bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angular dependence of the photoelectron energy distribution of InP(100) and GaAs(100) negative electron affinity photocathodes
Authors: Lee Dong-Ick , Sun Yun , Liu Zhi , Sun Shiyu , Pianetta Piero
Published: November 2007

Energy distribution of the photoelectrons from InP(100) photocathodes are investigated with a photon energy range from 0.62to2.76eV. When the photon energy is less than 1.8eV, only electrons emitted from the Γ valley are observed in the energy distribution curves. At higher photon energies, electrons from the L valley are observed. The angular dependence of the electron energy distributions of InP and GaAs photocathodes are studied and compared. The electrons emitted from the L valley have a larger angular spread than the ones from the Γ valley due to the larger effective mass of the L valley minimum.
GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors using atomic layer deposition of HfO2 gate dielectric: Fabrication and characterization
Authors: Shahrjerdi D. , Garcia-Gutierrez D. I. , Akyol T. , Bank S. R. , Tutuc E. , Lee J. C. , Banerjee S. K.
Published: November 2007

In this letter, we have investigated the physical and electrical characteristics of atomic layer deposition of HfO2 on GaAs substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed no significant reduction of arsenic oxides upon deposition of HfO2 on GaAs using tetrakis(dimethyl-amino)hafnium [Hf(NMe2)4] as the metallic precursor. However, XPS confirmed the absence of arsenic oxides at the interface of HfO2 and sulfide-treated GaAs. High-resolution transmission electron microcopy analysis verified a smooth interface between HfO2 and sulfur-passivated GaAs. In addition, frequency dispersion behavior of capacitors on p-type GaAs substrates was remarkably improved by employing an appropriate surface chemical treatment.
Dark periodic lattices in nonlinear liquid media
Authors: Alvarado-Méndez Edgar , Trejo-Durán Mónica , Cano-Lara Miroslava , Huerta-Mascotte Eduardo , Castaňo Víctor M.
Published: November 2007

Experimental evidence of the formation of one- and two-dimensional dark periodic lattices in a negative Kerr-type nonlinear liquid media is presented. Bright periodic lattices propagate throughout two nonlinear liquids [alcohol with rhodamine (R6G), and acetone with R6G] as the negative nonlinear refractive index forms a dark periodic lattice. Our experiments demonstrate that the nonlinearity increases with the optical power and that a proper selection of the period leads to self-phase modulation of the lattice.
Orientation dependence of dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3∕Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 multilayered thin films
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jiliang , Zhu Jianguo
Published: November 2007

The Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 multilayered films consisting of Pb(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3 and Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 layers with different orientations were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with PbOx and LaNiO3 (LNO) buffer layers. The PbOx and LNO buffer layers lead to the (001)∕(100) and (101)∕(110) orientations of the multilayered films, respectively. The orientation dependence of electrical properties of the multilayered films was investigated. Enhanced remnant polarization (2Pr=79.3μC∕cm2) and dielectric constant (εr=857) were obtained for the multilayered films with (001)∕(100) orientation as compared to those of the multilayered films with other orientations. These results reveal that the orientation control is important in obtaining good electrical properties.
Edc3p and a glutamine/asparagine-rich domain of Lsm4p function in processing body assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Decker Carolyn J. , Teixeira Daniela , Parker Roy
Published: November 2007

Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic RNA granules that contain translationally repressed messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) and messenger RNA (mRNA) decay factors. The physical interactions that form the individual mRNPs within P-bodies and how those mRNPs assemble into larger P-bodies are unresolved. We identify direct protein interactions that could contribute to the formation of an mRNP complex that consists of core P-body components. Additionally, we demonstrate that the formation of P-bodies that are visible by light microscopy occurs either through Edc3p, which acts as a scaffold and cross-bridging protein, or via the “prionlike” domain in Lsm4p. Analysis of cells defective in P-body formation indicates that the concentration of translationally repressed mRNPs and decay factors into microscopically visible P-bodies is not necessary for basal control of translation repression and mRNA decay. These results suggest a stepwise model for P-body assembly with the initial formation of a core mRNA–protein complex that then aggregates through multiple specific mechanisms.
Interactions between fishing strategies of Nephrops trawlers in the Bay of Biscay and Norway lobster diel activity patterns
Authors: TRENKEL V. M. , ROCHET M.‐J. , MAHÉVAS S.
Published: November 2007

Abstract  Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in the Bay of Biscay exhibited diel activity patterns with more individuals outside their burrows at dawn and dusk, increasing catchability at these times. Data from an on board observer programme on Nephrops trawlers between 2002 and 2005 were used to assess variability in catchability in commercial catches. Catch numbers per haul varied spatially and between months, but no signal for diel variations was found. Fishing strategies developed by the Nephrops trawlers had several components. On a seasonal level, they started around sunrise. On a haul level, haul duration decreased from haul to haul, with the longest hauls taking place at the time of the highest catchability. By‐catch of hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), increased more than proportionally with haul duration.
Management challenges of small‐scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: JIMÉNEZ‐BADILLO L.
Published: November 2007

