bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chain of Risks Evaluation (CORE): A framework for safer large language models in public mental health
Authors: Li Lingyu , Kong Shuqi , Zhao Haiquan , Li Chunbo , Teng Yan , Wang Yingchun
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) have gained significant attention for their capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, their widespread adoption potentially raises public mental health concerns, including issues related to inequity, stigma, dependence, medical risks, and security threats. This review aims to offer a perspective within the actor‐network framework, exploring the technical architectures, linguistic dynamics, and psychological effects underlying human‐LLMs interactions. Based on this theoretical foundation, we propose four categories of risks, presenting increasing challenges in identification and mitigation: universal, context‐specific, user‐specific, and user‐context‐specific risks. Correspondingly, we introduce CORE: Chain of Risk Evaluation, a structured conceptual framework for assessing and mitigating the risks associated with LLMs in public mental health contexts. Our approach suggests viewing the development of responsible LLMs as a continuum from technical to public efforts. We summarize technical approaches and potential contributions from mental health practitioners that could help evaluate and regulate risks in human‐LLMs interactions. We propose that mental health practitioners could play a crucial role in this emerging field by collaborating with LLMs developers, conducting empirical studies to better understand the psychological impacts on human‐LLMs interactions, developing guidelines for LLMs use in mental health contexts, and engaging in public education.
Barriers to Interaction With New Weak Ties: Are Self‐Presentation Concerns and Forecasts of Benefits Miscalibrated?
Authors: Sprecher Susan
Published: January 2025

People's well‐being can be enhanced from interactions with strangers and weak ties, but people often do not seek such interactions because of perceived barriers. With data combined from several laboratory studies that involved pairs of strangers who engaged in a getting‐acquainted task, participants' pre‐interaction forecasts of the enjoyment and liking (i.e., rewards) that they would experience in the interaction and their self‐report of presentation concerns (a cost) were compared to their post‐interaction reports of actual enjoyment, liking, and self‐presentation concerns experienced in the interaction. Findings indicated that the dyad members expressed moderate self‐presentation concerns (i.e., worry about the impression they would make) prior to the interaction. They also expected that they would only moderately enjoy the interaction and moderately like the other. These estimates, however, were miscalibrated. The participants experienced lower self‐presentation concerns in the interaction than they had expected and enjoyed the interaction and liked their conversation partner more than they had expected. Variation was found in the forecasts and in the gap between pre‐interaction expectations and actual experiences as a function of shyness (and social anxiety). Implications of the findings are discussed for enhancing people's weak‐tie interactions.
The role of habitat in predator–prey dynamics with applications to restoration
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Kambestad Marius , Berhe Saron , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Cooke Steven J. , Dahlmo Lotte S. , Eldøy Sindre H. , Davidsen Jan G. , Hanssen Erlend M. , Sortland Lene K. , Shea Dylan , Nilsen Cecilie I. , Skoglund Helge , Velle Gaute , Hellström Gustav , Lundberg Petter , Junge Claudia , Ferter Keno , Wiik Vollset Knut
Published: January 2025

Habitat is a powerful force in ecosystems, and the quantity and quality of habitat can shape ecosystem structure and function. Among the many important roles that habitat plays is as a mediator of ecological interactions, including predator–prey dynamics. In the context of ecosystem restoration, there is great potential to better understand how predator–prey dynamics are influenced by habitat and whether this has implications for how ecosystems are managed. We consider the ways in which habitat serves as an important mediator of interactions between predators and their prey and present four ways in which habitat acts as an intermediary that enhances or diminishes this relationship. We found that habitat provides refuge from predators and shapes the physical traits of prey as they use their surroundings to protect themselves. We also discuss how habitat creates physical resistance and sets the cost of predation for predators and how habitat facilitates apparent competition within a community context. These roles of habitat are well established in ecology, but we believe they are underdeveloped from an applied perspective. We conclude that habitat must be appropriately considered in the context of how it mediates predation. Given the ways that habitat influences predation, restoration efforts should consider if and how physical measures may positively or negatively affect species interactions and whether this could lead to success or failure of overall programs.
How Advocacy Messages Influence Support for “Ban the Box” in College Admissions
Authors: Bolsen Toby , Thornton Judd , Lindsay Peter , Barrios Michelle , Henrey Shaeleigh , Rocha Liyaah , Williams Myla
Published: January 2025

Objectives

This paper examines public attitudes toward the “Ban the Box” policy in college admissions in Georgia. It investigates how exposure to framed messages affects support for or opposition to the policy, focusing on its potential impact on campus safety and overall effects.

Methods

The data are from independent survey experiments conducted on two samples: undergraduate students at a USG institution (n = 587) and adult residents in Georgia (n = 500). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: control, support banning the box message, oppose banning the box message, or mixed/competitive frame message.

Results

Participants exposed to supportive messages showed increased support, while those exposed to opposing messages showed decreased support. Competitive framing had mixed effects, with no significant difference from the control group in the adult sample. Overall, positive advocacy frames counteracted the negative impact of oppositional messages.

