bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PALE SOILS ON CARBONATE-FREE DEPOSITS IN CENTRAL SIBERIA AND THEIR TAXONOMIC POSITION IN THE SOIL CLASSIFICATION OF RUSSIA
Authors: Ananko T. V. , Gerasimova M. I. , Konyushkov D. E.
Published: April 2019

Based upon a comprehensive analysis of detailed descriptions of soil profiles and analytical data obtained by I. Sokolov, V. Zolnikov, L. Yelovskaya and other researchers, as well as upon data on the soil-forming factors, an attempt is made to determine the taxonomic level of pale undifferentiated neutral and slightly acid soils derived from carbonate-free deposits in the new classification system of Russian soils (versions 2004, 2008). The above group of soils is not uniform. According to their diagnostic morphological and physical-chemical properties the loamy permafrost-affected soils with ice-rich permafrost should be placed in the order of cryometamorphic or iron-metamorphic soils. The loamy sandy soils with dry permafrost may be placed in the same order. The soils with a shallow profile (< 30 cm) on hard parent rock should be qualified as members of the order of lithozems. The specific features of these soils make it possible to suggest new elements to the soil classification. A subtype of pale-metamorphized soils is offered to recognize the types of rzhavozems and raw-humus rzhavozems as the soils transitional to the pale soils. This suggestion is aimed at harmonization of a variety of ideas on the genesis, conditions for the development and nomenclature of soils, which permits us to give a more complete and reliable perception of the soil cover in the Central Siberian plateau.
STATISTIC INDICES FOR BOWL- AND DIAPIR-LIKE MORPHOSTRUCTURES OF VERTISOLS IN VORONTSOVO DEPRESSION (PADI)
Authors: Khitrov N. B. , Vlasenko V. P. , Rogovneva L. V.
Published: April 2019

Under description is a profile configuration represented by stratified bowllike morphostructures with the increased thickness of darkgray humus horizons and diaperlike morphostructures consisted of the olive-brown material ascending from the lower horizons in Vertisols developed on the bottom of a huge closed depression (padi) in Eisk peninsula. Histograms are presented to show statistic distribution and non-parametric statistic indices for morphometric characteristics of the above morphostructures. The statistic relationship between the morphometric indices is estimated. Under discussion is also the genesis of such morphostructures in Vertisols.
The development of concepts of landscape functions in view of optimizing the environment conservation
Authors: Kiriushin V. I.
Published: April 2019

The objectives relating to the optimization of the environment conservation involve the determination of biotope sensibility, valuation and forecasting of the landscape sustainable development and excessive anthropogenic loads, assessment of ecological risks and possible adverse consequences, analysis of conflicts, choice of methods for protection and development of the territory, determination of proportions between the agricultural lands and priority trends in land use, compromise decision-making and elaboration of methods to bring in correspondence the interests of land owners. These tasks are solved on the basis of landscape functional analysis. The major ecological functions are the following: bioecological (biotopic and biocenotic, bioproduced, bioenergetic, biogeochemical, concentrated, oxidation-reduced, destructed, activated-inhibited, sanitary); atmospheric (gaseous, heat exchanged, hydroatmospheric); lithospheric (relief-forming, lithological); hydrological and hydrogeological ones. Based upon the identification and assessment of ecological functions of landscapes the social-economic functions are determined to meet the requirements of the human society.
Hydro-depositary and hydro-transmitting properties of soddy-podzolic soils in the course of simulating the water transfer by physically-grounded models
Authors: Shein E. V. , Skvortsova E. B. , Panina S. S. , Umarova A. B. , Romanenko K. A.
Published: April 2019

The results of field experiments conducted on the medium loamy agro soddy-podzolic soil showed that due to the hydraulic head of water at the soil surface the moisture movement occurs predominantly through migration ways that deteriorate the hydro-depositary properties of soils. The moisture movement was studied by a special method performed in two soil monoliths identical in size (42 cm in diameter and 60 cm high). The monolith walls were covered by a film, foamed and buried with the view of avoiding the lateral water loss. Both monoliths were simultaneously saturated with water: one of them was under a constant head of water in 5 cm, the other monolith was watered by fine-dispersed sprinkler without the formation of the water layer at the soil surface. The study was aimed at modeling the water movement under conditions of small headed infiltration and without the head of water as well as comparing the calculated and experimental data with the view of assessing the most adequate experimental provision of the model - the major hydrophysical characteristics obtained by empiric methods in the experiment or those calculated on the basis of hydrological constants and soil properties (pedo-transmitting functions). It seemed reasonable to establish that the experimental provision of the model can be shown in the following order: the use of regional pedo-transmitting functions provides better results as compared to the major hydrophysical characteristics, the latter being obtained by the method of tensiometers and capillarometers is better than the pedo-transmitting characteristics used the particle-size distribution as a predictor in Agrotool program (ROSETTA database) as well as those obtained by Voronin’s “secants”.
The possible use of pilotless aircrafts for operative monitoring of soil productivity
Authors: Savin I. Yu. , Vernyuk Yu. I. , Faraslis G. .
Published: April 2019

