bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomia hierarchiczna, samoidentyfikacja i samoocena
Authors: Cuypers Stefaan
Published: June 2020

W niniejszym artykule chcę się krytycznie ustosunkować do tzw. hierarchicznego modelu autonomii osoby ludzkiej, wprowadzając kilka poprawek do zasadniczych idei owego modelu: idei samoidentyfikacji osoby (self-identification) i jej samooceny (self-evaluation). Rezultatem moich zabiegów będzie zastąpienie koncepcji skrajnej autonomii osobowej przez ideę troski o samego siebie, mówiąc inaczej, zastąpienie wizji osoby skrajnie autonomicznej przez wizję umiarkowanie heteronomiczną.
Skąd się bierze kradzież lub akceptacja kradzieży własności intelektualnej?
Authors: Wigura Karolina , Kuisz Jarosław
Published: June 2020

Karolina Wigura, Jarosław Kuisz
„Drugie życie” - uwagi wstępne
Authors: Podgórecki Adam
Published: June 2020

Investigations on what is called „hidden life” were carried out in 1969-1970 by the Research Group for Social Norms and Pathology of Social Life in the Sociological Institute of Warsaw University. In the articles published in this volume in Polish the authors try to sum up the sociological aspects of the investigations. The investigations do not claim to describe in a full and adequate way all phenomena that are generally called „hidden life”. The following was to be achieved: the completion of the present pedagogical and psychological knowledge with respect to the sociological aspects of the „hidden life”, comparative studies of various institutions (educational, penitentiary, criminal) with a view to formulate a diagnosis about the intensity of „hidden life” in different systems of isolation, the explanation of the fundamental manifestations of the described phenomena, and, at last, the preparation of sufficient and rational grounds for a considerable limitation of the „hidden life” or for its elimination. Apart from aspects of social pedagogy, the discussed investigations have also had purely theoretical aspects. The phenomena of the „hidden life” are in principle an unknown territory in such domains of knowledge as sociology, pedagogy, and psychology. Perhaps the results obtained will permit to describe more fully the pathological and non-pathological events connected with the „hidden life” and to understand it better than hitherto. This may also be of some importance for ethics. It should be added that there are many analyses of the functioning of moral norms in different environments, the character of which is not far from normal. But there are few analyses of moral life in exceptional situations, as regards social groups; among them also in situations contained in the term „hidden life”.
Polityka, wojna, przemoc
Authors: Górnicka Joanna
Published: June 2020

We used to consider ethics as a set of universal principles valid in every situation. It would be interesting however to ask if our activity in public or strictly political areas is to be submitted to the same criteria of moral evaluations as individual actions? What does just war mean? How far are we inclined to justify some moral aspects of war? What is the difference between the evil caused by acts of terrorism and the violence due to open military actions? Those are the questions the Author of this paper tries to answer in front of intensifying acts of ruthless political terror.
MIRAR Y ESCUCHAR EN LA CIUDAD: ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS DE LA VISIÓN Y LA AUDICIÓN EN REPÚBLICA VIII Y IX
Authors: Fernández Rivero Maria Cecilia
Published: June 2020

La concepción platónica de las experiencias visual y auditiva en un doble nivel (sensible y noético) repercute en su propuesta educativa y política, expresada, entre otros diálogos, en República. Un estudio filológico de estos campos semánticos en el Libro VIII e inicio del Libro IX de República permite postular que, para el ateniense, los cambios en las formas de la polis están ligados a cambios en los modos de ver y oír humanos. Así, el desplazamiento puede producirse desde una mirada y audición profundas a una mirada y audición superficiales, desde un oír- ver unitarios a múltiples, o del ver y oír al no-ver ni oír. En todos los casos,este desplazamiento tiene como correlato un desplazamiento en las formas de organización de la polis.
Contratos públicos y buena fe: la tutela de los derechos del administrado en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano
Authors: Cuba Meneses Erick
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad explicar las causas y justificaciones para la aplicación o inaplicación de penalidades en los Contratos regulados bajo la Ley de Contrataciones del Estado; asimismo, se mencionan los límites que el Tribunal Constitucional ha señalado en los supuestos de contratos con cláusulas abusivas aplicados en el sector público en aplicación del principio de buena fe contractual.
Procedimiento de ejecución de las sanciones administrativas
Authors: Villacreses Valle Jaime Andrés
Published: June 2020

El objeto de esta investigación es analizar la justificación de la existencia de medios y procedimiento de ejecución forzosa de las sanciones administrativas ante el incumplimiento voluntario de lo dispuesto en el acto administrativo sancionador por parte del infractor. En este sentido, es importante determinar desde cuándo se debe iniciar el procedimiento de ejecución, cuáles son los medios de ejecución forzosa, identificar los límites y garantías en el ejercicio de la autotutela administrativa y la posibilidad de impugnación en sede judicial de los actos administrativos de ejecución.
German Deunification
Authors: Solty Ingar , Vujica Darko
Published: June 2020

