bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Romanticism
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

Although he is primarily known as a historian of Russia, Nicholas Riasanovsky has long been a student of European Romanticism. The Emergence of Romanticism examines the origins of the Romantic movement in England and Germany and offers a new interpretation of the Romantics’ goals and influence. Riasanovsky searches for the origins of the dazzling vision that made the great early Romantic poets in England and Germany—Wordsworth, Coleridge, Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel—look at the world in a new way. He stresses that Romanticism was produced only by Western Christian civilization, with its unique view of man’s relationship to God. The Romantics’ frantic and heroic striving after unreachable goals mirrors Christian beliefs in human inability adequately to address God, speak to God, or praise God. Further, Riasanovsky argues that Romantic thought played a key role in the rise of nationalism in Europe.
Some Observations on the Emergence of Romanticism
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

There is an enormous scholarly literature on the nature and definition of romanticism. Nor does it exhibit consensus. In fact, some specialists denied the legitimacy of the generic term romanticism, arguing that one could effectively examine only different romanticisms. Others, while not proscribing in principle the search for a unifying concept, pointed pessimistically to literally dozens and dozens of definitions, often mutually incompatible and even directly contradictory. Under the circumstances, certain experts resorted to purely external and formal classifications, designating the writers and the artists of a particular time period as romanticists and whatever they produced as romanticism.
The Political Role of the Family
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

The first place to look for ideas about the political role of the family is the writings of political theorists. Such ideas existed in greater abundance in the period we are considering than in present-day political theory. There were also widely held ideas that were not in perfect harmony with formal theories. Today, too, there are discrepancies between the deceptive neatness of theories and the often unconscious, contradictory, and subversive principles on which people act, even though what is now called political science relies heaily on surveys, polls, and statistics.
The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916—1936
Authors: Kostine Joseph
Published: October 2023

The period covered in this book saw Saudi Arabia emerge as the state we know today. With British backing, the Saudi state expanded from its Najdi origins eastweard, westward, northward and southward, embracing at the end of the period, the greater part of the Arabian peninsula. Kostiner focuses in particular on the development of the political role of the chieftaincy into a more centralized political structure. Ibn Saud emerged as the most prominent of the tribal leaders, shrewdly exploiting the revolts of religious zealots to gain supremacy over his rivals. Drawing on an impressive range of materials, The Making of Saudi Arabia is the most complete study of the creation of the Saudi state to date.
The Image of Peter the Great in the Soviet Union, 191 7-1984
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

The historical significance of Peter I’s reforms was very great. Their total result was the creation of a mighty Russian empire, firmly entrenched on the shores of the Baltic Sea and of the Pacific Ocean. That striking condition of backwardness in the economic, political, and cultural fields, which had been charac­teristic of the Russian state at the end of the seventeenth century, was overcome to the extent that Russia was no longer immediately threatened with the danger of becoming a colony or a semicolony of any more powerful neighboring Western European state. Russia was transformed, as a result of Peter’s reform, into one of the most significant and mighty European states. The Petrine reforms, which had a progressive meaning in the strength­ening of the national state of landlords and of the emerging merchant class, came as a strong push toward a further growth of the productive forces of the country, and for that reason they played a major role in the preparation of those conditions within the framework of which there began to appear toward the end of the eighteenth century elements of the capitalist mode of production.
Environmental Diplomacy
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

Lawrence Susskind looks at the weaknesses of the existing system of environmental treaty-making and the increasing role of non-governmental interests in environmental diplomacy. He argues for ‘nearly self-enforcing’ agreements that ensure compliance without threatening sovereignty and maintains that new institutional arrangements are within reach. Susskind builds on the work of the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School and the International Environmental Negotiation Network to offer guidelines for more effecitve global agreements that provide for sustainable development.
Brain Repair
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

Here is a book that anyone interested in how the brain works will find fascinating and enjoyable. Written in a highly readable style, the book looks at how the damaged brain can be repaired and reconstructed. The key to neuroscience’s most exciting discoveries to date is the theory that is rapidly gaining adherents in the scientific community - the theory of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity stresses that cells throughout the brain can not only regenerate, but can adapt their function to assume critical roles once performed by damaged tissue. The author explains how the brain manufactures complex chemicals that foster growth in damaged brain cells, and how misguided ideas can adversely affect how physicians treat patients. A best-selling volume in France and Spain, Brain Repair provides a vividly written, wide-ranging look at the leading edge of one of science’s most exciting frontiers.
Charcot and the Artistry of Neurological Practice
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

