bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive rights: Current issues of late abortion
Authors: Mujovic-Zornic Hajrija
Published: October 2010

This article considers the legal issues surrounding induced late abortion in cases when severe medical, therapeutic or ethical reasons have not been in dispute. Generally discussing the essential question about abortion today, it means not anymore legality of abortion but, in the first place, safety of abortion. From the aspect of woman health the most important aim is to detect and avoid possible risks of medical intervention, such as late abortion present. This is the matter of medical law context and also the matter of the woman's reproductive rights, here observed through legislation and court practice. The gynecologist has an obligation to obtain the informed consent of each patient. Information's should be presented in reasonably understandable terms and include alternative modes of treatment, objectives, risks, benefits, possible complications, and anticipated results of such treatment. Pregnant woman should receive supportive counseling before and particularly after the procedure. The method chosen for all terminations should ensure that the fetus is born dead. This should be undertaken by an appropriately trained practitioner. Reform in abortion law, making it legally accessible to woman, is not necessarily the product of a belief in woman's rights, but can be a means of bringing the practice of abortion back under better control. Counseling and good medical practice in performing late abortion are the instruments to drive this point even further home. It does not undermine the woman who wants to make a positive decision about her life and its purpose is not to produce feelings of insecurity and guilt. It concludes that existing law should not be changed but that clear rules should be devised and board created to review late term abortion. In Serbia, this leads to creation and set up guidelines for reconciling medical justification for late abortion with existing law, especially with solutions which brings comparative law. .
Population policy: State and expectations
Authors: Rasevic Mirjana
Published: October 2010

Population policy is a requirement and demand of the times we are living in. Serbia's response to the problems of demographic development is based on numerous adopted documents of strategic type regarding the policy towards population fertility, mortality and population ageing. Their adoption, however, represents only the first step. A good first step, it seems. All important resources of the population policy are recognized in the strategies. Numerous measures and activities have been stated, many worked out. A multi-sector approach has been accepted, defined and coordinated in their realization. However, the realization of expected results will greatly depend on the operationalization of proposed measures and activities and of course, their putting into effect. On the contrary, in the strategic document which the state adopted towards migrations, there has not even been an attempt to find solutions regarding a more complete political response towards internal and external migrations. What is the least necessary is carrying out measures and activities in order to mitigate problems which arise from a disturbed spatial population distribution and population drain. The time factor in population policy is especially important because, on the one hand, accomplishment of positive effects and mitigation of demographic disturbances requires time and, on the other hand, any delay of changes worsens the demographic basis and increases the strength of its inertness.
Characterisation of Ni-C films obtained in PVD/CVD process
Authors: Kęczkowska Justyna
Published: October 2010

The work presents the results of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectrometry studies of carbonaceous nanostructures containing nickel nanocrystallites. The films were obtained using a two-step method. In the first phase the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) method was applied, whereas in the second Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) method was used. The paper presents results for samples with various Ni content obtained with different parameters of the two-phase technological process. The research confirms that the thin films obtained by PVD method contain Ni nanocrystallites distributed in a carbonaceous matrix. The matrix is composed of various carbon allotropes (amorphous carbon, graphite, fullerene). The thin films made by CVD method make a matrix when multiwalled, carbonaceous nanotubes are obtained. Depending on the technological process parameters of each phase, we obtain multiwall nanotubes with a various degree of defects.
A Corpus-Based, Pilot Study of Lexical Stress Variation in American English
Authors: Henderson Alice
Published: October 2010

Phonological free variation describes the phenomenon of there being more than one pronunciation for a word without any change in meaning (e.g. because, schedule, vehicle). The term also applies to words that exhibit different stress patterns (e.g. academic, resources, comparable) with no change in meaning or grammatical category. A corpus-based analysis of free variation is a useful tool for testing the validity of surveys of speakers' pronunciation preferences for certain variants. The current paper presents the results of a corpus-based pilot study of American English, in an attempt to replicate Mompéan's 2009 study of British English.
Native Speaker Perceptions of Accented Speech: The English Pronunciation of Macedonian EFL Learners
Authors: Kirkova-Naskova Anastazija
Published: October 2010

The paper reports on the results of a study that aimed to describe the vocalic and consonantal features of the English pronunciation of Macedonian EFL learners as perceived by native speakers of English and to find out whether native speakers who speak different standard variants of English perceive the same segments as non-native. A specially designed computer web application was employed to gather two types of data: a) quantitative (frequency of segment variables and global foreign accent ratings on a 5-point scale), and b) qualitative (open-ended questions). The result analysis points out to three most frequent markers of foreign accent in the English speech of Macedonian EFL learners: final obstruent devoicing, vowel shortening and substitution of English dental fricatives with Macedonian dental plosives. It also reflects additional phonetic aspects poorly explained in the available reference literature such as allophonic distributional differences between the two languages and intonational mismatch.
Designing and Piloting a Tool for the Measurement of the Use of Pronunciation Learning Strategies
Authors: Pawlak Mirosław
Published: October 2010

