bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Location of TCSC Using Opposition Teaching Learning Based Optimization
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Pranabesh , Dutta Susanta , Roy Provas Kumar
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on the optimal power flow solution and the enhancement of the performance of a power system network. The paper presents a secured optimal power flow solution by integrating Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) with the optimization model developed under overload condition. The Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) has been implemented here. Recently, the opposition-based learning (OBL) technique has been applied in various conventional population based techniques to improve the convergence performance and get better simulation results. In this paper, opposition-based learning (OBL) has been integrated with teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) to form the opposition teaching learning based optimization (OTLBO). Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) can be very effective for power system security. Numerical results on test systems IEEE 30-Bus with valve point effect is presented and compared with results of other competitive global approaches. The results show that the proposed approach can converge to the optimum solution and obtains the solution with high accuracy.
The Research of the Innovation Performance Evaluation System for Enterprises in Internet and Communication Industrial Clusters
Authors: Zhao Yingsi , Liu Yanping , Zeng Qing-An , Zhao Yang
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on the evaluation system and algorithm for Enterprises' innovation performance in Internet and Communication industrial clusters. An Individual enterprise innovation performance system is developed based on network techniques. The functional model and constructing structure of the evaluation system are firstly illustrated. With the applying of Analytic Hierarchy Process Fuzzy (AHP-Fuzzy) method and the construction of the index system, the system realizes the innovation performance evaluation for enterprises of Internet and communication industrial clusters. The operation of the evaluation system achieves a real-time and effective result, which is significant for realistic innovation evaluation.
A Secure Home Healthcare System Based on 6LoWPAN WSN
Authors: Wang Xiaonan , Mu Yi
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes a secure home healthcare system based on 6LoWPAN WSN. In this system, the hierarchical architecture based on clusters is proposed, and the hierarchical address structure based on location information is presented. Based on the architecture and the address structure, the secure address configuration algorithm is proposed. According to the destination IPv6 address, this system can automatically perform the routing in the link layer without route discovery. This system achieves the secure communication. Through this system, at any time a physician can monitor the physical parameters of a home-based patient such as a senior or less-mobile person, and a home-based patient can also alert a physician to call for help. In the latter case, the physician can quickly obtain the location of the patient in order to perform effective and timely treatment. The performance parameters of this system are evaluated and compared, and the data results show that this system effectively improves the system performance.
Thinking eHealth
Authors: Lokshina Izabella V. , Bartolacci Michael R.
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on a mathematical background of an individual health status monitoring system to empower young people to manage their health. The proposed health status monitoring system uses symptoms observed with mobile sensing devices and prior information about health and environment (provided it exists) to define individual physical and psychological status. It assumes that a health status identification process is influenced by many parameters and conditions. It has a flexible logical inference system providing positive psychological influence on young people since full acceptance of recommendations on their behavioral changes towards healthy lifestyles is reached and a correct interpretation is guaranteed. The model and algorithms of the individual health status monitoring system are developed based on the composition inference rule in Zadeh's fuzzy logic. The model allows us to include in the algorithms of logical inference the possibility of masking (by means of a certain health condition) the symptoms of other health situations as well as prior information (if it exists) regarding health and environment. The algorithms are generated by optimizing the truth of a single natural “axiom”, which connects an individual health status (represented by classes of health situations) with symptoms and matrices of influence of health situations on symptoms and masking of symptoms. The new algorithms are fairly different from traditional algorithms, in which the result is produced in the course of numerous single processing rules. Therefore, the use of a composition inference rule makes a health status identification process faster and the obtained results more precise and efficient comparing to traditional algorithms.
Order Admission and Optimal Pricing for Regular Jobs and Big Deals at a Service Company
Authors: Erkoc Murat , Romo-Fragoso Salvador
Published: March 2015

This paper studies optimal pricing and demand management policies for a firm that faces two streams of order types: one is composed of recurring regular jobs with pre-determined prices (exogenous prices) and the other involves big deals that require pricing proposals (endogenous prices). The probability to secure the big deals diminishes with the quoted price. The authors develop and compare optimization models for different demand management settings. Specifically, we consider two distinct strategies: a pure strategy in which the firm commits to bid for deals only and a mixed strategy where the firm switches its allocation of capacity between regular jobs and deals. The authors compare optimal pricing strategies under two demand management strategies that differ in how they allocate capacity across regular jobs and deals, and order acceptance policies that they adopt. The authors observe that the differences between two strategies in terms of pricing and average gain are in accord. Under any given set of systems parameters, one of the strategies leads to both higher prices and average gains. Typically, the preferable strategy depends on the exogenous price of regular orders and the price sensitivity of the deals. The authors conclude that the threshold values for these two parameters are determined primarily by the demand rate of the deals and the service rate of the standard jobs.
