bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Charge Transport of Carbon Network in Composite Cathode for Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Lee Juho , Jung Sung-Kyun , Kim Jinsoo
Published: December 2024

Constructing a well-defined electronic, ionic transport network is crucial for designing composite cathodes in solid-state batteries (SSBs). Despite the necessity of balancing conductivities within the electrode, higher energy density cathodes with rich active materials content (> 90 wt%) often result in electronically sufficient but ionically insufficient conduction. Despite this, adding carbonaceous conducting agents in this electrode design of SSBs was typically overlooked as a compromise of poor electronic conductivity, which should not be necessary according to the previous understanding. However, adding of carbon conducting agents often shows better electrochemical behaviors in SSBs. Therefore, we investigated the percolating mechanism of carbon additive, typically aiming to provide a sufficient electronic transport network in the composite cathodes. It was revealed that carbon nanofiber (CNF) maximized the utilization of cathode by connecting the electrically isolated cathode particles in the electronic transport limited system, and it conducts ions in the ionic transport limited system. This mixed ion and electronic conducting property of CNF enables the efficient transport network in the electrode, and it can establish high energy density and high power density composite electrodes. This study provides an understanding of the complex charge transport mechanism through CNF in the composite cathode and also suggests insights into the composite cathode design logic regarding of the percolation network.
Challenges in Application of Ni-Rich Layered Cathodes in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Lee Jin wook , Yu Tae-Yeon , Sun Yang-Kook
Published: December 2024

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are among the most promising next-generation battery candidates owing to their high energy density and safe operation, both of which are superior to those of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Application of Ni-rich layered cathodes in ASSBs is having the most attention due to their high energy densities, yet the consequence of application has not discovered thoroughly. This study evaluates the effects of the chemical composition of Ni-rich cathode materials on their electrochemical performance and elucidates the degradation mechanism in ASSBs featuring sulfide solid electrolyte. With increasing Ni content, the long Li+ diffusion pathway originating from the particle morphology more affected adversely the reversible capacity during the initial cycles. In addition, microcracks caused by anisotropic volume changes and interfacial reaction between the cathode and solid electrolyte degrade battery performances. Thus, modifying the morphology of the cathode material is a key challenge to improve the battery performances and develop high-energy-density ASSBs with Ni-rich layered cathodes.

References

Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3221-3223

S. H. Jung, U. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. Jun, C. S. Yoon, Y. S. Jung and Y. -K. Sun, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903360

H.-H. Ryu, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 1155
Mechanical Milling - Induced Microstructure Changes in Argyrodite Lpscl Solid-State Electrolyte Critically Affect Electrochemical Stability
Authors: Wang Yixian , Mitlin David
Published: December 2024

In the early stages of sulfide solid-state electrolyte (SSE) research, sulfides like Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) were primarily synthesized in laboratories using fine precursors such as Li2S, LiCl, and P2S5, employing meticulous synthetic procedures involving milling and sintering. This approach resulted in grams of as-synthesized SSE materials with a uniform particle size distribution and well-controlled morphology. Consequently, large-scale synthesis methods for LPSCl SSE have been developed, leading to the availability of commercial LPSCl SSE. Nonetheless, compared to lab-scale synthesis, commercial production of LPSCl SSE often yields a wide range of particle sizes and particle distributions. In-depth understanding is needed regarding how microstructural features such as the average particle size and distribution, and pore size and distribution, affect the compressed SSE's electrochemical performance.

In this presentation, we investigate mechanical milling – induced microstructure changes of LPSCl SSE and their influence on electrochemical performance. Planetary mechanical milling in wet media (m-xylene) is employed to alter commercial LPSCl powder. Quantitative stereology demonstrates how extended milling progressively refines grain and pore size/distribution, increases compact density, and geometrically smoothens the SSE-Li interface. Microstructure, in turn, profoundly influences electrochemical behavior. It is shown that an optimized SSE microstructure enables state-of-the-art electrochemical performance without the need for any artificial SEI layers or other secondary modifications. Combined cryogenic focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that milled microstructures promote uniform early-stage electrodeposition on foil collectors and stabilize solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) reactivity. For the first time, short-circuiting Li metal dendrite is directly identified, employing 1.5 mm diameter "mini" symmetrical cell and cryo-FIB. Site-specific analysis highlights that the lithium metal dendrite has the following features: a) a sheet-like morphology with branching sections; b) traverses the compact intergranularly, moving around large grains rather than through them; c) fills the interparticle voids and reacts with the contacting SSE to form reduction decomposition products, i.e. the dendrite is surrounded by an SEI.

