bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of Pure and Hybrid Forms of a Practice: Language of Instruction in Turkish Universities, 1983–2014
Authors: Topaler Başak , Üsdiken Behlül
Published: December 2020

It is well recognized in the literature that practice variation is an integral part of diffusion processes. What remains less explored is the emergence of distinct forms of a novel practice and the interdependencies in their diffusion. In this study, we make a distinction between the pure version of a practice and ensuing hybrid variants and investigate how diffusion processes unfold for these alternative practice forms. Our empirical investigation in the Turkish higher education field demonstrates that hybrid practice forms became viable alternatives to the pure version of instruction in English and diffused in an interdependent manner. Further, diffusion of pure and hybrid forms was uneven across private and public universities. Our study contributes to the diffusion and practice variety literature as we establish that multiple versions of a practice that diffuse concurrently in a field may be building on or hampering each other, and they may diffuse in fragmented ways across different sub‐populations.
Ethanolic Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf extract dechlorophyllised using sedimentation process: Antioxidant, antibacterial properties and efficacy in extending the shelf‐life of striped catfish slices
Authors: Olatunde Oladipupo Odunayo , Benjakul Soottawat , Huda Nurul , Zhang Bin , Deng Shanggui
Published: December 2020

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic noni leaf extract (ENLE) without and with chlorophyll removal by sedimentation method were comparatively investigated. Total chlorophyll content was reduced by 82% in the top fraction (CR‐ENLE) collected after 24 h at 4 °C as compared to that of ENLE. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were lower in the bottom fraction rich in chlorophyll (Chlo‐ENLE) than others (P < 0.05). Based on the microbiological limit, the shelf‐life of striped catfish slices pre‐treated with 400 mg kg−1 C‐R‐ENLE was extended to 9 days as compared to the 3 days recorded for the control (without pre‐treatment). Slices treated with CR‐ENLE had lower lipid oxidation than those treated with ENLE during refrigerated storage (P < 0.05). The sedimentation process was therefore a potential green method for producing ENLE having improved antioxidant and antimicrobial activities without green colour. It can be used as a natural additive for shelf‐life extension of fish slices.
The Barthel index as an indicator of hospital outcomes: A retrospective cross‐sectional study with healthcare data from older people
Authors: Ocagli Honoria , Cella Nicoletta , Stivanello Lucia , Degan Mario , Canova Cristina
Published: December 2020

Aims

The assessment of functional status is a more appropriate measure in the older people than traditional healthcare outcomes. The present study aimed to analyse the association between functional status assessed using the Barthel Index and length of stay, in‐hospital mortality, discharge destination, and Diagnosis‐Related Groups‐based cost.

Design

This study was a retrospective study that used administrative data from patients older than 65 discharged from the University Hospital of Padua (Italy) in 2016.

Methods

A logistic regression model for categorical variables (length of stay, in‐hospital mortality, and discharge destination) and a generalized linear model with gamma distributions and log links for continuous variables (cost of hospitalization) were used to evaluate associations with the Barthel Index.

Results

A total of 13,484 admissions were included in the analysis. In‐hospital mortality, safe discharge, and length of stay were higher in patients with severe dependence than in patients with mild/no dependence with a 12‐fold increased risk of death (OR = 12.81; 95% CI 9.22–18.14), a 4 times greater likelihood of safe discharge (OR = 4.64; 95% CI 3.96–5.45), and a 2‐fold increase in length of stay (OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.34–2.81). On the other hand, no significant association was found between the cost of hospitalization and the Barthel Index.

Conclusions

Barthel Index was strongly associated with in‐hospital mortality, discharge destination, and length of stay. The costs of hospitalization, however, were not related to patients’ functional impairment.

Impact

The study considers functional status as an indicator of hospital outcomes. Better comprehension of the relationship between functional status and healthcare outcomes may help with early and adequate healthcare planning and resource management.
Circular RNA in cancer development and immune regulation
Authors: Li Weizhen , Liu Jia‐Qiang , Chen Ming , Xu Jiang , Zhu Di
Published: December 2020

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of single‐stranded RNAs with closed loop structures formed by covalent bonds of head and tail. Exploration of circRNAs is continually increasing; however, their functional relevance largely remains to be elucidated. In general, they are stable, abundant, conserved and expressed in tissue‐specific manner. These distinct properties and their diverse cellular actions indicate that circRNAs modulate transcription and translation, and may even function as translation templates. Growing evidence reveals that circRNAs contribute to various physiological and pathological processes, including the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we present the current knowledge about circRNAs in cancer development, as well as their potential for use as biomarkers and even therapeutic targets. CircRNA’s role in immune regulation and antitumour immunotherapy is also discussed. In addition, possible challenges in antitumour therapy are raised, and current progress and future perspectives are provided.
EZH2 is a potential prognostic predictor of glioma
Authors: Chen Yi‐nan , Hou Shi‐qiang , Jiang Rui , Sun Jun‐long , Cheng Chuan‐dong , Qian Zhong‐run
Published: December 2020

The enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is a histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferase that promotes tumorigenesis in a variety of human malignancies by altering the expression of tumour suppressor genes. To evaluate the prognostic value of EZH2 in glioma, we analysed gene expression data and corresponding clinicopathological information from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas, the Cancer Genome Atlas and GTEx. Increased expression of EZH2 was significantly associated with clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival as evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed an association of EZH2 expression with the cell cycle, DNA replication, mismatch repair, p53 signalling and pyrimidine metabolism. We constructed a nomogram for prognosis prediction with EZH2, clinicopathologic variables and significantly correlated genes. EZH2 was demonstrated to be significantly associated with several immune checkpoints and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the ESTIMATE and Timer Database scores indicated correlation of EZH2 expression with a more immunosuppressive microenvironment for glioblastoma than for low grade glioma. Overall, our study demonstrates that expression of EZH2 is a potential prognostic molecular marker of poor survival in glioma and identifies signalling pathways and immune checkpoints regulated by EHZ2, suggesting a direction for future application of immune therapy in glioma.
Clinical profiles of hyperglycemic crises: A single‐center retrospective study from Japan
Authors: Nishikawa Takeshi , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Ono Keiko , Kodama‐Hashimoto Shoko , Kobayashi Yuka , Nakamura Tomofumi , Yoshinaga Tomoaki , Ohkubo Yuma , Harada Masahiro , Toyonaga Tetsushi , Takahashi Takeshi , Araki Eiichi
Published: December 2020

Aims/Introduction

The aim of the present study was to clarify the pathophysiologies of hyperglycemic crises in Japanese patients.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective study of patients with hyperglycemic crises admitted to Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan, between 2012 and 2019. Patients were classified as having diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmotic syndrome (HHS) or a mixed state of the two conditions (MIX), and laboratory data and levels of consciousness at hospital admission, as well as the rates of mortality and coagulation disorders, were compared.

Results

The diagnostic criteria for hyperglycemic crisis were met in 144 cases, comprising 87 (60.4%), 38 (26.4%) and 19 (13.2%) cases of DKA, HHS and MIX, respectively. Type 1 diabetes was noted in 46.0 and 26.3% of patients in the DKA and MIX groups, respectively. Fibrin degradation product and D‐dimer levels were significantly higher in the HHS group than in the DKA group (DKA and HHS groups: fibrin degradation product 7.94 ± 8.43 and 35.54 ± 51.80 μg/mL, respectively, P < 0.01; D‐dimer 2.830 ± 2.745 and 14.846 ± 21.430 μg/mL, respectively, P < 0.01). Mortality rates were 5.7, 13.2 and 5.3% in the DKA, HHS and MIX groups, respectively. Seven patients (4.9%), four of whom were in the MIX group, had acute arterial occlusive diseases.

Conclusions

The low frequency of type 1 diabetes in DKA and MIX might be responsible for reduced insulin secretion in Japanese populations. Patients with hyperglycemic crises have increased coagulability, and acute arterial occlusion needs to be considered, particularly in MIX.
In vitro efficacy of commercial and experimental proteolytic enzyme‐based whitening dentifrices on enamel whitening and superficial roughness
Authors: Schwarzbold Christian Gonçalves , Cuevas‐Suárez Carlos Enrique , Pacheco Rafael Rocha , Ribeiro Juliana Silva , Carreño Neftali Lenin Villarreal , Lund Rafael Guerra , Piva Evandro
Published: December 2020

Objective

To evaluate the whiteness index (WID) and surface roughness (Ra) of bovine enamel after simulated tooth brushing with different commercial and experimental whitening dentifrices.

Materials and Methods

Cylindrical enamel bovine specimens were acid etched, stained, and divided in nine groups (n = 8): Colgate® Optic White®, Crest® Baking Soda and Peroxide, Arm and Hammer® Advanced White™ Extreme Whitening, Rembrandt® Deeply White® + Peroxide, Close up® White Attraction Natural Glow, Hinode Prowhite, and experimental dentifrice containing papain (PP), bromelain (PB), or papain and bromelain (PPB). Ra and WID were obtained initially and after 600, 1200, and 3,600 cycles of simulated tooth brushing. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance test (α = 0.05).

Results

Ra was significantly influenced by both dentifrice (p = 0.043) and period of tooth‐brushing simulation (p < 0.001). Except for PP and PPB, all groups showed a statistically significant increase in Ra after simulated tooth brushing. After staining and brushing, none of the materials tested increased the initial WID.

