bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roles for thrombin and fibrin(ogen) in cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion in vivo
Authors: Szaba Frank M. , Smiley Stephen T.
Published: July 2002

Extravascular coagulation leading to fibrin deposition accompanies many immune and inflammatory responses. Although recognized by pathologists for decades, and probably pathologic under certain conditions, the physiologic functions of extravascular coagulation remain to be fully defined. This study demonstrates that thrombin can activate macrophage adhesion and prompt interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production in vivo. Peritoneal macrophages were elicited with thioglycollate (TG) and then activated in situ, either by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by injection of antigen into mice bearing antigen-primed T cells. Others previously established that such treatments stimulate macrophage adhesion to the mesothelial lining of the peritoneal cavity. The present study demonstrates that thrombin functions in this process, as macrophage adhesion was suppressed by Refludan, a highly specific thrombin antagonist, and induced by direct peritoneal administration of purified thrombin. Although recent studies established that protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) mediates some of thrombin's proinflammatory activities macrophage adhesion occurred normally in PAR-1–deficient mice. However, adhesion was suppressed in fibrin(ogen)-deficient mice, suggesting that fibrin formation stimulates macrophage adhesion in vivo. This study also suggests that fibrin regulates chemokine/cytokine production in vivo, as direct injection of thrombin stimulated peritoneal accumulation of IL-6 and MCP-1 in a fibrin(ogen)-dependent manner. Given that prior studies have clearly established inflammatory roles for PAR-1, thrombin probably has pleiotropic functions during inflammation, stimulating vasodilation and mast cell degranulation via PAR-1, and activating cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion via fibrin(ogen).
Melatonin: From Basic Research to Cancer Treatment Clinics
Authors: Vijayalaxmi  , Thomas Charles R. , Reiter Russel J. , Herman Terence S.
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT: Melatonin, the chief secretory product of the pineal gland, is a direct free radical scavenger, an indirect antioxidant, as well as an important immunomodulatory agent. In both in vitro and in vivo investigations, melatonin protected healthy cells from radiation-induced and chemotherapeutic drug–induced toxicity. Furthermore, several clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of melatonin, either alone or in combination with traditional therapy, to yield a favorable efficacy to toxicity ratio in the treatment of human cancers. This study reviews the literature from laboratory investigations that document the antioxidant and oncostatic actions of melatonin and summarizes the evidence regarding the potential use of melatonin in cancer treatment. This study also provides rationale for the design of larger translational research–based clinical trials.
What Is Essential Tremor?
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: December 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes essential tremor, its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
Microwave‐Powered Liquid Metal Degradation of Polyolefins
Authors: Gao Jianye , Zhao Jun , Xing Zerong , Guo Minghui , Xie Haijiao , Ma Wangjing , Liu Jing
Published: December 2024

Upcycling waste plastics is highly promising to tackle global white pollution while achieving sustainable development. However, prevailing approaches often encounter challenges in scalable engineering practices due to either insufficient plastic upcycling capability or arduousness in the separation, recovery, and purification of catalysts, which inevitably augments the cost of plastic upcycling. Here, the microwave‐powered liquid metal synergetic depolymerization is presented to facilitate low‐cost plastic upcycling. By leveraging the fluidity of liquid metals and their exceptional chemical‐bond activation ability under microwave field, this method efficiently converts various polyolefins into narrowband hydrocarbon oil (Oil yield: 81 wt.% for polypropylene (PP), 85.9 wt.% for polyethylene (PE)) and high‐value olefin monomers (C2‐4 selectivity: 50% for PE, 65.3% for PP) over 30 successive cycles, resulting in a high turnover frequency of 2.83 kgPlastic mLLiquid metal−1. These captivating advantages offered by electromagnetically‐powered liquid metals are also supported by their self‐separation features, thereby paving the way for large‐scale engineering solutions in waste plastic upcycling.
Intrinsic Localized Excitons in MoSe2/CrSBr Heterostructure
Authors: Huang Xinyue , Song Zhigang , Gao Yuchen , Gu Pingfan , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Yang Shiqi , Chen Zuxin , Ye Yu
Published: December 2024

Despite extensive studies on magnetic proximity effects, the fundamental excitonic properties of the 2D semiconductor‐magnet heterostructures remain elusive. Here, the presence of localized excitons in MoSe2/CrSBr heterostructures is unveiled, represented by a new photoluminescence emission feature, X*. Our findings reveal that X* originates from excitons confined by intrinsic defects in the CrSBr layer. Additionally, the degrees of valley polarization of the X* and trion peaks exhibit opposite polarities under a magnetic field and closely correlate with the magnetic order of CrSBr. This is attributed to spin‐dependent charge transfer across the heterointerface, supported by density functional theory calculations which reveal a type‐II band alignment. Furthermore, the strong in‐plane anisotropy of CrSBr induces unique polarization‐dependent responses in MoSe2 emissions. This study highlights the crucial role of defects in shaping excitonic properties and offers valuable insights into spectrally resolved proximity effects in semiconductor‐magnet van der Waals heterostructures.
SciAgents: Automating Scientific Discovery Through Bioinspired Multi‐Agent Intelligent Graph Reasoning
Authors: Ghafarollahi Alireza , Buehler Markus J.
Published: December 2024

