bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essential ingredients of engagement when working alongside people after their first episode of psychosis: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Tindall Rachel M. , Simmons Magenta B. , Allott Kelly , Hamilton Bridget E.
Published: April 2018

Aim

Early intervention services (EISs) for first‐episode psychosis (FEP) have been established internationally, however, service disengagement is a recurrent concern resulting in unplanned treatment cessation. The implications of this are far‐reaching due to the financial and personal costs associated with untreated symptoms. The aim of this meta‐synthesis was to collect, interpret and synthesize qualitative research about how engagement is experienced within EISs for FEP.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid Emcare from date of conception to November 2016. Following initial screening, 91 abstracts and 13 full texts were reviewed for eligibility. Nine studies were then critically appraised using the CASP tool for qualitative studies, data were systematically extracted and results were synthesized using constant comparison and reciprocal translational analysis.

Results

Nine qualitative studies explored engagement with EISs, from the perspectives of service users and their caregivers. No studies were found from the perspectives of clinicians or services. All 9 studies employed an inductive methodology, within an interpretivist epistemology. Five main themes were identified: experiences of finding help; factors promoting engagement; the therapeutic relationship; the role of caregivers in supporting engagement; and factors impacting ongoing engagement.

Conclusions

There is a critical need to stimulate discussion around this multifaceted phenomenon, including a continued focus on the roles of key stakeholders and clinical models that may further facilitate collaboration in treatment plans and recovery.
Assessment in a global context: An international perspective on dental education
Authors: Patel U. S. , Tonni I. , Gadbury‐Amyot C. , Van der Vleuten C. P. M. , Escudier M.
Published: April 2018

Assessments are widely used in dental education to record the academic progress of students and ultimately determine whether they are ready to begin independent dental practice. Whilst some would consider this a “rite‐of‐passage” of learning, the concept of assessments in education is being challenged to allow the evolution of “assessment for learning.” This serves as an economical use of learning resources whilst allowing our learners to prove their knowledge and skills and demonstrating competence. The Association for Dental Education in Europe and the American Dental Education Association held a joint international meeting in London in May 2017 allowing experts in dental education to come together for the purposes of Shaping the Future of Dental Education. Assessment in a Global Context was one topic in which international leaders could discuss different methods of assessment, identifying the positives, the pitfalls and critiquing the method of implementation to determine the optimum assessment for a learner studying to be a healthcare professional. A post‐workshop survey identified that educators were thinking differently about assessment, instead of working as individuals providing isolated assessments; the general consensus was that a longitudinally orientated systematic and programmatic approach to assessment provide greater reliability and improved the ability to demonstrate learning.
Making Measurement Important for Education: The Crucial Role of Classroom Assessment
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: April 2018

This article is a written version of the Presidential Address1 I gave at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) in April 2017. It is a call to NCME members (and others who read this, of course) to rebalance their focus so that classroom assessments are seen as being at least as important as large‐scale assessments for education (in fact, in my view, they are more important). The article reviews research literature about the effects of classroom assessment to establish its importance for education. Then, the roles of large‐scale assessment are reviewed, and, in particular, it is noted how these can have negative results when the large‐scale assessments are not well aligned with sound curriculum and instructional and assessment practices grounded in theories of learning. In the next two sections (a) the idea of a learning progression is described as a way to facilitate the coherence between classroom and large‐scale assessment and (b) the idea of a “roadmap” is described, being the assessment components of the learning progression. This is followed by a description of an example of such a roadmap, developed for the Assessing Data Modeling and Statistical Reasoning project using the BEAR Assessment System (BAS). Finally, a concluding discussion reviews the ways that the coherence between large‐scale and classroom assessments can be achieved using the BAS, and hence make measurement more important for education.
Using Learning and Motivation Theories to Coherently Link Formative Assessment, Grading Practices, and Large‐Scale Assessment
Authors: Shepard L. A. , Penuel W. R. , Pellegrino J. W.
Published: April 2018

To support equitable and ambitious teaching practices, classroom assessment design must be grounded in a research‐based theory of learning. Compared to other theories, sociocultural theory offers a more powerful, integrative account of how motivational aspects of learning—such as self‐regulation, self‐efficacy, sense of belonging, and identity—are completely entwined with cognitive development. Instead of centering assessment within systems that support use of interim and end‐of‐year standardized tests, we argue for a vision of formative assessment based on discipline‐specific tasks and questions that can provide qualitative insights about student experience and thinking, including their identification with disciplinary practices. At the same time, to be consistent with a productive formative assessment culture, grading policies should avoid using points and grades “to motivate” students but should create opportunities for students to use feedback to improve their work. We argue for districts as the locus for the design of such coherent curriculum, instruction, and assessment activity systems because districts have responsibility for curriculum, teacher professional development, and equity; and districts allocate resources for textbooks and assessment.
Towards co‐designing active ageing strategies: A qualitative study to develop a meaningful physical activity typology for later life
Authors: Guell Cornelia , Panter Jenna , Griffin Simon , Ogilvie David
Published: April 2018

Background

Physical activity levels decline in later life despite the known benefits for physical, cognitive and mental health. Older people find it difficult to meet activity targets; therefore, more realistic and meaningful strategies are needed. We aimed to develop a typology of older people's motivations and lifelong habits of being active as a starting point to co‐designing active ageing strategies in a workshop.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 27 participants aged 65‐80 in Norfolk, UK, and participant observation with 17 of them. At a workshop with 13 study participants and 6 government and civil society representatives, we invited reflections on preliminary findings.

