bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22
Authors: Sonnessa Antonio
Published: August 2003

Turin's place in the history of the Arditi del Popolo movement has been almost completely ignored. The communist and socialist parties' denunciation of the ADP had led to suggestions that the ADP in Turin had little impact or was simply a communist movement. This article states that the experience of the ADP in Turin should be seen against the backdrop of antecedent forms of working class defence organization. Through an examination of working class defence organization between 1919 and 1922, the article argues that Turin's response to the ADP was based more on non-sectarian community-based networks of sociability and solidarity, and an instinct for survival at times of crisis, rather than simply political affiliation or ideology. In this way the article recasts the relationship between the organized workers' movement and the wider working class by showing how resistance could be turned against the workers' leaders, particularly when they were held to have misunderstood the situation at the grass-roots level. The article also argues that the popular non-sectarian experience of the ADP in Turin had an important influence on later communist-led anti-fascist organization.
`Fascism', `Para-Fascism' and `Fascistization': On the Similarities of Three Conceptual Categories
Authors: Kallis Aristotle A.
Published: August 2003

This article revisits the conventional conceptual distinction between `fascism' proper, `para-fascism' and `fascistization' in the context of interwar European politics. While postwar interpretations of the interwar dictatorial regimes have widely introduced a heuristic dichotomy between radical fascism and para-fascist authoritarianism, essentially pointing to two different ideal-types of rule, the subsequent analysis aims to challenge the inflexible way in which the concept of `fascism' has been employed with regard to the description of interwar political systems. Although from the point of view of the history of ideas, fascist ideology can be juxtaposed to the fascist-authoritarian amalgam of the 1920s and 1930s systems of rule (even the `reference' regimes of Italy and Germany), it should not be forgotten that both `fascist' and `para-fascist' regimes originated within a matrix of élite experimentation with novel forms of political control and populist legitimation. This process (in itself based on a fusion of `fascist' and traditional authoritarian elements) started in Italy in the early 1920s and was a powerful precedent for sympathetic or simply crisis-ridden élites across Europe. The result was a single trend towards fascistization (the term indicates approximation of `fascism', not adoption of fascist ideology) that manifested itself in three different forms: voluntary appropriation of fascist trapping from above; preventive co-opting of fascist constituencies (primarily leaderships), under overall élite control; and, finally, fascistization as a last resort strategy, through the co-habitation of fascist and traditional élites in a confused and uneasy cosntellation of power that in some cases (notably Italy and Germany) resulted in the domination of the fascist partner.
Regionalism in History, 1890-1945: The Cultural Approach
Authors: Storm Eric
Published: August 2003

Only recently the region has become an object of analysis again. Particularly the cultural approach, focusing on the process of regional identity formation, is producing remarkable results. Nevertheless, the strength of regionalism in many European countries during the period 1890-1945, which has been neglected for many decades, is still underestimated. The regionalist movement rivalled the avant-garde in trying to reform existing high culture from an almost opposite point of view. Regionalist art and vernacular architecture were highly valued until World War II. Even in recent studies, however, regionalism and regional movements are mainly studied within one national context. Consequently, its origins and development are generally explained within the same context as well. Only a comparative study can do justice to this truly international phenomenon, which profoundly affected the sense of belonging of millions of people in this crucial period of European history.
Internationalization and Performance
Authors: Majocchi Antonio , Zucchella Antonella
Published: August 2003

This article starts from the premise that in an increasingly integrated market all enterprises are in effect international; whether or not firms' activities extend beyond national borders, the environment that tempers strategy, business models and performance is an international one. It follows that support for this argument will already be evident in those regions where integration is advanced, as is the case in the European Union area. Based on empirical data collected from 220 Italian firms, the article investigates the relationship between internationalization and performance. It suggests that performance is not determined by export intensity and the number of international agreements, but by the ability of firms to gain access to specific markets, such as North America. Moreover, the article finds that performance tends to suffer when SMEs internationalize through FDI, a finding that suggests a `liability of foreignness' effect at the outset of international expansion. However, this negative effect can be offset by the international competencies that SMEs develop through intense export activity.
Perceived Uncertainty and Firm Performance in SMEs
Authors: Sawyerr Olukemi O. , McGee Jeffrey , Peterson Mark
Published: August 2003

