bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Various Bacillus Thvringiensis Strains, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare different formulations of B. thuringiensis with a standard insecticide and with each other for Heliothis control. Cotton was planted 26 Apr and grown in the manner normal for the area. Plots was 4 rows wide and 40 ft long and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were applied with a CO2 sprayer with fan tips at 20 inch intervals and calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre except the oil formulated ABG6158. This treatment was applied with a CDA applicator using corn oil at the rate of 1 qt/acre. Plots were sprayed 30 Jun, 6, 13, and 20 Jul. A major tobacco budworm moth flight occurred on the wk of 10 Jul. Yields were estimated by harvesting the 2 center rows with a brush stripper on 26 Aug. Ammo 0.05 (AI)/acre was used as a check. Heliothis damage was obtained by examining 50 squares or bolls on 12, 19, 26 Jul, and 3 Aug. The numbers damaged were insignificant on 12 Jul and were not included in the statistical evaluation. All treatments reduced square damage on 18 Jul when maximum square damage was observed. On 19 Jul, boll damage was reduced by ABG6222, ABG6158, and Ammo. The mean boll damage for the 3 wk of infestation indicate that ABG6222 and Ammo decreased boll damage significantly compared with the untreated check. There was no significant difference between ABG6222 and Ammo. Treatment with Ammo, significantly increased yields.
Control of Heliothis Spp. and Boll Weevil, 1989
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of selected insecticides and insecticide combinations in controlling boll weevil and Heliothis spp. on cotton. Cotton was planted 24 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Plots were 4 rows × 36.6 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of final spray solution/ acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 10, 17, 24, and 31 Jul and 7 and 14 Aug. All plots were oversprayed with methyl parathion 4 E, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 12 Jul and with Guthion 2 L, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 20 Jul for weevils. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed on the entire test area after the last observation on 17 Aug. Insect levels and plant damage were monitored 3 days following each treatment application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows from each plot on 24 Oct.
Evaluation of Eakly Season Thrips Control on Cotton—North Mississippi Location, 1989
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 12 May in sandy loam soil at the North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Holly Springs, MS. Plots were 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots and were arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design. Granular materials were applied with a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes, and liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5.3 gal/acre. Water was used as carrier for application of liquids. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 10 plants at random from each plot, placing them in plastic bags and transporting them to the laboratory. Because of a thin stand, only 5 plants/sample were collected on the last 3 sample dates. Samples were collected on 23 and 30 May, and 3 and 7 Jun. Plants were washed in the laboratory with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach/liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular dissection microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 10 Jun totaled to 5.9 inches. Based on the identification of adult thrips, the primary thrips species present during the test was tobacco thrips. Western flower thrips and other thrips species made up a small percentage of the population identified from the plots.
