bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Symbolic Feelings of Opposites: An Analysis of the Characters in Bai Xianyong's Taipei People
Authors: Cheng Zhuo
Published: October 2024

Critical analysis of the stylistic features in the works of Bai Xianyong has already been richly explored by previous scholars. The theories on temporal and spatial themes have gradually made the analysis of artistic techniques a tool for supporting arguments. However, as the fundamental means of style formation, analysing artistic techniques alone remains an effective way to understand the article and the author's writing style and purpose. This article analyses the character-shaping techniques in Bai Xianyong's Taipei People, especially the use of metaphor and symbolism in presenting oppositions. Through in-depth analysis of The Eternal Snow Beauty and Wandering in the Garden, Waking from a Dream, it reveals how Bai Xianyong uses techniques such as symbolism and metaphor to reflect the oppositional relationships between historical changes, social realities, and individual destinies. These artistic techniques not only shape the complex characters but also express the author's deep thoughts on history and reality and his emotional attitude toward the social group that migrated to Taipei. Therefore, while Bai Xianyong integrates unique writing techniques from both Chinese and Western literature, he uses symbolism to soften oppositions, resulting in a unified texture in his works where conflicts are apparent but not contradictory.
An Investigation of Chinese College Students' Access to European and American Popular Music in the Social Media Environment
Authors: Zhang Dingchen
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper is to explore how Chinese college students acquire European and American popular music in the social media environment. With the popularization of the Internet and the development of social media, college students gradually tend to contact and acquire music resources through these emerging platforms. Through questionnaire surveys and case studies, the study found that social media not only became the main channel for college students to obtain information about European and American popular music, but also profoundly influenced their music preferences and choices. Specifically, college students access the latest information, popular singles and album recommendations of European and American pop music through domestic social media platforms such as Weibo, WeChat and Jitterbug, as well as international platforms such as Instagram and YouTube. In addition, they also pay attention to the official accounts of singers, official accounts of music programs, and music recommendation bloggers to get more comprehensive music information. At the same time, the forms of sharing, amenity, and video soundtracks on social media have greatly contributed to the spread of European and American popular music.
Undercurrents of the River Duddon: Human Consciousness versus Nature
Authors: Yang Rui
Published: October 2024

This essay examines the relationship between human consciousness and nature in William Wordsworth's "The River Duddon" sonnets. By adapting the method of literary analysis, Wordsworth’s portrayal of the River Duddon serves as a lens through which the boundaries of human understanding are examined, illustrating an unbridgeable gap between human consciousness and nature. After a brief introduction of research background, this essay elaborates on the River Duddon's unattainable origin as cloud’s child in deferral to both antiquity and industry, eco-Gothic wilderness in departure and return pattern, and nonperishable eternity compared with the transience of human. By deconstructing anthropocentric views prevalent in Romantic literature, the research emphasizes the urgent necessity of acknowledging nature's subjectivity and its independent existence beyond human perception. This essay not only revitalizes the poetic landscape of Wordsworth but also advocates for a non-human turn in literary criticism, promoting ecological awareness and respect for nature.
Wordsworth's View of Nature Reflected in I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Authors: Du Xinyi
Published: October 2024

William Wordsworth, a great poet from the English Romantic era, is celebrated for his deep portrayals and evocative emotions of the natural world. The majority of his poems center around elements in nature, serving as the primary vehicle to convey his contemplation on the world. Thus, the crux of this research is examining Wordsworth’s viewpoint on nature, namely via a meticulous analysis of the poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. The research demonstrates that Wordsworth depicts nature as a conscious and emotive being via the use of anthropomorphic methods, as shown in his portrayal of daffodils ‘dancing’ and ‘flashing’ in his poem. Anthropomorphic daffodils not only provide visual pleasure but are also a source of emotional and spiritual renewal. This understanding of nature not only helps readers understand the core idea underlying love poetry, but also has important consequences for considering the connection between humans and nature in modern civilisation. Wordsworth's poetry exemplify the enormous influence that nature has on human emotions, while underscoring its function as a comforting and inspiring source for the spirit.
Optimal design of honeycomb battery pack enclosure for electric vehicle
Authors: Dhoke Ashvin , Dalavi Amol
Published: October 2024

A lithium-ion battery pack enclosure which consists of batteries is the prime source of energy for battery electric vehicles, BEV. While electric vehicle is in running condition, the battery enclosure comes across the worst scenarios like the vibrations coming from the road and impact because of road surface variations. These will cause structural stresses and variations in deformations for the enclosure structure. Electric vehicle safety wholly depends on how safe its battery pack assembly for its mechanical properties, like ability to resist deformation under static loading, vibration, and shock loading. Battery pack enclosure should meet all mechanical properties requirements. In parallel, the battery pack enclosure should be lighter in weight because it will help to improve the vehicle range and increase the battery pack life cycles. In the current study, a design of honeycomb battery pack enclosure is proposed based on mechanical parameters like mass of enclosure, natural frequency, and deformation for generic gravity loading. Baseline battery pack design was validated through physically tested data from literature and further comparative study performed on baseline battery pack enclosure and honeycomb battery pack enclosure for mass, vibrational performance, and static deformation.
L-Serin als Selenoprotein-P-Aktivator
Authors: Gröber Uwe
Published: October 2024

