bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of dispersing agents on the dyeing of polyester with a disperse dye
Authors: Odvárka J , Schejbalová H
Published: August 2010

An experimental procedure has been devised to study the interdependence of three dispersing agents present in the dyeing of polyester with CI Disperse Orange 21. The method involves the use of ternary diagrams to represent the relationship between dyeing properties and the concentration of dispersing agents present in a dyebath. The technique could be applied to commercial dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes.
Setting standards‐BS 5750 and total quality management
Authors: Hawkyard Chris , McShane Isabel
Published: August 2010

Total quality management and BS 5750 are being implemented to an ever increasing degree in the textile industry. In this article, Chris Hawkyard and Isabel McShane look at the background to the two systems and how one company has put BS 5750 into practice.
Will ink jets ever replace screens for textile printing?
Authors: Dawson T L , Ellis H.
Published: August 2010

The many problems involved in developing an ink‐jet printer suitable tor woven and knitted textiles are outlined. Efforts have been concentrated on adapting existing systems used for paper or carpet substrates. Work devised to produce a modular array of drop‐on‐demand valves to meet the required criteria is described, together with details of the selection of dyes and chemicals for a practical jet printing process.
Everything you always wanted to know (and more) about patent applications
Authors: Latham David , Bradbeer Amanda
Published: August 2010

With the increased competition that many sections of industry have had to face from cheap imports from countries where labour and operating costs are low, it is increasingly important to protect the intellectual endeavours of those producing new processes and techniques. David Latham and Amanda Bradbeer look at the mechanism involved in making a patent application.
Colour in graphics
Authors: Osborne Roy
Published: August 2010

In the context of graphic communication, colour is particularly useful in attracting and holding the attention, prior to conveying information and making that information memorable. Roy Osborne proposes that although no designer can guarantee that a particular colour combination will stimulate precisely the intended response in any sample of viewers, general agreements can be deduced that might form the basis for methodical approaches to colour association.
An investigation into the effects of graft polymerisation of vinyl monomers to wool
Authors: Barr Douglas M
Published: August 2010

The grafting of vinyl monomers to wool to confer shrink‐resistance can have a number of side‐effects, notably changes in dye uptake, tensile behaviour and handle. This work investigated these phenomena as a method of improving specific fibre properties. In addition, an attempt was made to develop a system of industrial, rather than purely scientific, significance. Several systems were examined, in particular a highly efficient and selective system using the redox couple potassium bromate and cobalt diacetate, with monomers such as methyl‐, ethyl‐and butyl‐methacrylate. The effects of co‐solvents such as acetone and diethyleneglycol monobutylether were also studied. It was found that both dye uptake and tensile strength could be significantly improved by relatively low levels of grafting without deleterious effects on handle. A novel ‘limiting volume’ model was developed to describe the various stages through which the grafting process proceeds, which explains the observed results, particularly at high levels of grafting where polymer growth is ‘forced’ onto the fibre surface.
Style and splendour
Authors: Clabburn Pamela
Published: August 2010

Although the textile trade in the city of Norwich goes back for many hundreds of years, the slawl industry, for which the area is renowned, peaked during the nineteenth century. In anticipation of a forthcoming exhibition, Style and splendour, the Norwich shawl industry 1785–1885, Pamela Clabburn details the history of the shawl in the city, and describes the types of shawl for which Norwich became famous.
Acetoacetanilide colorants: intramolecular bonding and their relationship with pyrazolone colorants
Authors: Whitaker A.
Published: August 2010

The possibility of C.H.O intramolecular bonds in acetoacetanilide colorants is considered. It is concluded that such bonds play an important part in keeping the molecular planar. A close relationship between the molecular configurations of acetoacetanilide and pyrazolone colorants is noted, and it is suggested that the printed representation of the former should be changed.
Bromoindirubins: the synthesis and properties of minor components of Tyrian purple and the composition of the colorant from Nucella lapillus
Authors: Clark R J H , Cooksey C J
Published: August 2010

The identification of 6, 6′‐dibromoindirubin as a component of Tyrian purple has been confirmed by a practical synthesis. Two monobromoindirubins, which could be minor components, have also been synthesised. These compounds have been fully characterised by UV/vis, NMR, IR and MS data. However, the use of UV/vis absorption maxima in solution is shown to be an unreliable identification tool, being solvent dependent. MS cannot distinguish 6, 6′‐dibromoindirubin from 6, 6′‐dibromo‐indigotin, the major component; solution NMR is precluded by lack of solubility and the colorant is best characterised by HPLC. The first investigation of the composition of Tyrian purple from Nucella lapillus is reported.
An investigation into water marking and colour change in tussah silk fabric during moisture absorption
Authors: Jinqiang Liu
Published: August 2010

This study investigates the phenomena of water marking and colour change in tussah silk fabric. Fully wetting the fabric and applying a small amount of moisture (by steaming) both result in changes in the fabric's optical properties: fully wetting causes a decrease in the reflectance of the fibre surface, while exposure to small amounts of moisture results in an increase. Lustre changes (reflectance variations) of tussah fabrics after wet or steam treatments are macroscopic effects of changes in the optical reflectance of the fibres and indicate that the visual colour differences in the fabric following water marking or colour change result from structural changes in the fibres.
Quenching by oxygen of excited states of dyes on cotton investigated with diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis and singlet oxygen detection
Authors: Jansen L M G , Wilkes I P , Greenhill D C , Wilkinson F
Published: August 2010

Diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis was successfully employed to study the triplet states of dyes adsorbed on or chemically attached to cotton. This technique, together with the detection of singlet oxygen from dyes on cotton, made it possible to investigate the diffusion of oxygen in cotton fibres and the mobility of dyes adsorbed onto cotton. Absorption by the triplet states of aluminium phthalocyanine chloride and eosin and the phosphorescence of singlet oxygen produced by sensitisation with rose bengal was used to monitor oxygen diffusion and dye mobility by measuring differences in triplet lifetimes, singlet oxygen lifetimes and in signal intensities. It was found that swollen cotton allows diffusion of oxygen in the fibres. However, a noticeable effect on the triplet state of adsorbed aluminium phthalocyanine chloride is only observed if oxygen is removed or added by thorough evacuation or oxygenation of the samples over several days. Singlet oxygen was quenched dynamically by adsorbed dyes, which were found to be immobilised on the fibres, demonstrating that oxygen is mobile within the fibres at the molecular level.
Computing Machinery and Understanding
Authors: Ramscar Michael
Published: August 2010

How are natural symbol systems best understood? Traditional “symbolic” approaches seek to understand cognition by analogy to highly structured, prescriptive computer programs. Here, we describe some problems the traditional computational metaphor inevitably leads to, and a very different approach to computation (Ramscar, Yarlett, Dye, Denny, & Thorpe, 2010; Turing, 1950) that allows these problems to be avoided. The way we conceive of natural symbol systems depends to a large degree on the computational metaphors we use to understand them, and machine learning suggests an understanding of symbolic thought that is very different to traditional views (Hummel, 2010). The empirical question then is: Which metaphor is best?
Red Cell Age and Susceptibility to Immune Haemolysis
Authors: Wit C. Dudok de , VAN Gastel C.
Published: August 2010

Light and dense human red cell fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation using isotonic low molecular weight dextran solutions, and tested in a in vitro complement dependent haemolytic system with a rabbit anti‐human‐red‐cell serum (as amboceptor). A second series of experiments was performed with whole blood samples in which the young cells were labelled with 59Fe.

The results indicate that young cells are relatively more resistant and old cells more susceptible to immune haemolysis than the whole cell population.
Electron Microscopy of the Bone Marrow in the Chronic Erythraemic Myelosis
Authors: Spremolla G. , Saba P.
Published: August 2010

In a case of chronic erythraemic myelosis, the ultrastructure of the bone marrow was studied. In the erythroblasts was found characteristic disposition of the iron, often observed inside some mitochondria as well as in the cytoplasm. The finding, which up to the present time, has only been reported in the acute form of the Di Guglielmo syndrome, might suggest that there are no morphological demarcations between the two clinical forms of the syndrome.
Ultrastructure of Ristocetin Aggregated Normal Human Platelets: Tortuous Boundaries and Swollen Granules
Authors: Ts'ao Chung‐Hsin , Green David , Rossi Ennio C.
Published: August 2010

The effects of ristocetin on human platelets were investigated by aggregometry and electron microscopy. We confirmed the finding that ristocetin induces platelet aggregation. Biphasic platelet aggregation, such as is observed with ADP, was also seen with ristocetin. The gross appearance of ristocetin aggregated specimens differed markedly from those induced by ADP or collagen. On electron microscopic examination the boundaries of the aggregated platelets were noted to be extremely tortuous with electron dense lines between membranes, and there were many swollen α‐granules. At the periphery of the aggregates, the platelets were markedly degranulated. The plasma membranes of degranulated platelets were occasionally lysed. Morphological alterations of platelets exposed to ristocetin appeared to continue even after maximum aggregation, as recorded in the aggregometer, had been achieved.
Mechanism of Calcium‐Induced Reptilase Clot Retraction
Authors: KUBISZ PETER , SURANOVÁ JANA , CRONBERG STIG
Published: August 2010

Calcium ions induce retraction of reptilase clots. This could also be induced by thrombin. Heparin inhibited the reptilase clot retraction induced either by thrombin or calcium, but did not influence the clot retraction induced by ADP. This indicated that the clot retraction induced by Ca2+ was mediated by an activation of the coagulation system with the formation of thrombin.
Adenylate‐Rich Sequences of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA from Normal and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Lymphocytes
Authors: MÅNSSON P. E. , DEUTSCH A. , BRANDT L.
Published: August 2010

Rapidly labelled high molecular weight heterogeneous nuclear RNA (Hn RNA) from normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes has been fractionated into two classes by chromatography on poly (U) sephasose. The (+) Hn RNA is bound to poly (U) sepharose and contains both a long poly (A) segment (100–200 nucleotides) and shorter (A) rich sequences (∼ 20–30 nucleotides). (—) Hn RNA is not bound to poly (U) sepharose and lacks the longer poly (A) segment but does contain shorter (A) rich sequences. Partial association of the short (A) rich segments with double‐stranded regions was found for both classes of Hn RNA but was most pronounced in (—) Hn RNA from high WBC cases of CLL. Both classes of Hn RNA from CLL lymphocytes contain varying but generally higher amounts of the short (A) rich fraction than those in normals. Similar amounts of the longer poly (A) segments were found in (+) Hn RNA from both CLL and normal lymphocytes.
Pharmacological Studies on an Iron‐poly‐(sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex for Parenteral Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Authors: ERIKSSON HANS , SVÄRD PER‐OLOV
Published: August 2010

