bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elimination of the halphen response of cottonseed oils in conjunction with deodorization
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Dupuy H. P. , Holzenthal L. L. , Rayner E. T. , Brown L. E.
Published: July 2007

Two simple but effective pilot‐plant processes were developed to produce Halphen‐negative cottonseed oil. Both involve treatment of the oil with cottonseed fatty acids in a conventional batch type of deodorizer in conjunction with deodorization. In one process, in which the acids were added to the oil, the cyclopropenoids were inactivated in as short a time as 5 min after the oil reached the maximum temperature of 450–455 F. In the other, in which the acids were generated in situ, the oil did not become Halphennegative until about an hour and 45 min after it reached maximum temperature. The excess acids produced by both methods were readily removed during conventional deodorization. In contrast, deodorization alone reduced the cyclopropenoid content of the oil to a low level (0.02%) but did not render it Halphen‐negative even after 3 hr at maximum temperature.

These new processes are directly applicable for use by refineries that have the batch type of deodorizers. For refineries that operate continuous or semicontinuous deodorizers, it should be relatively simple to design preheating vessels or heat exchangers to inactivate partially or completely the cyclopropenoids before deodorization.
Occurrence of Conjugated Cyclopropanoid Acid in Purified Fish Oil
Authors: Horii Naoto , Arato Shingo , Narayan Bhaskar , Hosokawa Masashi , Sashima Tokutake , Miyashita Kazuo
Published: July 2007

The presence of conjugated trienoic acids were found in the purified fish oil from the Japanese sardine by an analysis of high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode‐array detector. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry indicated that main conjugated trienoic acids were those of 16:3, 20:5, and 22:6. Conjugated trienoic acid of 16:3 was identified as a cyclopropanoid acid with conjugated triene by NMR analysis. All conjugated trienoic acids were formed by heat treatment during the deodorization of fish oil, but not found after de‐gumming, alkaline refining, and bleaching. Conjugated trienoic acids of 16:3, 20:5, and 22:6 originated from 16:4n‐1, 20:5n‐3 (EPA), and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) in the fish oil during the heat treatment for deodorization.
Neurological soft signs and their relationship to 1-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Prikryl Radovan , Ceskova Eva , Kasparek Tomas , Kucerova Hana
Published: July 2007

Objectives

To examine the relationship between the severity of neurological soft signs at onset and at the 1-year follow-up of patients with schizophrenia, and to investigate temporal stability of neurological soft signs within 1 year from the onset of the first episode schizophrenia.

Methods

The study included 92 first-episode male schizophrenic patients. Neurological soft signs were assessed on the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) during index hospitalization and at a 1-year follow-up. The patients were divided into remitters and non-remitters according to their psychiatric status assessed at the 1-year follow-up, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results

A trend for a lower score for the NES item “others” in late remitters versus non-remitters at baseline was found during index hospitalization. At the 1-year follow-up, the overall severity of the neurological soft signs was statistically significantly higher in non-remitters than in remitters. Within 1 year after index hospitalization, a significant reduction of neurological soft signs, with the exception of sensory integration, occurred in remitters. Within 1 year after index hospitalization, the non-remitters reported a significant reduction of the overall NES score.

Conclusion

These findings in a population of patients with first episode schizophrenia are in accord with the findings of previous studies which found an association between neurological soft signs, treatment response and outcome. This association may characterize a subgroup of patients with a poor course of illness and outcome. Neurological soft signs might be regarded as one of the indicators of treatment outcome in patients suffering from their first episode of schizophrenia.
DNA architectural factor and proto‐oncogene HMGA2 regulates key developmental genes in pluripotent human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Li Ou , Li Jinming , Dröge Peter
Published: July 2007

The high‐mobility group (HMG) protein A2 has been studied mostly in the mouse where its function seems critical for embryonic cell growth and adipogenesis, leading to a pygmy phenotype with greatly reduced fat tissue in homozygous knock out mice. We showed recently that among the major HMG proteins, HMGA2 is highly expressed in two human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines. Here, we employed siRNA technology in combination with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, stem cell‐specific microarray analyses, and cell proliferation assays in order to probe into HMGA2's role(s) in pluripotent hES cells. Our results establish HMGA2 as a regulator of human genes linked to mesenchymal cell differentiation, adipogenesis, and hES cell growth.
Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm birth in women with twin pregnancy
Authors: Eskandar M. , Shafiq H. , Almushait M.A. , Sobande A. , Bahar A.M.
Published: July 2007

Objective

To compare the effect of elective cervical cerclage in women with twin pregnancy on gestational age at time of delivery.

Method

In a pragmatic fashion women in Abha Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia with twin gestations were allocated to receive either an elective cerclage (group I) or no cerclage (group II). Elective cerclage was performed at 12 to 14 weeks of gestation after sonographic examination of the fetus to confirm gestational age and exclude major congenital anomalies. In all cases, follow up of the pregnancy was continued until delivery.

Results

Of the 176 twin pregnancies included, cerclage was performed in 76 women, and no cerclage in 100 women. In Group I: 12 pregnancies ended in spontaneous miscarriage, 37 in preterm labor, and 27 women reached full term. There were a total of 106 live births in 62 women. In Group II: 8 women aborted, 44 women ended in preterm labor and 48 women reached full term. There were a total of 160 live births in 89 women. The gestational age at delivery ranged from 20 to 41 weeks. Multiple regression analysis did not show association between cerclage and time of delivery, although a trend was observed (P = 0.056).

