bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition from Residential Special Educational Settings: Outcomes for Individuals with an Intellectual or Developmental Disability in England
Authors: Tomlinson Serena , McGill Peter , Gore Nick , Elson Nicola
Published: July 2024

Introduction. Young people with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDDs) are often placed in residential educational placements. There is little research examining the use of such placements and outcomes following these, despite emerging recognition that they may be linked to out‐of‐area placements in adulthood (which are themselves often linked to poor outcomes for individuals). This study aimed to examine the characteristics of young people with IDD transitioning from a residential educational setting in England, describe post‐transition placement characteristics, and identify factors that predict post‐transition placement location. Methods. All residential educational placements in England were invited to complete a survey about the setting (e.g., size, pupil characteristics, specialism, and fees) and anonymous questionnaires for each young person with IDD who had recently transitioned from the setting (focusing on young person characteristics, educational placement, and post‐transition placement characteristics). Results. Responses were received for 47 residential educational settings and 320 young people. Young person characteristics differed between those who had attended a school or a college. 35.9% of post‐transition placements were out‐of‐area, with 31.2% of home‐area placements being in the family home. Out‐of‐area placement was found to be significantly predicted by young person characteristics, prior placement in a residential school, post‐transition placement in residential care, or in a setting that was linked to the educational placement. Discussion. Extrapolation from the current study suggests that several hundred young people transition from residential educational settings each year, more than a third of whom are likely to be transitioning to an out‐of‐area placement. This underscores the importance of improved support for this population around their transition. Implications for policy and practice are highlighted.
Prevalence and Resistance Profiles of Pediatric Enterococcal Isolates: A Five‐Year Update from Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran
Authors: Nikmanesh Bahram , Yazdansetad Sajjad , Konkori Mona , Sadredinamin Mehrzad , Ghalavand Zohreh , Nojookambari Neda Yousefi
Published: July 2024

Background. In this study, attempts were made to evaluate the frequency of high‐level gentamicin‐resistant (HLGR) and vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) and the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of enterococcal species isolated from pediatric patients referred to Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, over five years. Materials and Methods. A total of 404 enterococcal isolates from different patients referred to the Children’s Medical Center between March 2016 and March 2021 were included in this cross‐sectional study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using standard methods according to the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratories Standards Institute (CLSI). Results. Approximately one‐third of the enterococcal strains were isolated from urology and intensive care units. 17.3% of the isolates were obtained from outpatient sources. However, 82.7% of the isolates were sourced from inpatient settings. We found that the rates of resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, and vancomycin were twice as high in inpatients as in outpatients. Of the total isolates, 87.4% and 49.3% were identified as HLGR and VRE, respectively. In addition, we identified 2% of the VRE isolates that were not susceptible to linezolid. Nitrofurantoin showed excellent activity against enterococcal isolates in the urine, with a susceptibility rate of 92.5%. Conclusion. The present study reports the highest range of VRE isolated from pediatric patients in Iran. Despite the predominance of HLGR enterococci in our region, vancomycin remains effective against such strains. This study is among the few to demonstrate the incidence of linezolid‐insensitive VRE in pediatric patients. Therefore, it is important to evaluate effective infection control measures to prevent linezolid and vancomycin resistance in enterococci.
Figure 8 from N-Myristoytransferase Inhibition Causes Mitochondrial Iron Overload and Parthanatos in TIM17A-Dependent Aggressive Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Geroyska Sofia , Mejia Isabel , Chan Alfred A. , Navarrete Marian , Pandey Vijaya , Kharpatin Samuel , Noguti Juliana , Wang Feng , Srole Daniel , Chou Tsui-Fen , Wohlschlegel James , Nemeth Elizabeta , Damoiseaux Robert , Shackelford David B. , Lee Delphine J. , Díaz Begoña
Published: July 2024

Genetic targeting of TIM17A causes mitochondrial ferrous iron accumulation and activation of parthanatos in (KL/K)MUT lung carcinoma cells. A, Mitochondrial ferrous iron detection in (KL/K)MUT and (KL/K)WT cells transfected with non-targeting control or two different TIM17A siRNAs. Quantification of signal intensity on a representative experiment out of two using randomly imaged fields containing at least 480 cells per experimental condition. Graph bars, group mean; error bars, SEM. a.u., arbitrary units. *, P = 0.0101 for control vs. #1, P = 0.0131 for control vs. #2; ns = not significant (Student t test). Representative microscope images are shown. Arrowheads, Mito-FerroGreen positive cells. Bars, 15 μm. Bottom, TIM17A immunoblotting in lysates from the cells used above. Numbers: band intensity normalized to actin control. B, Protein PARylation detection by immunoblotting in H1792 cells transfected with non-targeting control and two different TIM17A oligos for 72 hours. Numbers: band intensity normalized to actin control. C, H460 cells stably expressing a Tet-inducible TIM17A shRNA treated or not with Dox were stained with p-H2A.X and DAPI. Arrowheads, nuclei containing p-H2A.X-positive foci. Bar, 10 μm. D, AIF subcellular localization in (KL/K)MUT H460 cells stably expressing a Tet-inducible TIM17A shRNA treated or not with Dox. Cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates were separated and immunoblotted for AIF. Tubulin, TOM20, and lamin staining were used to verify fraction purity. Numbers: nuclear AIF band intensity normalized to lamin A/B. E, Summary of our findings reporting that myristoylation inhibition induces parthanatos through loss of TIM17A and mitochondrial ferrous iron overload in (KL/K)MUT lung carcinoma.
Table S4 from E2F1-Associated Purine Synthesis Pathway Is a Major Component of the MET-DNA Damage Response Network
Authors: Poliaková Turan Michaela , Riedo Rahel , Medo Matúš , Pozzato Chiara , Friese-Hamim Manja , Koch Jonas P. , Coggins Si’Ana A. , Li Qun , Kim Baek , Albers Joachim , Aebersold Daniel M. , Zamboni Nicola , Zimmer Yitzhak , Medová Michaela
Published: July 2024