Die Aminosäure L-Serin ist essenziell für Selenoproteine, insbesondere von
Selenoprotein P. Üblicherweise transportiert Transfer-RNA (tRNA) Aminosäuren zum
Ribosom, wo sie die Translation der mRNA in Polypeptide ermöglicht. Bei
Selenoproteinen ist das etwas anders. Die Standardaminosäuren sind hierfür nicht
ausreichend.
Diagnostik von Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten
Authors: Schütz Burkhard , Crecelius Meike
Published: October 2024

Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten sind auf unterschiedliche Ursachen zurückzuführen. Sie können angeboren, im Laufe des Lebens erworben sein oder aber auch als Begleiterscheinung anderer Erkrankungen auftreten. Da die Unverträglichkeiten auf verschiedenen Mechanismen beruhen, werden bei Betroffenen Allergien erst nach langer „Spurensuche“ erkannt. Dabei ist nicht jede Unverträglichkeit einer Allergie gleichzusetzen. Neben der klassischen durch IgE-Antikörper vermittelten Allergie gibt es auch Allergien, die durch Lymphozyten vermittelt werden. Diese weisen aber nicht die klassischen Symptome einer Allergie direkt nach dem Essen auf, sondern gehen mit verzögerten Symptomen einher. Relativ häufig finden sich auch Störungen in der Verwertung von Kohlenhydraten wie die Laktosemalabsorption. Der Beitrag geht auf die Unterschiede ein.
Reizdarmsyndrom und Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten – Aktuelle Therapieoptionen mit Heilerde
Authors: Raithel Martin , Engels Elke
Published: October 2024

Zunehmend mehr Menschen sind vom Reizdarmsyndrom (RDS) betroffen. Die Diagnose ist schwierig, weil die Symptome individuell variieren. Es kann zu Bauchschmerzen, Blähungen, Krämpfen, Verstopfung oder Durchfall kommen, wobei die Symptome unterschiedlich dominant sein können. Zudem treten die Symptome unberechenbar auf, sodass die Betroffenen im Alltag und im sozialen Leben sehr beeinträchtigt sind. Der Leidensdruck ist groß, da die Ursachen des RDS selten klar zugeordnet werden können. Eine potenziell wirksame und verträgliche Therapieoption kann hier Luvos Heilerde darstellen. Der Beitrag geht auf das Spektrum des Reizdarmsyndroms ein und zeigt verschiedene Anwendungsfelder der Heilerde auf.
From Headache to Handled: Advanced In-Basket Management System in Primary Care Clinics Reduces Provider Workload Burden and Self-Reported Burnout
Authors: Smith LaPortia , Kirk Wendy , Bennett Monica M. , Youens Kenneth , Ramm Jason
Published: October 2024

Background The electronic health record (EHR) has been associated with provider burnout, exacerbated by increasing In-Basket burden.

Objectives We sought to study the impact of implementing a team-based approach to In-Basket management on a series of primary care ambulatory sites.

Methods We performed a workflow analysis of the transition to the Advanced In-Basket Management (AIM) nurse team triage for six family medicine clinic locations in a large health system. We abstracted and analyzed associated provider workflow metrics from our EHR. We conducted a postintervention provider survey on satisfaction with the AIM project and provider burnout.

Results The AIM project was implemented in six family medicine clinics after provider townhalls and workgroup development. A nurse team curriculum was created using the principles of “maturing the message” before sending it to a provider and “only handle it once” to improve response efficiency. Provider workload metrics abstracted from the EHR demonstrated 12.2 fewer In-Basket messages per provider per day (p < 0.05), 6.3 fewer minutes per provider per day worked outside scheduled hours (p < 0.05), 3.5 fewer minutes spent in the In-Basket per provider per day (p < 0.05), but 13.7 more seconds spent per completed message per provider (p = 0.017), likely attributable to increased message complexity. Sixty-four percent of providers reported no burnout symptoms in a postintervention survey, 56% agreed that the AIM project reduced their burnout, and approximately 70% of providers agreed that the AIM project was acceptable and appropriate for their clinic.

