bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernity’s Mighty Frame
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

Although conventional periodization informs The Order of Things, Foucault’s focus was the way we think and when that changes. His “ruptures” are best grasped by considering the efforts of transitional figures to make sense of what is happening around them. If there is a crucial moment in Foucault’s story, it is the transition from the classical age to the modern age. At that time the “quasi-transcendental domains” of life, labor, and language turned into the historical and analytic “positivities” of biology, economy, and philology. While Foucault’s book is an indispensable template for tracing major alterations in ways of thinking, it is incomplete. Foucault disregarded the transition from the modern age to the modernist age in the decades around 1900, and he overlooked law as a fourth domain. Slighting the links between conditions of thought and conditions of rule, Foucault failed to see modernity’s ever-present, ever-changing “mightie frame.”
Transitional Figures: Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, James Madison
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

Foucault’s sense of the modern epoch finds Kant everywhere in the background. If, for Kant, nature appears to accommodate our needs, human reason nevertheless has a purpose beyond ourselves; nature’s purpose dictates our use of reason. Kant had us use reason to progress from savagery to animal husbandry and the cultivation of the land, mutual exchange, culture, and civil society. Better known are Smith’s four stages of human history: the Ages of Hunters, Shepherds, Agriculture, and Commerce. Set back by nomadic barbarians, Europe belatedly developed a novel society of independent nations, ever vigilant (and often enough at war), committed to improving their productive capabilities and reaping the benefits of commerce. Rationalization and positivism marked the final stage, which in turn required a positive legal order grounded in unimpeachable sources of law. These James Madison definitively articulated when he was U.S. secretary of state.
Second Interlude
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

IN 1917, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS published a massive, magnificent book called On Growth and Form. It author, D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, was a Scottish biologist of formidable range and considerable mathematical prowess. Much influenced by Aristotle, whose Historia Animalium he had translated from the Greek (1910), Thompson began his book by contrasting the organic and mechanical metaphors upon which biology and physics are respectively built, then declaring that neither way of thinking can do without the other. “In Aristotle’s parable, the house is there that men may live in it; but it is also there because the builders have laid one stone upon another” (1945, 6; this is the book’s second, much expanded edition published six years before Thompson’s death). The parable applies not just to the two bodies of knowledge, but to whatever can be said to grow “in conformity with physical and mathematical laws.” While Thompson largely confined himself to “the forms of living things, and of the parts of living things” (15), he did not do so exclusively....
Paradise Lost?
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

Whether there has been a transition to something new in what it is possible to think remains to be seen. In the absence of such a transition, we are unlikely to see significant changes in the conditions of rule. If indeed capitalism is a spent force, then economic decline will accelerate and material inequality will increase. Short of a complete collapse, established conditions of rule will be reinforced—the mighty frame ever mightier, the international society of modern state-nations shows no signs of fading away. As migration dilutes blood ties and multiplies languages in daily use, nations depend all the more on territory for their social coherence and emotional appeal. That sovereignty is more difficult to locate spatially only illustrates the effects of modernist functional differentiation, which does not displace space or overlay it so much as penetrate the immediacy of place, every place, stealthily, by making itself indispensable.
Prologue
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

IN THIS BOOK, I tell a story—a long story consisting of a tightly linked sequence of discrete parts. Each part, or chapter, is more or less sufficient in itself, yet each finds me constantly picking up and playing out distinct variations on a few overarching themes. As the book’s subtitle suggests, it tells a story about modernity and its epochs. Readers will quickly notice that this story is studded with a number of terms, such as frame, epoch, period, transition, and rupture, giving the story its shape, texture, and momentum....
Doing Research during Times of Revolution and Counterrevolution
Authors: Said Atef
Published: July 2018

In chapter 7, Atef Said examines how his positionality as an Egyptian-born American researcher and activist shaped his research experiences and his thinking on ethical issues during Egypt’s revolution and its counterrevolution. Said explains how these interwoven layers of positionality played out in contradictory ways during the uprising, as it was a burden while giving him great accessibility at the same time and investigates how these issues changed over the different stages of conducting his research until writing about the revolution, and the unique challenges of conducting research under harsh autocratic military rule. He discusses some of his methodological solutions to navigate the closed political space in Egypt today.
Interviewing Salafis
Authors: Pall Zoltan , Adraoui Mohamed-Ali
Published: July 2018

