bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ligand effect in the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers via copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP)
Authors: Gan Weiping , Cao Xiaosong , Shi Yi , Zou Lei , Gao Haifeng
Published: September 2018

Copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition polymerization (CuAACP) of AB2 monomers demonstrated a chain‐growth mechanism without any external ligand because of the complexation of in situ formed triazole groups with Cu catalysts. In this study, we explored the use of various ligands that affected the polymerization kinetics to tune the polymers’ molecular weights and the degree of branching (DB). Eight ligands were studied, including polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG350, Mn = 350), tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA), 2,6‐bis(1‐undecyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine (Py(DBim)2), 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy), 4,4′‐di‐n‐nonyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dNbpy), N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), N,N,N′,N″,N″‐penta(n‐butyl)diethylenetriamine (PBuDETA), and N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentabenzyldiethylenetriamine (PBnDETA). All ligands except PEG350 exhibited stronger coordination with Cu(I) than the polytriazole polymer, which freed the Cu catalyst from polymers and resulted in dominant step‐growth polymerization with simultaneous chain‐growth feature. Meanwhile, the use of PEG350 ligand retained the confined Cu in the polymer, demonstrating a chain‐growth mechanism, but lower polymer molecular weights as compared with the no‐external‐ligand polymerization. Results indicated that aliphatic substituent groups on ligands had little effect on the molecular weights and DB of the polymers, but rigid aromatic substituent groups decreased both values. By varying the ligand species and amounts, hyperbranched polymers with DB value ranging from 0.53 ([TBTA]0/[Cu]0 = 5) to 0.98 ([PMDETA]0/[Cu]0 = 2) have been achieved. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2238–2244
Synthesis of polydithiourethanes and their thermal, optical, and mechanical properties originated from monomers structure
Authors: Yoshida Yoshiaki , Endo Takeshi
Published: September 2018

Polyaddition of various diisothiocyanates and dithiols was achieved with triethylamine in dimethylformamide at 25 °C for 12 h under nitrogen, and then the corresponding polydithiourethanes (PDTUs) were obtained with high yield and molecular weight without depending on the monomer structures, although the dithiol monomer of the low nucleophilicity was unsuitable for polyaddition in this system. The chemical and physical properties of the obtained PDTUs such as solvent solubility, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, transparency, refractive index, and tensile strength, were analyzed in detail by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection, ultraviolet–visible, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile testing measurements. These results proved that PDTUs and their cast films having the aliphatic diisothiocyanate and dithiol moieties exhibited excellent chemical and physical properties compared to that of the aromatic PDTUs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2255–2262
Double network hydrogels with controlled shape deformation: A mini review
Authors: Yang Jia , Li Yu , Zhu Lin , Qin Gang , Chen Qiang
Published: September 2018

Double network hydrogels (DN gels), consisting of two networks with strongly asymmetric network structures and properties, are one of most investigated high strength hydrogels. In most cases, the first network of DN gels is rigid, brittle and tightly crosslinked, while the second network is soft, ductile and loosely crosslinked. Because of the tunable and diverse network structures, DN gels with controlled shape deformation have attracted great attention in recent years. The shape deformation of DN gels can be controlled by first network, second network, or both networks. In this mini review, the shape deformation of DN gels via different networks will be summarized, and the application and future perspectives also are discussed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1351–1362
Environmental risk factors for asthma in 13‐14 year old African children
Authors: Ayuk Adaeze C. , Ramjith Jordache , Zar Heather J.
Published: September 2018

Background Asthma prevalence in African children is high. Factors driving the prevalence or disease severity are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate environmental factors associated with asthma and severity in African children.

Methods Population based cross‐sectional study of children aged 13–14 years from 10 African centers who participated in ISAAC III. Self‐reported environmental exposures included engaging in physical exercise, television watching, various biomass and ETS exposure, consumption of paracetamol, large family sizes and having pets in the home. Univariable and multivariable analyses were done adjusting for center variations. Prevalences, odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results There were 258 267 children recruited among the 13‐14‐year‐old participants. Of these, 28,391 respondents from 232 schools completed both the written questionnaire (WQ) and environmental questionnaire (EQ). The prevalence of asthma and severe asthma were 12.8% (CI 12.4‐13.2), and 8.7% (CI 8.4‐8.0) respectively. Factors strongly associated with asthma were maternal smoking (OR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.23‐1.64), open fire heating (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.08‐1.51) electric heating (OR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.01‐1.28), physical exercise (OR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.11‐1.50), monthly paracetamol use (OR 1.23; 95%CI 1.13‐1.33), having an elder sibling (OR = 0.87; 95%CI 0.77‐0.98). Factors associated with severe asthma were maternal smoking (OR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.38‐1.89), cat pet (OR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.04‐1.25), frequent physical exercise (OR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.23‐1.64) and monthly paracetamol use (OR = 1.20; 95%CI 1.07, 1.34).

