bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of change of temperature on the constitution of water in solutions of electroytes
Authors: Rao C. S. Siva
Published: December 2006

In a recent paper an account has been given of the author's investigations on the constitution of water as affected by the solution in it of several typical electrolytes. It was found from a study of the Raman band of water in solutions that the effect of the dissolved substance on the behaviour of the solvent is to cause a shift of the water equilibrium between the single (H
2
O), double (H
2
O)
2
and triple (H
2
O)
3
Molecules supposed to exist in water, as is evidenced from changes in the intensity distribution of the band. These changes were also partly attributed to association of the molecules of the solvent with the ions of the solute to form complex compounds known as hydrates, the extent of hydration being greater fro those substances which are known to crystallize with a large amount of associated water. Different electrolytes, when studied at the same concentration, exhibited marked differences in the structure of their Raman water band, the maximum of the band being shifted by different amounts for the different substances. But, when their water content is equalized, especially with the acids studied, the differences noticed at the same concentration of the electrolytes tended to disappear, the bands becoming increasingly similar. This seemed to indicate that the changes observed in the structure of the band are caused more by changes in the constitution of water itself rather than by differences in the nature of the solute. Nevertheless, even with solutions containing the same amount of water, certain minor differences in the structure of the band continued to persist with the acids, and they were even considerable with the salts. Also, the water-band in solutions of sodium nitrate, for example, was much sharper than that with nitric acid, on the one hand, and with solutions of lithium nitrate and chloride on the other; the latter are known to crystallize in general with a far larger amount of water of crystllization than the sodium salts. These results are taken to show the existence of hydration in solution, the extent and complexity of which varies for different substances. It is proposed to deal in this paper with the effect of a change of temperature on the constitution of water in electrolytic solutions.Ramakrishna Rao, working with water at different temperatures, found that the maximum of the Raman band for water shifted to the side of higher frequency with rise of temperature, thus resulting in a change in the relative distribution of intensity along the band. This he interpreted as due to a change in the proportions of the three types of molecules assumed to exist in liquid water; the number of the triple molecules corresponding to the lower frequency side of the band decreasing while that of the single molecules corresponding to the higher frequency side increasing with rise of temperature. The proportion of the double molecules corresponding to the central component of the band remains more or less constant with change of temperature.
Absolute parallelism and metric in the expanding universe theory
Authors: McVittie G. C.
Published: December 2006

In the existing theories of the expanding universe, the idea of metric or, alternatively, that of distance between two non-neighbouring points is taken as the starting-point. Thus in general relatively metric is the basis. When the metric is found and it is required to compare the predictions of theory with observation, further definitions, giving rise to different kinds of distance, must be made. On the other hand, Milne takes a definition of distance as the basis of his theory. This definition involves two assumptions. Firstly, it is supposed that observers only use the time-measures of their clocks by which to define distance, and secondly they define it is an special relativity. In each relativistic model there is therefore some ambiguity as to what is meant by distance, whilst Milne’s theory is open to the objection that there is no reason why observers should, in fact, adopt his definition of distance. The question therefore arises: up to what point is it possible to construct a theory of the mechanics of the expanding universe without using the ideas of metric and distance at all? We attempt to provide an answer by employing the theory of absolute or distant parallelism, so that we substitute the idea of
direction
for that of
metric
(or of distance) as the fundamental notion. The resulting theory is similar to that of Milne and its generalization recently proposed, but differs from them in the use of non-metrical equations. When metric and distance are eventually introduced, their function is merely to interpret, and not to obtain, formulae already found by non-metrical methods. A physical picture of the situation we wish to deal with is as follows. Consider a hydrodynamical fluid consisting of non-interacting particles in a state of continuous flux. We suppose that in this fluid there is a set of observers moving with it and making measurements of the state of the fluid around them. These observers make similar kinds of measurements. Each observer finds that the fluid recedes from him with a velocity proportional to distance from himself, as in the system of the spiral nebulae regarded as forming a “fluid”.
Statistical theory of turbulenc
Authors: Taylor Geoffrey Ingram
Published: December 2006

Since the time of Osborne Reynolds it has been known that turbulence produces virtual mean stresses which are proportional to the coefficient of correlation between the components of turbulent velocity at a fixed point in two perpendicular directions. The significance of correlation between the velocity of a particle at one time and that of the same particle at a later time, or between simultaneous velocities at two fixed points was discussed in 1921 by the present writer in a theory of “Diffusion by Continuous Movements.” The recent improvements in the technique of measuring turbulence have made it possible actually to measure some of the quantities envisaged in the theory and thus to verify some of the relationships then put forward. The theory has also been developed in several directions which were not originally contemplated. The theory, as originally put forward, provided a method for defining the scale of turbulence when the motion is defined in the Lagrangian manner, and showed how this scale is related to diffusion. It is now shown that it can be applied either to the Lagrangian or to the Eulerian conceptions of fluid flow.
The change in the absorption spectrum of cobalt chloride in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution with change of temperature
Authors: Howell Owen Rhys , Jackson Albert
Published: December 2006

