bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bénédicte Vauthier y Jimena Gamba Corradine, eds., Crítica genética y edición de manuscritos hispánicos contemporáneos. Aportaciones a una «poética de transición entre estados»
Authors: Pizarro Jerónimo
Published: February 2014

Reseña de Bénédicte Vauthier y Jimena Gamba Corradine, eds., Crítica genética y edición de manuscritos hispánicos contemporáneos. Aportaciones a una «poética de transición entre estados», Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 2012, 310 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9012-073-6.
Edición digital y edición crítica
Authors: Gázquez Ramón Valdés
Published: February 2014

Presentación del volumen con breve estado de la cuestión sobre la edición crítica digital de nuestros textos teatrales clásicos y breve resumen de los artículos.
Predicting adolescents’ willingness to disclose personal information to a commercial website: Testing the applicability of a trust-based model
Authors: Heirman Wannes , Walrave Michel , Ponnet Koen , Gool Ellen Van
Published: February 2014

This study examines the relationship between the level of trust that adolescents place in a specific commercial website and their behavioural intentions to disclose four categories of personal information (identity information, geographical information, profile information and contact information) to the website. Following the integrative model of organisational trust, we hypothesise that respondents’ level of trust in a specific commercial website is determined by three dimensions of trustworthiness: ability, integrity and benevolence. In order to test the proposed model, we conducted a survey among 1042 Flemish adolescents. Analyses indicate that perceived ability and integrity predicted adolescents’ level of trust in the focal website. The respondents’ trust in the website subsequently predicted their willingness to disclose. The influence of the discerned trustworthiness beliefs was fully mediated by the level of trust adolescents had in the specific commercial website. Adolescents’ risk perception about disclosing information to this website also affected their willingness to disclose information. Finally, our analysis identified an individual’s disposition to trust (i.e. trust propensity) as significantly predicting (1) the three trustworthiness beliefs and (2) the willingness to disclose the four discerned categories of personal information. Surprisingly no significant association was found between trust propensity and adolescents’ trust in the specific commercial website.
The Academy of Integrative Health & Medicine: A Conversation with Mimi Guarneri, President of the American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine
Authors: Snyder Suzanne
Published: February 2014

Global Advances in Health and Medicine (GAHMJ) interviewed Mimi Guarneri, MD, FACC, ABIHM, at the beginning of 2014 as the American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine broadens its mission and purpose to become the Academy of Integrative Health & Medicine (AIHM).
Counting the cost of overfishing on sharks and rays
Authors: Bradley Darcy , Gaines Steven D
Published: February 2014

Over half of all shark and ray species are at risk of extinction or at least heading that way.
30-km-long optical fiber link at 1397 nm for frequency comparison between distant strontium optical lattice clocks
Authors: Akatsuka Tomoya , Ono Hitomi , Hayashida Keitaro , Araki Kuniya , Takamoto Masao , Takano Tetsushi , Katori Hidetoshi
Published: February 2014

We demonstrate a 30-km-long optical fiber link for frequency comparison between two strontium optical lattice clocks being developed at RIKEN and the University of Tokyo. We use a transfer laser at 1397 nm, which is twice the wavelength of the clock transition of strontium clocks. The link stability is estimated to be 1 × 10−17 for an averaging time of τ = 1 s, which is in good agreement with the theoretical limit calculated from the fiber noise spectrum. We discuss a remote clock comparison with a stability of 1 × 10−17(τ/s)−1/2 by synchronously operating two distant clocks.
Effect of annealing processes on the electrical properties of the atomic layer deposition Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As metal oxide semiconductor capacitors
Authors: Luc Quang-Ho , Chang Edward Yi , Trinh Hai-Dang , Nguyen Hong-Quan , Tran Binh-Tinh , Lin Yueh-Chin
Published: February 2014

The influence of different annealing processes including post deposition annealing (PDA) and post metallization annealing (PMA) with various temperatures (250–400 °C) and ambient [N2 and forming gas (FG)] on the electrical characteristics of Pt/Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As MOSCAPs are systemically studied. Comparing to samples underwent high PDA temperature, the higher leakage current has been observed for all of samples underwent high PMA temperature. This has resulted in the degradation of capacitance–voltage (C–V) behaviors. In conjunction with the current–voltage (J–V) measurement, depth profiling Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses evidence that the out-diffusion of metal into oxide layer is the main source of leakage current. The noticeable passivation effect on the Al2O3/InGaAs interface has also been confirmed by the samples that underwent PDA process.
Diverse magmatic effects of subducting a hot slab in SW Japan: Results from forward modeling
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Gill James B. , Kunikiyo Tomoyuki , Osaka Isaku , Shimoshioiri Yusuke , Katakuse Maiko , Kakubuchi Susumu , Nagao Takashi , Furuyama Katsuhiko , Kamei Atsushi , Kawabata Hiroshi , Nakajima Junichi , van Keken Peter E. , Stern Robert J.
Published: February 2014