Despite the fact that the last few years have witnessed a growth of interest in pronunciation learning strategies (PLS) (e.g. Petersen 2000; Pawlak 2008a; Wrembel 2008), this line of inquiry still remains neglected and is in urgent need of further empirical investigation. This is because the available research findings are primarily confined to the identification and description of the strategic devices that learners draw upon in their attempts to learn the various segmental and suprasegmental features, with only a handful of studies addressing such issues as the factors influencing PLS choice and use, the impact of proficiency levels or the value of strategies-based instruction in this area. Another problem is related to the use of diverging research methodologies and data collection tools, which renders it impossible to make comparisons between various studies, view their results in a cumulative way and arrive at conclusions concerning the effectiveness of specific strategies used by learners. What appears to be indispensable to drive the field forward and ensure that research findings will be comparable across studies and provide a sound basis for feasible pedagogic proposals is to draw up a classification of PLS and design on that basis a valid and reliable data collection tool which could be employed to measure the use of these strategies in different groups of learners, correlate it with individual and contextual variables, and appraise the effects of training programs. In accordance with this rationale, the present paper represents an attempt to propose a tentative categorization of pronunciation learning strategies, adopting as a point of reference the existing taxonomies of strategic devices (i.e. O'Malley and Chamot 1990; Oxford 1990) and the instructional options teachers have at their disposal when dealing with elements of this language subsystem (e.g. Kelly 2000; Goodwin 2001). It also introduces a research instrument designed on the basis of the classification that shares a number of characteristics with Oxford's (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning but, in contrast to it, includes both Likert-scale and open-ended items. The findings of a pilot study which involved 80 English Department students demonstrate that although the tool requires considerable refinement, it provides a useful point of departure for future research into PLS.
Making English a New Latin
Authors: Scheuer Sylwia
Published: October 2010

The paper looks at various aspects of the so-called Latin-English analogy and particularly at the ways in which English may share the fate of Latin in ultimately becoming a victim of its own success. A critical factor in the history of Latin was a conceptual split between its native and non-native varieties, which eventually proved instrumental in establishing its reputation as a dead language. The author wishes to argue that current proposals for a codification of English as a Lingua Franca, aimed at providing vast numbers of L2 learners with a pedagogical alternative that does not emulate L1 standards, may be regarded as major steps towards making English a new Latin: creating a similar split between native versus foreigners' English.
The European Social Fund's influence on labour supply in Poland
Authors: Kobus-Ostrowska Dorota
Published: October 2010

The article analyses the use and distribution of the European Social Fund's resources among the Polish regions and identifies the target groups of their beneficiaries. Operations undertaken by offices on labor market are very important not only locally but also regionally. Available forms support creation of work places, help people without professional experience to get or develop new qualification. It is proper to continue mention effects and encourage potential assigns for participation in projects.
Patients Are Satisfied with Advanced Practice Physiotherapists in a Role Traditionally Performed by Orthopaedic Surgeons
Authors: Kennedy Deborah M. , Robarts Susan , Woodhouse Linda
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To measure and compare patient satisfaction with follow-up care in advanced practice physiotherapist (APP) and orthopaedic surgeon clinics for patients following total hip or knee replacement.

Method: Consecutive patients attending either an APP-led or a surgeon-led review clinic were surveyed using a modified nine-item satisfaction questionnaire based on the Visit-Specific Satisfaction Instrument (VSQ-9). Chi-square analyses were used to examine differences in patient characteristics and type of visit. Independent t-tests were used to examine potential differences in patient satisfaction.

Results: Of the 123 participants, more than half were aged 65 years or older. Chi-squared analyses revealed no significant difference in participant characteristics (gender, age, and overall health status) between the two different types of clinics. There was a significant difference (χ24=12.49, p=0.014) in the distribution of the timing of follow-up appointments. There was no significant difference between the groups in mean overall patient satisfaction scores on the modified VSQ-9 (p=0.34) nor in the mean of the sum of the seven items related to the service provider (p=0.85). Satisfaction scores for most of the service-provider items were above 90/100.

Conclusion: Patients are highly satisfied with the care provided by APPs in follow-up clinics after joint replacement. Evaluation of the patient perspective is essential to any new role involving a shift in traditional practice boundaries.
Modifiable Risk Factors Identify People Who Transition from Non-fallers to Fallers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Prospective Study
Authors: Muir Susan W. , Berg Katherine , Chesworth Bert M. , Klar Neil , Speechley Mark
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To identify modifiable risk factors associated with the transition from non-faller to faller in community-dwelling older adults.

Method: A prospective study design was used. Adults aged 60 to 90 years (n=90, mean age=79.7 years, 63% male) who did not report falling in the past year were included. A comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed at study baseline, and daily falls data were collected monthly for 1 year. Multivariable regression using a modified Poisson model on fall status (yes/no) and a Cox proportional hazards model for time to first fall were used to identify risk factors.

