bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Lung Imaging and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in a COVID-19 Golden Syrian Hamster Model
Authors: Dhakal Santosh , Ruiz-Bedoya Camilo A. , Zhou Ruifeng , Creisher Patrick S. , Villano Jason S. , Littlefield Kirsten , Ruelas Castillo Jennie , Marinho Paula , Jedlicka Anne E. , Ordonez Alvaro A. , Bahr Melissa , Majewska Natalia , Betenbaugh Michael J. , Flavahan Kelly , Mueller Alice R. L. , Looney Monika M. , Quijada Darla , Mota Filipa , Beck Sarah E. , Brockhurst Jacqueline , Braxton Alicia M. , Castell Natalie , Stover Mitchel , D’Alessio Franco R. , Metcalf Pate Kelly A. , Karakousis Petros C. , Mankowski Joseph L. , Pekosz Andrew , Jain Sanjay K. , Klein Sabra L.
Published: July 2021

Men experience more severe outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than women. Golden Syrian hamsters were used to explore sex differences in the pathogenesis of a human clinical isolate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Biochemical Barriers on the Path to Ocean Anoxia?
Authors: Giovannoni Stephen , Chan Francis , Davis Edward , Deutsch Curtis , Wolf Sarah
Published: July 2021

Declining ocean oxygen associated with global warming and climate change is impacting marine ecosystems across scales from microscopic planktonic communities to global fisheries. We report a fundamental dichotomy in the affinities of enzymes for oxygen—the terminal proteins catalyzing respiration are active at much lower oxygen concentrations than oxygenase enzymes involved in organic matter catabolism.
CdrS Is a Global Transcriptional Regulator Influencing Cell Division in Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Liao Yan , Vogel Verena , Hauber Sabine , Bartel Jürgen , Alkhnbashi Omer S. , Maaß Sandra , Schwarz Thandi S. , Backofen Rolf , Becher Dörte , Duggin Iain G. , Marchfelder Anita
Published: July 2021

Cell division is a central mechanism of life and is essential for growth and development. Members of the
Bacteria
and
Eukarya
have different mechanisms for cell division, which have been studied in detail.
Identification of Group A Streptococcus Genes Directly Regulated by CsrRS and Novel Intermediate Regulators
Authors: Finn Meredith B. , Ramsey Kathryn M. , Dove Simon L. , Wessels Michael R.
Published: July 2021

Group A
Streptococcus
(GAS) is an important public health threat as a cause of sore throat, skin infections, life-threatening invasive infections, and the postinfectious complications of acute rheumatic fever, a leading cause of acquired heart disease. This work characterizes CsrRS, a GAS system for the detection of environmental signals that enables adaptation of the bacteria for survival in the human throat by regulating the production of products that allow the bacteria to resist clearance by the human immune system.
Pneumococcal Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Host Immunity
Authors: Yerneni Saigopalakrishna S. , Werner Sarah , Azambuja Juliana H. , Ludwig Nils , Eutsey Rory , Aggarwal Surya D. , Lucas Peter C. , Bailey Nathanael , Whiteside Theresa L. , Campbell Phil G. , Hiller N. Luisa
Published: July 2021

Our studies reveal that
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus) (pEVs) are internalized by macrophages, T cells, and epithelial cells.
In vitro
, pEVs induce NF-κB activation in a dosage-dependent manner and polarize human macrophages to an alternative (M2) phenotype. In addition, pEV pretreatment conditions macrophages to increase bacteria uptake and such macrophages may act as a reservoir for pneumococcal cells by increasing survival of the phagocytosed bacteria.
Supplemental Material: Long-term (7 Ma) strain fluctuations within the Dead Sea transform system from high-resolution U-Pb dating of a calcite vein
Authors: Craddock John P. , al et.
Published: July 2021

Appendix 1: Fluid inclusion data (1 file, 5 tabs); Appendix 2: U-Pb data table, including standards (and T-W plots); Appendix 3: GFS-5 optic axis stereoplots.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis/pseudomonas
Authors: Mahendran Menaka , Urbine Daniel
Published: July 2021

A 47-year-old Caucasian man on long-standing antifungal therapy for chronic necrotising aspergillosis and a history of recurrent pseudomonas pneumonias presented to the outpatient pulmonary clinic with dyspnoea and chest discomfort for 3 days. A CT angiography of the chest demonstrated angioinvasion from the previously noted left upper lobe cavitary lesion into the left main pulmonary artery, along with new consolidating lesions. Due to the high risk for massive haemoptysis, he was evaluated by thoracic surgery and underwent a successful left pneumonectomy. As invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is associated with high mortality, surgical intervention should always be considered, especially in those who develop extensive disease, despite being on aggressive antifungal therapy. Though minimally described in literature, invasive pulmonary pseudomonas also carries a high mortality risk. In our patient, cultures from the resected lung only demonstratedPseudomonas aeruginosa.
Cat scratch disease sepsis in an immunocompromised patient
Authors: James Sunil , Thozhuthumparambil Karunakaran Pradeep
Published: July 2021

