bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

Of all the criticisms occasioned by the work of Schenker and his school, one has been especially persistent. It is that Schenkerian analysis, whatever insight it may give in many respects, fails to do justice to rhythm, that crucial element without which there could be no music. One might tend to brush aside such an objection if it were expressed only by those unconvinced by Schenker’s approach. However, musicians who subscribe to many of Schenker’s views have also voiced this criticism.
Bach’s Fugue in B Major, Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, No. 21
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

In principle the analysis of a fugue should present no problems essentially different from those encountered in other types of music. Fugal procedures, after all, grow out of the contrapuntal and harmonic elements fundamental to tonality. And two fugues by the same composer may well differ by at least as much as two rondos, two sonata movements, or two nocturnes.
Understanding Consent in Sexual Assault
Authors: Baker Brenda M
Published: November 2023

In 1983, Canada replaced its rape law with the offense of sexual assault. The sexual assault law took the form of a multitiered offense recognizing different severities of sexual violation, incorporating sexual assault, sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm, and aggravated sexual assault. The new classification was designed both to respect gender neutrality as required by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedo msand to emphasize that sexual aggression against women and other persons should be viewed as a crime of violence and domination rather than one of sexual passion. It acknowledged feminist arguments that rape is not about sex but about power. At the same time, legal reforms were introduced to help strengthen women’s equality by removing obstacles to legal enforcement of their claims to sexual security and sexual integrity. These also served to bring sexual assault law into line with broader principles of criminal law and criminal procedure. They included removal of spousal immunity, removal of any requirement for corroboration evidence, lifting of statutes of limitation, and the introduction of constraints on the use of evidence of past sexual history.
Defining Wrong and Defining Rape
Authors: Hampton Jean
Published: November 2023

Many wrongful acts against women, which in our time have finally been criminalized, were not until rather recently perceived as wrong by the larger society. For example, rape by a husband of a wife, and battery of wives generally, have historically been seen as legally and (by some) even morally permissible (as permissible as a farmer’s beating his stubborn mule) and thus as legally permissible. In our own time, the idea that such behavior can be justified still clings to our criminal law and criminal practices despite heavy attack. In part, this is reflected in the legal definition of rape, which in various criminal codes is generally understood as intercourse with a woman-normally understood to be someone other than the man’s wife-by force or threat of force, against her will and without her consent.1 It is hard to shake the thought embedded in this society that you can’t be raped by your husband.
The “Scottsboro Case”
Authors: On Bat-Ami Bar
Published: November 2023

The “Scottsboro Case” is far from a single case in the legal sense. Its name is derived from that of a town in Jackson County, Alabama, the county’s seat in March 1931. This was where the legal proceedings began that revolved around the rape charges made by Roby Bates (17 years old) and her friend Victoria Price (21 years old or perhaps even 27 years old), both White, poor, and underemployed mill workers, against Olen Montgomery (18 years old), Clarence Norris (18 years old), Haywood Patterson (18 years old), Ozie Powell (16 years old), Willie Roberson (16 years old), Charlie Weems (20 years old), Andy Wright (19 years old), Roy Wright (14 years old), and Eugene Williams (15 years old), all temporary workers, African American, and poor. The proceedings ended in 1938 in Decatur, Alabama, where they were moved in 1933, following a request from the defense for a change of venue. This happened after Bates recanted her testimony while working with the defense team of 1933; two U.S. Supreme Court decisions that found for the defense, one in 1932 in Powell v. Alabama and the other in 1935 in Norris v. Alabama; a negotiated dropping of charges against Montgomery, Roberson, Williams, and Roy Wright in 1937; and the beginning of what were expected to be long-term incarcerations for Norris (sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted to life; he was paroled in 1944), Patterson (sentenced to 75 years but escaped in 1948), Weems (sentenced to 75 years and paroled in 1943), Andy Wright (sentenced to 90 years and paroled in 1944), and Powell (who would have been released with Montgomery, Roberson, Williams, and Roy Wright, following the negotiated agreement between the prosecution and the defense, but instead was sentenced to 20 years after pleading guilty to assaulting a sheriff; he was paroled in 1946).
The 1930s: The Rumba Era
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of Saturday, April 26, 1930, a full house filed back after the intermission at New York’s Palace Theater. The curtain rose, and the course of Latin music in the United States was changed. The first Broadway appearance of Don Azpiazu’s Havana Casino Orchestra was important less for what was played than for how it was played. Don Azpiazu brought American audiences, for the first time, authentic Cuban dance music, complete with the maraccas, claves, guiros, bongos, congas, and timbales that were to become so widespread that their Cuban origin is now almost forgotten.
The 1950s: Mambo Time
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

