bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Platymessa with redescription of the type species and a new generic synonymy (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae)
Authors: MEDRANO MIGUEL , KURY ADRIANO B.
Published: March 2016

The genus Platymessa was originally described by Mello-Leitão and diagnosed following the Roewerian system. It originally included two species from the Colombian Andes. Subsequently, a third species was described: Platymessa transversalis Roewer, 1963, which is herein transferred to the genus Chusgonobius Roewer, 1952, forming the new combination Chusgonobius transversalis. Herein, an emended diagnosis is given to Platymessa, the type species, Platymessa h-inscriptum Mello-Leitão, 1941, is redescribed and P. nigrolimbata Mello-Leitão, 1941 is considered its junior subjective synonym. Brachylibitia Mello-Leitão, 1941, is herein considered a junior subjective synonym of Platymessa and its type species, Brachylibitia ectroxantha Mello-Leitão, 1941, considered a species inquirenda, forming the new combination Platymessa ectroxantha. Genital morphology of Platymessa h-inscriptum is described and some characters are discussed regarding their importance in cosmetid taxonomy. Novel forms of sexual dimorphism are described in coxa IV.
A new species of the genus Hyalessa (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) from China, with DNA barcoding data and a key to related species
Authors: WANG XU , QIU YUE , WEI CONG
Published: March 2016

One new species of the genus Hyalessa China, H. wangi sp. nov., from Yunnan, China is described. Partial mitochondrial COI gene (DNA barcoding) of this new species is sequenced and uploaded to GenBank. A key to all species of Hyalessa is provided.
Laimosemion leticia (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), a new species from the upper Rio Amazonas, Southern Colombia
Authors: VALDESALICI Stefano
Published: March 2016

Laimosemion leticia is described from the Rio Tacana drainage, upper Rio Amazonas basin, Southern Colombia. The new species was found in a shallow swamp within a tropical rainforest in the vicinity of Leticia, capital of the department of Amazonas and southernmost municipality of Colombia. This miniature species is considered to be a member of the Owiyeye subgenus, which is diagnosed by a unique frontal squamation. Laimosemion leticia can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the unique colour pattern on the unpaired fins. The new species appears related to L. jauaperi, L. uatuman and L. ubim due to the similar flank colour pattern in males, but is easy distinguished by coloration of the unpaired fins and morphological characters.
On the Observed Relationships between Variability in Gulf Stream Sea Surface Temperatures and the Atmospheric Circulation over the North Atlantic
Authors: Wills Samantha M. , Thompson David W. J. , Ciasto Laura M.
Published: March 2016

The advent of increasingly high-resolution satellite observations and numerical models has led to a series of advances in understanding the role of midlatitude sea surface temperature (SST) in climate variability, especially near western boundary currents (WBC). Observational analyses suggest that ocean dynamics play a central role in driving interannual SST variability over the Kuroshio–Oyashio and Gulf Stream extensions. Numerical experiments suggest that variations in the SST field within these WBC regions may have a much more pronounced influence on the atmospheric circulation than previously thought.

In this study, the authors examine the observational support for (or against) a robust atmospheric response to midlatitude SST variability in the Gulf Stream extension. To do so, they apply lead–lag analysis based on daily mean data to assess the evidence for two-way coupling between SST anomalies and the atmospheric circulation on transient time scales, building off of previous studies that have utilized weekly data. A novel decomposition approach is employed to demonstrate that atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Gulf Stream extension can be separated into two distinct patterns of midlatitude atmosphere–ocean interaction: 1) a pattern that peaks 2–3 weeks before the largest SST anomalies in the Gulf Stream extension, which can be viewed as the “atmospheric forcing,” and 2) a pattern that peaks several weeks after the largest SST anomalies, which the authors argue can be viewed as the “atmospheric response.” The latter pattern is linearly independent of the former and is interpreted as the potential response of the atmospheric circulation to SST variability in the Gulf Stream extension.
Evaluation of Warm-Rain Microphysical Parameterizations in Mesoscale Simulations of the Cloudy Marine Boundary Layer
Authors: Nelson Kevin J. , Mechem David B. , Kogan Yefim L.
Published: March 2016