As a greater number of households have pets, the likelihood of zoonotic infections can rise too. Although in most healthy individuals these infections are self-limiting, they are more serious and can lead to adverse outcomes in the immunocompromised. There is minimal information available for the immunocompromised patient who are pet owners or on pet handling. We report a case of cat scratch disease-related sepsis in an immunocompromised patient. This case illustrates the need for a detailed history, including a pet history, in immunocompromised patients presenting with fever of unknown origin and the need for UK-based information for the immunocompromised on pet care and risks associated with having a pet.
Not so Goody’s powder
Authors: Khan Raja Samir , Shah-Khan Sardar Momin , Kupec Justin
Published: July 2021

Over-the-counter analgesic medications are widely used amongst American adults and are also available in powder forms. Their adverse effects have been well documented in literature. Gastrocolic fistulas as a complication of peptic ulcer disease from analgesic powder usage have been previously unreported. Here, we report a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and acute anaemia secondary to peptic ulcer complicated by gastrocolic fistula in a patient using analgesic powder.
Primary peritoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma mimicking possible recurrent ovarian mucinous cystadenoma: coincidental pathology or a spectrum of disease?
Authors: Filippini Claire , Smyth Sarah , Soleymani Majd Hooman , Johnson Catherine
Published: July 2021

We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with a previous surgical history of benign mucinous cystadenoma resected in 2012 who underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography following her second pregnancy in 2020. This demonstrated a large cystic mass in the left subdiaphragmatic space. Histopathology confirmed a well-differentiated primary peritoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma displaying cells of a Mullerian origin. We subsequently discuss the aetiology of these conditions separately and explore the possibility of a connection between the two regarding origin or potential malignant transformation that may otherwise have occurred coincidentally in this young patient. We also acknowledge a paucity of evidence regarding subsequent management strategies.
Brugada pattern in an afebrile patient with acute COVID-19
Authors: Adedeji Omowunmi M , Falk Zachary , Tracy Cynthia M , Batarseh Alberto
Published: July 2021

COVID-19 has been associated with significant risk for cardiac arrhythmias, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac conditions or prior histories of arrhythmia. It has been shown that a Brugada pattern can be unmasked in febrile patients with COVID-19. Herein we report a unique case of an afebrile patient without known prior history of Brugada presenting with Brugada pattern on ECG.
A rare anomaly: duodenal Dieulafoy’s lesion in a preterm baby
Authors: Jadhav Devendrasing Vijaysing , Siddiqui Anees Ahmed , Singh Dalwinder , Shankar Shiva
Published: July 2021

Neonatal Dieulafoy’s lesion is a rare but serious condition that can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and intervened in a timely manner. It presents with episodes of sudden acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the form of blood in vomit and/or blood in stool. In general, most of the lesions are successfully treated with endoscopic or angiographic intervention. Surgery is usually reserved for cases that fail endoscopic or angiographic intervention. We present a neonatal case of duodenal Dieulafoy’s lesion that occurred in a 29-week-old male baby with birth weight of 1.2 kg. He developed melena and haematemesis at 4 weeks of life. He required normal saline boluses and transfusion of blood products for acute blood loss. The lesion was successfully treated with endoscopic intervention.
Thrombosis and thrombocytopaenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: a single UK centre experience
Authors: Bano Fehmida , Badugama Buddikha , Chandra Deepak
Published: July 2021

We report clinical findings of three patients presenting with thrombosis and thrombocytopaenia 10–16 days following the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. All patients presented to a major university teaching hospital in the UK over a 5-day period and were found to have high-titre antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4) without previous exposure to heparin. All three patients presented with extensive venous thrombosis, significant thrombocytopaenia, elevated D-dimer and borderline low fibrinogen. Two had fatal intracerebral haemorrhage secondary to cavernous venous sinus thrombosis and one had PE. Reference laboratory testing of serum demonstrated anti-PF4 antibodies in all three patients. The clinical and laboratory findings confirmed vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopaenia (VITT) which was poorly described at the time of presentation. We were able to manage successfully one patient with PE with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids.
Alternative management of delayed spontaneous oesophageal perforation by endoscopic stenting
Authors: Zhu Christina , Castrodad Adan , Santos Ariel P
Published: July 2021

Boerhaave’s syndrome or spontaneous perforation of the oesophagus is a life-threatening condition that carries high mortality. Delayed diagnosis has a mortality rate of 20%–50%. While surgical intervention has been the mainstay of treatment, advancements in endoscopy and oesophageal stenting have allowed for alternative management. Our case involves a 33-year-old man with self-induced emesis and DKA. After 10 days in the ICU, he developed a large right pleural effusion, which was treated with chest tube placement. Upper GI study confirmed delayed Boerhaave’s syndrome. A self-expanding stent was inserted followed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for decompression and jejunal extension for nutrition. He developed empyema and underwent right thoracotomy for washout and lung decortication. Stent was exchanged once due to recurrent leak following migration and removed after 40 days. Endoscopic stent placement with PEG with jejunal extension followed by thoracotomy is a viable alternative to primary repair of delayed oesophageal perforation.
Acute impending compartment syndrome during elective spine surgery: a rare occurrence
Authors: Yeap Tat Boon , Shabani Nur Shazwani , Bong Chin Pei , Tan Hai Siang
Published: July 2021

