bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapist Self-Care to Mitigate Secondary Traumatization
Authors: Baum Nehami
Published: February 2016

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is among various stress responses to which therapists who work with traumatized clients are susceptible. In the broad sense of the term, it refers to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other symptoms of stress stemming from exposure to traumatized survivors. The chapter begins with a discussion of why therapists who work with traumatized clients are susceptible to STS and the main mechanisms by which it is transmitted. It then goes on to indicate the repercussions of STS on therapists’ effectiveness. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the self-help methods that therapists can use to build up their resilience and manage STS. It highlights the need to normalize and identify the symptoms, then goes on to discuss what needs to be done at work, what can be done in the therapist’s personal life, and the importance of making meaning.
Conceptualizing Placebo as Active Component and Adjunct in Psychological Treatment
Authors: Amanzio Martina , Palermo Sara
Published: February 2016

Studies on placebo analgesic effects have shown that they can mimic the neurophysiological effects of active medication and can result in subjective pain relief. Classical conditioning and expectancy have been implicated as mechanisms mediating the placebo response. Given that the effects of placebo, psychological treatments, and active medications appear to be mediated by overlapping neurophysiological systems, intricate interactions of pharmacological and psychosocial factors must be assumed to converge at the neurobiological level. Study of the placebo response offers a paradigm and opportunity to study the effect of the psychosocial context per se, placebo treatment, psychotherapy, and active medication effects, thus offering exciting possibilities for improving the healthcare of patients and their ability to obtain the best possible health outcomes.
Treatment Modalities
Authors: Kivlighan III D. Martin , Kivlighan Dennis M.
Published: February 2016

In the first part of this chapter the focus is on research comparing the effectiveness (i.e., psychotherapy outcomes) of various treatment modalities: individual, group, couple, and family therapies. In the second section the discussion shifts to focus on research that examines therapy process similarities and differences across the various treatment modalities. The chapter includes a review of the research literature comparing individual, group, couple, and family treatments. Although there are numerous studies comparing treatment approaches (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy vs. psychodynamic therapy), far fewer studies have compared treatment modalities. For treatment outcome differences, a number of meta-analyses examining similarities and differences across treatment modalities are reviewed, summarized, and critiqued. Exploring differences in therapeutic processes involved reviewing, summarizing, and critiquing studies that examined similarities and differences in the character of the therapeutic alliance, helpful events, and therapist behaviors and techniques. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research. Two major approaches to new research are recommended: focus on treatment goals and systemic processes and an increased focus on the therapeutic processes that cut across and differentiate the treatment modalities
Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development
Authors: Beeghly Marjorie , Perry Bruce D. , Tronick Edward
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of self-regulatory processes during infancy, as framed in biopsychosocial context. We begin with a brief review of the neurobiological underpinnings of early self-regulatory processes and how self-regulatory systems develop in early childhood. Next, given that infants come into the world highly dependent on caregiver support for their survival, we argue that the emergence of self-regulation occurs primarily in a relational context, and that the capacity for self-regulation reflects both self- and parent–infant co-regulatory processes. We also provide evidence to show that variations in these early self- and parent–infant regulatory processes are linked to children’s resilient or maladaptive functioning in later life. We illustrate our arguments with findings from developmental research on self-regulation in at-risk populations and in diverse contextual–cultural settings. After a brief discussion of the implications of this literature for practice, we conclude that the Mutual Regulation Model provides a useful framework for practitioners attending to the quality of the parent–infant relationship.
Immune System Functioning and Mental Health
Authors: Jenney Colin , Dougall Angela Liegey
Published: February 2016

During the past few decades, research from multiple disciplines has elucidated the profound connections between the immune system and mental health. This chapter provides a review of this literature, placing emphasis on the connections between inflammation and cytokines, and stress, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and social support. Additionally, brief overviews of the role of the natural immune system and adaptive immunity, as well as past research investigating stress are included. Further attention is focused on the physical health consequences of immune system dysregulation, ranging from increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, delayed wound healing, autoimmune responses, age-related elevations in proinflammatory cytokines, and decreased effectiveness of protective vaccinations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the health effects and clinical implications of the relationships discussed throughout, as well as future directions to advance this field of study.
Sociocultural Contexts and Stressors
Authors: Williams Wendi S. , Ginsberg Amy , Mandryk Brittney
Published: February 2016