In chapter 11, Zoltan Pall and Mohamed-Ali Adraoui provide a snapshot of stories from their practical experiences conducting research on Salafis in Lebanon, Kuwait, and France in order to illustrate how to deal with Salafis as subjects of social science inquiry and to provide broader lessons for future researchers. They discuss the challenges and difficulties they faced while conducting fieldwork that came from the Salafis’ distrust of western researchers. They also elaborate how did they overcome these challenges and difficulties by clearly stating their intentions and embedding themselves to the local societies. The authors also provide insights how local sociopolitical actors might engage with the researchers of Salafism, and share their experiences to deal with them.
Researching Twitter
Authors: Martin Geoffrey
Published: July 2018

zzIn this chapter, Geoffrey Martin discusses some of the major issues in studying the use of Internet technology—focusing on Twitter—in protest mobilization occurring in authoritarian environments. He argues that comparing qualitative interviews with activists to their online activities is a challenging effort due to the difficulties of proving empirically the activists’ claims about the impact of their use of social media. These challenges forced him construct a strict metric to achieve representative sampling and coding rigor. The content analysis he constructed can be used to validate, within the limited scope of the cases, some sampling techniques. These efforts can help a researcher in the field to compare offline and online events more effectively, especially when time constraints, ethical considerations, and a lack of data are ever-present obstacles to this type of fieldwork.
Consumer Segmentation
Authors: Moore Gordon , Quelch John A. , Boudreau Emily
Published: July 2018

Chapter 6 discusses the use of segmentation strategies in healthcare as tools for understanding differences among groups of consumers. Segmentation makes it possible for a business to target its customers and design, market, price, and distribute its products in the most efficient and effective way. By segmenting the population they care for, healthcare organizations and even individual clinicians can focus their efforts on what is important to those they most want to care for. After highlighting several examples of successful segmentation strategies from different kinds of healthcare firms, this chapter discusses the future of segmentation, given the advances in big data analysis and artificial intelligence.
Conclusion
Authors: Konstan David
Published: July 2018

In this short book, I have explored the way Greek and Roman conceptions of love affected their thinking about a range of sentiments in ways that may seem strange or at all events different to us today. The idea that love might erase the boundaries that separate two distinct selves puts in question our sense of what it is that constitutes an individual identity. It raises questions as well about the nature of altruism versus egoism, both because self-interest is often assumed to be the primary if not the sole motive for human action, and because, if friends really are another self, then it becomes difficult to distinguish at all what is done for the sake of another and what is done for one’s own sake. As an emotion, moreover, love stands apart from other motives for social interaction, for example, duty, obligation, a code of fairness or reciprocity, and sheer economic calculation, which is presumed to condition the behavior of the rational agent of choice postulated by modern economic theory....
Congregationalists
Authors: Orchard Stephen
Published: July 2018

Like Presbyterians, Congregationalists drew on a broadly Calvinist heritage, which found expression in both the Westminster Confession and the Savoy Declaration. While Presbyterians emphasized the importance of the Presbytery for governing the church, Congregationalists were independently minded and tended to privilege the community of gathered believers itself. However, in practice Congregationalism was more of an ethos and philosophy than a reflection of how all local congregations operated and the boundaries between different strands of dissent could be porous. Disputes and divisions between Dissenters at a local and national level gradually led to the need for increased denominational infrastructure and organization, although the Congregational Union of England and Wales was not founded until 1831. Associations of local ministers became, following the growth of revivalism, springboards for mission at home and abroad.
Theology and the Bible
Authors: Thompson David M.
Published: July 2018

When tracing the history of Dissenting religious thought it is important to remember the fluidity of denominational labels and the difficulties of tracing influence and reconstructing traditions. The sola scriptura principle remained important for many Dissenters but in an age in which print was expanding and consensus difficult to achieve, there was considerable room for debate about the meaning of Scripture. Biblical interpretation was, therefore, important for Dissenters but, equally, there were increasingly vigorous assertions of the right of private judgement. Alongside biblical exegesis, the importance of the sacraments was an area of lively debate, particularly for Baptists. At various times questions about orthodoxy and its limits became entangled in debates about the scriptural justifications for the incarnation or the Trinity. Likewise, concerns about Calvinism and whether it needed to be moderated or reinforced also loomed large.
Dissenting Hymnody
Authors: Watson J. R.
Published: July 2018

Just as sermons were central to Dissenting identity, so too were hymns. Hymns rapidly became a means of creating a sense of group cohesion, as well as transmitting important ideas and doctrine to the congregations that sang them. Particularly when there were concerns about spiritual lethargy, hymns were an excellent way to ensure that Dissenting congregations maintained a sense of ‘spiritual wakefulness’. Not only could hymns be used to inculcate a sense of Dissenting identity and transmit paraphrases, prayer, and praise, they also proved to be a popular evangelistic tool both as part of domestic revivals and, later, in foreign mission fields. They were a means to convey practical Christian experience and also to point towards the best ways to practise the Christian life.
Abundant Properties
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: July 2018

