bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the ultra-low frequency wave field during the precursor phase to the Sichuan earthquake: DEMETER observations
Authors: Walker S. N. , Kadirkamanathan V. , Pokhotelov O. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Electromagnetic phenomena observed in association with increases in seismic activity have been studied for several decades. These phenomena are generated during the precursory phases of an earthquake as well as during the main event. Their occurrence during the precursory phases may be used in short-term prediction of a large earthquake. In this paper, we examine ultra-low frequency (ULF) electric field data from the DEMETER satellite during the period leading up to the Sichuan earthquake. It is shown that there is an increase in ULF wave activity observed as DEMETER passes in the vicinity of the earthquake epicentre. This increase is most obvious at lower frequencies. Examination of the ULF spectra shows the possible occurrence of geomagnetic pearl pulsations, resulting from the passage of atmospheric gravity waves generated in the vicinity of the earthquake epicentre.
Cluster as current sheet surveyor in the magnetotail
Authors: Narita Y. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A novel analysis technique is presented to estimate the current sheet thickness unambiguously and directly, without associating time series data with spatial structure. The technique is a combination of eigenvalue analysis and minimum variance estimator adapted to Harris current sheet geometry, and needs one-time, four-point magnetic field data as provided by the Cluster spacecraft. Two current sheet parameters, thickness and distance to the spacecraft, can be determined at each time step of the magnetic field measurements. An example is shown from a Cluster magnetotail crossing under quiet magnetospheric conditions, yielding the result that the current sheet thickness is on the scale of the proton gyroradius. The analysis technique can also be used to track the dynamical evolution of the current sheet structure in three dimensions.
Landscape-scale changes in forest structure and functional traits along an Andes-to-Amazon elevation gradient
Authors: Asner G. P. , Anderson C. , Martin R. E. , Knapp D. E. , Tupayachi R. , Kennedy-Bowdoin T. , Sinca F. , Malhi Y.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Elevation gradients provide opportunities to explore environmental controls on forest structure and functioning, but plot-based studies have proven highly variable due to limited geographic scope. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) to quantify changes in three-dimensional forest structure and canopy functional traits in a series of 25 ha landscapes distributed along a 3300 m elevation gradient from lowland Amazonia to treeline in the Peruvian Andes. Canopy greenness, photosynthetic fractional cover and exposed non-photosynthetic vegetation varied as much across lowland forests (100–200 m) as they did from the lowlands to the Andean treeline (3400 m). Elevation was positively correlated with canopy gap density and understory vegetation cover, and negatively related to canopy height and vertical profile. Increases in gap density were tightly linked to increases in understory plant cover, and larger gaps (20–200 m2 produced 25–30 times the response in understory cover than did smaller gaps (< 5 m2. Scaling of gap size to gap frequency was, however, relatively constant along the elevation gradient, which when combined with other canopy structural information, indicates equilibrium turnover patterns from the lowlands to treeline. Our results provide a first landscape-scale quantification of forest structure and canopy functional traits with changing elevation, thereby improving our understanding of disturbance, demography and ecosystem processes in the Andes-to-Amazon corridor.
Non-extensivity and long-range correlations in the earthquake activity at the West Corinth rift (Greece)
Authors: Michas G. , Vallianatos F. , Sammonds P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In the present work the statistical properties of the earthquake activity in a highly seismic region, the West Corinth rift (Central Greece), are being studied by means of generalized statistical physics. By using a dataset that covers the period 2001–2008, we investigate the earthquake energy distribution and the distribution of the time intervals (interevent times) between the successive events. As has been reported previously, these distributions exhibit complex statistical properties and fractality. By using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), a well-established method for detection of long-range correlations in non-stationary signals, it is shown that long-range correlations are also present in the earthquake activity. The existence of these properties motivates us to use non-extensive statistical physics (NESP) to investigate the statistical properties of the frequency-magnitude and the interevent time distributions, along with other well-known relations in seismology, such as the gamma distribution for interevent times. The results of the analysis indicate that the statistical properties of the earthquake activity can be successfully reproduced by means of NESP and that the earthquake activity at the West Corinth rift is correlated at all-time scales.
A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers
Authors: Oerlemans J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In this note, the total dissipative melting in temperate glaciers is studied. The analysis is based on the notion that the dissipation is determined by the loss of potential energy due to the downward motion of mass (ice, snow, meltwater and rain). A mathematical formulation of the dissipation is developed and applied to a simple glacier geometry. In the next step, meltwater production resulting from enhanced ice motion during a glacier surge is calculated. The amount of melt energy available follows directly from the lowering of the centre of gravity of the glacier. To illustrate the concept, schematic calculations are presented for a number of glaciers with different geometric characteristics. Typical dissipative melt rates, expressed as water-layer depth averaged over the glacier, range from a few centimetres per year for smaller glaciers to half a metre per year for Franz Josef Glacier, one of the most active glaciers in the world (in terms of mass turnover). The total generation of meltwater during a surge is typically half a metre. For Variegated Glacier a value of 70 cm is found, for Kongsvegen 20 cm. These values refer to water layer depth averaged over the entire glacier. The melt \\textit{rate} depends on the duration of the surge. It is generally an order of magnitude greater than water production by `normal' dissipation. On the other hand, the additional basal melt rate during a surge is comparable in magnitude with the water input from meltwater and precipitation. This suggests that enhanced melting during a surge does not grossly change the total water budget of a glacier. Basal water generated by enhanced sliding is an important ingredient in many theories of glacier surges. It provides a positive feedback mechanism that actually makes the surge happen. The results found here suggest that this can only work if water generated by enhanced sliding accumulates in a part of the glacier base where surface meltwater and rain have no or very limited access. This finding seems compatible with the fact that, on many glaciers, surges are initiated in the lower accumulation zone.
Work Analysis of Compliant Leg Mechanisms for Bipedal Walking Robots
Authors: Kim Byoung-Ho
Published: September 2013

