bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Robin‐Neumann scheme with quasi‐Newton acceleration for partitioned fluid‐structure interaction
Authors: Spenke Thomas , Make Michel , Hosters Norbert
Published: October 2022

The Dirichlet–Neumann scheme is the most common partitioned algorithm for fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) and offers high flexibility concerning the solvers employed for the two subproblems. Nevertheless, it is not without shortcomings: to begin with, the inherent added‐mass effect often destabilizes the numerical solution severely. Moreover, the Dirichlet–Neumann scheme cannot be applied to FSI problems in which an incompressible fluid is fully enclosed by Dirichlet boundaries, as it is incapable of satisfying the volume constraint. In the last decade, interface quasi‐Newton methods have proven to control the added‐mass effect and substantially speed up convergence by adding a Newton‐like update step to the Dirichlet–Neumann coupling. They are, however, without effect on the incompressibility dilemma. As an alternative, the Robin‐Neumann scheme generalizes the fluid's boundary condition to a Robin condition by including the Cauchy stresses. While this modification in fact successfully tackles both drawbacks of the Dirichlet–Neumann approach, the price to be paid is a strong dependency on the Robin weighting parameter, with very limited a priori knowledge about good choices. This work proposes a strategy to merge these two ideas and benefit from their combined strengths. The resulting quasi‐Newton‐accelerated Robin‐Neumann scheme is compared to both Robin‐ and Dirichlet–Neumann variants. The numerical tests demonstrate that it does not only provide faster convergence, but also massively reduces the influence of the Robin parameter, mitigating the main drawback of the Robin‐Neumann algorithm.
Direct determination of the π‐helix structure and helix transition behavior of poly(β‐phenethyl l‐aspartate) via synchrotron X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Furuya Hidemine , Yanagihara Toshinari , Orito Yuki , Masunaga Hiroyasu
Published: October 2022

The helix‐sense inversions of poly(β‐phenethyl l‐aspartate) (2P) and diblock copolymers (2P‐3P), with 2P and poly(β‐phenylpropyl l‐aspartate) (3P) blocks, were studied in their solid states using synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The characteristic parameters of the π‐helix structure of 2P were directly determined in situ after the helix transition at a high temperature. In the 2P‐3P block copolymers, the main chains of the 3P blocks initially convert from right‐ to left‐handed α‐helices, and then the 2P blocks convert irreversibly from right‐handed α‐helices to left‐handed π‐helices. The chemical structures of the side chains of poly(l‐aspartic acid ester)s significantly affect their helix transition behaviors.
Statistical considerations for design and analysis of stability, comparability and formulation tests
Authors: Coleman Daniel , Pourmohamad Tony
Published: October 2022

This article considers designed experiments for stability, comparability, and formulation testing that are analyzed with regression models in which the degradation rate is a fixed effect. In this setting, we investigate how the number of lots, the number of time points and their locations affect the precision of the entities of interest, leverages of the time points, detection of non‐linearity and interim analyses. This investigation shows that modifying time point locations suggested by ICH for stability studies can significantly improve these objectives. In addition, we show that estimates of precision can be biased when a regression model that assumes independent measurements is used in the presence of within‐assay session correlation. This bias can lead to longer shelf life estimates in stability studies and loss of power in comparability studies. Mixed‐effect models that take into account within‐assay session correlation are shown to reduce this bias. The findings in this article are obtained from well known statistical theory but provide valuable practical advice to scientists and statisticians designing and interpreting these types of experiments.
Praxiseinsatz Elektronischer Patientenakten: Erkenntnisse aus 2 Versorgungsprojekten in Zentren für Seltene Erkrankungen
Authors: Rashid Asarnusch , Choukair Daniela , Bauer Christoph , Ullrich Melanie , Maisch Tim
Published: October 2022

Elektronische Patientenakten (EPA) bieten zahlreiche Chancen für die digitale Vernetzung der Leistungserbringer untereinander und für die digitale Kommunikation mit den Patienten. Für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen (SE) können sich dadurch verschiedene Vorteile ergeben, wie eine frühere Diagnose und eine gezieltere Behandlung z. B. auf Grundlage eines multiprofessionellen Fallmanagements. Für die Patientenversorgung und Forschung bei Seltenen Erkrankungen kann eine EPA die Daten der Patienten strukturiert erfassen und darauf aufbauend die Arbeitsabläufe von der Anmeldung über die Aufnahme bis zu Behandlung und Monitoring digital abbilden. Für das Gesundheitswesen erhofft man sich durch EPA eine Kostenersparnis, da Diagnose- und Behandlungsprozesse zielgerichteter angeboten und unnötige Untersuchungen und Termine reduziert werden können.