The change in the absorption spectrum of cobalt chloride in aqueous solution with increasing concentration of hydrochloric acid at constant temperature (20° C) has already been investigated.* It was shown that with increasing concentration of acid up to 5N HCl, no blue constituent was formed. The cobalt atom, therefore, retains its six grouping over this range. The effect of increasing acid concentration is to replace two molecules of water by two atoms of chlorine: [Co(H
2
O)
6
] → [Co(H
2
O)
4
Cl
2
].
An experimental examination of the electrostatic behaviour of supraconductors.
Authors: London Heinz
Published: December 2006

In previous papers of F. and H. London supraconductivity has been described as a phenomenon, in which the current density is not connected with the electric field, as in normal conductors, but depends on magnetic field strength according to the equation Λ
c
curl J = - H with B = H and with Λ =
m
/
ne
2, a new characteristic constant which contains the number
n
of supraconducting electrons. the behaviour of the
electric
field is not completely determined by this equation. Using Maxwell's induction law one can conclude from (1) only that Λ
c
curl j =
c
curl E or Λj = E + grand μ, where the physical signifance of grad μ is yet unknown.
An automatic ionization spectrometer
Authors: Wooster W. A. , Martin Archer John Porter
Published: December 2006

1—The detailed determination of the structure of crystals requires an accurate knowledge of the relative intensities of reflexion of X-rays from a considerable number of selected planes in a crystal. The ionization spectrometer has long been used for this purpose and recently accurate photometric photographic methods have been developed for the same work. With previously existing apparatus the labour entailed in using either method has been very great and it was thought that an automatic machine would be a great improvement, for certain investigations have been impeded and others made practically impossible by the labour of intensity measurement. There are two kinds of operation performed by the ionization spectrometer which will be treated quite separately, namely the setting of the crystal in the position so that the X-rays will be reflected from a specified plane, and the recording of the ionization current produced in the ionization chamber by the reflected X-rays. The second process has already been extensively studied, but there are two new features in the method used here. The first problem of setting the crystal automatically has been solved for the first time as far as the authors are aware. The Cycle of Operations 2—The use of a crystal plate cut perpendicular to the whole set of planes under investigation (which may number a hundred or more) was introduced by Bragg and West, and has since been extensively used. X-rays are passes through a thin plate which must be set so that the particular plane under investigation is (
a
) vertical (for the crystal and plate rotate about a vertical axis), (
b
) inclined to the X-ray beam at an angle which satisfies Bragg's law.
New bands ending on the 1
s
σ 2
p
σ
1
∑

u

state of H
2
.
Authors: Richardson Owen Willans
Published: December 2006

In a recent paper (Richardson 1937) I referred to the importance and interest of the
1
X state of H
2
. This is much deeper than any other state then known which goes down to the well-known odd state 1
s
σ 2
p
σ
1
Ʃ

u

on which the strongest lines in the visible part of the H
2
spectrum end. In 1932 I decided that
1
X must have the configuration 1
s
σ2
s
σ
1
Ʃ

g

, a state which should give strong transitions down to 1
s
σ2
p
σ
1
Ʃ

u

and which otherwise would unaccountably be missing. I came to this conclusion in spite of some really quite strong arguments against it, which had been put forward by Weizel (1930), who considered
1
X to be a state with two electrons excited, to which he assigned the configuration (2
p
σ)
2
1
Ʃ
g
. An account of both these points of view may be found in my book (Richardson 1934, pp. 307-12). As a matter of fact the first suggestion that
1
X was 1
s
σ 2
s
σ
1
Ʃ was first made tentatively by Dieke (1929), p. 450, shortly after this state had been discovered. It is very satisfactory to note that (Dieke 1936
a
), by a comparison of the spectra of H
2
and D
2
and by an extension of the spectrum further into the infra-red, using the recently developed photographic technique in that region, he has been able to prove that
1
X undoubtedly is 1
s
σ 2
s
σ
1
Ʃ

g

.
The emission band spectrum of chlorine (Cl
+
2
). II
Authors: Elliott A. , Cameron W. H. B.
Published: December 2006

In continuation of our work (Elliott and Cameron 1937
a
) on the spectrum of chlorine excited by a high-frequency electrical discharge, we have established the fact that the discrete bands which appear are due (at least in part) to the ionized molecule Cl
+
2
. In the publication referred to, we have described measurements of the wave numbers of the band heads in the region 3864-5435 A, as well as of the maxima of some continua in the ultra-violet. An extensive vibrational isotope effect was identified in the discrete bands, and on the basis of this a suggestion was made that two systems were present, with origins situated at 21000 and 21340 cm.
-1
respectively. The vibrational analysis of Ota and Uchida (1928) was shown to be untenable, but no alternative analysis was put forward. It was suggested that the intervals of 627 and 632 cm.
-1
, which occurred frequently, might be the vibrational frequency of the chlorine molecule in either the upper or the lower state involved. The bands considered in the present paper, with the exception of that at 26166∙5 cm.
-1
, were all included in the first paper, but in some cases the wave numbers of the heads have been slightly amended. About one-half of the ninety-four bands previously tabulated (excluding isotopes) have now been classified and assigned to Cl
+
2
. The two systems previously mentioned are now identified as the subsystems of a doublet system; the system origins are much more accurately determined and are found to be situated at 20596∙9 and 20797∙3 cm.
-1
respectively. It is found that the intervals 627 and 632 (more accurately 627∙9 and 633∙7 cm.
-1
) are the vibrational frequencies of Cl
+
2
for the hypothetical levels with vibrational quantum numbers 2½ and 1½.
On the solution of the laminar boundary layer equations.
Authors: Howarth Leslie
Published: December 2006