Intravenous injection of the iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) to cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone caused a transient decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and a temporary increase in central venous pressure, heart rate and femoral blood flow at large doses (cumulative doses up to 744 mg/kg). Tachyphylaxis developed upon repeated administration. A temporary reduction in the magnitude of the blood pressure responses to noradrenaline and isoprenaline was obtained after large doses of IPSG. The blood pressure effects of acetylcholine, histamine and bilateral carotid occlusion were not affected. No definite effects were seen on the electrocardiograms. The transient cardiovascular effects were interpreted as being due to the presence of small amounts of ferrous iron in the preparation.

IPSG did not significantly affect blood coagulation or platelet aggregation as judged from results of in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Immunogenicity studies in rabbits and antibody analyses of sera from patients treated with IPSG failed to demonstrate any effect of IPSG on the immune system.
Effects of Hydroxyurea Pretreatment of Donor Rats on Growth of Haematopoietic Diffusion Chamber Colonies in Mice
Authors: Ben‐Ishay Zina , Sharon Sara
Published: August 2010

A single dose of hydroxyurea (HU) (400 mg/kg body weight) was injected i.p. into rats. Hydroxyurea, a potent DNA synthesis inhibitor, killed bone marrow cells in the S‐phase of the cell cycle. 9–10 h after HU administration, the rat bone marrow contained large numbers of necrotic cells and appeared predominantly lymphoid. Within 24–48 h of HU injection, resumption of normal haematopoiesis was observed.

Rat bone marrow, 9–10 h following HU administration, was implanted in peritoneal diffusion chambers (DC) in irradiated mice. The results obtained suggest that pretreatment of donor rats with HU increases the bone marrow content of progenitor cells. The stem cell‐enriched marrow was conductive to enhanced growth of DC colonies in irradiated mice.
Electron Microscope Autoradiographic Studies of the Erythroblasts of a Case of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia, Type II
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. N. , Parry T. E. , Hughes Madeleine
Published: August 2010

The bone marrow cells of a patient with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, type II, were incubated with 3H‐thymidine, 3H‐uridine or 3H‐leucine for 1 h and studied using the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. Several of the erythroblasts which either displayed the characteristic subsurface double membranes or showed various non‐specific abnormalities of the nuclear membrane were found to be actively engaged in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Both members of some pairs of erythroblasts which were joined together by a spindle bridge were found to be engaged in DNA synthesis, indicating that some spindle bridges persist for a period longer than the duration of the G1 phase. A small proportion of mononucleate and binucleate late (non‐dividing) erythroblasts showed a marked depression or arrest of protein synthesis and some or all of such cells were presumably destined to be phago‐cytosed by the bone marrow macrophages.
The 5q— Chromosome in Preleukaemia and Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Teerenhovi L. , Borgström G. H. , Lintula R. , Ruutu T. , Lahtinen R. , de la Chapelle A. , Vuopio P.
Published: August 2010

13 patients with the 5q— chromosome are described. In 6 patients the 5q— chromosome was the sole aberration. 10 patients had preleukaemia, 1 a preleukaemia‐like syndrome after treatment of polycythaemia vera, a 2 acute myeloid leukaemia. The prognosis was especially poor in terms of survival in preleukaemic patients with 3 or more affected chromosomes: none of these 6 patients survived for more than 6 months. In 4 patients the haematological picture resembled ‘the 5q—syndrome’. In the long arm of chromosome No 5 deletions of 3 different kinds were detected. They were named according to the size of the 5q— marker: the short type (10 patients), the intermediate type (1 patient) and the long type (2 patients). There was no clear correlation between the clinical picture and the type of deletion. While the break points cannot always be exactly defined, our data and those reviewed from the literature suggest that the loss of a segment of regions 5q2 or 5q3 is common to all or most deletions.
Acetylsalicylic Acid‐Induced Prolongation of Bleeding Time in Healthy Men
Authors: Dybdahl J. H. , Daae L. N.W. , Eika C. , Godal H. C. , Larsen S.
Published: August 2010

Bleeding times were determined in 25 healthy men using the Thrombolette® bleeding time device. The median bleeding times prior to low and high doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 245 and 230 s, were not significantly different (P = 0.12). 2 h after randomized ingestion of 0.44 and 3.96 g ASA, the median bleeding times rose to 450 and 430 s, respectively. Both increases in bleeding time were significant (P < 0.001), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.29). The maximum increase in bleeding time was estimated to occur 2.6 h after ingestion of a single low ASA dose, and 2.4 h after a single high dose. Following ingestion of 0.44 as well as 3.96 g ASA the bleeding time returned to basal levels within 5–6 d. Compared to the younger ones, volunteers with a higher age showed a tendency to have lower plasma salicylate levels as well as smaller increases in bleeding times following ASA ingestion.
Lymphopenia
Authors: Hancock B.W. , Dunsmore I. R. , Swan H. T.
Published: August 2010

