bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Dehydrocoupling Reactions of Diorganotin Dihydrides R1R2SnH2 with Biuret
Authors: Deep Gagan , Narula A. K.
Published: July 2007

The reaction of unsymmetrical phenylmethyltin dihydride (PhMeSnH2), phenylethyltin dihydride (PhEtSnH2), phenylbutyltin dihydride (PhBuSnH2) and butylmethyltin dihydride (BuMeSnH2) with biuret (H2L) proceeds via SnH/NH dehydrocoupling to afford the corresponding tetra‐coordinate cyclic products. The reactions in the molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 have been studied. The yellow derivatives so isolated were soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in nonpolar solvents. It was found that 1:1 reaction went to completion while 2:1 and 1:2 did not go to completion. The derivatives had been characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques viz. IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR. DSC and TGA of the reaction products have also been studied. All the derivatives were thermally stable upto (190±10) °C and degradation occurred after that.
Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine, Noradrenaline and Dopamine in Human Serum Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescence Detection
Authors: Chen Fu‐Nan , Zhang Ying‐Xue , Zhang Zhu‐Jun
Published: July 2007

A simple, rapid and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine (E), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA). It was based on the analyte enhancement effect on the CL reaction between luminol and potassium ferricyanide. The effects of various parameters, such as potassium ferricyanide concentration, luminol concentration, pH value and component of the mobile phase on chromatographic behaviors of the analytes (E, NA and DA) were investigated. The separation was carried out on C18 column using the mobile phase of 0.01 mol/L potassium hydrogen phthalate solution and methanol (92:8, V/V). Under the optimum conditions, E, NA and DA showed good linear relationships in the range of 1×10−8–5×10−6, 5.0×10−9–1.0×10−6 and 5.0×10−9–1.0×10−6 g/mL respectively. The detection limits for E, NA and DA were 4.0×10−9, 1.0×10−9 and 8.0×10−10 g/mL. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the analysis of E, NA and DA in human serum samples.
Determination of Potassium Ferrocyanide in Foods by Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Method with Double‐Charged Triaminotriphenylmethane Dyes
Authors: Li Yong‐Li , Liu Zhong‐Fang , Xie Li‐Sha , Kong Ling , Liu Shao‐Pu
Published: July 2007

In pH 1.0 acidic medium, double‐charged triaminotriphenylmethane dyes such as methyl green (MeG) and iodine green (IG) react with potassium ferrocyanide to form 2:1 ion‐association complexes by virtue of electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interaction. It results in the change of absorption and the great enhancement of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and the appearance of new RRS spectra. Two systems have similar spectral characteristics and their maximum RRS wavelengths are all located at 276 nm and smaller peaks are located at 332 and 457 nm, respectively. The intensity of RRS is directly proportional to the concentration of [Fe(CN)6]4− in the range of 0.03–5.7 µg·mL−1 (MeG system) or 0.04–5.9 µg·mL−1 (IG system). The RRS method has high sensitivity and the detection limit (3σ) for potassium ferrocyanide is 9.3 ng·mL−1 (MeG system) or 11.2 ng·mL−1 (IG system). The optimum conditions, influencing factors and effects of foreign substances are investigated. The method also has a good selectivity. A sensitive, rapid and simple RRS method for the determination of potassium ferrocyanide in salinized food and table salt has been developed.
An Efficient Synthetic Method to Nonnatural α‐ and β‐Tryptophan Analogues via Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Nitroacrylates
Authors: Sui Yong , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun
Published: July 2007

The Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates could provide α‐ and β‐tryptophan nitro‐precursors, respectively, in moderate to good yields under Lewis acid catalysis. The diastereoselectivities of the reaction were enhanced by using 2‐substituted indoles. The alkylation products could be easily transformed to nonnatural tryptophan derivatives.
Acid Catalyzed Condensation of Phenylethanal Enol or Thiol Enol Ether to 2‐Phenylnaphthalene
Authors: Chang Yu‐An
Published: July 2007

Treatment of enol ether or thiol enol ether of phenylethanals with sulfuric or polyphosphoric acid in toluene or xylene gave 2‐phenylnaphthalene in good yield. More importantly, a one‐pot reaction has been developed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluoro‐ and Chloro‐bimetallic Alkoxides as Precursors for Luminescent Metal Oxide Materials via Sol‐Gel Technique
Authors: Athar Taimur , Seok Sang Il , Kwon Jeong Oh
Published: July 2007

