bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducció al monogràfic «Noves perspectives per a l’ensenyament-aprenentatge de la gramàtica: cap a una gramàtica pedagògica»
Authors: Casas-Deseures Mariona , Comajoan-Colomé Llorenç
Published: December 2017

Introducció al monogràfic «Noves perspectives per a l’ensenyament-aprenentatge de la gramàtica: cap a una gramàtica pedagògica», del número 63 (tardor 2017) de Caplletra. Revista Internacional de Filologia.
Una gramàtica per a l’ensenyament: característiques i objectius
Authors: Camps Anna , Milian Marta
Published: December 2017

Aprendre llengua a l’escola implica també aprendre’n la gramàtica en el sentit de saber explícit i conscient, com a eina per a la reflexió sobre la llengua en ús, amb l’objectiu de fer-lo més conscient i adequat a les diferents situacions d’intercanvi discursiu, tant des de la perspectiva del parlant o escriptor emissor, com des de la posició d’interlocutor, lector o participant. L’article planteja el terme gramàtica pedagògica en referència a aquesta funció, sense deixar de banda altres aspectes que també ha d’abordar: com a referent de les normes socials en l’ús de la llengua, sense convertir-se en un seguit de normes fixes i imposades; com a marc de referència per a la construcció d’estructures sintàctiques que el sistema de la llengua permet; com a instrument impulsor de la selecció d’aquestes estructures en funció de l’orientació discursiva de l’enunciador; i com a instrument per abordar el progressiu coneixement i sistematització dels conceptes gramaticals. Els aspectes procedimentals i metodològics són imprescindibles per fer dels coneixements gramaticals una eina per a la reflexió en les situacions d’aprenentatge escolar.
La relación entre conocimientos gramaticales y el aprendizaje de prácticas discursivas. El adjetivo como ejemplo
Authors: Rodríguez-Gonzalo Carmen , Zayas Felipe
Published: December 2017

Una gramática pedagógica ha de recoger los conocimientos gramaticales relevantes para la educación lingüística y ha de mostrar cómo estos conocimientos permiten reflexionar sobre la lengua y utilizarla de forma más consciente en sus distintos usos sociales. En parte, estos conocimientos hacen referencia a las nociones de la tradición gramatical, pero consideradas desde una perspectiva funcional, es decir, en relación con el papel que tienen en el discurso. Por ello, no se trata solo de saber cómo es una forma lingüística, sino también para qué sirve y cómo se utiliza adecuadamente en distintas actividades discursivas. Esta reflexión ha de vincularse, además, a actividades de aprendizaje que muestren la relación de la reflexión gramatical con el dominio de prácticas discursivas. En este trabajo, tomaremos como ejemplo la noción de adjetivo. Examinaremos los conocimientos teóricos disponibles sobre esta noción y exploraremos cómo se usa en la enseñanza de la lengua, fundamentalmente en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, y para ello tomaremos como referencia algunos de los libros de texto de enseñanza del castellano de mayor circulación en el ámbito estatal. Finalmente, mostraremos algunas vías alternativas de trabajo gramatical en el aula, relacionadas con el aprendizaje del uso.
Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), «Basque Literary History», Reno, Center for Basque Studies-University of Nevada, 2012, 370 pp.
Authors: Lluch Gemma
Published: December 2017

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), Basque Literary History, Reno, Center for Basque Studies-University of Nevada, 2012, 370 pp., ISBN: 9781935709190.
Francesc Feliu & Josep Maria Nadal (eds.), «Constructing Languages. Norms, myths and emotions», Amsterdam/Filadèlfia, John Benjamins, 2016, 416 pp.
Authors: Sentí Andreu
Published: December 2017

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Francesc Feliu & Josep Maria Nadal (eds.), Constructing Languages. Norms, myths and emotions, Amsterdam/Filadèlfia, John Benjamins, 2016, 416 pp., ISBN: 978-90-272-4019-4.
Live imaging of heart tube development in mouse reveals alternating phases of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis
Authors: Ivanovitch Kenzo , Temiño Susana , Torres Miguel
Published: December 2017

During vertebrate heart development, two progenitor populations, first and second heart fields (FHF, SHF), sequentially contribute to longitudinal subdivisions of the heart tube (HT), with the FHF contributing the left ventricle and part of the atria, and the SHF the rest of the heart. Here, we study the dynamics of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis by tracking individual cells in live analysis of mouse embryos. We report that during an initial phase, FHF precursors differentiate rapidly to form a cardiac crescent, while limited morphogenesis takes place. In a second phase, no differentiation occurs while extensive morphogenesis, including splanchnic mesoderm sliding over the endoderm, results in HT formation. In a third phase, cardiac precursor differentiation resumes and contributes to SHF-derived regions and the dorsal closure of the HT. These results reveal tissue-level coordination between morphogenesis and differentiation during HT formation and provide a new framework to understand heart development.
Tratamiento de la flexión verbal en español a partir del modelo de Palabra y Paradigma
Authors: Mijangos Victor , Zacarías Ponce de León Ramón
Published: December 2017

