bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal wearable EEG, EMG and accelerometry measurements improve the accuracy of tonic-clonic seizure detection
Authors: Zhang Jingwei , Swinnen Lauren , Chatzichristos Christos , Broux Victoria , Proost Renee , Jansen Katrien , Mahler Benno , Zabler Nicolas , Epitashvilli Nino , Dümpelmann Matthias , Schulze-Bonhage Andreas , Schriewer Elisabeth , Ermis Ummahan , Wolking Stefan , Linke Florian , Weber Yvonne , Symmonds Mkael , Sen Arjune , Biondi Andrea , Richardson Mark P , I Abuhaiba Sulaiman , Silva Ana Isabel , Sales Francisco , Vértes Gergely , Paesschen Wim Van , Vos Maarten De
Published: May 2024

Objective. This paper aims to investigate the possibility of detecting tonic-clonic seizures (TCSs) with behind-the-ear, two-channel wearable electroencephalography (EEG), and to evaluate its added value to non-EEG modalities in TCS detection. Methods. We included 27 participants with a total of 44 TCSs from the European multicenter study SeizeIT2. The wearable Sensor Dot (Byteflies) was used to measure behind-the-ear EEG, electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography, accelerometry (ACC) and gyroscope. We evaluated automatic unimodal detection of TCSs, using sensitivity, precision, false positive rate (FPR) and F1-score. Subsequently, we fused the different modalities and again assessed performance. Algorithm-labeled segments were then provided to two experts, who annotated true positive TCSs, and discarded false positives. Results. Wearable EEG outperformed the other single modalities with a sensitivity of 100% and a FPR of 10.3/24 h. The combination of wearable EEG and EMG proved most clinically useful, delivering a sensitivity of 97.7%, an FPR of 0.4/24 h, a precision of 43%, and an F1-score of 59.7%. The highest overall performance was achieved through the fusion of wearable EEG, EMG, and ACC, yielding a sensitivity of 90.9%, an FPR of 0.1/24 h, a precision of 75.5%, and an F1-score of 82.5%. Conclusions. In TCS detection with a wearable device, combining EEG with EMG, ACC or both resulted in a remarkable reduction of FPR, while retaining a high sensitivity. Significance. Adding wearable EEG could further improve TCS detection, relative to extracerebral-based systems.
Multi-source deep domain adaptation ensemble framework for cross-dataset motor imagery EEG transfer learning
Authors: Miao Minmin , Yang Zhong , Sheng Zhenzhen , Xu Baoguo , Zhang Wenbin , Cheng Xinmin
Published: May 2024

Objective. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important kind of bioelectric signal for measuring physiological activities of the brain, and motor imagery (MI) EEG has significant clinical application prospects. Convolutional neural network has become a mainstream algorithm for MI EEG classification, however lack of subject-specific data considerably restricts its decoding accuracy and generalization performance. To address this challenge, a novel transfer learning (TL) framework using auxiliary dataset to improve the MI EEG classification performance of target subject is proposed in this paper. Approach. We developed a multi-source deep domain adaptation ensemble framework (MSDDAEF) for cross-dataset MI EEG decoding. The proposed MSDDAEF comprises three main components: model pre-training, deep domain adaptation, and multi-source ensemble. Moreover, for each component, different designs were examined to verify the robustness of MSDDAEF. Main results. Bidirectional validation experiments were performed on two large public MI EEG datasets (openBMI and GIST). The highest average classification accuracy of MSDDAEF reaches 74.28% when openBMI serves as target dataset and GIST serves as source dataset. While the highest average classification accuracy of MSDDAEF is 69.85% when GIST serves as target dataset and openBMI serves as source dataset. In addition, the classification performance of MSDDAEF surpasses several well-established studies and state-of-the-art algorithms. Significance. The results of this study show that cross-dataset TL is feasible for left/right-hand MI EEG decoding, and further indicate that MSDDAEF is a promising solution for addressing MI EEG cross-dataset variability.
Electron acceleration in the electron dissipation region of asymmetrical magnetic reconnection driven by ultra-intensity lasers
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ping Yongli , An Weiming , Zhong Jiayong
Published: May 2024

We performed 3D Particle-In-Cell simulations to study electron acceleration in the electron dissipation region of asymmetrical electron magnetic reconnection driven by ultra-intensity lasers, which is similar to the Earth’s magnetosphere reconnection process. Within the electron dissipation region, electrons exhibit a nonthermal distribution, and as the asymmetry increases, the power-law spectrum becomes steeper. Remarkably, the electron spectrum closely resembles a delta distribution, arising from the intense acceleration imparted by the reconnection electric field near the X-line. Both parallel electric field acceleration and the Betatron acceleration mechanism play pivotal roles in this reconnection process. Furthermore, as the magnetic reconnection asymmetry intensifies, the parallel electric acceleration mechanism becomes stronger near the X-point region, whereas the Betatron acceleration mechanism wanes, primarily concentrated in the outflow region.
Bidirectional large strain monitoring using a novel graphene film-based patch antenna sensor
Authors: Weng Shun , Peng Tingjun , Gao Ke , Zhu Hongping , Yan Yongyi , Yu Hong , He Daping
Published: May 2024

