bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA Polymerase-Associated Lectin (DPAL) and Its Binding to the Galactose-Containing Glycoconjugate of the Replication Complex
Authors: Kelley Thomas J. , Amand Tara St. , Groll Jeremy M. , Ray Satyajit , Basu Subhash
Published: March 2003

The highly purified DNA Pol-α from rat prostate tumor (PA-3) and human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells appeared to be inhibited by Ricin (RCA-II), and Con-A. Loss of activity (40 to 60%) of a specific form of DNA polymerase from IMR-32 was observed when the cells were treated with tunicamycin [Bhattacharya, P. and Basu, S. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA79:1488–1492]. Binding of ConA and RCA to human recombinant DNA polymerase-α showed a specific labile site in the N-terminus [Hsi et al.. (1990) Nucleic Acid Res.18:6231–6237].

The catalytic polypeptide, DNA polymerase-α of eukaryotic origin, was isolated from developing tissues or cultured cells as a family of 180 to 120 kDa polypeptides, perhaps derived from a single primary structure. Immunoblot analysis with a monoclonal antibody (SJK-237-71) indicated that the lower molecular weight polypeptides resulted from either proteolytic cleavage of post-translational modification after specific cleavages. Present results suggest DNA polymerase-α from embryonic chicken brain (ECB) contains an α-galactose-binding subunit which may be involved in developmental regulation of the enzyme. It was shown before that the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α reduces from 186 kDa in 11-day-old ECB to 120 kDa in 19-day-old ECB [Ray, S. et al. Cell Growth and Differentiation2:567–573] by the treatment with methyl-α-galactose. The low molecular weight DNA polymerase activity (120 kDa) can be reconstituted to high molecular weight (Mr = 186 kDa) with an α-galactose binding, 56 kDa lectin-like protein. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified lectin were able to precipitate DNA.

Pol-α as determined by immunostaining with the polymerase-α-specific monoclonal antibody SJK 132-20, suggesting this is a DNA polymerase associated-lectin (DPAL). RCA-II and GS-I-Sepharose 4B chromatographies resulted in significant purification of DNA-α and a complete separation of polymerase complex and primase.
Carbohydrate Analysis of Bradyrhizobial (NC 92) Lipopolysaccharides by High Performance-Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection
Authors: Das Hasi , Jayaraman Vani , Bhattacharya Indranil
Published: March 2003

Composition analysis of monosaccharides of Sepharose 4B purified NC 92 LPS and the polysaccharides fractions from Sephadex G-50 chromatography was performed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using pulsed amperometric detection. Rhamnose, mannose, galactose and glucose are present in a substantial amount in the purified LPS (Pk I). High molecular weight purified polysaccharides (PS I) obtained after sephadex gel filtration of the purified LPS (Pk I) acid hydrolysate showed an increase in glucose:galactose ratio. This indicates the presence of the peanut root lectin (PRA II) specific sugar in higher proportion on the O-antigen part of the LPS molecule, which may aid in the critical recognition reaction.
The Glucose Concentration Modulates N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe)-Stimulated Chemokinesis in Normal Human Neutrophils
Authors: Oldenborg Per-Arne , Sehlin Janove
Published: March 2003

The effects of glucose concentration on the chemokinetic effects of the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) was evaluated for normal human neutrophils using a direct microscopic assay. fMet-Leu-Phe increased the rate of locomotion in the absence of glucose, but the chemokinetic effect of fMet-Leu-Phe was most potent at 5mM glucose and not further changed at 15 mM glucose. The chemokinetic effects of fMet-Leu-Phe and glucose were essentially the same in blood clot-isolated and gradient-isolated neutrophils. However, in gradient-isolated neutrophils, the rate of locomotion under different experimental conditions was strictly negatively correlated to the fraction of non-locomoting cells and the degree of adhesion to the substratum. These results indicate that the chemokinetic effects of fMet-Leu-Phe are regulated by the glucose concentration by inducing locomotor activity in otherwise non-locomoting cells and by improving adhesion to the substratum.
Construction and Validation of a Test for Inductive Reasoning1
Authors: de Koning Els , Sijtsma Klaas , Hamers Jo H.M.
Published: March 2003

Summary We present in this paper a test for inductive reasoning (TIR), which consists of two versions that can be used to assess the inductive reasoning development of third-grade pupils in primary education. The test versions can also be used in combination with a training program for inductive reasoning. Two experiments using samples of 954 and 145 pupils were carried out to investigate the psychometric properties of the tests, including validity. Item response theory (IRT) analyses revealed that the scores on the two TIR tests gave meaningful inductive reasoning summaries. This was supported by analyses of the convergent and divergent validity of the TIR tests. IRT analyses were used to equate the two TIR test versions such that the scores can be compared on a common scale. Possible explanations for the misfit of items that were deleted from the TIR tests are discussed.
Career systems in transition
Authors: Baruch Yehuda
Published: March 2003