Intraoperative impending compartment syndrome (ICS) is an extremely rare but lethal occurrence that can involve the upper and/or lower limb(s). It commonly occurs in patients who undergo anaesthesia in various special positions such as lithotomy, lateral decubitus or prone. We present a patient who developed an ICS of his left forearm during a cervical spine surgery in prone position. This devastating condition was fortunately identified when the pulse oximetry, intra-arterial wave form and motor-evoked potentials signal disappeared abruptly from our monitors. We discuss our perioperative challenges and management for the patient which had eventually saved the patient’s limb.
COVID-19: a confirmed case of reinfection in a nurse
Authors: Scarpati Giuliana , Piazza Ornella , Pagliano Pasquale , Rizzo Francesca
Published: July 2021

We describe the case of a 63-year-old man who is reported to have the first confirmed case of COVID-19 reinfection in Campania Region, Italy. We found that the two episodes were caused by virus strains with clearly different genome sequences. The patient, a retired nurse, had a very low level of antibodies IgG directed against the spike protein 14 days after his first Pfizer/BioNTek vaccine shot.
Systematic review of academic bullying in medical settings: dynamics and consequences
Authors: Averbuch Tauben , Eliya Yousif , Van Spall Harriette Gillian Christine
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To characterise the dynamics and consequences of bullying in academic medical settings, report factors that promote academic bullying and describe potential interventions.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

We searched EMBASE and PsycINFO for articles published between 1 January 1999 and 7 February 2021.

Study selection

We included studies conducted in academic medical settings in which victims were consultants or trainees. Studies had to describe bullying behaviours; the perpetrators or victims; barriers or facilitators; impact or interventions. Data were assessed independently by two reviewers.

Results

We included 68 studies representing 82 349 respondents. Studies described academic bullying as the abuse of authority that impeded the education or career of the victim through punishing behaviours that included overwork, destabilisation and isolation in academic settings. Among 35 779 individuals who responded about bullying patterns in 28 studies, the most commonly described (38.2% respondents) was overwork. Among 24 894 individuals in 33 studies who reported the impact, the most common was psychological distress (39.1% respondents). Consultants were the most common bullies identified (53.6% of 15 868 respondents in 31 studies). Among demographic groups, men were identified as the most common perpetrators (67.2% of 4722 respondents in 5 studies) and women the most common victims (56.2% of 15 246 respondents in 27 studies). Only a minority of victims (28.9% of 9410 victims in 25 studies) reported the bullying, and most (57.5%) did not perceive a positive outcome. Facilitators of bullying included lack of enforcement of institutional policies (reported in 13 studies), hierarchical power structures (7 studies) and normalisation of bullying (10 studies). Studies testing the effectiveness of anti-bullying interventions had a high risk of bias.

Conclusions

Academic bullying commonly involved overwork, had a negative impact on well-being and was not typically reported. Perpetrators were most commonly consultants and men across career stages, and victims were commonly women. Methodologically robust trials of anti-bullying interventions are needed.

Limitations

Most studies (40 of 68) had at least a moderate risk of bias. All interventions were tested in uncontrolled before–after studies.
Effectiveness of spatially targeted interventions for control of HIV, tuberculosis, leprosy and malaria: a systematic review
Authors: Khundi McEwen , Carpenter James R , Nliwasa Marriott , Cohen Ted , Corbett Elizabeth L , MacPherson Peter
Published: July 2021

Background

As infectious diseases approach global elimination targets, spatial targeting is increasingly important to identify community hotspots of transmission and effectively target interventions. We aimed to synthesise relevant evidence to define best practice approaches and identify policy and research gaps.

Objective

To systematically appraise evidence for the effectiveness of spatially targeted community public health interventions for HIV, tuberculosis (TB), leprosy and malaria.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between 1 January 1993 and 22 March 2021.

Study selection

The studies had to include HIV or TB or leprosy or malaria and spatial hotspot definition, and community interventions.

Data extraction and synthesis

A data extraction tool was used. For each study, we summarised approaches to identifying hotpots, intervention design and effectiveness of the intervention.

Results

Ten studies, including one cluster randomised trial and nine with alternative designs (before–after, comparator area), satisfied our inclusion criteria. Spatially targeted interventions for HIV (one USA study), TB (three USA) and leprosy (two Brazil, one Federated States of Micronesia) each used household location and disease density to define hotspots followed by community-based screening. Malaria studies (one each from India, Indonesia and Kenya) used household location and disease density for hotspot identification followed by complex interventions typically combining community screening, larviciding of stagnant water bodies, indoor residual spraying and mass drug administration. Evidence of effect was mixed.

