bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles minimus in the tribal districts of Jharkhand state of India
Authors: Das M K , Rahi Manju , Dhiman R C , Raghavendra K
Published: May 2024

Background and objectives: Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has been a major challenge to vector control programs and updated information to the commonly used insecticides is essential for planning appropriate vector control measures. Anopheles culicifacies and An. fluviatilis are the two main vectors prevalent in Jharkhand state of India and role of An. minimus is contemplated in the transmission of malaria in this state. All the districts in the state are predominantly inhabited by the tribal population and are endemic for malaria. A study was undertaken in 12 districts of Jharkhand state to determine the insecticide susceptibility status of the 3 prevalent primary vector species, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. minimus.

Methods: Wild-caught adult female An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. minimus, mosquitoes were collected from stratified ecotypes from different localities of 12 tribal districts of Jharkhand state during 2018 and 2019. Susceptibility tube tests were conducted following the WHO method using test kits. Mosquitoes were exposed to WHO impregnated papers with the prescribed discriminatory dosages of DDT - 4%, malathion - 5%, deltamethrin - 0.05%, permethrin - 0.75%, cyfluthrin - 0.15% and lambda cyhalothrin - 0.05%.

Results: Results indicated that An. culicifacies has developed multiple insecticide resistance in all the 12 districts of Jharkhand state. An. fluviatilis was reported resistant for the first time to DDT in all the districts but was susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin whereas in one district it showed possible resistance to malathion. An. minimus was studied in Noamundi CHC of West Singhbhum district, showed possible resistance against DDT but was susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin.

Interpretation & conclusion: The development of multiple insecticide resistance in An. culicifacies including to pyrethroids, has been a concern for malaria control programmes for effective vector management but a report of resistance to DDT for the first time in An. fluviatlis in all the districts in the state is alarming, An. minimus was found in possible resistance category to DDT in one district and both the species were reported susceptible to malathion, deltamethrin, and permethrin. The result of the present study indicates a need for regular monitoring to assess the insecticide susceptibility to formulate effective vector control measures and resistance management.
An overview of dengue viral infection circulating in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Gul Zakkia , Ijaz Asiya , Khalid Nouman , Zeb Falak , Afzal Samia , Ullah Anayat , Subhan Fazli , Ahmed Saeed
Published: May 2024

Background & objectives: Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus that infects approximately 2.5 billion people around the world. The incidence of dengue fever has rapidly increased at an alarming rate in the last few years and has affected thousands of people in Pakistan. This review explores the prevalence, serotypes and pathogenesis of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan.

Methods: A systematic review of observational studies published between 1994 and December 2019 was performed. All records of the confirmed outbreak of dengue fever in Pakistan were reviewed and articles containing no primary data were excluded.

Results: Four identified serotypes of dengue virus (DENV 1-4) circulate in different regions of the world causing epidemics. The most prevalent serotype, which is still epidemic and dominant in Pakistan, is DENV-2. Many factors like over-population, rapid urbanization, travelling, lack of vector control in dengue endemic areas and inadequate health-care are responsible of dynamic and huge raise of dengue in Pakistan.

Interpretation & conclusion: Currently there is no specific treatment for prevention of dengue virus. Recently some antiviral compounds were being tested to eradicate this disease. There is a need to develop an efficient and safe vaccine for all four serotypes to combat dengue viral infection globally and particularly in Pakistan.
Cardiac Myxomas
Authors: Nektaria Michopanou , Theologou Stavros , Christos Charitos , George Saroglou , Rokeia Eltheni , Dimitrios Savvas , Ioanna Pavlopoulou
Published: May 2024

Background:

Myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors that develop mostly at the atrial chambers of the heart and represent 0,25% of all cardiac diseases.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study aiming to analyze epidemiological and intraoperative data from cardiac myxoma cases in the hospital of the last 32 years. The study population was 145 cardiac surgical patients and was divided into 4 certain 8-year periods. 87,6% of cases had the myxoma located at left atrium and 97,2% of all patients fully recovered. 4,1% of patients relapsed and underwent a redo operation.

Results:

Mean CPB time and mean ICU length of stay increased during the 8-year periods (p < 0,001, P < 0,001, P = 0,002 and P = 0,003 respectively). In-hospital length of stay decreased to 5 days in the most recent period (p < 0,001). Cases significantly increased to 54 in the last 8-year period (p = 0,009).

