bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The skeleton of early Eocene Cantius, oldest lemuriform primate
Authors: Rose Kenneth D. , Walker Alan
Published: August 2005

A recently discovered partial skeleton of the adapid Cantius trigonodus from the early Eocene Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, documents substantial new information about the anatomy of the oldest lemuriform primates. It is very similar in all features to its descendant, middle Eocene Notharctus, and both exhibit numerous resemblances to certain extant Malagasy lemurs, particularly Lepilemur, Propithecus, Lemur, and Hapalemur griseus. Like these forms, Cantius had relatively long hind limbs and short forelimbs. Forelimb traits (prominent brachialis flange of the humerus, well‐developed olecranon process of the ulna, and strong shafts of the ulna and radius) suggest active use of the forelimbs in progression. Specializations in the hind limb (e.g., expanded articular surface of the femoral head, narrow and elevated patellar trochlea and prominent lateral trochlear ridge, posteriorly oriented femoral and tibial condyles, narrow and elongate talus, and hallucal metatarsal with prominent peroneal tubercle) indicate capabilities for leaping and for powerful grasping with an opposable hallux. Cantius was presumably primitive in having a relatively long ischium and much more distal inferior tibial tuberosity than most extant lemurs—traits suggesting that powerful extension of the thigh and flexion at the knee were important in its locomotion and posture. We interpret Cantius as an active arboreal quadruped with a propensity for leaping. The existence of this skeletal structure in one of the oldest primates of modern aspect suggests that it represents the primitive lemuriform morphology.
Incorrect size correction
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

In critiquing some size‐removal algorithms for morphometric data, Hartman professes to find error in Corruccini's approaches. Actually the error is Hartman's: he assumed identity of different algebra symbol systems, in fact ultimately using the inverse of the proper coefficient of adjustment.
The design of a parallax‐correcting anthropometer for replication in nonspecialized machine shops
Authors: Ross William D.
Published: August 2005

A fixed‐rod, slider with a window, a double‐scribed line for viewing a measuring tape affixed to the rod, and a sturdy footpiece are design features of an anthropometer for measuring projected lengths. The new instrument is designed to replace contemporary models which may be inaccessible to investigators with limited budgets or currency restrictions.

None of the design features are beyond the ingenuity of local machinists to modify, find alternate materials, and use different machine procedures. The same principles of construction can be applied in making sliding calipers with straight and recurved branches. While there is some loss in portability of the fixed‐length anthropometer, the improved stability and superior visual scale more than compensate for the disdvantages and make the new anthropometer a candidate for the instrument of choice in obtaining projected length measurements.
Porotic hyperostosis: Representative of a childhood condition
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patty
Published: August 2005

Porotic hyperostosis is currently considered to be one of several stress markers available for assessing the health and nutritional status of past human populations. The present study questions one of the basic assumptions underlying its use; that is, that the occurrence of porotic hyperostosis in an individual represents an episode of anemia that was current or had occurred within a relatively short period prior to death. A synthesis of data from a Romano‐British site Poundbury Camp, anthropological and clinical studies, and information on bone physiology suggests that lesions of porotic hyperostosis seen in adults are most probably representative of a childhood episode of anemia. Lesions seen in adults are the result of bone changes occurring in the growth period that have not undergone complete remodelling. This viewpoint has implications for future interpretation of data on porotic hyperostosis obtained from skeletal collections.
Cranial variation in the terminal Late Archaic of Ohio
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Schneider Kim N.
Published: August 2005

Cranial and mandibular discrete traits and cranial metric traits were collected from 99–125 individuals in eight terminal Late Archaic sites. The analysis of ten metric traits in six samples showed that the samples shared the same generalized variance and that sexual dimorphism in the means of the metric traits was greater than inter‐site differences. Since these samples share the same size and shape expression of a complex set of polygenic traits, we hypothesize a historical relationship among these samples.

Discrete trait analysis showed a pattern of differentiation among the eight samples. This pattern of differentiation is related directly to the geographical separation between samples, and, as with metric traits, cultural differences do not contribute to the pattern of biological differences. The overall pattern of osteological variation in these samples can be summarized parsimoniously by paraphrasing the first law of geography: All of the terminal Late Archaic populations of Ohio were related to each other, but closer ones were more related than distant ones.
Body weights of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Uehara Shigeo , Nishida Toshisada
Published: August 2005