Abstract  Socioeconomic characterisation of fishing activities in the Veracruz Reef System National Park was used to develop a management system which balances the community’s livelihood, and the conservation needs of the protected area. A survey was applied to four sectors of the fishing community: the fishers, fishers’ wives, retailers and local population. The survey determined their perceptions about: (1) fishing as a lifestyle; (2) economic alternatives; (3) perspectives about the future; (4) environment; and (5) knowledge of the National Park as a protected area. Fishers devoted an average of 27 years fishing, investing an average of 12 h per day giving a regular income of 15–20 US$. Most interviewed (60%) were full‐time fishers, with fishing the only family income source. Fishers are predominately educated to primary school level (64%).The main problem faced by fishers and the communities were economic opportunities but 89% believed that mariculture could be an alternative income source. There was strong ecological awareness, with 75% aware of the decline in fisheries resource and 62% knowing about the role of protected areas. There was divided opinion about future perspectives. Inefficient organisation and communication between authorities and fishers were identified as obstacles to co‐management. Discussion on alternative incomes and a proposal involve fishers in co‐management initiatives are presented.
A simple immune system simulation reveals optimal movement and cell density parameters for successful target clearance
Authors: Nicholson David , Nicholson Lindsay B.
Published: November 2007

We report here a simple simulation of the immune system in which we analysed the behaviour of responder cells in the presence of target cells. Variable parameters determined the behaviour of the cells within the simulation, and many simulations using the same parameters ensured that statistical variability was achieved. The model demonstrated that high mobility of the target or responder cells produced a more robust response, and that clearance by the immune system was favoured when effector cells moved rapidly compared with the target cells. Therefore, the high motility coefficients exhibited by T cells studied in vivo may play a role in optimizing the effector response to pathogens. Surprisingly, when the number density of responding cells was increased, target cell numbers were limited more effectively, but there was an increased likelihood of a prolonged response.
Risk factors for chronic constipation and a possible role of analgesics
Authors: Chang J. Y. , Locke G. Richard , Schleck C. D. , Zinsmeister A. R. , Talley N. J.
Published: November 2007

Abstract  Constipation has an estimated prevalence of 15% in the general population. However, the etiopathogenesis of this condition remains relatively obscure. This study sought to identify potentially novel risk factors for chronic constipation. A valid self‐report questionnaire was mailed to an age‐ and gender‐stratified random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents aged 30–64 years. A logistic regression model that adjusted for age, gender and somatic symptom score (SSC) was used to identify factors associated with chronic constipation. People reporting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were excluded. Of the 892 eligible subjects, 653 (73%) returned the survey. Among the 523 subjects not reporting IBS symptoms, chronic constipation was reported by 93 (18%) of the respondents. Chronic constipation was significantly associated with use of acetaminophen [≥7 tablets per week, OR = 2.7 (1.1–6.6)]; aspirin [OR = 1.7 (1.0–2.7)]; non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs [OR = 1.8 (1.1–3.0)]; and SSC. No association was detected for age, gender, body mass index, marital status, smoking, alcohol, coffee, education level, food allergy, exposure to pets, stress, emotional support, or water supply. Chronic constipation is associated with use of acetaminophen, aspirin and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The explanation of these associations requires further investigation.
Transcription of plastid genes is modulated by two nuclear‐encoded α subunits of plastid RNA polymerase in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Kabeya Yukihiro , Kobayashi Yuki , Suzuki Hiromichi , Itoh Jun , Sugita Mamoru
Published: November 2007

