bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monocular Depth Estimation (Literature Review)
Authors: Rychkova S. I. , Likhvantseva V. G.
Published: May 2022

Background. The physiological basis of spatial perception is traditionally attributed to the binocular system, which integrates the signals coming to the brain from each eye into a single image of the three-dimensional outside world. The perception of three-dimensionality, however, is also possible due to the evolutionarily older monocular system of spatial perception. Normally, the binocular mechanism plays the leading role in depth perception, and its violations lead to a shift towards the monocular. In this regard, one of the relevant areas of ophthalmology and neurophysiology is the study of the features of monocular depth estimation in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.Purpose: to study the literature data on the monocular depth estimation mechanism, methods of its assessment, as well as the peculiarities of its manifestations in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.Materials and methods. The literature analysis of publications on PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka and crossref metadata search was carried out.Results. The review considers modern ideas regarding monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision. The stereokinetic effect (SE) is considered in detail. The possibilities of using SE assessment methods to evaluate the state of spatial vision mechanisms in cases of ophthalmic and neurological pathology have been studied.Conclusion. There are a number of monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision, such as: perspective, light and color effects, accommodation and knowledge of the true sizes of the objects acquired with experience. Stereokinetic effect caused by the successive displacement of projections of circular eccentric images on the retina, which allows to evaluate relationship of monocular and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception, has a particular importance for ophthalmology practice. In patients with binocular vision disorders (amblyopia and strabismus), a decrease in monocular and an increase in binocular SE indicators were observed, whereas only a decrease in monocular indicators is more typical for organic ocular fundus pathology. At the same time, changes in SE indicators can serve as additional criteria for evaluating the efficacy of functional treatment of binocular disorders.
The Method of Selecting Colored Glasses for the Correction by Color
Authors: Abugova T. D.
Published: May 2022

Background. Using colored overlays, glasses, lenses and filters to improve the brain’s ability to process visual information is a relatively new method of rehabilitation in Russia. It employs the use of individually selected colored glasses or contact lenses to correct the processing problems of visual and visual-spatial perception. The method has been proven effective in more than 200 pathological conditions. Three main groups are most clearly distinguished: 1. Developmental disorders (dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, hyperactivity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders); 2. Eye conditions (photophobia and computer visual syndrome (CVS), glare and double vision after keratorefractive surgery, optical distortions in the setting of retinal dystrophy, etc.); 3. Common diseases, mainly neurologic (diffuse sclerosis, parkinsonism, photosensitive epilepsy, tics, conditions after concussion, strokes, traumatic brain injuries and neurosurgical procedures, headaches, migraines, blepharospasm, etc.). The purpose of the work is a brief overview of the methods of selection of colored glasses, lenses, overlays and filters in this contingent of patients.Material and methods. 632 patients aged 6 to 73 years were examined and prescribed colored glasses (48% male, 52% female). There were 403 children with developmental disorders, 44 adults with the same pathology; 52 patients with ophthalmic diseases and 133 patients with neurologic diseases. A preliminary questionnaire was conducted for the selection of patients, as well as a complete ophthalmic examination. The corrective color shade was most often chosen with the help of a specially developed technique, additional kinesiological and neuropsychological methods, as well as methods of behavioral neurology. More precise definition of the color shade was carried out based on improvement of reading- and writing-related performance (qualitative and quantitative).Results. Improvement was achieved in 92% of cases; 42% of patients exhibited a pronounced effect, while 51% exhibited a partial effect. In 15% of cases, positive dynamics was noted in the setting of the use of colored glasses.Conclusions. Using colored overlays, glasses, lenses and filters is an effective method of rehabilitation of patients. The presented method of selecting colored overlays allows to help patients suffering from processing problems of visual and visual-spatial perception. Further development of the method is expedient and requires joint scientific research in cooperation with other specialists.
Literature Guide
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: May 2022

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Medicine and Law
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: May 2022

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TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEDERAL WILLIAMS RESEARCH CENTER OF FORAGE PRODUCTION AND AGROECOLOGY: ABOUT THE PLANT PROTECTION DEPARTMENT
Authors: Truzina Lyudmila , Korovina Larissa
Published: May 2022