Conclusion

Elective cerclage contributes little in prolongation of gestational age at the time of delivery in women with twin pregnancy, especially in women of high parity. Those with a previous history of preterm labor may be a subgroup that could benefit from elective cerclage.
BIOLOGICAL N2 FIXATION AND MINERAL N IN COMMON BEAN–MAIZE INTERCROPPING OR SOLE CROPPING IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: CARDOSO E. J. B. N. , NOGUEIRA M. A. , FERRAZ S. M. G.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this work was to assess the effects of N levels and intercropping of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties (Carioca and Rio Tibagi) with maize (Zea mays) on accumulated N, grain yield and biomass of both crops, and nodulation of common bean inoculated or not with Rhizobium. Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously: common bean–maize intercropping and common bean in sole cropping. Intercropping increased common bean nodulation and biomass, mainly with Rhizobium, but mineral N was deleterious to nodulation. Inoculation also increased the Carioca cultivar yield most in sole cropping (+72%), but N levels did not affect common bean yield in either cultivar. Although intercropping reduced maize grain yield by 17%, the equivalent yield increased by 31%, whilst Rhizobium increased it by 11%. Despite the reduction of maize yield in intercropping, this system was shown to be more economically viable, in particular when common bean was inoculated with Rhizobium.
Hamiltonian formulation of direct laser acceleration in vacuum
Authors: ELOY M. , GUERREIRO A. , MENDONÇA J. T. , BINGHAM R.
Published: July 2007

We present a new formulation for the direct laser acceleration of electrons in vacuum based on the Hamiltonian theory. Two different regimes for the snow-plowed, accelerated electrons are identified and characterized, the first pertaining to high-intensity and the second to low-intensity pulses, both leading to efficient electron acceleration. Particle energy yields are shown to be independent of the exact shape of the laser pulse and energy gains are estimated.
Natural deduction via graphs: formal definition and computation rules
Authors: GEUVERS HERMAN , LOEB IRIS
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we introduce the formalism of deduction graphs as a generalisation of both Gentzen–Prawitz style natural deduction and Fitch style flag deduction. The advantage of this formalism is that, as with flag deductions (but not natural deduction), subproofs can be shared, but the linearisation used in flag deductions is avoided. Our deduction graphs have both nodes and boxes, which are collections of nodes that also form a node themselves. This is reminiscent of the bigraphs of Milner, where the link graph describes the nodes and edges and the place graph describes the nesting of nodes. We give a precise definition of deduction graphs, together with some illustrative examples. Furthermore, we analyse their computational behaviour by studying the process of cut-elimination and by defining translations from deduction graphs to simply typed lambda terms. From a slight variation of this translation, we conclude that the process of cut-elimination is strongly normalising. The translation to simple type theory removes quite a lot of structure, so we also propose a translation to a context calculus with lets that faithfully captures the structure of deduction graphs. The proof nets of linear logic also offer a graph-like presentation of natural deduction, and we point out some similarities between the two formalisms.
Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment
Authors: Bodor J Nicholas , Rose Donald , Farley Thomas A , Swalm Christopher , Scott Susanne K
Published: July 2007

Objective

Previous studies on the relationship of dietary intake to the neighbourhood food environment have focused on access to supermarkets, quantified by geographic distance or store concentration measures. However, in-store food availability may also be an important determinant, particularly for urban neighbourhoods with a greater concentration of small food stores. This study synthesises both types of information – store access and in-store availability – to determine their potential relationship to fruit and vegetable consumption.

Design

Residents in four census tracts were surveyed in 2001 about their fruit and vegetable intake. Household distances to food stores in these and surrounding tracts were obtained using geographical information system mapping techniques. In-store fruit and vegetable availability was measured by linear shelf space. Multivariate linear regression models were used to measure the association of these neighbourhood availability measures with consumption.

Setting

Four contiguous census tracts in central-city New Orleans.

Subjects

A random sample of 102 households.

Results

Greater fresh vegetable availability within 100 m of a residence was a positive predictor of vegetable intake; each additional metre of shelf space was associated with 0.35 servings per day of increased intake. Fresh fruit availability was not associated with intake, although having a small food store within this same distance was a marginal predictor of fruit consumption.

Conclusions

The findings suggest the possible importance of small neighbourhood food stores and their fresh produce availability in affecting fruit and vegetable intake.
Nutrition transition in Chile revisited: mid-term evaluation of obesity goals for the period 2000–2010
Authors: Vio Fernando , Albala Cecilia , Kain Juliana
Published: July 2007

Objective

To analyse the nutritional status component of the nutrition transition in Chile in relation to the evolution of obesity rates in all age groups until 2005, comparing these with the goals established by the Ministry of Health for the period 2000–2010.

Design and setting

A descriptive study which includes data on the nutritional status of the Chilean population categorised by age. The data originate from: (1) institutions which administer nutritional programmes – the National Board for Day-Care Centres (JUNJI) and the National Board for School Assistance and Scholarships (JUNAEB); (2) the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics; and (3) epidemiological studies which include adolescents and the elderly.

