bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict‐Resolution Training and Middle School Students' Integrative Negotiation Behavior
Authors: Dudley Bruce S. , Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the impact of conflict‐resolution training on students' use of distributive and integrative negotiating procedures. In a midwestern, suburban middle school, 176 students (grades 6 through 9) participated in the study. Students were placed in a negotiation situation involving the buying and selling of commodities in which they could adopt a distributive (maximize own outcomes) or an integrative (maximize joint outcomes) negotiation approach. There were no significant differences between males and females or among students in the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. The results of this study indicated that conflict‐resolution and peer‐mediation training resulted in the middle school students increasing their use of integrative negotiations and the positiveness of students' attitudes toward conflict.
Environmental, Lifestyle, and Psychological Factors in the Health and Well‐Being of Military Families1
Authors: Paulus Paul B. , Nagar Dinesh , Larey Timothy S. , Camacho Luz M.
Published: August 2006

Army families living in apartments and mobile homes near a large Army base were assessed for feelings about their housing, morale, marital harmony, health, and well‐being. Reactions to mobile homes and apartments were similar. Higher quality housing was associated with positive housing ratings but not with more favorable morale, harmony, health, or well‐being. The experience of housing problems is related to negative housing evaluation, while the experience of Army lifestyle problems is related to lowered morale, harmony, health, and well‐being. Results were generally similar for enlisted men and their spouses.
Modifying Beliefs and Attitudes to Exceeding the Speed Limit: An Intervention Study Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Parker Dianne , Stradling Stephen G. , Manstead Antony S. R.
Published: August 2006

This study builds on previous theory of planned behavior (TPB) studies in which we identified the beliefs and values which predict intention to commit driving violations. Four short experimental videos were developed in order to assess the effectiveness of an intervention grounded in the TPB. Three of the videos featured the major constructs of the TPB model. The fourth video featured anticipated regret, an addition to the TPB model which had previously been shown to add significantly to its predictive performance (Parker, Manstead, & Stradling, 1995). Results indicated that two of the videos brought about statistically significant belief changes with respect to scores on TPB items, and significant changes in general attitudes toward speeding. Discussion centers on the problems encountered in operationalizing the TPB constructs and on the potential of theory‐based interventions to induce attitude change.
The Employment Interview Context: Social and Situational Influences on Interviewer Decisions1
Authors: Howard Jack L. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: August 2006

The employment interview context is broad and multifaceted, and it includes a number of social, situational, and affective influences which generate from the interviewee, interviewer, nature of the job in question, and interactions among these factors. The employment interview is proposed to be influenced by nonverbal and self‐promotion behaviors of the applicant, interviewer training, and the requirements of the job. These variables then influence the intermediate variables of applicant similarity to the interviewer, perceived competence of the applicant, and interviewer affect toward the applicant. The intermediate variables then influence the perceived job suitability of the applicant. The present study tested and found support for modeling the employment interview context and how it affects interviewer decisions. The contributions and limitations of the present study are discussed, in addition to directions for future research.
Illusions of Safety in a Risky World: A Study of College Students' Condom Use
Authors: Thompson Suzanne C. , Anderson Kalin , Freedman Debra , Swan Joye
Published: August 2006

The role that costs, benefits, and perceptions of invulnerability play in condom use was examined in a sample of students (N= 211) at 4‐year and 2‐year colleges. In multiple regression analyses, past condom use was related to relative invulnerability, low present risk, and inexperience. Less intended condom use was associated with high perceptions of relative invulnerability and low perceptions of present risk. It appears that many college students feel protected from HIV because they judge their current sexual environment to be safe due to monogamy, sexual history taking, and the ability to tell a partner's HIV status. Independent of that, feelings of relative invulnerability are associated with more condom use—perhaps an accurate judgment of past risky behavior.
Physical Attractiveness and Sexual Harassment: Does Every Picture Tell a Story or Every Story Draw a Picture?1
Authors: Popovice Paula M. , Gehlauf Deeann N. , Jolton Jeffrey A. , Everton Wendi J. , Godinho Rhonda M. , Mastrangelo Paul M. , Somers Jill M.
Published: August 2006

The role of physical attractiveness in perceptions of sexual harassment (SH) was investigated in two studies. In the first study, 164 undergraduates were given a complainant's description of either a verbal or physical incident of SH. Photographs varying physical attractiveness of the alleged harasser and victim were provided. Results showed gender differences in perceptions of incident characteristics and an attractiveness bias for both harasser and victim. There was evidence that characteristics of the setting affected ratings of physical attractiveness. A second study with 211 undergraduates, utilized a formal grievance paradigm with attractiveness varied through verbal labels in the complaint. Results showed gender differences in perceptions, as well as a tendency for subjects to identify more with same gender stimulus persons.
Missile Stress, Help‐Seeking Behavior, and Psychological Reaction to the Gulf War
Authors: Shirom Arie , Shperling Zipi
Published: August 2006

