bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-Regional Cooperative Networking: Trends and Case Analysis
Authors: Hwang Won-Gyu
Published: January 2012

Toward the turn of the 21st century, the rise of local governments unto international scene has been witnessed. In spite of the relatively short history, the role of local governments in international society underwent an evolutionary process at a rapid pace: from bilateral to multilateral. Bilateral cooperation, the traditional form of local cooperation is already widespread with the emergence of the age of globalization. In these days, more and more governments seek a new way to cooperate with international partners by forming a multilateral agency. The paper aims at analyzing such a new type of international cooperation by local governments as multilateral cooperation. It first analyzes the evolutionary process of international cooperation by local governments in Chapter Two. Then, an in-depth study is attempted to describe and evaluate the best-practice case example of multilateral cooperation of local governments in Korea, the experiences of the Gangwon province in building international cooperation networks in East Asia. As a conclusion, the paper identifies problems arisen in the process of implementation and proposes strategies to promote multilateral cooperation movement for other local governments by illustrating the experiences in management of multilateral cooperative networks.
Expatriate Management and Cultural Interface between Asia and Africa
Authors: Choi Dong Ju
Published: January 2012

The strategies adopted to manage the interface of cultures between Korea and African markets call for a more systematic investigation. There should be a backdrop for appreciating the organizational profiles by focusing on the following: First, the societal cultures in the cultural zones and the way they shaped the management of the organizations in their zones. Second, the African cultural context and the challenges that it posed to the Korean MNEs for operating in African countries. Finally, the impact that the presence of MNEs had on any of African organizations, and the organizational cultures that both of them jointly created in Africa.

In this regard, CCT toolkit should be designed to teach expatriates how to succeed in Africa. At its core is a powerful tool for assessing individual cultural preferences with the ability to contrast and compare with other individual, team and national profiles.
Sub-National Level Analysis on FDI Relocation towards Eastern Europe
Authors: Hwang Ki-Sik
Published: January 2012

The main aim of this research is to look at the different degrees of attractiveness of EU sub-national regions from a Korean investors' perspective. Detailed analysis of sub-national variation shows certain features that were not explicit at the national (or state) level analysis. Empirical findings clearly show the striking disparities in economic performance between various sub-national regions within the enlarged ***EU. The findings will confirm that Korean firms never looked at the EU-15 (nor Eastern Europe) as a single location that offered homogenous locational advantages. In conclusion, this research raises concerns about the utility of using only a ‘cost advantage based approach’ when considering locational advantage and investment decisions in the Eastern European regions.
Economic Development of Sub-Saharan Africa-Toward a Close Cooperation with Korea
Authors: Mudipanu Gaston Kapuku , Yeo Heejung
Published: January 2012

Sub-Saharan Africa has been exploited by Western powers for a long time. Most regimes are struggling to eradicate such phenomena as poverty, poor shelter and sanitation conditions, and illiteracy. However, despite all this, Africa's growth rate record is still very fragile. The average per capita income today in many sub-Saharan countries is lower than at the end of the 1960s. The economic structure is characterized by weak linkages between the economic sector and the governments, and the economic growth is based on the enclave exploitation of natural resources. This paper aims to introduce the history, institutions, economies and developments of sub-Saharan Africa and explore a possibility of Korea cooperating more closely with Africa in the near future. Both sub-Saharan Africa and Korea can help each other through their relationship: Africa can establish more sustainable growth and Korea can enlarge its share of exports in the Global market.
An Attempting at Encapsulating the Conundrum of Russian Soul: History and Evaluation
Authors: Kim Sang Hyun
Published: January 2012

The theme of the Russian soul or Russian national character has long been a subject for historians of Russia; however, it does not allow either many Western or Korean scholars to interpret and cope with easily. The question of the Russian soul has never fully been answered. In short, to date no comprehensive study has been made. On the basis of this retrospective view, my article overviews four books by Nikolai Berdiaev (1947), Ronald Hingley (1977), Michael Cherniavsky (1961), and James Billington (1970), all of whose works have long been considered standard classics for Russian history, culture, and literature. The primary purpose of this article is to demonstrate those fundamental questions: What are these studies addressing in their main points, what are the critical junctures between them, and in what ways is the theme of Russian national character closely related to other research topics.
Balanced Budget Rules in Europe: A Comparative Institutional Analysis
Authors: Wrobel Ralph M.
Published: January 2012

One of the main economic problems of our time is that of reducing budget deficits. In Europe the “Stability and Growth Pact” should reduce deficit spending and government debts. But EU core countries such as France, Germany and Italy have been in violation of the Pact consistently for a lot of years. In contrast some countries at the European periphery are very successful in reducing their deficit. Others are able to prevent their budgets from being unbalanced. For instance Denmark - a long term member of the European Union and typical welfare state - has recorded a surplus in its national budget since 1997. Ireland - sometimes the poorest member of the Union and nowadays one of the richest ones - reduced its debts from more than 80% of GDB to less than 40%. The new EU-member Estonia has been successful in keeping the budget deficit low since independence in 1992.

