bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rate‐dependent self‐healing behavior of an ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid ionomer under high‐energy impact conditions
Authors: Grande Antonio Mattia , Castelnovo Luca , Landro Luca Di , Giacomuzzo Cinzia , Francesconi Alessandro , Rahman Mohammed Arifur
Published: May 2013

In this work, the mechanical and the self‐healing behaviors of an ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid ionomer were investigated in different testing conditions. The self‐healing capability was explored by ballistic impact tests at low‐velocity, midvelocity, and hypervelocity bullet speed; different experimental conditions such as sample thickness and bullet diameter were examined; in all impact tests, spherical projectiles were used. These experiments, in particular those at low and midspeed, allowed to define a critical ratio between sample thickness and bullet diameter below which full repair was not observed. After ballistic damage, the healing efficiency was evaluated by applying a pressure gradient through tested samples. Subsequently, morphology analysis of the affected areas was made observing all tested samples by scanning electron microscope. This analysis revealed different characteristic features of the damaged zones affected at different projectile speed. Stress–strain curves in uniaxial tension performed at different temperatures and strain rates revealed yield strength and postyield behavior significantly affected by these two parameters. A rise of temperature during high strain rate tests in the viscoplastic deformation region was also detected. This behavior has a strong influence on the self‐repairing mechanism exhibited by the studied material during high‐energy impact tests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1949–1958, 2013
Poly(butylene succinate)/layered double hydroxide bionanocomposites: Relationships between chemical structure of LDH anion, delamination strategy, and final properties
Authors: Sisti Laura , Totaro Grazia , Fiorini Maurizio , Celli Annamaria , Coelho Christian , Hennous Mohammed , Verney Vincent , Leroux Fabrice
Published: May 2013

A series of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) containing organo‐modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) are prepared by melt compounding and by in situ polymerization of succinic ester and 1,4‐butanediol. Various LDHs intercalated with renewable organic anions are used. More specifically, lauryl sulfate, stearate, succinate, adipate, sebacate, citrate, and ricinoleate ions are used as LDHs organo‐modifiers. The thermal, rheological, and dynamic mechanical properties of the samples are investigated. The results reveal a general mechanical reinforcement imparted by the clays. Significant changes are observed for the in situ polymerized nanocomposites, especially for LDH stearate which improves the properties of PBS nanostructure, whereas very few differences are observed for the other samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1931–1940, 2013
Highly scalable nanoparticle–polymer composite fiber via wet spinning
Authors: Stone Roland , Hipp Stephen , Barden Joel , Brown Phillip J. , Mefford O. Thompson
Published: May 2013

Magnetic nanoparticles have continued to gather the interest of researchers due to the unique physical properties of materials found at this size scale. Herein, the production of composite magnetic fibers composed of iron oxide nanoparticles suspended in alginate is described. These materials were produced via wet spinning of a sodium alginate solution into a bath of an aqueous solution of calcium chloride. The magnetic fibers were found to have similar mechanical properties to normal alginate fibers, and exhibited superparamagnetic behavior when subjected to an external DC magnetic field. In addition, the particle loaded fibers demonstrated the potential to produce significant amounts of heat when exposed to an AC magnetic field, suggesting these new materials could be applicable to a variety of applications including magnetic hyperthermia. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1975–1980, 2013
Stimulation of Fibrotic Processes by the Infrapatellar Fat Pad in Cultured Synoviocytes From Patients With Osteoarthritis: A Possible Role for Prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Bastiaansen‐Jenniskens Yvonne M. , Wei Wu , Feijt Carola , Waarsing Jan H. , Verhaar Jan A. N. , Zuurmond Anne‐Marie , Hanemaaijer Roeland , Stoop Reinout , van Osch Gerjo J. V. M.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Stiffening of the joint is a feature of knee osteoarthritis (OA) that can be caused by fibrosis of the synovium. The infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) present in the knee joint produces immune‐modulatory and angiogenic factors. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the IPFP can influence fibrotic processes in synovial fibroblasts, and to determine the role of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in these processes.

Methods

Batches of fat‐conditioned medium (FCM) were made by culturing pieces of IPFP obtained from the knees of 13 patients with OA. Human OA fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) (from passage 3) were cultured in FCM with or without inhibitors of TGFβ/activin receptor–like kinase 5 or PGF2α for 4 days. The FLS were analyzed for production of collagen and expression of the gene for procollagen‐lysine, 2‐oxoglutarate 5‐dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2; encoding lysyl hydroxylase 2b, an enzyme involved in collagen crosslinking) as well as the genes encoding α‐smooth muscle actin and type I collagen α1 chain. In parallel, proliferation and migration of the synoviocytes were analyzed.

