bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abundance and distribution of lantern fishes (Myctophiformes: Myctophidae) around San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of California, during 2008
Authors: Díaz Santana-Iturríos Mariana , Palacios-Salgado Deivis S. , Salinas-Zavala César A.
Published: June 2021

Myctophids (Myctophidae) are a group of abundant mesopelagic fishes in the world´s oceans and are known as the main feeding resource for several high trophic level predators. Changes in abundance may be related to population size of some commercially important species that feed on them. Only two of the myctophid species reported for the Gulf of California were found in the present study: Benthosema panamense and Triphoturus mexicanus. The highest abundance and biomass of myctophids were found during the warm season (June and September), with B. panamense being the most abundant species (20,954 ind 1000 m-3), as well as the one with highest biomass (17,165.8 g 1000 m-3). B. panamese had a size mode interval of 35-40 mm, while T. mexicanus presented a size mode interval of 40-45 mm; both species had negative allometric growth. During the temperate season (February and April) B. panamense was distributed in the northwest, west, and southern regions around the island, while T. mexicanus was found in the north, west, and southern regions. During the warm season B. panamense was found distributed around the entire island and T. mexicanus was found in the west, south, and east regions of the island. These species are common around San Pedro Martir Island, with the highest values of abundance and biomass occurring during summer upwelling's.
Cultivable intestinal microbiota of yellowtail juveniles (Seriola lalandi) in an aquaculture system
Authors: Aguilera Eduardo , Yany Gabriel , Romero Jaime
Published: June 2021

The yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) has been farmed for many years and is becoming a promising aquaculture species. Knowledge of the intestinal microbiota of this species is very limited. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the bacterial populations associated with the intestinal tract of Seriola lalandi reared in Chile. The microbiota composition was analyzed at two growth stages distinguished by weight and parameters such as Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Juveniles (mean initial weight 7.33 ± 0.30 g) and pre-adults (81.7 ± 19.0 g) were fed with commercial diet for 33 and 50 days, respectively. The first intestinal samples were collected at the end of Trial 1 from specimens weighing approximately 50 g while the second samples were obtained at the end of Trial 2 from specimens weighing approximately 370 g. The microbiota composition was examined using conventional isolation in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) followed by 16S rRNA sequencing and identification. In total, 16 genera were identified. Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Staphylococcus were the predominant genera in fish at the 50 g stage, whereas Microbacterium and Francisella were the predominant genera in the 370 g stage. The microbiota composition showed different assemblages, depending on host size, with Bacillus and Vibrio being the only genera that were shared. Knowledge of the intestinal microbiota of Seriola lalandi is the first step in the exploration of microbiota management and the development of probiotics, as well as in the identification of the bacterial populations in healthy fish under cultured conditions.
Feeding ω-3 PUFA enriched rotifers to Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) larvae reared at different salinity conditions: effects on growth parameters, survival and fatty acids profile
Authors: Dantagnan Patricio , Bórquez Aliro , Pavez Claudia , Hernández Adrián
Published: June 2021

Despite the well known importance of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in marine and freshwater fish larvae, there are few studies on how essential fatty acid requirements and composition on whole body can be altered by changes in water salinity. The present study aimed to determine the effect of salinity on ω-3 PUFA requirements, larval growth survival and fatty acid composition of G. maculatus larvae cultured at two different salinities (0 and 15 g∙L-1) for 20 days while fed rotifers containing two different levels of ω-3 PUFA (1.87 and 3.16%). The results denoted a marked difference in ω-3 PUFA requirements and in the pattern of fatty acid deposition in the whole body of larvae reared at different salinities, depending of ω-3 PUFA in diets. Thus, to improve growth and survival larvae of G. maculatus reared at 0 g∙L-1 require higher levels of ω-3 PUFA, principally 18: 3ω-3. Larvae reared at salinities of 15 g∙L-1 require low levels of ω-3 PUFA for optimal survival, especially 18: 3ω-3.  Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in the whole body of larvae was also affected by water salinity.
Challenges in licensing the industrial double-rig trawl fisheries in Brazil
Authors: Ricardo-Pezzuto Paulo , Mastella-Benincà Erica
Published: June 2021

Bottom trawling is important in Brazilian fisheries and is currently highly multi-specific due to the overexploitation of the original targets; unselective fishing method; very large permitted fishing area and the country’s high marine biodiversity. Fishing licensing in Brazil was modified in 2012 and is now based in five criteria: target species; “expected by-catch”; “incidental catches”; fishing method and area of operation. Licenses of trawling fleets exhibit, therefore, dozens of species catchable under the first three criteria. In this paper, we analyze industrial double-rig trawling fleets targeting shrimps and demersal fishes, in order to verify in what extent the new system adhere to the current fishing reality, giving new information to improve the current management regime. A total of 4,194 trips from 191 vessels were studied between 2008 and 2010 in southern Brazil. In spite of depending economically on their targets, the fleets are formally authorized to catch a high percentage of species in common (41 to 71%), and the actual landings revealed an even greater overlapping among them (71 to 82%). Vessels licensed to catch demersal fishes obtained nearly 50% of their revenue from items not included in their licenses. It was concluded that the current system encourages excessive effort concentrations over fishing resources, as they can be legally caught by most vessels irrespective of their licenses. It is suggested that licensing should move from a species-based to a spatial-based approach, by defining smaller management areas according to the respective species assemblages. Landing composition would be, therefore, mostly a biological and technological consequence, making management more reasonable and workable under a multi-specific and mega-diverse scenario.
Demographic analysis among three populations of Zidona dufresnei from the southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Medina Alonso I. , Romero M. Alejandra , Bidau Claudio , Narvarte Maite A.
Published: June 2021

