bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations of epidermal lectin binding sites in acute contact dermatitis*
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Fünfstück Veronika , Hipler Christina , Knopf Burkhard
Published: April 2006

We investigated alterations of epidermal lectin binding sues, as well as of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid antigen in 28 human patch test reactions, both allergic (nickel, formaldehyde, N.N′‐1.3‐dimethylbutyl‐N′‐phenylenediamine) and irritant (sodium lauryl sulfate). The epidermal reactivity to a panel of lectins and human antisera to pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid antigens was compared with samples obtained from normal skin and from skin under tape occlusion. We observed selective perturbations of lectin and antibody binding in acute contact dermatitis, whether allergic or irritant. The main findings were a loss of terminal sialic acids and longer bi‐ and triantennary mannosyl residues as well as a loss of pemphigus vulgaris antigen. The only difference between allergic and irritant patch test reactions was in topography of loss of WGA binding sites: in the former, it was most pronounced in the lower and middle epidermis, whereas in the latter it was seen in the uppermost subeorneal layers. Our findings support a common pathway of cell membrane alterations, of keratinocytes in acute contact dermatitis.
Results of routine patch testing of 542 patients in Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: Hogan Daniel J. , Hill Monica , Lane Peter R.
Published: April 2006

542 patients (330 women, 212 men) with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested to standard series allergens between January 1983 and June 1987. Positive reactions were most frequently seen with nickel (l7.4%), ethyelnediamine (8.7%). formaldehyde (7.4%), colophony (7.0%), potassium dichromate (6.1%) and neomycin (5.7%). Patients with dermatitis involving the legs were significantly more likely to he allergic to significantly more likely to be allergic to ethylenediamine (p=0.01) and benzocaine (p= 0.04) than those with dermatitis not involving the legs. Neomycin allergy was not associated with dermatitis involving the legs. Patients allergic to ethylenediamine; were significantly more likely to be allergic to neomycin than patients not allergic to ethylenediamine (p=0.002).
Human maximization test of falcarinol, the principal contact allergen of English ivy and Algerian ivy (Hedera helix, H. canariensis)
Authors: Gafner Frank , Epstein William , Reynolds Gary , Rodriguez Eloy
Published: April 2006

In a human maximization test of 5% falcarinol isolated isolated from Hedera helix, 10 of 20 subjects were sensitized. No subjects gave irritant reactions to 5%, 10 became sensitive to 1%, and 7 to 0.05%, with 3 of these giving 3+ to 4+ bullous reactions.
The effect of topical cyclosporin A on the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Cole Gary W. , Shimomaye Susan , Goodman Matthew
Published: April 2006

The effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) on the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis was investigated. Initially, the ability of CSA to penetrate normal human cadaver skin was determined using 3 different vehicles. 10% CSA in Labrafil was found to be the must effective combination at achieving skin penetration (0.33%). Patients with known contact sensitivities to a variety of allergens were selected. After a 48‐h pretreatment with 10% CSA in Labrafil, skin sites were exposed to the appropriate contact allergen. 72 h later, the development of an eczemutous patch test reaction was evaluated. Only 1 of 10 patients showed unequivocal signs of suppression of allergic contact dermatitis
A review of contact dermatitis associated with transdermal therapeutic systems
Authors: Holdiness Mack R.
Published: April 2006

The literature is reviewed for contact dermititis associated with transdermaltherapeutic systems. Clonidine. nitroglycern. scopolamine. estradiol and testosterone are utilized in such applications, and fentunyl is under investigation, Most cutaneous reactions are limited to localized dermatitis; however, generalized systemic effects may occur Investigators are reporting skin‐related side‐effects in up to 50% of patients using transdermal clonidine: however, with the other agents, this is much less frequently. Reactivation of the dermatitis via oral medication, fallowing to the patch, is noted in rare instances.
Topical cyclosporine: effects on allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs*
Authors: Biren Catherine A. , Barr Ronald J. , Ganderup Grace S. , Emus Lucille L. , McCullough Jerry L.
Published: April 2006

Cyclosporine (CSA) is an effective immunosuppressive agent and is used in tissue transplantation. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of topical delivery of CSA on allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs, Topical 15% CSA in an azone (l‐dadecychlohepatan‐2–one)containing vehicle blocked local elicitation in previously dintrochlorobenezene(DNCB) sensitized animals that received a single topical application just prior to elicitation. Elicitation was not blocked at a distant site, indicating a local effect of topical CSA. In contrast, topical CSA when applied twice daialy for a total of 5 applications during sensitization only, did not block subsequent elicitation. These experiments suggest that cyclosporine tna be beneficial in the therapy of human contact dermatitis, as well as other T cell mediated dermatoses.
Hypochlorite sensitivity in man
Authors: Hostynek J. J. , Patrick E. , Younger B. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Observation of an individual with immediate‐type reaction following exaggerated dermal exposure lo hypochlorite‐containing cleaning products prompted review of similar hypersensitivity reactions attributed to hypochlorite or other highly reactive chemicals. This review confirms isolated incidences of hypochlorite sensitivity of the delayed type (allergic contact dermatitis), as well as immediate‐type reactions from inhalation or topical challenge of sensitized individuals. We conclude that it is possible that excessive and prolonged exposure to hypochlorite may in some cases result in irritation and damage to the skin. This potentially gives rise to altered proteins which in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity. This reaction is common to other reactive small molecules with a strong irritant action.
A left versus right side comparative study of Epiquick™ patch test results in 100 consecutive patients
Authors: Lachapelle J. M.
Published: April 2006

