bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extinction and recolonization of maritime Antarctica in the limpet Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908) during the last glacial cycle: toward a model of Quaternary biogeography in shallow Antarctic invertebrates
Authors: González‐Wevar C. A. , Saucède T. , Morley S. A. , Chown S. L. , Poulin E.
Published: October 2013

Quaternary glaciations in Antarctica drastically modified geographical ranges and population sizes of marine benthic invertebrates and thus affected the amount and distribution of intraspecific genetic variation. Here, we present new genetic information in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna, a dominant Antarctic benthic species along shallow ice‐free rocky ecosystems. We examined the patterns of genetic diversity and structure in this broadcast spawner along maritime Antarctica and from the peri‐Antarctic island of South Georgia. Genetic analyses showed that N. concinna represents a single panmictic unit in maritime Antarctic. Low levels of genetic diversity characterized this population; its median‐joining haplotype network revealed a typical star‐like topology with a short genealogy and a dominant haplotype broadly distributed. As previously reported with nuclear markers, we detected significant genetic differentiation between South Georgia Island and maritime Antarctica populations. Higher levels of genetic diversity, a more expanded genealogy and the presence of more private haplotypes support the hypothesis of glacial persistence in this peri‐Antarctic island. Bayesian Skyline plot and mismatch distribution analyses recognized an older demographic history in South Georgia. Approximate Bayesian computations did not support the persistence of N. concinna along maritime Antarctica during the last glacial period, but indicated the resilience of the species in peri‐Antarctic refugia (South Georgia Island). We proposed a model of Quaternary Biogeography for Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates with shallow and narrow bathymetric ranges including (i) extinction of maritime Antarctic populations during glacial periods; (ii) persistence of populations in peri‐Antarctic refugia; and (iii) recolonization of maritime Antarctica following the deglaciation process.
Whole‐genome sequencing of two North American Drosophila melanogaster populations reveals genetic differentiation and positive selection
Authors: Campo D. , Lehmann K. , Fjeldsted C. , Souaiaia T. , Kao J. , Nuzhdin S. V.
Published: October 2013

The prevailing demographic model for Drosophila melanogaster suggests that the colonization of North America occurred very recently from a subset of European flies that rapidly expanded across the continent. This model implies a sudden population growth and range expansion consistent with very low or no population subdivision. As flies adapt to new environments, local adaptation events may be expected. To describe demographic and selective events during North American colonization, we have generated a data set of 35 individual whole‐genome sequences from inbred lines of D. melanogaster from a west coast US population (Winters, California, USA) and compared them with a public genome data set from Raleigh (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA). We analysed nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and described levels of variation and divergence within and between these two North American D. melanogaster populations. Both populations exhibit negative values of Tajima's D across the genome, a common signature of demographic expansion. We also detected a low but significant level of genome‐wide differentiation between the two populations, as well as multiple allele surfing events, which can be the result of gene drift in local subpopulations on the edge of an expansion wave. In contrast to this genome‐wide pattern, we uncovered a 50‐kilobase segment in chromosome arm 3L that showed all the hallmarks of a soft selective sweep in both populations. A comparison of allele frequencies within this divergent region among six populations from three continents allowed us to cluster these populations in two differentiated groups, providing evidence for the action of natural selection on a global scale.
Improving accuracy of DNA diet estimates using food tissue control materials and an evaluation of proxies for digestion bias
Authors: Thomas Austen C. , Jarman Simon N. , Haman Katherine H. , Trites Andrew W. , Deagle Bruce E.
Published: October 2013

Ecologists are increasingly interested in quantifying consumer diets based on food DNA in dietary samples and high‐throughput sequencing of marker genes. It is tempting to assume that food DNA sequence proportions recovered from diet samples are representative of consumer's diet proportions, despite the fact that captive feeding studies do not support that assumption. Here, we examine the idea of sequencing control materials of known composition along with dietary samples in order to correct for technical biases introduced during amplicon sequencing and biological biases such as variable gene copy number. Using the Ion Torrent PGM©, we sequenced prey DNA amplified from scats of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed a constant diet including three fish species in known proportions. Alongside, we sequenced a prey tissue mix matching the seals’ diet to generate tissue correction factors (TCFs). TCFs improved the diet estimates (based on sequence proportions) for all species and reduced the average estimate error from 28 ± 15% (uncorrected) to 14 ± 9% (TCF‐corrected). The experimental design also allowed us to infer the magnitude of prey‐specific digestion biases and calculate digestion correction factors (DCFs). The DCFs were compared with possible proxies for differential digestion (e.g. fish protein%, fish lipid%) revealing a strong relationship between the DCFs and percent lipid of the fish prey, suggesting prey‐specific corrections based on lipid content would produce accurate diet estimates in this study system. These findings demonstrate the value of parallel sequencing of food tissue mixtures in diet studies and offer new directions for future research in quantitative DNA diet analysis.
Simulation‐Optimization Models for the Dynamic Berth Allocation Problem
Authors: Arango Carlos , Cortés Pablo , Onieva Luis , Escudero Alejandro
Published: October 2013