Este artículo aborda la flexión verbal con base en los conceptos introducidos en el modelo morfológico basado en palabras; en específico, el modelo de Word and Paradigm. Se propone una metodología para el análisis de la flexión verbal del español. Para esto, tomamos únicamente la primera conjugación del español. El análisis aquí establecido se basa en determinar partes principales que permitan predecir los paradigmas verbales de primera conjugación. Mostramos que a partir de unas cuantas partes principales es posible predecir el paradigma completo de una forma verbal. Asimismo discutimos los fenómenos de la competencia entre esquemas donde se presenta cambio de acento (como en las formas “hablemos” y “háblemos”) así como las diptongaciones /o/ → /ue/ y /e/ → /ie/ que responden a un cambio en la parte principal. Finalmente, se muestran las ventajas que el modelo basado en palabras muestra en el análisis de la flexión.
Adjetivos i-level y s-level. Nuevas evidencias experimentales
Authors: Horno-Chéliz María del Carmen , Igoa José Manuel
Published: December 2017

Una distinción ya clásica en la bibliografía lingüística diferencia dos tipos de adjetivos: los denominados adjetivos de nivel individual, como alto y los adjetivos de nivel de estadio como sucio (en lo sucesivo adjetivos i-level y s-level respectivamente, por su denominación en inglés). Para Chierchia (1995), los adjetivos i-level presentan en su Estructura Argumental (EA) un argumento eventivo  saturado desde el lexicón e interpretado en Forma Lógica como genérico, mientras que los adjetivos s-level presentan ese mismo argumento sin saturar en su EA. Para Kratzer (1995), por el contrario, solo los adjetivos s-level contarían en su EA con dicho argumento eventivo. El objetivo de esta investigación es ofrecer evidencia que apoye una de estas dos propuestas teóricas. Para ello, una vez resumidas las conclusiones de trabajos anteriores (teóricos y empíricos), se presentará un experimento conductual, en el que se miden tiempos de lectura. Los resultados de este experimento parecen apoyar la propuesta de Chierchia (1995), dado que los adjetivos i-level muestran una mayor carga léxica (con efectos de coerción) que los adjetivos s-level.
PlantCV v2: Image analysis software for high-throughput plant phenotyping
Authors: Gehan Malia A. , Fahlgren Noah , Abbasi Arash , Berry Jeffrey C. , Callen Steven T. , Chavez Leonardo , Doust Andrew N. , Feldman Max J. , Gilbert Kerrigan B. , Hodge John G. , Hoyer J. Steen , Lin Andy , Liu Suxing , Lizárraga César , Lorence Argelia , Miller Michael , Platon Eric , Tessman Monica , Sax Tony
Published: December 2017

Systems for collecting image data in conjunction with computer vision techniques are a powerful tool for increasing the temporal resolution at which plant phenotypes can be measured non-destructively. Computational tools that are flexible and extendable are needed to address the diversity of plant phenotyping problems. We previously described the Plant Computer Vision (PlantCV) software package, which is an image processing toolkit for plant phenotyping analysis. The goal of the PlantCV project is to develop a set of modular, reusable, and repurposable tools for plant image analysis that are open-source and community-developed. Here we present the details and rationale for major developments in the second major release of PlantCV. In addition to overall improvements in the organization of the PlantCV project, new functionality includes a set of new image processing and normalization tools, support for analyzing images that include multiple plants, leaf segmentation, landmark identification tools for morphometrics, and modules for machine learning.
Thepht4;1-3mutant line contains a loss of function allele in theFatty Acid Desaturase 7gene caused by a remnant inactivated selection marker—a cautionary tale
Authors: Nilsson Anders K. , Andersson Mats X.
Published: December 2017

A striking and unexpected biochemical phenotype was found in an insertion mutant line in the model plantArabidopsis thaliana. One of two investigated insertion mutant lines in the gene encoding the phosphate transporter PHT4;1 demonstrated a prominent loss of trienoic fatty acids, whereas the other insertion line was indistinguishable from wild type in this aspect. We demonstrate that the loss of trienoic fatty acids was due to a remnant inactive negative selection marker gene in this particular transposon tagged line,pht4;1-3. This constitutes a cautionary tale that warns of the importance to confirm the loss of this type of selection markers and the importance of verifying the relationship between a phenotype and genotype by more than one independent mutant line or alternatively genetic complementation.
Geomorphic Response of a Low‐Gradient Channel to Modern, Progressive Base‐Level Lowering: Nahal HaArava, the Dead Sea
Authors: Dente Elad , Lensky Nadav G. , Morin Efrat , Grodek Tamir , Sheffer Nathan A. , Enzel Yehouda
Published: December 2017

