bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrias culturales y de la comunicación: Mito y lógica de la creatividad y del empresario innovador
Authors: De Mateo Pérez Rosario
Published: December 2015

Los discursos de los políticos, de los poderes económicos, de instituciones diversas como la Universidad, e incluso del lenguaje publicitario, y transmitidos por los medios de comunicación, se hacen eco del mantra del emprendedor y la innovación como fórmulas sagradas que, repetidas hasta la saciedad, hagan desaparecer la crisis del sistema económico, político y social en la que está inmerso el mundo globalizado. En este artículo se esclarecen el mito y la lógica de esos conceptos con análisis de caso en las industrias culturales y de comunicación. Metodología – Se ha utilizado el método socrático. Desde 2014, se ha tratado de dar respuesta a todas las dudas, formuladas en su mayor parte en las siguientes preguntas, a partir de la investigación bibliográfica y de hemeroteca: ¿Cuál es el significado de las palabras creatividad e innovación? Si hay varios significados ¿a cuál se refieren los poderes públicos y privados en estos momentos de crisis? ¿Por qué? ¿Cuál es el significado válido? ¿Cómo se puede aplicar al análisis de casos en  las industrias culturales y de comunicación? Resultados – Se ha obtenido la suficiente información para mostrar el verdadero significado de los conceptos: Creatividad, innovación, y emprendedores que las lleven a cabo, y que tienen poco que ver con los invocados mayoritariamente por los poderes públicos y privados, manifestados a partir de análisis de casos. Conclusiones – El análisis crítico realizado, ha puesto en tela de juicio las diversas aportaciones teóricas que defienden los procesos mentales extraordinarios, como base de los actos de creación e innovación. Cualquier persona que sepa cómo funciona la industria y las empresas culturales y de comunicación, así como su entorno político, económico y social, puede dar a un problema una solución creativa si lo resuelve con una respuesta no conocida anteriormente. Es decir, se trata de la lógica del emprendedor que crea e innova en alguna de las siete áreas aportadas por Drucker: Lo inesperado; lo incongruente; la innovación basada en la necesidad de un proceso; el ‘desmoronamiento’; cambios en la población; cambios en la percepción y significado; nuevos conocimientos, tanto científicos, como no científicos. En cada uno de esos apartados, se aporta análisis de casos en las industrias culturales y de la comunicación.
Analysis of Unmatched Orthopaedic Residency Applicants: Options After the Match
Authors: Rivero Steven , Ippolito Joseph , Martinez Maximilian , Beebe Kathleen , Benevenia Joseph , Berberian Wayne
Published: December 2015

Background

Orthopaedic surgery is one of the most competitive specialties, resulting in many applicants going unmatched. Many unmatched applicants pursue a preliminary internship or research fellowship, but whether these activities make them more successful in subsequent match cycles has not been studied.

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of activities during the intervening period on match success in a subsequent cycle.

Methods

After reviewing rank order lists for our program and National Resident Matching Program correspondence from 1994 to 2013, we identified 198 of 1216 ranked applicants (16.3%) who did not initially match. Of these, 57 applicants who matched through the Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program did not reapply to orthopaedics or trained overseas.

Results

Of 141 reapplicants, 56 matched into orthopaedic surgery, with 87.5% (P < .001) matching at a program in the same region where they had either completed their medical degree or postgraduate year, and 37.5% matching at their home institution (P < .001). Successful reapplicants after a research fellowship had a significantly higher number of publications than unsuccessful reapplicants (P < .05). There was no significant difference in success after research or internship (P = .80) and no significant difference in success rates for US versus international reapplicants (P =  .43).

Conclusions

Success of reapplication into orthopaedic surgery may be less dependent on the route taken during the interim period, and more dependent on developing relationships with faculty at a local or regional institution.
Kinetics Analysis of Pelvis, Thorax, and Bowling Arm in Cricket Bowling
Authors: Ferdinands Rene
Published: December 2015

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) dynamics model of the human body was developed to analyze the motion of fast bowling in cricket. Nine fast bowlers (22.4 ± 3.2 years) were selected from high-level regional cricket to bowl a series of balls at a target placed approximately on a ‘good length’ in line with the wickets, while their bowling actions were captured by a 10-camera 240 Hz motion analysis system (Motion Analysis Corp.). Motion analysis data were obtained from the tracked markers on the bowler strategically placed on the body to define a 3D joint coordinate system for each segment. Two Bertec force plates were used to measure the ground reaction forces. The resulting kinematic and force plate data of the fastest ball were fed into a computer model designed using the Mechanical Systems Pack (Wolfram Research, Inc., V. 5.2), a set of Mathematica packages written for the analysis of spatial rigid body mechanisms, implementing a dynamics formulation with Lagrangian multipliers. The computer model gave a 3D representation of the human body as a system of 15 rigid body segments with mass and inertia properties. Inverse solution dynamics were calculated to generalize certain fundamental aspects of the pelvis, thorax and bowling arm during fast bowling.