Figure 1
Zero-Excess Sodium-Organic Battery through in-Situ Metal Plating
Authors: Reynolds Nathan
Published: December 2024

In 2023, the production capacity of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) amounted to 42 GWh with this number predicted to rise to 186 GWh by 2030 spearheaded via numerous promising sodium host materials at both the anode and cathode1,2. Amongst these, organic electroactive compounds are an attractive choice for sustainable energy storage that can be obtained from abundant natural biomass with minimal energy consumption. Sodium Rhodizonate (SRD) is a commercially available example of this which has broad application prospects at both electrodes owing to its high theoretical capacity of 501 mAh/g.

Therefore, the concept of fabricating batteries in a discharged state whilst utilizing a “zero-excess” (anode-free) configuration is an appealing, low-cost technology that can aid in producing the next generation of SIBs. The plating and stripping mechanism that occurs during electrochemical cycling of these cells sees the reactive Na metal electroplated on the chosen current collector whilst charging and then stripped during the subsequent discharge. To ensure longevity of life in these systems, bottlenecks such as inhomogeneous plating, dendritic growth, and sodium content in the positive electrode must be explored.

As a result, in this work, an ad-hoc designed current collector is adopted and integrated into our battery utilizing abundant, and inexpensive materials3. We also explored sustainable water-soluble binders that can challenge the mature yet toxic non-recyclable combination of PVDF and NMP for implementation into our cathode. On account of this, our tests employing a sodium rhodizonate (Na2C6O6) based cathode - mass loading of 5.5 mg/cm2 - and carbon coated aluminium current collector (CB@Al) as the “anode” showed excellent stability when subjected to faster rates with a capacity in excess of 125 mAh/g during cycling at 1C (Figure 1a). At this current, an energy density of 265 Wh/Kgcathode+anode can be obtained despite the relatively low average discharge potential of 1.95 V with this figure rising to 390 Wh/Kgcathode+anode if cycled at 0.1C. Furthermore, this organic system provided outstanding stability over 75 cycles at 0.2C achieving an average capacity of 175 mAh/g exhibiting negligible capacity fade (Figure 1b).

Na-ion batteries capacity forecast by world region | Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1417860/sodium-ion-capacity-forecast-by-region-worldwide/.

Cheaper and Safer Sodium-Ion Batteries on the Horizon | IDTechEx Research Article. https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-article/cheaper-and-safer-sodium-ion-batteries-on-the-horizon/29608.

Mazzali, F. et al. Designing a high-power sodium-ion battery by in situ metal plating. ACS Appl Energy Mater
2, 344–353 (2019).

Figure 1
Edible Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Galli Valerio , Annese Valerio Francesco , Coco Giulia , Ilic Ivan K. , Cataldi Pietro , Lamanna Leonardo , Caironi Mario
Published: December 2024

Edible electronics explores the electronic properties of food-derived materials and food additives to develop a completely safe-to-ingest technology with possible applications in medicine and agrifood. Among the different edible electronic components realized in recent years, edible rechargeable batteries represent an unprecedented opportunity for energy storage, with applications that go beyond edible electronics. Their intrinsic safety and sustainability can be a key aspect in replacing traditional batteries in medical and agrifood low-power electronic devices, reducing health hazards and environmental impact.

Starting from the redox reaction between two molecules commonly found in food, riboflavin and quercetin, we developed the first edible rechargeable battery, characterized by an operating voltage of ⁓0.65 V. All the battery components are fabricated using materials that can be safely ingested, like activated carbon, edible gold leaves, ethyl cellulose, and beeswax. Edible battery stability has been extensively tested, showing a stable capacity of ⁓20 µAh over two weeks of storage at room temperature. The possibility to implement these batteries in different scenarios has been verified by cycling them in different environmental conditions, proving stable performance between 0 and 37 °C. Successful integration with both traditional and edible electronic components has been achieved, indicating a feasible path along the development of edible batteries as critical components in sustainable agrifood IoT nodes as well as power supplies in future edible electronic systems for medical and food monitoring applications.
Chimie Douce Synthesis of Novel Metastable Cathodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Jha Pawan Kumar , Golubnichiy Alexander , Pralong Valerie , Abakumov Artem M. , Fichtner Maximilian , Barpanda Prabeer
Published: December 2024

The quest for innovative cathode materials is crucial for advancing secondary potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). Dedicated efforts have led to the exploration of broadly four distinct classes of materials, namely layered transition metal oxides, polyanion, Prussian blue analogues and organic materials [1]. However, synthesizing cathodes for KIBs, especially those based on layered 3d-series transition metals, pose significant challenges. These include the low concentration of K-ions due to electrostatic repulsion, hygroscopic instability, and decomposition susceptibility. In our current study, we addressed these complex synthetic challenges by employing the ambient ion-exchange synthesis method to create metastable cathode materials suitable for stationary energy storage applications. Integrating diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, we have elucidated that the ion exchange reaction proceeds via an overlay ordered structure formation (Figure 1) mechanism [2-6]. Additionally, we have conducted comprehensive investigations into the structural, morphological, electronic, and electrochemical characteristics of ion-exchanged materials [4]. To analyze the K+ insertion mechanism, we employed both ex-situ and in-situ X-ray diffraction analysis, along with potentio/galvanostatic titration techniques. Synergizing experimental tools with the theoretical calculations, we have unveiled the efficacy of ambient ion-exchange reactions to prepare promising novel cathode materials. Two case studies will be presented as noted below.