The geomorphic response of channels to base‐level fall is an important factor in landscape evolution. To better understand the complex interactions between the factors controlling channel evolution in an emerging continental shelf setting, we use an extensive data set (high‐resolution digital elevation models, aerial photographs, and Landsat imagery) of a newly incising, perennial segment of Nahal (Wadi) HaArava, Israel. This channel responds to the rapid and progressive lowering of its base‐level, the Dead Sea (>30 m in ~35 years; ~0.5–1.3 m yr−1). Progressively evolving longitudinal profiles, channel width, sinuosity, and knickpoint retreat during the last few decades were documented or reconstructed. The results indicate that even under fast base‐level fall, rapid delta progradation on top of the shelf and shelf edge can moderate channel mouth slopes and, therefore, largely inhibit channel incision and knickpoint propagation. This channel elongation stage ends when the delta reaches an extended accommodation within the receiving basin and fails to keep the channel mouth slopes as low as the channel bed slopes. Then, processes of incision, narrowing, and meandering begin to shape the channel and expand upstream. When the down‐cutting channel encounters a more resistant stratum within the channel substrate, these processes are restricted to a downstream reach by formation of a retreating vertical knickpoint. When the knickpoint and the channel incise to a level below this stratum, a spatially continuous, diffusion‐like evolution characterizes the channel's response and source‐to‐sink transport can be implemented. These results emphasize the mouth slope and channel substrate resistance as the governing factors over long‐term channel evolution, whereas flash floods have only local and short‐lived impacts in a confined, continuously incising channel. The documented channel response applies to eustatic base‐level fall under steepening basin bathymetry, rapid delta progradation, and lithologic variations in the channel substrate.
Efficient Synthesis and Characterization of Monoprotected Symmetrical Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diamine
Authors: Jeong Hyeri , Youn Dayoung , Nam Jihye , Kim Jaehi , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Shin Dong‐Sik
Published: December 2017

Solid‐phase synthesis of monoprotected poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diamine is demonstrated. 2‐Chlorotrityl chloride (2‐CTC) resin was used as a solid support for inducing monofunctionalization using excess PEG diamine. Fmoc‐monoprotected PEG was prepared from 2‐CTC resin and fully characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We envision that this strategy will provide an efficient method of preparing various kinds of heterobifunctional PEG molecules without a need for further purification steps.
Selective Hydrogenolysis of Furfural Derivative 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran into Pentanediol Acetate and Pentanol Acetate over Pd/C and Sc(OTf)3 Cocatalytic System
Authors: Zhang Kun , Li Xing‐Long , Chen Shi‐Yan , Xu Hua‐Jian , Deng Jin , Fu Yao
Published: December 2017

It is of great significance to convert platform molecules and their derivatives into high value‐added alcohols, which have multitudinous applications. This study concerns systematic conversion of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), which is obtained from furfural, into 1‐pentanol acetate (PA) and 1,4‐pentanediol acetate (PDA). Reaction parameters, such as the Lewis acid species, reaction temperature, and hydrogen pressure, were investigated in detail. 1H NMR spectroscopy and reaction dynamics study were also conducted to help clarify the reaction mechanism. Results suggested that cleavage of the primary alcohol acetate was less facile than that of the secondary alcohol acetate, with the main product being PA. A PA yield of 91.8 % (150 °C, 3 MPa H2, 30 min) was achieved by using Pd/C and Sc(OTf)3 as a cocatalytic system and an 82 % yield of PDA was achieved (150 °C, 30 min) by using Sc(OTf)3 catalyst. Simultaneously, the efficient conversion of acetic esters into alcohols by simple saponification was carried out and led to a good yield.
Nature versus nurture? Consequences of short captivity in early stages
Authors: Horreo Jose L. , Valiente America G. , Ardura Alba , Blanco Aida , Garcia‐Gonzalez Claudia , Garcia‐Vazquez Eva
Published: December 2017

Biological changes occurring as a consequence of domestication and/or captivity are not still deeply known. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), endangered (Southern Europe) populations are enhanced by supportive breeding, which involves only 6 months of captive rearing following artificial spawning of wild‐collected adults. In this work, we assess whether several fitness‐correlated life‐history traits (migratory behavior, straying rate, age at maturity, and growth) are affected by early exposure to the captive environment within a generation, before reproduction thus before genetic selection. Results showed significant differences in growth and migratory behavior (including straying), associated with this very short period of captivity in natural fish populations, changing even genetic variability (decreased in hatchery‐reared adults) and the native population structure within and between rivers of the species. These changes appeared within a single generation, suggesting very short time of captivity is enough for initiating changes normally attributed to domestication. These results may have potential implications for the long‐term population stability/viability of species subjected to restoration and enhancement processes and could be also considered for the management of zoo populations.
Gap formation and dynamics after long‐term steady state in an old‐growth Picea abies stand in Norway: Above‐ and belowground interactions
Authors: Nygaard Per Holm , Strand Line Tau , Stuanes Arne Oddvar
Published: December 2017

