bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naïve beliefs about the natural world in a case of childhood onset amnesia
Authors: Winter William
Published: October 2016

The individual profiled here (M.S.) suffered an episode of severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia) at the age of eight, damaging memory relevant structures in the mid-temporal lobes, including the hippocampus bilaterally. The resulting anterograde amnesia was characterized by profound deficits in autobiographical memory, but also a compromised ability to acquire new facts and information (semantic memory), resulting in the formation of idiosyncratic and naïve beliefs about the natural world that have persisted into his adult years. This article presents an interview with M.S. in which many of these idiosyncratic beliefs are detailed, and argues that they can be broadly viewed as the interaction of; 1) intact frontal lobe functioning that supports the application of rational analysis to his lived experience, and 2) an impoverished factual knowledge base upon which to construct sophisticated and evidence-based models of his lived experience and of natural world processes.
Gender differences in depression symptoms: Findings from a population survey in Kosovo – A country in transition
Authors: Arenliu Aliriza , Kelmendi Kaltrina , Berxulli Dashamir
Published: October 2016

This paper focuses on gender differences in depression symptoms. It takes into consideration relevant contextual factors of a country in transition. This paper’s analyzed data was extracted from European Social Survey, Sixth Round (ESS-6). ESS uses strict probability samples of the resident national population, aged 15 or older, and living in private households. Females reported a significantly higher mean depression on average (M = 8.14; SD = 3.88) compared to males (M = 7.56; SD = 3.86) at t(1247) = 2.604, p ˂ .009. The average for depressive symptoms found in the Kosovar population was higher than the averages reported in other European countries, but corresponded with those in Eastern European countries.
The mosaic architecture ofAeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicidapAsa4 plasmid and its consequences on antibiotic resistance
Authors: Tanaka Katherine H. , Vincent Antony T. , Trudel Mélanie V. , Paquet Valérie E. , Frenette Michel , Charette Steve J.
Published: October 2016

Aeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonids, is an issue especially because many isolates of this bacterium display antibiotic resistances, which limit treatments against the disease. Recent results suggested the possible existence of alternative forms of pAsa4, a large plasmid found inA. salmonicidasubsp.salmonicidaand bearing multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The present study reveals the existence of two newly detected pAsa4 variants, pAsa4b and pAsa4c. We present the extensive characterization of the genomic architecture, the mobile genetic elements and the antimicrobial resistance genes of these plasmids in addition to the reference pAsa4 from the strain A449. The analysis showed differences between the three architectures with consequences on the content of resistance genes. The genomic plasticity of the three pAsa4 variants could be partially explained by the action of mobile genetic elements like insertion sequences. Eight additional isolates from Canada and Europe that bore similar antibiotic resistance patterns as pAsa4-bearing strains were genotyped and specific pAsa4 variants could be attributed to phenotypic profiles. pAsa4 and pAsa4c were found in Europe, while pAsa4b was found in Canada. In accordance with their content in conjugative transfer genes, only pAsa4b and pAsa4c can be transferred by conjugation inEscherichia coli. The plasticity of pAsa4 variants related to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance indicates that these plasmids may pose a threat in terms of the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistantA. salmonicidasubsp.salmonicidabacteria.
Comparison of the SAWNUC model with CLOUD measurements of sulphuric acid‐water nucleation
Authors: Ehrhart Sebastian , Ickes Luisa , Almeida Joao , Amorim Antonio , Barmet Peter , Bianchi Federico , Dommen Josef , Dunne Eimear M. , Duplissy Jonathan , Franchin Alessandro , Kangasluoma Juha , Kirkby Jasper , Kürten Andreas , Kupc Agnieszka , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Nieminen Tuomo , Riccobono Francesco , Rondo Linda , Schobesberger Siegfried , Steiner Gerhard , Tomé António , Wimmer Daniela , Baltensperger Urs , Wagner Paul E. , Curtius Joachim
Published: October 2016

