bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking metal-organic cages pairwise as a design approach for assembling multivariate crystalline materials
Authors: Markwell-Heys Adrian , Roemelt Michael , Slattery Ashley , Linder-Patton Oliver , Bloch Witold
Published: November 2021

Using metal-organic cages (MOCs) as preformed supermolecular building-blocks (SBBs) is a powerful strategy to design functional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with control over the pore architecture and connectivity. However, introducing chemical complexity into the network via this route is limited as most methodologies focus on only one type of MOC as the building-block. Herein we present the pairwise linking of MOCs as a design approach to introduce defined chemical complexity into porous materials. Our methodology exploits preferential Rh-aniline coordination and stoichiometric control to rationally link Cu4L4 and Rh4L4 MOCs into chemically complex, yet extremely well-defined crystalline solids. This strategy is expected to open up significant new possibilities to design bespoke multi-functional materials with atomistic control over the location and ordering of chemical functionalities.
Apuntes sobre el contenido patrimonial de la obligación
Authors: Forno-Flores Hugo
Published: November 2021

No presenta resumen
Aspectos legales del terrorismo
Authors: Bramont-Arias Luis
Published: November 2021

No presenta resumen
ISOLATION OF HUMIC ACIDS FROM THE TOP PEAT OF THE PRIMORSKY DISTRICT OF THE ARKHANGELSK REGION
Authors: Корельская Татьяна Александровна , Майер Людмила Владимировна , Журавлева Екатерина Александровна , Айвазова Елена Анатольевна , Белесов Артем Вадимович , Онохина Наталья Александровна , Зубова Наталья Александровна
Published: November 2021

В работе предложена модифицированная методика выделения гуминовых кислот из верхового торфа Приморского района Архангельской области. Методика обеспечивает высокий выход гуминовых кислот при оптимальном расходе экстрагирующего реагента. В выделенных препаратах гуминового комплекса определен ряд физико-химических характеристик: влажность, зольность, элементный состав, функциональный состав. Показана эффективность применения модифицированной методики для извлечения ГК из верхового торфа с увеличенным практическим выходом.

In this paper, we propose a modified method for the isolation of humic acids from the upper peat of the Primorsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. The method provides a high yield of humic acids with an optimal consumption of the extracting reagent. In the isolated preparations of the humic complex, a number of physical and chemical characteristics were determined: humidity, ash content, elemental composition, and functional composition. The efficiency of using the modified technique for HA extraction from top peat with increased practical yield is shown.
SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY (4S, 5S) -2- (1'-BROM-2'-PHENYLVINYL) -3,4-DIMETHYL-5-PHENYL-1,3-OXAZOLIDINE
Authors: Ибраев Марат Киримбаевич , Нуркенов Оралгазы Актаевич , Такибаева Алтынарай Темирбековна , Сейлханов Тулеген Муратович , Рахимберлинова Жанара Балтабаевна , Исабаева Меруерт Бердешевна
Published: November 2021

На основе соединения [S-(R*,R*)]-α-[1-(Метиламино)этил]бензолметанола и α-бромциннамальдегида синтезирован соответствующий 1,3-оксазолидин, строение которого доказано методом ЯМРН спектроскопии, а также изучено влияние его на процесс электровосстановления кислорода (ЭВ О) в различных концентрациях. В качестве метода оценки применена катодная вольтамперометрия на ртутно-пленочном электроде, отражающая количество активных форм кислорода нейтрализованных антиоксидантом за определенное время. Показано, что водный раствор (4S,5S)-2-(1’-бром-2’-фенилвинил)-3,4-диметил-5-фенил-1,3-оксазолидин проявляет антиоксидантную активность в широком диапазоне концентраций.

Based on the compound [S- (R*,R*)]-α-[1-(Methylamino)ethyl]benzenemethanol and α-bromocinnamaldehyde, the corresponding 1,3-oxazolidine was synthesized, the structure of which was proved by H NMR spectroscopy, and its effect on the process of electroreduction of oxygen (ER O) in various concentrations. Cathodic voltammetry on a mercury-film electrode, reflecting the amount of reactive oxygen species neutralized by an antioxidant for a certain time, was used as an assessment method. It was shown that an aqueous solution of (4S, 5S)-2-(1'-bromo-2'-phenylvinyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine exhibits antioxidant activity in a wide range of concentrations.
Elevation in sphingolipid upon SARS-CoV-2 infection: possible implications for COVID-19 pathology
Authors: Vitner Einat B , Avraham Roy , Politi Boaz , Melamed Sharon , Israely Tomer
Published: November 2021