The main directions of research on chemical means of protecting fodder crops from diseases, pests and weeds in the field fodder production of the All-Russian Fodder Research Institute are given. Studies on toxicological assessment of feed and soil are given. Plant Protection Department included three laboratories: the Herbicide Laboratory, the Plant Protection Laboratory and the Feed Toxicological Evaluation Laboratory. The Laboratory of Herbicides was established in 1967 to conduct research on the chemical method of controlling weeds on fodder crops, hayfields and pastures. Research on the study of pests of fodder crops was started in 1939 in the newly created laboratory for the protection of fodder crops from pests and diseases. The Feed Toxicology Assessment Laboratory was established in 1980 to assess pesticide residues in crop and soil. As a result of the studies, a system of measures for clover from pests has been developed; alfalfa diseases and pests and measures to combat them in the Non-Chernozem zone were studied. Pests and pathogens of corn, root crops, peas, lupine and other fodder crops were identified; their biology, ecology and harmfulness have been studied. A set of protective measures has been developed to combat the main pests and diseases of fodder crops, including soil cultivation techniques, early sowing dates, the use of resistant varieties, micro- and macrofertilizers, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with combined preparations, etc. Plant Protection Department carried out work with herbicides. As a result of research begun in 1950, a method was developed to clean the meadows from weedy herbaceous vegetation with the help of preparations 2,4-D and 2M-4X. A chemical method for the destruction of woody and shrubby vegetation with the help of the same preparations in the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of the USSR has been developed. Methods of using herbicides on crops of almost all fodder crops have been developed: perennial and annual legumes and cereal grasses for green mass and seeds, corn, fodder beets, rapeseed, etc. The theoretical issues of the mutual influence of fodder crops and weeds are studied, the substantiation of the effectiveness of the use of herbicides on different types of soils is given.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FODDER PRODUCTION OF RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN (In memory of Kushenov Baurzhan Makushevich)
Authors: Kosolapov Vladimir , Teberdiev Dalhat , Trofimov Ilya , Trofimova Lyudmila
Published: May 2022

The article is dedicated to the memory of the recently departed from us outstanding scientist of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of crop production, fodder production, meadow farming and agrochemistry, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Koshen Bauyrzhan Makoshuly (Kushenov Baurzhan Makushevich). He was born on 16.04.1962 in Northern Kazakhstan (Akmola region, Akkol district, village of Barap). In 1979, he entered the West Kazakhstan Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1984 with a degree in agronomy, qualification "Scientist Agronomist". In 1986–1989 B.M. Kushenov studied at the graduate school of the All-Union Williams Research Institute of Feed. After successful completion of postgraduate studies, he defended his PhD thesis on the topic "Effective methods of using pasture stands and caring for them in the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR". From 1989 to 2003 B.M. Kushenov's career took place at the All-Union Barayev Research Institute of Grain Farming, where he worked his way up from a junior researcher to deputy director. From 2003 to 2015 Kushenov B.M. worked as the first deputy director of the Republican Scientific and Methodological Center of the Agrochemical Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan. From 2004 until the end of his life, he remained a professor at the Kokshetau Ualikhanov University. In 2010 B.M. Kushenov defended the dissertation of the Doctor of Agricultural Sciences on the topic "Agrobiological fundamentals technology of corn cultivation for silage and its use in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan" in the specialties of fodder production and meadow farming, feeding of farm animals and feed technology. Throughout his life, B.M. Kushenov has been conducting extensive international activities, constantly strengthening the relationship between scientists of Kazakhstan and Russia, working on our common problems of increasing the productivity and sustainability of our agricultural lands, rational use and improvement of hayfields and pastures. Under his leadership, scientists from Kazakhstan and Russia jointly made a significant contribution to the development of agriculture and feed production in our countries. He is the author of about 300 scientific papers in leading Kazakh, Russian and foreign publications, including 26 monographs, 37 guidelines and recommendations, 45 copyright certificates and patents of the USSR, Russia and Kazakhstan.
Work pedagogy as an alternative path to adult life
Authors: Larsen Lene
Published: May 2022

In recent years, much attention has been paid to how young people in the ‘not in education, employment or training’ group can get education or work, not only to ensure welfare and social mobility but also because education constitutes an important bridge between childhood and adult life. This article discusses the usefulness of work pedagogy for young people in this transition Theoretically, the article draws on a socialization theory concept of life history and a critical theory concept of work. Methodologically, it is based on a narrative autobiographical interview with a young girl in a Danish ‘production school’. This enables a critical analysis of how young people's educational participation is closely linked to life history experiences and transitions from childhood to adult life. These experiences form the basis for the young people’s subsequent participation in various forms of (compensatory) adult education.
Diversity and Diversification: Ecosystem Services Derived From Underutilized Crops and Their Co-benefits for Sustainable Agricultural Landscapes and Resilient Food Systems in Africa
Authors: Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe , Hlahla Sithabile , Chimonyo Vimbayi Grace Petrova , Henriksson Rebecka , Chibarabada Tendai Polite , Murugani Vongai G. , Groner Vivienne P. , Tadele Zerihun , Sobratee Nafiisa , Slotow Rob , Modi Albert Thembinkosi , Baudron Frédéric , Chivenge Pauline
Published: May 2022

