bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Project design and construction of the main Bus-HOV lane viaduct, on the C-58 Motorway (Barcelona)
Authors: Llombart José Antonio , Revoltós Jordi , Carrero Javier
Published: December 2014

The main Viaduct for the Bus-HOV lane is formed by an elevated structure, the piers of which are located in the space between the two decks of an existing viaduct, belonging to the C-58 Motorway.

The deck is formed by a spatial metal tube structure supporting a concrete platform on which the carriageway runs (Figure 1).

Unknown for this type of structure, the construction system developed consisted in erecting 100% of the deck and piers without the support of the existing viaduct’s decks which were only occasionally used for auxiliary aid jobs, control and inspection whilst traffic did not have to be cut off at any time.
Toward Rational Curvature of Reinforced Concrete Members
Authors: Embaby Ayman
Published: December 2014

Rational estimate of curvature for reinforced concrete elements is one of the most challenging problems in predicting service, and ultimate responses. A proposed formula for the secant curvature of bending element; namely beams is presented for the calculation of the element deflection.

Moreover, axial load-curvature relationship was proposed for axially loaded element to rationalize the determination of columns mid-height deflection. Assuming a sinusoidal deflected shape along with satisfying the compatibility and equilibrium conditions at mid-high section the secondary moment of the columns can be predicted. The predicted deflection by adopting the first formula was compared with ACI code as well other formulae and the strip method and proved to give consistent, and conservative results. The axial capacity using curvature-axial load relationship was compared with strip method, as well as Euro Code provisions, and proved to give conservative results.
Ultra-Long Span Arch Feasibility
Authors: Fuchs Nick , Kitching Neil
Published: December 2014

Currently the longest span arch bridge in the world is the Chaotianmen Bridge in Chongqing, China, with a main span of 552 metres. Recently there have been several proposals for much longer span arch bridges but these have yet to progress to design and construction. This paper reports on a pilot study to assess the feasibility of constructing an arch bridge with a main span of 750 metres.
Upgrading of three historic arch bridges over the Orange River near Keimoes, South Africa
Authors: Smuts Edward , Newmark Abé , Kruger Edwin , Lourens Elma
Published: December 2014

This project is located on the South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd’s (SANRAL’s) Route R27 near Keimoes in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The overall objective was to improve traffic capacity and safety of the route, with the main focus being the widening of four single traffic lane bridges over the Orange River floodplain. This paper reviews the upgrading of the three main historic arch bridges.

The project included a detailed hydrological and hydraulic assessment which resulted in the raising of two of the structures by approximately 2,5m to prevent overtopping of the structures during larger flood events. The largest of the three bridges, a ten span arch bridge, was at a higher level and the existing deck was therefore retained and widened. The raising and/or widening of the bridges had to comply with heritage requirements as these structures, completed in the early 1930’s, have significant historical importance. This resulted in the original form and appearance to be retained by using a similar arch configuration and detailing. Construction was completed in 2013.
Optimization of PT in Cantilever Construction of Prestressed Concrete Bridges
Authors: Hernández Santiago , Ouro Pablo , Romera Luis E.
Published: December 2014

In this paper an example of application of structural optimization methodologies is presented describing the minimization of the amount of prestressing steel required in a prestressed concrete bridge built by cantilever construction procedure. The numerical results obtained show that this approach reduces the quantity of material needed and does not introduce any additional complexity to bridge construction.
A new method for reinforcement design in concrete structures
Authors: Xu Dong , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2014

In different design codes, only stirrups and bent-up bars are designed as shear reinforcement. But for torsion design, both longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups are considered as torsion reinforcement, although in both cases, the reinforcements are actually designed to resist shear flow resulting from external loading. So there exists some inconsistency between reinforcement design for shear and torsion in popularly adopted design codes. In this paper, a new method to design orthogonal steel grids as shear reinforcement is proposed. The concept and formulations of this method is extended to the analysis of reinforced concrete beams subjected to combined shear and bending. Some tests on reinforced concrete beams with orthogonal grid reinforcement were undertaken to validate the accuracy of the method. Experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations, and it is found that the model predicts the experimental behaviour accurately.
Software Platform for the Integration of Design Code Checks into Building Information Modelling
Authors: Georgieva Iveta , Van Tendeloo Peter , Slepička Petr , Hekrdlová Zuzana , Rammant Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2014

Due to the great freedom in contemporary structural design, conventional design techniques cannot be applied to all spatial compositions and new materials. Widely available CAE software often tries to automate more common check methods found in (inter)national norms, but does not provide universal solutions. The complexity of modern structures, while economical and aesthetically appealing, requires that the engineer often write his/her own checks or perform manual calculations.