Delta Aphid Test I, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against aphids in irrigated cotton planted 17 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 15 and 20 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by picking 10 leaves at each of 3 levels within the canopy in each plot and aphids and thrips on ½ of each leaf were counted in the laboratory. Aphid numbers were generally distributed with higher numbers in the lower portions of the plant. There were no statistical differences within discreet levels between compounds as determined by analysis of variance and data from all levels were pooled for final statistical evaluation. Yield was obtained by mechanical picker from the center two rows within each plot.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton, 1989
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to 'Acala GC-510' cotton, planted 5 Apr, with individual plots 8 (40 inch) rows wide by 150 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Application was made on 2 Jun by Hagie 470 high clearance ground sprayer equipped with boom drops using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row (TX-6, Spraying Systems), deliverying 15 gal/acre at 40 psi. Mainstem leaves (20/plot, eighth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled 4 times after treatment and processed onto filter paper through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Predatory and pest insect species in 4 treatment regimes were sampled by D-Vac® vacuum sampler 3 times: 1, 3 and 10 DAT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Dimilin, 1989
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 6 × 13 ft surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination among plots. Plots were fertilized with urea at 110.5 lb N/acre and broadcast seeded at 100 lb seed/acre 10 May. Plots were flooded 11 May and drained 13 May. Thiobencarb at 4 lb(AI)/acre was applied 16 May. Rice emerged 18 May. Plots were flooded 26 May and drained 28 May. Propanil at 3 lb (AI)/acre and bentazon at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre were applied 7 Jun. Urea at 59.5 lb N/acre was applied 8 Jun. The permanent flood (4 inches deep) was applied 9 Jun. On 13 Jun and 18 Jun (4 d and 9 d after the onset of the permanent flood) Dimilin treatments were applied with a Devilbiss atomizer (model 152) using CO2 as the propellant. At times of application, conditions were calm. The Furadan treatment was applied 20 Jun (11 d after onset of the permanent flood) using a hand-held shaker. On 7 Jul and 8 Jul, 5 soil cores (4 inches diam by 4 inches deep) containing about 1 plant/core were randomly selected and removed from each plot. Plant roots were washed in a 40-mesh screen bucket, and RWW larvae and pupae were recovered and counted.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Insects in South Mississippi, 1988
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticide treatments were evaluated on 4 row (40 inch centers) by 50 ft long plots arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications at the South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Poplarville, MS. Plots were planted 12 May. Treatments were applied 21 Sep with a high clearance tractor equipped with 2, TX-3 nozzles per row calibrated for 5 gal total volume/acre. One sample consisting of 25 sweeps with a 15 inch diam net was taken from the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 and 27 Sep. The contents of each sample were anesthetized with ether, transferred to paper bags and counted in the laboratory.
Control of Soybean Loopers in Mississippi Soybeans, 1989
Authors: Layton Blake , Smith Randy , Hamer Jim
Published: March 2022

Six registered soybean insecticides were evaluated against soybean looper. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.4 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan tips at 40 psi. Row spacing was 30 inches in soybeans planted no-till behind wheat. Plots were 10 rows wide by 45 ft long and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Pretreatment counts averaged 15.75 soybean loopers, 12.25 velvetbean caterpillars and green cloverworms combined, and 1.5 stink bugs/25 sweeps of a 15 inch-diam sweep net. No precipitation fell on the plots prior to the 7 d counts.
Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides for Control on Insect Pests in Georgia Soybeans, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling stink bugs, threecornered alfalfa hoppers, and velvetbean caterpillars in soybean. Soybeans were planted on 17 May to 36 inch rows in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Bowen Research Farm in Tift County, GA. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 50 ft with 6-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 7 Sep with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom, at 35 psi and 17.2 gal of formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 4, 7, and 14 d after application, by comparing the number of stink bug pests (primarily southern green stink bugs and green stink bugs), threecornered alfalfa hoppers, and velvetbean caterpillars/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated controls. A 15-inch diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row of each plot on each sampling date.
Control of Velvetbean Caterpillar on Soybean, 1989
Authors: Mink J. S. , Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 45 ft by 8 rows (36 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8002 nozzles. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep in the R5 growth stage. Samples were taken 2 and 7 DAT using 2, 25-sweep samples (15 inch diam sweep net)/plot, and 14 DAT using one 25-sweep sample/plot. ‘Bond’ sticker was applied with each insecticide at the rate of 5 ml/gal of finished spray. Populations of VBC reached approximately 57% of the economic threshold (75 VBC/25 sweeps) at the time of insecticide application.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. L. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA on, 29 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (36 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Three granular insecticides were applied on 6 Apr as sidedress applications in a 6-inch band to the right of the row and lightly incorporated. These treatments were applied using a Gandy applicator mounted to a dual wheel pushcart. Orthene was applied on 2 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 22.2 gal per acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. Number of live aphids, budworms, and hornworms per 7 plants were recorded periodically from early May through Jun.