Results: Twenty-four people (27%) fell. Modifiable risk factors were present in 67% of study participants, and fall risk increased as the number of risk factors increased. The most common activities performed prior to falling were walking and using stairs. Fall risk doubled ([relative risk=2.00; 95%CI: 1.13–3.56) per unit increase in the number of risk factors (lower-extremity weakness, balance impairment, and ≥4 prescription medications).

Conclusions: Among older adults who were self-reported non-fallers, falls were a common outcome, and modifiable risk factors were present in the majority of the sample. The absence of a fall history does not rule out the need to screen for other risk factors for falls. Functional lower-extremity weakness, balance impairment as measured by the Berg Balance Scale (score <50), and number of risk factors were independent predictors for the transition in status from non-faller to faller. Further research is required to define effective interventions to prevent first falls.
CD20+ B Cells: The Other Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Authors: Nelson Brad H.
Published: October 2010

Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are strongly associated with patient survival in a wide variety of human cancers. Less is known about tumor-infiltrating CD20+ B cells, which often colocalize with T cells, sometimes forming organized lymphoid structures. In autoimmunity and organ transplantation, T cells and B cells collaborate to generate potent, unrelenting immune responses that can result in extensive tissue damage and organ rejection. In these settings, B cells enhance T cell responses by producing Abs, stimulatory cytokines, and chemokines, serving as local APCs, and organizing the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures that sustain long-term immunity. Thus, B cells are an important component of immunological circuits associated with persistent, rampant tissue destruction. Engagement of tumor-reactive B cells may be an important condition for generating potent, long-term T cell responses against cancer.
Heart-Kidney Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Stress Testing
Authors: Haapio Mikko , House Andrew A. , de Cal Massimo , Cruz Dinna N. , Lentini Paolo , Giavarina Davide , Fortunato Antonio , Menghetti Luigi , Salgarello Matteo , Lupi Andrea , Soffiati Giuliano , Fontanelli Alessandro , Zanco Pierluigi , Ronco Claudio
Published: October 2010

We examined association of inducible myocardial perfusion defects with cardiorenal biomarkers, and of diminished left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with kidney injury marker plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Patients undergoing nuclear myocardial perfusion stress imaging were divided into 2 groups. Biomarkers were analyzed pre- and poststress testing. Compared to the patients in the low ischemia group (n=16), the patients in the high ischemia group (n=18) demonstrated a significantly greater rise in cardiac biomarkers plasma BNP, NT-proBNP and cTnI. Subjects were also categorized based on pre- or poststress test detectable plasma NGAL. With stress, the group with no detectable NGAL had a segmental defect score 4.2 compared to 8.2 (P=.06) in the detectable NGAL group, and 0.9 vs. 3.8 (P=.03) at rest. BNP rose with stress to a greater degree in patients with detectable NGAL (10.2 vs. 3.5 pg/mL,P=.03). LVEF at rest and with stress was significantly lower in the detectable NGAL group; 55.8 versus 65.0 (P=.03) and 55.1 vs. 63.8 (P=.04), respectively. Myocardial perfusion defects associate with biomarkers of cardiac stress, and detectable plasma NGAL with significantly lower LVEF, suggesting a specific heart-kidney link.
Multimodality Imaging of Chronic Ischemia
Authors: Ishikawa Kiyotake , Ladage Dennis , Rapti Kleopatra , Fernandez-Friera Leticia , Maria Garcia-Lopez Ana , Sanz Javier , Hajjar Roger J. , Kawase Yoshiaki , Garcia Mario J.
Published: October 2010

Although ischemic cardiomyopathy is commonly caused by chronic obstructive coronary disease, the mechanism of the cause is still under investigation. We present echocardiographic strain, magnetic resonance, and histology findings in a chronic ischemia model in preclinical study. This case illustrates the features of multimodality imaging in chronic obstructive coronary disease and gives us great insight into understanding the mechanism of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
A postfoundationalist research paradigm of practical theology
Authors: Park Sung Kyu
Published: October 2010

