bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auctions with loss‐averse bidders
Authors: Eisenhuth Roland , Grunewald Mara
Published: October 2018

If bidders consider gains and losses in the context of whether they receive the object or not and how much they pay separately, the expected revenue is higher in the all‐pay auction than in the first‐price auction; if they consider gains and losses over the entire risk‐neutral payoff, this revenue ranking is reversed. In laboratory experiments, we auction money and a real object: the average revenue is significantly higher in the first‐price auction than in the all‐pay auction, suggesting that bidders behave according to wide and not narrow bracketing of gains and losses in both auction settings.
Including root architecture in a crop model improves predictions of spring wheat grain yield and above‐ground biomass under water limitations
Authors: Mboh Cho Miltin , Srivastava Amit Kumar , Gaiser Thomas , Ewert Frank
Published: October 2018

Although the root length density (RLD) of crops depends on their root system architecture (RSA), the root growth modules of many 1D field crop models often ignored the RSA in the simulation of the RLD. In this study, two model set‐up scenarios were used to simulate the RLD, above‐ground biomass (AGB) and grain yield (GY) of water‐stressed spring wheat in Germany, aiming to investigate the impact of improved RLD on AGB and GY predictions. In scenario 1, SlimRoot, a root growth sub‐model that does not consider the RSA of the crop, was coupled to a Lintul5‐SlimNitrogen‐SoilCN‐Hillflow1D crop model combination. In scenario 2, SlimRoot was replaced with the Somma sub‐model which considered the RSA for simulating RLD. The simulated RLD, AGB and GY were compared with observations. Scenario 2 predicted the RLD, AGB and GY with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.43 cm/cm3, 0.59 t/ha and 1.03 t/ha, respectively, against 1.03 cm/cm3, 1.20 t/ha and 2.64 t/ha for scenario 1. The lower RMSE under scenario 2 shows that, even under water‐stress conditions, predictions of GY and AGB can be improved by considering the RSA of the crop for simulating the RLD.
Effects of a vestibular physiotherapy protocol on adults with intellectual disability in the prevention of falls: A multi‐centre clinical trial
Authors: Cortés‐Amador Sara , Carrasco Juan J. , Sempere‐Rubio Núria , Igual‐Camacho Celedonia , Villaplana‐Torres Luis A. , Pérez‐Alenda Sofía
Published: October 2018

Background

Balance alterations are one of the main problems in people with intellectual disabilities (ID), increasing their risk of falls and impacting their life.

Aims

To describe a vestibular rehabilitation programme (VRP) and evaluate its effects on the ability to maintain balance and risk of suffering a fall.

Methods

Forty‐seven adults with mild to moderate ID were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (CG, N = 24), which performed a general physical exercise only, and an experimental group (EG, N = 23) which also completed a VRP. The variables, used pre‐ and post‐training and 1 month after the intervention, were as follows: Center of Pressure Displacement, Berg Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance.

Results

The EG improved significantly in each variable. The CG did not show changes for any of the parameters.

Conclusions

A programme based on VRP may improve balance and reduce the risk of falling.
Access to mental health services: The experiences of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Whittle Erin Louise , Fisher Karen Raewyn , Reppermund Simone , Trollor Julian
Published: October 2018

Background

People with intellectual disability experience higher rates of mental health disorders than the rest of the population, and expert opinion holds that multiple barriers prevent people with intellectual disability from accessing appropriate services.

Methods

A qualitative study was designed to explore the lived experience of barriers and enablers to access to mental health services among people with intellectual disability. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with people with intellectual disability, carers and service providers.

Results

Barriers and enablers were identified across four key dimensions of access: utilization of services; service availability; relevance, effectiveness and access; and equity and access. These factors operated at both systemic and personal levels.

Conclusions

The findings from this study provide empirical evidence of anecdotal experiences of access to mental health services and provide insight into the ways users, carers and service providers navigate an often hostile system and indicate further directions for research.
Winter matters: Sensitivity to winter climate and cold events increases towards the cold distribution margin of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Weigel Robert , Muffler Lena , Klisz Marcin , Kreyling Juergen , van der Maaten‐Theunissen Marieke , Wilmking Martin , van der Maaten Ernst
Published: October 2018

Aim

The dominant forest tree in Europe, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), covers large areas of continental Europe and thus experiences diverse climatic conditions. In the face of predicted climate change and shifts of distribution ranges, it is important to understand the diverse climate–growth relationships towards distribution margins. Beech is generally reported to be sensitive to summer drought towards dry and continental regions; yet, few studies have investigated climate sensitivity towards the cold distribution margin of beech. We hypothesized that at colder sites (a) growth of beech is more sensitive to winter cold, (b) growth is less influenced by summer drought, and (c) stand‐wide growth reductions (negative pointer years) are related to extreme winter cold events.

Taxon

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).

Location

A large gradient of decreasing winter temperature (ΔT >4 K along 500 km) from Rostock (Germany) to Gdańsk (Poland).

