bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volatile Taste/Odour Active Compounds and Aroma Generation in Tomato Products
Authors: Ghizzoni Claudio
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents an overview of analytical procedures used to isolate the volatile fraction from fresh and processed tomato. Odour unit and flavour dilution analysis are discussed as efficient methods designed to achieve correlation between analytical results and sensorial perception. Major components of tomato fruits and their biogeneration are described. Fatty acids and amino acids can be considered as the main precursors of active odorant molecules characterizing the typical flavour of fresh tomato fruits. Several compounds are derived from intense enzymatic activities as a consequence of fruit comminution, while others are produced during the tomato ripening process. Thermal treatments used in tomato processing lead to a substantial change in the composition of the volatile fraction. In analytical investigation on the Italian tomato variety ‘Pizzutello’, a total of 28 compounds were identified as odour-active compounds.
Low fouling strategies for electrochemical biosensors targeting disease biomarkers
Authors: Liu Nianzu , Xu Zhenying , Morrin Aoife , Luo Xiliang
Published: January 2019

This minireview summarizes recent trends in the development of low fouling electrochemical biosensors based on different antifouling materials.
Attempts to strengthen and simplify the tumor vascular normalization strategy using tumor vessel normalization promoting nanomedicines
Authors: Du Shi , Xiong Hui , Xu Cheng , Lu Yun , Yao Jing
Published: January 2019

Tumor vascular normalization theory opened the door for the rational use of antiangiogenic agents and chemotherapeutics.
One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2-modified Mn0.5Cd0.5S solid solution for boosting H2production activity under visible light
Authors: Zeng Peng , Luo Jiang , Wang Jinming , Peng Tianyou
Published: January 2019

MnxCd1−xS solid solutions are obtained, and Mn0.5Cd0.5S exhibits the best H2production activity, which was further boosted by MoS2-loading.
Revisiting the reactivity of tetrachloroauric acid withN,N-bidentate ligands: structural and spectroscopic insights
Authors: Mertens R. Tyler , Kim Jong Hyun , Jennings Will C. , Parkin Sean , Awuah Samuel G.
Published: January 2019

The reactivity of tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with readily accessible bidentate N-donor ligands affordsN,N-ligated Au(iii) center complexes.
Magnesium, calcium and zinc [N2N′] heteroscorpionate complexes
Authors: Luna Barros Mariana , Cushion Michael G. , Schwarz Andrew D. , Turner Zoë R. , Mountford Philip
Published: January 2019

A series of Group 2 and 12 heteroscorpionate complexes is reported.
Assessment of native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels (Mytilusspp.) in the southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Waszak Ilona , Dabrowska Henryka , Warzocha Jan
Published: January 2019

Native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in whole and fine grained (F< 63 μm) sediment fractions and mussels in the southern Baltic Sea.
Fluorescence spectroscopic characterisation of algal organic matter: towards improvedin situfluorometer development
Authors: I. Khan Sara , Zamyadi Arash , Rao Narasinga Rao Hanumanth , Li Xiang , Stuetz Richard M. , Henderson Rita K.
Published: January 2019

Fluorescence based characterisation of the algal organic matter, when combined with cell pigmentation measurements, may improve the specificity and robustness of online fluorometers.
Emerging investigator series: photocatalysis for MBR effluent post-treatment: assessing the effects of effluent organic matter characteristics
Authors: Maghsoodi Mostafa , Jacquin Céline , Teychené Benoit , Heran Marc , Tarabara Volodymyr V. , Lesage Geoffroy , Snow Samuel D.
Published: January 2019

Organic matter from a membrane bioreactor is fractionated and characterized in novel ways to understand component-specific inhibition of photooxidation reactions.
An intrinsically stretchable humidity sensor based on anti-drying, self-healing and transparent organohydrogels
Authors: Wu Jin , Wu Zixuan , Xu Huihua , Wu Qian , Liu Chuan , Yang Bo-Ru , Gui Xuchun , Xie Xi , Tao Kai , Shen Yi , Miao Jianmin , Norford Leslie K.
Published: January 2019

A facile solvent-exchange strategy is devised to fabricate anti-drying, self-healing and transparent organohydrogels for stretchable humidity sensing applications.
Unraveling the impact of the Pd nanoparticle@BiVO4/S-CN heterostructure on the photo-physical & opto-electronic properties for enhanced catalytic activity in water splitting and one-pot three-step tandem reaction
Authors: Samanta Subhajyoti , Satpati Biswarup , Srivastava Rajendra
Published: January 2019

Influence of Pd NPs in the BiVO4/S-CN photocatalyst is demonstrated for the efficient water splitting and imine synthesisviatandem reaction.
Effective gene delivery of shBMP-9 using polyethyleneimine-based core–shell nanoparticles in an animal model of insulin resistance
Authors: Jia Yanjun , Niu Dechao , Li Qiujin , Huang Hong , Li Xinrun , Li Kejia , Li Ling , Zhang Cheng , Zheng Hongting , Zhu Zhiming , Yao Yuan , Zhao Xiaodong , Li Pei , Yang Gangyi
Published: January 2019