Stand dynamics and the gap initiation prior to gap formation are not well‐understood because of its long‐term nature and the scarcity of late‐successional stands. Reconstruction of such disturbance is normally based on historical records and dendroecological methods. We investigated gap initiation and formation at the fine‐scale stand level in the old‐growth reserve of Karlshaugen in Norway. Given its long‐term conservation history, and thorough mapping in permanent marked plots with spatially referenced trees, it provides an opportunity to present stand development before, during, and after gap formation. Late‐successional decline in biomass was recorded after more than 50 years of close to steady state. Gaps in the canopy were mainly created by large old trees that had been killed by spruce bark beetles. Snapping by wind was the main reason for treefall. Long‐term dominance of Norway spruce excluded downy birch and Scots pine from the stand. Comparisons of the forest floor soil properties between the gap and nongap area showed significantly higher concentrations of plant available Ca within the gap area. Plant root simulator (PRS™) probes showed significantly higher supply rates for Ca and Mg, but significantly lower K for the gap compared to the nongap area. Soil water from the gap area had significantly higher C:N ratios compared to the nongap area. Fine‐scale variation with increasing distance to logs indicated that CWD is important for leaking of DOC and Ca. Our long‐term study from Karlshaugen documents gap dynamics after more than 50 years of steady state and a multiscale disturbance regime in an old‐growth forest. The observed disturbance dynamic caused higher aboveground and belowground heterogeneity in plots, coarse woody debris, and nutrients. Our study of the nutrient levels of the forest floor suggest that natural gaps of old‐growth forest provide a long‐lasting biogeochemical feedback system particularly with respect to Ca and probably also N. Norway spruce trees near the gap edge responded with high plasticity to reduced competition, showing the importance of the edge zone as hot spots for establishing heterogeneity, but also the potential for carbon sequestration in old‐growth forest.
Habitat formation prevails over predation in influencing fouling communities
Authors: Leclerc Jean‐Charles , Viard Frédérique
Published: December 2017

Coastal human‐made structures, such as marinas and harbors, are expanding worldwide. Species assemblages described from these artificial habitats are novel relative to natural reefs, particularly in terms of the abundance of nonindigenous species (NIS). Although these fouling assemblages are clearly distinctive, the ecosystem functioning and species interactions taking place there are little understood. For instance, large predators may influence the fouling community development either directly (feeding on sessile fauna) or indirectly (feeding on small predators associated with these assemblages). In addition, by providing refuges, habitat complexity may modify the outcome of species interactions and the extent of biotic resistance (e.g., by increasing the abundance of niche‐specific competitors and predators of NIS). Using experimental settlement panels deployed in the field for 2.5 months, we tested the influence of predation (i.e., caging experiment), artificial structural complexity (i.e., mimics of turf‐forming species), and their interactions (i.e., refuge effects) on the development of sessile and mobile fauna in two marinas. In addition, we tested the role of biotic complexity—arising from the habitat‐forming species that grew on the panels during the trial—on the richness and abundance of mobile fauna. The effect of predation and artificial habitat complexity was negligible, regardless of assemblage status (i.e., native, cryptogenic, and nonindigenous). Conversely, habitat‐forming species and associated epibionts, responsible for biotic complexity, had a significant effect on mobile invertebrates (richness, abundance, and community structure). In particular, the richness and abundance of mobile NIS were positively affected by biotic complexity, with site‐dependent relationships. Altogether, our results indicate that biotic complexity prevails over artificial habitat complexity in determining the distribution of mobile species under low predation pressure. Facilitation of native and non‐native species thus seems to act upon diversity and community development: This process deserves further consideration in models of biotic resistance to invasion in urban marine habitats.
Using expert knowledge to incorporate uncertainty in cause‐of‐death assignments for modeling of cause‐specific mortality
Authors: Walsh Daniel P. , Norton Andrew S. , Storm Daniel J. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Heisey Dennis M.
Published: December 2017

Implicit and explicit use of expert knowledge to inform ecological analyses is becoming increasingly common because it often represents the sole source of information in many circumstances. Thus, there is a need to develop statistical methods that explicitly incorporate expert knowledge, and can successfully leverage this information while properly accounting for associated uncertainty during analysis. Studies of cause‐specific mortality provide an example of implicit use of expert knowledge when causes‐of‐death are uncertain and assigned based on the observer's knowledge of the most likely cause. To explicitly incorporate this use of expert knowledge and the associated uncertainty, we developed a statistical model for estimating cause‐specific mortality using a data augmentation approach within a Bayesian hierarchical framework. Specifically, for each mortality event, we elicited the observer's belief of cause‐of‐death by having them specify the probability that the death was due to each potential cause. These probabilities were then used as prior predictive values within our framework. This hierarchical framework permitted a simple and rigorous estimation method that was easily modified to include covariate effects and regularizing terms. Although applied to survival analysis, this method can be extended to any event‐time analysis with multiple event types, for which there is uncertainty regarding the true outcome. We conducted simulations to determine how our framework compared to traditional approaches that use expert knowledge implicitly and assume that cause‐of‐death is specified accurately. Simulation results supported the inclusion of observer uncertainty in cause‐of‐death assignment in modeling of cause‐specific mortality to improve model performance and inference. Finally, we applied the statistical model we developed and a traditional method to cause‐specific survival data for white‐tailed deer, and compared results. We demonstrate that model selection results changed between the two approaches, and incorporating observer knowledge in cause‐of‐death increased the variability associated with parameter estimates when compared to the traditional approach. These differences between the two approaches can impact reported results, and therefore, it is critical to explicitly incorporate expert knowledge in statistical methods to ensure rigorous inference.
Don't get lost in the noise: Craft emails students will read
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2017

MINNEAPOLIS — “How do we know students aren't reading our emails? Because they're not doing what we ask them to!” Stuart Boyd, student engagement coordinator at Arapahoe Community College in Colorado, said during his session at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers annual meeting. Boyd shared strategies for increasing student open‐and‐read rates for emails as well as ways to craft emails that grab students' attention and help them understand the importance of professional communication via email for their lives even beyond your institution.
Smoke propagation in the region of cross‐passages in long railway tunnels – Results from full scale tests
Authors: Thaller Thomas , Sturm Peter , Rodler Johannes
Published: December 2017