In this study, we analyse the work of bipedal walking robots with compliant feet. For this purpose, a walking model of bipedal robots with compliant feet is considered. The ligamentous structure of the human foot is used for the compliant feet mechanisms of the bipedal robot considered herein. A work principle is used for determining the corresponding work at the joint space of the compliant legs according to the reaction force which is propagated from the foot space. The usefulness of the work analysis is demonstrated through exemplary simulations. Consequently, it is shown that the work analysis can be used for evaluating the fatigue of the bipedal robot accumulated by the physical walking impact between the supporting foot and the contact surface. Furthermore, comfortable walking by means of footgear with a compliance is addressed.
Les impressions d’un futur Premier ministre belge au Canada
Authors: Warren Jean-Philippe , Van Den Dungen Pierre
Published: September 2013

Hubert Pierlot (1883-1963) a été Premier ministre de Belgique entre 1939 et 1945. En 1910, le Congrès eucharistique international qui se tient à Montréal lui offre l’occasion de traverser l’Atlantique. Le jeune homme, déjà intéressé par laRes Publica, découvre lors de son voyage les Canadiens français dont il va aussitôt célébrer, la double identité : la patrie et la foi. Le Canada français représente alors pour lui un véritable modèle « moral », sinon un espoir car il a la possibilité de rejoindre la Belgique sur la voie de l’industrialisation sans renier son passé et ses traditions, conjuguant les innovations techniques et le respect dû aux choses de l’esprit, qu’elles soient religieuses ou aristocratiques. C’est pourtant lors d’un voyage de chasse au Lac-Saint-Jean qu’il pensera avoir touché au plus près de la vie authentique des habitants. Au moment de son entrée dans la carrière politique, en 1925, Pierlot n’aura pas oublié les leçons tirées de son périple transatlantique.
Annual and semiannual variations of phytoplankton biomass and production in the central Gulf of California estimated from satellite data
Authors: Álvarez-Molina Laura Lucero , Álvarez-Borrego Saúl , Lara-Lara José Rubén , Marinone SG
Published: September 2013

Surface waters of the Midriff Islands region of the Gulf of California persistently have the lowest temperatures (SST) and the highest nutrient concentrations of all surface waters of the gulf. The purpose of this work was to characterize the annual and semiannual variations of satellite-derived SST, chlorophyll a (Chlsat), and phytoplankton production (PP) along transects in Ballenas Channel (transect A), between Ángel de la Guarda and Tiburón islands (transect B), and San Pedro Mártir Basin (SPMB) (transect C). This was done with monthly composites of SST, Chlsat, and PP for 2005 and 2006. Chlsat and PP have annual and semiannual components of variation at the three transects, but the temporal setup is different for each transect. In Ballenas Channel the two maxima occurred in March–June and October, while along transect B in March–May and in late autumn and early winter, and at SPMB in February–May and October–December. The explanation for the differences is in the physical dynamics of these areas. Strong turbulence and stratification caused low Chlsat and PP, and intermediate stratification caused high values for transects A and B. On the eastern side of transect C, upwelling caused the highest Chlsat and PP of our data set (up to 9.7 mg m–3 and 7.8 g C m–2 d–1). Photosynthesis in our study area is not limited by iron. Low summer Chlsat and PP values are caused by strong stratification inhibiting nutrient eddy diffusion from below the thermocline to the euphotic zone. Nevertheless, the summer Chlsat and PP values for the Midriff Islands region (often >1 mg m–3 and >1 g C m–2 d–1) are relatively high.
Temporal and spatial variation of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a, and primary productivity in the Gulf of California
Authors: Escalante Fátima , Valdez-Holguín José Eduardo , Álvarez-Borrego Saúl , Lara-Lara José Rubén
Published: September 2013

