bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Glucose Transporter mRNAs in Endometrial Stromal Cells Reveals Critical Role of GLUT1 in Uterine Receptivity
Authors: Frolova Antonina I. , Moley Kelle H.
Published: February 2011

Recurrent miscarriages affect about 1–2% of couples trying to conceive; however, mechanisms leading to this complication are largely unknown. Most studies focus on the early embryo, but proper development and implantation of the blastocyst are also dependent on optimal endometrial progression into a receptive state. One of the key steps in the uterine preparation for embryo receptivity, known as decidualization, is the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into decidual cells. During this transition, the ESCs undergo a drastic change in glucose metabolism. The efficiency of glucose uptake is determined by a family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), and many have been identified in the stroma. The primary focus of this work was to quantify the absolute amount of GLUT mRNAs in this cell type before and after decidualization. We used primary ESCs isolated from murine and human uteri. We developed and validated cDNA-based calibration curves for each GLUT and used these primers to arrive at absolute mRNA copy numbers. Here, we report all the GLUT mRNAs that are present in the ESCs and their abundance under both conditions, control and decidualized. GLUT1 mRNA is the most abundant and critical transporter in ESCs of both species, because knocking down this GLUT with sort hairpin RNA leads to dramatically reduced decidualization. These findings suggest that GLUT1 mRNA expression is essential for decidualization and we are the first to determine a possible mechanism to explain how maternal conditions of abnormal glucose utilization may impair implantation at the level of the ESCs.
Cdx mediates neural tube closure through transcriptional regulation of the planar cell polarity gene Ptk7
Authors: Savory Joanne G. A. , Mansfield Melissa , Rijli Filippo M. , Lohnes David
Published: February 2011

The vertebrate Cdx genes (Cdx1, Cdx2 and Cdx4) encode homeodomain transcription factors with well-established roles in anteroposterior patterning. To circumvent the peri-implantation lethality inherent to Cdx2 loss of function, we previously used the Cre-loxP system to ablate Cdx2 at post-implantation stages and confirmed a crucial role for Cdx2 function in events related to axial extension. As considerable data suggest that the Cdx family members functionally overlap, we extended this analysis to assess the consequence of concomitant loss of both Cdx1 and Cdx2. Here, we report that Cdx1-Cdx2 double mutants exhibit a severely truncated anteroposterior axis. In addition, these double mutants exhibit fused somites, a widened mediolateral axis and craniorachischisis, a severe form of neural tube defect in which early neurulation fails and the neural tube remains open. These defects are typically associated with deficits in planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in vertebrates. Consistent with this, we found that expression of Ptk7, which encodes a gene involved in PCP, is markedly reduced in Cdx1-Cdx2 double mutants, and is a candidate Cdx target. Genetic interaction between Cdx mutants and a mutant allele of Scrib, a gene involved in PCP signaling, is suggestive of a role for Cdx signaling in the PCP pathway. These findings illustrate a novel and pivotal role for Cdx function upstream of Ptk7 and neural tube closure in vertebrates.
Independent roles of Fgfr2 and Frs2α in ureteric epithelium
Authors: Sims-Lucas Sunder , Cusack Brian , Eswarakumar Veraragavan P. , Zhang Jue , Wang Fen , Bates Carlton M.
Published: February 2011

Mice with conditional deletion of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) in the ureteric bud using a Hoxb7cre line (Fgfr2UB−/−) develop severe ureteric branching defects; however, ureteric deletion of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α (Frs2α), a key docking protein that transmits fibroblast growth factor receptor intracellular signaling (Frs2αUB−/−) leads to mild ureteric defects. Mice with point mutations in the Frs2α binding site of Fgfr2 (Fgfr2LR/LR) have normal kidneys. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Fgfr2 and Frs2α in the ureteric lineage. Mice with ureteric deletion of both Fgfr2 and Frs2α (Fgfr2/Frs2αUB-/) were compared with Frs2αUB−/− and Fgfr2UB−/− mice. To avoid potential rescue of Fgfr1 forming heterodimers with Fgfr2LR alleles to recruit Frs2α, compound mutant mice were generated with ureteric deletion of Fgfr1 and with Fgfr2LR/LR point mutations (Fgfr1UB−/−Fgfr2LR/LR). At E13.5, three-dimensional reconstructions and histological assessment showed that, whereas Fgfr2UB−/− kidneys had more severe ureteric branching defects than Frs2αUB−/−, Fgfr2UB−/− kidneys were indistinguishable from Fgfr2/Frs2αUB−/−. At later stages, however, Fgfr2/Frs2αUB−/− kidneys were more severely affected than either Fgfr2UB−/− or Frs2αUB−/− kidneys. Taken together, although Fgfr2 and Frs2α have crucial roles in the ureteric lineage, they appear to act separately and additively.
CRF and urotensin I effects on aggression and anxiety-like behavior in rainbow trout
Authors: Backström Tobias , Pettersson Andreas , Johansson Viktoria , Winberg Svante
Published: February 2011

