bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intercultural Sensitivity, Gender, And Nationality Of Third Culture Kids Attending An International High School
Authors: Morales Antonio
Published: June 2017

Due to the globalization and interconnectedness of people from different cultures, intercultural competence is a prerequisite to communicating effectively across different cultures.  The Intercultural Sensitivity Inventory (ICSI) measures a person’s ability to modify behavior in culturally appropriate ways when coming into contact with diverse cultures.  The ICSI is a measurement based on the concepts of individualism and collectivism. The majority of research on intercultural competence and intercultural sensitivity (ICS) has primarily focused on adult populations in business, international education exchange programs, and adult third culture kids (ATCKs).  However, such research involving high school students attending an international school outside of the United States is scant.  The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the differences in intercultural sensitivity (ICS) among Third Culture Kids (TCKs).  Specifically, this study assessed the differences in ICS among the independent variables of gender and participant’s passport country.  Additionally, the study examined the difference in ICS between Korean females and non-Korean females.  The ICSI was used to measure the participants’ ICS.  The sample consists of 139 international high school students.  The independent samples t-test revealed no statistically significant in ICS among males and females, as well as Korean females and non-Korean females.  However, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between Korean and non-Korean students.  Korean students scored lowered on the ICSI than their counterparts.
The role of beef in human nutrition and health
Authors:   Nanjing Agricultural University, China, Li Chunbao
Published: June 2017

Beef is an important source of both macronutrients and micronutrients. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised regarding the effects of eating red and processed meat on human health. In this chapter, we review the nutrients available in beef and then assess the concerns raised about the health impacts of consuming red meat, particularly the suggested association between intake of red meat and the risk of cancers.
The sustainability and ‘carbon footprints’ of conventional and alternative beef production systems
Authors:   Livestock Sustainability Consultancy, UK, Capper Jude L.
Published: June 2017

The beef industry faces a significant challenge in producing sufficient food to supply the requirements of the growing population, while maintaining a culture of continuous improvement and reducing environmental impacts per unit of beef produced. Since the late 1970’s, the US beef industry made significant efficiency gains that improved resource use and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and considerable opportunities exist for making greater gains in future. However, beef producers’ future access to specific management practices or technologies may be constrained by consumer perceptions.
Re-Ver a tradição: elementos moto-vocais da matriz afro-brasileira no processo educativo do artista da cena
Authors: Lerro Luiz Daniel
Published: June 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo promover reflexões sobre o processo de apropriação de gestos, atitudes e ações moto-vocais da cultura afro-brasileira, no âmbito das pesquisas em artes cênicas. Em específico buscar-se-á analisar o uso dos elementos técnico-expressivos da cultura dos candomblés em estruturas de treinamentos corporais, voltados à formação do artista da cena.
Apropriação e pós-modernidade: articulando conceitos para uma metodologia contemporânea de escrita dramatúrgica
Authors: Schabbach Virginia Maria
Published: June 2017

Este artigo articula as reflexões sobre o conceito de apropriação a partir dos estudos de Antoine Compagnon e Affonso Romano de Sant’Anna, percebendo o procedimento como uma prática que tem a pós-modernidade como influência. No foco desta análise, uma escrita dramatúrgica que tem por metodologia a apropriação do universo literário e biográfico da escritora Virgínia Woolf.
Notas Videográficas: o gesto altermodernista na obra “365 Day Project” de Jonas Mekas
Authors: Simões Letícia Castro
Published: June 2017

O artigo pretende analisar as imbricações entre artes visuais e linguagem cinematográfica no pensamento acerca de uma estética videográfica. Toma-se como objeto analítico o projeto "365 Day Project", de Jonas Mekas. Partindo da afirmação do autor Philippe Dubois de que os conceitos da linguagem cinematográfica não são suficientes para problematizar as práticas videográficas, a pesquisa utiliza conceitos comuns à teoria da imagem e à filosofia da arte, especificamente os conceitos de "altermodernismo", desenvolvido por Nicolas Bourriaud e de “gesto”, desenvolvido por Giorgio Agamben, para discutir o modo como a relação entre as obras videográficas e os dispositivos audiovisuais se torna produtora de subjetividades em um campo híbrido à linguagem do cinema e das artes visuais.
Inovações tecnológicas na indústria de móveis: uma avaliação a partir da concentração produtiva de Bento Gonçalves (RS)
Authors: Marion Filho Pascoal José , Sonaglio Cláudia Maria
Published: June 2017

O artigo avalia a adoção de inovações tecnológicas na indústria de móveis retilíneos residenciais de Bento Gonçalves, a principal aglomeração produtiva do Rio Grande do Sul e uma das mais importantes do Brasil. Faz-se uma análise descritiva dos dados obtidos por meio de questionários enviados às empresas, e conclui-se que as inovações mais importantes para a indústria são: de produto, a inclusão de produtos novos para a empresa, mas já existentes no mercado, e alterações no desenho/estilo dos móveis; de processo, mudanças tecnológicas parciais em processos já adotados e a adoção de processos já existentes no setor; e organizacionais, a implementação de novas técnicas de gestão e mudanças na estrutura organizacional.
Teleworking Effect on Traffic and Air Pollution
Authors: Giovanis Eleftherios
Published: June 2017

