bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EGFRandhTERTExpression as a Diagnostic Approach for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in High Risk Groups
Authors: Cherneva Radostina , Georgiev Ognian , Dimova Ivanka , Rukova Blaga , Petrov Danail , Toncheva Draga
Published: November 2010

Objective

The early detection of NSCLC is of importance because it provides chances for better outcomes. The aim of the study was to explore the clinical utility of EGFR and hTERT mRNA expression as markers for diagnosis of NSCLC.

Methods

EGFR and hTERT mRNA were quantified by quantative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction in plasma of 45 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 40 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, selected by certain spirometric characteristics that made them at high risk of developing lung cancer in future.

Results

The gene expression level of each gene was calculated and given as a relative quantity–-RQ. EGFR gene expression was found in all lung cancer patients. The mean level of expression was RQ = 29.39. hTERT mRNA could be detected in 88% of patients. The mean expression ratio in them was RQ = 17.31. Only 50% of the high risk patients turned to be positive for EGFR. The level of their expression was RQ = 2.09. The plasma levels of hTERT could be detected in 17 (42.5%) patients of the high risk COPD group. Their mean level of expression was RQ = 1.02. A statistically significant difference in EGFR and hTERT mRNA expression could be observed between the two groups of patients–-p = 0.0001.

Conclusion

EGFR and hTERT mRNA are potential markers for lung cancer diagnosis, whose clinical importance should be replicated in a larger cohort of patients.
IASI carbon monoxide validation over the Arctic during POLARCAT spring and summer campaigns
Authors: Pommier M. , Law K. S. , Clerbaux C. , Turquety S. , Hurtmans D. , Hadji-Lazaro J. , Coheur P.-F. , Schlager H. , Ancellet G. , Paris J.-D. , Nédélec P. , Diskin G. S. , Podolske J. R. , Holloway J. S. , Bernath P.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. In this paper, we provide a detailed comparison between carbon monoxide (CO) data measured by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)/MetOp and aircraft observations over the Arctic. The CO measurements were obtained during North American (NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC) and European campaigns (POLARCAT-France, POLARCAT-GRACE and YAK-AEROSIB) as part of the International Polar Year (IPY) POLARCAT activity in spring and summer 2008. During the campaigns different air masses were sampled including clean air, polluted plumes originating from anthropogenic sources in Europe, Asia and North America, and forest fire plumes originating from Siberia and Canada. The paper illustrates that CO-rich plumes following different transport pathways were well captured by the IASI instrument, in particular due to the high spatial coverage of IASI. The comparison between IASI CO total columns, 0–5 km partial columns and profiles with collocated aircraft data was achieved by taking into account the different sensitivity and geometry of the sounding instruments. A detailed analysis is provided and the agreement is discussed in terms of information content and surface properties at the location of the observations. For profiles, the data were found to be in good agreement in spring with differences lower than 17%, whereas in summer the difference can reach 20% for IASI profiles below 8 km for polluted cases. For total columns the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.15 to 0.74 (from 0.47 to 0.77 for partial columns) in spring and from 0.26 to 0.84 (from 0.66 to 0.88 for partial columns) in summer. A better agreement is seen over the sea in spring (0.73 for total column and 0.78 for partial column) and over the land in summer (0.69 for total columns and 0.81 for partial columns). The IASI vertical sensitivity was better over land than over sea, and better over land than over sea ice and snow allowing a higher potential to detect CO vertical distribution during summer.
Improving ozone profile retrieval from spaceborne UV backscatter spectrometers using convergence behaviour diagnostics
Authors: Mijling B. , Tuinder O. N. E. , van Oss R. F. , van der A R. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The Ozone Profile Algorithm (OPERA), developed at KNMI, retrieves the vertical ozone distribution from nadir spectral satellite measurements of back scattered sunlight in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range. To produce consistent global datasets the algorithm needs to have good global performance, while short computation time facilitates the use of the algorithm in near real time applications. To test the global performance of the algorithm we look at the convergence behaviour as diagnostic tool of the ozone profile retrievals from the GOME instrument (on board ERS-2) for February and October 1998. In this way, we uncover different classes of retrieval problems, related to the South Atlantic Anomaly, low cloud fractions over deserts, desert dust outflow over the ocean, and the intertropical convergence zone. The influence of the first guess and the external input data including the ozone cross-sections and the ozone climatologies on the retrieval performance is also investigated. By using a priori ozone profiles which are selected on the expected total ozone column, retrieval problems due to anomalous ozone distributions (such as in the ozone hole) can be avoided. By applying the algorithm adaptations the convergence statistics improve considerably, not only increasing the number of successful retrievals, but also reducing the average computation time, due to less iteration steps per retrieval. For February 1998, non-convergence was brought down from 10.7% to 2.1%, while the mean number of iteration steps (which dominates the computational time) dropped 26% from 5.11 to 3.79.