Several warm-rain microphysical parameterizations are evaluated in a regional forecast model setting (using the Naval Research Laboratory’s Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System) by evaluating how accurately the model is able to represent the marine boundary layer (MBL). Cloud properties from a large suite of simulations using different parameterizations and concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are compared to ship-based observations from the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study—Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) field campaign conducted over the southeastern Pacific (SEP). As in previous studies, the simulations systematically underestimate liquid water path and MBL cloud depth. On the other hand, the simulations overestimate precipitation rates relative to those derived from the scanning C-band radar on board the ship. Most of the simulations exhibit a diurnal cycle, although details differ somewhat from a recent observational study. In addition to direct comparisons with the observations, the internal microphysical consistency of simulated MBL cloud properties is assessed by comparing simulation output to a number of observationally and theoretically derived scalings for precipitation and coalescence scavenging. Simulation results are broadly consistent with these scalings, suggesting COAMPS is behaving in a microphysically consistent fashion. However, microphysical consistency as defined in the analysis is highly dependent upon the horizontal resolution of the model. Excessive depletion of CCN from large coalescence processing rates suggests the importance of parameterizing a source term for CCN or imposing some form of fixed, climatological background CCN concentration.
Evaluating the Molecular Interaction of Organic Liquid Mixtures Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Xiong Zhixin , Pfeifer Frank , Siesler Heinz W.
Published: March 2016

The near-infrared transmission spectra of two organic liquid three-component systems of variable compositions were investigated in detail. To evaluate the interaction of the different components in the two systems the experimental spectra of the pure components were compared to mathematically constructed “pure component” spectra. Though usually the correlation coefficient (CC) and Manhattan distance (MD) are used to measure the similarity of spectra, in the present investigations principal component analysis (PCA) was found to be a more effective tool to investigate the difference between these spectra and derive parameters characterizing the interaction between the different components. Thus, PC scores for the two types of spectra established some distinct patterns which clearly expressed their differences. For a three-dimensional coordinate system of selected principal components, the Euclidean distances between the mathematically constructed and the experimental spectra of the pure components were calculated. Finally, the mean values of the distances for each component provided indices to rank the interaction of the components in the mixtures. Thus, the results offer a convenient approach that can quantitatively evaluate the molecular interactions of the individual components in organic liquid mixtures by various spectroscopies.
Being hit twice: The psychological consequences of the economic crisis and an earthquake
Authors: Starace Fabrizio , Mungai Francesco , Sarti Elena , Addabbo Tindara
Published: March 2016

Background:

The Great Recession has caused worldwide tangible costs in terms of cuts in employment and income, which have been widely recognised also as major social determinants of mental health. Italy has not been spared from the financial crisis with severe societal and mental health consequences. In addition, a strong earthquake hit the province of Modena, Italy, in 2012, that is, amid the crisis.

Aims:

In this study, we explored and investigated the possible additional impact of concurrent events such as economic crisis and a natural disaster.

Methods:

Our analysis elaborated data from two local surveys, ICESmo2 (2006) and ICESmo3 (2012), and a national survey carried out in 2013 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT)). A regression model was adopted to distinguish the effect of the crisis and the earthquake.

Results:

Our analysis confirmed the negative effect of the economic crisis on psychological wellbeing, but within the province of Modena such an effect resulted as even stronger compared with the rest of Italy, particularly within those areas struck by the earthquake.

Conclusion:

Being hit by a combination of two major negative events might have a significantly increased negative effect on psychological health. The higher repercussion observed is not only attributable to the occurrence of a natural disaster but can be reasonably related to the additional effect of unemployment on psychological dimensions.
“Do you think I can’t read between the lines?”: Discourse of the unsaid in J. M. Coetzee’s Diary of a Bad Year
Authors: Isom Rachael
Published: March 2016

This article examines J. M. Coetzee’s use of intuitive and interpretive exchanges within and across the tripartite structure of Diary of a Bad Year (2007). It argues that Coetzee rejects strict understandings of the novel genre in favour of a more fluid form, enabling him to explore heteroglot exchanges within the two monologues on each page of Diary of a Bad Year and complicate conventional understandings of Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism. Creating multiple layers that begin with unspoken words, pass through an “othered” interpreter, and arrive at the reader via the novel’s narration, meaning is reconfigured and reconsidered in a way that distances it from the author. The essay further argues that Coetzee’s use of dialogic discourse in Diary of a Bad Year privileges the perspective of the Filipina woman whose voice drives much of the novel’s commentary as she wins the interpretive game Coetzee creates.
Forcing the Common Good
Authors: Karadag Haluk
Published: March 2016

Hard power, the unorthodox foreign policy mechanism, has emerged recently as a complex agency that uses military power to regulate diplomatic relations between military and civilian actors. Although national governments use hard power rather frequently to influence foreign public opinions, the field’s scholarship tends to downplay the role of military instruments in the development of public diplomacy. Almost all armed forces contribute to various public diplomacy efforts by applying basic tools, including humanitarian-relief operations and construction works, and international military education and training programs. This article analyzes these tools in the context of soft power and public diplomacy and demonstrates the impact of military power on public diplomacy. It also reconstructs the effective time frames of public diplomacy works of the military by introducing a novel pattern to understanding these works.
Distributed composite autopilot design for bank-to-turn missiles with optimized tracking based on disturbance observers
Authors: Yang Jun , Wu Chao , Li Shihua
Published: March 2016

