bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyanide‐based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Overall Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Zhou Enbo , Wang Futong , Zhang Xiang , Hui Yangdan , Wang Yaobing
Published: March 2024

Photocatalytic oxygen reduction to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising route to providing oxidants for various industrial applications. However, the lack of well‐designed photocatalysts for efficient overall H2O2 production in pure water has impeded ongoing research and practical thrusts. Here we present a cyanide‐based covalent organic framework (TBTN‐COFs) combining 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene‐1,3,5‐tricarbonitrile (TBTN) and benzotrithiophene‐2,5,8‐tricarbaldehyde (BTT) building blocks with water‐affinity and charge‐separation. The ultrafast intramolecular electron transfer (<500 fs) and prolonged excited state lifetime (748 ps) can be realized by TBTN‐COF, resulting in a hole accumulated BTT and electron‐rich TBTN building block. Under one sun, the 11013 μmol h−1 g−1 yield rate of H2O2 can be achieved without any sacrificial agent, outperforming most previous reports. Furthermore, the DFT calculation and in situ DRIFTS spectrums suggesting a Yeager‐type absorption of *O2⋅− intermediate in the cyanide active site, which prohibits the formation of superoxide radical and revealing a favored H2O2 production pathway.
Cobalt Single‐Atom Reverse Hydrogen Spillover for Efficient Electrochemical Water Dissociation and Dechlorination
Authors: Zheng Qian , Xu Hengyue , Yao Yancai , Dai Jie , Wang Jiaxian , Hou Wei , Zhao Long , Zou Xingyue , Zhan Guangming , Wang Ruizhao , Wang Kaiyuan , Zhang Lizhi
Published: March 2024

Efficient water dissociation to atomic hydrogen (H*) with restrained recombination of H* is crucial for improving the H* utilization for electrochemical dechlorination, but is currently limited by the lack of feasible electrodes. Herein, we developed a monolithic single‐atom electrode with Co single atoms anchored on the inherent oxide layer of titanium foam (Co1−TiOx/Ti), which can efficiently dissociate water into H* and simultaneously inhibit the recombination of H*, by taking advantage of the single‐atom reverse hydrogen spillover effect. Experimental and theoretical calculations demonstrated that H* could be rapidly generated on the oxide layer of titanium foam, and then overflowed to the adjacent Co single atom for the reductive dechlorination. Using chloramphenicol as a proof‐of‐concept verification, the resulting Co1−TiOx/Ti monolithic electrode exhibited an unprecedented performance with almost 100 % dechlorination at −1.0 V, far superior to that of traditional indirect reduction‐driven commercial Pd/C (52 %) and direct reduction‐driven Co1−N−C (44 %). Moreover, its dechlorination rate constant of 1.64 h−1 was 4.3 and 8.6 times more active than those of Pd/C (0.38 h−1) and Co1−N−C (0.19 h−1), respectively. Our research sheds light on the rational design of hydrogen spillover‐related electrocatalysts to simultaneously improve the H* generation, transfer, and utilization for environmental and energy applications.
Collective Synthesis of Highly Oxygenated (Furano)germacranolides Derived from Elephantopus mollis and Elephantopus tomentosus
Authors: Patouret Rémi , Cham Ning , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: March 2024

Germacranolides, secondary metabolites produced by plants, have garnered academic and industrial interest due to their diverse and complex topology as well as a wide array of pharmacological activities. Molephantin, a highly oxygenated germacranolide isolated from medicinal plants, Elephantopus mollis and Elephantopus tomentosus, has exhibited antitumor, inflammatory, and leishmanicidal activities. Its chemical structure is based on a highly strained ten‐membered macrocyclic backbone with an (E,Z)‐dienone moiety, which is fused with an α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone and adorned with four successive stereogenic centers. Herein, we report the first synthesis of molephantin in 12 steps starting from readily available building blocks. The synthesis features the highly diastereoselective intermolecular Barbier allylation of the β,γ‐unsaturated aldehyde with optically active 3‐bromomethyl‐5H‐furan‐2‐one intermediate and ensuing Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) macrocyclization for the construction of the highly oxygenated ten‐membered macrocyclic framework. This synthetic route enabled access to another germacranolide congener, tomenphantopin F. Furthermore, cycloisomerization of molephantin into 2‐deethoxy‐2β‐hydroxyphantomolin could be facilitated by irradiation with ultraviolet A light (λmax=370 nm), which opened a versatile and concise access to the related furanogermacranolides such as EM‐2, phantomolin, 2‐O‐demethyltomenphantopin C, and tomenphantopin C.
Inclusion complexes of cucurbit[n]urils (n = 7, 8) with η5‐cyclopentadienyl methyl tricarbonyl molybdenum(II) and their use in epoxidation catalysis
Authors: Neves Patrícia , Gomes Ana C. , Monteiro Rodrigo P. , Santos Mirela J. , Valente Anabela A. , Lopes André D. , Gonçalves Isabel S. , Pillinger Martyn
Published: March 2024