This study proposes a rectangular microstrip patch antenna sensor based on a high-conductivity graphene film for bidirectional strain detection in structural health monitoring (SHM). By using a highly conductive graphene film instead of traditional metal foil to produce a patch antenna, the antenna possesses a higher flexibility and a larger sensing range. The mechanical, electromagnetic, and radiative properties were investigated. The strain sensing principle based on the resonant frequency offset of the graphene film antenna was proposed. The relationships between the resonant frequency shift and structural strain were quantitatively explored through theoretical deductions, finite element simulations, and experiments. According to the experimental results, the shift in the resonant frequency was linearly related to the lateral and longitudinal strains. The sensitivity coefficients for the lateral and longitudinal strains were 2.2037 kHz/μϵ and 3.6198 kHz/μϵ, respectively. The thermal strain can be distinguished based on the linear resonant frequency-temperature relationship. The results demonstrated the advantages and prospects of the proposed novel patch antenna for SHM.
Comprehensive compensation of dynamic hysteresis and creep for piezoelectric actuator
Authors: Jin Jiaxi , Sun Xuan , Chen Zhaobo
Published: May 2024

This paper addresses the modeling of dynamic hysteresis and creep in piezoelectric actuators, and employs feedforward open-loop control based on inverse models to compensate for hysteresis and creep phenomena. The comprehensive model consists of quasi-dynamic and dynamic components. The quasi-dynamic model combines the quasi-dynamic Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model with an PI-based linear time-invariant model, while the dynamic part utilizes the auto-regressive exogenous model. The model accurately describes creep and dynamic hysteresis with modeling errors of less than 0.01 μm and 0.14 μm, respectively. The inversion of the comprehensive model has been proven to exhibit unique convergence. Under inverse feedforward control, the improvement in dynamic hysteresis and hysteresis with creep can be achieved at 94% and 83%, respectively. The comprehensive model proposed in this paper accurately describes the dynamic hysteresis and creep phenomena in piezoelectric actuators and realizes open-loop compensation control, achieving precise actuation of piezoelectric actuators.
On the behavior of auxetic inserts: a numerical analysis to derive design guidelines
Authors: Di Brizzi Diego , Graziosi Serena , Bondin William , Grima Joseph N , Airoldi Alessandro
Published: May 2024

Auxetics are a class of materials and metamaterials with a negative Poisson’s ratio (ν) and have gained tremendous popularity over the last three decades. Many studies have focused on characterizing designs that allow obtaining a negative ν. However, some open issues remain concerning understanding the auxetic behavior in operational conditions. Studies have been centered on analyzing the response of specific auxetic topologies instead of treating auxeticity as a property to be analyzed in a well-defined structural context. This study aims to contribute to the investigation of auxetic materials with a structural application, focusing on maximizing performance. The field of application of auxetics for designing inserts was selected and a model of a nail-cavity system was created to determine the effects of different design choices on the system behavior by exploring relationships between selected parameters and the auxetic insert behavior. The exploration combines finite element modeling analyses with their surrogate models generated by supervised learning algorithms. This approach allows for exploring the system’s behavior in detail, thus demonstrating the potential effectiveness of auxetics when used for such applications. A list of design guidelines is elaborated to support the exploitation of auxetics in nail-cavity systems.
Hund’s three rules in actinide-containing superatoms with spin-orbit coupling calculations
Authors: Zhong Xiaoxue , Wang Peng , Qiu Ruizhi , Yuan Hongkuan
Published: May 2024

The intriguing and challenge issue in magnetic superatoms is searching for the suitable candidates to validate the Hund’s rules. Here, early actinide elements (An: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am) whose 5f electrons may crossover the localization and delocalization characteristics have been chosen to alloy with Al atoms in designing magnetic An@Al12 superatoms. By doing the global minimum structure search and the spin-orbital coupling density functional theory calculations, we provide an original idea to give theoretical argument that Hund’s three rules are still applicable in superatoms, which can be related to the fillings of highly localized An-5f orbitals into large exchange-splitting 2 F superatom orbitals. Specifically, selective 5f sub-orbitals of several An dopants can exhibit a dual nature in superatomic bonding, i.e. partial 5f electrons of Pa, U and Pu are reactive whereas all 5f electrons of Np and Am are highly localized. The molecular orbital analyses, combined with the qualitative interpretation of the phenomenological superatom sub-shell model, address the intricate interplays between the structure symmetry, electronic structure, spin and orbital magnetic moments. These findings have important implications for understanding the bonding and magnetic behaviors of An-containing superatoms and pave the way for designing novel magnetic superatoms.
Power-exponential and fixed-time consensus of conformable fractional-order quantum cellular neural networks via event-triggered control
Authors: Xiong Yao , Li Yesheng , Xiong Zhonglong , Lv Haifei , Chen Mengwei , Hu Changkui , Li Min
Published: May 2024