Understanding pathways that might impact coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations and disease outcomes is necessary for better disease management and for therapeutic development. Here, we analyzed alterations in sphingolipid (SL) levels upon infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection induced elevation of SL levels in both cells and sera of infected mice. A significant increase in glycosphingolipid levels was induced early post SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was essential for viral replication. This elevation could be reversed by treatment with glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors. Levels of sphinganine, sphingosine, GA1, and GM3 were significantly increased in both cells and the murine model upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential involvement of SLs in COVID-19 pathology is discussed.
State Recognition of Customary Law in the South Pacific
Authors:   , McLachlan Campbell
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the recognition by the state of the customary law of indigenous peoples by reference to a comparative study of Commonwealth South Pacific Jurisdictions. It aims both to Illuminate the process of recognition as a contribution to the comparative theory of legal pluralism and to describe distinctive elements of the experience with recognition In the Pacific.

The Pacific case shares many of the features of the Introduction of Western law into non-Western societies generally, but the absence of complex plural legal systems during the colonial period and the contemporary vitality of traditionalism have required a reworking of the policy basis and techniques for recognition.

This task is approached from four propositions. 'The persistent fact of pluralism' envisages recognition as informed by an acknowledgement that legal pluralism exists and persists as a factual phenomenon, regardless of the extent of accommodation afforded to custom in the state legal system. The nature of this phenomenon and the options open to the state are explored in Chapter 'Legal pluralism and legal theory'. 'A legacy of colonial misconceptions' argues that the dominant paradigm for recognition is colonial and therefore requires critical re-examination. Chapter 11 'The colonial experience and the idea of customary law' discusses the status de jure of customary law in the Pacific during the colonial period and evaluates the impact of colonialism on custom and approaches to its recognition.

Independence and the reassertion of the indigenous identity of Pacific peoples has created a fresh impetus for recognition. 'The implications of a reassertion of autochthonous values' are explored in three chapters on contemporary reforms: Chapter III, 'custom as a source of underlying law' on the general incorporation of custom; Chapter V, 'Disputes: custom as process' on local-level 'customary courts'; and Chapter VI on 'Land: custom as title'.

Finally, the fourth proposition, 'justice and group identity', sees recognition as justified by the requirements of justice in relation to Indigenous groups within the nation state. Chapter IV, 'Human rights and cultural relativism', evaluates the scope for group Identity within a framework of non-discrimination and the protection of individuals' human rights.

The thesis concludes by contrasting the changing ideological role of custom with the realities of recognition and by contrasting recognition by the incorporation of custom into state law with recognition by the adjustment of state law to acknowledge the separate sphere of custom.
Pumped Hydroelectricity and Utility-Scale Batteries for Reserve Electricity Generation in New Zealand
Authors:   , Kear Gareth
Published: November 2021

Non-pumped hydroelectricity-based energy storage in New Zealand has only limited potential to expand to meet projected growth in electricity demand. Seasonal variations of hydro inflows have also led to several 'dry-year' events over the last decade and dedicated fast-start 'peaker' capacity may also be required to support wind power as it approaches a 20% generation share. In this research, the New Zealand electricity industry has been surveyed in regard to the feasibility of reducing CO2-e emissions through the introduction of pumped hydroelectricity and utility-scale batteries by 2025. A desk-based review of the economic costs of these technologies has also been performed and their drivers and barriers critically assessed. Most respondents to the survey projected that peak power demand will continue to increase and this will result in new-build centralised (~150 MW) thermal reserve power sources. In New Zealand, the costs of pumped hydro and batteries are seen to be prohibitive to their introduction, even though they are almost universally assumed to be technically capable of providing renewables support and peak power adequacy. The perception of the poor economic viability of pumped hydro may, in part, be due to the relatively high capital cost estimate associated with the Manorburn-Onslow proposal (~NZ$3 billion). This research has shown, however, that smaller, 'more-internationally-representative' pumped hydro schemes, if available in NZ with low associated environmental impact, are cost-competitive with thermal peakers, especially diesel peakers. Conversely, utility-scale batteries have very high storage costs per kWh and are most likely to be used only for very high value applications where there is a strong technical advantage, such as the six-second fast instantaneous reserve.
What’s my Role? Role Perception Issues within a Business Process Outsourcing Software Company.
Authors:   , Appleton Gabrielle
Published: November 2021

Business process outsourcing of IT solutions is a common and well embedded practice in many businesses. There has been much research into the aspects of the relationships between businesses and their BPO IT partners that make these relationships successful. Very little research has, however, been undertaken at the lower level of relationships between the specialist professional groups within the BPO IT firms, and how these relationships are affected by the roles each group plays. This paper explores these ideas using qualitative research methods within a current BPO IT firm to expose the key issues. Analysis of these themes is provided, and a model of roles and relationships for the professional groups that operate within such firms is proposed that combines the key attributes of the roles, the key relationships involved and the role each group plays within those relationships. Finally, recommendations are made as to the improvement of current practices to align behaviours with the proposed model.
Empirical Determination of Sieve Size Statistics from Grain Measurement
Authors:   , Adams John Edward
Published: November 2021