In this article we propose and test a model of the effects of perceived environmental uncertainty on personal networking activities and firm performance, utilizing a sample of owner-managers from 153 small firms in the high technology sector. We predicted that as the level of uncertainty perceived in the environment by decision makers increased, they would engage in increased external and internal networking activities. This increased networking in response to perceived uncertainty would then result in improved financial performance for their firms. The data provide support for the effects of perceived uncertainty on internal networking and firm performance. We found that as the level of perceived uncertainty in the environment increased, so did the frequency of internal networking. Increased internal networking in response to increased perceived uncertainty resulted in better firm performance. The data, however, do not provide support for our predictions related to external networking and firm performance.
Access to Finance by Ethnic Minority Businesses in the UK
Authors: Smallbone David , Ram Monder , Deakins David , Aldock Robert B
Published: August 2003

This article presents findings from a large-scale study of access to finance and business support by ethnic minority businesses (EMBs) in the UK. The results show more variation between ethnic minority groups than between EMBs (as a group) and white-owned firms; with African/Caribbean owned businesses (ACBs) appearing the most disadvantaged. Analysis shows them to have been less successful in accessing bank loans than either white or other ethnic minority groups and to have a higher propensity to turn to non-bank formal sources of start-up finance (including various sources of `last resort' lending). Although some of these difficulties are associated with certain types of business activity in which ACBs are concentrated, sector is not a determining influence. The results suggest that ACBs, and/or sectors in which ACBs are concentrated, would appear to justify a targeting priority in any new finance initiatives that are taken.
Growth Momentum in the Early Stages of Small Business Start-Ups
Authors: LeBrasseur Rolland , Zanibbi Louis , Zinger Terrence J.
Published: August 2003

This article utilizes an empirical study of 145 new venture start-ups to explore a model of growth momentum as measured by sales. Of primary interest are the relationships among pre-startup activities, intended and actual business expansion activities, and early stage performance. Results indicated that the sales level achieved in the second year had a positive correlation with (i) the breadth of pre-startup activities, and (ii) the range of expansion activities. Business performance had a negative correlation with the firm's relative dependence on the technical skills of the owner-manager. In addition, the study revealed a consistent gap between owner-managers' expansion intentions and actual expansion.
Leadership Succession in Owner-Managed Firms through the Lens of Extraversion
Authors: Stavrou Eleni T.
Published: August 2003

Succession in owner-managed firms is rarely planned. Furthermore, it rarely occurs during the lifetime of the owner-manager. Even when it does, it is often ineffective. Although the literature cites various explanations as to the problems associated with succession in owner-managed firms, these explanations lack a coherent and encompassing theory to explain its dynamics. The author proposes that the issue of succession in owner-managed firms be viewed under the prism of extraversion, a psychological attitude that may help clarify succession's most fundamental features and explain the factors underlying its process.
The Embedded Character of Workplace Relations
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J.
Published: August 2003

This article describes an embedded framework for analyzing workplace relations. The author argues that the contemporary workplace is embedded to varying degrees in three force-fields: the macro field of globalization and new technology, the meso field of transnational production networks, and the micro field of local political and labor market institutions and organization structure and culture. The article explores the effect of these influences on management, particularly the way flexibility and cost reduction are prioritized, and the consequences of this for workplace structures and relations. This analysis provides a relevant and shared context for the issues explored in the following five articles. These are briefly introduced in the final section of this article.
Work Restructuring in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Webster Edward , Omar Rahmat
Published: August 2003

South Africa's triple transition-toward political democracy, economic liberalization, and racial equity-has generated a variety of responses at workplace level. Rather than a uniform response, a hybrid mix of managerial strategies is emerging that reveals both continuities and discontinuities with past practices. We argue that the challenge facing the South African workplace is to balance the contradictory demands of efficiency, employee rights, and equity arising out of the triple transition. What sort of a trade off, if any, between these competing pressures is required and what is politically feasible remains to be seen. What is clear from our case studies is that the challenge cannot be met unless the legacy of the apartheid workplace regime is decisively overcome.
The Labor Markets of Knowledge Workers
Authors: Royal Carol , Althauser Robert P.
Published: August 2003

In the accounts of Cappelli and others, the influx of mid-level outside hires and extinction of internal career ladders indicates that external market forces have fatally compromised firm internal labor markets. In an investment bank subject to a decade of mergers and acquisitions, we assess the extent to which external hires and collapsed career ladders characterize employees' careers. The mixture of internal and external hires and intact career ladders we find challenges current understandings of recent changes to firm internal labor markets.
Flexible Firms and Labor Market Segmentation
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: August 2003

Employers in all industrial societies have sought greater flexibility in their employment systems. This article discusses some key ways in which employers have sought to restructure their workforces to become more flexible and the consequences of such restructuring for workers and jobs. The author argues that U.S. employers' use of numerical and functional flexibility strategies has led to a division between organizational insiders (standard employment relations) and outsiders (who have nonstandard work arrangements). The consequences of working in nonstandard employment relations differ depending on workers' individual and collective control over skills and other valued resources.
Commitment at Work and Independence From Management
Authors: Bélanger Jacques , Edwards Paul K. , Wright Martyn
Published: August 2003

