bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetramethylpyrazine-loaded electroconductive hydrogels promote tissue repair after spinal cord injury by protecting the blood–spinal cord barrier and neurons
Authors: Deng Bowen , Jiang Shengyuan , Liu Gang , Li Xiaoye , Zhao Yi , Fan Xiao , Ren Jingpei , Ning Chengyun , Xu Lin , Ji Linhong , Mu Xiaohong
Published: April 2024

The tetramethylpyrazine-loaded conductive hydrogel could diminish the breakdown of the blood–spinal cord barrier and protect against neuronal cell death to synergistically restore neurological functions post spinal cord injury.
Metabolic profiling of murine radiation-induced lung injury with Raman spectroscopy and comparative machine learning
Authors: Wiebe Mitchell , Milligan Kirsty , Brewer Joan , Fuentes Alejandra M. , Ali-Adeeb Ramie , Brolo Alexandre G. , Lum Julian J. , Andrews Jeffrey L. , Haston Christina , Jirasek Andrew
Published: April 2024

A cohort of control/irradiated mice were metabolically profiled, via Raman spectrocopy, for associations with radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Machine learning methods revealed disease-associated metabolites.
Correction: ECM-based bioadhesive hydrogel for sutureless repair of deep anterior corneal defects
Authors: Boroumand Safieh , Sigaroodi Faraz , Ahmadi Tafti Seyed Mohsen , Khoshmaram Keyvan , Soleimani Masoud , Khani Mohammad-Mehdi
Published: April 2024

Correction for ‘ECM-based bioadhesive hydrogel for sutureless repair of deep anterior corneal defects’ by Safieh Boroumand et al., Biomater. Sci., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4bm00129j.
Correction: Hybrid protein microspheres and their responsive release behaviors and inhibitory effects on melanin synthesis
Authors: Hwang Ee Taek , Yoon Yeahwa , Kim Ka Ram , Lee Chan Hee , Jeon Kyung Chan , Min Ji Ho , Lee Jae Won , Kim Jangyong
Published: April 2024

Correction for ‘Hybrid protein microspheres and their responsive release behaviors and inhibitory effects on melanin synthesis’ by Ee Taek Hwang et al., Biomater. Sci., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4bm00106k.
Exploiting halide perovskites for heavy metal ion detection
Authors: Tang Ke , Chen Yuetian , Zhao Yixin
Published: April 2024

Metal halide perovskites used for the detection of heavy-metal ions are reviewed with the development of exploring lead-free perovskites in aqueous media highlighted.
Dissipative sequential catalysis via six-component machinery
Authors: Mondal Debabrata , Elramadi Emad , Kundu Sohom , Schmittel Michael
Published: April 2024

Triphenyl phosphane (TPP) and an epoxide as a fuel system transiently transformed a non-catalytic six-component turnstile into a four-component catalytic rotor releasing N-methyl pyrrolidine and a copper(i) complex.
A cubic DNA nanocage probe for in situ analysis of miRNA-10b in tumor-derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Sun Xiaoyan , Chen Yafei , Li Haiyan , Xing Wei , Chen Mingli , Wang Jianhua , Ye Lei
Published: April 2024

A cubic DNA nanocage probe was developed for the in situ detection of miRNA-10b in tumor-derived EVs.
Acoustic shock wave-induced phase transition in indium selenide: tuning band gap energy for solar cell applications
Authors: Oviya S. , Bincy F. Irine Maria , Arumugam S. , Bharathi K. Kamala , Kumar Raju Suresh , Kannappan P. , Kim Ikhyun , Dhas S. A. Martin Britto
Published: April 2024

Acoustic shock wave loading experiment on indium selenide.
Degradation of tetracycline by visible light using Ca2Nb2O7 composite oxides with perovskite and pyrochlore sub-crystalline phases
Authors: Xu Junwei , Lu Chengxin , Zhang Xianfeng , Ouyang Rumeng , Fang Xiuzhong , Xu Xianglan , Wang Xiang
Published: April 2024

We synthesized two paramorphs of Ca2Nb2O7 for visible light degradation of tetracycline, and found that pyrochlore phase has better reactivity compared to perovskite phase, which is attributed to the intrinsic oxygen vacancies and lattice disorder of pyrochlore phase.
Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates
Authors: Evans Matthew J. , Jones Cameron
Published: April 2024

This review summarises advances in the chemistry of low-oxidation state and hydrido group 2 metal complexes, focussing on their use for the reductive activation of feed-stock gaseous small molecules, and their subsequent transformation into value added products.
Exploring the effect of a pendent amine group poised over the secondary coordination sphere of a cobalt complex on the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Ali Afsar , Verma Rajaneesh Kumar , Das Avijit , Paria Sayantan
Published: April 2024

A tert-amine group poised over the secondary coordination sphere of a Co complex works as a proton relay site in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction.
Mechanistic approaches for crosstalk between nanomaterials and plants: plant immunomodulation, defense mechanisms, stress resilience, toxicity, and perspectives
Authors: Singh Ragini , Choudhary Pinky , Kumar Santosh , Daima Hemant Kumar
Published: April 2024

