bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Laser Beam Energy on the Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding of Thin Sheet Corrosion Resistant Materials
Authors: Ventrella Vicente Afonso , Berretta Jose Roberto , de Rossi Wagner
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to value the possibility to join, for pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding, thin foils lap joints for sealing components in corrosive environment. Experimental investigations were carried out using a pulsed neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser weld to examine the influence of the pulse energy in the characteristics of the weld fillet. The pulse energy was varied from 1.0 to 2.5 J at increments of 0.25 J with a 4 ms pulse duration. The base materials used for this study were AISI 316L stainless steel and Ni-based alloys foils with 100μm thickness. The welds were analyzed by electronic and optical microscopy, tensile shear tests and micro hardness. The results indicate that pulse energy control is of considerable importance to thin foil weld quality because it can generate good mechanical properties and reduce discontinuities in weld joints. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints increased at first and then decreased as the pulse energy increased. In all the specimens, fracture occurred in the top foil heat-affected zone next to the fusion line. The microhardness was almost uniform across the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal. A slight increase in the fusion zone and heat-affected zone compared to those measured in the base metal was observed. This is related to the microstructural refinement in the fusion zone, induced by rapid cooling of the laser welding. The process appeared to be very sensitive to the gap between couples.
Shape of Fusion Zone for the Welding Keyhole Induced by an Electron Beam
Authors: Ho Ching Yen , Tsai Yu Hsiang
Published: November 2013

In this paper analytical predictions of the fusion zone shapes around the welding cavity produced by a moving electron beam are provided. A three-dimensional analytical model in the molten and heat-affected regions surrounding a paraboloid of revolution-shaped cavity is used to predict the shapes of the fusion zones. This work avoids the defect of the infinite temperature at the cavity base for the line-source model. Introducing a new image method, a new analytical solution is provided by satisfying exactly the adiabatic condition at the top surface. The shape of a fusion zone is governed by dimensionless parameters related to beam power per unit penetration, and the depth and shape of the cavity in this work. A three-dimensional shape of fusion zone is computed and presented in this paper. The effect of beam power per unit penetration on the shape of fusion is also discussed.
A Study Wear Behaviour of Induction Hardened 4140 and Carburised 8617H Steels on 1040 Steel
Authors: Kusmoko Alain , Crosky A.
Published: November 2013

This study was undertaken to evaluate the likely effect on the wear rate of changing the pinion material in a rack and pinion steering box from carburised SAE-AISI grade 8617 H steel to induction hardened SAE-AISI grade 4140 steel of the same hardness. Accordingly, pin on disc wear tests were conducted using carburised 8617 H pins and through hardened 4140 pins. The surface hardness of the pins was approximately 60 HRC for both materials. The discs were made of SAE-AISI grade 1040 steel through hardened to a hardness of 45 HRC. The results showed that both the pins and the discs wore more rapidly when the tests were carried out with 4140 pins. The study indicates that the wear rate would be increased on both the rack and the pinion if the pinion material were changed from case hardened 8617 H to induction hardened 4140.
Growth and Electrical Transport Properties of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Prasad R. , Debnath A.K. , Singh Ajay , Samanta S. , Aswal D.K. , Gupta S.K.
Published: November 2013

Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) and Cobalt phthalocyanone (CoPc) thin films of different thickness (20-200nm) have been grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) using different deposition rate (0.2 – 1.0 Å/s). For nanowire type growth lower deposition rate and for films of smooth surface higher deposition rate are found suitable. Charge transport (J~V) of CoPc and F16CuPc films is governed by bulk-limited processes with a bias dependent crossover from Ohmic to trap-free space-charge-limited conduction. The mobility (μ) values at 300 K were found 4.5 and 5.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 for CoPc and F16CuPc films respectively. Mechanism of reverse rectification behavior of an organic heterojunction comprising of CoPc and F16CuPc is explained by Kelvin Probe measurement.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cu Substituted Barium Hexaferrite Prepared by Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Technique
Authors: Packiaraj Ganapathi , Panchal Nital R. , Jotania Rajshree B.
Published: November 2013

In the present study, a series of Cu substituted M type Barium hexagonal ferrite BaCuxFe12-xO19 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) has been synthesized using a Sol- gel auto combustion method. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of Cu/Fe ratio on the crystallography and dielectric properties. The XRD studies reveal a formation of the single phase BaFe12O19 at the initial level and mixed phase of S, M and Y hexaferrite at the higher level of copper substitution. The dielectric measurements were carried out at room temperature in a frequency range of 20 Hz to 2MHz. the dielectric constant is found to decrease with the increase of frequency for all the compositions.
Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Sandy Loam as a Function of Salinity and Biomass at Microwaves
Authors: Sharma Arun , Pancholi K.C. , Bhatnagar S.P.
Published: November 2013