During the 1950s, Latin music made a major change of course. It achieved its greatest popular outreach during the early part of the decade, but at the cost of a dilution (not of the best examples, but of the average) which contributed to its decline as a nationally popular style. In the latter years there was both a retrenchment and a return to the Latin roots for refreshment.
Investigation of Outbreaks
Authors: Weber David J , Menajovsky L Bernardo , Wenzel Richard
Published: November 2023

The historical foundations of infectious disease epidemiology are surveillance and outbreak investigations. Surveillance traces its heritage to William Farr, who in his 42 years (1838-1880) as statistician to the General Register Office in London developed and implemented such epidemiologic techniques as the standardized collection of morbidity and mortality data, the assessment of the determinants of the public health, and the application of these data to the prevention and control of disease (Susser 1975, Langmuir 1976). Modern outbreak investigative techniques date to John Snow, who investigated an outbreak of cholera in London in 1854, linked acquisition of cholera to use of water from the Broad Street pump, and terminated the epidemic by removing the pump handle (Winkelstein 1995, Brody 1999).
Natural Selection and the Evolution of Adaptive Genetic Variation in Northern Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Robinson Beren W , Schluter Dolph
Published: November 2023

The fishes inhabiting depauperate northern postglacial lakes and rivers have lately experienced high rates of divergence and species formation. The study of these fishes provides insight into how genetic variation in populations is molded by divergent environmentally based selection and how genetic variation and selection interact to cause rapid diversification. We summarize patterns of variation and divergence in the trophic traits of these fishes and show that (1) populations in depauperate environments often have elevated levels of niche-based phenotypic variation, which regularly takes the form of trophic or resource polymorphisms, and which appear to represent cases of character release; (2) much of this variation is genetically based and is the product of disruptive selection; (3) parallel patterns of diversification occur within and among populations; (4) in some instances this process has led to stable species coexistence despite gene flow and incipient to full-blown sympatric speciation; and (5) a reserve of genetic variation persists in most postglacial fishes that may allow a response to certain kinds of environmental change. Contemporary patterns of variation reflect a recent history of natural selection that has operated since the last glaciation some 15,000 years ago, but they may also reflect species-level selection that has occurred over the much longer time scale of millions of years representing many glacial periods.
Understanding Natural Selection on Traits That Are Influenced by Environmental Conditions
Authors: Nager Ruedi G , Keller, Lukas F , Noordwijk Arie J Van
Published: November 2023

To predict microevolutionary responses to changing environments, genetic effects on a trait need to be separated from those of environmental factors. Resemblance between family members in ecologically important traits can be estimated by long-term studies of populations with marked individuals of known decent. The observed resemblance, however, can be caused by genetic and environmental factors, and determining their relative importance requires a detailed understanding of the way genotype and environment influence the phenotype. Phenotypic plasticity provides a useful theoretical framework in which to study the influence of genes and environment on the phenotype. Field experiments have limited ability to measure genotype-by-environment interactions because experimentally induced environmental variation is usually small relative to natural variation. To study the proximate control of the phenotype, we propose ecophysiological experiments combined with measurements of environmental conditions at the individual scale. To understand the evolution of a trait, we must consider the pattern of environmental heterogeneity, the form of natural selection within each environment, and possible effects of past environments. We present a framework for such studies and illustrate it with the timing of reproduction in great tits (Parus major). The expression of laying date. depends strongly on local environmental conditions and the correct timing of the bird ‘s nestling period in relation to food availability has important fitness consequences.
Detecting Inheritance with Inferred Relatedness in Nature
Authors: Ritland Kermit
Published: November 2023

In many species, the inheritance of phenotypes in the wild is difficult to demonstrate. Several obstacles stand in the way. Often it is difficult to perform artificial matings or crosses. Attributes of life history, including long generation times, mortality, and movements, can make scoring phenotypes difficult. In addition, genotype-by-environment interactions can distort estimates of genetic variation. If one is to study patterns of adaptive genetic variation for phenotypic traits, adequate demonstration of their inheritance is desirable, preferably “in nature; ‘ The purpose of this chapter is to describe how non manipulative methods, based on estimation of natural relatedness, might allow us to demonstrate inheritance of a trait, whether simply inherited or polygenic.
The Electroencephalogram in Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Westmoreland Barbara F
Published: November 2023

Previous publications on the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)’note a high incidence of EEG abnormalities in patients with TSC. My experience confirms this opinion. The EEGs of 361 patients with TSC were analyzed to determine the relationship between the EEG findings and seizures, age at onset of seizures, mental retardation, and other clinical concomitants of TSC. The patients included 201 males and 160 females with ages ranging from 2 days to 63 years at the time of the EEG recording.
Genetic Counseling
Authors: Michels Virginia V
Published: November 2023