Conclusions

The study highlights the importance of framing in shaping public opinion on banning the box policies in college admissions. Both supportive and oppositional frames effectively sway attitudes, indicating the complexity of public perception on this issue. Further research is needed to explore the persistence of framing effects and their implications in policy debates.
Prognostic Implications of Decorin, E‐Cadherin and EGFR Expression in Inflammatory and Non‐Inflammatory Canine Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Gouveia Bethânia Almeida , Ramos Fernanda Ramalho , Silva Ingrid Kester Lima , Oliveira Thalita Evani Silva de , Vasconcelos Rosemeri de Oliveira , Xavier José Guilherme , Strefezzi Ricardo Francisco
Published: January 2025

Inflammatory mammary carcinoma (IMC) is the most aggressive variant of invasive mammary tumours in dogs and in women. Decorin is an extracellular matrix molecule whose expression can be reduced or absent in various human cancers, which is associated with a poor prognosis. E‐cadherin is a cell adhesion protein whose expression is reduced in several neoplasms. However, it is overexpressed in inflammatory breast cancers of women. EGFR is also associated with cancer development and is commonly overexpressed in aggressive neoplasms. This study aimed to characterise the expressions of Decorin, E‐cadherin, and EGFR in canine inflammatory and non‐inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC and non‐IMC) and to evaluate their expression levels as prognostic indicators for survival and occurrence of metastases. Thirty‐three IMC and 43 non‐IMC cases were analysed retrospectively and submitted to immunohistochemical analysis. The reactions were quantified in five high‐power field images from areas of the highest intensity and frequency of immunostaining (hot spots). We found significantly lower expression of Decorin and higher of E‐cadherin and EGFR in canine IMCs. Patients with tumours that exhibited Decorin expression in less than 26.35% of epithelial cells had shorter survival (p = 0.0410) and a higher occurrence of distant metastases (p = 0.0115). E‐cadherin is overexpressed in canine IMCs (p < 0.0001), similar to what occurs in women, reinforcing that dogs can be used as a study model for human IMC. EGFR overexpression in canine IMCs (p = 0.0322) provides evidence for potential targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Active headrest combined with a depth camera-based ear-positioning system
Authors: Liu Yuteng , Li Haowen , Zou Haishan , Lin Zhibin , Lu Jing
Published: January 2025

Due to the limited size of the quiet zone created by active headrests (AHR) near the human ear, noise reduction (NR) at the human ear decreases dramatically when the head moves. Combined with a head tracking system can improve the NR performance when the head moves, but most such studies currently only consider head translation. To improve the robustness when the head translates or rotates, an ear-positioning (EP) system based on a depth camera and human pose estimation model is presented in this paper and integrated with AHR. A post processing method is proposed to address extreme scenarios like an ear being occluded. Experimental results show that the EP system can effectively track the movement of ears. The performance of AHR combined with the system is more robust, achieving the lowest 11.7/12.2 dBA (left ear/right ear) NR for white noise in range of 80–2000 Hz when head translates in a 5 × 5 × 2 grid at a 2.5 cm interval and 11.4/13.6 dBA for head rotation within the range of 60° compared to −5.7/−6.9 and −3.7/2.5 dBA without the system.
Invisible Monitoring for Athlete Health and Performance: A Call for a Better Conceptualization and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Leduc Cedric , Weaving Daniel
Published: January 2025

Background: Practices to routinely monitor athletes are rapidly changing. With the concurrent exponential rise in wearable technologies and advanced data analysis, tracking training exposures and responses is widespread and more frequent in the athlete–coach decision-making process. Within this scenario, the concept of invisible monitoring emerged, which was initially vaguely defined as testing athletes without testing them. Despite sound practical applications and benefits (eg, reduced burden on player staff and more frequent measurement), a clear lack of constitutive definition has led to multiple cleavages in both research and practice, including ethical concerns. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to (1) extend the current conceptualization of invisible monitoring by considering subdimensions of the concept and (2) its data-related and ethical challenges and (3) provide practical considerations to implement invisible monitoring. Monitoring burden (degree of obtrusion and frequency of measurement) and the number of constructs a single measurement tool can assess have been proposed as subdimensions of the concept of invisible monitoring. Challenges include the governance and analysis of data required to make estimates, validity and reliability of an invisible monitoring measure, and communication to athletes. Conclusions: This commentary presents a first attempt to conceptualize invisible monitoring in the context of elite sport and provide subdimensions of the concept that can be used to classify choices of measurement tools. A consensus is required from both researchers and practitioners regarding its definition and operationalization to optimize current monitoring services to elite athletes.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Hybrid Pedagogical Models’ Impact in Physical Education
Authors: Wang Baofu , Li Longxi , Liu Yang , Chen Senlin
Published: January 2025

