bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Authors: Franko Debra L.
Published: March 2007

Recently, several authors have discussed the value of self-help groups for women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. It has been suggested that such groups can provide support, reducefeelings of isolation and uniqueness, create hope, and, in general, serve as a tool in the recovery process. With this in mind, a weekly self-help group for anorexics and bulimics was started and evaluated 6 months later. Based on their self-reports, the self-help group was found to benefit most of its members. Findings are discussed in relation to the "curative factors" of such groups and suggestions are offered for professionals interested in establishing self-help groups of this nature.
Composition, Structure, and Duration of treatment
Authors: Waltman Douglas E. , Zimpfer David G.
Published: March 2007

Studies of the effects ofgroup composition on the outcomes of counseling groups have yielded mixed results. We have observed that the duration of the group experience and the degree of structure provided by the leader may be mediating variables. Using meta-analysis, this article examines 26 studies in which such relationships could be determined. We discovered that composition appears to have its greatest effect when the group is unstructured and relatively longer in duration. In contrast, leaders who use shorter-term groups that are rather structured may not need to concern themselves greatly with composition, because its potential effect is diluted by these other factors.
Group Members' Self-Monitoring as a Possible Neutralizer of Leadership
Authors: Anderson Lynn R. , Tolson Jerry
Published: March 2007

Data derived from responses of 195 staff nurses indicated that the impact of a leader's behavior was neutralized among group members who were low self-monitors, but intensified among group members who were high self-monitors. Correlations between staff nurses' job performance and their ratings of the head nurses' leadership behaviors were not significant for low self-monitoring nurses but were significant for high self-monitoring nurses. Low self-monitoring individuals, who guide their behavior by monitoring internal cues, tended to ignore the leader's behavior but produced effective work when they felt the work was important. High self-monitoring individuals, who guide their behavior by situational cues, depended upon the leader's behavior for effective job performance regardless of the importance of the job.
Task-Focused Self-Disclosure
Authors: Elias Frederick G. , Johnson Mark E. , Fortman Jay B.
Published: March 2007

A total of 144 college undergraduates were randomly assigned to groups offour and received either a self-disclosure or a placebo treatment. All groups completed a simple puzzle task as a measure of productivcty and questionnaires assessing cohesiveness and commitment to task. Results indicate that the self-disclosure intervention resulted in significantly higher group cohesiveness, commitment to task, and productivity. Additionally, it was shown that females demonstratedgreater cohesiveness and commitment to task than did males. Possible benefits and implications of incorporating task-focused self-disclosure into participatory decision-making procedures among management and workers are presented.
The Behavioral Analysis of Interpersonal Intimacy in Group Development
Authors: Barker David B.
Published: March 2007

Numerous theories of group development point to the importance of intimacy to the facilitation of group awareness, yet none articulates the behavioral dimension of this process. Using Bennis and Shepard's theory of group development as an illustration of this omission, it is argued that the analysis of intimate relations in small groups must move beyond the exclusive reliance on personality variables to articulate this process. The aim of this study is to develop a method for detecting the behavioral occurrence of intimate (primary) relations, apply this to a study of self-analytic groups, and test the hypothesis that such relations constitute a necessary condition for enhanced group awareness.A comparison of two self-analytic groups that differed in their respective abilities to analyze their ongoing processes revealed a significantly greater prevalence of overt primary relations in the relatively more effective group.
The Effects of Structured Group Exercises on Cohesion, Engagement, Avoidance, and Conflict
Authors: Stockton Rex , Rohde Renate I. , Haughey James
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of structured group exercises on cohesion, engagement; avoidance, and conflict. Thirty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition or a control condition. The groups in the experimental condition began their group sessions with a 15-to 20-min group exercise. Groups in the control condition did not participate in any structured exercises. At the end of each session, subjects completed the Group Climate Questionnaire (Short Form) and theAttraction Scale. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between time and structure for cohesion, engagement, and avoidance. Subsequent trend analysis indicated that trends were of a higher order for the control condition than for the experimental condition for all variables. This may indicate less recycling back to earlier developmental levels in the groups that incorporated the structured exercises. Subjects in the experimental condition were also significantly more satisfied with their group experience.
Majority Responses to Opinion Deviates
Authors: Thameling Carl L. , Andrews Patricia Hayes
Published: March 2007

