bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lichen sclerosus und Vulvakarzinom
Authors: Hagedorn Manfred , Golüke Timm , Mall Gerhard
Published: November 2003

Das Krankheitsbild des genitalen Lichen sclerosus der Frau ist sowohl klinisch als auch histologisch eindeutig definiert. Dabei bleibt festzustellen, daß neben dem häufigeren klassischen Lichen sclerosus, der zu einer straffen Atrophie führt, auch eine Form mit persistierenden Plaques existiert, welche histologisch durch eine Stachelzellhyperplasie gekennzeichnet ist. Die Ätiologie ist bis heute nicht geklärt, wobei eine Autoimmunkrankheit am wahrscheinlichsten ist, während infektiöse und hormonelle Faktoren wohl keine Rolle spielen.

Die Beschreibung eines Stachelzellkarzinoms im Bereich eines genitalen Lichen sclerosus wirft erneut die Frage auf, inwieweit der Lichen sclerosus als Präkanzerose zu werten ist.

Aufgrund dieser doch selten in der dermatologischen Literatur beschriebenen Assoziation, muß ein Zusammenhang eher verneint werden. Im gynäkologischen Krankengut werden allerdings wesentlich höhere Zahlen angegeben, weil die Autoren von Patientinnen mit Vulvakarzinomen ausgehen und nach histologischen Kriterien des Lichen sclerosus gefahndet haben. Ohne entsprechendes klinisches Korrelat des Lichen sclerosus ist eine derartige Assoziation aber nicht zulässig, so daß der klassische genitale Lichen sclerosus nicht als Präkanzerose bezeichnet werden kann.

Auf dem Boden der hypertrophen Form des Lichen sclerosus ist die Entstehung von Stachelzellkarzinomen mit einer Häufigkeit von 3 – 5 % allerdings möglich.
Effect of Collection Rhythms and Season on Rabbit Semen Production
Authors: Nizza A , Di Meo C , Taranto S
Published: November 2003

Contents

The effects of collection regimen and time of year on rabbit semen production were determined in this study. A total of 14 crossbreed Hyla bucks were used in winter and summer. In each season, rabbits were assigned to two groups. In group 1, (n = 7) rabbits were subjected to an extensive collection regimen (two ejaculates per male, once daily/week) and in group 2, (n = 7) a semi‐intensive semen collection regimen was performed (two ejaculates per male, twice weekly). The traits recorded for each sample were libido, volume, pH, motility, sperm concentration, percentage of alive spermatozoa and sperm abnormalities. The results obtained in this study indicate that when increasing collection frequency, the rate of useful collections decreased (from 0.81 ± 0.017 to 0.69 ± 0.016; p < 0.01). The rate of useful collection also decreased in the transition from winter to summer (from 0.79 ± 0.018 to 0.70 ± 0.017; p < 0.01). Among the ejaculate characteristics studied, only volume/ejaculate (from 0.64 ± 0.015 to 0.53 ± 0.017; p < 0.01) and spermatozoa/ml (from 406 ± 15 to 359 ± 13 million; p < 0.01) appeared negatively affected by collection. In winter fewer volume/ejaculates were produced (0.55 ± 0.015 vs 0.60 ± 0.016 ml; p < 0.01) and fewer spermatozoa/ml (360 ± 14 vs 394 ± 16 million; p < 0.01) than in summer. The doses produced per ejaculate decreased as collection frequency increased, but the number of doses produced per week was higher in the semi‐intensive than the extensive rhythm (26.5 ± 2.1 vs 20.9 ± 1.5; p < 0.01). The results suggest that a semi‐intensive rhythm may be viewed favourably.
Short‐course therapy with imiquimod 5% cream for solar keratoses: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen Keng , Yap Lee Mei , Marks Robin , Shumack Stephen
Published: November 2003

A dual‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of short courses of therapy with imiquimod 5% cream in clearing ≥75% of baseline solar keratoses (SK) within a field of treatment. Subjects with 5–15 baseline SK within one treatment area (scalp, forehead and temples, or both cheeks) were randomized to apply imiquimod or vehicle cream to the entire treatment area three times a week for 3 weeks. Subjects were assessed 4 weeks after completing the first course for clearance of lesions. Subjects with <75% clearance were commenced on a second 3‐week course of study cream. Subjects with ≥75% clearance were followed up until study completion without further therapy. All subjects were evaluated at the study endpoint of 14 weeks after initiating therapy for assessment of the primary outcome (≥75% clearance of baseline solar keratoses). Twenty‐one out of 29 (72%) imiquimod‐treated subjects cleared ≥75% of baseline lesions compared with 3/10 (30%) subjects using the vehicle cream (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.027). Imiquimod was well tolerated. The present study has a short follow‐up endpoint, but suggests that imiquimod is a potential therapeutic alternative in patients with SK.
Chronic actinic dermatitis: A retrospective analysis of 44 cases referred to an Australian photobiology clinic
Authors: Yap Lee Mei , Foley Peter , Crouch Rohan , Baker Christopher
Published: November 2003

