bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1-Phenyl-1-benzothiophenium Triflates by a Direct S-Phenylation with Diphenyliodonium Triflate
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Yamane Masakatsu , Zhang Bian-Xiang , Fujiwara Yuzo
Published: February 2006

A parent 1-phenyl-1-benzothiophenium triflate was prepared by a direct phenylation of 1-benzothiophene with diphenyliodonium triflate in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(II) acetate. Various substituted 1-phenyl-1-benzothiophenium triflates were successfully prepared by this method. The possible mechanism for the copper-catalyzed direct S-phenylation is discussed.
Dynamic Stereochemistry of N-Phenyl-9-triptycylamine and Its N-Alkyl Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Inoue Katsuya , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Yonebayashi Masami , Nabeta Yuki , Ojima Juro
Published: February 2006

In N-phenyl-9-triptycylamine (6), “gear rotation” (GR) and “isolated rotation” (IR) have almost the same free-energy barriers of ca. 45.2 kJ mol−1, while the nitrogen inversion is fast throughout the whole temperature range and thus the nitrogen is regarded as planar on the NMR timescale. In N-methyl-N-phenyl-9-triptycylamine (7), the internal motions are fast on the NMR time scale even at the lowest attainable temperature. In N-benzyl-N-phenyl-9-triptycylamine (8), the GR process has a free-energy barrier of ca. 36 kJ mol−1 and the passing of the benzyl group over an o-benzeno group has a higher barrier than GR. N-2-Biphenylyl-9-triptycylamine (9), which is obtained during the course of the synthesis of 6, shows a dynamic behavior presumably ascribable to GR with the free-energy barrier of 70 kJ mol−1.
Dynamic Molecular Reorientational Behavior Induced by Polarization Inversion of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
Authors: Kawasaki Manabu , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Kajiyama Tisato
Published: February 2006

In order to clarify the rotational direction of molecular reorientation induced by a polarization inversion of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC), an electric current along the direction perpendicular to both an electric field and the smectic layer normal was measured for the first time for the FLC cell with a thickness of 50 μm. The electric current curve against time upon the application of an a.c. electric field with a form of triangular wave exhibited a peak attributed to a polarization inversion. The sign of the electric current peak value was inverted by the polarity inversion of an electric field, indicating that the LC molecules rotate in the same direction on the tilt cone upon polarity inversion, that is one-way rotation. The same result was given by polarizing optical microscope observation of the director change during the polarization inversion in a free-standing film. This result differs from that for a surface-stabilized FLC cell.
Numerical Coupled Liouville Approach: Application to Nonperturbative Second Hyperpolarizability of a Molecular Aggregate
Authors: Nakano Masayoshi , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: February 2006

In our previous paper (Int. J. Quant. Chem., in press1)) we discussed a novel numerical calculation scheme for the dynamics of a quantum network for linear molecular aggregates under time-dependent electric fields. The population and polarizability spectra for dimer models were found to exhibit a change, like a phase-transition behavior, for applied field intensities. In the present work we apply this method to a calculation of nonperturbative second hyperpolarizability γ of a dimer model and investigate the dependence of γ on the field intensity.
Analysis of Ion Association Reaction between Crown Ether Complexes of Alkali Metal Ions and Hydrophobic Anions by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Takayanagi Toshio , Iwachido Tadashi , Motomizu Shoji
Published: February 2006

Reaction equilibria in liquid–liquid distributions of alkali metals as crown ether complexes were clarified. The reactions and their equilibria of interest are the complex formation, the ion association of the complexes with the pairing anions in an aqueous solution, and the distribution of the formed ion associates to the organic phase. A capillary-electrophoretic method was proposed for the analysis of the equilibria in an aqueous solution. By using this method, complex formation and ion association in an aqueous solution were studied by electrophoretic mobility measurement, which was done in reactant systems consisted of alkali metal ion, dibenzo-18-crown-6, and picrate or perchlorate ion by capillary zone electrophoresis. Complex formation constants obtained agreed with the reported values obtained by the solubility measurement, and the ion association equilibria between the metal complexes and pairing anions were for the first time analyzed in this study. The reactivity of complex formation in the aqueous solution was in the order of K+ > Na+ > Rb+ > Cs+ > Li+, and the ion associability with picrate ion was in the order of Na+ > K+. By using the ion association constants and the extraction constants, distribution coefficients of the ion associates between an aqueous and a benzene phase were calculated.
Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of an Iridocenium(1+) Dichlorobis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)samarate(1−) Complex: [Ir(C5Me5)2][Sm(C5Me5)2Cl2]
Authors: Zhang Yugen , Hou Zhaomin , Wakatsuki Yasuo
Published: February 2006