In this paper the different balanced budget rules in Denmark, Ireland and Estonia are analyzed in brief and compared. As can be shown balanced budget rules are able to reduce budget deficits respective to hinder the development of larger deficits. But it must be also emphasized that political consensus about the reduction of deficits respective of a consequently balanced budget is the most successful strategy. Primarily, this seems to be possible in small sized countries. Here formal rules can be seen as more or less redundant. But even where no consensus exists constitutional rules and additional application rules are necessary. As result the author demands stronger balanced budget rules in the European Union treaties to force also larger member countries into fiscal stabilization.
Ethnicity in the Process of Acculturation of Korean Australians: Focused on Family Life Patterns
Authors: Seol Byung-Soo
Published: January 2012

This article examines Korean immigrants' family life in terms of sex role and authority patterns. Many Korean families in Sydney and Melbourne have adhered to the traditional ideology regardless of their social and economic backgrounds. The male-dominant family life is often strengthened and justified by the ideology of the ethnic community. On the other hand, others have pursued an egalitarian family life due to women's economic participation and the influence of the new culture. This was more true for young Korean immigrant families.

Different family lifestyles of Korean immigrants reveal the change and continuity of their traditional culture. Korean ethnicity waxes and wanes by different individuals, generations and sexes. Their ethnicity has negative meanings for some, whereas it has positive meanings for the others. Nevertheless, their common ethnicity has become a reference point, which enables them to interact with one another and to interpret old and new cultural settings. There is little doubt that, with the progress of acculturation, Korean Australians will experience more changes in family life. However, it is also clear that Korean ethnicity will continue to play an important role as a reference point which affects their family life.
A Study on Current Culinary Culture and Religious Identity in the Gulf Region
Authors: Eum IkRan
Published: January 2012

This paper questions how religious identity between Sunni and Shia Muslims are shaped in the Gulf area from the culinary cultural perspective, taking an example of the distinctively Shia ritual, ashura, in Bahrain and Kuwait. In order to bring the less highlighted issues to the forefront, this paper firstly examines different food regulations of Sunni and Shia Muslims and their different perspective on ashura observance. Second, by comparing Shia Muslims in Bahrain and Kuwait and their social affiliation, this paper will discuss what role politics play in shaping religious identity and culinary culture. The two countries represent two very different examples of Sunni and Shia Muslim identity in the Gulf region. The minority Sunni and the majority Shia Muslims are antagonistic in the former case, whereas the majority Sunni and the minority Shia Muslims are cooperative in the latter case. The study shows in conclusion that food itself does not represent different religious identity between the two Islamic sects. It is rather politics and economic availability which have significant influence on shaping Shia Muslims' identity.
The Oder-Neisse Line: Contingency, Path Dependence and Emergent Property
Authors: Hong Ki-Joon
Published: January 2012

The Oder-Neisse Line has been the frontier between Germany and Poland since the World War II. This Line was a symbol of a divided Europe, but now it has become a symbol of an integrated Europe. The purpose of this article is to explain the historic unfolding of Germany's recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line in terms of path dependence. This study shows that a contingent selection of a path at a critical juncture tends to be path dependent; a path dependent sequence of events necessitates recognition of the status quo as a prerequisite for reconciliation and cooperation.
Citizen Views of Globalization and State Governance in Korea
Authors: Jang Jiho , Lee Jaechul
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to delineate the major characteristics of South Korea's globalization governance, utilizing two waves of the Asian Barometer (hereafter AB) survey. The first AB (N=1,500) survey was conducted in 2003 and the second (N=1,212) was conducted in 2006. The AB 2003 survey includes seven countries in Asia, such as China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Singapore. This paper examines Korean public attitudes toward globalization, national identity, and perception of the state capacity with respect of globalization, along with socio-economic attributes of respondents. To what extent does the mass public of Korea support various kinds of globalization? Does their support for government's role tend to converge in the same direction or diverge? Using descriptive statistics of indicators of 2003 and 2006 AB survey and variables, this study shows that, in spite of globalization, many Koreans still believe the state plays a more active role in economic situation. Strong nation-based identity tends to make more Koreans to hold the view that state should keep its capacity autonomously to control foreign products.
On the Cultural Adaptation of Korean Firms in Slovakia: A Case Study
Authors: Jun Jong Kun , Lee Sangjik
Published: January 2012