Conclusions

Studies investigating spatially targeted interventions were few in number, and mostly underpowered or otherwise limited methodologically, affecting interpretation of intervention impact. Applying advanced epidemiological methodologies supporting more robust hotspot identification and larger or more intensive interventions would strengthen the evidence-base for this increasingly important approach.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019130133.
Surgical procedures for children in the public healthcare sector: a nationwide, facility-based study in Uganda
Authors: Ajiko Mary Margaret , Kressner Julia , Matovu Alphonsus , Nordin P , Wladis Andreas , Löfgren Jenny
Published: July 2021

Objective

This study investigated the surgical services for children at the highest levels of the public healthcare sector in Uganda. The aim was to determine volumes and types of procedure performed and the patients and the human resource involved.

Design

The study was a facility-based, record review.

Setting

The study was carried out at the National Referral Hospital, all 14 regional referral hospitals and 14 general hospitals in Uganda, representing the highest levels of hospital in the public healthcare sector.

Participants

The subjects were children <18 years who underwent major surgery in the study hospitals during 2013 and 2014.

Results

The study hospitals contribute with an average annual rate of paediatric surgery at 22.0 per 100 000 paediatric population. This is a fraction of the estimated need. Most of the procedures were performed for congenital anomalies (n=3111, 39.4%), inflammation and infection (n=2264, 28.7%) and trauma (n=1210, 15.3%). Specialist surgeons performed 60.3% (n=4758) of the procedures, and anaesthesia was administered by specialist physician anaesthetists in 11.6% (n=917) of the cases.

Conclusions

A variety of paediatric surgical procedures are performed in a relatively decentralised system throughout Uganda. Task shifting and task sharing of surgery and anaesthesia are widespread: a large proportion of surgical procedures was carried out by non-specialist physicians, with anaesthesia mostly delivered by non-physician anaesthetists. Reinforcing the capacity and promoting the expansion of the health facilities studied, in particular the general hospitals and regional referral hospitals, could help reduce the immense unmet need for surgical services for children in Uganda.
Keratoconus detection of changes using deep learning of colour-coded maps
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhao Jiaxin , Iselin Katja C , Borroni Davide , Romano Davide , Gokul Akilesh , McGhee Charles N J , Zhao Yitian , Sedaghat Mohammad-Reza , Momeni-Moghaddam Hamed , Ziaei Mohammed , Kaye Stephen , Romano Vito , Zheng Yalin
Published: July 2021

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of convolutional neural networks technique (CNN) in detecting keratoconus using colour-coded corneal maps obtained by a Scheimpflug camera.

Design

Multicentre retrospective study.

Methods and analysis

We included the images of keratoconic and healthy volunteers’ eyes provided by three centres: Royal Liverpool University Hospital (Liverpool, UK), Sedaghat Eye Clinic (Mashhad, Iran) and The New Zealand National Eye Center (New Zealand). Corneal tomography scans were used to train and test CNN models, which included healthy controls. Keratoconic scans were classified according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification. Keratoconic scans from Iran were used as an independent testing set. Four maps were considered for each scan: axial map, anterior and posterior elevation map, and pachymetry map.

Results

A CNN model detected keratoconus versus health eyes with an accuracy of 0.9785 on the testing set, considering all four maps concatenated. Considering each map independently, the accuracy was 0.9283 for axial map, 0.9642 for thickness map, 0.9642 for the front elevation map and 0.9749 for the back elevation map. The accuracy of models in recognising between healthy controls and stage 1 was 0.90, between stages 1 and 2 was 0.9032, and between stages 2 and 3 was 0.8537 using the concatenated map.

Conclusion

CNN provides excellent detection performance for keratoconus and accurately grades different severities of disease using the colour-coded maps obtained by the Scheimpflug camera. CNN has the potential to be further developed, validated and adopted for screening and management of keratoconus.
How to tie dangerous surgical knots: easily. Can we avoid this?
Authors: Drabble Eric , Spanopoulou Sofia , Sioka Eleni , Politaki Ellie , Paraskeva Ismini , Palla Effrosyni , Stockley Lauren , Zacharoulis Dimitris
Published: July 2021

Objective

Secure knots are essential in all areas of surgical, medical and veterinary practice. Our hypothesis was that technique of formation of each layer of a surgical knot was important to its security.

Design

Equal numbers of knots were tied, by each of three groups, using three techniques, for each of four suture materials; a standard flat reef knot (FRK), knots tied under tension (TK) and knots laid without appropriate hand crossing (NHCK). Each knot technique was performed reproducibly, and tested by distraction with increasing force, till each material broke or the knot separated completely.

Setting

Temporary knot tying laboratory.

Materials

The suture materials were, 2/0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), 3/0 polydioxanone, 4/0 poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl) and 1 nylon (Ethilon).

Participants

Three groups comprised, a senior surgeon, a resident surgeon and three medical students.

Outcome measures

Proportion of each knot type that slipped, degree of slippage and length of suture held in loop secured by each knot type.

Results

20% of FRK tied with all suture materials slipped; all knots tied with the other two techniques, with all materials, slipped, TK (100%) and NHCK (100%). The quantitative degree of slip was significantly less for FRK (mean 6.3%–, 95% CI 2.2% to 10.4%) than for TK (mean 312%, 95% CI 280.0% to 344.0%) and NHCK (mean 113.0%, –95% CI 94.3% to 131.0%).