Real and Imaginary parts of Complex Dielectric Permittivity (ε’ and ε” ) of Sandy Loam soil have been measured in the frequency range 150 MHz – 2.4 GHz using a Vector Network Analyzer at varied Moisture contents, Salinity and Biomass. The Emissivity of the soil for normal incidence was also calculated from measured values of Complex Permittivity. The measured permittivity data show strong dependence on moisture content. Salinity causes higher permittivity and dielectric loss. Biomass appears to enhance the permittivity data due to increase in porosity of the soil. The emissivity of the soil was observed to decrease with increasing soil moisture and soil salinity, but it increases with biomass.
Dielectric and Electrical Studies of PMMA and PVP in Polar Solvents
Authors: Barot Dharmishtha , Tripathi Deepti
Published: November 2013

The dielectric and electric properties of poly (methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) and Poly (vinyl Pyrrolidione) (PVP) in polar solvent have been studied in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz at room temperature. The effect of polar solvent environment on the dielectric and electrical parameters such as the complex dielectric constant (Є*), relaxation times complex electrical modulus (M*) and complex impedance (Z*) has been analysed . Dielectric dispersion curves show that the polymer concentration plays an important role in governing its segmental motion in solvent solution. At low frequencies, the ionic conduction and electrode polarization seems to have dominant influence on the large increase of complex dielectric constant values.
Design and Construction of Low Temperature Attachment for Commercial AFM
Authors: Pathan Abrarkhan M. , Agrawal Dhawal H. , Bhatt Pina M. , Patel Hitarthi H. , Joshi U.S.
Published: November 2013

With the rapid advancements in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, scanning probe microscopy has become an integral part of a typical R&D lab. Atomic force microscope (AFM) has become a familiar name in this category. The AFM measures the forces acting between a fine tip and a sample. The tip is attached to the free end of a cantilever and is brought very close to a surface. Attractive or repulsive forces resulting from interactions between the tip and the surface will cause a positive or negative bending of the cantilever. The bending is detected by means of a laser beam, which is reflected from the backside of the cantilever. Atomic force microscopy is currently applied to various environments (air, liquid, vacuum) and types of materials such as metal semiconductors, soft biological samples, conductive and non-conductive materials. With this technique size measurements or even manipulations of nano-objects may be performed. An experimental setup has been designed and built such that a commercially available Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (Nanosurf AG, Easyscan 2) can be operated at cryogenic temperature under vacuum and in a vibration-free environment. The design also takes care of portability and flexibility of AFM i.e. it is very small, light weight and AFM can be used in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. The whole set up was assembled in-house at a fairly low cost. It is used to study the surface structure of nanomaterials. Important perovskite manganite Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3thin films were studied and results such as morphology, RMS area and line roughness as well as the particle size have been estimated at cryogenic temperature.
Role of Oxygen Atoms in Bonding Properties of Semiconducting Tungsten Trioxide
Authors: Heda N.L. , Dashora Alpa , Sahariya Jagrati , Ahuja B.L.
Published: November 2013

We have computed the Mulliken’s population (MP) to deduce charge transfer from WO in semiconducting WO3 using density functional theory (DFT) within pseudopotential scheme. In the DFT scheme, second order generalized gradient approximation for exchange and correlation has been implemented for the first time. The MP data show significant difference in charge transfer between W and six non–equivalent O atoms. In addition, the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method has been applied to compute the partial and total density of states. The MP data have also been explained in terms of partial DOS.
Structural and Electrical Conductivity Studies in Nickel Ferrite Nano-Particles
Authors: Barkule Ram S. , Kurmude D.V. , Raut A.V. , Waghule N.N. , Jadhav K.M. , Shengule D.R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract: The magnetic nano-particles of nickel ferrite were synthesized successfully by sol-gel auto-combustion method using high purity metal nitrates and citric acid as chelating agent. The as prepared powder of nickel ferrite was sintered at 5500C for 5 hr to obtain good crystalline phase and was used for further study. The X-ray diffraction technique was employed to confirm the single phase formation of nickel ferrite nano-particles. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows the Bragg’s peak which belongs to cubic spinel structure. The values of lattice constant, X-ray density, oxygen parameter and radii of tetrahedral and octahedral sites were calculated from XRD data. The average crystallite size was estimated using Scherrer’s formula and found to be 6 nm. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity plot shows the kink, which can be attributed to ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. The activation energy obtained from resistivity plots in paramagnetic region is found to be more than that in ferrimagnetic region. The conduction mechanism in these nickel ferrite nano-particles has been discussed on the basis of hopping of electrons.
Dielectric Studies of Binary Mixtures of 1-Propanol and Fluorobenzene
Authors: Prajapati Ashvin N. , Rana Vipinchandra A. , Vyas A.D. , Bhatanagar S.P. , Gadani D.H.
Published: November 2013