Charcot was not only a scientific researcher; he was also a prominent practicing physician. As a clinician, Charcot developed aspects of the modern neurological examination, introduced diagnostic tools and strategies, and treated numerous neurological conditions with traditional as well as innovative, even controversial therapies. This chapter examines Charcot, the practitioner, diagnostician, and therapist, with emphasis on “artistic” or applied medicine.
The Imperial Harem
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

The rise to power of the imperial harem is one of the most dramatic developments in the history of the Ottoman empire. From the beginning of the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent in 1520 until the mid-17th century, high-ranking women of the Ottoman dynasty enjoyed a degree of political power greater than ever before or after. Leslie Peirce challenges the notion that the gender segregation of traditional Islamic society precluded women from playing anything more than a subordinate role within the household. In part one, Peirce examines the dynasty’s reproduction policies and argues that the decisions about reproduction and the training or princes was tied to an ideology of power. Part two, examines the sources of women’s direct and indirect political power. Peirce discusses how women participated in diplomacy, negotiating treaties and corresponding with figures such as Elizabeth I and Catherine de Medicis. Of equal importance, was women’s participation in what Peirce terms ‘the public culture of sovereignty’ by which is meant royal ceremonies and the patronage of artists. This book reinterprets definitions of sovereignty and political action to show the centrality of women. It makes an important contribution to the study both of the history of Turkey in the 16th and 17th centuries and to the study of women and politics.
The Politics of Diplomacy
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

In 1593 Elizabeth I, queen of England, sent the valide sultan Safiye a jewelled portrait of herself. Six years later Safiye asked the English ambassador Henry Lello if she might have another likeness of the queen.1 Inquiring what she might give Elizabeth in return that would most please her, Safiye was told to send an outfit such as she herself might wear. Her gift included “two garments of cloth of silver, one girdle of cloth of silver, two handekerchers wrought with massy gould.”2 Here was an intimate yet serious moment in the business of diplomacy among monarchs in the early modern world. Particularly prominent in the diplomatic activities of the empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were four Ottoman women: Hurrem, Nurbanu, Safiye, and Kosem.
Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter: History between Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry
Authors: Porter Roy
Published: October 2023

Collaborative writing in the history of psychiatry is not unknown-one thinks of Franz G. Alexander and Sheldon T. Selesnick’s The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present (1967), discussed by George Mora in the preceding chapter; but Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter constitute easily the most productive collaboration and certainly the only mother-and son team. Psychobiographical questions of a Freudian hue are naturally raised by this scholarly liaison and its prolific progeny, which I shall not attempt to resolve in this paper.1 Nevertheless, any understanding of the changing interpretative framework adopted in their work must hinge upon biographical elements, and so it may be useful here to sketch their careers.2
Michel Foucault’s Phänomenologie des Krankengeistes
Authors: Gutting Gary
Published: October 2023

The reactions of professional historians to Foucault’s Histoire de la folie  2 seem, at first reading, ambivalent, not to say polarized.3 There are many acknowledgments of its seminal role, beginning with Robert Mandrou’s early review in Annales, characterizing it as a “beautiful book” that will be “of central importance for our understanding of the Classical period.”4 Twenty years later, Michael MacDonald confirmed Mandrou’s prophecy: “Anyone who writes about the history of insanity in early modern Europe must travel in the spreading wake of Michel Foucault’s famous book, Madness and Civilization.  5 Later endorsements have been even stronger. Jan Goldstein: “For both their empirical content and their powerful theoretical perspectives, the works of Michel Foucault occupy a special and central place in the historiography of psychiatry.”6 Roy Porter: “Time has proved Madness and Civilization far the most penetrating work ever written on the history of madness.”7 More specifically, Foucault has recently been heralded as a prophet of “the new cultural history.”8
Hugo L. Black
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Howard Ball explores Hugo Black’s development from his childhood days growing up in Alabama to his 34 years on the United States Supreme Court. Ball illustrates who and what shaped this controversial judge to become known as one of the “ten greatest” US Supreme Court justices of American history.
Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines corporate finance through the lens of transaction-cost economics. A fundamental tenet of this approach is that the supply of a good or service and its governance need be examined simultaneously. Corporate finance is no exception-whence the combined reference to corporate finance and corporate governance in the title.
Dirty Politics
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Jamieson exposes the methods and meaning of today’s attack campaigns, exploring the subtle and devious techniques of recent political ads. and suggesting ways in which the impact of deception can be minimised. Highlighting controversial tactics such as the 1988 Willie Horton ad., Jamieson argues that debates about “negative campaigning” are fundamentally misdirected. Attacking opponents’ weaknesses is a legitimate part of political discourse, and barefaced lies have a long tradition in American politicking. New is the surge of powerful ads that invite false inferences about the facts or that covertly pander to prejudice, evoking anti-black, anti-feminist, and anti-gay responses. At the same time, modern media coverage is reinforcing instead of undercutting campaign deception, while PAC-sponsored ads eliminate the candidates’ accountability for their attacks. Building on Jamieson’s compelling studies of political advertising, speechmaking, and debates, this book will be a timely companion to the 1992 elections, helping to make sense of the debates over what’s fair and what’s foul in today’s political campaigns.
A Unitarian Project for Moral Guidance
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