Conclusion The AIM project demonstrates team-based nurse In-Basket triage is possible to implement across multiple primary care sites, is an acceptable intervention for providers, can reduce provider workload burden and self-reported provider burnout.
Disseminating fraud awareness and prevention advice to older adults: perspectives on the most effective means of delivery
Authors: Button Mark , Shepherd David , Hawkins Chloe , Tapley Jacki
Published: October 2024

Raising awareness to combat scams has become a central strategy of fraud/scam prevention. Using data from a wider evaluation of a targeted campaign to improve fraud prevention and awareness for older adults predominantly over 75, this paper offers findings on the most effective means of dissemination of anti-scam communications to this group. The paper draws upon almost 1000 questionnaire responses and qualitative data from older adults, as well as volunteers and workers involved in the project. The research finds many older adults have not received any fraud prevention or awareness communications in the prior six months, illustrating a gap in fraud prevention messaging reaching this group. The paper also shows that the preferred method of dissemination is one-to-one through friends and family and that is also the case for the most isolated. The paper offers some potential solutions to address these gaps, particularly for lonely older adults.
The topological characteristics of the bifurcation and chaos in the motion of combustion fronts in solids
Authors: Wang Zhuopu , Huang Yin , Yu Kairui , Jin Bingning , Ba Yan , Ao Wen , Liu Yuanzhe , Liu Peijin
Published: October 2024

We investigate the geometric features in the bifurcation and chaos of a partial differential equation describing the unsteady combustion of solid propellants. Driven by the interaction of the unsteady combustion at the surface and the diffusion inside solids, the motion of the combustion fronts can be steady, harmonically oscillatory, and become more complicated to chaos through a series of bifurcations. We examined the dynamics in both free and forced oscillations. In the free oscillation, by varying a parameter related to the solid property, the intrinsic instability of the combustion is discovered. We find the typical period-doubling to chaos route and verify it via both qualitative and quantitative universalities. In the forced oscillation case, the system is perturbed by an external pressure excitation, leading to a more complicated bifurcation diagram with richer dynamics. Concentrating on the topological characteristics of the periodic orbits, we discover two new types of bifurcation other than the period-doubling bifurcation. In present work, we extract a series subtle topological structures from an infinite-dimensional dynamical systems governed by a partial differential equation with free boundary. We find the results provide an explanation for the period-3 orbits in the experimental data of a full-scale motor.
Quasi-geostrophic monopoles in sheared zonal jets and multiple-jet flows
Authors: Reznik Gregory M. , Kravtsov Sergey
Published: October 2024

This work continues our earlier studies of the interaction between a monopolar vortex and a sheared zonal flow in the framework of a 1.5-layer quasi-geostrophic model, based on numerical experiments with singular vortices. Earlier examination of flows with shears of fixed sign showed that the interaction depends strongly on the latitudinal distribution of the gradient of background potential vorticity b(y) (y being the latitude). The latitude y0 at which b(y) changes sign turns out to be of particular importance. In the vicinity of y0, under certain conditions, there arises the zonal-strip region, which attracts (repels) prograde (retrograde) vortices. This effect is examined here for the zonal flows in the form of individual jets as well as for the systems of alternating zonal jets; in all these cases, the background-flow velocity shear and the parameter b(y) can change sign depending on y. It is shown that the vortex drifts to the nearest latitude y0 on the prograde side of the zonal flow, and the meridional speed of the trapped vortex almost vanishes, but its zonal speed is directed westward and approaches the Rossby-wave drift velocity.
Ejection and deposition of mica suspension droplets under electric field
Authors: Boughazif Naïma , Bienia Marguerite , Lecomte André , Lejeune Martine , Rat Vincent
Published: October 2024

Inkjet printing of ceramic materials is a shaping process of interest for building micrometer-sized components. It consists of depositing droplets of colloidal inks according to a printing pattern designed to obtain a given final part. Improving the printed part properties, e.g., thermal or electrical, requires to tailor the printed material's local structure and orientation. Electric field is an efficient external stimulus to control particle orientation. A major challenge is to efficiently couple the effects of electric field and those of capillary, viscous, and evaporation phenomena occurring during inkjet printing. In this paper, the effect of an external electric field on the structuration of inkjet deposits is investigated. Suspensions of mica platelets dispersed in binary mixtures of chloroform and silicone oil are ejected on demand on a glass plate. An electric potential difference is applied by means of a set of electrodes below the glass substrate, separated by a small gap in order to maximize the electric field on the surface of the plate. A cartography of splat morphology and structuration for different inks as a function of applied field is performed. Promising experimental conditions display particle arrangement and limited splat deformation, whereas others lead to fingering. This paves the way to a novel additive shaping process by adding another smaller scale of structuration to inkjet printed parts.
A multivariate piecewise interpolation model for viscosity representation and its application to the numerical simulation of non-isothermal polymer melt flow
Authors: Youn Byeong Uk , Hwang Minsun , Jung Seon Yeop
Published: October 2024

