bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering 3D‐Architected Gyroid MXene Scaffolds for Ultrasensitive Micromechanical Sensing
Authors: Fu Jing , Taher Somayya E. , Abu Al-Rub Rashid K. , Zhang Tiejun , Chan Vincent , Liao Kin
Published: January 2022

A novel piezoresistive sensor based on ultralight 3D MXene scaffold (3DMS) is developed by a facile and architecturally versatile method using additively manufactured, polymer‐based gyroidal triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) as the initial sacrificial scaffold. A neat MXene scaffold with the gyroidal TPMS structure is prepared by dip coating MXene sheets onto 3D‐printed polymeric Gyroid lattices, followed by thermal treatment. 3DMS exhibits a high compressive strength of 27.18 kPa and a thermal conductivity of 0.3454 W m−1 K−1. The thermal conductivity of the MXene layer in the 3D structure can reach up to 23.88 Wm−1 K−1, which demonstrates that 3DMS has high versatility for all‐in‐one applications, such as thermal insulation, sensors, and energy storage. The 3DMS developed herein combines the high electrical conductivity of MXene (Ti3C2Tx), intricacy of the gyroidal structure, as well as high porosity, offering a promising platform for high‐performance sensors. In addition, the piezoresistive sensor shows extremely high sensitivity (134.48 kPa−1), good response time (477 ms) and recovery time (402 ms), and improvable durability, validating its potentials for measuring pressure distribution in various engineering devices.
H2O2 Self‐Producing Single‐Atom Nanozyme Hydrogels as Light‐Controlled Oxidative Stress Amplifier for Enhanced Synergistic Therapy by Transforming “Cold” Tumors
Authors: Zhu Daoming , Chen Hao , Huang Chunyu , Li Guoxin , Wang Xing , Jiang Wei , Fan Kelong
Published: January 2022

Single‐atom nanozyme (SAzyme) with peroxidase‐like activity can alter cellular redox balance and shows promising potential for tumor therapy. However, the “cold” immune microenvironment and limited amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in solid tumors severely restrict its efficacy. Herein, a light‐controlled oxidative stress amplifier system is designed by co‐encapsulating Pd‐C SAzymes and camptothecin in agarose hydrogel, which exhibits enhanced synergistic antitumor activity by self‐producing H2O2 and transforming “cold” tumors. In this nanozyme hydrogel system, the Pd‐C SAzyme converts near‐infrared laser into heat, resulting in agarose degradation and consequent camptothecin release. The camptothecin increases H2O2 level in tumors by activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, improving the catalytic performance of SAzymes with peroxidase‐like activity. Moreover, the combination of photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and nanozyme‐based catalytic therapy further facilitates tumor immunogenic death and enhanced antitumor immunity. The results reveal the synergistic antitumor potential of the novel SAzyme/chemotherapeutics‐based hydrogel system.
Adhesion and Interface Studies of the Structure‐Controlled Polyimide with Smooth Copper for High‐Frequency Communication
Authors: Zhong Ao , Li Jinhui , Zhang Guoping , Sun Rong
Published: January 2022

Fan‐out wafer‐level packaging (FOWLP) is expected to become the dominating trend in millimeter wave and 5G communication. However, the reliability faces enormous challenges due to the inherent poor adhesion between the insulating layer of polyimide (PI) and copper wirings in FOWLP. Herein, adhesive polyimide (API) with improved adhesion on smooth Cu by the introduction of benzimidazole and siloxane structure is reported. The results prove that the adhesion strength is increased by 191.46% compared with the conventional PI, owing to the generation of Cu complexes by benzimidazole as well as the cooperation of the flexible siloxane segments. Besides, the APIs not only hold a proper coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 6.28 × 10−6 K−1 matching with Si wafers (2.5 × 10−6 K−1), but also possess CTE (18.56 × 10−6 K−1) of API‐3 matching with Cu circuits (17 × 10−6 K−1), so that a low residual stress of −1.849 MPa is obtained. Moreover, superior mechanical, thermal properties are also obtained, of which the modulus and tensile strength are 6.31 GPa and 170 MPa, while Tg and T5% are as high as 474.6 and 524.57 °C, respectively. Therefore, the as‐prepared high‐performance APIs can be prospective candidates in FOWLP for high‐frequency communication.
2D Ultrathin p‐type ZnTe with High Environmental Stability
Authors: You Shengdong , Wu Zhen , Niu Lijuan , Chu Xiaohong , She Yihong , Liu Zhenjing , Cai Yuting , Liu Hongwei , Zhang Lijie , Zhang Kenan , Luo Zhengtang , Huang Shaoming
Published: January 2022

The poor air stability hinders the practical application of most 2D materials. P‐type 2D ZnTe has drawn widespread attention, thanks to its wide direct bandgap and outstanding environmental stability. However, the controllable synthesis of ultrathin 2D ZnTe remains a huge challenge due to the intrinsic unlayered crystal structure. Here, p‐type 2D ultrathin ZnTe flakes are controllably synthesized by using space‐confined physical vapor deposition. In situ temperature‐dependent Raman and electronical measurements show the thermal stability up to 420 K and outstanding air stability even under humidity of 95%. The ZnTe flakes‐based photodetector demonstrates the broadband response varying from the visible to near infrared region, responsivity of 18.3 A W‐1 and detectivity (D*) of 2.89 × 109 Jones under 405 nm illumination, implying promising potential application in electronics and optoelectronics worked in harsh environment.
Auto‐Oxygenated Porphyrin‐Derived Redox Mediators for High‐Performance Lithium Air‐Breathing Batteries
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Soo , Kim Boran , Park Hyunyoung , Kim Jongsoon , Ryu Won‐Hee
Published: January 2022