This paper offers an integrated formulation for the way organizations may approach planning and managing employees’ careers in a time of transition. A normative career model is developed and compared to an existing descriptive model. This normative model shows how career management practices may be integrated into a comprehensive organizational framework, and explores ways in which career systems can be transformed and aligned both internally and externally in terms of philosophy, policy and practice. The suggested formulation provides a framework from which organizations can develop strategic organizational career systems appropriate for the new millennium.
The provision of formal and informal work‐family practices: the relative importance of institutional and resource dependent explanations versus managerial explanations
Authors: Anne Bardoel E.
Published: March 2003

Examines the relative importance of institutional and resource dependent explanations versus managerial explanations of variations of formal and informal work‐family responsiveness. Work‐family responsiveness is defined in two ways: formal policies and practices that an organization offers, designed to assist employees to balance their work and family lives; and a work environment that is accommodating of its employees’ work‐family needs. Focuses attention on the important role that managerial attitudes have on the provision of work‐family practices and an accommodating work‐family workplace. Concludes that by integrating the insights of several theoretical perspectives, a more comprehensive model of organizational responsiveness in relation to work‐family practices is developed and a set of testable propositions that can guide future research can be made. Indicates that an additive theoretical model combining managerial and institutional factors offers the most appropriate theoretical explanation for identifying factors related to the provision of work‐family benefits and whether the workplace is accommodating of work‐family issues.
Phagocytosis and Macrophage Activation Associated With Hemorrhagic Microvessels in Human Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kockx Mark M. , Cromheeke Kristel M. , Knaapen Michiel W.M. , Bosmans Johan M. , De Meyer Guido R.Y. , Herman Arnold G. , Bult Hidde
Published: March 2003

Objective—

Previously, we demonstrated that activated inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-expressing foam cells in human carotid plaques often produce autofluorescent (per)oxidized lipids (ceroid). Here, we investigate whether intraplaque microvessels can provide foam cells with lipids and trigger macrophage activation.

Methods and Results—

Microvessels (von Willebrand factor [vWf] immunoreactivity), activated macrophages (iNOS immunoreactivity), and ceroid were systematically mapped in longitudinal sections of 15 human carotid endarterectomy specimens. An unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis classified vascular regions into 2 categories. One type with normal vWf expression and without inflammatory cells was seen, and another type with cuboidal endothelial cells, perivascular vWf deposits, and iNOS and ceroid-containing foam cells was seen in 4 (27%) of 15 plaques. The perivascular foam cells frequently contained platelets (glycoprotein Ibα) and erythrocytes (hemoglobin, iron), pointing to microhemorrhage/thrombosis and subsequent phagocytosis. Similar lipid-containing cells, expressing both ceroid and iNOS, were generated in atherosclerosis-free settings by incubating murine J774 macrophages with platelets or oxidized erythrocytes and also in vivo in organizing thrombi in normocholesterolemic rabbits.

Conclusions—

Focal intraplaque microhemorrhages initiate platelet and erythrocyte phagocytosis, leading to iron deposition, macrophage activation, ceroid production, and foam cell formation. Neovascularization, besides supplying plaques with leukocytes and lipoproteins, can thus promote focal plaque expansion when microvessels become thrombotic or rupture prone.
In Vivo Blockade of Platelet ADP Receptor P2Y
12
Reduces Embolus and Thrombus Formation but Not Thrombus Stability
Authors: van Gestel Miriam A. , Heemskerk Johan W.M. , Slaaf Dick W. , Heijnen Viviane V.T. , Reneman Robert S. , oude Egbrink Mirjam G.A.
Published: March 2003

Objective—

ADP is a key platelet agonist in thromboembolism. One of the receptors involved in ADP-induced platelet activation is the P2Y
12
receptor, which is a target for antithrombotic drugs.

Methods and Results—

Here, we present first evidence for a differential role of this receptor in thrombus and embolus formation in vivo. Anesthetized rabbits were treated with the selective P2Y
12
antagonists AR-C69931 MX (3 μg · kg · min
−1
IV) or clopidogrel (25 mg/kg orally). Efficacy of these treatments was monitored by aggregation and thrombin generation measurements in blood samples ex vivo. Mesenteric arterioles were mechanically injured; thrombus growth and subsequent embolus formation were visualized by real-time intravital microscopy. AR-C69931 MX and clopidogrel significantly (
P
<0.05) reduced the total duration of embolization (by 52% and 36%, respectively), and fewer and smaller emboli were produced. The size of the initial thrombus was significantly reduced (
P
<0.005), but its stability was unaffected: plug formation was still effective.