A retrospective study was performed to analyse the clinical and photobiological features and therapeutic outcomes of 44 patients with chronic actinic dermatitis who were evaluated over an 8.3‐year period. The study population comprised 37 men and seven women with a mean age of 62.7 years (range 26–85 years). The most common abnormal phototest results were decreased minimal erythema doses to both UVA and ‐B (73.8%), and to UVA alone (14.3%). Twenty‐six patients (78.8%) had at least one allergic, photoallergic or combined allergic/photoallergic reaction. A total of 139 positive contact or photocontact reactions were recorded (mean 4.2 per patient). Most commonly, treatment consisted of photoprotection, topical corticosteroids and episodic use of systemic agents, in particular azathioprine.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the face and scalp presenting as alopecia
Authors: Murray Stuart , Simmons Ivan , James Craig
Published: November 2003

An 83‐year‐old woman presented with a 6‐month history of hair loss and painless bruising involving her forehead and scalp. She was otherwise well. Skin biopsy of her scalp confirmed angiosarcoma with a significant increase in miniaturized and telogen hair follicles and some tumour‐associated scarring hair loss. She was commenced on the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel and then subsequently the semi‐synthetic taxane docetaxol. Treatment was terminated because of lack of response and adverse effects.

Alopecia is an uncommon presentation in angiosarcoma and in this case there was a mixed pattern of focal scarring and follicular miniaturization. The latter was present only in areas of tumour involvement and not in a typical pattern distribution for androgenetic alopecia.

The direct role of tumour in follicular miniaturization and alopecia is speculated and the implications of this for novel future treatment strategies is discussed.
Phenytoin‐induced linear IgA dermatosis mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Tran Diana , Kossard Steven , Shumack Stephen
Published: November 2003

A 60‐year‐old woman developed a severe widespread blistering eruption that also involved the palms and soles, but spared the mucosae, approximately 7 days after starting phenytoin. Phenytoin was commenced postoperatively after a craniotomy resection of a glioblastoma multiforme. The clinical features resembled that seen in toxic epidermal necrolysis. However, the patient was systemically well and the histology and immunofluorescence revealed linear IgA dermatosis. The skin lesions began to slowly heal 2 weeks after discontinuation of the phenytoin.
Alopecia neoplastica caused by desmoplastic melanoma
Authors: Crotty Kerry , McCarthy William , Quinn Michael , McCarthy Stanley
Published: November 2003

A 50‐year‐old man presented with a 6‐month history of localized alopecia on the left frontal area of the scalp. Biopsy revealed desmoplastic melanoma with associated neurotropism. Wide excision was performed and showed desmoplastic melanoma extending to excision margins. Hair follicles were focally reduced in number and were infiltrated by melanoma cells. He has subsequently required multiple wide excisions, exenteration of the left eye and radiotherapy. He has had multiple recurrences and has developed involvement of the first division of the trigeminal nerve intracranially. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of desmoplastic melanoma presenting as alopecia.
Perinatal Mental Health: Opportunities and Challenges for Psychiatry
Authors: Austin Marie-Paule
Published: November 2003

Objective: Developments in public mental health policy in Australia and a renewed focus on the preventative importance of the early postnatal years have recently brought perinatal mental health to the fore. The present paper aims to explore the meaning of ‘perinatal mental health’ and its relevance to psychiatry, and to examine the opportunities and challenges currently facing Australian psychiatrists in the provision of services in the perinatal period.

Methods: The definition of ‘perinatal mental health’ is discussed and the impact of maternal mental illness arising in the ‘perinatal’ period on offspring outcomes and early intervention endeavours are reviewed. Recent Australian developments in public health policy are outlined.

Results: The use of the term ‘perinatal’ highlights the importance of considering the mental health needs of both parents and infants from conception and through the developmentally critical first 2 years of life. The relevance of a perinatal approach is supported by a literature demonstrating that maternal mental illness arising at this time can adversely affect offspring mental health outcomes. Early intervention programmes targeted at well-defined ‘high risk’ families in the perinatal period may be of value in terms of reducing this morbidity but remain to be replicated. Although the 2nd National Mental Health Plan and other recent Australian health policy initiatives support the belief that good mental health care in the perinatal period is critical to the mental health of future generations, such care provision remains fragmented and often difficult to access. Innovative developments in public health policy and models of service provision are beginning to address these shortcomings.

Conclusions: An understanding of the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of ‘perinatal mental health’ is essential if there is to be a shift towards an integrated approach to mental health service provision and better access for vulnerable families at this time. As psychiatrists, we have much to contribute to early identification and intervention strategies and the integration of these services with those provided by primary health-care professionals in the perinatal period.
The ‘Out of House’ Solution to Boundary Violations
Authors: Canaris Christopher
Published: November 2003

Objective: To comment on professional boundary violations within psychiatry and other settings while exploring an ‘out of house’ solution to this long-standing problem.