A Sensitivity Analysis of Critical Genetic Algorithm Parameters
Authors: Kim Eungcheol , Jha Manoj K. , Kang Min-Wook
Published: March 2015

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have been applied in many complex combinatorial optimization problems and have been proven to yield reasonably good solutions due to their ability of searching in continuous spaces and avoiding local optima. However, one issue in GA application that needs to be carefully explored is to examine sensitivity of critical parameters that may affect the quality of solutions. The key critical GA parameters affecting solution quality include the number of genetic operators, the number of encoded decision variables, the parameter for selective pressure, and the parameter for non-uniform mutation. The effect of these parameters on solution quality is particularly significant for complex problems of combinatorial nature. In this paper the authors test the sensitivity of critical GA parameters in optimizing 3-dimensional highway alignments which has been proven to be a complex combinatorial optimization problem for which an exact solution is not possible warranting the application of heuristics procedures, such as GAs. If GAs are applied properly, similar optimal solutions should be expected at each replication. The authors perform several example studies in order to arrive at a general set of conclusions regarding the sensitivity of critical GA parameters on solution quality. The first study shows that the optimal solutions obtained for a range of scenarios consisting of different combinations of the critical parameters are quite close. The second study shows that different optimal solutions are obtained when the number of encoded decision variables is changed.
Simulation-Based Scheduling of Waterway Projects Using a Parallel Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yang Ning , Wang Shiaaulir , Schonfeld Paul
Published: March 2015

A Parallel Genetic Algorithm (PGA) is used for a simulation-based optimization of waterway project schedules. This PGA is designed to distribute a Genetic Algorithm application over multiple processors in order to speed up the solution search procedure for a very large combinational problem. The proposed PGA is based on a global parallel model, which is also called a master-slave model. A Message-Passing Interface (MPI) is used in developing the parallel computing program. A case study is presented, whose results show how the adaption of a simulation-based optimization algorithm to parallel computing can greatly reduce computation time. Additional techniques which are found to further improve the PGA performance include: (1) choosing an appropriate task distribution method, (2) distributing simulation replications instead of different solutions, (3) avoiding the simulation of duplicate solutions, (4) avoiding running multiple simulations simultaneously in shared-memory processors, and (5) avoiding using multiple processors which belong to different clusters (physical sub-networks).
A Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm for Network Expansion Deferment in a Hub Network
Authors: Rabbani Masoud , Farshbaf-Geranmayeh Amir , Hasani Mohsen , Rezaei Mahyar
Published: March 2015

The hub network expansion problem over planning horizon is addressed in this paper. In the extensive literature on hub network problem, it has widely been assumed that all P hub facilities must be located in current period and they do not take into account variation of demands, investment opportunities and net present cost. In this study, it is supposed that P hub facilities should have been located over planning horizon under variation of demands of every pair of nodes over time periods and also considering congestion effects at hub nodes. In this study, a mixed integer nonlinear programming formulation which minimizing the net present cost of planning horizon is presented. The Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm is developed and successfully solved many instances of standard Childhood and Beyond (CAB) dataset and the results verify applicability of the proposed model and algorithm.
Nash Feature Package of an Integrated Finance Lease-Sales System for Cautious Customers
Authors: Rabbani Masoud , Keyhanian Sina , Ghazanfari Maryam , Baseri Marzieh , Jalali Moeen Sammak
Published: March 2015

Higher inflation rate and subsequently, higher prices make customers consider other options except purchasing products to meet their requirements. Therefore, demand for leasing is rising meaningfully in such conditions. Companies producing costly products are considering leasing as a new approach for getting higher profit. In this study, the authors assume the case of sale and leasing departments as two different parts in a company. There are strategies assumed for both sections of a company, which make multiple feature packages. The objective is to define the best strategy for both departments in a competitive game theory model considering customers' behavior towards different offered packages. A heavy equipment company with sale and leasing department as a case study has been studied, and the Nash equilibrium is selected based on game theory.
Vanishing of Massey Products and Brauer Groups
Authors: Efrat Ido , Matzri Eliyahu
Published: March 2015

Let p be a prime number and F a field containing a root of unity of order p. We relate recent results on vanishing of triple Massey products in the mod-p Galois cohomology of F, due to Hopkins, Wickelgren, Mináč, and Tân, to classical results in the theory of central simple algebras. We prove a stronger form of the vanishing property for global fields.