4 strips of 5 Epquick™ patch tests (9 allergens plus (control) were applied symmetrically in duplicate on the left and right sides of the upper back in SOU consecutive patients 70 positive allergic patch test reactions were recorded on the left side and 67 on the right side. 67 positive reactions were concordat on both sides (64 with the same score of intensity and .1 with a different score). 3 positive reactions (in 2 patients) on the left side were negative on the right side (1 TMTD. I cobalt chloride and t wool alcohols). At rechallenge 6 weeks later, they were positive. No explanation could be found for negative results at the first challenge on one side and not on the other. The rate of non‐reproducible positive results to the overall number of positive reactions was 4.2%. The good reproducibitiy rate (95.8%) provides useful information for furl her comparative studies.
The influence of repeated exposure to surfactants on the human skin as determined by transepidermal water loss and visual scoring
Authors: Tupker Ron. A. , Pinnagoda Jaliya , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Nater Johan P.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop a new model for the induction of chronic irritant contact dermatitis, which would reflect well the conditions of daily practice. Various weak irritant agents were tested for irritating potency on the skin and the sensitivity of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements in the detection of early skin changes was also studied. 10 widely used surfactants and 1 solubilizer were applied to the skin of the forearms of healthy volunteers in aqueous solutions of 12.5 millimoles/1 for 45 min twice daily for 3 weeks. The effect on the skin was evaluated daily by means of TEWL measurements and by a visual scoring system. Each solution caused an increase in TEWL value over time due to the cumulative irritating action on the epidermal barrier. This increase in TEWL was different for the various solutions, resulting in different mean TEWL values on the last day of the experiment. Thus, it was possible to rank the agents according to irritating potency. This ranking order was the same in almost every individual and remained constant during the 3 weeks. In comparison with the visual scoring system, the TEWL measurements were more sensitive in the detection of early changes in the skin.
Local anesthetic intolerance due to metabisulfite
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , De Alam Afife Gidi , Degreef H. , Kocnuyt A.
Published: April 2006

The case of a 40‐year‐old woman with severe edema of the face and neck after the injection of a local dental anesthetic is presented. The reaction is attributed to the presence of sodium metabisulfite, and antjoxidant, in the local anesthetic. Both the anesthetic and the sodium metabisulfite gave a delayed positive patch‐test response.
Comparability and reproducibility of the results of water loss measurements: a study of 4 evaporimeters
Authors: Pinnagoda Jaliya , Tupker Ron A. , Coenraads Pieter J. , Nater Johan P.
Published: April 2006

A study was made of the comparability and reproducibility of the results of measurements of water loss, both in vitro and in vivo, using 4 Servo Med Evaporimeters (3 single–probe and 1 double–probe instrument). The optimum time for recording transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after the initial application of the probe to the skin (in vivo), and the best technique for optimizing the accuracy of measuring TEWL were determined. An evaporation device with a constant level of water loss was constructed for in vitro studies. The volar aspect of the right forearm skin of one subject was used in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo measurements showed that there were some differences between the results of 4 of the 5 probes. The other probe was distinctly out of range. For all probes, the reproducibility of results of successive measurements was high. Stabilization of TEWL values was reached for all probes from 30–45 s after their initial application to the skin. It is recommended that TEWL be recorded for a further 30–s period, after the initial stabilization (45 s), and that this be taken as the true value. The manufacturer's recommended calibration procedure is based only on adjustments for the standard specified humidities and zero water loss. The importance of incorporating an additional calibration procedure which includes adjustments for an actual standard constant water loss is thus strongly stressed.
Contact photoallergy testing of sunscreens in guinea pigs
Authors: Frank Gerberick G. , Ryan Cindy A.
Published: April 2006

The potential of 3 sunscreens (p‐aminobenzoic acid, 4‐isopropyldibenzoylmethane and homosalate) and 2 known human photoallergens (musk ambrette and tetrachlorosalicylanilide) to cause photoallergy, phototoxicity, and/or contact sensitization was determined using a guinea pig photoallergy model, as previously described by Harber and associates. The model was slightly modified by employing 6 exposures over 2 weeks and using Hill Top Chambers® for application of the test material. Contact photoallergy was detected in guinea pigs treated with musk ambrette or tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), although with TCSA, a lower incidence of contact sensitivity and phototoxicity was also detected. The results of studies conducted with sunscreens showed that p–aminobenzoic acid was photoallergenic, whereas homosalate and 4‐isopropyl‐dibenzoylmethane (Eusolex® 8020) were not. However, contact sensitization, and to a lesser degree primary irritation, was detected with Eusolex® 8020 at the concentrations employed in this study. The results of these studies suggest that this guinea pig model is a suitable model for assessing the photoallergic potential of various compounds, including the sunscreens tested in this study.
Tiaprofenic acid induced photosensitivity
Authors: Neumann R. A. , Knobler R. M. , Lindemayr H.
Published: April 2006

