bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body fat and fat-free mass measured by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in obese and non-obese adults
Authors: Berstad Paula , Randby Anna , Seim Ekeland Gunn , Ulveland Hege , Omland Torbjørn , Almendingen Kari
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to compare body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimates by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS), with respective estimates by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in obese and non-obese subjects. Body composition was measured in ninety-three obese and non-obese men and women by BIS device, BodyScout (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) and DXA device, Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Mean difference between the methods was analysed byttests, and Bland–Altman plots were generated to further examine the differences between the methods. Mean difference between the estimates by DXA and BIS (ΔDXA − BISand Bland–Altman 95 % limits of agreement) were as follows: FM 4·1 ( − 2·9, 11·2) kg and 4·5 ( − 2·9, 11·8) %, FFM − 4·1 ( − 11·2, 2·9) kg and − 4·5 ( − 11·9, 2·9) %, indicating large inter-individual variation and statistically significant underestimation of FM and overestimation of FFM by BIS, as compared to DXA. The underestimation of FMkg (FM measured in kg) and overestimation of FFMkg (FFM measured in kg) were more pronounced in men than in women, and the underestimation of FM% (FM measured in percent) and overestimation of FFM% (FFM measured in percent) were more pronounced in normal weight (BMI = 20·0–24·9 kg/m2) than in overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2) subjects. BIS may be suitable for classification of a population into groups according to FM and FFM. However, the large inter-individual variation suggests that this BIS device with the proprietary software is insufficient for estimation of single individual body FM and FFM.
Evidence from the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus, of the northerly active margin of the Southern Neotethys during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic time
Authors: ROBERTSON ALASTAIR H. F. , TASLI KEMAL , İNAN NURDAN
Published: August 2011

Sedimentary geology and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy have shed light on the geological development of the northern, active continental margin of the Southern Neotethys in the Kyrenia Range. Following regional Triassic rifting, a carbonate platform developed during Jurassic–Cretaceous time, followed by its regional burial, deformation and greenschist-facies metamorphism. The platform was exhumed by Late Maastrichtian time and unconformably overlain by locally derived carbonate breccias, passing upwards into Upper Maastrichtian pelagic carbonates. In places, the pelagic carbonates are interbedded with sandstone turbidites derived from mixed continental, basic volcanic, neritic carbonate and pelagic lithologies. In addition, two contrasting volcanogenic sequences are exposed in the western-central Kyrenia Range, separated by a low-angle tectonic contact. The first is a thickening-upward sequence of Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian(?) pelagic carbonates, silicic tuffs, silicic lava debris flows and thick-bedded to massive rhyolitic lava flows. The second sequence comprises two intervals of basaltic extrusive rocks interbedded with pelagic carbonates. The basaltic rocks unconformably overlie the metamorphosed carbonate platform whereas no base to the silicic volcanic rocks is exposed. Additional basaltic lavas are exposed throughout the Kyrenia Range where they are dated as Late Maastrichtian and Late Paleocene–Middle Eocene in age. In our proposed tectonic model, related to northward subduction of the Southern Neotethys, the Kyrenia platform was thrust beneath a larger Tauride microcontinental unit to the north and then was rapidly exhumed prior to Late Maastrichtian time. Pelagic carbonates and sandstone turbidites of mixed, largely continental provenance then accumulated along a deeply submerged continental borderland during Late Maastrichtian time. The silicic and basaltic volcanogenic rocks erupted in adjacent areas and were later tectonically juxtaposed. The Campanian–Early Maastrichtian(?) silicic volcanism reflects continental margin-type arc magmatism. In contrast, the Upper Maastrichtian and Paleocene–Middle Eocene basaltic volcanic rocks erupted in an extensional (or transtensional) setting likely to relate to the anticlockwise rotation of the Troodos microplate.
A Note on the Epitaph of Terentius
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

In this Journal, Vol. XXXIV, 1941, page 79, Mr. Welles published with a scholarly commentary the interesting epitaph of the tribune Terentius from Dura. The place in which it was found, in a private house, presents difficulties to him. He supposes that the stone was set into the epistyle and smashed when falling down from it and takes great pains to prove that Terentius was not buried in the house. This is evident. I think the solution is very simple. Only the first seven lines and the first half of the eighth are incised, from the word θεαί the letters are painted in red. It is a well-known ancient custom to paint the letters in order to guide the stone-cutter in his work.
Some Objections to Old Norse þjazi = Sanskrit Tvaṣṭṛ
Authors: Fowler Murray
Published: August 2011

In an article entitled “The Role of Loki in Germanic Mythology” published in this Review, the late F. Stanton Cawley, acting upon a suggestion made in a Harvard dissertation of 1938 by Dean Gilbert T. Hoag of Kenyon College, attempted to show that þjazi, the name of the giant who in an Old Norse myth carries off Iðunn and her apples, could be etymologically connected with Tvaṣṭṛ, the name of one of the chief Vedic gods. The philological reasoning which led him to this conclusion he published also in slightly more extended form, and for a rather larger public, in Paul & Braune's Beiträge under the heading of “Loki und , ein bisher unbekannter indogermanischer Gott.” The conclusion of these studies was stated as follows: “An Indo-European myth of the theft of the divine drink by the god , of the culture-hero type, was transmitted in India and in Germanic territory to the literary period.
Orphism or Popular Philosophy?
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: August 2011

