bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIGHTNING IN THE ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE,DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Hodges J. D. , Pickard L. S.
Published: December 2009

Loblolly pine trees struck by lightning offer a favorable attack and brood environment for the southern pine andIpsbeetles. In central Louisiana lightning strikes reduced oleoresin exudation pressure, oleoresin flow, and relative water content of inner-bark tissue and resulted in a decrease in sucrose and an increase in reducing-sugar content of inner bark. Interspecific competition was much greater in struck trees than nonstruck trees. Among struck trees, those with highest carbohydrate levels produced the most numerous broods of the southern pine beetle.
THE PRODUCTION OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATION INCHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) BY TRITIATED WATER
Authors: Blaylock B. G.
Published: December 2009

Chironomus ripariuswas used to determine whether an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations could be detected in the progeny of an aquatic organism reared in tritiated water (HTO). An increased frequency was detected in larvae whose progenitors had developed either in 250 or 500 μCi/ml of HTO (2500 to 5000 times MPC for occupational exposure). The radiosensitivity ofC.ripariusto acute gamma radiation was determined and compared with the results obtained with tritiated water. The frequency of aberrations produced by incorporated tritium was approximately the same as the frequency produced by an equivalent dose of chronic gamma irradiation.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE SALIVARY GLAND OFCHIRONOMUS TENTANS(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) DURING METAMORPHOSIS
Authors: Laufer Hans , Schin Ki Ssu
Published: December 2009

Changes in the hydrolytic enzymes, ribonuclease and acid phosphatase were investigated in the salivary gland ofChironomus tentanssince these lysosomal enzymes may participate in hormonally stimulated tissue breakdown. Quantitative assays revealed 9- and 12-fold increases in the specific activity of these enzymes during pupation while the protein content of the gland was decreasing. These increases cannot be accounted for by decreased protein but may represent an activation, accumulation, or synthesis which seems to be important in gland breakdown at metamorphosis.
THE PULSATILE ORGAN IN THE TIBIA OF TRIATOMA PHYLLOSOMA PALLIDIPENNIS
Authors: Kaufman W. R. , Davey K. G.
Published: December 2009

The pulsatile organ, or "accessory heart," in the tibia of Triatoma consists of a membrane which divides the femur and tibia into a series of sinuses, a pulsatile muscle which propels the haemolymph through the sinuses, and a valvular membrane, which imposes unidirectional flow on the system. A possible innervation of the muscle is described, and simple experiments involving nerve stimulation demonstrate that the pulsatile muscle is under nervous control. Using partially isolated preparations of the pulsatile organ, it has been shown that the organ responds to dopamine and serotonin, but fails to respond to acetylcholine. The pulsatile muscle therefore resembles visceral muscle rather than skeletal muscle.
DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND SEX PHEROMONE SPECIFICITY AS SEXUAL ISOLATING MECHANISMS IN TWO SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

The roles of adult activity patterns and sex pheromones were investigated in the sexual isolation of Choristoneura fumiferana and C. pinus, species which hybridize in cages but not in the field. Female C. fumiferana started calling (extruding the sex pheromone gland) earlier (50% of the females started calling by sunset) than female C. pinus (50% by 11/2 hours after sunset). Male C. fumiferana were also attracted to traps by the females earlier, although the times of the peak catches were approximately the same in both species. Males, both in the laboratory and the field, responded only to the sex pheromone of their own species. It is therefore concluded that while C. pinus adults normally appear about 2 weeks later than those of C. fumiferana, which reduces the possibility of hybridization, when the adults do overlap, the ultimate barrier is the specificity of the sex pheromones.
THE STATUS OF PARASITES OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

Opius melleus Gah. and O. lectus Gah. were the only parasites of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) found in southern Ontario during a 4-year survey. The parasites were found only in the Niagara Region on the slope of the Niagara Escarpment and between it and Lake Ontario. The population of parasites was low though they appeared to be well adapted to attack R. pomonella. They were found in, or adjoining, unsprayed sites where there was shrubby growth under the trees infested by R. pomonella.
NEW ASIAN EPHEMERELLA WITH NOTES (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

The currently recognized Ephemerella species are included in 13 subgenera. New subgenera are Cincticostella and Acerella. Ephemerella levanidovi Tshernova is transferred to Cincticostella n. subg., thus it contains six species, E. nigra Ueno n. comb., E. castanea n. sp., E. delicata n. sp., E. imanishii n. sp., E. insolta n. sp., and E. levanidovae Tshernova n. comb. The subgenus Acerella n. subg. includes four species, E. longicaudata Ueno n. comb., E. commodema n. sp., E. perculta n. sp., and E. undatella n. sp., Ephemerella yoshinoensis Gose is transferred to the subgenus Drunella and four undescribed and unnamed species, E. kohnoi n. sp., E. aculea n. sp., E. hifurcata n. sp., and E. borakensis n. sp., are placed in Drunella. Three undescribed species, E. denticula n. sp., E. keijoensis n. sp., and E. maxima n. sp., are included in the subgenus Ephemerella s. s.
CRICKETS AS PREDATORS OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

