bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Framework to Evaluate the Costs and Potential of Bioenergy in Decarbonization of the U.S. Economy
Authors: Singh Udayan , Hawkins Troy R. , Tao Ling , Binsted Matthew , Field John L. , Burli Pralhad , Oke Doris
Published: August 2024

The long-term strategy of the United States targets reaching economy-wide net-zero emissions by 2050 and a carbon-neutral electricity grid by 2035 (U.S. Department of State and U.S. Executive Office of the President, 2021). Meeting these targets would require considerable changes to the energy system. Some key characteristics of illustrative net-zero energy systems include increased penetration of renewable energy and carbon sources, use of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in hard-to-abate sectors, and a greater role for energy carriers such as electricity and hydrogen (Davis et al, 2018). Another common feature of such energy systems is the need for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches (Horowitz et al, 2022).

Across all these characteristics of net-zero energy systems, bioenergy and biomass feedstock is anticipated to play an important role. Biomass feedstock serves as a renewable carbon source. This can enable conversion of such feedstock into fuels and energy carriers for hard-to-abate sectors such as aviation. Indeed, the U.S. Government has a target to meet all jet fuel demand by 2050 from sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), where biofuel pathways are likely to have an important role (EERE, 2020). Bioenergy is also highly versatile with the possibility to convert feedstock into electricity, hydrogen, liquid fuels, heat or high-value products, based on biomass type, demand and technology availability (Clarke et al, 2022). Combination of bioenergy with CCS can also nominally deliver CDR (Fuhrman et al, 2023). As such, the share of bioenergy is expected to grow by at least five time across scenarios studied for the long-term strategy of the U.S. between 2020 and 2050 (Horowitz et al, 2022).

Notwithstanding the role of bioenergy in the energy systems, its deployment, costs and scalability are influenced by a number of factors. Some of these factors pertain to policy interventions such as imposition of a binding decarbonization target either at an economy-wide level or the sectoral level. Resource availability and type of biomass feedstock also varies considerably across regions. From a technological perspective, the readiness of bioenergy conversion pathways is subject to high variability. This influences the costs of deployment. Moreover, the sourcing of feedstock, grid carbon intensity, and co-product handling approaches all affect the life cycle efficacy of bioenergy. The latter, in turn, is particularly important in determining the extent to which bioenergy with CCS or BECCS can effectively deliver CDR (Fajardy and Mac Dowell, 2017).
Kaya Identity Defines Realistic Negative Emissions Targets for Large Nations and the World
Authors: Diyashev I. R. , Spath J. B.
Published: August 2024

Our primary goal in this paper is to outline a methodology for developing realistic energy transition scenarios using existing and cost-effective technologies including negative emissions technologies. We discuss data sources, build projections of GDP, consumption of various energy resources, and energy transition costs. We discuss in detail the scenario for the USA, and briefly for China and India. We also review worldwide energy transition scenarios, and we address the question of what the expected CO2 emissions under a "business as usual" scenario, how much negative emissions would be required to achieve net zero, and what should be the rate of decarbonization of the energy system to stay within carbon budget associated with dT < 2°C.

Energy systems have tremendous scale and inertia. Trends of systems development play out over several decades and in many cases growth rate of the emissions intensity of the energy system, or energy intensity of the economy can be confidently extrapolated assuming exponential growth or decline trends. This exponential approximation leads to a very simple yet beautiful result: Compound Annual Growth Rate CAGR of CO2 emissions = CAGR of Emissions intensity of the Energy System + CAGR of Energy Intensity of Economic Output + CAGR of Economic output per capita + CAGR of Population projection.

Our secondary aim is education. We are applying this methodology to teach student engineers at Texas A&M University, as well as practicing engineers, about negative emissions targets and realistic transition strategies. We discuss how much energy per capita is necessary for sustaining our modern civilization and the linkage between energy use and economic growth.
Underground Hydrogen Storage Site Selection in Wyoming
Authors: Sheikheh S. , Rabiei M. , Rasouli V. , Holubnyak E.
Published: August 2024

Underground hydrogen storage, compared to surface storage, offers a higher capacity, provides long-term storage, and requires fewer surface installations. Underground hydrogen storage site selection is affected by various factors, including availability of energy sources to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels and renewables, energy consumption in a specific area, accessibility to the existing infrastructure, and availability of underground storage media. These factors vary in different locations. Wyoming, as the second largest energy supplier in the U.S., has a significant share of the influencing factors. This study ranks Wyoming counties based on fossil fuels supply, renewables, energy consumption, and underground storage facilities as well as different type of media for storage such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, abandoned coal mines, and potential trona caverns. Depending on the preferred factors, different counties can be prioritized for underground hydrogen storage site selection. This study is beneficial for storage site selection in Wyoming; however, individual sites should be further investigated for optimal site selection.
From Capturing to Sequestration: A Comprehensive Techno-Economic Analysis of CCS Projects
Authors: Elsayed Touka , Okoroafor Esuru Rita
Published: August 2024

This paper discusses a comprehensive economic analysis of the full lifecycle of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) systems. It evaluates the direct costs and broader economic factors, including infrastructure and technological advancements that influence CCS scalability and feasibility. Our study seeks to illuminate the complexities and financial and environmental implications of implementing CCS technologies across different stages and locations.