Research on hybrid pedagogical models in physical education has been burgeoning in recent years. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to discern the research patterns and assess the impact of hybrid-pedagogical-model-based interventions on student learning in PreK–12 physical education. We applied criteria such as being a data-based study and utilizing a hybrid pedagogical model to search for relevant articles, with a total of 17 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. By synthesizing studies included in this research, we classified different learning outcomes into student motivation, game performance, and physical activity and fitness. Significant heterogeneity was identified among the studies (Q = 118.65, df = 13, I2 = 89.04%, τ 2 = .25). Our meta-analysis found a large impact of hybrid models on motivation (Hedges’s g = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [0.78, 1.03]) and a moderate impact on game performance (Hedges’s g = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [0.22, 0.50]). Hybridization of pedagogical models has the potential to enhance students’ motivation and learning in physical education. The findings hold implications for guiding the design, implementation, and evaluation of future curriculum reforms in physical education.
A Socialization-Informed Framework for Integrating Social and Emotional Learning in Physical Education Teacher Education
Authors: Smith Suchon Nicolette , Richards Kevin Andrew
Published: January 2025

Physical education has begun embracing the role of social and emotional learning (SEL), but less attention has been paid to the development of such skills among preservice teachers. A lack of social and emotional skills can have negative effects on preservice teachers’ ability to effectively teach SEL and to navigate the sociopolitical and sociocultural realities of schools. SEL encompasses a wide variety of tools and strategies to help students understand their emotions and develop interpersonal skills, resilience, and social skills. Using occupational socialization theory and Bloom’s taxonomy to scaffold learning experiences, we provide a practical framework for integrating SEL into physical education teacher education. If we equip preservice teachers to understand and manage their emotions, they will be better positioned to address the needs of students while addressing their own mental health. They may also see SEL as a more important component of physical education.
Mature chromatin packing domains persist after RAD21 depletion in 3D
Authors: Li Wing Shun , Carter Lucas M. , Almassalha Luay Matthew , Gong Ruyi , Pujadas-Liwag Emily M. , Kuo Tiffany , MacQuarrie Kyle L. , Carignano Marcelo , Dunton Cody , Dravid Vinayak , Kanemaki Masato T. , Szleifer Igal , Backman Vadim
Published: January 2025

Understanding chromatin organization requires integrating measurements of genome connectivity and physical structure. It is well established that cohesin is essential for TAD and loop connectivity features in Hi-C, but the corresponding change in physical structure has not been studied using electron microscopy. Pairing chromatin scanning transmission electron tomography with multiomic analysis and single-molecule localization microscopy, we study the role of cohesin in regulating the conformationally defined chromatin nanoscopic packing domains. Our results indicate that packing domains are not physical manifestation of TADs. Using electron microscopy, we found that only 20% of packing domains are lost upon RAD21 depletion. The effect of RAD21 depletion is restricted to small, poorly packed (nascent) packing domains. In addition, we present evidence that cohesin-mediated loop extrusion generates nascent domains that undergo maturation through nucleosome posttranslational modifications. Our results demonstrate that a 3D genomic structure, composed of packing domains, is generated through cohesin activity and nucleosome modifications.
Improved daily PM
2.5
estimates in India reveal inequalities in recent enhancement of air quality
Authors: Kawano Ayako , Kelp Makoto , Qiu Minghao , Singh Kirat , Chaturvedi Eeshan , Dahiya Sunil , Azevedo Inés , Burke Marshall
Published: January 2025

Poor ambient air quality poses a substantial global health threat. However, accurate measurement remains challenging, particularly in countries such as India where ground monitors are scarce despite high expected exposure and health burdens. This lack of precise measurements impedes understanding of changes in pollution exposure over time and across populations. Here, we develop open-source daily fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
) datasets at a 10-kilometer resolution for India from 2005 to 2023 using a two-stage machine learning model validated on held-out monitor data. Analyzing long-term air quality trends, we find that PM
2.5
concentrations increased across most of the country until around 2016 and then declined partly due to favorable meteorology in southern India. Recent reductions in PM
2.5
were substantially larger in wealthier areas, highlighting the urgency of air quality control policies addressing all socioeconomic communities. To advance equitable air quality monitoring, we propose additional monitor locations in India and examine the adaptability of our method to other countries with scarce monitoring data.
Nanophotonic inspection of deep-subwavelength integrated optoelectronic chips
Authors: Che Ying , Zhang Tianyue , Liu Xiaowei , Hu Dejiao , Song Shichao , Cai Yan , Cao Yaoyu , Zhang Jie , Chu Shi-Wei , Li Xiangping
Published: January 2025

Artificial nanostructures with ultrafine and deep-subwavelength features have emerged as a paradigm-shifting platform to advanced light-field management, becoming key building blocks for high-performance integrated optoelectronics and flat optics. However, direct optical inspection of integrated chips remains a missing metrology gap that hinders quick feedback between design and fabrications. Here, we demonstrate that photothermal nonlinear scattering microscopy can be used for direct imaging and resolving of integrated optoelectronic chips beyond the diffraction limit. We reveal that the inherent coupling among deep-subwavelength nanostructures supporting leaky resonances allows for the pronounced heating effect to access reversible nonlinear modulations of the confocal reflection intensity, yielding optical resolving power down to 80 nm (~λ/7). The versatility of this approach has been exemplified by imaging silicon grating couplers and metalens with minimum critical dimensions of 100 nm, as well as central processing unit chip with 45-nm technology, unfolding the long-sought possibility of in situ, nondestructive, high-throughput optical inspection of integrated optoelectronic and nanophotonic chips.
Salt-welding strategy for the design of repairable impact-resistant and wear-resistant hydrogels
Authors: Jia Jiangpeng , Lu Shan , Sun Shurui , Jin Yijie , Qin Liguo , Zhao Chuanzhuang
Published: January 2025

