bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La política económica y la reactivación en el sector industrial colombiano
Authors: Escobar Héctor , Gómez Rafael , Upegui Luz Estella
Published: January 2023

Resumen El presente trabajo se circunscribe al análisis de lo que en Plan de Desarrollo tiene que ver con los propósitos de reactivación del sector manufacturero aunque, como se hará evidente más adelante, esto obliga a tratar la mayoría de los aspectos contemplados en el mismo Plan. Es así, como lo largo del texto se evalúan los tres aspectos que la política económica, se propone entonces afectar: 1) la demanda interna; 2) la demanda por exportaciones; y 3) la participación de la producción nacional en la oferta interna total. Finalmente se concluye que el Plan de Desarrollo y la política económica aplicada hasta el momento no son lo suficientemente agresivos como para impulsar de manera apreciable el despegue del sector manufacturero; el paquete de medidas adoptadas en general apunta sí a impulsar la reactivación, pero su efecto no podrá ser tan significativo como para afirmar que la política económica cumplirá con sus propósitos de aumentar en forma sustantiva el producto industrial en el corto plazo. Palabras claves: Industria en Colombia, política económica, desarrollo industrial.
La Reforma Agraria en Colombia
Authors: Fajardo Montaña Darío , Tirado Mejía Álvaro
Published: January 2023

Resumen Uno de los temas de mayor importancia en la actualidad colombiana es el de la Reforma Agraria; éste ha sido uno de los puntos centrales en los acuerdos que se han celebrado entre el Gobierno nacional y los grupos guerrilleros, además de ser aspecto fundamental en la política del Gran Diálogo Nacional. Día adía este tema gana mayor audiencia en la opinión pública y ya empiezan a conocerse diferentes puntos de vista sobre el estado actual de la cuestión agraria colombiana que enriquecen el debate sobre este asunto de gran trascendencia en el desarrollo futuro de nuestro país. Por estas razones, Lecturas de Economía recoge en este número colaboraciones de reconocidos expertos en esta materia, que si bien ha sido en el pasado objeto de debates y de acciones gubernamentales, se presenta después de veinte cinco años bajo nuevas perspectivas históricas del país pero acompañada aún de la urgencia de respuesta a los mismos interrogantes iníciales. Abstract One of the main topics of the current public debate in Colombian is The Agrarian Reform; this is included in the recent Cease Fire Agreement between the Colombian Government and the guerrilla groups and it is an importantissue in the agenda of the Gran Diálogo Nacional [Grand National Dialogue).Day by day this topic gains more audience within the public opinion and actually different analysis about the national agrarian situation have enriched this debate of transcendental consequences for the future development of Colombia. For those reasons, Lectures de Economic has included in this issue the opinions of some experts on this topic. Although it has been 25 years before, the object of debate and government' section, it is put forward with a new historical perspective and accompanied by the urgent need of answers to the starting questions. Palabras claves: Reforma agraria, gobierno nacional, Colombia
Crecimiento y expansión de la educación superior en Colombia: una feria de ilusiones
Authors: Melo Jorge Orlando
Published: January 2023

Resumen Colombia ha sufrido en los últimos veinticinco años un acelerado y contradictorio proceso de transformaciones económicas, sociales y políticas; dentro de éstas se destacan las ocurridas en el sistema educativo. Las tasas de escolaridad han crecido vertiginosamente y la educación superior no ha sido ajena a dicho aumento. Este artículo pretende presentar un diagnóstico de la evolución del sistema universitario colombiano durante el período mencionado, destacando cómo el país está dedicando grandes cantidades de recursos en este nivel de la educación pero sin que exista una clara definición de políticas de desarrollo, lo cual ha conducido a un crecimiento caótico del sector. Esto ha llevado a que los resultados obtenidos no sean los más adecuados en términos de calidad o de satisfacción de las necesidades del país, ya sean éstas culturales, económicas o técnicas. A partir de este marco general se plantea una serie de propuestas que puede llevar a modificar, al menos en parte, la situación actual de la educación superior colombiana.  Abstract During the last twenty five years Colombia has gone through an accelerated and contradictory process of social, economic and political transformations; among them, those related to the educational system are prominent. The scholarity rate has grown very quickly and higher education has a good stake of it. This article tries to present a diagnosis of the evolution of the Colombian universities system during the period already mentioned It emphasizes the large amount of resources devoted to this level of education without any definition of development policies, resulting in the chaotic growth of this sector. That situation has produced results which are not adequate in terms of quality or real needs (cultural, economical or technical) of the country. 1n the context of this general framework we find some proposals which could modify, at least partially, the present state of the Colombian higher education. Palabras claves: Evolución del sistema universitario, Colombia.
Sindicalismo, salarios y prestaciones en la industria manufacturera colombiana.
Authors: Antioquia Escuela Nacional Sindical
Published: January 2023