We employ a multifaceted approach that includes data collection from industry sources and developing an integrated comprehensive cost analysis model. This method incorporates various CCS components—capture, transport, injection, storage, and monitoring. The model is validated against historical data to ensure reliability and adaptability to different CCS scenarios. Through rigorous data analysis and model testing, we provide accurate and actionable insights.

Our findings include a detailed cost model tool and associated analyses. In line with previous studies and industry insights, capturing costs emerges as the dominant expenditure, potentially accounting for up to 70% of the total CCS project costs. Our findings also highlight the significant financial impact of monitoring expenses, underscoring the necessity of incorporating economic analysis for each monitoring type. The sensitivity analysis identifies critical cost drivers and evaluates the impact of changes in key parameters.

This novel cost model stands as a comprehensive assessment of CCS projects to date, surpassing existing models in the literature. This fusion of financial and environmental analyses introduces new dimensions to understanding economic sustainability in CCS, facilitating optimized resource allocation and strategic planning. It provides substantial benefits to stakeholders in the petroleum industry by enhancing environmental and economic efficiencies in CCS implementation.
ESG Total Cost of Ownership: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Bandeira G. L. , Trindade D. , Gardi L. , Lewis R. , Brown M. , Kuntz R. , Tortato U. , Lobo R. C. G.
Published: August 2024

The Oil and Gas (O&G) industry is facing unparalleled challenges in aligning with sustainable practices against the backdrop of increasing global concerns about climate change and social responsibility. This paper introduces the concept of ESG Total Cost of Ownership (ESG TCO) as a transformative framework, facilitating the understanding of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors in supplier selection processes within global value chains, ultimately enhancing operational sustainability and ensuring business continuity.

Through a case study developed in an O&G company in the global subsea industry, this paper extracts insights from empirical studies and data analysis. The study's scope interrogates the inadequacies of traditional Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) models to fully account for the broader spectrum of costs incurred by O&G operations. Leveraging a comprehensive literature review, this research explores the integration of ESG indicators into the TCO model, highlighting the challenges and opportunities within complex and interconnected supply chains. It proposes a nuanced methodology for integrating sustainability into cost analysis, addressing the unique obstacles and advantages presented by the sector.

The narrative commences with an examination of the environmental legacy and evolving societal expectations confronting the O&G industry, particularly within the global subsea sector. It assesses the ESG TCO framework's efficacy in offering a holistic evaluation of costs and sustainability building blocks encompassing human Rights, safety and carbon intensity factors. The analysis presents strategic recommendations for companies seeking to enhance their sustainability profiles and navigate the transition towards more sustainable operations. By situating ESG TCO as an essential methodology for industry players, this research contributes valuable perspectives to the academic literature on responsible business conduct within the energy sector, particularly those engaged in the global subsea industry. Also, from practical lenses it underscores the strategic relevance of adopting ESG TCO in fostering sustainability, highlighting its role in guiding companies through the complexities of modern supply chains, regulatory environments, and customer requirements.

Based on the imperative of pursuing financial gains and embracing sustainability in worldwide industries, the adoption of the ESG TCO framework offers a strategic pathway. It advances sustainability within global supply chains, positioning it as a cornerstone for selecting isonomically suppliers based on their sustainable performance, considering future client requirements towards the value chain and fostering resilient business models amidst the dual challenges of adhering to environmental responsibilities and navigating societal pressure.
Development of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles for Direct Lithium Extraction from Oilfield Brines
Authors: Danso D. K. , Bicerano Jozef , Heller Douglas P. , Barati R. G.
Published: August 2024

This paper details the formulation and characterization of a novel nanoparticle system composed of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and dextran sulfate (DS) for direct lithium extraction (DLE) from bulk oilfield brines sourced from North America.

Different mass ratios of solutions of PEI and DS at varied concentrations (1 -10wt%) were prepared in the presence of 150 ppm Li concentration to yield nanoparticle systems that electrostatically entrap the Li ions in the solution. The nanoparticles produced were characterized by their size, zeta potential (charge), polydispersity index, and count rate with a particle size and zeta potential analyzer equipment. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscope (ICP-OES) and Total Organic Content-Total Organic Nitrogen (TOC-TON) analyzer equipment were coupled to analyze the Li entrapment efficiency within the nanoparticle systems.

