bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spared, shared and lost—routes for maintaining the Scandinavian Mountain foothill intact forest landscapes
Authors: Svensson Johan , Bubnicki Jakub W. , Angelstam Per , Mikusiński Grzegorz , Jonsson Bengt Gunnar
Published: March 2022

Intact forest landscapes harbor significant biodiversity values and pools of ecosystem services essential for conservation, land use and rural development. Threatened by fragmentation and loss by transitions to industrial clear-cut forestry, those landscapes are of pivotal interest for protection that secures their intact character. With wall-to-wall land-cover data, we explored opportunities for maintaining intact forest landscapes through comprehensive spatial planning across a 2.5 million hectares boreal to sub-alpine forest region along the eastern slopes of the Scandinavian Mountain range. We analyzed forest and woodland types that are protected, need protection or potentially can be subject to continued forest management. We established that the fraction of already clear-cut forest is very small and that the forest landscape of the Scandinavian Mountain foothills contains a high proportion of protected high conservation value forests, covering almost 2 million ha, and that over 500,000 ha (27%) remains unprotected and may be subject to future protection or continued adapted forest management. We found evident north to south differences with respect to forest landscape configuration, distribution of unprotected forests and land ownership. With a focus on non-industrial private landowners, we conclude that sustainable land-use requires integrative, multi-functional approaches that rely on further protection, forest and forest landscape restoration and a much larger share of continuous cover forestry than presently. Our results provide input into ongoing policy implementation and green infrastructure planning in the context of securing intact forest values and integrative opportunities for rural livelihood and regional development based on multiple value chains.
Refugee Food Insecurity & Technology: Surfacing Experiences of Adaptation, Navigation, Negotiation and Sharing
Authors: Talhouk Reem , Montague Kyle , Ghattas Hala , Araujo-Soares Vera , Ahmad Balsam , Balaam Madeline
Published: March 2022

With the Syrian crisis still ongoing, 91% of Syrian refugee families in Lebanon do not have adequate access to safe and sufficient food. There has been a drive for technological innovation in humanitarian food assistance. To further inform such innovation, we used an Experience-Centred Design approach to gain a holistic understanding of the experiences of refugee food insecurity and how refugees envision technologies can support them. Design engagements with 13 women in an informal refugee settlement in Lebanon were conducted. The findings presented in this paper highlight that coping with food insecurity consists of experiences of adaptation, navigation, negotiation and sharing. We found that a multitude of technologies may be designed to enhance the aforementioned experiences and enable refugees to better cope with food insecurity. Through the lens of our findings, we discuss how technologies may support information sharing, the furthering of new practices and sharing of resources to support refugee food security.
The “Seili-index” for the Prediction of Chlorophyll-α Levels in the Archipelago Sea of the northern Baltic Sea, southwest Finland
Authors: Hänninen Jari , Mäkinen Katja , Nordhausen Klaus , Laaksonlaita Jussi , Loisa Olli , Virta Joni
Published: March 2022

To build a forecasting tool for the state of eutrophication in the Archipelago Sea, we fitted a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) to marine environmental monitoring data, which were collected over the years 2011–2019 by an automated profiling buoy at the Seili ODAS-station. The resulting “Seili-index” can be used to predict the chlorophyll-α (chl-a) concentration in the seawater a number of days ahead by using the temperature forecast as a covariate. An array of test predictions with two separate models on the 2019 data set showed that the index is adept at predicting the amount of chl-a especially in the upper water layer. The visualization with 10 days of chl-a level predictions is presented online at https://saaristomeri.utu.fi/seili-index/. We also applied GAMMs to predict abrupt blooms of cyanobacteria on the basis of temperature and wind conditions and found the model to be feasible for short-term predictions. The use of automated monitoring data and the presented GAMM model in assessing the effects of natural resource management and pollution risks is discussed.
Institutional interplay in global environmental governance: lessons learned and future research
Authors: Elsässer Joshua Philipp , Hickmann Thomas , Jinnah Sikina , Oberthür Sebastian , Van de Graaf Thijs
Published: March 2022