Binary nucleation of sulphuric acid‐water particles is expected to be an important process in the free troposphere at low temperatures. SAWNUC (Sulphuric Acid Water Nucleation) is a model of binary nucleation that is based on laboratory measurements of the binding energies of sulphuric acid and water in charged and neutral clusters. Predictions of SAWNUC are compared for the first time comprehensively with experimental binary nucleation data from the CLOUD chamber at European Organization for Nuclear Research. The experimental measurements span a temperature range of 208–292 K, sulphuric acid concentrations from 1·106 to 1·109 cm−3, and distinguish between ion‐induced and neutral nucleation. Good agreement, within a factor of 5, is found between the experimental and modeled formation rates for ion‐induced nucleation at 278 K and below and for neutral nucleation at 208 and 223 K. Differences at warm temperatures are attributed to ammonia contamination which was indicated by the presence of ammonia‐sulphuric acid clusters, detected by an Atmospheric Pressure Interface Time of Flight (APi‐TOF) mass spectrometer. APi‐TOF measurements of the sulphuric acid ion cluster distributions (
with i = 0, 1, ..., 10) show qualitative agreement with the SAWNUC ion cluster distributions. Remaining differences between the measured and modeled distributions are most likely due to fragmentation in the APi‐TOF. The CLOUD results are in good agreement with previously measured cluster binding energies and show the SAWNUC model to be a good representation of ion‐induced and neutral binary nucleation of sulphuric acid‐water clusters in the middle and upper troposphere.
Experimental particle formation rates spanning tropospheric sulfuric acid and ammonia abundances, ion production rates, and temperatures
Authors: Kürten Andreas , Bianchi Federico , Almeida Joao , Kupiainen‐Määttä Oona , Dunne Eimear M. , Duplissy Jonathan , Williamson Christina , Barmet Peter , Breitenlechner Martin , Dommen Josef , Donahue Neil M. , Flagan Richard C. , Franchin Alessandro , Gordon Hamish , Hakala Jani , Hansel Armin , Heinritzi Martin , Ickes Luisa , Jokinen Tuija , Kangasluoma Juha , Kim Jaeseok , Kirkby Jasper , Kupc Agnieszka , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Leiminger Markus , Makhmutov Vladimir , Onnela Antti , Ortega Ismael K. , Petäjä Tuukka , Praplan Arnaud P. , Riccobono Francesco , Rissanen Matti P. , Rondo Linda , Schnitzhofer Ralf , Schobesberger Siegfried , Smith James N. , Steiner Gerhard , Stozhkov Yuri , Tomé António , Tröstl Jasmin , Tsagkogeorgas Georgios , Wagner Paul E. , Wimmer Daniela , Ye Penglin , Baltensperger Urs , Carslaw Ken , Kulmala Markku , Curtius Joachim
Published: October 2016

Binary nucleation of sulfuric acid and water as well as ternary nucleation involving ammonia are thought to be the dominant processes responsible for new particle formation (NPF) in the cold temperatures of the middle and upper troposphere. Ions are also thought to be important for particle nucleation in these regions. However, global models presently lack experimentally measured NPF rates under controlled laboratory conditions and so at present must rely on theoretical or empirical parameterizations. Here with data obtained in the European Organization for Nuclear Research CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber, we present the first experimental survey of NPF rates spanning free tropospheric conditions. The conditions during nucleation cover a temperature range from 208 to 298 K, sulfuric acid concentrations between 5 × 105 and 1 × 109 cm−3, and ammonia mixing ratios from zero added ammonia, i.e., nominally pure binary, to a maximum of ~1400 parts per trillion by volume (pptv). We performed nucleation studies under pure neutral conditions with zero ions being present in the chamber and at ionization rates of up to 75 ion pairs cm−3 s−1 to study neutral and ion‐induced nucleation. We found that the contribution from ion‐induced nucleation is small at temperatures between 208 and 248 K when ammonia is present at several pptv or higher. However, the presence of charges significantly enhances the nucleation rates, especially at 248 K with zero added ammonia, and for higher temperatures independent of NH3 levels. We compare these experimental data with calculated cluster formation rates from the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code with cluster evaporation rates obtained from quantum chemistry.
An attempt to deconstruct recent climate change in the Baltic Sea basin
Authors: Barkhordarian A. , von Storch H. , Zorita E. , Gómez‐Navarro J. J.
Published: October 2016

We investigate whether the recently observed temperature and precipitation trends over the Baltic Sea Basin are consistent with state‐of‐the‐art regional climate model projections. To address this question we use several data sources: (1) multidecadal trends derived from various observational data sets, (2) estimates of natural variability provided by a 2000 year paleoclimatic model simulation, and (3) response to greenhouse gas forcing derived from regional climate simulations driven by the A1B and RCP4.5 scenarios (from ENSEMBLES and CORDEX projects). Results indicate that, over the past decades, the climate in the Baltic Sea Basin has undergone a change that is beyond the estimated range of natural variability. We test the hypothesis that this change may be understood as a manifestation of global warming due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). We find that changes in near‐surface temperature support our hypothesis that the effect of GHG is needed to simulate the observed changes. The pattern correlation and regression results clearly illustrate the concerted emergence of an anthropogenic signal consistent with the GHG signal in summer and autumn in the 21st century. However, none of the 19 regional climate simulations used in this study reproduce the observed warming. The observed trends in precipitation and surface solar radiation are also partially inconsistent with the expected changes due to GHG forcing. We conclude that, besides the regional response to GHG forcing, other human‐made drivers have had an imprint. Regional emission of industrial aerosols has been strongly reduced in this region, and we suggest that this reduction may be the missing driver.
Potential negative consequences of geoengineering on crop production: A study of Indian groundnut
Authors: Yang Huiyi , Dobbie Steven , Ramirez‐Villegas Julian , Feng Kuishuang , Challinor Andrew J. , Chen Bing , Gao Yao , Lee Lindsay , Yin Yan , Sun Laixiang , Watson James , Koehler Ann‐Kristin , Fan Tingting , Ghosh Sat
Published: October 2016