Self-healing hydrogels can autonomously repair damage, enhancing their performance stability and broadening their applications as soft devices. Although the incorporation of dynamic interactions enhances self-healing capabilities, it simultaneously weakens the hydrogels’ strength. External stimuli such as heating, while accelerating the healing process, may also lead to dehydration. Developing a stable repair strategy that combines rapid healing and high mechanical strength is challenging. Here, we introduce “salt-welding” for high-strength hydrogels with rapid room temperature self-healing. This is achieved through dynamic borate ester bonds in a salt-responsive poly(methacrylamide) hydrogel. The process involves “salt-fusion” to convert fractures into a viscous liquid for swift healing, followed by “salt-concretion” to toughen the hydrogel. The hydrogels achieve a posthealing strength of 23 megapascals in 95 minutes at room temperature, with near 100% healing efficiency. Leveraging their tunable mechanical strength and rapid healing rate, the hydrogel can be tailored for applications as a reparable wear-resistant material and damping device.
Genomic analyses reveal high diversity and rapid evolution of
Pichia kudriavzevii
within a neonatal intensive care unit in Delhi, India
Authors: Jain Kusum , Wang Yue , Jain Peeyush , Kalita Barsha , Shivarathri Raju , Chauhan Manju , Kaur Hardeep , Chauhan Neeraj , Xu Jianping , Chowdhary Anuradha
Published: January 2025

Pichia kudriavzevii
causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts, including hospitalized neonates. This pathogen is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole, while uncommon
P. kudriavzevii
strains resistant to multiple antifungal drugs, including voriconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins, have also been reported from healthcare environments. Thus, understanding how
P. kudriavzevii
spread, persist, and adapt to healthcare settings could help us develop better infection management strategies. In this study, whole genome sequencing identifies multiple outbreaks of bloodstream infections in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over 5 years caused by genetically diverse strains of
P. kudriavzevii
. Interestingly, two genetically distinct clusters of
P. kudriavzevii
strains showed frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events between two temporal samples. The first outbreak cluster (2015–2016) showed LOH at chromosomes 1, 4, and 5, and the other outbreak cluster (2020) exhibited LOH at chromosome 2. The circulation of two separate strain clusters of
P. kudriavzevii
suggests nosocomial transmission in the NICU in different time periods. Furthermore, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of three isolates of clusters I and II that exhibited distinct fluconazole and itraconazole MICs. While no significant difference in gene expression was found at the azole-target gene
ERG11
or the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes, such differences were found in genes involved in cell division and filamentation, such as
SIR2
(sirtuin deacetylase) and
RFA1
(replication factor A). Interestingly, increased filamentation was observed in clade I isolate exhibiting high fluconazole MICs. Together, our study indicates significant diversity, persistence, and rapid evolution of
P. kudriavzevii
within a single NICU.
Distinct effects of glucocorticoid on pseudorabies virus infection in neuron-like and epithelial cells
Authors: Lian Zhengmin , Zhao Yuan , Wen Wei , Zhu Zhenbang , Wang Wenqiang , Zhang Zhendong , Liu Panrao , Favoreel Herman W. , Li Xiangdong
Published: January 2025

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a porcine neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that infects peripheral tissues of its host, spreads into the nervous system, and establishes a life-long latency in neuronal cells. During productive infection, PRV replicates rapidly and causes pseudorabies or Aujeszky’s disease. Reactivation from latent infection in the nervous system may lead to anterograde axonal transport of progeny virions, leading to recurrent infection of the epithelial layer and virus spread. Dexamethasone (DEX), a member of the glucocorticoid family that is widely used in clinical treatment as a high-efficiency glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, is known to trigger reactivation of alphaherpesviruses like PRV and the closely related bovine alphaherpesvirus 1. In the current study, two cell type-dependent distinct regulatory mechanisms of glucocorticoid during PRV infection are described. In neuron-like cells, DEX upregulates expression of PRV IE180 and promotes viral productive infection. In addition, we found that GR activates the IE180 promoter by binding multiple GR response elements. The amino acids A465, P631, and I634 in GR were found to be critical for IE180 promoter activation. The impact of DEX on PRV productive infection in epithelial cells was also investigated. Interestingly, DEX was found to downregulate IE180 expression and suppress PRV infection in epithelial cells. Mechanistically, in epithelial cells, activation of the IE180 promoter by the VP16/Oct-1 (octamer-binding transcription factor 1) complex was suppressed by DEX-mediated degradation of Oct-1 in epithelial cells. In summary, our work reveals two distinct, cell type-dependent biological functions of glucocorticoid during PRV infection in neuron-like and epithelial cells, respectively.

