bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetics analyses of rifampicin in adult and children populations: A systematic review
Authors: Muda Mohd Rahimi , Harun Sabariah Noor , Syed Sulaiman Syed Azhar , Sheikh Ghadzi Siti Maisharah
Published: March 2022

Aims

Rifampicin has become an essential component as the first‐line therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Several population pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on rifampicin in adult and child populations have been studied previously, therefore the aims of the systematic review were (i) to summarize the relevant published studies and significant covariates that influence the PK of rifampicin across different populations, and (ii) to identify any knowledge gap that requires additional research in the future.

Methods

A total of 121 relevant population PK articles were systematically identified using PubMed and Scopus from inception to October 2021. Review articles, in‐vitro and physiological methods, animal studies and noncompartmental analysis were excluded.

Results

Nineteen studies, of which 16 involved adults, two involved children, and one involved both adults and children, were included in the review. The structural model of rifampicin can be described as one compartment with a transient compartment absorption model and first‐order elimination in most of the studies. Pharmaceutical formulation, body weight, gender, pregnancy status, diabetes and nutritional supplementation were found to be the significant covariates that affect the PK parameters. External validation of the developed PK model was only conducted in two studies.

Conclusions

The source of variability for PK parameters of rifampicin remains inconsistent and poorly understood even though there were many potential covariates investigated in the selected studies. Exploring other possible factors and implementing a strict sampling strategy by considering the induction effects might uncover precise and reliable information. Furthermore, external validation should be frequently conducted to produce better predictability of model performance.
Bayesian Sample Size Determination Using Commensurate Priors to Leverage Preexperimental Data
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Jaki Thomas , Wason James M.S.
Published: March 2022

This paper develops Bayesian sample size formulae for experiments comparing two groups, where relevant preexperimental information from multiple sources can be incorporated in a robust prior to support both the design and analysis. We use commensurate predictive priors for borrowing of information and further place Gamma mixture priors on the precisions to account for preliminary belief about the pairwise (in)commensurability between parameters that underpin the historical and new experiments. Averaged over the probability space of the new experimental data, appropriate sample sizes are found according to criteria that control certain aspects of the posterior distribution, such as the coverage probability or length of a defined density region. Our Bayesian methodology can be applied to circumstances that compare two normal means, proportions, or event times. When nuisance parameters (such as variance) in the new experiment are unknown, a prior distribution can further be specified based on preexperimental data. Exact solutions are available based on most of the criteria considered for Bayesian sample size determination, while a search procedure is described in cases for which there are no closed-form expressions. We illustrate the application of our sample size formulae in the design of clinical trials, where pretrial information is available to be leveraged. Hypothetical data examples, motivated by a rare-disease trial with an elicited expert prior opinion, and a comprehensive performance evaluation of the proposed methodology are presented.
RfX: A Design Study for the Interactive Exploration of a Random Forest to Enhance Testing Procedures for Electrical Engines
Authors: Eirich J. , Münch M. , Jäckle D. , Sedlmair M. , Bonart J. , Schreck T.
Published: March 2022

Random Forests (RFs) are a machine learning (ML) technique widely used across industries. The interpretation of a given RF usually relies on the analysis of statistical values and is often only possible for data analytics experts. To make RFs accessible to experts with no data analytics background, we present RfX, a Visual Analytics (VA) system for the analysis of a RF's decision‐making process. RfX allows to interactively analyse the properties of a forest and to explore and compare multiple trees in a RF. Thus, its users can identify relationships within a RF's feature subspace and detect hidden patterns in the model's underlying data. We contribute a design study in collaboration with an automotive company. A formative evaluation of RFX was carried out with two domain experts and a summative evaluation in the form of a field study with five domain experts. In this context, new hidden patterns such as increased eccentricities in an engine's rotor by observing secondary excitations of its bearings were detected using analyses made with RfX. Rules derived from analyses with the system led to a change in the company's testing procedures for electrical engines, which resulted in 80% reduced testing time for over 30% of all components.
The role of preoperative psychosocial counselling on the improvement of the recipient compliance and speed of recovery after liver transplantation – A systematic review of the literature and expert panel recommendations
Authors: Weiss Emmanuel , Kabacam Gokhan , Gorvin Lucy , Spiro Michael , Raptis Dimitri Aristotle , Keskin Onur , Orloff Susan , Belghiti Jacques ,   the ERAS4OLT.org Working Group
Published: March 2022

Background

Psychosocial disorders ranging from anxiety to severe psychiatric diseases and active alcohol/substance abuse are frequent in liver transplant candidates and potentially associated with worse post‐ transplant outcomes. Therefore, psychosocial evaluation is mandatory to optimize success after liver transplantation. However, how to carry out this evaluation, the type of intervention needed and its potential impact on patient outcome remain unclear.

Objectives

To investigate whether psychosocial assessment may help in predicting risks of poor outcome; and to investigate whether psychosocial interventions may mitigate these risks and improve posttransplant outcomes, in particular compliance and speed of recovery.

Data sources

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central.