Relationships between sieve grain size and thin section grain size have been determined empirically from the study of 72 artificially created sendstone samples. Modern sands were sieved into size fractions, which were recombined in a log normal distribution to give samples with a range of means and standard deviations, but with similar individual grain properties. Sample splits of these were impregnated with resin, and the size distribution of grain long axes selected by point counter in thin section was compared with that found by sieving the remaining sample. This method attempts to minimise the effects of factors that influence apparent size in thin section. The results have been compared with those of (1958, 1962) who studied the same size relationships in 38 natural sandstones, e.g. This work: Sieve size from Folk = 1.078(thin section mean) + 0.200 phi graphical mean 1/3(Ø16+Ø50+Ø84) Friedman (1958): Sieve size mean from = 0.903(thin section mean) + 0.381 phi combined quartile measures Ø25, Ø50,Ø75 The regression coefficients differ from those of Friedman, probably because of the range of mean sizes investigated in the present work was twice as large (5.7 phi units vs. 2.6 phi units). The correlation coefficient relating sieve to thin section analysis decreases progressively, as Friedman found, from mean (0.992) to standard deviation (0.958), skewness (O.536), and kurtosis (0.249). The correlation for skewness and kurtosis is not significant. The size range was extended to -3.5 phi by the study of the mean size of selected gravel samples measured in sawn slabs. The resulting regression line has a slope of one and an intercept of 0.4 phi and is close to that found for the sands. Grain size in grain mount is also closely related to sieve and thin section size, and a preliminary study of pebble size measured from photographs suggests that this may also be converted to an equivalent sieve size. On qualitative grounds the relationships between the various mean size statistics should involve the simple addition of a constant phi value. However the slopes of the regression equations found in the present work differ slightly from a slope of one. This difference is shown to represent a progressive shape change with size. For a constant b/a ratio of 0.73 or 0.70 conversion of thin section mean size (in phi units) to an equivalent sieve value should therefore be made by the simple addition of a 0.33 or 0.40 phi constant respectively.
Giving and Receiving: A Case Study of the Stowaways Exhibit in Blood, Earth Fire - Whāngai, Whenua Ahi Kā at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Authors:   , Allan Lynne Carmichael
Published: November 2021

The role that the physical environment of an exhibition plays in the visitor's experience of a museum is a topic that, though increasingly acknowledged in museum studies, has not yet received detailed attention from researchers. The interaction of exhibitor and visitor, in and through exhibitions, can be situated in the wider context of the recent paradigm shirt within museum practice, towards communication with the public and developments in museum theory, which consider the qualitative aspects of the visitor experience as an active dialogue, conversation or a process of meaning-making. This dissertation examines the interactive exhibit Stowaways in the permanent exhibition, Blood, Earth, Fire - Whāngai, Whenua, Ahi Kā, at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. It considers the question 'How does the physical environment affect the meanings that the visitor makes in and after visiting the exhibition?' The study builds on existing New Zealand research, which questioned the gap between exhibition creation and visitor reception. A theoretical framework was constructed from relevant strands of the literature of museum studies, visitor studies and exhibition design. A qualitative approach was employed, in order to examine in detail both the exhibition development process and then how the visitor responded to the exhibition. Several methods were used to conduct the research, such as archival research and interviews with both the museum staff and seven visitors, who came with their families to the exhibit. The findings provide interesting evidence of the complex and deep affect that the built exhibition space can have on the visitor, not just at the time of the visit but long afterwards. This was an affect that rippled out from the individual to their family group and everyday life. This dissertation makes a small but significant contribution to museum studies in New Zealand, through an integrated examination of the production and reception of a museum exhibit, from the perspective of both the visitor and the museum. One of the main conclusions was to re-iterate the important role of exhibition evaluation in facilitating a more complete communication between museum and visitor, by allowing museum professionals to build on the experience of the development process in a way that can inform future practice.
"It Isn't All about You": The Management of ICT and Non-ICT Information Resources via Human Information Behaviour
Authors:   , Atkinson Paul Daniel
Published: November 2021

