bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinventing compensation
Authors: Buchanan Robin
Published: May 2009

Executives of banks have been flayed for drawing huge pay packets without commensurate corporate performance. Robin Buchanan says the scrutiny into compensation will go beyond the financial services industry. He recommends board directors of all businesses have answers to seven critical questions at their fingertips.
Future Directions in the Study of Close Relationships: Conflict Is Bad (Except When It's Not)
Authors: Laursen Brett , Hafen Christopher A.
Published: May 2009

Beneficial and detrimental correlates of interpersonal disagreement have been postulated and documented. The conclusion: conflict is both bad and good. The evidence for these paradoxical effects is summarized. In this article, we argue that the consequences of conflict for individuals depend on its frequency, the way in which it is managed, and the quality of the relationship in which it arises. Non‐linear patterns of association are hypothesized such that constructive conflicts, particularly those arising in supportive relationships, should (up to a limit) predict more beneficial and fewer detrimental outcomes. In contrast, coercive conflicts, particularly those arising in unsupportive relationships, should predict more adverse and fewer favorable outcomes.
Tasteless profits and vexed moralities: assessments of the present in rural Rajasthan
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins
Published: May 2009

At a micro level and in a single locality, this article explores an overworked topic: the transformation from (moral) subsistence economy to (amoral) market economy, and its associations with the difference between need and desire. Ethnographic research among farmers and herders in the Banas Basin region of Rajasthan, North India, unfolds expressions of physical and moral discomfort with conditions of rural livelihoods in the present. Older persons portray the nature of modern times as characterized by overwhelming desire for profit and the things it can buy. Thus they explain willing sacrifice of flavourful indigenous grain species as well as the ascent of selfishness and violence, exemplified by the selling to slaughter of unwanted farm animals. Although young adults frequently echo their elders’ views on deteriorating relationships, their attitudes and actions also point towards potential reconstitutions of responsibility in altered social and economic contexts. This article's central aim is to portray the richness and depth of a vanishing interdependency among human and non‐human beings as recollected by an ageing generation or imagined by the young; it also engages an anthropology of emerging civic participation in the wake of acknowledged losses.

Au niveau micro, dans une seule localité, le présent article explore un sujet souvent traité : le passage de l'économie de subsistance (morale) à l'économie de marché (amorale) et ses associations avec la différence entre besoins et désirs. Les recherches ethnographiques parmi les agriculteurs et éleveurs du bassin de la rivière Banas, au Rajasthan, révèlent des expressions de malaise physique et moral liées aux conditions de vie rurales présentes. Les personnes âgées décrivent les temps modernes comme caractérisés par le désir écrasant du profit et des choses qu'il peut apporter. C'est ainsi qu'elles expliquent le sacrifice volontaire des savoureuses espèces de céréales indigènes, mais aussi la montée de l'égoïsme et de la violence, illustrée par la vente aux abattoirs des animaux de ferme surnuméraires. Bien que les jeunes adultes fassent souvent écho aux propos des anciens sur la détérioration des relations, leur attitude et leurs actions laissent aussi poindre des possibilités de reconstruction de la responsabilité dans un contexte social et économique altéré. Le but central de l'article est de décrire la richesse et la profondeur d'une interdépendance en voie de disparition entre êtres humains et non humains, telle que les anciens se la remémorent et que les jeunes l'imaginent. Ceci engage également une anthropologie de l'émergence de la participation civique suivant la reconnaissance de ce qui est perdu.
Intrahousehold Welfare in Rural Ethiopia*
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel , Kebede Bereket , Quisumbing Agnes R.
Published: May 2009

We examine the relationship between bargaining power and intrahousehold welfare in rural Ethiopia. The relative nutrition of spouses is associated with differences in cognitive ability, independent income and asset devolution upon divorce. Female empowerment benefits child nutrition and education. Spouses’ health, leisure and consumption of assignable goods show no association with differences in bargaining power. The relative nutrition and health of spouses varies across villages, but not in ways predicted by anthropological accounts of female empowerment. Bargaining variables may be weakly associated with intrahousehold welfare because surveyed households are poor and have little room for disagreement over consumption.
The Tractatus on Logical Consequence
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract: I discuss the account of logical consequence advanced in Wittgenstein's Tractatus. I argue that the role that elementary propositions are meant to play in this account can be used to explain two remarkable features that Wittgenstein ascribes to them: that they are logically independent from one another and that their components refer to simple objects. I end with a proposal as to how to understand Wittgenstein's claim that all propositions can be analysed as truth functions of elementary propositions.
Reductions in HIV transmission risk behaviour following diagnosis of primary HIV infection: a cohort of high‐risk men who have sex with men
Authors: Fox Julie , White Peter J , Macdonald Neil , Weber Jonathan , McClure Myra , Fidler Sarah , Ward Helen
Published: May 2009

Background

Risk‐reduction counselling is a standard preventive intervention, but behaviour change is difficult to sustain over the duration of HIV infection. However, primary HIV infection (PHI) is highly infectious and plays a key role in transmission – especially through dense sexual networks – but is short term, so even transient risk reduction can mitigate its high infectivity. Targeting behaviour‐change interventions at recently infected individuals may be highly effective, particularly in higher risk groups. We explored the potential impact on HIV transmission‐risk behaviour of PHI diagnosis in men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods

MSM with PHI were interviewed at diagnosis and after 3 months of follow‐up about their sexual behaviour in the 12‐week periods before and after diagnosis and standard counselling.