Traffic congestion is one of the foremost problems confronted by the urban and suburban tenants of today. Traffic congestion increases vehicle emissions and degrades air quality.  Urban planners and policy makers have consequently been always investigating choices to alleviate traffic congestion and to enhance air quality. Teleworking is one option that has received significant consideration and has been studied in the recent past. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between teleworking, air quality and traffic in Switzerland. The analysis relies on panel individual and household level data over the period 2002-2013. We examine five main air pollutants; the sulphur dioxide (SO2), the ground-level ozone (O3) the nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the carbon monoxide (CO) and the particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10).  Based on the fixed effects estimates, teleworking reduces traffic volume by 1.9 per cent. Furthermore, the reduction observed on air pollution is higher for NO2, CO and PM10 ranging between 3.3-3.7 per cent, followed by O3 at 2.3 per cent and SO2 at 2.1 per cent. According to instrumental variable (IV) approach and the two stage least squares (2SLS) method, the effect is higher ranging between 2.6-4.1 per cent. The respective reduction on traffic becomes 2.7 per cent. Overall, the main concluding remark of the study is that teleworking can be a promising tool for urban planning and development, focusing at the traffic volume reduction, and the air quality improvement. Additional policy implications of teleworking and its beneficial effects for the society are further discussed.
Reação Sulfática Interna (RSI) como degradação de matriz cimentícia: comportamento de pastas dosadas com diferentes teores de contaminação por sulfato
Authors: Brandão Capraro Ana Paula , Farias de Medeiros Marcelo Henrique , Hoppe Filho Juarez , Portella Brangança Mariana , Portella Kleber Franke , Oliveira Isabela Cristina
Published: June 2017

El presente trabajo, desarrollado en el ámbito del Programa de P&D ANEEL, proyecto 6491-0301/2013, tiene el objetivo de evaluar cómo las diferentes concentraciones de contaminación por sulfuros interfieren en las características microestructurales mecánicas de mezclas, cuando son sometidas a dos diferentes condiciones de exposición: ciclo de humectación y secado en tanque aireado. Para el análisis del mecanismo de deterioro fueron evaluadas cuatro series de mezclas, un patrón y tres contaminadas por Azufre, por medio de ensayos en estado fresco (consistencia y peso específico) y en estado endurecido (resistencia a la compresión axial y la tracción en la flexión, variación dimensional y DRX). Al final del período estudiado (84 días) se notó que los ensayos apoyaron el entendimiento del mecanismo, pero que aún se encuentra en una fase.
Low impact fiber reinforced material composite
Authors: Juárez Alvarado César Antonio , Gonzalez Lopez Javier Rodrigo , Mendoza José Manuel , Zaldivar Cadena Antonio Alberto
Published: June 2017

Low impact fiber reinforced material compositeABSTRACTThis article investigates the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites using moderate to high contents of fly ash (FA) as a replacement for cement; the goal is to create primary building elements with low environmental impact. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and post-cracking flexural strength for specimens with w/cm = 0.60 and 20% FA substitution increased with respect to the control. Moreover, the specimens with high FA substitutions had significantly lower mechanical strength values and elastic modulus values. The results indicate that it is feasible to use fiber-reinforced concrete composites as an alternative for low-environmental impact primary construction.Keywords: fiber; cementitous; composites; fly ash, impact material.
El acceso a métodos anticonceptivos en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México
Authors: Gómez-Inclán Sofía , Durán-Arenas Luis
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Estudiar y comprender el fenómeno del acceso a los métodos anticonceptivos en adolescentes mexicanos a partir del modelo de Levesque y colaboradores, el cual permite observar la participación del sistema y la del usuario en el proceso de acceso. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con la técnica de grupos focales en una secundaria y preparatoria de la Ciudad de México, en 2014. Resultados. La capacidad de la población adolescente para acceder al sistema de salud es limitada; ésta no conoce los mecanismos de atención ni la oferta de los métodos anti­conceptivos. Los prejuicios de los prestadores de servicios provocan una reacción negativa en los adolescentes. La familia es una fuente de información para estos últimos en la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones. El modelo permitió valorar el acceso a los métodos anticonceptivos entre adolescentes. Se identificaron aspectos que actúan como barreras de acceso y que proveen de información a los prestadores de servicios de salud sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva de esta población.
Variables associated with disordered eating behaviors among freshman students from Mexico City
Authors: Díaz de León-Vázquez Concepción , Rivera-Márquez José Alberto , Bojorquez-Chapela Letza , Unikel-Santoncini Claudia
Published: June 2017