In 2021, Angela Merkel's fourth and last term as the chancellor of Germany will end. To understand Merkel's domestic and foreign policy, one must understand the country she inherited. She came to power in 2005 following the first center-left government since 1982, the government of Gerhard Schröder, and was in the fortunate position of becoming chancellor after a coalition government of social democrats and Greens had done the devil's bidding of implementing very unpopular neoliberal policies to the sole benefit of German capital and the rich.
Modeling and simulation of the hollow fiber bore size on the CO2 absorption in membrane contactor
Authors: Ghasem Nayef
Published: June 2020

Natural gas is one of the main sources of energy. It contains mainly methane and less percentage of impurity compound (CO2, H2S, and N2). The existence of these undesired impurity compounds in natural gas are not needed, because the presence of the acid gases in natural gas can cause corrosion and lowering the heating value in addition to their hazardous nature. The compound severely influenced human health and cause global warming. Accordingly, the capture of the acid gases species (i. e., CO2, H2S) from natural gas is essential. There are many techniques used for this purpose, hollow fiber polymeric membrane is a promising technique for this purpose. In this article, a numerical model is developed to study the effect of membrane contacting process with diverse fiber bore diameters on the percent removal of CO2 from a gas mixture by means of aqueous MEA/water solution as a scrubbing solvent. The developed model is validated utilizing data available in literature. The verified model is used to investigate the effect of flow rate of liquid and gas, and membrane total contact area on the CO2 removal efficiency. Results revealed that, membrane bore diameter and liquid flow rate have strong impact on the percent removal of CO2. The membrane with smaller bore diameter performs better than the other modules with greater diameter.
Developing deep learning models to automate rosewood tree species identification for CITES designation and implementation
Authors: He Tuo , Lu Yang , Jiao Lichao , Zhang Yonggang , Jiang Xiaomei , Yin Yafang
Published: June 2020

The implementation of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to combat illegal logging and associated trade necessitates accurate and efficient field screening of wood species. In this study, a total of 10,237 images of 15 Dalbergia and 11 Pterocarpus species were collected from the transverse surfaces of 417 wood specimens. Three deep learning models were then constructed, trained, and tested with these images to discriminate between timber species. The optimal parameters of the deep learning model were analyzed, and the representative wood anatomical features that were activated by the deep learning models were visualized. The results demonstrated that the overall accuracies of the 26-class, 15-class, and 11-class models were 99.3, 93.7, and 88.4%, respectively. It is suggested that at least 100 high-quality images per species with minimum patch sizes of 1000 × 1000 from more than 10 wood specimens were needed to train reliable and applicable deep learning models. The feature visualization indicated that the vessel groupings and axial parenchyma were the main wood anatomical features activated by the deep learning models. The combination of the state-of-the-art deep learning models, parameter configuration, and feature visualization provide a time- and cost-effective tool for the field screening of wood species to support effective CITES designation and implementation.
Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Zhonggang Sun , Shuwei Ji , Yanhua Guo , Yichen Lu , Lili Chang , Fei Xing
Published: June 2020

Selective laser melting (SLM) is considered as an important additive manufacturing (AM) technology which can fabricate parts with complex geometry. However, it is difficult to predict the optimal SLM-parameters of metallic materials. In this study, orthogonal experiments were designed to study the influence of SLM-process parameters on the density and fabricated quality of Hastelloy X superalloy. Moreover, the relationship between microstructure evolution and performance of deposited microstructure was studied after heat treatment. The laser power, scanning speed and energy density have a significant effect on the density of the fabricated parts. The optimal parameters for determining Hastelloy X are 250 W laser power, 500 mm/s scanning speed, 100 μm hatch space, and 30 μmlayer thickness. The deposited microstructure is a lamellar microstructure in the horizontal direction and a columnar crystal in the longitudinal direction, and the microstructure is mainly martensite. After solid-solution and aging treatment, grain grows up. Martensite decomposes and the carbide M6C was precipitated during the aging process. The strength of the microstructure decreases slightly due to the growth of grain size.
Best Polynomial Harmony Search with Best β-Hill Climbing Algorithm
Authors: Abu Doush Iyad , Santos Eugene
Published: June 2020

Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) is an evolutionary algorithm which mimics the process of music improvisation to obtain a nice harmony. The algorithm has been successfully applied to solve optimization problems in different domains. A significant shortcoming of the algorithm is inadequate exploitation when trying to solve complex problems. The algorithm relies on three operators for performing improvisation: memory consideration, pitch adjustment, and random consideration. In order to improve algorithm efficiency, we use roulette wheel and tournament selection in memory consideration, replace the pitch adjustment and random consideration with a modified polynomial mutation, and enhance the obtained new harmony with a modified β-hill climbing algorithm. Such modification can help to maintain the diversity and enhance the convergence speed of the modified HS algorithm. β-hill climbing is a recently introduced local search algorithm that is able to effectively solve different optimization problems. β-hill climbing is utilized in the modified HS algorithm as a local search technique to improve the generated solution by HS. Two algorithms are proposed: the first one is called PHSβ–HC and the second one is called Imp. PHSβ–HC. The two algorithms are evaluated using 13 global optimization classical benchmark function with various ranges and complexities. The proposed algorithms are compared against five other HSA using the same test functions. Using Friedman test, the two proposed algorithms ranked 2nd (Imp. PHSβ–HC) and 3rd (PHSβ–HC). Furthermore, the two proposed algorithms are compared against four versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results show that the proposed PHSβ–HC algorithm generates the best results for three test functions. In addition, the proposed Imp. PHSβ–HC algorithm is able to overcome the other algorithms for two test functions. Finally, the two proposed algorithms are compared with four variations of differential evolution (DE). The proposed PHSβ–HC algorithm produces the best results for three test functions, and the proposed Imp. PHSβ–HC algorithm outperforms the other algorithms for two test functions. In a nutshell, the two modified HSA are considered as an efficient extension to HSA which can be used to solve several optimization applications in the future.
Advances in biomaterials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery
Authors: Peng Zhiyu , Tang Pei , Zhao Li , Wu Lina , Xu Xiujuan , Lei Haoyuan , Zhou Min , Zhou Changchun , Li Zhengyong
Published: June 2020

Adipose tissue reconstruction is an important technique for soft tissue defects caused by facial plastic surgery and trauma. Adipose tissue reconstruction can be repaired by fat transplantation and biomaterial filling, but there are some problems in fat transplantation, such as second operation and limited resources. The application of advanced artificial biomaterials is a promising strategy. In this paper, injectable biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered scaffold materials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery are reviewed. Injectable biomaterials include natural biomaterials and artificial biomaterials, which generally have problems such as high absorptivity of fillers, repeated injection, and rejection. In recent years, the technology of new 3D tissue-engineering scaffold materials with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and porous scaffold as the core has made good progress in fat reconstruction, which is expected to solve the current problem of clinical adipose tissue reconstruction, and various biomaterials preparation technology and transformation research also provide the basis for clinical transformation of fat tissue reconstruction.
Sustainability and some green initiatives in undergraduate education
Authors: Narayan Saraswathi
Published: June 2020

Green Chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry or benign chemistry. It is concerned with developing processes and products that reduce or eliminate the use of and generation of hazardous substances. In the 21st century today’s students are particularly interested in matters that affect their health and well-being of the planet. To deal with such challenges of students the concept of Green and Sustainable Chemistry not only offers an excellent opportunity to address some of these concerns, but also provides us with a useful way to advance the way we do chemistry. Green chemistry is an ideal focus for undergraduate science education. A strong laboratory component is at the heart of many science courses. In this chapter some of the green chemistry principles and methodologies used to device certain undergraduate laboratory experiments and research are discussed.
Modifying mechanical properties of Shanghai clayey soil with construction waste and pulverized lime
Authors: Jili Qu , Hao Zhu
Published: June 2020

In the present study, the effect of construction waste and pulverized lime on the strength of Shanghai clayey soil is investigated. The unconfined compressive strength and direct shear tests have been carried out on reinforced soils with different combinations of construction waste and pulverized lime over various curing periods. The results from unconfined compressive tests show that the compressive strength increases after introduction of construction waste and pulverized lime, and the longer the curing period the higher the strength of treated soil. The results from direct shear tests show that the shear strength parameters increase to different degree after mixing with construction waste and pulverized lime. The tests also show the increase in compressive strength is insignificant with the addition of construction waste alone, but ductility increases. The conclusions drawn from the present study are important not only for designing and construction of geotechnical engineering projects in practice, but also for making good use of waste material, sustainable development and environmental protection.
EMULSIONS OF ORANGE AND COCONUT OILS AND THEIR USE IN PEANUT BUTTERS
Authors: ÖZVURAL Emin Burçin , ÇELEN Ebru
Published: June 2020

