bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspirin Alone Is Not Enough to Prevent Deep Venous Thrombosis After Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Woon Colin Y. L. , Shah Ritesh R. , Pardi Brandon M. , Schwartz Brian E. , Goldstein Jeffrey M. , Cipparrone Nancy E. , Goldstein Wayne M.
Published: January 2019

Thromboembolic events after total joint arthroplasty are potentially devastating complications. This study evaluated the efficacy of 4 different anticoagulants in preventing deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after total joint arthroplasty. The demographics and anticoagulant use (warfarin, enoxaparin, and aspirin with and without outpatient mechanical pumps) for patients who underwent primary unilateral total joint arthroplasties performed by a single surgeon from January 2013 to October 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent lower extremity ultrasound at the 3-week postoperative visit. A total of 613 primary unilateral total joint arthroplasties met the study inclusion criteria. There were 288 primary total knee arthroplasties and 325 primary total hip arthroplasties. The patients were 62.2% female, having a mean age of 67.6±10.6 years and a mean body mass index of 30.2±5.9 kg/m2. There were 119 patients in group 1 (aspirin alone), 40 patients in group 2 (aspirin plus pumps), 246 patients in group 3 (warfarin), and 208 patients in group 4 (enoxaparin). The overall 3-week symptomatic and asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis and symptomatic pulmonary embolism rates in the entire cohort were 5.7% and 0.3%, respectively. The venous thromboembolism rate was significantly affected by the anticoagulant of choice (P<.01). Compared with aspirin alone, warfarin decreased the risk of venous thromboembolism (P<.01). Increasing age led to increased risk of venous thromboembolism (P=.05). This study indicated that aspirin chemoprophylaxis alone was not as efficacious as warfarin and enoxaparin in preventing asymptomatic and symptomatic venous thromboembolism found during routine postoperative surveillance with lower extremity ultrasound. Aspirin alone may be inadequate and should be augmented with an outpatient mechanical pump as part of multimodal prophylaxis. [Orthopedics. 2019; 42(1):48–55.]
Osseous Metastatic Disease to the Hands and Feet
Authors: El Abiad Jad M. , Aziz Keith , Levin Adam S. , McCarthy Edward M. , Morris Carol D.
Published: January 2019

Osseous metastases to the hands and feet (acrometastases) are exceedingly rare. Historically, the most common primary cancer observed has been lung carcinoma, treated either nonoperatively or with amputation. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics associated with acrometastases. This was a retrospective review of 28 patients with histologically proven osseous metastatic disease to the hands and feet. Variables recorded included primary cancer histology, age at diagnosis of primary and acrometastases, location of acrometastases, burden of disease, treatment, and age at death. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to estimate survival, and log-rank tests were used for comparison. The median age at acrometastases diagnosis was 61.5 years, and the most common associated primary cancer was lung carcinoma (n=9). Sixteen patients had acrometastases to the foot, and 12 had acrometastases to the hand. In the foot, most acrometastases were located in the tarsal bones (n=11), followed by the metatarsals (n=4) and the phalanges (n=3). In the hand, most were in the metacarpals and the phalanges (n=6 each), and 2 were in the carpals. The most common treatment was resection or curettage only (n=7). The median duration of survival after acrometastases diagnosis was 9.7 months. Despite advances in cancer treatment and shifting patterns of metastatic disease, there has been little change in the distribution of primary malignancies responsible for acrometastases, with lung carcinoma remaining the most common. Ablative procedures are rarely required, with limb-salvage interventions predominating. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(2):e197–e201.]
The Effectiveness of Aspirin for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis for Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Alyea Eric , Gaston Tara , Austin Luke S. , Wowkanech Charles , Cypel Bret , Pontes Manuel , Williams Gerald
Published: January 2019

Venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) is a rare complication following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR). The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American College of Chest Physicians have no prophylaxis guidelines specific to shoulder arthroscopy, yet many surgeons prescribe aspirin following RCR. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aspirin and mechanical prophylaxis compared with mechanical prophylaxis alone in preventing VTED following RCR. A total of 914 patients underwent RCR between January 2010 and January 2015. A retrospective case-control study was performed. The control group (n=484) consisted of patients treated with compression boots and early mobilization. The study group (n=430) used compression boots, early mobilization, and 81 mg/d of aspirin. The primary outcome was symptomatic VTED, including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A total of 7 VTED events occurred during the study period: 6 DVTs and 1 PE; 1 patient experienced both DVT and PE. The percentage of patients with VTED, DVT, and PE was 0.66%, 0.66%, and 0.11%, respectively. There was no significant difference for DVT or PE between the 2 groups. The incidence of DVT and PE was 0.62% and 0.00%, respectively, for the control group (no aspirin) and 0.70% and 0.23%, respectively, for the study group (aspirin). Aspirin does not lead to a clinically significant reduction in either DVT or PE rate in patients undergoing RCR. The authors conclude that the use of mechanical prophylaxis and early mobilization is a sufficient method of VTED prophylaxis in this low-risk population. [Orthopedics. 2019; 42(2):e187–e192.]
Imagery: A Treatment for Nursing Student Anxiety
Authors: Stephens Rebecca L
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