There are very few known examples of supramolecular compounds comprising molybdenum species hosted inside the portals/cavities of cucurbit[n]urils (CBn). In this work, CB7 and CB8 macrocycles have been studied as hosts for the carbonyl complex [CpMo(CO)3Me] (1) (Cp = η5‐C5H5). Compounds were isolated in the solid state and characterized as genuine 1:1 inclusion complexes (1@CBn) by elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, 13C{1H} cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR, FT‐IR, Raman, and diffuse reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopies. The host–guest structures can act as supramolecular precatalysts for olefin epoxidation. Based on the model reaction of cis‐cyclooctene with hydroperoxide oxidants (tert‐butylhydroperoxide or hydrogen peroxide), the structural features of 1@CBn as well as the operating conditions influence the catalytic process. The metal species in 1@CBn undergo oxidative decarbonylation in situ, giving oxidized metal species that are catalytically active for olefin epoxidation. The type of oxidant and solvent influences the catalytic activity and stability. 1@CB8 was more stable than 1@CB7 with regard to catalyst recycling and reuse. Based on the substrate scope investigation, for relatively large olefins, such as the fatty acid methyl ester methyl oleate, the size of the macrocyclic host may be a determining factor for catalytic activity.
The preparation of polypropylene microfiber yarns via vortex airflow‐assisted melt differential electrospinning
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Tan Jing , Xu Jinlong , Li Haoyi , Yang Weimin
Published: March 2024

Polypropylene (PP) yarn possesses the advantages of low density and exceptional mechanical properties. Through electrospinning, fibers of PP yarns can be refined from 10 to 20 μm to an ultrafine level, thereby acquiring an enlarged specific surface area and more functional sites, expanding its application in high‐value areas. Herein, vortex airflow‐assisted polymer melt differential electrospinning was proposed to fabricate PP microfiber yarns. Under the influence of an electrostatic field, molten PP automatically splits into multiple jets that are further stretched and cooled into ultrafine fibers by suction airflow induced by vortex airflow. Subsequently, multiple ultrafine fibers were twisted into PP yarns using the vortex airflow. The effects of voltage, melt feed speed, and air pressure on the PP electrospun yams formation process as well as the morphology and mechanical properties of both the yarn and fibers were investigated. The results showed that the diameter of PP fibers ranged from 3 to 5 μm. The PP microfiber yams exhibited a relatively high mechanical strength of 1.6 cN/tex under conditions of 56 kV voltage, 0.22 g/min feed rate, and 0.3 MPa air pressure. Finally, the woven fabric made from electrospun PP yams demonstrated higher hydrophobicity compared with fabric woven from commercial PP filaments, suggesting potential applications in waterproof fabrics.
Study on the effect of chain extenders on aliphatic polyurethane and its application
Authors: Ding Wenhe , Liu Hongyan , Bo Yanyan , Zhan Siqi , Yu Zaiqian , Zhang Yuting , Yuan Ruize , Wang Shiwei , Zhang Mingyao
Published: March 2024

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) has been applied to high‐performance laminated glass depending on its high impact strength and bonding properties. The utilization of various polyurethane molecular structures in laminated glass is scarcely reported. The selection and application of chain extenders are crucial for TPU performance. In this work, aliphatic polyurethane film with high strength has been successfully synthesized, incorporating chain extender of poly(propylene glycol) bis(2‐aminopropyl ether) (PEA230). The films with melting point above 80°C were prepared by adjusting the proportion of dimethylglyoxime (DMG), while simultaneously monitoring the thermal behavior of the samples by DMA. Results indicate that combining PEA230 and DMG in a 1:1 molar ratio yields the hydrogen bonding degree of 85.77%, toughness of 43.14 MJ m3, and shear stress of 1.8 MPa for the polyurethane film. Subsequently, laminated glasses based on the polyurethane film with different thermal properties were constructed successfully, and their super strong impact resistance was confirmed through falling ball impact experiments.
Polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile/cellulose‐based activated carbon nanofibers obtained from acrylic textile wastes for carbon dioxide capture
Authors: Töngüç Yalçınkaya Tuğçe , Çay Ahmet , Akduman Çiğdem , Akçakoca Kumbasar E. Perrin , Yanık Jale
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study is to develop nanofibrous CO2 adsorbents by using of textile wastes as precursor materials. Therefore, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN/cell nanofibers were produced from acrylic textile wastes. Nanofibrous membranes were subjected to stabilization, carbonization, and chemical activation processes, respectively, to produce activated carbon nanofiber (ACnF) structures. Elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope, FTIR, and Braunauer, Emmett, and Teller analyses were carried out and CO2 adsorption performance was tested. It was observed that all samples, except PAN/cell nanofibers carbonized at 900°C, preserved their nanofibrous structure. PAN ACnFs had a lower surface area; on the other hand, they were shown to have higher carbon dioxide adsorption values compared with PAN/cell ACnFs. Reasonable adsorption capacities as high as 3.53 and 2.99 mmol/g (at 298 K at a relative pressure of 0.989) were achieved by PAN and PAN/cell ACnFs, respectively. As a result, it was investigated that sustainable ACnF‐based carbon dioxide adsorbents could be produced by the thermochemical processing of electrospun nanofibers obtained from textile wastes.
Synthesis and photo‐initiated radical polymerization of methacrylates derived from bio‐based ω‐hydroxycarboxylic acids
Authors: Heinz Markus , Kepkow Maximilian , Strehmel Bernd , Strehmel Veronika
Published: March 2024