Racism, sexism, homophobia, and low socioeconomic status (SES) have the potential to affect physical and mental health outcomes and treatment differentially. This chapter examines each of these sociocultural factors, guided by the assumption that an intersectionality analysis is valuable to conceptualizing the consequences of these categories of identity and diversity. The minority stress framework is used to consider the negative effect of carrying a marginalized identity. A review of the literature is presented, highlighting studies that incorporate the multiple and overlapping effects of racism, sexism, homophobia, and low SES to shape mental and physical health outcomes and treatment of individuals. Implications for mental and physical health research and practice are discussed.
Justice on One Planet
Authors: Bell Derek
Published: February 2016

The environmental justice movement has made “justice” a key concept in environmental ethics. This chapter examines what “justice” offers to environmental ethics and argues that an ecologically aware theory of justice—or “justice on one planet”—is likely to be very different from the liberal conceptions of justice that dominate contemporary political theory. Three sets of environmental challenges to liberal theories are distinguished. The first emphasizes the importance of ongoing debates within liberalism about the currency, spatial scope, and temporal scope of justice. The second relates to issues that have been at the center of debates between liberals and their critics, specifically, challenges to the distributive paradigm, individualism, and anthropocentrism. The third questions the liberal conception of the environment: as part of the economy, passive or controllable, infinitely divisible, always able to provide circumstances of moderate scarcity, and as property. “Justice on one planet” requires us to reconceptualize justice.
Philosophy of Technology and the Environment
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: February 2016

Four strands of research in the philosophy of technology have made important contributions to environmental philosophy. First, critical theory of technology emphasizes the environmentally exploitative tendencies of capitalist technological innovation. Second, phenomenologyhas examined how technologies shapeperception and orientation to the world with implications for our treatment of and regard for nature. Third, concurrent with the environmental movement itself, an empirical turn in philosophy of technology resulting in philosophers focusing their attention on particular tools and techniques. Empirical studies have emphasized environmentally significant technologies. Finally, work inspired by philosophy of science has adopted scientific reasoning and methods in environmental policy with tools such as risk analysis and environmental impact assessment. These four strands of work have often merged with the work of sociologists, geographers, and political theorists interested in the connections between science and democracy.
The Anthropocene!
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: February 2016

We are now entering the Anthropocene Epoch—so runs a recent enthusiastic claim. Humans can and ought go beyond the natural and powerfully engineer a better planet, managing for climate change and building new ecosystems for a more prosperous future. Perhaps the Anthropocene is inevitable. But: Rejoice? Accommodate? Accept it, alas? Perhaps the wiser, more ethical course is not so much going “beyond” the natural as “keeping the natural in symbiosis” with humans, maintaining a tapestry of cultural and natural values, not a trajectory even further into the Anthropocene. Keep the urban, rural, and wild. Enter the Semi-Anthropocene! Basically Natural! Carefully!
Neuropsychological Mechanisms of Depression and Treatment
Authors: Harmer Catherine , Pringle Abigail
Published: February 2016

Furthering our understanding of the neuropsychological mechanisms of both depression and antidepressant treatment has the potential to both inform treatment development and predict individual treatment response. In this chapter, the neuropsychological mechanisms of depression and treatment are discussed. It is argued that negative biases in information processing are consistently found in depression, and that rather than acting directly to change mood, the primary mode of antidepressant treatment is to remediate these negative biases. Evidence from behavioral and functional magnetic imaging studies is reviewed. Finally, the implications of this cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant treatment as well as future directions and challenges for the model are considered.
Depression During Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L.
Published: February 2016

Information on depression during childhood and adolescence is reviewed from a developmental psychopathology perspective. The chapter covers descriptive and diagnostic features, as well as considering key concerns in the assessment of depression from childhood through adolescence. Issues of developmental epidemiology, including prevalence rates, developmental trajectories, sex differences, and developmental patterns of sequential comorbidity, are reviewed. Multiple risks and vulnerabilities, with particular attention to the developmental relevance of these factors and processes in children and adolescence, are considered. Finally, future directions are emphasized, including continued investigation of transdiagnostic versus specific etiologies, employing multiple levels of analysis, and translating risk knowledge into personalization of evidence-based, developmentally sensitive assessment and intervention approaches.
Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Ruscio Ayelet Meron , Khazanov Gabriela Kattan
Published: February 2016

Anxiety and depressive disorders frequently co-occur, yet the reasons for their comorbidity are poorly understood. This chapter reviews patterns of comorbidity between DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorders and major depression, including estimates derived for this chapter from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Next, nearly a dozen candidate explanations for comorbidity are evaluated in light of extant research on these disorders. Results suggest that although estimates may be inflated by artifacts of sampling and nosology, comorbidity at least partly reflects etiologically meaningful relationships between anxiety and depression. Shared risk factors contributing to these relationships are considered and future directions are proposed, most notably the investigation of pathways through which risk factors lead to anxiety and depression in daily life. A full understanding of comorbidity will require moving beyond descriptions of co-occurrence to explaining why and how comorbidity occurs.
The Diagnosis and Assessment of Mood Disorders
Authors: D'Avanzato Catherine , Zimmerman Mark
Published: February 2016