Conclusions: Boundary violations within psychiatry and other professions have a long history and have generated an extensive literature in Australia. Meaningful measures to address the problem barring expulsion of offenders from professional practice have been hitherto lacking. An independent evaluation and treatment programme addressing the needs of clergy, however, is now available. Parallel models of care focused on education around boundaries may be of value to psychiatrists.
Staying Tuned to Developments in Indigenous Health: Reflections on a Decade of Change
Authors: Hunter Ernest
Published: November 2003

Objective: Reflecting on a paper published in Australasian Psychiatry one decade ago, the author identifies that in terms of gross indices of morbidity and mortality little has changed despite what appears to be substantial activity and effort. To explain this apparent paradox, the author examines a number of specific areas of change: critical issues, services, language, research, and health ‘players’. These are put in a historical context.

Conclusions: Given the enormity of social disadvantage and the deplorable state of health resources available to Indigenous Australians three decades ago, significant preconditions for health advancement have been required, which are themselves intermediate or process outcomes. In relation to a range of these including Indigenous workforce participation and research capacity, there have been very substantial developments in the last decade. This effort will need to be sustained in the long term to realize reductions in health differentials.
What is it Currently Like Being a Trainee Psychiatrist in Australia?
Authors: Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M. , Giuffrida Michael
Published: November 2003

Objective: To ascertain the views of Australian trainee psychiatrists about their training, levels of stress and work satisfaction.

Methods: A survey was constructed by the authors and mailed in December 2002 to all trainees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists residing in Australia.

Results: A total of 317 out of 666 trainees (48%) returned completed questionnaires. The findings were consistent across Australia with few State or Territory differences. The most common reasons for choosing a career in psychiatry were an interest in psychological issues and the promise of intellectual stimulation. The majority of respondents regarded favourably the quality of training in their training programme, clinical placements and supervision. Although approximately three-quarters (73%) were satisfied with their clinical work, a similar proportion (72%) considered their work in the previous 12 months to have been stressful. Formal complaints, threats of legal action, verbal or physical abuse, and the suicide of patients under their care were not uncommonly reported by trainees.

Conclusions: Changing mental health services, a revised training programme and the perennial demands of acquiring knowledge and skills in one's chosen specialty pose challenges for psychiatry trainees. Although the majority of trainees seem satisfied with their work and training, addressing their concerns and adverse experiences is essential for the training climate to be optimal and the psychiatry workforce to be content and productive. Particular issues (e.g. the growing proportion of women entering the profession, the ageing trainee workforce) warrant careful attention by those responsible for training and workforce planning.
Who Owns Callan Park? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Rosen Alan , Manns Leonie
Published: November 2003

Objective: To investigate circumstances in which there was: (i) an attempt by the New South Wales (NSW) government to sell a psychiatric hospital site, Callan Park, for private development, without realistic compensation for services for people with mental illnesses; and (ii) a public campaign to pressure that government to give the site to the local community, also without regard to the best interests of people with mental illnesses.

Conclusions: On the surface it appears that the debate over Callan Park is over. In the face of a noisy ‘Save Callan Park’ campaign, the NSW government relented and subsequently passed legislation to protect this site from development ‘forever’ (Sydney Morning Herald 21.10.2002) amended by the Upper House to prevent long-term leaseholds (December 2002). Both sides of this debate have been misguided, obscuring three important issues: (i) that the site is not ‘terra nullius’ and does not, as has been often claimed, belong ‘to the people of NSW’ but ‘to the people in NSW with mental illnesses’; (ii) that most people with mental illness are better off being cared for in the community than in psychiatric hospitals; and (iii) that providing such alternative care requires much more government investment, equivalent to the value of such sites. Either selling or giving away psychiatric hospital sites without proper recompense to people with mental illnesses is unjust.
Rural Psychiatry Training: Perspectives from New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Cleworth Sally , Andrews Doug
Published: November 2003

Objective: To discuss the challenges and rewards of training in psychiatry while living and working in a rural area. The authors draw on their experiences as registrars on the mid-north coast of New South Wales, Australia.

Conclusions: Rural psychiatrists and mental health workers meet with various challenges and rewards while practising and living in places of relative isolation; these have been described by practitioners in Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Psychiatry trainees often share these experiences but can also feel the impact of the disadvantages shared by most rural communities, particularly the lack of mental health services and maldistribution of mental health professionals. There are also unique difficulties and rewards to do with the process of training.
Only Martyrs Need Apply: Why People Should Avoid Isolated Psychiatry
Authors: McLaren N.
Published: November 2003

Objective: To describe a model of remote area service provision in Australia.

Methods: Figures from the author's practice are compared with national figures provided by the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). Costs are compared with other practitioners providing similar services.

Results: An economic and efficient model of practice is readily available.