Results

A total of 98 of 104 eligible MSM (94%) participated in the study, with 100% follow‐up. PHI was associated with high levels of recreational drug use, low levels of condom use, high numbers of sexual partners and a history of sex work. In the 12 weeks post‐diagnosis, 76% of participants eliminated risk of onward transmission entirely and, overall, there was a significant reduction in transmission‐risk behaviour, with patients reporting greater condom use and fewer sexual partners. Those with continued transmission‐risk behaviour were more likely to have another sexually transmitted infection (STI), use ketamine and have more sexual partners at baseline.

Conclusions

Most MSM recently diagnosed with PHI changed their behaviour to substantially reduce the risk of onward HIV transmission. Strategies are needed to (a) increase diagnoses of PHI to target prevention efforts effectively and (b) further reduce risk behaviours by targeting enhanced counselling to those most likely to continue with risk behaviours.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 195–202 (May/June 2008)  The effects of placental extract on fibroblast proliferation
Authors: Cho H.‐R. , Ryou J.‐H. , Lee J.‐W. , Lee M.‐H
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

Human placental extract is used in the treatment of skin wrinkles and wounds. To date, no studies have evaluated the effects of placental extract on dermal fibroblast proliferation. To investigate the effects of placental extract vs. ascorbic acid on fibroblast proliferation and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 expression, cultured human fibroblasts were treated with placental extract (0%, 0.08%, 0.16%, 0.32%, and 0.64%) or L‐ascorbic acid‐2‐phosphate magnesium (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mmol L‐1). Fibroblast proliferation was determined by MTT assay, and TGF‐β1 protein expression was analyzed by ELISA. The proliferation of fibroblasts increased significantly after treatment with placental extract at concentrations of 0.32% and 0.64% and with L‐ascorbic acid‐2‐phosphate magnesium at concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mmol L‐1. Placental extract demonstrated no significant effects on TGF‐β1 expression; however, TGF‐β1 expression significantly increased after treatment with ascorbic acid at concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mmol L‐1. Placental extract and ascorbic acid had similar effects on fibroblast proliferation; however, placental extract did not significantly increase TGF‐β1 protein expression.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 203–215 (May/June 2008)  Effects of permanent waving on changes of protein and physicomorphological properties in human head hair
Authors: Han M.‐O. , Chun J.‐A. , Lee J.‐W. , Chung C.‐H.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

Two types of permanent waving [digital perm (DP) and croquignole winding perm (CWP)] and two waving lotions [cysteamine‐HCl, pH 9.31, liquid type (lotion A) and sodium thioglycolate, pH 9.97, cream type (lotion B)] were used for this study. The protein content was decreased by permanent waving treatments on the whole, and the degree of reduction was dependent on the hair styling and waving lotion used. The greatest decrease (by 58%) was found in hairs processed with the three‐treatment performance of DP using lotion B. SDS‐PAGE identified the presence of the two most abundant polypeptides, with approximately 48 and 60 kDa, and two large polypeptides, with approximately 200 and 210 kDa, which would belong to the keratin family. Some physical properties of the hairs (tensile strength, diameter, swelling, and elongation) were examined with the permanent waving treatments. In general, the repeated waving treatment and the use of lotion B showed more negative effects on hair care than other treatments. Some morphological changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The most prominent change in the hair surface was observed in the hair specimen with the three‐treatment performance of DP using lotion B. More severe signs of damage appeared on the hair with lotion B than with lotion A. As the numbers of permanent waves increased, the degree of damage to the hair surface increased on the whole. However, there was no indication of changes to the hair surface with one permanent waving treatment, as determined by SEM analysis.
Determination of the feel of hair after cosmetic treatment – sensory and objective test methods
Authors: Assmus U. , Augustin P. , Hensen H. , Hössel P. , Lang G. , Leidreiter H. , Markowetz A. , Martin V. , Noecker B. , Poppe E. , Pfaffernoschke M. , Schmidt‐Lewerkühne, Chairman H. , Schulze‐zur‐Wiesche E. , Schwan‐Jonczyk A. , Wood J. , Wortmann F.‐J.
Published: May 2009

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (2) 121–128

Abstract:  This work was performed in the period from 2002 to 2006. The feel of natural and damaged hair was studied after treatment with classical conditioning formulations. A cetrimonium chloride/cetyl alcohol conditioner and shampoos based on sodium lauryl ether sulphate and polyquaternium‐10 or dimethiconol, respectively, were used. In addition to a broad‐based round robin test to determine the hair feel in 12 test centres, suppleness measurements, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, combing force measurements and shine measurements were performed. The cetrimonium chloride conditioner and the silicone shampoo produced the best hair feel. There was a correlation between hair feel and the suppleness measurement. The coating of the hair surface after shampooing with polyquaternium‐10 and dimethiconol could be seen with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. There was no correlation of the hair feel with shine or ease of combing.