Attribution of spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial methane flux over North America
Authors: Xu X. F. , Tian H. Q. , Zhang C. , Liu M. L. , Ren W. , Chen G. S. , Lu C. Q. , Bruhwiler L.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The attribution of spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial methane (CH4) flux is essential for assessing and mitigating CH4 emission from terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we used a process-based model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), in conjunction with spatial data of six major environmental factors to attribute the spatial and temporal variations in the terrestrial methane (CH4) flux over North America from 1979 to 2008 to six individual driving factors and their interaction. Over the past three decades, our simulations indicate that global change factors accumulatively contributed 23.51 ± 9.61 T g CH4-C (1 Tg = 1012 g) emission over North America, among which ozone (O3) pollution led to a reduced CH4 emission by 2.30 ± 0.49 T g CH4-C. All other factors including climate variability, nitrogen (N) deposition, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), N fertilizer application, and land conversion enhanced terrestrial CH4 emissions by 19.80 ± 12.42 T g CH4-C, 0.09 ± 0.02 T g CH4-C, 6.80 ± 0.86 T g CH4-C, 0.01 ± 0.001 T g CH4-C, and 3.95 ± 0.38 T g CH4-C, respectively, and interaction between/among these global change factors led to a decline of CH4 emission by 4.84 ± 7.74 T g CH4-C. Climate variability and O3 pollution suppressed, while other factors stimulated CH4 emission over the USA; climate variability significantly enhanced, while all the other factors exerted minor effects, positive or negative, on CH4 emission in Canada; Mexico functioned as a sink for atmospheric CH4 with a major contribution from climate change. Climatic variability dominated the inter-annual variations in terrestrial CH4 flux at both continental and country levels. Precipitation played an important role in the climate-induced changes in terrestrial CH4 flux at both continental and country-levels. The relative importance of each environmental factor in determining the magnitude of CH4 flux showed substantially spatial variation across North America. This factorial attribution of CH4 flux in North America might benefit policy makers who would like to curb climate warming by reducing CH4 emission.
South African Weather Service operational satellite based precipitation estimation technique: applications and improvements
Authors: de Coning E. , Poolman E. R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Extreme weather related to heavy or more frequent precipitation events seem to be a likely possibility for the future of our planet. While precipitation measurements can be done by means of rain gauges, the obvious disadvantages of point measurements are driving meteorologists towards remotely sensed precipitation methods. In South Africa more sophisticated and expensive nowcasting technology such as radar and lightning networks are available, supported by a fairly dense rain gauge network of about 1500 gauges. In the rest of southern Africa rainfall measurements are more difficult to obtain. The availability of the local version of the Unified Model and the Meteosat Second Generation satellite data make these products ideal components of precipitation measurement in data sparse regions such as Africa. In this article the local version of the Hydroestimator (originally from NOAA/NESDIS) is discussed as well as its applications for precipitation measurement in this region. Hourly accumulations of the Hydroestimator are currently used as a satellite based precipitation estimator for the South African Flash Flood Guidance system. However, the Hydroestimator is by no means a perfect representation of the real rainfall. In this study the Hydroestimator and the stratiform rainfall field from the Unified Model are both bias corrected and then combined into a new precipitation field which can feed into the South African Flash Flood Guidance system. This new product should provide a more accurate and comprehensive input to the Flash Flood Guidance systems in South Africa as well as southern Africa. In this way the southern African region where data is sparse and very few radars are available can have access to more accurate flash flood guidance.
Dynamic Electromechanical Hydrogel Matrices for Stem Cell Culture
Authors: Lim Han L. , Chuang Jessica C. , Tran Tuan , Aung Aereas , Arya Gaurav , Varghese Shyni
Published: November 2010