In this study, a multivariate piecewise interpolation model is introduced to represent melt viscosity based on temperature and shear rate. The model does not require a predefined functional form for the entire data range, instead finding a suitable line between adjacent measured viscosity data points to obtain viscosity as a function of shear rate and temperature. To assess the effect of viscosity representation on polymer melt flow, a two-dimensional (2D) flow past a cylinder problem and a three-dimensional (3D) single screw extruder problem are numerically solved using different viscosity models. The pressure drop (ΔP) from the shift-factor model deviates by more than 10% at an average velocity (Uav) of 1 m/s due to overestimation of viscosity in the high shear rate region. The dimensionless thicknesses of the thermal boundary layer near the channel wall (δT/H) at wall temperature (Tw) of 210 °C are also misevaluated by more than 4% using both the shift-factor model and the Klein model, reflecting their poor viscosity evaluation. It is noteworthy that in all viscosity models, a high Tw leads to the formation of a thin thermal boundary layer, which adversely affects the heat transfer. In single screw extruder applications, viscosity misevaluation in high shear rate regions causes issues in pure drag flow cases, while misevaluation in low shear rate regions causes issues in pure back-pressure flow cases. These analyses highlight the accuracy and versatility of our multivariate piecewise interpolation model compared to existing viscosity models.
Folding behaviors of two-dimensional flexible polymers
Authors: Xu Jia-Qi , Shi Rui , Zhu You-Liang , Lu Zhong-Yuan
Published: October 2024

Unlike one-dimensional polymers, the theoretical framework on the behaviors of two-dimensional (2D) polymers is far from completeness. In this study, we model single-layer flexible 2D polymers of different sizes and examine their scaling behaviors in solution, represented by Rg ∼ Lν, where Rg is the radius of gyration and L is the side length of a 2D polymer. We find that the scaling exponent ν is 0.96 for a good solvent and 0.64 for under poor solvent condition. Interestingly, we observe a previously unnoticed phenomenon: under intermediate solvent conditions, the 2D polymer folds to maintain a flat structure, and as L becomes larger, multiple folded structures emerge. We introduce a shape parameter Q to diagram the relationship of folded structures with the polymer size and solvent condition. Theoretically, we explain the folding transitions by the competition between bending and solvophobic free energies.
Research on inertia characteristics of two-stage photovoltaic systems under generalized sag control
Authors: Zhou Chaohong , Zhang Fan , Gu Shenhui , Zhao Zexi
Published: October 2024

With the vast majority of photovoltaic (PV) power generation linked to the grid, the mainstream maximum power point tracking control cannot provide effective inertia support capability for the system. This paper examines the inertia source and action rules of three typical grid-tied photovoltaic systems under generalized sag control at the physical mechanism level, using the theory of the static synchronous generator model as a guide. It is found that the PV system under generalized sag is also capable of supporting the system through inertia. The boost converter, direct current bus capacitor, and inverter all contribute to the inertia capability of the PV system, but it is necessary to couple the control of the responding link with the grid frequency. The closer the action link is to the grid, the faster the speed of the corresponding grid frequency, but the weaker the inertia effect is provided to the system. The accuracy of the aforementioned analysis is confirmed by the simulation.
Time-dependent rovibronic wave function of H

2
+

by multiconfiguration theory
Authors: Lötstedt Erik , Kato Tsuyoshi , Yamanouchi Kaoru
Published: October 2024

We simulate the time-dependent rovibronic wave function of H

2
+

in an intense, few-cycle 400 nm laser field using a time-dependent multiconfiguration method. By calculating the expectation value of the total angular momentum squared, the time-dependent expectation value of the internuclear distance, the induced dipole moment, and the probability of electron ejection, we show that rotational, vibrational and electronic excitation as well as ionization can be simulated. We compare the results obtained using the time-dependent multiconfiguration method with the results obtained using the standard two-state Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the close-coupling expansion. We find that the multiconfiguration results for a wave function constructed using 21 time-dependent orbitals are in good agreement with the close-coupling results, but that the two-state Born-Oppenheimer approximation leads to an underestimation of the induced dipole moment by a factor of two and an overestimation the expectation value of the total angular momentum squared by a factor of 2.3.
A bearing fault diagnosis model with convolutional cross transformer and ResNet18
Authors: Ma Xurui , Wang Yanyan , Qin Jinning , Wang Zefeng , Liu Zhengyang
Published: October 2024

In the industrial field, malfunction of rotating machinery, especially bearings, can cause significant economic losses to enterprises. Addressing the limitations of traditional fault diagnosis methods, such as poor generalization performance and low noise resistance, this paper introduces a fault diagnosis model that parallels the cross convolutional transformer and ResNet18 (CCTAR). The proposed CCTAR utilizes two feature extraction channels, aimed at balancing the extraction of local and global features, and the specially designed convolutional cross-decoding layer has excellent noise resistance, surpassing traditional multi-layer Transformer encoding layers with a single-layer structure. CCTAR achieves commendable recognition accuracy across multiple datasets and maintains high accuracy in noisy environments. Furthermore, transfer learning experiments have demonstrated the proposed model’s capability to achieve superior fault diagnosis performance across different working conditions with a limited number of samples, highlighting its practical significance.
Measurement of plasma electron energy distribution functions by Langmuir probe using a modified AC modulation method
Authors: Xu L F , Zhao J , Jian Y , Kang H J
Published: October 2024