This review provides new insights for the development of nanomaterials with potential immunomodulatory effects in plants towards resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
Anatase TiO2 nanomaterials are much more effective in enhancing hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds than their rutile counterparts
Authors: Li Tong , Ju Yiting , Du Tingting , Jiang Chuanjia , Zhang Tong , Chen Wei
Published: April 2024

The crystalline phase significantly affects the efficiency of TiO2 nanomaterials in catalyzing hydrolysis reactions of organophosphates, primarily by modulating the surface Lewis acidity of TiO2.
Force and stress calculations with a neural-network wave function for solids
Authors: Qian Yubing , Li Xiang , Chen Ji
Published: April 2024

Accurate force and stress calculations for solids are achieved with a neural-network wavefunction.
Scalable superhydrophobic coatings with recycled polypropylene
Authors: Li Xiukai , Wang Jinquan , Chan Shook Pui , Teong Siew Ping , Zhang Yugen
Published: April 2024

Overcoming solubility challenges in polypropylene (pp) coatings: a scalable, environmentally friendly approach utilizing partial oxidation and recycled materials.
Energetic description of the liquid–vapor interface of water with organic coating molecules
Authors: Devémy Julien , Dequidt Alain , Renard Pascal , Deguillaume Laurent , Malfreyt Patrice
Published: April 2024

Atomistic simulations are performed on liquid–vapor interfaces of water with interacting organic molecules representative of the molecular diversity observed in clouds.
Heterojunction catalysts for CO2–HCOOX interconversion cycles
Authors: Xu Yu-Shuai , Xu Dong , Chen Jie-Sheng , Li Xin-Hao
Published: April 2024

This review summarizes recent advances in heterojunction-type catalysts for CO2-HCOOX interconversion under different driving forces, focusing on rectifying effects at the interface and the potential for developing heterojunction-based catalysts for practical applications.
Selective deletion of one carbon atom from C60 through benzylamine mediated reactions
Authors: Wang Yaqiong , Wu Yiran , Yu Yuming , Su Jie , Qiu Yi , Gan Liangbing
Published: April 2024

Benzylamine selectively adds to one of the two carbonyl groups on the 9-membered orifice to form an N,O-aminal moiety. Subsequent oxidation and hydrogen atom transfer lead to a decarboxylation process and formation of a nor [59]fullerene derivative.
Detection and photothermal inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream bacteria using photonic crystal biosensor and plasmonic core–shell
Authors: Birhanu Hayilesilassie Ruth , Gemta Abebe Belay , Maremi Fekadu Tolessa , Getahun Kumela Alemayehu , Gudishe Kusse , Dana Bereket Delga
Published: April 2024

This study introduces a tailored theoretical framework for a one-dimensional photonic crystal biosensor composed of (ZrO2/GaN)N/defect layer/(ZrO2/GaN)N, designed to detect Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream bacteria employing the transfer matrix method.
Introduction to the RSC Advances themed collection on nano and microscale modifications of biomaterials
Authors: Zieliński Andrzej , Majkowska-Marzec Beata
Published: April 2024

Andrzej Zieliński and Beata Majkowska-Marzec introduce the RSC Advances themed collection on nano and microscale modifications of biomaterials.
Synthesis, crystal structure and physical properties of ThV2Si2C containing V2C square lattices
Authors: Xiao Yusen , Chen Yongliang , Li Yong , Wen Zhiwei , Cui Yajing , Jia Tao , Li Shulong , Li Baizhuo , Wu Kaixin , Duan Qingchen , Ni Hao , Liu Shaohua , Wang Cao , Zhao Yong
Published: April 2024

A quaternary compound, ThV2Si2C, was synthesized using the arc-melting technique. The compound exhibits Pauli paramagnetic metal behavior, and there may be a superconducting state below 2 K.
Perylenemonoimide-based superstable radical anions and dianions with solid-state emission properties
Authors: Bhunia Sukomal , Pramanik Anup , Bhattacharya Suman , Koner Apurba Lal
Published: April 2024

The ambient stable radical anions originated from perylenemonoimide via sulfur oxidation was explored in this investigation.
Construction of secure adaptive frequency hopping sequence sets based on AES algorithm
Authors: Song Dongpo , Wei Peng , Fu Yongming , Wang Shilian
Published: April 2024

Communication security has become particularly crucial with the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology, a prevalent method in wireless communication, has a wide range of applications in the Internet of Things. Enhancing the security of frequency hopping sequences is an essential means to improve the security of frequency hopping communication in the Internet of Things, as the performance of frequency hopping sequences plays a crucial role in frequency hopping systems. This paper proposes constructing secure adaptive frequency hopping sequence sets based on the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. As a block cipher algorithm with superior security, the AES algorithm can provide a fundamental guarantee for the security of the proposed frequency hopping sequences. The mapping methods from ciphertext sequences to frequency hopping sequences proposed in this paper can achieve the construction of frequency hopping sequences of any frequency set size to meet the requirements of adaptive frequency hopping. In addition, we also model and analyse the problem of overlapping spectrum band of the IoT groups in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, aiming to achieve better packet transmission performance by adjusting the frequency set size.
Instance segmentation by blend U‐Net and VOLO network
Authors: Deng Hongfei , Wen Bin , Wang Rui , Feng Zuwei
Published: April 2024

