bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterially Derived Antibody Binders as Small Adapters for DNA‐PAINT Microscopy
Authors: Schlichthaerle Thomas , Ganji Mahipal , Auer Alexander , Kimbu Wade Orsolya , Jungmann Ralf
Published: December 2018

Current optical super‐resolution implementations are capable of resolving features spaced just a few nanometers apart. However, translating this spatial resolution to cellular targets is limited by the large size of traditionally employed primary and secondary antibody reagents. Recent advancements in small and efficient protein binders for super‐resolution microscopy, such as nanobodies or aptamers, provide an exciting avenue for the future; however, their widespread availability is still limited. To address this issue, here we report the combination of bacterial‐derived binders commonly used in antibody purification with DNA‐based point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (DNA‐PAINT) microscopy. The small sizes of these protein binders, relative to secondary antibodies, make them an attractive labeling alternative for emerging superresolution techniques. We present here a labeling protocol for DNA conjugation of bacterially derived proteins A and G for DNA‐PAINT, having assayed their intracellular performance by targeting primary antibodies against tubulin, TOM20, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and quantified the increases in obtainable resolution.
High‐Performance Co‐MnOx Composite Oxide Catalyst Structured onto Al‐Fiber Felt for High‐Throughput O3 Decomposition
Authors: Tao Longgang , Zhao Guofeng , Chen Pengjing , Zhang Zhiqiang , Liu Ye , Lu Yong
Published: December 2018

A highly active and efficient thin‐felt Al‐fiber‐structured Co‐MnOx composite oxide catalyst (named Co‐MnOx‐Al) with unique form factor and high permeability is developed for high‐throughput catalytic decomposition of gaseous ozone (O3). Thin‐sheet Al‐fiber felt (60 μm diameter; 90 vol % voidage) chips underwent a steam‐only oxidation and calcination for endogenously growing a 0.7‐μm‐thick mesoporous layer of γ‐Al2O3 nanosheets along with the Al‐fiber. Cobalt and manganese were placed onto the ns‐γ‐Al2O3/Al‐fiber chips by incipient wetness co‐impregnation method. The best catalyst is the one with a Co/Mn molar ratio of 0.36 and Co‐Mn loading of 5 wt % after calcining at 500 °C (named Co‐MnOx(0.36)‐Al), being able to achieve full O3 conversion at 25 °C for a feed gas containing 1000±30 ppm O3, using a high gas hourly space velocity of 48000 mL gcat.−1 h−1; full O3 conversion is retained in the absence of moisture till the testing end after 720 min; in case with a relative humidity of 50 %, O3 conversion slides from 88 % of the initial value to a flat of ∼66 % within 90 min. CoOx modification is paramount for improved formation of Mn2+ species while leading to the highest fraction of (Mn2++Mn3+) in total (Mn2++Mn3++Mn4+) and more oxygen vacancies on Co‐MnOx(0.36)‐Al catalyst surface.
Ruthenium Complexes Immobilized on an Azolium Based Metal Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Formic Acid
Authors: Wu Chao , Irshad Faisal , Luo Maowei , Zhao Yujun , Ma Xinbin , Wang Shengping
Published: December 2018

A series of efficient heterogenized ruthenium catalysts designated as Rux‐NHC‐MOF (x=1, 2, 3; NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene; MOF=metal organic framework) were successfully synthesized by the immobilization of different ruthenium complexes RuCl3, [RuCp*Cl2]2 (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) and [Ru(C6Me6)Cl2]2 (C6Me6=hexamethylbenzene) on an azolium based MOF through post‐synthetic metalation. The heterogenized catalysts were subsequently accessed for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid. The resulting Ru3‐NHC‐MOF catalyst exhibited the highest activity because of its stronger electron‐donating ability of C6Me6 ligand of [Ru(C6Me6)Cl2]2 complex, which is favorable for CO2 hydrogenation reaction. A high turnover number (TON) value up to 3803 was obtained at 120 °C under a total pressure of 8 MPa (H2/CO2=1) for 2 h with K2CO3 additive in N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Furthermore, the heterogenized Ru3‐NHC‐MOF catalyst was effectively recovered through filtration without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Cooperative Catalysis of Nickel and Nickel Oxide for Efficient Reduction of CO2 to CH4
Authors: Bi Qingyuan , Huang Xieyi , Yin Guoheng , Chen Tianyuan , Du Xianlong , Cai Jun , Xu Jing , Liu Zhi , Han Yifan , Huang Fuqiang
Published: December 2018

The use of CO2 to produce value‐added energy chemicals is a promising means for renewable CO2 transformation in low‐carbon energy system, and CO2 methanation has attracted ever‐increasing interest. Herein, we report that the Ni/MCM‐41 catalyst with prominent cooperative effect of Ni and NiO is efficient for CH4 generation with CO2 conversion of 73.2 % and CH4 selectivity of 91.6 % at 400 °C and high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 90000 mL gcat−1 h−1. Combined methodologies of in situ X‐ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reflect the structural evolvements of Ni/MCM‐41 catalyst, the presence of carbonyl intermediates, the co‐existence of metallic and oxidized Ni species with sufficient molar ratio of Ni0/Ni2+ under working conditions. H2 and CO2 molecules are preferentially adsorbed and chemically activated over Ni0 and Ni2+ species, respectively. The possible four‐step reaction mechanism involved carbonyl pathway and the cleavage of C=O bond from CO2 as the rate‐determining step over the engineered Ni/MCM‐41 catalyst was demonstrated.
One‐Shot Measurement of Effectiveness Factors of Chemical Conversion in Porous Catalysts
Authors: Chmelik Christian , Liebau Michael , Al‐Naji Majd , Möllmer Jens , Enke Dirk , Gläser Roger , Kärger Jörg
Published: December 2018