This article examines a case of advanced teamwork in a Canadian aluminum smelter. It demonstrates a pattern of high commitment at work and acceptance of change combined with a robust independence of workers from management. Control is no longer exerted at the level of work execution but is moved a step higher in the conception and monitoring of production, thus opening the way for workers' self-regulation. The explanation for this pattern lies in workers' tradition of group solidarity, which was expressed through a strong role for the trade union. Comparison with other cases underlies the centrality of worker collective organization if teamwork is to meet workers' as well as managers' expectations.
Information Society and the Transformation of Organizations in Finland
Authors: Blom Raimo , Melin Harri
Published: August 2003

In this article, the authors analyze and evaluate the nature of organizational change in Finland. This is against the backdrop of social theories that emphasize the transformation of work based on new technology and increasing knowledge intensity. Our empirical data are drawn from three case studies: Metso Automation, the global market leader in paper and pulp machine automation; Telenor, which produces and sells internet-based business catalogs; and the city of Ylöjärvi, which is responsible for social services. Our study shows that there are large differences between organizational types in terms of team formation, pay systems, recruitment, and forms of control. We argue that organizational differences reflect more general differences between traditional and proactive, flexible workplaces that coexist in the emerging information based society.
MMSE Items Predict Cognitive Decline in Persons with Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ercoli Linda M. , Siddarth Prabha , Dunkin Jennifer J. , Bramen Jennifer , Small Gary W.
Published: August 2003

Performance on individual Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) items can predict incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of the current study is to determine whether, in nondemented persons with and without the apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) genetic risk for AD, a subset of MMSE items predict cognitive decline. Fifty-four nondemented subjects, 23 with at least one copy of the APOE-4 allele and 31 without APOE-4, were given the MMSE and cognitive tests at baseline and 2-year follow-up. MMSE total score and a subset of MMSE items including delayed recall, serial 7s, pentagon, and orientation to time and place were used to predict change on cognitive tests. The subset of MMSE items significantly predicted decline in visuo-spatial construction and naming in APOE-4 carriers but not in noncarriers. Performance on a subset of MMSE items, combined with APOE-4 genotype, may aid in identifying high-risk persons for research or follow-up. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:67-73)
Are the Clock-Drawing Test and the MMSE Combined Interchangeable with CAMCOG as a Dementia Evaluation Instrument in a Specialized Outpatient Setting?
Authors: Heinik Jeremia , Solomesh Isaac , Bleich Avi , Berkman Pinhas
Published: August 2003

This study examines whether the Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) combined with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is interchangeable with the more detailed and lengthy Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) as a dementia evaluation instrument in a specialized psychogeriatric outpatient setting: 114 outpatients (88 with dementia, 26 with depressive and anxiety disorders) were included. Each subject underwent a comprehensive evaluation in which the CAMCOG (MMSE included) was administered. DSM-IV diagnoses were independently established. CAMCOG-derived clock drawings were blindly scored according to Freedman's method. The authors found that a combination of CDT and MMSE enhanced the psychometric properties of the above scales approximating them to CAMCOG's. They conclude that CDT in combination with the MMSE is valid for differentiation of dementia sufferers from nondemented psychiatric controls in a specialistic setting and might replace CAMCOG. However, the generalizability of these findings (a wider range of diagnoses, primary care settings) still needs to be verified. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:74-79)
Is Subjective Memory Loss Correlated with MMSE Scores or Dementia?
Authors: John Philip St. , Montgomery Patrick
Published: August 2003

Objectives: (1) to determine if subjective memory loss (SML) is associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, (2) to determine if this association persists after adjustment for other factors, and (3) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of SML for dementia. Population: 1751 seniors sampled from a population registry. Measures: age, sex, education, SML, the MMSE, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Dementia was diagnosed by clinical examination. Analysis: linear regression models were constructed. The sensitivity and specificity of SML were determined with a diagnosis of dementia being the gold standard. Results: SML was correlated with MMSE scores, even after adjusting for age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms. The sensitivity of SML was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45, 0.71), and the specificity was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.78) for dementia. Conclusions: SML is correlated with MMSE score. However, SML is neither sensitive nor specific for dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:80-83)
Neuropsychological Predictors of Everyday Memory and Everyday Functioning in Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Cahn-Weiner Deborah A. , Ready Rebecca E. , Malloy Paul F.
Published: August 2003