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Capillary-written single-crystalline all-inorganic perovskite microribbon arrays for highly-sensitive and thermal-stable photodetectors
Authors: Zhao Xiaoming , Liu Tianjun , Shi Wenda , Hou Xueyan , Dennis T. John S.
Published: January 2019

In recent times, as a result of its exceptional resistance to moisture and heat, cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) has been established as a potential high-performance perovskite material for optoelectronics, which is inclusive of photodetectors and photovoltaics.
N-Alkyl amide synthesis via N-alkylation of amides with alcohols
Authors: Dai Xingchao , Shi Feng
Published: January 2019

The present review summarizes the recent development of N-alkylation of amides with alcohols according to the classification of catalysts.
A cyclic cinnamate dimer mechanophore for multimodal stress responsive and mechanically adaptable polymeric materials
Authors: Li Mengxiao , Zhang Huan , Gao Fei , Tang Zhen , Zeng Dezhi , Pan Yifei , Su Peifeng , Ruan Yonghong , Xu Yuanze , Weng Wengui
Published: January 2019

A methanone tethered cinnamate dimer manifests both multimodal stress-responsiveness and mechanical adaptability by light.
Rapid access to difluoroalkylated pyrrolobenzodiazepines via a Pd-catalyzed C–H difluoroalkylation/cyclization cascade reaction
Authors: Gao Yang , Li Chunpu , Xu Bin , Liu Hong
Published: January 2019

An efficient approach to difluoroalkylated pyrrolobenzodiazepines has been developed using a Pd-catalyzed two-component C–H difluoroalkylation/cyclization cascade reaction in good yields with excellent functional group tolerance.
A DFT study on nanocones, nanotubes (4,0), nanosheets and fullerene C60as anodes in Mg-ion batteries
Authors: Vessally Esmail , Alkorta Ibon , Ahmadi Sheida , Mohammadi Robab , Hosseinian Akram
Published: January 2019

In this article, we studied the interactions between Mg atom and Mg2+ion and four nanostructures, including a nanocone, nanotube (4,0), nanosheet, and C60nanocage, to obtain the cell voltages (V) for Mg-ion batteries (MIBs).
Growth of hierarchical gold clusters for use in superomniphobic electrodes
Authors: Lee Sanghee , Kim Wuseok , Yim Changyong , Yong Kijung , Jeon Sangmin
Published: January 2019

A superomniphobic gold electrode with a hierarchical gold cluster structure could be fabricated using a simple wet-chemical reduction reaction and fluorination.
Au@PdAg core–shell nanotubes as advanced electrocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media
Authors: Yang Wenke , Zhang Qing , Peng Cheng , Wu Eyu , Chen Shaowei , Ma Yanyun , Hou Jie , He Yuexiao , Zhang Bangkai , Deng Lifei
Published: January 2019

Au@PdAg core–shell nanotubes using the galvanic displacement reaction were prepared and they exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance towards methanol electrooxidation.
New aspects of improving the performance of WO3 thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting by tuning the ultrathin depletion region
Authors: Cen Jiajie , Wu Qiyuan , Yan Danhua , Zhang Wenrui , Zhao Yue , Tong Xiao , Liu Mingzhao , Orlov Alexander
Published: January 2019

Surface modulation approach offers an effective and scalable method for high-performance WO3 photoanodes.
Collective effects of yeast cytoplasmic dynein based microtubule transport
Authors: Jain Kunalika , Khetan Neha , Athale Chaitanya A.
Published: January 2019

The directionality of microtubules (MTs) transported by a yeast dynein is affected by both MT lengths and motor densities due to collective effects.
Tuning the interfacial and energetic interactions between a photoexcited conjugated polymer and open-shell small molecules
Authors: Wilcox Daniel A. , Snaider Jordan , Mukherjee Sanjoy , Yuan Long , Huang Libai , Savoie Brett M. , Boudouris Bryan W.
Published: January 2019

Photoexcited conjugated polymers are capable of exchanging energy with open-shell small molecules through a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) mechanism.
Poisson ratio mismatch drives low-strain reinforcement in elastomeric nanocomposites
Authors: Smith Scott M. , Simmons David S.
Published: January 2019

Low-strain reinforcement of elastomers is shown to be driven by a nanoparticulate-jamming-induced suppression of the composite Poisson ratio.
Highly durable spirobifluorene-based aromatic anion conducting polymer for a solid ionomer of alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis cells
Authors: Miyanishi Shoji , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: January 2019

New aryl ether-free spirobifluorene-based anion-exchange membranes were synthesized.
Hot-substrate deposition of all-inorganic perovskite films for low-temperature processed high-efficiency solar cells
Authors: Wang Ze , Liu Xiaodong , Lin Yiwei , Liao Yingjie , Wei Qi , Chen Haoran , Qiu Jingjing , Chen Yonghua , Zheng Yonghao
Published: January 2019

An excellent PCE of 13.8% was achieved for low-temperature processed CsPbI2Br PSCs using a hot-casting method with precisely controlled substrate temperature.
Ultratough nacre-inspired epoxy–graphene composites with shape memory properties
Authors: Huang Chuanjin , Peng Jingsong , Cheng Yiren , Zhao Qian , Du Yi , Dou Shixue , Tomsia Antoni P. , Wagner Hanoch Daniel , Jiang Lei , Cheng Qunfeng
Published: January 2019

