bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on amphibia in the Tsitsikama National Parks
Authors: Carruthers V.C. , Robinson G.A.
Published: August 2012

The Tsitsikama Coastal National Park, Republic of South Africa, is situated between 23 30'E and 24 15'E and along the 34 02'S latitude whereas the Tsitsikama Forest National Park is a small indigenous forest (478 ha) situated approximately 8 km to the north of the Coastal Park. Geologically the area is dominated by the Table Mountain Series (Toerien 1976) and the soils, particularly those of the forest are usually very acid.
Preliminary map of the south western Kalahari Desert
Authors: Parris R. , Bothma J. Du P. , Waanders E. , Boshoff A. F.
Published: August 2012

In 1941 an area in the south western Kalahari Desert of Bechuanaland (now the Republic of Botswana), 40 km wide and adjacent to the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP) of the then Union of South Africa was declared a Game Reserve. In 1971 the Government of Botswana increased the size of this Game Reserve considerably and raised it to national park status, i.e. The Gemsbok National Park (Supplement H-307 of Government Gazette Volume IX No. 39).
A new locality for the sand tampan ornithodoros savignyi (audouin) in Southern Africa
Authors: De Vos V.
Published: August 2012

A new locality for the sand tampan (Omithodoros savignyi) in southern Africa is described. Sand tampans were found in the Nwambiya sandveld (22degrees31'S., 31 degrees 20'E.) in the northern sector of the Kruger National Park. Environmental conditions for the area is described. The possibility of an earlier linkage of the Nwambiya area with the arid western regions of southern Africa is raised in an attempt to explain this seemingly anomalous locality record.
Two new lizards for the Kruger National Park
Authors: Joubert S.C.J.
Published: August 2012

During 1976 two lizards belonging to the families Amphisbaenidae and Gekkonidae were recorded for the first rime within the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa.
Avian Marine Vagrants to the Kruger National Park
Authors: Joubert S.C.J.
Published: August 2012

The Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, is situated within the descending plains adjoining the Mozambique coast to the eastand the Drakensberg Mountain escarpment to the west. Due to its situation the Park is also periodically subjected to stormy weather conditions, with varying intensities of rainfall and winds, accompanying thesummer cyclones in the Mozambique Channel.
Necrospy data of eight reedbuck redunca arundinumfrom the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V.
Published: August 2012

During October 1969 a piece of land was fenced out of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, near Numbi Gate in the south western tip of the Park. Impenetrable diamond mesh fencing material was used. In spite of concentrated and repeated efforts to drive game from this excised bit of land, some game still remained within the area. As this piece of land was designated for concentrated human habitational purposes and lay within the region where movements are restricted by foot-and-mouth control regulations, it was decided to shoot and use the remainder of the antelope population for research purposes. This report documents the findings on eight reedbuck Redunca arundinum which were collected in this area. Very little is known of the disease spectrum of this species in the wild state.
Further bird records from the Bontebokand Mountain Zebra National Parks
Authors: Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

The avifauna of this Park is well-known. Shortly after the Park was relocated to Swellendam in 1960, a preliminary list of the birds of the Park was published (Winterbottom 1962a). This was soon followed by a comprehensive check list (Winterbottom 1967a) and a report on bird densities in the Coastal Renosterbosveld of the Park (Winterbottom 1968a). Six further bird species, five of which have been reported in The Ostrich, are documented here, increasing to 150 the total number of species recorded in the Park. The numbers denote those used in Roberts birds of South Africa (McLachlan and Liversidge 1970) and the nomenclature follows the Check list of the birds of South Africa (S.A.O.S. List Committee 1969).
A phytosociological reconnaissance of Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, Swaziland
Authors: Coetzee B.J. , Nel P.J.
Published: August 2012

The orthodox Braun-Blanquet Method of sampling and synthesis is applied to obtain a classification of the Mlilwane vegetation. Rationalizing discussion of some subjective aspects of the traditional method is included. The Mlilwane Sanctuary stretches from the Swaziland Middleveld to Highveld
'n Aanvullende lys van plantspesies vir die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin uit die Pafuri gebied
Authors: Van Rooyen N.
Published: August 2012

Die eerste rekords van plantspesies wat in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin (NKW) versamel is, dateer volgens Van Wyk (1971) terug na die vorige eeu. Die eerste grootskaalse plantversameling is egter eers in die vroeë somer van 1932 deur dr. Herbert Lang uitgevoer waartydens meer as 300 verskillende plantspesies versamel is. Obermeijer (1937) het ook in die vroeë dertigerjare in die gebied versamel en die eerste publikasie oor die plantegroei van die NKW gelewer. Codd het teen 1951 ongeveer 1 200 plantspesies versamel, terwyl Van der Schijff (1957; 1969) 'n spesielys van ongeveer 2 000 spesies vir die gebied saamgestel het. Aanvullings tot hierdie spesielys is deur Brynard (1961) en Van Wyk (1971)gemaak.
Plaagdoders in rivierwater van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Van Dyk L.P.
Published: August 2012

