bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local atomic structure correlating to phase selection in undercooled liquid Ni-Zr peritectic alloy
Authors: Lü P. , Wang H. P. , Zou P. F. , Zhou K. , Hu L. , Wei B.
Published: July 2018

The local atomic structure and its correlation with phase selection during rapid solidification of undercooled liquid Ni5Zr peritectic alloy has been investigated by combining the electrostatic levitation technique and first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated density agrees well with the present experimental measurements. The partial pair distribution functions indicate that liquid Ni5Zr alloy exhibits a remarkable chemical short range order, which leads to a preferred association of Ni and Zr atoms. Atomic three-dimensional structure analyses reveal that a high fraction of atom pairs locates in perfect or distorted icosahedral environments (>36.9%) although the number of the fully developed icosahedra or distorted icosahedra is rather rare (<2.5%), implying that this liquid contains a lot of fragmented clusters with perfect or distorted pentagonal faces. Moreover, we demonstrate that the short range orders of the undercooled liquid differ topologically from those in the ideal Ni5Zr crystal but are similar to those in the ideal Ni7Zr2 crystal in the temperature range from the liquidus temperature of 1612 K to 1400 K, which indicates that the nucleation of primary phase Ni7Zr2 from the undercooled liquid is structurally favored due to the low free energy barrier. However, the nucleation of primary Ni7Zr2 phase is presumed to be replaced by the direct formation of the peritectic Ni5Zr phase if a sufficient undercooling is achieved, which is ascertained by the solidified microstructures and X-ray diffraction patterns. These results shed light on the relationship between the local atomic structure and phase selection during the rapid solidification of the undercooled peritectic alloys.
Emergence of ferromagnetism and metallicity in Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Das Proloy T. , Sahoo R. C. , Chabri T. , Nath T. K.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we have studied low-temperature magnetic properties and transport dynamics of half-doped Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 (PSMO) nano-manganite. Nanoparticles with different average grain sizes are synthesized using chemical pyrophoric reaction route and exhibit same crystal structure. It is reported that particle size reduction in half-doped PSMO manganite interestingly leads to ferromagnetic (FM) metallic behavior which is accompanied by coupled positive magnetoresistance (PMR) (up to 9%) at fields (H ≤ 1kOe at 50K) and negative magnetoresistance (NMR) (∼59% at 100K) at 80kOe fields. Interestingly, maximum PMR is appeared at much lower than the critical field (30kOe) for the melting of insulating -antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordered state. Moreover, it is found that low-temperature AFM-FM phase transition, TN ∼ 135K is smeared out with reduction of particle size; however, the transition is prominent in bulk material. A metastable magnetic state with a mixed fraction of FM and AFM phases is observed below TN. Superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior of PSMO nanoparticles has been revealed by probing ac-susceptibility measurements. Low-temperature transport dynamics has been investigated through four probe resistivity and magneto-transport measurements. A size-induced insulating-metallic phase transition is observed on nano dimension in the range of 125-155K under high magnetic fields; however, the bulk counterpart remains insulating over the entire temperature range. The non-trivial electronic- and magnetotransport properties are explained by the inter-grain spin-polarized hopping mechanism through double exchange (DE) interactions. These issues have been revisited and discussed in the framework of enhanced surface disorder, where surface spins plays the crucial role for inter-grain transport dynamics in nanometric dimension. We believe the present field dependent MR holds excellent potential for future spintronic devices and manifests the exotic properties of strongly correlated materials.
Supersonic gas-jet characterization with interferometry and Thomson scattering on the OMEGA Laser System
Authors: Hansen A. M. , Haberberger D. , Katz J. , Mastrosimone D. , Follett R. K. , Froula D. H.
Published: July 2018

A supersonic gas-jet target platform has been activated on the OMEGA Laser System. An analytic model for gas dynamics in a supersonic nozzle was used to predict gas-plume parameters and to design nozzles for use in laser-plasma experiments. The gas-jet system was analyzed with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer to study neutral density and with Thomson scattering to study plasma parameters on the OMEGA Laser System. These initial measurements demonstrate the capabilities of the OMEGA gas jet as a platform for future laser–plasma interaction science.
A new method for analyzing and visualizing plasma simulations using a phase-space tessellation
Authors: Totorica Samuel R. , Fiuza Frederico , Abel Tom
Published: July 2018

