bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Custom and General Principles of International Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Francioni Francesco
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses whether contemporary international law prescribes obligations in the field of cultural heritage protection, which are binding upon States and other relevant international actors independently of or even against their consent. This question is relevant for a number of reasons. First, in spite of the widespread acceptance of treaty obligations in the various fields of cultural heritage protection, many States remain outside of the treaty regimes. Second, even for the States bound by treaties in force, their obligations have no retroactive effect, therefore leaving situations or disputes arising before the entry into force of relevant treaties outside their scope of application. Third, recognition of the character of custom or general principles to certain norms of international law may guarantee a superior ranking in the domestic law hierarchy of sources of the law.
International Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
Authors: Renold Marc-André
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies dispute resolution mechanisms and their efficacy for resolving international disputes involving cultural heritage items. Many controversies concern the restitution of movable cultural objects lost during war, occupation, or colonization or following theft or illicit trade in peacetime. With artworks often found outside their country of origin, these cases are cross-border, involving more than one legal system and/or entities established or residing in different jurisdictions. Moreover, international disputes have arisen regarding immovable cultural heritage and its protection, not only in warlike situations and intentional attacks but also in non-violent processes such as realization of development projects. Various cases also concern management and access to built heritage. By consequence, international cultural heritage disputes can be settled through non-judicial procedures—negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration—commonly referred to as ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution’ (ADR) means; or, if these fail or are not available, through litigation before domestic courts or international tribunals.
The Participation of Non-State Actors in the Implementation of Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Hausler Kristin
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses the treaty provisions allowing non-State actors to exercise their right to access and enjoy cultural heritage and also those which provide them with a seat at the cultural heritage governance table. Following developments in international human rights law, in particular with regard to Indigenous peoples, cultural heritage treaties have eventually recognised the participation of communities and groups in the management of cultural heritage. While a fully effective and inclusive participation and cooperation is far from being achieved, this chapter acknowledges the steps moving away from a strictly top-down approach within cultural heritage governance.
North American Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Fincham Derek
Published: October 2020

This concluding chapter offers a comparative perspective on the key components of contemporary cultural heritage law in North America. The region’s collective tangible and intangible cultural heritage has an array of legal and policy tools to safeguard it for future generations, though coordination between the three nations involved would benefit from increased cohesiveness. The primary legal mechanisms to prevent illicit movement are restrictions on removing archaeological materials; declarations of ownership for some or all of this material; export restrictions; and the ultimate enforcement of these protections both domestically and abroad. All three countries in North America have made this body of law a priority. The chapter then looks at the law enforcement efforts, international outreach, and treatment of specific objects of cultural heritage in Mexico, Canada, and the USA. It also describes the relationship of these North American States with the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention.
Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: the roles of AGN feedback, environment, and pre-processing
Authors: Donnari Martina , Pillepich Annalisa , Joshi Gandhali D , Nelson Dylan , Genel Shy , Marinacci Federico , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Pakmor Rüdiger , Torrey Paul , Vogelsberger Mark , Hernquist Lars
Published: October 2020

We use the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulations to show how the fractions of quenched galaxies vary across different environments and cosmic time, and to quantify the role AGN feedback and pre-processing play in quenching group and cluster satellites. At z = 0, we select galaxies with Mstars = 109−12 M⊙ residing within (≤R200c) massive groups and clusters of total host mass M200c = 1013−15.2 M⊙ in TNG100 and TNG300. The model predicts a quenched fraction of ∼70–90 per cent (on average) for centrals and satellites of mass ≳ 1010.5 M⊙, regardless of host mass, cosmic time (0 ≤ z ≤ 0.5), cluster-centric distance, and time since infall in the z = 0 host. Low-mass central galaxies (≲ 1010 M⊙), on the other hand, are rarely quenched unless they become members of groups (1013–14 M⊙) or clusters (≥1014 M⊙), where the quenched fraction rises to ∼ 80 per cent. Typically, the fraction of low-mass passive galaxies is higher closer to the host centre and for progressively more massive hosts. The population of low-mass satellites accreted more than ∼ 4–6 Gyr ago in massive hosts is almost entirely passive, thus suggesting an upper limit for the time needed for environmental quenching to occur. In fact, about 30 per cent of group and cluster satellites that are quenched at z = 0 were already quenched before falling into their current host, and the bulk of them quenched as early as 4–10 billion years ago. For low-mass galaxies (Mstars ≲ 1010–10.5 M⊙), this is due to pre-processing, whereby current satellites may have been members of other hosts, and hence have undergone environmental processes, before falling into their final host, this mechanism being more common and more effective for the purposes of quenching for satellites found today in more massive hosts. On the other hand, massive galaxies quench on their own and because of AGN feedback, regardless of whether they are centrals or satellites.
Predicting accreted satellite galaxy masses and accretion redshifts based on globular cluster orbits in the E-MOSAICS simulations
Authors: Pfeffer Joel L , Trujillo-Gomez Sebastian , Kruijssen J M D , Crain Robert A , Hughes Meghan E , Reina-Campos Marta , Bastian Nate
Published: October 2020