The bio‐based methacrylates 9‐(methacryloyloxy)‐10,18‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid/9,18‐dihydroxy‐10‐(methacryloyloxy)octadecanoic acid isomer mixture and 22‐methacryloyloxydocosanoic acid were synthesized from 9,10‐epoxy‐18‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and 22‐hydroxydocosanoic acid. The white crystalline 9,10‐epoxy‐18‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and cream‐colored 22‐hydroxydocosanoic acid were isolated from both the bark of Betula pendula and cork of Quercus suber after extraction of the milled plant materials with methanol, treating the insoluble residues with 2‐propanole containing suspended sodium hydroxide, application of a working up procedure developed in this work for the resulting mixture, and purification of the products obtained. The new bio‐based methacrylates show higher reactivity in the photoinitiated polymerization in comparison with the commercial laurylmethacrylate as detected by photo‐differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For comparison, traditional free radical polymerization of the new bio‐based methacrylates was carried out in dimethylsulfoxide using 2,2'‐azobis‐(2‐propionitrile) as initiator. Furthermore, the quantitative conversion of the bio‐based monomers during the photoinitiated polymerization makes these bio‐based monomers interesting for application in coatings. As expected, the photopolymer made from the 9‐(methacryloyloxy)‐10,18‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid/9,18‐dihydroxy‐10‐(methacryloyloxy)octadecanoic acid isomer mixture is amorphous. Interestingly, the photopolymer made from the 22‐methacryloyloxydocosanoic acid contains crystalline structures as detected by DSC investigation.
Unraveling florfenicol's effects on splenic histology, erythrocytes, and hematology of healthy Oreochromis niloticus juveniles
Authors: Bardhan Avishek , Abraham Thangapalam J. , Das Ratnapriya , Patil Prasanna K.
Published: March 2024

The study aimed to investigate the impact of administering the antibiotic florfenicol (FFC) through dietary means on Oreochromis niloticus. The experiment involved exposing the fish to FFC at doses 0–10 times the therapeutic dose of 15 mg/kg biomass per day for 10 consecutive days. The group receiving the therapeutic dose showed 100% survival on the 10th day of dosing. Histological analysis revealed dose‐dependent changes in the spleen, including an increase in sinusoidal space, splenic necrosis, white pulp proliferation, splenitis, and red pulp hemorrhages. Additionally, there was an exponential rise in leukocyte counts accompanied by a significant decrease in erythrocyte counts, indicating the development of anemia due to FFC. The observed splenic histological damage, along with increased erythrophagia, erythro‐membrane breakage, and poikilocytosis, highlighted the splenotoxic and hemotoxic effects of FFC at higher doses. Importantly, these toxic effects showed considerable reduction upon discontinuation of FFC dosing. The study emphasized the need to consider FFC‐induced splenotoxic and hemotoxic outcomes in O. niloticus during its application in aquaculture.
Doing more with less: Realistic stereoscopic three‐dimensional anatomical modeling from smartphone photogrammetry
Authors: Morichon Alex , Dannhoff Guillaume , Barantin Laurent , Destrieux Christophe , Maldonado Igor Lima
Published: March 2024

Traditional teaching methods struggle to convey three‐dimensional concepts effectively. While 3D virtual models and virtual reality platforms offer a promising approach to teaching anatomy, their cost and specialized equipment pose limitations, especially in disadvantaged areas. A simpler alternative is to use virtual 3D models displayed on regular screens, but they lack immersion, realism, and stereoscopic vision. To address these challenges, we developed an affordable method utilizing smartphone‐based 360° photogrammetry, virtual camera recording, and stereoscopic display (anaglyph or side‐by‐side technique). In this study, we assessed the feasibility of this method by subjecting it to various specimen types: osteological, soft organ, neuroanatomical, regional dissection, and a dedicated 3D‐printed testing phantom. The results demonstrate that the 3D models obtained feature a complete mesh with a high level of detail and a realistic texture. Mesh and texture resolutions were estimated to be approximately 1 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Additionally, stereoscopic animations were both feasible and effective in enhancing depth perception. The simplicity and affordability of this method position it as a technique of choice for creating easily photorealistic anatomical models combined with stereoscopic depth visualization.
A pilot study on gamified and conventional e‐quizzes reinforcing human histology among first‐year medical and physiotherapy students
Authors: Romero‐Alemán María‐del‐Mar
Published: March 2024

The present retrospective, descriptive, and quasi‐experimental study aimed to explore students' perceptions of traditional teaching combined with gamified and nongamified e‐tests for postlecture reinforcement. Midterm knowledge retention and academic performance were also analyzed. The study was conducted from February 2021 to May 2022, involving a single group of first‐year medical and physiotherapy students enrolled in equivalent core subjects on human histology at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC). Lectures were supplemented with gamified Quizizz (QQ) or nongamified Moodle questionnaires (MQ) after lecture (t0) and 30 days later (t30). From 171 attendees, 162 volunteers were surveyed on their perceptions on the experience. Furthermore, 97 volunteers participated in the DOCENTIA‐ULPGC survey on the students' satisfaction, and 123 participants individually answered 20 QQ and 20 MQ. Data were analyzed using the program Jamovi 2.3.24. The survey on volunteers' perception comprised 11 Likert items and 3 numerical scale items. The former showed acceptable internal consistency (ω‐McDonald, 0.70) and validity (KMO, 0.58). Both types of e‐questionnaires facilitated learning and motivated pre‐reading contents but QQs were preferred. Reinforced lectures were rated higher than those unreinforced. Volunteers expressed higher overall satisfaction though DOCENTIA‐ULPGC survey than the prepandemic control group. Average scores peaked at t0 with higher MQ rates. At t30, MQ and QQ scores were acceptable and similar. Participants' outcomes in the final exam tended to improve compared to the prepandemic control group, but without statistical significance. In summary, gamified and nongamified e‐quizzes enhanced the student satisfaction and motivation and facilitated midterm knowledge retention.
An observer‐based composite identifier for online estimation of the Thévenin equivalent parameters of a power system
Authors: Zonetti Daniele , Ortega Romeo , Cisneros Rafael , Bobtsov Alexey , Mancilla‐David Fernando , Gomis‐Bellmunt Oriol
Published: March 2024