Conclusions—

These findings demonstrate that ADP and its P2Y
12
receptor are involved in thrombus growth and especially in the formation of emboli on the downstream side of the initial thrombus. This may explain the beneficial effects of P2Y
12
receptor antagonists in secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients with arterial thrombosis.
Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma and Retinoid X Receptor Results in Net Depletion of Cellular Cholesteryl Esters in Macrophages Exposed to Oxidized Lipoproteins
Authors: Argmann C.A. , Sawyez C.G. , McNeil C.J. , Hegele R.A. , Huff M.W.
Published: March 2003

Objective—Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has pleiotropic effects, including regulation of macrophage differentiation and lipid homeostasis. The PPARγ ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), attenuate atherosclerosis in mice by uncertain mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether activation of PPARγ or its obligate heterodimer, retinoid X receptor (RXR), modulates macrophage foam cell formation induced by oxidized (ox) lipoproteins.

Methods and Results—Incubation of THP-1 macrophages with oxHTG-VLDL, oxREM, or oxLDL increased cellular cholesteryl ester over 6-fold. Preincubation with the TZD, ciglitazone, the RXR-specific ligand, 9-cisretinoic acid (9cRA) or the combination reduced CE mass accumulation by up to 65%. Ciglitazone and 9cRA increased CD36 mRNA (up to 4-fold); however, uptake of [125I]oxLDL was only modestly enhanced (up to 1.8-fold) becaues of a concomitant PPARγ:RXR–induced decrease in SRAI/II activity (up to 40%). This suggested that PPARγ:RXR activation inhibited cholesteryl ester accumulation by enhancing cholesterol efflux. Ciglitazone and 9cRA were found to increase the expression of ATP-binding cassette proteins A1 and G1, resulting in enhanced cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein-deficient serum, apoAI and HDL3.

Conclusions—PPARγ and/or RXR activation inhibit foam cell formation through enhanced cholesterol efflux despite increased oxLDL uptake. These observations explain the reduced atherosclerosis in TZD-treated mice and may extend the therapeutic implications of these ligands.
Osteo/Chondrocytic Transcription Factors and Their Target Genes Exhibit Distinct Patterns of Expression in Human Arterial Calcification
Authors: Tyson Kerry L. , Reynolds Joanne L. , McNair Rosamund , Zhang Qiuping , Weissberg Peter L. , Shanahan Catherine M.
Published: March 2003

Objective—

Mineralization-regulating proteins are found deposited at sites of vascular calcification. However, the relationship between the onset of calcification in vivo and the expression of genes encoding mineralization-regulating proteins is unknown. This study aimed to determine the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of key bone and cartilage proteins as atherosclerotic calcification progresses.

Methods and Results—

Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on a panel of noncalcified and calcified human arterial samples, two classes of proteins could be identified: (1) Matrix Gla protein, osteonectin, osteoprotegerin, and aggrecan were constitutively expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the normal vessel media but downregulated in calcified arteries whereas (2) alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen II were expressed predominantly in the calcified vessel together with Cbfa1, Msx2, and Sox9, transcription factors that regulate expression of these genes. In the calcified plaque in situ hybridization identified subsets of VSMCs expressing osteoblast and chondrocyte-like gene expression profiles whereas osteoclast-like macrophages were present around sites of calcification.

Conclusions—

These observations suggest a sequence of molecular events in vascular calcification beginning with the loss of expression by VSMCs, of constitutive inhibitory proteins, and ending with expression by VSMCs and macrophages of chondrocytic, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic-associated proteins that orchestrate the calcification process.
Biological levels of cadmium and zinc in the small intestine of non-occupationally exposed human subjects
Authors: Orlowski Czeslaw , Piotrowski Jerzy K
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to estimate the relationships between cadmium (Cd) levels in the small intestine and other organs (kidney, liver, lungs) and factors influencing the intestinal Cd levels in humans, as based on autopsy analysis of subjects not exposed to Cd occupationally. The study also involved estimating the levels of zinc (Zn) in these organs, as it is known that this element exerts interactions with Cd at the level of absorption and tissue binding. The levels of Cd and Zn were determined in the renal cortex, liver, lungs and three fragments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) of 29 subjects deceased at the age 42± 13 years. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS; kidneys, liver) and flameless AAS (lungs, intestine) were used. The level of Cd in the lungs was used as a marker of smoking habit. The determined levels (mean± SD) were: 0.28± 0.16 mg Cd/g and 15.2± 3.4 mg Zn/g in the duodenum; 0.26± 0.15 mg Cd/g and 16.9± 3.7 mg Zn/g in the jejunum; 0.13± 0.07 mg Cd/g and 14.6± 5.4 mg Zn/g in the ileum. Intestinal Cd levels are correlated with organ and total body Cd, and this was best expressed for Cd in ileum (r=0.67 with renal, r=0.71 with hepatic and r=0.68 with total Cd). In conclusions, the levels of Cd in the small intestine of humans are relatively low and reflect predominantly the whole body retention of this element. Somewhat higher levels of Cd are contained in the initial parts of the small intestines. In all fragments of small intestines the levels of Cd are higher in smokers. Also, the levels of Zn were relatively low and did not correlate with the levels of Cd.
A Description of a Psychosocial/Psychoeducational Intervention for Persons with Recurrent Suicide Attempts
Authors: Bergmans Yvonne , Links Paul S.
Published: March 2003