In general, in higher plants, the core subunits of a bacterial‐type plastid‐encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) are encoded by the plastid rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1 and rpoC2 genes. However, an rpoA gene is absent from the moss Physcomitrella patens plastid genome, although the PpRpoA gene (renamed PpRpoA1) nuclear counterpart is present in the nuclear genome. In this study, we identified and characterized a second gene encoding the plastid‐targeting α subunit (PpRpoA2). PpRpoA2 comprised 525 amino acids and showed 59% amino acid identity with PpRpoA1. Two PpRpoA proteins were present in the PEP active fractions separated from the moss chloroplast lysate, confirming that both proteins are α subunits of PEP. Northern blot analysis showed that PpRpoA2 was highly expressed in the light, but not in the dark, whereas PpRpoA1 was constitutively expressed. Disruption of the PpRpoA1 gene resulted in an increase in the PpRpoA2 transcript level, but most plastid gene transcript levels were not significantly altered. This indicates that transcription of most plastid genes depends on PpRpoA2‐PEP rather than on PpRpoA1‐PEP. In contrast, the transcript levels of petN, psbZ and ycf3 were altered in the PpRpoA1 gene disruptant, suggesting that these are PpRpoA1‐PEP‐dependent genes. These observations suggest that plastid genes are differentially transcribed by distinct PEP enzymes with either PpRpoA1 or PpRpoA2.
Improved gastrointestinal symptom burden after conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium in kidney transplanted children
Authors: Pape Lars , Ahlenstiel Thurid , Kreuzer Martin , Ehrich Jochen H. H.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  It has been shown in adult kidney transplant recipients that a conversion from MMF to EC‐MPS significantly reduced the GI related symptom burden. No such study exists on children with GI problems while receiving MMF therapy. Ten paediatric kidney transplant recipients (mean age 14.5 yr, s.d. 4.5) receiving triple immunosuppression (Cyclosporin A or Tacrolimus + MMF + Prednisolone) with severe GI symptoms were converted to an equimolar dose of EC‐MPS. The GSRS was completed before and at four wk after the switch, and GFR was determined for a mean period of six months. Values were compared by the paired t‐test. Mean GSRS improved significantly after the switch to EC‐MPS in all but one patient, from 2.1 (s.d. 0.9) to 1.1 (s.d. 0.6). The differences could be found in all four subscales. Graft function did not change after conversion to EC‐MPS. In children with moderate or severe GI symptoms while receiving MMF, conversion to EC‐MPS led to significantly reduced GI symptoms.
Prospective analysis of carotid arterial wall structure in pediatric renal transplants with ambulatory normotension and in treated hypertensive recipients*
Authors: Krmar Rafael T. , Balzano Rita , Jogestrand Tomas , Cedazo‐Minguez Angel , Englund Marta S. , Berg Ulla B.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Increased carotid IMT was found to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors. As pediatric renal transplants are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, we examined whether there is a relationship between BP and IMT in normotensive and in treated hypertensive recipients after transplantation. Thirty‐one recipients aged 10 ± 3.5 yr (16 M, 15 F) underwent repeated carotid ultrasound examinations 5.4 ± 3.2 yr after transplantation with a 4.1 ± 1 yr interval and were followed with annual ambulatory BP monitoring. Baseline IMT was significantly higher in transplants compared with controls. When recipients were again investigated, follow‐up IMT measurements were similar compared with measurements obtained at baseline. The analysis of variance showed that baseline IMT both in recipients with strict normotension, i.e., ambulatory normotension without antihypertensive therapy at baseline and throughout the study period (n = 9), and in recipients with treated hypertension or newly diagnosed hypertension (n = 22) was significantly higher than in healthy controls (n = 21). Baseline IMT did not differ between these subgroups of recipients. Similarly, pairwise comparisons showed that baseline and follow‐up IMT within each subgroup of recipients were not significantly different. Overall and regardless of time‐point, no significant associations were found between systolic and diastolic 24‐h BP, daytime BP, night‐time BP, ambulatory BP standard deviation scores, BP loads and IMT. Our results suggest that increased IMT in pediatric renal transplants does not seem to be related to BP but more likely to other factor(s) not investigated in this study.
Urgent liver transplantation for Amanita phalloides poisoning
Authors: Yildiz Baris Dogu , Abbasoglu Osman , Saglam Arzu , Sökmensüer Cenk
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Amanita phalloides is a deadly wild mushroom causing severe damage in man ranging from diarrhea to organ dysfunction. If not treated, mortality is as high as 80%. Treatment includes supportive measures, inactivation of the toxin and if liver failure occurs liver transplantation. The indications for transplantation are debatable.
Renal Fanconi syndrome and myopathy after liver transplantation: Drug‐related mitochondrial cytopathy?
Authors: Bayrakci Umut Selda , Baskin Esra , Ozcay Figen , Ozdemir Binnaz Handan , Karakayali Hamdi , Haberal Mehmet
Published: November 2007