Pretreatment peripheral blood lymphocyte counts have been recorded in 181 consecutive untreated patients with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease and the patients followed prospectively to determine the relationship of lymphopenia to survival. Lymphocyte counts at presentation did not correspond with histology type but were lower in stage 4 disease. Survival in the 77 patients with lymphocyte counts of less than 1.5 times 109/1 was 49.7 % which was significantly worse (P < 0.0001) than the 74.2% survival of those with ‘normal’ counts. This difference was maintained even after adjustment for other acknowledged prognostic variables including sex, age, stage, symptom status, histology type, and response to treatment. The study provides evidence that the lymphocyte count can be used as a meaningful marker in the clinical staging of Hodgkin's disease.
Assessment of Bone Marrow and Splenic Erythropoiesis in Myelofibrosis
Authors: Ferrant A. , Rodhain J. , Cauwe F. , Cogneau M. , Beckers C. , Michaux J. L. , Verwilghen R. , Sokal G.
Published: August 2010

The iron uptake in bone marrow and spleen was measured in 29 patients with myelofibrosis using 52Fe and quantitative scanning. In 10 patients, no iron uptake in the marrow could be observed and active erythropoiesis was extramedullary only. In the bone marrow of patients with myelofibrosis, the iron uptake per nucleated red cell was less than that observed in conditions without myelofibrosis or extramedullary erythropoiesis. Increasing splenic iron uptake was likely to be associated with a decreasing bone marrow iron uptake and was related to the size of the spleen. The data suggest that in myelofibrosis, the spleen dominates iron uptake through intense erythropoiesis and a high splenic blood flow, thus restraining iron supply to the bone marrow.
Normal Helper T‐Cell Function in Hairy‐Cell Leukaemia
Authors: Foa R. , Lauria F. , Raspadori D. , Lusso P. , Ferrando M. L. , Fierro M. T. , Giubellino M. C. , Catovsky D.
Published: August 2010

The function of peripheral blood T‐lymphocytes was tested in a series of untreated patients with hairy‐cell leukaemia (HCL). The in vitro T‐colony forming capacity fell within the normal range in 20 of the 22 cases studied. No difference in colony growth was found between splenectomized and non splenectomized patients. The ability to induce differentiation of normal B‐lymphocytes into antibody producing plasma cells, in a pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated system, was similar to that of normal T‐cells in all 6 cases studied. Both the T‐colony growth and the helper capacity were unrelated to the distribution of T‐lymphocyte subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies, despite an increase in OKT8+ cells (suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype) and a decrease in OKT4+ cells (helper/inducer phenotype) in 44% of the patients. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to T‐cell abnormalities previously described in other B‐cell leukaemias, chiefly chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). The preserved T‐cell function in HCL correlates well with the normal humoral immunity found in this disease.
Evidence that Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products (FDP) are Adequately Quantified in Citrated Plasma Defibrinated at Low pH
Authors: Godal H. C. , Hamborg T.
Published: August 2010

Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) are assayed adequately in defibrinated citrated plasma provided that fibrin(ogeno)lysis is prevented during coagulation. The practical consequence is that all screening tests for haemostatic function may be carried out in specimens obtained from citrated blood.
Cold agglutinin syndrome and haemophagocytosis in systemic leishmanniasis
Authors: Kokkini G. , Vrionis G. , Liosis G. , Papaefstathiou J.
Published: August 2010

A 3‐year‐old male child with high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, haemolysis, stricking histiocytosis and haemophagocytosis in bone marrow aspiration and high titre of cold agglutinin is described. Cold agglutinins were defined as polyclonal IgM with anti‐I specificity. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was made on the basis of typical Leishman‐Donovan bodies found in the patient's bone marrow, high titre of anti‐leishmania antibodies and excellent response to treatment. Visceral leishmaniasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases with histiocytosis. Cold agglutinin syndrome may contribute to the haemolytic process which exists in leishmania‐donovani infection.
The Role of the Professional Executive Director in Hemophilia Societies
Authors: Gurney E T
Published: August 2010

Hemophilia Societies all over the world are being challenged by the economic order of this time, to strive for new heights of performance… to operate more efficiently… to accept new technology… in fact to prove their need to exist.

Such challenge produces tremendous opportunity for all Execuitve Directors to… streamline our organizations… to adopt new communication techniqeus… to re‐evaluate fundraising techniques and apply innovative approaches… to quickly adopt new technologies which can benefit the hemophiliac.

The commitment of Hemophilia Societies must be to an improved life style for all hemophiliacs and ultimately a cure for Hemophilia. This will be achieved through education, regular assessments, and high quality drug products, and to this end, all Societies must strive.