Study of demographic patterns in species that support a fishing pressure is essential for the conservation and management of their populations. Zidona dufresnei is an endemic marine snail from the southwestern Atlantic, and is one of the main species caught by artisanal fisheries. It is also characterized by marked differences between its populations in terms of the maximum length attained. The aim of this study was to assess the population structure and morphogravimetric variations (intra- and interpopulations) in three locations distributed along the Argentine Sea (Mar del Plata, San Matias Gulf, San Antonio Bay). The size ranges varied between 80 and 230 mm. The smallest specimens corresponded to San Antonio Bay, while the largest ones to San Matias Gulf. In all cases, the frequency distributions of length and weight followed a unimodal distribution. No differences in weight and size between sexes were found. The width, length, and total weight of the specimens differed significantly among the three sites in both overall test and posteriori comparisons. The sex ratio did not differ from 1:1. The results obtained in this study allowed expanding the depth distributional range of Z. dufresnei from 0 to 120 m. In addition, a new maximum size for the species of 230 mm was recorded for the Argentine Sea. The differences found among the three populations studied may be due to local environmental pressures or an interrupted or reduced gene flow.
Electrophoretic protein profiles of mid-sized copepod Calanoides patagoniensis steadily fed bloom-forming diatoms
Authors: Aguilera Victor M. , Escribano Rubén , Martínez-Oyanedel José
Published: June 2021

Recent field and experimental evidence collected in the southern upwelling region off Concepción (36°5’S, 73°3’W) showed an abrupt reduction (<72 h) in the egg production rates (EPR) of copepods when they were fed steadily and solely with the local bloom-forming diatom Thalassiosira rotula. Because diatoms were biochemically similar to dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum, a diet which supported higher reproductive outcomes, the fecundity reduction observed in copepod females fed with the diatom may have obeyed to post-ingestive processes, giving rise to resources reallocation. This hypothesis was tested by comparing feeding (clearance and ingestion rates), reproduction (EPR and hatching success) and the structure of protein profiles (i.e., number and intensity of electrophoretic bands) of copepods (adults and eggs) incubated during 96 h with the two food conditions. The structure of protein profiles included molecular sizes that were calculated from the relative mobility of protein standards against the logarithm of their molecular sizes. After assessing the experimental conditions, feeding decreased over time for those females fed with T. rotula, while reproduction was higher in females fed with P. minimum. Electrophoretic profiles resulted similar mostly at a banding region of 100 to 89-kDa, while they showed partial differences around the region of 56-kDa band, especially in those females fed and eggs produced with T. rotula. Due to reproductive volume was impacted while larvae viability, a physiological processes with specific and high nutritional requirements, was independent on food type; post-ingestive processes, such as expression of stress-related proteins deviating resources to metabolic processes others than reproduction, are discussed under framework of nutritional-toxic mechanisms mediating copepod-diatoms relationships in productive upwelling areas.
Structure and distribution of deep-water chondrichthyans in the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Paramo Jorge , Pérez Daniel , Acero Arturo
Published: June 2021

Although currently there is no deep-sea fishery in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, however it is important to know the biology and ecology of the deep-sea ichthyofauna in order to identify the impact of the fishing on these communities. Therefore, to produce the baseline biological knowledge for their conservation, the objective of the present study was to determine the specific composition and describe some aspects of their population and ecology, as their abundance and distribution (spatial and bathymetric) of the deep-sea chondrichthyes at the Colombian Caribbean Sea. We carried out four samplings on board of a shrimp fishing vessel, trawling between 200 and 550 m of depth, during the months of August and December 2009 and March and May 2010. We found a total 331 specimens of thirteen species corresponding to nine families. The species that were captured with more than 15% of appearance frequency were Etmopterus perryi, Galeus cadenati, Anacanthobatis americanus and Gurgesiella atlantica. The higher relative abundances of species and individuals were found in the northern area of the Colombian Caribbean Sea (La Guajira Ecoregion).
Composition and vertical distribution of metazoan meiofauna assemblages on the continental shelf off central Chile
Authors: Soto Eulogio , Caballero Williams , Quiroga Eduardo
Published: June 2021