The ages and metallicities of globular clusters (GCs) are known to be powerful tracers of the properties of their progenitor galaxies, enabling their use in determining the merger histories of galaxies. However, while useful in separating GCs into individual accretion events, the orbits of GC groups themselves have received less attention as probes of their progenitor galaxy properties. In this work, we use simulations of galaxies and their GC systems from the MOdelling Star cluster population Assembly In Cosmological Simulations within EAGLE project to explore how the present-day orbital properties of GCs are related to the properties of their progenitor galaxies. We find that the orbits of GCs deposited by accretion events are sensitive to the mass and merger redshift of the satellite galaxy. Earlier mergers and larger galaxy masses deposit GCs at smaller median apocentres and lower total orbital energy. The orbital properties of accreted groups of GCs can therefore be used to infer the properties of their progenitor galaxy, though there exists a degeneracy between galaxy mass and accretion time. Combining GC orbits with other tracers (GC ages, metallicities) will help to break the galaxy mass/accretion time degeneracy, enabling stronger constraints on the properties of their progenitor galaxy. In situ GCs generally orbit at lower energies (small apocentres) than accreted GCs, however they exhibit a large tail to high energies and even retrograde orbits (relative to the present-day disc), showing significant overlap with accreted GCs. Applying the results to Milky Way GCs groups suggests a merger redshift z ∼ 1.5 for the Gaia Sausage/Enceladus and z > 2 for the ‘low-energy’/Kraken group, adding further evidence that the Milky Way had two significant mergers in its past.
Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information
Authors: Sayers Eric W , Beck Jeffrey , Bolton Evan E , Bourexis Devon , Brister James R , Canese Kathi , Comeau Donald C , Funk Kathryn , Kim Sunghwan , Klimke William , Marchler-Bauer Aron , Landrum Melissa , Lathrop Stacy , Lu Zhiyong , Madden Thomas L , O’Leary Nuala , Phan Lon , Rangwala Sanjida H , Schneider Valerie A , Skripchenko Yuri , Wang Jiyao , Ye Jian , Trawick Barton W , Pruitt Kim D , Sherry Stephen T
Published: October 2020

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a large suite of online resources for biological information and data, including the GenBank® nucleic acid sequence database and the PubMed® database of citations and abstracts published in life science journals. The Entrez system provides search and retrieval operations for most of these data from 34 distinct databases. The E-utilities serve as the programming interface for the Entrez system. Custom implementations of the BLAST program provide sequence-based searching of many specialized datasets. New resources released in the past year include a new PubMed interface and NCBI datasets. Additional resources that were updated in the past year include PMC, Bookshelf, Genome Data Viewer, SRA, ClinVar, dbSNP, dbVar, Pathogen Detection, BLAST, Primer-BLAST, IgBLAST, iCn3D and PubChem. All of these resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
G-quadruplex–R-loop interactions and the mechanism of anticancer G-quadruplex binders
Authors: Miglietta Giulia , Russo Marco , Capranico Giovanni
Published: October 2020

Genomic DNA and cellular RNAs can form a variety of non-B secondary structures, including G-quadruplex (G4) and R-loops. G4s are constituted by stacked guanine tetrads held together by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds and can form at key regulatory sites of eukaryote genomes and transcripts, including gene promoters, untranslated exon regions and telomeres. R-loops are 3-stranded structures wherein the two strands of a DNA duplex are melted and one of them is annealed to an RNA. Specific G4 binders are intensively investigated to discover new effective anticancer drugs based on a common rationale, i.e.: the selective inhibition of oncogene expression or specific impairment of telomere maintenance. However, despite the high number of known G4 binders, such a selective molecular activity has not been fully established and several published data point to a different mode of action. We will review published data that address the close structural interplay between G4s and R-loops in vitro and in vivo, and how these interactions can have functional consequences in relation to G4 binder activity. We propose that R-loops can play a previously-underestimated role in G4 binder action, in relation to DNA damage induction, telomere maintenance, genome and epigenome instability and alterations of gene expression programs.
Novel alternative ribonucleotide excision repair pathways in human cells by DDX3X and specialized DNA polymerases
Authors: Riva Valentina , Garbelli Anna , Casiraghi Federica , Arena Francesca , Trivisani Claudia Immacolata , Gagliardi Assunta , Bini Luca , Schroeder Martina , Maffia Antonio , Sabbioneda Simone , Maga Giovanni
Published: October 2020

