bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by Listeria monocytogenes. III. Phenotypic characteristics of mediator T cells.
Authors: Woan M C , McGregor D D , Goldschneider I
Published: December 2022

Cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vitro by restimulating rat cells with Listeria antigen- (LMA) pulsed syngeneic accessory cells were characterized in respect to their surface membrane markers. LM-dependent CTL were devoid of detectable surface immunoglobulin (Ig) and receptors for the Fc region of rabbit IgG. Experiments with monoclonal antibodies to rat T cell markers revealed that these cytotoxic cells have the phenotypic profile W3/13+, W3/25-, MRC OX 8+. LM-dependent CTL also bind the monoclonal antibody, MRC OX 3, which recognizes an Ia-antigen-like determinant on rat cells. Although LM-dependent CTL lack the W3/25 marker, their generation depends on the cooperative interplay of W3/25+ and W3/25- T cells.
Biochemical and biologic characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. VIII. Purification of interleukin 2 from a human T cell leukemia.
Authors: Frank M B , Watson J , Mochizuki D , Gillis S
Published: December 2022

The ability of interleukin 2 (IL 2) to stimulate and maintain growth in IL 2-dependent cell lines distinguishes this substance from interleukin 1 and other T cell lymphokines. Jurkat-FHCRC, a human T cell leukemia cell line, has been shown to produce relatively high quantities of IL 2 after stimulation with the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. In this paper we describe techniques used to isolate human IL 2 from Jurkat supernatants and the biochemical properties of the resulting material. IL 2 produced by this cell line is eluted from a DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange column with 0.05 M NaCl and has a m.w. determined by AcA54 gel chromatography in the range of 9000 to 18,000. Isoelectric focusing yields active material with a pI value of 7.75. Elution of IL 2 from a SDS-polyacrylamide gel shows it to have a m.w. of approximately 13,500. This material is capable of stimulating mouse as well as human IL 2-dependent cell lines.
Fine-specificity of the immune response to oxazolone. I. Contact sensitivity and early antibodies.
Authors: Ferreira A M , Hurme M , Kaartinen M , Mäkelä O
Published: December 2022

The specificity of the contact sensitivity induced by various chemically related oxazolones was studied. Mice were painted with 1 of them (immunogen). They were divided into several groups and challenged (ear painting on day 5) with various concentrations of either the immunogen or a related oxazolone. The degree of the contact sensitivity was estimated by ear weight or by incorporation of a DNA precursor. Higher concentrations of a challenge compound elicited a stronger DTH reaction than lower concentrations. The efficiency of each compound was defined by the concentration that caused a 30% increase of the ear weight or 150% increase of incorporation. Both represented ca. one-third of the maximal response (1/3 max), and both methods gave similar results. Two types of specificity patterns were observed. One is based on limited data, and was exhibited by the pair furyl Ox and propenyl Ox. Furyl Ox was a more efficient challenge compound than propenyl Ox when mice were primed with furyl Ox. The reverse was true when mice were primed with propenyl Ox. The other pattern was exhibited by the pair propenyl Ox and phenyl Ox. When mice had been primed with phenyl Ox, the 1/3 max response required either 3 mM phenyl Ox or 17 mM propenyl Ox (6-fold difference). The unexpected finding was that phenyl Ox was also a (2.5-fold) more efficient challenge compound for mice that had been primed with propenyl Ox (a heteroclitic contact sensitivity).
Fine-specificity of the immune response to oxazolones. II. Cytolytic T cells.
Authors: Kaartinen M , Ferreira A M , Hurme M , Mäkelä O
Published: December 2022

Hapten-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated either by culturing live mouse spleen cells together with syngeneic haptenated mitomycin-treated spleen cells, or by painting cyclophosphamide-treated mice with the (chemically reactive) haptens. The specificity of the CTL was then tested by using lymphoblast targets coupled with the immunizing hapten or its analogs. Four haptens of the 5-oxazolone family were used. They couple to proteins via carbon atom 4 and had different substitutions at carbon atom 2. CTL originating from the in vivo or in vitro immunization gave identical results. They were specific for the genotype of the immunizing cell and for the hapten (oxazolone family). Syngeneic targets coupled with an unrelated hapten were not killed, nor were allogeneic (H-2-incompatible) targets coupled with any of the oxazolones. Oxazolone-specific CTL could be generated with all 4 oxazolones tested, but all 4 types of killer cells preferred targets coupled with 1 hapten, propenyl Ox. CTL generated with phenyl Ox, furyl Ox, or F-phenyl Ox were thus "heteroclitic" (preference for a chemical analog over the immunogen).
The role of C9 in complement-mediated killing of Neisseria.
Authors: Harriman G R , Esser A F , Podack E R , Wunderlich A C , Braude A I , Lint T F , Curd J G
Published: December 2022

During the routine examination of a healthy 31-yr-old woman, we found an incomplete deficiency of the 9th component of complement (C9). By hemolytic assay her serum C9 activity was 10 to 15% of normal. Limited family studies suggested that she inherited the deficiency as an autosomal codominant trait. She had no history of unusual or severe infections. When tested for bactericidal activity against serum-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, her serum reacted comparably to normal serum. Normal serum depleted immunochemically of C9 and sera from congenitally C9-deficient patients were also bactericidal against serum-sensitive Neisseria but required 120 min to kill the same numbers of gonococci that intact serum killed within 30 min. In the electron microscope, N. gonorrhoeae incubated with C9-depleted serum were fragmented but lacked the typical C lesions. Therefore, serum lacking C9 can kill serum-sensitive Neisseria, unlike sera deficient in the other terminal C components.
A monoclonal antibody to antigens expressed on MLR-activated T cells inhibits granulocyte macrophage colony formation.
Authors: Bacigalupo A , Podesta M , Frassoni F , Marmont A , Risso M , Corte G
Published: December 2022