Results

Collagen production and PLOD2 gene expression by the FLS were increased 1.8‐fold (P < 0.05) and 6.0‐fold (P < 0.01), respectively, in the presence of FCM, relative to control cultures without FCM. Moreover, the migration and proliferation of synoviocytes were stimulated by FCM. Collagen production was positively associated with PGF2α levels in the FCM (R = 0.89, P < 0.05), and inhibition of PGF2α levels reduced the extent of FCM‐induced collagen production and PLOD2 expression. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling had no effect on the profibrotic changes.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the IPFP can contribute to the development of synovial fibrosis in the knee joint by increasing collagen production, PLOD2 expression, cell proliferation, and cell migration. In addition, whereas the findings showed that TGFβ is not involved, the more recently discovered profibrotic factor PGF2α appears to be partially involved in the regulation of profibrotic changes.
Osteoprotegerin Causes Apoptosis of Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Induction of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kim Ji‐Young , Park Yune‐Jung , Kim Ki‐Jo , Choi Jin‐Jung , Kim Wan‐Uk , Cho Chul‐Soo
Published: May 2013

Objective

Elevated serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels represent an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease, although the underlying mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum OPG levels and circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers, and to explore the effect of OPG on EPC apoptosis and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Flow cytometry was used to enumerate EPCs in the peripheral blood of 91 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Cultured EPCs, isolated from peripheral blood, were challenged with OPG, and apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Expression of apoptosis‐related proteins was measured by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and MAP kinases (MAPK) was measured by qPCR and Western blotting.

Results

The serum OPG level was independently associated with reduced numbers of EPCs in patients with SLE. In vitro treatment with OPG significantly induced apoptosis of EPCs; this effect was mediated by syndecan 4. OPG‐induced apoptosis was abolished by the ROS scavenger N‐acetylcysteine and the NOX inhibitor diphenyleniodonium. OPG increased ROS production through activation of NOX‐2 and NOX‐4 and triggered phosphorylation of ERK‐1/2 and p38 MAPK. Quenching of ROS by knockdown of NOX‐2 or NOX‐4 transcripts inhibited phosphorylation of ERK‐1/2 and p38 MAPK. Moreover, inhibitors of ERK‐1/2 and p38 MAPK decreased ROS production and subsequent EPC apoptosis, indicating a feed‐forward loop between NOX and MAPK to amplify ROS production related to apoptosis.

Conclusion

Elevated OPG levels increase apoptosis of EPCs by induction of oxidative stress.
HLA–B27 Alters the Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Promotes Osteoclastogenesis in Bone Marrow Monocytes From HLA–B27–Transgenic Rats
Authors: Layh‐Schmitt Gerlinde , Yang Eva Y. , Kwon Grace , Colbert Robert A.
Published: May 2013

Objective

To determine whether HLA–B27 expression alters the response of bone marrow monocytes from HLA–B27/human β2‐microglobulin–transgenic (B27‐Tg) rats to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and, if so, whether this affects the cells involved in bone homeostasis.

Methods

Bone marrow monocytes were treated with RANKL or with TNFα to promote osteoclast formation. Osteoclasts were quantified by counting. Gene expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and protein was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, or immunofluorescence. Effects of endogenously produced cytokines on osteoclast formation were determined with neutralizing antibodies.

Results

TNFα treatment enhanced osteoclast formation 2.5‐fold in HLA–B27–expressing cells as compared to wild‐type or to HLA–B7/human β2‐microglobulin–expressing monocytes. TNFα induced ∼4‐fold up‐regulation of HLA–B27, which was associated with the accumulation of misfolded heavy chains, binding of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP, and activation of an ER stress response, which was not seen with HLA–B7. No differences were seen with RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis. Enhanced interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) production from ER‐stressed bone marrow monocytes from B27‐Tg rats was found to be necessary and sufficient for enhanced osteoclast formation. However, bone marrow monocytes from B27‐Tg rats also produced more interferon‐β (IFNβ), which attenuated the effect of IL‐1α on osteoclast formation.

Conclusion

HLA–B27–induced ER stress alters the response of bone marrow monocytes from B27‐Tg rats to TNFα, which is associated with enhanced production of IL‐1α and IFNβ, cytokines that exhibit opposing effects on osteoclast formation. The altered response of cells expressing HLA–B27 to proinflammatory cytokines suggests that this class I major histocompatibility complex allele may contribute to the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis and its unique phenotype through downstream effects involving alterations in bone homeostasis.
Scientific communities as autopoietic systems: The reproductive function of citations
Authors: Riviera Emanuela
Published: May 2013

The increasing employment of bibliometric measures for assessing, describing, and mapping science inevitably leads to the increasing need for a citation theory constituting a theoretical frame for both citation analysis and the description of citers' behavior. In this article a theoretical model, encompassing both normative and constructivist approaches, is suggested. The conceptualization of scientific communities as autopoietic systems, the components of which are communicative events, allows us to observe the reproductive function of citations conceived as codes and media of scientific communication. Citations, thanks to their constraining and enabling properties, constitute the engine of the structuration process ensuring the reproduction of scientific communities. By referring to Giddens' structuration theory, Luhmann's theory about social systems as communicative networks, Merton's “sociology of science” and his conceptualizations about the functions of citations, as well as Small's proposal about citations as concept‐symbols, a sociologically integrated approach to scientometrics is proposed.
Complementing anatomy education using three‐dimensional anatomy mobile software applications on tablet computers
Authors: Lewis T. L. , Burnett B. , Tunstall R. G. , Abrahams P. H.
Published: May 2013