Results indicated that the final pH, size, and charge of the nanoparticles were influenced by the mass ratio of PEI and DS. Particle size exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing PEI: DS mass ratios from 1 to 5, while the opposite trend was observed for mass ratios lower than 1. Zeta potential generally became more positive with higher PEI: DS mass ratios. Meanwhile, negatively charged nanoparticles were observed at lower ratios. The extraction efficiency was optimum between 10 and 9 wt.% concentrations of PEI and DS with positively charged nanoparticle systems exhibiting greater entrapment. The maximum observed entrapment efficiency was approximately 48%, achieved through bilayer deposition.

Integrating this innovative nanoparticle-based DLE method into existing lithium treatment processes can significantly enhance lithium recovery rates, either in combination with membrane extraction techniques or as a standalone methodology following the removal of divalent cations in the pretreatment phase.
Measurement of Diffusivity of Supercritical CO2 in Formation Brines at Reservoir Conditions for CCS Applications
Authors: Oyagha Sherry , Ratnakar Ram R. , Dindoruk B.
Published: August 2024

CO2 diffusivity in brines plays an important role in CO2 migration/distribution in CCS processes. Pressure-decay tests are one of the most common methods to determine gas diffusion in liquids. However most of the existing studies are limited low pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. A few high PT studies with NaCl brines exist in the literature. Main objective of this work is to provide novel experimental data with supercritical CO2 and with extended range of salinities at reservoir conditions (i.e., high pressure and temperature). In this article, we extend the methodologies used in previous studies (Ratnakar and Dindoruk, 2015-SPEJ-170931-PA and 2019-SPE-181514-PA) for CO2-brine systems where we perform diffusivity experiments for CO2-brine systems containing only NaCl. The inversion technique is based on the late transient model technique developed in refs. 34 and 35while the effect of reactive nature of CO2 (forming carbonic acids during dissolution) is also discussed. In particular,

The results are presented at 60°C and 1400 psi with the salinity range of 0 – 200,000ppm. The results show that the diffusivity values are aligned with the trends reported in literature. Most importantly, the work and methodology can be extended to any other reservoir conditions and formation brines.

The main novelty of this work lies in the presentation of new experimental data for diffusivity of supercritical CO2 in brine at extended range of salinities and reservoir PT conditions. Additionally, the effect of reactive nature of CO2 on the inversion of the pressure-decay models are included in contrast to the existing work where such effects are not considered.
Feasibility of Using Stranded Wyoming Wind for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Buckhold Sarah , Naughton Jonathan
Published: August 2024

The state of Wyoming features some of the best wind resources in the country. However, much of this resource is currently undevelopable due to its distance from existing electrical interconnects. This results in the wind being deemed a stranded resource, or a resource that is not currently able to be utilized. The production of hydrogen through electrolysis could enable the transport of wind energy through means other than the electrical grid, such as rail, highway, or pipeline. The objective of this study is to investigate the financial feasibility of creating hydrogen from stranded Wyoming wind resources. This is completed by using the Wind Integrated National Dataset Toolkit Long-term Ensemble Dataset (WTKE-LED), a national weather model that covers the continuous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and offshore regions. The portion of this expansive dataset used in this study includes 20 years of modeled weather data that is output hourly on a 4-km grid to allow for preliminary analysis of wind resources. Wyoming hub height wind speeds from the WTKE-LED are used to map the wind resource of Wyoming. Using the 2023 Annual Technology Baseline (ATB) produced by NREL (Mirletz 2023), wind energy production costs are estimated. Using these energy production costs and corresponding Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for the wind energy, and the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record titled Hydrogen Production Cost from PEM Electrolysis - 2019 (Peterson 2020), the cost of produced hydrogen via electrolysis is then estimated and visualized. This visualization is then overlayed with potential methods of energy transport such as the electric grid, highway, rail, and pipeline.

Results show that Wyoming has many locations of good, but stranded wind resources. While these resources may not be close to existing electrical infrastructure, some are much nearer to existing rail, highways, or pipelines that could enable hydrogen transport. As wind and hydrogen production technologies mature, as forecasted in the ATB (Mirletz 2023) and the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record (Peterson 2020), the resultant map shows several areas of the state that may be able to use stranded wind to produce hydrogen for under $2/kg by 2035. This is far under the $4.48/kg estimate found for that year in the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record. Much of this cost reduction is due to the inexpensive electricity coming from the wind plant due to high wind power capacity factors and lack of costs associated with connecting the wind plant to the grid.
Geomechanical Considerations for Hydro Energy Storage in Fractured Wells
Authors: Al Balushi F. , Taleghani A. Dahi
Published: August 2024