Heterobimetallic alkoxides are broadly recognized as versatile precursors for luminescence materials, and efforts are being made to develop novel routes by applying the concept of geometrical molecular design, for their synthesis and to design a single source precursor suited to photoluminescent materials. Novel and new series of bimetallic alkoxides has been prepared by metathesis route. They exhibit a lower sensitivity towards hydrolysis and so they are easier to handle as compared to other alkoxides. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopies. FT‐IR revealed that the molecular structure of these metal alkoxides was retained to a large extent in 4:1 halogenated alcohol‐benzene solution. The heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy provided useful information about chemical shifts for better understanding the likely structure based on interactions with their coordinate metals. The mass spectra show similar types of fragmentation pattern. SEM‐EDS analyses showed consistency with the formulation. XRD patterns show an enhanced homogeneity at high temperature. TGA measurements show that thermal decomposition occured in steps that depended entirely on the chemical compositions and the synthesis routes. SEM observation reveals that the morphology and particle size strongly depend on synthesis routes for their precursors.
Expression of estrogen receptor‐α and ‐β mRNA in the brain of Japanese quail embryos
Authors: Axelsson Jeanette , Mattsson Anna , Brunström Björn , Halldin Krister
Published: July 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the mRNA expression of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and ERβ in the brain of Japanese quail embryos. We found expression of both ERα and ERβ mRNA in homogenate of whole head from 6‐day‐old embryos, and in brain homogenate from 9‐ and 12‐day‐old embryos using real‐time PCR. In 9‐ and 12‐day‐old embryos the ERα expression was higher in females than in males. We used in situ hybridization to examine the localization of the ERs in sections from male and female brains on day 9 and day 17 of incubation. On day 9, ERβ mRNA was detected in the developing medial preoptic nucleus (POM), in the medial part of the bed nucleus of the striae terminalis (BSTm), and in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus. ERα signal could not be detected in the POM, the BSTm or the tuberal region in 9‐day‐old embryos. In 17‐day‐old embryos, ERβ was highly expressed in the preoptic area, the nucleus Taeniae of the Amygdala (TnA) and the BSTm. Expression of ERα mRNA was detected in parts of the preoptic area and in the telencephalic TnA. No ERα expression was found in the BSTm, an area known to be sexually dimorphic in adults. The high embryonic expression of ERβ in brain areas linked to sexual behavior indicates that ERβ plays a role in sexual differentiation of the Japanese quail brain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Learning large‐scale spatial relationships in a maze and effects of MK‐801 on retrieval in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Wang Jian Hong , Zhang Bo , Meng Zhi Qiang , Sun Ning Lei , Ma Man Xiu , Zhang Hua Xian , Tang Xiangdong , Sanford Larry D. , Wilson Fraser A.W. , Hu Xin Tian , Carlson Synnöve , Ma Yuan‐Ye
Published: July 2007

Monkeys have strong abilities to remember the visual properties of potential food sources for survival in the nature. The present study demonstrated the first observations of rhesus monkeys learning to solve complex spatial mazes in which routes were guided by visual cues. Three monkeys were trained in a maze (6 m × 6 m) included of four different mazes. We recorded the cue and cup errors, latencies, and pathway for each trial. The data showed that monkeys learned the target place after three days in the first maze and spent a shorter time in learning the following mazes. The maze was an efficient method to measure the ability and proceeding of spatial memory in monkeys. Moreover, working memory can also be tested by using the maze. MK‐801 at 0.02 mg/kg but not at 0.005 mg/kg impaired monkeys' retrieval of spatial memory after they learned all four mazes. The present maze may provide an efficient method to help bridging the gap in cognition between nonhuman primates and humans, and in particular to gain insight into human cognitive function and dysfunction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Voice quality after CO2 laser cordectomy—What can we really expect?
Authors: Vilaseca Isabel , Huerta Paula , Blanch José Luis , Fernández‐Planas Ana María , Jiménez Conchita , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel
Published: July 2007

Background.

Endoscopic management of laryngeal carcinoma has gained popularity among laryngologists based on the good oncologic and functional results. We evaluated the voice quality after laser cordectomy for early glottic cancer in a variety of vocal situations and its relation with the extension of resection and the age.

Methods.

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of voice quality in 42 consecutive male patients treated for T1 glottic carcinoma with laser cordectomy. Patients were compared with 21 controls. Voice quality was self‐assessed by the patients. Perceptual analysis was done by a speech pathologist on a running speech sample [GRBAS (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenicity, strain)]. Acoustic analysis included fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio (N/H), and maximum phonation time (MPT) on the sustained vowels /a/ and /i/, and on various running speech voice samples.

Results.

Distribution of the patients included in the study by T classification was as follows: Tis, n = 2 (4.8%); T1a, n = 35 (83.3%); and T1b, n = 5 (11.9%). Cordectomy types were: (I), 14%; (II), 26%; (III), 21%; and (V), 38%. Voice improved in almost 60% of patients, returning to normal in 45%. GRBAS showed significant differences between patients and controls and correlated with type of cordectomy. Acoustic analysis showed significant differences in F0, and jitter, with smaller differences in shimmer, N/H, and MPT.

Conclusion.