Nacre-inspired epoxy–graphene composites with unique fracture toughness and thermo or electro-active shape memory properties are engineered via freeze-casting.
Mo modulation effect on the hydrogen binding energy of hexagonal-close-packed Ru for hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Li Ping , Wang Qi , Feng Qi , Tao Youkun , Xu Jiaoyan , Jiang Cheng , Lu Xiner , Fan Jiantao , Gu Meng , Li Hui , Wang Haijiang
Published: January 2019

Hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) MoRu3 with Pt-like hydrogen binding energy exhibits excellent electrochemical performance when used as a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst.
The 3D morphological stability of P3HT nanowire-based bulk heterojunction thin films against light irradiation quantitatively resolved by TEM tomography
Authors: Jin Seon-Mi , Nam Jinwoo , Song Chang Eun , Chung Heesun , Kim BongSoo , Lee Eunji
Published: January 2019

The photoactive films consisting of solution-processable, precrystalline P3HT nanowires and PC71BM exhibit strong morphological stability against light irradiation under air, which is confirmed by 3D TEM.
Surface & grain boundary co-passivation by fluorocarbon based bifunctional molecules for perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 21%
Authors: Guo Pengfei , Ye Qian , Yang Xiaokun , Zhang Jin , Xu Fei , Shchukin Dmitry , Wei Bingqing , Wang Hongqiang
Published: January 2019

An effective strategy of surface & grain boundary co-passivation is demonstrated to access perovskite solar cells with 21.31% champion efficiency as well as a highly improved stability of less than 3% efficiency loss after 2500 hours at a humidity of 70%.
Physical pinning and chemical crosslinking-induced relaxor ferroelectric behavior in P(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-VA) terpolymers
Authors: Meereboer Niels L. , Terzić Ivan , van der Steeg Piet , Portale Giuseppe , Loos Katja
Published: January 2019

Chemical crosslinking of relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-VA) gives narrow displacement–electric field hysteresis loops with largely improved charge–discharge efficiencies.
Extremely large d0 magnetism in krypton implanted polar ZnO films
Authors: Ying Minju , Saeedi Ahmad M. A. , Yuan Miaomiao , Zhang Xia , Liao Bin , Zhang Xu , Mei Zengxia , Du Xiaolong , Heald Steve M. , Fox A. Mark , Gehring Gillian A.
Published: January 2019

Magnetization is produced in samples of O-polar ZnO after implantation of krypton ions.
Fault direction identification for wind power integration system
Authors: Chen Yu , Wen Minghao , Hu Liexiang , Qi Xuanwei , Zheng Junchao , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2019

Traditional directional relays of AC transmission lines are usually based on 50 Hz information in frequency domain in China. However, this conventional approach cannot provide the correct fault direction for the lines connected to wind farm because of the fault characteristics of the wind power system, that is, frequency deviation, variation of system impedance, weak feed feature, and so on. Then, the conventional approach of finding the phase angle between the fault current and a voltage signal will not identify the correct fault direction. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel fault direction identification method in time domain. Based on the RL model of transmission lines, opposite‐side voltages of the line can be derived with the measuring current and voltage at wind farm terminal after the fault. Then, the adjusted cosine similarity between the calculation voltage based on the RL model and the memory voltage can be acquired. If the correlation between the calculation voltage and the memory voltage is close to 1, it is a reverse fault. Otherwise, it is a forward fault. Finally, the proposed novel fault direction identification criterion is verified by the PSCAD/EMTDC‐based simulation results.
Large‐scale source‐grid‐load friendly interactive system introduction and real load shedding verification test technology
Authors: Li Hucheng , Liu Huawei , Yuan Yubo , Zhou Qi
Published: January 2019

On the basis of briefly analysing the construction background, systemic function, and practice situation of large‐scale source‐grid load friendly interactive system and introducing real load shedding verification of the system, this paper proposed an effective strategy validation technique based on preset instruction release mode, a time test method of real load shedding control command transmission according to global GPS clock synchronisation technology, and a frequency measurement method according to zero‐crossing detection and digital filter technology. These methods can accurately measure the system's control time and dynamic frequency on real load shedding. The real experimental results verified that quick load shedding time and frequency control effect when DC‐blocking fault happens meet system expectations. It effectively verified the function design of large‐scale source‐grid‐load friendly interactive system.
Reliability modelling and analysis on MMC for VSC‐HVDC by considering the press‐pack IGBT and capacitors failure
Authors: Hui Li , Meimei Zheng , Ran Yao , Wei Lai , Jili Deng , Haiyang Long , Haitao Qu
Published: January 2019