For some years after its suggestion an approximate method of solution of the boundary layer equations due to Kármán and Pohlhausen was thought to be reasonably accurate. The present writer (1934) recommended it for general use because it agreed with experiment as far as the point of separation for the flow past a circular cylinder (when the observed pressure distribution was used in the theoretical solution). There seems to be little doubt that this method gives a reasonably accurate solution in a region of accelerated flow, but more recently its adequacy in a region of retarded flow has been questioned. The flow past a circular cylinder is not an exhaustive test for a retarded region because the pressure rises very rapidly from its minimum value leaving little doubt as to the position of separation. Schubauer (1935) has measured the pressure distribution around an elliptic cylinder of fineness ratio 2∙96:1 and also observed, by introducing smoke just beyond the separation point, the actual position of separation. On applying Pohlhausen’s method to his observed pressure distribution Schubauer fails to find any separation at all. By measurements of the velocity distribution in the boundary layer he finds that Pohlhausen’s method agrees reasonably with the observed one up to a point about five-sevenths of the way between the pressure minimum and the observed point of separation; the calculated distribution then diverges from the observed one.
The continuous absorption spectra of alkyl iodides and alkyl bromides and their quantal interpretation.
Authors: Porret D. , Goodeve Charles Frederick
Published: December 2006

In recent years a number of continuous absorption spectra of diatomic molecules have been examined in order to determine the potential energy-distance curves for the excited states. Gibson, Rice and Bayliss (1933) and Bayliss (1937) applied the methods of quantum mechanics to the chlorine and bromine spectra respectively and Stükelberg (1932) treated the oxygen continuum in a similar manner. The spectra of hydrogen bromide and iodide were analysed by Goodeve and Taylor (1935, 1936). The method of treat­ment has recently been extended and applied to the methyl bromide spectrum by Fink and Goodeve (1937). In the present paper, recently published measurements for methyl iodide (Porret and Goodeve 1937) are analysed and compared with new data for ethyl iodide. The spectra of ethyl and butyl bromides have been measured and compared with that of methyl bromide.
The formation of mercury molecules. II
Authors: Arnot F. L. , M'Ewen Marjorie B.
Published: December 2006

In the first paper on this subject Arnot and Milligan (1936), using a mass spectrograph, showed that diatomic mercury molecules were formed by attachment of excited atoms to normal atoms, the products of the collision being an ionized molecule and a free electron. It was shown that for this process to occur the excited atom must be in an energy state about 9⋅5 V above the normal. The primary object of the work described in this paper was to determine this appearance potential more precisely by using the balanced space charge method. The lowest excited state of an atom which, on collision with a normal atom, leads to the formation of a molecular ion is shown to be the 6
s
8
p
4
1
P
1
state of 9⋅722 V energy. In addition we have detected molecular ions formed by the attachment of two excited atoms, and evidence is put forward to show that only atoms in P states form attachments with normal atoms which lead to the formation of molecular ions.
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Authors: Salisbury Edward James
Published: December 2006

Science can be defined as the philosophical co-ordination of classified information. Accurate identification of the units to be classified is fundamental to all scientific progress, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, has as its main function this service to science with respect to plants. By the public generally the Institution is usually regarded merely as an exceptionally beautiful garden and a pleasant resort, because these by-products of its equipment as a research organization are far more conspicuous than those provisions which are more directly concerned with its serious purposes. It will help to, place those purposes in true perspective if we review briefly the origin and history of the Institution. Although it is little more than a century since Kew became a National Research Establishment, the development at Kew of a Botanical Garden was the conception of that remarkable woman Princess Augusta, the mother of George III. Thus it was the enterprise and initiative of this individual in her private capacity, establishing an unusual type of garden on her own property, which explains why the largest botanical collections of living plants in the world are located on a rather sterile sandy soil, that from the point of view of culture has many defects and few merits. Sir William Chambers, writing in 1763, alludes to this fact when he says of Kew Gardens, ‘what was once a desert is now an Eden. The judgment with which art hath been employed to supply the defects of nature and to cover its deformities hath very justly gained universal admiration.’ However, in the days when labour was cheap and farm­-yard manure plentiful, the building up of soil fertility was no hard task. But the impression of a favoured area which visitors to Kew often carry away is a tribute to generations of skilled cultivators whose superb craftsmanship has minimized the intrinsic defects of the soil and the pollution of an atmosphere laden with soot and sulphur dioxide. Thus only thirty years after Princess Augusta began the project Erasmus Darwin (1791) could write, ‘So sits enthroned in vegetable pride Imperial Kew by Thames’ glittering side.’ There are a number of botanical gardens as distinct from Physic Gardens, far older than Kew, such, for example, as hose at Padua, and Montpellier, but Princess Augusta when she began to create her garden in 1759 was something of a pioneer in that she collected plants for their own sake, and not merely because they were useful in medicine, or had other economic assets. She was assisted in this task by the Third Earl of Bute, of whom a contemporary wrote that ‘ he was unfitted to be Prime Minister on three counts, firstly because he was a Scotsman, secondly because he was a friend of the King and thirdly because he was an Honest man’. But, however unfitted he was as a politician, he possessed undoubted ability as a botanist and was in effect the first Director of the Gardens.
The changes induced in
Bact. lactis aerogenes
by irradiation with ultra-violet light
Authors: Peacocke A. R. , Hinshelwood Cyril Norman
Published: December 2006