Voice quality after laser cordectomy differs from controls, but improves in a majority of patients after the surgery, with almost 50% of patients with subjective normal or near normal voice. Voice quality depends on type of cordectomy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Reactions of Polycyclic Ketones with Dimethoxycarbene; a Convenient Route for a ‘One‐Pot’ Preparation of Some α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Esters
Authors: Romański Jarosław , Mlostoń Grzegorz , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: July 2007

Polycyclic ‘cage’ ketones, such as pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan‐8‐one (10), pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane‐8,11‐dione (11), and adamantan‐2‐one (16) were treated with the nucleophilic dimethoxycarbene (DMC; 1), which was generated thermally from 2,5‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethoxy‐5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (4a) in boiling toluene. In this ‘one‐pot’ procedure, the α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid ester 12 or a corresponding derivative 15 or 17 was obtained (Schemes 4–7). Additionally, ‘cage’ thione 21 was treated with DMC under the same conditions yielding dimethoxythiirane 22 (Scheme 8). Subsequent hydrolysis or desulfurization (followed by hydrolysis on silica gel) of 22 gave α‐mercaptocarboxylate 25 and the corresponding desulfurized ester 24, respectively. In all cases, the addition of DMC occurred stereoselectively, and the addition from the exo‐face is postulated to explain the structures of the isolated products.
An Efficient Synthesis of a Potential (−)‐Reserpine Intermediate from (−)‐Shikimic Acid of the Chiral Pool
Authors: Huang Jian , Chen Fen‐Er
Published: July 2007

A highly stereoselective route to the polysubstituted chiral octahydrobenzofuran 12, a potential synthon for the E‐ring core in the (−)‐reserpine synthesis, is described. The α‐bromo acetal 11 was obtained from inexpensive (−)‐shikimic acid (3) through a series of highly stereoselective chemical reactions (Scheme). Et3B/Bu3SnH‐Mediated intramolecular radical cyclization of 11 led to compound 12 with the required configuration.
Four New Briarane Diterpenoids from the Gorgonian Coral Junceella fragilis
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , Chen Yu‐Hui , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Guh Jih‐Hwa , Khalil Ashraf Taha
Published: July 2007

Chemical investigation of the gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis, collected by scuba diving in Taiwan, resulted in the isolation of four new briarane‐type diterpenoids, frajunolides A–D (1–4), along with three known briaranes. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies, especially 1‐ and 2D‐NMR as well as HR‐MS experiments. The inhibitory effect of all isolated metabolites towards superoxide‐anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine/dihydrocytochalasin B (FMLP/CB) was evaluated.
Four New Schisanartane‐Type Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua
Authors: Lei Chun , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Chen Ji‐Jun , Pu Jian‐Xin , Li Li‐Mei , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Liu Jin‐Ping , Yang Li‐Bin , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: July 2007

Four new, highly oxygenated nortriterpenoids with the unique schisanartane skeleton, propindilactones A–D (1–4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua, together with four known schisanartane‐type compounds. The structures of the new plant constituents were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods.
The use of remotely sensed land cover to derive floodplain friction coefficients for flood inundation modelling
Authors: Wilson M. D. , Atkinson P. M.
Published: July 2007

Remotely sensed land cover was used to generate spatially‐distributed friction coefficients for use in a two‐dimensional model of flood inundation. Such models are at the forefront of research into the prediction of river flooding. Standard practice, however, is to use single (static) friction coefficients on both the channel and floodplain, which are varied in a calibration procedure to provide a “best fit” to a known inundation extent. Spatially‐distributed friction provides a physically grounded estimate of friction that does not require fitting to a known inundation extent, but which can be fitted if desired. Remote sensing offers the opportunity to map these friction coefficients relatively straightforwardly and for low cost. Inundation was predicted using the LISFLOOD‐FP model for a reach on the River Nene, UK. Friction coefficients were produced from land cover predicted from Landsat TM imagery using both ML and fuzzy c‐means classifiction. The elevetion data used were from combined contour and differential global positioning system (GPS) elevation data. Predicted inundation using spatially‐distributed and static friction were compared. Spatially‐distributed friction had the greatest effect on the timing of flood inundation, but a small effect on predicted inundation extent. The results indicate that spatially‐distributed friction should be considered where the timing of initial flooding (e.g. for early warning) is important. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics in watershed saturated areas using topographic‐index threshold and geomorphology‐based runoff model
Authors: Chang Chin‐Hsin , Lee Kwan Tun
Published: July 2007

The objective of this paper is to investigate the variation of geomorphology and runoff characteristics in saturated areas under different partial contributing area (PCA) conditions. Geomorphologic information and hydrologic records from two mid‐size watersheds in northern Taiwan were selected for analysis. The PCA ratio in the watershed during a storm was assumed equal to the ratio of the surface‐flow volume to the direct runoff volume from measured hydrologic data. The extents of PCA regions were then determined by using a topographic‐index threshold. Consequently, the geomorphologic factors in saturated and unsaturated areas could be calculated using a digital elevation model, and these factors could then be linked to a geomorphology‐based IUH model for runoff simulation, which can consider both the surface‐ and subsurface‐flow processes in saturated and unsaturated areas, respectively. The results show that geomorphologic characteristics in the saturated areas vary significantly with different PCA ratios especially for higher order streams. A large PCA ratio results in a sharp hydrograph because the quick surface flow dominates the runoff process, whereas the hydrologic response in a low PCA case is dominated by the delayed subsurface flow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bactericidal activity of chlorine‐loaded carbide‐derived carbon against Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Gogotsi Yury , Dash Ranjan Kumar , Yushin Gleb , Carroll Beth E. , Altork Susan Rachel , Sassi‐Gaha Sihem , Rest Richard F.
Published: July 2007