Design Forms (SDF) is a new software technology that enables the easy, on-the-fly writing of customised engineering algorithms and design checks by means of simplified programming. The application uses a C#-based, object-oriented scripting language, and is furnished with an intuitive UI, a full set of mathematical and logical operators, possibilities to include text and graphical descriptions, tables, charts and extensive reports. Built-in toolboxes with engineering formulae and libraries help the user-developer create standalone solutions that can be reused, shared, sold commercially, and linked to CAE software where advanced GUI and 3D visualisation possibilities may be used while pre- and post-processing. This paper presents the SDF tool and illustrates its use by means of practical examples of structural design and detailing.
Comfort in Slender Bridges Subjected to Traffic Loading and Hammering Effects
Authors: Camara Alfredo , Nguyen Khanh , Ruiz-Teran Ana M. , Stafford Peter J.
Published: December 2014

The verification of the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) of vibrations due to traffic live loads is typically ignored in the design of road bridges with conventional concrete decks. However, the vibrations perceived by pedestrians usually govern the design in slender and light-weight modern structures that take advantage of the improvement in the structural efficiency, material performance and constructive procedures. On the other hand, the comfort of the vehicle users is traditionally ignored in the design of the bridge because pedestrians are usually more sensitive to vibrations.

However, in many highway bridges without pathways the only users of the structure are those in the vehicles (drivers and passengers). Considering all the possible bridge users and their specific sensitiveness, this paper addresses the vibration serviceability in a slender under-deck cable-stayed bridge subjected to heavy traffic loading. In this structure the prestressed concrete deck spans a distance of 80 m with a depth-to-span ratio of 1/80. The vehicle-bridge interaction accounts for aspects traditionally ignored like the wheel dimensions and the cross-slope of the bridge. A large number of time-history analyses is conducted to address the influence of road and vehicle properties on the SLS of vibrations. This work is completed with the study of the vehicle impact when it enters and leaves the bridge. The results clearly demonstrate the influence of the wheel dimensions and the road conditions, as well as the importance of high-order modes on the response.
Innovative Seismic Force-Resisting System used in Steel House Framing
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Ono Tetsuro , Okada Hisayuki
Published: December 2014

Full-scale testing of light gauge shear walls was conducted in this study to clarify the interaction of overturning moment and shear force. A total of seven specimens were prepared and tested. The tests produced the following results: (1) Overturning moment is mainly resisted by the coupled force of the studs, and shear force is mainly resisted by self-drilling screws that connect the structural plywood to the light gauge framing. (2) Strength interaction was not observed until the overturning moment exceeded 50% of capacity. This indicated that the sizes of shear wall members can be determined without considering the interaction between bending moment and shear force when the moment to which they are subjected is less than 50% of their capacity. This finding will simplify seismic design procedures for steel house framing. The findings also show that light gauge shear walls are more innovative than other seismic force-resisting systems.
Reinforced Concrete Predimensioning to Enhance Optimization
Authors: Sanabra Marc , Scanlon Andrew
Published: December 2014

Due to the nature of the material, reinforced concrete elements normally need a complex computation process to find efficient sections. Recommendations of some main codes face the problem by offering very simple non-transparent all purpose predimensioning criteria. This paper demonstrates how transparency and accuracy are not in contradiction with simple predimensioning methods. This opens the possibility to make it easier to reach optimization of reinforced concrete elements.
Three-dimensional antifunicular geometries in spatial arch bridges
Authors: Jorquera-Lucerga Juan José
Published: December 2014

The structural behaviour of spatial arch bridges extends from the essentially vertical in-plane behaviour of the “classic” arch bridges to a three-dimensional behaviour. When the arch is subjected to out-of-plane loads, its antifunicular geometry becomes a warped curve, i.e. not contained within a plane. This paper, which intends to be useful at the conceptual stage of bridge design, presents several alternative iterative methods for obtaining three-dimensional antifunicular arches. These geometries are also obtained for some representative arch-deck configurations, and the influence on them of some relevant geometrical and mechanical parameters is discussed. This paper also shows the need to consider additional criteria for selecting the most efficient form, and the high aesthetic potential of this type of structures.
Shrinkage Effect on Beams Strengthened with Additional Concrete Layers
Authors: Lampropoulos Andreas , Tsioulou Ourania , Dritsos Stephanos
Published: December 2014

A common technique used to increase the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams is the addition of concrete layers in the compressive or in the tensile side. Until now, there are limited studies for the effect of the concrete shrinkage on the performance of the strengthened beams. In most of the published studies, concrete shrinkage is ignored and perfect connection is assumed between the old and the new concrete which is not conservative. In this study full scale beams strengthened with additional concrete layers in the tensile side have been investigated. The results of an experimental investigation together with numerical and analytical results are presented. The crucial effect of the concrete shrinkage on the slip of the interface is highlighted and the interaction between the slip induced by concrete shrinkage and the slip due to bending loading is presented.
Development of Tsunami Loading Expressions for Design of Coastal Infrastructure
Authors: Robertson Ian N.
Published: December 2014

There is currently no standard in the USA for tsunami design. In January 2011, the American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, formed a new subcommittee to develop design provisions for Tsunami Loads and Effects (TLE). The TLE subcommittee has spent the past three years developing a new chapter for ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. These design provisions are currently under review by the main committee of ASCE 7 for potential inclusion in the 2016 edition of the ASCE 7 standard.