A monoclonal antibody specifically reactive with MLR-activated T cells (MLR2) was added to light density normal marrow cells, depleted of adherent cells and T lymphocytes, and plated in soft agar for granulocyte macrophage colony formation. Colonies from MLR2-treated marrow cells were reduced to less than 10% of expected growth. The inhibition was not complement dependent, did not require the continuous presence of MLR2 in culture, and could not be detected also when human placenta-conditioned medium was used in the place of leukocyte feeder layers as a source of colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Co-culture experiments with MLR2 treated and untreated marrow cells further excluded the possibility of an indirect effect of MLR2 on CFU-c via auxiliary cells. The results of this study suggest that myeloid progenitor cells express a lymphoid antigen that is absent on resting or activated B cells and on resting T cells, but is expressed on activated T cells.
Clonal analysis of the BALB/c T cell proliferative response to apo beef cytochrome c.
Authors: Corradin G , Zubler R H , Engers H D
Published: December 2022

Murine T cell clones that proliferated specifically in response to the protein antigen apo cytochrome c were derived and maintained in continuous culture. Two distinct clonotypes were observed with respect to the proliferative responses observed when a variety of peptides prepared from several species of cytochrome c were tested. These 2 clonotypes appeared to recognize 2 different regions in the cytochrome c molecule. Only 1 of the 2 clonotypes tested demonstrated helper cell activity for antibody formation in vitro.
Stoichiometry and sedimentation properties of the complex formed between the C1q and C1r2C1s2 subcomponents of the first component of complement.
Authors: Siegel R C , Schumaker V N , Poon P H
Published: December 2022

We have examined the functional and hydrodynamic properties of the first component of human complement, C1, and the activated first component, C1-, reassembled in the presence of Ca++ from C1q and either the C1r2C1s2 or the C1r-2C1s-2 tetramer. Reconstituted C1 has hemolytic activity similar to C1 in serum. As long as either tetramer is in excess and the total concentration is low, we find that only a 1:1 complex is formed between C1q and either the unactivated or activated tetramer. This complex sediments at 15.9 +/- 0.2 Svedbergs and has a complex sediments at 15.9 +/- 0.2 Svedbergs and has a m.w. of 739,000 +/- 37,000. The boundary shape of the sedimenting C1- preparation was broader than that of C1 suggesting the association constant between C1r2C1s2 and C1q may have decreased upon activation. At elevated concentrations, with more than a molar excess of C1q, C1 aggregated to form both 16S and 23S species.
Monoclonal antibodies reactive with acute myelogenous leukemia cells.
Authors: Linker-Israeli M , Billing R J , Foon K A , Terasaki P I
Published: December 2022

Two cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies (D5D6 and C10H5) were raised to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. One of them, D5D6, reacted with 100% of the cells from 44/50 AML patients. The second, C10H5, reacted with 100% of the cells from 13/39 AML patients. D5D6 and C10H5 were cytotoxic to 100% of the monocytes from all healthy donors tested. Apart from monocytes, these antibodies did not react with any other peripheral blood cells from normal donors or with cancerous cells either from cell culture lines or from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), lymphoid leukemias, or solid tumors. These antibodies inhibited the growth of the myeloid-monocytic stem cell, the CFU-C, and reacted with a minor population of normal bone marrow cells by immunofluorescence. Both D5D6 and CH5 have potential utility for the differential diagnosis of acute leukemia, for the detection of early leukemic relapse, and for enrichment of human stem cells.
Individual rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes reactive to anti-immunoglobulin and phytohemagglutinin or Concanavalin A identified by immunoelectronmicroscopic demonstration of endocytosis.
Authors: Raffel C , Sell S
Published: December 2022

Individual rabbit lymphocytes reactive to phytohemagglutinin or Concanavalin A, and bearing membrane-associated surface immunoglobulin have been identified by electron microscopy. Endocytosis of lectin-lectin receptor complexes, which has previously been shown to be a marker for subsequent lectin-induced blast transformation was used as a marker for lectin reactivity. Surface immunoglobulin was detected by modified mixed antiglobulin (Coombs) technique. Lectin-reactive, sIg-bearing cells are well represented among lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Few of these cells, however, are found among lymphocytes isolated from spleen or popliteal lymph node. From these results it is suggested that some rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood share T cell (lectin reactivity) and B cell (bearing sIg) properties, or that reactivity to Con A is not an exclusive T cell property and sIg is not an exclusive property of B cells.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulation of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase.
Authors: O'Dorisio M S , Hermina N S , O'Dorisio T M , Balcerzak S P
Published: December 2022