The legal nature of a lien in South African law
Authors: Wiese M
Published: March 2015

The South African law acknowledges two types of liens or rights of  retention, namely enrichment liens and contractual liens (also known as debtor and creditor liens). Enrichment liens are regarded as limited real  rights which are enforceable against the owner of the thing. Contractual  liens are not regarded as limited real rights: sometimes they are referred to as personal rights which are enforceable only inter partes. Thus, a lien is classified as a right (subjektiewe reg) (ie a real right or a personal right). This article reflects on the correctness of this classification of liens. The term "right" can have various meanings and the aim of this article is to determine the exact meaning of the term "right" in the context of "right of retention". In my opinion a lien is not a right. I therefore reject the  classification of liens into contractual liens and enrichment liens with its concomitant consequences. A lien is a defence against an owner's rei  vindicatio in that it allows a creditor (a lienholder) to retain control of the owner's thing until the debt has been paid. Because the law grants a  defence to a creditor in control of a thing, the owner cannot succeed with her rei vindicatio. A distinction should be drawn between an entitlement that flows from a right (it describes the content of the right) and a  competency or capacity which emanates directly from the law. A lien is not an entitlement flowing from a lienholder's personal right - based on a  contract or an enrichment claim - against the debtor. It is rather a capacity to withhold because the law grants this defence. The term "capacity" is not used in a technical sense but rather in the context of the ability to withhold, which is granted by the law.
An argument for South Africa's accession to the optional protocol to the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights in the light of its importance and implications
Authors: Viljoen F , Orago N
Published: March 2015

The universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all rights have been universally acclaimed since the drafting in 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, despite the doctrine of indivisibility, civil and political rights (CPRs) have for a long time been treated as being enforceable judicially at the national, regional and  international levels, while socio-economic rights (SERs) have not. With the elaboration and adoption of an Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OP-ICESCR), which  mandates the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) to consider individual communications detailing the violations of SERs, the justiciability of SERs was also fully recognised at the international level.This paper undertakes an analysis of the importance and implications of the individual communications procedure under the OP-ICESCR and details some of the reasons why it would be beneficial for South Africa to accede thereto. The argument for accession by South Africa to the OP-ICESCR departs from the premise that South Africa's ratification of the ICESCR is imminent. Having signed the ICESCR on 3 October 1994, the South African Cabinet on 10 October 2012 decided that South Africa should ratify the Covenant. The authors argue that acceding to the OP-ICESCR will complement domestic protection and will confirm South Africa's global leadership in the field of justiciable SERs. Logic dictates that South Africa should confirm at the international level its position as a world leader on the national justiciability and legal enforcement of SERs, as indeed it has done during the drafting process of the OP-ICESCR. Accession to  OP-ICESCR, the argument continues, will not detract from the country's sovereignty, especially in the light of the requirement of the exhaustion of domestic remedies, including the condition that applicants must show that they have suffered a "clear disadvantage". In any event, South Africa  already has undertaken obligations as to SERs under regional human  rights treaties that are equal to and in some respect more arduous than  the obligations emanating from the ICESCR.
Property in insolvent estates – Edkins V registrar of deeds, Fourie V Edkins, and Motala V Moller
Authors: Evans RG , Steyn L
Published: March 2015

The question of the ownership of property which vests (by virtue of sections 20(1) and 21(1) respectively of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936) in the Master and, upon appointment, in the trustee of the insolvent estate, has been the source of academic debate and conflicting court judgments over a lengthy period. It was thought that the question had been finally settled by the (then) Appellate Division in De Villiers v Delta Cables (Pty) Ltd 1992 1 SA 9 (A), which concerned property belonging to the solvent spouse (as defined in section 21(13)), where it was held that ownership passes to the Master and subsequently the trustee. This was accepted by the Constitutional Court for the purposes of its judgment in Harksen v Lane 1998 1 SA 300 (CC). However, recent judgments, in Edkins v Registrar of Deeds, Johannesburg 2012 6 SA 278 (GSJ) and, on appeal, Fourie v Edkins 2013 6 SA 576 (SCA), have seemingly again opened up the question for debate, particularly in view of the fact that the Supreme Court of Appeal in Fourie v Edkins ignored its own precedent on this issue. These two judgments concerned property registered in the name of the insolvent. In a third recent judgment, in Motala v Moller (GSJ) unreported case number 32654/11 (GSJ) of 11 September 2013 (copy on file with authors) concerning property which had belonged to the solvent spouse at the time of the sequestration of the estate of her husband, the court regarded section 25(4) of the Insolvency Act as countering the precedent established by De Villiers v Delta Cables. In this article, each of these three judgments is analysed and criticised.