IMPORTANCE

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system of its host, resulting in acute infection in epithelial cells and neuronal cells. In this study, we describe that glucocorticoid promotes PRV replication in neuron-like cells while it suppresses productive infection in epithelial cells through distinct regulations of the viral transactivator IE180, thereby revealing a cell type-dependent regulatory mechanism of glucocorticoid on PRV infection. Therefore, our findings provide a new perspective on the role of glucocorticoids during PRV infection.
Interplay between the cyclophilin homology domain of RANBP2 and MX2 regulates HIV-1 capsid dependencies on nucleoporins
Authors: Flick Haley , Venbakkam Ananya , Singh Parmit K. , Layish Bailey , Huang Szu-Wei , Radhakrishnan Rajalingam , Kvaratskhelia Mamuka , Engelman Alan N. , Kane Melissa
Published: January 2025

Interlinked interactions between the viral capsid (CA), nucleoporins (Nups), and the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) influence human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) nuclear entry and the outcome of infection. Although RANBP2/NUP358 has been repeatedly identified as a critical player in HIV-1 nuclear import and MX2 activity, the mechanism by which RANBP2 facilitates HIV-1 infection is not well understood. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and RANBP2, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to generate cell lines expressing RANBP2 from its endogenous locus but lacking the C-terminal cyclophilin (Cyp) homology domain and found that both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections were reduced significantly in RANBP2
ΔCyp
cells. Importantly, although MX2 still localized to the nuclear pore complex in RANBP2
ΔCyp
cells, antiviral activity against HIV-1 was decreased. By generating cells expressing specific point mutations in the RANBP2-Cyp domain, we determined that the effect of the RANBP2-Cyp domain on MX2 anti-HIV-1 activity is due to direct interactions between RANBP2 and CA. We further determined that CypA and RANBP2-Cyp have similar effects on HIV-1 integration targeting. Finally, we found that the Nup requirements for HIV infection and MX2 activity were altered in cells lacking the RANBP2-Cyp domain. These findings demonstrate that the RANBP2-Cyp domain affects viral infection and MX2 sensitivity by altering CA-specific interactions with cellular factors that affect nuclear import and integration targeting.

IMPORTANCE

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) entry into the nucleus is an essential step in viral replication that involves complex interactions between the viral capsid (CA) and multiple cellular proteins, including nucleoporins (Nups) such as RANBP2. Nups also mediate the function of the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2); however, determining the precise role of Nups in HIV infection has proved challenging due to the complex nature of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and significant pleiotropic effects elicited by Nup depletion. We have used precise gene editing to assess the role of the cyclophilin domain of RANBP2 in HIV-1 infection and MX2 activity. We find that this domain affects viral infection, nucleoporin requirements, MX2 sensitivity, and integration targeting in a CA-specific manner, providing detailed insights into how RANBP2 contributes to HIV-1 infection.
Signal peptidase SpsB coordinates staphylococcal cell cycle, surface protein septal trafficking, and LTA synthesis
Authors: Zhang Ran , Jia Yaosheng , Scaffidi Salvatore J. , Madsen Jesper J. , Yu Wenqi
Published: January 2025

Cell wall-anchored surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria, harboring a highly conserved YSIRK/G-S signal peptide (SP
YSIRK+
), are deposited at cell division septum and anchored to septal peptidoglycan. The mechanisms supporting YSIRK protein septal trafficking remain elusive. Previously, we identified that LtaS-mediated lipoteichoic acid (LTA) synthesis restricts septal trafficking of YSIRK+ proteins in
Staphylococcus aureus
. Interestingly, both LtaS and SP
YSIRK+
are cleaved by the signal peptidase SpsB, but the biological implications remain unclear. Here, we show that SpsB is required for cleaving SP
SpA(YSIRK+)
of staphylococcal surface protein A (SpA). Depletion of
spsB
not only diminished SP
SpA
processing but also abolished SpA septal localization. The mis-localization is attributed to the cleavage activity of SpsB, as an A37P mutation of SP
SpA
that disrupted SpsB cleavage abrogated SpA septal localization. Strikingly, depletion of
spsB
led to aberrant cell morphology, cell cycle arrest, and daughter cell separation defects. Localization studies showed that SpsB was enriched at the septum of dividing staphylococcal cells. Finally, we show that SpsB spatially regulates LtaS as
spsB
depletion enriched LtaS at the septum. Collectively, the data suggest a new dual-mechanism model mediated by SpsB: the abundant YSIRK+ proteins are efficiently processed by septal localized SpsB; SpsB cleaves LtaS at the septum, which spatially regulates LtaS activity contributing to YSIRK+ proteins septal trafficking. The study identifies SpsB as a novel and key regulator orchestrating protein secretion, cell cycle, and cell envelope biogenesis.