The contributions of executive function, naming, visuoperception, and delayed recall to everyday memory abilities and everyday living activities were examined in a sample (n = 24) of mildly impaired Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Everyday memory was rated independently by the patient and by a caregiver, and everyday functioning was rated by a caregiver. For patient-rated everyday memory, verbal recall accounted for 23% of the variance, while naming performance alone accounted for 56% of the variance in caregiver-rated everyday memory. Executive function was a unique and significant predictor of caregiver-rated functional daily living skills, accounting for 40% of the variance. Clinician's ratings of patient unawareness of deficit correlated with the discrepancy between caregiver and patient rating of memory. Caregiver reports of memory impairment appear to be influenced by naming abilities, indicating that language dysfunction may be misinterpreted as reflecting memory impairment. Helping caregivers distinguish between these two abilities may result in more accurate reporting of patients' impairments. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:84-89)
Attitudes of Elderly Subjects toward “Truth Telling” for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Turnbull Quentin , Wolf Andrew M. D. , Holroyd Suzanne
Published: August 2003

This study expands on previous research regarding attitudes of older adults toward disclosure of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two hundred patients 65 years or older completed a questionnaire assessing opinions about being told the diagnosis of AD versus cancer. Most responded they wanted to be told if they had AD or terminal cancer (92% for AD, 86.5% for cancer, P = .06). Those with personal experience with AD were significantly less likely to want to know themselves if they had AD than were those without personal experience ( P <.0001). A variety of reasons were given for wanting to be told the diagnosis of AD, including a small minority (1.7%) who would consider suicide. Although these results appear to support recent American Medical Association guidelines favoring disclosure of a dementia diagnosis, complex issues remain. Further research is needed to develop guidelines for physicians in disclosing dementia diagnoses that includes outcome studies of disclosure to patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:90-93)
Comorbidity of Psychopathological Domains in Community-Dwelling Persons with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Weiner Myron F. , Patterson Marian B. , Teri Linda , Thal Leon J.
Published: August 2003

In this post hoc analysis of baseline responses to the CERAD Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia in a clinical trial of interventions for agitation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the authors investigated the distribution of, and relationships between, agitation, depression, and psychosis in 148 individuals with AD. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was highest (78.4%), followed by agitation (77.6%) and psychotic symptoms (69.3%); 51.1% of the sample had symptoms in all 3 domains. Cross-sectionally, psychotic symptoms were most closely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, while agitation was less so. Depressive symptoms were relatively consistently prevalent across MMSE levels. After controlling for the presence of agitated symptoms, psychosis and depression were significantly associated, but neither symptoms of psychosis nor of depression were associated with agitation when depression or psychosis, respectively, was controlled for. Significant psychopathological comorbidity should be considered in the design of clinical trials targeting particular psychopathology in this disease population. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:94-99)
Six-Month Cognitive Improvement in Nursing Home Residents with Severe Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Buttar Amna B. , Mhyre Jill , Fries Brant E. , Blaum Caroline S.
Published: August 2003

The number of patients in nursing homes with severe cognitive impairment (SCI) is growing. The authors compared the characteristics and 6-month outcomes of a sample of nursing home residents with SCI to those of other residents. This cross-sectional and 6-month follow-up study used data from pooled 1990 and 1993 cohorts in the Resident Assessment Instrument Evaluation Study. The authors compared baseline characteristics of residents with SCI (n = 1304) with all others and evaluated 6-month improvement and associated factors in the SCI group. SCI residents had poorer nutrition and lower frequencies of most symptoms and chronic diseases. Fourteen percent showed 6-month cognitive improvement, associated with higher baseline function, antidepressant medication, and recent falls. Nursing home residents with SCI had possible underrecognition of medical problems and poor nutritional status. Measured improvement may indicate possible misclassification for some residents and potential for improvement for others. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:100-108)
Effect of Increasing the Dose and Duration of Sertraline Trial in the Treatment of Depressed Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Streim Joel E. , Datto Catherine J. , Katz Ira R. , DiFilippo Suzanne D. , Oslin David W.
Published: August 2003

There has been limited research into defining what constitutes an adequate first-line antidepressant trial in elderly patients. The authors report the outcome of extended, high-dosage sertraline treatment in a sample of nursing home residents experiencing residual significant depressive symptoms after 10 weeks of treatment with sertraline at a final dosage of 100 mg/day. Subjects who had a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≥ 12 after 10 weeks of treatment with sertraline were eligible for the 8-week open-label extension phase, which involved titrating the sertraline dosage to 200 mg/day. The cumulative response rate was 52% for the extension phase, compared with 37% for the acute phase. Examining acute phase nonresponders, 39% responded during the extension phase. Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events were comparable in the 2 phases. Our findings suggest that an extended trial or high dosages of sertraline may benefit some depressed elderly patients with persistent depression after acute treatment. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:109-111)
Apathy and Executive Function in Depressed Elderly
Authors: Marin Robert S. , Butters Meryl A. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: August 2003

