bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequencing seabed morphology through bathymetric profiling on Brebes coastal area
Authors: Wongsokarto M , Trihatmoko E , Nurlinda  , Widodo J , Sanjoto T B , Marfai M A , Aji A , Annaufal M H , Yulianasari D , Syarifatunnada H
Published: July 2024

The sedimentation process encompasses both morpho-dynamic and hydrodynamic aspects, but hydrodynamic-related sedimentation studies have received greater attention. Our data mining shows that total publication on the hydrodynamic aspect 2% greater than the morphodynamic aspect, indicating a bias towards this aspect in sedimentation research. Morphosedimentary studies offer an alternative approach to conducting sedimentation research with a focus on the morpho-dynamic aspect. Brebes Regency, located on the north coast of Central Java, experiences significant accretion, making it an ideal location for this study. The overarching objective of this research is to analyze bed load flow patterns within the nearshore zone of Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, by considering morphosedimentary features. To achieve this, we utilized bathymetry data from sources such as GEBCO and National DEM Data (BATNAS), alongside field validation. Initial desk analysis revealed a depression in the western part of the Brebes coastal area, characterized by a depth of 15 meters, situated within the middle of the upper slope morphosedimentary region. To validate this finding, we overlaid the data with BATNAS. Subsequent analysis indicated that the depression had flattened out over time. Instead, the final results indicate that bed load flows originate in the west bay of the Brebes coastal area and flow northeastward.
Endophytic Bacteria Improves the Growth of Tomato Plants: An Initial Trial Towards Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Sidiq Yasir , Assyifa Arbiatun Nurlaili , Rahayu Triastuti , Mumpuni Kistantia Elok
Published: July 2024

Microbe-based biofertilizer remains high demand toward sustainable agriculture. Previous study isolated three potential endophytic bacteria from the root of klutuk banana plants namely K2, K8, and K117. The potencies were indicated by IAA production ability. This experiment examined the influence of root inoculation using these endophytic bacteria on the growth of tomato plants. Isolate preparation was initiated by shaking the three isolates in the Nutrient Broth medium for six hours. The seeds of tomato plants were germinated by soaking in sterile water for an hour after surface sterilization. Then, the soaked seeds were incubated for 3 days on the moist paper towel in the petri dish to achieve a high humidity. The germinated tomato seeds were inoculated by soaking the root tip in the bacterial isolates for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the inoculated tomato plants were grown on sterile soils in the greenhouse condition. The height of the plants, leaf count, root length, and quantity of roots were assessed 28 days after inoculation (dai). The t-test analysis indicated two isolates, K2 and K117, significantly improved the height of the plants, leaf count and root lengths compared to the control. In addition, all isolates significantly increased the number of roots of tomato plants. This finding revealed the plant growth improvement caused by root inoculation by these potential endophytic bacteria. This preliminary study gives additional information about a novel biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture.
The Impact of Population Growth on Land Covers in Tegal Regency, Indonesia in 2015 and 2023
Authors: Prawesti A D , Wardhani P I , Surachman D
Published: July 2024

The purpose of study was to examine how Tegal Regency’s population expansion has affected the land cover for eight years and identify the land cover changes in Tegal Regency that resulted from population growth between 2015 and 2023. This research used descriptive quantitative because of the population growth rate calculation and spatial analysis to compare the highest and lowest population growth and determine the amount of land cover change in 2015-2023 in Tegal Regency. The results of this study showed that the Bojong Sub-district had the highest population growth rate of 2.46%, with a growth of 13,327 people, while the Talang Sub-district had the lowest growth rate of 0.90%, with a growth of 7,492 people. The higher the population, the more land is needed to build settlements, so there is a change in built-up land cover, which in 2015 was 13,900.47 ha to 15,417.70 ha in 2023. The most built-up land cover has increased in area in Margasari Sub-district because of the high population change of 15,900 people. In this case, population growth significantly impacted the amount of land cover in Tegal Regency in 2015-2023.
How Effective is the Law in Supporting the Smart Environment Program in Smart City Surakarta?
Authors: Nurhayati Nunik , Zulfa Alfian Sherendra , Enggarani Nuria Siswi
Published: July 2024

Implementation of the Smart Environment program in the City of Surakarta requires effective regulations to realize advanced and quality city development. However, there are still several environmental problems that need to be addressed. This research uses an empirical juridical approach with data collected through literature study, interviews and questionnaires. The research results show that the implementation of Smart Environment provides benefits to a sustainable environment and strengthens Surakarta’s status as an innovative and environmentally friendly city. The effectiveness of the law has made a positive contribution in achieving sustainable development goals in Surakarta. However, several factors do not support the realization of a smart environment, including the lack of green open space and the understanding of the people of Surakarta about smart environments.
The Influence of Emotional Support on the Supportiveness of Students at SMPN 6 Surakarta in Facing Flood Disasters
Authors: Andita E D , Hafida S H N , Musiyam M , Susilawati S A , Wibowo Y A , Isa N K M , Ibrahim M H
Published: July 2024