Modular multi‐level converter (MMC) with press‐packing IGBT devices is the popular and key equipment of VSC‐HVDC system, its reliability is directly related to the equipment safe operation. However, it is difficult to analyse the reliability using the failure statistical approach due to less fault data. In order to improve the reliability analyses accuracy, it is necessary to use the physical failure method by considering the main components fatigue failure mode. The reliability analysis models are presented for the MMC sub‐module with the press‐packing IGBT device and metallised film capacitors. First, based on the MMC‐HVDC simulation model, the losses and the junction temperatures of the IGBT devices were derived by the temperature field model, which the failure rates can be calculated. Furthermore, based the corrosion failure mode, the failure rate calculation of the metallised film capacitor was investigated using the voltage stress and thermal stress, the reliability calculation of the MMC sub‐module was presented by combining the main components failure rates. Finally, the reliability of the VSC‐HVDC based MMC was also presented with the different operation mode. The achievement is helpful to assess and improve the reliability of the VSC‐HVDC.
Vortex patch problem for Euler–Boussinesq systems
Authors: Sulaiman Samira Alamin
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the vortex patch problem of the two-dimensional Euler–Boussinesq system. This system couples the incompressible Euler equation for the velocity and a transport diffusion for the temperature with rough initial data of the Yudovich type.
Research on the key problems of MPPT strategy based on active power control of hydraulic wind turbines
Authors: Ai Chao , Bai Wenjie , Zhang Tingyuan , Kong Xiangdong
Published: January 2019

The constant displacement pump-variable motor hydrostatic transmission system is used as the main drive system in hydraulic wind turbines, and unlike traditional wind turbines using asynchronous generators and electronic converter devices, the synchronous generator is directly adopted for grid-connected generation. In this paper, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) problem of hydraulic wind turbines is studied in depth. The energy transfer process of hydraulic wind turbines is introduced, and the key issues to be solved in MPPT are presented. A MPPT strategy based on active power control is proposed. The power transmission characteristics of hydraulic wind turbines and the nonlinear problems existing in active power control are analyzed. A small signal linearization method combined with variable gain proportional integral differentiation (PID) is used to solve the power response inconsistent problems that come from system nonlinearity. The MPPT strategy based on active power control is optimized by a speed control loop to insure the system stability in the process of MPPT. Finally, the power response consistency and the MPPT strategy are verified in the 30 kVA semi physical simulation platform.
Bi-level fuzzy stochastic expectation modelling and optimization for energy storage systems planning in virtual power plants
Authors: Liu Yuan , Yang Jun , Tang Yufei , Xu Jian , Sun Yuanzhang , Chen Yan , Peng Xiaotao , Liao Siyang
Published: January 2019

A Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is defined as an aggregation of different distributed generations, energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads, which operates as a unique power plant. ESSs are the most used instruments in a VPP to adapt the variations of the power demand to the given level of power generation. As the ESSs' investment will significantly affect the economy of VPP construction, this paper proposes a bi-level fuzzy stochastic expectation model (FSEM) to optimize the cost of ESSs in VPPs. At the lower level, a VPP-ESS operation model is constructed for the minimum power fluctuation of photovoltaics and wind turbine in VPPs, and the minimum variance of output power is taken as the objective function considering its uncertainties. At the upper level, the VPP-ESS planning model based on the fuzzy stochastic expectation theory is built in order to minimize the investment and maintenance costs and obtain the optimal capacity and the power rating of ESSs. An optimization algorithm with Monte Carlo simulation, Genetic Algorithm, and Quadratic Programming is further proposed to solve this ESS planning problem. Both the proposed bi-level FSEM and the solution method are verified on a modified IEEE-33 test feeder, and the result analysis demonstrates that the model and the solution are applicable and practical.
ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations of shock induced reaction initiation in TNT
Authors: Liu Hai , He Yuanhang , Li Junling , Zhou Zhixuan , Ma Zhaoxia , Liu Sen , Dong Xiao
Published: January 2019

Thermodynamic pathways and reaction initiation mechanisms of shocked TNT (2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3) with shock velocities in the range of 6 -10 km⋅s-1 using the first-principles-based ReaxFF reactive force field molecular dynamics and the multiscale shock technique (MSST) are reported in this paper. The decomposition reactions occur at a shock velocity of 7 km⋅s-1 or higher. The shock initiation pressure, 25.1 GPa, is obtained from Rankine−Hugoniot relation. According to the link between macroscopic shock initiation and microscopic chemical reaction events, the formation of TNT-dimer and decomposition to C7H5O5N3 are the dominant initial route for shock induced reaction initiation. At shock speeds equal to or higher than 8km⋅s-1, TNT-dimer is formed and subsequently decomposed to C7H5O5N3, NO2 and NO. The quantity of NO2 molecules reaches maximum when TNT molecules decompose completely. Furthermore, when NO2 molecules are consumed fully, the volume of reaction system begins to expand. TNT molecules are dimerized at each shock condition, and the quantity of dimers is the largest at a shock initiation velocity of 7 km⋅s-1. Finally, the formation and evolution of carbon-containing clusters in shocked TNT are analyzed.
Microfluidic-based laser speckle contrast imaging of erythrocyte flow and magnetic nanoparticle retention in blood
Authors: Yang Yamin , Lü Anqi , Li Weitao , Qian Zhiyu
Published: January 2019