Summary of the significance analysis for the survival analyses.
Figure S6 from N-Myristoytransferase Inhibition Causes Mitochondrial Iron Overload and Parthanatos in TIM17A-Dependent Aggressive Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Geroyska Sofia , Mejia Isabel , Chan Alfred A. , Navarrete Marian , Pandey Vijaya , Kharpatin Samuel , Noguti Juliana , Wang Feng , Srole Daniel , Chou Tsui-Fen , Wohlschlegel James , Nemeth Elizabeta , Damoiseaux Robert , Shackelford David B. , Lee Delphine J. , Díaz Begoña
Published: July 2024

Inhibition of NMT prevents cell cycle progression and causes death in lung carcinoma cells.
Figure S3 from N-Myristoytransferase Inhibition Causes Mitochondrial Iron Overload and Parthanatos in TIM17A-Dependent Aggressive Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Geroyska Sofia , Mejia Isabel , Chan Alfred A. , Navarrete Marian , Pandey Vijaya , Kharpatin Samuel , Noguti Juliana , Wang Feng , Srole Daniel , Chou Tsui-Fen , Wohlschlegel James , Nemeth Elizabeta , Damoiseaux Robert , Shackelford David B. , Lee Delphine J. , Díaz Begoña
Published: July 2024

Inhibition of NMT alters iron homeostasis in (KL/K)MUT lung carcinoma cells.
Dog Allergy in Children: A Single-Centered Study
Authors: Büyük Yaytokgil Şule , Alim Aydın Selma , Yilmaz Deniz , Şengül Emeksiz Zeynep , Gülseren Sena Ceren , Toyran Müge , Civelek Ersoy , Dibek Misirlioğlu Emine
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Dogs are among the most commonly allergenic pets for children. Data on risk factors for the development of dog allergy are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of children with dog allergy and identify predictors of symptom development with dog exposure. Methods: The study included children with dog allergen sensitization demonstrated by skin prick test (SPT) between September 1, 2019, and December 1, 2022. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from the patients’ records and interviews with parents. Results: Dog allergen sensitization was detected by SPT in 548 (5.5%) of 9,907 patients. Of these, 507 patients had complete data and were included in the analysis. The patients’ median age was 11 (IQR: 8–15) years, 55.8% were male, 97.6% exhibited polysensitization (pollen 75.1%, cat 69.6%), 83.6% had allergic rhinitis, and 46.2% had asthma. Acute dog exposure caused symptoms in 164 patients (32.3%), most commonly sneezing (n = 97) and nasal symptoms (n = 80). Predictors of acute symptoms in dog-sensitized children were male sex (OR: 0.584 [CI: 0.38–0.87]), dog exposure before 1 year of age (OR: 2.35 [CI: 1.18–4.66]), close contact with a dog owner (OR: 2.93 [CI: 1.78–4.8]), and cat allergy (OR: 2.75 [CI: 1.82–4.1]). Conclusion: Approximately one-third of children with dog sensitization developed symptoms after exposure to the dog. Male sex, direct dog exposure before the age of one, close contact with a dog owner, and cat allergy were identified as predictors of dog allergy.
Utilization and Reporting of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Randomized Clinical Trials of Acute Stroke (2010–2020)
Authors: Hostnik Joseph S. , Strong Brent , Reeves Mathew J.
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) describe health status from the perspective of the patient. There is growing interest in incorporating PROMs into clinical trials, but the extent that such measures are used in contemporary stroke trials is uncertain. We sought to determine how often acute stroke trials included PROMs as outcome measures and assessed the completeness of methodological reporting.

METHODS:

We searched MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials published in 9 high-impact journals between 2010 and 2020. Eligible studies were phase 2 or 3 trials that tested therapeutic interventions within 1 month of stroke onset. Using the trial’s primary publication and protocol, we abstracted key study characteristics including all primary and secondary outcome measures. We defined PROMs as self-reported measures of quality of life, symptoms, or function collected without interpretation of an external party.