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was found to be a potent stimulator of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase activity. VIP-induced activation of adenylate cyclase was specific for lymphocytes among peripheral blood cells; i.e., VIP did not stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity of neutrophils, monocytes, or platelets. The VIP-induced activation of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase was time, temperature, and concentration dependent. VIP and the GTP analog, Gpp(NH)p, acted synergistically to stimulate lymphocyte adenylate cyclase; stimulation by VIP and PGE1 was additive; and VIP activation was antagonized by somatostatin. VIP-mediated activation of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase was observed in normal human T cells, B cells obtained from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and a human T cell culture line. The Raji human B cell culture line did possess adenylate cyclase activity, but this activity was not stimulated by VIP. These results suggest that lymphocytes possess functional receptors for VIP and that this peptide may play a role in modulation of lymphocyte function.
Macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG): a marker for embryonic prothymocytes in the mouse.
Authors: Batuman O A , Schmidt R R , Hauptman S P
Published: December 2022

Adult thymocytes and peripheral T cells synthesize and insert a glycoprotein into their plasma membrane that is termed macromolecular insoluble cold globulin (MICG). This protein, in contrast to other T cell markers, was shown to be present in embryonic prothymocytes as soon as they appear in the thymic rudiment. Furthermore, some hematopoietic cells in the fetal liver were shown to contain MICG at a period in gestation before the completion of lymphocyte migration to the thymus. These results are discussed in terms of the requirements for embryonic cell migration.
Ig biosynthesis in a human pre-B cell line.
Authors: McCune J M , Fu S M
Published: December 2022

Ig synthesis was investigated in a human Epstein-barr virus transformed pre-B-like lymphoblastoid line, Josh 4. Translation of total extracted cellular RNA in a wheat germ cellfree system showed that the transcripts for both micrometer (the heavy chain of membrane IgM) and micros (the heavy chain of secreted IgM) were present in approximately equal proportions. Pulse-labeling of cells with 35S-methionine in culture followed by immunoprecipitation and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase digestion of the precipitates demonstrated that each of these chains were synthesized and glycosylated intracellularly. No light chain synthesis was detected in either system. In addition, both mu-chains were found to be secreted. Hybrids formed between Josh 4 and 2 light chain-producing lymphoblastoid lines, RPMI-8866P (IgG kappa) and 32a1 (IgA lambda), were found to express surface IgM. Thus the provision of light chains permitted membrane expression of chains which might otherwise be degraded. These findings were discussed in relation to normal B cell development.
Generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity to Theileria parva (East Coast fever) after inoculation of cattle with parasitized lymphoblasts.
Authors: Emery D L , Morrison W I , Buscher G , Nelson R T
Published: December 2022

The participation of genetically restricted cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in protective immunity against Theileria parva was examined in cattle inoculated with autologous and allogeneic parasitized lymphoblasts. The majority of cattle given 10(7) infected allogeneic cells were protected against infection with the homologous parasite. Animals inoculated with drug-cured lymphoblasts, normal allogeneic lymph node cells (LNC), or a combination of LNC and parasitized allogeneic cells were fully susceptible. The magnitude of the primary CML responses against autologous infected targets (as opposed to that against the allogeneic lymphoblasts inoculated or 3rd-party targets) more accurately correlated with a decreased severity of infection after challenge. Autologous CML responses appeared earlier as cattle were given increasing numbers of parasitized autologous lymphoblasts, and were higher and more persistent with increasing parasitosis. Between 10(2) and 10(5) autologous infected cells induced immunity to T. parva, whereas at least 10(7) allogeneic lymphoblasts were required for comparable protection. The findings provide additional evidence for a protective role of restricted CML responses against T. parva in vivo. When allogeneic infected cells are used for immunization, viable T. parva need to establish infection in host cells to induce adequate protective immunity.
Mapping the antigenic epitope for a monoclonal antibody against lysozyme.
Authors: Smith-Gill S J , Wilson A C , Potter M , Prager E M , Feldmann R J , Mainhart C R
Published: December 2022

A monoclonal antibody (HyHEL-5), prepared to chicken lysozyme c by the method of Köhler and Milstein, identified an antigenic site (epitope) that was shared by the lysozymes of seven different species of galliform birds. The lysozymes of two galliform species, bobwhite quail and chachalaca, shared only partial antigenic identity with the epitope defined by this antibody. Duck lysozyme did not react with the antibody at all. Amino acids that determined the epitope structure were tentatively identified by comparing the amino acid sequences of these lysozymes and assuming the antigenic changes produced by evolutionary substitutions are not due to long-range conformational changes. Arg 68 was identified as a determining amino acid. Arg 68 is hydrogen-bonded to Arg 45, and together these two amino acids form a basic cluster that may be a subsite of the epitope. The antibody inhibited lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by chicken lysozyme. Additionally, Biebrich Scarlet, a dye that binds to the catalytic site, inhibited antibody binding to this lysozyme, which indicates that the epitope extends into the cleft region between Arg 45 and Arg 114. The epitope was hypothesized to involve a region measuring at least 13 x 6 x 15 A including the Arg 68-Arg 45 complex that borders the enzymatic catalytic site. Four other monoclonal antibodies to lysozyme have been partially characterized; each had a distinct pattern of binding specificity for various species of bird lysozymes.
Genetic control of autoimmune disease: interactions between xid and Ipr.
Authors: Kemp J D , Cowdery J S , Steinberg A D , Gershon R K
Published: December 2022