How to cite this article

Ferdinands R. Kinetics Analysis of Pelvis, Thorax, and Bowling Arm in Cricket Bowling. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):159-163.
Volar Plate Avulsion of Pip Joint: An Unusual Fielding Injury in Cricket
Authors: Prabhakar Sharad , Dhillon Himmat Singh , Syam Kevin , Dhillon Sidak Singh , Dhillon Mandeep Singh
Published: December 2015

Fielding injuries are the predominant contact injury in cricket, with the fingers taking the blunt of the trauma due to direct hit by the ball while taking catches. Many types of hand and finger injuries like soft tissue contusions, fractures/dislocations and ligament and joint sprains have been observed in this popular team sport. One of the unique kind of hand injuries associated with cricket is the avulsion of the volar plate of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP). Here, we report this unusual injury in a 24-year-old cricketer, its management and 3-month follow-up along with a review of hand injuries in cricket.

How to cite this article

Prabhakar S, Dhillon HS, Syam K, Dhillon SS, Dhillon MS. Volar Plate Avulsion of Pip Joint; An Unusual Fielding Injury in Cricket. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):209-212.
Projections of ocean acidification over the next three centuries using a simple global climate carbon-cycle model
Authors: Hartin C. A. , Bond-Lamberty B. , Patel P. , Mundra A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Continued oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is projected to significantly alter the chemistry of the upper oceans, potentially having serious consequences for the marine ecosystems. Projections of ocean acidification are primarily determined from prescribed emission pathways within large scale earth system models. Rather than running the cumbersome earth system models, we can use a reduced-form model to quickly emulate the CMIP5 models for projection studies under arbitrary emission pathways and for uncertainty analyses of the marine carbonate system. In this study we highlight the capability of Hector v1.1, a reduced-form model, to project changes in the upper ocean carbonate system over the next three centuries. Hector is run under historical emissions and a high emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), comparing its output to observations and CMIP5 models that contain ocean biogeochemical cycles. Ocean acidification changes are already taking place, with significant changes projected to occur over the next 300 years. We project a low latitude (> 55°) surface ocean pH decrease from preindustrial conditions by 0.4 units to 7.77 at 2100, and an additional 0.27 units to 7.50 at 2300. Aragonite saturations decrease by 1.85 units to 2.21 at 2100 and an additional 0.80 units to 1.42 at 2300. Under a high emissions scenario, for every 1 °C of future warming we find a 0.107 unit pH decrease and a 0.438 unit decrease in aragonite saturations. Hector reproduces the global historical trends, and future projections with equivalent rates of change over time compared to observations and CMIP5 models. Hector is a robust tool that can be used for quick ocean acidification projections, accurately emulating large scale climate models under multiple emission pathways.
Hierarchy of climate and hydrological uncertainties in transient low flow projections
Authors: Vidal J.-P. , Hingray B. , Magand C. , Sauquet E. , Ducharne A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. This paper proposes a methodology for estimating the transient probability distribution of yearly hydrological variables conditional to an ensemble of projections built from multiple general circulation models (GCMs), multiple statistical downscaling methods (SDMs) and multiple hydrological models (HMs). The methodology is based on the quasi-ergodic analysis of variance (QE-ANOVA) framework that allows quantifying the contributions of the different sources of total uncertainty, by critically taking account of large-scale internal variability stemming from the transient evolution of multiple GCM runs, and of small-scale internal variability derived from multiple realizations of stochastic SDMs. The QE-ANOVA framework was initially developed for long-term climate averages and is here extended jointly to (1) yearly anomalies and (2) low flow variables. It is applied to better understand possible transient futures of both winter and summer low flows for two snow-influenced catchments in the southern French Alps. The analysis takes advantage of a very large dataset of transient hydrological projections that combines in a comprehensive way 11 runs from 4 different GCMs, 3 SDMs with 10 stochastic realizations each, as well as 6 diverse HMs. The change signal is a decrease in yearly low flows of around −20 % in 2065, except for the most elevated catchment in winter where low flows barely decrease. This signal is largely masked by both large- and small-scale internal variability, even in 2065. The time of emergence of the change signal on 30 year low-flow averages is however around 2035, i.e. for time slices starting in 2020. The most striking result is that a large part of the total uncertainty – and a higher one than that due to the GCMs – stems from the difference in HM responses. An analysis of the origin of this substantial divergence in HM responses for both catchments and in both seasons suggests that both evapotranspiration and snowpack components of HMs should be carefully checked for their robustness in a changed climate in order to provide reliable outputs for informing water resource adaptation strategies.
Investigation of a deep ice core from the Elbrus western plateau, the Caucasus, Russia
Authors: Mikhalenko V. , Sokratov S. , Kutuzov S. , Ginot P. , Legrand M. , Preunkert S. , Lavrentiev I. , Kozachek A. , Ekaykin A. , Faïn X. , Lim S. , Schotterer U. , Lipenkov V. , Toropov P.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. A 182 m ice core was recovered from a borehole drilled into bedrock on the western plateau of Mt. Elbrus (43°20´53.9'' N, 42°25´36.0'' E; 5115 m a.s.l.) in the Caucasus, Russia, in 2009. This is the first ice core in the region that represents a paleoclimate record that is practically undisturbed by seasonal melting. Relatively high snow accumulation rates at the drilling site enabled the analysis of the intraseasonal variability in climate proxies. Borehole temperatures ranged from −17 °C at 10 m depth to −2.4 °C at 182 m. A detailed radio-echo sounding survey showed that the glacier thickness ranged from 45 m near the marginal zone of the plateau up to 255 m at the glacier center. The ice core has been analyzed for stable isotopes (δ18O and δD), major ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F-), succinic acid (HOOCCH2COOH), and tritium content. The mean annual net accumulation rate of 1455 mm w.e. for the last 140 years was estimated from distinct annual oscillations of δ18O, δD, succinic acid, and NH4+. Annual layer counting also helped date the ice core, agreeing with the absolute markers of the tritium 1963 bomb horizon located at the core depth of 50.7 m w.e. and the sulfate peak of the Katmai eruption (1912) at 87.7 m w.e. According to mathematical modeling results, the ice age at the maximum glacier depth is predicted to be ~ 660 years BP. The 2009 borehole is located downstream from this point, resulting in an estimated basal ice age of less than 350–400 years BP at the drilling site. The glaciological and initial chemical analyses from the Elbrus ice core help reconstruct the atmospheric history of the European region.
Critical Criminological Understandings of Adult Pornography and Woman Abuse: New Progressive Directions in Research and Theory
Authors: DeKeseredy Walter
Published: December 2015

