many technical, economic, and legal factors must be carefully considered to assure that innovations are practical and in the public interest. Automotive safety development involves both co-operative industry-wide activities and competitive ef forts. Both have important values. The automobile indus try's interest in safety dates from its earliest days. Outstanding examples of steady progress include greatly enhanced durability, improved brakes, lighting and steering, welded all-steel bodies, safety glass, improved tires, increased field of vision, better suspension, and various designs and devices for protection against crash injury. The better performance of today's cars at normal speeds is often a safety aid. Increased horsepower has not resulted in a substantial increase in maximum speed. Much further progress in automotive safety can be expected. However, the driverless or "driverproof" car is not imminent.
Traffic and Safety in Tomorrow's Urban Areas
Authors: Grimm Sergei N.
Published: March 2007

This article is a view of urban communities and their growth after the full impact of the current National High way Program is felt. Future growth will be split between the existing urban areas and new locations in rural areas activated by interstate routes. A tendency toward lower densities and the desire for unscheduled movement will favor use of the auto mobile. A pattern of new growth will be the result of a guided development process. New methods of harmonizing land uses will obviate the necessity of rigid segregation of land uses re sulting in concentration of traffic generators. More even dis tribution of the latter will mean lower peak load on highways. Design features of expressways, making their high speed safe, will be utilized in the gradual development of other highways concurrently with development of land. Wide right-of-ways will make it possible. Expansion of the existing urban areas will be somewhat along the same lines. Old cities will be in the process of orderly replanning and rebuilding of their older sections which are relentlessly growing obsolete. Modern de sign will assure safe movement in rebuilt areas. With some new features of design, provisions for off-street parking, and with regulations based upon a better knowledge of the human being, safe and rapid movement of people may be attained with out undue restraint of liberty.
Traffic Accident Trends in Europe and the British Isles
Authors: O'Neill Denis
Published: March 2007

The general traffic picture in Europe is charac terized by rapidly increasing numbers of private motor vehicles and in particular by the emergence of small motorcycles. There is a steady growth in the number of goods vehicles, due partly to a general increase in industrial activity and partly to diversion of traffic from the railways. Although the total number of ac cidents continues to increase, the rate per vehicle mile is falling. The accident problem varies greatly between countries because of differing conditions and temperaments. Variation is also found between the methods used to prevent accidents, although co-operation through the Economic Commission for Europe is leading to greater uniformity. Traffic safety in Europe is pri marily the concern of governments, and co-operation with in dustry, the general public, and the universities is not generally as close as in the United States. In addition, the resources in terms of man power and finance deployed in Europe for traffic safety have been generally at a lower level. Interchanges of views between European countries and the United States may have a considerable influence, and valuable links have been established between universities, national safety councils, and research establishments. Intensive research into road safety education and propaganda techniques should point the way to significant progress in making road users more aware of their responsibilities and ultimately in effecting a substantial reduc tion in road accidents.
Modern China in Transition, 1900-1950
Authors: Wright Mary C.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary China can only be understood in relation to its recent past. During the half century before 1950, Chinese history was marked both by the vigorous per sistence of tradition and by the emergence of powerful revolu tionary drives. With the final collapse of the imperial system, China sought meaningful values and effective institutions which could realistically link past, present, and future. Chinese na tionalism, combined with traditional xenophobia, was a major impelling force during these years. Nationalism manifested itself in the widespread desire for political stability and for a strong central government capable of effective action both do mestically and internationally. The struggle for modernization affected both countryside—where fundamental institutional changes were required to ameliorate the living standards of the peasant base of Chinese society—and city—where the process of social and economic change had drastically uneven results in human terms. The control of military power was a key ele ment in Chinese politics throughout the republican period. The spreading of political awareness through broadened pro grams of public education brought with it a sharpened realiza tion of how much more could be done to modernize China given a strong and efficient government. The trend toward democ racy—in some senses of the word—was apparent in China; but neither of the major political movements, the nationalist or the communist, stressed two elements considered essential in the West—civil liberties and government by majority decision.
Continuity and Change in Modern Chinese Literature
Authors: Li Tien-Yi
Published: March 2007

