bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Thallium in Organic Synthesis. Part 65. A Novel Synthesis of Benzoxazoles from Anilides.
Authors: TAYLOR E. C. , KATZ A. H. , ALVARADO S. I. , MCKILLOP A.
Published: May 2016

Aus den ortho‐thallierten Aniliden (I) erhält man bei der Photolyse die Benzoxazole (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Alkenyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazoles.
Authors: PIEPER M. , TEICHERT W. , MEIER H.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (VI) can be efficiently prepared starting from the ketones (I) by the method shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pyridine Synthesis Starting from α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: KONNO K. , HASHIMOTO K. , SHIRAHAMA H. , MATSUMOTO T.
Published: May 2016

The methylene aldehydes and ketones (I) react with thiophenol (II) to give the thio‐ ether derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Carboxylic Esters Utilizing (E)‐Phenyl 2‐Pyridyl Ketone O‐Acyloximes (PPAO).
Authors: MIYASAKA T. , ISHIZU H. , SAWADA A. , FUJIMOTO A. , NOGUCHI S.
Published: May 2016

The O‐acyloximes (I) are treated with the alcohols (III) in the presence of the metal halogenides (II) producing the esters (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Potent β‐Lactamase Inhibitor. 1,1‐Dioxo‐6‐(2‐pyridyl)methylenepenicillanic Acid and Its Reaction with Sodium Methoxide.
Authors: CHEN Y. L. , CHANG C.‐W. , HEDBERG K.
Published: May 2016

The allyl ester (I) is oxidized to the oxo derivative (II), which reacts with the phosphonium salt (III) to produce the olefine (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: The Action of Mercaptoacetic Acid on a Trialkyl Epoxide.
Authors: ORSZULIK S. T.
Published: May 2016

2,3‐Epoxy‐2‐methylpentane (I) reacts with mercaptoacetic acid (II) to yield the oxathianone (III) and the hydroxy acetate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Microbiological Activity of a New Class of Imidazole Derivatives.
Authors: STRADI R. , ROSSI E. , DUBINI F. , BALSARI A. , DESIDERI D. , MILANESE A.
Published: May 2016

Aus 2,4‐Dichlor‐(n‐imidazolylacetophenon (I) werden durch Umsetzung mit den sekundären Aminen (II) die Enamine (III) erhalten, die zu den Verbindungen (IV) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylmanganation of l,3‐Dienes. A Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Vinylsilanes.
Authors: FUGAMI K. , NAKATSUKASA S. , OSHIMA K. , UTIMOTO K. , NOZAKI H.
Published: May 2016

The dienes (I) react with the silylated manganese compound (II) producing the intermediates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Slow Complexation Rates of Crown Ethers: What Is Taking So Long?
Authors: REBEK J. JUN. , LUIS S. V. , MARSHALL L. R.
Published: May 2016

The complexation rates of the crown ethers (I)‐(III) and Hg(CN)2 or Hg(CF3)2 giving corresponding l :l complexes (IV) and the release rates of the Substitution reactions of (IVb) with Hg(CN)2 are determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Inter‐ and Intramolecular Insertion of Rhenium into Carbon‐Hydrogen Bonds.
Authors: WENZEL T. T. , BERGMAN R. G.
Published: May 2016

The Re(I) compound (II) is prepared by Na/ H reduction of the trichloro‐Re(III) complex (I) as shown. UV irradiation of (II) in benzene, cyclopropane, n‐hexane, or cyclopentane at corresponding temp. liberates PMe3 and gives the respective intermolecular C‐ H insertion products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Chain Mechanism for Alkyl Rearrangement in Organocobalt Complexes.
Authors: SAMSEL E. G. , KOCHI J. K.
Published: May 2016

The 5‐hexenyl‐Co(III) complexes (II) of various Schiff bases are prepared as shown. Their molecular rearrangement giving the cyclopentylmethyl complexes (III) is demonstrated to proceed via an unusual radical chain process.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenylazo Derivatives of 1,8‐Naphthalimides and of 7H‐Benzimidazo‐ [2,1‐a]benz[d,e]isoquinolin‐7‐ones: Dyes for Synthetic Polymer Fibres.
Authors: PETERS A. T. , BIDE M. J.
Published: May 2016

Die beiden stellungsisomeren Amino‐naphthoesäureanhydride (Ia) und (Ib) werden diazotiert und auf (II) gekuppelt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (±)‐Ircinianin, a Marine Sponge Sesterterpene.
Authors: TAKEDA K. , SATO M. , YOSHII E.
Published: May 2016

The aldehyde ester (I) is converted to the chloro derivatives (II) and (III), which are intermediates in the synthesis of the sesterterpene (±)‐ircinianin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Rabdosia diterpene Lactones. Part 1. The Preparation of a Key Tricyclic Intermediate.
Authors: KENNY M. J. , MANDER L. N. , SETHI S. P.
Published: May 2016

The key step in the Synthesis of the diterpene lactone (IX) is the conversion of the diazoketone (VI) to the tricyclic intermediate (VII) which is transformed into (IX) via (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Carboxylate Ion Equivalent. Part 2. Novel Transformations of N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) Group and N‐Allyloxycarbonyl Group into N‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxycarbonyl Intermediate.
Authors: SAKAITANI M. , KUROKAWA N. , OHFUNE Y.
Published: May 2016

The N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐ and N‐allyloxycarbonylamino esters (I) are converted to the tert‐butyldimethylsiloxycarbonyl‐protected derivat‐ig ves (IV) by reaction with the silane (II) in the presence of Pd‐acetate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Amino‐β‐hydroxy Acids Using [N,N‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]ketene bis(trimethylsilyl) Acetal or Its N‐Methyl‐N‐trimethylsilyl Analog.
Authors: HVIDT T. , MARTIN O. R. , SZAREK W. A.
Published: May 2016