The high density of the field crickets Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Burmeister) and Nemobius fasciatus (DeGeer) under test trees in an unsprayed orchard, and the high mortality of apple-maggot pupae, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in test lots at the same time of year, suggested that crickets may have preyed heavily on the pupae and thus have constituted important mortality factors. Laboratory observations showed that crickets can detect, disinter, and consume apple-maggot pupae in simulated natural surroundings.
REVISION OF THE GENUSEUDERUSOF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The genusEuderusHaliday in America north of Mexico consists of five subgenera,SecodelloideaGirault,EuderusHaliday,Euderoidesn. subgen.,Neoeuderusn. subgen., andLeipocrossusn. subgen. and 25 species; 13 species are described as new and are as follows:Euderus(Secodelloidea)canadensis,E. (Euderoides)purpureus,E. (Neoeuderus)viridilineatus,E. (Neoeuderus)magnificus,E. (Leipocrossus)californicus,E. (Euderus)solidaginis,E. (Euderus)vockerothi,E. (Euderus)chillcotti,E. (Euderus)masoni,E. (Euderus)fuscedinellae,E. (Euderus)pecki,E. (Euderus)glaucus, andE. (Euderus)alaskensis. Species groups ofalbitarsisandsolidaginisform two natural groupings within the genusEuderus s.str. Keys to subgenera and species, distribution, and host records are included.
THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON CONE INSECTS OF EASTERN WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS) IN THE FREDERICTON AREA, NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Odera J. A.
Published: December 2009

Internal cone temperatures recorded in the mornings and in the afternoons demonstrated marked differences between sunny and shaded sites. Analysis of variance confirmed differences between treatment as highly significant. High and low cone temperatures coincided with high and low ground temperatures. The average correlation coefficient relating cone and ground temperatures was highly significant, while that for cone temperatures and cone size was non-significant.

Heavy insect mortality occurred in cones exposed to direct solar radiation but mortality remained relatively low in the cones left in the shade. The greatest high-temperature mortality occurred during summer between late June and early August.
THE BIOLOGY OF A BIRCH LEAF BEETLE, PHRATORA HUDSONIA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), WITH A LARVAL KEY TO FOREST CHRYSOMELINAE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Davis C. N.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal occurrence, habits, and immature stages of Phratora hudsonia Brown are described, and a generic key to forest Chrysomelinae of Ontario is given.
LABORATORY BIOASSAY OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

A simple and inexpensive olfactometer based on that of Gaston and Shorey (1964) is described for bioassaying the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm. The number of males buzzing (rapidly beating their wings while circling on the substrate) after the introduction of the sample into the airstream of the olfactometer was used as measure of response. Males held under continuous illumination showed maximum response when 2 to 3 days old. Under natural lighting males showed a circadian rhythm, with peak response shortly after dark and a minor peak in mid-morning. Since per cent response under continuous illumination exceeded the maximum response under natural lighting, it is recommended that bioassays be carried out with 2- to 3-day-old males held under continuous illumination.
FIELD STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DURSBAN®
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

DDT, carbaryl, Dursban® (0,0-diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), and AC-47031 (cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) were applied at different rates on rye and/or soil for control of the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), attacking flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. All insecticides tested caused significant reductions in cutworm damage in comparison with the untreated check. Dursban at 1/2 lb/ac on rye, or 1 lb/ac incorporated in the soil tended to give better control than DDT at 4 lb/ac on soil and showed a significant difference from split applications of DDT at 11/4 lb/ac on rye and 4 lb/ac on soil in the large scale test. Carbaryl and AC-47031 showed less effect than DDT. There was no advantage in the split application of DDT or Dursban on rye and on soil since each treatment singly could provide effective control of this pest. Rye treatment is more economic than soil treatment and could apparently provide adequate control. Dursban showed promise as a substitute for DDT for control of the dark-sided cutworm in tobacco fields.
BRACHYMERIA INTERMEDIA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) PARASITIZING GYPSY MOTH IN MAINE
Authors: Leonard David E.
Published: December 2009

Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), an introduced parasite of the gypsy moth, was recovered from gypsy moth pupae collected in Fryeburg, Maine (latitude 44°). The recovery of this parasite in Maine shortly after it was reported established on gypsy moth in Connecticut suggests that B. intermedia is rapidly expanding its range. The wide range of hosts attacked by the parasite, and its occurrence in northern New England, make it a promising potential biotic agent on a variety of northern pest species of lepidopterans, either through natural spread or by artificial introduction.
ESTIMATING MITE POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON PEAR ORCHARDS
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Calvin L. D.
Published: December 2009

