bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pteris vittata L. (Pteridaceae) broadly affects terrestrial invertebrate abundance
Authors: JAFFE BENJAMIN D. , KETTERER MICHAEL E. , SMITH DAVID S.
Published: September 2017

1. The Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.; Pteridaceae) can accumulate up to 27 000 mg kg−1 dry wt. of arsenic (As) from the soil into its above‐ground biomass. They may use this As to deter invertebrate threats.

2. This study explored how As concentrations [As] in the fern, and in soil associated with the fern, influenced the abundance and composition of various invertebrates.

3. Populations of P. vittata were identified in the field. Soils from the base of the fern and from 3 m away of each plant were collected and pitfall traps were installed. Soil and fern arsenic concentrations ([As]) were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and invertebrates were identified to order and classified by feeding guild.

4. Increased [As] did not affect all feeding guilds and orders equally. For example, individual herbivore abundance did not decrease as [As] increased, but predator abundance did. In many cases, the impact of soil [As] on invertebrates depended on the distance from the fern. Fern [As] also influenced components of the community, but only at 3 m away from the fern. Furthermore, the abundances of many invertebrate groups were higher beneath the fern, where [As] was higher.

5. These results suggest that hyperaccumulated As can impact the invertebrate community, but the defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation are more complex than have been previously described. The authors advocate that future studies examining the potential defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation should do so in a natural setting that incorporates this complexity and invertebrate richness.
Effects of method of harvest of Triticum aestivum L. on straw biomass and estimated accumulation of soil carbon
Authors: Weiser C. , Bischof R. , Heß H.
Published: September 2017

Climate change and increased extraction of agricultural residues for bioenergy can adversely affect soil fertility. A more accurate understanding of biomass that remains in or on arable soil is necessary to improve results of carbon (C) balances of cropped land. Mechanical and manual harvesting of winter wheat grain and material other than grain (MOG) were carried out at three field stations in Thuringia, Germany, in 2012 and 2013. We compared various methods of harvesting MOG, which resulted in different straw/grain ratios (SGR) and their effect on C balancing. For all experiments, the total biomass yield and SGR were larger for manual than mechanical harvesting. Substantial differences in SGR resulted for the various methods of mechanical MOG recovery. Surprisingly, methods of harvesting without biomass deposition to the soil surface cannot be regarded as more accurate in general than those with intermediate MOG deposition. Using these SGRs to determine the amount of MOG available for the maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) resulted in an underestimate of the actual biomass by up to 47%. For stubble heights of 5–15 cm, a mean of 8–22% of MOG remained in the field as stubble. Thus, the method of MOG assessment should be considered for SGR values used to calculate the C input as a model parameter. We demonstrated that SOC is underestimated by up to 24% when the simplified C turnover model CANDY Carbon Balance (CCB) is not parameterized correctly.

Highlights

How do specific straw/grain ratios (SGR) of wheat change modelled carbon accumulation?

Removal of straw from arable soil for energy provision will gain more attention.

Default SGR of the selected carbon model underestimates biomass input to soil by ∼47%.

Consequently carbon accumulation is underestimated by up to 24%.
Establishing core mental health workforce attributes for the effective mental health care of people with an intellectual disability and co‐occurring mental ill health
Authors: Weise Janelle , Fisher Karen R , Trollor Julian N
Published: September 2017

Background

People with intellectual disability experience high rates of mental ill health but multiple barriers to access to quality mental health care. One significant barrier to access is a generalist mental health workforce that lacks capacity, and consensus on what constitutes core workforce competencies in this area. As such, the first step in developing a comprehensive strategy that addresses these barriers is to define the core mental health workforce attributes.

Methods

Thirty‐six intellectual disability mental health experts from across Australia participated in a modified online Delphi which aimed to reach consensus on the core attributes required of the generalist mental health workforce. At the end of each Delphi round, descriptive analyses and thematic analyses were completed.

Results

Consensus was reached among the participants for 102 attributes across 14 clinical domains. The results highlighted specific attributes in all areas of clinical practice, especially for communication (e.g., utilizes assistive communication technology), assessment (e.g., assess contributing factors to behaviours) and intervention (e.g., uses integrative interventions).

Conclusion

A comprehensive strategy is required to facilitate the generalist mental health workforce to obtain these attributes.
People with intellectual disabilities at the end of their lives: The case for specialist care?
Authors: Forrester‐Jones Rachel , Beecham Jennifer K. , Barnoux Magali , Oliver David , Couch Elyse , Bates Claire
Published: September 2017

Background

People with intellectual disabilities have a shorter life expectancy, but healthcare improvements mean that they are beginning to live longer, with associated health difficulties. This means that there is an urgent need to focus research on ageing as well as end‐of‐life care. This study aimed to explore a specialist intellectual disability service for older people who are dying and how it related to their quality of life and to costs associated with care provided.