Conclusion: It is argued that without dramatically higher levels of support from the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and the Health Department, isolated practice is non-viable.
Early Miocene rotational process in the eastern part of south‐west Japan inferred from paleomagnetic studies
Authors: Itoh Yasuto , Kitada Kazuya
Published: November 2003

Abstract This paper provides untilted paleomagnetic data obtained from the early Miocene strata around the Kanazawa‐Iozen area, in the eastern part of south‐west Japan. A thick pile of volcaniclastics and marine transgressive sediments underlie the area; they were deposited in the early stage of the Japan Sea opening event. Progressive thermal demagnetization tests isolated stable primary magnetic vectors from eight sites in the upper part of the Iozen Formation. Overall, the tilt‐corrected mean direction of this unit is D = 36.4°, I = 51.6° and α95 = 12.1. Together with a published paleomagnetic and chronological database, the present results suggest that clockwise rotation of south‐west Japan, linked to the back‐arc opening, commenced in the early Miocene and accelerated at the same time as rapid subsidence along the Japan Sea coast. Post‐opening, differential rotation within the eastern part of south‐west Japan is assumed, based on selected paleomagnetic data from the latest Early Miocene.
Petrogenesis of the Ulsan carbonate rocks from the south‐eastern Kyongsang Basin, South Korea
Authors: Yang Kyounghee , Hwang Jin‐Yeon , Yun Sung‐Hyo
Published: November 2003

Abstract  The petrogenesis of the Ulsan carbonate rocks in the Mesozoic Kyongsang Basin of South Korea, which have previously been interpreted as limestone of Paleozoic age, is reconsidered in the present study. Within the Kyongsang Basin, a small volume of carbonate rocks, containing a magnetite deposit and spatially associated ultramafic rocks, is surrounded by sedimentary, volcanic and granitic rocks of the Mesozoic age. The simple cross‐cutting relationships and other outcrop features of the area indicate that the carbonate rocks are an intrusive phase and younger than the other surrounding Mesozoic rocks. The Ulsan carbonates have low concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements with the carbon and oxygen isotope values in the range of δ13CPDB = 2.4 to 4.0‰ and δ18OSMOW = 17.0 to 19.5‰. Outcrop evidence and geochemical signatures indicate that the Ulsan carbonates were formed from crustal carbonate melts, which were generated by the melting/fluxing of crustal carbonate materials, caused by the emplacement‐related processes of alkaline A‐type granitic rocks. Compared to typical mantle‐derived carbonatites associated with silica‐undersaturated, strongly peralkaline systems, the relatively small size and geochemical characteristics of the Ulsan carbonates reflect carbonatite genesis in a silica‐saturated, weakly alkali intrusive system. Major deep‐seated tectonic fractures formed by the collapse of the cauldron or the rift system associated with the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea) might have facilitated the ascent of the crustal carbonate melts.
Petrography, diagenesis and provenance of Eocene Tyee Basin sandstones, southern Oregon Coast Range: New view from sequence stratigraphy
Authors: Ryu In‐Chang
Published: November 2003

Abstract  Sandstone petrography considered within a sequence stratigraphic framework provides a better understanding of the characteristics of the Eocene Tyee Basin, an accretionary and forearc sequence, southern Oregon Coast Range. Detailed comparison of the relative abundance of major framework grains documents a marked difference in the sandstone composition of each depositional sequence. Such a difference is mainly due to an abrupt change in provenance, from a local Klamath Mountains metasedimentary source to a more distant extrabasinal Idaho Batholith‐Clarno volcanic arc source. Furthermore, the composition of framework grains varies systematically from the lowstand systems tract to the highstand systems tract within a depositional sequence. This suggests that relative sea level change in the depositional basin, and tectonics in the source area, can affect the patterns of sedimentation and sandstone composition. In addition, the Eocene Tyee Basin sandstones have a down‐section distribution of authigenic minerals, consisting of early formed zeolites and late‐stage quartz, as well as a change in the abundance of smectite to mixed‐layer chlorite/smectite with increasing burial depth. The down‐section distribution of authigenic minerals is also causally linked to the compositional variation of framework grains in each depositional sequence with increasing burial temperature. Much primary porosity has been filled with these authigenic minerals, which diminishes the permeability of potential reservoir rocks. Reservoir‐quality porosities and permeabilities, however, are present locally in the basin. The development of these reservoir‐quality sandstones within the Eocene Tyee Basin sequence is due to a complex burial diagenesis, which is directly related to temporal and spatial variations in original detrital mineralogy, in sedimentation pattern, and in burial temperature in the basin.
Overview on SARS in Asia and the World
Authors: LAM WK , ZHONG NS , TAN WC
Published: November 2003

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is the first major novel infectious disease to hit the international community in the 21st century. It originated in southern China in November 2002, reached Hong Kong in February 2003 and spread rapidly thereafter to 29 countries/regions on five continents. At the end of the epidemic, the global cumulative total was 8098 with 774 deaths. Seven Asian countries/regions were among the top ten on the list. Mainland China and Hong Kong, SAR, accounted for 87% of all cases and 84% of all deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome is caused by a novel coronavirus. It has alarmed the world with its infectivity and significant morbidity and mortality, its lack of a rapid, reliable diagnostic test and lack of effective specific treatment and vaccination. The adverse impact on travel and business around the world, particularly in Asia, has been enormous.

