bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maldi MS as a new method for the analysis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with molecular masses up to 150 kDa
Authors: Nordhoff* E , Kirpekar* F , Hahner† S , Hillenkamp† F , Roepstorff* P
Published: November 2023

abstract

The introduction of electrospray ionization (ESI) (Meng et al. 1988) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (Karas and Hillenkamp 1988) as new and very efficient soft ionization techniques for mass spectrometric analysis of labile molecules has revolutionized the traditional strategies and methods for the characterization of biomolecules. Mass spectrometric protein analysis with ESI and MALDI MS have now been refined to a state where it is unsurpassed by any other protein-chemical technique in speed, sensitivity, specificity, and in the ability to handle complex mixtures.
Applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry in plant physiology
Authors: Lazof Dennis B , Goldsmith Jack G , Linton Richard W
Published: November 2023

This paper is not intended as an overview of the broad range of possible applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in plant physiology. Rather, two specific areas of plant physiology will be considered in which important advances have already been made: metal toxicity and plant nutrition. The penetration of aluminium across root tissue and into cells has been investigated in both root tips and more mature root regions. Also, the transport of Ca2+ to the apical meristem has been investigated. Some of the results from these SIMS analyses will be presented and discussed according to their physiological significance. The emphasis here, however, is on the demonstration of the types of plant physiological issues that can be approached through SIMS using these studies as examples. The major limitations to quantitative treatment of such data are discussed.
Procedures for deriving ES cell lines from the mouse
Authors: Brook Frances A
Published: November 2023

Although germline-competent mouse ES (mES) cell lines are widely available, most are derived from substrains of the 129 mouse. This strain and, to a lesser extent, C57BL/6 and BALB/c have proved to be the predominant ones from which mES cell lines have been derived, not least because the testing for germline competence is a time-consuming and laborious process, and therefore efforts have been focused on deriving lines from preferred strains. There are many situations in which it is desirable to derive novel mES cell lines, and from mice other than 129 and C57BL/6. The 129 mouse is not favoured as a strain in which to develop model systems (1, 2), and so extensive backcrossing usually is required to transfer genetic modifications from a 129 background to the strain of choice. (Even then, the DNA immediately upstream and downstream of a targeted locus would remain of 129-strain origin.) In many areas of mouse genetics, much time and effort has been invested in working with a particular strain (few mutants are maintained on a 129 background), and the availability of the corresponding mES cell lines would be highly advantageous for gene targeting and in vitro differentiation studies. Furthermore, emerging techniques for the generation of mice that are entirely mES cell-derived benefit from the use of cell lines from hybrid, rather than inbred 129 or C57BL/6, mice in terms of increased efficiency of production and viability of live-born offspring (Chapter 3).
Quanta
Authors: Atkins P W
Published: November 2023

Quanta provides a non-mathematical and highly visual account of the concepts of quantum mechanics widely encountered in chemistry and related disciplines. Entries - ordered alphabetically - range in length from one paragraph to several pages, and describe the physical significance of each topic with simplicity and precision. Each entry is extensively cross-referenced and ends with a guide to sources of further information. This exciting new work continues the tradition of the first edition, which quickly established itself among students and teachers as a rich source of clear, concise explanations of quantum concepts. The text has been completely rewritten: all topics have been brought up to date, and there are many more illustrations and numerous new entries. The book will be invaluable to students for its brief non-mathematical summaries of key concepts, to instructors as a source of explanations, illustrations, and references, and to all practising scientists searching for an interesting, accessible account of any aspect of quantum chemistry.
Introduction to the Rietveld method
Authors: Young R A
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, Dr Rietveld has provided an account of the inception and early development of his method and of the growth of its acceptance from being initially ignored to the very widespread and vigorous use in many fields that it now enjoys. In this chapter, we provide a general introductory account of what the method is and how it works. First, why do we prefer to call this method the Rietveld method rather than ‘profile refinement’ or, better, whole-pattern-fitting structure refinement (PFSR)? The answer to the first part is that the principal goal is to refine crystal structures, not profiles. The things actually being refined are parameters in models for the structure and for other specimen and instrument effects on the diffraction pattern. The answer to the second part of the question has both a trivial part and an important part. The trivial part is that PFSR is a clumsy name.
The flow Of radiation in a polycrystalline material
Authors: Sabine Terence M
Published: November 2023