Results

The prevalence of obesity in pre-school children attending JUNJI was 10.6% in 2005; by age group, it was 6% in 2-year-olds, 11% in 3-year-olds and 14% in 4-year-olds. Among schoolchildren in first grade, obesity prevalence was 18.5%. In pregnant women, obesity has increased from 12% in 1987 to 33% in 2004. For adults, the 2003 National Health Survey showed that the prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg m−2) was 22% and of morbid obesity (BMI≥40 kg m−2), 1.3%. Obesity varied according to gender and educational level, being higher among women (25% vs. 19% in men) and adults from low socio-economic levels. In the elderly there was a high prevalence of obesity in the 60–64 years age group for both men (35.6%) and women (44.1%), decreasing to 18% and 26%, respectively, in those aged 75 years and older.

Conclusions

The goals for the decade (2000–2010) consider a reduction of obesity rates from 10% to 7% in pre-school children attending JUNJI, and from 16% to 12% in schoolchildren attending first grade. For pregnant women, the goal is to reduce the prevalence from 32% to 28%. Despite the implementation of initiatives in nutrition and physical activity, these have been insufficient to shift the rising trend in obesity. The explanation could be that after a rapid rise in obesity in children and pregnant women between 1987 and 2000, a stabilisation period or a ‘plateau’ is observed. In that situation, very effective interventions are required to reduce obesity, because it is extremely difficult to reverse the trend. Some positive experiences are being implemented in Chile, but government priorities are not focused in health promotion. A comprehensive State Policy in health promotion, that includes the public and private sectors related with obesity, is needed to reverse this trend.
Psychosoziale Belastung und Tabakkonsum bei chronisch kranken Jugendlichen in der stationären medizinischen Rehabilitation
Authors: Baldus Christiane , Petermann Franz , Stachow Rainer , Tiedjen Uwe
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht chronisch kranke Jugendliche in der stationären medizinischen Rehabilitation hinsichtlich psychosozialer Auffälligkeiten und ihres Tabakkonsums. Dabei werden sowohl Vergleiche zwischen verschiedenen Krankheitsgruppen als auch zwischen chronisch kranken Jugendlichen und Repräsentativdaten gezogen. Insgesamt 179 chronisch kranke Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 13 und 19 Jahren wurden im Rahmen einer querschnittlichen Fragebogenuntersuchung hinsichtlich psychosozialer Auffälligkeiten und ihrer Gewohnheiten im Tabakkonsum befragt. Die statistischen Analysen zeigten geringere Auffälligkeiten der chronisch kranken Jugendlichen bei aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten, Ärgerkontrollproblemen und Selbstwertproblemen. Verglichen mit Daten einer Repräsentativbefragung ergaben sich hinsichtlich des Tabakkonsums unter den chronisch kranken Jugendlichen jedoch deutlich stärkere Tabakkonsummuster. Wie in früheren Studien bei Jugendlichen allgemein zeigten chronisch kranke Jugendliche, die rauchen, vermehrte Probleme mit aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten. Innerhalb der Gruppe der chronisch kranken Jugendlichen zeigte sich auf deskriptiver Ebene eine Tendenz für eine größere Konsumzurückhaltung unter Jugendlichen mit Neurodermitis. Die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die medizinische Rehabilitation wird diskutiert.
Welchen Einfluss haben die Präsentationsmodalität und Modalitätspräferenzen auf die kognitive Verarbeitung von Text mit Bildern?
Authors: Kürschner Christian , Schnotz Wolfgang , Eid Michael
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Texte und Bilder stellen weitverbreitete Repräsentationsformen bei der Wissensvermittlung dar. Neuere computerbasierte Lehr- und Lernumgebungen bieten die Möglichkeit, die Textinformation als Hörtext oder als Lesetext anzubieten. Bislang wurde nicht ausreichend untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Präsentationsmodalität und Modalitätspräferenzen auf die Konstruktion mentaler Repräsentationen bei der kognitiven Verarbeitung von Text mit Bildern haben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit lernten 68 Personen Informationen über eine Stadt und verschiedene Parteien mit Hilfe von Lesetext und Bildern oder Hörtext und Bildern. Neben der Modalität der Textpräsentation wurde auch die Art der Stichprobe variiert, da davon ausgegangen wurde, dass Lehrlinge und Studenten sich auf Grund der Tätigkeit und des Bildungsniveaus hinsichtlich ihrer Modalitätspräferenz unterscheiden. Zudem wurde versucht, Modalitätspräferenzen über Selbsteinschätzungen anhand eines Fragebogens zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Hörtext dem Lesetext nur bei Oberflächenrepräsentationen des Textes und der Bilder sowie bei Lokalisationsaufgaben überlegen war, nicht jedoch beim Erinnern von Detailwissen und bei Inferenzaufgaben. Ein signifikanter Einfluss der Modalitätspräferenzen auf die Lernleistung konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Allerdings konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese stark das Modalitätswahlverhalten, die Wahl der Präsentationsmodalität bei dem konkreten Lernmaterial, beeinflussten.
“Wer verwundet, heilt auch“
Authors: Becker-Glauch Wulf
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Der Orakelspruch wurde Telephos, dem mythischen Gründer von Pergamon, erteilt und wirkte durch die Geschichte fort. Im vorigen Jahrhundert waren es besonders Paul Celan und Peter Szondi, die ihn aus ihrer Biographie heraus gestaltet haben. “Wer verwundet, heilt auch“ ist der therapeutische Leitfaden des Labyrinths. Diese Therapie hat kaum einer so weitergelebt und -gedacht wie Friedrich von Hardenberg, gen. Novalis (1772-1801), um schließlich zu der Erkenntnis zu kommen, dass jeder sich auch immer selber Schaden zufügt und lernen muss, sich selber zu helfen. Es ist das große Konzept des Magischen Idealismus und die darin sich ergebende “Menschwerdung des Menschen“ (F. Roder), die dem Individuum viel mehr Verantwortung vor sich und vor dem übergeordneten Geist zur Aufgabe machen und denen Bertolasos “Resilienz“ verwandt ist. Die Heilung liegt in der Fortentwicklung des transzendentalen Ich vom niederen zum höheren Selbst, in die gemeinsam mit Poesie und Musik der Geist hineinwirkt. “Das verwundende Schwert wird zum beseelenden Zauberstab“ (Novalis). Der Zauberstab ist der aus dem Unbewussten entstehende Wille, der den Körper und die Welt durchdringt und mit dem Geist zusammenarbeitet.
Von Anfang an - Der ästhetische Zugang auf Welt
Authors: Laufer Daniela
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Ausgehend von der Definition des Ästhetischen als eines “sinnlich-vielfältigen Erlebens“ ( Seubert, 1997, S. 141 ) und damit als ein “eigener Modus des In-der-Welt-Seins“ (Kleimann, 1996, zit. nach Otto, 1998, S. 90 ) zeigt dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung des ästhetischen Empfindens, Erfahrens und Erlebens auf unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Musikalischen vom absoluten Beginn des menschlichen Lebens an. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Ästhetik kein evolutionärer Luxus, sondern tief greifender menschlicher Zugang auf Welt ist - von Anfang an.
Sensors and Sensor Systems for Psychophysiological Monitoring
Authors: Cutmore Tim R.H. , James Daniel A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract. There are a wide range of sensors for acquiring signals from the human body in noninvasive ways. Some of those in use date back a few decades, and many new technologies have enabled different sensors designs in recent years. This review covers the following classes of sensors: electric, magnetic, electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, and optical. Sensor systems that are portable, safe, and low-cost are now becoming possible. This review provides an overview focussing on the technology behind sensors currently used by psychophysiologists with the objective of illuminating the choices available for acquiring signals that inform us about cognitive processes, emotional states, and behavioural patterns. In previously published encyclopaedic-type reviews of psychophysiology, the focus has been on what is measured, not how it is measured. By focussing on how the sensors and sensor systems work, this review aims to provide users of these technologies with information that will help them decide on the appropriate sensor to use, as well as to facilitate innovation and development of new sensors.
Characteristics of terrestrial foreshock ULF waves: Cluster observations
Authors: Hobara Y. , Walker S. N. , Balikhin M. , Pokhotelov O. A. , Dunlop M. , Nilsson H. , Rème H.
Published: July 2007

