bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First line treatment selection modifies disease course and long-term clinical outcomes in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease
Authors: Fukushima Kiyoharu , Kitada Seigo , Komukai Sho , Kuge Tomoki , Matsuki Takanori , Kagawa Hiroyuki , Tsujino Kazuyuki , Miki Mari , Miki Keisuke , Kida Hiroshi
Published: January 2021

The combination of rifamycin (RFP), ethambutol (EB), and macrolides is currently the standard regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD). However, poor adherence to the standardized regimens recommended by current guidelines have been reported. We undertook a single-centred retrospective cohort study to evaluate the long-term outcomes in 295 patients with MAC-PD following first line treatment with standard (RFP, EB, clarithromycin [CAM]) or alternative (EB and CAM with or without fluoroquinolones (FQs) or RFP, CAM, and FQs) regimens. In this cohort, 80.7% were treated with standard regimens and 19.3% were treated with alternative regimens. After heterogeneity was statistically corrected using propensity scores, outcomes were superior in patients treated with standard regimens. Furthermore, alternative regimens were significantly and independently associated with sputum non-conversion, treatment failure and emergence of CAM resistance. Multivariate cox regression analysis revealed that older age, male, old tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, higher C-reactive protein, and cavity were positively associated with mortality, while higher body mass index and M. avium infection were negatively associated with mortality. These data suggest that, although different combination regimens are not associated with mortality, first line administration of a standard RFP + EB + macrolide regimen offers the best chance of preventing disease progression in MAC-PD patients.
Polymeric micelles using cholinium-based ionic liquids for the encapsulation and release of hydrophobic drug molecules
Authors: Kurnik Isabelle S. , D'Angelo Natália A. , Mazzola Priscila G. , Chorilli Marlus , Kamei Daniel T. , Pereira Jorge F. B. , Vicente António A. , Lopes André M.
Published: January 2021

We generated stable amphiphilic copolymer-based polymeric micelles (PMs) with temperature-responsive properties utilizing Pluronic® L35 and a variety of ionic liquids (ILs) for the encapsulation and release of curcumin.
Synthesis and immunological evaluation of synthetic peptide based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates
Authors: Zhao Qingyu , Gao Yanan , Xiao Min , Huang Xuefei , Wu Xuanjun
Published: January 2021

The CRM197–RBD peptide conjugates were developed, which elicited robust neutralizing IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
BiOBr/Ti3C2 nanocomposites prepared via an octanol solvothermal method to achieve enhanced visible photocatalytic properties
Authors: Meng XiaoRong , Song JinFeng , Ren Jing , Zhu JunFeng
Published: January 2021

BiOBr nanospheres grown in situ on lamellar Ti3C2 were synthesised in an octanol solvothermal system to obtain BiOBr/Ti3C2 heterojunction composites with high visible photocatalytic activity (OBT).
A chromatography-free total synthesis of a ferrocene-containing dendrimer exhibiting the property of recognizing 9,10-diphenylanthracene
Authors: Kasprzak Artur , Nisiewicz Monika K. , Nowicka Anna M.
Published: January 2021

Efficient chromatography-free synthesis of a new example of an aromatic dendrimer bearing nine ferrocene residues and its application in the detection of 9,10-diphenylanthracene are reported.
A Lamellibranchia-inspired epidermal electrode for electrophysiology
Authors: Ye Guo , Qiu Jiakang , Fang Xiaoyu , Yu Tianhao , Xie Yayan , Zhao Yan , Yan Dongpeng , He Chengzhi , Liu Nan
Published: January 2021

Inspired by Lamellibranchia, a skin-like epidermal electrode that simultaneously possesses transparent, stretchable, adhesive and rapidly self-healing properties was designed and developed for high-quality electrophysiological monitoring.
In situ construction of a direct Z-scheme AgBr/α-Ag2WO4 heterojunction with promoted spatial charge migration and photocatalytic performance
Authors: Zhai Xiao-Ya , Zhao Yi-Fan , Zhang Guo-Ying , Wang Bing-Yu , Mao Qi-Yun
Published: January 2021

A hierarchical AgBr/α-Ag2WO4 Z-scheme heterojunction was facially constructed for greatly improved photocatalytic activity towards pollutant elimination due to promoted spatial separation of carriers with high redox capacity.
Resistive crack-based nanoparticle strain sensors with extreme sensitivity and adjustable gauge factor, made on flexible substrates
Authors: Aslanidis Evangelos , Skotadis Evangelos , Tsoukalas Dimitris
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we report the demonstration of highly sensitive flexible strain sensors formed by a network of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) grown under vacuum on top of a cracked thin alumina film which has been deposited by atomic layer deposition.
Stable bright perovskite nanoparticle thin porous films for color enhancement in modern liquid crystal displays
Authors: Gao Yiyang , Prodanov Maksym F. , Kang Chengbin , Vashchenko Valerii V. , Gupta Swadesh K. , Chan Christopher C. S. , Wong Kam Sing , Srivastava Abhishek K.
Published: January 2021