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is central in the stress response but also modulates several behaviors including anxiety-related behaviors and aggression. In this study, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were tested for competitive ability, determined during dyadic fights for dominance, after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of CRF, urotensin I (UI), the non-specific CRF antagonist α-helical RF9-41 (ahCRF) or the CRF receptor subtype 1-specific antagonist antalarmin, when paired with a mass-matched con-specific injected with saline. In addition, isolated fish received the same substances. Plasma cortisol and brain monoamines were monitored in all fish. Most fish receiving CRF showed a conspicuous behavior consisting of flaring the opercula, opening the mouth and violent shaking of the head from side to side. When this occurred, the fish immediately forfeited the fight. Similar behavior was observed in most fish receiving UI but no effect on outcome of dyadic fights was noted. This behavior seems similar to non-ambulatory motor activity seen in rats and could be anxiety related. Furthermore, fish receiving CRF at a dose of 1000 ng became subordinate, whereas all other treatments had no effects on the outcome of dyadic fights. In addition, isolated fish receiving ahCRF had lower brain stem concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine. In conclusion, CRF seems to attenuate competitive ability, and both CRF and UI seem to induce anxiety-like behavior.
Non-wetting wings and legs of the cranefly aided by fine structures of the cuticle
Authors: Hu Hsuan-Ming S. , Watson Gregory S. , Cribb Bronwen W. , Watson Jolanta A.
Published: February 2011

Non-wetting surfaces are imperative to the survival of terrestrial and semi-aquatic insects as they afford resistance to wetting by rain and other liquid surfaces that insects may encounter. Thus, there is an evolutionary pay-off for these insects to adopt hydrophobic technologies, especially on contacting surfaces such as legs and wings. The cranefly is a weak flier, with many species typically found in wet/moist environments where they lay eggs. Water droplets placed on this insect's wings will spontaneously roll off the surface. In addition, the insect can stand on water bodies without its legs penetrating the water surface. The legs and wings of this insect possess thousands of tiny hairs with intricate surface topographies comprising a series of ridges running longitudinally along the long axis of the hair fibre. Here we demonstrate that this fine hair structure enhances the ability of the hairs to resist penetration into water bodies.
Effect of slope and sciatic nerve injury on ankle muscle recruitment and hindlimb kinematics during walking in the rat
Authors: Sabatier Manning J. , To Bao Ngoc , Nicolini Jennifer , English Arthur W.
Published: February 2011

Slope-related differences in hindlimb movements and activation of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were studied during treadmill locomotion in intact rats and in rats 4 and 10 weeks following transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve. In intact rats, the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were activated reciprocally at all slopes, and the overall intensity of activity in tibialis anterior and the mid-step activity in soleus increased with increasing slope. Based on the results of principal components analysis, the pattern of activation of soleus, but not of tibialis anterior, changed significantly with slope. Slope-related differences in hindlimb kinematics were found in intact rats, and these correlated well with the demands of walking up or down slopes. Following recovery from sciatic nerve injury, the soleus and tibialis anterior were co-activated throughout much of the step cycle and there was no difference in intensity or pattern of activation with slope for either muscle. Unlike intact rats, these animals walked with their feet flat on the treadmill belt through most of the stance phase. Even so, during downslope walking limb length and limb orientation throughout the step cycle were not significantly changed from values found in intact rats. This conservation of hindlimb kinematics was not observed during level or upslope walking. These findings are interpreted as evidence that the recovering animals adopt a novel locomotor strategy that involves stiffening of the ankle joint by antagonist co-activation and compensation at more proximal joints. Their movements are most suitable to the requirements of downslope walking but the recovering rats lack the ability to adapt to the demands of level or upslope walking.
Effects of body mass on physiological and anatomical parameters of mature salmon: evidence against a universal heart rate scaling exponent
Authors: Clark Timothy Darren , Farrell Anthony P.
Published: February 2011

The influence of body mass (Mb) on the physiology of large, adult fish is poorly understood, in part because of the logistical difficulties of studying large individuals. For the first time, this study quantified the influence of Mb on the resting heart rate (fH), blood properties and organ masses of adults of a large-growing fish species, the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Surgically implanted biologgers measured fH and acceleration activity in sexually mature, male fish ranging in Mb from 2.7 to 16.8 kg while they roamed freely in a controlled water body at ∼8°C. Blood parameters (at surgery and at death) and body organ masses (at death) were measured to investigate interrelationships with Mb. The scaling exponents for both fH and acceleration activity were not significantly different from zero. The lack of scaling of fH with Mb contrasts with the situation for birds and mammals. All blood parameters were independent of Mb, while the masses of the compact myocardium, ventricle and spleen each scaled near-isometrically with Mb. These data raise the possibility that blood oxygen carrying capacity, mass-specific cardiac output and cardiac power output are maintained across Mb in adult Chinook salmon. Biologging and biotelemetry should advance investigations into the effects of Mb on the physiology and behaviour of large fish, where current knowledge lags far behind that of birds and mammals.
Development of a Practical Synthetic Method for N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl α-Ketimino Esters
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Yamamoto Kumiko , Maruoka Keiji
Published: February 2011