Methods

Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO CRD42021238361. Main outcomes assessed were mortality, alcohol relapse, rejection, and medication compliance.

Results

Fifteen studies were analyzed including five observational comparative and ten observational noncomparative studies. Preoperative psychosocial evaluation of LT candidates was associated with higher concordance with the treatment plan (i.e., higher adherence to treatment and lower alcohol relapse) and lower rates of rejection. Psychosocial assessment tools were used in some studies to guide the evaluation, but their predictive ability remains debated, and they should not be used in isolation. Most of the interventions were studied in patients with alcohol related issues. In this context, support by specialized teams was associated with better posttransplant outcome, especially through a decrease in post‐transplant alcohol relapse.

Conclusions

Preoperative psychosocial assessment should be provided in order to detect patients at increased risk of poorer post‐transplant outcome, in particular in terms of concordance to the treatment plan (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong/For). The experts suggest that, when possible, provision of preoperative psychological assessment and concomitant interventions aimed at improving the concordance to treatment plans will positively impact the success of liver transplantation. (Quality of Evidence; Very Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong/For].
Sirolimus leads to rapid and sustained clinical improvement of motor deficits in a patient with inclusion body myositis
Authors: Pawlitzki Marc , Nelke Christopher , Korsen Melanie , Meuth Sven G. , Ruck Tobias
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

To provide further evidence for sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, as a treatment strategy for patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Methods

We acquired longitudinal clinical data and immunological assessments of CD8+ T‐cell subsets in peripheral blood for evaluation of potential anti‐inflammatory treatment effects of sirolimus.

Results

Therapy with sirolimus 2 mg/day by mouth led to rapid and sustained clinical improvement of motor symptoms for an observation period of more than 1 year. Treatment was well tolerated, with no occurrence of adverse effects. We did not observe a meaningful alteration of CD8+ T‐cell subsets in our patient after 9 and 12 months compared to baseline.

Conclusions

The significant and persistent clinical improvement highlights the use of sirolimus as a potential treatment option in patients with IBM. In light of the lack of immunological treatment effects observed for cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, further studies should investigate the potential myoprotective effects of sirolimus.
In vitro evidence that the anti‐inflammatory effect of synthetic cinnamate‐derived dienes is directly linked to a macrophage repolarization
Authors: Theindl Lais C. , Fratoni Eduarda , da Rosa Julia S. , Lubschinski Tainá L. , Meier Lidiane , Sá Marcus M. , Dalmarco Eduardo M.
Published: March 2022

The inflammatory process is a mammalian physiological reaction against infectious agents or injuries. Among the cells involved, the macrophages have a highlighted role during this process. Depending on the inflammatory context, they can polarize into pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory profiles (M1 and M2). In this context, compounds derived from cinnamic acid have demonstrated strong evidence of anti‐inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory activity of five cinnamate‐derived dienes of synthetic origin. The compounds that did not demonstrate significant cytotoxicity were tested to assess anti‐inflammatory activity (NOx) in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Then, the selected compound (diene 1) was evaluated as to its ability to inhibit the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α, INF‐γ, MCP‐1, and IL‐6) and increase the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐13, IL‐4, and IL‐10). Finally, diene 1 was able to reduce the expression of TLR4 and increase the phagocytic activity of the macrophages. Gathering these results together, we conclude that diene 1 showed an important anti‐inflammatory effect, and this effect is linked to its immunomodulatory characteristic. Since the M1 markers were reduced at the same time, M2 markers were increased by the treatment of the macrophages with diene 1.
Itʼs 3:00 p.m., do you know where your children are? New Yorkʼs inadequate use of federal funds that have led to the continuance of childcare deserts
Authors: Griffin Kayla Marie
Published: March 2022

In New York, low‐income families, urban communities, and rural areas are suffering from a lack of childcare. This inadequacy leads to the formation of childcare deserts; areas where families do not have access to childcare. Because of the vague guidelines proposed by federal grants, New York has misused federal funds, which has led to the continuance of childcare deserts. This Note proposes specifying federal funding guidelines, which can better allocate funds to needy families, as well as creating a volunteer program for high school students to create before and aftercare programs in public schools.
Preparation and characterizations of V2AlC‐Al2O3 composite produced via spark plasma sintering
Authors: Sadeghi Leila , Razavi Mansour , Kalantarian Mohammad Mahdi , Rahimipour Mohammad Reza , Hossein‐zadeh Mohsen
Published: March 2022

A 2:1:1 MAX phase, V2AlC, composited with Al2O3 is prepared using spark plasma sintering (SPS). To obtain a sample with suitable physical and mechanical properties, an especial current rate regime is carried out for SPS. Different final temperatures of the synthesis (1000, 1200, 1400, and 1500°C) are considered (named S1000, S1200, S1400, and S1500, respectively). Phase analysis, physical and mechanical properties characterizations, and morphology of the samples are performed to determine the quality of the samples. The best characterizations belong to the samples of S1400 and S1500. Bending strengths about 325 and 316 MPa are obtained for the samples of S1400 and S1500, respectively. Regarding the total MAX phases formation and strength, the optimum sample is S1400. However, regarding bulk density, wear resistance, and hardness, S1500 has an advantage over the S1400. The advantages of S1500, as well as its larger grain size, are attributed to the better sintering of Al2O3.
Technology advantage, terms of trade, and pattern of trade
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Te , Wu Shang‐Fen
Published: March 2022