RESULTS:

Of 116 trials that met eligibility, 57 (49%) included at least 1 PROM. Of these, 41 trials (35%) included a PROM in its primary publication, while 16 (14%) identified a PROM in its protocol. Only 1 trial used a PROM as a primary outcome. Among the 57 total trials, the most commonly used measures were Euro-QOL (n=41, 72%), Stroke Impact Scale (n=10, 18%), and Short-Form 36 (n=6, 11%). Trials were more likely to include a PROM if they were published after 2016, were phase 3, or included only hemorrhagic stroke. Of the 41 trials that included a PROM in the primary publication, 40 (97%) provided PROM results, but only 9 (22%) found statistically significant differences between treatment groups. Quality of methodological reporting was generally poor.

CONCLUSIONS:

Half of contemporary acute stroke trials published in high-impact journals listed at least 1 PROM as a secondary outcome, but they played a minor role in the presentation of the final trial results. Inclusion of PROMs in acute stroke trials requires greater attention during both the design and reporting phases of the trial.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/
; Unique identifier: CRD42019128727.
Decode, Move and Speak! Self-supervised Learning of Speech Units, Gestures, and Sound Relationships Using Vocal Imitation
Authors: Georges Marc-Antoine , Lavechin Marvin , Schwartz Jean-Luc , Hueber Thomas
Published: July 2024

Speech learning encompasses mastering a complex motor system to produce speech sounds from articulatory gestures while simultaneously uncovering discrete units that provide entry to the linguistic system. Remarkably, children acquire these associations between speech sounds, articulatory gestures, and linguistic units in a weakly supervised manner, without the need for explicit labeling of auditory inputs or access to target articulatory gestures. This study uses self-supervised deep learning to investigate the respective roles of sounds, gestures, and linguistic units in speech acquisition and control. In a first experiment, we analyzed the quantized representations learned by vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE) from ground truth acoustic and articulatory data using ABX tests. We show an interesting complementarity between acoustic and articulatory modalities that may help in the discovery of phonemes. In a second experiment, we introduce a computational agent that repeats auditory speech inputs by controlling a virtual vocal apparatus. This agent integrates an articulatory synthesizer capable of reproducing diverse speech stimuli from interpretable parameters, along with two internal models implementing the articulatory-to-acoustic (forward) and acoustic-to-articulatory (inverse) mapping, respectively. Additionally, two inductive biases are used to regularize the ill-posed acoustic-to-articulatory inverse mapping. In line with the first experiment, we explore the complementarity between the auditory input and the articulatory parameters inferred by the agent. We also evaluate the impact of discretizing auditory inputs using VQ-VAE. While the majority of the agent’s productions are intelligible (according to perceptual evaluations), our analysis highlights inconsistencies in the underlying articulatory trajectories. In particular, we show that the agent’s productions only partially reproduce the complementarity between the auditory and articulatory modalities observed in humans.
1. Esthetics, Diagrammatics, and Metrics
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

Researches into the Physical History of Man (1813) of ‘the founder of modern anthropology’, James Cowles Prichard, codified the comparative-historical approach that was based on the study of languages and other aspects of culture. However, it also already responded to the fledgling physical anthropology, or craniology, as practiced by such figures as Petrus Camper and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Camper and Blumenbach among other things explored diagrams for their possibilities of experimentation. Both men used diagrams to suggest the feasibility of morphing human varieties into each other. Like Prichard’s ethnography, Camper’s and Blumenbach’s diagrammatics aimed to demonstrate the single origin and unity of humankind.
4. Prichard's Third Edition of Researches (1846-47) and Nott's and Gliddon's Types of Mankind (1854)
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 asks how James Cowles Prichard was affected in his later editions of Researches by the new physical anthropology of Samuel George Morton and looks at Morton’s direct legacy in the form of Types of Mankind (1854) by the Egyptologist George Gliddon and the surgeon and plantation owner Josiah Nott. It was especially in connection with Crania aegyptiaca of 1844, which was possible due to the plundering of Egyptian sepulchers, catacombs, and pyramids largely organized by Gliddon, that Morton’s anthropology was once and for all enlisted for polygenist and racist causes. Nott’s diagrammatics worked to the same purpose as Morton’s, i.e., to establish an inert ‘racial series’.
5. Codifying a Diagrammatics of 'Race'
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

Samuel George Morton’s work was not only foundational for an American physical anthropology that was associated with polygenism; Morton’s crania atlases that instantiated his development of a seemingly rigorously diagrammatic and metric approach triggered follow-up projects internationally and generally were a stepping stone in the development of a polygenist physical anthropology. The final chapter of the first part deals with the role of diagrams in this development up to the detailed diagrammatic and metric system of the influential French anthropologist Paul Broca. With Crania ethnica (1882) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages and Jules Ernest Théodore Hamy, newly discovered ‘fossil human races’ were integrated into the existing systems of contemporary ‘races’.
10. About Treeing…
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