In response to the subduction of the young Shikoku Basin of the Philippine Sea Plate, arc magmas erupted in SW Japan throughout the late Cenozoic. Many magma types are present including ocean island basalt (OIB), shoshonite (SHO), arc‐type alkali basalt (AB), typical subalkalic arc basalt (SAB), high‐Mg andesite (HMA), and adakite (ADK). OIB erupted since the Japan Sea back‐arc basin opened, whereas subsequent arc magmas accompanied subduction of the Shikoku Basin. However, there the origin of the magmas in relation to hot subduction is debated. Using new major and trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotope analyses of 324 lava samples from seven Quaternary volcanoes, we investigated the genetic conditions of the magma suites using a geochemical mass balance model, Arc Basalt Simulator version 4 (ABS4), that uses these data to solve for the parameters such as pressure/temperature of slab dehydration/melting and slab flux fraction, pressure, and temperature of mantle melting. The calculations suggest that those magmas originated from slab melts that induced flux melting of mantle peridotite. The suites differ mostly in the mass fraction of slab‐melt flux, increasing from SHO through AB, SAB, HMA, to ADK. The pressure and temperature of mantle melting decreases in the same order. The suites differ secondarily in the ratio of altered oceanic crust to sediment in the source of the slab melt. The atypical suites associated with hot subduction result from unusually large mass fractions of slab melt and unusually cool mantle temperatures.
Estimating soil respiration using spatial data products: A case study in a deciduous broadleaf forest in the Midwest USA
Authors: Huang Ni , Gu Lianhong , Niu Zheng
Published: February 2014

This study aimed to investigate the potential of spatially distributed data products in estimating soil respiration (Rs), including land surface temperature (LST) and spectral vegetation index from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and root zone soil moisture derived from the assimilation of the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS and a land surface model, at a deciduous broadleaf forest site in the Midwest USA. Several statistical models were used to examine the dependencies of Rs on these spatial data products, and accuracy of these models was compared to the models based on in situ measurements. The models based on mean LST (i.e., averaging nighttime and daytime LST from MODIS) and root zone soil moisture explained 82% and 72% of seasonal variations in Rs for spring and winter dormant periods, respectively. In the growing season, the models depending on mean LST, root zone soil moisture, and photosynthesis‐related enhanced vegetation index showed comparable accuracy with the models entirely based on in situ measured data, except for the midgrowing period. Drought stress led to a relatively low explanation capacity for the Rs model based on spatial data products during the midgrowing period. However, this model still explained 76% of temporal dynamics of Rs over the midgrowing period. Our results suggested that simple models based entirely on spatial data products have the potential to estimate Rs at the temperate deciduous forest site. The conclusions drawn from the present study provided valuable information for large‐scale estimates of Rs in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems.
A quantitative assessment of a terrestrial biosphere model's data needs across North American biomes
Authors: Dietze Michael C. , Serbin Shawn P. , Davidson Carl , Desai Ankur R. , Feng Xiaohui , Kelly Ryan , Kooper Rob , LeBauer David , Mantooth Joshua , McHenry Kenton , Wang Dan
Published: February 2014

Terrestrial biosphere models are designed to synthesize our current understanding of how ecosystems function, test competing hypotheses of ecosystem function against observations, and predict responses to novel conditions such as those expected under climate change. Reducing uncertainties in such models can improve both basic scientific understanding and our predictive capacity, but rarely are ecosystem models employed in the design of field campaigns. We provide a synthesis of carbon cycle uncertainty analyses conducted using the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer ecoinformatics workflow with the Ecosystem Demography model v2. This work is a synthesis of multiple projects, using Bayesian data assimilation techniques to incorporate field data and trait databases across temperate forests, grasslands, agriculture, short rotation forestry, boreal forests, and tundra. We report on a number of data needs that span a wide array of diverse biomes, such as the need for better constraint on growth respiration, mortality, stomatal conductance, and water uptake. We also identify data needs that are biome specific, such as photosynthetic quantum efficiency at high latitudes. We recommend that future data collection efforts balance the bias of past measurements toward aboveground processes in temperate biomes with the sensitivities of different processes as represented by ecosystem models. ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Preparation of an Organometallic Molecular Square by Self‐Assembly of Phosphorus‐Containing Building Blocks
Authors: Malberg Jennifer , Bodensteiner Michael , Paul Daniel , Wiegand Thomas , Eckert Hellmut , Wolf Robert
Published: February 2014

Molecular squares are among the most common supramolecular architectures, but phospha‐organometallic complexes have not been used as building blocks for this type of structure. Herein we describe the formation of the molecular square [Au{Co(P2C2tBu2)2}]4 (1) by the self‐assembly of anionic 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene cobalt complexes and gold(I) cations. The X‐ray crystallographic determination of the molecular structure of 1 is complemented by solid‐state 31P and 13C NMR investigations. High‐level DFT calculations confirm the assignment of the 31P and 13C NMR resonances.
Risk perception and public concerns of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones in Korea
Authors: Kim Kyunghee , Kim Hae‐Joon , Song Dae Jong , Cho Yong Min , Choi Jae Wook
Published: February 2014