Method

Data were collected for nine residents and 15 staff members of the specialist service. A single case study design with mixed methods including observations, interviews, standardized questionnaires and costs analysis was utilized.

Results

We found positive results regarding overall quality of life, although individuals had limited social networks. Placement fees paid by local health trusts and social services departments were slightly higher than the estimated cost of care reflecting good financial management by a small voluntary sector organization.

Conclusion

Whilst the philosophical arguments around “specialist” care persist, this service fills a gap in intellectual disability care provision.
The aetiology of B‐cell lymphoid malignancies with a focus on chronic inflammation and infections
Authors: Smedby K. E. , Ponzoni M.
Published: September 2017

B‐cell malignancies are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders with different molecular characteristics and clinical course. It is increasingly recognized that the group displays considerable heterogeneity also regarding aetiologic factors. Here, we summarize the latest developments in the aetiology of B‐cell lymphoid malignancy subtypes focusing on immune perturbation. Severe immune suppression constitutes a strong and well‐established risk factor for aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B‐cell and Burkitt lymphoma), but appears unrelated to risk of common low‐grade subtypes (e.g. follicular and mantle cell lymphoma). Inflammation and infections are known co‐factors amongst the immunosuppressed; however, immune stimulation is now recognized as a crucial determinant of lymphomagenesis also amongst immunocompetent individuals. This is best exemplified in marginal zone lymphomas where local chronic inflammation and infection in the stomach, ocular adnexa and salivary glands have been directly linked with the development of oligoclonal and monoclonal malignant B‐cell populations. Aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma) are increasingly linked with features of systemic immune stimulation including autoimmune/inflammatory disease and subclinical cytokine elevations. Lifestyle factors (e.g. high body mass index, cigarette smoking) are associated with risk of diffuse large B‐cell and follicular lymphoma, respectively, possibly mediated through inflammation. Recent genome‐wide association studies further underline the importance of immune function by linking several subtypes to variations in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class genes. In the future, improved knowledge of mechanistic pathways of inflammation/infections in lymphoma development may translate to active measures of prevention or treatment, as is already the case for some low‐grade lymphoma subtypes.
European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia
Authors: Riemann Dieter , Baglioni Chiara , Bassetti Claudio , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Dolenc Groselj Leja , Ellis Jason G. , Espie Colin A. , Garcia‐Borreguero Diego , Gjerstad Michaela , Gonçalves Marta , Hertenstein Elisabeth , Jansson‐Fröjmark Markus , Jennum Poul J. , Leger Damien , Nissen Christoph , Parrino Liborio , Paunio Tiina , Pevernagie Dirk , Verbraecken Johan , Weeß Hans‐Günter , Wichniak Adam , Zavalko Irina , Arnardottir Erna S. , Deleanu Oana‐Claudia , Strazisar Barbara , Zoetmulder Marielle , Spiegelhalder Kai
Published: September 2017

This European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia was developed by a task force of the European Sleep Research Society, with the aim of providing clinical recommendations for the management of adult patients with insomnia. The guideline is based on a systematic review of relevant meta‐analyses published till June 2016. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians involved in the management of insomnia, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the evidence and guide recommendations. The diagnostic procedure for insomnia, and its co‐morbidities, should include a clinical interview consisting of a sleep history (sleep habits, sleep environment, work schedules, circadian factors), the use of sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, questions about somatic and mental health, a physical examination and additional measures if indicated (i.e. blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram; strong recommendation, moderate‐ to high‐quality evidence). Polysomnography can be used to evaluate other sleep disorders if suspected (i.e. periodic limb movement disorder, sleep‐related breathing disorders), in treatment‐resistant insomnia, for professional at‐risk populations and when substantial sleep state misperception is suspected (strong recommendation, high‐quality evidence). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first‐line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults of any age (strong recommendation, high‐quality evidence). A pharmacological intervention can be offered if cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not sufficiently effective or not available. Benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and some antidepressants are effective in the short‐term treatment of insomnia (≤4 weeks; weak recommendation, moderate‐quality evidence). Antihistamines, antipsychotics, melatonin and phytotherapeutics are not recommended for insomnia treatment (strong to weak recommendations, low‐ to very‐low‐quality evidence). Light therapy and exercise need to be further evaluated to judge their usefulness in the treatment of insomnia (weak recommendation, low‐quality evidence). Complementary and alternative treatments (e.g. homeopathy, acupuncture) are not recommended for insomnia treatment (weak recommendation, very‐low‐quality evidence).
OCTOPUS‐LIKE 2, a novel player in Arabidopsis root and vascular development, reveals a key role for OCTOPUS family genes in root metaphloem sieve tube differentiation
Authors: Ruiz Sola M. Aguila , Coiro Mario , Crivelli Simona , Zeeman Samuel C. , Schmidt Kjølner Hansen Signe , Truernit Elisabeth
Published: September 2017

Protophloem and metaphloem sieve tubes are essential for transporting carbohydrates and signalling molecules towards sink tissues. OCTOPUS (OPS) was previously identified as an important regulator of protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we investigated the role of OCTOPUS‐LIKE 2 (OPL2), a gene homologous to OPS.