Tobacco Insect Control on Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted into an Appling sandy loam soil (pH 5.8; O.M. 1.1) at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, on 30 May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 40-ft rows (24 plants) of tobacco set on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows and blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. The test site was treated with Mocap 6 EC (1 gal) before transplanting to control nematodes. Broadcast preplant soil incorporated treatments were applied and incorporated within 2 h after application on 23 May. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal of finished spray/acre through 8003 flat-fan nozzles spaced at 20 inches on the boom. Granular chemicals were applied with a Gandy Junior granular applicator mounted on a push-cart. The Temik band treatments were applied with the granular applicator immediately before bedding over the band on 25 May. The 1.0 and 2.0 lb (AI)/acre rates were applied in a 12-inch band using a single bander, while the 3.0 lb (AI)/acre rate was applied in a 24-inch band using 2 banders/ row. Orthene was applied in the transplant water at 200 gal of solution/acre (116 ml/plant). Insect counts were made about once every 2 wks. TA numbers were estimated on the 4 uppermost leaves at least 3 inches long on 10 plants/plot. TFB were counted on 10 plants/plot and THW were counted on all the plants in the first row of each plot. Rainfall totaled 6.2 and 4.4 inches during Jun and Jul, respectively.
Control of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CLB in winter wheat in VA. Wheat was planted on 1 Dec with 6-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 4 May using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation/acre at 24 psi, broadcast with 8004 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 25 ft. Treatments were evaluated by comparing numbers of CLB larvae/row-ft 1, 4, 7, 13 and 21 DAT. Yield was based on cutting (20 Jun), drying, combining and weighing grain from 2 center rows (40 row-ft)/plot.
Mite Control, 1989
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 12-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 350-440 gal/acre, for Tests 1 and 2, respectively. Spray dates were 18 Jun and 24 Jul, for Tests 1 and 2, respectively. The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, Nova 40 W (1.5-2.0 oz), Sevin 80 S (0.7-1.2 lb), Captan 80 W (1.2 lb) on 4 dates, and Ambush 25 W (3 oz) on 1 date. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 Cortland' cultivars in each test. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Early Jun was very wet, but late Jun and all of Jul were very dry. Summer temperatures were normal.
Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 28-yr-old pear trees. Trees were sprayed to the drip point. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized complete block design. All sprays were applied on 6 Apr at the white bud stage. Treatments were evaluated by beating tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP eggs and nymphs on 5 spurs/tree. After trees leafed out, spur leaves were sampled (2 leaves/spur; 20 spur leaves/tree). Spurs and leaves were scanned under a stereo microscope. Samples were taken before and after treatment at about 1 to 2 wk intervals.
Cherry, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All Season Test, 1989
Authors: Johnson James W. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Mature tart cherry trees in Fennville, MI were treated with insecticides at the rate of 100 gal/acre of finished spray with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied on 1 May (white bud), 22 May, 4 Jun, and 28 Jun. Cover sprays of Bravo, Ziram, and Tilt were applied separately to all blocks. Evaluation on 9 Jun was made by harvesting and examining 100 cherries/replicate for presence of plum curculio damage for a total of 400 cherries/treatment.
Insectide Evaluations for Variegated Grape Leafhopper, 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments and a water only check were applied post harvest to grapes located near Dateland, AZ. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each plot consisted of 4 500 ft long rows. Applications were made on 5 Oct by a tractor pulled airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 114 gal/acre. Daytime high temperatures averaged 98.6°F the wk following treatment. Plots were rated on 8 Oct (3 DAT) for adult population levels and sampled 7 and 15 DAT (12 and 20 Oct) for adults and nymphs. All samples and ratings came from the center 2 plot rows. Ratings were on a 0-7 scale with 0 indicative of no adults and 7 of extremely heavy adult populations. Samples 7 and 15 DAT consisted of a single 4-ft sweep of a, 15′ diam sweep across north facing foliage from three different areas in each plot. Samples were transferred to containers, frozen and counted for adult and nymph numbers. Only 3 replications were sampled 15 DAT due to time constraints.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Japanese Beetle and Soldier Beetle Control on Raspberry, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. The total number of Japanese and soldier beetles/plot were counted. On 16 Jun, treatments were applied using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul treatments were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre traveling 3 mph. Treatments in parentheses were applied previously on 25 May.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1989
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Welker Robert , Potter Christine
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5 single-tree plots of 7-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Asana, Benlate, Dikar, Dodine, Guthion, Lannate, Lorsban, Manzate 200, Penncap-M, Phosphamidon, Pounce, Rubigan, and Solubor. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘Washington Navel’ Orange in Louisiana, 1988
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Adams A. J.