Because of their distinct energy potentials, Li air‐breathing batteries have been highlighted as promising energy storage systems; however, the sluggish oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) disturb the reversible cell operation during cycling. Therefore, catalyst materials should be tailored to mitigate the low efficiencies of air‐breathing batteries. A porphyrin‐derived catalyst is optimized by introducing different metal‐centered organometallic phthalocyanine (MPc) complexes and their potential application as redox mediators (RMs) for fabricating efficient Li–O2 cells is investigated. The feasibility of each MPc is determined as a potential RM by calculating its orbital levels. The electrochemical properties of the Li–O2 cells employing the diverse MPc‐RMs are compared. The MPc‐containing Li–O2 cells exhibit improved cell performance, reduced polarization, and stable cyclability with auto‐oxygenated properties as revealed by directly injecting superoxide species into the MPc‐containing electrolytes. The synergistic effects of blended MPcs—a mixture consisting of the two most effective MPcs—in both the OER and ORR regions in ambient air atmosphere are also elucidated. The reaction mechanism of the MPc‐containing cells is proposed based on first‐principles calculations and experimental results. The introduction of natural functional catalysts provides a basis for developing effective eco‐friendly catalysts for application to sustainable air‐breathing batteries.
A new approach for modeling adsorption kinetics and transport of methane and carbon dioxide in shale
Authors: Gu Min , Xian Xue‐fu , Miao Beizeng , Chen Xusong , Du Xidong , Liu Zhengyang , Xu Ran
Published: January 2022

In this article, a new approach is proposed to investigate adsorption kinetics and transport of gases in shale. Due to co‐existence of pores with different size in the shale, a set of adsorption processes happened in pores of different sizes are considered. A first‐order multi‐process model is developed, which can perfectly fit the adsorption kinetic data of CH4 and CO2 obtained at different temperatures. The modeling and pore characterization results indicate that an adsorption process happens in micropores/mesopores (<50 nm) and another adsorption process happens in macropores (>50 nm) in the Wufeng shale. Gas diffusion mechanism is dominant in micropores/mesopores, and gas seepage mechanism is dominant in macropores. The effective diffusivity of CO2 is smaller than that of CH4, because the adsorption of large amount of CO2 in the pores hinders its diffusion. The coefficients related to the diffusion and seepage have no obvious trend with temperature.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2022

Disease Overview

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder with overlapping features of myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms, with an inherent risk for leukemic transformation (~15% over 3–5 years).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on the presence of sustained (>3 months) peripheral blood monocytosis (≥1 × 109/L; monocytes ≥10%), usually with accompanying bone marrow dysplasia. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities occur in ~30% of patients, while >90% have somatic gene mutations. Mutations involving TET2 (~60%), SRSF2 (~50%), ASXL1 (~40%), and the oncogenic RAS pathway (~30%) are frequent, while the presence of ASXL1 and DNMT3A mutations and the absence of TET2 mutations negatively impact overall survival.

Risk‐Stratification

Molecularly integrated prognostic models include the Groupe Français des Myélodysplasies, Mayo Molecular Model (MMM), and the CMML specific prognostic model. Risk factors incorporated into the MMM include presence of truncating ASXL1 mutations, absolute monocyte count >10 × 109/L, hemoglobin <10 g/dL, platelet count <100 × 109/L, and the presence of circulating immature myeloid cells. The MMM stratifies CMML patients into four groups: high (≥3 risk factors), intermediate‐2 (2 risk factors), intermediate‐1 (1 risk factor), and low (no risk factors), with median survivals of 16, 31, 59, and 97 months, respectively.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Hypomethylating agents such as 5‐azacitidine and decitabine are commonly used, with overall response rates of ~40%–50% and complete remission rates of ~7%–17%; with no impact on mutational allele burdens. Allogeneic stem cell transplant is the only potentially curative option but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
A Non‐Singular, Field‐Only Surface Integral Method for Interactions between Electric and Magnetic Dipoles and Nano‐Structures
Authors: Sun Qiang , Klaseboer Evert
Published: January 2022

With the development of condensed‐matter physics and nanotechnology, attention has turned to the fields near and on surfaces that result from interactions between electric dipole radiation and mesoscale structures. It is hoped that studying these fields will further the understanding of optical phenomena in nano‐optics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetics, and sensing using solid‐state photon emitters. Here, a method for implementing dynamic electric and magnetic dipoles in the frequency domain into a non‐singular field‐only surface integral method is described. It is shown that the effect of dipoles can conveniently be described as a relatively simple term in the integral equations, which fully represents how they drive the fields and interactions. Also, due to the non‐singularity, this method can calculate the electric and magnetic fields on the surfaces of objects in both near and far fields with the same accuracy, which makes it an ideal tool to investigate nano‐optical phenomena. The derivation of the framework is given and tested against a Mie theory alike formula. Some interesting examples are shown involving the interaction of dipoles with different types of mesoscale structures including parabolic nano‐antennas and gold probes.
Experimental and Computational Studies on the Directing Ability of Chalcogenoethers in Palladium‐Catalyzed Atroposelective C−H Olefination and Allylation
Authors: Liao Gang , Zhang Tao , Jin Liang , Wang Bing‐Jie , Xu Cheng‐Kai , Lan Yu , Zhao Yu , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: January 2022