The exploration of the Greek settlements in South Russia has produced a fair number of epitaphs in verse, which for the most part repeat poetic commonplaces: but a find of 1931 from around Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum, has distinct interest. It is a stele, broken off at the top and bottom: traces suggest that the top was decorated with a relief representing a man and his young attendant; his name and patronymic may have accompanied this relief. The epitaph, preserved entire, in lettering assigned by the editor to the end of the first century B.C. or the beginning of the first century A.D. and by Dr. Sterling Dow to ca. 40–ca. 100 A.D., runs as follows:

οὐ λόγον ἀλλὰ βίον σοφίης ἐτυπώσαο δόξαν,

αὐτοδαὴς ἱερῶν γινόμενος κριμάτων.

εὕδων οὖν, ‘Εκαταῖε, μεσόχρονος ἴσθ’ ὅτι θᾶσσον

κύκλον ἀνιηρῶν ἐξέφυγες καμάτων.
Rhetologia or Aretalogia?
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

Tatian, adv. Graecos 40 (p. 41, 1-10 Schwartz):

The argument of this passage follows a line familiar to readers of the apologists: the Hebrew Lawgiver and the prophets belonged to an earlier age than the wise men of Greece, who borrowed Hebrew wisdom and perverted it in one way or another. Leaving one word purposely untranslated, we may render the last sentence, “For their sophists, tampering freely with what they had learned from Moses and those who shared his philosophy, tried to give it a false stamp, first, in order that they might be credited with saying something of their own, and secondly, that they might cloak what they did not understand with some fictitious ῥητολογία and unfairly represent the truth as a fable.”
The Cult of Heroes
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: August 2011

The text discussed p. 73 ff. is a measure to ensure equitable and uncontentious distribution of the flesh of the two ‘fullgrown victims,’ and presumably of the young pig also. There is no mention of the burning of portions in honor of the heroines or of the hero, and outside Greece we know of sacrifices in which the worshippers took all. Such detail would be irrelevant to the purpose of our inscription, which is not a lex sacra; and the use of θύειν and the presence of an altar (for the restoration in line 6 is almost certain) strongly suggest that conventional symbolic offerings were made by fire.
On Athenaeus XIV, 639e–640a
Authors: Heichelheim F. M.
Published: August 2011

L. Ziehen has already observed that we have no certain evidence handed down to us concerning the exact name of the god to whom the festival of the Thessalian Peloria was dedicated and who was most probably a personification of Zeus. Most MSS of Athenaeus have Πελωρíῳ, and Πελώριος is therefore accepted as the likely version by most scholars; but the Codex Marcianus of Athenaeus has the dative Πέλωρι, and Eustath, Il. 1101, 12 f. has Πελωρóς, the same name as that of the human messenger whose good news was said to have initiated the festival. Leake published a unique bronze coin of Phalanna in Northern Thessaly which is preserved in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and probably solves this question. The obverse of this much discussed coin, which was issued in the late fourth or the third century B.C. when the native dialects were used everywhere in Thessaly, shows the head of a bearded Zeus laureate or of a similar god, and has as his name ]λορις. There is only room ‘off flan’ for two or three missing letters at the beginning of this word in the original die. Under these circumstances the restoration [Πέ] λορις or, more exactly, [Πέ] λο(υ)ρις is, in my opinion, very probable, if not certain, ου instead of ω being a peculiarity of the Thessalian dialect.
The ‘Plain Meaning’ of Isaiah 42.1–4
Authors: Marcus Ralph
Published: August 2011

The expression ‘plain meaning’ is here used in the sense of Hebrew peshat, since this paper is not primarily a study in the higher criticism of Deutero-Isaiah. But I may perhaps be allowed to make three brief preliminary statements of belief concerning the relation of the passage under discussion to the rest of the book: First: that the conception of the Servant found in 42.1–4 is closer to that found in the whole of Deutero-Isaiah than it is to that in the last of the so-called Servant-poems, 52.13–53.12. Second: that the first Servant-poem describes the people of Israel, as do chs. 40–55 generally, and not an individual. Third: that the suffering of the Servant has been unduly emphasized from the early Christian period onward, largely because the sublime portrayal of humility and suffering in ch. 53, which is strikingly different from most of the book, has obscured the predominantly consolatory and triumphant aspects of the Servant as God's instrument. With this introduction I should like to comment on the Masoretic text.
Some Phases of Religious Feeling in Later Paganism
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

The scientific study of religion which has gone on for the past fifty years has reaped a rich and varied harvest; but a thoughtful observer might hold with good reason that its most important result is this, that all investigators, whether themselves religious or not, have come to recognize candidly the tremendous motive power of religious emotion and the actual validity of religious experience. Yet singularly enough comparatively little attention has been paid to ancient religious feeling for its own sake. Classical scholars have made fruitful researches into the objective phenomena of ancient religion, particularly Greek and Roman cults; they have considered the relation of religion to philosophy and morals; and after many aberrations they have even found firmer paths through the morass of mythology. But we still await an adequate study of the subjective side of ancient religion.
Armageddon
Authors: Torrey Charles C.
Published: August 2011