Some lessons learnt from this epidemic included: (1) any outbreak of infectious disease can rapidly spread around the world by air travel; (2) early reporting of the outbreak to neighbouring countries/regions and the World Health Organization is essential to prevent international spread; and (3) infection control, tracing and quarantine of contacts are essential to control the epidemic. Many questions remain unanswered, including the origin and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, the natural history and the best specific treatment of the disease. The SARS‐CoV has probably jumped from an animal host to humans. There is an urgent need to evaluate the human–animal habitat in southern China and to remove animal reservoirs if found.
SARS: radiological features
Authors: OOI Gaik Cheng , DAQING Ma
Published: November 2003

Air‐space disease is typical in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and may be indistinguishable from pneumonia of other causes. In the majority of patients, ground glass opacities on chest radiographs progress rapidly to focal, multifocal or diffuse consolidation. Unilateral involvement is common in the early acute phase, becoming bilateral at maximal lung involvement. Generally, radiographic opacities peak between 8 and 10 days after onset of illness, with radiographic scores reflecting temporal changes in clinical and laboratory parameters such as oxygen saturation (SaO2) and liver transaminases. Pleural effusions, cavitating consolidation and mediastinal lymphadenopathy are not typical radiographic features. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothoraces are complications that are associated with extensive disease, with or without assisted ventilation.

The utility of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and CT scans lies in the confirmation of airspace opacities in cases with normal initial chest radiographs that have strong contact history and signs and symptoms highly suspicious of SARS during the outbreak, allowing early treatment and prompt isolation. The characteristic HRCT feature in the acute phase is ground‐glass opacities with smooth interlobular septal thickening, sometimes with consolidation in a subpleural location, which progress rapidly to involve other areas of the lungs. Temporal lung changes documented on HRCT suggest that some residual opacities found may not be reversible.
SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae
Authors: CHAN KS , ZHENG JP , Mok YW , LI YM , LIU Y‐N , CHU CM , Ip MS
Published: November 2003

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in the acute phase. Worldwide case fatality rate is 11% (range 7 to 27%) for the most severely affected regions. Several adverse prognostic factors have been identified, including advanced age, presence of comorbidity, higher lactose dehydrogenase levels and initial neutrophil count, but the impact of viral and other host factors on outcome is unknown. Published data on sequelae of SARS are limited. Clinical follow‐up of patients who recovered from SARS has demonstrated radiological, functional and psychological abnormalities of varying degrees. In the early rehabilitation phase, many complained of limitations in physical function from general weakness and/or shortness of breath. In a small series of subjects who underwent CT scan of the chest, over half showed some patchy changes consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. Lung function testing at 6–8 weeks after hospital discharge showed mild or moderate restrictive pattern consistent with muscle weakness in 6–20% of subjects. Mild decrease in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was detected in a minority of subjects. Preliminary evidence suggests that these lung function abnormalities will improve over time. Psychobehavioural problems of anxiety and/or depression were not uncommon in the early recovery phase, and improved over time in the majority of patients. Avascular necrosis of the hip has been reported as another complication. The long‐term sequelae of SARS are still largely unknown. It is important to follow up these patients to detect and appropriately manage any persistent or emerging long‐term sequelae in the physical, psychological and social domains.
SARS: pharmacotherapy
Authors: TSANG Kenneth , ZHONG Nan Shan
Published: November 2003

The pharmacotherapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is controversial and largely anecdotal. Most patients with suspected SARS should initially be treated with potent antibiotics before proceeding to ‘anti‐SARS’ therapy. There is a spectrum of severity and rate of progression in SARS, and the stages of viral replication, inflammatory pneumonitis and residual pulmonary fibrosis are clinically non‐distinct. Although now considered lacking in efficacy, ribavirin was used extensively in Hong Kong for treatment of SARS. Retrospective data suggest that the use of Kaletra (ritonavir and lopinavir), an anti‐protease, could reduce mortality and improve outcomes, although the adverse reactions are also worrisome. Anecdotal experience strongly supports the use of steroid, at least in a subset of SARS patients, particularly with ‘critical SARS’ who display continued clinical instability or deterioration and progressive radiographic or HRCT deterioration. A retrospective study carried out of 72 probable SARS patients has shown that cases who received pulse methylprendisolone did not differ in cumulative steroid dosage or adverse reactions, although the former patients had less oxygen requirement, better radiographic outcome, and less likelihood of requiring rescue pulse steroid therapy than their counterparts. Nevertheless, lower dosage of steroid as initial therapy in SARS had also been associated with good clinical outcomes. Poor responders to initial therapy might benefit from rescue steroid therapy or intravenous Pentaglobin. Other drug treatments had also been tried in desperate patients, including the use of convalescence serum and plasmapheresis. Secondary infections could be troublesome, particular for patients with prolonged hospitalization and mechanical ventilation.
The Governance of Networks and Economic Power: The Nature and Impact of Subcontracting Relationships
Authors: Sacchetti Silvia , Sugden Roger
Published: November 2003