Ten male and nine female habituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kasoje area of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were weighed intermittently between December 1973 and March 1980 by luring them up a rope hung on a spring balance: six adult males averaged 42.0 kg and eight adult females 35.2 kg. Seasonal change in body weight was recognized at least partially; body weights tended to decrease in the later part of the wet season presumably because of food shortage in the middle of the wet season. Comparison of body weight among three populations of the same subspecies suggests that adult female chimpanzees of Mahale appear to be heavier than those of the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and that they seem to be similar to the forest‐living counterparts of eastern Zaire. On the other hand, body weights of adult male chimpanzees from the three populations do not show significant differences. Perhaps feeding competition among adult females in a small, isolated habitat is more severe than that among adult males, which may result in the body weight reduction among adult female chimpanzees at Gombe.
Studies on orthocephalization: Growth behavior of the rat skull in the period 13–49 days as described by the finite element method
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Vilmann Henning , Moss‐Salentijn Letty , Sen Kasturi , Pucciarelli Hector M. , Skalak Richard
Published: August 2005

Rat cranial skeletal growth was studied, using a cross‐sectional data set, for the period 13–49 days by the application of the concepts of continuum mechanics and the numerical techniques of the finite element method (FEM). In contrast to the methods of conventional craniometry (CM) and roentgenographic cephalometry (RCM) the FEM permits fine scale, reference frame invariant descriptions and analysis of growth behavior. This advantage was demonstrated by a numerical example of the use of FEM.

The skull was discretized into a number of two‐dimensional, triangular elements, whose enclosed areas corresponded closely to both specific skeletal structures and to related functional matrices. Since it was assumed presently that the growth behavior of all of the points enclosed within a given element was similar, the application of the functional matrix hypothesis permitted an integrated description of the growth of the skeletal structure and functional matrix related to each element. The principal locus of rotation of the facial skull, relative to the cranial base, is the inferior frontoethmoidal articulation, a motion that includes a rigid body rotation. Other active and passive skeletal and visceral growth events associated with orthocephalization were located and described. Finally it was shown that the morphogenetically important growth behavior of other portions of the rat head were not directly involved in orthocephalization.
On the eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Paranthropus
Authors: Grine Frederick E.
Published: August 2005

It has been claimed recently that Australopithecus exhibited a pattern of permanent tooth eruption like that of extant great apes, whereas a significantly different pattern was shared by Paranthropus and Homo (Dean, 1985). More particularly, each of the four Paranthropus specimens examined in that study was held to show advanced development and eruption of the permanent incisors relative to the first molar. It is demonstrated here that the eruption sequence that was posited for at least one of these four Paranthropus specimens (SK 61) is clearly erroneous, while the developmental/eruption sequences manifested by the other three specimens would appear to be more ambiguous than was claimed. Another juvenile specimen of Paranthropus (KNM‐ER 1820) that was not included in Dean's study also does not necessarily support the eruption pattern that was said to characterize that taxon.
Frequencies of attached and free ear lobes in Lagos (Nigeria)
Authors: Williams G. O. , Hughes A. E.
Published: August 2005

A sample of 1,600 unrelated individuals in Lagos (Nigeria) were examined for attached or free ear lobes. Pedigree data were obtained for 11 families by questionnaire. The corrected proportion of attached among the progency of free × free was 0.27 compared to an expected value of 0.25. The observed frequencies of the three types of marriages were not significantly different from the expected values derived from the frequencies of the traits in the population. Males and females in the population were equally affected by the traits. Thus, the population frequency of attached is 25.37%, a value within the range for Caucasoids but lower than for Mongoloids.
New notharctine primate fossils from the early Eocene of New Mexico and southern Wyoming and the phylogeny of Notharctinae
Authors: Beard K. Christopher
Published: August 2005

Previously undescribed notharctine primate fossils are reported from the early Eocene San Jose Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and the early Eocene Wasatch Formation, southern Wyoming. These collections include the most complete specimens yet discovered of the poorly known species Copelemur tutus and Copelemur praetutus; the first upper dentitions of Cantius angulatus and Cantius frugivorus from the type area of these taxa; and fossils attributable to two new notharctine species, Copelemur australotutus and Smilodectes gingerichi. These new fossils reveal that current ideas concerning notharctine phylogeny are incorrect. Two major, monophyletic clades are apparent within the subfamily: the tribe Copelemurini, consisting of the genera Copelemur and Smilodectes, and the tribe Notharctini, comprising the genera Cantius, Pelycodus, and Notharctus.