Robust autopilot design for bank-to-turn (BTT) missiles under time-varying aerodynamic parameters, heavy nonlinear crossing couplings and external disturbances is investigated in this article by employing a distributed composite control framework. The dynamics of the BTT missiles are separated into three subsystems from the roll, yaw and pitch channels. For each subsystem, a composite control framework consists of a low-level state feedback stabilizer, a high-level model predictive controller and a feedforward compensator based on a disturbance observer. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the baseline control and traditional integral control approaches, the proposed control strategy exhibits promising guidance command tracking and robustness against external disturbances, nonlinear crossing couplings and aerodynamic parameter perturbations.
Write on! Using Assistive Technology and Systematic Instruction to Teach Sentence Writing to Students With Moderate to Severe Disability
Authors: Pennington Robert C.
Published: March 2016

Developing skills for the written expression of students with moderate to severe disability can be challenging for teachers. Despite the importance of written expression to success in a variety of educational and community environments, there is little research evidence to support a set of practices for teachers to use to establish writing skills for this unique population. The current article provides a synthesis of the available research, and the author proposes a model for teaching students to develop basic sentence writing skills, as sentence writing serves a foundational component for other types of writing.
Wishing Upon a Star: How apprentice-master similarity, status and career stage affect critics’ evaluations of former apprentices in the haute cuisine industry
Authors: Slavich Barbara , Castellucci Fabrizio
Published: March 2016

This article explores how the similarity between a master’s and former apprentice’s products influences critics’ evaluations of creative professionals’ work. Through apprenticeships with well-known masters, creative professionals manage the competing demands for novelty and familiarity typical of creative industries and find their optimal balance. To gain positive evaluations, creative workers must demonstrate their offerings’ comparability with their former master’s, yet some degrees of novelty. An analysis of international haute cuisine chefs reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between similarity of apprentice’s and master’s products, and critics’ evaluations. Furthermore, the analysis shows that apprenticeships with high-status masters and those that occur late in the apprentice’s career change this inverted U-shaped relationship into a positive one. The article concludes by highlighting the consequences of being a mainstream or a maverick with respect to the master in the creative industry and by discussing possible strategies for creative professionals to gain critics’ recognition.
Paul’s Eschatological Anthropology: The Esō Anthrōpos and The Intermediate State
Authors: Harding Sarah
Published: March 2016

Advances in the study of Paul’s anthropology during the past century have been limited, particularly because of dominant theological approaches that leave many unresolved issues regarding the apostle’s understanding of humans. This article introduces a new approach, which grounds Paul’s anthropological discourse in eschatology, and underscores the importance of transformation. Through the application of this new approach, the esō anthrōpos, instantiated in believers through the Holy Spirit, is shown to be the locus of renewal, and to encompass the entire human. A clear understanding of this concept provides support for the postulation of an intermediate state in Paul’s symbolic universe, a claim that is contested by many scholars.
Studying exit from entrepreneurship: New directions and insights
Authors: DeTienne Dawn , Wennberg Karl
Published: March 2016

Research on entrepreneurial exit has established itself as a more recognized component of the entrepreneurial process and a distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Despite the progress made, there still exists important topics within entrepreneurial exit where scholarly understanding is scant. This special issue discusses new and open topics of research on entrepreneurial exit. Three papers examine three such topics including pricing intentions of exiting entrepreneurs, exit considerations among angel investors, and the relationship between exit and failure in new ventures.
Resting state connectivity and cognitive performance in adults with cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Cullen Breda , Moreton Fiona C , Stringer Michael S , Krishnadas Rajeev , Kalladka Dheeraj , López-González Maria R , Santosh Celestine , Schwarzbauer Christian , Muir Keith W
Published: March 2016

Cognitive impairment is an inevitable feature of cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), affecting executive function, attention and processing speed from an early stage. Impairment is associated with structural markers such as lacunes, but associations with functional connectivity have not yet been reported. Twenty-two adults with genetically-confirmed CADASIL (11 male; aged 49.8 ± 11.2 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest. Intrinsic attentional/executive networks were identified using group independent components analysis. A linear regression model tested voxel-wise associations between cognitive measures and component spatial maps, and Pearson correlations were performed with mean intra-component connectivity z-scores. Two frontoparietal components were associated with cognitive performance. Voxel-wise analyses showed an association between one component cluster and processing speed (left middle temporal gyrus; peak −48, −18, −14; ZE = 5.65, pFWEcorr = 0.001). Mean connectivity in both components correlated with processing speed ( r = 0.45, p = 0.043; r = 0.56, p = 0.008). Mean connectivity in one component correlated with faster Trailmaking B minus A time ( r = −0.77, p < 0.001) and better executive performance ( r = 0.56, p = 0.011). This preliminary study provides evidence for associations between cognitive performance and attentional network connectivity in CADASIL. Functional connectivity may be a useful biomarker of cognitive performance in this population.
Memories
Authors: Faulkner Zane Edward , Leaver Echo Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