Resumen En este trabajo se investiga sobre las condiciones de la actividad sindical y las conquistas laborales alcanzadas por los trabajadores de las principales empresas manufactureras colombianas. Tomando como base del análisis las convenciones colectivas de trabajo firmadas en cuarenta y nueve de las grandes empresas hasta noviembre de 1984, se estudia en primer término cuáles son sus principales características en cuanto a organización sindical: después se analizan las condiciones generales de la negociación sindical considerando sus parámetros fundamentales: etapa de la firma de la convención, incrementos salariales y negociación de las distintas primas de carácter extralegal. Abstract This work is an investigation about the context of the labor union activities and the labor conquests made by the workers of the main Colombian manufacturing firms. The data base is constituted by the forty nine collective bargain agreements made by big firms from January to November, 1984. The study has two levels: firstly the analysis of the main characteristics of labor union organization, and secondly the general conditions and fundamental parameters of the collective bargaining agreements: the stage at which the agreement was signed, the wage increases and the negotiation of several non-legal benefits. Palabras claves: Actividad sindical, prestaciones, salarios, industria manufacturera colombiana.
¿Por qué se disipó el dinamismo industrial de Barranquilla?
Authors: Meisel Roca Adolfo
Published: January 2023

• Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es el de analizar las causas por las cuales Barranquilla perdió su dinamismo industrial en la posguerra. La tesis central es que el crecimiento fabril barranquillero tenía características de enclave en los años veinte y treinta: su vitalidad venía del liderazgo portuario de Barranquilla y no de las interacciones económicas entre este centro industrial y la economía agraria del litoral atlántico. Al perder Barranquilla su importancia portuaria, su dinamismo industrial se disipó. También se discute la contribución de la política económica nacional en este desarrollo.   • Abstract: This study analyses the causes of Barranquilla's loss of dynamism in the postwar period. The central thesis is that during the twenties and thirties manufacturing growth there was not integrated with the local and regional economics but arose from its port facilities. The decline of the latter resulted in the loss of industrial dynamism. The paper also discusses the contribution made by national economic policy to these developments.
Lauchlin Currie y la macroeconomía convencional
Authors: Posada Posada Carlos Esteban
Published: January 2023

• Resumen: Este artículo presenta una interpretación de las tesis de Lauchlin Currie en los campos del desarrollo económico y de la macroeconomía desde el punto de vista del modelo macroeconómico convencional de oferta y demanda agregadas. Según esta interpretación las tesis de Currie son coherentes con este modelo pero no pueden reducirse al keynesianismo ni al clasicismo tradicional: tienen su propia especificidad y, a juicio del autor, son de gran pertinencia para los países subdesarrollados.   • Abstract: This paper interprets Laughlin Currie's thesis in the fields of economic development and macroeconomics from the conventional supply and demand macroeconomic model approach. According to this interpretation; Currie's thesis can be encompassed in this model but they cannot be limited to textbook Keynesian or classic schemes. They have their own identity and the author considers them of great importance for underdeveloped countries.
Industrialización y desarrollo: la crisis de los paradigmas
Authors: Courlet Claude , Judet Pierre
Published: January 2023

• Resumen: La industrialización y el desarrollo del Tercer Mundo constituyen, desde hace cuarenta años, un centro de interés del análisis económico. Sobre el particular predominaron, hasta hace poco tiempo, dos corrientes de pensamiento: para unos, el subdesarrollo era la expresión de un simple retardo; para los otros, era el producto histórico de la industrialización y del desarrollo de los países capitalistas avanzados. Pero en los últimos años las certezas se han debilitado y los cambios que han ocurrido en el Tercer Mundo dejan mal situada la simplicidad de las clasificaciones. Los esquemas tradicionales, liberales o radicales, se ajustan difícilmente a la realidad actual en la que están presentes, entre otros fenómenos, los nuevos países industriales; frente a la rigidez de los modelos es necesario revisar los criterios y las condiciones del desarrollo en un plano de modestia, realismo y análisis específicos.   • Abstract: Third World industrialization and development have been a focus of attention for economic analysis. In relation to these topics two approaches have been predominant. To some analysts, underdevelopment was a result of backwardness; to others, it was a historical product of industrialization and development of most advanced capitalist countries. In recent years those certainties have lost credibility and Third World last realities situate in bad shape the simplicity of previous classifications. Traditional schemes, liberal or radical, hardly adjust to the present realities, in which appear, with other phenomena, the new industrial states. In considering the inflexibility of the models, it is quite necessary to reexamine the criteria and development conditions on a basis of modesty, realism and specific analysis.
Macroeconomía de economías abiertas: modelos sencillos para Colombia
Authors: Posada Carlos Esteban , Maddock Rodney
Published: January 2023