Conclusions

The effect of commercial whitening dentifrices may be related to their high abrasiveness. Experimental formulations tested provided a similar effect without undesired wear of enamel. Whitening dentifrices only act through an abrasive effect rather than bleaching the tooth structures. When used, special care must be taken for avoid undesired wear of enamel. Experimental dentifrices provided similar removal of extrinsic stains without undesired abrasiveness; however, this effect may be due to the use of less aggressive abrasives in their formulations.
A profusion of neural stem cells in the brain of the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus
Authors: Maden Malcolm , Serrano Nicole , Bermudez Monica , Sandoval Aaron G. W.
Published: December 2020

The vast majority of neural stem cell studies have been conducted on the brains of mice and rats, the classical model rodent. Non‐model organisms may, however, give us some important insights into how to increase neural stem cell numbers for regenerative purposes and with this in mind we have characterized these cells in the brain of the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus. This unique mammal is highly regenerative and damaged tissue does not scar or fibrose. We find that there are more than three times as many stem cells in the SVZ and more than 3 times as many proliferating cells compared to the CD‐1 outbred strain of lab mouse. These additional cells create thick stem cell regions in the wall of the SVZ and very obvious columns of cells moving into the rostral migratory stream. In the dentate gyrus, there are more than 10 times as many cells proliferating in the sub‐granular layer and twice the number of doublecortin expressing neuroblasts. A preliminary analysis of some stem cell niche genes has identified Sox2, Notch1, Shh, and Noggin as up‐regulated in the SVZ of Acomys and Bmp2 as being down‐regulated. The highly increased neural stem cell numbers in Acomys may endow this animal with increased regenerative properties in the brain or improved physiological performance important for its survival.
Paediatric tube‐feeding: An agenda for care improvement and research
Authors: Hopwood Nick , Moraby Khadeejah , Dadich Ann , Gowans Jessica , Pointon Keren , Ierardo Anna , Reilly Claire , Syrmis Maryanne , Frederiksen Nadine , Disher‐Quill Kate , Scheuring Noémi , Heves Rudolf , Elliot Chris
Published: December 2020

This article presents an agenda to improve the care and wellbeing of children with paediatric feeding disorder who require tube feeding (PFD‐T). PFD‐T requires urgent attention in practice and research. Priorities include: routine collection of PFD‐T data in health‐care records; addressing the tube‐feeding lifecycle; and reducing the severity and duration of disruption caused by PFD‐T where possible. This work should be underpinned by principles of involving, respecting and connecting families.
Plasticity and genetic basis of cichlid gill arch anatomy reveal novel roles for Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Zogbaum Lily , Friend Patrick G. , Albertson R. Craig
Published: December 2020

Teleost gill arches are exquisitely evolved to maximize foraging efficiency, and include structures for the capture, filtering, and processing of prey. While both plasticity and a genetic basis for gill arch traits have been noted, the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in shaping these structures remains poorly understood. East African cichlids are particularly useful in this line of study due to their highly diverse and plastic feeding apparatus. Here we explore the gene‐by‐environmental effects on cichlid GRs by rearing pure bred species and their F3hybrids in different foraging environments. We find that anatomical differences between species are dependent on the environment. The genetic architecture of these traits is also largely distinct between foraging environments. We did, however, note a few genomic “hotspots” where multiple traits map to a common region. One of these, for GR number across multiple arches, maps to theptch1locus, a key component of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway that has previously been implicated in cichlid oral jaw shape and plasticity. Since Hh signalling has not previously been implicated in GR development, we explored functional roles for this pathway. Using a small molecule inhibitor in cichlids, as well as zebrafish transgenic systems, we demonstrate that Hh levels negatively regulate GR number, and are both necessary and sufficient to maintain plasticity in this trait. In all these data underscore the critical importance of the environment in determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and provide a molecular inroad to better understand the origins of variation in this important foraging‐related trait.
Environmental sensing and regulation of motility in Toxoplasma
Authors: Uboldi Alessandro D. , Wilde Mary‐Louise , Bader Stefanie M. , Tonkin Christopher J.
Published: December 2020

Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites undergo a unique form of cellular locomotion referred to as “gliding motility.” Gliding motility is crucial for parasite survival as it powers tissue dissemination, host cell invasion and egress. Distinct environmental cues lead to activation of gliding motility and have become a prominent focus of recent investigation. Progress has been made toward understanding what environmental cues are sensed and how these signals are transduced in order to regulate the machinery and cellular events powering gliding motility. In this review, we will discuss new findings and integrate these into our current understanding to propose a model of how environmental sensing is achieved to regulate gliding motility in Toxoplasma. Collectively, these findings also have implications for the understanding of gliding motility across Apicomplexa more broadly.
Formation of wall‐less cells in Kitasatospora viridifaciens requires cytoskeletal protein FilP in oxygen‐limiting conditions
Authors: Ultee Eveline , Zhong Xiaobo , Shitut Shraddha , Briegel Ariane , Claessen Dennis
Published: December 2020