Inorganic perovskite nanoparticles are encapsulated in polymer matrix in porous polymer film with enhanced stability against high temperature, humidity and illumination. The film is applied as a color enhancement film for liquid crystal displays.
Taking advantage of lithium monohalocarbenoid intrinsic α-elimination in 2-MeTHF: controlled epoxide ring-opening en route to halohydrins
Authors: Ielo Laura , Miele Margherita , Pillari Veronica , Senatore Raffaele , Mirabile Salvatore , Gitto Rosaria , Holzer Wolfgang , Alcántara Andrés R. , Pace Vittorio
Published: January 2021

Lithium monohalocarbenoids are useful synthons for conducting C1-homologations, although their high tendency to undergo degradative α-elimination, leading to a lithium halide and a free carbene, is the main drawback for expanding their use in synthesis.
Temperature-dependence on the optical properties of chitosan carbon dots in the solid state
Authors: Sonsin Artur F. , Nascimento Sendy M. S. , Albuquerque Itiara Mayra B. , Silva Elaine C. O. , Rocha José Carlos A. , Oliveira Raissa S. , Barbosa Cintya D' Angeles E. S. , Souza Samuel T. , Fonseca Eduardo J. S.
Published: January 2021

Effect of thermal treatment on chitosan CDs in the solid state causes a redshift of PL emission and changes in surface states.
Sorting and decoration of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes via the quaternization reaction
Authors: Luo Ying , Maimaiti Yuemaierjiang , Maimaitiyiming Xieraili , Xie Chuang , Pei Tiezhu
Published: January 2021

An effective route to decorate and selectively separate alcohol-soluble sc-SWCNTs has been proposed.
Novel structural phases and the properties of LaX (X = P, As) under high pressure: first-principles study
Authors: Zhou Yu , Shi Lan-Ting , Liang A-Kun , Zeng Zhao-Yi , Chen Xiang-Rong , Geng Hua-Yun
Published: January 2021

The structures, phase transition, mechanical stability, electronic structures, and thermodynamic properties of lanthanide phosphates (LaP and LaAs) are studied in the pressure range of 0 to 100 GPa by first principles.
A novel red-emitting phosphor Mg2Y2Al2Si2O12:Ce3+/Mn2+ for blue chip-based white LEDs
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Wang Zhijun , Li Yuebin , Liu Jinjin , Bao Qi , Meng Xiangyu , Qiu Keliang , Yang Zhiping , Wang Dawei , Li Panlai
Published: January 2021

The change of the emission spectra of Mg1.93Y2-xAl2Si2O12:0.07Ce3+, xMn2+ originates from the change of the structure and the energy transfer between ions.
Selection and characterization of toxic Aspergillus spore-specific DNA aptamer using spore-SELEX
Authors: Seo Jin-Woo , Kim Jee Young , Kim Da Hee , Oh Jeong-Joo , Kim Young Jun , Kim Gyu-Hyeok
Published: January 2021

Spore-SELEX was performed for the isolation of an Aspergillus spore-specific aptamer.
Inhibitory activity of quercetin, its metabolite, and standard antiviral drugs towards enzymes essential for SARS-CoV-2: the role of acid–base equilibria
Authors: Milanović Žiko B. , Antonijević Marko R. , Amić Ana D. , Avdović Edina H. , Dimić Dušan S. , Milenković Dejan A. , Marković Zoran S.
Published: January 2021

Identification of potential inhibitory effect of acid–base species of quercetin and its metabolite as well as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and cinanserin, at physiological pH, on proteins essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus survival.
Surface plasmon-driven photocatalytic activity of Ni@NiO/NiCO3 core–shell nanostructures
Authors: Talebi Parisa , Singh Harishchandra , Rani Ekta , Huttula Marko , Cao Wei
Published: January 2021

Surface plasmonic resonance enabled Ni@NiO/NiCO3 core–shell nanostructures as promising photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution under visible light.
Effect of ion exchange resin particle size on homogeneity and leachability of Cs and Co in polymer waste form
Authors: Kim Jueun , Singh Bhupendra Kumar , Um Wooyong
Published: January 2021

Ball mill ground IER waste form resulted in relatively better homogeneous waste distribution and displayed superior Cs leachability compared with the same polymer waste form prepared with non-ground IER.
Direct DME synthesis on CZZ/H-FER from variable CO2/CO syngas feeds
Authors: Wild Stefan , Polierer Sabrina , Zevaco Thomas A. , Guse David , Kind Matthias , Pitter Stephan , Herrera Delgado Karla , Sauer Jörg
Published: January 2021

Catalyst systems for the conversion of synthesis gas, which are tolerant to fluctuating CO/CO2 gas compositions, have great potential for process-technical applications, related to the expected changes in the synthesis gas supply.
Synthesis of new M-layer solid-solution 312 MAX phases (Ta1−xTix)3AlC2 (x = 0.4, 0.62, 0.75, 0.91 or 0.95), and their corresponding MXenes
Authors: Rigby-Bell Maxwell T. P. , Natu Varun , Sokol Maxim , Kelly Daniel J. , Hopkinson David G. , Zou Yichao , Bird James R. T. , Evitts Lee J. , Smith Matt , Race Christopher P. , Frankel Philipp , Haigh Sarah J. , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: January 2021