A genetic experiment has been performed in mice to test the B cell "hyperactivity" hypothesis of autoantibody production. A backcross was designed such that some progeny carried both the sex-linked recessive gene xid, which markedly reduces the B cell hyperactivity and autoantibody production seen in NZB mice, and the autosomal recessive gene Ipr, which produces a severe lymphoproliferative/autoimmune disorder in the homozygous animal. The data indicate that although xid does not preclude any measured phenotypic expression of Ipr/Ipr disease, it may play a minor modulatory role. In addition, a background gene or genes in the CBA/N mouse, distinct from xid, modulates T cell proliferation in male backcross progeny. This experiment supports the view that autoimmune phenomena are fundamentally heterogeneous, and may involve complex cellular interactions.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice: primary control of EAE susceptibility is outside the H-2 complex.
Authors: Montgomery I N , Rauch H C
Published: December 2022

We report here the results of EAE induction in 1758 mice from 9 inbred strains, 5 H-2 congenic strains, and 6 F1 hybrids. EAE responsiveness is under the primary control of genes outside the H-2 complex. The F1 data do not show a unifactorial inheritance of EAE responsiveness. The F1 data do imply a maternal factor, sex hormone, or sex-linked gene(s) that modifies EAE responsiveness. The data suggest that the H-2 complex modifies the degree of EAE responsiveness. This modulatory effect by H-2 could account for the contradictory reports in the literature on the association of H-2 type and EAE responsiveness.
Thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages are less efficient than resident macrophages in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis.
Authors: Shaw D R , Griffin F M
Published: December 2022

Peritoneal macrophages (M phi) obtained after i.p. injection of Brewer thioglycollate medium (TG) were substantially less efficient than resident (R) M phi in an assay of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) in which 51Cr-labeled sheep erythrocytes were used as target cells. The TG-M phi did not display any generalized functional defects, and indeed were "activated" relative to R-M phi by several morphologic, biochemical, and functional criteria. The ADCC deficiency was observed with TG-M phi from four strains of mice, and was not altered by the use of different types of target cells or different sensitizing IgG antibodies. Treatments that significantly enhanced R-M phi ADCC activity, either inhibition of phagocytosis by tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone or stimulation of M phi enzyme secretion and O2- production, resulted in only a modest enhancement of TG-M phi ADCC. The effect of i.p. TG injection on M phi ADCC activity was not mimicked by in vitro exposure of R-M phi to TG. In vivo experiments demonstrated that agar, a component of TG, was sufficient to elicit M phi that resembled TG-M phi morphologically and functionally. We discuss the possibility that the ADCC deficiency of TG-M phi may be a characteristic of cells involved in the subsidence of an acute inflammatory response.
Regulation of macrophage populations. III. The immunologic induction of exudates rich in Ia-bearing macrophages is a radiosensitive process.
Authors: Scher M G , Unanue E R , Beller D I
Published: December 2022

We have evaluated some of the conditions regulating the selective augmentation of the Ia-positive macrophage population within immunologically induced exudates. Antigen-stimulated T cells secrete a protein referred to as macrophage- (Ia-positive) recruiting factor (MIRF), which when injected i.p. stimulates a 10- to 20-fold increase in the number of Ia-positive exudate macrophages. This response is totally abrogated when mice are lethally irradiated before injection of MIRF or immune T cells. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells to irradiated mice substantially restores their ability to respond to the immunologic stimuli, even if the transferred bone marrow has itself been depleted of Ia-positive cells. It was also found that the high level of Ia-positive macrophages induced by MIRF requires a renewable stem cell source in order to be maintained. Finally, even when macrophages were elicited by injecting thioglycollate before irradiation, Ia-positive cells were not induced in response to MIRF. These findings suggest that the target of MIRF in vivo may be restricted to a developmentally young cell within or recently derived from a stem cell compartment such as the bone marrow, and that Ia-positive and Ia-negative macrophages ultimately derive from a potentially common Ia-negative stem cell.
Genetics of the alpha 1,6-dextran response: expression of the QUPC52 idiotype in different inbred and congenic strains of mice.
Authors: D'Hoostelaere L , Potter M
Published: December 2022

Antibodies to dextran B512 were raised in various strains of mice and were assayed by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Idiotypic antibodies to the IgA(k) dextran B512 binding myeloma proteins QUPC52 and W3129 of BALB/c origin were prepared in rabbits. After adsorption each antiserum was specific for the immunizing myeloma protein and did not react with hundreds of other myeloma proteins; nonetheless, antibodies to dextran B512 from various strains of mice cross-reacted in these test systems. Of the 2 idiotypes tested, the W3129 idiotype was more universally expressed in different strains of mice. The QUPC52 idiotype was the predominant idiotype in BALB/c anti-dextran B512 antibodies and was found in only a few other inbred strains. Using a battery of congenic and inbred strains, it was shown that the QUPC52 idiotype was controlled by genes linked to the Igh complex locus (chromosome 12) and to the Ig kappa complex locus (chromosome 6). The W3129 idiotype was found in a number of stocks of mice in the genus Mus recently isolated from the wild. The QUPC52 idiotype thus far was found only in inbred mice.
A monoclonal IgM lambda macroglobulin with specificity for lacto-N-tetraose in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma.
Authors: Kabat E A , Liao J , Shyong J , Osserman E F
Published: December 2022