There are growing calls to adopt more sustainable forms of agriculture that balance the need to increase production with environmental, human health, and wellbeing concerns. Part of this conversation has included a debate on promoting and mainstreaming neglected and underutilized crop species (NUS) because they represent a more ecologically friendly type of agriculture. We conducted a systematic review to determine the ecosystem services derived from NUS and assess their potential to promote functional ecological diversity, food and nutritional security, and transition to more equitable, inclusive, sustainable and resilient agricultural landscapes and food systems in Africa. Our literature search yielded 35 articles for further analysis. The review showed that NUS provide various provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting ecosystem services and several environmental and health co-benefits, dietary diversity, income, sustainable livelihood outcomes, and economic empowerment, especially for women. Importantly, NUS address the three pillars of sustainable development- ecological, social, and economic. Thus, NUS may provide a sustainable, fit-for-purpose transformative ecosystem-based adaptation solution for Africa to transition to more sustainable, healthy, equitable, and resilient agricultural landscapes and food systems.
Multivariate and Genome-Wide Analysis of Mid-Infrared Spectra of Non-Coagulating Milk of Sarda Sheep Breed
Authors: Gaspa Giustino , Correddu Fabio , Cesarani Alberto , Congiu Michele , Dimauro Corrado , Pauciullo Alfredo , Macciotta Nicolò Pietro Paolo
Published: May 2022

Milk coagulation ability is crucial for the dairy sheep industry since the whole amount of milk is processed into cheese. Non-coagulating milk (NCM) is defined as milk not forming a curd within the testing time. In sheep milk, it has been reported in literature that up to 20% of milk is NCM. Although the clotting properties of individual milk have been widely studied, little attention has been given to NCM and genomic dissection of this trait. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectra can be exploited both to predict cheese-making aptitude and to discriminate between coagulating milk and NCM. The main goals of this work were (i) to assess the predictivity of MIR spectra for NCM classification and (ii) to conduct a genome-wide association study on coagulation ability. Milk samples from 949 Sarda ewes genotyped and phenotyped for milk coagulation properties (MCPs) served as the training dataset. The validation dataset included 662 ewes. Three classical MCPs were measured: rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd firmness (a30), and curd firming time (k20). Moreover, MIR spectra were acquired and stored in the region between 925.92 and 5,011.54 cm−1. The probability of a sample to be NCM was modeled by step-wise logistic regression on milk spectral information (LR-W), logistic regression on principal component (LR-PC), and canonical discriminant analysis of spectral wave number (DA-W). About 9% of the samples did not coagulate at 30 min. The use of LR-W gave a poorer classification of NCM. The use of LR-PC improved the percentage of correct assignment (45 ± 9%). The DA-W method allows us to reach 75.1 ± 10.3 and 76.5 ± 18.4% of correct assignments of the inner and external validation datasets, respectively. As far as GWA of NCM, 458 SNP associations and 45 candidate genes were detected. The genes retrieved from public databases were mostly linked to mammary gland metabolism, udder health status, and a milk compound also known to affect the ability of milk to coagulate. In particular, the potential involvement of CAPNs deserves further investigation.
The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Micropollutant Removal
Authors: Melo Antonio , Quintelas Cristina , Ferreira Eugénio C. , Mesquita Daniela P.
Published: May 2022

In biological wastewater treatment (WWT), microorganisms live and grow held together by a slime matrix comprised of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), forming a three-dimensional microbial structure of aggregates (flocs or granules) and by chemical binding forces. Furthermore, microscopic observations showed that microbial cells within the flocs were cross linked with EPS, forming a network of polymers with pores and channels. The EPS are typically composed of organic substances such as polysaccharides (PS), proteins (PNs), humic acid substances (HAS), nucleic acids, and lipids. It has been established that EPS play an essential role in aggregate flocculation, settling, and dewatering. Moreover, in the presence of toxic substances, such as pharmaceutical compounds and pesticides, EPS form a protective layer for the aggregated biomass against environmental disturbances that might play an important role in the transport and transformation of micropollutants. Some researchers indicated that there is an increase in EPS concentration under toxic conditions, which can induce an increase in the size of microbial aggregates. In this contribution, we critically review the available information on the impact of micropollutants on microbial EPS production and the relationship between EPS and microbial aggregate structure. Also, a general definition, composition, and factors that affect EPS production are presented.
The Relationship Between Cancer and Functional and Structural Markers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Diao Yuhong , Liu Zhixing , Chen Li , Zhang Weiping , Sun Dandan
Published: May 2022

Objectives

The relationship between cancer and subclinical atherosclerosis has always been the focus of people's attention. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by evaluating the effects of cancer on functional and structural markers of subclinical atherosclerosis:intima-media thickness (IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD).