Synthesis of a new solid solution (Ta,Ti)3C2Tx MXene from the new quaternary (Ta,Ti)3AlC2 MAX phase system, with variable Ti : Ta ratios, has been demonstrated.
Re-dispersion of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts by hydrothermal treatment for CO oxidation
Authors: Choi Min Suk , Jeong Hojin , Lee Hyunjoo
Published: January 2021

PdM (M: Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts deposited on ceria were hydrothermally treated, resulting in re-dispersion of the metal species. They showed enhanced activity for CO oxidation.
About the transformation of low Tm into high Tm poly(l-lactide)s by annealing under the influence of transesterification catalysts
Authors: Weidner Steffen M. , Meyer Andreas , Chatti Saber , Kricheldorf Hans R.
Published: January 2021

Cyclic polylactides were prepared in bulk at 170 °C, crystallized at 120 °C and then annealed at temperatures between 130 and 170 °C with variation of catalyst, catalyst concentration and annealing time.
Growth morphology and symmetry selection of interfacial instabilities in anisotropic environments
Authors: Zhang Qing , Amooie Amin , Bazant Martin Z. , Bischofberger Irmgard
Published: January 2021

We show that both the viscosity ratio between the inner and outer fluid and the degree of anisotropy control the symmetry of dendritic patterns in the viscous fingering instability.
Stabilisation of hollow colloidal TiO2 particles by partial coating with evenly distributed lobes
Authors: Peng Bo , Liu Yanyan , Aarts Dirk G. A. L. , Dullens Roel P. A.
Published: January 2021

A simple synthetic strategy is developed to stabilise hollow colloidal TiO2 particles against aggregation during their calcination and their use as the photocatalysts by partially coating the shells with evenly distributed lobes.
First electrochemical synthesis of mesoporous RhNi alloy films for an alkali-mediated hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Kani Kenya , Lim Hyunsoo , Whitten Andrew E. , Wood Kathleen , Yago Anya J. E. , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Henzie Joel , Na Jongbeom , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: January 2021

The mesoporous RhNi alloy films are synthesized by controlling the concentration of Rh precursor, applied potentials, and pH via the electrochemical co-deposition method with self-assembled polymeric micelles templates for enhancing electrocatalytic properties.
Spontaneous formation of a core–shell structure by a lithium ion conductive garnet-type oxide electrolyte for co-sintering with the cathode
Authors: Ohta Shingo , Kihira Yuki , Asaoka Takahiko
Published: January 2021

The Sr–LLZ formed a core–shell structure in which Sr and La on the surface were concentrated and diluted, respectively, thus suppressing the chemical reaction with NCM and the battery worked at almost its theoretical capacity.
Manipulating the cross-layer channels in g-C3N4 nanosheet membranes for enhanced molecular transport
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Cui Xulin , Wang Qi , Wang Jingtao , Wu Wenjia , Li Wenpeng , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: January 2021

Cross-layer channels display ‘gate effect’ to govern molecular selectivity for lamellar membranes. Membranes with hydrophilic/hydrophobic heterostructured channels acquire elevated polar solvent permeance and polar/nonpolar solvents selectivity.
Liquid–metal-bridge∼island design: seamless integration of intrinsically stretchable liquid metal circuits and mechanically deformable structures for ultra-stretchable all-solid-state rechargeable Zn–air battery arrays
Authors: Zhao Juanjuan , Hu Haibo , Fang Weiguang , Bai Zhiman , Zhang Wen , Wu Mingzai
Published: January 2021

The demonstrated “liquid-metal-bridge∼island” architecture enables the fabrication of ultra-stretchable solid-state micro-Zn–air battery arrays with tunable open circuit voltage/peak power (1.35–5.24 V/38–145 mW), large elongation (400%), and excellent integration capability.
Phytic acid functionalized magnetic bimetallic metal–organic frameworks for phosphopeptide enrichment
Authors: Yan Shuang , Luo Bin , He Jia , Lan Fang , Wu Yao
Published: January 2021

Novel bimetallic metal–organic framework nanocomposites were fabricated by a facile yet efficient method. The as-prepared nanomaterial exhibited high sensitivity and high selectivity toward phosphopeptides and good reusability of five cycles for enriching phosphopeptides.
Bulk-heterojunction photocapacitors with high open-circuit voltage for low light intensity photostimulation of neurons
Authors: Srivastava Shashi Bhushan , Melikov Rustamzhon , Yildiz Erdost , Dikbas Ugur Meric , Sadeghi Sadra , Kavakli Ibrahim Halil , Sahin Afsun , Nizamoglu Sedat
Published: January 2021

All-optical control of strength and switching speed of neuromodulating currents.
Isotopic study of Raman active phonon modes in β-Ga2O3
Authors: Janzen Benjamin M. , Mazzolini Piero , Gillen Roland , Falkenstein Andreas , Martin Manfred , Tornatzky Hans , Maultzsch Janina , Bierwagen Oliver , Wagner Markus R.
Published: January 2021

The Raman-active phonon modes of β-Ga2O3 in two O isotope compositions are studied by theory and experiment. Raman modes dominated by different, inequivalent O lattice sites were identified and can be used for the investigation of point defects.
pH control of conductance in a pyrazolyl Langmuir–Blodgett monolayer
Authors: Herrer L. , Martín S. , González-Orive A. , Milan D. C. , Vezzoli A. , Nichols R. J. , Serrano J. L. , Cea P.
Published: January 2021