The present study aims to develop a microfluidic system in combination with laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) for the study of erythrocyte dynamics under various physiological flow conditions. Microfluidic device was fabricated and red blood cell suspension was introduced at various flow rate controlled by a syringe pump. Relative blood velocity profile in the microfluidic chamber was obtained by LSCI in a real-time manner and correlated well with simulated results by computational fluid dynamics. A close correlation of relative blood velocity, inlet flow rate and blood viscosity were found using this microfluidic-based LSCI system. In addition, our platform also allows the demonstration of spatiotemporal variation of blood flow in response to magnet-induced magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) retention. The flow behaviour of erythrocytes with the presence of MNPs appeared to be closely correlated with the location of the magnet placement. Our microfluidic-based LSCI measurement represents a simple yet controllable experimental model for evaluating the variations in different hemorheological conditions in vitro and has a strong potential as an easy-to-use tool for investigating local MNP retention and hemodynamic changes.
Exploring the genre of telephone-based financial planning consultations
Authors: Moore Stephen H. , Knox John S.
Published: January 2019

Until relatively recently, financial planning typically involved investment advisers advising relatively wealthy and financially literate individuals about where to place their abundant disposable incomes. Today, many financial planners are focused on advising individuals with modest incomes and little understanding of finance how best to manage their financial affairs in anticipation of retirements that could last for decades. The domain of financial planning discourse, despite the profession’s remarkable growth, is virtually unexplored territory in terms of studies conducted using applied linguistic analytic tools. This paper sheds light on the social purpose of financial planning consultations and their realization through their generic structure. A dataset of 10 authentic recorded telephone-based financial planning consultations was established and analysed for generic moves usingHalliday and Hasan’s (1985)generic structure potential. Using the generic structure potential (GSP) as a basis for evaluating the achievement of intended social purpose, and identifying a problem in the move sequencing and the common omission of a key component, we suggest strategic discursive modifications that would improve outcomes for all stakeholders. Implications for professional and academic training are discussed.
Current research on CLIL and bilingual education in the Netherlands
Authors: Rumlich Dominik
Published: January 2019

The contribution at hand provides a discussion of the six articles in this special issue on bilingual education
and CLIL. It does so against the background of recent conceptual and empirical insights and the author’s perspective as an
“outsider from the inside”, i.e. as a visitor to Dutch CLIL schools, a CLIL researcher and part-time teacher at a German CLIL
school. The studies and resulting suggestions presented in this volume mark the way forward to a more efficient and effective CLIL
practice in the Netherlands and beyond. At the same time, it becomes clear that there are still many open questions and issues to
be looked into as CLIL is an intricate and challenging and endeavour for teachers, students, researchers and educational policy
alike.
Expanding the field
Authors: Wilgenburg Onno van , Rooijen Bas van
Published: January 2019

This paper sketches the historic relationship between practice and academic interest in Dutch bilingual education,
from the perspective of policy-makers and practitioners. It highlights the recent developments in the field and offers suggestions
for future research that might support its further development.
Attitudinal factors and the intention to learn English in pre-vocational secondary bilingual and mainstream
education*
Authors: Denman Jenny , van Schooten Erik , de Graaff Rick
Published: January 2019

The effect of bilingual education (BE) on the attitude towards learning English of pupils in the first three years
of pre-vocational secondary education in the Netherlands (n = 488) was investigated. Contrary to several other
BE/CLIL studies, in the present study pupils choosing for a bilingual stream are not preselected based on their attitude or
motivation. Attitude was measured using the Model of Planned Behavior (MPB). The best-fitting attitude model was one in which the
perceived importance of learning English was a direct predictor of the Intention to make an effort, and not mediated by Affect. At
the start of BE in year 1 (age 12), attitudinal differences between bilingual and mainstream pupils were non-significant, but
after one or more years of a bilingual program, BE pupils scored significantly higher on four of the five MPB attitudinal
constructs. BE appears to positively influence the attitude towards learning English of junior vocational students.
Investigating audience orientation in courtroom communication
Authors: Chaemsaithong Krisda
Published: January 2019

This study presents an empirical study of audience orientation, investigating lawyers’ overt interpersonal negotiation with jurors. Drawing upon a corpus of the closing arguments of five high-profile American trials, the quantitative and qualitative analysis identifies the traces and degree of the jury’s presence through pronominal choices, questions, directives, references to shared knowledge and asides. Such relational practice does not merely “oil the wheels” of courtroom communication but also constitutes a key way to the meaning-making process in this phase of the trial. The findings attest to the centrality of relational work in accomplishing transactional goals in institutional discourses.
Half of Purposeful Baseline Sandbaggers Undetected by ImPACT’s Embedded Invalidity Indicators
Authors: Raab Courtney A , Peak Amy Sutton , Knoderer Chad
Published: January 2019

Objective

The main objectives of this study were to determine how accurately the embedded invalidity indicators (EIIs) identify purposeful underperformers on the baseline Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT); and to assess the effectiveness of each individual EII.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which all participants completed a baseline ImPACT assessment. Participants were randomized into a control or purposeful underperformance (sandbagging) group. The primary outcomes measured were the number of participants identified as invalid (via any EII), as well as the ability of each individual EII to detect purposeful sandbagging. Additionally, participants mean raw composite scores and percentiles were evaluated.