If our Socieities are to be effective, Executive Directors together with their individual Board of Directors must plan well, ever keeping the objective in mind, and cause things to happen that will ensure that hemophiliacs throughout the world enjoy optimum care and a normal and productive lifestyle.
Immunological markers in acute leukaemia
Authors: Avnstrøm S. , Ralfkier E. , Clausen N. , Plesner T. , Hansen N.E. , Nissen N.I.
Published: August 2010

61 acute leukaemias were classified by both immunological and morphological criteria. In 58 (95 %) of the cases correlation was found between the immunological and morphological diagnosis. In 3 (5 %) cases, no correlation was found between the immunological subclasses and the FAB‐subgroups in ALL. Neither was a correlation found between FAB‐subclasses in AML and reaction with the myeloid antibodies other than MY‐7 which did preferentially react with M4 and M5 leukaemia.
A Swedish family with abnormal antithrombin III
Authors: Tengborn Lilian , Frohm Birgitta , Nilsson Lars‐Erik , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: August 2010

An abnormal variant of antithrombin III is reported in a young male with deep vein thrombosis. The heparin cofactor, progressive thrombin inhibition, and factor Xa inactivation are decreased. The abnormality seems to be a mutation which is transmitted in an autosomaldominant way. The half‐life and fractional catabolic rate of 125I antithrombin III concentrate is the same in this patient as in patients with the classic type of antithrombin III deficiency and in a control.
Prognostic significance of tumour burden in Hodgkin's disease PS I and II
Authors: Specht Lena , Nissen Nis I.
Published: August 2010

94 patients with Hodgkin's disease PS I or II, treated during the period 1969–78 and followed until death, or from 33 to 136 months after initiation of therapy, were analysed. 47 patients had been treated with radiotherapy alone (mantle field irradiation and, in all but 12 cases, irradiation of infradiaphragmatic lymph nodes), while the other 47 had been treated with mantle field irradiation plus 6 cycles of combination chemotherapy (MOPP or an equivalent regimen). Of the patients treated with radiotherapy alone, 13 relapsed whereas only 1 of the patients treated with radiotherapy plus combination chemotherapy relapsed. The initial tumour burden of each patient was estimated, combining tumour size of each involved area and number of sites involved. For patients treated with radiotherapy alone, a large turnour burden singled out the patients destined to relapse more accurately than other prognostic factors including pathological stage, B‐symptoms, mediastinal involvement, bulky mediastinal involvement, and number of sites involved.
Clinical severity of non‐deletion form of HbH disease (——Med/ααthal)
Authors: Di Marzo R. , Lo Gioco P. , Giambona A. , Acuto S. , Sammarco P. , Oddo G. , Maggio A.
Published: August 2010

Interaction functionnelle, We carried out a‐globin gene analysis by restriction endonuclease mapping in a family with 2 cases of HbH disease. These data show that HbH disease in this family results from the interaction between a common deletional defect and a less common non‐deletion a‐thal lesion (——Med/ααthal). Furthermore, the presence of a P‐thal determinant in this family was investigated by P gene polymorphism study. We showed that a patient with HbH disease also inherited a (β‐thal determinant from the mother and although this was a βO‐thal gene, it was not sufficient to mask the severe a chain deficiency. The ——Med/ααthal genotype is more severe than other types of a thalassaemia interactions causing HbH disease, probably because the expression of aalhal determinant may be lower than that of an a‐thal determinant containing just a single a gene (‐a) and the output so poor that the presence of one β‐thal gene does not significantly change the clinical picture.
Elastase in gingival crevicular fluid from smokers and non‐smokers with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Alavi AL , Palmer RM , Odell EW , Coward PY , Wilson RF
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To compare elastase concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from individual sites of smokers and non‐smokers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve pairs of smokers and non‐smokers with untreated, moderate to advanced chronic inflammatory periodontal disease were matched for gender, age, ethnicity and the clinical and radio‐graphic extent of disease. Durapore filter strip samples were collected over 30 s from two mesiopalatal sites on upper left posterior teeth. Samples were analysed for: I) polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte (PMNL) cell counts; 2) PMNL elastase‐αI‐antitrypsin complex in the GCF supernatant by ELISA; and 3) functional elastase, free or bound to α2‐macroglobulin, estimated from activity against N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyI‐alanyl‐prolyl‐nor‐valylg‐chlorothiobenzyl ester in supernatant and lysates of GCF PMNLs.

RESULTS: There were no differences in disease parameters between groups except that bleeding on probing was less extensive in smokers (P< 0.001). Cell counts and elastase content of crevicular PMNLs showed no differences between groups. Lower concentrations of elastase were found in GCF supernatants from smokers than non‐smokers. This difference was observed for functional elastase (mean [s.d.] = 30.21 [17.60] against 73.77 [75.26] ng μI‐1, P <0.05) and elastase complexed with αl‐antitrypsin (8.97 [6.54] ng μl‐1 against 25.71 [22.07] ng μI‐1, P< 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Smokers have lower elastase concentrations in GCF than non‐smokers. Further investigation is required to elucidate the underlying cause and its relationship with periodontal disease.
Cytokeratin phenotypes at the dento‐gingival junction in relative health and inflammation, in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Pritlove‐Carson S. , Charlesworth S. , Morgan PR , Palmer RM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The cells of the junctional epithelium (JE) provide and maintain the epithelial attachment, and remain morphologically and phenotypically distinct from oral sulcular (OSE) and external oral epithelia (EOE), from which they may be regenerated de novo. Expression of cytokeratins (CK) in human epithelia has been shown to be highly site‐specific, implying a functional role. The aims of this study were to differentiate between the cyto‐keratin profiles of JE, OSE, EOE and pocket epithelia (PE) in health and disease, in smokers and non‐smokers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytokeratin profiles of 40 samples of healthy and clinically inflamed human gingival tissue taken from 15 smokers and 25 non‐smokers were studied by immunocytochemistry. Cryostat sections of fresh frozen gingival tissues were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and visualised by a biotin‐Streptavidin‐peroxidase complex technique.