Methods

We analysed climate–growth relationships and the nature of growth reductions of 11 beech stands from more central to cold marginal beech populations.

Results

Towards the cold marginal populations, growth became increasingly sensitive to winter cold (February temperature) and less sensitive to summer water availability (June precipitation). Likewise, negative pointer years coincided with winter cold anomalies at the colder sites and with summer drought anomalies at the warmer sites. Thus, over the studied gradient, the general sensitivity of beech to summer drought transitions into sensitivity to winter cold.

Main conclusions

A range shift of beech across the current cold distribution margin is often assumed to compensate for habitat and productivity losses of drought‐prone southern and central populations. With respect to the winter cold sensitivity found in our study, such assumptions should be taken with caution. Since winter cold events are predicted to persist with similar frequency and magnitude even during predicted climate warming, beech populations in the newly colonized habitat might be significantly sensitive to winter cold.
Glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lu Jingyi , Ma Xiaojing , Zhang Lei , Mo Yifei , Ying Lingwen , Lu Wei , Zhu Wei , Bao Yuqian , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2018

Aims/Introduction

The relationship between glycemic variability (GV) and diabetic complications has gained much interest and remains under debate. Furthermore, the association of GV with diabetic complications has not been examined in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). Therefore, we evaluated the relationships among several metrics of GV with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with LADA and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

A total of 192 patients with LADA and 2,927 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. After continuous glucose monitoring for 72 h, three metrics of GV including standard deviation, coefficient of variation and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions were calculated. DR was assessed by fundus photography performed with a digital non‐mydriatic camera.

Results

The prevalence of DR was 20.3 and 26.4% in LADA and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (P < 0.001), respectively. Generally, LADA patients had fewer cardiometabolic risk factors than type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and all GV metrics were significantly higher in LADA than in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, no metrics for GV were identified as independent risk factors of DR (standard deviation: P = 0.175; coefficient of variation: P = 0.769; mean amplitude of glycemic excursions: P = 0.388) in LADA. However, the standard deviation was significantly associated with DR (OR 1.15, P = 0.017) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after adjusting for confounders. The independent relationships of coefficient of variation and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions with DR (P = 0.194 and P = 0.251, respectively) did not reach statistical significance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions

GV is more strongly associated with DR in type 2 diabetes than in LADA, suggesting that different glucose‐lowering strategies should be used for these two types of diabetes.
Larval development of Brycon amazonicus (Teleostei, Bryconidae) with a focus on locomotory, respiratory and feeding structures
Authors: Neumann Erika , Paes Maria Carmo F. , Mendes José Mário R. , Braga Francisco Manoel S. , Nakaghi Laura Satiko O.
Published: October 2018

In the present work we describe the larval development of Brycon amazonicus, with emphasis on structures linked to swimming, respiration and feeding. We monitored from larval hatching (13 h post‐fertilization) to juvenile stage. Formation of the oral cavity and differentiation of gill arches began within 4 h post‐hatching (hph) and within 11 hph the primordium of the pectoral fin appeared. At 25 hph, the head was in a rectilinear position with a terminal mouth, when the onset of tooth formation appeared. At 35 hph, gill arches were covered by the operculum and branchiostegal membrane and cusps of teeth pierced the epithelium of the premaxilla and anterior dentary region. Sharp teeth were observed in the maxilla at 171 hph and the pelvic fin primordium appeared at 243 hph, with taste buds on the tongue and the roof of the buccopharyngeal cavity. At 579 hph, all structures related to swimming and food capture were formed. Exogenous feeding of the larvae started at 29 hph, before the endogenous reserves were used up and the development of efficient swimming ability, reflecting the species' need to increasingly specialize on prey capture.
Genetic variation and population structure among larvalLethenteronspp. within the Yukon River drainage, Alaska
Authors: Shink Katie G. , Sutton Trent M. , Murphy James M. , López J. Andrés
Published: October 2018

The absence of information on genetic variation and population structure of lampreysLethenteronspp. in the eastern part of their distribution limits our understanding of the migration ecology and spatial population genetic structure of the species. We examined genetic variation within and among three aggregations ofLethenteronspp. larvae in the Yukon River drainage, Alaska, using microsatellite genotypes. A total of 120 larval lampreys were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. GlobalFSTwas 0.053 (95% CI 0.021–0.086), while pairwiseFSTvalues ranged from 0.048–0.057. Model‐based Bayesian clustering analyses with sample locality priors (LOCPRIOR) identified three distinct, but admixed, genetic clusters that corresponded with the three aggregations. Estimates of contemporary gene flow indicate substantial reciprocal migration among sites consistent with no or low‐fidelity natal homing. These results are largely in agreement with previous reports of historic and contemporary gene flow amongLethenteronspp. in other parts of their geographic distribution.
A new application on fatty acid stability of fish fillets: Coating with probiotic bacteria‐loaded polymer‐based characterized nanofibers
Authors: Ceylan Zafer , Meral Raciye , Cavidoglu Isa , Yagmur Karakas Canan , Tahsin Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: October 2018