He [Pericles] did not seek lo control, but rather yielded lo and regulated the irresistible current of the popular desire. No Athenian ever possessed so many qualities for obtaining great and lasting influence over the various classes of the citizens. Never has Alger been viewed as an author implementing a political project, steeped in the classics and the religion of the Harvard Unitarian moralists. Chapters and 3 establish the linkage between Alger s work in the classics, his religious training, and the agenda of his juvenilefiction. These connections illuminate his project for moral guidance through fiction in a way that has eluded supporters and critic salik en those who recognize his role as genteel moralist. The interests, values, and themes articulated in Alger s prize-winning essays at Harvard pervade his literary career.
Technology, Organizations, Corporations, and Capitalists
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

The corporate or semi-corporate organizations of society are so numerous and so pervasive of all kinds of social activity that the individual citizen, trying to attain the ideal of personal independence venerated in the theory of the political institutions of his country, finds every avenue under the control of some kind of an association in which he must acquire membership or to whose regulations he must submit ... John P. Davis, Corporations As Alger s career drew to a close, one could proclaim the advent of the centralized, bureaucratized, industrial state. Corporations, trusts, pooling arrangements, labor unions, professional and voluntary organizations, and bureaucracies were incontrovertible features of the late-century landscape. In 897, a leading scholar on corporate form pronounced that “the growth of corporations in western Europe and the United States signifies nothing less than a social revolution. Specialization invaded politics, business, and charitable activities; the amateur was being replaced by university-trained professionals. They brought their new conceptual tools-and great confidence in their new expertise-to bear on such problems as industrial liability laws, railroad regulation, child labor, tax reform, and transit franchises. As organization and administration pervaded life, “all but the most exceptional individual seemed reduced to impotence and insignificance.
Natural Aristocracy in a Democracy: Authority, Power, and Politics
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

That American citizen who has original manhood and lives a fresh, honest life of his own, regardless of the dictation of King Caucus or Queen Average,-the most heartless and vulgar despots that ever reigned,-sets the bravest of examples and teaches the most needed of lessons William Rounseville Alger, Life of Edwin Forrest, Vol. Although the Civil War served as backdrop for several early tales, Alger s fiction is other wise almost de void of explicit reference to political figures and conflicts. There are no “party men” and few politicians. Rarely does the author route a hero to a career in politics.
Cold War Criticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

The cold war era began officially with Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech in March 1946, and until recently it was believed to have ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. The failed Soviet coup of August 1991 revised this history, but the events confirmed for many what had been the unspoken truth of the cold war era: the history of the cold war is in part a history of false endings. When Gorbachev was temporarily deposed on the morning of the nineteenth, every conservative politician in Washington and some of the liberal ones found themselves thinking that glasnost and arms reduction had proceeded too swiftly, and after the coup failed the experts debated over whether nuclear forces had for sixty-three hours fallen into the hands of the communist hard-liners.
Introduction: Who Represents Elizabeth?
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: October 2023

Five years ago I began worrying about whether Queen Elizabeth had actually worn armor when she addressed her troops at Tilbury in 1588 when she and her advisers expected a Spanish invasion momentarily. Biographer Alison Plowden confidently asserts that she was "bare-headed and wearing a breastplate"; Elizabeth Jenkins assures us that "a steel corselet was found for her to wear and a helmet with white plumes was given to a page to carry"; and Carolly Erickson concludes-in a description that parallels Garrett Mattingly's-that she was "armed like a queen out of antique mythology in a silver cuirass and silver truncheon. Her gown was white velvet, and there were plumes in her hair like those that waved from the helmets of the mounted soldiers.
Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A F
Published: October 2023