In this study, orange essential oil and coconot oil emulsions and their mixtures were prepared and added to peanut butter to prevent lipid oxidation. Sodium caseinate was used as an emulsifier and ultrasonication was used for homogenization. Emulsions containing orange essential oil had a higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than the coconut oil emulsions (P<0.05). TBARS values of the peanut butters containing ultrasonicated emulsions were considerably higher than the other treatments (P <0.05) at the end of storage (20th day). Samples containing ultrasonicated emulsions had lower L* (lightness) values than the other samples (P <0.05). Results showed that addition of these emulsions into peanut butters was effective in suppressing the lipid oxidation, but still further research is needed to produce the emulsions in nanoscale so as to increase the antioxidant properties of the oils.
NILAI MORAL PADA ANTOLOGI CERPEN KASUR TANAH (CERPEN PILIHAN KOMPAS 2017) DAN KELAYAKANNYA SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR SASTRA DI SMA/MA
Authors: Faozi Resti , Qomariyah U'um
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kajian nilai moral yang terdapat dalam antologi Cerpen Kasur Tanah (Cerpen Pilihan Kompas 2017) dan kesesuaiannya jika digunakan sebagai bahan ajar sastra di SMA/ MA. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan nilai-nilai moral yang terkandung dalam antologi cerpen Kasur Tanah (Cerpen Pilihan Kompas 2017) terdiri atas: (1) nilai moral hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, diantaranya mengerjakan kebaikan, melaksanakan yang diperintahkan Tuhan, meyakini akan adanya kehidupan neraka bagi orang-orang yang tidak melakukan perintah Tuhan, meyakini akan adanya kematian dan mempercayai bahwa Tuhan Sang Pencipta dan yang Maha Kuasa; (2) nilai moral hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri, meliputi kesadaran diri, intropeksi diri, dan mengakui kesalahannya; dan (3) nilai moral hubungan manusia dengan lingkungan sosial, diantaranya berupa hubungan baik antara anak dengan orang tuanya, meminta pendapat orang lain tentang suatu keputusan, mengalah, menjaga kasih sayang dengan sesama, saling tolong-menolong, serta berhubungan baik dengan alam sekitar. Berdasarkan aspek kevalidan dan kesesuaian serta wawancara dengan narasumber, nilai moral yang terkandung dalam antologi cerpen Kasur Tanah (Cerpen Pilihan Kompas 2017) hanya tujuh judul cerpen yang dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif bahan ajar sastra di kelas XI SMA/ MA. Tujuh judul cerpen tersebut yaitu: (1) Rumah Batu Kakek Songkok karya Lina PW; (2) Paman Klungsu dan Kuasa Peluitnya karya Ahmad Tohari; (3) Gugatan karya Supartika; (4) Perihal Tanda-tanda karya Wisnu Sumarwan; (5) Sekuntum Melati Ibu karya Miranda Seftiana; (6) Penagih Hutang Bersepeda Kumbang karya Farizal Sikumbang; dan (7) Mbah Dlimo karya A Muttaqin.

Kata kunci: nilai moral, bahan ajar sastra, cerpen
Decreased SIRT1 expression in the peripheral blood of patients with Graves’ disease
Authors: Yin Qinglei , Shen Liyun , Qi Yicheng , Song Dalong , Ye Lei , Peng Ying , Wang Yanqiu , Jin Zhou , Ning Guang , Wang Weiqing , Lin Dongping , Wang Shu
Published: June 2020

SIRT1, a class III histone/protein deacetylase (HDAC), has been associated with autoimmune diseases. There is a paucity of data about the role of SIRT1 in Graves’ disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of GD. Here, we showed that SIRT1 expression and activity were significantly decreased in GD patients compared with healthy controls. The NF-κB pathway was activated in the peripheral blood of GD patients. The reduced SIRT1 levels correlated strongly with clinical parameters. In euthyroid patients, SIRT1 expression was markedly upregulated and NF-κB downstream target gene expression was significantly reduced. SIRT1 inhibited the NF-κB pathway activity by deacetylating P65. These results demonstrate that reduced SIRT1 expression and activity contribute to the activation of the NF-κB pathway and may be involved in the pathogenesis of GD.
Culture conditions antagonize lineage-promoting signaling in the mouse blastocyst
Authors: Frum Tristan , Ralston Amy
Published: June 2020

The mouse preimplantation embryo is a paradigm for discovery of the molecular principles governing formation of specific cell types during development. In this Point of View Article, we show that conditions commonly used for ex vivo culture of preimplantation development are themselves antagonistic to a pathway that is critical for blastocyst lineage commitment.
On linear homogeneous differential equation of Chebyshev type
Authors: Kiriyatzkii Eduard
Published: June 2020

Let L[y] = y(n)(z)+gn-1(z)y(n-1)(z)+. . .+g1(z)y(1)(z)+g0(z)y(z) = 0  be a differential equation of nth order with analytic in circle |z| < R coefficients. We will call above equation by equation of Chebyshev type in

|z| < R, if fundamental system of its solution is a Chebyshev system in circle |z| < R . In present

paper the conditions with the fulfillment of which the equation L[y] = 0 is of Chebyshev type.
On approximation of averaging operator
Authors: Krylovas Aleksandras
Published: June 2020

An algorithm for constructing approximations of averaging operators of quasi-periodical functions is presented in the paper. The algorithm can be used for constructinguniformly valid for a long time asymptotical solutions of differential equations with small parameter.
Asymptotic expansions for Yosida approximations of semigroups
Authors: Vilkienė Monika
Published: June 2020