Using satellite derived data from 1997–2010, sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a (Chl) and primary productivity (PP) variations are described at different temporal and spatial scales in the Gulf of California. Interannual signals of El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) were more evident at the entrance to the gulf. Once EN or LN events were over, there was a delayed response of three to six months for the reestablishment of “normal” phytoplankton activity levels. Phytoplankton response to high concentrations of nutrients due to LN was not immediate. At regional scale, EN significantly decreased the Chl mean with regard to “normal” conditions at the entrance, central gulf, and Midriff Islands region (MIR); however, PP under EN conditions decreased significantly only at the entrance. The increase in Chl and PP due to LN relative to “normal” conditions was significant only at the entrance. SST, Chl, and PP annual signals are the main source of variation, particularly for the central gulf and entrance, but in the MIR, “winter” PP (1.96 g C m–2 d–1) was not significantly different from that of “summer” (1.62 g C m–2 d–1). Highest PP was found in the central gulf and MIR, where inferences of production attributable to new production were estimated at more than 60% of PP. At the gulf entrance, primary productivity was mainly attributable to regenerated production, particularly during summer and autumn.
Wintertime enrichment of inorganic nutrients in the Ballenas Channel, Gulf of California
Authors: Torres-Delgado Eunise Vanessa , Delgadillo Hinojosa Francisco , Camacho-Ibar Víctor Froylán , Huerta-Díaz Miguel Angel , Segovia-Zavala José Antonio , Hernández-Ayón José Martín , Galindo-Bect Salvador
Published: September 2013

Three oceanographic cruises were carried out in the region of the Ballenas Channel (BC) during winter 2002, spring 2003, and summer 2004, in order to study the impact of vertical mixing of the water column (ф) on the surface concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients (NO3, PO4, and Si(OH)4). Mean nutrient concentrations integrated over the upper 100 m of BC showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher values in winter (18.2 ± 1.1 ± µM NO3, 2.36 ± 0.08 µM PO4, and 35.4 ± 3.2 µM Si(OH)4), associated with a well-mixed water column (ф = 0.7–16 J m–3), and low values in summer (7.1 ± 1.0 µM NO3, 1.22 ± 0.06 µM PO4, and 16.0 ± 2.1 µM Si(OH)4), related to vertically stratified water column conditions (ф = 150–223 J m–3). In contrast, below 200 m the seasonal variability of the three nutrient concentrations was reduced. The hydrographic analysis indicated that the wintertime surface nutrient enrichment was due to an intensification of the water column mixing, which vertically transported Subtropical Subsurface Water (SSW, cold and nutrient-enriched) to the surface of BC. In contrast, nutrient impoverishment in summertime was due to biological consumption combined with the stratification of the water column, which reduced the vertical flow of SSW and, consequently, the supply of nutrients to the surface of this system. The N:P and Si:N ratios and an excess of PO4 > 0.65 µM in surface waters indicated that NO3 was the potential limiting nutrient for primary production in this oceanographic province of the Gulf of California.
Dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Midriff Islands of the Gulf of California: Influence of water masses
Authors: Hernández-Ayón José Martín , Chapa-Balcorta Cecilia , Delgadillo-Hinojosa Francisco , Camacho-Ibar Víctor Froylan , Huerta-Díaz Miguel Angel , Santamaría-del-Angel Eduardo , Galindo-Bect Salvador , Segovia-Zavala José Antonio
Published: September 2013

In the Midriff Islands region (MIR) of the Gulf of California (Mexico), tidal mixing plays a very important role in the distribution of chemical properties. Although the temporal variability of the water masses is linked to the ocean dynamics of this region, its importance has not been considered. This work estimates the effect of water mass dynamics on the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the region, with special emphasis on the Ballenas Channel, during winter 2002, spring 2003, and summer 2004. Gulf of California Water (GCW) was found throughout the area in the first 100 m. Below, Subtropical Subsurface Water (SSW) filled the Delfín, Salsipuedes, and Tiburón basins, while to the southeast it was found between 150 and 350 m. Pacific Intermediate Water did not cross the sills. SSW enriches the surface water of the MIR with DIC when it increases in volume and when mixed with GCW by tidal effects. This contribution decreases towards summertime, when SSW sinks and the volume of GCW increases. In winter, GCW had three water types associated with oceanographic mixing processes and in combination with the presence of SSW. There was a strong DIC vs temperature relationship, which can be applied to analyze the carbon dynamics in the MIR, both at the surface using satellite imagery and vertically to simulate physical processes.
Accents in Business Communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research
Authors: Mai Robert , Hoffmann Stefan
Published: September 2013

Today's business interactions are characterized by encounters between people with diverse language backgrounds. This article examines how, why and under what circumstances regional or foreign speech patterns affect consumer judgments and reactions. Building on a synthesis of accent research and theories, including the work of related disciplines such as linguistics and social psychology, this article suggests an integrative model that helps to understand accent effects in business contexts. The model disentangles the effects of social categorization, stereotype activation, and speech processing that jointly influence different business‐related outcomes. The model highlights three categories of factors that moderate these accent effects, namely sender, receiver, and communication variables. The paper further identifies several issues which remain unresolved and which require continued research. An agenda for future research sets out several propositions to help researchers approach regional and foreign accents in business environments.
Developing translational research infrastructure and capabilities associated with cancer clinical trials
Authors: Hall Jacqueline A , Brown Robert
Published: September 2013