Abstract: Advances in the field of transplantation provide a better quality of life and allow more favorable conditions for growth and development in children. However, combinations of different therapeutic regimens require consideration of potential adverse reactions. We describe a 15‐yr‐old girl who had orthotopic liver transplantation because of Wilson’s disease. Tacrolimus, MMF, and steroids were given as immunosuppressant. Lamivudine was added because ofde novahepatitis B infection during her follow‐up. Three yr after transplantation she developed renal Fanconi syndrome with severe metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria. Although tacrolimus was suspected to be the cause of late post‐transplant renal acidosis and was replaced by sirolimus, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance got worse. Proximal muscle weakness has developed during her follow‐up. Fanconi syndrome, as well as myopathy, is well recognized in patients with mitochondrial disorders and caused by depletion of mtDNA. We suggest that our patient’s tubular dysfunction and myopathy may have resulted from mitochondrial dysfunction which is triggered by tacrolimus and augmented by lamivudine.
Living‐related liver transplantation in children – A single center evaluation of the outcome of donor candidates and recipients
Authors: Fischler Björn , Johansson Magnus , Gjertsen Henrik , Ericzon Bo‐Göran , Bergquist Annika , Broome Ulrika , Nemeth Antal
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  The aim was to study the outcome of donor candidate investigations for living‐related donor liver transplantation from adult to child. The charts of 25 donor candidates were reviewed. All 22 recipients, of whom 18 had BA, were already listed for DD organ transplantation. Eleven donor candidates were accepted. Seven of them successfully donated the left lateral liver segment. At follow‐up, all donors and recipients were well from the surgery. However, one donor developed Crohn’s disease. In the four remaining cases the recipient deteriorated before transplantation was possible or other surgical approaches were utilized. For three candidates the investigations were never finalized, due to either clinical deterioration of the recipient or the availability of a DD organ. Eleven donor candidates were rejected. Four of them (three being parents of BA patients) had liver abnormalities. Another three were rejected for cardiopulmonary disorders and the remaining four for other reasons. We conclude that only seven out of 25 (28%) candidates donated a liver segment. The fact that parents of BA patients have potential liver pathology may be of importance for the understanding of the etiology of the disease and have possible implications for the choice of donors.
Subepithelial extension of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus: Histopathological study using D2‐40 immunostaining for 108 superficial carcinomas
Authors: Amano Takayuki , Matsumoto Toshiharu , Hayashi Takuo , Arakawa Atsushi , Sonoue Hiroshi , Kajiyama Yoshiaki , Tsurumaru Masahiko
Published: November 2007

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus occasionally produces subepithelial extension (SEE) in the stroma below the non‐cancerous epithelium. Little information on SEE has been obtained, therefore the purpose of the present study was to carry out a clinicopathological study using D2‐40 immunostaining in 108 cases of superficial (mucosal and submucosal) SCC of the esophagus. SEE occurred in 24 cases (22.2%). The SEE was present in both mucosa and submucosa in 19 cases, but in five cases SEE was located in the mucosa. Lymphatic invasion of tumor cells was well determined on D2‐40 immunostaining. In the SEE group lymphatic invasion was found in 15 cases, and in two cases there was lymphatic invasion in the lamina propria mucosa of the edge of SEE. In the SEE group 23 (95.8%) had infiltrative growth of tumor cells. Lymphatic invasion and growth pattern of tumor cells were statistically correlated with SEE. Lymph node metastases were found in 48 cases, but SEE was not correlated with nodal metastases statistically. In conclusion, esophageal SCC produces SEE from the early stage by infiltrative growth and lymphatic invasion of tumor cells. The detection of lymphatic invasion on D2‐40 immunostaining in the mucosal edge of SEE is useful for evaluation of endoscopic mucosal resection tissue.
Immunohistopathological re‐evaluation of adenocarcinoma of the lung with mixed subtypes using a tissue microarray technique and hierarchical clustering analysis
Authors: Gamal Gehan , Sano Takaaki , Sakurai Shinji , Kawashima Osamu , Sugano Masayuki , Nakajima Takashi
Published: November 2007

To re‐evaluate adenocarcinoma, mixed subtypes (ADMIX) of the lung, a total of 201 cases were classified into three main subgroups according to the most differentiated histological growth pattern; namely bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC)‐mixed, which was the most predominant (73.1%), papillary (PAP)‐mixed (21.9%), and acinar‐mixed (5%). The PAP‐mixed was significantly male predominant and had more progressed clinicopathological features. A significant cytological difference was observed among the three subgroups. A tissue microarray was constructed and immunohistochemistry was undertaken using 15 biomarkers. Hierarchical clustering analysis was separately applied to the immunohistochemical results of ADMIX and ADMIX subgroups, and it was found that most acinar‐mixed cases were placed in a separate cluster, while the BAC‐mixed and PAP‐mixed failed to form significant independent clusters. The antibody clustering profile for the acinar‐mixed was clearly different from that for the BAC‐mixed or PAP‐mixed, but the PAP‐mixed shared a dendrogram profile with the other two subgroups. Statistically, approximately half of the 15 biomarkers were significant for differentiating between ADMIX subgroups and between different histological growth patterns. In conclusion, ADMIX can be classified into three histopathological subgroups according to the most differentiated growth pattern, of which a PAP growth pattern might indicate more aggressive behavior than that of a BAC growth pattern.
Assessment of hormone receptor status in breast cancer
Authors: Horii Rie , Akiyama Futoshi , Ito Yoshinori , Iwase Takuji
Published: November 2007