Container terminals (CTs) are designed to provide support for the continuous changes in container ships. The most common schemes used for dock management are based on discrete and continuous locations. In view of the steadily growing trend in increasing container ship size, more flexible berth allocation planning is mandatory. The consideration of continuous location in the CT is a good option. This article addresses the berth allocation problem with continuous dock, which is called dynamic berth allocation problem. We propose a mathematical model and develop a heuristic procedure, based on a genetic algorithm, to solve the corresponding mixed integer problem. Allocation planning aims to minimize distances traveled by the forklifts and the quay crane, for container loading and unloading operations for each ship, according to the quay crane scheduling. Simulations are undertaken using Arena software, and experimental analysis is carried out for the most important CT in Spain.
Oligomerization and higher‐order assembly contribute to sub‐cellular localization of a bacterial scaffold
Authors: Bowman Grant R. , Perez Adam M. , Ptacin Jerod L. , Ighodaro Eseosa , Folta‐Stogniew Ewa , Comolli Luis R. , Shapiro Lucy
Published: October 2013

In Caulobacter crescentus, the PopZ polar scaffold protein supports asymmetric cell division by recruiting distinct sets of binding partners to opposite cell poles. To understand how polar organizing centres are established by PopZ, we investigated a set of mutated PopZ proteins for defects in sub‐cellular localization and recruitment activity. We identified a domain within the C‐terminal 76 amino acids that is necessary and sufficient for accumulation as a single subcellular focus, a domain within the N‐terminal 23 amino acids that is necessary for bipolar targeting, and a linker domain between these localization determinants that tolerates large variation. Mutations that inhibited dynamic PopZ localization inhibited the recruitment of other factors to cell poles. Mutations in the C‐terminal domain also blocked discrete steps in the assembly of higher‐order structures. Biophysical analysis of purified wild type and assembly defective mutant proteins indicates that PopZ self‐associates into an elongated trimer, which readily forms a dimer of trimers through lateral contact. The final six amino acids of PopZ are necessary for connecting the hexamers into filaments, and these structures are important for sub‐cellular localization. Thus, PopZ undergoes multiple orders of self‐assembly, and the formation of an interconnected superstructure is a key feature of polar organization in Caulobacter.
Comamonas testosteroni uses a chemoreceptor for tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to trigger chemotactic responses towards aromatic compounds
Authors: Ni Bin , Huang Zhou , Fan Zheng , Jiang Cheng‐Ying , Liu Shuang‐Jiang
Published: October 2013

Bacterial chemotaxis towards aromatic compounds has been frequently observed; however, knowledge of how bacteria sense aromatic compounds is limited. Comamonas testosteroni CNB‐1 is able to grow on a range of aromatic compounds. This study investigated the chemotactic responses of CNB‐1 to 10 aromatic compounds. We constructed a chemoreceptor‐free, non‐chemotactic mutant, CNB‐1Δ20, by disruption of all 19 putative methyl‐accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) and the atypical chemoreceptor in strain CNB‐1. Individual complementation revealed that a putative MCP (tagged MCP2201) was involved in triggering chemotaxis towards all 10 aromatic compounds. The recombinant sensory domain of MCP2201 did not bind to 3‐ or 4‐hydroxybenzoate, protocatechuate, catechol, benzoate, vanillate and gentisate, but bound oxaloacetate, citrate, cis‐aconitate, isocitrate, α‐ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate and malate. The mutant CNB‐1ΔpmdF that lost the ability to metabolize 4‐hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate also lost its chemotactic response to these compounds, suggesting that taxis towards aromatic compounds is metabolism‐dependent. Based on the ligand profile, we proposed that MCP2201 triggers taxis towards aromatic compounds by sensing TCA cycle intermediates. Our hypothesis was further supported by the finding that introduction of the previously characterized pseudomonad chemoreceptor (McpS) for TCA cycle intermediates into CNB‐1Δ20 likewise triggered chemotaxis towards aromatic compounds.
The putative Poc complex controls two distinct Pseudomonas aeruginosa polar motility mechanisms
Authors: Cowles Kimberly N. , Moser Theresa S. , Siryaporn Albert , Nyakudarika Natsai , Dixon William , Turner Jonathan J. , Gitai Zemer
Published: October 2013