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and identify their associations with demographic and psychological variables among freshman students at a public university in Mexico City. Materials and methods. A sample of 892 subjects participated in the study. Bivariate and multinomial models were performed to determine associations between DEB and covariates. Results. Of those surveyed, 6.8% of the women and 4.1% of the men exhibited DEB (p<0.05). The variables increasing the risk of eating disorders (ED) for women were internal­ization of the aesthetic thin ideal (IATI), body mass index (BMI), self-esteem and physical activity, while for men they were IATI, drive for muscularity, and self-esteem. Conclu­sions. The frequency of DEB among women and men and the internalization of the thin ideal in both sexes suggest the possibility of a change in the precursor conditions for eating disorders, particularly for men, who exhibit increased risk of such behaviors.
Health education trough the development of scientific skills in Chilean schools
Authors: Burgos Soledad , Yohannessen Karla , Álvarez Andrea , Rebolledo Alejandro , Valenzuela María Teresa
Published: June 2017

Objective. To describe the interests, preferred topics and learning in public health issues emerging from Chilean stu­dents with their participation in a science education experi­ence. Materials and methods. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in 29 school research groups through the project Salud Con-Ciencia en tu Barrio, based on a content analysis of texts and narratives of students. Results. Stu­dents prioritize the situation of abandoned animals, waste management, security and urban infrastructure, mainly. They view the role of social actors, the positive/negative impacts on the community, valuing the knowledge gained through observation neighborhoods and interaction with neighbors. Conclusions. Scientific inquiry school in the neighborhood context provides teaching strategies for the promotion of local health, develops basic notions of community health and motivation in students linked to the socio-environmental reality of their neighborhoods.
Invirtiendo en salud: el argumento económico. Informe del Foro sobre Inversión en Salud de la Cumbre Mundial sobre Innovación para la Salud 2016
Authors: Yamey Gavin , Bayeler Naomi , Wadge Hester , Jamison Dean
Published: June 2017

Los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo y los organismos de ayuda internacional enfrentan decisiones difíciles en cuanto a la mejor manera de asignar sus recursos limitados. Las inversiones en distintos sectores –incluyendo educación, agua y saneamiento, transporte y salud– pueden generar beneficios sociales y económicos. Este informe se enfoca específicamente en el sector salud. Presenta evidencia con­tundente sobre el valor de ampliar las inversiones en salud. El argumento económico para incrementar estas inversiones en salud nunca ha sido más sólido. Con el progreso que se ha logrado en la reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil y de las muertes por enfermedades infecciosas, es esencial que los responsables de la formulación de políticas no se vuelvan complacientes. Estos logros se revertirán rápidamente sin inversiones sostenidas en salud. Será necesario ampliar las inversiones para hacer frente a la carga generada por las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) emergentes y para alcanzar la cobertura universal de salud (CUS). El valor de la inversión en salud va mucho más allá de su rendimiento reflejado en la prosperidad económica a través del producto interno bruto (PIB). Las personas dan un gran valor monetario a los años de vida adicionales que las inversiones en salud pueden proporcionar –un valor inherente a permanecer con vida por más tiempo, que no tiene que ver con la productivi­dad. Los encargados del diseño de políticas deben esforzarse más para asegurar que el gasto en salud refleje las prioridades de la gente. Para asegurar que los servicios sean accesibles para todos, la función del gobierno en el financiamiento de la salud es muy clara. Sin financiamiento público, habrá quienes no podrán costear los servicios que requieren y se verán forzados a elegir la enfermedad –o incluso la muerte– y la ruina económica, una elección devastadora que ya está llevando a 150 millones de personas a la pobreza cada año. En países de bajos ingresos (PBI) y países de ingresos medios (PIM), el financiamiento público debería ser utilizado para alcanzar la cobertura universal con un paquete de inter­venciones altamente costo-efectivas (mejores inversiones u opciones). Los gobiernos que no protejan la salud y el patrimonio de su pueblo de esta manera serán incapaces de obtener los beneficios de una prosperidad económica y un crecimiento a largo plazo. El financiamiento público tiene el beneficio de ser más eficiente y capaz de controlar los costos que el financiamiento privado, y es la única manera sostenible de lograr una CUS. Además, la gente atribuye un alto valor económico a la protección que le provee el financiamiento público contra los riesgos financieros. Este informe aborda tres preguntas clave: 1) ¿Cuál es el fundamento económico para invertir en salud?; 2) ¿cuál es la mejor manera de finan­ciar la salud?, y 3) ¿cuáles son las intervenciones que deben tener prioridad?
Novel Method and Apparatus for Sticking Fluid Performance Evaluation
Authors: Amanullah Md.. , Al-Arfaj Mohammed
Published: June 2017

Drilling fluid is the life line of safe and economic drilling operation to explore oil and gas resources from the earth's crust. However, it is also the root cause of various mud related drilling problems such as shale-drilling fluid interactions, borehole instability, loss of circulation, differential pipe sticking, etc. Differential sticking is one of major drilling problems that is very common when passing through a sticking prone high permeable zone. It is one of the major items of non-productive time that increases the total drilling cost dramatically, especially if there is a delay in recovering a stuck pipe. Moreover, delay or inability in recovering a stuck pipe may lead to other drilling problems leading to abandonment or side tracking of a well. Hence, every step should be taken to recover a stuck pipe as soon as possible.