Results

Three types were developed. “Exercisers” had engaged in sport and exercise throughout their life but experienced physical ill health and limitations as barriers. “Out‐and‐about‐ers” pursued social engagement and a variety of interests but experienced biographical disruption through retirement and loss of companions that limited social activities in later life. A final type characterized people who preferred “sedentary/solitary” activities. A workshop elicited suggestions for new strategies relating to these types that addressed people's specific motivations. An example was to combine social engagement and physical activity in “dog‐parent”‐walking schemes to link people through shared responsibility for a dog.

Conclusions

We suggest that these potential strategies map more closely onto the everyday life‐worlds in which public health might seek to intervene than common physical activity interventions. Most notably, this means a more differentiated understanding of barriers, and acknowledging that intellectual, social or solitary pursuits can include incidental physical activity.
Religious stigmata: a dermato‐psychiatric approach and differential diagnosis
Authors: Kechichian Elio , Khoury Elie , Richa Sami , Tomb Roland
Published: April 2018

Background

Stigma refers to the wounds reproduced on the human body, similar to the ones inflicted on the Christ during his crucifixion, on the palms, soles, and head, as well as the right or the left side of the chest, the lips and, the back. Whether they are genuine or fabricated, stigmata are still considered a medical enigma.

Objective

To summarize and analyze all available medical data about stigmata, integrating both its dermatological and psychiatric features.

Methods and materials

A systematic search of Pubmed and Embase databases was conducted on August 19, 2016, using the terms stigma, stigmata, and religious.

Results

Around 300 cases of stigma have been described since the 13th century. Hematidrosis, hemolacria, bloody otorrhea, vicarious menstruation, and Gardner‐Diamond syndrome were all dermatological disorders that resulted in signs and symptoms similar to that of stigma. Stigma was often associated with the occurrence of intense emotion or great psychological stress. It also occurred in the context of simulation, factitious disorder, conversion disorder, and functional neurological symptom disorder.

Conclusion

Stigma remains an example of the intricate relationships existing between medicine, psychiatry, psychology, spirituality, and the human body.
Safe Country of Origin: Constructing the Irregularity of Asylum Seekers in Canada
Authors: Atak Idil
Published: April 2018

This article discusses the role of Canada's Designated Country of Origin (DCO) policy in the illegalization of asylum seekers. The policy allows the government to designate countries in which it is presumed that citizens do not face risks of persecution, torture, or similar abuse. Refugee claimants from DCOs are thus subject to accelerated processing timelines with reduced rights. Canada has implemented the policy as a way to deal with a backlog of asylum applications, increase efficiency, and exclude fraudulent refugee claims. Based on a primary field research conducted between October 2015 and May 2017 in three provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, this article argues that the DCO policy is likely to have the unintended effect of shifting asylum seekers into an irregular status.
Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel: ‘dismantling the road blocks of a journey’
Authors: Vijiaratnam Nirosen , Sue Carolyn M.
Published: April 2018

Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel offers superior treatment to standard oral therapy in selective patients with advanced Parkinson disease. The costs involved in instituting and maintaining this treatment are high but largely mitigated with the quality of life years the treatment offers. Key to this is ensuring a high retention rate once the treatment is instituted. We outline factors and considerations from our experience and viewpoints at each stage of the process to address in this ‘journey’ patients undertake that can help maximise retention rates and benefits.
Regional patterns of genetic diversity in swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2010 to 2016
Authors: Walia Rasna R. , Anderson Tavis K. , Vincent Amy L.
Published: April 2018

Background

Regular spatial and temporal analyses of the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine inform control efforts and improve animal health. Initiated in 2009, the USDA passively surveils IAV in U.S. swine, with a focus on subtyping clinical respiratory submissions, sequencing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes at a minimum, and sharing these data publicly.

Objectives

In this study, our goal was to quantify and describe regional and national patterns in the genetic diversity and evolution of IAV in U.S. swine from 2010 to 2016.

Methods

A comprehensive phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of publicly available HA and NA genes generated by the USDA surveillance system collected from January 2010 to December 2016 was conducted.