45 patients (34 patients with PLE, 11 with phototoxic or photoallergic dermatitis) were photopatch tested to tiaprofenic acid. In 23 patients (51%), phototoxic reactions were found. Positive reactions appeared within 0.5 to 48 h of irradiation. Although each patient was irradiated with 2 different UVA light sources, with significantly different energy outputs (10 J/cm2 against 72 J/cm2), the intensity and duration of positive reactions was virtually the same. We found a considerably higher rate of positive reactions than other investigators, independent of the light energy delivered. None of the patients gave a history of previous tiaprofenic acid exposure.
Hyposensitization to poison ivy after working in a cashew nut shell oil processing factory
Authors: Reginella Ruthane F. , Fairfield James C. , Marks James G.
Published: April 2006

19 adults were patch tested to urushiol, the allergen in poison ivy/oak, to determine their sensitivity to this allergen after working in a cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) processing plant. The cashew nut tree and poison ivy/oak are in the same botanical family, Anacardiaceae, and they share similar chemicals which cause allergic contact dermatitis. 13 of the 19 workers had a preemployment history of poison ivy sensitivity, with 10 developing CNSO dermatitis. After working in this factory for several months, 9 of the 13 noticed a decreased sensitivity or no sensitivity to poison ivy/oak. When tested to urushiol extract, only 3 reacted positively, 2 minimally. These results imply that hyposensitization to poison ivy/oak occurred in these employees after development of hardening to cashew nut shell oil.
Patch testing in prurigo nodularis
Authors: Zelickson Brian D. , McEvoy Marian T. , Fransway Anthony F.
Published: April 2006

32 patients with prurigo nodularis evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 to 1987 have been patch tested for sensitivity to appropriate allergen series; 25 of these had relevant positive reactions and subsequent follow‐up to 5 to 14 years was available for 11. 6 patients had persistent disease and 5 had resolution or marked improvement. 3 of these latter patients noted a strong positive correlation between improvement and avoidance of contact allergens. Screening for contact sensitivity may be helpful in the management of this refractory dermatosis, particularly if there is a coexistent dermatitis.
Skin reactions to irritants assessed by non‐invasive bioengineering methods
Authors: Agner Tove , Serup Jørgen
Published: April 2006

Pathophysiological components of irritant contact dermatitis caused by 3 chemically‐different irritants were investigated. 20 healthy volunteers were patch tested with sodium lauryl sulphate, nonanoic acid and hydrochloric acid on the flexor side of the upper arm. The skin response was evaluated after 24, 48 and 96 h by visual scoring and measured by the following bioengineering methods: transepidermal water loss measurement, electrical conductance for measurement of skin hydration, laser Doppler flowmetry for measurement of cutaneous blood flow and 20 MHz ultrasound A‐scan for measurement of skin thickness. In spite of homogeneous inflammatory responses, significant differences in the severity of the injury to the skin barrier function caused by the different irritants were found. Also significant differences between irritants were found in the time course of development of maximum irritant reactions. Bioengineering methods indicating inflammatory responses (measurement of blood flow and skin thickness) were helpful in quantifying the irritant response in general, while bioengineering methods indicating epidermal damage (measurement of TEWL and electrical conductance) were helpful in classifying the individual irritants.
Passive transfer of contact sensitivity to colophony as a complication of an allogenic bone‐marrow transplant
Authors: Olaguibel J. , Almodovar A. , Giner A. , Serrano G. , Martinez J. , Basomba A.
Published: April 2006

A 29‐year‐old woman developed allergic contact dermatitis from colophony 1 year after an allogenic bone‐marrow transplant for refractory anaemia. The donor had a previous history of contact dermatitis from colophony, with a positive patch test. Although we cannot absolutely exclude active sensitization, it seems highly improbable because host immunity is severely restricted by the chemora‐diotherapy used to prepare marrow graft recipients. The clinical data therefore suggest that sensitivity to colophony was passively acquired through marrow transplantation.
Dermatoses in metal workers
Authors: de Boer E. M. , van Ketel W. G. , Bruynzeel D. P.
Published: April 2006

In an epidemiological study of 286 metalworkers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWF), the prevalence of skin problems was investigated. Minor changes, such as a dry rough skin with slight erythema, were seen in 31%, and major changes, such as more serious and widespread dermatitis, were observed in 27% of all workers. By far the most cases were of irritant origin; in only 2.8% was a contact sensitization established. Exposure to water‐based MWF caused irritant contact dermatitis more often than exposure to neat oils. No influence was found of the presence of atopy on the occurrence of dermatitis. Other factors that may result in irritation of the skin are discussed, as well as measures to be taken to minimize insult of the skin.
Transepidermal water loss with and without sweat gland inactivation
Authors: Pinnagoda Jaliya , Tupker Ron A. , Coenraads Pieter J. , Nater Johan P.
Published: April 2006