Hydrogels have numerous biomedical applications including synthetic matrices for cell culture and tissue engineering. Here we report the development of hydrogel based multifunctional matrices that not only provide three‐dimensional structural support to the embedded cells but also can simultaneously provide potentially beneficial dynamic mechanical and electrical cues to the cells. A unique aspect of these matrices is that they undergo reversible, anisotropic bending dynamics in an electric field. The direction and magnitude of this bending can be tuned through the hydrogel crosslink density while maintaining the same electric potential gradient, allowing control over the mechanical strain imparted to the cells in a three‐dimensional environment. The conceptual design of these hydrogels was motivated through theoretical modeling of the osmotic pressure changes occurring at the gel‐solution interfaces in an electric field. These electro‐mechanical matrices support survival, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells. Thus, these new three‐dimensional in vitro synthetic matrices, which mimic multiple aspects of the native cellular environment, take us one step closer to in vivo systems.
3D Microperiodic Hydrogel Scaffolds for Robust Neuronal Cultures
Authors: Hanson Shepherd Jennifer N. , Parker Sara T. , Shepherd Robert F. , Gillette Martha U. , Lewis Jennifer A. , Nuzzo Ralph G.
Published: November 2010

Three‐dimensional (3D) microperiodic scaffolds of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) have been fabricated by direct‐write assembly of a photopolymerizable hydrogel ink. The ink is initially composed of physically entangled pHEMA chains dissolved in a solution of HEMA monomer, comonomer, photoinitiator and water. Upon printing 3D scaffolds of varying architecture, the ink filaments are exposed to UV light, where they are transformed into an interpenetrating hydrogel network of chemically cross‐linked and physically entangled pHEMA chains. These 3D microperiodic scaffolds are rendered growth compliant for primary rat hippocampal neurons by absorption of polylysine. Neuronal cells thrive on these scaffolds, forming differentiated, intricately branched networks. Confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that both cell distribution and extent of neuronal process alignment depend upon scaffold architecture. This work provides an important step forward in the creation of suitable platforms for in vitro study of sensitive cell types.
Macrocephaly–capillary malformation: Analysis of 13 patients and review of the diagnostic criteria
Authors: Martínez‐Glez Víctor , Romanelli Valeria , Mori María A. , Gracia Ricardo , Segovia Mabel , González‐Meneses Antonio , López‐Gutierrez Juan C. , Gean Esther , Martorell Loreto , Lapunzina Pablo
Published: November 2010

Macrocephaly–capillary malformation (M‐CM) is a genetic syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by an enlarged head circumference and patchy, reticular capillary malformation. We describe the clinical features of 13 cases, report on the genome‐wide Copy Number Variation characterization of these patients, analyze the main clinical features of this syndrome and propose a modification of the current diagnostic criteria: the inclusion of both overgrowth/asymmetry and neuroimaging alterations as major criteria. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A partial hominoid humerus from the middle miocene of Castell de Barberà (Vallès‐Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Alba David M. , Moyà‐Solà Salvador , Almécija Sergio
Published: November 2010

The hominoid right partial humerus IPS4334, from the middle Miocene (MN 8) of Castell de Barberà (Vallès‐Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain), is described. It preserves the mid‐distal portion of the shaft until the proximal margins of the radial and coronoid fossae, as well as the proximal portion of the olecranon fossa; the capitulum, the trochlea and the two epicondyles are missing. Although morphological comparisons are restricted, available evidence indicates that IPS4334 is more derived towards the modern hominoid condition than the Klein Hadersdorf specimen attributed to Griphopithecus (ca. 13–14 Ma), thus being most similar (except for its larger size and greater robusticity) to the presumably juvenile specimen of Dryopithecus fontani from Saint Gaudens in France (ca. 11–12 Ma). On the basis of shaft measurements and allometric regressions derived for extant hominoids, a body mass estimate around 50 kg is derived for IPS4334. Morphological similarities with the Saint Gaudens specimen, together with the large body mass estimate, suggest a tentative attribution of IPS4334 to cf. D. fontani, which is the largest hominoid taxon so far recorded from the Vallès‐Penedès Basin. The larger size and higher robusticity of IPS4334 as compared to the Saint Gaudens specimen might be explained by the juvenile status of the latter and/or sexual dimorphism. When both specimens are considered together with a partial femur from Abocador de Can Mata, D. fontani emerges as a less suspensory ape than the late Miocene Hispanopithecus, the locomotor repertoire of the former emphasizing climbing, but still displaying a significant quadrupedal component. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced stiffness of alveolar bone in the colobine mandible
Authors: Daegling David J. , Granatosky Michael C. , McGraw W. Scott , Rapoff Andrew J.
Published: November 2010

Alveolar bone has several mechanical functions, including tooth support and accommodation of occlusal and other masticatory forces. Its unique functional‐mechanical environment is reflected by its structural characteristics, but whether alveolar bone is materially distinct from bone elsewhere in the primate facial skeleton is uncertain. This uncertainty is attributable not only to a limited amount of data but also to conflicting findings among these data. We evaluated elastic modulus variation in the mandibular corpus of eight adult specimens of the monkeys Procolobus badius and Colobus polykomos via microindentation to evaluate whether alveolar bone is more compliant than basal bone and to quantify patterns of variation between sexes and species. We sampled Vickers hardness from six serial transverse sections and one coronal section from both the alveolar process and the basal corpus. Hardness values were converted to elastic modulus via regressions specific for bone tissue. Analysis of variance reveals that a plurality of variation is found on a regional scale; i.e., alveolar bone is more compliant than adjacent basal bone. Species affiliation and sex are not significant sources of variation. These findings support a hypothesis that compliance of alveolar bone represents a material solution for avoiding large stress concentrations arising from occlusal loads. Other comparative data suggest important differences between colobine and cercopithecine mandibles in terms of bone stiffness, both overall and in terms of relative stiffness of alveolar and basal cortical bone. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: A re‐evaluation of stature estimation from skeletal length in the grave
Authors: Petersen Hans Chr.
Published: November 2010