Anatomy has traditionally been a cornerstone of medical education, which has been taught via dissection and didactic lectures. The rising prevalence of mobile tablet technology means medical software applications (“apps”) play an increasingly important role in medical education. The applications highlighted in this article will aid anatomical educators to identify which are the most useful in clinical, academic, and educational environments. These have been systematically identified by downloading all applications with keywords related to anatomy and then carrying out qualitative assessment. Novel anatomy applications from developers such as Visible Body, 3D4Medical, and Pocket Anatomy allow students to visualize and manipulate complex anatomical structures using detailed 3D models. They often contain additional content including clinical correlations and a range of media from instructional videos to interactive quiz functions. The strength of tablet technology lies in its ability to consolidate and present anatomical information to the user in the most appropriate manner for their learning style. The only question mark remains over the level of detail and accuracy of these applications. Innovative medical educators who embrace tablet technology will find that anatomy applications serve as a useful learning tool when used in conjunction with existing teaching setups. Clin. Anat. 27:313–320, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ribosomally Synthesized and Post‐Translationally Modified Peptide Natural Products: New Insights into the Role of Leader and Core Peptides during Biosynthesis
Authors: Yang Xiao , van der Donk Wilfred A.
Published: May 2013

Ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a major class of natural products with a high degree of structural diversity and a wide variety of bioactivities. Understanding the biosynthetic machinery of these RiPPs will benefit the discovery and development of new molecules with potential pharmaceutical applications. In this Concept article, we discuss the features of the biosynthetic pathways to different RiPP classes, and propose mechanisms regarding recognition of the precursor peptide by the post‐translational modification enzymes. We propose that the leader peptides function as allosteric regulators that bind the active form of the biosynthetic enzymes in a conformational selection process. We also speculate how enzymes that generate polycyclic products of defined topologies may have been selected for during evolution.
Color reproduction of authenticable luminescent backlit transmissive color images
Authors: Andres Julien , Hersch Roger D.
Published: May 2013

We propose a method for creating authenticable color images under UV excitation backlight by printing an invisible luminescent white emissive ink layer on the verso side of a transmissive substrate and a classical cmy image on the recto side of the substrate. In order to obtain a backlit image whose colors are as close as possible to the original image colors, we map the input image sRGB color gamut into the gamut formed by the emissive white source attenuated by the classical ink halftones. The relationship between surface coverages of the classical cmy ink halftones and the resulting backlit colors is obtained by accounting for the transmission of the emissive white through the paper substrate and through the classical cmy ink halftones. The transmittance of the classical ink halftones is modeled by a new halftone absorbance prediction model. The lightness range of the luminescent backlit color gamut is expanded by printing a black and white UV‐absorbing instance of the original color image in superposition with the luminescent white emissive layer and in registration with the cmy image printed on the recto side. Luminescent backlit color images provide a high anticounterfeiting security, as they combine a verso printed invisible luminescent ink layer, a verso printed black and white instance of the original image and a matching recto printed cmy instance of the original image. The resulting luminescent backlit image colors are close to the original image colors only when observed in transmission mode under UV light. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 331–340, 2014
Accelerating R‐based analytics on the cloud
Authors: Patel Ishan , Rau‐Chaplin Andrew , Varghese Blesson
Published: May 2013

This paper addresses how the benefits of cloud‐based infrastructure can be harnessed for analytical workloads. Often, the software handling analytical workloads is not developed by a professional programmer but on an ad hoc basis by analysts in high‐level programming environments such as R or MATLAB. The goal of this research is to allow Analysts to take an analytical job that executes on their personal workstations and with minimum effort execute it on cloud infrastructure and manage both the resources and the data required by the job. If this can be facilitated gracefully, then the Analyst benefits from on‐demand resources, low maintenance cost and scalability of computing resources, all of which are offered by the cloud. In this paper, a Platform for Parallel R‐based Analytics on the Cloud (P2RAC) that is placed between an Analyst and a cloud infrastructure is proposed and implemented. P2RAC offers a set of command‐line tools for managing the resources, such as instances and clusters, the data and the execution of the software on the Amazon Elastic Computing Cloud infrastructure. Experimental studies are pursued using two parallel problems and the results obtained confirm the feasibility of employing P2RAC for solving large‐scale analytical problems on the cloud.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PU text classification enhanced by term frequency–inverse document frequency‐improved weighting
Authors: Peng Tao , Liu Lu , Zuo Wanli
Published: May 2013