Frontiers of change and governance in contractual agreements: The possible role of exploitation - Uniting Reformed Church De Doorns v President of the Republic of South Africa 2013 5 SA 205 (WCC)
Authors: Hawthorne L
Published: March 2015

In the South African common law of contract there appears to be support for the open norm of public policy as a general clause to ameliorate the effects of unfair contracts and terms which are contrary to public policy. The courts have on several occasions held that contracts or terms would be regarded as contrary to public policy had they come about where the  parties were in an unequal bargaining relationship and this inequality was linked with another factor(s). In this case note it is argued that the  element of unequal bargaining position may be contrary to public policy if it is linked with exploitation as the other factor. The element of exploitation was highlighted in the recent court decision of Uniting Reformed Church, De Doorns v President of the Republic of South Africa 2013 5 SA 205 (WCC). In this case the applicant church owned three properties on which were  three schools under the control of the State. The church and the State had concluded 20-year notarial leases in respect of each of the properties. A term in the contract provided that after the expiration of the lease period the church would transfer the properties to the State free of charge. After the expiration of the leases the State demanded the transfer of the  properties. The church disputed the claim, averring that the term was unenforceable because the parties had been in an unequal bargaining position and that the enforcement of the term constituted expropriation in contravention of the property clause of the Constitution. It is submitted that expropriation without compensation is not only contrary to section 25 of the Constitution but constitutes exploitation. It is suggested that where exploitation results from an unequal bargaining relationship it provides the "further factor" that, together with the inequality in bargaining power, is sufficient to establish that the term or contract is in conflict with public  policy. This contributes to giving meaning to the term "public policy". To support this argument, reference is made to the German Civil Code, the Swiss Civil Code, consumer protection legislation and the philosophy of Wertheimer.
Defamation on facebook: Isparta V Richter 2013 6 SA 529 (GP)
Authors: Roos A , Slabbert M
Published: March 2015

Litigation involving social media is still very new in South Africa and only a few reported cases can be found. In this case discussion, a brief overview is given of the few cases already reported, but in the main the case of  Isparta v Richter 2013 6 SA 4529 (GP) is discussed. In this case a South African court for the first time awarded damages to the plaintiff for  defamatory comments made on Facebook. The questions that confronted the judge were whether the alleged defamatory statements did indeed  relate to the plaintiff and whether the comments, individually or collectively, could be considered defamatory. The issue whether the "tagging" of  another user of Facebook makes that user liable for the defamatory  comments of the tagger is also addressed in the case. The case discussion concludes with a reference to other issues that could play a role in litigation involving Facebook, namely the Electronic Communications and  Transactions Act 25 of 2002 and foreign law.
Laboratory studies of collection efficiency of sub-micrometer aerosol particles by cloud droplets on a single droplet basis
Authors: Ardon-Dryer K. , Huang Y.-W. , Cziczo D. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. An experimental setup has been constructed to measure the Collection Efficiency (CE) of sub-micrometer aerosol particles by cloud droplets. Water droplets of a dilute aqueous ammonium sulfate solution with a radius of ~20 μm fall freely into a chamber and collide with sub-micrometer Polystyrene Latex Sphere (PSL) particles of variable size and concentrations. Two RH conditions, ~15 and ~88%, hereafter termed "Low" and "High", respectively, were varied with different particles size and concentrations. After passing through the chamber, the droplets and aerosol particles were sent to the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument to determine chemical compositions on a single particle basis. Coagulated droplets had mass spectra that contain signatures from both an aerosol particle and a droplet residual. CE values range from 5.7 × 10−3 to 4.6 × 10−2 for the Low RH and from 6.4 × 10−3 to 2.2 × 10−2 for the High RH cases. CE values were, within experimental uncertainty, independent of the aerosol concentrations. CE values in this work were found to be in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. To our knowledge, this is the first coagulation experiment performed on a single droplet basis.
Reassessing the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde as an indicator of hydrocarbon precursor speciation
Authors: Kaiser J. , Wolfe G. M. , Min K. E. , Brown S. S. , Miller C. C. , Jacob D. J. , deGouw J. A. , Graus M. , Hanisco T. F. , Holloway J. , Peischl J. , Pollack I. B. , Ryerson T. B. , Warneke C. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The yield of formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) from oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) depends on precursor VOC structure and the concentration of NOx (NOx = NO +NO2). Previous work has proposed that the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO (RGF) can be used as an indicator of precursor VOC speciation, and absolute concentrations of the oxidation products as indicators of NOx. Because this metric is measurable by satellite, it is potentially useful on a global scale; however, absolute values and trends in RGF have differed between satellite and ground-based observations. To investigate potential causes of previous discrepancies and the usefulness of this ratio, we present measurements of CHOCHO and HCHO over the Southeast United States (SE US) from the 2013 SENEX flight campaign and compare these measurements with OMI satellite retrievals. High time-resolution flight measurements show that high RGF is associated with monoterpene emissions, low RGF is associated with isoprene oxidation, and emissions associated with oil and gas production can lead to small-scale variation in regional RGF. During the summertime in the SE US, RGF is not a reliable diagnostic of anthropogenic VOC emissions, as HCHO and CHOCHO production are dominated by isoprene oxidation. Our results show that the new glyoxal retrieval algorithm reduces the previous disagreement between satellite and in situ RGF observations. We conclude that satellite-based observations of RGF can be used alongside other measurements as a global diagnostic of the chemical conditions leading to secondary pollutant formation.