The mean length of suture in loops held within (FRK mean 25.1 mm 95% CI 24.2 to 26.0 mm) was significantly greater than mean lengths held by the other techniques (TK mean 17.0 mm, 95% CI 16.3 to 17.7 mm), (NHCK mean 16.3 mm, 95% CI 15.9 to 16.7 mm). The latter two types of knot may have tightened more than anticipated, in comparison to FRK, with potential undue tissue tension.

Conclusion

Meticulous technique of knot tying is essential for secure knots, appropriate tissue tension and the security of anastomoses and haemostasis effected.
Allergic diseases influence symptom severity and T lymphocyte subgroups of children with tic disorders
Authors: Liu Xiumei , Wang Xueming , Zhang Xiaoling , Cao Ai hua
Published: July 2021

Tic disorders (TD) are childhood-onset neurological disorders. Immune system dysregulation has been postulated to play a role in TD, and its mechanisms likely involve dysfunctional neural-immune cross-talk, which ultimately leads to altered maturation of the brain pathways that control different TD clinical manifestations and behavioral and emotional damages. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between TD and allergies and overactive immune responses at a systemic level. In this study, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale was taken as a global measure of tic severity. Compared with the control group, the group of children with TD plus allergic diseases displayed significantly increased Yale total scores (p<0.05), which suggests that children with TD plus allergic diseases have heavier tic symptoms. Both motor and vocal tic scores are higher in the group of children with TD plus allergy compared with the control group. We counted immune cell subpopulations using FACS. T lymphocyte subset comparison of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD4:CD8 expression ratios revealed that the level of CD3, CD4, and CD4:CD8 in children with TD plus allergic diseases was significantly lower than those of children with TD without allergic diseases. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) and suggest that children with TD plus allergic diseases have imbalanced T lymphocyte subsets. We concluded that allergy increased the severity of TD through an imbalance in cellular immunity. Studies need to be done to show whether treatment of allergic symptoms leads to a decrease in TD manifestations.
Role of zeolite content in Ni-Mo/β-USY zeolite catalyst on hydrocracking of n-hexadecane and vacuum gas oil in a batch reactor and a fixed-bed reactor
Authors: Hadi M. , Bozorgzadeh H.R. , Aghabozorg H.R. , Ghasemi M.R.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, different materials that involved amorphous silica–alumina and hydrothermally synthesized beta zeolite and treated Y zeolite (USY) were introduced as parts of the hydrocracking catalyst supports. The prepared supports were used for preparation of Ni-Mo/silica alumina–zeolite catalysts by wetness impregnation method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and field emission – scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM) methods. Effect of zeolite type and content on hydrocracking of n-hexadecane and vacuum gas oil in a batch and a fixed-bed reactor was investigated. Also, the content of coke formed after reaction was measured by thermal gravimetric methods (TGA). Hydrocracking was done at 400 °C and 55 bar. The hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil results showed that in the Ni-Mo/10B-30USY catalyst containing higher USY zeolite with high total acidity, selectivity to middle distillate was higher than the other (90%). Moreover, the Ni-Mo/10B-30USY catalyst in hydrocracking of n-hexadecane had a higher yield (82%) and was more selective to heavier products (C9–C12). The findings indicated that in the Ni-Mo/10B-30USY catalyst, coke content was more than the other due to high acidity.
Central East and NE Greenland Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element, East Greenland Rifted Margin, Greenland Sea
Authors: Fyhn Michael B. W. , Alsen Peter , Bjerager Morten B. , Bojesen-Koefoed Jørgen A. , Christiansen Flemming G. , Guarnieri Pierpaolo G. , Hovikoski Jussi H. , Ineson Jon , Japsen Peter , Knutz Paul , Nielsen Lars Henrik , Nøhr-Hansen Henrik , Piasecki Stefan , Therkelsen Jens , Vosgerau Henrik
Published: July 2021

The Devonian–lower Eocene Central East and NE Greenland Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element (CTSE) is a part of the NE Atlantic rift system. The East and NE Greenland geology is therefore analogous to that of the prolific basins on the conjugate Atlantic margin and in the North Sea in many respects. Nonetheless, hydrocarbon discoveries remain. The presence of world-class source rocks, reservoirs and seals, together with large structures, may suggest an East and NE Greenland petroleum potential, however. The CTSE was established through Devonian–Carboniferous, Permian–Triassic and Jurassic–Cretaceous rifting interspersed by periods of uplift and post-rift sagging. Subsequently, Paleocene–Eocene magma-rich rifting accompanied the NE Atlantic break-up. Depositional environments through time varied in response to the changing tectonism and climate. Non-marine deposition dominated until the end of the Triassic, only interrupted by marine sedimentation during Late Permian–Early Triassic times. Subsequently, marine conditions prevailed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. A volumetric series of basalt erupted over most of the CTSE during the latest Paleocene–early Eocene following a significant latest Cretaceous–Paleocene regression, uplift and erosion event. Since the Eocene, denudation pulses have removed much of these basalts and uniquely exposed the up to 17 km-thick strata of the CTSE.
Quantification of solubility trapping in natural and engineered CO
2
reservoirs
Authors: Leslie Rory , Cavanagh Andrew J. , Haszeldine R. Stuart , Johnson Gareth , Gilfillan Stuart M. V.
Published: July 2021