Complex permittivity spectra of 1-Propanol (1-PrOH), Fluorobenzene (FB) and their binary mixtures are obtained in radio and microwave frequency range using Vector network analyzer (VNA) operating in the frequency range 0.3 MHz to 3.0 GHz and standard microwave benches operated at 9.1 GHz and 19.61 GHz. Static dielectric constant (ε0) and high frequency limiting dielectric constant (ε∞1) for binary mixtures of 1-PrOH and FB are obtained by extrapolating the complex permittivity data towards low frequency side and high frequency side on complex plane plots. Optical dielectric constant (ε∞ = n2) for binary mixtures are measured using Abbe's refractometer. Excess static dielectric constant (ε0)E, Kirkwood correlation parameters (g, geff and gf) and Bruggeman factor (fB) are determined from the values of static dielectric constant (ε0) and optical dielectric constant (ε∞). These parameters have been discussed to explore the molecular interaction between the molecular species.
Sintering Temperature Effect on the Structural and Electrical Transport Properties of Nanophasic Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Manganite
Authors: Bhalodia Jayant A. , Mankadia Savan R.
Published: November 2013

A systematic investigation of neodymium-based manganite, Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3, was undertaken with a view to understand the influence of sintering temperature on various physical properties. The materials were prepared by the a soft chemical approach of co-precipitation method by sintering at four different temperatures starting from 700 to 1000 °C, with an interval of 100 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and D. C. four-probe resistivity were employed to study the crystal structure, average particle size and electrical property respectively. Analysis of XRD patterns shows that all the samples exhibit single phase orthorhombic crystal structure. We followed William-son Hall approach to calculate the lattice stain (ε).These materials were found to exhibit different metal-insulator transition temperature (TMI) for the different sintering temperature. The value of TMIincreases, as the sintering temperature increases, whereas ε decreases. TEM results show that with the increment of sintering temperature, the particle size of the NSMO samples also increases, which plays a key role on electrical transport. To understand the conduction mechanism in metallic and insulating regions of resistivity, various theoretical models are discussed in this communication.
Evolution of Magnetic Ordering in Spinel Oxide System: Mn1.5(1-x)Ti0.5(1-x)Fe(1+ 1.5x)Li(0.5)xO4
Authors: Joshi Vaishali P. , Tanna Ashish R. , Jani Kalpesh H. , Joshi H.H.
Published: November 2013

Six compositions: x = 0.0 to 0.5 of the spinel system Mn1.5(1-x)Ti0.5(1-x)Fe(1+ 1.5x) Li(0.5)x O4 are synthesized by ceramic method. The structural and magnetic properties are studied by means of X-ray diffraction, AC susceptibility, Magnetization and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The study reveals the significance of FeA-O-FeB magnetic linkages in evolution of long range magnetic ordering through rise in Curie temperature and growth of magnetic hyperfine field with increase in x.
PAni-SnO2 Nanocomposite: Irradiation Induced Charge Transport Processes
Authors: Sarmah Smritimala , Kumar Ashok
Published: November 2013

The films of polyaniline–tin oxide (PAni–SnO2) nanocomposites were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique. These films were irradiated with 90 MeV O7+ ions at the fluences of 5×1010, 1×1011, 5×1011, and 1×1012 ions/cm2. X-ray diffraction studies show that microstrain and domain crystallite size of SnO2 nanoparticles in PAni matrix increase with the increase of ion fluence, resulting in highly ordered PAni–SnO2 nanocomposites. DC electrical conductivity is found to increase with the increase of fluence and conduction mechanism follows a quasi one-dimensional variable-range hopping model. AC electrical conductivity also increases with the increase of ion fluence and obeys correlated barrier-hopping model.
Thermal Expansion of Some Fcc Transition Metals
Authors: Kumar Priyank , Bhatt Nisarg K. , Vyas Pulastya R. , Jani Asvin R. , Gohel Vinod B.
Published: November 2013

Volume thermal expansion of some fcc transition metals have been studied using improved lattice dynamical model. In this approach, the contribution of s like electron is calculated in 2nd order perturbation theory for the local model pseudopotential (Heine - Abrenkov) while that of the d electrons is taken into account by introduction of repulsive potential. The present study confirms that the use of improved model to study such anharmonic property yields satisfactory results. Looking to the success of present study, the present lattice mechanical model may be used to study thermophysical properties in high temperature and high pressure regions.
Trap Free Space Charge Limited Conduction and High Mobility in Cobalt Phthalocyanine - Iron Phthalocyanine Composite Thin Films
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Singh Ajay , Samanta S. , Prasad R. , Debnath A.K. , Aswal D.K. , Gupta S.K.
Published: November 2013

