bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floral Benzenoid Carboxyl Methyltransferases: From in vitro to in Planta Function
Authors: Effmert Uta , Saschenbrecker Sandra , Ross Jeannine , Negre Florence , Fraser Chris M. , Noel Joseph P. , Dudareva Natalia , Piechulla Birgit
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antibiotic Resistance: Multidrug Efflux Proteins, a Common Transport Mechanism?
Authors: Langton Kate P. , Henderson Peter J. F. , Herbert Richard B.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Rapid 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization Learning from the Enzyme Inhibitory Mechanism
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Theoretical Studies in Organolithium Chemistry
Authors: Jemmis Eluvathingal D. , Gopakumar G.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultrafast Electron Microscopy in Materials Science, Biology, and Chemistry
Authors: King Wayne E. , Campbell Geoffrey H. , Frank Alan , Reed Bryan , Schmerge John F. , Siwick Bradley J. , Stuart Brent C. , Weber Peter M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid State NMR Spectroscopy in Organolithium Chemistry
Authors: Johnels Dan , Guenther Harald
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Applications of Spin—Spin Couplings
Authors: Kamienska‐Trela Krystyna , Wojcik Jacek
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Extraction of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Ra2+
Authors: van Leeuwen Fijs W. B. , Verboom Willem , Reinhoudt David N.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Proton, Electron and Energy Transfer Processes in Excited Phenol—Olefin Dyads
Authors: Jimenez M. Consuelo , Miranda Miguel A. , Tormos Rosa
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Influence of Illuminance on the Observed Order of Reaction of Photodegradation of Nitrofurazone Solution
Authors: Tao Lin , Xian‐Cheng Zhan , Xiu‐Cen Yang , Ning He , Cheng‐Rong Li , Lin‐Li Li
Published: October 2005

The relationship between the observed order of reaction of photodegradation of nitrofurazone solution and the illuminance of incident light as well as the concentration of the solution was studied. In the studies, the solutions of three concentrations were exposed to light with three different illuminance values, respectively. The results indicated that the observed order of reaction was increased with the decrease of concentration, when the illuminance was kept constant, and with the increase of illuminance when the concentration was kept constant. The observed order of reaction of photodegradation of nitrofurazone solution depended on both the concentration of the drug and the illuminance of the incident light.
DFT Study on the QSAR of Nitroaromatic Compound Toxicity to the Fathead Minnow
Authors: Xiu‐Fen Yan , He‐Ming Xiao , Xue‐Hai Ju , Xue‐Dong Gong
Published: October 2005

The DFT‐B3LYP method, with the basis set 6‐311G**, was employed to calculate the molecular geometries and electronic structures of 31 nitroaromatics. EHOMO, ELUMO, QC, QN, QNO2 and μ were selected as quantum chemical descriptors. The acute toxicity (−lg LC50) of these compounds to the fathead minnow along with the six descriptors was used to establish the quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSARs). Through stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, a model was established as follows: −lg LC50=9.524−39.527ELUMO+16.859EHOMO+15.130Q+4.166QC (n=28, R=0.912, SE=0.361, F=28.468). The model was applied to predict and elucidate the toxicity of nitroaromatics successfully. Furthermore, a metabolic route of nitroaromatics in fathead minnow was proposed.
Application of the Ion‐interaction Model to the Solubility Prediction of LiCl‐HCl‐MgCl2‐H2O System at 20 °C
Authors: Ya‐Hong Li , Peng‐Sheng Song , Shu‐Ping Xia , Wu Li , Shi‐Yang Gao
Published: October 2005

Component solubility in HCl‐LiCl‐MgCl2‐H2O system of high ionic strength at 20 °C was predicted by using the Pitzer's ion‐interaction model. The results indicated that the model supplied a very good prediction of the component solubility of the system mentioned above. The values of parameters of β0, β1andCϕof HCl, LiCl and MgCl2were obtained from optimization of literature data, while those of θMNand ψMNXwere calculated from a least‐squares optimization procedure to couple activity coefficient with solubility data. According to the ion‐interaction model, no additional parameters need to be determined for more complex systems. The study provided theoretical basis for the manufacture process, which was proposed by Gao and employed to extract LiCl and MgCl2·6H2O from salt lake brine.
Effect of Sodium Halide on Dynamic Surface Tension of a Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Feng‐Feng Lü , Li‐Qiang Zheng , Yan‐An Gao , Gan‐Zuo Li , Zhen‐He Tong
Published: October 2005