Using Moscovici 's model of social influence, this study views social influence as rooted in conflict and seeks to identify and examine the communicative behavior of the group's majority as they react to the arguments of an opinion deviate who argues against the prevailing majority view. Majority responses are examined in light of the deviate's gender, as well as changes in her or his substantive and linguistic communicative behavior. The study's results reveal that the opinion deviates exerted little influence, regardless of their gender or communicative behavior. In general, the majority 's deviate-directed verbalizations were characterized by cooperativeness, emotionality, and opinionatedness. Unlike the influence ratings, however, these content characteristics varied significantly, depending on the deviate's gender and his or her use of evidence and qualifying expressions. The deviates' inability to influence the majority may have been influenced by the particular discussion topic used in the investigation.
Altering the Interaction Structure of Extant Couples
Authors: Gray Louis N. , Judson Dean H. , Duran-Aydintug Candan
Published: March 2007

This study models the ability of an experimenter, via control over a dyad's environmental reinforcement structure, to deternine the level of asymnmetry in their interaction. Based on a model of asymmetry that incorporates the dimensionis of directive activity compliance, entvironmental reward, and environimental punishment, we demonstrate how this model can be linked to a method of conztrolling enviroznmenttal rewards and punishmnents. From this we develop a system model of dyadic initeraction under coniditions where rewards to the dyad from the environment are under experimental control. Using 14 male-female dyads who had been together for at least I year, we tested the fit of the model over time. Results from these data are in accord wtih a system model specifying a linkage between external and internal systemns and demonstrate that control of a dyad's intenal structure is only partially dependent otn mazipulations in the external system.
The Social Networks Inventory
Authors: Treadwell Thomas W. , Leach Evan , Stein Stephen
Published: March 2007

The literature on the social atom construct has a sound theoreticalfoundation emerging from Moreno's theory of spontaneity but is psychometrically limited. Most versions of the social atom test are ambiguous, nonstandardized, and difficult to interpret. Although the range of definition is varied, the basic difficulty with many versions of the social atom test is absence of measurement organization, normative data, and congruent test design. A revised retitled version of the social atom test, the Social Networks Inventory (SNI), consistent with Moreno 's theory of interpersonal networks, is addressed. Information gained from the SNI is useful in establishing task and emotional roles of group members and in determining group objectives. Directions regarding the test's administration and scoring procedures, along with evidence of reliability and validity are presented. Its use as a research and clinical tool is discussed.
Intragroup Conflict Management in Task-Oriented Groups
Authors: Jarboe Susan C. , Witteman Hal R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the associations among integrative, distributive, and avoidance conflict styles and two methods of characterizing members'perceptions of intragroup problens. The "problem source" approach was based on three common sources of conflict: task, participative, and social issues. The "problem analysis" approach was derivedfrom research in social cognition and included perceptions of problem frequency, goal mutuality, goal-path uncertainty, causal attribution to the group, causal attribution to one member; and negative feelings for the group. Overall, problem analyses provided a more powerful account (of conflict styles than did problem sources. The discussion addresses the specific role of' attributions, negative feelings, goal mutuality, and goal-path uncertainty as they relate to conflict management styles.
Extending Mathematical Aggregation Strategies to Multiparameter Group Decisions
Authors: Dougan William L.
Published: March 2007

Two techniques employing simple statistical procedures are suggested for improving the performance of groups who make complex (i.e., multidimensional) judgments that require the coordinated efforts of multiple group members. These techniques are tested using data from a computerized management simulation exercise that solicits multiple-parameter business strategy decisions. The quality of strategy decisions made by a number of student groups is compared with the quality of similar decisions derived using the statistical procedures. Results show evidence that the statistical aggregation procedures, which previously have been shown to improve individual decisions in some circumstances, might also be used to aid some types of multiparameter group decisions.
Methodological Advances in Gaming
Authors: Shubik Martin , Brewer Garry
Published: March 2007

Within a game we can specify all positions, all objects, all rules by which they are connected. In short, a game is a complete, self-consistent system in which people submit themselves completely to the rules [Back, 1963: 68].
The Motivation Game
Authors: Tafoya Dennis W.
Published: March 2007

The Motivation Game, a simulation exercise designed to illustrate the effects of incentives on individual and group behavior, is described in this article. The game establishes two conditions typical of incentive schemes commonly used in business- and/or task-oriented small groups to stimulate behavior: Reward those who display potential through their performance, and reward those presumably possessing potential, even though the potential is not displayed. Examination of game-generated data suggests that the schemes affect both individual and group behavior.
Constructing CAI to Simulate Controversies in Economics
Authors: Papathanasis Anastasios
Published: March 2007