Research on rail tunnel smoke dispersion was carried out on a completed section (KAT 1) of the Koralmtunnel in Austria. Field tests were performed on a scale of 1:1, covering fires with a maximum heat release rate of up to 22 MW. Smoke dispersion as well as the related temperature distributions in various sections of the tunnel were monitored using video cameras. The focus of the investigation was placed on smoke dispersion in the region of the cross‐passages, i.e. on those sites where passenger evacuation normally takes place. The tests were intended to provide information on which type of escape door (swing door or sliding door) is most suited for passenger evacuation via the cross‐passages. In order to provide sufficiently safe conditions during the self‐evacuation phase, it is highly desirable that smoke does not impair escape. The tests aimed at investigating the interconnections between fire load, smoke production rate, and escape possibilities, as a function of the installed ventilation system and the related parameters.
The significance of the southern line on an European, national and regional scale – The strengthening of the corridor in the ÖBB target network 2025+ and beyond
Authors: Plank Viktor , Poimer Bernhard
Published: December 2017

Integration of national railway systems into a European network is a prerequisite for a sustainable competitive edge of the railway sector. With its current extensive project portfolio and its role in the European Baltic‐Adriatic Corridor, the southern line in Austria is positioned to successfully face future requirements. Furthermore, the establishment of new railway infrastructure is not only geared towards international transport operations in passenger and freight service, but also towards satisfying national and regional needs. The expansion of the southern line correlates with projects in the partner countries along the corridor and is in line with economic trends, both domestically and in greater Europe. Once a neglected line in the railway expansion program of recent decades, the southern line is now benefiting from considerable developments, including the on‐going commissioning of several major projects in a 10 to 12‐year period. Currently, the expansion strategy is based on the Transport Forecast Austria and the Target Network 2025+. Additional expansions for sections such as towards the Slovenian border as well as concepts for the existing southern line are subject to on‐going evaluation with regard to actual traffic developments and will be developed in line with respective needs.
Geochemical characterization of geothermal systems in western Anatolia (Turkey): implications for CO2 trapping mechanisms in prospective CO2‐EGS sites
Authors: Elidemir Sanem , Güleç Nilgün
Published: December 2017

Geological storage of CO2 is currently regarded as one of the major strategies to mitigate the increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions from large‐scale point sources. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are a novel concept in which CO2 is used as a working fluid to increase energy recovery, combined with its subsurface storage. In this study, the geothermal systems of western Anatolia are considered as potential sites for EGS, and the published hydrogeochemical data relevant to these systems are compiled and evaluated in terms of potential water/CO2/rock interaction processes. The evaluation is performed with geochemical approaches including speciation‐solubility calculations, and inverse and dedolomitization modelling. The results lead to the recognition of two different groups with respect to the effective processes: carbonate precipitation, and carbonate precipitation plus dissolution. In high‐enthalpy fields, carbonate precipitation seems to be the major mechanism, while others show the effects of both precipitation and dissolution; dedolomitization is also identified as a potential mechanism for one of the fields. These processes are examined with regard to CO2‐fixation; carbonate precipitation may lead to mineral trapping while carbonate dissolution provides additional cations to the system to react with CO2. Being relevant to CO2 storage in geothermal fields, the conclusions from this study point to the importance of temperature control for CO2 stabilization, as high temperatures seem to promote mineral trapping. The success of a CO2‐EGS project depends on complete geochemical characterization of reservoir processes with further kinetic modelling accompanying the thermodynamic modelling exemplified by this study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate
Authors: Nabergoj Dominik , Modic Petra , Podgornik Aleš
Published: December 2017

It is important to understand how physiological state of the host influence propagation of bacteriophages (phages), due to the potential higher phage production needs in the future. In our study, we tried to elucidate the effect of bacterial growth rate on adsorption constant (δ), latent period (L), burst size (b), and bacteriophage population growth rate (λ). As a model system, a well‐studied phage T4 and Escherichia coli K‐12 as a host was used. Bacteria were grown in a continuous culture operating at dilution rates in the range between 0.06 and 0.98 hr−1. It was found that the burst size increases linearly from 8 PFU·cell−1 to 89 PFU·cell−1 with increase in bacteria growth rate. On the other hand, adsorption constant and latent period were both decreasing from 2.6∙10‐9 ml·min−1 and 80 min to reach limiting values of 0.5 × 10‐9 ml·min−1 and 27 min at higher growth rates, respectively. Both trends were mathematically described with Michaelis–Menten based type of equation and reasons for such form are discussed. By applying selected equations, a mathematical equation for prediction of bacteriophage population growth rate as a function of dilution rate was derived, reaching values around 8 hr−1 at highest dilution rate. Interestingly, almost identical description can be obtained using much simpler Monod type equation and possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Understanding solicitation: Beyond the binary variable of being asked or not being asked
Authors: Breeze Beth , Jollymore Gloria
Published: December 2017