In routine clinical practice, diagnosis and assessment are conducted predominantly using nonstandardized interviews and clinical judgment. This chapter presents an overview of numerous diagnostic errors that result from underuse of structured interviews and other standardized tools. The prevalence of both underdetection and overdetection of mood disorders, as well as the underrecognition of diagnostic comorbidity, is reviewed. Next, problems in the routine assessment of treatment outcome are described. The clinical implications of each of these errors are discussed. A range of standardized self-report and clinician-administered tools to improve diagnostic accuracy are reviewed, and recommendations for integrating measurement-based care into routine clinical settings are given. Finally, the chapter outlines recent advances to utilize feasible and cost-effective Internet-based screening measures to enhance routine standardized outcome assessment.
Procreators’ Duties
Authors: Hubin Don
Published: February 2016

Parents have moral responsibilities to support and nurture their children. Whether and in what circumstances these duties extend to procreators’ duties to support and nurture is a separate ethical question, however, in which sexual asymmetries in reproduction play a role. Variations on the thought experiment of scientists creating a conceptus from inanimate materials and gestating it in an artificial womb illustrate the role of causal and moral responsibility for creation in generating obligations of support. The real world, however, is not so simple. Relying on a caveat copulator principle—which holds each voluntary party to a potentially procreative act responsible for support—would provide a simple solution but one that should be rejected, as it encourages irresponsible behavior and is not reflective of judgments about sexual morality more generally. When one party acts wrongfully in failing to terminate the procreative process, responsibilities similarly devolve on the wrongdoer.
Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn
Published: February 2016

Gamete donor anonymity has become an increasingly active area of legislative, bioethical, and empirical interest over the last decade or so. This chapter begins by detailing the very different status of gamete donor anonymity, contrasting the United States (where the law does not prohibit it) with the rest of the world (where it has been largely prohibited by law) and examining the effects of these policies. The chapter then examines the major arguments that have been offered in favor of and against mandating nonanonymous gamete donation. In particular, it focuses on the effects of removing anonymity on supply and arguments in favor of ending sperm donor anonymity based on the welfare of donor-conceived children or rights claims by them. The chapter also more briefly considers ethical and legal issues related to donor compensation, accidental incest, information reciprocity between donors and recipients, and reproductive tourism.
Contemplating the Start of Someone
Authors: Kadlac Adam
Published: February 2016

What can explain holding both the judgment that it would have been better for a 14-year-old girl not to have had the child she did and her later judgment that she does not regret having the child? An account of our identity as the particular persons we are can explain how these judgments are not contradictory in a way that incorporates the insights of a number of philosophers who have wrestled with this question. Some aspects of identity are fixed from birth—genetic characteristics, some physical characteristics—but much of identity remains an open question shaped by how lives unfold and attachments to others develop. Moreover, there is a potential darker side to this dynamic if the relationship does not go well and burdens are imposed on others. Suitably refined, Parfit and Velleman’s accounts can help to explain how, for example, the 14-year-old might experience remorse for how she has wronged her own parents.
The Possibility of Being Harmed by One’s Own Conception
Authors: Malek Janet
Published: February 2016

Can a person be harmed by the acts that brought about his or her own conception? Three different claims concerning this possibility can be distinguished: (1) that people are sometimes harmed by the fact that they are brought into existence; (2) that people are sometimes harmed by the way that they are brought into existence; and (3) that people are always harmed by being brought into existence. Well-known objections to the first two claims are analyzed and refuted, suggesting that these claims can be supported. The third claim is examined and shown to rely on unsound reasoning. These finding support the conclusion that people can be, but are not always, harmed by being conceived.
The association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled analysis of the Miyagi Cohort Study and Ohsaki Cohort Study
Authors: Sugiyama Kemmyo , Sugawara Yumi , Tomata Yasutake , Nishino Yoshikazu , Fukao Akira , Tsuji Ichiro
Published: February 2016