Chemical ion-exchange route was employed to obtain a novel P2-type KxCo1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode for KIBs. With due material optimization and usage of suitable electrolytes, this oxide can be harnessed as a high-voltage cathode for KIBs operating at ~ 2.9 V at room and high (40-50 °C) temperatures (Figure 1c) [7-8].

Following, two novel compounds analogous to Na2Mn3O7 has been successfully synthesized via ambient chimie douce This discovery reveals the utilization of a cost-effective, scalable, and energy-efficient K-Mn-O ternary mixture as an extensively studied cathode material for KIBs (Figure 1d) [9].

Finally, this work provides a new dimension in obtaining targeted battery material beyond traditional synthetic route for the development of KIBs for next generation stationary energy storage system.

References:

Hosaka et al., Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 6358-6466.

K. Jha et al., Small, In press, 2024.

K. Jha et al., Inorg. Chem, 2023, 62, 14971-14979

K. Jha et al., Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 2023, 38, 101216.

K. Jha and P. Barpanda, Inorg. Chem. In press, 2024.

K. Jha and P. Barpanda, Indian Provisional Patent Application 202341033225.

K. Jha et al., Manuscript submitted.

K. Jha et al., Indian Provisional Patent Application 202341088484.

K. Jha et al., Manuscript submitted.

Figure 1
Defect Engineering of Zn Substituted MnCo2O4 Spinel Structure As a Cathode for High-Performance Zinc-Ion Batteries
Authors: Pattananuwat Prasit , Yadav Nishant
Published: December 2024

Zinc-ion batteries have been considered to be an ideal replacement for Li-ion batteries due to its large theoretical capacity, low flammability, affordability, and built-in safety. However, a relatively narrow tunneling pathway limits the use of manganese-based materials, which results in low rate capacity and low life cycle stability. Therefore, an effective approach to manufacture a high-performance ZIB through defect engineering crystal structure supported by Zn-substituted MnCo2O4 has been proposed. Hydrothermally produced microspheres with interconnected micro-and nanoflake structures of ZnxMn1-xCo2O4 (x= 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) are then calcined and used as the cathode for ZIBs. ZIBs batteries have a high-rate performance (energy density of 260–528 W h) and a superior discharged specific capacity of 660 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 when the Zn0.4Mn0.6Co2O4 cathode is optimized.
Cathode Performance of ZnMn₂O₄ for Zn Anode Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Yoshiki Ikuto , Inoishi Yuiko , Ishihara Tatsumi
Published: December 2024

Zinc anode rechargeable batteries (ZABs) are expecting a promising rechargeable battery for next-generation power systems due to a low cost, environmental compatibility, high safety, and high energy density of Zn anode. Although various cathode materials are currently being investigated, no cathode material with high discharge capacity, cycle stability, and high potential has been reported1 . At present, MnO2 is the most promising materials however, cycle stability is still not enough high. In this study, ZnMn2O4 which is the inactive phase of Zn-MnO2 battery using alkaline electrolyte, was focused as cathode using various acidic electrolyte. Optimization of dopant and also additives to electrolyte was studied.

ZnMn2O4 was synthesized with spray pyrolysis method using nitrate solution of Zn and Mn. The cathode was prepared by mixing ZnMn2O4, acetylene black, and PTFE at 7:2:1 weight ratio and pressed onto Ti mesh. The cell consists of Zn anode, glass separator, and the ZnMn2O4 cathode prepared. Charge-discharge measurements were performed in constant current mode with three electrodes cell at current density of 0.2 mA/cm².

The prepared ZnMn2O4 powder was a sphere shape and SEM observation suggest that inner of particles are vacant, microcapsule structure. Among the electrolytes examined, 3M Zn(OTf)₂+0.1M Mn(OTf)₂ and 3M ZnSO₄+0.1M MnSO₄ were found to be suitable from cycle stability and discharge capacity. In particular, Zn-ZnMn2O4 cell using 3 M Zn(OTf)₂+0.1M Mn(OTf)2 shows discharge capacity larger than 200mAh/g and more than 50 cycles of charge and discharge.

Ex situ XRD showed that the MnO peak was appeared after discharge from 1.9 to 0.8V and it is disappeared to be ZnMn2O4 peaks after charge to 1.9V. Consequently, the charge and discharge of Zn-ZnMn2O4 cell is stored electricity by the redox reaction between Mn2+ and Mn3+. Considering the stable discharge capacity and high potential, Zn-ZnMn2O4 battery is highly interesting as rechargeable large capacity battery.

Acknowledgement; This presentation is based on results obtained from a project, JPNP21006, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.