A new Dobson Umkehr ozone profile retrieval method optimising information content and resolution
Authors: Stone K. , Tully M. B. , Rhodes S. K. , Schofield R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The standard Dobson Umkehr methodology to retrieve coarse-resolution ozone profiles used by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration uses designated solar zenith angles (SZAs). However, some information may be lost if measurements lie outside the designated SZA range (between 60° and 90°), or do not conform to the fitting technique. Also, while Umkehr measurements can be taken using multiple wavelength pairs (A, C and D), past retrieval methods have focused on a single pair (C). Here we present an Umkehr inversion method that uses measurements at all SZAs (termed operational) and all wavelength pairs. (Although, we caution direct comparison to other algorithms.) Information content for a Melbourne, Australia (38° S, 145° E) Umkehr measurement case study from 28 January 1994, with SZA range similar to that designated in previous algorithms is shown. When comparing the typical single wavelength pair with designated SZAs to the operational measurements, the total degrees of freedom (independent pieces of information) increases from 3.1 to 3.4, with the majority of the information gain originating from Umkehr layers 2 + 3 and 4 (10–20 km and 25–30 km respectively). In addition to this, using all available wavelength pairs increases the total degrees of freedom to 5.2, with the most significant increases in Umkehr layers 2 + 3 to 7 and 9+ (10–40 and 45–80 km). Investigating a case from 13 April 1970 where the measurements extend beyond the 90° SZA range gives further information gain, with total degrees of freedom extending to 6.5. Similar increases are seen in the information content. Comparing the retrieved Melbourne Umkehr time series with ozonesondes shows excellent agreement in layers 2 + 3 and 4 (10–20 and 25–30 km) for both C and A + C + D-pairs. Retrievals in layers 5 and 6 (25–30 and 30–35 km) consistently show lower ozone partial column compared to ozonesondes. This is likely due to stray light effects that are not accounted for in the forward model, and under represented stratospheric aerosol.
A layer-averaged relative humidity profile retrieval for microwave observations: design and results for the Megha-Tropiques payload
Authors: Sivira R. G. , Brogniez H. , Mallet C. , Oussar Y.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A statistical method trained and optimized to retrieve seven-layer relative humidity (RH) profiles is presented and evaluated with measurements from radiosondes. The method makes use of the microwave payload of the Megha-Tropiques platform, namely the SAPHIR sounder and the MADRAS imager. The approach, based on a generalized additive model (GAM), embeds both the physical and statistical characteristics of the inverse problem in the training phase, and no explicit thermodynamical constraint – such as a temperature profile or an integrated water vapor content – is provided to the model at the stage of retrieval. The model is built for cloud-free conditions in order to avoid the cases of scattering of the microwave radiation in the 18.7–183.31 GHz range covered by the payload. Two instrumental configurations are tested: a SAPHIR-MADRAS scheme and a SAPHIR-only scheme to deal with the stop of data acquisition of MADRAS in January 2013 for technical reasons. A comparison to learning machine algorithms (artificial neural network and support-vector machine) shows equivalent performance over a large realistic set, promising low errors (biases < 2.2%RH) and scatters (correlations > 0.8) throughout the troposphere (150–900 hPa). A comparison to radiosonde measurements performed during the international field experiment CINDY/DYNAMO/AMIE (winter 2011–2012) confirms these results for the mid-tropospheric layers (correlations between 0.6 and 0.92), with an expected degradation of the quality of the estimates at the surface and top layers. Finally a rapid insight of the estimated large-scale RH field from Megha-Tropiques is presented and compared to ERA-Interim.