The term “Armageddon,” familiar in English literature, primarily designates the scene of the last great battle at the end of the present age, in which the powers of evil, represented by hostile nations warring against the Kingdom of God, are to be overthrown and destroyed. The name is derived from a passage in the Book of Revelation, 16:16, in which a standing feature of Hebrew eschatology is given a setting characteristic of the apocalypse.
Hebrew Hesed and Greek Charis
Authors: Montgomery James A.
Published: August 2011

The Greek and other early renderings of Hebrew ḥèsed and its adjective ḥāsîd only complicate the exegesis the more because of the contradictory renderings given, e.g. in Greek ἔλεος, ὅσιος, ὁσιότης, in Latin ‘misericordia,’ ‘sanctus.’ With fine sense the translators of the English Bible invented a new word for the noun, ‘lovingkindness.’ Similarly the Christian word χάρις = Latin ‘gratia,’ coming down from the New Testament, has had its many-faceted history. The modern use of the word is complicated by the concurrence of Classical and Biblical tradition. The Christian asks for God's grace, and yet renders Him grace at meals, and indifferently speaks of the grace of physical form and bearing, while ‘gratitude’ and ‘graciousness’ have their particular denotations.
The Atoning Work of Christ in the New Testament
Authors: Enslin Morton S.
Published: August 2011

From his earliest days on this planet man has ever been conscious that he has been walking on dangerous ground; that he is far from being lord of all he surveys; that instead there are powers, apparently quite outside of himself or of his control, of which he need definitely be on his guard. Under certain circumstances they will work for him, aid him, make his life more secure; under others, they can and do bring about just the reverse. With the dawn of conscience, which latter in essence may be called the memory of burnt fingers and rapped knuckles, he became convinced that certain courses of action definitely did not pay; others did. Together with other forms of magic he speedily discovered — or thought that he did — that it paid very decidedly to give to these invisible but dreadfully real powers what they wanted. Thus he might very possibly escape their vengeance, might even gain their favor. Do ut des, perhaps even more frequently do ne des, became one of the earliest utterances of what anthropologists with marked charity have denominated homo sapiens. It would appear to me too obvious and well attested to require detailed proof that sacrifice was man's attempt to placate, avert the anger, satisfy, make friendly to him, powers which he might or might not know, but toward which he had come to have, by the only way in which he has ever learned anything, viz., experience, a very lively respect.
A Note on Matthew 6:33
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: August 2011

The first half of Matthew 6: 33 presents a difficult problem to the textual critic, and the leading editors of the New Testament have solved it in different ways. The textual authorities offer several variant readings, but none of them is satisfactory from every point of view. However, it is possible by means of a highly plausible conjecture to obtain a text which makes excellent sense.
Theology and Mythology in Aeschylus
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

I start by making two assumptions, as being facts known to every serious student of antiquity. One is, that Aeschylus was not only a poet but a theologian. The other is, that practically every Greek of that time, if he thought at all concerning deity, did so along mythological lines. The second postulate perhaps needs a little exposition. We have long got rid of the error which supposed the myths, or any of them, to form a kind of “pagan creed,” belief in which did or might constitute a test of orthodoxy. We know that creeds are rather rare phenomena, confined to a few religions, of which that of classical Greece was not one. No one in all Hellas was expected to declare that he believed in the Labors of Herakles, and no heresy hunts were started if someone doubted that Prometheus stole fire from heaven. Decent regard for the official cults was, indeed, in a general way, required of everyone, and the public conscience was liable to be shocked if some too bold thinker proclaimed that he did not accept the tacit assumption on which all such cults must rest, if their followers reflect on them at all, namely that certain beings superior to man exist. But everyone had from early childhood heard traditional tales about those beings, which agreed pretty well in their main outlines, no matter whether the teller or the hearer was Athenian or Boiotian, Spartan or Argive.
Euhemerus and the Historians
Authors: Brown Truesdell S.
Published: August 2011

Euhemerus is one of the most elusive and disconcerting writers in the Hellenistic period. He survives chiefly in the pages of Diodorus Siculus, who almost certainly had not taken the measure of his author. Our other chief source of information comes from the translation made by the poet Ennius, which in turn is known only through the works of later writers, who cited him for purposes of their own. Other authors have paid Euhemerus the compliment of imitating him, and something of their work has survived, also in fragments. Philo of Byblus wrote in the same spirit, and recent excavations at Ras Shamra have shown that his Phoenician History must be taken much more seriously than has been the fashion. Under these circumstances it may be worth while to re-examine the Euhemeristic tradition in an attempt to define its characteristics and its influence on the writing of history.
Marius Victorinus: A Biographical Note
Authors: Travis Albert H.
Published: August 2011

Marius Victorinus, fourth-century Rome's most distinguished professor of rhetoric, appears immediately as a definite personality to one who looks into his biography. So vividly has Augustine, in the eighth book of the Confessions, told the story of the old rhetor's conversion that he seems real flesh and blood. Yet a feeling of uneasiness soon takes possession of the investigator. The limits of Victorinus's life have not been established even in terms of broad approximation; and it is perhaps of some importance for understanding the character of the man and the times of which he is so pertinent a representative to know, for example, whether his youth and early manhood were passed in the atmosphere of Diocletian's persecutions or of Constantine's tolerant reign. I have tried, therefore, in this study to discover the means of determining at least approximately the date of his birth and of his death.
Hermetica
Authors: Festugière A. J.
Published: August 2011