Over the past decades, the growing proliferation of international institutions governing the global environment has impelled institutional interplay as a result of functional and normative overlap across multiple regimes. This article synthesizes primary contributions made in research on institutional interplay over the past twenty years, with particular focus on publications withInternational Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.Broadening our understanding about the different types, dimensions, pathways, and effects of institutional interplay, scholars have produced key insights into the ways and means by which international institutions cooperate, manage discord, engage in problem solving, and capture synergies across levels and scales. As global environmental governance has become increasingly fragmented and complex, we recognize that recent studies have highlighted the growing interactions between transnationally operating institutions in the wake of polycentric governance and hybrid institutional complexes. However, our findings reveal that there is insufficient empirical and conceptual research to fully understand the relationship, causes, and consequences of interplay between intergovernmental and transnational institutions. Reflecting on the challenges of addressing regulatory gaps and mitigating the crisis of multilateralism, we expound the present research frontier for further advancing research on institutional interplay and provide recommendations to support policy-making.
Using Business Analytics for SME Business Model Transformation under Pandemic Time Pressure
Authors: Zamani Efpraxia D. , Griva Anastasia , Conboy Kieran
Published: March 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on many industry sectors, forcing many companies and particularly Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to fundamentally change their business models under extreme time pressure. While there are claims that technologies such as analytics can help such rapid transitions, little empirical research exists that shows if or how Business Analytics (BA) supports the adaptation or innovation of SMEs’ business models, let alone within the context of extreme time pressure and turbulence. This study addresses this gap through an exemplar case, where the SME actively used location-based business analytics for rapid business model adaptation and innovation during the Covid-19 crisis. The paper contributes to existing theory by providing a set of propositions, an agenda for future research and a guide for SMEs to assess and implement their own use of analytics for business model transformation.
A Parent-Mediated Telehealth Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Gentile Manuel , Messineo Linda , La Guardia Dario , Arrigo Marco , Città Giuseppe , Ayala Antonia , Cusimano Gaspare , Martines Pio , Mendolia Giovanna , Allegra Mario
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the effectiveness of a 6-month parent-mediated early intervention telehealth program for children with an autism spectrum disorder. The participants comprised a total of 27 parents. The findings showed that participation in the program promotes parents’ empowerment and reduce parental stress and a general improvement in the parents’ ability to stimulate children’s learning. Moreover, the study reveals an effect of parents’ age in mediating the relationship among the parents’ ability, stress, and empowerment levels. These results suggest that an early intervention telehealth program may help parents become aware of how to benefit from interactions with their children, promote their empowerment, and reduce parenting stress.
Switch from Olanzapine Long-Acting Injectable to its Oral Equivalent during COVID-19 Pandemic: a Real World Observational Study
Authors: Miron Ana-Aliana , Teodorescu Andreea , Ifteni Petru , Irimie Claudia Alexandrina , Dima Lorena , Petric Paula-Simina
Published: March 2022

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition with chronic evolution, one of the most disabling diseases. The main cause for the disease’s progression is considered to be the lack of compliance with the treatment. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are an important treatment option for patients with schizophrenia. Olanzapine long-acting injection (OLZ-LAI) is a pamoate monohydrate salt of olanzapine that is administered by deep intramuscular gluteal injection. The aim of this paper is to report the effects of a sudden and unplanned switch from olanzapine long-acting injectable to oral olanzapine in remitted patients with schizophrenia due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. An observational study conducted in the Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry and Neurology of Brasov, Romania between April 2020 and March 2021. 27 patients with OLZ-LAI were entered into the study. Of 27 cases, 21 patients preferred to be switched to oral olanzapine (77.77%). Only 6 patients continued with the long-acting formulation. The main reason for the initiation of olanzapine pamoate in all the patients was non-adherence to oral medication (80.95%), and the mean age of starting LAI olanzapine was 36.42 years (SD ± 10.09). Within the following 12 months after switching from olanzapine LAI to OA, 15 patients (71.42%) relapsed, and 12 were admitted to the emergency psychiatric unit. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought multiple disservices to current medical practice. Sudden and unplanned switch from olanzapine long-acting formulation to oral olanzapine was followed by the high rate of relapse in remitted schizophrenia.
The association between topic growth and citation impact of research publications
Authors: Sjögårde Peter , Didegah Fereshteh
Published: March 2022

Citations are used for research evaluation, and it is therefore important to know which factors influence or associate with citation impact of articles. Several citation factors have been studied in the literature. In this study we propose a new factor, topic growth, that no previous study has studied empirically. The growth rate of topics may influence future citation counts because a high growth in a topic means there are more publications citing previous publications in that topic. We construct topics using community detection in a citation network and use a two-part regression model to study the association between topic growth and citation counts in eight broad disciplines. The first part of the model uses quantile regression to estimate the effect of growth ratio on citation counts for publications with more than three citations. The second part of the model uses logistic regression to model the influence of the explanatory variables on the probability of being lowly cited versus being modestly or highly cited. Both models control for three variables that may distort the association between the topic growth and citations: journal impact, number of references, and number of authors. The regression model clearly shows that publications in fast-growing topics have a citation advantage compared to publications in slow-growing or declining topics in all of the eight disciplines. Using citation indicators for research evaluation may give incentives for researchers to publish in fast-growing topics, but they may cause research to be less diversified. The results have also some implications for citation normalization.
A Continuum Mathematical Model of Substrate-Mediated Tissue Growth
Authors: El-Hachem Maud , McCue Scott W. , Simpson Matthew J.
Published: March 2022