In this paper we report implications of cultural adaptation of a Korean company in Slovakia. The importance of cultural adaptation has been enhanced as world economy has integrated. The Korean company opened up its production factory in Slovakia which consists of Korean expatriates and Slovakian employees. Faced with cultural differences, the company has pursuing several policies to resolve problems caused by the cross-culture environment. We suggest cultural adaptation at individual expatriates level and localization at corporate level as solutions to the cultural conflicts.
The Impact of the Asian Economic Crisis on Global Strategic Alliances of Korean Firms
Authors: Lee Byung Hee
Published: January 2012

The Korean economy has gone through rapid economic development and government policies have supported export and global expansion. As a result, Korean firms faced with resource deficiency domestically have actively engaged in international alliances to secure resources from foreign firms. As Korean firms have accelerated their globalization, they became vulnerable to unprecedented external shocks such as the Asian economic crisis in late 1997. This study examines the impact of the crisis on international alliance activity of Korean firms. Changes in partner's nationality, alliance goal, and frequencies in high-tech and low-tech industries are compared between the pre-crisis and the post-crisis periods.
Progress or Regress in Russian Mass Media?
Authors: Lee Hongsub
Published: January 2012

This paper reviews and evaluates the development of Russian media under Putin's government. Contrary to president Putin's early emphasis on the freedom of media for Russian democracy, Putin regime's policy toward the mass media was advanced in the context of cracking down on private media industry. He has re-nationalized many influential mass media, especially nation-wide TV channels. As a result, Russian mass media had degraded as a tool of political propaganda and lost people's confidence. Today, comparing Soviet times, tight control is not needed at every link in the chain of command. Rather, there is a good understanding of the “line” throughout the news organizations. After a brief period of plurality, the Russian mass media are still wandering over as a tool for the power elites. In this context, the opportunity for the Russian mass media to contribute to civil society as well as democracy is weak for the time being.
International Trends in Long-Term Care Policy for the Elderly
Authors: Palley Howard A.
Published: January 2012

The specific contexts of such policies include many aspects such as demographic characteristics, socio-cultural factors, governmental organization and political circumstances. These factors create existential limits to choices to some extent that are termed “path dependency” or “sunken costs.” Such path dependency shapes the trajectory of emerging health policies. Nevertheless, in many respects, long-term care policies in industrial/post industrial countries face similar problems arising from the aging of populations, biomedical and medical technological advances, as well as relatively limited “options” in seeking to deal with specific issues.

Recently, international trends in long-term care policy have been the focus of two significant reports and somewhat earlier in a collection of essays focused on social care for the elderly in 6 European countries. In some respects the most well formulated of these studies in terms of a comparative approach to the study of social care for the elderly is the earlier study. This analysis will examine these descriptive studies in order to focus on the mix of “global influence” and “embeddedness” influencing national long-term care policy, as well as the “clustering” of policy characteristics among various national systems. “As the devil is in the details,” some of the descriptive characteristics and national policy discussions that constitute the major concern of these studies will be summarized in this analysis.
A Critical Review of Approaches to Ethnicity
Authors: Seol Byung-Soo
Published: January 2012

This article attempts to critically review established approaches to ethnicity and to suggest a new term to it. Most researchers on ethnicity have located their own work conceptually in either the primordial perspective or the circumstantial perspective. However, the dichotomy has been overdrawn. At an analytical level, one the one hand, the synthesis of these two approaches has been emphasized. Ethnic groups form, persist and are related to the wider society because of many factors; some factors derive from cultural heritage and others are of a situational or circumstantial nature. On the other hand, a large number of empirical studies have demonstrated that an ethnic group can be understood in terms of both the primordial dimension and the circumstantial context. In short, any theory or empirical study of ethnicity should take into account not just the instrumental functions of ethnicity in the pursuit of social interests, but also the cultural formulations and the shared sense of descent that people derive from their ethnic identities. Viewed in this way, ethnic expression changes and primordial ties of ethnicity can be transformed into rational and instrumental interests. I also maintain that an ethnic group should be understood in terms of both the expressive dimension and the instrumental aspect, and both aspects should be understood in dialectical relationship with one another. In this paper, I suggest the term ‘mediating reference point’ to help overcome the theoretical limitations of the primordial-circumstantial dichotomy and to provide a richer interpretation of ethnicity. In my view, ethnicity, which mediates between diverse human relations and between different values and norms, is expressed and utilized differently at both the individual and collective levels, whether it influences the life process of ethnic groups either positively or negatively.
Tackling Domestic Violence in UK: Persistent Problems
Authors: Choi Kwan
Published: January 2012

