bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaphylaxis in the community: a questionnaire survey of members of the UK Anaphylaxis Campaign
Authors: Sheikh Aadam , Dhami Sangeeta , Regent Lynne , Austin Moira , Sheikh Aziz
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To examine the circumstances, features and management of anaphylaxis in children and adults.

Design

Self-completed questionnaire.

Participants

The age of participants ranged from 0 to 72 years.

Setting

We analysed data from self-completed questionnaires collected over a 12-year period, i.e. 2001–2013, available to people by phone and, since 2012, for online completion through the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

Main outcome measure

We analysed data from self-completed questionnaires collected over a 12- year period, i.e. 2001-2013, available to people by phone and, since 2012, for online completion through the Anaphylaxis Campaign

Results

In total, 356 questionnaires were submitted, of which 54 did not meet the criteria for anaphylaxis. The remaining 302 anaphylactic reactions originated from 243 individuals; 193 (64%) of these reactions were in children. Approximately half of all reactions occurred at home ( n = 148; 49%); 61% ( n = 193) of reactions occurred in those reporting a history of asthma, and many ( n = 76; 41%) of these individuals had asthma that they classified as being severe. In 57% ( n = 173) cases, the respondent reacted to a known allergen. Self-injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) was available in 79% of the cases, and it was only used in 38% of episodes. The usage of self-injected adrenaline was lower in children (30%) than in adults (54%), even though 82% of children had adrenaline available at the time of the reaction compared to 74% of adults.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the majority of anaphylaxis reactions are triggered by exposure to known food allergens and that approximately half of these reactions occur at home. Access to self-injectable adrenaline was sub-optimal and when available it was only used in a minority of cases. Avoiding triggers, access to self-injectable adrenaline and its prompt use in the context of reactions need to be reinforced.
The myriad of challenges with correctional change: From goals to culture
Authors: Viglione Jill , Rudes Danielle S. , Taxman Faye S.
Published: July 2015

Presently, many correctional organizations seek to change both policy and practice to improve offender outcomes. The occupational roles played by both staff and management represent an imperative part of the change equation. This article provides a historical and scientific overview of the scholarship on occupational roles within correctional agencies discussing how theoretical shifts in ideology impact correctional organizations and how correctional workers think, behave and make decisions regarding the individuals they supervise. We focus on the current shift emphasizing the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), which presents new challenges for correctional organizations. We present two case examples of EBP implementation; one aiming to shift the correctional culture and communication within a correctional facility and the second focusing on the implementation of contingency management in community corrections settings. This research highlights the challenges associated with change within correctional environments, but also provides promising findings regarding successful implementation of EBPs within correctional organizations.
The impact of supervision on the pains of community penalties in England and Wales: An exploratory study
Authors: Hayes David
Published: July 2015

This article explores the pains experienced by nine offenders subjected to (supervised) community and suspended sentence orders in an English Probation Trust between July 2013 and January 2014, arguing their importance for both deontological and consequentialist penal objectives. It identifies six major groups of pains and explores the extent to which their incidence and experienced intensity were affected by the supervisory relationship, which intensified or reduced some pains but left others materially unaffected. Despite the limitations of this exploratory study, implications can still be drawn for penal policy, both in England and Wales and across Europe.
Injury Risk in International Rugby Union
Authors: Moore Isabel S. , Ranson Craig , Mathema Prabhat
Published: July 2015

Background:

Within international Rugby Union, only injury rates during the Rugby World Cup have been reported. Therefore, injury rates and types during other international tournaments are unknown.

Purpose:

To assess the 3-year incidence, severity, nature, and causes of match and training injuries sustained during different international tournaments played by the Welsh national Rugby Union team.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

Injury data for all players (n = 78) selected for 1 national Rugby Union team over a 3-year period were analyzed using the international consensus statement methods. Player height (cm) and mass (kg) were recorded. Tournaments were grouped for comparisons as: autumn tournaments (2012 and 2013), Rugby World Cup (RWC; 2011), Six Nations (2012, 2013, and 2014), and summer tournaments (2012, 2013, and 2014). Injury incidence (injuries/1000 hours), prevalence (% of players unavailable), and severity (days lost) were calculated for each tournament. Injury location, type, and cause of match and training injuries were analyzed.

Results:

Match injury incidence was highest during autumn tournaments (262.5/1000 match-hours) and lowest during the RWC (178.6/1000 match-hours). Summer tournaments had the highest training incidence (5.5 injuries/1000 training-hours). Mild injuries were most likely during the RWC (risk ratio [RR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.26-3.24), while severe injuries were most likely during autumn tournaments (RR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.70-6.29). Quadriceps hematomas (18.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 11.3-31.1) and concussions (13.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 7.6-24.8) were the most common match injuries, with shoulder dislocations being the most severe (111 mean days lost per injury).