The front cover artwork for issue 24/2018 is provided by scientists at the Universität Leipzig, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, and Institute for Non‐Classical Chemistry e. V. (Germany). The image illustrates the use of IR microimaging for monitoring the mean concentration of both reactant and product molecules within a catalyst particle during a chemical reaction, allowing the one‐shot determination of its effectiveness factor. The front cover idea and design by Alaa Al‐Naji is greatly acknowledged. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801530.
Physical Chemistry of Cellular Liquid‐Phase Separation
Authors: Bentley Emily P. , Frey Benjamin B. , Deniz Ashok A.
Published: December 2018

Compartmentalization of biochemical processes is essential for cell function. Although membrane‐bound organelles are well studied in this context, recent work has shown that phase separation is a key contributor to cellular compartmentalization through the formation of liquid‐like membraneless organelles (MLOs). In this Minireview, the key mechanistic concepts that underlie MLO dynamics and function are first briefly discussed, including the relevant noncovalent interaction chemistry and polymer physical chemistry. Next, a few examples of MLOs and relevant proteins are given, along with their functions, which highlight the relevance of the above concepts. The developing area of active matter and non‐equilibrium systems, which can give rise to unexpected effects in fluctuating cellular conditions, are also discussed. Finally, our thoughts for emerging and future directions in the field are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies of MLO physical chemistry and function.
Effect of Substitution on the Hysteretic Phase Transition in a Bistable Phenalenyl‐Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductor
Authors: Stekovic Dejan , Bag Pradip , Shankhari Pritam , Fokwa Boniface P. T. , Itkis Mikhail E.
Published: December 2018

The ability to tune the physical properties of bistable organic functional materials by means of chemistry can facilitate their development for molecular electronic switching components. The butylamine‐containing biphenalenyl boron neutral radical, [Bu]2B, crystalline compound has recently attracted significant attention by displaying a hysteretic phase transition accompanied by simultaneous bistability in magnetic, electrical, and optical properties close to room temperature. In this report, substitutional doping was applied to [Bu]2B by crystallizing solid solutions of bistable [Bu]2B and its non‐radical‐containing counterpart [Bu]2Be. With increasing doping degree, the hysteretic phase transition is gradually suppressed in terms of reducing the height, but conserves the width of the hysteresis loop as observed through magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity measurements. At the critical doping level of about 6 %, the abrupt transformation of the crystal structure to that of the pure [Bu]2Be crystal packing was observed, accompanied by a complete collapse of the hysteresis loop. Further study of the structure–properties relationships of bistable neutral radical conductors based on the [Bu]2B host can be conducted utilizing a variety of biphenalenyl‐based molecular conductors.
Planar Antiaromatic Core‐Modified 24π Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) and 32π Octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) Bearing Alternate Hybrid Diheterole Units
Authors: Ajay Jayaprakash , Shirisha Sriram , Ishida Masatoshi , Ito Kosuke , Mori Shigeki , Furuta Hiroyuki , Gokulnath Sabapathi
Published: December 2018

The Lewis acid catalyzed self‐condensation of hybrid diheterole (furan‐pyrrole and thiophene‐pyrrole) precursors has afforded novel Hückel antiaromatic 24π hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) and 32π octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) structures without β‐annulated bridges. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of the hybrid porphyrinoids (S3N3‐ox and O4N4‐ox) revealed a nearly planar conformation and the 1H NMR spectra suggest the presence of paratropic ring currents. These antiaromatic macrocycles show characteristic optical features and underwent reversible two‐electron reduction to Hückel aromatic 26π‐ and 34π‐electron species, respectively, as is evident from the results of spectroscopic and theoretical studies (nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) and anisotropy of the current‐induced density (ACID) calculations). The incorporation of hybrid diheteroles alternately into expanded porphyrin skeletons provides a novel approach to the fine‐tuning of the electronic structures of planar antiaromatic macrocycles.
Dehydrative Allylation between Aldehydes and Allylic Alcohols through Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Haruki Hiroki , Yasuda Shigeo , Nagao Kazunori , Ohmiya Hirohisa
Published: December 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hirohisa Ohmiya and co‐workers at Kanazawa University. The image depicts cooperative action between a thiazolium N‐heterocyclic carbene organocatalyst and a palladium catalyst. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201805955.
On demand knowledge‐based memory‐aided rebroadcast algorithm for multimedia voice data transmission in MANET
Authors: Kanthavel R. , Banumathi J. , Dhaya R. , Algarni Fahad
Published: December 2018