A fundamental requirement for designing coastal structures for tsunamis is an understanding of the various loading effects that can develop. This paper outlines some hydrostatic and hydrodynamic load conditions that must be considered when designing for tsunamis. The design expressions developed for these loading conditions are based on a significant amount of laboratory research, often validated based on full-scale observations and failure analyses after past tsunamis, most notably the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan.
The Development of a Eurocode “Tensile Membrane Structures”
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Uhlemann Jörg , Mollaert Marijke , Gosling Peter
Published: December 2014

Up to now, no comprehensive design standard for tensile membrane structures exists either on national or European level. Currently, the development for a European design standard for tensile membrane structures made from technical textiles and foils is under way, based on the principles of EN 1990 “Basis of Design”. The work aims to establish a Eurocode “Tensile Membrane Structures”, that covers the design of pneumatically and mechanically prestressed technical textiles and foils. The paper gives background information on the requirements for a new Eurocode, the structure of the current draft standard, the state of the development with regard to the content, and it gives a “road map” to reach the objective: it explains the upcoming steps on European and national levels, points out fundaments still to be established and necessary research work still to be conducted in order to come to a comprehensive and widely accepted design standard.
Design of a High-Rise Steel Building to Resist Disproportionate Collapse
Authors: Rubenacker Karl , Gilsanz Ramon , Murray Philip , Kim Eugene
Published: December 2014

This paper will present information on practical design methods and verification procedures which can be used for design against disproportionate collapse, as relevant to high-rise buildings. The case study of a 30 story high-rise commercial office building will be given. The ease of which resistance to disproportionate collapse can be implemented as part of an overall multi-hazard design process is discussed. As is typical for slender high-rise buildings, the structural efficiency of the system increases as the participation of the gravity system in the lateral load resisting system is increased. By conceptualizing the frame from the outset to also be available to provide alternative load paths, an efficient structure can be provided with minimal penalty for resistance to disproportionate collapse. Design methods include the utilization of alternate load paths in the building

framing. Verification procedures presented include simplified nonlinear static analysis.
Exploring Structural Shapes in Steel Bridges: Bending Constraints
Authors: Romo José
Published: December 2014

During the final decades of the XXth Century and these early years of the XXIst Century, steel structures’ design and fabrication techniques, as the CAD-CAM systems, modern welding, and powerful construction systems give the designer a new freedom, making possible almost any dreamt form. In this paper some of the possible fields of innovation in steel bridges are presented.
Ultimate strength interaction of stiffening steel box girder in cable-supported bridges
Authors: Kim Jong Seo , Lee Hae Sung , Kim Kyungsik
Published: December 2014

Wide flange box type steel cross-sections are widely adopted as stiffening girders in cable- supported long span bridges due to their relatively light self-weight, superb torsional rigidity and aero-elastic performance. Those stiffening girders are supposed to resist externally applied bending moment as well as compressional forces in longitudinal direction transmitted from inclined cables. Ultimate strengths are interactively determined as ultimate flexural strength is affected by applied axial compressive forces and ultimate compressive strength is affected by applied flexural moment. Effect of strength interaction between bending and compression are investigated for wide flange type steel box girders in this study. Wide flanges are stiffened with U-shaped stiffeners that are also called U-ribs. To evaluate the interaction effect, nonlinear incremental analysis techniques are fully utilized for hypothetical numerical models. Initial imperfections and residual stresses are also incorporated in the analysis. Strength interaction curves are compared with existing codes for the purpose of practical strength design for wide flange steel box girders in cable-supported bridges.
Load Transfer Materials for Hybrid Glass-Steel Façade Elements
Authors: Silvestru Vlad A. , Kolany Georg H. E. , Englhardt Oliver
Published: December 2014

In the rising research field dealing with facades glass and the different products made of this material take an important place. Beside developments regarding energy efficiency and building physics the structural use of glass is another main research topic in this field. Up to the present moment glass panes are used in transparent facades only as infilling elements.