We consider a continuum mathematical model of biological tissue formation inspired by recent experiments describing thin tissue growth in 3D-printed bioscaffolds. The continuum model, which we call thesubstrate model, involves a partial differential equation describing the density of tissue,$${\hat{u}}(\hat{{\mathbf {x}}},{\hat{t}})$$u^(x^,t^)that is coupled to the concentration of an immobile extracellular substrate,$${\hat{s}}(\hat{{\mathbf {x}}},{\hat{t}})$$s^(x^,t^). Cell migration is modelled with a nonlinear diffusion term, where the diffusive flux is proportional to$${\hat{s}}$$s^, while a logistic growth term models cell proliferation. The extracellular substrate$${\hat{s}}$$s^is produced by cells and undergoes linear decay. Preliminary numerical simulations show that this mathematical model is able to recapitulate key features of recent tissue growth experiments, including the formation of sharp fronts. To provide a deeper understanding of the model we analyse travelling wave solutions of the substrate model, showing that the model supports both sharp-fronted travelling wave solutions that move with a minimum wave speed,$$c = c_{\mathrm{min}}$$c=cmin, as well as smooth-fronted travelling wave solutions that move with a faster travelling wave speed,$$c > c_{\mathrm{min}}$$c>cmin. We provide a geometric interpretation that explains the difference between smooth and sharp-fronted travelling wave solutions that is based on a slow manifold reduction of the desingularised three-dimensional phase space. In addition, we also develop and test a series of useful approximations that describe the shape of the travelling wave solutions in various limits. These approximations apply to both the sharp-fronted and smooth-fronted travelling wave solutions. Software to implement all calculations is available atGitHub.
Clinching of inductively heated aluminum die casting
Authors: Yarcu Sinan , Behrens Bernd-Arno , Huebner Sven , Schuchardt Torsten , Dilger Klaus , Meichsner Thomas Paul
Published: March 2022

The aim of the investigations described in this article is to improve the clinching of aluminum die casting. The focus is on clinching an aluminum die casting alloy by local heat treatment and hence to join them in a process-safe manner. For this purpose, a heating strategy is used to warm up the die casting alloys to reduce temporarily and reversibly the elongation and the yield strength in the material. In preliminary investigations, three different heating strategies (heating plate, resistance heating and inductive heating) have been investigated. Induction heating has been selected as the most suitable method due to the short heating time and the production of crack-free clinch points. In this paper, two clinching tool systems (one with a flexible die, one with a rigid die) were used. For these tools, two inductors with different diameter were manufactured. The effects of each inductor and clinching tool on an aluminum die casting alloy, such as heating time and crack behavior, were investigated. Surface images of the clinch points in regard to the heat treatment temperature were analyzed. Furthermore, the characteristic parameters of the joints such as interlock, bottom thickness and neck thickness were examined. In addition, the strength of the joined parts was investigated by head tension tests. The results of the developed method showed that it is possible to produce crack-free clinching joints below 6 s. Furthermore, the local heating led to an increasing interlock resulting in a 26% increase of the head tensile strength.
Petrophysical properties of the Mamuniyat Formation for hydrocarbon potentiality in “A” Oil Field, NC115 Concession of Murzuq Basin, Libya
Authors: Mohamed Adel K. , Beshr Ahmed M.
Published: March 2022

The Mamuniyat sandstones represent the main reservoir in the “A” Oil Field, NC115 Concession, Murzuq Basin of Libya. As a result, the primary objectives of the current work are to evaluate and define the Mamuniyat Formation’s petrophysical parameters using well-logging analysis. For this study, the available well-logging data from ten exploratory wells were provided. Several cross-plots were used to evaluate the lithologic constituents and fluid saturations in the form of litho-saturation cross-plots, and their output parameters were fed as inputs for Interactive Petrophysics (IP) software. According to the output results, the Mamuniyat Formation is primarily composed of sandstones with a few shales. These sandstones are generally fine- to coarse-grained, as indicated by the cross-plots, with a coarsening-upward sequence. According to the litho-saturation analysis, the Mamuniyat Formation is primarily oil-bearing with some levels of water-bearing sand. The petrophysical parameters derived from well-logging data agree with those derived from core sample analysis, demonstrating that the Mamuniyat Formation is a good reservoir.
Managing the complexity of digital transformation—How multiple concurrent initiatives foster hybrid ambidexterity
Authors: Jöhnk Jan , Ollig Philipp , Rövekamp Patrick , Oesterle Severin
Published: March 2022

Incumbent companies are launching digital transformation initiatives (DTIs) to cope with technological changes, challenging competitive environments, increasing customer demands, and other digitalization challenges. The DTI spectrum is broad and covers structural and contextual changes. Companies often launch multiple. concurrent DTIs, resulting in considerable organizational complexity. However, there has been very little research into the successful management of the interplay between DTIs. Drawing on five management aspects (strategic alignment, governance, methods/IT, people, and culture) and insights from three case companies, we elucidate DTIs’ interplay, illustrating that beneficial DTI interplay management leads to a complementary duality instead of a competing dualism in organizational ambidexterity. We explicate that multiple concurrent DTIs can foster structural and contextual ambidexterity, which leads to hybrid ambidexterity, concluding that contextual ambidexterity coheres and balances exploration and exploitation efforts. Thereby, we contribute to a better understanding of DTIs, their interplay management, and their roles to foster hybrid ambidexterity.
Positive peritoneal swab in SARS-CoV-2 patients undergoing abdominal emergency surgery: effect or cause?
Authors: Tartaglia Dario , Barberis Andrea , Coccolini Federico , Pistello Mauro , Rutigliani Mariangela , Chiarugi Massimo
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal fluid is a matter of debate in the COVID-19 literature. The study aimed to report the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal fluid of patients with nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 undergoing emergency surgery and review the literature.