In this study, the difference between the risk perception of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones and the risk perception of other factors such as environment and food was analyzed. The cause of the difference in the psychological and social factors that affect the group with high risk perception of electromagnetic waves was also analyzed. A questionnaire survey on the risk perception of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones was carried out on 1001 subjects (men and women) over the age of 20. In the group with high risk perception of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones, women had higher risk perception than men. Logistic regression analysis, where the group with high risk perception of electromagnetic waves and the group with low risk perception were used as dependent variables, indicated that the risk perception of electromagnetic waves in women was 1.815 times statistically significantly higher than the risk perception of men (95% CI: 1.340–2.457). Also, high risk perception of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones was observed when the subjects considered that they had more personal knowledge (OR: 1.416, 95% CI: 1.216–1.648), that the seriousness of the risk to future generations was high (OR: 1.410, 95% CI: 1.234–1.611), and their outrage for the occurrence of accidents related to electromagnetic waves was high (OR: 1.460, 95% CI: 1.264–1.686). The results of this study need to be sufficiently considered and reflected in designing the risk communication strategies and communication methods for the preventive measures and advice on electromagnetic waves from cellular phones. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:235–244, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embryonic and early fetal period development and morphogenesis of human craniovertebral junction
Authors: Hita‐Contreras Fidel , Roda Olga , Martínez‐Amat Antonio , Cruz‐Díaz David , Mérida‐Velasco Juan A. , Sánchez‐Montesinos Indalecio
Published: February 2014

Several studies have focused on the cartilaginous, articular, and ligamentous development of the craniovertebral joint (CVJ), but there are no unifying criteria regarding the origin and morphogenetic timetable of the structures that make up the CVJ. In our study, serial sections of 53 human embryonic (n = 27) and fetal (n = 26) specimens from O'Rahilly stages 17–23 and 9–13 weeks, respectively, have been analyzed. Our results demonstrate that the chondrification of the pars basioccipitalis and exoccipitalis becomes observable at stage 19, and all future bones in the CVJ are in their cartilaginous form except for the future odontoid process. In addition, two chondrification centers appear for the body of the axis. From stage 21, the apical, alar, and transverse atlantal ligaments begin to acquire a ligamentous structure and the odontoid process initiates its chondrogenic phase. Stage 22 witnesses the first signs of the articular cavities of the atlanto‐occipital joint, and by stage 23 all joints have cavities except for the transverse‐odontoid joint, which will wait until week 9. In week 10, the ossification of the basilar part of the occipital bone begins, followed by the rest of the structures except for the odontoid process, which will start at week 13, thus completing the osteogenesis of all bones in the CVJ. The results of this study could help in establishing the anatomical basis of the normally functioning CVJ and for detecting its related pathologies, abnormalities, and malformations. Clin. Anat. 27:337–345, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Arylation of N‐Heteroarenes with Aryldiazonium Salts by Photoredox Catalysis in Water
Authors: Xue Dong , Jia Zhi‐Hui , Zhao Cong‐Jun , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang
Published: February 2014

A highly effective visible light‐promoted “radical‐type” coupling of N‐heteroarenes with aryldiazonium salts in water has been developed. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2⋅6 H2O as a photosensitizer and a commercial household light bulb as a light source. Pyridine and a variety of substituted pyridines are effective substrates under these reaction conditions, and only monosubstituted products are formed with different regioselectivities. Using aqueous formic acid as solvent, an array of xanthenes, thiazole, pyrazine, and pyridazine are compatible with this new arylation approach. The broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, and use of water as reaction solvent make this procedure a practical and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of compounds containing aryl‐heteroaryl motifs.
Ein synthetisches Kaffeearoma
Authors: Priesner Claus
Published: February 2014

Ausgelöst durch die Erfahrungen des Ersten Weltkrieges initiierte Hermann Staudinger 1922 zusammen mit seinem Schüler Tadeusz Reichstein die Isolierung des Aromas von Bohnenkaffe und die Synthese eines künstlichen, als “Coffarom” bezeichneten, Ersatzaromas. Die Forschungen wurden ab 1928 in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Max Kerschbaum von der in der Aromastoff‐Fabrikation führenden deutschen Firma Haarmann und Reimer durchgeführt. 1932 beendete Reichstein seine Arbeiten, ohne ein dem natürlichen Kaffeearoma annähernd gleichwertiges künstliches Aroma gefunden zu haben. Die von der Nahrungsmittelindustrie finanzierten Arbeiten waren zwar wirtschaftlich kein Erfolg, sind aber als herausragende mikrochemische Leistungen von Bedeutung für die Chemiegeschichte und stellen auch ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel für die Verbindung von universitärer Grundlagenforschung und wirtschaftlich ausgerichteter Zweckforschung dar. Anstatt des “Coffaroms” eroberte der von Max Morgenthaler bei der Firma Nestlé erfundene “Nescafé” den Weltmarkt.
Reinigen mit Licht und Regen
Authors: Neinhuis Christoph , Groß Frank , Elfenthal Lothar , Blöß Stephan , Grau Rüdiger , Fleisch Manuel , Bahnemann Detlef
Published: February 2014

Seit der Entdeckung des Lotus‐Effekts in den 1970er Jahren ist das Interesse an selbstreinigenden Oberflächen rasant gestiegen. Neben hydrophobierten Oberflächen, die dem natürlichen Beispiel der Lotus‐Pflanze folgen, spielen auch superhydrophile, photokatalytisch aktive Beschichtungen eine große Rolle. Diese setzen im Gegensatz zu Lotus‐Beschichtungen nicht auf eine wasserabweisende Wirkung, sondern oxidieren Verschmutzungen durch Lichteinstrahlung langsam an ihrer Oberfläche und unterspülen Rückstände mit Wasser. Lotus‐Beschichtungen profitieren hierbei zwar von der Tatsache, dass sie lichtunabhängig arbeiten, sind dafür mechanisch sehr empfindlich und nicht transparent. Photokatalysator‐Beschichtungen hingegen sind mechanisch stabil, benötigen jedoch Licht zur Entfaltung ihrer Reinigungswirkung
Colchicin
Authors: Appun Johannes , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Steinke Katrin , Berger Stefan , Sicker Dieter
Published: February 2014