Instance segmentation is still challengeable to correctly distinguish different instances on overlapping, dense and large number of target objects. To address this, the authors simplify the instance segmentation problem to an instance classification problem and propose a novel end‐to‐end trained instance segmentation algorithm CotuNet. Firstly, the algorithm combines convolutional neural networks (CNN), Outlooker and Transformer to design a new hybrid Encoder (COT) to further feature extraction. It consists of extracting low‐level features of the image using CNN, which is passed through the Outlooker to extract more refined local data representations. Then global contextual information is generated by aggregating the data representations in local space using Transformer. Finally, the combination of cascaded upsampling and skip connection modules is used as Decoders (C‐UP) to enable the blend of multiple different scales of high‐resolution information to generate accurate masks. By validating on the CVPPP 2017 dataset and comparing with previous state‐of‐the‐art methods, CotuNet shows superior competitiveness and segmentation performance.
Output quality improvement for single‐phase inverter in V2G system
Authors: Wang Yipei , Liu Ancheng , Kwak A‐Rim , Park Sung‐Jun
Published: April 2024

In vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) applications, a voltage source inverter (VSI) directly connects to a residential load or grid for DC/AC conversion and power flow control. In VSI, dead‐time is employed to prevent the breakdown of switching devices, however, the introduction of dead‐time leads to distortions of output voltage and current in both stand‐alone and grid‐tie modes. For the case of a power factor of 1, by analyzing the dead‐time effect of digital‐controlled double‐frequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation, a compensation amount is proposed to introduce in the modulation signals, the value of which is half of the delay register that generates a dead‐time of td. Moreover, considering the phase delay caused by hardware and software filtering in sampling, the grid‐tie mode control strategy based on dead‐time compensation is further proposed, which introduces the grid voltage as a feedforward signal. A 3.5 kW V2G experimental prototype is built and tested to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategies. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed methods are effective for both modes, which improve the output distortion for different dead‐time without additional hardware circuits.
Advanced nanomaterials: Fabrication, characterization and applications
Authors: Kapoor Vicky , Berwal Jasmeen Singh
Published: April 2024

Nanomaterials continue to revolutionize various scientific domains due to their unique properties and versatile applications. This study explores the forefront of nanomaterial research, presenting a comprehensive investigation into fabrication techniques, advanced characterization methodologies, and diverse application possibilities. Embarking on the escalating significance of advanced nanomaterials, this study confronts present challenges and endeavours to bridge gaps in our comprehension, establishing itself at the forefront of this rapidly evolving field. Our study seeks to achieve a twofold objective - advancing the synthesis of nanomaterials with tailored properties and pushing the boundaries of characterization techniques to reveal intricate details at the nanoscale. The Fabrication section introduces innovative methods such as Top-Down Lithography, highlighting their role in achieving precise control over nanomaterial structures. Characterization, a pivotal phase, unfolds with meticulous scrutiny, using advanced technologies and instruments such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), provide precise insights into the properties and structures of nanomaterials. In the Applications section, exploring how advanced nanomaterials make a big impact in areas like electronics and medicine, showcasing their versatility and potential for groundbreaking advancements. In conclusion, the findings not only contribute significantly to the existing body of knowledge but also set the stage for future research, guiding the trajectory of nanomaterial exploration towards new horizons in scientific inquiry.
Investigation of a Fuzzy Production Inventory Model with Carbon Emission using Sign Distance Method
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Sahedev  , Singh A.P. , Chauhan Aanad , Rajoria Yogendra Kumar , Kaur Namita
Published: April 2024

Reducing costs associated with inventory is the primary goal of conventional inventory models like the models of economic order quantity and economic production quantity. However, these models fall short of addressing defective goods or revising them. Imperfections in the manufacturing process result in flawed products alongside the final goods. To convert these flawed components into finished goods, rework is necessary. In manufacturing and reworking process produces carbon emissions which are harmful for the earth. To determine the optimal quantity for a single product manufactured in a single-stage manufacturing system that yields partially defective products that are reworked in the same cycle, is determined in real-life situations, where the inventory characteristics and objectives are not exact. Such a type of uncertainty may be characterized by fuzzy numbers. A pentagonal fuzzy number has been used to define the cost parameters. Due to fuzzy parameters, the model becomes a fuzzy quantity, and it is defuzzied by the sign distance method. this article formulates a model of manufacturing inventories with planned backorders. Furthermore, a closed form for the inventory’s system total cost is determined, and a range of actual values for defective products for which an appropriate method exists is also provided. A proper mathematical model is created to accomplish the goal, and the manufacturing lot size that reduces the overall cost is determined. The ideal amount of a production batch to reduce total cost is established in to attain this goal using an appropriate mathematical model. While formulating and solving the relevant model, the necessary and sufficient conditions for a single globally optimal solution have been determined. Examples used as visualizations are given and confirmed by data.
Simulation of effect of Nanoparticle dispersed PCM for Cooling of Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: Yadav Apurv , Madhavan Asha Anish , Pillai Swaroop Ramaswamy
Published: April 2024