Despite the potential synthetic utility of N-Boc α-ketimino esters as prochiral ketimines to give chiral α-tertiary amines, there has been no general method to access these molecules in a practical fashion. We report herein a procedure for the one-step synthesis of N-Boc α-ketimino esters starting from the corresponding α-keto esters.
The search for neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease with advanced MRI techniques
Authors: Li Tie-Qiang , Wahlund Lars-Olof
Published: February 2011

The aim of this review is to examine the recent literature on using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for finding neuroimaging biomarkers that are sensitive to the detection of risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since structural MRI techniques, such as brain structural volumetry and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), have been widely used for AD studies and extensively reviewed, we will only briefly touch on the topics of volumetry and morphometry. The focus of the current review is about the more recent developments in the search for AD neuroimaging biomarkers with functional MRI (fMRI), resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin-labeling (ASL), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).
MDCT abnormalities of small- and medium-sized bronchus in active tuberculosis: a new angle on an old disease
Authors: Oh Jin Kyoung , Ahn Myeong Im , Jung Jung Im , Kim Young Kyoon , Oh Eun-Jee , Park Yeon-Joon , Han Dae Hee
Published: February 2011

Background

The incidence and findings of tuberculous invasion of the peripheral bronchus have not been fully investigated with MDCT.

Purpose

To evaluate the prevalence and findings of MDCT abnormalities of small- and medium-sized bronchus (SMB) in active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).

Material and Methods

Using multiplanar reformation, 35 consecutive MDCT scans (follow-up exams available in 14 patients with a mean interval of 8.1 months) were assessed for following abnormalities of SMB: bronchial impaction (BI), wall thickening, dilatation, peribronchial cuff of soft tissue, and bronchocavitary fistula. It was also assessed whether tree-in-buds (TIB) have a tendency to distribute in the territories of diseased SMB, and whether SMB abnormalities are present in patients with relatively mild disease.

Results

SMB abnormalities were observed in 23 (65.7%) patients with active TB. The most frequent finding was wall thickening ( n = 18, 51.4%), followed by BI ( n = 13, 37.1%; zigzag-shaped in four), dilatation ( n = 11, 31.4%), amputated appearance of air column ( n = 11, 31.4%), peribronchial cuff of soft tissue ( n = 10, 28.6%), and bronchocavitary fistula ( n =8, 22.9%). TIB ( n = 29; absent in two patients with SMB) was mainly within ( n = 14) or close to ( n = 4) the territory of diseased SMB. Follow-up CT frequently showed improvement of wall thickening (11/12) and persistence of bronchial dilatation (11/13). SMB abnormality was present in all of six patients with mild disease.

Conclusion

MDCT shows that tuberculous invasion of the peripheral bronchus may be more frequent than previously thought, of which findings include wall thickening, BI, dilatation, amputated appearance of air column, peribronchial cuff of soft tissue and bronchocavitary fistula.
Imaging findings and accuracy of core needle biopsy in mucinous carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Bode MK , Rissanen T
Published: February 2011

Background

Diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma can be difficult due to its benign appearance on mammograms and ultrasonographic (US) images. In the light of the rather scarce literature, core needle biopsy (CNB) has proved useful in diagnosing mucinous lesions.

Purpose

To assess mammographic, US, and CNB findings of mucinous breast tumors and to correlate them with final histology obtained in therapeutic surgery.

Material and Methods

From 2000–2006, 25 mucinous carcinomas detected with CNB were surgically removed. The mammography, US, and CNB results were analyzed and correlated with final histology.

Results

Ninety-six percent of the mucinous carcinomas (24/25) were visible with US. All except two of the 24 tumors were solid masses. All the mixed-type lesions (group 2) were hypoechoic and had irregular or lobulated margins and heterogeous internal echotexture. The US features were more variable among the 14 pure mucinous carcinomas (group 1) and the six US visible mucinous carcinomas with cancerous cells outside the tumor (group 3). Fifty-seven percent of group 1 and 50% of group 3 tumors had clearly lobulated or irregular margins. Fifty-seven percent of group 1 and 67% of group 3 cancers were hypoechoic. A vast majority of these tumors had heterogenous echotexture. Seventy-one percent (17/24) of the lesions visible with US had posterior acoustic enhancement. Eighty percent (20/25) of the mucinous carcinomas were classified as BI-RADS 4 lesions in US. All the lesions with images available were visible on mammograms, where most of the tumors were seen as a high-density circumscribed lesion and classified as BI-RADS 4 lesions, while none were classified as BI-RADS 1, 2 or 5. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of CNB regarding mucinous carcinoma was 100%.

Conclusion

CNB was found to be a highly reliable diagnostic tool for diagnosing mucinous carcinoma in this selected material. US findings of pure mucinous carcinoma were variable, however, all reached BI-RADS 4 category. The presence of posterior acoustic enhancement beneath a solid breast lesion should raise suspicion of mucinous carcinoma. Most of the tumors appeared as BI-RADS 4 lesions in US and in mammography thus making both a useful tool for raising a suspicion of malignancy in mucinous cancers.
Combination of high-resolution and color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Ghasemi-Esfe Ahmad Reza , Khalilzadeh Omid , Mazloumi Mehdi , Vaziri-Bozorg Seyed Mehran , Niri Sanaz Ghaderi , Kahnouji Hossein , Rahmani Maryam
Published: February 2011

Background

Ultrasound has recently emerged as a diagnostic tool in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Purpose

To evaluate the utility of a combination of high-resolution and color Doppler ultrasound as an alternative to electrodiagnostic tests (EDT), in CTS diagnosis, and to define an ultrasonographic prediction model for CTS.