The essence of the Rietveld method for the reduction of powder diffraction data is minimization, by least squares methods, of the magnitude of the difference between the observed values of the ordinates of the powder pattern, Yiobs, and the values of these ordinates, Yicaic, obtained from a model of the scattering system. The individual differences are allocated weights proportional to the reciprocal of the variance of the observed ordinate. As is pointed out in Chapter 3, it is a consequence of the Gauss–Markov theorem that this procedure will provide the best unbiased estimates of the values of the quantities contained in the model if, and only if, the expected value of the error term is zero. To satisfy this condition the model must reflect the physical parameters of the scatterer, that is, the model must be free from systematic error. For this to be so, all processes which modify the intensities of the incident and diffracted beams during their passage through the specimen must be incorporated in the model in their correct parametric form.
Background modelling in Rietveld analysis
Authors: Richardson James W
Published: November 2023

The Rietveld Method was devised as a complete powder-diffraction-pattern fitting technique, which necessitates modelling the total scattering from crystalline samples. Typical scattering patterns from purely crystalline materials without defects can be reliably modelled simply by convoluting the calculated Bragg intensities with the resolution function of the diffraction instrumentation and adding a background contribution accounting for incoherent scattering, air scattering, and Thermal Diffuse Scattering. (See Chapters 7 and 8 for accounts of crystalline size and microstrain effects on the observed reflection profiles.) Many diffraction experiments, however, involve the analysis of scattering patterns containing additional non-crystalline scattering components which are not accounted for by conventional background functions. These com-ponents are observed in Rietveld analyses as broad oscillations superimposed on the sharp Bragg pattern. One example of this is thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) for which the corrections are well known (Chapter 9; Cooper and Rouse 1968; Windsor 1981 ). Other examples include scattering from: ( 1) amorphous containers, (2) incompletely crystallized samples, and (3) separate amorphous phases. These scattering phenomena can be characterized as interference functions developed from short-range interactions between atoms in the sample. Successful refinement of the crystalline structure requires precise modelling of these additional non-crystalline contributions. This can be accomplished through the use of empirical functions such as higher-order polynomials.
Electron Diffraction Effects due to Modulated Structures
Authors: Amelinckx S , Dyck D Van
Published: November 2023

The diffraction pattern of a modulated structure is often characterized by the appearance of weak reflections derived from and often close to the reflections of the basic structure. These so-called satellites often form linear sequences or 2D or 3D arrays associated with the basic reflections. When arrays of satellites belonging to different basic spots meet, they do not necessarily match, i.e. they do not belong to a common reciprocal lattice. In the simplest case of linear arrays a “spacing” anomaly or an “orientation” anomaly or a combination of both may occur (Figure 4.1). In this case we call the diffraction pattern “incommensurate”. In some systems the positions of the satellites may change continuously upon varying one parameter such as temperature.
Kinetic Theory of Plasma Waves
Authors: Brambilla Marco
Published: November 2023

The book deals with the propagation and absorption of high frequency waves in plasmas (hot, fully ionized gases). Research in this field is very active in controlled fusion research, i.e. the quest for energy from nuclear reactions similar to those going on within the sun, and in astrophysics, i.e. the study of space plasmas in the earth ionosphere, stars, and galaxies. The text collects in a structured and self-contained way the basic knowledge on the broad and varied behaviour of plasma waves, adopting the microscopic kinetic description of the plasma as unifying principle. The internal coherence of the theory is explicity stressed, and very interesting physical phenomena peculiar to plasmas, such as collisionless damping of waves, the development of stochasticity in the interactions of charged particles with electromagnetic waves, and nonlinear interactions between waves, are discussed in detail. The most common and useful approximations used in solving practical problems are derived as special cases from the more general kinetic approach, thereby clarifying their meaning and domain of applicability. This exposition should be useful to plasma physicists both as an introduction and a reference to this field of research. Because of its multi-disciplinary aspects it might also be of interest to people specializing in kinetic theory, classical electromagnetism, or classical mechanics, as a nontrivial example of application of the methods of these fields to the unconventional plasma medium.
Molecular Gas Dynamics And The Direct Simulation Of Gas Flows
Authors: Bird G A
Published: November 2023

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (or DSMC) method has, in recent years, become widely used in engineering and scientific studies of gas flows that involve low densities or very small physical dimensions. This method is a direct physical simulation of the motion of representative molecules, rather than a numerical solution of the equations that provide a mathematical model of the flow. These computations are no longer expensive and the period since the 1976 publication of the original Molecular Gas Dynamics has seen enormous improvements in the molecular models, the procedures, and the implementation strategies for the DSMC method. The molecular theory of gas flows is developed from first principles and is extended to cover the new models and procedures. Note: The disk that originally came with this book is no longer available.
Dsmc Procedures Ina Homogeneous Gas
Authors: Bird G A
Published: November 2023