Each Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell localizes two types of motility structures, a single flagellum and one or two clusters of type IV pili, to the cell poles. Previous studies suggested that these motility structures arrive at the pole through distinct mechanisms. Here we performed a swimming motility screen to identify polar flagellum localization factors and discovered three genes homologous to the TonB/ExbB/ExbD complex that have defects in both flagella‐mediated swimming and pilus‐mediated twitching motility. We found that deletion of tonB3, PA2983 or PA2982 led to non‐polar localization of the flagellum and FlhF, which was thought to sit at the top of the flagellar localization hierarchy. Surprisingly, these mutants also exhibited pronounced changes in pilus formation or localization, indicating that these proteins may co‐ordinate both the pilus and flagellum motility systems. Thus, we have renamed PA2983 and PA2982, pocA and pocB, respectively, for polar organelle co‐ordinator to reflect this function. Our results suggest that TonB3, PocA and PocB may form a membrane‐associated complex, which we term the Poc complex. These proteins do not exhibit polar localization themselves, but are required for increased expression of pilus genes upon surface association, indicating that they regulate motility structures through either localization or transcriptional mechanisms.
Organizational support in the recruitment and transition of overseas‐qualified nurses: Lessons learnt from a study tour
Authors: Ohr Se Ok , Jeong Sarah , Parker Vicki , McMillan Margaret
Published: October 2013

The migration of nurses has been a global phenomenon, and the integration of overseas‐qualified nurses within host countries has led to debate worldwide. Evidence suggests that support provided by organizations can vary and that there is minimal information on the nature and extent of organizational support required to enhance a smooth transition of overseas‐qualified nurses into nursing practice. This explorative study tour examined the organizational support provided to enhance overseas‐qualified nurses' transition into the nursing workforce in two countries. The various support mechanisms provided to overseas‐qualified nurses in different organizations include transition, acculturation, mentoring programs, and initial settlement assistance. The successful transition of overseas‐qualified nurses into a host country is a complex issue. A robust support system for these nurses should be based on ethical considerations and a team approach that is linked to strong leadership. In addition, education and support for existing staff is essential for a successful transition of overseas‐qualified nurses into practice. Lessons learnt from this study tour might also be relevant to the transition of other overseas‐qualified health professionals, such as doctors and allied health professionals, in host countries.
Isoprene emission protects photosynthesis but reduces plant productivity during drought in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants
Authors: Ryan Annette C. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Possell Malcolm , Vickers Claudia E. , Purnell Anna , Mullineaux Philip M. , Davies William J. , Dodd Ian C.
Published: October 2013

Isoprene protects the photosynthetic apparatus of isoprene‐emitting plants from oxidative stress. The role of isoprene in the response of plants to drought is less clear.

Water was withheld from transgenic isoprene‐emitting and non‐emitting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, to examine: the response of isoprene emission to plant water deficit; a possible relationship between concentrations of the drought‐induced phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and isoprene; and whether isoprene affected foliar reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels.

Isoprene emission did not affect whole‐plant water use, foliar ABA concentration or leaf water potential under water deficit. Compared with well‐watered controls, droughted non‐emitting plants significantly increased ROS content (31–46%) and lipid peroxidation (30–47%), concomitant with decreased operating and maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry and lower leaf and whole‐plant water use efficiency (WUE). Droughted isoprene‐emitting plants showed no increase in ROS content or lipid peroxidation relative to well‐watered controls, despite isoprene emission decreasing before leaf wilting.

Although isoprene emission protected the photosynthetic apparatus and enhanced leaf and whole‐plant WUE, non‐emitting plants had 8–24% more biomass under drought, implying that isoprene emission incurred a yield penalty.
Indirect effects drive evolutionary responses to global change
Authors: Lau Jennifer A. , Shaw Ruth G. , Reich Peter B. , Tiffin Peter
Published: October 2013

Anthropogenic environmental changes pose significant threats to plant and animal populations. These changes also may affect the evolution of natural populations either directly or indirectly by altering the outcome of species interactions that are important drivers of evolution. This latter indirect pathway may be especially important for evolutionary responses to elevated atmosphericCO2concentrations (eCO2), which appear to have minimal direct effects on plant evolution but have large effects on interspecific interactions, such as competition.

We manipulated competitive andCO2environments of experimentalArabidopsis thalianapopulations to test whethereCO2alters evolutionary trajectories indirectly by altering selection imposed by competitors.

We found that interspecific competition increased selection on growth traits, reduced heritabilities, and altered genetic covariances between traits and that the magnitude of these effects depended upon theCO2environment. Although eCO2had minimal direct effects on evolutionary processes, eCO2typically reduced the strength of selection imposed by competitors and, therefore, relaxed selection on plant traits when competitors were present.

Our results indicate that global changes may affect plant evolution indirectly by altering competitive interactions and underscore the importance of conducting research in natural communities when attempting to predict population responses to global change.
Combinatorial functions of diverse histone methylations in Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time regulation
Authors: Shafiq Sarfraz , Berr Alexandre , Shen Wen‐Hui
Published: October 2013

Previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have identified several histone methylation enzymes, including ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1 (ATX1)/SET DOMAIN GROUP 27 (SDG27), ATX2/SDG30, LSD1‐LIKE1 (LDL1), LDL2, SDG8, SDG25, and CURLY LEAF (CLF)/SDG1, as regulators of the key flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). However, the combinatorial functions of these enzymes remain largely uninvestigated.