The serum of a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma was found to contain a monoclonal IgM lambda (IgMwoo) that precipitated with a precursor blood group glycoprotein containing I and i determinants. IgMwoo did not agglutinate O cells in the cold or at room temperature, and by quantitative precipitin and precipitin inhibition assay its specificity was shown not to be to the I and i determinants. IgMwoo reacted best with lacto-N-tetraose, DGal beta 1 leads to 3DGlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3DGal beta 1 leads to 4DGlc, and was specific for the non-I or non-i determinant dGal beta 1 leads to 3DGlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3DGal-moiety present as a distinct chain on precursor glycoproteins containing I and i determinants. Human ovarian cyst blood group A and B glycoproteins were inactive, but removal of the outer tier of sugars involved in A, B, and H specificity exposed this non-I or non-i determinant as well as the determinant reacting with anti-I Ma. IgMwoo was neither a cold agglutinin nor a cryoglobulin. It precipitated with precursor blood group glycoproteins somewhat less at 37 degrees C than at 0 degrees C, the differences being ascribable to solubility.
Lysosomal enzyme release from human monocytes in response to particulate stimuli.
Authors: Keeling P J , Henson P M
Published: December 2022

Lysosomal enzyme release from human monocytes was evaluated in response to opsonized zymosan, opsonized sheep erythrocytes, and latex beads. Monocytes were found to release lysosomal enzymes immediately upon challenge with all three phagocytosable particles. Cytochalasin B enhanced beta-glucosaminidase release from mononuclear cells challenged with opsonized zymosan or opsonized red blood cells, but inhibited the response to latex particles. Lysosomal enzyme release was found to be independent of protein synthesis, and in the absence of cytochalasin B required the stimulus to be presented either as a phagocytosable particle or immobilized on a surface. The kinetics of enzyme release and phagocytosis were also examined and found to be different, lending support to the hypothesis that lysosomal enzyme release may be a physiologic response to a biologic stimulus in vivo and not simply an "accidental" consequence of an ongoing phagocytic event.
Clonotypes of anti-phosphocholine antibodies induced with Proteus morganii (Potter). II. Heterogeneity, class, and idiotypic analyses of the repertoires in BALB/c and A/HeJ mice.
Authors: Williams K R , Claflin J L
Published: December 2022

The heterogeneity of the PC-specific IgG response of Proteus morganii (Potter) was systematically analyzed. Serum samples from individual mice were focused in paired adjacent tracks, PC-specific antibodies were detected with 125I-PC-RNase, and the resulting autoradiographs were examined for co-focusing bands. Both the number of different antibody band groups and their frequency of expression were determined. Varying qualitatively from simple to complex, the spectrotypes of 38 BALB/c and 19 A/HeJ each appeared unique. However, after thorough analysis for co-focusing bands. It was evident that each spectrotype reflected a unique combination of shared band groups rather than numerous uniquely focusing band groups. The responses of A/HeJ and BALB/c showed striking similarities qualitatively in the appearance of individual spectrotypes. The heterogeneity of the two strains was also similar quantitatively. The basis for this finite though complex heterogeneity was examined by in situ subclass analysis after IEF and idiotype analysis of IEF bands by using antibodies purified from individual BALB/c and A/HeJ. Each mouse primarily expressed IgG3, and antibody bands of this subclass ranged from pI of 6.75 to 8.2. IgG1-positive bands ranged from pI of 6 to 7. Minimal amounts of IgG2 and IgM were detected. In comparisons of individual mice, there was more heterogeneity apparent in the IgG3 subclass than in the IgG1. The idiotype, IdX-M603, was found in both subclasses and also in multiple band groups focusing at different positions within each subgroup. Possible explanations for this heterogeneity among these idiotypically related antibodies are discussed.
Guinea pig erythrocytes, after their contact with influenza virus, acquire the ability to activate the human alternative complement pathway through virus-induced desialation of the cells.
Authors: Lambré C R , Kazatchkine M D , Maillet F , Thibon M
Published: December 2022

Guinea pig erythrocytes that had been exposed to influenza A virus activated the alternative complement pathway in whole human serum in the absence of natural antibodies. Because all virus particles were eluted from the treated cells, activation was not dependent on antiviral antibodies or on virus particles themselves. The relative capacity of treated erythrocytes to activate the alternative pathway was dependent on the amount of virus to which the cells had been exposed and was directly related to the amount of sialic acid removed from the erythrocyte membrane during incubation with either whole virus particles or purified viral sialidase. C3b bound to cells that had been treated with virus, and P-stabilized amplification convertase sites P,C3b,Bb formed on these cells, exhibited increased resistance to the action of the regulatory proteins beta-1H and C3b Ina compared with C3b and P,C3b,Bb on untreated, nonactivating cells. The acquired resistance of the cell-bound, P-stabilized amplification convertase to decay-dissociation by beta-1H was directly related to the activating capacity of the treated cells in whole serum (r = 0.95) and to the amount of sialic acid removed from the cells by the virus (r = 0.98). Desialation represents a specific alteration of the cell surface by which a nonimmune host, through activation of the alternative pathway, may deposit C3b on a target cell that had been exposed to influenza virus and may lyse virus virus-modified cells during orthomyxovirus infections.
Activation of rat B lymphocytes. I. Characterization of anti-immunoglobulin responses and isotype density of rat B cells.
Authors: Rosenberg J S , Feldman J D
Published: December 2022