A key challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) is the creation of systems capable of autonomously advancing scientific understanding by exploring novel domains, identifying complex patterns, and uncovering previously unseen connections in vast scientific data. In this work, SciAgents, an approach that leverages three core concepts is presented: (1) large‐scale ontological knowledge graphs to organize and interconnect diverse scientific concepts, (2) a suite of large language models (LLMs) and data retrieval tools, and (3) multi‐agent systems with in‐situ learning capabilities. Applied to biologically inspired materials, SciAgents reveals hidden interdisciplinary relationships that were previously considered unrelated, achieving a scale, precision, and exploratory power that surpasses human research methods. The framework autonomously generates and refines research hypotheses, elucidating underlying mechanisms, design principles, and unexpected material properties. By integrating these capabilities in a modular fashion, the system yields material discoveries, critiques and improves existing hypotheses, retrieves up‐to‐date data about existing research, and highlights strengths and limitations. This is achieved by harnessing a “swarm of intelligence” similar to biological systems, providing new avenues for discovery. How this model accelerates the development of advanced materials by unlocking Nature's design principles, resulting in a new biocomposite with enhanced mechanical properties and improved sustainability through energy‐efficient production is shown.
Boosting Anionic Redox Reactions of Li‐Rich Cathodes through Lattice Oxygen and Li‐Ion Kinetics Modulation in Working All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Sun Shuo , Zhao Chen‐Zi , Liu Gao‐Yao , Wang Shu‐Cheng , Fu Zhong‐Heng , Kong Wei‐Jin , Li Jin‐Liang , Chen Xiang , Zhao Xiangyu , Zhang Qiang
Published: December 2024

The use of lithium‐rich manganese‐based oxides (LRMOs) as the cathode in all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) holds great potential for realizing high energy density over 600 Wh kg−1. However, their implementation is significantly hindered by the sluggish kinetics and inferior reversibility of anionic redox reactions of oxygen in ASSBs. In this contribution, boron ions (B3+) doping and 3D Li2B4O7 (LBO) ionic networks construction are synchronously introduced into LRMO materials (LBO‐LRMO) by mechanochemical and subsequent thermally driven diffusion method. Owing to the high binding energy of B─O and high‐efficiency ionic networks of nanoscale LBO complex in cathode materials, the as‐prepared LBO‐LRMO displays highly reversible and activated anionic redox reactions in ASSBs. The designed LBO‐LRMO interwoven structure enables robust phase and LBO‐LRMO|solid electrolyte interface stability during cycling (over 80% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 C with a voltage range of 2.2–4.7 V vs Li/Li+). This contribution affords a fundamental understanding of the anionic redox reactions for LRMO in ASSBs and offers an effective strategy to realize highly activated and reversible oxygen redox reactions in LRMO‐based ASSBs.
A Universal Solid‐Phase Synthetic Strategy for Ultrafine Intermetallic Libraries Confined in Ordered Mesoporous Carbon
Authors: Wang Yanzhi , Yao Yinghong , Xu Cong , Tang Deqing , Li Yuting , Qiao Zhen‐An , Liang Hai‐Wei , Liu Ben
Published: December 2024

Ordered intermetallic nanocatalysts supported on high‐surface‐area skeletons are of great importance in catalysis and have disclosed notable catalytic activity and stability that are remarkably better than their random alloy counterparts. Ultrafine intermetallic nanocatalysts are synthetically challenging, especially for universal and scaled‐up synthesis, because of inevitable sintering and phase separation under high temperatures that promote atomic alloying and ordering. Herein, a universal solid‐phase and scaled‐up method is reported for synthesizing ultrafine intermetallic nanocatalysts with uniform size distributions and wide compositional spaces confined in ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) supports, where the strong physical confinement and chemical interaction between metals and sulfur/mesoporous templates remarkably suppress the high‐temperature sintering and phase separation even up to 1000 °C. Libraries of intermetallic nanocatalysts are successfully synthesized including 52 combinations of host platinum/palladium/rhodium with 15 guest elements confined in 4 OMC supports. Taking oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions as examples, the intermetallic PtFe nanocatalysts hold remarkable performance, whose activities reach up to ten times higher than commercial Pt/C and also are comparable to the best electrocatalysts reported recently. This feasible synthetic strategy offers an intermetallic library spanning from binary to senary materials for industrial synthesis and applications.
Triboelectric Mat Multimodal Sensing System (TMMSS) Enhanced by Infrared Image Perception for Sleep and Emotion‐Relevant Activity Monitoring
Authors: Xu Jinlong , Guo Xinge , Zhang Zixuan , Liu Huajun , Lee Chengkuo
Published: December 2024

To implement digital‐twin smart home applications, the mat sensing system based on triboelectric sensors is commonly used for gait information collection from daily activities. Yet traditional mat sensing systems often miss upper body motions and fail to adequately project these into the virtual realm, limiting their specific application scenarios. Herein, triboelectric mat multimodal sensing system is designed, enhanced with a commercial infrared imaging sensor, to capture diverse sensory information for sleep and emotion‐relevant activity monitoring without compromising privacy. This system generates pixel‐based area ratio mappings across the entire mat array, solely based on the integral operation of triboelectric outputs. Additionally, it utilizes multimodal sensory intelligence and deep‐learning analytics to detect different sleeping postures and monitor comprehensive sleep behaviors and emotional states associated with daily activities. These behaviors are projected into the metaverse, enhancing virtual interactions. This multimodal sensing system, cost‐effective and non‐intrusive, serves as a functional interface for diverse digital‐twin smart home applications such as healthcare, sports monitoring, and security.
Tubulin‐Based Microtentacles Aid in Heterotypic Clustering of Neutrophil‐Differentiated HL‐60 Cells and Breast Tumor Cells
Authors: Ju Julia A. , Thompson Keyata N. , Annis David A. , Mull Makenzy L. , Gilchrist Darin E. , Moriarty Aidan , Chang Katarina T. , Stemberger Megan B. , Noto Michael J. , Vitolo Michele I. , Martin Stuart S.
Published: December 2024