Conclusion:

Injury rates were considerably higher than those previously reported for multiple teams during RWC tournaments. Further investigation of injury rates and risk factors is recommended to accurately gauge their impact within international Rugby Union, particularly with regard to lower limb hematoma, concussion, and shoulder injuries.
Lower Extremity Overuse Conditions Affecting Figure Skaters During Daily Training
Authors: Campanelli Valentina , Piscitelli Francesco , Verardi Luciano , Maillard Pauline , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: July 2015

Background

Most ice figure skaters train and compete with ongoing issues in the lower extremities, which are often overlooked by the skaters and considered injuries only when they prevent the athletes from skating. Although not severe, these conditions impair the quality of daily training and compromise the skaters’ state of mind and performances.

Purpose

(1) To determine the point prevalence of the ongoing lower extremity overuse conditions in a population of ice figure skaters of all ages and levels and (2) to identify the risk factors contributing to the development of the most common ongoing conditions.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

A total of 95 skaters of all ages and skating levels were evaluated in a single examination in the middle of the competitive season. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire, clinical examination, and measurement of the skaters’ characteristics and the equipment used.

Results

Retrocalcaneal bursitis was the most common problem, affecting at least 1 foot in 34% of the skaters evaluated, followed by posterior heel skin calluses and superficial calcaneal bursitis, which affected 29% and 28% of skaters, respectively. The prevalence of the majority of these conditions was 10% to 32% higher in elite skaters than in nonelite skaters. Higher boot–foot length difference was associated with greater risk of superficial calcaneal bursitis in the landing foot of elite skaters, while higher body weight and greater in-skate ankle flexibility were associated with the development of retrocalcaneal bursitis in nonelite skaters. Only 30 skaters (32%) wore the appropriate boot size, while 57 skaters (51%) could not dorsiflex their ankles properly while wearing skates.

Conclusion

The heel represents a major area of concern for the high prevalence of calcaneal bursitis and calluses in proximity of the Achilles tendon, suggesting that improvements on the boot heel cup design should take priority. The association of bursitis with higher in-skate ankle flexibility suggests that these conditions may be the results of a process developing when the ankle is bending within the boot. Also, since wearing oversized boots is a major risk factor for the development of subcutaneous bursitis and skin abrasions, boot retailers should be better educated to sell the appropriate boot size to the skaters.
Critical Assessment 16: Anisotropy in metals
Authors: Hutchinson B.
Published: July 2015

Sources of anisotropy in metals are discusssed as well as ways of interpreting and modelling this behaviour. A number of case studies are presented relating to mechanical and magnetic properties.
Tendon lengthening and fascia release for healing and preventing diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dallimore Sarah M. , Kaminski Michelle R.
Published: July 2015

Background

Diabetic foot ulcers have a devastating impact on an individual's health‐related quality of life and functional status. Additionally, diabetic foot ulcers impose a significant economic burden on our health care systems as a result of complications such as infection, hospitalisation and amputation. The current gold standard treatment for diabetic foot ulcers is total contact casting. However, the rate of ulcer recurrence is high, indicating the need for more effective long‐term treatment options. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically identify, critique and evaluate all literature investigating the effectiveness of Achilles tendon lengthening, gastrocnemius recession and selective plantar fascia release in healing and preventing diabetic foot ulcers.

Review

Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library from the earliest available date to November 2014. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Data from randomised‐controlled trials were analysed using random effects meta‐analysis. For all other studies, data were analysed descriptively.

Eleven studies (614 participants) were included in the review, with a median sample size of 29 participants. Meta‐analysis of two randomised‐controlled trials found that there was no statistically significant difference between Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession and total contact casting for time to healing of diabetic foot ulcers (mean difference, MD, 8.22 days; 95 % CI, −18.99 to 35.43; P = 0.55; I2 = 34 %) and the rate of ulcers healed (risk ratio, RR, 1.06; 95 % CI, 0.94 to 1.20; P = 0.34; I2 = 41 %). The rate of ulcer recurrence was significantly lower following Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession than total contact casting (RR, 0.45; 95 % CI, 0.28 to 0.72; P < 0.001; I2 = 0 %).

Conclusions

Achilles tendon lengthening and gastrocnemius recession appear to be effective surgical treatments for healing diabetic foot ulcers. The rate of ulcer recurrence was lower following Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession procedures compared to total contact casting treatment alone. Therefore, these surgical procedures may provide viable treatment options for the management and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Further rigorous randomised‐controlled trials with longer follow‐up are required to determine the long‐term effectiveness and safety of these procedures.
Phenotype-driven strategies for exome prioritization of human Mendelian disease genes
Authors: Smedley Damian , Robinson Peter N.
Published: July 2015

Whole exome sequencing has altered the way in which rare diseases are diagnosed and disease genes identified. Hundreds of novel disease-associated genes have been characterized by whole exome sequencing in the past five years, yet the identification of disease-causing mutations is often challenging because of the large number of rare variants that are being revealed. Gene prioritization aims to rank the most probable candidate genes towards the top of a list of potentially pathogenic variants. A promising new approach involves the computational comparison of the phenotypic abnormalities of the individual being investigated with those previously associated with human diseases or genetically modified model organisms. In this review, we compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of current phenotype-driven computational algorithms, including Phevor, Phen-Gen, eXtasy and two algorithms developed by our groups called PhenIX and Exomiser. Computational phenotype analysis can substantially improve the performance of exome analysis pipelines.
Frailty and the risk of cognitive impairment
Authors: Searle Samuel D. , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: July 2015