• Resumen: A fin de lograr una mejor comprensión de los procesos de determinación e implicaciones de los niveles de actividad económica, consumo, precios y otras variables macroeconómicas de pequeñas economías abiertas o dependientes se han desarrollado modelos adecuados a sus características básicas que no se captan adecuadamente mediante los esquemas usuales de los manuales corrientes de macroeconomía. En el presente artículo se exponen estos modelos de economía dependiente y se muestra su utilidad para analizar el caso de los efectos macroeconómicos en Colombia de los aumentos extraordinarios del precio internacional del café, su principal artículo de exportación.   • Abstract: Whith the purpose of obtaining a better comprehension of the determining of the levels of economic activity, consumption, prices and other macroeconomic variables, the small open or dependent economies have developed adequate models which consider their specific characteristics, not taken into account in the schemes, usually found in macroeconomic text books. This article considers these dependent economies' models and shows their use when applying them to the macroeconomic effects, in Colombia, of an increase in the international price of coffee, its main exporting product.
El pensamiento cepalino: estructuralismo y regulación del desarrollo
Authors: Contreras Jorge Lotero
Published: January 2023

• Resumen: En este artículo se intenta presentar el pensamiento clásico de la teoría de la Escuela francesa de la Regulación. Se tratará de mostrar cómo las tesis originales de la CEPAL sobre el subdesarrollo latinoamericano nos remiten implícita, aunque parcialmente, a la ,problemática del desarrollo capitalista, analizado en términos de régimen de acumulación y modo de regulación y los cambios que se producen después de la crisis de 1929. Este acercamiento de ambas teorías heterodoxas permiten obtener algunos resultados sobre los alcances y límites del pensamiento estructuralista en relación con nuevos enfoques que intentan también dar cuenta de la problemática del desarrollo.   • Abstract: This article tries to present the classical CEPAL economic thought, concerning development, in the light of the theoretical ideas of the French Regulation School. It attempts to show how the original CEPAL thesis about latin american undervelopment implicity (and partially) takes us back to the capitalist development problem, analyzed in terms of the accumulation regime and type of regulation and the changes that took place after the 1929 crisis. The approaching of the two heterodox theories will alIow us to obtain certain results about the scope and limits of structuralist thought in relationship with new lines of thought that also try lo take into account the development problem.
Haciendas cafeteras antiqueñas: relaciones técnicas y sociales. 1880-1930
Authors: Acevedo Echeverri Carlos A , Arango Echeverri Rodrigo , Gaviria Rios Mario , Muñoz Vladez José A
Published: January 2023

A fines del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del presente se dio, en las haciendas cafeteras antioqueñas, una amplia gama de relaciones técnicas y sociales que son la expresión del carácter diversificado de tales explotaciones agrícolas. En este artículo se analizan los diferentes sistemas de trabajo que se definen a partir del tipo de explotación y se examinan las técnicas empleadas en el montaje de la hacienda, cultivo y procesamiento del grano.
Liberalismo económico y liberalismo político en el pensamiento económico francés del siglo XVIII
Authors: Vélez Alvarez Luis Guillermo
Published: January 2023

Los economistas franceses del siglo XVIII defendieron en sus obras los principios del liberalismo económico. Paradójicamente, frente a las libertades públicas su actitud fue, en algunos casos, de franca antipatía. Esto contrasta con la posición de los economistas ingleses, sus contemporáneos, en cuyas obras la libertad comercial y la libertad pública están estrechamente unidas. Ciertos rasgos de la evolución de la monarquía francesa permitieron, tal vez, que los economistas de ese país vieran en el absolutismo político el instrumento idóneo para alcanzar la libertad comercial.
El Tren Metropolitano del Valle de Aburrá y los efectos externos.
Authors: Henao Atehortúa Edison Fred
Published: January 2023

Una de las principales características de los trenes de servicio público urbano es su capacidad de producir beneficios que superan el costo de utilizar el sistema, es decir, su potencialidad para producir efectos indirectos y el Metro del Valle del Aburrá no escapa a esta tendencia. Este artículo ilustra, tanto los beneficios directos como las externalidades derivadas de la construcción, operación y utilización del Tren Metropolitano y están relacionadas con la menor congestión de las vías urbanas, el menor número de accidentes, la disminución de las cargas contaminantes y el costo de mantenimiento de vías, la mejora del paisaje urbanístico, el desarrollo en la comunidad de los sentidos de protección y pertenencia por los bienes públicos y con la valorización de los predios ubicados en la zona de influencia de las estaciones y obras complementarias.
La energía electrica, dentro de la estructura tecnológica de la industria antioqueña
Authors: López Alvarez Gustavo , Castaño Vélez Elkin
Published: January 2023

En este artículo se presenta una visión general de la estructura tecnológica  de la industria antioqueña en su conjunto para el periodo 1975-1987. Para el análisis se supone una función de producción en dos niveles: en el primero se emplean como insumos el capital, el trabajo, los energéticos y otras materias primas; en el segundo, los energéticos son desagregados en electricidad y otros. Usando una función translogarítmica de costos para cada uno de los niveles, se llega, finalmente, a presentar estimaciones de las elasticidades precio directas y cruzadas que darían cuenta de las relaciones económicas entre los insumos. Examinando los resultados de las estimaciones se observa que las elasticidades directas son todas negativas, el capital y los insumos energéticos son sustitutivos, mientras que la única complementariedad se presenta entre el trabajo y los insumos energéticos.
Las funciones homogéneas y su uso en economía
Authors: Ramírez Pedro
Published: January 2023