We studied the effects of missile stress, appraised before the 1991 Gulf War, and help‐seeking behavior employed during it on affective reactions to the war. These reactions included the negative strains of anxiety and helplessness and the positive affect of improved self‐competence. Respondents were 257 civilians, all residents of metropolitan Tel Aviv, Israel, the area targeted by most of the Iraqi missile attacks. Data were gathered by telephone interviews conducted with the respondents about a month before the war and again about 2 weeks after the war's end. As predicted, missile stress and help‐seeking behavior were both positively correlated with anxiety and helplessness. It was found, as predicted, that for those who engaged in intensive help‐seeking behavior, the negative effects of missile stress on improved self‐competence were more pronounced.
The Effect of the Belief in Equality on Democratic Leadership Intent1
Authors: Gray David B. , Mizener David S.
Published: August 2006

Does the belief in equality correlate significantly with democratic leadership intentions? The belief in equality is defined as a set of assumptions that human ability and potential are widely distributed rather than being concentrated in the most highly educated. A reliable and valid inventory was developed to measure the belief in equality (BE). Two separate samples were studied—one of college students (N= 201) and the other composed of blue‐ and white‐collar workers (N= 192). High BE participants exhibited higher democratic leadership intentions than did low BE participants on 6 paper‐and‐pencil leadership tasks (p < .0001). The equality construct was found to be relatively independent of authoritarianism.
Emotional Reactions to People With AIDS
Authors: Dijker Anton J. , Kok Gerjo , Koomen Willem
Published: August 2006

Using survey data of a Dutch national sample, the present paper examines how people's willingness to engage in personal contact with persons with AIDS (PWAs) is influenced by different emotional reactions to PWAs. Results indicate that each of the three measured emotional reactions to PWAs (fear, irritation, and pity) independently predicts subjects' readiness to have personal contact with PWAs. Disconfirming the often assumed relationship between “homophobia” and fear of PWAs, it was found that attitudes toward homosexuals are unrelated to fear of PWAs. Instead, these attitudes are associated with emotions of a more aggressive nature (irritation). Risk perception seems to be related to the emotions of fear and irritation, whereas responsibility attribution seems to be negatively associated with pity.
Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Authors: Nass Clifford , Moon Youngme , Green Nancy
Published: August 2006

This study tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender‐based stereotypic responses. Using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, the study tested 3 gender‐based stereotypes under conditions in which all suggestions of gender were removed, with the sole exception of vocal cues. In all 3 cases, gender‐stereotypic responses were obtained. Because the experimental manipulation involved no deception regarding the source of the voices. this study presents evidence that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines.
The Importance of Social Versus Temporal Comparison Appraisals Among Older Adults1
Authors: Robinson‐whelen Susan , Kiecolt‐glaser Janice
Published: August 2006

It has been suggested that social comparisons become less frequent and less important to one's self‐evaluation, and temporal comparisons become more frequent and more important to self‐evaluation in later life. In this study, the influence of social and temporal comparison appraisals on global self‐ratings in 3 domains (health, income, and memory) was assessed among individuals ranging in age from 53 to 90 years. Although social comparison appraisals were significantly related to self‐ratings in all 3 domains, temporal comparison appraisals were only related to self‐rated memory. There was also no evidence that the effect of social or temporal comparison appraisals on self‐evaluations differed with age among our sample of middle‐aged and older adults. Social comparison appraisal appears to be a viable mechanism by which esteem can be preserved in old age, despite increasing loss and impairment.
Predictors of Condom Use Among African American Males at High Risk for HIV1
Authors: Fernandez‐esquer Maria Eugenia , Krepcho Martin A. , Freeman Anne c. , Magee Elvin , Mcalister Alfred L. , Ross Michael w.
Published: August 2006

This study compared the influence of HIV risk behaviors and condom use attitudes on condom use among heterosexual African American males. Three models were tested: (a) HIV risk, (b) condom use attitudes, and (c) a model combining the previous two. Brief street intercept interviews were administered to African American males in 2 matched pairs of census tracts. Results are based on 589 males reporting vaginal sex in the last 30 days. The General Linear Test (GLT) was used to test the ability of regression models to reduce error variance. The condom use, attitude model was sufficient to predict frequency of condom use regardless of partner type. The strongest predictors of condom use were condom use enjoyment, social norms, self‐efficacy, and social influence.
Motivation to Report Sensitive Behaviors on Surveys: Evidence From a Bogus Pipeline Experiment1
Authors: Tourangeau Roger , Smith Tom W. , Rasinski Kenneth A.
Published: August 2006

