bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GRI-96-0452_1 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions I
Authors: Wilmont Martyn , Boven Greg Van , Jack Tom
Published: August 2023

Electrochemical measurements have been performed on polished and mill scaled steel samples. The solutions investigated have included carbonate bicarbonate mixtures of varying pH as well as solutions of neutral pH such as NS4. Results indicate that the mechanism of corrosion associated with the carbonate bicarbonate environments involves passive film formation. No such passivation is observed for solutions associated with neutral pH SCC. Electrochemical corrosion rates measured on polished steel specimens exposed to NS4 solutions in the pH range 5 to 6.8 were in the region of 5 x 10e-1 to 1 x 10e-2 mm/s. However, rates obtained on mill scaled surfaces went much lower and in the region of 5 x 10e-10 mm/s. Field determined crack propagation rates are estimated to be in the region of 2 x 10e-8 mm/s. Whilst the laboratory determined corrosion rates are lower than the field propagation rate it should be remembered that the laboratory rates were obtained on unstressed specimens. The application of load would be expected to increase the corrosion rate and may indicate that stress focused dissolution process may be sufficient to explain the propagation of neutral pH stress corrosion cracks. However, as hydrogen evolution is the most likely cathodic reaction involved in the mechanism of neutral pH SCC the role of hydrogen in the crack propagation mechanism may also be important.
GRI-05-0138 Development of an Open Path Laser Ignition System for a Large Bore Natural
Authors: Ahrens David L. , Olsen Daniel B. , Yalin Azer P.
Published: August 2023

Using a laser, as opposed to a conventional (electrical) spark plug, to create combustion initiating spark is potentially advantageous for several reasons: flexibility in choosing and optimizing the spark location, in particular, to move the spark away from solid heat sinks; production of a more robust spark containing more energy; and obviation of electrode erosion problems. These advantages may lead to an extension of the lean limit, an increase in engine thermal efficiency, and the concomitant benefits of reduced pollutant emissions. Presented in this paper is the design and implementation of a laser ignition system appropriate for a large bore natural gas engine. Design considerations include optimization of spark location, design of beam delivery system and optical plug, and mitigation of vibration and thermal effects. A single cylinder of a four-cylinder large bore natural gas engine is operated using laser ignition. Four different laser spark locations are examined. Comparisons are made between laser spark and conventional spark plug ignition.
L51774 Remote Sensing of Hazardous Ground Movement about Buried Gas Transmission Lines
Authors: Falconer David G.
Published: August 2023

Reviews the available sensors for monitoring hazardous ground movement. Our review was limited to airborne and spaceborne sensors for access, performance, and productivity considerations. It was observed that certain ground movement is comparatively localized, e.g., earthquake faulting, while other activity may extend for thousands of kilometers, e.g., frost heave. Accordingly, we have considered two operating modes for the sensor-platform system, namely, site-by-site and continuous corridor. To determine the suitability of the candidate sensors for pipeline monitoring, we have assessed the expected performance, operational aspects, and cost of each sensor-platform combination as a function of operating mode. Finally, we have developed a business model for (1) operation of the recommended sensor systems by fee-for-service contractors; (2) analysis of the collected data by image-analysis specialists; and (3) use of the survey products by pipeline engineers.
GRI-96-0452_2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions II
Authors: Watson Mark , Wilmott Martyn , Erno Brian
Published: August 2023

The pH of solutions found under disbonded polyethylene tape coatings in the field is generally in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. Electrochemically determining corrosion rates for pipeline steels exposed to neutral pH solutions in this pH range indicate that corrosion rates are too low to account for the observed crack growth rates from field excavation programs. This suggests that for the SCC process to be based on a simple dissolution mechanism then the pH at the crack tip would have to be lower than the bulk solution pH. A computer model was developed to determine solution chemistry changes within an SCC crack under anaerobic conditions as a function of time The numerical simulation model showed that the pH at a crack tip is lower by at least one pH unit than the trapped electrolyte outside the crack. A second thermodynamic model was used to show that under appropriate conditions dilute groundwater can be converted to a concentrated carl ornately bicarbonate solution. High temperatures were not required to concentrate on this solution. The concentration of this electrolyte under coal tar or asphalt coatings can occur by a cyclical process in which groundwater levels fluctuate and in tum influence the ability of cathodic protection to reach the steel surface. The high pH is generated by effective cathodic protection and the carbonate concentration is developed by absorption of CO2 from soil gases.
PR-681-18701-R01 Evaluating the Use of Optical Gas Imaging Cameras for Above Ground Facilities
Authors: Sreedhara Sindhu , Brandt Adam , Wang Jingfan
Published: August 2023

Natural gas is the largest primary energy source in the United States. Reliance on natural gas is only increasing as its role in electricity systems becomes more significant and that of coal diminishes. While this has air quality and health benefits over the use of coal, the global warming potential of methane - the primary component of natural gas - cannot be ignored. In order to mitigate methane leaks, periodic leak detection and repair programs are required in the United States. Various different technologies exist to detect and/or quantify methane leaks. Studying them and evaluating their performance is an important step in evaluating equivalence in emissions reductions between technologies.