A cautionary use of DCC as a solar calibration target: explaining the regional difference in DCC reflectivity
Authors: Choi M.-J. , Sohn B. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This study attempted to explain why deep convective clouds (DCCs) over the western Pacific are generally darker than those found over tropical African and South American land regions. For defining 1 km pixel DCCs in this study, 205 K of Aqua-MODIS brightness temperature at 11 μm (TB11) was used as a criterion. Corresponding MODIS-measured reflectivities at 0.645 μm were examined, and an analysis of collocated Cloud Profile Radar (CPR) onboard CloudSat and Cloud Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) measurements and derived cloud products was conducted. From an analysis of the four January months of 2007–2010, a distinct difference in ice water path (IWP) between the western Pacific and the two tropical land regions was demonstrated. Small but meaningful differences in the effective radius were also found. The results led to a conjecture that smaller IWP over the western Pacific than over the tropical land regions is the main cause of smaller reflectivity there. This finding suggests that regionally different reflectivity of DCCs over the tropics up to 5% on average are to be counted when those DCCs are used for the solar channel calibration.
3D MODEL OF AL ZUBARAH FORTRESS IN QATAR - TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING VS. DENSE IMAGE MATCHING
Authors: Kersten T. , Mechelke K. , Maziull L.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In September 2011 the fortress Al Zubarah, built in 1938 as a typical Arabic fortress and restored in 1987 as a museum, was recorded by the HafenCity University Hamburg using terrestrial laser scanning with the IMAGER 5006h and digital photogrammetry for the Qatar Museum Authority within the framework of the Qatar Islamic Archaeology and Heritage Project. One goal of the object recording was to provide detailed 2D/3D documentation of the fortress. This was used to complete specific detailed restoration work in the recent years. From the registered laser scanning point clouds several cuttings and 2D plans were generated as well as a 3D surface model by triangle meshing. Additionally, point clouds and surface models were automatically generated from digital imagery from a Nikon D70 using the open-source software Bundler/PMVS2, free software VisualSFM, Autodesk Web Service 123D Catch beta, and low-cost software Agisoft PhotoScan. These outputs were compared with the results from terrestrial laser scanning. The point clouds and surface models derived from imagery could not achieve the same quality of geometrical accuracy as laser scanning (i.e. 1–2 cm).
THE AVIGNON BRIDGE: A 3D RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL AND GEMORPHOLOGICAL ISSUES
Authors: Berthelot M. , Nony N. , Gugi L. , Bishop A. , De Luca L.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The history and identity of the Avignon’s bridge is inseparable from that of the Rhône river. Therefore, in order to share the history and memory of the Rhône, it is essential to get to know this bridge and especially to identify and make visible the traces of its past, its construction, its interaction with the river dynamics, which greatly influenced his life. These are the objectives of the PAVAGE project that focuses on digitally surveying, modelling and re-visiting a heritage site of primary importance with the aim of virtually restoring the link between the two sides which, after the disappearance of the Roman bridge of Arles, constituted for a long time the only connection between Lyon or Vienna and the sea. Therefore, this project has an important geo-historical dimension for which geo-morphological and paleoenvironmental studies were implemented in connection with the latest digital simulation methods exploiting geographic information systems. By integrating knowledge and reflections of archaeologists, historians, geomorphologists, environmentalists, architects, engineers and computer scientists, the result of this project (which involved 5 laboratories during 4 years) is a 3D digital model covering an extension of 50 km2 achieved by integrating satellite imagery, UAV-based acquisitions, terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry, etc. Beyond the actions of scientific valorisation concerning the historical and geomorphological dimensions of the project, the results of this work of this interdisciplinary investigation and interpretation of this site are today integrated within a location-based augmented reality application allowing tourists to exploring the virtual reconstruction of the bridge and its environment through tablets inside the portion of territory covered by this project (between Avignon and Villeneuve-lez-Avignon). This paper presents the main aspects of the 3D virtual reconstruction approach.
TESTING THE LOW-COST RPAS POTENTIAL IN 3D CULTURAL HERITAGE RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Bolognesi M. , Furini A. , Russo V. , Pellegrinelli A. , Russo P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In order to analyze the potential as well as the limitations of low-cost RPAS photogrammetric systems for architectural cultural heritage reconstruction, some tests were performed by a small RPAS equipped with an ultralight camera. The tests were carried out in a site of remarkable historical interest. A great amount of images were taken with camera’s optical axis in vertical and oblique position. Images were processed by the commercial software PhotoScan of Agisoft and numerous models were realized, each of them was compared with an accurate TLS model used as a reference. The test, despite some problems found, has provided good results in terms of accuracy (average error <2cm) and reliability.