In the diagnosis of vacuum discharge plasma using the Langmuir probe, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is closely related to the second derivative of current to voltage (d
2
I/dV
2) on the Langmuir probe. While d
2
I/dV
2 is very sensitive to probe noise, its accuracy directly affects the measurement results of the EEDF. In this paper, a modified AC modulation method is proposed to improve the measurement accuracy of the EEDF. First, two small AC signals of different amplitudes are modulated on the measured DC scanning voltage of the Langmuir probe, and the probe current signal is measured. Then, the fundamental amplitudes of the two AC signals are corrected by spectral analysis and using the all-phase fast Fourier transformation—fast Fourier transformation amplitude correction algorithm. Then the accurate first-order derivative of the probe current to voltage (dI/dV) is obtained using the AC modulation derivative correction algorithm, and finally the EEDF is obtained by numerically differentiating dI/dV to obtain d
2
I/dV
2. The method of this paper is compared with the traditional data processing method through experiments, and the results show the superiority and effectiveness of the method.
Effect of different injection strategies considering intravenous injection on combination therapy of magnetic hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes
Authors: Zhu 朱 Jiajia 佳佳 , Tang 汤 Yundong 云东 , Flesch 弗 Rodolfo C. C. 莱施C. C. 鲁道夫 , Jin 金 Tao 涛
Published: October 2024

The combination therapy of magnetic hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) is an emerging and effective cancer treatment method. The heat generation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) due to an external alternating magnetic field can not only directly damage tumor cells, but also serves as a triggering factor for the release of doxorubicin from TSL. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects in the degree of tumor cell damage of two proposed injection strategies that consider intravenous administration. Since both MNPs and TSL enter the tumor region intravenously, this study establishes a biological geometric model based on an experiment-based vascular distribution. Furthermore, this study derives the flow velocity of interstitial fluid after coupling the pressure distribution inside blood vessels and the pressure distribution of interstitial fluid, which then provides the convective velocity for the calculation of subsequent nanoparticle concentration. Different injection strategies for the proposed approach are evaluated by drug delivery result, temperature distribution, and tumor cell damage. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed delayed injection strategy after optimization can not only result in a wider distribution for MNPs and TSL due to the sufficient diffusion time, but also improves the distribution of the temperature and drug concentration fields for the overall efficacy of combination therapy.
Multi-Horizon Model Predictive Control for Energy Management in Zero-Emission High-Speed Passenger Vessels
Authors: Najjaran Samieh , Skjetne Roger
Published: October 2024

High-speed passenger vessels (HSPVs) play an important role in coastal regions due to their high energy consumption and emissions. This study develops an optimal energy management system (EMS) for a zero-emission hybrid power system, powered by a fuel cell (FC) and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The global optimal solution for loading the FC and operating the BESS is computed using a linear programming (LP) approach, assuming a priori knowledge of the complete operational profile. Since the global solution is not realizable in an onboard EMS, the main objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm for real-time application. A multi-horizon model predictive control (MH-MPC) algorithm is applied to a model of the power system to solve the optimization problem with a prediction mechanism over the entire route. This approach is benchmarked against the global LP solution to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed EMS. The results highlight the potential of the MH-MPC approach for achieving a near-optimal EMS in a zero-emission HSPV.
Just-in-Time Port Call Optimization: Challenges and IT-Systems
Authors: Pahl Julia
Published: October 2024

Many ports serve ships on a first-come-first-serve (FCFS) basis leading to negative environmental impacts due to ships “hurrying up to wait” if berths are not ready forcing them to idle at anchorage. Besides the fuel consumption used at elevated speed to be in good time in the port area, average anchorage times can account for 5 − 10% of ship voyage durations during which ships still emit carbon dioxide (CO2) while running auxiliary engines consuming ca. 15% of the voyage’s marine fuel. Ships deciding to skip or reshuffle port calls due to this might enforce this practice which can result into overall uncertainty, unbalanced port resource utilization including congestion and logjams rippling entire industries. Congested port areas complicate traffic management of arriving and leaving ships. The need to establish a comprehensive system for managing arrivals and departures becomes even more pressing in the case of damaged ships or accidents. Besides, early communicating terminal and port readiness notices allows ships to adjust their speed and save fuel of up to 21% of the overall voyage. Information technological advances made great progress by optimizing individual ship voyages. However, the optimization of cargo transport within a system which can also take into account real-time safety levels of ships, is still unsolved. In this paper, we review past research on just-in-time (JIT) port call optimization (PCO), its challenges, and its way forward through digitalization efforts to achieve desperately needed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions.
Design of sustainable integrated energy systems for green ports – selection and sizing
Authors: Polić Dražen , Melloh Tobias , Malhotra Avichal , Zadeh Mehdi , Dunger Torsten
Published: October 2024