There is a small, but growing, social scientific literature on the racist and violent nature of contemporary adult pornography. However, considerably more empirical and theoretical work needs to be done to advance a critical criminological understanding of how such hurtful sexual media contribute to various forms of woman abuse in intimate relationships. The main objective of this article is to briefly review the relevant literature and to suggest a few new progressive empirical and theoretical directions.
Film-making and Police-minority Relations: Slovenian Police and Roma in Shanghai Gypsy
Authors: Strobl Staci , Phillips Nickie , Banutai Emanuel , Reynolds Danielle
Published: December 2015

After experiencing riots involving police and a Roma village, a community in north-eastern Slovenia hosted the million-dollar production of a major motion picture, Shanghai Gypsy (2012), which focuses on Roma and criminal justice themes. Several current Slovenian police officers played the role of police while local Roma were ‘extras’ as Roma villagers. This research explored the meaning of cooperating on production of the film for participants from two groups formerly in conflict. The current study consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted approximately 18 months after the film was produced with a sample of participants. We hypothesized that the film participants were able to interact with each other in ways that opened up new modes of communication, improved interpersonal relationships, and aided mutual understanding. Participants indicated that the film was regarded as a powerful means of generating Roma cultural awareness. Both police and Roma tended to downplay the intensity of the original conflict, yet often offered stories and anecdotes that seemed to indicate that relations between the groups had indeed improved as a result of their participation in the film.
Catholic Church Responses to Clergy-Child Sexual Abuse and Mandatory Reporting Exemptions in Victoria, Australia: A Discursive Critique
Authors: Guerzoni Michael Andre , Graham Hannah
Published: December 2015

This article presents empirical findings from a critical discourse analysis of institutional responses by the Catholic Church to clergy-child sexual abuse in Victoria, Australia. A sample of 28 documents, comprising 1,394 pages, is analysed in the context of the 2012-2013 Victorian Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations. Sykes and Matza’s (1957) and Cohen’s (1993) techniques of, respectively, neutralisation and denial are used to reveal the Catholic Church’s Janus-faced responses to clergy-child sexual abuse and mandatory reporting requirements. Paradoxical tensions are observed between Catholic Canonical law and clerical practices, and the extent of compliance with secular law and referral of allegations to authorities. Concerns centre on Church secrecy, clerical defences of the confessional in justification of inaction, and the Melbourne Response compensation scheme. Our research findings underscore the need for greater Church transparency and accountability; we advocate for mandatory reporting law reform and institutional reform, including adjustments to the confessional ritual.
THERMO-MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF CYCLICALLY LOADED PARTICLE-REINFORCED ELASTOMER COMPONENTS: EXPERIMENT AND FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION
Authors: Behnke R. , Kaliske M. , Klüppel M.
Published: December 2015

Elastomer components are often subjected to periodic loading conditions during service. Elastomer parts are used because of their large extensibility and significant damping characteristics, where the latter originate from inelastic material features. Combined with cyclic loading conditions, the inelastic properties of the material yield mechanical energy dissipation, its transformation to thermal energy, and heat buildup in the elastomer component. The experimental and numerical understanding of the thermo-mechanical coupling of elastomers is a prerequisite to predict the temperature rise in elastomer components. In this contribution, experimental and numerical investigations on cyclically loaded dumbbell-shaped elastomer components are addressed. A thermo-mechanical material model representing finite nonlinear viscoelasticity and a temperature- and deformation-dependent heat capacity is used within the finite element method to compute the heat buildup in the dumbbell-shaped elastomer components. The simulation results (surface temperature evolution) for three different loading frequencies are compared with experimental data.
The Impact of Health Education in Curbing Trafficking Amongst Women in Edo State
Authors: Olohiomeru Ikhioya Grace
Published: December 2015