"Applications that gather dust... Technologies no one understands... Information that's ignored... [thus, there is still very much a need to] pay attention to Information behaviour" (Davenport, 1997, p.2). Human Information Behaviour is as important a concept today as it has ever been, as there are still millions of dollars going into improving information technology. While information seeking behaviour has been rigorously studied over the years, information use has not received the same attention. Neither has the IT artefact or choice of such technologies at the hands of users of information. This research paper aims to produce a taxonomy of the information use behaviours and ICT and non-ICT resource use of IT academics through a qualitative study involving both observation (incorporating thinking aloud) and structured face-to-face interview techniques. The research question asks "How do IT Academics manage the integration between various Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and non-ICT sources to support their information behaviours (IB) and, therefore, achieve their desired outcome? We observed and interviewed six IT academics carrying out their normal working activities, looking into actual information events as they occurred, information outcomes, information behaviours, and the technologies used by academics in their daily interactions with information. We developed a systems model, informed by activity theory, to frame the discussion. What was uncovered by the study was a tendency for academics to converge on a single technology - that of the laptop. This together with email was what academics tended to prefer to use, both at the office and in their homes; a surprising find as it was assumed that there would be a plethora of different ICTs in use. We found that technologies contributed to a blurring of the work/life equilibrium for many academics. Academics did exhibit a wide range of behaviours in their laptop and email use. Many of them were relatively unproductive, and involved moving information from one place, or one form to another, and finally ending in deletion rather than active use. Many of our interviewees reflected a need to use their time wisely through time management, and the impact of email on time management. These results also yielded the justification of Activity Theory which was used in the study, and of the systems framework which was constructed for the study. The study also confirmed the importance of environmental influences on academic's working lives, which tended to create a somewhat cyclic nature to their information events. Overall, it was not clear that patterns of use of ICTs contributed to effective information use behaviour by IT academics.
Electricity Market reforms in New Zealand and Germany: A Comparative Study of the History, Development and Future of These Both Countries' Markets with a Special Focus on the Approach to Renewable energy
Authors:   , Holder Florian
Published: November 2021

This dissertation will show why Germany is overall on a better way to deliver secure and sustainable electricity to its population at the moment. Though, New Zealand had the better starting point, it missed important steps in the development. However, “of the industrial countries, Germany is leading with regard to new renewable energy sources, occupying one of the first ranks in terms of wind energy capacity and photovoltaics”. Its legislation on this area with the core the Renewable Sources Act is a role model for many countries. And Germany’s Integrated Energy and Climate Programme seems promising that Germany will continue to have innovative and exemplary measures on the renewable energy sector. However, the history and development of New Zealand’s electricity market has shown that its government can correct wrong decisions and react fast and forcefully. The New Zealand Energy Strategy and the New Zealand Efficiency and Conservation Strategy have been first steps in the right direction. An important sign for New Zealand’s electricity industry would be the National Policy Statement for Renewable Electricity Generation.
Critical Success Factors for Research Collaborations between Firms and Research Institutes in New Zealand
Authors:   , Celeski Stefan
Published: November 2021

Ongoing discussions and changes in the New Zealand innovation system have underlined the need to improve the level of co-operation between firms and the Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) in New Zealand. This study contributes to this discussion by assessing the critical success factors for research co-operations between firms and CRIs. Alongside the practical value of this study, it also contributes to the development of relationship marketing theory, where empirical insights into research co-operations between firms and research institutes is lacking. Specifically, a case study methodology was utilised to test a conceptual model developed from existing literature in the context of research cooperations between universities and firms. To do so, similarities and contrasts between two successful research co-operations and two less successful research co-operations were examined in the light of 12 previously developed propositions. Findings from this study highlight the strong similarity of success factors for research cooperations between firms and universities with those of firms and research institutes. However, additional themes emerged from this study, notably the concepts of group diversity and the multidimensionality of trust. The emergence of these additional themes might be explained by the unique characteristics of the New Zealand innovation system (remoteness and small size of firms), and the study methodology, which enabled additional insights. Overall, this study contributes empirical data and conclusions from a new context to relationship marketing literature. From a managerial point of view, this study highlights the importance of a good balance between trust and distrust, a strong bond between the boundary spanning managers, and satisfactory communication as major determinants of successful research co-operation between firms and CRIs.
Marine Reserves as Conservation and Management Tools: Implications for Coastal Resource Use
Authors:   , Eddy Tyler D.
Published: November 2021