Conclusion Several environmental exposures were associated with asthma and severe disease.
Towards developing a valid scoring tool for bronchitis during flexible bronchoscopy
Authors: Thomas Rahul J. , Eg Kah P. , Masters Ian B. , McElrea Margaret , Chang Anne B.
Published: September 2018

Background

A valid bronchoscopic scoring tool for bronchitis would be useful for clinical and research purposes as currently there are none in children. From 100 digitally recorded flexible bronchoscopies (FB), we related the various macroscopic features to airway neutrophil % to develop a FB‐derived bronchitis score (BScoreexp). We aimed to develop a FB‐derived bronchitis tool.

Methods

FB recordings for six visualised features: secretions (amount and color) and mucosal appearance (erythema, pallor, ridging, oedema) based on pre‐determined criteria on a pictorial chart were assessed by two physicians independently, blinded to the clinical history. These features were used to obtain various models of BScoreexp that were plotted against bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil % using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Inter‐ and intra‐rater agreement (weighted‐kappa, K) were assessed from 30 FBs.

Results

Using BAL neutrophilia of 20% to define inflammation, the highest area under ROC (aROC) of 0.71, 95%CI 0.61‐0.82 was obtained by the giving three times weightage to secretion amount and color and adding it to erythema and oedema. Inter‐rater K values for secretion amount (K = 0.87, 95%CI 0.73‐1.0) and color (K = 0.86, 95%CI 0.69‐1.0) were excellent. Respective intra‐rater K were 0.95 (0.87‐1.0) and 0.68 (0.47‐0.89). Other inter‐rater K ranged from 0.4 (erythema) to 0.64 (pallor).

Conclusion

A repeatable FB‐defined bronchitis scoring tool can be derived. However, a prospective study needs to be performed with larger numbers to further evaluate and validate these results.
On densities for solutions to stochastic fixed point equations
Authors: Leckey Kevin
Published: September 2018

We consider systems of stochastic fixed point equations that arise in the asymptotic analysis of random recursive structures and algorithms such as Quicksort, large Pólya urn processes, and path lengths of random recursive trees and split trees. The main result states sufficient conditions on the fixed point equations that imply the existence of bounded, smooth, rapidly decreasing Lebesgue densities.
Knowledge sourcing by multidivisional firms
Authors: Garg Pranav , Zhao Minyuan
Published: September 2018

Research Summary: Research on knowledge sourcing has generally treated firms as monolithic entities, even though firms most active in knowledge sourcing often comprise heterogeneous divisions, each possessing specialized knowledge and facing unique market prospects. This study examines how heterogeneity across divisions affects knowledge sourcing by multidivisional firms. We argue that firms source more early‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are highly uncertain, for low‐performing divisions; by remaining active in the relevant markets, firms keep the flexibility to tap favorable market opportunities should they arise in the future. In contrast, firms source more late‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are largely revealed, for high‐performing divisions so as to maximize current returns. The intra‐firm heterogeneity, in turn, explains inter‐firm differences in knowledge sourcing. Data from the pharmaceutical industry support these arguments.

Managerial Summary: Firms that source external knowledge often span multiple technological areas and markets, and hence it is not immediately clear what to source and how much to source. This study examines how multidivisional firms tailor their knowledge‐sourcing strategies to differences in performance across their divisions. We find that firms source more early‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are uncertain, for divisions with low innovation performance. This helps firms prop up those divisions and remain active in the related markets. In contrast, firms source more late‐stage knowledge, whose market prospects are more certain, for divisions with high sales performance. This helps firms leverage the strengths of those divisions and realize immediate gains. Performance differences across divisions inside firms, therefore, can explain differences in knowledge‐sourcing strategies across firms.
Scalable Multiplexed Drug‐Combination Screening Platforms Using 3D Microtumor Model for Precision Medicine
Authors: Zhang Zhixiong , Chen Yu‐Chih , Urs Sumithra , Chen Lili , Simeone Diane M. , Yoon Euisik
Published: September 2018

Cancer heterogeneity is a notorious hallmark of this disease, and it is desirable to tailor effective treatments for each individual patient. Drug combinations have been widely accepted in cancer treatment for better therapeutic efficacy as compared to a single compound. However, experimental complexity and cost grow exponentially with more target compounds under investigation. The primary challenge remains to efficiently perform a large‐scale drug combination screening using a small number of patient primary samples for testing. Here, a scalable, easy‐to‐use, high‐throughput drug combination screening scheme is reported, which has the potential of screening all possible pairwise drug combinations for arbitrary number of drugs with multiple logarithmic mixing ratios. A “Christmas tree mixer” structure is introduced to generate a logarithmic concentration mixing ratio between drug pairs, providing a large drug concentration range for screening. A three‐layer structure design and special inlets arrangement facilitate simple drug loading process. As a proof of concept, an 8‐drug combination chip is implemented, which is capable of screening 172 different treatment conditions over 1032 3D cancer spheroids on a single chip. Using both cancer cell lines and patient‐derived cancer cells, effective drug combination screening is demonstrated for precision medicine.
Single‐Molecule Co‐Immunoprecipitation Reveals Functional Inheritance of EGFRs in Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Sung Mi Sook , Jung Jik‐Han , Jeong Cherlhyun , Yoon Tae‐Young , Park Ji‐Ho
Published: September 2018