Geoengineering has been proposed to stabilize global temperature, but its impacts on crop production and stability are not fully understood. A few case studies suggest that certain crops are likely to benefit from solar dimming geoengineering, yet we show that geoengineering is projected to have detrimental effects for groundnut. Using an ensemble of crop‐climate model simulations, we illustrate that groundnut yields in India undergo a statistically significant decrease of up to 20% as a result of solar dimming geoengineering relative to RCP4.5. It is somewhat reassuring, however, to find that after a sustained period of 50 years of geoengineering crop yields return to the nongeoengineered values within a few years once the intervention is ceased.
Particle‐in‐cell modeling of spacecraft‐plasma interaction effects on double‐probe electric field measurements
Authors: Miyake Y. , Usui H.
Published: October 2016

The double‐probe technique, commonly used for electric field measurements in magnetospheric plasmas, is susceptible to environmental perturbations caused by spacecraft‐plasma interactions. To better model the interactions, we have extended the existing particle‐in‐cell simulation technique so that it accepts very small spacecraft structures, such as thin wire booms, by incorporating an accurate potential field solution calculated based on the boundary element method. This immersed boundary element approach is effective for quantifying the impact of geometrically small but electrically large spacecraft elements on the formation of sheaths or wakes. The developed model is applied to the wake environment near a Cluster satellite for three distinctive plasma conditions: the solar wind, the tail lobe, and just outside the plasmapause. The simulations predict the magnitudes and waveforms of wake‐derived spurious electric fields, and these are in good agreement with in situ observations. The results also reveal the detailed structure of potential around the double probes. It shows that any probes hardly experience a negative wake potential in their orbit, and instead, they experience an unbalanced drop rate of a large potential hill that is created by the spacecraft and boom bodies. As a by‐product of the simulations, we also found a photoelectron short‐circuiting effect that is analogous to the well‐known short‐circuiting effect due to the booms of a double‐probe instrument. The effect is sustained by asymmetric photoelectron distributions that cancel out the external electric field.
Synthetic Method for the Preparation of Quinazolines by the Oxidation of Amines Using Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoaki , Sugiura Yukina , Yamaguchi Eiji , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika
Published: October 2016

An economical method for the preparation of quinazolines by using singlet oxygen as the sole oxidant has been developed. The oxidation of primary amines, such as benzylamine, by singlet oxygen has previously been shown to give products that arise from the rapid nucleophilic addition of amines to imines. To suppress this undesired oxidative coupling reaction, we employed aldehydes as the coupling partners in the preparation of quinazolines. Because of their pharmacological properties such as their sedative, anticonvulsant, and antitussive effects, many different methods have been developed for the efficient synthesis of quinazoline. These include the use of a stoichiometric or excess amount of the oxidant or the use of a transition‐metal catalyst under severe reaction conditions. In contrast, our approach employs visible light, molecular oxygen, and a commercially available photocatalyst, all of which are environmentally friendly.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Autotransfer C−C Bond Formation: α‐Alkylation of Ketones with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Peña‐López Miguel , Piehl Patrick , Elangovan Saravanakumar , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2016

A novel catalytic hydrogen‐autotransfer protocol for the atom‐efficient α‐alkylation of ketones with readily available alcohols is presented. The use of manganese complexes bearing non‐innocent PNP pincer ligands enabled the functionalization of a broad range of valuable ketones, including 2‐oxindole, estrone 3‐methyl ether, and testosterone. Mechanistic investigations suggest the participation of an intramolecular amidate‐assisted alcohol‐dehydrogenation process.
Novel compound heterozygous mutation in SACS gene leads to a milder autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay, ARSACS, in a Finnish family
Authors: Palmio Johanna , Kärppä Mikko , Baumann Peter , Penttilä Sini , Moilanen Jukka , Udd Bjarne
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay is a rare disorder outside Quebec causing childhood‐onset cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and pyramidal tract signs. A Finnish family with milder form of ARSACS was found to harbor three mutations, p.E1100K, p.N1489S, and p.M1359T, in SACS gene. The mutations segregated with the disease.
Controlling Hydrodeoxygenation of Stearic Acid to n‐Heptadecane and n‐Octadecane by Adjusting the Chemical Properties of Ni/SiO2–ZrO2 Catalyst
Authors: Foraita Sebastian , Liu Yue , Haller Gary L. , Baráth Eszter , Zhao Chen , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: October 2016

A series of SiO2–ZrO2 mixed oxides with varying SiO2 concentrations were hydrothermally synthesized and used as support for Ni in the hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid. ZrO2 provides a relatively low surface area and only Lewis acid sites, and Ni supported on ZrO2 produces n‐heptadecane from stearic acid through hydrogenation and decarbonylation. The SiO2–ZrO2 mixed oxides have a higher specific surface area than ZrO2 as well as an unprecedented spherical and nanolayered morphology. Brønsted acid sites were created by the incorporation of SiO2 into ZrO2, promoting the hydrodeoxygenation activity of Ni and specifically opening a new reaction route to n‐octadecane through the dehydration of 1‐octadecanol intermediate into 1‐octadecene with subsequent hydrogenation.
Structural and Mechanistic Insights into s‐Block Bimetallic Catalysis: Sodium Magnesiate‐Catalyzed Guanylation of Amines
Authors: De Tullio Marco , Hernán‐Gómez Alberto , Livingstone Zoe , Clegg William , Kennedy Alan R. , Harrington Ross W. , Antiñolo Antonio , Martínez Antonio , Carrillo‐Hermosilla Fernando , Hevia Eva
Published: October 2016