Aging occurs as a series of small steps, first causing cellular damage and then affecting tissues and organs. This is also true in the brain. Frailty, a state of increased risk due to accelerated deficit accumulation, is robustly a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Community-based autopsy studies show that frail individuals have brains that show multiple deficits without necessarily demonstrating cognitive impairment. These facts cast a new light on the growing number of risk factors for cognitive impairment, suggesting that, on a population basis, most health deficits can be associated with late-life cognitive impairment. The systems mechanism by which things that are bad for the body are likely to be bad for the brain can be understood like this: the burden of health deficits anywhere indicates impaired ability to withstand or repair endogenous and environmental damage. This in turn makes additional damage more likely. If true, this suggests that a life course approach to preventing cognitive impairment is desirable. Furthermore, conducting studies in highly selected, younger, healthier individuals to provide ‘proof of concept’ information is now common. This strategy might exclude the very circumstances that are required for disease expression in the people in whom dementia chiefly occurs (that is, older adults who are often in poor health).
Some fixed point theorems for $(\alpha,\theta,k)$-contractive multi-valued mappings with some applications
Authors: Pansuwan Adoon , Sintunavarat Wutiphol , Parvaneh Vahid , Cho Yeol Je
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we introduce the notion of $(\alpha,\theta,k)$
(
α
,
θ
,
k
)
-contraction multi-valued mappings and establish some fixed point results for such mappings by using some control functions due to Jleli et al. (J. Inequal. Appl. 2014:439, 2014) in metric spaces and furnish some interesting examples to illustrate our main results. Also, we give some fixed point results in metric spaces endowed with a graph. Our results generalize and extend recent results given by some authors.
The effect of natural and man-made disasters on countries’ production efficiency
Authors: Halkos George , Managi Shunsuke , Tzeremes Nickolaos G.
Published: July 2015

This study intends to understand how disaster is related to countries’ production efficiency using a sample of 137 countries over 1980–2011. We analyze the effect of the number of man-made and natural disaster occurrences on countries’ technological change (swift of the frontier) and technological catch-up (distribution of efficiencies). The results reveal an inverted “U” shape relationship between countries’ technological change and technological catch-up with disaster occurrences. This finding suggests that the effect on countries’ production efficiency is positive for lower number of disaster events; however, after a specific threshold value, the effect becomes negative. The results also reveal that low-income countries are negatively affected much quicker compared to high-income countries. Finally, it is evident that the negative effect of disaster occurrences impacts first countries’ technological catch-up and then their technology change.
Simultaneous optimization of multiple objective functions for reservoir modeling
Authors: Emami Niri Mohammad , Lumley David E.
Published: July 2015

We have developed a new method, a synthetic validity test, and a field data demonstration for constructing reservoir models that simultaneously match available seismic, borehole, and geologic data in an optimal way. We combine geostatistical simulation with simultaneous nonlinear stochastic optimization of multiple objective functions, and we do not require the selection of weighting schemes or multiple optimization computational runs. Because each geologic and geophysical data set has its own strengths and weaknesses, realistic models are best obtained by simultaneously matching all of the multiple data constraints. We define a set of objective functions for each of the multiple data sets that are used to constrain the reservoir-modeling optimization. In the examples, we specify an [Formula: see text]-norm misfit to match inverted seismic attribute volumes, an [Formula: see text]-norm to match lithofacies and porosity logs, and the Hausdorff metric to match image patterns in geologic map-based information. We use a geostatistical technique to initialize a population (ensemble) of starting models and run a nonlinear evolutionary algorithm to drive the ensembles of model solutions toward the Pareto optimal front, along which represents the best-compromise set of model solutions that simultaneously satisfy all of the multiple objectives. We tested our method on a 3D synthetic object-oriented reservoir model for which variogram-based simulation techniques typically fail to reproduce realistic models. We applied our method on a producing reservoir located offshore Western Australia. Our results indicate that the new method is capable of producing optimal models of reservoir properties and flow-unit connectivity that are consistent with known reservoir information, including dynamic production data such as pressure interference tests, and 4D seismic monitoring data.
Effect of Carbon Nanospace on Charge–Discharge Properties of Si and SiOx Nanoparticles-Embedded Nanoporous Carbons
Authors: Tabuchi Hikaru , Urita Koki , Moriguchi Isamu
Published: July 2015

Providing both electronic conduction paths and buffer space for the large volume change between LixSi and Si are considered to be the key of development of high-performance Si-based anodes. Si and SiOx nanoparticle-embedded nanoporous carbons were synthesized by Mg thermal reduction of a SiO2 opal–carbon nanocomposite precursor followed by HCl and HF treatments, and the interstitial space in carbon nanopores was systematically controlled by NaOH-etching of the precursor. The electrochemical charge–discharge capacity and its retention with cycling of obtained samples were increased with increasing the nanopore volume and decreasing the loading amount of active material per pore volume. It was also found that dispersive loading of Si and SiOx nanoparticles in the carbon nanospace enhances the reactivity of Si and SiOx nanoparticles. The relationship between the composite structure and the charge–discharge properties were discussed in detail.
How Is Tax Policy Conducted Over the Business Cycle?
Authors: Vegh Carlos A. , Vuletin Guillermo
Published: July 2015