The DSMC procedures for the simulation of a representative set of intermolecular collisions are best derived and demonstrated in the context of a homogeneous or ‘zero-dimensional’ gas. However, in order to make the procedures directly useful as subroutines in the later programs, the homogeneous gas is divided into a one-dimensional structure of cells and sub-cells. This also permits the testing of the procedures for any effects due to the number of molecules per cell or sub-cell. The procedures for the establishment of the correct collision rate are based on the cells, while individual collision pairs are chosen from the sub-cells.
One-Dimensional Steady Flows
Authors: Bird G A
Published: November 2023

All calculations in this chapter are made with either the ‘general onedimensional’ program DSMC1. FOR, or with several variants of this program that have special adaptions for the study of shock waves. The term ‘one-dimensional’ is taken here to mean that there can be macroscopic flow gradients in only one direction. There can be finite flow velocity components in more than one direction and, in addition to the plane flow geometry, the program can be applied to flows with cylindrical or spherical symmetry. The geometry is specified by setting the parameter IFX to 0 for plane flows, to 1 for cylindrical flows, or to 2 for spherical flows. All DSMC calculations are unsteady but, since this chapter deals only with steady flows, the sampling is concerned primarily with the steady flow that is established at large times. The gas is a simple gas or a gas mixture of monatomic or diatomic gases, and the DSMC collision procedures follow those of program DSMC0R.FOR.
Two-Dimensional Flows
Authors: Bird G A
Published: November 2023

The basic simulation procedures that were developed in Chapter 11 for homogeneous gases, and were applied in Chapter 12 to one-dimensional flows, are applicable also to two- and three-dimensional flows. It is the requirement for efficient schemes for the generation and utilization of grid systems that represents the new challenge when the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied to multi-dimensional problems. The ideal DSMC grid would: have variable cell sizes related to the local gradients in the flow properties and to the mean free path;
Characteristic Changes in Cyclic Stress in Typical Dynamic Loading Environments
Authors: Ishihara Kenji
Published: November 2023

There are three major areas of engineering interest where environments, natural or artificial, exert excursion of loads on soils which are cyclic in nature. They are earthquakes, traffic, and waves of the sea. The characteristic features of cyclic loads by these external agencies will be described in the following.
Introduction
Authors: Sugawara M
Published: November 2023

Up until the late 1960s, chemical etching, also called wet solvent etching, was the key technology to integrated circuit manufacturing. Indeed, from the standpoint of manufacturing, wet etching provides low cost and often infinite selectivity. But, inherent limitations in wet etching preclude the use of this technique for micron and submicron pattern sizes. The most serious limitation is that of isotropic etching, which results in undercutting of the mask material and hence limits the minimum size of the pattern. To obtain high-density packing of microelectronic circuits, anisotropic etching is essential. By the early 1970s, CF /02 dry etching was widely adopted for patterning. It was widely recognized that dry etching offered the possibility of a vertical etch rate that greatly exceeded the horizontal etch rate (namely anisotropic etching). As a result, these dry etching techniques, which can generate anisotropic etch profiles, came into prominence. Dry etching soon began to appear in IC fabrication. However, these dry etching technologies, like wet processes, had their resolution limited by undercutting, and other, even more anisotropic etching techniques appeared. Among these were reactive ion etching (RIE). The RIE technique which has been widely adopted for IC fabrication until now provides moderate selectivity, etch rate and high anisotropy. In the mid-to-late 1970s, research began on a dry etch technique which would combine the positive features of RIE with directional bombardment of the surface by ions accelerated through electrostatic sheaths. Figure 1.1 shows how integrated circuits have evolved and how the number of individual components per circuit has increased with time. It is seen in the figure that the component density of IC circuits has doubled every year and this yearly doubling rate has been maintained from the first IC in 1960 until recently. At the same time, the design feature size has shrunk from 6 μm to 0.8 μm in the last 15 years, and the smallest dimensions are expected to decrease to 0.1 μmin the near future.
Plasma particles and potentials
Authors: Stansfield Barry L
Published: November 2023

Plasma processing has proven to be an indispensable tool for the production of large-scale integrated circuits. The trend in modern plasma processing is towards the manipulation and treatment of larger and larger wafers, with the resulting necessity of controlling the uniformity of the etching or deposition across the entire wafer diameter. This has resulted in significant effort being spent to develop new uniform plasma sources, as well as on the techniques to measure the plasma parameters and to confirm their uniformity in these devices.
Future prospects of plasma etching
Authors: Tsukamoto T
Published: November 2023