One of the most effective strategy for quick recovery of a stuck pipe is the use of a highly efficient and rapidly acting spotting fluid to damage, degrade and destroy mudcake-pipe sticking bonds as quickly as possible to release the stuck pipe easily from the mudcake matrix. This dictates quick laboratory evaluation of various spotting fluids available to identify the best spotting fluid for a particular mud and mudcake composition. As the chemistry of the mud additives and the deposited mudcake materials influence the performance of a spotting fluid, it is highly recommended to evaluate the de-bonding, degrading and destructive potential of a spotting fluid for a particular mudcake composition to select the superior and reject the inferior. However, there is no API or any other industry method that can be used for quick screening of various spotting fluids available to the industry to select the most efficient one for a particular stuck pipe rescue operation. This paper describes a dedicated operating software driven novel laboratory method for quick screening and reliable prediction of the performance of various spotting fluids to demonstrate the suitability of the method and test apparatus for oil and gas field application.

Experimental results indicate that the newly developed method and test apparatus can consistently and precisely predict the performance of various spotting fluids and mudcake compositions to select the most suitable spotting fluid for a particular rescue operation. It provides useful guidelines and a practical decision making tool for the drilling and mud engineers and the consultants for quick and easy recovery of stuck pipe from the mudcake matrix.

The method and apparatus will also play an important role in the development of a new generation of high performance spotting fluids to overcome current and future challenges associated with differential pipe sticking problems.
Microstructural and Rock Mechanical Study on Selected Core Plugs Samples from Unconventional Formation
Authors: Al-Badairy Hameed , Alqam Mohammad , Al-Nakhli Ayman
Published: June 2017

Tight gas is the general term applied to low permeability, low deliverability, and low porosity gas-producing formations. Future potential for gas production lies among others in tight gas reservoirs. Gas wells in these reservoirs are economically marginal and they cannot be developed using conventional technologies. These reservoirs must be hydraulically fractured to produce because of the natural ineffective reservoir drainage, which is due to extremely low permeability.

In this paper, an integrated approach was applied to investigate the role of rock mechanical properties. Also, samples were selected for microstructural and mineralogical characterizations using advanced microscopy and spectroscopy analytical techniques. Additionally, ultrasonic compressional and shear velocities were measured on each sample and dynamic Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained. The acquired topographical images showed the presence of nanoscale pores and micro-cracks in most of the examined core samples. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) general area analyses revealed that the examined formations were composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum and magnesium as the major elements with appreciable amounts of potassium, calcium, iron and carbon. EDS spot mode analyses revealed the presence of white particles that were found to be iron-rich compounds. The outcome of this study is to develop practical empirical correlations to assist in predicting rock mechanical properties. The ultimate objective is to establish formation dependent correlations that relate mechanical properties, such as rock strength, to a log measured physical property such as sonic velocity. The mechanical properties are critical input for many field problems, such as wellbore stability, sand production control, fracturing, casing design and perforation. The final outcome of this project will result in tremendous reduction of testing time and cost.
Integrating Field Performance and History Matching Uncertainties Using Fuzzy Logic to Minimize Well-Placement Risks
Authors: Khan Waqas A. , Sudirman Sharizan B. , Qahtani Ghazi D
Published: June 2017

To a great degree, the success or failure of a field development plan depends on the choice of well locations, which together with areal and vertical sweep drives hydrocarbon recovery from the field. Choosing the optimum well locations is, however, non-trivial and requires a thorough understanding of hydrocarbon reservoir performance and properties. Even after the locations are identified there is a need to further rank the wells in terms of confidence as part of the risk assessment. Many methods currently used to place wells rely heavily on the final history matched model, which may be misleading because history matching is a non-unique solution and different history matched models may give different prediction results.

This paper presents a workflow using the fuzzy logic approach that combines history matching uncertainties with field performance data to help generate a confidence index for well placement. In contrast to neural networks, which take training data and generate opaque models, fuzzy logic allows a geoscientist to build models on top of experience from the experts. All the expert opinions and reservoir understanding can be dictated as a simple set of rules and logic to define the well placement confidence index, which could then be used to propose field development plans with a much higher level of confidence. This, in turn, helps with better decision making and reduces the risk involved in drilling additional infill wells.
Common Misinterpretations of Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Abdallah Muhammad S. , Al-Zawad Makki A. , Fraim Michael L.
Published: June 2017

Geopressured gas reservoirs materialize as a result of a variety of factors, some of which include the rapid compaction of sand/shale sequences and the uplift of sediment layers by a salt intrusion. These gas reservoirs are commonly characterized by a significant drop in formation compressibility owing to the collapse of the rock matrix, and are notorious in the drilling and production industries for the various problems they cause. This paper reviews the retrograde gas condensate production data presented in SPE-2938 (Duggan, 1972) with modern analysis tools to show that gas condensate banking can cause classic material balance analysis to mimic the shape of a geopressured gas reservoir.