Here, we investigated functional interplays of different histone methylation enzymes by studying higher order combinations of their corresponding gene mutants.

We showed that H3K4me2/me3 and H3K36me3 depositions occur largely independently and that SDG8‐mediated H3K36me3 overrides ATX1/ATX2‐mediated H3K4me2/me3 or LDL1/LDL2‐mediated H3K4 demethylation in regulating FLC expression and flowering time. By contrast, a reciprocal inhibition was observed between deposition of the active mark H3K4me2/me3 and/or H3K36me3 and deposition of the repressive mark H3K27me3 at both FLC and FT chromatin; and the double mutants sdg8 clf and sdg25 clf displayed enhanced early‐flowering phenotypes of the respective single mutants.

Collectively, our results provide important insights into the interactions of different types of histone methylation and enzymes in the regulation of FLC and FT expression in flowering time control.
N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone uptake and systemic transport in barley rest upon active parts of the plant
Authors: Sieper Tina , Forczek Sandor , Matucha Miroslav , Krämer Petra , Hartmann Anton , Schröder Peter
Published: October 2013

Bacteria communicate with each other in a population density‐dependent process known as quorum sensing. N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones (HSLs) are the autoinducers of Gram‐negative bacteria and the best‐studied quorum sensing signals so far. HSLs induce various responses in plants, including systemic resistance and root development.

Here, we used different methods, including tritium labelling, sensor strain assays and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), to analyse the uptake and translocation of C8‐ and C10‐ homoserine lactones into barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Barke).

Both HSLs were already systemically transported into the shoot at 2 h after application. HSL uptake could be inhibited by orthovanadate, demonstrating that ABC transporters are involved in the uptake. Root transport occurs predominantly via the central cylinder, which was shown by transport inhibition via KCl application and autoradiography of root cross‐sections. Furthermore, a newly established detection method with mAbs allowed the first detection of a systemic transport of long‐chain HSLs in plants.

The coupled use of different HSL detection methods demonstrated that the uptake and transport of HSLs into barley does not occur passively, but relies, at least partially, on active processes in the plant.
Maize flour fortification in Africa: markets, feasibility, coverage, and costs
Authors: Fiedler John L. , Afidra Ronald , Mugambi Gladys , Tehinse John , Kabaghe Gladys , Zulu Rodah , Lividini Keith , Smitz Marc‐Francois , Jallier Vincent , Guyondet Christophe , Bermudez Odilia
Published: October 2013

The economic feasibility of maize flour and maize meal fortification in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia is assessed using information about the maize milling industry, households’ purchases and consumption levels of maize flour, and the incremental cost and estimated price impacts of fortification. Premix costs comprise the overwhelming share of incremental fortification costs and vary by 50% in Kenya and by more than 100% across the three countries. The estimated incremental cost of maize flour fortification per metric ton varies from $3.19 in Zambia to $4.41 in Uganda. Assuming all incremental costs are passed onto the consumer, fortification in Zambia would result in at most a 0.9% increase in the price of maize flour, and would increase annual outlays of the average maize flour–consuming household by 0.2%. The increases for Kenyans and Ugandans would be even less. Although the coverage of maize flour fortification is not likely to be as high as some advocates have predicted, fortification is economically feasible, and would reduce deficiencies of multiple micronutrients, which are significant public health problems in each of these countries.
Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: Frequency, Course, Predictors, and Patients’ Requests for Treatment
Authors: LANG SASKIA , BECKER RÜDIGER , WILKE STEFANIE , HARTMANN MECHTHILD , HERZOG WOLFGANG , LÖWE BERND
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To determine (1) the frequency and course of anxiety disorders in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), (2) the predictors of anxiety, (3) the treatment situation and patients’ requests for therapy.

Methods

Quantitative and qualitative methods in a prospective design. At baseline, 327 ICD outpatients completed validated self‐report questionnaires (participation rate = 77%). Five months later, a predefined subsample of patients (n = 108, participation rate = 81%) consisting of all patients with (n = 58) and a randomly selected subsample of patients without (n = 50) elevated symptoms of anxiety at baseline, was reassessed using a structured diagnostic interview, the baseline questionnaires, and open‐ended questions.

Results

At baseline, 19.2% of patients suffered from at least some form of clinically relevant anxiety with an overall remission rate of 56.5% at follow‐up. Predictive for anxiety at follow‐up were higher levels of stress (odds ratio [OR], 1.52, P < 0.001), depression (OR, 1.26, P < 0.001), somatic symptom severity (OR, 1.25, P < 0.001), more perceived ICD‐related constraints (OR, 2.4, P = 0.007), lower quality of life (physical health: OR, 0.91, P = 0.004; mental health: OR, 0.87, P = 0.001), and a higher New York Heart Association class (OR, 7.99, P = 0.002) at baseline. Only 35.3% of patients received an evidenced‐based treatment for their anxiety disorder. A supervised ICD patient group was the most preferred treatment (51.1%).