The Chinese Literary Revolution of 1917, origi nally concerned with the problem of replacing the classical lan guage with the living language of the people as a medium for written communication, introduced a period of rapid change and experimentation in Chinese literature. During the 1920's and 1930's, political as well as literary issues were involved in the debates over literary theory and practice. Nationalism and realism were dominant themes, and left-wing influence grew steadily. The Chinese Communist approach to literature, specifically defined by Mao Tse-tung in 1942, was translated into a nationwide program for the writers with the Communist victory in 1949. Since then, "socialist realism" has been the guiding principle for all writing although Communist policy has selectively accepted certain segments of the Chinese literary heritage which meet their political criteria. While the wide spread use of new forms, techniques, and emphases resulting from the Western impact on China has been a notable feature of modern literature, nevertheless the element of "realism" has definite historical antecedents in Chinese literary history. Thus both continuity and radical change have been present in the stream of modern Chinese literature.
Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia
Authors: Skinner G. William
Published: March 2007

Approximately 10 million overseas Chinese reside in Southeast Asia where they have economic power and political significance out of all proportion to their numbers. Southeast Asian governments are determined to loosen the Chinese grip on their national economies, to achieve an unequivocal clarinca tion of the citizenship status of resident Chinese, to end foreign political activity among and to proceed with educational and political integration of their citizens of Chinese descent. Prior to 1954, Communist China strove with equal determination to protect the special interests of overseas Chinese; to win their loyalty; and to profit materially, politically, and strategically from their patriotism. The growing importance of Southeast Asian goodwill to China's foreign policy, however, prompted a new line whereby overseas Chinese are encouraged to acquiesce to Southeast Asian nationalist aims without appealing to Peking for protection. In accord with the new policy, China appears willing to relinquish claims to the allegiance of several million persons of Chinese descent and even to forgo much of the over seas Chinese contribution to China's economy. Meanwhile several Southeast Asian governments have taken advantage of Peking's policy and Taipei's weakness to proceed with stringent, nationalistic solutions to their overseas Chinese problems.
The Chicago Area Project—A 25-Year Assessment
Authors: Kobrin Solomon
Published: March 2007

The Area Project program is based on studies of the epidemiology of delinquency and of the social experience of children growing up in city neighborhoods with high rates of delinquents. Preventive effort is concentrated in such delin quency areas. The structure of the local society is regarded as deficient in its ability to reduce the normal alienation of the male adolescent and to restore and maintain adult controls. In most instances delinquency in this situation is viewed as a product of social learning. Procedures of the Area Project are based on the assumption that young people are responsive principally to the expectations of their intimate groups: family, peers, and neighbors. The major activity of the Area Project program is the development of youth welfare organizations among residents of delinquency areas and, within the structure of these groupings, direct work with predelinquent and delin quent individuals and groups. Neighborhood groups are en couraged to employ qualified local residents to carry on the work. Variation in the procedures in the organization of local groups and in the content of their programs reflects variety in patterns of integration of local social institutions. Area Project experience indicates that residents of delinquency areas are capable of action in relation to youth welfare problems. Such action has probably reduced delinquency in the program areas.
A Work Camp Program for Potential Delinquents
Authors: Fried Antoinette
Published: March 2007

Fuld Neighborhood House in Newark, New Jer sey, has for the past two summers sponsored a Work Camp Project in an attempt to combat delinquent trends by offering teen-agers both paid work in accordance with their abilities and the guidance and leadership of trained social workers. The experiment has not been an unqualified success, but many good results have been obtained and many valuable lessons learned for future projects. Boys of the particular subculture involved equate success with the art of obtaining the greatest material reward for the least effort possible, an equation clearly indi cated by their work habits. Their deep fear of being taken advantage of by society causes them to react violently to any thing which they feel to be unfair, but at the same time they are extremely responsive to just treatment and anxious to maintain a close and friendly relationship with the social work ers who serve as their leaders. The extension of the Work Camp Project into a year-round program could provide the continued leadership sorely needed by these young people and offer them an incentive to obtain the education and training necessary to enable them to become productive members of society.
Effects of a Revised School Program on Potential Delinquents
Authors: Bowman Paul Hoover
Published: March 2007