MANET refers to wireless networks in which mobile nodes can be easily adapted to change the location dynamically due to their mobility and offers flexibility in the network configuration. An efficient mechanism for reliable exchanging of the multimedia voice messages through MANET nodes is achieved by route discovery of broadcasting operation. A major problem in such systems is the broadcast overhead and retransmission associated with high dense network and less reachability in sparse network. In systems of vastly dynamic nature, to reduce this broadcast overhead in nodes and to increase the reachability in static or semi static nodes in an environment, an enhanced mechanism shore up called On Demand Knowledge‐Based Memory‐Aided Rebroadcast Algorithm for Multimedia voice Data Transmission in MANET (OMRA) is herewith proposed, which operates on both dense and sparse network. In this scheme, hello multimedia voice messages are broadcast to collect one‐hop neighbor information such as mobility factor, node velocity, node density ratio and uncovered neighbors. Additionally, it determines and preserves inquiry data of mobile nodes when the mobility factor is low ensue in sparse network. By considering these varying nature the rebroadcast delay and rebroadcast probability are adjusted adaptively to decide whether to rebroadcast the inward multimedia voice messages. This paper concentrates only on broadcasting the multimedia voice message through MANET nodes in a reliable manner. The performance study of this work is analyzed by various existing algorithms in the literature such as flooding, Gossip1, DBA, and NCPR. The experimental results proves that the proposed OMRA has got an edge over the existing broadcast schemes in terms of broadcast overhead and retransmission of multimedia voice messages, especially to increase reachability in sparse networks.
NSCT domain–based secure multiple‐watermarking technique through lightweight encryption for medical images
Authors: Thakur S. , Singh A.K. , Ghrera S.P.
Published: December 2018

This paper discusses a lightweight encryption–based secure digital watermarking technique for medical applications. The technique uses redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) along with nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) to improve robustness and imperceptibility. The security of the proposed technique is further improved by incorporating a lightweight (low‐complexity) cryptographic mechanism that is applied after embedding multiple watermarks. The proposed scheme first partitions the host image into subcomponents and then calculates the entropy values for it. To the maximum entropy value, the NSCT is applied, followed by RDWT decomposition. Finally, SVD is applied to obtain a singular vector of RDWT‐decomposed components. The watermark images are also processed using the same procedure mentioned above. The method uses singular values to hide watermarks into a host image. The experimental outcome shows that the combined technique makes our proposed approach more robust and imperceptible, while it is evaluated for various wavelet filters and 10 different types of medical and five different types of nonmedical cover images. Furthermore, the strength of the cryptographic mechanism is tested using standard performance measures and confirms its effectiveness in security. Moreover, it is evident from the results that our method shows improvement in robustness in comparison to previously reported techniques under consideration.
Detection of hidden data attacks combined fog computing and trust evaluation method in sensor‐cloud system
Authors: Zhang Guangxue , Wang Tian , Wang Guojun , Liu Anfeng , Jia Weijia
Published: December 2018

With the popularity of Sensor‐Cloud, its security issues get more attention from industry and academia. Especially, Sensor‐Cloud underlying network is very vulnerable to internal attacks due to its limitations in computing, storage, and analysis. Most existing trust evaluation mechanisms are proposed to detect internal attack issues from the behavior level. However, there are some special internal attacks in the data level such as hidden data attacks, which are normal in the behavior level but generate malicious data to lead user to make wrong decisions. To detect this type of attacks, we design a fog‐based detection system (FDS), which is based on the trust evaluation mechanism in the behavior level. In this paper, three types of scenes (the redundant data, the parameter curve characteristic, and the data validation) are defined, and three detection schemes are given. Some experiments are conducted, which manifest that FDS has certain advantages in detecting hidden data attacks.
Assessing stress associated with temporomandibular joint disorder through Fonseca's anamnestic index among the Saudi physicians
Authors: Al Hayek Samar O. , Al‐Thunayan Mashael F. , AlGhaihab Amjad M. , AlReshaid Reem M. , Omair Aamir
Published: December 2018

The study aims to investigate signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among physicians in a tertiary health‐care center. It has estimated the level of symptomatology, determined the association with demographic data, and identified the related occupational risk factors. A cross‐sectional survey was used, and physicians of genders, all age groups, and nationalities from King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were recruited. Subjects who had rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, trigeminal neuralgia, or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) trauma were excluded. The data were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire that measured TMD severity and oral parafunctional behaviors. Fonseca's anamnestic index (FAI) and an oral validated behavior checklist were used to assess the signs and symptoms of TMD. A total of 282 physicians participated in the study, and the prevalence of TMD signs among physicians was 37% (106); among them, 88 (83%) were within the light dysfunction category. Female physicians reported significantly higher FAI than males for side‐to‐side mandibular movement (12% vs. 5%, P = 0.04), reporting ear pain (18% vs. 10%, P = 0.04), and noticing clicking when chewing or opening the mouth (35% vs. 20%, P = 0.006). Younger practitioners (28–31 years old) who reported clicking while chewing or opening the mouth tended to have reported higher TMD dysfunction (35%) than those aged 40 and above (13%; P = 0.007). Self‐reported signs of TMD were 37% among our population. Information collected from FAI is useful in early diagnosis and prevention of TMD.
Users' motivations to participate in the sharing economy: Moving from profits toward sustainable development
Authors: Gazzola Patrizia , Vătămănescu Elena‐Mădălina , Andrei Andreia Gabriela , Marrapodi Chiara
Published: December 2018