We present herein our experimental and DFT computational studies on the directing ability of chalcogenoether motifs in Pd‐catalyzed atroposelective C−H functionalization. The thioether motif was found to be a superior directing group compared to the corresponding ether and selenoether in terms of reactivity and enantiocontrol. Remarkably, DFT calculation provided a predictive model for the optimization of reaction conditions and the interpretation of the origin of enantioselectivity. Both Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H olefination and allylation reactions were successfully developed using chiral phosphoric acids as efficient ligands, providing a broad range of axially chiral biaryls in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective construction of polyaryls bearing multiple stereogenic axes, gram‐scale reaction and various chemical transformations make this protocol more attractive and significant.
Vanadium‐Incorporated CoP2 with Lattice Expansion for Highly Efficient Acidic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Yu , Jiao Yanqing , Yan Haijing , Yang Ganceng , Tian Chungui , Wu Aiping , Liu Yue , Fu Honggang
Published: January 2022

A proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) in acidic medium is a hopeful scenario for hydrogen production using renewable energy, but the grand challenge lies in substituting noble‐metal catalysts. Herein, a robust electrocatalyst of V−CoP2 porous nanowires arranged on a carbon cloth is successfully fabricated by incorporating vanadium into the CoP2 lattice. Structural characterizations and theoretical analysis indicate that lattice expansion of CoP2 caused by V incorporation results in the upshift of the d‐band center, which is conducive to hydrogen adsorption for boosting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Besides, V promotes surface reconstruction to generate a thicker Co3O4 layer with an oxygen vacancy that enhances acid‐corrosion resistance and optimizes the adsorption of water and oxygen‐containing species, thus improving activity and stability toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Accordingly, it presents a superior acidic overall water splitting activity (1.47 V@10 mA cm−2) to Pt−C/CC||RuO2/CC (1.59 V@10 mA cm−2), and remarkable stability. This work proposes a new route to design efficient non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for PEMWE.
An Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Polymer Network with Distinctive Topology Transformations for Shape‐ and Molecular Architecture Reconfiguration
Authors: Miao Wusha , Yang Bo , Jin Binjie , Ni Chujun , Feng Haijun , Xue Yaoting , Zheng Ning , Zhao Qian , Shen Youqing , Xie Tao
Published: January 2022

Bond exchange in a typical dynamic covalent polymer network allows access to macroscopic shape reconfigurability, but the network architecture is not altered. An alternative possibility is that the network architecture can be designed to switch to various topological states corresponding to different material properties. Achieving both in one network can expand the material scope, but their intrinsically conflicting mechanisms make it challenging. We design a dynamic covalent network that can undergo two orthogonal topological transformations, namely transesterification on the branched chains and olefin metathesis on the mainframe. This allows independent control of the macroscopic shape and molecular architecture. With this design, we illustrate a bottlebrush network with programmable shape and spatially definable mechanical properties. Our strategy paves a way to on‐demand regulation of network polymers.
Accelerating the stabilization of polyacrylonitrile fibers by nitrogen pretreatment
Authors: Wang Guanbo , Lu Chunxiang , Sun Tongqing , Li Yonghong
Published: January 2022

The polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers undergo three different thermal stabilization processes: complete cyclization in nitrogen, one‐step direct oxidation and complete cyclization in nitrogen first and then oxidation in air. The oxygen content is used as the evaluation standard for the degree of pre‐oxidation and the fibers with the similar oxygen content obtained by the one‐step method and the two‐step method are compared. The fibers completely cyclized in nitrogen are used as the reference. TGA, FTIR, XPS, and SEM are used to analyze the thermal stability, structure, and morphology of the three stable fibers. Some differences in the structure of the two‐step method and the one‐step method are found, but they have no major impact on the final carbon fibers properties, and the two‐step method can effectively shorten the time required for the pre‐oxidation process. In short, pretreatment in nitrogen can improve the stabilization efficiency of PAN fibers, which is conducive to the production of low‐cost carbon fibers and the promotion of the application of carbon fibers.
AgF‐Mediated Electrophilic Amination of Alkoxyarylsilanes with Azodicarboxylates
Authors: Zhang Qian , Deng Shijun , Li Dong , Shimokawa Jun , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: January 2022

A facile and efficient AgF‐mediated electrophilic amination of alkoxyarylsilanes with azodicarboxylates was developed. The reaction proceeds in green solvent under simple and mild conditions to generate the corresponding aryl hydrazines. AgF acts both as a stoichiometric fluoride source and a reagent for transmetalation to the arylsilver intermediate that eventually reacts with azodicarboxylates to provide aryl hydrazines.
A flexible Bayesian nonconfounding spatial model for analysis of dispersed count data
Authors: Nadifar Mahsa , Baghishani Hossein , Fallah Afshin
Published: January 2022