Parasitic protozoa and helminths constitute two of the larger groups of infectious agents that cause human morbidity and mortality (Table 5.1). In spite of the major biological, epidemiological, and clinical differences between these two groups of infectious agents, they have been traditionally identified as parasites. The acceptable definition of the phenomenon of parasitism, however, is a specialized, dependent, and obligatory mode of life. It, therefore, applies to all infectious agents and not particularly to any specific group whether it is viruses or helminths. The rationale for grouping protozoa and helminths together is therefore unclear except that both belong to the animal kingdom.
Epidemiology in Clinical Infectious Diseases
Authors: Goodman Richard A , Hughes James M
Published: October 2023

The role of clinically based health care providers in diagnosing and treating their patients’ problems uniquely positions clinicians to recognize new infectious agents and outbreaks. The detection of new disease agents and the recognition of outbreaks usually have broad implications for the public’s health. Even though this book emphasizes clinical aspects of infectious diseases, the astute clinician can, by combining clinical skills with basic principles of epidemiology, simultaneously maximize the treatment of the individual patient and facilitate the proper public health response to an infectious-disease problem involving the community.
Clinical Parasitology
Authors: Plorde James J
Published: October 2023

The majority of parasitic infections are diagnosed by the recovery and morphologic identification of the etiologic agent in the excreta, blood, body fluids, or tissues of the host (see Table 19.1, Figs. 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6). In intestinal infections, this is accomplished by examining wet amounts and/or stained smears of fecal material. Wet mounts and smears of peripheral blood are employed for the diagnosis of malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and filariasis, while examination of sputum or urine can yield the diagnosis of paragonimiasis and schistosomiasis haematobium, respectively.
Antiparasitic Drugs and Therapy
Authors: Armitage Keith B
Published: October 2023

While therapy of many infections due to parasitic protozoa and helminths has improved in the past 10 years, many problems remain, including development of resistance to previously effective agents, toxic side effects of some of the currently recommended agents, and unavailability of certain drugs in the United States. In this chapter the mechanism of action, route of administration, major toxicities, and other pharmacological parameters of antiparasitic drugs are reviewed. Antiparasitic agents can be divided by the class of organism they primarily target (e.g., protozoa, or subgroups of helminths, e.g., nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes) or by whether they are systemic agents or primarily act locally.
Specific Vaccines
Authors: Heath Paul T , Moxon E Richard
Published: October 2023

Although improved socioeconomic circumstances, especially clean water and sanitation, must be credited as a major reason for drastic reductions in mortality from many infectious diseases, vaccination has been decisive in the control of at least 10 microbial diseases-smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and most recently Haemophilus influenzae B.
Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Root Richard K , Petersdorf Robert G
Published: October 2023

As a cardinal manifestation of the inflammatory process that accompanies infection, fever is often the major symptom that causes patients to seek medical attention. The majority of febrile disorders are short-lived and produced by intercurrent viral respiratory infections. Less commonly fever may be prolonged and last for weeks or months as part of a chronic infectious disease, a diffuse inflammatory disorder or an occult neoplasm. If initial evaluation fails to disclose a cause the disorder is stated to be a “fever of unknown origin (FUO)”.
Chile: Truth and Justice under the Democratic Government
Authors: Mera Jorge
Published: October 2023

Chile returned to democratic government in March 1990 when President Patricio Aylwin was elected after seventeen years of military rule. The process of transition was designed by the military, which allowed elections in exchange for agreement by the political parties to respect the constitutional structure put in place by the military. Despite the election of a civilian president, the ex-head of government, General Augusto Pinochet, remained head of the Army, and the military structure remained intact. These were the circumstances in which the new president was faced with the problem of human rights violations—summary executions, forced disappearances, widespread torture, and clandestine detention—committed during the military regime. The coherence of the Aylwin government’s policy in dealing with this problem is the subject of this chapter.
John Campbell, Pioneer American Newspaperman, 1704-1719
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

Among the tradesmen of post-revolutionary Boston in the early days of the new charter was Duncan Campbell, a bookseller recently come from Glasgow. In 1693 he became Boston postmaster. A fellow Scots emigre, Governor Andrew Hamilton of New Jersey, headed the newly reorganized colonial postal system, which may have helped. As postmaster for the largest and most important seaport in British America, Campbell could make his office a center for more than the routine taking in and dispatching of other people’s mail. He had both the franking privilege and frequent contact with the masters of incoming ships who came to Boston with news in the form of hearsay reports and the London prints.
The Couranteers, 1721-1726
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