Charge transport of pure and composite thin films (20 nm thickness) of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) and iron phthalocyanine (FePc) grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated in the temperature range of 300 K-25 K. Composite films with optimum composition showed very high mobility of 110 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature. X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis studies showed that the films were well oriented with planar co-facial structure. The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of composite films showed trap free space charge limited conduction (SCLC) while individual phthalocyanine films showed SCLC with exponential distribution of traps. Several factors such as effect of substrate, very small thickness and effect of mixing two phthalocyanines are responsible for the very high mobility observed in present study.
Effect of High Temperature Caliber Rolling on Microstructure and Room Temperature Tensile Properties of Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) Alloy
Authors: Doiphode Rajendra , Murty S.V.S. Narayana , Prabhu Nityanand , Kashyap Bhagwati Prasad
Published: November 2013

Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) alloy was caliber rolled at 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C. The effects of caliber rolling temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties were investigated. The room temperature tensile tests were carried out to failure at a strain rate of 1 x 10-4s-1. The nature of stress-strain curves obtained was found to vary with the temperature employed in caliber rolling. The yield strength and tensile strength followed a sinusoidal behaviour with increasing caliber rolling temperature but no such trend was noted in ductility. These variations in tensile properties were explained by the varying grain sizes obtained as a function of caliber rolling temperature.
Independently Tunable Coupled Electron Quantum Layers
Authors: Nayak Mukesh G. , Saini Lalit K.
Published: November 2013

In the recent years, coupled electron quantum layers have gained considerable theoretical and experimental attention due to the existence of various new interesting phenomena. In the present work, we investigate the effects of independently tunable layer density on pair-correlation function of coupled electron layers at zero-temperature and zero-magnetic field. The quantum or dynamical version of self-consistent mean-field approximation of Singwi, Tosi, Land and Sjölander (qSTLS) is used to study the intralayer and interlayer pair-correlation functions, gll(r) and g12(r), over a wide range of density parameter rsl and interlayer spacing d. The pronounced oscillatory behaviour in g22(r) has been found at critical density with sufficiently lower interlayer spacing d. To find the resultant effects of independently tunable layer density on the intralayer and interlayer pair-correlation functions, we have compared our results with that of the recent dependently tunable coupled electron quantum layers and single electron quantum layer.
The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled area in South Africa
Authors: Grewar John D. , Weyer Camilla T. , Guthrie Alan J. , Koen Pieter , Davey Sewellyn , Quan Melvyn , Visser Dawid , Russouw Esthea , Bührmann Gary
Published: November 2013

African horse sickness (AHS) is a controlled animal disease in South Africa, and as a result of the high mortality rates experienced, outbreaks in the AHS controlled area in the Western Cape Province have a significant impact on affected properties as well as on the exportation of live horses from the AHS free zone in metropolitan Cape Town. An outbreak of AHS serotype 1 occurred in the surveillance zone of the AHS controlled area of the Western Cape during the summer of 2011. The epicentre of the outbreak was the town of Mamre in the magisterial district of Malmesbury and the outbreak was confined to a defined containment zone within this area by movement control of all equids and a blanket vaccination campaign. A total of 73 cases of AHS were confirmed during this outbreak, which included four confirmed subclinical cases. The morbidity rate for the outbreak was 16%with a mortality rate of 14%and a case fatality rate of 88%. Outbreak disease surveillance relied on agent identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, which is novel for an AHS outbreak in South Africa. The source of this outbreak was never confirmed although it is believed to be associated with the illegal movement of an infected animal into the Mamre area. This detailed description of the outbreak provides a sound scientific basis to assist decision making in future AHS outbreaks in the AHS controlled area of South Africa and in countries where AHS is an exotic or emerging disease.
Regional variability of raindrop size distribution over Indonesia
Authors: Marzuki M. , Hashiguchi H. , Yamamoto M. K. , Mori S. , Yamanaka M. D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Regional variability of raindrop size distribution (DSD) along the Equator was investigated through a network of Parsivel disdrometers in Indonesia. The disdrometers were installed at Kototabang (KT; 100.32° E, 0.20° S), Pontianak (PT; 109.37° E, 0.00° S), Manado (MN; 124.92° E, 1.55° N) and Biak (BK; 136.10° E, 1.18° S). It was found that the DSD at PT has more large drops than at the other three sites. The DSDs at the four sites are influenced by both oceanic and continental systems, and majority of the data matched the maritime-like DSD that was reported in a previous study. Continental-like DSDs were somewhat dominant at PT and KT. Regional variability of DSD is closely related to the variability of topography, mesoscale convective system propagation and horizontal scale of landmass. Different DSDs at different sites led to different Z–R relationships in which the radar reflectivity at PT was much larger than at other sites, at the same rainfall rate.
What to Do When there is Nothing to Do: The psychotherapeutic value of Meaning Therapy in the treatment of late life depression
Authors: Morgan J. H.
Published: November 2013