The effect of coating with Lactobacillus rhamnosus‐loaded poly[vinyl] alcohol and sodium alginate‐based nanofibers (LR) and also poly(vinyl) alcohol and sodium alginate‐based nanofiber (PS) on fatty acid stability of fish fillets was tested. LR and PS dope solutions were successfully electrospun. Scanning Electron Microscopy images of nanofibers, with 60.09 nm < diameter of nanofibers <522.1 nm, were defined to be smooth, cylindrical, and ultrafine. Thermal decomposition of LR and PS were determined as higher than 200 and 300 °C, respectively by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Nanofibers could be used to keep the stability of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)s such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in fish fillets. Besides PUFAs, the rapid changes in predominant Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) value like oleic acid in fish fillets coated with LR and PS were successfully limited as compared to the uncoated samples. Polyene index and predominant saturated fatty acids values (C16:0, C18:0, and C14:0) of the samples coated with LR and PS were found to be more stabile. Furthermore, the sharply decrease in ω‐3/ω‐6 ratio of fish fillets was limited. Loading LR to PS provided higher atherogenic and thrombogenic index. The use of probiotic bacteria‐loaded polymer‐based characterized nanofibers has been determined to be a new application for the fatty acid stability of fish.

Practical applications

Applied tests revealed differences between the fatty acid profile of uncoated and coated samples. Enrichment of PS and NaAlG‐based nanofibers with Lactobacillus rhamnosus provided better stable in terms of PUFA and MUFA in fish fillets.
Use of characterized chitosan nanoparticles integrated in poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers as an alternative nanoscale material for fish balls
Authors: Ceylan Zafer
Published: October 2018

Chitosan nanoparticle integrated in poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber (IPN) was obtained by using the electrospinning technique. Optimization parameters of the electrospinning process were defined to be 22 kV, 0.6 mL/hr, and 9 cm, respectively. Zeta potential (ZP: 15.06 mV), zeta size (ZS: 397.93 nm), and morphological properties (scanning electron microscopy: <600 nm) of the obtained nanoscale samples were determined. The overall sensory quality of IPN samples was protected better until fifth day of the cold storage. Also, the use of nanoscale material delayed the rapid increase in the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN; p < .05) and in the pH values. Microbial growth (total psychrophilic bacteria count, TPBc) in the IPN samples was found to be 3.98, 4.34, and 5.68 log cfu/g. However, microbial spoilage was determined to be more rapidly in the control group samples during 5‐days cold storage period (p < .05). The use of 0.02‐g of nanomaterial limited the total psychrophilic bacteria (TPB) growth in fish balls (up to 13%). The results suggested that IPN application would be a promising approach to keep the fish quality. In this sense, the used nanotechnology application in this study can guide other food nanotechnology applications.

Practical applications

The use of IPNs delayed the deterioration in fish balls. In the early stages of the storage period, the nanoscale application was more successful to delay the microbiological growth and chemical deterioration. TPBc, TVBN, and especially overall sensory score analysis results revealed the differences between the control group samples and IPN samples. The combination use of nanoparticle and nanofiber in a nanoscale structure could be evaluated as a brilliant application for the further studies in food preservation.
Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and associated mortality in cirrhosis in a nationally representative inpatient cohort
Authors: Cool Josephine , Rosenblatt Russell , Kumar Sonal , Lucero Catherine , Fortune Brett , Crawford Carl , Jesudian Arun
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is increasingly common in cirrhotics, but its impact on mortality and outcomes is unclear. Studies evaluating PVT have been limited by small sample size. This study analyzes the trend of the prevalence of PVT and its associated mortality in hospitalized decompensated cirrhotics.

Methods

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest nationally representative database of hospital discharges, was queried from 1998 to 2014. Inpatients older than 18 years with decompensated cirrhosis were included, while those who received liver transplantation or had hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. The primary outcomes were the trend in prevalence and associated mortality with PVT. Secondary outcomes included identifying risk factors of PVT and the effect of PVT on complications of portal hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the outcomes.

Results

A total of 3 045 098 discharges were included, of which 1.5% had PVT. PVT prevalence increased from 0.7% to 2.4%, annual percent change of 9%. Mortality associated with PVT declined from 11.9% to 9.1%, annual percent change of −3.0%. In multivariable analysis controlling for factors associated with mortality in cirrhotics, PVT was associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR 1.12, P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression also demonstrated that PVT significantly increased the risk of acute kidney injury (OR 1.75, P < 0.001) and hepatorenal syndrome (OR 1.62, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The prevalence of PVT is increasing while its associated mortality is decreasing. However, PVT still is associated with risk of mortality and kidney injury, implying a significant impact on cirrhotic outcomes.
Cognitive Outcomes After Heart Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Oldham Mark A. , Vachon Jacqueline , Yuh David , Lee Hochang B.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To summarize evidence on cognitive outcomes after heart valve surgery; secondary aim, to examine whether aortic and mitral valve surgery are associated with different cognitive outcomes.