Abstract. Current debate on networking focuses on network structures and firm strategies. In this perspective, theoretical analysis has been concerned with allocative issues. This essay proposes a different interpretation. Starting from the existing theoretical framework, we emphasise the nature and the implications of different types of networks with respect to socio‐economic development from a distributional point of view. Within this context, we develop the analysis of subcontracting starting from the concept of economic power. We then provide an analysis of governance in production by considering the attitudes and the nature of the actors involved. The externalisation of activities by large transnationals, which characterises current corporate restructuring, is often related to the search for greater flexibility, but also for greater power over governments, labour, and subcontractors. Differently, networks based on the mutual dependence of actors, which are not necessarily built around a large firm, could – under particular conditions – reach large production scales or more complex scopes without breaking the links with territorial systems, thus including local objectives in the strategic decision‐making process. Our conclusion is that the impact of subcontracting networks varies enormously. This is crucial to an understanding of future trends and possibilities. Not least, firms and public policy agencies need to understand the implications of different forms of subcontracting network and how those forms actually differ in practice.
Banal Geopolitics Resumed
Authors: Sidaway James D
Published: November 2003

Jazira. Arabic for “island and “peninsula”. The conventional word for the Arabian Peninsula, or what in English, but not in Arabic, is termed “Arabia”. Used as a name for the pan‐Arab satellite TV station based in Qatar since 1996. Also used by Osama bin Laden for Saudi Arabia, a name he rejects, jazirat Muhammad, “the peninsula of [the Prophet] Muhammad”. The use of this inclusive term by the al‐Qa'ida leader would seem to imply, (i) that all of the Arabian Peninsula is one territory, with no distinction between Saudi Arabia, which is four‐fifths of the territory, and the other six states, Yemen, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, the Emirates; and (ii) that the whole of this territory, not just the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and their environs are sacred territory (see Mecca). The former assumption is seen by non‐Saudis as an expression of expansionism, the latter has no legal or scriptural foundation. (Halliday 2002:15)

Usual: accustomed … traditional; in character, natural, household, familiar … banal, commonplace, common, ordinary (Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases 1984:258)
Protest, Scale, and Publicity: The FBI and the H Rap Brown Act
Authors: D'Arcus Bruce
Published: November 2003

This paper deals with issues of political dissent and the geography of state power through the lens of a particular law and its deployment by the US state in the context of the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota by American Indian Movement activists and local residents. I explore how the state responded to the highly mediated nature of the Wounded Knee occupation through tactics that minimized the visibility of its efforts to contain the protest. These efforts, I argue, also constituted a broader politics of scale. I begin with a theoretical discussion of the intersection of protest, scale and publicity. I then use the empirical example of the H Rap Brown Act to show how these dynamics were being reworked in the US during the late 1960s and early 1970s. In particular, I place the emergence of the H Rap Brown Act within a context of changing geographies of race and state power, more specifically as they were articulated around the unrest that was engulfing American cities. I then analyze how the law was deployed by the state during the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of what the case of the H Rap Brown Act has to tell us more broadly about our theoretical understandings of the geographies of public protest.
Experiencing Displacement: The Transformation of Women's Spaces in (Former) East Germany
Authors: Hörschelmann Kathrin , van Hoven Bettina
Published: November 2003

Based on a comparison of two different research projects carried out in (former) East Germany, this paper analyses the effects of German (re)unification and postsocialist transformation as a specific, gendered form of displacement. We show how new divisions between “public” and “private” have affected women's sense of self and identity, cautioning against the notion that geographical restructuring will inevitably result in an empowering dissolution of fixed, placebound identities. Instead, we emphasise that places are connected to identities through relations of power and social practices that create unequal conditions for engagement in the (re)production of space. Feminist approaches to citizenship are discussed as one way of challenging the current marginalisation of East German women in unified Germany.
Basis of ethnic identification in Taiwan
Authors: Li Mei‐chih
Published: November 2003

Seven hundred and twenty‐six adult subjects in Taiwan categorized themselves into one of six identities: Taiwanese, Taiwanese but Chinese too, Chinese, Chinese but Taiwanese too, new Taiwanese, or general Chinese. The six identity groups had almost equally high rating scores of Taiwan on an index of social identification, but differed in their degree of identification with China. Participants who incorporated Taiwanese as a part or the whole of their self‐identity were psychologically distant from China. By investigating the relationship between ethnic identities chosen by people in Taiwan and their social identification with Taiwan versus China as two categories of nationalism, the results of the present study indicate that the bases of Chinese identification are mainly cultural and have a historical connection with China, while the basis of Taiwanese identification is mainly the sharing of life space in the Taiwanese district from which the people have acquired a kind of primordial attachment, regardless of their ethnic identity.
Methodological and theoretical issues on psychological traditionality and modernity research in an Asian society: In response to Kwang‐Kuo Hwang and beyond
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Shu
Published: November 2003