We examined the effects of a procedure designed to increase motivation to give accurate reports of socially sensitive behaviors frequently collected in surveys. Respondents were assigned at random to a bogus pipeline condition, in which they were told that inaccurate answers could be detected by a physiological recording device, or to a control condition. Respondents in both conditions were interviewed with a questionnaire that contained 19 items ranging from smoking and exercise frequency to number of sexual partners and illicit drug use. While the bogus pipeline procedure generally increased the reporting of sensitive behavior, in one instance it reduced the proportion of respondents who reported a socially desirable behavior (exercising), indicating that respondents were motivated to respond accurately and not just to report more occurrences.
Boundary Conditions for Self‐serving Attributions: Another Look at the Sports Pages1
Authors: Roesch Scott C. , Amirkhan James H.
Published: August 2006

Attributions (N =.310) by professional athletes were extracted from newspapers, and coded along the dimensions of locus, stability, controllability, and globality. Findings confirmed the existence of self‐serving attributional biases, but showed these to be limited in extenthtensity by personal (ability and experience level) and situational (team vs. solo sport) factors. Losses were ascribed to external and wins to internal causes among athletes of low experience, high ability, and/or engaged in solo sports‐but not under other circumstances. A similar pattern of results emerged only on the controllability dimension. Beyond indicating boundary conditions to the bias, results suggested that it might not even be “self‐serving”, or hedonistic, in nature. Difficulties in this type of research, and possible improvements, are discussed.
Communal Orientation and Burnout Among Self‐Help Group Leaders
Authors: Medvene Louis J. , Volk Frederick A. , Meissen Gregory J.
Published: August 2006

To assess the relationship between burnout, communal orientation, and leaders' perceptions of balance in their relationships with group members 102 self‐help group leaders were interviewed. Leaders had low to moderate levels of burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. As hypothesized, leaders' communal orientation was negatively related to the burnout subscales of depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Contrary to the study hypothesis, burnout was not related to balance. It was speculated that the salience of need‐based norms in the group's helping relationships reduced expectations of reciprocity. The findings illustrate the usefulness of applying equity theory to studies of helping relationships within the setting of self‐help groups.
Eyewitness Recall and Duration Estimates in Field Settings1
Authors: Yarmey A. Danie , Yarmey Meagan J.
Published: August 2006

Witnesses were tested for either interrogative recall or narrative recall of a young woman to whom they had spoken for approximately 15 s, 2 min earlier. Interrogative responses were more complete and more accurate, but also more error prone than narrative responses. Men and women showed similar performance on most characteristics, but men were more confident in their responses. A negative correlation was found between age of witnesses and accuracy of recall. Women made significantly longer duration estimates of the target‐witness encounters than did men. However, both men and women were relatively accurate in duration estimates when they used mental imagery rehearsal prior to giving duration judgments. The results were interpreted in terms of their forensic significance.
Length of Group Membership, Assumed Similarity, and Opinion Certainty: The Dividend for Veteran Members
Authors: Holtz Rolf
Published: August 2006

Newcomer and veteran fraternity members indicated their own attitudinal position on each of 10 issues and then estimated the positions of either prospective or full in‐group members or they received no opportunity to project. All subjects then rated their certainty about their own position on each issue. As expected. both newcomers and veterans assumed greater attitudinal similarity to in‐group members than to prospective members. Moreover, projection onto in‐group members only increased the opinion certainty of veteran members. Their certainty correlated with the percentage of their friends who were in‐group members. Newcomers' certainty increased only after projection onto the lower status recruits. Membership tenure and social identity are discussed in relation to attitudinal projection and the goals of social comparison.
Ethical Issues in the Use of the Bogus Pipeline1
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Handelsman Mitchell M.
Published: August 2006

This article addresses the ethics of utilizing the bogus pipeline (BPL) procedure in social psychological research. A debate is presented between 2 positions: One challenges the use of the BPL based on ethical principles, and the other confronts these challenges. The debate addresses the void in previous BPL literature regarding concerns about the ethics of using this technique, and raises awareness about potential ethical dilemmas faced by BPL users. The BPL is discussed from utilitarian and deontological ethical perspectives.
University Residence Hall Assistants as Mediators: An Investigation of the Effects of Disputant and Mediator Relationships on Intervention Preferences1
Authors: Ross William H. , Fischer Debra , Baker Carol , Buchholz Kim
Published: August 2006