Several methods for stature estimation have been proposed over the years. Among these methods is anatomical reconstruction, regression based on long bone lengths, and measuring skeletal vertex ‐ talus length in the grave for individuals buried in a supine position. Recent studies have dealt with the applicability of skeletal length in the grave (Petersen: Int J Osteoarchaeol 15 (2005) 106–114) and anatomical reconstruction (Raxter et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 374–384). The results from the latter study calls into question the results of the former study. Therefore an investigation of the potential bias of using skeletal length in the grave as an estimate of living stature has been performed. Twenty Medieval Danish skeletons were measured both in situ and in the laboratory, and the anatomically reconstructed stature (Raxter et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 374–384) was compared with the skeletal length in the grave. The results show that 2.5 cm should be added to skeletal length in the grave in order to obtain an unbiased estimate ofliving stature. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motor nerve biopsy: Clinical usefulness and histopathological criteria
Authors: Riva Nilo , Iannaccone Sandro , Corbo Massimo , Casellato Chiara , Sferrazza Barbara , Lazzerini Alberto , Scarlato Marina , Cerri Federica , Previtali Stefano C. , Nobile‐Orazio Eduardo , Comi Giancarlo , Quattrini Angelo
Published: November 2010

Early differential diagnosis of motor neuropathies (MN) and lower motor neuron diseases (LMND) is important, as prognosis and therapeutic approaches are different. We evaluated the diagnostic contribution of the biopsy of the motor branch of the obturator nerve and gracilis muscle in 21 consecutive patients in which, after proper clinical and neurophysiological studies, the differential diagnosis was still open. At baseline, motor biopsy was performed; diagnostic confirmation was obtained by 2‐year clinical follow‐up. Our results support the usefulness of this diagnostic procedure for selected cases of MN and LMND. Ann Neurol 2010
Melting and crystallization behavior of metallic alloy in the composites with polyacrylate
Authors: Katoh Yoshihisa , Matsuda Yasuhiro , Ando Wataru , Matsukage Mayuko , Tasaka Shigeru
Published: November 2010

Composites of poly(n‐buthyl acrylate) (PnBA) and eutectic metallic alloy composed of Bi, In, and Sn were prepared by mechanically mixing them above the melting point of the metallic alloy, and glass transition temperature of PnBA. The heating curves of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the composite of PnBA and the metallic alloy showed an endothermic peak below the melting point of the metallic alloy without polymers, which indicated the formation of the interfacial phases of the metallic alloy with a lower melting point. The exothermic peaks of the cooling curves were broadened and shifted to the temperature lower than the melting point of the metallic alloy without polymers, which suggests that the crystallization of the metallic alloy was suppressed by the interaction. The mechanism of lowering the melting points and suppression of the crystallization was discussed based on the results of DSC, transmitting electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Asymmetric Trisubstituted Aziridination of Aldimines and Ketimines using N‐α‐Diazoacyl Camphorsultams
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Nakatsu Hiroki , Yamamoto Kumiko , Watanabe Shogo , Maruoka Keiji
Published: November 2010

The acid‐catalyzed reaction of diazoacetates and aldimines (Brookhart–Templeton aziridination) is now recognized as a reliable method to provide enantiomerically enriched disubstituted aziridines, thus owing to the development of asymmetric catalysis. However, the extension of this method to prepare trisubstituted aziridines has not been explored to date, even for racemic products. In this context, and considering their synthetic importance and lack of alternative direct synthetic methods, we recently launched a program to realize this unmet challenge. Herein, we report a detailed study, which led to the establishment of a highly stereoselective synthesis for various trisubstituted aziridines, building on the use of N‐α‐diazoacyl camphorsultams as a key component.
An alternative quantitative acoustical and electrical method for detection of cell adhesion process in real‐time
Authors: Le Guillou‐Buffello Delphine , Gindre Marcel , Johnson Paul , Laugier Pascal , Migonney Véronique
Published: November 2010

Sauerbrey [(1956), Z Phys 55:206–222] showed that the shift in resonance frequency of thickness shear mode (TSM) of a quartz crystal sensor is proportional to the mass, which is deposited on it. However, new powerful electrical circuits were developed that are capable of operating TSM quartz crystal sensors in fluids which enabled this method to be introduced into electrochemical and biological applications. These applications include the detection of virus capsids, bacteria, mammalian cells, the interaction of DNA and RNA with complementary strands, specific recognition of protein ligands by immobilized receptors, and last but not least the study of complete immunosensors. Piezoelectric quartz transducers allow a label‐free identification of molecules; they are more than mass sensors since the biosensor response is also influenced by the surface charge of adsorbed proteins, interfacial phenomena, surface roughness and viscoelastic properties of the adhered biomaterial. These new characteristics have recently been used to investigate cell, liposome, and protein adhesion onto surfaces, thus permitting the rapid determination of morphological cell changes as a response to pharmacological substances, and changes in the water content of biopolymers avoiding of time‐consuming methods. We validated an alternative quantitative acoustical engineering for cell adhesion process monitored by the TSM. Shear acoustical results (motional resistance) are further correlated to cell counting procedures and are sensitive of adhesion processes in real‐time. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:947–962. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cadaver study to determine the minimum volume of methylene blue or black naphthol required to completely color the nerves relevant for anesthesia during breast surgery
Authors: Guay Joanne , Grabs Detlev
Published: November 2010