Conclusion:

Improvement on cardiac imaging and a better accessibility may drive patients to earlier and safer diagnosis of myxomas preventing any deterioration of their condition. Improvement on postoperative care can also reduce in-hospital length of stay. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and guaranteed survival at 97,2% of patients.
Optimizing the management of glioblastoma per neurosurgical approach and therapeutic interventions on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Encarnacion-Santos Daniel , Chmutin Gennady , Bozkurt Ismael , Welligton Jack , Chaurasia Bipin
Published: May 2024

This article presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy of diverse neurosurgical approaches and treatment modalities in addressing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The focus is on analyzing survival rates and prognostic implications of combined therapies, aiming to significantly improve patient prognosis and life expectancy. A thorough systematic review and meta-analysis of scientific literature concerning surgical outcomes and treatments for GBM patients was conducted. Extensive searches were performed using targeted keywords (i.e., glioblastoma, neurosurgical treatments, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) across prominent databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed, covering articles published until July 2023. Analysis of the scientific literature highlights the significance of partial or total resection, alongside biopsies and radiotherapy, in eradicating microscopic residues of GBM. In addition, the utilization of temozolomide (TZM) as a secondary approved agent in highly malignant tumors, coupled with the administration use of bevacizumab (BVZ) as a first-line treatment for GBM at any stage, demonstrates a substantial increase in patient survival rates. GBM remains a long-standing challenge in the medical field. Based on the type of resection (i.e., extensive total, partial, or subtotal), a treatment regimen involving a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biopsy, and suitable immunotherapy (such as Food and Drug Administration-approved agents such as TZM, lomustine, carmustine, or BVZ) is recommended. For postoperative GBM patients with communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus, the efficacy of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in treating communicating hydrocephalus has been evidenced in studies.
Knowledge and practices of printing press workers toward noise-induced hearing loss: Giza Governorate
Authors: Mustafa Hoda M. , Rehim Afaf I.A. , Mousa Khadraa M.
Published: May 2024

Background

High-level noise exposure in the workplace is one of the most common hazards worldwide. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the most common occupational disorders. However, little is known about printing press workers’ present level of knowledge and practices about NIHL.

Aim

To assess knowledge and practices of printing press workers toward NIHL in Giza Governorate.

Design

A descriptive desitime required for answering the first tool was gn was used to fulfill the aim of this study.

Setting

The study was conducted at the book sector in Faisal, Giza Governorate, Egypt.

Sample

A purposive sample of 100 printing press workers was included in the study, who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: technicians who were exposed to printing press machines, work experience of more than 6 months at the printing press, and exposure to noise for at least 8 h per day.

Tools for data collection

(a) Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Questionnaire for printing press workers and (b) reported practices checklist.

Results

The current study result showed that a statistically significant positive correlation was found between total knowledge and total practice scores, and a statistically significant positive correlation was found between the practices of printing press workers and their educational level. A highly statistically significant positive correlation was found between monthly income and workers’ practice.

Conclusion

More than three-quarters of printing press workers had an unsatisfactory level of knowledge, and the majority of them had an unsatisfactory level of practice.

Recommendations

The current study recommended that printing workers receive continuous training on safety guidelines and enforce standard safety practices to decrease the hazards of noise in the workplace. Further researches are recommended to find out knowledge and practice among printing press workers on a large scale for generalization.
Successful Therapeutic Leukapheresis in a Patient of Lobar Pneumonia with Hyperleukocytosis: A Case Report
Authors: Yadav Anshika , Dubey Rounak , Gupta Gajendra Nath
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Hyperleukocytosis is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause leukostasis and organ dysfunction. This case report describes the case of a 69-year-old female who presented with fever, drowsiness, and consolidation in the left lung lower lobe. Initial investigations showed an increased total leukocyte count (TLC) of 89 × 103/μL, which further increased to 111.9 × 103/μL despite treating with intravenous antibiotics. A bone marrow biopsy revealed myeloid hyperplasia, but the BCR-ABL fusion gene test was negative. Due to symptomatic leukostasis and rapid deterioration of the patient’s condition, therapeutic leukapheresis (TL) was performed. During the first sitting, the device parameters were optimized for maximum platelets and the leukocytes removal. The second sitting of TL was carried out on the next day and the TLC was further reduced to 22.3 × 103/μL. The patient’s general condition and mental status improved significantly and she was taken off the mechanical ventilation and discharged after 7 days with a TLC count of 14.59 × 103/μL. She was regularly followed up for the next 3 months and the counts have remained within normal limits. The case reports highlight that TL may be helpful in similar clinical conditions with symptomatic leukostasis.
Advancing Patient Blood Management: Evaluation of Ferric Derisomaltose in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Kambali Mohd Muhaimin , Azmi Engku Hamidah Engku Muhammad
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

One of the aims of patient blood management (PBM) programs is to improve patient outcomes by managing anemia and avoiding unnecessary blood transfusions. Ferric derisomaltose (FDI) is a treatment that allows for the injection of high doses of iron in a shorter time, which makes it a promising approach for correcting iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) more efficiently. This study aimed to assess the safety, effectiveness, and cost implications of FDI in a PBM program and its impact on transfusion requirements.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted on electronic medical records of adult patients diagnosed with IDA who received FDI as part of a PBM strategy in a tertiary hospital from November 2019 to June 2021. Descriptive statistics summarized patient characteristics and outcomes. Changes in hemoglobin (Hb) levels were evaluated using a paired t-test. Cost analysis included direct and indirect expenses associated with FDI administration compared to alternative treatments.