The current study explores users' various motivations to participate in the sharing economy, taking into consideration both extrinsic and intrinsic drivers and monetary and nonmonetary benefits. The conceptual and structural model mainstreams a motivational continuum starting from profit making and moving to sustainable development; it also includes factors such as social, environmental, economic, and instrumental benefits. In order to test the relative importance of these motivations and thus their specific influences on user participation and level of profit making, a questionnaire‐based survey was conducted with 1,004 Italian participants in the sharing market. The findings confirmed that sustainable development, socializing, knowledge, and economic incentives are significant influences on the degree of user participation and on the derived profits, whereas motivations related to product availability and practicality proved not to be meaningful in the studied context.
An Interpenetrating Porous Organic Polymer as a Precursor for FeP/Fe2P‐Embedded Porous Carbon toward a pH‐Universal ORR Catalyst
Authors: Zhou Baolong , Yan Fang , Li Xinjian , Zhou Jin , Zhang Weifen
Published: December 2018

Interpenetrating porous organic polymers (PNFc‐POP) inspired by the structure of DNA were synthesized through a two‐stage polymerization method under catalyst‐free conditions. A ferrocene‐rich hyper‐crosslinked polymer (Fc‐melamine) was interwoven with cyclotriphosphazene‐based conjugated porous polymer (PN‐CMP) to obtain an interconnected polymer network (PNFc‐POP). The sequential interpenetrating polymer network contained a diverse range of heteroatoms (P, N, O and Fe) and exhibited a large BET surface area. Simple pyrolysis of the dual polymer interweaved skeletons at 900 °C afforded nanocrystalline FeP/Fe2P‐embedded N and P codoped porous carbon composites. The optimal catalyst obtained by the pyrolysis of PNFc‐POP at 900 °C (PNFc‐900) exhibited hierarchical porosity and large BET surface areas. It also exhibited excellent oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activities over the entire pH range. The onset potential (Eonset=1.01 V) and half‐wave potential (E1/2=0.86 V) of PNFc‐900 exceeded those of commercial Pt/C (Eonset=0.99 V and E1/2=0.84 V) in alkaline conditions. The obtained catalysts with a four‐electron transfer pathway for the reduction of oxygen also displayed excellent long‐term stability and methanol tolerance.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrroles through Acceptorless Dehydrogenation Hydrogen Autotransfer Catalysis: Experiment and Computation
Authors: Borghs Jannik C. , Azofra Luis Miguel , Biberger Tobias , Linnenberg Oliver , Cavallo Luigi , Rueping Magnus , El‐Sepelgy Osama
Published: December 2018

A new base metal catalyzed sustainable multicomponent synthesis of pyrroles from readily available substrates is reported. The developed protocol utilizes an air‐ and moisture‐stable catalyst system and enables the replacement of themutagenic α‐haloketones with readily abundant 1,2‐diols. Moreover, the presented method is catalytic in base and the sole byproducts of this transformation are water and hydrogen gas. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction takes place through a combined acceptorless dehydrogenation hydrogen autotransfer methodology.
Neutron Scattering Investigations of Hydride Species in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Polo‐Garzon Felipe , Luo Si , Cheng Yongqiang , Page Katharine L. , Ramirez‐Cuesta Anibal J. , Britt Phillip F. , Wu Zili
Published: December 2018

Invited for this month′s cover is a collaboration team at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The image shows how neutron scattering can uniquely identify hydride species in a hydrogenation reaction over a catalyst surface. The background is a set of neutron analyzers in the VISION instrument at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) of ORNL. The Minireview itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201801890.
Difficulties in diagnosis of Riedel's thyroiditis on aspiration cytology: A case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Kumar Neeta , Gupta Ruchika , Sayed Shahin , Moloo Zahir , Vinayak Sudhir , Ahmed Mushtaq
Published: December 2018

Riedel's thyroiditis (RT) is a rare disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis extending to the extrathyroidal tissues. An elderly male presented with diffuse moderate thyromegaly and hoarseness of voice for two years. Radiology showed extrathyroidal extension around trachea with compression and deviation suggestive of malignancy. Thyroid was hard and non tender. Ultrasound guided Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) from multiple foci on both sides using thinner needle yielded moderately cellularity showing follicular cells, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, scant colloid and fibrous tissue fragments. Hurthle cells were absent. Adiagnosis of chronic thyroiditis was given with possibility of RT in view of clinical and radiological findings. A core biopsy showed similar picture as cytology. Guided FNA from multiple foci using thinner needle helped to obtain adequate material allowing a confident diagnosis. This case adds to the meagre literature available on the cytologic diagnosis of RT and highlights the diagnostic challenge due to suspicious radiology findings.
Hürthle cell metaplasia in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: Role of age factor and review of literature on its molecular pathogenesis
Authors: Das Dilip K.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

Hürthle cell (HC) metaplasia is an important feature of chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis (HT). However, it is rarely observed in juvenile form HT. In a study based on fine needle aspiration cytology, the cytomorphological difference between pediatric HT and its adult form was studied, with special attention on HC metaplasia and its pathogenesis.