The authors investigated the bactericidal activity of high‐chlorine‐content nanoporous carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) against the Gram‐positive, spore‐forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis and the common Gram‐negative enteric bacterium Escherichia coli. Chlorine‐loaded nanoporous CDC produced by thermochemical etching of metals and metalloids by chlorination of carbides can retain up to 40 wt % of chlorine. Etching temperature and the structure and composition of carbides allow tuning the porosity of CDC. The CDC chlorine content depends on the synthesis temperature, pore size, and metal carbide used during preparation. It was observed that chlorine‐loaded CDC killed up to 100% of exposed E. coli and B. anthracis spores and vegetative cells in a dose and time‐dependent manner. CDC containing higher concentrations of chlorine killed bacteria to a greater extent and faster than did CDC containing lesser concentrations of chlorine. The results suggest that chlorine‐loaded CDC can be used inseveral commercial, defense, and industrial activities andprocesses to kill bacteria. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Surface modification of medical‐grade polyurethane by cyanurchloride‐activated tetraether lipid (a new approach for bacterial antiadhesion)
Authors: Sateesh Ananthu , Vogel Jürgen , Dayss Evelyn , Fricke Beate , Dölling Karin , Rothe Ulrich
Published: July 2007

The surface of high‐grade medical polyurethane was chemically modified and coated with tetraether lipid, employing cyanurchloride as coupling agent. The surfaces were initially grafted with hexamethylene diisocyanate and subsequently treated with water or hexamethylene diamine to generate free amino groups on the surface. This provides a convenient way for covalent coupling of tetraether lipids. These lipid‐coated surfaces were investigated for bacterial adhesion using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All lipid‐coated surfaces significantly reduced bacterial adhesion. Surface topology and individual modification steps were controlled by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. This new surface modification approach may reduce the adhesion of bacteria on biomaterials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Microstructural features in fractured high nitrogen stainless steel hip prostheses: A retrieval study of polished, tapered femoral stems
Authors: Swarts Eric , Kop Alan , Jones Noel , Keogh Cathie , Miller Susan , Yates Piers
Published: July 2007

Six fractured high nitrogen stainless steel (HNSS), polished, tapered hip stems have been reviewed for analysis. Clinical data suggests that poor proximal support (loosening), varus positioning, and canal morphology are implicated in the failure of these stems. Metallurgical assessment reveals a number of microstructural deficiencies contributing to failure. Of significance is poor grain homogeneity and larger grain size near the surface of the fractured stems. It appears some polished, tapered HNSS stems are at risk when combinations of these clinical and metallurgical features occur. As the control of grain size, microstructural uniformity, and inclusion content are critical for optimum mechanical performance, it is important the manufacturers review processing methods to further minimize the risk of component failure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 84A: 753–760, 2008
Vision into action: A study of corporate culture
Authors: Mainelli Michael
Published: July 2007

This is the full text of a report published in 1992 by BDO Consulting from fieldwork conducted in 1991.
Monitoring the quality of innovation processes and innovation successes
Authors: Vrakking Willem J. , Cozijnsen Anton J.
Published: July 2007

Organizations that want to survive in an increasingly demanding situation are forced into continuous innovation of their products, services and production processes. Safeguarding the quality of innovation processes is a prerequisite for quality improvement. In this article, the authors present the main insights required for effective and successful innovation in practice. Key concepts are ‘planning’ and ‘control’. They discuss planning concepts, integral innovation and the issue of simple or complex innovations; they outline a step‐by‐step plan to help achieve a systematic approach to innovation management; finally, they focus on the importance of monitoring the entire innovation process and innovation progression effectively. All of this should result in a quality guarantee of successful innovation.
A contingency view of strategy choice problems: Experiences of Swedish companies in Germany
Authors: Pehrsson Anders
Published: July 2007

The contingency view of business strategy has become popular in research. Differences in strategy problems between companies mainly offering separate products and systems of products are, however, less understood. This article presents an exploratory empirical study that seeks differences between the company categories. Using a cross‐sectional methodological approach and multivariate analysis, the study focuses on Swedish subsidiaries in Germany. The companies offer metal goods, machines and electrotechnical products. According to the results of the study, choices of product qualities are more complex for ‘system’ companies. The balance between customization of a system and standardization in order to reach reproducibility is a dominating problem for this company category. ‘Product’ companies in general are more exposed to price competition, which means that choice of cost levels is representative of a strategy choice problem for this category.
Planned change and organizational success
Authors: Nutt Paul C.
Published: July 2007

Planning identifies activities that create possibilities and change indicates the steps taken to implement a preferred plan. Recognizing the interdependency of of planning and changes is essential. In successful organizations, these activities are merged into a process that is managed by someone with authority. This paper discusses the benefits of ‘planned change’ and the difficulties that arise during planned change. Cases are used to illustrate essential steps in a successful planned change effort.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 14/2007
Authors: Schrinner Marc , Polzer Frank , Mei Yu , Lu Yan , Haupt Björn , Ballauff Matthias , Göldel Astrid , Drechsler Markus , Preussner Johannes , Glatzel Uwe
Published: July 2007