Trafficking in human is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Trafficking is carried out for different reasons, such as sexual slavery, forced labour, commercial prostitution, organ harvesting amongst others. It has become a great concern in Nigeria and Edo state in particular as a result of the notorious reputation for being one of the leading countries of Africa in human trafficking and there have been several researches carried out to phantom the propelling rationale for the increasing incidence of trafficking especially in women in Edo state. The paper examined the impact of health education in curbing women trafficking in Edo state. The writer discussed the following; what is trafficking in women, prevalence, causes, contributing factors, effects and the objectives of Health Education. It was discovered that the objective of Health Education as stated by Parmars, (2007) as informing the people, motivation of the people and guidance of the people can have positive and great impact in curbing women trafficking. Conclusions were drawn from other areas and recommendations were made.
Biodiversity - increasing knowledge
Authors: Bakken Torkild
Published: December 2015

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George Henry Lewes's 1869 Diary and Journal: A Transcription and Annotation of Unpublished Holographs Held at the Beineke Library of Yale University
Authors: Eisenberg Michelle
Published: December 2015

This article is a transcription and annotation of two unpublished pieces of personal writing by George Henry Lewes, life partner of nineteenth-century author George Eliot. One is a dated daily diary from the year 1869; the second piece comprises sections from his Journal, Volume XII, June 1866-May 1870, relating to that year. The diary and journal are housed in the Beineke Library of Yale University. Special permission has been given by Jonathan G. Ouvry, George Henry Lewes's descendant and holder of copyright on unpublished Lewes-George Eliot manuscripts, for them to be used for this project. The year 1869 was significant in the lives of Lewes and Eliot and included the tragic death of Lewes's son, Thornton. At the same time, George Eliot was compiling research and writing some sections of Middlemarch and Lewes himself was gathering information and working on his five-volume Problems of Life and the Mind. To provide the most consistent and cohesive picture of the year 1869, the diary and journal sections have been incorporated into a single document, with annotations, notes, and introduction. The “Introduction” describes the holographs and places them within the context of George Henry Lewes's and George Eliot's life, domestic environment, work and ideas. The “Editorial Notes” lay down the principles of adherence wherever possible to what George Henry Lewes wrote in the two holographs. The transcriptions and annotations, which locate or explain references, are followed by an alphabetically arranged listing of “Works Cited,” as well as two appendices. The first consists of an alphabetical listing of books read by Lewes in 1869, and the second provides an alphabetically arranged guide to “Friends, Acquaintances, and Visitors” found in the holographs.
Agro-Diversity in the Forest-Savannah Transition Zone of Ghana: A Strategy for Food Security against Climatic and Socio-Economic Stressors
Authors: Ayivor Jesse S. , Pabi Opoku , D. Ofori Benjamin , Yirenya-Taiwiah Dzidzo R. , Gordon Chris
Published: December 2015

Food security is a major issue affecting about 239 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, local ecosystems-based adaptive strategies for reducing the impact of climate change and other stressors on food production systems are very relevant in the national food security agenda. This study assessed how farmers in communities of the environs of the Kogyae Strict Nature Reserves in the forest-savanna transition zone of Ghana exploit a range of options for food production that spread and reduce risks and ensure sustainability of the local environment. Through a cross-sectional survey involving focus group discussions, institutional data search and on-site observations, the study investigated different ways to which the natural diversity of the environment has been used by farmers to enhance farm productivity and farmer income. The study observed that climate variability, land expropriation for protected area establishment, inappropriate use of farm technology and low pricing for farm produce pose as major threats to sustainable agriculture in the area. These constraints have compelled farmers to adopt a range of agro-diversity practices for increased farm productivity and income. They include introduction of new crop varieties, adoption of innovative farm management practices, diversified farm fields and sequential cropping systems. The study noted that the diversified systems have boosted farmer productivity and incomes and contributed to their socio-cultural needs. The study recommends greater crop intensification through the use of appropriate technologies and improved access to markets to consolidate farmer gains and livelihoods as well as ensuring food and nutritional security.
Cultural Tourism,Meitheal, and Representation of Heritage: Traditional Step Dancing and Siamsa Tíre, the National Folk Theatre of Ireland
Authors: Foley Catherine E.
Published: December 2015

Cultural brokers at national and local levels, recognizing the lucrative potential of tourism, have learned to construct commoditized cultural packages for tourist consumption. In this paper I examine one such packaging phenomenon, and ask, “What is the effect of the commoditization of culture for purposes of tourism on local communities?” This paper investigates how a traditional step dance practice in North Kerry, Ireland, was contemporized and commoditized in the 1980s by Siamsa Tíre, the National Folk Theatre of Ireland, with a view to informing cultural understandings of Ireland and attracting tourists. Examining the impact of cultural tourism on the development of Siamsa Tíre, I argue that Siamsa Tíre's appropriation and re-presentation ofthe local Molyneaux traditional style of step dancing produced something new and gave the Molyneaux style a new lease on life at a time when this traditional dance practice and its associated rural contexts of performance were in decline.
L’identité professionnelle de travailleurs sociaux en devenir : de la formation à la pratique
Authors: Crête Josianne , Pullen Sanfaçon Annie , Marchand Isabelle
Published: December 2015