Reaction of [{Sm(C5Me5)(μ-OAr)}2] (Ar = 2,6-(t-Bu)2-4-MeC6H2) or [Sm(C5Me5)2(thf)2] with 1 equiv of [{Ir(C5Me5)Cl(μ-Cl)}2] in THF gave the “ate” complex [Ir(C5Me5)2][Sm(C5Me5)2Cl2] (1) as orange-red crystals in 60—74% yields (based on Sm). Complex 1 represents the first example of a structurally characterized metallocenium lanthanocene dihalide complex. Crystal data for 1: monoclinic, space group P21/m (No. 11), a = 9.781(4), b = 14.956(4), c = 13.842(5) Å, β = 93.38(3)°, V = 2021(1) Å3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.57 g cm−3, R = 7.75%, RW = 9.23%, GOF = 1.12.
Structure-Activity Relationship of Norzoanthamine Exhibiting Significant Inhibition of Osteoporosis
Authors: Kuramoto Makoto , Hayashi Koji , Yamaguchi Kohji , Yada Mika , Tsuji Tomoko , Uemura Daisuke
Published: February 2006

Norzoanthamine is a zoanthamine-type alkaloid from the colonial zoanthid Zoanthus sp. Norzoanthamine hydrochloride, which suppresses the decrease in bone weight and strength in ovariectomized mice, could be a good candidate for an osteoporotic drug. Although the relative configuration of norzoanthamine was established based on an X-ray crystallographic analysis, the absolute stereochemistry of norzoanthamine remains unclear. To investigate their biogenesis and mechanisms of biological action, we conducted chemical and spectroscopic studies to determine the absolute configuration of norzoanthamines.
Theoretical Valence XPS and UV-Visible Absorption Spectra of Four Leuco Dyes Using MO Calculations
Authors: Takaoka Kazuchiyo , Maeda Sigehiro , Miura Hidetosi , Endo Kazunaka , Chong Delano P
Published: February 2006

Semiempirical HAM/3 MO program was used to obtain the theoretical valence X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of the two leuco dyes (2′-anilino-6′-diethylamino-3′-methylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthene]-3-one (DEAMAF) and 3,3-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-dimethylamino-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (CVL)) and UV-visible adsorption spectra of the four leuco dyes (DEAMAF, CVL, 2′-chloro-6′-diethylamino-3′-methylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthene]-3-one (DEAMCF), and 3′,6′-bis(diethylamino)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthene]-3-one (Rhodamine B base). The calculated Al Kα photoelectron spectra were obtained using Gaussian lineshape functions of an approximate linewidth 0.10Ek (Ek = Ek′ − WD), where E′k is the vertical ionization potential (VIP) of each MO and WD is a shift to account for sample work function, polarization energy and other energy effects. On the other hand, the absorption curves were simulated with Gaussian lineshape functions of a constant linewidth of 0.02 eV. The theoretical valence energy levels corresponded well to the spectra of two leuco dyes observed 0—40 eV, while the simulated adsorption spectra were shifted for a good fit with the experimental solution spectra in the range of 250—700 nm.
Effect of a Sterically Hindered Imidazole Ligand on the Molecular Structure and Axial Ligand Substitution Reaction of the Chromium(III) Porphyrin Complex
Authors: Inamo Masahiko , Nakajima Kiyohiko
Published: February 2006

A structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic study of a chromium(III) complex of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, [Cr(tpp)(Cl)(L)], where L represents an imidazole ligand, is presented. The present study is aimed at elucidating the effect of a steric strain induced by the 2-methyl substituent of the imidazole ligand on the molecular structure and the dynamics of an axial ligand-substitution reaction. Crystals of the 1-methylimidazole complex [Cr(tpp)(Cl)(1-Meim)] (1) and 1,2-dimethylimidazole complex [Cr(tpp)(Cl)(1,2-Me2im)] (2) were obtained from a dichloroethane–toluene mixture containing a slight excess of imidazole ligand in the monoclinic space group Cc, Z = 4, a = 18.306(2), b = 13.311(2), c = 21.391(5) Å, β = 120.05(1)°, V = 4512(1) Å3, and in the orthorhombic space group P212121, Z = 4, a = 9.926(1), b = 17.902(3), c = 25.247(4) Å, V = 4486(1) Å3, respectively. The axial Cr–Nim bond lengths for 1 and 2 are 2.103(4) and 2.139(5) Å, respectively. A steric hindrance has been demonstrated by a 0.036 Å increase in the Cr–Nim bond length and a tilting and tipping of the imidazole ligand of 2 from the symmetrical position observed in 1. The substitution reaction of the axial pyridine ligand of [Cr(tpp)(Cl)(py)] by various imidazole ligands was studied spectrophotometrically in dichloromethane or in toluene. A steric effect due to the 2-methyl substituent of the imidazole ligand was observed along with an increase in the ligand-dissociation rate and a decrease in the binding constant of the imidazole ligand to the metalloporphyrin. These results were examined in terms of steric interactions between the axial ligand and the porphyrin core.
Stereoelectronic Effects on the One-Electron Donor Reactivity of Trivalent Phosphorus Compounds. Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Yasui Shinro , Tsujimoto Munekazu , Okamura Mutsuo , Ohno Atsuyoshi
Published: February 2006