The condensation of liquid hydrocarbons below the dew-point in a gas reservoir, and the onset of water influx from a leaky fault can complicate the material balance analysis of these reservoirs and may lead to engineers mistakenly classifying them for what they are not. Failure to properly classify a gas reservoir may lead to an incorrect estimation of original gas in place (OGIP). Accurate determination of initial gas in place is of utmost importance in the process of estimating gas reserves. A lower estimation of OGIP or not accounting for condensate banking in low permeability zones may lead to early abandonment of a gas well or significant loss of reserves for an operating company.

Results show that proper consideration of the two-phase Z-factor in the material balance calculations calculated via the constant volume depletion test (CVD) leads to a more accurate determination of gas reserves, in addition, the change in formation compressibility is shown to be consolidated sandstone as opposed to geopressured rock matrix.

This paper aims to demonstrate a simplified procedure for the flow-after-flow well test of determining the effect of condensate dropout within the vicinity of the wellbore as the flowing bottom-hole pressure (BHP) drops below the dew-point pressure. Two-phase pseudo pressure was calculated from a constant composition expansion (CCE) using Whitson's Method (Whitson, 1983) for condensate banking and measured gas composition. The classical Anderson "L" gas reservoir of the Mobil-David field in South Texas (Duggan, 1972) was chosen as a case study.

Implementation of the proposed procedure will serve as an aid to gas reservoir engineers in properly classifying potential gas condensate reservoirs.
Innovative Approach to Optimize ESP Power Consumption through Developed Software
Authors: Almukhtar Mohammed A. , Alabdulmohsin Yousif A. , Shawly Alaa S. , Shehri Ayedh M. , Shammari Nayef S , Al-kuhlani Mohammed
Published: June 2017

Maintaining oil production while both water cut and reservoir pressure are changing with time is a challenging task especially for fields equipped with artificial lift systems such as Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). ESPs have a defined recommended operating range (ROR) that can reduce the flexibility of the system therefore a variable speed drive (VSD) unit is being used to extend the ROR. A surface choke is also another option to adjust the flow rates and control the ESP to operate within its recommended range. However, inefficient use of both options can be detrimental on the life cycle of the production system.

High VSD Frequency will increase the motor speed which leads to increased power consumption. Low choke setting causes high hydraulic losses across the choke that can lead to wastes of energy. In oil fields equipped with ESPs, power consumption as well as ESP run life play a significant role in specifying the operation cost and economical life of the field. Therefore, it's essential to optimize the operation conditions of the ESP to optimize the operation conditions of the ESP through minimizing power consumption while maintaining a production rate that fall within the pumps ROR. Utilizing a technique that can quickly provide the best choke and frequency setting is a key to achieving more optimized operation in a dynamic field.

This paper will discuss an in-house developed application that can calculate the minimum ESP motor operating frequency and the optimum choke setting point required to maintain the production rate at the minimum power consumption and lower motor speed. With the availability of real-time data from the surface and down-hole equipment, the optimization process was automated by collecting data and modeling surface equipment and ESP. this application is being used to optimize an entire field and the pilot test showed very promising results. A substantial 2000 KVA, which is equivalent to 1600 KWh, was saved by adjusting only 57 wells.
Residual Saturation: An Experimental Study of Effect of Gravity and Capillarity during Vertical and Horizontal flow
Authors: Adebayo Abdulrauf R. , Barri Assad A. , Kamal Muhammad Shahzad
Published: June 2017

Minimum residual oil or gas saturation is desired in any oil and gas field operation while maximum residual gas saturation is desired in gas (CO2) sequestration projects. In the literature, many studies have reported various factors that affect residual saturations such as wettability, interfacial tension, viscosity ratio, and injection scheme. There have also been reports of the directional dependence of residual saturation due to anisotropy. The anisotropy is believed to be caused by variation in rock minerals and/or properties in different directions. However, the effect of the interplay between gravity and capillarity in a low velocity flow away from the injection wells during gas sequestration in saline aquifer has often been neglected in many studies. Gas flows vertically upward and against gravity at a very low rate after they have been injected into the underground aquifer. During this flow process, some key parameters that are often ignored in the laboratory estimation of the relative permeability curves that are used to model and forecast the multiphase behavior, are present. They are gravity and capillary effects. In addition, vertical upward flow core flooding experiments are rarely performed when generating relative permeability curves in the lab for CO2 sequestration modeling. In this study, the influence of the interplay between gravity and capillary forces on residual saturation during flow in horizontal and vertical direction was investigated and compared. Series of core flooding experiments at reservoir flow conditions was performed in both horizontal and vertical flow direction on different rock samples of varying mineralogy and permeability. Results obtained so far indicate directional dependence of residual saturation even for homogeneous and isotropic rocks. Residual fluid saturation is higher when flow is in vertical direction as compared to horizontal flow direction. It was concluded that directional dependence of end saturation is not due only to heterogeneity but also due to the flow direction itself as observed in homogeneous and isotropic rocks tested.
Calculation of Sulfur Deposition in Gas Condensate Wells in Middle East
Authors: Al-Jaberi Jaber , Al-Azani Khaled , Fraim Michael
Published: June 2017

Sulfur deposition has been one of the major concerns in the sour-gas industry. This is due to the significant reduction in the deliverability of a gas well. To illustrate, in deep sour gas reservoirs, elemental sulfur often exists as a trace element in vapor at reservoir pressure and temperature. Reduction in reservoir pressure and temperature due to production of gas to the surface reduces sulfur solubility in the gas phase so that the dissolved elemental sulfur precipitates in the wellbore region of the sour gas well, thus building up sulfur scale over a period.