Suspensions of
Bact. lactis aerogenes
have been irradiated with ultra-violet light until only a small fraction of cells survived. Strains derived from these were isolated. Their ability to grow with ammonium salts as sole sources of nitrogen was tested by measurement of the difference ∆
L
between the lags in liquid glucose media containing ammonium sulphate and the lags in parallel media containing asparagine and glutamic acid. The statistical distribu­tion of ∆
L
values among the substrains was determined for (
a
) those derived from a standard strain by simple plating, (
b
) those derived by plating survivors from the first irradiation of the standard strain, (
c
) those derived after a second irradiation of a selected strain from (
b
). All the substrains grew easily in the asparagine-glutamic acid medium, but irradiation increased progressively the proportion which showed large values of ∆
L
. The power to utilize ammonia could be restored completely to the impaired substrains by retraining. The keto acids,
α
-ketoglutarie acid and oxalacetic acid, greatly decreased the lags of strains which were reluctant to grow in ammonia. It is concluded that the ultra-violet light damages one of the key enzyme systems respon­sible for supplying the carbon compounds which enter into reaction with ammonia to form amino-acids. The fact that the damage is easily reparable by growth in ammonium salt media lends support to the idea of autosynthetic enzyme systems. The instability of the strains obtained emphasizes the desirability of quantitative measure­ments on bacterial ‘mutants’ that appear to have lost certain characters.
Hearing. I. The cochlea as a frequency analyzer
Authors: Gold Thomas , Pumphrey Richard Julius , Gray James
Published: December 2006

Possible methods of sensory appreciation of the nature of sounds are briefly surveyed in relation to the restriction imposed by the rate at which the nervous system can respond. It is shown that because of this restriction information must in general be lost unless peripheral frequency analysis occurs and unless the peripheral analyzer conforms to certain further conditions which are enumerated. One of these conditions is that the selectivity of the resonant elements shall be proportional to frequency. Experimental evidence is submitted that the selectivity of the resonant elements even in the upper half of the auditory spectrum of the human ear is in fact roughly proportional to frequency and is very much higher than has generally been supposed. Previous theories of hearing are considered, and it is shown that only the resonance hypothesis of Helmholtz interpreted in accordance with the considerations enumerated in the first part of this paper is consistent with observation. In particular the experimental data which have been supposed to be evidence of high damping of the cochlear resonators are re-examined. It is shown that they are either irrelevant or that, correctly interpreted, they are evidence for the contrary view. Finally, an attempt is made to summarize some important properties of the ear in a diagram which illustrates that the ear is a perfect analyzer up to a frequency of 1 kc./sec. Above that frequency it is imperfect, not because of inadequate selectivity, but because perfection would require an impracticable number of resonant elements and nerve cells.
Seasonality in a temperate zone bird can be entrained by near equatorial photoperiods
Authors: Dawson Alistair
Published: December 2006

Birds use photoperiod to control the time of breeding and moult. However, it is unclear whether responses are dependent on absolute photoperiod, the direction and rate of change in photoperiod, or if photoperiod entrains a circannual clock. If starlings (
Sturnus vulgaris
) are kept on a constant photoperiod of 12 h light : 12 h darkness per day (12 L : 12 D), then they can show repeated cycles of gonadal maturation, regression and moult, which is evidence for a circannual clock. In this study, starlings kept on constant 11.5 L : 12.5 D for 4 years or 12.5 L : 11.5 D for 3 years showed no circannual cycles in gonadal maturation or moult. So, if there is a circannual clock, it is overridden by a modest deviation in photoperiod from 12 L : 12 D. The responses to 11.5 L : 12.5 D and 12.5 L : 11.5 D were very different, the former perceived as a short photoperiod (birds were photosensitive for most of the time) and the latter as a long photoperiod (birds remained permanently photorefractory). Starlings were then kept on a schedule which ranged from 11.5 L : 12.5 D in mid-winter to 12.5 L : 11.5 D in mid-summer (simulating the annual cycle at 9 °N) for 3 years. These birds entrained precisely to calendar time and changes in testicular size and moult were similar to those of birds under a simulated cycle at 52 °N. These data show that birds are very sensitive to changes in photoperiod but that they do not simply respond to absolute photoperiod nor can they rely on a circannual clock. Instead, birds appear to respond to the shape of the annual change in photoperiod. This proximate control could operate from near equatorial latitudes and would account for similar seasonal timing in individuals of a species over a wide range of latitudes.
Male phenotypic quality influences offspring sex ratio in a polygynous ungulate
Authors: Røed Knut H , Holand Øystein , Mysterud Atle , Tverdal Aage , Kumpula Jouko , Nieminen Mauri
Published: December 2006