In this paper we provide asymptotic expansions for Yosida approximations of contraction semigroups. We also obtain optimal bounds for convergencerate and remainder terms of asymptotic expansions. We use a method introduced in [2] for analysis of errors in Central Limit Theorem and in approximations by accompanying laws. This method was applied in [3] to obtain optimal convergence rates in some approximation formulas for operators and in [10] to obtain asymtotic expansions and optimal error bounds for Euler’s approximations of semigroups.
Differential geometry of intersection curve of two surfaces
Authors: Navickis Kazimieras
Published: June 2020

In this this article the differential geometry of intersection curve of two surfaces in the three dimensional euclidean space is considered. In case, curvature and torsion formulas for such curve are defined.
Analysis of maturity information technologies exams
Authors: Blonskis Jonas , Dagienė Valentina , Burbaitė Renata
Published: June 2020

The paper deals with the tasks of maturity information technologies exams of 2006, 2007 and the pilot exam of 2007 adequacy to calibre standards, question resolution and its toughness. It was identified, that the attitude to exam matrix of pupils, who were preparing themselves for the maturity exam, and attitude of experts, who were preparing tasks for mentioned exam, is unequal: experts and pupils differently perceive and treat knowledge and solution of problems. There were abstracted special question groups, which differentiate knowledge and abilities of pupil. It was also signified, which mistakes are more common for pupils, what are the reasons of them, giving recommendations for teachers.
Peculiarity of mathematical objects. Function
Authors: Kavaliauskas Algis
Published: June 2020

The article deals with some possibledefinitionsof function. Shortagesof function definitionused at schools are discussed. Some concrete examples of improper use of definitions like function and expression, function and its graph are analyzed. Furthermore, some features of recording dimensional and not dimensional variables and their functions are discussed.
Climate change and fenology of birds sprig arrival
Authors: Ivanauskas Feliksas , Lapinskas Remigijus , Žalakevičius Mečislovas
Published: June 2020

The paper investigates the climate change impact on bird first spring arrival dates, including interpretation of mechanisms of changes in dates. Regression models for 46 species of birds based on data collected in Lithuania in 1966–2000are created and discussed.An explanation of changes in arrival timing is proposed.
Stochastic approximation algorithms for support vector machines semi-supervised binary classification
Authors: Bartkutė-Norkūnienė Vaida
Published: June 2020

In this paper,we consider the problem of semi-supervisedbinary classificationby Support Vector Machines (SVM). This problem is explored as an unconstrained and non-smooth optimization task when part of the available data is unlabelled. We apply non-smooth optimization techniques to classification problems where the objective function considered is non-convex and non-differentiable and so difficult to minimize. We explore and compare the properties of Stochastic Approximation algorithms (Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) with the Lipschitz Perturbation Operator, SPSA with the Uniform Perturbation Operator, and Standard Finite Difference Approximation) for semi-supervised SVM classification. We present some numerical results obtained by running the proposed methods on several standard test problems drawn from the binary classification literature.
Rate of convergence in the transfer theorem for min-scheme
Authors: Aksomaitis Algimantas
Published: June 2020

In this paper non-uniform estimate of convergence rate in the min-scheme is obtained. Presented results make the estimates, given in [1] and [2], more precise.
Bronislovas Ketarauskas (1905–1978) as the exile author of a textbook of higher mathematics
Authors: Banionis Juozas
Published: June 2020

B. Ketarauskas successfully finished mathematics studies at Vytautas Magnus University in 1931 and at the end of the World War II retreated to the West, where not only was he distinguished as a talented pedagogue,but in 1947 his „The Basics of Differential and Integral Calculus“ was publishedfor the second time, too. This two-part textbook covered the main topical areas of higher mathematics, i.e., mathematical limits, derivatives, differentials, definite and indefinite integrals. The text in the book abounds in illustrative material. It enables the student to obtain essential knowledge in higher mathematics. Presumably, this textbook can also be useful in nowadays.
Does Corruption Act as a Deterrent to Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries?
Authors: Guha Sanjib , Rahim Niazur , Panigrahi Bhagaban , Ngo Anh D.
Published: June 2020