Nota Didáctica.
El CIE y los retos de la investigación en esta década
Authors: Vélez Carlos Eduardo
Published: January 2023

Centro de Investigaciones Económicas -CIE- 1962-1992. Treinta años de estudio de la economía nacional.
Crítica al marxismo dogmático de Anwar Shaikh
Authors: Cataño José Félix
Published: January 2023

Anwar Shaikh es uno de los economistas más ortodoxos en la defensa del marxismo en tanto análisis económico. La publicación en Colombia de valor, acumulación y crisis hace necesario comentar sus posiciones. En este artículo crítico se demuestra que en los conceptos básicos (valor, precio, moneda, plusvalía y ajuste económico) este autor disfraza difícilmente una visión realmente ricardiana.
Macroeconomía y café en Colombia: un sumario de los efectos macroeconómicos de la economía cafetera
Authors: Posada Carlos Esteban
Published: January 2023

En el marco de esquemas macroeconómicos, clásico y keynesiano, el presente trabajo se concentra en el examen de algunas hipótesis sobre los efectos macroeconómicos de eventos que ocurren en la órbita cafetera, señalando, de paso, los énfasis y alcances de una pequeña muestra de investigaciones elaboradas al respecto. El hilo conductor del ensayo es, al igual que el de la literatura reseñada, la variación del precio externo del café. Como muestra el autor, los aspectos macroeconómicos de las oscilaciones de los precios externos del café dependen del tipo de modelo analítico de referencia y del funcionamiento de mecanismos o instituciones que amortigüen o neutralicen los eventuales efectos.
El sistema de Leontief y su solución matemática
Authors: Ramírez Pedro
Published: January 2023

Nota Dicáctica.
La inversión extranjera en Colombia y las empresas estatales en la estructura productiva colombiana
Authors: Lopera María Teresa , González Luz María , Acosta Ana Lucía , Restrepo Beatriz Elena
Published: January 2023

Una vez detectadas las tendencias impuestas por la internacionalización del capital y sus consecuencias sobre la acción estatal en diversas economías latinoamericanas, se propone enseguida el análisis de las características relevantes de la inversión extranjera en Colombia para aproximarse a su importancia cuantitativa y estratégica, como marco introductorio al estudio detallado de la articulación de empresas estatales con el capital extranjero y particularmente las características tecnológicas que imprimieron a la estructura productiva colombiana.
El empleo en el sector informal: el caso de Colombia
Authors: López Castaño Hugo , Henao Marta Luz , Sierra Oliva
Published: January 2023

El presente artículo propone hacer la crítica de los elementos dualistas presentes en la teoría del "Sector informal". Crítica teórica. Pero también crítica empírica, en la medida en que aportará algunas cifras estadísticas referidas al caso colombiano, que ponen en duda muchas de las ideas comúnmente aceptadas acerca del papel y la dinámica de la "Economía informal".
Indicadores: ciencia y tecnología en países de América Latina, 1990-2001
Authors: Tobón Arias Carolina Lopera , Gutiérrez Edwin , Marín Juan Carlos
Published: January 2023

La ciencia y la tecnología son fundamentales para el crecimiento económico, ya que a través de la generación de conocimiento cambian las formas de producción y los estándares de vida. Al comparar América Latina con los países industrializados los indicadores muestran atraso en la participación de estas actividades, aunque, en la última década, algunos países alcanzaron logros importantes como resultado del esfuerzo en inversión en ciencia y tecnología. Colombia requiere un mayor esfuerzo en esta materia y fortalecer los programas de postgrado y la cooperación del sector productivo en los procesos de investigación y desarrollo impulsados por las universidades, aunque se debe reconocer el avance que presentan los indicadores de producción científica y tecnológica.   Palabras clave: ciencia y tecnología, investigación y desarrollo experimental, educación. Clasificación JEL: O32, I29.   Abstract:   Science and technology are vital for economic growth because, through knowledge, production and life conditions change. When comparing Latin America and industrialized countries, indicators show lower participation in activities related to knowledge, although, in the last decade some countries have shown progress in science and technology. Colombia requires more effort in this area and higher investment in science and technology, as well as stronger cooperation of the productive sector in the research and development projects developed by universities. It is important to recognize the progress shown by indicators in scientific and technological production.   Key words: science and technology, research and experimental development, education. JEL: O32, I29.   Résumé:   La science et la technologie sont essentielles pour la croissance économique, étant donné qu’avec la création de nouvelles connaissances, les formes de production et les niveaux de vie changent. Comparant l’Amérique Latine et les pays industrialisés, les indicateurs montrent la participation inférieure dans les activités liées à la connaissance, bien que, dans la dernière décenie, quelques pays aient montré du progrés en science et technologie. La Colombie exige un plus grand effort et un investissement plus élévé en science et technologie aussi bien qu'une coopération plus forte des projets productifs de recherche et développement crées par les universités, même si l'on admet le progrés présenté par les indicateurs de production scientifique et technologique.   Mots clés: science et technologie, recherche et développement expérimentale, éducation. JEL: O32, I29.
El viejo Ospina
Authors: Giraldo Arango Oscar
Published: January 2023