Design

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Setting

Cardiac surgery.

Participants

Individuals undergoing heart valve surgery.

Measurements

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for peer‐reviewed reports of individuals undergoing heart valve surgery who underwent pre‐ and postoperative cognitive assessment. Our initial search returned 1,475 articles, of which 12 were included. Postoperative cognitive results were divided into those from 1 week to 1 month (early outcomes, npooled = 450) and from 2 to 6 months (intermediate outcomes; npooled = 722). No studies with longer‐term outcomes were identified.

Results

Subjects had moderate early cognitive decline from baseline (Becker mean gain effect size (ES)=−0.39 ± 0.27) that improved slightly by 2 to 6 months (ES=–0.25 ± 0.38). Individuals undergoing aortic valve surgery—who were older on average than those undergoing mitral valve surgery (68 vs 57)—had greater early cognitive decline than those undergoing mitral valve surgery (ES=–0.68 vs −0.12), but both cohorts had similar decline 2 to 6 months postoperatively (ES=–0.27 vs −0.20).

Conclusions

Heart valve surgery is associated with cognitive decline over the 6 months after surgery, but outcomes beyond 6 months are unclear. These findings highlight the cognitive vulnerability of this population, especially older adults with aortic stenosis. © 2018 American Geriatrics Society and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2327–2334, 2018
Perineal repair of a full‐thickness rectal prolapse in a wild Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Authors: Saraswati Yenny , Sedman Peter , Sedman Rebecca , Wibisono Andika Pandu , Nente Citrakasih , Simatupang Meuthya Sr , Singleton Ian , Pizzi Romain
Published: October 2018

A Delorme's procedure perineal surgical repair was performed in a wild adult male Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) with a chronic persistent rectal prolapse that had been unsuccessfully treated by 6 previous surgeries. The rectal prolapse did not recur, and the orangutan was successfully released to the wild, 6 weeks later.
From organotypic culture to body‐on‐a‐chip: A neuroendocrine perspective
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Luke A. , Tobet Stuart A.
Published: October 2018

The methods used to study neuroendocrinology have been as diverse as the discoveries to come out of the field. Maintaining live neurones outside of a body in vitro was important from the beginning, building on methods that dated back to at least the first decade of the 20th Century. Neurosecretion defines an essential foundation of neuroendocrinology based on work that began in the 1920s and 1930s. Throughout the first half of the 20th Century, many paradigms arose for studying everything from single neurones to whole organs in vitro. Two of these survived as preeminent systems for use throughout the second half of the century: cell cultures and explant systems. Slice cultures and explants that emerged as organotypic technologies included such neuroendocrine organs such as the brain, pituitary, adrenals and intestine. The vast majority of these studies were carried out in static cultures for which media were changed over a time scale of days. Tissues were used for experimental techniques such as electrical recording of neuronal physiology in single cells and observation by live microscopy. When maintained in vitro, many of these systems only partially capture the in vivo physiology of the organ system of interest, often because of a lack of cellular diversity (eg, neuronal cultures lacking glia). Modern microfluidic methodologies show promise for organ systems, ranging from the reproductive to the gastrointestinal to the brain. Moving forward and striving to understand the mechanisms that drive neuroendocrine signalling centrally and peripherally, there will always be a need to consider the heterogeneous cellular compositions of organs in vivo.
Management of labor during registrarship: A prospective study during a two‐year registrarship program
Authors: Chevreau Julien , Mercuzot Antonin , Abou Arab Osama , Foulon Arthur , Mancaux Albine , Sergent Fabrice , Gondry Jean
Published: October 2018

Aim

Labor management is often considered to be stressful. Increases in cesarean section (CSD) and assisted vaginal (AVD) deliveries rates have been ascribed to inexperience. To address this issue, we observed the obstetric management activity of four obstetrics and gynecology registrars throughout their 2‐year registrarship program.

Methods

We performed a prospective, observational study of urgent and semi‐/nonurgent CSD and AVD in a tertiary maternity unit. The registrars’ obstetric management was compared with that of a referral group. Changes over time in the registrars’ practice were also monitored.

Results

A total of 4328 deliveries (including 670 CSD and 736 AVD) were analyzed. The registrars and the experienced obstetricians managed 2930 and 1398 deliveries, respectively, with similar neonatal outcomes. There were no intergroup differences in either total CSD percentage (455 [15.5%] and 215 [15.4%] for registrars and experienced practitioners, respectively, P = 0.90) or AVD percentage (478 [16.3%] and 258 [18.5%], respectively, P = 0.08), or according to degree of urgency. Rates did not change over the course of the registrarship program, regardless of degree of urgency.

Conclusion

Lower degree of experience was not associated with elevated CSD or AVD rates. Skills required to appropriately manage an obstetric ward seemed to have been acquired at the end of residency.
Satisfaction of adolescent mothers with childbirth care at a public maternity hospital
Authors: Passarelli Victor C. , Lopes Fernanda , Merighe Lecy S. , Araujo Regina S. , Nomura Roseli M. Y.
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim was to assess adolescent satisfaction with childbirth and compare it with that of adult women.