Methods

A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted on the internet. Sensitivity analysis, publication bias, standard mean difference (SMD), corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and subgroup analysis were performed for all relevant research indicators in the retrieved literature.

Results

Forty-six studies were included, including 3,729 cancer patients and 2,404 healthy controls. Cancer patients had significantly thicker IMT [SMD (95%CI) = 0.290 (0.069 to 0.511), P = 0.010] and higher PWV [SMD (95%CI) = 0.392 (0.136 to 0.647), P = 0.003] compared with healthy controls. There was no significant difference in FMD [SMD (95% CI) = −0.192 (−0.527 to 0.144), P > 0.05). After subgrouping by age, male proportion, and treatment, the analysis results of IMT ≥ 50 years old, PWV and FMD < 50 years old, male proportion ≥50%, chemotherapy group, IMT and PWV radiotherapy group, and PWV endocrine therapy group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other subgroup analyses, overall sensitivity analysis, and publication bias (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Cancer may promote subclinical atherosclerosis, and change the functional and structural markers of subclinical atherosclerosis such as IMT and PWV. Early intervention and prevention should be pursued.
In Vitro Estimation of Tracheobronchial and Alveolar Doses Using Filters
Authors: Finlay Warren H. , Farina Dino J. , Tavernini Scott , Martin Andrew R.
Published: May 2022

To date, in vitro estimation of doses delivered by an inhaler to the different major regions of the lung has required combining particle size measurements of the inhaled aerosol with in silico deposition models. Such a two step process is labor and time intensive. Here, we describe instead the development of an apparatus that allows direct estimation of regional lung deposition by measurement of doses collected on purpose-built metal grid filters that mimic tracheobronchial deposition efficiency. Placing these filters downstream of the Alberta Idealized Throat and upstream of a final filter allows collection of doses depositing in the extrathoracic, tracheobronchial and alveolar regions. Artificial electrostatic deposition on the metal tracheobronchial filters is prevented by a custom inline electrostatic neutralizer. We use the resulting apparatus to estimate regional deposition with a variety of dry powder inhalers during realistic, time-varying inhalation maneuvers and three pMDIs with a constant flow rate of 30 l/min. These results are compared to those obtained with the traditional two step approach that combines cascade impaction with a regional deposition model. Good agreement is found between the two approaches, indicating that the present direct method may be an efficient, time-saving alternative method for in vitro estimation of regional lung doses.
Recent Progress and Prospects on Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals as Color Converters in the Fabrication of White Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Mohapatra Ashutosh , Kar Manav R. , Bhaumik Saikat
Published: May 2022

Recently, metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have shown major development and have attracted substantial interest in a wide range of applications, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, lasers, and photodetectors due to their attractive properties, such as superior PL emission, a wider range of color tunability, narrow emission spectra, better color purity, low cost, easy solution-processability, and so on. In the past, many color-converting materials, such as III-nitrides, organics, polymers, metal chalcogenides, were investigated for solid-state lighting (SSL) white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). Still, they suffer from issues such as low stability, low color rendering index (CRI), high correlated color temperature (CCT), low luminous efficiency (LE), and high cost. In this sense, metal-halide perovskite NCs exhibit a better color gamut compared with conventional lighting sources, and production costs are comparatively cheaper. Such materials may offer an upcoming substitute for future color-converting WLEDs. In this review, we discuss the metal halide perovskite NCs and their synthesis protocols. Then we elaborate on the recent progress of halide perovskite NCs as a conversion layer in the application of WLEDs.
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chu Natural , Chan Juliana C. N. , Chow Elaine
Published: May 2022