1) N. Zhang, X. Chen, M. Yu, Z. Niu, F. Cheng, J. Chen, Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49, 4203.

Figure 1
Self-Supported VO2 on Polydopamine-Derived Pyroprotein-Based Fibers for Ultrastable Zinc-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Yeonho
Published: December 2024

A conventional electrode composite for rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) includes a binder for strong adhesion between the electrode material and the current collector. However, the introduction of a binder leads to electrochemical inactivity and low electrical conductivity, resulting in the decay of the capacity and a low rate capability. We present a binder- and conducting agent-free VO2 composite electrode using in situ polymerization of dopamine on a flexible current collector of pyroprotein-based fibers. The as-fabricated composite electrode was used as a substrate for the direct growth of VO2 as a self-supported form on polydopamine-derived pyroprotein-based fibers (pp-fibers@VO2(B)). It has a high conductivity and flexible nature as a current collector and moderate binding without conventional binders and conducting agents for the VO2(B) cathode. In addition, their electrochemical mechanism was elucidated. Their energy storage is induced by Zn2+/H+ coinsertion during discharging, which can be confirmed by the lattice expansion, the formation of by-products including Zn
x
(OTf)
y
(OH)2x−y
·nH2O, and the reduction of V4+ to V3+. Furthermore, the assembled Zn//pp-fibers@VO2(B) pouch cells have excellent flexibility and stable electrochemical performance under various bending states, showing application possibilities for portable and wearable power sources.
Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides As Ca/Mg Intercalation Electrode: A Systematic First-Principles Study
Authors: Kim Daehyun , Park Haesun
Published: December 2024

Multivalent-ion batteries have attracted attention as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to high energy density and the abundant reserves. However, few electrode materials can reversibly intercalate multivalent ions like Ca and Mg due to strong interaction between the host framework, impeding facile diffusion of guest ions. Three main structure types, including Prussian blue, polyanion, and layered structures, have been reported as stable electrodes for Ca and Mg.

Here, we focus on layered transition metal dichalcogenide polymorphs with a range of transition metal substitutions. Transition metal dichalcogenide can be classified into three polymorphs such 1T, 2H, and 3R, where the guest ions can occupy either octahedral sites or trigonal prismatic sites. Our investigation includes Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W as substituted transition metals across six structure types. Considering two intercalating ions and two chalcogenide elements, 192 electrode candidates are generated. (Ion : Ca and Mg, Chalcogenide : S and Se) Using first-principles calculations based on density function theory, we assess four key properties - thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, ion mobility, and redox activity of transition metals - to pinpoint the optimal intercalation electrode materials for Ca and Mg batteries.
Enhanced Durability of Zn-Metal Anodes through in-Situ Bi-Layer Coating with Metal Fluoride and Polymer
Authors: Han Jaewoong , Lee Hongkyung
Published: December 2024

Aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZBs) have garnered considerable attention in the quest for safer, more sustainable energy storage solutions, primarily due to their inherent non-flammability and cost-effectiveness. However, the commercial deployment of AZBs has been hindered by two major challenges: the growth of Zn dendrites and the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the Zn metal anodes (ZMAs). These phenomena compromise battery safety and efficiency, thereby limiting their practical applications. To address these issues, this study introduces a novel bi-layered Zn protective layer (BSPL@Zn), fabricated through a one-step in-situ coating process. This protection strategy employs a polyvinyl(alcohol), hydrophilic polymeric outer layer coupled with a zincophilic, Ag-decorated inner layer (Ag0/ZnF2), created by an in-situ displacement reaction facilitated by a silver fluoride (AgF) additive.

The innovative aspect of BSPL@Zn lies in its dual functionality. The Ag-decorated inner layer is specifically engineered to be zincophilic, promoting homogeneous Zn deposition, while the hydrophilic polymer outer layer effectively suppresses the HER. This configuration not only mitigates the formation of dendritic structures but also significantly reduces the rate of hydrogen gas evolution—a common issue that exacerbates anode degradation and battery failure. Experimental results demonstrate that the BSPL@Zn successfully extends the short-circuiting time of the batteries, achieving a three-fold reduction in H2 gas evolution compared to conventional ZMA systems.

Further evaluations in Zn||Zn symmetric cells reveal that BSPL@Zn enables robust cycling performance, sustaining over 1800 hours at a Zn plating capacity of 5 mAh cm−2. When implemented in Zn||NH4V4O10 cells, BSPL@Zn maintains stable battery operation across 1000 cycles with an impressive 80% capacity retention. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the bi-layer approach in enhancing the durability and operational stability of AZBs.