Studies were conducted in southern Oregon pear orchards to develop sampling methods for assessment of mite abundance. Those species included in the investigation were the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); yellow spider mite, Eotetranychus carpini borealis (Ewing); and the predaceous phytoseiid Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt.The results show that five leaves on one limb per tree are adequate to include representative numbers of the four mite species. Variation in mite densities between trees, even of the same variety, was quite high. The sample size (numbers of trees) required for assessing mite density can be calculated provided that an estimate of the coefficient of variation (S/X) is available.
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF THREE CHALCIDOID (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA, IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Krunic M. D.
Published: December 2009

The following behavioral patterns of three chalcidoid parasites, Monodontomerus obscurus, Pteromalus venustus, and Melittobia chalybii, were compared in the laboratory: feeding by adults, precopulatory routines, copulating, anesthetizing the host, ovipositing, mobility of the larvae, cannibalism among larvae, overwintering, diapause, life cycle, and the ability of a host to support a parasite.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Bellamy R. E. , Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Experiments on an anautogenous strain of Culex pipiens L. failed to support the theory that sustained gut stretching initiates egg development by anautogenous mosquitoes. The stomach expanded in females fed sugar after the anus was sealed, but eggs did not develop. Also, the ovaries were not activated by an enema of agar which congealed in the stomach and kept it distended. Development of eggs by females given enemas of γ-globulin or egg albumen was presumably an ovarian response to nutrient; development of eggs by some females that received nutrient (amino acids) by direct injection into the haemocoele supported this interpretation. When 1, 4, 7, and 10% egg albumen or γ-globulin were supplied as volumetrically equal enemas, response to 1% was least (few eggs matured and these by only a few females), but was greater with increased amounts of nutrient. It is proposed that certain mechanisms permit the mosquito to evaluate the nutrient potentially available in a blood meal before its complete digestion and to start maturation of an appropriate number of eggs.
A TECHNIQUE FOR AGEING COCOONS OF THE SAWFLY NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Chai Fong-Ching , Dixon S. E.
Published: December 2009

A technique for ageing cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) is outlined using the redox dye 2,6-dichloroindophenol. New cocoons reduce 1 ml of a 0.001% solution in 85% ethanol from blue to colorless in 15 minutes. This reducing power diminishes with age.
A NEW GENUS OF EUDERINAE FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and species of Euderinae, Aoridus campbelli n. gen., n. sp., related to Bellerus Walker (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea) and collected from Colombia, South America, is described and illustrated.
OBSERVED AND SIMULATED CHANGES IN GENETIC QUALITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Annual changes in genetic quality were measured in natural populations of Hyphantria cunea Drury for 12 years in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Models for heritability and natural selection pressure, derived independently from experimental data, are used to simulate the changes in quality over the same period. In seven of eight areas, observed and simulated trends are significantly correlated. Regressions between observed and calculated values, examined with respect to both means and slopes, suggest how these preliminary models may be refined. The influence of genetic changes on the natural regulation of population density is discussed briefly, but analysis is deferred to a later paper in this series on H. cunea.
AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) MUTANT IN A NEUROPTERAN
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

Blue, a non-sex-linked mutant of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, is recessive and shows complete penetrance. Unlike the coloration of the larva or imago, egg colour, which is due to the yolk, is the same as that of the maternal phenotype.
NEW SPECIES OF ASCIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) ASSOCIATED WITH FOREST INSECT PESTS
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of ascid mites are described and illustrated: Proctolaelaps subcorticalis, Lasioseius corticeus, and Gamasellodes rectiventris. All are subcortical associates of bark beetles in North America.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND SEASONAL HISTORY OF THE CYPRESS BARK MOTH,LASPEYRESIA CUPRESSANA(LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Frankie Gordon W. , Koehler C. S.
Published: December 2009

Laspeyresia cupressana(Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) bores in the scale tissue of cones, the healthy phloem tissue of branch nodes and trunks, and damaged sites on plants of certain Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae. The moth primarily attacksCupressus macrocarpaHartw. in coastal California where it passes through two generations annually, one in spring–summer and the other in fall–winter. Several parasites and predators were regularly found associated withLaspeyresiain the cones. Branch and trunk feeding occasionally is severe, but was never observed to cause dieback or tree death. The moth was frequently observed infesting sites on plants damaged by the fungusCoryneum cardinaleWagener.
NEW SIPHONAPTERA FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO
Authors: Holland G. P.
Published: December 2009

The following new species are described: Myodopsylla globata, from bats, and Kohlsia martini, from rice rats, Oryzomys sp. Ceratophyllus altus Tipton and Mendez, known formerly only from the unique type, a male from Panama, was collected in numbers from nests of sparrow hawks, Falco sparverius tropicalis, and pygmy owls, Glaucidium sp.; the female is described.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON WALKER’S NORTH AMERICAN TYPE-SPECIMENS OF ANTHOMYIIDAE AND MUSCIDAE (DIPTERA) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Authors: Huckett H. C.
Published: December 2009