We develop a two‐country, two‐sector model of trade, and assume that the differences between two countries are not only the diversities of human capital distributions but also relative production technologies. We find that, in addition to the diversity effect, both the terms of trade effect and the relative technology effect can also matter for the pattern of trade. We prove that, unlike previous results, if combination of the terms of trade effect and the relative technology effect dominates the diversity effect, then a country with more diverse human capital will export goods produced by supermodular technology.
Performance of green and conventional techniques for the optimal extraction of bioactive compounds in bee pollen
Authors: Aylanc Volkan , Ertosun Seymanur , Russo‐Almeida Paulo , Falcão Soraia I. , Vilas‐Boas Miguel
Published: March 2022

The exploitation of phenolic compounds in different fields has motivated researchers to explore eco‐friendly and efficient extraction techniques. This study aimed to comparatively reveal that green extraction techniques (microwave‐ and ultrasound‐assisted) are alternative to conventional extraction (maceration and magnetic stirring) with positive impact on the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and bioactive profile of bee pollen extracts. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was reached using the microwave‐assisted technique (MAE) with equivalent values of 28 and 8 mg g−1, with magnetic stirring and maceration showing a lower value. The composition profile of the extracts revealed the presence of twenty‐six bioactive compounds, including thirteen phenolics and thirteen phenylamides. Although the extraction technique had little impact on the chemical diversity, the amount of bioactive compounds raised significantly with the use of the green extraction techniques, with gains between 40% and 60% for phenolics and up to 200% for phenylamides. The radical scavenging activity and the reducing power of the extracts confirmed that bee pollens are potent antioxidant source, with the most bioactive extracts corresponding to green extraction techniques. Consequently, all findings recommend the use of MAE as the technique most effective for the extraction of bioactive compounds from naturally encapsulated structures such as bee pollen.
Oral health experiences and perceptions of children with disabilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alwadi Maram Ali M , Baker Sarah R , Owens Janine
Published: March 2022

Background

The clinical focus on oral health means there is a scarcity of evidence from the perspectives of children with disabilities because of the continuing exclusion of their views from oral health research. This study takes a rights‐based approach, aiming to give disabled children a voice by exploring their oral health perspectives and experiences. In order to do this, innovative and inclusive methods are needed.

Aim

The aim was to include the voices of children with disabilities by representing their perspectives and experiences of oral health.

Design

An ethnographic study employed a purposive sample of 10 children between the ages of 9 and 15 years with a range of intellectual disabilities and physical impairments attending special centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All children in the sample were female. Pluralistic methods enabled the inclusion of children in the research. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

The study describes different inclusive methods to enable children's voices on oral health. Main themes were children's knowledge, and their oral health practices and experiences of visiting dental clinics. Children also described the physical barriers they experienced and their positive and negative feelings about oral health.

Conclusions

The study highlights that including children with disabilities in oral health research is possible, but that researchers need to be creative and be able to work in tandem with children. One goal for dental research is to include all children as active participants, working with them as collaborators. This would help transform services and reduce children's oral health inequalities.
Can conservatives who (de)humanize immigrants the most be able to support them? The power of imagined positive contact
Authors: Borinca Islam , Çelik Pinar , Storme Martin
Published: March 2022

Despite studies examining political ideology, group dehumanization, and intergroup contact as predictors of intergroup support and affect, research on their interplay in shaping such outcomes has been limited. In fact, considering the possibility that conservatives might view immigrants in various ways (as more or less human) is important to understand the impact of interventions (positive imagined contact) on intergroup relations. The results of two experiments (N = 671) with U.S. citizens in relation to two outgroups—Muslim immigrants in Experiment 1 and Mexican immigrants in Experiment 2—consistently showed that imagined positive contact condition (vs. control/no contact condition) influenced intergroup support (i.e., in both experiments) and positive emotions (i.e., in Experiment 2) more for individuals who endorsed a conservative ideology and scored high for dehumanizing immigrants. Participants’ willingness to attribute positive emotions to outgroup members ultimately explained the observed effects. In this research, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for intergroup relations and outgroup dehumanization.
Efficacy of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in Asian patients with refractory hypertension
Authors: Li Wanjing , Gong Minghui , Yu Qin , Liu Rihui , Chen Kaiming , Lv Wei , Yao Fumei , Xu Zhaolong , Xu Yi , Song Wei , Jiang Yinong
Published: March 2022