With Ernst Haeckel, phylogenetic tree building became not only standard in biology and anthropology, but the tree also entered the public sphere as the icon to support and spread the ideas of evolution and phylogeny. The phylogenetic tree was widely used in publications for wider readerships and lantern slides of tree diagrams accompanied public lectures. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree was used as pedagogic tool to teach a particular view of the living world to school children. With regard to human phylogenies, fossil kin was added – ‘Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, Heidelberg Man’, and Pithecanthropus, Haeckel’s cipher for the ‘Ape Man’ that came to be associated with bones discovered in Java at the end of the nineteenth century.
11. Denying Even the Tree-Structured Human Kinship
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

When ‘the racial family tree’ reached its heyday, it came to carry strange blossoms. Paleoanthropology came of age in the early twentieth century, but uncertainty about fossil evidence and evolutionary mechanisms were part of the reason for a trend towards the underestimation of kinship between fossil and living human forms, between different fossil hominids, between apes and humans, as well as between the recent human varieties. Starting from a particularly bewildering human phylogeny by the geneticist turned anthropologist Reginald Ruggles Gates, Chapter 11 begins to enquire into these developments and their entanglement with ‘racial’ politics in the early decades of the twentieth century.
13. The Reaffirmation of the Polygenist ‘Tree’
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

This did not mean the end of diagrams for ‘racial distancing’ and ‘racial hierarchies’, however. The influential British anthropologist, Arthur Keith, for example, in exchange with colleagues like Earnest Hooton and Reginald Ruggles Gates, suggested in the middle of the twentieth century that the branches leading to the modern human ‘races’ extended millions of years back in time and stocked them with different (postulated) fossil genera, without the assumption of gene transfer between the lines. Such diagrams were only topped by views that phylogenetically aligned modern human groups with different nonhuman primate lines. Chapter 13 engages with some of the scientific and political issues associated with this trend, also drawing attention to the ways in which, in circulation, diagrams could change their meanings.
14. Cable or Tangled Skein?
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

In the 1960s a new controversy raged around Carleton Coon’s The Origin of Races (1962). It incited those who stood for the novel cultural approach in anthropology or the synthetic approach even more than Reginald Ruggles Gates’ Human Ancestry (1948). Politically, Coon’s treatise once again entered the armory of segregationists in the south and beyond. In a line leading from the ‘physical anthropologist of the first hour’, Samuel George Morton, up to the ‘last polygenists’, the diagrammatics of ‘race’ as it was developed in anthropology found its way onto the streets. From within academia, it was especially the co-drafters of the UNESCO Statement on Race, Ashley Montagu and Theodosius Dobzhansky, who attacked Coon. And, once again, the controversy also unfolded diagrammatically.
Part IV. The Tree, the Map, the Mosaic, and the Network in Genetic Anthropology
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

While the shape of a tree could capture important theoretical and methodological elements of some of the approaches treated in Part II and III, it is harder to account for the diagram’s success in human population genetics, a field that works with very different concepts and theories, such as statistical and genetic populations. However, around 2000, a certain shift in focus took place from the genetic differentiation of populations towards studies of admixture. New theoretical, statistical, and computational approaches could be applied to an unprecedented amount of human genomic data. Global genome-wide data was visualized as colored bar plots that showed individual genomes and clusters of such genomes to be mosaics made up of different contributions from several ‘ancestral populations’. While I argue that also these relating diagrams still carry notions like originally pure populations, with the advent of ancient DNA studies, the phylogenetic trees of human populations have acquired more and more connecting arrows. Since these have even come to connect living humans with archaic lines such as the Neanderthals, the human family tree is more than ever in jeopardy.
17. Genetic Trees, Admixture, and Mosaics
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

As Julian Huxley and others had done some fifty years earlier, the assumptions underlying the tree-building approach were also criticized, particularly by emphasizing the prevalence of convergent evolution in humans. And already the earliest builders of population-genetic trees like Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza attempted to model admixture. It was only around 2000, however, that new software made it possible to cluster individual DNA samples while visualizing the degree to which such samples and the populations that were constructed on their basis might be the result of admixtures. In these novel diagrams, the human genomes and populations appeared as colorful mosaics, but the notion persisted that there had once existed genetically pure populations the current human groups were admixtures of.
18. Gene Flow and Ancient DNA: Trees with Connecting Branches
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

Mainly, however, while admixture between modern human populations had always somehow been granted and gene flow between modern and archaic populations had not entirely been ruled out, trees were what was being built in human population genetics. The accessibility of ancient DNA (aDNA) in quality, quantity, and increasing time-depth initiated the emergence of aDNA population genomics, and, with this, revolutionary insights like modern-human–Neanderthal interbreeding made news. In spite of this, aDNA studies did not really overthrow the tree diagram. Even while gene flow was often assumed to have taken place over long periods of time, the core diagram of evolution simply acquired a few connecting arrows between branches.
Postscript
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: July 2024