The aim of the present paper was to investigated the most adequate method for the assessment of hormone receptor status in breast cancer in routine clinical settings. Subjects were 486 patients with primary breast cancer who underwent surgery and postoperative tamoxifen monotherapy in 1982–1993. Using representative sections of the primary lesion in each patient, estrogen receptors (ER) were immunohistochemically stained. Patients were divided into ER‐positive and ER‐negative groups using various methods, and then overall and 5 year recurrence‐free survival rates were compared. The results of ER status, which are diagnosed on entire cancer area and invasive cancer area, matched in 98% of cases. When assessing prognosis based on the proportion of positive cells, a significant difference in 5 year recurrence‐free survival was seen between ER‐positive and ER‐negative patients for a cut‐off of 10%, and in overall and 5 year survival for a cut‐off of 33%. Based on the proportion and the intensity of positive cells (Allred score), a significant difference was seen in overall and 5 year survival for a cut‐off in total scores between 4 and 5 points. When assessing hormone receptors of breast cancer in routine clinical settings, it is sufficient to determine the proportion of positive cells in the entire cancer area.
Ganglioneurocytoma: Distinctive variant of central neurocytoma
Authors: Kurose Akira , Arai Hiroshi , Beppu Takaaki , Wada Tsukasa , Sato Yuichi , Kubo Yoshitaka , Jin Renshun , Ogawa Akira , Sawai Takashi
Published: November 2007

Reported herein is a case of central neurocytoma with differentiation toward ganglion cells, considered to be a typical case of ganglioneurocytoma. Tumor cells of various degree of differentiation toward ganglion cells were intermingled with typical neurocytoma cells in a fibrillary background, with transition of tumor cells from typical neurocytoma cells to differentiated ganglion cells evident throughout the tumor. The tumor cell nuclei were positive for NeuN. Fine granular positivity for synaptophysin was seen in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, and background fibrils and the cytoplasm of some ganglioid cells were positive for neurofilament. Several cases of central neurocytoma with ganglioid cells have been reported, with some diagnosed as ganglioneurocytoma. However, histopathological details and persuasive figures have been lacking. It is considered that the diagnosis of ganglioneurocytoma should be applied to tumors displaying the following characteristics: (i) clinical aspects such as location, demarcation and growth rate consistent with neurocytoma; (ii) transition between neurocytoma cells and ganglion cells; and (iii) ganglioid cells distributed throughout the tumors.
When density dependence is not instantaneous: theoretical developments and management implications
Authors: Ratikainen Irja I. , Gill Jennifer A. , Gunnarsson Tómas G. , Sutherland William J. , Kokko Hanna
Published: November 2007

Most organisms live in changing environments or do not use the same resources at different stages of their lives or in different seasons. As a result, density dependence will affect populations differently at different times. Such sequential density dependence generates markedly different population responses compared to the unrealistic assumption that all events occur simultaneously. Various field studies have also shown that the conditions that individuals experience during one period can influence success and per capita vital rates during the following period. These carry‐over effects further complicate any general principles and increase the diversity of possible population dynamics. In this review, we describe how studies of sequential density dependence have diverged in directions that are both taxon‐specific and have non‐overlapping terminology, despite very similar underlying problems. By exploring and highlighting these similarities, we aim to improve communication between fields, clarify common misunderstandings, and provide a framework for improving conservation and management practices, including sustainable harvesting theory.
Pluralisation: An Alternative to Hegemony
Authors: Khan Gulshan Ara
Published: November 2007

In this article I demonstrate that William Connolly's ‘ethos of pluralisation’ and Ernesto Laclau's theory of ‘hegemony’ are incompatible conceptions of theorising societal relations and collective political formations. I argue that Laclau's notion of hegemony has narcissistic and authoritarian implications by demonstrating the close proximity between his account of politics and Theodor Adorno's analysis of ‘authoritarian’ discourses. I make the case that Connolly's ethos of pluralisation is able to address the limitations of the hegemonic style of politics by offering an insightful schema for theorising the kinds of politics characteristic of contemporary social movements. I conclude with the suggestion that Connolly's approach provides the resources to challenge neoliberal and capitalist practices through a variety of strategies and tactics.
Patterns of segment sequence simplification in some African Englishes1
Authors: BOBDA AUGUSTIN SIMO
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT:  There is a wide range of segment simplification patterns across African English accents, which depend on the phonological context. This paper examines, in turn, the patterns of simplification in the nucleus, in the onset, in the coda and in intervocalic clusters. Simplification in the nucleus involves the monophthongisation of diphthongs and of triphthongs, as well as the disyllabification of triphthongs; the monophthongisation of diphthongs either results in the retention of the first element of the diphthong or in the substitution of an altogether different monophthong; the simplification of triphthongs through monophthongisation consists in the retention of the first element of the sequence, but the general trend is disyllabification through the gliding of the medial element into [j] or [w]. The two patterns of simplification in the onset are the dropping of the initial consonant in some English‐based pidgins and creoles and vowel insertion. Simplification in the coda sometimes involves the dropping of one of the consonants, which may be the first, second, or third; there is also a high prevalence in east and southern African Englishes of /?/ and /i/ insertion. /?/ and /i/ insertion is also the pattern of simplification of intervocalic clusters, similarly more common in east and southern African Englishes. The complex range of simplification patterns often follow neat phonological rules a comprehensive picture of which this paper tries to capture.
Township‐village enterprises, local governments and rural communities: the Chinese village as a firm during economic transition1
Authors: Pei Xiaolin
Published: November 2007