The glycine derivatives (I) are silylated to give (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Synthesis of the Hydronaphthalene Substructure of Kijanolide.
Authors: MARSHALL J. A. , GROTE J. , SHEARER B.
Published: May 2016

Über zahlreiche z.Tl. skizzierte Zwischenstufen werden aus (I) die Hydronaphthalin‐Derivate (IV) erhalten, von denen (IVa) eine Teilstruktur des Antibioticums Kijanimicin in sterisch richtiger Anordnung darstellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Total Synthesis of Plumericin, Allamcin, and Allamandin. Part 2. A Biomimetic Strategy.
Authors: TROST B. M. , BALKOVEC J. M. , MAO M. K.‐T.
Published: May 2016

Based on methods described in the preceding paper and further preliminary synthetic studies, the iridoids plumericin (XVIc), allamcin (XIVa) and allamandin (XVII) are prepared from the ketone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Microbiological Synthesis of Variously Protected L‐Glyceraldehydes in High Optical Purity.
Authors: GUANTI G. , BANFI L. , NARISANO E.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the methoxy methylamides (I) with the lithio dithiane (II) yields the acyl derivatives (III), which are reduced to the dithioacetal alcohols (IV) by baker′s yeast.
ChemInform Abstract: Can the Bis(diboranyl) Structure of B4H10 Be Observed?
Authors: MCKEE M. L.
Published: May 2016

A theoretical exploration of the potential energy surface connecting the two structures (I) and (II) results in the prediction that it may be possible to use IR spectroscopy to detect (II) as a minor component under pyrolysis conditions that favor B4H10 formation.
ChemInform Abstract: On Na5HI2O10 . 14 H2O.
Authors: TOBIAS K. M. , JANSEN M.
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of the title compound have been prepared for the first time from an aqueous solution of NaOH and sodium periodate at 0°C (24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Epitaxy of GaAs by the Close‐Spaced Vapor Transport (CSVT) Technique.
Authors: COTE D. , DODELET J. P. , LOMBOS B. A. , DICKSON J. I.
Published: May 2016

The epitaxial deposition of GaAs is realized by CSVT on GaAs Substrates and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and SEM.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Reaction of Sulfur with Sodium Nitrite in DMF, DMSO, and HMPA.
Authors: SEEL F. , SIMON G. , SCHUH J. , WAGNER M. , WOLF B. , RUPPERT I. , WIECKOWSKI A. B.
Published: May 2016

The course of the complex title reaction and the great number of products ( N2O , NO, Na2S2O3 , (SO4)2‐ , Sx‐ , polythionates, NO3‐ ), are explained with the assumption that at first perthionitrates, NaS3NO2, are formed which decompose to give either N2O and S2O32‐ , or react with N02‐ yielding N03‐ and NaS2N0 which dissociates reversibly into NaS3 and N0.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoelectrochemical Cells with n‐Type ZnSe and n‐Type Sb,Se3 Thin Film Semiconductor Electrodes.
Authors: ROY C. B. , NANDI D. K. , MAHAPATRA P. K.
Published: May 2016

The conversion efficiencies of cells based on thin film semiconductor electrodes made of Sb2Se3 and ZnSe in a I‐/I3‐ electrolyte are found to be low (0.13% and 0.03%).
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochromic Effects of Li ‐ W ‐ O Films Under Ultraviolet Light Exposure.
Authors: HIROCHI K. , KITABATAKE M. , YAMAZAKI O.
Published: May 2016

An electrochromic device has been prepared using two types of sputtered Li ‐ W‐ O thin films.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon‐13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Ternary Complexes Involving Zinc(II) and Triethylenetetramine.
Authors: DAGNALL S. P. , HAGUE D. N. , MORETON A. D.
Published: May 2016

The 13C NMR spectra are reported as a function of pH for mixtures of triethylenetetramine and zinc nitrate with additional bidentate ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Preparation of α‐Cyanovinyl Ethers (2‐Alkoxy‐2‐alkenenitriles) from Vinyl Ethers: Elaboration to 3‐Alkoxy‐2‐oxo‐3‐alkenenitriles and Aluminium Chloride‐ Catalyzed Cycloadditions to Cyclopentadiene.
Authors: HOFFMANN H. M. R. , GIESEL K. , LIES R. , ISMAIL Z. M.
Published: May 2016

The α‐cyanovinyl ethers (III) prepared by 3 different methods are converted to the acyl cyanides (XI) and the cycloadducts (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Unimolecular Dissociation of Primary Alkanediazonium Ions. Ab initio and Semiempirical MO Calculations.
Authors: FORD G. P.
Published: May 2016

Molecular orbital calculations for the loss of nitrogen from the methane, ethane, and propanediazonium ions are reported with use of semiempirical (MNDO, AM1) and ab initio procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative Study of the Reactivity of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and of Enamino Ketone Analogues Toward Heterocyclic Amines.
Authors: MAQUESTIAU A. , VANDEN EYNDE J.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Refluxing the diketones (II) with the amines (I) in MeCN or Ac‐ OH gives the Compounds (III) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclobutarenes. Part 2. Azaquinomethanes as Reactive Intermediates: Synthesis of Cyclobuta[b]pyridine and Cyclobuta[b]pyrazine Derivatives.
Authors: SHEPHERD M. K.
Published: May 2016

The tetrabromide (II) reacts via a quinomethane intermediate (VII) to the cyclobutarene (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: o‐Quinonoid Compounds. Part 19. Relative Migratory Aptitudes for Doubly and Triply Bonded Groups in 1,3‐Dimethyldibenz[e,g]indenes.
Authors: COLLETT M. J. , JONES D. W. , RENYARD S. J.
Published: May 2016

The 1,5‐sigmatropic shift of the unsaturated groups R is ca. 100‐times faster in the title compounds (I) [prepared by various methods] than in the corresponding 1‐substituted simple 1,3‐dimethylindenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol. Part 2. Effects of Metal Complex and Primary Alcohol.
Authors: OGURA K. , TAKAMAGARI K.
Published: May 2016