‘(3) Pourquoi donc, ô père, Dieu n'a-t-il pas donné l'intellect à tous? — C'est qu'il a voulu, mon enfant, que l'intellect fût placé entre les âmes comme un prix qu'elles eussent à gagner. — (4) Et où l'a-t-il donc placé?—Il en a rempli un grand cratère qu'il a envoyé sur terre, et il a appointé un héraut avec ordre de proclamer aux coeurs des hommes ces paroles: “Plonge-toi, toi qui le peux, dans ce cratère que voici, toi qui crois que tu remonteras vers Celui qui a envoyé sur terre le cratère, toi qui sais pour quelle fin tu es venue à l'être.” Tous ceux donc qui ont prêté attention à la proclamation et qui ont été baptisés (de ce baptême) de l'intellect, ceux-là ont eu part à la connaissance et ils sont devenus hommes parfaits, parce qu'ils ont reçu l'intellect. Ceux au contraire qui ont failli à écouter la proclamation, ceux-ci sont demeurés les logiques, parce qu'ils n'ont pas acquis en surplus l'intellect et qu'ils ignorent en vue de quoi ils sont venus à l'être et qui sont les auteurs de leur création.’
The Passage of the Souls to Purgatory in the Divina Commedia
Authors: Silverstein Theodore
Published: August 2011

As the second canto of the Purgatorio opens, Dante's attention is attracted by a light which, swiftly approaching, discloses the form of wings.

‘Fa, fa che le ginnochia cali:

ecco l' angel di Dio: piega le mani:

omai vedrai di si fatti officiali.

Vedi che sdegna li argomenti umani,

sì che remo non vuol nè altro velo

che l' ali sue tra liti sì lontani.

Vedi come l' ha dritte verso il cielo,

trattando l' aere con l' etterne penne,

che non si mutan come mortal pelo.’
The Mormon Declaration of Rights
Authors: Cannon M. H.
Published: August 2011

The writers on Mormonism have with one exception assumed that shortly after the assassination of Joseph Smith, the founder and leader, the membership of that sect quitted Nauvoo and made their way to Utah. Although the spectacular usurpation of Brigham Young as the leader is carefully noted, the subsequent stay of the Mormons in Illinois is slurred over.
The Origin of the Concept of the Seven Cardinal Sins
Authors: Bloomfield Morton W.
Published: August 2011

Since the work of Zielinski and Gothein in the early years of this century, it has been clear that the medieval and modern Catholic teaching of the seven cardinal sins, sometimes called the deadly sins, had a Hellenistic astrological origin. The details of that provenance, however, are still vague, and it is my purpose to add some further information tending to clarify the complex problems of origins. The material here presented will strengthen what must be a nebulous, though very probable, hypothesis. The problem, however, is not so much to show the exact origin of the concept, as it is to refute certain misleading orthodox theories of origin.
Greek Rites of Stealing
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

There is a passage in Xenophon's pamphlet on the Constitution of Sparta which has given rise to puzzlement and consequent bad criticism. An obscure German dissertation talks of its corruption and Marchant brackets it in his edition. I hope to show that it is perfectly explicable and that light is thrown upon it by a strange story in Herodotos.
Sexual maturity of the swimming crab Callinectes danae (Crustacea: Portunidae) at the Santa Cruz Channel, a tropical coastal environment
Authors: Araújo Marina S.L.C. , Negromonte Aurinete O. , Barreto Aline V. , Castiglioni Daniela S.
Published: August 2011

This paper aims to study the morphological and gonadal maturity of the swimming crab Callinectes danae in the Santa Cruz Channel, Brazil. Crabs of both sexes were measured at carapace width (CW), carapace length (CL), abdomen width (AW), length of the right chelipod (LRC), and dissected to visualize the gonads. The gonadal maturity was estimated based on the frequency of mature individuals per class of CW, and the determination of morphological maturity was based on the relationship between the structures LRC versus CW for males and AW versus CW for females. The sizes that 50% of females reached gonadal and morphological maturity were 62.5 and 59.5 mm CW respectively. In turn, the sizes that 50% of males reached gonadal and morphological maturity were 74.5 and 70.5 mm CW respectively. In the analysis of dispersion of points in relation to AW versus CW, it could be observed that juvenile females showed positive allometry and adult females showed negative allometry, indicating a higher growth rate during the juvenile phase, related to the need of expanding the abdomen for egg incubation at the adult phase. In the relation LRC versus CW, it was observed that both juvenile and adult males showed positive allometry, but changes in the degree of allometry were evident between the two phases. The exceeding growth of the chelipod of males may be related to the reproductive process, including courtship and agonistic interactions with other males.
Presence of a seawater-filled caecum in Echinocardium cordatum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida)
Authors: Rolet Gauthier , Ziegler Alexander , De Ridder Chantal
Published: August 2011

Heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) are considered infaunal, deposit feeding sea urchins that utilize the surrounding sediment as a source of nutrients. Sediment occupies most of the digestive tract lumen but never enters the gastric caecum, a prominent structure that is filled with a transparent fluid. The aim of this study was to shed light on the nature of the fluid found inside the gastric caecum of a well-studied spatangoid species, Echinocardium cordatum. Our conclusions are based on a three-step-approach: firstly, by following the movement of dyed seawater from the mouth up to the caecal lumen; secondly, by comparing the osmolarity of various body fluids; and thirdly, by describing the particulate content of the gastric caecum. In addition, we employed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reveal the absence of sediment within the gastric caecum. Our osmolarity measurements show that the coelomic fluid is significantly more concentrated than the caecal fluid, which in turn has an osmolarity similar to seawater. MRI reveals that the gastric caecum, in contrast to the rest of the digestive tract, is always devoid of sediment. Light and electron microscopy observations reveal the presence of a variety of detrital particles suspended in the caecal fluid that are identical to those occurring in seawater sampled over the seafloor. We argue that the fluid filling the gastric caecum must be predominantly seawater, and we propose a scenario that explains seawater circulation in E. cordatum. In this context, the gastric caecum could act as an internal trap for suspended particulate organic matter. We hypothesize that spatangoid sea urchins could have adopted internal suspension feeding as a secondary feeding mode in addition to deposit feeding.
SOME COVERS AND ENVELOPES IN THE CHAIN COMPLEX CATEGORY OF R-MODULES
Authors: WANG ZHANPING , LIU ZHONGKUI
Published: August 2011

We study the existence of some covers and envelopes in the chain complex category of R-modules. Let (𝒜,ℬ) be a cotorsion pair in R-Mod and let ℰ𝒜 stand for the class of all exact complexes with each term in 𝒜. We prove that (ℰ𝒜,ℰ𝒜⊥) is a perfect cotorsion pair whenever 𝒜 is closed under pure submodules, cokernels of pure monomorphisms and direct limits and so every complex has an ℰ𝒜-cover. As an application we show that every complex of R-modules over a right coherent ring R has an exact Gorenstein flat cover. In addition, the existence of $\overline {\mathcal {A}}$-covers and $\overline {\mathcal {B}}$-envelopes of special complexes is considered where $\overline {\mathcal {A}}$ and $\overline {\mathcal {B}}$ denote the classes of all complexes with each term in 𝒜 and ℬ, respectively.
Quietly Building Capabilities: New Instruments, Expertise, “Quiet Wing” Available at DOE User Facility
Authors: Lea Scott , Kabius Bernd , Arey Bruce , Kovarik Libor , Wang Chongmin , Orr Galya , Lyubinetsky Igor , Carper Ross
Published: August 2011

Although the last decade in electron microscopy has seen tremendous gains in image resolution, new challenges in the field have come to the forefront. First, new ultra-sensitive instruments bring about unprecedented environmental specifications and facility needs for their optimal use. Second, in the quest for higher spatial resolutions, the importance of developing and sharing crucial expertise—from sample preparation to scientific vision—has perhaps been deemphasized. Finally, for imaging to accelerate discoveries related to large scientific and societal problems, in situ capabilities that replicate real-world process conditions are often required to deliver necessary information. This decade, these are among the hurdles leaders in the field are striving to overcome.
Sea surface salinity variability during the Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO events in the tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Grunseich Gary , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Murty V. S. N. , Giese Benjamin S.
Published: August 2011

An ocean reanalysis that covers the period from 1871 to 2008 is used to analyze the interannual variability of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the tropical Indian Ocean. The reanalysis SSS and the SSS anomaly patterns during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are compared with patterns from Argo SSS data. The mean seasonal SSS variation is large in the northern Bay of Bengal compared with variations in the Arabian Sea and equatorial Indian Ocean. During a positive IOD event, positive SSS anomalies are found along the Sumatra coast that are due to the combination of wind‐driven upwelling of subsurface high‐salinity waters, enhanced evaporation, and anomalous surface circulation. The opposite is true, to a lesser extent, during negative IOD events. A dipole mode index for salinity (DMIS) based on SSS data and a new index based on the average of salinity in a region off the coast of Sumatra are introduced to monitor SSS variability during IOD and ENSO events. The impact of concomitant El Niño events on a positive IOD event is large with freshening (a negative SSS anomaly) in the equatorial Indian Ocean and salting (positive SSS anomaly) off the southern Sumatra coast. The (impact of) intense freshening reaches into the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. The impact of concomitant La Niña with negative IOD is also large with an intense freshening in the southeastern Arabian Sea and salting off the northern Sumatra coast.
A coupling concept for two‐phase compositional porous‐medium and single‐phase compositional free flow
Authors: Mosthaf K. , Baber K. , Flemisch B. , Helmig R. , Leijnse A. , Rybak I. , Wohlmuth B.
Published: August 2011