The following species are treated and new synonymies indicated: Cordylura aea, type unknown; C. cupricrus, = Hylemya coenosiaeformis Stein; C. flavipennis, = Acrostilpna replicata Huckett; C. imperator, = Hoplogaster setipes Huckett; C. tenuior, = Hoplogaster mollicula (Fallén); Anthomyia anane, == Botanophila setigera (Johannsen); A. badia, genus Paraprosalpia; Coenosia spinosa, = Hydrophoria ambigua (Fallén).
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZAMISCHUS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE Z. BRAZILIENSIS (HYMENOPTERA, CYNIPIDAE: EUCOILINAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Zamischus elongatus n. sp. and male Z. braziliensis Ashmead from Brazil are described and illustrated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DORMANCIES IN INSECTS
Authors: Mansingh Ajai
Published: December 2009

A new classification of dormancy in insects is proposed on the basis of the evolutionary nature of dormancy, its synchronization with the aetiology of the species for their phenological advantage, the nature of ecological adversity, and the consequent physiological and biochemical adjustments. The roles of the above factors in the induction and termination of dormancies are discussed. The inadequacies of all the previous systems of describing various conditions of dormancy are pointed out.All instances of dormancy are divided into three major groups: hibernation, aestivation, and athermopause. Each of these classes is further subdivided into three categories representing a sequence of evolutionary adaptations: quiescence, oligopause, and diapause, in that order of evolutionary development. Depending upon the physiological condition of diapausing individuals or populations, two diapause states are recognized: teleodiapause and ateleodiapause. Each term is defined and discussed with examples.
CONTACT AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LOW-VOLUME DOSAGES OF PHOSPHAMIDON TO CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON TWO SPECIES OF CONIFERS
Authors: Stewart J. F. , Brown N. R.
Published: December 2009

A series of low-volume spray treatments were conducted to study the contact and residual effect of two concentrations of the insecticide phosphamidon to fourth instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, and red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. Treatment of sprayed larvae on sprayed trees, unsprayed larvae on sprayed trees, and sprayed larvae on unsprayed trees, resulted in two principal conclusions: (a) Higher concentrations of phosphamidon (1% versus 0.5% active) accelerated mortality in all instances and (b) no statistical difference (P = 0.1%) was found in the final mortalities between treatments in which only the foliage was treated and where both larvae and foliage were treated with phosphamidon.
THE NORTHWARD DISTRIBUTION OF ANTS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Gregg Robert E.
Published: December 2009

A study of the ant populations was made through a transect of mid-continent North America from Churchill on Hudson Bay and various localities around the Great Lakes to Iowa and northern Illinois. Data were obtained from extensive personal collecting and from literature sources. The results were assembled and discussed within an ecological framework provided by Merriam’s life zones, and showed a regular diminution in the variety and wealth of the ant faunas progressing from south to north. Though the number of species at Churchill is extremely reduced, ants nevertheless do occur there as established reproducing colonies, even in the presumed tundra habitats. These forms which exist so far north represent a highly impoverished remnant of richer faunas further south. Although none of the species is peculiar to the area, each must be tolerant of high boreal environments. A total of 135 species and subspecies are listed for the Carolinian and Alleghenian zones combined, 43 taxa for the Canadian Zone, 4 taxa for the Hudsonian Zone, and 4 also for the Arctic Zone. Comparisons with the recorded ant faunas of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado were made with respect to the corresponding zones, namely, the Plains (Upper Sonoran), Foothills or Submontane (Transition), Montane (Canadian), Subalpine (Hudsonian), and Alpine (Arctic) zones, and appropriate similarities and differences noted.
THE INTERTIDAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS
Authors: Morley Richard L. , Ring Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Intertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) are represented on the coast of British Columbia by Paraclunio alaskensis Coquillett and Saunderia pacificus (Saunders), S. marinus (Saunders), and S. clavicornis (Saunders). These species inhabit a variety of rocky shore types, being found on exposed as well as protected shores, but are not present on exclusively sandy shores. Their range extends at least to the Queen Charlotte Islands, the most northerly area collected during this study. S. clavicornis is the most ubiquitous of the four species while S. pacificus is the rarest.Within their habitat larval distribution is contagious and is well described by the negative binomial distribution. It is probable that their clumped distribution is due to environmental factors rather than active aggregation. Larval densities of 4316/ft2 were recorded for Saunderia spp. and 1613/ft2 for P. alaskensis. Larvae fed on green algae and diatoms and it was demonstrated that they can select certain groups of diatoms from the substrate.Adult emergence occurs throughout the year but is most intensive in the fall and least in the late spring and summer. Generally, larval population fluctuations follow adult emergence trends. It is hypothesized that larval population fluctuations are caused by a combination of overlapping multiple generations and differential larval growth rates at fluctuating temperatures, coupled with varying lethal environmental factors at different times of the year. Developmental times at 10 °C from egg-laying to adult emergence was 110 days for S. clavicornis, 150 days for S. marinus, and 204 days for P. alaskensis.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Syme Paul D.
Published: December 2009