Term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF–IDF), one of the most popular feature (also called term or word) weighting methods used to describe documents in the vector space model and the applications related to text mining and information retrieval, can effectively reflect the importance of the term in the collection of documents, in which all documents play the same roles. But, TF–IDF does not take into account the difference of term IDF weighting if the documents play different roles in the collection of documents, such as positive and negative training set in text classification. In view of the aforementioned text, this paper presents a novel TF–IDF‐improved feature weighting approach, which reflects the importance of the term in the positive and the negative training examples, respectively. We also build a weighted voting classifier by iteratively applying the support vector machine algorithm and implement one‐class support vector machine and Positive Example Based Learning methods used for comparison. During classifying, an improved 1‐DNF algorithm, called 1‐DNFC, is also adopted, aiming at identifying more reliable negative documents from the unlabeled examples set. The experimental results show that the performance of term frequency inverse positive–negative document frequency‐based classifier outperforms that of TF–IDF‐based one, and the performance of weighted voting classifier also exceeds that of one‐class support vector machine‐based classifier and Positive Example Based Learning‐based classifier. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impossible differential cryptanalysis on cipher E2
Authors: Wei Yuechuan , Yang Xiaoyuan , Li Chao
Published: May 2013

E2, a block cipher, is an Advanced Encryption Standard candidate designed and submitted by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. It employs a Feistel structure as global structure and two‐layer substitution–permutation network structure in round function. The conservative structure makes E2 immune to kinds of current cryptanalysis. Previously, there is no result of impossible differential attacks on E2 because it was once supposed to have no more than five‐round impossible differential characteristic. In this paper, we present a series of six‐round impossible differential characteristics of E2 with/without initial transformation (IT)/ final transformation (FT) functions. Based on these impossible differentials, the immunity of E2 against impossible differential cryptanalysis is evaluated. We perform a seven‐round attack on tweaked E2 (E2 without IT and FT ) with 128, 192, and 256 bits key and an eight‐round attack on tweaked E2 with 256 bits key. The seven‐round attack requires about 2120 chosen plaintexts and 2115.5 seven‐round encryptions; the eight‐round attack needs 2121 chosen plaintexts and less than 2214 eight‐round encryptions. We also discuss the seven‐round attack on E2 with IT or FT, and the result shows that the attack has the same complexities with the seven‐round attack on tweaked E2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room temperature epitaxial growth of (001) CeO2 on (001) LaAlO3 by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Ho Yen‐Teng , Chang Kuo‐Shu , Liu Kou‐Chen , Hsieh Li‐Zen , Liang Mei‐Hui
Published: May 2013

The room temperature epitaxial growth of CeO2 on lattice matched (001) LaAlO3 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method under various oxygen partial pressure (Po2) is demonstrated. X‐ray diffraction analysis with 2‐Theta/rocking curve/Phi‐scan, cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy with selected‐area diffractions are used to characterize structural of grown films. The epitaxial (001) CeO2 can be achieved at room temperature under Po2 less than 2 × 10−3 Torr. The best quality of grown film is obtained under Po2 = 2 × 10−5 Torr and degraded under Po2 = 2 × 10−6 Torr due to oxygen deficiency in structure. The epitaxial relationship between CeO2 and LAO is confirmed to be (001)CeO2 //(001)LAO, [100]CeO2//[110]LAO and [010]CeO2//[10]LAO. No obvious reduction reaction occurred, from Ce+4 turned into Ce+3 states, as reducing oxygen partial pressure during growth by PLD.
UPLC‐PDA‐TOF/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to rapidly analyze and evaluate Ginkgo biloba leaves from different origin
Authors: Yao Xin , Zhou Guisheng , Tang Yuping , Guo Sheng , Qian Yefei , Jin Chun , Qin Yong , Qian Dawei , Duan Jin‐ao
Published: May 2013

In the present study, an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐PDA‐TOF/MS) was proposed and validated for rapidly analyzing and evaluating Ginkgo biloba leaves from different origins by using multivariate statistical analysis. Batches of these kinds of G. biloba leaves were subjected to UPLC‐PDA‐TOF/MS analysis, the datasets of retention time (RT)‐m/z pairs, ion intensities and sample codes were further processed with orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) to holistically compare the difference between these G. biloba leaves, and to generate an S‐plot. Those compounds correlated to the points at the two ends of S were regarded as the most differentiating components. By comparing the mass/UV spectra and retention times with those of reference compounds and/or tentatively assigned by matching empirical molecular formulae with those of the known compounds published in the literatures, these differentiating components were finally characterized as kaempferol 3‐O‐[2‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐hydroxy‐trans‐cinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐glucosyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnoside], kaempferol 3‐O‐[2‐O,6‐O‐bis(α‐L‐rhamnosyl)‐β‐D‐glucoside], ginkgolide C, kaempferol 3‐O‐[2‐O‐(β‐D‐glucosyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnoside], and bilobetin. These compounds would be the potential chemical markers for the two kinds of leaves. The results suggested that this newly established approach could be used to rapidly evaluate the quality of herbs from different origin, and to provide good strategy for further rectify and standardize the herb market. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma processing for carbon nanomaterials. Syntheses of nanostructures and their process control by numerical simulation of plasma
Authors: Suda Yoshiyuki , Takikawa Hirofumi , Tanoue Hideto
Published: May 2013