In midsummer, 1721, Boston still had only two newspapers, the Newsletter, gasping toward the end of John Campbell’s eighteen-year regime, and the quite new Gazette, now early in the term of Postmaster Philip Musgrave. The Gazette was somewhat livelier and better looking than the more systematic but less varied News-Letter, but there was little to distinguish the two publishers politically. Both were respectful of Governor Samuel Shute and his administration, both carried on the same mildly contentious relationship with the Assembly, dominated by the popular, or what has been variously called the “country” or “old charter” party, and neither had ever engaged in any hostilities with the clerical and intellectual leadership of the province. Both publishers addressed their newspapers primarily to the economic and political elite. Both treated the lower orders of town and country with anonymity and occasional contempt.
American Eugenicists in Nazi Germany
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

American eugenicists followed the development of eugenics measures in Germany with rapt attention. The widespread coverage of the Nazi eugenics program by the American mass media promised to promote eugenics within the United States, as long as the eugenics movement succeeded in separating the positively regarded eugenics measures in Germany from the negative image of the barbaric, racist Nazis.
Religious Reform: An Attempt to Deal with the Crisis
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

The crisis of Berlin Jewry was by no means over when the Jews of Prussia were granted citizenship by the decree of March 1812. Although the era of unconventional family patterns and out-of-wedlock births was coming to an end, the wave of baptisms continued unabated. The new status of Berlin Jews as citizens of the city and of Prussia found them faced both with the continuing problem of defections from Judaism and the new issues of how to deal with their new political status. One result of the Emancipation law was that it brought back to the fore ideological issues that had been languishing almost unnoticed since the collapse of the Jewish Enlightenment in the last years of the eighteenth century. Those who began to advocate a reform of the Jewish religion after 1812 generally connected their call to action with the new civic stat”as of the Jews. Now that the Jews were citizens, they claimed, they should pray in the language of their country (German) and change those prayers calling for a return to Palestine, rescue from persecution, or a restoration of the Jerusalem Temple. Despite the fact that the overt explanation of the need for reform was related to emancipation, the ongoing problem of conversions must have been a factor as well. Proponents of reform wanted to make sure that coming generations would continue the Jewish religion. In their minds, this would only be possible if the religion underwent a thoroughgoing reform.
Disease and Social Diversity
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

This book discusses the various social, political, and cultural forces that shape the distribution of diseases in populations. It is based on a series of comparative studies of the historical and contemporary disease patterns of the indigenous peoples of America north of Mexico, Polynesia, and Australia. The purpose of the comparisons is to control in a quasi-experimental way certain crucial variables in order to examine the impact on health of other variables. The comparisons are made at increasingly more refined levels of analysis. Thus, once disease ecology has been held roughly constant, one can see more clearly the ways in which colonial policy and political institutions have shaped the affairs of indigenous peoples. And once policy has been held constant, one can see more clearly how culture can make a difference. And once culture has been held constant, one can see how gender and status make a difference. Kunitz argues that very few broad generalizations adequately explain the distribution of diseases in populations and that to truly comprehend such patterns one must understand the local social context as well the biological characteristics of diseases. The book is thus an argument for the importance of local knowledge as a complement to the universalizing sort of knowledge that we associate with science.
Natural History and Local History
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

The idea of nature, he continues, means pristine and “uncorrupted by adventitious circumstances. To get to the nature of anything is to get to its shape and substance before these have been altered by exposure to elements and forces not bound up in its own being.”
George Eliot and the Politics of National Inheritance
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

In this stimulating intellectual history of the ideas behind George Eliot’s novels, Bernard Semmel argues that the popularity of Eliot’s fiction can be attributed to a nostalgia for a lost heritage. Writing at a time when society was transforming itself from a traditional to a modern one, Eliot, however, viewed herself as intellectually ‘disinherited’, largely because of her estrangement from her father and brother. Through detailed analyses of Eliot’s novels, and a study of the intellectual currents of the time, Semmel demonstrates that the theme of inheritance provided the central ideas in Eliot’s novels. Semmel argues that Eliot wrote of inheritance both in the common meaning of the term, as in the transfer of goods and property from parents to children, and in the more metaphoric sense of the inheritance of both the benefits and the burdens of the historical past, particularly those of the nation’s culture and traditions (Eliot viewed nationality as an especially important moral force). Semmel also sees Eliot’s use of the politics of inheritance as a debt to the philosophical view called Positivism, which was a major force in nineteenth-century culture. Eliot’s difficult personal associations with leading Positivists, however, led her to a political compromise that pervades her later work. Semmel dissects the Politics of Middlemarch and convincingly demonstrates Eliot’s variations on the theme of inheritance and her acceptance of the gradualist reform processes in (as opposed to a radiacl criticism of) Britain’s political life.
Industrial Energy Conservation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie
Published: October 2023