Pharmacomicrobiomics refers to the interactions between foreign compounds and the gut microbiome resulting in heterogeneous efficacy, side effects, and toxicity of the compound concerned. Glucose lowering drugs reduce blood glucose by modulating insulin secretion and its actions as well as redistributing energy disposal. Apart from genetic, ecological, and lifestyle factors, maintaining an equilibrium of the whole gut microbiome has been shown to improve human health. Microbial fingerprinting using faecal samples indicated an ‘invisible phenotype’ due to different compositions of microbiota which might orchestrate the interactions between patients’ phenotypes and their responses to glucose-lowering drugs. In this article, we summarize the current evidence on differences in composition of gut microbiota between individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy individuals, the disruption of the balance of beneficial and pathogenic microbiota was shown in patients with T2D and how Western Medicine (WM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) might re-shape the gut microbiota with benefits to the host immunity and metabolic health. We particularly highlighted the effects of both WM and TCM increase the relative abundance of health promoting bacteria, such as, Akkermansia muciniphila, Blautia, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and which have been implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several lines of evidence suggested that TCM might complement the efficacy of WM through alteration of microbiota which warrants further investigation in our pursuit of prevention and control of T2D.
A Double-Layer Optimization Maintenance Strategy for Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems Considering Component Correlation and Availability
Authors: Li Xubin , Chen Wei , Lei Huan , Pei Tingting , Pei Xiping
Published: May 2022

Aiming at the problem that the maintenance method based on the status information of the photovoltaic power generation system cannot effectively reflect the influence of the comprehensive correlation of the components on the maintenance strategy, on the basis of optimizing maintenance cost and availability, a new double-layer optimization maintenance strategy for photovoltaic power generation systems based on component dependencies and availability is proposed. First, the comprehensive correlation of components in the system is analyzed, and the availability of the system and components is modeled by improving the Markov model. Then, the idea of opportunistic maintenance is introduced. The upper-level optimization model that aims at the lowest maintenance cost is established by considering the economic correlation. The highest availability of the system is taken as the objective function, and the limit of the availability of components is used as a constraint to establish a lower-level optimization model for verification. The influence of failure correlation on the maintenance strategy is verified by introducing failure-related strength. The example shows that when there is a fault correlation between components, the affected components need to spend more maintenance costs, and the maintenance strategy also changes. By introducing the weather accessibility to analyze its influence on the maintenance cost and the rate of change in the availability of the system, the results show that in the double-layer optimization maintenance model, the saving rate of maintenance cost and the reduction ratio of system availability under the condition of low weather accessibility are greater. Taking a photovoltaic power station in the west as an example, the results from comparing different maintenance plans show that the maintenance strategy proposed in this study can effectively reduce maintenance costs and downtime, while increasing system availability.
Sexual Contact Patterns in High-Income Countries—A Comparative Analysis Using Data From Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Authors: Tomori Damilola Victoria , Horn Johannes , Rübsamen Nicole , Kleine Bardenhorst Sven , Kröger Christoph , Jaeger Veronika K. , Karch André , Mikolajczyk Rafael
Published: May 2022

Sexual contact patterns determine the spread of sexually transmitted infections and are a central input parameter for mathematical models in this field. We evaluated the importance of country-specific sexual contact pattern parametrization for high-income countries with similar cultural backgrounds by comparing data from two independent studies (HaBIDS and SBG) in Germany, a country without systematic sexual contact pattern data, with data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) in the UK, and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) in the US, the two longest running sexual contact studies in high-income countries. We investigated differences in the distribution of the reported number of opposite-sex partners, same-sex partners and both-sex partners using weighted negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex (as well as stratified by age). In our analyses, UK and US participants reported a substantially higher number of lifetime opposite-sex sexual partners compared to both German studies. The difference in lifetime partners was caused by a higher proportion of individuals with many partners in the young age group (<24 years) in the UK and the US. Partner acquisition in older age groups was similar. The number of same-sex partners was similar across countries, while there was heterogeneity in the reported experience with partners from both sexes, consistent with the differences observed for opposite-sex sexual partners. These patterns can lead to substantially different dynamics of sexually transmitted infections across ages, and have strong impact on the results of modeling studies.
Winter Bird Diversity and Abundance in Small Farmlands in a Megacity of Southern China
Authors: Lee Myung-Bok , Chen Daojian , Zou Fasheng
Published: May 2022