We consider a Thévenin equivalent circuit capturing the dynamics of a power grid as seen from the point of common coupling with a power electronic converter and propose a solution to the problem of online identification of the corresponding circuit parameters. For this purpose, we first derive a linear regression model in the conventional abc coordinates that, unfortunately, suffers from severe lack of identifiability properties. In spite of this fact, we design a bounded observer‐based composite identifier that, requiring only local measurements and knowledge of the grid frequency, ensures global boundedness of the parameters estimation error and convergence to a practically small residual set. An extension that guarantees exponential convergence of these errors to zero, in the case that the grid is dominantly inductive, is further provided. The performance of the proposed identifier, which subsumes a conventional gradient descent algorithm, is illustrated via detailed computer simulations.
Managing Drinking Water Aesthetics With Water Safety Planning
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Dietrich Andrea M. , Adams Hunter , Bartrand Timothy A.
Published: March 2024

Key Takeaways

Aesthetic water quality is an important but sometimes inadequately addressed aspect of providing a safe and reliable drinking water supply.

In the United States, federal regulations provide a starting point for maintaining aesthetic water quality; however, this framework falls short of providing the tools needed to effectively implement the standards.

A water safety planning approach can complement regulatory frameworks or be used as an industry standard for better management of aesthetic water quality.
What's New With Old Galvanized Iron Pipe? A Toolbox for Utilities
Authors: Arnold Roger B. , Parks Jeffrey , Edwards Marc A. , Rosenfeldt Becki
Published: March 2024

Key Takeaways

Because it can accumulate lead in its scale, galvanized iron pipe (GIP) poses compliance challenges in the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) and proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI).

To prepare for the LCRR/LCRI, utilities can use the GIP corrosion control toolbox outlined here, including targeted sampling, scale analysis, and corrosion control treatment testing.

GIP investigation and management can improve water quality, protect public health, and minimize aesthetic discoloration issues.

The proposed LCRR/LCRI tap sampling changes mean that GIP could contribute to Action Level exceedances for the first time.
Characterization of AST‐001 non‐clinical pharmacokinetics: A novel selective AKR1C3‐activated prodrug in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Meng Teng , Jung Donald , Cai Xiao‐Hong , Lu Zhao‐Qiang , Yu Ji‐Bing , Qi Tian‐Yang , Meng Fan‐Ying , Ruan Mei‐Zhen , Duan Jian‐Xin
Published: March 2024

AST‐001 is a chemically synthesized inactive nitrogen mustard prodrug that is selectively cleaved to a cytotoxic aziridine (AST‐2660) via aldo‐keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3). The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the prodrug, AST‐001, and its active metabolite, AST‐2660, in mice, rats, and monkeys. After single and once daily intravenous bolus doses of 1.5, 4.5, and 13.5 mg/kg AST‐001 to Sprague‐Dawley rats and once daily 1 h intravenous infusions of 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg AST‐001 to cynomolgus monkeys, AST‐001 exhibited dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics and reached peak plasma levels at the end of the infusion. No significant accumulation and gender differences were observed after 7 days of repeated dosing. In rats, the half‐life of AST‐001 was dose independent and ranged from 4.89 to 5.75 h. In cynomolgus monkeys, the half‐life of AST‐001 was from 1.66 to 5.56 h and increased with dose. In tissue distribution studies conducted in Sprague‐Dawley rats and in liver cancer PDX models in female athymic nude mice implanted with LI6643 or LI6280 HepG2‐GFP tumor fragments, AST‐001 was extensively distributed to selected tissues. Following a single intravenous dose, AST‐001 was not excreted primarily as the prodrug, AST‐001 or the metabolite AST‐2660 in the urine, feces, and bile. A comprehensive analysis of the preclinical data and inter‐species allometric scaling were used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of AST‐001 in humans and led to the recommendation of a starting dose of 5 mg/m2 in the first‐in‐human dose escalation study.
Aging and brain free cholesterol concentration on amyloid‐β peptide accumulation in guinea pigs
Authors: Pang K. Sandy , Peng H. Benson , Li Betty P. , Wen Binyu , Noh Keumhan , Xia Runyu , Toscan Anja , Serson Sylvia , Fraser Paul E. , Tirona Rommel G. , de Lannoy Inès A. M.
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer’s disease is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder wherein age is a major risk factor. The appropriateness of the Hartley guinea pig (GP), which displays high sequence homologies of its amyloid‐β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) peptides, Mdr1 and APP (amyloid precursor protein) and similarity in lipid handling to humans, was appraised among 9–40 weeks old guinea pigs. Protein expression levels of P‐gp (Abcb1) and Cyp46a1 (24(S)‐hydroxylase) for Aβ40, and Aβ42 efflux and cholesterol metabolism, respectively, were decreased with age, whereas those for Lrp1 (low‐density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1), Rage (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) for Aβ efflux and influx, respectively, and Abca1 (the ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1) for cholesterol efflux, were unchanged among the ages examined. There was a strong, negative correlation of the brain Aβ peptide concentrations and Abca1 protein expression levels with free cholesterol. The correlation of Aβ peptide concentrations with Cyp46a1 was, however, not significant, and concentrations of the 24(S)‐hydroxycholesterol metabolite revealed a decreasing trend from 20 weeks old toward 40 weeks old guinea pigs. The composite data suggest a role for free cholesterol on brain Aβ accumulation. The decreases in P‐gp and Lrp1 protein levels should further exacerbate the accumulation of Aβ peptides in guinea pig brain.
MYRF: A unique transmembrane transcription factor‐ from proteolytic self‐processing to its multifaceted roles in animal development
Authors: Qi Yingchuan B. , Xu Zhimin , Shen Shiqian , Wang Zhao , Wang Zhizhi
Published: March 2024