Materials and methods

The frequency of following 12 cytomorphological features in 16 pediatric and 104 adult HT cases were compared: follicular cells, lymphoid cells, HCs, plasma cells, lympho‐histiocytic aggregates, epithelioid histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, fire‐flare appearance, colloid, intracytoplasmic lumen (ICL) with or without colloid inclusion, paravacuolar granules, and cyst cells. The age decade distribution of HC metaplasia was analyzed.

Results

Significant difference was observed between pediatric HT and its adult form in respect of HC metaplasia and ICL with colloid inclusion in HC. HC were present in 7 (43.8%) of pediatric and 94 (90.4%) of adult HT cases (P = 0.00006). 1 (6.3%) pediatric and 35 (33.7%) adult HT cases had ICL with colloid inclusion in HC (P = 0.03698). As compared to first two decades of life, significantly higher number of cases revealed HC metaplasia in every decade from third decade onwards (P = 0.01290–0.00009); however, the difference in respect of ICL with colloid inclusions attained significance during sixth decade only (P = 0.00235).

Conclusions

Hürthlization, which appears to be survival response, is rare in pediatric HT and becomes more pronounced starting from third decade onwards; significant increase in ICL with colloid inclusion is a much more delayed phenomenon.
Diagnostic value of intraoperative rapid cytokeratin immunostain in the cytological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Lynh , Khazai Laila , Hakam Ardeshir , Centeno Barbara A. , Rosa Marilin
Published: December 2018

Background

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of practice in clinically node‐negative patients with breast carcinoma. Intraoperative imprint cytology (IC) is often used in this setting. In cases of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), interpretation of IC slides may be challenging. Rapid cytokeratin immunohistochemistry (R‐CK) has been used in this scenario. This study evaluated if the combination of IC and R‐CK improves the sensitivity of intraoperative SLN evaluation of ILC in our setting.

Methods

SLN of all cases of ILC in which IC and R‐CK were performed in a 4 year period were included. Final tissue diagnosis was used as the gold standard.

Results

Four hundred and twenty‐seven of the 802 IC performed during the study period corresponded to paired IC and R‐CK for ILC. Independently, IC and R‐CK correctly classified the SLN as negative or positive in 355 cases (83%) and 324 (76%) cases, respectively. In combination, IC and R‐CK correctly classified 304 (71%) of cases. R‐CK failed in 56 cases. R‐CK aided in rendering an accurate diagnosis in 59% of atypical cases (19/32). Patients with atypical IC and positive R‐CK did not undergo axillary dissection. The addition of R‐CK increased the turnaround time (TAT) by 24 minutes.

Conclusions

In this study, the addition of R‐CK did not improve the diagnostic accuracy in cases classified as negative or positive by IC, but resulted in a considerable increase in TAT. Although R‐CK proved to be of diagnostic value in atypical IC cases, it did not appear to influence clinical management.
Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy as a tool for assessing speech and spoken language processing in pediatric and adult cochlear implant users
Authors: Bortfeld Heather
Published: December 2018

Much of what is known about the course of auditory learning in following cochlear implantation is based on behavioral indicators that users are able to perceive sound. Both prelingually deafened children and postlingually deafened adults who receive cochlear implants display highly variable speech and language processing outcomes, although the basis for this is poorly understood. To date, measuring neural activity within the auditory cortex of implant recipients of all ages has been challenging, primarily because the use of traditional neuroimaging techniques is limited by the implant itself. Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an imaging technology that works with implant users of all ages because it is non‐invasive, compatible with implant devices, and not subject to electrical artifacts. Thus, fNIRS can provide insight into processing factors that contribute to variations in spoken language outcomes in implant users, both children and adults. There are important considerations to be made when using fNIRS, particularly with children, to maximize the signal‐to‐noise ratio and to best identify and interpret cortical responses. This review considers these issues, recent data, and future directions for using fNIRS as a tool to understand spoken language processing in children and adults who hear through a cochlear implant.
Wolbachia infection can bias estimates of intralocus sexual conflict
Authors: Duffy Eoin , Archer C. Ruth , Sharma Manmohan Dev , Prus Monika , Joag Richa A. , Radwan Jacek , Wedell Nina , Hosken David J.
Published: December 2018

Males and females share most of their genome and develop many of the same traits. However, each sex frequently has different optimal values for these shared traits, creating intralocus sexual conflict. This conflict has been observed in wild and laboratory populations of insects and affects important evolutionary processes such as sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and possibly even speciation. Given the broad impacts of intralocus conflict, accurately detecting and measuring it is important. A common way to detect intralocus sexual conflict is to calculate the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness, with negative values suggesting conflict. Here, we highlight a potential confounder of this measure—cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Infection with Wolbachia can generate negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness in insects, suggestive of intralocus sexual conflict. This is because cytoplasmic incompatibility reduces the fitness of uninfected females mated to infected males, while uninfected males will not suffer reductions in fitness if they mate with infected females and may even be fitter than infected males. This can lead to strong negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness, mimicking intralocus conflict. We illustrate this issue using simulations and then present Drosophila simulans data that show how reproductive incompatibilities caused by Wolbachia infection can generate signals of intralocus sexual conflict. Given that Wolbachia infection in insect populations is pervasive, but populations usually contain both infected and uninfected individuals providing scope for cytoplasmic incompatibility, this is an important consideration for sexual conflict research but one which, to date, has been largely underappreciated.
Accounting for preferential sampling in species distribution models
Authors: Pennino Maria Grazia , Paradinas Iosu , Illian Janine B. , Muñoz Facundo , Bellido José María , López‐Quílez Antonio , Conesa David
Published: December 2018