Evolutionary models of sex ratio adjustment applied to mammals have ignored that females may gain indirect genetic benefits from their mates. The differential allocation hypothesis (DAH) predicts that females bias the sex ratio of their offspring towards (more costly) males when breeding with an attractive male. We manipulated the number of available males during rut in a polygynous ungulate species, the reindeer (
Rangifer tarandus
), and found that a doubling of average male mass (and thus male attractiveness) in the breeding herd increased the proportion of male offspring from approximately 40 to 60%. Paternity analysis revealed indeed that males of high phenotypic quality sired more males, consistent with the DAH. This insight has consequences for proper management of large mammal populations. Our study suggests that harvesting, by generating a high proportion of young, small and unattractive mates, affects the secondary sex ratio due to differential allocation effects in females. Sustainable management needs to consider not only the direct demographic changes due to harvest mortality and selection, but also the components related to behavioural ecology and opportunities for female choice.
On the action of the rays of the spectrum on vegetable juices: being an extract from a letter by Mrs. M. Somerville to Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart., dated Rome, September 20, 1845. Communicated by Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart., F. R. S
Authors: Somerville Mary
Published: December 2006

In the experiments of which the results are here recorded, the solar spectrum was condensed by a lens of flint glass of seven inches and a half focus, maintained in the same part of the screen by keeping a pin-hole or pencil-mark constantly at the corner of the red rays, which were sharply defined by being viewed through blue spectacles; and the apparatus was covered with black cloth in order to exclude extraneous light. Thick white letter-paper, moistened with the liquid to be examined, was exposed wet to the spectrum, as it was found that the action of the coloured light was thus rendered more immediate and more intense, than when the surface of the paper was dry. The action of the spectrum at the junction of the lavender with the violet rays was found in some cases to be different from what it is with either of these colours separately, indicating a break in the continuity of action, and suggesting the idea of a secondary spectrum. In many instances the yellow and green rays exert a powerful influence on vegetable substances, an influence apparently unconnected with heat; for the darkening is generally least under the red rays and immediately below them, where the calorific rays are most abundant. The action, in a great number of cases, produces insulated spots in different parts of the spectrum, but more especially in the region of the rays of mean refrangibility, in which neither the calorific nor the chemical powers are the greatest. The point of maximum intensity is sometimes altered by the addition of acids, alkalies, or diluted alcohol. But altogether, as the author states, the action of the different parts of the spectrum seems to be very capricious, the changes of colour produced being exceedingly irregular and unaccountable.
II. On the function of the thyroid gland
Authors: Horsley Victor , Foster Michael
Published: December 2006

Up till the year 1883 the function of the thyroid gland was unknown, and considered to be of slight importance, at least to the adult animal. The theories concerning its function were— (1.) The one propounded by Mr. Simon, “ Phil. Trans.,” 1844, &c., viz., that the thyroid body acted as a regulator of the circulation in the brain, and possibly manufactured some substance which was of primary importance for the nutrition of the central nervous system.
On the structure of the palæozoic seed,
Lagenostoma Lomaxi
, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to
Lyginodendron
.
Authors: Oliver Francis Wall , Scott Dukinfield Henry
Published: December 2006

The present communication deals with the structure of
Lagenostoma Lomaxi
, a fossil seed from the lower coal-measures, and with the evidence upon which the authors refer it to the well-known carboniferous plant,
Lyginodendron
. It is found that this species of
Lagenostoma
, especially in its young form, was inclosed in a husk or cupule, borne on a short pedicel. The seed, which is of Cycadean character, is fully described, and its relation to other fossil and recent seeds discussed.
Note on the formation of solids at low temperatures, particu­larly with regard to solid hydrogen.
Authors: Travers Morris William , Ramsay William
Published: December 2006

In the year 1902 Dr. Jaquerod and I carried out some experiments on liquid and solid hydrogen with a view to determining its vapour pressure on the scales of the constant-volume helium and hydrogen thermometers.
A study of the radio-activity of certain minerals and mineral waters.
Authors: Strutt Robert John , Strutt John William
Published: December 2006

A considerable number of minerals are known in varying degrees to be radio-active. Lists have been given by M. and Madame Curie and by Sir W. Crookes, Except in the case of pitchblende, little has been done to determine the nature of the radio-active constituents; or to decide whether any hitherto unknown radio-active body is present.
Further researches on the temperature classification of stars.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman
Published: December 2006

In my first Bakerian Lecture in 1873 I dealt with the question of the spectra of stars, and pointed out that the facts accumulated up to that time by Rutherford and others led to the view that in the reversing layers of the sun and stars various degrees of dissociation are at work.
On the construction of some mercury standards of resistance, with a determination of the temperature coefficient of resistance of mercury.
Authors: Smith F. E. , Glazebrook Richard Tetley
Published: December 2006