Plasma is a useful tool to synthesize carbon nanomaterials, including diamonds, fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphenes. This review gives an overview of these carbon nanomaterials produced by thermal or nonthermal plasmas and of the authors' work related to plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes, along with an analysis and numerical simulation of CH4/H2 feedstock gas plasmas. The amount of carbon atoms in the grown carbon nanotubes and that calculated by simulation showed good agreement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(6): 1–8, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11504
Load and battery charge oriented flooding for broadcast streaming over ad hoc networks
Authors: Utsu Keisuke , Ishii Hiroshi
Published: May 2013

This paper considers cases where a speciﬁc number of nodes in an ad hoc network broadcast video and audio streams over the entire network, and proposes Load and Battery Charge Oriented Flooding (LBF), which reduces degradation in delivery quality, lowers energy consumption, and prevents nodes from being interrupted due to the complete discharge of their batteries. It also describes an evaluation of the proposed method through network simulation, and conﬁrms its eﬀectiveness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(6): 57–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11567
Estimation of the current peak value distribution of all lightning to the ground by electro‐geometric model
Authors: Sakata Tadashi , Yamamoto Kazuo , Sekioka Shozo , Yokoyama Shigeru
Published: May 2013

When we examine the lightning frequency and the lightning shielding eﬀect of the electro‐geometric model (EGM), we need the current distribution of all lightning to the ground. The distribution of lightning current to structures is diﬀerent from this distribution, but it has been used in EGM conventionally. We assumed the lightning striking distance coeﬃcient related to the height of structures in order to obtain a result which corresponds to the observed frequency of lightning to structures, and estimated the current distribution of all lightning to the ground from data listed in the IEC 62305 series of EGM. The estimated distribution adjusted by the LLS detection eﬃciency agreed well with the distribution observed by LLS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(3): 14–26, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22356
Position sensorless control of IPMSMs based on a novel flux model suitable for maximum torque control
Authors: Matsumoto Atsushi , Hasegawa Masaru , Matsui Keiju
Published: May 2013

In this paper, a novel position sensorless control method for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) that is based on a novel ﬂux model suitable for maximum torque control has been proposed. Maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control is often utilized for driving IPMSMs with the maximum eﬃciency. In order to implement this control, generally, the accurate motor parameters are required. However, the inductance varies dramatically because of magnetic saturation, which has been one of the most important problems in recent years. Therefore, the conventional MTPA control method fails to achieve maximum eﬃciency for IPMSMs because of parameter mismatches. In this paper, ﬁrst, a novel ﬂux model has been proposed for realizing the position sensorless control of IPMSMs, which is insensitive to Lq. In addition, in this paper it is shown that the proposed ﬂux model can approximately estimate the maximum torque control (MTC) frame, which is a new coordinate aligned with the current vector for MTPA control. Next, in this paper, a precise estimation method for the MTC frame has been proposed. By this method, highly accurate maximum torque control can be achieved. A decoupling control algorithm based on the proposed model is also addressed in this paper. Finally, some experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and eﬀectiveness of the proposed method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(3): 55–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22380
Security issues for mega penetration of photovoltaic power generation in future electric power systems. A case study of stability for power swing oscillation using the IEEJ WEST 10‐machine model
Authors: Okumoto Yoshiharu , Yorino Naoto , Sasaki Yutaka , Zoka Yoshifumi , Fujita Shoki , Yamanaka Toshihiro
Published: May 2013

Mega penetration of photovoltaic power generation (PV) will be introduced in future electric power systems, dealing with environmental problems such as global warming and energy exhaustion. The authors have pointed out that diﬃculties will arise in meeting the N‐1 security standard if increases in uncertainties cannot be avoided due to PV penetration. Thus, we have proposed a new concept of “robust power system security” together with several conditions to be satisﬁed in order to guarantee the N‐1 security standard under uncertainties. In this paper, (1) a model of uncertainties due to PV generation is proposed based on robust power system security; a method for proper parameter selection is also provided. Then, (2) the inﬂuence on the stability of the PV and load disconnection from the power system is studied through simulation using the model system; (3) the eﬀect of PV fault ride‐through (FRT) on stability is investigated along with dynamic voltage support (DVS). Finally, it is shown that (4) complicated and burdensome tasks will be considerably increased in power system operation planning and real‐time operation under future circumstances by the mega penetration of PV. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(3): 1–13, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22391
A method for designing the power and capacitance of fuel cells and electric double‐layer capacitors of hybrid railway vehicles
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Kondo Keiichiro
Published: May 2013

A hybrid railway traction system with fuel cells (FC) and electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLC) is discussed in this paper. This system can save FC costs and absorb regenerative energy. A method for designing FC and EDLC on the basis of the output power and capacitance, respectively, has not been reported, although their design is one of the most important technical issues encountered in the design of hybrid railway vehicles. Such a design method is presented along with a train load proﬁle and an energy management strategy. The design results obtained using the proposed method are veriﬁed by performing numerical simulations for a running train. These results reveal that the proposed method for designing the EDLC and FC on the basis of the capacitance and power, respectively, and using a method for controlling the EDLC voltage, is suﬃciently eﬀective in designing eﬃcient EDLC and FC of hybrid railway traction systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(3): 47–54, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22395
Design and development of highly eﬃcient transducer for ultrasonic wireless power transmission system
Authors: Hori Yuki , Fujimori Kazuhiro , Tsuruta Kenji , Nogi Shigeji
Published: May 2013