The long history of relating diagrams revealed in the book does not crystallize into a linear development, such as from chain to tree to net. There were different kinds in competition at all times and compounds of elements from various types. Net structures were early diagrams to capture natural orders, trees may still transport the meaning of a progressive and serial arrangement or evolution, while chains in natural history multiplied to form ‘trees’, nets, or other three-dimensional structures. Trees and maps were often combined, and tree-like shapes incorporated network aspects. Anthropological diagrams might have been inspired by religious and secular genealogies and maps, breeding pedigrees, even arbores consanguinitates, and by forms used in natural history more generally as well as in other sciences like linguistics and embryology. Although particular diagrams are strongly associated with specific conceptions, and even while they are always part of political practices, there was no universal alignment of, for instance, a tree diagram with, for example, a belief in the existence of clearly demarcated ‘races’. At the same time, the diagrams that relate humans in physical, evolutionary, and genetic anthropology have been connected to programs to collect human substances such as bones and blood. In the postscript I look at current issues and controversies surrounding such collections and once again think about the nature of relating diagrams. I conclude by examining some intriguing artworks that shed further light on these themes.
SWIRL: The First Australian Operational Radar-Based 3D Wind Analysis System
Authors: Protat Alain , Louf Valentin , Brook Jordan P.
Published: July 2024

In this paper, the first Australian operational radar-based three-dimensional (3D) wind analysis system named Synthetic Wind Information from Radar and Lidar (SWIRL) is described and evaluated. SWIRL employs a variational minimization formulation to combine results from four individual wind retrieval techniques of varied complexity to derive 3D winds in single-Doppler and multi-Doppler radar regions: a variational version of the traditional velocity azimuth display (VVAD) and double VAD (DVAD) techniques, a single-Doppler wind retrieval technique using optical flow horizontal wind proxies, and a multi-Doppler 3D wind retrieval technique. The SWIRL 3D wind components are evaluated against wind profiler observations and radar simulations using a very high-resolution (50 m) numerical simulation of a supercell thunderstorm. We find that SWIRL can retrieve very accurate horizontal winds, especially below 2-km height in the multi-Doppler regions, with mean absolute errors on wind speed and direction < 2 m s−1 and 10° on average and <2.5 m s−1 and 15°–20° 90% of the time. These errors do not increase noticeably with wind speed, highlighting the suitability of these retrieved winds to be used for damaging and destructive wind detection and nowcasting. The single-Doppler retrieval using optical flow is also found to provide reasonably accurate winds at these heights. The accurate retrieval of convective-scale updrafts and downdrafts, even using multi-Doppler information, is still a major challenge, with mean absolute errors of vertical velocity of about 50% on average. This can be attributed to the limitations of the current radar technology used operationally, imposing slow antenna speeds.

Significance Statement

Damaging and destructive winds have the potential to inflict significant damage to properties and assets and, tragically, result in loss of life. Efficient direction of emergency services to affected areas is essential for a prompt return to normal conditions. Wind farm operators require precise information on anticipated wind shifts to reduce the risk of energy grid failures. Strong winds also contribute to compound weather events, such as water ingress through hail-damaged roofs or structural damage to buildings caused by hailstones. The purpose of this work was to equip Australia with the first operational wind monitoring system, based on operational radar observations, to serve all these critical applications (and more).
A Novel Taxonomy of Intraoperative Cholangiograms in Suspected Choledocholithiasis: A Tool for Advancing Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Outcomes Research
Authors: Wood Elizabeth C. , Gomez Micaela K. , Rauh Jessica L. , Saxena Juhi , Conner Jeffery , Stettler Gregory R. , Westcott Carl , Nunn Andrew M. , Neff Lucas P. , Bosley Maggie E.
Published: July 2024

Background

Cholangiography for visualization of the biliary tree during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an important diagnostic roadmap in the context of suspected choledocholithiasis (CDL). The renewed interest in transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) necessitates a general description of the range of CDL presentations. Our aim was to establish a novel classification system of intraoperative cholangiograms (IOCs) to advance research efforts in this field.

Methods

A novel cholangiogram classification system, featuring 8 distinct presentations of choledocholithiasis, was applied to a data set of 80 preintervention IOCs for suspected choledocholithiasis. The classification system is as follows: A (no common bile duct stones, duodenal filling present, and concern for air bubbles), B (no common bile duct stones, no duodenal filling, and concern for sludge), C1 (stone(s) < 2x size of cystic duct with duodenal filling), C2 (stone(s) < 2x size of cystic duct without duodenal filling), D1 (stone(s) ≥ 2x size of cystic duct with duodenal filling), D2 (stone(s) ≥ 2x size of cystic duct without duodenal filling), E1 (congenital anatomical variant and/or common duct stricture), and E2 (surgically altered biliary anatomy).

Results

Cholangiogram review yielded preintervention classifications for 6 of 8 variants (A-E): A (7.5%), B (3.75%), C1 (23.75%), C2 (42.5%), D1 (15%), and D2 (7.5%). Analysis of cystic duct diameter yielded no significant differences among classification groups, indicating no predominant pattern of cystic duct anatomy within a given classification.