Spleen cells of two rat strains, Lewis and Brown Norway (BN), have been activated by lectins and by antibodies specific for immunoglobulin isotypes embedded in their cell membranes. Optimal concentrations of antibodies specific for mu, gamma, or delta-chains of rat augments in vitro incorporation of 3H-TdR 5 to 18-fold in Lewis B lymphocytes and 1.5 to 4-fold in BN B lymphocytes. In addition, F(ab')2 fragments of anti-Ig reagents induced Lewis splenic B cells but not BN B cells to incorporate 3H-TdR. Responses to LPS and dextran sulfate, B lymphocyte mitogens, measured by radioactive uptake, were five to 10 times greater in Lewis B cell populations than in BN B cell populations. Density of surface Ig isotypes and capping kinetics were similar in the two rat strains, although the percentage of T cells, T cell subsets, B cells, and Ia+ B cells differed in the spleens of these strains of rats. Both T lymphocytes and macrophages were needed in culture to effect an optimal response. IL-2 restored the response in B cell cultures depleted of T cells and macrophages, and enhanced 3H-TdR uptake in whole spleen cells of Lewis but not BN rats. The strain-dependent responsiveness of B cells to specific anti-Ig reagents or B cell mitogens appears to be associated with inherent (genetic) defects in T cells and B cells or defects in T cell to B cell cooperation in BN rats.
The effect of specific antibody on antibody-independent interactions between E. coli J5 and human complement.
Authors: Betz S J , Page N , Estrade C , Isliker H
Published: December 2022

We previously reported that Escherichia coli J5, the galactose epimerase-deficient mutant of E. coli O111:B4, can bind and activate purified human C1. The effects of hyperimmune rabbit anti-J5 IgG or IgM on E. coli J5 interactions with human C have been examined. Specific IgG or IgM increased the binding of 125I-C1 by J5. However, the rate of C1 activation, as determined by SDS-PAGE of eluted 125I-C1s, was decreased if bacteria were preincubated with immune IgG. Complexes formed between J5 preincubated with immune Ig and C1, under conditions in which all of the C1 was allowed to activate, consumed more C4 than J5 alone plus C1. However, the amount of C4 consumed per C1 molecule was identical for all bacteria preparations. Concentrations of specific IgG or IgM that significantly increased C1 binding did not appear to enhance C3b deposition upon incubation of E. coli J5 in NHS. Thus, although specific antibody may enhance C1 binding by E. coli J5, the ability of these additional C1 molecules to alter later events in the C cascade may depend on the control of C1 activation and its subsequent activity when bound to different membrane components.
Cellular and molecular properties of an antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte line.
Authors: Bleackley R C , Havele C , Paetkau V
Published: December 2022

Two cytotoxic T cell lines of CBA/J mouse origin have been generated, cloned, and characterized. One of these, MTL2, is cytotoxic for cells carrying the H-2(d) haplotype, the other MTL3, for H-2(b). Two clones of MTL2 differ significantly from each other in the morphology of the cells, although not in cytotoxicity. One has a higher number of intracellular vacuoles, or vesicles, and shows more of the typical attaching structures to the growth surface ("spikes") compared with the other. Cross-reactivity with a third-party alloantigen is enhanced by adding Con A to the cytotoxicity assay, but there is no self-killing either with or without Con A. The T cell lines show no rearrangement in their immunoglobulin heavy chain J and C(mu) genes. Normal T cells are also not rearranged, apparently, but normal B lymphocytes have both of their heavy chain alleles altered. Finally, cloned MTL2 cells contain less than five molecules of mu (IgM heavy chain constant region) mRNA per cell.
Characterization of the secretory activity of leukotriene B4 toward rabbit neutrophils.
Authors: Showell H J , Naccache P H , Borgeat P , Picard S , Vallerand P , Becker E L , Sha'afi R I
Published: December 2022

We have described in det ail the secretory activity of leukotriene B4 toward rabbit neutrophils. Leukotriene B4 rapidly and vigorously degranulates rabbit neutrophils. This activity is stereospecific, cytochalasin B-dependent, and is enhanced by extracellular calcium. Pretreatment with leukotriene B4 deactivates rabbit neutrophils, i.e., cells so treated do not respond to stimulation by an additional bolus of leukotriene B4. In addition, the secretory activity of leukotriene B4 is sharply dependent on the simultaneous presence of cytochalasin B. Rabbit neutrophils therefore exhibit the previously described desensitization to the effect of cytochalasin B. In these and other discussed respects the characteristics of the leukotriene B4-induced degranulation of rabbit neutrophils are strikingly similar to those of the chemotactic factors. These results support the hypothesis that leukotriene B4 mediates, at least in part, the secretory, and possibly other, activities of chemotactic factors.
Direct evidence for the involvement of T suppressor cells in the expression of low-dose paralysis to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.
Authors: Baker P J , Amsbaugh D F , Stashak P W , Caldes G , Prescott B
Published: December 2022

Prior treatment (priming) with a subimmunogenic dose of type III pneumococcal polysaccharide results in the development of an antigen-specific state of unresponsiveness termed low-dose paralysis. Such unresponsiveness can be transferred by spleen cells obtained from mice within 5 to 24 hr after priming; the suppressive activity of transferred cells is abolished by treatment with monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement. These findings show clearly that low-dose paralysis is mediated by T suppressor cells.
Induction of T15-specific suppressor T cells in mice with the CBA/N defect by neonatal injection with anti-T15 idiotype antibody.
Authors: Kim B S , Massey P B
Published: December 2022