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and simulation programs may be easily designed to handle controversial issues where more than one point of view must be conveyed. This article describes how to construct a computerized debate to simulate economics controversies, using public-domain and shareware programs. With minor modifications, the algorithm may be utilized to teach controversies in sociology, psychology, political science, and business classes.
Simulated versus Actual Firms: A Ratio Interaction Matrix Comparison
Authors: Napier Herman S. , House William C.
Published: March 2007

This study demonstrates a method (of combining measures) designed to give a more integrated picture of the activities of a business enterprise. Business ratios were cast into an array of descriptive measures, then used for comparison between 21 simulated (in a computerized business game) and 20 actual U.S. firms. The ratio matrix appeared to facilitate an understanding of the interaction among the descriptive measures and in identifying similarities and differences between the two types of firms by showing a number of relationships on the same display.!n using the ratio matrix for analysis, fewer significant relationships were shown to exist within the actual companies than in the simulated firms. This was attributed to the likelihood of less structure in situations confronting real firms when compared to the contrived conditions with which simulated firms were designed. Advantages of the ratio matrix and limitations of its use are discussed.
Some Principles of Simulation Design in Interactive Video for Language Instruction
Authors: Jones Glyn
Published: March 2007

Designing interactive video simulations for language learning involves attempting to reconcile the need to devise a coherent scenario with the language-learning objectives of the simulation. In pursuing this goal, it may be helpful to apply the following practical principles: (a) Devise a scenario which creates opportunities to practice the target behavior, (b) try to reconcile the narrative sequence with the desired learning sequence, (c) let the criteria for success or failure in the simulation be determined by the learning objectives, and (d) integrate instructional procedures into the scenario. These principles are discussed and illustrated with reference to the experience of designing two particular interactive video simulations -those implemented on the Eurocentres Videodisc.
Crisis
Authors: Diehl Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Good educators constantly seek curricula materials and learning experiences which have clearly delineated attributes and proven effectiveness. This article provides an evaluation of the processes involved in the simulation/game CRISIS. Despite its age, this simulation/game remains an excellent, topical, short, relatively simple, interdisciplinary, noncomputer experiential activity for conveying a realistic "gestalt" and providing a basic understanding of the complexity of international political relations. This is evidenced by the results of multivariate analysis of the responses of 146 participants from five major discipline areas to a highly reliable 12-scale Simulation Evaluation Instrument, and by content-analysis of their open-ended responses concerning the game's strengths and weaknesses. The author discusses the management implications of the latter and provides game follow-up suggestions for enhancing learning.
Observations of a Corporate Facilitator
Authors: Rollier Bruce
Published: March 2007

Management simulations are widely used in industry for training and development and for encouraging a top management perspective. This article discusses several questions related to the administration and educational effectiveness of simulations from the perspective of a corporate facilitator and the experience of 15 classes using a total enterprise game. Observations about value, team size and selection, number of sessions, the role of the facilitator, and model design are offered, leading to a discussion about the need for industry and academic game users to collaborate on the major research questions.
The Story of the Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training
Authors: Horn Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training was the authoritative reference book for the field from 1970 to 1980. The editor who conceived and managed the series off our editions reviews the genesis and transformations of the guide and considers how it reflected the growth of the field of simulation/gaming.
Problems of Designing GLOBAL Simulation/Games
Authors: Tomikura Masaya
Published: March 2007

GLOBAL simulation/games are role-playing exercises, simulating processes of international negotiation. If a GLOBAL simulation/game is conducted under a "perfect" grand design based on well-formulated "predictions" prepared by a group of modeling experts, the GLOBAL simulation/game may become just a repeated prediction or even a repeated "belief' shared by this particular group of experts. Therefore, it seems preferable and more suitable to the nature of GLOBAL simulation/games to create afuture scenario and to construct a design based onflexible conditions. To do so, the actors to be included in the simulation/game should be dependent on the emerging situation in the real world.
Synthetic Cultures: Intercultural Learning Through Simulation Games
Authors: Hofstede Gert Jan , Pedersen Paul
Published: March 2007

This article introduces the concept of synthetic cultures. These are role profiles for enacting dimensions of national culture. The full profiles are given for 10 synthetic cultures, based on Gert Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture. They can be used for training or simulation/gaming. Examples of their application are presented. Apart from examples of existing games, suggestions are made for creating custom simulations that use synthetic cultures. Experiences of players are mentioned, both in face-to-face and in electronically mediated settings. Special attention is paid to debriefing issues. The article concludes with practical advice to prospective game leaders.
The Convention Game
Authors: Horn Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This is the keynote speech of the 1976 North American Simulation and Gaming Association convention, together with the author’s 1999 comments on the topics covered. The first part of the speech describes a conference as a simulation game and pretends to be giving instructions on how to play this game. The second part of the speech purports to be a (simulated) keynote speech covering the usual topics: how the field has developed, what are the important issues, how experiential education and the computer have become important to simulation. It also addresses specific teaching simulations such as frame games, whole course games, simulation played in the community, and multiple reality simulations. The third and final part of the speech addresses larger issues, such as defining games and reality. It encourages us to transcend reward systems and looks at models of models, human potential and consciousness models, and the possibility of scorelessness in gaming.
Evaluating a Behaviorally Based Intervention to Improve Client Retention in Therapeutic Community Treatment for Drug Dependency
Authors: Goldapple Gary C. , Montgomery Dianne
Published: March 2007