Design of sustainable and integrated energy systems for marine port is a complex problem, involving multiple conflicting objectives like energy efficiency and minimum losses, cost-effectiveness, and avoiding excessive cycling and degradation. This paper addresses the sizing of integrated and sustainable port energy systems with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems based on two different methods. Both developed methods start by selecting design sets representing the gradual expansion of renewable sources and storage to the maximum size, limited by various constraints. Each design variant is evaluated based on the energy demands of the port, historical prices, and site energy production capacity. The first method, developed by ITK Engineering GmbH, uses a conventional deterministic forecasting approach with detailed annual data. The latter, developed by NTNU, employs several 24-hour data sets to capture annual energy dynamics. Key performance indicators for both methods are defined based on the total cost, with the benchmark cost obtained using the first (deterministic) method with 100% grid-supplied energy. Two virtual ports of different sizes (Port A and B) are established in two electric markets (1 and 2) for verification and benchmarking. The paper then discusses the influence of uncertainty in 24-hour data sets, used by the second (stochastic) method, for all cases.
Envisioning a decision support system for the planning of alternative fuel bunkering operations in Singapore
Authors: Low Kai Sheng Bryan , Tkalich Pavel , Hei Chow Jeng , Sasmal Kaushik
Published: October 2024

In the coming decades, the global maritime industry will face a most formidable technological and societal challenge set by climate change – achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. To meet this target, ships are shifting towards the use of low-carbon alternative fuels such as ammonia and methanol. While this paradigm shift to the bunkering of greener fuels is encouraging, it also introduces a new and unique type of environmental risk in the unfortunate scenario of a spill. In the past decades numerous environmental studies have been conducted and mitigation techniques for petroleum oil spills have been developed. However, ammonia and methanol spills are comparatively less understood globally and in the region. There is a significant knowledge gap regarding how the complex atmosphere, hydrodynamic and environmental conditions of the Singapore Straits may influence the dispersion and assimilation of hypothetical ammonia or methanol plumes. Together with other emerging alternative fuels such as electricity and hydrogen, ammonia and methanol have different physical and chemical properties in ambient water compared to conventional LNG or petroleum oil which makes modelling the risk they pose to the environment more challenging. In view of these challenges, the key objective of our research is to develop an operationally running decision support system (DSS) that combines physics-based atmospheric and coastal hydrodynamic models that can forecast the marine and atmospheric plume dispersion of alternative fuels. This forecasting capability will be supplemented with data-driven and rule-based optimisation algorithms that can be used to determine the optimal mitigation scenarios which minimises the potential environmental impacts. Overall, the DSS will integrate observation data, models, mitigation scenarios, and decision-making tools pertaining to efficient and safe bunkering operations within Singapore’s ports. This is essential as the use of alternative fuels in maritime industry becomes more common in Singapore and around the world. Such a system will aid relevant authorities to better calculate risk and plan mitigation measures at designated bunkering locations and periods having optimal atmospheric, hydraulics, and environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe the potential consequences of alternative fuel spills, mitigation measures and a plan for assessing their environmental impact within the context of Singapore. We will review the limited current efforts to model ammonia spills in the literature and propose for a more integrated modelling approach through the DSS.
A novel method for evaluating ship concept performance in transport systems
Authors: Nordahl H , Tangstad E J , Specht P , Podimatas V C , Dæhlen J S , Wennersberg L A L
Published: October 2024

Transport carries significant external costs such as climate change, accidents, pollution, and road congestion, driving national and international strategies for the development of new transport concepts. This includes shifting larger cargo volumes away from roads to more sustainable transport modes such as waterborne. The SEAMLESS project was launched in 2023 to answer to these needs by developing technology for autonomous waterborne zero-emission feeder-loop services. The realisation of such services depends on their modal competitiveness. Autonomous ships are expected to reduce transport costs and emissions, and ultimately improve logistical performance. There are, however, few published studies that quantify these impacts of autonomy. Furthermore, commercial waterborne autonomous transport services do not exist yet, limiting the possibilities for empirical analysis. Hence, research is needed to address exactly how and to what extent, autonomy improves competitiveness in different applications. This paper addresses the need for more empirical analyses of innovative waterborne transport performance, by presenting a novel method for evaluating ship concept performance in transport systems. The impacts of design choices are captured through hydrodynamic and logistical simulations. The method can be applied to transport systems consisting of both conventional and novel ship designs, operating on one or more routes including transhipments. It is implemented in the software SIMPACT and applied to a case study which establishes a shortsea feeder-loop service in the Bergen area in Norway. The Bergen municipality has decided that the container terminal is to be moved out of the city centre to reduce local traffic and emissions. However, in the absence of a competitive waterborne transport service in this region, the relocation will have the unfortunate consequence of an estimated annual net increase in regional truck traffic of 40,000 additional truck trips over 25km. By means of the proposed methodology, this paper investigates the feeder-loop concept and compare its quantified performance to truck transport and finds that competition is feasible.
Bridge Detection in Autonomous Shipping: A YOLOv8 Approach with Autodistill and GroundedSAM
Authors: Schlonsak Ruben , Schreiter Jan-Philipp , Hellbrück Horst
Published: October 2024