In 2 Pilotprojekten konnten erste Erfahrungen mit EPA für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen gesammelt werden. Die Projekte „BASE-Netz“ und „TRANSLATE-NAMSE“ haben in Zusammenarbeit mit mehreren Leistungserbringern die Anforderungen an eine EPA erfasst, die technische und rechtliche Machbarkeit aufgezeigt und die Praktikabilität für Leistungserbringer und Patienten untersucht. Während die Patienten überwiegend positive Resonanz zeigten, erwies sich die Anbindung der niedergelassenen Arztpraxen als Herausforderung. Vereinfachend könnte hierbei zukünftig der Ausbau der Telematikinfrastruktur wirken. Unerlässlich sind stetige Aufklärungen und Transparenz, um insbesondere über datenschutzrechtliche Fragen zu informieren. Auch sollten Schulungen und Unterstützung angeboten werden, um die digitalen Kompetenzen der Patienten zu fördern.
Spontaneous head twitches in aged rats: behavioral and molecular study
Authors: Zakrzewska-Sito Alicja , Bieńkowski Przemysław , Kołaczkowski Marcin , Nalepa Irena , Zelek-Molik Agnieszka , Bielawski Adam , Chorążka Katarzyna , Kuczyńska Julita , Mierzejewski Paweł
Published: October 2022

Rationale

We have discovered that rats at the age of 18 months begin to twitch their heads spontaneously (spontaneous head twitching, SHT). To date, no one has described this phenomenon.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to characterize SHT pharmacologically and to assess some possible mechanisms underlying SHT.

Methods

Wistar male rats were used in the study. Animals at the age of 18 months were qualified as HSHT (SHT ≥ 7/10 min observations) or LSHT (SHT < 7/10 min observations). Quantitative real-time PCR with TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) approach was adopted to assess the mRNA expression of selected genes in rat’s hippocampus.

Results

HSHT rats did not differ from LSHT rats in terms of survival time, general health and behavior, water intake, and spontaneous locomotor activity. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg increased the SHT in HSHT and LSHT rats, while ketanserin dose-dependently abolished the SHT in the HSHT rats. The SHT was reduced or abolished by olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and pimavanserin. All these drugs have strong 5-HT2A receptor–inhibiting properties. Haloperidol and amisulpride, as antipsychotic drugs with a mostly dopaminergic mechanism of action, did not influence SHT. Similarly, escitalopram did not affect SHT. An in-depth gene expression analysis did not reveal significant differences between the HSHT and the LSHT rats.

Conclusions

SHT appears in some aging rats (about 50%) and is permanent over time and specific to individuals. The 5-HT2A receptor strongly controls SHT. HSHT animals can be a useful animal model for studying 5-HT2A receptor ligands.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Impact of gervital against histopathological, ultrastructural, and biochemical alterations caused by methotrexate or azathioprine in albino rat testis
Authors: Abdul-Hamid Manal , Abdel-Reheim Eman S. , Hegazy Walaa , Allam Ahmed A. , Othman Sarah I. , ALqhtani Haifa , Abdel-Kawi Samraa H.
Published: October 2022

Methotrexate (MTX) and azathioprine (AZA) are chemotherapeutic, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic drugs with reported adverse effects, including oxidative damage to testis. This study aims to evaluate the potential effect of grape seed extract (GSE; gervital) to prevent testicular damage caused by MTX and AZA. Male albino rats were separated into six groups: group I, normal control group; group II, GSE (150 mg/kg/day); group III, MTX (8 mg/kg/week); group IV, AZA (15 mg/kg/day); group V, GSE (150 mg/kg/day) + MTX (8 mg/kg/week); group VI, GSE (150 mg/kg/day) + AZA (15 mg/kg/day). All rats were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained for testosterone analysis, and testis was removed for histological and ultrastructural studies and oxidation measurements. A reduction in relative body and testis weight, along with a significant decrease in testosterone levels, was observed. Histopathological and ultrastructural alterations induced by MTX or AZA included reduced spermatozoa, sloughing, marked reduction of spermatogenic cells, and pyknosis of some nuclei. Significant oxidative stress manifested as reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. GSE administration showed an ameliorative effect on testosterone levels and histopathological and ultrastructural changes. GSE treatment also suppressed the increases in MDA levels and the decreases in GSH levels and CAT and SOD activities. In conclusion, these findings confirm that GSE is an effective antioxidant that protects testis from histopathological and ultrastructural damage induced by MTX and AZA. Therefore, GSE is a promising candidate for future use to minimize and alleviate MTX and AZA risks.