Material and Methods

A total of 85 patients with certain clinical diagnosis of CTS and 49 healthy controls were enrolled. High-resolution and color Doppler ultrasound were performed and the cross-sectional area (CSA), hypoechogenicity, and hypervascularity of the median nerve were evaluated. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off point of median nerve CSA in diagnosis of CTS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to formulate a prediction model for CTS.

Results

The optimal cut-off point of median CSA in wrist was 10.5 mm2. Hypervascularity (OR = 37.95), hypoechogenicity (OR = 12.30), and high CSA (OR = 34.79) of median nerve were significantly ( P < 0.001) higher in CTS patients than in controls. No significant difference was found between the sensitivity and specificity of EDT and any of the above indices in prediction of CTS. An ultrasonographic model for prediction of CTS, comprised hypervascularity and/or high CSA of median nerve, could predict the CTS probability between 87–99%. The sensitivity and specificity of this model (86% and 84%) was not different from EDT (80% and 84%).

Conclusion

A combination of high-resolution and color Doppler ultrasound can be used as a non-invasive alternative to EDT in diagnosis of CTS.
Effectiveness and safety of telemedical management in uncomplicated urinary tract infections
Authors: Blozik Eva , Sommer-Meyer Carsten , Cerezo Manuela , von Overbeck Jan
Published: February 2011

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UUTI) in women are frequent reasons for consultations in general practice. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of telemedical management at a telemedicine centre in Switzerland. Management followed evidence-based protocols, including teleprescription of an antibiotic. Consecutive UUTI patients who had a teleconsultation including the prescription of an antibiotic were followed up three days later about symptom relief, adverse events or the need to visit a doctor. Of a total of 526 eligible women, follow-up information was available for 95%. Three days after teleconsultation, 79% of patients reported complete symptom relief, and 92% reported a reduction of UUTI symptoms. Five percent of patients reported deterioration, e.g. due to an increase of pain, flank pain or fever. Four percent reported side-effects of the prescribed antibiotics. In the three days following teleconsultation, 4% of women consulted another health-care provider without further contacting the telemedicine centre. Another 8% of patients were referred to face-to-face consultation because they developed additional symptoms or because bacterial resistance of the prescribed antibiotic was suspected. Compared to data from the literature on UUTI, evidence-based telemedical management including teleprescription of an antibiotic is as safe and effective as prescriptions initiated by a face-to-face consultation.
Caller satisfaction with the Cannabis Information and Helpline
Authors: Gates Peter , Copeland Jan , Norberg Melissa , Digiusto Erol
Published: February 2011

We assessed caller satisfaction with an illicit drug helpline in Australia (the Cannabis Information and Helpline, CIH). A 10-min telephone interview was conducted with 200 volunteers who called the service during 2009 (121 called regarding themselves and 79 called regarding another person's cannabis use). Callers were a mean of 43 years of age and typically female (59%). Callers showed high levels of satisfaction with the service: the mean CSQ-8 score was 28.2 (SD = 4.3). Participants who found the service easy to access and those who felt their needs were met reported the highest satisfaction. A linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the significant predictors of participants' satisfaction with the CIH. The ease with which the participant was able to get through to a counsellor (standardized beta = 2.37, P < 0.02) and whether the participant felt that all their needs were met (standardized beta = −4.26, P < 0.001) were the only significant predictors of total satisfaction with the call. Despite the recognition that telephone services are possibly the easiest health-care service to access, ensuring consistent availability and accessibility remains paramount although not easy.
Effect of life history on microRNA expression during C. elegans development
Authors: Karp Xantha , Hammell Molly , Ow Maria C. , Ambros Victor
Published: February 2011

Animals have evolved mechanisms to ensure the robustness of developmental outcomes to changing environments. MicroRNA expression may contribute to developmental robustness because microRNAs are key post-transcriptional regulators of developmental gene expression and can affect the expression of multiple target genes. Caenorhabditis elegans provides an excellent model to study developmental responses to environmental conditions. In favorable environments, C. elegans larvae develop rapidly and continuously through four larval stages. In contrast, in unfavorable conditions, larval development may be interrupted at either of two diapause stages: The L1 diapause occurs when embryos hatch in the absence of food, and the dauer diapause occurs after the second larval stage in response to environmental stimuli encountered during the first two larval stages. Dauer larvae are stress resistant and long lived, permitting survival in harsh conditions. When environmental conditions improve, dauer larvae re-enter development, and progress through two post-dauer larval stages to adulthood. Strikingly, all of these life history options (whether continuous or interrupted) involve an identical pattern and sequence of cell division and cell fates. To identify microRNAs with potential functions in buffering development in the context of C. elegans life history options, we used multiplex real-time PCR to assess the expression of 107 microRNAs throughout development in both continuous and interrupted life histories. We identified 17 microRNAs whose developmental profile of expression is affected by dauer life history and/or L1 diapause, compared to continuous development. Hence these microRNAs could function to regulate gene expression programs appropriate for different life history options in the developing worm.
Complex and dynamic landscape of RNA polyadenylation revealed by PAS-Seq
Authors: Shepard Peter J. , Choi Eun-A , Lu Jente , Flanagan Lisa A. , Hertel Klemens J. , Shi Yongsheng
Published: February 2011