The identity, motivation, and experiences of philanthropists have become increasingly popular topics of study in a wide range of disciplines, yet no equivalent attention has been paid to the askers, despite research showing that almost all donations are solicited in some way. The propensity to be asked for contributions has been found to be positively related to the propensity to give, but despite the usefulness of this finding, it reinforces the suggestion that solicitation is a binary variable, such that people are either asked or they are not asked. This paper, drawing on data from in‐depth interviews with 73 successful fundraisers in the UK and Canada, highlights the importance of the quality, as opposed to simply the quantity, of solicitation. Three important factors that lie behind successful “asks” are identified and discussed: First, they are made within relationships of trust rather than as a result of a transactional approach. Second, they occur as a result of fundraisers' ability to be an “honest broker” between donors and the organisations they might support. And third, they rely on the fundraisers' skills in reframing complex issues and finding alignment between the recipient organisation's needs and the philanthropic aspirations of the donor. The paper concludes with implications for practice.
Did a student‐athlete's Title IX lawsuit survive a university's motion to dismiss?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: December 2017

University of Kansas women's rowing team member Daisy Tackett was allegedly raped by KU football player JDG in October 2014.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks‐Derived Porous In2O3 Hollow Nanorod for High‐Performance Ethanol Gas Sensor
Authors: Tao Kai , Han Xue , Yin Qing , Wang Ding , Han Lei , Chen Liang
Published: December 2017

Designing hollow micro/nano structures for gas sensing materials is highly desirable for boosting gas sensing properties and still remains challenging, especially through a simple and economic way. Herein, porous In2O3 hollow nanorod (In2O3‐HNR), which was successfully fabricated by thermal decomposition of an In–MOF (CPP‐3) precursor, was applied as gas sensing materials. The pristine CPP‐3 and obtained In2O3‐HNR were systematically characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA‐DTA, XPS, Raman and N2 physisorption. Characterization results indicated that the hexagonal rod‐like shape of original CPP‐3 was maintained after calcination, whereas the surface became rough and concave. In addition, the obtained In2O3‐HNR displayed a hollow interior with porous shell composed by In2O3 nanoparticles (9 nm). Taking advantage of this unique porous nanostructure, In2O3‐HNR exhibited a response as high as 6.2 to 5 ppm ethanol at operating temperature of 200 °C, fast response and recovery (3 and 4 s, respectively), and good selectivity to ethanol. The excellent ethanol‐sensing properties endow this In–MOF templated In2O3‐HNR material with a promising application in practical detection of ethanol gas. This method could be extended to the fabrication of other micro/nano structures with well‐defined morphology and composition for high‐performance gas sensing considering diversity of MOFs family.
Graphene‐Polymer//Graphene‐Manganese Oxide Nanocomposites‐Based Asymmetric High Energy Supercapacitor with 1.8 V Cell Voltage in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Amutha Balasubramanian , Subramani Kaipannan , Reddy Pula Nagesh , Sathish Marappan
Published: December 2017

Asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated using reduced graphene oxide‐polymer (RGO‐PEDOT.PSS) and reduced graphene‐manganese oxide (RGO‐CNF‐MnO2) nanocomposites as negative and positive electrodes, respectively. Both the RGO‐PEDOT.PSS and RGO‐CNF‐MnO2 (GCM) nanocomposite electrode were studied systematically with three electrode and asymmetric device configuration. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge‐discharge (CD) studies revealed a maximum specific capacitance of 247 F/g at 1 A/g between −0.9 to 0.1 V (vs. SCE) for RGO‐PEDOT.PSS electrode. While the GCM nanocomposite electrode showed 145 F/g at 1 A/g between −0.1 to 0.9 V (vs. SCE). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies of GCM positive electrode revealed the formation of crystalline Akhtenskite MnO2 hexagonal structure and the XRD of RGO‐PEDOT.PSS confirms the complete reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The microscopic images of GCM demonstrate the MnO2 nanowhiskers growth over the carbon support. The fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device showed a cell voltage of 1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The CD profile of RGO‐PEDOT.PSS//RGO‐CNF‐MnO2 shows the device capacitance of 47 F/g with a high energy density of 21 Wh/kg while the symmetric device shows 5 and 5.6 Wh/kg for negative and positive electrodes respectively. The high energy density and electrochemical stability of the prepared asymmetric device is promising for electrochemical energy storage in aqueous electrolyte.
Biodegradable Nanoagents with Short Biological Half‐Life for SPECT/PAI/MRI Multimodality Imaging and PTT Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Chen Lei , Chen Jiayao , Qiu Shanshan , Wen Ling , Wu Yan , Hou Yi , Wang Yong , Zeng Jianfeng , Feng Yuan , Li Zhen , Shan Hong , Gao Mingyuan
Published: December 2017