Secure retention of CO
2
in geological reservoirs is essential for effective storage. Solubility trapping, the dissolution of CO
2
into formation water, is a major sink on geological timescales in natural CO
2
reservoirs. Observations during CO
2
injection, combined with models of CO
2
reservoirs, indicate the immediate onset of solubility trapping. There is uncertainty regarding the evolution of dissolution rates between the observable engineered timescale of years and decades, and the >10 kyr state represented by natural CO
2
reservoirs. A small number of studies have constrained dissolution rates within natural analogues. The studies show that solubility trapping is the principal storage mechanism after structural trapping, removing 10–50% of CO
2
across whole reservoirs. Natural analogues, engineered reservoirs and model studies produce a wide range of estimates on the fraction of CO
2
dissolved and the dissolution rate. Analogue and engineered reservoirs do not show the high fractions of dissolved CO
2
seen in several models. Evidence from natural analogues supports a model of most dissolution occurring during emplacement and migration, before the establishment of a stable gas–water contact. A rapid decline in CO
2
dissolution rate over time suggests that analogue reservoirs are in dissolution equilibrium for most of the CO
2
residence time.

Supplementary
material:
Dissolution rate for all plots and exponential function curves for scenarios A and B are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5476199

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Geoscience for CO
2
storage collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/geoscience-for-co2-storage
A Unified Model for Context-Sensitive Program Analyses:
Authors: Jaiswal Swati , Khedker Uday P. , Mycroft Alan
Published: July 2021

Context-sensitive methods of program analysis increase the precision of interprocedural analysis by achieving the effect of call inlining. These methods have been defined using different formalisms and hence appear as algorithms that are very different from each other. Some methods traverse a call graph top-down, whereas some others traverse it bottom-up first and then top-down. Some define contexts explicitly, whereas some do not. Some of them directly compute data flow values, while some first compute summary functions and then use them to compute data flow values. Further, different methods place different kinds of restrictions on the data flow frameworks supported by them. As a consequence, it is difficult to compare the ideas behind these methods in spite of the fact that they solve essentially the same problem. We argue that these incomparable views are similar to those of blind men describing an elephant, called context sensitivity, and make it difficult for a non-expert reader to form a coherent picture of context-sensitive data flow analysis.

We bring out this whole-elephant view of context sensitivity in program analysis by proposing a unified model of context sensitivity that provides a clean separation between computation of contexts and computation of data flow values. Our model captures the essence of context sensitivity and defines simple soundness and precision criteria for context-sensitive methods. It facilitates declarative specifications of context-sensitive methods, insightful comparisons between them, and reasoning about their soundness and precision. We demonstrate this by instantiating our model to many known context-sensitive methods.
A Patent Application for NEXTGEN Flood Early Warning System
Authors: Soden Robert , LaLone Nicolas James , Dailey Dharma
Published: July 2021

This design fiction re-imagines an important informational element of the flood early warning system in order to unpack some of the questionable assumptions that society makes about disaster. In presenting an updated, ironic, vision of an alternative system, we highlight some of the ways that received ideas about the root causes of disaster, who is responsible for public safety, and the role of private sector innovation, are so embedded in the design of technologies used in crisis management that they have become taken for granted. This work demonstrates the potential for design fiction to serve as a tool in the evaluation and critique of safety-critical information systems and as a communication tool for conveying the complex findings of disaster research. It also points to new avenues of exploration for crisis informatics work on public warning systems.
Can Workplace Tracking Ever Empower? Collective Sensemaking for the Responsible Use of Sensor Data at Work
Authors: Holten Møller Naja , Neff Gina , Simonsen Jakob Grue , Villumsen Jonas Christoffer , Bjørn Pernille
Published: July 2021

People are increasingly subject to the tracking of data about them at their workplaces. Sensor tracking is used by organizations to generate data on the movement and interaction of their employees to monitor and manage workers, and yet this data also poses significant risks to individual employees who may face harms from such data, and from data errors, to their job security or pay as a result of such analyses. Working with a large hospital, we developed a set of intervention strategies to enable what we call "collective sensemaking" describing worker contestation of sensor tracking data. We did this by participating in the sensor data science team, analyzing data on badges that employees wore over a two-week period, and then bringing the results back to the employees through a series of participatory workshops. We found three key aspects of collective sensemaking important for understanding data from the perspectives of stakeholders: 1) data shadows for tempering possibilities for design with the realities of data tracking; 2) data transducers for converting our assumptions about sensor tracking, and 3) data power for eliciting worker inclusivity and participation. We argue that researchers face what Dourish (2019) called the "legitimacy trap" when designing with large datasets and that research about work should commit to complementing data-driven studies with in-depth insights to make them useful for all stakeholders as a corrective to the underlying power imbalance that tracked workers face.
Biomedical Applications of Metal 3D Printing
Authors: Velásquez-García Luis Fernando , Kornbluth Yosef
Published: July 2021