This study not only elucidates the mechanisms by which BSPL@Zn enhances the performance and safety of AZBs but also highlights the importance of material selection and strategic design in anode protection. By integrating zincophilic and hydrophilic properties within a single protective structure, this work paves the way for future advancements in battery technology. The development of such tailored protective coatings could significantly propel the commercial viability of AZBs, promoting their wider adoption in various applications demanding high safety and efficiency standards.
From Death to Resurrection: Revisiting the Reversibility of Rechargeable Alkaline Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Batteries
Authors: Marini Emanuele , Kim Chuljung , Kostka Mendel , Schindling Jannis , Zosel Philipp , Joerissen Ludwig , Hölzle Markus
Published: December 2024

Zinc-manganese dioxide batteries (ZMBs) feature specific energy densities of up to 400 watt-hours per liter and 150 watt-hours per kilogram, positioning them as the global standard for the primary market. These batteries are made of non-toxic, abundant, and cost-effective materials. Due to their aqueous electrolyte, this system is also non-flammable, making it quite appealing for several applications where safety is of paramount importance.

Efforts to commercialize rechargeable ZMBs gained momentum in the late 1980s and 1990s. Despite initial success, these rechargeable cells suffered from limited cycle life and poor capacity retention—often not exceeding 20-30 cycles—which was far below the performance standards, achieved by other rechargeable systems such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride batteries. This led to their phase-out from the market by the early 2000s [1].

Despite these historical challenges, recent advancements [2,3] have spurred renewed interest in improving the performance of rechargeable ZMBs, focusing on enhancing their energy density, cycle life, and overall commercial viability for modern applications especially in the stationary energy storage sector. In this regards, ZSW has recently demonstrated that a combination of novel active materials with an ion-selective separator makes a rechargeable ZMB feasible. This has shown stability over hundreds of charge-discharge cycles with nearly 100% Depth of Discharge (D.o.D.) at rates of 0.1 to 0.5 C. Herein, we showcase our latest developments and potential solutions to overcome the technological hurdles faced by rechargeable ZMBs, positioning them as key players in future stationary energy storage systems.

References

[1] M.B. Lim, T.N. Lambert, B.R. Chalamala, Rechargeable alkaline zinc–manganese oxide batteries for grid storage: Mechanisms, challenges, and developments, Materials Science & Engineering R 143 (2021) 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100593

[2] G.G. Yadav, J.W. Gallaway, D.E. Turney, M. Nyce, J. Huang, X. Wei, & S. Banerjee, Regenerable Cu-intercalated MnO2 layered cathode for highly cyclable energy dense batteries, Nature Communications 8 (2017) 14424. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14424

[3] E.D. Spoerke, H. Passell, T.N. Lambert, B. Chalamala, G. Cowles, G.G. Yadav, J. Huang, S. Banerjee, Driving Zn-MnO2 grid-scale batteries: A roadmap to cost-effective energy storage, MRS Energy & Sustainability (2022) doi:10.1557/s43581-021-00018-4.
Bivalent Metal-Organic Batteries: Optimisation of Electrolytes By Next-Generation Additives
Authors: Izdebska Natalia , Kierepka Klaudia , Marczewski Maciej , Wieczorek Wladyslaw
Published: December 2024

Li-Ion batteries, despite their commonness, suffer in Europe form poor raw material availability and the ever-raising price, observed most often in consumer electronics prices. Now more than ever novel battery technologies are on a rise. Bivalent metal-organic batteries are of cutting-edge nature, not yet researched thoroughly. They have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. However, several challenges hinder their commercialization, including poor cycling stability and limited electrode kinetics. The main issue for RMBs (Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries) and RCBs (Rechargeable Calcium Batteries) is electrolyte speciation, which leads to ion pair formation and poor multivalent ion desolvation. On the other hand, anodes suffer with poor metal plating/stripping efficiency and formation of passive layer with poor conducting properties. Electrolyte additives can act as ion pair scavengers and nets or catchers for cations or anions. This will prevent ion pair formation and promote multivalent ion desolvation. We built our research not only on interactions between bivalent metal cation and chelating additives, but also on linkage between salt anions and anion receptor – additives of choice. Proper design of additives’ molecules can enable partial anions’ immobilization and promote salt dissociation. We present a roadmap on current electrolyte additives: their selection, concept of molecule design and possible future improvements. We present a comprehensive roadmap for the development of electrolyte additives, which play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of multivalent metal-organic batteries. We combined a systematic approach for designing and optimizing electrolyte additives, considering factors such as solubility, redox potential, stability, and compatibility with RMB components. Key strategies for enhancing cycling stability, suppressing side reactions, and improving ion transport kinetics are discussed, along with recent advancements in additive synthesis and characterization techniques. Moreover, we outline strategies for evaluating the performance of electrolyte additives through comprehensive electrochemical analysis and highlights the importance of analytical methods for practical implementation. The role of computational modeling in accelerating the discovery and optimization of electrolyte additives is also discussed.
Influence of Simple Salts on Solvent Reduction Stability at Mg-Alloy Anodes Interface: A Potential-Dependent DFT Study
Authors: Kim Hyemin , Deng Min , Fortuin Adrian , Würger Tim , Georgopanos Prokopios , Kramer Denis , Zheludkevich Mikhail , Höche Daniel
Published: December 2024

Using the grand canonical density functional theory (GC-DFT) approach, the investigation focuses on the significance of incorporating anion species into electrolyte solvation structures, particularly with doubly charged Mg2+ ions. Our work extends previous methodologies by examining the thermodynamic stability of acetonitrile (AN) at the interface with Mg3Bi2 and Mg2Sn. Based on energy comparisons, two distinct anions, TFSI− and ClO−, are strategically introduced.