Over the past three decades we have witnessed the public exposure of attitudes and academic discourse concerning the problem of domestic violence in the UK. It is evident from literature that domestic violence has been present throughout the history, yet changes to laws concerning the matter of domestic violence are quite a recent phenomenon. It can be argued that policies dealing with the problems of domestic violence have largely been unsuccessful, and have failed to protect victims of violence. In this context the purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons behind such recent exposure, and to answer why implemented policies and laws have largely failed. In this paper the literature, both past and present, on domestic violence and gender inequalities in the UK, has been considered for analysis and further presented to better cope with the problem of domestic violence. The paper has developed starting with addressing distinct but related aspects of the issue that is reflected in section I. The section II introduces the paper by highlighting what domestic violence consists of, followed by an introductory insight into each of the sections and discusses violence as a form of control over women and their lives, perpetuated by previous or present partners. Section III emphasises the importance of understanding of the victims, as each victim has h/her own distinct needs. Section IV explores the role of the police, to find out how much protection is provided and what type of help is available. Finally paper is concluded with discussion and possible measure that should be taken into consideration to mitigate domestic violence.

It is evident that patriarchal values and beliefs still exist in modern British society, leading to the failure of recent policy and the continuing of domestic disputes. Domestic violence is just one part of the existing inequalities between men and women. The subordination of women is socially constructed, and is reinforced continually, not only by the use of violence from their husbands, but also in other areas such as salary differences etc. which in turn has created an immutable patriarchal culture. Until the embedded attitudes are tackled, policies concerning the issue of domestic violence cannot be completely successful in tackling the problem.
Differentiated Modes of Interest Representation and the Politics of Transitional Regimes in Turkey and Egypt
Authors: Jang Ji-Hyang
Published: January 2012

It has been claimed that Turkey and Egypt possess a similar pattern of interest representation in which the earlier state-corporatism has been giving way to a more variegated form of corporatism. However, the seemingly similar structure of post state-corporatist system in both countries displays explicit differences given the distinguished and disaggregated stages of their transitional regime types. Namely, the representational dualism in which preexisting corporatism coexists with resurgent pluralism in post-Kemalist Turkey and post-Nasserist Egypt, does not share much similarity. Although both Turkey and Egypt have not reached the stage of liberal democracy or consolidated democracy, the former is classified as ambiguous regime moving toward electoral democracy while the latter is distinctively categorized as electoral authoritarian regime, typical pseudo democracy.
Formation and Development of Ethnic Entrepreneurship of Koryo Saram in Kazakhstan
Authors: Kim German N.
Published: January 2012

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of sovereign states opened a new page in the history of the “Koryo saram ”. Opposite to other ethnic minorities, that have chosen the strategy of leaving the former Soviet Central Asian Republics, the Koreans have stayed but they are again being forced to adapt and this time to the nationalizing states. The Korean Immigrant communities living scattered over the world are demonstrating one specific feature - their special ability to adapt themselves in the host countries. Koryo saram are, in this sense, a remarkable case. The first generation of Koryo saram tried as fast as possible to settle down on the land of the tsarist empire and later of the Soviet Russia. The second generation did not have time to taste the first fruits of their labor in the new lands. They were forced to repeat the mission of the previous generation, that is, to adapt after the Deportation of 1937 to the conditions in a new land, namely Central Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the third generation also turned out to be pioneering because they were forced to adapt to the new sovereign states of the post-Soviet area.
Emergence and Development of Chinese Stock Market
Authors: Gaffikin Michael , Liu Tianshu
Published: January 2012

This study introduces the emergence causes and compares and analyzes development of Chinese stock market from 1991 to 2000 from size, surveillance system, market structure, investor structure and statues, return and risk and volatility characters of share prices aspects. This study shows that development pace is very fast, however Chinese stock market is volatile and not efficient. Trading volume and interest rate redound to further explain volatility of share prices. This paper is concluded by highlighting some of the difficulties faced by China in developing its stock market in the context of traditional finance and economic theory and the experience of developed economies.
A Study on Islamic Consumerism from a Cultural Perspective
Authors: Eum IkRan
Published: January 2012