Rapid clearance of nanoagents is a critical criterion for their clinical translation. Herein, it is reported that biodegradable and renal clearable nanoparticles are potentially useful for image‐guided photothermal therapy of tumors. The multifunctional nanoparticles with excellent colloidal stability are synthesized through coordination reactions between Fe3+ ions and gallic acid (GA)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in aqueous solution. Detailed characterization reveals that the resulting Fe3+/GA/PVP complex nanoparticles (FGPNs) integrate strong near‐infrared absorption with paramagnetism well. As a result, the FGPNs present outstanding performance for photoacoustic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging of tumors, and outstanding photothermal ablation effect for tumor therapy owing to their high photothermal conversion efficiency. More importantly, the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the FGPNs determined through 125I labeling suggest that the FGPNs are readily degraded in vivo showing a short biological half‐life, and the decomposition products are excreted through either renal clearance pathway or bowel elimination pathway via stomach, which highlights the characteristics of the current multifunctional theranostic agent and their potential in clinical translation.
TESTING FOR A GENERAL CLASS OF FUNCTIONAL INEQUALITIES
Authors: Lee Sokbae , Song Kyungchul , Whang Yoon-Jae
Published: December 2017

In this article, we propose a general method for testing inequality restrictions on nonparametric functions. Our framework includes many nonparametric testing problems in a unified framework, with a number of possible applications in auction models, game theoretic models, wage inequality, and revealed preferences. Our test involves a one-sided version ofLpfunctionals of kernel-type estimators (1 ≤p < ∞) and is easy to implement in general, mainly due to its recourse to the bootstrap method. The bootstrap procedure is based on the nonparametric bootstrap applied to kernel-based test statistics, with an option of estimating “contact sets.” We provide regularity conditions under which the bootstrap test is asymptotically valid uniformly over a large class of distributions, including cases where the limiting distribution of the test statistic is degenerate. Our bootstrap test is shown to exhibit good power properties in Monte Carlo experiments, and we provide a general form of the local power function. As an illustration, we consider testing implications from auction theory, provide primitive conditions for our test, and demonstrate its usefulness by applying our test to real data. We supplement this example with the second empirical illustration in the context of wage inequality.
Impact of Imazamox and Imazapyr Carryover on Wheat, Barley, and Oat
Authors: Scursoni Julio A. , Montoya Jorgelina C. , Vigna Mario R. , Gigón Ramón , Istilart Carolina , Renzi Pugni Juan P. , López Ricardo , Porfiri Carolina
Published: December 2017

Imazapyr and imazamox are frequently applied postemergence to control grass and broadleaf weeds in imidazolinone-resistant sunflower in Argentina. Herbicide carryover to rotational crops represents a disadvantage of these herbicides, particularly in regions with low rainfall during the months prior to rotational crop sowing. Between 2009 and 2012, field and greenhouse studies were conducted on four important sunflower-cropped areas of Argentina. The objective was to quantify the effects of imazapyr alone and imazamox plus imazapyr applied in sunflower crops on the subsequent establishment, growth, and yield of barley, oat, and wheat. In all field experiments, imazapyr alone and imazamox plus imazapyr were applied at recommended rates (80 gha–1and 66 plus 30 gha–1, respectively), and also, in some experiments, at double the recommended rates. Soil bioassays were also conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of these herbicides on barley, oat, and wheat seedlings. The mixture of imazamox plus imazapyr was safer for rotational crops than imazapyr applied alone, because of the reduced rate of imazapyr in the mixture treatments. Barley was more sensitive to imidazolinones, particularly imazapyr, than the other winter cereals. Imazapyr at double rate (160 gha–1) reduced barley yield by 45% when seeds were sown 165 d after herbicide application and with 240 mm rainfall after herbicide application.
Roles of two types of heparan sulfate clusters in Wnt distribution and signaling in Xenopus
Authors: Mii Yusuke , Yamamoto Takayoshi , Takada Ritsuko , Mizumoto Shuji , Matsuyama Makoto , Yamada Shuhei , Takada Shinji , Taira Masanori
Published: December 2017

Wnt proteins direct embryonic patterning, but the regulatory basis of their distribution and signal reception remain unclear. Here, we show that endogenous Wnt8 protein is distributed in a graded manner inXenopusembryo and accumulated on the cell surface in a punctate manner in association with “N-sulfo-rich heparan sulfate (HS),” not with “N-acetyl-rich HS”. These two types of HS are differentially clustered by attaching to different glypicans as core proteins.N-sulfo-rich HS is frequently internalized and associated with the signaling vesicle, known as the Frizzled/Wnt/LRP6 signalosome, in the presence of Wnt8. Conversely,N-acetyl-rich HS is rarely internalized and accumulates Frzb, a secreted Wnt antagonist. Upon interaction with Frzb, Wnt8 associates withN-acetyl-rich HS, suggesting thatN-acetyl-rich HS supports Frzb-mediated antagonism by sequestering Wnt8 fromN-sulfo-rich HS. Thus, these two types of HS clusters may constitute a cellular platform for the distribution and signaling of Wnt8.
Rhythmic potassium transport regulates the circadian clock in human red blood cells
Authors: Henslee Erin A. , Crosby Priya , Kitcatt Stephen J. , Parry Jack S. W. , Bernardini Andrea , Abdallat Rula G. , Braun Gabriella , Fatoyinbo Henry O. , Harrison Esther J. , Edgar Rachel S. , Hoettges Kai F. , Reddy Akhilesh B. , Jabr Rita I. , von Schantz Malcolm , O’Neill John S. , Labeed Fatima H.
Published: December 2017