The conversion of CO2 into methanol by Everitt′s salt is studied in the presence of various metal complexes and primary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Reagent‐induced Change of Rate‐limiting Step in Acid‐catalysed α‐Halogenation of Amidines with Tetrahalogenomethanes.
Authors: LOEFAS S. + , AHLBERG P.
Published: May 2016

In DMF the acid‐catalysed halogenation of the amidine (I) with CCl4 proves to be first‐order in Substrate, close to zero‐order in CCl4, and close to first‐order in acid, indicating rate‐limiting formation of the aminal tautomer (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Fluorination of Aminoalkyl Ethers.
Authors: MOORE G. G. J. , HANSEN J. C. , BARRETT T. M. , WADDELL J. E. , JEWELL K. M. , KESTNER T. A. , PAYFER R. M.
Published: May 2016

The electrochemical fluorination of the symmetrical and unsymmetrical aminoalkyl ethers (I) and the diamino diethylethers (II) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyynes. Part 6. Synthesis of Hexatriynamines.
Authors: FAUL D. , HIMBERT G.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between the chloro compound (I) and the lithiumacetylides derived from (II) yields the stable hexenediynamines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Terminal Olefin Oxidation: A Simple Synthesis of Dihydrojasmone.
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY A. , MAMDAPUR V. R.
Published: May 2016

2‐Methyll‐octen (III), das aus 3‐Chlor‐2‐methylpropen‐(1) (I) und Pentylmagnesiumbromid (II) in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen Dilithiumtetrachlorocuprat dargestellt werden kann, wird mit Essigsäure in Gegenwart von Mangan(III)‐acetat bei 140‐150°C vorwiegend in 4‐Methyl‐4‐n‐ hexyl‐y‐butyrolacton (IV) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Containing the Dispiro[5.1.5.1]tetradecane Unit.
Authors: CALAMINUS W. , VOEGTLE F. + , EIDENSCHINK R.
Published: May 2016

Thermal [π2σ + π2a] cycloaddition of the acid chlorides (I) produces the title compounds (II); the cis/trans isomers (III)/(IV) formed (in the cases R ≠ H) can be separated by chromatography or by crystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Method for the Conversion of Certain Aromatic Carboxylic Acids into Benzylic Chlorides.
Authors: COSTELLO A. T. , MILNER D. J.
Published: May 2016

Die Benzoesäuren (I) werden gemäß Schema in einer Eintopfreaktion in die Benzylchloride (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Acetoxy‐2‐methoxy‐4‐acetoxymethyl‐3,5‐cyclohexadien‐1‐one by Lead Tetraacetate Oxidation of Homovanillic Acid.
Authors: HUNTER N. R. , PLOURDE G.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation von Homovanillinsäure (II) mit Blei(IV)‐acetat liefert nicht das erwartete Lacton (III), sondern die im Titel genannte zweifach acetylierte Verbindung (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Anthraquinone to 2‐Aminoanthraquinone.
Authors: LEVENTAL' YU. K. , STUDZINSKII O. P. , PONOMAREVA R. P.
Published: May 2016

In konzentrierter Salpetersäure gelöstes Anthrachinon (I) wird zu wäßrig alkoholischer Natriumdithionitlösung gegeben, wobei 2‐Aminoanthrachinon (II) neben wenig 1‐Aminoanthrachinon entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Optically Pure Saturated and α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Substituted γ‐Lactones from Chiral Sulphoxides. X‐Ray Molecular Structure of (3R,4S)‐4‐Methyl‐4‐t‐butyl‐3‐(p‐tolylthio)butanolide and of (3R,4R)‐4‐(Cyclohex‐1‐enyl)‐4‐methyl‐3‐(p‐tolylthio)butanolide.
Authors: ALBINATI A. , BRAVO P. , GANAZZOLI F. , RESNATI G. , VIANI F.
Published: May 2016

The acids (III) are prepared from the sulphoxides (I); dimetallation produces a chiral homoenolate dianion equivalent which adds to the carbonyl compounds (IV) to give the sulphinyl hydroxy acids (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1‐Methyl‐2,3‐dinitropyrrole with Methoxide Ion.
Authors: DI LORENZO A. , MENCARELLI P. , STEGEL F.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung des Dinitropyrrols (I) mit Nucleophilen erfolgt unter Substitution in 2‐Stellung zu (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 1‐Amino‐2‐thioxo‐4‐imidazolidinones (1‐Aminothiohydantoine).
Authors: JACOBSEN N. , TOELBERG J.
Published: May 2016

The alkyl or aryl isothiocyanates (I) react with ethyl hydrazinoacetate (II) in presence of triethylamine yielding the title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Ethyl‐p‐nitrophenyl Esters of Halogenoalkanephosphonic Acids.
Authors: BLINOVA G. G. , BUROVA O. N. , LAVRENT'EV A. N. , MEL'NIKOVA L. N.
Published: May 2016

Die Phosphonsäureesterchloride (I) reagieren mit Natrium‐p‐nitrophenolat (II) in Acetonitril zu den gemischten Phosphonsäureestern (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Amidoesters of Thiophosphoric Acids. Part 8. Reaction of Thiophosphoric Acid Chlorides with Aminophenoles.
Authors: GUPALO A. P. , KHMILEVSKAYA M. I. , TURKEVICH V. V. , VAS'KIV A. P.
Published: May 2016

Die Thiophosphorsäurechloride (I) und (V) reagieren mit den Aminophenolen (I I) zu den Thioestern (III) und (VI) bzw. den Esteramiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of a Halogenophosphenium Ion with Cyclo‐octa‐1,5‐diene.
Authors: WEISSMAN S. A. , BAXTER S. G. , ARIF A. M. , COWLEY A. H.
Published: May 2016