Manuscrito sobre la vida Luis Ospina Vásquez tras un lustro de su fallecimiento. Luis Ospina Vásquez nació en 1904, en la ciudad de Medellín. Cursó estudios de derecho en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y, posteriormente, de administración y economía en Estados Unidos e Inglaterra. La Universidad Nacional, la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, la Universidad de Medellín y la Universidad de los Andes lo tuvieron como docente en sus aulas. Además de sus labores académicas, Luis Ospina Vásquez, fue miembro del Consejo nacional de planeación y creó la Fundación antioqueña para los estudios sociales (FAES). Su obra más importante fue Industria y protección en Colombia, 1810 – 1930, publicada en 1955. Este es un libro de reconocida calidad sobre la historia económica de Colombia. La investigación y el desarrollo de este tema lo llevaron a sobresalir, junto con Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta, entre los economistas de su época.
Изменения в системе профессиональной подготовки работников прокуратуры в образовательных организациях системы прокуратуры России
Authors: Маркова Надежда Олеговна , Чупрова Елена Викторовна
Published: January 2023

В статье рассматриваются изменения, которым подвергается как система всего высшего образования, так и система профессиональной подготовки работников прокуратуры. Предлагаются способы совершенствования образовательного процесса в высших учебных заведениях.
Explorando los estudios de la revista Gender Work and Organization: una revisión bibliométrica
Authors: Chamorro Candy , Patiño Jacinto Ruth Alejandra , Restrepo Quintero Katherine
Published: January 2023

This article focused on analysing the publications of Gender, Work and Organization Journal, which has become a space for socialising research on gender relations in organisations since 1994, considering emerging issues in various countries and labour markets in order to contribute to discussions on this subject. This quantitative research used a bibliometric development in which 318 articles corresponding to 18 issues of the journal between 2020 and 2022 were systematised, with the aim of identifying the most outstanding trends and themes in the journal in order to present a context for the academic community interested in publishing in this area of research. From the analysis of the sample, 12 themes were established that contain 53 sub-themes that interrelate problem axes where qualitative research bets related to: diverse gender issues (34%), feminism (12%), intersectionality (10%) and diversity (10%), the categories that complete the remaining 34% had a participation in the total of works between 1% and 6%, highlighting the growing interest in developing analyzes based on intersectionality and the conditions experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, it was evidenced that of 712 authors, 427 were women and in terms of the institutional affiliation of the authors they continue to be from universities located in Anglo-Saxon contexts such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia, considering that the GWO journal publishes works written in English.
Desempeño financiero de la mediana fábrica de cacao, chocolate y confites en Colombia
Authors: Rivera-Godoy Jorge Alberto
Published: January 2023

The objective of this research is to evaluate the financial performance of the medium-sized factory that produces cocoa, chocolate and confectionery in Colombia in the period 2015-2020, which appears in the EMIS Professional and SIIS of the Superintendence of Societies databases, applying as methodology the analyses: static, trending over time, and of a similar group, of accounting and value management indicators that measure its growth, efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness. The median factory is found to increase its assets, but its sales and net profit fluctuate; it also presents favorable results of its profit margins, asset rotations and returns on investment, which were on average higher than those achieved by the entire sector, making it more effective in achieving benefits for its investors for having been more efficient in the use of physical assets and more efficacy control of costs and expenses. Although these propitious results are corroborated with the averages of the added economic value, the added market value and the percentage of residual utility, they are lower than those of the sector; the imbalance is caused by its higher cost of capital, which is not enough to compensate with its greater effectiveness in achieving profits for the net operating assets invested, which makes it lose competitiveness.
The results of this research could be complemented with studies for groups of companies of the same age, legal structure and geographical location at the national and international levels.
Capital intelectual: apretando los tornillos
Authors: Nepomuceno Valério
Published: January 2023

This article of reflection aims to develop and establish, from a comparison with the positions of Karl Marx, the difference between abstract work and concrete work. Abstract work, different from concrete work (tightening screws), is intellectual work, inventive capacity, called intellectual capital by the literature (not yet recognized as intangible by corporations, in general). The comparison allowed establishing and distinguishing the role of intellectual capital in the corporate scenario. The company does not pay this concept of intellectual capital, in addition to not being recognized; that is, it is an incalculable expropriation of abstract work and that companies have fattened up. Our conclusion is for the admission of the concept of intellectual capital that allows an accounting classification based on the principle of substance over form in the balance sheet.
The Autonomy Challenge: Examining the Pre-emption Thesis in Judicial Reasoning and Precedent
Authors: Gómora-Juárez Sandra
Published: January 2023