Results:

Out of the initially enrolled 110 patients, 67 were included in the analysis. A mean increase in Hb levels of 2.7 ± 1.9 g/dL was observed as early as 4 days post-FDI administration. The majority of patients (94.0%) tolerated FDI well, with only a few experiencing mild adverse reactions. Following FDI administration, blood transfusion was avoided by 88% of patients. Cost analysis revealed that while FDI demonstrated higher direct costs compared to alternative treatments, its potential for lower total costs became apparent when considering both direct and indirect expenses.

Conclusions:

FDI demonstrated promising results in rapidly correcting IDA within a PBM program. It reduced the need for blood transfusions, with the treatment being well-tolerated by patients. The inclusion of FDI administration in PBM programs offers a convenient, efficient, and potentially cost-effective approach to managing IDA.
Phenotypic Frequency of Clinically Significant Blood Group Antigens (Rh, Kell, Kidd, and Duffy) in Blood Donors of the Blood Center at a Tertiary Care Referral Teaching Hospital in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, South India
Authors: Sreedhar Babu K. V. , Praveen M. D. , Suresh Babu B.
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

The knowledge of various blood group antigen and phenotype frequencies in a population is important in selecting compatible blood in alloimmunized patients. Such information in Indian population is very limited. Hence this study was carried out to determine the frequency of clinically significant antigens. Such information in Indian population is very limited.

Methods:

This study was carried out to determine the frequencies of the D, C, c, E, e, K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, and Jkb antigens in 1024 blood donors at our department. Samples were collected for extended antigen typing during March 2016–February 2017 for D, C, c, E, e, K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, and Jkb antigens using monoclonal antisera by column agglutination technology. Antigenic and phenotypic frequencies were expressed as percentages.

Results:

Among the Rh system, “e” antigen was found in 98.6% of donors, followed by D (92%), C (89%), c (56%), and E (17%) with DCe/DCe (R1 R1, 41.4%) as the most common phenotype. “k” was found to be positive in 97% of donors, and K+k− phenotype was found in 0.1% of donors. For Kidd and Duffy blood group system, Jk(a+b+) and Fy(a+b+) were the most common phenotypes with frequency of 56.2% and 47.5%, respectively. MNS antigens were not included on account of financial constraints.

Conclusion:

Database for antigen frequency of various blood group systems in native donors helps provide antigen-negative compatible blood units to patients with multiple antibodies in order to formulate in-house red cells for antibody detection and identification and for preparing donor registry for rare blood groups.
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Autoimmune Neurological Diseases in a Tertiary Care Hospital of South India
Authors: Bogi Murali Krishna , Kumar Kandukuri Mahesh , Vujhini Sudhir Kumar , Bonagiri Shanthi
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is commonly used as a treatment of certain autoimmune neurological diseases, and its main target is to remove pathogenical toxins or autoantibodies. Removed plasma with toxins and autoantibodies is replaced by crystalloids, colloids, and/or normal saline. It is more effective and cost-effective than immunoglobulins. The aim of this study was to know the effectiveness of TPE in autoimmune neurological diseases.

Methods:

This is a prospective study involving 376 autoimmune neurological cases, and the duration of this study was 5 years. All autoimmune neurological patients irrespective of age with complaints of weakness in limbs, respiratory distress, and acute myasthenia gravis (MG) crisis cases were included in the study. The Modified Rankin Score and MG Composite Score were used to analyze the severity of the disease, and the number of TPE procedures or cycles was planned.

Results:

The total number of cases included was 376 (322 newly registered cases and 54 old and relapse cases), and the total number of TPE procedures done was 1491 between the years 2017 and 2021. Male patients were 138 and female patients 238. The most number of cases were of MG, followed by Guillain–Barre syndrome. The mean number of TPE procedures done was 6.1 cycles in myasthenia crisis patients. There was a significant improvement in the patients after the treatment. The Modified Rankin Score and MG Composite Score were 1/6 and 3/50, respectively (P = 0.0321 and P = 0.0298, respectively) after completion of the TPE.