Results

The dominant subtypes and genetic clades detected during the study period were H1N1 (H1‐γ/1A.3.3.3, N1‐classical, 29%), H1N2 (H1‐δ1/1B.2.2, N2‐2002, 27%), and H3N2 (H3‐IV‐A, N2‐2002, 15%), but many other minor clades were also maintained. Year‐round circulation was observed, with a primary epidemic peak in October‐November and a secondary epidemic peak in March‐April. Partitioning these data into 5 spatial zones revealed that genetic diversity varied regionally and was not correlated with aggregated national patterns of HA/NA diversity.

Conclusions

These data suggest that vaccine composition and control efforts should consider IAV diversity within swine production regions in addition to aggregated national patterns.
Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS‐CoV rRT‐PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Ahmed Anwar E. , Al‐Jahdali Hamdan , Alaqeel Mody , Siddiq Salma S. , Alsaab Hanan A. , Sakr Ezzeldin A. , Alyahya Hamed A. , Alandonisi Munzir M. , Subedar Alaa T. , Ali Yosra Z. , Al Otaibi Hazza , Aloudah Nouf M. , Baharoon Salim , Al Johani Sameera , Alghamdi Mohammed G.
Published: April 2018

Background

Research evidence exists that poor prognosis is common in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) patients.

Objectives

This study estimates recovery delay intervals and identifies associated factors in a sample of Saudi Arabian patients admitted for suspected MERS‐CoV and diagnosed by rRT‐PCR assay.

Methods

A multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 829 patients admitted between September 2012 and June 2016 and diagnosed by rRT‐PCR procedures to have MERS‐CoV and non‐MERS‐CoV infection in which 396 achieved recovery. Detailed medical charts were reviewed for each patient who achieved recovery. Time intervals in days were calculated from presentation to the initial rRT‐PCR diagnosis (diagnosis delay) and from the initial rRT‐PCR diagnosis to recovery (recovery delay).

Results

The median recovery delay in our sample was 5 days. According to the multivariate negative binomial model, elderly (age ≥ 65), MERS‐CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings were associated with longer recovery delay (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 1.741, 2.138, 2.048, and 1.473, respectively). Camel contact and the presence of respiratory symptoms at presentation were associated with a shorter recovery delay (expedited recovery) (aRR: 0.267 and 0.537, respectively). Diagnosis delay is a positive predictor for recovery delay (r = .421; P = .001).

Conclusions

The study evidence supports that longer recovery delay was seen in patients of older age, MERS‐CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings. Shorter recovery delay was found in patients who had camel contact and respiratory symptoms at presentation. These findings may help us understand clinical decision making on directing hospital resources toward prompt screening, monitoring, and implementing clinical recovery and treatment strategies.
Ordering and returns handling decisions and coordination in a supply chain with demand uncertainty
Authors: Liu Jian , Xiao Tiaojun , Tian Chen , Wang Huimin
Published: April 2018

We develop a newsvendor model to study the retailer's order quantity, the manufacturer's returns handling strategy, and channel coordination. The manufacturer chooses one of two returns handling strategies: manufacturer handling or retailer handling under the coordinated and decentralized scenarios, respectively. Under the coordinated scenario, we find that when consumer's returns handling cost under manufacturer handling or the manufacturer's returns handling cost is small, consumer returns should be handled by the manufacturer. Under the decentralized scenario, when the retailer's returns handling cost or the consumer's returns handling cost under retailer handling is low, the manufacturer will choose manufacturer handling; both the manufacturer and the retailer may be better off using manufacturer handling (a win–win situation). The impact of the returns handling strategy on the retailer's ordering quantity largely depends on its effect on the consumer's returns handling cost. Finally, we also design buyback contracts to coordinate the supply chain and find that both wholesale price and buyback price under manufacturer handling are higher than those under retailer handling.
The nurse work environment: Current and future challenges
Authors: Smith Jessica G.
Published: April 2018

Costs of nurse turnover including financial loss and loss of intellectual capital warrant a better understanding of how improving the nurse work environment could result in increased nurse retention and better patient outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current and future challenges for improving the nurse work environment in health care settings across the United States. This was a critical analysis about the current and future challenges of improving the nurse work environment from analysis of current literature integrated with the author's experience of studying the nurse work environment. Current challenges for improving the nurse work environment include staying informed of developing evidence on a global scale, using innovative research methods to learn about how work environments might change over time, and expanding research to understudied patient populations. Future challenges for improving the nurse work environment include effective intervention design, testing interventions, and sustaining changes designed to have a positive influence on patient and nurse outcomes. Despite inherent current and future challenges, attending to opportunities for improving the nurse work environment could help reduce nurse turnover and improve patient care outcomes.
How nurses can help monitor potential opioid abuse in patients
Authors: Bolyanatz Pamela
Published: April 2018