Cancer cells actively release extracellular vesicles (EVs) as important carriers of cellular information to tumor microenvironments. Although the composition and quantity of the proteins contained in EVs are characterized, it remains unknown how these proteins in EVs are related to those in the original cells at the functional level. With epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in lung adenocarcinoma cells as a model oncoprotein, it is studied how distinct types of EVs, microvesicles and exosomes, represent their original cells at the protein and protein–protein interaction (PPI) level. Using the recently developed single‐molecule immunolabeling and co‐immunoprecipitation schemes, the quantity and PPI strengths of EGFRs derived from EVs and the original lung adenocarcinoma cells are determined. It is found that the microvesicles exhibit higher correlations with the original cells than the exosomes in terms of the EGFR levels and their PPI patterns. In spite of these detailed differences between the microvesicles and exosomes, the EGFR PPI strengths measured for EVs generally show a tight correlation with those determined for the original cells. The results suggest that EGFRs contained in EVs closely reflect the cellular EGFR in terms of their downstream signaling capacity.
Fluorinated Acid‐Labile Branched Hydroxyl‐Rich Nanosystems for Flexible and Robust Delivery of Plasmids
Authors: Qi Yu , Song Haiqing , Xiao Haihua , Cheng Gang , Yu Bingran , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: September 2018

Nucleic acid‐based therapy specially needs a safe and robust delivery vector. Herein, a novel fluorinated acid‐labile branched hydroxyl‐rich polycation (ARP‐F) is proposed for the flexible and effective delivery nanovector of different plasmids including reporter genes and the Cas9 plasmid. Acid‐responsive polycation (ARP) with plentiful ortho ester linkages and hydroxyl groups is first synthesized via a facile one‐pot ring‐opening polymerization, followed by decoration of fluorinated alkyl chains onto ARP to achieve ARP‐F. ARP‐F possesses good pH‐responsive degradability, biocompatibility, and its preliminary transfection ability evaluated by reporter plasmids pRL‐CMV (encoding Renilla luciferase) and pEGFP‐N1 (encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein) is also excellent. CRISPR‐Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9) technology is a potent genome‐editing tool. The subsequent delivery of pCas9‐surv (one typical all‐in‐one Cas9 plasmid) mediated by ARP‐F exhibits impressive in vitro and in vivo tumor inhibition performances. In addition, the combination of ARP‐F/pCas9‐surv with temozolomide could further enhance tumor inhibition activities by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. Such high‐performance polycation would provide a very promising means to produce efficient delivery nanovectors of versatile plasmids.
Ultrahigh‐Capacity and Long‐Life Lithium–Metal Batteries Enabled by Engineering Carbon Nanofiber–Stabilized Graphene Aerogel Film Host
Authors: Zhao Changtai , Yu Chang , Li Shaofeng , Guo Wei , Zhao Yang , Dong Qiang , Lin Xiaoting , Song Zhongxin , Tan Xinyi , Wang Changhong , Zheng Matthew , Sun Xueliang , Qiu Jieshan
Published: September 2018

A safe, high‐capacity, and long‐life Li metal anode is highly desired due to recent developments in high‐energy‐density Li–metal batteries. However, there are still rigorous challenges associated with the undesirable formation of Li dendrites, lack of suitable host materials, and unstable chemical interfaces. Herein, a carbon nanofiber‐stabilized graphene aerogel film (G‐CNF film), inspired by constructional engineering, is constructed. As the host material for Li deposition, the G‐CNF film features a large surface area, porous structure, and a robust skeleton that can render low local current density. This allows for dendrite‐free Li deposition and mitigation of problems associated with large volume change. Importantly, the G‐CNF film can keep high Li plating/stripping efficiency at nearly 99% for over 700 h with an areal capacity of 10 mA h cm−2 (the specific capacity up to 2588 mA h g−1 based on the total mass of carbon host and Li metal). The symmetric cells can stably run for more than 1000 h with low voltage hysteresis. The full cell with the LiFePO4 cathode also delivers enhanced capacity and lowered overpotential. As two‐in‐one host materials for both cathodes and anodes in Li–O2 batteries, the battery exhibits a capacity of 1.2 mA h cm−2.
Optimization of Quenching Temperature to Minimize the Micro Segregation Induced Banding Phenomena in Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Steels
Authors: Forouzan Farnoosh , Borasi Luciano , Vuorinen Esa , Mücklich Frank
Published: September 2018