Colchicin wurde aus dem zerkleinerten Samen der Herbstzeitlose extrahiert und durch Flash‐Chromatografie und präparative HPLC gereinigt. Alle analytischen Spektren sind vollständig entweder im Hauptteil oder in der supporting information wiedergegeben. Die NMR‐ sowie die Massenspektren werden eingehend interpretiert und mit theoretischen Berechnungen der 13C‐chemischen Verschiebungen verglichen. Das Projekt stellt eine Fortsetzung des Buches “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009) dar.
Seltenerd‐Katalyse in aerober Methanogenese
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: February 2014

Vulkanische Schlammpfützen warten mit hohen Temperaturen und saurem Wasser auf. Genau der Ort, um Bakterien auf unbekannte Stoffwechselwege zu untersuchen. Acidophil und methanotroph ist die Art Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV. Ihre Kultivierung gelang gleichwohl bislang nur mit original Vulkanwasser. Der Grund ist nun klar: Seltenerdmetalle sind am aktiven Zentrum eines Enzyms beteiligt.
Structured Illumination Microscopy for Superresolution
Authors: Allen John R. , Ross Stephen T. , Davidson Michael W.
Published: February 2014

The ability to image beyond the diffraction limit is the central tenet of the burgeoning field of superresolution fluorescence microscopy, also referred to as optical nanoscopy. The advent of superresolution has revolutionized biological fluorescence microscopy and the field at large. However, much of that excitement has been tempered by prohibitive imaging requirements. Achieving superresolution entails certain sacrifices, namely imaging speed, choice of fluorophore, ease of multicolor and three‐dimensional imaging, and generally more complex instrumentation as compared to standard widefield imaging techniques. Several techniques utilizing structured illumination occupy an intriguing middle ground between the ease of use associated with traditional fluorescence microscopies and the unprecedented resolving power of modern superresolution methods, resulting in undeniably robust imaging techniques. Presented here is a review of the conceptual basis of structured illumination and its implementation, including its performance in comparison to other nanoscopies and the most recent developments in the field.
Cell type related differences in staining with pentameric thiophene derivatives
Authors: Cieślar‐Pobuda Artur , Bäck Marcus , Magnusson Karin , Jain Mayur V. , Rafat Mehrdad , Ghavami Saeid , Nilsson K. Peter R. , Łos Marek J.
Published: February 2014

Fluorescent compounds capable of staining cells selectively without affecting their viability are gaining importance in biology and medicine. Recently, a new family of optical dyes, denoted luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes (LCOs), has emerged as an interesting class of highly emissive molecules for studying various biological phenomena. Properly functionalized LCOs have been utilized for selective identification of disease‐associated protein aggregates and for selective detection of distinct cells. Herein, we present data on differential staining of various cell types, including cancer cells. The differential staining observed with newly developed pentameric LCOs is attributed to distinct side chain functionalities along the thiophene backbone. Employing flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy we examined a library of LCOs for stainability of a variety of cell lines. Among tested dyes we found promising candidates that showed strong or moderate capability to stain cells to different extent, depending on target cells. Hence, LCOs with diverse imidazole motifs along the thiophene backbone were identified as an interesting class of agents for staining of cancer cells, whereas LCOs with other amino acid side chains along the backbone showed a complete lack of staining for the cells included in the study. Furthermore, for p‐HTMI,a LCO functionalized with methylated imidazole moieties, the staining was dependent on the p53 status of the cells, indicating that the molecular target for the dye is a cellular component regulated by p53. We foresee that functionalized LCOs will serve as a new class of optical ligands for fluorescent classification of cells and expand the toolbox of reagents for fluorescent live imaging of different cells. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation from Pure Water using Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Yuliang , Xia Ting , Wallenmeyer Petra , Harris Cindel X. , Peterson Appie A. , Corsiglia Gerald A. , Murowchick James , Chen Xiaobo
Published: February 2014

We report here the photocatalytic hydrogen generation from pure (deionized) water under simulated solar light with silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles, without the assistance of sacrificial reagents or precious metal co‐catalysts. We have studied the pH effects of the addition of methanol and the loading of a Pt co‐catalyst on the photocatalytic hydrogen generation efficiency of SiC nanoparticles. We have found that SiC nanoparticles display the best photocatalytic hydrogen generation efficiency in pure water. SiC nanoparticles show activity in both ultraviolet (UV) and visible‐light regions. The addition of methanol in water or loading of Pt nanoparticles on the surface lowers their activity. Thus, SiC nanoparticles may serve as an ideal model photocatalyst for future studies in generating hydrogen from pure water.
Incidence of hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolic codes in medical patients hospitalized in academic medical centers
Authors: Khanna Raman , Maynard Gregory , Sadeghi Banafsheh , Hensley Laurie , Medvedev Sofia , Danielsen Beate , White Richard H.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolism (HA‐VTE, VTE occurring during a hospitalization) codes in hospital billing data are often used as a surrogate for hospital‐associated VTE events occurring during or up to 30 days after a hospitalization, which are more difficult to measure.