Opioid use raises genuine concern in the United States today; everyone has an opinion about opioids and their use. Recently hospitalized patients have refused to take opioids after surgery for fear they would become addicted. In addition, some physicians refuse to prescribe opioids in their practice, even if their patients has been compliant on 1–2 hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Norco) a day for many years. The current political climate and the “war on opioids,” has caused the unintended result of tightening access for the legitimate patient rather than limiting illegal access according to interviews with patients. An Emergency Room (ER) nurse or physician cannot adequately assess the motivation of a patient who comes to the ER for the third or tenth or thirtieth time for the same problem asking for an opioid for their pain, while they are also caring for trauma patients. It is difficult to know if this is drug‐seeking behavior or a true pain exacerbation. Nurses can be at the forefront of policy design and protocol implementation throughout the various entry points of the health care system; this will enhance patient safety surrounding opioid use. National organizations have published guidelines and position papers to guide practice for primary care physicians, outpatient clinics, and hospitals to safeguard care. Opioid‐sparing efforts are the future of health care.
One‐hour oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose at gestational diabetes diagnosis is a common predictor of the need for insulin therapy in pregnancy and postpartum impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Nishikawa Takeshi , Ono Keiko , Hashimoto Shoko , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Watanabe Takuro , Araki Hirotaka , Otsu Kae , Sakamoto Wakana , Harada Masahiro , Toyonaga Tetsushi , Kawakami Shoichi , Fukuda Jyunichiro , Haga Yoshio , Kukidome Daisuke , Takahashi Takeshi , Araki Eiich
Published: April 2018

Aims/Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a risk for adverse perinatal outcomes, and patients with a history of GDM have an increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Here, we carried out two non‐interventional and retrospective studies of GDM patients in Japan.

Materials and Methods

In the first study, we enrolled 529 GDM patients and assessed predictors of the need for insulin therapy. In the second study, we enrolled 185 patients from the first study, and assessed predictors of postpartum IGT.

Results

In the first study, gestational weeks at GDM diagnosis and history of pregnancy were significantly lower, and pregestational body mass index, family history of diabetes mellitus, 1‐ and 2‐h glucose levels in a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the number of abnormal values in a 75‐g OGTT, and glycated hemoglobin were significantly higher in participants receiving insulin therapy. In the second study, 1‐ and 2‐h glucose levels in a 75‐g OGTT, the number of abnormal values in a 75‐g OGTT, glycated hemoglobin, and ketone bodies in a urine test were significantly higher in participants with OGT. Logistic regression analysis showed that gestational weeks at GDM diagnosis, 1‐h glucose levels in a 75‐g OGTT and glycated hemoglobin were significant predictors of the need for insulin therapy, and 1‐h glucose levels in a 75‐g OGTT at diagnosis and ketone bodies in a urine test were significant predictors for postpartum IGT.

Conclusions

Antepartum 1‐h glucose levels in a 75‐g OGTT was a predictor of the need for insulin therapy in pregnancy and postpartum IGT.
A new species of Anchoviella (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the western Amazon River in Peru, with comments on congeners in the Peruvian Amazon River
Authors: Loeb M. V. , Varella H. R. , Menezes N. A.
Published: April 2018

Anchoviella hernanni sp. nov. is described from the upper Amazon River basin, in tributaries of the Marañon, Ucayali and Madre de Dios river drainages that drain the Peruvian Andes. The new taxon can be distinguished from all congeners except Anchoviella jamesi, Anchoviella manamensis and Anchoviella perezi, by having 12–15 gill rakers in the lower branch of the first gill arch (v·16–35) and from those species by the distance between verticals through the posterior margin of the orbit to the posterior margin of the upper jaw 9·5–14·8% head length; LH (v. up to 6·0% LH). An updated identification key of all freshwater species of Anchoviella and morphological comparisons between all species of the genus occurring in Peru are provided.
Timing of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt migration predicts successful passage through a reservoir
Authors: McLennan D. , Rush E. , McKelvey S. , Metcalfe N. B.
Published: April 2018

Around 30% of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts successfully survived passage through Loch Meig, a reservoir in the north of Scotland, en route to the sea. However, this survival rate was in turn dependent on the timing of migration, with the earliest migrants in the spring having the best chance of survival. This could have implication for fisheries management, since the estimation of smolt downstream survival may be influenced by which time period of the smolt run is analysed.
Consistency of fish‐shoal social network structure under laboratory conditions
Authors: Gaffney K. A. , Webster M. M.
Published: April 2018

We investigated the consistency of association network structure for groups of sticklebacksGasterosteus aculeatus. Each group was observed twice and we varied the duration between observations and the size of the experimental arena that they were observed in. At the dyad level, we found positive correlations between dyad interaction frequencies across observations. At the group level we found variation in four network metrics between observations, but only in treatments where the duration between observations was short. Specifically, fish formed more and smaller groups in the second observation in this treatment. Fish were also organized into more subunits in the larger arenas. Finally, we saw positive correlations between some group network metrics across observations suggesting relative consistency at the group level. There are several processes that might drive these interaction patterns. Our findings have implications for experimental design and the comparison and integration of findings of experiments from different studies carried out under different conditions.
A new Myleus species (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
Authors: Andrade M. C. , Jégu M. , Buckup P. A. , Netto‐Ferreira A. L.
Published: April 2018