It is well known by now that government spending has typically been procyclical in developing economies but acyclical or countercyclical in industrial countries. Little, if any, is known, however, about the cyclical behavior of tax rates (as opposed to tax revenues, which are endogenous to the business cycle and, hence, cannot shed light on the cyclicality of tax policy). We build a novel dataset on tax rates for 62 countries for the period 1960–2013 that comprises corporate income, personal income, and value-added tax rates. We find that tax policy is acyclical in industrial countries but mostly procyclical in developing countries. (JEL E32, E64, H24, H25, O11, O23)
Turning a Shove into a Nudge? A “Labeled Cash Transfer” for Education
Authors: Benhassine Najy , Devoto Florencia , Duflo Esther , Dupas Pascaline , Pouliquen Victor
Published: July 2015

Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) have been shown to increase human capital investments, but their standard features make them expensive. We use a large randomized experiment in Morocco to estimate an alternative government-run program, a “labeled cash transfer” (LCT): a small cash transfer made to fathers of school-aged children in poor rural communities, not conditional on school attendance but explicitly labeled as an education support program. We document large gains in school participation. Adding conditionality and targeting mothers made almost no difference in our context. The program increased parents' belief that education was a worthwhile investment, a likely pathway for the results. (JEL H23, I24, 128, I38, J24, O15, O18)
Normativity and Deflationary Theories of Truth
Authors: Mölder Bruno
Published: July 2015

It has been argued that deflationary theories of truth stumble over the normativity of truth. This paper maintains that the normativity objection does not pose problems to at least one version of deflationism, minimalism. The rest of the paper discusses truth-related norms, showing that either they do not hold or they are not troublesome for deflationism.
The Ethics of Exploitation
Authors: McLaughlin Paul
Published: July 2015

Philosophical inquiry into exploitation has two major deficiencies to date: it assumes that exploitation is wrong by definition; and it pays too much attention to the Marxian account of exploitation. Two senses of exploitation should be distinguished: the 'moral' or pejorative sense and the 'non-moral' or 'non-prejudicial' sense. By demonstrating the conceptual inadequacy of exploitation as defined in the first sense, and by defining exploitation adequately in the latter sense, we seek to demonstrate the moral complexity of exploitation. We contend, moreover, that moral evaluation of exploitation is only possible once we abandon a strictly Marxian framework and attempt, in the long run, to develop an integral ethic along Godwinian lines.
Scientia est potentia
Authors: Kaevats Ülo
Published: July 2015

Oma algses mitmetähenduslikkuses on see F. Baconi aforism kõige tihendatum tõdemus, mis tõmbab olemusliku eraldusjoone ühelt poolt antiikse ja keskaegse ning teisalt uusaegse arusaama vahele teadusest ja teadusteadmisest. Artiklis püüab autor anda võimaluste piires tervikpildi uusaja teaduse industriaalselt (tehnoloogiliselt) orienteeritud teadmistüübi tekkimisest. Uusaja teaduse kujunemiseks vajaliku pöörde maailmavaateliste eeldustena tuleb käsitleda: (1) põhimõtteliselt uut subjekti ja objekti käsitust; (2) täiesti uut väärtusruumi, uut teaduse ideoloogiat (ilmalikkus, kriitiline vaim, tõesus ja praktiline kasulikkus); (3) tunnetuslaadi muutust — kontemplatsioonilt interventsioonile, kvaliteedi kirjeldamiselt kvantiteedi uurimisele; (4) looduse käsitlemist Kosmose asemel seaduspäraselt korrastatud objektide “väljana”. Uue tunnetusstiili — empiirilise ja teoreetilise tunnetuse kokkuviimine, hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse metodoloogia kujundamine Galilei poolt, abstraktse ja sünteetilis-tekstilise loomuga spekulatsiooni asendumine uurimisobjekti ehituse, korrapära ja põhjuslikkuse objektiivse analüüsiga, universaalsete loodusseaduste doktriini kujunemine jms—kujunemine konstitueeris uut tüüpi teadmise. Teadmise kui nähtava maailma piltkoopia asemele luuakse teadmine kui loodusobjektide seaduspära analüütiline rekonstruktsioon. See on vormiltmatemaatiline, päritolult eksperimentaalne ning loodusobjektide kontrollimisele ja ümbertegemisele suunatud nn valdamisteadmine.This F. Bacon's aphorism in its original ambiguity is the most condensed belief that draws a distinctive essential line between ancient and medieval understanding of science and scientific knowledge on one hand and modern understanding on the other. The author aims at providing, as far as possible, an integral overview of emerging of the industrially (technologically) orientated type of knowledge of modern times. Ideological/philosophical preconditions of the change necessary for emerging of modern science are: (1) a fundamentally new approach to the subject and object; (2) a completely new system of values, a new ideology of science (secularity, critical spirit, trueness and utilitarianism); (3) a change in manner of cognizance - from contemplation to intervention, from describing quality to studying quantity; (4) treating nature as a naturally organised "field" of objects instead of the Cosmos. Emerging of a new style of cognizance - bringing together of empirical and theoretical cognition, the devise of the hypothetical-deductive method by Galilei, replacement of speculations abstract and synthetic-textual in nature with objective study of the structure, regularity and causality of the object of study, establishment of the doctrine of universal natural laws etc - constituted a new type of knowledge. Knowledge as a copy of the visible world is replaced by knowledge as an analytical reconstruction of the regularity of natural objects. It is so-called dispositive knowledge, morphologically mathematical, originally experimental and aimed at control and alteration of natural objects.
Unistus tõelisest teadusest
Authors: Kasak Enn
Published: July 2015