This study examined the effectiveness of audiotaped imagery in reducing anxiety and improving test performance among first-year nursing students. Volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to three groups, imagery-only, imagery/relaxation, and a no-treatment control group. Posttest state anxiety scores in these groups were significantly lower (p = .001) than in the no-treatment control group. Test performance did not differ significantly (p = .067). Subjects using the audiotaped imagery reported an increased sense of well-being, improved ability to sleep, greater energy, and improved self-confidence.
Engagement in Psychotherapy Improves Outcomes for Veterans
Authors: Carpenter Jennifer W. , Nicholson W. Chance , Lee Mary J. , Richardson Jessica W. , McGuinness Teena M.
Published: January 2019

The longstanding partnership between the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (BVAMC) and the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing inspired the establishment of one of the country's first psychiatric–mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) residencies and subsequent formation of a Resident Continuity Clinic (RCC). Within the RCC, PMHNP residents deliver evidence-based care that is informed by measurement-based care (MBC) to improve patient outcomes and reduce time to recovery. Determined by the BVAMC Institutional Review Board to be a quality improvement project, PMHNP residents administered the Patient Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), a MBC tool that uses four independently validated screening tools to measure the behavioral health symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and alcohol use. Additional clinical variables of interest included patient use of illicit substances, participation in psychotherapy, and use of psychotropic medications. PSQ scores were reviewed retrospectively via descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests. Analysis demonstrated statistically significant improvements in depression and anxiety. Data also revealed that patients engaged in psychotherapy demonstrated greater improvements on all PSQ screening tools compared to patients not involved in psychotherapy. The results reinforce the value of MBC in psychiatric care and highlight the importance of engaging Veterans in psychotherapy to improve outcomes. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57
(6), 30–38.]
Absence of Keratectasia After LASIK in Eyes With Preoperative Central Corneal Thickness of 450 to 500 Microns
Authors: Caster Andrew I , Friess David W , Potvin Richard J
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative central corneal thickness less than or equal to 500 µm is an independent risk factor for development of keratectasia following LASIK.

METHODS: Chart review was performed for 109 eyes with preoperative central corneal thickness of 452 to 500 µm in 69 patients who underwent LASIK between September 2000 and July 2005 and had no known risk factors for keratectasia. All eyes included in this analysis had postoperative manifest refractions at follow-up at 1-month and 12-months or greater (median: 452 days; range: 365 to 1980 days).

RESULTS: Attempted correction (spherical equivalent refraction) ranged from +3.13 to -7.75 diopters. There were no clinical signs of keratectasia at any postoperative visits in the 109 eyes in this study. There was no statistically significant change in mean spherical equivalent or manifest cylinder from the 1-month follow-up examination to the last documented visit (12 months or greater). No correlation was found for preoperative pachymetry and refractive change between postoperative examinations at 1 month and 12 months or greater. Double-angle vector analysis determined the directional shift in postoperative refractive cylinder was not statistically significant from zero (P>.05).

CONCLUSIONS: In this group of 109 LASIK-treated eyes with preoperative central corneal thickness less than or equal to 500 µm that were screened for known keratectasia risk factors, there was no evidence of postoperative keratectasia. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:782-788.]
The Correlation of Pupil Size Measured by Colvard Pupillometer and Orbscan II
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Ting , Hu Fung-Rong
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation of pupil sizes measured under different illuminations by Colvard pupillometer and the Orbscan II system and to determine the factors that may influence pupil sizes.

METHODS: The study comprised 162 eyes of 162 patients with a mean age of 34.6±10.6 years (range: 16 to 65 years). The photopic pupil sizes were measured with Orbscan II (363 lux). The high mesopic and low mesopic pupil sizes were measured by Colvard pupillometer under 60.5 and 0.15 lux of illumination, respectively. Spherical equivalent of the manifest refraction was used to evaluate its correlation with the pupil size.

RESULTS: The mean sizes of low mesopic and high mesopic pupil measured by Colvard pupillometer were 6.08±0.68 mm and 4.80±0.79 mm, respectively. The mean pupil size measured by Orbscan II was 3.87±0.61 mm. The pupil sizes were negatively correlated with age, but not correlated with refractive error when using multiple linear regression. Low mesopic pupil sizes were only moderately correlated with pupil sizes measured by Orbscan II (low mesopic pupil size [mm] = 0.755 × Orbscan II pupil size [mm] + 3.13, r = 0.67). If >4.5-mm pupil size measured by Orbscan II is used as the cut-off value for detecting low mesopic pupil sizes >6.5 mm, there will be a sensitivity of 48.15% and a specificity of 93.97%.

CONCLUSIONS: Pupil sizes measured with the Orbscan II were only moderately correlated with low mesopic pupil sizes measured with Colvard pupillometer. The Orbscan II is not a preferred tool for estimating low mesopic pupil sizes. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:789-795.]
Shewanella putrefaciens Keratitis in the Lamellar Bed 6 Years After LASIK
Authors: Park Hee-Jung S , Tuli Sonal S , Downer Donald M , Gohari A Reza , Shah Milan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To present a case of infectious keratitis occurring 6 years after LASIK due to the rare human pathogen Shewanella putrefaciens.