In employing spatial regression models for counts, we usually meet two issues. First, the possible inherent collinearity between covariates and the spatial effect could lead to misleading inferences. Second, real count data usually reveal over‐ or under‐dispersion where the classical Poisson model is not appropriate to use. We propose a flexible Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach by joining nonconfounding spatial methodology and a newly reconsidered dispersed count modeling from the renewal theory to control the issues. Specifically, we extend the methodology for analyzing spatial count data based on the gamma distribution assumption for waiting times. The model can be formulated as a latent Gaussian model, and consequently, we can carry out the fast computation by using the integrated nested Laplace approximation method. We examine different popular approaches for handling spatial confounding and compare their performances in the presence of dispersion. Two real applications from a crime study against women in India as well as stomach cancer incidences in Slovenia motivate the suggested methods. We also perform a simulation study to understand the proposed approach's merits better. Supplementary Materials for this article are available.
Investigation of chemical changes in Polygonatum kingianum after traditional processing by multiple fingerprint profiles in combination with multivariate methods
Authors: Wang Jing , Du Zefei , Yang Qingshu , Yang Jianbo , Duan Baozhong
Published: January 2022

Polygonati Rhizoma (Huangjing) is traditional medicine in China, which can only be used as medicine after being processed. However, there is a limited theoretical basis for analyzing the changes in chemical components after traditional processing. In this study, analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐performance gel permeation chromatography–evaporative light scattering detection, and HPLC–diode array detection were proposed to perform multiple fingerprint analyses of the changes in the processed materials; the total sugar was also determined. Moreover, the chemometric studies, including hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, were used to visualize the discrimination of raw and processed materials. The results revealed that the chemical constituents had been profoundly changed following sample processing. In conclusion, these methods could be successfully used to compare raw and processed materials of Polygonatum kingianum, which could be used to elaborate the rationality of processing from the perspective of chemical composition.
BCAT1: A risk factor in multiple cancers based on a pan‐cancer analysis
Authors: Li Guo‐Sheng , Huang He‐Qing , Liang Yao , Pang Qiu‐Yu , Sun Hao‐Jia , Huang Zhi‐Guang , Dang Yi‐Wu , Yang Lin‐Jie , Chen Gang
Published: January 2022

Background

Although branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) has been identified to play an essential role in multiple tumors, no studies on its role in pan‐cancer have been consulted before.

Methods

The study comprehensively analyzes the expression, potential mechanisms, and clinical significance of BCAT1 in pan‐cancer through utilizing 16,847 samples, providing novel clues for the treatment of cancers. A Kruskal–Wallis test and the Wilcoxon rank‐sum and signed‐rank tests were applied to investigate diverse BCAT1 expression between various groups (e.g., cancer tissues versus normal tissues). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used in all correlation analyses in the study. Cox analyses and Kaplan‐Meier curves were utilized to identify the prognosis significance of BCAT1 expression in cancers. The significance of BCAT1 expression in differentiating cancer and non‐cancer tissues was explored via the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC).

Results

The differential expression of BCAT1 was detected in various cancers (p < 0.05), which is relevant to some DNA methyltransferases expression. BCAT1 expression was associated with mismatch repair gene expression, immune checkpoint inhibitors expression, microsatellite instability, and tumor mutational burden in some cancers, indicating its potential in immunotherapy. BCAT1 expression showed prognosis significance and played a risk role in multiple cancers (hazard ratio > 0, p < 0.05). BCAT1 expression also demonstrated conspicuous ability to distinguish some cancers tissues from their normal tissues (AUC > 0.7), indicating its potential to detect cancers. Further analyses on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma certified upregulated BCAT1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in this disease based on in‐house tissue microarrays and multicenter datasets.

Conclusions

For the first time, the research comprehensively demonstrates the overexpression of BCAT1 in pan‐cancer, which improves the understanding of the pathogenesis of BCAT1 in pan‐cancer. Upregulated BCAT1 expression represented a poor prognosis for cancers patients, and it serves as a potential marker for cancer immunotherapy.
Synthesis of 3‐Methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones and Isoquinolinium Salts via Exo and Endo Selective Cyclization of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzaldimines
Authors: Wang Jiwei , Xie Congyun , Cheng Xiang , Liu Ye , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2022

Coinage metal‐promoted 5‐exo and 6‐endo selective cyclization of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines has been studied. It was found that, under gold catalysis, 2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines exclusively underwent 5‐exo‐dig cyclization processes, followed by oxidation to form N‐aryl 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones. In contrast, in the presence of base and under activation of AgOTf, switching of 5‐exo to 6‐endo cyclizations of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines was observed, exclusively giving N‐aryl or N‐alkyl substituted isoquinolinium salts. The two key reaction intermediates, exocyclic vinyl‐Au and the endocyclic vinyl‐Ag species have been isolated and characterized, and a study of their reactivities confirms the plausible mechanisms. Reactions of the resultant 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones with benzyne afforded structurally important isoindolinone‐based benzocyclobutenes. Additionally, several interesting transformations of the resultant isoquinolinium salts have been investigated.
Properties of the Reactants and Their Interactions within and with the Enzyme Binding Cavity Determine Reaction Selectivities. The Case of Fe(II)/2‐Oxoglutarate Dependent Enzymes
Authors: Wojdyla Zuzanna , Borowski Tomasz
Published: January 2022