Recent epidemiological studies of the association between coffee consumption and the risk of bladder cancer have yielded conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between coffee consumption and the incidence of bladder cancer on the basis of pooled data from two cohort studies carried out in Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. We delivered self-administered questionnaires inquiring about the frequency of coffee consumption and other lifestyle factors in 1990 for the Miyagi Cohort Study and in 1994 for the Ohsaki Cohort Study. We followed 73 346 individuals from both cohorts and identified 274 cases of bladder cancer during 17.6 years for the Miyagi Cohort Study and 13.3 years for the Ohsaki Cohort Study. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of bladder cancer incidence for the individuals who drank coffee occasionally, 1–2 cups/day, and 3 or more cups/day compared with never drinkers were 1.22 (0.90–1.66), 0.88 (0.61–1.26), and 0.56 (0.32–0.99), respectively (P
trend=0.04). The inverse association remained even after stratification for smoking status. These data indicate that there is a significant inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of bladder cancer.
Prior nicotine self-administration attenuates subsequent dopaminergic deficits of methamphetamine in rats: role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Baladi Michelle G. , Nielsen Shannon M. , McIntosh J. Michael , Hanson Glen R. , Fleckenstein Annette E.
Published: February 2016

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that oral nicotine exposure attenuates long-term dopaminergic damage induced by toxins, including repeated, high doses of methamphetamine. It is suggested that alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression, including α4β2* and α6β2* subtypes, likely contribute to this protection. The current study extended these findings by investigating whether nicotine self-administration in male, Sprague–Dawley rats (a) attenuates short-term dopaminergic damage induced by methamphetamine and (b) causes alterations in levels of α4β2* and α6β2* nAChR subtypes. The findings indicate that nicotine self-administration (0.032 mg/kg/infusion for 14 days) per se did not alter α4β2* and α6β2* nAChR expression or dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function. Interestingly, prior nicotine self-administration attenuated methamphetamine-induced decreases in DAT function when assessed 24 h, but not 1 h, after methamphetamine treatment (4×7.5 mg/kg/injection). The ability of nicotine to attenuate the effects of methamphetamine on DAT function corresponded with increases in α4β2*, but not α6β2*, nAChR binding density. Understanding the role of nAChRs in methamphetamine-induced damage has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying the etiology of disorders involving dopaminergic dysfunction, as well as to highlight potential new therapeutic strategies for prevention or reduction of dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
Prognostic Factors of Hepatosplenic T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Yabe Mariko , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Tang Guilin , Wang Sa A. , Ahmed Sairah , Nieto Yago , Hu Shimin , Bhagat Govind , Oki Yasuhiro , Patel Keyur P. , Routbort Mark , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Fanale Michelle A. , Bueso-Ramos Carlos E. , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. , Vega Francisco , Chen Weina , Hoehn Daniela , Konoplev Sergej , Milton Denai R. , Wistuba Ignacio , Li Shaoying , You M. James , Young Ken H. , Miranda Roberto N.
Published: February 2016

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare type of lymphoma. Patients have a poor prognosis, and there is no standard of care. We evaluated 28 HSTCL patients to determine factors that may be associated with outcome. There were 19 men and 9 women with a median age of 32.5 years. Most patients had massive splenomegaly, and bone marrow showed sinusoidal involvement by lymphoma. The HSTCL cells expressed γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) in 20 (74%), αβ TCR in 5 (19%), and neither in 2 (7%) patients (1 case not assessed). Conventional cytogenetics and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in 24 patients at diagnosis showed isochromosome 7q (i7q) in 10 (42%) and trisomy 8 in 8 (33%) patients. Median overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were each 28.3 months. Serum bilirubin level ≥1.5 mg/dL, αβ TCR expression, and trisomy 8 each correlated significantly with shorter OS and EFS. Patients with HSTCL received a variety of chemotherapy regimens with no regimen better than any other. However, patients who underwent stem cell transplant showed longer survival (OS: hazard ratio 0.3, P=0.09; EFS: hazard ratio 0.2, P=0.034). In conclusion, although HSTCL patients have a poor prognosis overall, the data presented support the novel suggestions that HSTCL patients can be stratified into 2 prognostic groups, with an elevated serum bilirubin level, αβ TCR expression, and trisomy 8 identifying a poorer prognostic group. In addition, the outcomes of this patient cohort suggest that stem cell transplantation has value for the treatment of patients with HSTCL.
Neonatal Gallstones Serendipitously Discovered by Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Damman Jennifer , Doniger Stephanie J. , Atigapramoj Nisa
Published: February 2016