Cover: The cover shows the synthesis of gold nanoparticles generated on spherical polyelectrolyte brushes. Immersed in water these polyelectrolyte chains can be used to enrich [AuCl4]−ions, which can be reduced to gold nanoparticles of approximately 1 nm diameter. Studies by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, together with WAXS and HR‐TEM show an amorphous morphology for these Au‐NP. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by M. Schrinner, F. Polzer, Y. Mei, Y. Lu, B. Haupt, M. Ballauff,* A. Göldel, M. Drechsler, J. Preussner, and U. Glatzel on page 1542.
Taphonomy and zooarchaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic cave of Dzudzuana, Republic of Georgia
Authors: Bar‐Oz G. , Belfer‐Cohen A. , Meshveliani T. , Djakeli N. , Bar‐Yosef O.
Published: July 2007

We present the results of a detailed taphonomic and zooarchaeological study of the faunal remains from the Upper Palaeolithic layers of Dzudzuana Cave, Republic of Georgia. This study presents the first carefully analysed Upper Palaeolithic faunal assemblage from the southern Caucasus and thus serves as a significant point of reference for inter‐regional studies of Upper Palaeolithic subsistence in Eurasia. A series of intra‐site taphonomic comparisons are employed to reconstruct the depositional history of the bone assemblages within the different occupational phases at the site and to investigate subsistence, meat procurement and bone‐processing strategies. Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica), aurochs (Bos primigenius) and steppe bison (Bison priscus) were the major prey species throughout the Upper Palaeolithic. Their frequencies do not change significantly over time, and nor does bone preservation vary by layer. The assemblage is characterised by significant density‐mediated biases, caused by both human bone‐processing behaviours andin situpost‐burial bone attrition. Bone marrow extraction produced large numbers of unidentified bone fragments, many exhibiting green bone fractures. The density and size of bone assemblages and the extent of fragmentation indicate that Dzudzuana Cave was repeatedly occupied by Upper Palaeolithic foragers over many years. Skeletal part representation and butchery marks from all stages of carcass processing suggest that prey occasionally underwent field butchery. Intra‐site taphonomic comparisons highlight uniform patterns of cultural and economic behaviours related to food procurement and processing strategies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bailey‐Boushay House: Passion, politics, and the art of public‐private fundraising
Authors: Silha Stephen
Published: July 2007

Raising $7.8 million to build a controversial AIDS nursing facility in less than five years took an extraordinary mix of the right personalities, fortuitous timing, grass–roots support, crackerjack lawyers and grant proposal writers, connections with the business and political communities, carefully planned groundwork, and passion.
Communicating with women: Understanding and applying the differences
Authors: Shaw Sondra C.
Published: July 2007

The new ways advertisers communicate with women and how these new ideas can be translated into development practices are examined along with gender‐based personal communications. Suggestions for practical applications are offered.
Accounting issues relating to fundraising
Authors: Larkin Richard F.
Published: July 2007

This chapter provides fund raisers with important information needed to be fully effective: accounting principles related to gifts and fundraising expenses, the use of financial data, and some of the federal tax rules affecting charitable giving.
Trusteeship, vision, and fundraising: Return to the fundamentals
Authors: Tyler Cheever
Published: July 2007

Trustees will be the principal designers of survival strategies in this decade and will need to look beyond traditional alternatives in order to succeed.
In pursuit of major gifts: Nondevelopment personnel in fundraising
Authors: Winfree Walter R. “Win”
Published: July 2007

A study of the effective utilization of the president, trustees, private citizens, and staff and faculty in the solicitation of major gifts is presented here. In different steps of the major‐gift process, the relative importance of each of these four groups was found to change; moreover, these groups were influential with major‐gift donor prospects both for the same and for different reasons.
Trustee education: Suggested curriculum for not‐for‐profit boards
Authors: Marabella Santo D.
Published: July 2007

To govern or not to govern effectively, that is the question; one of the answers is to train not‐for‐profit board members appropriately.
Nonprofit organizations and business: The conflict and confluence of managerial culture
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: July 2007

This chapter examines the potential that for‐profit organizations have to adapt management ideas derived from the culture and traditions of nonprofit organizations in today's dynamic environment, and the possible results of such adaptations in terms of cultural changes, conflicts, and benefits in both types of organizations.
Giving and region: Generous and stingy communities
Authors: Wolpert Julian
Published: July 2007

Nonprofits are largely organized at regional and local levels for both fundraising and service provision, and the data show distinctive regional cultures of giving. Yet without detailed case studies, we still understand little about how local civic cultures emerge and develop and how to foster more generosity.
Faith versus money: Conflicting views of stewardship and fundraising in the church
Authors: Conway Daniel
Published: July 2007