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of mRNAs has emerged as an important mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation in higher eukaryotes. Although microarrays have recently been used to characterize APA globally, they have a number of serious limitations that prevents comprehensive and highly quantitative analysis. To better characterize APA and its regulation, we have developed a deep sequencing-based method called Poly(A) Site Sequencing (PAS-Seq) for quantitatively profiling RNA polyadenylation at the transcriptome level. PAS-Seq not only accurately and comprehensively identifies poly(A) junctions in mRNAs and noncoding RNAs, but also provides quantitative information on the relative abundance of polyadenylated RNAs. PAS-Seq analyses of human and mouse transcriptomes showed that 40%–50% of all expressed genes produce alternatively polyadenylated mRNAs. Furthermore, our study detected evolutionarily conserved polyadenylation of histone mRNAs and revealed novel features of mitochondrial RNA polyadenylation. Finally, PAS-Seq analyses of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, neural stem/progenitor (NSP) cells, and neurons not only identified more poly(A) sites than what was found in the entire mouse EST database, but also detected significant changes in the global APA profile that lead to lengthening of 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) in many mRNAs during stem cell differentiation. Together, our PAS-Seq analyses revealed a complex landscape of RNA polyadenylation in mammalian cells and the dynamic regulation of APA during stem cell differentiation.
Amyloid β (Aβ) and phospho-tau (p-tau) as diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Prvulovic David , Hampel Harald
Published: February 2011

A growing body of evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease resulting in the well-known, common neuropathological pathway characterized by extracellular fibrillar β amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the brain, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuronal as well as axonal degeneration. While fairly accurate, the clinical diagnosis of probable AD based on standard diagnostic criteria does not take into account the long preclinical and prodromal course of AD. AD-related pathophysiological changes can occur many years and even decades before the appearance of clinical dementia syndrome. Biomarkers that are related to the pathophysiology of AD may thus help detect the preclinical stages of disease, and improve early and differential diagnosis. Here, we provide an overview of current literature on the core AD biomarkers, Aβ and phosphor-tau (p-tau), on different methods and modalities of assessing them [e.g., cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and PET imaging], and on their diagnostic and predictive value in preclinical and clinical stages of AD.
Indirect reference intervals of plasma and serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations from intra-laboratory data bases from several German and Italian medical centres
Authors: Arzideh Farhad , Wosniok Werner , Haeckel Rainer
Published: February 2011

Background: The dogma of establishing intra-laboratory reference limits (RLs) and their periodic review cannot be fulfilled by most laboratories due to the expenses involved. Thus, most laboratories adopt external sources for their RLs, often neglecting the problems of transferability. This is particularly problematic for analytes with a large diversity of existing RLs, as for example thyrotropin (TSH). Several attempts were taken to derive RLs from the large data pools stored in modern laboratory information systems. These attempts were further developed to a more sophisticated indirect procedure. The new approach can be considered a combined concept because it pre-excludes some subjects by direct criteria a-posterior. In the current study, the applicability of the new concept for modern protein bindings assays was examined for estimating RLs of serum and plasma TSH with data sets from several German and Italian laboratories.

Methods: A smoothed kernel density function was estimated for the distribution of the total mixed data of the sample group (combined data of non-diseased and diseased subjects). It was assumed that the “central” part of the distribution of all data represents the non-diseased (“healthy”) population. The central part was defined by truncation points using an optimisation method, and was used to estimate a Gaussian distribution of the values of presumably non-diseased subjects after Box-Cox transformation of the empirical data. This distribution was now considered as the distribution of the non-diseased subgroup. The percentiles of this parametrical distribution were calculated to obtain RLs.

Results: RLs determined by the indirect combined decomposition technique led to similar RLs as found by several recent study reports using a direct method according to international recommendations. Furthermore, the RLs obtained from 13 laboratories in two different European regions re-flected the well-known differences of various analytical procedures. Stratification for gender and age was necessary in contrast to earlier reports. With increasing age, an increase of the upper RL and the reference range was observed. Hospitalisation also affected the RLs. Common RLs appeared acceptable only within the same analytical systems. Some laboratories used RLs which were not appropriate for the population served.