The hereditary nature of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was suggested in the early 1900s based on its familial aggregation. Individual components of the disease (“adenoma sebaceum”) had been recognized in parent and child even earlier. In 1935, Gunther and Penrose recognized the inheritance pattern as autosomal dominant.
Quality and Accountability
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

The United States has made more sustained efforts to set standards for acceptable quality of long-term care services, and to hold programs accountable for meeting those standards, than other countries. Despite all these efforts, good quality has eluded definition, let alone universal achievement. In part, the conceptual problem is rooted in the highly personal and subjective reactions that people have to their care and their life circumstances. The long-term care consumers’ view of quality combines a personal and internal response to the events and conditions they experience with a basic expectation that the technical quality meets some standard. Few long-term care consumers have stopped to ponder the trade-offs they might be willing to make if they had to choose between technical quality of care and quality of life. They presume they can obtain both. Despite much of the current rhetoric about the need to choose between these concepts, there is no reason to assume that the consumers are wrong in their basic belief that they can and should have both.
Jealous Afterthoughts
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Some twenty years ago, I published an essay entitled “Jealous Thoughts” (198oa [chap. 3 here]) in which I argued (among other things) that the possibility of jealousy is not eliminable without the sacrifice of much else, including erotic attachment. While I don’t believe the world has much changed in this respect, and so my basic view has also not changed much, I do have some further thoughts about jealousy—in particular in relation to issues of identity and of ambivalence. It is those that I would like to discuss here.
Boring From Within: Endogenous versus Reactive Boredom
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Was Berryman’s mother right? Is all boredom from within? The question is in fact ambiguous. Whether or not there should always be an internal cure for boredom, there is a separate question of whether the source of bore-dom is itself always internal (and yet a further question of whether selfgenerated emotions should be regarded as pathological by virtue of their source). Mrs. Berryman may have been more concerned with cure than source. Causal treatments, treatments that get at the root of a problem, must depend on the nature of the problem, in particular its source, but symptomatic treatments come from wherever they come from and work whenever they work.
Pride and Identity
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

How is it that pride has gone from being one of the traditional seven deadly sins to becoming, in recent decades, the banner under which social movements have declared their objectives (Black Pride, Gay Pride, and so on)? How are we to understand the shift from a theology of sin to a politics of self-assertion (and an accompanying psychology of self-esteem)? Is it simply that times have changed? That, God having died, attitudes have changed—so that what once was thought to precede a fall now seems a condition of rising? Or is it perhaps that the nature of pride is to be understood differently in the two contexts? There may be an inherent ambiguity in pride: associating it on the one hand with arrogance, conceit, egotism, and vanity, and on the other hand with self-respect, self-esteem, self-confidence, dignity. (On certain readings, these may all be seen as different kinds or degrees of self-love.) Thus at different times, different aspects of the nature of the emotion come to be given prominence. Or is the difference in the objects? One place to start is with the recognition that the object, and the subject, of the traditional sin was the individual. The social movements that argue for pride are concerned with groups. How do individual and group identity come together in pride?
“Does The Professor Talk to God?” Learning from Little Hans
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Freud never worked with children. Indeed when, early in his psychoanalytic theorizing, a question arose for him about the excremental interests of children, he wrote to his friend Fliess asking for information, adding: “Why do I not go into the nursery and experiment with Annerl? … I have no time for it, and the womenfolk do not support my researches” (1985 [1887–1904], 230, Letter of February 8, 1897).
Dynamics, Chaos, and Prediction
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Dynamical systems theory (or dynamics) concerns the description and prediction of systems that exhibit complex changing behavior at the macroscopic level, emerging from the collective actions of many interact- ing components. The word dynamic means changing, and dynamical systems are systems that change over time in some way. Some examples of dynamical systems are The solar system (the planets change position over time) The heart of a living creature (it beats in a periodic fashion rather than standing still) The brain of a living creature (neurons are continually firing, neurotransmitters are propelled from one neuron to another, synapse strengths are changing, and generally the whole system is in a continual state of flux)
Evolution
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system will always increase until it reaches its maximum value. Everyone knows this instinctively—it happens not only in our understanding of science, but also in our daily lives, and is ingrained in humans’ conceptions of history and in our art, literature, and religions.
Self-Reproducing Computer Programs
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 described some of the history of ideas about how life has evolved. But a couple of things were missing, such as, how did life originate in the first place? And what exactly constitutes being alive? As you can imagine, both questions are highly contentious in the scientific world, and no one yet has definitive answers. Although I do not address the first question here, there has been some fascinating research on it in the complex systems community.
Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