This is the first practice research study to examine the feasibility of increasing the retention rate for a therapeutic community program for drug abusers. The effects of a short-term, cognitive- behavioral intervention were analyzed by use of a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group design involving 22 new admissions. The Beck Depression Inventory and Problem-Solving Inventory were administered in pretest-posttest format, with the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire administered at posttreatment. Results revealed a retention rate of 100% for the treatment group, compared to 27% for the untreated group, at 60 days. The results are discussed in terms of their applications to social work practice.
Combining Cluster and Discriminant Analysis to Develop a Social Bond Topology of Runaway Youth
Authors: Cherry Andrew
Published: March 2007

Typology development using discriminant analysis is extremely valuable in learning more about heterogeneous client populations of interest to social workers. However, the discriminant analy sis procedure is confined to situations in which individuals can be categorized into subgroups by the social work researcher. Classifying individuals by demographic variables such as gender or services utilized is straightforward and presents few problems. However, when more subjective categories are used to identify subgroup membership, problems may arise. There are many populations, such as the sexually abused, alcohol and drug abusers, sex offenders, and so on, who may avoid answering direct questions or deliberately give incorrect answers on questions formulated to classify them. This places in question the results of the discriminant analysis. In this article, data on 258 runaway and homeless youth are used to demonstrate how cluster analysis can be employed to create a classification variable needed to perform discriminant analysis. First, the data are submitted to cluster analysis to identify the groups in the population. Then, utilizing the cluster groups as the classifying variable needed to perform a discriminant analysis, the discriminantfunctions are extracted to develop a typology. The limitations of cluster analysis and this approach are discussed.
Behavior Analysis and Community Practice
Authors: Mattaini Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Behavior analysis has made major contributions to social work practice on the individual, family, group, and organizational levels. Combining recent advances in behavioral theory, particularly Skinner's concept of cultural practices and Glenn's work related to sets of inter locking contingencies, with a review of the available empirical literature, behavior-analytic principles can now clearly begin to provide guidance for practice at a community level. In this article, applications of these principles for increasing the level and quality of community participation, building prosocial community practices, and reducing undesirable community practices are examined. Of particular importance is the emerging evidence for the need to emphasize strategies focusing on positive reinforcement to shape and maintain desirable actions, as opposed to coercive efforts to suppress undesirable ones. Essential skills of behavioral practice also are identified, as are critical directions for further conceptual development, practice, and research.
Evaluating Inpatient Treatment for Women With Clinical Depression
Authors: Norman Judith , Lowry Candace E.
Published: March 2007

Forty women meeting the criteria for either Major Depression or Major Depression plus Dysthymia received a 2-week, multifaceted, cognitive-behavior-based, inpatient intervention plus antidepressant medication. Patient scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at admission, indicated significant improvements at the time of discharge from the hospital and at follow-up. The rate of change on the three scales was comparable for both patient groups, further supporting the potential of a short-term, combined intervention approach for patients meeting the criteria for Major Depression and Major Depression plus Dysthymia.
Evaluation of a School-Based Child Abuse Prevention Program
Authors: Dhooper Surjit Singh , Schneider Phyllis L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of an evaluation study of a school-based educational child abuse prevention program using a quasi-expetimental design. Seven hundred ninety-six (796) children, both male and female, at three grade levels, and from nine public and parochial schools participated in the study. Following the presentation of the educational program, an impressive increase in the posttest mean score on a child abuse questionnaire of the treatment group occurred, differences between the posttest mean scores of the treatment and control groups being statistically significant. There was no significant difference between male and female children in their need for and benefit from the program. At the lower grade level, the program was needed more and the gain was greater.
The Hospital Social Work Self-Efficacy Scale: A Replication
Authors: Holden Gary , Cuzzi Lawrence , Rutter Steve , Chernack Peter , Rosenberg Gary
Published: March 2007