Domains composed of a porous part and an adjacent free‐flow region are of special interest in many fields of application. So far, the coupling of free flow with porous‐media flow has been considered only for single‐phase systems. Here we extend this classical concept to two‐component nonisothermal flow with two phases inside the porous medium and one phase in the free‐flow region. The mathematical modeling of flow and transport phenomena in porous media is often based on Darcy's law, whereas in free‐flow regions the (Navier‐) ‐Stokes equations are used. In this paper, we give a detailed description of the employed subdomain models. The main contribution is the developed coupling concept, which is able to deal with compositional (miscible) flow and a two‐phase system in the porous medium. It is based on the continuity of fluxes and the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, and uses the Beavers‐Joseph‐Saffman condition. The phenomenological explanations leading to a simple, solvable model, which accounts for the physics at the interface, are laid out in detail. Our model can account for evaporation and condensation processes at the interface and is used to model evaporation from soil influenced by a wind field in a first numerical example.
Analytical solutions for pressure perturbation and fluid leakage through aquitards and wells in multilayered‐aquifer systems
Authors: Cihan Abdullah , Zhou Quanlin , Birkholzer Jens T.
Published: August 2011

Large‐scale groundwater pumping or deep fluid injection in a multilayered subsurface system may generate pressure perturbation not only in the target formation(s), but also in over‐ and underlying units. Hydraulic communication in the vertical direction may occur via diffuse leakage through aquitards and/or via focused leakage through leaky wells. Existing analytical solutions for pressure perturbation and fluid flow in such systems consider either diffuse leakage or focused leakage, but never in combination with each other. In this study, we developed generalized analytical solutions that account for the combined effect of diffuse and focused leakage. The new solutions solve for pressure changes in a system of N aquifers with alternating leaky aquitards in response to fluid injection/extraction with any number, NI, of injection/pumping (active) wells, and passive leakage/recharge in any number, NL, of leaky wells. The equations of horizontal groundwater flow in the aquifers are coupled by the vertical flow equations in the aquitards and by the flow continuity equations in the leaky wells. The solution methodology, described in detail in this paper, involves transforming the transient flow equations into the Laplace domain; decoupling the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs) coupled by diffuse leakage via eigenvalue analysis; solving a system of NL × N linear algebraic equations for the unknown rates of flow through leakage wells; and superposing the solution of pressure buildup/drawdown in aquifers and aquitards resulting from flow in the NI active and NL leaky wells. Verification of the new methodology was achieved by comparison with existing analytical solutions for diffuse leakage and for focused leakage, and against a numerical solution for combined diffuse and focused leakage. Application to an eight‐aquifer system with leaky aquitards and one leaky well demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of the approach, and illustrates the pressure behavior over a spectrum of leakage scenarios and parameters.
The Pathologic Cascade of Cerebrovascular Lesions in SHRSP: Is Erythrocyte Accumulation an Early Phase?
Authors: Schreiber Stefanie , Bueche Celine Z , Garz Cornelia , Kropf Siegfried , Angenstein Frank , Goldschmidt Juergen , Neumann Jens , Heinze Hans-Jochen , Goertler Michael , Reymann Klaus G , Braun Holger
Published: August 2011

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is associated with vessel wall changes, microbleeds, blood—brain barrier (BBB) disturbances, and reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF). As spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) may be a valid model of some aspects of human CSVD, we aimed to identify whether those changes occur in definite temporal stages and whether there is an initial phenomenon beyond those common vascular alterations. Groups of 51 SHRSP were examined simultaneously by histologic (Hematoxylin—Eosin, IgG-Immunohistochemistry, vessel diameter measurement) and imaging methods (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 201-Thallium-Diethyldithiocarbamate/99m-Technetium-HMPAO Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography conducted as pilot study) at different stages of age. Vascular pathology in SHRSP proceeds in definite stages, whereas an age-dependent accumulation of erythrocytes in capillaries and arterioles represents the homogeneous initial step of the disease. Erythrocyte accumulations are followed by BBB disturbances and microbleeds, both also increasing with age. Microthromboses, tissue infarctions with CBF reduction, and disturbed potassium uptake represent the final stage of vascular pathology in SHRSP. Erythrocyte accumulations—we parsimoniously interpreted as stases—without cerebral tissue damage represent the first step of vascular pathology in SHRSP. If that initial phenomenon could be identified in patients, these erythrocyte accumulations might be a promising target for implementing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human CSVD.
Impact of Tissue Plasminogen Activator on the Neurovascular Unit: From Clinical Data to Experimental Evidence
Authors: Vivien Denis , Gauberti Maxime , Montagne Axel , Defer Gilles , Touzé Emmanuel
Published: August 2011

About 15 million strokes occur each year worldwide. As the number one cause of morbidity and acquired disability, stroke is a major drain on public health-care funding, due to long hospital stays followed by ongoing support in the community or nursing-home care. Although during the last 10 years we have witnessed a remarkable progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, reperfusion induced by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA—Actilyse) remains the only approved acute treatment by the health authorities. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of our present knowledge about the impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit during acute ischemic stroke.
Retracted Article: Synthesis of a novel type of chiral salen Mn(iii) complex immobilized on crystalline zinc poly(styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate (ZnPS-PVPP) as effective catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins
Authors: Huang Jing , Fu Xiangkai , Miao Qiang
Published: August 2011