Summary: This paper gives a description of a psychosocial/psychoeducational group intervention for individuals with a history of recurrent suicide attempts. The intervention was conceived to reduce the risk of future suicidal behavior and to modify the client's psychopathology. Three features are felt to make the intervention unique from others described in the literature. First, the intervention is targeted at both men and women from an inner-city population who are often underhoused, underemployed, and undereducated. 24 of 48 clients (50%) lived alone, and 24 of those (92%) were living in subsidized housing; 33% lived in supportive housing, and one lived on the street at the time of assessment. 48% had a high-school education or less. Second, the principles of our approach stressed client validation and participation in the development and delivery of the therapy. Our frame of reference was to name ourselves as professionals with a set of skills and access to some kinds of information and clients as the experts on the experience in their lives. Third, the group content incorporated a multimodal approach to meet the varied needs of the clients. Future reports will discuss the empirical evaluation of this intervention; however, the development of specific, targeted approaches for unique individuals with recurrent suicide attempts is clearly needed.
Psychological Analysis of the Sri Lankan Conflict Culture with Special Reference to the High Suicide Rate
Authors: Bolz Waltraud
Published: March 2003

Summary: The extremely high suicide rate in Sri Lanka is explained by a psychological analysis of the way in which Sri Lankans deal with conflicts. This “conflict culture” includes psychological factors, such as high rates in collectivism and power distance, repressive education, influence of foreign cultures, religion, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Structural changes toward another “conflict culture,” including conflict prevention and conflict solution in families and communities, are proposed.
Small Group Research in Europe
Authors: Gil Rodríguez Francisco , Alcover de la Hera Carlos María
Published: March 2003

After a long period of scarce resources and a long delay in new scientific results suffered as a consequence of recent Spanish history, research concerning groups has experienced a rapid development over the last 15 years of the 20th century—the result of the late but then clear institutionalization of psychology into university structure. Although most research has been carried out at the very heart of social psychology and along the traditional lines of the field, a significant growth in the study of groups and work teams in organizational contexts can now be highlighted, coinciding with the tendency detected internationally during the last years. Beyond the normalization of group research in Spain, it is necessary to point out its excessive dependency in both theory and methodology on models and tools elaborated throughout North America and Europe. The present review closes with the proposal of creating a European formative curriculum for group psychologists in order to unify and promote research within this active and important field of psychology.
The Training of Doctoral Students of Psychology in Germany
Authors: Strube Gerhard , Spada Hans
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, doctoral students in Germany have been trained under the individual guidance of their advisors. Because of recent developments, doctoral students, especially psychology students, are now being trained within organized research groups, including broad national doctoral programs, the Graduiertenkollegs. The present article documents these changes and provides some statistical data.
Doctoral Studies in Psychology in Spain
Authors: Rodríguez Yolanda García
Published: March 2003

In Spain doctoral studies underwent a major legal reform in 1998. The new legislation has brought together the criteria, norms, rules, and study certificates in universities throughout the country, both public and private. A brief description is presented here of the planning and structuring of doctoral programs, which have two clearly differentiated periods: teaching and research. At the end of the 2-year teaching program, the individual and personal phase of preparing one's doctoral thesis commences. However, despite efforts by the state to regulate these studies and to achieve greater efficiency, critical judgment is in order as to whether the envisioned aims are being achieved, namely, that students successfully complete their doctoral studies. After this analysis, we make proposals for the future aimed mainly at the individual period during which the thesis is written, a critical phase in obtaining the doctor's degree. Not enough attention has been given to this in the existing legislation.
The Education of Research Psychologists in Sweden
Authors: Larsson Knut , Frischer Josef
Published: March 2003