Peak oxidation potentials of acyclic and cyclic phosphinites, phosphonites, and phosphites were measured by cyclic voltammetry. The inductive effect of the ligands attached to the phosphorus is a primary factor to determine of these compounds. The geometry of the compound is another important factor; is lowered when the compound adopts a geometry in which the phosphorus lone-pair orbital overlaps with the adjacent oxygen p-orbital. The stereoelectronic effects found here are interpreted in terms of the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of these phosphorus compounds.
Relationship between Residual Metal Ions in a Solution and the Inhibitory Capability of the Metal Ions for Pathogenic Bacterial Growth
Authors: Zhao Zhi-hong , Sakagami Yoshikazu , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: February 2006

The inhibitory capability of various low concentrations of six kinds of metal ions [silver(I), copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II), and dichromate] for pathogenic bacterial (gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) growth was quantitatively determined exactly. Residual metal-ion concentrations in a phosphate buffer solution after being incubated with pathogenic bacteria were then measured by an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. We found that the inhibitory capability of metal ions correlated with the residual metal concentrations. Based on the biochemical and chemical situation, the mechanisms of the inhibitory capability of the metal ions are discussed. In addition, the determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of metal ions on tested bacteria are considered.
Homology over local homomorphisms
Authors: Avramov Luchezar L. , Iyengar Srikanth , Miller Claudia
Published: January 2006

The notions of Betti numbers and of Bass numbers of a finite module N over a local ring R are extended to modules that are only assumed to be finite over S , for some local homomorphism φ: R → S . Various techniques are developed to study the new invariants and to establish their basic properties. In some cases they are computed in closed form. Applications go in several directions. One is to identify new classes of finite R -modules whose classical Betti numbers or Bass numbers have extremal growth. Another is to transfer ring theoretical properties between R and S in situations where S may have infinite flat dimension over R . A third is to obtain criteria for a ring equipped with a "contracting" endomorphism—such as the Frobenius endomorphism—to be regular or complete intersection; these results represent broad generalizations of Kunz's characterization of regularity in prime characteristic.
Differentiability of the stable norm in codimension one
Authors: Auer Franz , Bangert Victor
Published: January 2006

The real homology of a compact, n -dimensional Riemannian manifold M is naturally endowed with the stable norm. The stable norm of a homology class is the minimal Riemannian volume of its representatives. If M is orientable the stable norm on H n -1 ( M , [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]) is a homogenized version of the Riemannian ( n -1)-volume. We study the differentiability properties of the stable norm at points α ε H n -1 ( M , [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /]). They depend on the position of α with respect to the integer lattice H n -1 ( M , [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /]) in H n -1 ( M , [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /]). In particular, we show that the stable norm is differentiable at α if α is totally irrational.
Curvature and rank of Teichmüller space
Authors: Brock Jeffrey , Farb Benson
Published: January 2006

Let S be a surface with genus g and n boundary components, and let d(S) = 3 g - 3 + n denote the number of curves in any pants decomposition of S . We employ metric properties of the graph of pants decompositions P ( S ) to prove that the Weil-Petersson metric on Teichmüller space Teich ( S ) is Gromov-hyperbolic if and only if d(S) ≤ 2. When d(S) ≥ 3, the Weil-Petersson metric has higher rank in the sense of Gromov (it admits a quasi-isometric embedding of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] k , k ≥ 2); when d(S) ≤ 2, we combine the hyperbolicity of the complex of curves and the relative hyperbolicity of P ( S ) to prove Gromov-hyperbolicity. We prove moreover that Teich ( S ) admits no geodesically complete, Mod ( S )-invariant, Gromov-hyperbolic metric of finite covolume when d(S) ≥ 3, and that no complete Riemannian metric of pinched negative curvature exists on Moduli space M(S) when d(S) ≥ 2.
Singularities of Schubert varieties, tangent cones and Bruhat graphs
Authors: Carrell James B. , Kuttler Jochen
Published: January 2006

Let G be a semi-simple algebraic group without G 2 -factors over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p ≠ 2, 3, and suppose B is a Borel subgroup, T ⊂ B is a maximal torus, and P is a parabolic in G containing B . In an earlier paper, the authors classified the singular T -fixed points x of an arbitrary irreducible T -stable subvariety X in G/P in all characteristics, the key to this being the notion of a Peterson translate. In particular, we showed that if X is Cohen-Macaulay, then X is smooth at x if and only if there exists a T -invariant curve in X through x which contains a smooth point of X and dim Θ x(X) = dim X , where Θ x(X) is the linear span of the reduced tangent cone to X at x . The purpose of this paper is to describe Θ x(X) when X is a Schubert variety in G/P and x is a maximal singular T -fixed point of X . In fact, we give two characterizations. We first show that in all characteristics, Θ x(X) is the sum of all the Peterson translates at x . The second characterization involves further study of the Peterson translates, along the good T -invariant curves at x , for which the assumption char( k ) ≠ 2, 3 is needed. This leads to the following consequence: if x is a maximal singularity of X which is rationally smooth, then either the span of the tangent lines to the T -stable curves is not a module for the isotropy subgroup of B at x , or there exist a pair of orthogonal T -invariant curves at x which determine what we call a B 2 -pair. This characterization gives a nonrecursive algorithm for finding the singular locus of an arbitrary Schubert variety in G/P in terms of its Bruhat graph.
Holomorphic flexibility properties of complex manifolds
Authors: Forstnerič Franc
Published: January 2006