Despite the known chemical compatibility of alloy anodes with the electrolyte solution, our research discovers a novel form of solvent degradation, which has also been noted with pure Mg anodes and conventional electrolytes. Notably,a the AN molecule near anion species exhibits less susceptibility to reduction (-0.8 — -0.4 V vs. Mg2+/Mg) in the lower potential range, compared to the fully dissociated solvation structure.

Charge density difference and density of states analyses detail how solvent molecules become electrophilic, causing the LUMO to overlap with the Fermi level at lower potentials when the electrostatic interaction with anion species is considered. Experimental studies using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) validate the theoretical outcomes, providing a comprehensive understanding. By augmenting prior approaches, our methodology offers valuable guidance for electrolyte composition based on predominant solvation structures in multivalent solutions.
Intercalation Mechanism of Solvated Magnesium Electrolytes on Spinel Cathode Surfaces
Authors: Jeong Heonjae , Cheng Lei
Published: December 2024

Multivalent magnesium ions have significant potential in energy storage systems beyond lithium ions. The advancement of magnesium battery technologies relies on the discovery of suitable battery materials and understanding their interfacial reaction mechanisms. Nonetheless, the impact of the cathode surface on the desolvation and intercalation mechanisms of solvated magnesium electrolytes remains uncertain. In this study, using first-principles calculations, we find how different surface conditions affect the desolvation and intercalation of solvated magnesium electrolytes on MgV2O4 cathodes. Magnesiated cathodes enhance the kinetics of magnesium electrolyte desolvation and intercalation compared to demagnesiated cathodes. Intercalation is more favorable than deintercalation on magnesiated cathodes, while the opposite is favorable for demagnesiated cathodes. The presence of surface water molecules significantly reduces overall activation energy. The (001) surface orientation exhibits lower activation barriers than the (111) orientation, with crystallography affecting diffusivity. Chromium doping decreases activation energies for desolvation and intercalation under the magnesiated condition but increases them in the demagnesiated condition. Our findings yield comprehensive insights into the importance of cathode surface design in Mg batteries, and these insights contribute to the progress and development of battery technologies, offering significant implications for advancements in energy storage.
Polymer and Polymer Composite Electrolyte for Zn Ion Battery
Authors: Okhawilai Manunya , Prathumrat Peerawat , Likitaporn Chutiwat
Published: December 2024

Lithium ion batteries have been investigated as a power source due to their relatively high energy and power densities and decent cycling life. Zinc ion batteries are promising for future energy storage applications because of their adequate resource supply and mild electrolyte systems. So far, a large variety of polymer molecule architectures have been explored in the electrolyte field. Polymer electrolytes have garnered research efforts as an interesting alternative to conventional liquid electrolytes due to their advantages of low probability of leakage and low volatility of liquid solvent, lightweight, flexibility, inertness, high durability, and thermal stability. The study of polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity has been of growing importance due to their prospective applications in electrochemical devices such as energy conversion units like batteries/fuel cells, electrochromic displays, photochemical solar cells, supercapacitors, and sensors. The development of quasi solid polymer electrolyte for advanced batteries system is currently highly grown, as there exist very safety issues over the conventional liquid electrolytes. The development of quasi solid polymer electrolyte is by designing high electron donor in polymeric chain to support ion movement. Besides, highly porous electrospun membrane as well as polymer film have also been developed. The membrane provided relatively high ionic conductivity and long-term stability.
Enhancing Stability in Aqueous Zn Ion Batteries: Insights into Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Protective Layer
Authors: Kim Seulgi , Choi Ingyu , Lee Dongju
Published: December 2024