Conclusions: The proposed strategy of combining exclusion criteria with a resolution technique led to retrospective RLs from intra-laboratory data pools for TSH which were comparable with directly determined RLs. Differences between laboratories were due primarily to the well-known bias of the different analytical procedures and to the status of the population.
Quality Indicators in Laboratory Medicine: from theory to practice
Authors: Sciacovelli Laura , O’Kane Maurice , Skaik Younis Abdelwahab , Caciagli Patrizio , Pellegrini Cristina , Da Rin Giorgio , Ivanov Agnes , Ghys Timothy , Plebani Mario
Published: February 2011

Background: The adoption of Quality Indicators (QIs) has prompted the development of tools to measure and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of laboratory testing, first in the hospital setting and subsequently in ambulatory and other care settings. While Laboratory Medicine has an important role in the delivery of high-quality care, no consensus exists as yet on the use of QIs focussing on all steps of the laboratory total testing process (TTP), and further research in this area is required.

Methods: In order to reduce errors in laboratory testing, the IFCC Working Group on “Laboratory Errors and Patient Safety” (WG-LEPS) developed a series of Quality Indicators, specifically designed for clinical laboratories. In the first phase of the project, specific QIs for key processes of the TTP were identified, including all the pre-, intra- and post-analytic steps. The overall aim of the project is to create a common reporting system for clinical laboratories based on standardized data collection, and to define state-of-the-art and Quality Specifications (QSs) for each QI independent of: a) the size of organization and type of activities; b) the complexity of processes undertaken; and c) different degree of knowledge and ability of the staff. The aim of the present paper is to report the results collected from participating laboratories from February 2008 to December 2009 and to identify preliminary QSs.

Results and conclusions: The results demonstrate that a Model of Quality Indicators managed as an External Quality Assurance Program can serve as a tool to monitor and control the pre-, intra- and post-analytical activities. It might also allow clinical laboratories to identify risks that lead to errors resulting in patient harm: identification and design of practices that eliminate medical errors; the sharing of information and education of clinical and laboratory teams on practices that reduce or prevent errors; the monitoring and evaluation of improvement activities.
Isolation and characterization of the phenolic fractions of wood pyrolytic oil
Authors: Dobele Galina , Dizhbite Tatiana , Ponomarenko Jevgenija , Urbanovich Igor , Kreicberga Jana , Kampars Valdis
Published: February 2011

A fraction of pyrolytic oils (PyO) – obtained by fast pyrolysis of alder (Alnus incana), ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior) and aspen (Populus tremula) in a laboratory scale reactor – was precipitated in water. This hydrophobic moiety of PyO is called pyrolytic lignin (PyL). The composition of the volatile monomeric compounds of PyO and the PyL fraction was determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). It has been found that PyL has a high content of phenolic products (between 75% and 83%), which varies depending on the wood species. The antioxidant properties of the PyL fraction were studied and it was demonstrated that the antioxidant activity determined in different tests exceeded the corresponding activity of alkali lignin. The antioxidant properties of PyL are on the same level as those of the widely used antioxidants, such as rutin, trolox, curcumine, andtert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). A new method was developed for the extraction of a monomeric phenol fraction (Py-monPh) from PyO by means of the organic solvent methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE). The Py-monPh can be considered as a promising source of antioxidants.
Tribological Aspects of Carbon-Based Nanocoatings – Theory and Simulation
Authors: Kunze Tim , Gemming Sibylle , Posselt Matthias , Seifert Gotthard
Published: February 2011

Nanocoatings have the potential to improve the surface properties of various materials. They are of extreme importance for surfaces in sliding contact such as highly stressed engine parts. Here, nanocoatings have to be optimized with respect to low friction properties and a high wear resistance to enhance the energetic and environmental efficiency. An important example are diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, which exhibit high mechanical stability depending on their deposition process. We present an introduction to this field of tribology by giving a short overview on DLC films, on the influence of lubricants from a theoretical point of view and in a broader sense, on basic principles of modeling tribological processes with molecular dynamic methods.
Deep UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy with a Tunable 4 kHz Nanosecond Solid-State Laser and a 1 mL Circulating Free-Flow System
Authors: Bröermann Andreas , Schlücker Sebastian
Published: February 2011

Deep UVRR spectra of the aromatic amino acids Phe and Tyr in the wavenumber range 800–1800 cm−1 with λ
exc=195–208 nm exhibit a selective enhancement of signals arising from vibrations localized in the aromatic ring. For λ
exc>198 nm, the UVRR spectra of Phe and Tyr are dominated by contributions from the in-plane ring stretching modes ν
8a
and ν
8b
at ∼1600 cm−1. For λ
exc≤198 nm, intense signals from the symmetric ring stretching, in-plane C–H bending and phenyl–C stretching vibrations below 1400 cm−1 are observed. Excellent stray light rejection is achieved by a triple monochromator, which can be used either in the additive or subtractive mode for high-resolution and low-wavenumber measurements, respectively. A home-built circulating free-flow system allows the investigation of sample volumes as small as 1 mL.
Implication of the mineralocorticoid axis in rainbow trout osmoregulation during salinity acclimation
Authors: Kiilerich Pia , Milla Sylvain , Sturm Armin , Valotaire Claudiane , Chevolleau Sylvie , Giton Franck , Terrien Xavier , Fiet Jean , Fostier Alexis , Debrauwer Laurent , Prunet Patrick
Published: February 2011