Psychotherapeutic treatment with the goal of cure, of course, is the standard within the healing professions but when we are dealing with late life depression where there is no hope for longevity, the agenda necessarily must shift from cure to care, from treatment with the goal of renewed healthy living to a focus upon the palliative aspects of a limited prognosis. Here, then, the clinician is faced with the challenge of existential intervention with an emphasis upon the “moment” rather than the future. The encroachment of ennui upon the elderly, particularly and especially those who have been actively engaged in a full life of service such as the clergy, physicians, teachers, and attorneys, can be a traumatic and debilitating experience.When hope for the future is not being sought but rather an effective and celebrative address to the existential realities confronting the elderly patient who is facing decline and death, the quest for those “happy moments” conjured in the patient’s memory constitute a promising field of treatment.Geriatric logotherapy is uniquely constructed to do just that.
Happiness, Sadness and Government
Authors: Duncan G.
Published: November 2013

Policy-making that re-presents – as objects of concern and by means of statistics – the suffering or depression and the happiness of populations indicates an evolving form of governance that examines and reshapes subjectivity itself. Never before have states of subjectivity been acted upon, through surveys, statistical and policy analysis, and scientific disciplines, to the extent seen today. This article: Documents changing epistemic co-ordinates, especially in psychology and economics, that first occluded happiness in the interests of objectivity, but, in recent decades, marked out a renewed ‘science’ of happiness.Examines changes in the discursive formulation of depression, as a counterpart to happiness.Argues that, seen in terms of bio-power, contemporary concerns for happiness and depression are consistent – rather than incompatible – with one another. How can so many claim to be happy when so many, we are told, are depressed, anxious or suffering emotional pain? There is no underlying contradiction here, for two reasons: Happiness and depression are manifestations of the same political discourse (or aspects of a political subjectivity) characterized by dis-inhibition, consumer self-indulgence and performance anxiety. And, just as we needed madness in order to understand ‘sanity,’ or the prison in order to view ourselves as ‘free,’ so we rely upon concerns about depression in order to understand and act upon ourselves as subjects capable of unlimited happiness.
From Comparison to Indices: A disabling perspective on the history of happiness
Authors: Söderfeldt Y. , Verstraete P.
Published: November 2013

Who should be considered the most unhappy, the blind or the deaf? The intensive debate over this issue in the early 19th century is the outset of our study of how during the last two hundred years disability and happiness have become inextricably connected. On the basis of our historical analysis we have identified characteristics that also can be found in current happiness interpretations, namely the persistent role played by activation, professional intervention, and alignment with normative behaviors. In order to highlight this intimate connection between past and present we subsequently focus on the contemporary preoccupation with the happiness of people with disabilities, exemplified by research on the so-called “disability paradox” and the development of happiness indices within the behavioral sciences. Our thesis is that applying perspectives from disability studies to happiness research uncovers processes of exclusion and other modalities of power previously overlooked. In our examples, we recognize a desire to lay bare the inside of disabled people’s minds and impose on them un/happy subjectivities. We furthermore argue that the way we think of, and treat, both disability and happiness, i. e. by systematization and professionalization, belongs to a rationalization process which risks colonizing the emotional realm of disabled people. Thus we suggest a research program that ‘dis/ables’ happiness studies and, aided by historical analysis, reconsiders the emotional dimension of disability.
Learning the Scripts: An exploration of the shared ways in which young Lao volunteers in Vientiane understand happiness.
Authors: McMellon C.
Published: November 2013

The idea that development policies need to take account of factors broader than economic growth is increasingly commonplace. A focus upon happiness provides an alternative way of looking at development, but the concept of happiness is far from straightforward. This paper argues that any consideration of happiness in policy must be grounded in nuanced qualitative research that provides a rich understanding of the realities of people's lives and their multiple and often conflicting understandings of what happiness means. This paper draws on ethnographic research with young Lao volunteers with community-based organisations in Vientiane, Laos, that took place between 2010 and 2012. Drawing on Wierzbicka's (2004) concept of cultural scripts, it identifies, describes and explores three collective scripts that this specific group of young people believe about the things that make them happy: •         The way to be happy is to be a good Lao person •         I will be happy if I have the things that I need to be  comfortable and have an easy life •         I am happy when I follow my heart Despite illustrating very different understandings of happiness, these stories are woven from a common set of themes about the things that young people think make them happy. Consideration is given to the possible origins of these shared scripts. The discussion section of the paper looks at the implications of these shared scripts for understanding happiness and for the inclusion of a consideration of the concept of happiness in public policy. The paper ends with three conclusions. Firstly it suggests the importance of rich qualitative research in order to make choices about the meaningful use of well-being indicators. Secondly, in making explicit the socially constructed ways that people understand happiness, such research can also remind us of the need to interrogate the ways that happiness is considered in public policy. Thirdly, the paper suggests that such a critical approach to happiness could also be beneficial at the personal level in order for individuals to challenge and make choices about their own beliefs about happiness.
Encounters with Translations of Happiness
Authors: Titchkosky T.
Published: November 2013