Psychological condition that are often experienced by school students in flood-prone areas are fear and anxiety, so students need to be equipped emotional Support and Supportiveness skills. This research aims to determine the effect of emotional support on supportiveness off students in class VIII SMP Negeri 6 Surakarta in facing the flood disaster. This research uses a quantitative method with a correlational design to measure the degree relationship between two variables, that is emotional support and supportiveness skills well data collected using questionnaires and observations. The respondents in this study were 88 students from class VIII SMPN 6 Surakarta with a sampling technique using simple random sampling. The data analysis technique used is Pearson correlation analysis. The research results show a significance result of 0.019 so that there is a significant influence between Emotional Support on the Supportiveness of class VIII students at SMPN 6 Surakarta in facing the flood disaster. Where the level of student emotional support is 59% and the level of student Supportiveness is 68%. So student in SMPN 6 Surakarta must to increase the emotional support and suportiveness to be more resilient in facing the flood disaster.
The Oil Palm Smallholders Corporation Model Based On Local Specifications In Jambi Province Toward Sustainability
Authors: Yanita Mirawati , Hamid Ernawati , Alamsyah Zulkifli , Napitupulu Dompak , Fauzia Gina , Herlambang Nurachmat , Effran Endy
Published: July 2024

The rapid expansion of oil palm plantation areas promoted poverty because of job creation and community welfare. However, oil palm still has substantial socioeconomic and sustainability implications, so an agricultural institution must support the palm oil business. The existing oil palm smallholder institutional is more pragmatic based on needs or meets the requirements to get assistance or facilitation from outside parties. The research objective is to create a model of integration and sustainability of institutional governance based on local specifications of the area. The research uses primary and secondary data sources. Based on the field institutional cooperation of smallholders involving cooperatives, smallholder groups in a corporation, and palm oil mills, supported by regulatory providers. The local government is responsible for establishing, developing, and institutional strengthening smallholders and financial funding support. In addition, it is also necessary to enter input with a Joint partnership program based on a Written Agreement that regulates the rights and obligations of each party, the partnership period, and other binding provisions, including the guarantee of the farmer’s Fruit Fresh Bunch (FFB) price. Institutions implemented following their functions and objectives based on local, and regional specifications to realize the sustainability of independent oil palm smallholders.
Development Strategy Of Agro-tourism For Sustainability Of Agricultural Business Entity: Case Study Of Sawangan Farm In Depok, West Java
Authors: Yodfiatfinda  , Safitri Diana
Published: July 2024

The lack of net income that farmers receive often puts pressure on the sustainability of agribusiness businesses. This research aims to analyze the agricultural business development strategies through business diversification at an agricultural and livestock business in Depok City called Sawangan Farm Dairy. This study analyses the factors of internal and external environmental conditions that affect the increase in income and plans alternative business development strategies. The research method is descriptive-qualitative using internal factor evaluation (IFE), external factor evaluation (EFE). Analysis method were SWOT analysis and Quantitative Strategies Planning Matrix (QSPM). Sampling technic used were purposive sampling. The results of the IFE analysis show a score of 3.00, which means it is in the high category. This means that the Sawangan Farm business, from an internal aspect, has strategic value to continue to develop. The results of the EFE analysis got a score of 3.32, which is also included in the high category. This can indicate that the company has a strong external position to take advantage of opportunities and overcome existing threats to achieve company goals. The simulation results of the IFE and EFE analysis scores, or the IE matching stage, show that the company is in quadrant I. For the SWOT analysis, six strategies were found, and from the QSPM analysis, the first rank to be implemented was conducting tourism marketing through online media to potential market areas, namely the cities nearest major cities, with a value of 6.88.
Resilience in Agriculture Amidst and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Research Trends and Objectives
Authors: Rusman RFY , Salman D , Munir AR , Hastang
Published: July 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all facets of human existence, notably the agricultural sector. The term “resilience” has regained popularity as a means of coping with pandemics. The primary objective of this article is to discern and compile scholarly works pertaining to the concept of resilience in agriculture, specifically in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it seeks to establish connections between various research domains and the specific research goals outlined in the synthesis articles. The publishing data utilized in this study comprises of research publications written in the English language, with a specific focus on the field of agriculture. The data was sourced from reputable databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, covering the period from 2020 to 2023. There is a total of 110 articles that meet the specified inclusion criteria. The articles were stored on the Mendeley platform and afterwards subjected to bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer software. In addition, it is important to note that papers are categorized according to their geographical location and the specific aims of the research. The primary findings indicate that resilience has been a longstanding research focus, which has regained popularity due to its association with COVID-19. The number of publications pertaining to COVID-19 is steadily rising, with a focus on several keywords including market disruption, case studies, community-supported agriculture, agroecology, and disaster recovery. study primarily targets countries in the Asian continent based on their geographical location. The result shows mostly revolve around investigating the effects of lockdown measures on agricultural production, the agri-food supply chain, livelihoods, and market access. Several study objectives were also focused on examining the resilience of various farming systems and smallholder farmers. This analysis serves as a valuable point of reference for future research pertaining to the resilience of the agricultural sector in the face of various shocks.
The Influence of Household Characteristics, Income, and Technology Access on Household Food Security Post-COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Darwis K , Salam M , Munizu M , Diansari P
Published: July 2024