Three objectives are addressed in the present study. First, the methodological and conceptual aspects of my long‐term research program on psychological (individual) traditionality and modernity in Taiwan are briefly reviewed to provide a background for systematically responding to Kwang‐Kuo Hwang's critique of the research program. Second, my reply to Hwang is made in terms of five major issues, viz. the methodological approach adopted, the theoretical or conceptual basis, the explanation of the discontinuity between individual traditionality and modernity, the semantic opposites and psychological opposites, and the conceptual evaluation of the traditionality and modernity items. Third, a plea is made for conducting more and better studies on individual traditionality and modernity in developing Asian countries. Methodological and theoretical issues are further discussed and clarified for the sake of conducting methodologically and theoretically sounder research in this area.
In search of a new paradigm for cultural psychology
Authors: Hwang Kwang‐Kuo
Published: November 2003

It is my privilege to be invited to write a response to K.S. Yang's reply to my critique of the methodology he used in his empirical research on individual modernity in Taiwan (Hwang, 2003). Yang's reply consists of three parts: The first part provides a quick overview of the methodology used in his individual traditionality and modernity (T/M) research in Taiwan. The second part presents his reply to my methodological criticisms. The third part is a plea for more and better individual T/M research in Asia. My response consists of three corresponding sections, although I will concentrate on the second part of Yang's text.
The Politics of Social Pacts
Authors: Hassel Anke
Published: November 2003

The paper develops an analytical framework for the politics of negotiated voluntary wage restraint in the context of social pacts. It argues that, in contrast to earlier political exchanges, tripartite negotiations on wage restraint under restrictive economic policies are not based on a political exchange whereby governments had to compensate trade unions for wage restraint. Rather, governments can threaten trade unions with tight monetary policy and trade unions can either engage in negotiated adjustment or suffer restrictions. Social pacts are therefore an instrument of adjustment by governments to a new economic environment, and not a tool of economic policy.
The Political Representation of the Labour Interest in Britain
Authors: Ludlam Steve , Taylor Andrew
Published: November 2003

This article analyses the condition of the labour alliance of the Labour Party and its affiliated unions in the light of a recent typology of union–party links, and of Lewis Minkin's seminal study of the British union–party link. We conclude that, while the link appeared to have stabilized before the general election in 2001, it has become much more volatile since, although the new group of more left‐wing leaders of major unions remains determined to reassert the union position inside the party rather than radically change the union–Labour relationship.
Irrational Wanting and Subrational Liking: How Rudimentary Motivational and Affective Processes Shape Preferences and Choices
Authors: Winkielman Piotr , Berridge Kent
Published: November 2003

People's wanting and liking reactions reflect not only high‐level beliefs, but also the operation of rudimentary biopsychological processes. Previous studies suggest that the following wanting and liking processes may be relevant to political behavior: irrational wanting (where wanting is triggered by activation of the brain dopamine system and becomes dissociated from liking); unconscious liking and wanting (where evaluative judgments and behavior are modified without awareness of the eliciting affective stimuli or of the underlying affective response); and fluency‐based liking (where preferences are influenced by the ease of stimulus processing). This review suggests how conceptual and methodological tools from affective neuroscience and psychophysiology can refine our understanding of basic affective and motivational processes that shape political attitudes and choices.
Effects of Damage to Right‐Hemisphere Brain Structures on Spontaneous Emotional and Social Judgments
Authors: Heberlein Andrea S. , Adolphs Ralph , Pennebaker James W. , Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2003

Recent work in cognitive and social neuroscience has focused on the neural substrates of social judgment. The present study explores the effects of damage to the right‐hemisphere somatosensory cortices (RSS), a region known for its role in emotion recognition. Seven subjects with RSS damage were shown a short movie depicting objects that move in socially suggestive ways, a stimulus that typically elicits spontaneous social and emotional attributions from normal subjects. The spontaneous verbal responses of RSS‐damaged subjects to this movie were compared to those of normal subjects as well as brain‐damaged control subjects; the data were derived using a word count and categorization computer program. This method measures spontaneous social and emotional judgments rather than the more typical rating and labeling measures used in neuropsychological studies of social judgment. As predicted, relative to brain‐damaged and normal controls, subjects with RSS damage reacted to the stimulus movie with fewer words in categories describing emotional and social processes, despite using a similar total number of words (and slightly more words describing movement, a control category). These results provide further evidence for the role of the RSS in social/emotional processing and identify a role for the RSS in automatic representation in ourselves of body states of others to foster emotion recognition and social cognition.
Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis
Authors: Morris James P. , Squires Nancy K. , Taber Charles S. , Lodge Milton
Published: November 2003