Practical theology describes a context, interprets what has been discovered, brings in Christian norms, and constructs models of Christian practice. It is a process that involves epistemology and hermeneutics. For practical theology to be transformative, a postfoundational theological framework that allows interdisciplinary work and interpretation of experience in a given context is essential. Research in postfoundational practical theology can be conducted using narratives and social constructionism to obtain meaning from events or situations and to construct preferred realities.This article examines and argues for postfoundationalism – transversal reason, interdisciplinarity and interpreted experience – as a viable theological option against rigid foundationalism and relativistic nonfoundationalism. Also discussed are the process and the interdisciplinary nature of practical theology. It is suggested that narrative research and social constructionism should be part of the research paradigm of postfoundational practical theology.
Pathways of PFOA to the Arctic: variabilities and contributions of oceanic currents and atmospheric transport and chemistry sources
Authors: Stemmler I. , Lammel G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds are industrial chemicals in use for decades which resist degradation in the environment and seem to accumulate in polar regions. Transport of PFOA was modeled using a spatially resolved global multicompartment model including fully coupled three-dimensional ocean and atmosphere general circulation models, and two-dimensional top soil, vegetation surfaces, and sea ice compartments. In addition to primary emissions, the formation of PFOA in the atmosphere from degradation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol was included as a PFOA source. Oceanic transport, delivered 14.8±5.0 (8–23) t a−1 to the Arctic, strongly influenced by changes in water transport, which determined its interannual variability. This pathway constituted the dominant source of PFOA to the Arctic. Formation of PFOA in the atmosphere led to episodic transport events (timescale of days) into the Arctic with small spatial extent. Deposition in the polar region was found to be dominated by wet deposition over land, and shows maxima in boreal winter. The total atmospheric deposition of PFOA in the Arctic in the 1990s was ≈1 t a−1, much higher than previously estimated, and is dominated by primary emissions rather than secondary formation.
Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids
Authors: Paulot F. , Wunch D. , Crounse J. D. , Toon G. C. , Millet D. B. , DeCarlo P. F. , Vigouroux C. , Deutscher N. M. , González Abad G. , Notholt J. , Warneke T. , Hannigan J. W. , Warneke C. , de Gouw J. A. , Dunlea E. J. , De Mazière M. , Griffith D. W. T. , Bernath P. , Jimenez J. L. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We present a detailed budget of formic and acetic acids, two of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. Our bottom-up estimate of the global source of formic and acetic acids are ~1200 and ~1400 Gmol/yr, dominated by photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, in particular isoprene. Their sinks are dominated by wet and dry deposition. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to evaluate this budget against an extensive suite of measurements from ground, ship and satellite-based Fourier transform spectrometers, as well as from several aircraft campaigns over North America. The model captures the seasonality of formic and acetic acids well but generally underestimates their concentration, particularly in the Northern midlatitudes. We infer that the source of both carboxylic acids may be up to 50% greater than our estimate and report evidence for a long-lived missing secondary source of carboxylic acids that may be associated with the aging of organic aerosols. Vertical profiles of formic acid in the upper troposphere support a negative temperature dependence of the reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical as suggested by several theoretical studies.
Matching radiative transfer models and radiosonde data from the EPS/MetOp Sodankylä campaign to IASI measurements
Authors: Calbet X. , Kivi R. , Tjemkes S. , Montagner F. , Stuhlmann R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Radiances observed from IASI are compared to calculated ones. Calculated radiances are obtained using several radiative transfer models (OSS, LBLRTM v11.3 and v11.6) on best estimates of the atmospheric state vectors. The atmospheric state vectors are derived from cryogenic frost point hygrometer and humidity dry bias corrected RS92 measurements flown on sondes launched 1 h and 5 min before IASI overpass time. The temperature and humidity profiles are finally obtained by interpolating or extrapolating these measurements to IASI overpass time. The IASI observed and calculated radiances match to within one sigma IASI instrument noise in the wavenumber, ν, range of 1500 ≤ ν ≤ 1570 and 1615 ≤ ν ≤ 1800 cm−1 .
Influence of niche differentiation on the abundance of methanogenic archaea and methane production potential in natural wetland ecosystems across China
Authors: Liu D. , Ding W. , Jia Z. , Cai Z.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from natural wetland ecosystems exhibit large spatial variability. To understand the underlying factors that induce differences in CH4 emissions from natural wetlands around China, we measured the CH4 production potential and the abundance of methanogenic archaea in vertical profile soils sampled from the Poyang wetland in the subtropical zone, the Hongze wetland in the warm temperate zone, the Sanjiang marsh in the cold temperate zone, and the Ruoergai peatland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The top soil layer had the highest population of methanogens (1.07−8.29×109 cells g−1 soil) in all wetlands except the Ruoergai peatland and exhibited the maximum CH4 production potential measured at the mean in situ summer temperature. There is a significant logarithmic correlation between the abundance of methanogenic archaea and the soil organic carbon (R2=0.718, P<0.001, n=13) and between the abundance of methanogenic archaea and the total nitrogen concentrations (R2=0.758, P<0.001, n=13) in wetland soils. This indicates that the amount of soil organic carbon may affect the population of methanogens in wetland ecosystems. While the CH4 production potential is not significantly related to methanogen population (R2=0.011, P>0.05, n=13), it is related to the dissolved organic carbon concentration (R2=0.305, P=0.05, n=13). This suggests that the methanogen population is not an effective index for predicting the CH4 production in wetland ecosystems. The CH4 production rate of the top soil layer increases with increasing latitude, from 274 μg CH4 kg−1 soil d−1 in the Poyang wetland to 665 μg CH4 kg−1 soil d−1 in the Carex lasiocarpa marsh of the Sanjiang Plain. The CH4 production potential in the freshwater wetlands of Eastern China is affected by the supply of methanogenic substrates rather than by temperature, whereas the supply of substrates was mainly affected by the position and stability of the wetland water table. In contrast, low summer temperatures at high elevations in the Ruoergai peatland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau result in the presence of dominant species of methanogens with low CH4 production potential rather than the reduction of the supply of methanogenic substrates, which in turn suppresses CH4 production.
Mass-conserving tracer transport modelling on a reduced latitude-longitude grid
Authors: Belikov D. , Maksyutov S. , Miyasaka T. , Saeki T. , Zhuravlev R. , Kiryushov B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The need to perform long-term simulations with reasonable accuracy has led to the development of mass-conservative and efficient numerical methods for solving the transport equation in forward and inverse models. We designed and implemented a flux-form (Eulerian) tracer transport algorithm in the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model (NIES TM), which is used for simulating diurnal and synoptic-scale variations of tropospheric long-lived constituents, as well as their seasonal and inter-annual variability. Implementation of the flux-form method requires the mass conservative wind fields. However, the model is off-line and is driven by datasets from a global atmospheric model or data assimilation system, in which vertically integrated mass changes are not in balance with the surface pressure tendency and mass conservation is not achieved. To rectify the mass-imbalance, a flux-correction method is employed. To avoid singularity near the poles caused by the small grid size arising from the meridional convergence problem, the proposed model uses a reduced latitude-longitude grid scheme, in which the grid size is doubled several times approaching the poles. This approach overcomes the Courant condition in the Polar Regions, maintains a reasonably high integration time-step and ensures adequate model performance during simulations. To assess the model performance, we performed global transport simulations for SF6, 222Rn and CO2. The results were compared with observations available from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, GLOBALVIEW and the Hateruma monitoring station, Japan. Overall, the results show that the proposed flux-form version of NIES TM can produce tropospheric tracer transport more realistically than previously possible. The reasons for this improvement are discussed.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy following Induced Second Trimester Curettage Abortion
Authors: Guha Paulami
Published: October 2010