We apply a novel phase-space interpolation technique referred to as the simplex-in-cell (SIC) method to analyze two- and three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of electromagnetic plasmas. SIC relies on a discretization of the initial phase-space distribution function into simplices, which allows an approximation to the full, continuously defined distribution function to be constructed at any later time in the simulation. This allows densities, currents, and even full momentum distribution functions to be measured at any point in the simulation domain without averaging over control volumes. The SIC approach applies to any PIC simulation for which a tessellation of the initial particle distribution can be constructed. In this study, we use outputs from standard PIC simulations of the Weibel instability and compare physical quantities such as charge and current densities calculated in postprocessing using SIC and standard particle deposits. Using 2D simulations with 1–65 536 particles-per-cell, we find that SIC eliminates discrete particle noise and in some cases can reach a given noise level using ∼1000 times fewer simulation particles than with standard particle deposition schemes. In regions of low density, such as between current filaments, SIC is able to capture small amplitude features even with fewer particles than gridpoints due to the deformable nature of the SIC volume elements. By calculating momentum distributions, we show how SIC can capture low density tails in the spectrum using far fewer particles than are necessary for standard particle deposits. We calculate the charge density on spatial grids of increasing resolution to demonstrate the ability of SIC to reveal fine-scale details that are not accessible with standard particle deposits. Finally, we show how SIC can be extended to 3D and give an example of its use to calculate the charge density from 3D PIC simulations of the Weibel instability. These results motivate the future implementation of SIC directly in the simulation force calculation for a novel low-noise electromagnetic plasma simulation method.
Tests of a full-scale ITER toroidal interferometer and polarimeter (TIP) prototype on the DIII-D tokamak (invited)
Authors: Van Zeeland M. A. , Carlstrom T. N. , Finkenthal D. K. , Akiyama T. , Boivin R. L. , Colio A. , Du D. , Gattuso A. , Glass F. , Muscatello C. M. , O’Neill R. , Smiley M. , Vasquez J. , Watkins M. , Brower D. L. , Chen J. , Ding W. X. , Johnson D. , Mauzey P. , Perry M. , Watts C. , Wood R.
Published: July 2018

A full-scale ITER toroidal interferometer and polarimeter (TIP) prototype, including an active feedback alignment system, has been installed and tested on the DIII-D tokamak. In the TIP prototype, a two-color interferometry measurement of line-integrated density is carried out at 10.59 μm and 5.22 μm using a CO2 and quantum cascade laser, respectively, while a separate polarimetry measurement of the plasma-induced Faraday effect is made at 10.59 μm. The TIP prototype is equipped with a piezo tip/tilt stage active feedback alignment system that minimizes noise in the measurement and keeps the diagnostic aligned throughout DIII-D discharges. The measured phase resolution for the polarimeter and interferometer is 0.05° (100 Hz bandwidth) and 1.9° (1 kHz bandwidth), respectively. The corresponding line-integrated density resolution for the vibration-compensated interferometer is δnL = 1.5 × 1018 m−2, and the magnetic field-weighted line-integrated density from the polarimeter is δnBL = 1.5 × 1019 Tm−2. Both interferometer and polarimeter measurements during DIII-D discharges compare well with the expectations based on calculations using Thomson scattering measured density profiles and magnetic equilibrium reconstructions. Additionally, larger bandwidth interferometer measurements show that the diagnostic is a sensitive monitor of core density fluctuations with demonstrated measurements of Alfvén eigenmodes and tearing modes.
Neutralization processes of atomic/molecular deuterium ions assisted by ND3 in low density D2-N2 plasmas
Authors: Abe S. , Doerner R. P. , Tynan G. R.
Published: July 2018

The formation mechanisms of ND3+ and ND4+ are investigated in weakly ionized nitrogen-hydrogen plasmas with electron densities ne ∼ 1016 m−3 and electron temperatures Te ∼ 3 eV. The plasmas are created by an inductively coupled RF (13.56 MHz) discharge of 500 W at the total pressure of 10 mTorr in the nitrogen partial pressure ranging from 0.02 to 2.9 mTorr. The ion density fractions are measured by an electrostatic quadrupole plasma analyzer, which is a combination of ion energy analyzer and mass spectrometer, after calibration with neutral gases. A zero-dimensional rate equation model, sometimes called a global model, is used to understand the source and loss processes of each ion and neutral species in the plasma. The ion density fractions calculated by the model show qualitatively good agreement with the experimental results. Model calculations suggest that ND3+ and ND4+ generation is dominated by electron or D+ exchange reactions of deuterium atomic/molecular ions with ND3. These processes are thought to play an important role in the recombination process of D plasma with ammonia formed in the N2 seeded divertor region.
Rovibrational analysis of c-SiC2H2: Further evidence for out-of-plane bending issues in correlated methods
Authors: Fortenberry Ryan C. , Novak Carlie M. , Lee Timothy J.
Published: July 2018