A quantitative study of metazoan meiofauna was carried out in Valparaiso Bay (33°S 71°W) which is affected by seasonal hypoxia in central Chile. The contents of bottom water, dissolved oxygen (BWDO), organic carbon, chloroplast pigments and composition of stable carbon isotope (d13C)  in the sediment were used as a measure of the contribution of primary production in the water column, which accumulates in the sediment. Meiofauna abundances in the three sampling stations (80-140 m depth) ranged from 2.218 ± 643 to 1.592 ± 148 ind 10 cm-2. Nine upper metazoan meiofauna groups were recorded, with nematodes as the dominant group, contributing with more than 95% of total abundances. The abundance vertical distribution was concentrated in the first layers of sediment in most groups except Acari and nauplii larvae. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed significant correlations (P < 0.05) between the meiofauna abundance and organic content, depth and redox potential from sediments. These results represent a first approach to understanding the ecology of meiofaunal assemblages in the Valparaiso Bay and may be useful as a baseline for future comparisons and descriptions of the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and seasonal variations of these unknown benthic communities.
Effects of the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on growth performance, hematology and intestinal morphometry in cage-reared Nile tilapia
Authors: Fernandes A. Silva Thiago , R. Petrillo Thalita , Yunis-Aguinaga Jefferson , Fernandes Marcusso Paulo , Da Silva Claudiano Gustavo , Ruas de Moraes Flávio , Engrácia de Moraes Julieta R.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth performance, blood profile and intestinal morphometry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in cages. 936 Nile tilapias were distributed in 12 cages (1.5 m3). Fish were fed for 90 days on basal diets containing 0 (control); 1×106 CFU g-1; 5×106CFU g-1; and 1×107CFU g-1 of the probiotic. The results showed no significant difference on performance and proximal composition of fish. Blood glucose and hemoglobin were lower in 1×107 CFU g-1 group, suggesting improves of the homeostatic state of the fish. Other hematimetric indices did not differ between groups. It was observed significant increase of villi height and in the number of goblet cells of the intestine in fish supplemented 5×106 CFU g-1 and 1×107 CFU g-1 of food suggesting that fish improved the digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, more studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this probiotic in field conditions in Nile tilapia.
Responses of Nile tilapia to different levels of water salinity
Authors: De Azevedo Rafael Vieira , De Oliveira Karen Figueiredo , Flores-Lopes Fábio , Teixeira-Lanna Eduardo Arruda , Sanae Takishita Sylvia , Tavares-Braga Luís Gustavo
Published: June 2021

A 45 day experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of water salinity on the performance, haematological parameters and histological characteristics of the gills of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The water salinity levels evaluated were: 0, 7, 14 and 21 g L-1. Nile tilapia specimens (1.62 ± 0.01 g), distributed into 20 fibreglass tanks (100 L) at a density of 15 fish per tank. There were no significant differences of the water salinity levels on daily feed intake; however, there were differences (P < 0.05) on the daily weight gain, feeding conversion rate and survival. The best results were observed for the water salinity levels of 0 and 7 g L-1. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between these levels. Regarding the haematological parameters, it was observed that the percentage of the haematocrits and the erythrocyte count were influenced (P < 0.05) by the water salinity level, which was not observed for the leukocyte count. The observed histopathological alterations were chloride cell hypertrophy, epithelial lifting, structure alteration, telangiectasia, primary lamellae cells aggregation, fusion and occurrence of aneurisms of different sizes in some secondary lamellae. Regarding the frequency of gills infection intensity, there were slight changes between the salinities of 0, 7 and 14 g L-1 and moderate changes at 21 g L-1. It is concluded that Nile tilapia can be reared in water salinities of up to 7 g L-1 without damage to the parameters evaluated in this work.
Estimation of the dietary essential amino acid requirements of colliroja Astyanax fasciatus by using the ideal protein concept
Authors: Furuya Wilson Massamitu , Michelato Mariana , Salaro Ana Lúcia , Pereira da Cruz Thais , Rossetto Barriviera-Furuya Valéria
Published: June 2021

Colliroja, Astyanax fasciatus, is a new aquaculture species, and information on its dietary essential amino acid requirements is lacking. The whole body composition of 120 farmed fish (16.2 ± 8.8 g) was determined to estimate the dietary essential amino acid requirement based on the ideal protein concept ((each essential amino acid/lysine) ×100), and the findings were correlated to the whole body essential amino acid content of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The dietary essential amino acids, including cysteine and tyrosine, accounted for 5.46, 4.62, 1.16, 3.28, 5.63, 2.01, 2.59, 2.84, 4.66, 3.39, 0.65, and 3.51% of the total protein for lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, methionine+tyrosine, phenylalanine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, respectively. There were positive linear and high correlations (r = 0.971) between the whole body amino acid profiles of colliroja and Nile tilapia. Thus, the whole body amino acid profile of colliroja might be used to estimate accurately the essential amino acid requirement.
Caligids-potential pathogens for marine finfish aquaculture in Mexico?
Authors: Morales-Serna Francisco Neptalí , Martínez-Brown Juan Manuel , Medina-Guerrero Rosa Maria , Fajer-Ávila Emma Josefina
Published: June 2021

Parasitic copepods of the family Caligidae, the so-called sea lice, may be deleterious to marine or brackish finfish aquaculture. To date, biological and ecological studies of sea lice have been mostly restricted to species from cold or temperate regions. In Mexico there are some records of sea lice species on marine fishes; however, the research regarding their biology and ecology has been scarce. It is possible that a high biodiversity of sea lice is distributed in coastal waters of Mexico; therefore, their significance as pathogenic parasites should increase. The purpose of this review is to outline the current knowledge of the life cycle, host location, ecology, effect on fish health, and control strategies of sea lice in order to establish supportive basis for natural resource management and control of parasites and diseases of marine fish cultured in Mexico.
Long term storage and the compensatory growth of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in aquaculture ponds
Authors: Fóes Geraldo , Krummenauer Dariano , Lara Gabriele , Poersch Luis , Wasielesky Jr. Wilson
Published: June 2021