OPL2 expression patterns were analysed, and functional equivalence of OPS and OPL2 was tested. Mutant and double mutant phenotypes were investigated.

OPS and OPL2 displayed overlapping expression patterns and a high degree of functional overlap. A mutation in OPL2 revealed redundant functions of OPS and OPL2 in developmental processes in which OPS was known to play a role, notably cotyledon vascular patterning and protophloem development. Moreover, we also uncovered redundant roles for OPS and OPL2 in leaf vascular patterning and, most interestingly, metaphloem sieve tube differentiation.

Our results reveal a novel OPS‐like protein that, together with OPS, is an important regulator of vascular patterning, root growth and phloem development. OPS and OPL2 are the first genes identified that play a role in metaphloem sieve tube differentiation.
Size structure and dynamics of an invasive population of lineage 2 of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Florideophyceae) in the Alboran Sea
Authors: Zanolla Marianela , Altamirano María , De la Rosa Julio , Niell Francisco X. , Carmona Raquel
Published: September 2017

In this study, we present basic population data of the red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis, widely recognized as invasive in the Mediterranean Sea. A 13‐month field study was carried out on a population located in southern Spain, addressing its phenology, population dynamics and demography. We further tested whether biomass variations were related to environmental variables at the study site. Gametophytes were present year‐round while tetrasporophytes were only found in spring and summer. Recruitment capacity and vegetative growth of the gametophytes are discussed as important modulators for the population structure and enhancers of its persistence. Thallus size‐time histograms revealed a high prevalence of small shoots that showed high mortality that was not related to self‐thinning. Biomass of A. taxiformis was higher from March to July. Vegetative growth was the main way the gametophyte population was maintained, although the presence of tetrasporophytes and fertile gametophytes in the field confirms that sexual reproduction also occurs. Its continuous and high recruitment, in terms of the number of smallest shoots, makes this southern population of A. taxiformis a source of future invasive populations due to the intensive maritime traffic in the region.
Brandtia ciliaticola gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) a common symbiotic green coccoid of various ciliate species
Authors: Hoshina Ryo , Kobayashi Mayumi , Suzaki Toshinobu , Kusuoka Yasushi
Published: September 2017

Many freshwater protists harbor unicellular green algae within their cells and these host‐symbiont relationships slowly are becoming better understood. Recently, we reported that several ciliate species shared a single species of symbiotic algae. Nonetheless, the algae from different host ciliates were each distinguishable by their different genotypes, and these host‐algal genotype combinations remained unchanged throughout a 15‐month period of sampling from natural populations. The same algal species had been reported as the shared symbiont of several ciliates from a remote lake. Consequently, this alga appears to play a key role in ciliate‐algae symbioses. In the present study, we successfully isolated the algae from ciliate cells and established unialgal cultures. This species is herein named Brandtia ciliaticola gen. et sp. nov. and has typical ‘Chlorella‐like’ morphology, being a spherical autosporic coccoid with a single chloroplast containing a pyrenoid. The alga belongs to the Chlorella‐clade in Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae), but it is not strongly connected to any of the other genera in this group. In addition to this phylogenetic distinctiveness, a unique compensatory base change in the SSU rRNA gene is decisive in distinguishing this genus. Sequences of SSU‐ITS (internal transcribed spacer) rDNA for each isolate were compared to those obtained previously from the same host ciliate. Consistent algal genotypes were recovered from each host, which strongly suggests that B. ciliaticola has established a persistent symbiosis in each ciliate species.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: September 2017

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 9Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAmanda ElBassiouny, Spring Hill College, USABegoña Montero-Fleta, Universitat Politécnica de València, SpainGhazali Bello Abubakar, Sokoto State University, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaLuigia Simona Sica, University of Naples “Federico II”, ItalyMickey Langlais, University of Nebraska – Kearney, USARasa Poceviciene, Siauliai University, LithuaniaRaymond Chan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong KongShariq aziz butt, Superior University Lahore, PakistanYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China , China/Australia
Characterization of Two Novel Lipopolysaccharide Phosphoethanolamine Transferases in Pasteurella multocida and Their Role in Resistance to Cathelicidin-2
Authors: Harper Marina , Wright Amy , St. Michael Frank , Li Jianjun , Deveson Lucas Deanna , Ford Mark , Adler Ben , Cox Andrew D. , Boyce John D.
Published: September 2017