This paper presents in a first part suitable load transfer mechanisms for transferring in-plane and out-of-plane loads between the metal frame and the glass pane of hybrid facade elements. In a second part experimental investigations on selected suitable materials for these mechanisms are described and their results are discussed. Short-term and long-term uniaxial compressive tests on a resin-based mortar to be used as setting blocks in the façade elements as well as uniaxial tensile tests on two structural adhesives are presented. Finally the experimental results are compared to potential material models and an outlook of next research steps is provided.
All Glass Columns
Authors: Nijsse Rob
Published: December 2014

Glass is more and more accepted as a structural material. Glass floors and especially glass facades are widely used in modern architecture. In this paper the translation of another structural elements : a column into an all glass structural element is discussed and illustrated by experimental applications. Prototypes of glass structural columns are tested on structural integrity in the Stevin laboratory of the University of Delft (NL).
An alternative beam-to-column connection in building structures
Authors: Aznar Antonio , Hernando José I. , Ortiz Jesus , Magdalena Fernando , Cervera Jaime
Published: December 2014

The main aim of this work is to propose an alternative beam-to-column connection useful in building structures. This novel solution consists of a group of headed studs and has been conceived to connect reinforced concrete beams to steel columns. Headed studs (i.e. Nelson, Köco) offer several advantages in the building field, highlighting the excellent weld safety.
The influence of the edge design of glass on the edge strength
Authors: Neumer Daniel
Published: December 2014

Be it the burden of its own weight or those introduced by the external support structure, the common cause of glass failure are its broken edges, especially for load bearing glass structures. Here the support conditions and the strength of glass edges play a significant role, wherefore the edge strength largely depends on the design of the edges. In this paper the first qualitative results of a numerical investigation into stress distribution of the edge cross-section are presented by using divergent edge design and connector materials.
Sculping the ground. Art and Engineering embracing in Architecture
Authors: Briz David Montero
Published: December 2014

In this article we think about dwelling as the process that gives sense to the construction. Engineering acts in the landscape, and only understanding what does it mean the landscape and how men dwell we will be able to construct good engineering works.
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR): Design and construction of 9km of precast segmental twin deck bridges
Authors: Meyer Max , Arnold Patrick
Published: December 2014

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is a 9 km long dual 3-lane road viaduct, which is the Hong Kong part of a 30km long fixed link from Hong Kong to Macao and Zhuhai. This project had been awarded by Highway Department of Hong Kong to a Joint Venture formed by Dragages Hong Kong, China Harbour Engineering Company and VSL Hong Kong in 2012 as a design/build type contract. The work is presently ongoing and is scheduled to be completed by 2016.

The viaduct provides the link from the Scenic Hill next to Hong Kong's International Airport on Chek Lap Kok Island to HKSAR's border with China in the Pearl River Delta.

This presentation focuses on the design and construction aspects of the viaduct, whose entire deck is made up of precast segments to cope with high durability requirements, the offshore nature of the project and a tight construction schedule.
The construction engineering of the digital design of free forms.
Authors: Anaya Jesús
Published: December 2014

 This paper addresses the analytical study of the set of technical solutions that will be applied in the construction of complex surfaces and its typological evolution towards a new structural definition of the digital design of free forms, that constitutes the foundation of the documental basis for the investigation on the importance of the new structural and constructive systems in the production of construction engineering in architecture of the first quarter of the 21st century.
New bridge to Soto de Ribera over river Caudal, Spain
Authors: Capellán Guillermo , Martínez Javier , Cosmen Francisco , Martínez Germán
Published: December 2014

The new access bridge to the town of Soto de Ribera over Caudal river in Asturias (Spain) is an adaptation of the concept of cable stayed bridge to a whole composite section scheme. The solution starts with a twin steel beam solution with concrete slab which has a wide spread in the world for his advantages: speeder construction, industrial quality and economy. These characteristics are the guide of the design of this cable stayed bridge.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge – Overview of the Project
Authors: Kawakami Takeshi , Yanagihara Masahiro , Yamasaki Yasutsugu , Ozturk A. Nebil , Zeybek Fatih
Published: December 2014

The scale of the bridge and the tight schedule in the EPC contract requires the state of the art, suitable design, well proven construction method adopted challenging technics, and financial success for the project. The paper deals with the project overview including design, construction update, and schedule.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge – Vibration control of Steel tower
Authors: Inoue Manabu , Yamasaki Yasutsugu , Yamamoto Syuuji , Kazama Mutsuhiro , Imazeki Masanori , Koike Yuuji
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the wind-induced vibration of the steel towers of IZMIT Bay Suspension Bridge in Turkey both at the in-service condition and during the construction, the necessity of vibration mitigation and the design of anti-vibration system.
Puente Nigale – Seismic Design of the Cable-stayed Main Bridges
Authors: Laursen Peter T. , Amaral Vasco , Costa J. L. D. , Hansson Lars , Yao Sam , Johnsen Marie D.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents details of the seismic design of the main bridges for the Segundo Cruce del Lago de Maracaibo (Puente Nigale) fixed-link project. The link is 12 km long from shore to shore, and consists of east and west approach bridges and a main cable-stayed bridge over the navigation channel. The link accommodates two parallel bridge structures, one for road traffic and one for rail service.