Analysis of the paleobiogeographic distribution of the Copelemurini indicates that this clade was limited to more southerly regions of western North America during early Eocene time. Northward migration of more tropical habitats during the late Wasatchian and early Bridgerian in western North America, associated with an overall climatic warming trend through the early and middle Eocene, appears to have allowed several mammalian taxa, including Smilodectes, to extend their ranges northward during this time interval. Such taxa thus possess diachronous distributions and have been partly responsible for the long‐standing confusion regarding the biostratigraphic correlation of early Eocene faunas from New Mexico with those from Wyoming. Based on several taxa which are also known from the Wasatchian of Wyoming, the age of the San Jose Formation appears to be middle Wasatchian.
Alleged synapomorphy of the M1/I1 eruption pattern in robust australopithecines and Homo: Evidence from high‐resolution computed tomography
Authors: Conroy Glenn C.
Published: August 2005

Ever since Broom and Robinson (1951) published their claim that the eruption pattern of permanent incisors in robust australopithecines was most similar to that of modern man and different from that of gracile australopithecines and apes, the accuracy of this observation has been the subject of periodic debate (e.g., Wallace: Ph.D. thesis, 1972; Dean: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:251–257, 1985; Grine: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:353–359, 1987). Part of the problem is that the developing incisors in one of the specimens most crucial to this argument (SK61) are difficult to visualize clearly by conventional radiographic techniques because of the heavy mineralization in the fossil. This study reanalyzes SK 61 by high‐resolution computed tomography in order to contribute to the final resolution of its incisor development. Grine's (op. cit.) assessment of the incisors as the deciduous ones, not the permanent ones, is fully confirmed. This fact, in conjunction with the observation that permanent incisor root formation had only just commenced in this specimen, further weakens the argument of M1/I1 eruption pattern synapomorphy between Homo and robust australopithecines.
General body growth in children with cleft palate and related disorders: Age differences
Authors: Bowers Evelyn J. , Mayro Rosario F. , Whitaker Linton A. , Pasquariello Patrick S. , Larossa Donato , Randall Peter
Published: August 2005

Clefts of the lip and palate, separately or in combination, are among the most frequent congenital defects seen today. Their etiology is heterogeneous and may include hormonal factors, which suggest the possibility of growth effects. Whether affected children are smaller than others has not been determined. We recently showed that growth status is associated with type of cleft. We hypothesized genetic alterations in metabolic pathways that alter prenatal growth, producing clefts; some of these alterations also alter postnatal growth. Since the levels of growth‐regulating hormones change during ontogeny, we expected age differences in the degree of growth deficit seen. To test this hypothesis, we examine here the cross‐sectional means and distributions of standard deviation (z) scores for height and body mass indices (BMIs) for 144 children with the diagnoses unilateral cleft lip and palate (uCLP) and isolated cleft palate (iCP). We find that alteration in growth status is associated with age group as well as sex and diagnosis.
Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus
Authors: Franciscus Robert G. , Trinkaus Erik
Published: August 2005

Modern humans, among extant hominoids, possess a unique projecting, external nose whose basic structure is reflected in a series of skeletal features including nasal bone convexity, an internasal angle, lateral nasal aperture eversion, prominence and anterior positioning of the anterior nasal spine, an acute angle of the subnasal alveolar clivus, and an expansion of the breadth of the nasal bones relative to that of the piriform aperture. This anatomy appears with the emergence of Homo erectus ca. 1.6 million years ago. Although it undoubtedly evolved in the context of craniofacial and dental reduction during hominid evolution, it appears to have been primarily a response to the need for moisture conservation in an arid environment via turbulence enhancement and ambient cooling of expired air. Its appearance at this time in hominid evolution, in conjunction with the presence of a fatigue‐resistant locomotor anatomy characteristic of archaic members of the genus Homo, indicates a shift to increasingly prolonged bouts of activity in open and arid environments.
Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth from birth to adolescence in baboons
Authors: Rutenberg Gary W. , Coelho Anthony M.
Published: August 2005

Clinically normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis [Kingfjdon, 1971]) were used in an experiment which (1) examined growth in 48 subjects randomly assigned to three diet treatments (LC = low calorie; MC = medium calorie; HC = high calorie); (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of caloric availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development as measured by weight, crown‐rump length, and triceps circumference in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; (3) evaluated the rate of growth in these subjects; and (4) evaluated the extent to which they were capable of canalization (catch‐up and catch‐down growth). The LC subjects were fed 40% fewer calories than MC subjects and HC subjects were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects. Early in life baboon growth was influenced by caloric shortages and excesses. Canalization of growth attainment occurred in both the LC and HC infants after preweaning dietary treatments had ceased. This suggested that removal of environmental (caloric) insults allowed growth to be regulated by its genetic component (developmental canalization) and to return to a more normal growth pattern. Catch‐up growth of LC infants occurred by 26 weeks. Catch‐down growth of HC infants to normal levels occurred by 26 weeks. This indicates that growth canalization can work in both directions (reduction from caloric excess and increase from caloric insufficiency) within the same time frame. Following infancy, there were few significant treatment differences in growth of males, whereas females retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments throughout the 5‐year study.
A case of chondrodystrophic dwarfism in the Italian late Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Frayer David W. , Macchiarelli Roberto , Mussi Margherita
Published: August 2005