Artiklis lähtutakse teadlaste hulgas levinud uskumustest, et nad saavad oma teadmisi laiendada metafüüsikale ning et teadus püüab tunnetada tõeliselt eksisteerivat. Rahastajate veenmiseks peab teadlane nägema välja tark ja edukas. Teadlase tõeotsingud võivad muutuda kiiret edu takistavaks teguriks. Tänapäeva teadlase jaoks tavapärane hoiak on avalik või varjatud füsikalism, millele tuginev teadusideoloogiline fanatism on kandunud ka haridusse. Teaduspropagandistlikud nipid on üle võtnud religioosne teadusdemagoogiline kirjandus, mis võib esineda kooskõlas teaduslike faktidega. Teadlaste teadvustamata usk võib pöörduda nende eneste vastu. Artiklis formuleeritakse unistused teadusest, lähtudes usust „tõelise teaduse” — kui tegelikkuse tunnetamise vahendi — võimalikkusesse. „Tõelises teaduses” oleks teadlase loomeprotsess teaduslikult suunatud ning teadlased peaksid kasutama ka selliseid tegelikkuse tunnetamise viise, mida on sageli peetud irratsionaalseteks ning mis pole taandatavad tavapärastele kognitiivsetele võimetele, nt tõetunne, tegelikkusetunne, osana-maailmas-olemise tunne jms. „Tõelise teaduse” suunas liikumiseks võiks teadlased teoloogidelt (taas) õppida, kuidas tunnistada ja kahetseda oma pattu, st rumalust. On võimalik, et teadvustatud usk tõesse on hädavajalik alus teadlase kui inimese efektiivseks toimimiseks teadlasena. Artiklis püütakse distantseeruda skeptitsismist ja irratsionalismist; eesmärgiks on ratsionaalsete tunnetusviiside mitmekesistamine lootuses ratsionaliseerida teadusliku loome protsessi.The paper draws on scientists' belief that they can expand their knowledge into metaphysics and that science tries to cognize truly existing things. To convince financiers, a scientist must appear smart and successful. Searching for the truth may impede success. Explicit or implicit physicalism is a customary stance for a contemporary scientist. Fanaticism based on such physicalism in the ideology of science has spread into education. Religious literature that uses pseudo-scientific demagogy as well has usurped the usual tricks for propagating science. Such writing may appear in accord with scientific facts, thus turning scientists' unperceived belief against the scientists themselves. Dreams about science will be formulated on the basis of the belief in the possibility of "True Science" as a means of cognizing reality. "True Science" would direct the scientist's creativity: scientists would have to cognize reality by means that cannot be reduced to usual cognitive faculties and are often held irrational: e.g., sense of truth, sense of reality and sense of being a part of the world. To approach "True Science", scientists could (once again) start to learn from theologians how to confess and repent their sin of stupidity. Conscious belief in truth may be inevitable for a human to function effectively as a scientist. The objective of the paper is to touch the limits of cognition hoping to rationalize scientific creation. The paper will keep a distance from skepticism and irrationalism.
If Intuitions Must Be Evidential then Philosophy is in Big Trouble
Authors: Earlenbaugh Joshua , Molyneux Bernard
Published: July 2015

Many philosophers claim that intuitions are evidential. Yet it is hard to see how introspecting one's mental states could provide evidence for such synthetic truths as those concerning, for example, the abstract and the counterfactual. Such considerations have sometimes been taken to lead to mentalism---the view that philosophy must concern itself only with matters of concept application or other mind-dependent topics suited to a contemplative approach---but this provides us with a poor account of what it is that philosophers take themselves to be doing, for many of them are concerned with the extra-mental facts about the universe. Evidentialism therefore gestates a disaster for philosophy, for it ultimately demands an epistemology for the investigation into such matter as the abstract and the modal that simply will not be forthcoming. We make a different suggestion: That intuitions are inclinations to believe. Hence, according to us, a philosophical argument does well, as a socio-rhetorical matter of fact, when it is founded on premises philosophers are generally inclined to believe, whether or not those inclinations to believe connect appropriately to the extra-mental facts. Accordingly, the role of intuitions (inclinations to believe) in philosophical methodology is non-evidential, and the question of how they could be used as evidence falls away.
Ideal Language Philosophy and Experiments on Intuitions
Authors: Lutz Sebastian
Published: July 2015