In this contribution pyrazole is identified as an excellent anchor group that forms high quality films under pH controlled conditions, allowing the modulation of the electrical properties with a more efficient electronic coupling in basic conditions.
Anchor selection by geometric dilution of precision for an indoor positioning system using ultra‐wide band technology
Authors: Albaidhani Abbas , Alsudani Ahlam
Published: January 2021

In wireless localization systems, the performance enhancement of location estimation is an important goal. In recent years, different positioning systems using an ultra‐wide band (UWB) technology have been created, and always an evaluation metric to test such systems is needed for ensuring a suitable system for a specified application. Also, a non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) identification and mitigation method is needed usually when utilizing the UWB technology. The mean‐square‐error (MSE) and geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) evaluation metrics are widely implemented as standard for choosing a perfect system. In a harsh environment, a novel algorithm of indoor positioning (IP) system is presented using the UWB technology without implementing any NLOS identification and mitigation technique and the localization accuracy is evaluated online. The UWB is used to communicate a mobile station (M) with n anchor nodes distributed randomly and clustered by utilizing a combination method to create different groups, and then a conventional linearized least square (LLS) method is utilized by each group for locating M. A weighted GDOP metric is implemented online to assess the positioning accuracy of each group. Then, the group having the lowest positioning error among other groups is selected to relocate M using a proposed LLS, named modified LLS, for the selected group to enhance the positioning accuracy. The created system outperforms different IP systems in the market for the last decade in terms of time, complexity, and accuracy. The created IP system has a positioning error around 25 cm2 of MSE in a hard environment, which is less than those of different IP systems created recently in the market.
Hopf bifurcation for an SIR model with age structure
Authors: Cao Hui , Yan Dongxue , Xu Xiaxia
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with an SIR model with age structure of infected individuals. We formulate the model as an abstract non-densely defined Cauchy problem and derive the conditions for the existence of all the feasible equilibrium points of the system. The criteria for both stability and instability involving system parameters are obtained. Bifurcation analysis indicates that the system with age structure exhibits Hopf bifurcation which is the main result of this paper. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate our obtained results.
Qualitative analysis and optimal control of an SIR model with logistic growth, non-monotonic incidence and saturated treatment
Authors: Ghosh Jayanta Kumar , Majumdar Prahlad , Ghosh Uttam
Published: January 2021

This paper describes an SIR model with logistic growth rate of susceptible population, non-monotonic incidence rate and saturated treatment rate. The existence and stability analysis of equilibria have been investigated. It has been shown that the disease free equilibrium point (DFE) is globally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than unity and the transmission rate of infection less than some threshold. The system exhibits the transcritical bifurcation at DFE with respect to the cure rate. We have also found the condition for occurring the backward bifurcation, which implies the value of basic reproduction number less than unity is not enough to eradicate the disease. Stability or instability of different endemic equilibria has been shown analytically. The system also experiences the saddle-node and Hopf bifurcation. The existence of Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation (BT) of co-dimension 2 has been investigated which has also been shown through numerical simulations. Here we have used two control functions, one is vaccination control and other is treatment control. We have solved the optimal control problem both analytically and numerically. Finally, the efficiency analysis has been used to determine the best control strategy among vaccination and treatment.
Globalization and its impact on Slovak economy during corona crisis
Authors: Hlawiczka Roman , Kollar Boris
Published: January 2021

Research background:The presented article analysis major impacts of corona crisis on global and subsequently Slovak economy. It divides major impacts into several basic categories. These categories are presented in the methods part of the article. First of all, we analyze and discuss economic impacts, subsequently shocks in supply and demand and at last impacts of policies. These categories contain wide literature research in order to offer complex overview of the topic. The results and discussion part offers comparison of three important economic indicators. Namely gross domestic product, inflation rate and unemployment rate in periods before, during and shortly after the corona crisis. Some of the selected countries play major role in global economy – China, United States and European union. Other selected economies have the most direct impact on Slovak economy like Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Austria. For complex overview, we also included results of Euro area and Italy as a country with the worst course of pandemic.

Purpose of the article:Major purpose of presented article is description of major impacts of corona crisis on Global and Slovak economy. The need to shut down individual parts of economies and in some cases total lock down results in important damages. The article underlines these damages.

Methods:Among the methods used in this article, the most important one have descriptively analytical character. We also used other methods of formal logic like analysis, graphic method, comparison and synthesis.

Findings & Value added:Overview of the major corona crisis impacts on Slovak and global economy during corona crisis.
Assessing Profit Shifting in Lithuanian Firms
Authors: Kundelis Egidijus , Legenzova Renata , Kartanas Julijonas
Published: January 2021

Research background:Multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ tax avoidance by ability to use differences in tax systems of various countries to successfully incur effective tax rate that is lower than the statutory one. Literature analysis revealed that previous research rarely concentrated on profit shifting practices in small economies. It mostly covered large countries (USA, Germany) or regions (e.g. Europe). Research on Lithuania, as a small open economy characterized by lower corporate income tax rates, is a relevant case for the analysis.