La transition de la formation universitaire en service social à la pratique représente un moment important dans le processus de structuration de l’identité professionnelle. L’article présente les résultats issus d’une recherche qualitative longitudinale, qui s’est intéressée à ce processus dans cette période de transition. Selon un cadre interactionniste symbolique, ce processus est modélisé en trois moments qui concernent à tour de rôle : 1) l’acquisition de connaissances et de compétences professionnelles, 2) les enjeux d’autonomie et de reconnaissance professionnelles, et 3) la multiplicité des identités professionnelles en travail social. Par la suite, les résultats sont mis en dialogue avec les écrits scientifiques et, en conclusion, sont identifiées des pistes de réflexion.
L’évaluation des stages par les acteurs de la formation pratique : modalités, supervision, évaluation et guide de stage
Authors: Lapointe Jean-René , Guillemette François
Published: December 2015

En 2001, le ministère de l’Éducation du Québec publiait les nouvelles orientations de la formation à l’enseignement et invitait les universités à revoir leurs programmes de formation à l’aune de ces nouvelles orientations. Après une décennie d’implantation de ces nouvelles orientations ancrées dans une approche par compétences, l’étude sur laquelle se fonde cet article propose de faire le point sur les pratiques dans différents programmes de stage en enseignement. De nombreux enseignants associés et cadres scolaires travaillant au Québec ont contribué à cette recherche évaluative sur les stages en formation pratique à l’enseignement, plus précisément sur les modalités de stage, sur la supervision, sur l’évaluation et sur les guides mis en place dans les différents programmes de formation en enseignement au Québec. L’analyse des données recueillies démontre que l’accueil d’un stagiaire est un événement stimulant pour les participants qui collaborent avec le milieu universitaire pour accompagner les stagiaires dans leur développement professionnel.
Épreuves spécifiques rencontrées lors d’immigration et de formation en soins infirmiers en Haute école spécialisée en Suisse : le cas d’étudiants subsahariens
Authors: Graber Myriam
Published: December 2015

La migration du Sud au Nord est une réalité actuelle et n’est pas sans répercussions dans le monde de la formation professionnelle, qui se confronte à différentes situations interculturelles. Cet article porte sur les épreuves rencontrées par des étudiants d’Afrique subsaharienne en situation de migration, de formation en soins infirmiers dans les Hautes écoles de Suisse romande et, plus spécifiquement, à ce qu’ils nomment un deuxième apprentissage qu’ils sont amenés à faire eux-mêmes, sans l’aide des enseignants, puisque ces derniers n’en sont pas forcément conscients. Sur le plan de la méthodologie, nous avons effectué une recherche qualitative au moyen d’entretiens biographiques et d’entretiens de stage avec des étudiants en provenance de l’Afrique subsaharienne. En conclusion, nous montrons que ces épreuves ont des incidences sur le métier d’étudiant africain, métier qui n’est pas tout à fait le même que celui que les étudiants autochtones sont amenés à réaliser. Signalons que le terme autochtone a été utilisé par les participants. Ils nommaient ainsi les étudiants nés en Suisse (non immigrants). Nous relions cet apprentissage au curriculum caché de formation.
The Supreme Court in a Pluralistic World: Four Readings of a Reference
Authors: Glover Kate
Published: December 2015

Dominant narratives about the institutional life of the Supreme Court of Canada pay too little attention to the empirical and theoretical insights of legal pluralism. They do not say enough about the Court’s place in a world in which the nature and experience of law are often understood without reference to state sources or institutions. As a result, the prevailing narratives do not speak to many social realities, fail to build on rich pluralist critiques of the Court’s jurisprudence, and disregard the aims and promise of doing legal theory.

Relying on the Reference Re Senate Reform as a case study, this article points to shortcomings of contemporary understandings of the Court and proposes a way to overcome them. Part I presents four readings of the Supreme Court’s opinion in the Reference. Each focuses on a different dimension of the case—the doctrinal, the metaphorical, the institutional and the contextual. The readings are an invitation to notice the assumptions embedded in interpretations of the Reference and to explore the larger narratives of which they are a part. Part II takes up that invitation. It shows that the dominant narratives often reflect state-centric traditions of legal theory and impede inquiries into the Court’s place in a legally and institutionally plural world. It then presents a research agenda that maps a route toward filling this gap. Drawing on lessons of legal pluralism, the agenda encourages us to confront what we think we know—and what we tend to ignore—about the morality of the Court’s institutional design, about the Court’s place in Canada’s constitutional imagination, and about the significance of the Court in light of the myriad ways in which we access and pursue justice.
The interface analysis of GaN grown on 0° off 6H-SiC with an ultra-thin buffer layer
Authors: Sun Zheng , Ohta Akio , Miyazaki Seiichi , Nagamatsu Kentaro , Lee Hojun , Olsson Marc , Ye Zheng , Deki Manato , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi
Published: December 2015

Previously, we reported a growth method by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using a single two-dimensional growth step, resulting in 1.2-µm crack-free GaN directly grown on 6H-SiC substrate. The introduction of Al-treatment prior to the standard GaN growth step resulted in improved surface wetting of gallium on the SiC substrate. Transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis of the epitaxial interface to the SiC determined that an ultra-thin AlGaN interlayer had formed measuring around 2–3 nm. We expect our growth technique can be applied to the fabrication of GaN/SiC high frequency and high power devices.
First-principles calculations of multivacancies in germanium
Authors: Sholihun  , Ishii Fumiyuki , Saito Mineo
Published: December 2015