Myleus pachyodus, a new serrasalmid species, is described from the Rio Teles Pires and Rio Jamanxim, both tributaries of the Rio Tapajós in Mato Grosso and Pará states, Brazil. The new species differs from all congeners by having a remarkable ontogenetic thickening of the teeth shifting from slender incisiform in juveniles to thick bulky teeth at standard length ≥ 100 mm, whereas congeners present slender, antero‐posteriorly flat teeth throughout all life stages. The new species further differs from congeners by having 18–20 branched dorsal‐fin rays, by the lack of a diastema between contralateral outer series of premaxillary teeth and by the presence of 16–25 prepelvic spines, with the anteriormost spine never reaching the vertical through the pectoral‐fin origin.
Cyclical Changes in Firm Volatility
Authors: DE VEIRMAN EMMANUEL , LEVIN ANDREW
Published: April 2018

We characterize trends and cycles in the volatility of U.S. firms using a measure that we argue more cleanly captures firm‐specific volatility in sales and earnings growth than standard measures do. While earlier literature has emphasized a trend increase in the volatility of publicly traded firms, we find that a typical publicly traded firm has become more stable. We find that the negative association between firm‐specific volatility and the business cycle is weaker than earlier research based on dispersion measures suggests. We find that during the Great Recession of 2007–2009, firm‐specific volatility increased moderately but never substantially exceeded its sample mean. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that firm‐specific volatility is an important driver of the business cycle, as it theoretically could be through an effect of default risk on credit spreads.
High‐Cost Credit and Consumption Smoothing
Authors: DOBRIDGE CHRISTINE L.
Published: April 2018

In this paper, I show that high‐cost credit helps households smooth consumption following periods of temporary financial distress. After experiencing distress—that is, extreme weather events—I find that access to high‐cost payday lending mitigates declines in overall spending and nondurable goods spending generally. The results are particularly concentrated among households with a higher propensity to use payday credit or that have limited alternatives: lower income households, households with less than a college degree, and households with low levels of saving. These results highlight the consumption‐smoothing role that high‐cost credit plays for households with limited access to other types of credit.
Farms, farmworkers and new forms of livelihoods in southern Africa
Authors: Pilossof Rory
Published: April 2018

This review essay looks at three recent books on farms, farm labour, and rural livelihoods in southern Africa. The books—Farm labor struggles in Zimbabwe: The ground of politics, by Blair Rutherford; Ordered estates: Welfare, power and maternalism on Zimbabwe's (once white) Highveld, by Andrew M. C. Hartnack; and Zimbabwe's migrants and South Africa's border farms: The roots of impermanence, by Maxim Bolt—offer a range of insights into labour politics and management, new forms of livelihoods on farms and former farms, and how those living on farms interact with informal economies. Usefully, the books cover events over the past two decades, as well as providing regional insights into important contemporary issues. While the books converge in a number of ways, this essay will focus on two key themes: (i) how they address issues of farm management and labour control; and (ii) they ways in which they explore farmworker agency in times of change and in areas of informality and precarity.
Navigating the Health Care System: An Adolescent Health Literacy Unit for High Schools
Authors: Hughes Denise , Maiden Kristin
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Currently, no intervention concerning transition of health care responsibilities from parents to teens exists for adolescents in the general population. The purpose of this intervention was to evaluate teacher satisfaction and student knowledge gain of a health unit developed for adolescents on becoming their own health care advocates.

METHODS

Throughout the 2014–2015 school year, 13 health and career technical education teachers in 11 Delaware high schools taught the unit to 948 students in 2 90‐minute classes in 35 classrooms. Assessments included teacher reflections and student pre‐ and posttests to measure knowledge transfer and gain and gather feedback.

RESULTS

Teacher and student feedback indicated the materials were appropriate and useful in teaching students to navigate the health care system. Student knowledge increased from pretest (64%) to posttest (82%), (p < .001). The educational background of the teacher did not influence this outcome. Students reported they will know what to do better at their next doctor's appointment because of this unit and indicated support for peers to learn this information.