The Myelin Regulator Factor (MYRF) is a master regulator governing myelin formation and maintenance in the central nervous system. The conservation of MYRF across metazoans and its broad tissue expression suggest it has functions extending beyond the well‐established role in myelination. Loss of MYRF results in developmental lethality in both invertebrates and vertebrates, andMYRFhaploinsufficiency in humans causesMYRF‐related Cardiac Urogenital Syndrome, underscoring its importance in animal development; however, these mechanisms are largely unexplored. MYRF, an unconventional transcription factor, begins embedded in the membrane and undergoes intramolecular chaperone mediated trimerization, which triggers self‐cleavage, allowing its N‐terminal segment with an Ig‐fold DNA‐binding domain to enter the nucleus for transcriptional regulation. Recent research suggests developmental regulation of cleavage, yet the mechanisms remain enigmatic. While some parts of MYRF's structure have been elucidated, others remain obscure, leaving questions about how these motifs are linked to its intricate processing and function.
A component analysis of ABC assessments as demonstrated through function based interventions
Authors: Tereshko Lisa M. , Weiss Mary Jane , Ross Robert K. , Harper Jill M. , Keane Dennis
Published: March 2024

Research demonstrates that in order to implement a successful behavior analytic intervention, one must first identify the maintaining contingencies of the target behavior. Descriptive assessments are the most commonly used functional assessment used by behavior analysts (Oliver et al., 2015), although, comparative research further supports the use of analog functional analyses over descriptive assessments. As a way to assess the components of descriptive assessments to increase their accuracy, antecedent‐behavior‐consequence (ABC) assessments and functional analysis procedures were used to analyze the key components of descriptive assessment and were then verified with the implementation of a function‐based intervention. Results indicated that conditional probabilities from the antecedent condition were verified as the function in the functional analysis and treatment. Implications for clinicians and researchers are reviewed.
In vitro and in vivo investigation of Argiope bruennichi spider silk‐based novel biomaterial for medical use
Authors: Karahisar Turan Seçil , Kılıç Süloğlu Aysun , İde Semra , Türkeş Tuncay , Barlas Nurhayat
Published: March 2024

As a natural and biocompatible material with high strength and flexibility, spider silk is frequently used in biomedical studies. In this study, the availability of Argiope bruennichi spider silk as a surgical suture material was investigated. The effects of spider silk‐based and commercial sutures, with and without Aloe vera coating, on wound healing were evaluated by a rat dorsal skin flap model, postoperatively (7th and 14th days). Biochemical, hematological, histological, immunohistochemical, small angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) analyses and mechanical tests were performed. A. bruennichi silk did not show any cytotoxic effect on the L929 cell line according to MTT and LDH assays, in vitro. The silk materials did not cause any allergic reaction, infection, or systemic effect in rats according to hematological and biochemical analyses. A. bruennichi spider silk group showed a similar healing response to commercial sutures. SAXS analysis showed that the 14th‐day applications of A. bruennichi spider silk and A. vera coated commercial suture groups have comparable structural results with control group. In conclusion, A. bruennichi spider silk is biocompatible in line with the parameters examined and shows a healing response similar to the commercial sutures commonly used in the skin.
Effect of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on colorectal cancer diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Medina‐Prado Lucía , Sala‐Miquel Noelia , Aicart‐Ramos Marta , López‐Cardona Julia , Ponce‐Romero Marta , Ortíz Oswaldo , Pellisé María , Aguilera Lara , Díez‐Redondo Pilar , Núñez‐Rodríguez Henar , Seoane Agustín , Domper‐Arnal María‐José , Borao‐Laguna Cristina , González‐Bernardo Óscar , Suárez Adolfo , Muñoz‐Tornero María , Bustamante‐Balén Marco , Soutullo‐Castiñeiras Carlos , Balleste‐Peris Belén , Esteban Pilar , Jiménez‐Gómez Mirella , Albert Marc , Lucas Javier , Valdivieso‐Cortázar Eduardo , López‐Serrano Antonio , Solano Marina , Tejedor‐Tejada Javier , Trelles Marita , Zapater Pedro , Jover Rodrigo
Published: March 2024

Background and Study Aims

Our aim was to determine the impact of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Patients and Methods

This prospective cohort study included individuals diagnosed with CRC between March 13, 2019 and June 20, 2021 across 21 Spanish hospitals. Two time periods were compared: prepandemic (from March 13, 2019 to March 13, 2020) and pandemic (from March 14, 2020 to June 20, 2021, lockdown period and 1 year after lockdown).