The main bridges consists of two parallel cable stayed bridges with main spans of 430 m and is situated in a seismically active area characterized by a peak ground acceleration of about 0.27g for a 1000 year return period event.

The paper discusses the seismicity in the project area, the development of the seismic design loads, the seismic design criteria, the seismic design strategy and the seismic design of the structure. In particular, the deep pile foundations on soft soil presented unique challenges to the seismic design.
Bridge over the Cádiz bay, Spain
Authors: Manterola Javier , Martínez Antonio , Navarro Juan Antonio , Criado Silvia , Fuente Silvia , Gil Miguel Ángel , Blanco Lucía , Osborne Gonzalo , Escamilla Manuel
Published: December 2014

The bridge over the Cádiz Bay has a total length of 3157 m and crosses from Cádiz City to Puertorreal. The main bridge is a cable stayed solution with a main span of 540 m and approach spans of 200 m. and a maximum vertical clearance of 70 m. It will be one of the longest cable- stayed bridge in Europe.

The deck is a trapezoidal box girder 3.0 m deep in a composite construction steel concrete in the bridge over the bay and prestressed concrete in the bridge on the land side. The simply supported deck has a variable depth made of steel with an orthotropic deck. The total width varies from 33.20 to 34.20 m. The bridge will support 2 lanes carriageways for vehicles and 2 tracks carriageway for a tram. The pylon is a double Y shape reinforced concrete structure.

The bridge is currently under construction. The main span will be built by free cantilever system with 20 m long segments. The approach span on the Cadiz side will be built by incrementally launched segments. The approach spans on the Puertorreal side will be constructed span by span with a centering. The simply supported 150 m span will be lifted from a barge.
Challenging Design Aspects of a 3-Tower Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Brestin John , Zhu Tian-Jian , Finke John
Published: December 2014

KYTC's project requirements and the design/build team's drive to reduce cost and shorten construction schedule led to the development of a three-tower cable-stayed bridge with a flexible foundation system in the longitudinal direction. Working through the site specific challenges and external constraints the design team was able to deliver an affordable solution that could be built in a short period of time.

The key measures taken by the design build team to address these unique challenges included the following:

The design/build team worked effectively with the owner's engineer to develop project specific design criteria to address the unique behaviour of the flexible system and to provide overall safety margin for the structural system consistent with the project requirements specified in the RFP;

At the start of the final design, the designer identified the key system behaviour that needed to be properly captured not only for the completed structure but also for the critical erection stages. Appropriate computer models were developed to ensure such behaviour was properly modelled. Sensitivity of the key behaviour to the design assumptions including construction tolerances were also properly incorporated;

At the early design stages, the designer and the contractor had extensive discussions and reached a consensus on the appropriate restrictions that are required in placement of superstructure steelwork and precast deck panels to limit the erection loads on the flexible foundations;

To comply with the contractor's very aggressive construction schedule, the designer had to complete the design of the first tower before all studies and investigations (such as wind tunnel and technique shat load tests) had been completed. The designer made some reasonably conservative assumptions in design of the first tower based on the available information and prior experience. The first tower design was then confirmed, and design of the other towers, anchor piers and superstructure was progressively optimized when findings from the studies and investigations became available.

The end result is a durable structure that will grace the Louisville Skyline for years to come.
Danube Bridge II. Vidin-Calafat. Construction Methodology
Authors: Flórez Llanos Fernando , Díaz De Argote Jose Ignacio , Jiménez Aguilar José Rafael
Published: December 2014

The new Bridge over the Danube is part of the Paneuropean Corridor IV that joins Turkey with Germany. The main feature of this new bridge is that both traffics, railway and highway, cross the Danube River between Vidin (Bulgaria) and Calafat (Rumania), throughout one single bridge.

It is a precast segmental bridge. The Main Bridge can be divided in two parts: there is a continuous extradosed structure in the navigable channel, with maximum span 180 m long and, in the non navigable channel, there is a continuous bridge with 80 m spans long.

The Main Bridge is 31.35 m wide. The cross section is a single box girder 4.50 m deep.