Background. This is a case of 18-year-old adolescent girl admitted with profuse vaginal bleeding following induced second trimester curettage abortion at 13 weeks of gestation.
Case. Her transvaginal sonogram detected retained products of conceptus, and her blood reports revealed a full blown picture of DIC. Dilatation and evacuation was done after initial resuscitation with packed RBCs and platelet concentrates. She had an uneventful recovery period. Conclusion. DIC is an extremely life-threatening condition which can occur as a very infrequent complication of second trimester abortion.
Low-Protein Diet during Lactation and Maternal Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Moretto Vera L. , Ballen Marcia O. , Gonçalves Talita S. S. , Kawashita Nair H. , Stoppiglia Luiz F. , Veloso Roberto V. , Latorraca Márcia Q. , Martins Maria Salete F. , Gomes-da-Silva Maria Helena G.
Published: October 2010

Some metabolic alterations were evaluated in Wistar rats which received control or low-protein (17%; 6%) diets, from the pregnancy until the end of lactation: control non-lactating (CNL), lactating (CL), low-protein non-lactating (LPNL) and lactating (LPL) groups. Despite the increased food intake by LPL dams, both LP groups reduced protein intake and final body mass was lower in LPL. Higher serum glucose occurred in both LP groups. Lactation induced lower insulin and glucagon levels, but these were reduced by LP diet. Prolactin levels rose in lactating, but were impaired in LPL, followed by losses of mammary gland (MAG) mass and, a fall in serum leptin in lactating dams. Lipid content also reduced in MAG and gonadal white adipose tissue of lactating and, in LPL, contributed to a decreased daily milk production, and consequent impairment of body mass gain by LPL pups. Liver mass, lipid content and ATP-citrate enzyme activity were increased by lactation, but malic enzyme and lipid: glycogen ratio elevated only in LPL.Conclusion.LP diet reduced the development of MAG and prolactin secretion which compromised milk production and pups growth. Moreover, this diet enhanced the store of lipid to glycogen ratio and suggests a higher risk of fatty liver development.
Enhancing Phosphorescence and Electrophosphorescence Efficiency of Cyclometalated Pt(II) Compounds with Triarylboron
Authors: Hudson Zachary M. , Sun Christina , Helander Michael G. , Amarne Hazem , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Wang Suning
Published: October 2010