Urban expansion often accompanies a loss of natural habitats and arable lands but an increase in urban population. In China, vegetable-dominant small farmlands are common in urban/peri-urban areas. Some farmlands are also associated with government policy that aims to enhance local farmers’ livelihoods as well as increase food availability for city citizens. While small urban farmlands create open greenery cover that may provide birds with resources such as food and shelter, little attention has been given to understanding bird diversity in urban farmlands. Using two hierarchical models (multi-species occupancy model and N-mixture model), we examined how species richness and abundance of birds were associated with environmental characteristics within and surrounding urban farmlands in Guangzhou, one of the largest cities in China. We conducted crop and bird surveys at urban farmlands during two winter seasons between December 2019 and January 2021. Species richness increased with non-woody (herbaceous) vegetation cover within a farmland. Abundance of three species was also positively associated with the local non-woody vegetation variable. Two species were more abundant at farmlands with higher crop diversity. Compositional features of matrix surrounding a farmland (a 500-m circular area) did not affect species richness. However, species richness and abundance of one species tended to decrease with increasing farmland fragmentation (patch density of farmlands) within a 1-km circular area. These findings suggest that (1) birds could be more influenced by environmental features within farmlands than matrix features surrounding farmlands, (2) local uncultivated herbaceous vegetation is an important environmental feature, and (3) diverse crops in farmlands may benefit some birds. They also indicate that the landscape pattern of farmlands, such as degree of fragmentation, could affect bird diversity in urban farmlands.
Tangled Roots and Murky Waters: Piecing Together Panama’s Mangrove Policy Puzzle
Authors: Chamberland-Fontaine Sarah , Heckadon-Moreno Stanley , Hickey Gordon M.
Published: May 2022

Mangrove forest policies are often characterized by their fragmented nature, as multiple sectors, disciplines, and institutional structures interact to affect mangrove conservation and management. This study analyzes mangrove forest policies in Panama, a country known for its rich mangrove coverage and, conversely, its high rates of mangrove loss, urban expansion, and coastal development. To complement the policy analysis, key informant interviews with national policy actors are used to gather insights on policy implementation challenges and potential multi-actor collaboration opportunities. Results suggest that despite the development of multiple policies targeting wetlands and conferring a high conservation status to mangroves in Panama, mangrove protection is challenged by competing governmental agendas and policy implementation gaps. Efforts to strengthen mangrove conservation and initiate participatory management processes were also found to conflict with institutional structures that struggle to include local communities and foster collective action.
The Yin and Yang of IL-17 in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Wei Lanxuan , Abraham David , Ong Voon
Published: May 2022

IL-17 (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a sub-set of T helper cells termed Th17 cells primarily in response to cytokines like TGF-β and IL-23 and play an important role in host defense. IL-17 signals via the IL-17RA/RC heterodimer and the adaptor protein Act1 to activate both canonical and non-canonical pathways inducing transcriptional activation and stabilization of mRNAs. IL-17 appears to act not directly on immune cells but stimulates stromal cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts to secrete other immunomodulatory factors. Fibroblast activated by IL-17 can support the growth and differentiation of immune cells. Studies have begun to uncover a dual role for IL-17; on one hand enhancing immune reactions and promoting inflammatory diseases and on the other decreasing responses and immune activity in established disease settings. The balance of double-edged sword effect of IL-17 and autoimmunity is illustrated in a variety of human diseases and experimental models of diseases. Specifically, the emerging interest in autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) has led to potential role of IL-17A as a target therapy in this disease.
Effect of a Gradient Distribution of Cross-Links on the Deformation Behaviors of Corneal Stroma: Theoretical Model and Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Xiao Xiazi , Xiao Cewen , Yin Yewei
Published: May 2022

In this work, both theoretical model and finite element simulation are combined to address the influence of gradiently distributed cross-links on the underlying deformation mechanisms of corneal stroma. Theoretically, a hyperelastic model is developed that involves the strengthening contributions of ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced cross-links, collagen fibers and matrix materials. Thereinto, the influence of collagen cross-linking (CXL) is characterized by a mechanism-based strain energy function, which not only explicitly depends on the density of cross-links (as a function of the corneal thickness and UVA irradiation dose), but also relies on the discrepant distribution of cross-links in the proteoglycan matrix and along the fibers. Moreover, the developed constitutive laws are incorporated into the subroutine UMAT of ABAQUS to simulate the expansion deformation of porcine cornea with/without the treatment by CXL. It is noticed that the simulated results can fit well with the experimental data, and are able to predict the macroscopic intraocular pressure (IOP)-apex displacement relations at different UVA irradiation doses. Corresponding stiffening and strengthening behaviors induced by cross-links, fibers and the matrix are systematically compared at different corneal surfaces along the thickness direction in order to obtain a sophisticated comprehension of the fundamental deformation mechanisms, which may theoretically help design and guide the operation of CXL in clinics.
A Population-Level Analysis of the Protective Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Against COVID-19 Disease Incidence and Severity
Authors: Lee Kyung Min , Heberer Kent , Gao Anthony , Becker Daniel J. , Loeb Stacy , Makarov Danil V. , Gulanski Barbara , DuVall Scott L. , Aslan Mihaela , Lee Jennifer , Shih Mei-Chiung , Lynch Julie A. , Hauger Richard L. , Rettig Matthew
Published: May 2022

Background

The incidence and severity of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is substantially higher in men. Sex hormones may be a potential mechanism for differences in COVID-19 outcome in men and women. We hypothesized that men treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have lower incidence and severity of COVID-19.