On an abundant conception of properties, properties serve as semantic values for most predicates and property names. Abundance is central to Dispositional Pluralism. Dispositional Pluralism is compatible with different theories of the metaphysics of properties. According to universalism (realism) properties are universals that are wholly present wherever they are instantiated. According to extensionalism (class nominalism) properties are sets of objects. According to trope theory, properties are sets of particular property instances, or tropes. In any case, properties correspond to sets of objects. Abundance is preferable to sparsity—the view that only an elite minority of sets of particulars correspond to properties. On most sparse views, the “real” properties are largely unknown. Consequently, sparse properties are unfit for the roles properties are posited to play: They rarely serve as the semantic values of predicates; they do not explain familiar causal powers; and it is not clear how they explain apparent similarities.
Sound and Illusion
Authors: Soteriou Matthew
Published: July 2018

A variety of different proposals have been made about the nature of sounds. Although these proposals differ in a number of significant respects, some common assumptions appear to be made by their advocates: (1) the assumption that sounds possess audible, acoustic features, such as timbre, pitch, and loudness (and so the assumption that a sound is not a property that is identical to any one of those audible features); and (2) the assumption that sounds are one kind of thing. The second assumption is rarely defended in debates about sound and auditory perception. This chapter explores ways in which such debates are affected if the relevant assumption is rejected.
The Unitary Nature of Sounds
Authors: Nudds Matthew
Published: July 2018

In this chapter I defend the claim, in response to the challenge raised by Soteriou in the previous chapter, that there is one kind of thing—a sound—that we hear whenever we hear something. The argument for this develops the idea that we should think of sounds as things that mediate our perception of things other than sounds. If successful, this argument would both show that we should reject a more catholic conception of the bearers of acoustic feature, and also raise a challenge to defenders of the view that sounds are events occurring to or involving their sources.
Representation and Ephemerality in Olfaction
Authors: Todd Cain
Published: July 2018

Many philosophers have claimed that, unlike vision and audition, olfaction either fails to be representational or is, in various respects, representationally impoverished. In particular, some have argued that olfaction cannot by itself, without being supplemented by other sensory or recognitional capacities, represent material objects and is at best confined to the representation of odours. Construed phenomenologically, I argue that these claims are false, at least for some olfactory experiences and some types of olfactory object. I also suggest that the requirements placed on representation by an implicit or explicit focus on vision should be challenged. Finally, I show how the temporality, ephemerality, and valence that characterize much olfactory experience actually contribute to its representational richness and uniqueness.
Disappearances
Authors: Farennikova Anna
Published: July 2018

When an object suddenly disappears, we experience its absence. Experiences of disappearances are pervasive, and involve automatic reactions to object offsets. Because these experiences track objective environmental changes, they may seem less problematic than other forms of absence perception. In this chapter, I put forward the argument that experiences of disappearances are as paradoxical as other forms of experiences of absence. I explain what distinguishes experiences of disappearances from other forms of event perception, and reply to a core puzzle associated with these experiences: of how basic sensory reactions to changes in the world give rise to experiences that convey absences.
Perceptual Media, Glass and Mirrors
Authors: Mizrahi Vivian
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, I argue that perceptual media like air or water are imperceptible. I show that, despite their lack of phenomenological features, perceptual media crucially affect what we see by selecting what is perceptually available to the perceiver. In the second part of the chapter, I argue that mirrors are visual media like air, water, and glass. According to this account, mirrors are transparent and invisible and cannot therefore have a distinctive look or appearance. In the last part of the chapter, I extend the general account of perceptual media to the sense organs themselves by showing that perceptual media not only include external entities causally involved in the perceptual process but also comprise the perceptual system itself.
In Touch with the Look of Solidity
Authors: Crowther Thomas
Published: July 2018

This chapter is an attempt to arrive at an understanding of the notion of a ‘solid look’, as such looks or appearances are understood as properties of material objects rather than of experiences. The early sections of the chapter explore why the notion of solid looks is particularly puzzling. As M.G.F. Martin has argued, solidity is not an observational property, but neither is the relation between solidity and its appearance contingent. I argue that the look of solidity should be understood in terms of the distinctive way that objects with such a look manifestly take up space, a way of taking up space that is to be elucidated in terms of the notions of touch and of capacities for bodily action.
Campania, Latium, and Rome
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: July 2018