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) are considered to be superior to classical ANNs in machine learning, memory capacity, information processing, and quantum system simulation. However, In a practical and complex system, the dynamic behavior of an open quantum system could not be accurately described by an integer-ordered Schrödinger equation. In this paper, the conformable time-fractional-order Schrödinger equation is proposed, and accordingly, the model of conformable fractional-order quantum cellular neural networks (CFOQCNNs) is established and derived from the as-proposed equation. The properties of the conformable fractional-order derivative are studied and several new inequalities regarding the power-exponential and fixed-time convergence of conformable fractional-order systems are obtained. To save the communication resource, we introduce the event-triggered mechanism to construct the controllers and then the power-exponential and fixed-time synchronizations of the master-slave systems derived from the above CFOQCNNs are studied. We also prove the absence of Zeno behaviors regarding the event-triggered strategies. According to the numerical simulation, the dynamic behavior of the CFOQCNNs is discussed and the dissipativity of the CFOQCNNs is briefly revealed. Then the synchronization behaviors of the master and slave CFOQCNNs under power-exponential and fixed-time event-triggered control are demonstrated, where the effectiveness of the event-triggered control strategy is verified. Control behaviors with different fractional orders are also presented. We also discuss the hybrid of power-exponential control and fixed-time control and illustrate the advantages of the hybrid strategy. In the last, we conclude our studies, analyze the drawbacks of this work, and briefly introduce our future research.
‘The ‘Vector-Model’ wavefunction: spatial description and wavepacket formation of quantum-mechanical angular momenta’
Authors: Rakitzis T Peter , Koutrakis Michail E , Katsoprinakis Georgios E
Published: May 2024

We introduce the concept of an asymptotic spatial angular-momentum wavefunction,

X

m

j

φ
,
θ
,
χ

=

e

im
φ

δ

θ
−

θ

m

e

i

j
+

1

2

χ

,

which treats

j

in the

j
m

state as a three-dimensional entity; φ, θ, χ are the Euler angles, and

θ

m

is the Vector-Model polar angle, given by

cos

θ

m

=
m
/

j

.

A wealth of geometric information about

j

can be deduced from the eigenvalues and spatial transformation properties of the

X

m

j

φ
,
θ
,
χ

.

Specifically, the

X

m

j

φ
,
θ
,
χ

wavefunction gives a computationally simple description of the sizes of the particle and orbital-angular-momentum wavepackets (constructed from Gaussian distributions in

j

and

m

), given by effective wavepacket angular uncertainty relations for

Δ
m
Δ
φ
,

Δ
j
Δ
χ
,

and

Δ
φ
Δ
θ
.

The

X

m

j

φ
,
θ
,
χ

also predicts the position of the particle-wavepacket angular motion in the orbital plane, so that the particle-wavepacket rotation can be experimentally probed through continuous and non-destructive

j

-rotation measurements. Finally, we use the

X

m

j

(
φ
,
θ
,
χ
)

to determine geometrically well-known asymptotic expressions for Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, Wigner d-functions, the gyromagnetic ratio of elementary particles,

g
=
2
,

and the

m

-state-correlation matrix elements. Interestingly, for low

j
,

even down to

j
=
1
/
2
,

these expressions are either exact (the last two) or excellent approximations (the first two), showing that the

X

m

j

(
φ
,
θ
,
χ
)

give a useful spatial description of quantum-mechanical angular momentum, and provide a smooth connection with classical angular momentum.
Polarization detection for cylindrical vector beams empowered by pixelated metasurfaces
Authors: Li Hui , Xu Wenhui , Xu Hang , Tan Qi , Song Chunyu , Yao Jianquan
Published: May 2024

Polarimetry plays an indispensable role in the light–matter interactions. Nevertheless, conventional components developed for polarization measurements suffer from bulky volume and spatial alignment schemes, causing them to reveal limited performance in determining inhomogeneous polarization distributions. Here, we propose a polarization detection scheme based on pixelated all-dielectric metasurfaces using spin-multiplexing coding techniques. The polarization resolving capability of the pixelated metasurface under homogeneous linearly polarized illumination was first evaluated, and the extracted peak coordinates were used to establish an exact functional relationship with the azimuthal angle. Subsequently, the measurement of spatial inhomogeneous polarization was further explored with a focusing matrix assembled from pixelated metasurfaces. The proposed polarization detection strategy can be extended to other spectral bands without discrimination, stimulating potential applications in high-resolution imaging, sensing and data communication.
Constraining dark photons with self-consistent simulations of globular cluster stars
Authors: Dolan Matthew J. , Hiskens Frederick J. , Volkas Raymond R.
Published: May 2024