Removal of ribonucleotides (rNMPs) incorporated into the genome by the ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) is essential to avoid genetic instability. In eukaryotes, the RNaseH2 is the only known enzyme able to incise 5′ of the rNMP, starting the RER process, which is subsequently carried out by replicative DNA polymerases (Pols) δ or ϵ, together with Flap endonuclease 1 (Fen-1) and DNA ligase 1. Here, we show that the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X has RNaseH2-like activity and can support fully reconstituted in vitro RER reactions, not only with Pol δ but also with the repair Pols β and λ. Silencing of DDX3X causes accumulation of rNMPs in the cellular genome. These results support the existence of alternative RER pathways conferring high flexibility to human cells in responding to the threat posed by rNMPs incorporation.
RedEx: a method for seamless DNA insertion and deletion in large multimodular polyketide synthase gene clusters
Authors: Song Chaoyi , Luan Ji , Li Ruijuan , Jiang Chanjuan , Hou Yu , Cui Qingwen , Cui Tianqi , Tan Long , Ma Zaichao , Tang Ya-Jie , Stewart A Francis , Fu Jun , Zhang Youming , Wang Hailong
Published: October 2020

Biosynthesis reprograming is an important way to diversify chemical structures. The large repetitive DNA sequences existing in polyketide synthase genes make seamless DNA manipulation of the polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters extremely challenging. In this study, to replace the ethyl group attached to the C-21 of the macrolide insecticide spinosad with a butenyl group by refactoring the 79-kb gene cluster, we developed a RedEx method by combining Redαβ mediated linear-circular homologous recombination, ccdB counterselection and exonuclease mediated in vitro annealing to insert an exogenous extension module in the polyketide synthase gene without any extra sequence. RedEx was also applied for seamless deletion of the rhamnose 3′-O-methyltransferase gene in the spinosad gene cluster to produce rhamnosyl-3′-desmethyl derivatives. The advantages of RedEx in seamless mutagenesis will facilitate rational design of complex DNA sequences for diverse purposes.
Japanese Electoral Systems since 1947
Authors: Reed Steven R.
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes and analyzes the electoral systems used to elect members of the Japanese Diet since 1947. The more powerful lower house has used two different electoral systems, and the upper house has used three. The chapter focuses on each system’s effects on the quality of democracy, particularly malapportionment and alternation in power. Electoral systems powerfully influence the quality of democracy. Many of those effects can be predicted by political science theory, but others cannot. The chapter shows that the effects of the first electoral system have long-lasting effects. The institutions and practices developed as the party system develops are not easily changed by later political reforms.
THE Political Economy of Turkey since the End of World War II
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the interaction between economic growth, the leading social actors, the state, and the global economic system in Turkey. The country’s long-term record in economic growth and human development has been close to world averages and a little above developing country averages. Turkey has experienced serious difficulties in establishing a pluralistic, open, and stable political system since 1950. While class cleavages have always mattered, equally important have been identity cleavages at both the societal and elite levels, most importantly between secularists and Islamists and between Turkish and Kurdish nationalists. These cleavages had negative consequences for state capacity and its ability to implement rules-based economic policies. The recurring tensions between the competing elites, the mixed outcomes associated with state interventionism, and the periods of political instability have made it difficult to attain a stronger record of economic development.
Old and New Polarizations and Failed Democratizations in Turkey
Authors: Somer Murat
Published: October 2020