Campania receives very full treatment by Kassandra. Naples is especially prominent, and the relevant section ends at the poem’s exact middle point. This is a deliberate emphasizing device: Naples was of maritime importance in the Roman war against Hannibal and earlier. Hannibal’s visit to the oracle of the dead at Campanian Aornos is hinted at by Kassandra. The important narrative about Aineias and the twins Romulus and Remus is examined for topicality in the 190s. Dido’s surprising absence from the Alexandra is noted and explained.
Logistics
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses five sets of challenges related to logistics support that constrained AMISOM’s operational effectiveness. These revolved around the expanding scope of UNSOA’s mandated tasks; the clash between the distinct organizational cultures at the UN and the AU; the highly insecure operating environment in Somalia; the problems posed by the size of UNSOA’s theatre of operations from 2012; and some of the idiosyncrasies of its principal client, AMISOM. UNSOA had a mixed record but overall produced positive results for AMISOM and demonstrated a new, flexible mechanism for the UN to deliver field support. The chapter concludes by identifying six lessons UNSOA’s experience offers for future peace operations, especially in Africa.
Exit
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses the major challenges AMISOM faced in trying to develop and implement a successful exit strategy. It begins by summarizing the different modes of exit that are usually available to peace operations and discusses how some of these occurred in earlier foreign military operations in Somalia since the early 1990s. It then examines the evolution of AMISOM’s exit strategy as articulated in various official documents. Five major challenges to implementing a successful exit strategy are discussed in the third section, while the conclusion briefly summarizes how, by mid-2017, AMISOM had developed a framework agreement to guide the handover of the lead security role to Somali security forces.
A Brain in Your Hand
Authors: Massimini Marcello , Tononi Giulio
Published: July 2018

This chapter introduces the problem of the relationships between matter and consciousness by asking the reader to step in the shoes of a medical student who is given a human brain to hold during an autopsy. From this perspective, the brain is just another worldly object. A thing with mass and borders. How can this be? Holding a brain, feeling its texture and weight, must be like seeing the Earth from the Moon as a tiny blue dot. It is a sublime experience, and it is both a source of mental anguish and liberation. In this way, the reader is presented with basic scientific questions that have an existential flavor.
Mysteries in the Cranium
Authors: Massimini Marcello , Tononi Giulio
Published: July 2018

This chapter exposes a series of fundamental paradoxes about the relationships between consciousness and the brain—why does the cortex support consciousness, but not the cerebellum, which has four times more neurons? Why does consciousness vanish during deep sleep, even though the neurons remain active? How can the vivid experience of a dream be generated without interactions with the environment? These facts are in front of our eyes, they are tangible both clinically and experimentally, and prompt an interesting consideration. Maybe, what we need at this stage is not another experiment, but rather a principle; a starting point to combine the available, before we can formulate novel predictions.
Goy
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

The distinction between Jew and his other, the gentile, has been so central to Jewish history that the vast scholarship dedicated to Jewish-gentile relations has treated the category of the gentile as self-evident and has never questioned its history. This book shows that this category was in fact born at a particular moment, that it replaced older categories of otherness, and that it was both informed by and embedded in new modes of separation of Jews from non-Jews. The book traces the development of the term and category of the goy from the Bible—where it simply means “people,” through the plurality of others in Second Temple literature, to rabbinic literature—where it signifies any individual who is not a Jew, erasing all ethnic and social differences among different others. The book argues that the abstract concept of the gentile first appeared in Paul’s Letters, but only in rabbinic literature did this category become the center of a stable and long-standing discursive structure. It then reconstructs the specific type of other the goy came to be, and compares it to the famous other of Greek and Hellenistic antiquity—the Barbarian.
Fragile Particularism, Virtual Universalism
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

Chapter 2 reconstructs the earliest efforts to stabilize binary relations between Israel and its many others in two quite different groups of late biblical sources—Ezra-Nehemiah and the eschatological prophecies. A real transformation of that triangular structure took place in two very different, but more or less contemporaneous, genres of writing. Ezra-Nehemiah shows clear efforts to generalize otherness and abstract it from the particularities of different nations. Conversely, the universalist vision of the later prophets stops short of eliminating Israel’s basic separateness. But despite their genuine inclusivity, these texts share the main outline of the triangular structure of relations between Israel, its others, and a third, mediating figure introduced most clearly in Ezra-Nehemiah. This group of texts plays a crucial role in our genealogy: they introduce a novel interest in alterity, though they fail to conceptualize it, a failure attested by a series of visible (i.e., legible) rhetorical performative moves.
The Missing Goy in Second Temple Literature
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines a loose groups of texts from the Second Temple period, tracing some early and scattered evidence of an effort to abstract the biblical ethnic categories. It argues that the discursive formation that would later characterize the rabbinic goy cannot be found in any of the texts written before Paul’s letters. The goal of the chapter is twofold: first, to analyze the conceptual configurations through which the distinctions between Jews and their others were articulated in texts and compositions in which the concept of the goy is not yet the organizing principle. Second, to reconstruct discursive options that existed before the formation of the goy consolidated, and that disappeared after it took hold.
Gentiles Are Not Barbarians
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