After he answered the question “Can a machine reproduce itself?” in the affirmative, von Neumann wanted to take the next logical step and have computers (or computer programs) reproduce themselves with mutations and compete for resources to survive in some environment. This would counter the “survival instinct” and “evolution and adaptation” arguments mentioned above. However, von Neumann died before he was able to work on the evolution problem.
Computing with Particles
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

In 1989 I happened to read an article by the physicist Norman Packard on using genetic algorithms to automatically design cellular automaton rules. I was immediately hooked and wanted to try it myself. Other things got in the way (like finishing my Ph.D. thesis), but working on this idea was always in the back of my mind. A few years later, with thesis finished and a research job at the Santa Fe Institute, I finally had the time to delve into it. A young undergraduate student named Peter Hraber was hanging around the institute at that time, looking for something to work on, so I recruited him to help me with this project. We were soon after joined by a graduate student named Rajarshi Das, who had independently started a similar project.
Prospects of Computer Modeling
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Because complex systems are typically, as their name implies, hard to understand, the more mathematically oriented sciences such as physics, chemistry, and mathematical biology have traditionally concentrated on studying simple, idealized systems that are more tractable via mathematics. However, more recently, the existence of fast, inexpensive computers has made it possible to construct and experiment with models of systems that are too complex to be understood with mathematics alone. The pioneers of computer science—Alan Turing, John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, and others—were all motivated by the desire to use computers to simulate systems that develop, think, learn, and evolve. In this fashion a new way of doing science was born. The traditional division of science into theory and experiment has been complemented by an additional category: computer simulation (figure 14.1). In this chapter I discuss what we can learn from computer models of complex systems and what the possible pitfalls are of using such models to do science.
The Science of Networks
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

I live in Portland, Oregon, whose metro area is home to over two million people. I teach at Portland State University, which has close to 25,000 students and over 1,200 faculty members. A few years back, my family had recently moved into a new house, somewhat far from campus, and I was chatting with our new next-door neighbor, Dorothy, a lawyer. I mentioned that I taught at Portland State. She said, “I wonder if you know my father. His name is George Lendaris.” I was amazed. George Lendaris is one of the three or four faculty members at PSU, including myself, who work on artificial intelligence. Just the day before, I had been in a meeting with him to discuss a grant proposal we were collaborating on. Small world! Virtually all of us have had this kind of “small world” experience, many much more dramatic than mine. My husband’s best friend from high school turns out to be the first cousin of the guy who wrote the artificial intelligence textbook I use in my class. The woman who lived three houses away from mine in Santa Fe turned out to be a good friend of my high-school English teacher in Los Angeles. I’m sure you can think of several experiences of your own like this.
Poem and Song
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth-century song cycle is not primarily “an integrated musical whole,” to use Arthur Komar’s formulation, but a collection of parts. If we want to understand the ways in which these parts interrelate and cohere, then it is more fruitful to begin from the individual part and work toward the whole than it is to go the other way around. What we need, in order to do this, is some model that can replace, or at least radically modify, the metaphor of formal organicism. And this is where the ideas of the Schlegels, as refashioned in the writings of Schumann and his colleagues, can be of great usefulness. For they suggest that the relationship between the cycle and the model of organicism is not one of conformance but one of opposition. The part calls into question the possibility of the whole because of the way in which it subverts the conventions and expectations of musical form. But at the same time, this very questioning taps into our innate desire for closure and thus creates the need for a larger whole within which the individual piece can be placed. I believe that it is this creative tension, perhaps more than anything else, that defines the nineteenth century cycle. And, in true Romantic fashion, it is a tension that can never be resolved but is simply replicated on ever more encompassing levels.
Weak Openings
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

One way to explain the concept of closure in music and literature is to say that there is a metaphorical frame that separates the complex structure of the artwork from the chaotic flow of everyday life. Barbara Herrnstein Smith argues that because our experiences are so often “fragmentary, interrupted, fortuitously connected, and determined by causes beyond our agency or comprehension,” we feel compelled to create “structures that are highly organized, separated as if by an implicit frame from a background of relative disorder or randomness.” In the case of a musical performance, as Edward T. Cone observes, this frame is created by the silence that precedes and follows. But Cone describes a variety of techniques that Romantic composers use to blur the boundary between the musical work and the surrounding silence, creating the impression that the music has begun before we hear the first notes and will continue after we hear the last ones, and it is in this category that Schumann’s experiments with song forms belong. The Romantic impulse to disguise or over flow the musical frame must be differentiated from the attempts of some twentieth-century composers to get rid of it altogether and thus to negate the viability of the musical work as a closed structure. Both procedures can be interpreted as responses to an increasing sense of chaos and puposelessness, which calls into question the possibility that art can provide the stability and coherence that are felt to be lacking in life. But where the elimination of the frame in more modern music expresses resignation or perhaps acceptance, the weakening of closure in Romantic music is associated with the wistful yearning for transcendence, the hope that what appears to be fragmentary in the material world will turn out to be whole in the world of the spirit.
The Day They Busted the Grateful Dead
Authors: Brautigan Richard
Published: November 2023