The halophosphenium ion (I) is coupled with cycloocta‐1,5‐diene (II) yielding (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Di‐ and Tri‐metal Complexes with Bridging Carbene or Carbyne Ligands. Part 44. Formation of Unsaturated Dimetal Compounds with Elimination of Alkylidyne Groups; X‐Ray Crystal Structures of [FeW(μ‐PPh2)(CO)5{HB(pz)3}][HB(pz)3 = Tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)borate] and [RhW(μ‐CO)2(CO)(PPh3)2(η‐C5H5)].
Authors: HOSKINS S. V. , JAMES A. P. , JEFFERY J. C. , STONE F. G. A.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the methylidyne‐bridged Fe‐W complexes (I) with diphenylphosphine gives the derivatives (II) with phosphine coordination on Fe centre.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of cis‐Folded Macrocyclic Nickel(II) Complexes and the Kinetics of Their Base‐Catalysed Conversion to Planar Species.
Authors: HAY R. W. , PUJARI M. P.
Published: May 2016

The violet folded cis‐complexes (I) are prepared by treatment of macrocyclic Complexes [NiL](ClO4)2 with ethylenediamine in water (no yields given).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Poly‐Schiff Bases and Some Copper(II) and Manganese(II) Polychelates.
Authors: PATEL M. N. , PATEL M. M. , CASSIDY P. E. , FITCH J. W.
Published: May 2016

The poly‐Schiff bases (III) and, analogously, (IV) are synthesized by a condensation reaction of hydroxyketones with aromatic diamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes of 2,6‐Diacetylpyridine Bis(thiosemicarbazone): Their Preparation, Characterization and Antitumour Activity.
Authors: MOHAN M. , SHARMA P. , KUMAR M. , JHA N. K.
Published: May 2016

The l :l molar reactions of corresponding metal(II) salts in MeOH or of K2PtCl4 in H2O with the title ligand HzL, prepared from thiosemicarbazide and 2,6‐diacetylpyridine in 90% yield, lead to Complexes (I), (II), and (III) in 60‐90% yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Synthesis of Aphidicolin. Preparation of Aromatic Precursors for Spirocyclic Dienone Formation.
Authors: BELL V. L. , GIDDINGS P. J. , HOLMES A. B. , MOCK G. A. , RAPHAEL R. A.
Published: May 2016

The alkenediones (V) and their epoxides (VI) are obtained from the esters (I) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclofunctionalization of (Z)‐1‐Trichloroacetimidoyloxyalk‐2‐enes and 3‐Trichloroacetimidoyloxyalk‐1‐enes. Synthesis of (±)‐erythro‐Sphinganine Triacetate and (±)‐threo‐Sphinganine Triacetate.
Authors: BONGINI A. , CARDILLO G. , ORENA M. , SANDRI S. , TOMASINI C.
Published: May 2016

The trichloroacetimidate (V) ‐ obtained from the protected propynol (I) ‐ undergoes iodocyclization to give the dihydrooxazole (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclofunctionalization of (E)‐1‐Trichloroacetimidoalk‐2‐enes. Synthesis of (±)‐erythro‐Sphinganine Triacetate.
Authors: BONGINI A. , CARDILLO G. , ORENA M. , SANDRI S. , TOMASINI C.
Published: May 2016

Iodocyclization of the trichloroacetimido‐ octadecene (III) ‐ obtained from the propyne (I) ‐ unexpectedly yields the oxazino (IV), which is converted to the cis‐dihydrooxazole (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental Investigation of a Porous Carbon Electrode for the Removal of Mercury from Contaminated Brine.
Authors: MATLOSZ M. , NEWMAN J.
Published: May 2016

It is demonstrated that a flow‐through porous electrode made of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) can be a very effective device for the removal of Hg contamination in brine solution.
ChemInform Abstract: New Fluorides with Trivalent Rhodium: LiM"Rh6 with M" = Mg, Co, Cu or Mn, as well as Ca and Cd.
Authors: GROSSE L. , HOPPE R.
Published: May 2016

The rhodium fluorides (IV) are prepared by tempering mixtures of the fluorides (I)‐(III).
ChemInform Abstract: Equilibrium and Electrochemical Studies on the Complexes Formed by the Interaction of K[Ru(EDTA‐H)Cl].2H2O with Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: KHAN M. M. T. , HUSSAIN A. , RAMACHANDRAIAH G. , MOIZ M. A.
Published: May 2016

The interaction of O2 and H2O2 with the title complex (I) in aqueous solution is studied by potentiometry, spectrophotometry, and electrochemical and gas absorption techniques at 25°C. Acid dissociation and hydrolysis constants of the aquation product (II) of (I) calculated under N2 are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: The Nickel Promoted 1,3‐Migration of an sp2 Center: Ring Expansion of a Vinylcyclobutene.
Authors: DIFRANCESCO D. , PINHAS A. R.
Published: May 2016

Das aus (I) und (II) in literaturbekannter Weise zugängliche Vinylcyclobutan‐Derivat (III) wird durch Nickeltetracarbonyl (IV) über die isolierbare Zwischenstufe (V) in das Cyclohexadien (VI) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Carbonyl Carbocations. Part 4. NMR Detection and Reactivities of Diaryl α‐Carbonyl Cations.
Authors: DAO L. H. , MALEKI M. , HOPKINSON A. C. , LEE‐RUFF E.
Published: May 2016

Lifetimes of several hours are measured for the carbocations (I), generated from the corresponding alcoholic precursors at ‐ 80°C. At 20°C 6π‐electrocyclization occurs, leading to fluorenes (II) and (III) or benzofurans (V), the particular transformation depending on the nature of the carbonyl substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of 1,2‐Dibromo‐1‐chlorotrifluoroethane to Chlorotrifluoroethylene Induced by UV‐Radiation.
Authors: DEDEK V. , CHVATAL Z.
Published: May 2016