While the issue of properly describing the out-of-plane bends (OPBs) in sp2 hybridized carbon atoms has reappeared for c-SiC2H2, the present quantum chemical study provides a new characterization of this molecule in order to aid in its potential detection in astrophysically relevant studies. Combining the previous, high-level approach with MP2-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ gives exceptionally accurate results for the comparison of experimental rotational constants and seemingly reliable vibrational frequencies. Most notably, the brightest fundamental vibrational frequency in c-SiC2H2, the b1 OPB, is predicted to lie at 673.4 cm−1, within 4.0 cm−1 of the previous matrix isolation experiment. As with c-C3H2, CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ appears to be quite susceptible to over estimating the OPB anharmonic correction in c-SiC2H2 and may also do such for in-plane bends, as well. MP2-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ is less susceptible to these errors, and increasing the step size reduces this positive anharmonicity issue in both the cases. The OPB underestimation, however, likely still remains. Finally, estimates for some anharmonic vibrational frequencies are provided for the methylated form, c-SiC2HCH3, which is likely also a product of gas phase reactions of ·SiH with various alkynes.
Structure and features determined for pores created with femtosecond laser machining of polymers
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: July 2018

A team of researchers characterized how high-density polyethylene acts in the presence of femtosecond laser pulses, including how pore size changes with molecular weight and melt viscosity.
Dynamic restoration and crystallographic texture of a friction-stir processed Al–Mg–SiC surface nanocomposite
Authors: Khodabakhshi F. , Nosko M. , Gerlich A. P.
Published: July 2018

In this study, SiC nanoparticles (∼50 nm, 3 vol%) are homogenously incorporated within an Al–Mg alloy metal matrix during multi-step friction-stir processing (FSP) to fabricate an Al-matrix surface nanocomposite. A fundamental understanding is developed, correlating microstructural features and crystallographic textural components in the context of the material flow pattern and operative dynamic restoration phenomena using electron backscattering diffraction and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy analysis. The annealed base metal does not contain any preferred orientation and its texture is completely random. Incorporation of SiC nanoparticles via FSP results in significant grain structural refinement down to the size of ∼1.4 µm and changing the textural component towards the Goss/Cubic and P1/P2 dominant fibre components in the centre of stirred zone.
Unique antioxidant effects of herbal leaf tea and stem tea fromMoringa oleiferaL. especially on superoxide anion radical generation systems
Authors: Sugahara Shintaro , Chiyo Akihiro , Fukuoka Koki , Ueda Yuto , Tokunaga Yuki , Nishida Youichirou , Kinoshita Hideki , Matsuda Yasushi , Igoshi Keiji , Ono Masateru , Yasuda Shin
Published: July 2018

This study aimed to investigate the unique antioxidative effects of Japanese moringa products, herbal leaf tea and stem tea, using established free radical assays, focusing on superoxide anion (O2−) radical generation systems. Hot-water extracts from moringa teas resulted in different but lower scavenging activities than Trolox in four synthetic free radical models. Interestingly, these extracts further showed higher O2− radical scavenging effects than Trolox in the phenazine methosulfate-NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium and xanthine oxidase assay systems. Incubating human neutrophils in the presence of these tea extracts rather than Trolox effectively suppressed cellular O2− radical generation. Among the eight known phenolic constituents of moringa leaves, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid may be responsible for the O2–specific radical scavenging capacity stronger than that of Trolox. These results suggest that moringa herbal teas are a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2− radical-mediated disorders.

Abbreviations: O2−: superoxide anion; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; XOD: xanthine oxidase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS+: 2,2′-azinobis(2-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation; CPZ+: chlorpromazine cation; PMS: phenazine methosulfate; NBT: nitroblue tetrazolium; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
miR-196b target screen reveals mechanisms maintaining leukemia stemness with therapeutic potential
Authors: Meyer Sara E. , Muench David E. , Rogers Andrew M. , Newkold Tess J. , Orr Emily , O’Brien Eric , Perentesis John P. , Doench John G. , Lal Ashish , Morris Patrick J. , Thomas Craig J. , Lieberman Judy , McGlinn Edwina , Aronow Bruce J. , Salomonis Nathan , Grimes H. Leighton
Published: July 2018

We have shown that antagomiR inhibition of miRNA miR-21 and miR-196b activity is sufficient to ablate MLL-AF9 leukemia stem cells (LSC) in vivo. Here, we used an shRNA screening approach to mimic miRNA activity on experimentally verified miR-196b targets to identify functionally important and therapeutically relevant pathways downstream of oncogenic miRNA in MLL-r AML. We found Cdkn1b (p27Kip1) is a direct miR-196b target whose repression enhanced an embryonic stem cell–like signature associated with decreased leukemia latency and increased numbers of leukemia stem cells in vivo. Conversely, elevation of p27Kip1 significantly reduced MLL-r leukemia self-renewal, promoted monocytic differentiation of leukemic blasts, and induced cell death. Antagonism of miR-196b activity or pharmacologic inhibition of the Cks1-Skp2–containing SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complex increased p27Kip1 and inhibited human AML growth. This work illustrates that understanding oncogenic miRNA target pathways can identify actionable targets in leukemia.
A molecular model for LINC complex regulation: activation of SUN2 for KASH binding
Authors: Jahed Zeinab , Vu Uyen T. , Fadavi Darya , Ke Huimin , Rathish Akshay , Kim Samuel C.J. , Feng Wei , Mofrad Mohammad R.K.
Published: July 2018