Dry etching using a reactive plasma has spread widely throughout the VLSI processing field today because of its ability to fabricate fine-line semiconductor devices. Presently, conventional reactive ion etching (RIE) is most popular especialy in VLSI production, because the etch performance of RIE conforms to the design rule of VLSI. Also, the RIE equipment has good reliability over 24-hour machine operation. Maintenance people know how to maintain the machines very well. The cost of RIE equipment is now reasonable.
Heat And Mass Transfer In Convective Flow Systems
Authors: Guthrie R I L
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter we were exclusively concerned with metallurgical examples of systems in which there was no bulk motion of the substance through which or across which heat or mass was being transferred. There are, however, a wide variety of systems in which heat or mass transfer occurs as a result of both convection and diffusion processes, as briefly explained in Chapter I.
Current Regulation in Power Converters
Authors: Novotny D W , Lipo T A
Published: November 2023

The power converter in a high performance ac drive essentially functions as a power amplifier, reproducing the low power level control signals generated in the field orientation controller at power levels appropriate for the driven machine. Typically the input power to the converter is three phase, fixed frequency, fixed voltage power from the utility power grid. The output must be variable frequency, variable voltage power with the frequency and voltage range appropriate to the intended operating range of the drive.
The Physics and Applications of Photorefractive Materials
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A
Published: November 2023

Photorefractive materials combine photoconductive and electro-optic properties: light affects their electrical conductivity; their optical properties (refractive index, etc.) are affected by applied electric fields. The aim of this book is to cover the vast range of phenomena occurring in Photorefractive Materials. For Physicists it is part of the fashionable subject of Nonlinear Optics. Engineers tend to place it as part of optoelectronics promising a variety of new devices. This book summarizes the results of 28 years of research in a manner that would appeal both to the beginner (a graduate student who has just entered the field) and to the expert (who might have done research on some aspect of the subject for a decade or more). It is in three parts. Part I serves as an introduction with emphasis on physical principles and simple mathematical models. Part II is a comprehensive account of all the major advances. Its main merit is the organization of the material accompanied by a detailed list of references. Part III is concerned with the enormous range of potential applications.
Introduction
Authors: Reece A B J , Preston T W
Published: November 2023

As developers and users of the finite element method in electrical engineering and advocates of the value of the method in design and development work, we have become aware of the difficulties experienced by new users when introduced to the subject. The difficulties appear to arise in two areas, viz., (i) an inadequate understanding of relevant electromagnetics and (ii) an inability to appreciate the tricks and traps of modelling. Whilst there are excellent books which deal with electromagnetics, numerical computation and some aspects of modelling, we believe there is no single comprehensive volume which gives the new user or the interested inquirer the foundation needed. This book is therefore aimed at aiding this group: it is not intended to help the reader write finite element software.
Fundamentals of Optics of Broadband Harmonic Pulses
Authors: Shyartsburg A B
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to time-dependent phenomena in interactions of short pulses of quasi-monochromatic electromagnetic radiation, containing only a few oscillations of wave fields, with dispersive and lossy media. These phenomena are now discovered in a multitude of pulse reflection, scattering and absorption processes. The traditional steady-state values of frequency-dependent parameters characterizing these processes-the refletion coefficients, scattering cross sections and absorption decrements-are determined by the properties of materials irradiated by harmonic CW radiation. In contrast, the relevant characteristics of nonstationary processes may depend on the duration and shape of incident waveform, the material and the geometry of the experiment being the same.
Object Recognition through Invariant Indexing
Authors: Rothwell Charles A
Published: November 2023

Computer (robot) vision is a very challenging area of research. The problem of object recognition is central to computer vision in many applications such as the automatic sorting , selection, orientation, and inspection of manufactured items. It is also very important in navigation problems in mobile robots. In invarient indexing one computes measures from a scene that index into a base with a minimal search, so producing hypotheses of the identities of objects present in the scene. This book investigates how these measures are incorporated into a recognition system and also develops a range of projective indexes that can be used. The benefit of using projective measures is that they are unchanged by the imaging process.
Topology Based Modelling Of Very Large Systems
Authors: Parmantier Jean Philippe , Degauque Pierre
Published: November 2023

The theory relies on decomposition of the geometry of the problem in different volumes included within each other (see Fig. 1). This breakdown is made possible thanks to the “Good Shielding Approximation” principle, which supposes that inner volumes cannot interact with external volumes [Baum, 1989]. In practise, such a breakdown is not realistic. Indeed, wi1es are inevitably present in systems, and make the volumes “electromagnetically” dependent.
Principles of Dielectrics
Authors: Scaife B K P
Published: November 2023