This special issue edited by Katie Aubrecht demonstrates that a focus on translations of happiness makes us attend to the interpretive process animating social relations. There are many registers of translation that individuals, communities, and the state make use of as they grapple with relations to happiness. Among the vast array of historical registers that aim to make happiness comprehensible or compelling, medicine and politics are two of the most noteworthy. Moving from one register to another, such as from institutional versions of happiness as a medically regulated matter, to its appearance in situations of war, trauma, illness, local community or state, between these differing registers, we come to re-encounter happiness in many important ways as this special issue demonstrates. This issue thus invites its readers to question modernity’s progressive interest in and use of happiness as a way to narrate and assemble our essential inter-relatedness.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Aubrecht K.
Published: November 2013

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Museum 2.0: A study into the culture of expertise within the museum blogosphere
Authors: Verboom Jessica , Arora Payal
Published: November 2013

While studies on popular culture have a more vast understanding of the impact of the participatory culture on experts and expertise, there is a dearth of literature on the impact of Web 2.0 on museums, which are established authorities within the cultural field. We aim to answer the following research question here: who are the experts and what is the nature of their expertise in the museum blogosphere? In addition, we look at the spatial culture on these museum blogs and its role in shaping expertise. We address this question by conducting a content analysis on a sample of the top ten ranked museum blogs, and find that new experts have entered the playing field and expertise is constructed in the personal and social context of an entertainment-oriented blogosphere.
Personal Health Record interfaces: A hermeneutic analysis
Authors: Burnett Gary , Whetstone Melinda , Jaeger Paul T.
Published: November 2013

This study draws upon cultural hermeneutics to provide insight into the ways Personal Health Records (PHRs) project an information world related to health. Differences in PHRs can range from key variations in functionality to differences in how they make the experiences of users more akin to personal interactions than to clinical visits or impersonal e-commerce transactions. This study provides analyses of design and communication issues in three PHR Web sites, offering preliminary conclusions about the potential impact of differences in design and functionality, as well as the inclusiveness of these interfaces for populations traditionally underserved by technology design. Additionally, it undergirds its analyses with a theoretical approach rooted in the theory of Information Worlds, which suggests that each PHR interface projects a specific “information world” that both enables and constrains not only user options and activities, but also how users are able to understand the parameters of “health” itself.
Part-Task Training in the Context of Automation: Current and Future Directions
Authors: Gutzwiller Robert S. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Blitch John G.
Published: November 2013

Automation often elicits a divide-and-conquer outlook. By definition, automation has been suggested to assume control over a part or whole task that was previously performed by a human (Parasuraman and Riley, 1997). When such notions of automation are taken as grounds for training, they readily invoke a part-task training (PTT) approach. This article outlines broad functions of automation as a source of PTT and reviews the PTT literature, focusing on the potential benefits and costs related to using automation as a mechanism for PTT. The article reviews some past work in this area and suggests a path to move beyond the type of work captured by the "automation as PTT" framework. An illustrative experiment shows how automation in training and PTT are actually separable issues. PTT with automation has some utility but ultimately remains an unsatisfactory framework for the future broad potential of automation during training, and we suggest that a new conceptualization is needed.
Music over Words and Sound over Image: "Rock Around the Clock" and The Centrality of Music in Post-Classical Film Narration
Authors: Reinsch Paul N.
Published: November 2013

This article argues for the centrality of the Bill Haley and His Comets song "Rock Around the Clock" in creating post-classical sound through its appearance in Blackboard Jungle and Rock Around the Clock. The song turns the cinema into a music delivery system and relegates the image to perhaps only accompanying the sound. The audience for each film also repurposes the cinema space for active response in the form of dancing and thereby challenges theorizations of the cinema as a series of images meant to be received by a passive audience.
Evaluating the potential of whole-farm insurance over crop-specific insurance policies
Authors: Bielza Díaz-Caneja M. , Garrido A.
Published: November 2013

The rationale of whole-farm insurance (WFI) is to pool all farm's insurable risks into a single policy. This paper compared separated multi-peril crop-specific insurance policies (CSI) with WFI. It first compared the loss ratios of frequent buyers of agricultural insurance in Spain to confirm whether data provide support for combining separate premia in WFI policies. Actuarial data showed that loss ratios are lower for farmers that sign up for different insurance groups or insure more than one crop. Secondly, using the records of farmers who bought CSI for three crops during 1993-2004, Monte-Carlo simulations were carried out to evaluate premium differences, revenue, and farmer's utilities (DARA-CRRA) of CSI and a WFI designed to cover the same risks than do the CSI policies. Results showed that premiums are reduced by 20% and farmer's certainty equivalents are slightly larger. Farmers would benefit from WFI and governments would enhance the efficiency of their insurance subsidies.
Analysis of policy instruments for control of nitrate pollution in irrigated agriculture in Castilla y León, Spain
Authors: Gallego-Ayala J. , Gómez-Limón J.A.
Published: November 2013