Apathy and executive cognitive dysfunction (ECD) are important though conceptually different aspects of late-life depression. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of apathy to ECD. The authors also evaluated the relationship of apathy and ECD to global cognitive impairment and word generation. Fifty-two elderly subjects with major depression and MMSE scores of 15 or greater were evaluated with apathy-related items from the Hamilton rating scale for depression (ApHRSD), the Executive Interview (EXIT), the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), and the Controlled Oral Word Association test (COWA). ApHRSD scores were not significantly correlated with any of these variables. EXIT scores were correlated significantly with DRS and COWA. The results suggest that apathy and ECD may be independent of each other in some samples of elderly with late-life depression. Correlations may have been reduced by low variance for the variables of interest and by psychometric limitations of the ApHRSD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:112-116)
Gabapentin in Geriatric Mania
Authors: Sethi M. Awais , Mehta Raghunath , Devanand D. P.
Published: August 2003

There is little available information on anticonvulsant treatment of mania in elderly patients. Seven elderly patients, each in a manic episode, were treated with gabapentin. All 7 patients experienced improvement in manic symptoms, with minimal to no side effects. They received gabapentin in combination with antipsychotic medications, and in 1 case in combination with valproate. Gabapentin appears to be a safe and effective treatment in geriatric mania when combined with antipsychotic medications or valproate. Gabapentin appears to be well tolerated with no major adverse drug interactions or side effects in elderly manic patients. This case series suggests that controlled studies are warranted to examine gabapentin's efficacy and side effects, particularly as an adjunctive medication, in geriatric mania. ( J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 2003; 16:117-120)
Unrecognized Medical Disorders in Older Psychiatric Inpatients in a Senior Behavioral Health Unit in a University Hospital
Authors: Woo Benjamin K. P. , Daly John W. , Allen Edward C. , Jeste Dilip V. , Sewell Daniel D.
Published: August 2003

Medical disorders may cause psychiatric symptoms. This study investigated the frequency and nature of previously unrecognized medical disorders associated with behavioral disturbances in acute geriatric psychiatry inpatients. Data came from a chart review of 79 consecutive admissions to the University of California, San Diego, Senior Behavioral Health Unit from May 1999 to October 1999. The most common Axis I admission diagnoses were depression and psychosis. At admission, 27 of 79 cases (34%) had unrecognized medical disorders. Comparison of these cases with the cases that did not have unrecognized medical disorders found no differences in age, education, gender, or cognitive abilities. The group with unrecognized medical disorders had more medical disorders (mean 5.0 vs 3.6; P = .002). Unrecognized conditions (n) included constipation (7), urinary infection (7), and hypothyroidism (5). Elderly psychiatric patients are more likely to have physical comorbidity. A large number of medical disorders should alert clinicians to look carefully for unrecognized medical disorders. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003; 16:121-125)
History or Bunkum?
Authors: Knightley Phillip
Published: August 2003

The Pentagon made it clear from the beginning of the war against Iraq, writes eminent journalist and author Knightley, there would be no censorship. What it failed to say was that war correspondents might well find themselves in a situation similar to that in Korea in 1950. This was described by one American correspondent as the military saying: "You can write what you like - but if we don't like it we'll shoot you." The figures in Iraq tell a terrible story. Fifteen media people dead, with two missing presumed dead. If you consider how short the campaign was, Iraq will be notorious as the most dangerous war for journalists ever - and the most dishonest.
Not War Reporting - Just Reporting
Authors: Franks Tim
Published: August 2003

...and sometimes we embeds didn't get it right, we didn't even ask the right questions, writes the BBC's Europe Correspondent. "I can, perhaps, indirectly blame the culture of the embedee, but that feels a bit too easy", he says of one incident. "It was a miss. This was not All the President's Men. This was not even war reporting. It was just reporting".
The Wow Factor
Authors: Andersson Hilary
Published: August 2003

Not only are there more female foreign correspondents now than ever before in high profile reporting jobs, but women reporting wars seems almost to be a vogue, believes the BBC's Johannesburg-based Africa correspondent and part of its reporting team in Iraq. "There is now a well-entrenched belief at a high level of media management that audiences want to see and hear women on their screens. If press coverage of media deployments is anything to go by, women reporting wars also has an added 'wow' value. In Britain and abroad, the media commented on our attire, our hair, our personal histories, our motives, and oh yes, our abilities."
What Now?
Authors: Kelly Michael
Published: August 2003