Keywords:  Human hair, feel, handle, conditioner, conditioning shampoo, combing, measurement, suppleness, microscopy, round robin test
Public Attitudes Towards Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities as Measured by the Concept of Social Distance
Authors: Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Burge Philip , Brown Hilary K. , Arsenault Elizabeth
Published: May 2009

Background While current practices strive to include individuals with intellectual disabilities in community opportunities, stigmatizing attitudes held by the public can be a barrier to achieving true social inclusion.

Methods A sample of 625 community members completed the Social Distance Subscale of the Multidimensional Attitude Scale on Mental Retardation.

Results Older and less educated participants held attitudes that reflected greater social distance. Participants who had a close family member with an intellectual disability and those who perceived the average level of disability to be ‘mild’ expressed less social distance. The limited variability in scores leads us to question our overall finding of very favourable attitudes towards social interaction with persons with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusions This study demonstrates that although certain demographic variables are still relevant in identifying social distance attitudes, the measurement of this construct requires revision to ensure a valid and sensitive reflection of the public’s attitudes.
US Managers' Use of ‘Pro Forma’ Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets
Authors: Black Dirk E. , Christensen Theodore E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  The practice of reporting manager‐adjusted ‘pro forma’ earnings numbers in quarterly earnings press releases has attracted considerable attention in recent years in the United States. Prior research suggests that while some managers report these adjusted numbers to better reflect core earnings, others may use these earnings adjustments to meet strategic earnings targets on a pro forma basis when they fall short based on GAAP reporting standards. Assuming the latter motivation could potentially mislead investors, the difficulty lies in distinguishing the ‘good guys’ from the ‘bad guys.’ Using hand‐collected pro forma earnings data, we investigate the extent to which different types of earnings adjustments affect the spread between pro forma earnings and GAAP earnings from continuing operations. Moreover, we investigate which types of adjustments managers use to meet strategic earnings targets. In addition to the exclusion of one‐time items like restructuring charges, the results indicate that managers often exclude recurring expenses such as depreciation, research and development, and stock‐based compensation to meet these strategic targets. The exclusion of recurring items is especially indicative of aggressive pro forma reporting. Finally, we find that firms that report adjusted earnings numbers only sporadically are more likely than firms that adjust earnings figures on a regular basis to use pro forma reporting to achieve strategic earnings targets by excluding recurring items.
Style Drift in Private Equity
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Fleming Grant , Schwienbacher Armin
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  We introduce the concept of style drift to private equity investment. We present theory and evidence pertaining to style drifts in terms of a fund manager's stated focus on particular stages of entrepreneurial development. We develop a model that derives conditions under which style drifts are less likely among younger fund managers. We also show ways in which changes in market conditions can affect style drifts, and differences for funds committed to early‐stage investments compared to funds committed to late‐stage investments. We find some evidence of a positive relation between style drifting and investment performance.
Effects of adrenaline on longitudinal arterial wall movements and resulting intramural shear strain: a first report
Authors: Ahlgren Åsa Rydén , Cinthio Magnus , Steen Stig , Persson Hans W. , Sjöberg Trygve , Lindström Kjell
Published: May 2009

Using ultrasound we recently demonstrated that in central elastic arteries as well as in large muscular arteries in humans there is a distinct longitudinal displacement of the arterial wall during the cardiac cycle. Further, for the first time, we also demonstrated that the inner parts of the vessel wall, the intima‐media complex, in these vessels exhibit a larger longitudinal displacement than the outer part of the vessel wall, the adventitial region, introducing the presence of substantial shear strain, and thus shear stress within the vessel wall. The role of these unexplored phenomena is unknown. Here, in a first study on the longitudinal movements of the porcine common carotid artery, we show that administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) might have pronounced effects on the longitudinal displacement of the intima‐media complex. In this experiment the longitudinal displacement of the intima‐media complex increased >200% at the highest blood pressure levels as compared to baseline. Further, shear strain within the wall increased >250%; the longitudinal displacement of the adventitial region being smaller than that of the intima‐media complex. Thus, our results indicate that adrenaline can markedly influence the longitudinal displacement of the arterial wall and the resulting shear strain, and thus shear stress, within the arterial wall. This opens up a new field within cardiovascular research, revealing a previously unknown mechanism in the circulatory system. Further studies on larger materials are needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the physiological, pathophysiological and clinical implications of this phenomenon.
Videogames, visuality and screens: reconstructing the Amazon in physical geographical knowledge
Authors: Ash James N , Romanillos José Luis , Trigg Mark
Published: May 2009