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen
Pasteurella multocida
has phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) residues attached to lipid A, 3-deoxy-
d
-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), heptose, and galactose. In this report, we show that PEtn is transferred to lipid A by the
P. multocida
EptA homologue, PetL, and is transferred to galactose by a novel PEtn transferase that is unique to
P. multocida
called PetG. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that
petL
expression was positively regulated by the global regulator Fis and negatively regulated by an Hfq-dependent small RNA. Importantly, we have identified a novel PEtn transferase called PetK that is responsible for PEtn addition to the single Kdo molecule (Kdo
1
), directly linked to lipid A in the
P. multocida
glycoform A LPS.
In vitro
assays showed that the presence of a functional
petL
and
petK
, and therefore the presence of PEtn on lipid A and Kdo
1
, was essential for resistance to the cationic, antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2. The importance of PEtn on Kdo
1
and the identification of the transferase responsible for this addition have not previously been shown. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PetK is the first representative of a new family of predicted PEtn transferases. The PetK family consists of uncharacterized proteins from a range of Gram-negative bacteria that produce LPS glycoforms with only one Kdo molecule, including pathogenic species within the genera
Vibrio
,
Bordetella
, and
Haemophilus
. We predict that many of these bacteria will require the addition of PEtn to Kdo for maximum protection against host antimicrobial peptides.
Gamma Interferon Mediates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Signaling within Both the Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Compartments
Authors: Villegas-Mendez Ana , Strangward Patrick , Shaw Tovah N. , Rajkovic Ivana , Tosevski Vinko , Forman Ruth , Muller Werner , Couper Kevin N.
Published: September 2017

Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent syndrome. However, whether IFN-γ promotes ECM through direct and synergistic targeting of multiple cell populations or by acting primarily on a specific responsive cell type is currently unknown. Here, using a panel of cell- and compartment-specific IFN-γ receptor 2 (IFN-γR2)-deficient mice, we show that IFN-γ causes ECM by signaling within both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Mechanistically, hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartment-specific IFN-γR signaling exerts additive effects in orchestrating intracerebral inflammation, leading to the development of ECM. Surprisingly, mice with specific deletion of IFN-γR2 expression on myeloid cells, T cells, or neurons were completely susceptible to terminal ECM. Utilizing a reductionistin vitrosystem, we show that synergistic IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation promotes strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelial cells. Combined, our data show that within the hematopoietic compartment, IFN-γ causes ECM by acting redundantly or by targeting non-T cell or non-myeloid cell populations. Within the nonhematopoietic compartment, brain endothelial cells, but not neurons, may be the major target of IFN-γ leading to ECM development. Collectively, our data provide information on how IFN-γ mediates the development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
Dehydrosqualene Desaturase as a Novel Target for Anti-Virulence Therapy againstStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gao Peng , Davies Julian , Kao Richard Yi Tsun
Published: September 2017

Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), is a life-threatening pathogen in hospital- and community-acquired infections. The golden-colored carotenoid pigment ofS. aureus, staphyloxanthin, contributes to the resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and host neutrophil-based killing. Here, we describe a novel inhibitor (NP16) ofS. aureuspigment production that reduces the survival ofS. aureusunder oxidative stress conditions. Carotenoid components analysis, enzyme inhibition, andcrtNmutational studies indicated that the molecular target of NP16 is dehydrosqualene desaturase (CrtN).S. aureustreated with NP16 showed increased susceptibility to human neutrophil killing and to innate immune clearance in a mouse infection model. Our study validates CrtN as a novel druggable target inS. aureusand presents a potent and effective lead compound for the development of virulence factor-based therapy againstS. aureus.

IMPORTANCES. aureusstaphyloxanthin contributes substantially to pathogenesis by interfering with host immune clearance mechanisms, but it has little impact onex vivosurvival of the bacterium. Agents blocking staphyloxanthin production may discourage the establishment and maintenance of bacterial infection without exerting selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance. Our newly discovered CrtN inhibitor, NP16, may offer an effective strategy for combatingS. aureusinfections.
Linking Spatial Structure and Community-Level Biotic Interactions through Cooccurrence and Time Series Modeling of the Human Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: de Muinck Eric J. , Lundin Knut E. A. , Trosvik Pål
Published: September 2017

The human gut microbiome is the subject of intense study due to its importance in health and disease. The majority of these studies have been based on the analysis of feces. However, little is known about how the microbial composition in fecal samples relates to the spatial distribution of microbial taxa along the gastrointestinal tract. By characterizing the microbial content both in intestinal tissue samples and in fecal samples obtained daily, we provide a conceptual framework for how the spatial structure relates to biotic interactions on the community level. We further describe general categories of spatial distribution patterns and identify taxa conforming to these categories. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining spatial and temporal analyses of the human gut microbiome. This type of analysis can be used for identifying candidate probiotics and designing strategies for clinical intervention.
Fourth-order wave equation in Bhabha–Madhavarao spin-3 2 theory
Authors: Markov Yu. A. , Markova M. A. , Bondarenko A. I.
Published: September 2017