During excavations by P. Graziosi at Romito Cave near Papasidero (Cosenza) in Calabria, Italy, two skeletons (Romito 1 and 2) were discovered in a common grave. Although the specimens were briefly described by Messeri (Atti X Riuniuone Scientifica Ist. Ital. Preist. Protest., pp. 301–307, 1966), it is generally unknown in the anthropological literature that one of these individuals is a chondrodystrophic dwarf. As such, the specimen provides the earliest known case of dwarfism in the human skeletal record, extending the time span of this genetically determined growth abnormality to approximately 10,000 years ago. The specimen (Romito 2) exhibits features typical of chondrodysplasia, including a high domed skull, compressed cranial base, and in the postcranial skeleton extremely shortened diaphyseal lengths. The unique combination of these features suggests this pathological condition is acromesomelic dysplasia. Besides providing evidence for a greater antiquity of dwarfism than previously known, the fact that this individual reached late adolescence attests to tolerance of Upper Paleolithic groups for severely abnormal individuals and their ability to support members who were of limited economic value to the social group.
Frequency and distribution of enamel hypoplasias in a historic skeletal sample
Authors: Lanphear Kim M.
Published: August 2005

A skeletal sample of 296 individuals from a 19th century American poorhouse cemetery is examined for the frequency and chronogical distribution of linear enamel hypoplasias on the mandibular canines and maxillary central incisors. Dental enamel hypoplasias may be considered to be indicators of increased exposure to health risk at the time of weaning. The purpose of this study is to examine childhood stress and provide a relative measure of that stress, as evidenced by hypoplasias, in a historic sample that represents an industrializing population.

The frequency of enamel hypoplasias per individual by tooth ranged from 70 to 73%, with a peak age at stress of 2.5 to 3 years for the maxillary central incisor and 3.5 to 4 years for the mandibular canine. There were no significant differences in the presence of hypoplasias between males and females.

The peak age at stress between 2.5 and 4 years in this 19th century sample transects the ranges reported for prehistoric populations (2–6 years) and for modern groups (0–3 years). These results indicate that the stress associated with weaning probably occurred earlier in incipient industrial societies than in prehistoric hunter/gatherers and agriculturalists, yet not as early as in modern industrial groups. The high level of childhood stress in this skeletal sample compared with that of other samples may indicate a change in health, at least among the lowest class, associated with the cultural transition from an agricultural to an industrial society.
Position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates
Authors: Luboga S. A. , Wood B. A.
Published: August 2005

The location of the foramen magnum, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cranium, and its orientation with respect to the Frankfurt Horizontal, have been studied in a total of 328 modern human and Pan crania. The samples were chosen in order to examine the effect of overall size difference on foramen magnum disposition. Foramen position (expressed as three indices) and inclination are relatively invariant among the modern human samples, but the foramen magnum is consistently, and statistically significantly, more anteriorly located in Pan paniscus than in Pan troglodytes. Sexual dimorphism is virtually non‐existent. There is an apparent allometric effect on foramen position, but not on inclination, so that larger crania in the modern human and Pan paniscus samples tend to have more posteriorly situated foramina. The disposition of the foramen is unrelated to cranial base angle or facial prognathism, except that in Pan paniscus its relative anterior location is linked with the more flexed cranial base in that species.

These results provide a comparative context for the examination of differences in foramen magnum disposition in fossil hominids. Differences in foramen magnum position and orientation between KNM‐ER 1813 and A. africanus are most unlikely to be due to within‐taxon variability.
Functional and morphological stasis during molecular evolution
Authors: Williams Robert C.
Published: August 2005

The evolutionary distance between two sets of proteins was estimated using the techniques of Miyata and Yasunaga (1980) and Kimura (1980). Human β2‐microglobulin was compared with the homologous murine molecule, while human and equine α‐globin were similarly treated. It was found that a large amount of molecular evolution has occurred in β2‐microglobulin since its divergence from the common ancestor of mice and humans. Kimura's estimate of evolutionary distance, K, is 0.353, while those of Miyata and Yasunaga are KS = 0.708 and KA = 0.171. The respective values for human and equine α‐globin are 0.152, 0.293, and 0.084. In spite of this molecular evolution, it is shown that murine β2‐microglobulin can effect the expression of HLA class I antigens on the surface of human‐mouse hybrid cells and that the tertiary structures of human and equine deoxyhemoglobin are nearly identical. These observations are discussed in the light of Kimura's theory of neutral allelic drift.
Prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV‐I antigens in selected Solomon Islands population
Authors: Armstrong Martine Y. K. , Hrdy Daniel B. , Carlson James R. , Friedlaender Jonathan S.
Published: August 2005