This chapter identifies two conceptual distinctions to differentiate Turkey’s current polarization-cum-autocratization from earlier episodes of polarization and to explain how polarization undermines Turkey’s democratization. First, one needs to adopt a “political and relational” definition of polarization. Second, one must distinguish between exclusionary and inclusionary polarizations. Episodes of polarization are started by actors who re-bundle preexisting societal rifts and generate new ones to pursue political goals. But polarization becomes “pernicious,” i.e. begins to erode democracy, “relationally,” i.e. through the actions of these polarizing agents and the reactions of their opponents. In Turkey, exclusionary polarizations were instigated by nationalist elites to exclude various minorities, producing an outright undemocratic legacy. By comparison, inclusionary polarizations had democratizing potential because they were started by political entrepreneurs who pursued popular mobilizations and promised inclusive benefits to disadvantaged groups. Democratization failed in these cases due to shortcomings of intra-elite politics. Three differences distinguish the current polarization from earlier episodes. First, the current polarization, which also started as inclusionary, resulted from the AKP’s relative mass-party characteristics and anti-regime core identity. The latter factors drove the AKP to pursue more “revolutionary” policies and heightened existential threat perception among opponents. Second, the AKP’s ability to subdue authoritarian state institutions that had suppressed earlier polarizations, led to longer-lasting polarization. Consequently, polarization produced deeper social divisions and more severe democratic backsliding than earlier episodes had. Paradoxically, the cure for current polarization-cum-authoritarianism may be found in new polarizations led by democratic-reformist elite coalitions and programs.
How to Manage Performance-Based Contracting
Authors: Glas Andreas H. , Essig Michael
Published: October 2020

Peter Drucker formulated a management by objectives approach in the 1950s. That approach is a management system based on goal congruence as a means of improving performance. Since then, this management approach developed from leadership of employees to the arena of buyer–supplier relationships, where the approach is called performance-based contracting (PBC) and merges outcome goals with incentives. This chapter briefly introduces the peculiarities and differences of PBC in contrast to more traditional approaches. The chapter indicates that PBC is not just a contract, but in fact a strategic approach, and thus necessitates strategic management activities. Therefore, the focus of this work is on how to manage PBC. For this purpose, the management problem is differentiated into three management needs in two dimensions: The first dimension is the management of the supply architecture. This dimension has two relevant management needs: (a) positioning of PBC and (b) PBC subsupplier management. The second dimension addresses the need for a PBC (project) management in the buyer–supplier relationship. That dimension is further split into ten different steps. To address the management needs, insights from management control theory and new institutional economies theory are used. On this basis, this chapter conceptualizes both management dimensions. Insights about the main decisions for each dimension are given. These insights build the basis for several propositions and managerial implications.
More Sustainable Supply Chains
Authors: Klassen Robert D. , Gualandris Jury , Diebel William
Published: October 2020

Management efforts to design, develop, and operate more sustainable supply chains encompass an increasingly complex variety of social and environmental issues. More sustainable supply chains must now consider how product, operations, natural resources, technologies, and multiple tiers of organizations collectively create value for a diverse set of stakeholders. For multiple reasons, research and practice have tended to adopt an outcome-based perspective, whereby these efforts focus on a sustainability “destination,” which suffers from several shortcomings. Drawing from research in operations management, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and innovation, this chapter posits how more sustainable supply chains might be co-defined and co-developed by emphasizing a journey that engages multiple stakeholders beyond supply chain partners. Design thinking is a very promising approach, with its iterative steps of empathy, defining the problem, ideate, prototype, and test. This journey-based perspective provides a framework for structuring engagement and encouraging openness to new observations and insights. Finally, the breadth and depth of collaboration with stakeholders, the nature of governance mechanisms, and the form and scale of resource investment all provide the means to assess the journey as it occurs.
Managing and Repairing Supply Chains upon Disruptions
Authors: Wang Qiong , Li Julie Juan
Published: October 2020

Supply chain serves as a critical infrastructure that contributes to the value creation for firms. To help organizations mitigate the negative impacts of disruption, this chapter provides a conceptual foundation for supply chains upon disruptions, identifies the endogenous and exogeneous sources of supply chain disruptions, and explores key concepts essential to the repair of supply chain disruptions. Specifically, this chapter prescribes the mitigation strategies to repair damages of the disruptions from the perspectives of buyers and suppliers, respectively. While the knowledge of managing and repairing supply chains upon disruptions remains limited, this chapter highlights a few directions for future research.
Supplier Involvement in New Product Development
Authors: Wang Yuan , Modi Sachin B. , Mishra Saurabh
Published: October 2020