Die photochemisch induzierte, radikalische Addition von 1,2‐Dibrom‐1‐chlortrifluorethan (II) an Chlortrifluorethylen (I) liefert die Addukte (IIIa)‐(IIIc), die zu den ungesättigten Derivaten (IV), (V) und (VI) sowie (VII) dehalogeniert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluoroalkanes. Part 19. Some Reactions and Compounds from 1,2‐Bis‐(trifluoromethyl)octafluorocyclohexene.
Authors: COLLINS D. , STEPHENS R. , TATLOW J. C.
Published: May 2016

Some reactions of the title compound (II) are studied: e.g. chlorination produces the adduct (I); hydrogenation yields a mixture of (IV) and (V), (V) being the major component.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl 1‐Chloroalkyl Carbonates: Reagents for the Synthesis of Carbamates and Protection of Amino Groups.
Authors: BARCELO G. , SENET J.‐P. , SENNYEY G. , BENSOAM J. , LOFFET A.
Published: May 2016

The l‐chloroalkyl carbonates (II) which are easily obtained from (I), react with various amines (III) to yield the carbamates (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkyloyl‐1,4,3,6‐dianhydrosorbitol‐5‐sulfates and Evaluation of the Surface Active Properties.
Authors: SAHEKI Y. , NEGORO K. , SASAKI T.
Published: May 2016

Sorbit (I) läßt sich säurekatalysiert zu dem Dianhydrosorbit (II) cyclisieren, der über die Monoester (IV) mit SO3 in die Schwefelsäurehalbester (V) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Azoles. Part 16. Reaction of 6‐Chloro‐1‐ and 6‐Chloro‐2‐nitroindazole with Cyclic Amines.
Authors: WRZECIONO U. , MAJEWSKA K. , DUDZINSKA‐USAREWICZ J. , BERNAS M.
Published: May 2016

Chlorindazol (III) liefert mit Acetanhydrid (II) das Acetylchlorindazol (I); mit HNO3 in Acetanhydrid (II) entsteht ein Gemisch der Chlornitroindazole (IV)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxabenzomorphanes: Synthesis of 4‐Phenyltetrahydropyran‐2‐carboxylic Acid.
Authors: EIDEN F. , WINKLER W.
Published: May 2016

Die Enamine (I) werden mit den Benzylidenbrenztraubensäureestern (II) zu den Dihydropyran‐Derivaten (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Chromones with Hydroxylamine in Anhydrous Methanol.
Authors: SZABO V. , BORBELY J. , THEISZ E. , NAGY S.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction is carried out with a view to clarifying mechanistic aspects discussed in previous reports.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Imino Acids via Chiral Schiff Bases.
Authors: BAJGROWICZ J. , EL ACHQUAR A. , ROUMESTANT M.‐L. , PIGIERE C. , VIALLEFONT P.
Published: May 2016

Die aus Aminosäureestern und (+)‐ bzw. (‐)‐2‐Hydroxypinan‐3‐on hergestellten Azomethine (I) werden mit den am‐Dihalogenalkanen (II) diastereoselektiv zu den Derivaten (III) alkyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Reactions. Part 148. Photochemistry of Acylsilanes: Preparation, Photolyses, and Thermolyses of α,β‐Unsaturated Silyl Ketones.
Authors: SCHELLER M. E. , IWASAKI G. , FREI B.
Published: May 2016

The title silanes(V) and (VII) are synthesized via the dithiane route, the starting materials being either (I) or, following degradation of (VIa), the aldehyde (VIII) [(VIIb) is prepared analogously from (VIb)].
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Transition‐Metal Carbene Complexes and the Formal [3 + 2 + 1] Pyridinannulation of the Cycloadducts.
Authors: CHAN K. S. , WULFF W. D.
Published: May 2016

The first examples of 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of α,β‐unsaturated carbene complexes are described. The reaction of alkynylcarbene complexes of type (II) with diazomethane gives a mixture of two products, e.g. (IVa) and (V) from (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Intercalation Compounds of FeOCl: Synthesis, 57Fe and 119mSn Mößbauer and IR Spectroscopy, and Powder X‐Ray Diffraction Studies.
Authors: PHILLIPS J. E. , HERBER R. H.
Published: May 2016

The new intercalates(I) are synthesized from FeOCl and neat organotin Compounds, and studied by IR and variable‐temp. 57Fe and 119mSn Mößbauer spectroscopies and by X‐ray powder diffraction, and compared to the organic intercalation compound (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms of Ligand‐to‐Metal Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Cobalt(III) ‐ Amine Complexes Containing a Coordinated Radical.
Authors: WHITBURN K. D. , HOFFMAN M. Z. , BREZNIAK N. V. , SIMIC M. G.
Published: May 2016

The one‐electron reduction of the Co(III) complexes (I) and (II) containing nitrophenyl ligands and differing lead‐in (Y) and bridging (X) groups by radiolytically generated ′CO2‐ and ′C(CH3)2OH radicals in neutral and acidic aqueous solutions results in the formation of coordinated nitrophenyl ligand radicals.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic, Structural and Molecular Mechanics Investigation of Some Mono‐ and Dinuclear Copper(I) and Copper(II) Complexes of Macrocyclic and Related Acyclic Ligands.
Authors: DREW M. G. B. , YATES P. C. , MURPHY B. P. , NELSON J. , NELSON S. M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of 2,5‐diformylfuran with 3‐oxapentane‐1,5‐diamine in the presence of the perchlorate salts of Ca, Sr, or Ba leads to the isolation of the macrocyclic complexes (I) or (II) (detailed structures unknown) depending on the metal ion and the choice of solvent (MeCN or EtOH).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Structures of [HB(pz)3](CO)2(CS)W ‐ Au(PR3). First Examples of a Semibridging CS Ligand.
Authors: KIM H. P. , KIM S. , JACOBSON R. A. , ANGELICI R. J.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of (I) with the Au Compounds (II) yield the air‐sensitive title complexes (III) by adding the Au(PR3) moiety to the W. The complexes have a semibridging CO and a semibridging CS, the first examples of CS in this bonding mode.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms for the Removal of Benzyl Protecting Groups in Synthetic Peptides by Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid ‐ Trifluoroacetic Acid ‐ Dimethyl Sulfide.
Authors: TAM J. P. , HEATH W. F. , MERRIFIELD R. B.
Published: May 2016