Exploited marine ecosystems are a common feature of the modern world and area closures (marine reserves; MRs) have been suggested from both conservation and fishery management perspectives as a technique to rebuild over-fished populations. MRs provide an interesting experimental treatment where humans are excluded from resource harvesting. In the absence of exploitation, marine species have been observed to return to levels of abundance similar to historic accounts of virgin biomass (biomass under an exploitation level of 0). This thesis investigates the impact and potential of MRs in both New Zealand and Chile for achieving conservation and fishery management goals through the use of underwater observation, historic information, fishers’ ecological knowledge (FEK), bioeconomic fishery modeling and ecosystem modeling ... Overall, this thesis has investigated the effects of human coastal resource use in New Zealand and Chile from social, economic and ecological perspectives through the use of different techniques by synthesising both quantitative and qualitative information sources. MRs are a valuable tool from conservation, management and scientific perspectives as they can rebuild overexploited stocks and return the ecosystem to a more historic state. MRs also provide an understanding of the interaction between coastal resource use and ecosystem-wide changes, which is a crucial element for ecosystem-based management. This thesis has illustrated the importance of comparing present stock biomasses to historic baselines to understand the impacts of exploitation of coastal resources on marine ecosystems.
Effects of Intensive Interaction on the Social and Communication Behaviour of Three Students with Profound/Multiple Disabilities
Authors:   , Drysdale Heather
Published: November 2021

Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention, known as Intensive Interaction (II), on the social and communicative behaviour of three students with profound/multiple learning disabilities (PMLD). Methods: Three secondary school-aged students with PMLD were observed, and their level of social and communicative engagement rated, during an initial baseline and subsequent intervention phase. The intervention was introduced across participants in a multiple-baseline across subjects design. Results: Social and communicative engagement increased during intervention relative to baseline for each of the three students. Conclusion: II appeared to be effective in increasing social and communicative engagement of the participants and may therefore be viewed as a potentially promising approach for other students with PMLD.
Translating Buzzati: Domesticating and Foreignising Strategies
Authors:   , Duncan Niall Harland
Published: November 2021

Methodologies within Modern Translation Studies are often broadly defined by two seemingly polarised ideologies: foreignisation and domestication. Current theory tends to favour foreignising translations which has led to a marginalisation of domestication as a viable and valid approach. This thesis is an examination of domestication as a still-legitimate approach in the field of translation. The project consists of original translations of four short stories by noted Italian author Dino Buzzati, which together with commentaries provide a practical platform on which to analyse the characteristics and advantages of the approach. Additionally, building on these examples is a more general discussion of these two approaches, an examination of their respective strengths and weaknesses and an evaluation of domestication as a methodology that can still offer advantages in effective translation.
Investigations of Azulene Derivatives as Self-Indicating Chromophores for Applications in Protecting Group Strategies and Solid-Phase Purification
Authors:   , Bevan Thomas
Published: November 2021

Azulene is a hydrocarbon that exhibits an intense blue colour. Derivatives of azulene exhibit different colours depending on the position and electronic properties of the substituents. The chemical and chromophoric properties of azulene and guaiazulene derivatives are investigated for the potential use in applications such as chromophoric protecting groups and self-indicating scavenger resins. Investigations were carried out on the scope of known reactions on the 3- position of guaiazulene for this purpose...
"If you can, kill and, if you cannot, die!": the development of the concept of martyrdom in Islam
Authors:   , Boyer Charlotte
Published: November 2021

This study will provide a framework for understanding the concept of martyrdom in Islam and the development of the 'suicide bomber' as a form of martyrdom. I will argue that 'suicide bombing' as a form of martyrdom is not a simple development of traditional jurisprudential concepts of martyrdom or jihad, for either the Shi'a or the Sunni tradition. Its introduction as a form of martyrdom is due to the reinterpretation of Shi'a revivalist martyrdom ideologies into Sunni revivalist jihad ideologies. It is 'suicide bombings" martyrological origin within a Shi'a concept of'political martyrdom' that is responsible for the transformative nature of'suicide bombing' use as a tactic.
Being accountable to Aceh: gender-related lessons learned by New Zealand NGOs from the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004
Authors:   , Edgecombe Anita
Published: November 2021

The Indian Ocean Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 prompted a level of international disaster response that was unprecedented. In Aceh, Indonesia, the worst hit region, thousands of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), including some New Zealand based NGOs, arrived in the area to carry out relief and reconstruction work. A common criticism of the international response is that it has resulted in the marginalisation of Acehnese women. The criticism comes despite at least fifteen years of gender mainstreaming into the policies and practices of development organisations and the widespread acceptance that attention to gender issues is essential for sustainable and equitable development. It also comes at a time when there is ever-increasing demand for NGO accountability to donors and beneficiaries and a recognition that NGOs should continuously be learning to improve future practice and ensure they are meeting their stated goals. Post-tsunami Aceh posed a number of context-specific challenges to the implementation of gender policies, including the enormous extent of the devastation, the history of violent conflict and the rule of Sharia law. This research investigates the particular challenges and experiences workers of NZ-based NGOs faced in implementing their gender policies in the aftermath of the tsunami in Aceh, and how those NGOs responded to the challenges and experiences to ensure lessons have been learned. It also investigates whether any obstacles to learning lessons exist within those organisations. Qualitative research is used including gathering primary data from semi-structured interviews with individuals from five NZ NGOs that worked in Aceh and with representatives of NGOs willing to comment on their organisational responses. Additional comments on the issues are also obtained from two NZAID (New Zealand Agency for International Development) staff. The findings show that while participants faced numerous gender-related challenges in their work in Aceh, approximately three years after the tsunami none were able to point to any specific gender-related lessons learned. The findings also reveal that participating NGOs tend to draw learning from their international affiliates and from the NZ NGO community rather than having structured learning systems within their own organisations. A number of barriers to learning within organisations are also identified. These results, while not necessarily representative of the wider NZ NGO community, reveal the difficulties of trying to implement gender policies in a particular emergency context and contribute to an understanding of how NZ NGOs are involved in a process of continuous learning to incorporate their own experiences to ensure lessons are learned and improve their accountability.
Radiochemical Studies of Hydrogen Exchange in Organic Compounds
Authors:   , Johnson Colin Truscott
Published: November 2021