Fractured wells present an innovative opportunity for storing excess renewable energy during periods of low demand by leveraging the elastic deformation of subsurface formations and the lifting of overburden to store and discharge water within hydraulic fractures. The efficiency of these Geomechanical Pumped Storage (GPS) systems heavily relies on the hydraulic connectivity between the wellbore and fractures. This study aims to model various well and fracture configurations to identify optimal designs for enhancing hydro energy storage in fractured wells. We constructed mechanical earth models for both vertical and horizontal wellbores. Injection, shut-in, and production cycles were simulated for varying well/fracture layouts under diverse geological conditions. The presented coupled approach explicitly models fluid flow and rock deformation interactions. In addition, we performed comprehensive sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of key parameters including formation permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture geometry, and leakoff coefficient on system performance. Based on this, we determined optimal designs to exploit stored elastic energy and subsurface formation lift by calculating net power output and the associated system efficiency. Simulation results indicate significant GPS performance variations based on wellbore/fracture orientations. Fracture geometry proved critical in determining net power output. Moreover, horizontal wellbores showed higher efficiency due to the larger accessed reservoir volume compared to vertical wellbores. Understanding geomechanical factors during injection/production cycles is crucial for assessing subsurface formations' potential as effective energy storage/release mediums.
Importance of Surface-Subsurface Integration in CCS System Design
Authors: Stokes Stephen , Mckay Craig , Shah Divya , Hegde Govind
Published: August 2024

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of subsurface conditions on surface networks and vice-versa to highlight correlated challenges and establish best-practice guidelines to be taken into consideration for carbon dioxide (CO2) injection networks to optimize surface and subsurface operations.

This study involved CO2 transport and injection well modelling for a variety of surface and subsurface conditions. This includes the simulation of onshore and offshore transport conditions as well as injection into depleted reservoirs and saline aquifers. Steady state and transient operations were performed on the injection well to investigate the surface and subsurface challenges associated with CO2 phase behavior in the system.

In this work, an integrated CO2 transport and injection network was modelled for various operating scenarios during the life cycle of a CCS project. The challenges encountered in the entire system including Joule-Thomson (JT) cooling, hydrate formation and multiphase flow are highlighted with field case studies presented.

In the context of Carbon Capture, and Storage (CCS) projects, it is essential for CO2 injection wells to meet projected CO2 injection rates for both economic as well as regulatory requirements. The regulatory consequences could be significant, with the operator potentially held responsible for carbon credits until adequate well capacity is attained.

There are several subsurface and surface conditions which impact the performance of either the surface and subsurface operations and these operational scenarios are discussed in an integrated study so that the entire CCS system can be optimized to meet transport and injection requirements.
New Geothermal Gradient Data Allows for Evaluating Applications in Albania and Kosova
Authors: Hoxha B. B. , Soto J. I. , Bega Z. , Zuna A.
Published: August 2024

There is a growing interest in geothermal energy across various applications, including conventional geothermal, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, deep-loop systems, geopressured energy storage, geothermal brine extraction, and the re-utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells. This paper explores new horizons for geothermal applications, specifically assessing suitability for energy-deficient nations like Albania and Kosova. The study employs a joint case study approach, acknowledging the interconnected energy program shared by both countries. Geothermal energy has gained significant traction in addressing the need for low-carbon solutions, with nations increasingly leveraging their natural resources. Despite differing energy mixes, Albania and Kosovo have forged a mutually beneficial energy plan. With both countries facing energy addition challenges and an energy precarity rate of approximately 23-25%, geothermal applications emerge as potential for harnessing abundant, renewable sources. The study delves into novel aspects, including a first-time evaluation of a geothermal gradient in Albania at 7 km depths and an assessment of critical minerals like lithium, radium, and strontium in Kosovo's geothermal brine. The global shift towards sustainable energy sources is evident in many nations’ strategic reevaluation of conventional options, such as fossil fuels. Despite Albania's predominantly ‘green’ electricity production, with 94% hydropower, 3% fossil fuels, and 3% alternative renewables, the country seeks to stabilize its energy mix for self-sufficiency. In contrast, Kosovo heavily relies on lignite, constituting over 94% of its energy sources, with 6% from other resources. Despite efforts to diversify through investments in wind and solar, scaling up remains a challenge.