Rivers flowing into the Kruger National Park were monitored for pesticide residues. Sampling sites were located on the Levubu, Letaba, Olifants, Sabie and Crocodile Rivers. Altogether 657 samples were analysed over two years and in only 11 or two per cent were pesticide residues found. Endosulfan was found in seven samples at concentrations ranging from 100 to 6 300 ng/dm3. Dieldrin was found in two samples at concentrations of 1 700 and 2 900 ng/dm3, while DDT was found in the other two samples at concentrations of 100 and 500 ng/dm3. In 85 samples or 13 unknown chlorinated compounds were found, possibly industrial pollutants. The results of this survey indicated that pesticides in rivers do not pose a serious threat to wildlife in the Kruger National Park.
On the ecology of the fruit bat, rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (A. Smith, 1829) in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park
Authors: Herzig-Straschil B. , Robinson G.A.
Published: August 2012

Field observations were carried out on R. aegyptiacus in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park in the winter of 1974 and the summers of 1975 and 1976. The roost of the fruit bat population was a cave in the narrow gorge of the Storms river. The population was estimated at 3 000 bats. Activity during the night was found to be significantly longer in summer than in winter. The possible reaction of these bats to the commencement of activity to moon light conditions at the cave is discussed.
Some population characteristics of the Lion Panthera Leo in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Wolff P. , Le Riche E.A.N. , Meyer I.J.
Published: August 2012

Two methods of estimating the number of lions in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Republic of South Africa, are described; the first gives a minimum figure (113) and the second a more realistic one (140). Data are presented on sex and age ratios and pride composition. The factors contributing to the low density are briefly discussed and some management practices in connection with lions trespassing out of the Park are suggested.
Notes on the Southern African black-tailed tree rat thallomys paedulcus (Sundevall, 1846) and its occurrence in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

Data on the Southern African Black-tailed Tree Rat Thallomys paedulcus (Sundevall, 1846) have been gleaned from a literature survey and are augmented by observations during various spells of field-work in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park since 1960. Measurements of male and female specimens occurring over its entire geographical range are given as are details of its ecology and taxonomy.
A note on the feasibility of introducing giraffe to the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Hall-Martin A.J. , De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

During several visits to the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP) the introduction of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis to the Park was discussed.  This note has been prepared to provide some background information for an eventual decision to be taken.
Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park: The chromosomes of the blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus
Authors: Wallace C.
Published: August 2012

The blue wildebeest Connechaetes taurinus is a member of the tribe Alcelaphini. The present report details the findings of the study of the chromosomes of a male and female blue wildebeest.
Olifantinvloed op Acacia Nigrescens-bome in 'n gedeelte van die Punda Milia- Sandveld van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Engelbrecht A. H
Published: August 2012

Olifantinvloed op groot Acacia nigrescens (knop- piesdoring) borne in die Punda Milia-Sandveld van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin, is in Desernber 1978 ondersoek. 'n Monster van 951 borne toon dat die voortbestaan van die boornpopulasie bedreig word. Elephant impact on Acacia nigrescens trees in a section of the Punda Milia-Sandveld of the Kruger National Park. An investigation of elephant impact on tall Acacia nigrescens trees in the Punda Milia- Sandveld of the Kruger National Park was conducted during December 1978. A sample of 951 trees showed that the tree population is endangered.
Elephant impact on Sclerocarya Caffra trees in Acacia Nigrescens tropical plains Thornveld of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Coetzee B.J , Engelbrecht A. H , Joubert S. C.J , Retief P. F
Published: August 2012

A survey of elephant impact at various distances from roads was conducted in June 1978 for Sclerocarya caffra (marula) tree populations in Acacia nigrescens Tropical Plains Thornveld in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. Data from scar recovery indicate that widespread scarring of S. caffra trees by elephant commenced in 1973, coinciding with a wet cli- matic phase. Elephant impact, old and fresh and irrespective of kind, decreased with distance from roads. Substantially higher impact was also recorded along S. caffra population boundaries. The most recent impact on some populations was higher than expected from the established relationship between elephant impact and tree density.
Do-it-yourself remote chemical immobilization equipment
Authors: De Vos V
Published: August 2012

A do-it-yourself method for the assembly of remote chemical immobilization equipment is described. The dart syringes are basically made up of components from conventional 2,5 ml capacity disposable plastic syringes. A blow-pipe made of metal, plastic or glass with suitable dimensions is used as a propelling apparatus for the dart syringe. The accuracy obtain-

ed over 5 m by practically all people, novices included, makes this technique ideally suited for all caged animals and animals with limited escape range. Further merits accredited to this system were inexpensiveness, wide scope for improvization, simple construction, easy to use, reliability and consistency in operation, gentle impact and minimal tissue damage. Minimal disturbance was invariably caused to the subject animals.
The use of electrical geophysical techniques for the development of groundwater supplies in South African National Parks
Authors: Martinelli E , Hubert G. L
Published: August 2012