Methods

The present study was conducted between March 2020 and June 2021. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 positivity was confirmed by preoperative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results

Eighteen patients with positive nasopharyngeal swabs were operated in emergency in two third-level Italian hospitals. In 13 of these patients (72%), a peritoneal swab was analyzed: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in the abdominal fluid of two patients (15%). Neither of them had visceral perforation and one patient died. In ten patients with negative peritoneal swabs, visceral perforation and mortality rates were 30% and 20%, respectively.

Conclusion

SARS-CoV-2 peritoneal positivity is rare. Abdominal surgery can, therefore, be safely performed in patients with COVID-19 using standard precautions. The correlation with a visceral perforation is not evaluable. The clinical outcomes seem uninfluenced by the viral colonization of the peritoneum. Assessment in large series to provide definitive answers about the involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneum will be challenging to coordinate.
The diffusion of goods with multiple characteristics and price premiums: an agent-based model
Authors: Lopez-Merino Pedro , Rouchier Juliette
Published: March 2022

According to innovation diffusion theories, the adoption of a new product is the result of a dynamic process whereby individuals become likelier to adopt as others do. Agent-based modelling has emerged as a useful technique to model and study processes of innovation diffusion within artificial societies, as it allows to easily programme and simulate the interaction of multiple agents among them and with their environment. Despite a large body of literature dealing with innovation of diffusions, including the use of agent-based modelling, there has been little to no consideration of two elements that are important features of consumption: the presence of multiple characteristics of goods, and that of price-premiums on the presence of added characteristics. We propose an agent-based model of the diffusion of such goods, and study its emerging properties when compared to standard ones. Our goal is to try and understand how social interaction affects the consumption of goods that are complex rather than uni-dimensional, and whose prices depend on the number of dimensions (characteristics) that are present. Testing the model for different parameters shows that as goods become more complex, social interaction becomes an increasingly important explanatory variable for purchases. This opens up interesting avenues of discussion for those seeking to bring together innovation diffusion theories and goods’ complexity, and can be linked with a number of issues in the social and sustainability sciences.
Partial Order in Matrix Nearrings
Authors: Sahoo Tapatee , Meyer Johannes Hendrik , Panackal Harikrishnan , Srinivas Kedukodi Babushri , Prasad Kuncham Syam
Published: March 2022

Let N be a zero-symmetric (right) nearring with identity. We introduce a partial order in the matrix nearring corresponding to the partial order (defined by Pilz in Near-rings: the theory and its applications, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1983) in N. A positive cone in a matrix nearring is defined and a characterization theorem is obtained. For a convex ideal I in N, we prove that the corresponding ideal $${I^*}$$

I
∗

is convex in $$M_n(N)$$

M
n

(
N
)

, and conversely, if I is convex in $$M_n(N)$$

M
n

(
N
)

, then $${I_{*}}$$

I

∗

is convex in N. Consequently, we establish an order-preserving isomorphism between the p.o. quotient matrix nearrings $$M_n(N)/{I^*}$$

M
n

(
N
)

/

I
∗

and $$M_n(N')/{(I')^*}$$

M
n

(

N
′

)

/

(

I
′

)

∗

where I and $$I'$$

I
′

are the convex ideals of p.o. nearrings N and $$N'$$

N
′

, respectively. Finally, we prove some properties of Archimedean ordering in matrix nearrings corresponding to those in nearrings.
Sustainability of a well-established hand hygiene program during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Stancill Lisa B. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , DiBiase Lauren M.
Published: March 2022

Overall, engagement and compliance from the crowd-sourced hand hygiene observation program, Clean-In-Clean-Out (CICO), were similar between 2019 (96.6%) and 2020 (96.7%) despite fluctuations within 2020 that reflected our hospital’s coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience. Shared responsibility and just-in-time reminders can allow manual hand hygiene observation models to be sustainable.
Reclaiming the Human Rights Foundations of the UN Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI People
Authors: Lyons Amanda , Christiancy Cooper
Published: March 2022