OBJECTIVE

Establish the incidence and composition of HA‐VTE/superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) coded in a large cohort of medical patients.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis of discharges.

SETTING

Eighty‐three academic medical centers in UHC (formerly University HealthSystem Consortium).

PATIENTS

Patients with medical diagnoses hospitalized >2 days between October 1, 2009, and March 31, 2011.

MEASUREMENTS

Incidence and anatomic location of HA‐VTE codes, defined as International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for VTE coupled to a present‐on‐admission indicator flag set to “No.”

RESULTS

Among 2,525,068 medical hospitalizations, 12,847 (0.51%) cases had ≥1 thrombotic code; 2449 (19.1%) with pulmonary embolism (PE), and 3848 (30%) with lower‐extremity deep venous thrombosis (LE‐DVT) without PE. Upper‐extremity DVT (2893; 22.5%) and SVT (3248; 25.3%) comprised the bulk of remaining cases. Among cases with HA‐PE/LE‐DVT, 34.3% had cancer, 47.8% received care in an intensive care unit, 78% had severe or extreme severity of illness, and 16.5% died in the hospital. Overall, 54.9% of the patients who developed a HA‐PE/LE‐DVT had been started on VTE pharmacoprophylaxis on hospital day 1 or 2.

CONCLUSION

At academic centers, HA‐VTE/SVT is coded in 0.51% of medical inpatients, and HA‐PE/LE‐DVT is coded in half of those. Most patients with HA‐PE/LE‐DVT are severely ill and develop VTE despite receiving prophylaxis. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:221–225. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Photopolymere in der Industrie
Authors: Strehmel Bernd
Published: February 2014

Die Ortsselektivität der Photopolymerisation macht sie den üblichen thermisch initiierten Vernetzungen von Polymeren überlegen. Industrielle Anwendungen reichen von der Informationsspeicherung über Lithografie und Lacke bis zu Dentalkompositen.
Europas Wälder nicht mehr sauer
Authors: Sesin Verena
Published: February 2014

Saurer Regen: In den 1970er und 80er Jahren in Europa weit verbreitet, ist er heute fast verschwunden. Die Waldböden sind kaum noch versauert, für eine vollständige Entwarnung ist es aber noch zu früh.
Stabilized Magnesium/Perfluoropolyether Nanocomposite Films by Helium Droplet Cluster Assembly
Authors: Emery Samuel B. , Rider Keith B. , Lindsay C. Michael
Published: February 2014

The production of stable, pre‐reactive, nanocomposite mixtures of magnesium and a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) has been achieved through the application of helium droplet cluster assembly. The nanocomposite films presented in this work demonstrated clear thermal desorption features that indicate the formation of an MgF2 passivation layer between unreacted magnesium cores and PFPE shells upon heating. Additional heating resulted in the later rupture of the MgF2 layer and release of trapped magnesium. The passivation behavior occurred only after deposition with the input of thermal energy, demonstrating the ability of helium droplets to assemble and deposit clusters in a pre‐reactive state.
Spectral attenuation of global and diffuse UV irradiance and actinic flux by clouds
Authors: Mateos D. , di Sarra A. , Bilbao J. , Meloni D. , Pace G. , de Miguel A. , Casasanta G.
Published: February 2014

Measurements of spectral global and diffuse ultraviolet (UV) irradiance, and of spectral actinic flux were made jointly with determinations of cloud properties during a two‐ month experimental campaign that took place in southern Italy in May–June 2010. The cloud modification factor (CMF) which is the ratio between the incoming radiation under cloudy and in cloud‐free conditions, was obtained for the global (direct plus diffuse) and diffuse components of the irradiance, and for the actinic flux in the UV spectral range for overcast conditions. Measurements of the diffuse irradiance and actinic flux CMFs are very scarce, and are particularly important to characterize the radiation field and verify the behaviour of radiative transfer models in cloudy conditions. In addition to measurements, one‐dimensional radiative transfer simulations are used to investigate the cloud influence on the spectral solar UV radiation. The analysis shows that the wavelength dependence of CMF for the global irradiance is mainly due to the normalization for cloud‐free conditions. The CMF for the diffuse irradiance and for the actinic flux displays a strong dependence on the solar zenith angle. This dependence appears to be mainly driven by the large role played by the zenith radiation in overcast conditions. Radiative transfer model determinations of CMF satisfactorily reproduce observations.
Decreased cerebral spinal fluid neurotransmitter levels in Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Authors: Sparks S. E. , Wassif C. A. , Goodwin H. , Conley S. K. , Lanham D. C. , Kratz L. E. , Hyland K. , Gropman A. , Tierney E. , Porter F. D.
Published: February 2014

Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with cognitive impairment and a distinct behavioral phenotype that includes autistic features. SLOS is caused by a defect in 3β‐hydroxysterol Δ7‐reductase which leads to decreased cholesterol levels and elevated cholesterol precursors, specifically 7‐ and 8‐dehydrocholesterol. However, the pathological processes contributing to the neurological abnormalities in SLOS have not been defined. In view of prior data suggesting defects in SLOS in vesicular release and given the association of altered serotonin metabolism with autism, we were interested in measuring neurotransmitter metabolite levels in SLOS to assess their potential to be used as biomarkers in therapeutic trials. We measured cerebral spinal fluid levels of serotonin and dopamine metabolites, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) respectively, in 21 SLOS subjects. Results were correlated with the SLOS anatomical severity score, Aberrant Behavior Checklist scores and concurrent sterol biochemistry. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels of both 5HIAA and HVA were significantly reduced in SLOS subjects. In individual patients, the levels of both 5HIAA and HVA were reduced to a similar degree. CSF neurotransmitter metabolite levels did not correlate with either CSF sterols or behavioral measures. This is the first study demonstrating decreased levels of CSF neurotransmitter metabolites in SLOS. We propose that decreased levels of neurotransmitters in SLOS are caused by a sterol‐related defect in synaptic vesicle formation and that CSF 5HIAA and HVA will be useful biomarkers in development of future therapeutic trials.
A small portion of plastid transcripts is polyadenylated in the flagellate Euglena gracilis
Authors: Záhonová Kristína , Hadariová Lucia , Vacula Rostislav , Yurchenko Vyacheslav , Eliáš Marek , Krajčovič Juraj , Vesteg Matej
Published: February 2014

Euglena gracilis possesses secondary plastids of green algal origin. In this study, E. gracilis expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from polyA‐selected mRNA were searched and several ESTs corresponding to plastid genes were found. PCR experiments failed to detect SL sequence at the 5′‐end of any of these transcripts, suggesting plastid origin of these polyadenylated molecules. Quantitative PCR experiments confirmed that polyadenylation of transcripts occurs in the Euglena plastids. Such transcripts have been previously observed in primary plastids of plants and algae as low‐abundance intermediates of transcript degradation. Our results suggest that a similar mechanism exists in secondary plastids.
VRK1 interacts with p53 forming a basal complex that is activated by UV‐induced DNA damage
Authors: López-Sánchez Inmaculada , Valbuena Alberto , Vázquez-Cedeira Marta , Khadake Jyoti , Sanz-García Marta , Carrillo-Jiménez Alejandro , Lazo Pedro A.
Published: February 2014

DNA damage immediate cellular response requires the activation of p53 by kinases. We found that p53 forms a basal stable complex with VRK1, a Ser–Thr kinase that responds to UV‐induced DNA damage by specifically phosphorylating p53. This interaction takes place through the p53 DNA binding domain, and frequent DNA‐contact mutants of p53, such as R273H, R248H or R280K, do not disrupt the complex. UV‐induced DNA damage activates VRK1, and is accompanied by phosphorylation of p53 at Thr‐18 before it accumulates. We propose that the VRK1–p53 basal complex is an early‐warning system for immediate cellular responses to DNA damage.
Transcriptional control of RfaH on polysialic and colanic acid synthesis by Escherichia coli K92
Authors: Navasa Nicolás , Rodríguez-Aparicio Leandro B. , Ferrero Miguel Ángel , Monteagudo-Mera Andrea , Martínez-Blanco Honorina
Published: February 2014

The transcriptional antiterminator RfaH promotes transcription of long operons encoding surface cell components important for the virulence of Escherichia coli pathogens. In this paper, we show that RfaH enhanced kps expression for the synthesis of group 2 polysialic acid capsule in E. coli K92. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that RfaH promotes cps expression for the synthesis of colanic acid, a cell wall component with apparently no role on pathogenicity. Finally, we show a novel RfaH requirement for growth at low temperatures.
Identification of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as a β‐secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory molecule in rice grain extract and digest
Authors: Abe Takako K. , Taniguchi Masayuki
Published: February 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely considered to be caused by amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. Aβ is excised from amyloid‐β precursor protein through sequential cleavage by β‐secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ‐secretase. Thus, BACE1 inhibition could prevent Aβ accumulation. Here, we identified myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as a BACE1 inhibitory molecule in rice grain extract and digest. The rice digest and IP6 significantly inhibited Aβ production in neuroblastoma cells without cytotoxicity. These results suggested that rice components, including IP6, may be promising starting materials for the development of potent and safe drugs and/or food to prevent AD.
Developmental co‐expression and functional redundancy of tyrosine phosphatases with neurotrophin receptors in developing sensory neurons
Authors: Tchetchelnitski Viktoria , van den Eijnden Monique , Schmidt Fanny , Stoker Andrew W.
Published: February 2014

Receptor‐type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have been implicated as direct or indirect regulators of neurotrophin receptors (TRKs). It remains less clear if and how such RPTPs might regulate TRK proteins in vivo during development. Here we present a comparative expression profile of RPTP genes and Trk genes during early stages of murine, dorsal root ganglion maturation. We find little if any specific, temporal mRNA co‐regulation between individual RPTP and Ntrk genes between E12.5 and E14.5. Moreover, a double fluorescent in‐situ hybridization and immunofluorescence study of seven Rptp genes with Ntrks revealed widespread co‐expression of RPTPs in individual neurons, but no tight correlation with Trk expression profiles. No Rptp is expressed in 100% of Ntrk1‐expressing neurons, whereas at least 6 RPTPs are expressed in 100% of Ntrk2‐ and Ntrk3‐expressing neurons. An exception is Ptpro, which showed very selective expression. Short hairpin RNA suppression of Ptprf, Ptprs or Ptpro in primary, E13.5 DRG neurons did not alter TRK signalling. We therefore propose that TRK signalling may not be simply dependent on rate‐limiting regulation by individual RPTP subtypes during sensory neuron development. Instead, TRK signalling has the potential to be buffered by concurrent inputs from several RPTPs in individual neurons.
Development and validation of a brief dementia screening indicator for primary care
Authors: Barnes Deborah E. , Beiser Alexa S. , Lee Anne , Langa Kenneth M. , Koyama Alain , Preis Sarah R. , Neuhaus John , McCammon Ryan J. , Yaffe Kristine , Seshadri Sudha , Haan Mary N. , Weir David R.
Published: February 2014