To understand the relationships of both mechanisms and the acidity of the reaction, the SN1 and SN2 deprotection mechanisms for synthetic peptides with O‐benzyl protecting groups were studied in a ternary mixture of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) ‐ trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) ‐ dimethyl sulfide (DMS).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Methylthio)penam Derivatives via Ketene Addition onto 4,5‐Dihydro‐ 5‐(methylthio)‐1,3‐thiazoles.
Authors: JENNY C. , PREWO R. , BIERI J. H. , HEIMGARTNER H.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction, i.e. treatment of (I) with (II) or(V) followed by addition of Et3 N, affords the acid‐sensitive target compounds (III)and (VI) [crystal structure of (VIb): space group PI with Z=2].
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Superionic Conducting Glasses in the Systems AgX‐Ag2O‐GeO2 (X: I, Br, Cl).
Authors: MINAMI T. , YAMANE A.
Published: May 2016

The glass‐forming regions of all three title systems are determined.
Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin as an Early Marker of Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy After Elective Invasive Cardiac Procedures
Authors: Kafkas Nikolaos , Liakos Charalampos , Zoubouloglou Filitsa , Dagadaki Ourania , Dragasis Stylianos , Makris Konstantinos
Published: May 2016

Background

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is an acute kidney injury (AKI) defined as serum creatinine (sCr) increase 48 to 72 hours after contrast administration. Because most subjects undergoing invasive cardiac procedures are discharged within 24 hours, sCr is unsuitable for CIN detection.

Hypothesis

In the present study we tested the hypothesis that neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) is superior compared with sCr and other established nephropathy markers in early CIN diagnosis after elective invasive cardiac procedures.

Methods

Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, serum cystatin C, urine albumin, urine NGAL (uNGAL), and plasma NGAL were measured at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after contrast administration in 100 elective invasive cardiac procedures. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio were calculated. Changes from baseline were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and clinically significant when > the biomarker's reference change value. Participants were divided into those with and without clinically significant uNGAL changes (uNGAL positive and negative for AKI, respectively).

Results

Thirty‐three individuals were uNGAL positive for AKI. Serum cystatin C changes were statistically and clinically nonsignificant in both groups. Serum creatinine and plasma NGAL were statistically but not clinically elevated 48 hours postcatheterization in the AKI group. Except for contrast volume (higher in AKI group), groups were comparable at baseline (P not significant) regarding cardiovascular risk factors, coronary heart disease, coronary interventions performed, and renal biomarkers. Baseline uNGAL was significantly correlated to estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio.

Conclusions

Urine NGAL is potentially superior compared with conventional nephropathy markers in early CIN diagnosis after elective invasive cardiac procedures. Definition of clinically significant uNGAL changes with reference change value is probably a valuable supplement to statistically defined significant variations.
Removal of Rhodamine B from Water by Benzyl‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fan Yunchang , Dong Xing , Li Yun , Zhong Yingying , Miao Juan , Hua Shaofeng
Published: May 2016

The removal of rhodamine B by benzyl‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) from water was carried out. Effects of aqueous pH value, concentration of rhodamine B, phase volume ratio, and the presence of salt on the extraction efficiency have been investigated. Experimental results showed that the extraction efficiency of rhodamine B decreased with the increase of pH value. Thermodynamic studies indicated that hydrophobic interaction is the main driving force, besides, π–π stacking, electrostatic interaction, and salting‐out effect are also important for the extraction of rhodamine B. Notably, the quantitative extraction of rhodamine B into 1‐butyl‐3‐benzylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4Bzim]NTf2) was achieved even at the phase volume ratio Vw/VIL = 500:1. After extraction, [C4Bzim]NTf2, could be directly reused at least five times. These results suggest that the [C4Bzim]NTf2 has potential application in the removal of rhodamine B from water.
Refinement and revalidation of the demoralization scale: The DS‐II—internal validity
Authors: Robinson Sophie , Kissane David W. , Brooker Joanne , Michael Natasha , Fischer Jane , Franco Michael , Hempton Courtney , Sulistio Merlina , Pallant Julie F. , Clarke David M. , Burney Susan
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The Demoralization Scale (DS) was initially validated in 2004 to enable the measurement of demoralization in patients with advanced cancer. Subsequent shortcomings indicated the need for psychometric strengthening. Here, the authors report on the refinement and revalidation of the DS to form the DS‐II, specifically reporting the scale's internal validity.

METHODS

Patients with cancer or other progressive diseases who were receiving palliative care (n = 211) completed a revised version of the 24‐item DS and a measure of symptom burden (the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale). Exploratory factor analysis and Rasch modeling were used to evaluate, modify, and revalidate the scale, providing information about dimensionality, suitability of response format, item fit, item bias, and item difficulty. Test‐retest reliability was examined for 58 symptomatically stable patients at a 5‐day follow‐up.

RESULTS

Exploratory factor analysis supported a 22‐item, 2‐component model. Separate Rasch modeling of each component resulted in collapsing the response option categories and removing 3 items from each component. Both final 8‐item subscales met Rasch model expectations and were appropriate to sum as a 16‐item total score. The DS‐II demonstrated internal consistency and test‐retest reliability (Meaning and Purpose subscale: α = .84; intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.68; Distress and Coping Ability subscale: α = .82; ICC = 0.82; total DS: α = .89; ICC = 0.80).