The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension (DST) of the novel cationic surfactant, 3‐(p‐nonylphenoxy)‐2‐hydroxylpropyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, abbreviated as RTAB, were studied. The effect of sodium halide such as NaCl, NaBr and NaI on the DST behavior of the RTAB solution below its CMC was studied in detail. Due to the preferential adsorption, the effect of hydration and salting out, the ability to reduce the DST values at the same concentration was in the order of NaI>NaBr>NaCl. Attributed to its high surface activity, the equilibrium time of the DST of the surfactant solution was insensitive to the ionic strength.
Facile Synthesis of 1,2‐Diarylacetylene Compounds and Correlation between Their Structures and Physical Properties
Authors: Xin‐Bing Chen , Zhong‐Wei An , Lin Jia , Ai‐Ai Gao
Published: October 2005

1,2‐Diarylacetylenes have been synthesized by a facile method consisting of an addition of diaryl ketone with acetyl chloride and the elimination of resultant ethene chloride. Correlation between physical properties and structure of the 1,2‐diarylacetylene has been studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), refractor and electro‐optical parameter test instrument. The results show that birefringence was increased with inserting cyclohexyl into the skeleton, but mesophase range, melting and clearing points were reduced with introducing the ethylene bridge in the molecule, and birefringence, viscosity, clearing point and mesophase range could all be decreased with perfluoro alkyl/alkoxyl terminal instead of alkyl/alkoxyl moiety.
Roles of Anions in Pyridinecarboxamide‐copper(II) Supramolecular Networks
Authors: Chun‐Hua Ge , Xiang‐Dong Zhang , Wei Guan , Fang Guo , Qi‐Tao Liu
Published: October 2005

Three complexes Cu(ppca)2(H2O)2(NO3)2 (1), Cu2(μ‐OH)2(ppca)2(H2O)4}·(ClO4)2 (2) and Cu2(μ‐CH3COO)4(ppca)2 (3) have been synthesized by the reaction of copper(II) salts with N‐phenyl‐4‐pyridinecarboxamide (ppca) and characterized. For anions, in complex 1, NO3‐ coordinated with copper(II), in complex 2 perchlorate anion did not take part in coordination, the copper(II) cations were connected by μ‐OH to form a dinuclear unit, and complex 3 had a dimeric copper(II) carboxylate paddle‐wheel core. Noncovalent interactions linked these complexes to form supramolecular networks. Different coordinating modes of anions controlled modes of intermolecular interactions, which resulted in different final structures.
Reaction Mechanism and Dynamic Investigations of Poly‐channel Decomposition Reactions ofo‐Pyridyl Radical
Authors: Xue‐Li Cheng , Li‐Qing Li , Gui‐Xin Li , Yan‐Yun Zhao , Yan‐Fei Li
Published: October 2005

Utilizing Gaussian94 program package, all species involved in decomposition reactions ofo‐pyridyl radical were optimized fully at B3LYP/6‐311++G** level. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations were employed to confirm the connections of the transition states and products, and transition states were ascertained by the number of imaginary frequency (0 or 1). The reaction mechanism was elucidated by the vibrational mode analysis and electronic population analysis, and the reaction rate constants were calculated with transition state theory.
Synthesis and Characterization of meso‐Tetrakis‐ (p‐methoxyphenyl)porphyrin Rare Earth Chloride
Authors: Miao Yu , Guo‐Fa Liu , Qi‐Dong Zhao , De‐Jun Wang , Xu Jiang
Published: October 2005

meso‐Tetrakis‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)porphyrin rare earth chlorides, Ln(TMOPP)Cl (Ln: Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu and H2TMOPP: tetrakis‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)porphyrin), were synthesized and characterized. Their composition, structure and properties were studied by elemental analyses, ultra‐violet visible spectra, infrared spectra, luminescence spectra, molar conductances and thermal analysis. The four nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin are bonded to a central rare earth ion with four coordination numbers. The lanthanide ion lies above the porphyrin molecular plane and chloride ion is outside boundary of the coordination compound. Complexes are stable below 200 °C and do not contain small molecules (water or solvent). Ultra‐violet visible and infrared spectra were recorded and some of spectral bands were assigned. Surface photovoltaic spectroscopy (SPS) and electric‐field induced surface photovoltaic spectroscopy (EFISPS) were measured. The spectral bands were assigned. The photovoltaic response is similar to the UV‐visible absorption spectrum, therefore corresponding to analogous electron transition process.
Multicolor Photochromism of Polymolybdate‐Citric Acid Composite Films
Authors: Jing Wang , Guang‐Jin Zhang , Wen‐Sheng Yang , Jian‐Nian Yao
Published: October 2005

Photochromic polymolybdate‐citric acid composite films were fabricated. It was found that after UV irradiation the composite films with different molar ratios of organic/inorganic components exhibited different colors. The UV‐irradiated films showed dark blue, dark khaki and light sea green colors when the ratios were 1.0, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. It was identified by Raman spectra that the polymolybdate species formed in the composite films after UV irradiation were sensitive to the ratios of the organic/inorganic components, thus resulting in the different colors of irradiated films. Citric acid played an important role during the photochromic process. Under UV light irradiation, it served as hole scavenger that suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes to make the polymolybdates show UV light photochromism.
Investigation on Electrochemical Behavior and Scavenging Superoxide Anion Ability of Chrysin at Mercury Electrode
Authors: Jian‐Bin Zheng , Hong‐Fang Zhang , Hong Gao
Published: October 2005