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are commonly and widely employed source of renewable power generation. Nonetheless, they suffer from very inferior poor light to energy conversion efficiency. This drawback is aggravated further by 0.02% for every Kelvin rise in solar cell temperature. This paper presents a modelling work on PV cooling techniques through phase change material layer integration on rear PV surface. The PCM layer can absorb the excess heat generated in the panel. Making a composite of highly conductive nanomaterial and this PCM as a layer will boost the heat transfer and maintain PV temperatures close to optimum. Vaseline (Petrolatum or soft paraffin) was selected as the PCM due to easy availability. Graphene nanomaterial was the thermal conductivity enhancer. The cooling effect of the PCM nanocomposite was tested at three different front surface temperature. It was found that addition of PCM layer brings the cooling effect at PV front. This effect further enhances on the addition of PCM nanocomposite layer.
RETRACTED: Analyzing the economic value of BIM technology in urban real estate adjudication through Meta
Authors: Yuhao Jiang , Nikolayevich Kovshar Sergey , Holubava Volha
Published: April 2024

This article has been retracted because it substantially reflects the content and analysis of the following original article, without reference to it:

Jafary, P., Shojaei, D., Rajabifard, A., Ngo, T., 2024. BIM and real estate valuation: challenges, potentials and lessons for future directions. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 31, 1642-1677. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-07-2022-0642

Retraction approved by the Editor and the Publisher on October 10, 2024.
Cutaneous Warts Treated with Individualised Homoeopathic Medicine: A Case Series
Authors: Ram Hanuman , Singh Uttam , Tuteja Sonia , Singh Anuradha , Singh Shweta
Published: April 2024

Cutaneous warts are visible growths on the skin caused by infection of keratinocytes caused by the human papilloma virus. They appear in various forms on different locations on the skin and mucous membranes, the most common being hands, feet, face and neck. Despite the availability of various treatments, its persistent and recurring nature remains a matter of frustration among the medical fraternity. This case series includes eight cutaneous warts cases treated with an individualistic approach. Each case was prescribed a single medicine as per the cardinal principles of homoeopathy. The cases were assessed through Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy inventory to attribute the causal relationship of homoeopathic treatment provided for inferring the clinical outcome of cases. In every case, a single dose of the most appropriate homoeopathic remedy in centesimal potency was prescribed, followed by placebo. All cases were followed up for approximately 04-month duration after medication. No recurrence of warts or relapses of symptoms was noticed during the follow-ups. All cases showed marked improvement and the warts were completely resolved. Individualised homoeopathic medicines prescribed for cases were Lachesis mutus, Causticum, Natrum muriaticum, Antimonium crudum, Nitricum acidum, Thuja occidentalis, Sulphur and Dulcamara. Through this case series, we encourage more homoeopathic research on warts including exploratory observational trials and randomised controlled trials.
Environmentally sustainable fashion and conspicuous behavior
Authors: Lee Sae Eun , Lee Kyu-Hye
Published: April 2024

This study examines the impact of conspicuous consumption on environmentally sustainable fashion brands (ESFBs). Most previous studies have been limited to environmental perspectives; however, research on environmental behavior by conspicuousness has been lacking. This study views the brand as a tool for revealing oneself and examines the moderator brand–self-connection. It utilized a structural equation model with 237 valid questionnaires. Its findings are as follows: (1) Conspicuous consumption, fashion trend conspicuousness, and socially awakened conspicuousness positively affect the word-of-mouth (WOM) marketing of ESFBs. (2) Environmental belief is fully mediated by the environmental norm (EN) and does not directly affect WOM. (3) The more consumers are consistent with ESFBs, the stronger their WOM marketing. They are moderated only by the EN and socially awakened conspicuousness. (4) A higher fashion trend conspicuousness is associated with increased WOM marketing, indicating that such brands are frequently used as a method of self-expression. This study highlights consumers’ socially awakened conspicuousness and fashion trend conspicuousness in relation to ESFBs and discusses some implications.
The effects of heterogeneous CSR on corporate stock performance: evidence from COVID-19 pandemic in China
Authors: Li Yunhe , Shen Xinyi , Zhang Fang
Published: April 2024

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) could be an effective risk-alleviating tool for companies. However, an important issue is whether CSR plays a risk-alleviating role in large negative shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the impact of corporate social responsibility on stock performance in China during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the differing effects of strategic and responsive CSR. By analysing daily data on newly confirmed COVID-19 cases and the stock performance of A-share listed companies during the lockdown period in 2020, we find that CSR can significantly mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on stock returns and recovery. Specifically, responsive CSR has a significant short-term moderating effect, whereas strategic CSR has a significant long-term moderating effect. The moderating effects of CSR are more pronounced among non-state-owned firms, firms with lower financial leverage, and large companies. These findings suggest that companies can reduce short- and long-term risks by strategically using responsive and strategic CSR in response to negative shocks in global economies.
Robustness of the emergence of synchronized clusters in branching hierarchical systems under parametric noise
Authors: Roy Anupama , Sinha Sudeshna , Gupte Neelima
Published: April 2024