Serum samples obtained in 1986 from healthy individuals in three distinct Solomon Islands populations were screened for antibodies to human lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I). One of the populations tested lives on the remote Polynesian outlier atoll, Ontong Java. The other two groups, the Baegu and the Lau, are Melanesians living on Malaita, the most populous of the larger Solomon Islands. Eighty‐eight of a total of 601 (14.6%) sera tested were repeatably reactive in an enzyme‐linked immunsosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses as antigen a lysate of HTLV‐I viral particles. The prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV‐I antigens varied among the three groups, ranging from 8.5% (16/188) in the Baegu, through 13% (7/54) in the Lau, to 18.1% (65/359) among the Ontong Java poplation. The specificity of the screening ELISA was confirmed by protein immunoblot. No serum samples were obtained from children under 9 years of age. Although 121 of the 601 sera came from children between the ages of 9 and 19, none of these were reactive in the HTLV‐I ELISA. Starting in the third decade, the prevalence of HTLV‐I seropositivity increased with age, from 8.8% (10/113) between the ages of 20 and 29 to a peak of 25.9% (15/58) and 25% (15/60) in the sixth and seventh decade, respectively. This age‐specific prevalence pattern is strikingly similar to that which is seen in populations where HTLV‐I infection is endemic.
Lipid and apolipoprotein levels in six Solomon Island societies differ from those in a U.S. white population
Authors: Kottke Bruce A. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. , Zebra Kim E. , Sing Charles F.
Published: August 2005

Levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, and E in 560 males and 744 females from six Solomon Island societies were compared with levels in age‐and sex‐matched participants in the Rochester Family Heart Study (RFHS). The overall average cholesterol, triglyceride, apo AI, and apo AII levels for all the Solomon Island societies were significantly lower than levels for the RFHS (P < 0.001). The mean level of apo E for these societies was significantly higher than levels in RFHS in spite of the fact that the levels of triglycerides were significantly lower. Normally, apo E is a major constituent of triglyceride‐rich verylow‐density lipoprotein (VLDL). For both sexes, none of the Solomon Island societies showed a significant correlation of plasma cholesterol levels with apo E. In the RFHS, this correlation was 0.50 in males and 0.43 in females. Mean apo E levels are estimated to be 4.15–6.0% of the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) protein in the different Solomon Island societies. This study establishes a distinctive Solomon Island lipid profile characterized by the high apo E levels, which appear to be associated primarily with the HDL particle, whereas, in normal Western populations, it is associated primarily with VLDL, and only small quantities are associated with HDL.
Effects of acculturation and age on the exercise capacities of Solomon Islanders
Authors: Weitz Charles A.
Published: August 2005

Submaximal exercise tests were carried out on 197 females and 290 males from five populations in the Solomon Islands to determine how acculturation affects the fitness of different age and sex groups. Males and females in the least acculturated group show the highest fitness levels, reflecting strenuous work patterns. Subjects from the most acculturated groups exhibit the lowest levels of fitness, a consequence of their more sedentary life‐styles. Unexpectedly, older females in these groups show exercise capacities that are equal to those of younger women. This may be a consequence of generational differences in the practice of traditional activities, such as those associated with gardening. Groups ranked intermediate in acculturation show variable patterns. For some age and sex groups, modernization has reinforced and even intensified strenuous activity patterns, resulting in high levels of fitness. For others, modernization has promoted inactivity and/or altered dietary patterns, resulting in increased body fat and low levels of fitness.
Cross‐sectional growth of young Shipibo Indian children in Eastern Peru
Authors: Hodge Linda G. , Dufour Darna L.
Published: August 2005

This paper reports measurements of weight and recumbent length for a cross‐sectional sample of 149 Shipibo infants and children between birth and 35.99 months of age from eight villages in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. The Shipibo are an Amerindian population experiencing a period of local environmental disruption and rapid cultural change. Compared with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) references values, Shipibo children are smaller and shorter than American children. The differences are least at birth. Deficits in linear growth begin between 3 and 6 months of age and continue through 35.99 months of age. Weight‐for‐length ratios are generally adequate compared to the NCHS values in all age groups. This pattern of growth is similar to that reported for non‐Amerindians in many developing countries and is assumed to represent a pattern of growth under mild‐to‐moderate undernutrition. High infant mortality rates suggest that an interaction of suboptimal nutrition and infectious diseases is contributing to the pattern of growth retardation seen; however, genetic differences cannot yet be discounted.
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella
Authors: Corner Brian D. , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: August 2005

The present study was undertaken to provide a quantitative description of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella in three dimensions. Landmarks from a cross‐sectional sample of sexed and dentally aged crania were collected using a 3Space digitizer. Two methods of three‐dimensional form analysis, euclidian distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite‐element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to investigate growth changes in the cranium. Male and female growth was examined by comparing the youngest male mean form to all other age/sex specific mean forms. In addition, form differences between the sexes were studied by comparing male and female mean forms at each age.