The electrochemical behavior of chrysin in pH 2.0‐9.0 Britton‐Robinson (B‐R) buffer solutions was studied by the means of linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry at a static mercury drop electrode. In different pH range of B‐R buffer solutions, chrysin could cause four reduction waves. In pH 2.0‐5.8 B‐R buffer solutions, wave P1yielded by chrysin is a one‐electron reduction wave, and wave P1′caused by further reduction of the products of wave P1in pH<3.0 B‐R buffer solution is also a one‐electron reduction wave. But in 3.0<pH<5.8 B‐R buffer solution wave P1′was overlapped by the hydrogen wave. Between pH 5.8 and 9.0, chrysin could yield two reduction waves P2and P3. The former is an irreversible adsorptive wave of ionized chrysin involving one electron and the latter is also an irreversible adsorptive wave of reduction intermediate radical of chrysin involving one electron and one proton. And a linear relationship between ip3and the concentration of chrysin can be established from 1.0× 10‐6to 4.0×10‐5mol·L‐1(r=0.9924) with the detection limit of 5×10‐7mol·L‐1. In addition, the antioxidant ability of chrysin was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The determination result of IC50of chrysin showed that chrysin is a good antioxidant.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymercore‐Silvershell Composite Microspheres
Authors: Chang‐Hua Zhou , Jing‐Fang Zhou , Zhi‐Shen Wu , Zhi‐Jun Zhang , Ping‐Yu Zhang
Published: October 2005

Composite microspheres composed of monodispersed poly(St‐co‐MAA) latices with diameter about 260 nm as core and Ag nanocrystals as shell were prepared by an in situ reduction method. The shell thickness could be controlled in the range of 15‐45 nm by this coating process. The structure and the composition of the core‐shell microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The formation of the composite microspheres is explained by the nucleation of silver on the surface of the latices followed by growth of the silver shell.
A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐benzo‐[b]‐pyran Derivatives in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhao‐Qin Jiang , Shun‐Jun Ji , Jun Lu , Jin‐Ming Yang
Published: October 2005

A one‐pot synthesis of a series of 5‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐benzo‐[b]‐pyran derivatives via three‐component coupling reactions of aldehydes, dimedone and malononitrile in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) without any catalyst has been reported. In the meantime, the reuse of ionic liquids and the effect of different ionic liquids as solvent on the reaction have also been investigated.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction between Cationic Porphyrins and Human Serum Albumin by an Optical Biosensor
Authors: Yi‐Min Qin , Ni‐Na Pan , Yong‐Xing Jian , Zao‐Ying Li , Guo‐Lin Zou
Published: October 2005

An optical biosensor with a stirred cuvette has been used to monitor the interaction between immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) and three water‐soluble cationic porphyrins. The binding constants at 25 °C obtained from biosensor analysis were compared with those from fluorescence spectroscopy. The interactions were further investigated at temperatures from 15 °C to 30 °C. The thermodynamics parameters, changes of free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS), were evaluated from equilibrium data. It appeared that the binding process was governed primarily by electrostatic forces.
Intramolecular C→N 1,3‐Migration of Alkoxycarbonyl or Acetyl Group‐Applications, Limitations and Mechanism
Authors: Yuri G Gololobov
Published: October 2005

A new type of intramolecular electrophilic rearrangements involving the shift of alkoxycarbonyl or acetyl groups from a carbon atom to an N‐anionic center is presented.
Combined Transient Spectra and Semiempirical Calculation of [60]Fullerenes Attached with Piperidinodithiocarboxylate and 7‐Chloro‐phenazine
Authors: He‐Ping Zeng , Yan‐Li Yang , Li‐Jun Wen
Published: October 2005

[60]Fullerenes attached with piperidinodithiocarboxylate dyad (1) and 7‐chloro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrophenazine (2) were efficiently synthesized through Diels‐Alder cycloaddition with dienes. The physical properties of the triplet states of these compounds, in which strong electron acceptor moieties were covalently attached to C60 cores, were investigated by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The excited triplet states in benzonitrile have been evaluated by observing the transient absorption bands in the near‐IR region. The HOMO and LUMO were calculated by semiempirical methods AM1, which could predict the intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer in 1 and 2, and the nanosecond transient absorption spectra observed experimentally in solution were in excellent agreement with the calculated ones.
Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase colorectal cancer screening in a managed care health plan
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. , Farmer Melissa M. , Belman Michael J. , Garcia Christine A. , Streja Leanne , Dietrich Allen J. , Winchell Charlotte , Bastani Roshan , Kahn Katherine L.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer deaths; however, rates of regular screening for this cancer are low. A quality improvement (QI) program to increase CRC screening was developed for use in a managed care health plan.