Linkers of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton are key molecular complexes that span the nuclear envelope (NE) and provide a direct linkage between the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. Two major components of these complexes are members of the SUN and KASH protein families that interact in the perinuclear space to allow the transmission of mechanochemical signals across the NE. Structural details of the mammalian SUN domain protein SUN2 have established that SUN2 must form a trimer to bind to KASH, and that this trimerization is mediated through two predicted coiled-coil regions of the protein, CC1 and CC2, which precede the SUN domain. Recent crystallographic data suggest that CC2-SUN formed an unexpected autoinhibited monomer unable to bind to KASH. These structural insights raise the question of how full-length SUN2 transitions from a monomer to a trimer inside the NE. In this study we used a computational approach to model a fragment of SUN2 containing CC1, CC2, and the SUN domain. We observed the dynamics of these modeled structures using ∼1 μs molecular dynamics simulations and showed that the interplay between CC1 and CC2 may be sufficient for the release of CC2-SUN2 from its autoinhibited state. Additionally, using our models and gel filtration analysis, we show the involvement of an E452 residue on CC1 in the monomer–­trimer transition of SUN2. Intriguingly, mutations in this residue have been seen in muscular dystrophy–associated SUN2 variants. Finally, we propose a Ca2+-dependent monomer–trimer transition of SUN2.
Disability and Work During the Industrial Revolution in Britain
Authors: Blackie Daniel
Published: July 2018

A common claim in disability studies is that industrialization has marginalized disabled people by limiting their access to paid employment. This claim is empirically weak and rests on simplified accounts of industrialization. Use of the British coal industry during the period 1780–1880 as a case study shows that reassessment of the effect of the Industrial Revolution is in order. The Industrial Revolution was not as detrimental to the lives of disabled people as has often been assumed. While utopian workplaces for disabled people hardly existed, industrial sites of work did accommodate quite a large number of workers with impairments. More attention therefore needs to be paid to neglected or marginalized features of industrial development in the theorization of disability. Drawing on historical research on disability in the industrial workplace will help scholars better understand the significance of industrialization to the lives of disabled people, both in the past and the present.
Organized Labor and Disability in Post–World War II United States
Authors: Jennings Audra
Published: July 2018

Concern for health and safety, along with the desire for higher wages and shorter workdays, inspired and shaped the organized labor movement in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The risks of work-related illness and disability were of grave importance to working people and the unions they formed to represent their interests. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the organized labor movement sought to minimize disability by making workplaces safer and working-class people’s living conditions better. Still, the movement understood disability as a common experience in working people’s lives and thus advocated for disability rights and policies to support disabled citizens’ access to health care, financial security, educational and economic opportunities, and public spaces. The organized labor movement was also an important site of disability activism, as unionized disabled workers pushed for disability rights.
Disability History and Greco-Roman Antiquity
Authors: Goodey C. F. , Rose M. Lynn
Published: July 2018

To obtain a historical perspective on disability, we need to know what questions people of the past asked about each other and thus how they grouped human types. This effort involves removing the carapace of modern forms of classification and avoiding their imposition on the primary sources of an era so distant from our own (“retrospective diagnosis”). At least three major forms are identifiable: (1) the post-Cartesian divide between mind and body; (2) the tightening of forms of human categorization in general since the late Middle Ages; and (3) the thoroughly modern divide between the scientific/medical and the social. Human disparities and putative disabilities, ranging widely from the ancient era to the start of the Middle Ages and including the body, the senses, cognition, speech, social behavior, and sexual make-up, are discussed. These may or may not correspond with modern categorizations.
Disability and the History of Eugenics
Authors: Rembis Michael
Published: July 2018

Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.
Shifts in Energy Consumption Driven by Urbanization
Authors: Sadorsky Perry
Published: July 2018