Proponents of linguistic philosophy hold that all non-empirical philosophical problems can be solved by either analyzing ordinary language or developing an ideal one. I review the debates on linguistic philosophy and between ordinary and ideal language philosophy. Using arguments from these debates, I argue that the results of experimental philosophy on intuitions support linguistic philosophy. Within linguistic philosophy, these experimental results support and complement ideal language philosophy. I argue further that some of the critiques of experimental philosophy are in fact defenses of ideal language philosophy. Finally, I show how much of the current debate about experimental philosophy is anticipated in the debates about and within linguistic philosophy. Specifically, arguments by ideal language philosophers support experimental philosophy.
Ignorance Radicalized
Authors: Somodi Gergo
Published: July 2015

The aim of this paper is twofold. I criticize Michael Devitt's linguistic---as opposed to Chomsky's psychological---conception of linguistics on the one hand, and I modify his related view on linguistic intuitions on the other. I argue that Devitt's argument for the linguistic conception is in conflict with one of the main theses of that very conception, according to which linguistics should be about physical sentence tokens of a given language rather than about the psychologically real competence of native speakers. The basis of this conflict is that Devitt's view on language, as I will show, inherits too much from the criticized Chomskian view. This is also the basis of Devitt's strange claim that it is the linguist, and not the ordinary speaker, whose linguistic intuition should have an evidential role in linguistics. I will argue for the opposite by sketching a view on language that is more appropriate to the linguistic conception. That is, in criticizing Devitt, I am not defending the Chomskian approach. My aim is to radicalize Devitt's claims.
Loose Constitutivity and Armchair Philosophy
Authors: Weinberg Jonathan M. , Crowley Stephen J.
Published: July 2015

Standard philosophical methodology which proceeds by appeal to intuitions accessible "from the armchair" has come under criticism on the basis of empirical work indicating unanticipated variability of such intuitions. Loose constitutivity---the idea that intuitions are partly, but not strictly, constitutive of the concepts that appear in them---offers an interesting line of response to this empirical challenge. On a loose constitutivist view, it is unlikely that our intuitions are incorrect across the board, since they partly fix the facts in question. But we argue that this ratification of intuitions is at best rough and generic, and can only do the required methodological work if it operates in conjunction with some sort of further criteria of theory selection. We consider two that we find in the literature: naturalness (Brian Weatherson, borrowing from Lewis) and charity (Henry Jackman, borrowing from Davidson). At the end of the day, neither provides the armchair philosopher complete shelter from extra-armchair inquiry.
Practical Realism: Against Standard Scientific Realism and Anti-Realism
Authors: Vihalemm Rein
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the elaboration of the concept of practical realist philosophy of science which began in the author's previous papers is continued. It is argued that practical realism is opposed to standard scientific realism, on the one hand, and antirealism, on the other. Standard scientific realism is challengeable due to its abstract character, as being isolated from practice. It is based on a metaphysical-ontological presupposition which raises the problem of the God's Eye point of view (as it was called by Hilary Putnam). Joseph Rouse's conception of science as practice, Sami Pihlström's pragmatic realism, and even Ilkka Niiniluoto's critical scientific realism are interpreted as practical realist conceptions. Pihlström suggests that the contemporary scientific realist should be prepared to accept the pragmatically naturalized Kantian transcendental perspective on realism. It is argued, however, that this realistically naturalized Kantianism can be nothing more than practical realism, as originated by Karl Marx.
Towards a Practical Form of Epistemology: The Case of Green Chemistry
Authors: Llored Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2015

This paper explores how chemists are transforming their own current background in order to act upon the world without jeopardizing life. In this respect, I will envisage science as both a system of propositions and a set of engaged practices. The scrutiny of chemical innovations will allow me to query the concepts of paradigm and that of scientific community. In doing so, I will connect the philosophy of science with the philosophy of technology so as to think about our relation with the world.
The Changing Role of Scientific Experiment
Authors: Müürsepp Peeter
Published: July 2015

Practical realism is focused on the problem of how science really works. In the case of physics and chemistry, experiment is the centrepiece of scientific practice. The rapid development of contemporary natural science does not leave the experiment unaffected. The classical experiment is normally applied only to systems that can be considered structurally stable, repeatability being the key feature. After the introduction of the theoretical basis of irreversibility by Ilya Prigogine the essence of the experiment changed. The strict requirement of repeatability has to be dropped. It will be discussed, whether the change is big enough for calling it revolutionary. There are means to update the understanding of the experiment by applying the experimental settings. The material experiment will probably be with us forever but its position on the scientific landscape will be shifted.
Entscheidung als Häresie
Authors: Sooväli Jaanus
Published: July 2015