Conclusion:

TPE is the most effective method in cases of neurological autoimmune diseases. Most of the cases show improvement immediately after the first cycle, and more than half of the cases will be able to walk or do their routine activities after 2 or 3 cycles. It is a safe and cost-effective treatment modality with minimal side effects or complications.
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Immunoglobulin G1 and Immunoglobulin G3 Subclasses of Anti-D Antibody in Rh D Alloimmunized Antenatal Women
Authors: Vaheedu A. A. Arif , John Soonam , Meena D. , Shaiji P. S.
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) occurs as a result of maternal sensitization to paternal antigens. Studies have shown that the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass in maternal serum – particularly the presence of IgG1 and IgG3 either singly or in combination, has an impact on the presence and severity of HDFN. The column agglutination technology is used for the identification of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. Therefore, the prevalence of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses in a cohort of alloimmunized Rh (D) antenatal women at our center was studied and was correlated with severity of HDFN. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to find out the prevalence of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses among Rh (D) alloimmunized women and (2) to assess the clinical outcome of newborns born to mothers with respect to IgG subclass.

Methodology:

This was a descriptive study done on 75 antenatal Rh (D) alloimmunized women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Blood samples from study participants were subjected to IgG subtyping using the “DAT IgG1/IgG3 ID card” (Bio-Rad, Switzerland), and the outcome of pregnancy was assessed by categorizing the newborns into mild, moderate, and severe HDFN. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Prevalence was calculated and severity of HDFN was correlated with subclass.

Results:

Among the study population, 23% of mothers had IgG1 alone. Majority (72%) had both IgG1 + IgG3 subclasses and a few (5%) had IgG2 + IgG4. When the mother had both IgG1 + IgG3 subclasses in their body most newborns had only mild HDFN. Few cases of moderate-to-severe cases of HDFN were seen. Most newborns had only mild HDFN even though there were few moderate-to-severe cases of HDFN. No significant association could be demonstrated between severity of HDFN and type of IgG subclasses.

Conclusion:

Majority of maternal IgG found in HDFN was a combination of IgG1+IgG3.Such cases exhibited stronger grades of reaction in Indirect Coombs Test. A significant association could not be demonstrated between severity of HDFN and type of IgG subclasses.
Blood Donor Counselling, Notification, and Referral: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India
Authors: Prinja Nippun , Yadav Anshika , Singh Shailendra , Pal Lokesh
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:

The concept of blood donor notification and counseling has gained recognition as an essential component of blood safety and donor care. By examining the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of this intervention, valuable insights can be gained to inform future improvements in practices in the region and around the globe.

Methods:

This retrospective study was conducted at department of transfusion medicine on 18197 consecutive whole blood & component donors who visited the blood Centre between April 2018 and January 2023. The intervention involved the implementation of a blood donor notification and counseling system.

Result:

178 donors were reactive in the study period with prevalence rate of (0.9%).112 (62.9%) donors out of 178 seroreactive donors could be contacted telephonically from the blood Centre. These are called as notified donors. Remaining 66 seroreactive donors could not be contacted. 39 donors out of 178 seroreactive donors were responders and remaining 139 donors were non-responders.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the significance of an efficient and comprehensive donor referral and notification system in ensuring the safety of blood transfusions but still lot of ground work needs to be done. Effective communication, personalized counseling, and continuous education form pillars of this process. The prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors further emphasizes the need for prompt action and appropriate referral for further evaluation and care.
A Case of Large Arteriovenous Fistula Aneurysm at Elbow
Authors: Pinjala Nikhila , Gogineni Jyotsna Choudary , Ramakrishna Pinjala , Mallu Yougander
Published: May 2024

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula aneurysms are a late-onset complication of surgically created dialysis access sites. They can be of two types: true or false aneurysms (pseudoaneurysms). They can be managed either by endovascular or surgical techniques. We report a patient who presented with an expanding, painful AV fistula aneurysm at the left elbow along with features of left arm and forearm cellulitis. The fistula was ligated and the aneurysm was excised. Postsurgery, the left radial pulse was palpable. Follow-up postsurgery showed a healthy surgical scar with complete resolution of the left upper limb swelling.
COVID-19-induced Neonatal Acute Aortic Thrombosis
Authors: Kadam Sameer S , Sharma Saakshi
Published: May 2024