The cell wall is considered an essential component for bacterial survival, providing structural support, and protection from environmental insults. Under normal growth conditions, filamentous actinobacteria insert new cell wall material at the hyphal tips regulated by the coordinated activity of cytoskeletal proteins and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Despite the importance of the cell wall, some filamentous actinobacteria can produce wall‐deficient S‐cells upon prolonged exposure to hyperosmotic stress. Here, we performed cryo‐electron tomography and live cell imaging to further characterize S‐cell extrusion in Kitasatospora viridifaciens. We show that exposure to hyperosmotic stress leads to DNA compaction, membrane and S‐cell extrusion, and thinning of the cell wall at hyphal tips. Additionally, we find that the extrusion of S‐cells is abolished in a cytoskeletal mutant strain that lacks the intermediate filament‐like protein FilP. Furthermore, micro‐aerobic culturing promotes the formation of S‐cells in the wild type, but the limited oxygen still impedes S‐cell formation in the ΔfilP mutant. These results demonstrate that S‐cell formation is stimulated by oxygen‐limiting conditions and dependent on functional cytoskeleton remodeling.
Palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs): What to know and how to do?
Authors: Ahn Hyo‐Won , Kang Yoon‐Goo , Jeong Hyun‐Joo , Park Young‐Guk
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Since palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs) have become important tools for orthodontic treatment, this narrative review was aimed to provide an updated and integrated guidelines for the clinical application of palatal TSADs.

Setting and Sample Population

A narrative review article including researches on palatal TSADs in orthodontics related to anatomy, success rate and clinical application.

Materials and Methods

The anatomical characteristics, success rate and its consideration factors and clinical application of palatal TSADs based on the direction of tooth movement were evaluated.

Results

To improve the stability of TSADs, hard tissue factors such as bone depth, cortical bone thickness, bone density and soft tissue thickness were evaluated. Anatomically risky structures, including the nasopalatine foramen, canal and the greater palatine foramen, nerve, vessel need to be identified before placement. The success rate of palatal TSADs was greater than that of the buccal inter‐radicular space. Palatal TSADs have been used for various purposes because they can control tooth movement in all directions and, three‐dimensionally; their applications include the retraction of anterior teeth, protraction of posterior teeth, distalization, intrusion, expansion and constriction. They can be applied directly or indirectly to the lingual arch or transpalatal arch. Design modifications using splinted 2 miniscrews have been suggested.

Conclusion

Palatal TSADs allow clinicians to perform minimally invasive and easy placement with good stability by understanding the anatomical characteristics of the palatal region, and they show good control over 3‐dimensional tooth movements in various clinical cases.
Cortical bone thickness and bone density effects on miniscrew success rates: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Dong‐Wook , Park Jae Hyun , Bay R. Curtis , Choi Sung‐Kwon , Chae Jong‐Moon
Published: December 2020

Objective

To systematically review the effects of cortical bone thickness (CBT) and bone mass density (BMD) on miniscrew success rates.

Methods

MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched up to June 2020. Of a total of 5734 articles, seven studies were finally selected for the review.

Results

The overall mean success rate weighted by the number of miniscrews was 87.21% (89.87% in the maxilla and 79.24% in the mandible). There was a significantly higher success rate for miniscrews placed in the maxilla compared with those in the mandible (P < .05). CBT showed small positive effect on the success rate of the miniscrews although it failed to reach a statistical significance. The cortical BMD had a minimal effect on the success of the miniscrews. The cancellous BMD demonstrated a very strong effect on the success of the miniscrews in the maxilla, whereas it showed a moderately negative effect in the mandible.

Limitations

Because of the small number and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further randomized clinical studies with a large sample size are recommended.
A plant parasite uses light cues to detect differences inhost‐plantproximity and architecture
Authors: Smith Jason D. , Johnson Beth I. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M.
Published: December 2020

Sunlight filtered by green plant tissue becomes diminished in its ratio of red to far‐red wavelengths (R:FR). Some parasitic plants exploit this change by growing towards regions of low R:FR to locate host plants. In principle, variation in R:FR can also convey ecologically relevant information about host proximity or architecture. Here, we demonstrate that the parasitic vineCuscuta epilinumWeihe (Convolvulaceae) can distinguish fine‐scale differences in R:FR associated with differences in the proximity and shape of potential host plants. We conducted dual‐choice experiments by placing parasite seedlings between targets, including low R:FR fields manipulated via LED lighting and pairs of model plants exhibiting realistic R and FR reflectance but differing in proximity or shape. Seedlings consistently distinguished between low‐R:FR fields of differing intensity. Furthermore, they exhibited preferences for nearer plant models versus identical models placed 4 cm further away and between same‐sized models exhibiting shape differences. Our results indicate that parasites can discriminate minute differences in R:FR signatures corresponding to host factors (proximity and shape) that impact seedling survival. This keen sensory ability underpins the parasite's sophisticated foraging behaviour and highlights the broader importance of light cues in plant ecology.
An update on Vitiligo pathogenesis
Authors: Seneschal Julien , Boniface Katia , D’Arino Andrea , Picardo Mauro
Published: December 2020