The Quincy experiment is in the seventh of its ten- year program. It is concerned with a cross section of all youth in a small, midwestern city in Illinois and is attempting to prevent maladjustment and develop special talents of children. While not being specifically centered on delinquency, it does offer a picture of what the delinquent is like in this setting. Typically, he is a child of lower ability and lower economic status who has a difficult home situation, who finds school equally frustrating, and who has little contact with other com munity agencies. He usually leaves school as soon as legally possible and is unsuccessful in the work world. The first pro cedures tried by the Project to meet the needs of delinquent children had only moderate success. Later, a special pro gram was developed to determine whether the school years could be made a profitable rather than a defeating experience for them. This study is still in progress. Findings to date suggest that at the junior high school level the interests, atti tudes, and aggressive behavior of these children are more likely to be favorably influenced than are their academic achieve ment or personality patterns. There is a hint that similar pro grams instituted in the earlier grades might be effective in the latter two areas also.
An Experiment in Police and Social Agency Co-operation
Authors: Penner G. Lewis
Published: March 2007

The Englewood Project was an experiment which focused attention on children who as a consequence of appre hension by the police have been identified as vulnerable to a career of delinquency and whose antisocial behavior has not yet progressed to the point of requiring referral to court. Since the police are a vital case-finding source, the Project sought first of all to develop ways of improving police and social agency communication, an essential step in efforts to help these children. It offered casework service to families referred by the police, and it also searched for other community resources to help meet the needs of the children and their families. Among the objectives of the Project were: to learn more about the work and problems of the juvenile officers; to learn more about this group of children—their basic problems and needs, and their home and neighborhood life; to determine what contribution casework can make toward a total community ap proach to the prevention of delinquency; and to determine the adequacy and availability of existing social service facilities in relation to the problems of these children.
A Follow-up Report on the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study
Authors: Mccord Joan , Mccord William
Published: March 2007

The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study was founded in 1935 with the double purpose of preventing delin quency and providing research in the area of delinquency pre vention. 325 boys were selected to receive preventive treat ment, and a carefully matched group of 325 boys were provided as a control group. The treatment program utilized many of the practices prevalent in welfare work: family guidance, medical and academic assistance, co-ordination of community agencies, and supplementary entertainment for the boys. This article traces into adulthood the lives of 253 of the "treat ment" boys and their 253 matched mates in the control group. Although the boys were counseled for an average of five years, whatever benefits they may have received were not reflected in their criminal rates: As many treated boys as control boys had been convicted of crimes; they had com mitted approximately equal numbers of crimes and did not differ significantly in the ages when such crimes were com mitted. Nevertheless, evidence gleaned from this program suggests that early treatment and intensive contact with the boy may be an effective means toward crime prevention.
Preventive Work With Street-Corner Groups: Hyde Park Youth Project, Chicago
Authors: Gandy John M.
Published: March 2007

Group work with predelinquent youths outside of building-centered programs is an aspect of delinquency pre vention to which settlement houses, neighborhood centers, and youth-servicing agencies are increasingly giving attention. Such group work follows the same general pattern as work with delinquent gangs, but there are significant differences in the nature and intensity of the workers' relationships with parents and other adults which have to be observed. The Hyde Park Youth Project, described in this paper, selected groups of teen-age youths who were believed to have a high potential for delinquent behavior and provided them with in tensive staff service for periods from six to eighteen months. A comparison of the frequency of individual antisocial behavior at the outset of the staff service and termination indicated that the youths who were participating in little or no antisocial behavior when staff service was first provided continued to avoid delinquency. The staff was least successful with youths who, at time of first contact, already had a history of anti social behavior.
A Group Dynamics Approach to the Treatment of Nonconformists in the Navy
Authors: Douglas Grant J. , Grant Marguerite Q.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to bring about attitudinal and behavioral change in the nonconformist, confinees of a correc tional institution for Navy and Marine offenders were placed in small closed communities. Men were selected for the re search companies on the basis of fitting a certain level on a scale of interpersonal maturity. Groups were composed of high social maturity men, low maturity men, or half low maturity men and half high maturity men. Twenty confined men with three Marine supervisors lived in the same quarters; ate together; participated in competitions as a unit; and shared work, educational, and recreational experiences. The attempt was made to keep all interpersonal interactions within the group. It was hypothesized that forcing the delinquent to live with and face his interpersonal problems would bring about in him a challenging uncomfortableness which would lead to personality change. A follow-up report on each man was ob tained six months after his return to military duty. The rela tionship between the man's interpersonal maturity level and his postinstitutional success is markedly affected by the nature of his supervision while confined.
A Research-Based Proposal for a Community Program of Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Rosenfeld Eva
Published: March 2007