The idea that stewardship can be a euphemism to avoid some of the difficult issues surrounding religious giving is explored. An authentic understanding of stewardship and its practice can help unify faith and money, and can be one important step toward addressing the financial crisis facing Protestant and Catholic churches.
Public education funds and the American philanthropic tradition
Authors: Dilley Beth , Puriefoy Wendy
Published: July 2007

The role of public education funds in generating private support for public schools should be designed with a commitment to systemic change and improvement.
Raising funds for public libraries: A current overview
Authors: Jeavons Thomas H.
Published: July 2007

This chapter summarizes recent trends in public library fundraising, describes approaches, highlights issues of concern, and provides suggestions for designing the fundraising process in light of these concerns.
Understanding cultural difference in fundraising
Authors: Carson Emmett D.
Published: July 2007

What is the impact of cultural diversity on fundraising communication? Here we explore the possibilities for miscommunication that can occur across cultural boundaries in spite of the growing multicultural nature of global society.
Protein‐inhibitor flexible docking by a multicanonical sampling: Native complex structure with the lowest free energy and a free‐energy barrier distinguishing the native complex from the others
Authors: Kamiya Narutoshi , Yonezawa Yasushige , Nakamura Haruki , Higo Junichi
Published: July 2007

Flexible docking between a protein (lysozyme) and an inhibitor (tri‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine, tri‐NAG) was carried out by an enhanced conformational sampling method, multicanonical molecular dynamics simulation. We used a flexible all‐atom model to express lysozyme, tri‐NAG, and water molecules surrounding the two bio‐molecules. The advantages of this sampling method are as follows: the conformation of system is widely sampled without trapping at energy minima, a thermally equilibrated conformational ensemble at an arbitrary temperature can be reconstructed from the simulation trajectory, and the thermodynamic weight can be assigned to each sampled conformation. During the simulation, exchanges between the binding and free (i.e., unbinding) states of the protein and the inhibitor were repeatedly observed. The conformational ensemble reconstructed at 300 K involved various conformational clusters. The main outcome of the current study is that the most populated conformational cluster (i.e., the cluster of the lowest free energy) was assigned to the native complex structure (i.e., the X‐ray complex structure). The simulation also produced non‐native complex structures, where the protein and the inhibitor bound with different modes from that of the native complex structure, as well as the unbinding structures. A free‐energy barrier (i.e., activation free energy) was clearly detected between the native complex structures and the other structures. The thermal fluctuations of tri‐NAG in the lowest free‐energy complex correlated well with the X‐ray B‐factors of tri‐NAG in the X‐ray complex structure. The existence of the free‐energy barrier ensures that the lowest free‐energy structure can be discriminated naturally from the other structures. In other words, the multicanonical molecular dynamics simulation can predict the native complex structure without any empirical objective function. The current study also manifested that the flexible all‐atom model and the physico‐chemically defined atomic‐level force field can reproduce the native complex structure. A drawback of the current method is that it requires a time consuming computation due to the exhaustive conformational sampling. We discussed a possibility for combining the current method with conventional docking methods. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifying novel peroxisomal proteins
Authors: Hawkins John , Mahony Donna , Maetschke Stefan , Wakabayashi Mark , Teasdale Rohan D. , Bodén Mikael
Published: July 2007

Peroxisomes are small subcellular compartments responsible for a range of essential metabolic processes. Efforts in predicting peroxisomal protein import are challenged by species variation and sparse sequence data sets with experimentally confirmed localization.

We present a predictor of peroxisomal import based on the presence of the dominant peroxisomal targeting signal one (PTS1), a seemingly wellconserved but highly unspecific motif. The signal appears to rely on subtle dependencies with the preceding residues. We evaluate prediction accuracies against two alternative predictor services, PEROXIP and the PTS1 PREDICTOR. We test the integrity of prediction on a range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteomes lacking peroxisomes. Similarly we test the accuracy on peroxisomal proteins known to not overlap with training data. The model identified a number of proteins within the RIKEN IPS7 mouse protein dataset as potentially novel peroxisomal proteins. Three were confirmedin vitrousing immunofluorescent detection of myc‐epitope‐tagged proteins in transiently transfected BHK‐21 cells (Dhrs2, Serhl, and Ehhadh).

The final model has a superior specificity to both alternatives, and an accuracy better than PEROXIP and on par with PTS1 PREDICTOR. Thus, the model we present should prove invaluable for labeling PTS1 targeted proteins with high confidence. We use the predictor to screen several additional eukaryotic genomes to revise previously estimated numbers of peroxisomal proteins. Available athttp://pprowler.itee.uq.edu.au. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the structural stability of the Tup1‐interaction domain of Ssn6: Evidence for a conformational change on the complex
Authors: Palaiomylitou Maria , Tartas Athanassios , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Tzamarias Dimitris , Vlassi Metaxia
Published: July 2007