The dynamical robustness of networks in the presence of noise is of utmost fundamental and applied interest. In this work, we explore the effect of parametric noise on the emergence of synchronized clusters in diffusively coupled Chaté–Manneville maps on a branching hierarchical structure. We consider both quenched and dynamically varying parametric noise. We find that the transition to a synchronized fixed point on the maximal cluster is robust in the presence of both types of noise. We see that the small sub-maximal clusters of the system, which coexist with the maximal cluster, exhibit a power-law cluster size distribution. This power-law scaling of synchronized cluster sizes is robust against noise in a broad range of coupling strengths. However, interestingly, we find a window of coupling strength where the system displays markedly different sensitivities to noise for the maximal cluster and the small clusters, with the scaling exponent for the cluster distribution for small clusters exhibiting clear dependence on noise strength, while the cluster size of the maximal cluster of the system displays no significant change in the presence of noise. Our results have implications for the observability of synchronized cluster distributions in real-world hierarchical networks, such as neural networks, power grids, and communication networks, that necessarily have parametric fluctuations.
Analysis of sterilization efficiency and application cost of three low temperature sterilization methods
Authors: Chen Hui , Liu Jiawei , Zeng Aiying , Qin Nian
Published: April 2024

Objective: This paper discusses the sterilization efficiency of three low temperature sterilization methods used in thermosensitive medical devices and makes a preliminary analysis of sterilization costs so as to provide the basis for reasonable selection of low temperature sterilizer in Central Sterile Supply Department. Methods: Medical devices compatible with the three sterilization methods were selected for sterilization, and two packaging materials were selected for the three low-temperature sterilization equipment according to the compatibility of the packaging materials. The equipment packed with the same packaging materials were sterilized for five times, and each low-temperature sterilizer was sterilized for a total of ten times. The sterilization effect, sterilization cycle time, energy consumption, and cost of the three sterilizers were compared. Results: The cycle time of ethylene oxide sterilizer was 393.6 min, and the cycle time of hydrogen peroxide low temperature plasma sterilizer was 56.1 min. The cycle time of low temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilizer was 105.7 min. The hydrogen peroxide low temperature plasma sterilizes single cycle power consumption at a maximum of 5 kWh. The single cycle energy consumption of compressed air ethylene oxide sterilizer is up to 12 l. In terms of sterilization application cost, hydrogen peroxide low temperature plasma sterilization has the highest cost, followed by ethylene oxide sterilization, and low temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilization is the lowest. Conclusion: The sterilization efficiency of hydrogen peroxide low temperature plasma sterilization is the highest, followed by low temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilization, and the lowest is ethylene oxide sterilization. The three low temperature sterilization methods can achieve effective sterilization of devices. Each hospital can choose an appropriate low temperature sterilization method according to the characteristics of thermosensitive instruments, turnover efficiency requirements, and financial status.
Uniformity of low-pressure capacitively coupled plasmas: Experiments and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations
Authors: Tian Peng , Kenney Jason , Rauf Shahid , Korolov Ihor , Schulze Julian
Published: April 2024

Radio-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) are one of the key technologies enabling the latest etching processes in 3D NAND and FinFET manufacturing. These processes rely crucially on the precise control of the uniformity of ion/radical fluxes and ion angular and energy distribution function (IAEDF) in CCPs. The plasma behavior and scaling properties are dependent on the plasma chemistry in these processes, e.g., electro-positive Ar plasmas vs highly electro-negative O2 plasmas. With the large number of process and design parameters influencing the plasma properties, computational modeling has become an important tool in conjunction with experimental diagnostics in understanding the intricate physical mechanisms in CCPs. In this paper, a 2D particle-in-cell plasma model is used to study the kinetic behavior of low-pressure (<5 Pa) CCPs in two different representative chemistries: Ar and O2. The low-frequency RF source is at 1.356 MHz while 27.12 MHz is used for the high frequency. Simulations show a shift of the peak in the plasma density from the center of the chamber to the edge as the pressure increases from 0.3 to 2.6 Pa. The computed magnitude and spatial profile of electron density compare reasonably with experimental measurements over a range of pressure. Comparison between electro-positive and electro-negative plasmas are discussed. Modeling results for the dual frequency CCP highlight the effect of plasma uniformity on the IAEDF, especially near the outer edge of the electrodes. Collisions in the sheath increase the population of low-energy ions as the pressure is increased to 2.6 Pa.
On the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian for polygons
Authors: Indrei Emanuel
Published: April 2024