Cortisol and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) play an important role in fish osmoregulation, whereas the involvement of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its putative ligand 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) is poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the implication of DOC and MR in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) osmoregulation during hypo- and hypersaline acclimation in parallel with the cortisol–GR system. A RIA for DOC was developed to measure plasma DOC levels, and a MR-specific antibody was developed to localize MR protein in the gill, intestine, and kidney. This is the first study to report DOC plasma levels during salinity change and MR localization in fish osmoregulatory tissue. Corticosteroid receptor mRNA abundance was investigated in osmoregulatory tissue during salinity acclimation, and the effect of cortisol and DOC on ionic transporters gene expression was assayed using an in vitro gill incubation method. Differential tissue-, salinity-, and time-dependent changes in MR mRNA levels during both hyper- and hyposaline acclimations and the ubiquitous localization of MR in osmoregulatory tissue suggest a role for the MR in osmoregulation. Presumably, DOC does not act as ligand for MR in osmoregulation because there were no changes in plasma DOC levels during either freshwater–seawater (FW–SW) or SW–FW acclimation or any effect of DOC on gill ionic transporter mRNA levels in the gill. Taken together, these results suggest a role for MR, but not for DOC, in osmoregulation and confirm the importance of cortisol as a major endocrine regulator of trout osmoregulation.
Estudo biomecânico comparativo da resistência a forças de compressão entre os parafusos pediculares poliaxiais com travamento tipo Dytech® e parafusos pediculares poliaxiais com travamento tipo Lock 1®
Authors: Oliveira Mauricio Pagy de Calais , França Luiz Cláudio de Moura , Ruggani Marcelo Gonçalves , Pedrosa Luiz Olímpio Garcia , Fontes Bruno Pinto Coelho , Macedo Rodrigo D'Alessandro de , Duarte Rafael Gonçalves , Duarte Marcelo Gonçalves Pereira
Published: February 2011

OBJETIVO: Comparar a rigidez de um sistema de fixação pedicular composto por parafusos pediculares poliaxiais de travamento tipo Dytech® com outro composto por parafusos pediculares poliaxiais com travamento do tipo Lock 1®, submetidos a forças de compressão. MÉTODOS: A amostra utilizada para avaliar os sistemas de fixação respeitou as regras do padrão formulado pela American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) no ensaio F1717-04. Os modelos foram divididos em: Grupo 1, composto pelos ensaios de parafusos poliaxiais com sistema Dytech® de travamento, e o Grupo 2, formado por parafusos poliaxiais com travamento tipo Lock 1®. Foram testados três conjuntos completos montados. Cada sistema foi testado uma única vez por ser esse um ensaio destrutivo. O instrumental implantado foi produzido com titânio de mesma origem. Os grupos experimentais foram submetidos a testes mecânicos na máquina universal de ensaios EMIC, modelo EMIC DL 10000®. RESULTADOS: Os resultados de compressão nas amostras do Grupo 1 tiveram uma carga máxima média de 967,17 N e carga de escoamento média de 804,71 N. Nas amostras do Grupo 2 tivemos uma carga máxima média de 906,04 N e carga de escoamento média de 834,56 N. A respeito da integridade dos instrumentais metálicos usados, não foi observado nenhum tipo de escorregamento ou soltura de porcas, parafusos ou outros componentes. CONCLUSÃO: O sistema de parafusos poliaxiais com travamento tipo Dytech® apresentou valores de rigidez maiores, enquanto o sistema de parafusos com travamento tipo Lock 1® mostrou deslocamento máximo maior.
Estudo radiológico do valor angular da cifose torácica em adolescentes
Authors: Moreira Juan Javier Moreira , Fuentes Andres Edgar Rodriguez , Corrêa Paulo Henrique De Castro
Published: February 2011

OBJETIVO: determinar a diferença dos valores angulares da cifose torácica utilizando como vértebra terminal cranial diferentes níveis (T2 a T5). MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas radiografias em perfil de cem adolescentes voluntários saudáveis da Escola Industrial do Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI) de Ribeirão Preto (SP), com prévia autorização dos pais ou responsáveis. Foram excluídas as radiografias de dez indivíduos por falhas na qualidade. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: mensuração da cifose torácica pelo método de Cobb, utilizando T2, T3, T4 ou T5 como vértebra terminal cranial e T12 como vértebra terminal caudal. RESULTADOS: foram avaliados 90 indivíduos (46 do sexo masculino e 44 do feminino), com idade variando de 13 a 15 anos (média 14±6). O valor angular da cifose torácica nos diferentes níveis variou entre 45º (T2-T12) e 35º (T5-T12) no sexo masculino, e valor angular entre 43º(T2-T12) e 30º (T5-T12) no sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO: foi observada diferença constante de aproximadamente 5º quando comparados os valores angulares da cifose torácica utilizando diferentes níveis (T2 a T5) como vértebra terminal cranial.
Avaliação clínica e radiográfica da cifoplastia no tratamento das fraturas vertebrais por osteoporose
Authors: Mendonça Fábio Peres de , Daher Sérgio , Daher Murilo Tavares , Cardoso André Luiz Passos , Tristão Newton Antônio , Pimenta Júnior Wilson Eloy , Daher Ricardo Tavares
Published: February 2011