Additive manufacturing's attributes include print customization, low per-unit cost for small- to mid-batch production, seamless interfacing with mainstream medical 3D imaging techniques, and feasibility to create free-form objects in materials that are biocompatible and biodegradable. Consequently, additive manufacturing is apposite for a wide range of biomedical applications including custom biocompatible implants that mimic the mechanical response of bone, biodegradable scaffolds with engineered degradation rate, medical surgical tools, and biomedical instrumentation. This review surveys the materials, 3D printing methods and technologies, and biomedical applications of metal 3D printing, providing a historical perspective while focusing on the state of the art. It then identifies a number of exciting directions of future growth: ( a) the improvement of mainstream additive manufacturing methods and associated feedstock; ( b) the exploration of mature, less utilized metal 3D printing techniques; ( c) the optimization of additively manufactured load-bearing structures via artificial intelligence; and ( d) the creation of monolithic, multimaterial, finely featured, multifunctional implants.
[Retracted] Experimental Study of Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Graphite‐Filled UJF Composite
Authors: Reddy K. Manohar , Vardhan D. Harsha , Reddy Y. Santhosh Kumar , Raghavendra Gujjala , Rudrapati Ramesh
Published: July 2021

The advancement of composites mixed with natural fibers and with fillers has become the most supportable alternative material for engineering applications, especially in industries such as automotive and aerospace. Natural fibers are renewable, cheap, biodegradable, and ecological materials. In the present work, already used woven jute fibers, which are extracted from gunny bags with the same grams per square meter (GSM), were used, and then, woven jute fibers were chemically treated to improve their characteristics. Graphite powder‐filled used jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite (UJF) are prepared by using the hand‐layup technique. Tests such as tensile, flexure, impact, and thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted. These tests were according to ASTM standards to evaluate the effect of graphite filler content on hybrid epoxy jute composites. The composite material is prepared by changing the content by weight of the filler by 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The experimental results reveal that 6% of the graphite composites showed the maximum tensile strength and modulus. With the increase in the filler content, there is a decrease in the flexural properties. The impact resistance increases slightly up to 6% of the filler content. The study of thermal decomposition showed that the lowest mass loss was found at 9% by weight of the filler content. Morphological analysis performed by FE‐SEM showed that the addition of filler content improved the binding of the fiber and matrix up to 6% by weight of the filler content. It should be noted that these hybrid composites are a promising material at low cost for lightweight structural applications.
[Retracted] Determination of Bridge Prestress Loss under Fatigue Load Based on PSO‐BP Neural Network
Authors: Wang Yongguang
Published: July 2021

During the service period of a prestressed concrete bridge, as the number of cyclic loads increases, cumulative fatigue damage and prestress loss will occur inside the structure, which will affect the safety, durability, and service life of the structure. Based on this, this paper studies the loss of bridge prestress under fatigue load. First, the relationship between the prestress loss of the prestressed tendons and the residual deflection of the test beam is analyzed. Based on the test results and the main influencing factors of fatigue and creep, a concrete fatigue and creep calculation model is proposed; then, based on the static cracking check calculation method and POS‐BP neural network algorithm, a prestressed concrete beam fatigue cracking check model under repeated loads is proposed. Finally, the mechanical performance of the prestressed concrete beam after fatigue loading is analyzed, and the influence of the fatigue load on the bearing capacity of the prestressed concrete beam is explored. The results show that the bridge prestress loss characterization model based on the POS‐BP neural network algorithm has the advantages of high calculation efficiency and strong applicability.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Differential Diagnosis of Meningiomas Using ANOVA
Authors: Liu Jinhuan , Chen Jun , Zha Yunfei , Huang Yabin , Zeng Feifei
Published: July 2021

This work explored the diagnostic value of different subtypes of meningiomas under T2WI low signal based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the expression differences of Ki67, VEGF, and P73 in different subtypes were analyzed. 67 patients with meningioma confirmed surgically and pathologically in hospital were selected as the research subjects, whose pathological classification occurs with obvious low signal on T2WI. First, the age distribution of the subjects and the distribution of different subtypes were counted. Then, ANOVA was adopted to analyze the MRI imaging signs of patients with different subtypes of meningioma. Finally, the differences of Ki67, VEGF, and P73 proteins and mRNA expression levels in different subtypes were detected via immunohistochemical assay and qPCR. The results showed that the proportion of patients with transitional meningioma was the most, which was 43.28%, while the proportion of patients with meningeal melanoma was the least, which was 7.46%. In patients with transitional meningioma, the MRI images showed mixed signals in different layers. Fibrous MRI images showed hyalinosis and calcification of collagen fibers in the tumor, with low T2WI signal. Sand-shape MRI images showed double low signals. MRI images of meningeal melanoma showed high signal on T1-weighted Imaging (T1WI) and low signal on T2WI. The protein expression and mRNA levels of Ki67 and P73 in transitional meningioma were evidently higher in contrast to those in fibrous meningioma (