The fallibility of memory has important implications for various disciplinary fields, as well as societal interests. Research on false memory abounds in terms of the ability of researchers to implant memories for plausible and highly implausible negative events. The extant literature does not currently answer the question of whether memories for positive events can be implanted. Moreover, previous research has attempted, with mixed success, to discriminate between true and false memories employing different objective and subjective measures. Currently, there is still no conclusive way to distinguish between true and false memories. The present study expanded upon the current deficits in the research literature by inducing both positive and negative false memory events in participants. Physiological measures (i.e., skin conductance, heart rate, electromyography, and pulse plethysmography) were employed in an effort to discriminate between participants’ true and false memories. Results indicated that positive and negative events can be implanted at an impressively high rate and with a very simple manipulation. False memories were found to exhibit a greater arousal pattern than true memories and, specifically with electromyography, positive false memories elicited greater arousal patterns than positive true memories.
Veterinary Forensic Pathology
Authors: McEwen B. J. , Gerdin J.
Published: March 2016

Determining the cause of death in animals recovered from bodies of water, swimming pools, or other water-containing vessels is challenging. Animals recovered from water may or may not have drowned. The diagnosis of drowning is usually one of exclusion, requiring information from the crime scene, recovery scene, the medical history or reliable witness accounts. While there are characteristic macroscopic and microscopic lesions of drowning, none are specific and are dependent on the volume and tonicity of the drowning medium. Beyond interpreting the postmortem findings, the court may ask pathologists to comment on the behavioral and welfare implications of drowning. This requires an understanding of the drowning process, which is a complex series of sequential, concurrent, and overlapping cardiorespiratory reflexes, electrolyte and blood gas abnormalities, aspiration, physical exhaustion, and breathlessness eventually culminating in death. This review addresses the mechanisms, lesions, and diagnostic issues associated with drowning in nonaquatic companion animals.
Thrombomodulin Expression in Tissues From Dogs With Systemic Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Kim S. D. , Baker P. , DeLay J. , Wood R. D.
Published: March 2016

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a membrane glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells, which plays a major role in the protein C anticoagulation pathway. In people with inflammation, TM expression can be down-regulated on endothelial cells and a soluble form released into circulation, resulting in increased risk of thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. TM is present in dogs; however, there has been minimal investigation of its expression in canine tissues, and the effects of inflammation on TM expression in canine tissues have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate endothelial TM expression in tissues from dogs with systemic inflammatory diseases. A retrospective evaluation of tissue samples of lung, spleen, and liver from dogs with and without systemic inflammatory diseases was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a modified manual IHC scoring system. TM expression was significantly reduced in all examined tissues in dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis or acute pancreatitis.
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
Authors: Williams K. , Andrie K. , Cartoceti A. , French S. , Goldsmith D. , Jennings S. , Priestnall S. L. , Wilson D. , Jutkowitz A.
Published: March 2016

Pulmonary hypertension is a well-known though poorly characterized disease in veterinary medicine. In humans, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare cause of severe pulmonary hypertension with a mean survival time of 2 years without lung transplantation. Eleven adult dogs (5 males, 6 females; median age 10.5 years, representing various breeds) were examined following the development of severe respiratory signs. Lungs of affected animals were evaluated morphologically and with immunohistochemistry for alpha smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD31, CD3, CD20, and CD204. All dogs had pulmonary lesions consistent with PVOD, consisting of occlusive remodeling of small- to medium-sized pulmonary veins, foci of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH), and accumulation of hemosiderophages; 6 of 11 dogs had substantial pulmonary arterial medial and intimal thickening. Ultrastructural examination and immunohistochemistry showed that smooth muscle cells contributed to the venous occlusion. Increased expression of CD31 was evident in regions of PCH indicating increased numbers of endothelial cells in these foci. Spindle cells strongly expressing alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin co-localized with foci of PCH; similar cells were present but less intensely labeled elsewhere in non-PCH alveoli. B cells and macrophages, detected by immunohistochemistry, were not co-localized with the venous lesions of canine PVOD; small numbers of CD3-positive T cells were occasionally in and around the wall of remodeled veins. These findings indicate a condition in dogs with clinically severe respiratory disease and pathologic features resembling human PVOD, including foci of pulmonary venous remodeling and PCH.
An Early Years Toolbox for Assessing Early Executive Function, Language, Self-Regulation, and Social Development: Validity, Reliability, and Preliminary Norms
Authors: Howard Steven J. , Melhuish Edward
Published: March 2016