This article reflects on one of the challenges Gerald Postema’s account of the autonomy thesis poses to Raz’s pre-emption thesis in judicial practice and precedent. Certain flaws in the pre-emption thesis, as applied to courts, come to light upon analyzing the autonomy challenge, whereas some aspects of the former are better understood from the perspective of the latter. This work shows that, although these two theses seem to clash, the autonomy challenge leads instead to an alternative approach to the pre-emption thesis that allows exploring some disregarded relationships between judicial practical reasoning and precedent. Drawing from this Raz-Postema debate, I argue for an alternative reading of the autonomy challenge by introducing the hermeneutic strategy of courts (HeSCo) as a tool to analyze the role of officials as addressees of exclusionary legal directives and its explanatory force. The HeSCo ultimately unravels the paradox by holding the pre-emption thesis as central to the proper understanding of judicial practice and precedent.
Clinical Features Distinguishing Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Happe Michael , Gill Hunter , Salem Doaa Hassan , Janga Sarath Chandra , Hajrasouliha Amir
Published: January 2023

Background and Hypothesis:1 in 29 American diabetics suffer from diabetic retinopathy (DR), the weakening of blood vessels in the retina. DR goes undetected in nearly 50% of diabetics, allowing DR to steal the vision of many Americans. We hypothesize that increasing the rate and ease of diagnosing DR by introducing artificial intelligence-based methods in primary medical clinics will increase the long-term preservation of ocular health in diabetic patients.
Project Methods:This retrospective cohort study was conducted under approval from the Institutional Review Board of Indiana University School of Medicine. Images were deidentified and no consent was taken due to the nature of this retrospective study. We categorized 676 patient files based upon HbA1c, severity of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Retinal images were annotated to identify common features of DR: microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, exudates, and neovascularization. The VGG Image Annotator application used for annotations allowed us to save structure coordinates into a separate database for future training of the artificial intelligence system.
Results:228 (33.7%) of patients were diagnosed with diabetes, and 143 (62.7%) of those were diagnosed with DR. Two-sample t tests found significant differences between the HbA1c values of all diabetics compared to diabetics without retinopathy (p<0.007) and between all severities of DR versus diabetics without retinopathy (p<0.002). 283 eyes were diagnosed with a form of DR in this study: 37 mild NPDR, 42 moderate NPDR, 56 severe NPDR, and 148 PDR eyes.
Potential Impact:With the dataset of coordinates and HbA1c values from this experiment, we aim to train an artificial intelligence system to diagnose DR through retinal imaging. The goal of this system is to be conveniently used in primary medical clinics to increase the detection rate of DR to preserve the ocular health of millions of future Americans.
Advanced Ultrasound Imaging of the Brain in Neonatal Hydrocephalus Using a Rat Hydrocephalus Model
Authors: Patwari Nirav , Forbes-Amrhein Monica
Published: January 2023

Background and Objective:Preterm infants are at risk of developing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Earlier detection and intervention via placement of an intraventricular catheter improves neurologic and cognitive outcomes. However, intraventricular catheter placement is invasive with many risks, including hemorrhage and infection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to detect ventriculomegaly and suggest hydrocephalus but cannot diagnose it. MRI is also difficult to obtain in preterm infants. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an ultrasound technique measuring tissue stiffness and could serve as a rapid, bedside technique to detect hydrocephalus. We hypothesize that SWE stiffness measurements of the brain will positively correlate to MRI-derived ventricular volumes.Methods:Rats were bred to be wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous for a Wpk mutation causing obstructive hydrocephalus. SWE and MRI of the rats were obtained at 7 and 14 days postnatally. Stiffness was measured using the Aixplorer SWE analysis tool. Lateral ventricular volumes were measured from the T2-weighted MRI images by planimetric analysis.Results:Stiffness and ventricular volumes were compared between genotypes via Kruskal-Wallis test at 7 and 14 days. SWE comparisons were 12.75 (p < 0.05) and 16.54 (p < 0.001), respectively. MRI volume comparisons were 18.78 (p < 0.001) and 19.01 (p < 0.001), respectively. MRI volume measurements were correlated to the SWE measurements via Spearman’s Rank correlation at 7 days (r = 0.539, p < 0.05), 14 days (r = 0.488, p <.05), and combined (r = 0.534, p < 0.001), consistent with a moderate correlation.Conclusion and Potential Impact:This study supports the hypothesis that SWE-derived brain stiffness does significantly correlate with ventricular volumes. SWE has the potential to be used as a bedside tool for detecting neonatal hydrocephalus. SWE could reduce the need for MRI exams and invasive intraventricular catheter placements, allowing for more rapid diagnosis and thus intervention for newborns with hydrocephalus.
Assessing Disparities in Care Utilization and Outcomes Among Pregnant Women with T2D Based on Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Pelton Sarah , Izewski Joanna , Scifres Christina M.
Published: January 2023