P
<
0.05

). The expression level of VEGF protein and mRNA in meningeal melanoma were notably higher in contrast to those in fibro meningioma (

P
<
0.05

). It was revealed that the MRI images of the four subtypes of meningiomas under ANOVA-based T2WI low signal were quite different, and the expressions of Ki67, P73, and VEGF in different subtypes had significant differences. This work provided a reference basis for the preoperative diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of meningiomas.
Hair Cell Protection from Ototoxic Drugs
Authors: Wu Peng , Wu Xianmin , Zhang Chunhong , Chen Xiaoyun , Huang Yideng , Li He
Published: July 2021

Hearing loss is often caused by death of sensory hair cells (HCs) in the inner ear. HCs are vulnerable to some ototoxic drugs, such as aminoglycosides(AGs) and the cisplatin.The most predominant form of drug-induced cell death is apoptosis. Many efforts have been made to protect HCs from cell death after ototoxic drug exposure. These mechanisms and potential targets of HCs protection will be discussed in this review.And we also propose further investigation in the field of HCs necrosis and regeneration, as well as future clinical utilization.
Analysis of Liquid Crystal Tunable Thin-Film Optical Filters Using Signal Flow Graph Technique
Authors: Athamneh Abedalgany , Alboon Shadi A.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a liquid crystal tunable thin-film optical bandpass filter is studied and analyzed using the signal flow graph technique. This paper investigates an exact form for calculating the transmission coefficients, reflection coefficients, and the transmission intensity of the filter. The simulation results show the filter performance and the channel shape profile. In addition, the results show the tuning capability of the filter. The signal flow graph technique provides an attractive method for analyzing the thin-film optical filters since it overcomes the difficulty of the refractive index concept in extending to optical applications. Moreover, it simplifies the filter analysis and design process.
Coronary Artery Disease: Association Study of 5 Loci with Angiographic Indices of Disease Severity
Authors: Bogari Neda M. , Allam Reem M. , Bouazzaoui Abdellatif , Elkhateeb Osama , Porqueddu Massimo , Colombo Gualtiero I.
Published: July 2021

Background. Different common gene variants were related to coronary artery disease (CAD) in many studies. Yet, the relation of these loci to the severity of CAD is not completely elucidated. Methods. We enrolled 520 subjects (315 CAD cases and 205 controls). CAD presence and extension were assessed by coronary angiography (CAG). Genotyping of five SNPs (namely, rs2230806 (1051G > A) in ABCA1 on chromosome 9, rs2075291 (553G > T) in ApoA5 on chromosome 11, rs320 in LPL on chromosome 8 intron (T → G at position 481), rs10757278 (c.22114477A > G), and rs2383206 (c.22115026 A > G) on chromosome 9p21 locus) was performed by allele-specific PCR. The degree and site of arterial lesions were used to classify patients, tested for association with CAD severity, and related to allele dosage. Results. The polymorphisms rs2383206 and rs10757278 showed significant associations with 2- and 3-vessel coronary disease (p =0.003 and 0.006, respectively). The homozygous GG genotypes of rs10757278 was associated with higher frequency of left anterior descending (LAD), right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex (LCX) diseases (p =0.002, 0.016 and 0.002, respectively). The GG genotypes of rs2383206 were found in higher percentage in patients with left main (LM) trunk and left circumflex (LCX) diseases (

p
=
0.013

and 0.002, respectively). Conclusion. SNPs rs10757278 and rs2383206 allele dosage could predict CAD severity in the Saudi Arab population.
Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Improved Insulin Resistance via Alteration of the Human Gut Microbiome and Alleviation of Endotoxemia
Authors: Shi Qiping , Wang Qian , Zhong Hui , Li Dehai , Yu Shuxing , Yang Hengwen , Wang Cunchuan , Yin Zhinan
Published: July 2021

Background. Obesity is a main contributing factor for the development of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is believed to be one of the most effective treatments to reduce body weight and improve glucose metabolism. In this study, we sought to explore the underlying mechanisms of weight reduction and insulin resistance improvement after RYGB. Methods. This was a prospective observational study using consecutive samples of 14 obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. Main assessments were serum indexes (blood metabolites, glucose‐lipid regulating hormones, trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO), and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP), fecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota. Correlation analysis of the factors changed by RYGB was used to indicate the potential mechanism by which surgery improves insulin resistance. Results. The subjects showed significant improvement on indices of obesity and insulin resistance and a correlated change of gut microbiota components at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months post‐RYGB operation. In particular, the abundance of a counterobese strain, Akkemansia muciniphila, had gradually increased with the postoperative time. Moreover, these changes were negatively correlated to serum levels of LBP and positively correlated to serum TMAO and fecal SCFAs. Conclusions. Our findings uncovered links between intestinal microbiota alterations, circulating endotoxemia, and insulin resistance. This suggests that the underlying mechanism of protection of the intestine by RYGB in obesity may be through changing the gut microbiota.