Discussion

An IOC classification system for suspected choledocholithiasis is foundational to answering key clinical questions for transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.
Early Vasopressor Requirement Among Hypotensive Trauma Patients: Does It Cause More Harm Than Good?
Authors: Anand Tanya , Hejazi Omar , Nelson Adam , Litmanovich Ben , Spencer Audrey L. , Khurshid Muhammad Haris , Ghaedi Arshin , Hosseinpour Hamidreza , Magnotti Louis J. , Joseph Bellal
Published: July 2024

Background

Optimal utilization of vasopressors during early post-injury resuscitation remains unclear. Our study aims to describe the relationship between the timing of vasopressor administration and outcomes among hypotensive trauma patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of the 2017-2018 ACS-TQIP database. We included adult (≥18 years) trauma patients presenting with hypotension (lowest SBP <90 mmHg) who received vasopressors within 6 hours of admission. We excluded patients who had a severe head injury (Head-AIS >3) and those with spinal cord injury (Spine-AIS >3). Patients were stratified based on the time to receive vasopressors. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify the independent association between timing of vasopressor initiation and outcomes.

Results

1049 patients were identified. Mean age was 55 ± 20 years, and 70% of patients were male. The median ISS was 16 [9-24], 80% had a blunt injury, and the mean SBP was 61 ± 24 mmHg. The median time to first vasopressor administration was 319 [68-352] minutes. Overall, 24-hour and in-hospital mortality rates were 19% and 33%, respectively. Every one-hour delay in vasopressor administration beyond the first hour was independently associated with decreased odds of 24-hour mortality (aOR: 0.65, P < 0.001), in-hospital mortality (aOR: 0.65, P < 0.001), major complications (aOR: 0.77, P = 0.003), and increased odds of longer ICU LOS (β + 2.53, P = 0.012). There were no associations between the timing of early vasopressor administration and 24-hour PRBC transfusion requirements ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Earlier vasopressor requirement among hypotensive trauma patients was independently associated with increased mortality and major complications. Further research on the utility and optimal timing of vasopressors during the post-injury resuscitative period is warranted.

Level of Evidence

III therapeutic/care management
Vocational functioning in young people accessing services for first-episode psychosis and ultra-high risk of psychosis: A longitudinal naturalistic cohort study
Authors: Andersen Naja Kirstine , Smith Catherine L , Gao Caroline X , Filia Kate , Simmons Magenta , Chinnery Gina , Killackey Eoin , Thompson Andrew , Brown Ellie
Published: July 2024

Aims:

Young people with first-episode psychosis (FEP) or at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis often have lower vocational engagement than their peers. This study examines the effect of treatment in early intervention for psychosis services in Australia on engagement in education and employment.

Methods:

This is a naturalistic sample of young people aged 12–25 with FEP ( n = 1574) and UHR ( n = 1515), accessing treatment in the headspace Early Psychosis (hEP) programme. Engagement in education and employment was assessed at baseline and every 90 days in treatment. Mixed effects logistic regression were used to analyse changes over time.

Results:

On entering the hEP programme, approximately 49% of the young people with FEP and 28% of the young people at UHR status identified as Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET). The odds of being NEET were reduced by 27% (95% confidence interval = [14, 39]) for every 6 months treatment for the FEP group, but no change in NEET status was observed in the UHR group. In both groups, absence from daily activities was significantly reduced during time in treatment.

Conclusion:

While there are methodological challenges analysing real-world non-control group cohort data, the findings indicate positive effects of the hEP programme on vocational and daily activity engagement for young people with FEP and at UHR status. A large proportion of the young people still identified as NEET after receiving treatment services, suggesting further refinement to ensure targeted and consistent vocational support throughout care.
Examining Sex- and Sexuality-Based Bias in Punitive Attitudes Toward Offenders Convicted of Intimate Partner Crimes: A Vignette Experiment
Authors: Kruis Nathan E. , Ménard Kim S. , Rowland Nicholas J. , Griffith Rae
Published: July 2024

This experimental vignette study used nationally representative survey data ( n = 841) to examine the effects of perpetrator sex and sexuality and victim sex on simulated juror punitivity and sentencing recommendations for individuals convicted of aggravated assault and domestic abuse. Results show participants recommended longer sentences and higher fines for male than for female offenders, and for those who victimized women than for those who victimized men, suggesting the effects of jurorbias on punitive attitudes are influenced by offender and victim sex. However, the effects of offender sexuality were insignificant in modeling. Path analysis showed that sex differences found in baseline models were partially explained by stigmatization (i.e., perceptions of dangerousness, fatalism blame, and social distance) hypothetical jurors attached to offenders.
Participation in shadow education and academic performance: A comparison of upper secondary school students in Ireland and Germany
Authors: Benz Robin , Darmody Merike , Smyth Emer
Published: July 2024