METHODS: A 58-year-old man presented with redness and pain in the right eye 6 years following LASIK retreatment. Examination revealed a corneal infiltrate at the flap interface. Corneal scraping of stroma beneath the flap was submitted for histopathologic and microbiologic evaluation.

RESULTS: An infiltrate located at the LASIK flap interface originated from an epithelial defect at the flap-corneal junction. Corneal stroma cultures demonstrated Shewanella putrefaciens. The infection resolved with antibiotic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: LASIK-related complications, such as infections, can occur many years following the procedure. The potential space created under the LASIK flap may predispose patients to infection by opportunistic organisms. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:830-832.]
Infectious Keratitis After Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis
Authors: Parthasarathy Anand , Theng Julian , Ti Seng-Ei , Tan Donald T H
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report two cases of infectious keratitis occurring after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).

METHODS: Two patients who underwent LASEK were referred to our center for the management of postoperative infectious keratitis. Infection occurred on postoperative days 2 (case 1) and 5 (case 2). Presenting visual acuity was count fingers in both cases.

RESULTS: Patients were treated aggressively with hourly topical broad-spectrum fortified antibiotics after corneal scrapings were obtained. Culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus in case 2. Both eyes responded to treatment, resulting in residual corneal scarring with reduced best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 in case 1 and uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 in case 2.

CONCLUSIONS: Infectious keratitis can occur after LASEK surgery, and early diagnosis and aggressive therapy are required to reduce visual loss. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:832-835.]
Randomized Prospective Comparison of Visian Toric Implantable Collamer Lens and Conventional Photorefractive Keratectomy for Moderate to High Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Schallhorn Steven , Tanzer David , Sanders Donald R , Sanders Monica L
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the Visian Toric Implantable Collamer Lens (TICL), a toric phakic intraocular lens (IOL), and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in the correction of moderate to high myopic astigmatism.

METHODS: This prospective, randomized study consisted of 43 eyes implanted with the TICL (20 bilateral cases) and 45 eyes receiving PRK with mitomycin C (22 bilateral cases) with moderate to high myopia (-6.00 to -20.00 diopters [D] sphere) measured at the spectacle plane and 1.00 to 4.00 D of astigmatism. All patient treatment and follow-up occurred at the Naval Medical Center San Diego. Study follow-up was 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperative.

RESULTS: Mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), change in BSCVA, proportion of cases with improvement of 1 or more lines of BSCVA, proportion of cases with BSCVA and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) 20/12.5 or better, proportion of cases with BSCVA and UCVA 20/16 or better (6 months, 88% vs 54%, P=. 002), and predictability ?1.00 D (6 months, 100% vs 67%, P<.001) were all significantly better in the TICL group than the PRK group at all time periods studied postoperatively. Similarly, contrast sensitivity, tested at both the 5% photopic level and the 25% mesopic level, was significantly better at all postoperative time points in the TICL group. Mean spherical equivalent refraction was closer to emmetropia (0.28?0.41 vs 0.76?0.86, P=. 005), and predictability ?0.50 D and stability of manifest refraction (?0.50 D and ?1.00 D) were significantly better in the TICL group at all postoperative visits through 6 months. Mean astigmatism correction at 6 months was not significantly different between the two groups (0.52?0.33 vs 0.46?0.35, P=.450).

CONCLUSIONS: The TICL performed better than PRK in all measures of safety (BSCVA), efficacy (UCVA), predictability, and stability in this comparison, supporting the TICL as a viable alternative to existing refractive surgical treatments. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:853-867.]
Detection of Cyclotorsional Rotation During Excimer Laser Ablation in LASIK
Authors: Hori-Komai Yoshiko , Sakai Chikako , Toda Ikuko , Ito Mitsutoshi , Yamamoto Takahiro , Tsubota Kazuo
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Positionally induced cyclotorsion could be an important factor in the correction of astigmatism during refractive surgery. We analyzed the change in cyclotorsional rotation during excimer laser ablation in LASIK surgery using the NIDEK Torsion Error Detector (TED).

METHODS: One hundred ten patients (192 eyes) who underwent LASIK for myopic astigmatism, using the NIDEK Advanced Vision Excimer Laser (NAVEX) were measured for cyclotorsion during surgery using the TED system. The manifest refraction of these patients was -6.80?2.74 diopters (D) (range: -1.00 to -13.75 D). The iris pattern of the patient's eyes in the supine position was recorded via a CCD camera in the EC5000CXII excimer laser system, and it was compared to the iris pattern acquired during OPD-Scan measurement in the sitting position.

RESULTS: During laser ablation, the degree of cyclotorsional rotation detected by TED was 1.33 ?1.88 degrees (range: -6.33 to 2.99 degrees) clockwise and 1.00?1.79 degrees (range: -3.70 to 7.34 degrees) counterclockwise. The absolute degree of torsion error detected by the TED system was 2. 33? 1.16 degrees (range: 0 to 6.21 degrees).

CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of the cylinder treatment can be reduced due to torsion errors. The degree of cyclotorsion constantly changes during laser ablation. Therefore, a monitoring system should be developed for the measurement of torsion error, and this will enable the maximum possible correction of the error during laser ablation. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:911-915.]
Geometric Customization of Optical and Transition Zone Parameters for Treatment of Compound Myopic Astigmatism With the NIDEK EC-5000 Excimer Laser
Authors: Gatinel Damien , Hoang-Xuan Thanh
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the refractive outcome of two ablation zone designs using LASIK for the correction of compound myopic astigmatism.

METHODS: This retrospective study compared refractive outcomes in two groups of patients undergoing LASIK. In the circular treatment group, 45 eyes were corrected with circular optical and transition zones of 6 mm and 6.5 mm, respectively. In the customized treatment group, 45 eyes were corrected with optical and transition zones enlarged along the flat axis to 6.5 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. P values <.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -5.36?2.02 diopters (D) and -5.36?2.13Dfor the circular and customized treatment groups, respectively. Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -0.09?0.74 D and -0.11?0.42 D for the circular and customized treatment groups, respectively. Mean cylinder was 0.49?0.39 D and 0.22?0.43 D for the circular and customized treatment groups, respectively (P<.001). Postoperative blur strength index was 0.68 ?0.44 D and 0.39?0.27 D in the circular and customized treatment groups, respectively (P<.001). Uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better in the customized treatment group compared with the circular treatment group (P<.05). The gain in lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was significantly greater in the customized treatment group compared with the circular treatment group (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS: An elliptical ablation zone for treating compound myopic astigmatism results in better efficacy, safety, and lower tissue removal than a circular treatment zone. This may be due to the geometric optimization provided by the enlargement of the optical and transition zones along the flat meridian. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:924-930.]
Analysis of the Optical Performance of Presbyopia Treatments With the Defocus Transfer Function
Authors: Schwiegerling Jim
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: A variety of techniques for treating presbyopia are available. However, these techniques are often disparate in the mechanisms used to cope with the lack of accommodation. Multizone-refractive, diffractive, and apodized intraocular lens technologies are currently being used. This article evaluates the optical performance of these markedly different technologies in a simple and comparable manner.

METHODS: The Defocus Transfer Function is a mathematical technique for illustrating the Optical Transfer Function for all levels of defocus. By calculating the Defocus Transfer Function, the simulated performance of presbyopia correction technologies on distance, intermediate, and near vision can be evaluated simultaneously. Simulations of an opaque annular ring, a zonal refractive lens, a full-aperture diffractive lens, and an apodized diffractive lens are analyzed at pupil sizes of 3, 4, and 6 mm with this technique.

RESULTS: The opaque annul us begins to act like a Fresnel amplitude zone plate for small pupils. The diffractive lens technologies had sharp optical performance at two distinct foci with a shift in performance from balanced to distance-biased for the apodized diffractive lens. The zonal refractive lens exhibited a multifocal effect. However, the optical performance of this technology fell below that of the diffractive lenses.

CONCLUSIONS: The Defocus Transfer Function is a useful tool for analyzing presbyopia treatments. Different strategies for creating simultaneous vision or extended depth of field are easily compared. It may also be possible to reverse this technique to create an ideal pupil function that meets a desired multifocal performance specification. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:965-971.]
Interpretation of Aberrometry Measurements in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Ligabue Edoardo A , Giordano Cristina
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To discuss the use of wavefront measurements generated from the NIDEK OPD-Scan Il and OPDStation for cataract surgery.

METHODS: Case examples are presented along with information and relevant clinical data obtained from the OPD-Scan Il aberrometer and OPD-Station software. All eyes underwent corneal topography, wavefront aberrometry, a uto refraction, keratometry, and pupil lometry measurements pre- and postoperatively using the OPDScan II. Optical and visual quality simulations, including modulation transfer functions, and visual quality attributable to corneal and internal aberrations, were performed using OPD-Station software.

RESULTS: Twelve case examples from cataract surgery, including aspheric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, diffractive I OLs, and to rie IOL implantation, are presented.

CONCLUSIONS: The wavefront analysis in cataract surgery was shown to be a fundamental tool in evaluating visual quality after IOL implantation. The OPD-Scan Il distinguished between corneal and lenticular aberrations, allowing for evaluation of actual optical and visual performance attributable to the IOL. Our review of case examples also showed that for multifocal IOL implantation, a thorough investigation is necessary to correlate subjective and objective visual quality and for patient selection. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:S996-S1004.]
Phototherapeutic Keratectomy to Eliminate Postoperative Interface Sheen in Hyperopic LASIK
Authors: Grim Millicent , Pablo Rachelle
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of minimal phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) during primary hyperopic LASIKto eliminate or minimize interface sheen.