The business and human rights field and the international LGBTI human rights agenda have evolved almost entirely separately. The United Nations ‘Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI People’ (2017) is the primary effort to bridge this gap. Although drafted in a way that strongly aligns with the second pillar of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights on corporate responsibility, the dissemination of the Standards has mainly been untethered from the human rights framework and system. This article identifies the need to reassert the human rights foundations of the Standards and leverage their existing momentum to set out a more robust research and policy agenda for meaningfully accounting for sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics in business and human rights frameworks. To that end, the article sets out priority areas for greater attention from researchers, decision-makers and advocates.
Enough of the ‘Snake Oil’: Applying a Business and Human Rights Lens to the Sexual and Reproductive Wellness Industry
Authors: Patton Clare , McVey Marisa , Hackett Ciara
Published: March 2022

The female sexual and reproductive wellness industry is flourishing, valued at around US$4.5trn globally. Heavily focused on the female reproductive life cycle, products are marketed to women and girls from puberty through to the menopausal years, with medically unsubstantiated claims that can fail to deliver on promises made and leave damaging physical and psychological side-effects. In this article we ask: do the harms caused by the sexual and reproductive wellness industry fall within the boundaries of business and human rights (BHR) scholarship? We establish the landscape of the industry, identify human rights relating to sexual and reproductive healthcare and education, and use BHR literature to make the case that the industry should be placed on the BHR research agenda so that the various tools used in BHR such as the law, corporate governance, and the weight of public consciousness, can be applied to encourage appropriate regulation of this industry.
Demystifying college costs: how nudges can and can't help
Authors: Linos Elizabeth , Reddy Vikash , Rothstein Jesse
Published: March 2022

As US college costs continue to rise, governments and institutions have quadrupled financial aid. Yet, the administrative process of receiving financial aid remains complex, raising costs for families and deterring students from enrolling. In two large-scale field experiments (N = 265,570), we test the impact of nudging high-school seniors in California to register for state scholarships. We find that simplifying communication and affirming belonging each significantly increase registrations, by 9% and 11%, respectively. Yet, these nudges do not impact the final step of the financial aid process – receiving the scholarship. In contrast, a simplified letter that affirms belonging while also making comparable cost calculations more salient significantly impacts college choice, increasing enrollment in the lowest net cost option by 10.4%. Our findings suggest that different nudges are likely to address different types of administrative burdens, and their combination may be the most effective way to shift educational outcomes.
Comparison of the compressible class of models and non-local models with the discrete element method for steady fully developed flow of cohesionless granular materials through a vertical channel
Authors: Debnath Bhanjan , Kumaran V. , Rao K. Kesava
Published: March 2022

The flow of granular materials through a vertical channel is examined using the discrete element method (DEM) and the recent continuum models of Henann & Kamrin (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 110, 2013, pp. 6730–6735), Barker et al. (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 473, 2017, p. 20160846), Schaeffer et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 874, 2019, pp. 926–951) and Dsouza & Nott (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 888, 2020, p. R3). The channel is bounded by walls separated by a distance

$2 \, W$

in the

$x$

-direction. For the DEM, periodic boundary conditions are used in the

$z$

- and

$y$

- (vertical) directions with no exit at the bottom of the channel. The governing equations reduce to ordinary differential equations in the

$x$

-direction. There is a plug layer near the centre and a shear layer near the wall, as observed in experiments. There is a decrease in the solids fraction

$\phi$

in the shear layer, except for the models of Barker et al. and Henann & Kamrin. A modification of the latter gives more realistic

$\phi$

profiles. The thickness of the shear layer depends on

$2\,W$

and the bulk solids fraction

$\bar {\phi }$

. For all the models, solutions could not be obtained for some parameter values. An example is the negative fluidity in the model of Henann & Kamrin. The model of Dsouza & Nott predicts much higher normal stresses, possibly because of large contributions from the non-local terms. None of the models specify a complete set of boundary conditions (b.c.). The DEM results suggest that the slip velocity and the wall friction b.c. lead to a slip length and an angle of wall friction that are independent of

$2\,W$

. The models are based on extensions of the equations for slow, rate-independent flow. A model that includes collisional effects, such as kinetic theory, should be combined with the present models. A preliminary analysis of the kinetic theory model of Berzi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 885, 2020, p. A27), shows that it may have undesirable feature.
Transition, intermittency and phase interference effects in airfoil secondary tones and acoustic feedback loop
Authors: Ricciardi Tulio R. , Wolf William R. , Taira Kunihiko
Published: March 2022

A large eddy simulation is performed to study secondary tones generated by a NACA0012 airfoil at angle of attack of