The nature of TVEs and the real functions of township‐village governments are rooted in the Chinese township‐village organization. The management of common property in a village group or a rural community is quite different from management in a situation where the boundaries of common property are unclear. Before economic reform, the cooperative elements or interspecific resources, such as low information costs, kinship ties, trust and cooperative spirit belonged in common to all villagers, yet cooperation was absent because the Chinese state appropriated the collective benefits. During the course of reform, the link between village official and state is being gradually broken down and the official is returning to his own village organization. The original interspecific resources of villagers and the identity of the village leader as government official are institutionalized as specific contractual relations in China's reform circumstances. The Chinese village behaves as a firm‐type organization and the collective benefits can be internalized during the economic transition.
High skills pay off: the changing wage structure during economic transition in Poland
Authors: Rutkowski Jan
Published: November 2007

Economic transition turns the inherited wage structure upside down. Changes are rapid and dramatic. The Polish example shows that even in the first year of market‐oriented reforms, there was a marked increase in earnings inequality, a dramatic rise in the wage premium for white‐collar skills, and a significant jump in the returns to education. In contrast, skills acquired under the old system lost their value. It is younger workers who are rewarded with higher wages. The changes are spearheaded by the private sector, where inequalities and the educational premium are higher than in the public sector. Privatization, thus, has its social aspects in that it strengthens the incentive for human capital investment. This paper documents these changes and sets out possible explanations.
Exchange rate policies during transition from plan to market
Authors: Rosati Dariusz
Published: November 2007

This paper reviews the exchange rate policies adopted in the early years of transition, paying attention to the dilemmas concerning the degree of convertibility, the initial choice of exchange rate regime and the required scale of devaluation. The initial liberalization and devaluation were then followed by a period of real exchange rate appreciation, which was accompanied by improving export performance; this second phase has policy implications that are briefly discussed. Throughout, a key constraint is the inability of the central bank to target simultaneously monetary aggregates, interest rates and the exchange rate. In the presence of large capital inflows the authorities have to manage the exchange rate and domestic monetary policy in order to keep inflation acceptably low while maintaining international competitiveness.
Monetary policy, macroeconomic adjustment and currency speculation under floating exchange rates: the case of Bulgaria
Authors: Dobrinsky Rumen
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the Bulgarian experience with exchange rate policy and the related macroeconomic adjustment in the transition period. It is argued that in the context of the Bulgarian macroeconomic environment, the exchange rate regime and the exchange rate policy (or the lack of such) did play a crucial role in determining the patterns of macroeconomic adjustment in this period. A simple general equilibrium model is suggested that provides some insights into the stylized performance of an economy under certain assumptions, similar to those characterizing the transitional state of the Bulgarian economy. Finally, some aspects of Bulgarian macroeconomic performance in recent years are analysed on the basis of the available empirical information and using the framework of the theoretical model. The paper concludes with the policy lessons of this experience.
Stabilization and exchange rate policy in Romania*
Authors: Daianu Daniel
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the major traits of the stabilization efforts underway, underlining the role of exchange rate policy. The surprisingly good response of the economy to the “policy shock” of 993–1994 is explained by the ubiquitous large X‐inefficiencies and the impact of the foreign exchange market on information and transaction costs. It is argued that restructuring and the imposition of good corporate governance on a wide scale, which are essential for reducing further inflation, need much more capital inflows (foreign direct investment) and the latter can be encouraged by faster privatization. Since systemic strain makes “stop and go” measures almost unavoidable, the challenge for policy‐makers is to avoid policy fluctuations of large amplitude and to enhance steadily their credibility.
The Chenery hypothesis and structural change in Eastern Europe
Authors: Dohrn Roland , Heilemann Ullrich
Published: November 2007

The Newly Liberalizing Countries (NLCs) in Eastern Europe have to undergo a fundamental structural change. In this paper the Chenery Hypothesis (CH) is employed to make a quantitative assessment of this change. The CH, roughly speaking, relates an economy's sectoral structure to its stage of development, its size, and its endowment with natural resources. The paper tests this hypothesis for a sample of 31 developed and developing economies and finds it still valid. Then it uses the results obtained to measure distortions in the NLCs' existing economic structure and to give a projection of future structural change. The calculations make it evident that the industrial sector in the NLCs will experience a marked downsizing whilst the service sector turns out to be too small. But sectoral patterns are not too uniform for all groups of countries. Thus, all projections depend highly on the reference group used to evaluate a ‘master pattern’.
Reasons for the low valuation of Russian shares
Authors: Wilier Dirk , Nash Roland
Published: November 2007

This note analyses the valuation of Russian assets focusing on the market capitalization of major Russian firms trading in Moscow. It documents that valuations are very low compared to similar assets in mature economies. Several reasons are advanced to explain this phenomenon. The most important of these seems to be the poor record of Russian firms with respect to honouring shareholder rights. Some policy proposals are made to address this problem.
Uncertain recovery prospects in Russia
Authors: Havlik Peter
Published: November 2007