This study addresses the gap by utilizing previously untapped data and presenting geothermal gradients that identify optimal geothermal applications. For instance, in Albania's Ardenice area, the highest maximum temperature of 113°C is identified, demonstrating the potential for geothermal energy to contribute significantly to the energy mix of both Albania and Kosova. This paper delves into the assessment of geothermal gradients for Albania, exploring suitable geothermal applications for its micro-economic industry rather than energy production. In contrast, critical mineral assessments for Kosovo will be conducted on geothermal brines from the Vardar and Dukagjin basins. These analyses highlight the necessity for tailored technical expertise due to diverse geo- mechanical and operational challenges across regions and applications, paving the way for informed decision-making and sustainable utilization of geothermal resources.
CO2 Utilization for Environmental Innovation: From Waste Stream to Sustainable Solutions
Authors: Alahmadi S. M. , Al-Garadi K. , Alghamdi A. A.
Published: August 2024

This paper seeks to redefine the role of carbon dioxide (CO2), shifting its perception from a greenhouse gas to a versatile resource in environmental sustainability. Focusing on applications in construction, agriculture, renewable energy, and material science, the aim is to explore CO2's potential in creating environmentally beneficial products and solutions. Through a systematic literature review and analysis of recent technological advancements, the paper evaluates the environmental, economic, and practical aspects of utilizing CO2 in various industries. It highlights processes such as carbonation in concrete production, CO2 enrichment in greenhouses, conversion to synthetic fuels, algae cultivation, and its use in manufacturing carbon fibers, plastics, and polymers. The study uncovers substantial environmental benefits across CO2 applications. In concrete production, CO2-infused concrete shows a significant potential to reduce carbon footprint. Greenhouse CO2 enrichment has demonstrated considerable enhancements in crop yields. The synthesis of CO2 into fuels like methanol offers a renewable energy source, which can contribute to reducing fossil fuel dependence. Algae cultivation using CO2 has the potential to substantially increase biofuel yields compared to traditional crops. In material science, CO2-derived plastics and polymers present opportunities to decrease reliance on petroleum-based products. Carbon fiber production from CO2 also shows promise in reducing emissions in the automotive and aerospace industries. In developing the next wave of batteries and electric vehicles (EVs), using carbon dioxide (CO2) is emerging as a game-changer. The focus here is on turning CO2 into advanced materials for battery parts, like lithium-carbonate, which can store more energy for longer than current technologies. However, challenges related to scalability and economic feasibility must be addressed for widespread adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive and quantified overview of CO2's emerging applications, challenging traditional views and showcasing its potential in sustainable practices. It offers new perspectives for the petroleum industry to participate actively in the global transition towards sustainability, emphasizing CO2's role in the circular economy and its capability to transform from a pollutant into a valuable environmental asset.
Old is Not Finished- Creaming Value from Legacy Seismic Datasets in Maturing Hydrocarbon, a Case Study of the Lemur Field Development
Authors: Osimobi J. C. , Dakolo Preye , Kanu Chukwunonso Ikiliagwu Magnus
Published: August 2024

Leveraging on existing seismic dataset and merging different vintages together to help improve signal to noise ration and image fields that are straddled on different seismic datasets is key and essential for planning infill wells and near field exploration. A merge of three different seismic datasets was done to help better image the Lemur field. After the merge, an optimum velocity model was built, and migration carried out. This led to a better resolved broadband seismic image which is essential in understanding hydrocarbon fields and unlocking more reserves. For proper seismic interpretation to take place, clearly understanding the stratigraphic features to map, in this case, straddling across fields, is key to delivering the structural framework and thus delineating the reservoir architecture. This is tied to having good events continuity and true amplitudes in the seismic dataset. In this paper, reprocessing an already existing seismic dataset with recent technology (broadband processing) have shown more structural and stratigraphic features which were not clear in the legacy seismic of the Lemur field, onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria. The most impacting part of the workflow deployed in this work is the Merge of the different surveys, the broadband processing and accurately estimating the velocity used for migration. On the basis on this new seismic dataset, a new infill production well was drilled in the field with success.
Impact of Imperata Cylindrica on the Performance of Water Based Mud in Saline Medium
Authors: Igbafe S. , Igbafe A. I , Ameloko A.
Published: August 2024

Drilling fluids are the most important factor in drilling operations. It is a standard procedure to essentially improve the properties of these fluid to meet the necessary requirements. Regardless of the advanced research and improvements done, there is still need to deeply focus on the causes of formation damage, stuck pipe and other problems mud engineers encounter while drilling. Hence the application of natural additive. In this experimental study, spear grass was pulverized to fine particles and mixed with bentonite mud to test for the rheological and filtration properties and determine its effect on the mud. A design of experiment was applied using surface methodology for the experimental runs using different mud compositions. The rheological, pH, mud weight and filtration loss control test were conducted for each sample at varying temperatures. The spear grass powder and xanthan gum were measured at 1g and the saltwater concentration varied from 5g –25g which were mixed to formulate different variations of bentonite water based mud at varying temperatures. The analysis showed the influence of salt water on the properties of the mud at different concentrations. The spear grass powder enhanced the properties of the mud by reducing the rate of fluid loss when the mud was contaminated by salt and there was an improvement on other mud properties compared to the conventional additive, Xanthan gum was used. This paper aims to discuss the formulation of water-based mud (WBM) using spear grass (Imperata cylindrica) as an additive for fluid loss control.
Application of Crude Oil Degrading Micro-Organisms Immobilized in Cellulosic Material for Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil
Authors: Chinedu Mamah Stanley , Adimula Henry , Sunday Ume Cyril , Ogbodo Nkiruka , Adams Grace , Ugwu Charles , Alpheus Okahu , Amanjide Joan , Chukwu Moses
Published: August 2024