$\alpha = 3^{\circ}$

with freestream Mach number of

$M_{\infty} = 0.3$

and Reynolds number of

$Re = 5 \times 10^4$

. Laminar separation bubbles are observed over the suction side and near the trailing edge, on the pressure side. Vortex shedding occurs aft of the suction side separation bubble, and vortex interaction results in merging or bursting such that coherent structures or turbulent packets are advected towards the trailing edge. This mechanism modulates the amplitude of the incident pressure signal, leading to different levels of noise emission. Despite the intermittent occurrence of laminar–turbulent transition, the noise spectrum depicts a main tone with multiple equidistant secondary tones. To understand the role of flow instabilities on the tones, the linearised Navier–Stokes equations are examined in their operator form through biglobal stability and resolvent analyses, and by time evolution of disturbances using a matrix-free method. These linear global analyses reveal amplification of disturbances over the suction side separation bubble. Spanwise-averaged pressure fluctuations elucidate aspects of the acoustic feedback loop mechanism in the nonlinear solutions. This feedback process is self-sustained by acoustic waves radiated from the trailing edge, which reach the most sensitive flow location near the leading edge, as identified by the resolvent analysis. Flow disturbances arising from secondary diffraction and phase interference among the most unstable frequencies computed in the eigenspectrum are shown to have an important role in the feedback loop.
Crevasse advection increases glacier calving
Authors: Berg Brandon , Bassis Jeremy
Published: March 2022

Iceberg calving, the process where icebergs detach from glaciers, remains poorly understood. Moreover, few parameterizations of the calving process can easily be integrated into numerical models to accurately capture observations, resulting in large uncertainties in projected sea level rise. Recent efforts have focused on estimating crevasse depths assuming tensile failure occurs when crevasses fully penetrate the glacier thickness. However, these approaches often ignore the role of advecting crevasses on calculations of crevasse depth. Here, we examine a more general crevasse depth calving model that includes crevasse advection. We apply this model to idealized prograde and retrograde bed geometries as well as a prograde geometry with a sill. Neglecting crevasse advection results in steady glacier advance and ice tongue formation for all ice temperatures, sliding law coefficients and constant slope bed geometries considered. In contrast, crevasse advection suppresses ice tongue formation and increases calving rates, leading to glacier retreat. Furthermore, crevasse advection allows a grounded calving front to stabilize on top of sills. These results suggest that crevasse advection can radically alter calving rates and hint that future parameterizations of fracture and failure need to more carefully consider the lifecycle of crevasses and the role this plays in the calving process.
Taking market crime seriously
Authors: Farmer Lindsay
Published: March 2022

There has been a transformation in the number and the scope of criminal laws relating to forms of market misconduct. Surprisingly, however, this area of criminal law is not one that has been systematically explored in recent writing about criminalisation. However, concepts such as white-collar crime, or financial crime, which are widely used to describe this area, are poorly defined and offer little analytic clarity. This paper argues that to take market crimes seriously it is necessary to focus on what is distinctive about markets and about market misconduct as a form of wrongdoing. This allows us to see the area as a whole and identify certain common features based on central institutional features of markets and the role that criminal law has played in protecting them – notably ensuring competition, preventing exploitation, and embedding trust. This approach, then, can be a means of raising wider questions about our understanding of the relationship between criminal law and the market in modern society – and the role that criminal law can or should play in regulating those markets.
Integrative Learning and Simulating Revolution and Protest in the Middle East
Authors: Mello Brian , Stein Mark
Published: March 2022

This essay explores insights from our experiences teaching undergraduates a set of paired history and political science courses on protest and revolution in the Middle East. Working in groups, students developed simulations of key moments of revolution or protest explored during the courses. The simulation assignment was designed to engage students in an active learning setting and as a shared assignment across both courses. The most interesting result of this project, from the teaching perspective, was its unanticipated ability to expose students to the contingency and emotion that scholarship has recently emphasized as critical to understanding social movements, but which so often falls out of the study of history and political science analyses of protest and revolution. In this paper we explore the simulation assignment, how student groups designed the simulations with limited guidance from instructors, how students took on the assigned roles by engaging deeply with the histories of the events, and how the engagement in the simulations complicated the analyses that formed the bedrock of our course readings. In our analysis we draw on two iterations of the paired courses and use both student qualitative assessments of the course and student reflections on the simulations that were included in group papers.
Quantifying the shrinkage of laryngeal laser excisions: a case control study
Authors: Halliday E , George A
Published: March 2022

Objective

Heat from transoral laser microsurgery can cause tissue shrinkage, impacting the surgical margin. This study aimed to compare shrinkage between cold steel and carbon dioxide laser resections of laryngeal lesions.

Methods

A European Laryngological Society type II resection was performed on 10 mm ‘lesions’ marked on both the true and false folds of fresh-frozen human larynxes; specifically, laser resection was performed on the right side and cold steel resection on the left side.