The recording of event‐related potentials (ERPs) in the brain has allowed for a better understanding of human sensory and cognitive processing. This technique may also prove useful in studying implicit social attitudes and their effects on information processing. Here, ERPs were used in a study of “hot cognition” in the context of political concepts. Hot cognition, as applied to the political domain, posits that all sociopolitical concepts that have been evaluated in the past are affectively charged, and that this affective charge is automatically activated from long‐term memory within milliseconds of presentation of the political stimulus. During an evaluative priming task, ERP recordings showed that affectively incongruent prime/target pairs elicited an enhanced negativity with a peak latency of about 400 milliseconds relative to affectively congruent prime/target pairs. These differences suggest that automatic, implicit evaluations were made in response to strongly positive and negative political stimuli, and that these evaluations affected the subsequent processing of a high‐valence adjective. Therefore, it appears that the emotional valence of a political prime is stored along with the concept itself, and that an affective response becomes active upon mere exposure to the political stimulus.
Ruralities and Gender Divisions of Labour in Eastern England
Authors: Henderson Steven , Hoggart Keith
Published: November 2003

The literature has identified particular restrictions on the ability of women to obtain paid work in rural areas, with lack of job opportunities, lack of child care facilities, access problems and cultural expectations about a woman's role in rural society all bearing negatively on the ability to attain jobs for which women are qualified. This paper acknowledges these constraints but cautions against placing too much emphasis on them. Drawing on census data at the NUTS5 level, this paper examines the 1,184 NUTS5 zones (wards) in the East of England Region, comparing labour market contexts for cities, mid‐sized towns and rural areas, with rural zones distinguished by the nature of their linkages with cities and local arenas of employment. The paper shows that rural areas in general have rather similar labour market engagements for women as urban zones. Within rural areas there are differences that need noting, with places with weak integration into city‐centred economies standing apart from the rest in terms of lower rates of female labour market activity. Even here, however, relationships are not uniformly negative, with a general picture of rather slim differences between the area‐types under investigation. The main message of the paper is not to over‐emphasize the 'peculiarities' of 'rural' phenomena, which can bear heavy, if not dominant traces, of society‐wide processes, as well as revealing as important a level of distinction within rural zones as between them and urban areas.
Financial Altruism or Unilateral Resource Exchanges? Toward a Pure Sociology of Welfare
Authors: Michalski Joseph H.
Published: November 2003

Questions concerning the essential nature of altruism, the existence of an altruistic personality, and the genetic, biosocial, and social psychological bases of altruistic behavior have dominated theory and research on the topic. The current paper reconceptualizes financial altruism sociologically as a form of unilateral resource exchanges, or welfare. The alternative definition employs Donald Black's (1979, 2000) analytic approach to describe and explain the behavior of welfare with its location and direction in social space. The paper offers several propositions that purport to explain variations in welfare by drawing upon cross-cultural research. In general, welfare flows in the direction of those who are less integrated and who have lower social status. In addition, welfare varies directly with intimacy, conventionality, and respectability. Finally, welfare varies inversely with relational distance, cultural distance, and group size. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of strengths and limitations of the general propositions advanced.
The Enhancement Imperative: The Evolutionary Neurophysiology of Durkheimian Solidarity
Authors: Hammond Michael
Published: November 2003

Durkheimian solidarity, especially in regard to religion, is reanalyzed in terms of recent developments in the neurosciences and evolution. Neurophysiological studies indicate that religious arousers can piggyback on reward circuitry established by natural selection for interpersonal attachments. This piggybacking is rooted in uneven evolutionary changes in cognitive capacities, emotional arousal capabilities, and preconscious screening rules for rewarding arousal release. Uneven development means that only a special class of enhanced arousers embedded in macro social structures can tap some of the reservoirs of expanded arousal release protected by these screening rules. It becomes imperative that part of collective social life offers these special arouser packages. Beginning with religion and inequality, the social construction of enhanced arousers leaves a trail across human history. However, this trail is not quite what Durkheim had in mind.
Was Freud a Medical Scientist or a Social Theorist? The Mysterious “Development of the Hero“
Authors: Kaye Howard L.
Published: November 2003

Rather than viewing Freud as a presumptuous Viennese physician who late in life attempted to “apply” some of his provocative psychological speculations to various social phenomena, this essay argues that from first to last, Freud was a social theorist. Indeed, what drew Freud to the study of biology and medicine was precisely the hope of addressing scientifically the most fundamental cultural problems: the nature of man and his culture; the origins of religion, morality, and tradition and the nature of their extraordinary power; the sources of social order and disorder; the direction of contemporary cultural development; and, finally, the problem of how to live in a disenchanted and psychologically impoverished world. Reading Freud in this manner moves his ““cultural”” texts from the periphery to the center of his work and makes possible an appreciation of the more complex, coherent, and illuminating social theory that lies at its heart.