CONCLUSIONS

The DS‐II is a 3‐point response, self‐report scale comprising 16 items and 2 subscales. Given its revalidation, psychometric strengthening, and simplification, the DS‐II is an improved and more practical measure of demoralization for research and clinical use. External validation of the DS‐II will be reported subsequently.Cancer2016;122:2251–9. ©2016 American Cancer Society.
Fertility preservation in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer: Quality of clinical practice guidelines and variations in recommendations
Authors: Font‐Gonzalez Anna , Mulder Renée L. , Loeffen Erik A.H. , Byrne Julianne , van Dulmen‐den Broeder Eline , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , Hudson Melissa M. , Kenney Lisa B. , Levine Jennifer M. , Tissing Wim J.E. , van de Wetering Marianne D. , Kremer Leontien C. M. ,   on behalf of the PanCareLIFE Consortium
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Fertility preservation care for children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYAs) with cancer is not uniform among practitioners. To ensure high‐quality care, evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are essential. The authors identified existing CPGs for fertility preservation in CAYAs with cancer, evaluated their quality, and explored differences in recommendations.

METHODS

A systematic search in PubMed (January 2000‐October 2014); guideline databases; and Web sites of oncology, pediatric, and fertility organizations was performed. Two reviewers evaluated the quality of the identified CPGs using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II Instrument (AGREE II). From high‐quality CPGs, the authors evaluated concordant and discordant areas among the recommendations.

RESULTS

A total of 25 CPGs regarding fertility preservation were identified. The average AGREE II domain scores (scale of 0%‐100%) varied from 15% on applicability to 100% on clarity of presentation. The authors considered 8 CPGs (32%) to be of high quality, which was defined as scores ≥60% in any 4 domains. Large variations in the recommendations of the high‐quality CPGs were observed, with 87.2% and 88.6%, respectively, of discordant guideline areas among the fertility preservation recommendations for female and male patients with cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Only approximately one‐third of the identified CPGs were found to be of sufficient quality. Of these CPGs, the fertility preservation recommendations varied substantially, which can be a reflection of inadequate evidence for specific recommendations, thereby hindering the ability of providers to deliver high‐quality care. CPGs including a transparent decision process for fertility preservation can help health care providers to deliver optimal and uniform care, thus improving the quality of life of CAYAs with cancer and cancer survivors. Cancer 2016;122:2216–23. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Efficacy of the neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist rolapitant in preventing nausea and vomiting in patients receiving carboplatin‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Hesketh Paul J. , Schnadig Ian D. , Schwartzberg Lee S. , Modiano Manuel R. , Jordan Karin , Arora Sujata , Powers Dan , Aapro Matti
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Rolapitant, a novel neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist, provided effective protection against chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a randomized, double‐blind phase 3 trial of patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy or an anthracycline and cyclophosphamide regimen. The current analysis explored the efficacy and safety of rolapitant in preventing CINV in a subgroup of patients receiving carboplatin.

METHODS

Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive oral rolapitant (180 mg) or a placebo 1 to 2 hours before chemotherapy administration; all patients received oral granisetron (2 mg) on days 1 to 3 and oral dexamethasone (20 mg) on day 1. A post hoc analysis examined the subgroup of patients receiving carboplatin in cycle 1. The efficacy endpoints were as follows: complete response (CR), no emesis, no nausea, no significant nausea, complete protection, time to first emesis or use of rescue medication, and no impact on daily life.

RESULTS

In the subgroup administered carboplatin‐based chemotherapy (n = 401), a significantly higher proportion of patients in the rolapitant group versus the control group achieved a CR in the overall phase (0‐120 hours; 80.2% vs 64.6%; P < .001) and in the delayed phase (>24‐120 hours; 82.3% vs 65.6%; P < .001) after chemotherapy administration. Superior responses were also observed by the measures of no emesis, no nausea, and complete protection in the overall and delayed phases and by the time to first emesis or use of rescue medication. The incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was similar for the rolapitant and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Rolapitant provided superior CINV protection to patients receiving carboplatin‐based chemotherapy in comparison with the control. These results support rolapitant use as part of the antiemetic regimen in carboplatin‐treated patients. Cancer 2016;122:2418–2425. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A Dual Catalyst with SERS Activity for Probing Stepwise Reduction and Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Li Jumei , Wu Yiren , Sun Xiaojun , Liu Jingyue , Winget Sarah A. , Qin Dong
Published: May 2016

Aromatic azo compounds are high‐value chemicals extensively used as pigments, drugs, and food additives, but their production typically requires stoichiometric amounts of environmentally unfriendly metals or nitrites. There is an urgent need to develop a dual catalytic system capable of reducing nitroaromatics to aromatic amines, followed by their oxidation to azo compounds. Here we report such a dual catalyst based on Ag@Pd‐Ag core‐frame nanocubes for the stepwise conversion of 4‐nitrothiophenol to trans‐4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene under ambient conditions. Our in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy study reveals three sequential processes that include the Pd‐catalyzed reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol by hydrogen, a period during which the 4‐aminothiophenol remain unchanged until all hydrogen has depleted, and the Ag‐catalyzed oxidation of 4‐aminothiophenol to trans‐4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene by the O2 from air. This work will lead to an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to the production of aromatic azo compounds.
Enabling application‐aware flexible graph partition mechanism for parallel graph processing systems
Authors: Dong Fang , Zhang Junxue , Luo Junzhou , Shen Dian , Jin Jiahui
Published: May 2016