Developing countries institute policies to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) that promotes growth and development. Corruption disrupts and complicates the implementation of policies that govern the inflows of FDI and the operations of foreign firms; such interference with policies is more than likely to disrupt and lower the inflows of FDI. This paper evaluates whether or not corruption reduces inflows of FDI into each and every developing country. Our study shows that developing countries with high growth rate (> 6% annual GDP growth) attract more FDI than countries with low growth rates although they are both steeped in corruption. Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) seem willing to cope with corruption in countries with high growth rates.
Developing cultural awareness through reading literary texts
Authors: Wąsikiewicz-Firlej Emilia
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the use of literature in ESL reading classes and its role in developing cultural awareness. The theoretical part focuses on the role of understanding students’ own culture as the fundamental step in developing cultural awareness. Thus, reading literary texts is understood here as text interpretation from native and foreign linguistic and cultural perspectives, defined by Kramsch as “third space”. The study presented in the second part of the paper attempts to verify the effectiveness of Hanauer’s (2001) method of Focus-on-Cultural Understanding in developing cultural awareness, focusing on gender perception, as one of the most fundamental aspects of culture. The study describes 1st year English philology students’ work with selected extracts from the novel Japanland: a year in search of wa by Karin Muller. It aims at identifying students’ perception of gender roles in their own culture and comparing and contrasting them with those dominating in other cultures, namely Japan and the United States. Firstly, students’ attitudes concerning gender roles within their own culture are measured by a pre-questionnaire. Then, after reading the selected extracts and expert’s interpretations, students’ attitudes are investigated again in order to verify the effectiveness of the tested method in cultural awareness education. Despite its limitations, the study showed that the application of Hanauer’s method Focus-on-cultural-understanding increased students’ cultural awareness, especially in respect to gender-related issues, and led to their reflexivity on their own native culture.
The social value of a dialect: linguistic attitudes of young people in Lithuanian cities
Authors: Ramonienė Meilutė
Published: June 2020

Language standardization ideology prevailing in most European countries sustains a lower social value of dialects in comparison to the standard language. The linguistic variety of social elite, media, public administration, and public use – the standard language – is often rated as ideal or at least more adequate for most domains of language use than local dialects. This paper investigates the situation in Lithuania, analyzes linguistic attitudes towards dialects of upper-secondary school students in Lithuanian cities. The data gathered in the context of the project “Lithuanian language: ideals, ideologies and identity shifts, 2010-2013” group discussions organized in schools of nine Lithuanian cities (Alytus, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Šiauliai, Telšiai, Utena and Vilnius) as well as the experimental data, is analyzed for the social value of Lithuanian dialects. The research revealed both overt and covert prestige of dialects. The overtly declared prestige of a dialect is weak and the social value is lower when comparing to the standard language. Moreover, the usage of a dialect is fairly strictly limited and involving only a private sphere, non-official communication. On the other hand, an indirect evaluation when describing stereotypical characteristics of a dialect speaker has shown a rather positive covert prestige of the dialects. Even though dialect speakers are not distinguished by a superior status or social power and are most often seen as coming from a rural environment, which is not modern and associated with old traditions, social attractiveness of a dialect speaker is specifically emphasised, also the dimension of social solidarity and resistance to standardization associated with a dialect is highlighted. The results of the research point out some tendencies of the (not yet extinguished) vitality of dialects.
The pragmatics of morphological negation: pejorative and euphemistic uses of the prefix non- in French
Authors: Dugas Edwige
Published: June 2020

In this paper I examine a particular type of morphological negation in French, namely non- prefixation on nominal bases (e.g. non-violence ‘nonviolence’). Drawing on a wide range of authentic examples from the Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (TLFi), the French literary database Frantext and the internet, I show that although the basic meaning of non- prefixation is negation, the nouns prefixed by non- (abbreviated as [non-N]N) may carry an additional nuance, which can be pejorative or euphemistic; hence the hypothesis defended in this paper that the prefix non- can also serve pragmatic purposes.

After having briefly described the morphological and semantic variety of nominal lexemes which can be the input of non- prefixation, I show that [non-N]N can have three different readings, namely what I call the “complementary” interpretation (e.g. les Italiens et les non-Italiens aiment la cuisine italienne ‘Italians and non-Italians like Italian cuisine’), the “ontological” interpretation (e.g. Toute sa vie durant, Gandhi est demeuré convaincu du bien-fondé de la non-violence ‘For all his life, Gandhi was convinced of the legitimacy of nonviolence’), and the “contrary interpretation” (e.g. Les fleurs, je m’en fiche. Serais-je une non-femme? ‘Flowers, I don’t care! Could I be a nonwoman?). In the second section, I describe the pejorative and euphemistic uses of [non-N]N. The pejorative useshave been noticed by several authors (a.o. Gaatone 1971, 1987, Di Sciullo and Tremblay 1993, 1996 for French, Zimmer 1964, Algeo 1971, Bauer 1983, Horn 1989 for English); I show that these uses arise when the [non-N]N have a contrary interpretation and that they are quite frequent. I also emphasize the importance of the discourse context compared to the semantics of the base noun. Then I address the euphemistic uses of [non-N]N, which are linked to the ontological interpretation, and which are more constrained and thus less frequent; I note that these uses function almost as a politeness device. The fourth section provides an attempt to draw a parallel between certain uses of [non-N]N and the polemic and metalinguistic uses of sentential negation, as they have been described by Ducrot (1980, 1984) and Horn (1985, 1989).
On the assignment of natural gender in Lithuanian as a second language
Authors: Bružaitė-Liseckienė Justina
Published: June 2020