ULF waves in the terrestrial foreshock observed simultaneously by the four Cluster satellites were analyzed to identify the plasma wave modes and to study the effect of plasma beta on the intrinsic wave properties. The wave properties in the spacecraft and solar wind frames, such as the wave frequency, total wave number, phase speed, and wave polarization, are experimentally derived using the minimum variance analysis (MVA) for the case study and the phase differencing (MVA‐free) technique for the statistical study. Both studies indicate that the waves with a 30 s period propagate in the upstream direction at a finite angle with respect to the background magnetic field in the plasma rest frame but are then convected downstream in the spacecraft frame. It is shown that these waves propagate in the fast magnetosonic mode. A similar analysis of the 3 s period waves shows them to be propagating in the upstream direction in the Alfvén/ion cyclotron mode. The measured wave properties in the plasma rest frame are in good agreement with theoretical kinetic dispersion relation with a different plasma beta, which has rather significant deviation from fluid model especially for the high plasma beta. In conclusion it is found that the experimentally derived foreshock ULF wave properties are basically in good agreement with previous results but the effect of plasma beta is indispensable to choose the correct wave mode branch especially for the high plasma beta condition.
Total flash density and the intracloud/cloud‐to‐ground lightning ratio over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Soriano L. Rivas , de Pablo F.
Published: July 2007

Analysis of the total, intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash density and the intracloud (IC) to cloud‐to‐ground (CG) ratio (Z = IC/CG) over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) has been performed using 5 years of combined data from the Spanish lightning detection network and the NASA Optical Transient Detector (OTD). The spatial distributions of total flash density and CG flash density show significant differences, especially on the northwest of the IP, the southern island of the Balearic Islands, and the southern/southeastern Mediterranean coastline. The spatial average of the annual value of Z is 3.48. A correlation was found between Z and latitude (correlation coefficient: −0.9). A relationship between Z and the total flash density was also observed (Z ∼ f0.5; correlation coefficient: 0.48). The spatial pattern of Z is reminiscent of that of the percentage of positive CG‐flashes, and high Z values seem to occur where the percentage of positive flashes is high.
Local time variation in land/ocean lightning flash density as measured by the World Wide Lightning Location Network
Authors: Lay Erin H. , Jacobson Abram R. , Holzworth Robert H. , Rodger Craig J. , Dowden Richard L.
Published: July 2007