We revisit stellar constraints on dark photons. We undertake dynamical stellar evolution simulations which incorporate the resonant and off-resonant production of transverse and longitudinal dark photons. We compare our results with observables derived from measurements of globular cluster populations, obtaining new constraints based on the luminosity of the tip of the red-giant branch (RGB), the ratio of populations of RGB to horizontal branch (HB) stars (the R-parameter), and the ratio of asymptotic giant branch to HB stars (the R
2-parameter). We find that previous bounds derived from static stellar models do not capture the effects of the resonant production of light dark photons leading to overly conservative constraints, and that they over-estimate the effects of heavier dark photons on the RGB-tip luminosity. This leads to differences in the constraints of up to an order of magnitude in the kinetic mixing parameter.
Did we hear the sound of the Universe boiling? Analysis using the full fluid velocity profiles and NANOGrav 15-year data
Authors: Ghosh Tathagata , Ghoshal Anish , Guo Huai-Ke , Hajkarim Fazlollah , King Stephen F. , Sinha Kuver , Wang Xin , White Graham
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we analyse sound waves arising from a cosmic phase transition where the full velocity profile is taken into account as an explanation for the gravitational wave spectrum observed by multiple pulsar timing array groups. Unlike the broken power law used in the literature, in this scenario the power law after the peak depends on the macroscopic properties of the phase transition, allowing for a better fit with pulsar timing array (PTA) data. We compare the best fit with that obtained using the usual broken power law and, unsurprisingly, find a better fit with the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum that utilizes the full velocity profile. Even more importantly, the thermal parameters that produce the best fit are quite different. We then discuss models that can produce the best-fit point and complementary probes using CMB experiments and searches for light particles in DUNE, IceCUBE-Gen2, neutrinoless double β-decay, and forward physics facilities (FPF) at the LHC like FASERν, etc.
Imprints of a gravitational wave through the weak field deflection of photons*
Authors: Pantig Reggie C. , Övgün Ali
Published: May 2024

In this study, we investigate the novel phenomenon of gravitational lensing experienced by gravitational waves traveling past a Schwarzschild black hole perturbed by a specific, first-order, polar gravitational wave. We apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, finding a topological contribution to the deflection of light rays passing near the black hole. We demonstrate that the deflection angle can be determined by analyzing a region entirely outside the path of the light ray, leading to a calculation based solely on the parameters of the perturbing wave (Legendre polynomial order, l; frequency, σ). This approach offers a unique perspective on gravitational lensing and expands our understanding of black hole interactions with gravitational waves.
Frequency splitting in undulator radiation from solid-state crystalline undulator
Authors: Shchagin A. , Kube G. , Potylitsyn A. , Strokov S.
Published: May 2024

The set of frequencies and angular properties of radiation emitted from a solid-state crystalline undulator based on the channeling effect are considered. High-frequency and low-frequency branches of the undulator radiation and the angular distribution of the emitted radiation are analyzed. The ranges of frequencies and angles of radiation emitted from the solid-state crystalline undulator based on the channeling effect are found. The frequency splitting and the energy threshold in the production of undulator radiation are shown and discussed.
Characterisation of resistive MPGDs with 2D readout
Authors: Scharenberg L. , Brunbauer F. , Danielsson H. , Fang Z. , Flöthner K.J. , Garcia F. , Janssens D. , Lisowska M. , Liu J. , Lyu Y. , Mehl B. , Muller H. , de Oliveira R. , Oliveri E. , Orlandini G. , Pfeiffer D. , Pizzirusso O. , Ropelewski L. , Samarati J. , Shao M. , Teixeira A. , van Stenis M. , Veenhof R. , Zhang Z. , Zhou Y.
Published: May 2024

Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) with resistive anode
planes provide intrinsic discharge robustness while maintaining good
spatial and time resolutions. Typically read out with 1D strips or
pad structures, here the characterisation results of resistive anode
plane MPGDs with 2D strip readout are presented. A µRWELL
prototype is investigated in view of its use as a reference tracking
detector in a future gaseous beam telescope. A MicroMegas prototype
with a fine-pitch mesh (730 line-pairs-per-inch) is investigated,
both for comparison and to profit from the better field uniformity
and thus the ability to operate the detector more stable at high
gains. Furthermore, the measurements are another application of the
RD51 VMM3a/SRS electronics.
Examining LEGEND-1000 cosmogenic neutron backgrounds in Geant4 and MCNP
Authors: Barton C.J. , Xu W. , Massarczyk R. , Elliott S.R.
Published: May 2024

For next-generation neutrinoless double beta decay
experiments, extremely low backgrounds are necessary. An
understanding of in-situ cosmogenic backgrounds is critical to the
design effort. In-situ cosmogenic backgrounds impose a depth
requirement and especially impact the choice of host
laboratory. Often, simulations are used to understand background
effects, and these simulations can have large uncertainties. One way
to characterize the systematic uncertainties is to compare unalike
simulation programs. In this paper, a suite of neutron simulations
with identical geometries and starting parameters have been
performed with Geant4 and MCNP, using geometries relevant to the
LEGEND-1000 experiment. This study is an important step in gauging
the uncertainties of simulations-based estimates. To reduce project
risks associated with simulation uncertainties, a novel alternative
shield of methane-doped liquid argon is considered in this paper for
LEGEND-1000, which could achieve large background reduction without
requiring significant modification to the baseline design.
Optimization stability and performance of the TPS storage ring dipole magnet power supply
Authors: Wang Baosheng , Liu Kuobin , Liu Chenyao , Wong Yongseng
Published: May 2024