Several methods of assessing executive function (EF), self-regulation, language development, and social development in young children have been developed over previous decades. Yet new technologies make available methods of assessment not previously considered. In resolving conceptual and pragmatic limitations of existing tools, the Early Years Toolbox (EYT) offers substantial advantages for early assessment of language, EF, self-regulation, and social development. In the current study, results of our large-scale administration of this toolbox to 1,764 preschool and early primary school students indicated very good reliability, convergent validity with existing measures, and developmental sensitivity. Results were also suggestive of better capture of children’s emerging abilities relative to comparison measures. Preliminary norms are presented, showing a clear developmental trajectory across half-year age groups. The accessibility of the EYT, as well as its advantages over existing measures, offers considerably enhanced opportunities for objective measurement of young children’s abilities to enable research and educational applications.
Obama and Romney photos receive equal treatment
Authors: Dahmen Nicole Smith
Published: March 2016

This research examines photographs of candidates in the 2012 presidential general election to understand how newspapers presented Obama and Romney. Significant differences existed in regard to behavior, context and perspective, but photo coverage was balanced on the whole.
Participatory news websites feature more opinion pieces
Authors: Littau Jeremy
Published: March 2016

A content study of top stories in eight cities compares professional newspaper story placement to its participatory competitor and finds both are intensely local. While the latter runs softer and more opinionated stories, professional content is rooted in traditional topics such as crime. Results suggest that participatory journalism complements do not replace local news.
Le leadership en santé et l’éthique de la gestion des attentes des soignants et des patients
Authors: Browne Alister
Published: March 2016

Les dispensateurs de soins et les patients sont souvent déçus du niveau de soins que les hôpitaux publics peuvent prodiguer. La solution consiste à réduire les attentes. Les dispensateurs devraient être amenés à considérer que leur obligation consiste à prodiguer les meilleurs soins en fonction des ressources. Le public devrait être bien informé des services que les hôpitaux de soins actifs peuvent ou non lui offrir et participer aux prises de décision. Les leaders en santé peuvent jouer des rôles novateurs à cet égard.
Ultrasound Imaging of Breastfeeding—A Window to the Inside
Authors: Geddes Donna T. , Sakalidis Vanessa S.
Published: March 2016

Ultrasound imaging has been employed as a noninvasive technique to explore the sucking dynamics of the breastfeeding infant over the past 40 years. Recent improvements in the resolution of ultrasound images have allowed a more detailed description of the tongue movements during sucking, identification of oral structures, and measurements of nipple position and tongue motion. Several different scanning planes can be used and each show sucking from a different perspective. Ultrasound techniques and image anatomy are described in detail in this review and provide the basis for implementation in the objective assessment of breastfeeding.
Recovering Reparative Readings of Postcolonialism and Marxism
Authors: Rao Rahul
Published: March 2016

This article offers critical readings of two works that are symptomatic of a troubling repudiation of postcolonialism and Marxism by each other. Locating itself within the subfield of postcolonial international relations, John Hobson’s The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics (2012) dismisses Marx as imperialist and Lenin (and various forms of neo-Marxism) as Eurocentric. Vivek Chibber’s Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (2013) renews the Marxist attack on postcolonialism, ironically casting subaltern studies as a form of orientalism. I argue that the relative lack of attention in these polemics to reparative possibilities immanent within the theoretical formations being criticized is disabling, forcing us to choose positions that insist on the priority of some axes of marginality over others. In the tradition of feminist intersectionality, my critiques of these texts insist on reading their respective theoretical antagonists in ways that bridge the supposed gulf between postcolonalism and Marxism.
Han cybernationalism and state territorialization in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Leibold James
Published: March 2016

Han majority nationalism poses a significant yet under-theorized challenge to state sovereignty and territorial integrity in China, especially in the era of the Internet. By shifting our focus from minority secessionist movements on the ground in Xinjiang and Tibet to a group of Han nationalists active in cyberspace, this article probes the friction between three distinct yet interrelated ideologies of spatiality in contemporary China: the processes and practices of state territorialization; counter-narratives and geographies of Han cybernationalism; and the transnational flows of the Sinophone Internet. It argues that the Internet empowers yet ultimately blunts the threat of Han nationalism, rendering it largely impotent when faced with the hegemony of state territorialization.
‘Disappearing workers’: Foxconn in Europe and the changing role of temporary work agencies
Authors: Andrijasevic Rutvica , Sacchetto Devi
Published: March 2016