Vitiligo, the most common depigmenting disorder of the skin, is undergoing a period of intense advances in both disease understanding and therapeutic possibilities leading the way to the beginning of a new era for the disorder. Its pathophysiology has gathered the attention of researchers for years, and many advances have been made in the clarification of the interaction between different factors that result in depigmented macule formation. The complex interplay between non‐immunological and immunological factors in vitiligo is key for the development of the disease, and the participation of cells other than melanocytes, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells, has been shown. Recent advances have also brought to the understanding of the complex part played by a specific subtype of T cells: T‐resident memory cells. This review analyzes some of the most recent insights in vitiligo pathogenesis underlining the interactions between different cell types, which are the basis for the therapeutic approaches under development.
U.S. Immigrant Integration Policy in Light of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Liebert Saltanat
Published: December 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted a critical shortage of medical personnel in the United States. Yet, there is an untapped pool of an estimated 263,000 immigrant physicians, nurses, and health‐care technicians who are not using their training in the United States. This essay provides a brief explanation of the factors that result in underutilization of immigrants' skills. Connecting theory with practice, it then proposes potential policy solutions to the shortage of medical personnel through strategic immigration initiatives.
Water footprint assessment of handwoven silk production
Authors: Wibuloutai Jindawan , Naowasan Saowalak , Thanomsangad Pornpilai
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the magnitudes of the water footprints throughout the production chain of silk. This research is divided into two parts: the agriculture of mulberry cultivation and the handwoven silk production process. The research results revealed that the highest water footprint for 2019 was 1710 cubic metric/tonne, which was greater than the highest water footprint for 2018 of 1125 cubic metric/tonne. For the handwoven silk products, the blue water footprint, grey water footprint, and total water footprint were 445,156, and 601 litres/kg, respectively. The water footprint of one silk shirt was calculated backwards from the handwoven silk production process as 376 litres. Thailand, the world’s largest native handwoven silk product exporter must have a strategy to promote the silk industry’s competitiveness on the world market. Policies stating that farmers, entrepreneurs, government agencies and private organisations should be prepared to address eco‐friendly trends for sustainable production and consumption are also recommended.
Animal‐Assisted Therapy as an Intervention for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis to Guide Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Chang Sun Ju , Lee Jongeun , An Hyeran , Hong Woi‐Hyun , Lee Joo Yun
Published: December 2020

Background

Animal‐assisted therapy (AAT) can ameliorate diverse health problems in older adults. However, applications of AAT have been limited because of the lack of intervention guidelines for older adults.

Aims

This study aimed to explore applications of AAT to older adults, analyze its health effects, and provide evidence for future interventions.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses checklist. Data were analyzed based on both a narrative synthesis and a meta‐analysis specifically for depression.

Results

A total of 47 studies were selected for analysis. About 45% focused on older adults with diseases such as dementia, and 57.4% selected dog(s) as an intervention animal. About 34.0% delivered interventions once a week, and the behavioral outcome domain was the most frequently investigated. The meta‐analysis showed that the effect sizes of the AAT group were −1.310 (95% CI [−1.900, −.721]).

Linking Evidence to Action

This review provides evidence for AAT as an intervention in the physiological, psychosocial, cognitive, and behavioral domains of older adults. When planning interventions for older adults, nurses should consider intended health outcomes, appropriate therapeutic animals, and the consequent intervention contents.
The lived experiences of families of an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Evans Candace Magan , Criswell Amanda
Published: December 2020

Objective:

The objective of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize available evidence related to the lived experiences of families with an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs.

Introduction:

The stigma experience of persons who use drugs is documented in the literature, yet little is known about the families’ lived experience with a loved one who uses drugs. While often identified as an important adjunct to treatment, evidence regarding the families’ lived experiences relevant to their psychosocial, physical, mental, and family health needs has received less attention. The stigma, as well as other experiences associated with a family member's substance use, warrants further investigation. This review seeks to understand the lived experiences of families with an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs as documented within the literature.

Inclusion criteria:

Studies published in English that include families of an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs, from any race or geographical location, and that focus on qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, and feminist research will be included in the review.

Methods:

Information sources to be searched are CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, MedNar, and Scopus. A three-step search strategy will be undertaken. Included studies will be assessed for methodological quality independently by two reviewers, and findings will be extracted and synthesized.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020175645
Exploring nightlife in the university city of Cluj-Napoca (Romania): a mixed methods research study
Authors: Adorean Cristian Emanuel , Nofre Jordi , Ilovan Oana-Ramona , Gligor Viorel
Published: December 2020

The university city of Cluj-Napoca in Romania is one of the clearest examples where ‘the night’ (including restaurants, bars, discotheques, clubs, and also museums, exhibitions, and theatres) has been essential for the vitality of the city. Despite the importance of ‘the night’ for the everyday life of the city, the role of the night-time leisure economy in the social and urban change of European post-socialist cities remains underexplored. Based on mixed research methods, this paper aims to examine the recent development of the night-time leisure economy of Cluj-Napoca. After a theoretical approach in which we highlight the long underexplored path that still exists in relation to the study on the political, social, cultural and economic factors of ’the night’ in post-socialist cities from South-Eastern Europe, the paper shows a quantitative approach about a range of variables that define the different (and unequal) forms of consuming the night in the city centre of Cluj-Napoca. The second part of the paper shows the results derived from the quantitative study about the different perceptions and visions that employees, residents, venue owners, and municipals have about nightlife in Cluj-Napoca. The paper concludes by suggesting that a greater institutional attention should be provided to the development of the night-time leisure economy in the city centre of Cluj-Napoca in order to avoid the reproduction of 'segmented nightscapes' that highly feature the night in Central and Western Europe.
Simplified Pouch Cell Method for 3-Electrode Re-Testing of Harvested Double-Sided Electrodes From Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Dann Martin A. , Hladky Michael P. , Mukherjee Partha , Parmananda Mukul , Zhou Hanwei , Ostanek Jason , Li Weisi , Hacker Christopher , Crompton Kyle R.
Published: December 2020