METHODS

Thirty‐six provider organizations (POs) contracting with the health plan were recruited for a randomized controlled effectiveness trial testing the QI program. The intervention was delivered over a 2‐year period, and its effectiveness was assessed by chart review of a random sample of patients from each PO.

RESULTS

Thirty‐two of the 36 POs were evaluable for outcome assessment. During the 2‐year intervention period, only 26% of the eligible patients received any CRC screening test. Twenty‐nine percent of patients had any CRC screening test within guidelines, with no differences between the intervention or control POs. Significant predictors of having received CRC screening within guidelines were older age (P = 0.0004), receiving care in an integrated medical group (P < 0.0001) and having had a physical examination within the past 2 years (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

A facilitated QI intervention program for CRC screening that focused on the PO did not increase rates of CRC screening. Overall CRC screening rates are low and are in need of improvement. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Bilateral symmetric organization of neural elements in the visual system of a coelenterate, Tripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa)
Authors: Parkefelt Linda , Skogh Charlotta , Nilsson Dan‐Eric , Ekström Peter
Published: October 2005

Cubozoans differ from other cnidarians by their body architecture and nervous system structure. In the medusa stage they possess the most advanced visual system within the phylum, located in sophisticated sensory structures, rhopalia. The rhopalium is a club‐shaped structure with paired pit‐shaped pigment cup eyes, paired slit‐shaped pigment cup eyes, and two complex camera‐type eyes: one small upper lens eye and one large lower lens eye. The medusa carries four rhopalia and visual processing and locomotor rhythm generation takes place in the rhopalia. We show here a bilaterally symmetric organization of neurons, with commissures connecting the two sides, in the rhopalium of the cubozoan Tripedalia cystophora. The fortuitous observation that a subset of neurons is strongly immunoreactive for a PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen)‐like epitope allowed us to analyze the organization of these neurons in detail. Distinct PCNA‐immunoreactive (PCNA‐ir) nuclei form six bilateral pairs that are associated with the slit eyes, pit eyes, upper lens eye, and the posterior wall of the rhopalium. Three commissures connect the clusters of the two sides and all clusters in the rhopalium have connections to the area around the base of the stalk. This neuronal system provides an anatomical substrate for integration of visual signals from the different eyes. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:251–262, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal changes of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT)1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities and their colocalization in the mouse forebrain
Authors: Nakamura Kouichi , Hioki Hiroyuki , Fujiyama Fumino , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: October 2005

Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and VGluT2 accumulate neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals, and their antibodies are thus considered to be a good marker for glutamatergic axon terminals. In the present study, we investigated the postnatal development and maturation of glutamatergic neuronal systems by single‐ and double‐immunolabelings for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in mouse forebrain including the telencephalon and diencephalon. VGluT2 immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the forebrain, particularly in the diencephalon, from postnatal day 0 (P0) to adulthood, suggesting relatively early maturation of VGluT2‐loaded glutamatergic axons. In contrast, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was intense only in the limbic regions at P0, and drastically increased in the other telencephalic and diencephalic regions during three postnatal weeks. Interestingly, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was frequently colocalized with VGluT2 immunoreactivity at single axon terminal‐like profiles in layer IV of the primary somatosensory area from P5 to P10 and in the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus from P0 to P14. This was in sharp contrast to the finding that almost no colocalization was found in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, patchy regions of the caudate‐putamen, and the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, where moderate to intense immunoreactivities for VGluT1 and VGluT2 were intermingled with each other in neuropil during postnatal development. The present results indicate that VGluT2‐loaded glutamatergic axons maturate earlier than VGluT1‐laden axons in the mouse telencephalic and diencephalic regions, and suggest that VGluT1 plays a transient developmental role in some glutamatergic systems that mainly use VGluT2 in the adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:263–288, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotinamide promotes long‐term survival and extensive neurite outgrowth in ultimobranchial C cells cultured from chick embryos
Authors: Miura Masaaki , Kameda Yoko
Published: October 2005