RESULTS: JE and PE expressed an identical range of cytokeratins irrespective of the inflammatory or smoking status, with the exception of CK4 expression, which tended to be increased in smokers. The OSE and EOE expressed non‐cornifying and cornifying differentiation cytokeratins respectively, but in the presence of inflammation, both these epithelia showed increased expression of CK19 at a basal level in association with expression of one or more of the simple cytokeratins. JE/PE expressed CK17 in external layers only, approximating the tooth surface. All epithelia expressed CK6,16 the markers of high cell turnover.

CONCLUSIONS: CK19 was a consistent differentiation marker for JE and PE.Expression of CK8,18 was enhanced by inflammation. CK4 expression increased in association with smoking. Markers of differentiation were not always co‐expressed equally within a pair. Pairs were not always completely mutually exclusive with frequent co‐localisation.
Oral pilocarpine HCl stimulates labial (minor) salivary gland flow in patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Rhodus NL
Published: August 2010

Pilocarpine HCl has been shown to stimulate parotid and submandibular gland salivary flow. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this cholinergic‐muscarinic drug also stimulates labial (minor) salivary gland (LSG) flow and to relate that with whole unstimulated salivary (WUS) flow rateS. Subjects diagnosed with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS‐1; n= 9) or secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS‐2; n= 9) were enrolled in this study after meeting stringent enrollment criteria. An age‐gender matched control group was also enrolled. The labial saliva was collected in a standardized manner on Per‐iopaper® for 5 min and the volume was analysed by the Periotron®.Whole unstimulated salivary samples were collected for 5 min by the method of Mandel and Wot‐man (1976).Each subject was dosed with pilocarpine HCl (5 mg; tablets; p.o.).After 60 min the LSG flow as well as the WUS flow was determined again as previously. The results indicated a significant (>180%) increase in both labial salivary gland flow as well as whole salivary flow in the SS‐1 and SS‐2 subjects (mean ± S. e.m.): [SS‐1: WUS = 0.1080 ± 0.03 vs 0.2242 ± 0.03 ml per 5 min; LSG = 93.1 ± 22.2 vs 167.8 ± 15.9 μl/5 min; P < 0.001; SS‐2: WUS = 0.1384 ± 0.02 vs 0.2775 ± 0.09 ml per 5 min; LSG = 97.7 ± 20.2 vs 182.8 ± 17.9 μl per 5 min; P < 0.001]. These results indicate a significant increase in labial salivary gland flow as well as whole salivary flow as stimulated by pilocarpine HCI in Sjögren's syndrome patients.
Human genes for dental anomalies
Authors: Kurisu K. , Tabata MJ
Published: August 2010

The development of the tooth at gene level is beginning to be understood. This paper reviews current knowledge and the advances in research on human genes whose defect leads to dental anomalieS. Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a diverse group of hereditary disorders characterized by a variety of developmental enamel defects including hypoplasia and hypomineralization, some of which have been revealed to be associated with defective amelogenin genes. The human amelogenin genes on X and Y chromosomes have been cloned and investigated extensively. Although autosomally inherited forms of Al are more common than the X‐linked forms, most studies on the genes causing Al have been performed on the genes of X‐linked formS. Recently, the gene for the human tuftelin protein (an enamelin) has been cloned as a candidate gene for the autosomal forms of Al with another gene on chromosome 4 involved in some familieS. Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) may be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which is an autosomal dominant bone disease. Most patients with OI have mutations in either the COL IA1 or COL IA2 genes, which encode the α1(I) or α2(I) subunits of type I collagen, the major organic component of bone and dentin. Gene defects causing isolated Dl have not been identified. Recently, it was demonstrated that a missense mutation of MSXI, a human homeobox gene, causes autosomal dominant agenesis of second premolars and third molarS. Data indicating an important function for Msxl, the mouse counterpart of the human MSXI gene, in mouse tooth development have been accumulating since 1991, Knockout mice lacking this gene exhibited multiple craniofacial anomalies including complete tooth agenesiS. X‐linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA), characterized by abnormal hair, teeth, and sweat glands, was demonstrated to be caused by a mutation in a novel transmembrane protein gene that is expressed in epithelial cells and in other adult and fetal tissues. The predicted EDA protein may belong to a novel class of proteins with a role in epithelial‐ mesenchymal signaling. Several mutations have been reported in genes causing hypophosphatasia, which is characterized by defective mineralization of the skeletal and dental structures.
Age, gender, dentures and oral mucosal disorders
Authors: MacEntee MI , Glick N , Stolar E
Published: August 2010