The education of researchers in Sweden is regulated by a nationwide reform implemented in 1969, which intended to limit doctoral programs to 4 years without diminishing quality. In an audit performed by the government in 1996, however, it was concluded that the reform had failed. Some 80% of the doctoral students admitted had dropped out, and only 1% finished their PhD degree within the stipulated 4 years. In an attempt to determine the causes of this situation, we singled out a social-science department at a major Swedish university and interviewed those doctoral students who had dropped out of the program. This department was found to be representative of the nationwide figures found in the audit. The students interviewed had all completed at least 50% of their PhD studies and had declared themselves as dropouts from this department. We conclude that the entire research education was characterized by a laissez-faire attitude where supervisors were nominated but abdicated. To correct this situation, we suggest that a learning alliance should be established between the supervisor and the student. At the core of the learning alliance is the notion of mutually forming a platform form which work can emerge in common collaboration. The learning alliance implies a contract for work, stating its goals, the tasks to reach these goals, and the interpersonal bonding needed to give force and endurance to the endeavor. Constant scrutiny of this contract and a mutual concern for the learning alliance alone can contribute to its strength.
Doctoral Training in the French- Speaking Countries of Europe: Objectives and Suggestions for Improvement
Authors: Brauer Markus , Abric Jean-Claude , Drozda-Senkowska Ewa , Lemaire Patrick , Lorenzi-Cioldi Fabio , Niedenthal Paula , Bo Sanitioso Rasyid , Schadron Georges , Steiner Dirk , Yzerbyt Vincent
Published: March 2003

In this article we discuss a number of objectives we consider important for improving graduate training. In addition, we propose several methods by which each objective may be attained. The suggestions are geared toward Francophone universities in Europe (including France, Belgium, and Switzerland) and their particular constraints, but they may prove useful for colleagues in other countries as well. First, we discuss how doctoral students can receive top-quality training in order to acquire the knowledge specific to the demands of a future university professor and researcher. Next, we develop more general objectives, including the development of a broad view of the discipline and the acquisition of skills such as the ability to write and publish scientific articles. We also emphasize the involvement of graduate students in professional activities and the necessity of developing close contacts with members of the broader scientific community. Finally, we discuss the selection of and the financial support for graduate students.
Allergic vs nonallergic asthma: what makes the difference?
Authors: Romanet‐Manent S. , Charpin D. , Magnan A. , Lanteaume A. , Vervloet D. ,   and the EGEA Cooperative Group
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim of this work was to describe clinical similarities and differences between allergic and nonallergic asthmatics, notably concerning the nasosinusal involvement.

Methods: A total of 165 asthmatics (122 allergics and 43 nonallergics) and 193 controls (40 allergics and 153 nonallergics), recruited in the frame of EGEA study (Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy), were included. Asthmatics were included on the basis of positive answer to four standardized items. To establish differences and similarities between allergic and nonallergic asthmatics, general characteristics (age, sex, smoking habits, history of hay fever and allergic dermatitis), history of asthma, severity and nasosinusal involvement were examined. Clinical assessment was based on the answers to a detailed questionnaire, and spirometry.

Results: Greater age, female sex, sinusal polyposis, and FEV1 below 80% of the predicted value increased the risk of displaying a nonallergic type of asthma, whereas history of hay fever, seasonal exacerbation of asthma, and asthma duration lowered this risk. Unexpectedly, we found no difference in terms of rhinitic symptoms between both groups, probably resulting from distinct causes.

Conclusion: These results give new insights into the contrasts between clinical features of allergic and nonallergic asthma. The terminology of extrinsic asthma was first introduced by Rackeman in 1947 (1) and referred to the triggering role of allergens in asthma. By symmetry, he described intrinsic asthma as a disease characterized by later onset in life, female predominance, higher degree of severity, and more frequent association to nasosinusal polyposis. As these asthmatics were not improved by conventional treatment, this author considered their disease as caused by a nonallergic, unknown phenomenon. It is now widely admitted that nonallergic asthma can be objectively distinguished from allergic asthma based on negative skin tests to usual aeroallergens. On the other hand, positive skin test shows a tendency to produce IgE antibodies in response to low doses of allergens. “Atopy” and “atopic” are the terms used to describe this clinical trait and predisposition (2). Allergic clinical manifestations of atopy are of various types, for example rhinitis and asthma. Nowadays the terminology of “extrinsic” and “intrinsic” asthma should no longer be used, and should be replaced by the terminology of “allergic” or “nonallergic” asthma (2).
Prevalence and features of allergic rhinitis in Italy
Authors: Olivieri M. , Verlato G. , Corsico A. , Lo Cascio V. , Bugiani M. , Marinoni A. , . de Marco R ,   for the Italian ECRHS group
Published: March 2003

Background: Italian data on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis are sparse and with wide variations, maybe because of different diagnostic criteria and methods of investigation. This study analyzes the information on rhinitis collected in northern Italy through standardized methods within the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

Methods: A screening questionnaire was sent by mail to a random sample of the general population aged 20–44 years, and nonresponders were contacted again by phone, achieving a final response rate of 86% (6031/7000). Among the responders, 914 randomly selected underwent a standardized clinical interview, skin prick test (SPT) and total and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E determination.