To advance the catalytic applications of s‐block mixed‐metal complexes, sodium magnesiate [NaMg(CH2SiMe3)3] (1) is reported as an efficient precatalyst for the guanylation of a variety of anilines and secondary amines with carbodiimides. First examples of hydrophosphination of carbodiimides by using a Mg catalyst are also described. The catalytic ability of the mixed‐metal system is much greater than that of its homometallic components [NaCH2SiMe3] and [Mg(CH2SiMe3)2]. Stoichiometric studies suggest that magnesiate amido and guanidinate complexes are intermediates in these catalytic routes. Reactivity and kinetic studies imply that these guanylation reactions occur via (tris)amide intermediates that react with carbodiiimides in insertion steps. The rate law for the guanylation of N,N′‐diisopropylcarbodiimide with 4‐tert‐butylaniline catalyzed by 1 is first order with respect to [amine], [carbodiimide], and [catalyst], and the reaction shows a large kinetic isotopic effect, which is consistent with an amine‐assisted rate‐determining carbodiimide insertion transition state. Studies to assess the effect of sodium in these transformations denote a secondary role with little involvement in the catalytic cycle.
A Highly Emissive Water‐Soluble Phosphorus Corrole
Authors: Naitana Mario L. , Nardis Sara , Pomarico Giuseppe , Raggio Michele , Caroleo Fabrizio , Cicero Daniel O. , Lentini Sara , Prodi Luca , Genovese Damiano , Mitta Saisameera , Sgarlata Anna , Fanfoni Massimo , Persichetti Luca , Paolesse Roberto
Published: October 2016

The synthesis, spectroscopic, and optical properties of the water‐soluble phosphorus complex of a 2‐sulfonato‐10‐(4‐sulfonatophenyl)‐5,15‐dimesitylcorrole have been investigated. The compound was prepared by adopting a novel strategy for the corrole sulfonation, leading to the regioselective isomer in an almost quantitative yield. The phosphorus coordination has a key role in determining the corrole substitution pattern, limiting the formation of poly‐substituted species, which affected the reaction of the corrole free base. The resulting complex shows excellent optical properties in terms of emission quantum yield, also in polar protic solvents, including water. 31P NMR spectroscopy in CD3OD indicates that the P sulfonate complex has been isolated in a hexacoordinated geometry with two different ligands (L1=‐OH, L2=‐OCH3), and it is prone to axial ligand exchange with methanol, with no evidence of intermediate pentacoordinated species. The morphological characterization of thin layers of the P corrole deposited onto an Au(111) surface showed that the addition of an intermediate layer of reduced graphene oxide allows for a better control of corrole aggregation, inducing also transformation of the Au(111) reconstructed surface.
A Fully Charge‐Delocalized Two‐Dimensional Porphyrin System with Two Different Class III States
Authors: Mishiba Kentaro , Ono Masanori , Tanaka Yuya , Akita Munetaka
Published: October 2016

Understanding of charge‐delocalization over two‐dimensional (2D) frameworks is a further step in the path towards the development of molecular nanodevices and nanomaterials. Here, we report a porphyrin–nickel complex with four peripheral redox‐active ruthenium pendants (1). A cyclic voltammogram of compound 1 displays reversible five‐electron, four redox waves with large potential separations, suggesting that one‐electron‐ (1+) and two‐electron‐oxidized species (12+) are thermodynamically stable with respect to disproportionation. The paramagnetic one‐electron‐oxidized species 1+ prepared by a comproportionation reaction of compounds 1 and 12+, turns out to be a highly charge‐delocalized two‐dimensional class III compound as clearly indicated by its characteristic intervalence charge‐transfer (IVCT) band as is further supported by IR and ESR spectroscopy as well as DFT and time‐dependent (TD) DFT calculations. Furthermore, the diamagnetic dicationic species 12+ has a spin‐paired electronic structure with a fully charge‐averaged class III character. The substantial contribution of the cumulenic structures to compound 12+ is confirmed by 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as X‐ray structure analyses. Such unique electronic features of the 2D systems provide a clue to development of nanoscale molecular devices.
Synergistic Heterobimetallic Manifold for Expedient Manganese(I)‐Catalyzed C−H Cyanation
Authors: Liu Weiping , Richter Sven C. , Mei Ruhuai , Feldt Milica , Ackermann Lutz
Published: October 2016

The manganese‐catalyzed cyanation of inert C−H bonds was achieved within a heterobimetallic catalysis regime. The manganese(I) catalysis proved widely applicable and enabled C−H cyanations on indoles, pyrroles and thiophenes by facile C−H manganesation. The robustness of the manganese catalyst set the stage for the racemization‐free C−H cyanation of amino acids with excellent levels of positional and chemo selectivity by the new cyanating agent NCFS. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies provided strong support for a synergistic heterobimetallic activation mode, facilitating the key C−C formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomass‐Derived Carbon: Synthesis and Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Deng Jiang , Li Mingming , Wang Yong
Published: October 2016