Purpose of the article:The purpose of the article is to assess profit shifting via transfer mispricing in Lithuanian companies.

Methods:Regression analysis with fixed effects was applied to a sample of 3,563 Lithuanian companies for the period of 2010–2018. The data was retrieved from Amadeus database.

Findings & Value added:The results of testing profit shifting channel – transfer mispricing – showed that tax incentives significantly affect earnings of MNEs in the sample while results of domestic firms are puzzling. Earnings of multinationals in the sample are strongly affected by statutory tax rate difference between the subsidiary operating in Lithuania and the parent company in a foreign country. Such results may imply that in small economies like Lithuania (characterized by lower tax rates and lower tax avoidance costs) profit shifting via transfer mispricing is used by MNEs as a channel of corporate tax avoidance.
Explanatory Power of Earnings Management Models
Authors: Metzker Zdenko , Siekelova Anna
Published: January 2021

Research background: Authors deal with the current issue of Earnings Management (hereafter „EM“). It can be said that the emphasis on this issue is constantly growing, especially abroad. Under the condition of Slovak economy, earnings management practices are considered to be a currently developing issue. Based on the globalization, EM practices, models and techniques created abroad are also reaching European countries. Mainly after the recent economic fluctuations caused by financial crisis or COVID-19, the application of earnings management principles in companies with an effort to achieve a balanced profit can be assumed. Within studies or researches, there are many earnings management models. Most of them were created abroad. It means in different economic conditions. There is therefore a question of their use in the conditions of the Slovak economy. Particular importance is their explanatory power, which they achieve in different economic conditions than those in which they arose.

Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to test the explanatory power of selected foreign models in the Slovak Republic.

Methods: Statistical methods used in selected EM models (regression, Mann-Whitney nonparametric test); adjusted R square predicted sign of a variable, standard deviation significance level of model to verify the explanatory power of selected models.

Findings & Value added: The added value of the contribution is in the testing of the explanatory power of selected foreign models in other economic conditions in which they were created.
Impact of global changes in the business environment in relation to risk management
Authors: Buganová Katarína , Šimíčková Jana , Brutovský Michal
Published: January 2021

Research background: Entrepreneurial activity is largely affected by negative changes in the global business environment, as evidenced by the huge impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the entrepreneurial activity of Slovak enterprises. It is here that the importance of proactive risk management is reaffirmed, which should be an integral part of the enterprise’s management and thus preventively assess possible risks and their consequences and be prepared to manage them and not just respond to a crisis situation.

Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to point out the importance of risk management in business and project management in connection with the globalization of the business environment. Assess the readiness of Slovak enterprises to ensure the continuity of business activities in connection with negative changes in the business environment such as the COVID 19 pandemic.

Methods: The article will be processed using basic scientific methods. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the researched problem, comparison and generalization of conclusions will be processed through observation, analysis, comparison and synthesis, including several managerial methods for risk assessment and management.

Findings & Value added: Successful implementation of risk management in the enterprise and within the project activities from the point of view of prevention of crisis situations in the enterprise caused by interruption of operation as well as premature termination of projects is a means to maintain continuity and competitiveness of business activities and achieve project goals in the global market.
Product packaging communication in the global market – the analysis of consumer behaviour
Authors: Kabaja Bartłomiej
Published: January 2021

Research background: Business activities of international companies primarily focus on the use of marketing instruments to shape global markets. The basic tactic tools employed are those related to the product and its brand. The changes in lifestyle observed in global society have led to an increase in the importance of packaging and labelling as a means of conveying information from the manufacturer to the consumer.

Purpose of the article: The aim of the study was to analyze consumer behavior related to the selection of canned carbonated drinks offered by various producers, operating on the global and local market. The research material comprised 10 packages of canned carbonated drinks. In terms of the variety of flavors, the products belonged to two different groups: orange-flavored and lemon-flavored.

Methods: Eye tracking was the method used in the study. Eye tracking is a research tool consisting in tracking the visual activity of the examined person. Carbonated drinks evaluations were performed using Tobii X2-30 Eye-tracker. Sixty subjects participated in the test.

Findings & Value added: The conducted research shows that consumers are more likely to choose the products of global brands than the local ones. In the first part of the study, the respondents focused on graphical elements representing fruit. In the second part, the subjects more often focused on the verbal elements that had been removed from the first part of the test. These findings suggest that verbal elements are very important in the purchasing behavior of consumers.
Müde Witwe – Red Flags erkennen
Authors: von Piekartz Harry , Zalpour Christoff
Published: January 2021

Seit Jahren schon hat Sarah J. das Gefühl, immer müder und weniger belastbar zu werden. Selbst im Garten schafft sie kaum noch was. Liegt es wirklich nur am Verlust ihres Mannes? Zunehmende Zahn- und Kieferschmerzen und Schmerzen im Thorax führen sie zur Physiotherapie. Dort rückt eine andere Vermutung in den Fokus.
Widerstandsfähig in belastenden Zeiten – Human-Balance-Kompass
Authors: Holtmeier Lisa
Published: January 2021