Irrigated agriculture is one of the most important sources of nitrate pollution of water resources. For this reason, during the past decade, various policies have been proposed in order to prevent this negative impact of farming activities. The aim of this work is therefore to analyze the effects of the joint application of the last Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) reform with different policy instruments designed to mitigate nitrate pollution. To this end, models based on Positive Mathematical Programming have been developed to enable simulating irrigators' productive behaviour in the event of the implementation of these instruments. The results indicate that the latest CAP reform (partial decoupling of subsidies) will by itself lead to an important reduction in nitrate pollution. If this reduction is not regarded as being sufficient, other specific policy instruments could further reduce this source of pollution. In this sense, the most suitable one could be the application of nitrogen fertilization quotas.
Patterns of phenotypic variation in a germplasm collection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from Turkey
Authors: Kadri Bozokalfa M. , Esiyok D. , Turhan K.
Published: November 2013

Phenotypic diversity was assessed for quantitative and qualitative traits in a collection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm from different areas of Turkey. A total of 48 genotypes, including germplasm lines and commercial cultivars, were studied under field conditions at Izmir over two consecutive summers (2004 and 2005). All accessions were characterized for 67 agro-morphological traits from seedling emergence to crop maturity. Morphological data were subjected to principal components analysis followed by hierarchical agglomerative clustering. This provided seven groups based on morphological and agronomic properties. The first six principal components axes accounted for 54.29% of the variance among the 48 accessions and their lines. The greater part of variance was accounted for by traits such as fruit diameter, fruit weight, volume, fruit wall thickness, fruit productivity, and fruit soluble solid and dry matter content. The high diversity found in the collection showed its great potential for improving agronomic traits in pepper.
Cultural control of herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum Gaud. populations in winter cereal in Northeastern Spain
Authors: Cirujeda A. , Taberner A.
Published: November 2013

Lolium rigidum Gaud. is one of the most common weed species in winter cereals in Northeastern Spain. Herbicide resistance has been growing since the mid 90's and exclusive herbicide use is not enough in many cases, so that it is necessary to combine as many control tools as possible. Six field trials have been conducted during the cropping seasons 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04 on winter cereal infested with herbicide resistant L. rigidum in Northeastern Spain testing different cultural control strategies. Sowing delay was conducted at five fields, mouldboard ploughing at four fields, the combination of sowing delay and ploughing at two fields, increasing the cereal sowing density and combined with sowing delay at one field. Sowing delay was confirmed to have an irregular efficacy depending on the L. rigidum emergence during the delay period. In the trials, weed emergence was reduced up to 88% in the best case but there was no effect in two cases. Ploughing had a more constant efficacy and reduced weed emergence between 50 and 80% although stoniness impeded in one occasion a correct soil inversion causing a very low efficacy. Increasing the cereal sowing rate did not reduce the weed population. The combination of the different methods did not increase significantly the individual efficacy, and one method was clearly more effective than the other, depending on the trial. In fields with high L. rigidum density, these methods are not effective enough and need to be combined with other methods, which are discussed in the text.
Effects of different soil tillage systems and coverages on soybean crop in the Botucatu Region in Brazil
Authors: Lança Rodrígues J.G. , Gamero C.A. , Costa Fernándes J. , Mirás-Avalos J.M.
Published: November 2013

Nowadays, agricultural practices should combine high yields with a sustainable use of resources. Different tillage practices and crop covers, if combined, may help to achieve both objectives. In this work, several traits of a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cultivar were studied under different conditions of tillage and previous soil coverages. The experiment was installed at Lageado Research Station, Botucatu county, SP, Brazil, on a Paleudult. It consisted of nine treatments (combining three systems of soil tillage and three cover crops) and 4 replicates, yielding 36 plots of a randomized block experimental design. The soil tillage systems considered were: (1) conventional tillage with two heavy harrowing and a levelling harrowing; (2) chiseling, and (3) no-tillage with chemical drying of vegetation. The three cover crops used were: black oat, sorghum and spontaneous vegetation. Analyzed variables were: plant height, initial and final plant densities, height of first pod insertion, weight of a thousand grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and crop yield. No significant differences were observed for most of the analyzed variables; however, conventional tillage produced significantly heavier grains and a higher number of pods per plant. The selected covers were considered an excellent coverage prior to planting soybean in a crop rotation. The three tillage systems can be used for deployment of culture without compromising the development of soybean.
Short communication. Insecticidal activity of different extracts of Rhamnus dispermus (Rhamnaceae) against peach trunk aphid, Pterochloroides persicae (Homoptera: Lachnidae)
Authors: Ateyyat M.A. , Abu-Darwish M.S.
Published: November 2013