The integration of molecular information in clinical decision making is becoming a reality. These changes are shaping the way clinical research is conducted, and as reality sets in, the challenges in conducting, managing and organising multi-disciplinary research become apparent. Clinical trials provide a platform to conduct translational research (TR) within the context of high quality clinical data accrual. Integrating TR objectives in trials allows the execution of pivotal studies that provide clinical evidence for biomarker-driven treatment strategies, targeting early drug development trials to a homogeneous and well defined patient population, supports the development of companion diagnostics and provides an opportunity for deepening our understanding of cancer biology and mechanisms of drug action. To achieve these goals within a clinical trial, developing translational research infrastructure and capabilities (TRIC) plays a critical catalytic role for translating preclinical data into successful clinical research and development. TRIC represents a technical platform, dedicated resources and access to expertise promoting high quality standards, logistical and operational support and unified streamlined procedures under an appropriate governance framework. TRIC promotes integration of multiple disciplines including biobanking, laboratory analysis, molecular data, informatics, statistical analysis and dissemination of results which are all required for successful TR projects and scientific progress. Such a supporting infrastructure is absolutely essential in order to promote high quality robust research, avoid duplication and coordinate resources. Lack of such infrastructure, we would argue, is one reason for the limited effect of TR in clinical practice beyond clinical trials.
The Progressive Unfolding of the Powers of the United States: Presidential Address, Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
Authors: Baldwin Simeon E.
Published: September 2013

When the Constitution of the United States was pending for ratification, its supporters, in their public utterances, were disposed to minimize the powers which it conferred. This was the general tone of the Federalist. How far they might reach, indeed, was a question that only the future could fully answer. A set of traditions and usages and precedents must first grow up, under the Constitution, but outside of it.

Every one saw that much would depend on the views of Washington. Every one looked forward with confidence to his unanimous election as the first President. Every one saw that it would be left to him to decide whether he should be reelected. His refusal to stand for a third term founded a usage that has become as controlling as an express constitutional provision.

Washington took care that the judiciary should be composed of men who believed that Congress was not confined to the exercise of the powers expressly granted to it.
THE -COHOMOLOGY RINGS OF -MANIFOLDS
Authors: HILLMAN J. A.
Published: September 2013

We compute the rings ${H}^{\ast } (N; { \mathbb{F} }_{2} )$ for $N$ a closed $ \mathbb{S} {\mathrm{ol} }^{3} $-manifold, and then determine the Borsuk–Ulam indices $\text{BU} (N, \phi )$ with $\phi \not = 0$ in ${H}^{1} (N; { \mathbb{F} }_{2} )$.
Carotenoid-rich dietary patterns during midlife and subsequent cognitive function
Authors: Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Andreeva Valentina A. , Ducros Véronique , Jeandel Claude , Julia Chantal , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar
Published: September 2013

Carotenoids may help to prevent the ageing of the brain. Previous findings regarding β-carotene alone are not consistent. In the present study, we evaluated the cross-time association between a carotenoid-rich dietary pattern (CDP) and subsequent cognitive performance using a sample of 2983 middle-aged adults participating in the SU.VI.MAX (Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants) study. Cognitive performance was assessed in 2007–9 using six neuropsychological tests, and a composite cognitive score was computed. The cognitive data were related to dietary data obtained by repeated 24 h dietary records (1994–6) and to measurements of baseline plasma concentrations of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene and cis-β-carotene). DP were extracted using the reduced rank regression method for 381 participants and then extrapolated to the whole sample using plasma carotenoid concentrations as response variables. Associations between a CDP and cognitive function measured 13 years later were estimated with ANCOVA providing mean difference values and 95 % CI across the tertiles of CDP. A correlation between CDP and consumption of orange- and green-coloured fruits and vegetables, vegetable oils and soup was observed. CDP was found to be associated with a higher composite cognitive score (mean difference 1·04, 95 % CI 0·20, 1·87, P for trend 0·02), after adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors. Similar findings were obtained for scores obtained in the cued recall task, backward digit span task, trail making test and semantic fluency task (all P for trend < 0·05). Further studies ought to confirm whether a diet providing sufficient quantity and variety of coloured fruits and vegetables may contribute to the preservation of cognitive function during ageing.
EFFECT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN THE SEMI-ARID AREAS OF ZIMBABWE
Authors: NYAMANGARA J. , NYENGERAI K. , MASVAYA E. N. , TIRIVAVI R. , MASHINGAIDZE N. , MUPANGWA W. , DIMES J. , HOVE L. , TWOMLOW S.
Published: September 2013