We obtain results on approximation of holomorphic maps by algebraic maps, the jet transversality theorem for holomorphic and algebraic maps between certain classes of manifolds, and the homotopy principle for holomorphic submersions of Stein manifolds to certain algebraic manifolds.
The disc as a bilinear multiplier
Authors: Grafakos Loukas , Li Xiaochun
Published: January 2006

A classical theorem of C. Fefferman says that the characteristic function of the unit disc is not a Fourier multiplier on L p ( R 2 ) unless p = 2. In this article we obtain a result that brings a contrast with the previous theorem. We show that the characteristic function of the unit disc in R 2 is the Fourier multiplier of a bounded bilinear operator from L p 1 ( R ) × L p 2 ( R ) into L p ( R ), when 2 ≤ p 1 , p 2 < ∞ and [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i"/]. The proof of this result is based on a new decomposition of the unit disc and delicate orthogonality and combinatorial arguments. This result implies norm convergence of bilinear Fourier series and strengthens the uniform boundedness of the bilinear Hilbert transforms, as it yields uniform vector-valued bounds for families of bilinear Hilbert transforms.
Group-valued implosion and parabolic structures
Authors: Hurtubise Jacques , Jeffrey Lisa , Sjamaar Reyer
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we extend the notion of symplectic implosion to the category of quasi-Hamiltonian K -manifolds, where K is a simply connected compact Lie group. The imploded cross-section of the double K × K turns out to be universal in a suitable sense. It is a singular space, but some of its strata have a nonsingular closure. This observation leads to interesting new examples of quasi-Hamiltonian K -manifolds, such as the "spinning 2 n -sphere" for K = SU ( n ). Secondly we construct a universal ("master") moduli space of parabolic bundles with structure group K over a marked Riemann surface. The master moduli space carries a natural action of a maximal torus of K and a torus-invariant stratification into manifolds, each of which has a symplectic structure. An essential ingredient in the construction is the universal implosion. Paradoxically, although the universal implosion has no complex structure (it is the four-sphere for K = SU (2)), the master moduli space turns out to be a complex algebraic variety.
Proof of R. Salvati Manni and J. Top's conjectures on Siegel modular forms and Abelian surfaces
Authors: Okazaki Takeo
Published: January 2006

This paper gives complete proofs of R. Salvati Manni and J. Top's conjectures which are contained in the paper, "Cusp forms of weight 2 for the group Γ(4, 8), Amer. J. Math . 115 (1993), 455-486." One of the conjectures claims that the Hasse-Weil zeta function corresponding to the Jacobian variety defined over [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] of the hyper-elliptic curve y 2 = x 5 - x equals the Andrianov L -function of Siegel cusp form Θ of degree 2 and weight 2 which is four products of the Igusa theta constants. Regarding the Θ as a function obtained by the Yoshida lifting from a pair of elliptic modular forms, we prove the conjecture.
Greek Sacred History
Authors: Dillery John
Published: January 2006

This paper contends that there was a distinct branch of Greek local historiography that focused on the past viewed through regional cult: sacred history. After an introductory look at Atthidography, a number of cases of local cult history referred to in inscriptions from the Hellenistic period are examined; additionally, an instance where historia sacra is itself preserved on an inscription is also discussed, namely, the Chronicle of the temple of Athena at Lindos. The paper analyzes this type of historical writing from the perspective of "intentional history," historiography written both to articulate the identity of a given region of the Greek world and to proclaim the region's importance in a larger, changing world.
"A Great Wave against the Stream": Water Imagery in Iliadic Battle Scenes
Authors: Fenno Jonathan Brian
Published: January 2006

This article investigates the figurative role of water in martial similes, metaphors, and personifications in the Iliad. Such imagery, it is argued, is generally informed by a thematic association of Greeks and their camp with the sea, and Trojans and their territory with rivers; as heroes sound and move like waves and streams, bodies of water become sympathetically animated warriors, and gods of sea and river rush into battle. The conclusion is that an ancient antithesis between saltwater and freshwater lends the Iliad a sense of unity in setting and plot and endows heroic action with greater cosmic and theological significance.
Daedala Lingua: Crafted Speech in De Rerum Natura
Authors: Holmes Brooke
Published: January 2006

This article examines the creation of words in De Rerum Natura through a close reading of two extended passages concerning the problem of where words come from and what they do. The first is the account of speech production, work entrusted to the daedala lingua in Book 4. This physiological process is mimicked at the phylogenic level in the discussion on the origins of language in Book 5, where voice is first shaped by a body responding to the impact of objects, then by utilitas. The adjective daedalus and the intervention of utilitas both signal, I argue, a shift away from an understanding of language as reaction towards an understanding of language as fabrication, a shift with important implications for the relationship of words to the world they represent.
The Greek Novel: Titles and Genre
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: January 2006