Review: 251 refs.
Posterior fossa syndrome: Review of the behavioral and emotional aspects in pediatric cancer patients
Authors: Lanier Jane C. , Abrams Annah N.
Published: October 2016

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, occurs in the posterior fossa, the part of the intracranial cavity that contains the brainstem and the cerebellum. The cerebellum is involved in many complex aspects of human behavior and function, and when it is disrupted or insulted, this can lead to significant sequelae in children with posterior fossa tumors. A constellation of impairing and distressing symptoms, including mutism, ataxia/hypotonia, and emotional lability, develops in approximately 25% of children after the surgical resection of posterior fossa tumors. These symptoms may impede treatment and frequently require intervention in order for children to be able to participate in their care. The eventual recovery of speech occurs for most, but with slowly improving dysarthria over many months. Behavioral changes and emotional lability also occur. This phenomenon has been classified differently by different investigators over the past 35 years. For the purposes of this article, the term posterior fossa syndrome is used to refer to the neuropsychiatric and behavioral features that compose this condition. The current review summarizes the development of the clinical understanding of this phenomenon with a focus on near‐ and long‐term psychosocial and psychiatric implications. Also, clinical examples of the presentation, management, and lasting implications of this syndrome are provided. This review is intended to be a resource for clinicians who treat affected children. Cancer 2017;123:551–559. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Cytologic persistence of malignant cells after transurethral resection of bladder tumors: Implications for concomitant manipulation of the urinary tract at the time of endoscopic resection
Authors: Macleod Liam C. , Pham Khanh N. , Agoff S. Nicholas , Dahl Kathryn L. , Pritchett Thomas R. , Corman John M.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to determine the feasibility of cytologically clearing the bladder of tumor cells after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and aggressive serial bladder washing.

METHODS

A prospective pilot sample of 20 patients with known bladder masses was enrolled before undergoing TURBT. Preoperative cytology and 4 postoperative cytology specimens were assessed for malignant cells between serial bladder washes. Surgeons assessed tumor grade visually at the time of TURBT.

RESULTS

Surgeons were able to differentiate high‐grade disease with limited accuracy (75% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 85% negative predictive value, and 86% positive predictive value). For patients with low‐grade disease (12 patients), cytology was atypical in 25% of patients immediately before TURBT and was negative after serial washings in all patients. In patients with high‐grade disease (8 patients), approximately 75% had cytology consistent with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma immediately before TURBT and only 1 patient was cleared cytologically after serial bladder washings.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with high‐grade disease, serial bladder washing after TURBT does not appear to clear malignant cells as detected by cytology. This theoretical oncologic risk should be weighed when considering concomitant upper tract procedures such as retrograde pyelography. Future work is needed to quantify risk. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:114–119. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Platinum Inhibits Low‐Temperature Dry Lean Methane Combustion through Palladium Reduction in Pd−Pt/Al2O3: An In Situ X‐ray Absorption Study
Authors: Nassiri Hanieh , Lee Kee‐Eun , Hu Yongfeng , Hayes Robert E. , Scott Robert W. J. , Semagina Natalia
Published: October 2016

Palladium–platinum bimetallic catalysts supported on alumina with palladium/platinum molar ratios ranging from 0.25 to 4 are studied in dry lean methane combustion in the temperature range of 200 to 500 °C. Platinum addition decreases the catalyst activity, which cannot be explained by the decrease in dispersion or the structure sensitivity of the reaction. In situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements have been conducted for monometallic Pd, Pt, and 2:1 Pd−Pt catalysts. Monometallic palladium is fully oxidized in the full temperature range, whereas platinum addition promotes palladium reduction, even in a reactive oxidizing environment. The Pd/PdO weight ratio in bimetallic Pd−Pt 2:1 catalysts decreases from 98/2 to 10/90 in the 200–500 °C temperature range under the reaction conditions. Thus, platinum promotes the formation of the reduced palladium phase with a significantly lower activity than that of oxidized palladium. The study sheds light on the effect of platinum on the state of the active palladium surface under low‐temperature dry lean methane combustion conditions, which is important for methane‐emission control devices.
Received and needed social support in relation to sociodemographic and socio‐economic factors in a population of people on sick leave due to heart failure
Authors: Nordgren Lena , Söderlund Anne
Published: October 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine differences between sociodemographic and socio‐economic factors for perceptions of received and needed social support in a population of people on sick leave due to heart failure.

Methods and results

A cross‐sectional design was used. A postal questionnaire was distributed to all people in Sweden who had been sick listed due to heart failure during March to May 2012 (N = 1297). The questionnaire measured perceptions of received and needed social support from managers, colleagues at work, family and friends. Differences between groups were estimated with the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The sample included 414 men and 176 women aged 23 to 67 years (mean 58, median 60, SD = 6.75). Respondents with low income received significantly less support than respondents with high income and also needed significantly more support. Respondents with lower educational level needed significantly more support than people with higher education. Unmarried respondents needed significantly more support than married.