The research was undertaken after synthesizing select findings from prior studies about the effects of COVID-19 on food security. However, it is noteworthy that certain limitations in the research have neglected to address the state of household food security post-COVID-19 pandemic. This scholarly aims to assess the food security situation of households after the COVID-19 outbreak by analyzing the influencing factors, such as age, education level of the household’s chief, number of dependents, income, and access to technology. The employed methodology is a quantitative research strategy that utilizes logistic regression analysis. The study included a sample of 30 households in Pangkajene Kepulauan Regency. The findings indicate that the -2 log-likelihood score was 68.742, less than the Chi-square table value of 70.52. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model met the test criteria for the inclusion of variable X. The Nagelkerke R square coefficient of determination is 88%, indicating that the independent variables exert a statistically significant impact on the dependent variable, namely food security. Partially, education, income, and access to technology notably impact food security. This study has optimistic possibilities for making policy recommendations that governments can use in addressing the global food crisis post-pandemic COVID-19.
Consumer attitude to buy decorative plants at the post-Relocation bandungan flower market, Semarang Regency
Authors: Musthofiah  , Prastiwi Wahyu Dyah , Handayani Migie
Published: July 2024

The research aimed to analyze consumer attitudes towards attributes namely: location of the market, environmental condition, consumers’ convenience, transportation access, color of plants, and plants resistance both before and after relocation and to analyze the differences in consumer attitudes before and after relocation at the Bandungan Flower Market. The research was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 at the New Bandungan Flower Market, Semarang Regency. The case study method was used in this research with a purposive sampling technique resulting total of 70 respondents with the criteria of adult consumers at the new Bandungan Flower Market and having purchased products at the Bandungan Flower Market before relocation at least once. Consumer attitudes towards attributes were analyzed using Fishbein multi-attributes and differences in attitudes were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. The results showed that attributes before relocation with good criteria, namely plants color and plant resistance, while attributes after relocation with good criteria were found in all attributes. The value of consumer attitudes before the relocation is 15.03, while after the relocation is 17.61. First, it concluded that the consumer attitude before the relocation was quite good and then increased after the relocation to good. Second, the different tests concluded that there is a significant difference between consumer attitudes before and after the relocation of the Bandungan Flower Market.
Potential of Horticultural and Food Crops in Kuantan Singingi-Based Agropolitan
Authors: Sutikno A , Khoiri M A , Yunandra  , Mursyid H , Zamaya Y , AR N H , Pramana A , Othman Lie
Published: July 2024

One of the main ways to hasten the process of implementing development and enhancing community services is through regional division. Additionally, regional growth during the age of regional autonomy has given regional governments more room to conduct independent development planning in Kuantan Singingi in line with the availability and carrying capacity of regional resources. This research aims to determine the leading sectors in Kuantan Singingi Regency based on information and data regarding the production of horticultural crops and food crops that are suitable for regional advantages and community conditions. It also analyzes the concept, potential implementation, and the impact of agropolitan development on the agricultural sector and economic growth in Kuantan Singingi Regency, in order to obtain recommendations for the regions and the recommended types of horticultural crops and food crops to be developed as agropolitan areas in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The analysis results indicate that the agricultural sector can be developed as a leading sector in Kuantan Singingi Regency, as evidenced by 65% of the total area in Kuantan Singingi Regency being productive land. Kuantan Tengah and Cerenti districts are recommended for the development of agropolitan areas with a focus on horticultural crops and food crops, including spinach, water spinach, durian, corn, and cassava as the leading commodities in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The total overall production of these commodities amounts to 1,427 tons per year.
Assessment of Increasing Rice Plant Index 400 with the Application of Environmentally Friendly Rice Cultivation Technology in Irrigation Land, Banjar City, West Java
Authors: Sutrisna N. , Surdianto Y. , Susanto B. , Susanto H. , Wiratno  , Haryati Y. , Nurawan A. , Ishaq I. , Syakir M. , Kilfi G.C.
Published: July 2024