In avian species, the ultimobranchial anlage is populated with neuronal cells derived from the distal vagal ganglion. We found that ultimobranchial C cells of chick embryos cultured in the presence of nicotinamide continued to grow for at least 60 days and exhibited profound morphological changes, resulting in the formation of dense networks of neuronal fibers. Nicotinamide, thus, facilitated the manifestation of neuronal features in C cells. The neuronal phenotypes of cultured C cells were analyzed in detail by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Their neural nature was also positively established by immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies to the neuronal markers neuron‐specific class III β‐tubulin (TuJ1), microtubule‐associated protein (MAP) 2, and synaptophysin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that these neuron‐specific proteins are colocalized with calcitonin in both the somata and the neuronal processes of C cells. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses, performed at various times up to 30 days in culture, indicated that the C cells have persistent gene expression of calcitonin, the catecholamine‐synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, proenkephalin, proopiomelanocortin, neuron‐specific β‐tubulin (cβ4), SCG10, and Bcl‐2. The morphological responses of C cells to nicotinamide treatment were analyzed quantitatively over a period of 60 days. The area of C‐cell colonies, number of processes per colony, and length of processes continued to increase until culture day 45. In conclusion, nicotinamide stimulates long‐term survival and neuronal differentiation of chick embryo C cells, and this culture system may provide a useful model for studying neuronal differentiation mechanisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:334–348, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of axonal branching of neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and pars lateralis in the rat
Authors: Cebrián Carolina , Parent André , Prensa Lucía
Published: October 2005

Axons from neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and pars lateralis (SNl) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Thirty‐two single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, whereas four other SNr axons were reconstructed in the coronal plane to determine whether they innervate the contralateral hemisphere. Four distinct types of SNr projection neurons were identified based on their main axonal targets: type I neurons that project to the thalamus; type II neurons that target the thalamus, the superior colliculus (SC), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg); type III neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray matter and the thalamus; and type IV neurons that target the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) and the SC. The axons of the SNl showed the same branching patterns as SNr axons of types I, II, and IV. The coronal reconstructions demonstrated that SNr neurons innervate the thalamus, the SC, and the DpMe bilaterally. At the thalamic level, SNr and SNl axons targeted preferentially the ventral medial, ventral lateral, paracentral, parafascicular, and mediodorsal nuclei. Axons reaching the SC arborized selectively within the deep layers of this structure. Our results reveal that the SNr and SNl harbor several subtypes of projection neurons endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. This organization allows single neurons of these output structures of the basal ganglia to exert a multifaceted influence on a wide variety of diencephalic and midbrain structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:349–369, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexpression of cholinergic and noradrenergic phenotypes in human and nonhuman autonomic nervous system
Authors: Weihe Eberhard , Schütz Burkhard , Hartschuh Wolfgang , Anlauf Martin , Schäfer Martin K. , Eiden Lee E.
Published: October 2005

It has long been known that the sympathetic innervation of the sweat glands is cholinergic in most mammalian species and that, during development, rodent sympathetic cholinergic sweat gland innervation transiently expresses noradrenergic traits. We show here that some noradrenergic traits persist in cholinergic sympathetic innervation of the sweat glands in rodents but that lack of expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter renders these cells functionally nonnoradrenergic. Adult human sweat gland innervation, however, is not only cholinergic but coexpresses all of the proteins required for full noradrenergic function as well, including tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine β‐hydroxylase, and the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2. Thus, cholinergic/noradrenergic cotransmission is apparently a unique feature of the primate autonomic sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, sympathetic neurons innervating specifically the cutaneous arteriovenous anastomoses (Hoyer‐Grosser organs) in humans also possess a full cholinergic/noradrenergic cophenotype. Cholinergic/noradrenergic coexpression is absent from other portions of the human sympathetic nervous system but is extended in the parasympathetic nervous system to intrinsic neurons innervating the heart. These observations suggest a mode of autonomic regulation, based on corelease of norepinephrine and acetylcholine at parasympathocardiac, sudomotor, and selected vasomotor neuroeffector junctions, that is unique to the primate peripheral nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:370–379, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the zebrafish Iroquois genes during early nervous system formation and patterning
Authors: Lecaudey Virginie , Anselme Isabelle , Dildrop Renate , Rüther Ulrich , Schneider‐Maunoury Sylvie
Published: October 2005

Iroquois genes are involved in many patterning processes during development. In particular, they act as prepattern genes to control proneural gene expression both in Drosophila and in vertebrates. In this paper, we have analyzed the expression during embryogenesis of the 11 zebrafish Iroquois genes, with special interest for nervous system formation and patterning. During the first 2 days of development, Iroquois genes are expressed in distinct domains in the neuroepithelium, as well as in groups of neuronal progenitors and neurons. They are also expressed at different stages of placodal development. These expression patterns are similar to the patterns of the murine irx genes and also show features specific to teleosts. For the zebrafish Iroquois gene family, we find both specific patterns and patterns conserved within a cluster, between paralogues, or in most genes of the family. Overall, these expression data suggest functions for the Iroquois family of transcription factors in neural and placodal patterning, neurogenesis, and neuronal specification. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:289–302, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance comparison of MPI and OpenMP on shared memory multiprocessors
Authors: Krawezik Géraud , Cappello Franck
Published: October 2005

When using a shared memory multiprocessor, the programmer faces the issue of selecting the portable programming model which will provide the best performance. Even if they restricts their choice to the standard programming environments (MPI and OpenMP), they have to select a programming approach among MPI and the variety of OpenMP programming styles.