This paper contains an account of the construction and measurement of eleven mercury standards of resistance at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington.
On the compressibility of solids.
Authors: Buchanan John Young
Published: December 2006

The solids dealt with in this research are the metals platinum, gold, copper, aluminium, and magnesium. Their absolute linear compress bilities were directly determined at pressures of from 200—30s atmospheres at temperatures between 7° and 11° C.
Further note on some additional points in connection with chloroformed calf vaccine.
Authors: Green Alan B. , Power William Henry
Published: December 2006

Since April, 1903, the date of my preliminary note on this subject, the preparation of calf vaccine by the chloroform process has been carried on in at these laboratories and a large number of vaccines have now been treated by this method.
Further experiments on the production of helium from radium.
Authors: Ramsay William , Soddy Frederick
Published: December 2006

The research, of which a preliminary account has already been given in the ‘ Proceedings,’ vol. 72, pp. 206 and 208, has been continued with the view of ascertaining the volume of emanation produced in a given time from a known weight of radium in the form of bromide, and also the quantity of helium resulting from the spontaneous change of the emanation.
A research into the heat regulation of the body by an investigation of death temperatures.
Authors: Corner Edred M. , Sawyer James E. H. , Langley John Newport
Published: December 2006

The fact has long been known that, in many forms of disease, variations of the bodily temperature occur as death approaches. Our knowledge of such variations is limited to certain apparently sporadic cases.
Damage identification using inverse methods
Authors: Friswell Michael I
Published: December 2006

This paper gives an overview of the use of inverse methods in damage detection and location, using measured vibration data. Inverse problems require the use of a model and the identification of uncertain parameters of this model. Damage is often local in nature and although the effect of the loss of stiffness may require only a small number of parameters, the lack of knowledge of the location means that a large number of candidate parameters must be included. This paper discusses a number of problems that exist with this approach to health monitoring, including modelling error, environmental effects, damage localization and regularization.
Static and dynamic novelty detection methods for jet engine health monitoring
Authors: Hayton Paul , Utete Simukai , King Dennis , King Steve , Anuzis Paul , Tarassenko Lionel
Published: December 2006

Novelty detection requires models of normality to be learnt from training data known to be normal. The first model considered in this paper is a static model trained to detect novel events associated with changes in the vibration spectra recorded from a jet engine. We describe how the distribution of energy across the harmonics of a rotating shaft can be learnt by a support vector machine model of normality. The second model is a dynamic model partially learnt from data using an expectation–maximization-based method. This model uses a Kalman filter to fuse performance data in order to characterize normal engine behaviour. Deviations from normal operation are detected using the normalized innovations squared from the Kalman filter.
An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures
Authors: Lynch Jerome Peter
Published: December 2006

Wireless monitoring has emerged in recent years as a promising technology that could greatly impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. This paper is a summary of research efforts that have resulted in the design of numerous wireless sensing unit prototypes explicitly intended for implementation in civil structures. Wireless sensing units integrate wireless communications and mobile computing with sensors to deliver a relatively inexpensive sensor platform. A key design feature of wireless sensing units is the collocation of computational power and sensors; the tight integration of computing with a wireless sensing unit provides sensors with the opportunity to self-interrogate measurement data. In particular, there is strong interest in using wireless sensing units to build structural health monitoring systems that interrogate structural data for signs of damage. After the hardware and the software designs of wireless sensing units are completed, the Alamosa Canyon Bridge in New Mexico is utilized to validate their accuracy and reliability. To improve the ability of low-cost wireless sensing units to detect the onset of structural damage, the wireless sensing unit paradigm is extended to include the capability to command actuators and active sensors.
An accompt given by Doctor Edward Brown, concerning the copper-mine at Herrn-ground in Hungary
Authors: Brown Edward
Published: December 2006

H
errn-ground
is a little town, seated very high between two Hills, upon a part of land of the same name, an Hungarian mile distant from
Newsol
.
An accompt of three books. - I. De anglorum gentis origine disceptatio, Auth. Rob. Sheringhamo Cantabrigiensi, Colleg. Gonvilii & Caii Socio. Cantabrigiæ, 1670. in 8°., II. A vindication of hydrologia chymica, by William Sympson M. D. London, for R. Chiswell in little Britain, 1670., III. A discourse in vindication of Des-Cartes's systeme, by M. Des Fourneillis: to which in annexed the systeme general of the same cartesian philosophy, by Francis Bayle, M. D. at Tolose. printed at London for Moses
Authors: Cantabrigiensi Rob. Sheringhamo
Published: December 2006