In tribute to those journalists who died or were injured during the war, the British Journalism Review reprints the last piece written for his magazine by the editor-at-large of The Atlantic. He was killed in Iraq on 3 April 2003. "I spent the last days of the first Gulf War's phony peace in Baghdad," wrote Kelly, "and I am spending the last days of this one's in Kuwait, soon to take part in the experiment of 'embedding', as the jargon has it, some 500 journalists with the U.S. military for the duration of what is generally expected to be a short, exceedingly one-sided conflict. On the whole, I'd say, the phoniness quotient is down this time. We are spared, at least, much of the death-and-destruction-and-quagmire talk that preceded the last conflict here."
Living with Press Eurotrash
Authors: Dougal Jim
Published: August 2003

Jim Dougal, head of the European Commission in the United Kingdom, claims that Europe is constantly misrepresented in the British press. "Ever since the UK joined the Common Market in 1973, tales have abounded of an overweening bureaucracy attempting to wrest control of Britain "into its own hands", he writes. "Continual warnings of 'barmy EU edicts' issued by 'faceless eurocrats', which have surreptitiously impinged upon British life to deleterious effect, have been the mainstay of EU reporting in much of the UK press. Indeed, were every portentous prediction to have come to fruition we would now be living in a kind of Orwellian dystopia."
When a Journalist must Tell
Authors: Martin-Clark Nick
Published: August 2003

Before he appeared in the witness box to give evidence against a former source for having committed a brutal murder, Northern Ireland specialist Martin-Clark had an agonising decision to make. When he had gone to see the accused in prison, the writer had been sworn to silence before the killer confessed. "It would have been easier to keep his secret," writes Martin-Clark, as [subsequently] my life has been disrupted, we have had to move house and I am now on a witness protection programme for the rest of my life." Martin-Clark chose to betray the killer's confidence and here poses the question: when is a journalist's duty to tell?
The Greatest Stories ever Told
Authors: Nicholas David
Published: August 2003

From the 1962 Cuban missile crisis to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, from the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 to the events of 9/11, from the first test tube baby to the advent of rock and roll...former ITN editor Sir David Nicholas reviews the great stories of his journalistic lifetime. At the end of this article, the BJR asks readers to give their views on what they consider to be the greatest stories of the past half-century (a time-frame chosen to remove World War Two from contention).
News: You Want it Quick or Good?
Authors: Puttnam David
Published: August 2003

Lord Puttnam writes that one of the things that has most concerned him is that the agenda of so-called economic liberalism that governs so much of the Government's approach to the Bill is likely to have serious if unintended consequences for the plurality and diversity of UK media, and therefore for the quality of British journalism. "'Operation Iraqi Freedom' was a war fought live on television; the propaganda war was largely fought through television. In fact, it's probably something of a paradigm for the way mainstream television journalism will increasingly operate in the modern era."
TV News: Why More is Less
Authors: Shaw Chris
Published: August 2003

The changing face of TV news and the plethora of different bulletins across terrestrial and satellite stations and the internet is not necessarily good news for the viewer, writes Chris Shaw, senior Programme Controller at Channel Five. "In today's multi-channel universe there is a positive glut of television news from which to choose," he writes. "Leaving aside the three domestic 24-hour news services, there's 110 hours of the stuff on terrestrial TV each week. In 1994 that figure was 60 hours and back in 1985 just 22. News is everywhere. So why are people watching less TV news when it has never been more available?"
But is it Cricket?
Authors: Rostron Bryan
Published: August 2003

Following the debacle of the Cricket World Cup, when England's will-we?-won't-we? fiasco over the game in Zimbabwe, South African journalist Rostron reports that most South Africans, black and white, still see cricket as a white man's sport. Blacks simply don't see their heroes represented. "White cricket writers still seem to live in the old world," writes Rostron. "They should be in the forefront of raising these issues. But every time a black player is selected some of them complain about lowering of standards. We take that to mean that they feel standards were higher under apartheid."
Power of the Pen
Authors: Kaufman Gerald
Published: August 2003

Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, was a journalist before he entered politics. Here he argues that journalists are far more worldly-wise than are politicians. "Politicians may believe that journalists are there to serve their purpose," he writes. "In fact, it is politicians, overwhelmingly, who serve the purpose of journalists and can be discarded if that purpose is not served... In the end, the story matters most to them - though they would be stupid if they discarded a useful long-term contact for the sake of a single story."
The Stars Look Down
Authors: Davis Victor
Published: August 2003