Geo-electrical investigations have been carried out along the Nossob River in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and in the Nwanedzi area of the Kruger National Park. The object of these investigations was to locate potable groundwater supplies with a greater degree of accuracy than the random drilling of boreholes was able to do. The successful completion of the investigations has proved that when correctly applied the geo-electrical technique is a valuable aid to locating favourable target zones for groundwater development, thus resulting in considerable economic benefits.
Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park: The Mitotic and Meiotic chromosomes of the African Buffalo Syncerus Caffer
Authors: Wallace C
Published: August 2012

The African buffalo Syncerus coffer is a member of the tribe Bovini, which includes cattle and other large species.
Extraordinary jumping ability of the Red Forest Duiker Cephalophus Natalensis
Authors: De Vos V
Published: August 2012

While catching game in the northeastern coastal area of Natal near False Bay, Lake St. Lucia, Republic of South Africa, we were forced to keep red forest duiker Cephalophus natalensis in a holding corral for short periods before translocation commenced.
Rainfall patterns in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Gertenbach W. P. D
Published: August 2012

The available rainfall data for all the recording stations in the Kruger National Park are presented. The average annual rainfall was calculated for each station and this served as basis for compiling a rainfall map for the region. The cyclic nature of the annual rainfall as well as the rainfall distribution within cycles were investigated and a prediction made of expected future rainfall.
Host selection and species preference of the Red-Billed Oxpecker Buphagus Erythrorhynchus in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

The host selection and species preference of the Red- billed Oxpecker was investigated during January and February 1979, in the southern portion of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. A total of 19 species of larger mammals were looked at and of these 11 were utilised as hosts. Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, were found to be the most import- ant host and ranked well above the others as a preferred species. Published data on oxpeckers were reviewed with the view to possible translocation of the birds as a measure to increase their now limited distribution.
The importance of the Kruger National Park For bird conservation in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Kemp A. C
Published: August 2012

One hundred and two species of birds that are thought to be vulnerable in South Africa have been reported from or are likely to occur within the Kruger National Park. These species are considered in relation to their distribution and status in South Africa and the neigbouring countries. The following are suggested as conservation priorities for birds in the Park:

1. Re-establish the extinct Yellow-billed Oxpecker.

2. Investigate the suite of large carnivorous and scavenging birds that have declined over much of their range elsewhere in South Africa.

3. Investigate the species associated with riparian and wetland habitats in the Park.

4. Investigate the tropical species that are confined to the Park within South Africa.
Tetanus in a free-living Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Amphibius Capensis from the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V , De Klerk B. D
Published: August 2012

Tetanus in a free-living hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) from the Kruger National Park is described. The animal exhibited the classical tetanus symptomatology, the most salient clinical features being trauma (skin wounds) associated with exaggerated response of voluntary muscles to trivial stimuli, muscular spasms, general muscular rigidity, trismus, prolapsed third eye-lid and the preservation of consciousness. It is conjectured that the hippo's semi-aquatic way of life with its close proximity to dung-polluted water and an innate intraspecific aggression amongst males which often leads to fighting and trauma, should provide ample opportunity for infection with Clostridium tetani.
The yellow Mongoose Cynictis Penicillata and other small carnivores in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Du Toit C. F
Published: August 2012

The Mountain Zebra National Park is situated some 27 km southwest of Cradock, Republic of South Africa.
Castration of a Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis Minor
Authors: De Vos V , Braack H. H
Published: August 2012

A black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) in the Addo Elephant National Park was castrated in order to prevent the possibility of an aotic inducing gene to be introduced into the Addo population. The classic castration technique was used. It was subsequently found that the rhino showed a drastic change in behaviour, and is at this stage predictably timid, which is not the case with his testis carrying compeers.
Black Rhino Diceros Bicornis Minor mortality in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V
Published: August 2012

The death of two black rhinos (Diceros bicornis minor) in the Kruger National Park is described. A diagnosis of lamsiekte, or botulism, was made, based on typical clinical findings backed by circumstantial evidence.
Visitation patterns of principal species of the insect-complex at carcasses in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Braack L.E.O
Published: August 2012

Two full-grown impala rams Aepyceros melampus were shot on 1978.01.07 in the Pafuri area of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. The carcasses were placed in enclosures 2,7 km apart and used to monitor the visitation patterns of insects. Collections of insects were made at four-hourly intervals for the first six days after placement of the carcasses, and thereafter every six hours up to the eleventh and final day. A figure is given to describe changes in the physical attributes of the carcasses through time. Twelve figures depict the patterns of arrival of insects at the carrion habitat. Species from the following families are represented: Cleridae, Dermestidae, Histeridae, Scarabaeidae, Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Trogidae (Coleoptera); Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Piophilidae, Sepsidae (Diptera); Diapriidae and Formicidae (Hymenoptera). The results indicate that species have distinctive periods of abundance and presents an overall picture of insect succession at carrion.
Lower vertebrates of the Bontebok National Park
Authors: Braack H.H.
Published: August 2012