To help the programmer in their decision, we compare MPI with three OpenMP programming styles (loop level, loop level with large parallel sections, SPMD) using a subset of the NAS benchmark (CG, MG, FT, LU), two dataset sizes (A and B), and two shared memory multiprocessors (IBM SP3 NightHawk II, SGI Origin 3800). We have developed the first SPMD OpenMP version of the NAS benchmark and gathered other OpenMP versions from independent sources (PBN, SDSC and RWCP). Experimental results demonstrate that OpenMP provides competitive performance compared with MPI for a large set of experimental conditions. Not surprisingly, the two best OpenMP versions are those requiring the strongest programming effort. MPI still provides the best performance under some conditions. We present breakdowns of the execution times and measurements of hardware performance counters to explain the performance differences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues in computational frameworks
Authors: van der Steen Aad J.
Published: October 2005

In this paper we discuss issues that are common to computational frameworks for compute‐intensive modeling and either need to be resolved or require design decisions to arrive at a more uniform behavior of such frameworks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging the language gap in scientific computing: the Chasm approach
Authors: Rasmussen C. E. , Sottile M. J. , Shende S. S. , Malony A. D.
Published: October 2005

Chasm is a toolkit providing seamless language interoperability between Fortran 95 and C++. Language interoperability is important to scientific programmers because scientific applications are predominantly written in Fortran, while software tools are mostly written in C++. Two design features differentiate Chasm from other related tools. First, we avoid the common‐denominator type systems and programming models found in most Interface Definition Language (IDL)‐based interoperability systems. Chasm uses the intermediate representation generated by a compiler front‐end for each supported language as its source of interface information instead of an IDL. Second, bridging code is generated for each pairwise language binding, removing the need for a common intermediate data representation and multiple levels of indirection between the caller and callee. These features make Chasm a simple system that performs well, requires minimal user intervention and, in most instances, bridging code generation can be performed automatically. Chasm is also easily extensible and highly portable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PALM: a computational framework for assembling high‐performance computing applications
Authors: Buis Samuel , Piacentini Andrea , Déclat Damien
Published: October 2005

The PALM project aims to implement a general tool allowing the easy integration of high‐performance computing applications in a flexible and evolutive way. It was originally designed for oceanographic data assimilation algorithms, but its application domain extends to multiple scientific applications. In the framework of PALM, applications are split into elementary components that can exchange data. The main features of PALM are the dynamic launching of the coupled components, the full independence of the components from the application algorithm, the parallel data exchanges with redistribution and the separation of the physics from the algebraic manipulations performed by the PALM algebra toolbox. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative Photochemical Reaction Mechanism of Femtosecond Laser‐Induced Photocoloration in Spirooxazine Microcrystals
Authors: Suzuki Mototsugu , Asahi Tsuyoshi , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: October 2005

Microcrystalline powders of spirooxazine and spiropyran compounds do not show photocoloration under steady‐state illumination, whereas they undergo photochromism on intense femtosecond laser‐pulse excitation. We investigated the characteristic mechanism of the crystalline photochromism by studying the photocoloration of spironaphthooxazine (SNO) and its chloro‐substituted derivative (Cl‐SNO) with our femtosecond diffuse‐reflectance spectroscopic system. In particular, femtosecond double‐pulse excitation using 390+780‐nm pulses and 390+390‐nm pulses, with a variable time interval between the two pulses, was applied to reveal an intermediate species involved in the photocoloration. Although 780‐nm excitation of an intermediate produced by 390‐nm excitation did not lead to isomerization, the 390+390‐nm excitation resulted in photocoloration. The yield for SNO decreased on increasing the interval from 40 ps to 5 ns, while that for Cl‐SNO was constant. The photocoloration mechanism in the crystalline phase is considered from the viewpoint of the time‐dependent density of short‐lived transient species, and it is concluded that cooperative interactions of excited states and nonplanar open forms play an important role in femtosecond laser‐induced photochromism in these crystals.
Performance analysis of CDMA cellular networks with channel sub‐rating
Authors: Yamanaka Sachiko , Shimohara Katsunori
Published: October 2005

This paper presents the analysis of CDMA cellular networks with channel sub‐rating. From users' point of view, our considered scheme gives higher priority to handoff calls over new calls by sub‐rating the existing connections when handoff calls find no idle channels upon their arrivals. Therefore, it is considered that the disadvantage of the soft handoff which needs more channels than the hard handoff is made up for. Handoff calls can also wait in a queue while they are in handoff areas if all channels are sub‐rated in the cell of interest. We mathematically model this scheme by applying queueing theory. Then, we analyse its performance to derive the blocking probabilities of the new and handoff calls, the probability that handoff calls leave the handoff area without getting new channels, the degradation ratio of the voice quality by sub‐rating, mean and coefficient of variation of the waiting time of handoff calls. In numerical results, the analytical results are compared with the simulation ones to validate our analytical approach. Moreover, we compare the sub‐rating scheme with full‐rating one with respect to some characteristic values to show the effect of sub‐rating. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of a mRNA encoding a glycine‐proline–rich β‐keratin expressed in the regenerating epidermis of lizard
Authors: Dalla Valle Luisa , Toffolo Vania , Belvedere Paola , Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: October 2005