The present study investigates how beginner adult students of Lithuanian as a foreign language assign natural gender to nouns. The grammatical category of gender is a complex phenomenon which belongs to the domains of syntax, morphology and semantics. As far as this paper is concerned, the assignment of grammatical gender is recognised as an academically challenging task to foreign language learners; however, the issue is still under-researched in the studies of Lithuanian as a foreign language.The aim of this study is to examine whether the beginner adult learners of Lithuanian as a foreign language rely on semantic or morphological clues when assigning natural gender, to identify the difficulties they encounter and the reasons for the difficulties. The paper analyses how learners assign natural gender to the nouns when their morphological and semantic clues conform, how they deal with gender conflict and how they assign indefinite gender to nouns.15 Vilnius University students, who attended courses on Lithuanian as a foreign language, were asked to participate in an experimental task, which consisted of assigning a masculine or feminine pronoun to 50 different nouns. The participants were provided with both morphological form of a noun and its visual representation, i.e. the students were given pictures reflecting a biological sex of the referents. The empirical analysis of the material was based on the method of error analysis.The results of the study have revealed that the beginner learners of Lithuanian as a foreign language tended to rely more on semantic than morphological clues when assigning natural gender. As expected, most errors were made when the learners had to deal with gender conflict. It was also established that the participants of the experimental task performed worse on marked plural forms of nouns than on unmarked singular forms. Finally, it turned out that the learners made more errors when they had to assign gender to unknown nouns, which showed that they had not been prepared to use semantic or morphological clues for the purpose of identifying the gender of unknown words. Since a relatively small number of learners were involved in the study, its insights should be confirmed by further research. The study might be relevant to researchers of foreign language acquisition and foreign language teachers.
The notion of language in language education policy: a comparative analysis of Lithuania and Denmark
Authors: Urbonaitė Daina
Published: June 2020

The article analyses the notion and ideology of language formed at the state level in Lithuania and Denmark. The aim is to examine the notion of language and the understanding of language functionality conveyed in the documents of language education policy and ideology emerging in them, also the purposes raised for language education. The official language education policy formed by the state exerts direct influence on language teaching at school and on the students’ formation of the notion of language. Therefore, the questions raised in this research are aimed at identifying what is implemented with the official language education policy, how much attention is devoted to developing the students’ communicative, argumentative skills and skills of independent critical thinking, and how much the policy focuses on the advocacy of national ideology and identity.

The data of the research includes national language education policy documents which determine the implementation of language policy in the system of education of Lithuania and Denmark. The following aspects have been analysed: language functions as presented in the education policy documents: the communicative function and the function of national identity; the formation of ideology of nationality through language education; the formation of standard language ideology in language education policy; also the students’ linguistic competences to be developed at school.

The results have shown that the notion of language emerging in the Lithuanian language education policy documents encompasses ideologies of standard language, language correctness and linguistic nationalism. The main goal of the Lithuanian language teaching is the implementation and strengthening of a single standard language norm and the formation of the notion of language as a protector and disseminator of national identity. However, the aim to develop language as a communicative tool as well as to develop the students’ critical thinking is also identifiable. The main goal of the Danish education policy is the development of the students’ communicative language function, critical-analytical thinking, and the formation of the notion of language as a means of communication, as well as of the notion of linguistic variation.
Variation in Management of Cutaneous Lumbosacral Findings in Newborns
Authors: Aby Janelle , Kim Juliann , Lai Lillian , Flaherman Valerie , Loyal Jaspreet
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND:

Cutaneous lumbosacral findings in neonates are common in the newborn nursery but may also be associated with occult spinal dysraphism. Variation in management of lumbosacral findings by neonatal clinicians has not been previously described.

METHODS:

Clinicians in the Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns (BORN) Network were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Participants reviewed 18 photographs of lumbosacral findings in asymptomatic neonates and selected 1 or more initial management step(s): routine care, watchful waiting, imaging, and/or subspecialty consultation. Additional data collected include ease of access to imaging and subspecialty consultants and characteristics of respondents.