Results

We observed a 46.9% decrease in the number of CRC diagnoses (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.1%–48.7%) during the lockdown and 29.7% decrease (95% CI: 28.1%–31.4%) in the year after the lockdown. The proportion of patients diagnosed at stage I significantly decreased during the pandemic (21.7% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.025). Centers that applied universal preprocedure SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR testing experienced a higher reduction in the number of colonoscopies performed during the pandemic post‐lockdown (34.0% reduction; 95% CI: 33.6%–34.4% vs. 13.7; 95% CI: 13.4%–13.9%) and in the number of CRCs diagnosed (34.1% reduction; 95% CI: 31.4%–36.8% vs. 26.7%; 95% CI: 24.6%–28.8%). Curative treatment was received by 87.5% of patients diagnosed with rectal cancer prepandemic and 80.7% of patients during the pandemic post‐lockdown period (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to a decrease in the number of diagnosed CRC cases and in the proportion of stage I CRC. The reduction in the number of colonoscopies and CRC diagnoses was higher in centers that applied universal SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR screening before colonoscopy. In addition, the COVID‐19 pandemic has affected curative treatment of rectal cancers.
Exploring the relation of active surveillance schedules and prostate cancer mortality
Authors: Yang Zhenwei , Heijnsdijk Eveline A. M. , Newcomb Lisa F. , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Erler Nicole S.
Published: March 2024

Background

Active surveillance (AS), where treatment is deferred until cancer progression is detected by a biopsy, is acknowledged as a way to reduce overtreatment in prostate cancer. However, a consensus on the frequency of taking biopsies while in AS is lacking. In former studies to optimize biopsy schedules, the delay in progression detection was taken as an evaluation indicator and believed to be associated with the long‐term outcome, prostate cancer mortality. Nevertheless, this relation was never investigated in empirical data. Here, we use simulated data from a microsimulation model to fill this knowledge gap.

Methods

In this study, the established MIcrosimulation SCreening Analysis model was extended with functionality to simulate the AS procedures. The biopsy sensitivity in the model was calibrated on the Canary Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Study (PASS) data, and four (tri‐yearly, bi‐yearly, PASS, and yearly) AS programs were simulated. The relation between detection delay and prostate cancer mortality was investigated by Cox models.

Results

The biopsy sensitivity of progression detection was found to be 50%. The Cox models show a positive relation between a longer detection delay and a higher risk of prostate cancer death. A 2‐year delay resulted in a prostate cancer death risk of 2.46%–2.69% 5 years after progression detection and a 10‐year risk of 5.75%–5.91%. A 4‐year delay led to an approximately 8% greater 5‐year risk and an approximately 25% greater 10‐year risk.

Conclusion

The detection delay is confirmed as a surrogate for prostate cancer mortality. A cut‐off for a “safe” detection delay could not be identified.
EXERT‐BC: A pilot study of an exercise regimen designed to improve functional mobility, body composition, and strength after the treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Carpenter David J. , Peluso Chris , Hilton Christie , Velasquez Frank , Annichine Adam , Matsko Krista , Rosenberg Jared , Diaz Alexander K. , Hyde Parker , Beriwal Sushil , Champ Colin E.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Resistance training may offer several unique advantages within breast cancer (BC) survivorship care; however, safety concerns have limited the application of high‐intensity compound movements necessary to elicit optimal changes in body composition, strength, and quality of life in this population. The EXERT‐BC trial assesses the safety and feasibility of an evidence‐based, dose‐escalated resistance training regimen among BC survivors, with the goal of improving physical and metabolic function, mobility, muscle mass, and body composition.

Methods

Participants included women with breast cancer underwent a 3‐month thrice weekly exercise regimen involving dose escalation of high‐intensity compound exercises. Coprimary outcomes included safety and adherence. Pre‐ and post‐regimen assessment included body composition testing, functional mobility and balance, total load (weight × repetitions × sets) across compound exercises, and patient reported quality of life. Pairwise comparison was performed via the paired t test.

Results

Fourty participants completed a 3‐month exercise regimen, with a median age of 57 years (range, 27–74 years) and 73% having stage 0–2 BC. BC therapies concurrent with exercise included anti‐estrogen therapy (80%), radiotherapy (30%), and non‐hormonal systemic therapy (15%). No adverse events were observed aside from a single case of self‐limited knee pain. Session attendance exceeded a prespecified threshold of 75%, and 98% patients reported ongoing compliance to an exercise regimen following regimen completion.

Significant reductions in percent body fat (p < 0.001) and increases in percent muscle mass (p = 0.011) were observed. Significant increases in resting metabolic rate (p = 0.023), bilateral grip strength (p < 0.001), functional movement screen (p < 0.001), bilateral Y‐Balance testing (p < 0.001), and Godin questionnaire scores (p < 0.001) were observed.

Conclusion

A 3‐month dose‐escalated resistance training regimen comprising high‐intensity compound movements appears safe with a high degree of adherence among breast cancer survivors, resulting in demonstrable improvements in body composition, metabolic parameters, strength increases, and patient‐reported quality of life.
Novel metabolic biomarker for early detection and diagnosis to the patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wei Meng Xia , Yang Zheng , Wang Pan Pan , Zhao Xue Ke , Song Xin , Xu Rui Hua , Hu Jing Feng , Zhong Kan , Lei Ling Ling , Han Wen Li , Yang Miao Miao , Zhou Fu You , Han Xue Na , Fan Zong Min , Li Jia , Wang Ran , Li Bei , Wang Li Dong
Published: March 2024

Background

Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) is classified as Siewert type II adenocarcinoma at the esophagogastric junction in Western countries. The majority of GCA patients do not exhibit early warning symptoms, leading to over 90% of diagnoses at an advanced stage, resulting in a grim prognosis, with less than a 20% 5‐year survival rate.