As seen from a comprehensive review of literature sources, at the current stage of technological development and simplicity the pilotless aircrafts should be considered as a reliable tool for operative monitoring of soils and crops on fields and areas of small farms. The possibilities to use the imagery obtained by pilotless aircrafts are predetermined by a type of survey apparatus to a considerable extent. At present, the miniature survey apparatus permits to obtain images, the spectral resolution of which can be compatible with those obtained by satellites. Today, the images of pilotless aircrafts are used to give a visual assessment of any object to be surveyed. There are publications devoted to the computer analysis of images including those used for agricultural purposes. The experience is becoming common to use the imagery obtained by pilotless aircrafts and their computer analysis for constructing digital models of the field relief, monitoring over the soil erodibility and operative valuation of the agricultural crops state. Being compared with satellite imagery, the data of pilotless aircrafts have a number of advantages in aerial surveying. The major limits to use data obtained by pilotless aircrafts consist in insufficient miniaturization of the surveying apparatus and the fact that the monitoring cannot be organized to control over large areas.
The degree of Intensivity of Solonetzic Process Within the Virgin Soils and Soils with agrogenic transformation in Solonetzic complexes of frores-steppe and dry steppe zones
Authors: Lyubimova I. N. , Salpagarova I. A. , Khan V. V.
Published: April 2019

The comparative assessment of the degree of solonetzic processes was conducted for the soils of solonetzic complexes in forest steppe and dry steppe zones. We analized virgin solonetzes and solonetzes affected by the agrogenic transformation with different content of exchangeable sodium and with different hydromorphism degree from Kostanai (Kazakhstan Republic), Astrakhan, Voronezh, Volgograd, Omsk, and Novosibirsk regions. We investigated meliorated solonetzes as with completely destructed profile, and with partically preserved solonetzic layer. For that purposes we used special B- grade, suggested by N.B. Khitrov. It is shown that solonetzic process is poorly manifested in virgin automorphic soils of dry steppe zone. The physical and chemical properties which are created after melioration do not encourage the restoration of solonetzic process. The solonetzic process in meadow-steppe solonetzes of dry steppe and, especially, forest steppe zones is active at the present moment. The melioration improves the properties of these soils, but it is insufficient for the destruction of physical and chemical conditions favourable for restoration of solonetzic process. The difference in post-meliorative development of solonetzes is stipulated by the initial degree of manifestation of solonetzic process in virgin soils at the present.
The Organic Matter of Chernozem
Authors: Kogut B. M.
Published: April 2019

Theories and points of view of soil science classics, such as V. V. Dokuchaev, I. V. Turin and M. M. Kononva on chernozem organic matter are reviewed in this work. The achievements of the leading researches of soil biology and biochemistry of Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (D. V. Khan, M. Sh. Shaimuhammetov, N. A. Titova etc.) in the investigation of chemical and physical functioning of organic matter and the products of organo-mineral interaction of chernozemic soils. The author variant of level system for organic matter content in chernozem is presented in the work. The level system consists of minimal, median, maximal and critical levels. The convergent scheme of the investigation of the organo-mineral interactions of soils is presented. This scheme combines the Savvinov sieve method in modification of Khan and granulo-densimetric fractionation functioning by Shaimuhammetov-Travnikova, chemical and biokinetic fractionation. The particular examples of the application of this scheme on chernozems in conditions of long-term experiments is presented.
The Role of Organic and Mineralogical Interaction Products in the Structure Forming and Humus Forming of the Basic Types of Soils in the Center of Russian Plain
Authors: Artemyeva Z. S. , Kirillova N. P.
Published: April 2019

The modified variant of granulo-densimetric fractionating method allows us to separate the functionally valuable compounds of the soil organic matter (OM) with different localization within the soil matrix. It gives us an opportunity to specify their role in the soil forming processes, and also the factors, which regulate their forming and changes under the impact of the external conditions. The free (non-aggregated) OM, which is localized in space between aggregates, and stabilized OM in the composition of microaggregates. Such an approach allows us to assess the soil microstructure more validly. The two groups of microaggregates are separated in the soil. They are differed in the degree of sustainability to dispergating impact of ultrasound. There are also differences in the form, structure, composition and properties of organic and organo clayey compounds, and the type of stabilizing agents. The correlation between the microstructural organization and OM sustainability was set for the zonal range of basic soil types of Central Russia. It is revealed that the micro-agregation degree in the soil of the zonal range is increased due to the heaving of the soil texture, which reflects the dominating role of the organo-clayey particles in their forming. The difference between the sustainable and unsustainable microagregates is in the amount of these particles and in character of the organic compounds.
Fostering Fifth-Grade Students’ Ability to Design Comparative Experiments Using an Online Model
Authors: Zhao Guoqing , Zhao Rongchi , Yang Xuanyang
Published: April 2019