Sacubitril/valsartan, simultaneously inhibits neprilysin and angiotensin II receptor, showed an effect in reducing blood pressure (BP). The authors aimed to study whether it can be used as an antihypertensive agent in patients with refractory hypertension who have already been treated. A total of 66 Chinese patients with refractory hypertension were enrolled. Patients received sacubitril/valsartan  200 instead of angiotensin II receptor blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor while other agents continued. If BP was uncontrolled after 4 weeks, sacubitril/valsartan was increased to 400 mg. The BP reduction was evaluated by office BP and ambulatory BP monitoring after 8‐week treatment. The baseline office BP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were 150.0/95.0 mmHg and 113.3 mmHg. BP and MAP reduced to 130.6/83.2 mmHg and 99.0 mmHg at week 8. Office BP and MAP reductions were 19.4/11.8 mmHg and 14.3 mmHg at endpoint (all p < .001). The 24‐h, daytime and nighttime ambulatory BP were 146.2/89.1, 148.1/90.3, and 137.5/83.7 mmHg, respectively at baseline, and BP reduced to 129.6/79.8, 130.6/81.1, and 121.7/75.8 mmHg, respectively at week 8. The 24‐h, daytime and nighttime ambulatory BP reductions were 16.6/9.3, 17.5/9.2, and 15.8/7.9 mmHg, respectively at endpoint (all p < .001). Sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced office and ambulatory BP in refractory hypertension patients. Our study provided new evidence for sacubitril/valsartan in refractory hypertension.
Commentary: Recognizing our similarities and celebrating our differences – parenting across cultures as a lens toward social justice and equity
Authors: Cabrera Natasha J.
Published: March 2022

Lansford (2022) has aptly and eloquently reviewed the vast scholarly research on cross‐cultural parenting and concludes that similarities in parenting norms and behaviors across cultures reflect universally adaptive behaviors for children’s development. Culture‐specific differences are due largely to environmental constraints and affordances as well as cultural norms for expected behavior. This is an exemplar review that tells a clear story of what we have learned from the decades of research on this topic and lays the foundation for future scholarship. Specially compelling is Lansford’s argument that we need to take stock of what we know and conduct more of this type of research because the majority of what we have now is biased and does not represent the parenting practices of an increasingly diverse population. In this commentary, I provide some context for the value and potential pitfalls of cross‐cultural research; discuss the importance of theoretically driven research; discuss the benefits of cross‐cultural research; and conclude with some ideas for future investigations.
A new way to measure partner burden in depression: Construction, validation, and sensitivity to change of the partner burden in depression questionnaire
Authors: Winter Friederike , Jarczok Marc N. , Warth Marco , Hembd‐Peuse Susanne , Ditzen Beate , Aguilar‐Raab Corina
Published: March 2022

Depression occurs in an interpersonal dynamic and living with a depressed person can lead to a significant burden on the partner. Instruments measuring burden do not address couples and often measure caregiving for individuals with schizophrenic disorders. The partner burden in depression (PBD) questionnaire is a new instrument measuring PBD by asking individuals, (1) which symptoms they can observe in their depressed partners and (2) to which degree this burdens them. Hence, PBD combines measuring the awareness of observed depressive symptoms and the resulting burden. Additionally, it addresses aspects unique to couple relationships. Our German validation confirmed a one‐factor model with 12 items. The PBD had good psychometric properties and was sensitive to change. Partner burden predicted self‐reported depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9) over time. PBD is short, easily applicable in research and practice and can add to the understanding of partner effects in depression.
Efficacy and safety of traditional and surgical treatment modalities in segmental vitiligo: A review article
Authors: Khalili Maryam , Amiri Rezvan , Mohammadi Saman , Iranmanesh Behzad , Aflatoonian Mahin
Published: March 2022

Background

Segmental vitiligo (SV) is a distinctive variant of vitiligo that is usually resistant to traditional treatments. Therefore, surgical therapies are mainstay of treatment in this type of vitiligo. To date, there is no review article or systematic review that evaluates specifically efficacy of treatment modalities on SV.

Aim

To evaluate current evidence regarding efficacy and safety of traditional and surgical treatment modalities in SV.

Methods

We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and Google Scholar for key words of "vitiligo" AND "segmental" AND "treatment" OR "therapy" OR "surgical treatments" OR "medical treatments" OR "laser" OR "phototherapy". Inclusion criteria were English literature that investigated efficacy of different treatments on three or more cases on SV from January 2000 until July 2021.

Results

A total of thirty‐four articles were selected for detailed assessment. Different treatment modalities include medical treatment [systemic corticosteroid (SCS), topical CS (TCS), and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI)], phototherapy [narrow band‐ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB), psoralen and UVA (PUVA) and psoralen+solar exposure (PUVASOL)], laser/lights [helium‐neon and Excimer laser/light (EL)] and surgical treatments [punch graft (PG), follicular graft, suction blister epidermal grafting (SBEG), spilt‐thickness skin graft (STSG), and cultured/non‐cultured‐melanocytes‐keratinocytes transplantation (MKTP)].