Published: March 2022

Various miticides alone and as a tank mix with Triton CS-7 at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal were applied to 4-yr-old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees located at the Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, Louisiana with the use of a Solo backpack sprayer (Model 425) on 6 Sep. Miticide treatments were applied to single tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The tree foliage was completely covered with miticide until runoff occurred or approximately 0.5-1.0 gal of spray solution was applied/ tree. CRM counts were determined 15 and 30 d after treatment by pulling 10 leaves at random. Leaves were examined under a stereomicroscope, and the number of CRM recorded. CRM populations in 1988 were initially light and remained so during the season.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1988
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Austin John
Published: March 2022

Four miticides were evaluated for control of the PLSM on pecan. The study was conducted at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, Caddo Parish, LA on 53 yr old Stuart’ pecan trees. Each treatment was applied to 2 trees. Pretreatment counts were made on 21 Sep. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 22 Sep using an FMC 957 CPD speed sprayer delivering 32 gal of finished spray/tree (288 gal/acre). Posttreatment counts were made 7, 14, and 21 d after treatments were applied. Sampling consisted of counting the number of mites (adults and larvae), and mite eggs on 10 pairs of leaflets/tree. Because of variation in pretreatment counts between trees, data were analyzed using covariate analysis, with the pretreatment counts as the concomitant variable.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1990
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Sugarbeets were planted in 2 fields near Rupert, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Location 1 (irrigation by wheel lines) was planted 25 Apr using WS 88 seed and location 2 (irrigation by furrow irrigation) was planted 20 Apr using PM9 seed. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch row spacing) by 30 ft. Alleys were cut between plots to give 25 ft of row/plot. Aldicarb was applied in either a modified in furrow treatment (MIF) or a banded furrow treatment in front of the press wheel. Tenax, Lorsban, and Counter were applied in a 4—5 inch band behind the press wheel and chain incorporated. Furadan was applied 25 May at early fly emergence in a 3-4 inch band sprayed over the top of the beet row using 50 gal water/acre 930 psi, hollow cone single nozzle). Temik was applied post emergence in a 4-5 inch band over the row and chain incorporated on 4 Jun. On 5 Jul five adjacent beets were dug from the middle of rows 2 and 5 to give 10 beets/plot for rating for root maggot damage. The beets were washed and rated using the following rating scheme 0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = Vi to 3A root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than % of root area damaged.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental area was a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. The plots were 68 × 68 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 15 Jun with a low-pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21, SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. PLH population densities were determined 3, 7, 10 and 17 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 7.3 m (24 × 24 ft) were established in a 4-yr-old field of‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Eighteen treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. The field was sampled for the number of alfalfa weevil larvae/25 stems on 1 Jun before any insecticide applications. Insecticides were applied the same day with a C02 sprayer calibrated at 283.9 liter/ha (30 gal/acre) mounted on an ATV travelling at 5.64 km/h (3.5 mph) with a 3.66 m (12 ft) boom. Fields were resampled 4 and 7 DAT.