Supplier involvement in new product development (NPD) has received significant attention in the operations management literature. Based on a thorough meta-analysis of correlations for papers published in operations management journals from 1989 to 2014, this study assesses the performance implications of supplier involvement in NPD. The analysis at the aggregate level indicates a significant positive relationship between supplier involvement and overall NPD performance. However, the analysis also indicates that this relationship may be contingent on the presence of various moderating factors. Further, the detailed analysis suggests that it is important to understand that certain supplier involvement dimensions do not simultaneously affect all performance dimensions. This study highlights the dimensions of supplier involvement with the greatest impact, emphasizes the importance of considering moderating factors in future investigations, and identifies areas of future research on the topic.
Research on Contracting in Supply Chain Management and Related Disciplines
Authors: van der Valk Wendy , Lumineau Fabrice , Wang Wenqian
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses research on contracting in supply chain management and beyond. It examines the limitations sections of research on contracting in interorganizational relationships (IORs) published in the decade 2010 to 2019. A synthesis of contracting-related limitations reveals four major sets of issues. First, current conceptualization and operationalization of IOR contracting usually build on a simplified characterization of contracts. More effort should be exerted to study a larger number and variety of provisions in relation to distinct types of contracts, functions of contracts, and contract management. Second, more attention should be devoted to studying a larger number and variety of antecedents to and consequences of contract design and management. In addition, the need for a more systematic investigation of moderators and their effects has been repeatedly indicated in the literature. Third, studies on IOR contracting should focus more on contract dynamics and its interplay with relational and other governance mechanisms as well as the link between contracts and their performance implications. These dynamics should be studied in relation to temporal factors, critical events, and learning. Finally, the chapter notes that findings to date tend to have a narrow generalizability, because studies usually draw on a limited number of theories, use data from a limited number of actors, and mostly rely on subjective and perceptual data. Building on this synthesis, fruitful opportunities for future research into IOR contracting are discussed.
Cultural Learning Theory and Career Development
Authors: McCash Phil
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on the theoretical basis for career development work. It sets out a case for an integrative cultural learning theory of career development. The distinctive basis of this theoretical perspective is explained, and the five facets of cultural learning theory are described, namely: learning relationships, learning contents, learning processes, learning contexts, and personal myth. In order to inform career development work, these facets are combined in the form of a cultural learning alliance. The formation and agreement of the alliance are described in detail in relation to the initial, middle, and end phases of interactions. Further practical innovations include seven techniques for supporting client learning, including a cultural influences collage, career management styles card sort, and golden threads activity. Implications for the training and development of practitioners are discussed in relation to reflexivity and assessment.
Client-Centred Career Development Practice: A Critical Review
Authors: Bassot Barbara
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to question and critique the concept of client-centredness, which is often taken for granted in careers work. Client-centredness has been at the heart of ethical career development practice for many years, to the point that it has become accepted as a given by many professional practitioners. On the surface, questioning it seems unwise and even unthinkable, but at a deeper level it is important to consider its flaws, the limitations it can sometimes place on professional practice, and the ethical dilemmas that can then ensue. Some potential challenges in relation to client-centredness and professional codes of ethics are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a theoretical model that seeks to reposition the concept of client-centredness in a way that recognises the culture of the client, the factors at play in clients’ lives, and the labour market context in which clients are making career decisions.
Russia and Peaceful Change
Authors: Krickovic Andrej
Published: October 2020

Over the last four decades, Russia has been at the very center of peaceful change in international relations. Gorbachev’s conciliatory New Thinking (NT) fundamentally transformed international relations, ending the Cold War struggle and dismantling the Soviet empire and world communist movement. Contemporary Russia is at the forefront of the transition away from American unipolarity and toward what is believed will be a more equitable and just multipolar order. Over time, Russia has moved away from the idealism that characterized Gorbachev’s NT and toward a more hard-nosed and confrontational approach toward peaceful change. The chapter traces this evolution with a particular emphasis on the role that Russia’s unmet expectations of reciprocity and elevated status have played in the process. If they are to be successful, future efforts at peaceful change will have to find ways to address these issues of reciprocity and status, especially under circumstances where there are power asymmetries between the side making concessions and the side receiving them. Nevertheless, despite its disappointments, Russia’s approach to change remains (largely) peaceful. Elements of NT, including its emphasis on interdependence, collective/mutual security, and faith in the possibility of positive transformation, continue to be present in modern Russian foreign policy thinking.
Germany and Peaceful Change
Authors: Brummer Klaus
Published: October 2020

From the outset, (Western) Germany has pursued a multipronged foreign policy of peaceful change. This has encompassed peaceful foreign policy change based on processes of accommodation and reconciliation with other countries (e.g., France, Israel, and countries in the Eastern bloc), peaceful regional change through coleadership of the European integration process, and peaceful global change based on its engagement within the United Nations system. In several instances, this policy of peaceful change has gone beyond the mere conduct of interstate relations without resorting to violence toward a more fundamental transformation of state-to-state interaction in which nonviolent cooperation has become the norm and the recourse to war virtually unthinkable.
Central Asia
Authors: Dadabaev Timur , Heathershaw John
Published: October 2020