Methods

We conducted an observational study of male Veterans treated in the Veterans Health Administration from February 15th to July 15th, 2020. We developed a propensity score model to predict the likelihood to undergo Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing. We performed multivariable logistic regression modeling adjusted with inverse probability weighting to examine the relationship between ADT and COVID-19 incidence. We conducted logistic regression analysis among COVID-19 patients to test the association between ADT and COVID-19 severity.

Results

We identified a large cohort of 246,087 VA male patients who had been tested for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 3,057 men were exposed to ADT, and 36,096 men with cancer without ADT. Of these, 295 ADT patients and 2,427 cancer patients not on ADT had severe COVID-19 illness. In the primary, propensity-weighted comparison of ADT patients to cancer patients not on ADT, ADT was associated with decreased likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (adjusted OR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.81–0.95]; p = 0.001). Furthermore, ADT was associated with fewer severe COVID-19 outcomes (OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.53–0.96]; p = 0.03).

Conclusion

ADT is associated with reduced incidence and severity of COVID-19 amongst male Veterans. Testosterone and androgen receptor signaling may confer increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to severe COVID-19 pathophysiology in men.
Contrasting Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Mental Health Status in India and Saudi Arabia—A Preliminary Evidence Collected During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jayakumar Saikarthik , Ilango Saraswathi , Kumar K. Senthil , Alassaf Abdullah , Aljabr Abdullah , Paramasivam Anand , Mickeymaray Suresh , Hawsah Yazeed Mohammed , Aldawish Ahmed Saad
Published: May 2022

Background

Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.

Aim and Objectives

To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.

Materials and Methods

A total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

Results

Prevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73–55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16–61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.

Conclusion

Vaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA.
Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation of Living Cells, Tubulin, and Microtubules In Vitro
Authors: Staelens Michael , Di Gregorio Elisabetta , Kalra Aarat P. , Le Hoa T. , Hosseinkhah Nazanin , Karimpoor Mahroo , Lim Lew , Tuszyński Jack A.
Published: May 2022

We report the results of experimental investigations involving photobiomodulation (PBM) of living cells, tubulin, and microtubules in buffer solutions exposed to near-infrared (NIR) light emitted from an 810 nm LED with a power density of 25 mW/cm2 pulsed at a frequency of 10 Hz. In the first group of experiments, we measured changes in the alternating current (AC) ionic conductivity in the 50–100 kHz range of HeLa and U251 cancer cell lines as living cells exposed to PBM for 60 min, and an increased resistance compared to the control cells was observed. In the second group of experiments, we investigated the stability and polymerization of microtubules under exposure to PBM. The protein buffer solution used was a mixture of Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB aka PEM) and microtubule cushion buffer. Exposure of Taxol-stabilized microtubules (~2 μM tubulin) to the LED for 120 min resulted in gradual disassembly of microtubules observed in fluorescence microscopy images. These results were compared to controls where microtubules remained stable. In the third group of experiments, we performed turbidity measurements throughout the tubulin polymerization process to quantify the rate and amount of polymerization for PBM-exposed tubulin vs. unexposed tubulin samples, using tubulin resuspended to final concentrations of ~ 22.7 μM and ~ 45.5 μM in the same buffer solution as before. Compared to the unexposed control samples, absorbance measurement results demonstrated a slower rate and reduced overall amount of polymerization in the less concentrated tubulin samples exposed to PBM for 30 min with the parameters mentioned above. Paradoxically, the opposite effect was observed in the 45.5 μM tubulin samples, demonstrating a remarkable increase in the polymerization rates and total polymer mass achieved after exposure to PBM. These results on the effects of PBM on living cells, tubulin, and microtubules are novel, further validating the modulating effects of PBM and contributing to designing more effective PBM parameters. Finally, potential consequences for the use of PBM in the context of neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.
Resistant Maltodextrin Intake Reduces Virulent Metabolites in the Gut Environment: A Randomized Control Study in a Japanese Cohort
Authors: Nishimoto Yuichiro , Mizuguchi Yoshinori , Mori Yuka , Ito Masaki , Miyazato Shoko , Kishimoto Yuka , Yamada Takuji , Fukuda Shinji
Published: May 2022