Species distribution models (SDMs) are now being widely used in ecology for management and conservation purposes across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms. The increasing interest in SDMs has drawn the attention of ecologists to spatial models and, in particular, to geostatistical models, which are used to associate observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental covariates in a finite number of locations in order to predict where (and how much of) a species is likely to be present in unsampled locations. Standard geostatistical methodology assumes that the choice of sampling locations is independent of the values of the variable of interest. However, in natural environments, due to practical limitations related to time and financial constraints, this theoretical assumption is often violated. In fact, data commonly derive from opportunistic sampling (e.g., whale or bird watching), in which observers tend to look for a specific species in areas where they expect to find it. These are examples of what is referred to as preferential sampling, which can lead to biased predictions of the distribution of the species. The aim of this study is to discuss a SDM that addresses this problem and that it is more computationally efficient than existing MCMC methods. From a statistical point of view, we interpret the data as a marked point pattern, where the sampling locations form a point pattern and the measurements taken in those locations (i.e., species abundance or occurrence) are the associated marks. Inference and prediction of species distribution is performed using a Bayesian approach, and integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) methodology and software are used for model fitting to minimize the computational burden. We show that abundance is highly overestimated at low abundance locations when preferential sampling effects not accounted for, in both a simulated example and a practical application using fishery data. This highlights that ecologists should be aware of the potential bias resulting from preferential sampling and account for it in a model when a survey is based on non‐randomized and/or non‐systematic sampling.
Chemoselective Reduction of the P=O Bond in the Presence of P–O and P–N Bonds in Phosphonate and Phosphinate Derivatives
Authors: Sowa Sylwia , Pietrusiewicz K. Michał
Published: December 2018

Chemoselective reduction of the strong P=O bond in the presence of weaker P–O (ester) and P–N (amide) bonds in phosphonic acid derivatives has constituted an unresolved problem in organophosphorus chemistry for years. This long‐standing problem is now solved for biologically relevant α‐hydroxy and α‐amino phosphonic as well as phosphinic acids esters and amides. The reduction of the P=O bond without concomitant scission of the ester and amide bonds is affected by use of BH3, a mild reducing agent, which affords the corresponding borane protected PIII phosphonite and phosphinite derivatives in one step. A mechanistic rationale is proposed for the role played by neighboring OH and NHR groups in facilitating the reduction, and for the observed chemo‐ and stereoselectivity. The reduction methodology described opens previously unavailable synthetic options in chemistry of α‐functionalized phosphonic and phosphinic acids by offering a unique possibility for direct modifications of oxidation level of the P‐center in these compounds.
A New Amphiphilic Brønsted Acid as Catalyst for the Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles in Water
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Ou Xiongyu , Ma Jimei , Sun Linhao , Ma Zhong‐Hua
Published: December 2018

A new amphiphile 1a featuring with two ‐NHSO2C4F9 sites is designed and synthesized as Brønsted diacid. The amphiphilicity arose from nano‐aggregations of hydrophobic fluorocarbon chains and extension of hydrophilic NH groups, confirmed by Tyndall effect and TEM. The acidity of 1a rivals to concentrated H2SO4, examined by the Hammett acidity function, 31P NMR and conductance titration. Compound 1a demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles in water. Reactive substrates, such as β‐monosubstituted vinyl ketones in 1,4‐addition and aldehydes in condensation, were quantitatively converted, and the products were easily isolated by filtration or extraction in 85–96 % yields. Additionally, there was no observation of effect of the acidity weakening of 1a on catalysis when poor‐reactive substrates were used, such as β,β‐disubstituted vinyl ketones in 1,4‐addition and ketones in condensation. The two kinds of reactions were practised very smoothly. The formed nano‐aggregations and the strong acidity of 1a were responsible for the highly efficient aqueous catalysis. Notably, 1a was recycled at least 3 times thanks to its amphiphilic structure. It was demonstrated the nano‐aggregations played a key role in the aqueous synthesis.
Cycloaddition Reaction of Mesoionic 4‐Trifluoroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolium‐5‐olates with Enamines Affording 2‐Trifluoroacetylpyrroles
Authors: Saijo Ryosuke , Kawase Masami
Published: December 2018

Mesoionic 4‐trifluoroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolium‐5‐olates (münchnones) reacted with enamines to yield densely functionalized 2‐trifluoroacetylpyrroles. The trifluoroacetic acid addition in the reaction was the key for the good yields of the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition product. DFT calculations were performed for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions between münchnones and enamines.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 5,6‐Dihydropyran‐2‐ones via Chemoenzymatic Sequential DKR‐RCM Reaction
Authors: Koszelewski Dominik , Borys Filip , Brodzka Anna , Ostaszewski Ryszard
Published: December 2018