METHODS: Forty-two eyes of 21 consecutive hyperopic patients underwent LASIK using the NIDEK EC5000 CX excimer laser. Mean spherical hyperopia was +3.05±1.41 diopters (D) (range: +0.75 to +5.75 D); mean cylinder was -0.88±0.89 D (range: -0.25 to -2.25 D). Mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent was +2.70±1.17 D (range: +0.75 to +5.00 D). Twenty-eight eyes received PTK after the refractive ablation whereas 14 eyes did not. The presence or absence of interface sheen was noted using si it- lamp microscopy.

RESULTS: One (3.5%) eye in the group that received PTK ablation had sheen whereas 27 (89%) eyes did not. A greater number of cases with sheen occurred in the group that did not receive PTK (12 eyes).

CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that the delivery of minimal PTK without a masking agent tends to reduce the incidence of sheen after hyperopic LASIK. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:S1054-S1056.]
The Impact of Nd:YAG Capsulotomy on Foveal Thickness Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Altiparmak Ugur E. , Ersoz Ibrahim , Hazirolan Dicle , Koklu Burcin , Kasim Remzi , Duman Sunay
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To measure the foveal thickness change after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy by optical coherence tomography (OCT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Fifty-four eyes of 54 patients who had posterior capsule opacification underwent Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. OCT of the foveal region was performed preoperatively and postoperatively (on days 1 and 7 and months 1, 3, 6, and 12). The preoperative and postoperative measurements were compared.

RESULTS:

The foveal thickness did not significantly change in the first year after laser treatment. Cystoid macular edema developed in only 1 patient (2%). Patient age and gender, time between surgery and laser capsulotomy, total laser shots, total laser energy, or mean laser energy per shot did not affect the foveal thickness.

CONCLUSION:

Foveal thickness does not change in the first year after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, as determined by OCT.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:67–71.]
Programmed Death-1 and Programmed Death Ligand-1 Blockade for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Jhe-Cyuan , Tsai Yu-Chieh , Pu Yeong-Shiau
Published: January 2019

Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed the paradigm of anticancer therapy in many cancer types, including advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). Two anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) and three anti-PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have demonstrated their efficacy in the treatment of advanced UC. The response rate of the above ICIs in unselected patients with advanced UC is about 20%. Several on-going large-scale phase III studies explore whether different combinations with ICIs improve the efficacy. To date, there have been several phase I, II, and III studies that examined the efficacy of single-agent PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 blockade in platinum-failed advanced UC patients, and two phase II studies demonstrated the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as the first-line therapy in cisplatin-ineligible advanced UC patients. Here, we review and compare the efficacy and adverse events of the five ICIs in advanced UC.
Physical activity, nutrition, and bone health
Authors: Amato Alessandra , Baldassano Sara , Cortis Cristina , Cooper Jill , Proia Patrizia
Published: January 2019

This review aims to describe the roles that physical activity and nutrition have in bone metabolism and to examine their effects on bone in a situation of altered metabolism as a consequence of inadequate nutrition and/or excessive physical activity. Referring to the recent studies and the main guidelines in the literature on athlete nutrition, the paper also focuses on essential nutrients for bone health during performance. Finally, it discusses the negative effect of some nutrients on bone mineral density.
The technical and physical preparation of basketball players
Authors: Koryahin Victor , Dutchak Myroslav , Iedynak Gennadii , Blavt Oksana , Galamandjuk Lesia , Cherepovska Elena
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The study aim was to analyse the technical and physical preparation of highly qualified basketball players, as well as to determine the level of development of their aerobic and anaerobic functions.

Methods

When conducting laboratory examinations on a cycloergometer, for the purpose of determining the level of aerobic and anaerobic potential of basketball players, measurements of pulmonary ventilation, the level of oxygen consumption and the allocation of carbon dioxide, and the frequency of cardiac contractions were carried out.

Results

The paper presents results concerning the technical and physical preparation level of highly qualified basketball players, as well as the level of development of their aerobic and anaerobic functions, taking into account play functions.

Conclusions

The results revealed a need to increase the efficiency of high-level players training system. It was also observed that, despite positive changes, the training system applied in basketball did not ensure sufficient impact upon the energy functions of highly qualified basketball players.
The accuracy of two equations for predicting maximal oxygen uptake on individualized ramp protocol
Authors: Aguiar Paula F. , Moriarty Terence A. , Baracho Wesley A. , Paula Fabricio De , Sampaio Pamela F.M. , Ottone Vinicius O. , Dias-Peixoto Marco F. , Rocha-Vieira Etel , Amorim Fabiano T.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Valid protocols use nomograms based on standardized stages to calculate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Although the maximal ramp exercise protocol offers advantages over traditional protocols, it is not known if the non-standardized stages approach affects the accuracy to estimate VO2max. The study aims to examine the accuracy of 2 equations for predicting VO2max in a maximal ramp exercise test.

Methods

Overall, 11 men (age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 178 ± 7 cm, weight: 77.6 ± 9.9 kg) underwent 3 sessions of a maximal ramp test on a motorized treadmill; the speed increments were equal but with 0, 3, and 6% grades. Expired gases were analysed with a portable metabolic system. The VO2max measured was set as the highest mean value observed from 7 consecutive breaths and it was predicted from 2 equations: American College Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Myers.