A synthetic strategy for the preparation of cyclometalated platinum(II) acetylacetonate (acac) complexes functionalized with triarylboron is achieved. This method is used to synthesize a series of triarylboron‐functionalized phosphorescent Pt(acac) compounds, which are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and theoretical calculations. These complexes exhibit a range of bright phosphorescent colors spanning the green to red region of the visible spectrum (λmax = ∼520–650 nm) in solution and the solid state. Functionalization with a triarylboron group leads to significant enhancement in quantum yield for several of these complexes relative to the non‐borylated Pt(II) parent chromophores, which may be attributed to the increased mixing of 1MLCT and 3LC states. The phosphorescent enhancement, electron transport capabilities, and steric bulkiness offered by the triarylboron group can be used to significantly enhance the performance of electrophosphorescent devices based on Pt(II) emitters. A high efficiency green electrophosphorescent device is fabricated with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.9%, luminance efficiency of 34.5 cd A−1, and power efficiency of 29.8 lm W−1, giving significantly improved performance over control devices in which the Pt(II) emitter lacks the boron functionality.
Tunable Dielectric Function in Electric‐Responsive Glass with Tree‐Like Percolating Pathways of Chargeable Conductive Nanoparticles
Authors: Paleari Alberto , Brovelli Sergio , Lorenzi Roberto , Giussani Marco , Lauria Alessandro , Mochenova Natalia , Chiodini Norberto
Published: October 2010

The design of nanostructured materials with specific physical properties is generally pursued by tuning nanoparticle size, concentration, or surface passivation. An important step forward is to realize “active” systems where nanoparticles are vehicles for controlling, in situ, some specific, tuneable features of a responsive functional material. In this perspective, this work focuses on the rational design of a nanostructured glass with electrically tuneable dielectric function obtained by injection and accumulation of charge on embedded conductive nanocrystals. This enables electrically controlled switching of semiconducting nanophases to charged polarisable states to be achieved, which could lead to smart, field‐enhancement applications in nanophotonics and plasmonics. Here, it is shown that such response switching can be obtained if a percolating charge‐transport mechanism is activated through a disordered tree‐like network, as is demonstrated to be possible in SiO2 films where suitable dispersions of SnO2 nanocrystals, with conductive interfaces, are obtained as a result of a new synthesis strategy.
Aerosol Route to Functional Nanostructured Inorganic and Hybrid Porous Materials
Authors: Boissiere Cedric , Grosso David , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Nicole Lionel , Sanchez Clement
Published: October 2010

The major advances in the field of the designed construction of hierarchically structured porous inorganic or hybrid materials wherein multiscale texturation is obtained via the combination of aerosol or spray processing with sol–gel chemistry, self‐assembly and multiple templating are the topic of this review. The available materials span a very large set of structures and chemical compositions (silicates, aluminates, transition metal oxides, nanocomposites including metallic or chalcogenides nanoparticles, hybrid organic–inorganic, biohybrids). The resulting materials are manifested as powders or smart coatings via aerosol‐directed writing combine the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of the inorganic or hybrid matrices with defined multiscale porous networks having a tunable pore size and connectivity, high surface area and accessibility. Indeed the combination of soft chemical routes and spray processing provides “a wind of change” in the field of “advanced materials”. These strategies give birth to a promising family of innovative materials with many actual and future potential applications in various domains such as catalysis, sensing, photonic and microelectronic devices, nano‐ionics and energy, functional coatings, biomaterials, multifunctional therapeutic carriers, and microfluidics, among others.
A Nitric Acid‐Assisted Carbon‐Catalyzed Oxidation System with Nitroxide Radical Cocatalysts as an Efficient and Green Protocol for Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Kuang Yongbo , Rokubuichi Hodaka , Nabae Yuta , Hayakawa Teruaki , Kakimoto Masa‐aki
Published: October 2010

The incorporation of nitroxide radicals into a nitric acid‐assisted carbon‐catalyzed oxidation system (NACOS) afforded a highly efficient, widely applicable, non‐metallic approach for the selective aerobic oxidations of alcohols. Without any solvent, this novel protocol has the ability to oxidize various primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes with selectvities as high as 99% at full conversions, with only 0.1 mol% of nitroxide radicals and <4.5 wt% of activated carbon under mild conditions (temperatures as low as 50 °C and atmospheric pressure). The performances of several stable nitroxide radicals have been compared. The effects of nitric acid concentration, activated carbon loading, and temperature have been studied for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The enhanced NACOS represents a greener and more efficient fundamental chemical process, due to its use of molecular oxygen as an oxidant, and its solvent‐free nature.
Stability of TiO2 forms (anatase–rutile) in the Y2O3Ti(OBu)4Rb2CO3 system prepared by sol–gel process
Authors: Kallel W. , Bouattour S.
Published: October 2010

Three different sol–gel routes were used in order to study the stability and the crystallinity of the ternary system Y2O3, Ti(OBu)4, Rb2CO3. Different techniques such as FTIR, 13C NMR TGA, DTA and XRD were used to characterize xerogels and final products. Results demonstrated that using hexanoic acid during the sol step preparation influences structural changes in the precursor gel. The effect of heat treatment to eliminate the organic material from xerogels was investigated by thermal gravimetry and differential thermalanalysis. According to the ratio of acetic acid to hexanoic acid, the phase structure of TiO2, viz. anatase to rutile phase, could tailored. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared catalysts, under sunlight irradiation, was evaluated using 2‐naphthol as a pollutant model. Results showed a great enhancement in the photocatalytic efficiency for doped TiO2 sample prepared in the presence of 30acet–70hex. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient and excellent reusable catalysts of molybdenum(VI) complexes grafted on ZPS‐PVPA for epoxidation of olefins with tert‐BuOOH
Authors: Hu Zhongkai , Fu Xiangkai , Li Yuedong , Tu Xiaobo
Published: October 2010