Man könnte sagen, dass Aristoteles so etwas wie eine traditionelle und dominierende Auffassung der Entscheidung in der westlichen Philosophie gründet. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, diese Auffassung von Aristoteles zu entwerfen, einige ihrer wichtigsten Probleme anzusprechen, und sie damit zu kontrastieren, was ich Jacques Derridas häretische „Konzeptualisierung“ der Entscheidung nennen würde. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese häretische Thematisierung von Derrida nicht nur und einfach mit dem traditionellen aristotelischen Begriff bricht, sondern vielmehr auch zu Recht einige seiner wichtigsten Züge auf solcher Weise schärft, dass von diesem radikalisierten Standpunkt die Behandlung von Aristoteles als die Annullierung der Entscheidung zum Vorschein kommt.  Es wird zudem impliziert, wie Derridas häretische Auffassung die Erneuerung der Ethik und Politik mit sich bringt.   It might be said that Aristotle institutes something like a traditional and dominating concept of decision in the philosophical tradition of the West. The aim of this article is to outline that concept of Aristotle, touching on some of its most important problems, and contrast it with what I would call Jacques Derrida’s heretical understanding of decision. It will be shown that this heretical “conceptualization” by Derrida doesn’t simply and merely break with, or depart and differ from, the traditional Aristotelian concept but rather also justifiably sharpens some of its most central features in such a way that from that radicalized point of view the treatment of Aristotle comes to appear as the very annulment of decision. It is moreover implied how Derrida’s heretical understanding of decision entails a renewal of ethics and politics.
Plato on Metaphysical Explanation: Does 'Participating' Mean Nothing?
Authors: Thomas Christine J.
Published: July 2015

According to Aristotle, Plato's efforts at metaphysical explanation not only fail, they are nonsensical. In particular, Plato's appeals to Forms as metaphysically explanatory of the sensibles that participate in them is "empty talk" since "'participating' means nothing" (Met. 992a28-9). I defend Plato against Aristotle's charge by identifying a particular, substantive model of metaphysical predication as the favored model of Plato's late ontology. The model posits two basic metaphysical predication relations: self-predication and participation. In order to understand the participation relation, it is important first to understand how Plato's Forms are self-predicative paradigms. According to the favored model, Forms are self-predicative paradigms insofar as they are ideal, abstract encoders of structural essences. Sensibles participate in Forms by exemplifying the structures encoded in the Forms. Given plausible conditions on metaphysical explanation, Plato's appeals to abstract Forms as metaphysically explanatory of sensibles is a reasonable competitor for Aristotle's appeals to natural, substantial forms. At the very least, Plato's appeals to a participation relation are not empty.
E.J. Lowe on the Unity Problem
Authors: Dumsday Travis
Published: July 2015

Some properties are connected in a perspicuous and unproblematic way.  For instance, the possession of shape clearly entails the possession of size (and vice versa). In other cases the connection is not so perspicuous.  For instance, assuming that the precise rest mass and negative charge of an electron are both among its fundamental intrinsic properties, what links them, given that those properties are inherently separable?  (Their separability is apparent from the fact that other kinds of particle have the same mass as an electron but a different charge, or the same charge but a different mass.)  Given the inherent separability of those properties, what explains their conjunction in this case?  Oderberg (2007, 2011) calls this the "unity problem", and attempts to solve it have issued from assorted schools of thought within both substance ontology and the metaphysics of natural kinds.  One of the more significant of these solutions is proffered by E.J. Lowe as part of his four-category ontology.  Here I explicate his solution, raise a possible objection, and suggest a reply.
Transexualização em Narrativas de Histórias de Vida sobre a Infância
Authors: Silva Alexsander Lima da , Oliveira Adélia Augusta Souto de
Published: July 2015

Análise psicossocial do processo de transexualização na infância, por meio das narrativas da infância de três transexuais masculinos e três transexuais femininos, sendo dois representantes de cada geração – mais nova, do meio e mais velha. Identifica-se a produção histórica dos significados de gênero e suas vivências sentidas. Utiliza o referencial teórico e metodológico qualitativo da Psicologia Social e dos Estudos de Gênero. Realiza uma análise de conteúdo descritivo–interpretativa das histórias de vida. As infâncias foram marcadas pelos questionamentos sobre si mesmos e da sua diferença em relação às outras crianças e adaptar-se para serem aceitos. Destacam-se as brincadeiras de criança e estratégias de disfarce na aparência para serem meninos e meninas. Essas são formas de atender aos padrões heteronormativos e evidenciam aspectos fossilizados de significação. Por outro lado, a aceitação por parte dos familiares indica importante elemento de ruptura e de possibilidade de viver a diferença.
Possíveis impasses da Lei Maria da Penha à convivência parental
Authors: Cardoso Fernanda Simplício , Brito Leila Maria Torraca de
Published: July 2015

