Improving Latin American Soil Information Database for Digital Soil Mapping enhances its usability and scalability
Authors: Díaz-Guadarrama Sergio , Lizarazo Iván , Guevara Mario , Angelini Marcos , Araujo-Carrillo Gustavo A. , Argeñal Jainer , Armas Daphne , Balta Rafael A. , Bolivar Adriana , Bustamante Nelson , Dart Ricardo O. , Dell Aqua Martin , Encina Arnulfo , Figueredo Hernán , Fontes Fernando , Gutiérrez-Diaz Joan S. , Jiménez Wilmer , Lavado Raúl S. , Mansilla-Baca Jesús F. , Mendonça-Santos Maria de Lourdes , Moretti Lucas M. , Muñoz Iván D. , Olivera Carolina , Olmedo Guillermo , Omuto Christian , Ortiz Sol , Pascale Carla , Pfeiffer Marco , Ramos Iván A. , Ríos Danny , Rivera Rafael , Rodríguez Lady M. , Rodríguez Darío M. , Rosales Albán , Rosales Kenset , Schulz Guillermo , Sevilla Victor , Tenti Leonardo M. , Vargas Ronald , Varón-Ramírez Viviana M. , Vasques Gustavo M. , Yigini Yusuf , Rubiano Yolanda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Spatial soil databases can help model complex phenomena in which soils are decisive, for example, evaluating agricultural potential or estimating carbon storage capacity. The Soil Information System for Latin America and the Caribbean, SISLAC, is a regional initiative promoted by the FAO's South American Soil Partnership to contribute to the sustainable management of soil. SISLAC includes data coming from 49,084 soil profiles distributed unevenly across the continent, making it the region's largest soil database. However, some problems hinder its usages, such as the quality of the data and its high dimensionality. The objective of this research is twofold. First, to evaluate the quality of SISLAC and its data values and generate a new, improved version that meets the minimum quality requirements to be used by different interests or practical applications. Second, to demonstrate the potential of improved soil profile databases to generate more accurate information on soil properties, by conducting a case study to estimate the spatial variability of the percentage of soil organic carbon using 192 profiles in a 1473 km2 region located in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The findings show that 15 percent of the existing soil profiles had an inaccurate description of the diagnostic horizons. Further correction of an 4.5 additional percent of existing inconsistencies improved overall data quality. The improved database consists of 41,691 profiles and is available for public use at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6540710 (Díaz-Guadarrama, S. &amp; Guevara, M., 2022). The updated profiles were segmented using algorithms for quantitative pedology to estimate the spatial variability. We generated segments one centimeter thick along with each soil profile data, then the values of these segments were adjusted using a spline-type function to enhance vertical continuity and reliability. Vertical variability was estimated up to 150 cm in-depth, while ordinary kriging predicts horizontal variability at three depth intervals, 0 to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm, at 250 m-spatial resolution, following the standards of the GlobalSoilMap project. Finally, the leave-one-out cross-validation provides information for evaluating the kriging model performance, obtaining values for the RMSE index between 1.77 % and 1.79 % and the R2 index greater than 0.5. The results show the usability of SISLAC database to generate spatial information on soil properties and suggest further efforts to collect a more significant amount of data to guide sustainable soil management.