Background

Detection of “any cognitive impairment” is mandated as part of the Medicare annual wellness visit, but screening all patients may result in excessive false positives.

Methods

We developed and validated a brief Dementia Screening Indicator using data from four large, ongoing cohort studies (the Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS]; the Framingham Heart Study [FHS]; the Health and Retirement Study [HRS]; the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging [SALSA]) to help clinicians identify a subgroup of high‐risk patients to target for cognitive screening.

Results

The final Dementia Screening Indicator included age (1 point/year; ages, 65–79 years), less than 12 years of education (9 points), stroke (6 points), diabetes mellitus (3 points), body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 (8 points), requiring assistance with money or medications (10 points), and depressive symptoms (6 points). Accuracy was good across the cohorts (Harrell's C statistic: CHS, 0.68; FHS, 0.77; HRS, 0.76; SALSA, 0.78).

Conclusions

The Dementia Screening Indicator is a simple tool that may be useful in primary care settings to identify high‐risk patients to target for cognitive screening.
‘Dear Mr President’. The blogosphere as arena for communication between people and power
Authors: Moen-Larsen Natalia
Published: February 2014

Internet use in Russia is increasing rapidly. The former president of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, has actively utilized the Internet for political purposes, and promoted its use among state officials and politicians in Russia. This article examines the online communication between Medvedev and the Russian people, as seen through his official kremlin.ru weblog. The article combines two research fields – the Internet and demography – mapping the publicly generated discourse of demography as articulated on Medvedev’s blog. Furthermore, the author assesses the communication between the authorities and the people, showing how it can be mismatched as individuals ‘talk past each other’.
Television and protest in East Germany’s revolution, 1989–1990: A mixed-methods analysis
Authors: Grdešić Marko
Published: February 2014

This article uses a mixed-methods approach to analyze the relationship between television and protest during East Germany’s revolution. The content of television newscasts, both West German and East German, is analyzed together with protest event data. There are two key findings. First, West German coverage of protests is associated with an increase in protest in the first phase of the revolution. This finding emerges from time series analysis. Second, West German and East German television coverage were interacting, with the latter reacting to the former. This finding emerges from both quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Have went?
Authors: Tieken-Boon van Ostade Ingrid
Published: February 2014

The previous issue of English Today announced the start of a regular feature on questions of English usage and other relevant issues that are being studied in the research project ‘Bridging the Unbridgeable: Linguists, Prescriptivists and the General Public’ that is being carried out at the University of Leiden Centre for Linguistics. The first question we would like to have feedback on from readers of English Today relates to the acceptability of have went. The topic was inspired by a number of spontaneous comments from people who had contributed to the attitudes survey I reported on in that issue, and in particular in connection with the disputed sentence I could of gone to that party (http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2012/05/07/attitudes-survey/).
‘The Mummy Returns’ – or what did the prince say to his monarch?
Authors: Hinton Suzanne
Published: February 2014

It is June, 2002. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II has just stepped on to the stage at the end of a concert in celebration of her Golden Jubilee. Her son and heir, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, approaches her. He inclines his slightly greying head to his monarch. He speaks: ‘Your Majesty…’. He pauses for a fraction of a second, and then continues: ‘Mummy …’. A sharp intake of breath is heard across the land. Why?
English: past, present and future
Authors: Beal Joan C.
Published: February 2014

The Oxford History of English is an updated version of a work whose first edition appeared in 2006. The content is essentially the same as that of the first edition, with the same fourteen chapters covering a chronology stretching from prehistory (‘Before English’, pp. 9–38) to the present (‘Into the Twenty-first Century’, pp. 488–513). Apart from the addition of some post-2006 publications to the references and suggestions for further reading that accompany the chapters, this updating is most obvious in the last chapter, where David Crystal considers, alongside globalization and changes in educational policy, the influence of electronic communication. The latter, in particular, is an area of rapid change: the appended timeline (pp. 514–29) informs us that Twitter was launched in the same year as the first edition of The Oxford History of English was published, and by the time this second edition appeared it had reached 10 million users in the UK.
Retrospective epidemiological analysis of sparganosis in mainland China from 1959 to 2012
Authors: LU G. , SHI D.-Z. , LU Y.-J. , WU L.-X. , LI L.-H. , RAO L.-Y. , YIN F.-F.
Published: February 2014