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel through the vasculature to seed secondary sites and serve as direct precursors of metastatic outgrowth for many solid tumors. Heterotypic cell clusters form between CTCs and white blood cells (WBCs) and recent studies report that a majority of these WBCs are neutrophils in patient and mouse models. The lab discovered that CTCs produce tubulin‐based protrusions, microtentacles (McTNs), which promote reattachment, retention in distant sites during metastasis and formation of tumor cell clusters. Neutrophil‐CTC clusters help CTCs survive the harsh vascular environment to promote successful metastasis, however, the specific mechanism of this interaction is not fully understood. Utilizing TetherChip technology, it is found that primary and differentiated neutrophils produce McTNs composed of detyrosinated and acetylated α‐tubulin and vimentin. Neutrophil McTNs aid in cluster formation, migration, and reattachment, which are suppressed with the tubulin‐depolymerizing agent, Vinorelbine. Co‐culturing differentiated neutrophils and tumor cells formed heterotypic clusters that enhanced migration. CTC‐neutrophil clusters have higher metastatic efficiency, and by demonstrating that neutrophils form McTNs, a new possible mechanism for how neutrophils interact with tumor cells is revealed. These findings further support the idea that developing cluster‐disrupting therapies can provide a new targeted strategy to reduce the metastatic potential of cancer cells.
Alzheimer's disease‐associated CD83(+) microglia are linked with increased immunoglobulin G4 and human cytomegalovirus in the gut, vagal nerve, and brain
Authors: Readhead Benjamin P. , Mastroeni Diego F. , Wang Qi , Sierra Maria A. , de Ávila Camila , Jimoh Tajudeen O. , Haure‐Mirande Jean‐Vianney , Atanasoff Kristina E. , Nolz Jennifer , Suazo Crystal , Barton Nathaniel J. , Orszulak Adrian R. , Chigas Samantha M. , Tran Khanh , Mirza Anne , Ryon Krista , Proszynski Jacqueline , Najjar Deena , Dudley Joel T. , Liu Sean T. H. , Gandy Sam , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Alsop Eric , Antone Jerry , Reiman Rebecca , Funk Cory , Best Rebecca L. , Jhatro Michael , Kamath Kathy , Shon John , Kowalik Timothy F. , Bennett David A. , Liang Winnie S. , Serrano Geidy E. , Beach Thomas G. , Van Keuren‐Jensen Kendall , Mason Christopher E. , Chan Yingleong , Lim Elaine T. , Tortorella Domenico , Reiman Eric M.
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION

While there may be microbial contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD), findings have been inconclusive. We recently reported an AD‐associated CD83(+) microglia subtype associated with increased immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) in the transverse colon (TC).

METHODS

We used immunohistochemistry (IHC), IgG4 repertoire profiling, and brain organoid experiments to explore this association.

RESULTS

CD83(+) microglia in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) are associated with elevated IgG4 and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the TC, anti‐HCMV IgG4 in cerebrospinal fluid, and both HCMV and IgG4 in the SFG and vagal nerve. This association was replicated in an independent AD cohort. HCMV‐infected cerebral organoids showed accelerated AD pathophysiological features (Aβ42 and pTau‐212) and neuronal death.

DISCUSSION

Findings indicate complex, cross‐tissue interactions between HCMV and the adaptive immune response associated with CD83(+) microglia in persons with AD. This may indicate an opportunity for antiviral therapy in persons with AD and biomarker evidence of HCMV, IgG4, or CD83(+) microglia.

Highlights

Cross‐tissue interaction between HCMV and the adaptive immune response in a subset of persons with AD.

Presence of CD83(+) microglial associated with IgG4 and HCMV in the gut.

CD83(+) microglia are also associated presence of HCMV and IgG4 in the cortex and vagal nerve.

Replication of key association in an independent cohort of AD subjects.

HCMV infection of cerebral organoids accelerates the production of AD neuropathological features.
Degradable Polyvinyl Alcohol Liquid Mulch Film Synergistically Reinforced by Cellulose and Lignin
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yang Zhiwei , Qiao Pengju , Fang Jing , Wu Xingjiang , Yang Zhensheng , Li Hao
Published: December 2024

Degradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) liquid mulch film is an effective alternative to traditional petroleum‐based mulch. However, PVA has problems such as poor water resistance and high cost in practical applications. In this work, a liquid mulch film PCQ was prepared by simply blending quaternized lignin (QAL), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and PVA. PCQ was characterized and analyzed through FT‐IR, SEM, and other tests. The effects of QAL and CMC on the water resistance, barrier properties, water retention, soil‐fixing properties, and degradation properties of PCQ were investigated. The results showed that the addition of QAL and CMC significantly enhanced the water resistance of the liquid mulch film and provided excellent UV shielding (90%) and water vapor shielding performance (249.3 g m−2 d−1). In addition, PCQ effectively immobilized topsoil, retained soil moisture, and improved seed germination. This study provides a new strategy for preparing environmentally friendly, low‐cost, and degradable liquid mulch film.
A simple method for improving generalizability in behavioral science: Scope Testing with AI‐Generated Stimuli (STAGS)
Authors: Tomaino Geoff , Mazar Asaf , Carmon Ziv , Wertenbroch Klaus
Published: December 2024

Behavioral research typically tests hypotheses in a limited set of researcher‐selected contexts. This approach can reveal whether an effect can occur (possibility) but does not indicate whether it holds in other contexts (generalizability). We present Scope Testing with AI‐Generated Stimuli (STAGS), a simple approach that uses Generative AI (GenAI) to test predictions across a range, or scope, of stimuli. By assessing whether a prediction holds across this range, STAGS sheds light on the generalizability of the effect. In addition, outsourcing stimulus generation to GenAI makes transparent the otherwise opaque process of stimulus selection, requiring researchers to articulate the scope of stimuli to which their hypothesis applies. We illustrate STAGS in an experiment, showing that specifying the population from which stimuli are sampled can help researchers understand the scope of the effect they are studying. We discuss the benefits and limitations of this approach and propose directions for future exploration.
Long‐term follow‐up of intradetrusor botulinum toxin utilisation: A comparison of patients with multiple sclerosis and idiopathic overactive bladder
Authors: Chui William , Kealey Joshua , Yao Henry H. , Chan Garson , Bazo Alvaro , Parkinson Richard , O'Connell Helen E. , Gani Johan
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To assess long‐term outcomes (up to 10 cycles) of repeated intradetrusor botulinum toxin (BoNT) utilisation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB).

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective, international, multi‐centre, observational cohort study of patients diagnosed with MS and neurogenic OAB and treated with intradetrusor BoNT between January 2005 and January 2020 (just prior to COVID‐19 interruption). Dose, efficacy, duration of effect, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder (ICIQ‐OAB) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence (ICIQ‐UI) measures and complication rates were recorded. Comparisons were made to those with idiopathic OAB.

Results

Seven hundred and ninety‐two patients received intradetrusor BoNT treatment (104 had MS with neurogenic OAB and 688 had idiopathic OAB). Patients with MS were more likely to receive higher doses of BoNT in all cycles. Self‐reported efficacy ranged from 85.7 to 100% (MS) and 87.2 to 100% (idiopathic) with MS patients reporting increased efficacy in cycles 1–3 comparatively (p < 0.05). Duration of effect ranged from 4.5 to 9 months with a reduction in the MS cohort between cycles 1 and 10 (median 8 months vs. 5 months, p = 0.0156).

Conclusion

Patients with MS and neurogenic OAB have a good therapeutic effect from intradetrusor BoNT that is sustained over at least 10 cycles with significant reduction in the duration of action with subsequent cycles.
Otocephaly Diagnosed Prenatally: A Case Study of a Rare Congenital Defect
Authors: Konukcu Birsen
Published: December 2024

Background

Agnathia‐otocephaly complex (AOC) is a rare and complex craniofacial malformation characterized by mandibular hypoplasia or agnathia, auricular fusion, microstomia with oroglossal hypoplasia or aglossia. It has a very bad prognosis and can arise alone or in conjunction with heart defects and forebrain abnormalities.

Case Report

A standard second‐trimester ultrasound exam was recommended for, a 23‐year‐old primigravida woman who was at 22 weeks gestation. The oral fissure was “pinhole‐shaped,” the mouth was incredibly small, and the usual lower jaw and lower lip had vanished from the S‐curve. On the front of the neck were the two ears. Amniocentesis revealed a 46,XY normal karyotype. The family opted for a medically assisted termination. At 23 weeks, the pregnancy was ended by vaginal delivery. Observation of the specimen revealed that the ear placements were remarkably low, and the specimen's observation revealed that the two earlobes were joined at the front of the neck.

Conclusion

Identifying the development of the mandible and locating auricles during prenatal ultrasound diagnosis was particularly challenging could be a better way to phrase this like in our recent example, the combination of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional ultrasound was able to confirm the prenatal diagnosis of AOC.
Effect of Additives With Phenyl and Acid Anhydride Functional Groups on the Wide Temperature Operation Performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||SiO/Graphite Pouch Cells
Authors: Wang Chengyun , Chen Jin , Feng Yaowei , Deng Xiuqin , Pang Xiaoxian , Zou Hanbo , Yang Wei , Chen Shengzhou , Xu Xijun
Published: December 2024