During scale regeneration in lizard tail, an active differentiation of β‐keratin synthesizing cells occurs. The cDNA and amino acid sequence of a lizard β‐keratin has been obtained from mRNA isolated from regenerating epidermis. Degenerate oligonucleotides, selected from the translated amino acid sequence of a lizard claw protein, were used to amplify a specific lizard keratin cDNA fragment from the mRNA after reverse transcription with poly dT primer and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (3′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, 3′‐RACE). The new sequence was used to design specific primers to obtain the complete cDNA sequence by 5′‐RACE. The 835‐nucleotide cDNA sequence encodes a glycine‐proline–rich protein containing 163 amino acids with a molecular mass of 15.5 kDa; 4.3% of its amino acids is represented by cysteine, 4.9% by tyrosine, 8.0% by proline, and 29.4% by glycine. Tyrosine is linked to glycine, and proline is present mainly in the central region of the protein. Repeated glycine–glycine‐X and glycine‐X amino acid sequences are localized near the N‐amino and C‐terminal regions. The protein has the central amino acid region similar to that of claw–feather, whereas the head and tail regions are similar to glycine‐tyrosine–rich proteins of mammalian hairs. In situ hybridization analysis at light and electron microscope reveals that the corresponding mRNA is expressed in cells of the differentiating β‐layers of the regenerating scales. The synthesis of β‐keratin from its mRNA occurs among ribosomes or is associated with the surface of β‐keratin filaments. Developmental Dynamics 234:934–947, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue interactions in the regulation of axon pathfinding during tooth morphogenesis
Authors: Luukko Keijo , Kvinnsland Inger Hals , Kettunen Päivi
Published: October 2005

Like many other organs, the tooth develops as a result of the epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions. In addition, the tooth is a well‐defined peripheral target organ for sensory trigeminal nerves, which are required for the function and protection of the teeth. Dental trigeminal axon growth and patterning are tightly linked with advancing tooth morphogenesis and cell differentiation. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of dental axon pathfinding, which have provided evidence that the development of tooth trigeminal innervation is controlled by epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions. The early dental epithelium possesses the information to instruct tooth nerve supply, and signals mediating these interactions are part of the signaling networks regulating tooth morphogenesis. Tissue interactions, thus, appear to provide a central mechanism of spatiotemporally orchestrating tooth formation and dental axon navigation and patterning. Developmental Dynamics 234:482–488, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inner ear formation during the early larval development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Quick Quincy A. , Serrano Elba E.
Published: October 2005

The formation of the eight independent endorgan compartments (sacculus, utricle, horizontal canal, anterior canal, posterior canal, lagena, amphibian papilla, and basilar papilla) of the Xenopus laevis inner ear is illustrated as the otic vesicle develops into a complex labyrinthine structure. The morphology of transverse sections and whole‐mounts of the inner ear was assessed in seven developmental stages (28, 31, 37, 42, 45, 47, 50) using brightfield and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The presence of mechanosensory hair cells in the sensory epithelia was determined by identification of stereociliary bundles in cryosectioned tissue and whole‐mounts of the inner ear labeled with the fluorescent F‐actin probe Alexa‐488 phalloidin. Between stages 28 and 45, the otic vesicle grows in size, stereociliary bundles appear and increase in number, and the pars inferior and pars superior become visible. The initial formation of vestibular compartments with their nascent stereociliary bundles is seen by larval stage 47, and all eight vestibular and auditory compartments with their characteristic sensory fields are present by larval stage 50. Thus, in Xenopus, inner ear compartments are established between stages 45 and 50, a 2‐week period during which the ear quadruples in length in the anteroposterior dimension. The anatomical images presented here demonstrate the morphological changes that occur as the otic vesicle forms the auditory and vestibular endorgans of the inner ear. These images provide a resource for investigations of gene expression patterns in Xenopus during inner ear compartmentalization and morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:791–801, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of synaptic vesicle two‐related protein SVOP in the developing nervous system of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Logan Mary A. , Steele Michael R. , Vetter Monica L.
Published: October 2005