The Muslim market, which has been treated as a minor niche market until recently, has grown to a sizeable scale and is becoming one of the fastest growing markets in the world, with an annual Muslim population growth of 2.9 percent and resulting increasing purchasing power. Considering the significance of a new emerging Muslim market, the purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the growing Muslim identity on Islamic consumerism and its future. Focusing on Muslim youth, the study will delve into the Islamic religious attitudes toward global consumerism, the current situation of the Muslim market influenced by the intensification of Muslim identity and its future trend, as well as various case studies related to Muslim identity and its impact on recent consumption patterns. The result of the study would suggest a new direction for Korea in establishing a successful future marketing strategy in the Muslim market.
A Comparative Study on the Attitudes of Foreign Correspondents in Korea: Focusing on Their Views on North Korea
Authors: Lee Byung Jong
Published: January 2012

Because newspaper readers or television viewers cannot directly experience or witness events that are happening in foreign countries, they have to rely heavily on foreign correspondents for their perspectives on the world. But the views of foreign correspondents can never be fully objective. Their views are often shaped by the government policies of the countries their companies belong to. Also, their attitudes are affected by the editorial policies of the companies they work for. Particularly for such controversial issues as North Korea, foreign correspondents' viewpoints are highly influenced by their government and company policies. The question is how foreign correspondents react when their government foreign policy is different from their company editorial policy. To examine the impact of government and company policies on the attitudes of foreign correspondents, this paper interviewed eight foreign correspondents covering North Korea. The results show government foreign policy and company editorial policy strongly influence the foreign correspondents' attitudes toward the North.
In Search for Consolidation: The Political Economy of Industrial Restructuring in China's Automobile Industry
Authors: Lee Khan-Pyo
Published: January 2012

This paper, through examining the emergence and evolution of industrial structure in China's automotive industry, have attempted to assess the degree to which the country has succeeded in restructuring the overly fragmented and dispersed pattern of industrial organization in a capital-intensive industry featured by high economies of scale, the loss in economic efficiency due to fragmented structure of which is therefore greater. The result of the analyses shows that the fragmented industrial structure that emerged during the Cultural Revolution period, populated by numerous firms of sub-optimal scale that are scatted in all but a few regions of the vast country, have not only persisted throughout the reform era but in fact has become more fragmented both in terms of lower concentration ratios at firm level and greater geographical dispersal of production. Although there exist some signs of gradual progress in consolidation at the level of enterprise groups, the real economic effect of such restructuring, however, seems to be quite limited due to the lack of effective coordination and integration of operation between affiliate automakers nominally under umbrella of the same group.
The View and Understanding of Yugoslavia on the Korean War: An Analysis through Illustrations
Authors: Kim Chul-Min
Published: January 2012

Yugoslavia was always afraid of Soviet and its bloc's invasion by military power after Cominform (Informbiro) conflict in 1948. So, Korean War in 1950. has received as very important international occasion to Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia conceived Korean War as a collision between the West and the East, and started to analyze why occurred this collision in Korean peninsula instead of Balkan (Yugoslavia) which has been understood as peak of the Cold War.

In this study, on the basis of such backgrounds, I explained the view and understanding of Yugoslavia on the Korean War from the view point through illustrations in newspaper of Yugoslavia.

Among the various themes related to the problems of Korea and the Korean War in the illustrations, I focused on the following three points in this paper; First, Yugoslavia understands the origins of the division of the Korean peninsula and the Korean War such as a kind of Cold War caused by hegemonic policies of Super Powers; Second, Yugoslavia analyses the Korean War as an attack of North Korea on South Korea with the Soviet Union-made weapons; Third, Yugoslavia holds the view that the UN-led peace settlement rather than Power Game between Super Powers is necessary to end the Korean War and build peace on the Korean Peninsula.
The Specifics of Mircea Eliade's Fantastic Novels
Authors: Park Jeong O
Published: January 2012

One of the world's most famous historian of religions, as Mircea Eliade's reputation goes, is maybe less known outside his Romanian cultural origin area as one of the most skilful and talented novelist of fantastic prose. Oriental type of fantastic (typical for Eliade) takes a deeper glance at the meaning of the real life things. In the Romanian writer's fantastic prose, we can find a world that looks simple but is full of mysteries, privileged places and exceptional moments invested with the double capacity to allow access into the superior knowledge and also to many enigmas and key mysteries of life. The novelty and the originality of his literary works consist mostly in the specific of the definition of fantastic. One cannot look into his literary works without proper understanding that the author valued a great deal the implication of fantastic into daily reality, as a hidden sign, not an exterior reality, but part of the same reality that everybody is sharing.
United States Response to the 1973 Democratic Uprising in Thailand
Authors: Soh Byungkuk
Published: January 2012