One of the most attractive ways to increase the effective energy supply is through energy conservation. Energy conservation measures are usually relatively inexpensive and can be implemented quickly compared to the replacement of existing capacity with new, more energy-efficient equipment. This chapter describes the kinds of obstacles that in the past prevented th full implementation of these measures. Conservation measures are then discussed in some detail, and the investment and energy savings that can be envisaged for the next several decades are quantified for specific industries defined in terms of World Model sectors. World Model parameter projections under the OCF scenario are described by region and decade.
The Supreme Court Reborn
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

For almost sixty years, the results of the New Deal have been an accepted part of political life. Social Security, to take one example, is now seen as every American’s birthright. But to validate this revolutionary legislation, Franklin Roosevelt had to fight a ferocious battle against the opposition of the Supreme Court--which was entrenched in laissez faire orthodoxy. After many lost battles, Roosevelt won his war with the Court, launching a Constitutional revolution that went far beyond anything he envisioned. In The Supreme Court Reborn, esteemed scholar William E. Leuchtenburg explores the critical episodes of the legal revolution that created the Court we know today. Leuchtenburg deftly protrays the events leading up to Roosevelt’s showdown with the Supreme Court. Committed to laissez faire doctrine, the conservative “Four Horsemen”--Justices Butler, Van Devanter, Sutherland, and McReynolds, aided by the swing vote of Justice Owen Roberts--struck down one regulatory law after another, outraging Roosevelt and much of the Depression-stricken nation. Leuchtenburg demonstrates that Roosevelt thought he had the backing of the country as he prepared a scheme to undermine the Four Hoursemen. Famous (or infamous) as the “Court-packing plan,” this proposal would have allowed the president to add one new justice for every sitting justice over the age of seventy. The plan picked up considerable momentum in Congress; it was only after a change in the voting of Justice Roberts (called “the switch in time that saved nine”) and the death of Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson that it shuddered to a halt. Rosevelt’s persistence led to one of his biggest legislative defeats. Despite the failure of the Court-packing plan, however, the president won his battle with the Supreme Court; one by one, the Four Horsemen left the bench, to be replaced by Roosevelt appointees. Leuchtenburg explores the far-reaching nature of FDR’s victory. As a consequence of the Constitutional Revolution that began in 1937, not only was the New Deal upheld (as precedent after precedent was overturned), but also the Court began a dramatic expansion of Civil liberties that would culminate in the Warren Court. Among the surprises was Senator Hugo Black, who faced widespread opposition for his lack of qualifications when he was appointed as associate justice; shortly afterward, a reporter revealed that he had been a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite that background, Black became an articulate spokesman for individual liberty. William E. Leuchtenburg is one of America’s premier historians, a scholar who combines depth of learning with a graceful style. This superbly crafted book sheds new light on the great Constitutional crisis of our century, illuminating the legal and political battles that created today’s Supreme Court.
Roots of American Racism
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

This collection of essays focuses principally on India/White and Black/White relations in colonial America. While the principal concern of the book is on the interaction of culture and races, its more specific focus is on perception and policies, based upon the mental impression whites fashioned to help understand Native Americans and African Americans, and the colonial policies that evolved from these precepts. One section of the book deals specifically with changing European perceptions of Indians and blacks. some of these were base upon false impressions later reversed. Many of them continued to be antagonistic to the two races. A section on “Culture and Race in Early Virginia” deals both with English subjection of the Indians and with later debate over the introduction of slavery into the colony. The final section, titled “Puritans and Indians,” deals with Puritan wars against the Pequot Indians, tests of Puritan justice towards Indians, and general development of white-Indian relations in New England from 1605 to 1763. These are a series of provocative essays - some of them revised from published essays, some written specifically for the book - that put race relations in colonial America into a new perspective.
Taiwan: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Yang Ya-Hwei
Published: October 2023

The financial system in Taiwan has not been a perfect bridge for transferring funds between savers and investors, but it is improving gradually. The system’s role in Taiwan’s economic development has been studied fairly extensively in such.,orks as Shea and Yang (1989) and Lee and Tsai (1988), but these are primarily on a macro level. There is little analysis at the micro level-even in Chinese. This chapter seeks to fill that void.
Beyond The Double Bind
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