Mn, Cr, and Si are favorable elements for designing the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels while the microsegregation of them is a common phenomenon in the steels. This segregation makes the bands of enriched and depleted Mn–Cr regions, which affects the Ms temperature of the bands and consequently influence the volume fraction of initial martensite, retained austenite, and secondary fresh martensite in different bands. This issue leads to non‐homogeneity in the microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, the optimization method to minimize the inhomogeneity by selection of the quenching temperature is demonstrated.
EU Climate and Energy Policy: New Challenges for Old Energy Suppliers
Authors: Overland Indra
Published: September 2018

Climate policy will transform the EU energy demand mix. This has implications for the main suppliers of fossil fuels to the EU, foremost among which are Algeria, Colombia, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arabia and the USA. Norway has a better starting point for adapting to changing EU energy demand than the other energy suppliers and therefore represents a best-case scenario. Whatever Norway fails to do, the other countries are even less likely to achieve. The question is whether Norway has been quick enough to exploit the opportunities to play a proactive role in the EU’s energy transition. This chapter argues that it has not, dragging its feet on natural gas vehicles, Norwegian wind power, electricity interconnectors, green battery development and mixing of hydrogen into natural gas. Some possible reasons for the tardiness are Norway’s dual resource course of oil and hydropower, carbon lock-in, energy populism, resource nationalism and blind spots in the perception of Norway’s place in international climate and energy policy.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Lifetime Prevalence of Homelessness in the United States
Authors: Fusaro Vincent A. , Levy Helen G. , Shaefer H. Luke
Published: September 2018

Homelessness in the United States is often examined using cross-sectional, point-in-time samples. Any experience of homelessness is a risk factor for adverse outcomes, so it is also useful to understand the incidence of homelessness over longer periods. We estimate the lifetime prevalence of homelessness among members of the Baby Boom cohort (n = 6,545) using the 2012 and 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative survey of older Americans. Our analysis indicates that 6.2 % of respondents had a period of homelessness at some point in their lives. We also identify dramatic disparities in lifetime incidence of homelessness by racial and ethnic subgroups. Rates of homelessness were higher for non-Hispanic blacks (16.8 %) or Hispanics of any race (8.1 %) than for non-Hispanic whites (4.8 %; all differences significant with p < .05). The black-white gap, but not the Hispanic-white gap, remained significant after adjustment for covariates such as education, veteran status, and geographic region.
The consequences of prolonged duration of antibiotics in premature infants with suspected sepsis in a large tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Al-Mouqdad Mountasser M. , Aljobair Fahad , Alaklobi Faisal Abduljabar , Taha Muhammed Yassen , Abdelrahim Adli , Asfour Suzan Suhail
Published: September 2018

Objective:

To assess whether there is any association between prolonged duration of the first course of empirical antibiotic treatment for suspected neonatal sepsis and other factors including comorbidities, interventions, and adverse outcomes.

Background:

Neonatal sepsis is one of the main reasons of mortality among premature infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Therefore, commencing antibiotics treatment on admission plays a crucial role in reducing the complications of neonatal sepsis, however the arbitrary use of antibiotics holds many serious complications. In our study we investigated the complications of prolonged use of antibiotics in treating suspected early onset of sepsis.

Study design:

This is a retrospective cohort study of infants of gestational age 32 weeks or less and with birth weight of 1500 g or less along with suspected neonatal sepsis admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit from July 2015 to June 2017. The study outcome measures were the association between the antibiotic treatment duration and maternal factors, gender, adverse outcomes, developmental factors, comorbid conditions, early-onset sepsis, and late-onset sepsis.

Results:

Of 295 premature infants, late-onset sepsis was associated with the duration of early empiric antibiotic use (n = 54/295), where 50 (92.6%) infants with LOS received the antibiotic treatment for more than 5 days (P < .001). Approximately 91.2% of those receiving the prolonged treatment had a positive blood culture result. Necrotizing enterocolitis was more prevalent in those with long duration of antibiotic treatment (95.1%). Among patients with the comorbid conditions patent ductus arteriosus (n = 123/295), intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 73/295), and periventricular leukomalacia (n = 25/295), 100 (81.3%), 60 (82.2%), and 21 (84%) of them, respectively, received prolonged treatment.

Conclusion:

Prolonged administration of empiric antibiotics to infants with very low birth weight along with sterile cultures is associated with the adverse outcomes late-onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, no association with other adverse outcomes, namely, candidiasis or maternal factors, was found.
An exploratory look at comorbidities, utilization, and quality of care among obese and nonobese children in academic family medicine practice
Authors: Silverio Alexis , Khalili Seyed Parham , Cunningham Amy
Published: September 2018

Background:

Obesity is one of the least addressed comorbidities among children who attend family medicine clinics. The aim of this study was to apply a population health framework to understand the differences between obese and nonobese pediatric patients in academic family medicine practice with regard to general demographics, comorbidities, and quality measures.

Methods:

Exploratory retrospective chart reviews were conducted among obese children aged 2–17 years and a random sample of age-matched nonobese children in 2015. Data were gathered through the institute's electronic medical record system and included demographics, ICD-10 diagnosis codes, outpatient primary care and specialty care visits, in-network emergency department visits, and innetwork hospital admissions.