In this study, epidemiological factors of sparganosis cases reported in mainland China from 1959 to December 2012 were analysed. A total of 1061 valid cases were distributed throughout most of the provinces of mainland China, with most cases occurring in Southern and Eastern China. The average age of patients was 29 years (range 0–80 years). Modes of transmission to humans were via contact (54·6%), mainly by application of frog meat as a poultice, foodborne (33·8%), mainly through ingesting frogs or snakes, and waterborne (11·5%) through drinking raw water. The tissue/organs involved were subcutaneous/muscle (43·1%), eyes (31·0%), central nervous system (CNS) (17·9%), urogenital system (3·9%) and visceral organs (3·2%). Obvious differences existed in main risk factors for different areas. Close correlation was found between tissue/organs and risk factors. Main modes of transmission changed during the past decades, from contact (83·8% pre-1979) to foodborne (63·9% post-2000). The tissue/organs involved also changed at the same time. Cases involving eyes fell from 50·0% pre-1979 to 8·3% post-2000, and cases involving CNS increased from 0% pre-1979 to 47·8% post-2000. These results illustrate that China is one of the main epidemic countries of sparganosis in the world. Consumption of frog/snake meat was the main risk factor, although application of frog flesh as a poultice was the main risk factor before 2000. Sparganosis has become one of the neglected but important foodborne/waterborne parasitic diseases in mainland China.
Comparison of approaches to correct intake–health associations for FFQ measurement error using a duplicate recovery biomarker and a duplicate 24 h dietary recall as reference method
Authors: Geelen Anouk , Souverein Olga W , Busstra Maria C , de Vries Jeanne HM , van ‘t Veer Pieter
Published: February 2014

Objective

To illustrate the impact of intake-related bias in FFQ and 24 h recall (24hR), and correlated errors between these methods, on intake–health associations.

Design

Dietary intake was assessed by a 180-item semi-quantitative FFQ and two 24hR. Urinary N and urinary K were estimated from two 24 h urine samples. We compared four scenarios to correct associations for errors in an FFQ estimating protein and K intakes.

Setting

Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Subjects

Fifty-nine men and fifty-eight women aged 45–65 years.

Results

For this FFQ, measurement error weakened a true relative risk of 2·0 to 1·4 for protein and 1·5 for K. As compared with calibration to duplicate recovery biomarkers (i.e. the preferred scenario 1), estimating a validity coefficient using this duplicate biomarker resulted in overcorrected associations, caused by intake-related bias in the FFQ (scenario 2). The correction factor based on a triad using biomarkers and 24hR was hampered by this intake-related bias and by correlated errors between FFQ and 24hR, and in this population resulted in a nearly perfect correction for protein but an overcorrection for K (scenario 3). When the 24hR was used for calibration, only a small correction was done, due to correlated errors between the methods and intake-related bias in the 24hR (scenario 4).

Conclusions

Calibration to a gold standard reference method is the preferred approach to correct intake–health associations for FFQ measurement error. If it is not possible to do so, using the 24hR as reference method only partly removes the errors, but may result in improved intake–health associations.
Family Relations, Stressful Events and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hess Adriana Raquel Binsfeld , Teodoro Maycoln Leoni Martins , Falcke Denise
Published: February 2014

This study aimed to examine how emotional and behavioral problems of parents and children and the characteristics of family relationships can be predictors of internalizing symptoms manifested by children after one year. This was a quantitative research study, of the longitudinal type, with a one year interval between the first and second evaluation. Participants were 139 adolescents, and their parents, with ages ranged from 11 to 16 years (Mage= 12.90,SD= 1.07). The instruments used were: a Socio-Demographic Data Sheet, Youth Self-Report of 11 to 18 years old (YSR), Adult Self-Report of 18 to 59 years old (ASR), Familiogram (FG), the Family Climate Inventory (FCI) and Inventory of Stressful Events in Adolescence (ISEA). Results indicated that family relationships did not have a significant explanatory power in relation to internalizing symptoms of the adolescent after a year. Based on this study, it is possible to think that during adolescence, the power of the family to influence becomes more restricted in comparison with social and peer influence.
T2-Weighted MRI Detects Presymptomatic Pathology in the SOD1 Mouse Model of ALS
Authors: Evans Matthew C , Serres Sébastien , Khrapitchev Alexandre A , Stolp Helen B , Anthony Daniel C , Talbot Kevin , Turner Martin R , Sibson Nicola R
Published: February 2014

Neuroinflammation has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but relevant biomarkers are needed. The superoxide dismutase (SOD1)G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS offers a unique opportunity to study and potentially manipulate presymptomatic pathology. While T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be sensitive to pathologic changes at symptom onset, no earlier biomarkers were previously identified and the underlying histopathologic correlates remain uncertain. To address these issues, we used a multimodal MRI approach targeting structural ( T2, T2, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR)), vascular (gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid), and endothelial (vascular cell adhesion molecule-microparticles of iron oxide) changes, together with histopathologic analysis from presymptomatic to symptomatic stages of disease. Presymptomatic changes in brainstem nuclei were evident on T2-weighted images from as early as 60 days ( P<0.05). Histologic indices of vacuolation, astro- and microglial activation all correlated with T2-weighted changes. Significant reductions in ADC ( P<0.01) and MTR ( P<0.05) were found at 120 days in the same brainstem nuclei. No changes in T1 relaxation, vascular permeability, or endothelial activation were found at any stage of disease. These findings suggest that T2-weighted MRI offers the strongest biomarker potential in this model, and that MRI has unique potential for noninvasive and longitudinal assessment of presymptomatically applied therapeutic and neuroprotective agents.