Effects of shrimp confinement in a situation of high density stocking in a long term nursery on their growth performance in grow out ponds. Were analized two nurseries with a density of 2000 shrimp m-2 were stocked at two different times. The first nursery (LTN) lasted 144 days, and the SGR of the animals was 3.0% day-1. The second nursery (STN) lasted 18 days and the specific growth rate (SGR) was 19.9% day-1. On the same day, shrimps were transferred to six lined ponds at a density of 20 shrimp m2 where they remained for 101 days. In the first biometry, the SGR in the LTN treatment, increased to 6.7% day-1 and in the STN it decreased to 5.0% day-1. At the end, shrimps of the LTN and STN treatments reached weights of 8.46 and 6.72 g and had productivities of 1287 and 1015 kg ha-1, respectively. Shrimps reared in nurseries for long periods showed growth and survival rates similar to those obtained using conventional management practices in grow out structures.
Inhabiting fauna in holdfasts of Lessonia nigrescens complex. Is it an indicator of ecological integrity in exploited kelp beds in northern Chile?
Authors: Vega Reyes J.M. Alonso
Published: June 2021

Lessonia nigrescens complex holdfasts habitats are home to a wide diversity of invertebrates. The holdfasts associated fauna is sensitive to the kelp fishery in northern Chile because one of the management recommendation is to harvest the whole plant. Considering the above, and the ecological role play by brown algae as foundation species, this study proposes the use of fauna inhabiting the holdfasts as an ecological indicator to monitor the integrity of exploited kelp beds. To accomplish this objective, the morphology of plants and holdfasts was evaluated together with the composition, abundance and community structure associated in three types of resource conservation strategies based on fishery management spatially explicit: open access areas and management areas (to harvest), and marine protected areas (with no harvest), in Atacama and Coquimbo (26-32°S). The results show that high harvest pressure on exploited kelp beds transforms the plant morphology and holdfast, altering the colonization process and species aggregation predicted for these biogenic habitats modifying the expected biodiversity. Thus, associated fauna in open access areas has lower species richness, abundance and biodiversity of organisms than their counterparts in management areas or marine protected areas. Moreover, the structure of the holdfast associated communities, are more variables in open access areas. The results suggest that holdfasts are representative micro-ecosystems of the intertidal environment, and can be used as sampling replicable and comparable units to monitor exploited kelp beds integrity in fisheries open access areas. This ecological indicator is easy to evaluate and disseminate among users of the kelp productive chain.
Embryonic survival of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842), under different prophylactic immersion bath
Authors: Barile Juan , Escudero Manuel , Romero Juan , Encina Francisco
Published: June 2021

The use of antifungals was assessed to improve embryo survival of Galaxias maculatus. Three treatments using formalin dose of 250 ppm, iodine dose of 100 ppm, and sea salt in doses of 30 ups were designed, and a control treatment under 10 of salinity water. For each treatment and control, 15 replicates were used, with 100 embryos in each replicate. Embryos were immersed into each treatment solution for one hour every two days. Larval survival after 15 days old was assessed. Higher embryonic and larval survival was obtained in sea salt treatment improving by 27.4 and 11.6% (P < 0.05) respectively over control results. Formalin treatment resulted in embryonic and larval survival of 9.8 and 4.0% respectively more than control (P < 0.05) and in the case of iodine embryonic survival, 2.6% more than control (P > 0.05) and larval survival of 16.4% lower than the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, sea salt shows greater effectiveness as a prophylactic treatment to improve the embryonic survival of G. maculatus.
Size at maturity of the Pacific bearded brotula (Ophidiidae: Brotula clarkae): a commercially exploited species in the Pacific of Costa Rica
Authors: Herrera Marcela , Clarke Tayler M. , Naranjo-Elizondo Beatriz , Espinoza Mario , Wehrtmann Ingo S.
Published: June 2021

The deep-water shrimp fishery is of great commercial importance along the Pacific coast of Latin America. In Costa Rica, shrimp resources have declined considerably over the last decade. Therefore, fisheries have shifted towards teleost species such as the Pacific bearded brotula Brotula clarkae. Little is known about the biology and life history of this species, which is becoming increasingly valuable to artisanal and semiindustrial fishers in Costa Rica. A sample of 348 B. clarkae was obtained along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica between March 2011 and July 2012 to obtain baseline information of this species. The results revealed that the size at sexual maturity of B. clarkae was 71.9 cm TL, considerably higher than previously reported for South American populations. Since the size at maturity may vary between populations in different geographic locations, detailed information of the reproductive biology of widely distributed species such as B. clarkae is critical for developing effective management approaches.
Carapace shape of some aeglid crabs: plasticity at different levels
Authors: Metri Rafael , De Oliveira Aline Rossi , Baptista-Metri Cassiana
Published: June 2021

Geometric morphometric techniques were applied for a better comprehension of inter- and intraspecific morphological variability of freshwater aeglid crabs. Carapace morphological patterns were used to address hypothesis regarding 1) the simple existence of local adaptations or 2) actual stable evolutionary features within the lineages studied. Two clades were included in this analysis: the former encompassing the closely related species Aegla castro, A. parana, A. schmitti, and the latter including the closely-related species A. ligulata, A. longirostri and A. inconspicua. Overall, distinct carapace shapes were found not only between species but also among different populations of same species. In some cases, species belonging to distinct, distantly related clades were more similar in carapace morphology than to closely related species of the same clade. This meant that there was no stable carapace morphology pattern for each major lineage. Results suggest that carapace of these crabs is plastic within lineages, although has a stable, unchangeable component readily recognizable by the geometric morphometric analysis at the species level, plus a more plastic component that may change according to the environment in which they inhabit.
Lactobacillus strains derived from human gut ameliorate metabolic disorders via modulation of gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids metabolism
Authors: Wang G. , Zhu G. , Chen C. , Zheng Y. , Ma F. , Zhao J. , Lee Y.-K. , Zhang H. , Chen W.
Published: June 2021