Venous thromboembolism is a well-recognized, common complication of a severe COVID-19 disease. Arterial thrombosis is a less known complication, now being reported increasingly, mostly in the form of myocardial infarction and stroke, but acute aortic occlusion is infrequent. Neonatal acute aortic thrombosis as a sequelae of COVID-19 disease has far uncommon incidence with no literature-based evidence till date. A 10-day-old male child presented to the emergency department with informant being his mother with complaints of black discoloration of his right foot for 4 days noticed first on his toes. No history of trauma, no history of fever, and no history of umbilical artery catheterization at birth was noted. Birth history-full term normal vaginal delivery, small for gestational age baby, cried immediately after birth, birth weight – 2.45 kg with no additional birth events. No history of neonatal intensive care unit stay, immunized at birth. Baby was 3rd by order of birth with no congenital anomalies noted in previous siblings. On examination, the baby was alert, afebrile, heart rate – 138/min, blood pressure – 90/60 mmHg, and SpO2 98% on room air. Local examination of the right lower limb revealed black discoloration of the right lower limb from toes up to mid-calf, CRT-delayed in the right thigh (7 s), right femoral pulsations absent, left lower limb – pink, warm, CRT – 6 s, feeble pulsations of left femoral artery and popliteal artery, absent pulsations of left anterior tibial artery, and posterior tibial artery. A Doppler study revealed the presence of partial lumen occluding thrombus (hyperechoic) in abdominal aorta below the level of renal arteries, absent flow in right lower limb, and monophasic flow in left femoral artery. A prothtrombotic screen was performed and COVID-19 antibody test was found to be positive. A systemic thrombolysis with injection reteplase was performed which showed mild improvement in circulation with propagation of clot up to origin of superior mesentric artery on a Doppler scan. An abdominal aortic embolectomy was performed, with retrieval of a long segment thrombus from distal abdominal aorta and bilateral femoral arteries following good proximal inflow and good distal backflow. Bilateral limb perfusion improved postoperatively though the gangrenous right lower limb could not be saved and a right below knee amputation was performed for the same. This case adds to the growing list of potential sites and consequences of thrombosis in COVID-19 infection. We speculate that this case of aortic thrombosis was a result of direct COVID-19-induced vascular damage in the context of a hypercoagulable state with a possibility of vertical transmission of the disease.
Pelvic Congestion Syndrome Secondary To Concomitant Posterior Nutcracker Syndrome and May Thurner Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Abraham Siju T , Matad Siddharth , Nazareth Vinay , Sumanth KB Raj , Anand Vivek
Published: May 2024

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is an overlooked condition affecting millions of women worldwide with chronic pelvic pain. Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is an uncommon cause of PCS, which develops due to compression of the left renal vein, resulting in pelvic venous hypertension. Its association with May–Thurner syndrome (MTS), which refers to compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery, is an extremely rare clinical entity, which may lead to further worsening of the symptoms arising out of pelvic venous congestion. We report a middle-aged female having concomitant posterior NCS and MTS leading to PCS, which was managed by endovascular percutaneous intervention.
Carotid Web – An Unusual Cause for Ischemic Stroke in a Young Woman
Authors: Sekar Natarajan , Sima Rahul Ralph , Rajan Archana , Thandeswaran Sivarajan
Published: May 2024

Carotid web (CW) is a rare condition where a shelf-like projection of intimal fibrous tissue is seen arising from the posterior wall of the carotid bulb. It is regarded as a high-risk factor for ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology. Although there is no clear consensus as to the management of these patients, the published literature is more in favor of intervention rather than medical management due to the higher incidence of recurrent stroke in conservatively managed patients. We present a case of a young woman with ischemic stroke due to CW who was managed successfully with thrombolysis followed by endovascular management.
The Impact of Lifestyle on the Immune System: Focus on Islamic Lifestyle: A Narrative Review
Authors: Khorasgani Mohammad Rabbani , Beikzadeh Babak
Published: May 2024

“Lifestyle” is the way or style of people living in a special time and place and includes behaviors and functions of individuals which are formed in a specific geographical, economic, political, cultural, and religious context and influenced by them. Lifestyle as an essential and efficient agent, impacts different aspects of human health, including immune functions. In the Islamic lifestyle, many recommendations have beneficial effects on human health. Islamic lifestyle influences human immunity with comprehensive recommendations and rules for different stages of life from the beginning until death. Breastfeeding is strongly emphasized in the Islamic lifestyle with an essential role in passive immunity. The quality of breastfeeding has been noticed; therefore, some spiritual words during breastfeeding have been recommended, such as the name of God, which affect the mother's and baby's immune systems via the neuro-immuno-endocrine network. Islamic lifestyle, especially in nutrition and attention to permission and forbidden foods, can prevent obesity and nutritional disorders and therefore may influence infection spread and prevention of diseases. In addition, there is a good synchronization between the hours of prayer “Salat”, circadian rhythm, and immune response. In fasting according to Islamic rules (Sawm), moderate hunger and thirst may result in the enhancement of T cell function, cytokine production, and NK cell activity and diminish the negative effects of cholesterol on the immune system. Emphasis on the necessity of paying attention to maintain spiritual health and piety (Taghva) and encouraging marriage are other examples of Islamic lifestyle-related recommendations with beneficial effects on human immune functions. Hence, it is believed that Islamic teaching presents patterns for a healthy life style that could be beneficial for the immune system.
The Association Between OSA and Glycemic Control in Diabetes
Authors: Mehrdad Mojtaba , Azarian Mehrnaz , Sharafkhaneh Amir , Alavi Ali , Leili Ehsan Kazemnezhad , Rad Afagh Hassanzadeh , Dalili Setila
Published: May 2024

Background:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-realted respiratory disorder. It is frequently comorbid with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and metabolic diseases and is commonly observed in populations with these comorbidities. Investigators aimed to assess the effect of OSA on glycemic control in patients with diabetes.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 266 adult patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the outpatient endocrinology clinic at the Guilan University of Medical Sciences were enrolled. Patients completed a checklist that included demographic characteristics, factors, and laboratory results in addition to Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires to evaluate the risk of OSA. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.