The influence of constant temperatures on the non-diapause development of Hyssopus thymus was studied and the results of these studies are presented. A lower threshold for development of less than 12 °C and an upper threshold of about 32 °C were determined. Mean times for and rates of development at different temperatures are presented for all developmental stages. The egg is the stage most sensitive to temperature change. Regression equations describing the relationship between the rate of development and temperature for these stages are given and a thermal constant (K) of about 190 degree-days is calculated for total development. This constant is not applicable to naturally fluctuating temperatures. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the potential impact of H. thymus on European pine shoot moth dynamics under different climatic conditions. It is concluded that H. thymus should be more effective in warmer seasons and at lower latitudes.
THE MANITOBAN FAUNA OF LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): II. THE FAUNA OF MACRO-LEAFHOPPERS
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The macro-leafhoppers (Cicadellidae, exclusive of Typhlocybinae) of Manitoba are recorded with distribution and host records for the province, seasonal occurrence of adults, ecological associations, and recent taxonomic changes. These comprise 240 species, including 95 new provincial records, of which 22 are new Canadian records, and 1 is a new nearctic record, ldioccrus marginalis Vil. The westward spread of Athysanus argentarius Mete, and Doralura stylata (Boh.) is commented upon.
LARVAL COMPETITION AMONG THREE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITE SPECIES ON MULTIPARASITIZED HOUSEFLY (DIPTERA) PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Only one parasite species survived on most housefly (Musca domesticaL.) pupae multiparasitized by any two ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.),Muscidifurax zaraptorK. & L., orSpalangia cameroniPerk.N.vitripennisandM.zaraptorwere both intrinsically superior toS.cameroniif the attacks on the hosts by their females preceded, were simultaneous with, or followed by up to 48 hours those by females ofS.cameroni.N.vitripenniswas intrinsically superior toM.zaraptorif its attack preceded that byM.zaraptorby at least 24 hours;M.zaraptorsurvived when it oviposited beforeN.vitripennis; and neither species was consistently superior to the other when their attacks were simultaneous or that byN.vitripennisclosely preceded that byM.zaraptor.N.vitripennisoften survived on multiparasitized hosts because of its rapid development and rapid and thorough host utilization which caused its rivals to starve. In contrast,M.zaraptor’ssuccess was a consequence of its prédation on eggs and larvae of its competitors and to a lesser extent its moderately rapid development and host utilization.S.cameroniwas usually intrinsically inferior to both of the other species because, in spite of being predaceous on their larvae, it developed much more slowly and seldom attacked their eggs. The significance of these qualitative characteristics in insect parasites used in biological control programmes is discussed.
EDAPHIC AND WATER RELATIONSHIPS OF ALDICARB AND ITS METABOLITES
Authors: Quraishi M. Sayeed
Published: December 2009

Laboratory investigations were made to determine the persistence of aldicarb and its metabolites in soil (clay loam pH 6.8–7.2) and in water collected from fields. At dose rates of 15 and 20 p.p.m., aldicarb was not detectable in soil after 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. At 50 p.p.m., after 11 weeks chemically detectable amounts of the insecticide were present in the soil.

Soil samples were stored between 23° and 28 °C but temperature at times reached 32 °C.

In field water treated in the laboratory at 100 p.p.m. of aldicarb, the chemical and its metabolites were detectable at 0.4 p.p.m., 11 months later. Water was stored at 16°–20 °C and was exposed for 507.5 hours to sunlight.

Aldicarb was eluted readily with water from soil columns.

When aldicarb was applied as side dressing at the time of planting of sugarbeet roots and potatoes, residues of less than 0.05 p.p.m. were found in soil and potatoes at the time of harvest. One sugarbeet root sample contained 0.2 p.p.m. of the chemical and its metabolites.
IMMATURE STAGES, GENITALIA, AND NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF COENOPOEUS PALMERI (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

Coenopoeus palmeri (LeConte) feeds on the several species of staghorn cacti of the United States. The adults feed externally at night and the larvae mine internally. Adults are active in spring and summer. The larvae feed through the summer and fall and pupate within the larval mine the following spring. The genitalia of both sexes are illustrated and the larva and pupa described.
A GRAPE LEAFHOPPER, ERYTHRONEURA ZICZAC (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), AND ITS MYMARID (HYMENOPTERA) EGG-PARASITE IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McKenzie L. M. , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

The leafhopper Erythroneura ziczac Walsh is the most important insect on grape in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Hairy-leaved varieties of grape are relatively resistant to attack. The leafhopper has two overlapping generations a year and overwinters in the adult stage. Its chief natural enemy is a mymarid egg-parasite, Anagrus epos Girault, which overwinters in the eggs of other species of leaf-hoppers on wild rose and apple so that intensity of parasitism of E. ziczac can be influenced by proximity of those plants to vineyards.
A CHEMICALLY DEFINED, SYNTHETIC MEDIUM THAT INDUCES OVIPOSITION IN THE PARASITEITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Hegdekar B. M. , Batsch W. W.
Published: December 2009