This chapter compares the Jew-goy distinction to another binary opposition functioning in Mediterranean antiquity, usually considered both older and similar: the Greek-barbarian one. After following the traces that this contrast has left in Jewish texts, primarily in Paul and in Tannaitic literature, the chapter compares and contrasts these two discursive formations, shedding light on the uniqueness of the Jew-goy distinction. With the aid of new studies on the concept of “barbarians” in classical Greece and Hellenistic cultures it reconstructs the relationship between the two oppositions and their different functions. Unlike the barbarian, which exists in shifting discursive, legal, and ideological terrains and is always open for negotiations, the goy remains a closed and stable rabbinic formation, a perfect performative reflection of their discursive strategies and structure of separation.
The relative cycle in Hungarian declaratives
Authors: Bacskai-Atkari Julia
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines word order variation and change in the high CP-domain of Hungarian embedded clauses containing the finite subordinating C head hogy ‘that’. It is argued that the complementizer hogy developed from an operator of the same morphophonological form, meaning ‘how’, and that its grammaticalization path develops in two steps. In addition to the change from an operator, located in a specifier, into a C head (specifier-to-head reanalysis), the fully grammaticalized complementizer hogy also changed its relative position on the CP-periphery, ultimately occupying the higher of two C head positions (upward reanalysis). Other complementizers that could co-occur with hogy in Old Hungarian eventually underwent similar reanalysis processes. Hence the possibility of accommodating two separate C heads in the left periphery was lost and variation in the relative position of complementizers was replaced by a fixed order.
Particle-verb order in Old Hungarian and complex predicates
Authors: Hegedűs Veronika
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the distribution of verbal particles in Old Hungarian, and argues that despite the word order change from SOV to SVO in Hungarian, the particle-verb order did not change because the previous pre-verbal argument position was reanalysed as a pre-verbal predicative position where complex predicates are formed in overt syntax. Predicative constituents other than particles show significant word order variation in Old Hungarian, apparently due to optionality in predicate movement (while variation found with particle-verb orderings can be attributed to independent factors). It is proposed that after the basic word order was reanalysed as VO, internal arguments and secondary predicates could appear post-verbally and it was the still obligatory movement of particles that triggered the generalization of predicate movement, making all predicates pre-verbal in neutral sentences at later stages. This process involves a period of word order variation as predicate movement gradually generalizes to different types of predicates.
Many Waters Cannot Quench Love
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

At this point, Mill meets the great, passionate partner of his life, Harriet Taylor. This chapter endeavours to explain the complex relationship and way of life that they created for themselves during the lifetime of her first husband, John Taylor. The choice of celibacy is investigated. Even for freethinkers, chaste affairs were often pursued in this time period and milieu, including by people close to Mill such as W. J. Fox (with Eliza Flower) and Auguste Comte (with Clotilde de Vaux). This chapter also reveals the way that Harriet became a kind of substitute deity and religion for Mill. He frequently applied religious language to her, including deeming her judgement to be ‘perfect’ and ‘infallible’. With Harriet, Mill’s devotional sense finally found an outlet.
Spiritually Minded
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses Mill’s Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy (1865) which was primarily an attack on intuitionism. It also engages with a theological controversy in which F. D. Maurice attacked H. L. Mansel, the author of The Limits of Religious Thought. Mill joined the attack on Mansel, becoming a champion of the goodness of God. Finally, this chapter examines Mill’s interest in Auguste Comte’s Religion of Humanity as a non-dogmatic alternative to traditional religion. Tellingly, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religion’ were positive words in Mill’s lexicon—they generally spoke of things that were good and needed to be retained. He assumed that the goal was to purify religion, not to eliminate it.
The Hope That is in You
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