The present research investigated whether (a) preexisting affiliation (bias) between a mediator and 1 disputant and (b) interpersonal hostility between 2 disputants affected university Residence hall Assistants' (RAs') mediation strategies. Respondents (N = 45) read 1 of 4 versions of a dispute scenario; versions varied independent variables according to a 2 × 2 design (high vs. low mediator affiliation and high vs. low disputant hostility). Respondents indicated the probability of using 18 mediation techniques. Results suggested that both independent variables significantly affected strategy selection. When friends with the complainant, the RA was likely to first avoid mediating. Hostility between disputants was related to less problem solving. In all conditions. RAs mentioned techniques consistent with stage theories of mediation, moving from problem definition to problem solving to pressing the parties.
The Measurement of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Are We Assuming Too Much?
Authors: Pond Samuel B. , Nacoste Rupert W. , Mohr Monique F. , Rodriguez Christopher M.
Published: August 2006

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is assessed by measuring how frequently employees display extra‐role and discretionary behaviors. One hundred forty‐four managerial employees responded to an OCB scale and indicated the number of behaviors on the scale they believed to be formally evaluated. None of the behaviors were believed to be unevaluated by all employees. Data suggest that a typical OCB scale is not measuring citizenship behaviors for everybody, and that OCB measurement needs refinement. Best prediction of other organizational variables was obtained when both the OCB and an index of “unevaluated” behaviors were used as predictors. Supervisor fairness interacted with OCB when predicting organizational commitment, and this interaction was contingent on the extent OCBs were believed to be unevaluated.
Components of Teamwork: Impact on Evaluations of Contributions to Work Team Effectiveness1
Authors: Harris Todd C. , Barnes‐Farrell Janet L.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between Dickinson's (1993) components of teamwork and ratings of team members' contributions to team success. Undergraduate students (n= 179) each viewed 1 of 8 videotapes depicting a team interacting to solve the Winter Survival Problem. Participants then completed a 52‐item questionnaire assessing the connection between teamwork components and perceptions of contributions to team productivity, team viability, teamwork, and overall team performance. With 1 exception, all of the teamwork components manipulated in the study significantly affected appraisals of several aspects of worker effectiveness. Furthermore, raters considered teamwork behaviors that provided direct assistance or direction to team members as being especially critical.
Illusional Beliefs in the Context of Risky Sexual Behaviors1
Authors: Wiebe Deborah J. , Black David
Published: August 2006

The function and maintenance of illusions were explored. Three groups were selected by comparing perceived risk for contracting an STD or becoming pregnant with reported sexual behaviors: realistic low risk (n ‐ 33), realistic high risk (n= 23), and Illusional low risk (n= 16). Illusional subjects tended to avoid exposure to risk information, deny its relevance, and experience no increase in negative affect when confronted with contraceptive information. In contrast, high‐risk subjects expressed interest in viewing contraceptive information, acknowledged its relevance and, among women, experienced an increase in negative affect after viewing the information. Avoidance and denial were ego‐protective, primarily for illusional subjects. Implications for research on the self‐regulatory effects of illusional beliefs are discussed.
World Assumptions Following Disaster1
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Iancu Iulian , Tyano Samuel
Published: August 2006

This study assessed the beliefs and cognitions of bus‐train collision survivors, 7 years following the accident. The sample consisted of 389 young adults who were adolescents at the time of the disaster. The sample was composed of 4 groups who differed in their levels of exposure to traumatic stress. Results indicated that (a) exposure to the traumatic accident was implicated in challenging survivors' beliefs about the benevolence of the world. Justice and luck were also associated with posttraumatic psychiatric and functional impairment; (b) the level of exposure had a direct bearing on dependent variables; and (c) cognitive schemata were associated with psychiatric symptomatology and problems in functioning, reflecting the coexistence of diverse traumatic sequelae. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Social Support, Locus of Control, and Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: VanderZee Karen I. , Buunk Bram P. , Sanderman Robbert
Published: August 2006

Social support seems to be positively related to psychological well‐being. Studies have shown that individual differences exist in the ability to mobilize and use sources of support. The current study focused on locus of control as a personality factor that might be related to this ability. In 2 samples it was shown that individuals with an internal locus of control perceived more support than did individuals with an external locus of control. Moreover, Study 1 included a sample of mainly females and showed that social support was particularly related to the psychological well‐being of individuals with an external locus of control. In a second study, this moderating effect of locus of control could only be replicated for women. For men, no moderating effect of locus of control was found. The implications of these findings for interventions are discussed.
Organization, Processing, and Use of Performance Information: A Cognitive Role for Appraisal Instruments1
Authors: DeNisi Angelo S. , Robbins Tina L. , Summers Timothy P.
Published: August 2006

There is a history of interest in appraisal instruments as a means of improving the accuracy of ratings. But cognitive models have suggested an alternative role for instrumentation. The present study involved 125 subjects in an attempt to examine whether the format of the instrument, and the timing of its introduction, might influence cognitive processing of performance information and, in turn, recall and rating accuracy. Subjects received either a task‐ or trait‐based instrument, either before observing performance, before a recall task, or before ratings. Both the type of scale and the timing of its introduction affected the organization of information in memory which, in turn, was related to recall accuracy. Rater judgment processes were affected as well. Implications for future research, and especially practice, are discussed.
Self‐Presentational Tactics of Talk‐Show Guests: A Comparison of Politicians, Experts, and Entertainers1
Authors: Schütz Astrid
Published: August 2006