We study local time variation in high peak current lightning over land versus over ocean by using lightning locations from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). Optical lightning data from the photodiode detector on the Fast On‐Orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite are used to determine the relative detection efficiency of the WWLLN for lightning events by region, as well as over land versus over ocean. We find that the peak lightning flash density varies for the different continents by up to 5 hours in local time. Because the WWLLN measures lightning strokes with large peak currents, the variation in local time of WWLLN‐detected strokes suggests a similar variation in local time of transient luminous events (e.g., elves) and their effects on the lower ionosphere.
Highly resolved observations and simulations of the ocean response to a hurricane
Authors: Sanford Thomas B. , Price James F. , Girton James B. , Webb Douglas C.
Published: July 2007

An autonomous, profiling float called EM‐APEX was developed to provide a quantitative and comprehensive description of the ocean side of hurricane‐ocean interaction. EM‐APEX measures temperature, salinity and pressure to CTD quality and relative horizontal velocity with an electric field sensor. Three prototype floats were air‐deployed into the upper ocean ahead of Hurricane Frances (2004). All worked properly and returned a highly resolved description of the upper ocean response to a category 4 hurricane. At a float launched 55 km to the right of the track, the hurricane generated large amplitude, inertially rotating velocity in the upper 120 m of the water column. Coincident with the hurricane passage there was intense vertical mixing that cooled the near surface layer by about 2.2°C. We find consistent model simulations of this event provided the wind stress is computed from the observed winds using a high wind‐speed saturated drag coefficient.
Study of human epithelial cell detachment and damage: Effects of proteases and oxidants
Authors: Mendis A. H. W. , Venaille T. J. , Robinson B. W. S.
Published: July 2007

Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) accumulation is associated with damage to airways epithelial cells in bronchitis. bronchiectasis and some forms of asthma. PMNs release several molecules which may mediate this damage, particularly proteases and oxidants. Using an in vitro model of intact human amnionic epithelial ells (EC) attached to native basement membrane (BM). we evaluated the capacity of several proteases and oxidants to induce detachment of EC from the BM. Maximum desquamation was observed with collagenase, elastase and trypsin, with minimum effective concentrations required to produce 50% EC‐desquamation (MEC50) for highly purified collagenase, pancreatic elastase, human leucocyte elastase, human leucocyte cathepsin‐G (Cath‐G), trypsin, and kallikrein being 1616 ± 989 U/mL, 32·3± 14·7 U/mL, 85·8±26·7 U/mL, 360±20 U/mL, 340±49 BAEE U/mL and 300±23 U/mL, respectively. Urokinasc (20 U/mL) and plasmin (500 U/mL) produced no desquamation in this system. Relatively high concentrations of oxidants also produced detachment (MEC50. for H2O2 and HOCl being 0·59±0·006 mol/L and 0·009 ml/L, respectively and pretreatment of EC membranes with non‐detaching concentrations of H2O2 rendered them 10 fold more susceptible to protease‐induced desquamation, suggesting synergism. Reduced glutathione (GSH), N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) and 1,10 phenanthroline ablated collagenase induced EC‐detachment. Elastase induced detachment was sensitive to inhibition by phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and α1‐anti‐proteinase (α1‐AP) and. to a lesser extent by aprotinin; trypsin‐induced detachment was ablated by PMSF. α1‐AP and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) but not by 1,10 phenanthroline or EDTA. Cath‐G induced detachment was profoundly inhibited by SBTI GSH and NAC. These data demonstrate that human EC can be detached from intact BM by several PMN products, including collagenase, Cath‐G and elastase, and that PMN‐mediated detachment tan be prevented by Cath‐G and collagenase, inhibitors. The data suggest a role for proteases, particularly Cath‐G and collagenase, plus oxidants in synergism with proteases, in mediating PMN‐induced EC detachment.
Response of monkeys to vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus which coexpress HIV gpl60 and human interleukin‐2
Authors: Ruby J. , Brinkman C. , Jones S. , Ramshaw I.
Published: July 2007

Immunization of two macaque monkeys with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the en v gene of HIV‐1 (VV‐gp l60) resulted in demonstrable levels of gpl60, gpl20 and gp41‐specific immunoglobulins in both animals. The virus used to immunize one of the monkeys additionally expressed the human IL‐2 gene, which encoded human IL‐2 (VV‐gp l60‐IL‐2). No toxic side‐effects of vaccine‐delivered IL‐2 were observed. Despite marked attenuation of virulence by the coexpressed lymphokine, the levels of vector‐specific antibodies in both animals were similar. Some differences in the HIV‐specific reactivity patterns were detected. Serum reactivity of monkey #A56(VV‐gp 160) was directed against gp41, whereas monkey #B58 (VV‐gpl60‐IL‐2) showed a wider range of recognition, with higher antibody titres against the HIV lysate preparation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the capacity to boost antibody responses to the vector and coexpressed HIV antigens in primates which are already immune.
Murine candidiasis: Cell‐mediated immune responses correlate directly with susceptibility and resistance to infection
Authors: Ashman R. B.
Published: July 2007