Results

VO2max predicted by ACSM equation (54.3 ± 6.7 mL • kg–1 • min–1) was approximately 10 ± 10% higher and by Myers equation (30.6 ± 6.1 mL • kg–1 • min–1) approximately 38 ± 11% lower than directly measured (49.6 ± 6.7 mL • kg–1 • min–1, p <
0.05). Bland-Altman graphs indicate low and no agreement for ACSM and Myers equations, respectively. The calculated standard error of the estimates was 6.5 mL • kg–1 • min–1 for ACSM equation and 19.9 mL • kg–1 • min–1 for Myers equation.

Conclusions

The ACSM and Myers equations significantly over- and under-predict the VO2max of young adults, respectively. Although the former overestimated VO2max, we recommend its use with caution.
Attitudes toward physical education in Portuguese schools: Middle and high school students
Authors: Lima Ricardo Franco , Clemente Filipe Manuel , Vale Raul Fraguela
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to analyse possible determinants of Portuguese middle and high school students’ attitudes toward physical education (PE).

Methods

The total of 949 students (48.6% male, 51.4% female) aged 13.96 ± 1.96 years participated in the study. Out of these, 50.9% practised sports 2 or 3 times a week. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in 4 categories that explain 51.28% of the total variance: F1 (PE curriculum), F2 (PE teaching), F3 (practice conditions in PE), and F4 (PE benefits).

Results

The t-test analysis (between-gender) revealed that males attributed significantly more meaning (a lower average corresponds to a greater value) than females to the PE curriculum (p = 0.001; d = 0.277), PE teaching (p = 0.019; d = 0.151), practice conditions in PE (p = 0.004; d = 0.189), and PE benefits (p = 0.001; d = 0.436). The variance between levels of practice outside school revealed higher meaning attributed by students who practiced sports in the variables of PE curriculum (p = 0.004; d = 0.205), PE teaching (p = 0.017; d = 0.168), and PE benefits (p = 0.001; d = 0.466).

Conclusions

The study results suggest that males ascribe more value to the general attributes of PE and that students who participate in sports value the meaning of PE more than those who do not.
Popular Imagination Versus Historical Reality
Authors: Cufurovic Mirela
Published: January 2019

Historical films have been subject to controversy and criticism within the discipline of history upon the rise of popular interest in new and innovative forms of historical representation. The five to seven years between the release of Gladiator (2000) and Rome (2005-2007) saw an upsurge of historical films focusing on the ‘epic’: the spectacular, monumental and immersive periods of history that exude a mix of historical reality and speculative fiction. This paper argues that it is not historical accuracy or film as historical evidence that matters, but the historical questions and debates that film raises for its audience and the historical profession regarding the past it presents and its implication on history. Such questions and debates base themselves around the extent to which filmmakers are able to interpret history through images and what kind of historical understandings it hopes to achieve. This paper analyses the complexity of public history through a comparative study of reviews on five online message boards, such as IMBD, Amazon, TV.com and Metacritic, relating to HBO’s Rome – chosen due to its unique ability of igniting historiographical debate by presenting history as an accident, thus allowing audiences to question and reinterpret the outcome of historical events.
KEYWORDSHBO; Rome; Film; Historiography; Public History; Popular Imagination
Embodied Simulations of Pasts
Authors: Brædder Anne
Published: January 2019

Building on theories from body phenomenology, new materialism and a theoretical concept of historical consciousness, this article argues that embodied simulations of pasts used in reenactment and living history in open-air museums make reenactors and living historians experience pasts as present and make the actors reflect on pasts. This is an argument for saying that historical consciousness has an embodied dimension that has not yet been explored in depth because most research about how ordinary people use pasts exposes how pasts on a reflexive level are present and usable to them. But what the research does not reveal, is how pasts are also physically present to people and that this process of materialization also has an effect on how people interpret, use and reflect on pasts. Two different kinds of reenactment done in Denmark are analysed and compared to build up the argument: World War II reenactors and volunteering living historians in different open-air museums communicating life and work in Denmark in the 19-20thcentury. Firstly, the material space they do their simulations of pasts in is analysed; Secondly, the things they use to simulate the pasts; Thirdly, their embodiments and their bodies’ movements, senses, habits and performances in their simulations of pasts. In conclusion, it is discussed how the reenactors and the living historians reflect on pasts in their embodied simulations of pasts.