Results:

This exploratory study suggested that the obese pediatric population (n = 213) had a high prevalence of hypertension (P = .006) and sleep apnea (P = .05) and a larger number of diagnosed comorbidities (P = .008), whereas nonobese children had a high prevalence of environmental allergies (P = .001). There were no significant differences among quality measures between obese (n = 213) and age-matched nonobese pediatric patients (n = 219).

Conclusion:

This study used readily available electronic health record data to highlight comorbidities that are more common among obese pediatric patients in academic family medicine practice, thus providing information that could potentially facilitate more timely screening and intervention.
Scenario Thinking
Authors: MacKay R. Bradley , McKiernan Peter
Published: September 2018

This Element infuses established scenario planning routines with an exploration of cognitive reasoning, by contextualising scenario thinking within the wider human endeavour of grappling with future uncertainties. A study of ancient civilisations shows that scenario thinking is not new, but has evolved significantly since ancient times. By de-coupling scenario thinking from scenario planning, it is elevated as the essential ingredient in managerial foresight projects. The historical theme continues, focussing on the evolution of modern scenario planning, by way of the French and Anglo-American schools of thought, using the intuitive logics methodology. Archival research has discovered early contributions in the UK around the development and use of scenario thinking in public policy, which has been overlooked in many received histories. Finally, the usefulness of scenario thinking for strategic management is challenged here and the argument that it is a heuristic device for overcoming cognitive biases and making better strategic decisions is refined.
‘The Visible Embodiment of Modern Commerce’: Speculative Office Buildings in Liverpool, c. 1780–1870
Authors: Sharples Joseph
Published: September 2018

As one of the world's great centres of trade, the port of Liverpool developed a dedicated office district from an early date. In the 1780s, lettable offices were built by the Corporation near the Georgian Exchange (later known as the Town Hall), making possible the separation of home and workplace. The creation of the public square called Exchange Flags, and the erection of the first Exchange Buildings (1803–08), led to the rapid concentration of business activity in the surrounding streets. Early buildings combined offices with warehousing, but changes in the cotton trade resulted in their replacement with offices only. The first major speculative block was India Buildings (1833), and its success heralded a wave of rebuilding from the 1840s to the 1860s. Many office developers were merchants, but banks and insurance companies also incorporated lettable space into their premises. Classical styles predominated, but traditional fenestration was modified to ensure good natural lighting. The result was an exceptionally imposing business district, symbolising the immense commercial importance of Victorian Liverpool.
Dance Halls: Towards an Architectural and Spatial History,c. 1918–65
Authors: Nott James
Published: September 2018

The dance hall was a symbol of social, cultural and political change. From the mid-1920s until the mid-1960s, the dance hall occupied a pivotal place in the culture of working- and lower-middle-class communities in Britain. Its emergence and popularity following the First World War reflected improvements in the social and economic well-being of the working and lower middle classes. The architecture of dance halls reflected these modernising trends, as well as a democratisation of pleasure. The very name adopted by the modern dance hall, ‘palais de danse’, emphasises this ambition. Affordable luxury was a key part of their attraction. This article examines how the architecture of dance halls represented moments of optimism, escapism and ‘modernity’ in British history in the period 1918–65. It provides the first overview of dance halls from an architectural and spatial history perspective.
Squeeze flows in liquid films bound by porous disks
Authors: Venerus David C.
Published: September 2018

Squeeze flows in liquid films between a porous disk and an impermeable disk generated by the relative motion of the disks are analysed. Two configurations that differ by the arrangement of (im)permeable external surfaces that bound the porous disk (i.e. not in contact with the liquid film) are considered. Such configurations allow for bearings with tuneable load-bearing characteristics and are also encountered in joint lubrication, adhesion, printing and composite manufacturing. In the present study, flow in the porous disk is governed by Darcy’s law and flow in the liquid film is described using lubrication theory. The present analysis also allows for slip between the liquid film and porous disk. Analytical solutions of the coupled system of equations governing flow in the liquid film and the porous disk are found. Under certain conditions, somewhat unexpected flow patterns are observed in the porous disk. The load-bearing capacity for both configurations is also examined as a function of the permeability and geometry of the permeable disk.
Nonlinear dynamics of electrostatic Faraday instability in thin films
Authors: Pillai Dipin S. , Narayanan R.
Published: September 2018