We carry out density-functional-theory calculations to study the stability of germanium multivacancies. We use supercells containing 216 atomic sites and simulate two configurations called the “part of hexagonal ring” (PHR) and fourfold configurations of the tri-, tetra-, and pentavacancies. We find that the fourfold configurations of the tetra- and pentavacancies are the most stable and these configurations are also the most stable in the case of silicon. However, we find that the PHR and fourfold configurations have similar energies in the case of the germanium trivacancy. These results are in contrast to those of the silicon trivacancy; the fourfold configuration has substantially lower energy than the PHR configuration. This difference between germanium and silicon is expected to originate from the fact that the four bonds in the fourfold configurations in the germanium trivacancy are weaker than those in the silicon one. By calculating dissociation energies, we find that the silicon tetravacancy is not easy to dissociate, whereas the germanium tetravacancy is not very stable compared with the silicon one.
Conduction mechanism in amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistors
Authors: Bhoolokam Ajay , Nag Manoj , Steudel Soeren , Genoe Jan , Gelinck Gerwin , Kadashchuk Andrey , Groeseneken Guido , Heremans Paul
Published: December 2015

We validate a model which is a combination of multiple trapping and release and percolation model for describing the conduction mechanism in amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFT). We show that using just multiple trapping and release or percolation model is insufficient to explain TFT behavior as a function of temperature. We also show the intrinsic mobility is dependent on temperature due to scattering by ionic impurities or lattice. In solving the Poisson equation to find the surface potential and back potential as a function of gate voltage, we explicitly allow for the back surface to be floating, as is the case for a-IGZO transistors. The parameters for gap states, percolation barriers and intrinsic mobility at room temperature that we extract with this comprehensive model are in good agreement with those extracted in literature with partially-complete models.
Controllable Growth Orientation of SnS2 Flakes for Low‐Noise, High‐Photoswitching Ratio, and Ultrafast Phototransistors
Authors: Yang Dun , Li Bing , Hu Chao , Deng Hui , Dong Dongdong , Yang Xiaokun , Qiao Keke , Yuan Shengjie , Song Haisheng
Published: December 2015

The planar semiconductor device fabrication techniques promote us to control the growth orientation of layered metal dichalcogenide materials. Herein, an efficient approach to control the growth orientation of tin disulfide flake (F‐SnS2) and the applications in phototransistors is demonstrated. The in‐plane and vertical growth of F‐SnS2 can be mediated by adopting different substrates. In‐plane, F‐SnS2 is successfully grown on 2D substrates (mica, graphene, etc.) due to the van der Waals epitaxial growth. The vertical F‐SnS2 grown on 3D substrates is attributed to the impeding effect of dangling bonds. The secondary growth control experiments are carried out and the growth results further verify our explanations. The in‐plane F‐SnS2 is further applied in back‐gated phototransistors. The field‐effect mobility and current on/off ratio of back‐gated field‐effect transistors (BG‐FETs) reach 4 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 and 105. The as‐grown F‐SnS2 phototransistors show small photoswitching ratio (≈1.3), large dark current (≈μA), and slow response time (≈second order). The sluggish response is ascribed to long‐lived traps which may be induced by sulfur vacancy defects (V
S). The as‐grown samples are further annealed in saturated sulfur atmosphere. The treatment can greatly suppress the deteriorating effect of long‐lived traps. The corresponding photoswitching ratio, dark current, and photoresponse time are improved to ≈40, pA order and millisecond order, respectively. The controllable orientation growth and efficient treatment technique are expected to be widely applied in other 2D metal dichalcogenide materials for high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Multidiffractive Broadband Plasmonic Absorber
Authors: Khan Imran , Keshmiri Hamid , Kolb Florian , Dimopoulos Theodoros , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Dostalek Jakub
Published: December 2015

A novel plasmonic structure for absorbing light over broad range of wavelengths and angles of incidence is reported. It is based on a corrugated metallic grating with multiple superimposed periodical modulations for diffraction coupling of light to surface plasmons. This approach combines the advantages of regular periodic and random structures as it allows for strong as well as broadband coupling of light to surface plasmon waves. In order to demonstrate this concept, a multidiffractive structure is sequentially recorded by laser interference lithography into a photoresist, copied into an UV cross‐linkable polymer, and subsequently coated by aluminum and a thin standard polymer‐based photovoltaic active material layer (poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl[6,6]C61 (PCBM)). Experiments and numerical simulations are carried out in order to design a three‐diffraction crossed grating corrugation for plasmonic extending of the absorption band of the P3HT:PCBM into near‐infrared part of spectrum. The work demonstrates that this structure enhances the absorption in the P3HT:PCBM by a factor of 2.9 in the spectral window 600–750 nm where it is inherently weakly absorbing. Over the whole visible/NIR part of spectrum 400–750 nm the number absorbed photons in P3HT:PCBM is increased by 28%.
Copper‐Mediated Halotrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: An Won , Ha Neul , Lee Hyun Myung , Malpani Yashwardhan R. , Lee Duck‐Hyung , Jung Young‐Sik , Han Soo Bong
Published: December 2015