Results

Seventy-seven participants completed the study (control n = 37, sandbag n = 40.) None of the participants in the control group, and 50% of the purposeful sandbaggers were identified as invalid via the current EIIs. Of the five EIIs, three were unable to identify more than 15% of purposeful sandbaggers. The best performing EIIs were Word Memory and Three Letters, identifying 40% and 35% of purposeful sandbaggers, respectively. Sixty- five percent of the purposeful sandbaggers had at least one composite score ≤1st percentile. Using a composite score ≤1st percentile as potential marker of invalidity would have accurately identified more purposeful sandbaggers than all existing EIIs combined.

Conclusion

Half of purposeful sandbaggers were not identified by ImPACT’s current EIIs. Multiple EIIs were only able to identify <15% of purposeful underperformers, suggesting that reevaluation and/or recalibration of EII cutoffs may be appropriate.
Multiple mating is linked to social setting and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Authors: Ebensperger Luis A , Correa Loreto A , Ly Prieto Álvaro , Pérez de Arce Felipe , Abades Sebastian , Hayes Loren D
Published: January 2019

Individuals in social species may mate with multiple opposite-sex individuals, including members of the same or different social groups. This variation may be linked to genetic benefits, where multiple mating decreases risk of inbreeding. Multiple mating may also be constrained by the sociospatial setting through its effect on availability of mates. Because multiple mating with individuals from same or different groups may determine sex-specific fitness effects, we also examined how multiple mating modulates social benefits of females and males. We used 7 years of data on demography, social organization, and genetics of a natural population of the group-living and colonial rodent, Octodon degus, to determine how kin and sex composition within social groups, and spatial relations between these groups (i.e., colonial habits) influence multiple mating and its fitness consequences. Males (81.3%) and females (64.9%) produced offspring with multiple opposite-sex individuals within groups and with individuals of neighboring groups. Thus, polygynandry was the dominant mating system in the degu population examined. Multiple mating in degus was high when compared with estimates reported in other social mammals. Variation in female and male multiple mating was better explained by social setting through its effect on availability of potential mates rather than by benefits derived from decreasing risk of inbreeding. Finally, our study revealed how multiple mating enhances male, but not female reproductive success.
Characterization and identification of long non-coding RNAs based on feature relationship
Authors: Wang Guangyu , Yin Hongyan , Li Boyang , Yu Chunlei , Wang Fan , Xu Xingjian , Cao Jiabao , Bao Yiming , Wang Liguo , Abbasi Amir A , Bajic Vladimir B , Ma Lina , Zhang Zhang
Published: January 2019

Motivation

The significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in many biological processes and diseases has gained intense interests over the past several years. However, computational identification of lncRNAs in a wide range of species remains challenging; it requires prior knowledge of well-established sequences and annotations or species-specific training data, but the reality is that only a limited number of species have high-quality sequences and annotations.

Results

Here we first characterize lncRNAs in contrast to protein-coding RNAs based on feature relationship and find that the feature relationship between open reading frame length and guanine-cytosine (GC) content presents universally substantial divergence in lncRNAs and protein-coding RNAs, as observed in a broad variety of species. Based on the feature relationship, accordingly, we further present LGC, a novel algorithm for identifying lncRNAs that is able to accurately distinguish lncRNAs from protein-coding RNAs in a cross-species manner without any prior knowledge. As validated on large-scale empirical datasets, comparative results show that LGC outperforms existing algorithms by achieving higher accuracy, well-balanced sensitivity and specificity, and is robustly effective (>90% accuracy) in discriminating lncRNAs from protein-coding RNAs across diverse species that range from plants to mammals. To our knowledge, this study, for the first time, differentially characterizes lncRNAs and protein-coding RNAs based on feature relationship, which is further applied in computational identification of lncRNAs. Taken together, our study represents a significant advance in characterization and identification of lncRNAs and LGC thus bears broad potential utility for computational analysis of lncRNAs in a wide range of species.

Availability and implementation

LGC web server is publicly available at http://bigd.big.ac.cn/lgc/calculator. The scripts and data can be downloaded at http://bigd.big.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT000004.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Cross-National Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Molde Helge , Nordhus Inger Hilde , Torsheim Torbjørn , Engedal Knut , Bendixen Anette Bakkane , Byrne Gerard J , Márquez-González María , Losada Andres , Feng Lei , Ow Elisabeth Kuan Tai , Pisitsungkagarn Kullaya , Taephant Nattasuda , Jarukasemthawee Somboon , Champagne Alexandra , Landreville Philippe , Gosselin Patrick , Ribeiro Oscar , Diefenbach Gretchen J , Blank Karen , Beaudreau Sherry A , Laks Jerson , de Araújo Narahyana Bom , Fonseca Rochele Paz , Kochhann Renata , Camozzato Analuiza , van den Brink Rob H S , Fluiter Mario , Naarding Paul , Pelzers Loeki P R M , Lugtenburg Astrid , Oude Voshaar Richard C , Pachana Nancy A
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Assessing late-life anxiety using an instrument with sound psychometric properties including cross-cultural invariance is essential for cross-national aging research and clinical assessment. To date, no cross-national research studies have examined the psychometric properties of the frequently used Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in depth.