In this research, crude oil degrading microorganisms were produced and immobilized in a local cellulosic material (coconut fibre) and the immobilized product was applied in the bioremediation of soil contaminated with crude oil. Coconut fibre (carrier) was collected, processed and characterized for selected relevant parameters (physico-chemical properties) that makes it suitable as carrier for the crude oil degrading microorganisms. Crude oil degrading microorganisms were produced from stock culture through enrichment method and characterized. A bioreactor was designed and locally fabricated. The crude oil microorganisms were mass produced via the use of a bioreactor from the consortium of the three best crude oil degrader. Petroleum Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were immobilized in coconut fibre which was applied in bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil. A parcel of land with an area measurement of 144 m2 was contaminated with 380 litres of crude oil (Escravos light) and also treated. Two weeks after contamination, the land was tilled to a depth of 15cm with garden fork and a consortium of petroleum degrading bacteria immobilized in coconut fibres (ratio of 1:1) was applied to the soil. Soil samples were collected on a weekly interval for laboratory analysis of residue hydrocarbon content, physico-chemical properties, microbial count of the treated soil using Gas Chromatography (GC) and other methods of analysis. The results showed that about 91.29% of hydrocarbon content in the original crude oil was removed after seven weeks treatment. The percent of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, Ethyl benzene, xylene, (BTEX), degraded in the contaminated soil were 83.01%, 95.86%, and 95.02% respectively. Results obtained demonstrated the effectiveness of immobilized hydrocarbon degrader in treatment of crude oil polluted.
Enhancing PDC Bit Performance Analysis Through Reverse Engineering and Finite Element Methods in Forensic Study
Authors: Amadi K. W. , Alsaba M. T. , Iyalla I. , Farhat M. H. , Bitayib B. M. , Ugoyah J.
Published: August 2024

Drilling is one of the most crucial operations due to its economic implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production. Optimizing a drill-bit design and process parameters can enhance the rate of penetration and well integrity, leading to more efficient drilling operations. Nevertheless, certain operating and downhole conditions aggravate the working conditions of the drill bit. When the drillbit properties cannot withstand these conditions, it results in wear and failure. This paper presents the application of forensic analysis and reverse engineering in pinpointing failure causes and patterns, towards enhancing future PDC bit performance.

The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modelling simulates the environment of the drilling system in a computer environment where the digital breaking of the rock with drillbit using similar operating conditions. During the study, appropriate observation and documentation of the dull report and run record were collected; identification of patterns and scars; proof of fracture initiation, direction of loading, and leveraging on FEA to analyze the effect of design features and operating parameters. Analysis results showed that higher energy in the drilling system by raising weight on bit (WOB) from 10kN to 15kN and rotary speed from 100rpm to 150rpm results in 36% increase in ROP and a higher deformation of the bit material when compared to initial operating parameters. Also, the high thrust force is directly proportional to the normal stress and increases the body temperature of the bit. The optimum PDC design was achieved at 6 bladed designs. This result forms the basis for continuous improvement in drillbit optimization and selection which improve overall performance and economics.
Review of Shape Memory Alloy and Its Application in Sand Screening in Natural Gas Wells
Authors: Amadi Azubuike Hope , Elhaj Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn , Ridha Syahrir
Published: August 2024

Sand production is a major issue in natural gas wells, causing damage to well equipment and decreasing well productivity. Sand screens are commonly used to control sand production, and Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) for this purpose are gaining popularity due to their unique properties. This study aims to explore Nitinol (NiTi), a commonly used SMA owing to its excellent mechanical and shape memory properties in screen applications. An overview of NiTi SMAs, for sand screening in natural gas wells was discussed. The properties and characteristics of NiTi, in comparison with other SMAs, were explored. A comprehensive review of experimental studies and field applications of NiTi SMA sand screens was presented. Machining challenges of NiTi SMAs and suggestions from literature promoting their use as sand screens were further presented. The conclusions of this review paper indicate that NiTi SMA sand screens present unique properties that make them promising for sand control in natural gas wells. This review paper attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of SMAs as its primary objective, particularly NiTi, for sand screening in natural gas wells. The limitations, challenges and opportunities for improving the performance of NiTi SMA sand screens were highlighted. Models used for understanding the behaviour of SMAs were highlighted and compared. Suggestions were made on limitations with sand erosion. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research and development in this field. The novelty of this review paper lies in the comprehensive review of the properties, design considerations, optimization strategies, and experimental studies of NiTi SMA sand screens. This review paper is of interest to researchers, engineers, and professionals in the oil and gas business interested in sand control and the use of SMAs in well equipment.
Comparative Study of Loss Circulation Additives (Conventional and Local Materials) for Filtration Control
Authors: Jimmy D. E. , Benedict U. W. , Igani O.
Published: August 2024