IMPORTANCE

Surface proteins containing a YSIRK/G-S-positive signal peptide are widely distributed in Gram-positive bacteria and play essential roles in bacterial pathogenesis. They are highly expressed proteins that are enriched at the septum during cell division. The biogenesis of these proteins is coordinated with cell cycle and LTA synthesis. The current study identified the staphylococcal signal peptidase SpsB as a key determinant in regulating surface protein septal trafficking. Furthermore, this study highlights the novel functions of SpsB in coordinating LtaS-mediated LTA production and regulating staphylococcal cell cycle. As SpsB, YSIRK+ proteins, and LTA synthesis are widely distributed and conserved, the mechanisms identified here may be shared across Gram-positive bacteria.
Vesicular mechanisms of drug resistance in apicomplexan parasites
Authors: Haldar Kasturi , Bhattacharjee Souvik
Published: January 2025

SUMMARY

Vesicular mechanisms of drug resistance are known to exist across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Vesicles are sacs that form when a lipid bilayer 'bends' to engulf and isolate contents from the cytoplasm or extracellular environment. They have a wide range of functions, including vehicles of communication within and across cells, trafficking of protein intermediates to their rightful organellar destinations, and carriers of substrates destined for autophagy. This review will provide an in-depth understanding of vesicular mechanisms of apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma (that respectively cause malaria and toxoplasmosis). It will integrate mechanistic and evolutionarily insights gained from these and other pathogenic eukaryotes to develop a new model for plasmodial resistance to artemisinins, a class of drugs that have been the backbone of modern campaigns to eliminate malaria worldwide. We also discuss extracellular vesicles that present major vesicular mechanisms of drug resistance in parasite protozoa (that apicomplexans are part of). Finally, we provide a broader context of clinical drug resistance mechanisms of Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, as well as Cryptosporidium and Babesia, that are prominent members of the phyla, causative agents of cryptosporidiosis and babesiosis and significant for human and animal health.
Supplemental Material: Apatite Lu–Hf dating of late Archean banded iron formations
Authors: Lan Zhongwu , al. et
Published: January 2025

Supplemental text; Figures S1 and S2; Table S1 (apatite LA-ICP-MS U–Pb data); Table S2 (apatite LA-ICP-MS Lu–Hf data); Table S3 (apatite EPMA major element data); and Table S4 (apatite LA-ICP-MS trace element data). 
Supplemental Material: Depositional age of the Boleo Formation and marine flooding in the central Gulf of California Rift, Santa Rosalía basin, Baja California Sur, México
Authors: Darin Michael H.
Published: January 2025

Table S1: Raw U-Pb geochronology data for all samples in this study.
Late-onset distant metastasis in parotid gland myoepithelial carcinoma
Authors: Kos Boris , Suton Petar , Müller Danko , Lukšić Ivica
Published: January 2025

Myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) is a rare salivary gland malignancy that usually affects people over the age of 50. The incidence is similar in both men and women. MC might develop de novo or within a pre-existing benign myoepithelioma or pleomorphic adenoma. Reports on MC clinical behaviour differ. Here, we present the case of a female patient in her 60s who had surgery for parotid gland MC. Seven years after parotidectomy, a distant metastasis was found in the sixth left rib, and she underwent a metastasectomy. Nine years after the initial surgery, another distant metastasis was detected in the fifth right rib, and a second metastasectomy was performed. Throughout this period, there was no locoregional recurrence of the disease. This case highlights the need for continued research on the clinical behaviour of salivary glands MC and the importance of regular and long follow-up and monitoring for distant metastases.
Cervical spine fracture dislocation with mild neurological deficits
Authors: Hsu Min-Yang , Tseng Wei-Lung
Published: January 2025

Cervical fracture dislocation often leads to neurological deficits, manifesting with sensory and motor symptoms, which may persist even after surgical intervention. We presented two cases with mild neurological deficits following such injuries. In Case 1, the patient presented with left-hand numbness 1 month after a car accident. Despite this, he exhibited full muscle power in all four limbs. Cervical spine MRI revealed a posterior column tear, facet fracture dislocation and spinal cord indentation at the C5/C6 level. The patient underwent open reduction with anterior and posterior fixation. After surgery, the patient was discharged without neurological deficits. In Case 2, the patient complained of mild right wrist extensor weakness and right shoulder muscle atrophy 2 months after a fall at work. Imaging studies revealed a locked facet at the right C6/C7 level. The patient underwent both anterior and posterior surgical interventions, followed by rehabilitation. By the time of discharge, the patient had regained almost full muscle power in all four limbs.
How climate change is shaping young people’s health: a participatory, youth co-led study from Bangladesh, Guatemala and Nigeria
Authors: Pinchoff Jessie , Etetim Eno-Obong , Babatunde Damilola , Blomstrom Eleanor , Ainul Sigma , Akomolafe Toyin Olamide , Medina Carranza Brian , Del Valle Angel , Austrian Karen
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Climate change is shaping adolescent and young people’s (AYP) transitions to adulthood with significant and often compounding effects on their physical and mental health. The climate crisis is an intergenerational inequity, with the current generation of young people exposed to more climate events over their lifetime than any previous one. Despite this injustice, research and policy to date lacks AYP’s perspectives and active engagement.

Methods

Participatory, youth co-led qualitative focus group discussions were held in Bangladesh, Guatemala and Nigeria in mid-2023. A total of 196 AYP ages 12–25 years participated. Open-ended questions elicited responses regarding AYP knowledge, experiences and perceptions of climate change. Using NVivo software, translated transcripts were coded to explore and synthesise key thematic areas.