A chemically defined, synthetic medium that induces oviposition in the parasiteItoplectis conquisitor(Say) has been developed. The medium contains serine (0.5M), arginine (0.05M), leucine (0.065M), and magnesium chloride (0.025M); and it is more effective than host haemolymph in inducing oviposition. This completely artificial oviposition stimulant was developed to facilitate the mass rearing of the parasite on an artificial diet.
TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF CHALCIDOID AND PROCTOTRUPOID HYMENOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN MAINE
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Osgood E. A.
Published: December 2009

Seventeen species of parasitic Hymenoptera were found associated with balsam gall midge in Maine. Tetrastichus marcovitchi (Cwfd.), Tetrastichus sp. near solidaginis Burks, Plalygaster mainensis MacG. and Osgd., and P. abicollis MacG. and Osgd. were the most abundant known parasites, while several other species, some of uncertain status, were less frequently encountered. A key is presented for commonly encountered species, and details of the life histories are given for important midge parasites.
DIFFERENCES IN POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: December 2009

Distinct differences were observed in postdiapause development and prolonged diapause of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), obtained from the vicinity of Tazin River, Northwest Territories; near Riverton, Manitoba; and near Renovo, Pennsylvania. All populations had been reared under controlled laboratory conditions (21°±0.5 °C, 50±10% relative humidity, and a 15-hr daily photophase) for two or more generations.

After 280 days cold treatment at 3°±1 °C, cocoons were dissected and the number of pronymphs and eonymphs was determined. Insects from each population were then reared at 5°, 10°, and 15 °C. Times to adult emergence, duration of individual stages, and numbers remaining in prolonged diapause at each temperature were determined.

The most significant differences occurred among populations reared at 5 °C. At this temperature, the times to adult emergence and the duration of individual stages of development and the proportions remaining in prolonged diapause or arrested development, increased from northern to southern latitudes. Less significant population differences were noted at 10° and 15° than at 5 °C.
A COMPARISON OF DISCRIMINATION AND OF DENSITY RESPONSES DURING OVIPOSITION BY EXENTERUS AMICTORIUS AND E. DIPRIONIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), PARASITES OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

The oviposition behavior of Exenterus amictorius Panzer, an introduced parasite of pre-spinning eonymphs of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, was studied in a series of field experiments over a 5-year period in the Province of Quebec. The ability of this parasite to discriminate against hosts with previously deposited progeny varied significantly: discrimination was lacking at the beginning of the host’s spinning period, but was rapidly acquired and persisted to the end of the spinning period. The relationships were described by negative power functions of the form Iδ = aX−b, where Iδ = Morisita’s Index of Dispersion, and X = the number of days from the beginning of the host’s spinning period. The response of E. amictorius to changing host densities, however, was positive at all host densities and described by functions of the form Y = aXb, where Y = number of parasite progeny per host and X = number of hosts dropping into funnel traps at 2-day intervals during the spinning period. Over 67% of the variation in the number of progeny deposited by E. amictorius during a field experiment in 1969 was explained by changes in adult parasite density, and an additional 19% by changes in host numbers. This indicates strongly that the observed change in discrimination against previously deposited progeny bears no direct relationship to either host or parasite density. It was suggested that the change might be influenced either by a reduction in the parasite’s egg complement in time, or by an associative learning process.

The density response of an indigenous parasite, Exenterus diprionis Rohwer, was comparatively much weaker and it seemed to lack the adaptive changes in discrimination against previously deposited progeny possessed by E. amictorius. Although attacks of the one species occurred independently of the other, in the event of multiparasitism E. amictorius always survived because of its faster rate of development in the host. The role of discrimination and of density response in the dominance of E. amictorius among the Exenterus spp. attacking N. swainei, and its successful establishment on a variety of North American diprionids, is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THE POXVIRUS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Authors: Buckner Charles H. , Cunningham John C.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory-bred rats and mice fed heavy doses of the poxvirus of the spruce budworm showed no ill effects and made normal weight gains as compared with controls over a period of 8 weeks, and no deaths occurred in the treated groups. Laboratory and wild mammals exposed to aerial spray in open-topped cages similarly showed no adverse effects. Population densities, fecundity, and other pertinent life history parameters of small mammals and birds were studied relative to treatment of a forest with the poxvirus for control of spruce budworm. There were no observable interactions between these small vertebrates and the virus. It is concluded that, from the standpoint of homoiothermic vertebrates, the virus is a safe insecticide.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF FOLIAGE EXTRACTS OF SOME FOREST TREES ON COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Morris Oswald N.
Published: December 2009

The antibiotic effects of foliage extracts of some forest trees on commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) var. galleriae were studied with a view to determining whether or not such substances might be inhibitory to development and multiplication of ingested bacteria.