This book is an attempt to provide a detailed introduction to the basic principles of the theory of dielectrics. The approach is entirely classical and no use is made of quantum mechanics. As the emphasis is on the fundamentals of the subject, considerable space is devoted to relevant topics in electrostatics. A thorough knowledge and understanding of electrostatics is essential if one is to make progress in the study of dielectrics.I have pitched the level to suit students of the physical sciences in their final undergraduate year.
The role of nutrition and physical activity in the obesity epidemic
Authors: Harnack Lisa J , Schmitz Kathryn H
Published: November 2023

In order to develop effective public health strategies for the prevention of obesity it is critical to understand both the proximal and distal factors contributing to the rising rates of obesity. Proximally, body fatness is a function of the balance of energy intake and energy expenditure. If energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, the excess energy is stored as body fat. If energy expenditure is lower than energy intake the unexpended energy is stored as adipose tissue. Consequently, the proximal cause of the rising prevalence of obesity is a growing imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure that may be attributable to an increase in total energy intake and/or a downward shift in total energy expenditure. Distal causes of the obesity epidemic include changes in behavioral and environmental factors that may spur energy intake or depress energy expenditure.
The role of socio-cultural factors in the obesity epidemic
Authors: Ball Kylie , Crawford David
Published: November 2023

Obesity is socio-culturally distributed; that is the prevalence of obesity is known to vary according to socio-cultural factors, including socio-economic position, social roles and circumstance, and cultural factors. Further, these socio-cultural patterns are complex and specific to sex, age, and sometimes racial groups, as well as type of society, with patterns of relationships observed in developed countries sometimes reversed in developing countries. As described in Chapter 4, there is little doubt of the importance of the changing physical environment to the increases in obesity observed over the past several decades. However, far less attention has been paid to investigating the potential contribution of socio-cultural factors and to changes in the socio-cultural environment over time to the current obesity pandemic. The mechanisms through which socio-cultural factors may influence body weight and risk for obesity are also not well understood.
Many–Body Quantum Theory in Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten
Published: November 2023

This book is an introduction to the techniques of many-body quantum theory with a large number of applications to condensed matter physics. The basic idea of the book is to provide a self-contained formulation of the theoretical framework without losing mathematical rigor, while at the same time providing physical motivation and examples. The examples are taken from applications in electron systems and transport theory. On the formal side, the book covers an introduction to second quantization, many-body Green's function, finite temperature Feynman diagrams and bosonization. The applications include traditional transport theory in bulk as well as mesoscopic systems, where both the Landau-Büttiker formalism and recent developments in correlated transport phenomena in mesoscopic systems and nano-structures are covered. Other topics include interacting electron gases, plasmons, electron-phonon interactions, superconductivity and a final chapter on one-dimensional systems where a detailed treatment of Luttinger liquid theory and bosonization techniques is given. Having grown out of a set of lecture notes, and containing many pedagogical exercises, this book is designed as a textbook for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course, and is also well suited for self-study.
Green’s Functions
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten
Published: November 2023

The Green’s function method is very useful in the theory of ordinary and partial differential equations. It has a long history with numerous applications.
Resonant light–atom interactions
Authors: Fox Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall study the processes that occur when an atom is irradiated with a light beam that is resonant with one of its natural frequencies. We shall start by making a few general observations, and then give a detailed analysis of the process based on the time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation. This will lead us to the concept of Rabi oscillations, from which we shall be able to obtain a deeper understanding of how absorption transitions work.
What is Clinical Psychology?
Authors: Hall John , Llewelyn Sue
Published: November 2023

Although almost everyone is familiar with the term ‘psychology ‘, and we all more or less know that it refers to ‘what makes people tick ‘, the exact meaning remains complex and is still evolving. Psychology as a term originally derived from the Greek psyche meaning ‘mind ‘ or ‘spirit ‘, and logos , meaning ‘study ‘. Early approaches to studying what we now think of as psychology were not distinguished from philosophy, when thinkers such as Descartes, Berkeley, Locke, and Hume, tried to understand how mental processes worked through philosophical discourse and analysis. More recently thinkers such as Freud and William James made use of forms of self-analysis and observation to develop theories about the mind. Over the years a more scientific approach began to dominate, and modern psychology became primarily concerned with trying to understand behaviour and mental function through empirical analysis and experimentation.
Working With People Who Have Severe Mental Health Problems
Authors: McGovern John
Published: November 2023