Methods

An observational comparative study was conducted during the period of October 2016 and April 2017 in a public maternity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The population included 50 adolescents (14–19 years) and 51 adults (20–35 years) mothers in post‐partum after a term live birth. Maternal satisfaction was assessed by the North Bristol modified Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale questionnaire with 18 items divided into five subscales (self, partner, baby, physician and overall) and two items on birth experience. Each item was rated on a 5‐point Likert scale and a total score was calculated. The main outcome measure was a total score on questionnaire.

Results

The mean maternal age of adolescents was 18 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 11–25) and for adults, 28.3 years (95% CI 26.1–30.7). Primiparity was more common among adolescents than adults (92% vs 43.1%, P < 0.001). The median maternal satisfaction score of adolescents (88; 95% CI 83–90) was lower than that of adult women (90; 95% CI 87–93, P = 0.046). Adolescents also scored lower than adult women on the following subscales: satisfaction with baby (median 14 vs 15, P = 0.004) and satisfaction concerning care provided by doctors/midwives (median 33 vs 35, P = 0.006).

Conclusion

Adolescents were statistically less satisfied with their childbirth experience. More dissatisfaction was seen among them specifically concerning their baby and the care provided by doctors/midwives. This shows that different strategies need to be developed for this specific group of women.
Alleviation of acute dental pain from localised apical periodontitis: A prospective randomised study comparing two emergency treatment procedures
Authors: Wolf Eva , Dragicevic Mille , Fuhrmann Märta
Published: October 2018

Objective

To compare the outcomes of two emergency treatment procedures to alleviate pain from localised symptomatic apical periodontitis: complete chemo‐mechanical disinfection (CMD) of the root canal system, or removal of necrotic tissue from the pulp chamber (RNT), that is without instrumentation of the root canals.

Methods

Fifty‐seven consecutive patients from the emergency clinic at Malmö University met the inclusion criteria: spontaneous pain and/or pain on percussion and palpation, non‐bleeding pulp in the canal orifice, pain ≥4 on a Numeric Rating Scale and ≥18 years of age. The diagnosis was symptomatic apical periodontitis, in the absence of swelling and/or fever. Pre‐operative pain levels and intake of analgesics were registered. The patients were randomised to one of the two treatment groups. Three to five days post‐operatively, the patients were contacted by telephone and asked to grade their current pain level and report any post‐operative intake of analgesics and antibiotics.

Results

Of the patients treated with CMD of the root canal system, 26/30 (87%) reported satisfactory pain relief, compared with 22/27 (81%) of those treated by RNT. There was no mean difference in pain relief between the two groups (P = 0.879). Post‐operatively, 37% in each group reported using analgesics and one in each group reported using antibiotics.

Conclusion

Three to five days after treatment, a majority (>80%) in both groups reported adequate pain relief, in some cases in combination with analgesics. Removal of necrotic and infected tissue from the pulp chamber might therefore be a cost‐effective emergency treatment alternative to complete chemo‐mechanical disinfection.
Orofacial pain assessment and management for patients with dementia: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Geddis‐Regan Andrew R. , Stewart Margaret , Wassall Rebecca R.
Published: October 2018

Delivering dental treatment for patients with dementia can be challenging, and the complexity of treatment provision can increase as dementia progresses. Treatment at the later stages of dementia can be associated with ethical challenges and procedural risk meaning that a comprehensive patient assessment is crucial; the presence of orofacial pain is a key indication for active intervention from dental teams. To explore the process of oro‐facial pain assessment and management, a comprehensive review of qualitative literature was undertaken by searching six electronic databases. No literature specific to orofacial pain assessment was identified. The inclusion criteria were widened to explore assessment and management of pain in general for patients with dementia. Meta‐ethnography with reciprocal translation was used to identify key concepts and themes and synthesise information applicable to the dental setting. Three major themes arose as follows: challenges with pain assessment, challenges with pain management and logistics and education. Healthcare teams struggle with pain identification in patients with dementia though many signs were identified which may suggest a patient is experiencing pain. The long‐term knowledge of individual patients held by family members and care teams can allow identification of deviation from patients’ normal states; this knowledge can assist healthcare professionals in determining whether to provide specific treatments or interventions. Pain assessment tools were found to be problematic and are unlikely to be a practical solution to use for complex patients in dental settings. Education for dental and wider care teams on orofacial pain would be highly valuable; yet, this needs to be based on suitable evidence.
Investigation of sensory thresholds in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without Chiari‐like malformations and syringomyelia
Authors: Sparks Courtney R. , Gorney Angela , Williams Kim , Griffith Emily H. , Cerda‐Gonzalez Sofia , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Olby Natasha J.
Published: October 2018

Background

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) suffer pain associated with Chiari‐like malformation and syringomyelia (CMSM). People suffer from a similar condition and describe numerous sensory abnormalities. Sensory changes have not been quantified in affected CKCS.