I can remember, says lawyer Flo Kennedy, “going to court in pants and the judge remarking that I wasn’t properly dressed, that the next time I came to court I should be dressed like a lawyer.” It was a moment painfully familiar to countless women: a demand that she conform to a stereotype of feminine dress and behavior—which would also mark her as an intruder, rising above her assigned station (as the saying goes, she dared to “wear the pants” in the courtroom). Kennedy took one look at the judge’s robe—essentially “a long black dress gathered at the yoke”—and said, “Judge, if you won’t talk about what I’m wearing, I won’t talk about what you’re wearing.” In Beyond the Double Bind, Kathleen Hall Jamieson takes her cue from Kennedy’s comeback to argue that the catch-22 that often blocks women from success can be overcome. Sparking her narrative with potent accounts of the many ways women have beaten the double bind that would seem to damn them no matter what they choose to do, Jamieson provides a rousing and emphatic denouncement of victim feminism and the acceptance of inevitable failure. As she explores society’s interlaced traps and restrictions, she draws on hundreds of interviews with women from all walks of life to show the ways they cut through them. Kennedy, for example, faced the bind that insists that women cannot be both feminine and competent—and then demands that they be feminine first; she undermined that trap with wry wit. Ruth Bader Ginsberg attacked the same quandary head-on: when she heard that her law-school nickname was “bitch,” she replied, “Better bitch than mouse.” Jamieson explores the full range of such double binds (the uterus-brain bind, for example—”you can’t conceive children and ideas at the same time”; or the assertion, “You are too special to be equal”), offering a roadmap for moving past these barricades to advancement. Unlike other breakthrough feminist writers, she finds grounds for optimism in areas ranging from slow improvements in women’s earnings to newly effective legal remedies, from growing social awareness to the determination and skill of individual women who are fighting the double bind. Jamieson is a widely sought-after authority on politics and communications; this book marks a dramatic new departure for her, one certain to win widespread attention. With intensive research and incisive analysis, she provides a landmark account of the binds that ensnare women’s lives—and the ways they can overcome them.
The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

This generously illustrated study of factory buildings documents how these factories were designed to meet the multifarious demands of industry, argues that industrial aesthetic ideals were derived from functional engineering principles (what she terms the “engineering aesthetic”), and contrasts the factory designs of engineers and architects. As Bradley probes the rationale behind the design of factories, she offers readers a useful typology and clarifying terminology.
The Transformation of American Life
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

Something fundamental has changed in American society. The change is far more profound than the readily evident superficial aspects of contemporary life: modern technology, changes in clothing and hairstyles, and suburban sprawl and urban decay. Some of the New Jeremiahs sense the depth of the transformation, noting a profound change in values and behavior. The problem with the New Jeremiahs, however, is that they focus only on certain aspects of this change-such as crime or teenage pregnancy-and see only the negative part of the larger picture.
The Mighty Experiment
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

By the third quarter of the eighteenth century, Great Britain had amassed Europe's largest imperial stake in the transatlantic slave system. During the next three generations the British dismantled that stake in a graduated series of withdrawals. This process has been portrayed, on the one hand, as a rational disinvestment in a foundering overseas system by the world's greatest and most dynamic economic power. On the other hand, it has been assessed as the world's most expensive per capita overseas investment in modern history. In this latter perspective, British anti-slavery was the the crucial element in the greatest humanitarian achievement of all time. For those who actually planned, debated, implemented, and adjusted to the process, ending British slavery was best conceived neither as a timely withdrawal from a failed economy nor an unprecedented national sacrifice. Properly done, it was to be a rational social experiment. Emancipation was designed to simultaneously minimize agitation on both sides of the Atlantic, and to maximize the scientifically proven superiority of free over slave labor. It would thereby not only benefit planters, consumers, and capitalists within the empire, but also accelerate the peaceful and voluntary surrender of millions of chattels throughout the world. The implementation and evaluation of emancipation turned out to be a far more contentious affair than the originators had anticipated. It absorbed minds of a whole generation of parliamentarians, governments, and journalists. The origin, execution, and public assessment of this great experiment, in its own contemporary terms, is the subject of this study.
The Nature of the Cardiovascular Control System
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Many ideas about biological control came from the field of industrial engineering. Accordingly, the first part of the chapter considers the generic features of man-made linear and nonlinear “adaptive” control systems. Circulatory physiologists still tend to use linear control systems, but there is little doubt that the system subserving circulatory regulation resembles a man-made adaptive control system rather than a linear system. In an adaptive system, the set point for resting BP alters under certain circumstances as part of its normal behavior, while under linear control theory the system would be regarded as dysfunctional. The approach used to provide a working model of how the circulatory control system works in EH is considered next. The last section considers briefly the “unifying” theories of hypertension, which tried to explain all hypertension by a single mechanism. For example, Page considered all hypertension as due to disordered tissue perfusion. Later, Guyton formulated a theory in which hypertension was considered to be a compensatory response to the limited capacity of the kidney to excrete salt.
Cardiac Performance
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