Achieving rice self-sufficiency is the main target of the Ministry of Agriculture in order to meet the demand for rice consumption which continues to increase every year. Various efforts have been made, including through a program to increase the Rice Planting Index (PI) from 300 to 400 or from three times to four times in one year. The research aim was to determine the technical and financial feasibility of increasing PI Paddy 400 by applying Environmentally Friendly Rice Cultivation (EFRC) technology to irrigated paddy fields. The study was carried out in an irrigated paddy field in Pataruman Village, Pataruman District, Banjar City, West Java Province, Indonesia. The study used an adaptive research approach on 2.0 ha of farmers’ land involving 12 implementing farmers (cooperators). The assessment will be carried out in 2021, starting from the 2nd Planting Season (PS) to the 4th PS, while the 1st PS activities have been carried out by farmers. The technology adapted is the early maturing New Superior Varieties (NSV) Cakrabuana and M70D as well as setting cropping patterns and implementing EFRC technology packages. The results of the study show that the use of NSV Cakrabuana and M70D can speed up harvest time, so that they can harvest four times in one year. EFRC technology can increase rice production for one year by 24.24% from 16.5 to 20.5 tons of dry harvested grain (DHG). Farmers are still hesitant to develop PI 400 rice technology even though it is financially profitable and feasible with an RC Ratio of 1.84.
Volatile compounds characteristics of several Indonesian indigenous rice varieties
Authors: Kusbiantoro Bram , Handoko Dody D
Published: July 2024

Information on the volatile compounds of scented/aromatic rice is crucial for plant breeders and food chemists in developing the rice varieties. One of the major hurdles in the improvement of aromatic rice through breeding in Indonesia is the lack of quantitative assay of volatile compounds. The objectives of the study were to characterize and identify volatile compounds that contribute to the flavor of aromatic rice. Twenty rice varieties were collected from four provinces in Indonesia, consisting of five varieties from North Sumatera, three varieties from South Sumatera, eight varieties from East Java, and four varieties from South Kalimantan. The rice volatile compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and then analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The GCMS analysis identified 94 volatile compounds from 8 compound classes, namely aldehydes (14 compounds), alcohols (20 compounds), ketones (15 compunds), benzenes (16 compounds), esters (15 compounds), acids (3 compounds), terpenes/mono+sesquiterpen (7 compounds), and aliphatic hydrocarbons (4 compounds). Mentik Wangi variety from East Java Province had the highest aroma impact compound of aromatic rice (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline), followed by Siudang and Pandanwangi varieties (East Java). Another rice flavor compound, hexanal, that contributed to the unpleasant odor of rice (green or grass-like odor), was also found in Kuku Balam variety (North Sumatera) with the highest concentration among others. It was followed by Seluang variety (South Sumatera) and Cantik Manis variety (North Sumatera). There were five varieties, namely Pandan Wangi, Cantik Manis, Siudang, Serendah, and Mentik Wangi, can be used as the parent for improving aromatic rice variety.
The Effect of Seaweed Addition and Different Storage Time on Total Lactic Acid, Viscosity, and Syneresis of Goat Milk Yogurt with Spirulina platensis
Authors: Aurora N E , Nurwantoro  , Hartanto R , Cahyani AP
Published: July 2024

Yogurt was a product from pasteurized milk that fermented. The aims of this research was to examine the impact of seaweed addition during different storage lengths of time. on total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis tests of goat’s milk yogurt with Spirulina platensis. The completely randomised (CRD) factorial pattern (3 × 3), with three replications for each, was used in the research design. The addition of seaweed (0%, 5%, and 10%) was the first factor. The second factor was storage time (0, 8, 16 days). Analyse the data used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if a significant treatment effect was discovered used the Duncan test. The analysis showed no interaction (P>0.05) between adding seaweed and different storage times on total acids, viscosity, and syneresis. The addition of seaweed concentration significantly affect on viscosity, syneresis (P<0.05) but not significantly affect on total lactic acid (P>0.05). Storage time significantly affect total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis (P<0.05). Adding Spirulina platensis with a concentration of 5% seaweed and a storage time of 0 days showed the best results based on its quality, although up to the 16 day it still shows the feasibility of consumption.
Shelf-life and antioxidant activity of beef meatball containing api-api mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour
Authors: Novitasari A , Pramono Y B , Adiwinarti R
Published: July 2024

Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is one of the pioneers in the mangrove forest ecosystem. Avicennia marina belongs to the Verbenaceae family and is a cosmopolitan plant distributed along tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) is a plant that is rich in bioactive substances such as antibacterial and antioxidant which are good for food preservation. Meatball is the one of the meat products which is easily damaged by bacteria and has a short shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the microbiology quality and antioxidant activity of beef meatballs containing Api-Api Mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf flour as a natural preservative. This research used a factorial completely randomized design. The treatments were meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% that were refrigerated during 5 different storage times (at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The shelf life of the meatballs was evaluated for microbial content, initially and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (S0, S2, S4, S6, and S8) using a standard total plate count method. Antioxidant activity was analyzed at S0 and S8. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine shelf life, and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test followed. Descriptive analysis was done on antioxidant activity. The results showed that the treatments did not significant on the shelf life of the meatballs. The shelf life of meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour was longer (P<0,05) than other treatments. On the fourth day of storage, the meatballs were spoilage as indicated by the number of bacteria reaching 106 colonies per gram except the meatballs containing 20% of Avicennia marina leaf flour. These indicated that the Avicennia marina leaf flour can suppress the growth of bacteria. The antioxidant activity of meatballs containing Avicennia marina leaf flour was higher than those of the control. It can be concluded that the use of Avicennia marina leaf flour can be used as a natural preservative to support the resilience of the food sector.
The Effect of Extraction Temperature on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Pectin From Banana Bunch
Authors: Nopiani Yanti , Hamzah Farida Hanum , Pato Usman , Zamzani dan Muhammad
Published: July 2024

The banana bunch is a potentially large biomass that is just discarded. Banana bunch can be used to make high-value-added goods like pectin. Pectin is an industrial material derived from plant tissue that can be altered by a variety of conditions, including temperature extraction. Temperature extraction is one element that influences pectin properties and characteristics. The study aimed to determine the optimal temperature for extracting pectin from banana bunches. The investigation was carried out experimentally utilizing a complete randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications, yielding 15 experimental units. Temperature extraction at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C was used in this investigation. Yield, moisture, ash, methoxyl, period of jelly formation, and brightness are among the observation parameters tested. To assess the difference in each treatment, the data was statistically evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple ranges (DMRT) at 5%. The results revealed that the extraction temperature had a substantial effect on moisture, ash, methoxyl, jelly formation time, and brightness. The P5 treatment (temperature extraction 95°C) produced the best results in this study, yielding 8.11%, moisture 10.52%, ash 8.15%, methoxyl 9.20%, period of jelly formation 2.24 minutes, and brightness (L) 28.14.
Yield, Citral Content, and Citral Yield of Lemongrass Leaf Oleoresin (Cymbopogon citratus) Prepared With Various Extraction Temperature
Authors: Khasanah L U , Praseptiangga D , Purwanto E , Ariviani S
Published: July 2024

Oleoresin is a product obtained from extraction using organic solvents, which is a mixture of essential oils and resins. The extraction temperature affects the yield and the quality of oleoresin. This study aims to determine the effect of maceration extraction temperature (70, 75, and 80°C) on the yield, the citral content and the citral yield of lemongrass leaves oleoresin. Maceration extraction to obtain oleoresin from lemongrass leaves was carried out for 6 hours. HPLC analysis was performed to obtain the citral content in lemongrass leaves oleoresin, using a C18 column (15 cm x4.6 mm) with acetonitrile and water as mobile phases (70:30). The results showed that extraction temperature affects the yield of lemongrass leaves oleoresin, but does not affect the citral content and the citral yield. This means that if the targeted component of the oleoresin extraction is a citral component, then extraction is sufficient to be carried out at a temperature of 70°C with an extraction time of 6 hours.
Characterization of Biodegradable Films from Raw Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) and Glycerol
Authors: Sari Wiwin Meisita , Supartono Wahyu , Suharno
Published: July 2024

To reduce the use of plastic, innovation is needed to make packaging materials that are environmentally friendly and easy to be degraded. As the main ingredient of this packaging material should be organic materials that are easily obtained. One of the organic materials is seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) which can be used as raw material for making biodegradable packaging and combined with glycerol. Biodegradable films with nine combinations of seaweed and glycerol were developed to gain the best composition. The yields of these combinations were tested on their tensile strength, elongation, Modulus Young, Water Vapor Permeability, and biodegradability. The Tensile Strength value of the film with 1 gram seaweed and 1 gram glycerol (S1G1) was the highest (22.366±2.148017 MPa), The elongations values of the films with 1.5 g glycerol and 2 g seaweed (18.99217±2.442663%) were highest significantly. The water vapor permeability (WVP) and the thickness of the composite films increased due to the increase of seaweed and glycerol amounts respectively. The biodegradability increased if the seaweed amounts decreased, but it increased if the glycerol amounts increased as well.
Naturality and innerness for morphisms of compact groups and (restricted) Lie algebras
Authors: Chirvasitu Alexandru
Published: July 2024