A 2006 conjecture of Antunes and Freitas is addressed connecting the scaling-invariant polygonal isoperimetric and principal frequency deficits for triangles. This yields a quantitative polygonal Faber–Krahn inequality for triangles with an explicit constant. Furthermore, a problem mentioned in the 1951 book “Isoperimetric Inequalities In Mathematical Physics” by Pólya and Szegö is addressed: a formula is given for the principal frequency of a triangle. Moreover, a space of polygons is constructed for the classical Pólya and Szegö problem: in 1947, Pólya proved that if n = 3, 4 the regular polygon Pn minimizes the principal frequency of an n-gon with given area α > 0 and suggested that the same holds when n ≥ 5. In 1951, Pólya and Szegö discussed the possibility of counterexamples. This paper constructs explicit (2n − 4)–dimensional polygonal manifolds M(n,α) and proves the existence of a computable N ≥ 5 such that for all n ≥ N, the admissible n-gons are given via M(n,α)and there exists an explicit set An(α)⊂M(n,α) such that Pn has the smallest principal frequency among n-gons in An(α). Inter-alia when n ≥ 3, a formula is proved for the principal frequency of a convex P∈M(n,α)in terms of an equilateral n-gon with the same area; and, the set of equilateral polygons is proved to be an (n − 3)–dimensional submanifold of the (2n − 4)–dimensional manifold M(n,α)near Pn. The techniques involve a partial symmetrization, tensor calculus, the spectral theory of circulant matrices, and W2,p/BMO estimates. Last, an application is given in the context of electron bubbles.
Reliable operation of Cr2O3:Mg/β-Ga2O3 p–n heterojunction diodes at 600 °C
Authors: Callahan William A. , Egbo Kingsley , Lee Cheng-Wei , Ginley David , O'Hayre Ryan , Zakutayev Andriy
Published: April 2024

Beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3)-based semiconductor heterojunctions have recently demonstrated improved performance at high voltages and elevated temperatures and are, thus, promising for applications in power electronic devices and harsh environment sensors. However, the long-term reliability of these ultra-wideband gap (UWBG) semiconductor devices remains barely addressed and may be strongly influenced by chemical reactions at the p–n heterojunction interface. Here, we experimentally demonstrate operation and evaluate the reliability of Cr2O3:Mg/β-Ga2O3 p–n heterojunction diodes during extended operation at 600 °C, as well as after 30 repeated cycles between 25 and 550 °C. The calculated pO2-temperature phase stability diagram of the Ga-Cr-O material system predicts that Ga2O3 and Cr2O3 should remain thermodynamically stable in contact with each other over a wide range of oxygen pressures and operating temperatures. The fabricated Cr2O3:Mg/β-Ga2O3 p–n heterojunction diodes show room-temperature on/off ratios >104 at ±5 V and a breakdown voltage (VBr) of −390 V. The leakage current increases with increasing temperature up to 600 °C, which is attributed to Poole–Frenkel emission with a trap barrier height of 0.19 eV. Over the course of a 140-h thermal soak at 600 °C, both the device turn-on voltage and on-state resistance increase from 1.08 V and 5.34 mΩ cm2 to 1.59 V and 7.1 mΩ cm2, respectively. This increase is attributed to the accumulation of Mg and MgO at the Cr2O3/Ga2O3 interface as observed from the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. These findings inform future design strategies of UWBG semiconductor devices for harsh environment operation and underscore the need for further reliability assessments for β-Ga2O3-based devices.
Regulating two-dimensional colloidal crystal assembly through contactless acoustic annealing
Authors: He Guanzhou , Qiu Tengfei , Wang Xin , Jin Mingliang , Zhou Guofu , Giersig Michael , Kempa Krzysztof , Akinoglu Eser Metin
Published: April 2024

Two-dimensional colloidal crystals assembled from polystyrene nanospheres have emerged as a pivotal foundation for fabricating large-area nano-functional surfaces. These assemblies, defined by their hexagonal close-packed configuration and interlaced with grain boundaries, have garnered significant attention for applications in plasmonic structures, catalysts, photonic crystals, and inverse opals. Nonetheless, achieving consistent large-scale regularity has proven challenging due to unpredictable crystal growth and the introduction of defects. Utilizing acoustic waves excited from the airside, our experiments demonstrate the significant effects of such waves on the self-assembly process, leading to larger crystal domains and reduced defects. In comparison to the extensively studied water-end excitation techniques, our air-end excitation method introduces a novel dynamic in regulating colloidal monolayer crystallization and presents a comprehensive analysis of varying acoustic parameters, frequency, amplitude, and waveform. These findings reveal the potential of airside acoustic annealing in refining the structure of two-dimensional colloidal arrays. To elucidate our experimental observations, we delve into the theoretical underpinnings of particle dynamics, driven by classical hydromechanical constraints like surface tension and gravity. Using a qualitative estimate, we shed light on the resonant excitations and their potential role in optimizing the self-assembly process, especially focusing on resonances pertinent for enhancing cluster enlargements. Conclusively, our research, steeped in robust theoretical frameworks and groundbreaking experimental techniques, offers a multifaceted solution for perfecting two-dimensional colloidal arrays. This combined approach not only broadens the scope of acoustically induced crystallization but also charts a path for its adoption across diverse environments, signaling transformative prospects for nanomanufacturing and optical research.
Multivariate Gaussian process surrogates for predicting basic structural parameters of refractory non-dilute random alloys
Authors: Ruiz Cesar , Raj Anshu , Xu Shuozhi
Published: April 2024