RESULTS:

Of 407 BORN Network clinicians, 206 (51%) completed the survey. Respondents were in >90% agreement in initial management approach of 8 of 18 cases. The most common initial actions were spinal ultrasound (53%), neurosurgery evaluation (18%), and MRI (13%). Anomalies of the gluteal crease had the lowest proportion of agreement. In 2 cases, there were differences in respondents’ choice to image or consult a subspecialist depending on their percent clinical full time equivalent spent taking care of neonates <1 month of age: (1) coccygeal hair (P = .02) and (2) deviated gluteal crease (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:

Variation in initial management of neonatal lumbosacral findings by clinicians in the BORN Network was seen most often for deviations of the gluteal crease, flat vascular macules, and coccygeal hair.
Clarifying Misleading Lumps and Sinuses in the Newborn
Authors: Rich Barrie S. , Dolgin Stephen E.
Published: June 2020

Neonates often have congenital lumps or sinuses. It is expected that pediatricians will distinguish those with important physiologic implications from those without. Accurate understanding of these lesions is important for the practitioner to avoid unnecessary tests and anxiety and to ensure that seemingly benign lesions with important implications are addressed in a timely manner. This review aims to clarify the consequences of some lesions that can easily be misinterpreted, offering guidance in the initial management of patients with congenital lumps or sinuses. We address several lesions that can easily be misconstrued, including wattles, preauricular lesions, sacral sinuses, second branchial cleft anomalies, torticollis, and dermoid cysts.
Use of Virtual Reality in Dentistry: Literature Review
Authors: Genaro Luis Eduardo , Capote Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira
Published: June 2020

Virtual reality (VR) allows its application in different fields, such as healthcare. In dentistry, this technology has enormous potential, in the educational and clinical scope. Its applications are of increasing interest and importance in dentistry, especially in teaching, as it offers interactivity and high effectiveness in learning. In the treatment of phobia to dental treatments, this technology is also promising, since it shows satisfactory results and in the surgical area it has a high potential for complex treatments, allowing predictable and safe results. However, future studies should focus on establishing technological standards with high data quality and on the development of approved applications for the clinical routine. Thus, the objective of this literature review was to provide clarification on the knowledge and scientific development of VR in dentistry.
Специфіка функціювання фразеологічних одиниць в ідіостилі Дари Корній
Authors: Шитик Людмила
Published: June 2020

The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of phraseological units in the novels Honykhmarnyk, The Reverse Side of the Light by Dara Korniy and The Wings of the Colour of Clouds by Dara Korniy and Tala Vladmyrova. Two ways of applying phraseological units in the literary works are outlined: 1) the use of traditional fixed units recorded in phraseological dictionaries (usual use); 2) purposeful replacement and transformation of communicative setting, connectivity, semantics, form, or structure of phraseological units (occasional use). The specifics of introducing traditional and transformed phraseological units into the lingual structure of literary works are described. The unmodified phraseo- logical units that are entered into the text in their original linguistic form (in Ukrainian, Greek, and Latin languages) are analyzed. If the writer uses foreign-language fixed units in the text, she gives the Ukrainian equivalents. The stylistic features of the phraseological units which appear as a result of euphemization are revealed. The ways of formalization of standard phraseological units are marked in inverted commas as quotes or without inverted commas but in the context where there is a formal indication of the author’s words.

The ways of transformation of phraseological units are singled out: changes in the communicative setting of a fixed unit, modifications of the component structure of a phra- seological unit, and the contextual processing of a phraseological unit or its components. The changes in the component composition of phraseological units are systematized: the replacement of the grammatical form of the predicate, the lexical replacement of the com- ponents (substitution), and quantitative changes in the component composition. Lexical re- placement implies such modifications: the replacement by paronymous words, synonyms, or other lexemes. The degree of coverage of a phraseological unit by substitution may be minimal (one component is replaced), moderate (several components are replaced), and maximum (full replacement of the components). Quantitative changes which provide for the expansion or reduction of the component composition are described. The reduction of the component composition covers the following processes: truncation, contamination, and phraseological hint. The cases of the contextual processing of phraseological units are ana- lyzed, their qualification characteristics are determined.

It is concluded that Dara Korniy introduces phraseological units into literary text with- out changing their structure and semantics, and also uses transformed fixed units, compo- nents of which get new, phraseologically predetermined meanings because of transforma- tions. The use of varieties of techniques for the expression of well-known phraseological units testifies the high skill of the writer to achieve maximum expressiveness, irony, and laconicism.
Annotated list of anurans from the lateritic plateau of western India with notes on malformations
Authors: Mudke Madhushri , Gururaja K.V. , Aravind Neelvara , Singal Ramit
Published: June 2020

Lateritic plateaus of India are geographically and ecologically complex plateaus that support endemic flora and fauna. However, despite their uniqueness they are termed as “wastelands”. The plateaus’ overall treeless structure makes them susceptible to developmental activities like infrastructure growth, waste dumping, and urbanization. This paper presents a list of anurans compiled from surveys carried out in the years between 2016 and 2018 in the town of Manipal, a predominant lateritic landscape on the west coast of India. The list comprises of 19 species belonging to five different families, includes notes on microhabitat structure and associated species. We also present descriptions of malformed frogs recorded during the surveys. The growing demands for urbanization, presence of malformed frogs, and habitat complexities that support species densities highlight the need to re-evaluate our understanding towards these plateaus. We express our concern towards the need for conservation of these lesser known amphibian habitats.

 