An extended derivation (endomorphism) of a (restricted) Lie algebra

L
L

is an assignment of a derivation (respectively) of

L
′

L’

for any (restricted) Lie morphism

f
:
L
→

L
′

f:L\to L’

, functorial in

f
f

in the obvious sense. We show that (a) the only extended endomorphisms of a restricted Lie algebra are the two obvious ones, assigning either the identity or the zero map of

L
′

L’

to every

f
f

; and (b) if

L
L

is a Lie algebra in characteristic zero or a restricted Lie algebra in positive characteristic, then

L
L

is in canonical bijection with its space of extended derivations (so the latter are all, in a sense, inner). These results answer a number of questions of G. Bergman.

In a similar vein, we show that the individual components of an extended endomorphism of a compact connected group are either all trivial or all inner automorphisms.
A Sustainability Revolution? The Role of Trade Agreements
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo , Claussen Kathleen
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the essential scope and purpose of the book. It considers the meaning of a ‘sustainability revolution’ in global production and how the pursuit of such a revolution has been reflected in the development of trade agreements. We consider how, at the World Trade Organization, the interpretation of exceptions to trade agreement rules has evolved to allow the adoption of sustainability measures with extraterritorial effect. The chapter then provides an overview of the ways in which recent trade agreements go beyond exceptions and feature sustainability commitments as well as a variety of procedures and mechanisms for compliance control and enforcement.
Making Trade Agreements Contribute to Sustainability
Authors: van Aaken Anne
Published: July 2024

Uses of behavioural science to promote sustainability in international trade law remain underexplored. Heeding a UN call to apply behavioural insights in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals, this chapter considers how these insights can contribute to the integration of sustainability objectives into international trade agreements. This contribution is examined on two levels. First, behavioural insights may be considered at the stage of interstate negotiations to facilitate agreement on provisions to promote sustainability. Second, these insights may be used in the design of commitments and procedures, to increase their contribution to the attainment of sustainability objectives. Combining a rationalist approach with insights from behavioural science, the chapter challenges traditional ideas about which provisions are desirable and makes recommendations for redesigning trade agreements for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Infusing Indigenous Worldviews in Trade and Sustainability Agreements
Authors: Schwartz Risa , Stoddart-Smith Carrie
Published: July 2024

In the past decade, Indigenous Peoples have made significant headway in asserting their rights and interests in international trade policy. Although initially met with resistance from settler governments, recent developments have signalled a shift towards sustainability and inclusivity in trade. This shift could be attributed to the pressing challenges posed by the climate crisis and global pandemic compelling policymakers to re-evaluate trade policy. In international trade forums where Indigenous Peoples have traditionally been marginalized or excluded, there is an emerging trend of engagement to explore innovative approaches to trade policy that not only safeguards Indigenous rights, including economic and environmental rights, but also promotes inclusive and equitable trade practices.
Integrating Climate Action into Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Lydgate Emily
Published: July 2024

Integrating climate objectives into free trade agreements (FTAs) remains unusual but is an area of rapid innovation. In recent FTAs, both the European Union and New Zealand have emerged as norm entrepreneurs in this area. EU innovations have relied on market power, increasing the enforceability of requirements on decarbonization and the Paris Agreement. New Zealand has adopted a soft power approach, encouraging cooperation on trade-related climate regulation. Some agreements led by the European Union, New Zealand, and others profoundly reconfigure traditional FTAs. Such agreements are no longer for ‘trade’ or ‘climate’ but fall at the intersection of the two. While revolutionary in breaking down silos, there are risks to transformative implementation: the agreement of standstill obligations, failure to cooperate effectively, weakening of domestic standards, atomization, and exclusion. These factors mean that rather than revolution, recent FTAs demonstrate evolution, with the potential to propel discussion in other fora and further a learning process about effective models for achieving climate cooperation through trade.
Enforcing Sustainability Obligations
Authors: Espa Ilaria
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines dispute settlement mechanisms concerning sustainability in trade agreements (TAs) to illustrate the evolution of the enforcement methods espoused in TAs to ensure the implementation of sustainability commitments. It identifies various (combinations of) models of adjudication and post-adjudication enforcement, with a focus on the approaches emerging out of US and EU TAs—as the ‘key proponents’ of sustainability provisions in TAs, on one hand, and major players in the context of the only two regional trade disputes directly concerning the enforcement of sustainability commitments resulting in reports to date, on the other. It aims to address the following questions: what are the main differences and commonalities between enforcement models espoused in TAs for the purposes of ensuring effective implementation of sustainability obligations? Is there any ascertainable convergence trend among them? What do the latest developments in adjudication and post-adjudication mechanisms tell us about the effectiveness of sustainability commitments?
Enforcing International Sustainability Standards on International and National Platforms
Authors: LeClercq Desirée
Published: July 2024