The results indicate that ethyl acetate and petroleum or ethyl ether extracts of the trees tested were particularly inhibitory to the bacteria. Of 24 pure terpenes tested, pinene, pulegone, menthone, 4-terpineol, citral, citronellol, and linalool were highly inhibitory to the production of spores and crystals by the bacteria.
FIRST RECORD IN NORTH AMERICA OF THE CENTIPEDE PARASITE LOEWIA FOEDA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Wood D. M. , Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

Loewia foeda (Mg.), a European parasite of the centipede Lithobius, is recorded from two localities in New York State where it has evidently become established as an addition to the Nearctic fauna. The adult is redescribed and figured and its life history briefly reviewed.
EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT ON EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), EGG PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL
Authors: Daterman G. E.
Published: December 2009

Fecundity and egg survival had inverse linear relationships with increasing evaporation potentials expressed as vapor pressure deficits. With an increase of vapor pressure deficit from 4 to 24 mm Mg at a favorable temperature of 25.5 °C, mean fecundity could be reduced from 130 to 51 eggs and egg survival from 90% to 20%. Optimal laboratory physical conditions for egg production consisted of a low evaporation rate of less than 9 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit but short of a saturated atmosphere at a room temperature of 25.5 °C. One hour daily exposure of eggs to high temperatures up to 39 °C did not cause a significant increase in egg mortality. In the field there was no difference in fecundity of females between plots in damp western Washington and dry central Oregon (pine region). Egg mortality was always higher at the central Oregon plot, presumably because of higher evaporation rates. Since high vapor pressure deficits are common occurrences during the growing season in most of the pine region, it is possible this factor could limit Rhyacionia buoliana populations in some of these areas.
SEX RATIOS OF SOME HIGH ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Oliver D. R. , Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

The sex ratios at emergence of some Chironomidae from ponds in the Hazen Camp area (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.) are given from trap records for a number of seasons.

In Tanypodinae and Chironomini there are apparently about equal numbers of the sexes; in Tanytarsini and most Orthocladiinae females consistently outnumber males, often forming 60% or more of the total emergence. These findings are discussed: the presence of facultative parthenogenesis in some species is thought to be likely.
A NOTE ON DICHROOSCYTUS ELEGANS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. , Schaffner Joseph C.
Published: December 2009

Dichrooscytus elegans Uhler is redescribed and its status discussed. Four new species of Dichrooscytus are described: minutus, flagitiosus, and taosensis from New Mexico, and texanus from Texas. Male genitalia of the species are illustrated, host plants are given, and relationships to other species in the genus are discussed.
MICROCTONUS STELLERI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, EUPHORINAE), A NEW PARASITE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Drea J. J. , Dysart R. J. , Coles L. W. , Loan C. C.
Published: December 2009

Microctonus stelleri Loan is described as a new species. This euphorine braconid occurs in France, Germany, Sweden, and Russia. It is umvoltine and its only known host is the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). In the spring the mature parasite larva issues from the overwintered adult host and forms a white cocoon in the ground litter. In about 2 weeks the adult parasite emerges, mates, and oviposits in larva of the alfalfa weevil. The parasite egg hatches and the first-instar larva remains within the host until the following spring. In northern France M. stelleri was the dominant parasite in overwintering adults of H. postica. Parasitism ranged from 0 to 13% though it was usually less than 6%. Laboratory studies showed that M. stelleri females live longer, have a higher rate of oviposition, and parasitize more hosts than females of M. colesi Drea, a parasite of the weevil in the United Slates. A technique is described for the recovery of M. stelleri from adult alfalfa weevils. From 1966 to 1970, 4387 parasites were imported from France and released at 24 localities in the United States.
FLUCTUATIONS IN NUMBERS OF ADULT BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN DEEP RIVER, ONTARIO
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Gross H. P.
Published: December 2009

Adult black flies were trapped at the townsite of Deep River from the early emergence of Prosimulium spp. (approx. 21 May) through to the late summer decline of Simulium spp. (in August). "Sticky" traps employing CO2 as an attractant were located at five sites throughout the town; in addition a trap was positioned at a "control" site outside the town limits near a heavily forested area. The overall numbers increased rapidly in early June, remaining at high levels until the first week in July, by which time over 110,000 flies had been captured. The numbers of flies recovered both within and outside the town fluctuated widely with weather conditions, seemingly influenced by precipitation. In the town, three centrally located traps captured only half as many adults as two traps near the southerly limits, where a small stream flowed through light forest. The control trap showed that black flies were at least 10 times more plentiful outside Deep River. Three insecticide applications did not have any measurable effect on fly numbers. The predominant local species is Simulium venustum Say.
NEW SPECIES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM MEXICO, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES: II. SUBFAMILIES SCOLYTINAE AND HYLESININAE
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Eight new species of Scolytidae are described from Mexico. The new species represent the genera Scolytus (2), Carphoborus (1), Chaetophloeus (1), Cnesinus (2), Phloeotribus (1), and Prochramesus (1). New distributional records are given for nine previously described species and notes on the genus Prochramesus are included.
PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS OF N-SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS WITH PRE-IMAGINAL STAGES OF AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Quraishi M. Sayeed
Published: December 2009