Central Asia has seen dramatic yet peaceful change since the end of the Soviet Union as it has once again become a world region of sovereign powers. The relatively low levels of political violence and the concomitant authoritarian stabilization of the region’s postcolonies are both remarkable and poorly understood. This chapter argues that IR theory is of little use in this regard because it is focused on external powers and systemic factors, be they material or normative, and fails to account for the Central Asian actors and transnational processes that have shaped the transformation. This weakness has been mirrored in scholarship that until recent years was produced overwhelmingly by scholars from outside Central Asia and in accordance with debates that have minimal relevance for the region. The largely peaceful decolonization of Central Asia is best understood from decolonial perspectives that emphasize the importance of the region’s particular ideas and practices and how these have been formed in conditions of globalization.
Economic Interdependence, Globalization, and Peaceful Change
Authors: Ravenhill John
Published: October 2020

The world is characterized by unprecedented levels of economic interdependence, intensified by globalization. It is also an era when the incidence of interstate warfare has declined markedly (Human Security Report Project 2009; Pinker 2011). To the casual observer, the link between these two trends may seem obvious. Demonstrating a more robust relationship between economic interdependence and peaceful change has proved challenging, however—fraught with problems such as how best to define and measure the two concepts. This chapter first examines the principal traditions that theorize the relationship between economic interdependence and peaceful change. It then reviews the challenges that have faced scholars who have sought through large-N studies to demonstrate a statistically significant association between these concepts. Problems in conceptualizing the independent and dependent variables cast doubt on the validity of the conclusions of many studies. They also fail to capture the complexities of the new interdependence associated with globalization.
Sexual Stylistics
Authors: Jódar-Sánchez José Antonio
Published: October 2020

The aim of this chapter is to survey the field of sexual stylistics and to illustrate the latest analyses within that field. The first section addresses the questions some researchers have asked in their studies about the language of sexuality in literature. The second section lays out the primary trends in this field, including feminist, critical, and corpus stylistics. The third section delves into the main research topics in this field. Special attention is devoted to different genres (e.g., children’s literature or popular fiction), linguistic features (e.g., metaphors or euphemisms), and sexual practices (e.g., masturbation or incest). The fourth section illustrates the trend of corpus stylistics through a computational and discourse analysis of the language of sexuality in the tetralogy Antagonía by Catalan author Luis Goytisolo. The chapter closes with a summary and some guidelines for future research.
The Signs of Deaf Female Masculinity: Styles of Gendering/Queering ASL
Authors: Moges Rezenet
Published: October 2020

This chapter merges studies of masculinity with studies of sign language as it analyzes the production of a Deaf masculine style among Deaf female-bodied masculine lesbian ASL signers. The case study demonstrates how these signers produce and reproduce gender through membership and associated forms of participation in their communities of practice. However, signers outside of the community may uncritically also adopt an embodiment associated with masculine signers. With Judith Butler’s theory of performativity in mind, what should we make of ASL learners who are unaware that their signing styles are perceived as masculine? This chapter shows how the existence of diverse “types” of masculinity in fact enables the plurality of gender identities, whether intentionally or unintentionally adopted. The analysis reveals that the theorization of gender is far from simplistic, especially when its performance involves the intersection of bodily movements and signed languages.
Networking and Other Social Aspects of Technology Use
Authors: Kowert Rachel , Domahidi Emese , Quandt Thorsten
Published: October 2020

From the first multiuser dungeons and rudimentary chatrooms to the vast lands of online gaming and incredibly popular social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, the Internet continues to provide many ways to connect socially. This chapter provides a historical context to the discussion of the social aspects of technology use and their various functionalities to provide users with a sense of social connectedness or embeddedness. The aim of this discussion is to highlight the idiosyncrasies of the different social networking services available today in terms of their ability to connect or disconnect individuals. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future considerations for research in this area in terms of how to better understand the impact and utility of social technology in everyday life.
Internet Shopping Disorder
Authors: Müller Astrid , Brand Matthias , Mitchell James E. , de Zwaan Martina
Published: October 2020

Buying disorder is defined by an extreme preoccupation with buying/shopping, by overpowering urges to buy, and by recurrent loss of control resulting in buying/shopping episodes in which the person purchases more than he or she can safely afford. The harmful spending behavior results in indebtedness, disruption of family life and personal relationships, and occasionally in unlawful behavior. Buying disorder may occur in different buying environments, including traditional offline buying in brick-and-mortar–based retailers and buying on the Internet. The online retail market offers a vast variety of shopping information, simultaneous access to many online stores, affordability, and anonymity, thereby meeting expectations for immediate reward and emotional enhancement. These aspects may contribute to the migration of traditional buying-shopping disorder into the online retail market. This chapter addresses Internet shopping disorder, focusing on empirical research and clinical experience. After a brief summary regarding buying disorder in general, the phenomenology and considerations pertaining to the etiology of Internet shopping disorder is detailed and discussed.
Technology, the Internet, and Gambling
Authors: Shaffer Howard J. , Gray Heather M. , Nelson Sarah E. , LaPlante Debi A.
Published: October 2020