Richard Brautigan (1935-1984) ably carried a psychedelic sensibility into his fiction and poetry. This poem refers to the arrest of most of the band. October 2.1967. on charges of possession of marijuana-a symbolic act of enforcement that was meant. more than anything, to send a message to the Haight-Ashbury community. Brautigan was the author of numerous books of fiction and poetry, including The Abortion, published by Simon & Schuster in1966, and Trout Fishing in America, published by the Four Seasons Foundation in1967.
St. Stephen Revisited Beyond
Authors: Meltzetl Richard
Published: November 2023

an into Jerry Garcia a few months agoat the shooting of -:: Jthis film I was in that y’really oughta go see (Grand Theft jl Auto) while meanwhile him and his band were recording Terrapin Sta  ..S,fi/ittion nearby and we were talkin about I. punk rock (sez to me “It’s nice f-that kids’re forming bands and all that but sooner or later they’re gonna wanna hear real music”) and 2. strings (sez “There’s some guys today ,,who really have the string trip together”). Funny cause side two of said album. the 16-or-so-minute title cut (forget about side one. don’t evenplay it once. really no need). is not only THE GREATEST THING THE ,’DEAD’VE EVER (EVER) CUT IN A STUDIO but it’s got a helluva lot to do with both I and 2 to boot.
Dead Heads: A Strange Tale of Love. Devotion and Surrender
Authors: Abbotd Lee
Published: November 2023

here was never a possibility that we wouldn’t go see the Dead in Egypt. We were going to do whatever it took...and we did.Larry Murcer of Portland. Oregon is sitting on top of a muddy sleep . ing bag in a park across the street from the Oakland Auditorium. where the Grateful Dead will ring in the New Year-1980-in about three hours. With his girlfriend Judy Schweiger. Larry hitched down to Oakland the day after Christmas and had been camping out in }, the park ever since with about 50 other Dead Heads. as the group’s fans are known. The Grateful Dead wer playing five shows at the Auditorium. and Larry and Judy were not about to let inconveniences like tor Dennis McNally, these days, is the Grateful Dead organization’s publicist and the band’s official historian. When he wrote this article for the Sunday Siin Francisco Examiner &Chronicle magazine, California living, September 28.1980. he did not yet work for the band, but was known to them as the author of Desolate Angel:Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America (Random House.1979), his doctoral dissertation that was published as a commercial biography of Jack Kerouac. His view of the band harkens back to the Beats, and he sees them as part of a continuous thread of American thought that in turn crosses back over the Atlantic to William Blake, and further back.
Jerry Garcia and the Call of the Weird
Authors: Kahd Alice
Published: November 2023

We came out of suburban California twenty years ago ““f<l”with his latter-day beatnik. protohippie buddies and started playing music. And for Jerry Garcia the music’s never stopped. The c ?’.%band was once known as the Zodiacs. then as Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions. then as the Warlocks. Finally it became the ?Grateful Dead. It’s been a long. strange trip for Jerry and the boys from If the bars of San Carlos and the pizza parlors of San Jose to the ballrooms of America. the concert halls of Europe. and the hearts and minds of two generations of devoted fans. Garcia remains a cult figure within a subculture.
Transformative Mysteries: A Primer on the Grateful Dead for Aficionados. Initiates and the Wholly Uninformed
Authors: Silberman Steve
Published: November 2023