Conclusions

Most patients seemed to adapt well to ICD therapy. Patients suffering from additional psychological strains and reporting more negative ICD‐related attitudes were at risk for developing an anxiety disorder. Special tailored interventions, such as a supervised ICD patient group, could reduce the gap between treatment needs and the treatment situation.
The production of recombinant cationic α‐helical antimicrobial peptides in plant cells induces the formation of protein bodies derived from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Company Nuri , Nadal Anna , La Paz José‐Luis , Martínez Sílvia , Rasche Stefan , Schillberg Stefan , Montesinos Emilio , Pla Maria
Published: October 2013

Synthetic linear antimicrobial peptides with cationic α‐helical structures, such as BP100, are valuable as novel therapeutics and preservatives. However, they tend to be toxic when expressed at high levels as recombinant peptides in plants, and they can be difficult to detect and isolate from complex plant tissues because they are strongly cationic and display low extinction coefficient and extremely limited immunogenicity. We therefore expressed BP100 with a C‐terminal tag which preserved its antimicrobial activity and demonstrated significant accumulation in plant cells. We used a fluorescent tag to trace BP100 following transiently expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and showed that it accumulated in large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) along with typical ER luminal proteins. Interestingly, the formation of these vesicles was induced by BP100. Similar vesicles formed in stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but the recombinant peptide was toxic to the host during latter developmental stages. This was avoided by selecting active BP100 derivatives based on their low haemolytic activity even though the selected peptides remained toxic to plant cells when applied exogenously at high doses. Using this strategy, we generated transgenic rice lines producing active BP100 derivatives with a yield of up to 0.5% total soluble protein.
Donors' characteristics and impact on outcomes in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Conway Jennifer , Chin Clifford , Kemna Mariska , Burch Michael , Barnes Aliessa , Tresler Margaret , Scheel Janet N. , Naftel David C. , Beddow Kimberly , Allain‐Rooney Tina , Dipchand Anne I.
Published: October 2013

Organ availability and acceptability limit pediatric HTx. What characteristics define an unacceptable or high‐risk pediatric donor remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize a large cohort of pediatric donors and determine the donor risk factors, including cumulative risk, that affect recipient survival. Data from the PHTS, a prospective multicenter study, were used to examine the impact of donor factors on the outcomes of patients listed <18 yr of age who received a HTx between 1993 and 2009. Donor data were available for 3149 of 3156 HTx (99.8%). Donor cause of death, need for inotropes, or CPR did not affect survival outcomes (p = 0.05). Ischemic time also did not have an impact on overall recipient survival; however, longer ischemic times negatively impacted one‐yr post‐transplant survival (p < 0.0001). There was no impact of cumulative risk factors on survival (p = 0.8). Although used in a minority of cases, hormonal therapy in the donor positively impacted survival (p = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the only donor factor associated with decreased survival was smaller donor BSA, the other factors being related to the recipient characteristics. When analyzed by recipient age, there were no donor‐related factors that affected survival for those who received a transplant at <6 months of age. Longer ischemic time (p < 0.0001) and greater age difference between the recipient and donor (p = 0.0098) were donor‐related factors impacting early‐phase survival for recipients who received a graft at ≥10 yr of age. Factors perceived to define a marginal or high‐risk pediatric heart donor including inotrope use, CPR and donor cause of death may have less impact on outcomes than previously thought. Longer ischemic times did impact one yr, but not overall survival, and this impact was much greater with older donors. Parameters for accepting a donor heart can potentially be expanded, especially in the infant age group, but strong consideration should always be given to the interaction between ischemic time and donor age.
Male mating costs in a butterfly that produces small ejaculates
Authors: CABALLERO‐MENDIETA NUBIA , CORDERO CARLOS
Published: October 2013

In many insects, ejaculate size is positively related to male fitness, although the production of large ejaculates entails physiological costs that can result in decreased male longevity. Ejaculate production costs have been studied in butterfly species because males generally produce large ejaculates that are rich in resources. However, lepidopterans show interspecific variation with respect to relative investment in ejaculates (i.e. percentage of male body weight invested in ejaculates) that could influence the magnitude of costs. The physiological costs of ejaculate production are expected to differ between males with different amounts of resources stored. The effect of male size (an estimate of the amount of resources stored) on ejaculate production and on survivorship costs of multiple mating is studied in males of Leptophobia aripa Boisduval (Pieridae), the butterfly with the smallest relative investment in spermatophores recorded to date (0.31%). ‘Small males’ produce smaller spermatophores, although male size has no effect on ejaculate size (spermatophore + accessory substances), indicating that ‘small males’ make a relatively larger investment in the production of accessory substances. The results indicate that L. aripa males are able to modify the relative amount of resources invested in ejaculate production. Multiple mating has a negative effect on male longevity and this effect depends on male size: in comparison with virgin males, the longevity of ‘small males’ decreases after just one copula, whereas the longevity of ‘large males’ decreases after two copulations. The possible reasons why ‘small males’ invest relatively more resources in ejaculate production, despite the fact that they pay larger costs, are discussed.
English Health Visitors' Perceptions of Conducting Indoor Environmental Assessments: Barriers and Facilitators
Authors: Richardson George , Eick Susan Ann.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The aim of this qualitative research was to explore health visitors' perceptions of assessing their clients' homes and providing evidence‐informed advice about environmental health.