O presente artigo visa discorrer sobre a temática da convivência parental, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia Jurídica, em sua interface com o Direito de Família. A questão problematizada são os possíveis desdobramentos da lei 11.340/2006, conhecida como Lei Maria da Penha, na convivência dos filhos com o pai, suposto autor de agressão. Trata-se de investigação baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e observações realizadas em um serviço de psicologia do judiciário. A partir da explanação do contexto de surgimento da Lei Maria da Penha no Brasil e da atual estrutura do judiciário para aplicá-la, questiona-se os desdobramentos das medidas de proteção de urgência. Embora tenham a finalidade de prevenir a ocorrência de novos episódios de violência contra a mulher, supõe-se que possam interferir na convivência familiar, quando o pai é impedido de ter contato com os filhos, seja pela medida de afastamento da mulher ou de restrição/suspensão das visitas paternas. Concluiu-se neste estudo que, embora a referida lei esteja voltada para a proteção da mulher, seus efeitos sobre a convivência familiar precisam ser melhor investigados, visando assegurar a diferenciação entre conjugalidade e parentalidade para evitar que os filhos sofram prejuízos em seu direito a conviver com ambos os pais.
Aspectos conceituais e metodológicos da resiliência psicológica: uma análise da produção científica brasileira
Authors: Rooke Mayse Itagiba
Published: July 2015

Estudos acerca da resiliência psicológica têm sido frequentes na produção científica brasileira. Em geral, as discussões a respeito deste construto salientam os processos de adaptação positiva como respostas no enfrentamento de adversidades significativas. Assim, o presente estudo busca apresentar um panorama acerca da produção científica sobre a resiliência psicológica no âmbito nacional, a partir da análise de artigos indexados nas bases de dados Lilacs e SciELO no período de 1970 a 2014. Foram encontrados 89 artigos, sendo 47 trabalhos empíricos e 42 pesquisas teóricas, a maioria com foco na resiliência individual (n= 75; 84,3%). Além disso, observou-se que os estudos adotam, frequentemente, métodos qualitativos, especificamente, delineamentos transversais e descritivos com poucos participantes, bem como utilizam, geralmente, apenas um instrumento na coleta de dados: a entrevista. No que tange aos assuntos investigados, a maioria dos trabalhos é referente à ‘resiliência e adversidades' (n=38; 42,7%). Verifica-se que a resiliência carece de uma definição consensual e uma tradição empírica consolidada, enfatizando a importância de trabalhos como este para os pesquisadores da área.
A combination of subscapularis tendon transfer and small-head hemiarthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy
Authors: Urita A. , Funakoshi T. , Suenaga N. , Oizumi N. , Iwasaki N.
Published: July 2015

This pilot study reports the clinical outcomes of a combination of partial subscapularis tendon transfer and small-head hemiarthroplasty in patients with rotatator cuff arthropathy. A total of 30 patients (30 shoulders; eight men and 22 women) with a mean age of 74 years (55 to 84) were assessed at a mean follow-up of 31 months (24 to 60). The inclusion criteria were painful cuff tear arthropathy with normal deltoid function and a non-degenerative subscapularis muscle and tendon and a preserved teres minor.

Outcome was assessed using the University of California Los Angeles score, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, and the Oxford Shoulder Score. Radiographic measurements included the centre of rotation distance and the length of the deltoid.

All clinical scores were significantly improved post-operatively. The active flexion and external rotation improved significantly at the most recent follow-up (p < 0.035). Although the mean centre of rotation distance changed significantly (p < 0.001), the mean length of the deltoid did not change significantly from the pre-operative value (p = 0.29). The change in the length of the deltoid with < 100° flexion was significantly less than that with > 100° (p < 0.001).

Progressive erosion of the glenoid was seen in four patients. No patient required revision or further surgery.

A combination of partial subscapularis tendon transfer and small-head hemiarthroplasty effectively restored function and relieved pain in patients with rotator cuff arthropathy.

Cite this article: 2015;97-B:1090–5.
Adverse local tissue reactions in metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty due to trunnion corrosion
Authors: Whitehouse M. R. , Endo M. , Zachara S. , Nielsen T. O. , Greidanus N. V. , Masri B. A. , Garbuz D. S. , Duncan C. P.
Published: July 2015

Adverse reaction to wear and corrosion debris is a cause for concern in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Modular junctions are a potential source of such wear products and are associated with secondary pseudotumour formation.

We present a consecutive series of 17 patients treated at our unit for this complication following metal-on-highly cross-linked polyethylene (MoP) THA. We emphasise the risk of misdiagnosis as infection, and present the aggregate laboratory results and pathological findings in this series.

The clinical presentation was pain, swelling or instability. Solid, cystic and mixed soft-tissue lesions were noted on imaging and confirmed intra-operatively. Corrosion at the head–neck junction was noted in all cases. No bacteria were isolated on multiple pre- and intra-operative samples yet the mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 49 (9 to 100) and C-reactive protein 32 (0.6 to 106) and stromal polymorphonuclear cell counts were noted in nine cases.

Adverse soft–tissue reactions can occur in MoP THA owing to corrosion products released from the head–neck junction. The diagnosis should be carefully considered when investigating pain after THA. This may avoid the misdiagnosis of periprosthetic infection with an unidentified organism and mitigate the unnecessary management of these cases with complete single- or two-stage exchange.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1024–1030.