A pouch cell method for retesting double-sided electrodes harvested from commercial lithium-ion batteries in a 3-electrode cell arrangement has been developed. By relying on pressure from restraint plates to make tab electrical connections, this method (1) requires no welding, (2) does not require a dry room, (3) does not require precision sealing equipment inside of an inert-gas glove box, and (4) does not require removal of composite material off of one side of the electrode which may compromise the composite to be tested on the other side. Lithium chips pressed onto copper mesh serve as the reference and counter electrodes and the electrolyte used was 1.0 M LiPF6 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC):Diethyl carbonate (DEC) v/v. Electrochemical cycling of electrodes from a commercial 3.6 Ah 18650 lithium-ion cell demonstrated cell function and showed stable capacity and potential charge/discharge profiles after two cycles for the cathode and four cycles for the anode. The areal capacity of the anode and cathode was determined to be 5.50 ± 0.31 and 5.50 ± 0.30 mAh/cm2, respectively, based on a potential range of 0.005–1.5 V versus Li/Li+ for the anode and 3.0–4.25 V versus Li/Li+ for the cathode. High frequency, 500 kHz impedance measurements of the anode and cathode cells shows a real impedance of 1.55 Ohms and 2.17 Ohms, respectively, which is similar to prior studies on pouch cells with continuous tabs of similar capacity.
Flow-Field Measurements in a Metal Additively Manufactured Offset Strip Fin Array Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry
Authors: Saltzman David , Lynch Stephen
Published: December 2020

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) of heat exchanger enables custom and conformal designs for a wide range of applications. However, one challenge with metal AM is the resultant surface roughness formed when using this process, which is nonexistent during traditional manufacturing processes. The goal in this study is to explore how this roughness impacts the pressure drop and flow field of a commonly used heat exchanger surface called an offset strip fin (OSF). Two OSFs of the same geometry are tested: one with an average fin roughness of 34 μm from metal AM and the other with an average fin roughness 2.5 μm, used as a baseline. The roughness from the metal AM process increased pressure losses and transitioned the flow to turbulent-like behavior at lower Reynolds numbers when compared with the smooth fin. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements captured the row number in the fin array where transition from laminar to turbulent-like flow occurred. The location of transition from low to high turbulence levels occurred earlier in the fin array as the Reynolds number was increased for the smooth and rough fins. Wake profiles of time-averaged axial velocity were similar between the rough and smooth fins, with the rough fins having higher levels of turbulence intensity (TI) and less symmetric wake profiles. Overall, this study indicates that a pressure loss penalty is associated with using metal AM OSF due to the resultant surface roughness and an earlier transition to turbulent-like flow.
Analytical Solution for Froude–Krylov Force of Triangulated Geometry in Linear Waves
Authors: Liu Rex Kuan-Shuo , Lin Tsung-Yueh
Published: December 2020

For wave exciting load on offshore structures, Froude–Kyrlov (FK) force is easier to evaluate than diffracting force. But current nonlinear FK models suffer low computational speed. Conventionally, FK force is calculated by performing Gaussian quadrature (GQ) on each surface mesh, and the choice of the mesh size is important in order to resolve wave characteristics both in the propagation and depth directions. Therefore, either by limiting the size of a surface mesh under one-tenth of the wavelength or increasing the order of GQ, numerical errors can be minimized. For the purpose of relieving the above restriction, the analytical integration of the dynamic pressure field in the time domain over a triangular mesh is derived to avoid the mesh-dependent errors and to improve computational efficiency. It will be shown that the solution of integration obtained in time domain can be cast in the frequency domain under linearized free surface conditions. Validation includes the analytical solution to a cuboid at head sea and numerical solutions to a catamaran by commercial software. The results show excellent agreement for general wave conditions and prominence at very high-frequency range. In terms of computational efficiency, we compared the execution time against GQ with different orders and showed the analytical method is significantly faster. The limitation of this method is in very long waves or for degenerated panels, which are specifically addressed by line integration.
Coupling Fractal Model for Fretting Wear on Rough Contact Surfaces
Authors: Wang Yi , Gang Liang , Liu Shuo , Cui Yi
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a fretting damage model based on fractal theory is proposed. The Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function of fractal theory is used to represent the rough contact surface, and a corresponding contact parameter analysis method is also established. Based on neural network algorithm, the values of fractal parameters are fitted, and the fitting accuracy has been greatly improved compared with traditional methods. According to the fractal parameters of the actual surface, the fretting wear process of the rough contact surface is analyzed based on theory of adhesive and three-body abrasive wear. A generic program for the analysis of three-dimensional fretting wear problems is also proposed. Compared with material tests, the prediction error of the fretting wear simulation model is 13.4% for wear depth and 16.7% and 3.9% for width and length of wear scar in stable wear stage. The prediction results show that the model can be applied to the prediction of the actual three-dimensional fretting wear model.
Numerical Study on the Interaction of Transverse and Longitudinal Roughness on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Contact Surfaces With Different Thermal Conductivities and Elastic Moduli
Authors: Kaneta Motohiro , Matsuda Kenji , Wang Jing , Cui Jinlei , Yang Peiran , Nishikawa Hiroshi , Krupka Ivan , Hart Martin
Published: December 2020