Bark of Rhamnus dispermus Ehrenb (Rhamnaceae) was collected from Ash-Shoubak, Jordan, and extracted with hexane, chloroform, acetone and ethanol, respectively. The aim of this study was to test the insecticidal activity of these extracts against the peach trunk aphid (PTA), Pterochloroides persicae (Homoptera: Lachnidae), since it has been shown that Rhamnus spp. may contain compounds that can act as botanical pesticides. Three concentrations (100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm) of each dry extract were obtained by dissolving the dry extract in 0.01% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Results showed that, at the highest concentration (10,000 ppm), all the extracts caused mortality in the PTA adults after 24 h of exposure. Both the acetone and ethanol extracts showed higher mortality (69 and 71%, respectively) than the hexane and chloroform extracts (40 and 56%, respectively) after 72 h of exposure at the highest concentration. In comparison, the synthetic control, Imidacloprid, killed 93% of the PTA adults. Nevertheless, extracts from R. dispermus provided valuable mortality rates for the PTA and can be used as botanical insecticides as part of the integrated pest management programs of this insect pest.
The non-market value of reclaimed wastewater for use in agriculture: a contingent valuation approach
Authors: Alcon F. , Pedrero F. , Martin-Ortega J. , Arcas N. , Alarcon J. J. , De Miguel M. D.
Published: November 2013

The reuse of treated water for agricultural irrigation is considered a promising option in regions facing water scarcity problems and there is an increasing number of reuse projects going on in southern European countries. The aim of this paper is to estimate the non-market benefits that society attaches to the use of reclaimed wastewater for agricultural purposes, as part of the economic assessment needed to evaluate the viability of this water management option. For this purpose, a contingent valuation study has been developed in the Segura River Basin in south-eastern Spain, interviewing 352 individuals from a representative sample of the basin’s population. Results show that the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation has significant non-market environmental benefits (mean willingness to pay of€5.13 per month per household, which adds up to a total annual value of €23.3 million). In terms of volume, these benefits represent €0.31 m–3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the non-market benefits of using reclaimed wastewater for agriculture justify its implementation, as they overcome the average treatment costs of €0.16-0.26 m–3. Additionally, the analysis of preference heterogeneity suggests that the use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture is more acceptable to people if they are made aware of their current payment for water sanitation. The inclusion of these non-market benefits in the overall assessment of water policy options will lead to better informed and more efficient water management decisions.
The evolution of the U‐shaped double layer at the auroral cavity‐ionosphere boundary in Earth's upward current region
Authors: Main D. S.
Published: November 2013

The evolution of the ionosphere‐auroral cavity boundary is studied using a two‐dimensional electrostatic particle‐in‐cell simulation. The boundary is modeled as a double layer which forms by imposing a density cavity as part of the initial conditions. The density cavity consists of a contact discontinuity which separates the cold, dense ionosphere on one side and the hot, tenuous auroral cavity on the other side. The simulation consists of hot electrons, H+ and O+ antiearthward traveling ion beams, hot magnetospheric H+and cold ionospheric electrons. A U‐shaped double layer is formed by initializing the ion beams with a perpendicular shear in the parallel drift velocity. We show that the strength and obliqueness angle of the evolved double layer depends most strongly on the ratio of the ion beam's gyrofrequency to the plasma frequency, and that the U‐shaped double layer is quasi‐stable on simulation time scales. Finally, we show that the oblique double layer causes perpendicular ion heating in the ion beams and that a ring distribution forms in a weakly magnetized species. However, we find that at high altitudes above the double layer, the dominant effect on the shape of ion phase space and the ion temperature is the turbulence in the auroral cavity, leading to the conclusion that oblique double layers have little lasting effect on the shape and temperature of the ion beams.
Simulation of the energy distribution of relativistic electron precipitation caused by quasi‐linear interactions with EMIC waves
Authors: Li Zan , Millan Robyn M. , Hudson Mary K.
Published: November 2013

Previous studies on electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves as a possible cause of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) mainly focus on the time evolution of the trapped electron flux. However, directly measured by balloons and many satellites is the precipitating flux as well as its dependence on both time and energy. Therefore, to better understand whether pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves is an important radiation belt electron loss mechanism and whether quasi‐linear theory is a sufficient theoretical treatment, we simulate the quasi‐linear wave‐particle interactions for a range of parameters and generate energy spectra, laying the foundation for modeling specific events that can be compared with balloon and spacecraft observations. We show that the REP energy spectrum has a peaked structure, with a lower cutoff at the minimum resonant energy. The peak moves with time toward higher energies and the spectrum flattens. The precipitating flux, on the other hand, first rapidly increases and then gradually decreases. We also show that increasing wave frequency can lead to the occurrence of a second peak. In both single‐ and double‐peak cases, increasing wave frequency, cold plasma density or decreasing background magnetic field strength lowers the energies of the peak(s) and causes the precipitation to increase at low energies and decrease at high energies at the start of the precipitation.