High‐nickel LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode paired with silicon‐based graphite (SiO/Gr) is pivotal for enhancing the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the high reactivity of NCM811 with the electrolyte and the volumetric expansion issues associated with SiO/Gr pose significant challenges to their practical application. To settle these issues, we explore the impact of additives with phenyl and acid anhydride moieties on the performance of NCM811‖SiO/Gr pouch cells across a wide temperature range of −20°C~60°C. Acid anhydride additives are capable of diminishing the internal resistance in NCM811‖SiO/Gr pouch cells, as well as curbing gas evolution and thickness increase during the operational phase. Notably, the batteries enriched with citraconic anhydride (CAn) and succinic anhydride (SAn) additives after 120 cycles at 45°C demonstrated enhanced capacity retention from 83.2% to 88.1% and 85.5%, respectively. Intriguingly, the inclusion of phenyl‐containing additives in the electrolyte was found to be advantageous for NCM811‖SiO/Gr pouch cells' low‐temperature performance. Furthermore, neither type of functional group significantly enhanced performance at room conditions. Consequently, the combination of additives is necessary to fulfill the stringent requirements of LIBs for extreme environment applications. This work guides designing composite electrolytes for high energy density wide temperature operation LIBs.
Research Progress on the Application of MOF Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Ding Yanhuai
Published: December 2024

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have established themselves as the preferred power sources for both pure electric and hybrid vehicles, attributable to their exceptional characteristics, including prolonged cycle life, elevated energy density, and minimal self‐discharge rates. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), as innovative functional molecular crystal materials, exhibit promising application prospects in LIBs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the synthesis techniques and structural modulation of MOFs and their derivative materials. It particularly emphasizes a thorough exploration of the utilization of MOFs and their derivatives in the anode, cathode, and separators of LIBs. Additionally, this paper delves into the current obstacles encountered by MOFs in LIB applications and offers insights into their potential future development.
Prognostic Implications of the Number of Lymph Node Metastases in Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population Study of the SEER Database and an Institutional Registry
Authors: Huang Wenjie , Zhang Yu , Li Hao , Liang Zhiying , Zhou Shumin , Pan Jie , Xie Hui , Luo Chao , Li Shuqi , Ruan Guangying , Ai Fei , Chen Yanfeng
Published: December 2024

Background

To investigate the impact of the number of positive lymph nodes (PLNs) on long‐term survival and pathological nodal stage in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Materials and Methods

Newly diagnosed and nonmetastatic adult patients with OTSCC who underwent curative resection were identified between January 2010 and December 2020. External validation was performed via the SEER registry. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was employed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pathological nodal features. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to assess effect of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (ACRT).

Results

Among 518 curative‐intent OTSCC patients, the number of PLNs independently predicted overall survival (OS), surpassing other pathological nodal features, including extranodal extension, laterality, and lower neck involvement. Patients with 1 or 2 PLNs had comparable worse OS than those with no PLN (median OS of 1 PLN vs. 2 PLNs vs. 0 PLN: 35.1 vs. 30.5 vs. 40.2 months), but better than those with ≥ 3 PLNs (median OS of 1–2 PLNs vs. 3 PLNs: 32.1 vs. 19.0 months). A proposed nodal category with 0, 1–2 PLNs, and ≥ 3 PLNs exhibited increasingly worse OS (HR of 1–2 PLNs and ≥ 3 PLNs vs. 0 PLN: 2.98 [95% CI: 1.89–4.71], p < 0.001; 5.47 [95% CI: 3.33–9], p < 0.001; respectively) and showed improved prediction power versus current pN staging (C‐index: 0.717 vs. 0.713, p < 0.001). PSM analysis revealed that ACRT benefited patients with advanced nodal disease (≥ 3 PLNs) and improved OS. These findings were validated in SEER registry.

Conclusion

The number of PLNs is a better predictor of overall tumor burden for OTSCC and could be a more accurate metric for survival estimation, which should be considered in future simplified pathological nodal staging for better risk stratification and decision‐making in subsites of the oral cavity.
What Do I Do if the Valve Don't Pass? Use a Snare Catheter!
Authors: Berger Simon , Combaret Nicolas , Souteyrand Geraud
Published: December 2024

We report a case of a complex transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) complicated by severe calcifications, which prevented the delivery system from advancing through the aortic valve. To address this challenge, we employed an innovative solution using a Snare catheter. This approach enabled stabilization and guidance of the delivery system, facilitating the crossing of the calcified obstruction and the successful completion of the procedure. This case highlights the utility of the Snare catheter as a complementary technique to overcome anatomical challenges in complex TAVI procedures.
Class III Correction With Reverse Twin Block—A Case Report
Authors: Pandey Sushant , Gyawali Rajesh , Pokharel Prabhat Ranjan , Chaudhary Avinash , Sangroula Samikshya
Published: December 2024