Many people worry that exposure to Internet gambling will overpower individuals’ self-control, stimulate addictive behavior patterns, and provide the context to sustain addiction once it emerges. Though many researchers have attempted to evaluate this proposition, they have been limited by their methodological approaches—specifically, their use of convenience samples and self-reports of Internet gambling behavior. At the Division on Addiction, the authors collaborated with bwin.party digital entertainment to examine electronically recorded gambling data (i.e., records of actual gambling) among bwin.party subscribers. As described in this chapter, their early epidemiological studies revealed that few Internet gamblers are intemperate and that the typical Internet player gambles moderately. However, those who do use the Internet to gamble excessively often experience lasting and far-reaching harm. The authors review prevention and intervention strategies to help promote healthier Internet gambling. These cross-cutting strategies emerge from public policy, public health, corporate social responsibility, and other fields. With regard to user-initiated strategies, the authors describe what researchers have discovered about the effectiveness and reach of self-limitation and self-exclusion programs. With regard to operator-initiated strategies, they propose a series of steps leading to the development of algorithms designed to predict which Internet gamblers will require interventions to reduce gambling harm. The authors describe their approach to these steps during their work developing predictive algorithms for bwin.party. Finally, the chapter considers ethical principles that should inform the development of programs and policies designed to provide the safest possible Internet gambling experience.
Digital Technologies and Sex
Authors: Kraus Shane W. , Potenza Marc N.
Published: October 2020

The Internet has revolutionized the way in which we consume and participate in sexual activities. Digital technologies are shaping the ways in which people interact with one another romantically and sexually. This chapter reviews some of the ways in which digital technologies are potentially shaping sexual behaviors, especially those of adolescents and young adults. Evidence suggests that technologies are facilitating increasingly more sexual activities among young people and adults, yet our understanding of these remains incomplete. The Internet has made pornography highly accessible to most individuals around the world, but the effects of frequent pornography use on individuals’ sexual beliefs and practices remain largely unknown. Sexting is also common among adolescents and adults, with some initial evidence finding that sexting was a partial mediator between problematic alcohol use and sexual hookups. More work on sexting behaviors is needed, particularly among vulnerable populations or groups at risk for exploitation. The wide use of smartphone applications designed to help users find casual sex partners are becoming more common, mirroring the increasing acceptability of having relationally uncommitted sex among young adults. More research is needed to investigate the influences of digital technologies on shaping the sexual practices of adolescents and emerging adults who may be spending increasingly more time online. Furthermore, more research is needed to examine both the potential benefits and risks associated with digital technologies that may facilitate sexual behaviors.
Cyberbullying, Online Addiction, and Sexting
Authors: Festl Ruth , Quandt Thorsten
Published: October 2020

In public and scientific debate, the opportunities offered by digital media are often contrasted with a broad range of potential risks and harms. Negative influences are commonly anticipated for young people who have grown up with digital media in their everyday lives. This chapter systemizes different social risks faced by children, adolescents, and young adults using digital technologies. It addresses three online phenomena that arise out of or refer to social interactions with peers or adults and that are much discussed in public and current online research: cyberbullying, online addiction (with regard to social network sites and online games), and sexting. Regarding the diffusion of these phenomena, obtained rates have varied widely depending on the used definition, selected measurement instruments, and set cutoff criteria. Recently, more established instruments as well as first longitudinal studies and meta-analyses have appeared, allowing for more systematic research on social online risks. Looking at explanation patterns, individual factors such as personality features, co-occurrence with other (risky) behavior, and specific characteristics of an individual’s online use were predominant in previous research; lately, aspects of social resources and social influence have become more important, emphasizing peer factors as important predictors of involvement in risky online behavior.
Ecological Momentary Assessment and Technological Advances in Clinical Care
Authors: Morris Isabelle , Shiffman Saul , Beckjord Ellen , Ferguson Stuart G.
Published: October 2020