Silberman has set himself the task of a nutshell “explanation” of the Dead’s music, and he succeeds admirably. The following piece was published in the San Francisco Sentinel, a primarily gay alternative publication. on November 6.1987. After 22 years on the road. suddenly the Grateful Dead are a marketable entity. Lead guitarist Jerry Garcias avuncular visage smiles from newspaper photographs. the cover of Rolling Stone. and glossy promotional materials for the Dead’s new single. Touch of Grey.” which broke unexpectedly into Billboards Top IO. MTV recently devoted an entire day to the band. which once would have seemed as remote a possibility as an MTV special on Sun Ra. The Dead managed to mature from a modest inception as a free-form neighborhood rock band. to global cult status. and now unto the very thrones of multiplatinum establishmenthood. with only cursory. uncomprehending. and frequently derogatory media notice. The attention the band has received lately is barely more informed. casting the band as a hippie nostalgia act. or conversely. reinventing Garcia as one of the ubiquitous Betty Ford Center alumni-the “new” Grateful Dead for the ‘80s. “sounding better than they have in years.” finally worthy of ink and airplay. What the Dead actually do-the historical context of their music. its diverse influences. the implications of their method-is almost never discussed. in favor of more People magazine-fodder about tie-dye and incense.
Excerpt from The Millennium Shows
Authors: E Barutn Philip
Published: November 2023

My life is a set-list. Sometimes I think that there have bee. ore shows than there are possible memory configurations in tis the brain. Certainly Fve lived more concerts than I can remember There no question of that. no question. I guess f need to assume at least one ;’ttwin of every show f’ve seen. so close to the one I do remember that Fve i1: found it necessary to silently reduce the overlap. Maybe even twins is ‘just amanageable illusion.  Assume quintuplets.  I imagine that my mind has found very ingenious methods for shaping. thinning. making my remembered geography light. plastic. portable. It feels fine. though. I feel as though-more than most people-/ carry just enough in the way of the past. f can remember music with digital precision. I can hear any song J’ve ever heard, exactly as it was played. Even songs from shows I didn’t see flicker to consciousness. out of the descriptions I’ve heard from people in roadside diners and campgrounds. My mind interpolates what must have been played. I can remember the various. sweet groups of deadheads Fve traveled with from city to city. I can remember the distinct feel and character of each of those groups. Memories like a small rack of bootleg tapes. a partial plastic testa ment to the live and unknowable whole.
The Grateful Dead: A Meditation on Music. Meaning. and Memory
Authors: Burnetd Gary
Published: November 2023

Though it began as a mode of composition, it rapidly became a kind of architectural metaphor. a way of defining blocks of space with barely controlled fields of sound. the slide from one phrase to another suggesting both walls and a grid within which we can live in the instant before it once again disappears. Only when it stops altogether is it possible to begin looking forward. And it is only in part a question of style. of the creation of a musical universe unique to this particular aggregate of players.
The Early Origins of Jazz
Authors: Taylor Jeff
Published: November 2023

In March of 1917 the New York-based Victor Records released a single disc by the Original Dixieland Jass Band, a group of white musicians from New Orleans. The band had been in the city since January of that year, after a successful run in Chicago, and the two tunes they recorded, “Livery Stable Blues” and “Dixieland Jass Band One Step,” are usually considered the first recordings of jazz. The record, joined by several more in the following months, created an international sensation and sold at least a quarter million copies. Just two years later, with jazz securely rooted in the national consciousness, the vocalist Creighton Thompson could exclaim: “Jazz, jazz, jazz, that’s all I want to do; Play me a little jazz!” Though the Original Dixieland Jass Band (or ODJB) recordings were, ironically, not made by the African Americans who had been jazz’s primary creators, and though some scholars have claimed that the band’s music lacked elements that define the tradition (improvisation and, to a large extent, the powerful but elusive rhythmic groove known as “swing feeling”), the issue of the discs was a watershed event in the music’s history. They gave the public at large its first taste of this refreshing new music and inspired legions of younger musicians to explore the art.
Duke Ellington
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The career of composer, bandleader, and pianist Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington spanned many eras of American musical history. Born in Washington, D.C., in 1899, Ellington began performing professionally in the period between 1915 and 1918, just as the word jazz was gaining currency and the first recordings of this boisterous, syncopated music were going out to the public. He came of age in New York City during the 1920s, joining Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Bessie Smith, George Gershwin, and other notable figures in producing music that embodied the brash spirit and blues-tinged optimism of the Jazz Age. In the 1930s and 1940s he reached artistic maturity, winning acclaim as both a distinctive composer and a popular exponent of big band swing. In later years Ellington absorbed influences from bebop, soul jazz, bossa nova, gospel, and rock, composed a series of sacred works, and looked outside the United States for inspiration in The Far East Suite (1964-66), The Latin American Suite (1968), and The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1970). By the time of his death in 1974, Ellington had witnessed the panoramic unfolding of jazz history from the orchestral ragtime of James Reese Europe to the electric fusion of Weather Report.
Cool Jazz and West Coast Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

One of my teachers, the late Donald Davie, delighted in describing works of art with metaphors drawn from weather reports. All artistry, he suggested, tended to either the cool or the hot For Davie, the paragon of cool was found in sculpture. The sculptor, confronting the cold and unforgiving marble, practices an art requiring meticulous care, precision, and attention to even the smallest details. The hot artist, in contrast, neglects subtle gradations in a celebration of intensity, a mad abandonment to the creative force.