Design and Sample

Between 2004 and 2007, an explorative study was conducted in Plymouth, England, during which interviews were held with health visitors trained to conduct environmental assessments in combination with routine visits.

Measures

Face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interviews were conducted. Content analysis was used to explore emergent themes.

Results

The health visitors perceived that assessing the indoor environment was relevant to their role; however, conducting environmental measurements within routine visits was not feasible. The main barriers were the changing roles of health visitors (reducing time available), the time implications of being perceived as an environmental expert, and the impact on clients, such as raising expectations, imposing opinions on the state of clients' homes, and expecting clients to implement advice. Facilitators included the natural link to health visitors' roles, the ability to provide evidence of an environmental risk, and the satisfaction of observing clients implementing advice.

Conclusions

Health visitors lacked propositional knowledge on the indoor environment, highlighting a need for more training. Access to an environmental assessment system increased the health visitors' confidence in dealing with indoor environmental issues.
One‐Pot Fabrication of RGO–Ag3VO4 Nanocomposites by in situ Photoreduction using Different Sacrificial Agents: High Selectivity Toward Catechol Synthesis and Photodegradation Ability
Authors: Das Dipti P. , Samal Alaka , Das Jasobanta , Dash Ajit , Gupta Hariom
Published: October 2013

Weak photon absorption and fast carrier kinetics in graphene restrict its applications in photosensitive reactions. Such restrictions/limitations can be overcome by covalent coupling of another photosensitive nanostructure to graphene, forming graphene‐semiconductor nanocomposites. Herein, we report one‐pot synthesis of RGO–Ag3VO4 nanocomposites using various sacrificial agents like ethanol, methanol, propanol and ethylene glycol (EG) under visible light illumination. The Raman spectral analysis and 13C MAS NMR suggest ethanol to be the best sacrificial agent among those studied. Thermal analysis studies, further, confirm the stability of the synthesized nanocomposite with ethanol as sacrificial agent. In view of this, the activity toward dye degradation was focused over the composites prepared via ethanol as sacrificial agent. It was observed and proved that cationic dyes could be degraded quantitatively and swiftly compared to anionic dyes (37.79%) in 1.5 h. This suggests that the surface of the nanocomposites is anionic as partial reduction takes place during synthesis process. In case of mixed dye degradation process, it was noticed that the presence of cationic dye doubles the degradation of anionic dye. The activity of these synthesized nanocomposites is more than five‐fold toward the phototransformation of phenol and photodegradation of textile dyes under visible light illumination.
Sucrose induces expression of the sorbitol‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene in source leaves of loquat
Authors: Suzuki Yasuo , Dandekar Abhaya M.
Published: October 2013

Rosaceae fruit trees use sorbitol and sucrose as translocating sugars and the sorbitol‐to‐sucrose ratio in source leaves determines apple fruit quality. Here, we investigate the effects of sugars on the expression of genes encoding key photosynthetic enzymes, including sorbitol‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH, EC 1.1.1.200), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14), and ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase, EC 2.7.7.27) to understand the sugar‐signaling mechanism in Rosaceae fruit trees. Mature leaf‐petiole cuttings of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. Mogi) were supplied with a water, sorbitol or sucrose solution for 2 days at 20°C. The relative levels of the transcripts were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). S6PDH transcription was decreased by sorbitol but drastically increased by sucrose. SPS and ADPGPPase large subunit transcription were decreased by sucrose and sorbitol. The simultaneous application of sorbitol and sucrose revealed that S6PDH transcription increased in a dose‐dependent manner with sucrose. These results show that both sorbitol and sucrose work as signaling molecules in source organs of Rosaceae fruit trees. These trees have mechanisms to positively keep sorbitol as the dominant translocating sugar, suggesting that sorbitol plays an important role in their survival strategy. Effects of various sugars on S6PDH expression were investigated. Palatinose, a sucrose analog, increased S6PDH transcription much more drastically than sucrose. Mannose and 3‐O‐methylglucose, glucose analogs, also increased S6PDH transcription; however, glucose did not. Models of sugar signaling in source organs of Rosaceae fruit trees are discussed.
Citizen, Customer, Partner: Rethinking the Place of the Public in Public Management
Authors: Thomas John Clayton
Published: October 2013