This paper presents check-lists of reptiles, frogs and fish recorded in the Bontebok National Park, Republic of South Africa, during the period August 1961 to December 1977. Brief discussions on present status are given where possible.
Parasites and mortality of Sable Hippotragus niger niger (harris, 1838) in the Matopos, Zimbabwe
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

Parasitism is indicated as the main cause of mortality of sable Hippotragus niger niger in Matopos, Zimbabwe. The main external parasites were Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi and the larvae of Chrysomya bezziana. The main internal parasite was Haemonchus and to a lesser extent Taenia multiceps. Babesia and anaplasmosis were identified in blood smears.
The diet of Petromus Typicus (Petromuridae, Rodentia) in the Augrabies falls National Park
Authors: George Wilma
Published: August 2012

The diet of Petromus typicus from three sites in Augrabies Falls National Park was analysed. Grass is the main item of the diet but the proportion of grasses to dicotyledons is determined to some extent by availability.
An unusual case of snaring in a free-living spotted Hyaena Crocuta Crocuta from the Kruger National Park
Authors: De. Vos V
Published: August 2012

On various occasions over a period of three months an adult spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta was reported near Skukuza Rest Camp in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, with a snare around his neck.
Trends in commercial handline catches of Redfishes along the Southern Cape Coast, Republic of South Africa
Authors: Crawford R. J. M , Crous H. B
Published: August 2012

During the period 1898-1906 red romans Chrysoblephus laticeps dominated redfish landings at Strand and Hermanus, Republic of South Africa, ports subject to cool upwelling conditions. Red stumpnoses C. gibbiceps were the main species along the eastern Cape Peninsula and seventy-fours Polysteganus undulosus at most harbours east of Cape Agulhas. By the late 1970's romans were dominant between Kalk Bay and Arniston and also important contributors else-where, but seventy-fours were only recorded in any significant quantities from Port Alfred. Interpretation of these trends is complicated by a lumping of catches, but the possibility of an environmental change favouring romans (cooler water) at the expense of seventy-fours (warmer water) cannot be discounted. Other marine forms having a biology associated with cooler waters have also increased along the southern Cape coast in recent years. Redfish resources at Gans Bay and Struts Bay are not currently overexploited, but provide a valuable source of remuneration for local fishermen when preferred target species are absent. Limited data collected in the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park indicate that dageraad C. cristiceps populations could deteriorate rapidly if subjected to high fishing pressure. The contribution of dageraads to combined redfish landings is currently highest in areas of low exploitation.
The Leopard Tortoise in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

A total of 69 leopard tortoises Geochelone pardalis babcocki (Loveridge 1935) were captured, marked, sexed, weighed and released. The results of this exercise together with other field data are presented and discussed.
Seasonal variation of diet and faeces composition of Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis in the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Hall-Martin A.J , Erasmus T , Botha B.P
Published: August 2012

The feeding habits of black rhinoceros were studied in the Addo Elephant National Park, Republic of South Africa, using the "feeding track" method and recording bites taken. A total sample of 59 feeding tracks, 5 540 plants and 17 191 bites were recorded from June 1976 to March 1977. The rhino fed largely on woody shrubs but also took forbs, grass and succulent plants. During dry periods the rhino were selecting succulent plants with a high moisture content rather than woody plants. A total of 111 plant species were utilized. During dry months the feeding rate was greater than wet months. Physical analysis of faeces composition confirmed conclusions drawn from observations. Chemical analyses of faeces indicated that mean crude protein values varied with rainfall and herbage quality, ash values were strongly influenced by the intake of plant roots and dust during dry periods, acid detergent fibre was highest during unfavourable periods and low during favourable periods.
Soil-eattng by Cape Mountain Zebras Equus Zebra Zebra in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L
Published: August 2012

Cape mountain zebra stallions, mares and foals ate soil at mineral licks, mainly during summer. Calcium was the only mineral with higher concentrations at the licks than in all surrounding soil samples. The influence of calcium on reproduction is discussed.
Home range sizes of Cape Mountain Zebras Equus Zebra Zebra in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L
Published: August 2012

The mean home range size of Cape mountain zebra breeding herds was 9,4 km2 (range 3,1 @ 16,0 km2). In two herds which split up, the home ranges of the resultant herds included the original home ranges, but were larger.
Growth of a male Caracal kitten felis Caracal in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Grobler J. H
Published: August 2012

Three caracal (lynx) Fells caracal kittens, two females and a male were received from the Fish River area some 50 km north of Cradock, Republic of South Africa, on the 20th March 1980. These were found at the base of a dense Rhus erosa bush on the side of a hill and estimated at 14 days old based on the findings of Cade (1968 Int. Zoo Yb. 45) and Kralik (1967 Int. Zoo Yb. 132).
Index to Subjects
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Index to Koedoe volumes 1-25
Observations and thoughts on the evolution of facial mimic
Authors: Bolwig Dr. Niels
Published: August 2012