In this article we attend to an emergent practice of visualising GIS data in physical geography using the graphics engine of a videogame, Crysis. We suggest these modes of image‐making aid the possibility of imagining and disseminating complex geographical data differently by re‐contextualising seemingly abstract mathematical information within a human horizon of embodied meaning. Furthermore we argue these ways of imagining are closely linked to the technology and phenomenology of screens which make the presentation of these images possible. We close by reflecting on the possibility that these technologies are shifting the grounds of vision and the geographical imagination of users.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF GROWTH AND INEQUALITY ELASTICITIES OF POVERTY WITH GROUPED DATA
Authors: Bresson Florent
Published: May 2009

After decades of intensive research dedicated to efficient and flexible parametric statistical distributions, the lognormal distribution still enjoys, despite its empirical weaknesses, widespread popularity in the applied literature related to poverty and inequality analysis. In the present study, we emphasize the drawbacks of this choice for the calculation of the elasticities of poverty. For this purpose, we estimate the growth and inequality elasticities of poverty using 1,132 income distributions, and 15 rival assumptions on the shape of the income distributions. Our results confirm that the lognormal distribution is not appropriate in most cases for the analysis of poverty: the magnitude of the elasticities is generally overestimated and the estimation of the relative impact of growth and redistribution on poverty alleviation is biased in favor of the growth objective.
FROM BOTTOM TO TOP: THE ENTIRE INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN GERMANY, 1992–2003
Authors: Bach Stefan , Corneo Giacomo , Steiner Viktor
Published: May 2009

We analyze the distribution of market income in Germany in the period 1992 to 2003 on the basis of an integrated dataset that encompasses the whole spectrum of the population, from the very poor to the very rich. We find a modest increase of the Gini coefficient, a substantial drop of median income and a remarkable growth of the income share accruing to the economic elite, which we define as the richest 0.001 percent of persons in the population. While the elite mainly obtains its income from business and capital, the income share that it receives in the form of wage income has been increasing. We also show that the dramatic decline of market income in the bottom half of the distribution is very much mitigated by income transfers within private households and by governmental redistribution.
ACCOUNTING FOR HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A PROTOTYPE SATELLITE ACCOUNT USING THE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY
Authors: Landefeld J. Steven , Fraumeni Barbara M. , Vojtech Cindy M.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a satellite account where households are treated as production units. It extends previous work that treats consumer durables as investment and that values nonmarket household production activities such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. Services from consumer durables and government capital related to household production are also valued. In constructing the updated accounts, this paper incorporates new time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the harmonized time use data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS). This paper also discusses and incorporates recommendations made by the U.S. National Academies panel on nonmarket accounts.
HOW DO SPOUSES SHARE THEIR FULL INCOME? IDENTIFICATION OF THE SHARING RULE USING SELF‐REPORTED INCOME
Authors: Kalugina Ekaterina , Radtchenko Natalia , Sofer Catherine
Published: May 2009

The paper applies the collective model to the analysis of intra‐household inequality using one of the subjective‐qualitative questions available in the RLMS (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey) data, and provides a test for its assumptions. Interpreting the individual answers as reported budget scales we assume a correspondence between the budget level that household members report and their true income sharing. We first show that this assumption is supported by the data, and then use couples who report the same level of budget to identify the full sharing rule for the whole sample.
Management issues for women with epilepsy—Focus on pregnancy (an evidence‐based review): I. Obstetrical complications and change in seizure frequency
Authors: Harden Cynthia L. , Hopp Jennifer , Ting Tricia Y. , Pennell Page B. , French Jacqueline A. , Allen Hauser W. , Wiebe Samuel , Gronseth Gary S. , Thurman David , Meador Kimford J. , Koppel Barbara S. , Kaplan Peter W. , Robinson Julian N. , Gidal Barry , Hovinga Collin A. , Wilner Andrew N. , Vazquez Blanca , Holmes Lewis , Krumholz Allan , Finnell Richard , Le Guen Claire
Published: May 2009

A committee assembled by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) reassessed the evidence related to the care of women with epilepsy (WWE) during pregnancy, including the risk of pregnancy complications or other medical problems during pregnancy, change in seizure frequency, the risk of status epilepticus, and the rate of remaining seizure‐free during pregnancy. The committee evaluated the available evidence according to a structured literature review and classification of relevant articles. For WWE who are taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), there is probably no substantially increased risk (>2 times expected) of cesarean delivery or late pregnancy bleeding, and probably no moderately increased risk (>1.5 times expected) of premature contractions or premature labor and delivery. There is possibly a substantially increased risk of premature contractions and premature labor and delivery during pregnancy for WWE who smoke. WWE should be counseled that seizure freedom for at least 9 months prior to pregnancy is probably associated with a high likelihood (84–92%) of remaining seizure‐free during pregnancy. WWE who smoke should be counseled that they possibly have a substantially increased risk of premature contractions and premature labor and delivery.
Serum level of CD26 predicts time to first treatment in early B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Molica Stefano , Digiesi Giovanna , Mirabelli Rosanna , Cutrona Giovanna , Antenucci Anna , Molica Matteo , Giannarelli Diana , Sperduti Isabella , Morabito Fortunato , Neri Antonino , Baldini Luca , Ferrarini Manlio
Published: May 2009