Results

Respondents discussed varied climate exposures and associated health risks, for example, how flooding events were impeding access to sexual and reproductive health commodities. Acute climate events like flooding and cyclones increased perceived risk of early marriage and gender-based violence in Bangladesh and Guatemala. In Nigeria, respondents discussed health effects of extreme heat, and how droughts were shifting women into more traditionally male roles in agriculture and income-generating activities, increasing the perceived risk of household tensions and gender-based violence. Commonly reported themes included perceived climate impacts on sexual and reproductive health including early marriage or gender-based violence. Another common theme was anxiety about climate change, its effects on economic and food insecurity in communities and feeling hopeless, lacking agency and not feeling supported by local institutions, all linked with worse mental health.

Conclusion

Our results summarise how AYP perceive climate change is affecting their physical and mental health, finding similarities and differences across these three settings. Our results can inform the development of policies and programmes that directly address AYP needs in a way that is inclusive and responsive.
Fingolimod and risk of skin cancer among individuals with multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study protocol
Authors: Jia Analisa , Kuramoto Lisa , Khakban Amir , Sio Weng Sut , Traboulsee Anthony , De Vera M A , Oh Jiwon , Loree Jonathan , Tam Roger , Lynd Larry D , Cragg Jacquelyn J
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Long-term population-based safety studies, applying advanced causal inference techniques, including an active comparator with new-user design, are needed to investigate skin cancer outcomes among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with fingolimod. This study aims to describe a protocol for investigating the relationship between fingolimod use and the incidence of skin cancer among individuals with MS.

Methods and analysis

We will use population-based administrative health data from two Canadian provinces (British Columbia and Alberta) to conduct an observational cohort ‘trial emulation’ study with an active comparator and new-user design. Individuals with MS aged ≥18 years will be identified using a validated algorithm. Incident users of fingolimod and active comparators (natalizumab, alemtuzumab, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide) will then be identified. The outcome of interest will be skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers). Survival analysis will be used to estimate HRs and corresponding 95% CIs, adjusted for potential confounders.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (H24-03199). No personal identifying information will be made available as part of this study. Findings will be disseminated through presentations and peer-reviewed publications.

Trial registration number

NCT06705608
.
Optimising investigative pathways in military medicine: operational impact of a military cardiopulmonary exercise testing clinic
Authors: Holland Jennifer Louise , Cowie P , Gardner L , Mulae J , Richards S , Holdsworth DA
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Abnormal cardiorespiratory symptoms and investigative findings in service personnel typically result in prolonged investigation and occupational restriction. This analysis aimed to assess the impact of theOxfordMilitary CardiopulmonaryExercise TestingClinic (OMEC), which investigates such symptoms and findings, on occupational recommendations.

Methods

A service evaluation was conducted on all OMEC attendances over a 5-year period. Referral indication and occupational grading, demographics, exercise testing parameters, clinical diagnosis and occupational recommendation were recorded.

Results

141 individuals were reviewed. Mean age was 36 (±11.3) years, and 91% were male. Median waiting time for an appointment was 14.4 weeks (cf NHS 17.4 weeks).

Individuals were referred for dyspnoea (22.1%), syncope (11.4%), chest pain (8.1%) (referred to as ‘higher risk’ symptom group), and pre-syncope (8.1%), palpitations (8.1%), and fatigue and/or exercise intolerance (6.0%) (referred to as ‘lower risk’ symptom group). 34% were asymptomatic with incidental findings on cardiac screening investigations. Reduced exercise capacity was rare, affecting only 11% of individuals, which was borderline/mild at worst.

Median peak VO2(as a percentage of the predicted peak) was lower in the higher-risk symptom group than in the lower-risk symptom group (97.8% vs 121%; p<0.001). This was also seen for median workload as %PP (82.6% vs 98.0%; p<0.001). 80.5% of patients were given an immediate occupational recommendation; 78% of which were favourable outcomes (ie, a recommended occupational upgrade (72%) or to remain fully deployable (6%)).

Conclusion

OMEC is tailored to the unique needs of the military population, providing outcomes that support operational requirements. Despite geographical distribution and operational commitments, OMEC waiting time is equivalent to the NHS, with the great majority of patients upgraded after attendance. These findings establish OMEC as a benchmark for military-specific clinical services based in public (NHS) hospitals, highlighting its role in facilitating rapid and effective occupational management.
AAC Springfield soybean
Authors: Cober Elroy R. , Hou Anfu , Lackey Simon , Samanfar Bahram , Hadinezhad Mehri
Published: January 2025

AAC Springfield is a high protein soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar developed by the Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. It is intended for production in 2400 to 2600 crop heat unit areas of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. AAC Springfield has a unique combination of high protein, high 11S:7S ratio, and early maturity.
Nonextensive black hole thermodynamics from generalized Euclidean path integral and Wick’s rotation
Authors: Barzi F. , El Moumni H. , Masmar K.
Published: January 2025

This paper extends the Euclidean path integral formalism to account for nonextensive thermodynamics. Concretely, we introduce a generalized Wick’s rotation from real time t to imaginary time

$$\tau $$

τ

such that,

$$t\rightarrow -i f_\alpha (\tau )$$

t
→
-
i

f
α

(
τ
)