Results

Twenty-eight larynxes were included. Tissue shrinkage was significantly higher in laser resection (35–45 per cent) compared to cold steel resection (8–14 per cent) (p < 0.0001). In most cases, there was no significant difference in shrinkage between true and false fold sites.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that specimen shrinkage is significantly higher in laser resections. This shrinkage will affect the size of the surgical margin; surgeons and pathologists should be aware of this when considering positive and close margins.
A meeting of the minds: Broadening horizons in the study of linguistic discrimination and social justice through sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic approaches
Authors: Weissler Rachel Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Abstract 1

Understanding social justice as it relates to linguistic discrimination and identity requires consideration of both production and perception. As linguists and cognitive psychologists become more attuned to talking about social justice, the need to discuss linguistic human behaviors through a sociocognitive lens becomes more pertinent than ever. This article offers a sociocognitive approach to linguistic analysis as a means to combat linguistic discrimination in the pursuit of social justice. Having negative ideologies about a particular group of people, especially a minoritized group, influences linguistic prediction and perceptions. Together, sociolinguistic and psychological methodologies are necessary to navigate a world in which people use linguistic knowledge to make decisions and predictions about their interlocutors. I use sociocognitive approaches as vehicles for social justice, centering African American English and Anti-Black Racism. The limited existing sociocognitive linguistic research indicates that listeners may modulate their linguistic expectations during cognitive processing based on speaker identity and stereotypes of speakers. As linguistic discrimination is ever-present in U.S. society, in addition to describing sociocognitive solutions, this article also represents a call to action for researchers to empirically test ideological claims about linguistic varieties that are passively accepted, strengthen replicability, and broaden approaches to the study of minoritized varieties more generally. Hopefully, this article will inspire linguistics researchers to consider all factors, cognitive and social, related to linguistic perception, further contributing to a greater understanding of how to combat linguistic discrimination from a multidimensional frame.
Simulation of COVID-19 spread through family feast gatherings in a complex network
Authors: Guo Zuiyuan , Gong Lili , Xiao Guangquan , Wang Yayu , Xu Zhiwei , Xiao Dan
Published: March 2022

Family feasting during the Spring Festival is a Chinese tradition. However, close contact during this period is likely to promote the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study developed a dynamic infectious disease model in which the feast gatherings of families were considered the sole mode of transmission. The model simulates COVID-19 transmission via family feast gatherings through a social contact network. First, a kinship-based, virtual social contact network was constructed, with nodes representing families and connections representing kinships. Families in kinship with each other comprised of the largest globally coupled network, also known as a clique, in which a feast gathering was generated by randomly selecting two or more families willing to gather. The social contact network in the model comprised of 215 cliques formed among 608 families with 1517 family members. The modelling results indicated that when there is only one patient on day 0, the number of new infections will reach a peak on day 29, and almost all families and their members in the social contact network will be infected by day 60. This study demonstrated that COVID-19 can spread rapidly through continuous feast gatherings through social contact networks and that the disease will run rampant throughout the network.
Surveillance of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness: a real-time case–control study in southern Sweden
Authors: Björk Jonas , Bonander Carl , Moghaddassi Mahnaz , Rasmussen Magnus , Malmqvist Ulf , Kahn Fredrik , Inghammar Malin
Published: March 2022

The extensive register infrastructure available for coronavirus disease 2019 surveillance in Scania county, Sweden, makes it possible to classify individual cases with respect to hospitalisation and disease severity, stratify on time since last dose and demographic factors, account for prior infection and extract data for population controls automatically. In the present study, we developed a case–control sampling design to surveil vaccine effectiveness (VE) in this ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population with more than 1.3 million inhabitants. The first surveillance results show that estimated VE against hospitalisation and severe disease 0–3 months after the last dose remained stable during the study period, but waned markedly 6 months after the last dose in persons aged 65 years or over.
Development of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Ducks
Authors: Yang Sheng , Wu Jingxian , Shi Yonghong , Huang Yufei , Zhang Yafei , Chen Qiusheng
Published: March 2022

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important internal barrier. Herein, the electron microscope examination of duck BBB was performed during the brain development. Meanwhile, the genes/proteins of tight junctions (TJs) including zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-5 in the duck brain were detected by Q-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results showed the density of capillaries in the brain gradually increased during the embryonic period. The generation of the BBB and the specialization of its components occurred mainly in the embryonic stage. During this period, the endothelial cells (ECs) became thinner and pinocytic vesicles decreased; the TJs between EC membranes became longer and more electron-dense; the basement membrane surrounding ECs and pericytes gradually thickened; and the astrocyte foot processes appeared to wrap around the vessels. By the day of hatching (P1), the whole set of duck BBB structures was completely assembled and gradually improved in the subsequent growth process. Interestingly, compared with the cerebrum and cerebellum, the maturity level of the midbrain BBB was earlier seen during the embryonic stage. The expression of TJs increased during the embryonic period and remained stable by post-hatching. The study systematically investigated the histochemical and ultrastructural features of duck BBB during development and explored the corresponding relationship between structure and function.
Income, workload, and any other factors associated with anticipated retention of rural doctors?
Authors: Yan Wenjun , Sun Guixiang
Published: March 2022

Objective:

The turnover of rural doctors, including doctors who leave clinical practice in rural areas, may disrupt the continuity of care. Though strategies had been formulated to address the problems associated with low retention rates, they proved to be unrewarding. This study aimed to investigate how we could anticipate the loss of rural doctors to facilitate their retention in advance.