CONCLUSIONS

The unit resulted in content knowledge increase for students. It was consistently effective throughout all schools regardless of social and demographic characteristics, teacher type, or experience teaching the unit.
Benefiting from Diversity: How Groups’ Coordinating Mechanisms Affect Leadership Opportunities for Marginalized Individuals
Authors: Packer Dominic J. , Miners Christopher T. H. , Ungson Nick D.
Published: April 2018

Research suggests that prototypical group members often exert stronger social influence and thus have greater leadership opportunities relative to members of marginalized or underrepresented social categories. This article offers a new model for understanding and promoting leadership diversity by focusing on the mechanisms by which a group or organization coordinates behavior among its members. We predict that means‐focused groups (in which social norms drive coordination) are likely to suppress influence among non‐prototypic members, whereas ends‐focused groups (in which shared goals drive coordination) are more likely to allow for leadership from a diverse set of members. The primary mechanism by which a group coordinates its members—social norms versus shared goals—is thus expected to serve as a critical moderator affecting the likelihood that group‐level diversity will translate into inclusion, innovation, performance, and prosperity. Implications of the model for policy and practice, particularly in organizational settings, are discussed.
From Marginal to Mainstream and Vice Versa: Leaders’ Valuation of Diversity While in the Minority versus Majority
Authors: Prislin Radmila , Davenport Cory , Xu Yishan , Moreno Ryan , Honeycutt Nathan
Published: April 2018

This study examined tolerance and appreciation for differences within a group among leaders of numerically distinct factions (majority vs. minority), whose size remained stable or changed over time (majority ↔ minority). Appreciation or valuing differences in and of themselves was significantly higher among minority than majority leaders when their positions remained stable but not when their positions changed. Appreciation for differences decreased significantly when minority leaders became majority leaders. Tolerance or willingness to put up with differences even when evaluating them negatively increased significantly among both minority and majority leaders once their positions changed. Although this increased tolerance may be temporarily beneficial, in the long run, it could be detrimental to the group as it leads to a cessation of interactions between a minority and a majority. Findings could inform policies to advance functioning of the groups whose minority and majority factions may reverse positions by design (e.g., political parties winning or losing elections) or via demographic changes (e.g., ethnic or racial minorities becoming majorities and vice versa).
Looking for Leadership in All the Wrong Places: The Impact of Culture on Proactive Followership and Follower Dissent
Authors: Blair B. Ariel , Bligh Michelle C.
Published: April 2018

Despite increasing globalization, we know little about how culture influences leader–follower relationships. Specifically, what is the impact of cultural values and norms on followers’ view of their role, and their willingness to disagree with a team's or a leader's decision? Recognizing that followers by definition represent a lower status and marginalized group, we explore how cultural values and tightness–looseness theories influence proactive followership and follower dissent. We theorize that the intersection of theories of followership, power distance, cultural tightness–looseness, and minority dissent provides a rich opportunity to understand cultural differences in how followers lead and follow. We develop propositions regarding these interrelations, and conclude with implications for predicting which contexts will be more or less conducive to proactive followership and follower dissent, with the goal of fostering more innovative and effective decisions. We suggest that values and norms focused on hierarchy and control will limit active follower beliefs in shared responsibility for leadership, thus marginalizing leadership exhibited by those in follower roles.
Dietary approaches reducing boar taint—Importance of Lawsonia intracellularis colonisation for interpreting results
Authors: Visscher C. , Kruse A. , Sander S. , Keller C. , Mischok J. , Tabeling R. , Henne H. , Deitmer R. , Kamphues J.
Published: April 2018

In the fattening of male pigs, boar odour is a major problem with regard to the acceptance of the meat by consumers. Skatole can be one cause. Tryptophan from non‐digested feed ingredients and intestinal cell debris can be the precursor in skatole formation. Lawsonia intracellularis, one of the most widespread pathogens in swine, promotes the epithelial cell turnover and might favour the tryptophan influx into the hindgut. Therefore, the question arises how far the severity of a Lawsonia intracellularis infection has an effect on results of dietary experiments with specific issues. Fifty finishing boars from a specific pathogen‐free farm were randomly allotted to ten boxes in five feeding groups. Natural developing Lawsonia intracellularis colonisation was monitored serologically (twice individually) and molecular biologically (weekly individually). Over 4 weeks, animals were fed either a finely ground pelleted diet (FP), a coarsely ground meal diet (CM), a meal diet either with 22% cracked corn (CORN), 16.9% dried whey (WHEY) or 30% raw potato starch (RPS). Fifty % of animals showing lower differences in serological Lawsonia intracellularis values between the start and the end of the trial were characterised by a higher dry matter content in faeces (256 ± 29.4 vs. 239 ± 23.6 g/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis‐negative caecal samples showed the highest butyrate concentrations (27.2 ± 7.53 mmol/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis‐negative faecal samples of group FP showed the highest DM levels in faeces (neg: 290 ± 46.1/pos: 250 ± 52.2 g/kg); negative samples from group RPS had the lowest values (217 ± 24.4 g/kg). Lawsonia intracellularis‐negative faecal samples from the group CM were lower in skatole than positive samples (82.8 ± 32.8 vs. 119 ± 29.3 μg/g DM). RPS group samples without pathogen detection had the lowest skatole concentrations (30.5 ± 36.3 μg/g DM). This study provides first evidence that clinically unremarkable colonisation with intestinal pathogens might influence the results of dietary approaches.
Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in young Chinese blood donors born after mandatory implementation of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination nationwide
Authors: Tang X. , Allain J.‐P. , Wang H. , Rong X. , Chen J. , Huang K. , Xu R. , Wang M. , Huang J. , Liao Q. , Shan Z. , Luo S. , Li T. , Li C. , Fu Y.
Published: April 2018