This article focuses on the current status of the dipole
magnet power supply (DMPS) and improvement in the Taiwan Photon
Source (TPS) storage ring. The DMPS provides a stable and precise
magnetic field for the storage ring operation. Appropriate wiring
methods are employed to minimize magnetic field interference across
the entire TPS area to meet the demands of high-energy output and
overcome the challenges of operating at high currents. The target
energy is set at 850 V and 750 A, utilizing a single-pole
switching voltage regulator as a high-precision constant current
source output structure. The system incorporates a closed control
loop that uses the Direct Current Current Transducer (DCCT) to
provide current signal feedback to the system. FPGA
(Field-Programmable Gate Array) calculates PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) compensation values, generating a
2.1 kHz pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to regulate the output
current. At the same time, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
modules are switching components. However, even after several years
of practical operation, the stability and performance of the DMPS in
the storage ring still require improvements. To enhance long-term
output current stability and address peripheral issues, the current
TPS utilizes the Beam Orbit Feedback (FOFB) system to suppress and
fine-tune the magnetic field and compensate for the impact of
temperature drift on the DMPS's output current. This improvement
ensures a more stable circulation of the photon beam within the
storage ring. By optimizing the temperature control circuit of the
main control card, the long-term output current stability has been
successfully enhanced to within ± 10 ppm. Simultaneously, the
FOFB system reduces uncertainties in adjusting the X-axis beam
position, improving beam stability and quality. Furthermore,
relevant protective measures have been implemented to ensure robust
system operation. Ultimately, these improvement measures have
successfully met TPS's stringent requirements for the DMPS, enabling
the synchrotron accelerator light source to operate at higher
performance levels and fostering advanced scientific research. The
results of these upgrades underscore the success of the power supply
enhancements, making significant contributions to the overall
improvement of the Taiwan Photon Source facility.
Evaluation of tribological and biological properties of Ti6Al4V coated with Si3N4/ND nanoparticles for orthopedic applications: a comprehensive analysis
Authors: Esmaeili Mohammad Mahdi , Nemati Nahid Hassanzadeh , Joupari Morteza Daliri
Published: May 2024

In this study, the biocompatibility and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V coated with silicon nitride (Si3N4)/nanodiamond using the electrophoretic deposition method were investigated. Suspensions of various aqueous and alcoholic solutions were prepared in the presence of CTAB and SDS dispersers. The most stable suspension system for the electrophoresis process was selected (aqueous media/ SDS disperser). Four different voltages (20, 30, 40 and 50 V) were applied to study the effect of voltage on the coating property. One could find that processing with 40 V obtained the best coating. The nano-composite coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, mapping analysis and x-ray diffraction after the coating process. The samples were then subjected to two nanoindentation and nano-scratching tests to evaluate their tribological properties. Biocompatibility was assessed in an ex vivo environment using two cell culture tests to evaluate survival and cellular adhesion. The results showed that the hardness and modulus elasticity of the coated sample increased from 85 to 124 GPa and 1.14–3.55 GPa, respectively, compared to the non-coated sample. Additionally, the MTT test results indicated that cellular survival and proliferation of MG63 cells increased from 86% for the non-coated sample to 92% for the Ti6Al4V/Si3N4 /ND sample. These findings have implications for orthopedic implant applications.
A facile single-cell patterning strategy based on harbor-like microwell microfluidics
Authors: Sun Yingnan , Liu Yongshu , Sun Dezhi , Liu Kexin , Li Yuyan , Liu Yumin , Zhang Shusheng
Published: May 2024

Single-cell analysis is an effective method for conducting comprehensive heterogeneity studies ranging from cell phenotype to gene expression. The ability to arrange different cells in a predetermined pattern at single-cell resolution has a wide range of applications in cell-based analysis and plays an important role in facilitating interdisciplinary research by researchers in various fields. Most existing microfluidic microwell chips is a simple and straightforward method, which typically use small-sized microwells to accommodate single cells. However, this method imposes certain limitations on cells of various sizes, and the single-cell capture efficiency is relatively low without the assistance of external forces. Moreover, the microwells limit the spatiotemporal resolution of reagent replacement, as well as cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we propose a new strategy to prepare a single-cell array on a planar microchannel based on microfluidic flip microwells chip platform with large apertures (50 μm), shallow channels (50 μm), and deep microwells (50 μm). The combination of three configuration characteristics contributes to multi-cell trapping and a single-cell array within microwells, while the subsequent chip flipping accomplishes the transfer of the single-cell array to the opposite planar microchannel for cells adherence and growth. Further assisted by protein coating of bovine serum albumin and fibronectin on different layers, the single-cell capture efficiency in microwells is achieved at 92.1% ± 1%, while ultimately 85% ± 3.4% on planar microchannel. To verify the microfluidic flip microwells chip platform, the real-time and heterogeneous study of calcium release and apoptosis behaviours of single cells is carried out. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-efficiency single-cell acquisition has been accomplished using a circular-well chip design that combines shallow channel, large aperture and deep microwell together. The chip is effective in avoiding the shearing force of high flow rates on cells, and the large apertures better allows cells to sedimentation. Therefore, this strategy owns the advantages of easy preparation and user-friendliness, which is especially valuable for researchers from different fields.
Tailored design of NHS–SS–NHS cross-linked chitosan nano-hydrogels for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy by GSH-responsive drug release
Authors: Ouyang Cuiling , Deng Minxin , Tan Xiaowei , Liu Ziyi , Huang Tuo , Yu Siyu , Ge Zan , Zhang Yafang , Ding Yujun , Chen Hezhang , Chu Hui , Chen Jian
Published: May 2024