Chinese Elementary Science Curriculum Standards requires that fifth- and sixth- grade students can plan and design comparative experiments. However, students at these grades have difficulties in distinguishing and controlling variables in a specific context. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a simulation-embedded scientific inquiry unit on fifth-grade students’ ability to design comparative experiments. Thermodynamics Challenge, implemented in the Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE) and translated into Chinese, engaged fifth-grade students in conducting virtual investigations with NetLogo models to test how thermal insulation effect is enhanced by different material use. A total of 86 fifth-grade students (47 boys and 39 girls) from an elementary school in Weifang City, Shandong Province participated in the research. Pre- and post-tests were used to examine changes in students’ understanding of comparative experiment design. Results showed that all students have a significant improvement in knowledge of comparative experiments from pre- to post-test, and students with low prior knowledge improved more than the other two groups. These findings indicated the feasibility of fostering fifth-graders’ comparative experiment design with simulations. Implications for science teaching are discussed.
Tendencias en el consumo de tabaco adolescente en España (2002-2018)
Authors: Leal-López Eva , Sánchez-Queija Inmaculada , Moreno Carmen
Published: April 2019

El tabaco es la principal causa de muerte prevenible en todo el mundo. La adolescencia es una etapa clave en la iniciación al hábito tabáquico y en la proclividad a desarrollar adicción a esta sustancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo ha evolucionado el consumo de tabaco de los chicos y chicas adolescentes escolarizados en España desde 2002 a 2018 y si hay diferencias en las tendencias por sexo y por edad. La muestra está conformada por 51.046 participantes de 15 a 18 años, representativos de la población adolescente escolarizada en España en los años 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 y 2018. Se utilizó el cuestionario de consumo de tabaco consensuado por el equipo internacional del estudio Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). Se estimaron las Odds Ratio y los intervalos de confianza del 95% mediante regresiones logísticas. Los resultados muestran una disminución en el consumo diario de tabaco adolescente entre 2002 (26,5%) y 2018 (8,7%) aunque con un periodo de estabilidad entre 2006 (17,9%) y 2010 (17,4%). Esta tendencia de descenso es mayor en las chicas (21,9 puntos) que en los chicos (13,1 puntos) hasta el punto de que en 2018 no hay diferencias en función del sexo. También es mayor en el grupo de 17-18 años (20,2 puntos) que en el de 15-16 años (15,8 puntos), aunque en este caso, permanecen las diferencias en función de la edad. La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco diario en adolescentes de 15 a 18 años es del 8,7% en 2018. Se concluye la conveniencia de no suprimir ni disminuir las políticas de prevención y control del tabaquismo y se proponen nuevas medidas para hacer frente al problema de salud pública que está suponiendo el consumo de tabaco en España.
Diferencias de género entre autocultivadores de cannabis en España
Authors: González Amado Bárbara , Villanueva Víctor Jose , Vidal-Infer Antonio , Isorna Folgar Manuel
Published: April 2019

El incremento en el consumo de cannabis coincide con la proliferación del cultivo de cannabis a pequeña escala. Estos cultivos favorecen la disponibilidad de la sustancia e incrementan su consumo. Investigaciones previas han dejado entrever las características definitorias de poblaciones de cultivadores, pero se desconoce si su perfil difiere en función del género. El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias de género en autocultivadores en relación con variables sociodemográficas, patrones de consumo y problemáticas de salud. Se diseñó un estudio observacional descriptivo, con una muestra de 219 cultivadores (157 hombres y 62 mujeres), con edades entre 18 y 34 años. Se analizaron problemas de consumo (CPQ), dependencia del cannabis (SDS), patrones de abuso(CAST), consumo de riesgo de alcohol (AUDIT), dependencia de la nicotina (FTND) y variables sociodemográficas (cuestionario ad hoc). Los resultados mostraron convergencia entre hombres y mujeres en los indicadores: inicio temprano y consumo diario de cannabis, problemáticas psicosociales derivadas del consumo, un número similar de casos de consumo problemático y dependencia del cannabis y tendencia al policonsumo. Contrariamente, los varones refirieron mayores problemas físicos, consumo intensivo de cannabis y de alcohol. A diferencia de los estudios en población general, donde el consumo de cannabis es mayor en hombres que en mujeres, las mujeres autocultivadoras presentan un perfil similar a los autocultivadores hombres. Este hecho sugiere la necesidad de investigar sobre los factores de riesgo específicos al género que pueden estar influyendo diferencialmente en el consumo intensivo y su relación con el autocultivo. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados en la planificación de estrategias preventivas y de tratamiento, desde una perspectiva de género.
Experiencias psicóticas atenuadas y consumo de cannabis en adolescentes de la población general
Authors: Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Lucas-Molina Beatriz , Pérez-Albéniz Alicia , Inchausti Félix , Ortuño-Sierra Javier
Published: April 2019