Refractory non-dilute random alloys consist of two or more principal refractory metals with complex interactions that modify their basic structural properties such as lattice parameters and elastic constants. Atomistic simulations (ASs) are an effective method to compute such basic structural parameters. However, accurate predictions from ASs are computationally expensive due to the size and number of atomistic structures required. To reduce the computational burden, multivariate Gaussian process regression (MVGPR) is proposed as a surrogate model that only requires computing a small number of configurations for training. The elemental atom percentage in the hyper-spherical coordinates is demonstrated to be an effective feature for surrogate modeling. An additive approximation of the full MVGPR model is also proposed to further reduce computations. To improve surrogate accuracy, active learning is used to select a small number of alloys to simulate. Numerical studies based on AS data show the accuracy of the surrogate methodology and the additive approximation, as well as the effectiveness and robustness of the active learning for selecting new alloy designs to simulate.
A ternary gate-connected threshold switching thin-film transistor
Authors: Woo Kyung Seok , Lee Yonghee , Han Joon-Kyu , Park Tae Won , Jang Yoon Ho , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: April 2024

Multi-valued logic has been a significant focus of research in various fields with the advancement of information technology. One approach to realizing ternary logic is integrating of a threshold switching (TS) device with a transistor, but this method often entails a complex fabrication process. This work suggests a ternary gate-connected threshold switching thin-film transistor (TS-TFT) by serially connecting the TS device with a bottom-gate thin-film transistor (TFT). The fabrication process is simplified with a structure that shares electrodes and insulators. Different threshold voltages from TS and TFT devices produce stable multiple states. The Pt/HfO2/TiN TS device has an electronic trapping/detrapping switching mechanism that exhibits low power consumption and high reliability. With the superior electrical performance of an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide TFT, the TS-TFT has stable endurance. Furthermore, pulse switching and ternary inverter are demonstrated from the practical point of view.
Rapid optical switching of latched electrical resistance in a high-T
c superconducting tape
Authors: Brooks J. M. , Francis A. C. , Bioletti G. A. G. , Buckley R. G. , Bumby C. W. , Badcock R. A.
Published: April 2024

We report microsecond timescale switching between the superconducting and normal states of commercially manufactured high-Tc superconducting wires using optical radiation to heat the conductor above Tc. The achieved voltages and switching times have significant implications for a new class of thermal switches. The report contains experimental data for photo-induced microsecond scale voltage transients as well as numerical analysis of heat propagation through the material in response to optical radiation. The microbridges are etched into commercially manufactured coated conductors and submerged in liquid nitrogen. By varying the magnitude of the transport current, two different optical responses are identified. At low transport currents, short-lived voltage transients occur, transitioning to persistent latching once the current is increased above a threshold value. The microbridge, therefore, behaves as a fast opening and closing switch when carrying low currents or an optically latched thyristor at high currents. This is understood to occur due to critical current suppression as a result of heating from the optical pulse. Optically induced heating reduces the superconducting volume fraction, and Joule heating due to the transport current interaction with the high temperature superconducting occurs, which either causes short-lived or stable self-heating normal regions dependent on the magnitude of the transport current. This study is concluded with an estimate of the energy necessary to drive the microbridge into the resistive state. The observed behavior can potentially be utilized as a switching element in superconducting transformer rectifiers where high frequency switch operation is required.
Dynamics accelerate the kinetics of ion diffusion through channels: Continuous-time random walk models beyond the mean field approximation
Authors: Mondal Ronnie , Vaissier Welborn Valerie
Published: April 2024

Ion channels are proteins that play a significant role in physiological processes, including neuronal excitability and signal transduction. However, the precise mechanisms by which these proteins facilitate ion diffusion through cell membranes are not well understood. This is because experimental techniques to characterize ion channel activity operate on a time scale too large to understand the role of the various protein conformations on diffusion. Meanwhile, computational approaches operate on a time scale too short to rationalize the observed behavior at the microscopic scale. In this paper, we present a continuous-time random walk model that aims to bridge the scales between the atomistic models of ion channels and the experimental measurement of their conductance. We show how diffusion slows down in complex systems by using 3D lattices that map out the pore geometry of two channels: Nav1.7 and gramicidin. We also introduce spatial and dynamic site disorder to account for system heterogeneity beyond the mean field approximation. Computed diffusion coefficients show that an increase in spatial disorder slows down diffusion kinetics, while dynamic disorder has the opposite effect. Our results imply that microscopic or phenomenological models based on the potential of mean force data overlook the functional importance of protein dynamics on ion diffusion through channels.
How representative are air transport functional complex networks? A quantitative validation
Authors: Acharya Kishor , Olivares Felipe , Zanin Massimiliano
Published: April 2024