The Hospital Social Work Self-Efficacy Scale, based on Bandura's social cognitive theory, is intended to measure social workers' confidence regarding their ability to perform specific aspects of hospital social work. The scale was developed during an evaluation of a social work fieldwork program. The study reported here is a replication of that evaluation. New data regarding the reliability and validity of the scale are presented.
Communicative Competence during Nursing Admission Interviews of Elderly Patients in Acute Care Settings
Authors: VanCott Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

This study explored communication patterns between nurses and elderly patients during nursing admission interviews in acute care hospital settings. The sample consisted of 2O nursing admission interviews. Verbatim transcripts of these interactions and investigator-conducted individual participant interviews were analyzed. Findings indicated that misperception of speech events represented an important source of conflict in the relationship. Task-oriented communication approaches most often resulted in failure to explore the psychosocial needs of the elderly subject.
Struggling to Keep on Top: Meeting the Everyday Challenges of AIDS
Authors: Cowles Kathleen V. , Rodgers Beth L.
Published: March 2007

Although there has been considerable research on the experiences of caregivers in general, and more recently on caregivers of persons living with AIDS (PLWAs), little is known about the effects of AIDS on the many significant others who do not assume roles as primary caregivers. Yet these significant others provide vital instrumental and social support to enhance the lives of PLWAs. This study was conducted using the grounded theory method with in-depth interviews of a diverse sample of 24 significant others of PLWAs from 2 distinct geographic areas. The basic social psychological process was identified as "struggling to keep on top." Three major categories of this core variable included "accepting the challenge,"" 'maintaining equilibrium," and "constructing a future." Findings have implications for sensitization to the experiences of this population and for interventions to maintain them in their roles as they confront the challenging, frustrating, and sometimes abruptly changing situations associated with AIDS.
Latino Immigrants' Explanatory Models of Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Dear Margaret R.
Published: March 2007

One third of the world's population is infected with the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, and the disease accounts for more than $700 million annual U.S. health care expenditures. Only about 3% of that amount is spent on preventive therapy. The major problem with preventive therapy is lack of adherence among high-risk groups, such as Latino immigrants. To improve adherence, public health professionals need a better understanding of the meaning of tuberculosis infection to Latino immigrants. In this study, Kleinman's frame-work for eliciting an explanatory model was used in interviews with 65 Latino immigrants enrolled in preventive therapy in a county health department. The focus of the interview was their beliefs concerning the cause of their infection, their fears about it, and the results they hoped to achieve in preventive therapy. Among other findings, the study indicated that most of the immigrants did not know the cause of their infection.
Van Kaam's Method Revisited
Authors: Anderson Judith , Eppard Janet
Published: March 2007

van Kaam's psychophenomenological method (PPM) is critiqued for its applicability for qualitative data analysis. A four-stage, 12-step format incorporating van Kaam's writings is described. Experience in using the PPM is discussed, while advantages and limitations of the PPM for qualitative inquiry are delineated. It is determined that the PPM remains a viable method for qualitative inquiry. Its quantitative nature, feasibility for analyzing large amounts of narrative data, and use with moderate-to-large sample sizes has appeal to the researcher seeking a rigorous method for analyzing qualitative data.
Reflective Questions in Health Counseling
Authors: Poskiparta Marita , Kettunen Tarja , Liimatainen Leena
Published: March 2007

This study explores questions that nurses ask patients in order to awaken reflection on their health behavior in health counseling. Thirty-eight counseling situations were videotaped in a hospital. The data were analyzed using conversation analysis which was adapted for the purpose of this study. Nonverbal communication supported speech and was interpreted alongside it. This study found that nurses used only a few reflective questions, most of which were future-oriented or introduced hypotheses. In a nonreflective discussion, nurses used only check-up and alternative questions to get information about patients' illnesses and health care measures. Findings indicated that reflective conversation began with check-up questions about patients' immediate situation, followed by questions about patients' feelings in the past, present, or future. On the third level of questioning, the structure might vary between embedded questions, check-up, alternative, or feeling questions. Nonverbal communication supported the discussion. Reflective questions tended to ensure patient-centered conversation and might improve the effectiveness of health counseling.
Elders' Decision Making Regarding the Use of Long-Term Care Services: A Precarious Balance
Authors: Forbes Sarah , Hoffart Nancy
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore factors that influenced decision making regarding the use and nonuse of long-term care services, with a particular focus on elders' attitudes, values, and beliefs. The sample (N = 27) consisted of high-functional elders recently admitted to nursing homes and community-dwelling, high-risk elders recently diverted from nursing homes following a prescreening program. Data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face, semistructured interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Independence and sense of self were the strongest values to emerge. The attitude of acceptance, both passive and active, helped elders cope with increasing levels of dependency and lifestyle changes. The desire to be part of decisions, both major life planning and day-to-day choices such as meal planning, was pervasive. Decision making was individualistic and complex. Loss of control was threatening to the sense of self, leaving some elders feeling shortchanged.
When and Where? Facilitating Group Work beyond the Borders of the Classroom
Authors: St. Clair Lynda , Tschirhart Mary
Published: March 2007