Results:

A total of 266 patients with DM were enrolled in this study (34.6% males, mean age 47.00 ± 19.04 years). Based on the Berlin Questionnaire, 38.6% of all participants were at high risk of developing OSA. Based on the STOP-BANG Questionnaire (SBQ), 45.1% were at moderate and high risks. Additionally, this questionnaire showed a significant difference between low and moderate-to-severe groups regarding sex, age, body mass index (BMI), neck size, other chronic diseases, types of DM, use of insulin, Berlin Questionnaire, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and mean HbA1c.

Conclusions:

Based on the SBQ, our results indicated a significant relationship between OSA and glycemic control according to mean HbA1c and FBS. Therefore, by controlling the OSA, we may find a way to acheieve better glycemic control in diabetic patients.
Scoping Review on Interventions, Actions, and Policies Affecting Return to School and Preventing School Dropout in Primary School
Authors: Eslamian Ayoub , Arshi Maliheh , Tahmasebi Siyamak , Alipour Fardin , Rafiey Hassan
Published: May 2024

Background:

Dropout is one of the most important social problems in the world and especially in low- and middle-income countries. Efforts to prevent dropouts require giving due attention to different perspectives for applying them. The present study aims to identify the policies and interventions made in previous studies because reviewing evidence-based interventions and learning from their strengths and weaknesses is likely to play an effective role in preventing students from leaving school and returning them to school.

Methods:

This scoping review study conducted on all available studies and documents related to students' dropout. The study population includes articles searched in electronic sources that contain information related to the subject of dropout and out-of-school in primary schools. Appropriate keywords were extracted based on Mesh term and EMTREE and their synonyms and searched by a medical librarian. scientific sources and Gray literature published in Persian and English based on PRISMA standard criteria were reviewed.

Results:

A review of studies indicated that various interventions such as student interaction with school, educational interventions on students and teachers, family and local community cooperation, free nutrition, behavioral interventions, financial aid, and free education had positive effects on reducing dropout, absenteeism and encouraging students to return to schools. effect size was not reported for school dropout intervention.

Conclusions:

The findings have indicated that intervention with a combination of global and targeted strategies can affect dropout in developing countries. However, to confirm the effectiveness of this type of intervention, further research is required to be conducted in different countries and with different cultures.
Tyrosol and Olive Oil Ameliorate Sodium Arsenate-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulating of Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes in Mice
Authors: Zargari Mehryar , Mohammadian Mona , Malekshah Abbasali K. , Mianabadi Manijeh , Mogaddam Amir E. , Amiri Fereshteh T.
Published: May 2024

Background:

Sodium arsenate (Na 3As0 4, Sodium As) is an important toxic substance that leads to nephrotoxicity. Due to having bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols and tyrosol, olive oil plays a significant role in scavenging free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of olive oil and tyrosol on As-induced nephrotoxicity.

Methods:

In our study, 42 adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: control (normal saline), olive oil (0.4 ml/d, gavage), tyrosol (5 mg/kg/d), Sodium As (15 mg/kg), olive oil + Sodium As, and tyrosol + Sodium As (olive oil and tyrosol received one hour before Sodium As). Drugs were administreted once daily for 30 consecutive days. On the 31st day of the study, oxidative stress parameters in kidney tissue, FRAP in plasma, renal function parameters in serum, and histopathological assays were performed.

Results:

Sodium As-induced renal damage as characterized by a significant increase of creatinine and BUN (P < 0.001) and histopathological changes. Also, Sodium As markedly altered oxidative stress biomarkers such as a significant increase in MDA (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased in FRAP and GSH (P < 0.01). Olive oil and tyrosol administration significantly improved the renal antioxidant defense system and decreased MDA concentration, markedly preserving the tissue structure and functional markers of kidney. However, these effects were more effective for tyrosol than olive oil.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that olive oil and tyrosol can be used as a protective agent in preventing Sodium As-induced nephrotoxicity due to antioxidant property.
Three-dimensional Evaluation of the Nasolacrimal Duct and Maxillary Sinus Ostium in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Bozdemir Esin , Yarbasi Özlem
Published: May 2024

Objective:

Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies. Individuals with CLP experience numerous problems including lack of nutrition, impaired speech, hearing loss, obstruction of nasolacrimal duct, poor dentition and facial morphology, and sinusitis. This study aimed to compare the nasolacrimal canal morphometry (nasolacrimal duct [NLD]), maxillary sinus ostium (MSO) localization, and presence of the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) in patients with unilateral or bilateral CLP with healthy controls.