An accompt of three books. - I. De Anglorum gentis origine disceptatio, Auth. Rob. Sheringhamo Cantabrigiensi, Colleg. Gonvilii & Caii Socio. Cantabrigiæ, 1670. in 8°., II. A vindication of hydrologia chymica, by William Sympson M. D. London, for R. Chiswell in little Britain, 1670., III. A discourse in vindication of des. cartes's systeme, by M. Des Fourneillis: to which in annexed the systeme general of the same cartesian philosophy, by Francis Bayle, M. D. at Tolose. printed at London for Moses Pit, in Litle-britain. The Learned Author of this Discourse doth therein inquire into the Origine both of the Antient
Britains
, and of the
Angli
or
English
; having first described the Scituation, Latitude, Form, Fertility, and Temper of the Inhabitants of this
Island
.
An accompt of two books. I. Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle, about the Cosmical Qualities of things; the Temperature of the Sub-terraneal and Sub-marine Regions; and the Bottom of the Sea; together with an introduction to the History of particular qualities. Oxford, 1670. in 8°. II. Catalogus plantarum angli Æ & insularum adjacentium: tum indigenas, tum in agris passim cultas complectens. Operâ Johannis Raji M. A. & Soc. Regiæ Sodalis. Londini, Impensis J. Martyn. 1670. in 12°
Authors: Boyle Robert
Published: December 2006

The main Design of the Noble Author in these as well as his other Physical writings, is to provide still more and more Materials for the History of Nature.
Dr. Wallis’s answer to the foregoing animadversions, directed in a letter to the Publisher, March 19. 1670
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, Yours with the inclosed Animadversions of M.
Childrey
on my Hypothesis of
Tydes
, came so late to hand on Thursday last (when the Post was almost ready to be gone) that I had not time, by that Post, to give you an account of them.
An extract of a letter of M. Hevelius, written to the publisher from Dantzick, August 17/27 1670. Concerning a new star, lately discover'd in the constellation of the swan, together with the present appearance of the planet Saturn
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

Etiamsi non dubitem ultimas meas Tibi esse traditas, nihilominus tamen hisce Te rursus invisere volui, quo vos de Observatione quadam notatu digna certiores facerem, mentemque simul meam ea de re vobis exponerem:
A narrative of a monstrous birth in Plymouth, Octob. 22. 1670; together with the anatomical observations, taken thereupon by William Durston Doctor in Physick, and communicated to Dr. Tim. Clerk
Authors: Durston William
Published: December 2006

One,
Grace Batter'd
, the wife of a shoemaker, of honest Repute, and mother of five Children, now come to the full time to be delivered of a sixth Birth, about twelve a Clock at night began to have travelling pains; and near four a Clock in the morning the Head of a child came to the Birth:
An observation of Dr. Johnstons of Pomphret, communicated by him to Mr. Lister, and by him sent in a letter to the publisher, concerning some stones of a perfect gold-colour, found in animals
Authors: Johnstons
Published: December 2006

That no page of this Letter may be empty (saith Mr. Lister) I shall transcribe for you an Observation of Dr. Johnstons.
Extracts of two letters, written to the Publisher from hamborough by the learned Christophorus Sandius, concerning the origin of pearls
Authors: Sandius Christophorus
Published: December 2006

Touching the Origin of Pearls, of which I formerly gave an intimation, be pleased to receive this account. The Pearl-shells in Norway and elsewhere do breed in Sweet waters. Their shells are like to those, which commonly are called Muscles, but they are larger.
More microscopical observations made by the same M. Leewenhoeck, and promised in numb. 97. Of these tracts; communicated in his letters of August 15. 1673 and of April 7. 1674
Authors: Van Leeuwenhoek Antoni
Published: December 2006

I. I Have divers times endeavoured to see and to know, what parts the
Blood
consists of; and at length I have observ’d, taking some Blood out of my own hand, that it consists of small round globuls driven thorough a Crystalline humidity or water: Yet, whether all Blood be such, I doubt. And exhibiting my Blood to my self in very small parcels,the globuls yielded very little colour.
Some inquiries and suggestions concerning salt for domestique uses; and concerning sheep, to preserve them, and to improve the race of sheep for hardiness, and for the finest drapery: In a letter from Doctor John Beal to the Publilser
Authors: Beale John
Published: December 2006

Salt gives the savour and gust to all our diet; and would be the best and surest prevention against the Rot of Sheep, if it could be had at easie rates upon the Downs
An Accompt of two Books. I. Tractatus quinque Physico-Medici, de sale-nitro & spiritu nitro-aereo; de respiratione; de respiratione fætus in utero & ovo; de motu musculari & sporotibus anim alibus; de rachitide: Auth. John. Mayow LL. D. & Medici, &c. Oxonii, è Theat. Sheldoniano 1674, in 8°. II. Anatome Corporis Humani, conscripta ab Isbrando de Diemerbroeck, Med. & Anatomes Professore, Ultrajecti, 1671. in 4°
Authors: Mayow John
Published: December 2006

The
first
Treatise of this Book handling of
Niter
and the
Nitro-aëreal Spirit
, premiseth a
History
of
Niter
, and concerning it teaches; What are its component parts; How ‘tis produced in the Earth; What the Air contributes to its generation, and what the
Earth
it self: Which last he esteems to be made up of a Fixt Salt and Sulphur closely combin’d, and to contain the
Seeds
of Fixt Salts, even when elixiviated; which Seeds,
he saith
, are by an Aerial influx and ferment in tract of time digested and matur’d into a Fixt Salt.
A narrative of some observations made upon several voyages, un­dertaken to find a way for sailing about the north to the East-Indies, and for returning the same way from thence hither
Authors: van Nierop Dirick Rembrantz
Published: December 2006