Cholelithiasis in children was once thought to be uncommon, but the prevalence has increased in recent years. We present a case of a 3-month-old infant brought to the pediatric emergency department for vomiting and increased fussiness. A point-of-care ultrasound was performed to rule out pyloric stenosis but revealed multiple stones within the gallbladder. Ultrasound findings and a review of technique for ultrasound of the gallbladder are presented.
Effects of Exercise and Sertraline on Measures of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Major Depression: Results From the SMILE-II Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sherwood Andrew , Blumenthal James A. , Smith Patrick J. , Watkins Lana L. , Hoffman Benson M. , Hinderliter Alan L.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To assess the effects of supervised and home-based aerobic exercise training, and antidepressant pharmacotherapy (sertraline) on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in a sample of participants with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

The Standard Medical Intervention versus Long-term Exercise (SMILE)-II study randomized 202 adults (153 women, 49 men) diagnosed as having MDD to one of four interventions, each of 4-month duration: supervised exercise, home-based exercise, antidepressant medication (sertraline, 50–200 mg daily), or placebo pill. Patients underwent a structured clinical interview for depression and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. CHD risk factors included brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, serum lipids, and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.

Results

Compared with placebo, active treatment of depression (supervised exercise, home-based exercise, sertraline therapy) was associated with an improvement in CHD risk factors (improved flow-mediated dilation [p = .032], reduced progression of intima-media thickness [p = .037], and a reduction in 10-year ASCVD [p = .049]). The active treatments did not differ from each other in their effects on the CHD risk outcomes.

Conclusions

Both exercise and antidepressant medication improved CHD risk factors and lowered ASCVD risk in patients with MDD. Because MDD is associated with increased risk for CHD events, treatment of depression with exercise or sertraline may reduce the risk of developing CHD in patients with MDD.

Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Government Identifier: NCT-00331305.
Linking Daily Stress Processes and Laboratory-Based Heart Rate Variability in a National Sample of Midlife and Older Adults
Authors: Sin Nancy L. , Sloan Richard P. , McKinley Paula S. , Almeida David M.
Published: February 2016

Objective

This study evaluates the associations between people's trait-like patterns of stress in daily life (stressor frequency, perceived stressor severity, affective reactivity to stressors, and negative affect) and laboratory-assessed heart rate variability (HRV).

Methods

Data were collected from 909 participants aged 35 to 85 years in the Midlife in the United States Study. Participants reported negative affect and minor stressful events during telephone interviews on 8 consecutive evenings. On a separate occasion, HRV was measured from electrocardiograph recordings taken at rest during a laboratory-based psychophysiology protocol. Regression models were used to evaluate the associations between daily stress processes and three log-transformed HRV indices: standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDRR), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and high-frequency power (high-frequency HRV [HF-HRV]). Analyses were adjusted for demographics, body mass index, comorbid conditions, medications, physical activity, and smoking.

Results

Stressor frequency was unrelated to HRV (r values ranging from −0.04 to −0.01, p values >.20). However, people with greater perceived stressor severity had lower resting SDRR (fully adjusted B [standard error {SE}] = −0.05 [0.02]), RMSSD (−0.08 [0.03]), and HF-HRV (−0.16 [0.07]). Individuals with more pronounced affective reactivity to stressors also had lower levels of all three HRV indices (SDRR: B [SE] = −0.28 [0.14]; RMSSD: −0.44 [0.19]; HF-HRV: −0.96 [0.37]). Furthermore, aggregated daily negative affect was linked to reduced RMSSD (B [SE] = −0.16 [0.08]) and HF-HRV (−0.35 [0.15]).

Conclusions

In a national sample, individual differences in daily negative affect and responses to daily stressors were more strongly related to cardiovascular autonomic regulation than the frequency of such stressors.
Intriguing density dependence but problematic birth rates in Greaver et al.’s study of a black-rhinoceros population
Authors: Law Peter R , Linklater Wayne L. , Gedir Jay V.
Published: February 2016

Greaver et al. (2014) presented evidence for density dependence in the Ithala population of black rhinoceros. Finding that they did not place their regression-based evidence in a modelling context, we recast their result as an example of the ramp model of density dependence that underlies black rhinoceros meta-population management. Greaver et al. concluded that the Ithala population did not reach carrying capacity, a conclusion we consider unwarranted since they did not conduct any analyses of trends in demographic parameters with population density. Our interpretation implies that the Ithala population did indeed reach carrying capacity. Where relevant, we compared their results for the Ithala population with those for another southern African black-rhinoceros population in order to provide a broader basis for evaluating black rhinoceros demography. We detail inconsistent presentation of data in their paper that plagued our efforts to understand their results and also draw attention to possible errors in some analyses. In particular, we argue that the results on birth rates reported by Greaver et al. appear dubious. Greaver et al. have presented important evidence for density dependence in a population of black rhinoceros but we suggest they have underutilized their data in interpreting this density dependence while misanalysing birth data.
Detecting Horizontal Gene Transfer by Mapping Sequencing Reads Across Species Boundaries
Authors: Trappe Kathrin , Marschall Tobias , Renard Bernhard Y.
Published: February 2016