Zinc-ion Batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems, offering affordability and safety. However, the practical applications of Zn metal as anode is impeded by significant challenges such as side reactions and dendrite growth. We propose a novel approach that employs two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials protective layer (BN, MoS2, MXene) to mitigate dendrite formation and side reactions (hydrogen evolution, corrosion) of Zn metal anode, facilitating controlled Zn ion flux during charge/discharge cycles. Our findings particularly highlight the MoS2@Zn anode, which demonstrates stable cycling performance for over 1000 hours at a current density of 1 mA/cm² with a capacity of 1 mAh/cm². This anode effectively inhibits dendrite growth and suppresses side reactions such as hydrogen evolution and corrosion. Additionally, when integrated into a full cell configuration with a MnO₂ cathode, the MoS₂@Zn anode exhibits exceptional capacity retention, maintaining nearly 100% of its initial capacity even after 100 cycles. This work contributes to the advancement of metal-based aqueous battery technologies by demonstrating the practical applicability of 2D material protection layers in improving the performance and reliability of ZIBs.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Commercialization Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes(COMPA) grant funded by the Korean Government(Ministery of Science and ICT). (RS-2023-00304768) and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No. RS-2023-00217581).
Olmesartan‐Induced Enteropathy: A Rare Case of Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Gurgel Sofia Emerenciano , Medeiros Kleyton Santos de , Lima de Paiva Sarah Jane , Gurgel Filho José
Published: December 2024

The case involves a 63‐year‐old hypertensive man, taking antihypertensive medication (olmesartan) for the previous two years, who sought medical attention due to voluminous diarrhea, with several episodes per day and weight loss of 10 kg. He was submitted to a series of diagnostic procedures without elucidation and empirical treatment with unsuccessful outcome. After hospitalization for clinical stabilization and for presenting with duodenal atrophy, obtained by duodenal biopsy associated with negative markers for celiac disease, the patient was diagnosed with suspected olmesartan‐induced enteropathy, showing rapid improvement of diarrhea after the drug was withdrawn, with weight regain in 6 months and normalization of the duodenal histological picture after 10 months.
Dynamic Modeling of a Transport Helicopter for Internal Cargo Airdrop
Authors: Cao Yihua , Nie Wensong
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a dynamic model for helicopter cargo airdrop process simulation. The overall method is used to incorporate the cargo motion into the general helicopter equations of motion, which simplified the complex cargo–helicopter contact model into a helicopter mass and mass center variation model. The trim and simulation of the airdrop process are performed by coupling the Newton iterative method with the Runge–Kutta algorithm. Simulation results of pilot maneuvering and helicopter attitude changes during airdrop are presented with different flight speeds (0, 20, 40, and 60 m/s) and different cargo masses (200, 400, and 1000 kg). The effect of cargo movement on helicopter stability is studied by the modal analysis method. Simulation results show that airdrop missions at low flight velocity with a large mass of cargo will increase the pilot’s control load and aggravate the helicopter’s attitude change. Additionally, both the longitudinal and lateral stability of the helicopter are deteriorated with the cargo’s rearward movement.
Optimal Eco‐Green Fertilizer Rate and Variety for the Production of Food Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Nbiret Emebet Zewdu , Geleta Girma Megersa , Mihrete Tesfahun Belay
Published: December 2024

A field experiment was conducted in central highlands of Ethiopia during the 2022 rainy season to evaluate the growth and yield responses of food barley varieties to eco‐green fertilizer rates. The treatments included four levels of eco‐green fertilizer (0, 20, 40, and 60 L per hectare) and three food barley varieties (local, EH1493, and HB‐1307). The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on phenology, growth, and yield of food barley were collected and analyzed using R software. The results showed that food barley varieties and eco‐green fertilizer rates significantly influenced most of the tested parameters. The tallest plant height (95.8 cm), largest spike length (8.2 cm), highest number of kernels per plant (44.2), highest grain yield (5.6 tons per hectare), greatest harvest index (48.05 percent), and thousand grain weight (55.5 g) were recorded for the EH1493 variety with 40 L per hectare of eco‐green fertilizer. This treatment combination also generated the highest net benefit (241,768 Ethiopian Total Birr [ETB] per hectare) with a marginal rate of return of 3127.2 percent, meaning every 1 ETB invested yielded 31.3 ETB. Based on these findings, the treatment combination of 40 L per hectare of eco‐green fertilizer and the EH1493 variety is recommended for profitable food barley production in the study area and similar agroecological zones. However, since the study was conducted at a single location for one season, further research across multiple locations and seasons is needed for more reliable conclusions. Future research should focus on the growth and yield responses of various food barley varieties, distinct from those used in this experiment, to the application of eco‐green fertilizers.
Enhancing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training: An Interprofessional Approach With Undergraduate Medicine and Nursing Students Using Self‐Learning Methodology in Simulated Environments (MAES)—A Qualitative Study
Authors: Fenzi Giulio , Alemán-Jiménez Carolina , López-Ferrándiz Lucia , Leal-Costa Cesar , Díaz-Agea José Luis
Published: December 2024

Background: Training the knowledge and skills needed to recognize and respond quickly to cardiac arrest significantly increases patient survival rates. Recent advances in life support training focus on simulations. Interprofessional education, involving collaborative training between nursing and medical students, would enhance mutual understanding of roles and perspectives, resulting in comprehensive and real‐world learning experiences. Self‐learning methodology in simulated environments actively engages students by combining problem‐based learning with clinical simulation.