Method

Using data from 3,731 older adults from 10 national samples (Australia, Brazil, Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Singapore, Thailand, and United States), this study used bifactor modeling to analyze the dimensionality of the GAI. We evaluated the “fitness” of individual items based on the explained common variance for each item across all nations. In addition, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was applied, testing for measurement invariance across the samples.

Results

Across samples, the presence of a strong G factor provides support that a general factor is of primary importance, rather than subfactors. That is, the data support a primarily unidimensional representation of the GAI, still acknowledging the presence of multidimensional factors. A GAI score in one of the countries would be directly comparable to a GAI score in any of the other countries tested, perhaps with the exception of Singapore.

Discussion

Although several items demonstrated relatively weak common variance with the general factor, the unidimensional structure remained strong even with these items retained. Thus, it is recommended that the GAI be administered using all items.
Fundamental Concepts for Semiquantitative Tissue Scoring in Translational Research
Authors: Meyerholz David K , Beck Amanda P
Published: January 2019

Failure to reproduce results from some scientific studies has raised awareness of the critical need for reproducibility in translational studies. Macroscopic and microscopic examination is a common approach to determine changes in tissues, but text descriptions and visual images have limitations for group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring is a way of transforming qualitative tissue data into numerical data that allow more robust group comparisons. Semiquantitative scoring has broad uses in preclinical and clinical studies for evaluation of tissue lesions. Reproducibility can be improved by constraining bias through appropriate experimental design, randomization of tissues, effective use of multidisciplinary collaborations, and valid masking procedures. Scoring can be applied to tissue lesions (eg, size, distribution, characteristics) and also to tissues through evaluation of staining distribution and intensity. Semiquantitative scores should be validated to demonstrate relevance to biological data and to demonstrate observer reproducibility. Statistical analysis should make use of appropriate tests to give robust confidence in the results and interpretations. Following key principles of semiquantitative scoring will not only enhance descriptive tissue evaluation but also improve quality, reproducibility, and rigor of tissue studies.
Antibiotic prescribing for residents in long-term-care facilities across the UK
Authors: Thornley Tracey , Ashiru-Oredope Diane , Normington Andrew , Beech Elizabeth , Howard Philip
Published: January 2019

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem. Elderly residents in long-term-care facilities (LTCFs) are frequently prescribed antibiotics, particularly for urinary tract infections. Optimizing appropriate antibiotic use in this vulnerable population requires close collaboration between NHS healthcare providers and LTCF providers.

Objectives

Our aim was to identify and quantify antibiotic prescribing in elderly residents in UK LTCFs. This is part of a wider programme of work to understand opportunities for pharmacy teams in the community to support residents and carers.

Methods

This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Data were extracted from a national pharmacy chain database of prescriptions dispensed for elderly residents in UK LTCFs over 12 months (November 2016–October 2017).

Results

Data were analysed for 341536 residents in LTCFs across the four UK nations, from which a total of 544796 antibiotic prescriptions were dispensed for 167002 residents. The proportion of residents prescribed at least one antibiotic over the 12 month period varied by LTCF, by month and by country.

Conclusions

Whilst national data sets on antibiotic prescribing are available for hospitals and primary care, this is the first report on antibiotic prescribing for LTCF residents across all four UK nations, and the largest reported data set in this setting. Half of LTCF residents were prescribed at least one antibiotic over the 12 months, suggesting that there is an opportunity to optimize antibiotic use in this vulnerable population to minimize the risk of AMR and treatment failure. Pharmacy teams are well placed to support prudent antibiotic prescribing and improved antimicrobial stewardship in this population.
How a School Setting Can Generate Social Capital for Young Refugees: Qualitative Insights from a Folk High School in Denmark
Authors: Borsch Anne Sofie , Skovdal Morten , Jervelund Signe Smith
Published: January 2019

Many of the refugees who have recently arrived in Denmark and other European countries are young people. In order to support refugee youth, it is important to understand how institutions and initiatives in the receiving countries may best facilitate their social inclusion. Drawing on the concept of social capital, this article explores school practices supporting refugees through a qualitative case study of a Danish folk high school—an informal residential college for young people. At the school, participant observation, 10 interviews (with school management, four refugee students and four majority ethnic Danish students) as well as two focus groups (with majority ethnic and refugee students, respectively) were carried out. We discuss the school resources that help create a setting in which students and teachers may work collaboratively to support the integration of young refugees, highlighting four key dimensions: (i) intensive instruction in the local language, (ii) a commitment to nurturing positive inter-ethnic relationships, (iii) a sense of collective responsibility and (iv) an inclusive school ethos. We conclude with a discussion on how lessons from our case study can inform a wider conceptualization of a ‘refugee-competent school’ setting.
Time-resolved image polarimetry of TRAPPIST-1 during planetary transits
Authors: Miles-Páez P A , Zapatero Osorio M R , Pallé E , Metchev S A
Published: January 2019