3D RECORDING, MODELLING AND VISUALISATION OF THE FORTIFICATION KRISTIANSTEN IN TRONDHEIM (NORWAY) BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ERASMUS PROGRAMMES
Authors: Kersten T. , Lindstaedt M. , Maziull L. , Schreyer K. , Tschirschwitz F. , Holm K.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In this contribution the 3D recording, 3D modelling and 3D visualisation of the fortification Kristiansten in Trondheim (Norway) by digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning are presented. The fortification Kristiansten was built after the large city fire in the year 1681 above the city and has been a museum since 1997. The recording of the fortress took place in each case at the end of August/at the beginning of September 2010 and 2011 during two two-week summer schools with the topic “Digital Photogrammetry & Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Cultural Heritage Documentation” at NTNU Trondheim with international students in the context of ERASMUS teaching programs. For data acquisition, a terrestrial laser scanner and digital SLR cameras were used. The establishment of a geodetic 3D network, which was later transformed into the Norwegian UTM coordinate system using control points, ensured a consistent registration of the scans and an orientation of the photogrammetric images. The fortress buildings were constructed in detail from photogrammetric photographs and point clouds using AutoCAD, while the fortress area and walls were modelled by triangle meshing in Geomagic. The visualisation of the fortress was carried out 2013 with the software Cinema 4D in the context of a lecture in the Master study programme Geomatics. The 3D model was textured and afterwards presented in a video. This 3D model was finally transferred into the game engine Unity for an interactive 3D visualisation on 3D monitors.
RECREATION AND SIMULATION OF PREINDUSTRIAL FLOUR PROCESSES IN THE MARGIN OF RIVERS
Authors: Fernández J. J. , José J. I. , Martínez-Rubio J. , Finat J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Manufacture and preindustrial activities have configured infrastructures and commercial development along several centuries. Both regional economic and social environment of the present days can be seen as a consequence of the secular interaction between available physical resources and social tissue along our history. Since ancient times, the economy of Castile and Leon has been based on livestock and agriculture, predominantly represented by cattle and large cereal extensions. Thus, flour industry plays an important role which has been reflected along the Medieval and Renaissance ages in a network of preindustrial installations involving mills and ”aceñas” (which are also water-powered mills but set up as larger plants containing different kinds of grinders). In this work we have performed an architectural surveying of a bunch of those large-scale abandoned installations which precede the development of the flour factories that brought the industrial era. Our case of use focuses on the aceñas placed in a strech of the Duero river, between Tordesillas and Toro (Spain). Our work includes the virtual reconstruction of mechanisms and a simulation of the processes that milling involves by using the transformation of hydrodynamical forces into mechanical power. Furthermore the architectural container, our development allows the visualization of the milling machinery running, enriched with a simulation of some aspect of the involved hydrodynamic aspects.
RANGE AND IMAGE BASED MODELLING: A WAY FOR FRESCOED VAULT TEXTURING OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Caroti G. , Martínez-Espejo Zaragoza I. , Piemonte A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In the restoration of the frescoed vaults it is not only important to know the geometric shape of the painted surface, but it is essential to document its chromatic characterization and conservation status. The new techniques of range-based and image-based modelling, each with its limitations and advantages, offer a wide range of methods to obtain the geometric shape. In fact, several studies widely document that laser scanning enable obtaining three-dimensional models with high morphological precision. However, the quality level of the colour obtained with built-in laser scanner cameras is not comparable to that obtained for the shape. It is possible to improve the texture quality by means of a dedicated photographic campaign. This procedure, however, requires to calculate the external orientation of each image identifying the control points on it and on the model through a costly step of post processing. With image-based modelling techniques it is possible to obtain models that maintain the colour quality of the original images, but with variable geometric precision, locally lower than the laser scanning model. This paper presents a methodology that uses the camera external orientation parameters calculated by image based modelling techniques to project the same image on the model obtained from the laser scan. This methodology is tested on an Italian mirror (a schifo) frescoed vault. In the paper the different models, the analysis of precision and the efficiency evaluation of proposed methodology are presented.
Structural Simulations and Conservation Analysis -Historic Building Information Model (HBIM)
Authors: Dore C. , Murphy M. , McCarthy S. , Brechin F. , Casidy C. , Dirix E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In this paper the current findings to date of the Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) of the Four Courts in Dublin are presented. The Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) forms the basis for both structural and conservation analysis to measure the impact of war damage which still impacts on the building. The laser scan survey was carried out in the summer of 2014 of the internal and external structure. After registration and processing of the laser scan survey, the HBIM was created of the damaged section of the building and is presented as two separate workflows in this paper. The first is the model created from historic data, the second a procedural and segmented model developed from laser scan survey of the war damaged drum and dome. From both models structural damage and decay simulations will be developed for documentation and conservation analysis.