In hypertension, the heart pumps against a raised arterial BP while having to meet the body’s requirements for O2 and nutrients over a large range of metabolic activity. It maintains pump performance for many years through raised cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), greater preload, and development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). However, in untreated hypertensives what eventually gives rise to deterioration of performance is, first, rarefaction of the coronary micro-circulation associated with the structural R1 vessel changes, and second, excess enlargement of LV myocytes. This is why LV failure is common in poorly treated patients with severe EH, who are also at greater risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death.
Exercise Training and its Long-Term Effects on Blood Pressure: Linkage to Somatic Movement
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Muscular exercise begins as a voluntary act, emanating from the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum compares the planned somatic movement with its actual execution by the musculature, adjusting discrepancies as they arise and storing them in memory for future reference. The exercising muscles depend on cardiorespiratory performance for an adequate supply of O2 and glucose. Hence one would expect the mechanisms regulating somatic movement during exercise to be closely linked with those involved in cardio-vascular control.
Psychosocial Stress and Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

life is stressful and stress is experienced quite frequently by almost every-one. However, there is considerable variation in the perception of stress: A given stimulus that is mildly stressful to some is regarded as very stressful by others. Only a relatively small proportion of persons who feel chronically stressed go on to develop EH, which suggests greater sensitivity of their neural pathways mediating the cardiovascular responses to stress, since there is little to suggest that the lives of those with EH are more stressful than those of persons with normal BPs.
Salt, Other Dietary Factors, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Lowering of the intake of salt for the treatment of hypertension was first employed by Ambard and Beaujard (1904) and by Allen (1925), who found improvement in some patients with hypertension and severe renal disease. Later, Kempner (1948) advocated a diet of fruit and rice of very low salt content and achieved a few successes in lowering BP in patients with severe hypertension. There were many more failures, but the results provided some encouragement in the days before antihypertensive drugs.
SHR Hypertension and Its Causes
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

SHR hypertension is a neurogenic type of genetic hypertension that develops in most environments (Okamoto and Aoki, 1963; Okamoto, 1969). This suggests that the rats possess sufficient appropriate high BP genes to develop hypertension soon after birth. These genes have been diluted in the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR), the hybrid between SHR and WKY, in which the environment has to reinforce the animal’s genetic makeup to raise the responsiveness of the defense pathway (figure 3.15).
The Parliamentary Voting Rule
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Next to the question of how the representatives to the parliament or legislature are chosen, the most important constitutional issue regarding future collective decision making is the choice of voting rule. We have discussed two quite different parliamentary structures: two-party and multiparty proportional representation. Not surprisingly, the issue of voting rule-selection is quite different in each. We first discuss the two-party case. In a two-party system the choice of a voting rule is obvious-the simple majority rule. The logic of a two-party system is that the voters choose that party whose platform they most prefer or they would most like to see constitute the government. The runoff election option ensures that one party has a majority of seats in the parliament. If the parliamentary voting rule is the simple majority rule, the party winning a majority of seats can implement its program without compromise.
Redistribution
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

We have described the purpose of government as that of providing those goods and services that can make all citizens better off, of inducing the kind of socially cooperative behavior in prisoners ‘ dilemmas that makes all citizens better off. We have argued that the work of the parliament should be confined to these mutually beneficial activities. What then is done about redistribution? Is there no role for the government in redistribution policy? In this chapter, we take up this question. We first contrast the issue under two-party and proportional representation parliamentary systems. The majority party can do what it wants within the constraints of the constitution in a two-party system. Thus, considerable scope for redistribution exists under a two-party form of government.
The Law Catches Up
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

For the first half of the twentieth century, American sex law lagged behind—or actively resisted-the sweeping changes in sexual conduct and values in the rest of society. By the time substantial legal change occurred in the late 1960s, more than 90 percent of middle-class men and half of middle-class women had had sex before marriage, and even adultery was not uncommon. Serious change was visible as early as the 1940s. Following the pioneering sexology of Havelock Ellis, Alfred C. Kinsey and a team of researchers published reports of ordinary people engaged in a wide range of illegal or disapproved sexual activities, including premarital sex, adulterous affairs, same-sex relations, patronization of )’rostitutes, and masturbation. This striking evidence of changed behavior among ordinary Americans bypassed moral or political debates by casting what a generation before had been acts of deviance or radicalism as normal and ordinary. Kinsey’s data suggested not only that sexuality was more varied and insistent than conventional morality allowed, but that it always had been so.