We obtained linear polarization photometry (J-band) and low-resolution spectroscopy (ZJ-bands) of TRAPPIST-1, which is a planetary system formed by an M8-type low-mass star and seven temperate, Earth-sized planets. The photopolarimetric monitoring campaign covered 6.5 h of continuous observations including one full transit of planet TRAPPIST-1d and partial transits of TRAPPIST-1b and e. The spectrophotometric data and the photometric light curve obtained over epochs with no planetary transits indicate that the low-mass star has very low level of linear polarization compatible with a null value. However, the ‘in transit’ observations reveal an enhanced linear polarization signal with peak values of $p^* = 0.1\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ with a confidence level of 3σ, particularly for the full transit of TRAPPIST-1d, thus confirming that the atmosphere of the M8-type star is very likely dusty. Additional observations probing different atmospheric states of TRAPPIST-1 are needed to confirm our findings, as the polarimetric signals involved are low. If confirmed, polarization observations of transiting planetary systems with central ultracool dwarfs can become a powerful tool for the characterization of the atmospheres of the host dwarfs and the validation of transiting planet candidates that cannot be corroborated by any other method.
Music Education Assessment Policy and Practice in Turkey
Authors: Göktürk-Cary Dilek
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the practice of music education assessment since the foundation of the Republic in 1923, and describes the effects of the social and political environment on assessment policymaking process. After the Republican Era, greater importance has been given to the rise and development of modern education. In particular, important changes have been made in music education since the establishment of the Music Teacher Training School in Ankara in 1924. The assessment segment of music education was not considered as a great concern for policymakers until the 1990s, when growing globalism that caused closer relationships among societies also affected Turkey’s educational policies. Therefore, as in the West, assessment in music education has recently become a growing area of interest among scholars in Turkey.
Brazilian Policies on Education Assessment
Authors: Figueiredo Sergio , Del-Ben Luciana
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents and discusses policies on education assessment in Brazil. A major evaluation system is examined regarding higher education (undergraduate and graduate). This evaluation system provides general guidelines and criteria for educational levels, and organizes evaluation procedures in diverse documents. Part of these documents includes evaluation in music education. The purpose of this chapter is to critically analyze documents that refer to the assessment of Brazilian education, discussing how such documents are interpreted and applied in practice. In general, the documents have internal coherence, and the main objective is to contribute to the quality of Brazilian education. However, the documents do not always interact with each other, which contributes to the partitioning of the assessment procedures throughout the education process.
Developing Tests of Music Performance Improvisation
Authors: McPherson Gary E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a survey of research on the development and validation of a measure to assess instrumentalists’ ability to improvise music. It begins by framing efforts to distinguish between visual, aural, and creative forms of music performance, and the types of assessment tasks required to evaluate music performance improvisation. The chapter surveys a range of related measures that have been used to assess improvisational abilities in young developing musicians and provides a detailed description of the author’s own Test of Ability to Improvise (TAI) that he has used with beginning, intermediate, and advanced level school instrumentalists. Included also are examples of the instrumentalists’ improvisations and a discussion of the implications of the research findings for conceptions of musical development and practical applications within music education.
Assessment Policy and Practice in Secondary Schools in the English National Curriculum
Authors: Fautley Martin
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the ways in which assessment policy in classroom music education in England has been both legislated for and operationalized in practice. It describes how changes to whole-school assessment legislation have found their outworking in schools and classrooms, which have become contested and problematic sites. It describes how assessment in classroom music has had to shift its focus from attainment onto progression in order to comply with policy. The chapter also points out the effects of a performativity culture in English school music classes, where the production of data has become a goal in its own right, superseding, in some cases, an attention to learning and musicianship. It concludes that refocusing on musical aspects of teaching and learning would be a good thing for the development of both the subject and the participating learners.
High-Stakes Assessment in Music
Authors: Nierman Glenn
Published: January 2019

The idea of high-stakes assessment in schools could be said to have begun with the publication of A Nation at Risk (1983). The position taken in this chapter is that music and the arts are basic subjects needed for a well-rounded education that require high-stakes assessment at every grade level. The chapter does not endorse high-stakes assessment in the sense of a single assessment that results in loss of opportunities and failure, but in the more general sense that there are major consequences to society for children not being able to think creatively, to solve problems collaboratively, and to understand themselves as human beings—all skills that an education in music and the arts provide. The chapter is written in a position paper/statement format that includes four segments to support the position statement—introduction, opposing views, supporting views, and a plan for implementation of the position.
Global Health Governance
Authors: McInnes Colin
Published: January 2019

The international governance of health predates the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948. This chapter, however, argues that over the past two decades two major transformations have reshaped the politics of global health governance. The first is the emergence of the narrative of global health, which has created a perceived requirement to place increased emphasis on global governance mechanisms. This in turn implies that power should reside less at the national level and more at the global. Second, the institutional ‘architecture’ has been transformed by the emergence of new actors who are having an impact on health policy and outcomes. Combined, these two transformations have had a number of political effects, including a higher profile for global health issues and especially crises; a diffusion of power and authority; the creation of a ‘market’ for funding, with consequences in turn for how the ‘power of the purse’ operates; an increased expectation of the ability of global institutions to act to prevent or mitigate crises; and competing norms over what health is for.