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a fundamental mechanism that enables organisms such as bacteria to directly transfer genetic material between distant species. This way, bacteria can acquire new traits such as antibiotic resistance or pathogenic toxins. Current bioinfor-matics approaches focus on the detection of past HGT events by exploring phylogenetic trees or genome composition inconsistencies. However, this normally requires the availability of finished and fully annotated genomes and of sufficiently large deviations that allow detection. Thus, these techniques are not widely applicable. Especially in an outbreak scenario where new HGT mediated pathogens emerge, there is need for fast and precise HGT detection. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can facilitate swift analysis of unknown pathogens but, to the best of our knowledge, so far no approach uses NGS data directly to detect HGTs.

We present Daisy, a novel mapping-based tool for HGT detection directly from NGS data. Daisy determines HGT boundaries with split-read mapping and evaluates candidate regions relying on read pair and coverage information. Daisy can successfully detect HGT regions with base pair resolution in both simulated and real data, and outperforms alternative approaches using a genome assembly of the reads. We see our approach as a powerful complement for a comprehensive analysis of HGT in the context of NGS data. Daisy is freely available fromhttp://github.com/ktrappe/daisy.
Framework for a dynamic and responsive
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Kulkarni Makarand S
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– Armies around the world face the dilemma of reaching the right size of the logistics chain, without compromising the effectiveness of it. The stocking of spares for maintaining the equipment and the vehicles of the army is done with just in case philosophy which results in huge inventories that have associated holding and carrying costs. Material managers of the army must learn lessons from the industry about rightsizing their inventories. Concepts like lean and agile must find place in managing spares of army. Both these concepts have their inherent positives which must be exploited by making use of them at the opportune time. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper starts with discussing the case study of spare parts supply of army. The paper then presents a framework where both lean and agile methods of managing inventory can be used in army. The paper also brings out salient aspects of both these concepts as relevant to spares management in army. The paper also proposes use of automation incorporating MIMOSA database and Ontology-based knowledge repositories.

Findings

– The paper brings out the fact that both lean and agile supply chains can be used for spares replenishment in army. The paper also gives out a framework to implement the concept.

Originality/value

– This concept has been used in the field of healthcare, however, this paper is original in its approach to use it for the army spare parts replenishment. Use of Ontology and MIMOSA as proposed in the paper is also an original attempt.
Influence of occupational heat stress on labour productivity – a case study from Chennai, India
Authors: Chinnadurai Jeremiah , Venugopal Vidhya , P Kumaravel , R Paramesh
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– Raise in temperatures due to climate change is likely to increase the heat stress in occupations that are physically exerting and performed outdoors which might potentially have adverse health and productivity consequences. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the productivities in construction work under the influence of heat stress using the predicted mean vote (PMV) index.

Design/methodology/approach

– Field studies were conducted during May 2014 which is summer time in Chennai. Continuous heart rate of workers and wet bulb globe temperature measurements are conducted for workers engaged in different jobs in construction. Metabolic rates and the workload of the workers from heart rate were calculated using the ISO method 8996 and the PMV values are calculated using the tool developed by Malchaire based on the method ISO 7730. Direct observations and personal interviews were conducted to substantiate the productivity estimations.

Findings

– The results showed that workers working outdoors with moderate and heavy workload exceeded the threshold limit value of 28°C and had adverse productivity impacts (18-35 per cent productivity loss), whereas the workers engaged in light indoor work was not affected by heat stress and consequent productivity losses. The productivity estimations using the PMV index is found to be statistically significant for three types of construction works (Pearson correlation coefficient value of −0.78) and also correlated well with the observations and self-reported productivities of the workers.

Originality/value

– The method used in this paper provides a scientific and reliable estimation of the productivities which may benefit the industry to set realistic project completion goals in hot weather and also implement interventions and policies to protect workers’ health. Developing adaptive strategies and implementing control measures are the need of the hour to protect worker’s health and economic losses in the face of climate change.
Performance measurement approach for innovation capability in SMEs
Authors: Saunila Minna
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for improving innovation capability through performance measurement in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The development of an organisation’s innovation capability is considered increasingly important in the current literature. Developing such capability is essential, as innovation plays a key role in the survival and growth of organisations. A review of current literature highlights the need for a framework on the development of innovation capability, especially in SMEs.