Objectives

To use quantitative sensory testing (QST) to quantify thermal and mechanical thresholds in CKCS and to compare QST in dogs with and without syringomyelia (SM).

Animals

Forty‐four CKCS.

Methods

Prospective study. Dogs underwent neurological examinations and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thermal testing was performed over the humerus and thorax (n = 32); mechanical testing was performed on the paw and neck (n = 44). Latencies, thresholds, and response rates were compared with presence and severity of SM on MRI, presence of pain reported by the owner and pain identified on examination.

Results

Thirty dogs had SM, 30 were painful on examination, 29 were owner‐reported symptomatic. Thermal and mechanical variables were not significantly different based on presence or severity of SM. Dogs with pain on examination had decreased mechanical thresholds on the paw (0.38 kg, SD = 0.18) and neck (2.05 kg, SD = 0.74) compared to thresholds of dogs without pain on examination on the paw (0.60 kg, SD = 0.30) and neck (2.72 kg, SD = 0.57; P = .021).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Mechanical and thermal sensitivity does not appear to be related to the presence of SM, but mechanical sensitivity appears to be related to the presence of pain and clinical signs. Mechanical testing may be useful for assessing sensory abnormalities during clinical trials.
Evaluation of cell culture‐grownBartonellaantigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs
Authors: Neupane Pradeep , Hegarty Barbara C. , Marr Henry S. , Maggi Ricardo G. , Birkenheuer Adam J. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: October 2018

Background

Because of poor sensitivity and questionable specificity of immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs), serological diagnosis ofBartonellaspecies infections in dogs remains challenging. Despite limitations, IFA testing is the historical “gold standard” forBartonellaserodiagnosis in animals and humans. Because most diagnostic laboratories test against only 1 or 2Bartonellaspp., testing against a broader panel ofBartonellaantigens may enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

Objective

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity ofBartonellaIFA using 8 cell culture‐grownBartonellaspp. isolates.

Animals

Archived serum samples from 34Bartonellaspp. naturally exposed, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive dogs and from 26 PCR‐negative and IFA‐negative dogs.

Methods

BartonellaIFA sensitivity and specificity were assessed using cell culture‐grown whole cell antigens derived from 3Bartonella henselae(Bh) strains (BhHouston 1,BhSan Antonio Type 2, BhCalifornia 1), 3Bartonella vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffiigenotypes (BvbI, II, and III),Bartonella koehlerae(Bk), andBartonella quintana(Bq).

Results

Only 62% of 34Bartonellaspp. PCR‐positive dogs were seroreactive to any of the 8BartonellaIFA antigens, indicating low IFA sensitivity. PCR‐positive dogs were most often IFA seroreactive toBq(n= 15), toBvbII (n= 13), or to both (n= 9) antigens. Of the 26 previously IFA‐negative/PCR‐negative dogs, 4 (15%) were seroreactive using the expanded antigen panel.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Despite IFA testing of dogs against 8 differentBartonellaisolates, IFA sensitivity remained poor, and specificity was only 85%. Development of a reliable serological assay is needed to facilitate the diagnosis ofBartonellainfection in dogs.
Prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes
Authors: McClosky Megan E. , Cimino Brown Dorothy , Weinstein Nicole M. , Chappini Nicole , Taney Michael T. , Marryott Kimberly , Callan Mary Beth
Published: October 2018

Background

Recognition of the feline red blood cell (RBC) antigenMikand the presence of naturally occurring anti‐Mikantibodies resulting in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions prompted the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before a cat's first RBC transfusion, but this guideline has not yet become a standard practice.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB alloantibodies detectable by tube crossmatch, and to compare transfusion outcomes in cats with and without a crossmatch performed.

Animals

Three hundred cats that received an RBC transfusion, with or without a major crossmatch performed.

Methods

Retrospective study.

Results

Major crossmatch incompatibilities were documented in 23 of 154 transfusion‐naive cats (14.9%) and in 15 of 55 previously transfused cats (27%;P = 0.042). Type‐specific packed RBCs (pRBCs) were administered to 167 and 82 cats with and without a crossmatch, respectively. Median volume of pRBCs administered during the first transfusion was 5.3 mL/kg (range, 2.4‐18 mL/kg). Median change in PCV scaled to dose of pRBCs was +0.8%/mL/kg; administration of crossmatch‐compatible pRBCs was not associated with a greater increase in PCV. Febrile transfusion reactions occurred more often in cats that received non‐crossmatched (10.1%) compared to crossmatched (2.5%) pRBCs (P =0.022). Seventy‐six percent of cats that received pRBC transfusions survived to hospital discharge. A crossmatch was not associated with improved survival to discharge or at 30 or 60 days posttransfusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB incompatibilities is sufficiently high to justify the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats.
Variables of initial examination and clinical management associated with survival in small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis
Authors: Riedi Anna‐Katharina , Nathues Christina , Knubben‐Schweizer Gabriela , Nuss Karl , Meylan Mireille
Published: October 2018

Background

Obstructive urolithiasis is a common disease associated with a guarded prognosis in small ruminants.