Circadian rhythms organize many aspects of cell biology and physiology to a daily temporal program that depends on clock gene expression cycles in most mammalian cell types. However, circadian rhythms are also observed in isolated mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), which lack nuclei, suggesting the existence of post-translational cellular clock mechanisms in these cells. Here we show using electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches that human RBCs display circadian regulation of membrane conductance and cytoplasmic conductivity that depends on the cycling of cytoplasmic K+ levels. Using pharmacological intervention and ion replacement, we show that inhibition of K+ transport abolishes RBC electrophysiological rhythms. Our results suggest that in the absence of conventional transcription cycles, RBCs maintain a circadian rhythm in membrane electrophysiology through dynamic regulation of K+ transport.
Auditory closed-loop stimulation of EEG slow oscillations strengthens sleep and signs of its immune-supportive function
Authors: Besedovsky Luciana , Ngo Hong-Viet V. , Dimitrov Stoyan , Gassenmaier Christoph , Lehmann Rainer , Born Jan
Published: December 2017

Sleep is essential for health. Slow wave sleep (SWS), the deepest sleep stage hallmarked by electroencephalographic slow oscillations (SOs), appears of particular relevance here. SWS is associated with a unique endocrine milieu comprising minimum cortisol and high aldosterone, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin levels, thereby presumably fostering efficient adaptive immune responses. Yet, whether SWS causes these changes is unclear. Here we enhance SOs in men by auditory closed-loop stimulation, i.e., by delivering tones in synchrony with endogenous SOs. Stimulation intensifies the hormonal milieu characterizing SWS (mainly by further reducing cortisol and increasing aldosterone levels) and reduces T and B cell counts, likely reflecting a redistribution of these cells to lymphoid tissues. GH remains unchanged. In conclusion, closed-loop stimulation of SOs is an easy-to-use tool for probing SWS functions, and might also bear the potential to ameliorate conditions like depression and aging, where disturbed sleep coalesces with specific hormonal and immunological dysregulations.
The role of Cdx2 as a lineage specific transcriptional repressor for pluripotent network during the first developmental cell lineage segregation
Authors: Huang Daosheng , Guo Guoji , Yuan Ping , Ralston Amy , Sun Lingang , Huss Mikael , Mistri Tapan , Pinello Luca , Ng Huck Hui , Yuan Guocheng , Ji Junfeng , Rossant Janet , Robson Paul , Han Xiaoping
Published: December 2017

The first cellular differentiation event in mouse development leads to the formation of the blastocyst consisting of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). The transcription factor CDX2 is required for proper TE specification, where it promotes expression of TE genes, and represses expression of Pou5f1 (OCT4). However its downstream network in the developing embryo is not fully characterized. Here, we performed high-throughput single embryo qPCR analysis in Cdx2 null embryos to identify CDX2-regulated targets in vivo. To identify genes likely to be regulated by CDX2 directly, we performed CDX2 ChIP-Seq on trophoblast stem (TS) cells. In addition, we examined the dynamics of gene expression changes using inducible CDX2 embryonic stem (ES) cells, so that we could predict which CDX2-bound genes are activated or repressed by CDX2 binding. By integrating these data with observations of chromatin modifications, we identify putative novel regulatory elements that repress gene expression in a lineage-specific manner. Interestingly, we found CDX2 binding sites within regulatory elements of key pluripotent genes such as Pou5f1 and Nanog, pointing to the existence of a novel mechanism by which CDX2 maintains repression of OCT4 in trophoblast. Our study proposes a general mechanism in regulating lineage segregation during mammalian development.
Author Correction: Antagonistic evolution of an antibiotic and its molecular chaperone: how to maintain a vital ectosymbiosis in a highly fluctuating habitat
Authors: Papot Claire , Massol François , Jollivet Didier , Tasiemski Aurélie
Published: December 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has notbeen fixed in the paper..
Author Correction: Generation of convergent light beams by using surface plasmon locked Smith-Purcell radiation
Authors: Lai Yi-Chieh , Kuang Tzu Cheng , Cheng Bo Han , Lan Yung-Chiang , Tsai Din Ping
Published: December 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
RNA sequencing reveals a transcriptomic portrait of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and palatine tonsils
Authors: Cho Kyung-Ah , Park Minhwa , Kim Yu-Hee , Woo So-Youn , Ryu Kyung-Ha
Published: December 2017

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that have plasticity and inhabit the stroma of diverse tissues. The potential utility of MSCs has been heavily investigated in the fields of regenerative medicine and cell therapy. However, MSCs represent diverse populations that may depend on the tissue of origin. Thus, the ability to identify specific MSC populations has remained difficult. Using RNA sequencing, we analyzed the whole transcriptomes of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMs), adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AMs), and tonsil-derived MSCs (TMs). We categorized highly regulated genes from these MSC groups according to functional gene ontology (GO) classification. AMs and TMs showed higher expression of genes encoding proteins that function in protein binding, growth factor, or cytokine activity in extracellular compartments than BMs. Interestingly, TM were highly enriched for genes coding extracellular, protein-binding proteins compared with AMs. Functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis also showed differentially enriched signaling pathways between the three MSC groups. Further, we confirmed surface antigens expressed in common and in a tissue-specific manner on BMs, AMs, and TMs by flow cytometry analysis. This study provides comprehensive characteristics of MSCs derived from different tissues to better understand their cellular and molecular biology.