The nonlinear evolution of an interface between a perfect conducting liquid and a perfect dielectric gas subject to periodic electrostatic forcing is studied under the long-wave approximation. It is shown that inertial thin films become unstable to finite-wavelength Faraday modes at the onset, prior to the long-wave pillaring instability reported in the lubrication limit. It is further shown that the pillaring-mode instability is subcritical in nature, with the interface approaching either the top or the bottom wall, depending on the liquid–gas holdup. On the other hand, the Faraday modes exhibit subharmonic or harmonic oscillations that nonlinearly saturate to standing waves at low forcing amplitudes. Unlike the pillaring mode, wherein the interface approaches the wall, Faraday modes may exhibit saturated standing waves when the instability is subcritical. At higher forcing amplitudes, the interface may approach either wall, again depending on the liquid–gas holdup. It is also shown that a gravitationally unstable configuration of such thin films, under the long-wave approximation, cannot be stabilized by periodic electrostatic forcing, unlike mechanical Faraday forcing. In this case, it is observed that the interface exhibits oscillatory sliding behaviour, approaching the wall in an ‘earthworm-like’ motion.
INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE AT PLAYA VENADO, PANAMA (550–850 AD): A REEVALUATION OF THE EVIDENCE
Authors: Smith-Guzmán Nicole E. , Cooke Richard G.
Published: September 2018

Many Spanish chroniclers detail violent cultural practices of the indigenous populations they encountered in the Isthmo-Colombian Area; however, lack of physical evidence of interpersonal violence from archaeological contexts has made uncertain the veracity of these claims. At the precolumbian site of Playa Venado in Panama, these accounts of violent mortuary rituals may have influenced the interpretation of the burials encountered in excavations, leading to claims of mutilations and sacrifice, with little or no supporting evidence. This paper considers the physical evidence for interpersonal violence and sacrificial death at Playa Venado based on the burial positioning, demographic composition, and trauma present on the human remains recovered from the site. Analysis of field notes, excavation photos, and the 77 individuals available for study from the site yielded no evidence of perimortem trauma nor abnormal body positioning unexplained by taphonomy. The demography at the site tracked with normal patterns of natural age-at-death at the non-elite site of Cerro Juan Díaz rather than the abnormal patterns seen at the large ceremonial sites of Sitio Conte and El Caño. Therefore, we propose an alternative interpretation of the site as a non-elite cemetery containing evidence of re-use and secondary burial practices associated with ancestor veneration rituals.
Extreme laser pulses for non-thermal fusion ignition of hydrogen–boron for clean and low-cost energy
Authors: Hora Heinrich , Eliezer Shalom , Miley George H. , Wang JiaXiang , Xu YanXia , Nissim Noaz
Published: September 2018

After achieving significant research results on laser-driven boron fusion, the essential facts are presented how the classical very low-energy gains of the initially known thermal ignition conditions for fusion of hydrogen (H) with the boron isotope 11 (HB11 fusion) were bridged by nine orders of magnitudes in agreement with experiments. This is possible under extreme non-thermal equilibrium conditions for ignition by >10 PW-ps laser pulses of extreme power and nonlinear conditions. This low-temperature clean and low-cost fusion energy generation is in crucial contrast to local thermal equilibrium conditions with the advantage to avoid the difficulties of the usual problems with extremely high temperatures.
Success in learning similar-sounding words predicts vocabulary depth above and beyond vocabulary breadth
Authors: VAN GOCH Merel M. , VERHOEVEN Ludo , MCQUEEN James M.
Published: September 2018

In lexical development, the specificity of phonological representations is important. The ability to build phonologically specific lexical representations predicts the number of words a child knows (vocabulary breadth), but it is not clear if it also fosters how well words are known (vocabulary depth). Sixty-six children were studied in kindergarten (age 5;7) and first grade (age 6;8). The predictive value of the ability to learn phonologically similar new words, phoneme discrimination ability, and phonological awareness on vocabulary breadth and depth were assessed using hierarchical regression. Word learning explained unique variance in kindergarten and first-grade vocabulary depth, over the other phonological factors. It did not explain unique variance in vocabulary breadth. Furthermore, even after controlling for kindergarten vocabulary breadth, kindergarten word learning still explained unique variance in first-grade vocabulary depth. Skill in learning phonologically similar words appears to predict knowledge children have about what words mean.
Disaster Risk Reduction in Schools: The Relationship of Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Preparedness from Elementary School Students in School-Based Disaster Preparedness in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
Authors: Sujarwo  , Noorhamdani  , Fathoni Mukhamad
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Located in the Sunda Megathrust zone, Mentawai Island is known as the epicenter of an active earthquake that has the potential to cause a tsunami. Students would be one of the most vulnerable groups during the disaster.

Problem

The low-level of School-Based Disaster Preparedness/Sekolah Siaga Bencana(SSB) of students’ preparedness in disaster risk reduction (DRR) can lead to increased vulnerability of students in facing disaster threats, especially a tsunami.

Methods

The study employed observational, correlative analytics with a cross-sectional approach. The sample includes 109 students from fifth and sixth grade in three elementary schools in Sipora, Mentawai Island district.

Results

There was a significant influence between knowledge and attitude towards the preparedness of SSB students in DRR in Sipora, Mentawai Islands district.

Conclusions:

Knowledge and attitudes are key factors that must be taken into account in efforts to increase student preparedness to reduce the risk of a tsunami disaster.