We analyzed the correlation between well‐established biological parameters of prognostic relevance in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [i.e. mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgVH), ZAP‐70‐ and CD38‐expression] and serum levels of CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV) by evaluating the impact of these variables on the time to first treatment (TFT) in a series of 69 previously untreated Binet stage A B‐cell CLL patients. By using a commercial ELISA we found that with exception of a borderline significance for ZAP‐70 (P = 0.07) and CD38 (P = 0.08), circulating levels of CD26 did not correlate with either Rai substages (P = 0.520) or other biomarker [β2‐microglobulin (P = 0.933), LDH (P = 0.101), mutational status of IgVH (P = 0.320)]. Maximally selected log‐rank statistic plots identified a CD26 serum concentration of 371 ng/mL as the best cut‐off. This threshold allowed the identification of two subsets of patients with CD26 serum levels higher and lower that 371 ng/mL respectively, whose clinical outcome was different with respect to TFT (i.e. 46% and 71% at 5 yr respectively; P = 0.005). Along with higher serum levels of CD26, the univariate Cox proportional hazard model identified absence of mutation in IgVH (P < 0.0001) as predictor of shorter TFT. As in multivariate analysis all these parameters maintained their discriminating power (mutational status of IgVH,P < 0.0001; soluble CD26, P = 0.02) their combined effect on clinical outcome was assessed. When three groups were considered: (1) Low‐risk group (n = 31), patients with concordant IgVHmut and low level of soluble CD26; (2) intermediate risk group (n = 26), patients with discordant pattern; (3) high‐risk group (n = 12), patients with concordant IgVHunmut and high level of soluble CD26, differences in the TFT were statistically significant, with a TFT at 5 yr of respectively 88%, 51% and 43% (P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that in early B‐cell CLL biological profile including among other parameters soluble CD26 may provide a useful insight into the complex interrelationship of prognostic variables. Furthermore, CD26 along with mutational status of IgVH can be adequately used to predict clinical behavior of patients with low risk disease.
The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine for the local treatment of dry mouth: a randomized study
Authors: Khosravani Nina , Birkhed Dowen , Ekström Jörgen
Published: May 2009

Application of physostigmine to the oromucosal surface with the aim of stimulating underlying mucin‐producing glands while reducing cholinergic systemic effects might be a strategy for treating dry mouth. Subjects suffering from dry mouth and with hyposalivation participated in a crossover, double‐blind, randomized study. A gel containing physostigmine (0.9, 1.8, 3.6, and 7.2 mg) or placebo was applied to the inside of the lips and distributed with the tongue. The feeling of dryness was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) (where a score of 100 = extremely dry) and systemic effects were registered. Based on assessments of efficacy and safety, the dose of 1.8 mg of physostigmine was selected for use in the second part of the study to make objective measurements of saliva volumes. Physostigmine (1.8 mg) produced long‐lasting (120 min) relief (evident as a score reduction of 25 on the VAS) in the feeling of dryness. Judging from AUC values related to baseline over 180 min, the improvement for both mouth and lips in response to physostigmine was six times greater than that to placebo. At higher doses of physostigmine, gastrointestinal discomfort predominantly occurred. The volume of saliva collected in response to physostigmine was five times higher over 180 min than that collected in response to placebo. Physostigmine, applied locally, therefore appears to be a promising modality for dry‐mouth treatment.
A comparison between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional cephalometry on frontal radiographs and on cone beam computed tomography scans of human skulls
Authors: Van Vlijmen Olivier J. C. , Maal Thomas J. J. , Bergé Stefaan J. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Katsaros Christos , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne Marie
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether measurements performed on conventional frontal radiographs are comparable to measurements performed on three‐dimensional (3D) models of human skulls derived from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and if the latter can be used in longitudinal studies. Cone beam computed tomography scans and conventional frontal cephalometric radiographs were made of 40 dry human skulls. From the CBCT scan a 3D model was constructed. Standard cephalometric software was used to identify landmarks and to calculate ratios and angles. The same operator identified 10 landmarks on both types of cephalometric radiographs, and on all images, five times with a time interval of 1 wk. Intra‐observer reliability was acceptable for all measurements. There was a statistically significant and clinically relevant difference between measurements performed on conventional frontal radiographs and on 3D CBCT‐derived models of the same skull. There was a clinically relevant difference between angular measurements performed on conventional frontal cephalometric radiographs, compared with measurements performed on 3D models constructed from CBCT scans. We therefore recommend that 3D models should not be used for longitudinal research in cases where there are only two‐dimensional (2D) records from the past.
Intracanal bisphosphonate does not inhibit replacement resorption associated with delayed replantation of monkey incisors
Authors: Thong Yo Len , Messer Harold H. , Zain Rosnah Binti , Saw Lip Hean , Yoong Lai Thong
Published: May 2009