Observations and thoughts on the evolution of facial mimic
Further observations on the physiological and behavioural characteristics of small animals in the Southern Kalahari
Authors: Bolwig Dr. Niels
Published: August 2012

Further observations on the physiological and behavioural characteristics of small animals in the Southern Kalahari
Weidingsmoontlikhede en weidingsprobleme in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Van der Schijff D.Sc, H. P.
Published: August 2012

Weidingsmoontlikhede en weidingsprobleme in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Preliminary list of plants found in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Leistner O. A.
Published: August 2012

Published with permission of the Secretary for Agriculture.
Monitoring of the vegetation around artificial watering points (windmills) in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Van Rooyen N. , Bezuidenhout D. , Theron G.K. , Bothma J. Du P.
Published: August 2012

Vegetation changes around artificial watering points were monitored in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park from 1978 to 1989. Both rainfall and grazing influenced the vegetation but rainfall appeared to be the more significant factor. The above-average rainfall during the years preceding 1978 contributed to a relatively high basal cover in 1978. Since 1978, however, below-average rainfall was recorded resulting in a decline in basal cover, presence, frequency and density of most of the plant species. It seems likely that a wet cycle commenced in 1988, which is reflected in higher rainfall and an increase in basal cover, presence, and density. Some species maintained a relatively constant presence, some increased, and some declined during the study period. The monitoring is being continued.
Environmental education - an approach based on the concept of life
Authors: Fourie J. , Joubert S.C.J. , Loader J.A.
Published: August 2012

Environmental education is described as an enterprise aiming at a philosophy of life and therefore as a matter of life. This suggests the concept of life as a natural foundation for an approach to environmental education. Therefore a reflection on the phenomenon of life is offered in which the 'philosophy of life' or vitalist philosophy is reviewed. It is argued that life is a multi-levelled phenomenon and that a monolithic view of life is inadequate. A functional definition of life is proposed in which the microbiological description of life, its link with the abiotic aspect of reality, its other relationships and its spiritual potential are respected. This is used as the ground for an exemplary discussion of life at the levels suggested by the philosophical reflection, viz. life and the individual (which concentrates mainly on the biological aspect), life and the community (concentrating on the social aspect), life and the ecosystem (concentrating primarily on the relationship between abiotic and biotic), and life and the cosmos (which reaches the limit of the authors' task). The need for an ethic is related to these levels and the idea of responsibility is developed with recourse to ancient texts in which comparable ethical implications for the environment are contained. Finally, some practical suggestions are made for implementing the results of the argument in environmental education.
A new amphibian record for the Transvaal
Authors: Zambatis N. , Zambatis G.
Published: August 2012

Natural History Notes
A note on the small mammal fauna of Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve
Authors: Ellison G.T.H.
Published: August 2012

Opinion
Growth increments in teeth of Diictodon (Therapsida)
Authors: Thackeray J. Francis
Published: August 2012

Growth increments circa 0.02 mm in width have been observed in sectioned tusks of Diictodon from the Late Permian lower Beaufort succession of the South African Karoo, dated between about 260 and 245 million years ago. Mean growth increments show a decline from relatively high values in the Tropidostoma/Endothiodon Assemblage Zone, to lower values in the Aulacephalodon/Cistecephaluszone, declining still further in the Dicynodon lacerficeps/Whaitsia zone at the end of the Permian. These changes coincide with gradual changes in carbon isotope ratios measured from Diictodon tooth apatite. It is suggested that the decline in growth increments is related to environmental changes associated with a decline in primary production which contributed to the decline in abundance and ultimate extinction of Diictodon.
Form, function and fibres: a preliminary study of the Swartkrans fossil birds
Authors: Watson V.
Published: August 2012

Fossil bird bones from the Swartkrans cave estimated at about one million years old have been identified to family level. Differences in humerus and sternum structure were noted. This led to an investigation into flight styles and behaviour as well as the muscle structure and function of the modern representatives of three families (Phasianidae - francolins; Columbidae - pigeons; Tytonidae - barn and grass owls) in an attempt to understand why the bones in these families were so distinctive.
Differential passage rates of prey components through the gut of serval Felis serval and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas
Authors: Bowland J.M. , Rowland A.E.
Published: August 2012

Feeding trials conducted on Felis serval and Canis mesomelas showed that the same prey item may appear in up to seven scats (mean=2.8, n=7). The basic assumption that prey remains of the same species in different scats represent different individuals is invalid. Therefore over-estimation of some prey species relative to others in the diet of carnivores studied can occur.
The problem of maintaining large herbivores in small conservation areas: deterioration of the grassveld in the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Novellie P. , Hall-Martin A.J. , Joubert D.
Published: August 2012