In this paper, a transducer that is suitable for the ultrasonic wireless power transmission system is discussed. The transducer is designed based on Mason's equivalent circuit theory, basically. The transducer was developed using design parameters optimized by multiphysics analysis. As a result, it is conﬁrmed that the transmission eﬃciency is drastically improved to more than 50%. This result suggests that wireless power transmission by acoustic wave is feasible. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(3): 27–35, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22406
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell exhaustion in sarcoidosis
Authors: Snyder‐Cappione Jennifer E. , Nixon Douglas F. , Chi Joyce C. , Nguyen Michelle‐Linh T. , Kirby Christopher K. , Milush Jeffrey M. , Koth Laura L.
Published: May 2013

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are integral components of immune responses during many chronic diseases, yet their surface phenotypes, subset distribution, and polyfunctional capacity in this environment are largely unknown. Therefore, using flow cytometry, we determined iNKT cell phenotypic and functional characteristics in subjects with chronic inflammatory disease sarcoidosis and matched controls. We found that sarcoidosis subjects displayed lower iNKT‐cell frequencies, which correlated with lung fibrosis, C‐reactive protein levels, and other measures of clinical disease. The CD4−CD8− (double negative, DN) iNKT‐cell population was selectively lower in diseased individuals and the remaining DN iNKT cells exhibited higher frequencies of the activation markers CD69 and CD56. Functionally, both total IFN‐γ+ and the dual‐functional IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+ iNKT cells were decreased in sarcoidosis subjects and these functional defects correlated with total iNKT‐cell circulating frequencies. As the loss of polyfunctionality can reflect functional exhaustion, we measured the surface antigens programmed death‐1 receptor and CD57 and found that levels inversely correlated with dual‐functional iNKT‐cell percentages. These findings reveal that, similar to traditional T cells, iNKT cells may also undergo functional exhaustion, and that circulating iNKT‐cell frequencies reflect these defects. Programmed death‐1 receptor antagonists may therefore be attractive therapeutic candidates for sarcoidosis and other iNKT‐cell‐mediated chronic diseases.
With(out) a little help from my friends: An IL‐12/CD40L‐mediated feed‐forward loop between CD8+T cells and DCs
Authors: Nolte Martijn A. , van Lier Rene A. W.
Published: May 2013

CD40–CD40L interactions are important for both antigen‐dependent B‐cell differentiation and effector and memory T‐cell formation. The prevailing view is that CD40L is expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, which enables them to provide help to high‐affinity B cells in GCs and to license DCs for efficient induction of CD8+ T‐cell responses. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells themselves can also express CD40L and, in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Thiel and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 1511‐1517] show that CD40L expression on these cells can be part of a self‐sustaining feed‐forward loop, in which expression of CD40L is induced by IL‐12 and TCR signaling. This provides a paradigm shift in our thinking about the requirements of effector CD8+ T‐cell development and the role herein of CD4+ T cells to provide help in this process.
Coordination Properties of Multidentate Phosphanylborane Ligands in Tungsten Nitrosyl Complexes
Authors: Jana Rajkumar , Blacque Olivier , Jiang Yanfeng , Berke Heinz
Published: May 2013

The ambiphilic and small‐bite‐angle diphosphanylborane ligands Ph2PCH(PPh2)CH2B(C8H14) (2) and Ph2PCH2CH[B(C8H14)]PPh2 (3) containing the Lewis acidic 9‐boranorbornyl group B(C8H14) have been prepared in one step by regioselective anti‐Markovnikov hydroborations of 1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethylene and 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethylene with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) under relatively drastic reaction condition. The coordination properties of Ph2PCH2CH2B(C8H14) (1) and the newly prepared 2 and 3 towards the tungsten nitrosyl fragment {WNO}6 have been studied structurally and spectroscopically. Herein, we report the cis and trans tungsten nitrosyl complexes cis‐[W(CO)2(1)2(NO)(Cl)] (cis‐4a), cis‐[W(CO)2(1)2(NO)(H)] (cis‐4b), trans‐[W(CO)2(1)2(NO)(Cl)] (trans‐4a), trans‐[W(CO)2(1)2(NO)(H)] (trans‐4b), cis‐[W(CO)2(2)(NO)(Cl)] (cis‐5a), cis‐[W(CO)2(2)(NO)(H)] (cis‐5b), cis‐[W(CO)2(3)(NO)(Cl)] (cis‐6a), cis‐[W(CO)2(3)(NO)(H)] (cis‐6b), which were readily obtained from straightforward ligand‐substitution reactions of the tungsten carbonyl nitrosyl precursor [W(NO)(CO)4(ClAlCl3)] in tetrahydrofuran. The crystal structures of the tungsten chloride complexes cis‐4a, trans‐4a, and cis‐5a revealed that the trialkyl boron centers are free pendants in the secondary coordination spheres, whereas in the hydride complexes trans‐4b, cis‐5b, and cis‐6b the hydride ligand trans to the nitrosyl ligand is σ coordinated to the tethered B(C8H14) group and form three‐center, two‐electron (3c–2e) W–H–B bonds, which were observed in their crystal structures. The authenticity of the 3c–2e W–H–B bond in the tungsten hydride complex cis‐5b was further checked by a DFT structural optimization and natural bond order (NBO) analysis.
The Al(ORF)3/H2O/Phosphane [RF = C(CF3)3] System – Protonation of Phosphanes and Absolute Brønsted Acidity
Authors: Kraft Anne , Possart Josephine , Scherer Harald , Beck Jennifer , Himmel Daniel , Krossing Ingo
Published: May 2013