Politicians' self‐presentation on German television talk shows was compared to that of entertainers and of experts. It was found that politicians used more exemplification than did any other group and more self‐promotion than entertainers but less than experts. Ingratiation was broken down into 3 components: modesty, self‐disclosure, and favorable self‐description. Favorable self‐description did not differ across groups. Modesty was found to be more frequent in entertainers than in any other group; self‐disclosure was most frequent in entertainers, and second in politicians. Evidence suggests that depending on group status, either modesty or favorable self‐description is used to create the impression of likability. Supplication and intimidation did not occur in any of the 3 groups. Implications of these results are discussed with relation to public political discourse and self‐presentation theory.
Improving Managerial Effectiveness in the Workplace: The Case of Sexual Harassment of Navy Women1
Authors: Culbertson Amy , Rodgers Waymond
Published: August 2006

A decision‐making model is used to test causal relationships between a set of constructs thought to be important in understanding the organizational effects of sexual harassment. The model explores the causal linkages between women Navy personnel perceptions of the organization's climate regarding sexual harassment, experiences, and judgments of inappropriate sexual behaviors, and resulting decisions ultimately affecting the organization. The findings advance our understanding of important causal variables in preventing sexual harassment, along with providing managers an early warning or screening device to aid in moderating this contemporary workplace issue.
Telling Jokes That Disparage Social Groups: Effects on the Joke Teller's Stereotypes1
Authors: Maio Gregory R. , Olson James M. , Bush Jacqueline E.
Published: August 2006

An experiment tested whether or not reciting disparaging humor about a disadvantaged group affects joke tellers' stereotypes of the group. In this experiment, we manipulated whether participants recited humor that disparaged Newfoundlanders, who are a relatively disadvantaged group in Canada, or nondisparaging humor. We then asked participants to complete a measure of their stereotypes and attitudes toward Newfoundlanders. Results indicated that participants who recited disparaging humor subsequently reported more negative stereotypes of Newfoundlanders than did participants who recited nondisparaging humor. Attitudes toward Newfoundlanders were not affected by the manipulation. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Behavioral Complexity: A Review
Authors: Satish Usha
Published: August 2006

The theoretical basis of behavioral complexity theory is reviewed. A selection of recent research data are considered under topics of interest to behavioral science and related disciplines.
Attitudinal Change Among University Student Tutors1
Authors: Fresko Barbara
Published: August 2006

Attitudinal change among 323 university tutors of school children was examined in the areas of social responsibility, beliefs in intervention, and perceptions of the disadvantaged. Role theory and the contact hypothesis provided the theoretical base for predicting path models in which tutor traits, aspects of the tutoring situation, tutoring outcomes, and pretutoring attitudes were used to explain attitudes following 7 to 8 months of tutoring experience. Results showed somewhat improved attitudes toward the disadvantaged; however, social responsibility and attitudes toward intervention decreased slightly. Empirical path models for the latter 2 areas were nearly identical, and differed from that for attitudes toward the disadvantaged.
Late Adolescents' Experiences With and Attitudes Toward Videogames1
Authors: Barnett Mark A. , Vitaglione Guy D. , Harper Kimberly K. G. , Quackenbush Steven W. , Steadman Lee Ann , Valdez Birgit S.
Published: August 2006

A total of 229 late adolescents (a large majority 15 to 19 years of age) completed a questionnaire that assesses a broad range of videogame‐relevant experiences, preferences, and attitudes. Videogame playing was found to be a more popular, and a more highly regarded, activity among males than females. Gender differences were also found in participants' ratings of their motivations for playing videogames, their evaluations of particular characteristics of videogames, and their selection of their “most favorite” videogame. The differences between frequent and infrequent videogame players appeared to be limited to differences in the extent to which videogame playing is pursued and evaluated as a positive leisure activity, rather than reflecting broad differences in interest or personality. Some relations were found between participants' self‐reported personality characteristics (i.e., self‐esteem, empathy, conscientiousness, and introversion) and their attitudes toward videogames.
Factors Associated With Participating in a Romantic Relationship in a Work Environment1
Authors: Pierce Charles A.
Published: August 2006