Changes in vegetation cover and species composition in a grassland community during a six year period are reported. The grass Themeda triandra and the dwarf shrub Helichrysum rosum decreased in abundance, whereas the grass Eragrostis obtusa increased. Comparison of grazed plots with fenced plots revealed large herbivores were responsible for the increase in abundance ofE. obtusa. The abundance of T. triandra was influenced by large herbivores, but rainfall fluctuations apparently also played a role. The decline in relative abundance of/7. rosum was evidently not caused by large herbivores. Grass cover was closely determined by rainfall. A drought-induced decline in forage abundance evidently caused the buffalo population to crash.
Characteristics of the herbaceous layer in preferred grazing areas of six herbivore species in the south-eastern Kruger National Park
Authors: Wentzel J.J. , Bothma J. Du P. , Van Rooyen N.
Published: August 2012

The phytomass and species composition of the herbaceous layer in preferred grazing areas of zebra Equus burchellii, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, impala Aepyceros melampus and warthog Phacochoerusaethiopicus were investigated within the south-eastern portion of the Kruger National Park. The percentage frequency of herbaceous plants in Decreaser and Increaser categories, as determined by their reaction to different intensities of grazing, was established. The preferred grazing areas of the relevant herbivore species were compared in terms of phytomass, contribution of the Decreaser and Increaser categories, veld condition and degree of utilisation. The grazing areas of buffalo and zebra showed less utilisation than those of the other herbivore species. Warthog and impala were associated with over-utilised areas. It is clear that localised over-utilisation is an integral part of the natural grazing mosaic and should be managed as such in large African conservation areas.
An overview of conservation in South Africa and future perspectives
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

Review articles
Natural resources utilisation as a conservation approach
Authors: Steele N.A.
Published: August 2012

Opinion
An annotated check list of the leeches (Annelida : Hirudinea) of the Kruger National Park with a key to the species
Authors: Oosthuizen J.H.
Published: August 2012

The diagnosis, distribution and bionomics of the ten species of leeches occurring in the Kruger National Park and a key to the identification of the species are presented. Seven species belong to the family Glossiphoniidae, two to the family Hirudinidae and one species to the family Salifidae. The African fish leech Batracobdelloides tricarinatus and the reptilian parasite Placobdelloidesmultistriatus are the most common species in the park. Two of the three snail leeches occurring in the reserve, viz. Alboglossiphoniadisjuncta and Helobdella conifera, the predaceous Salifa perspicax and the sanguivorous Hirudo michaelseni are widespread but not common. The snail leech Alboglossiphonia conjugata occurs only in the small Madzaringwi River and its tributaries located in the most northern part of the park. The amphibian parasite Oosthuizobdella stuhlmanni was found only at two adjacent localities in the most southern reaches of the park with the sanguivorous Asiatic obdella buntonensis limited to the southern half of the reserve. The host-specific parasite of hippopotami, Placobdelloidesjaegerskioeldi, is restricted to habitats inhabited by its host.
A Revision of the genus Ceratogyrus Pocock (Araneae: Theraphosidae)
Authors: De Wet J.I. , Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S.
Published: August 2012

The African genus Ceratogyrus of the family Theraphosidae is revised, with notes of its natural history. Seven species are recognised and distinguished in a key. Six species, namely C. bechuanicus Pocock, C. brachycephalus Hewitt, C. darlingii Pocock, C. dolichocephalus Hewitt, C. marshalli Pocock and C. sanderi Strand are redescribed and figured, C. cornuatus is newly described and figured and C. schultzei Pocock is synonymized with C. bechuanicus. Lectotypes are designated for four species namely, C. brachycephalus, C. darlingii, C. dolichocephalus and C. marshalli. Distributional data is given for all seven species.
A preliminary survey of the aculeate wasps and the bees of the lower reaches of the Nossob River Valley, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa
Authors: Gess F.W. , Gess S.K.
Published: August 2012

An annotated list of aculeate wasps and of bees collected during a preliminary survey of these insects in the lower reaches of the Nossob River Valley, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park is presented. Flowers visisted, and notes on provision and nest type are given. Meloid beetles collected on the flowers are listed. The species composition and geographical affinities of the community of aculeate wasps and of bees in relation to those of four sites in the Karoo Biome (in Namaqualand, in the southern Great Karoo, in the Little Karoo and in the easternmost extension of the Nama Karoo) are discussed briefly.
Radio transmitter implants in the horns of both the white and the black rhinoceros in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar D.J. , Hall-Martin A.J.
Published: August 2012

The procedure for implanting radio transmitters into the horns of white and black rhinoceroses is described. Mean transmitter life in the white rhinoceros was 13,9 months which is significantly longer than the 9,7 months in black rhinoceros. In the white rhinoceros a significant sex-related difference in transmitter life was found with the transmitters in males lasting a mean of 12,1 months compared to the 15,3 months in females.
The impact of the provision of water for game on the woody vegetation around a dam in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Thrash I. , Nel P.J. , Theron G.K. , Bothma J. Du P.
Published: August 2012