Abstract –  Progressive replacement resorption following delayed replantation of avulsed teeth has proved to be an intractable clinical problem. A wide variety of therapeutic approaches have failed to result in the predictable arrest of resorption, with a good long‐term prognosis for tooth survival. Bisphosphonates are used in the medical management of a range of bone disorders and topically applied bisphosphonate has been reported to inhibit root resorption in dogs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a bisphosphonate (etidronate disodium) as an intracanal medicament in the root canals of avulsed monkey teeth, placed before replantation after 1 h of extraoral dry storage. Incisors of six Macaca fascicularis monkeys were extracted and stored dry for 1 h. Teeth were then replanted after canal contamination with dental plaque (negative control) or after root canal debridement and placement of etidronate sealed in the canal space. A positive control of calcium hydroxide placed 8–9 days after replantation was also included. All monkeys were sacrificed 8 weeks later and block sections were prepared for histomorphometric assessment of root resorption and periodontal ligament status. Untreated teeth showed the greatest extent of root resorption (46% of the root surface), which was predominantly inflammatory in nature. Calcium hydroxide treated teeth showed the lowest overall level of resorption (<30% of the root surface), while the bisphosphonate‐treated group was intermediate (39%). Ankylosis, defined as the extent of the root surface demonstrating direct bony union to both intact and resorbed root surface, was the lowest in the untreated control group (15% of the root surface), intermediate in the calcium hydroxide group (27%) and the highest in the bisphosphonate group (41%). Bony attachment to the tooth root was divided approximately equally between attachment to intact cementum and to previously resorbed dentin. Overall, bisphosphonate resulted in a worse outcome than calcium hydroxide in terms of both root resorption and ankylosis.
Two dNTP triphosphohydrolases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess diverse substrate specificities
Authors: Mega Ryosuke , Kondo Naoyuki , Nakagawa Noriko , Kuramitsu Seiki , Masui Ryoji
Published: May 2009

Nucleotide hydrolases are known to hydrolyze not only noncanonical dNTPs to reduce the risk of mutation, but also canonical dNTPs to maintain the dNTP concentrations in the cell. dGTP triphosphohydrolase from Escherichia coli is known as an enzyme that hydrolyzes dGTP. Recently, we identified a triphosphohydrolase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 that hydrolyzes all canonical dNTPs through a complex activation mechanism. These dNTP triphosphohydrolases are widely distributed in eubacteria, but it is difficult to predict whether they possess hydrolytic activity for dGTP or dNTP. To obtain information concerning the structure–function relationships of this protein family, we characterized two dNTP triphosphohydrolases, PA1124 and PA3043, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular phylogenic analysis showed that dNTP triphosphohydrolases can be classified into three groups. Experimentally, PA1124 had a preference for dGTP, similar to the E. coli enzyme, whereas PA3043 displayed a broad substrate specificity. Both enzymes hydrolyzed substrates in the absence of additional dNTP as an activating effector. These kinetic data suggest that PA3043 is a novel type distinct from both the E. coli and T. thermophilus enzymes. On the basis of these results, we propose that the dNTP triphosphohydrolase family should be classified into at least three subfamilies.
Radio polarization measurements from RRAT J1819−1458
Authors: Karastergiou A. , Hotan A. W. , Van Straten W. , McLaughlin M. A. , Ord S. M.
Published: May 2009

We present the first polarization measurements of the radio emission from RRAT J1819−1458. Our observations, conducted in parallel to regular timing sessions, have yielded a small number of bright and polarized pulses. The polarization characteristics and integrated profile resemble those of normal pulsars with average spin-down energy : moderate to low linear polarization in the integrated profile despite relatively high polarization in the individual pulses. On average, a small degree of circular polarization is also observed. The polarization position angle (PA) executes a remarkably smooth, steep S-shaped curve, interrupted by two orthogonal jumps. Based on the shape of the PA swing, we place some constraints on the emission geometry. We compare these polarization properties to those of other radio-emitting neutron star populations, including young pulsars, pulsars with a high surface magnetic field and radio-emitting magnetars. From the polarization measurements, the Faraday rotation measure of this rotating radio transient is derived.
Physiological and Genetic Properties of Tomato Fruits from 2 Cultivars Differing in Chilling Tolerance at Cold Storage
Authors: Zhao D.Y. , Shen L. , Fan B. , Liu K.L. , Yu M.M. , Zheng Y. , Ding Y. , Sheng J.P.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  Postharvest tomato fruits are cold‐sensitive, and easy to develop chilling injury (CI) at cold storage. Information on physiological and genetic characteristics closely related to CI is necessary because it is significant to realize CI development regular and find sensitive indicators reflecting cultivar cold tolerance, which are the basics to prevent CI. In this study, we used 2 tomato cultivars (Lichun and Santiam) differing in cold tolerance to analyze ion leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in postharvest fruits chilled at cold storage. Expression of cold‐response gene LeCBF1, a key regulator in cold‐response, was also detected. Results showed that ion leakage, with a high correlation coefficient (0.9661) to CI index, exactly reflected injury development phase and degree; sharp increase of MDA and proline content appeared at and before the time of main development phase of CI (10 d); however, fluctuant CAT and POD activities could not sensitively reflect CI development, since their regular changes didn't appear until the main development phase ended. Thus, ion leakage, MDA, and proline content were effective indicators for CI analysis in postharvest tomato fruits. Although physiological analysis was effective in CI analysis, it was complex to be used in judging cold tolerance. Expression of LeCBF1 gene swiftly responded to low temperature within 1 h. In accordance with those physiological parameters, LeCBF1 expression level was positively correlated with cold tolerance and showed a high correlation to CI index (−0.9176). These suggested that LeCBF1 analysis could be effectively used in fast testing the cold tolerance of tomato.
A Comparison of Emotional Approach Coping (EAC) between Individuals with Anxiety Disorders and Nonanxious Controls
Authors: Marques Luana , Kaufman Rebecca E. , LeBeau Richard T. , Moshier Samantha J. , Otto Michael W. , Pollack Mark H. , Simon Naomi M.
Published: May 2009