Cell‐mediated immune responses were evaluated after immunization in two inbred mouse strains, CBA/H and BALB/c, that are respectively susceptible and resistant to infection with the yeast Candida albicans. Local immune responses, as measured by leucocytic infiltration into the draining lymph node, were similar; however, both delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses and candida‐specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro were significantly stronger in the resistant strain. The response was controlled by genes mapping outside the major histocompatibility complex. A possible explanation for the down regulation of the immune response in CBA/H mice is discussed.
Biochemical manifestations of a rat mammary adenocarcinoma producing cachexia: In vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Coyle P. , Rofe A. M. , Bourgeois C. S. , Conyers R. A. J.
Published: July 2007

The physical and metabolic characteristics of a Dark Agouti rat mammary adenocarcinoma and its effects on host metabolism arc described. The tumour was characterized by a lack of glandular differentiation, tetraploidy, a rapid mitotic index and a high rate of glycolysis. The adenocarcinoma was readily maintained in tissue culture and could be passaged through the host by inoculating either cell suspensions or tissue explants. In the rat, tumour growth resulted in a loss of adipose tissue at a tumour mass of less than 5% body weight indicating that increased energy expenditure was already present at that stage. In addition the tumour caused anaemia, hypercalcaemia and hypoglycaemia. Hyperketonaemia was also observed in fasted tumour‐bearing rats. Methotrexate arrested tumour growth in vivo. These aspects of the tumour model make it useful for investigations into host‐tumour competition and mechanisms of cachexia.
Production of a monoclonal allo‐antibody to murine natural cytotoxic cells
Authors: Smart Y. C. , Stevenson K. L. , Farrelly M. L. , Brien J. H. , Burton R. C.
Published: July 2007

A mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody (1C4), which recognizes a cell surface molecule on murine natural cytotoxic (NC) cells was produced. By flow cytometry, IC4 preferentially reacted with less than 5% of fresh CBA spleen cells and 20–50% of CBA‐interleukin‐3 (IL‐3) cells, an in vitro derived NC‐like cell line. In vitro treatment of spleen cells from a number of inbred mouse strains either with 1C4 alone or 1C4 coupled to dynabeads markedly decreased or abolished NC activity of the cells against 51Cr‐labelled WEHl‐164 targets. Splenic NC activity of these same mouse strains was also reduced or abolished by in vivo administration of IC4. The effect was evident within 2 h of treatment and persisted for at least I week. In contrast 1C4 had little or no effect on splenic NK activity against 51Cr‐labelled YAC‐1 targets over the same range of experiments in vitro and in vivo. Results of strain surveys for both in vitro and in vivo reduction of splenic NC activity by 1C4 treatment showed that CBA, C57BL/6, BALB/c and NZB mice were positive and CE and DBA/2 mice were negative, indicating that 1C4 recognizes an allo‐antigen on mouse NC cells. This allo‐antibody has been designated NC‐1·1, and thus 1C4 is an anti‐NC‐1·1 monoclonal antibody.
Identification of antigens which stimulate T lymphocytes of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX immunized mice
Authors: Vordermeier Hans‐Martin , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: July 2007

The technique of using Sodium dodecylsulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis fractionated antigens (Ag) transferred to nitrocellulose filters was adopted to analyse T cell responses to Salmonella enteritidis 11RX Ag. Employing in vitro proliferation assays with T cells from S. enteritidis 11RX‐primed (BALB/c × C57BL/6J) F1 mice as the measure of T cell stimulation, we have identified Ag able to stimulate T cells in the regions containing 16, 24, 34 and 50–60 kDa proteins, with dominant Ag activity at about 16kDa. These results were confirmed with long‐term. Ag‐specific L3T4+ T cell lines which responded to molecules in the same four Mr regions, suggesting that no selection by a single antigenic determinant had occurred during more than 3 months of in vitro culture, or that all the molecules which were stimulatory shared at least one antigenic determinant. Because the seven clones we examined responded only to 16 kDa molecules, the former alternative is the more likely. Standard immunoblot analysis indicated that these Ag also act as major B cell stimulating determinants. T cells of BALB/c mice, which are 5–10 times more resistant to S. enteritidis 11RX than C57BL/6J mice, showed the same pattern of reactivity as F1 mice whereas the major antigenic region for T cells of C57BL/6J mice was located between 50 and 60 kDa.
Mapping of the T and B cell epitopes of the Mycobacterium bovis protein, MPB70
Authors: Billman‐Jacobe H. , Radford A. J. , Rothel J. S. , Wood P. R.
Published: July 2007

A clone coding for the entire gene for the Mycobacterium bovis protein antigen MPB70 was used to produce a series of overlapping subclones by making a series of deletions from the 3′ end of the gene. The subclones expressed incomplete MPB70 proteins as fusions with glutathione‐S‐transferase. The insert DNA was sequenced to determine the extent of the deletion and the proteins expressed by the clones were examined for the presence of T cell and B cell epitopes. T cell epitopes were mapped by measuring the ability of recombinant antigens to stimulate gamma interferon (γ‐IFN) production in a whole blood culture system. γ‐IFN production was measured using a sandwich enzyme immunoasssay specific for bovine γ‐IFN. B cell epitopes were mapped with a series of anti‐MPB70 monoclonal antibodies using an indirect enzyme immunoassay.
Development of human anti‐murine antibody (HAMA) response in patients
Authors: Tjandra Joe J. , Ramadi Lanny , McKenzie Ian F. C.
Published: July 2007