This study was carried out to determine the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the young generation born after mandatory implementation of hepatitis B vaccination since 1992. Repeat blood donors born between 1992 and 1997 were enrolled, who gave blood at least twice during the past 3 years. Donors were tested for HBV infection markers of HBsAg, anti‐HBc, anti‐HBs and viral DNA by immunoassays (EIAs) and nucleic acid tests (NAT). A total of 14 937 pre‐donation screening qualified young repeat donors aged 18‐23 years were tested with 9 (0.06%) being HBsAg by EIA and 10 (1:1494) HBV DNA positive by Ultrio NAT (10.4 IU/mL), respectively. HBV DNA was further detected in 1:192 (9/1732) anti‐HBc+ repeat donors with Ultrio Plus NAT (3.4 IU/mL). Most cases were identified as occult HBV infection (OBI). Of 14 937 repeat donors, 20.9% were anti‐HBc+ positive, while approximately 50% of 12 024 repeat donors were anti‐HBs negative or had levels <100 IU/L. HBsAg+ or OBI strains were classified as wild type of genotype B or genotype C. Incident HBV infection in repeat donors was approximately 1:18.5 person‐years (1.1%/year) but significantly less frequent in donors with confirmed HBV vaccination (2.4%‐3.3%) than those unsure of vaccination status (10.5%; P = .0023). Hepatitis B virus vaccination appears largely protective of HBV infection, but incidence of infections increases in young adults with mostly undetectable or low anti‐HBs or occasionally high anti‐HBs. A boost of hepatitis B vaccine for adolescents prior to age 18 years may reduce HBV infection, and implementation of more sensitive NAT in blood donation screening may improve HBV safety in blood transfusion.
Expanding our toolkit to better identify drug‐induced liver injury in electronic medical records
Authors: Hunt Christine M.
Published: April 2018

See Article on Page 742
Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Amodio Piero
Published: April 2018

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a peculiar kind of brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or portal‐systemic shunting. It is related to gut‐derived substances. It is a relevant cause of morbidity and hospitalisation for patients with cirrhosis. The prognosis of HE is important in terms of survival and re‐hospitalisation. It is related to impaired quality of life, falls and poor driving; presents a relevant burden for caregivers and health services; and may negatively impact on patient's job and income. Proper diagnosis and classification are expected to improve HE management. Once diagnosed, the management and therapeutic options for HE are generally clear. The improvement of knowledge in recent years has also clarified which are the further aims of research in this field of medicine. Prophylaxis of overt HE should always be performed, and this is generally secondary prophylaxis. Primary prophylaxis should be done immediately after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Great advances in the detection and treatment of mild forms of HE are expected to lead to further improvement in patient management.
Autofluorescence‐based optical biopsy: An effective diagnostic tool in hepatology
Authors: Croce Anna Cleta , Ferrigno Andrea , Bottiroli Giovanni , Vairetti Mariapia
Published: April 2018

Autofluorescence emission of liver tissue depends on the presence of endogenous biomolecules able to fluoresce under suitable light excitation. Overall autofluorescence emission contains much information of diagnostic value because it is the sum of individual autofluorescence contributions from fluorophores involved in metabolism, for example, NAD(P)H, flavins, lipofuscins, retinoids, porphyrins, bilirubin and lipids, or in structural architecture, for example, fibrous proteins, in close relationship with normal, altered or diseased conditions of the liver. Since the 1950s, hepatocytes and liver have been historical models to study NAD(P)H and flavins as in situ, real‐time autofluorescence biomarkers of energy metabolism and redox state. Later investigations designed to monitor organ responses to ischaemia/reperfusion were able to predict the risk of dysfunction in surgery and transplantation or support the development of procedures to ameliorate the liver outcome. Subsequently, fluorescent fatty acids, lipofuscin‐like lipopigments and collagen were characterized as optical biomarkers of liver steatosis, oxidative stress damage, fibrosis and disease progression. Currently, serum AF is being investigated to improve non‐invasive optical diagnosis of liver disease. Validation of endogenous fluorophores and in situ discrimination of cancerous from non‐cancerous tissue belong to the few studies on liver in human subjects. These reports along with other optical techniques and the huge work performed on animal models suggest many optically based applications in hepatology. Optical diagnosis is currently offering beneficial outcomes in clinical fields ranging from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, to dermatology and ophthalmology. Accordingly, this review aims to promote an effective bench to bedside transfer in hepatology.
A pheromone by any other gene would smell as sweet
Authors: Pelletier Tara A. , Denton Robert D.
Published: April 2018