Showbusiness journalism ain't what it used to be, bemoans veteran entertainment correspondent Davis. "The superstar world has shrunk enormously since the great days of Hollywood, when there were half-a-dozen studios with long rosters of stars from which a show business writer could pick and choose," he writes. "Now each star possesses an adamantine Praetorian guard. If you don't agree to their rules of engagement, you will not be granted what they call 'access'." The result: unlimited pap in the national newspapers.
Scandal and Psychiatry in Early Nineteenth-Century Prussia
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroshi
Published: August 2003

An analysis of the Ernst Horn (1774-1848) malpractice scandal at Berlin's Charité Hospital in the second decade of the nineteenth century reveals two interesting facets. One was the social pressure put upon Horn to publish detailed inside information about the hospital, which ironically was to build his reputation as a pioneering clinical psychiatrist. The other was the professional antagonism among the physicians involved in the scandal. The behaviour of J. C. Reil (1759-1813) in this affair stood in sharp contrast to that of J. G. Langermann (1768-1832) and C. W. Hufeland (1762-1836), who were in charge of the hospital's administration. Much of the deep mutual antipathy among the players may be interpreted as an antagonism between the opposing camps of statists and academicians.
Brief and Acute Psychoses: The Development of Concepts
Authors: Pillmann F. , Marneros A.
Published: August 2003

This paper reviews the conceptual history of brief and acute psychoses. As psychotic disorders of usually dramatic symptomatology but nevertheless with a usually benign course, brief and acute psychoses have the air of a paradox. Thus, they have posed specific problems in regard to nosology, diagnostics and aetiology. Despite a strong convergence of the descriptive elements, the historical concepts of brief and acute psychoses have yielded different answers to the questions raised. Kahlbaum and Kraepelin set the stage on which brief and acute psychoses appeared `atypical'. The concept of `bouffée délirante ` used degeneration theory as a background for nosological and aetiological allocation. Similarly, the concepts of cycloid psychoses, reactive (psychogenic) psychoses, emotional psychoses and atypical psychoses have provided diverging but interrelated ways to delineate brief and acute psychoses, to determine their nosological status and to explain the coexistence of severe disorder and favourable prognosis. Modern classifications, namely the acute and transient psychotic disorders of ICD-10 and the brief psychotic disorder of DSM-IV, reflect the varied history of the concept.
Libro De La Melancholía by Andrés Velázquez (1585). Part 2. Its Context and Importance
Authors: Mas Antonio Contreras
Published: August 2003

The second part of this paper examines the views of the hitherto forgotten Spanish physician Andrés Velázquez on the subject of melancholy. The study was made possible by the reissue in 1996 of his book, originally published in 1585 - one of the earliest European works to deal exclusively with the subject of melancholy. Velázquez attempted to analyse the illness known as melancholy and, in order to do this, he had to explain some of the functions and structures of the human brain. His explanations about the role that the brain played as the location of thought and the substrate of the soul were based mainly on the ideas of Galen; he was also influenced by the work of other physicians and writers, including Arab writers and some of his own contemporaries.
A Historical Inquiry into the Appropriateness of the Term `Panic Disorder'
Authors: Papakostas Yiannis G. , Eftychiadis Aristotelis , Papakostas George I. , Christodoulou George N.
Published: August 2003

Panic disorder was introduced in the standard psychiatric nosology with the publication of the DSM-III in 1980. The myriad of earlier medical and psychiatric names describing anxiety attacks and related conditions were all abandoned, being housed under the term `panic attack and panic disorder.' In this paper, the rationale and the appropriateness of this term are critically examined from a historical perspective. First, a brief historical account of anxiety that comes in the episodic form, and the medical and psychiatric terminology that emerged during the last two centuries regarding this condition, are presented. Next, the origins of the concept of panic as a collective or individual fear reaction are traced from a mythological and historical standpoint, up to its current, almost accidental, introduction into the official psychiatric diagnostic systems. Since the word `panic' has its roots in the Greek god Pan and the unpleasant states inflicted by him, this god is described, as well as St Gilles - also known as St Aegidios, the Athenian - the healing saint for those suffering from panic, horror and phobias. Finally, the current diagnostic features of panic disorder are systematically compared with the corresponding troubles inflicted on people by the mythical god Pan. It is concluded that the introduced term `panic' appropriately and successfully replaced the old ones.
Leo Kanner: His Years in Berlin, 1906-24. The Roots of Autistic Disorder
Authors: Neumärker K. -J.
Published: August 2003