The United States has long been the “arsenal for democracy”. Additionally, it is conventionally argued that the U. S. can explain inaction on two grounds: first, a fine line separates support for a democratic movement and interference in the internal affairs of another country; and the risk of a confrontation with the Soviet Union is too great. This article challenges the dominant paradigm in the study of the U. S. foreign policy. By taking the U. S. response to the 1973 democratic uprising in Thailand as a case study, this article argues that the U. S. foreign policy did not always match rhetoric in spite of non-existence of those two conditions, suggesting that U. S. foreign policy studies need to refresh and update their analytical paradigm.
Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in the UK: Case Study of Eastern Europe and the Baltic States' Women
Authors: Choi
Published: January 2012

The focus of this paper is on the trafficking of women from Eastern Europe and the Baltic states to the United Kingdom, for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It would look at what human trafficking is and how it differs from human smuggling by examining the five different stages of trafficking. There would be an examination of the legislation that is currently in place to try to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking, with attention paid to the United Nation Convention on Human Trafficking.

The extent of the Britain trafficking markets would be examined and the question of who the victims are would be explored and the reasons why these women are being trafficked. The traffickers would also be examined, looking at who they are and where they come from. The final part of this paper would then examine whether or not criminological perspectives can be used to explain human trafficking with particular reference to strain theory.
Macro-Structural Factors for Democratization in South Africa: Racial and Ethnic Cleavages in Apartheid Period
Authors: Seo Sang-hyun
Published: January 2012

Several cleavages, amongst which, race was (and still is) a dominant cleavage, can be identified in the South African society. The most important sources of cleavages prior to, and at the time of the transition to democracy, were race and ethnicity, class, and ideology. These cleavages often coincided with each other. The overlap of race, ethnicity, class and ideology were so intertwined, that to some scholars it seemed total. Lijphart, using Rae and Taylor's index of fragmentation, calculated the division by “ethnic” groups (14 in total - including Afrikaners and English) of South Africa as 0.89. On a scale of 0 to 1, the value is 0 for a completely homogeneous society (the possibility of belonging to different segments is nil). The value 1 occurs in the hypothetical society where each individual belongs to a different segment. South Africa's score is close to that of a completely fragmented society. This aspect of South Africa's transition is of particular importance in this thesis - that is democratisation in a divided society, particularly, in the presence of.
Competing Views on an East Asian Community: A South Korean Perspective
Authors: Ohn Daewon
Published: January 2012

The region of East Asia has experienced profound changes during the last two decades with the formation of a more region-oriented regional order in the economic and other arenas. Amidst the tendency moving fast towards an increased economic interdependence, there have been growing discussions among the regional countries on the possibility of building an East Asian Community. The main aim of this research is to examine the extent to which the EU's integration experience would make contribution to understanding East Asia's regional potential. It is argued that, despite the huge gaps between the two regions, the overall conditions for regional cooperation and integration in East Asia have been fast improving and the applicability of the European model to the region will continue to increase in the future. After analysing the political and security implications of the ongoing discussions, the author concludes that both the EU's model of regional integration and its proactive engagement policy in the region would likely facilitate the formation of an East Asian community in the coming future.
The Non-Institutional Factors of Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Uzbekistan
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun
Published: January 2012

The article focuses on three non-institutional factors - president, role of ideology (policy orientation), and external environment of Uzbekistan (and Central Asia) and how they have been influencing over foreign policy decision-making in Uzbekistan since independence. Firstly, President is a nexus of power in Uzbekistan. The authority of President of Republic of Uzbekistan Islam A. Karimov is often described as something “never-surpassed” in Uzbekistan since the super presidential system with authoritarian features has been developed over two decades. Islam Karimov as the top decision-maker in the foreign policy decision-making process, has promoted the ‘preventive’ and ‘multilateral’ diplomacy not too much leaning on one state or power. Secondly, as of role of ideology (policy orientation), in Uzbekistan, ‘de-Sovietization’ and ‘pragmatism’ are the dominating ideas in the foreign policy decision-making under the Karimov administration. Uzbekistan in the beginning had some distance from Russia and tried to broaden diplomatic relations with the West and other states such as South Korea and Japan. The third non-institutional factor is External Environment. The Central Asian region, where Uzbekistan is belonging to, is located in the center of Eurasia. With its abundant energy resources, the economic value has been remarkably growing in recent years. In this regards, Central Asia has been drawing attentions of key international players as the arena of competition. While this external condition provides a variety of options for Uzbekistan such as the ‘equidistance diplomacy’ among regional powers, such environment often turns out as challenges and unstable factors against the stability of Uzbekistan at the same time.
The Cultural Effects of Individualism and Collectivism on Social Capital
Authors: Yoon Kwang-Il
Published: January 2012