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre las experiencias psicóticas atenuadas y el consumo de cannabis en una muestra representativa de adolescentes de la población general. Un total de 1,588 estudiantes (M=16,13 años; DT = 1,36), 739 eran hombres (46,5%), pertenecientes a 34 escuelas y 98 aulas, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado por conglomerados, fueron encuestados. Los instrumentos administrados fueron el Cuestionario de Pródromos de Psicosis-Breve, el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades, el Cuestionario de Consumo de Sustancias Modificado, el Penn Matrix Reasoning Test (PMRT), la Family Affluence Scale-II y la Escala Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta. Los resultados mostraron que un porcentaje de adolescentes informaron de experiencias psicóticas atenuadas y/o consumo de cannabis. Antes de controlar el efecto de múltiples covariables (género, edad, nivel socio-económico, consumo de tabaco, problemas emocionales y CI), los jóvenes consumidores de cannabis informaron de un mayor riesgo teórico de psicosis. Cuando se controló el efecto de las covariables, las experiencias psicóticas no se asociaron con el consumo de cannabis. El análisis mediacional indicó que los problemas en el ajuste emocional y comportamental mediaban en la relación entre consumo de cannabis y experiencias psicotiformes. Parece ser que, una vez controlado el efecto de las múltiples variables de confundido, el uso de cannabis aumenta el riesgo de psicopatología comórbida y esta a su vez el riesgo de psicosis (mayor frecuencia de experiencias psicóticas). Estos resultados sugieren que la relación que se establece entre las experiencias psicóticas y el cannabis es compleja y se encuentra mediada por variables relevantes. Futuros estudios deberán examinar las interacciones Gen x Ambiente en estudios longitudinales.
Relación entre las normas de género y el consumo de alcohol: una revisión sistemática
Authors: Patró-Hernández Rosa María , Nieto Robles Yamal , Limiñana-Gras Rosa María
Published: April 2019

El consumo de alcohol presenta perfiles diferenciales entre hombres y mujeres,  existiendo diferencias igualmente respecto al curso y pronóstico de los problemas derivados del abuso de alcohol. Existe evidencia acerca de estas diferencias en función del sexo, pero la investigación acerca de su relación con diferencias en función de dimensiones asociadas al género es más escasa. Con el objetivo de conocer qué es lo que se ha investigado sobre el tema, se revisa la literatura acerca de la relación entre la conformidad con las normas de género y consumo de alcohol en adultos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y ScienceDirect. Se incluyeron y analizaron 24 estudios publicados en inglés o español. Los resultados más importantes fueron: 1) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional masculino (dominancia, donjuanismo, agresividad, conductas de riesgo) está relacionada, en general, con un mayor consumo de alcohol; 2) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional femenino (interés en vida hogareña y cuidado de la familia) se asocia con menor consumo de alcohol. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia acerca de la relación entre dimensiones asociadas al género y el consumo de alcohol. Se considera que las posibilidades de modificación de las creencias y patrones de género vinculados con comportamientos de riesgo es un aspecto a considerar en el ámbito de la prevención, siendo el desarrollo de medidas de género una tarea necesaria para continuar profundizando en el estudio de estas relaciones.
Reference materials used for specific safety evaluation of human immunoglobulin and human albumin products: features of development, certification and application
Authors: Kornilova O. G. , Krivykh M. A. , Volkova R. A. , Borisevich I. B.
Published: April 2019

Human immunoglobulin and human albumin products can negatively affect patients’ health. The residual content of haemagglutinins, anti-D antibodies, prekallikrein activator, as well as the level of anticomplementary activity, are controlled during both production and testing for compliance with normative documentation. Methods for their quantitative evaluation are based on the effects of erythrocytes hemolysis or agglutination and on the amidolytic product properties of cascade reactions. These methods require the obligatory use of reference materials (RMs). The development of RMs, acting as the carrier of the quantitative characteristics of the human immunoglobulins and human albumin impurities, is fraught with the difficulty of selecting a candidate, substantiating the certification methodology, and determining the relevant characteristics. In this research, we used human immunoglobulin solutions with normalized haemagglutinin content, anti-D antibodies or anti-complementary activity in a different range, whose quality was studied using haemagglutination and chromogenic methods, and the complement fixation test. Methodological approaches to the RM development and certification were justified using system analysis and forensic audit methods. The results demonstrate the necessity of using RMs to assess the stability of analytical work by applying anti-complementary activity determination, haemagglutinin content or anti-Dantibody methods. It is established that RMs allow the quantitative content of haemagglutinins, anti-D antibodies and prekallikrein activator to be established. The value of the CRM characteristics should be approximated to the qualitative composition of these impurities in the analysed products, but in amounts not detectable (to produce negative RM components) or exceeding permissible maxima (to produce positive RM components).
Activity of All-Russian Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI) in the sphere of physicochemical measurements
Authors: Dobrovolskiy V. I. , Oganyan N. G. , Prokunin S. V.
Published: April 2019

This article presents the description, metrological characteristics and application of State primary standards developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Physicol-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI). These include the state primary standards for pH and pX in aqueous solutions, units of the dispersed parameters of aerosols, suspensions and powdery materials, units of the mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods of analysis. In addition, the article discusses R&D projects that are currently being realized at VNIIFTRI, including the production of standard-titres and buffer solutions for pH-metry, as well as working standards for assessing the activity of Na+, K+, F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-(pX) ions in aqueous media.
Review of Current Evidence in the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Varley Samantha , Rossi Kirsten , Murray Meghan , Nichole Alissa
Published: April 2019