This article uses two longitudinal cohort studies (Growing Up in Ireland and the National Educational Panel Study) to examine how shadow education relates to academic performance in Ireland and Germany. Patterns of take-up of, and outcomes from, shadow education are found to reflect the particular country context—aimed at maintaining performance to avoid grade retention in Germany and preparing for a high-stakes upper secondary exam in Ireland. Participation enhances academic performance but only for students with lower levels of prior achievement. However, the relationship is not much stronger than with engagement in structured out-of-school activities. Thus, shadow education appears to be one of a number of strategies used by more privileged families to secure educational advantage.
Racial Capitalism and Black–White Health Inequities in the United States: The Case of the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: DeAngelis Reed T.
Published: July 2024

Scholars cite racist political-economic systems as drivers of health inequities in the United States (i.e., racial capitalism). But how does racial capitalism generate health inequities? I address this open question within the historical context of predatory lending during the 2008 financial crisis. Relevant hypotheses are tested with multiple waves of data from Black and White participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 8,877). Across socioeconomic strata, I find that Black participants report higher rates of foreclosure, eviction, repossession, delinquent bills, lost income, and new debts in the wake of the financial crisis. Using structural equation and quasi-experimental models, I then show that Black participants also self-report rapid health declines and increases in prescription drug abuse throughout this period, much of which is explained by chronic financial stress. I conclude that racial capitalism can generate health inequities by ensnaring Black Americans in a toxic web of financial exploitation and stress proliferation.
Auditory enrichment with different genres of music for colony queens
Authors: García Mitacek María C , Praderio Romina G , Tebes Micaela , García Florencia , Stornelli María C , de la Sota Rodolfo Luzbel , Stornelli María A
Published: July 2024

The aim was to determine changes in clinical parameters, glucose concentration, cortisol and behavior in colony queens in no music conditions compared with exposing to different genres of music. Mixed breed clinically healthy queens ( N = 9) were used. Queens were studied under no music conditions (control=CON) and auditory enrichment: Soft Rock (M1), Motown (M2), Pop (M3), Frenchcore (M4) and music that was composed to be species-appropriate for cats (M5). The queens underwent auditory enrichment, including three days of silence (D1–3), five consecutive days of auditory enrichment (D4–8) and three days of silence (D9–11). We recorded clinical parameters, glucose, cortisol and behavior. Data were analyzed with GLIMMIX. Queens showed a significant increase of femoral pulse during exposure to M1, M2 and M4; and respiratory rate during exposure to M1, M2, M3 and M4 compared with CON. There was a significant increase in glucose during exposure to M2 and M5 compared with CON. However, there was a significant decrease in glucose during exposure to M4 compared with CON. There was a significant decrease in cortisol during exposure to M2 and M5 compared with CON. When we evaluated the ethogram, we observed a significant decrease in the percentage of interaction with other cats in M1 and M2 compared with CON. In addition, we found a significant decrease in the purring in M1 and M3 compared with CON. Auditory enrichment can be beneficial in situations that cause discomfort and distress in colony cats, such as in feline hospitalization; however, it should be acknowledged that there are limits to direct extrapolation.
Histopathological and medico-legal aspects in a case of death related to an undiagnosed cerebral large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Barranco Rosario , Roncallo Anna , Candosin Sara , Bianchi Rita , Orcioni Giulio F , Ventura Francesco
Published: July 2024

We report an unusual and undetected case of primary central nervous system lymphoma presenting as multiple lesions in the periventricular occipital lobe in an immunocompetent host, which had manifested as a stroke. The neoplastic diagnosis was made only after death following a thorough autopsy and histopathological examinations which enabled the diagnosis of a rare cancer (primary cerebral lymphoma) which remained undetected and undiagnosed during life.
Sudden death in a newborn from cerebral venous sinus thrombosis resulting from meningitis
Authors: Ventura Francesco , Drommi Martina , Barranco Rosario , Vellone Valerio G
Published: July 2024

Septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare but often fatal complication caused by bacterial meningitis and paranasal sinusitis.

We report a particular case of the sudden and unexpected death of a six-day-old infant from unrecognised acute meningitis that caused a thrombotic occlusion of the venous sinuses (with the particular involvement of the torcular Herophili at the confluence of sinuses) resulting in subdural haemorrhage.

This case report alerts paediatricians and neonatologists to the importance of promptly considering a possible diagnosis of meningitis without delay to avoid the fatal complications described here. As in all cases of sudden infant death our case study underlines the need for a thorough autopsy, accompanied by histological analysis, in order to identify the causes of the underlying pathological mechanisms causing death and to ensure an adequate differential diagnosis.
Digital-first primary care: An ambivalent legacy of Covid-19?
Authors: Choong Kartina A
Published: July 2024

The vast majority of GP appointments had to move from in-person to remote consultation during the pandemic. Rather than phasing this out now that the threat of the coronavirus has begun to ebb, the UK government has announced that digital-first primary care will continue for the foreseeable future. While remote consultation can be beneficial on several fronts, it can compromise professional identity, therapeutic alliance, patient safety and access to healthcare. A hasty push towards normalising digitally-enabled care may therefore increase the risk of misdiagnoses, medical negligence, unnecessary referrals and health inequity. To enhance the gains and iron out the challenges associated with IT-led triage and consultations, it is important to reflect on the lessons learned from the pandemic.
Social Exclusion Effect on Self-Efficacy
Authors: Rajchert Joanna , Molińska Weronika , Vonrath Wojciech
Published: July 2024