Human anti‐mouse antibody (HAMA) response was determined in the scrum of 67 patients who received subcutaneously administered radiolabelled murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) (50 μg‐3 mg) for immunolymphoseintigraphy and of 10 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who received murine MoAb‐N‐acetyl melphalan (MoAb‐N‐AcMEL) conjugates (amount of MoAb ranged from 120 mg/m2 body surface area to 1000 mg/m2 body surfaee area) as therapy. A pre‐existing low level of apparent human anti‐mouse antibody reactivity could be detected in the serum of normal subjects and patients prior to administration of murine MoAb. Subcutaneous administration of low doses of murine MoAb, as used in immunolymphoscintigraphy, was associated with a low incidence (4/67 or 6%) of elevated HAMA response; the use of F(ab′)2 fragments was associated with the development of elevated HAMA response in one of three patients. By contrast, therapy with hepatic artery infusion of murine MoAb‐N‐AcMEL conjugates in three repetitive daily doses (each infusion lasting 2 h) elicited elevated HAMA responses in 10/10 (100%) patients, usually 1–3 weeks after the start of therapy. The HAMA response of patients in the therapy group was higher than those in the immunolymphoscintigraphy study and the use of steroids did not prevent the development of the HAMA response. Further administration of MoAb‐N‐AcMEL conjugates to a patient, who had already developed HAMA, led to ‘serum sickness’‐type symptoms and a transient reduction in the HAMA titres. The elevated HAMA response was polyclonal, containing increased levels of both immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) and was directed against mouse‐specific determinants, the isotype (presumed to be the Fc portion), the F(ab′)2 and the ‘idiotype’ of mouse immunoglobuiins.
Attempts to induce resistance in mice to Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni by exposure to crude schistosome antigens plus cloned glutathione‐S‐transferases
Authors: Mitchell G. F. , Davern K. M. , Wood S. M. , Wright M. D. , Argyropoulos V. P. , McLeod K. S. , Tiu W. U. , Garcia E. G.
Published: July 2007

Several attempts have been made to induce resistance in mice to Schistosoma japonicum (Philippines) or Schistosoma mansoni by exposure to living male and/or female adult worms, their antigens or irradiated cercariae. No resistance was demonstrated in the following cases: re‐exposure of mice to cercariae following praziquantel (PZQ) treatment of existing infection; re‐exposure of mice following cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment at the time of first cerearial exposure; subcutaneous or intraperitoneal deposition of living male or female worms; repeated intranasal administration of crude worm homogenates plus Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BPV) as adjuvant. Homologous 60Co‐irradiated cercariae were very effective at inducing resistance to infection with S. mansoni but not to infection with S. japonicum (Philippines) in a limited series of experiments. A regime of infection, immunization with homologous Escherichia coli‐derived glutathione‐S‐transferases (GST), then PZQ treatment followed by homologous re‐exposure did not result in significant resistance in either the S. mansoni or the S. japonicum (Philippines) systems. Mice given irradiated cercariae plus GST were not more resistant to subsequent S. mansoni infection than mice given irradiated cercariae alone. The results generally confirm and extend those reported by others with the conclusion that resistance to schistosomes in mice is difficult to achieve by exposure to adult worm antigens alone. Moreover, additional immunization with the GST available to date as cloned gene products, and injected in Freund's complete adjuvant, does not influence the outcome of exposure to crude worm antigens including any additive effects of protective irradiated cercariae.
Microtensile and tensile bond strength of single‐bottle adhesives: a new test method
Authors: Abdalla A. I.
Published: July 2007

summary  To evaluate the tensile and microtensile bond strength of five single‐bottle adhesives to dentine, extracted human molar teeth were used. For each tooth dentine was exposed on the occlusal surface by cutting with an isomet saw and the remaining part was mounted in a plastic ring using dental stone. The tested adhesive materials were: Scotchbond 1, Syntac SC, One‐Step, Prime & Bond 2·1 and Clearfil SE Bond. The adhesive was applied to either 1 mm2 of dentine or a circular area with a diameter of 3·9 mm. Composite resin Clearfil AP‐X was placed to the adhesives using a Teflon split mould 3·9 mm in diameter and 2·5 mm in height. Tensile and microtensile bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0·5 mm min−1. Under tensile mode, the bond strengths were 16·7 ± 3·5, 15·2 ± 2·5, 11·5 ± 3·2, 13·7 ± 2·6, 20·9 ± 4·2 MPa for each material. Under microtensile mode, the bond strengths were 52·5 ± 9·5, 55·3 ± 8·3, 40·5 ± 5·2, 37·5 ± 8·7, 60 ± 6·21 MPa. Fracture pattern of bonded specimens showed 66% cohesive dentine failure in samples tested for tensile bond strength. For the microtensile test, failures were mainly adhesive at the interface between adhesive and dentine (94%).
The protective effect of fluoride treatments against enamel erosion in vitro
Authors: Hughes J. A. , West N. X. , Addy M.
Published: July 2007