It is an exciting time to work in this field of clinical psychology practice, since there have been many important research and treatment developments in the past 20 years for individuals with serious mental health problems. The issues are broad ranging. Conditions attracting the psychiatric diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and manic depression do not affect just an individual. These problems also impact on families, and families can therefore play an important rehabilitative role in delaying relapse, apart from having their own needs. They too may require appropriate care and interventions to cope with the exceptional circumstances they face. Many individuals experiencing severe and enduring mental health problems are affected not only by distressing symptoms, but may also experience stigma, restrictions in their social functioning, and difficulty in accessing employment. Surveys of the views of both service users and relatives show that these quality of life issues take priority over the management of symptoms.
Historical developments
Authors: Giulini Domenico
Published: November 2023

In 1687 Isaac Newton’s (1643–1727)Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, nowadays simply called ‘ThePrincipia’, appeared in print in London. In this monumental work, which in?uenced the physical discipline of mechanics like no other ever since, Newton laid down a physical theory in mathematical terms which allowed him to describe the motion of heavenly bodies within the very same formalism as terrestrial motions. Quite generally, Newton speaks of ‘bodies’, which eventually one has to think of as being built from infinitely small, infinitely tough, and never changing parts, which themselves are taken to require no further explanation. With this concept of ‘point masses’, as they are now called, Newtonian mechanics is able to reduce the motion of complex configurations of such point masses to their simple laws of motion, taking into account the forces between them. A simple though somewhat idealized hypo- thesis for such mutual forces leads to the notion of the ‘rigid body’, in which each point mass is held in constant position relative to the others, even if external forces are applied. The spatial configuration of such an ideal rigid body is fully characterized by just six numbers, three for the position of some preferred point of it, like e.g. the centre of mass, and three for the rotational freedom about this point.
Closer encounters with special topics
Authors: Giulini Domenico
Published: November 2023

The first reliable measurement of the speed of light which, in particular, proved it to befinite, was performed by the Danish astronomer Ole Rømer in the years 1672–76. The basic idea is reported to go back to Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712) and will be described in this section.
Introduction to Computational Plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik
Published: November 2023

This book gives an introduction to computational plasticity and includes the kinematics of large deformations, together with relevant continuum mechanics. Central to the book is its focus on computational plasticity, and we cover an introduction to the finite element method which includes both quasi-static and dynamic problems. We then go on to describe explicit and implicit implementations of plasticity models in to finite element software. Throughout the book, we describe the general, multiaxial form of the theory but uniquely, wherever possible, reduce the equations to their simplest, uniaxial form to develop understanding of the general theory and, we hope, physical insight. We provide several examples of implicit and explicit implementations of von Mises time-independent and visco-plasticity in to the commercial code ABAQUS (including the fortran coding), which should prove invaluable to research students and practising engineers developing ABAQUS 'UMATs'. The book bridges the gap between undergraduate material on plasticity and existing advanced texts on nonlinear computational mechanics, which makes it ideal for students and practising engineers alike. It introduces a range of engineering applications, including superplasticity, porous plasticity, cyclic plasticity and thermo-mechanical fatigue, to emphasize the subject's relevance and importance.
Tears of the Tree
Authors: Loadman John
Published: November 2023

Imagine a world without rubber - neither tyres for motoring or flying, nor bouncing balls for sports, neither seals for washing machines and dishwashers, nor medical gloves - no elastics. This unique book tells the fascinating story of four thousand years of rubber - from its significance in Mayan religious rituals and culture to its pivotal role in today's world. It is seen through the lives of the adventurers and scientists who promoted it, lusted after it and eventually tamed it into the ubiquitous, yet crucial material of our lives today. It also examines the lives of those who caused the deaths of millions of natives in Africa and South America whilst seeking to satisfy the developing world's demand for this wonderful new material as well as their nemeses. Written in a biographical format, the book examines why rubber ages and deteriorates and how the ravages of time may be ameliorated. It deals with our current concern for the environment and various options for 'waste disposal'. For the majority of people, rubber is mostly an unknown history and even for those who think they know 'the truth' about rubber, this book may offer many surprises.
Worlds of Flow
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

The first of its kind, this book is an in-depth history of hydrodynamics from its eighteenth-century foundations to its first major successes in twentieth-century hydraulics and aeronautics. It documents the foundational role of fluid mechanics in developing a new mathematical physics. It gives full and clear accounts of the conceptual breakthroughs of physicists and engineers who tried to meet challenges in the practical worlds of hydraulics, navigation, blood circulation, meteorology, and aeronautics, and it shows how hydrodynamics at last began to fulfill its early promise to unify the different worlds of flow. Richly illustrated, technically thorough, and sensitive to cross-cultural effects, this history should attract a broad range of historians, scientists, engineers, and philosophers and be a standard reference for anyone interested in fluid mechanics.
Introduction to Microfluidics
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin
Published: November 2023