Graphical abstract
Natural coastal dunes on Wadden Sea islands as a refuge for an endangered wader species
Authors: Kämpfer S. , Fartmann T.
Published: October 2022

Europe holds globally important populations of breeding waders. However, most of the species are in steep decline, including the Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata). Here, we studied the breeding-territory and nest-site preferences of a Curlew subpopulation that has, in contrast to the overall trend, been increasing, on the East Frisian Islands (Wadden Sea National Park of Lower Saxony, N Germany). The islands are mostly free from ground predators and intensive agriculture and thus offer the opportunity to examine habitat preferences in largely undisturbed habitats. Our study revealed that Curlews preferred breeding in habitat mosaics dominated by high marshes and dune grasslands, far from areas with human disturbance. For nest-building, heterogeneous microhabitats with intermediate vegetation cover and height and some bare ground were preferred. This reflects a trade-off between (i) sufficient shelter for nests and fledglings, (ii) early recognition of predators and (iii) readily available and accessible invertebrate prey. Such heterogeneous habitats, without mammalian predators, are largely missing in the intensively used agricultural landscapes of the European mainland. Consequently, Curlew populations on the mainland are mostly declining. In contrast, those on the East-Frisian Islands are stable and, therefore, of prime importance for the protection of the species. Thus, the study highlights the importance of isolated islands providing natural habitats like coastal dunes, which are free from ground predators and extensive human disturbance for the long-term survival of Curlew populations. Based on the results of this study we make suggestions to improve future conservation measures for degraded habitats to boost curlew populations.
Social disinhibition in acquired brain injury and neurological disease: a concept analysis
Authors: Skromanis Sarah , Padgett Christine , Matthewson Mandy , Honan Cynthia A.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Social disinhibition is becoming increasingly recognised in the neuropsychological literature as a complex and debilitating sequalae associated with acquired frontal lobe damage. Despite this, the term has been inconsistently defined and described in both clinical and research contexts. The purpose of this paper was to explore and examine the concept of social disinhibition in the context of brain injury and other organic neurological conditions.

Method:

A literature search for articles published in the English language from journal inception to June 2021 was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. A ‘concept analysis’ was conducted on the identified literature using Walker & Avant’s (2019) framework.

Results:

The analysis suggested that while several terms are often used interchangeably with social disinhibition, including impulsivity and behavioural dysregulation, these terms may be differentiated and defined separately within the broader domain of ‘behaviours of concern’. Attributes, antecedents and consequences of social disinhibition were also identified and discussed.

Conclusions:

Clarifying the concept of social disinhibition has important implications in both clinical and research contexts, including increased understanding of the behaviours, more accurate estimates of incidence and prevalence, and the development and implementation of targeted rehabilitation programmes.
Validation of the Calgary Postoperative Pain after Spine Surgery Score for Poor Postoperative Pain Control after Spine Surgery
Authors: Yang Michael M.H. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Cunningham Jonathan , Casha Steven
Published: October 2022

Objective:

The Calgary Postoperative Pain after Spine Surgery (CAPPS) score was developed to identify patients at risk of experiencing poorly controlled pain after spine surgery. The goal of this study was to independently validate the CAPPS score on a prospectively collected patient sample.

Methods:

Poor postoperative pain control was defined as a mean numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain >4 at rest in the first 24 hours after surgery. Baseline characteristics in this study (validation cohort) were compared to those of the development cohort used to create the CAPPS score. Predictive performance of the CAPPS score was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) and percentage misclassification for discrimination. A graphical comparison between predicted probability vs. observed incidence of poorly controlled pain was performed for calibration.

Results:

Fifty-two percent of 201 patients experienced poorly controlled pain. The validation cohort exhibited lower depression scores and a higher proportion using daily opioid medications compared to the development cohort. The AUC was 0.74 [95%CI = 0.68–0.81] in the validation cohort compared to 0.73 [95%CI = 0.69–0.76] in the development cohort for the eight-tier CAPPS score. When stratified between the low- vs. extreme-risk and low- vs. high-risk groups, the percentage misclassification was 21.2% and 30.7% in the validation cohort, compared to 29.9% and 38.0% in the development cohort, respectively. The predicted probability closely mirrored the observed incidence of poor pain control across all scores.

Conclusions:

The CAPPS score, based on seven easily obtained and reliable prognostic variables, was validated using a prospectively collected, independent sample of patients.
Contesting border artificial intelligence: Applying the guidance-ethics approach as a responsible design lens
Authors: La Fors Karolina , Meissner Fran
Published: October 2022