The focus of this chapter is on the posthumously published Three Essays on Religion: ‘Nature’, ‘Utility of Religion’, and ‘Theism’. The contents of all three are presented, including Mill’s addressing the problem of evil by denying divine omnipotence while affirming the goodness of God, his probabilist theism, his case for reasonable hope, and for the divine mission of Jesus Christ. There is also a discussion of Mill’s affinity with the Broad Church and liberal Anglicanism. Finally, there is a presentation of the negative reaction to ‘Theism’ by disciples of Mill who were religious unbelievers such as Alexander Bain and John Morley.
The Night Cometh When no Man can Work
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter covers Mill’s final years and death. Despite wanting to live a quiet, retiring life, he was a celebrity whose private letters increasingly found their way into print, to his great annoyance. It presents his life at Avignon, including his friendship with the Reverend Louis Rey, and his annual donations to the Protestant church there. A particular stress is laid on Mill’s lifelong, Christian-inflected sense of vocation, duty, and calling. His relationship to the Bible is also explored, including his views on the correct method of scriptural interpretation. Finally, it gives an account of his deathbed, funeral, and tomb, including the successful effort by Abraham Hayward to prevent his being buried in Westminster Abbey.
Structural Correlations of Multiplex Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

Multiplex networks encode relevant information in their correlated structure, including interlayer degree correlation, link overlap, weight–topology correlations in weighted multiplex networks and activity of the nodes. Interlayer degree correlations among a pair of layers indicates for instance whether or not the hub nodes of one layer are also hub nodes in the other. Link overlap indicates that a finite fraction of nodes are connected in more than one layer. Weight–topology correlations of weighted complex networks reveal that the weight of the links is not random, but often correlated with the link overlap. Finally, the nodes of a multiplex network might be connected only in a subset of the network, leading to a heterogeneity node activity. This chapter identifies the main multiplex network measures for characterizing these correlations, and evaluates their significance using statistical and information theory methods and novel multiplex network measures, including multilinks and multidegrees.
Communities
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

Multilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.
Interdependent Multilayer Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter characterizes interdependent multilayer networks and their increased fragility. Interdependent networks are stylized models that can represent different complex systems, ranging from global infrastructures to molecular networks in the cell. When a fraction of nodes is initially damaged, interdependent networks are affected by dramatic cascades of failures that suddenly dismantle the multilayer network. The theory beyond this phenomenology is discussed in a pedagogical way by characterizing the percolation, discontinuous and hybrid transitions. The interplay between structure and function is studied in this context by considering multiplex networks without and with link overlap, and the effect of built-in correlations in the multilayer network structure. Finally, partial interdependencies and redundant interdependencies are discussed as major strategies to reduce the fragility of interdependent networks.
Opinion Dynamics and Game Theory
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter is devoted to opinion dynamics and game theory on multilayer networks. Since in social systems multilayer networks are the rule, it is particularly relevant to extend the modelling opinion dynamics to the multilayer network scenario. This chapter focuses in particular on the Voter Model, its variants, the Co-evolving Voter Model and models of competing networks, including election models showing that multiplexity has a major role in determining opinion dynamics. In particular, opinion dynamics on multilayer networks is not reducible to opinion dynamics on single layer networks. Finally, the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks is discussed in the framework of game theory.
Economic Sanctions
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers the case for economic sanctions, both targeted and comprehensive. It challenges the prevailing view on the morality of economic sanctions, which holds that sanctions (including to some degree targeted sanctions) are highly objectionable. To do so, it considers and replies to four central objections to economic sanctions. These are the ‘Indiscriminate Objection’, which asserts that sanctions are impermissible because of their apparent indiscriminateness, the ‘Intending-the-Harm Objection’, which holds that sanctions are highly problematic because they involve means that intend harms, the ‘Instrumentalization Objection’, which holds that sanctions wrongly use the suffering of innocents as a mere means, and the ‘Ineffectiveness Objection’, which holds that sanctions are ineffective. Having rejected the central arguments against sanctions, the chapter then argues that sanctions can be favourable in at least one respect: they can more fairly distribute the currently inevitable harms to innocents of tackling aggression and mass atrocities.
Non-violent Resistance
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers non-violent methods. The first part of the chapter largely defends the case for civilian peacekeeping and, in doing so, delineates how this measure can be effective despite being unarmed. The chapter also highlights the limitations of civilian peacekeeping, including its small scale. The second part of this chapter considers civilian defence against an external aggressor. Although the chapter argues that this may sometimes work, it also highlights one central limitation: it is unlikely to be effective against an aggressor that does not wish to occupy. Overall, the chapter argues that non-violence can play some role in tackling conflict, human rights abuses, and mass atrocities. Notwithstanding, the chapter also makes it clear that these non-violent options should not generally be undertaken at the expense of more coercive ones, such as traditional peacekeeping and military defence, but instead sometimes used in addition to these methods.
Military Assistance
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers the case for military assistance to rebels and states. It first rejects three considerations that one might think provide sufficient reason to uphold an absolute prohibition on arming rebels. To that extent, it might (exceptionally) be permissible to arm rebels. The chapter argues, though, that arming rebels should generally be eschewed. This is because of the problems raised by the ‘Rebel-Risk Objection’, the ‘Escalation Objection’, and the ‘Diffusion Objection’. The chapter also argues that many of these objections apply to arming states. In doing so, it also largely repudiates the case for arming states against non-state actors engaged in aggression and mass atrocities.
The Alternatives, Just War Theory, and Pacifism
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter delineates the theoretical and practical implications of the preceding analysis. It first summarizes the case for each of the alternatives in turn, before considering the implications for war. In doing so, the chapter highlights the two central themes of the book: (1) there are several normative reasons in favour of the alternatives and (2) there are further objections to war. It argues that, although the preceding analysis appears to strengthen the case for pacifism (since there is more to the alternatives than it often seems), it also poses a challenge to it. The chapter then outlines the implications for the jus ad bellum principle of last resort. It defends an account of ‘Presumptive Last Resort’, which holds that war should be presumed to be the last feasible option. It also outlines five implications for the responsibility to protect doctrine.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