The traditional chemotherapeutic agents’ disadvantages such as high toxicity, untargeting and poor water solubility lead to disappointing chemotherapy effects, which restricts its clinical application. In this work, novel size-appropriate and glutathione (GSH)-responsive nano-hydrogels were successfully prepared via the active ester method between chitosan (containing –NH2) and cross-linker (containing NHS). Especially, the cross-linker was elaborately designed to possess a disulfide linkage (SS) as well as two terminal NHS groups, namely NHS–SS–NHS. These functionalities endowed chitosan-based cross-linked scaffolds with capabilities for drug loading and delivery, as well as a GSH-responsive mechanism for drug release. The prepared nano-hydrogels demonstrated excellent performance applicable morphology, excellent drug loading efficiency (∼22.5%), suitable size (∼100 nm) and long-term stability. The prepared nano-hydrogels released over 80% doxorubicin (DOX) after incubation in 10 mM GSH while a minimal DOX release less than 25% was tested in normal physiological buffer (pH = 7.4). The unloaded nano-hydrogels did not show any apparent cytotoxicity to A 549 cells. In contrast, DOX-loaded nano-hydrogels exhibited marked anti-tumor activity against A 549 cells, especially in high GSH environment. Finally, through fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry analysis, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled nano-hydrogels show obvious specific binding to the GSH high-expressing A549 cells and nonspecific binding to the GSH low-expressing A549 cells. Therefore, with this cross-linking approach, our present finding suggests that cross-linked chitosan nano-hydrogel drug carrier improves the anti-tumor effect of the A 549 cells and may serve as a potential injectable delivery carrier.
Antifouling nanoplatform for controlled attachment of E. coli
Authors: Tavangar Amirhossein , Premnath Priyatha , Tan Bo , Venkatakrishnan Krishnan
Published: May 2024

Biofouling is the most common cause of bacterial contamination in implanted materials/devices resulting in severe inflammation, implant mobilization, and eventual failure. Since bacterial attachment represents the initial step toward biofouling, developing synthetic surfaces that prevent bacterial adhesion is of keen interest in biomaterials research. In this study, we develop antifouling nanoplatforms that effectively impede bacterial adhesion and the consequent biofilm formation. We synthesize the antifouling nanoplatform by introducing silicon (Si)/silica nanoassemblies to the surface through ultrafast ionization of Si substrates. We assess the effectiveness of these nanoplatforms in inhibiting Escherichia coli (E. coli) adhesion. The findings reveal a significant reduction in bacterial attachment on the nanoplatform compared to untreated silicon, with bacteria forming smaller colonies. By manipulating physicochemical characteristics such as nanoassembly size/concentration and nanovoid size, we further control bacterial attachment. These findings suggest the potential of our synthesized nanoplatform in developing biomedical implants/devices with improved antifouling properties.
Influence of global teleconnections on long-term variability in flood seasonality across peninsular India
Authors: Posa Poornima Chandra Lekha , Rasool Tabasum , Budamala Venkatesh , Bhowmik Rajarshi Das
Published: May 2024

Climate change and natural climate variability impact not only the frequency and magnitude of floods but also flood seasonality. However, limited to no study has investigated the seasonality in flood occurrence in peninsular Indian rivers. The Central Water Commission opening its long-term records of river stage and discharge gathered from many monitoring stations offers a unique opportunity to analyse flood seasonality. The primary aims of this study are to identify the time of the year when floods are most likely, investigate whether the occurrence of floods has changed over time due to the influence of climate change and natural climate variability, and determine the most significant large-scale and local climate drivers of flood seasonality. Stage and discharge data from 281 gauging stations across ten peninsular river basins are considered to identify the annual maximum gauge level for a gauging point while retaining the corresponding Julian day (also known as the date of occurrence or DO) for further analysis. Several attributes related to circular statistics are calculated from the DO series to find that 68% of the gauging stations experience floods during August, indicating the dominance of the monsoon system on DO. Preliminary analysis confirms that while most stations experience a non-stationarity in the DO series, a few stations exhibit a non-linear trend. Furthermore, our study develops a machine learning model with DO as predictand and 36 local and large-scale predictors to identify the dominant predictors of DO. The predictor importance metric shows that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) explain DO variability better than other drivers. Moreover, since ENSO and PDO are teleconnected with the onset of monsoon and annual maximum rainfall (Pradhan et al 2017 Sci. Rep.
7 14229; Choudhury et al 2021a Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
147 3111–23), flood seasonality demonstrates a connection with both PDO and ENSO.
Mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from Indian agriculture sector
Authors: Patange Omkar , Purohit Pallav , Avashia Vidhee , Klimont Zbigniew , Garg Amit
Published: May 2024