Questionnaires were administered to graduate students employed by a large university to assess part of Pierce, Byrne, and Aguinis's (1996) model of workplace romance. Based on data from 297 respondents, results indicate that (a) females held less favorable attitudes toward romance and sexual intimacy at work than did males, (b) participating in a romantic relationship with a member of the same organization was positively associated with a participant's self‐appraised job performance, and (c) consistent with an affective spillover hypothesis, degree of loving feelings for a current romantic partner was positively associated with an individual's own level of intrinsic work motivation, job involvement, and satisfaction with his or her type of work. Results are discussed in light of Pierce et al.'s (1996) model, and potential study limitations are addressed.
Do Solo Arrangements Lead to Attributions of Tokenism? Perceptions of Selection Criteria and Task Assignments to Race and Gender Solos1
Authors: Craig Kellina M. , Feasel Karen E.
Published: August 2006

In 2 studies, African American and White participants judged the likelihood that solos in work groups were selected for membership in a work group on the basis of either affirmative action or ability. Following this, they were asked to imagine themselves as managers of the group and to assign tasks to each of the employees. Judgments of the overall work groups were also obtained. As expected, the extent to which observers attributed the presence of the solo to affirmative action and assigned tasks was dependent on the gender and race of the solo and, importantly, the gender and race of the majority of group members. These findings have practical utility in that they point to the continuing importance of context effects in impression formation and task assignments.
Anger‐Related Traits and Response to Interpersonal Conflict Among New York City Traffic Agents1
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Masheb Robin , Stores Jacqueline , Stockhammer Tanya , Tunick Wendy , Melhado Elizabeth , Karlin William A. , Schwartz Joseph , Harburg Ernest , Contrada Richard J.
Published: August 2006

This study evaluates the psychosocial correlates of anger‐related traits. Participants include New York City traffic enforcement agents (TEAs), who issue summonses for vehicular and parking violations and are frequently confronted by angry motorists. This sample of TEAs is 53% African American and 57% female. Participants completed surveys at 2 points, 4 months apart, which measured attitudinal, affective, and expressive components of hostility and anger, as well as dimensions of workplace psychosocial response. Results indicate that trait anger‐in was positively associated with frequency of conflict, anger intensity, and burnout in cross‐sectional analyses; and positively associated with frequency of conflict in prospective analyses. Trait anger was positively associated with an increase in burnout over a 4‐month period. These findings provide support for the transactional model of hostility and health and have implications for worksite interventions promoting cardiovascular health.
Effects of Negative Campaigning on Vote, Semantic Differential, and Thought Listing1
Authors: Pentony Joseph F.
Published: August 2006

In 3 studies, subjects were asked to vote on all positively described candidate vs. an opponent with a 1‐sentence negative. In Study 1, the ail‐positively described candidate was voted for more often, was rated higher on 10 of 13 semantic differentials, and generated more positive and less negative thoughts. In Studies 2 and 3, the positively described candidate was voted for more, was rated higher on the semantic differentials, and generated more positive and less negative thoughts in the regular negative condition. In the condition in which an independent nonpartisan committee declared the negative groundless, there was no significant difference in any dependent variables. These theories have important theoretical implications related to Johnson‐Cartee and Garramone's theories.
Dispositionai Optimism as a Protective Factor in Resisting HIV Exposure in Sexually Active Inner‐City Minority Adolescents1
Authors: Carvajal Scott C. , Garner Randall L. , Evans Richard I.
Published: August 2006

Recent investigations have explored dispositional optimism as a determinant of various health‐related behaviors, though such research has been infrequently conducted in populations where pessimism would be expected to be prevalent. The present study examines optimism and unsafe sexual behavior in 230 sexually active inner‐city minority adolescents. Findings suggest that dispositional optimism is a protective factor regarding adolescents' intentions to avoid engaging in unsafe sex. Further, the benefits of optimism appear to be explained by those who are more optimistic having higher levels of perceived condom use self‐efficacy and stronger negative expectancies toward unsafe sex. Future interventions may need to address optimism in concert with behavioral‐specific determinants to increase the probability of reducing unsafe sexual behavior in high‐risk populations.
Employee Reactions to the Physical Work Environment: The Role of Childhood Residential Attributes1
Authors: Zhou Jing , Oldham Greg R. , CUMMINGS ANNE
Published: August 2006

This study examines the possibility that 2 employee background attributes, childhood residential density and childhood community type, moderate relations between characteristics of the physical work environment and employee responses. Administrative employees (N= 75) from 25 offices of a university participated in the research. Results demonstrate that employees from high‐density childhood residences and urban communities exhibited more positive responses as adults (i. e., higher performance and lower crowding) to high‐contact work environments (i. e., those characterized by few enclosures, high spatial density, and close interpersonal distance) than employees from other combinations of childhood residential density and community type. Results also suggest that the contributions of residential density and community type were somewhat accounted for by individual differences in social avoidance tendencies and noise sensitivities.
The Effect of Music on Atmosphere and Purchase Intentions in a Cafeteria1
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: August 2006