The interaction and surface features between point contact surfaces composed of longitudinal roughness with infinite or finite length and transverse roughness were discussed based on a transient non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model. Each surface shape is greatly affected by the difference in elastic moduli, thermal conductivities, and velocities of both contact surfaces. There is a large difference in pressure behavior when the transverse roughness is in contact with the longitudinal roughness with finite length and when it is in contact with the longitudinal roughness with infinite length. In the contact between surfaces with infinitely long longitudinal and transverse roughness, the friction coefficient is lower when the surface with longitudinal roughness has a low thermal conductivity than when it has a high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the pressure fluctuation is larger when the transverse roughness surface has a high thermal conductivity than when it has a low thermal conductivity.
Windmilling Characteristics of a Contra-Rotating Fan
Authors: Manas M. P. , Karmakar Arghya , Pradeep A. M.
Published: December 2020

In the present experimental study, a low aspect ratio, low hub-tip ratio contra-rotating axial fan is investigated to understand its performance under windmilling conditions. Two configurations are tested; in the first configuration (event A), the front rotor of the contra-rotating fan is powered and the rear rotor is allowed to windmill; in the second configuration (event B), the rear rotor of the contra-rotating fan is powered and the front rotor is allowed to windmill. The spanwise distribution of the loading coefficient and the flow angles at different streamwise positions reveal the details of the flow development across the rotors. Though the average total pressure drops across the windmilling rotor for both the events, a small spanwise region behaves as a fan or a stirrer. Thus, a “neutral radius” on the windmilling rotor is identified for both events A and B. The neutral radius appears close to the tip for event A and it appears close to the hub for event B. Thus, the span regions close to the tip behave as a fan for event A and the span regions close to the hub behave as a stirrer for event B. It is also observed that the neutral radius shifts to a lower span location as the flow coefficient reduces. Thus, the flow coefficient is a significant parameter that decides the position of the neutral radius. Further, the unsteady pressure measurements recorded at the casing capture the fundamental phenomena during the stall inception. The paper thus relates the similarities and unveils the contrasting features of the windmilling events A and B. In summary, this paper discusses the performance, flow physics, and stall inception characteristics of a contra-rotating axial fan under windmilling conditions.
Numerical Study of Thermal Properties of a Silica Aerogel Material
Authors: Maazoun Amal , Mezghani Abderrazak , Moussa Ali Ben
Published: December 2020

Silica Aerogel is material with a special structure consisting of interconnected solid particles of SiO2 forming the skeleton that enclose nanopores filled with confined air and occupying more than 90% of the volume. It is characterized by a thermal conductivity that can reach lower values than any other material. Our aim was to explain the causes of the super-insulation of this material with the use of a calculating method of conductive heat transfer flux in an aerogel structure and determine the equivalent thermal conductivity. For this purpose, numerical specific software was developed to generate random structure of silica aerogel with predefined concentration of solid particles and properties of both skeleton and confined air. Calculation of the conductivity at any point in the confined gas domain shows variable values as a function of the pore size and the location of the point in the pore. A new developed numerical method was used to calculate the equivalent thermal conductivity of the whole structure. Concentration of solid particles has proved not to be the only parameter in which determine the thermal conductivity of silica aerogel and the influence of tortuosity has been demonstrated. A correlation linking thermal conductivity to both concentration of solid particles and tortuosity of the material was suggested.
YAP-mediated mechanotransduction tunes the macrophage inflammatory response
Authors: Meli Vijaykumar S. , Atcha Hamza , Veerasubramanian Praveen Krishna , Nagalla Raji R. , Luu Thuy U. , Chen Esther Y. , Guerrero-Juarez Christian F. , Yamaga Kosuke , Pandori William , Hsieh Jessica Y. , Downing Timothy L. , Fruman David A. , Lodoen Melissa B. , Plikus Maksim V. , Wang Wenqi , Liu Wendy F.
Published: December 2020

Macrophages sense biophysical cues in the microenvironment via YAP to tune their inflammatory response.
Evolution and competition between chiral spin textures in nanostripes with
D
2d
symmetry
Authors: Jena Jagannath , Göbel Börge , Kumar Vivek , Mertig Ingrid , Felser Claudia , Parkin Stuart
Published: December 2020