Regional anesthesia for breast surgery may require a large amount of local anesthetic solution to provide an adequate blockade of all relevant structures. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal volume of fluid required to anesthetize all nerves to adequately provide anesthesia for breast surgery. This is an open randomized study. Cadavers were embalmed using Thiel's technique and were injected with different volumes of 0.2% methylene blue or 0.2% black naphthol for a superficial cervical plexus block (2, 5, 10, or 15 mL), an interscalene block (5, 10, 15, or 20 mL), paravertebral blocks from C8 to T6, and intercostal nerve blocks at 8 cm from the midline (2 or 3 mL) under ultrasound‐guided or assisted techniques. The following minimal volumes of fluid were required for complete coloration of the nerves: 2 mL for the supraclavicular nerves; 20 mL for the nerve roots from C5 to C7, inclusive, if intraneural injection was avoided; 3 mL per root for the nerve roots from C8 to T6, inclusive, for a paravertebral block; and 2 mL per nerve for intercostal nerve blocks at T4 and lower. With 20 mL of solution at the interscalene level, the roots of C3 and C4 were also colored; therefore, a separate injection for the supraclavicular nerves was unnecessary. We conclude that regional anesthesia for complex breast surgery can be achieved with a volume of local anesthetic as low as 41 mL. Clin. Anat. 24:202–208, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils from Three Medicinal Plants against Aedes aegypti L.
Authors: Freitas Flávia P. , Freitas Silvério P. , Lemos Gloria C. S. , Vieira Ivo J. C. , Gravina Geraldo A. , Lemos Francisco J. A.
Published: November 2010

This work aimed at comparing larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from the dried leaves of Alpinia speciosa, Cymbopogon citratus, and Rosmarinus officinalis against Ae. aegypti larvae. The larvae were observed for 4 h and at 24 h according to a completely randomized design with three replications and the following concentrations [μl/ml]: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and controls were distilled water, and commercial standard citral, camphor, eucalyptol, α‐pinene, and β‐myrcene. The essential oil of C. citratus had the lowest LC50 (0.28) and LC90 (0.56) values, followed by that of A. speciosa (0.94 and 1.2, resp.) and of R. officinalis (1.18 and 1.67, resp.), and only the commercial standards citral and α‐pinene were larvicidal.
A cross‐cultural comparison of colour emotion for two‐colour combinations
Authors: Ou Li‐Chen , Ronnier Luo M. , Sun Pei‐Li , Hu Neng‐Chung , Chen Hung‐Shing , Guan Shing‐Sheng , Woodcock Andrée , Caivano José Luis , Huertas Rafael , Treméau Alain , Billger Monica , Izadan Hossein , Richter Klaus
Published: November 2010

Psychophysical experiments were conducted in the UK, Taiwan, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Argentina, and Iran to assess colour emotion for two‐colour combinations using semantic scales warm/cool, heavy/light, active/passive, and like/dislike. A total of 223 observers participated, each presented with 190 colour pairs as the stimuli, shown individually on a cathode ray tube display. The results show consistent responses across cultures only for warm/cool, heavy/light, and active/passive. The like/dislike scale, however, showed some differences between the observer groups, in particular between the Argentinian responses and those obtained from the other observers. Factor analysis reveals that the Argentinian observers preferred passive colour pairs to active ones more than the other observers. In addition to the cultural difference in like/dislike, the experimental results show some effects of gender, professional background (design vs. nondesign), and age. Female observers were found to prefer colour pairs with high‐lightness or low‐chroma values more than their male counterparts. Observers with a design background liked low‐chroma colour pairs or those containing colours of similar hue more than nondesign observers. Older observers liked colour pairs with high‐lightness or high‐chroma values more than young observers did. Based on the findings, a two‐level theory of colour emotion is proposed, in which warm/cool, heavy/light, and active/passive are identified as the reactive‐level responses and like/dislike the reflective‐level response. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012
Characterization of a Czochralski grown silicon crystal doped with 1020 cm‐3 germanium
Authors: Xu Wubing , Chen Jiahe , Ma Xiangyang , Yang Deren , Gong Longfei , Tian Daxi
Published: November 2010