A property of a new or unknown organic compound which must be determined once the empirical formula and molecular weight are known, is the number of active or replaceable hydrogen atoms which the compound contains. These include hydrogen atoms present in amine, hydroxyl, carboxyl and other groups, where the hydrogen is not bound to a carbon atom but to an oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom or is in a position where it can ionize. The most general method by which this may be done quantitatively, is the one originally due to Zerewitinoff Zerewitinoff - Berichte 40 2023 (1907) 41 2233 (1908) 42 4802 (1909) 43 3590 (1910) 47 1659 (1914) 47 2417 (1914) and since developed on a micro scale by Roth A. Soltys Mikrochemie 20 107 (1936), Flaschentrager A. Roth Mikrochemie 11 140 (1932), whose method incorporates work by Tschugaeff - Flaschentrager z. Physiol Chem. 146 219 (1923) and the other two authors, and Soltys L. Tschugaeff Berichte 35 3912 (1902), and incorporates many of the latest improvements. This involves the quantatatively evolution of methane from reaction of the Grignard reagent MeMgI on groups such as -SH, -OH, -NH2, -COOH etc., i.e. those groups containing active or replaceable hydrogen atoms. Analysis by this method requires extreme care in technique and exact attention to experimental details. High results are obtained if the solvent or any part of the apparatus contains moisture and the whole determination must be carried out in an atmosphere of nitrogen to avoid reaction of the Grignard reagent with any oxygen present. Low results are obtained if the test solution does not dissolve completely in the chosen solvent and it is essential to carry out a blank prior to each analysis. The proceedure is labourious and painstaking and gives an accuracy of not greater than 5% using 3-5 mgm of organic compound. It also has the disadvantage that the Grignard Reagent will also react with other groups, such as carbonyl, aldehyde, nitrile etc., which may be present. This method cannot be applied to highly water soluble compounds which do not dissolve in ethers or other organic solvents and as the molecular size or complexity of the sample increases, the accuracy of the gasometric reactions becomes less, due to side reactions and incomplete reaction.
Liability of Referees: An Analysis of Tort Liability for Wrong Referee Decisions
Authors:   , Koch Stefanie
Published: November 2021

In an increasing professional sports world, the referees in key tournaments and games have huge responsibility. Their decisions can impact not only on the game but on all the commercial interests involved in that game. This raises the issue of the liability of referees according to tort law. The main problems of liability of referees are the circumstances they work in. They have often only a split-second to make important decisions in the course of a game. The responsibility of a referee is so high that they can determine if a team wins or loses. These decisions can impact on the outcome of a game and consequently affect the financial situation of the clubs, sponsors and sportspeople. If a team is eliminated from a tournament they lose a huge amount of money. There are two legal aspects to consider. One is intention, where a referee might get involved in deliberate match-fixing, and another is negligence. Are match officials liable for their malpractice? Often a referee is not liable for lost chances because there is no causality that the team lost the game only because of a wrong referee decisions. For want of evidence the referee is in most cases not liable. However, is this right? The main thesis of this paper is that there is a liability of referees who act with intention. Referees who influence results negligently should be covered by immunity. However, sports governing body as guardians of the rules of the game should have some liability. They have a usual duty to ensure that a referee is able to manage the game and have it under control. Sports governing bodies may have vicarious liability for referee decisions as they use referees to fulfil their obligations of organising and running tournaments. The business approach of modern professional sport has added to the duties of sports governing bodies. Hence sports governing bodies have an added responsibility to ensure that all resources to support the referee and the rules - such as technical or assistant support - are utilized. These special duties need to be followed and can make sports governing bodies liable.
Loosening the Marriage Bond: Divorce in New Zealand, c.1890s - c.1950s
Authors:   , Brown Hayley Marina
Published: November 2021