Hypothesis/Objective

The results of physical examination, laboratory analyses, and clinical management of male small ruminants presented to 2 referral clinics were investigated to identify variables significantly associated with disease outcome, so as to provide better recommendations to animal owners regarding the management of these patients.

Animals

Two‐hundred ten small ruminants (130 sheep and 80 goats) with confirmed diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis.

Methods

Clinical findings (including diagnostic imaging) and laboratory results of the 210 animals were reviewed, and relevant information regarding clinical and laboratory variables recorded upon admission and clinical management was retrieved. The association of the different variables with nonsurvival was investigated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Only 39% of all patients considered for treatment and 52% of those undergoing tube cystostomy survived to be released from the clinic. Nonsurvival was strongly associated with a very poor clinical condition upon presentation, obesity, castration, and evidence of uroperitoneum. Among blood variables, abnormal PCV, severely increased serum creatinine concentrations, and increased activity of the creatine kinase were associated with increased risk of nonsurvival. Presence of signs of colic or macroscopic appearance of urine was not significantly associated with outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The prognosis of obstructive urolithiasis was guarded with survival rates of 39% (overall) to 52% (after tube cystostomy). Intact young males with normal body condition presented early in the course of disease had the best chances of survival.
Control of Corruption and Luxury Goods Consumption
Authors: Tajaddini Reza , Gholipour Hassan F.
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates the effect of control of corruption on the consumption of luxury goods, after controlling other relevant determinants of luxury spending. The model is empirically tested for 32 developed and emerging economies between 2004 and 2014. Using panel fixed effects, difference generalized method of moments (GMM) and instrumental variable estimation methods, and two measures of the control of corruption (Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank's Control of Corruption Index), the results show that higher levels of control of corruption decrease luxury spending. This relationship is stronger in countries with higher levels of press freedom and information transparency. These findings offer some important implications. Governments and policymakers may develop and implement regulations that increase transparency in luxury gifting and limit corruption practices. Luxury brand companies should further enhance their due diligence obligations to minimise reputational risks in the long term.
Geospatial variation in co‐occurrence networks of nitrifying microbial guilds
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Hallin Sara
Published: October 2018

Microbial communities transform nitrogen (N) compounds, thereby regulating the availability of N in soil. The N cycle is defined by interacting microbial functional groups, as inorganic N‐products formed in one process are the substrate in one or several other processes. The nitrification pathway is often a two‐step process in which bacterial or archaeal communities oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and bacterial communities further oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Little is known about the significance of interactions between ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacterial communities (NOB) in determining the spatial variation of overall nitrifier community structure. We hypothesize that nonrandom associations exist between different AO and NOB lineages that, along with edaphic factors, shape field‐scale spatial patterns of nitrifying communities. To address this, we sequenced and quantified the abundance of AOA, AOB, and Nitrospira and Nitrobacter NOB communities across a 44‐hectare site with agricultural fields. The abundance of Nitrobacter communities was significantly associated only with AOB abundance, while that of Nitrospira was correlated to AOA. Network analysis and geostatistical modelling revealed distinct modules of co‐occurring AO and NOB groups occupying disparate areas, with each module dominated by different lineages and associated with different edaphic factors. Local communities were characterized by a high proportion of module‐connecting versus module‐hub nodes, indicating that nitrifier assemblages in these soils are shaped by fluctuating conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of network analysis in accounting for potential biotic interactions that define the niche space of nitrifying communities at scales compatible to soil management.
Comparative population genomics reveals key barriers to dispersal in Southern Ocean penguins
Authors: Clucas Gemma V. , Younger Jane L. , Kao Damian , Emmerson Louise , Southwell Colin , Wienecke Barbara , Rogers Alex D. , Bost Charles‐André , Miller Gary D. , Polito Michael J. , Lelliott Patrick , Handley Jonathan , Crofts Sarah , Phillips Richard A. , Dunn Michael J. , Miller Karen J. , Hart Tom
Published: October 2018

The mechanisms that determine patterns of species dispersal are important factors in the production and maintenance of biodiversity. Understanding these mechanisms helps to forecast the responses of species to environmental change. Here, we used a comparative framework and genomewide data obtained through RAD‐Seq to compare the patterns of connectivity among breeding colonies for five penguin species with shared ancestry, overlapping distributions and differing ecological niches, allowing an examination of the intrinsic and extrinsic barriers governing dispersal patterns. Our findings show that at‐sea range and oceanography underlie patterns of dispersal in these penguins. The pelagic niche of emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), king (A. patagonicus), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins facilitates gene flow over thousands of kilometres. In contrast, the coastal niche of gentoo penguins (P. papua) limits dispersal, resulting in population divergences. Oceanographic fronts also act as dispersal barriers to some extent. We recommend that forecasts of extinction risk incorporate dispersal and that management units are defined by at‐sea range and oceanography in species lacking genetic data.
Oil price cycles, fiscal dominance and countercyclical monetary policy in Iran
Authors: Naini Ahmad Reza Jalali , Naderian Mohammad Amin
Published: October 2018