This article investigates the role of temporary work agencies (TWAs) at Foxconn’s assembly plants in the Czech Republic. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, it shows TWAs’ comprehensive management of migrant labour: recruitment and selection in the countries of origin; cross-border transportation, work and living arrangements in the country of destination; and return to the countries of origin during periods of low production. The article asks whether the distinctiveness of this specific mode of labour management can be understood adequately within the framework of existing theories on the temporary staffing industry. In approaching the staffing industry through the lens of migration labour analysis, the article reveals two key findings. Firstly, TWAs are creating new labour markets but do so by eroding workers’ rights and enabling new modalities of exploitation. Secondly, the diversification of TWAs’ roles and operations has transformed TWAs from intermediaries between capital and labour to enterprises in their own right.
How institutions matter for job characteristics, quality and experiences: a comparison of home care work for older people in Australia and Sweden
Authors: Meagher Gabrielle , Szebehely Marta , Mears Jane
Published: March 2016

This article seeks to understand a puzzling finding: that workers in publicly funded home care for older people in Australia, compared to those in Sweden, feel that they are better able to meet their clients’ needs, that their workplaces are less pressed, and that their work is less burdensome and more compatible with their family and social commitments. This finding seems to challenge expectations fostered by comparative sociological research that job quality and care services are inferior in Australia compared to Sweden. Informed by comparative institutionalist theory and care research, the structures and dynamics of the care systems in the two countries are analysed, along with findings from the NORDCARE survey of home care workers conducted in Sweden in 2005 ( n=166) and Australia in 2010 ( n=318). Differences in the work and working conditions in the two countries are explained by the dynamic interaction of national institutional and highly gendered sector-level effects.
Participation and boycott in authoritarian elections
Authors: Buttorff Gail , Dion Douglas
Published: March 2016

The existence of authoritarian elections raises a number of questions regarding the strategies of political opposition. What explains the choice of strategy among key opponents of a regime? What determines when opposition groups willingly participate in elections and when they engage in electoral boycott? To understand the opposition’s strategic choices, we develop a formal model of government–opposition interaction under authoritarianism. We contribute to the literature on election boycotts in emphasizing the effect of uncertainty about the strength of the regime on strategic decisions. The model produces predictions for several key features of authoritarian elections, including the decision to participate, boycott, and mobilize against the regime. Importantly and uniquely, the model provides an explanation for variation in opposition strategies within a particular country. Using the case of Jordan, we illustrate how the results of the model can be used to explain variation in opposition strategy across parliamentary elections.
Partisan optimism and political bargaining
Authors: Jensen Thomas , Madum Andreas
Published: March 2016

Partisan voters are optimistic about electoral outcomes: their estimates of the probability of electoral success for their party are substantially higher than the average among the electorate. This has large potential implications for political bargaining. Optimistic electoral expectations make costly bargaining delay look more favourable, which may induce partisans to punish their party for agreeing to a compromise rather than waiting, for example by not turning out to vote. Party decision makers should take this into account when bargaining. We set up and analyse a simple game theoretic model to explore the implications of partisan optimism for political bargaining. We show that increased optimism among a partisan group leads to a stronger bargaining position for their party, but may hurt its electoral prospects. Another main finding is that even high levels of partisan optimism do not in themselves cause inefficient bargaining delay.
‘The Germans are beating us at our own game’
Authors: Klautke Egbert
Published: March 2016

This article assesses interactions between American and German eugenicists in the interwar period. It shows the shifting importance and leading roles of German and American eugenicists: while interactions and exchanges between German and American eugenicists in the interwar period were important and significant, it remains difficult to establish direct American influence on Nazi legislation. German experts of race hygiene who advised the Nazi government in drafting the sterilization law were well informed about the experiences with similar laws in American states, most importantly in California and Virginia, but there is little evidence to suggest they depended on American knowledge and expertise to draft their own sterilization law. Rather, they adapted a body of thought that was transnational by nature: suggesting that the Nazis’ racial policies can be traced back to American origins over-simplifies the historical record. Still, the ‘American connection’ of the German racial hygiene movement is a significant aspect of the general history of eugenics into which it needs to be integrated. The similarities in eugenic thinking and practice in the USA and Germany force us to re-evaluate the peculiarity of Nazi racial policies.
Open-loop control of elliptical shaft center orbit
Authors: Liang Peng , Lu Changhou , Yang Fazhan , Wang Lili
Published: March 2016