Reproductive isolation is the result of either the inability to produce viable and fertile offspring or the avoidance of mating altogether. While these mechanisms can evolve either over time via genetic drift or natural selection, the genetic result is usually a complex set of traits that are often linked. Explaining how reproductive isolation proceeds from the initiation of divergence to the complete prevention of mating is often a difficult task, as the underlying genes for traits associated with reproductive isolation can change via molecular evolution and subsequent protein coding alterations or through alterations of gene expression regulation. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Treer, Maex, VanBocxlaer, Proost, and Bossuyt () use transcriptomic, proteomic and phylogenetic analyses to show that species‐specific sex pheromones are the result of gradual sequence divergence on the same set of proteins in two closely related newt species (Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton helveticus). This study shows that salamander pheromone systems provide an enticing opportunity to connect the evolution of reproductive isolation to the changes in genes that underlie a key phenotype.
The ART of brain expression
Authors: Böhne Astrid
Published: April 2018

When trying to find a mate, one might think about using a dating app. Imagine that someone else has installed the same app and tries to access the same potential mates that you have chosen, and that this someone uses false facts about himself/herself to increase the chance of dating someone before you or anyone else with honest status information does. Sounds familiar? It actually is, and in no way is such comportment restricted to human courtship behaviour. Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are widespread in the animal kingdom. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Cardoso, Gonçalves, Goesmann, Canário, and Oliveira () investigate plastic ARTs of the peacock blenny (Salaria pavo), in which males occur in three morphs: nestholders, sneakers and transitionals between the two former. They apply transcriptome sequencing to answer the question how brain gene expression contributes to sex role‐specific behaviour and to intersex phenotypes.
Sex chromosome repeats tip the balance towards speciation
Authors: O'Neill Michael J. , O'Neill Rachel J.
Published: April 2018

Because sex chromosomes, by definition, carry genes that determine sex, mutations that alter their structural and functional stability can have immediate consequences for the individual by reducing fertility, but also for a species by altering the sex ratio. Moreover, the sex‐specific segregation patterns of heteromorphic sex chromosomes make them havens for selfish genetic elements that not only create suboptimal sex ratios but can also foster sexual antagonism. Compensatory mutations to mitigate antagonism or return sex ratios to a Fisherian optimum can create hybrid incompatibility and establish reproductive barriers leading to species divergence. The destabilizing influence of these selfish elements is often manifest within populations as copy number variants (CNVs) in satellite repeats and transposable elements (TE) or as CNVs involving sex‐determining genes, or genes essential to fertility and sex chromosome dosage compensation. This review catalogs several examples of well‐studied sex chromosome CNVs in Drosophilids and mammals that underlie instances of meiotic drive, hybrid incompatibility and disruptions to sex differentiation and sex chromosome dosage compensation. While it is difficult to pinpoint a direct cause/effect relationship between these sex chromosome CNVs and speciation, it is easy to see how their effects in creating imbalances between the sexes, and the compensatory mutations to restore balance, can lead to lineage splitting and species formation.
Dendroecology meets genomics in the common garden: new insights into climate adaptation
Authors: Evans Margaret E. K. , Gugger Paul F. , Lynch Ann M. , Guiterman Christopher H. , Fowler Joshua C. , Klesse Stefan , Riordan Erin C.
Published: April 2018

This article is a Commentary on Housset et al., 218: 630–645.
The ‘PhenoBox’, a flexible, automated, open‐source plant phenotyping solution
Authors: Czedik‐Eysenberg Angelika , Seitner Sebastian , Güldener Ulrich , Koemeda Stefanie , Jez Jakub , Colombini Martin , Djamei Armin
Published: April 2018

There is a need for flexible and affordable plant phenotyping solutions for basic research and plant breeding.

We demonstrate our open source plant imaging and processing solution (‘PhenoBox’/‘PhenoPipe’) and provide construction plans, source code and documentation to rebuild the system. Use of the PhenoBox is exemplified by studying infection of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon by the head smut fungus Ustilago bromivora, comparing phenotypic responses of maize to infection with a solopathogenic Ustilago maydis (corn smut) strain and effector deletion strains, and studying salt stress response in Nicotiana benthamiana.

In U. bromivora‐infected grass, phenotypic differences between infected and uninfected plants were detectable weeks before qualitative head smut symptoms. Based on this, we could predict the infection outcome for individual plants with high accuracy. Using a PhenoPipe module for calculation of multi‐dimensional distances from phenotyping data, we observe a time after infection‐dependent impact of U. maydis effector deletion strains on phenotypic response in maize. The PhenoBox/PhenoPipe system is able to detect established salt stress responses in N. benthamiana.

We have developed an affordable, automated, open source imaging and data processing solution that can be adapted to various phenotyping applications in plant biology and beyond.