I learned much of my love of the cool in my classes with Davie, who made it clear which of the two extremes he preferred. One of his books was called, in fact, The Poet as Sculptor. And his description of lesser “hot” works-overblown efforts which he characterized as “warm,” “moist,” and “mushy”-had a decidedly pejorative edge.

Given my love of the cool, I often wonder why I ever gravitated to jazz. Jazz is not only a hot art form-it may well be the hottest. No other creative pursuit celebrates immediacy and intensity to such an extent. Not only does jazz abandon itself to the moment, it actually refuses to accept any longer time horizon.
Miles Davis
Authors: Belden Bob
Published: November 2023

Few musicians of our time have had such an important and influential impact on jazz as Miles Davis. His lyrical tone on trumpet and the sound of his groups are instantly recognizable; many of the themes written for his bands have become jazz standards and are consciously imitated by musicians today. Davis was able to imprint his sound and style on the tributaries of jazz and pop: bebop, hard bop, cool, funky, avantgarde, fusion, R&B, soul, dance, and rap. He developed three highly lyric qualities on the trumpet: a noble, New Orleans-based sound, an operatic approach, and a plaintive style. Davis considered himself a modernist, and this view was reflected in his never-ending quest for change. His bands became a pool for up-and-coming talent: John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, Bill and Gil Evans, George Coleman, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, John McLaughlin, Keith Jarrett, Dave Liebman, Mike Stern, Marcus Miller, and John Scofield all became important contributors to jazz as a result of Davis’s touch.

Miles Davis was born in Alton, Illinois, on May 26, 1926. He was raised in East St. Louis, Illinois, an integrated suburban community.
Jazz and Brazilian Music
Authors: Crease Stephanie L Stein
Published: November 2023

In 1959 the release of the Brazilian film Black Orpheus introduced the musical bounty of Brazil to international audiences. The award-winning film presented many viewers with their first glimpse of the authentic music and culture of Brazil, one of the largest and most populous countries in the world. In

the film, the Greek myth about the lovers Orpheus and Eurydice is played out in Rio de Janeiro during carnaval. Exotic percussion instruments and the call-and-response singing typical of Rio’s escolas de samba fill the soundtrack, interspersed with melodies played by solo guitar and compositions by Antonio Carlos Jobim and Luiz Bonfa, then young musicians in Rio’s artistic community. Their music combined the textures and rhythms of Brazil with elements from American jazz, classical and twentieth-century composition, and even Hollywood film music. These elements fused into the style that would soon have an enormous influence on jazz and popular music around the world: the bossa nova, literally, “new beat.”

The bossa nova was typically played with a slow samba rhythm and performed in a light, unaccented manner, comparable to the “cool jazz” popular in the United States during the 1950s.
Satellites of the Outer Planets
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

Extensively revised and updated, this new edition of David A. Rothery’s acclaimed geological guide to the outer solar system includes results and close-up color and black and white images from the 1995-1999 Galileo mission to Jupiter and from the Voyager space probe. Rothery, a noted planetary scientist, explains the geological aspects of the major satellites of the outer bodies, from Jupiter to Neptune to the Pluto-Charon system. In particular he shows how tectonic and volcanic processes, driven by heat from within, have shaped the rigid outer layers of these bodies. Rothery also discusses the similarities and differences among these planets, and reveals how they resemble Earth-like planets. This fascinating book is written in an introductory style ideal for first- or second-year college courses. Amateur geologists and astronomers will also find its insights rewarding.
Manners for Gentlemen
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

Derhaps it was the prospect of the long and bumpy journey to New Hamprshire that put Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley in a testy mood. There were six in his coach, plus their baggage, and one of the four horses was “very unruly.” As it was early December, the road may have been covered with snow and ice. Of course it did not take much to irritate the man: Dudley was hot-tempered by nature. And about a mile down the road from Roxbury to Boston, two ordinary citizens provided a spark for his fire.
Manners Maketh Men
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

Mistress Phillips did not intend to affront the young minister; she simply had a coughing spell. But Jeremiah Shepherd saw it as an insult. Her husband Samuel explained what happened: “In the time of my wife’s long and dangerous sickness he came below to look upon her and there took offense that she did not show him respect though my wife affirms that she bowed her head as well as she could being then entering into her ague fit, but he never would come see her though I wished him to do it.” Mistress Phillips was a respectable matron of the town of Rowley. Samuel Phillips was himself a minister, but the younger Shepherd was a candidate for the recently vacated position of pastor, that is, as Phillips’s superior. Mr. Phillips was supportive of Shepherd, but the latter’s inability to please the women of the parish ultimately did him in. Women like Mrs. Phillips could be quite influential, and ministers were wise to curry their favor. I Yet even such a matron tried to show deference to the younger minister.
Middle Class Rising
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett
Published: November 2023