Based on a detailed examination of 2,195 divorce case files generated by applications to the Wellington Supreme Court, the study explores the changing frequency and character of the divorcing population in New Zealand between 1898, when the grounds for divorce were extended under the Divorce Act, until c.1959. The end point is set by access limits to divorce case files, the beginning of Marriage Guidance, and the establishment of a 'normal' pattern of divorce following the postwar spike. The study examines how and why New Zealanders divorced in increasing numbers over the period. In particular, it looks at the increase in divorce during and after the two world wars. The rate peaked in the immediate postwar years and remaining at levels about those pre-1914 and pre-1939.The study also looks at how war contributed to an underlying and on going change in attitudes towards marriage and divorce, not solely attributable to the immediate crisis of enlistment. The study explores the social and cultural factors influencing the decision to divorce including gender, class, religion, and the desire for, or presence of, children. Among other factors, it inquires into the reason why those who divorced in New Zealand were primarily working class, in contrast to their English counterparts, reflecting different class-based perceptions of morality and respectability. It will explore the growing emphasis on sexual pleasure and on women's attainment of social and sexual rights as contributing to the increase in divorce. The public nature of divorce proceedings through this period, with cases being heard in open court and few limits on newspaper reporting, operated as a means of social control and public surveillance. The discussion focuses on how the courts contributed to the construction of definitions of normative behaviour of husbands and wives, judged individuals' abilities to be suitable mothers and fathers and awarded custody of children. The court also adjudicated issues of acceptable and illicit sexual behaviour with gender expectations as part of the considerations. Although those who flouted expected marital norms could risk ostracism or public condemnation, the thesis also shows that this power diminished as divorce became more common. The thesis concludes with an examination of marriage guidance as a public recognition both of the potential for divorce and of the belief that marriages took effort to maintain and that advice and guidance support could help 'unstable' marriages regain stability. In the post-World War II period there was also an acknowledgement that some marriages could not be 'saved' with divorce being the only alternative. Regardless, of such interventions, the changes in attitudes about divorce, made divorce an increasingly acceptable solution to unhappy marriages. Divorce, as this thesis will argue, did not 'break' the marriage bonds but rather, loosened them.
An Application of Information Quality Theories to an Historical Example: The Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand and it's Joint Venture with William Holyman & Sons and Huddart Parker Limited, 1904 to 1935
Authors:   , Lepper Larry
Published: November 2021

Scholars concerned with an information-based view of an economy make an implicit assumption that firm efficiencies are based on information of good quality. To date there has been little attempt to develop theories of information that explain the importance of qualitative factors. In this firm-specific study an explanation of the importance of information quality is given by utilising and extending Casson's diagrammatic methodology for representing information flows. This has been done by measuring aspects of the information flows through Wm. Holyman & Sons Ltd and Holymans Ltd, in the period 1904 to 1935. Wm. Holyman & Sons Ltd and Holymans Ltd were both Tasmanian-based joint venture companies. The joint venture partners were the shipping firms of Union Steamship Company of New Zealand (USSCo.), Wm. Holyman & Sons Ltd (Holyman's), and Huddart Parker Company Ltd (HP). The two joint venture companies were registered in 1904. In 1924 they were rationalised into one joint venture company, Wm. Holyman & Sons Ltd, which continued trading successfully until 1975. The years 1904, 1919,1920,1924, and 1935 have been chosen for detailed examination. This has been undertaken by applying a Content Analysis methodology to the Head Office records of USSCo., which have survived from these periods. The results have provided a way of extending Casson's diagrammatic methodology and in so doing, added to Casson's own contribution to the theory of the firm. The evidence from the archives suggests that a high quality of information underpinned the joint venture and ensured success for a seventy-year period. Furthermore, the research findings support the thesis that information of high quality contributes in a significant way to firm efficiencies. Finally, the results from this research essay will assist future researchers in finding concrete evidence of information quality in similar research case studies.
Proposed Wellington South Coast Marine Reserve (Taputeranga Marine Reserve): Towards Increasing Community Support
Authors:   , Manirakiza Alexis
Published: November 2021