The year 2007 marked an important milestone as, for the first time in history, the world’s urban population passed 50%. An increase in urbanization brings new opportunities and new challenges with respect to business, society, and the economy as increases in urbanization are associated with greater economic activity. One particular area of interest is how urbanization affects energy consumption. This chapter surveys recent theoretical and empirical contributions on the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption. The chapter first sets out the conceptual framework and some empirical observations on the relationship between energy consumption and urbanization. This is followed by sections that provide a more detailed review of the empirical evidence linking energy consumption with urbanization. The chapter concludes with some limitations from existing empirical studies, suggestions for future research, and policy implications.
Local Responses to Renewable Energy Development
Authors: Delicado Ana
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses both local opposition and local support to renewable energy developments, with particular attention to wind farms and solar power plants. Actors, arguments, and actions are examined and contrasted. It is argued that opposition to renewables has received far more attention from social scientists, even though the success of this sector in several countries can show that support is frequent and widespread. Regarding opposition, the NIMBY hypothesis is discarded and other more complex and multilayered explanations are discussed, such as place attachment, landscape concerns, procedural and distributive justice, and actual impacts of wind and solar farms. Concerning support to renewable energy developments, justifications such as economic benefits (namely financial incentives and employment generation), landscape rehabilitation, and environmental values are explored.
Sound-Motion Bonding in Body and Mind
Authors: Godøy Rolf Inge
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on the links between sound and body motion in music. It can readily be observed that musical sound is produced by body motion and also triggers body motion in many contexts, meaning scholars have an inexhaustible supply of sound-motion bonding available for research. The main challenges here are to get an overview of the different kinds of sound-motion bonding at work in music, and to go deeper into the subjective experiences of sound-motion bonding. To this end, the chapter presents sound-motion bonding in a so-called motor theory perspective on perception, suggesting that whatever humans perceive of sound, motion, and/or visual features is spontaneously re-enacted in our minds, meaning active mental simulation of whatever it is that we are perceiving. This leads to the idea of sound-motion objects, entities that fuse sensations of sound and motion into salient and holistically perceived units in musical experience.
Music and the Embodiment of Disability
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2018

This chapter offers an ethnomusicological consideration of how musics and the human bodies that create and experience them are connected in ways that reflect, embody, and inform one another. Theoretically, it merges key premises of disability studies with Martin Stokes’s call for a paradigm shift to “post-theoreticism” in his own field of ethnomusicology—one that, first, militates against “our historical compulsion to define others in terms of what they lack,” pushing in this instance toward the recognition and privileging of the voices of disabled people themselves, and that, second, foregrounds the words and ideas of ostensibly disabled individuals as theory rather than as ancillary to theory. Two case studies form the main body of the chapter. The first focuses on the music listening practices and insights of a nonspeaking autistic woman, the second on the difficult path to dancing competence navigated by a professional drummer with a self-described “dance disability.”
Spatial Representations Common to Music and Bodily Experience
Authors: Lu Xuejing , Thompson William Forde
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses evidence that musical pitch is conceived and represented spatially, and that bodily experience provides a rich source for conceptualizing music metaphorically. It also describes how bodily gestures may be combined with perceptual representations of music, focusing on music-related movements of performers, such as facial expressions and gestures. Such expressive bodily movements help to shape listeners’ perception of music structure and link perception to action. Furthermore, it describes the function of spatial representations of music, and discusses evidence that musical expertise affects the stability and reliability of these spatial representations. Finally, a cognitive-motor framework for understanding spatial representations of music is proposed, which makes predictions about how this representation is manifested, differentially relied on, and sometimes disrupted in individuals with varying levels of expertise.
Music Sociology Meets Neuroscience
Authors: Nakamura Mia
Published: July 2018

“The power of music” has been a controversial term in recent discussions regarding music and social issues. Instead of avoiding use of the term, this chapter attempts to explain the mechanism of musical effects through interdisciplinary considerations of sociology and neuroscience. The first three sections of the chapter provide an overview of intersections between sociology and cognitive science, addressing their shared interest in mediation-based and human-centered approaches. The last two sections reanalyze ethnographic findings from neuroscientific perspectives, showing why the sensitive use of music may become an effective tool for empowerment. It also suggests that musical retelling allows us to believe that we are connected to others both in the present and the past.
Solving Mysteries in Poe, or Trying To
Authors: Sweeney Susan Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

Besides inventing the detective story, Poe explored mystery solving in other tales. He defined “ratiocination” as a mental process and sought to describe it throughout his writing. In fiction, he associated it with either escaping from peril or investigating crime. Poe’s “tales of ratiocination” thus include works like “Berenice,” “A Descent into the Maelström,” “The Pit and the Pendulum,” “The Premature Burial,” and “The Sphinx,” which focus on attempts at reasoning. In developing detective fiction, Poe emphasized analysis instead of whether readers—or even protagonists—could solve an enigma. Before writing his first detective story, he imagined criminal investigations in “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “William Wilson,” and “The Man of the Crowd”; afterward, he refined the genre in “The Gold-Bug,” “The Oblong Box,” and “ ‘Thou Art the Man.’ ” Poe remained fascinated by the process, not the result, which explains why each tale ends with another mystery to solve.
Poe’s Novel Explorations
Authors: Coats Lauren
Published: July 2018