Microfluidics deals with fluids flowing in miniaturized systems. It is a young discipline, which is expected to substantially expand over the next few years, stimulated by the considerable development of applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and chemical engineering domains. The book is an introduction to this discipline. In the first chapter, it presents a short historical background and discusses the main perspectives of the domain, at economical and scientific levels. Then the physics of miniaturization and the fluid mechanics of microflows are discussed. In the following three chapters, dispersion, electrical and thermal phenomena in miniaturized devices are presented. A brief introduction to microfabrication techniques is given in chapter six and the book concludes by providing a few examples of microfluidic systems. The book is written in a simple, direct, pedagogical way. It emphasizes concepts and understanding, rather than technical detail. It offers a cross-disciplinary view of the field embracing biological, chemical, physical and engineering perspectives. By using the book, the reader will have concepts, methods and data to grasp situations which typically arise in microfluidic systems.
Hydrodynamics of microfiuidic systems
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin
Published: November 2023

Introduction Circulating a fluid through a canal only a few micrometers wide, transporting a 10-micrometers long droplet with the aid of a liquid, and using shear to deform a bubble 100 micrometers in diameter are all situations frequently encountered in the domain of microfluidics. Many of these systems present unique problems in hydrodynamics due to the significant role of surfaces, the presence of Brownian motion, and more generally, the unusual force balances, analogous to those discussed in the previous chapter.
Conventional Signs
Authors: Morgan Michael
Published: November 2023

The Emperor Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812 with an army half a million strong. In December of the same year La Grande Arme´e struggled back across the Berezina river with only 10,000 men. Even these might not have survived without the leadership of Marshal Michel Ney, himself practically the last member of the army to leave Russia (on 14 December). Napoleon had already abandoned the remnants of the army on 5 December. The disastrous fate of the army is chronicled in a famous map (1861) by Charles Joseph Minard, a retired inspector of France’s equivalent of the Department of Transport.
‘The long agitated question’
Authors: Morgan Michael
Published: November 2023

The defeat of the Russians at Port Arthur in 1904 was one of the seismic events of the twentieth century, signalling the beginning of the end of European imperialism in the East, a process completed by the defeat of the British at Singapore in 1942 and the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. It was during the Russian–Japanese war that a young Japanese physician was to make the first detailed drawings of the visual map in the ‘occipital lobe’ at the back of our head. Most of our knowledge of maps in the human brain has come from the tragedies of disease or injury, and the map of the retina at the back of the brain is no exception.
‘Objects moving are not impressed’
Authors: Morgan Michael
Published: November 2023

The Boulevard du Temple, in Paris, taken by Louis-Jacques Daguerre in 1838 (see figure 5.1), immortalises a blurred shoe-shiner and his patron – the only people who stayed in the same place long enough to register on the film. Daguerrotypes needed exposure times of minutes, rather than the fraction of a second used by modern film. During these long exposures, moving objects were never in the same place long enough to impress their form on the film. Their blurred images are unrecognisable as objects.
Unconscious Perception
Authors: Morgan Michael
Published: November 2023

‘Unconscious perception’ sounds like a contradiction in terms, like ‘military music’, or ‘scientific humour’; but psychologists have a robust definition, following the lead of Sigmund Freud: ‘If you react to some stimulus but deny having seen it, it’s unconscious.’ For example, words are flashed briefly on to a TV screen and the observer’s task is to press one button if the word is man-made (like ‘hammer’) and another if it is not (‘river’). If ‘hammer’ is repeated twice in succession, the time to make the correct decision is smaller on the second occasion.
Trees
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

Even very abstract and elusive concepts in mathematics are often given names from common language. Similarly as mathematical definitions are not at all arbitrary, the name for a notion may be quite important. Sometimes the name helps to communicate, on an intuitive level, some key property of the object which is not easy to notice behind the formal definition. Other names may sound quite illogical in today’s context without knowing their often convoluted history. For example, fields in mathematics are neither green fields nor strawberry fields nor any other kind of fields most people may be used to, and it is hard to imagine why something in the plane should be called a vertex (see Chapter 6 for the origin of this name).
Applications of linear algebra
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