Group assignments for management courses sometimes require students to work together outside regular class sessions. The authors present a six-step practical exercise and tools designed to help student groups with the challenges they encounter in coordinatingwhen and where to meet outside of scheduled class time. The exercise and tools facilitate student learningby helpingstudents determine good times and places for their group meetings, thus improving the quality of the project outcome and group process.
Assigning Business Writing to Increase the Learning Potential of Case Courses
Authors: Kellogg Diane McKinney
Published: March 2007

Many business instructors use the case method and accompany classroom learning by asking students to write analyses of cases. However, students typically write from an "outsider's" perspective from which they propose unrealistic solutions, spend much of their writing space repeating case details, and fail to see interpersonal and organizational consequences of what appears to them to be a rational solution to a case problem. The article explores the learning potential of asking students to adopt an insider's perspective by assuming the role of a particular character in assigned cases. They then write case analyses, in the form of business documents directed to one of the other characters in each case. This approach has a number of advantages, including (a) increasing students' understanding of the organizational realities of their proposed solutions by putting them in the center of the action, where they experience a more intimate involvement with the characters and realities of the cases; (b) providing students with the opportunity to develop proficiency in the writing skills they will need in their future jobs.
Mourning Becomes Elective: Teaching about and Managing Termination in the Classroom
Authors: LaFarge Vicki , Nurick Aaron J.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that termination is an important, and often neglected, topic for management educators. It discusses termination both as part of management course content and as an influence on classroom dynamics. Basic termination issues are explored from a theoretical perspective. The authors then present suggestions for integrating specific ideas about termination into course content and for managing termination in the classroom in a manner that enhances learning.
A Proposed Typology for the Production and Operations Management Core Course
Authors: Coleman B. Jay , Smith Suzanne J.
Published: March 2007

In many business programs, a single production and operations management (POM) course is included in the core curriculum to provide a brief overview for students who do not pursue the subject as a major. This article offers a simple two-dimensional, four-cell typology, well grounded in various POM sources, for facilitating instruction under the constraints and requirements of such a course. The typology can also serve non-POM faculty who might be asked to teach the course, as well as authors and instructors providing reviews of POM in management principles courses and texts.
Managing In-Class Projects: Setting them Up to Succeed
Authors: Verderber Kathleen S. , Serey Timothy T.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a structured method for management professors to help students succeed with in-class projects and presentations. The method described provides a highly structured process in which instructors coach students toward success. The article describes two learning modules that emphasize skills needed for project management and for making an effective oral presentation. It concludes with student reactions, a possible theoretical explanation for the success of the methods used, and practical implications for business.
Management Skill Teachers Speak Out
Authors: Bigelow John D.
Published: March 2007

Experienced management skill teachers are a valuable but largely untapped source of knowledge about skill teaching, and there can be considerable validity to their knowledge. In this study, 24 experienced managerial skills teachers raise and discuss issues associated with the teaching of managerial skills. Insights are provided into 10 skill-learning issues: describing skills, developing an understanding of skills, teaching in a time-limited course, lifelong learning, orienting learners, the learning process, overcoming learner learning obstacles, qualities needed by teachers, assessing learning accomplishments, and absolute versus relative scoring.
Teaching about the Human Side of Corporate Restructuring: A Three-Stage Role-Play
Authors: Begley Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a three-stage role-play that involves a team of engineering managers and their boss in an engineering workstations company that is undergoing downsizing. The three stages occur just after financial losses are reported for the company, 3 weeks after the reported losses, and 4 months after the losses. Issues highlighted include thoughts and feelings experienced by people working for a company that is undergoing financial losses and layoffs, concerns of those laid off and survivors, and managing in a company after downsizing.
Suspending Disbelief: Improving Writing, Research, and Team-Building Skills in a Peer-Centered Learning Environment
Authors: Frankl Razelle
Published: March 2007