, where

$$f_\alpha $$

f
α

a differentiable function and

$$\alpha $$

α

is a parameter related to nonextensivity. The standard extensive formalism is recovered in the limit

$$\alpha \rightarrow 0$$

α
→
0

and

$$f_0(\tau )=\tau $$

f
0

(
τ
)

=
τ

. Furthermore, we apply this generalized Euclidean path integral to black hole thermodynamics and derive the generalized Wick’s rotations given the nonextensive statistics. The proposed formulation enables the treatment of nonextensive statistics on the same footing as extensive Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics. Moreover, we define a universal measure,

$$\eta $$

η

, for the nonextensivity character of statistics. Lastly, based on the present formalism, we strengthen the equivalence between the AdS-Schwarzschild black hole in Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics and the flat-Schwarzschild black hole within Rényi statistics and suggest a potential reformulation of the

$$AdS_5$$

A
d

S
5

/

$$CFT_4$$

C
F

T
4

duality.
Particle identification algorithms based on machine learning for STCF
Authors: Zhai Yuncong , Yao Zhipeng , Qin Xiaoshuai , Yin Nan , Li Teng , Huang Xing-Tao
Published: January 2025

The Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is the next-generation positron–electron collider in China, designed specifically to explore various physics phenomena in the [Formula: see text]-charm energy region. Particle identification (PID) is a crucial component of physics analysis and is essential for precision physics measurements. The STCF imposes high demands on PID accuracy and efficiency to meet its rigorous standards. Over the past few decades, machine learning (ML) techniques have emerged as one of the dominant methodologies for PID in high-energy physics experiments, consistently delivering superior results. This study presents an advanced PID software based on ML algorithms that is developed for STCF to advance physics research. It includes a comprehensive global PID algorithm based on Boosted Decision Trees (BDT) for charged particles, combining information from all sub-detectors, as well as two algorithms based on deep CNN to discriminate charged hadrons with the raw information of Cherenkov detector and to discriminate neutral particles using calorimeter responses, respectively.
Core software for the super tau-charm facility
Authors: Li Teng , Huang Xingtao , Huang Wenhao , Qin Xiaoshuai , Ai Xiaocong , Qi Binbin
Published: January 2025

The Super Tau Charm Facility (STCF) is a new generation electron–positron collider, proposed to study various physics topics in the tau charm energy region. STCF will operate within a center-of-mass energy spanning 2 to 7[Formula: see text]GeV, with a peak luminosity of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text], which means STCF will produce two orders of magnitude more data compared to BESIII each year, posing great challenges for the data processing software. To support the intricate requirements from the offline data processing tasks, as well as to tackle this immense challenge caused by the huge data volume, the offline software for STCF (OSCAR) is designed and developed, based on the state-of-the-art technology and toolkits in the high energy physics community. This paper provides an overview of the design and implementation of OSCAR, highlighting its event data management system, parallel data processing capabilities leveraging SNiPER and TBB, and its geometry management framework powered by DD4hep. Presently, OSCAR is fully operational, effectively supporting the conceptual design of the STCF detector and exploring its vast physics potential.
Global existence and stabilization of classical solutions to a Keller–Segel–(Navier–)Stokes system with tensor-valued sensitivity and prescribed signal concentration on the boundary
Authors: Sun Yifei , Tian Yu , Xiang Zhaoyin
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates a logistic-type Keller–Segel-fluid system with bounded tensor-valued sensitivity in a bounded domain with smooth boundary, subject to no-flux, Dirichlet, and Dirichlet boundary conditions for the cells, chemicals, and fluids, respectively. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focused on scalar chemotactic sensitivity under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions for the signal concentration, the matrix-type chemotactic sensitivity in this work prevents the offsetting of contributions from cross-diffusive reciprocity. Moreover, the inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions introduce additional integral terms on both the boundary and the prescribed boundary function during the process of a priori estimation, presenting significant mathematical challenges. By fully leveraging the quadratic damping effects and key system features, it is shown that in the two-dimensional case, the system admits a globally uniformly bounded classical solution for any suitably regular initial data, even when the Navier–Stokes fluid is involved. In the three-dimensional case, a similar conclusion holds for the system coupled with the Stokes fluid, provided that the logistic damping is suitably strong. Furthermore, the existence of spatially homogeneous equilibria, as the large-time limit of each solution, has been confirmed under certain additional assumptions.
Generalized solutions and attractiveness of constant states in a chemotaxis-May–Nowak Model for virus infection with arbitrary superlinear dampening
Authors: Li Yan
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a three-component reaction–diffusion system originating from the classical May–Nowak model for viral infection is considered in a smoothly bounded domain [Formula: see text]. It is shown that for any suitably regular non-negative initial data and arbitrary superlinear dampening, the associated no-flux type initial-boundary value problem possesses at least one globally defined solution in an appropriate generalized sense. In addition, based on an analysis of a certain eventual Lyapunov-type functional, we prove that the corresponding generalized solution asymptotically enjoys relaxation by approaching the nontrivial homogeneous steady states in the large time limit.