Fe(II)/2‐oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases (ODDs) share a double stranded beta helix (DSBH) fold and utilise a common reactive intermediate, ferryl species, to catalyse oxidative transformations of substrates. Despite the structural similarities, ODDs accept a variety of substrates and facilitate a wide range of reactions, that is hydroxylations, desaturations, (oxa)cyclisations and ring rearrangements. In this review we present and discuss the factors contributing to the observed (regio)selectivities of ODDs. They span from inherent properties of the reactants, that is, substrate molecule and iron cofactor, to the interactions between the substrate and the enzyme's binding cavity; the latter can counterbalance the effect of the former. Based on results of both experimental and computational studies dedicated to ODDs, we also line out the properties of the reactants which promote reaction outcomes other than the “default” hydroxylation. It turns out that the reaction selectivity depends on a delicate balance of interactions between the components of the investigated system.
Catalytically Active CoSe2 Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Three Dimensional Porous Carbon as a Cathode for Highly Stable Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Zhang Fenglong , Wang Hui , Ji Shan , Linkov Vladimir , Wang Xuyun , Wang Rongfang
Published: January 2022

Lithium‐sulfur batteries are promising secondary energy storage devices that are mainly limited by its unsatisfactory cyclability owing to inefficient reversible conversion of sulfur and lithium sulfide on the cathode during the discharge/charging process. In this study, nitrogen‐doped three‐dimensional porous carbon material loaded with CoSe2 nanoparticles (CoSe2‐PNC) is developed as a cathode for lithium‐sulfur battery. A combination of CoSe2 and nitrogen‐doped porous carbon can efficiently improve the cathode activity and its conductivity, resulting in enhanced redox kinetics of the charge/discharge process. The obtained electrode exhibits a high discharge specific capacity of 1139.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 C. After 100 cycles, its capacity remained at 865.7 mAh g−1 thus corresponding to a capacity retention of 75.97 %. In a long‐term cycling test, discharge specific capacity of 546.7 mAh g−1 was observed after 300 cycles performed at a current density of 1 C.
How a transdiagnostic approach can improve the treatment of emotional disorders: Insights from clinical psychology and neuroimaging
Authors: Zarate‐Guerrero Santiago , Duran Johanna M. , Naismith Iona
Published: January 2022

Multiple psychological treatments for emotional disorders have been developed and implemented, improving the quality of life of individuals. Nevertheless, relapse and poor response to psychotherapy are common. This article argues that a greater understanding of both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of change in psychotherapy is essential to improve treatment for emotional disorders. It aims to demonstrate how an understanding of these mechanisms provides a basis for (i) reconceptualizing some mental disorders, (ii) refining and establishing the evidence for existing therapeutic techniques and (iii) designing new techniques that precisely target the processes that maintain these disorders. Possible future directions for researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of neuropsychology and clinical psychology are discussed.
Food for thought: Commentary on Burnette et al. (2021) “Concerns and recommendations for using Amazon MTurk for eating disorder research”
Authors: Moeck Ella K. , Bridgland Victoria M. E. , Takarangi Melanie K. T.
Published: January 2022

Burnette et al. aimed to validate two eating disorder symptom measures among transgender adults recruited from Mechanical Turk (MTurk). After identifying several data quality issues, Burnette et al. abandoned this aim and instead documented the issues they faced (e.g., demographic misrepresentation, repeat submissions, inconsistent responses across similar questions, failed attention checks). Consequently, Burnette et al. raised concerns about the use of MTurk for psychological research, particularly in an eating disorder context. However, we believe these claims are overstated because they arise from a single study not designed to test MTurk data quality. Further, despite claiming to go “above and beyond” current recommendations, Burnette et al. missed key screening procedures. In particular, they missed procedures known to prevent participants who use commercial data centers (i.e., server farms) to hide their true IP address and complete multiple surveys for financial gain. In this commentary, we outline key screening procedures that allow researchers to obtain quality MTurk data. We also highlight the importance of balancing efforts to increase data quality with efforts to maintain sample diversity. With appropriate screening procedures, which should be preregistered, MTurk remains a viable participant source that requires further validation in an eating disorder context.
Pull the trigger: interplay between benthic and pelagic cues driving the early recruitment of a natural bivalve assemblage
Authors: Androuin Thibault , Barbier Pierrick , Forêt Martin , Meziane Tarik , Thomas Mathilde , Archambault Philippe , Winkler Gesche , Tremblay Réjean , Olivier Frédéric
Published: January 2022