Results: The overall prevalence of self‐reported allergic rhinitis was 15.9% (95% CI 15.0–16.8%). Allergic rhinitis was more common in men below 35 years and in women older than that (P = 0.006), in urban areas (P < 0.001) and in early responders (P < 0.001). A larger percentage of subjects (37.7%) reported nasal symptoms when exposed to indoor or outdoor allergens. Atopy was present in 79% of the subjects reporting allergic rhinitis.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in northern Italy is similar to the prevalence observed in other European countries and that this disease is more common in urban areas.
Health impacts of second‐hand exposure to cat allergen Fel d 1 in infants
Authors: Heissenhuber A. , Heinrich J. , Fahlbusch B. , Borte M. , Wichmann H.‐E. , Bolte G. ,   for the LISA Study Group
Published: March 2003

Background: Recent cross‐sectional studies suggested that highest sensitization prevalences occur with moderate cat allergen exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of moderate levels of second‐hand cat allergen exposure on the incidence of specific sensitization and wheezing in the framework of a birth cohort study. Therefore we restricted our analysis to infants without a cat at home since birth.

Methods: At infant's age 3 months, cat allergen levels were measured in the mattress dust of 1840 families without cats. At age 2 years, serum IgE specific to Fel d 1 was analyzed. Incidence of wheezing apart from respiratory infection was assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between second‐hand cat allergen exposure and health outcomes.

Results: Until age 2 years, 13 of 1301 infants (1%) were sensitized to cat allergen and 56 of 1492 infants (4%) had ever‐wheezing without infection. Early exposure to second‐hand cat allergen levels ≥ 1 µg/g dust increased substantially the risk for specific sensitization to Fel d 1 (OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.4–35.0) and ever‐wheeze without infection (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.9) at age 2 years.

Conclusions: Second‐hand exposure to cat allergen in homes without cats is detrimental in terms of allergy development in infants.
Winter mortality in sub‐corticolous populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and its parasitoids in the south‐eastern Alps
Authors: Faccoli M.
Published: March 2003

A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub‐corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south‐eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1 dm2 each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49 % from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5 %) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5 %).
Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany
Authors: Adisu B. , Starý P. , Freier B. , Büttner C.
Published: March 2003

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.
Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabük regions of Turkey
Authors: Toper Azize
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Col., Scolytidae) living in Abies bornmülleriana (Mattf.) in fir forests in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey. The dates of swarming, tree attack, egg‐laying, and different stages of development are given. The species had two generations per year.
A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid‐sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol
Authors: Andrews J. I. , Kumar N. , Van Den Brom R. H. G. , Olkkola K. T. , Roest G. J. , Wright P. M. C.
Published: March 2003

Background: Rocuronium has an onset of action more rapid than other non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, but it is unclear whether it and succinylcholine give equivalent intubating conditions during rapid‐sequence induction of anaesthesia. We performed this study to answer the question – are there clinically relevant differences between the use of rocuronium and succinylcholine to secure acceptable intubating conditions during rapid‐sequence induction of anaesthesia with propofol?

Methods: Anaesthesia was induced using propofol 2.5 mg/kg in 349 ASA physical status grade I–IV patients who were undergoing either elective or emergency surgery. Propofol was followed immediately by either rocuronium 0.6 or 1 mg/kg or succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg (randomly selected). Fifty seconds after the end of muscle relaxant injection laryngoscopy was performed and intubating conditions were graded by an experienced anaesthetist blind to the muscle relaxant allocation. This study design was selected so that a 10% difference in clinically acceptable intubating conditions between drugs would be detectable.

Results: In this setting rocuronium 1.0 mg/kg provided superior intubating conditions compared with rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. The incidence of clinically acceptable intubating conditions with rocuronium 1.0 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg was 93.2% and 97.1% respectively, the difference being −3.9% (95% C.I. −9.7% to 1.9%).

Conclusion: Rocuronium 1.0 mg/kg given along with propofol in a rapid‐sequence induction of anaesthesia is clinically equivalent to succinylcholine 1.0 mg/kg.
Time dependency of the ratio of umbilical vein/maternal artery concentrations of vecuronium in caesarean section
Authors: Iwama H. , Kaneko T. , Tobishima S. , Komatsu T. , Watanabe K. , Akutsu H.
Published: March 2003

Background: The ratio of umbilical vein (UV) and maternal artery (MA) concentrations of vecuronium may more accurately determine the placental transfer ratio during caesarean section. This ratio potentially correlates with the time from induction of anaesthesia to delivery (I‐D time). The aim of this study was to determine the UV/MA ratio of vecuronium and its relationship with the I‐D time.