Border artificial intelligence (AI)—biometrics-based AI systems used in border control contexts—proliferates as common tools in border securitization projects. Such systems classify some migrants as posing risks like identity fraud, other forms of criminality, or terrorism. From a human rights perspective, using such risk framings for algorithmically facilitated evaluations of migrants’ biometrics systematically calls into question whether these kinds of systems can be built to be trustworthy for migrants. This article provides a thought experiment; we use a bottom-up responsible design lens—the guidance-ethics approach—to evaluate if responsible, trustworthy Border AI might constitute an oxymoron. The proposed European AI Act only limits the use of Border AI systems by classifying such systems as high risk. In parallel with these AI regulatory developments, large-scale civic movements have emerged throughout Europe to ban the use of facial recognition technologies in public spaces to defend EU citizens’ privacy. The fact that such systems remain acceptable for states’ usage to evaluate migrants, we argue, insufficiently protects migrants’ lives. In part, we argue that this is due to regulations and ethical frameworks being top-down and technology driven by focusing more on the safety of AI systems than on the safety of migrants. We conclude that bordering technologies developed from a responsible design angle would entail the development of entirely different technologies. These would refrain from harmful sorting based on biometric identifications but would start from the premise that migration is not a societal problem.
Air dispersal of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Implications for hospital infection control during the fifth wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Shuk-Ching , Chan Veronica Wing-Man , Yuen Lithia Lai-Ha , AuYeung Christine Ho-Yan , Leung Jessica Oi-Yan , Li Chi-Kuen , Kwok Monica Oi-Tung , So Simon Yung-Chun , Chen Jonathan Hon-Kwan , Tam Anthony Raymond , Hung Ivan Fan-Ngai , To Kelvin Kai-Wang , Lo Janice Yee-Chi , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung
Published: October 2022

We obtained 24 air samples in 8 general wards temporarily converted into negative-pressure wards admitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant BA.2.2 in Hong Kong. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 19 (79.2%) of 24 samples despite enhanced indoor air dilution. It is difficult to prevent airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals.
The effect of spanwise heterogeneous surfaces on mixed convection in turbulent channels
Authors: Schäfer Kay , Frohnapfel Bettina , Mellado Juan Pedro
Published: October 2022

Turbulent mixed convection in channel flows with heterogeneous surfaces is studied using direct numerical simulations. The relative importance of buoyancy and shear effects, characterised by the bulk Richardson number

$Ri_b$

, is varied in order to cover the flow regimes of forced, mixed and natural convection, which are associated with different large-scale flow organisations. The heterogeneous surface consists of streamwise-aligned ridges, which are known to induce secondary motion in the case of forced convection. The large-scale streamwise rolls emerging under smooth-wall mixed convection conditions are significantly affected by the heterogeneous surfaces and their appearance is considerably reduced for dense ridge spacings. It is found that the formation of these rolls requires larger buoyancy forces than over smooth walls due to the additional drag induced by the ridges. Therefore, the transition from forced convection structures to rolls is delayed towards larger

$Ri_b$

for spanwise heterogeneous surfaces. The influence of the heterogeneous surface on the flow organisation of mixed convection is particularly pronounced in the roll-to-cell transition range, where ridges favour the transition to convective cells at significantly lower

$Ri_b$

. In addition, the convective cells are observed to align perpendicular to the ridges with decreasing ridge spacing. We attribute this reorganisation to the fact that flow parallel to the ridges experience less drag than flow across the ridges, which is energetically more beneficial. Furthermore, we find that streamwise rolls exhibit a very slow dynamics for

$Ri_b=1$

and

$Ri_b=3.2$

when the ridge spacing is of the order of the rolls’ width. For these cases the up- and downdrafts of the rolls move slowly across the entire channel instead of being fixed in space, as observed for the smooth-wall cases.
Integrated review of stealth technology and its role in airpower
Authors: Rao G. A. , Mahulikar S. P.
Published: October 2022

This paper discusses the evolution of airpower and the ever-increasing component of stealth technology in dictating warfare, based on the need felt in the literature to integrate and place them in the right perspective. Hence, the role of stealth aircraft and the dominance of all aspects of stealth technology, especially in recent conflicts, are reviewed. The integration of the fundamental aspects of stealth technology, through its classification, types of aircraft signatures: especially radar, infrared, and visual signatures, their sources of origin, modelling techniques, and methods of signature reduction are discussed. Due to the increasing importance of infrared signatures relative to radar signatures, infrared signatures are also closely examined and analysed. Hence, the lock-on and surveillance ranges of infrared detectors are compared. Future projections in stealth technology, especially based on the role of anti-stealth technologies, are also elaborated.
Maximising the impact of CFD in the design office: ARA's role
Authors: Peace A. J.
Published: October 2022

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are an integral part of the processes within design and performance assessment offices in the aerospace industry. As timescales from initial concept to design-freeze become shorter, there is an increasing need for the CFD process to be timely and cost effective and for confidence in the predictive capability of the CFD tool to be high. Only in this way will the impact of CFD be maximised. The CFD software development and support team plays a key role in achieving this goal. This paper describes how the team at ARA has met the challenge of delivering to industry what it requires in terms of both the CFD tools and the people who supply them. The qualities needed to do this extend beyond the ability to achieve technical advancement, although prime emphasis is still placed on this aspect. In particular, the importance of developing a close relationship between CFD team and end user — an integrated team approach — is stressed. This leads to a precise and unambiguous understanding of customer needs and the delivery of the required product and its maintenance. The demonstration of recent technical achievements and the discussion of supporting team attributes exemplify these points.
The effect of a sequence of cavities on boundary-layer separation at M = 8.2
Authors: He Z. , Xiong J. , Lebas C. , Stollery J. L.
Published: October 2022