Four new kinds of heterogeneous catalysts for olefins epoxidation were obtained by grafting diamines on organic polymer–inorganic hybrid material, zirconium poly (styrene‐phenylvinylphosphonate)‐phosphate (ZPS‐PVPA), and subsequently coordinating with Schiff base Mo(VI) complexes. The catalysts were characterized by IR, XPS, SEM and TEM. All catalysts were evaluated through the epoxidation of olefins using tert‐BuOOH as oxidant. The heterogeneous catalysts possess the advantages of high conversion, selectivity and excellent reusability. The catalysts were easily separated from the reaction systems and could be reused 13 times without significant loss of catalytic activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nanoclay dispersion on liquid–liquid phase separation in a ternary system of segmented polyurethane/dimethylformamide/water system
Authors: Joshi M. , Raghunath Reddy G. V. , Deopura B. L.
Published: October 2010

This paper reports a study on liquid‐liquid phase separation in an isothermal ternary system of segmented polyurethane/dimethylformamide/water system with and without the presence of nanoclay dispersion in the system. Isothermal ternary phase diagrams for three different grades with varying shore A hardness of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/solvent/nonsolvent system were constructed based on the cloud point measurement that was carried out by the titration method. The effect of temperature on phase diagrams has also been studied. The binary interaction parameters between TPUs and water were estimated by water sorption experiments. The effect of organoclay dispersion concentration in the TPU solution on isothermal ternary phase diagrams has also been studied. This understanding of phase separation characteristics would be very helpful in correlating the final morphology developed in wet‐spun TPU as well as polyurethane/clay nanocomposite fibres. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Statistical methods for automatic crack detection based on vibrothermography sequence‐of‐images data’ by M. Li, S. D. Holland and W. Q. Meeker: Discussion 1
Authors: Volf Petr
Published: October 2010

In the following notes I comment the paper of Liitet al., mainly from the point of view of its original contribution to the methods of analysis of special image data. In particular, I concentrate on several questions connected with the proposed procedure and its results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘Gator’ Mouse Suit for early bioluminescent metastatic breast cancer detection and nanomaterial signal enhancement during live animal imaging
Authors: Gutwein Luke G. , Rule Michael C. , Singh Amit K. , Hahn Megan A. , Brown Scott C. , Moudgil Brij , Grobmyer Stephen R.
Published: October 2010

Optical imaging is a cornerstone of modern oncologic research. The aim of this study is to determine the value of a new tool to enhance bioluminescent and fluorescent sensitivity for facilitating very‐low‐level signal detection in vivo. Experimental: For bioluminescent imaging experiments, a luciferase expressing breast cancer cell line with metastatic phenotype was implanted orthotopically into the mammary fat pad of mice. For fluorescent imaging experiments, near‐infrared (NIR) nanoparticles were injected intratumorally and subcutaneously into mice. Images were compared in mice with and without application of the ‘Gator’ Mouse Suit (GMS). Results: The GMS was associated with early detection and quantification of metastatic bioluminescent very‐low‐level signal not possible with conventional imaging strategies. Similarly, NIR nanoparticles that were undetectable in locations beyond the primary injection site could be visualized and their very‐low‐level signal quantifiable with the aid of the GMS. Conclusion: The GMS is a device which has tremendous potential for facilitating the development of bioluminescent models and fluorescent nanomaterials for translational oncologic applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of 3‐hydroxy pterocarpan, a novel osteogenic compound in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Manickavasagam Lakshmi , Gupta Sonal , Mishra Smriti , Kumar Amit , Raghuvanshi Ashutosh , Goel Atul , Singh Divya , Jain Girish Kumar
Published: October 2010

A rapid, sensitive and selective LC‐MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of 3‐hydroxy pterocarpan (S006‐1709) in female rat plasma has been developed and validated. A Discovery RP18 column was used for the chromatographic elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid in water as mobile phase (80:20 v/v) at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. MS/MS analysis was performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode using biochanin as an internal standard (IS). Extraction of S006‐1709 and IS from rat plasma was done by liquid–liquid extraction method using diethyl ether. The LC‐MS/MS method was sensitive with 1.95 ng/mL as the limit of detection and 3.9 ng/mL as the lower limit of quantification. The method was linear in the concentration range of 3.9–1000 ng/mL. The percentage bias for intraday and interday accuracy was not greater than 4.2 and the %RSD for intraday and interday precision was not greater than 13.2. The recoveries of S006‐1709 and IS were 73.9–79.3 and 85.7%, respectively. S006‐1709 was found to be stable in various stability studies. The validated LC‐MS/MS method was successfully applied for the oral pharmacokinetics study of S006‐1709 at 10 mg/kg in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retention study of some cation‐type compounds using bile acid sodium salts as ion pairing agents in liquid chromatography
Authors: Radulescu Medeea , Voicu Victor , Medvedovici Andrei , David Victor
Published: October 2010