Objectives: To analyze the perspective of a group of nursing and medical students in interprofessional training with self‐learning methodology in simulated environments, clinical simulation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as well as to describe the main strengths and weaknesses detected and worked on during cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with the self‐learning methodology in simulated environments.

Method: This multicenter qualitative study, based on focus group analysis, delves into the views of nursing and medical students who underwent interprofessional clinical simulation training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Results: Benefits such as increased interest, motivation, and sense of responsibility are highlighted, along with improvements in teamwork, interprofessional education, and acquisition of both technical and nontechnical skills. Participants valued the structured debriefing sessions, which allowed them to learn from their mistakes. Suggestions for improvement revolved around the time constraints and responsibilities inherent in the methodology.

Conclusions: Interprofessional cardiopulmonary resuscitation training using the self‐learning methodology in simulated environments offers an innovative and effective approach to improve traditional cardiopulmonary resuscitation training paradigms.
Temperature Compensation Method of TMR Sensor Based on IPOA‐DBN for Residual Current Monitoring in Substations
Authors: Tian Jinhu , Chen Jun , Miao Ying , Yang Yang , Yang Haobo , Wang Jingang
Published: December 2024

The safe and stable operation of substations can ensure continuous high‐quality supply of electrical energy. It can effectively prevent substation cable fires and insulation degradation accidents by monitoring the residual current in the substation. Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) current sensors can achieve accurate measurement of mA level current and is widely used in the field of residual current monitoring, but its measurement accuracy is seriously affected by temperature interference. Therefore, adopting appropriate temperature error suppression methods is crucial to improve the performance of TMR current sensors. To address this issue, this article proposes a temperature compensation model that uses the improved Pelican algorithm (IPOA) optimizing the deep belief network (DBN). Applying the sine and cosine algorithm to the exploration stage of the Pelican algorithm solves the problem that the pelican algorithm easily falls into local optimality. In order to obtain the optimal network parameters of DBN, IPOA is used to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes and reverse fine‐tuning learning rate of DBN. First, this paper introduces the principle and temperature characteristics of TMR current sensor. Then, temperature compensation methods and hardware design are presented. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this article, comparison experiments are conducted on the experimental platform established. The results show that after using proposed temperature compensation method, the temperature drift coefficient is reduced from 1040 to 89 ppm/°C.
Compact CCITL‐Inspired Power Divider Design Using Multisection Transmission Lines
Authors: Anusorn Taran , Korananan Sorawis , Janpugdee Panuwat , Torrungrueng Danai
Published: December 2024

This work provides a comprehensive review of conjugately characteristic impedance transmission lines (CCITLs) and their applications in quarter‐wave–like transformers (QWLTs). These promising concepts are employed in the development of miniaturized CCITL‐based power dividers (CCITL‐PDs). A thorough design procedure for CCITL‐PDs with arbitrary power division ratios is presented, including detailed derivations and analysis of the perfect isolation condition. For illustration, an equal‐split CCITL‐PD implemented using multisection transmission lines (MSTLs) is designed to achieve a 25% reduction in electrical length compared to conventional equal‐split Wilkinson power dividers. Although the achieved reduction is modest, this example provides valuable insights and approaches for further optimizations in CCITL‐PD design, showcasing its potential for microwave component miniaturization.
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in an Urban Multiethnic Indigenous Community from Amazonas
Authors: Bezerra Camila Carlos , Toledo Noeli das Neves , Sampaio Rebeca Lima , Barbosa Breno José Alencar Pires , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Souza-Talarico Juliana Nery
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Studies about dementia in indigenous communities is still scarce worldwide, especially in low-middle income countries, limiting timely intervention in minority groups. Our research aimed to bridge this gap by determining the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND), and the associated factors, in a multiethnic indigenous community in Manaus, Brazil.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study. Was evaluated the cognitive and functional performances of 141 Indigenous individuals (aged 50 and above). A panel of dementia neurologist experts independently analyzed cognitive (Mini-Mental State Exam-MMSE, Brief Cognitive Screening Battery, verbal fluency), functional (Pfeffer questionnaire) performances, and depression symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale) to classify participants as cognitively unimpaired, CIND and dementia.
Results: CIND rate was 11.3% and 12.8% for dementia. None of the participants classified as CIND had a prior diagnosis, and only three out of 18 participants with dementia had a diagnosis. Stratified analysis showed that age (p=0.017) and lower education (p= 0.047) were associated with higher CIND and dementia. However, only age was significantly associated with dementia in the regression models (OR= 1.078; 95%CI 1.011-1.149). Sex, living in extreme poverty, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or excessive alcohol use were not linked to CIND or dementia.
Conclusion: The Indigenous community of Manaus exhibited higher rates of dementia and CIND than national and global estimates. These findings may set the stage for additional research into the interplay of social, economic, biological, and behavioral factors affecting dementia risk in underrepresented groups such as Indigenous communities.