Mice with the CBA/N defect (xid) are unresponsive to phosphorylcholine (PC), To determine whether idiotype-specific suppressor T cells can also be generated in these defective mice, defective (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male and nondefective (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 female or (BALB/c X CBA/N)F1 male mice were neonatally injected with antibodies specific for the major idiotype of anti-PC antibody, i.e., anti-TEPC-15 idiotype (T15id) antibody. Suppressor cell activity was examined by co-culturing spleen cells from neonatally treated F1 mice with spleen cells of normal nondefective F1 mice in the presence of antigen. Spleen cells from defective (CBA/NM X BALB/c)F1 mice treated with anti-T15id antibody demonstrated a level of suppressor activity (greater than 83% suppression) comparable to that of similarly treated nondefective F1 mice. This suppression was specific for the T15id of anti-PC response, and a Lyt-1-2+-bearing T cell population appeared to be responsible for the active suppression. These suppressor T cells recognized T15 but not PC, based on a functional absorption test. These results indicate that the CBA/N defects, including the deficiency in the anti-PC response by B lymphocytes and a possible T cell defect, do not influence the generation of T15id-specific suppressor T cells by neonatal injection with anti-T15id antibody.
Role of monocytes, alloantigens, and individual reactivity in the response of human lymphocytes to mitogenic factor.
Authors: Ruiz P , Scornik J C
Published: December 2022

The activity of mitogenic factors generated in human mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC-MF) was analyzed with unstimulated mononuclear leukocytes used as responder cells. Unseparated or adherent, but not nonadherent, irradiated, autologous mononuclear leukocytes were found to significantly enhance the mitogenic activity of MLC-MF. The effect of MLC-MF was not inhibited by hydrocortisone at concentrations that inhibited MLC-MF production, indicating that the MLC-MF effect is direct and is not mediated through further production of mitogenic factors. Experiments in which MLC-MF was produced in a MLC between a HLA-D homozygous individual and her child suggested that soluble alloantigens do not play a role in the MLC-MF effect. Studies in one individual with MLC responses higher than other individuals indicated average MLC-MF production but above average response to MLC-MF. We conclude that MLC-MF is directly mitogenic for unstimulated lymphocytes, without requiring the simultaneously presence of either mitogen or antigen. In addition, the proliferative MLC reaction of antigen. In addition, the proliferative MLC reaction of individuals with strong responses to MLC-MF may be influenced significantly by the nonspecific clones recruited by MLC-MF.
Human eosinophil lysophospholipase: the sole protein component of Charcot-Leyden crystals.
Authors: Weller P F , Bach D , Austen K F
Published: December 2022

Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLC), formed in vitro from human eosinophils, were recently shown to contain a protein identical in physicochemical characteristics to human eosinophil lysophospholipase. Monospecific antisera, prepared against homogeneous, chromatographically purified eosinophil lysophospholipase and against CLC formed in vitro, yielded precipitin lines fusing in a pattern of immunochemical identity on Ouchterlony analysis with disrupted eosinophils, purified lysophospholipase, and solubilized CLC protein. With antisera to the purified lysophospholipase, CLC present in vivo in human feces were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence to contain eosinophil lysophospholipase. Fecal CLC, purified by sequential gradient centrifugation, contained a single protein migrating identically to eosinophil lysophospholipase on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Solubilized fecal CLC were recrystallized to form characteristically-shaped CLC. Thus, naturally occurring CLC are formed solely of human eosinophil lysophospholipase.
Immune responses in vitro. XII. Two independently segregating loci control Mis product(s).
Authors: Click R E , Azar M M , Anderson V E
Published: December 2022

Distribution analyses of Misa in (BALB/c x DBA/2)F2 animals indicate that two independently segregating loci control the expression of Misa products. The results were dependent upon the use of x-irradiated cells a the antigen in MLR. The use of non-x-irradiated antigen in the MLR led to results that were uninterpretable because both DBA/2 and (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 cells responded to x-irradiated BALB/c cells. Even though DBA/2 cells did not respond to (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 cells, their reactivity to BALB/c cells indicates that the Misb of BALB/c is not null.
Macrophages as effector cells of protective immunity in murine schistosomiasis. II. Killing of newly transformed schistosomula in vitro by macrophages activated as a consequence of Schistosoma mansoni infection.
Authors: James S L , Sher A , Lazdins J K , Meltzer M S
Published: December 2022

Plastic adherent peritoneal cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice have previously been shown to exhibit nonspecific tumoricidal activity in vitro. In this report we show that these same cell populations kill significant numbers of skin-stage schistosomula in vitro in the absence of added antibody. Larval killing by these activated cells could be enhanced by the use of suspension rather than monolayer cultures and by addition of heat-inactivated immune mouse serum to the cultures. Adherence of cells to schistosomula was also enhanced under the same conditions, suggesting that cell binding to the larvae might be critical in the development or expression of microbicidal activity. In support of this hypothesis, the same level of enhancement of cell binding and larval damage was observed upon substitution of concanavalin A for immune mouse serum. Killing of schistosomula appeared to be mediated solely by activated macrophages in the peritoneal cell suspensions from S. mansoni-infected mice, because partially purified preparations of eosinophils were virtually inactive in these assays. Likewise, inflammatory macrophages from uninfected mice were unable to kill schistosomula under the same conditions, emphasizing the importance of activation in the development of killing capability. The finding that macrophages activated as a consequence of S. mansoni infection are able to kill larval schistosomes in vitro suggests that these cells may play a role in concomitant immunity to schistosomiasis in vivo.
Prevention of the in vitro myelosuppressive effects of glucocorticosteroids by interleukin 1 (IL 1).
Authors: Mishell R I , Lee D A , Grabstein K H , Lachman L B
Published: December 2022