The orthodontic management of patients with Class III malocclusion poses numerous treatment challenges. Various removable, fixed, orthopedic, and myofunctional appliances have been recommended for its correction. The Reverse Twin Block is a removable appliance which has been used for the early management of such cases. A 10‐year‐old female with no significant medical and family history presented with the chief complaint of forward placement of lower front teeth on biting. Extraoral examination revealed a mesoprosopic face, a prominent lower lip, and a shallow mentolabial sulcus. Facial profile was straight at rest and concave at maximum intercuspation. Intraoral examination revealed a Class III incisor relationship with premature contact between 21 and 31, causing a forward path of closure of the mandible. The patient had a reverse overjet of 2 mm, an overbite of 5 mm, and a bilateral Super‐class I molar relationship at maximum intercuspation. Lateral cephalogram analysis revealed a mild skeletal class III denture base (ANB = 0°, Wits = −4 mm) due to a prognathic mandible (SNB = 82°). The treatment objectives included elimination of the premature contact, establishment of a positive overjet, and improvement of the facial profile. A Reverse Twin Block appliance was planned and prescribed for full‐time wear for 8 months. At the end of treatment, the patient had a Class I incisor relationship, straight facial profile, Class I molar relationship on the left side, and Super‐class I molar relationship on the right side. The Reverse Twin Block is a simple and well‐tolerated appliance that can effectively correct developing Class III malocclusion in carefully selected cases.
Development of a Microphysiological Cartilage‐on‐Chip Platform for Dynamic Biomechanical Stimulation of Three‐Dimensional Encapsulated Chondrocytes in Agarose Hydrogels
Authors: Peitso Valtteri , Sarmadian Zahra , Henriques João , Lauwers Elsa , Paggi Carlo Alberto , Mobasheri Ali
Published: December 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint diseases globally, characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, resulting in chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of joint function. Despite its significant socioeconomic impact, therapeutic options remain limited, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cartilage degradation and OA pathogenesis. Recent advances in in vitro modeling have revolutionized joint tissue research, transitioning from simplistic two‐dimensional cell cultures to sophisticated three‐dimensional (3D) constructs that more accurately mimic the physiological microenvironment of native cartilage. Over the last decade, organ‐on‐chip technologies have emerged as transformative tools in tissue engineering, offering microphysiological platforms with precise control over biomechanical and biochemical stimuli. These platforms are providing novel insights into tissue responses and disease progression and are increasingly integrated into the early stages of drug screening and development. In this article, we present a detailed experimental protocol for constructing a cartilage‐on‐chip system capable of delivering controlled dynamic biomechanical stimulation to 3D‐encapsulated chondrocytes in an agarose hydrogel matrix. Our protocol, optimized for both bovine and human chondrocytes, begins with Basic Protocol 1, detailing the preparation and injection of cell‐laden hydrogels into the microdevice. Basic Protocol 2 describes the application of dynamic mechanical loading using a calibrated pressurized pump. Finally, Basic Protocols 3 and 4 focus on the retrieval of the hydrogel and RNA extraction for downstream molecular analyses. This platform represents a critical advancement for in vitro studies of cartilage biology, enabling more precise modeling of OA pathophysiology and evaluation of experimental therapeutics. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Cartilage‐on‐chip injection

Basic Protocol 2: Cartilage‐on‐chip actuation

Basic Protocol 3: Cartilage‐on‐chip agarose hydrogel removal

Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of cartilage‐on‐chip for RNA extraction
Alopecia Areata Treatment: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Jolkovsky Eliana L. , Goldberg David J.
Published: December 2024

Background

Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder resulting in non‐scarring hair loss on the scalp, face, and body. AA research has experienced significant advancements within the last century with the discoveries of the autoimmune nature of the disorder and the role of genetic and psychosocial factors. This review provides a comprehensive dive into the history and evolution of AA management with a focus on the recently FDA‐approved JAK inhibitors baricitinib, ritlecitinib, and deuruxolitinib, and sheds light on emerging therapies.

Methods

A search was conducted on PubMed to investigate literature on the history of AA treatment, current AA treatment with a focus on therapy with JAK inhibitors, and the future directions of AA treatment.

Results

Caustic topical agents were used as the main AA therapy until recent decades. The last century saw significant advancements in understanding the etiology of AA as autoimmune, genetic, and psychosocial, influencing the directions of treatment research. In recent years, JAK inhibitors were found to be an effective, systemic AA treatment. Non‐systemic AA therapies such as corticosteroid injections, topical minoxidil, contact immunotherapy, and red‐laser light therapy remain effective treatments. JAK inhibitors continue to be the focus of AA treatment research, although other targets and new treatment modalities are being studied.

Conclusion

The treatment of AA has undergone significant advances within recent years, especially with the application of JAK inhibitors as systemic therapy. Future research should investigate the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and energy‐assisted drug delivery (LEADD) for AA.
Avoiding compassion fatigue in disability services
Authors: Poore‐Pariseau Cindy
Published: December 2024

I recently attended a conference for medical education learning specialists. The opening speaker, Dr. Nicole Piemonte, spoke specifically to individuals who support medical students. However, her wise words can be expanded to all professionals, specifically those in the helping professions.
Senator introduces bill to eliminate Department of Education
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2024

Sen. Mike Rounds (Republican — South Dakota) has introduced legislation to eliminate the U.S. Department of Education, following up on one of President Donald Trump's key campaign promises (bit.ly/49bB1ln). The bill, entitled Returning Education to Our States Act, would redistribute existing federal programs under the ED to other departments.
Student advisory boards can help you up your game
Authors: Hamblet Elizabeth C.
Published: December 2024

Some disability services offices may wonder whether students perceive these services to provide the access they seek. Others may wonder how they can better engage with the students they serve. One way to gather feedback is to create a student advisory board. I spoke to EJ Seibert of Smith College and Shelbie D’Annibale of Shippensburg University, directors who have found such boards to be beneficial to their work. (This column was inspired by D’Annibale's poster session at the summer AHEAD conference.)
Examining A Light in the Tower: A New Reckoning with Mental Health in Higher Education
Authors: Boon Sarah
Published: December 2024