Sujarwo,Noorhamdani,Fathoni M.Disaster risk reduction in schools: the relationship of knowledge and attitudes towards preparedness from elementary school students in school-based disaster preparedness in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(6):581–586.
A mixed methods analysis of perceived cognitive impairment in hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors
Authors: Wu Lisa M. , Kuprian Nadia , Herbert Krista , Amidi Ali , Austin Jane , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis , Rini Christine
Published: September 2018

Objective

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) survivors may show evidence of objective cognitive impairment; however, perceived cognitive problems and their impact on quality of life are less well-understood. The purpose of this study was to explore HSCT survivors’ perceptions of cognitive impairment and its effect on daily life functioning.

Method

Sixty-nine autologous and allogeneic HSCT survivors nine months to three years posttransplant experiencing mild survivorship problems completed a brief structured interview regarding perceived cognitive impairment since transplant. Data were coded and content analyzed. The frequency of participants reporting cognitive problems by domain and associations between reports of cognitive problems and age, depressed mood, anxiety, and health-related quality of life were examined.

Result

Overall, 49 of the 69 participants (71%) reported cognitive impairments after transplant: 38 in memory (55%), 29 in attention and concentration (42%), and smaller numbers in other domains. There were no significant differences in problems reported by transplant type. Of the 50 participants who worked before transplant, 19 (38%) did not return to work following transplant, with 12 citing cognitive and health problems as being the reason. There were significant associations between reports of cognitive impairment and younger age (p = 0.02), depressed mood (p = 0.02), anxiety (p = 0.002), and health-related quality of life (p = 0.008).

Significance of results

A large proportion of survivors reported cognitive impairment following HSCT that impaired daily life functioning. Perceived cognitive impairment was associated with younger age, greater distress and reduced health-related quality of life.
COMPLIANCE AND COMMAND II, IMPERATIVES AND DEONTICS
Authors: FINE KIT
Published: September 2018

I extend the previously given truth-maker semantics and logic for imperatives to deontic statements.
Individual Differences in Risk Perception of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Wissing Benno G. , Reinhard Marc-André
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This cross-sectional study (N = 325) investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits and the perception of artificial intelligence (AI) risk. Narrow AI risk perception was measured based on recently identified perceived risks in the public. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) risk perception was operationalized in terms of plausibility ratings and subjective probability estimates on deceptive AI scenarios developed by Bostrom (2014) , in which AI-sided deception is described as a function of intelligence. Machiavellianism and psychopathy predicted narrow AI risk perception above the shared variance of the Dark Triad and above the Big Five. In individuals with self-reported knowledge of machine learning, the Dark Triad traits were associated with AGI risk perception. This study provides evidence for the existence of substantial individual differences in the risk perception of AI.
Professionalität von Lehrenden in den Pflege- und Gesundheitsberufen – Ein Blick auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Lehrerausbildung
Authors: Kuckeland Heidi
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Frage, was Lehrerprofessionalität ausmacht, beschäftigt nicht nur die allgemeinbildenden Disziplinen, sondern nimmt auch zunehmend Einzug in den berufsbildenden Bereich. Inwieweit Kernaufgaben von Lehrenden und Merkmale von Lehrerprofessionalität auf Lehrende in den Pflege- und Gesundheitsberufen übertragen werden können, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag diskutiert.
„Resilienz in der Pflege“ – von Anfang an!
Authors: Benfer-Breisacher Almut
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Um Pflegeauszubildende für die Anforderungen im Berufsalltag zu stärken, könnte die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Konzept „Resilienz“ bei Pflegeschülerinnen und -schülern ein fixer Baustein des Ausbildungscurriculums sein. Dieser Baustein bietet sich an für die Reflexion eigener vorhandener und Entwicklung neuer resilienzförderlicher Kompetenzen, um einen konstruktiven Umgang mit belastenden Arbeitssituationen zu unterstützen und die eigene psychische Gesundheit zu fördern.
Sprachkompetenz bei Auszubildenden mit Migrationsgeschichte in der	Altenpflege
Authors: Friedrich Anett , Morgenstern Ulrike
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Bisher wurde die Problematik einer unzureichenden Sprachkompetenz von AMIGA1 in der Ausbildung zur Altenpflege noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Die Sprachkompetenz ist eine wichtige Grundlage für den Aufbau und Gestaltung der Beziehung im  Pflegeprozess. Für die effektive Förderung der Sprachkompetenz ist eine Vernetzung von Förder-, Deutsch- und Fachunterricht unumgänglich.
Traumatisierung und die daraus entstehenden Folgen besser verstehen – in der Pflege ein wichtiges Thema.
Authors: Wittmann Martina
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Durch die Ereignisse der letzten Jahre ist das Thema Traumatisierung mehr in die Öffentlichkeit gekommen. Wenn wir das Wort Trauma hören, werden höchst unterschiedliche Phänomene assoziiert. Allgemein ist Trauma das Resultat einer Gewalteinwirkung das sich auf physischer und / oder psychischer Ebene bemerkbar macht. Im Folgenden geht es um das psychische Trauma.
Influence of Hydrodynamic Processes on the Fate of Sedimentary Organic Matter on Continental Margins
Authors: Bao Rui , van der Voort Tessa S. , Zhao Meixun , Guo Xinyu , Montluçon Daniel B. , McIntyre Cameron , Eglinton Timothy I.
Published: September 2018