Inland waterway transportation remains a crucial and cost-effective mode of global transport despite challenges such as skilled personnel shortages, increasing competition, and ecological impacts. Autonomous technology enhances vessel navigation, scheduling, safety, and efficiency, making it a viable solution for smart ship and port operations. Reliable object detection is essential for autonomous ships to navigate safely and avoid collisions with static structures like bridges, piers, bollards, and locks.

This paper presents an innovative approach for training a network using the Autodistill pipeline for bridge detection and segmentation. We generate a labeled bridge dataset using GroundedSAM, which integrates Grounding DINO and the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to detect and segment regions based on text input. The system focuses on identifying ‘bridge’ and ‘water’ classes, producing high-quality labeled data. Manual filtering improves label quality, enhancing the training of the YOLOv8 model, known for its superior object detection capabilities.

Our approach demonstrates high performance in accurately detecting bridges, confirmed through evaluations with and without manual filtering. To validate our solution’s feasibility in real-world applications, we deployed the model on a NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin for performance evaluation. Future work will extend this approach to additional static and mobile objects relevant to smart ship and port operations, such as ship locks and various ship types.
Lidar-Based Obstacle Detection and Path Prediction for Unmanned Surface Vehicles
Authors: Zantopp Nico , Budak Akif , Delea Cosmin , Werner Herberto , Nok Au Ching , Oeffner Johannes
Published: October 2024

Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) represent an advanced technology with a wide range of applications in maritime contexts, and they offer a promising alternative to manned systems, particularly for the provision of services such as riverbed mapping. Furthermore, the use of USVs in combination with other robotic systems, such as flying drones, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), opens up innovative ways to inspect and monitor maritime infrastructure. However, the use of these systems in dynamic environments, such as ports or shipping lanes, requires a high degree of adaptability and precision in navigation to manoeuvre safely between other traffic participants and obstacles to prevent collisions. To address this problem, USVs require sophisticated perception systems for the precise detection and classification of nearby objects. Leveraging Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, which is renowned for its efficacy in obstacle avoidance in robotics, this paper outlines the adaptation of a LiDAR sensor for USVs. The proposed pipeline enables the detection of other moving vessels and the accurate determination of their positions and trajectories up to 150 m from the USV. This paper introduces an obstacle detection system and validates it within a port setting. A methodical approach to LiDAR data preprocessing, clustering, and point cloud extraction will be outlined. Furthermore, it explores the application of an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for the projection of motion paths of identified entities. This advanced form of data analysis provides the ability to predict the future position and path of potential obstacles, optimize decision-making for autonomous navigation algorithms and significantly improve the safety of USV operations. The pipeline is tested experimentally in sea trials by enacting five different scenarios that USV may encounter in a port setting. The results of the pipeline’s tracking capabilities are compared to the ground truth data collected by the tracked vessel and plotted to visualize the error.
A Simple and Forgiving Automatic Docking System for Under-Actuated USVs
Authors: Maximilian Odenwald Jakob , Alexander Christensen Kim , Didriksen Endre , Hagen Helgesen Håkon , Steinert Martin
Published: October 2024