The influence of eccrine sweating on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was investigated. TEWL was simultaneously measured on both forearms, with and without topical inactivation of the eccrine sweat glands by 0.3 ml of 0.5% aqueous scopolamine hydrobromide (HBr), applied under 1 h occlusive patches. The degree of sweat inhibition, after exercise, was measured at 2, 3 and 4 h after patch removal. In 42 out of 44 subjects, complete sweat inhibition (on exercise) was achieved only at 4 h after removal. After a 15‐min rest in a room at 20°C, the pre‐exercise TEWL values (at 4 h) on the treated and untreated sites were not different (P>0.05), in 38 out of 44 subjects. By this rest period, sweating due to slight physical, thermal or even emotional stimuli may be prevented in most subjects. In the other 6 subjects, the pre‐exercise TEWL values (at 4 h) on the untreated site were 1–1.8 g/m2h higher than (P < 0.001) on the treated site, due to emotional sweating Thus, accurate baseline TEWL measurements may only be made after anticholinergic suppression of the sweat glands. In this way, accurate TEWL measurements may be made even outside favourable laboratory conditions, all industrial sites etc., where circumstances are far from ideal. The effect of this agent applied to a skin site previously irritated artificially by a 24‐h occlusive sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS, 0.3 ml, 0.5% aq.) patch, was also investigated in 17 subjects. In all subjects, 4h after removal, sweating (on exercise) was completely inhibited on the scopolamine‐treated site, pre‐irritated with SLS. Systemic side‐effects were not reported from any test subject, under any condition of exposure.
Soluble oil dermatitis: a follow‐up study
Authors: Pryce D. W. , Irvine D. , English J. S. C. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

A pilot follow‐up study of patients with soluble oil dermatitis was designed to investigate the effects on prognosis of aetiology and of stopping working with soluble oils. A questionnaire was sent to 121 machine operators who had been diagnosed over a 5‐year period. Life table analysis of the 100 replies (83%) revealed a poor prognosis both for those who had continued to work with soluble oils and for those who had stopped. 78% (95% confidence intervals 63%–94%) of those who continued to work with soluble oils had not healed 2 years after diagnosis. 70% (95% confidence intervals: 56%–83%) of those who stopped working with soluble oil had not healed 2 years after discontinuing contact. Both groups were divided into 4 subgroups with different combinations of aetiological components: allergic and endogenous, non‐allergic and endogenous, allergic and non‐endogenous, non‐allergic and non‐endogenous. No significant difference in outcome emerged in either the discontinued contact group or the continued contact group between any aetiological subgroups. Patients who discontinued contact with soluble oil fell into 2 groups: those who healed rapidly and those who developed a chronic dermatitis. 11 of the 15 patients who had healed after 2 years had done so within the first 3 months following cessation of contact. No factor could be identified to distinguish those with the more favourable prognosis. The implications of this study for the management of soluble oil dermatitis are discussed.
Contact sensitivity to topical antimicrobials
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

18% (571/3145) of patients attending a contact dermatitis clinic in Singapore had contact sensitivity to one or more topical antimicrobials. The rates in males and females were similar. The rate for patients under 50 years old was 16% and for those over 50 years old 30% (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the rates among Chinese, Malays. Indians and other rates. The antimicrobials proflavine, neomycin and clioquinol were the commonest sensitizers.
Erythroderma due to ribostamycin
Authors: Puig L.L. , Abadias M. , Alomar A.
Published: April 2006

A 48‐year‐old man became erythrodermatous after intramuscular administration of ribostamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic in the same family as neomycin. Patch tests were positive to ribostamycin and neomycin, as well as to mercurials. There was no mercurial preservative in the injection solution. A lymphocyte transformation test was positive for ribostamycin and tobramycin, but not for gentamycin. Diagnostic and structure‐activity relationship aspects of the case are discussed.
Allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids
Authors: Rivara Giampiero , Tomb Roland R. , Foussereau Jean
Published: April 2006

22 casts of allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids were observed in Strasbourg and previously published. 7 further cases are reported here and the vehicle and concentration of corticosteroids for patch tests are discussed. A 0.1% concentration in petrolatum seemed adequate for testing the 4 molecules (triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, desonide and amcinonide) responsible for the 7 new cases. In 1 case, several cross‐reactions were seen. A corticosteroid screening series permits patch testing of the suspected molecule(s) in a selective way. Without this series, long delays are required to make the correct diagnosis by patch testing. We have reviewed more than 60 papers on corticosteroid allergy published up to now.
Atopy in subjects with a history of nickel allergy but negative patch tests
Authors: Todd D. J. , Burrows D. , Stanford C. F.
Published: April 2006

Various markers of atopy were studied in 20 subjects with a history of nickel allergy but negative patch test reactions, and compared with 2 control groups; 13 subjects with no history of nickel allergy and negative patch tests; 11 subjects with a history of nickel allergy and positive patch tests. No significant difference in the incidence of atopy was detected in the 3 groups.
Patch testing in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee T. V. , Lam T. H.
Published: April 2006

The acceptability and value of patch testing in Hong Kong was studied in 56 cases of suspected dermatitis (CD), 26 cases of endogenous eczema (EE) and 30 cases of unclassified eczema (UE), selected systematically: all those suspected of having CD and 1 in 3 of the others. 81.3% of the 112 patients selected accepted the test. The main reasons for refusal were inconvenience and lack of time for the readings. Of the 91 tested, in 88 they were successfully completed. In 39 patients, the results were negative, while 49 patients reacted to 1 or more allergens. The 2 commonest sensitizers were fragrance–mix (15 patients) and nickel sulphate (14 patients). The “usefulness” of patch testing was defined as it causing the initial clinical diagnosis to be changed. The test was found to be “useful” in 10 cases (21.3%) of those diagnosed as CD in 2 respects: (a) changing the diagnosis from irritant to allergic CD (6 cases) and (b) changing the diagnosis from CD to a suspected substance, to CD to another unsuspected substance (4 cases). For EE and UE, the initial diagnosis was changed to allergic CD in 3 (18.7%) and 7 (28.0%) cases, respectively.
Skin irritancy from fish is related to its postmortem age
Authors: Halkier–Sørensen Lars , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