The cranium was divided into four regions for analysis: muzzle, upper face, neurocranium, and basicranium. Growth changes within each region were examined. In the muzzle and neurocranium, most growth occurs along the anteroposterior axis. Growth around pterion and the lower orbital rim is prominent within the upper face. The basicranium shows a surprisingly large amount of form change with growth. This form change is due to the mediolateral expansion of the basioccipital, and to the posterior migration and inferior rotation of basion.

Males and females have similar growth patterns, but males tend to be larger than females in nearly all dimensions at every developmental age except the youngest. Evidence suggests that craniofacial sexual dimorphism is primarily due to males growing faster than females for approximately the same amount of time.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Assessing the diurnal variation of blood pressure
Authors: James Gary D. , Pickering Thomas G.
Published: August 2005

The purposes of this paper are to examine the effects of activity, situation of measurement, mood, and occupation on the daily variation of blood pressure and to discuss the potential utility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in physical anthropological studies. The subjects of the blood pressure variability study are 125 men who were referred to the Hypertension Center at New York Hospital—Cornell Medical Center for evaluation of hypertension. There were 1,386 blood pressure measurements from these subjects available for study, which were taken using noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques. Pressures were transformed to z scores using the subject's daily mean pressure and standard deviation to assess the relative elevation during the experience of the various factors. The results show that activity and mood are the most significant sources of blood pressure variation (P < .005) and are additive. Occupation, which may be an indicator of social class in this population, also modified the mood effects. Because ambulatory blood pressure monitors obtain many readings over a day under a variety of circumstances, their use can improve epidemiological and human biological studies of the inheritance and variability of blood pressure. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is an important new tool in the study of human biological variation.
Spondyloarthropathy: Erosive arthritis in representative defleshed bones
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Woods Robert J.
Published: August 2005

Erosive changes and syndesmophyte formation, characteristics of spondyloarthropathy, were present in 79/2906 skeletons in the Todd Collection. Holistic assessment of this defined population allowed it to be distinguished from rheumatoid and other erosive forms of arthritis. Characterization of the nature and distribution of osseous alterations in a contemporary skeletal population allowed development of a standard for recognition of the disease in skeletal populations.
Phylogenetic and biogeographic significance of the tarsiiform primate Asiomomys changbaicus from the eocene of Jilin Province, people's Republic of China
Authors: Beard K. Christopher , Wang Banyue
Published: August 2005

A newly discovered Paleogene mammal locality in Jilin Province, People's Republic of China has yielded a dentary fragment of the tarsiiform primate Asiomomys changbaicus. Unlike most other Eocene primates from Asia, the phylogenetic position of A. changbaicus is well resolved: it represents the sister taxon of Stockia powayensis, a probable washakiin omomyid from the early Uintan of southern California. The phylogenetic position and geographic provenance of A. changbaicus demonstrate the feasibility of primate dispersal between North America and Asia during middle Eocene time. This finding establishes a biogeographic link between the most diverse known radiation of tarsiiform primates, which occurred in the Eocene of North America, and the present range of the genus Tarsius. Accordingly, biogeographic considerations no longer detract from the hypothesis of a close phylogenetic relationship between Tarsius and a clade of North American Omomyidae.
Biomechanical association of dental and temporomandibular pathology in a medieval Nubian population
Authors: Sheridan Susan G. , Mittler Diane M. , Van Gerven Dennis P. , Covert Herbert H.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of the relationship between oral pathology and degenerative change at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was undertaken on an archaeological sample of 122 adult crania from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. The crania were sorted into 2 groups: those demonstrating clearly visible bony changes at the joint (TMJ+) and those without visible change (TMJ−). These groups were compared according to 1) age; 2) sex; 3) active dental pathologies (abscesses, caries, partial socket resorption); 4) tooth loss with complete socket resorption; and 5) dental attrition.

No statistically significant association was evident between degenerative change at the TMJ and age, active dental pathologes, or dental attrition; however, sex differences and posterior tooth loss with complete socket resorption revealed a significant correspondence to degenerative TMJ changes. Both of these factors agree with the clinical literature and with biomechanical models (most notably that of Hylander) based upon modern populations. Furthermore, the results support the contention that paleopathological conditions can be analyzed from a clinical and functional biomechanical perspective.
What's old and new in molecular phylogenetics
Authors: Marks Jonathan
Published: August 2005