Apple, Effect of IGRS on Stethorus Punctum Egg Viability, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Leaves with eggs of SP were randomly collected from an apple orchard heavily populated with this predator. Leaves with eggs were brought into the laboratory and held at 20°C for 24 h. The leaves were dipped for 2 sec in solutions of various materials and allowed to air dry, then transferred to petri dishes containing moist pieces of paper towels to maintain high relative humidity. The dishes were placed in a growth chamber set at 20°C, 16:8 (L/D). Each treatment was replicated five times with 6-8 eggs/replicate. Eggs were exmained every 2-3 d to determine hatch and larval survival.
Aphid Control in Winter Canola Using Foliar Insecticides in 1990
Authors: David Buntin G.
Published: March 2022

Selected foliarly-applied insecticides were evaluated for control of turnip aphids in fall planted canola near Plains, Ga. Canola was planted on 27 Oct in 7 inch rows in plots measuring 5 × 20 ft. Spray treatments were applied at full bloom on 15 Mar using a COa-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. The percentage of aphid infested stems was measured before and 5 DAT by inspecting 100 stems/plot. Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine on 31 May and yield was adjusted to 8% moisture content. Grain test weight also was measured.
Evaluation of Black Cutworm Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E.
Published: March 2022

Eight black cutworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Dufiield silt loam soil in Lancaster County, Pa., during 1989. Six commercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 9 treatments was used. Granular treatments were applied at planting as a T-band application in 17.8 cm bands over the row using a John Deere Planter. Liquid formulations were applied using a backpack spray system. All treatments were applied on 1 Jun. The corn was planted on 1 Jun in 76.2 cm wide rows at 60,000 plants/ha. Stand counts and number of plants cut were evaluated on 7 and 23 Jun.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1990
Authors: Jarvi Keit.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied at the fully labeled rate and a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, Nebr. The test plot was planted 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 50 m long row; rows were 11.8 cm apart. Infurrow granular treatments were applied by a John Deere Tractor mounted unit at planting. Granular formulations were applied in a 2.75 cm band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines on 11 May. Furadan 4 F was applied over the row in a 2.75 cm band and basally, both at cultivation time with a C02 backpack sprayer at 25 psi, approximately 142 liters/hectare total volume. Cultivation treatments were applied 12 Jun over the row followed immediately by a tractor-mounted cultivator. No phytotoxicity was observed. Stand counts were not significantly different. Feeding damage was evaluated 23 and 23 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Rainfall was near normal for the period from 8 May to 24 Jul, with no rainfall event more than 2 inches in any 24 h period. Subsoil moisture rated short at time of planting.
Corn Rootworm Control with Cucurritacin Bait, 1989-1990
Authors: Levine E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H.
Published: March 2022

Objectives were to evaluate the effect of cucurbitacin bait on mortality of WCR and NCR beetles in an attempt to reduce egg laying by these insects and thereby reduce damage to a subsequent corn crop. Corn was planted following a previous crop of corn at a rate of 64,000 seeds per ha on 15 May, 1989, at Urbana, 111. A 2.5-ha field was divided into eight 0.3-ha plots by cutting 2-row alleys between designated tracts. Four randomly-selected plots were treated with bait consisting of 5.0% by wt of buffalo gourd root powder (the source of cucurbitacin feeding stimulant/arrestant) and 0.3% by wt of carbaryl insecticide, both contained in a cereal meal carrier containing 20% vegetable oil by wt. The remaining 4 plots were not treated and served as controls. Bait was applied at a rate of 9.9 kg/ha with a 3-m seed attachment mounted on a highboy tractor on 8 Aug when female beetle dissections indicated that oviposition was beginning. The corn rootworm population comprised 87.9% WCR and 12.1% NCR. All plots were sampled for live WCR and NCR beetles from 7 Aug to 11 Sep. On 27 Oct a soil trencher was used to sample all plots for rootworm eggs (18 samples per plot). Corn was planted on 2 May 1990 in all plots. On 13 Jul, 10 root systems from each plot were dug, washed, and rated for rootworm damage to evaluate the effectiveness of the bait in preventing rootworm damage. Data transformed by log(x + 1) for analysis. Untransformed data are presented.