Hypersonic projectiles are sometimes launched using a castellated sabot which links with matching cavities in the missile. After launch and the removal of the sabot the boundary layer over the vehicle flows past these cavities which act as a kind of roughness. Experiments were made to discover the effect of this ‘roughness’ on the flow over a flap or flare placed downstream of the cavities. Tests were made with both laminar and turbulent boundary layers, the turbulent flow being induced by vortex generators placed near the nose of the models.
Linearised identification of the longitududinal flight dynamics of the solar powered airship Lotte
Authors: Eckersley C. F. , Cook M. V.
Published: October 2022

This paper relates to a recent project in which the aim was to devise a procedure that could be used to identify the linearised transfer functions of the longitudinal motion of the solar powered airship Lotte from flight test data.

Using a non-linear mathematical model of the Airship, a linearised state space model was derived numerically and this was used to derive the response transfer functions, which formed the theoretical results. A test procedure was then developed to identify the transfer functions experimentally from frequency response data obtained in simulated flight tests. Initially, the linearised model was used and the test procedure was refined until a suitable level of coherence between the experimental and theoretical results was observed. The test procedure was then applied to simulated flight test data from the non-linear model, and finally sensor noise was added in order to represent actual flight test conditions as closely as possible. Unfortunately, the results were inaccurate and in some cases, they were unacceptable. When the test procedure was applied to the non-linear model, significant errors were seen in all the results. The addition of sensor noise led to heavily distorted results and a further degradation of the resulting transfer function estimates.

It was concluded that meaningful results could not be achieved unless frequency response data with a higher resolution could be obtained and the effects of sensor noise could be reduced. Presently, no test procedure has been developed that would be of any use in a practical situation. However, a number of ways of possibly improving the test procedure or otherwise improving the quality of the results were conceived near the end of the project. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to account for the shortcomings that were encountered in the project and to introduce briefly the unexplored remedies, in the hope that these may be of some benefit to future identification studies.
The perceived gap between need(ed) and mandated training "mind the gap"
Authors: Richards P. G.
Published: October 2022

Over the years there have been aircraft accidents and incidents where crews have been found in error. Many times the errors were found with hindsight to have been compounded by poor checklists and inadequate design. Of particular concern to the author is the dilemma of ‘smoke and fire of unknown origin’. This is a serious emergency with little time for complex troubleshooting. It is a human factors classic ‘fight or flee’ scenario. Research among the major UK airlines, assisted by the UK Flight Safety Committee, has revealed that there is an inconsistency in direction as to when to recommend divert and land as of paramount importance. Thus a gap is created and those believed to be responsible identified. The author has experienced several instances and takes the opportunity to describe one of them. Lessons are included on work being done in modifying aircrew training to cater for the removal of the flight engineer. Design recommendations are made and warnings given about the future. Should recommendations in the wake of accidents and incidents be ‘risk managed’ by the regulators? Ultimately, the crews are forced to rely on their checklist handling and limited technical knowledge that sometimes means that the gap is too wide and an incident occurs. The paper is a collaborative effort prepared by the author on behalf of the RAeS Flight Operations Group (FOG) but the author alone is responsible for the version published.
Repeated brittle reactivations of a pre-existing plastic shear zone: combined K–Ar and 40Ar–39Ar geochronology of the long-lived (>700 Ma) Himdalen–Ørje Deformation Zone, SE Norway
Authors: Torgersen Espen , Gabrielsen Roy H. , Ganerød Morgan , van der Lelij Roelant , Schönenberger Jasmin , Nystuen Johan Petter , Brask Sofie
Published: October 2022

Brittle reactivation of plastic shear zones is frequently observed in geologically old terranes. To better understand such deformation zones, we have studied the >700 Ma long structural history of the Himdalen–Ørje Deformation Zone (HØDZ) in SE Norway by K–Ar and 40Ar–39Ar geochronology, and structural characterization. Several generations of mylonites make up the ductile part of HØDZ, the Ørje Shear Zone. A 40Ar–39Ar white mica plateau age of 908.6 ± 7.0 Ma constrains the timing of extensional reactivation of the Ørje mylonite. The mylonite is extensively reworked during brittle deformation events by the Himdalen Fault. 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages of 375.0 ± 22.7 Ma and 351.7 ± 4.4 Ma from pseudotachylite veins and K–Ar ages of authigenic illite in fault gouge at c. 380 Ma are interpreted to date initial brittle deformation, possibly associated with the Variscan orogeny. Major brittle deformation during the Early–Mid Permian Oslo Rift is documented by a 40Ar–39Ar pseudotachylite plateau age of 294.6 ± 5.2 Ma and a K–Ar fault gouge age of c. 270 Ma. The last datable faulting event is constrained by the finest size fraction in three separate gouges at c. 200 Ma. The study demonstrates that multiple geologically significant K–Ar ages can be constrained from fault gouges within the same fault core by combining careful field sampling, structural characterization, detailed mineralogy and illite crystallinity analysis. We suggest that initial localization of brittle strain along plastic shear zones is controlled by mechanical anisotropy of parallel-oriented, throughgoing phyllosilicate-rich foliation planes within the mylonitic fabric.
Bangkok electric
Authors: Lim Samson
Published: October 2022