This exploratory study investigates the effect of music on the perceived characteristics of a commercial listening environment and on customers' purchase intentions therein. Three musical styles and also no music were played in a student cafeteria over the course of 4 days. Subjects' responses to a questionnaire indicated that different musical styles had different effects on the perceived characteristics of the cafeteria, and that classical music was associated with subjects being prepared to pay the most for food items on sale therein. There was also some indication that classical and pop music might have increased actual sales in the cafeteria, as compared with easy listening and silence. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for both commercial practice and our theoretical understanding of music and consumer behavior.
The Impact of Job Performance, Gender, and Ethnicity on the Managerial Review of Sexual Harassment Allegations1
Authors: Plater Michael A. , Thomas Robert E.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the managerial review of sexual harassment allegations by subordinates against supervisors as a 2‐stage attribution process. In the 1st stage, reviewers decide whether the behavior was inappropriate (misconduct). In the 2nd, reviewers decide the level of company responsibility. The reviewers' 2 decisions are influenced in distinct ways by scenario participant job performance, and the genders and ethnicities of reviewer and scenario participants. Male respondents exhibited some bias for high‐performing same‐ethnicity supervisors—a bias not present in female responses. In the 2nd stage, female and non‐White reviewers assessed significantly higher levels of company responsibility than did male and White respondents. The data suggest that although men and women do not differ substantially over what constitutes misconduct, they do differ over the company's responsibility.
Social Comparison, the Threat of AIDS, and Adolescent Condom Use1
Authors: Tigges Beth Baldwin , Wills Thomas A. , Link Bruce G.
Published: August 2006

This study tested hypotheses from social comparison theory about adolescent condom use. Questionnaires were administered to 457 twelfth‐grade students (284 sexually active). Three different operationalizations of social comparison were used—comparative ratings, affiliative preferences, and derogation; each produced different results. Low condom users who felt threatened by AIDS made more downward comparative ratings regarding condom use than did unthreatened low users. In contrast, low users preferred upward affiliations with high users. Adolescents with higher self‐esteem derogated adolescents with AIDS less as threat increased. Adolescents with lower self‐esteem who made downward comparative ratings were more satisfied with their own past condom use. Satisfied low condom users were less likely to intend condom use in the future. The results provide evidence that downward comparison may act indirectly to deter behavioral change.
The Psychology of Names: An Empirical Reexamination1
Authors: Christopher Andrew N.
Published: August 2006

Four studies were conducted to examine how a first name might impact the way a person is perceived when varying amounts of information about the person are available. In Study 1, first names that are used more often today than in the past (young‐generation names) were preferred to first names that have never been used often (not‐common names), which in turn were liked more than first names that were used more often in the past than they are today (old‐generation names). In Study 2, these names were evaluated in the context of résumés and personal ads. Old‐generation names received the least favorable reactions, but inconsistencies were obtained between the other two classifications of names. Study 3 suggested that the results of the first 2 studies cannot be attributed to the use of a college‐age sample. Study 4 demonstrated that people tend to infer a variety of characteristics from these three classifications of names. Results are discussed with respect to first‐impression formation and ageism.
The Relationship Between Political Preference and Judgments of President Clinton's Integrity Depends on Cognitive Complexity1
Authors: Sigall Harold , Johnson Mark B.
Published: August 2006

Participants who varied in cognitive complexity and political preference for President Clinton read a brief news account of an episode in which the President was said to have altered his behavior when he realized it was public. They then evaluated him. In 2 studies, participants low in cognitive complexity and positively disposed toward President Clinton rated his integrity as higher, whereas those negatively disposed gave him lower ratings. Participants higher in cognitive complexity, regardless of their political preference, made more moderate judgments of his integrity. This pattern was not observed for ratings of Clinton's sensitivity, social skillfulness, or work ethic. The role of cognitive complexity in integrating seemingly inconsistent behavior is discussed.
HIV Locus of Control and Adaptation to Seropositivity1
Authors: Jenkins Richard A. , Patterson Thomas L.
Published: August 2006

The role of HIV locus of control in adaptation to HIV disease was evaluated in a sample of 588 military medical beneficiaries with predominantly asymptomatic, early stage HIV infection. Cluster analysis yielded 4 configurations of HIV locus of control, with high levels of depression related to a cluster where internal and powerful others control were highly endorsed. External attributions of control generally appeared more adaptive. Results are discussed in relation to Rotter's social learning theory and its implications for adaptive aspects of locus of control.
What Works for the Gander Does Not Work as Well for the Goose: The Effects of Leader Behavior
Authors: Hutchison Steven , Valentino Kathleen E. , Kirkner Sandra L.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the effects of leader behaviors and leader gender on employees' perceptions of support from the organization and employee commitment to the organization. Ninety‐one employees completed a survey measuring leader behaviors, perceived organizational support, and organizational commitment. Results confirmed the hypothesis that a high interpersonal orientation and high task orientation had the most positive effect on employee attitudes. However, the high interpersonal orientation and high task orientation were not equally effective for both female and male leaders. Employees perceived more support from the organization when their supervisors, either female or male, used a high consideration–high initiating structure style than when they used a low consideration–low initiating structure style. On the other hand, only those employees who work for a male supervisor who is high in consideration and high in initiating structure were more committed to the organization.
Racial Categorization and Stereotype‐Based Judgments About Homeless People1
Authors: Whaley Arthur L. , Link Bruce G.
Published: August 2006