Poe experimented with one of the most popular genres of the nineteenth century: travel and exploration literature. Poe’s engagements with the genre highlight its dominance in the era’s print culture as well as his own negotiations of antebellum publication economies. This essay considers Poe’s experiments—particularly The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, “The Journal of Julius Rodman,” and “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall”—alongside his many reviews and essays about travel and exploration literature. Even as Poe plagiarized extensively from published accounts for Pym and “Rodman,” these works offer a generic remapping. Emphasizing the novel effects travel can offer rather than its facts, Poe’s fictionalizations dislocate the racialized imperial vision often associated with the genre to offer, instead, Gothic travels that refuse to map terra incognita.
Poe the Magazinist
Authors: Phillips Philip Edward
Published: July 2018

Success in the literary marketplace of Jacksonian America required shrewdness, and Edgar A. Poe sought to increase the publication and circulation of his work during his editorial stints at the Southern Literary Messenger, Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine, Alexander’s Weekly Messenger, Graham’s Lady’s and Gentleman’s Magazine, the New York Evening Mirror and Weekly Mirror, and The Broadway Journal. Unlike most of the literati of his day, who pursued belles-lettres as a leisure activity, Poe earned his living, meager as it was, as a “magazinist.” A formidable critic, poet, and short story writer, Poe developed an aesthetic of “unity of effect” that was influenced but not dictated by the literary marketplace. This article examines Poe’s engagement with the literary marketplace, his experiences with the “magazine prison-house,” and his ultimate aspiration to own and edit a magazine of the highest quality that would elevate the status of American literature worldwide.
Early Experiments in Genre
Authors: Hammond Alexander
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on the fiction Poe began writing in the early 1830s. New to the genre, Poe wrote his first tales as ironic experiments in the voices of established authors in the marketplace, which he satirized as an elite literary club where members exchanged and critiqued one another’s tales at invitation-only banquets. The chapter presents a reconstruction of this never-published Folio Club collection and suggests topics for its future exploration: repeated motifs in the members’ tales, ways in which the club’s organization burlesques the systems of production and reviewing in Poe’s print culture, and reiterations of underlying features of the design in the author’s later work.
Teachers as Agents of the Repatriation of Music and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan , Roberts J. Christopher
Published: July 2018

As the movement to repatriate music from archives gathers steam, the question of how to effectively disseminate the music to people in the culture of origin becomes a pressing issue. This chapter argues that K–12 teachers have a distinctive ability to reintroduce archival music, through three major approaches. In “close-by child-songs by children,” teachers design lessons that incorporate field recordings of children’s music from their home culture, making the music child-centered (and culture-centered). In “child-songs from further afield,” lessons include archived children’s music that is not from the home cultures of the students; such lessons can highlight the similarities across cultures of children’s music. In “adult cultural heritage music,” teachers use the recordings of adults’ musicking experiences in the culture of origin. As such, the music of children is not represented, but the adult musical heritage is disseminated. Examples of these pedagogical approaches to repatriation are provided.
The End of Witch-Hunting
Authors: Midelfort H. C. Erik
Published: July 2018

Most histories of witchcraft used to emphasize either the irrational, religious, or ecclesiastical sources of witchcraft prosecution, or else they portrayed witches as dissident women, persecuted for their knowledge or assertiveness. Both rationalists and romantics imagined witchcraft as a conspiracy of some sort. From circa 1970, social historians showed that those accused were rarely dissidents or village healers. Most accusations originated in village fears of harmful magic rather than in the scholastic imaginations of inquisitorial prosecutors. The end of witchcraft trials, therefore, involved both a decline in belief in efficacious magic and changes in legal procedure. Changes came at different times and ways across Europe. Efforts to see the end of witchcraft trials as an expression of “the baroque” might focus on the growing effort among artists, authors, and intellectual leaders to maintain a comprehensive and unified world view, a task that was becoming more difficult by the eighteenth century.
Cognitive Risks
Authors: Schweizer Tina H. , Hankin Benjamin L.
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on how several prominent cognitive risk processes (attention bias, overgeneral autobiographical memory, executive functioning difficulties) and products (negative inferential style, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive rumination) may translate stress into different forms of prevalent psychopathologies, including internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder). First, prominent conceptual models are presented that explain how cognitive risks relate to psychopathology and the interplay between stress and cognition in contributing to psychopathology. Second, the chapter describes how cognitive risks have typically been conceptualized and measured, and it reviews evidence on associations between each cognitive risk and different psychopathologies. Third, three conceptual models are presented that can be used to organize and understand the relations among stress, cognition, and psychopathology—(1) vulnerability-stress, (2) mechanism, and (3) transactional/bidirectional. Last, key future research directions are highlighted, including integrating cognitive risks across multiple units of analysis and establishing a taxonomy of cognitive risk.
American Urban, Suburban, and Metropolitan Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Puglia David J.
Published: July 2018