The Indian agriculture sector is driven by small and marginal farmers and employs two-thirds of the Indian work force. Agriculture also accounts for around a quarter of the total greenhouse gas emissions, mainly in the form of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Hence, agriculture is an important sector for India’s transition to net-zero emissions and for the achievement of the sustainable development goals. So far, very few studies have assessed the future trajectories for CH4 and N2O emissions from the agriculture sector. Moreover, assessment of CH4 and N2O mitigation potential at a subnational (state) level is missing but is important owing to the regional diversity in India. To fill this gap, we focus on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the agricultural activities using 23 sub-regions in India. We use the GAINS modelling framework which has been widely applied for assessing the mitigation strategies for non-CO2 emissions and multiple air pollutants at regional and global scales. We analyze a current policy and a sustainable agriculture scenario using different combinations of structural interventions and technological control measures to inform the Indian and global climate policy debates. Our results suggest that a combination of sustainable agricultural practices and maximum feasible control measures could reduce the CH4 and N2O emissions by about 6% and 19% by 2030 and 27% and 40% by 2050 when compared to the current policies scenario with limited technological interventions. At a sub-national level, highest mitigation potential is observed in Uttar Pradesh, followed by, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. The mitigation of agricultural CH4 and N2O also has co-benefits in terms of reduced local pollution, improved health, and livelihood opportunities for the local communities.
Autoencoder-based composite drought indices
Authors: Lee Taesam , Kong Yejin , Singh Vijay , Lee Joo-Heon
Published: May 2024

Depending on the type, drought events are described using different indices, such as meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. The use of different indices often causes confusion for making water-related management decisions. One simple summarized index which can describe the different aspects of drought is desired. Several methods have therefore been proposed, especially with the linear combination method which does not adequately describe drought characteristics. Meanwhile, autoencoders, nonlinear transformation in dimensional reduction, have been applied in the deep learning literature. The objective of this study, therefore, was to derive autoencoder-based composite drought indices (ACDIs). First, a basic autoencoder was directly applied as ACDI, illustrating a negative relation with the observed drought indices which was further multiplied by a negative. Also, the hyperbolic tangent function was adopted instead of the sigmoid transfer function due to its higher sensitivity to drought conditions. For better expression of drought indices, positive and unity constraints were applied for weights, denoted as ACDI-C. Further simplification was made as sACDI by excluding the decoding module since it was not necessary. All applied weights of different sites over a country can be unified into one weight, and the same weights were made for all the sites, called as sACDI1. In the context of model evaluation, a comprehensive analysis was undertaken employing metrics as root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and correlation coefficients. The collective findings underscore the superior performance of both the sACDI and sACDI1 models over their counterparts. Notably, these simplified models manifestly diminished RMSE and MAE values, indicating their enhanced predictive capabilities. Of particular note, sACDI1 exhibited a discernibly lower MAE in comparison to alternative models. Further alarm performance metrics was conducted including the false alarm ratio, probability of detection, and accuracy (ACC). The investigations revealed superiority of the simplified models in terms of alarm ACC, especially in the case of SRSI(A). The developed ACDI can comprehensively summarize multiple drought aspects and provide summarized information about drought conditions.
Artificial plant-based diet for mass-rearing larvae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Rindiani D E , Herlinda S , Suwandi S
Published: May 2024

Efforts to overcome the problems of a new pest,Spodoptera frugiperdaor fall armyworm, need basic and applied research. In order to carry out the research efficiently, it is necessary to rear large numbers of test insects on an artificial diet. The present study aimed to determine the effect of an artificial diet on larval weight, adult longevity, and number of eggs laid byS. frugiperda. Artificial diets were prepared from leaf-based ingredients of land spinach (Ipomoea reptans), pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), red mulberry (Morus rubra), and maize (Zea mays) (control). The present study indicated that the highest weight of6th instars was found on treatment of pigweed leaves (135.79 mg), which was significantly different from others. The longest longevity ofS. frugiperdaadults was found on pigweed (9.06 days), but it was not significantly different from that on red mulberry (8.03 days). The highest number of eggs laid was on pigweed (94.63 eggs per female), but this was not significantly different from maize (91.30 eggs per female) and red mulberry (84.86 eggs per female). Finally, the most appropriate artificial diet for mass-rearing larvae ofS. frugiperdais an artificial diet based on pigweed leaves.
The capacity of Trichogramma chilotraeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to parasitize Spodoptera frugiperda reared with natural diet vs artificial diet vs alternate host
Authors: Sari A , Nurkomar I , Buchori D
Published: May 2024

Parasitoids can be mass-produced easily using artificial diets or an alternate host. This research examined Trichogramma chilotreae’s ability to parasitize S. frugiperda (reared on different diets) and Corcyra cephalonica eggs (alternate host). The research was conducted using a completely randomized design. The treatment used is the type of egg (50 eggs of S. frugiperda fed on a natural and artificial diet during the larval stage and 50 eggs of C. cephalonica). These eggs were exposed for 24 hours to one mated female of T. chilotraeae and then reared until the emergence of adult parasitoids. Results show that T. chilotraeae parasitized more S. frugiperda eggs fed on a natural or artificial diet than C. cephalonica eggs. However, the parasitization rate was the same between the three. Similar to the sex ratio of the resulting T. chilotraeae offspring, S. frugiperda eggs fed on a natural diet produced more female offspring than S. frugiperda eggs fed on an artificial diet or on C. cephalonica eggs, indicating that mass rearing of T. chilotraeae can be carried out using a host in the form of S. frugiperda eggs from adult fed on artificial diet during a larval stage or by using C. cephalonica eggs.
Climate change mitigation and seasonal infestation patterns of citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri: implications for managing huanglongbing (HLB) disease in tangerine citrus
Authors: Endarto O , Wicaksono R C , Wuryantini S , Tarno H , Nurindah
Published: May 2024

The citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is a recognized vector of the devastating Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus plants, posing a significant threat to global citrus production. As climate change continues to influence agroecological conditions, comprehending the population dynamics of this vector is imperative for effective disease management. This study delved into the relationship between climate variations and D. citri infestation patterns in tangerine citrus orchards from January to December 2018. Leveraging a dataset of 12 monthly observation sets, we comprehensively analyzed the abundance of the citrus psyllid population. Our investigation unveiled a clear association between climate variability and the incidence of citrus psyllid infestations and HLB occurrences. Importantly, our findings revealed that D. citri infestations were confined to the budding phase. Contrary to expectations, rainfall and temperature did not correlate positively with the development of the D. citri population or the prevalence of HLB disease in tangerine citrus. These results suggest other factors significantly affect HLB spread, impacting disease management. Further research is needed to identify and understand these factors, providing valuable insights for mitigating climate change’s impact on citrus cultivation.
Adapting to climate disparities: Implications for fruit fly populations in citrus orchards
Authors: Wuryantini S , Endarto O , Wicaksono R C , Istianto M , Affandi
Published: May 2024

In the context of climate change, the agricultural sector faces the imperative of devising adaptive strategies to mitigate emerging challenges. This study aimed to know the relationship between climatic disparities and fruit fly populations in citrus orchards. Utilizing Steiner trap and Methyl Eugenol wooden blocks as monitoring, male annihilation controlling devices, and spraying protein bait, we conducted a comprehensive investigation across two distinct agroclimatic conditions. The main variations were monthly rainfall (mm), accentuating diverse agroclimatic dynamics. Surprisingly, an analysis comparing low rainfall (1-4 mm) to moderate rainfall (14-21 mm) periods did not affect fruit fly populations. Contrary to conventional assumptions, variations in only precipitation did not significantly impact fruit fly population dynamics. The critical factors were the dominant role of host plant availability and the efficacy of pest management practices in steering population trends. This study showed that climatic factors contribute to pest dynamics; however, they might not function as a single change factor. Instead, host plant availability and the implementation of effective pest control interventions held more significant influence. Based on the interconnected relationship between climate and pests, amid a continuously developing climate scenario, more careful management strategies are needed to increase the sustainability of citrus yields for food security and farmer welfare.
Virulence of the endophytic fungus, Trichoderma asperellum, against the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal)
Authors: Trizelia  , Rahma Haliatur , Syahrawati My
Published: May 2024

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is the main pest on rice plants. The pest attack causes rice plants to become dry, brownish, and burnt. Brown planthoppers (BPH) can be controlled in various ways, such as by applying the endophytic fungus, Trichoderma asperellum. The study aimed to determine the virulence of five T. asperellum isolates against brown planthoppers. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications. The treatment used T. asperellum isolates, namely SD327, PC21, A116, SD34, S2D11, and control. The concentration of Trichoderma used was 108 conidia/ml. The ANOVA and 5% LSD were used to analyze the data. The results showed that T. asperellum isolates could infect nymphs and adults of BPH. T. asperellum virulence in nymphs showed that all isolates had the same ability to kill the nymphs (40–48%). The percentage of emerged adults was lower in the PC211 isolate (214%). Applying T. asperellum to adults of BPH caused mortality between 30% - 46%. The highest adult mortality was recorded in the PC211 isolate with the mortality rate of 46% with an LT of 9.224 days. These isolate that was most effective in controlling the BPH population.
Current report of Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) attacking local fig (Ficus variegata) fruits in Bali: Molecular identification, invasion, and preference
Authors: Merta I N M , Supartha I W , Susila I W , Yuliadhi K A
Published: May 2024

Silba adipata is a new pest attacking white cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) whose attack symptoms are similar to those of Bactrocera dorsalis. The S. adipata was also reported to attack local fig (Ficus variegata). This study aimed to ascertain the type of black fruit fly on F. variegata, the invasion time of S. adipata attack on F. variegata fruit, and the potential of F. variegata fruit extract as an attractant for the black fruit fly. The methods used for objectives (1), (2), and (3) were CO1 analysis, a survey method, and a preference test, respectively. The results showed that the species of black fruit fly that attacked local figs (F. variegata) in Bali was S. adipata. S. adipata invades fruit at the age of 10 weeks after the formation (WAF) of the ovary; the highest attack occurs on fruit 13 days after the formation of the ovary. Local fig fruit extract effectively attracts black fruit flies. Local fig extract was effective in attracting S. adipata to chili plants. Concentrations of 20%-100% were significantly effective in attracting adult S. adipata compared to the control. The extract concentration of 60% was highly effective in attracting S. adipata adults.