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas and is one of the most common ailments of the gastrointestinal system that results in significant morbidity and mortality. The main etiologic causes of AP are alcohol consumption, gallstones, hypertriglyceridemia, and biliary stones. The clinical signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria of AP are well established in the literature and multiple studies. Multiple scoring systems have been used to predict the severity, prognosis, and mortality associated with AP. The present review of the literature brings to light the significant and recent contributions in the etiology, risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, prognosis and newest modalities in treatment that could be beneficial in the management of AP.
Compact and Powerful: A Vacuum Powered Soft Textile-Based Clutch
Authors: Sadeghi Ali , Mondini Alessio , Mazzolai Barbara
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we present the design, manufacturing and characterization of a soft textile-based clutch (TBC) that switches between locking and unlocking of its linear displacement by exploiting vacuum stimulation. The applied vacuum locks the relative sliding motion between two elaborated textile webbings covered by an elastic silicone rubber bag. Based on different fabrication techniques, such as silicone casting on textile, melt embossing for direct fabrication of miniature patterns on textile and sewing, we developed three groups of TBC samples based on friction and interlocking principles and we compared their performance in blocking configuration. The clutch with interlocking mechanism presented the highest withstanding force (150 N) respect to the one (54 N) recorded for the friction-based clutch. The simple and compact structure of the proposed clutch, together with the intrinsic adaptability of fabric with other clothing and soft materials, make it a proper solution for applications in soft wearable robotics and generally as locking and variable stiffness solution for soft robotic applications.
Facile Synthesis of Di-Mannitol Adipate Ester-Based Zinc Metal Alkoxide As Bi-Functional Additives for PVC
Authors: Li Yuepeng , Li Degang , Han Wenyuan , Zhang Manqi , Ai Bing , Zhang Lipeng , Sun Hongqi , Cui Zhen
Published: April 2019

A new di-mannitol adipate ester-based zinc metal alkoxide (DMAE-Zn) was synthesized as a bi-functional PVC thermal stabilizer for the first time. The materials were characterized with Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterization results confirmed the formation of Zn-O bonds in DMAE-Zn; and that DMAE-Zn had a high decomposition temperature and a low melting point. The thermal stability of DMAE-Zn on PVC also was tested by conductivity test, thermal aging test, and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) test. PVC stabilized by DMAE-Zn had a good initial color and excellent long-term stability. UV-VIS also showed that the conjugated structure in PVC stabilized by DMAE-Zn was almost all of the triene, suggesting that the addition of DMAE-Zn would suppress the formation of conjugated structures above tetraene. Dynamic processing performance of PVC samples tested by torque rheometer indicated that, having a good compatibility with PVC chains in the amorphous regions, DMAE-Zn contributed good plasticizing effect to PVC. DMAE-Zn thus effectively demonstrates bi-functional roles, e.g., thermal stabilizers and plasticizers to PVC. Furthermore, FT-IR, HCl absorption capacity test, and complex ZnCl2 test were also used to verify the thermal stability mechanism of DMAE-Zn for PVC.
Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling: Wired and Phasic, not Tonic, and Causing Behavior
Authors: Sarter Martin , Lustig Cindy
Published: April 2019

Previous evidence in support of a slowly acting (scale of 100s of seconds) and volume-transmitted component of cholinergic signaling was based largely on studies using measures of brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels which required several minutes to generate a single data point and typically employed AChEsterase inhibitors (AChEIs) to foster ACh measurement. Moreover, collecting such data points in correlation with relatively stable behavioral states has further supported the view that extracellular ACh levels vary at a relatively slow rate. Here we argue that forebrain cholinergic signaling is exclusively phasic (milliseconds to perhaps seconds), unlikely to be volume-transmitted, and that previous neurochemical evidence and associated behavioral correlates may be re-interpreted in terms of integrated phasic cholinergic activity and specific behavioral and cognitive operations. The highly potent catalytic enzyme for ACh, AChE, prevents the presence of an ambient extracellular ACh level and thus renders it unlikely that ACh influences target regions via relatively slow changes in extracellular ACh concentrations. Real-time amperometric recordings of cholinergic signaling have suggested a specific function of rapid, phasic or transient cholinergic signaling in attentional contexts. Optogenetic studies support a causal relationship between these transients on behavior. Combined electrochemical and neurophysiological recordings revealed that the powerful behavioral control by cholinergic transients involves the generation of high-frequency oscillations. Such oscillations are thought to recruit efferent circuitry to (re)activate dormant task sets. Evidence showing the impact of genetic variations of the capacity of cholinergic synapses likewise can be interpreted in terms of their impact on the ability to sustain generation of repeated phasic cholinergic signals, as opposed to effects on ambient ACh levels. Further, while notions of slowly-changing, sleep stage-associated variations in extracellular ACh levels and their functions are widely accepted, the evidence is in fact fairly limited. An alternative hypothesis offers a role for high-frequency cholinergic transient signaling during REM sleep. By employing a theoretical framework that focuses on the phasic and causative characteristics and functions of cholinergic signaling, results from human cognitive neuroscience studies of cholinergic function may be substantially clarified and simplified. Compared to the current treatment of cholinergic deficits using AChEIs, the conceptualization of forebrain cholinergic signaling as wired, phasic, and causative predicts that drugs that either rescue transient presynaptic signaling, or amplify or rescue the postsynaptic impact of phasic signals, will be more efficacious in treating age- and dementia-related cognitive and cognitive-motor disorders.
In Vitro Anti-Microbial Activity of Essential Oils and other Extracts from Salvia officinalis against Some Bacteria
Authors: Mohamed Amna Yousif , Mustafa Ahmed Ali
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to screen the antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts (leave and stem) of Salvia officinalis against some Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria using agar disc diffusion test, then the extracts were prepared by hydro distillation to extract the essential oils. Maceration and hexane extraction by Soxhlet were used to obtain crude extracts from the leave and stem. Essential oils from the leaves and the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves showed higher antimicrobial activity, while hexane extract of leaves and stems showed moderate antibacterial activity. In contrast the essential oil from the stems showed very low antibacterial activity. It was observed that the results gram positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) was more sensitive than Gram negative (Echerichia coli).
The Utility of Data Transformation for Alignment, de novo Assembly and Classification of Short Read Virus Sequences
Authors: Tapinos Avraam , Constantinides Bede , Phan My VT , Kouchaki Samaneh , Cotten Matthew , Robertson David L.
Published: April 2019