A copper‐mediated halotrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes using Umemoto’s reagent and copper(I) halide (CuX, X=Cl, Br, and I) was developed. The CuX species (CuI, CuBr, and CuCl) were chosen as the source for both copper and halides because of their benchtop stability, commercial availability, and relatively low cost. Simple exchange of the copper salt provided the desired simultaneous and regioselective incorporation of the halogen atom and of the CF3 group to various alkenes. This protocol offers an efficient and practical route to various β‐halotrifluoromethylated alkanes. Further modifications of the CBr bond to CB, CN and CS bonds were performed. These derivatizations show the feasibility of late‐stage modifications.

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Transition Metal‐Free Direct CH (Hetero)arylation of Heteroarenes: A Sustainable Methodology to Access (Hetero)aryl‐Substituted Heteroarenes
Authors: Rossi Renzo , Lessi Marco , Manzini Chiara , Marianetti Giulia , Bellina Fabio
Published: December 2015

In recent years, environmental and economic reasons have motivated the development of transition metal‐free carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions and some excellent reviews have covered this research area of particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry. However, none of these reviews has been specifically dedicated to summarize and discuss the results achieved in the rapidly growing field of the transition metal‐free direct (hetero)arylation reactions of heteroarenes. This review, which covers the literature from 2008 to 2014, aims to provide a thorough insight into the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of these atom economic and environmentally benign reactions also highlighting their advantages and possible disadvantages compared to conventional methods for the synthesis of arylheteroarenes and biheteroarylsviatransition metal‐catalyzed reactions.

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The Effect of Core–Shell Ratio of Acrylic Impact Modifier on Toughening PLA
Authors: Li Wu , Zhang Ye , Wu Dandan , Li Zonglin , Zhang Huiliang , Dong Lisong , Sun Shulin , Deng Yunjiao , Zhang Huixuan
Published: December 2015

Acrylic impact modifier (ACR), one kind of methyl methacrylate–butyl acrylate copolymer with a core–shell structure, was prepared by seed emulsion polymerization. The weight ratio of core–shell ranges from 85.5/14.5 to 71.9/28.1. Then PLA/ACR blends were prepared with a constant ratio of 80/20. The effect of core–shell ratio of ACR on toughening PLA was investigated. Torque analysis revealed that the torque values of PLA/ACR blends increased with increasing shell content of ACR. The impact strength of PLA/ACR blends reached the highest value of 77.1 kJ m−2 when the core–shell ratio of ACR was 79.2/20.8. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs revealed that ACR was dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that the plastic deformation and cavitations were the major toughening mechanism for the PLA/ACR blends. The shell partition PMMA of ACR was partially miscible with PLA from dynamic mechanical analysis.
A Versatile Cobalt Catalyst for Secondary and Tertiary Amide Synthesis from Various Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kim Se Eun , Hahm Hyungwoo , Kim Suyeon , Jang Wonseok , Jeon Byunghoon , Kim Youngjo , Kim Min
Published: December 2015

A wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives including aldoximes, aldehydes, nitriles, primary amides, and carboxylic acid esters were reacted with various amines to form secondary and tertiary amides from a single cobalt catalyst. CoCl2/PPh3 was revealed as a universal, efficient catalyst for secondary or tertiary amide synthesis from a variety of starting materials. A two‐step mechanism for the secondary amide synthesis from aldoximes was proposed and the substrate scope was intensively investigated. This study informs us about the reactivity of the cobalt catalyst with regards to carboxylic acid derivatives, along with the functional group tolerance of the substrates.
The Case for Corporate ADR
Authors: Gédéon Maria Fernanda Pecora
Published: December 2015

In the past few years in Brazil, conciliation and mediation have been gaining momentum as instruments for speedy and peaceful conflict resolution, both judicially and extra‐judicially. Neither mediation nor conciliation are new to the legal framework. But they have always been applied very timidly.
The Mediator as Arbitrager: Asymmetry in Action
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: December 2015

Editor's note: Alternatives columnist Bob Creo, a Pittsburgh arbitrator and mediator, has been revisiting his catalog of CPR Institute website columns, originated a decade ago, in a Back to Basics Alternatives series that he has subtitled “Human Problems, Human Solutions.” These updated and expanded columns, in print for the first time, began a year ago. He has revisited a wide spectrum of mediation room behaviors and practices. This month, he returns to the third column he wrote at www.cpradr.org, and brings it forward.
The Plasma Membrane as a Reservoir, Protective Shield, and Light‐Triggered Launch Pad for Peptide Therapeutics
Authors: O'Banion Colin P. , Nguyen Luong T. , Wang Qunzhao , Priestman Melanie A. , Holly Stephen P. , Parise Leslie V. , Lawrence David S.
Published: December 2015