The author presents a timetable for assigning and completing research papers. The timetable tasks include a feasibility study, a performance appraisal, and an on-going peer-centered revision process. The timetable provides a means for improving students' research, writing, and presentation skills and involves the whole class in a simulation of a complex work environment by requiring students to work collaboratively on projects composed of several components. During the semester, students gain confidence in their ability to analyze problems, gather and sort through a variety of source material, and work cooperatively with their peers. Students discover that the timetable process helps them overcome resistance to change and procrastination. Finally, students develop management skills that will help them in their careers.
This is your Life! A Lifeline Exercise to Promote Discussion of Differences
Authors: Neal Judith A. , Schor Susan , Sabiers Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an experiential learning exercise designed to help students become more aware of how critical life events have shaped their attitudes, beliefs, and values toward those who are different from themselves. Students use graphic representations, reflective writing, and dialogue to help identify experiences and clearings. The authors provide instructions for students, processing guidelines for facilitators, and brief descriptions of their experiences using the activity in a diversity course as well as in organizational behavior and management courses.
Strategies for AIDS Prevention
Authors: Harris Ruth M. , Kavanagh Kathryn Hopkins , Hetherington Susan E. , Scott Doris E.
Published: March 2007

A culturally congruent training program to promote HIV risk-reduction behaviors was implemented in a convenient sample of 9 African-American women in an urban methadone treatment program. At each of eight peer counseling and leadership training (PCLT) program sessions, the transmission and prevention of AIDS were discussed while emphasizing enhancement of participants' self-esteem, confidence, and control over high-risk behaviors. The results indicate that support of the women helped develop their sense of purpose and self-worth, reduced sexual and drug use practices associated with risk for HIV and AIDS infection, and promoted assumption of leadership roles and dissemination of accurate AIDS-related information in their communities. It was apparent that knowledge alone does not change behavior if it conflicts with established norms, values, beliefs, and life-styles and that individuals who have a sense of personal control are more willing to explore alternative lower-risk behaviors.
What Psychiatric Nurses Say about Constant Care
Authors: Yonge Olive , Stewin L. L.
Published: March 2007

As part of a qualitative research project on constant care, 8 psychiatric nurses described their perceptions of the constant care experience and its purposes and values. One of the major domains that emerged from the interviews was "nursing"; it consisted of nine themes, some of which indicated that constant care alters the passage, meaning, and use of time, is a dynamic rather than a static relationship, and enhances a nurse's sense of powerfulness. The findings showed that constant care is a dynamic, and to some, distorting, experience. It demands extra work from the nurses, yet constrains them from doing counseling or other higher-order interventions. Having more nursing experience was seen as an advantage in preparing for constant care, controlling angry feelings, and discriminating for potentially dangerous situations. Also, due to the interactive nature of constant care, a nurse could not merely guard a patient because the nurse is also on constant care. These findings have implications for making patient assignments, teaching novice nurses how to do constant care, of firming current practice even though it is against hospital policies, and illustrating how nurses can be aware of and resourceful when constant care is stressful.
Dementia Care-Receiver Needs and their Impact on Caregivers
Authors: Farran Carol J. , Keane-Hagerty Eleanora , Tatarowicz Lydia , Scorza Elaine
Published: March 2007

This study examines home-based persons with dementia, their needs associated with activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive impairment, and disruptive behaviors, and the relationship of these needs to caregiver distress and burden. Findings suggest that selected disruptive behaviors were most distressing to caregivers, and that when disruptive behaviors occurred more frequently, caregivers were significantly more distressed with these behaviors and reported higher levels of burden. The frequency of cognitive impairment behaviors and level of ADL impairment were not significantly related to caregiver burden, but caregiver distress with these needs was significantly related to caregiver burden.
Information Needs Prior to Breast Biopsy
Authors: Shaw Christine R. , Wilson Sarah A. , O'Brien Maureen E.
Published: March 2007

Biopsy is the definitive diagnostic procedure for breast cancer. The fear of cancer may make the breast biopsy itself a distressing experience for women and their significant others. Information seeking is believed to be a primary mode of coping with distressful events. The purpose of this study was to describe the information needs of women and their significant others prior to a breast biopsy and to explore the influence of information on the breast biopsy experience. Semistructured, audiotape-recorded interviews with 11 women and 8 significant others were conducted prior to breast biopsy, and categories arising from the data were developed The primary information need identified by the participants was to know "Is it cancer?" Participants' uncertainty regarding the outcome of the biopsy led to feelings of distress. The major strategy used to reduce distress was information management, in which the amount and type of incoming information was controlled. Nursing interventions based on the study findings are presented.
Understanding Depression in Bereaved Older Adults
Authors: Dimond Margaret , Caserta Michael , Lund Dale
Published: March 2007