Regulation on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are believed to be a pathway to suppress the development of metabolic syndrome. In this study, three Lactobacillus strains derived from the human gut were investigated for their effects on alleviation of metabolic disorders. These strains were individually administered to metabolic disorder rats induced by high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. Each strain exhibited its own characteristics in attenuating the impaired glucose-insulin homeostasis, hepatic oxidative damage and steatosis. Correlation analysis between SCFAs and host metabolic parameters suggested that Lactobacillus protective effects on metabolic disorders are partly mediated by recovery of SCFAs production, especially the faecal acetic acid. Correspondingly, it indicated that probiotics restore the gut microbiota dysbiosis in different extent, thereby protect against metabolic disorders in a manner that is associated with microbiota, but not totally reverse the changed composition of microbiota to the normal state. Thus, Lactobacillus strains partly protect against diet-induced metabolic syndrome by microbiota modulation and acetate elevation.
Evaluation of some heavy metals loading in dust fall of three universities motor parks in Western Nigeria
Authors: Nwosu F.O. , Abdul Raheem A.M.O , Shehu Z
Published: June 2021

The high density of vehicles that run to and fro University campus to town has become of great concern for assessment of health status of the ambient air around the Universities motor parks. Moreover, some of the University’s parks are unpaved while the paved ones are old and unmaintained. Dust fall samples in parks of Universities of Ilorin, Ibadan and Kwara State University were collected for five months spanning from 1st November 2014 to 31st March, 2015 using open bucket sampler based on ASTM D 1739 of 1998 (2010). A 0.1 g of dust sample was digested with 20 ml of HNO3, HClO4 and HF in ratio of (3:2:1) respectively and heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific model 210 VGP). Results of heavy metal concentrations showed decrease in the following order: 1479.75, 1255.68, 241.50, 128.00, 85.25, and 9.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively for University of Ibadan. The decreased in concentrations of heavy metals obtained for University of Ilorin motor park dust-fall were found to be 1145.75, 797.75, 219.63, 133.51, 58.25 and 23.13 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively. For Kwara State University, decrease in the following order: 778.5, 323.88, 259.38, 101.38, 34.38, and 4.63 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively were obtained. Generally for the three sites used, the heavy metal concentrations decreased in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cd. This implies that dust-fall in the parks are heavily loaded with some heavy metals that are of concentrations above Romania standard threshold limit for Cd and Pb while concentration values obtained for Ni are higher than US- EPA values (75 mg/kg). The regulatory agent or management should ensure that the roads are paved and there should be intermittent wetting of the roads with water.Keywords: Dust Fall; Heavy Metals; University Motor Parks
Water budget formulation for Ahmadu Bello University, main campus as a water resources management option
Authors: Baba Adama , Schoeneich Krzysztof , Ikpokonte Enoch A.
Published: June 2021

This study provides a water resources management option through formulation of water budget for the main campus of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria using secondary data obtained from various sources. The data revealed that, water consumption in the campus in the year 2005 was 3,101 m3/d and 3,125 m3/d in year 2015. Available total surface water resources (ATSWR) are 24,410 m3/d while utilizable total surface water resources (UTSWR) are 3,214 m3/d. The investigation shows that, at the time of this study ATSWR was more than UTSWR. The Authors prepare water budget: Total surface water resources (TSWR) in the campus are 24,410 m3/d while utilizable surface water resources (USWR) are 3,214 m3/d.Keywords: Water Resources, Supply, Consumption, Demand, Utilizable, Upper, Middle, and Lower fine/coarse Member, Older Alluvial aquifer
Effect of plant growth regulators and nitrogenous compounds on seed germination of pepper (Capsicum frutescens L)
Authors: Eremrena P.O. , Mensah S.I.
Published: June 2021