OBJETIVO: analisar os resultados clínicos, radiológico e possíveis complicações de pacientes submetidos à cifoplastia no tratamento das fraturas por osteoporose dolorosas que não respondem ao tratamento conservador. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 24 pacientes com fraturas osteoporóticas tratados através da cifoplastia. Destes, 19 (76%) eram do sexo feminino e 5 (24%) do masculino. A média de idade foi de 71,3 anos. A média de seguimento foi de 19 meses, variando de 3 a 29 meses. Os pacientes foram avaliados em relação à dor por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA) no pré-operatório e no último dia de seguimento. Também foi realizada uma análise radiográfica na qual se comparou o ganho de altura do muro anterior (A), terço médio do corpo vertebral (M), muro posterior (P) e ganho de cifose local (C). RESULTADOS: foram analisados 24 pacientes com 34 fraturas. Destes, 15 (62,5%) apresentavam fratura única e 9 (37,5%) apresentavam fraturas múltiplas. Dessas fraturas, 20 (58,8%) eram na coluna torácica e 14 (42,2%) lombares. A média do EVA no pré-operatório era de 9,3, passando para 3,2 no último seguimento (melhora de 6,1 pontos). O ganho médio de altura do corpo vertebral foi de 0,73 mm na porção anterior, 1,3 mm na porção média e 0,5 mm na porção posterior. A melhora da cifose foi, em média, de 1,32º - de 11,06º no pré para 12,4º no pós-operatório. Em relação a complicações, houve um caso de extravasamento do cimento para o espaço discal superior, assintomático e um caso de fratura do nível adjacente tratado com nova cifoplastia. CONCLUSÃO: a cifoplastia se mostrou uma técnica cirúrgica segura e efetiva para o tratamento da dor. Não foi observado ganho significativo da altura vertebral e da cifose vertebral.
Arranjos comunitários, sistemas produtivos e aportes de ciência e tecnologia no uso da terra e de recursos florestais na Amazônia
Authors: Costa Wanderley Messias da
Published: February 2011

O foco principal deste trabalho é o exame de algumas das tendências atuais que estão promovendo mudanças significativas nos padrões de uso econômico dos produtos florestais amazônicos. Em termos gerais, essas novas tendências expressam, sob diversos modos, um amplo processo de modernização das atividades produtivas, no qual comunidades organizadas da região estão se estruturando segundo vetores desencadeados pelo impulso de cadeias produtivas complexas e suas respectivas redes. Por outro lado, elas também expressam a ampliação e a crescente sofisticação dos mercados de consumo para os produtos naturais em geral, os produtos florestais em particular e, especialmente, para aqueles da biodiversidade amazônica. Finalmente, esses sistemas produtivos emergentes passaram a contar com um aliado poderoso nos últimos anos, representado por sua crescente interação com as atividades de Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) e de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), cujos resultados já podem ser observados em diversas experiências em curso, tais como ganhos de qualidade, de produtividade, de escala, de competitividade e, como consequência principal, a conquista de novos mercados de consumo.
A convivência com a doença de Parkinson na perspectiva do parkinsoniano e seus familiares
Authors: Navarro-Peternella Fabiana Magalhães , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: February 2011

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar como é para parkinsonianos e familiares conviver com a doença de Parkinson. Estudo descritivo de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido com dez indivíduos com doença de Parkinson e um familiar de cada, totalizando vinte informantes, sendo os dados coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado. Da análise de conteúdo verificamos que apesar das dificuldades, muitos demonstram aceitação ou conformidade em relação às limitações da doença, outros continuam experenciando revolta e esperança pela cura. As maiores mudanças evidenciadas pelo parkinsoniano e seus familiares estão relacionadas com a questão da dependência, perda da autonomia para o trabalho e atividades de vida diária, que acarretam mudanças em toda a dinâmica familiar. Desta forma, pequenas intervenções poderiam contribuir para uma melhor convivência com a doença.
Educação permanente em saúde e no trabalho de enfermagem: perspectiva de uma práxis transformadora
Authors: Silva Luiz Anildo Anacleto da , Ferraz Fabiane , Lino Mônica Motta , Backes Vânia Marli Schubert , Schmidt Sandra Marcia Soares
Published: February 2011

Trata-se de uma reflexão teórica que tem por objetivo estimular os leitores a repensar o papel da educação permanente dos sujeitos-trabalhadores da saúde e de enfermagem na perspectiva do desenvolvimento individual e coletivo, por meio da práxis transformadora. Procurou-se fazer uma articulação reflexiva dos princípios da práxis transformadora apresentada pelo filósofo Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez com os preceitos de educação permanente em saúde e no trabalho de enfermagem. Tal articulação apresenta uma concepção educativa em prol da conscientização dos sujeitos-trabalhadores sobre as distintas contribuições pessoais, sociais, relacionais e institucionais que podem advir das diferentes formas de perceber e exercer a educação permanente em saúde e no trabalho da enfermagem.