Advances in DNA sequencing technology are facilitating genomic analyses of unprecedented scope and scale, widening the gap between our abilities to generate and fully exploit biological sequence data. Comparable analytical challenges are encountered in other data-intensive fields involving sequential data, such as signal processing, in which dimensionality reduction (i.e., compression) methods are routinely used to lessen the computational burden of analyses. In this work we explore the application of dimensionality reduction methods to numerically represent high-throughput sequence data for three important biological applications of virus sequence data: reference-based mapping, short sequence classification and de novo assembly. Despite using highly compressed sequence transformations to accelerate the processes, our sequence processing approach yielded comparable accuracy to existing approaches, and are ideally suited for sequences originating from highly diverse virus populations. We demonstrate the application of our methodology to both synthetic and real viral pathogen sequence data. Our results show that the use of highly compressed sequence approximations can provide accurate results and that useful analytical performance can be retained and even enhanced through appropriate dimensionality reduction of sequence data.
Non-Standard and Numerov Finite Difference Schemes for Finite Difference Time Domain Method to Solve One- Dimensional Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Angraini Lily Maysari , Sudiarta I Wayan
Published: April 2019

The purpose of  this paper is to show some improvements of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method using Numerov and non-standard finite difference (NSFD) schemes for solving the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Starting with results of the unmodified FDTD method, Numerov-FD and NSFD are applied iteratively to produce more accurate results for eigen energies and wavefunctios. Three potential wells, infinite square well, harmonic oscillator and Poschl-Teller, are used to compare results of FDTD calculations. Significant improvements in the results for the infinite square potential and the harmonic oscillator potential are found using Numerov-NSFD scheme, and for Poschl-Teller potential are found using Numerov scheme.
Analytical solution of the Bohr-Mottelson equation in minimal length effect for cotangent hyperbolic potential using the hypergeometric method
Authors: Fatimah Siti Noor , Suparmi A. , Cari C. , Elviyanti Isnaini Lilis
Published: April 2019

The rigid deformed nucleus of minimal length effect is investigated using the Bohr-Mottelson equation that influenced by cotangent hyperbolic potential. The Bohr-Mottelson equation in effect a minimum length resolved hypergeometric method for determining the energy spectrum and the wave functions. Energy spectrum was calculated using Matlab software and the wave function is displayed in the form of hypergeometric.
ANALISIS KONDISI METEOROLOGI TERKAIT KEJADIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DI LERENG GUNUNG MERBABU
Authors: Nugroho Anendha Destantyo , Faza Muhammad Zakky , Winarso Paulus Agus
Published: April 2019

Abstract:. There was a fire in the land and forest of the Gunung Merbabu National Park in Semarang Regency, Central Java. The fire burned the land on Sunday, October 14 2018 afternoon, the area of land in the forest area of Mount Merbabu which was burned reached 100 hectares. The number is predicted to increase because the flames have not been extinguished. Fires in the Mount Merbabu National Park not only damage the forest ecosystem. The fire also decided the pipeline of clean water flowing to a number of hamlets in Batur Village. Land and forest fires are supported by meteorological drought, so studies need to be done to find out the magnitude of meteorological factors that support forest fires and the extent of burning areas. This research was conducted by analyzing the results of meteorological observations obtained from AWS (Automatic Weather Station) installed not far from the slopes of Mount Merbabu, including AWS Pakem Yogyakarta, AWS Borobudur Magelang, AWS Undip Semarang. In addition to the analysis of surface observation data, this study also analyzes the atmospheric conditions of surface wind maps, Rainy Days, and observations of satellite images during the occurrence of land and forest fires in Mount Merbabu National Park.