The segmental balanced cantilever construction method has been chosen. The precast segments were assembled with a launching girder in the non navigable channel and with a trolley crane in the navigable channel.
Viaduct over Jauto River
Authors: Ramos Óscar Ramón , Martínez José M. , De Vena Jorge , Pantaleón Marcos J.
Published: December 2014

The bridge over the river Jauto, located in the province of Almería, is part of the railway tract between Los Gallardos and Sorbas, which belongs to the Mediterranean High Velocity Corridor. This 120 m long bridge is formed by a reinforced concrete arch with 6 pairs of piers that support the set of U-beams. Such structural solution, providing high aesthetic value, has been chosen due to the proximity of the AP-7, N-340 roads and Alfaix village.
New courthouse at El Ejido
Authors: Tanner Peter , Bellod Juan Luis
Published: December 2014

The courthouse at El Ejido has a trapezoid floor plan (47 m x 55 / 26 m) and comprises two distinct volumes that are structurally connected at basement level and by footbridges on the upper storeys. A third trapezoid unit featuring a glazed curtain wall façade cantilevers 8 m off the main façade of the front volume. This façade is a structural diaphragm wall, constituted by nine rows of vertical precast concrete members separated by horizontal cast-in-place, self-compacting concrete chords.

The location of the courthouse in a seismic area and the short number of horizontal supports for the façade make this wall potentially vulnerable. The particularly high risk during construction called for careful planning based on a detailed analysis of the interaction between the structure and the ancillary resources used to build it.
Structural design and construction of the Carouge-Bachet underground railway station in Switzerland
Authors: Rojas Franco , Capron Michel
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the design and construction of the Carouge-Bachet underground railway station in Switzerland. This design was largely determined by the local environmental constraints regarding the existing buildings and highways in the surroundings. The balance between the different construction techniques at each construction phase lead to progressive structural configurations affecting the behavior of the elements in time. The 33x32x21 m cube-shape station is built from top to bottom by using reinforced concrete diaphragm walls connected to different floors in successive stages that include the use of a pre-cambered steel-concrete beam (Preflex, normally used in bridge engineering) to take the lateral earth pressure and the use of vertical and horizontal temporary supports to liberate the space needed for the machines excavating the Pinchat Tunnel that starts from the station. This paper discusses the background of the design of the underground station.
Frequency effect on the fatigue life of plain and fiber-reinforced concrete
Authors: Ruiz Gonzalo , Medeiros Arthur , Zhang Xiaoxin , Yu Rena
Published: December 2014

This paper presents very recent experimental results aimed at disclosing the loading frequency effect on the fatigue behavior of a plain concrete and two types of fiber-reinforced concretes, using polypropylene and steel fibers. Compressive fatigue tests were conducted on 120 cubic specimens (100 mm in edge length). Four different loading frequencies were set as 4 Hz, 1 Hz, 0.25 Hz and 0.0625 Hz, respectively. The maximum stress applied on the specimen was 85% of the compressive strength and the stress ratio was set constant as 0.3. The results show that the loading frequency effect on the fatigue behavior of the plain concrete is pronounced. The fatigue life (the number of cycles to failure) at the lower frequencies is less than that at higher frequencies. However, the fibers can improve the fatigue behavior significantly under low loading frequencies. Such trend can be attributed to the effectiveness of the fibers in bridging the cracks, and thus inhibiting crack extension during the load cycles.
Assessment of Seismic Behaviour of Portal Bridges with Double Friction Pendulum Bearings
Authors: Romera Luis E. , Hernández Santiago , Costas Miguel , Baldomir Aitor , Ouro Pablo
Published: December 2014

In this paper the seismic behaviour of two parallel portal bridges with a total span of 315 m is presented. These bridges are located in an area of high seismicity and therefore supports design include double friction pendulum bearings as a base isolation system with the aim of improving the seismic response keeping it within the elastic range. Several nonlinear numerical models for the whole bridge and the friction pendulums were developed and validated with pendulums experimental tests by comparing both sources of information.
Trial Design of the Composite Steel-Timber Structure
Authors: Fujita Masanori , Okoshi Yuki , Oda Hirotaka , Iwata Mamoru
Published: December 2014

In light of the global environment, the authors proposed a building system comprising steel and timber (Hereafter referred to as CSTS), which consist of rolled section steels and timbers. A design method of the CSTS uses the concept of a damage controlled structure and its mechanical model is established based on the previous tests. The design method of the CSTS member for columns and beams are shown and a trial design of the CSTS is conducted using analytical models of building structure.
Bearing solutions for large horizontal forces
Authors: Brüninghold Max , Hoffmann Simon , Savioz Pascal
Published: December 2014

There are two main general bearing arrangements that are applied where transverse horizontal loads on a bridge deck must be resisted, which are discussed in this paper: a guided-sliding and a free- sliding bearing, paired up on one axis (the standard bearing setup for bridges); and a pair of free- sliding bearings designed for vertical loads, and a second pair of free-sliding bearings designed for horizontal loads on a so-called shear key (or wind shoe), or directly on a pylon. Their respective applicabilities, advantages, and limitations are discussed, with special emphasis on cable-supported bridges. For a shear key setup, restraint becomes a central design issue, affecting the installation, exchange and life-cycle cost of the bearings. Causes of restraint loads on such bearings, and solutions such as preloading systems, are discussed. Two case studies, from current major projects, are presented.
New steel-concrete connections by adhesion, interlocking and friction for composite bridges
Authors: Papastergiou Dimitrios , Lebet Jean-Paul
Published: December 2014