Ssn6, a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) containing protein, associates with the Tup1 repressor to form a global transcriptional co‐repressor complex, which is conserved across species. The three N‐terminal TPR repeats of Ssn6, out of a total of 10, are involved in this particular interaction. Our previously reported 3D‐modeling and mutagenesis data suggested that the structural integrity of TPR1 and its correct positioning relatively to TPR2 are crucial for Tup1 binding. In this study, we first investigate the structural stability of the Tup1 binding domain of Ssn6, in pure form, through a combination of CD spectroscopy and limited proteolysis mapping. The obtained data were next combined with molecular dynamics simulations and disorder/order predictions. This combined study revealed that, although competent to fold, in the absence of Tup1, TPR1 is partially unfolded with its helix B being highly dynamic exposing an apolar surface to the solvent. Subsequent CD spectroscopy on this domain complexed with a Tup1 fragment comprising its Ssn6 binding region provided strong evidence for a conformational change consisting of acquisition of α‐helical structure with simultaneous stabilization of a coiled‐coil configuration upon complex formation. We propose that this conformational change occurs largely in the TPR1 of Ssn6 and is in accord with the concept of folding coupled to binding, proposed for other TPR domains. A possible implication of the structural flexibility of Ssn6 TPR1 in Tup1 recognition is discussed and a novel mode of interaction is proposed for this particular TPR‐mediated complex. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A SWOT analysis for successful bridge team organization and safer marine operations
Authors: ARSLAN Ozcan , ER Ismail Deha
Published: July 2007

SWOT analysis is an established method for assisting the formulation of strategy. In this respect SWOT application to strategy formulation about bridge organization is examined and proposed in this study. A qualitative investigation using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis (SWOT) has been successfully implemented, emphasizing the limited capabilities of bridge resources to provide safe navigation and properly implemented bridge team management procedures. The human factor approach interacting with SWOT parameters was discussed in advance to clarify the potential threats of bridge operations for the enhancement of safety in maritime transportation. The originality of this study is that SWOT analysis as a management tool was firstly applied to bridge team management to perform strategic action plans for ship management companies to utilize bridge resources. With this bridge resource based SWOT analysis, efforts were made to explore the ways and means of converting the possible threats into opportunities and changing the weaknesses into strengths. Consequently, strategic action plans were developed for improved bridge team organization and safer marine operations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Synthesis of lipophilic 2‐oxoamides based on γ‐aminobutyric and δ‐aminovaleric analogues and their activity against phospholipase A2
Authors: Moutevelis‐Minakakis Panagiota , Neokosmidi Afroditi , Filippakou Maria , Stephens Daren , Dennis Edward A. , Kokotos George
Published: July 2007

A variety of lipophilic 2‐oxoamides based on γ‐aminobutyric and δ‐aminovaleric analogues were synthesized. 2‐oxoamides containing a tetrazole, a thioethyl or a thioacetyl group are weak inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2, while derivatives containing a methyl tetrazole, a diethyl phosphonate or a thioethyl group are weak inhibitors of GV sPLA2. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x‐ray and Raman based methods
Authors: Worobiec A. , Stefaniak E. A. , Kiro S. , Oprya M. , Bekshaev A. , Spolnik Z. , Potgieter‐Vermaak S. S. , Ennan A. , Van Grieken R.
Published: July 2007

A comprehensive analysis of individual welding fume particles of different size fraction has been performed by applying of an innovative combination of the energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Owing to this set of analytical techniques, a systematic study of the chemical composition along with the size, morphology and structure parameters of the collected welding particles was performed. The results show distinct interdependencies between the particles' elemental composition and their sizes and structures, which are consistent with commonly assumed mechanisms of their formation and evolution. In particular, interactions between the particles of fine and coarse fractions as well as regularities in distribution of the most toxic welding fume components (Mn and its oxides) have been observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive cycles and contraception of black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate during the breeding season
Authors: Asa Cheryl S. , Porton Ingrid J. , Junge Randall
Published: July 2007

Contraception is a critical component of population management for lemurs, but concerns about potential deleterious effects of continuous, long‐term treatment with synthetic progestins such as the widely used melengestrol acetate implant led us to evaluate seasonal contraception with injections of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo‐Provera, Upjohn Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, MI) to limit the duration of exposure. We compared two dosage regimens in female black lemurs using vaginal cytology as an indirect measure of ovarian suppression. Our results indicate that both 10 mg/kg body weight at 90‐day intervals or 2.5 mg/kg at approximately 30‐day intervals can be effective in most females, although one female on the 10‐mg dose showed signs of estrus at 53 days. Darkening of pelage during treatment was the primary side effect noted. A more important observation was that contraception can extend the breeding season to as much as 9 months, considerably longer than reported previously, which necessitates extending the period of contraceptive treatment. Zoo Biol 26:289–298, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partition coefficients for fatty acid esters in supercritical fluid CO2 with and without ethanol
Authors: Nilsson W. B. , Seaborn G. T. , Hudson J. K.
Published: July 2007