Larval settlement and recruitment are crucial phases in the benthic‐pelagic life cycle of marine benthic invertebrates that controls population dynamic and habitat connectivity. Our study investigated potential triggers driving the settlement of bivalve larvae in a highly dynamic intertidal coarse sand habitat. The early recruitment rate of five dominant bivalve families and abiotic conditions, particulate (<20 µm) organic matter and sediment organic matter, were monitored from May to October 2014. Pelagic particulate organic matter (<20 µm) was dominated by picoplankton throughout the sampling period, with a substantial diatom bloom in spring. Sediment was characterized by fresh organic matter in spring, as suggested by the dominant contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and by a higher proportion of bacterial fatty acid markers during late summer. Different dynamics were also observed in early bivalve recruitment rates, with four different patterns observed over the sampling period. Multiple regression analysis on selected bivalve families showed species‐specific responses to trophic settlement triggers. Indeed, the larva recruitment rate of Mytilidae paralleled pelagic concentration of picoeucaryotes, with the peak early recruitment rate occurring in spring. Surprisingly, the early recruitment rate of Mactridae larvae showed a significant relation to bacterial concentration in the surficial sediment at the end of summer. While the Mytilidae results in such a eutrophic system confirmed those of a previous study in oligotrophic lagoons, therefore supporting the trophic settlement trigger hypothesis, more work is needed to understand the potential role of bacteria in the early recruitment of Mactridae. These results highlight for the first‐time inter‐specific differences in trophic cues that potentially trigger primary settlement in natural bivalve assemblages.
Geochemical characteristics and the significance of two major coal‐bearing strata claystones from the Datong Coalfield (North China)
Authors: Liu Linsong , Li Jintao , Zhang Jing , Hao Riwa , Kang Xingjian , Liu Qinfu
Published: January 2022

This study aims to investigate the significance of the geochemical differences and the factors that control the geochemistry of two major types of coal‐bearing stratum claystones (sedimentary kaolinitic claystone [SK‐claystone] and tonstein). The SK‐claystone and tonstein derived from the Taiyuan Formation of the Upper Carboniferous coal‐bearing strata in the Datong Coalfield of North China have been comprehensively analysed using X‐ray powder diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that the SK‐claystones and tonsteins exhibit similar SiO2 content; however, the content of Al2O3 in tonsteins is higher than that in SK‐claystones, whereas the TFe2O3 and K2O content in tonsteins are lower than those in SK‐claystones. These findings are consistent with the mineral composition analysis of the samples. The SK‐claystones and tonsteins have different parent rocks, as shown by the Al2O3/TiO2 ratios, diagram of Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y, and chondrite‐normalized rare earth element patterns. The palaeosalinity indexes (B/Ga and Sr/Ba) and palaeoredox proxies (Mo and U enrichment factors as well as U/Th ratios) indicate that both SK‐claystones and tonsteins were formed in freshwater suboxic–oxic environments. The kaolinite in SK‐claystones and tonsteins is formed via the deposition or crystallization of aluminium‐rich weathering products and alteration of volcanic ash, respectively. In summary, the different parent rocks and diagenetic processes are the main factors differentiating the geochemical characteristics of the two types of claystones. Our study links the different types of elemental enrichment features to the geological genesis of the two types of claystones, indicating that the trace elemental enrichment characteristics can be used as indicators for distinguishing the SK‐claystone and tonstein in the Datong Coalfield as well as other similar coalfields.
Involvement of the dorsal and ventral attention networks in visual attention span
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Junkai , Huang Chen , Liang Peipeng
Published: January 2022

Visual attention span (VAS), which refers to the window size of multielement parallel processing in a short time, plays an important role in higher‐level cognition (e.g., reading) as required by encoding large amounts of information input. However, it is still a matter of debate about the underlying neural mechanism of VAS. In the present study, a modified visual 1‐back task was designed by using nonverbal stimuli and nonverbal responses, in which possible influences of target presence and position were considered to identify more pure VAS processing. A task‐driven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment was then performed, and 30 healthy adults participated in this study. Results of confirmatory and exploratory analyses consistently revealed that both dorsal attention network (DAN) and ventral attention network (VAN) were significantly activated during this visual simultaneous processing. In particular, more significant activation in the left superior parietal lobule (LSPL), as compared to that in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFGs), suggested a greater involvement of DAN in VAS‐related processing in contrast to VAN. In addition, it was also found that the activation in temporoparietal junctions (TPJs) were suppressed during multielement processing only in the target‐absent condition. The current results suggested the recruitment of LSPL in covert attentional shifts and top‐down control of VAS resources distribution during the rapid visual simultaneous processing, as well as the involvement of bilateral IFGs (especially RIFG) in both VAS processing and inhibitory control. The present findings might bring some enlightenments for diagnosis of the atypicality of attentional disorders and reading difficulties.
Adolescent loneliness, stress and depressive symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The protective role of friends
Authors: Espinoza Guadalupe , Hernandez Hannah L.
Published: January 2022

The current study examines if perceived negative changes due to COVID‐19 are related to adolescent loneliness, stress and depressive symptoms and whether friendship factors (online friend communication, friend support) serve a protective role in these associations. In total, 993 adolescents (Mage = 16.09, SD = 1.24) from ethnically diverse backgrounds (49% White, 18% Asian/Asian‐American, 14% Latinx, 9% Black/African‐American, 10% Other) in the United States completed an online survey. Adolescents who perceived more negative changes due to COVID‐19 reported more loneliness, stress and depressive symptoms. For loneliness and stress, these associations were qualified by interactions with the friendship factors. Among adolescents with low online friend communication, as perceived negative changes increased, loneliness also increased. At high levels of friend communication, there was no link between negative COVID‐19 changes and loneliness. Friend communication and support may protect adolescents from well‐being problems stemming from the negative changes in their life due to COVID‐19.
Potential of PALBI‐T score as a prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Tanaka Kazunari , Tsuji Kunihiko , Matsui Takeshi , Kang Jong‐Hon , Sakurai Yasuo , Kodama Yoshihisa , Minami Ryosuke , Watanabe Kiichi , Katanuma Akio
Published: January 2022