Visitors to the city of Bangkok are often struck by the sight of exposed, dangling, and dangerous electrical wires and a multitude of inconveniently placed utility posts that impede pedestrian circulation. This article argues that the city's seemingly dysfunctional electric power infrastructure is not a failure of modernisation but the outcome, or ‘style’, of a socio-technological system built by and operated for a narrow set of interests. To demonstrate this, the article presents a history of the electric power system that shows how its initial development in the early twentieth century produced new forms of privilege and disenfranchisement that are now the basis of social division in the city. By approaching the study of Bangkok's electric power system in terms of equity, the article offers a framework for evaluating how infrastructure shapes cultural practice, social relations, and political authority.
Normalising Hồ Chí Minh in Vietnamese cinema, 1990–2020: Ideology, popular appeal, and the market economy
Authors: Dror Olga
Published: October 2022

The article discusses the representation of Hồ Chí Minh in modern Vietnamese cinema from 1990 to the present. The first feature film on Hồ Chí Minh's life was produced only in 1990, 31 years after his death. Since then, 6 more films have appeared. I explore the reasons why there were no feature films about Hồ Chí Minh before 1990 and why they eventually began to appear. I address the filmmakers’ attempts to reintroduce Hồ Chí Minh, especially to younger generations who know of him only through propaganda depicting him as a celibate paragon of virtue and through viewing his embalmed body in the Mausoleum he had objected to. I argue that these cinematographic projects to promote Hồ Chí Minh to younger Vietnamese have done very little to develop, or even maintain, his personal cult, a cult that the state endeavours to exploit to (re)establish its connection to the people, to overcome a prolonged crisis of legitimacy, and to garner popular support for the continuing leadership of the Vietnamese Communist Party. The market economy and openness to the world have inevitably undermined the Hồ Chí Minh cult and ideological constructs supporting it.
Commentaries
Authors: Goldkind Victor
Published: October 2022

In his inclusive and detailed classification of rural settlement types in Latin America, Marshall Wolfe admirably succeeds in his intention “to describe patterns and relationships that are widely important in the region.” His discussion touches upon important realities of rural social life and its place in the national society which too often are ignored. Despite the modesty of his claims, the author's synthesis of data from many sources provides the basis of a conceptualization which should prove extremely useful as a frame of reference for many practical and scholarly interests. The generalizations he offers about the characteristics of the distinct settlement types, and the nature of their relations to each other and to national institutions, constitute a series of hypotheses worthy of being investigated by research projects designed primarily for that purpose.
Recent Research in Spanish American Theater
Authors: Dauster Frank
Published: October 2022

A major development in research in latin american humanities in recent years has been the emergence of theater as a recognized research discipline, and a consequent, although uneven, increase in published investigation. Further, there has been a major shift in emphasis, in that the formerly predominant concentration on the Colonial period and the national approach has been broadened to include a rather considerable amount of material dealing with the 20th century. Before pursuing this further, however, it is necessary to outline certain problems which distinguish research in the field from other specialities within the extremely broad scope of Hispanic literature.
Commentaries
Authors: Dore R. P.
Published: October 2022

For one who lacks the knowledge, as well as the wish, to challenge Andrew Pearse's account of the facts of the Latin American rural scene, the only useful form of comment is to raise questions and perhaps thereby to express some minor doubts concerning the inference he makes from the facts. It might be most useful to start from the end opposite Pearse's. He has looked at the evidence, crystallized the diversity of the changes he sees into a discrete set of trends, illustrated them with illuminating and convincing details, and tentatively forecast their implications. Instead, let us start at the other end with a question that rests on a clear value premise, and ask whether the trends Pearse indicates are “for the better” or “for the worse.” I would choose the question: “what chances are there of a substantial and sustained increase in agricultural production?”
Paintings at an Exhibition: 1966: The Yale-Texas Exhibition of Latin American Art 1800–1965
Authors: Schaedel Richard P.
Published: October 2022