Methods: Eighteen pregnant women at full term undergoing caesarean section were studied. The parturient was given intravenously 0.01 mg/kg vecuronium as a priming dose, followed 180 s later by 0.11 mg/kg vecuronium as an intubation dose and 4 mg/kg thiamylal. The time from the injection of the intubation dose to the clamping of the umbilical cord was regarded as the I‐D time. At the time of clamping the umbilical cord, blood samples were collected and the UV and MA of vecuronium were measured.

Results: The UV/MA ratio and the I‐D time, expressed as the mean (SD), were 0.056 (0.016) and 280 (57) s, respectively. The regression equation indicated y=0.0083+0.00017×(R2=0.381, r=0.617, P=0.0063, I‐D time (s)=x, UV/MA=y).

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the UV/MA ratio of vecuronium as an index of the placental transfer becomes smaller as the delivery time after injection of this drug becomes shorter during caesarean section.
Clinical evaluation of low‐flow sevoflurane anaesthesia for paediatric patients
Authors: Igarashi M. , Watanabe H. , Iwasaki H. , Namiki A.
Published: March 2003

Background: Sevoflurane expenditure, inspired gas humidity, temperature, soda lime temperature, and compounds A and B were measured during high and low fresh gas flow anaesthesia in paediatric patients.

Methods: Sixty ASA 1 or 2 paediatric patients were randomly allocated to two groups: low‐flow circle anaesthesia (LFA) patient group (n=30) and high‐flow circle anaesthesia (HFA) patient group (n=30). Initial fresh gas flow (FGF) was 4 l · min−1 of nitrous oxide and 2 l · min−1 of oxygen in both groups. This FGF of 6 l · min−1 was maintained in the HFA group. After 10 min of HFA, the FGF was reduced to 600 ml · min−1 (nitrous oxide and oxygen 300 ml · min−1 each) in the LFA group.

Results: Sevoflurane expenditure during LFA was about 1/7 of that during HFA (3.3±0.2 ml · h−1 · vol.%−1 compared to 22.8±0.6 ml · h−1 · vol.%−1, mean±SEM, respectively). Absolute humidity in the LFA patients was 4 times higher than that in the HFA patients (22.8±2.4 g · m−3, 5.6±3.4 g · m−3 respectively). There was no significant difference in the inspiratory gas temperature between the LFA (28.5±0.6°C) and HFA (26.9±1.3°C) groups. There was significant difference in the mean highest soda lime temperature between the LFA (35.5±1.2°C) and HFA (28.7±1.2°C) groups. The mean highest concentration of compound A was 12.2±3.8 ppm in the LFA group. The mean highest concentration of compound B was less than 1 ppm. Compounds A and B were below detectable level in the HFA group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, sevoflurane used for paediatric patients in a circle system with a fresh gas flow of 0.6 l · min−1 resulted in a significantly reduced sevoflurane expenditure, higher inspired absolute humidity, but not temperature, compared to a fresh gas flow of 6 l · min−1. Low levels of compounds A and B were detected.
The effects of tramadol on postoperative nausea, vomiting and headache after ENT surgery. A placebo‐controlled comparison with equipotent doses of nalbuphine and pethidine
Authors: Van Den Berg A. A. , Halliday E. , Kisembo Lule E. , Baloch M. S.
Published: March 2003

Background: Opioids given as adjuncts to balanced inhalational anaesthesia augment postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Tramadol, equipotent to pethidine, does not depress respiration, but can cause an increase in blood pressure and headache via its monoaminergic actions. Nalbuphine, ten times as potent as pethidine, has a ceiling respiratory depressant and ceiling analgesic effect at >0.3 mg · kg−1. We compared the effects of equipotent doses of tramadol and nalbuphine (3.0 and 0.3 mg · kg−1, respectively) given as analgesic with induction of anaesthesia on emesis during recovery from anaesthesia and on PONV and headache until 24 h after ENT surgery, using saline (0.2 ml · kg−1) and an equipotent dose of pethidine (1.5 mg · kg−1) as controls.

Method: The study population (N=281) comprised 4 comparable subgroubs (N=69 to 71 each). Anaesthetic medications were standardised. Emesis during recovery from anaesthesia and nausea, vomiting, retching, headache and administrations of antiemetic and analgesics until 24 h after surgery were recorded.

Results: Emesis and antiemetic requirements during recovery from anaesthesia were similar and infrequent in each group, as were the incidences of nausea alone (3 to 5%), vomiting alone (17 to 31%), and nausea with vomiting (10 to 22%) during the first 24 h after surgery. However, any complaint of PONV was least frequent in the saline and pethidine groups (32% and 37%, respectively) and most frequent in the tramadol and nalbuphine groups (49% and 52%, respectively; P<0.05 versus saline, both comparisons; P=NS versus pethidine, both comparisons). The times to onset and severity of PONV were similar in each group, but patients given nalbuphine most frequently (P<0.025) needed rescue antiemetic to treat PONV. Headache occurred with similar frequency in each group.