This chapter assesses the trade-offs between international and national platforms in influencing compliance with international labour and environmental standards. It begins by presuming that dissuasive penalties and perceptions of legitimacy are critical to that influence. On international platforms like the International Labour Organization, neutral and objective experts monitor compliance. Those platforms benefit from neutrality and expertise, which strengthen perceptions of legitimacy but lack the mandate to impose dissuasive penalties. On national platforms, state representatives monitor and enforce compliance and often seek to protect their domestic interests, to the detriment of perceived legitimacy. However, they can impose dissuasive penalties. Both platforms are generally closed to third-party participation, thus excluding critical input and grassroots voices to the detriment of perceived legitimacy. This chapter concludes by charting a path for institutional complementarity that would build on each platform’s relative strengths and open participation to third-party actors affected by environmental and labour standards.
Decentralized Enforcement of Sustainability Commitments
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines means of enforcing sustainability commitments in trade agreements that do not require a pronouncement by an adjudicative authority but can be employed by each party directly, in what is sometimes termed ‘horizontal’ or ‘decentralized’ enforcement. Decentralized enforcement can be ‘active’, involving active decisions by a government to sanction a particular actor, or ‘passive’, integrated into the day-to-day operation of trade policy and amounting to trade restrictions or production requirements. While some instances of decentralized enforcement might be justifiable, providing for it specifically in trade agreements secures consent and avoids legal challenges and charges of unilateralism. Recent agreements and practice suggest this could become a common and powerful technique for enforcing sustainability commitments and preserving the level playing field against illegitimate cost reduction. However, if unaccompanied by available and effective adjudication, decentralized enforcement may give rise to abuse, leading to accusations of ‘green’ or ‘blue’ protectionism or coercion.
Introduction
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , González José Juan , Mostert Hanri , Montoya Milton Fernando , Banet Catherine
Published: July 2024

Over the last decade, net zero has become the new central and organizing paradigm of natural resources law and policy. The widespread adoption of efforts towards net zero, and the associated changes in the demand and supply patterns of natural resources, is altering the fundamental law and policy frameworks that have for several decades governed the development, commercialization, use, and management of natural resources. This chapter maps and assesses both the contours and significance of the net zero discourse, and the fundamental questions on resource sovereignty, security, and solidarity that ongoing net zero programmes and initiatives raise. The chapter also outlines the overall aim and structure of the book, providing information on the work that the twenty-two chapters of the book have done to clarify the nature, scope, and guiding principles of natural resources law and policy in a net zero era.
Net Zero and Energy Diversification
Authors: Montoya Milton Fernando , Gutiérrez Rico Ana Paola
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the natural resources law and policy strategies that Colombia has adopted towards carbon neutrality and a totally clean energy matrix. Colombia is one of those countries whose electricity production matrix is relatively clean. Colombia is only responsible for 0.4 per cent of CO2 world emissions. However, due to its biodiversity, it is one of the countries that can be most affected by the consequences of climate change. Consequently, while the energy policy has focused on diversifying the electricity matrix with clean technologies, the national economy is highly dependent on the production and export of oil and other fossil fuels such as coal. This chapter explores the security challenges associated with reducing dependence on the exploitation and export of oil and coal in Colombia. Specific questions to be considered include: What are the consequences in fiscal matters of transition policies for the national energy matrix, and what are the complementary public policy strategies and regulations that must be adopted to achieve carbon neutrality while ensuring energy security?
Net Zero, Human Rights, and ESG Risk Management
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , Athwal Elena I
Published: July 2024

The rapid transformations of natural resources law and policy in response to the ongoing transition to net zero energy sources have resulted in a significant integration and expansion of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards in natural resource investment and planning. Failure to comprehensively address direct and indirect ESG risks in a transactional context could result in significant financial, reputational, and litigation risks for natural resource sector operators and investors. Yet, the lack of regulatory clarity, inconsistent reporting, and capacity gaps on the nature, scope, and elements of ESG, have not fostered coherent and systemic integration of ESG norms in natural resources law and practice. After examining the current and emerging ESG risks associated with net zero energy transitions, this chapter unpacks the drivers and dimensions of ESG risks in a net zero era, the natural resources law and policy innovations, as well as corporate governance strategies required to address such risks.
Net Zero and Environmental Impact Assessments
Authors: Ahmad Nadia B
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyses the need for standardized and more rigorous environmental impact assessment processes and baselines as a key requirement for accelerating a net zero energy future. The absence of a legal environmental baseline limits incentives for industry operators to adequately account for environmental inequalities in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process. The United States provides a government mechanism for the formation of environmental impact assessment reports. What is problematic in the EIS process is the lack of standardization in these regulations. While the implementation of a legal baseline may be more difficult to achieve, this chapter proposes a more robust analysis of the ‘no action’ alternative. This analysis would be in line with previous Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) guidelines. This chapter explores how the separate baseline benchmark bars—social, environmental, and economic—are necessary for establishing and maintaining equilibrium both for trade and environmental protection.
Resource Efficiency and Net Zero Buildings
Authors: Paddock LeRoy
Published: July 2024