The seed germination of Capsicum frutescens L. was investigated through various methods, namely, washing and air dry storage treatments, applications of gibberelic acid (GA3), Kinetin, potassium nitrite (KNO2) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) to improve germination of seeds in view of poor germination reported. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments namely washing to remove the slimy coverings; air-drying at various time-intervals; incubated in different concentrations of GA3, Kinetin, KNO2 and KNO3. The treatments were subjected to light or dark germinations at 300C and radicle emergence scored after 15days. The various results showed that washing treatment, and light germination had a significant effect on the germination of Capsicum frutescens seeds. For air-drying treatment, germination increased from 0-48hrs and decreased after 72hrs, 48hrs air-drying duration gave the highest percentage germination. Application of GA3, kinetin, KNO2 and KNO3 in low concentrations promoted the germination of freshly harvested Capsicum frutescens seeds. Generally the KNO2 and KNO3 gave the best germination results. The findings of this study have significant implications in the commercial production of Capsicum frutescens in view of its economic and medicinal importance.Keywords: Growth regulators, Nitrogenous compounds, Capsicum frutescens
Mardin Ekolojik Koşullarında Farklı Ekim Zamanlarında Yetiştirilen İkinci Ürün Silajlık Mısır (Zea mays L.) Çeşitlerinin Silaj Özelliklerinin Araştırılması
Authors: KARADENİZ Erdal , Veysel SARUHAN
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışma Mardin/Kızıltepe ikinci ürün koşullarında, farklı ekim zamanlarında yetiştirilen beş farklı silajlık mısır çeşidinden elde edilmiş biyomasın silaj kalitesini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Köprübaşı Köyü’nde 2018-2019 yıllarında, çiftçi tarlasında ikinci ürün şartlarında yürütülmüş denemelerde 25 Haziran, 5 Temmuz, 15 Temmuz, 25 Temmuz tarihlerinde ekim yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, silaj kuru madde oranı (%26.2-30.0), silaj kuru madde verimi (1.8-2.9 t/da), silaj ham protein oranı (%7.4-8.2), silaj ham protein verimi (126-193 kg/da), silaj ham kül oranı (%6.8-7.7), silaj ham kül verimi (108-220 kg/da), silaj pH değeri (3.96-4.06), silaj DLG puanı (15.9-17.6), silaj Fleig puanı (98.5-103.0), silaj sindirilebilir kuru madde oranı (%61.8-66.1), silaj kuru madde alımı oranı (%2.34-2.91), silaj nispi yem değeri (112-149), ADF oranı (%29.3-34.7), NDF oranı (%41.6-51.5), silaj laktik asit oranı (%9.8-10.1) tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Mardin/Kızıltepe koşullarında silaj kalitesi açısından DKC6442 çeşidinin 15 Temmuz ekimleri tavsiye edilmektedir.
Organik Pırasa Yetiştiriciliğinde Çiftlik Gübresinin Bitki Besin Elementi İçeriklerine Etkisi
Authors: Mahmut TEPECİK  , H. Hüsnü KAYIKÇIOĞLU  , N. Tuba BARLAS  , M. Kadri BOZOKALFA  , Tansel KAYGISIZ AŞÇIOĞUL  , Dursun EŞİYOK  , Can UZMAY  , Tarık AYYILMAZ
Published: June 2021

Nüfus artışı ile birlikte gıdaya olan talep artışını karşılayabilmek adına bilimsel esaslardan uzaklaşılarak yapılan tarımsal uygulamalar sonucu çevre kirliliği problemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Organik tarım ise gıda güvenliği ön planda tutularak toprak-su-ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin sağlığını korumayı ve sürdürmeyi hedefleyen bir tarımsal yöntemdir. Bu çalışma farklı dozlarda uygulanan olgunlaştırılmış çiftlik gübresinin, pırasa bitkisinin verim ve elementel bileşimi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla typic xerofluvent bir toprakta yürütülmüştür. Farklı dozdaki hayvan gübresi uygulamalarının pırasanın makro bitki besin elementlerinden toplam N içeriği uygulama dozlarına bağlı olarak farklılık göstermiştir. İlk yıl N %1.62-2.52 ve ikinci yılda ise %1.15-2.17 aralığında saptanmış ve her iki yılda da kontrol uygulamasında düşük, H3 uygulamasında yüksek N değerleri elde edilmiştir. Fosfor besin elementi ilk yıl %0.41-0.60 ve ikinci yılda %0.38-0.40 olarak saptanmıştır. Farklı dozdaki hayvan gübresi uygulamalarının potasyum üzerine etkisi yıllara göre ilk yıl %4.72-5.79 ve ikinci yılda %4.77-5.60 olarak belirlenmiş en yüksek K ilk yıl H2 (%5.79) ve ikinci yılda ise H3 (%5.60) uygulamasından diğer uygulamalardan daha yüksek K değerleri elde edilmiştir. Uygulamaların Ca içeriğine etkisi ilk yıl %0.42-0.52 ve ikinci yılda ise %0.42-0.58 olarak saptanmıştır. İlk yıl Mg %0.42-0.52 ve ikinci yılda ise %0.40-0.47 olarak saptanmıştır. Mikro bitki besin elementlerinden Fe uygulamalara göre değişimi ilk yıl 38.85-50.04 mg/kg ve ikinci yılda 39.79-51.39 mg/kg, bakır elementi ilk yıl 4.20-5.04 mg/kg ve ikinci yılda 2.50-3.30 mg/kg aralığında değişim göstermiş çinko içeriği uygulamalara göre değişim göstermiş ilk yıl Zn içeriği 29.64-39.89 mg/kg ve ikinci yılda ise 27.07-33.24 mg/kg olarak saptanmıştır. Uygulamalara göre mangan ilk yıl 16.80-23.54 mg/kg ve ikinci yılda ise 19.19-22.10 mg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir.
Üşüme Stresi Altında Hıyar (Cucumis sativus L.) Fidelerinin Bazı Morfolojik Karakterleri Üzerine Melatonin Uygulamalarının Etkisi
Authors: Lütfullah BAŞLAK  , Özlem ÜZAL  , Fikret YAŞAR
Published: June 2021