The compositional simulation model was GEM from CMG and we used WinProp for phase behavior of a generalized deep sour gas well in the Middle East.

We observed that the deposition of sulfur is in the tubing and not like salt/scale deposition in the casing which is due to evaporation and super saturation in the brine phase as it produced through the perforations.
Optimizing Injector-Producer Spacing for CO2 Injection in Unconventional Reservoirs of North America
Authors: Alfarge Dheiaa , Wei Mingzhen , Bai Baojun , Almansour Abdullah
Published: June 2017

Shale oil reservoirs such as Bakken, Niobrara, and Eagle Ford have become the main target for oil and gas investors as conventional formations started to deplet and diminish in number. These reservoirs have a huge oil potential; however, the predicted primary oil recovery is still low as average of 7.5 %. Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been a controversial approach to increase oil recovery in these poor-quality formations. This study investigated the effect of injector-producer spacing, in range of 925-1664 ft, on CO2 performance in these plays by using numerical simulation methods. CO2 utilization value under differrent injector-producer spaces has been calculated. Increments in oil production rate, cumulative oil, and oil recovery factor have been determined in 1, 5, 10 years of CO2-flooding start-point. In this study, unfractured horizontal injectors are modeled to avoid conformance problems in natural fractured unconventional formations. Furthermore, the physical behavior for CO2 flooding under different conditions has been discussed. Finally, simulation results were analyzed and compared with some of pilot tests which had been conducted in North Dakota and Southeast Saskatchewan.

The results indicated that CO2 flooding performance would be more pronounced, by increasing oil production rate and oil recovery factor, as the injector-producer spacing minimized. However, CO2 utilization value is significant high when the injector-producer spacing is very short due to depleted volume closeness. Interestingly, CO2 utilization value for all spacing scenarios would gradually be reduced with flooding time. This reduction in the injected-gas utilization-value has been matched with the pilot test which performed in southeast Saskatchewan. In addition, CO2 efficiency indicator is generally in range of 4.85-44.5 Mscf/STB in these unconventional reservoirs which is relatively high as compared with conventional reservoirs. These results have been confirmed by a good match which has been obtained between simulation results and some of pilots’ performance. This paper provides a thorough idea about how to optimize the injector-producer spacing for CO2 flooding in these complex plays. Also, this work explains that CO2 efficiency indicator is different in these unconventional formations as in conventional reservoirs.
Low-Carbon Steel Corrosion at High Temperatures by Ammopolycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Ng Jun Hong , Almubarak Tariq , Nasr-El-Din Hisham , Almubarak Sama
Published: June 2017

Aminopolycarboxylic acids (APCAs) have been used in a variety of applications ranging from textiles to pharmaceuticals. They are also commonly used in the oil and gas industry for scale removal, standalone stimulation, and iron control. Due to the commonplace usage of APCAs, it is important to understand the corrosion that can results from using APCAs, and the methods that can be applied to reduce corrosion damage resulting from their use. The objective of this work is to evaluate the corrosion rate of APCAs on low-carbon steel at high temperatures and to determine the mechanism of corrosion.

At high temperatures, conventional acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) are extremely corrosive, lack penetration, and have sludging tendencies. Several organic acids such as formic acid and citric acid were proposed to overcome these shortcomings. However, these organic acids have displayed problems with solubility and compatibility. Chelating agents show good dissolving power, low corrosion, low sludging tendencies, and excellent iron control and have been successfully used to replace HCl in certain applications. Furthermore, some of them are easily biodegradable and environmentally friendly.

The results obtained indicate that the corrosion rate of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was the highest at both temperatures with a rate of 1.07 lb/ft2 at 350°F and 0.858 lb/ft2 at 300°F. L-Glutamic diacetic acid (GLDA) had the lowest corrosion rates of 0.754 lb/ft2 at 350°F and 0.724 lb/ft2 at 300°F. Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA) showed intermediate corrosion of 0.974 lb/ft2 at 350°F and 0.803 lb/ft2 at 300°F. Furthermore, the mechanism of APCA corrosion of low-carbon steel was found to be a combination of chelant enhanced dissolution and cathodic reduction of the APCA. Chelant enhanced dissolution involves dissolution of the oxide layer on the surface of the metal and is accelerated at high temperatures by reductive dissolution. Cathodic reduction of carboxylic acid groups of APCAs was determined to be responsible for the corrosion of the bare metal layer. The work provided will provide better understanding of low-carbon steel corrosion by APCAs at high temperatures and opportunities to pursue an effective corrosion inhibitor.
First Deployment of a New Integrated Expandable Under Reamer Technology With a Conventional Drilling BHA in a Vertical Well in KSA
Authors: Al Dabyah Ali A , Schimanski Michell , Grymalyuk Sergiy
Published: June 2017

This paper presents and discusses the results of a field application where a new integrated expandable under reamer technology was deployed in the Uthmaniyah field located in Saudi Arabia.