Within the framework of the Bhabha–Madhavarao formalism, a consistent approach to the derivation of a system of the fourth-order wave equations for the description of a spin-[Formula: see text] particle is suggested. For this purpose an additional algebraic object, the so-called [Formula: see text]-commutator ([Formula: see text] is a primitive fourth root of unity) and a new set of matrices [Formula: see text], instead of the original matrices [Formula: see text] of the Bhabha–Madhavarao algebra, are introduced. It is shown that in terms of the [Formula: see text] matrices we have succeeded in reducing a procedure of the construction of fourth root of the fourth-order wave operator to a few simple algebraic transformations and to some operation of the passage to the limit [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is some (complex) deformation parameter entering into the definition of the [Formula: see text]-matrices. In addition, a set of the matrices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] possessing the properties of projectors is introduced. These operators project the matrices [Formula: see text] onto the spins 1/2- and 3/2-sectors in the theory under consideration. A corresponding generalization of the obtained results to the case of the interaction with an external electromagnetic field introduced through the minimal coupling scheme is carried out. The application to the problem of construction of the path integral representation in para-superspace for the propagator of a massive spin-[Formula: see text] particle in a background gauge field within the Bhabha–Madhavarao approach is discussed.
Ecosystem Processes and Biogeochemical Cycles in Secondary Tropical Forest Succession
Authors: Powers Jennifer S. , Marín-Spiotta Erika
Published: September 2017

Secondary tropical forests that are in a state of regeneration following clearing for agriculture are now more abundant than primary forests. Yet, despite their large spatial extent and important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, secondary tropical forests are understudied, which challenges our ability to predict how tropical landscapes will respond to future disturbance and global change. We summarize research advances on alterations to C and nutrient dynamics during reforestation and how these are influenced by ecosystem state factors. During forest succession, aboveground biomass stocks and litter fluxes increase in a predictable way, but patterns in soil C dynamics are highly variable. The heterogeneous response of nutrients to reforestation is influenced by multiple factors, including losses incurred during prior land use and management. In contrast to primary tropical forests, where productivity is often limited by rock-derived nutrients, secondary forest growth may be more limited by nutrients from the atmosphere. Future research should identify which nutrients constrain forest regrowth.
Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Show Increased Levels and Defective Function of CD69+ T Regulatory Cells
Authors: Vitales-Noyola Marlen , Oceguera-Maldonado Brenda , Niño-Moreno Perla , Baltazar-Benítez Nubia , Baranda Lourdes , Layseca-Espinosa Esther , Abud-Mendoza Carlos , González-Amaro Roberto
Published: September 2017

T regulatory (Treg) cells have a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A CD4+CD69+ T cell subset has been described that behaves as Treg lymphocytes, exerting an important immune suppressive effect. In this study, we analyzed the levels and function of CD4+CD69+ Treg cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Blood samples were obtained from 22 patients with SLE and 25 healthy subjects. Levels of CD4+CD69+ Treg cells were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry, and their function was measured by an assay of suppression of lymphocyte activation and through the inhibition of cytokine synthesis. We found an increased percent of CD4+CD25varCD69+TGF-β+IL-10+Foxp3− lymphocytes in patients with SLE compared to controls. In addition, a significant diminution in the suppressive effect of these cells on the activation of autologous T lymphocytes was observed in most patients with SLE. Accordingly, CD69+ Treg cells from SLE patients showed a defective capability to inhibit the release of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A by autologous lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that while CD4+CD69+ Treg lymphocyte levels are increased in SLE patients, these cells are apparently unable to contribute to the downmodulation of the autoimmune response and the tissue damage seen in this condition.
Prenatal and Postnatal Sonographic Confirmation of Congenital Absence of the Ductus Venosus in a Child with Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Newman Christopher L. , Wanner Matthew R. , Brown Brandon P.
Published: September 2017

The ductus venosus serves as an important vascular pathway for intrauterine circulation. This case presents a description of an absent ductus venosus in a female patient with Noonan syndrome, including both prenatal and postnatal imaging of the anomaly. In the setting of the anomalous vascular connection, the umbilical vein courses inferiorly to the iliac vein in parallel configuration with the umbilical artery. This finding was suspected based on prenatal imaging and the case was brought to attention when placement of an umbilical catheter was thought to be malpositioned given its appearance on radiography. Ultrasound imaging confirmed the anomalous course. This is in keeping with prior descriptions in the literature of an association between Noonan syndrome and aberrant umbilical venous drainage. This case illustrates the need for awareness of this condition by the radiologist, allowing for identification on radiographs and the recommendation for further confirmatory imaging. Further, the case illustrates the value of paying particular attention to the fetal course of the umbilical vessels in patients with suspected Noonan syndrome, as this population is particularly at risk for anomalous vasculature.
TWEAK/Fn14 Activation Participates in Skin Inflammation
Authors: Liu Qilu , Xiao Shengxiang , Xia Yumin
Published: September 2017

Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) participates in multiple biological activities via binding to its sole receptor—fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14). The TWEAK/Fn14 signaling pathway is activated in skin inflammation and modulates the inflammatory responses of keratinocytes by activating nuclear factor-κB signals and enhancing the production of several cytokines, including interleukins, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10. Mild or transient TWEAK/Fn14 activation contributes to tissular repair and regeneration while excessive or persistent TWEAK/Fn14 signals may lead to severe inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage. TWEAK also regulates cell fate of keratinocytes, involving the function of Fn14-TNF receptor-associated factor-TNF receptor axis. By recruiting inflammatory cells, promoting cytokine production, and regulating cell fate, TWEAK/Fn14 activation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various skin disorders, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous vasculitis, human papillomavirus infection and related skin tumors, and cutaneous autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway may be a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics for skin inflammatory diseases.
Expression of Neurotrophin-3 and trkC following Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Adult Rat Brain with Treadmill Exercise
Authors: Chung Jin-Young , Kim Min-Wook , Im Wooseok , Hwang In Koo , Bang Moon-Suk , Kim Manho
Published: September 2017

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor that mainly binds to the tyrosine kinase C (trkC) receptor. NT-3 has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in focal cerebral ischemia. Exercise also has ability to induce functional recovery in focal cerebral ischemia. However, the relationship between NT-3, its receptor trkC, and exercise has not been revealed. In this study, we assessed the expressions of NT-3 and trkC in focal cerebral ischemia. We also assessed the expression of NT-3 and trkC with treadmill exercise in focal cerebral ischemia. The results showed that, in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model, exercise increased NT-3 and trkC expression. However, the patterns of expression of NT-3 and trkC at different time points varied. These results suggest that exercise-induced functional recovery in focal cerebral ischemia was related to NT-3 and trkC, but the role on times of NT-3 and trkC differed, although trkC is the receptor kinase for NT-3.
Bayesian Methods for Predicting the Shape of Chinese Yam in Terms of Key Diameters
Authors: Kayano Mitsunori , Kyo Koki , Hachiya Mitsuru
Published: September 2017

This paper proposes Bayesian methods for the shape estimation of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) using a few key diameters of yam. Shape prediction of yam is applicable to determining optimal cutoff positions of a yam for producing seed yams. Our Bayesian method, which is a combination of Bayesian estimation model and predictive model, enables automatic, rapid, and low-cost processing of yam. After the construction of the proposed models using a sample data set in Japan, the models provide whole shape prediction of yam based on only a few key diameters. The Bayesian method performed well on the shape prediction in terms of minimizing the mean squared error between measured shape and the prediction. In particular, a multiple regression method with key diameters at two fixed positions attained the highest performance for shape prediction. We have developed automatic, rapid, and low-cost yam-processing machines based on the Bayesian estimation model and predictive model. Development of such shape prediction approaches, including our Bayesian method, can be a valuable aid in reducing the cost and time in food processing.
The Inhibitory Signaling Receptor Protocadherin-18 Regulates Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T-cell Function
Authors: Frey Alan B.
Published: September 2017

Cancers are infiltrated with antitumor CD8+ T cells that arise during tumor growth, but are defective in effector phase functions because of the suppressive microenvironment. The reactivation of TILs can result in tumor destruction, showing that lytic dysfunction in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) permits tumor growth. Like all memory T cells, TILs express inhibitory signaling receptors (aka checkpoint inhibitor molecules) that downregulate TCR-mediated signal transduction upon TIL interaction with cells expressing cognate ligands, thereby restricting cell activation and preventing the effector phase. Previously, we identified a novel murine CD8+ TIL inhibitory signaling receptor, protocadherin-18, and showed that it interacts with p56lck kinase to abrogate proximal TCR signaling. Here, we show that TILs from mice deleted in protocadherin-18 had enhanced antitumor activity and that coblockade of PD-1 and protocadherin-18 in wild-type mice significantly enhanced TIL effector phase function. These results define an important role for protocadherin-18 in antitumor T-cell activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 920–8. ©2017 AACR.
Selective Deletion of Renin-b in the Brain Alters Drinking and Metabolism
Authors: Shinohara Keisuke , Nakagawa Pablo , Gomez Javier , Morgan Donald A. , Littlejohn Nicole K. , Folchert Matthew D. , Weidemann Benjamin J. , Liu Xuebo , Walsh Susan A. , Ponto Laura L. , Rahmouni Kamal , Grobe Justin L. , Sigmund Curt D.
Published: September 2017