Background and Aim

With the control of viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is becoming increasingly important in Japan. In alcoholic cirrhosis, the impact of portal hypertension is significant. Thus, it may be difficult to predict prognosis accurately with the reported prognostic scores. Here we propose the platelet‐albumin‐bilirubin tumor nodes metastasis (TNM) score (PALBI‐T score) as a prognostic model for HCC in alcoholic liver disease, and investigate its usefulness. The PALBI‐T score is an integrated score based on the TNM stage and PALBI grade including platelets, reflecting portal hypertension.

Methods

This study included 163 patients with alcoholic HCC treated at our Center from 1997 to 2018. We compared the prognostic prediction abilities of the Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) score, ALBI‐T score, and PALBI‐T score. The PALBI‐T score was calculated similarly to the JIS and ALBI‐T scores. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated for predicting overall survival (OS).

Results

In predicting the 1‐year survival, the JIS score had a larger AUC (AUC = 0.925) than the ALBI‐T score (AUC = 0.895) and PALBI‐T score (AUC = 0.891). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in predicting OS among the integrated scores. The PALBI‐T score (AUC = 0.740) had the largest AUC, and the JIS score (AUC = 0.729) and ALBI‐T score (AUC = 0.717) were not significantly different from the PALBI grade (AUC = 0.634). The PALBI grade reflected the degree of portal hypertension.

Conclusion

In patients with alcoholic HCC, the Japan Integrated Staging score is useful for predicting short‐term prognosis. The PALBI‐T score, which reflects portal hypertension, appears to be a more valid prognostic score for predicting long‐term prognosis.
Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: Diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children
Authors: Palmer Brandon , Wang Marie E.
Published: January 2022

GUIDELINE TITLE

Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America: 2021 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children

RELEASE DATE

August 5, 2021

PRIOR VERSION(S)

n/a

DEVELOPER

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) and Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)

FUNDING SOURCE

PIDS and IDSA

TARGET POPULATION

Children with suspected or confirmed acute hematogenous osteomyelitis
Predicting effects of water management on breeding abundance of three wading bird species
Authors: Essian David A. , Paudel Rajendra , Gawlik Dale E.
Published: January 2022

Wetland conservation often involves creating hydrological regimes that maximize habitat and resources for wildlife. In the greater Everglades ecosystem in Florida, USA, where wading birds are food‐limited in some years, models predicting the influence of hydropatterns on foraging habitat availability are used to guide the management of water levels for wading bird nesting populations. These models are useful but do not consider that nesting wading birds are central place foragers, and thus resource availability is a colony‐level measure. We examined long‐term nest abundance patterns of the great egret (Ardea alba), snowy egret (Egretta thula), and white ibis (Eudocimus albus) to determine effects of hydropatterns on wading bird nest abundance in a 400‐km2 littoral marsh in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. We developed 2 sets of statistical models for each species: 1 examining variation in nest abundance (1977–1992, 2006–2019) and 1 predicting colony‐level nest abundance (2006–2019). Models of nest abundance predicted that great egret nesting will peak when March–April lake stage is 4.3–4.5 m, coinciding with the peak in area of available foraging habitat. Neither recession rate nor stage explained total snowy egret or white ibis nest abundance, though snowy egret nest abundance has increased since the 1990s, when the water management schedule favored higher lake stages for longer duration. For all species, colony‐level models predicted that nesting increased with increased habitat availability, faster water‐level recession rates, and greater number of days dry in the previous 2 years at nest sites. When applied to simulated hydrological data representing changes to water‐level regulations in Lake Okeechobee, our models predicted that management regimes allowing extreme flooding (stage > 5.18 m) in <220 days per 5.0 years and Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) recruitment (stage < 3.9 m) >3.0 years per 5.0 years resulted in the highest nest abundance for snowy egret and white ibis. Snowy egret and white ibis nesting decreased by 575 nests/year and 465 nests/year, respectively, when regulation schedules increased the management envelope by 0.46 m, whereas great egret nest abundance increased modestly (149 nests/year). Operational rules that allow intermediate drought disturbance in dry years and prioritize increased habitat availability at short‐hydroperiod colonies in wet years should result in overall benefits to the wading bird community at Lake Okeechobee.
Recent Advances in Synthetic and Natural Biomaterials‐Based Therapy for Bone Defects
Authors: Alvarez Echazú María I. , Perna Oriana , Olivetti Christian E. , Antezana Pablo E. , Municoy Sofia , Tuttolomondo María V. , Galdopórpora Juan M. , Alvarez Gisela S. , Olmedo Daniel G. , Desimone Martín F.
Published: January 2022