Corn Root Protection Against Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , StefTey K. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides were applied at planting time at 4 locations in IL: 8 May (Urbana), 11 May (Bloomington), 17 May (Monmouth), and 24 May (DeKalb). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment was applied to a single 100-ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and incorporated into the soil. Liquid application of Brace was delivered at planting in a 7- to 10-inch band with an even flat fan nozzle (Teejet 8004E) mounted ahead of the firming wheels and turned perpendicular to the row for band applications. Later, the liquid was incorporated into the soil. The liquid was applied with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 42.4 gal/acre at 30 psi at a speed of 5 mph. Five roots were evaluated for damage in each plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 row ft.
Efficacy of Bran Baits in Controlling Grasshoppers in South Dakota, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

Three bran baits were evaluated in 1 m2 screen field cages for their efficacies against the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Forty cages were placed on a corn field near the campus of South Dakota State University and corn seedlings in the study site were less than 5 inches in height. Nine bran bait treatments and a check were arranged in a complete randomized design with 4 replicates. Bran baits were placed uniformly within cages at 2 lb of bran flakes/acre on 9 Aug. Each cage was then stocked with 20 third instar laboratory-reared nymphs.
Control of European Corn Rorer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 7 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. One row plots were 50 ft in length. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-Boy tractor. Liquid insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer in 21 gal of water/acre at 30 psi. Application date was 5 Jul. Forty-eight h prior to application, 15 corn plants in each plot were artificially infested with 6 blackheaded egg masses to augment a moderate natural infestation. On 5 Aug, each artificially infested corn plant in each plot was dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Orange County, Va., to determine the effectiveness of several commercial and experimental granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The field used in this experiment has been in continuous corn for more than 20 years. The predominant soil type for this field is a Manassas silt loam, with some areas of Penn silt loam and Rapidan silt loam. The experimental design involved a randomized complete block wtih 4 replications. Plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 7 Jun at a plant population density of 26,000 plants/acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Prior to application, the regular granular insecticide applicators were removed from each side of the planter in order to accommodate 2 wooden boxes designed to hold inverted pint canning jars (Mason) for dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of both wooden boxes was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the box holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 2 pass/plot. Stand counts were made on 29 Jun, by determining the number of corn plants in 3 separate, 3.3-row ft sections/ plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot on 19 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1—no feeding; 6—3 or more root nodes completely destroyed).
Evaluation of Tarnished Plant Bug Control with Dimethoate and Plex (Sticker-Extender), 1990
Authors: Dacus J. S. , Tugwell N. P. , Bagwell R. D.
Published: March 2022

In Test I chemical treatments, applied 17 Jul at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark., were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft. Spray was applied with three, 8X hollow cone nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer dispensing 14 gal/acre at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 4 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured around individual plants by tying a twist-tie to the lower end of each cage about 1 ft from the terminal. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was rolled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Infestations of plant bugs were made in the cages at 0, 24, and 48 h posttreatment. Insects were exposed to the plants for 72 h. Plants were then cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.
Field Evaluation of Beauvebia Bassiana for Early Season Boll Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Wright James E. , Chandler Laurence D.
Published: March 2022

Organic Naturalis, obtained from Fermone Incorporated, Phoenix, Ariz., was evaluated for early season boll weevil control in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Tex. The tested material consisted of B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin WP at 4.54 × 1012 conidia/lb, a feeding substrate, spreader sticker, and grandlure (boll weevil pheromone). A cotton field, planted 31 Mar on 40 inch beds, was divided into two, 5 acre blocks and one, 3 acre block for evaluation of the material. Each block was subdivided into 1 acre subplots. Organic Naturalis and Bidrin each were applied to a single 5 acre block at the 8 leaf growth stage and subsequently 5 times thereafter on a weekly schedule. The 3 acre block was used as an untreated control. Following the early season treatments, conventional insecticides were used throughout the remainder of the season on an as needed basis. Insecticides were applied with a John Deere 6000 high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre total volume of material. Boll weevil pheromone traps (4), placed at each field corner from Jan to Apr provided background population information. Field efficacy of Organic Naturalis was determined by evaluation of weevil adult mortality from individual laboratory reared weevils placed in 1 inch3 screened cages in the field prior to spraying or from weevils caged on cotton plants following treatment. These weevils were taken back to the laboratory and evaluated for presence/absence of the fungus. Cotton yields were taken from 10 randomly-selected 13.1 row ft areas per subplot and converted to lb lint/acre.