By mid‐1996, restrictive fiscal and monetary policies have brought lower inflation and exchange rate stability to Russia. The mass privatization was an apparent success although it contributed to an unclear ownership structure and weak corporate governance. The production decline continues and the structure of the Russian economy has been deteriorating. The popular dissatisfaction with the drop in living standards is reflected by a deep split in society, despite Mr. Yeltsin's victory in the presidential elections. As in the recent past, the new government will continue with ‘stop‐and‐go’ reform policies, probably with a stronger accent on the protection of domestic producers, legal reforms and economic growth. Because of serious structural and institutional distortions, the Russian economy is more likely to stagnate than to grow strongly in the near future.
Job creation and temporary emigration: the Albanian experience1
Authors: Mancellari Ahmet , Papapanagos Harry , Sanfey Peter
Published: November 2007

This paper focuses on job flows and unemployment in Albania during the transition from a closed, communist system to an open, free‐market economy, and examines the role of emigration in the restructuring of the country. Our theoretical model indicates that in Albania, temporary emigration may have a significant positive effect on hiring in the private sector, reducing unemployment. Using sectoral data on employment, we illustrate the importance of emigration as an alternative for the Albanian labour force, and we measure the extent to which job ‘destruction’ in some sectors of the economy has been compensated for by job ‘creation’ in others. On these grounds, we compare the progress of Albania with other former socialist countries in Europe.
Output decline and recovery in the transiton economies: causes and social consequences1
Authors: Brenton Paul , Gros Daniel , Vanadille Guy
Published: November 2007

This paper suggests that output in the transition economies of eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union is related to, firstly, macroeconomic stabilization, and secondly, the speed of transition. The statistical analysis suggests that those countries which have been most successful in reducing inflation have experienced a lower level of output decline and have been first to achieve recovery in real output. There is also strong evidence that the economies which have been boldest in adopting reforms have been most successful in limiting the fall in output and promoting growth. No support is found for the assertion that the faster the speed of transition the greater the adverse impact on basic social indicators, such as mortality rates.
Inflation dynamics in Kazakhstan1
Authors: De Broeck Mark , De Masi Paula , Koen Vincent
Published: November 2007

In January 1992, Kazakhstan initiated a reform programme to move towards market‐determined prices. The price liberalization process was characterized by large relative price shifts and an increase in the overall price level towards those observed in market economies. The paper shows how the piecemeal manner in which prices were liberalized resulted in strong relative price variability over a prolonged period of time, against a background of high inflation. Convergence towards international relative and absolute price levels has progressed but is not complete, with prices for energy and services in particular still below market economy levels.
The impact of Czech privatization methods on enterprise performance incorporating initial selection‐bias correction1
Authors: Marcinèin Anton , van Wijnbergen Sweder
Published: November 2007

Governments with transitional economies have applied different privatization methods, from an almost free distribution to the direct sale of state assets. While a free distribution was believed to ensure the political feasibility of the programme and its fairness, direct sales, (or more generally, standard privatization methods) had a significant advantage in creating concentrated ownership structures as the prerequisite to corporate control and restructuring. Many economists believe that the two goals of mass privatization, political feasibility and the creation of proper ownership incentives, contradict each other and recent empirical comparisons of enterprises seem to support this view. However, all empirical works have been based on the weak assumption that privatization methods were applied on a randomly selected sample of enterprises, which then allowed for a direct comparison between these enterprises. Our main claim is that governments actually selected enterprises non‐randomly and therefore, the resulting selection‐bias must be incorporated into the analyses. To show this, we apply a Heckman two‐step regression method on a sample of 559 Czech enterprises. The main point of this paper then is that performance is influenced by the selection process and that the combination of vouchers with outsider owners is preferred over 100 per cent voucherization.
Non‐standard methods in the privatization strategies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland1
Authors: Bornstein Morris
Published: November 2007

The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland followed different strategies in the use of non‐standard methods of privatization. In regard to restitution, the Czech Republic carried out physical return of property, Hungary weakly implemented financial compensation and Poland has not yet approved a programme. Management and employee buyouts were eschewed in the Czech Republic, took the form of employee stock ownership plans in Hungary and were accomplished chiefly by lease‐purchase in Poland. The Czech mass privatization programme distributed a considerable amount of joint‐stock company shares free through voucher auctions in which citizens participated directly or through financial intermediaries. In contrast, the Polish programme provided citizens free shares in investment trusts that exercise corporate governance over operating companies and restrure them for divestiture. Hungary's programme, which offered people only interest‐free loans to buy some shares in intial public offerings, was abandoned soon after its start.
The welfare of pensioners during economic transition: an analysis of Hungarian survey data1
Authors: Hancock Ruth , Pudney Stephen
Published: November 2007