In January of 1759, a young lawyer from Massachusetts recorded a painful self-assessment in his diary. Among other deficiencies, he noted I have insensibly fallen into a Habit of Affecting Wit and Humour, of Shrugging my Shoulders, and moving [and] distorting the muscles of my face. My Motions are stiff and uneasy, ungraceful, and my attention is unsteady and irregular. These are Reflections on myself that I make.
A Means to an End The Biological Basis of Aging and Death
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Why do we age? Is aging inevitable? Will advances in medical knowledge allow us to extend the human lifespan beyond its present limits? Because growing old has long been the one irreducible reality of human existence, these intriguing questions arise more often in the context of science fiction than science fact. But recent discoveries in the fields of cell biology and molecular genetics are seriously challenging the assumption that human lifespans are beyond our control. With such discoveries in mind, noted cell biologist William R. Clark clearly and skillfully describes how senescence begins at the level of individual cells and how cellular replication may be bound up with aging of the entire organism. He explores the evolutionary origin and function of aging, the cellular connections between aging and cancer, the parallels between cellular senescence and Alzheimer's disease, and the insights gained through studying human genetic disorders--such as Werner's syndrome--that mimic the symptoms of aging. Clark also explains how reduction in caloric intake may actually help increase lifespan, and how the destructive effects of oxidative elements in the body may be limited by the consumption of antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. In a final chapter, Clark considers the social and economic aspects of living longer, the implications of gene therapy on senescence, and what we might learn about aging from experiments in cloning. This is a highly readable, provocative account of some of the most far-reaching and controversial questions we are likely to ask in the next century.
Kenya
Authors: Obura David 0. , Muthiga Nyawira A , Watson Maggie
Published: November 2023

In 1989 Kenya’s coastal population was recorded as 1.83 million people, with an annual growth rate of 3.7% (25), of which a large proportion is due to migration of people from other parts of Kenya. Increasing economic activity, due to shipping, freight handling and tourism, provides a strong draw for migrant workers, as well as creating conditions for environmental degradation. Marine resource use is largely unregulated but the establishment, in 1968, of East Africa’s first marine protected areas has provided for the protection and conservation of several reef areas. This has also provided an opportunity for research on the effects of resource use, and the effectiveness of levels of protective management, outlined in the first part of this chapter. In the second part of the chapter, the principal conservation and environmental issues affecting Kenya’s reefs are described on a case study basis, using each of the five main protected areas to highlight the principal human population and resource pressures, and the findings of research in each of the areas.
Xeno
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The majority of patients in need of organ transplants do not survive long enough for a suitable human organ to become available. Xenotransplantation, the transplant of animal organs into humans, has attracted substantial media attention. If, as appears likely, it proves possible to “humanize” animal organs and evade the problems of rejection, in the coming few years there will be a tremendous increase in this procedure, mostly using organs from animals specifically for their harvestable organs. This book will lay out the potential and promise of the technique, the history of organ transplantation, the technical problems and breakthroughs in overcoming immune rejection, and typing and humanizing donor organs for transplantation. The ethical question of growing animals specifically for organ harvest, and the substantial public health concern from the certainty that animal viruses will pass into humans with the donated organs, will be fully discussed. The authors are among the leaders in the field of Xenotransplantation.
All Animals Are Equal, but Some Are More Equal than Others
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The large building is made up of a number of rooms, each divided into pens by concrete walls that rise to waist or shoulder height. When not wandering about on the stone floors, the pigs are generally eating and drinking from the food and water containers fixed along the walls. There are about 50 pigs altogether, and they look and sound like any other pigs with always a few grunting and squealing. But ifwe could look inside them, we would see something very strange, indeed: human proteins on the surface of the cells that line the blood vessels throughout their entire body, in all of their organs. These are “humanized” pigs-until recently a science fiction dream, but now firmly part of real-life science and medicine. The pig is considered by many surgeons as the most likely answer to the donor organ shortage-maybe not necessarily “humanized” pigs, although it is likely they will play a major role. Why the pig? Wouldn’t chimpanzees or baboons be preferable? After all, they are the closest relatives of man, much closer on the evolutionary tree than the pig, and, as we have seen, experimental data show that using organs from animals genetically more similar to us reduces the problem of rejection.