We investigated the effects of dexamethasone on the formation of granulocyte/macrophage colonies by murine bone marrow cells cultured with colony-stimulatory factors (CSF) in semisolid agar. Dexamethasone (10(-7) M) completely inhibited the formation of colonies in response to L929 CSF but had no effect on the response to CSF in the culture supernatants of the murine macrophage cell line, PU5-1.8. We postulated that a cofactor, interleukin 1, present in the PU5-1.8 supernatants was responsible for protecting colony formation against steroid suppression. Interleukin 1, isolated from culture supernatants of PU5-1.8 and from culture supernatants of human acute monocytic leukemia cells, blocked the inhabitory effects of dexamethasone on colony formation in response to L929 CSF. Moreover, dexamethasone inhibited colony formation in response to PU5-1.8 culture supernatants when interleukin 1 was absent. We also examined interleukin 2 for possible protective effects. Although crude interleukin 2 preparations (supernatants of spleen cells cultured with concanavalin A) blocked dexamethasone inhibition, purified interleukin 2 had no protective effects. These data indicate that interleukin 1 protects colony formation by a pathway that is independent of interleukin 2 and that supernatants of spleen cells activated with concanavalin A probably contain significant amount of interleukin 1.
Naturally occurring autoantibodies to skeletal proteins from human red blood cells.
Authors: Lutz H U , Wipf G
Published: December 2022

The IgG fraction of sera of healthy human subjects contains natural antibodies to cytoskeletal elements of the donors own red blood cell membranes. Autoantibodies to spectrin are characterized in more detail: their Fab portion binds to the antigen. Autoantibodies, affinity-purified on immobilized spectrin band 1, precipitate 0.4 microgram of spectrin dimer per 1 microgram of autoantibody. They bind to band 1 and cross-react with band 2 of spectrin as well as with breakdown products of spectrin on blots from separated membrane polypeptides. Autoantibodies purified on spectrin band 2 after absorption on band 1 do not cross-react with band 1. The evidence strongly suggests the existence of such autoantibodies in healthy human subjects. This finding indicates that autoantibody production to normally unexposed antigens is not suppressed in ontogeny. These anti-cytoskeleton autoantibodies may have a physiologic role in clearance of debris from lysed cells. Their existence may open a new understanding of elevated anti-spectrin autoantibody concentrations in diseases with different etiologies.
Two distinct human cloned T cell lines that exhibit natural killer-like and anti-human effector activities.
Authors: Sugamura K , Tanaka Y , Hinuma Y
Published: December 2022

Cloned T cell lines from mixed lymphocyte cultures stimulated with autologous Epstein Barr virus- (EBV) transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) cells were established using a limiting dilution technique in the presence of T cell growth factor (TCGF). The T cell lines included two distinct clones of cytotoxic T cells (Tc) in addition to EBV-specific Tc. A cytotoxic profile of one cloned line was similar to that of endogenous NK cells in peripheral blood. The other cloned Tc line showed an anti-human cytotoxicity. The susceptible targets for this latter Tc line were various human cells, including autologous LCL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), stimulated with pokeweed mitogen, along with NK-sensitive and NK-resistant cell lines. Weak cytotoxic activity was detected against various xenogeneic cell lines. Furthermore, autologous and allogeneic cloned T cell lines were resistant to killing by the anti-human effector clone. These t wo distinct cloned Tc lines expressed the Leu-1 and Leu-2a antigens, which are markers of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells.
Molecular relationships of the human B cell alloantigens, MT2, MB3, MT4, and DR5.
Authors: Karr R W , Kannapell C C , Stein J A , Gebel H M , Mann D L , Duquesnoy R J , Fuller T C , Rodey G E , Schwartz B D
Published: December 2022

The human class II, HLA-linked, B cell alloantigens include the HLA-DR, MB, MT, and Te determinants. Interest in the molecular relationships of these antigens has recently intensified because of their homology to the murine Ia antigens and their possible importance in disease predisposition and transplantation. We have used alloantisera with carefully defined immunochemical as well as serologic specificity, and two immunochemical techniques, sequential immunoprecipitation with analysis by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, to explore the molecular relationships of the MT2, MB3, MT4, and HLA-DR5 antigenic determinants. The data presented here indicate that 1) all class II molecules that bear the DR5 antigenic determinant also bear the MT2 antigenic determinant; (2) the homozygous DR5 cell line, Swei, expresses at least two structurally distinct class II molecules, both of which bear MT2: one bears the MT2, MB3, and MT4 antigenic determinants, and the second bears the MT2, but not the MB3 or MT4 antigenic determinant; and (3) the DR5 determinant is located on at least one and possibly both of these distinct class II molecules.