It is now widely recognized that net zero by 2050 transition cannot be achieved without major reductions in carbon emissions from the building and the related infrastructure development sector including both from building operations and from carbon embedded in construction materials. Collectively the construction and operation of buildings are one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Reductions need to occur quickly since buildings constructed today will likely still be in service well beyond 2070 and most existing buildings will remain in service in 2050. Transitioning to net zero buildings are also likely to have a significant impact on several areas of natural resources law including land use, construction and infrastructure development law, energy security, environment, zoning, procurement, and energy solidarity. This chapter focuses on the legal and policy challenges in pursuing net zero buildings strategies that can dramatically reduce the role of buildings in climate change.
How Net Zero Goals Impact Electricity Systems and Supply Security
Authors: Roggenkamp Martha M
Published: July 2024

The European Union (EU) aims at being climate neutral by 2050. In order to meet this goal the EU and its Member States need to increase considerably the use of renewable energy sources. This chapter addresses the legal challenges posed by such rapid increase of renewable energy sources to the current unbundled transmission and distribution system in the EU. It examines the legal instruments on EU level governing system balancing, congestion management, grid investments, and alternative grid solutions enabling renewable electricity to reach end-consumers. The aim is to ensure that the energy system is reliable and able to guarantee end-consumers’ supply security. Providing end-consumers with a guaranteed, carbon-free, and uninterrupted supply of electricity is also a matter of energy justice. Although this chapter focuses on EU law, similar legal challenges exist in other liberalized jurisdictions with net zero goals.
Power Politics
Authors: Zillman Donald , Moffa Anthony
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores various legal implications of US domestic and foreign policy for the net zero transition and how the increasingly polarized politics of climate change—in the United States and globally—limit domestic, regional, and global solidarity for the clean energy transition. To the maximum extent possible, governments must facilitate solidarity across ideological lines in the push to achieve a net zero world. The path to net zero in the United States depends in large part on domestic politics and who holds governmental power. Consequently, effective legal practice—counselling green businesses, securing tax credits, etc—requires an appreciation of the political system and the current state of partisan politics. This chapter sets out the political landscape in detail, with a particular focus on the impact of such power politics on climate policy and the net zero transition in the United States and beyond. It then offers some concrete areas of legal practice and lessons on the opportunities, challenges, and ways forward in balancing net zero with broader domestic and foreign policy objectives, especially those relating to sustainability, energy security, and energy justice.
Towards Net Zero
Authors: Godden Lee
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates the potential for climate legislation and a nexus of regulation and normative practices to drive decarbonization across the many sectors that are needed to progressively meet Australia’s net zero emission targets. Australia has recently elected a national government which has committed to stronger targets for reaching net zero by 2050. That government faces specific challenges in meeting that commitment following the dismantling of much of Australia’s statutory regime for decarbonization in 2014. At a subnational government level there has been significant activity in moving to renewable energy generation. Several state governments enacted climate change legislation, setting mitigation targets and developing clear adaptation pathways, yet other states remain major coal-dependent, and more significantly, liquified natural gas exporters, principally into Asia. The national electricity market rules remain in need of revision to fully harmonize and realize the trend towards decarbonization. This chapter explores the potential for climate litigation to propel faster and systemic change across various sectors, particularly in relation to Australia’s continuing high levels of fossil fuel exports.
Conclusion
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S , González José Juan , Mostert Hanri , Montoya Milton Fernando , Banet Catherine
Published: July 2024

Given the wide-ranging impacts of net zero targets and policies on different natural resource sectors and actors, regulatory coherence and coordinated responses are required. However, as shown in the case studies in this book, sectoral and piecemeal efforts, isolationism, and competitive geopolitics on net zero transition remain prevalent in several regions and countries. This chapter discusses the drivers of the slow and fragmented response to the wide range of sovereignty, security, and solidarity challenges of net zero transition. It unpacks the guiding principles of nexus and integrated governance required to promote coherence in the global drive for clean energy transition. Net zero aligned and rights-based contracts, legislation, and policies are required to integrate clean energy transition requirements into the legal framework for the entire natural resource value chain, ranging from project due diligence, licensing and approval, to operations, decommissioning, and end-of-lifetime closure in a manner that leaves no one behind.