The synthesis of the classical, neutral donor–acceptor adducts Ph2MeP–/Ph3P–/Ph3As–Al(ORF)3 and H2O–Al(ORF)3 [1, 2, 3, 4, ORF = OC(CF3)3] is reported. The intermediate H2O–Al(ORF)3 (4) was generated by substitution of PhF in PhF–Al(ORF)3 with H2O and was analyzed in a long‐term NMR study over 22 days. This Brønsted acidic system was used in orienting experiments to protonate phosphanes such as PMePh2, PPh3, PCy3, P(tBu)3, and PCy2[2,4,6‐(iPr)3C6H2]. Depending on the use of one or two equivalents of PhF–Al(ORF)3, the new weakly coordinating anions [(RFO)3Al(μ‐OH)Al(ORF)3]– or [HOAl(ORF)3]– were obtained. However, in dependence of the steric bulk of the phosphanes, stable and unreactive R3P–Al(ORF)3 adducts were also observed in the NMR experiments. The absolute acidity of the key H2O–Al(ORF)3 adduct was evaluated by the relaxed COSMO cluster‐continuum (rCCC, COSMO = conductor‐like screening model) model in fluorobenzene solution. For a 0.001 M solution of H2O–Al(ORF)3, the medium acidity resulted as –986 kJ mol–1 or a pHabs value of 173. Long‐term hydrolysis of H2O–Al(ORF)3 (4), probably to give HORF and HOAl(ORF)2 followed by trimerization, gave [HOAl(ORF)2]3 (10), which was identified by X‐ray diffraction.
Reactions of a Niobium Nitride Complex Prepared from Dinitrogen: Synthesis of Imide and Ureate Complexes and Ammonia Formation
Authors: Akagi Fumio , Suzuki Shoui , Ishida Yutaka , Hatanaka Tsubasa , Matsuo Tsukasa , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki
Published: May 2013

A nitride complex [K(thf)2]2[{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐N)2] (2), prepared from [K(DME)]2[{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐H)4] (1) and N2, was protonated with 2,6‐lutidinium chloride to yield ammonia and [(O3)NbCl3]– (3), where H3[O3] = tris(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy phenyl)methane. The reaction of 3 with KBHEt3 regenerated [K(DME)]2[{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐H)4] (1), thereby completing a synthetic cycle for the conversion of N2 to NH3. Alkylation of 2 with methyl iodide led to formation of [K(thf)][{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐N)(μ‐NMe)] (4) and [{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐NMe)2] (5). Treatment of 5 with pyridine afforded a terminal imide complex [(O3)Nb=NMe(py)2] (6). The imide monomer 6 reacted with CO2 to give [(O3)Nb{(MeN)2CO}(py)] (7) and [{(O3)Nb}2(μ‐O)2] (8) in a 2:1 ratio, while the reaction of 6 with p‐TolNCO gave an asymmetric ureate complex [(O3)Nb{p‐TolNC(O)NMe}(py)] (9).
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of MnIII(L)phosphinate Complexes (L = meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin or Schiff base)
Authors: Richeter Sébastien , Larionova Joulia , Long Jérôme , van der Lee Arie , Leclercq Dominique
Published: May 2013

The structural organization and magnetic properties of MnIII complexes with meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)ethylenediamine (tBuSalen), and bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (Salen) capping ligands assembled with phosphinate ligands such as H2PO2–, PhHPO2– and Ph2PO2– have been investigated. The structural organization and, thus, the magnetic properties in this series depends on the nature of both the capping and bridging ligands. The hypophosphite ion (H2PO2–) and the diphenylphosphinate ion (Ph2PO2–) act as bridging ligands to form 1D polymeric structures [{Mn(TPP)O2PH2}2·H2O·EtOH]n and [Mn(Salen)O2PPh2]n, among which only the former presents single chain magnet behaviour; the pronounced nonalignment of the anisotropy axes explains the absence of such behaviour in the latter. The phenylphosphinate ion (PhHPO2–) and the diphenylphosphinate ion (Ph2PO2–) act as monodentate ligands in the complexes with tBuSalen and TPP as capping ligands, respectively. The diphenylphosphinate ion acts as both a bidentate ligand and charge‐compensating anion in [Mn2(tBuSalen)2(O2PPh2)(EtOH)2+(Ph2PO2–)·H2O].
Upright and left out: Posture moderates the effects of social exclusion on mood and threats to basic needs
Authors: Welker Keith M. , Oberleitner David E. , Cain Samantha , Carré Justin M.
Published: May 2013