Mental health is a somewhat taboo topic in academia. As Katie Rose Guest Pryal, a bipolar and autistic author and academic, writes in her new book A Light in the Tower: A New Reckoning with Mental Health in Higher Education (available now from University Press of Kansas), “Based on the logic of academia, if my brain is wrong, then everything about me is wrong.” She argues that mental disability is stigmatized in higher education and pushed into the shadows and that the key solution to the mental disability crisis — Pryal's preferred terminology — is to increase accessibility overall rather than just provide accommodations for faculty and students. This can decrease the stigma around their illnesses.
Sacubitril/valsartan preserves regional cardiac function following myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Nordén Einar Sjaastad , Bendiksen Bård Andre , Bergo Kaja Knudsen , Espe Emil Knut Stenersen , McGinley Gary , Hasic Almira , Hauge‐Iversen Ida Marie , Ugland Hege Katrin , Shen Xin , Frisk Michael , Mabotuwana Nishani S. , Louch William E. , Hussain Rizwan I. , Zhang Lili , Sjaastad Ivar , Cataliotti Alessandro , Christensen Geir
Published: December 2024

Aims

Sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) is used for treatment of heart failure. The effect of Sac/Val on regional dysfunction following myocardial infarction (MI) remains uncertain. This study aimed at understanding the effects of Sac/Val on regional function after MI.

Methods and results

MI or sham surgery was performed in Sprague–Dawley rats. Animals were randomized to treatment with Sac/Val, valsartan (Val) or vehicle (Veh). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to acquire left ventricular volumes and strain. Left ventricular tissue was obtained for wesern blotting, PCR and Masson's trichrome staining. Isolated cardiac fibroblasts were cultured with Veh, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), adrenomedullin (ADM) and sacubitrilat, and collagen expression assessed with droplet digital PCR.

Results

Sac/Val reduced ventricular end‐diastolic volume by 18% compared with Veh, and preserved circumferential systolic strain in the zone proximal to infarction compared with sham after 42 days of treatment (peak strain ± SEM: sham: −0.19 ± 0.01%; Sac/Val: −0.14 ± 0.02%; Val: −0.10 ± 0.02%; Veh: −0.10 ± 0.02%). Masson's trichrome staining demonstrated lower fibrotic deposition in the intermediate zone with Sac/Val treatment than Veh (sham: 2.29 ± 0.17%; Sac/Val: 2.31 ± 0.27%; Val: 3.22 ± 0.60%; Veh: 4.14 ± 0.48%). The amounts of the pro‐apoptotic caspase 3 cleavage fragments p19/17 were 89% higher in Val than sham, with Sac/Val showing no significant increase compared with sham. Collagen expression in human fibroblast culture was lower in cells co‐treated with sacubitrilat and ANP, an effect not observed with sacubitrilat/ADM co‐treatment.

Conclusions

Sac/Val preserves in vivo myocardial function in the region most proximal to MI in rats and reduces left ventricular dilatation. These effects may be related to a reduction in both fibrosis and pro‐apoptotic signalling.
Innovative Diversity Metrics in Hierarchical Population‐Based Differential Evolution for PEM Fuel Cell Parameter Optimization
Authors: Khishe Mohammad , Jangir Pradeep , Arpita  , Agrawal Sunilkumar P. , Pandya Sundaram B. , Parmar Anil , Abualigah Laith
Published: December 2024

The optimization of parameters in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) models is essential for enhancing the design and control of fuel cells and is currently a vibrant area of research. This involves a complex, nonlinear, and multivariable numerical optimization challenge. Recently, various metaheuristic approaches have been applied to efficiently identify optimal configurations for PEMFC models, capable of exploring a broad search space to locate ideal solutions promptly. In this study, the recently developed hierarchical population‐based differential evolution (HPDE) was employed for parameter optimization of PEMFCs due to its robustness and demonstrated superiority over other optimization algorithms. This research tested the proposed optimization algorithm by identifying parameters for 12 distinct PEMFCs, including BCS 500 W PEMFC, Nedstack 600 W PS6 PEMFC, SR‐12500 W PEMFC, H‐12 PEMFC, STD 250 W PEMFC, and HORIZON 500 W PEMFC, four variants of 250 W PEMFC, and two variants of H‐12 12 W PEMFC. The performance of HPDE was also benchmarked against other advanced evolutionary algorithms (EAs), such as E‐QUATRE, iLSHADE, CRADE, L‐SHADE, jSO, HARD‐DE, LSHADE‐cnEpSin, DE, and PCM‐DE. Despite its simplicity, the results reveal that HPDE can precisely and swiftly extract the parameters of PEMFC models. Furthermore, the voltage–current (V–I), power‐current (P–I), and error characteristics derived from the HPDE algorithm consistently align with both simulated and experimental data across all seven models of PEMFCs. Additionally, HPDE has shown to outperform various versions of DE algorithms, providing superior results.
Studies on Cyclic Tests of Assembly CFST Composite Frames With BRB
Authors: Wang Bo , Jiang Wenlong , Wang Jingfeng , Li Beibei , Zhao Chunfeng , Liu Wei
Published: December 2024