Scratch tests with different fish products (fish juice from fillets, meal (fillet), skin, slime, juice from fish boxes and hold in the fishing boats, and entrails) were performed in 145 volunteers. All fish products were able to cause irritant skin reactions. Itching and erythema were the predominant symptoms and severe itch reactions occurred more often than severe erythema– The symptoms, in general, were mild to moderate compared to histamine. We found that the postmortem age of the fish was of great importance to the frequency and severity of the symptoms. Only the protein fraction of fish products caused symptoms. Our results are in accordance with the subjective complaints and clinical findings among workers in the fish processing industry.
The relevance of low skin temperature inhibiting histamine‐induced itch to the location of contact urticarial symptoms in the fish processing industry
Authors: Halkier‐Søsrensen Lars , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

We have studied the influence of cold exposure on itch, erythema and wheal, in response to histamine scratch tests, in 14 volunteers. Cooling of the skin to less than 20°C, by application of an ice cube for 30 min on the inside of the forearm, abolished itch and reduced erythema by approximately 50%, whereas the size of the wheat was unaffected by cooling. The observations bear significance for an explanation of the well‐known observation that cold relieves itch. A normal itch response seems to require a continuous metabolic process in the skin, which is inhibited at temperatures less than 20° C. The skin symptoms, itching and erythema, among workers in the fish processing industry are mainly localized to the forearms and backs of the hands, but only seldom to the fingers and palms, although they are in direct contact with fish products. Skin temperature measurements have shown that the temperature on the fingers and palms is less than 20°C, while the temperature on the backs of the hands and forearms ranges from 25 to 30°C. We therefore conclude that the skin temperature is an important factor for the location of skin symptoms among workers in the fish processing industry.
Allergic contact dermatitis potential of 3 pyridostigmine bromide transdermal drug delivery formulations
Authors: Harris Gene L. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) delivered transdermally may be a useful pretreatment for organophosphate poisoning. PB transdermal formulations were developed since this route has the potential to provide a more constant, prolonged and therapeutically‐effective drug level in the body. Guinea pig skin sensitization studies, using a variation of the split adjuvant technique, were conducted with various PB transdermal formulations as part of a safety evaluation profile, 3 gel matrix formulations were tested. The 3 formulations contained 50% PB, 30% PB with 0.198% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and 30% PB with 0.21% of a proprietary surfactant (PS), respectively. SLS and the proprietary surfactant were added to the formulations as dermal penetration enhancers 9 groups of 10 animals were induced and challenged with 1 of the 3 PB or PB/surfactant formulations (3 groups per formulation). In addition, 2 groups of 10 animals were included in the study as positive controls that were induced and challenged with 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) 44% of the animals responded positively at challenge to 50% PB 80% of the animals responded positively at challenge to 30% PB/ 0.198% SLS and 82% of the animals had positive responses at challenge to 30% PB/0.21% PS. This study demonstrates that PB is a potential contact sensitizer that shows a potentiated response in the presence of surfactants.
Percutaneous absorption of 3 organic solvents in the guinea pig
Authors: Boman Anders
Published: April 2006

The influence of “accelerants” on the percutaneous absorption of 3 organic solvents (butanol. toluene. 1,1,1‐trichloroelhane) was investigated in the guinea pig. DMSO in binary and ternary mixtures with various concentrations, the result of adding O.I M C18 fatty acids, and of pretreatment with DMSO and olive oil. were studied. Addition of DMSO (binary solutions) resulted in increased or decreased absorption of the solvents rotated to their water solubility There was reduced absorption of toluene and trichloroethane in binary mixtures with DMSO. while DMSO in binary mixture with butanol gave a marked increase, with concentrations of 50 and 75%. Pretreatment with DM SO resulted in a decrease in the absorption of toluene and a marked increase in the absorption of butanol. The same tendency was seen when skin was pretreated with olive oil under occlusion. The results indicate that the effect of DMSO is related to the water solubility of the penetrant.
Occupational dermatoses in farmers growing okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.)
Authors: Matsushita Toshio , Aoyama Kohji , Manda Fumi , Ueda Atsushi , Yoshida Masao , Okamura Jun
Published: April 2006

By questionnaire survey, 32 out of 52 workers (61.5%) reported previous or current skin diseases from okra cultivation. The sites of skin lesions were mainly the‐ arms, lingers and fingertips. Positive patch test millions with preparations of okra leaves or immature pods in 111 workers, compared to 63 control subjects, wore significantly higher in okra workers than in controls (p<0.01), ranging from 9.8 to 30.0%, 37 out of 111 workers (33.3%) I were diagnosed as having allergic contact dermatitis (n= 17; 15.3%) and irritant contact dermatitis (n= 18; 16.2%) from okra cultivation.
Polyamine sensitization in offshore workers handling drilling muds
Authors: Ormerod A. D. , Wakeel R. A. , Mann T. A. N. , Main R. A. , Aldiridge R. D.
Published: April 2006