Die aktuelle Situation ist privat und beruflichbesonders belastend. Arbeitende, Lernende, Eltern und Privatpersonen sind auf verschiedene Weisen von der Pandemie betroffen und auf eine besondere Art gefordert. Was ist in diesen Zeiten mit unserer Gesundheit? Mit unserer Selbstfürsorge? Und wie funktioniert erfolgreiche Stressprävention? Ist das überhaupt möglich?
Fall für Drei Zurück in den Stall
Authors: Schäfer Mirjam , Wildi Samantha , Staubli Stefan
Published: January 2021

Für den Landwirt Herrn Schneider war es ein Schock: Nach einem schweren Unfall ist er Paraplegiker. Sein Ziel war es, seinen Bauernhof wieder möglichst selbstständig zu betreiben. Dabei unterstützten ihn eine Ergotherapeutin, eine Physiotherapeutin sowie ein Jobcoach.
Analyse biografischer Ereignisse bei unterschiedlichen Gruppen von Konsumierenden amphetaminartiger Substanzen in Deutschland: Eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Zurhold Heike , Martens Marcus Sebastian , Degkwitz Peter , Rosenkranz Moritz , Verthein Uwe
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund Amphetaminartige Stimulanzien (ATS; so wie Amphetamin, Methamphetamin und 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamin (MDMA oder Ecstasy) und Ritalin) sind die zweithäufigsten konsumierten Substanzen in Europa. Dennoch liegen nur wenige Studien dazu vor, unter welchen Bedingungen sich unterschiedliche Konsummuster von ATS entwickeln. Um die Konsumverläufe bei 6 unterschiedlichen Konsumgruppen zu untersuchen, wurde die europäische ATTUNE Studie durchgeführt. Anhand der in Deutschland durchgeführten 60 qualitativen Interviews werden die biografischen Hintergründe vor dem Einstieg in einen ATS Konsum und die damit verbundenen Lebensereignisse im Lebenslauf untersucht.

Methodik Die Entwicklungsbedingungen vor dem Einstieg wurden im Gruppenvergleich zwischen aktuell konsumierenden und aktuell abstinenten ATS-Abhängigen, häufigen, gelegentlichen und nicht ATS Konsumierenden analysiert. Begleitend zum Interview wurden Life Course Charts eingesetzt, mit denen alle wichtigen Lebensereignisse dokumentiert wurden. Die durchschnittliche Anzahl positiver, neutraler und negativer Lebensereignisse im Lebenslauf wurde für die Gruppen und nach Geschlecht ermittelt und durch non-parametrische Verfahren ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse ATS-Abhängige waren im Vergleich zu allen anderen Gruppen vor Konsumbeginn signifikant stärker durch negative Lebensereignisse wie der Alkoholabhängigkeit eines Elternteils und Gewalterfahrungen belastet. Frauen waren deutlich belasteter als Männer. Stabile Entwicklungsbedingungen durch familiäre Fürsorge, Freunde und eine Ausbildung wiesen primär die häufigen und gelegentlichen ATS Konsumierenden auf. In diesen Gruppen dominierten zudem positive Ereignisse im gesamten Lebenslauf. Frühe und fortgesetzte Belastungen stellen einen hohen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines problematischen ATS Konsums dar, während positive Lebensereignisse eine protektive Wirkung haben.

Schlussfolgerungen Da sich abhängige und nicht-abhängige ATS Konsumierende in ihren Unterstützungsbedürfnissen unterscheiden, müssen präventive Maßnahmen auf die jeweiligen Konsummuster abgestimmt sein .Hierzu zählen Nightlife-Präventionsangebote durch peers für einen ATS Konsum im Partysetting sowie spezifische Beratungs-und Behandlungsangebote für diejenigen mit einem abhängigen und oder problematischen Konsum. Angesichts der hohen Belastung von Frauen durch negative Lebensereignisse besteht der Bedarf nach frauenspezifischen Angeboten.
Facial Nerve EMG: Low-Tech Monitoring with a Stopwatch
Authors: Prell Julian , Scheller Christian , Simmermacher Sebastian , Strauss Christian , Rampp Stefan
Published: January 2021

Objective The quantity of A-trains, a high-frequency pattern of free-running facial nerve electromyography, is correlated with the risk for postoperative high-grade facial nerve paresis. This correlation has been confirmed by automated analysis with dedicated algorithms and by visual offline analysis but not by audiovisual real-time analysis.

Methods An investigator was presented with 29 complete data sets measured during actual surgeries in real time and without breaks in a random order. Data were presented either strictly via loudspeaker (audio) or simultaneously by loudspeaker and computer screen (audiovisual). Visible and/or audible A-train activity was then quantified by the investigator with the computerized equivalent of a stopwatch. The same data were also analyzed with quantification of A-trains by automated algorithms.

Results Automated (auto) traintime (TT), known to be a small, yet highly representative fraction of overall A-train activity, ranged from 0.01 to 10.86 s (median: 0.58 s). In contrast, audio-TT ranged from 0 to 1,357.44 s (median: 29.69 s), and audiovisual-TT ranged from 0 to 786.57 s (median: 46.19 s). All three modalities were correlated to each other in a highly significant way. Likewise, all three modalities correlated significantly with the extent of postoperative facial paresis. As a rule of thumb, patients with visible/audible A-train activity < 1 minute presented with a more favorable clinical outcome than patients with > 1 minute of A-train activity.