Scholars and practitioners have long debated what role the public should play in public management. When members of the public interact with the administrative side of government, should they be treated as customers, as citizens, or in some other manner? This article takes as its premise that members of the public assume three principal roles relative to public management: as customers, as partners, and as citizens. After placing these roles in the context of the history of public administration, the article draws from recent research to recommend guidelines for how public managers can work effectively with the public in these several capacities.
Interorganizational Mobility within the U.S. Federal Government: Examining the Effect of Individual and Organizational Factors
Authors: Wynen Jan , Op de Beeck Sophie , Hondeghem Annie
Published: October 2013

Interorganizational mobility can make a positive contribution both organizationally and government‐wide. Using data from the U.S. Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, this article seeks to provide a better empirical understanding of the determinants of interorganizational mobility within the U.S. federal government. A specific analytical framework is used, as the intention to take another job within the federal government is nested in the intention to leave the current organization. The results highlight that gender, minority status, length of service, and promotion are determinants of interorganizational mobility within the U.S. federal government.
The philosopher Hobbes as the poet Homer
Authors: Condren Conal
Published: October 2013

Until recently Hobbes's translations of Homer have received little attention. That he made some effort to make the epics conform to his political doctrines has been established. The argument here is that the translations as a whole are informed by his conception of philosophy and his sense of the philosopher's responsibility. The oversimplification of his understanding of philosophy has itself helped isolate his Homer from the rest of his work. To recognize that Hobbes's Homeric epics were the work of a philosopher does something to explain the hostility they generated, and the need to translate Homer afresh.
Selective Inference on Multiple Families of Hypotheses
Authors: Benjamini Yoav , Bogomolov Marina
Published: October 2013

In many complex multiple-testing problems the hypotheses are divided into families. Given the data, families with evidence for true discoveries are selected, and hypotheses within them are tested. Neither controlling the error rate in each family separately nor controlling the error rate over all hypotheses together can assure some level of confidence about the filtration of errors within the selected families. We formulate this concern about selective inference in its generality, for a very wide class of error rates and for any selection criterion, and present an adjustment of the testing level inside the selected families that retains control of the expected average error over the selected families.
Rethinking Land Grab Ontology
Authors: McMichael Philip
Published: October 2013

The current bout of land annexation expresses a particular moment in modern history—specifically the condensation of a series of linked crises. Arguably the world is at an ecological tipping point, and how land resources are managed now is of paramount concern. Of course, land management has variable meaning, with quite different ontological consequences. The difference registers in the distinct visions expressed, for example, by the World Bank and the United Nations Human Rights Rapporteur, Olivier de Schutter, regarding the implications of the land grab for global food security. While the bank proposes responsible investments in “land acquisition,” the rapporteur argues that this is a way of “responsibly destroying the world's peasantry.” The former, concerned with governing the rights of capital, expresses a form of neoproductivism, signaled in the concept of “sustainable intensification” increasingly underwritten by agribusiness. The latter, concerned with protecting the material rights of rural inhabitants, expresses an ontology centered on the sustainability of agroecological methods used by farmers who know and value their landscapes. More than simply alternative visions, these represent different responses to the combined food, energy, and climate crises, informing quite distinctive ontologies concerning the relationship between “food security,” environmental crisis, and land management, which I address in this article in terms of the “ecology of food security.”
Perceived Impacts from Wind Farm and Natural Gas Development in Northern Pennsylvania
Authors: Jacquet Jeffrey B. , Stedman Richard C.
Published: October 2013

This study examines the environmental, social, and economic impacts that landowners perceive from the simultaneous development of an industrial‐scale wind farm and extensive natural gas drilling in an area of northern Pennsylvania. A mail survey (N = 1,028) reveals that the types of perceived impact from wind and natural gas are similar overall, although the perceived magnitude of positive and negative impacts is greater from natural gas drilling. Impact perception was found to explain a large portion of residents' overall attitudes toward the energy developments, and residents' place meanings for the area also explain some attitudinal variation. Additionally, factors such as place attachment and length and type of residency were found to have little or no effect on either the perception of impact or resident attitudes toward development.
Breast Lump as an Unusual Manifestation of Massive Rotator Cuff Tear
Authors: Van Tongel Alexander , Begum Ruzi , Atoun Ehud , Levy Ofer
Published: October 2013

Acromioclavicular joint cysts have been reported in association with extensive rotator cuff tears. However, cysts related to rotator cuff pathology can aslo form in other areas. In this case report, we describe the presentation of a large breast cyst associated with rotator cuff arthropathy mimicking a rapidly enlarging breast tumor.
Controversies in Timing of Dialysis Initiation and the Role of Race and Demographics
Authors: Streja Elani , Nicholas Susanne B. , Norris Keith C.
Published: October 2013