summary  Fluoride is known to reduce enamel solubility during the caries process. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether fluoride preparations affect erosion attributed to citric acid and citric acid‐based soft drinks. Flat enamel specimens embedded in epoxy resin were prepared from caries free, human third molar teeth extracted from patients aged 18–35 years. Specimens were polished to have a profile within a tolerance of ±0·3 μm measured on a profilometer. Specimens were taped to leave a 2 mm window of exposed enamel. Groups of specimens were exposed to citric acid and soft drinks with and without the addition of sodium fluoride or exposed to the same solutions after pre‐treatment with fluoride products. Enamel loss was measured by profilometer after 10, 20 and 30 min of acid exposure. The different acidic solutions varied significantly in the amount of erosion produced both with and without the addition of fluoride. In addition, the different fluoride products differed significantly in the protective effect afforded. Both fluoride application methods reduced in mean terms, enamel erosion at all time points and by all acidic solutions. The majority of differences were <25% and as the study was powered to show differences as significant at or above this level few reached statistical significance. Fluoride applied to enamel either in acidic solutions or as a pre‐treatment, reduces enamel erosion; however, the actual clinical benefit appears low. More studies are required, including investigations in situ.
Signs of temporomandibular disorders in tinnitus patients and in a population‐based group of volunteers: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania
Authors: Bernhardt O. , Gesch D. , Schwahn C. , Bitter K. , Mundt T. , Mack F. , Kocher T. , Meyer G. , Hensel E. , John U.
Published: July 2007

summary  The literature has documented a controversial discussion on the possible relationship of otogenous symptoms and craniomandibular dysfunction since the 1920s. Therefore, an investigation was conducted which consisted of two parts: a case study with population‐based controls and a cross‐sectional study. The aim of the first study was to screen a group of patients suffering from acute or chronic tinnitus for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in comparison with a population‐based group of volunteers without tinnitus. To this end, 30 patients (13 females and 17 males, age 18–71 years) suffering from acute hearing loss associated with tinnitus, isolated acute tinnitus, and chronically transient tinnitus were examined for symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction. The results were compared with those of clinical functional analysis from 1907 subjects selected representatively and according to age distribution from the epidemiological ‘Study of Health in Pomerania’ (SHIP); the occurrence of tinnitus was ruled out in these control subjects. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi‐square and Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Sixty per cent of the tinnitus patients and 36·5% of the control subjects exhibited more than two symptoms of TMD (P = 0·004). Tinnitus patients had significantly more muscle palpation pain (P < 0·001), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) palpation pain (P < 0·001), and pain upon mouth opening (P < 0·001) than the general population group. No statistical differences were found in TMJ sounds, limitation of mandibular movement, or hypermobility of the TMJ. Furthermore, 4228 subjects of the population group examined in the epidemiological study were screened for co‐factors of tinnitus with the help of a multivariate logistic regression model which was adjusted for gender, age, and a variety of anamnestic and examined data. Increased odds ratios (OR) were found for tenderness of the masticatory muscles (OR = 1·6 for one to three painful muscles and OR = 2·53 for four or more painful muscles), TMJ tenderness to dorsal cranial compression (OR = 2·99), listlessness (OR = 2·0) and frequent headache (OR = 1·84) A relationship between tinnitus and TMD was established in both examinations. Tinnitus patients seem to suffer especially from myofascial and TMJ pain. A screening for TMD should be included in the diagnostic survey for tinnitus patients.
Future directions in bonding resins to the dentine‐pulp complex
Authors: Bouillaguet S. , Wataha J. C.
Published: July 2007

summary  Resin‐based materials are rapidly becoming the primary restorative material to replace tooth structure and the low percentage of biological problems reported for resin‐based restorations is testimony to their relative biocompatibility. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of the mechanisms, which govern the integration of resin composite materials with the dentine–pulp complex, considerable potential for improvement remains. Most of these improvements centre around a better understanding of the biological and microbiological risks of resin materials and will only be possible with improved in vitro and in vivo models. There are also a number of possible future developments in materials, clinical techniques and diagnostic methods that may improve the long‐term success and reliability of resin‐based restorations. The remainder of this paper describes the most likely avenues for future improvements.
Visualizing the dynamics of complex spatial networks in structured fluids
Authors: Scherdel S. , Schoberth H. G. , Magerle R.
Published: July 2007

We present a data reduction and visualization approach for the microdomain dynamics in block copolymers and similar structured fluids. Microdomains are reduced to thin smooth lines with colored branching points and visualized with a tool for protein visualization. As a result the temporal evolution of large volume data sets can be perceived within seconds. This approach is demonstrated with simulation results based on the dynamic density functional theory of the ordering of microdomains in a thin film of block copolymers. As an example we discuss the dynamics at the cylinder-to-gyroid grain boundary and compare it to the epitaxial cylinder-to-gyroid phase transition predicted by Matsen [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4470 (1998)].
Logarithmic intertwining operators and W(2,2p−1) algebras
Authors: Adamović Dražen , Milas Antun
Published: July 2007

For every p⩾2, we obtained an explicit construction of a family of W(2,2p−1) modules, which decompose as direct sum of simple Virasoro algebra modules. Furthermore, we classified all irreducible self-dual W(2,2p−1) modules, we described their internal structure, and computed their graded dimensions. In addition, we constructed certain hidden logarithmic intertwining operators among two ordinary and one logarithmic W(2,2p−1) modules. This work, in particular, gives a mathematically precise formulation and interpretation of what physicists have been referring to as “logarithmic conformal field theory” of central charge cp,1=1−[6(p−1)2∕p], p⩾2. Our explicit construction can be easily applied for computations of correlation functions. Techniques from this paper can be used to study the triplet vertex operator algebra W(2,(2p−1)3) and other logarithmic models.