Control of European Crane Fly Infesting Pasture, Tillamook, Oreg., 1989 and 1990
Authors: Fisher G. C. , Parsons G. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in two separate trials for the control of ECF larvae infesting dairy pasture in northwestern Oreg. Applications were made either in the fall of 1989 or the spring of 1990 with a 4-nozzle boom (LF 3 80) CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering the equivalent of 71 GPA of spray solution. Plots were 18 × 18 ft and replicated 4 times in RCB designs. The grass in all plots was cut a few days prior to application of insecticides. Trial I plots were treated on 20 Nov. Post treatment evaluation occurred on 12 Dec by removing 4, 6 in diam soil cores to a depth of 3 inches and placing them in Berlese funnels to extract the larvae. The following spring on 21 Mar the plots were resampled and evaluated in the same way to assess winter mortality. Trial II plots were treated on 9 Apr and evaluated as above on 2 May except that 3, 8 in diam cores were taken per plot. All soil cores were left in the Berlese funnels for approximately 1 wk after which time the moderately dry soil was screened for any larvae remaining behind.
Spider Mite Management on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

A field near Edenton in Chowan County, was selected to evaluate miticides for control of the twospotted spider mite. The field was selected because it contained a widespread and uniform infestation making it an excellent site for evaluating these products. Peanuts had been planted on 36 inch centers and were showing signs of severe spider mite damage. Treatments were applied on 19 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at the time of application were sunny, 90°F with no wind. Plots were 10 ft long × 4 rows wide with a 5 ft border between plots on each end. Four replicates for each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was conducted on 23 Jul (4 DAT), on 26 Jul (7 DAT), and 1 Aug (13 DAT) by collecting 25 leaflets at random from each plot. These leaflets were placed in a plastic bag and chilled until they could be processed in the laboratory. Samples were processed by using a commercially-available mite brushing machine. All data were transformed × + 0.5. Actual means are presented.
Midseason Control of Thrips in Peanuts in North Florida, 1990
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 27 Apr. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 ft with a 36-in row spacing. Planting-time granular treatments were applied in a 7-in band over the row, by using a granular applicator attached to the planter. These in-furrow insecticide treatments were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels Granular treatments made during midseason were applied in a 12-inch band on 3 Jul, by using a tractor-mounted applicator. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 3 Jul with a 2-row, COa-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in plots of all treatments on 7, 10, 17, and 24 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 terminal buds selected from the 2 outer rows of a plot on each sample date. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 × dissecting scope. Adults from samples in the control plots were identified to species.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against PL in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted 2 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15 G at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting; Orthene 75 S at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 6 Jun for tobacco thrips control. Treatments for PL were applied on 26 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles per row, one over the top and one on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 2 h before and 1, 5, 8 and 18 DAT by comparing the number of adults and nymphs captured in 10 sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net
Control of Spider Mite on Peanuts in Alabama, 1990
Authors: Weeks James R. , Wells Larry W.