Conclusions

People with lower level of education, those who were unmarried and respondents with low income needed more support than they received. By identification of vulnerable patients, healthcare professionals can tailor and target supportive measures for patients who need extra social support.
Synthesis of Epibatidine Analogues by Pyrrole Diels–Alder Reactions: Rapid Access to Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 3,8‐Diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Scaffolds for Library Synthesis
Authors: Murray Alexander T. , Packard Emma , Nortcliffe Andrew , Lewis William , Hamza Daniel , Jones Geraint , Moody Christopher J.
Published: October 2016

Analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine antagonist epibatidine, suitable for diversification, were synthesized by application of a pyrrole Diels–Alder strategy, allowing rapid generation of azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane bicyclic cores. Further molecular complexity could be accessed by using intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions, or ring expansion by ozonolysis–reductive amination chemistry. Scaffolds were designed such that they could be orthogonally deprotected, yielding three points of diversity for library synthesis, exemplified by 24 compounds synthesized from four cores.
Epigenetic Landmarks During Somatic Reprogramming
Authors: Chen Jiekai , Pei Duanqing
Published: October 2016

Cells all share essentially the same genome, which is shaped by the developmental program to bring about various outcomes. It is well known that epigenetic regulation is a key process in determining the different cell functional output from the genetic information. Somatic reprogramming is a dramatic demonstration of this effect, and has opened the gate to the investigation of cell fate determination as cells reverse the developmental program. These studies have revealed which epigenetic marks set during normal development are important for cell specification. Here, we review the epigenetic landmarks that cells pass through during somatic reprogramming, and give an overview to the many remaining unclear epigenetic regulatory events that occurs during reprogramming. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):854–857, 2016
The inadequacies of pre‐market chemical risk assessment's toxicity studies—the implications
Authors: Tweedale Anthony C.
Published: October 2016

Industry provides essentially all the data for most (pre‐market) chemical risk assessments (RA); academics study a chemical once it is marketed. For two randomly‐chosen high production chemicals, despite new European Union mandates to evaluate all data, just 13% of the herbicide bentazon and 15% of the flame‐retardant hexabromocyclododecane's published toxicity studies were found in their pre‐market RA, and a systematic review on bentazon concludes it has greater hazards than indicated in its RA. More important, for both, academia's toxicity studies were designated as lower quality than industries were, despite showing hazards at lower doses. The accuracy of industry's test methods is analyzed and found to be replicable but insensitive, thus inaccurate. The synthetic pharmaceutical industry originated them, and by 1983 the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development mandated their test guidelines (TG) methods be accepted for any new study for pre‐market RA. For existing studies, industry's “Klimisch” criterion is universally used to evaluate quality, but it only states that TG studies produce the best data. However, no TG can answer the realistic exposure effect hypotheses of academics; therefore, crucially in pre‐market RA, tens of thousands of published experimental findings (increasingly at low dose) are ignored to determine the safe dose. Few appreciate this, so scientific debate on the most accurate elements of toxicity tests is urgently indicated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated dust deposition in Tierra del Fuego (Chile) resulting from Neoglacial Darwin Cordillera glacier fluctuations
Authors: Vanneste Heleen , De Vleeschouwer François , Bertrand Sébastien , Martínez‐Cortizas Antonio , Vanderstraeten Aubry , Mattielli Nadine , Coronato Andrea , Piotrowska Natalia , Jeandel Catherine , Roux Gaël Le
Published: October 2016

Atmospheric mineral dust is intrinsically linked with climate. Although dust flux variability on glacial–interglacial timescales is well documented, Holocene dust records remain scarce. To fill this gap, we conducted elemental, isotopic and sedimentological analyses on a peat core from the Karukinka Natural Park in Tierra del Fuego. An 8000‐year‐old mineral dust record was extracted indicating three periods of elevated dust deposition: (i) 8.1–7.4 cal ka BP, (ii) 4.2 cal ka BP and (iii) 2.4–1.4 cal ka BP. The two oldest peaks are related to volcanic eruptions of the Hudson and Monte Burney volcanoes, respectively. The most recent dust peak, however, has a rare earth element and neodymium isotopic composition that resembles the geochemical signature of outwash plain sediments from the Darwin Cordillera. Since the timing of this dust peak corresponds to a period of glacier retreat between Neoglacial advances III and IV, we infer that Holocene aeolian dust fluxes in southern Patagonia are mostly driven by glacial sediment availability. Our results underline the important role of glaciers in producing aeolian dust in high‐latitude regions, and they imply that the current retreat of glaciers worldwide may result in elevated atmospheric dust loads.
Physical activity, eating traits and weight in young adulthood: a cross‐sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Falck R. S. , Drenowatz C. , Blundell J. E. , Shook R. P. , Best J. R. , Hand G. A. , Blair S. N.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To investigate the association between eating traits (e.g. dietary restraint or opportunistic eating) and weight – both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally – and whether physical activity (PA) moderates these associations.

Methods

Two‐hundred seventy young adults (21–35 years; BMI: 25.40 kg/m2 [SD = 3.90 kg/m2]; 48.90% female) participated in this 12‐month observational cohort study. Cognitive Restraint (CR), Disinhibition (DI) and Hunger (HU) were measured using the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire at baseline and 12 months. Participants were measured at quarterly intervals for objectively measured PA and anthropometrics. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal models determined if eating traits were associated with weight or weight change, and whether these associations were moderated by PA.