THE INTEGRATED SURVEY FOR EXCAVATED ARCHITECTURES: THE COMPLEX OF CASALNUOVO DISTRICT WITHIN THE WORLD HERITAGE SITE “SASSI” (MATERA, ITALY)
Authors: Cardinale T. , Valva R. , Lucarelli M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Never as within the complex of Sassi (Matera, South of Italy), the parties have a volumetric material identity and a special construction condition for which, first of all, you need to know the whole to which they give life, and then the individual components and their connections. In the course of time, in the Lucan city, there were stable and favorable conditions that allowed the development of an architectural language, of juxtaposition of the materials, interpenetration of space and conformation of the volumes, which generated an exceptional urban phenomenon. The distribution of these building artifacts in symbiotic connection with the connective calcareous texture that hosts them , resulted in a spontaneously harmonious figurative balance that characterizes the constructive expedients employed and the distributive and morphological solutions. This is the reason why the Sassi, and the overlooking Park of Rupestrian Churches of Matera Murgia, have been entered in 1993 in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The complexity of a built space, such as this one, determines the need for a non-traditional approach, so you have to combine last generation tools and canonical ones for survey, drawing and representation, within a dialectic between memory and design, tradition and innovation. For this reason, an appropriate cognitive apparatus has been set up for the entire technical process, making use of different non-destructive and non-contact techniques: digital photogrammetry, total station, laser scanner and thermography, in order to obtain a three-dimensional computer model, useful for the diagnosis and the preservation of the integrity of cultural heritage.
TECHNIQUES FOR REVEALING 3D HIDDEN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: MORPHOLOGICAL RESIDUAL MODELS AS VIRTUAL-POLYNOMIAL TEXTURE MAPS
Authors: Pires H. , Martínez Rubio J. , Elorza Arana A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The recent developments in 3D scanning technologies are not been accompanied by visualization interfaces. We are still using the same types of visual codes as when maps and drawings were made by hand. The available information in 3D scanning data sets is not being fully exploited by current visualization techniques. In this paper we present recent developments regarding the use of 3D scanning data sets for revealing invisible information from archaeological sites. These sites are affected by a common problem, decay processes, such as erosion, that never ceases its action and endangers the persistence of last vestiges of some peoples and cultures. Rock art engravings, or epigraphical inscriptions, are among the most affected by these processes because they are, due to their one nature, carved at the surface of rocks often exposed to climatic agents. The study and interpretation of these motifs and texts is strongly conditioned by the degree of conservation of the imprints left by our ancestors. Every single detail in the remaining carvings can make a huge difference in the conclusions taken by specialists. We have selected two case-studies severely affected by erosion to present the results of the on-going work dedicated to explore in new ways the information contained in 3D scanning data sets. A new method for depicting subtle morphological features in the surface of objects or sites has been developed. It allows to contrast human patterns still present at the surface but invisible to naked eye or by any other archaeological inspection technique. It was called Morphological Residual Model (MRM) because of its ability to contrast the shallowest morphological details, to which we refer as residuals, contained in the wider forms of the backdrop. Afterwards, we have simulated the process of building Polynomial Texture Maps - a widespread technique that as been contributing to archaeological studies for some years - in a 3D virtual environment using the results of MRM calculations. By this, we wish to benefit from the rendering capabilities of RTI-viewer and from its intuitive graphic interface. At the same time, virtual PTM is a way of applying this to areas barred to conventional PTM, like in the case presented of an entire roman city occupying a plateau of several sq. km. The results of this research project are presented and discussed using the two case-studies aforementioned, a Latin inscription from a Roman sanctuary in the north of Portugal and a engraved panel with zoomorphic motifs from a rock art site in the north border of Portugal.
GOTHIC CHURCHES IN PARIS ST GERVAIS ET ST PROTAIS IMAGE MATCHING 3D RECONSTRUCTION TO UNDERSTAND THE VAULTS SYSTEM GEOMETRY
Authors: Capone M. , Campi M. , Catuogno R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper is part of a research about ribbed vaults systems in French Gothic Cathedrals. Our goal is to compare some different gothic cathedrals to understand the complex geometry of the ribbed vaults. The survey isn't the main objective but it is the way to verify the theoretical hypotheses about geometric configuration of the flamboyant churches in Paris. The survey method's choice generally depends on the goal; in this case we had to study many churches in a short time, so we chose 3D reconstruction method based on image dense stereo matching. This method allowed us to obtain the necessary information to our study without bringing special equipment, such as the laser scanner. The goal of this paper is to test image matching 3D reconstruction method in relation to some particular study cases and to show the benefits and the troubles. From a methodological point of view this is our workflow: - theoretical study about geometrical configuration of rib vault systems; - 3D model based on theoretical hypothesis about geometric definition of the vaults' form; - 3D model based on image matching 3D reconstruction methods; - comparison between 3D theoretical model and 3D model based on image matching;