Design/methodology/approach

– A literature review was used to form an understanding of previous work in the research area. Previous literature was used to define the key concepts and further to build the conceptual framework.

Findings

– As a result of the study, a framework for improving innovation capability through performance measurement in SMEs is presented. Key issues that must be addressed are highlighted and discussed.

Practical/implications

– The paper contains suggestions for improving innovation capability through performance measurement. Using the results of this study, practitioners can enhance their innovation capability by measurement and by taking better account of different situations regarding the development of innovation capability. The framework clarifies the issue of how innovation capability and its determinants can be managed through measurement, and therefore it assists especially SMEs in their attempts to cope with the increasing need for innovation as an asset of their business performance.

Originality/value

– There are very few examples in the current literature of frameworks for the issue, especially for SMEs. The role of performance measurement in developing innovation capability is also ignored in the current literature. The paper is relevant for academics, as it clarifies the existing body of knowledge and provides a platform for future research.
Appreciating formal and informal knowledge transfer practices within creative festival organizations
Authors: Stadler Raphaela , Fullagar Simone
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– Problem-solving approaches to research have dominated the not-for-profit festival management field. Little attention has been paid to how festival organizations successfully create cultures where knowledge transfer is practised within the high intensity of a festival life cycle. Drawing upon insights from social practice theory and appreciative inquiry (AI), the purpose of this paper is to offer a different conceptual approach to understanding how knowledge transfer “works” as an organizational practice to produce a collaborative festival culture.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper draws upon an ethnographic case study with the highly acclaimed Queensland Music Festival organization in Australia. The research questions and methods were framed around an appreciative approach that identified formal and informal practices that
"
worked
"
rather than a conventional problem-focused analysis.

Findings

– This research focused on appreciating the cultural context that shaped the interrelationships between formal and informal knowledge transfer practices that enabled trust and collaboration. A range of knowledge transfer practices was identified that contributed to the creation of a shared festival ethos and the on-going sustainability of the festival vision.

Practical implications

– The not-for-profit sector brings numerous challenges for festival organizations, and there is a need to appreciate how collaborative and creative knowledge transfer can occur formally and informally. Festival organizers can benefit from understanding the relational and practice dimensions of knowledge management as they are performed within specific organizational contexts.

Originality/value

– An appreciative understanding of knowledge transfer practices has not yet been applied to not-for-profit festival organizations, where problem-solving approaches dominate the field.
Inclusive perspectives or in-depth learning? A longitudinal case study of past debates and future directions in knowledge management for development
Authors: Ferguson Julie
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to analyze how the debate around knowledge management for development has evolved over a 14-year period.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study was conducted in an inductive manner, seeking to identify key themes discussed on an online community on knowledge management for development. Analysis comprised observation of the online debate, as well as semantic (co-word) network analysis of a " big data " set, consisting of 14 years of email exchange. The results were verified with the members of the community in a focus group manner.

Findings

– In terms of content, the knowledge management for development debate remains strongly engaged with actual development discourse, and it continues to be rather oriented toward tools and methods. In terms of learning, the community appears highly inclusive, and provides fertile ground for in-depth knowledge sharing, but shows less potential for innovative influences.

Research limitations/implications

– The study contributes to literature on knowledge management in the non-profit sector by showing how heterogeneous communities in the development domain generate knowledge and shape discourse. More specifically, the paper contributes to knowledge management for development literature by providing a comprehensive overview of how the domain has evolved since its emergence. It also advances knowledge management by showing how inclusive networks can contribute to but also limit learning.

Practical/implications

– The study is of use to knowledge management professionals by showing not only the benefits but also the limitations of inclusive knowledge-sharing networks.

Social/implications

– The study provides important societal implications by showing which topics are most important to development practitioners, covering the period encompassed by the Millennium Goals.

Originality/value

– The paper is the first to provide a comprehensive historical overview of the key topics on knowledge management for development, as engaged by the primary online community on this topic. It also introduces innovative methods for inductive analysis of big data.
The antecedents and consequences of humour for service
Authors: Mathies Christine , Chiew Tung Moi , Kleinaltenkamp Michael
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– While researchers in other disciplines seek to determine the impact that humour has in personal interactions, studies of humour in service delivery are lacking. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether it is beneficial to deliberately use humour in service encounters.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper provides a comprehensive review of humour research in multiple disciplines to assess the applicability of their key findings to the service domain. By establishing the antecedents, types, and consequences of humour, the authors build a framework and propositions to help service researchers uncover the potential of injecting humour into service interactions.