Globally, a range of agronomic factors have been reported to have an impact on the performance of conservation agriculture (CA) and often determine its performance in relation to conventional agriculture (CONV). To assess this performance in Zimbabwe, 48 CA experiments were conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in the semi-arid areas of southern Zimbabwe from 2004 to 2010, to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) through meta-analytical methods. The two CA practices, planting basins (Basins) and ripper tillage (Ripper), were compared with CONV. It was hypothesised that CA results improved yield compared with CONV and that the effect of CA practices on yield is affected by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution and selected management practices, which included rates of inorganic fertilisers and manures and mulching. Basins were superior to CONV in 59% of the experiments and the overall effect was significant (p< 0.001). The effect of Ripper was non-significant. The hypothesis that CA practices result in improved maize grain yield over CONV was accepted for Basins. The WMD for experiments conducted on sandy soils was 0.365 t ha−1for Basins and 0.184 t ha−1for Ripper, and in both cases was significant (p< 0.05). For clay soils, only the WMD for Basins was significant. A higher rainfall regime (500–830 mm) resulted in a lower WMD for Basins (0.095 t ha−1) and Ripper (0.105 t ha−1) compared with 0.151 t ha−1for Basins and 0.110 t ha−1for Ripper under lower rainfall (320–500 mm). The overall effect of Basins under the higher rainfall regime was not significant. There was better yield performance for Basins when the rainfall was well distributed; the reverse was noted for the Ripper. The application of 10–30 kg ha−1of N (micro-dose range) resulted in a higher WMD for Basins than zero N application. Without N application, the WMD of Basins was not significant. For zero manure application in Basins, the WMD was 0.043 t ha−1compared with 0.159 t ha−1when manure was applied. The application of mulch depressed the WMD in Basins by 44% and Ripper by 89%. The hypothesis that yield performance under CA is influenced by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution, inorganic fertiliser and manure application was accepted.
Knossos 1951–61: Classical and Hellenistic pottery from the town
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

The excavation of M. S. F. Hood in the area of the Minoan Royal Road at Knossos produced stratified deposits of Greek pottery ranging in date from Protogeometric to Hellenistic. This article, the last in a series of three, concentrates on the local and imported pottery of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. For the Classical sequence, a late-fourth century house deposit is supplemented by three earlier well fills from the area of the Vcnizeleion Hospital. There follows five stratified groups of Hellenistic pottery, the last two being from second-century floor deposits. Also included here are many pieces from less well stratified contexts, but of intrinsic interest.
Excavations at Palaikastro, 1994 and 1996
Authors: MacGillivray J. A. , Sackett L. H. , Driessen J. M.
Published: September 2013

Work at Palaikastro in the 1994 and 1996 seasons was concentrated in Building 6 in the southern area adjacent to Main Street, where tests had previously been made in 1990–1. It was confirmed that the architectural history of the area ended before the Santorini eruption. Its later use as a walled open space was marked by the construction in LM IB of two wells. These were fully excavated and were very productive of useful stratified material. The principal building complex lay to the SE and comprised a propylon and a small central court with colonnade and surrounding rooms. The most important of these is a paved hall at the south entered by a pier and door system of Knossian type. All these features, as well as unusual decorative elements, including building materials of varying colour, frescoes and horns of consecration, distinguish this building from others at Palaikastro. The date of first construction seems to be MM IIIA (over an earlier MM II building), but this was followed by a destruction and major rebuild in MM IIIB, the period to which many of these decorative elements should belong. A violent destruction by earthquake later in MM IIIB left substantial pottery deposits in several areas of the building, which seems to have been only partially repaired before a final destruction took place. This was followed by deliberate dismantling (LM IA early?) which was far advanced when the tephra fell on an essentially abandoned plot.
The social impact of Mycenaean imported pottery in Cyprus
Authors: Steel Louise
Published: September 2013

Large quantities of imported Mycenaean pottery are found in Cyprus between the late fifteenth and mid-thirteenth centuries BC, usually in ceremonial or funerary contexts. This article examines the role and value of the Mycenaean imports in Late Cypriot contexts. It is suggested that the incorporation of certain elements of the Mycenaean ceramic repertoire within Late Cypriot funerary ritual had a dramatic impact on the indigenous pottery industry.
Late Cypriot tombs at Maroni Tsaroukkas, Cyprus
Authors: Manning Sturt W. , Monks Sarah J.
Published: September 2013

On the centenary of British Museum investigations at the site of Maroni Tsaroukkas in southern Cyprus, we present the findings of the re-excavation of funerary deposits at this Late Bronze Age site. We discuss the historical background to the discovery of tombs and artefacts at the site by the British Museum in an attempt to understand and tie in more recent discoveries. The results of excavation over the past five years are assessed in terms of the evolution of funerary practice at the site, and in the valley as a whole, and the role of locally produced and foreign objects within such contexts. In particular, we discuss the role of prestige imports and influence in conspicuous consumption and funerary display during the LC II period. With their obvious political and economic connotations, aspects of foreign trade and influence are linked to other investigations at the site; these are principally concerned with the role of Tsaroukkas as the principal port in the Maroni valley and the development of the urban centres at Tsaroukkas and nearby Maroni Vournes.
Observations on Euboean Black-figure
Authors: Ure A. D.
Published: September 2013