Oil‐based mud, a complex mixture containing amines in emulsifiers, is used in offshore drilling operations. It is a skin irritant that occasionally gives rise to allergic contact sensitivity. In patch testing patients with allergy to drilling mud, we have identified polyamine (diethylentriamine and triethylentetramine) sensitivity in patients. All 5 patients were also allergic to emulsifiers. These emulsifiers are cross‐linked fatty acid amido‐amines, in which unreacted aimine groups are thought to cross‐sensitized with these constitutent polyamines. Cross‐reactivity between ethylenediamine, diethylenetetramine and triethylenertetramine polyamines. Cross‐reactivity between ethulenediamine, diethyllenetetramine and triethylenetetramine was found in 9 subjects.
Contact allergy to the UV‐absorber Tinuvin P in plastics
Authors: Nikilasson Bo , Björkner Bert
Published: April 2006

Contact allergy to the UV‐absorber 2‐(2‐hydnxy‐5‐methylphenyl)bezotriazole (Tinuvin P) was revealed in a patient with wrist dermatitis caused by a plastic watch strap. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and subsequent chemical analysis showed the presence of Tinuvin P in the watch strap. The possibility of cross‐reactions between Tinuvin P and various substituted benzotriazole compounds was investigated. No cross‐reactions were found.
Occupational dermatoses and allergy to metals in Polish construction workers manufacturing prefabricated building units
Authors: Kieć‐Swierczyńska Arta
Published: April 2006

The incidence of dermatoses and allergy to metals (Cr. Co, Ni) was determined in 1782 workers exposed to cement, waste fly ash and asbestos cement. They were all also exposed to reclaimed (used), mineral oils. Dermatitis was found in 23.6% of the subjects, and oil acne in 11.2%. Allergy to chromium was found in 23% of the subjects; the % of definitely positive patch test results (the total of positive ++ and strongly positive +++) was, however, 8.6%. Allergy to cobalt was (bund in 13.4% of the subjects examined (definite in 3.1%). Allergy to nickel was found in 2.7% of the subjects (definite in 1.1%). The risks of occurrence of occupational skin disease and allergy to metals m subjects exposed to ash were found to be lower than in subjects exposed to cement, and were similar to those in subjects exposed lo asbestos cement. Overall chromium, cobalt and nickel contents in ash and asbestos were higher than in cement. Soluble chromium compound content in ash was lower than in cement from European countries and similar to that in American cement.
Contact allergy to Bronopol
Authors: Frosch P. J. , White I. R. , Rycroft R. J. G. , Lahti A. , Burrows D. , Camarasa J. G. , Ducombs G. , Wilkinson J. D.
Published: April 2006

A total of 8149 patients were patch tested with the preservative Bronopol in 7 European contact clinics. The Majority of patients (6507) were investigated in London. Reactivity was low, with a total of 10 irritant (0.12%) and 38 allergic reactions (0.47%). In only 17 cases (0.21%) was the patch test reaction to Bronopol considered to be of current or past clinical relevance. Concomitant sensitization to formaldehyde was present in about 1/3 of patients. Based on these figures, the present sensitization rate to Bronopol in Europe seems to be quite low, which may be related to its less frequent use as a preservative in cosmetics and medicaments in comparison to parabens or isothiazolinones.
Contact sensitization among ceramics workers
Authors: Seidenari S. , Danese P. , Di Nardo A. , Manzini B. M. , Motolese A.
Published: April 2006

139 workers from 3 ceramics factories underwent dermatological and allergological examination, using standard and occupational patch test series, in order to evaluate the prevalence of dermatitis and contact sensitization, to identify the most important sensitizing substances in the ceramics industry, and to correlate the results with possible risk factors such as atopy Hand dermatitis had affected 37% of the subjects examined. 27% of the workers were sensitized to 1 or more allergens. Of 52 subjects with dermatitis, 37% had allergic contact dermatitis and 63% irritant contact dermatitis. 18 subjects were found to be sensitized without showing any previous or present clinical symptoms. Atopy tended towards correlation with the overall incidence of dermatitis, though not with the prevalence of sensitization.
Morphological and immunohistochemical study of immediate contact dermatitis of the hands due to foods
Authors: Tosti A. , Fanti P. A. , Guerra L. , Piancastelli E. , Poggi S. , Pileri S.
Published: April 2006

This histological immunohistochemical study of 6 food handlers affected by immediate contact dermatitis due to foods shows that apparently normal skin of patients with this condition presents several histological and immunohistochemical abnormalities. Skin biopsies of normal hand skin showed focal parakeratosis and moderately dense dermal infiltrates. Immunohistochemistry showed an increased number of Langerhans cells in the epidermis and in the superficial dermis and a mononuclear dermal infiltrate consisting of peripheral T lymphocytes with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 5–6/1. Biopsies of the immediate vesicular reactions induced by foods showed spongiotic vesicles within the epidermis and a moderate to dense mononuclear dermal perivascular infiltrate. The immunohistochemical features were similar to those described in apparently normal skin. The mechanism of this immediate vesicular reaction requires further research. The rapid appearance of the lesions (after 20–30 min) probably excludes an immunological cell‐mediated pathogenesis. A non‐immunological mechanism due to direct liberation of mediators by foods is more readily conceivable than an immediate immunological type of contact reaction.
Wood tars allergy, cross‐sensitization and coal tar
Authors: Roesyanto I. D. , van den Akker Th. W. , van Joost Th. W.
Published: April 2006