The numbers of participants over 75 years of age in pre‐vious studies of oral health have not been sufficient to permit a full investigation of the influence of age on the mouth. In this study a disproportionate stratified random sample of 255 independent elders was selected from a list of urban voters to provide similar numbers of men and women in three age groups. The subjects were interviewed and examined, and nearly half of them had mucosal disorders. There was a significant (P < 0.05) association between mucosal lesions and the use of dentures and tobacco, whereas stomatitis, denture‐related hyperplasia and angular cheilitis in particular were associated significantly with men and with the use of defective dentures. Logistic regression revealed that neither age alone nor the quality of dentures predispose to mucosal lesions, but that the odds of finding stomatitis, denture‐related hyperplasia and angular cheilitis in particular increased about three‐fold in denture‐users, and almost doubled in men.
Alkalization produced by high‐dose carbachol in HSG cell line is independent of Ca2+
Authors: Atsumi T , Iwakura I , Uelia T
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to clarify the mechanism of alkalization induced by carbachol in HSG cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Cells of the HSG cell line derived from a human submandibular gland adenocarcinoma and those of the A‐431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell line were loaded with a fluorescent pH indicator, BCECF/AM, and the change in the intracellular pH of adherent cells and suspended ones were measured following stimulation with various concentrations (10‐7 M to 10‐2 M) of neurotransmitters (carbachol, noradrenaline, and isoproterenol).

RESULTS:

Isoproterenol did not cause alkalization of either cell type, whereas, noradrenaline and carbachol alkalized both types over the concentration ranges of 10‐6 M to 3 x I0‐3 M (HSG cell by noradrenaline), 10‐7 M to 2 times 10‐5 M (A‐431 cell by noradrenaline), and 7 times 10‐5M to 10‐4M (A‐431 cell by carbachol). On the other hand, alkalization induced by carbachol in the HSG cells was recognized at concentrations higher than 6 times 10‐5 M, and it showed no upper limit in terms of carbachol concentration. This high‐dose carbachol alkalization was not eliminated by preincubation with nifedipine (100 μM), a Ca2+ channel blocker, or with thapsigargin (100 μM), a microsomal Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS:

The alkalization system induced by carbachol in the HSG cell was quite different from that in the A‐431 cell, and that induced by high‐dose carbachol in HSG cells appeared to be independent of intracellular Ca2+. These findings will be useful to clarify the mechanism of salivary secretion stimulated by neurotransmitters.
Influence of lead on the cariostatic effect of fluoride co‐crystallized with sucrose in desalivated rats
Authors: Tabchoury CM , Pearson SK , Bowen WH
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Results from previous studies have shown that pre‐ and perinatal exposure to lead enhances susceptibility of rats to development of dental carieS. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be that lead complexes with fluoride and renders F insoluble and unable to exert its cariostatic effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thus, to explore this hypothesis, 48 desalivated Sprague‐Dawley rats were placed in a König‐Höfer programmed feeder and received 17 meals of powdered sucrose daily, and water ad libitum as follows: group (1) plain sucrose and sterile distilled water (SDW); (2) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and SDW; (3) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and 10 ppm Pb water; (4) sucrose containing 15 ppm F and 25 ppm Pb water.

RESULTS: The highest smooth‐surface, sulcal surface caries and severity scores were observed in group 1.Animals that were exposed to fluoride showed reduced smooth‐surface caries and severity scores.S. sobrinus counts did not differ among the groups.

CONCLUSION: Lead did not interfere with the protective effect of fluoride in the conditions of the present study.
The protein phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin A, induce apoptosis in human submandibular gland ductal cell line HSG cells
Authors: Morimoto Y. , Morimoto H. , Kobayashi S. , Ohba T. , Haneji T.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible relationship between protein phosphorylation or dephosphorylation status and apoptosis in salivary gland cells, we examined the effects of okadaic acid and calyculin A, the protein phosphatase inhibitors, on cultured human submandibular gland ductal cell line, HSG cells.

METHODS: HSG cells at subconfluent stages were exposed to varying concentrations of okadaic acid or calyculin A.Apoptoses were analysed in HSG cells by phase‐contrast microscopy, WST‐1 cytotoxicity assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, and DNA ladder formation.

RESULT: Both okadaic acid and calyculin A induced cell death in HSG cells in a dose‐dependent fashion. Marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin was observed in HSG cellS. DNA ladder formation was also detected in HSG cells by treatment with okadaic acid or calyculin A. The induced DNA ladder formation was dose‐dependent with maximal effect at concentrations of 50 nM okadaic acid and 2 nM calyculin A, respectively, and were time‐dependent from 14 h to 48 h. To further determine if new gene transcription and protein synthesis regulate okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis in HSG cells, the cells were treated with cycloheximide or actinomycin D in the presence of 20 nM okadaic acid. Neither inhibitor protected the cells against okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION: Based on the known selectivity of oka‐daic acid and calyculin A, our results indicate that the pathway of the apoptosis in the cultured salivary gland cells is regulated by protein phosphatase type 1 or type 2A.Our results also suggest that new protein synthesis and/or mRNA expression are not involved in okadaic acid‐induced apoptosis in HSG cells.
Apoptosis‐induced and ‐suppressed cells in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: correlation with histological growth patterns
Authors: Fujita S. , Shibata Y. , Takahashi H. , Tsuda N.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising from salivary glands shows a correlation between prognosis and histological growth patterns. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether three growth patterns of ACC are related to the distributions of apoptosis‐induced and ‐suppressed tumor cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 77 cases of ACC including tubular (18 cases), glandular (50) and solid (9) patternS. In order to visualize the apoptotic cells, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐ mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and avidin‐biotin complex staining using Lewis Y (Ley) antibody were applied to paraffin sectionS. For detection of the apoptosis‐suppressed cells, immunohistochemistry employing bcl‐2 antibody was utilized.