KEYWORDSReenactment; Living History; World War II; Historical consciousness; Embodiment; Materiality
On the fine vertical structure of the low troposphere over the coastal margins of East Antarctica
Authors: Vignon Étienne , Traullé Olivier , Berne Alexis
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Eight years of high-resolution radiosonde data at nine Antarctic stations are analysed to provide the first large scale characterization of the fine scale vertical structure of the low troposphere up to 3 km of altitude over the coastal margins of East Antarctica. Radiosonde data show a large spatial variability of wind, temperature and humidity profiles, with different features between stations in katabatic regions (e.g., Dumont d'Urville and Mawson stations), stations over two ice shelves (Neumayer and Halley stations) and regions with complex orography (e.g., Mc Murdo). At Dumont d'Urville, Mawson and Davis stations, the yearly median wind speed profiles exhibit a clear low-level katabatic jet. During precipitation events, the low-level flow generally remains of continental origin and its speed is even reinforced due to the increase in the continent- ocean pressure gradient. Meanwhile, the relative humidity profiles show a dry low troposphere, suggesting the occurence of low-level sublimation of precipitation in katabatic regions but such a phenomenon does not appreciably occur over the ice-shelves near Halley and Neumayer. Although ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalyses assimilate radiosoundings at most stations considered here, substantial – and sometimes large – low-level wind and humidity biases are revealed but ERA5 shows overall better performances. A free simulation with the regional model Polar WRF (at a 35-km resolution) over the entire continent shows too strong and too shallow near-surface jets in katabatic regions especially in winter. This may be a consequence of an understimated coastal cold air bump and associated sea-continent pressure gradient force due to the coarse 35 km resolution of the Polar WRF simulation. Beyond documenting the vertical structure of the low troposphere over coastal East-Antarctica, this study gives insights into the reliability and accuracy of two major reanalysis products in this region on the Earth and it raises the difficulty of modeling the low-level flow over the margins of the ice sheet with a state-of-the-art climate model.
MAX-DOAS measurements of tropospheric NO2 and HCHO in Nanjing and the comparison to OMI observations
Authors: Chan Ka Lok , Wang Zhuoru , Ding Aijun , Heue Klaus-Peter , Shen Yicheng , Wang Jing , Zhang Feng , Hao Nan , Wenig Mark
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we present long term observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in Nanjing using a Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument. Ground based MAX-DOAS measurements were performed from April 2013 to February 2017. The MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) are used to validate OMI satellite observations over Nanjing. The comparison shows that the OMI observations of NO2 correlate well with the MAX-DOAS data with Pearson correlation coefficient (R) of 0.91. However, OMI observations are on average a factor of 3 lower than the MAX-DOAS measurements. Replacing the a priori NO2 profiles by the MAX-DOAS profiles in the OMI NO2 VCD retrieval would increase the OMI NO2 VCDs by ~ 30 % with correlation nearly unchanged. The comparison result of MAX-DOAS and OMI observations of HCHO VCD shows a good agreement with R of 0.75 and the slope of the regression line is 0.99. We developed a new technique to assemble the source contribution map using backward trajectory analysis. The age weighted backward propagation approach is applied to the MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO to reconstruct the spatial distribution of NO2 and HCHO over the Yangtze River Delta during summer and winter time. The reconstructed NO2 fields show a distinct agreement with OMI satellite observations. However, due to the short atmospheric lifetime of HCHO, the backward propagated HCHO data does not show a strong spatial correlation with the OMI HCHO observations. The result shows the MAX-DOAS measurements are sensitive to the air pollution transportation in the Yangtze River Delta, indicating the air quality in Nanjing is significantly influenced by regional transportation of air pollutants. The MAX-DOAS data are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control measures implemented during the Youth Olympic Games 2014. The MAX-DOAS data show a significant reduction of ambient aerosol, NO2 and HCHO (30 %–50 %) during the Youth Olympic Games. Our results provide a better understanding of the transportation and sources of pollutants in over the Yangtze River Delta as well as the effect of emission control measures during large international event, which are important for the future design of air pollution control policies.
On what scales can GOSAT flux inversions constrain anomalies in terrestrial ecosystems?
Authors: Byrne Brendan , Jones Dylan B. A. , Strong Kimberly , Polavarapu Saroja M. , Harper Anna B. , Baker David F. , Maksyutov Shamil
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Interannual variations in temperature and precipitation impact the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, leaving an imprint in atmospheric CO2. Quantifying the impact of climate anomalies on the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of terrestrial ecosystems can provide a constraint to evaluate terrestrial biosphere models against, and may provide an emergent constraint on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. We investigate the spatial scales over which interannual variability in NEE can be constrained using atmospheric CO2 observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). NEE anomalies are calculated by performing a series of inversion analyses using the GEOS-Chem model to assimilate GOSAT observations. Monthly NEE anomalies are compared to proxies, variables which are associated with anomalies in the terrestrial carbon cycle, and to upscaled NEE estimates from FLUXCOM. Strong agreement is found in the timing of anomalies in the GOSAT flux inversions with soil temperature and FLUXCOM. Strong correlations are obtained (P  RNINO3.4) in the tropics on continental and larger scales, and in the northern extratropics on sub-continental scales during the summer (R2 ≥ 0.49). These results, in addition to a series of observing system simulation experiments that were conducted, provide evidence that GOSAT flux inversions can isolate anomalies in NEE on continental and larger scales. However, in both the tropics and northern extratropics, the agreement between the inversions and the proxies/FLUXCOM is sensitive to the flux inversion configuration. Our results suggest that regional scales are likely the minimum scales that can be resolved in the tropics using GOSAT observations, but obtaining robust NEE anomaly estimates on these scales may be difficult.