By providing the first description of infantile autism Leo Kanner (1894-1981)has substantially influenced the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. The classification of the disorder seems to be evolving with progress in clinical and diagnostic research, epidemiology and genetics. In the current classification systems of ICD-10 and DSM-IV, Kanner's name is merely mentioned, in contrast to other specified pervasive developmental disorders. This article draws attention to Kanner's early scientific career at Berlin's Charité University Hospital which ended in 1924 with Kanner's emigration to the United States. The study is based on original documents such as the files of Kanner's doctoral thesis on electrocardiography and cardiophonography found at the archives of Humboldt University of Berlin, and his unpublished autobiography, located at the library of the American Psychiatric Association in Washington, DC
Family Dynamics in Biblical Times: Joseph as a Family Psychotherapist
Authors: Ben-Noun Liubov(Louba)
Published: August 2003

Families have existed for thousands of years and are the most enduring form of small social group. This article discusses the family of Jacob as described in the Bible, and analyses the dynamics of the family system, the relationships between family members and the ways in which they interact and respond to stressful events. Such events disrupted the equilibrium of the family and led to a severe crisis, but this was eventually resolved peacefully, and family members were reconciled. The story of Joseph, Jacob's son, unfolds as possibly the earliest description of a psychotherapeutic intervention to resolve a long-standing family crisis.
The World Turned Upside Down: Below Replacement Fertility, Changing Preferences and Family-Friendly Public Policy in 21 OECD Countries
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: August 2003

Over the past two decades, a decline in birth rates in advanced industrialized societies to levels well below those required for population replacement has been accompanied by a major change in the cross-national incidence of fertility. This has, in turn, given rise to a massive transformation in traditional cross-national patterns of relationships between fertility and other variables. Whereas previously the countries with the highest period fertility rates were those in which family-oriented cultural traditions were most pronounced and in which women's labour market participation was least, these relationships are now wholly reversed. This study uses data for 21 OECD countries to provide a more thorough and systematic mapping of the linkages between fertility, cultural values, economic structure and social policy than has hitherto been attempted in the literature, while simultaneously addressing some of the theoretical and methodological issues that arise in explaining a reversal of this magnitude. It argues that seemingly anomalous linkages with cultural traditions and employment structure are consequences of women's changing work and family preferences and of cross-national differences in the adoption of family-friendly public policy.
Social Citizenship and Workfare in the US and Western Europe: From Status to Contract
Authors: Handler Joel F.
Published: August 2003

A major goal in workfare policies is to re-integrate the socially excluded into full citizenship. I examine the experience in the US and compare the current reforms in selected Western European countries. I argue that current policies of inclusion necessarily exclude. Workfare contemplates an individual `contract' between the agency and the client. I concentrate on the implementation issues - the characteristics and constraints on the welfare worker-client relationship. While there are positive achievements, there is disturbing evidence that the most vulnerable are still being excluded. I suggest reforms for those who remain - separating benefits from services, re-designing incentives for service workers, and eliminating sanctions.
Debate on Social Justice and Pension Reform
Authors: Schokkaert Erik , Van Parijs Philippe
Published: August 2003

No serious discussion of possible pension reforms can dispense with some conception of what justice requires, both between and within generations. In this paper we first spell out step by step the implications for pension systems of a conception of social justice that articulates in coherent fashion the values of freedom, efficiency and solidarity heralded in the European project. We next consider in this light a number of important policy issues: Should we move towards more funding and less `pay as you go'? Towards a more private system? Towards a more Bismarckian system? Towards a higher retirement age? Towards a more unified European system?
`Real Presences'
Authors: Shotter John
Published: August 2003

In our talk of meanings, we are used to thinking of them as working in terms of mental representations, and to thinking of such representations as passive objects of thought requiring interpretation in terms of shared rules, conventions or principles if their meaning is to be understood. Here, however, I argue that the meaningfulness of our language does not initially depend on its systematicity, but on our spontaneous, living, bodily responsiveness to the others and othernesses around us. Hence, I want to explore the realm of expressive-responsive bodily activity that `pre-dates', so to speak, the `calculational' processes we currently think of as underlying our linguistic understandings, the realm within which direct and immediate, non-interpretational physiognomic or gestural forms of understanding can occur. Central to activities occurring between us in this sphere is the emergence of dynamically unfolding structures of activity that we all participate in `shaping', but to which we all must also be responsive in giving shape to our own actions. It is the agentic influence of these invisible but nonetheless felt `real presences' that I want to explore. Their influence can be felt as acting upon us in a way similar to the expressions of more visible beings. Thus, within this sphere of physiognomic meanings, it is as if invisible but authoritative others can directly `call' us into action, can issue us with `action-guiding advisories', and judge our subsequent actions accordingly with their `facial' expressions or `tones' of voice. Below I will explore how this—some would say, `mystic' (Lévy-Bruhl)—form of participatory thought and understanding can help us to understand the `inner' nature of our social lives together, and the part played by our expressive talk in their creation.