It is more than twenty years since John Boardman with his ‘Pottery from Eretria’, published in Volume xlvii of this Annual, aroused a fresh interest in the study of Euboean pottery. A certain amount of work has been done on the subject since then, but there has been no controlled digging of cemeteries from which the main lines of the development of Euboean vase-painting in the sixth and fifth centuries can be established. So owing to the lack of external evidence, research on the subject continues to advance in a haphazard fashion and consists to a great extent in guesswork based on scanty material, as has recently been pointed out by Dietrich von Bothmer in his ‘Euboean Black-figure in New York’, the latest contribution to the subject. I wish here to add some more to the small corpus of vases already attributed, observing their relationship to the three great Eretrian amphorae in Athens and to one another.
Late Burials from Mycenae
Authors: Desborough V. R.
Published: September 2013

This cist tomb was uncovered in 1959 during the excavation of the House of Sphinxes,2 and it lay at a distance of only 2 m. from tomb PG 606 (see fig. I and BSA li. 114 fig. 5).

It was built on the rock where there was a natural angle and a fairly sharp slope from west to east. The floor of the tomb was in fact for the most part the rock itself, but at the east end a number of small stones, overlying Mycenaean debris, were used. It was of rectangular shape, and orientated W.-E. The west and south walls of the tomb were provided by the rock; two large worked slabs, set upright, formed the north-east corner, and for the rest natural stones were used to line the tomb. There was no evidence of any roofing slabs, nor can one see how such could have been fixed. The inner dimensions were 1·78 × 0·68 m., and the two walling slabs had a height of 0·60 m.
Notes from the Dodecanese III
Authors: Simpson R. Hope , Lazenby J. F.
Published: September 2013

We here conclude the series of reports on our journeys in the Dodecanese Islands. The work on Rhodes, begun by Mr. and Mrs. Lazenby and Hope Simpson in August 1968, was continued by Mr. and Mrs. Hope Simpson during the end of August and early September 1970. Hope Simpson also made a short visit to Chalki in September, and a longer visit to Astypalaia in October. As previously, our main objective has been to gauge the extent of prehistoric, and especially of Mycenaean, habitation in the Dodecanese. We have now visited all the main islands, for varying periods of time and with varying degrees of success. Much still remains to be done, and the results are subject to the usual limitations inherent in surface exploration. There was, for instance, no time to complete a full survey of the island of Rhodes, and our work there was more in the nature of a ‘reconnaissance in force’. It should be explained, however, that in addition to the usual obstacles of the terrain, the widespread Hellenistic and Roman settlements on Rhodes have evidently covered or obliterated most of the signs of earlier habitation on the same sites. On Astypalaia, for instance, conditions were much more favourable for eclectic surface search, and the measure of success was accordingly greater.
Fifth-century Brickstamps from Thessaloniki
Authors: Vickers Michael
Published: September 2013

In recent articles the present writer has used the evidence of brickstamps in proposing new dates for the walls of Thessaloniki, for the mosaics of the second phase of the Rotunda (now dedicated to St. George), and for the Byzantine palace. In each case, reference was made to only two or three examples, and it is with a view to reinforcing and developing the arguments already expressed that all the published fifth-century brickstamps recognizable as such are assembled here (with the addition of some unpublished examples).
An Attic Country House below the Cave of Pan at Vari
Authors: Jones J. E. , Graham A. J. , Sackett L. H.
Published: September 2013

Nearly ninety years ago students of Attic topography recorded the remains of an ancient house set on one of the southernmost ridges of the Hymettus range, a short distance below a cave sanctuary of Pan and not very far from the village of Vari in south-west Attica. The surface traces suggested an isolated country house, well planned and well built; it offered an instructive comparison with the Dema House near Ano Liosia in north-western Attica and this encouraged the excavators of the latter site to investigate further. Work on the southern site has now added another example, a noteworthy and fairly well-preserved example, to the short list of ancient Attic country houses known, explored, and published. For lack of a convenient topographical name we propose to call this site the Vari Cave House, or for brevity's sake in this report, the Vari House.
Biographies of the lithic artefacts from Upper Palaeolithic Kastritsa
Authors: Galanidou Nena
Published: September 2013