In a population of 1883 patients tested for allergic contact dermatitis (1985–1988), a prevalence of 5.4%(103 cases) was seen for wood tars (ICDRG allergen, 12% pet.) sensitization. In this group (n=103), retrospectively, a combined allergy was seen to wood tars and fragrance mix in 43% and to wood tars and balsam of Peru in 31%. A combined allergy to wood tars and coal tar was seen in 19 patients (18.5%); 14 to liquor carbonis detergens (LCD), 8 to lianthral and 3 to both LCD and lianthral. Within the group with wood tars allergy (n=103), a minority (n= 37) had a history of atopic dermatitis. Comparison of the test results in atopic and non‐atopic subgroups (within the group of 103) revealed a higher incidence of combined wood tars‐fragrance mix allergy in the atopic group (n= 37). In this group, a lower incidence of combined wood tars‐coal tar sensitization was seen in comparison with the non‐atopic group (n= 66). The authors believe that combined “wood tars‐coal tar” allergy could be the consequence of cross‐sensitization rather than due to long‐term previous topical treatment with tar derivatives. The high% of cross‐allergy between wood tars and fragrance mix emphasizes the role of wood tars as an important indicator allergen in perfume allergy.
Immediate and delayed photocontact dermatitis from isopropyl dibenzoylmethane
Authors: Murphy G. M. , White I. R. , Cronin E.
Published: April 2006

Immediate and delayed photocontact dermatitis from the UVA absorber isopropyl dibenzoylmethane is described in 1 patient. In a dose response study in a 2nd patient with delayed photocontact dermatitis, the minimal dose of UVA needed to elicit a positive photopatch to isopropyl dibenzoylmethane 2% was determined to be 2 J/cm2.
Patch testing of 11 common herbal topical medicaments in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee T. Y. , Lam T. H.
Published: April 2006

11 common herbal topical medicaments in Hong Kong were selected for patch testing to study whether they could cause skin reactions under occlusive conditions. These included White Flower Oil, Hung Far Oil, Kwan Loong Medicated Oil, Tiger Oil, Jaminton Oil, Bee Brand Oil, Tiger Balm, Au Kah Chuen Skin Lotions, Mopiko Ointment, OronineH Ointment and Mentholatum. The former 7 were traditional Chinese herbal medicaments, the last one was made in USA and the remaining 2 were Japanese products. 20 patients were patch tested with the 11 medicaments. Hung Far Oil caused mild to moderately severe irritation in 8 patients; White Flower Oil, Jaminton Oil and Tiger Balm caused mild irritation in 1 to 3 patients; and the rest showed no positive reactions at all. With the exception of Hung Far Oil, all the other medicaments should be safe when applied openly. For Hung Far Oil, additional warning as to its irritant properties and the proper method for its application should be provided for the protection of its users.
A case of allergic contact dermatitis due to nickel in underground water
Authors: Lee Ai Young , Lee Yoo Shin
Published: April 2006

A 26‐year‐old Korean woman with nickel allergy continued to have recurrent facial lesions even after avoiding the usual sources of nickel. As another possible source of nickel, underground water at her house, which had been used by her for 3 years, was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Nickel contents in 8 different domestic tap waters and another underground water sample were also measured by plasma scan. Nickel contents in the patient's underground water were 9 times higher on average than those in domestic tap water Patch tests with 2 concentrated underground water samples gave positive results. The other underground water sample also contained a higher amount of nickel than tap water. Therefore, we suggest that the underground water was a source of our patient's nickel contact dermatitis, and should be considered as a rare but possible source of nickel contact dermatitis.
Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement
Authors: Pinnagoda J. , Tupkek R. A. , Agner T. , Serup J.
Published: April 2006

This report reviews individual‐related variables, environment‐related variables and instrument‐related variables, with a focus on the Evaporimeter EPI (ServoMed). Start‐up and use is described, and guidelines for good laboratory practice given.
European multicenter study of TRUE Test™, Panel 2
Authors: Wilkinson J. D. , Bruynzeel D. P. , Ducombs G. , Frosch P. J. , Gunnarsson Y. , Hannuksela M. , Lachapelle J.‐M. , Rings J. , Shaw S. , White I. R
Published: April 2006

Panel 2 of the standardised, ready‐to‐apply patch test, the TRUE Test™, has been evaluated on 808 patients with suspected contact dermatitis. The patients were tested with 11 different allergens and the negative control, and compared with corresponding allergens in pet. (or aq.) in Finn Chambers® fixed with Scanpor® The TRUE Test™. Panel 2 and the control were applied symmetrically on the upper hack. Left Tight application of the respective test varied at random. Most tests were removed after 48 h and evaluated after 72 or 96 h. according to generally accepted recommendations. There were positive lest reactions lo all 11 allergens tested in the patient group. The concordance of positive reactions (1+, 2+, 3+) was 63% between TRUE Test™. Panel 2 and the control method. 17% of positive reactions occurred only with TRUE Test™. Panel 2 and 20% only with the compared method. Approximately 75% of all positive test reactions were explained by the patients' present or past history. Irritant questionable reactions occurred in the same frequency for the 2 methods Such reactions were recorded in less than l% of all patches applied No late reactions were recorded.
The use of laboratory methods in contact dermatitis induced by composite materials
Authors: Ayala Fabio , Lembo Giuseppe , Balato Nicola , Patruno Cataldo , Scognamiglio Gennaro , Strazzullo Giuseppe , de Stefano Salvatore
Published: April 2006