Background/Objective:Disparities faced by individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or gestational diabetes mellitus have been identified. However, because less is known about disparities faced by pregnant women with T2D and since the prevalence of T2D is increasing, we sought to investigate this issue.Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study that included 369 women with singleton gestation and T2D that delivered from 2018-2020. Using maternal self-reported race and ethnicity abstracted from the electronic medical record, we categorized the women as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic. Demographics, health care utilization, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were also abstracted. One way ANOVA and chi-squared tests were utilized to compare outcomes among the groups, and logistic regression was used to control for co-variates.Results:Non-Hispanic White and Non-Hispanic Black women had a higher BMI at their first prenatal visit and were more likely to be nulliparous. They were also more likely to have a prior caesarean delivery and chronic hypertension. Non-Hispanic Black women were more likely to have ≥12 prenatal visits compared to Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women (70 vs. 43 vs. 45%, p<0.001), and non-Hispanic Black women had the lowest early pregnancy HbA1c (7.0±1.6 vs. 7.9±2.1 vs. 7.5±1.7%, p<0.001). Additionally, caesarean delivery rates were lowest for Hispanic women compared to Non-Hispanic White and Non-Hispanic Black women (45 vs. 63 vs. 71%, p<0.001); this difference persisted after controlling for co-variates (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.92). Conversely, there were no differences in birth weight category, preterm birth <37 weeks, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or NICU admission.Conclusion and Potential Impact:Pregnancies complicated by T2D have an increased risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. For some outcomes, there is a significant difference among Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women. Future studies are therefore needed to investigate causative factors and potential interventions.
Role of the XPC Gene Expression in the Prevention of Oxidative and DNA Damage to Lung Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Randall David , Zhou Huaxin , Sears Catherine
Published: January 2023

Background and Hypothesis: Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) is a DNA repair protein involved in the detection and repair of DNA damage caused by oxidative lesions through global genomic repair. Carcinogens, chemotherapeutics, and UV-lesions require repair of DNA by XPC. Exposure to one environmental toxin, cigarette smoke (CS), leads to cancer development and can worsen outcomes of those with cancer, however, the precise mechanisms and why susceptibility varies individually remains poorly understood. This study examines the role of XPC in cell survival in human lung squamous cancer cells (H520), and hypothesizes that XPC protects against DNA damage and cell death after exposure to cigarette smoke extracts (CSE).
Methods: Lentiviral vector transduction for XPC knock-down (XPCKD) was completed in H520 cells. Transfection efficiency was measured by green fluorescence protein to determine multiplicity of infection (MOI); puromycin resistance was measured by CCK. XPC was targeted at two sites (Mission shRNA 118 and 119, Sigma), and gene knock-down efficiency determined by qRT-PCR. Survival of unmodified and H520-XPCKD cells to CSE exposure was determined by CCK and clonogenic survival assays.
Results: Lentiviral knock-down decreased XPC gene expression by 68-78% in H520-XPCKD as measured by RT-qPCR, with protein knock-down confirmed by Western blot. There was increased susceptibility of H520-XPCKD to CSE with decreased cell survival in XPCKD compared to non-transduced H520 cells.
Conclusion: XPC protects H520 cells against cell death due to exposure to cigarette smoke. Future studies will be performed to confirm the degree of protection and to determine the mechanism of XPC protective effect. These findings could be important for the discussion of risk factors with patients to understand the risks of smoking in patients with lung cancer and help physicians determine patient specific susceptibility.
Air Pollution as a Predictor of Asthma in Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Indiana
Authors: Reese Elisabeth , Dixon Brian
Published: January 2023

Background:Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a recessive condition that predominantly affects Black individuals. It contributes to a plethora of poor health outcomes and events such as multiple organ failure, and chronic hypoxia. Additionally, SCD patients disproportionately have asthma as a comorbidity when compared to the general population. This pairing of SCD and asthma increases the likelihood of health complications like acute chest syndrome. Although some of the inflammatory mechanisms in SCD and asthma overlap, they have distinct pathophysiologies. This study explored the potential link between air quality and the prevalence of asthma in hopes of contributing to the understanding of the disproportionate prevalence of asthma amongst the SCD population in Indiana.
Methods & Results:This study conducted Poisson and Logistic regressions on county-level EPA TRI data and SCD patient comorbidity data to address these gaps. Our study yielded inconclusive results for a link between air emissions, total onsite-emissions, risk scores, and asthma. It showed that while these variables were significantly, but minimally, linked to increased prevalence of asthma when our analysis controlled for the number of SCD patients in each county the link became insignificant. Additionally, none of our variables were significantly predictive of the presence of asthma in SCD patients. We believe that either these variables are not significant contributors to the development of asthma in SCD patients, or the analysis should be repeated with data at a zipcode level to increase the geographical precision and accuracy of pollution exposure.
Implications:Although we were unable to conduct this analysis, due to constraints involving data availability, future work should examine if air quality is associated with asthmatic events and hospitalizations for SCD patients. This work could be relevant for the implementation of preventative measures to improve health outcomes for SCD patients with asthma.
Breast Cancer Care in Kenya – A Hybrid Approach to Clinical Data Management
Authors: Resner Destiny , Limenik Ivan , Bhatia Manisha B. , Kibiwot Silvanus , Wabende Lucy Nanjala , Kisilu Nicholas , Jepkirui Sally , Awuor Dorice Adhiambo , Kiptoo Stephen , Opakas Jesse , Hunter-Squires JoAnna
Published: January 2023