Most latinamericanists will be interested and some fascinated by the aesthetic import of this epoch-making exhibit, jointly organized and presented by the Yale University Art Gallery and the University of Texas Art Museum. The purpose of this brief statement is to indicate some of its more important repercussions on the social scientist and historian which have potential research value. The first and obvious value lies in the fact that the catalogue presents in one compact volume all of the outstanding stylistic developments in painting, and to a lesser extent in architecture and engraving, from early Independence times to the present day. From a purely documentary point of view, excepting the few authentic, extant architectural remains, painting is the only medium that gives visual expression to the developments in the first half of the 19th century; so that the exhibition provides a basic research tool towards determining what the graphic representation of the socio-political developments of the period were. Even for the later nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this concentrated panorama supplies us with representative perceptions of how Latin Americans conceptualized themselves and their cultural traditions. We base our remarks on the paintings themselves and on an excellent representative catalogue. Catlin, director of the exhibit, with his collaborators (Grieder, Davidson, Deredita, and Faulhaber) will soon begin work on a scholarly volume which will interrelate the aesthetic developments with the social, economic and political developments of Latin American history in a thoroughgoing study.
Latin American Studies in Canada
Authors: Ogelsby J. C. M.
Published: October 2022

Latin america has suddenly become important to an increasing number of Canada's universities and colleges. Only three years ago the situation was not at all promising as D. B. L. Hamlin and Gilíes Lalande showed in their reports to the Canadian Universities Foundation, but a more favorable climate for developing programs in this area has emerged as the federal government, the Canada Council, university administrators, and individual faculty members have taken an interest in Latin America.
Recent Social Science Research Appraisals of Latin American Education
Authors: Burnett Jacquetta Hill
Published: October 2022

In this decade, sociological and anthropological studies of formal education in Latin America show signs of vigorous growth and promise of substantial future developments. The leitmotiv running through most of the social scientific research on education is education and social change or, more specifically, education and economic development and social progress. There is still no strong evidence of a concerted, cumulative development in this area despite heightened research activity and the fact that scholars are more regularly communicating and integrating their efforts. To the contrary, it is more common of researchers to appear oblivious of the prior or related work of other scholars in other centers of research. However, the common cause of a relatively narrow range of concern has produced a concentration of effort and many-faceted attack by scholars from many disciplines on these problems that promise potent developments in theory, understanding and discovery.
The Political Culture of Authoritarianism in Mexico: A Reexamination
Authors: Booth John A. , Seligson Mitchell A.
Published: October 2022

Despite certain early efforts to interpret Mexico as a pluralist constitutional democracy, or democracy-in-the-making (Scott 1959; Tucker 1957), scholars today almost universally agree that the political system of Mexico is authoritarian. The trappings of Mexico's liberal constitution and elections notwithstanding, Mexico's Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) serves to integrate the polity under the highly centralized control of a single institution that dominates access to all public office. At the apex of the PRI is the Mexican president, who not only chooses his own successor but controls access to the PRI's candidate lists for all other public offices and therefore dominates both the party and the congress. In sum, as Coleman and Davis argue, Mexico fits the ideal type of authoritarian political organization because “decisions are made almost exclusively by the ruling elite rather than by democratic, pluralist processes” and because “there are severe restrictions placed upon political mobilization” (1976, 195).
Record Collections at the Cuban National Archives: A Descriptive Survey
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: October 2022

In April 1970, the Hispanic Foundation of the Library of Congress and Yale University, in conjunction with the Ford Foundation, sponsored in Washington an international symposium on Cuban research materials. The Cuban Revolution had attracted the attention of an international scholarly community and, quite suddenly, a new and vast corpus of literature had come into existence. By 1970 this prodigious enterprise showed no sign of coming to an end; on the contrary, it gave every indication of expanding. In 1970 the Center for International Studies at the University of Pittsburgh launched Cuban Studies Newsletter, a publication that the editors described as “designed to provide comprehensive and timely communication among those interested in Cuban studies.” The development of Cuban study centers in Europe and the United States further served to stimulate interest in Cuba. The moment was propitious, then, for an international symposium to review the state of research collections and library holdings on Cuba. Some fifteen participants, mainly scholars with research interests in Cuba and librarians and bibliographers with specializations in the Caribbean and Latin America, presented a variety of papers dealing with various aspects of library and archival collections possessing materials on Cuba.
Recent Research on Latin American Urbanization: A Selective Survey with Commentary
Authors: Morse Richard M.
Published: October 2022

A comprehensive survey of recent research on latin american urbanization would be a large task for a team of specialists, particularly if it were to include local as well as comparative studies, the working papers which circulate through government and academic offices, and all the scholarly disciplines which now contribute to the topic. This paper is no more than a sampling of research on selected aspects of urbanization, interlarded with commentary and a bit of opinion. Except for Section 1, emphasis is upon scholarly output of the past five years. Whatever unity the presentation may have springs from the interests of a historian who is less concerned with physical and social engineering than with identifying cultural and institutional imperatives of the past which shape contemporary social process.
Latin American Studies in Japan
Authors: Andrade Gustavo S. J.
Published: October 2022

The pacific region contains two of the countries of the world with the highest GNP. The United States dominates the Americas; Japan comes closer every day to achieving the same position in regard to the countries of Southeast Asia. At one conference of Asian Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Japan promised to raise its aid budget to the developing nations to 1 per cent of her GNP by 1975, but at the same time called upon the other countries to try to solve their problems on their own, by making adequate use of economic aid.
Mexican Emigration History, 1900-1970: Literature and Research
Authors: Corwin Arthur F.
Published: October 2022