A narrative of some observations made upon several voyages, un­dertaken to find a way for sailing about the north to the East-Indies, and for returning the same way from thence hither: Together with Instructions given by the Dutch East-India company for the discovery of the famous land of Jesso near Japan. To which is added a relation of sailing through the Northern America to the East-Indies. Englished by the publisher out of Dutch, which had been compos'd by Dirick Rembrantz van Nierop, and printed at Amsterdam 1674. in 4°. Amongst the several wayes, by eminent Navigators thought up­on, for sailing to the
East-lndies
, that seems not the least considerable, which hath been proposed and attempted to be perform’d by the North-East.
An account of what hath been observed here in London and Derby, by Mr. Hook, Mr. Flamstead, and others, concerning the late eclipse of the moon, of Jan. 1. 1675
Authors: Hook  , Flamsteed John
Published: December 2006

At
Derby
(which differs from
London
in Longitude 5. min.) Mr.
Flamstead
observ'd the beginning of the entrance of the True Shadow h. 5. & 19′.
Observatio Eclipseos Lunæ totalis cum occultationibus quarundam Fixarum, habita à Joh. Hevelio Anno 1675. die
♀
, 11 Januarii St. n. Vesp
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

Ovò rariùs nobis Eclipses Lunares totales cum morâ bîc Gedani bactenus in conspectum venerunt, eò exactius banc observare ab omni parte allaboravimus; præprimis cùm cœlum admodùm sudum extiterit, ut omina quæcunq; volueram, non solùm initium Eclipseos, cum immerstone, emerstone, & ipso sine, sed etiam plurimas phases, cum aliis quibusdam rarissimis phænomenis, occulationes videlicet nonnullarum Fixarum, & quidem ipso tempore maximæ obcurations, ex voto deprehandere & annotare licuerit
.
A letter written to the Publisher by the Excellent Cassini, re­lating to the foregoing observations
Authors: Cassini
Published: December 2006

Oberservationes D. Flamstedii
circa novissimam Lune Eclipsincum nostris in
Regio Observatorio
habitis magna cum voluptate contuli
.
Ex iis quippe
differntiam Meridianorum,
quam oiim norftrarum
Observationum collatione
, Minutorum I I
definieram, nunc decem novis Comparationum candem intra pauca Secunda video confirmari
.
Some experiments made in the Air-pump by Monsieur Papin, directed by Monsieur Hugens, (as appears in the discourse printed at Paris, 1674.)
Authors: Papin Denis , Hugens
Published: December 2006

To mingle diveres Liquors together by means of the
Air-pump
, there were employed two small glasses, wherof the one could enter into the other, and the least of the two was fastned to the hook of an Iron-wire, and the greater put under it, and the said Wire was so ordered, that these two Glasses were a little distant one from another, until the Recipient were evacuated of Air.
A letter of the ingenious Mr. Jessop of Broomhal in York-shire, containing a further account of damps in mines, promised in numb. 117. of these tracts
Authors: Jessop
Published: December 2006

Sir, In order to give Mr.
Boyle
and you some satisfaction to your last Letter, I went to
Wingersworth
this last week.
A letter of Mr. Franc. Linus, written to the publisher from Liege the 25th of Febr. 1675. st. n. being a reply to the letter printed in Numb. 110. by way of answer to a former letter of the same Mr. Linus, concerning Mr. Isaac Newton’s theory of light and colours
Authors: Linus Franc.
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir
, In yours of Dec. 17. which I received about the end of
Jan
you say, I may rest assured,
First
, that the Experiment was made in clear days.
Of the incalescence of quicksilver with gold, generously imparted by B. R
Authors: B. R
Published: December 2006

The Introduction of the Publisher
. Though the following discourse was by the Author of it made part of a short
Examen
of the supposed Sympathy between
Gold
Quicksilver
, (which it self belongs to another Treatise;) yet the worthiness of the subject, and the great curiosity that is observed among many Virtuosi, (not only
Chymists
, but others,) about
Mercurial
Preparations and Experiment, made me think I might do them an acceptable piece of service, if I could prevail with the Author to sever them from the papers, whereto he had annex'd them, (but to which they seemed not absolutely necessary) though upon the conditions he judg'd requisite to insist on.
5. An abstract of a letter from Dr. Wincler chief Physitian of the Prince Palatine, dat. Dec. 22. 1682 to Dr. Fred. Slare Fellow of the Royal Society, containing an account of a Murren in Switzerland, and the method of its cure
Authors: Wincler
Published: December 2006

On the borders of
Italy
a
Murren
infected the
Cattle
which spread farther into
Switzerland
, the Territories of
Wirtemburg
, and over other
Provinces
, and made great destruction amongst the
Cattle
.
2. A remarkable relation of a man bitten with a mad dog, and dying of the disease called hydrophobia, sent in a letter to the Royal Society by the learned Martin Lister Esquire, dated from York March 26. 1683
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Have formerly entertained the R. S. with odd cases in Physick; as of the Stone cut from under the Tongue of a man; of
Lumbrici teretes
found in the Ancle of a Child; of a monstrous Worm vomited, &c.