Published: March 2022

A field test on the Wiregrass Experiment Station evaluated materials for their ability to suppress or control spider mites compared with an untreated control. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug using a row crop sprayer calibrated to 15 gal/acre with 3, D2-25 nozzles/row. A second application was applied on 4 Sep to Danitol, Capture, Safer's Soap and Vydate plots due to hatching of new individuals and webbing in these plots. Temperatures during the study were in excess of 90°F each day with sunny skies and no rainfall. Plots consisted of 4/36-inch rows × 150 ft long. Three replicates of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was conducted on 30 Aug, 4 Sep (before reapplication), 7 Sep and on 11 Sep by collecting 5 tetrafoliate leaves at random from each plot. These leaves were placed in plastic bags and chilled until counting in the laboratory later that day. In the laboratory 1 leaflet from each of the 5 leaves was selected at random and the adult spider mites on the upper and lower surface, and petiole of each leaflet were counted under a 30 × stereoscope. A visual observation rating of each plot was also made on 4 Sep and 12 Sep to evaluate the degree of damage to the plot as a whole (foliage damage) and the amount of webbing evident in the plant terminals.
Comparative Efficacy of Two Toxicants as Foliar Spray for the Bigheaded Grasshopper, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Fuller B. W.
Published: March 2022

Two toxicants for mulated as foliar sprayable were compared in field cages for efficacy against the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti in Belle Fourche, S. Dak. Western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii Rydb., blue gramma, Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) and buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm dominated the dense vegetation at the test site. Field cages (1.0 m2) were placed on the test site and freed of grasshoppers and other predators. Asana (esfenvalerate) XL and Lorsban were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer on 13 Aug at rates equivalent to field application. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal water/acre at 20 psi from a hand held boom equipped with six, 8002 Teejet nozzles on 12-inch spacings. Each cage was then stocked with 20 females (ca. 2-wk old adults) of Aulocara elliotti which had been starved for 24 h after being collected in the vicinity of the study site. Eight cages were used for each treatment and the untreated control. Grasshopper mortalities were recorded 4 DAT.
Pear, Grape Mealybug Control, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature pear trees were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for early season control of GMB. Plots consisted of 6 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for GMB control by counting the infested shoots per 10-shoot sample per replicate on 3 May and by rating 50 fruits/replicate at harvest for presence of nymphs in the calyx. Fruit with no nymphs present were rated 0, those with 1 or 2 were rated 1 and those with >2 were rated 2. PP nymphs were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate collected from fruiting spurs. Nymphs were brushed from leaves onto 5-inch glass disks and counted under magnification. Treatment schedules are presented in tabular form below and include applications at delayed dormant (20 Mar), clusterbud (3 Apr) and petal fall (24 Apr).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Soybean Looper Control in South Louisiana, 1990
Authors: Mink Jeffrey S. , Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boethel David J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were tested for control of soybean looper in 2 separate experiments in East Baton Rouge Parish. On approximately 25 Jul, the entire experimental area was treated with methyl parathion at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre which stimulated the outbreak of soybean loopers. In both tests, plots were 8 rows × 50 ft (40-inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied to R5 soybeans on 11 Aug for Test I and 16 Aug for Test II. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 20 psi through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2 and 7 DAT for Test I and at 2, 5, and 7 DAT for Test II.
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean in North Louisiana Under Rainy Conditions, 1990
Authors: Mink Jeffrey S. , Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Roger Leonard B.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the soybean looper at Macon Ridge Branch, Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, La. Treatments were applied on 11 Sep to R5 soybeans using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 38 psi through X12 hollow cone nozzles. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 50 ft. Plots were sampled at 2 and 6 DAT by taking two, 25 sweep samples using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Approximately 1.5 h after treatment, a hard rainfall of 0.78 inch occurred at the test site followed by 0.84 inch the next day.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in Louisiana—Macon Ridge I, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, La., to evaluate insecticide efficacy against foliage feeding Lepidotera. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 40-inch centers × 50-ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Test materials were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre at 38 psi through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row). Insecticides were applied on 8 Sep and plots were sampled at 2 and 7 DAT using one 50-sweep sample with a standard 15-in diameter sweep net. The test plots received 0.4-inches rainfall on 8 Sep, 0.7-inches rainfall on 10 Sep, and 0.8-inches rainfall on 11 Sep.