Chains of antiskyrmions and elliptical skyrmions are stabilized in nanostripes along several crystallographic directions.
Multiple sclerosis iPS-derived oligodendroglia conserve their properties to functionally interact with axons and glia in vivo
Authors: Mozafari Sabah , Starost Laura , Manot-Saillet Blandine , Garcia-Diaz Beatriz , Xu Yu Kang T. , Roussel Delphine , Levy Marion J. F. , Ottoboni Linda , Kim Kee-Pyo , Schöler Hans R. , Kennedy Timothy E. , Antel Jack P. , Martino Gianvito , Angulo Maria Cecilia , Kuhlmann Tanja , Baron-Van Evercooren Anne
Published: December 2020

MS-derived oligodendrocytes conserve their ability to fully interact with axons and glial cells in vivo.
Differential effects of intervention timing on COVID-19 spread in the United States
Authors: Pei Sen , Kandula Sasikiran , Shaman Jeffrey
Published: December 2020

Counterfactual simulations underscore the importance of early intervention and aggressive control in combatting COVID-19.
Biodegradable, bile salt microparticles for localized fat dissolution
Authors: Safari Hanieh , Kaczorowski Nicholas , Felder Michael L. , Brannon Emma R. , Varghese Mita , Singer Kanakadurga , Eniola-Adefeso Omolola
Published: December 2020

We describe a novel gold-templating method for fabricating stable, biodegradable, bile salt microparticles with controlled geometry.
Conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike glycoprotein in complex with receptor ACE2 revealed by cryo-EM
Authors: Xu Cong , Wang Yanxing , Liu Caixuan , Zhang Chao , Han Wenyu , Hong Xiaoyu , Wang Yifan , Hong Qin , Wang Shutian , Zhao Qiaoyu , Wang Yalei , Yang Yong , Chen Kaijian , Zheng Wei , Kong Liangliang , Wang Fangfang , Zuo Qinyu , Huang Zhong , Cong Yao
Published: December 2020

Structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike in complex with ACE2 reveals the mechanism of ACE2 induced spike conformational transitions.
Coral gasdermin triggers pyroptosis
Authors: Jiang Shuai , Zhou Zhi , Sun Yuanyuan , Zhang Tengfei , Sun Li
Published: December 2020

Coral gasdermin is activated by caspase 3 and involved in pathogen-induced coral death.
A New Germfree Chicken Cage—Characteristics and Use
Authors: Miller Herman T. , Luckey T. D.
Published: December 2020

A new germfree chicken cage for rearing chicks up to 3 or 4 weeks of age has been designed and is in use at the University of Missouri. The cage and the accessory parts, the small magnet and hinged door, the “Bactytector,” the built-in air filter assembly, and the glass top with connecting air outlet filter have been described in detail. The complete operating procedure for sterilizing the cage and diet and the method of adding sterile embryonated eggs have been outlined. Data on the effectiveness of the cage as a physical barrier to microbes have been presented.
A Method for the Determination of Antimicrobial Properties of Treated Fabrics
Authors: Quinn Herbert
Published: December 2020

A method has been presented for evaluating the effectiveness of fabrics treated with antimicrobial agents to resist growth of contaminating organisms. The method consists of direct inoculation of the fabric with suitable test organisms and the subsequent enumeration of growing colonies which develop when the fabric is implanted in a nutrient medium.

The method is sensitive, versatile, easy to perform, highly reproducible, and realistically evaluates the practical effectiveness of residual antimicrobial agents on fabrics.

Data are given which demonstrate the sensitivity of the method to small differences in antimicrobial concentrations. The versatility of the method is shown by the variety of antimicrobial agents and organisms which have been utilized. Both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity can be evaluated.
Sampling Techniques for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Diverticulum of the Anterior Thoracic Air Sac of Chickens
Authors: Tarver F. R. , May K. N. , Boyd F. M.
Published: December 2020

The swab, excise, flush, and agar microbial sampling techniques were applied randomly to the air sac cavities of 130 healthy broiler chickens of 56 to 70 days of age when slaughtered. Samples were obtained from both nonscalded and scalded chickens. The scalded chickens were immersed in the scald water (49 ± 0.5 C) for 120 sec immediately after severing the blood vessels from the outside at the base of the lower mandible. From these data, a selection was made of a sampling technique for the air sac cavity which would yield reproducible counts with the least amount of variation.

The flush and swab technique did not differ significantly and had less variation than did the excise and agar techniques. Even though no significant differences existed between the flush and swab techniques, the flush technique might be preferred because of the closed system present during the time in which the sample is obtained. The method of expressing microbial concentration in the air sac cavity might best be as “per air sac.”
Production of a New Polysaccharide with
Cryptoccus laurentii
var.
flavescens
Authors: Cadmus Martin C. , Lagoda Adolph A. , Anderson Ralph F.
Published: December 2020

Conditions were investigated for the production of a new gum by the yeast
Cryptococcus laurentii
var.
flavescens
NRRL Y-1401 in shaken flasks and 20-liter fermentors. The most suitable medium contained 6% commercial glucose, 0.25% autolyzed brewer's yeast, and 0.001% MnSO
4
and had an initial pH of 6.5. Polysaccharide yields, as measured by the dry weight of the alcohol precipitates, were in the range of 30 to 35% based on initial glucose.