Although peptide‐based therapeutics are finding increasing application in the clinic, extensive structural modification is typically required to prevent their rapid degradation by proteases in the blood. We have evaluated the ability of erythrocytes to serve as reservoirs, protective shields (against proteases), and light‐triggered launch pads for peptides. We designed lipidated peptides that are anchored to the surface of red blood cells, which furnishes a protease‐resistant environment. A photocleavable moiety is inserted between the lipid anchor and the peptide backbone, thereby enabling light‐triggered peptide release from erythrocytes. We have shown that a cell‐permeable peptide, a hormone (melanocyte stimulating hormone), and a blood‐clotting agent can be anchored to erythrocytes, protected from proteases, and photolytically released to create the desired biological effect.
Brief Report: Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Who Are Positive for Autoantibodies to Tripartite Motif–Containing Protein 38 Show Greater Disease Severity
Authors: Wolska Nina , Rybakowska Paulina , Rasmussen Astrid , Brown Michael , Montgomery Courtney , Klopocki Arkadiusz , Grundahl Kiely , Scofield Robert H. , Radfar Lida , Stone Donald U. , Anaya Juan M. , Ice John A. , Lessard Christopher J. , Lewis David M. , Rhodus Nelson L. , Gopalakrishnan Rajaram , Huang Andrew J. W. , Hughes Pamela J. , Rohrer Michael D. , Weisman Michael H. , Venuturupalli Swamy , Guthridge Joel M. , James Judith A. , Sivils Kathy L. , Bagavant Harini , Deshmukh Umesh S.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Autoantibodies reactive with Ro52 (tripartite motif−containing protein 21 [TRIM21]) are detected in 70% of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). TRIM21 belongs to a 34‐member C‐IV family of TRIM proteins. Although autoantibodies against other TRIM proteins within the C‐IV family have been detected in the sera of patients with primary SS, their clinical relevance remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of anti‐TRIM38 in patients with primary SS and evaluate its association with various clinical measures of the disease.

Methods

Serum samples from patients with primary SS (n = 235) and controls (n = 50) were analyzed for reactivity with in vitro−transcribed and −translated 35S‐methionine−labeled TRIM38 protein. The associations of anti‐TRIM38 with various laboratory and clinical measures of primary SS were evaluated. Reactivity of anti‐TRIM38 with different structural domains of TRIM38 was analyzed. Affinity‐purified anti‐TRIM38 antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate TRIM21.

Results

TRIM38‐reactive autoantibodies were detected in the sera of 24 of the 235 patients with primary SS and 2 of the 50 controls. Anti‐TRIM38 positivity was significantly associated with the presence of anti‐Ro60, anti‐Ro52, anti‐La, rheumatoid factor, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Clinically, anti‐TRIM38 was associated with significantly higher ocular surface staining scores, lower Schirmer's test scores, and minor labial salivary gland biopsy focus scores of ≥3.0. Anti‐TRIM38 antibodies mainly recognized the cortactin‐binding protein 2 (CortBP‐2; amino acids 128–238) and the B30.2/SPRY (amino acids 268–465) domains on TRIM38. Affinity‐purified antibodies to TRIM38–CortBP‐2 and TRIM38–B30.2/SPRY domains reacted with TRIM21.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that anti‐TRIM38 specificity arising in a subset of patients with primary SS is associated with increased severity of the disease.
Lupus Nephritis IgG Induction of Calcium/Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase IV Expression in Podocytes and Alteration of Their Function
Authors: Ichinose Kunihiro , Ushigusa Takeshi , Nishino Ayako , Nakashima Yosikazu , Suzuki Takahisa , Horai Yoshiro , Koga Tomohiro , Kawashiri Shin‐ya , Iwamoto Naoki , Tamai Mami , Arima Kazuhiko , Nakamura Hideki , Obata Yoko , Yamamoto Kazuo , Origuchi Tomoki , Nishino Tomoya , Kawakami Atsushi , Tsokos George C.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Kidney podocytes and their slit diaphragms prevent urinary protein loss. T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus display increased expression of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV). The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of CaMKIV in podocyte function in lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods

We treated kidney podocytes with IgG derived from healthy individuals or patients with LN and then analyzed gene expression using a DNA microarray. The localization of IgG in podocytes was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, with or without silencing of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). In addition, we silenced CAMK4 in podocytes and analyzed the expression of selected genes. We also examined the expression of CD86 in kidney podocytes from MRL/lpr, MRL/lpr.camkiv–/–, and MRL/MPJ mice by in situ hybridization.

Results

We found that exposure of podocytes to IgG resulted in entry of IgG into the cytoplasm. IgG entered podocytes via the FcRn because less IgG was found in the cytoplasm of podocytes treated with FcRn small interfering RNA. DNA microarray studies of podocytes exposed to LN‐derived IgG revealed up‐regulation of genes related to the activation of immune cells or podocyte damage. Interestingly, CD86 expression decreased after silencing CAMK4 in podocytes. Also, in situ hybridization experiments showed that the expression of CD86 was reduced in podocytes from MRL/lpr.camkiv–/– mice.

Conclusion

LN‐derived IgG enters podocytes and up‐regulates CAMK4, which is followed by increased expression of genes known to be linked to podocyte damage and T cell activation. Targeted inhibition of CAMK4 in podocytes may prove to be clinically useful in patients with LN.