The brain-specific isoform of renin (Ren-b) has been proposed as a negative regulator of the brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS). We analyzed mice with a selective deletion of Ren-b which preserved expression of the classical renin (Ren-a) isoform. We reported that Ren-b
Null
mice exhibited central RAS activation and hypertension through increased expression of Ren-a, but the dipsogenic and metabolic effects in Ren-b
Null
mice are unknown. Fluid intake was similar in control and Ren-b
Null
mice at baseline and both exhibited an equivalent dipsogenic response to deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt. Dehydration promoted increased water intake in Ren-b
Null
mice, particularly after deoxycorticosterone acetate–salt. Ren-b
Null
and control mice exhibited similar body weight when fed a chow diet. However, when fed a high-fat diet, male Ren-b
Null
mice gained significantly less weight than control mice, an effect blunted in females. This difference was not because of changes in food intake, energy absorption, or physical activity. Ren-b
Null
mice exhibited increased resting metabolic rate concomitant with increased uncoupled protein 1 expression and sympathetic nerve activity to the interscapular brown adipose tissue, suggesting increased thermogenesis. Ren-b
Null
mice were modestly intolerant to glucose and had normal insulin sensitivity. Another mouse model with markedly enhanced brain RAS activity (sRA mice) exhibited pronounced insulin sensitivity concomitant with increased brown adipose tissue glucose uptake. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that the brain RAS regulates energy homeostasis by controlling resting metabolic rate, and that Ren-b deficiency increases brain RAS activity. Thus, the relative level of expression of Ren-b and Ren-a may control activity of the brain RAS.
Missionaries as Communicators of Foreign Cultures
Authors: Räsänen Antti , Helander Eila
Published: September 2017

This article examines the writings of Finnish missionaries: what the missionaries wrote about local people and cultures and how the content of their writings changed during the latter part of the 20th century, which was a period of major political and cultural change in the countries where the missionaries worked. The data consists of 526 writings published in the major Finnish mission journal Suomen Lähetyssanomat during the years 1946-1989. The primary methodological approach is quantitative, and the data is mainly analysed in a descriptive manner. Statistical tests are utilized to show the association between independent and dependent variables. The results are interpreted with the help of the concept of otherness. Missionaries’ writings reveal a more positive attitude towards local people than local cultures, but during the study period a change towards a more positive attitude to culture can be detected. The longer the history of Finnish missions in a particular region, the more positive the missionaries’ attitudes towards local people are. During the study period, the problem-oriented descriptions of cultures shift to solution-oriented descriptions. These changes indicate efforts towards a positive interpretation of otherness. The study reveals the possibilities that quantitative analysis may open up for mission studies.
Description of the larva of Ilyobius chilensis (McLachlan) (Megaloptera: Sialidae) and notes on the adult morphology
Authors: ARCHANGELSKY MIGUEL , PESSACQ PABLO , BERRONDO MATIAS
Published: September 2017

Ilyobius chilensis (McLachlan) is reported from western Chubut Province, Patagonian Argentina. The first description of the larvae of this species is provided supported by illustrations. Morphological comparisons with other known sialid larvae are included. Additional notes and illustrations of adult morphology and behavior of this species are provided.
Two new Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) species from Central Amazon basin, Brazil
Authors: MOREIRA CRISTIANO R. , LIMA FLÁVIO C.T.
Published: September 2017

Two new species of Hyphessobrycon, H. ericae and H. wosiackii, are described from the Amazon basin, Brazil. Both new species are distinguished from congeners by the coloration, composed by one humeral blotch merging with an anterior dark band restricted to the anterior portion of the body and the presence of a caudal peduncle blotch. Hyphessobrycon ericae is distinguished from H. wosiackii by presenting a humeral spot vertically elongated, with an overall appearance of an arrow, instead of an anteriorly rounded humeral spot.
Morphological variation in a conservative structure: the scapulocoracoids in Sympterygia acuta Garman, 1837 and Sympterygia bonapartii Müller & Henle, 1841 (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae)
Authors: JURADO CARLOS D. , MABRAGAÑA EZEQUIEL , ASTARLOA JUAN MARTÍN DÍAZ DE
Published: September 2017

Scapulocoracoid variation in Sympterygia acuta and S. bonapartii was analyzed inter- and intraspecifically, and the utility of this structure as a diagnostic character in skates was evaluated. Skeletal pieces were obtained from a total of 85 specimens collected in coastal waters of northern Argentina in 2011 and 2012. Morphometric variation was analyzed using non parametric tests. Morphologic variation was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by comparing number, shape and arrangement of posterior fenestrae. Scapulocoracoids of both species are rectangular in shape and expanded anteroposteriorly, but those of S. bonapartii were more expanded. Differences in shape, both in males and females, were reflected in the ANOSIM test. Greatest Height and Height of Rear Corner were the variables that most contributed to the differences found between both species. These differences in morphology agree with previous descriptions. No sexual dimorphism was observed regarding scapulocoracoids in S. acuta, and only a slight variation between males and females of S. bonapartii was found. Number of postdorsal and postventral fenestrae was highly variable. At least five scapulocoracoid morphotypes for S. acuta (with two to six fenestrae) and seven scapulocoracoid morphotypes for S. bonapartii (with three up to nine fenestrae) were identified. However, patterns of fenestrae arrangement were also very diverse in both species. Therefore, a broad variation in fenestrae number and pattern, especially postdorsal ones, was shown in both species. These results indicate that caution needs to be taken when using the scapulocoracoids not only in phylogenetic studies but also in descriptions of new species.
On the taxonomy and distribution of Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank, 1776) species group (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Aphrodinae) in Eastern Palaearctic
Authors: TISHECHKIN DMITRI YU.
Published: September 2017