Findings

– The authors find that using humour in service encounters is an ingenious affiliative behaviour which strengthens rapport between service employees and their customers. Humour also permits frontline service employees to better cope with the emotional challenges of their work, thus promising to reduce emotional labour and increase well-being. The effectiveness of service recovery efforts may also grow if employees use humour successfully to soften unpleasant emotional reactions and accept responsibility.

Originality/value

– The authors explore cross-disciplinary humour research to apply the findings to the use of humour in service encounters. The authors also attempt to identify situations in which humour usage is most promising or beneficial, as well as its main beneficiaries.
Time to manage: patient strategies for coping with an absence of care coordination and continuity
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha , Dennis Simone , Yen Laurann , Mofizul Islam M. , Parkinson Anne , Dawda Paresh
Published: February 2016

This paper examines how people with chronic illnesses respond to absences of continuity and coordination of care. Little work has been done on how the ill person might mitigate flaws in a less than optimal system. Our qualitative research, carried out among 91 participants in Australia, reveals that people with chronic illnesses create strategies to facilitate the management of their care. These strategies included efforts to improve communication between themselves and their health care practitioners; keeping personal up‐to‐date medication lists; and generating their own specific management plans. While we do not submit that it is patients’ responsibility to attend to gaps in the health system, our data suggests that chronically ill people can, in and through such strategies, exert a measure of agency over their own care; making it effectively more continuous and coordinated. Participants crafted strategies according to the particular social and bodily rhythms that their ongoing illnesses had lent to their lives. Our analysis advances the view that the ill body itself is capable of enfolding the health system into the rhythms of illness – rather than the ill body always fitting into the overarching structural tempo. This entails an agent‐centric view of time in illness experience. A Virtual Abstract of this paper can be found at: https://youtu.be/UwbxlEJOTx8
Physicochemical Properties of Microencapsulated ω‐3 Salmon Oil with Egg White Powder
Authors: Mis Solval Kevin , Bankston J. David , Bechtel Peter J. , Sathivel Subramaniam
Published: February 2016

The objective of this study was to produce microencapsulated omega(ω)‐3 fatty acids (PUFAs) fortified egg white (EW) powders and to characterize their nutritional and physical properties. Stable emulsions (E‐SO‐EW) containing 3.43 (g/100 g) salmon oil (SO), 56.21 (g/100 g) EW, and 40.36 (g/100 g) water and a control (E‐EW) containing EW and water were prepared. E‐SO‐EW and E‐EW were separately spray dried at 130, 140, and 150 °C inlet air temperatures. This resulted in 3 microencapsulated SO fortified EW powders (SO‐EW), and 3 dried EW powders (DEW). The powders were analyzed for microencapsulation efficiency (ME), color, fatty acids methyl esters, protein, fat, moisture, ash, amino acids, minerals, microstructure, and particle size. The EPA and DHA content of SO and the ME of the powders were not affected by the inlet air temperature. The crude protein content of SO‐EW powders was approximately 24 (g/100 g) lower than dried EW powders. Leucine was the most abundant essential amino acid found in all the powders. Most of the powders’ median particle size ranged from 15 to 30 μm. The study demonstrated that microencapsulated ω‐3 salmon oil with high quality EW protein can be produced by spray drying.
Relationship between motivational style and glycemic control in Jordanian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Al‐Hassan Mousa A. , Al‐Akour Nemeh A. , Aburas Motaz Mohammad
Published: February 2016

Background

Although, there is increased recognition of the importance of blood glucose control and diabetes education in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the relationship between motivation and long term outcomes, glycemic control, are lacking. The primary aims of the present study were to: (i) describe the motivational style of Jordanian patients with T2DM regarding self‐care management, taking medications, and self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), as well as following therapeutic dietary instructions and exercising regularly; and b) examine the significance of these factors in predicting glycemic control.

Methods

A package including a treatment self‐regulation questionnaire concerning diabetes, was administered to a convenience sample of 110 patients with T2DM. In addition, the most recent HbA1c results were extracted from the patients' medical records.

Results

Fifty‐eight patients (52.7 %) reported being intrinsically motivated with regard to taking medication and regular SMBG, whereas half the participants (50 %) were intrinsically motivated to follow therapeutic dietary instructions and regular exercise. Patients who were intrinsically motivated were 8.3‐fold more likely (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.44–47.86) to have glycemic control than those reporting extrinsic motivation. In addition, those who were intrinsically motivated to follow therapeutic dietary instructions and exercise regularly were 10.50‐fold more likely (95 % CI 2.50–48.78) times more likely to report glycemic control than those reporting extrinsic motivation.

Conclusion

Interventional strategies should focus on promoting intrinsic motivation in order to enhance glycemic control.