Method

Metabolic features of 276 GCA and 588 healthy controls were characterized through a widely‐targeted metabolomics by UPLC‐MS/MS analysis. This study encompasses a joint pathway analysis utilizing identified metabolites, survival analysis in both early and advanced stages, as well as high and negative and low expression of HER2 immunohistochemistry staining. Machine learning techniques and Cox regression models were employed to construct a diagnostic panel.

Results

A total of 25 differential metabolites were consistently identified in both discovery and validation sets based on criteria of p < 0.05, (VIP) ≥ 1, and FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0.5. Early‐stage GCA patients exhibited a more favorable prognosis compared to those in advanced stages. HER2 overexpression was associated with a more positive outcome compared to the negative and low expression groups. Metabolite panel demonstrated a robust diagnostic performance with AUC of 0.869 in discovery set and 0.900 in validation set.

Conclusions

A total of 25 common and stable differential metabolites may hold promise as liquid non‐invasive indicators for GCA diagnosis. HER2 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in GCA, as its overexpression is associated with improved survival. The downregulation of bile acid metabolism in GCA may offer valuable theoretical insights and innovative approaches for precision‐targeted treatments in GCA patients.
Cancer incidence among Armenians in California
Authors: Movsisyan Vernon Ani S. , Hoch Jeffrey S. , Fejerman Laura , Keegan Theresa H.
Published: March 2024

Introduction

California is home to the largest population of Armenians in the United States. The historical categorization of Armenians as ‘White’ or ‘Some Other Race’ in population databases has likely masked cancer incidence patterns in this population. This is the first study considering cancer incidence among Armenians in California.

Methods

We used the Armenian Surname List and birthplace information in the California Cancer Registry to identify Armenians with cancer diagnosed during 1988–2019. We calculated proportional incidence ratios (PIR) among Armenians compared with non‐Hispanic Whites (NHWs). As an exploratory analysis, we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) during 2006–2015 using Armenian population denominators from the American Community Survey (ACS). We selected PIR as our primary method given uncertainty regarding the use of ACS population estimates for rate calculations.

Results

There were 27,212 cancer diagnoses among Armenians in California, 13,754 among males and 13,458 among females. Armenian males had notably higher proportions of stomach (PIR = 2.39), thyroid (PIR = 1.45), and tobacco‐related cancers including bladder (PIR = 1.53), colorectal (PIR = 1.29), and lung (PIR = 1.16) cancers. Higher proportional incidence of cancers including stomach (PIR = 3.24), thyroid (PIR = 1.47), and colorectal (PIR = 1.29) were observed among Armenian females. Exploratory IRR analyses showed higher stomach (IRR = 1.78), bladder (IRR = 1.13), and colorectal (IRR = 1.12) cancers among Armenian males and higher stomach (IRR = 2.54) cancer among Armenian females.

Conclusion

We observed higher stomach, colorectal and thyroid cancer incidence among males and females, and tobacco‐related cancers among males. Further research is needed to refine Armenian population estimates and understand and address risk factors associated with specific cancers among Armenians in California.
Deep learning‐based accurate diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma on whole‐slide histopathology images
Authors: Zhang Xiuming , Yu Xiaotian , Liang Wenjie , Zhang Zhongliang , Zhang Shengxuming , Xu Linjie , Zhang Han , Feng Zunlei , Song Mingli , Zhang Jing , Feng Shi
Published: March 2024

Background

Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an independent prognostic factor that is associated with early recurrence and poor survival after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the traditional pathology approach is relatively subjective, time‐consuming, and heterogeneous in the diagnosis of MVI. The aim of this study was to develop a deep‐learning model that could significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of MVI diagnosis.

Materials and Methods

We collected H&E‐stained slides from 753 patients with HCC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. An external validation set with 358 patients was selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The deep‐learning model was trained by simulating the method used by pathologists to diagnose MVI. Model performance was evaluated with accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

We successfully developed a MVI artificial intelligence diagnostic model (MVI‐AIDM) which achieved an accuracy of 94.25% in the independent external validation set. The MVI positive detection rate of MVI‐AIDM was significantly higher than the results of pathologists. Visualization results demonstrated the recognition of micro MVIs that were difficult to differentiate by the traditional pathology. Additionally, the model provided automatic quantification of the number of cancer cells and spatial information regarding MVI.

Conclusions

We developed a deep learning diagnostic model, which performed well and improved the efficiency and accuracy of MVI diagnosis. The model provided spatial information of MVI that was essential to accurately predict HCC recurrence after surgery.
Cyber Child Pornography and Neo‐Legal Responses in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Authors: Maghaireh Alaeldin Mansour
Published: March 2024

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has taken a strong stance against cyber child pornography by enacting new laws and implementing legal measures to prevent and punish offenders. This article examines the legal framework in the UAE related to cyber child pornography, with a particular focus on the new Federal Law No. 34 of 2021 on Combating Rumours and Cybercrimes, as well as Federal Law No. 3 of 2016 on Child Rights. Additionally, the paper explores the compatibility of the UAE's relevant laws with the Council of Europe (CoE) Convention on Cybercrime. This article highlights the significance of having laws in place to combat cyber child pornography and provides recommendations for further improvement in the UAE's response to these crimes.
Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to the Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Sinapis pubescens L. subsp. pubescens (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Taviano Maria Fernanda , Arena Paola , Davì Federica , Cavò Emilia , Spadaro Vivienne , Raimondo Francesco Maria , Cacciola Francesco , Laganà Vinci Roberto , Mondello Luigi , Miceli Natalizia
Published: March 2024