The complex nature of fish oils was exploited to study the dependence of structural factors upon fatty acid ester solubility in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF‐CO2). Partition coefficients were determined for a number of components present in two mixtures of fatty cid ethyl esters derived from menhaden oil in SCF‐CO2 at 60°C and 125 bar. Analogous data also were obtained for SCF‐CO2 with 5% (w/w) ethanol added. The addition of ethanol was found to increase partition coefficients for all species, but resulted in a decrease of fluid selectivity. Aside from the chain length of a component, both the degree and position of unsaturation were found to be structural factors that affect the value of the partition coefficient.
A rapid method for determining the oxidation of n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Boyd Leon C. , King Mei Fong , Sheldon Brian
Published: July 2007

The stability of unsaturated fatty acids to oxidation was monitored by following gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of headspace volatiles in comparison to changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and increases in malonaldehydevia the 2‐thiobarbituric (TBA) assay. Pure standards of linoleic acid (Lo) and n‐3 fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] were added to headspace vials, equilibrated in air for 10 min, followed by heating at 80°C in teflon‐capped vials for different time intervals. Headspace analysis showed increases in acetaldehyde, propenal, and propanal, corresponding to the oxidation of n‐3 fatty acids, whereas hexanal production corresponded to losses of linoleic acid. The analysis of propanal by GC‐headspace after only five minutes of heating appeared to be the most effective method of monitoring the oxidation of n‐3 fatty acids, as indicated by correlations between TBA values and loss of PUFA. The oxidation of Lo, EPA and DHA appeared to be a function of the number of double bonds. Correlations between PUFA depletion, TBA values and volatile formation indicate that under the prescribed conditions of this experiment, GC‐headspace analysis of propanal and pentane/hexanal is an excellent method for following the oxidation of selected n‐3 fatty acids and linoleic acid.
Chemical and physical changes in cottonseed oil during deodorization
Authors: Gümüşkesen Aytaç Saygin , Çakaloz Temel
Published: July 2007

The effects of deodorization time and temperature on the physical and chemical properties of cottonseed oil were investigated. Higher temperatures and longer times lead to increases in free fatty acids, peroxide value, viscosity and refractive index while iodine value, unsaponifiable matter and induction period decreased.
Evaluation of the bitter taste in virgin olive oil
Authors: Gutiérrez Rosales F. , Perdiguero S. , Gutiérrez R. , Olias J. M.
Published: July 2007

An analytical method has been developed to evaluate the intensity of the bitter taste in virgin olive oil. Results from the proposed method, based on extraction of the bitter constituents of virgin olive oil with methanol/water and measurement of the absorbance at 225 nm, show a significant correlation with the intensity of bitterness that had been evaluated in a sensorial manner by a panel. The developed method, therefore, offers a real alternative to the panel test for the evaluation of this attribute.
Characteristics of the storage proteins of cotton
Authors: Dure Leon
Published: July 2007

The storage proteins of the cottonseed are composed of α and β globulins which are homologous to the vicilins and legumins, respectively, of the legumes. Gene sequences for members of both protein families have been determined, and the derived amino acid compositions are presented here. The proteolytic cleavages and glycosylations involved in the processing of the preproproteins during embryogenesis to yield the proteins found in the mature seed are outlined.
Cyclopropene fatty acids of six seed oils from malvaceae
Authors: Rao K. Sundar , Jones Gwyn P. , Rivett Donald E. , Tucker Daryl J.
Published: July 2007

Seeds ofHibiscus leptocladus, H. sturtii, Sida echinocarpa, Abutilon amplum, Gossypium robinsonii andLagunaria patersonii contained 11.2\s‐26.8% oil and 11.6\s‐18.2% protein. Spectral, chromatographic and chemical analyses of the seed oils revealed the presence of malvalic (0.5\s‐3.2%), sterculic (0.1\s‐1.7%) and dihydrosterculic (trace‐0.7%) acids.
Supercritical fluid processing of fish oils: Extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Krukonis V. J.
Published: July 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls can be extracted from fish oils with supercritical carbon dioxide at quite modest temperature and pressure with little yield loss of the fish oils. The distribution coefficient, viz, the ratio of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in the carbon dioxide and fish oil phases, respectively, was measured to be about 0.01 (wt basis). The selectivity of carbon dioxide for polychlorinated biphenyls was found to be very high, about 13 at a concentration of about 10 ppm.
Mustard seed processing: Simple methods for following heat damage to protein meals
Authors: McGhee J. E. , Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C.
Published: July 2007

Processed mustard seed contains a considerably higher content of reducing sugar than other oilseeds. During processing, the natural reducing sugar is supplmented with glucose released by enzyme hydrolysis of the thioglucoside, and this total content reaches a value of more than 3% of the defatted mustard meal. This quantity of reducing sugar in mustard seed is three times more than that in soybean meal. Consequently, the browning reaction, which degrades protein, presents a greater problem in processing oilseeds containing thioglucosides than oilseeds free of thioglucosides. In developing the processing of mustard seed, the degree of heat treatment given the protein meals had to be determined. Several indirect methods were developed for following the effects of heat treatment on protein quality. Nitrogen solubility index, optical density of aqueous extracts, and reducing sugar content correlated well with degradation of heat‐labile amino acids, such as lysine, arginine, and histidine, and gave an index of protein quality.