Design:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey and collected data from rural doctors in Jiangsu Province.

Setting:

Research on the employment status of target admission graduates in Jiangsu.

Participants:

Multi-stage stratified sampling methods were employed to select the respondents in this study. We selected 722 rural physicians, who represented all the rural physicians from Northern, Central, and Southern Jiangsu.

Measures:

Factors affecting anticipated rural retention (odds ratios (OR)).

Results:

The anticipated rural retention rate was 72.8% for the 722 respondents from Jiangsu province. Economically developed work areas (ORCentral JS = 0.501, ORSouthern JS = 0.475), a higher monthly income (OR 3000∼ = 0.584, OR6000∼ = 0.255), and an advanced rank among counterparts (OR = 0.507) were protective factors for anticipated rural retention. Risk factors involved the monthly expenditure, mainly for socialization with others (OR = 1.856), working hours of more than 50 hours/week (OR = 2.076), assignment of outpatient work (OR = 1.991), and filing work (OR = 1.544) as the main tasks on a daily basis.

Conclusion:

A combination of strategies, including the strengthening of economic incentive as well as the ability to deal with a heavy workload, could increase the recruitment and retention rate in Jiangsu Province.
Regeneration von verlorenem Knochen und verlorenem Zahnfleisch
Authors: Naenni Nadja
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Der Verlust eines Zahns führt zur Auslösung von Resorptionsprozessen und damit zum Umbau der Gewebe des Alveolarfortsatzes. Auf der Ebene des Hartgewebes betrifft diese Resorption hauptsächlich den Bündelknochen auf der bukkalen Seite des extrahierten Zahns und erfolgt am schnellsten in den ersten Wochen und Monaten nach der Extraktion. Gewebeveränderungen treten nicht nur auf Ebene des Hartgewebes (Knochen), sondern auch auf Ebene des Weichgewebes auf. Diese Veränderungen führen zu einem erheblichen Volumenverlust, insbesondere im bukkalen Bereich des Kieferkamms. Sie sind für einen Volumenverlust der Alveolarkammkontur von bis zu 50 % verantwortlich.
The Diel Cycle of Surface Ocean Elemental Stoichiometry has Implications for Ocean Productivity
Authors: Garcia Nathan S. , Talmy David , Fu Wei‐Wei , Larkin Alyse A. , Lee Jenna , Martiny Adam C.
Published: March 2022

Environmentally driven variability in the elemental stoichiometry of ocean plankton plays a key role in ocean biogeochemical processes. Recent studies have identified clear regional variability in C:N:P, but less is known about the environmental regulation of diel variability in plankton elemental stoichiometry. Here, we quantified the amplitude of the diel variability in C:N of surface ocean particles (<30 μm, C:Namp) across large latitudinal gradients in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. We commonly observed diel oscillations in C:N and biome‐specific variability in C:Namp. Temperature emerged as the strongest predictor of C:Namp, relative to the supply of nitrate. We propose that C:Namp is positively related to photosynthesis and respiration and thus phytoplankton growth rates. We find that independent growth rate proxies and an ecosystem model support this hypothesis. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of C:Namp has a Q10 of 1.78 corroborating studies of phytoplankton growth rates. Surface communities across the Indian Ocean transect had a very small dependency on nitrate, whereas recycled nitrogen sources were by far the most preferred and the ratio of recycled‐N:nitrate utilization increased with increasing C:Namp. To predict future changes in C:Namp, we combined our statistical model with data from the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project for the years 1990 and 2090. The results suggest that future rising temperatures will yield increased C:Namp. Collectively, our results imply that rising surface ocean temperatures lead to elevated phytoplankton growth rates supported by recycled nutrients.
Successive Dipolarization Fronts With a Stepwise Electron Acceleration During a Substorm in Saturn's Magnetotail
Authors: Xu S. B. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Jiang K. , Wei Y. Y. , Zhang J. , Zhang Z. H. , Xiong Q. Y. , Lin R. T. , Yu L.
Published: March 2022

Substorms are a fundamental phenomenon in planetary magnetospheric systems. Using Cassini measurements, we report a typical event in which four successive dipolarization fronts (DFs) were observed within 1 hour during the substorm in Saturn's magnetotail. The last three DFs caused a type of stepwise electron acceleration and generated energetic electrons. The pitch angle distributions of the electrons show evidence of the Fermi acceleration mechanism behind these DFs. Therefore, we infer the magnetotail dynamics process during Saturn's substorm: The stepwise acceleration by successive DFs powerfully accelerates the field‐aligned electrons and generates field‐aligned energetic electrons. These high‐energy electrons are injected into the inner magnetosphere and become an important trigger of Saturn's aurora. Our results show an efficient acceleration mechanism for the electrons caused by successive DFs and confirm an important source of energetic particles during the substorm in Saturn, and these findings improve our understanding of Saturn's substorm and magnetotail dynamics.