Conclusion: It is concluded that tramadol, nalbuphine and pethidine have similar emetic effect in the doses and manner used, and that tramadol does not increase the incidence of postoperative headache when used as peroperative analgesic.
Does preoperative night pulse oximetry provide a reliable baseline?
Authors: Rasmussen L. S. , Kjær M. , Vogt K. , Moller J. T.
Published: March 2003

Background: Postoperative hypoxaemia may be detected by pulse oximetry monitoring of the arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2). The SpO2‐values obtained on the preoperative night are presumed to represent baseline values for the patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible difference between nocturnal SpO2‐values in the patient’s home and in the hospital before operation.

Methods: We included 20 patients, 60 years or older, who underwent continuous monitoring of SpO2 on one night in the patient’s home and on the night following hospitalisation before surgery. The alarms were turned off and the values were not accessible to the hospital staff. The SpO2 value was stored every 10 s. We described the general oxygen saturation level using the median of all valid values and we calculated the number of valid SpO2‐values at 3 levels: above 90%, between 86 and 90%, and below 86%.

Results: The number of valid SpO2‐values at home and in the hospital were 2186 and 2330, respectively; the median value was 96% on both occasions. Only 0.36% of the values were below 91% on the two occasions and there were no statistically significant differences between the number of SpO2‐values at any of the considered levels.

Conclusion: Arterial oxygen saturation values measured on the preoperative night in the hospital seem reliable as baseline values for elderly patients.
Effect of experience with spinal anaesthesia on the development of post‐dural puncture complications
Authors: Flaatten H. , Berg C. M. , Brekke S. , Holmaas G. , Natvik C. , Varughese K.
Published: March 2003

Background: This clinical study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of operator experience with spinal anaesthesia (SA) on development of postural post‐dural puncture headache (PPDPH) and postoperative backache.

Methods: The study was a cohort study of the first 100 SA performed by each of 5 trainees in anaesthesiology at the very beginning of their training period. SA was conducted with assistance and guidance according to usual departmental practice. In each SA, data regarding level of puncture, needle size, number of punctures, use of introducer and infiltration anaesthesia were recorded. In addition, usual problems and complications connected with dural puncture were registered. A visual analogue scale was used to record how difficult the procedure was experienced by the trainees. Postoperatively, the patients were contacted by the same trainee, usually by telephone. A semi‐structured interview was conducted where occurrence and duration of headache, backache and other complaints were recorded. Headache was classified as PPDPH or non‐PPDPH, and intensity of the headache was registered using a numerical rating scale (NRS) from 0 to 10.

Results: Five hundred SA in 495 patients with a mean age of 61.3 years were included in the study. Of these, 394 patients were completely followed‐up postoperatively; the main reason for the drop‐out was patient‐related factors such as advanced age and dementia. Headache occurred in 56 patients postoperatively. PPDPH was diagnosed in 33 and non‐PPDPH occurred in 23 patients. Postoperative backache was experienced by 27 patients. No significant effect experience with SA could be found regarding the occurrence of postoperative complications; 16 compared to 17 patients with PPDPH were found in the first and the last half of patients. A marked inter‐individual difference in the occurrence of PPDPH was found in the patients treated by the 5 trainees.

Conclusions: We could not demonstrate an effect of experience and training on development of complications after SA with regard to PPDPH and backache.
Intra‐articular buprenorphine after knee arthroscopy
Authors: Varrassi G. , Marinangeli F. , Ciccozzi A. , Iovinelli G. , Facchetti G. , Ciccone A.
Published: March 2003

Background: Demonstration of peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed synovia supports the concept of peripheral opioid analgesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of intra‐articular administration of buprenorphine after knee arthroscopy.

Methods: In a double‐blind randomised trial, 48 patients were assigned to four groups: group A patients received buprenorphine 100 μg i.a. and NaCl 0.9% i.m., group B patients received bupivacaine 0.25% 50 mg i.a. and NaCl 0.9% i.m., group C patients received NaCl 0.9% i.a. and buprenorphine 100 μg i.m., and group D patients received NaCl 0.9% i.a. and NaCl 0.9% i.m. Intensity of postoperative pain was evaluated by VAS at recovery (T0) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h after operation (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5), at rest and during passive 10° knee flexion. Total analgesic requirements and side effects related to study drugs were recorded.

Results: The VAS scores were significantly higher in groups C and D than in group A and B patients. The differences were significant at T0, T1, T2 and T3. At T1, group C and D patients had greater analgesic requirement than groups A and B. No patients developed side effects.

Conclusion: Intra‐articular buprenorphine and i.a. bupivacaine, both produced equally good postoperative pain control and allowed a significant reduction of analgesic requirement after knee arthroscopy.