The wells in the Uthmaniyah field usually are vertical and high interface severity is encountered in hard Dolomite/Limestone intervals. Conventional directional drilling bottom hole assemblies (BHA) are deployed in these wells. This interface severity is likely to initiate axial and lateral vibrations causing bit and BHA damages.

The 12¼-in. bore hole section of a Utmaniyah well was planned to be opened up to 14-in. For the first time in this field a new intelligent under reamer technology was used for the under reaming application. The new on-command digital, expandable under reamer is fully integrated into the BHA and can be monitored and controlled from the surface. The real-time feedback from the reamer includes tool vibration and stick slip (VSS) data, and confirmation of blade activation status and position, reducing operational uncertainty during reaming and saving time for a shoulder test. The under reamer tool has unlimited activation cycles that provide the capability of selective reaming. The flexible placement of multiple reamers in the BHA enables near-bit and main reaming applications, and a combination of both. When used for near-bit reaming service, the reamer can reduce the rat-hole length to 4 m, compared to an application where it is placed 40 to 70 meters behind the bit. Significant time savings can be achieved by eliminating the dedicated rat-hole run.

In the mentioned application in the Uthmaniyah field the new reamer achieved a high rate of penetration and reliable hole enlargement across a long section containing Minjur formation in one run.

The BHA was designed as a pendulum assembly to keep the borehole vertical with the reamer positioned 63 ft behind the bit. A second run was planned to eliminate the remaining 63 ft rat hole by repositioning the reamer below the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Logging While Drilling (LWD) suite, resulting in a final rat-hole of approximately 12 ft.

The technology proved its effectiveness as a reliable main reamer as a part of conventional non-rotary steerable BHA in an interbedded hard formation with Dolomite/Limestone intervals. Drilling optimization services were utilized to illustrate and optimize weight distribution, minimize vibrations and match bit and reamer aggressiveness.

The paper will summarize and describe the results and features in detail, and demonstrate how they can help the operators to reduce operational risks and save cost.
Improve Plugging Efficiency in Fractured Sandstone Reservoirs by Mixing Different Preformed Particles Gel Size
Authors: Alhuraishawy Ali K. , Sun Xindi , Bai Baojun , Wei Mingzhen , Imqam Abdulmohsin , Almansour Abdullah , Abdulaziz King
Published: June 2017

The oil recovery from fractured reservoirs is usually low, which is usually caused by the existence of areal formation heterogeneity. Preformed particle gel PPG has been used successfully use to reduce Heterogeneity and improve sweep efficiency. Low salinity waterflooding (LSWF) was recognized by the oil industry to increase displacement efficiency. The main objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of coupling these two technologies to increase oil recovery. Additionally, this study will determine the optimum PPG size to use with LSW to improve conformance control in the fractured sandstone cores.

Semi-transparent five-spot model made of sandstone cores and acrylic plates were built to visualize the sweep efficiency from the coupled methods. Sandstone cores were saturated by 1.0% NaCl and then light oil was injected to simulate initial water saturation before the fracture was made. Brine at different salinities was injected initially into the fracture model to determine oil recovery. PPG with different sizes was injected later to reduce the fracture conductivity and increase sweep efficiency. Brine was injected again after gel treatment to determine the oil recovery improve after the gel injection.

Laboratory experiments showed that the oil recovery factor and the water residual resistance factor (Frrw) increased when the low-salinity water was used for injection. However, the PPG extruded pressure decreased when the PPG swelled in a low-salinity water. Additionally, mixing different PPG size resulted in higher plugging efficiency than uniform PPG size and Frrw decreased as increased flow rate. Combining two different preformed particle gel sizes can improve plugging efficiency and, in turn, improve sweep efficiency and enhance conformance control.
Running LWD Azimuthal Sonic and Azimuthal density in tandem confirms the Azimuthal sonic technology for Real time dip picking and geosteering application. Middle East case study
Authors: Nestyagin Andrey , Al Arfi Saif , Mostafa Hassan , Elkholy Mohamed , Fekry Mohamed , Awad Huda , Mohamed Omar
Published: June 2017

Proper Well Placement in multi layers thin carbonate reservoir could be challenging due to high geological uncertainty. Using radioactive sources to evaluate porosity & formation dipping is effective, but considering the drilling environment & high risk to get stuck makes a lot of restrictions on using of the nuclear tools. This paper is a case study illustrating utilizing absolutely sourceless azimuthal sonic in a comparison with conventional radioactive density as a highly effective alternative sourceless geosteering method & adds extra formation evaluation values.