The hypothesized structure of ZnPS-PVPP (a) signifies that the two or more neighboring –PO3H2 groups are in same colloidal precipitation; while (b) signifies that the two neighboring –PO3H2 groups are in different colloidal precipitation.
Aplasia Ras homologue member I overexpression induces apoptosis through inhibition of survival pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in culture and in xenograft
Authors: Pei Xin‐Hong , Yang Zhen , Liu Hong‐Xiang , Qiao Shi‐Shi
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ARHI (aplasia Ras homologue member I; also known as DIRAS3), a member of the Ras superfamily, on HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells and to define the molecular pathways involved. Stable transfection of ARHI into the HCC cell line Hep3B that lacks expression of this gene reduced cell proliferation significantly as compared with the transfection of empty vector (P<0.01). Moreover, the re‐expression of ARHI induced significant apoptosis, whereas a few vector transfectants or non‐transfected cells displayed apoptosis. Mechanistically, ARHI restoration impeded the activation of both Akt (also called protein kinase B) and NF‐κB (nuclear factor κB). In vivo, restoring ARHI also exerted suppressive effects on xenograft tumour growth, which was coupled with increased apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that ARHI has pro‐apoptotic effects on HCC cells, which is associated with the inactivation of both Akt and NF‐κB survival pathways.
A taxonomic revision of the marine green algal genera Caulerpa and Caulerpella (Chlorophyta, Caulerpaceae) in northern (tropical and subtropical) Australia
Authors: Price Ian R.
Published: August 2011

A detailed taxonomic revision of the siphonous marine green algal genus Caulerpa J.V.Lamour. (1809a) in northern (tropical and subtropical) Australia, covering mainland shores, continental islands, coral reefs and offshore territories, is presented. Sixteen species and 10 varieties of Caulerpa are described and illustrated. One variety, C. cupressoides var. urvilleana (Mont.) I.R.Price is a new combination. A lectotype is proposed for C. racemosa (Forssk.) J.Agardh var. macrodisca (Decne) Weber Bosse. One species of Caulerpaceae long included in Caulerpa, but more recently placed in a separate genus, Caulerpella, as C. ambigua (Okamura) Prud’homme & Lokhorst, is also treated for completeness. The present publication will complement Womersley’s (1984) account of southern Australian taxa of Caulerpa.
Horizontal gene transfer facilitated the evolution of plant parasitic mechanisms in the oomycetes
Authors: Richards Thomas A. , Soanes Darren M. , Jones Meredith D. M. , Vasieva Olga , Leonard Guy , Paszkiewicz Konrad , Foster Peter G. , Hall Neil , Talbot Nicholas J.
Published: August 2011

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can radically alter the genomes of microorganisms, providing the capacity to adapt to new lifestyles, environments, and hosts. However, the extent of HGT between eukaryotes is unclear. Using whole-genome, gene-by-gene phylogenetic analysis we demonstrate an extensive pattern of cross-kingdom HGT between fungi and oomycetes. Comparative genomics, including the de novo genome sequence of
Hyphochytrium catenoides
, a free-living sister of the oomycetes, shows that these transfers largely converge within the radiation of oomycetes that colonize plant tissues. The repertoire of HGTs includes a large number of putatively secreted proteins; for example, 7.6% of the secreted proteome of the sudden oak death parasite
Phytophthora ramorum
has been acquired from fungi by HGT. Transfers include gene products with the capacity to break down plant cell walls and acquire sugars, nucleic acids, nitrogen, and phosphate sources from the environment. Predicted HGTs also include proteins implicated in resisting plant defense mechanisms and effector proteins for attacking plant cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that some oomycetes became successful plant parasites by multiple acquisitions of genes from fungi.
The neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 influences postsynaptic AMPA receptor content and lateral diffusion in dendritic spines
Authors: Gauvain Grégory , Chamma Ingrid , Chevy Quentin , Cabezas Carolina , Irinopoulou Theano , Bodrug Natalia , Carnaud Michèle , Lévi Sabine , Poncer Jean Christophe
Published: August 2011

The K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 plays an essential role in neuronal chloride homeostasis, and thereby influences the efficacy and polarity of GABA signaling. Although KCC2 is expressed throughout the somatodendritic membrane, it is remarkably enriched in dendritic spines, which host most glutamatergic synapses in cortical neurons. KCC2 has been shown to influence spine morphogenesis and functional maturation in developing neurons, but its function in mature dendritic spines remains unknown. Here, we report that suppressing KCC2 expression decreases the efficacy of excitatory synapses in mature hippocampal neurons. This effect correlates with a reduced postsynaptic aggregation of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors and is mimicked by a dominant negative mutant of KCC2 interaction with cytoskeleton but not by pharmacological suppression of KCC2 function. Single-particle tracking experiments reveal that suppressing KCC2 increases lateral diffusion of the mobile fraction of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 in spines but not in adjacent dendritic shafts. Increased diffusion was also observed for transmembrane but not membrane-anchored recombinant neuronal cell adhesion molecules. We suggest that KCC2, likely through interactions with the actin cytoskeleton, hinders transmembrane protein diffusion, and thereby contributes to their confinement within dendritic spines.
The Private Sector on Public Land: Policy Implications of a SWOT Analysis of Banff National Park
Authors: Orr Shannon K.
Published: August 2011