Depression is a common outcome of spousal bereavement Concurrent life events may contribute to the intensity of depression following spousal bereavement in older adults and, if not identified, may interfere with therapeutic plans for the management of depression. Taped interviews, conducted six times over two years, were analyzed for ten subjects, five whose depression scores were low, and fie whose scores were high. In addition, a detailed case comparison analysis of two subjects was done. Four recurring types of life events, reported by the bereaved spouses, were illness (of self or others), deaths of family or friends, residential relocation, and changes in interpersonal relationships. Significantly depressed spouses were more likely to report these events. Implications for nursing practice and for integrating qualitative and quantitative research methods are addressed.
Chemical Dependency and Adolescent Self Esteem
Authors: Wasson Dianne , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study is to determine whether self-esteem differs between chemically dependent adolescents and adolescents from the general high school population. The Self-Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1987) was completed by 119 adolescents (31 inpatient, 31 aftercare, and 57 general high school students) aged 13 to 18. Findings suggest that inpatient, chemically dependent adolescents have lower self-esteem than the other two groups. For the chemically dependent adolescent, nursing case management with communication among and between health care providers, school professionals, and family may facilitate successful long-term recovery. For adolescents at risk for development of chemical dependence, nursing health promotion behaviors, such as early assessment and implementation of self-esteem-building activities, may assist in prevention of chemical dependency.
A Nursing Survey to Determine the Characteristics of Medication Administration through Enteral Feeding Catheters
Authors: Seifert Charles F. , Frye Jeff L. , Belknap Dorothy C. , Anderson Douglas C.
Published: March 2007

A statewide survey was designed to develop a better understanding of the current practices and problems encountered with medication administration through enteral feeding catheters (EFCs). The sample of 223 registered nurses and licensed practical nurses estimated that a median of 1096 of patients received medications through an EFC. EFC obstruction was estimated to have occured a median of 1.5 times per week, with 50% of obstructions estimated to be due to medication administration. Nine of 14 spic medications reported as "most frequently contributing to"feeding catheter obstruction available in liquid form, yet tablets were crushed and given When nurses perceived the pharmacy department as helping them insure that liquid dosage form was used, there was greater use of liquid forms, less use of crushed forms, and less medication-associated catheter obstruction. In this sample, the majority of nurses did not follow consistently the few recommendations available.
Effect of Resistance Training on Strength, Postural Control, and Gait Velocity among Older Adults
Authors: Topp Robert , Mikesky Alan , Dayhoff Nancy E. , Holt Worthe
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 14-week resistance training program on the anile strength training intensity, postural control, and gait velocity of older adults. Forty-two older adults (mean age = 72), 21 in the resistance and control groups, completed the 14-week project. The resistance training group participated in 14 weeks of resistance training three times per week using elastic bands (Theraband) for resistance. Isokinetic ankle strength, training intensity, postural stability, and gait velocity were measured prior to and following the 14-week intervention. Following the training, the resistance group exhibited improved ankle dorsiflexion, training resistances, and gait velocity, but showed no change in plantar flexion or postural control. The control group also exhibited improvements in dorsiflexion, but these gains were approximately one-half of the gains observed in the resistance training group. Finally, when adjusted for baseline differences, subjects in the resistance training group demonstrated no changes in the dependent measures over the control group.
Control the Construction of Your Legend or Someone Else will
Authors: Hegele Cornelia , Kieser Alfred
Published: March 2007

Jack Welch, the CEO of General Electric, has been upheld by many as the incarnation of a corporate chieftain. Countless publications praise his astonishing achievements. The authors demonstrate that these texts are modern legends, that they adopt similar forms and serve similar functions as medieval legends, and that they also incorporate patterns of the frontier legend. They also point out that a critical text on Welch can be compared with counterlegends that were launched during the Reformation to fight the impact that traditional legends had on people's faith. They then try to explain why managers read texts that praise the uniqueness of a manager like Welch and yet do not contain precise and detailed recipes for effective management. Finally, the authors discuss whether the shareholder value of a company can be increased by an effective communication policy as it is practiced by Welch.
Boisjoly on Ethics
Authors: Armenakis Achilles A.
Published: March 2007

Roger M. Boisjoly was honored as the James T. Pursell, Sr. Distinguished Fellow in Management Ethics at Auburn University in January 2001, the fifteenth anniversary of the Challenger disaster. The interview with him and interviewer commentary include an explanation of the causes of the Challenger disaster, the ethics affecting the situation before and after the disaster, the role of heuristics in making the decision to launch Challenger, career advice for professionals on being ethical, and developing ethical organizational cultures.