Adopting a powerful posture leads individuals to feel more confident and dominant. Social exclusion can strongly impact individuals' mood and basic social needs. The current research combines these bodies of research, investigating the effects of dominant and submissive poses on responses to social exclusion and inclusion. In two experiments, participants held a slouching or upright pose and were either socially included or excluded using the Cyberball social exclusion manipulation. Social exclusion only affected participants' mood when individuals took a powerful posture: Excluded participants in powerful postures had more negative mood after exclusion than included power‐posing participants, but effects of exclusion and inclusion did not differ among submissive‐posing participants (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly, it was also found that social exclusion affected basic needs only when participants' adopted powerful poses (Experiment 2). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of dispersed oil on reproduction in the cold water copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus)
Authors: Olsen Anders Johny , Nordtug Trond , Altin Dag , Lervik Morten , Hansen Bjørn Henrik
Published: May 2013

Following a 120-h exposure period to 3 concentrations of oil dispersions (0.022 mg L−1, 1.8 mg L−1, and 16.5 mg L−1, plus controls) generated from a North Sea crude oil and a subsequent 21-d recovery, mortality, and several reproduction endpoints (egg production rates, egg hatching success, and fraction of females participating in reproduction) in Calanus finmarchicus were studied. Concentration-dependent mortality was found during exposure, averaging to 6%, 3%, 15%, and 42% for the controls and 3 exposure levels, respectively. At the start of the recovery period, mean egg production rates of surviving females from the highest concentrations were very low, but reproduction subsequently improved. In a 4-d single female reproduction test starting 13 d postexposure, no significant differences in egg production rates or hatching success were found between reproducing control and exposed copepods. However, a significantly lower portion of the surviving females from the highest exposure participated in egg production. The results indicate that although short-term exposure to oil-polluted water after an oil spill can induce severe mortality and temporarily suspend reproduction, copepods may recover and produce viable offspring soon after exposure. The results might imply that for C. finmarchicus populations, the impact from short-term exposure to an oil spill might be predicted from acute mortality and that delayed effects make only a limited contribution to population decrease. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2045–2055. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Low temperatures enhance the toxicity of copper and cadmium to Enchytraeus crypticus through different mechanisms
Authors: Cedergreen Nina , Nørhave Nils Jakob , Nielsen Kristoffer , Johansson Hanna K.L. , Marcussen Helle , Svendsen Claus , Spurgeon David J
Published: May 2013

Knowledge about how toxicity changes with temperature is important for determining the extent of safety factors required when extrapolating from standard laboratory conditions to variable field scenarios. In the present study, the authors evaluated the toxicity of Cu and Cd to the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus at 6 temperatures in the range of 11 °C to 25 °C. For both metals, reproductive toxicity decreased approximately 2.5-fold with increasing temperature. This is contrary to what most other studies have found. Measurements of the bioavailable fraction of the metals in the soils and the internal metal concentrations in the worms over time showed that the major cause of change in toxicity with temperature for Cu was the worms' ability to regulate internal concentration at high temperatures. Uptake of Cd increased with time at all temperatures and with higher rates at high temperatures. Hence, the lower toxicity of Cd at high temperatures is proposed to be due to the E. crypticus being more efficient at immobilizing Cd and/or repairing damages at high compared to low temperatures. The present study concludes that no consistent relationship between metal toxicity and temperature across species can be made. The metabolic dependence of the species in terms of regulating metal uptake, excretion, immobilization, damage, and repair processes, will be crucial factors in determining species susceptibility to metals at varying temperatures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2274–2283. © 2013 SETAC
An examination of factors influencing delayed discharge of older people from hospital
Authors: Challis David , Hughes Jane , Xie Chengqiu , Jolley David
Published: May 2013

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the delayed discharge of older people from hospital and their length of stay (LOS).

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively from inpatient records and adult social care services on older patients referred to the latter prior to hospital discharge.

Results

Data on two related measures—delayed discharge and LOS—were analysed separately within a four‐stage sequential framework. Using bivariate analysis, we found that cognitive impairment and dependency were significantly associated with delay. Patients admitted to trauma and orthopaedics specialties were significantly more likely to be delayed on discharge. Respiratory illness was negatively associated with delay. Factors related to care received as an inpatient associated with delayed discharge from hospital were not being in the responsible consultant's bed for part of their stay, two or more moves between specialties and receipt of rehabilitation services. Admission to a care home and receipt of domiciliary care if returning to a private dwelling on discharge were associated with delay. In the multivariate analysis, dependence and cognitive impairment impacted differently on delay and LOS. Hospital variables were the most important predictors of LOS and social care variables in respect of delayed discharge.

Conclusion

Patient characteristics and especially the organisation of care in hospital and the provision of services on discharge are related to the likelihood of delayed discharge and LOS. Improved services and structures to systematically assess and treat patient needs in hospital, together with the timely provision of services providing post‐discharge services tailored to individual circumstances, are required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.