Physiological interactions of n-saturated fatty acids, trans-2-unsaturated fatty acids and their methyl and ethyl esters with pre-imaginal stages of Aedes aegypti (L.) have been described. Differences in the response of the larvae and pupae to the same chemical and also the specific interactions of some chemicals synchronized with a short period during the development of a single stage have been emphasized. Investigations of a homologous series of fatty acids and their derivatives indicate that earlier statements to the effect that their toxicity increases as the series is ascended, and that maximum toxicity is reached in the vicinity of capric and lauric acids, should not be accepted without modifications.
TOXIC AND TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ESTERS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON HOUSE FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Quraishi M. Sayeed
Published: December 2009

Toxicities and teratogenic effects on Musca domestica L. of methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids have been described. In general, esters of fatty acids containing 10 or fewer carbon atoms in the chain are toxic and melanogenic. Esters of higher members are less toxic, but melanogenic. However, esters of acids containing 13 or more carbon atoms in the chain show special interactions with insects, and methyl trans-2-tridecenoate has a teratogenic effect on the developing wing of the house fly.
OCCURRENCE OFCULISETA MINNESOTAEANDAEDES TRIVITTATUS(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN MANITOBA INCLUDING A LIST OF MOSQUITOES FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Trimble R. M.
Published: December 2009

Culiseta minnesotaeBarr andAedes trivittatus(Coquillett) are reported from Manitoba for the first time. A list of mosquitoes previously recorded from Manitoba is given.
EPIDERMAL CELLS OF THE PPM (“GOLD SPOTS”) OF THE PUPA OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,DANAUS P.PLEXIPPUS(LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE)
Authors: Urquhart F. A.
Published: December 2009

The cells composing the tissue of the prismatic pigmented maculae (PPM) of the pupa of the monarch butterfly (Danaus P.plexippus) are described for the first time and their possible functions in the formation of scales and scale pigmentation in the adult butterfly are discussed.
INSECT PARASITES OF THE SADDLED PROMINENT, HETEROCAMPA GUTTIVITTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

Samples of the egg, larval, and pupal stages of the saddled prominent, Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker), were obtained from infestations of this defoliator in six northeastern states. Seventeen species of primary parasites were recovered, 11 are new records for this host. A key to adult parasites is presented.Apparent parasitism of the egg stage by Telenomus coelodasidis Ashm. and Trichogramma minutum Riley varied from 30 to 76% and 1 to 20% respectively. Aggregate apparent mortality ranged from 40 to 78%. As a rule, egg parasitism was highest in the upper crown of both sugar maple and beech. The developmental stages of parasitized eggs are described and illustrated.

Two species of larval parasites were recovered: Phobocampe pallida (Cush.) from instar III and Eulophus anomocerus (Crawford) from instar V. Parasitism by each species was always less than 1%.Cratichneumon sublatus (Cress.) was the only pupal parasite found in all of the infestations examined. Parasitism ranged from 1 to 17% under outbreak conditions to as much as 32–57% the year following a collapse of the host population. A new species of Patelloa (Tachinidae) was recovered from pupae in Maine and New York. Parasitism by the latter ranged from 3 to 7%. Ten species of Ichneumonidae and one species of Sarcophagidae were also recovered from the pupae.
THE EFFECT OF FOREST DISTURBANCES ON POPULATIONS OF WASPS AND BEES IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA)
Authors: Fye R. E.
Published: December 2009

Populations of wasps and bees are larger and more diverse in areas of recently disturbed boreal forest than in non-disturbed areas. Population differences are correlated directly with light penetration which also results in a larger array of pioneer ground cover. The ground cover provides abundant floral forage for the bees and adequate lepidopterous prey for the wasps. The regeneration of the forest results in a decline in the quantity and diversity of the ground cover and the attending aculeate populations. Results from timed census studies, glass-pane barrier traps, and trap nests reflected similar relative attractiveness of the study sites to wasps and bees.
INTERACTIONS OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE, XYLEBORUS DISPAR (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), WITH ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS AMBROSIELLA HARTIGII (FUNGI IMPERFECTI)
Authors: French John R. J. , Roeper Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Two bioassays were used to study the effects of the various life stages of a Temperate Zone ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus dispar (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), on the induction of the ambrosial form of its symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella hartigii Batra (Fungi Imperfecti).Postdiapause adults and pupae of X. dispar cause a change from the mycelial to the ambrosial form of A. hartigii in culture.

Larvae feed on the mycelial form in vitro, but ambrosia is required by larvae to develop and pupate. One of the main factors inducing the ambrosial form of A. hartigii is probably a secretory product of X. dispar.