Functional networks have emerged as powerful instruments to characterize the propagation of information in complex systems, with applications ranging from neuroscience to climate and air transport. In spite of their success, reliable methods for validating the resulting structures are still missing, forcing the community to resort to expert knowledge or simplified models of the system’s dynamics. We here propose the use of a real-world problem, involving the reconstruction of the structure of flights in the US air transport system from the activity of individual airports, as a way to explore the limits of such an approach. While the true connectivity is known and is, therefore, possible to provide a quantitative benchmark, this problem presents challenges commonly found in other fields, including the presence of non-stationarities and observational noise, and the limitedness of available time series. We explore the impact of elements like the specific functional metric employed, the way of detrending the time series, or the size of the reconstructed system and discuss how the conclusions here drawn could have implications for similar analyses in neuroscience.
Analysis of the role of the ion polarization current on the onset of pre-disruptive magnetic islands in JET
Authors: Bonalumi L. , Alessi E. , Lazzaro E. , Nowak S. , Sozzi C. , Frigione D. , Garzotti L. , Lerche E. , Rimini F. , Van Eester D. ,   JET Contributors
Published: April 2024

The problem of the trigger of the neoclassical tearing mode is addressed in this work by evaluating the non-linear terms of the generalized Rutherford equation (GRE) for a set of JET disruptions. The linear stability index Δ′0, even for positive values, is not enough to describe the trigger of the mode as the stabilizing non-linear effects tend to prevent the growth of a mode below a certain width. First, an analysis on the contribution of the stabilizing effect of the curvature and the destabilizing effect of the bootstrap is done. Second, the work focuses on the role of the ion polarization current, a return current that flows parallel to the magnetic field due to the difference in the drift motion of the electrons and ions. This contribution is thought to play an important role in the onset of an island of width W, because it scales as 1/W3, making it a dominant term in the GRE when W is small. The assessment is carried out over a subset of pulses, producing interesting observations that were then generalized across the entire database, obtaining consistent results.
Molecular hypergraph neural networks
Authors: Chen Junwu , Schwaller Philippe
Published: April 2024

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have demonstrated promising performance across various chemistry-related tasks. However, conventional graphs only model the pairwise connectivity in molecules, failing to adequately represent higher order connections, such as multi-center bonds and conjugated structures. To tackle this challenge, we introduce molecular hypergraphs and propose Molecular Hypergraph Neural Networks (MHNNs) to predict the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors, where hyperedges represent conjugated structures. A general algorithm is designed for irregular high-order connections, which can efficiently operate on molecular hypergraphs with hyperedges of various orders. The results show that MHNN outperforms all baseline models on most tasks of organic photovoltaic, OCELOT chromophore v1, and PCQM4Mv2 datasets. Notably, MHNN achieves this without any 3D geometric information, surpassing the baseline model that utilizes atom positions. Moreover, MHNN achieves better performance than pretrained GNNs under limited training data, underscoring its excellent data efficiency. This work provides a new strategy for more general molecular representations and property prediction tasks related to high-order connections.
Driver circuit with high-voltage pulse and high-frequency excitation for the cell of optically pumped sensors
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jiangtao , Fu Jiqing , Wang Chao
Published: April 2024

Helium optically pumped sensor is widely used in the application for the detection of weak magnetic fields, and the cell is the core component of that, which needs an external excitation signal to ignite and maintain its luminosity, and its luminosity affects the sensitivity performance of the sensor. To improve the performance of the cell and reduce the power consumption of the system, which is the largest power consumption component in the sensor, this study presents the design of a driver circuit for a helium cell based on a high-voltage pulse source and high-frequency excitation source and uses a T-type impedance matching circuit to realize the efficient transmission of energy. The experimental results demonstrate that the driver circuit can effectively light up the helium cell, in which the pulse voltage of the high-voltage excitation is more than 1.0 kV, the output power of the high-frequency excitation signal is in the range of 0–6 W, and it is easy to adjust the output power of the high-frequency excitation signal to optimize the sensitivity of the sensor with an the optimal power density of 1.1 W/cm2 and a sensitivity of 29.4 pT/Hz1/2 is obtained. The driver circuit method designed in this study is also suitable for other inert gases to generate metastable atoms.
Engineering approaches for understanding mechanical memory in cancer metastasis
Authors: Lee Jia Wen Nicole , Holle Andrew W.
Published: April 2024

Understanding cancer metastasis is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes. Cancer cells face dynamic changes in their mechanical microenvironment that occur on timescales ranging from minutes to years and exhibit a spectrum of cellular transformations in response to these mechanical cues. A crucial facet of this adaptive response is the concept of mechanical memory, in which mechanosensitive cell behavior and function persists even when mechanical cues are altered. This review explores the evolving mechanical landscape during metastasis, emphasizing the significance of mechanical memory and its influence on cell behavior. We then focus on engineering techniques that are being utilized to probe mechanical memory of cancer cells. Finally, we highlight promising translational approaches poised to harness mechanical memory for new therapies, thereby advancing the frontiers of bioengineering applications in cancer research.