Banff National Park located in the Canadian Rocky Mountains is in many ways a paradox: protected wilderness with a thriving private sector. While some argue that these are incompatible, others welcome the commercial presence within the park as a way to complement nature-based tourism and provide services for local residents in the town of Banff. The objective of this research is to use a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analysis to determine how to support the business sector in Banff National Park within a framework of national park regulations and the imperative need for sustainability.
Wheat Flour Exposed to Ethanol Yields Dough with Unexpected Properties
Authors: Robertson George H. , Hurkman William J. , Cao Trung K. , Gregorski Kay S. , Tanaka Charlene , Glenn Gregory M. , Orts William J.
Published: August 2011

Exposure of wheat flour to ethanol solutions followed by slow drying of the ethanol in situ alters the subsequent transformation of the flour into dough. Several types of wheat flour were exposed to small amounts of ethanol solutions so as to be “wetted” but without the appearance of a separate liquid phase. The wet sample was then dried in air. Dough was formed from the treated flour, and its rheological parameters were assessed, including time to peak strength (mixograph and farinograph) and gluten index (glutomatic). Untreated and treated flour and the dough prepared therefrom were assayed using 1D SDS‐PAGE (reducing and unreducing conditions), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) applied to 70% leachates with and without sonication, and differential scanning calorimetry. Both gluten index and time to peak increased as a result of the treatment, and the increase was greater for flour or enriched vital gluten with an initially low gluten index than for flour with a relatively high initial index. Endosperm fragmentation following milling of the treated flour was improved by the treatment. Thermal transitions were at lower temperatures following treatment, indicating less structural order and reduced thermal stability. No compositional differences were evident when studied with robust analytical methods. CZE of leached samples (no sonication) revealed lower amounts of accessible or detected proteins following treatment. Conformational changes and new secondary interactions, therefore, appear to cause the effect.
Biology and Sources of Inoculum of Geotrichum candidum Causing Sour Rot of Peach and Nectarine Fruit in California
Authors: Yaghmour Mohammad A. , Bostock Richard M. , Morgan David P. , Michailides Themis J.
Published: August 2011

Geotrichum candidum causes sour rot of fresh-market stone fruit such as peach and nectarine. Since 2001, the incidence of sour rot has increased in California, a semi-arid production area, which is considered atypical for the occurrence of the disease. In this study, sour rot developed at significantly higher incidence on wounded fruit compared with unwounded fruit, and disease severity increased as fruit matured. In packinghouse surveys, sour rot was found on up to 4% of non-fungicide- treated peach and nectarine fruit. In laboratory assays, sour rot developed when fruit were inoculated with a minimum of 20 conidia per inoculation site. Inoculum of G. candidum could be detected in California orchard soils at depths of up to 10 cm. The amount of inoculum in the soil was positively correlated with that on leaf and fruit surfaces of trees growing at a specific site. Moreover, inoculum of G. candidum was detected at different areas of packing lines in seven packinghouses. There were significant differences among the packinghouses evaluated, and these differences could be attributed, in part, to different sanitation practices used. Nitidulid beetles and fruit flies were found to play a role in disease transmission. These insects acquired sour rot inoculum in the orchard, and 25% of nitidulid beetles and 26% of fruit flies collected were positive for the pathogen. Spore survival in the soil over a 12-month period decreased significantly when soil depth increased from 10 to 20 cm. This study identified sources of inoculum of G. candidum in orchards and packinghouses, and provides information to guide development of disease management programs under the semi-arid conditions of California.
Detection and Quantification ofPratylenchus thorneiin DNA Extracted from Soil Using Real-Time PCR
Authors: Yan Guiping , Smiley Richard W. , Okubara Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is one of the most important pests restricting productivity of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). It is laborious and difficult to use microscopy to count and identify the nematodes in soils. A SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect and quantify this species from DNA extracts of soil. A primer set, designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, was highly specific to P. thornei and did not amplify DNA from 27 isolates of other Pratylenchus spp., other nematodes, and six fungal species present in PNW wheat fields. A standard curve relating threshold cycle and log values of nematode number was generated from artificially infested soils. The standard curve was supported by a high correlation between the numbers of P. thornei added to soil and the numbers quantified using real-time PCR. Examination of 15 PNW dryland field soils and 20 greenhouse samples revealed significant positive correlations between the numbers determined by real-time PCR and by the Whitehead tray and microscopic method. Real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive alternative to time-consuming nematode extractions, microscopic identification, and counting of P. thornei from field and greenhouse soils.
Fostering the rebirth of natural history
Authors: Hampton Stephanie E. , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: August 2011

Natural history as we have known it is in decline. A growing movement is emerging across disciplines, to understand its decline, and nurture its rebirth. A network of like-minded scientists, resource managers, educators, writers and artists—natural historians—recently convened four consecutive Natural History Initiative workshops to move past the forensic study of natural history, and instead focus on solutions, conspiring to identify opportunities that dovetail the practice of natural history with essential needs of modern science and society, and suggest ways forward. This series of workshops occurred at various locations in the western United States during the winter and spring of 2011, and recently culminated in a Synthesis Summit on 20–24 June 2011.