RESULTS: Apoptosis index (A1) based on the TUNEL‐stained specimens were tubular, 7.0; glandular 2.4; solid, 5.1. In tubular type, apoptotic cells were frequently located in the inner tubular layer rather than the outer layer. Solid type had scattered apoptotic cells in the nestS. Bcl‐2 expression was found in 61% of tubular, 20% of glandular and 22% of solid cases. The localization of bcl‐2 protein was noticed in outer tubular cells, and peripheral cells or undifferentiated cells in solid pattern.

CONCLUSIONS: The peculiar distribution of apoptotic cells may result from the various proportions and distinctive arrangement of neoplastic ductal cells and neoplastic myoepithelial cells in ACC.Apoptotic cells and bcl‐2 positive apoptosis‐suppressed cells may participate in the construction of characteristic histological appearances of ACC.
HIV topic update: oro‐genital transmission of HIV
Authors: Scully C. , Porter S.
Published: August 2010

Several viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can be found in blood and many body fluids including saliva, and are transmissible sexually across genital and particularly anal mucosae. A persisting concern has been the question of transmission of HIV by oral sexual practices. This review discusses the evidence for oro‐genital transmission of HIV, detailing the presence and infectivity of HIV in genital fluids and saliva, the case reports and epidemiology of oro‐genital HIV transmission, and the evidence from animal studieS. Oral intercourse is not risk‐free. The evidence suggests that the risk of HIV transmission from oro‐genital sexual practices is substantially lower than that from penile‐vaginal or penile‐anal intercourse, that exposure to saliva presents a considerably lower risk than exposure to semen, and that oral trauma and ulcerative conditions might increase the risk of HIV transmission.
A case of false median cleft of upper lip with IV‐A holoprosencephaly that underwent cheiloplasty at 2.5 years of age
Authors: Kobayashi J , Arai N , Kiyosaki I , Uzawa N , Ishii J , Yoshimasu H , Amagasa T
Published: August 2010

Holoprosencephaly results from the incomplete development of midline structures within the cerebrum and encompasses a series of abnormalities of mid‐facial development. Here, we report a case of male holoprosencephaly associated with false median cleft of upper lip. This patient belonged clinically to the DeMyer's group IV holoprosencephaly, semilobar type. An infant with this type of holoprosencephaly has been thought to die generally within 1 to 2 years after birth and to rarely benefit from an operation. In this case, the patient had cheiloplasty at the age of 2.5 years at the request of his parents and he lives currently, being 3 years and 2 months old.
Influence of (S)‐ketoprofen and fluoride on caries in rats
Authors: Bowen WH , Pearson SK , Jerussi TP
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (eg, ketoprofen) used topically appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in the ligature model of periodontitis. Ketoprofen, in common with some food preservatives, eg, benzoate and sorbate, is a weak acid. Fluoride, too, may behave as a weak acid and, similar to the other agents, may exert antibacterial effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a combination of (S)‐ketoprofen, an enantiomer of ketoprofen, alone or in combination with fluoride, would suppress Streptococcus sobrinus populations and reduce the incidence of dental caries in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Toothpastes containing ketoprofen and/or monofluorophosphate were applied to the teeth of six groups of 20 rats twice daily for 5 weeks.

RESULTS: Fewest S. sobrinus were found in the group treated with a paste containing 3% (S)‐ ketoprofen + 0.1% F. This group also displayed the lowest incidence of smooth surface caries of all groups. Severity of sulcal surface caries was also lowest in this group.

CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study show that the (S) enantiomer of ketoprofen enhances the caries protective effect of fluoride. It is conceivable that this combination could be effective in combating the two most common maladies of the mouth; periodontal disease and dental caries.
Nursing home residents’ views on dying and death: nursing home employee’s perspective
Authors: Dwyer Lise‐Lotte , Hansebo Görel , Andershed Birgitta , Ternestedt Britt‐Marie
Published: August 2010

dwyer l.‐l., hansebo g., andershed b. & ternestedt b.‐m. (2010)
Nursing home residents’ views on dying and death: nursing home employee’s perspective. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 251–260 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00237.x

Aim.  To reveal nursing home employees’ views on dying and death among older people they cared for.

Background.  Palliative care stakeholders recently included more groups in their definition of palliative care; older people constitute one such group. Consequently, palliative care systems, which will serve a large, aging cohort, will require new skills. The first stage in skills acquisition is to gather current views on dying and death.

Design.  Qualitative descriptive study that uses focus group discussions for data collection; 20 employees in 4 Swedish nursing homes participated.

Method.  Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results.  The following categories were conceptualised: alleviating suffering and pain; finding meaning in everyday life; revealing thoughts and attitudes about death; taking care of the dead person’s body; and coping with the gap between personal ideals and reality.

Conclusions.  A deeper understanding of the palliative care philosophy is needed to further develop and tailor care for the dying persons in nursing homes.

Relevance to clinical practice.  To get public support for palliative care, the silence surrounding dying and death must be broken. Employees must receive education to prepare for all aspects of their work, and management must account for employees’ situation when planning the care.