Dialysis remains the predominant form of renal replacement therapy in the United States, but the optimal timing for the initiation of dialysis remains poorly defined. Not only clinical factors such as signs/symptoms of uremia, co‐existing cardiovascular disease, and presence of diabetes but also key demographic characteristics including age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomics have all been considered as potential modifying factors in the decision for the timing of dialysis initiation. The 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) suggests that dialysis be initiated when signs/symptoms attributable to kidney failure such as serositis, acid‐base or electrolyte abnormalities, pruritus, poorly controlled volume status or blood pressure, deteriorating nutritional status despite dietary intervention, or cognitive impairment are visible or noted. These signs/symptoms typically occur when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is in the range of 5–10 ml/minute/1.73 m2, although they may occur at higher levels of GFR. We review recent data on the timing of dialysis initiation, their implications for managing patients with late‐stage CKD, and the important role of considering key demographics in making patient‐centered decisions for the timing of dialysis initiation.
Worker Centers and Day Laborers’ Wages*
Authors: Meléndez Edwin J. , Visser M. Anne , Theodore Nik , Valenzuela Abel
Published: October 2013

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of day laborer worker centers on the hourly wages earned by day laborers.

Methods

Using data from the National Day Labor Survey, a two‐step method was estimated to measure the wage impacts of day labor worker centers, and to control for endogeneity and selection bias. Estimated wages were compared across hiring sites to determine whether or not a wage premium was earned by workers who participate in day labor worker centers.

Results

We find a modest, but statistically significant, wage premium earned by workers who participate in day labor worker centers, as well as evidence suggestive of the capacity of worker centers to mitigate market advantages associated with informal hiring sites.

Conclusions

We argue that while worker centers remain the most effective means through which day labor markets can be regulated and workers’ wages improved, increasing the regulatory capacity of these labor market intermediaries will require a significant “scaling up,” so that they can more fully influence the larger political, economic, and social contexts in which the day labor economy is embedded.
Do Not Count Them Out Just Yet: Assessing the Impact of Religious Conservatives on Charter School Regulations
Authors: Vieux Andrea
Published: October 2013

Objective

Past research has omitted religious explanations from analyses of charter school adoption and regulation. The following analyses suggest that religion is more of a factor in state charter school regulations than previously thought.

Methods

Ordinal logistic regression is utilized to test the influence of religious conservatives on state charter school regulations.

Results

The findings support the assertion that religious interests—particularly evangelicals—are influential in state charter school regulation.

Conclusion

Consistent with Deckman (), it is suggested that religious factors should not be overlooked when analyzing education policy.
F, Cl and S input via serpentinite in subduction zones: implications for the nature of the fluid released at depth
Authors: Debret Baptiste , Koga Kenneth T. , Nicollet Christian , Andreani Muriel , Schwartz Stéphane
Published: October 2013

The abundances of F, Cl and S in arc magmas are systematically higher than in other mantle‐derived magmas, suggesting that these elements are added from the slab along with H2O. We present ion probe microanalyses of F, Cl and S in serpentine minerals that represent the P–T evolution of the oceanic lithosphere, from its serpentinization at the ridge, to its dehydration at around 100 km depth during subduction. F, Cl and S are incorporated early into serpentine during its formation at mid‐ocean ridges, and serpentinized lithosphere then carries these elements to subduction zones. More than 50% of the F, Cl and S are removed from serpentine during the prograde metamorphic lizardite/antigorite transition. Due to the low solubility of F in water, and to the low amount of water released during this phase transition, the fluids mobilizing these elements must be dominated by SOX rather than H2O.
Mucormycosis as a rare cause of severe gastrointestinal bleeding after multivisceral transplantation
Authors: Irtan S. , Lamerain M. , Lesage F. , Verkarre V. , Bougnoux M.‐E. , Lanternier F. , Zahar J.R. , Salvi N. , Talbotec C. , Lortholary O. , Lacaille F. , Chardot C.
Published: October 2013

Mucormycosis, an emerging fungal infection in solid organ transplant patients, is mostly located in rhino‐orbito‐cerebral, pulmonary, and cutaneous areas, or disseminated with poor prognosis. A 4‐year‐old girl with chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction syndrome underwent a modified multivisceral transplantation, including half of the stomach, the duodeno‐pancreas, the small bowel, and the right colon. On postoperative day 5, a digestive perforation was suspected. Surgical exploration found a small necrotic area on the native stomach, which was externally drained. The next day, massive gastric bleeding occurred. During the emergency laparotomy, 2 hemorrhagic ulcers were found and resected from the transplanted stomach. Pathology and fungal culture showed mucormycosis caused by Lichtheimia (formerly Absidia) ramosa in both the transplanted and native stomach. High‐dose intravenous liposomal amphotericin B was immediately started. No other site of fungal infection was found. The child recovered, and 3 years after transplantation, is alive and well, off parenteral nutrition. The originality of this case is the very early presentation after transplantation, the unusual site, and the complete recovery after rapid medico‐surgical management. The origin of the fungus and treatment are discussed.