The enantiomerically pure 5,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐ones play a crucial role as the building blocks in the synthesis of various bioactive compounds. A new straightforward protocol toward enantiomerically pure 5,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐ones based on enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) resulted in non‐racemic homoallylic crotonates, sequentially combined with ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) was designed. The influence of the reaction conditions on the catalytic behavior of selected hydrolases in the synthesis of non‐racemic homoallylic crotonates was investigated. Under optimized conditions for enzymatic DKR desired homoallylic esters were obtained with high yields and enantiomeric excesses exceeding 99 %. Finally, established enzymatic DKR was successfully combined as a two‐steps sequential procedure with RCM affording target 5,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐ones with high yields up to 75 % and enantiomeric excesses exceeding 99 %.
Probability‐based seismic reliability assessment method for substation systems
Authors: Li Jichao , Wang Tao , Shang Qingxue
Published: December 2018

Power systems play a key role in emergency rescue after an earthquake. Substations are among the most important components of a power system, so it is necessary to study their seismic reliability after an earthquake. Most studies, however, have focused on the seismic behavior of major electrical equipment or the reliability of the substation under ordinary operational conditions. The seismic reliability of substations as a system has not been thoroughly studied. This study proposes a new probability‐based method to evaluate the seismic reliability of complex engineering systems such as substations. The proposed method developed the state tree to construct a greatly simplified system model that enables the failure probability to be calculated for the whole system, with explicit consideration of correlations among various components. A typical 220/110/10‐kV substation was studied with this method, and the most critical components were identified.
Flash‐point prediction of fragrances or flavours accounting for non‐ideality of the liquid phase
Authors: Shcherbakov Denis , Massebeuf Silvère , Normand Valery
Published: December 2018

The flammability classifications of flavour and fragrance oils are determined from their flash‐point temperatures, which are of critical importance for safety and regulatory considerations. The reliable prediction of flash points for our products is a business need challenged by the sheer number of ingredients present in a typical formulation, ranging from dozens to hundreds of ingredients, and their chemical diversity. To assess the predictability of flash points for the complex mixtures relevant to our industry, we consider five model mixtures of 15 perfume and flavour raw materials, with a variety of chemical functionalities, and apply Le Chatelier('s rule together with vapour pressure curves from the Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) database and activity coefficients predicted from the Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund 1993) group contribution model. Flash‐point temperatures of the 15‐compound model mixtures were predicted with an accuracy of ±2°C, compared with experimental data, when taking into account the non‐ideality of the liquid phase.
A multiscale approach to hybrid RANS/LES wall modeling within a high‐order discontinuous Galerkin scheme using function enrichment
Authors: Krank Benjamin , Kronbichler Martin , Wall Wolfgang A.
Published: December 2018

We present a novel approach to hybrid Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS)/ large eddy simulation (LES) wall modeling based on function enrichment, which overcomes the common problem of the RANS‐LES transition and enables coarse meshes near the boundary. While the concept of function enrichment as an efficient discretization technique for turbulent boundary layers has been proposed in an earlier article by Krank & Wall (A new approach to wall modeling in LES of incompressible flow via function enrichment. J Comput Phys. 2016;316:94‐116), the contribution of this work is a rigorous derivation of a new multiscale turbulence modeling approach and a corresponding discontinuous Galerkin discretization scheme. In the near‐wall area, the Navier‐Stokes equations are explicitly solved for an LES and a RANS component in one single equation. This is done by providing the Galerkin method with an independent set of shape functions for each of these two methods; the standard high‐order polynomial basis resolves turbulent eddies, where the mesh is sufficiently fine and the enrichment automatically computes the ensemble‐averaged flow if the LES mesh is too coarse. As a result of the derivation, the RANS model is applied solely to the RANS degrees of freedom, which effectively prevents the typical issue of a log‐layer mismatch in attached boundary layers. As the full Navier‐Stokes equations are solved in the boundary layer, spatial refinement gradually yields wall‐resolved LES with exact boundary conditions. Numerical tests show the outstanding characteristics of the wall model regarding grid independence, superiority compared to equilibrium wall models in separated flows, and achieve a speed‐up by two orders of magnitude compared to wall‐resolved LES.
Assessing Hellenistic to nomadic cultural patterns through pottery in ancient Termez, Uzbekistan
Authors: Martínez Ferreras Verònica , Angourakis Andreas , Hein Anno , Aulinas Juncà Meritxell , Garcia‐Valles Maite , Gurt Esparraguera Josep M. , Ariño Gil Enrique , Sánchez Del Corral Ana , Pidaev Shakir R.
Published: December 2018