Delinquent behavior among juveniles is a re sponse to a real difficulty in achieving commonly desired goals through conventional, law-abiding behavior; delinquency is also, especially among the more "sick," a way of handling inner strain and anxiety. A community program to reduce delinquency must provide encouragement and opportunities for legitimate success for those delinquents who can profit thereby. It must also locate and offer special support and treatment to those who are too sick to be able to abandon their delinquent way of life, even when such opportunities are made availabe. To be effective, such a program must provide all the vital opportunities and special services delinquency- prone youngsters need; make these easily accessible in the community in a co-ordinated fashion; and conduct ongoing evaluation designed to improve the manner of providing each service and to measure the total impact of the program.
The Cultural Curtain
Authors: Lee Dorothy
Published: March 2007

The introduction of technical change into non- Western cultures has, in the past, been done rather hap hazardly. Even when the motivation for such efforts has been completely humanitarian, the effects are frequently unfortu nate. At times it is impossible to introduce changes because of cultural resistance; on other occasions an "improvement" in a culture has had disastrous ramifications because neither the values of the culture nor the relationship of the environ ment were considered. It is possible, however, to overcome the difficulties presented by cultural differences. Careful study of a culture is needed; this must include a consideration of motivations, values, the symbolic significance of even seem ingly unimportant acts, and a consideration also of all of the dangers inherent in the disturbance of the delicate balance be tween a culture and its local environment. Such study can result in the introduction of technological improvement which neither destroys the culture it is designed to improve nor opens up a Pandora's box of dangerous secondary results.—Ed.
The United States Operations Mission in Iraq
Authors: Wiens Henry
Published: March 2007

The program of technical co-operation in Iraq, prior to the Revolution of 1958, was frequently cited as an example of the ideal Point Four program. The overthrow of the established government led naturally to questions con cerning the "failure" of American technical assistance in that country. A close examination of the efforts of the United States Operations Mission (USOM) in Iraq indicates, how ever, both that there were some severe obstacles faced by the mission and that, despite these, the success achieved was con siderable. Under the direction of the Iraq Development Board, an agency of the Iraqi Government, three kinds of aid were provided: United States technicians advised or worked with the Iraqi Government; supplies and equipment were pro vided for demonstration purposes; and Iraqi personnel were sent to the United States or third countries for observation or training programs. The bulk of assistance was directed to wards improving agricultural methods, but much also was achieved in such areas as preventive medicine, education, and administrative improvement. To consider the Revolution as proof of failure is to misunderstand both the purposes and po tential achievements of the Point Four program. Economic improvement can be made to serve political ends but is not political in itself. Also, it is a mistake to consider technical assistance as a means to support the status quo; the aim of the Point Four program is to promote the combined growth of economic improvement and political freedom.—Ed.
The Ford Foundation Program in Pakistan
Authors: Gant George F.
Published: March 2007