CFST (concrete‐filled steel tube) combines the advantages of steel and concrete, and has multiple advantages such as high bearing capacity, good ductility and excellent seismic performance. BRB (buckling‐restrained brace) effectively enhances the seismic performance of buildings by providing excellent energy dissipation capacity and ductility. In order to study the failure mechanism and seismic performance of prefabricated CFST composite frames with BRBs, two specimens were tested under cyclic loading. The test parameters included the column cross‐section type and the end plate type. In this study, the failure mode, hysteretic curve, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the structure are analyzed in detail. The test result showed that the assembly CFST composite frame with BRBs improves structural response and can be used in cooperative work. Finally, the concrete filled steel tube composite frame with BRB was analyzed using OpenSees software. It showed good safety and can be applied and popularized in high‐rise composite structure buildings. The results showed that the numerical model is in good agreement with the experimental results, and the error is less than 13%. They exhibited good safety, so that they can be applied and promoted in high‐rise composite structure buildings.
Transient Characteristics and Operation Regulation of Grid‐Connected Variable Speed Pumped Storage‐Wind‐Solar Hybrid Power System
Authors: Li Yanhao , Song Fanchao , Guo Wencheng
Published: December 2024

This article investigates the transient characteristics and operation regulation of grid‐connected variable speed pumped storage (VSPS)‐wind‐solar hybrid power system (HPS). Firstly, the model of grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS is established. Secondly, based on a calculating example, the transient characteristics of grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS are analyzed by using numerical simulation. Then, the effects of grid parameters and capacity ratios on transient characteristics of the grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS are revealed. Finally, the regulation of governor and frequency converter for the grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS is illuminated. The results indicate that the influence of wind speed disturbance and light intensity disturbance on the whole grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS can be effectively reduced by using the pitch angle controller and VSPS unit, and the overshoot of power grid frequency does not exceed 0.1%, and the adjustment time does not exceed 4.36 s. Compared to the isolated VSPS power station, the regulation quality of the transient characteristics of grid‐connected VSPS power station is worse. The coupling effect between the wind power station and power grid is weak. The increase of the capacity ratios of VSPS power station and wind power station has both advantages and disadvantages for the transient process of rotational speed of pump‐turbine. The increase of the capacity ratio of solar power station is disadvantageous for the transient process of rotational speed of pump‐turbine. The regulation effect of the control link PI‐1 plays a dominant role in the frequency converter. The effect of the parameters for the control links of frequency converter on the regulation quality of grid‐connected VSPS‐wind‐solar HPS is weaker than that of governor.
Restoring streams with large wood: An analysis of geomorphic changes 7 years post‐restoration in small coastal streams
Authors: Maffia Madelyn M. , Segura Catalina , Lorion Christopher M. , Suring Erik , Warren Dana R.
Published: December 2024

Introducing large wood (LW) into streams for restoration purposes is a common practice, as it creates habitat through processes like scouring, deposition and sediment sorting. However, while monitoring often focuses on short‐term (<3 years) or long‐term (>10 years) changes in habitat features, there is a lack of understanding regarding annual geomorphic changes over relatively long periods. In this study, we investigated annual geomorphic adjustments (channel geometry and substrate size) over 7 years in three tributaries of the Mill Creek watershed (Oregon, USA). The 7‐year period included moderate to high flows, with peak annual flow exceeding bankfull flow (Qbf) 2–5 times and flows being above half Qbf on average 4–20 days per year. Data included topographic surveys and surface pebble counts collected from 2014 (1 year before LW) to 2021 (6 years after LW). We quantified scour and deposition and estimated sediment grain sizes and sorting from topographic surveys and pebble counts. Our analysis revealed that stream size influenced geomorphic adjustment, with smaller streams experiencing more scouring compared with larger streams over the 6 years. LW structures promoted increased scouring at the cross‐section scale, with a strong relationship found between volumetric blockage ratio and scour. In our case, the most significant scouring changes were associated with volumetric blockage ratios between 35% and 50%; further research is needed to investigate scouring for higher blockage ratios. Instream changes in scour and deposition peaked around 3–4 years after LW introductions but persisted until the end of the monitoring period. Sediment size dynamics were influenced more by time since restoration than by proximity to LW jams. While LW introductions increased sediment sorting into patches, the degree of sorting declined 5–6 years post‐restoration at all sites. Our findings offer insights into the long‐term persistence and magnitude of instream changes associated with LW introductions.
Innovative Video Anomaly Detection: TCN‐AnoDetect With Self‐Supervised Feature Learning
Authors: Rahul Chiranjeevi V. , Malathi D.
Published: December 2024

Video anomaly detection is a critical task in surveillance, industrial quality control, and anomaly monitoring systems. Recognizing anomalous events or behaviors within video sequences is challenging due to the diverse and often vague nature of anomalies. A novel temporal convolutional network‐based anomaly detection (TCN‐AnoDetect) is proposed that leverages TCNs and self‐supervised learning. In this, TCNs are employed to model the temporal context within video sequences effectively, capturing short and long‐term dependencies. The algorithm integrates TCNs with pretrained models to encode rich spatiotemporal features. The core of TCN‐AnoDetect lies in self‐supervised feature learning, where a neural network is pretrained on unlabeled video data to capture high‐level spatiotemporal features. The anomaly detection module combines reconstruction‐based and temporal context–aware approaches, using reconstruction errors and temporal context deviations for anomaly scoring and classification. To enhance model robustness, TCN‐AnoDetect incorporates domain adaptation technique to handle domain shifts and evolving anomalies. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on three different benchmark datasets and ShanghaiTech Campus, demonstrating its superior performance. The extensive experiments performed in terms of different evaluation measures show the efficiency of the TCN‐AnoDetect algorithm. The TCN‐AnoDetect, an innovative approach, thereby provides promising solutions in video anomaly detection and in various applications.