Understanding the effects of hydrodynamic forcing on organic matter (OM) composition is important for assessment of organic carbon (OC) burial in marginal seas on regional and global scales. Here we examine the relationships between regional oceanographic conditions (bottom shear stress), and the physical characteristics (mineral surface area and grain size) and geochemical properties (OC content [OC%] and carbon isotope compositions [13C, 14C]) of a large suite of surface sediments from the Chinese marginal seas to assess the influence of hydrodynamic processes on the fate of OM on shallow continental shelves. Our results suggest that 14C content is primarily controlled by organo‐mineral interactions and hydrodynamically driven resuspension processes, highlighted by (i) positive correlations between 14C content and OC% (and surface area) and (ii) negative correlations between 14C content and grain size (and bottom shear stress). Hydrodynamic processes influence 14C content due to both OC aging during lateral transport and accompanying selective degradation of OM associated with sediment (re) mobilization, these effects being superimposed on the original 14C characteristics of carbon source. Our observations support the hypotheses of Blair and Aller (2012, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev‐marine‐120709‐142717) and Leithold et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.011) that hydrodynamically driven sediment translocation results in greater OC 14C depletion in broad, shallow marginal seas common to passive margin settings than on active margins. On a global scale, this may influence the extent to which continental margins act as net carbon sources and sinks. Our findings thus suggest that hydrodynamic processes are important in shaping the nature, dynamics, and magnitude of OC export and burial in passive marginal seas.
Reevaluating Fluid Sources During Skarn Formation: An Assessment of the Empire Mountain Skarn, Sierra Nevada, USA
Authors: Ramos Evan J. , Hesse Marc A. , Barnes Jaime D. , Jordan Jacob S. , Lackey Jade Star
Published: September 2018

Oxygen isotope analyses of skarn minerals have long been used to fingerprint the variable fluid sources involved in skarn formation. The Empire Mountain skarn of the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) batholith is identified as a low‐δ18O skarn and is thought to form due to surface fluid involvement that was enhanced by fractures that formed during host rock brecciation. Although geochemically well characterized, the Empire Mountain skarn is less understood in terms of its hydrodynamic history. In this study, we develop a two‐dimensional model of oxygen isotope transport during high‐temperature fluid‐rock interactions to assess the mechanisms by which low‐δ18O garnets could form exclusive of brecciation. Highlighting regions nearest to the intrusion that could form garnet, we make three primary observations: (1) the oxygen isotope composition of the fluids, and not temperature, dominantly controls δ18Ogarnet values; (2) >6‰ increases in δ18Ogarnet, from negative to positive values, are observed over the maximum time frame of garnet thermodynamic stability; and (3) incremental emplacement of the intrusion can produce oscillations in δ18Ogarnet values. Without invoking brecciation, we find that low‐δ18O garnets can form without the presence of surface fluids; they instead source 18O‐depleted pore fluids from adjacent units. Further, surface fluids that do not equilibrate with the surrounding rock at depth become low‐δ18O fluid sources during later stages of pluton emplacement. This study underscores that pore fluids at depth, regardless of their equilibrium state, can act as dormant low‐δ18O fluid sources and may be responsible for low‐δ18O‐valued garnets.
Description of the Code ANVIL (ANisotropic Vhf Impulse Location)
Authors: Ortiz Alexander E. , Morris Heidi E.
Published: September 2018

We have developed a general, three‐dimensional method to locate sources of earth‐directed radiation that takes into account the flight paths of reflected signals. While time‐of‐arrival algorithms exist for locating radio sources using line‐of‐sight propagation paths, radio sources originating above the surface of the Earth will not necessarily emit strong power along direct paths to satellites. A combination of direct and ground‐reflected pulses or only ground‐reflected signals from such sources could be received by satellite‐borne sensors. The work presented here applies to satellite detection of subionospheric radio sources in a vacuum environment with ideal reflection off the Earth's surface. Because satellites are not static receivers, their configuration with respect to a radio source is not always optimal. Therefore, a statistical study is performed using 1,000 randomized configurations of 24 satellites in middle Earth orbit. For each configuration, the radio source latitude and longitude is fixed, and its altitude is varied from 1 to 97 km. An analytic direct‐path algorithm using the five satellites nearest the radio source provides an initial guess for the radio source latitude and longitude. We find that, using this approximation, the mean error in the calculated nadir location has a maximum value of 134 m for the 97‐km source altitude. The coordinates of the initial guess are used to define the origin of a grid within which an all‐points search refinement is performed. Using this procedure, the overall maximum mean error in radio source position is found to be on the order of the computational grid size.