We present the archaeological contextualization and the archaeometric characterization of slipped and nonslipped tableware and common wares from Termez in south Uzbekistan. The aims are, first, to evaluate the manufacture of pottery in the city and region (ancient Bactria) after the conquest of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century B.C. so as to detect Hellenistic Mediterranean influences, and, second, to investigate the evolution in pottery manufacturing following the arrival of the Yuezhi nomadic tribes in the mid‐2nd century B.C. X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, and thin‐section analyses were performed on vessels and on various local raw materials to examine the provenance and the technological processes involved in production (raw materials procurement and processing, shaping, and firing). Surface treatments were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. The study reveals that all the analyzed wares are local/regional wheel‐thrown products, suggesting a high degree of technological standardization in the procurement and processing of raw materials in the period considered. The main difference between the two pottery traditions concerns the shape of the vessels, pointing to new consumption patterns after the nomadic invasion.
Short telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes in head and neck cancer: Findings in a Brazilian cohort
Authors: Alves‐Paiva Raquel M , Gutierrez‐Rodrigues Fernanda , Pereira‐Martins Diego A , Figueiredo David Livingstone Alves , Clé Diego V , Conti‐Freitas Luís Carlos , Mamede Rui Celso Martins , Calado Rodrigo T
Published: December 2018

Background

Telomeres are specialized DNA structures that are critical to maintain cell homeostasis and to avoid genomic instability. Epidemiological studies have examined the association between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and risk of cancers, but the findings remain conflicting.

Methods

Mean LTL was measured by quantitative PCR in 97 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and 262 healthy controls. The association between LTL and patients' clinical status, such as smoke, alcoholism, and overall survival, were also evaluated.

Results

The age‐adjusted LTL was significantly shorter in patients with HNC in comparison to healthy controls (P = .0003). Patients with shortest LTL had an increased risk to develop HNC (P < 0.0001). No significant correlation was observed between LTL and patients' clinical features and personal habits.

Conclusions

Our data support the hypothesis that LTL is a risk factor for HNC. The use of LTL as a biomarker can help physicians to identify high‐risk individuals for HNC.
Human papilloma virus‐associated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in an 18‐year‐old woman
Authors: Hotz Michel‐André , Christen Brigitte , Sahli Roland , Arnold Andreas Michael
Published: December 2018

Background

Human papilloma virus (HPV)‐associated malignancies are considered to be sexually transmitted diseases.

Methods

We report a HPV‐positive larynx cancer in an 18‐year‐old female clarinet player, despite vaccination with the quadrivalent HPV‐6‐11‐16‐18‐vaccine Gardasil (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, Pennsylvania). The patient showed no evidence of genito‐oral infection but showed some evidence for oral‐oral HPV transmission through the sharing of saliva‐infested clarinet mouthpieces. A right vocal cord lesion of benign appearance was removed via free margin resection.

Results

Histopathology revealed a microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma inside a zone of high‐grade dysplasia that was positive for HPV‐45. No tumor recurrence was observed during a 4‐year follow‐up evaluation.

Conclusion

Benign lesion appearance and quadrivalent HPV vaccine status do not exclude HPV‐associated malignancies. In our patient, the Gardasil vaccine did not provide crossover protection against HPV 45 infection. HPV‐associated disease may not necessarily be transmitted via sexual practice patterns alone.
Parametric subtracted post‐ictal diffusion tensor imaging for guiding direct neurostimulation therapy
Authors: Garibay‐Pulido Diego , Cendejas‐Zaragoza Leopoldo , Dawe Robert , Rossi Marvin A.
Published: December 2018

Parametric subtracted post‐ictal diffusion tensor imaging (pspiDTI) is a novel imaging technique developed at our center to visualize transient, patient‐specific, ictal‐associated water diffusion abnormalities in hippocampal‐associated axonal tissue. PspiDTI can elucidate putative connectivity patterns, tracing ictal propagation following a partial‐onset seizure without generalization secondarily. PspiDTI compares two DTI volumes acquired during the early post‐ictal period (<4 hr), and baseline inter‐ictal interval (>24 hr post‐seizure). This technique performs a voxel‐wise parametric test to identify statistically significant transient ictal‐associated changes in water diffusivity involving white matter (WM). Our technique was applied to six patients with refractory partial‐onset epilepsy who were candidates for direct cortical responsive neurostimulation (RNS) therapy. Global and region‐specific fractional anisotropy decreases, relative to baseline, were detected in all patients with a 17.01% (p < .01) relative mean decrement, while trace increases were found in 6/6 (100%) patients with a 13.30% (p < .01) relative global mean increment. Changes in diffusivity were anatomically compared with transient hyper‐perfusion as detected by subtracted ictal SPECT co‐registered to MRI (SISCOM). In 5/6 (83.33%) patients, alterations in WM diffusivity were detected adjacent to the SISCOM signal localized predominantly in gray matter. In 4/6 patients, post‐implant RNS electrocorticography revealed early ictal propagation between implanted RNS depth leads guided by pspiDTI, hence validating concordant abnormal diffusivity regions detected by our technique. PspiDTI can complement the conventional pre‐surgical evaluation to provide additional crucial information regarding WM ictal‐propagation pathways between predominantly gray matter ictal‐onset zones. When incorporated into a multi‐modality pre‐surgical workflow, pspiDTI can aid in defining critical nodes between ictogenic regions. This information can be used to strategically implant a limited set of two RNS depth leads for maximizing the extent to which direct cortical RNS can modulate a potentially extensive epileptogenic network.