Synthetic and natural biomaterials are a promising alternative for the treatment of critical‐sized bone defects. Several parameters such as their porosity, surface, and mechanical properties are extensively pointed out as key points to recapitulate the bone microenvironment. Many biomaterials with this pursuit are employed to provide a matrix, which can supply the specific environment and architecture for an adequate bone growth. Nevertheless, some queries remain unanswered. This review discusses the recent advances achieved by some synthetic and natural biomaterials to mimic the native structure of bone and the manufacturing technology applied to obtain biomaterial candidates. The focus of this review is placed in the recent advances in the development of biomaterial‐based therapy for bone defects in different types of bone. In this context, this review gives an overview of the potentialities of synthetic and natural biomaterials: polyurethanes, polyesters, hyaluronic acid, collagen, titanium, and silica as successful candidates for the treatment of bone defects.
Roles of Sb addition on the corrosion resistance of the low‐alloy steel in a real tropical marine atmosphere
Authors: Wu Wei , Liu Niyun , Chai Peilin , Zhu Lili , Huang Shiyu , Yang Ying , Zhao Bo , Liu Zhiyong
Published: January 2022

The corrosion behaviors of Sb‐free and Sb‐added low‐alloy structural steels were comparatively studied in a real tropical marine atmosphere. And the role of Sb addition on corrosion resistance was clarified by electrochemical measurement and rust analysis. The results showed that the addition of 0.05% Sb increased the polarization resistance, reduced the cathodic current density, and slowed down the oxygen reduction process. Meanwhile, Sb addition optimized the physical structure, promoted the transformation of phase, and improved the protection of the rust. More importantly, 0.05% Sb addition inhibited the local acidification at the bottom of the pits, thus slowing down the local corrosion process at the rust/matrix interface. Accordingly, the corrosion resistance of the Sb‐added low‐alloy steel was enhanced, causing a lower corrosion rate than that of Sb‐free steel in a tropical marine atmosphere.
Ionic Liquid Driven Enhancement in the Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Poly(methyl‐methacrylate)‐Based Composite Materials Filled with Hybrid Silver‐Coated Glass Microfibers
Authors: Retailleau Clémence , Alaa‐Eddine Jalal , Ndagijimana Fabien , Alcouffe Pierre , Cavetier Laurent , Fumagalli Matthieu , Bounor‐Legaré Véronique , Serghei Anatoli
Published: January 2022

The electromagnetic interface shielding properties of poly(methyl‐methacrylate) based composite materials filled with hybrid silver‐coated glass microfibers are investigated between 100 kHz and 1 GHz using the coaxial cell method. The incorporation of the ionic liquid EMPy‐TFSI (1‐ethyl‐4‐methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)) into the composite material leads to a substantial decrease in the percolation threshold and to an enhancement in the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness by more than 60 dB. The addition of EMPy‐TFSI, selected for its excellent compatibility with the polymer matrix, allows one to obtain composite materials with shielding effectiveness values up to 116 dB, as compared to a maximum value of 43 dB obtained in the absence of the ionic liquid. This enhancement effect is explained by the interactions between the ionic liquid, the polymer matrix and the silver‐coated microfibers that lead to a more efficient percolation network. The use of ionic liquids can represent thus a powerful approach to develop functional composite materials with enhanced interference shielding properties.
Inverse Vulcanization of Elemental Sulfur with Natural Rosin to Prepare High Sulfur Content Polymers with Excellent Solubility and UV‐Blocking Performance
Authors: Qiu Jinhui , Huang Zhengyu , Huang Baotao , Wang Guan , Zhou Li
Published: January 2022

Inverse vulcanization of cheap elemental sulfur (S) to prepare polymers that simultaneously possess high sulfur content and good solubility is still in its infancy. In this paper, the authors report the synthesis of a novel S‐rosin (Ro) copolymer (Sx‐Ro) based on the inverse vulcanization of S with natural Ro. The sulfur content of Sx‐Ro can be regulated in a wide range, while Sx‐Ro still presents excellent solubility in low boiling point solvents at high sulfur content. Even if the sulfur content in Sx‐Ro is as high as 50%, its solubility in tetrahydrofuran (THF) can still reach 26 mg mL−1. Moreover, the Sx‐Ro exhibits excellent ultraviolet (UV) absorption capability in the entire UV region (200–400 nm) and can be utilized as an effective anti‐UV agent to enhance the UV‐blocking performance of other polymers (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate [PMMA] and polystyrene [PS]) without compromise of transparency and thermal stability. Considering the fine solubility and superior UV‐blocking properties of Sx‐Ro, this work not only provides a versatile and effective anti‐UV material but also opens new opportunities for value‐added utilization of abundant S and Ro resources.
CEO's age and investment‐cash flow sensitivity
Authors: Gupta Gaurav
Published: January 2022

This study examines the impact of Chief Executive Officer's (CEO's) age on investment‐cash flow sensitivity (ICFS) for Indian firms from 2005 to 2018. Using system generalized method of moments (GMM), this study finds that young (older) CEOs increase (reduce) ICFS. This study finds that the effects of CEO's age on ICFS become more (less) stronger for standalone (group‐affiliated) firms and during crisis (noncrisis) periods. Further, the individual effect of older (young) CEOs is negatively (positively) associated with the corporate investment, and this effect is not significant for standalone firms and during the crisis period. Overall, this study adds new insights to the existing finance literature.