Metropolitan folklore and folklife studies often focus on ethnic, religious, and occupation-centered neighborhoods and their distinctive festive events. The material culture of streets and lots has also led to documentation of folk arts, vernacular structures, and customs that have been adapted to this environment. Examples include sidewalk altars in New York City, painted screens in Baltimore, and storefront churches in Los Angeles. In addition, beginning in the late twentieth century, both urban and suburban folklife studies took on the tinge of consumer culture as tradition and mass media mixed freely in commercial centers. Furthermore, the longstanding critique of suburbia as a homogenizing force has itself become embedded in American legend and belief, but suburbs have developed their own traditions of cookouts, malls, yard art, lawn care, car culture, and other modes of “hanging out.”
Opioids and Pain
Authors: Stein Christoph , Gaveriaux-Ruff Claire
Published: July 2018

This article reviews basic and clinical concepts on pain and mechanisms underlying opioid analgesia. It describes the structure, function, and cellular signaling of opioid receptors; endogenous and exogenous opioid receptor ligands; as well as the central and peripheral sites of opioid actions. The article also presents novel opioid-based therapeutic strategies, developed from recently gained knowledge on opioid receptor structures and signaling, pathological pain situations, and mutant mouse lines, aimed at the reduction of side effects such as respiratory depression, constipation, sedation, tolerance, or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Lastly, the article addresses clinical problems associated with opioid use, particularly the long-term use of opioid analgesics in chronic pain.
When Alterity Becomes Proximity
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: July 2018

Levinas’s early work tends to be associated with the idea of alterity even though in his later work the idea of proximity is more prominent. It is true that as time went on Levinas adopted the word neighbor that he had earlier refused; he renounced the word experience; and he replaced his account of paternity with an account of maternity. There is even a growing equivocation in his relation to the I-Thou philosophy of Buber that he had initially defined himself against. Nevertheless these changes do not mark a shift in his thinking so much as a change in emphasis. The two accounts need to be reintegrated which becomes possible once one recognizes the centrality of the persecuted self in his account of subjectivity.
Subjectivity
Authors: Bernet Rudolf
Published: July 2018

The history of the phenomenological understanding of subjectivity can be understood, negatively, as the history of a progressive turning away from a metaphysical conception of the human subject. It is, positively, also the history of a continuous broadening of the scope of subjectivity. The subject becomes less metaphysical when one considers its incarnation and bodily instincts, its personal characteristics and habitual styles of behavior, its depending on other subjects, its social and ethical life, its immersion in the world and in the history of humanity, its birth and death, and so on. Welcoming new phenomena, and, correlatively, opening new possibilities for subjective life, also creates new concerns. First, what sort of a phenomenological subject is involved in these diverse phenomena? Second, what sort of phenomena require an explicit consideration of subjectivity, and what sort of phenomena can do without it?
Asian Ecclesiologies
Authors: Chan Simon
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses mainly on the grass-roots contribution to ecclesiology in Asia. A grass-roots approach assumes that theology arises as much from how being the church is practised as from how it is understood. In contrast, much ecumenical discussion tends to be confined to what theologians are saying about the church, and over the years what they are saying has become quite predictable. The study draws mostly from South and East Asia as materials from these regions are more readily available. But they exemplify broad patterns found in other regions such as South-East Asia.
Early Ecclesiology in the West
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: July 2018

The principal theme of the chapter is the rise of the monarchical episcopate in Rome and its emergence as the pre-eminent see in the West, and then in Christendom as a whole. It is argued that some form of monarchical government is likely to have existed before Callistus (who in recent times has been credited with its creation), and that Rome was often the arbiter of choice even before she began to assume the right to legislate for the rest of the Christian world after the Council of Nicaea (ad 325). The factors that made it possible for Rome to claim absolute hegemony, from the mid-fourth century on, are examined up to the time of Pope Gregory the Great. At the same time, it will be observed that limits were set to Rome’s jurisdiction both in Africa and in the East.
The Church in the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Alexander Loveday
Published: July 2018

This chapter adopts a narrative approach to the ecclesiology of the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, seeking to understand the shape of the gospel narrative and its impact on its audience(s). The deep structure of synoptic ecclesiology is built around two intertwined ecclesiological models: a ‘people of God’ ecclesiology and a ‘discipleship’ ecclesiology. John’s call to repentance and baptism, and the promise of the Spirit, marks the inauguration of the eschatological gathering-in of the people of God. The process continues in Jesus’ proclamation of the kingdom in words of authority and deeds of power. The call of the disciples marks the inauguration of a messianic community, called to follow Jesus, to confess him as Messiah, and to follow him on the way of the cross. This is a radical call to a lifestyle based on an attitude of eschatological expectancy; to table-fellowship built around the remembered presence of Jesus; and to a commissioning and empowering for a future mission to the world.
The Johannine Vision of the Church
Authors: Lincoln Andrew
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on how the Johannine writings envisage the identity and life of the believing community. In the Gospel’s narrative the primary function of Jesus’ followers is the continuation of God’s mission of salvific judgement for the world that has been decisively inaugurated through Jesus. Accompanied by the divine Spirit, they are to be witnesses to the truth of God’s verdict of life for the world established in the mission, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This witnessing community is to be identified by its distinctive belief in Jesus as the Messiah who is the Son of God, its following him in discipleship, and its experience of the Spirit who mediates the presence of God and Christ. The Spirit also shapes the community’s worship and mediates eternal life in the present. Such life has the quality of love, which is to be manifested in the community members’ unity and their willingness to lay down their lives for one another.
The Church in the Magisterial Reformers
Authors: Wendebourg Dorothea
Published: July 2018