Conclusion

There were few randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of treatments in SV. Therefore, future high quality studies are required for better assessment of various treatment modalities in SV. Results of current evidence indicate resistance of SV to traditional therapies unless in patients with short duration of vitiligo. Therefore, surgical interventions are the first‐line of treatment in refractory cases, long‐standing disease, or presence of leukotrichia in depigmented patches.
Celebrity endorsements, whitening products, and consumer purchase intentions: A review of literature
Authors: Khan Aima , Sabir Raja Irfan , Majid Muhammad Bilal , Javaid Muhammad Umair , Anwar ul Haq Muhammad , Mehmood Hamid
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine how much celebrity endorsement stimulates skin color racism in the cosmetics industry.

Design/Methodology/Approach

The data were collected from Google Scholar and Web of Science published articles, and researchers had chosen 45 research articles. Some of the research articles used a quantitative research approach while others had used qualitative research approach. And for the current study, content analysis has been used.

Findings

The study finds that celebrity endorsement does influence and promote racism, implying that when celebrities promote fairness products, people perceive themselves inferior due to darker skin tone that gives birth to the notion of racism. Brand Image intervenes in the relationship between Celebrity Endorsement and Racism, and also, intervenes in the relationship between Celebrity Endorsement and Purchase Intention.

Limitations

This study is only limited to Google Scholar and Web of Science directory. Only forty‐five articles were taken from 2001 to 2021 year. Real examples were taken from all over the world, but especially from the Less Developed countries like Pakistan and India due to the huge population, rising income, and surging cosmetics industry. Hence, the findings of this study cannot be generalized to the Technologically Advanced Countries.

Implications

It is obvious that firms design advertisement campaigns that can get consumers’ attention. For this purpose, they engage celebrities to evoke more interest and awareness as well as perception. The study will help the management of different brands to understand that how they can improve their advertisements in a way that does not promote racism. And the celebrities, signing contracts with brands that promote racism, will keep in mind the negative influence these endorsements have on society while companies will make sure that they are also not promoting racism by making such promotional campaigns.
Improved neonatal brain MRI segmentation by interpolation of motion corrupted slices
Authors: Verschuur Anouk S. , Boswinkel Vivian , Tax Chantal M.W. , van Osch Jochen. A.C. , Nijholt Ingrid M. , Slump Cornelis H. , de Vries Linda S. , van Wezel‐Meijler Gerda , Leemans Alexander , Boomsma Martijn F.
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose

To apply and evaluate an intensity‐based interpolation technique, enabling segmentation of motion‐affected neonatal brain MRI.

Methods

Moderate‐late preterm infants were enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Brain Imaging in Moderate‐late Preterm infants “BIMP‐study”) between August 2017 and November 2019. T2‐weighted MRI was performed around term equivalent age on a 3T MRI. Scans without motion (n = 27 [24%], control group) and with moderate‐severe motion (n = 33 [29%]) were included. Motion‐affected slices were re‐estimated using intensity‐based shape‐preserving cubic spline interpolation, and automatically segmented in eight structures. Quality of interpolation and segmentation was visually assessed for errors after interpolation. Reliability was tested using interpolated control group scans (18/54 axial slices). Structural similarity index (SSIM) was used to compare T2‐weighted scans, and Sørensen‐Dice was used to compare segmentation before and after interpolation. Finally, volumes of brain structures of the control group were used assessing sensitivity (absolute mean fraction difference) and bias (confidence interval of mean difference).

Results

Visually, segmentation of 25 scans (22%) with motion artifacts improved with interpolation, while segmentation of eight scans (7%) with adjacent motion‐affected slices did not improve. Average SSIM was .895 and Sørensen‐Dice coefficients ranged between .87 and .97. Absolute mean fraction difference was ≤0.17 for less than or equal to five interpolated slices. Confidence intervals revealed a small bias for cortical gray matter (0.14‐3.07 cm3), cerebrospinal fluid (0.39‐1.65 cm3), deep gray matter (0.74‐1.01 cm3), and brainstem volumes (0.07‐0.28 cm3) and a negative bias in white matter volumes (–4.47 to –1.65 cm3).

Conclusion

According to qualitative and quantitative assessment, intensity‐based interpolation reduced the percentage of discarded scans from 29% to 7%.
Isolation of bacterial consortia with probiotic potential from the rumen of tropical calves
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Sarahí , González‐Dávalos Laura , Robles‐Rodríguez Carolina , Lozano‐Flores Carlos , Varela‐Echavarría Alfredo , Shimada Armando , Mora‐Izaguirre Ofelia
Published: March 2022