This article presents the development and testing of an automatic docking system, tailored to smaller, under-actuated, and uncrewed vessels. The system integrates a vessel control system for safe and repeatable dock approaches, and a mooring system capable of handling significant trajectory and pose offsets. The developed system features a shore-focused, floating structure with vertically mounted flat funnels for mooring. Testing involved various on-water experiments, validating the system’s reliability in correcting yaw and lateral offsets under challenging conditions. Later development and testing included the integration of automatic mooring control, a vessel charging concept, as well as a capable vessel approach controller. The final test demonstrated the system’s ability to achieve automatic docking in 33 out of 36 attempts despite varying wind conditions. The system’s performance highlights its potential to enhance docking safety and efficiency for under-actuated vessels. Combining automatic approach and automatic mooring, the presented system has the potential to enable routine under-actuated USV operations with minimal human effort.
The economic and environmental viability of green and autonomous ships in inland shipping ecosystems
Authors: Kloch Kristoffer , Normann Kristiansen Jimmi
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the potential of using green, autonomous ships in revitalising inland shipping in Europe against the backdrop of declining market share and the dominance of “economy-of-scale” in waterborne freight transportation. It assesses the economic and environmental viability of converting freight from road- to waterborne modalities in broader business ecosystems, specifically along the Rotterdam-Ghent corridor. The analysis leverages operational and commercial insights from logistics firms, ports and terminal operators, combined with data on European goods flows by road, and accounts for operational, financial and environmental variables including realistic scenario building and ecosystem implications. Findings indicate that inland shipping in general and green, autonomous shipping in particular offer both economically and environmentally viable alternatives to road transport. The study calls for further research into green, autonomous ships from an ecosystem perspective as a potential solution to current challenges in sustainable freight transportation.
Software Architecture Design of ASV Rybitwa: Development of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle for Dynamic Navigation and Task Execution
Authors: Rusiecki Igor , Ujazdowski Tomasz , Wilk Jakub , Sobolewski Patryk , Pyskovatskyi Serhii , Skierkowski Marcel , Lisowski Tomasz , Sieklicki Wiktor
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces the software design of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) named ASV Rybitwa. It was designed as an easily transportable platform capable of autonomous navigation and performing tasks during the RoboBoat 2024 competition, with emphasis on its modularity, generality and extendibility. The paper presents a software architecture for a small autonomous surface vehicle using novel tools that provide easy system integration and expansion. To meet such requirements, a generic control box connecting an autopilot (PX4) and a onboard computer (NVIDIA Jetson Nano) was developed so as to host the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) and to interact with sensors and actuators. Computer vision from three Oak-D cameras, equipped with AI algorithm support (YOLOv8), was used for navigation and obstacle avoidance. The decision-making system was designed using behavioural trees and computer vision, allowing the vehicle’s capabilities to be adapted to the needs of the current tasks and mission. In addition, an Omni X propulsion system was proposed, providing full holonomy and enhancing dynamic positioning and navigation capabilities in complex navigational conditions. In addition this paper describes lessons learned from ASV Rybitwa’s real-world testing during the aforementioned competition.
GreenHopper: The Danish spearhead towards autonomous waterborne mobility
Authors: Blanke Mogens , Nicholas Hansen P. , Dittmann Kjeld , Enevoldsen Thomas T. , Dagdilelis Dimitrios , Schöller Frederik E.T.S. , Plenge-Feidenhans’l Martin K. , Becktor Jonathan , Papageorgiou Dimitrios , Galeazzi Roberto
Published: October 2024

GreenHopper is the first Danish zero-emission ferry developed as a test platform for autonomous waterborne navigation technologies. The paper presents technology development within the innovation project ShippingLab Autonomy, which led to the commissioning of GreenHopper at Limfjorden (DK) in December 2022. The technology research resulted in a holistic system architecture for surface vessel autonomy, based on distribution of functionality and responsibility on software modules, similar to the structure observed in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Seafarers Training Certification and Watch-keeping (STCW) regulatory framework. The paper shows how this approach results in an architecture that supports safe behaviours of individual modules and of autonomous navigation at a system level. The paper presents the individual modules, specific features and benefits. Elements of the regulatory framework are highlighted to poise technology approval by maritime authorities. The paper reflects on lessons learned, discusses continued technology validation in dedicated operational scenarios.
Mitigating the impact of accidental ammonia release during bunkering operation
Authors: Ng Clara , Ming Liu
Published: October 2024

Ammonia is a carbon free energy carrier that is gaining popularity as the next generation marine fuel. However, the adoption of ammonia by ships will not be feasible without solving the challenges during its bunkering operation, of which the utmost is the harmful effect from ammonia’s toxicity. A potential release of ammonia during bunkering operation will cause harmful impacts of various levels depending on its initial physical states, rate of release, total released inventory, local geometries, terrain and weather conditions. Without any mitigation measures in place, the released ammonia will undergo a complicated dispersion, dilution and uplifting pathway, affecting potential sensitive receptors in the surrounding. The knowledge and experience learnt from chemical, fertilizer and refrigeration use of ammonia provide valuable references for ammonia handling at sea and port. Mitigation for released ammonia can follow a two-pronged strategy: 1) the preventive strategy to reduce the likelihood of accidental release and 2) the protective strategy to reduce the release severity. This translates into mitigation technologies developed for pre-release scenarios and post-release scenarios. The pre-release mitigation considers inherent safer engineering design and good management, while the post-release mitigation focuses on early vapor detection and warning, containment, suppression, counter measures and emergency response. Nevertheless, there is a lack of understanding and use cases on how to extend the findings to ammonia bunkering operation, where the contact between ammonia and the sea environment, in particular sea water surface and column, is inevitable. The review provides a consolidated view on the applicability of land-based post-release mitigations such as physical containment, use of barriers, foams, dilutions and other chemical approaches to mitigation the consequences of accidental ammonia release from future ammonia bunkering operation.