A new type of connection resisting by adhesion, interlocking and friction constitutes a structural concept that aims to create a durable connection between steel girder and prefabricated concrete slab used in composite bridges. The resistance is based on the development of longitudinal shear stresses in the interfaces which form the connection. This paper presents experimental and analytical researches that were conducted on this new connection. A large study of its resistance to cyclic loadings was undertaken by mean of tests on interfaces, push-out tests and test on a composite beam. The paper presents the analysis of the test results and a design method to predict the fatigue resistance of this connection. It is shown that the damage due to cyclic loading on the interfaces and on the connection is expressed by the accumulation of a residual slip. Provided that the shear stresses remain lower than the elastic stress limit and that the accumulated slip does not exceed the failure slip for static loading, the fatigue resistance of the new connection is ensured
Bond strength development of blended concretes using hot-dip galvanized steel reinforcement
Authors: Luna Molina Francisco Javier , Alonso Alonso María Cruz , López Hombrados Cecilio , Hernández Montes Enrique
Published: December 2014

The building of more sustainable structures is becoming a mandatory requirement. Different alternative are followed, as the use of blended cements to diminish the CO2 emissions and energy saving, as of new reinforcement, as hot-dip galvanized, to increase the service life of reinforced concrete structures. But the effects of these changes on the technical performance of concrete structures are not determined yet. Mineral additions in high content decrease concrete mechanical strength at early ages, while the interaction between concrete and galvanized steel is different to that of carbon steel, what questions its bond strength. The present paper studies the bond developing stress of conventional and hot-dip galvanized steel reinforcement embedded in concrete made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and with a type of ternary blended cement containing 36% filler plus blast furnace slag. A detailed analysis of the rebars superficial geometry and pull-out tests have been carried out. Results indicate that the ribs of a hot-dip galvanized rebar are lightly wider and rounder than the ones of a conventional rebar and they present a smaller height because of the galvanized coating heterogeneity. Maximum bond stress measured for galvanized steel is similar to that of conventional reinforcement. Furthermore, greater stresses are developed when OPC concrete is used.
Experimental Investigation on Fibre Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings
Authors: Apostolid Eftychia , Strauss Alfred , Dritsos Stephanos , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: December 2014

Seismic base isolation by introducing a flexible horizontal layer at the foundation of a structure can significantly reduce the seismic demand. Bearings consisting of elastomeric layers reinforced by thin steel plates or fibre sheets have been used in the past as isolation devises. In the present paper, the common practice of bearings bonded at the upper and lower support layers through steel end plates is compared to the innovative unbonded fibre reinforced elastomeric isolators. Results of an experimental research on both bonded and unbonded carbon fibre reinforced bearings are presented. Three different types of bearings are examined varying in height, as a result of different number and thickness of elastomer layers. The influence of the vertical stress, the horizontal deflection, the number of the carbon fibre layers and the number and thickness of the elastomer layers on the effective shear modulus, stiffness and damping coefficient of elastomeric bearings is investigated.

As far as the type of bonding is concerned, the damping coefficient and shear modulus values of unbonded bearings seem to be further influenced by the bearing height and the horizontal deflection state. It was also found that the magnitude of the vertical stress and the horizontal deflection influence significantly the above mentioned mechanical characteristics of the bearings. Worth mentioning that European Standards do not take into account any influence of the above parameters, as far as the shear modulus is concerned.
Treng-Treng Kay-Kay Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Ramos Óscar Ramón , Sousa Ricardo , Ortega Guillermo , Schanack Frank , Pantaleón Marcos J.
Published: December 2014

The TrengTreng - KayKay Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge that crosses over the River Cautín and it is located on the outskirts of Temuco, Chile. The design of the pylon`s shape is based on a local legend and it represents two snakes, corresponding to good and evil, biting each other. The structure, with a total length of 240 m, is composed of four minor spans and the main one, 140 m long, is cable-stayed. The deck is 27 m wide and bears two traffic lanes, and its corresponding sidewalks, in each direction and a bike lane. Both the deck and the pylon are designed as prestressed concrete structures. The main staying system is composed of two planes of 12 cables each one, arranged creating a fan disposition. The back staying system is formed by two pairs of four parallel cables that are anchored two the retaining abutment. Once the erection is finished, TrengTreng – KayKay will be the first modern cable-stayed bridge in Chile.
Chacao Suspension Bridge: Tender and Technical Challenges
Authors: Valenzuela Matías A. , Márquez Marcelo A.
Published: December 2014

Since the 90s it has studied a fixed connection from the Chiloé Island to the mainland of Chile, in the region of Los Lagos - Chile, by a bridge. In 2005, an approach to the construction gave way to a tender under the Private Public Partnership (PPP) model, but it had an early termination in the engineering phase due to investment exceeding the pre estimated amount. In 2012 a revaluation of the project changed the bussiness model to a “Design & Build“ contract within the procurement system that is traditional for the state of Chile.