Results

At baseline, higher CR (B = 0.429, p < 0.01) and DI (B = 0.942, p < 0.01) were associated with higher weight. The associations of DI (B = −0.008 p = 0.02) and HU (B = −0.006, p = 0.04) with weight were moderated by PA at baseline. The longitudinal model for CR determined PA altered the relationship between change in CR and weight change (B = 0.004, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Eating traits and PA are associated with weight and weight change. However, to elucidate how PA and eating traits directly affect weight changes, future weight loss interventions should investigate whether improving eating traits and concomitantly increasing PA amplify weight loss.
Improved parental dietary quality is associated with children's dietary intake through the home environment
Authors: Flórez K. R. , Richardson A. S. , Ghosh‐Dastidar M. B. , Beckman R. , Huang C. , Wagner L. , Dubowitz T.
Published: October 2016

Background

Improving access to supermarkets has been shown to improve some dietary outcomes, yet there is little evidence for such effects on children. Relatedly, there is a dearth of research assessing the impact of a structural change (i.e. supermarket in a former food desert) on the home environment and its relationship with children's diet.

Objective

Assess the relative impact of the home environment on children's diet after the introduction of a new supermarket in a food desert.

Methods

Among a randomly selected cohort of households living in a food desert, parental diet was assessed before and after the opening of a full‐service supermarket. The home environment and children's intake of fruits and vegetables was measured at one point – after the store's opening. Structural equation models were used to estimate the pathways between changes in parental dietary quality at follow‐up and children's dietary intake through the home environment.

Results

Parental dietary improvement after the supermarket opened was associated with having a better home environment (β = 0.45, p = 0.001) and with healthier children's dietary intake (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) through higher family nutrition and physical activity scores (β = 0.25, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Policy solutions designed to improve diet among low‐resource communities should take into account the importance of the home environment.
What Can We Learn From A Doubly Randomized Preference Trial?—An Instrumental Variables Perspective
Authors: Wing Coady , Clark M. H.
Published: October 2016

The doubly randomized preference trial (DRPT) is a randomized experimental design with three arms: a treatment arm, a control arm, and a preference arm. The design has useful properties that have gone unnoticed in the applied and methodological literatures. This paper shows how to interpret the DRPT design using an instrumental variables (IV) framework. The IV framework reveals that the DRPT separately identifies three different treatment effect parameters: the Average Treatment Effect (ATE), the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT), and the Average Treatment Effect on the Untreated (ATU). The ATE, ATT, and ATU parameters are important for program evaluation research because in realistic settings many social programs are optional rather than mandatory and some people who are eligible for a program choose not to participate. Most of the paper is concerned with the interpretation of the research design. To make the ideas concrete, the final section provides an empirical example using data from an existing DRPT study.
Is surgical resection and observation sufficient for stage I and II sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors? A case series and review
Authors: Egler Rachel A. , Gosiengfiao Yasmin , Russell Heidi , Wickiser Jonathan E. , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: October 2016

Background

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most common germ cell tumor (GCT) of infancy. Up to 35% of infants may have malignant elements. The standard of care for SCT with malignant elements (SCT‐ME) has been surgery and chemotherapy. However, cases where low‐stage SCT‐ME have been successfully observed following resection have been reported.

Procedure

To better understand the outcomes of low‐stage SCT‐ME that do not receive chemotherapy, we reviewed SCT pathology reports from five children's hospitals from 1999 to 2009. Information regarding staging workup, tumor markers, treatment, and outcome was collected for patients with stage I or II SCT‐ME. An English language literature review was also performed.

Results

Seventy‐four SCT were identified: 51 stage I and 23 stage II; 13 (18%) were SCT‐ME: 5 stage I and 8 stage II; four stage I and four stage II tumors were not treated with chemotherapy. No stage I tumors recurred; all of the stage II tumors recurred and were successfully salvaged, two had no ME at recurrence. We identified another 10 stage I SCT‐ME in the literature managed with active surveillance—two recurred and were successfully treated with surgery and chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Overall, of the 14 cases of stage I SCT‐ME, 12 survived with no recurrence and the two who did recur were successfully treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy (EFS = 86%, overall survival [OS] = 100%); this suggests that patients with stage I SCT‐ME could be observed after surgery and treated only upon recurrence. Stage II SCT‐ME require further study in a clinical trial setting.
Outcomes of mechanical support in a pediatric lung transplant center
Authors: Toprak Demet , Midyat Levent , Freiberger Dawn , Boyer Debra , Fynn‐Thompson Francis , Visner Gary
Published: October 2016