In order to realize the machining of elliptical holes, the article researches control simulation of shaft center movement orbit using Eulerian method. A new hydrostatic bearing and a hydraulic control system are proposed, and quantitative relation between the expected shaft center coordinates and spool displacement of electro-hydraulic servo valve is studied. With the Eulerian method, open-loop control orbit of shaft center is simulated. And the simulation results indicate that open-loop control method not only controls shaft center movement to form ellipse orbits but also has strong robustness against dynamic disturbing force or instantaneous static disturbing force. This article lays theoretical basis for machining of elliptical holes.
Multi-objective optimization of machining parameters in multi-pass turning operations for low-carbon manufacturing
Authors: Lin Wenwen , Yu Daoyuan , Zhang Chaoyong , Zhang Sanqiang , Tian Yuhui , Liu Shengqiang , Luo Min
Published: March 2016

Most recent studies on machining parameter optimization in machining operations focused on reducing machining cost and energy consumption. However, environmental impacts caused by manufacturing activities were not involved in those studies, which can be quantified by equivalent carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, a direct method was proposed to quantify the carbon emissions generated during multi-pass turning operations. Moreover, machining parameter optimization models of multi-pass turning operations in dry and wet cut environments were established using an experimental design method. Three objectives were considered in both models: carbon emissions, operation time, and machining cost. Furthermore, a multi-objective teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm was used to deal with the models. The optimization results indicated that the use of cutting fluids could significantly reduce carbon emissions and machining cost and improve production efficiency in multi-pass turning operations.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of three-dimensional-structured surface generation using fluid jet polishing
Authors: Ho Lai Ting , Cheung Benny CF , Kong Lingbao , Ren Mingjun
Published: March 2016

Fluid jet polishing is an emerging process which possesses the advantages of localized force and less heat generation, as well as the stable and controllable material removal function without tool wear. Due to the complex machining mechanism, it is still difficult to model the material removal rate and predict the surface generation for fluid jet polishing. In this article, theoretical and experimental investigation of three-dimensional-structured surface generation by fluid jet polishing has been carried out. A surface topography simulation model is established for predicting the three-dimensional-structured surface generation by fluid jet polishing. A series of polishing experiments have been conducted to optimize the process parameters of fluid jet polishing and the fabrication of three-dimensional-structured surfaces. In terms of the pattern of three-dimensional-structured surfaces generated, the simulation results are found to agree with the experimental results.
Optimization of surface roughness in ball-end milling using teaching-learning-based optimization and response surface methodology
Authors: Dikshit Mithilesh K , Puri Asit B , Maity Atanu
Published: March 2016

Surface roughness is one of the most important requirements of the finished products in machining process. The determination of optimal cutting parameters is very important to minimize the surface roughness of a product. This article describes the development process of a surface roughness model in high-speed ball-end milling using response surface methodology based on design of experiment. Composite desirability function and teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm have been used for determining optimal cutting process parameters. The experiments have been planned and conducted using rotatable central composite design under dry condition. Mathematical model for surface roughness has been developed in terms of cutting speed, feed per tooth, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut as the cutting process parameters. Analysis of variance has been performed for analysing the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness. A second-order full quadratic model is used for mathematical modelling. The analysis of the results shows that the developed model is adequate enough and good to be accepted. Analysis of variance for the individual terms revealed that surface roughness is mostly affected by the cutting speed with a percentage contribution of 47.18% followed by axial depth of cut by 10.83%. The optimum values of cutting process parameters obtained through teaching-learning-based optimization are feed per tooth ( fz) = 0.06 mm, axial depth of cut ( Ap) = 0.74 mm, cutting speed ( Vc) = 145.8 m/min, and radial depth of cut ( Ae) = 0.38 mm. The optimum value of surface roughness at the optimum parametric setting is 1.11 µm and has been validated by confirmation experiments.
Study on the formation mechanism of saw-tooth chip in high-speed cutting process
Authors: Li Jin-quan , Li Pei , Guo Hai-lin , Zhang Zhi-jun
Published: March 2016

The 080A15 and 30CrMnMo steels were cut by precision sawing machine. The microscopic characteristic of the chip surface and the chip failure microscopic mechanism have been studied. The studies show that the formation of saw-tooth chip is mainly a function of the strength and thermal conductivity. For 080A15 steel, the strength is low and the thermal conductivity is high, the plastic work was absorbed continuously by the process of plastic deformation, and the heat was dissipated at any moment. The heat energy did not reach the critical value causing thermal softening. The chip is more prone to ductile fracture. For 30CrMnMo steel, the bonding ability is stronger among atoms, and thermal conductivity is smaller. The plastic deformation is extremely fast and the instantaneous temperature rise was very high because the heat energy reached the critical value causing thermal softening. Therefore, the chip is more prone to adiabatic shear failure to form the saw-tooth chip divided uniformly by adiabatic shear band. The research results help to provide the basis for selecting materials with different adiabatic shearing sensitivities in the process of high-speed cutting by studying the energy barrier on the influence of chip failure mechanism.
Geothermal Energy in Turkey
Authors: Kilic Fatma Canka
Published: March 2016