The success of a drilling operation hinges 30% on the quality of Drilling fluid used. Drilling fluids aids drilling process by possessing several characteristics based on the additives added during formulation, enabling the drilling fluid to perform its functions. Additives, such as Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) are added to aid the filtration property of the mud. Unfortunately, these additives are costly, imported, and may not be environmentally friendly. This study utilizes mixed research method of qualitative, quantitative, and descriptive approaches as well as secondary data collection to analyse the comparability and effects of replacing conventional materials (CMC/PAC) with locally sourced materials (agro waste). 12 locally sourced materials were compared with CMC/PAC at 5mL/30mins based on already published data. Results indicated that only 3 materials (Cassava starch, Detarium microcarpum (Achi) and Tigernut Fibre at 4ml, 5.2ml and 5.4ml /30mins each respectively), out of the 12 showed better filtration property compared to CMC/PAC. The remaining 9 either met API standards (i.e. Brachystegia eurycoma (Ofor), Corncob cellulose, Groundnut husk, Potato starch and Sawdust at 5.5ml, 5.8ml, 6.5ml, 7ml and 8.6ml /30mins each respectively), or were out of range (i.e. Walnut shells, Rice husk, Gum Arabic, and Corn starch at 11ml, 16ml, 17ml and 31ml /30mins each respectively), as a replacement for fluid loss control additives. It was also observed that the agro wastes showing better comparison to CMC/PAC depicts good mud filter cake of slippery, smooth and soft mud cakes characteristics to prevent differential pipe sticking, were materials that fall within the starch/cellulose, fibrous and hydrocolloid based materials. Conclusively, these materials can serve as suitable (100%) replacements, are economical, readily available, and environmentally friendly.
A Comparative Analysis of Commercial Bentonite and Local Clay as Viscosifier in Water-Based Mud: A Case Study of Ire-Ekiti Clay
Authors: Ajayi J. O. , Adeniyi A. T. , Omofoyewa M. G. , Ogunyemi A. T. , Giwa A.
Published: August 2024

The search for an alternative to commercial bentonite as a drilling fluid has become imperative in Nigeria's oil and gas sector. The local clay came from Ekiti State, Nigeria's Ire-Ekiti. The clay's properties were ascertained and contrasted with those of bentonite, the preferred clay for drilling operations, in order to manufacture water-based mud. The obtained results indicate a considerable difference in the pH values and rheological properties of the prepared drilling fluid in comparison to bentonite. This is because clay and water are attracted to it, and its inclination to swell is inhibited by the low concentration of sodium cations (Na++). The local mud's pH increased by 15.2% from 8.11 to 11.02 and by 8% from 10.00 to 11.73 when it was beneficiated with soda ash (Na2CO3) at a concentration of 5.0 g clay at 63 microns sieve size to 350 ml of the mud. When PAC-HV was added to the mixture, the marsh funnel viscosity increased by 4.4% and 7.6%, apparent viscosity at 63 microns sieve size decreased by 26.6%, and at 150 microns sieve size increased drastically by 55.8%, but water loss decreased drastically by 32.8% and 66.8%. At both sieve sizes, the clay density increased by 1.2% from 8.50 lb/gal to 8.70 lb/gal after adding 10 g of barite (BaSO4) to 350 ml of the mixture. Thus, when beneficiated with soda ash (Na2CO3), the Ire clay shows good rheological properties at significant concentration that would compare favourably with those of bentonite; nevertheless, PAC-HV needs to be increased above 1.0 g at 150 microns sieve size. Thus, it is possible to create a drilling fluid using Ire clay.
Corrosion Inhibition Assessment of Okra Mucilage in a Corrosive Environment
Authors: Sulaimon A. A. , Turkson J. , Umar A. A. , Wintope Q. , Badmus F. A.
Published: August 2024