Technological and typological studies of the chipped-stone industries of Palaeolithic Greece have hitherto been founded upon thorough descriptions of the morphological attributes of artefacts. This article departs from this tradition to examine, by means of refitting, the technology that created a group of 1691 lithic artefacts at Upper Palaeolithic Kastritsa. Refitting seeks to reconstruct individual reduction sequences by making connections between artefacts that are the results of successive steps in lithic production, thereby revealing more about the biographies of those artefacts. This approach, although extremely valuable, is not universally applicable because it is time-consuming and works only if the artefacts it examines have been retrieved from undisturbed contexts. Kastritsa's industry, however, lends itself to this sort of analysis thanks to the site's generally good spatial and temporal integrity. Attention is focused on layer 12 (in the western part of the rockshelter), a layer that has, amongst other features, yielded two sets of postholes. This evidence of habitation structures of this sort is unique in the Upper Palaeolithic record of south-east Europe. The analysis shows that this layer contains the greatest percentage of refitting specimens so far recorded at Kastritsa and makes a number of observations concerning the technological decisions taken by the knappers who worked there. It also suggests that specialised knapping and transformation activities probably took place in this part of the camp.
Knossos 1902, 1905: The Prepalatial and Protopalatial deposits from the Room of the Jars in the Royal Pottery Stores
Authors: Momigliano Nicoletta
Published: September 2013

This article examines the Prepalatial and Protopalatial pottery deposits excavated by Evans and Mackenzie in the Room of the Jars of the Royal Pottery Stores at Knossos in 1902 and 1905. These deposits yielded abundant and unusual ceramic finds, illustrating aspects of storage and ceremonial activities in those periods. They also provide good stratigraphic evidence for the EM III, MM I A, and MM I B pottery sequence at Knossos.
‘Rich beyond the dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabca and the Aegean world—a guide for the perplexed’: A response to Eric H. Cline
Authors: Bietak Manfred
Published: September 2013

In his article inBSA93 (1998) 199–219, Eric Cline comments on the recent discoveries at the site of Tell el-Dabca, where palatial quarters of the late Hyksos Period and the early 18th Dynasty have been discovered. For Aegean scholars the most spectacular finds from these excavations were numerous fragments of wall paintings which were identified as Minoan by experts working at the excavations and visiting colleagues. Cline particularly criticises the change of dating given to the paintings which were attributed by the excavators originally to the Hyksos period (1992) and afterwards to the Early 18th Dynasty (1995). Doubts have also been expressed about the validity of the new date and the identification of the paintings as Minoan or Aegean. This response tries to show: (1) the context of the paintings in the 18th Dynasty palace quarters in the light of recent research, (2) why a dating to the Hyksos period was originally considered, (3) why the paintings should be identified as Minoan and (4) that Cline failed to make himself knowledgeable enough about the archaeology of the site of Tell el-Dabca to give a serious opinion on the excavations and material.
Two Archaic inscriptions from Asprokampos, Corinthia
Authors: Dixon Michael D.
Published: September 2013

Presented in this article are two inscriptions, one that had been lost for sixty years and the other newly discovered. The rediscovered stone has been drastically altered since it was first recorded and is republished with special attention given to its possible restoration and date. The new inscription is published here for the first time. The first inscription is almost certainly a dedication, while the second records a numerical value, for which possible explanations are suggested. A cult of Zeus Milichios is attested in the region and its possible association with both inscriptions is explored.
Evans's Greek finds: the early Greek town of Knossos, and its encroachment on the borders of the Minoan palace
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

Among over 1800 boxes of Sir Arthur Evans's finds now stored in the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos, at least 150 contain Greek pottery from Subminoan to Classical. A systematic study of this material, in relation to its recorded find spots, throws new light on the eastern part of the early Greek town, bordering the site of the Minoan Palace. Above the Palace itself, fresh evidence is produced, and fresh interpretation offered, for the Greek sanctuary described by Evans. In its immediate surroundings, there are signs of busy domestic and industrial life in the early Greek town above the South-West Houses, the West Court, the Theatral Area, and the Pillared Hall outside the North Entrance to the Palace. Greek occupation is also noted above the House of Frescoes, the Little Palace and the Royal Villa. A wider aim of this article is to trace the limits of the early Greek town of Knossos, both of its original Early Iron Age nucleus surviving from Late Minoan times, and of its spacious extension towards the north in the late eighth and seventh centuries BC.
Thasos: the topography of the ancient city
Authors: Graham A. J.
Published: September 2013

The recently published ‘Stele from the Harbour’ of Thasos provides important new evidence for the topography of the ancient city. Some streets and other topographical features are named or described. There are many problems, however, in locating these features on the ground. These problems are fully discussed and some new solutions are proposed. At the same time, the new evidence bears on several difficult and unresolved topographical questions, which have long engaged the attention of students of Thasos. These questions are, therefore, reconsidered here. Finally, the important evidence for the topography of the city, which is found in the HippocrateanEpidemics, is fully set out for the first time, and discussed in relation to the archaeological evidence.
The ethne in Epirus and Upper Macedonia
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: September 2013

This article deals with the inscriptional and literary evidence for the ethne of Epirus and Upper Macedonia. It is argued that the term ethnos was used not of a rural settlement but of both nomadic and settled groups of persons, each of which believed itself to be of common racial descent. Both areas were exceptionally well suited in terrain and in climate to the practice of transhumant pastoralism by small nomadic or semi-nomadic ‘companies’.
The bridges of ancient Eleutherna
Authors: Nakassis Athanassios
Published: September 2013