Turkey is rich in geothermal energy resources. It ranks seventh in the world for this type of energy resource and among the top five for geothermal heat and thermal spring applications (electricity generation, heating and cooling homes and greenhouses, drying, thermal tourism, balneological use, mineral extraction, agricultural and aquaculture applications, etc.). Interest in this energy field is rising due to government support for renewables. An overview of geothermal energy in Turkey is presented and its potential is evaluated. The study aims to contribute to the future developments of this energy technology in Turkey, with some barriers also considered.
Can energy service companies promote ‘green’ growth? The Korean case
Authors: Oh Inha , Oh Seunghwan , Heshmati Almas , Lee Jeong-Dong
Published: March 2016

This study aims to investigate the performance of energy service companies with support from the Korean government. In particular, we focus on the amount and quality of jobs created by energy service company businesses. From the results, we can observe some characteristics of the Korean energy service company industry, which is very volatile with a high turnover rate for the participating firms. The dwindling profitability within the industry appears to be the main reason for the high turnover rate. However, some firms have accumulated the capacities and experiences of the industry and are enjoying monopolistic profits. Job creation for firms conducting energy service company business is higher compared to other similar firms in the same industries studied. However, the quality of newly created jobs measured by the wage level is lower, which by social planners is seen as a worrying trend.
Thermoset shape memory polymers and their composites
Authors: Xie Fang , Huang Longnan , Leng Jinsong , Liu Yanju
Published: March 2016

This article reviews the main progress in the development of typical thermoset shape memory polymers. Thermoset polymers are usually stronger in their microstructure than thermoplastic polymers due to their covalently crosslinked three-dimensional networks. The virtues of thermoset polymers make them great source materials for shape memory polymers. However, their three-dimensional networks endow thermoset shape memory polymers with not only high shape fixity rates and shape recovery rates but also low deformation abilities and brittleness. In the past decade, many breakthroughs have been made regarding thermoset shape memory polymers. Typical thermoset materials, such as epoxy resin, cyanate resin, thermoset polyurethane, polyimide, and polystyrene, have been studied as raw materials for shape memory polymers. Studies on thermoset shape memory polymers have been carried out to not only improve their fundamental properties (i.e. broadening of their operating temperatures and service environments and enhancing their thermal stabilities and mechanical properties) but also introduce functional performance properties (e.g. responsiveness to light, electricity, magnetism, and chemical stimuli). This article aims to present a brief review of the development of thermoset shape memory polymers, including the selection and preparation of materials, the improvement of properties, the functionalization of their composites, and their potential applications.
Mothers’ Employment Attributes and Use of Preventive Child Health Services
Authors: Shepherd-Banigan Megan , Bell Janice F. , Basu Anirban , Booth-LaForce Cathryn , Harris Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2016

This study examines whether paid sick leave and hours worked per week are associated with receipt of recommended well-child visits, preventive dental care, influenza vaccines, obesity screening, and vision screening among U.S. children aged 0 to 17 years whose mothers were employed using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Residual inclusion instrumental variables methods were used to address unobserved confounding related to maternal employment and child health care use. Instruments were the industry-specific mean of paid leave and hours worked. Fewer than half of children received the recommended number of well-child visits and dental care; only 14% of children received an influenza vaccine in the past year. Paid sick leave was associated with increased adherence to recommended well-child visits (marginal probability, 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23, 0.01), preventive dental care (marginal probability, 0.28; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.33), and receipt of the influenza vaccine (marginal probability, 0.09; 95% CI = 0.13, 0.05 ).
A 1.8 trillion degrees-of-freedom, 1.24 petaflops global seismic wave simulation on the K computer
Authors: Tsuboi Seiji , Ando Kazuto , Miyoshi Takayuki , Peter Daniel , Komatitsch Dimitri , Tromp Jeroen
Published: March 2016

We present high-performance simulations of global seismic wave propagation with an unprecedented accuracy of 1.2 s seismic period for a realistic three-dimensional Earth model using the spectral element method on the K computer. Our seismic simulations use a total of 665.2 billion grid points and resolve 1.8 trillion degrees of freedom. To realize these large-scale computations, we optimize a widely used community software code to efficiently address all hardware parallelization, especially thread-level parallelization to solve the bottleneck of memory usage for coarse-grained parallelization. The new code exhibits excellent strong scaling for the time stepping loop, that is, parallel efficiency on 82,134 nodes relative to 36,504 nodes is 99.54%. Sustained performance of these computations on the K computer is 1.24 petaflops, which is 11.84% of its peak performance. The obtained seismograms with an accuracy of 1.2 s for the entire globe should help us to better understand rupture mechanisms of devastating earthquakes.