In recent years, there have been many reports on the effects of prebiotics on intestinal health. In particular, the consumption of resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has been reported to be beneficial. However, there has been no comprehensive quantification of the effect of RMD on the intestinal environment. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the effects of RMD on the intestine, especially the intestinal microbiome and metabolome profiles. A randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial was conducted in 29 Japanese subjects, whose hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are larger than 6% (Clinical trial no. UMIN000023970, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000027589). The subjects consumed RMD or placebo twice per day for 24 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after the intake. The intestinal environment was assessed by a metabologenomics approach, involving 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis and mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The intake of RMD increased the levels of Bifidobacterium and Fusicatenibacter and decreased deoxycholate levels. Additionally, intake of RMD lowered the levels of some opportunistic virulent metabolites, such as imidazole propionate and trimethylamine, in subjects with an initially high amount of those metabolites. RMD may have beneficial effects on the gut environment, such as commensal microbiota modulation and reduction of virulence metabolites, which is known as a causative factor in metabolic disorders. However, the effects of RMD partially depend on the gut environmental baseline.
Cloning and Functional Characterization of the Polyketide Synthases Based on Genome Mining of Preussia isomera XL-1326
Authors: Liu Qingpei , Zhang Dan , Xu Yao , Gao Shuaibiao , Gong Yifu , Cai Xianhua , Yao Ming , Yang Xiaolong
Published: May 2022

Fungal polyketides (PKs) are one of the largest families of structurally diverse bioactive natural products biosynthesized by multidomain megasynthases, in which thioesterase (TE) domains act as nonequivalent decision gates determining both the shape and the yield of the polyketide intermediate. The endophytic fungus Preussia isomera XL-1326 was discovered to have an excellent capacity for secreting diverse bioactive PKs, i.e., the hot enantiomers (±)-preuisolactone A with antibacterial activity, the single-spiro minimoidione B with α-glucosidase inhibition activity, and the uncommon heptaketide setosol with antifungal activity, which drive us to illustrate how the unique PKs are biosynthesized. In this study, we first reported the genome sequence information of P. isomera. Based on genome mining, we discovered nine transcriptionally active genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKSs), Preu1–Preu9, of which those of Preu3, Preu4, and Preu6 were cloned and functionally characterized due to possessing complete sets of synthetic and release domains. Through heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Preu3 and Preu6 could release high yields of orsellinic acid (OA) derivatives [3-methylorsellinic acid (3-MOA) and lecanoric acid, respectively]. Correspondingly, we found that Preu3 and Preu6 were clustered into OA derivative synthase groups by phylogenetic analysis. Next, with TE domain swapping, we constructed a novel “non-native” PKS, Preu6-TEPreu3, which shared a very low identity with OA synthase, OrsA, from Aspergillus nidulans but could produce a large amount of OA. In addition, with the use of Preu6-TEPreu3, we synthesized methyl 3-methylorsellinate (synthetic oak moss of great economic value) from 3-MOA as the substrate, and interestingly, 3-MOA exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities, while methyl 3-methylorsellinate displayed broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Taken together, we identified two novel PKSs to biosynthesize 3-MOA and lecanoric acid, respectively, with information on such kinds of PKSs rarely reported, and constructed one novel “non-native” PKS to largely biosynthesize OA. This work is our first step to explore the biosynthesis of the PKs in P. isomera, and it also provides a new platform for high-level environment-friendly production of OA derivatives and the development of new antimicrobial agents.
Mechanisms of Variability Underlying Odor-Guided Locomotion
Authors: Tao Liangyu , Bhandawat Vikas
Published: May 2022

Changes in locomotion mediated by odors (odor-guided locomotion) are an important mechanism by which animals discover resources important to their survival. Odor-guided locomotion, like most other behaviors, is highly variable. Variability in behavior can arise at many nodes along the circuit that performs sensorimotor transformation. We review these sources of variability in the context of the Drosophila olfactory system. While these sources of variability are important, using a model for locomotion, we show that another important contributor to behavioral variability is the stochastic nature of decision-making during locomotion as well as the persistence of these decisions: Flies choose the speed and curvature stochastically from a distribution and locomote with the same speed and curvature for extended periods. This stochasticity in locomotion will result in variability in behavior even if there is no noise in sensorimotor transformation. Overall, the noise in sensorimotor transformation is amplified by mechanisms of locomotion making odor-guided locomotion in flies highly variable.