Two species from the Aphrodes bicincta group were revealed in the Eastern Palaearctic based on male calling signal analysis. A. bicincta = A. bicincta ferganensis Dubovsky, 1966 syn. n. was found only in Kazakhstan and Central Asia; in these regions it is sometimes sympatric with A. diminuta = A. centrorossica. A. diminuta occurs in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. Males of both species from the Eastern Palaearctic usually can be easily distinguished by the size, coloration, and penis shape. Also, despite the size differences from European specimens, the key from Bluemel et al. (2014) can be successfully used for their identification.
Review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of vulvar leiomyoma, a rare gynecological tumor
Authors: Sun Chao , Zou Junkai , Wang Qing , Wang Qi , Han Lu , Batchu Nasra , Ulain Qurat , Du Jiang , Lv Shulan , Song Qing , Li Qiling
Published: September 2017

The objective of this article is to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and therapy of vulvar leiomyoma. We performed a review of all English-language reports of vulvar leiomyoma published in PubMed from 1978 to 2015 using the following search terms: “vulval leiomyoma,” “vulvar leiomyoma,” “vulval smooth muscle tumor,” and “external genitalia smooth muscle tumor.” Vulvar leiomyomas, which are rare benign monoclonal tumors, most commonly occur in the fourth and fifth decades of life. The genetics of vulvar leiomyoma remain undefined. Three principal histological patterns have been identified: spindled, epithelioid, and myxoid. Imaging tests such as ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging are used in diagnosis. Surgical excision is the only curative treatment for vulvar leiomyomas. Establishment of a full differential diagnosis list and correct final diagnosis before surgery are essential for optimal clinical management. Although recurrence of vulvar leiomyoma is extremely rare, long-term follow-up of all cases is advisable.
Latent Classes of Maltreatment: A Systematic Review and Critique
Authors: Rivera Peter M. , Fincham Frank D. , Bray Bethany C.
Published: September 2017

This article reviews and critically evaluates available research on latent classes of maltreatment. Three major databases (PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, and Academic Search Complete) were used to identify studies on latent classes of maltreatment published before June 1, 2016. Of 365 potentially relevant studies, 14 met inclusion criteria for review. Our analysis was guided by the following questions: (a) What observed indicators are being used to model classes of maltreatment? (b) What are the most commonly identified classes of maltreatment? and (c) What are the predictors and outcomes of classes of maltreatment? Across the studies, findings demonstrated how person-centered methods (i.e., latent class/profile analysis) may facilitate the study of maltreatment by concurrently addressing several methodological limitations common to the study of maltreatment, while also addressing heterogeneity in experiences of maltreatment. After providing an account of existing trends within the literature employing person-centered methodology in the study of maltreatment, we offer a critique of extant research, note recent methodological developments, and make numerous recommendations for future research using person-centered approaches to understanding maltreatment.
High-Dollar Donors and Donor-Rich Neighborhoods: Representational Distortion in Financing a Municipal Election in Seattle
Authors: Heerwig Jennifer , McCabe Brian J.
Published: September 2017

Candidates for municipal office collect millions of dollars to fund their campaigns. While previous research about local fundraising coalitions investigates the role of specific interest groups—for example, real estate professionals and developers—and donors outside the political jurisdiction, there has been little systematic investigation of individual donors classified by the size of their contribution or their geographic concentration within the city itself. In this article, we draw on administrative records of campaign contributions from the 2013 Seattle elections to answer two questions about the financing of municipal elections. First, drawing on research from federal elections, we ask whether candidates build fundraising coalitions comprised primarily of small-dollar donors or whether they rely heavily on high-dollar donors to fund their campaigns. In Seattle, we find that only one-fifth of donors in the mayoral election contributed at least $500, but their contributions account for 55% of the money raised in the election. Next, we ask how concentrated campaign contributors are within Seattle neighborhoods. Candidates collected nearly 25% of their funds from the wealthiest 10% of neighborhoods. By pointing to an outsized role for high-dollar donors and donors concentrated in affluent neighborhoods, this article identifies a critical dimension of representational distortion in municipal elections. In doing so, it opens a new window into the local campaign finance system—an aspect of our political process that has been largely overlooked in research on campaigns and elections.