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods provide a means by which researchers may attain highly detailed, ecologically valid, and contextually rich data on everyday experience and behavior. EMA methods are now widely used by researchers, particularly those studying health behaviors. A key reason for the popularity of EMA methods is that they allow researchers to examine both between- and within-individual differences in treatment efficacy and to explore the temporal sequences related to events of interest. Until relatively recently, EMA methods have predominately been employed as assessment and research tools. However, in recent years clinicians and researchers have begun to explore the value of real-time data collection methods as the foundation for providing tailored interventions that can respond to a patient’s behaviors, moods, social context, and geographical location. This chapter discusses how EMA data can potentially be utilized to improve the delivery of health interventions. The authors conclude that while there are clearly potential benefits of utilizing real-time data collection methods for treatment delivery, considerable work remains to ensure that EMA-based interventions are appropriate, theoretically derived, and ethical in their effects on privacy and confidentiality.
Telemental Health
Authors: Lynn Pietro J.
Published: October 2020

The Internet and advances in technology are substantially increasing our ability to communicate. Those remote audio and video communications technologies offer mental healthcare professionals with the opportunity to clinically engage with patients outside of the traditional office setting. However, with those opportunities come new challenges. Clinicians interested in utilizing remote communications technology to treat patients, telemental health, should carefully consider new legal exposures inherent in treating patients outside the office before incorporating telemental health into their practices. Telemental health raises new issues for mental healthcare professionals in the context of malpractice claims, personal jurisdiction, informed consent, licensing, and compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This chapter identifies the new and sometimes subtle problematic issues associated with telemental health, exploring the nature of the risks to the telemental health clinician and discussing a practical approach to minimizing the exposures.
Digital Technologies in the Assessment and Treatment of Impulsivity and Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use
Authors: Muench Frederick , Vitale Rachel P. , Potenza Marc N.
Published: October 2020

Digital health technologies (DHTs) are coming of age in improving the assessment, treatment, and continuing care of individuals struggling with problem substance use and impulsive behavior. While many of these methods are still being tested and continue to evolve, DHTs constitute a powerful new way of enhancing traditional treatment models and offer the opportunity to meet individuals in their natural environments to combat reductions in self-regulation with just-in-time tailored interventions. This chapter provides readers with a general overview of DHTs in the context of the treatment of substance use disorders, detailing a brief history of computer-based interventions for substance use, the core mechanisms of mobile and wireless technologies, a review of how specific technology components (e.g., video chat, text messaging) can be used to assess and treat substance use disorders and self-regulation failures, and potential concerns surrounding the integration of DHTs into addiction care.
Use of Digital Technology to Provide or Enhance the Delivery of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Addictions
Authors: Carroll Kathleen M. , Kiluk Brian D.
Published: October 2020

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective across a range of substance use disorders yet implementation in many substance use treatment settings is comparatively rare due to multiple challenges, including the costly resources needed for appropriate training and supervision of clinicians. Digital technology is one strategy to address these challenges, potentially making such evidence-based therapies more broadly available to those in need of treatment. This chapter provides an overview of the development of a computerized version of CBT (CBT4CBT) as a means of exposing patients to basic CBT skills and strategies in an engaging and user-friendly manner while also allowing clinicians and treatment programs to be more efficient and effective. Empirical evidence supporting CBT4CBT from four randomized trials at the time of writing is reviewed, as well as a description of the potential benefits and applications of computerized therapies. Given their flexibility, relative ease of dissemination, and lower cost compared to clinician-delivered treatment, computerized versions of CBT (and other behavioral therapies) might be used to enhance and extend psychiatric treatment for addictions. Moreover, the level of standardization and control that characterizes computerized therapies may be useful in understanding mechanisms of effective treatments and in development of personalized interventions. While there is tremendous optimism regarding the potential of computerized therapies, such as CBT4CBT, systematic evaluation of these interventions and the methodological standards for evaluating them is still in very early stages relative to the more established behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for addictions.
mHealth Therapy for Problem and Pathological Gambling
Authors: Rahman Ardeshir S. , Fong Timothy W.
Published: October 2020

Internet-enabled mobile devices (i.e., smartphones and tablets) are ubiquitous in the United States, with more than 250 million individuals owning one. These mobile devices offer researchers and clinicians new opportunities to diagnose disease, administer healthcare, and improve outcomes. Mental healthcare is particularly receptive to feature-rich mobile applications that can augment traditional therapies. This chapter provides an overview of one such application developed to treat problem/pathological gambling called Advanced Behavioral Management for Gambling (ABMG). The clinical basis for the application is described within the context of the technical considerations for mobile application development. Additionally, a feasibility study is described which outlines a methodology to assess the acceptability of, limited efficacy of, and demand for the ABMG platform. Finally, future developments for the ABMG platform and mHealth in general are discussed, as are unique challenges faced by current behavioral mHealth researchers.