A dislocation‐free silicon single crystal doped with 1020 cm‐3 germanium (Ge) has been grown using the Czochralski (CZ) growth technique. The Ge concentration in the seed‐end and tang‐end of the crystal was 8×1019cm‐3and 1.6×1020 cm‐3, respectively. The effective segregation coefficient of Ge, the distribution of flow pattern defects (FPDs) and the wafer warpage have been characterized. Both the effective segregation coefficient and the equilibrium segregation coefficient of Ge in silicon were evaluated. Then, the density of FPDs was traced from seed‐end to tang‐end of the ingot, a suppression of FPDs by Ge doping was shown. That is probably because the Ge atoms consume free vacancies and thus a higher density of smaller voids is formed. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of wafers has also been characterized by batch warpage analysis. The warpage in the seed‐end was larger than that in the tang‐end of the ingot, showing that the mechanical strength of wafers is enhanced by Ge doping. Such improvement is interpreted by an enhanced dislocation pinning effect associated with the enhanced nucleation of grown‐in oxygen precipitates in the Ge‐doped silicon wafers. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fine‐needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in 50 cases of primary Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. Institut Curie's experience
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Couturier Jérôme , Bourdeaut Franck , Fréneaux Paul , Ballet Stelly , Brisse Hervé , Lagacé Réal , Delattre Olivier , Pierron Gaëlle , Vielh Philippe , Sastre‐Garau Xavier , Michon Jean
Published: November 2010

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) followed by a core‐needle biopsy during general anesthesia is a method for diagnosing pediatric tumors in our Institute. To complete the diagnosis in the case of round cell sarcomas, cytology material is also used for genomic analyses, that is, karyotyping and molecular biology‐derived techniques. Fifty primary Ewing sarcomas/peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (ES/PNET) in 50 patients were sampled. Cytological diagnoses were “malignant” in all cases and accurate (ES/PNET) in 46 (92%). Two (4%) cases were misdiagnosed as neuroblastoma, and two others (4%) as rhabdomyosarcoma and nephroblastoma. No suspicious or false‐negative results were rendered. Karyotyping was performed in 20 (40%) cases and was interpretable in 17 cases but not in three cases. Molecular search for ES/PNET fusion transcripts were performed in all cases and were detected in 44 (88%) cases, but not in six (12%) cases. In conclusion, FNA assisted by genomic techniques is powerful methods to accurate diagnose ES/PNET. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping in diagnosis and classification of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in comparison to histopathology
Authors: Ensani Fereshteh , Mehravaran Sepideh , Irvanlou Giti , Aghaipoor Mahnaz , Vaeli Shahram , Hajati Esmerdis , Khorgami Zhamak , Nasiri Shirzad
Published: November 2010

This prospective study aimed to compare the value of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology (FNAC) and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) with histopatopathology (HP) in the diagnosis and classification of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Twenty‐nine excised lymph nodes suspected of NHL were evaluated using FNAC, FCI, and HP. Specimens were divided into two equal parts; one for HP and the other for FNAC and FCI. Results were compared in terms of diagnosis (malignant, benign or reactive, and metastatic) and NHL class. With combined FNAC/FCI, 11 (37.9%) cases were diagnosed as NHL, 11 cases (37.9%) as reactive lymph node, six cases (20.6%) as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and one case (3.4%) as metastasis. HP revealed nine cases (31%) of NHL, five cases (17.2%) of reactive lymph nodes and all the diagnosed metastatic and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Considering histology as a gold standard method in diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of FNAC/FCI in differentiate malignant and benign lesion were 73.9%, 83.3%, 94.4%, and 45.5%, respectively and in differentiate NHL from others were 75%, 93.8%, 90%, and 83.3%, respectively. Cytology and HP in addition to FCI and HP are significantly different from determination of NHL lesions point of view (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). However, FCI can be considered as an adjunctive method for Cytology especially because Cytology is not competent enough to differentiate between benign lesions and Lymphoma. Additionally, FCI is shown to be an accurate method in classifying NHL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic usefulness of fragments of crushed cells in autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Gandhi Akansha , Aggarwal Seema , Arora Vinod K.
Published: November 2010

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology has emerged as an important diagnostic tool in cases of autoimmune thyroiditis. However, the patchy nature of this disease and its coexistence with other thyroid pathologies, with only subtle demonstrable cytologic features in many cases can lead to misdiagnosis. Of 313 thyroid aspirates, 62 were diagnosed as autoimmune thyroiditis. Fragments of crushed cells were observed in 51 (82.11%) of autoimmune thyroiditis (P < 0.001). The presence of “crush artifact” that can be easily picked up on low magnification should be used as an important criterion for the diagnosis of thyroiditis. It is particularly helpful in cellular smears from thyroiditis to avoid misdiagnosis of neoplasia. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E38–E42. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of fully modified 2′‐O‐methyl antisense oligos for loss‐of‐function studies in vertebrate embryos
Authors: Schneider Patricia N. , Olthoff John T. , Matthews Abby J. , Houston Douglas W.
Published: November 2010

Antisense oligonucleotides are commonly employed to study the roles of genes in development. Although morpholino phosphorodiamidate oligonucleotides (morpholinos) are widely used to block translation or splicing of target gene products' the usefulness of other modifications in mediating RNase‐H independent inhibition of gene activity in embryos has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the extent that fully modified 2′‐O‐methyl oligonucleotides (2′‐OMe oligos) that can function as translation inhibiting reagents in vivo, using Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. We find that oligos against Xenopus β‐catenin, wnt11, and bmp4 and against zebrafish chordin (chd), which can efficiently and specifically generate embryonic loss‐of‐function phenotypes comparable with morpholino injection and other methods. These results show that fully modified 2′‐OMe oligos can function as RNase‐H independent antisense reagents in vertebrate embryos and can thus serve as an alternative modification to morpholinos in some cases. genesis 49:117–123, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pd/C: An Efficient, Heterogeneous and Reusable Catalyst for Phosphane‐Free Carbonylative Suzuki Coupling Reactions of Aryl and Heteroaryl Iodides
Authors: Khedkar Mayur V. , Tambade Pawan J. , Qureshi Ziyauddin S. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: November 2010