The technique provides azimuthal sonic data were acquired with a focused unipole tool which recorded the measured waveforms and computed Compressional and Shear velocities in 16 azimuthal bins yet Quadrant Compressional and Shear slowness were computed by stacking all 16 bins of data in Realtime, which gave very high signal-to-noise ratios and excellent data quality. The azimuthal Quadrant real-time sonic porosities were effectively used to well placement in the target reservoir, later on the full 16 bin azimuthal memory were examined to understand the additional advantages of using the azimuthal sonic even before approaching the main bed boundaries.

Both of Azimuthal Density & Azimuthal Sourceless Sonic measurements were able to detect the boundaries of the target zone, allowing accurate stratigraphic interpretation as well as dip picking calculation to ensure proactive geosteering and maintain the well trajectory as per the plan. It was proven that the Sonic lengthy depth of detection can add an additional safety margin to enable adjusting the well trajectory in the reservoir at the optimal angle, the comparison chanced later against the Azimuthal density image was matching very well and emphasised the formation dipping.

This case study proves the capability of using LWD Azimuthal sonic as an effective & alternative sourceless porosity for geosteering and formation dipping calculation purposes.
Dynamic Water Flooding in Carbonates: The Role of Iodide Ions
Authors: Al Hamad Mohammed , AlZoukani Ahmad , Ali Farhan , Badri Mohammed , Abdallah Wael
Published: June 2017

Seawater injection has demonstrated a successful and a well-established procedure for reservoir pressure maintaining and sweeping oil out of the reservoir. However, in most cases seawater by itself showed low incremental oil recovery, many research studies have shown that further dilution of the injected seawater is capable of altering the carbonate formation's wettability from mixed or oil-wet to more water-wet and therefore additional oil recovery. However, dilution requires massive volume of fresh water which is an expensive commodity and therefore it will not be practical in real applications.

The following study provides for the first time a novel concept for boosting oil recovery with use of halides ions in very small concentrations without the need for seawater dilution. Halides ions (iodide ions) are added to the seawater with different concentrations (1000 ppm and 2000 ppm) to formulate what we call the "Dynamic Water". The efficiencies of the different prepared Dynamic Waters (with different iodide ions concentrations) were compared to seawater by performing IFT, contact angle, spontaneous imbibition and coreflooding experiments.

Although all prepared Dynamic Water mixtures have higher salinity than seawater, they had insignificant impact on lowering the IFT, but they significantly alter the rock wettability to stronger water wet, which is an important oil recovery mechanism. The performance of the Dynamic Water on oil recovery was also investigated in this study by means of spontaneous imbibition and coreflooding experiments. Six samples were utilized for these experiments, three dolostones and three limestones. Initially, the three limestone samples were considered for spontaneous imbibition where Dynamic Water proved to be efficient in recovering oil from all the samples. After sample cleaning, the same three limestone samples in addition to the three dolostone samples were used for coreflooding under reservoir conditions of high pressure and high temperature. Good oil recoveries were achieved from almost all the samples by coreflooding, with maximum additional oil recovery of 16.9% from one of the limestone samples.
Influence of Rock Wettability Alteration on Dielectric Dispersion Data
Authors: Al-Ofi Salah , Sauerer Bastian , Dyshlyuk Evgeny , Valori Andrea , Abdallah Wael
Published: June 2017

Rock surface wettability controls the fluid distribution in the pore space of the formation and thus, has an influence on its electrical properties. The variation of dielectric dispersion data with the variation of formation wettability is not well understood at present time.

In this study, we investigated the influence of wettability alteration on dielectric dispersion data by laboratory experiments using different dielectric data interpretation models. We used a reflection open-ended coaxial probe to measure dielectric dispersion of a 1.5-in. core plug in a frequency range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz. The studied rock wettability was varied in a coreflooding apparatus during a drainage experiment. We used low-polarity oil for the initial drainage to preserve the rock in the water-wet state and added different concentrations of surface-active stearic acid to the oilflood during later drainage stages to change the sample wettability. The used dielectric data interpretation models, in addition to standard interpretation answers, solve for geometrical parameters of the fluids and pore space, which allow us to evaluate wettability variation.

Our results showed a decrease in dielectric dispersion at the low-megahertz frequency range as we inject higher acid concentrations into the rock. This decrease in the dispersion also corresponds to an increase of the inverted MN-parameter, which characterizes water phase tortuosity. The results of the inversion, using the textural model, showed a consistent decrease of the depolarization factor of water inclusions as we increase the acid concentration in the injected oil. At the highest acid concentration used (1 wt%), this depolarization factor drops down to 0.36, which is very close to the depolarization factor of spherical inclusions. It follows from our findings that water films, which are characteristic for water-wet rocks, are transformed to more spherical droplets due to the change of wettability to oil-wet state. NMR T2 measurements on the same plug and contact angle measurements on reference samples of same lithology support our conclusions on wettability variation.

This study illustrates how to interpret the rock wettability state from dielectric dispersion data based on geometrical models and how to use the inverted geometrical parameters as a wettability indicator.