Truth occupies a central, yet elusive, role in our lives. From a young age we are told to tell the truth, and that a good person seeks the truth. We are all familiar with the oath taken in court to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Many people spend their lives in pursuit of truth, from the deep to the mundane: an astrophysicist tries to discover truths about nature of the universe; Hercule Poirot tries to find the truth about who committed the crime; and probably every day you try to discover the truth about where your keys are. Given that truth is so familiar, it is natural for a philosopher to ask what truth itself is. This is where the elusiveness of truth comes in, as answering this question is notoriously difficult....
Language–World Connections
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

This chapter begins the development of a picture of the relationship between language and the world. The main issue explored in this chapter is the relationship between predicates and properties, particularly in light of the distinction between sparse and abundant properties made in Chapter 2. This chapter explores different kinds of predicates, and shows that there are differences between the ways that predicates of different kinds relate to their corresponding properties, with particular focus on institutional and social predicates. This suggests that, in some cases, language responds to the world, and, in other cases, language generates the world. After briefly noting some parallel issues for singular terms and objects, which will be explored in more detail later on, the chapter closes by defining the notion of a domain, and discusses how sentences are assigned to specific domains.
Models of Truth
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers how to formulate truth pluralism, and argues for one form—‘determination pluralism’—over other forms, including predicate pluralism, strong pluralism, second-order functionalism, disjunctivism, and manifestation functionalism. Key to this is an exploration of the analogy between truth and winning, with the idea being that, just as there are different ways to win in different games, there are different ways to be true in different domains. This chapter also discusses various ‘mixing problems’ for truth pluralism, such as the problem of mixed compounds, and how to deal with truth attributions, before considering the question of whether truth is a sparse or abundant property.
Lalitā, the Graceful and Enchanting Goddess of Kāñcipuram
Authors: Gupta Sanjukta
Published: July 2018

This chapter concentrates on Lalitā as the warrior goddess who is also the goddess of love, compassion, and aesthetic enjoyment (rasa or śṛṅgāra-rasa). Her connection with erotic love is the leitmotif of her cult. She holds the weapons of the Indian Cupid (Madana or Kāma): sugarcane bow and five flower arrows. The cult of Lalitā is described in the Lalitā Upākhyāna, the apocryphal final section of the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa. She emerged from the Vedic fire sacrifice conducted by Indra and other gods and thus is closely connected with Vedic ideology. She is also closely associated with music and other performing arts and is adored as the embodiment of aesthetic enjoyment (śṛṅgāra-rasa) and poetic genius (pratibhā). She is the cosmic sovereign deity and is suzerain over all other sovereignties of the universe (rājarājeśvarī). She possesses her own heaven, Ratnadvīpa, under the cosmic waters.
The Elusive Sarasvatī
Authors: Rohlman Elizabeth Mary
Published: July 2018

The goddess Sarasvatī is no less elusive or powerful than the river Sarasvatī, and it is through her compound role as river, speech, and goddess that she develops into a perplexing deity. Indologists have traced the evolution of Sarasvatī through Sanskrit literature, from the river of the Vedas, through her association with the Vedic goddess of speech, Vāc, to her emergence as a deity who is both a river goddess and the goddess of knowledge. Yet, as a figure who is both omnipresent and liminal, determining her place in extra-canonical aspects of Hindu life is a challenging task. Using as a metaphor the river that bears her name, this chapter examines the elusive and sometimes paradoxical position of Sarasvati in the history of Hinduism through the lens of one regional textual tradition devoted to the goddess—the Sarasvatī Purāṇa, a regional Sanskrit sthāla-Purāṇa from medieval Gujarat.
Here Are the Daughters
Authors: Khanna Madhu
Published: July 2018