The Chacao bridge corresponds to a suspension bridge typology, with multi-span (three pylons) and with a total lenght of 2.6 km, located in one of the highest earthquake zone in the world, (intensity of Mw 9.5) and subject to heavy wind loads and large-scale marine current.

The paper discusses the new bidding process and technicals analysis of the background reference developed for the bridge over the Chacao channel. It analyzes the main technical elements of the bridge in relation to the load applied, regulations and contracting method chosen. Finally, it presents the guidelines and selection criteria for the definition of the largest public work tendered in Chile up to now, framed by relevant economic and technical facts (design, construction and maintenance).
Dynamic performance of timber truss pedestrian bridge used steel ball joint
Authors: Honda Hideyuki
Published: December 2014

The pedestrian bridge of panelled chord truss objected in this study is under consider, and cost curtailment of the steel ball-joint is expected. The purpose of this study is to evaluate analytically dynamic performance and vibration serviceability of the timber truss pedestrian bridge with steel ball joint. The eigenvalue analysis was conducted by FEM based on three-dimensional analysis model, and then dynamic performance of this bridge was investigated. The three dimensional dynamic response analysis by walking of pedestrian was performed, and the vibration serviceability was investigated. After the vibration serviceability of this bridge had been grasped, the methods for vibration reduction such as boundary conditions at supported point and set of TMD were performed analytically, and the improvement of vibration serviceability of this bridge was investigated.
Shear Strength of Post-installed Diagonal Anchor
Authors: Ishimura Mitsuyoshi , Sadasue Kazushi , Minami Koichi
Published: December 2014

 Post-installed anchor is widely spread for the seismic retrofit in existing RC and SRC buildings. Usually, anchor bars are vertically installed in a concrete surface. However, we think that post-installed anchor using diagonal anchor bars improves shear strength. In this research, we confirmed the shear strength of post-installed anchor using diagonal anchor bars through the structural test. In addition, we proposed the evaluation method of shear strength for various failure modes.
Regional Road North Part (Section 1) – Interchange 1 & 5
Authors: Ramos Óscar Ramón , De Vena Jorge , Martín Juan Francisco , Sousa Ricardo , Pantaleón Marcos J.
Published: December 2014

The Ministry of Public Works in Kuwait awarded a contract for the Study, Design and Supervision of the Construction and Maintenance of the Regional Road North Part (Section 1) to the joint venture of Louis Berger SAS and Al Dowailah. Apia XXI has been assigned by Louis Berger SAS to undertake the design of the Interchanges 1 & 5.

Interchange 1, situated between South Access of Mutla City and Southeast Link Road is a four level semi-directional junction. The interchange is formed by 8 ramps and 2 main bridges.

Interchange 5, located between Abdaly Road and West-Northeast Link Road is also a four level semi-directional junction composed of 6 ramps, two main bridges, 2 flyovers and 2 bridges over the existing rail lines.
Concrete repair system for highway viaduct pillars and a case history
Authors: Bovassi Marta , Pistolesi Carlo , Zaffaroni Pasquale
Published: December 2014

In today’s world, the issue of how to repair damaged concrete is becoming more and more important in order to extend the service life of concrete structures. Chemical and physical attacks are very common and often occur together with poor quality concrete that inevitably cause major damage.

A special system for concrete repair has been studied in the Mapei R&D laboratories. This system is based on shrinkage-compensated structural repair mortars protected with a polymer modified cementitious elastic membrane in order to improve the durability and the service life of concrete structures. This paper shows the main properties of this repair system and describes a case history of its efficiency for the reparation of an important highway viaduct.
Tamina Canyon Crossing, Bad Ragaz, Switzerland
Authors: Angelmaier Volkhard , Eilzer Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

In 2007 the City of St. Gallen, Switzerland, has announced a public competition for a new bridge across the Tamina Canyon. This paper presents the winning design, informs about the current status of the planning process and gives an outlook on the further steps.
Bridge over the river Nervión on the Bilbao Donostia line
Authors: Fernández Leonardo , Fernández Lucía
Published: December 2014

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The new bridge of the narrow gauge railway over the river Nervión is to be found at the exit of the Etxebarri station and replaces a three span beam bridge, with piers in the riverbed, which considerably reduced ist hydraulic section.

It is a concrete bowstring arch bridge of 80m in span which crosses the river without piers. It has two tracks and has a lateral cantilever of 4.8m for pedestrians and bicycle traffic.

This bridge was constructed parallel to the existing bridge and then slid into ist final position to allow the shortest possible interruption to train traffic.