While it is fairly easy to devise a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data, it has proven difficult to tell how reliable any such tree is. Thus while the genetic inference that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas cluster together is widely accepted, the genetic inference that the primary division among Old World human populations is between Asia and EurAfrica is not. A molecular phylogenetic inference linking humans and chimpanzees was proposed in the 1980s based on the technique of DNA hybridization. Despite several recent publications in primary and secondary source material, much confusion still exists surrounding the work. This paper tries to clarify issues that may still be confusing to physical anthropologists, and proposes criteria upon which to judge the robusticity of a phylogenetic inference based on DNA hybridization, in light of a recent published claim of replication. The claim of replication is considered critically. Interestingly, the original DNA hybridization data may actually show a chimp‐gorilla link, in harmony with other phylogenetic results.
Morphometric data for adult lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)
Authors: Harvey N. C. , Clarke A. S. , Lindburg D. G.
Published: August 2005

Basic morphometric data were collected from 22 adult lion‐tailed macaques (M. silenus) of both sexes. M. silenus is a rare primate species from which adequate morphometric data have not heretofore been available for comparative purposes. Data collected included measures of gross body size (weight; crown‐rump and rump‐heel length), and for males, measures of secondary sexual characteristics (canine tooth and testes size). Degree of sexual dimorphism was marked, with males significantly larger and heavier than females. The three body size measures were correlated for males but not for females. There was substantial variation among individual males in secondary sex characteristic measurements. The data indicate that lion‐tailed macaque morphometrics are consonant with the general pattern of positive allometry for body size and sexual dimorphism characteristic of the primate order.
Cranial deformation and nonmetric trait variation
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Kohn Luci A. P. , Cheverud James M.
Published: August 2005

Cranial deformation is known to influence many traditional craniometric variables, but its effects on nonmetric trait variation are not well characterized. In this study, we examine the effects of three types of deformation (annular, lambdoid flattening, and fronto‐occipital) on nonmetric traits, using a large sample of protohistoric and prehistoric crania. Our results indicate that a few traits are increased or decreased in relative frequency by particular types of deformation, but that these effects have little impact on the calculation of biological distances between groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya
Authors: Ward C. V. , Walker A. , Teaford M. F. , Odhiambo I.
Published: August 2005

A partial skeleton attributed to Proconsul nyanzae (KNM‐MW 13142) is described. The fossils were found at a site on Mfangano Island, Kenya, which dates to 17.9 ± .1 million years ago. KNM‐MW 13142 consists of six partial vertebrae (T12‐S1), a nearly complete hipbone, most of the right femur and left femoral shaft, a fragmentary tibia and fibula, and a nearly complete talus and calcaneus. This skeleton provides the first pelvic fossil known for any East African Miocene hominoid. The new Proconsul specimen is compared to a large sample of extant anthropoids to determine its functional and phylogenetic affinities. In most aspects of its anatomy, KNM‐MW 13142 closely resembles nonhominoid anthropoids. This individual had a long, flexible spine, narrow torso, and habitually pronograde posture, features characteristic of most extant monkeys. Evidence of spinal musculature suggests a generalized condition intermediate between that of cercopithecoids and hylobatids. The hindlimb of KNM‐MW 13142 exhibits relatively mobile hip and ankle joints, with structural properties of the femur like those of hominoids. This mix of features implies a pattern of posture and locomotion that is unlike that of any extant primate. Many aspects of the Proconsul nyanzae locomotor skeleton may represent the primitive catarrhine condition. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Measurement size, precision, and reliability in craniofacial anthropometry: Bigger is better
Authors: Jamison Paul L. , Ward Richard E.
Published: August 2005

In this paper we examine the results of an intraobserver measurement error study involving 49 craniofacial variables that ranged in size from less than 1 cm to approximately 20 cm. Repeat measurements were taken on 10 male and 10 female adult subjects (19–59 years old). Our focus is on the relationship between measurement size and measurement error across the 49 variables. We found that the size of the variable showed no relationship with the magnitude of the error as measured by the technical error of measurement. When the error was expressed as a coefficient of relative variation (Malina et al.: Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 23. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1973), this quantity was negatively associated with the size of the measurement. Conversely, reliability (Fleiss: The Design and Analysis of Experiments. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986) was positively correlated with measurement size. We did not find effects of scale (Marks et al.: Am. J. Epidemiol. 130:578–587, 1989) within the individual measurements. Thus, for the range of size of the craniofacial measurements in this study, measurement size must be added to the list of factors such as ease of locating landmarks, measurement technique, and systematic bias in the application of the technique that can affect precision and reliability in anthropometry. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal trends in stable isotopes for Nubian mummy tissues
Authors: White Christine D. , Schwarcz Henry P.
Published: August 2005