Were the Greek novels titled according to a consistent convention? This article confronts the view that the original titles were always historiographical in form (Assyriaka, Lesbiaka, Aithiopika, etc.) and that readers were thus steered to expect, in the first instance, realistic narrative. Examining the evidence in detail, it argues that the formula the novels were likeliest to have shared was ta kata + girl's name (or girl's + boy's names). On this basis, it is concluded that what the titles of the novels promised was primarily invasive narratives of private life.
Underpinning the Text: Self-Justification in John Cassian's Ascetic Prefaces
Authors: Goodrich Richard J.
Published: January 2006

John Cassian has long been recognized as a master of ascetic theory. It is only in recent years, however, that his abilities as a Latin stylist have begun to be acknowledged. This paper examines how Cassian used the prefaces of his ascetic treatises to win a hearing for his version of the monastic life. His works were intended to influence a highly literate, aristocratic audience, and the strategies he employed to gain admission into this circle of readers offer a valuable insight into the methods of a late antique writer.
Empire and Apocalypse in Thessaloniki: Interpreting the Early Christian Rotunda
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah
Published: January 2006

The monumental Rotunda in Thessaloniki was originally part of the palace complex of the emperor Galerius, who so famously persecuted Christians in the early fourth century. It was converted to a Christian church by the late fourth or early fifth century, a conversion which included the addition of a magnificent mosaic program within the dome of the Rotunda. This article both addresses the question of what this conversion meant and seeks to articulate a method for interpreting the Rotunda's archaeological remains within a local context, broadly construed. Texts produced in Thessaloniki or which were known to be objects of civic pride, such as 1 Thessalonians, an account of local fourth-century martyrdoms, and the triumphal Arch of Galerius, are used to interpret the Rotunda's conversion. This article concludes that the production and early interpretations and use of the early Christian Rotunda are revolutionary in that Christians reused monumental space built by a Roman emperor who persecuted Christians. Even more, a revolution in meaning occurred because the early Christian Rotunda can be interpreted as having borrowed from an apocalyptic rhetoric that formerly subverted empire, turning this around in order to articulate a Christian Roman identity continuous with and supportive of the Roman Empire.
Winning the Intracommunal Dialogues: Zacharias Scholasticus' Life of Severus
Authors: Watts Edward
Published: January 2006

Elements of Zacharias Scholasticus' Life of Severus are often used selectively to document pagan-Christian religious interactions in late antiquity, but the text itself is poorly understood. This is particularly problematic for a thirty-page section of the biography in which Severus goes unmentioned and much detail is given about the conversion of a young pagan student named Paralius. Zacharias' habitual republication of earlier works suggests that this segment of the Life of Severus was originally published separately to perform a specific, protreptic function for Christian students of the 490s. When he reused this text in the Life of Severus, Zacharias placed this specific narrative in a broader context designed to respond to attacks on Severus. Nevertheless, modern historians of religion need to use the information contained in this section of the Life of Severus with a full awareness of its original, rather limited, polemic intent.
Holocaust Video Testimony, Oral History, and Narrative Medicine: The Struggle against Indifference
Authors: Clark Mary Marshall
Published: January 2006

Holocaust video testimony, first archived in the United States at the Yale University Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Video Testimonies in 1982, is a methodology developed and refined by Dori Laub and Geoffrey Hartman. Laub and Hartman represent the pioneering generation of intellectuals who took up the task of archiving first-person testimony for the purpose of educating those who did not experience the Holocaust directly. Oral history, a discipline first developed in the late 1940s, also archives eyewitness accounts for future use by scholars but developed its methodology with little interest in how the genre of testimony, represented by the Yale Project, contributes to historical knowledge. Narrative medicine, a more recent discipline that also accords meaning to the value of storytelling and dialogue, has also developed in parallel to video testimony and oral history but locates the struggle of telling in the body. The purpose of this essay, based on an oral history interview conducted with Dori Laub on the methods of video testimony in June of 2005, is to explore the synergistic potential of these three disciplines in enlarging the ethical promise of each to reduce the impact of indifference to the suffering of others. It is also a meditation on what the respective fields have to offer one another, which is significant and timely as we endeavor to refine our methods of listening in order to combat the fatigue of living in a time of mass-mediated atrocity.
Journeying with the "Stone": Montaigne's Healing Travel Journal
Authors: Healy Margaret
Published: January 2006

The impulse to fashion one's own self-affirming story out of the painful shards of illness experience—a counternarrative to a culture's dominant, constricting account of "the patient"—tends to be viewed as a relatively new phenomenon, linked to postmodernist practices. Utilizing the late twentieth-century illness narratives of Anatole Broyard as a lens through which to view the writings of Michel de Montaigne, this essay argues that over four hundred years ago at least one early modern European was experimenting with language as a catalyst for healing. Montaigne's Travel Journal is simultaneously a tourist's account of the spa towns of central Europe and an illness narrative detailing his "encounters" along the way with the kidney stones that regularly journeyed through his body producing excruciating pain and fearful, near-death episodes. Montaigne emerges from the pages of this fascinating journal as an energetic, insatiably curious, and engaged scholar and traveler, "enduring" his pains "humanly"—the protagonist of a "very pleasing story."
Disregarding the Suffering of Others: Narrative, Comedy, and Torture
Authors: Henderson Schuyler W
Published: January 2006