This chapter shows that the ecclesiological concepts of the Magisterial Reformers were not monolithic. Yet although they differed from each other and each had characteristic traits, they shared their basic theological presuppositions. The theology of Martin Luther deeply influenced all other Reformers, Magisterial and Radical. The ecclesiology of Luther is the major subject of this chapter, but the ecclesiologies of Philipp Melanchthon and Jean Calvin, the other most important and influential Magisterial Reformers, are also expounded. A relatively broad picture of Luther’s ecclesiology will enable us to see which convictions Melanchthon and Calvin shared with him, as well as where they took their own road, especially in moving beyond Luther’s dynamic understanding of the church to a more institutional concept.
Karl Rahner
Authors: Lennan Richard
Published: July 2018

Karl Rahner (1904–84) played a significant role in broadening the emphases of Roman Catholic ecclesiology in the decades before the Second Vatican Council (1962–5). He contributed notably to the work of Vatican II itself, and was likewise prominent in promoting a positive reception of the council’s ecclesiology. Rahner viewed the church in relation to God’s self-communication in grace. For Rahner, the church was a sacramental reality, formed by grace to witness to Christ in the world. The church’s sacramental role encompassed all aspects of its life, including its structures and organs of authority, which could not be ends in themselves. Rahner combined a deep commitment to the mission of the church in the world with a clear-eyed view of the church’s need to be self-critical and to remain open to the movement of the Holy Spirit, especially in the promotion of unity.
Knowledge, Understanding, and Reasons for Belief
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2018

There is a deep and important intellectual predilection for reduction and simplicity, and this predilection appears nowhere more strongly than when we reflect on intellectual achievements themselves—ones that answer to our interests in truth as such, independently of any benefit or cost attached to what we find. Among these achievements are knowledge, understanding, and finding good reasons or evidence. The drive to reduce and simplify then appears, asking which of these great epistemic goods is fundamental. Here we will assess the prospects and difficulties facing reductive efforts. As we will see, the prospects for reduction are left open by the results of our discussion, but significantly dimmed as well.
Pragmatic Reasons for Belief
Authors: Reisner Andrew
Published: July 2018

In some circumstances, a wedge may be driven between what is advantageous or beneficial to believe and what is true. Cases range from the exotic—with diabolical forces conspiring to punish a hapless victim for believing the truth—to the mundane—with excessive optimism increasing one’s chances of success at some tasks. In contemporary discussions about normative reasons for belief, it is often argued or assumed that all reasons for belief arise only from epistemological considerations. This chapter assesses the case for the contrary claim: that there are genuine pragmatic reasons for belief. The chapter begins with a discussion of the standard arguments for and against non-ecumenical evidentialism. After concluding that case for non-ecumenical evidentialism is tenuous, the chapter canvasses and assesses the diverse range of arguments in favor of there being pragmatic reasons for belief.
Instrumental Reasons
Authors: Kolodny Niko
Published: July 2018

Often our reason for doing something is an “instrumental reason”: that doing that is a means to doing something else that we have reason to do. What principles govern this “instrumental transmission” of reasons from ends to means? Negatively, I argue against principles often invoked in the literature, which focus on necessary or sufficient means. Positively, I propose a principle, “General Transmission,” which answers to two intuitive desiderata: that reason transmits to means that are “probabilizing” and “nonsuperfluous” with respect to the relevant end. I then apply General Transmission to the debate over “detachment”: whether “wide-scope” reason for a material conditional or disjunction implies “narrow-scope” reason for the consequent or disjuncts.
The Northern Adriatic
Authors: de Marinis Raffaele , Teržan Biba
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers Iron Age cultural developments around the head of the Adriatic, from north-west Italy to the western Balkans and Carpathian basin. The chronological focus is from the end of the Bronze Age to the mid-first millennium BC; after 400 BC, much of this zone first became part of the La Tène sphere and was then drawn progressively into the Roman orbit, although the Alps and Trandanubia were not incorporated until the change of era. A regional approach is taken. The different cultural groupings are reviewed in turn, drawing especially on the abundant burial data and settlement evidence. Other topics include language and the early spread of writing, the social significance of the Camonica valley rock art, Greek and Etruscan influence on indigenous peoples, situla art, and new work on the rich tumulus cemeteries belonging to the eastern Hallstatt sphere.