Quantitative inventory surveys were done on the woody vegetation in permanently marked plots at distance intervals from the Wik-en-Weeg Dam, Kruger National Park, in 1973. The surveys were repeated in 1990 so that changes in the community composition, the density and the canopy cover and the survival of the woody vegetation could be determined in relation to distance from the dam. Relationships with distance from the dam were shown for the relative density ofCombretumapiculatum in all height classes, the relative canopy cover of the second height class of woody plants, the relative canopy cover of C. apiculatum plants, the survival of all height classes of woody plants and the survival of C. apiculatum and Colophospermum mopane plants. It was concluded that the provision of water for game at the Wik-en-Weeg Dam had an impact on the woody vegetation in the vicinity. The relationships of parameters of the two dominant species, Combretum apiculatum and Colophospermum mopane, with distance from the dam were compared. Combretum apiculatum parameters were more sensitive to impact associated with the dam than those of Colophospermum mopane.
Freshwater nematodes of the genera Thornenema and Mesodorylaimus from the Kruger National Park with a diagnostic species compendium for South African species of the genus Mesodorylaimus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

Complete descriptions are given of Mesodorylaimus potus Heyns, 1963, a new record for the Kruger National Park and M. aegypticus (Andrassy, 1958) recorded here for the first time from South Africa. Additional information and new distribution records are given for Mesodorylaimus sp. cf paralitoralis (Basson & Heyns, 1974) and Thornenema haldum (Thome, 1939). A compendium is also presented for the 17 recognized Mesodorylaimus species from South Africa.
Species of Tyieptus, Proleptonchus, Aquatides and Afractinolaimus from rivers in the Kruger National Park (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

Descriptions are given of Proleptonchus krugeri spec. nov., Afractinolaimus zairensis (Baqri, Coomans & van der Heiden, 1975) and Aquatides thornei fSchneider, 1937), recorded here for the first time from South Africa. New distribution records are given for Tyieptus striatus Heyns, 1963. Additional information is given and morphometric data are tabulated, and where appropriate, illustrations are also given.
Distribution and status of the African elephant Loxodonta africana in South Africa, 1652-1992
Authors: Hall-Martin A.J.
Published: August 2012

The historical decline of African elephants to a low of 120 animals in 1920, and their subsequent recovery to over 10 000 is described for the major populations of South Africa. Population growth rates of 6,8 and 6,7 per annum are derived from census and estimates for the Kruger National Park and the Addo Elephant National Park respectively. The reasons for elephant population control in the Kruger National Park, and the impact of elephants on both the Kruger and Addo environments, are discussed. The translocation of young elephants to found new populations is mentioned. The consequent increase of elephant range and numbers in the next decade to a possible maximum of 31 000 km2 and 13 000 animals, is envisaged.
Additions to the bird list of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park
Authors: Hutsebaut Mieke S. , Kok O.B. , Daneel J-H.
Published: August 2012

Additions to the bird list of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park
Statutory protection for the water requirements of natural ecosystems
Authors: Uys Maritza
Published: August 2012

A project was recently registered with the National Parks Board to investigate the need for legal protection of the water requirements of natural ecosystems and the existing legislation which provides such protection. There is a distinct lack of legal protection, which is identified and discussed in this paper. It is submitted that the current South African water law is outdated and in need of reform so as to accommodate the demands of a wider spectrum of user sectors. Since the amendment of the existing water allocation system (in a country where water is a scarce resource) could be politically a disconcerting step, it should be made only after due consideration of the various needs for water, the historical foundation of the existing system, and a study made of effective systems in countries with similar water problems. An in-depth study of the historical development of South African water law has already revealed interesting yet abrogated concepts, which can possibly serve as a means of protecting the natural water requirements.
Notes on a single burrow system of the fat incuse Steatomys pratensis in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Graaff G. , Nel J.A.J.
Published: August 2012

Notes on a single burrow system of the fat incuse Steatomys pratensis in the Kruger National Park
Burrow system characteristics of seven small mammal species (Mammalia: Insectivora; Rodentia; Carnivora)
Authors: Bronner G.N.
Published: August 2012

Burrow system characteristics of seven small mammal species (Mammalia: Insectivora; Rodentia; Carnivora)
The Sable Antelope as a Game Ranch Animal
Authors: De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

This is the second publication by the South African Veterinary Association's Wildlife Group on game ranch animals.
The development of an aquatic toxicity index as a tool in the operational management of water quality in the Olifants River (Knsger National Park)
Authors: Wepener V. , Euler N. , Van Vuren J.H.J. , Du Preez H.H. , Kohler Astri
Published: August 2012