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to their animal host by balancing the composition of its gastrointestinal microbiota and modulating its immune response. In this work, we studied bacterial consortia isolated from the rumen of 28‐ and 42‐day‐old calves to select those showing probiotic capacity. Consortia were characterized and their growth dynamics were determined in several growth media. The number of viable bacteria was larger in the Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth (MRS) than in nutritive medium A (MNA) and the largest was for A3D42. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial consortia in MRS was higher than in MNA and the most susceptible samples were A1D28 and A3D42. In turn, A3D42 showed the highest tolerance to bile salts in MRS and MNA. Moreover, all bacterial consortia showed optimal growth at pH 5, 5.5, 6 and 7 in both media, while their temperature tolerance was higher in MRS. The antagonistic activity of bacterial consortia in MNA was higher than in MRS with A2D42 showing the best antagonistic activity for Pseudomona aureginosa (ATCC 9027) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) in MNA. Additionally, A1D42 and A2D42 in MRS and A3D42 in MNA had significant adhesion to mucins, and A1D42 in MRS had the highest. Regarding their species composition, all bacterial consortia in MRS belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, and the class Bacilli and bacterial consortia in MNA belonged to three phyla; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus johnsonii were identified in all bacterial consortia in MRS broth. Based on these results, A1D42 and A3D42 grown in MRS showed the best potential as probiotics for calves, which could result in health benefits and improve their production.
The effects of napping on night‐time sleep in healthy young adults
Authors: Mograss Melodee , Abi‐Jaoude Joanne , Frimpong Emmanuel , Chalati Diaa , Moretto Umberto , Tarelli Lukia , Lim Andrew , Dang‐Vu Thien Thanh
Published: March 2022

The discrepancies in the effects of napping on sleep quality may be due to differences in methodologies, napping behaviours, and daytime activity levels across studies. We determined whether napping behaviours and daytime activity levels are associated with night‐time sleep fragmentation and sleep quality in young adults. A total of 62 healthy adults (mean [SD] age 23.5 [4.2] years) completed screening questionnaires for sleep habits, physical activity, medical and psychological history. Actigraphy was used to record sleep including naps. The fragmentation algorithm (KRA) was applied to the actigraphic data to measure night‐time sleep fragmentation. We classified participants’ nap frequency as “non‐nappers” (0 naps/8 days), “moderate nappers” (1–2 naps/8 days) or “frequent nappers” (≥3 naps/8 days) naps. Nap duration was defined as “short” (≤60 min) or “long” (>60 min). Naps’ proximity to the night sleep episode was defined as “early” (≥7 h) and “late” (<7 h) naps. Outcome variables were night‐time KRA and actigraphic sleep variables. Frequent nappers had a significantly higher KRA than moderate nappers (p < 0.01) and non‐nappers (p < 0.02). Late naps were associated with poorer measures of night sleep quality versus early naps (all p ≤ 0.02). Nap duration and daytime activity were not associated with significant differences in the outcome variables (all p > 0.05). KRA correlated with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and awakenings (r = −0.32, −0.32, and 0.53, respectively; all p < 0.05). Frequent napping and late naps may be associated with increased sleep fragmentation and poorer sleep quality, reflected in longer sleep onsets and increased awakenings. These findings have implications for public health sleep hygiene recommendations.
Removal of medicaid restrictions were associated with increased hepatitis C virus treatment rates, but disparities persist
Authors: Nephew Lauren D. , Wang Yumin , Mohamed Kawthar , Nichols Deborah , Rawl Susan M. , Orman Eric , Desai Archita P. , Patidar Kavish R. , Ghabril Marwan , Chalasani Naga , Kasting Monica L.
Published: March 2022

Despite the release of a growing number of direct‐acting antivirals and evolving policy landscape, many of those diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have not received treatment. Those from vulnerable populations are at particular risk of being unable to access treatment, threatening World Health Organization (WHO) HCV elimination goals. The aim of this study was to understand the association between direct‐acting antivirals approvals, HCV‐related policy changes and access to HCV virus treatment in Indiana, and to explore access to treatment by race, birth cohort and insurance type. We performed a retrospective cohort study of adults with HCV from 05/2011‐03/2021, using statewide electronic health data. Nine policy and treatment changes were defined a priori. A Lowess curve evaluated treatment trends over time. Monthly screening and treatment rates were examined. Multivariable logistic regression explored predictors of treatment. The population (N = 10,336) was 13.4% Black, 51.8% was born after 1965 and 44.7% was Medicaid recipients. Inflections in the Lowess curve defined four periods: (1) Interferon + DAA, (2) early direct‐acting antivirals, (3) Medicaid expansion/optimization and (4) Medicaid restrictions (fibrosis/prescriber) removed. The largest increase in monthly treatment rates was during period 4, when Medicaid prescriber and fibrosis restrictions were removed (2.4 persons per month [PPM] in period 1 to 72.3 PPM in period 4, p < 0.001; 78.0% change in slope). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed being born after 1965 (vs. before 1945; OR 0.69; 95% 0.49–0.98) and having Medicaid (vs. private insurance; OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.42–0.53), but not race was associated with lower odds of being treated. In conclusion, DAAs had limited impact on HCV treatment rates until Medicaid restrictions were removed. Additional policies may be needed to address HCV treatment‐related age and insurance disparities.
Prioritizing nurturing care at the municipal and district level with the Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI)
Authors: Buccini Gabriela , Pimentel Juliana L. , Pedroso Jéssica , Coelho Kubo Stefanie Eugênia dos Anjos , Bertoldo Juracy , Sironi Alberto , Barreto Marcos E. , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Gubert Muriel B.
Published: March 2022

The Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI) is a population‐based approach to monitor the nurturing care environment for early childhood development (ECD) using routine information system data. It is unknown whether IMAPI can be applied to document metropolitan urban territorial differences in nurturing care environments. We used Brasilia, Brazil's capital with a large metropolitan population of 2,881,854 inhabitants divided into 31 districts, as a case study to examine whether disaggregation of nurturing care data can inform a more equitable prioritization for ECD in metropolitan areas. IMAPI scores were estimated at the municipal level (IMAPI‐M, 31 indicators) and at the district level (IMAPI‐D, 29 indicators). We developed a quantitative prioritization process for indicators in each IMAPI analysis, and those selected were jointly mapped in the socioecological model for the role of indicators in relation to the enabling environment for nurturing care. Out of 28 common nurturing care indicators across IMAPI analysis, only four were prioritized in both analyses: one from the Adequate nutrition, two from the Opportunities for early learning, and one from the Responsive caregiving domains. These four indicators were mapped as enabling policies, supportive services, and caregivers’ capabilities (socioecological model) and Effort, Coverage, and Quality (indicator's role). In conclusion, the different levels of nurturing care data disaggregation in the IMAPI can better inform decision‐making than each one individually, especially in metropolitan areas where municipalities and districts within metropolitan areas have relative decision‐making autonomy.
Long non‐coding RNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 in non‐syndromic orofacial clefts
Authors: Wang Errui , Guo Yumeng , Gao Shuting , Zhou Ying , Liu Bin , Dissanayaka Waruna Lakmal , Zheng Yayuan , Zhou Qiaozhen , Zhai Junkai , Gao Zhengkun , Zhang Baoping , Liu Ruimin , Zhang Kailiang
Published: March 2022

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play important roles in non‐syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC). Clinical diagnosis was categorized as either non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P), or non‐syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO). Tissues excised from the trimmed wound edge were reserved as experimental samples; adjacent normal control was used as a positive control, and tissue from healthy individuals was used as a blank control. Target lncRNAs in the collected tissues were identified using microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and RT‐qPCR were used to verify the target mRNAs. Pathway, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and TargetScan predictions were employed to construct competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNA networks) and explore their potential functions. RNA‐Seq revealed 24 upregulated and 43 downregulated lncRNAs; MALAT1 and NEAT1 were screened and validated using RT‐qPCR. Common NSOFC risk factors were positively correlated with MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression. Bioinformatics predicted four ceRNA networks; GO enrichment focused on their potential functions. RT‐qPCR and IHC data were consistent with respect to expression levels of proteins and the mRNAs that encode them. As MALAT1 and NEAT1 are associated with the severity of NSOFC, they represent potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers.
The epistemology of spacetime
Authors: Dewar Neil , Linnemann Niels , Read James
Published: March 2022

How is it that the basic structures of space and time come to manifest themselves in physical theories and theorising, and in our empirical experience of the world? This question is central to an important field of the philosophy of physics: the epistemology of spacetime. In this article, we survey systematically the various responses which have been offered to this question, highlighting little‐explored connections and open research questions.
Citrus photosynthesis and morphology acclimate to phloem‐affecting huanglongbing disease at the leaf and shoot levels
Authors: Keeley Mark , Rowland Diane , Vincent Christopher
Published: March 2022

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a phloem‐affecting disease in citrus that reduces growth and impacts global citrus production. HLB is caused by a phloem‐limited bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). By inhibiting phloem function, HLB stunts sink growth, including the production of new shoots and leaves, and induces hyperaccumulation of foliar starch. HLB induces feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by reducing foliar carbohydrate export. Here, we assessed the relationship of bacterial distribution within the foliage, foliar starch accumulation, and net CO2 assimilation (Anet). Because HLB impacts canopy morphology, we developed a chamber to measure whole‐shoot Anet to test the effects of HLB at both the leaf and shoot level. Whole‐shoot level Anet saturated at high irradiance, and green stems had high photosynthetic rates compared to leaves. Starch accumulation was correlated with bacterial population, and starch was negatively correlated with Anet at the leaf but not at the shoot level. Starch increased initially after infection, then decreased progressively with increasing length of infection. HLB infection reduced Anet at the leaf level but increased it at the whole‐shoot level, in association with reduced leaf size and greater relative contribution of stems to the photosynthetic surface area. Although HLB‐increased photosynthetic efficiency, total carbon fixed per shoot decreased because photosynthetic surface area was reduced. We conclude that the localized effects of infection on photosynthesis are mitigated by whole‐shoot morphological acclimation over time. Stems contribute important proportions of whole‐shoot Anet, and these contributions are likely increased by the morphological acclimation induced by HLB.
High‐sulfidation epithermal–porphyry transition in the Kumbokarno Prospect, Trenggalek district, East Java, Indonesia: Constraints from mineralogy, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope studies
Authors: Aldan Finlan Adhitya , Idrus Arifudin , Takahashi Ryohei , Kaneko Genki
Published: March 2022