Abstrak: Terjadi kebakaran lahan dan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu di Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Api membakar lahan pada Minggu 14 Oktober 2018 sore, luas lahan di kawasan hutan Gunung Merbabu yang terbakar mencapai 100 hektar. Jumlah itu diprediksi bertambah karena kobaran api belum berhasil dipadamkan. Kebakaran di Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu tidak hanya merusak ekosistem hutan. Kebakaran juga memutuskan jaringan pipa air bersih yang mengalir ke sejumlah dusun di Desa Batur. Kebakaran lahan dan hutan tersebut didukung oleh faktor kekeringan meteorologi, sehingga perlu dilakukan kajian untuk mengetahui besarnya faktor meteorologi yang mendukung terjadinya kebakaran hutan serta meluasnya area yang terbakar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan analisis hasil pengamatan meteorologi yang didapatkan dari AWS (Automatic Weather Station) yang terpasang tidak jauh dari lereng Gunung Merbabu, antara lain AWS Pakem Yogyakarta, AWS Borobudur Magelang, AWS Undip Semarang. Selain analisis dari data hasil pengamatan permukaan, penelitian ini juga melakukan analisis kondisi atmosfer peta angin permukaan, Hari Tanpa Hujan, serta pantauan citra satelit saat terjadinya kebakaran lahan dan hutan di Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu.
EVALUASI KETERSEDIAAN SUMBER DAYA AIR BERBASIS METODE NERACA AIR THORNTHWAITE MATHER UNTUK PENDUGAAN SURPLUS DAN DEFISIT AIR DI PULAU JAWA
Authors: Hidayat Anistia Malinda , Mulyo Aryo Prasetyo , Azani Audia Azizah , Aofany Diar , Nadiansyah Ricky , Rejeki Hasti Amrih
Published: April 2019

Abstract: As a natural resource that is vital in supporting human life, the evaluation of the availability of water resources is an urgency in determining and projecting the condition of water surplus or deficit in a Wilayah. There are various methods in evaluating the availability of water resources in an area, one method that has a high level of significance is the Thornthwaite Mather water balance method. Water balance analysis was carried out in 3 Wilayahs in Java Island which have monsoonal rain types, including Bandung, Begawan Solo watershed, and Pasuruan. The results of the evaluation of the availability of water resources in Bandung show a surplus condition of water in the rainy season period and deficit in the dry season period. Meanwhile, the water balance analysis in Solo shows deficit conditions in all areas covered by the Bengawan Solo watershed. Water balance analysis in Pasuruan Regency shows the same pattern as the Bandung area, where there is a surplus condition in the rainy season and deficits in the dry season period. While the results of the projection of the availability of water resources show varying results in the three Wilayahs, where there is generally an increase in the number of Wilayahs experiencing water deficits. Based on these conditions, water conservation efforts need to be formulated, both by the community and the local government.

Abstrak: Sebagai sumber daya alam yang sangat vital dalam menunjang kehidupan manusia, evaluasi ketersediaan sumber daya air merupakan sebuah urgensi dalam menentukan serta memproyeksikan kondisi surplus atau defisit air di suatu wilayah. Terdapat berbagai metode dalam mengevaluasi ketersediaan sumber daya air di suatu wilayah, salah satu metode yang memiliki tingkat signifikansi tinggi adalah metode neraca air Thornthwaite Mather. Analisis neraca air dilakukan pada 3 wilayah di Pulau Jawa yang memiliki tipe hujan monsunal, meliputi Bandung, DAS Begawan Solo, dan Pasuruan. Hasil evaluasi ketersediaan sumber daya air di Bandung menunjukkan kondisi surplus air pada periode musim penghujan dan defisit pada periode musim kemarau. Sementara itu, analisis neraca air di Solo menunjukkan kondisi defisit pada seluruh area yang tercakup dalam DAS Bengawan Solo. Analisis neraca air di Kabupaten Pasuruan menunjukkan pola yang sama dengan wilayah Bandung, dimana terjadi kondisi surplus pada periode musim penghujan dan defisit pada periode musim kemarau. Sedangkan hasil proyeksi ketersediaan sumber daya air menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi pada ketiga wilayah, dimana secara umum terjadi peningkatan jumlah wilayah yang mengalami defisit air. Berpijak pada kondisi tersebut, upaya-upaya konservasi air perlu segera dirumuskan, baik oleh masyarakat maupun pemerintah daerah setempat.
PEMETAAN POTENSI PEMUTIHAN KARANG DI PERAIRAN INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DATA SUHU PERMUKAAN LAUT
Authors: Pangestu Dany , Ramadhanti Ratih Suci , Fadlan Ahmad
Published: April 2019

Abstract: Indonesia is the country that contributed the largest coral reefs, about 18% total of the entire the world. Area of coral reef in Indonesia known as the “Coral Triangle”. This ecosystem has high ecology and economic value. The existence of the coral reefs is the main attraction for a tourism destination. However, the function and role of these ecosystems are decreasing due to natural factors and artificial factors. One of the natural factors is due to the influence of global warmings, such as sea surface temperature (SST), causing damage and coral death, known as coral bleaching. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential for coral bleaching in Indonesian waters using SPL anomaly analysis obtained from monthly AVHRR POES in the morning and night. This research used hotspots data (HS) by calculating the average of data anomaly difference with a maximum monthly average data during 10 years (2006 - 2017). The results obtained show that areas that have the potential to become coral bleaching in Indonesian waters are quite varied. In general, it covers the northern coast of Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, the northwest coast of Lampung, Pekanbaru, and Riau, the northwest coast of Papua Island, and North Natuna waters. The results also showed that sea surface temperatures in Indonesian waters were quite influential on coral bleaching.

Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara penyumbang terumbu karang terbesar  yaitu 18% dari total dunia. Wilayah terumbu karang di Indonesia dikenal dengan wilayah “Coral Triangle”. Ekosistem ini memiliki nilai ekologis dan ekonomis yang tinggi. Keberadaanya merupakan daya tarik tersendiri untuk dijadikan lokasi wisata. Namun, fungsi dan peranan ekosistem ini menurun akibat faktor alam dan faktor buatan. Salah satu faktor alamnya diakibatkan pengaruh pemanasan global yaitu naiknya suhu permukaan laut (SPL) sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan dan kematian karang atau dikenal sebagai pemutihan karang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi potensi terjadi pemutihan karang di wilayah perairan Indonesia menggunakan analisis anomali SPLyang diperoleh dari POES AVHRR pagi dan malam bulanan. Metode yang diugunakan mencari data hotspot (HS) dengan melakukan  perhitungan rata rata selisih data anomali dengan data rata rata maksimum bulanan selama 10 tahun (2006 - 2017). Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa wilayah yang berpotensi menjadi pemutihan karang  di perairan Indonesia cukup beravariasi. Secara umum meliputi meliputi pesisir utara dari Provinsi Banten, DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, pesisir barat laut Lampung ,Pekanbaru dan Riau,  pesisir barat laut dari Pulau Papua, dan perairan Natuna Utara. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa suhu permukaan laut di perairan Indonesia cukup mempengaruhi pemutihan karang.
PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA PESERTA DIDIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SESUAI MODEL APTITUDE TREATMENT INTERACTION PADA MATERI FLUIDADINAMIS
Authors: Ratnawati Franciska Ayuningsih
Published: April 2019

Abstract: This research aims to determine the success of learners in following the learning of Dynamic Fluid material. This research type is Research and Development (R & D) research. Research population is the student of the class of XI IPA.SMA Negeri 1 Gamping Selection of a sample based on a result of low pretest learning, medium, and height. The ATI (Aptitude-Treatment Interaction) model is an effort to increase motivation, achievement and student learning outcomes. The data in the writing of this paper is processed using a comparative analysis of two independent samples. The results showed that learners who were given teaching (treatment) of learning with aptitude treatment can raise the value of learning outcomes.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengtahui keberhasilan peserta didik dalam mengikuti pembelajaran materi Fluida Dinamis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian Research and Development (R&D).Populasi penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas XI IPA.SMA Negeri 1Gamping Pemilihan sample berdasarkan hasil belajar pretest rendah, tinggi dan sedang.Adapun Model pembelajaran ATI (AptitudeTreatment  Interaction)merupakan  upaya  untuk  meningkatkan  motivasi,  prestasi  dan  hasil  belajar siswa. Data dalam penulisan makalah ini diolah menggunakan analisis komparatif dua sampel indepedent. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peserta didik yang diberi pengajaran (perlakuan) pembelajaran dengan aptitude treatment dapat menaikkan nilai hasil belajar.
KAJIAN KONDISI ATMOSFER TERKAIT BANJIR DI KABUPATEN CILACAP PADA TANGGAL 7 OKTOBER 2017
Authors: Azka Mukhamad Adib , Dzikiro Tesla Kadar , Simanjuntak Juni Tika , Winarso Paulus Agus
Published: April 2019

Abstract: There have been floods in a number of areas of Cilacap Regency on Saturday, October 7, 2017. The flood was caused by extreme rainfall that occurred since Saturday (7/10) in the morning. The rainfall recorded at the Cilacap Meteorological Station falls into the extreme category because it reaches above 150 mm per day. These conditions indicate a significant atmospheric disturbance. Therefore, the incident was interesting to study related to the atmospheric conditions at that time. This study aims to describe atmospheric conditions on a global scale, regional scale, and local scale. The data used include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which includes Sea Surface Temperature (SPL) and its anomalies and Isobars; from the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the value of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase diagram, reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) which includes streamline, relative humidity, vorticity, and vertical velocity, surface data from Ogimet and Himawari 8 Satellite data from the Sub Division of BMKG Satellite Image Management. The results of the study showed that extreme rain that caused the flooding was due to the presence of active La Nina, active MJO, shear, and high humidity.

Abstrak: Telah terjadi banjir di sejumlah wilayah Kabupaten Cilacap pada hari Sabtu 7 Oktober 2017. Banjir tersebut diakibatkan oleh curah hujan ekstrem yang terjadi sejak Sabtu (7/10) dinihari. Curah hujan yang tercatat pada Stasiun Meteorologi Cilacap masuk dalam kategori ekstrem karena mencapai di atas 150 mm per hari. Kondisi tersebut menandakan adanya gangguan atmosfer yang cukup signifikan. Oleh karena itu, kejadian tersebut menarik untuk dikaji terkait dengan kondisi atmosfer pada saat itu. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi atmosfer pada skala global, skala regional, dan skala lokal. Data-data yang digunakan antara lain dari National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), yang meliputi suhu permukaan laut (SPL) dan anomalinya serta Isobar; dari Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) yaitu nilai Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) dan diagram fase Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), data renalisis dari European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) yang meliputi streamline, kelembaban relatif, vortisitas, dan vertical velocity, data permukaan dari ogimet serta data Satelit Himawari 8 dari Sub Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Satelit BMKG. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa hujan ekstrem yang menyebabkan banjir tersebut dikarenakan adanya La Nina aktif, MJO aktif, pola shear, dan kelembaban udara yang tinggi.