Conclusion Detection and even quantification of A-trains is technically possible not only with intraoperative automated real-time calculation or postoperative visual offline analysis, but also with very basic monitoring equipment and real-time good quality audiovisual analysis. However, the investigator found audiovisual real-time-analysis to be very demanding; thus tools for automated quantification can be very helpful in this respect.
A Hirschsprung Pull-through, “with a Twist”
Authors: Ahmad Hira , Halleran Devin R. , Quintanilla Raquel , Gasior Alessandra C. , Wood Richard J. , Levitt Marc A.
Published: January 2021

Hirschsprung disease is the most common neurocristopathy in children, resulting in the congenital loss of enteric ganglia. Surgery, which involves resecting the aganglionic segment and restoring bowel continuity, usually results in a good outcome; however, some patients suffer from multiple episodes of enterocolitis and other obstructive symptoms. A contrast enema, examination under anesthesia, and rectal biopsy can identify the cause of obstruction in many cases, including a rare explanation, a twist of the pull-through, a case of which we present here.
Peripheral Inflammatory Blood Markers in Diagnosis of Glioma and IDH Status
Authors: Sharma Gaurav , Jain Shashi Kant , Sinha Virendra Deo
Published: January 2021

Objective Gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors. Histopathology and neuroimaging are the main modalities used for diagnosis and treatment response monitoring. However, both are expensive and insensitive methods and can cause neurological deterioration. This study aimed to develop a minimally invasive peripheral inflammatory biomarker for diagnosis of glioma, its grade, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status.

Materials and Methods Patients undergoing surgery for glioma, acoustic neuroma, and meningioma between January 2019 and December 2019 were included. Preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), eosinophil/lymphocyte ratio (ELR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were calculated. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were done postoperatively.

Results A total of 154 patients of glioma, 36 patients of acoustic neuroma, 58 patients of meningioma, and 107 healthy controls were included. dNLR showed the maximum area under the curve (AUC) (0.656639) for diagnosis of glioma from other tumors and among combinations. dNLR +NLR showed the maximum AUC (0.647865). Maximum AUC for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) versus other grades and among combinations was shown by NLR (0.83926). NLR + dNLR had the maximum AUC (0.764794). NLR showed significant p value in differentiating IDH wild from IDH mutant GBM.

Conclusion dNLR has the maximum diagnostic value in diagnosing glioma from other tumors. NLR (AUC = 0.83926) showed the highest accuracy for GBM diagnosis and may be a parameter in predicting the grade of glioma; also, it has maximum diagnostic value in differentiating IDH wild GBM from IDH mutant GBM. These peripheral inflammatory parameters may prove to be sensitive and cost-effective markers for glioma diagnosis, predicting grade of glioma, monitoring of treatment response, and in predicting recurrence.
Health System Needs to Establish Cardiac Surgery Centers
Authors: Vervoort Dominique , Premkumar Akash , Ghandour Hiba , Kpodonu Jacques
Published: January 2021

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, responsible for nearly 18 million deaths each year. More than 80% of these take place in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to cardiac surgical services is scarce. Approximately 93% of the LMIC population, or six billion people worldwide, are estimated to lack access to safe, timely, and affordable cardiac surgical care as a result of workforce, infrastructure, financial, and quality barriers. Various models have been proposed and attempted to establish cardiac surgery centers in LMICs; however, only some have been successful in achieving sustainable local services. Here, we describe the workforce, infrastructure, financial, and political needs and considerations from a health systems perspective to establish a cardiac surgery center.
Musculoskeletal Health in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Part One: Muscle
Authors: Samad Navira , Nguyen Hanh H. , Scott David , Ebeling Peter R. , Milat Frances
Published: January 2021

Accelerated bone loss and muscle decline coexist in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), but there are significant gaps in our understanding of musculoskeletal health in POI. This article is the first of a two-part review which describes estrogen signaling in muscle and its role in musculoskeletal health and disease. Current evidence regarding the utility of available diagnostic tests and therapeutic options is also discussed. A literature review from January 2000 to March 2020 was conducted to identify relevant studies. Women with POI experience significant deterioration in musculoskeletal health due to the loss of protective effects of estrogen. In addition to bone loss, muscle decay and dysfunction is now increasingly recognized. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of validated tools to assess muscle parameters. There is a growing need to acknowledge bone–muscle codependence to design new therapies which target both muscle and bone, resulting in improved physical performance and reduced morbidity and mortality. More high-quality research and international collaborations are needed to address the deficiencies in our understanding and management of musculoskeletal health in women with POI.
2.12.18 Chiral Scandium Complexes in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Li W. , Liu X. H. , Feng X. M.
Published: January 2021