Emotional regulation deficits are described as a core component of anxiety disorders (ADs), yet there remains a paucity of data examining this issue in patients diagnosed with ADs. We hypothesized that help‐seeking individuals with ADs would report lower levels of emotional approach coping (EAC), which includes emotional processing (EP) and emotional expression (EE), than nonanxious controls. Diagnostic interviews and a validated self‐report scale assessing emotional approaches to coping (emotional approach coping scale [EACS]) were administered to 101 nonanxious controls and 92 patients with a primary AD (29 generalized anxiety disorder, 40 social anxiety disorder, and 23 panic disorder). Patients with each AD demonstrated significantly lower EAC, including both EP and EE, than nonanxious controls. Lower EAC was also associated with higher anxiety sensitivity and higher anxiety symptom severity. Overall, gender did not moderate the anxiety–EAC effect, but the results suggested that women utilize EAC to a greater degree than men. Clinical techniques designed to improve emotional coping may be beneficial to individuals with ADs.
Plasma Histamine and Gastrin Concentrations in 17 Dogs With Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Fox Leslie E. , Rosenthal Robert C. , Twedt David C. , Dubielzig Richard R. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Grauer Gregory F.
Published: May 2009

Dogs with mast cell tumors (MCT) are often affected with paraneoplastic syndromes such as gastrointestinal ulceration. The mechanism of ulceration is believed to be related to hyperhistaminemia. To test this hypothesis, plasma histamine and gastrin concentrations were measured in 17 dogs with MCT. Plasma histamine concentrations in dogs with MCT were significantly higher than those in normal dogs. Conversely, plasma gastrin concentrations in dogs with MCT were significantly lower than gastrin concentrations in normal dogs. Additionally, plasma gastrin concentrations were inversely related to plasma histamine concentrations, which provided indirect evidence for the presence of hyperacidity secondary to hyperhistaminemia (r2= 57.7). Plasma histamine and plasma gastrin concentrations were not related to clinical stage of disease, tumor histologic grade, or tumor size. Median survival time was 245 days, with a range of 90 to 1315 days. Because the degree of hyperhistaminemia could not be predicted in this study from the clinical stage, histologic grade, or tumor size, these data suggest that hyperhistaminemia may occur in any dog with MCT.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Disease in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Kuehn Ned F.
Published: May 2009

Bronchoalveolar lavage is a diagnostic procedure used to obtain specimens representative of disease processes involving the deep lung. Saline is instilled into an airway in sufficient volumes to bathe the alveoli dependent on that airway. The saline is retrieved by suction along with cellular and acellular material lining the epithelial surfaces of the lung. Cytologic and microbiologic evaluation of the fluid can be used to characterize pulmonary diseases in the dog and cat.
Efficacy and Toxicity of Doxorubicin/Cyclophosphamide Maintenance Therapy in Dogs with Multicentric Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Price G. Sylvester , Page Rodney L. , Fischer Bernard M. , Levine Jay F. , Gerig Thomas M.
Published: May 2009

Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide were evaluated as maintenance drugs for dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma (n = 28). Median remission time of all dogs was 173 days. Remission duration was shorter, however, in dogs with stage IV/V disease, in dogs with pretreatment hypoalbuminemia, and in dogs that had received glucocorticoids before initiation of chemotherapy (P <0.04). Nineteen dogs were evaluable for toxicity. Dose‐limiting gastrointestinal toxicosis was observed in three dogs, neutropenia was observed in three dogs, and cardiomyopathy was observed in three dogs. The doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide protocol described in this report is safe and effective in treating canine multicentric lymphosarcoma. Clinical stage, pretreatment steroid therapy, and hypoalbuminemia are prognostic factors for response to this protocol
A Comparison of Simultaneously Collected Arterial, Mixed Venous, Jugular Venous and Cephalic Venous Blood Samples in the Assessment of Blood‐Gas and Acid‐Base Status in the Dog
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Rose R. J. , Martin I. C. A.
Published: May 2009

Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the pulmonary artery, jugular vein, cephalic vein, and carotid artery in awake dogs. Blood‐gas and acid‐base values were measured from these blood samples in normal dogs and in dogs after production of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. The values obtained from each of the venous sites were compared with those obtained from arterial blood to determine if venous blood from various sites accurately reflected acid‐base balance and could therefore be used in the clinical patient. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences between the blood from various venous sites and the arterial site for PCO2and pH in all acid‐base states. Significant differences for standard bicarbonate (SHCO3) were found only when jugular and cephalic venous blood were compared with arterial blood in dogs with a metabolic acidosis. No significant differences were found for BE when blood from the venous sites was compared with arterial blood. The values for pH, HCO3, TCO2, BE, and SHCO3measured on blood collected at the various venous sites were found to correlate well with those obtained from arterial blood, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for HCO3, TCO2, BE, and SHCO. These correlation coefficients, together with similar values in BE at all collection sites, indicate that, in the dog with normal circulatory status, blood from any venous site will accurately reflect the acid‐base status of the patient.
Factors Associated with Failure of Passive Transfer of Colostral Antibodies in Standardbred Foals
Authors: Clabough Debra L. , Levine Jay F. , Grant Ginny L. , Conboy H. Steve
Published: May 2009

The records of 361 Standardbred mares and their 1986 or 1987 foals were evaluated to identify factors associated with failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral antibodies in equine neonates. Sixty‐five foals (18%) were classified as FPT based on a serum immunoglobulin concentration of <400 mg/dl at 24 to 36 hours of age, determined by the glutaraldehyde coagulation test. The potential association of mare‐and foal‐related factors with FPT were assessed by reviewing a series of multiple logistic regression models. The season in which the mare foaled and foal exam score, a subjective assessment of foal vigor, maturity, and general health, were the primary factors associated with the development of FPT. Foals with FPT were more likely (odds ratio = 3.50; 95% confidence interval = 1.81–6.68) than normal foals to require medical therapy during the first 3 months after parturition.
Stenosis Hemodynamics: From Physical Principles to Clinical Indices
Authors: Brown Donald J. , Smith Francis W.K.
Published: May 2009

Clinical evaluation of patients with aortic stenosis entails hemodynamic determinations and interpretations that depend on complex blood flow patterns. Although pressure gradient and Doppler velocity are intrinsically adjusted for a wide range of species and body size, they are highly flow‐dependent indices that can vary among patients with physically identical stenosis areas and within individuals between determinations. Other indices, such as the Gorlin area, are adjusted for flow. All stenosis indices derived from hemodynamic measurements, however, must exhibit some degree of flow dependence because of fundamental aspects of fluid dynamics that affect the blood velocity profile. The Gorlin effective orifice area is an index that sacrifices adjustment for body size. This hinders comparisons over a range of patient species, breed, and size because it may be problematic to determine what effective orifice area is appropriate for a given individual. One potential solution is to compare the effective area of an individual's normal tract, if one exists, to the tract in question as a ratio, the effective orifice area ratio (EOAR). The EOAR can be estimated from the ratio of flow velocity integrals (FVIs) of the 2 outflow tracts. Clinical data and experience are lacking, but theoretical advantages of the index include intrinsic adjustment for both body size and flow rate. Aortic stenosis is a complex, multifactorial disease, and selection of an optimal hemodynamic severity index may not result in adequate prognostic criteria for segregation of patient risk and treatment groups.
Neonatal Cerebellar Ataxia in Coton de Tulear Dogs
Authors: Coates Joan R. , O'Brien Dennis P. , Kline Karen L. , Starts Ralph W. , Johnson Gayle C. , Shelton G. Diane , Patterson Edward E. , Abbott Louise C.
Published: May 2009

A neonatal ataxia syndrome was observed in Coton de Tulear dogs. Seven affected pups (32%; 7/22) of both genders came from 5 different litters with phenotypically normal parents. Neurologic examination revealed normal mental status, head titubation, intention tremors, and severe gait, stance, and ocular ataxia beginning at 2 weeks of age. One of the pups was able to walk with assistance, but most of the affected pups were unable to stand and used propulsive movements (“swimming”) for goal‐oriented activities. They frequently would fall to lateral recumbency with subsequent decerebellate posturing and paddling. Ocular motor abnormalities included fine vertical tremors at rest and saccadic dysmetria. The condition was nonprogressive at least until 4 months of age. No specific abnormalities were identified in routine laboratory screening of blood and urine. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was normal in 1 dog, and a mild increase in protein concentration was observed in a second dog. CSF organic and amino acid concentrations were within normal limits. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the brain, electromy‐ography, motor nerve conduction studies, and brain stem auditory‐evoked potentials were within normal limits. Postmortem examinations were performed on 5 affected dogs between 2 and 4 months of age. Routine light microscopic and immunocytochemical examination of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle did not disclose any gross or histologic lesions. Compared with the cerebellum from an age‐matched normal dog, the cerebellum from an affected dog showed synaptic abnormalities, including loss of presynaptic terminals and organelles associated with parallel fiber varicosities within the molecular layer and increased numbers of lamellar bodies in Purkinje cells. An autosomal recessive trait affecting development of the cerebellum is suspected.