Thin‐layer chromatography, column chromatography, new spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to investigate the chemical constituents and haptens responsible in 2 different circumstances where allergic contact dermatitis from composite materials was suspected. In an aircraft factory where epoxy resins were used, tetraglycidyl‐4,4‐dimythyl dianiline and phenylglycidyl ether were identified as the haptens responsible for an outbreak of contact dermatitis. The role of abietic acid as the main sensitizer in colophony was confirmed in a case of contact dermatitis occurring in a sportsman with an acute eczematous reaction due to a leg bandage. Identification of the chemical sensitizers was possible only by using the aforementioned laboratory methods.
The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis
Authors: de Groot Anton C.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study was performed to establish the frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients presenting with dermatitis, compared with non‐atopics suffering from dermatitis. During 1987–1988, all new patients aged 15 years or older, who consulted us for dermatitis, were investigated. They were patch tested with the European standard series, methyl(chloro)isothiazolinone and other relevant allergens. In addition, they were prick tested with 24 inhalant and 11 food allergens. Patients having at least 2 positive prick tests, and patients with 1 positive prick lest and a (family) history of atopic diseases were defined as atopics as were those who presented with classic atopic dermatitis but with negative prick tests. 499 patients, were evaluated: 159 men and 340 women. 214 patients (43%) were atopic, the other 285 (57%) were non‐atopic. In the atopic group. 79 persons (37%) had at least 1 positive patch test reaction. In the group of non‐atopics. 149 patients (52%) had contact allergies. The difference is statistically significant (χ2; p<0.05). It is concluded that adult atopics seen in dermatological practice who present with dermatitis arc less frequently contact sensitized than such patients who are non‐atopic. Nevertheless, a yield of nearly 40% positive patch test reactions in this group still makes routine patch testing necessary.
Phosgene (chlorophenyl)hydrazones, strong sensitizers found in yellow sweaters bleached with sodium hypochlorite, defined as causative allergens for contact dermatitis by an experimental screening method in animals
Authors: Kojima Shigeo , Momma Junko , Kaniwa Masa‐Aki , Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Sato Michio , Nakaji Yukio , Kurokawa Yuji , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

12 young men developed allergic contact dermatitis from wearing yellow cotton sweaters. We attempted to identify the causative agents by an experimental screening method in animals. Guinea pigs were sensitized with an acetone extract of the sweater material, by means of the guinea pie maximization test (GPMT). Active ingredients were then separated from the extract, by step‐by‐step patch test screening of chromatographic fractions in the guinea pigs, and finally analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Although there were 2 allergens with important activity (1 in the fraction eluted from the silica gel column with hexane, and 1 in the methanol fraction), the present study is focussed on the fat‐soluble allergens in the hexane fraction. GC‐MS analysis revealed that 4 kinds of phosgene (chlorophenyl) hydrazones (PCPHs) were present in the hexane fraction. PCPHs prepared in our laboratory showed strong eliciting activities, not only in the guinea pigs sensitized with the extract, but also in a male volunteer sensitised by exposure to a yellow sweater during irritancy testing. Phosgene (2,5‐dichlorophenyl)hydrazone, which Was the main component, among the PCPHs found in the sweater, sensitized guinea pigs even at the 1 ppm level. From these results, we conclude that PCPHs were one of the allergens responsible for the cases.
Irritation factors of sodium hypochlorite solutions in human skin
Authors: Hostynek Juraj J. , Wilhelm Kalaus P. , Cua AnastasiaB. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

The recommended concentration for patch testing with sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] (bleach) is 1% generally obtained by diluting commercial bleach. In doing so, other active (potentially irritant) components of bleach, especially hypochlorous acid [HOCl] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH], are neglected. Magnitudes of potential irritant species other than NaoCl, such as alkalinity, are ordinarily not labeled on the product, though they may vary considerably between brands. Thus, patch testing with 1% hypochlorite obtained by diluting different brand bleaches can potentially elicit non‐specific irritant responses, also depending upon the test volume applied. In this study, skin irritation induced by 24‐h patch testing with 20 μl 100 μl with constant NaOCl concentration (1%) and different NaOH concentrations (0.01–1.0%), was studied in adult human volunteers, by means of visual scores and skin color reflectance measurements. No irritation was elicited by application of 20 μl 1% OCl‐, independent of the NaOH concentration. However, all solutions induced significant irritation in a volume of 100 μl. Skin reactions did not show a straight pH dose response, a maximum reaction being seen to the solution containing 0.1% NaOH. Skin surface pH values had increased when monitored immediately after removal of the patch material. However, 24 h later, baseline values were again reached at most sites, demonstrating an efficient buffering capacity of human skin, even after challenge with alkaline solutions of pH 13.4. We suggest that a non‐irritant concentration for diagnostic patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis with an aluminum chamber, using 17 μl to 20 μl test volume, could be as high as 1% NaOCl and 1% NaOH.