Chiral scandium complexes have been widely used in asymmetric synthesis during the last two decades. In this chapter, representative achievements in scandium-catalyzed enantioselective reactions, published between 2003 and 2019, are highlighted. Reaction types covered include aldol-type reactions, Mannich-type reactions, Michael reactions, Friedel–Crafts reactions, rearrangements of carbonyl compounds with diazo compounds, ene-type reactions, photocatalytic reactions, ring-opening reactions, and cycloadditions.
5.1.29 Product Subclass 29: Silylated Germanes
Authors: Hlina J. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter is focussed on the preparation of silylated germanes by silicon–germanium bond formation, and the applications of these compounds in organic synthesis. The synthetic methods are organized according to the reaction type used for the silicon–germanium bond formation. The discussion begins with the reductive coupling of silicon and germanium electrophiles, a Wurtz-type coupling reaction, which is a workhorse of heavier group 14 synthesis. This is followed by a presentation of reactions of such electrophiles with anionic germanium or silicon compounds, allowing for the synthesis of more complicated catenates. Then, the formation of silylated germanes by insertion of germylenes or silylenes into reactive group 14–main group element bonds is described. This is followed by a presentation of silicon–germanium bond formation by Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangement reactions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the applications of silylated germanes in organic synthesis.
14.3.5 Pyranones and Pyranthiones (Update 2021)
Authors: Singh F. V.
Published: January 2021

Pyranones are important scaffolds in synthetic and natural product chemistry, with the 2H-pyran-2-one and 4H-pyran-4-one structural motifs commonly found in naturally occurring compounds. A variety of metal-free and metal-catalyzed approaches have been used to construct pyranone architectures. Furthermore, 2H-pyran-2-one ring systems can undergo a range of transformations such as electrophilic reactions, nucleophilic reactions, ring contractions, photochemical reactions, and cycloaddition reactions. This is an update to Section 14.3, and covers the major developments in the synthesis and reactions of pyranones and pyranthiones achieved since 2003.
32.3.7.2 1-(Organochalcogeno)-2-(organooxy)alkenes (Update 2021)
Authors: Grimmer J. , Krieg S.-C. , Manolikakes G.
Published: January 2021

This is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 32.3.7) covering the synthesis and use of 1-(organochalcogeno)-2-(organooxy)alkenes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006 to 2019.
32.3.9.2 1-Phosphorus-Functionalized 2-(Organooxy)alkenes (Update 2021)
Authors: Grimmer J. , Krieg S.-C. , Manolikakes G.
Published: January 2021

This is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 32.3.9) covering the synthesis of 1-phosphorus-functionalized 2-(organooxy)alkenes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006 to 2019.
Influence of sexist language on motivation and feelings of ostracism (La influencia del lenguaje sexista en la motivación y el sentimiento de ostracismo)
Authors: de Lemus Soledad , Estevan-Reina Lucía
Published: January 2021

Sexist language can trigger feelings of ostracism and negatively influence women’s motivation and identification. In this research, we test this hypothesis in two domains (academic: Study 1 [ N = 107 Spanish high schoolers]; work: Study 2 [ N = 164 Spanish university students]. We examine the underlying process that leads women and men to feel ostracized and less motivated when sexist language is used. Results show that the use of sexist language has a negative impact on feelings of ostracism and motivation for both women and men. This can be explained by various motivational processes: intrapersonal (identification with the task or the job), interpersonal (feelings of belonging) and intergroup (perceived discrimination). We find no impact of participants’ gender on these effects, although girls show more negative attitudes than boys towards exclusive language. Moreover, the use of gender-fair language reduces negative emotions in participants reporting low levels of neosexism compared to when sexist language is used (Study 2). Overall, these results suggest that changing language practices might have positive motivational implications for both genders.
Caffeine ingestion increases the upper‐body intermittent dynamic strength endurance performance of combat sports athletes
Authors: Lopes‐Silva João Paulo , da Rocha André Luiz Silva , Rocha Julio César Correia , Silva Vitor Fabiano dos Santos , Correia‐Oliveira Carlos Rafaell
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion on upper‐body intermittent strength endurance performance of combat sports athletes. Using a double‐blind and placebo‐controlled crossover design, ten experienced judo and jiu‐jitsu athletes performed an upper‐body intermittent strength endurance protocol (four set of judogi dynamic strength endurance test, interspersed by 3‐min recovery intervals) 60 min after ingesting either caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo. Compared with placebo condition, caffeine ingestion significantly increased the total number of repetitions (+ 7%, P = 0.04; d = 0.44) and the maximal isometric handgrip strength (+ 5%, P = 0.03, = 0.41). Rating of perceived exertion, heart rate and blood lactate concentration increased linearly throughout the test (P < 0.05), but without significant differences between caffeine and placebo conditions (P > 0.05). Caffeine ingestion improved the upper‐body intermittent strength endurance performance and maximal isometric strength of combat sports athletes. This suggests that caffeine could help to maintain high levels of maximal handgrip and endurance strength in upper limbs, especially forearm muscles, which are responsible for maintaining the grip on the opponent's judogi.

Highlights

Caffeine ingestion improved upper‐body intermittent strength endurance of grappling athletes.

Caffeine ingestion increased maximal isometric handgrip strength of grappling athletes.

Heart rate, lactate concentration or rating of perceived exertion were not affected by caffeine ingestion.

Our findings suggest that caffeine could help to maintain high levels of maximal handgrip and endurance strength in upper limbs, especially forearm muscles, which are responsible for maintaining the grip on the opponent's judogi.