This paper examines how comedy is used in torture to disregard the suffering of the victims and how narratives about torture make use of comedy for the same purpose. After situating the current use of torture by the United States in the larger narrative context that provided the milieu for the resurgence of torture, the paper focuses on how the comic dimensions of torture are not only essential for perpetuating the torture but also instrumental within the torture, as seen in the photographs from and subsequent polemics about Abu Ghraib. The paper ends with a discussion of recent medical narratives about torture.
Accumulated Lives: Metaphor, Materiality, and the Homes of the Elderly
Authors: Krasner James
Published: January 2006

The representation of personal history and identity in the familiar spaces and objects of the home is a common imaginative practice that is particularly apparent, and particularly critical, in the homes of the elderly. Gerontologists who study place attachment among the elderly employ the contradictory metaphors of navigation and amalgamation to describe the complex relationship that exists between self, space, and habit when elders identify with their homes. By analyzing novels that both address and employ the operation of home-based metaphors of identity, as well as philosophical studies of memory and space, this essay attempts to investigate the relationship between metaphorical and material apprehensions of the self in order to better understand the determination of many elderly people to remain in their homes.
From Speechlessness to Narrative: The Cases of Holocaust Historians and of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Survivors
Authors: Laub Dori
Published: January 2006

The historiography of the Holocaust and of genocide faces a crisis as time-honored forms of narrating the political events or major battles that took place—dates, locations, military accomplishments, and number of casualties—no longer suffice to capture the horror, pain, loss, and destruction suffered by those afflicted. Historians are rendered speechless in the face of such events. Yet it is through this very speechlessness that historians begin to testify to history as trauma. Where else can such absence of narrative, such speechlessness, be found? Reports from Israel in 1990 indicated that about one-fifth of chronically hospitalized psychiatric patients were Holocaust survivors. In most cases, no history of their persecution experience existed in their medical charts. A video-testimony study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 with twenty-six such patients, in an attempt to elicit their histories. Psychological testing demonstrated marked improvements in their trauma-related symptoms five months after the video testimony was given.
A Theology of Illness: Franz Kafka's "A Country Doctor"
Authors: Manson Aaron
Published: January 2006

Franz Kafka's "A Country Doctor,"the story of a physician whose life is predicated on duty and responsibility, and yet who ultimately fails as healer and physician, is one of the first modernist stories about doctoring. In this perplexing story Kafka struggles to find the meaning of "duty" in a doctor's life as well as the relationship of "duty" to Kafka's concept of "faith." Kafka may have borrowed many of the concepts and images in his story from Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals. But unlike Nietzsche, who was an atheist, Kafka was a religious skeptic. This story reflects his ambivalence toward his Jewish faith. He argues for the importance of faith by confronting its absence: How are we to live without it? Without faith, can physicians perform their duty to heal? Kafka believes that illness is fundamentally spiritual in origin, that physicians need moral knowledge to truly heal, and that the practice of medicine should be an act of faith.
Narrating the Right to Sexual Well-being and the Global Management of Misery: Maria Rosa Henson's Comfort Woman and Charlene Smith's Proud of Me
Authors: Smith Sidonie
Published: January 2006

Within the human rights regime, violations are managed through a juridical model that divides people into victims (based on identity categories) and perpetrators, thereby focusing on individuals rather than on systems of inequalities. Rights campaigns depend upon victim stories to build a case, gain public attention, bring perpetrators to account, and raise money for rights activism. The recent turn to the right to "health," however, foregrounds the importance of addressing the structural conditions of immiseration that produce injury and harm and negatively impact even those who have been formally granted civil and political rights. Focusing on two narratives published as part of campaigns organized to confront violence against women—Filipina Maria Rosa Henson's Comfort Woman: A Filipina's Story of Prostitution and Slavery under the Japanese Military (1999) and South African Charlene Smith's Proud of Me: Speaking Out Against Sexual Violence and HIV (2001)—this essay explores the capacity of autobiographical narration to dislodge the "grammar" of victimization and expose the densities of structural violence.
Interventional Narratology: Form and Function of the Narrative Medical Write-up
Authors: Wood James Hunter
Published: January 2006

The narrative medical write-up is a nontraditional patient work-up in which medical students narrate a patient's story. The purpose of the assignment is to help students gain skills necessary for "narrative competence," the ability to understand and act according to the larger narrative of a patient's life. More than a simple, empathetic retelling, the narrative medical write-up is a re-creation of the patient's story in which the student is both listener and teller, entering into a collaborative effort with the patient. This essay approaches the write-up from a narratological perspective, examining the complexities of plot construction, authorship, and fictionality within the write-up that make the work both difficult to define and truly powerful within medical education.
Research in the Ranks: Vulnerable Subjects, Coercible Collaboration, and the Hepatitis E Vaccine Trial in Nepal
Authors: Andrews Jason
Published: January 2006