The possibility of forming ion‐pairs between bile acids (sodium taurocholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate and sodium taurochenodeoxycholate) and different compounds (pralidoxime, obidoxime and pyridostigmine) having a cationic character has been studied in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RP‐LC). This study can be useful in understanding the role of bile acids in the transport of ionic species through hydrophobic membrane. The present study focused on the influence of mobile phase composition on the retention parameters of chosen compounds (percentage of acetonitrile, pH of aqueous omponent or ionic strength). For constant concentration of bile acids in aqueous component of mobile phase the functional dependencies between the logarithm of the retention factor (k) and the methanol content in the mobile phase followed a binomial pattern (U‐shaped), with a minimum positioned within the interval 70–85% methanol. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and developments in community and applied social psychology: JCASP 1991–2010
Authors: Schruijer Sandra G. L. , Stephenson Geoffrey M.
Published: October 2010

This paper looks back on the trends and developments in and of the Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology since its inception twenty years ago. We review to what extent the aims that were originally set for JCASP have been fulfilled. The trends in nationality of authors, themes of publications and their methodology are discussed. Possible implications of these trends and developments for JCASP and its future are pointed at. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Synthesis of the tRNA Nucleoside PreQ0, 7‐Cyano‐7‐deazaguanosine, via Microwave‐Assisted Iodo→Carbonitrile Exchange
Authors: Ming Xin , Seela Frank
Published: October 2010

The naturally occurring tRNA nucleoside preQ0, 7‐cyano‐7‐deazaguanosine, which is a central intermediate for other natural occurring 7‐deazapurine nucleosides was synthesized via a copper(I)‐ion‐mediated iodo→carbonitrile exchange. The reaction was performed on the easily accessible 7‐iodo‐7‐deazaguanosine under microwave conditions. The overall reaction yield was 30% starting with the glycosylation reaction of the nucleobase. Corresponding 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides were prepared following the same route.
Ultrasound Assisted Pervaporation Separation of Pyridine/Water Mixtures Using Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polyacrylonitrile Blend Membranes
Authors: Lv J. , Xiao G.
Published: October 2010

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyacrylonitrile blend membranes were prepared to separate pyridine/water mixtures by pervaporation. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of membrane composition, feed pyridine concentration, operating temperature, downstream pressure and ultrasound irradiation on the separation process were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that with increasing PVA mass ratio and operating temperature the permeate flux increased but the separation factor decreased, while with increasing feed concentration and downstream pressure the separation factor increased and the permeate flux decreased. It was observed that Ultrasound irradiation enhanced the permeate flux.
Calculation of Vapor‐Liquid Equilibrium Data of Binary Mixtures Using Vapor Pressure Data
Authors: Knorr T. , Aust E. , Jacob K.‐H.
Published: October 2010

The design of plants or unit operations requires the knowledge of data for multicomponent systems. An approach is presented for the regression of binary interaction parameters required for the calculation of activity coefficients. Binary vapor pressure data are used to correlate these parameters for calculation of vapour/liquid equilibrium data. The advantage of the approach is the fact that only easily measured vapor pressure data are required. The procedure is demonstrated by means of two binary mixtures. Parameter regression, prediction of vapour/liquid equilibrium data as well as their experimental verification are demonstrated.
Comments on History of Motor Control
Authors: Granit Ragnar
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Early Attempts at Quantifying Control Functions

Reflex Origin of Basic Ideas on Motor Control

Early Influence of Electronics: Microelectrodes

Intracellular Approach

Back to Muscular End Organs

Impact of Cybernetics on Motor Physiology

Feedback Problems in Motor Control

Advent of Stereotaxis: Subcortical Motor Centers

Stretch Reflex in Motor Control

Comments on Cortical Localization

Reorientation in Concepts and Interests
Controllable synthesis of EuCO3OH microspheres and their thermal conversion to Eu2O3
Authors: Zhang Youjin , Xu Zhenyu , Yin Xiaobin , Fang Zhiyong , Zhu Wei , He Hongmei
Published: October 2010

EuCO3OH microspheres have been successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal approach, by using urea as the precipitant without the assistance of any surfactants or templates. Several experimental parameters were examined, such as the reaction temperature, the reaction time, and the molar ratios of the starting reagents. The Eu2O3 microspheres have been prepared by thermal conversion of EuCO3OH microspheres at 800 °C in air for 6 h. The as‐obtained products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis and photoluminescence. The possible growth process for the EuCO3OH microspheres was discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)