This paper attempts to identify the cultural effects of individualism and collectivism, which have been widely studied as the central organizing dimensions of culture, on the individual's political attitude and behavior while disentangling the individual and national level effects based on multilevel modeling. It uses the five waves (1981–2007) of the World Values Survey for thirty OECD member countries and attempts to establish a stronger case for the external validity of the findings. The analysis finds that in general individualism and collectivism matter both for the elements of civic culture/social capital. The significant cultural effects show up either at one level or at both
Dynamic Patterns of Korea-Vietnam Trade Relations
Authors: Kien Tran Nhuan , Kien Tran Nhuan , Lee Hong Ryul , Heo Yoon
Published: January 2012

This paper analyzes the dynamic patterns and trends pertaining to bilateral trade between Korea and Vietnam over the past decade. The principal findings of this paper are as follows. First, the commodity trade patterns between Korea and Vietnam have remained virtually unchanged, even though the volume of bilateral trade between the two has expanded significantly over the past decade. Second, Korean exports have been characterized by a high and growing share of intermediate goods, and Korean imports by a high and growing share of consumption goods. Third, the technological level of Korea's exports to Vietnam is much higher than that of Vietnam's exports to Korea. Fourth, Vietnam's exports are less diverse than Korea's. Fifth, bilateral trade between Korea and Vietnam has been less intense than these countries' trade with other countries in recent years. Sixth, Korea-Vietnam bilateral trade has principally been inter-industry trade. Seventh, Vietnam enjoys a comparative advantage largely in either primary products or low-technology manufactures, whereas Korea enjoys a comparative advantage primarily in manufactured products and machinery and transport equipment. Finally, the high degree of trade complementarity between Korea and Vietnam makes it plausible that a freer trade agreement may bring about greater benefit for both countries.
Multilateralism in Russian Foreign Policy: Some Tentative Evaluations
Authors: Lee Hongsub
Published: January 2012

Russia's pursuit of multilateral approach has dual characteristics. As a medium-sized great power in world politics, Russia tends to perform rhetorically as a proponent of the kind of multilateralism embodied in the United Nations. On the other hand, Russia has revealed stronger ambitions to assert itself as a regional power in its immediate neighborhood. Here, it tends to act either unilaterally or as an ‘instrumental multilateralist’, predominantly making use of regional institutions to legitimize its actions. In this context, Russia can be seen as both an instrumental and a principled multilateralist, in other words, multilateralism in Russian foreign policy is both a tool and a value.
Change in the Singular Racial Concept of American Society
Authors: Lee Hyun Song
Published: January 2012

In this paper key aspects concerning the emergence of multiracial identity are reviewed using previous researches and appropriate data. Three topics are examined; interracial marriage, racial classification scheme, and the racial designation of a child of mixed-race family. The emergence of multiracial people in official statistics provides the potential for capturing new forms of racial diversity that challenges well-established rules of identifying one's origins within one singular racial group.

Overall, intermarriage and racial classification patterns show that while the racial demarcation between Asians and whites or American Indians and whites seems to blur, that between white and black remains relatively distinct. The rate of intermarriage is much smaller between white and black. However, when they have a child, it is noteworthy that they are prone to resist the One-drop rule, rather choose a neutral option of “multiracial”. When the black-white multiracial get married, half of them also choose “multiracial” for their child. This pattern of transferring the multiracial identity over generations suggests the possibility that the multiracial identity may develop into a racial category of some stability and significance.

If race move closer to individual's choice and its categories become more complicated by adding many new breeds of combination, it is certain that the grip of race over Americans' lives will be weaker. The conception of singular race will be diluted with the wider adoption of multiracial along with the growth of interracial unions. It is certain that the enlarging complexity and confusion of race may move people's consciousness away from race-based frame.
China's Looking Seaward: Zheng He's Voyage in the 21st Century
Authors: Lee Jangwon
Published: January 2012

Over the past few decades, China has developed its economic and military power substantially. Due to the expanding power of China, ‘Rising China’ issue has emerged globally. This paper addresses the possibility of a rising China expanding toward sea, and also explores China's strategic intention of becoming a great sea power. China was both a continental power and a sea power in history. Today, China's property as a sea power is conspicuously emerging with its rapid rising, and has made every effort to look seaward especially modernizing and increasing its naval capabilities. Although the historical experience of China's dominant maritime capability such as Zheng He's fleets, China seized going to the sea for some time. However, the geo-strategic factors and the economic growth lead China to look seaward again. The geographical position and geo-strategic circumstances make China to pay more attention on the sea and sea oriented geo-strategy. Chinese Communist Party and People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) leaders are emphasizing and calling for a strong navy, and their efforts toward the sea power will be continued in the 21st century.
A Study on Romanian Historical Dramas
Authors: Park Jeong-O
Published: January 2012

Created in the early 20th century, almost all of Romanian historical dramas, were conceived under the influence of Al. Davila's drama Vlaicu-Vodă. Namely, writers such as Barbu Ş;tefănescu-Delavrancea, Mihail Sorbul, Nicolae Iorga -who is considered as the greatest Romanian historian-, Mircea Dem. Radulescu, Victor Eftimiu and A. de Herz described in their works the conflict between a lord and the nobility, a symptomatic medieval theme.