Research and theory indicate that self-efficacy can be influenced by factors related to persuasion, experiences of success, and emotional states. These factors can include situations that challenge people’s beliefs about their abilities. Social exclusion is associated with deprivation of the need for control, low self-control, and low self-esteem. This study examined whether social exclusion might affect general self-efficacy beliefs. It was predicted that self-efficacy would be lower in the exclusion condition than in the inclusion condition and that satisfaction of the need for control and belonging would mediate the exclusion effect on self-efficacy. Feelings of control and belonging were manipulated using a Cyberball game in which participants were excluded or included in the online ball-tossing game. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Self-efficacy, belonging, and control were lower in ostracism than in the inclusion condition. Control and belonging were positively related to self-efficacy and mediated the effect of ostracism on self-efficacy. Research suggests that creating an environment that satisfies control and relatedness needs may foster self-efficacy and that each need is important.
Incomplete Faces Do but Masked Faces Do Not Affect Mind Perception
Authors: Pazhoohi Farid , Aoki Keina , Kingstone Alan
Published: July 2024

The human face plays a critical role in how we perceive the minds of others. The current research across two studies explored whether face masks also impact mind perception, with the expectation that they lead to lower attributions of agency and experience to individuals, making them seem less mentally capable due to their association with reduced facial expression perception and impaired communication. In the first study, participants’ ratings of masked and unmasked faces for agency and experience did not yield significant differences, suggesting that wearing a face mask does not affect the perception of the mind. To explore whether these findings applied when the lower face was cropped instead of masked, results of the second study showed that removing the lower face led to decreased agency ratings, but similar to the first study, there were no changes in experience ratings. Altogether, our results showed that wearing face masks does not reduce the perception of mental capacity. Moreover, female faces received higher ratings for both agency and experience compared to male faces. The complex relationship between face masks, gender, and mind perception warrants further exploration.
New Digital Divide Shaped by Algorithm? Evidence from Agent-Based Testing on Douyin’s Health-Related Video Recommendation
Authors: Shi Wen , Li Jinhui
Published: July 2024

While recommendation algorithms have significantly empowered human communication process, there is an emerging scholarly and societal concern regarding the potential discrimination inherent in algorithmic decision-making. The present study employs a novel agent-based testing approach to conduct an automated audit of the Douyin algorithm’s recommendations for health-related videos, aiming to investigate its relationship with information inequalities between individuals who are socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged. Our findings imply the possible existence of a new digital divide, wherein the algorithm tends to recommend a smaller proportion of authenticated health-related videos on cheap phone models, representing users in low socioeconomic group. Furthermore, this divide was mitigated when both groups demonstrated the same watching strategy for authenticated information. This study implies that recommendation algorithms actively perpetuate and exacerbate discriminatory social structures in reality. We also advocate for increased attention and education among the low socioeconomic group to enhance their health information literacy and understanding of algorithmic mechanisms.
Whose Pants Are on Fire? Journalists Correcting False Claims are Distrusted More Than Journalists Confirming Claims
Authors: Stein Randy , Meyersohn Caroline E.
Published: July 2024

Do people trust journalists who provide fact-checks? Building upon research on negativity bias, two studies support the hypothesis that people generally trust journalists when they confirm claims as true, but are relatively distrusting of journalists when they correct false claims. In Study 1, participants read a real fact-check that corrected or confirmed a claim about politics or economics. In Study 2, participants read a real report that corrected or confirmed a marketing claim for one of several products. Participants in both studies had higher levels of distrust for journalists providing corrections, perceiving them as more likely to be lying and possessing ulterior motives. This effect held even among corrections consistent with respondents’ prior beliefs (i.e., for claims that participants thought might be false). The results represent a novel reason why people distrust journalists and resist belief correction. We discuss implications for transparency in journalism, and for how journalists frame fact-checks.
How Moral Reframing Enhances Political Persuasion: The Role of Processing Fluency and Self-Affirmation
Authors: Suh Yoo Ji , Kim Hyun Suk
Published: July 2024

This study examined the psychological mechanisms underlying the persuasive effects of moral reframing—matching message content to recipients’ core moral foundations—by focusing on processing fluency, message processing depth, and self-affirmation as mediators. An online experiment conducted in South Korea demonstrated that, across two policy issues, moral reframing promoted processing fluency and self-affirmation, thereby enhancing the perceived persuasiveness of policy advocacy messages. Furthermore, self-affirmation increased support for policies advocated by the messages. However, the depth of message processing did not differ between participants who read messages aligned with their moral foundations and those exposed to mismatched messages. In sum, the results suggest that moral reframing enhances persuasion by facilitating reflection on positive self-aspects and intuitive processing, rather than by encouraging deeper processing of the messages.