From Meroitic to Christian times (350B.C.–A.D. 1400), Sudanese Nubia experienced political, economic, cultural, and environmental upheaval. Change in any one of these aspects of ancient lifeways can affect subsistence. Dietary patterns from this period are reconstructed by measuring stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in tissue samples from 146 mummies excavated from five sites in the Wadi Halfa area. On average, δ13C values of bone collagen, muscle, and skin indicate high consumption levels of C3plants (presumably wheat or barley staples, mixed vegetables, and fruits) throughout the sequence. However, during the X‐Group period (A.D. 350–550), there is a statistically significant increase in consumption of C4plants (millet or sorghum), which are predominant in both the archeological record and in modern crop production for most of the Northern Sudan. The X‐Group period was also associated with a low Nile and political and economic restructuring. Increased use of C4plants on a seasonal basis is also indicated by shifting δ13C values along hair shafts for both X‐Group and Christian periods. δ15N values suggest that the major source of protein for all time periods came from herbivorous animals. A small, but significant increase in15N over the 1,000‐year sequence could be the result of fertilization. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in catarrhini
Authors: Marzke M. W. , Wullstein K. L. , Viegas S. F.
Published: August 2005

Intraspecies variability is investigated in two regions of the wrist, for the purpose of determining whether patterns may be discerned in the variability that may be compared in the functional and phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil catarrhines. In the midcarpal joint region, two lunatohamate configuration patterns are found, and at the fourth carpometacarpal joint four types of configuration are identified. These two sites previously were reported to show almost continuous variability in humans, thus precluding comparison with other species. The different types of configuration in our study are delineated on the basis of their relation to differences in joint function. At the lunatohamate site there is a strong tendency in each species examined for one type to dominate in frequency. At the fourth carpometacarpal joins there is a tendency for one type or for two related types to predominate in each species. The chimpanzee sample exhibits the least variability of all species studied in joint configuration at the two sites. Australopithecus afarensis has a combination of joint types in these regions likely to be found today in only a small percentage of living Hominoidea. We conclude that patterns may be discerned at some joints in what was formerly considered to be a continuum of variation. Since these patterns (joint types) differ in their relative frequencies among living species, the frequency differences may be useful as a guide to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and of potential wrist functions in fossil species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids
Authors: Arsuaga Juan Luis , Carretero José Miguel
Published: August 2005

A large sample of hip bones of known sex coming from one modern population is studied morphologically and by multivariate analysis to investigate sexual dimorphism patterns. A principal component analysis of raw data shows that a large amount of the hip bone sexual dimorphism is accounted for by size differences, but that sex‐linked shape variation is also very conspicuous and cannot be considered an allometric consequence of differences in body size between the sexes. The PCA of transformed (“shape”) variables indicates that the female hip bones are different in those traits associated with a relatively larger pelvic inlet (longer pubic bones, a greater degree of curvature of the iliopectineal line, and a more posterior position of the auricular surface), as well as a broader sciatic notch. The analysis of nonmetric traits also shows marked sexual dimorphism in the position of the sacroiliac joint in the iliac bone, in the shape of the sciatic notch, in pubic morphology, and in the presence of the pre‐auricular sulcus in females. When the australopithecine AL 288‐1 and Sts 14 hip bones are included in the multivariate analysis, they appear as “ultra‐females.” In particular these early hominids exhibit extraordinarily long pubic bones and iliopectineal lines, which cannot be explained by allometry. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Additional cranial remains from Vindija cave, Croatia
Authors: Smith Fred H. , Ahern James C.
Published: August 2005

Two additional cranial specimens from Vindija cave, Croatia, are described. One specimen is a zygomatic, providing the first information about the midfacial anatomy of the Vindija hominids. The other specimen is a frontal/supraorbital torus fragment. Both specimens exhibit morphology typically associated with Neandertals. They derive from level G1 and provide further indication that both the level G3 and G1 hominids at Vindija represent Neandertals. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further analysis of mandibular molar crown and cusp areas in Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominids
Authors: Suwa Gen , Wood Bernard A. , White Tim D.
Published: August 2005

Crown and cusp areas of mandibular molars were measured and analyzed on a sample of 249 specimens attributed to Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, A. (Paranthropus) robustus, A. (P.) boisei, and early Homo. In addition to intertaxon comparisons, we compared data that had been collected independently by two of the authors using methods that differ slightly in technique of measurement. Interobserver differences were evaluated by the t‐test of paired comparisons, method error statistic, percent differences, and principal component analysis. Results suggest that between‐technique error of measurement of overall crown area is small. Error estimates for individual cusp area measurements were of larger relative magnitude. However, these were not sufficient to detract from the conclusions derived from comparative analyses. Our results are in general agreement with previous assessments of early hominid dental size. Crown areas of A. africanus, however, exhibit a mosaic pattern, with M1 similar in size to that of A. afarensis and early Homo, and M2 and M3 similar in size to that of A. robustus. Intertaxon comparisons of relative cusp area were undertaken by univariate statistics and principal component analysis. These analyses revealed that while A. (P.) robustus and A. (P.) boisei both possess mandibular molars with cusp proportions significantly different from the ‘non‐robust’ taxa, these differences are substantially greater in A. (P.) boisei. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.