The mission of monetary policy is to conduct countercyclical policy, however, this is not a universally practiced norm. Pro‐cyclical fiscal and monetary policies during boom periods have often been observed in developing countries and tend to amplify the impact of positive commodity price shocks. The consequence is strengthening of domestic inflationary pressures and appreciation of the exchange rate. This paper examines counter‐cyclicality of monetary policy and the role of fiscal policy in this regard. The stance of fiscal policy and the manner of financing government expenditures have a significant effect on the conduct of monetary policy. Our empirical observations indicate that, fiscal and monetary policies in Iran are generally expansionary, particularly during economic booms, often resulting in subsequent large depreciation of the domestic currency followed by higher inflation rates and economic slowdown. Under fiscal dominance, monetary policy is ineffective and both targets and instruments of monetary policy will not be under the control of the central bank. A structurally balanced fiscal rule that maintains an aligned exchange rate allows effective countercyclical monetary policies and discourages excessive foreign financing. Moreover, policy measures that increase more reliance on domestic resources are the appropriate policy measures that makes the economy more resistant to external shocks.
Aquaporin regulation in roots controls plant hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential in Pinus radiata under water stress
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gamir Juan , Xue Jianming , Clearwater Michael J. , Meason Dean F. , Clinton Peter W. , Domec Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2018

Stomatal regulation is crucial for forest species performance and survival on drought‐prone sites. We investigated the regulation of root and shoot hydraulics in three Pinus radiata clones exposed to drought stress and its coordination with stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Ψleaf). All clones experienced a substantial decrease in root‐specific root hydraulic conductance (Kroot‐r) in response to the water stress, but leaf‐specific shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot‐l) did not change in any of the clones. The reduction in Kroot‐r caused a decrease in leaf‐specific whole‐plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant‐l). Among clones, the larger the decrease in Kplant‐l, the more stomata closed in response to drought. Rewatering resulted in a quick recovery of Kroot‐r and gs. Our results demonstrated that the reduction in Kplant‐l, attributed to a down regulation of aquaporin activity in roots, was linked to the isohydric stomatal behaviour, resulting in a nearly constant Ψleaf as water stress started. We concluded that higher Kplant‐l is associated with water stress resistance by sustaining a less negative Ψleaf and delaying stomatal closure.
Timing of puberty in boys and girls: A population‐based study
Authors: Brix Nis , Ernst Andreas , Lauridsen Lea Lykke Braskhøj , Parner Erik , Støvring Henrik , Olsen Jørn , Henriksen Tine Brink , Ramlau‐Hansen Cecilia Høst
Published: October 2018

Background

A secular trend towards earlier puberty has been observed in girls, while a similar trend has been more uncertain in boys. We estimated current ages at pubertal development in both boys and girls.

Methods

In this population‐based cohort study, 14 759 of 22 439 invited boys and girls born from 2000 to 2003 in the Danish National Birth Cohort gave half‐yearly self‐reported information on puberty from the age of 11.5 years and throughout puberty. This late start of follow‐up limits the estimation of age at onset of puberty but not later pubertal milestones. We estimated mean age at attaining the following pubertal milestones in years with 95% confidence intervals (CI): age at menarche, voice break, first ejaculation of semen and Tanner stages for pubic hair development and breast development or genital development. Further, the difference in mean age at menarche between mothers and daughters was estimated.

Results

In boys, voice break occurred at 13.1 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years, first ejaculation of semen occurred at 13.4 (95% CI 13.3, 13.4) years, and Tanner Genital Stage 5 occurred at 15.6 (95% CI 15.5, 15.6) years. In girls, age at menarche occurred at 13.0 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years and Tanner Breast Stage 5 occurred at 15.8 (95% CI 15.7, 15.9) years. Daughters had menarche 3.6 (95% CI 3.1, 4.2) months earlier than their mothers had.

Conclusion

These data indicate that age at menarche has declined and to some extent support a decline in age at attaining other markers of pubertal development among boys.
Minimum Wages and the Gender GAP in Pay: New Evidence from the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Doorley Karina , Van Kerm Philippe
Published: October 2018

Women are disproportionately in low‐paid work compared to men so, in the absence of rationing effects on their employment, they should benefit the most from minimum wage policies. This study examines the change in the gender wage gap around the introduction of minimum wages in Ireland and the United Kingdom (U.K.). Using survey data for the two countries, we develop a decomposition of the change in the gender differences in wage distributions around the date of introduction of minimum wages. We separate out “price” effects attributed to minimum wages from “employment composition” effects. A significant reduction of the gender gap at low wages is observed after the introduction of the minimum wage in Ireland, while there is hardly any change in the U.K. Counterfactual simulations show that the difference between countries may be attributed to gender differences in non‐compliance with the minimum wage legislation in the U.K.