The development of an aquatic toxicity index and its application is described. In this index the protection of aquatic life is always referred to in terms of toxic effects of different water quality variables to fish, as health indicators of the aquatic ecosystem. The final index score is produced by means of standard additive techniques as well as by using the water quality variable giving the lowest index score (minimum operator). The minimum operator is employed in order not to conceal important water quality information. The aquatic toxicity index development has been linked to toxicological data, international water quality standards and South African guidelines. The index provides valuable information concerning toxic effects of a specific variable on fish should the threshold level for normal maintanence of aquatic life be exceeded. This index is intended as an aid in the interpretation of water quality information in order to facilitate management decisions.
Further records and descriptions of nematodes from rivers in the Kruger National Park (orders Enoplida, Chromadorida, Monhysterida, Mononchida and Araeolaimida)
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

Descriptions are given of Eutobrilus annetteae (Joubert & Heyns, 1979), Achromadora ruricola (De Man, 1880) and Monhystera somereni Allgen, 1952, incorporating additional information obtained during the present study. New distribution records are given for Mononchus aquatic us Coetzee, 1968, M. truncatus Bastion, 1865, Mylonchulus minor (Cobb, 1893), Chronogaster africana Heyns & Coomans, 1980 and Ironus longicaudatus De Man, 1884. Morphometric data are tabulated, and where appropriate, illustrations are also given.
Notes on the early post-natal development of a giant golden mole Chrysospalax trevelyani (Giinther, 1875) born in captivity (Mammalia: Insectivora; Chrysochloridae)
Authors: Bronner G.N.
Published: August 2012

Natural History Note
The macrofaunal remains of wild animals from Abbofs Cave and Lame Sheep Shelter, Seacow Valley, Cape
Authors: Plug Ina
Published: August 2012

The faunal remains from two adjacent shelters in the Seacow Valley provide evidence of seasonal predation on springbok by hunter-gatherer societies. The unusually high proportion of foetal and neonate remains indicate the hunting of pregnant ewes and/or ewes with newborn lambs. The deposits are disturbed by ground squirrel burrowing, but these did not influence the species representation. The coming of pre-colonial pastoralists and trekboer farmers did not initially influenced the availability of game.
New records of Tyienchida, Araeolaimida and Enoplida from the Kruger National Park, with an addendum to the check list of nematode species in the park
Authors: Botha Annelize , Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

New distribution records are given for Hemicycliophora lahiata Colbran, 1960, Helicot\lenclms africanus (Micoletzky, 1916), Scutellonema hrachyurum (Steiner, 1938), Plectus cirratus Bastian, 1865 and Ironus i^navus Bastian 1865. A check list of all the nematode species recorded from rivers in the Kruger National Park is included.
Landscape preference of the white rhinoceros in the central and northern Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar D.J. , Bothma J. Du P. , Theron G.K.
Published: August 2012

The long-term landscape preferences of the white rhinoceros for 32 different landscapes in the central and northern Kruger National Park are investigated. A preference index and a chi-square test are used to ascertain if white rhinoceroses prefer or avoid a particular landscape as habitat. Landscapes 13 (Karoo Sediment Plains with Acacia welwitschii Tree Savanna) and 11 (Slightly Undulating Granitoid Plains with Colophospermum mopane Bush Savanna), are the most preferred landscapes. Landscapes 23 (Basaltic Plains with Colophospermum mopane Shrub Savanna), 25 (Moderately Undulating Gabbroic Plains with Colophospermum mopane Shrub Savanna), 26 (Irregular Calsitic Plains with Colophospermum mopane Shrub Savanna), 28 (Alluvial Plains with Acacia albida Tree Savanna), 32 (Recent Sandy Plains with Baphia massaiensis Bush Savanna) and 33 (Slightly Undulating Andesitic Plains with Comhretum collinum Shrub Savanna) appear to be avoided. Characterestics of the preferred landscapes are: moderate to dense grass cover with good quality grasses; open to moderate low-shrub (<2 m) stratum; a moderate tree stratum; an undulating topography with uplands, bottomlands and watercourses; sandy soils with few stones and rocks on the soil surface; permanent water sources.
Helicopter-assisted boma capture of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus
Authors: English R.A. , Stalmans M. , Mills M.G.L. , Van Wyk A.
Published: August 2012

The first successful use of helicopter-assisted boma capture of African wild dogs Lycaonpictus is reported. Techniques used, effort expended and success rate achieved, are described. The first attempt to catch a particular pack is likely to be the most successful and should be carefully planned, as the dogs quickly leam to avoid being driven into the boma. Boma capture offers the possibility of quickly catching and relocating a complete pack of wild dogs.
Die Toon: a Late Holocene site in the Richtersveld National Park, northern Cape
Authors: Webley Lita , Archer Fiona , Brink J.
Published: August 2012

A small excavation in the arid eastern portion of the Richtersveld National Park has produced evidence of hunter-gatherer occupation during the period ca. 3800 to 3100 years ago. These are the earliest Holocene deposits to have been excavated in Namaqualand. The occupation layers are very ephemeral but include microlithic stone tools and evidence for the hunting of small game. The possible presence of blesbok indicates more grassveld in the vicinity of the site than at present.