With the emerging of the large‐scale graph data, Pregel‐like graph parallel processing systems have been an essential tool to efficiently process the graph data. The first step to use the Pregel‐like systems is to partition the graph into multiple blocks and distribute them on multiple machines. The partition strategy plays a significant role in determining the performance because a good partition could both ensure load balance and optimize network communication overhead, and vice versa. However, existing partition strategies fail to meet the requirements because they suffer from the following drawbacks: (1) they ignore the application features and (2) they ignore the multi‐application feature in productive environment. To overcome those drawbacks, we proposed the superblock partition strategy, which utilizes the atomic blocks generated by pre‐processing of the original graph and could be constructed and re‐constructed dynamically according to the submitted applications in real time. The hash‐based and clustering‐based pre‐partition methods are covered in details. The application feature extraction method and heuristic superblock partition algorithm are proposed to construct the superblocks. Experimental results show that the superblock partition strategy could boost the graph processing performance and its partition efficiency also outperforms the hash‐based and topology optimal partition strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Gender as a Moderator of the Alliance‐Outcome Link in Acute Inpatient Treatment of Severely Disturbed Youth
Authors: Nevid Jeffrey S. , Ghannadpour Jasmine , Haggerty Gregory
Published: May 2016

Research is needed to further examine the role of treatment alliance or engagement among child and adolescent patients in inpatient psychiatric settings. In this study, 72 newly admitted patients on an inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit completed measures of symptom severity and treatment alliance. Female patients showed greater symptom severity at both admission and discharge. Residualized gain score analysis showed that male gender predicted greater symptom reduction. Treatment alliance also predicted greater symptom reduction, but only among women. These results suggest that alliance or engagement with acute inpatient psychiatric services may play a more important role among women than men in predicting symptomatic change in severely disturbed adolescents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells According to Current Good Manufacturing Procedures
Authors: Gramignoli Roberto , Srinivasan Raghuraman C. , Kannisto Kristina , Strom Stephen C.
Published: May 2016

Different cell types can be isolated from human placental tissues, and some have been reported to retain phenotypic plasticity and characteristics that make them a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. Among these are human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs). Adoption of current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and enhanced quality control is essential when isolating hAECs in order to deliver a safe and effective cellular product for clinical purposes. This unit describes a detailed protocol for selective isolation of hAECs from human term placenta with little to no contamination by other cell types. A method for characterizing the heterogeneity of the hAEC suspension is also provided. The resulting cell product will be useful for clinical as well as basic research applications. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical Reflectivity of Xenon Plasma Revisited
Authors: Zaporozhets Yu. B. , Omarbakiyeva Y. A. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. , Mintsev V. B. , Gryaznov V. K.
Published: May 2016

Newly obtained experimental data for the reflectivity of Xenon plasmas at pressures of 10‐12 GPa at large incident angles are analyzed. Using a Fermi‐like density profile along the shock wave front, the reflectivity coefficients for the s and p ‐ polarized waves were calculated. The influence of atoms which were taken into account at the level of collision frequency unique density prove to be crucial for the understanding of the reflection process. Subsequently, as physically expected, a profile is sufficient to obtain good agreement with the experimental data at all investigated optical laser frequencies. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eating disorder symptoms in middle‐aged and older men
Authors: Mangweth‐Matzek Barbara , Kummer Kai K. , Pope Harrison G.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Few studies have assessed symptoms of eating disorders in older men.

Method

We administered anonymous questionnaires to 470 men, aged 40–75 years, in and around Innsbruck, Austria, to assess eating behavior, body image, and exercise activities. We defined current eating disorder symptoms (EDS) as (1) BMI < 18.5; (2) binge eating; (3) binge eating and purging; or (4) purging without binge eating.

Results

Of the 470 men, 32 (6.8%) reported one of the four eating disorder symptoms. The 32 men with eating disorder symptoms, compared to the 438 men with normal eating, showed significantly greater pathology on scales assessing eating behavior, exercise addiction, satisfaction with body shape, and weight. However, the EDE‐Q cutoff score for eating disturbance identified only three (9%) of the EDS men.

Discussion

Symptoms of disordered eating, sometimes involving purging via excessive exercise, do occur in older men, and may be missed by conventional instruments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:953–957)
Environmental context and magnitude of disturbance influence trait‐mediated community responses to wastewater in streams
Authors: Burdon Francis J. , Reyes Marta , Alder Alfredo C. , Joss Adriano , Ort Christoph , Räsänen Katja , Jokela Jukka , Eggen Rik I.L. , Stamm Christian
Published: May 2016

Human land uses and population growth represent major global threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Understanding how biological communities respond to multiple drivers of human‐induced environmental change is fundamental for conserving ecosystems and remediating degraded habitats. Here, we used a replicated ‘real‐world experiment’ to study the responses of invertebrate communities to wastewater perturbations across a land‐use intensity gradient in 12 Swiss streams. We used different taxonomy and trait‐based community descriptors to establish the most sensitive indicators detecting impacts and to help elucidate potential causal mechanisms of change. First, we predicted that streams in catchments adversely impacted by human land‐uses would be less impaired by wastewater inputs because their invertebrate communities should be dominated by pollution‐tolerant taxa (‘environmental context’). Second, we predicted that the negative effects of wastewater on stream invertebrate communities should be larger in streams that receive proportionally more wastewater (‘magnitude of disturbance’). In support of the ‘environmental context’ hypothesis, we found that change in the Saprobic Index (a trait‐based indicator of tolerance to organic pollution) was associated with upstream community composition; communities in catchments with intensive agricultural land uses (e.g., arable cropping and pasture) were generally more resistant to eutrophication associated with wastewater inputs. We also found support for the ‘magnitude of disturbance’ hypothesis. The SPEAR Index (a trait‐based indicator of sensitivity to pesticides) was more sensitive to the relative input of effluent, suggesting that toxic influences of wastewater scale with dilution. Whilst freshwater pollution continues to be a major environmental problem, our findings highlight that the same anthropogenic pressure (i.e., inputs of wastewater) may induce different ecological responses depending on the environmental context and community metrics used. Thus, remediation strategies aiming to improve stream ecological status (e.g., rehabilitating degraded reaches) need to consider upstream anthropogenic influences and the most appropriate indicators of restoration success.