Linear algebra is a part of algebra dealing with systems of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces, and similar things. We have already seen several proofs using linear algebra in previous chapters, most notably in Section 8.5. Here we will demonstrate a few more methods and applications. First, we present two problems, one concerning the existence of so-called block designs and the other about covering a complete graph by complete bipartite graphs. Hardly anyone would suspect that these problems are related to matrices, and yet an elegant solution can be given based on the notion of rank of a matrix. An interested reader can find much more about similar proofs in the very vividly written textbook by Babai and Frankl [13]. In the subsequent two sections of this chapter, we assign several vector spaces to each graph; this leads to a compact and insightful description of seemingly very complicated sets. Finally in Section 13.6, we consider two elegant algorithms where linear algebra blends with a probabilistic method.
Brave new worlds
Authors: Mayhew Peter J
Published: November 2023

The eight novel ways of transmitting information, outlined in the previous chapter as ‘major transitions’, by no means exhaust evolution’s extraordinary feats. Over the history of life, evolutionary events have also radically changed the characteristics of the biosphere. As in the previous chapter then, which considered how evolutionary changes increased the complexity of organ- isms, this chapter will consider how evolution has increased the complexity of planetary ecology. Four things generally indicate that major ecological changes have occurred in the past, identifiable, for example, from the fossil record (Vermeij 1995; Kanygin 2001): First, changes in species richness. Second, organisms living in new places. Third, ecosystems with new functional groups. Fourth, new geochemical cycles. For present purposes we are only interested in such changes that are linked with evolutionary events, as most (but not all) of them are by definition. The changes need collectively to create the essential and complex features of modern planetary ecology, which are worth briefly describing.
Flowering phenologies of animal- pollinated plants: reproductive strategies and agents of selection
Authors: Kudo Gaku
Published: November 2023

The time and pattern of flowering strongly influence the reproductive success of animal-pollinated plants by controlling the overlap of flowering with temporally variable abiotic and biotic conditions that affect mating and seed production. Various factors influence the ecology and evolution of flowering phenologies, including features of the mating environment during flowering, herbivory on flowers and developing seeds, the period available for seed development, and seed dispersal conditions. This diversity of influences as well as spatial and temporal variation in flowering conditions complicate selection on flowering phenologies.
Reproductive assurance and the evolution of uniparental reproduction in flowering plants
Authors: Eckert Christopher G , Samis Karen E , Dart Sara
Published: November 2023

The assurance of reproduction when outcrossing is unpredictable is a venerable and widely invoked explanation for uniparental reproduction via self-fertilization or asexuality. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that seed production by outcrossing plants is frequently pollen limited. However, its intuitive simplicity belies its considerable complexity. Theory cautions that selfing may increase geometric mean fitness in unpredictable pollination environments, but may also compromise current and future outcrossing through physiological and demographic trade-offs. Moreover, reproductive assurance (RA) may affect population and metapopulation dynamics, introducing complex feedbacks plus alternative equilibria and multiple levels of selection.
A View From Elsewhere: The Emergence Of Consciousness In Multidisciplinary Discourse
Authors: Maasen Sabine
Published: November 2023

‘The past decade has seen a rising tide of interest in consciousness accompanied by a surge of publications, new journals and scientific meetings’ (Zeman, 2001, p. 1264). Today, this is perhaps the best way to open the floor to any review of the field of consciousness. The sheer amount of activities in consciousness research is stunning, indeed, particularly in view of the fact that all studies and approaches are united by one conviction only: ‘At our present state of the investigation of consciousness we don’t know how it works and we need to try all kinds of different ideas’ (John Searle).
Distribution of birds amongst habitats: theory and relevance to conservation
Authors: Bernstein Carlos , Krebs John R , Kacflnjk Alex
Published: November 2023

In this article we will review certain models of the distribution of animals between adjacent habitats or patches. The introduction explains how the models discussed in the later part of the paper might be relevant to the conservation and management of bird populations.
Occurrence and demography of mites of tree swallow:, house wren:, and eastern bluebird nests
Authors: Burtt Edward H , Chow W , Babbitt G A
Published: November 2023

Debate over the evolutionary determinants of avian clutch size has ignored the potential of nest-dwelling, parasitic arthropods to significantly reduce the reproductive success of birds (McKilligan 1987; this volume: Delannoy and Cruz, Chapter 5; Rogers et al., Chapter 7). Parasitic mites (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Acari) occur in bird nests (Hicks 1953, 1959, 1971, 1975; Wilson 1965; Philips and Dindal 1977, 1979; Welch 1977), especially nests sheltered from weather and nests built in cavities (Woodroffe 1953; Moss 1978; Chow et al. 1983). Such mites are known to feed on blood, which causes weight loss and mortality of nestlings (Moss and Camin 1970) and may cause desertion of whole broods (Moss 1966).