Comparison of the GRUAN data products for Meisei RS-11G and Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosondes at Tateno (36.06° N, 140.13° E), Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Eriko , Hoshino Shunsuke , Iwabuchi Masami , Sugidachi Takuji , Shimizu Kensaku , Fujiwara Masatomo
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A total of 87 dual flights of Meisei RS-11G radiosondes and Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosondes were carried out at the Aerological Observatory of the Japan Meteorological Agency (36.06° N, 140.13° E, 25.2 m) from April 2015 to June 2017. Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) data products from both sets of radiosonde data for 52 flights were subsequently created using a documented processing program along with the provision of optimal estimates for measurement uncertainty. The authors then quantified differences in the performance of the radiosondes using GRUAN data products. The temperature measurements of RS-11G were 0.4 K lower than those of RS92-SGP in the stratosphere during daytime observation. The relative humidity measurements of RS-11G were 2‰RH lower than those of RS92-SGP under 90–100‰RH conditions, while RS-11G gave 5‰RH higher values than RS92-SGP under ≤ 50‰RH conditions. The results from a dual flight of RS-11G and a cryogenic frostpoint hygrometer (CFH) also showed that RS-11G gave 1–10‰RH higher values than the CFH in the troposphere. The authors additionally investigated the RS-11G minus RS92-SGP difference of temperature and relative humidity based on combined uncertainties to clarify major influences behind the difference. It was found that temperature differences in the stratosphere during daytime observation were within the range of uncertainty (k = 2), and that sensor orientation is the major source of uncertainty in RS92-SGP temperature measurement, while sensor albedo is the major source for RS-11G. The relative humidity difference in the troposphere was larger than the uncertainty (k = 2) after the radiosondes had passed through the cloud layer, and temperature-humidity dependence correction was the major source of uncertainty in RS-11G relative humidity measurement. Uncertainties for all soundings were also statistically investigated. Most night-time temperature differences for pressures of > 10 hPa were in agreement, while relative humidity differences in the middle troposphere exhibited significant differences. Around half of all daytime temperature differences at pressures of ≤ 150 hPa and relative humidity differences around the 500 hPa level were not in agreement.
GemPy 1.0: open-source stochastic geological modeling and inversion
Authors: de la Varga Miguel , Schaaf Alexander , Wellmann Florian
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The representation of subsurface structures is an essential aspect of a wide variety of geoscientific investigations and applications, ranging from geofluid reservoir studies, over raw material investigations, to geosequestration, as well as many branches of geoscientific research and applications in geological surveys. A wide range of methods exist to generate geological models. However, the powerful methods are behind a paywall in expensive commercial packages. We present here a full open-source geomodeling method, based on an implicit potential-field interpolation approach. The interpolation algorithm is comparable to implementations in commercial packages and capable of constructing complex full 3-D geological models, including fault networks, fault–surface interactions, unconformities and dome structures. This algorithm is implemented in the programming language Python, making use of a highly efficient underlying library for efficient code generation (Theano) that enables a direct execution on GPUs. The functionality can be separated into the core aspects required to generate 3-D geological models and additional assets for advanced scientific investigations. These assets provide the full power behind our approach, as they enable the link to machine-learning and Bayesian inference frameworks and thus a path to stochastic geological modeling and inversions. In addition, we provide methods to analyze model topology and to compute gravity fields on the basis of the geological models and assigned density values. In summary, we provide a basis for open scientific research using geological models, with the aim to foster reproducible research in the field of geomodeling.
Impacts of Horizontal Resolution and Air–Sea Flux Parameterization
on the Intensity and Structure of simulated Typhoon Haiyan (2013)
Authors: Kueh Mien-Tze , Chen Wen-Mei , Sheng Yang-Fan , Lin Simon C. , Wu Tso-Ren , Yen Eric , Tsai Yu-Lin , Lin Chuan-Yao
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This study investigates the impacts of horizontal resolution and surface flux formulas on typhoon intensity and structure simulations through the case study of the Super Typhoon Haiyan (2013). Three different sets of surface flux formulas in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model were tested using grid spacing of 1, 3, and 6 km. Both increased resolution and more reasonable surface flux formulas can improve typhoon intensity simulation, but their impacts on storm structures are different. A combination of decrease in momentum transfer coefficient and increase in enthalpy transfer coefficients has greater potential to yield stronger storm. This positive effect of more reasonable surface flux formulas can be efficiently enhanced when the grid spacing is appropriately reduced to yield intense and contracted eyewall structure. As resolution increases, the eyewall becomes more upright and contracted inward. The size of updraft cores in the eyewall shrinks and the region of downdraft increases; both updraft and downdraft become more intense. As a result, the enhanced convective cores within the eyewall are driven by more intense updrafts within a rather small fraction of spatial area. This contraction of eyewall is associated with an upper level warming process, which may be partly attributed to air detrained from the intense convective cores. This resolution dependence of spatial scale of updrafts is related to the model effective resolution as determined by grid spacing.