Beith F1 hıyar çeşidinin kullanıldığı araştırmada; üşümenin ve yapraktan uygulanan melatoninin fidelerin bazı morfolojik karakterleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. 3-4 gerçek yapraklı iken üşüme uygulanan fidelere 0, 1, 10, 20, 30 ve 40 μM melatonin içeren saf (distile) su bitkilerin yapraklarına püskürtülmüştür. Melatonin uygulamasından 1 tam gün sonra bitkilerin yarısı iklim dolabında 15 gün süre ile üşüme stresine maruz bırakılmış, diğer yarısı ise iklim odasında normal koşullarda (25/20 °C aydınlık/karanlık) tutulmuştur. Üşüme stresine maruz kalan bitkiler 15 gün süreyle 5±1 °C karanlık (12 saat) / 10±1 °C aydınlık (12 saat)’da inkibatörde tutulduktan sonra örnekler alınmıştır. Bitkilerin, bazı büyüme parametreleri ve yaprak renk değerleri ölçülmüştür. Bitki gelişim parametreleri değerlendirildiğinde, üşüme stresi uygulanan bitkilerden 30 ve 40 µM melatonin uygulanan bitkilerin bitki büyümesini sınırlandırdığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca hiç melatonin uygulanmamış bitkiler en yüksek skala değerine sahip olurken, buna karşılık yapılan melatonin uygulamalarının görsel hasarın azaltılmasında etkili olduğu ve en az görsel hasarın 40 µM melatonin uygulamasında olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, melatonin uygulamalarının üşüme stresinin yol açtığı zararlı etkilerin azaltılmasında olumlu etki yapabilecek fizyolojik etkili bir yardımcı uygulama olabileceği düşünülmüştür.
Balıkesir İlinde Ekstansif Sığır Yetiştiriciliğinin Organik Üretim Modeline Dönüştürülme Olanakları
Authors: Hülya HANOĞLU ORAL  , Halil İbrahim KUZ  , Camal DAYANIKLI  , Abdullah Taner ÖNALDI  , Emre ALARSLAN  , Esra DUMAN
Published: June 2021

Balıkesir ilinde entansif sığırcılık egemen olmakla birlikte bazı dağlık yörelerde yerli ve kültür melezi ırklarla ekstansif yetiştiricilik de yapılmaktadır. Ekstansif ve organik hayvancılık sistemlerindeki uygulamaların benzer olması organik sisteme geçişi kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ilde sürdürülen ekstansif küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin yapısal özellikleri incelenerek, organik üretim modeline geçiş olanaklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla ekstansif sığır yetiştiriciliği yapılan 270 mahalle amaçlı örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilmiştir. Araştırma materyalini bu mahallelerde basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 561 adet sığırcılık işletmesi ile yüz yüze görüşme yoluyla yapılan anketlerle sağlanan veriler oluşturmuştur. İşletmelerde hayvanlar mera alanlarından yararlanabilmekte ve %83.60’ında açık hava gezinti alanlarına ulaşabilmektedir. Organik tarımda izin verilen üreme yöntemleri kullanılmakta, işletmelerin %59.36’sında suni tohumlama, %40.64’ünde ise doğal çiftleşme uygulanmaktadır. Yerli ve kültür melezi sığır ırklarına sahip işletmelerin yoğun olduğu Marmara, Sındırgı, İvrindi ve Dursunbey ilçelerinin bazı yörelerinde meraya dayalı olarak sürdürülen ekstansif sığır yetiştiriciliğinin organik sisteme dönüştürülmesi daha kolay ve ucuz görülmektedir. Ancak işletme sahiplerinin organik hayvansal üretimin standartları ve tüm süreçlerinin izlenmesi için zorunlu olan kayıt tutma konusunda bilgilendirilmesi, organik hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin temel girdisi olan organik yem üretimi için teşvik edilmeleri gerekmektedir.
Bioinformatics and Classical Literary Study
Authors: Chaudhuri Pramit , Dexter Joseph P.
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the Quantitative Criticism Lab, a collaborative
initiative between classicists, quantitative biologists, and computer
scientists to apply ideas and methods drawn from the sciences to the study of
literature. A core goal of the project is the use of computational biology,
natural language processing, and machine learning techniques to investigate
authorial style, intertextuality, and related phenomena of literary
significance. As a case study in our approach, here we review the use of
sequence alignment, a common technique in genomics and computational
linguistics, to detect intertextuality in Latin literature. Sequence alignment
is distinguished by its ability to find inexact verbal similarities, which
makes it ideal for identifying phonetic echoes in large corpora of Latin texts.
Although especially suited to Latin, sequence alignment in principle can be
extended to many other languages.
Encoding (inter)textual insertions in Latin "grammatical commentary"
Authors: Bureau Bruno , Nicolas Christian , Pinche Ariane
Published: June 2021

The ancient commentaries provide a large sample of quotations from classical or biblical texts for which Latin gramamrians developed a complex system of insertion of quoted texts. The paper examines how to encode these places using XML Tei, and focuses on difficult cases, such as inaccurate quotations, or quotations of partly or wholly lost texts.
Cursive Arabic Handwriting Recognition System Without Explicit Segmentation Based on Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Rabi Mouhcine , Amrouch Mustapha , Mahani Zouhair
Published: June 2021

In this paper we present a system for offline recognition cursive Arabic handwritten text which is analytical without explicit segmentation based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Extraction features preceded by baseline estimation are statistical and geometric to integrate both the peculiarities of the text and the pixel distribution characteristics in the word image. These features are modelled using hidden Markov models. The HMM-based classifiercontains a training module and a recognition module. The training module estimates the parameters of each of the character HMMs uses the Baum-Welchalgorithm. In the recognition phase, feature vectors extracted from an image are passed to a network of word lexicon entries formed of character models. The character sequence providing the maximumlikelihood identifies the recognized entry. If required, the recognition can generate N best output hypotheses rather than just the single best one. To determine the best output hypotheses, the Viterbi algorithm is used.The experiments on images of the benchmark IFN/ENIT database show that the proposed system improves recognition.
Clustering and Relational Ambiguity: from Text Data to Natural Data
Authors: Turenne Nicolas
Published: June 2021