The carbonylative Suzuki coupling reaction of aryl boronic acid with different aryl and heteroaryl iodides was carried out to synthesize various unsymmetrical biaryl ketones by using Pd/C as an efficient, heterogeneous and reusable catalyst. The catalyst exhibits remarkable activity, and its reusability was tested up to four consecutive cycles. The reaction is applicable for various aryl and heteroaryl iodides having different steric and electronic properties. It provides good to excellent yield of the desired products. The developed protocol is advantageous with regard to the ease in handling the catalyst and the simple work‐up procedure; it is also an environmentally benign process with effective catalyst recyclability.
Linking molecular biomarkers with higher level condition indicators to identify effects of copper exposures on the endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)
Authors: Connon Richard E , Beggel Sebastian , D'Abronzo Leandro S , Geist Juergen P , Pfeiff Janice , Loguinov Alexander V , Vulpe Christopher D , Werner Inge
Published: November 2010

The delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is an endangered pelagic fish species endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin estuary (CA, USA), and considered an indicator of ecosystem health. Copper is a contaminant of concern in Californian waterways that may affect the development and survival of this endangered species. The experimental combination of molecular biomarkers with higher level effects may allow for interpretation of responses in a functional context that can be used to predict detrimental outcomes caused by exposure. A delta smelt microarray was developed and applied to screen for candidate molecular biomarkers that may be used in monitoring programs. Functional classifications of microarray responses were used along with quantitative polymerase chain reaction determining effects upon neuromuscular, digestive, and immune responses in Cu-exposed delta smelt. Differences in sensitivity were measured between juveniles and larvae (median lethal concentration = 25.2 and 80.4 µg/L Cu2+, respectively). Swimming velocity declined with higher exposure concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (r = −0.911, p < 0.05), though was not statistically significant to controls. Genes encoding for aspartoacylase, hemopexin, α-actin, and calcium regulation proteins were significantly affected by exposure and were functionally interpreted with measured swimming responses. Effects on digestion were measured by upregulation of chitinase and downregulation of amylase, whereas downregulation of tumor necrosis factor indicated a probable compromised immune system. Results from this study, and many others, support the use of functionally characterized molecular biomarkers to assess effects of contaminants in field scenarios. We thus propose that to attribute environmental relevance to molecular biomarkers, research should concentrate on their application in field studies with the aim of assisting monitoring programs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:290–300. © 2010 SETAC
Functional connectivity between cognitive control regions is sensitive to familial risk for ADHD
Authors: Mulder Martijn J. , van Belle Janna , van Engeland Herman , Durston Sarah
Published: November 2010

Familial risk for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with changes in brain activity related to cognitive control. However, it is not clear whether changes in activation are the primary deficit or whether they are related to impaired communication between regions involved in this ability. We investigated whether (1) functional connectivity between regions involved in cognitive control was affected by familial risk and (2) changes were specific to these regions. Correlational seed analyses were used to investigate temporal covariance between cognitive control and motor regions in two independent samples of typically developing controls, subjects with ADHD and their unaffected siblings. In both samples, correlation coefficients between cognitive control regions were greater for typically developing controls than for subjects with ADHD, with intermediate values for unaffected siblings. Within the motor network, unaffected siblings showed correlations similar to typically developing children. There were no differences in activity between the brain regions involved. These data show that functional connectivity between cognitive control regions is sensitive to familial risk for ADHD. Results suggest that changes in connectivity associated with cognitive control may be suitable as an intermediate phenotype for future studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel bifunctional Ti(IV) complex catalyzed asymmetric silylcyanation of aldehydes
Authors: Tang Hongying , Zhang Zhongbiao
Published: November 2010

A novel Lewis acid and Lewis base bifunctional Ti(IV) complex was formed in situ upon the treatment of ligand (R)‐3,3′‐bis(diphenylphosphinoyl)‐BINOL with Ti(PrO‐i)4, which is proven to be an efficient catalyst in the asymmetric trimethylsilylcyanation of aldehydes. The corresponding cyanohydrins were obtained in high to excellent chemical yield (83–93%) albeit with moderate enantioselectivities (up to 51% enantiomeric excess). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:31–35, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20652
Grading of MRI‐detected skull‐base invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its prognostic value
Authors: Chen Lei , Liu Li‐Zhi , Mao Yan‐Ping , Tang Ling‐Long , Sun Ying , Chen Yong , Lin Ai‐Hua , Li Li , Ma Jun
Published: November 2010

Background.