At Independence, in 1947, Pakistan suffered not only a severe shortage of trained personnel needed for its de velopment but also a dearth of institutions for the training of personnel. The Ford Foundation has made grants since 1951 to help Pakistan establish and strengthen key institutions to produce competence. Grants are made for projects which are within the framework of Pakistan's Five Year Plan, the inter ests of the Foundation in key research and educational insti tutions, and the gaps in other foreign assistance programs. Foundation funds are made available for such assistance as training of institutional staff abroad, foreign advisers, and the dollars needed for the import of equipment and material. Pakistan pays the local currency expenditures for construction, equipment, and staff—the larger share—on the basis of devel opment "schemes" often prepared with the assistance of consultants financed by the Foundation. Foreign advisers, consultative and research services, and training facilities in cluded in a grant are provided by such universities as Harvard, Oklahoma State, Chicago, and Michigan State. The evolu tion of the Foundation's grant for Education Extension Centers is described for purposes of illustration. Since it takes a long time to develop a new institution, the Founda tion has elected to assist with only a few in order to permit the length and depth of aid which is required. New projects will be taken up as older ones mature. Future emphasis of the Foundation program, together with the co-operating American universities, will be to improve the methodology of technical co-operation and the implementation of grants.
Abatement of the Arms Race
Authors: Stassen Harold E.
Published: March 2007

In order to meet the challenge of the coming decade, America must evolve a new foreign policy. The basis for this must be not "enlightened self-interest," but an exten sion of the religious principles on which this country was founded to apply to the citizens of every country in the world. By making the well-being of other nations and peoples our primary goal, we will benefit ourselves as well in a way which is not possible when a narrower view of world affairs is taken. This policy would mean a settlement of the German problem which is negotiated with the chief aim of benefiting all people concerned; it would mean a revision of our attitudes towards the Near East so that the good of the citizens of those coun tries becomes more important than the power benefits to be gained from control of their oil; it would mean the formation of strong co-operative bonds with our neighbors in South America; it would mean the establishment of an agreement to cease nuclear testing. No nation in the past has ever at tempted such a policy, but it is the experience of history that those who have tried to maintain power and wealth through force have failed miserably. Our own experience shows that the more altruistic have been our motives, the more successful have been our actions. Surely this will be even more true when our entire foreign policy is based, as it should be, firmly upon the Christian-Judean ethic.—Ed.
Israel and the New Nation States of Asia and Africa
Authors: Kohn Y. Leo
Published: March 2007

A lack of awareness of the facts of Jewish history on the part of many Asians has made it possible for many Asian countries to believe that the Jewish national revival was the work of imperialist intruders. Recently, however, their an tagonism towards Israel has undergone a profound change. Beginning with the significant agreement between the Burmese and Israel delegations at the Asian Socialist Conference, a steady growth of co-operation between Israel and many Asian and African countries has been taking place. This has taken three chief forms: the placing of Israel experts at the disposal of other governments; the training of foreign personnel within Israel; and the foundation of joint economic enterprise. Such countries as Burma, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, India, Ceylon, South Vietnam, and the Philippines have been finding increas ingly that both the experience of the Israel technician and the example of the Israel democracy are applicable to their own problems. Israel provides for them both an example of the possibilities open to a young and poor nation and a source of technical aid which involves no deep commitment to a great industrial power. To young countries afraid of the West be cause of its recent identification with colonialism and equally afraid of following the Russian model, such a contribution is a vital one.
Untested Assumptions and Disregarded Factors in Manpower Research
Authors: Pollak Otto
Published: March 2007

Manpower in America cannot be allocated by totalitarian means. At times such means may seem attractive, but this is not a form of attraction which we can afford to offer our citizens. Any study of manpower allocation must take a good many factors into consideration. The four original professions—the ministry, law, medicine, and teaching—have been augmented by dozens more. These new professions are almost exclusively involved with helping, rather than restrict ing, men; it is in these professions that a shortage of manpower is felt. The sources to fill this shortage are in many instances available by means of a re-evaluation of some of our basic be liefs. First, technology is releasing increased numbers of blue- collar workers; only prejudice keeps us from viewing them as an immense source of professional potential. Second, profes sional women are forced by the influence of psychology to stay at home through some of their most productive years in order to raise their children; the need of the children for their con tinuous presence beyond infancy may well be overrated. Also, the body of knowledge possessed by retired professionals is as sumed to be obsolete—an obsolescence which is at least partly created by the immense value placed on the new and untested in our culture. In this same vein, reward is often withdrawn from the older practicing members of a profession in favor of the less experienced men. Lastly, professionals themselves create problems through their attitudes towards their co-work ers in interdisciplinary teams.—Ed.
Society's Stake—and Responsibility for Allocating Manpower
Authors: Corson John J.
Published: March 2007