Within a study focused on Sinapis pubescens subsp. pubescens wild from Sicily (Italy), an edible species still unexplored, our earlier published work has demonstrated good in vitro antioxidant properties for the flower and leaf hydroalcoholic extracts, exhibiting quite different qualitative‐quantitative phenolic profiles. Herein, further research was designed to elucidate the role played by phenolic compounds in the different antioxidant mechanisms highlighted for the extracts. To achieve this goal, the crude extracts were subjected to liquid‐liquid partitioning with solvents of increasing polarity; then, the fractions were investigated for their antioxidant properties using different in vitro assays. For both flowers and leaves, the ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the best activity in DPPH and reducing power assays, followed by n‐butanol. The total phenolic content determination indicated these fractions as the phenolic‐rich ones, which were characterized by HPLC‐PDA/ESI‐MS analysis. Conversely, the phenolic‐rich fractions did not show any chelating activity, which was highlighted for the more hydrophobic ones.
Adaptive responses of the ileum of NOD mice to low‐dose fluoride: A proteomic exploratory study
Authors: Trevizol Juliana S. , Buzalaf Nathalia R. , Dionizio Aline , Delgado Aislan Q. , de Lara João P. Z. , Magalhães Ana C. , Bosqueiro José R. , Buzalaf Marília A. R.
Published: March 2024

Fluoride (F) has been employed worldwide to control dental caries. More recently, it has been suggested that the consumption of low doses of F in the drinking water may reduce blood glucose levels, introducing a new perspective for the use of F for the management of blood glucose. However, the exact mechanism by which F affects blood glucose levels remains largely unexplored. Given that the small gut plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the proteomic changes induced by low doses of F in the ileum of female nonobese‐diabetic (NOD) mice. Forty‐two female NOD mice were divided into two groups based on the F concentration in their drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 (control) or 10 mgF/L. At the end of the experimental period, the ileum was collected for proteomic and Western blot analyses. Proteomic analysis indicated an increase in isoforms of actin, gastrotropin, several H2B histones, and enzymes involved in antioxidant processes, as well as a decrease in enzymes essential for energy metabolism. In summary, our data indicates an adaptive response of organism to preserve protein synthesis in the ileum, despite significant alterations in energy metabolism typically induced by F, therefore highlighting the safety of controlled fluoridation in water supplies.
Attenuation of cannabis withdrawal symptoms by Prosopis farcta extract, its luteolin and melatonin in mice: Involvement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and dopamine
Authors: Ghasemian‐Yadegari Javad , Adineh Ahmad , Mohammadi Hamidreza , Davari Shima , Veisani Yousef , Ghaneialvar Hori , Aidy Ali , Abbasi Naser , Karimi Elahe
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study was the identification of luteolin in Prosopis farcta extract (PFE) and melatonin to evaluate its effect on THC withdrawal syndrome in mice. Luteolin was identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPCL). Signs of toxicity of mice in PFE and luteolin were monitored for LD50 calculation. The behavioral symptoms of THC withdrawal (stereotypies, ambulation, and inactivity time) induced by the rimonabant challenge were illustrated in THC‐dependent mice receiving PFE, luteolin, and melatonin. The expression of mature BDNF (mBDNF) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The dopamine concentrations were measured using HPLC. PFE and luteolin LD50 were 650 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. PFE (300 mg/kg), all doses of luteolin, and melatonin increased significantly the mBDNF expression and decreased the dopamine concentration. The findings suggest that PFE, luteolin, and melatonin are mighty in reducing the signs of THC withdrawal. It seems these effects were due to a decrease in dopamine concentration level and an increase in mBDNF protein expression in mice brains.
The effect of food processing on the bioaccessibility of cadmium and micronutrients from whole wheat porridge
Authors: Motta‐Romero Hollman A. , Guha Snigdha , Seravalli Javier , Majumder Kaustav , Rose Devin J.
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

Wheat porridge contributes to the intake of micronutrients but can also be a route of the toxic heavy metal, cadmium. This study aimed to determine the effect of processing on micronutrients, cadmium dialyzability, and cellular bioaccessibility.

Findings

Cadmium (0.21%), magnesium (0.19%), iron (0.17%), and zinc (0.07%) presented low bioaccessibility from raw whole wheat flour. Boiling and germination reduced phytic acid content (p < .001) but failed to improve mineral bioaccessibility compared to raw flour. Fermentation increased the bioaccessibility of cadmium (2.3‐fold), magnesium (8.3‐fold), iron (2.2‐fold), and zinc (10.4‐fold) (p < .001). Dialyzability only presented a valid correlation with bioaccessibility for cadmium (r = 0.68; p < .001).

Conclusions

Food processing did not decrease cadmium bioaccessibility from wheat porridge. Dialyzability was a suitable method to estimate the cellular bioaccessibility of cadmium, but not other beneficial elements.

Significance and Novelty

Strategies to decrease cadmium bioaccessibility from foods are still needed. However, based on these results, the dialyzability assay reported here could allow the rapid screening of wheat‐based foods for their cadmium bioaccessibility.