The present study uses a social‐cognitive paradigm to examine the association between racial categorization and stereotype‐based judgments about homeless people. The study uses data from a national White subsample (N= 1,221) surveyed about attitudes toward homeless/homeless mentally ill people. It was hypothesized that individual differences in perceptions of the representativeness of Blacks in the homeless population, as measured by subjective estimates of the percentage of Blacks, would be associated with the enhancement of racially relevant negative stereotypes about homeless people. A secondary hypothesis was that perceptions of the representativeness of Blacks would be more strongly associated with the stereotype of homeless people as dangerous than with the view of them as lazy. The results support these hypotheses.
Eager, Reluctant, and Nonresponders to a Mailed Longitudinal Survey: Attitudinal and Substance Use Characteristics Differentiate Respondents1
Authors: Ullman Jodie B. , Newcomb Michael D.
Published: August 2006

Personality and attitudinal characteristics of eager, reluctant, and nonresponders to a mailed longitudinal survey focusing on substance use are examined through a series of logistic regression analyses. The characteristics that differentiate response patterns in men and women differ in terms of the relative importance of cooperation, behavioral low social conformity (substance use), and support of science/medicine. Socioeconomic status and attitudinal low social conformity did not differentiate among groups of responders, regardless of gender.
A Test of a Model of Consumers' Responses to Product Manual Safety Information1
Authors: Celuch Kevin , Lust John , Showers Linda
Published: August 2006

Product manuals can play a role in marketplace safety and can enhance product utility (Celuch, Lust, & Showers, 1992). Given the current marketplace concern with such issues, it is surprising how little attention product manuals have received in published research. The present study blends theory and research from the threat communication and protective behavior literature as a starting point for the development of a conceptual framework relating to consumer responses to manual safety information. To this end, relationships among arousal, safety‐related self‐efficacy, behavioral intentions related to safety recommendations, and product use intention were examined and generally supported. Based on the findings of the study, several issues relevant to researchers and practitioners in the area are discussed.
A General Measure of Ecological Behavior1
Authors: Kaiser Florian G.
Published: August 2006

Measurement of ecological behavior across different domains has been troublesome. The present paper argues that the lack of agreement in measuring general ecological behavior may be due to the measurement approach that is commonly used. An ecological behavior measure should be grounded on a probabilistic measurement approach that takes the important features of ecological behavior into consideration. Such a measure was developed in a survey study of 445 members of 2 Swiss transportation associations. Three types of ecological behavior measures were included: a general measure, 3 multiple‐item measures, and 3 single‐item measures. Results are controlled for social desirability effects. Reliability, internal consistency, and validity scores indicate that a probabilistic measurement approach can measure general ecological behavior accurately and unidimensionally.
Multidimensionality and Asymmetry in Religious Switching Behavior1
Authors: Doughty Debby , Rodgers Joseph lee
Published: August 2006

Rokeach proposed that switching between denominations is governed by their perceived similarity on a unidimensional continuum. Resulting research has been based on unidimensional methods assuming symmetric interdenominational exchanges. Both assumptions are questionable. We use two data sources, a local survey accounting for ministers' perceptions of similarity between religions and the General Social Surveys accounting for actual switching behavior. Analytic methods, including multidimensional scaling, seriation, and nearest neighbor analysis, were chosen for their ability to account for multidimensionality and asymmetry. Results support a relationship between multidimensional similarity and gaining members but less to losing members. We conclude that religious switching is best understood as a multidimensional asymmetric process. Applied examples are presented.
The Effects of Interview Structure on Recruiting Outcomes
Authors: Kohn Laura S. , Dipboye Robert L.
Published: August 2006

Two laboratory experiments explored the effects of interview structure on evaluations and perceptions of the interview and organization. In the first experiment, subjects were presented with transcripts of interviews and were found to react more favorably to unstructured interviews. This effect was somewhat stronger when there was no information on the job and organization. In the second experiment, participants were presented with profiles of interviews that varied on interviewer warmth and 3 attributes commonly associated with structured interviews (job relevance, low voice, standardization). Participants preferred interviews that were low on job relevance, high on voice, low on standardization, and high on warmth. The preference for low standardization was most pronounced when there was high voice than when there was low voice.