The institution by which the United States society places men and women of various competences in jobs will have to be greatly increased in efficiency if the society is adequately to utilize rich manpower resources. In an expand ing and technological economy, rich in manpower resources, productivity depends in considerable part on the efficiency of placement institutions. Our philosophical concern with the freedom of individual job choice and our acceptance of the laissez-faire assumption that all workers are adequately in formed to make that choice in their best interest adds to the importance of these institutions. Many workers find jobs "on their own" or through parents or relatives. These means pro vide little information as to alternative opportunities or the capabilities of the individual for the particular job. Seven other institutions distribute workers among jobs. The need is for the appraisal of the utility of each and the gradual stimula tion of more effective placement institutions. This need is of prime importance in a technological society demanding a wide range of competences and in one marked by persistent employ ment.
Manpower Development and Utilization: A Governmental or a Private Responsibility?
Authors: David Henry
Published: March 2007

In a free and democratic society, responsibilities for the development and utilization of manpower resources are located in fact and by necessity in both private and public hands. Governmental policies and actions today constitute the most powerful single instrumentality for shaping the manpower resources of the United States. The quantitative and qualita tive characteristics of these resources are determined by com plex processes of interaction which reflect the total life of the society. The variables which are part of these dynamic processes are interdependent, unstable, and inconstant in their weight and influence. Manpower problems are complex human problems to which there are no quick and easy solutions. Whether the responsibilities for manpower development and utilization should be, as a general rule, a function of either pri vate or public agencies is not a meaningful question. Greater congruence in the making of manpower policies can be achieved by governmental units and private individuals and organiza tions through rough agreement on a few central objectives. The values of a free and democratic society establish an obli gation to discover and create the conditions under which the potentialities of all men may be realized.
Continuing Education for National Survival
Authors: Fletcher C. Scott
Published: March 2007

Education in general and adult education in par ticular will determine the future well-being of the United States. The primary goal of education in a free society is to help the individual realize his potentialities and to enable him to expand his capacity to make wise decisions. The goal of a totalitarian society is the dominance of the state. The Soviet systems has a single philosophy which gives coherence to all aspects of life; there is a single organization in this system. In the United States there are many organizations, and we can organize and associate freely and voluntarily. Leadership in the USSR is assigned. Leadership in the United States is vol untary, fluid, and multiple. The economic needs of the Soviet Union and the United States are the same, but the methods and ends differ. The basic educational curriculum of a free society is that of the liberal arts and sciences. The teachers, students, and motivations of liberal adult education vary. To educate individuals to be responsibly free requires many meth ods, techniques, and tools; the goal should be the active par ticipation by the learner. In recent years United States educa tion has put increasing importance on educating the individual for responsible freedom in his private and public roles: in the home, on the job, and in the community. We further need to educate for public responsibility. Educational opportunities for our present and future leaders should be improved and expanded.—Ed.
The Problem of Inflation
Authors: Buehler Alfred G.
Published: March 2007

Many persons have recently expressed great con cern over the problem of inflation. The President has warned repeatedly against its dangers and a Cabinet Committee has re ported that action is needed to forestall inflation and assure sustained economic growth and social progress. Inflation in volves rising consumer prices under conditions of so-called "full employment." Many explanations of inflation have been offered, but whatever the cause, the consumer bears the brunt of it, and it unequally affects the population. The price level flattened out during the 1957-58 recession and has recently shown signs of advancing toward new peaks. Some persons regard inflation as no real threat in peace time and may even think it is a necessary price of continuing economic growth. It is more difficult to arouse the population to the evils of in flation than it is to the dangers of recession and depression. To halt inflation it is necessary to curb excessive spending by governments, businesses, and consumers until the supply of de sired goods and services has become adequate. It may also be necessary to increase taxes and apply other controls which are unwelcome. Reasonable stability of prices must be accepted as a national goal along with reasonable economic growth and social progress.