Synaptic vesicle‐associated proteins are important regulators of neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals in mature animals. Some synaptic vesicle‐associated proteins are also expressed during development, although their contribution to development is not as clear. Here, we describe the cloning and developmental expression pattern of the Xenopus laevis synaptic vesicle‐associated protein SVOP, a gene first identified as an immediate target for proneural basic helix–loop–helix factors. Alignment analysis revealed a high level of identity between the SVOP protein sequences from Xenopus and other vertebrates. In developing Xenopus embryos, SVOP expression is restricted to the nervous system and is first detectable at the mid‐neurula stage. As development progresses SVOP becomes broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system. Our observation that SVOP is expressed in the developing Xenopus nervous system suggests that it may be involved in neuron formation, maturation, or neuronal function. Developmental Dynamics 234:802–807, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An antenna weight control method of downlink for adaptive array antennas at base station in DS‐CDMA cellular system
Authors: Mikami Manabu , Fujii Teruya
Published: October 2005

The application of adaptive array antennas in wireless base stations in cellular mobile communication systems is studied to improve frequency utilization. Since the propagation path information differs in the uplink and the downlink in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) where the carrier frequencies in the downlink and uplink differ, the method for generating the antenna weights for the downlink is an important topic of study. In this paper, we propose a method that measures the location of the mobile station via the uplink (direction and distance from the base station) and controls the antenna weights of the downlink based on that information. Then we clearly show the improvement in the receive CINR performance in the mobile station when the proposed method was applied to a DS‐CDMA cellular system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 57–68, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20199
Multimode horn with optimum gain within circular area
Authors: Deguchi Hiroyuki , Okada Taisuke , Tsuji Mikio , Shigesawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2005

In this paper, a multimode horn efficiently illuminating the entire circular area is proposed. In comparison with the conventional dual mode horn with a pencil beam, the minimum gain within the covered area is higher by more than 1 dB. In the horn design, the mode excitation coefficients are derived from the universal pattern maximizing the gain in an arbitrary direction. By comparing this result with the optimum gain derived from the quadratic programming method, the effect of beam shaping is evaluated. The validity of the present method is verified by numerical analysis and by the measured radiation pattern of a curved flare multimode horn fabricated for trial in the X band. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 12–21, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20246
Generation of correlated photon pairs in the 1550‐nm band using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide
Authors: Mori Shigehiko , Motoya Masayuki , Namekata Naoto , Inoue Shuichiro
Published: October 2005

Long‐distance communication is important for practical quantum key distribution. From the viewpoint of transmission distance, generation of single photons at 1550 nm is desirable for fiber transmission. Making use of parametric down‐conversion (signal and idler photons) as a single photon source for quantum key distribution can obtain communication distance longer than using a conventional weak coherent pulse. The reason for this is that the arrival time of the idler photon can be known by the detection of signal photon and therefore the dark count probability can be reduced by operating Bob's detector for a very short time around the photon arrival. In this paper, we report on the generation of the correlated photon pairs in the 1550‐nm band using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide which has a high conversion efficiency. Our measurements are in agreement with a Poissonian photon‐pair distribution. We have deduced that the probability of multi‐photon‐pair generation is sufficiently reduced when the pump is lower than 5 µW with a repetition rate of 800 kHz. We also demonstrated a two‐photon interference experiment using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer to confirm the quantum‐mechanical nature of the correlated photon pairs. We found that that visibility was decreased when the pump power was increased due to the multi‐photon‐pair contribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 28–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20130
Magnetic field analysis by the edge element FEM
Authors: Miyata Kenji
Published: October 2005

Several useful techniques are presented for magnetic field analysis by the edge element FEM. The relations of nodal, edge, and facet shape functions are visualized as important properties using the differential operators of gradient and rotation. These shape functions and the rotation of edge shape functions are presented for tetrahedral, prismatic, pyramidal, and hexahedral elements. Furthermore, the method of determining coil current distributions satisfied with conservation of current is shown using a current vector potential and a surface tree gauge condition for open‐loop coils and closed loop coils. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 59–65, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20168
Open‐cycle OTEC systems with freshwater product: Effects of noncondensable gases on performance of condenser
Authors: Amano Masatsugu , Tanaka Tadayosi
Published: October 2005

An open‐cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC‐OTEC) system is one of the energy conversion methods used to generate electricity from ocean thermal energy. For the OC‐OTEC system, steam evaporated from the surface seawater due to flash evaporation drives the turbine. At that time, dissolved gas such as air is introduced into the low‐pressure system (OC‐OTEC system) as the noncondensable gas, which degrades the performance of condensation heat transfer.

In this paper, a small‐scale OC‐OTEC experimental unit experimentally investigates the effect of noncondensable gas on the heat transfer performance in a condenser. The experimental results are discussed in comparison with theoretical estimation by the Sparrow–in method. It is shown that the condensation is occupied by heat and mass transfer near a condensation surface and that the condensation efficiency is affected by exhaust quantity of noncondensable gas at a relatively high concentration ratio of condensable gas. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 29–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20179