Corrosion is an undesirable phenomenon that engenders challenges across multiple industries with the petroleum sector among the mentioned. Organic corrosion inhibitors deployment has received a lot of traction. However, these inhibitors pose detrimental environmental effects. Hence, the study evaluated the corrosion inhibition potential of okra extracts on mild steel in different corrosive and temperature conditions. Sieved (mucilage) and non-sieved samples of okra extracts were prepared to evaluate the effect of unblended particles on the inhibition efficiency of okra. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of different concentrations of okra mucilage (0–1250 ppm) was determined at 25°C in acidic and non-acidic environments. Additionally, the optimum okra mucilage concentration was selected and subsequent corrosion tests for temperatures (40–70°C) were performed. The okra mucilage was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Similarly, the surface morphology of the mild steel samples was identified using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and FESEM. Gravimetric analysis was conducted to determine the corrosion rate of mild steel and the inhibition efficiency of okra extracts. Corrosion rate decreased with okra mucilage concentration. Maximum corrosion rates of 0.7946 mm/year and 0.9242 mm/year were achieved for 500 ppm of okra mucilage and non-sieved okra extract, respectively. Additionally, okra mucilage and non-sieved okra extract yielded remarkable inhibition efficiencies at elevated temperatures. Okra mucilage recorded 49% and 62% inhibition efficiencies at 25 and 70°C, respectively for 833 ppm of the inhibitor. However, the inhibition efficiency of non-sieved okra extracts was slightly reduced at elevated temperatures (from 62% at 25°C to 61% at 70°C) for 1250 ppm of the inhibitor. The study unraveled the potential of okra mucilage as a green corrosion inhibitor, which can be applied in pilot studies as a corrosion mitigation strategy.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Novel Bio-Based Surfactant Synthesized from Algae
Authors: Ogunyemi A. T. , Eluwa T. D. , Adeyi A. A. , Giwa A. , Igbafe A. I.
Published: August 2024

Cost of conventional surfactants coupled with decreasing oil prices and increasing recovery has led to the search and quest for more low-cost yet effective methods and techniques to recover residual and heavy oil in the reservoir. More research has been steered towards environmental-friendly and fluids with low toxicity to be used in tertiary recovery of oil. Oil extracted from algae has been seen to have a promising yield for biodiesel bio-based surfactant production, hence the need to find its potential in EOR. The aim of this study was to formulate an algae-based Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) and to find its effectiveness in lowering surface tension between rock matrix and oil and application in core flood process. The produced MES was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and it showed that the absorption peaked in the presence of single chained alkane stretch bond (C-H stretching alkane) with wavenumber and transmittance of 2918.39 cm-1 and 18.77% respectively and presence of sulfonate group that indicates the surfactant is a methyl ester sulfonate. The CMC value of the surfactant was seen to be 1.24 and an IFT reduction from 28 to 5.1mN/m with a decrease of 81.8%. In the core flood process, at the end of the surfactant flooding, the novel surfactant was able to displace residual oil from the two cores with efficiencies of 40.12% and 41.8%.
Evaluating Statistically the Impact of Waste-Glass Particles on the Compressive Strengths of Oilwell Cement Sheath Systems
Authors: Igbani S. , JOHN A. J.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the compressive strength (CS) of oilwell cement sheath systems (CSSs) that are integrated with waste-glass particles and Class G oilwell cement. Based on the available literature, previous research has shown successive proofs for the use of waste-glass particles in masonries and road buildings, materials on applications of glass-waste are scanty. In this study, two categories of Class G oilwell cement sheath systems (CSSs) were prepared: Category "A" (clean Class G oilwell CSSs) and Category "B" (integrated waste-glass Class G oilwell CSSs). Both categories were prepared using a water-to-cement ratio of 0.44, and were subjected to curing for 7, 14, and 21 days under ambient conditions. Additionally, the controlled experimental samples were prepared by 0% of waste-glass powder; while the investigated experimental samples were prepared by substituting different percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%) of waste-glass powder to the basic weight of cement (BWOC). After 7 days of curing, the CSs were recorded as 2973.28, 2103.05, 3176.33, 1812.98, 1958.01, 3770.99, 1425.30, 1485.71, 1547.27 psi for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% of waste-glass powder to the BWOC, respectively. Similarly, after 14 days of curing, the tested CSs were recorded as 3988.55, 2683.20, 3553.43, 3770.99, 3625.95, 4249.61, 3062.77, 3107.41, and 3165.79 psi for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% of waste-glass powder to the BWOC. Likewise, after 21 days of curing, the tested CSs were recorded as 4351.14, 4206.10, 4423.66, 4423.66, 4713.74, 4931.29, 4764.40, 4836.30, and 4920.13 psi for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% of waste- glass powder to the BWOC. This study concluded that waste-glass powder can be used as an additive for improving the CS of oilwell cement sheath. Mostly, at the optimal proportion of 25% of waste-glass powder replacement of the BWOC.