Barbu Ştefanescu-Delavrancea published a trilogy The sunset (Apus de soare, 1909), The snowstorm (Viforul, 1910) and Venus (Luceafărul, 1910). In addition, he created Irinel (1911) and Hagi-Tudose (1912) and The Second conscience (A doua conştiinţă). The first two works, were written on the basis of the short stories he wrote as a young writer, but they were not aesthetically well received by literary critics of the period.

Delavrancea wrote an historical trilogy as well. The first part, The sunset, was evaluated as his most successful literary work. This historical work has a strong romantic feature having as background the year of 1504, last year of reign of the glorious prince Stephen the Great, Ruler of Moldova. The sunset is an historical drama that connects three other Romanian historical dramas: Hasdeu's Ravan gi Vidra, Alexandri's Despot-Voda and Davila's Vlaicu-Voda.

The plot of Venus, the last part of Delanvrancea's trilogy, is in progress at the beginning of Petru Rareg's reign, the lord of Principality of Moldova.

Mihail Sorbul's creation in drama contains ‘dramatic sketches (schiţe dramatice)’ and ‘tragic comedy(comedii tragice)’ centered on some real historical figures.

Sorbul's representative work, The chronicles, is a historical drama and it's made up a total of five chapters. In this work, we can also see the ‘classic’ conflict of Romanian historical drama between a lord and nobles.

The snowstorm is a romantic historical drama, composed of four chapters with the main character of this work being the lord of the Principality of Moldova. The main feature of Romanian historical drama, the constant tension between the lord and the nobles, is centered this time around the figure of Luca Arbore.

Even though Mihail Sorbul, died at the age of 80 in 1966 he created a total of 20 dramas, but only three among them are considered successful literary works: The chronicles (Letopiseţi), Red Passion (Patima roşe) and The deserters (Dezertorul)

Sorbul's representative work, The chronicles, is a historical drama and it's made up a total of five chapters. In this work, we can also see the ‘classic’ conflict of Romanian historical drama between a lord and nobles.
The Hollywood Red Scare: An Attack on the Labor and Progressive Politics of Hollywood
Authors: Joo Jeongsuk
Published: January 2012

This paper examines the Hollywood Red Scare as one of the most prominent instances of Hollywood's implication in real-life politics. Occurring amid the fear of communist subversion of American society and anti-communist fervor that gripped the nation in the wake of the Cold War after World War II, the event was the Hollywood rendition of the anti-communist crusade. However, the Hollywood Red Scare was not a mere reflection or an extension of the concern of communist subversion and the anti-communist sentiment of the greater society. Nor did it occur to Hollywood by accident. This paper shows that the Hollywood Red Scare was also a response to internal developments, i.e., the challenges from organized labor and progressive politics of the 1930s. In other words, the Hollywood Red Scare provided an occasion to drive out militant labor, its supporters, and other radicals that gained ground during the 1930s. The ferocity of the Hollywood Red Scare was a testimony to the seriousness of these challenges from within as well as the fact that at stake was the control of an industry that had the enormous impact on popular imagination.
Conflict Management and Mediation Theory: South Africa's Role in Burundi's Civil Conflict
Authors: Park Junhyuk
Published: January 2012

Mediation is a peaceful method of third-party intervention in resolving regional and international crises without resorting to seemingly inevitable war. The literature on international mediation generally draws four contextual and process variables affecting the mediation outcomes. The three contextual variables are (a) the nature of the dispute; (b) the nature of the disputed parties; and (c) the nature of the mediator. The process variable is the mediator strategies. Unlike international relations theorists focusing on explaining the causes of war between states, most conflicts since 1945 have arisen within, rather than between, states, especially in Third World countries such as those in the African region. With this problem in mind, the research focus of this paper is to investigate the role played by third-party interveners in contemporary African civil conflicts within the same nation state by specifically assessing South Africa's mediating role (especially the facilitating role of the former South African President Nelson Mandela) in resolving the Burundi civil conflict based on the above four variables suggested by mediation literature.