Concern over the diminished autonomy of members of the armed forces has resulted in the classification of these groups as "vulnerable" in many international codes of research ethics, a designation that places the onus on researchers to provide special justification for the inclusion of these persons in research. This paper examines the application of these ethical requirements to a recent trial carried out by U.S. Army researchers among soldiers of the Royal Nepal Army (RNA) and concludes that the requirements to justify conducting research in this population were not met. Furthermore, noting the human rights abuses rampant in the RNA, it is appropriate to question the choice of this institution as both a partner and a subject pool for U.S. state-sponsored research. This case study raises another important ethical question about the vulnerability to coerced collaboration of groups or institutions. In response, I propose the idea of "institutional vulnerability" as an extension of the idea of individual "juridic vulnerability." The recent military and financial assistance that the RNA received from the U.S. Army, in light of their partnership in this biomedical research trial, constitutes an appropriate and revealing context in which to ground this discussion.
Medicine and Place: An Inquiry
Authors: Aultman Julie M , Wear Delese
Published: January 2006

This essay explores the various places inhabited by doctors and patients, in order to lead doctors to a more complex understanding of their patients' experiences of illness. Using Adam Haslett's "The Good Doctor" (2002), we examine what happens when doctors enter the worlds of their patients, both the literal landscapes of their patients' homes and the hidden landscapes of their minds. We illustrate the impact place has on doctors' understanding of their patients and on the patients' attitudes toward their illness. In addition, we examine how place informs readers' perceptions of both the coherence and the divide between the worlds of doctor and patient.
The Seeds and the Worms: Ludwik Fleck and the Early History of Germ Theories
Authors: Brorson Stig
Published: January 2006

The Polish microbiologist and philosopher of science, Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), was a pioneer in constructivist history and philosophy of science. Based on studies in the history of syphilis, Fleck hypothesized that many established scientific facts are linked, in their development, to pre-scientific "proto-ideas." In 1935, Fleck proposed that the history of germ theories could be approached through his thesis on proto-ideas. His proposal, however, remained little more than a vague suggestion and was never developed in further detail. This paper introduces the concept of proto-ideas and discusses the central epistemological and historiographical implications of Fleck's thesis. The Fleckian approach offers an attractive alternative to positivist reconstructions of the early history of germ theories and provides a useful framework for a deeper understanding of the sociocultural background of the development of modern knowledge of infection.
"Winged Sponges": Houseflies as Carriers of Typhoid Fever in 19th- and Early 20th-Century Military Camps
Authors: Cirillo Vincent J
Published: January 2006

Typhoid fever was the scourge of 19th- and early 20th-century armies. During the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Anglo-Boer War (1899– 1902), typhoid killed more soldiers than enemy bullets. Walter Reed and his coworkers investigated the cause of the typhoid epidemics in the U.S. Army camps and concluded that, next to human contact, the housefly (Musca domestica) was the most active agent in the spread of the disease. British medical officers in South Africa, facing even worse typhoid epidemics, reached the same conclusion. The experiences of the American and British armies finally convinced the medical profession and public health authorities that these insects conveyed typhoid. The housefly was now seen as a health menace. Military and civilian sanitarians waged fly-eradication campaigns that prevented the housefly's access to breeding places (especially human excrement), and that protected food and drink from contamination. Currently, M. domestica is recognized as the mechanical vector of a wide variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. Fly control is still an important public health measure in the 21st century, especially in developing countries.
Gynecologists and Estrogen: An Affair of the Heart
Authors: Fugh-Berman Adriane , Scialli Anthony R.
Published: January 2006

Although definitive studies have shown that hormone therapy in menopausal women has no overall or cardiovascular health benefit, obstetrician-gynecologists continue to believe that estrogen benefits women's health. This mistaken belief may stem from cultural factors unique to obstetrics and gynecology, as well as from the dependence of physicians on pharmaceutical companies for the provision and interpretation of scientific information.
Trajectory of End-Stage Heart Failure: The Influence of Technology and Implications for Policy Change
Authors: Goldstein Nathan E , Lynn Joanne
Published: January 2006

Patients with end-stage heart failure have a trajectory of illness characterized by an overall gradual decline in function punctuated by periods of symptom exacerbation followed by a return nearly to their baseline. These exacerbations are not predictable. Death may come suddenly and unexpectedly for each patient, even though predictive models can draw an accurate survival curve by averaging the experience of a substantial number of people with heart failure. Heart failure patients often have treatable symptoms, such as dyspnea, fatigue, and generalized pain. In this article, we explain the trajectory of patients with heart failure, illustrate the importance of advance care planning for these patients, discuss the impact of choices to use or forgo new technologies, and suggest ways to improve the care system. Only by reexamining our health care spending priorities can we create a sustainable care system that allows patients to live both long and comfortably, reaching a balance that serves them and their communities well.
Ethical Issues in Heart Failure: Overview of an Emerging Need
Authors: Kirkpatrick James N , Kim Antony Y
Published: January 2006