Pediatric lung transplantation is a lifesaving option for patients with end stage lung disease, although the scarcity of suitable donor organs results in long wait times and increased waitlist mortality. Many pediatric centers consider mechanical ventilatory support, such as long‐term invasive ventilation and ECMO, a contraindication to lung transplantation. We hypothesized that current survival rates and outcomes for patients on mechanical ventilatory support in the pre‐transplant period were not remarkably different. In our retrospective analysis we included patients between the ages of 0–21 years listed for lung transplantation from deceased donors between 2007 and 2014 at our institution. One‐year survival outcomes were compared between three groups of patients: (i) patients bridged to transplant on ECMO (n = 6, 1‐year survival = 67%); (ii) patients needing mechanical ventilation (either through endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy) but not ECMO (n = 12, 1‐year survival = 75%); and (iii) patients who did not need endotracheal ventilation, tracheostomy, or ECMO (n = 25, 1‐year survival = 88%). Comparison of outcomes of transplanted patients between these three groups were not statistically different in terms of successful hospital discharge and 1‐year survival rates (P > 0.05). We believe that “bridging” the end‐stage lung disease patient with long‐term mechanical ventilation and/or ECMO support is a reasonable option in selected patients until suitable donors become available. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:360–366. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An effective key distribution for secure internet pay‐TV using access key hierarchies
Authors: Vijayakumar Pandi , Naresh Ramu , Islam SK Hafizul , Deborah Lazarus Jegatha
Published: October 2016

Distribution of keys in a Conditional Access System takes long computation time because a huge number of keys is to be updated if any user leaves or joins the system. Moreover, it is necessary to send the keys securely to the authorized members. Thus, an effective key distribution protocol for Internet Pay‐TV system is designed in this article to lower the computation time taken to compute the re‐keying information. In the proposed protocol, when the Service Provider needs to refresh a new shared secret key and link values, only a few key updating operations are needed, and they can be achieved using four primary operations, namely, hash function, addition, subtraction, and multiplication. From the experimental results, we perceive that the proposed approach takes less computation cost, communication cost and storage cost compared with other competitive protocols available in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual interaction data are required in community ecology: a conceptual review of the predator–prey mass ratio and more
Authors: Nakazawa Takefumi
Published: October 2016

Community ecology is traditionally species‐based and assumes that species comprise identical individuals. However, intraspecific variation is ubiquitous in nature because of ontogenetic growth and critical in food‐we dynamics. To understand individual interaction‐mediated food webs, researchers have recently focused on body size as the most fundamental biological aspect and assessed a parameter called the predator–prey mass ratio (PPMR). Herein, I review the conceptual development of the PPMR and suggest four major concerns regarding its measurement: (1) PPMR should be measured at the individual level because species‐averaged values distort actual feeding relationships, (2) individual‐level PPMR data on gape‐unconstrained predators (e.g., terrestrial carnivores) are limited because previous studies have targeted gape‐limited fish predators, (3) predators’ prey size selectivity (preferred PPRM) is conceptually different from dietary prey size (realized PPMR) and should be distinguished by incorporating environmental prey abundance information, and (4) determinants of preferred PPMR, rather than those of realized PPMR, should be identified to describe size‐dependent predation. Future studies are encouraged to explore not only predation but also other interaction types (e.g., competition, mutualism, and herbivory) at the individual level. However, this is not likely to occur while ecological communities are still considered to be interspecific interaction networks. To resolve this situation and more comprehensively understand biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, I suggest that community ecology requires a paradigm shift in the unit of interaction from species to individuals, similar to evolutionary biology, which revolutionized the unit of selection, because interactions occur between individuals.
Study of the features of coronary artery atheromatous plaque using intravascular ultrasound in patients with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Cen Jin‐Ming , Yang Xi‐Li , Xiong Qing‐Yuan , Xu Zhao‐Yan , Liang Ri‐Ming
Published: October 2016

Objective

We used intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to analyze the features of coronary artery atheromatous plaque in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and mild‐to‐moderate angiographic coronary stenosis. The aim was to determine the clinical significance of plaque characteristics as well as the relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and coronary artery lesions.

Methods

HbA1c levels were evaluated in 85 patients (96 lesions), of whom 46 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT Group) and 39 had normal blood glucose (NBG Group). IVUS was used to analyze the lesion vessel of both groups qualitatively and quantitatively. The external elastic membrane area (EEMA), minimal lumen area (MLA), plaque area (PA), and plaque burden (PB) were measured for both the target lesion and the reference segments (reference external elastic membrane area (REEMA), reference minimal lumen area (RMLA), reference plaque area (RPA), and reference plaque burden (RPB), respectively).

Results

HbA1c levels were significantly higher in the IGT Group than in the NBG Group (P < 0.05). In the IGT Group there was more soft plaque, eccentric plaque, and positive remodeling, and less calcification, while in the NBG Group there was much harder plaque and calcification, no reconstruction, and negative remodeling (P < 0.05). MLA was smaller in the IGT Group than in the NBG Group, while EEMA, PA, and PB were clearly greater (P < 0.05). In the meantime, RMLA was clearly smaller in the IGT Group than in the NBG Group, while RPA and RPB were greater (P < 0.05). HbA1c levels were positively correlated with PA and PB, and negatively correlated with MLA.

Conclusion

IVUS is very valuable for the evaluation of mild‐to‐moderate coronary lesions. The coronary artery lesions in patients with IGT are more serious and widespread than those in patients with NBG. HbA1c levels might be of some value in assessing the severity of coronary artery lesions.