Materials and Methods:

The transversal and anteroposterior diameters and the length of the NLD were measured in 33 patients with unilateral CLP and 30 patients with bilateral CLP using cone-beam computed tomography. There were 16 (53.3%) males and 14 females (46.7%) in the bilateral CLP group and 18 males and 15 females in the unilateral CLP group. The mean ages of the patients were 17.36 ± 5.27 in patients with unilateral CLP and 18.6 ± 5.66 in patients with bilateral CLP. The anteroposterior location of the MSO and AMO was evaluated.

Results:

The transversal (P = 0.003) and anteroposterior (P = 0.002) diameters of NLD were found to be significantly different between the patients with bilateral CLP and the control group. The NLD length was found to be significantly different between the control group and the affected sides in the unilateral CLP group (P = 0.02). The MSO was found more in the middle region in the control group compared to the unilateral CLP group (P = 0.004). The AMO was found in 66.7% of the patients with bilateral CLP and 62.1% of the patients with unilateral CLP. The AMO was found more in the control group than in the bilateral CLP group (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Cleft lip and palate is an anomaly that can affect both the diameter and the length of the NLD and MSO localization.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Critical Shoulder Angle and Acromial Index Measurements with Rotator Cuff Rupture on Three-dimensional Models
Authors: Ince Merve Sevgi , Gözil Rabet , Kanatli Ulunay , Bahçelioglu Meltem
Published: May 2024

Objective:

The relationship between rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and morphological features of the shoulder joint has yet to be fully explained. The earlier studies were usually done with two-dimensional radiography images, but joint positions and bone formations could not be thoroughly evaluated in two-dimensional images. This study aims to assess the relationship between RCTs and critical shoulder angle (CSA) and acromial index (AI) values in three dimensions.

Methods:

In our study, computerized tomography of 24 RCTs (RCT group) and 20 Bankart lesions, and no RCTs (control group) were examined. CSA and AI were measured on three-dimensional (3D) glenohumeral joint models obtained by 3D reconstructions of computed tomography examinations.

Results:

The RCT group’s CSA was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.002). AI values did not differ significantly (P = 0.151) between the groups. In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation between the AI and CSA values and the age of patients with RCTs (r = 0.309, r = 0.367).

Conclusion:

This study differs from earlier studies in some significant respects, such as AI values were not found to be associated with RCTs. CSA values were associated with RCTs in parallel with earlier studies. This difference may be because we performed our study on 3D models. We anticipate that our results will guide clinicians in revealing the etiology of rotator cuff degeneration and determining the surgical method for treatment.
Technical Xylene Induces Maternal Toxicity Associated with Organ Inflammation during Preimplantation Stage in Pregnant Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Suaidi Noor Asyikin , Alshawsh Mohammed Abdullah , Hoe See-Ziau , Mokhtar Mohd Helmy , Zin Siti Rosmani Md.
Published: May 2024

Introduction:

Toxicity data that focus on the exposure within the range of allowable human limits of technical xylene (dimethylbenzene) on the female reproductive system and prenatal development are rarely updated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the outcomes of maternal exposure to technical xylene during the preimplantation period in pregnant rats.

Materials and Methods:

Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were exposed to 0 (0 mg/kg), 100 (0.172 mg/kg), 500 (0.86 mg/kg), and 1000 (1.72 mg/kg) parts per million (ppm) of technical xylene via intraperitoneal injection from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD3. Clinical signs, maternal weight gain, and food intake were monitored daily. On GD5, the females were sacrificed to assess the early implantations and other reproductive parameters.

Results:

Technical xylene caused significant decreases in the number of implantation sites, maternal body weight gain, and food intake at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Significant increases in the serum total protein and potassium were also observed. Although there was no difference in the relative organ weights, increases in the uterus and liver weights were observed. Histological examination revealed systemic inflammatory changes in the uterus, liver, lungs, and kidney from all treated groups.