This paper examines the welfare of pensioners over the early transition period 1987‐93 in Hungary. We describe the pension system in detail, and demonstrate the tendency towards compression of the pensioner income distribution towards low income which is induced by the rules and indexation provisions of the pension system. We use the Hungarian Household Budget Surveys to analyse the growth of poverty among the pensioner population and to compare their experience with two other distributionally sensitive groups: households with children and households affected by unemployment.
The restructuring of large firms in the Slovak Republic1
Authors: Djankov Simeon , Pohl Gerhard
Published: November 2007

This paper examines case study evidence of large Slovak firms chosen to represent a wide range of initial conditions, privatization techniques and success with restructuring. We document the ownership changes and restructuring actions of firms. We then re‐examine several hypotheses about firm restructuring in the light of this new evidence. In particular, we show that the majority of large Slovak firms have successfully restructured in the absence of foreign investors and government‐led restructuring programmes. The study also generates some new queries on the effectiveness of different privatization methods in enhancing corporate governance and improving access to skills and capital. We find that privatization to insiders through management‐employee buy‐outs did not hamper firm restructuring, at least in the initial years after privatization, as the new owners (old managers) invested heavily in new technology, laid off a substantial part of their workforce, sought foreign partnerships, and were prepared to sell controlling stakes to outsiders in return for fresh financial resources. The evidence also suggests that the mass privatization programme in the Slovak Republic did not result in weak corporate governance since it was followed by a rapid consolidation of outsider ownership. This is in contrast to the anecdotal evidence for Georgia, Russia and Ukraine which opted for mass privatization to insiders (managers and employees)
On privatization methods in Eastern Europe and their implications1
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Blanchard Olivier J.
Published: November 2007

We have two goals in this paper. The first is to draw lessons from the privatization experiences in Eastern Europe so far, in particular with respect to the relation between alternative privatization methods, the evolution of ownership after privatization and restructuring. The second is to draw from these lessons to suggest ways in which remaining privatization programmes might be designed or improved, when political constraints and economic realities are taken into account.
Labour market characteristics and profitability: An econometric analysis of Hugarian exporting firms, 1986‐951
Authors: Halpern László , Körösi Gábor
Published: November 2007

This paper follows through an aspect of microeconomic restructuring in Hungary during the transition period. This restructuring brought about substantial changes in the behaviour of all economic agents. Our study combines labour market and corporate financial information to explore the effect of the quality of labour employed on the profitability of the firm. The quality of labour is measured as that portion of wage differentials that cannot be explained by a standard human capital model. The profitability of Hungarian exporting firms can be explained by economic factors during transition. In addition the quality of labour, export share, wage and bank costs, payables, receivables, foreign ownership, inventories, amortization and equity are all significant explanatory variables.
Russian commodity exchanges: A case study of organized markets in the transition process, 1990‐96
Authors: Davis Jerome D.
Published: November 2007

Few developments are more significant in transitional economics than the development of organized commodity and financial markets. Working from a transaction costs framework, this paper analyses a set of these markets, the Russian commodity exchanges, and their attempts to order trade in commodities in the period 1990‐96. These exchanges have incurred high transaction costs both in defining the property rights involved in trading and in overcoming the problems of agent search and ‘immediacy’. Parallels between Russian commodity exchanges and other organized markets in Eastern Europe are drawn and remedies for the problems encountered are suggested.
Trade in quality goods, trading regimes and unemployment in transition economies1
Authors: Moutos Thomas
Published: November 2007

One of the most important consequences of the transition in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has been the dismantling of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). It is argued in this paper that the abrupt loss of trading partners for the former CMEA countries and the Newly Independent States (NIS) are partly responsible for the ensuing contraction of output and the emergence of unemployment. A model in which trade is conducted in vertically‐differentiated products is constructed with the implication that the dismantling of ‘clearing trade’arrangements among CMEA countries may make unemployment more than just a short‐term phenomenon.
Trade liberalization and political support in transition economies
Authors: Wunner Norbert
Published: November 2007

Most transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe have rather surprisingly resisted protectionist pressures‐at least during early stages of reform‐and pursued fairly liberal trade policies. In this paper, trade policy during transition is explained from a political economy perspective. It is shown that pursuing liberal trade policies can be a rational strategy of reform politicians, maximizing the probability of electoral success.
Reforming state‐market relations in rural China1
Authors: Park Albert , Rozelle Scott
Published: November 2007

Because of the political importance of stable and affordable food prices, governments in transitional economies in Europe and Asia fkequently struggle to balance the desire to maintain state controls in the rural sector with the goal of promoting market development and privatizing or commercializing state agencies involved in rural trade or finance. This paper examines institutional change in China's rural state agencies during the reform period, focusing on the conflict between managerial incentives to maximize profits, on the one hand, and implement policy, on the other. We explain the reasons for changing contractual incentives and authority arrangements over time, assess the effects of new institutional forms on economic performance and policy implementation, and consider reform options.