An indication of high‐sulfidation epithermal–porphyry transition was observed in the Kumbokarno prospect, East Java, Indonesia. The prospect is composed of two Middle Miocene intrusions with tonalitic and dioritic compositions. Tonalite, the main host‐rock was subjected to argillic, advanced argillic, and vuggy quartz alteration, whereas the juxtaposing diorite was subjected to peripheral propylitic alteration. Three types of vein exist in the research area, which are massive quartz, comb quartz, and stockwork vein. In addition, supergene alteration represented by goethite and hematite pervasively superimposed both the hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry analysis on three types of quartz veins distinguished primary fluid inclusions into two groups, that is, V30 group composed of vapor (30 vol%)–liquid (70 vol%), and the second group V30H group composed of vapor (30 vol%)–halite (30 vol%)–liquid (40 vol%). The homogenization temperatures of both the groups show a similar range of ca. 350–480°C, but the V30H group has significantly higher salinity (35–50 wt% NaCl eq.) compared to the V30 group (10–20 wt% NaCl eq.). In terms of the vein types, the massive quartz vein has the highest homogenization temperatures, followed by the comb quartz vein and lastly the stockwork veins. The presence of alunite and its sulfur isotope compositions, δ34S = 19.6 (σ = 2.1‰), indicate acidic pH and presence of SO42− in the hydrothermal fluids. The prospect is an intrusion‐centered magmatic‐hydrothermal system reflecting the porphyry‐epithermal transition. The fluid inclusions with high homogenization temperatures up to 480°C and high salinity up to 50 wt% NaCl eq. also support the transition of porphyry to high‐sulfidation epithermal mineralization. The presence of two different types of primary fluid inclusions suggests that boiling process occurred and separated the original magmatic fluid into the liquid and vapor phases. More, this fluid underwent dilution and mixing with meteoric waters. The migration of both the fluids were likely unrelated to the formation of the advanced argillic–argillic alteration halo because the quartz veins cut across this alteration. The prospect was later subjected to intensive weathering process that altered most of the sulfides into iron oxides and hydroxides. Small amounts of copper and minor gold were detected, especially in the iron oxides and hydroxides ones with colloform and bladed textures. The Kumbokarno prospect evidences the potential for high‐sulfidation to porphyry deposits at the Southern Mountain Arc, Indonesia.
Neural Forecasting of the Italian Sovereign Bond Market with Economic News
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Tiozzo Pezzoli Luca , Tosetti Elisa
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we employ economic news within a neural network framework to forecast the Italian 10-year interest rate spread. We use a big, open-source, database known as Global Database of Events, Language and Tone to extract topical and emotional news content linked to bond markets dynamics. We deploy such information within a probabilistic forecasting framework with autoregressive recurrent networks (DeepAR). Our findings suggest that a deep learning network based on long short-term memory cells outperforms classical machine learning techniques and provides a forecasting performance that is over and above that obtained by using conventional determinants of interest rates alone.
Clinical application of ‘Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms‐Paediatric Delirium’ screening tool in Danish version: A feasibility study
Authors: Stenkjaer Rikke Louise , Egerod Ingrid , Moszkowicz Mala , Greisen Gorm , Ista Erwin , Herling Suzanne Forsyth , Weis Janne
Published: March 2022

Aims and objectives

The aims of the present study were investigating the feasibility of: (1) using the Danish version of Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms‐Paediatric Delirium (SOS‐PD) screening tool in clinical practice and (2) comparing SOS‐PD performance to a child psychiatrist's assessment using the diagnostic criteria as a reference standard.

Background

Critically ill children risk developing delirium potentially causing discomfort and suffering. Intensive care delirium has a fluctuating course complicating detection. Systematic screening during and after intensive care is central to manage paediatric delirium.

Design and methods

We used a descriptive and comparative design. First aim: Bedside nurses were asked to evaluate their experience of using the SOS‐PD. Second aim: We compared the SOS‐PD performance with the child psychiatrist assessment in 50 children aged 4 weeks to 18 years.

Results

Nurses found the Danish version of the SOS‐PD applicable and easy to use. Of the 50 children included, 13 were diagnosed with delirium by the child psychiatrist. Consistency was found between the SOS‐PD score and the child psychiatrist's assessment (88%). We found three false‐negative and three false‐positive SOS‐PD cases. The false‐negative cases could be explained by the differences in time periods for the assessments. SOS‐PD assessments covered the past 4 h, whereas the psychiatric assessments covered the past 24 h. We assume the false‐positive cases represent an acceptable inconsistency between the two assessment methods.

Conclusions

The Danish version of the SOS‐PD appeared suitable for identifying paediatric delirium. Our results emphasised the importance of assessment at least once during each nursing shift to ensure delirium detection around the clock due to the fluctuating course of delirium.

Relevance to clinical practice

Implementing the Danish SOS‐PD may increase awareness of this critical disorder by improving systematic identification of paediatric delirium in clinical practice paving the way for improved delirium prevention and management.