Our aim was to grade MRI–detected skull‐base invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and evaluate the prognostic value of the grading.

Methods.

The MRI scans and medical records of 924 patients with histologically diagnosed nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively.

Results.

MRI‐detected skull‐base invasion was not found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival, distant metastasis‐free survival, or local relapse‐free survival (p > .05 for all). Grading of skull‐base erosion according to the site of invasion was found to be an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (p = .003 and p = .006, respectively) and distant metastasis‐free survival (p = .001 for both) in the 512 patients with skull‐base invasions and 315 patients with T3 disease.

Conclusions.

MRI‐detected skull‐base invasion is not an independent prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, grading according to the site of invasion as either low grade or severe has prognostic value. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Regulation of hippocampal long‐term potentiation and long‐term depression by diacylglycerol kinaseζ
Authors: Seo Jinsoo , Kim Karam , Jang Seil , Han Seungnam , Choi Se‐Young , Kim Eunjoon
Published: November 2010

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important signaling molecule at neuronal synapses. Generation of synaptic DAG is triggered by the activation of diverse surface receptors including N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The action of DAG is terminated by enzymatic conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid (PA) by DAG kinases (DGKs). DGKζ, one of many mammalian DGKs, is localized to synapses through direct interaction with the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD‐95, and regulates dendritic spine maintenance by promoting DAG‐to‐PA conversion. However, a role for DGKζ in the regulation of synaptic plasticity has not been explored. We report here that Schaffer collateral‐CA1 pyramidal synapses in the hippocampus of DGKζ‐knockout (DGKζ−/−) mice show enhanced long‐term potentiation (LTP) and attenuated long‐term depression (LTD). The attenuated LTD at DGKζ−/− synapses involves both NMDA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors. These changes in LTP and LTD were reversed by phospholipase C inhibition, which blocks DAG production. Similar reversals in both LTP and LTD were also induced by inhibition of protein kinase C, which acts downstream of DAG. These results suggest that DGKζ regulates hippocampal LTP and LTD by promoting DAG‐to‐PA conversion, and establish that phospholipase C and protein kinase C lie upstream and downstream, respectively, of DGKζ‐dependent regulation of hippocampal LTP and LTD. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Editorial
Authors: Paton Calum
Published: November 2010

N Abstract
Trends in rainfall and runoff in the Blue Nile Basin: 1964–2003
Authors: Tesemma Zelalem K. , Mohamed Yasir A. , Steenhuis Tammo S.
Published: November 2010

Most of the water from the Nile originates in Ethiopia but there is no agreement on how land degradation or climate change affects the future flow in downstream countries. The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of future conditions by analysing historical trends. During the period 1964–2003, the average monthly basin‐wide precipitation and monthly discharge data were collected and analysed statistically for two stations in the upper 30% of the Blue Nile Basin and monthly and 10‐day discharge data of one station at the Sudan–Ethiopia border. A rainfall–runoff model examined the causes for observed trends. The results show that, while there was no significant trend in the seasonal and annual basin‐wide average rainfall, significant increases in discharge during the long rainy season (June to September) were observed at all three stations. In the upper Blue Nile, the short rainy season flow (March to May) increased, while the dry season flow (October to February) stayed the same. At the Sudan border, the dry season flow decreased significantly with no change in the short rainy season flow. The difference in response was likely due to the construction of weir in the 1990s at the Lake Tana outlet that affected the upper Blue Nile discharge significantly but affected less than 10% of the discharge at the Sudan border. The rainfall–runoff model reproduced the observed trends, assuming that an additional 10% of the hillsides were eroded in the 40‐year time span and generated overland flow instead of interflow and base flow. Models concerning future trends in the Nile cannot assume that the landscape runoff processes will remain static. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐income parents' warmth and parent–child activities for children with disabilities, suspected delays and biological risks
Authors: Eshbaugh Elaine M. , Peterson Carla A. , Wall Shavaun , Carta Judith J. , Luze Gayle , Swanson Mark , Jeon Hyun‐Joo
Published: November 2010

Warm and responsive parenting is optimal for child development, but this style of parenting may be difficult for some parents to achieve. This study examines how parents' observed warmth and their reported frequency of parent–child activities were related to children's classifications as having biological risks or a range of disability indicators. Children were low‐income prekindergarteners who participated in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project Longitudinal Follow‐up. Data from parent, early care and education staff reports, and direct child assessments were used to classify children into the following groups: disabilities, suspected delays, biological risks, disabilities and biological risk, suspected delays and biological risk, and no disability indicator. Socioeconomic status (ethnicity, maternal education and poverty level) and maternal depression were controlled in the analyses. The parents of children with disabilities and suspected delays evidenced significantly lower levels of warmth and less frequent parent–child activities compared with other parents. The parents of children with biological risk factors who did not also have disabilities or suspected delays did not exhibit decreased warmth and less frequent parent–child activities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.