The aim of this research is to develop a set of community focussed guidelines for the establishment of marine reserves in Wellington, based on an in-depth understanding of the perceived impacts of the proposed Taputeranga Marine Reserve on the community. The proposed guidelines form the basis of recommendations that include key factors to help increase community support for future proposals in the Wellington area. Like many public submission processes, community objections to the proposed marine reserve were intense. These objections were classified and analysed using interpretative methods. A stakeholder analysis model developed by the World Bank was applied. The objections to the proposed Marine Reserve were interpreted from a community development perspective, within the framework of the Marine Reserve Act 1971. The analysis of the concerns raised by the community reflected the following issues: - a lack of understanding of the content of the Marine Reserve Act - inadequate consultation with various stakeholder groups - community's well-being affected by the proposed marine reserve - low credibility of the applicant. Many conservation projects are complex and it is normal and healthy to expect some degree of community opposition. In order to achieve greater community support for marine reserve proposals, communities and applicants need to seek collaborative approaches that accommodate multiple interests. The issues raised by the stakeholders of Taputeranga Marine Reserve highlighted the need for future marine reserve applicants in Wellington (and possibly other urban areas) to: - take greater care in the identification of stakeholders - provide more complete information to the community - allow community input into the project proposal
Sighting, Citing and Siting Te Whaariki: Exploring the Use of Video Feedback as a Tool for Critical Pedagogy
Authors:   , Haggerty Margaret Ann
Published: November 2021

The official draft of the first national curriculum guidelines for early childhood services in Aotearoa/New Zealand : Te Whaariki: Draft Guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Programmes in Early Childhood Services: He Whaariki Matauranga mo nga Mokopuna o Aotearoa, was released at the end of October 1993. This document was the culmination of a curriculum development project that commenced in 1990, when the Ministry of Education sought contract proposals for the development of the first ever national early childhood curriculum guidelines. In 1995 the Ministry of Education trialled nine different curriculum professional support projects, aimed at assisting early childhood centres to use the newly developed draft guidelines. This study reports on one of the curriculum professional support projects, which the Ministry of Education commissioned from Wellington College of Education. The project which this study is based on, was grounded in an action research approach to professional support. Its core focus was the use of video feedback as a tool for critical pedagogy. It involved five case study centres: a playcentre, a kindergarten, a Montessori centre, an owner-operator childcare centre and an employee childcare facility. The project comprised a minimum of twenty one 'face to face' hours per centre, made up of eight sessions, spread over an nine month period. Video observations of each centre's curriculum 'in action', which constituted two of the sessions, were examined by the practitioners of the centre concerned, and considered in relation to Te Whaariki. Data involved interviews, journals and observations, including video. The study found that using video as feedback for the purposes of curriculum and professional development, within the context of action research, was an essentially useful, albeit complex, and quite highly contextualised undertaking. Many participants did use video feedback to help them engage with Te Whaahki, although in a number of cases the complexity of the curriculum model proved problematic. Participants used the video feedback in a range of ways to resource the development of curriculum within their centres. For a number of participants video feedback was instrumental in them taking a more reflective and critical stance toward their worplace practices. Key themes to emerge included the potential affective impact of using video feedback in examining one's own workplace practices, and the importance and complexities of the dynamics of power, both within the workplace and within the research project itself. Finally, the study raised a number of ethical issues related to the use of video in professional and curriculum development.
The Quest for Legitimacy: A Comparative Constitutional Study of the Origin and Role of Direct Democracy in Switzerland, California, and New Zealand
Authors:   , Gobbi Mark W.
Published: November 2021

This thesis is a comparative constitutional study of the origin and role of direct democracy in Switzerland, California, and New Zealand. It reveals that the direct democracy systems in these jurisdictions came into being as a consequence of sustained periods of economic turmoil which coincided with widespread disillusionment with the performance of elected representatives. Constitutional reformers in these jurisdictions embraced direct democracy as a means of improving, not displacing, representative democracy. Their aim was to restore the legitimacy of their constitutional systems. The study also demonstrates that the majoritarian potential of the direct democracy devices in Switzerland, California, and New Zealand is limited. It is limited to the extent that is consistent with the constitutional principles underlying representative democracy in these jurisdictions, particularly those designed to protect minority rights. This reconciles the competing philosophical traditions on which most of the arguments for and against direct democracy are based. Provided minority rights are protected sufficiently, Jeffersonian-inspired advocates of direct democracy should not offend adherents of representative democracy, whether Burkeian or Madisonian in its conception. This thesis concludes that the direct democracy systems in Switzerland, California, and New Zealand are not the same, nor could be, given the unique forces that contributed to the formation and practice of constitutional law in these jurisdictions. They are different primarily because direct and representative democracy coalesced differently in Switzerland, California, and New Zealand due to variations in the constitutional principles underlying representative democracy in these jurisdictions. These principles vary because constitutional law in each jurisdiction is a unique and intricate confluence of law, politics, history, economics, and cultural expectations. This study also fills a void in the literature on direct democracy, primarily by documenting the origin of New Zealand's direct democracy system, analysing its possible role, and comparing it to the origin and role of the systems in Switzerland and California. In doing so, it provides a detailed examination of the origin and role of direct democracy in Switzerland and California, topics that have previously escaped comprehensive treatment.