This chapter is an attempt to uncover the absent legacy of the deified child goddesses—the virginal maidens as mothers, daughters, sisters designated as kanyās, bālās, and kumārīs—and their empowered myths that may serve as a rich cultural resource to formulate an indigenous paradigm to raise the lost and forgotten dignity of the girl child. It provides a selective reading on pro-gender views on the girl child from brahminical and Śākta Tantric sources. The chapter attempts to provide a new theoretical orientation for the neglected area of study in order to reconnect the archaic, under-researched past with modern programs to empower the girl child. It explores the ways in which positive cultural resources of myths and legends on child goddesses can be reclaimed to create space for a dialogue with contemporary development programs in order to promote the autonomy of, and community solidarity with, the girl child in India.
Domestication of the Disorderly Devī
Authors: Sengupta Saswati
Published: July 2018

The Hindu goddess Caṇḍī is generally understood as a manifestation of Śakti, a phenomenon of the deification of the female principle within Hinduism. But Caṇḍī is a rush of images and epithets which are quite contradictory: virgin, wife, warrior, mother, goddess of plenty, wife of a hemp-soaked mendicant. The prolific composition of the Caṇḍī Maṅgalakāvya by male poets, overwhelmingly upper-caste, helped propagate the sanctioned caste-patriarchal framing of this polysemic goddess in Bengal from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. It is a measure of the march of brahminical patriarchy that different goddesses who owe their conception to different historical conditions and social formations calcify as the wife of Śiva. Inserting the genre in the context of its formation helps understand the central contradictions in the Caṇḍī Maṇgalakāvya and reveals the strategic contestations of multiple goddesses despite the hegemonic structure with radical implications for goddesses and women.
‘Nature Concocts and Expels’
Authors: Newton Hannah
Published: July 2018

This chapter investigates the first stage of recovery in early modern perceptions, the removal of disease. It shows that three agents were responsible for ousting illness: God, Nature, and the physician. While scholars are familiar with the first and last of these forces, the vital agency of ‘Nature’, the divinely endowed ‘intrinsic agent’ of the body, has been largely overlooked. Personified both as a hardworking housewife and a warrior queen, Nature removed disease through processes that resembled cooking/cleaning and fighting, the ‘concoction’ and ‘expulsion’ of the humours. Particular attention is paid to the complex power–gender dynamic between female Nature and the male doctor: in theory, the physician was ‘Nature’s servant’, but in practice, he often became her commander, a situation which illuminates wider cultural attitudes to womankind. To demonstrate the prevalence of belief in Nature’s healing role, Galenic ideas are compared with those of the Flemish physician J. B. van Helmont.
‘She Sleeps Well and Eats an Egg’
Authors: Newton Hannah
Published: July 2018

Serious illness often left the body weak and lean, full of the ‘footsteps of disease’; it wasn’t until full strength and flesh had returned that the patient was pronounced back to health. This chapter explores the second stage of recovery in contemporary perceptions, the restoration of strength, or ‘convalescence’. It asks how the patient’s growing strength was measured and promoted, and unveils a concept of convalescent care, ‘analeptics’. The central argument is that both the mechanisms and the measures for the restoration of strength were intimately connected to the ‘non-natural things’, six dietary and life-style factors. The opening sections explain why the body was weak after illness, and categorize the convalescent within contemporary schemes of health. The rest of the chapter is structured around the signs of increasing strength, each of which was associated with a particular non-natural: ‘the final purge’, ‘sleeping through the night’, ‘feeling hungry’, ‘growing cheerful’, and ‘sitting up to going abroad’.
‘O, How Sweet is Ease!’
Authors: Newton Hannah
Published: July 2018

This is the first of four chapters devoted to the personal experience of recovery. It explores patients’ responses to the abatement of bodily suffering, investigating the transition from ‘feeling ill’ to ‘feeling better’. Focusing on the decline of pain, nausea, and sleeplessness—three of the most ubiquitous forms of suffering in accounts of illness—it is shown that feeling better was a double joy for patients, of their bodies and souls: they found that physical suffering produced distressing emotions, and the eventual ease brought rejoicing. The second half of the chapter turns to the reactions of relatives and friends, proposing that they shared the experience of the patient, a phenomenon known as ‘fellow-feeling’. Taking a new, sensory approach, it was chiefly through the ears and eyes that loved ones came to share patients’ suffering and eventual relief. The patient’s ‘doleful Groans’ and ‘sad Looks’ were replaced by joyful laughter and singing.