Modern therapies in cardiovascular medicine aim at preventing death and improving patients' quality of life. However, cardiologists often focus on what can be done rather than what should be done, and the latter consideration may be neglected in the midst of therapeutic optimism. The life-saving success of cardiovascular treatments, combined with an aging population, has created an epidemic of heart failure, a disease that portends considerable morbidity and mortality and raises important questions about what should be done. This and the following essays in this section address the emerging need for ethical analysis of issues raised by patients with heart failure. In this overview, we discuss end-of-life care in end-stage heart failure, new therapies for heart failure, and heart failure research.
Redefining Disease? The Nosologic Implications of Molecular Genetic Knowledge
Authors: Miller Fiona Alice , Begbie Megan E , Giacomini Mita K. , Ahern Catherine , Harvey Erin A
Published: January 2006

How will developments in genetic knowledge affect the classification of disease? Leaders in genetics have suggested that knowledge of the role of genes in disease can determine nosology. Diseases might be defined by genotype, thus avoiding the limitations of more empirical approaches to categorization. Other commentators caution against disease definitions that are detached from the look and feel of disease, and argue for an interplay between genotypic and phenotypic information. Still others attribute nosologic change to social processes. We draw on an analysis of the scientific literature, our conversations with genetics clinicians, and reviews of patient organization Web sites to offer a revised interpretation of the nosologic implications of molecular genetic knowledge. We review the recent histories of three diseases—hemophilia, Rett syndrome, and cystic fibrosis—to argue that nosologic change cannot be explained by either biologic theories of disease etiology or sociologic theories of social tendencies. Although new genetic information challenges disease classifications and is highly influential in their redesign, genetic information can be used in diverse ways to reconstruct disease categories and is not the only influence in these revisions. Ironically, genetic information is likely to play a central role in producing a new, but still empirical, classification scheme.
End-Stage Heart Disease, High-Risk Research, and Competence to Consent: The Case of the AbioCor Artificial Heart
Authors: Morreim E. Haavi
Published: January 2006

Some commentators believe that persons facing imminent death are incapable of making autonomous, informed decisions about whether to enter high-risk, end-of-life research trials. Using the AbioCor artificial heart trial as an example, this essay argues to the contrary. Although some people are incapacitated, many are capable of making such decisions. To forbid dying people to make a decision about whether to enter a clinical trial may insult deeply held personal values at a time when honoring those values may be most important. Moreover, to deny dying persons entry into high-risk clinical trials leaves ethically worse alternatives: using healthier people, requiring surrogates to decide even when the patient is competent, or simply forgoing all research featuring high-risk, potentially life-saving interventions. Once we agree that it is at least sometimes acceptable to permit dying persons to choose high-risk research, a number of practical safeguards can be implemented to ameliorate the challenges that can hinder decision making in this difficult area.
Dietary Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the Pre-Insulin Era (1914-1922)
Authors: Westman Eric C , Yancy William S , Humphreys Margaret
Published: January 2006

Before the discovery of insulin, one of the most common dietary treatments of diabetes mellitus was a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. A review of Frederick M. Allen's case histories shows that a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet could eliminate glycosuria among hospitalized patients. A reconsideration of the role of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is in order.
Low-dose recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of large, multinodular goiters in elderly patients
Authors: Cohen Ohad , Ilany Jacob , Hoffman Chen , Olchovsky David , Dabhi Sari , Karasik Avraham , Goshen Elinor , Rotenberg Galina , Zwas S Tzila
Published: February 2006

Objective: We aimed to assess low-dose recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH)-aided, fixed-activity radioiodine therapy of large, multinodular goiters (MNGs) in elderly patients with comorbidities.

Design: This was a short-term, observational study.

Methods: We measured 24-h thyroid radioiodine uptake (RAIU) of 2 μCi 131-iodine at baseline and 24 h after intramuscular injection of 0.03 mg rhTSH in 17 patients (aged 60–86 years, 12 women), who subsequently received 30 mCi 131-iodine 24 h after an identical rhTSH injection. TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured at baseline and days 10, 30 and 90 after therapy. Thyroid volume was assessed by computed tomography at baseline and day 180.

Results: rhTSH, 0.03 mg, significantly increased mean 24-h thyroid RAIU from 25.8% ± 10.3% to 43.3% ± 8.4% (68% relative increase; t(16) = −8.43, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients overtly or subclinically hyperthyroid (TSH < 0.5 mU/l) decreased from 71% (12/17) at baseline to 19% (3/16) at 3 months. Mean serum FT4 peaked at slightly above normal range, 25.9 ± 7.7 pmol/l (46% over baseline) and was 21% under baseline levels at 3 months. Mean estimated thyroid volume fell 34% from baseline to 6 months (170.0 ± 112.8 to 113.1 ± 97.5 ml; P < 0.01). Symptomatic relief, improved well-being, and/or reduction or elimination of antihyperthyroid medication were seen in 76% of patients. Three (18%) patients had transient neck pain or tenderness, or palpitations; one had transient asymptomatic thyroid enlargement; and three (18%) became hypothyroid by 3 months.

Conclusions: Intramuscular rhTSH, 0.03 mg, followed 24 h later by 30 mCi 131-iodine, is a safe, effective and convenient treatment for MNG in elderly patients with comorbidities.