Text data is often seen as "take-away" materials with little noise and easy
to process information. Main questions are how to get data and transform them
into a good document format. But data can be sensitive to noise oftenly called
ambiguities. Ambiguities are aware from a long time, mainly because polysemy is
obvious in language and context is required to remove uncertainty. I claim in
this paper that syntactic context is not suffisant to improve interpretation.
In this paper I try to explain that firstly noise can come from natural data
themselves, even involving high technology, secondly texts, seen as verified
but meaningless, can spoil content of a corpus; it may lead to contradictions
and background noise.
Prosopographical data analysis. Application to the Angevin officers (XIII–XV centuries)
Authors: Tchounikine Anne , Miquel Maryvonne , Pécout Thierry , Bonnaud Jean-Luc
Published: June 2021

The EUROPANGE project, involving both medievalists and computer scientists, aims to study the emergence of a corps of administrators in the Angevin controlled territories in the XIII–XV centuries. Our project attempts to analyze the officers' careers, shared relation networks and strategies based on the study of individual biographies. In this paper, we describe methods and tools designed to analyze these prosopographical data. These include OLAP analyzes and network analyzes associated with cartographic and chronological visualization tools.
Visualizing linguistic variation in a network of Latin documents and scribes
Authors: Korkiakangas Timo , Lassila Matti
Published: June 2021

This article explores whether and how network visualization can benefit philological and historical-linguistic study. This is illustrated with a corpus-based investigation of scribes' language use in a lemmatized and morphologically annotated corpus of documentary Latin (Late Latin Charter Treebank, LLCT2). We extract four continuous linguistic variables from LLCT2 and utilize a gradient colour palette in Gephi to visualize the variable values as node attributes in a trimodal network which consists of the documents, writers, and writing locations underlying the same corpus. We call this network the "LLCT2 network". The geographical coordinates of the location nodes form an approximate map, which allows for drawing geographical conclusions. The linguistic variables are examined both separately and as a sum variable, and the visualizations presented as static images and as interactive Sigma.js visualizations. The variables represent different domains of language competence of scribes who learnt written Latin practically as a second-language. The results show that the network visualization of linguistic features helps in observing patterns which support linguistic-philological argumentation and which risk passing unnoticed with traditional methods. However, the approach is subject to the same limitations as all visualization techniques: the human eye can only perceive a certain, relatively small amount of information at a time.
Extracting Keywords from Open-Ended Business Survey Questions
Authors: McGillivray Barbara , Jenset Gard , Heil Dominik
Published: June 2021

Open-ended survey data constitute an important basis in research as well as
for making business decisions. Collecting and manually analysing free-text
survey data is generally more costly than collecting and analysing survey data
consisting of answers to multiple-choice questions. Yet free-text data allow
for new content to be expressed beyond predefined categories and are a very
valuable source of new insights into people's opinions. At the same time,
surveys always make ontological assumptions about the nature of the entities
that are researched, and this has vital ethical consequences. Human
interpretations and opinions can only be properly ascertained in their richness
using textual data sources; if these sources are analyzed appropriately, the
essential linguistic nature of humans and social entities is safeguarded.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) offers possibilities for meeting this ethical
business challenge by automating the analysis of natural language and thus
allowing for insightful investigations of human judgements. We present a
computational pipeline for analysing large amounts of responses to open-ended
questions in surveys and extract keywords that appropriately represent people's
opinions. This pipeline addresses the need to perform such tasks outside the
scope of both commercial software and bespoke analysis, exceeds the performance
to state-of-the-art systems, and performs this task in a transparent way that
allows for scrutinising and exposing potential biases in the analysis.
Following the principle of Open Data Science, our code is open-source and
generalizable to other datasets.
Visualising pre-standard spelling practice: Understanding the interchange of ‹ch(t)› and ‹th(t)› in Older Scots
Authors: Molineaux Benjamin , Maguire Warren , Karaiskos Vasilios , Alcorn Rhona , Kopaczyk Joanna , Los Bettelou
Published: June 2021

Alphabetic spelling systems rarely display perfectly consistent one-to-one relationships between graphic marks and speech sounds. This is particularly true for languages without a standard written form. Nevertheless, such non-standard spelling systems are far from being anarchic, as they take on a conventional structure resulting from shared communities and histories of practice. Elucidating said structure can be a substantial challenge for researchers presented with textual evidence alone, since attested variation may represent differences in sound structure as well as differences in the graphophonological mapping itself. In order to tease apart these factors, we present a tool-Medusa-that allows users to create visual representations of the relationship between sounds and spellings (sound substitution sets and spelling substitution sets). Our case study for the tool deals with a longstanding issue in the historical record of mediaeval Scots, where word-final , ,  and  appear to be interchangeable, despite representing reflexes of distinct pre-Scots sounds: [x], [xt] and [θ]. Focusing on the documentary record in the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots ([LAOS, 2013]), our exploration surveys key graphemic categories, mapping their lexical distributions and taking us through evidence from etymology, phonological typology, palaeography and historical orthograpy. The result is a novel reconstruction of the underlying sound values for each one of the target items in the record, alongside a series of sound and spelling changes that account for the data.