Had massive migration of mexican labor to the southwest not taken place in the twentieth century, it is probable, as Ruth Tuck observed in Not with the Fist: Mexican-Americans in a Southwest City (N.Y., 1946; 29-30), that “side-eddies” of native Spanish-speaking would have been gradually swept into the mainstream of American life, as they almost were in California by 1900. Or perhaps these Spanish-speakers would have remained a picturesque folk in such isolated areas as northern New Mexico and South Texas. But massive migration from Mexico did occur at the opening of this century, adding a new chapter to Southwestern settlement and development, a chapter that differs from the old romanticized Southwest as much as a Chicano barrio or migrant camp differs from a restored Spanish mission or a New Mexico adobe. And yet this chapter—now so important to the ethnic study movement—has been almost totally neglected by Latin Americanists both in the United States and Mexico.
United States Government Figures on Latin American Military Expenditures
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: October 2022

As all good social scientists know, to analyze a problem properly one needs hard data, the harder the better. The United States government thinks so too, and is a prolific producer and consumer of statistics. If one wishes to do research on the military expenditures of the Latin American countries, for example, one has available not one but at least four sets of statistics complied by or for the federal government.

At this point, however, difficulties emerge: these sets of statistics not only are not identical, but often differ so drastically that they lead to diametrically opposed conclusions.
Women's Roles in Nineteenth-Century Chile: Public Education Records, 1843-1883
Authors: Yeager Gertrude M.
Published: October 2022

In 1877 Miguel Luis Amunátegui, noted historian and Chile's Minister of Education, observed aptly that while the Chinese bound their daughters' feet, his countrymen bound their daughters' minds. Amunátegui's dictum reveals an official concern for women's education that was unique in nineteenth-century Latin America. Chile's efforts to remove the “bindings” from the minds of its young women are important in several respects. Education was in fact the linchpin of an ambitious strategy to revamp and modernize every aspect of Chilean society. Because of the centrality of formal education in this experiment and the intensity of thinking on the subject, when women's education was addressed in official circles, female roles were being defined as part of a coherent national ideology. The Chilean experiments in education thus provide a rare opportunity to observe explicit, detailed reflection on women's roles. Unequivocal official commitment to public education in Chile also resulted in the creation of a large bureaucracy that in turn collected immense quantities of data on household size, family income, occupation, and related subjects. Much of this data concerns women and insofar as it documents the “social bedrock” so often obscured to scholars, it is immensely useful for women's history.
Latin American Studies in India
Authors: Narayanan R.
Published: October 2022

Educated classes in India have long been accustomed to talk of the “common problems” of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In the past, they have been content to rely almost exclusively on popular books in the English language published in Britain and the United States for information concerning those regions. Of the three continents with a sense of common identity, Latin America is physically the farthest from India and also the area that has afforded least direct contact. While these factors contributed to an attitude towards Latin America that was friendly and devoid of negative sentiments, they also resulted in a much slower awakening among the educated and elite groups of the desirability of initiating rigorous programs of study and research on contemporary Latin American institutions and developments. It was only a decade ago that a modest effort in this direction was begun in the School of International Studies of Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India. The program is now attracting somewhat greater interest from students, researchers, and agencies than was anticipated by the few enthusiasts who launched it ten years ago without any prospect of financial support from educational authorities and funding agencies.
Household Economic Strategies: Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Schmink Marianne
Published: October 2022

Within a number of disciplines such as anthropology, demography, economics, history, and sociology, renewed interest recently has been manifested in research on family and domestic groups. In contrast to traditional studies that sought universal patterns of family structure and function, contemporary research tends to devote greater attention to the diversity of historically specific patterns (Yanagisako 1979). Many scholars are currently focusing on the relationship between changing forms of production and the domestic group formations through which the immediate material needs of most individuals are met.
Análisis del Voto de Izquierda en Santiago de Chile: Un Modelo Causal
Authors: Isuani Ernesto Aldo , Cervini Rubén Alberto
Published: October 2022

En el presente trabajo expondremos la formalización de una hipótesis teórica acerca de las causas del voto de izquierda. El propósito es fundamentalmente rebatir el presupuesto de unicausalidad en la explicación del radicalismo político. Además, las hipótesis formuladas han sido de tipo sustantivo y por tanto, intentamos básicamente ilustrarlas más que generalizar los resultados obtenidos.
Studying Latin American Politics: Some Implications of A Dependencia Approach
Authors: Fagen Richard R.
Published: October 2022

This essay deals with the study of Latin American politics in the United States. The basic question asked is: “Where do we go from here if we take seriously that body of thought loosely and somewhat misleadingly known as dependency theory?” It argues that even though the literature is at times incomplete, confusing, and contradictory, the issues to which it directs us warrant our most serious attention.