Eleutherna was founded in a naturally fortified location flanked by two rivers. There are two known bridges at Eleutherna. One spans the eastern river, while the second is located below the point at which the two rivers join and is preserved nearly in its entirety. The bridges formed corbelled triangular arches and were built with large limestone blocks in dry masonry, roughly aligned in straight courses. The smaller bridge led to the centre of the ancient city and was probably the earlier of the two. The fact that it was not built on bedrock and its relative age may have contributed to its collapse. The corbel arch of the smaller bridge is steeper than the corbel arch of the larger and is comparable to arches used in the late Classical period. This suggests a more advanced technology for the larger bridge, since flatter arches entail a higher risk. The larger bridge was damaged by a storm in 1883. It was probably the same storm that caused the collapse of the smaller bridge, although this may have been deliberately destroyed. The smaller bridge seems to have been built during the late Classical period and the larger one during Hellenistic times when a major construction project took place at Eleutherna.
The Greek inscriptions on stone in the collection of the British School at Athens
Authors: Lambert S. D.
Published: September 2013

This article publishes or republishes the 23 Greek inscriptions on stone in the collection of the British School at Athens. The majority are Attic, but also included are five stones from Melos and one each from Anthedon in Boeotia, Aegina(?), Epirus and Thera. Two of the inscriptions, an Attic funerary monument and an Aeginetan(?) fragment, receive their first editions here. In addition, of the eight which have associated reliefs, six are fully published for the first time. Most of the already published items have also yielded something new of interest. An appendix presents the first edition (from the papers of George Finlay) of a short inscription once in his collection.
The Excavation of an Early Minoan Tholos Tomb at Ayia Kyriaki, Ayiofarango, Southern Crete
Authors: Blackman D. , Branigan K.
Published: September 2013

This report is concerned with the excavation of an Early Minoan tholos tomb just south of Ayia Kyriaki in the Ayiofarango, one of the river systems which gives out on to the Libyan Sea, just west of Kaloi Limenes (fig. i). Details of the site location (plate ia) can be found in the report on the Ayiofarango survey, which, together with this report and one other already published, make up the complete report of work undertaken by the authors in the vicinity of Kaloi Limenes in the summers of 1971 and 1972. The excavation of the tholos, which was undertaken because there were surface indications that looting was incomplete but possibly to be resumed, took place in September 1972 in collaboration with Dr. C. Davaras of the Greek Archaeological Service. The excavation lasted for a period of three weeks, and was undertaken by a staff of three supervisors and ten workmen, directed by the authors.
Corbelled Vaulting in the Late Minoan Tholos Tombs of Crete
Authors: Cavanagh W. G. , Laxton R. R.
Published: September 2013

This article is a sequel to that published in BSA 76. Our aim is to compare the structure of the Late Minoan tholos tomb with that of the five Mycenaean tombs already considered. It was possible to examine three tombs in Crete which are well preserved, namely, the tombs at Achladia and Stylos complete to the top of the vault, and the tomb at Apodoulou which has been partly restored. In the event Apodoulou proved unsuitable for analysis because of the amount of restoration. In date these Cretan vaulted tombs start later than the Mycenaean series and are generally placed in LM IIIA–B. That is to say, these tombs are later than the tholoi at Dimini and Marathon and approximately contemporary with the Tomb of the Genii and the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. It seems most probable that the technique of constructing tholos tombs was introduced to Crete from the mainland; it was argued in the earlier paper that the circular Mesara type tombs were not vaulted in the manner of the Mycenaean tholos tombs.
A Roman Chamber Tomb on the South-east slopes of Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos
Authors: Smith Jill Carington
Published: September 2013

In November 1978 the British School was requested by the Herakleion Ephorate to investigate a suspected chamber tomb in the Knossos Roman cemetery on the south-eastern slopes of Monasteriaki Kephala. The writer, then Knossos Fellow, undertook the excavation on behalf of the School. The tomb proved to be unpillaged; its contents were of unusual interest, not least among them being a large, closely datable group of glass vessels.
Jewellery from Thasian graves
Authors: Sgourou Marina , Agelarakis Anagnostis P.
Published: September 2013

Jewellery found during recent excavations in the necropolis of Thasos fills a gap in our knowledge of minor arts in an important metal producing area of the Greek world. The pieces examined in this article form, in terms of technique, style and iconography, a group, the affinities of which can be traced to the Ionic traditions of the northern Aegean. Their artistic identity fits well with what we know about the character and development of other aspects of Thasian art, characterized by a close adherence to dominant artistic trends coming from both Attica and the East during the late Classical period. The anthropological study of the skeletal remains from the tombs gives further contextual information on the general condition of the people interred, while the objects deposited offer clues to the interpretation of issues concerning the iconography and symbolic use of precious grave goods.