Background: High-quality data is essential for guiding clinical decision-making, quality improvement initiatives, national and local policy recommendations, and outcomes measurement and reporting. In Kenya, EHRs have been implemented in several disease- and goal-specific care modules, but their post-implementation usage remains low and precludes scale-up. Maintenance costs, attitudinal-behavioral limitations, and workflow interference have limited EHR implementation in other LMIC. While continued investigation will likely refine future EHR functionality, creative solutions are needed in the meantime to supplement these efforts. The aim of this study is to describe the creation and implementation of clinical forms for the secondary development of a prospective database in a multidisciplinary breast clinic.
Methods: We developed clinical forms and corresponding RedCAP instruments, through the following steps: (1) multidisciplinary needs assessment and plan; (2) collaborative drafting of forms; (3) iterative clinical piloting and revision; (4) harmonization of forms with RedCAP instruments; and (5) administrative approval for clinical use.
Results: The needs assessment identified challenges related to documentation of clinical encounters. Five clinical forms were created and edited over a period of 6 months, corresponding to ten RedCAP instruments with 469 fields. These tools capture data with potential for use as quality improvement metrics, including ECOG status, clinical and pathologic staging, barriers to care, disease status and progression, treatments and other interventions, among others.
Conclusion: We hypothesize that insight gained from EHR implementation in LMIC can be applied on a small scale to generate high-quality data and facilitate care in the absence of widespread EHR usage. These tools will be used both to develop a prospective database and to retroactively migrate legacy data for outcomes analysis of the multidisciplinary breast clinic at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya. Following administrative approval, a formative evaluation will be conducted during the clinical implementation phase in a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.
Standardizing Virtual Curriculum – Examination of Slide Content to Improve Student Utilization
Authors: Bassett Sarah , Husmann Polly
Published: January 2023

Background/Objective:
The COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to adapt their courses for a completely virtual experience within a matter of weeks. Instructors rose to the challenge although many were lacking experience in virtual instruction and had modest framework to guide their content creation. Several studies have been conducted examining the efficacy of virtual courses however, guidance for content creation is still not widespread. This study aimed to examine guidance for creation of virtual slide decks to determine if standardizing slide decks would improve student interaction with course materials.
Methods:
This research used a retrospective analysis of Indiana University School of Medicine slide decks utilizing guidance from the IUPUI Center for Teaching and Learning to determine how existing slide decks aligned with pedagogical recommendations. Content examined included number of slides with more than six bullets, number of bullets with more than ten words, and graphic utilization. Overall number of slides and recording length were also analyzed. Number of “plays” was used as a metric to determine what content students accessed more frequently to examine the relationship between slide deck content and utilization.
Results:
The relationship between bullets with more than ten words and number of plays demonstrated a negatively trending relationship whereby slide shows containing more slides exceeding ten words per bullet were played fewer times. Metrics concerning graphic utilization, slides with more than six bullets, recording length, and overall slide number did not yield conclusive results.
Conclusion and Potential Impact:
This study demonstrated that the negatively trending relationship between content utilization and exceeding ten words per bullet should be further explored. Examining this and other data points utilizing more accurate metrics will better elucidate the relationship between slide deck content and student utilization. This research will provide guidelines for instructors to streamline content delivery and improve the virtual education experience.
Dementia and Care Transitions: Do Transition Care Management Codes Make a Difference?
Authors: Hoeksema Micah , Carnahan Jennifer L.
Published: January 2023

Background: For older adults living with dementia, care transitions from acute or subacute care back to their community can have adverse outcomes such as hospital readmissions, medication errors, or even permanent nursing home placement. To address these adverse outcomes, Transition Care Management (TCM) codes were introduced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in October 2012. The efficacy of TCM codes has not been examined in the population of persons living with dementia. Thus, this study examines the effect of TCM codes on hospital readmission rates and hypothesizes that TCM codes are effective in decreasing readmission rates after care transitions for persons living with dementia.
Methods: After an extensive literature review, we identified the Bynum Standard method for identifying persons living with dementia. We used a linked dataset from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and CMS claims to identify persons living with dementia with a hospital discharge between 2015 and 2018.
Results: Our initial search has identified a cohort of 4,282 persons living with dementia.1,584 (37%) are male and 2,698 (63%) are female. 3,433 are White, 656 are Black, 126 are Hispanic, 14 are Native American, 4 are Asian, and 49 are either of another race or did not report their race.
Conclusion and Potential Impact: Thus far, we have identified a cohort of persons living with dementia from HRS-CMS linked data but have yet to identify who have had the TCM codes used by their provider. In the future, we will examine the effect that TCM codes have on hospital readmission rates within the studied population. Not only will this study determine if these billing codes provide effective care, but it can also tell us if it aids historically underserved groups.