Discussion and Conclusion:

This study suggested that technical xylene causes maternal and prenatal toxicities associated with organ inflammation when exposed at the early gestational phase. Further studies of xylene toxicity at different stages of pregnancy are required to improve safety guidelines for technical xylene exposure.
Gender Determination of Scapula by Computed Tomography Scan Measurement
Authors: Hamzehtofigh Mahdi , Mokhtari Razieh , Seif Fatemeh , Bayat Parvindokht
Published: May 2024

Introduction:

Gender is the most vital segment of the biological characteristics which can be evaluated from the skeleton because of the marked sexual dimorphism of bone segments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of gender on the scapula measure for healthy sedentary subjects. The parameters used in the present study were different from the previous research. Hence, the current work was designed to measure gender differences of the scapula in the Iranian population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of gender on the scapula measure for healthy sedentary subjects. The design of this research has been done with the coordination and activity of all authors to examine the effect of gender in scapula characters.

Material and Methods:

This study was performed on scapula computed tomography in 68 patients. These characters in this bone: acromion glenoid distance, length of the acromion, width of acromion, acromion coracoid distance, length of scapula, width of scapula, length of coracoid (LC), length of glenoid (LG), and width of glenoid. With the help of the SPSS software, the logistical regression equation was derived from the stepwise method. By multiplying the value of each dimension with its corresponding coefficient (β coefficient) and adding the products together along with the appropriate constant, the sex of a specimen can be determined. For the regression equation incorporating all for scapular dimensions, the logistic regression score (Y) is calculated as follows: Y = (−0.003× Width of scapula (WS)) + (0.006 × LC) + (−0.14 × height of glenoid [HG]) + 2.098.

Results:

This study shows the scapular bone characteristic comparison between the two sexes, which statistically significant difference in the width of the bone scapula (P = 0.02) and the coracoid length (P = 0.04) and LG (P = 0.01). In males, significant positive correlation was found between Height of scapula (HS), and height of glenoid (HG) (0.884 ) and in females, significant positive correlation was maximum the relationship between the HS and LC (0.904**).

Discussion and Conclusion:

Due to the small number of our samples, it would be better to study more widely so that other differences such as the length of the scapula and the glenoid width can be achieved, and more confidently, that these two attributes do not play a role in determining the sex.
Identification of Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular Molars Using Five Different Techniques: An In vitro Study
Authors: Vamseekrishna Kanduri Venkata Naga , Kukreja Navneet , Sachdeva Mayank , Ravi Sindhura , Chhabra Swati , Sachdeva Surinder
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Aim:

The purpose of the study was to find out the incidence of the middle mesial canal in mandibular molars by using five different techniques.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 150 extracted human mandibular first molars were selected, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken. Then, conventional access cavities were made, followed by troughing under dental loupes (3X), and were also examined under a dental operating microscope (DOM) (6X). Incidence of intermediate canals was noted from all these stages. Later, these teeth underwent a clearing method procedure, and incidence was noted from this stage and compared.

Results:

The overall diagnostic accuracy of CBCT (9 mm) had 97.48%, and evaluation under DOM had an overall accuracy of 97.33%. The least accuracy was found with the naked eye (92.67%).

Conclusion:

This study advocates the usage of newer methods like CBCT and DOM to find out and negotiate these accessory canals.
Lycopene as a Potential Anti-inflammatory Therapeutic Agent for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Narrative Review
Authors: Shinkre Rohan , Rodrigues Edlyn , Naik Shreyas , Mopkar Mitalee , Rodricks Deepshikha , Jain Vipin K.
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Temporomandibular joint disorder is a common condition characterized by jaw joint and muscle pain and its treatment is often multifaceted. While conventional treatment modalities exist for the same, interest has grown in exploring alternative therapies such as antioxidants for their potential analgesic properties. The prospective therapeutic use of lycopene, a naturally occurring antioxidant present in tomatoes and other fruits, as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic modality in the management of temporomandibular joint problems is examined in this narrative review.
High-risk and Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer: Current Treatment Paradigms
Authors: Mandal Sumit , Singh Uday Pratap
Published: May 2024

Over the past decade or so with the treatment of high risk and oligometastatic disease has undergone a paradigm shift. Improvements in surgical techniques especially the robot assisted surgeries and better radiation techniques have ensured a good quality of life with maintained oncological outcomes. Further to it development and better understanding the disease biology have ensured good outcomes even in high grade cancers. This comprehensive overview delves into the management of high-risk prostate cancer and oligometastatic prostate cancer, addressing their definitions, diagnostic workup, and treatment modalities. Essentially managing high-risk and oligometastatic prostate cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating surgery, radiation, and systemic therapies.
Burden of Prostate Cancer, Prostate-specific Antigen Myths, and Optimal Prostate-specific Antigen Screening
Authors: Ramani Srivathsan , Yuvaraja T. B.
Published: May 2024

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death, especially in the Western world. Hence, efforts to screen detect it using serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) came into vogue. The aim was to reduce the cancer-related mortality and morbidity by early detection. However, the practice did not improve the survival and led to more treatment-related morbidity for the patients. This chapter focuses on the disease burden and the myths related to prostate cancer screening using serum PSA.