In this study, we evaluate the performance of two optical gas imaging cameras. The first is the FLIR GF320, an infrared camera, which we coupled with the Providence Photonics QL320 to enable it to quantify methane leaks. The second is the Rebellion Photonics mini-GCI, a hyperspectral imaging camera, which provides automated alerts when a leak is detected. Experiments to test the two systems were carried out at the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center in Fort Collins, Colorado over two weeks. We tested both technologies at a variety of leak size and imaging distance combinations. In order to better simulate real-world conditions, we also tested the performance of the two systems in the presence of different types of interference. For the first technology, we evaluate the quantification performance and for the second, the detection performance. We report performance metrics at different distances, interference scenarios and leak sizes in the case of Rebellion. The two technologies differ in terms of automation, detection and quantification capabilities, imaging distance and minimum observable leak size.
PR306-20604-R01 Emerging Fuels - RNG SOTA Gap Analysis and Future Project Roadmap
Authors: Louvat Amelie
Published: August 2023

The overall goal of the study is to develop a concrete path forward to define the necessary projects that need to be completed for companies to transport Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) into their pipelines at best cost while managing impacts. The study was broken down into four main tasks as follows: (1) Mapping of worldwide projects and references, (2) State-of-the-art analysis, (3) Gap analysis, and (4) Recommendations for R and D topics. The analysis focused around 10 technical subjects including:

- RNG Composition,

- Injection and dilution-related impacts on gas grids,

- Safety,

- Analyzers,

- Odorization,

- Metering,

- Global Injection System,

- Storage,

- Reverse Flow Injection System, and

- Gathering lines for biogas.
PR-170-812-R01 Hydrodynamic Forces on a Sliding Pipeline - Model Tests
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Tests to determine the hydrodynamic forces acting on a submarine pipeline when it becomes unstable under the influence of severe environmental loads. The study has been carried out in a scaled-down model test programmed comprising approximately 500 tests.
PR186-184507-R02 Evaluate Higher Strength Consumables for Manual Root Beads in X70
Authors: Bruce Bill
Published: August 2023

This project evaluated using higher strength E8010 electrodes for root pass welding on modern X70 strength line pipe, as part of a solution to increase overall weld strength, to match or overmatch the actual strength of the line pipe. The operability, weldability, and productivity of E8010 root pass welds were evaluated by welder operability trials, weldability tests, and welding procedure qualification testing and reviews. A separate guidance report (Catalog PR-186-184507-R01) with recommendations and precautions for using an E8010 root pass was developed.

There is a related webinar.
IPC-2006-COMP ASME 6th International Pipeline Conference - 2006
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 6th IPC in 2006. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
IPC-2010-COMP ASME 8th International Pipeline Conference - 2010
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 8th IPC in 2010. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
NG-18-41-R01 Full-Scale Line Pipe Research Data Record Issue II
Authors: Maxey W.A. , Kiefner J.F. , Eiber R. J. , Duffy A.R. , McClure G. M.
Published: August 2023

Included in this Data Record are the results of the laboratory tests that have been conducted on all of the pipes used in the program, the results of the West Jefferson fracture propagation experiments on short lengths, the results of the Athens full-scale experiments, and the results of the West Jefferson fracture initiation experiments and burst pressure tests.
PR-015-19606-R01 In-Situ Ultrasonic Gas Meter Flow Verification
Authors: Hawley Adam , Bhagwat Swanand
Published: August 2023

This project provided a proof of concept for an in-situ verification method for ultrasonic flow meters in natural gas service. The tested method consisted of simultaneously injecting helium in a minimum of two locations upstream from an ultrasonic flow meter at a known distance apart. The results from this project showed the flow verification method was successful in determining the gas velocity through an ultrasonic flow meter to within �5%. These results indicate that the tested in-situ verification method is not accurate enough to replace a laboratory flow calibration, but could be used as a field diagnostic tool. The accuracy of the results and the scatter in the data were correlated to the distance between the injection points.
GRI-97-0001 Investigation of Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Controlled Chemistry Conditions
Authors: Psaila-Dombrowski M. J. , Sluys W. A. Van Der , Miglin B. P.
Published: August 2023

Stress corrosion cracking failures of high-pressure gas transmission pipelines have occurred. Although such failures are infrequent, there is a concern about their potentially catastrophic nature. The susceptibility of a material to this failure is controlled by crack growth kinetics which is governed by the composition of the water at the crack tip, the material composition, temperature, and stress/strain conditions. Hence, there is a need to investigate these parameters to begin to understand and develop predictive capabilities to avoid this phenomenon.
DTPH56-16-T-00004 EMAT Guided Wave Technology for Inline Inspections of Unpiggable Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Arnold Joshua
Published: August 2023

This project developed compact, lightweight, prototype Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs) and studied guided waves for defect detection, classification, and characterization in cast iron and steel pipes. Through lab testing, design, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), guided wave propagation and defect interactions were evaluated, and the results were employed to optimize the prototype EMATs through successive design and testing iterations. The goal of developing EMATs for robotic inspection of unpiggable pipe was successfully achieved and demonstrated not only through prototype fabrication and testing but also through conceptual design modifications to ULC's CIRRIS XITM robot that incorporated EMATs onto the robot.
DTRS57-04-C-10053 Wave Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer for ILI of Pipelines
Authors: Zhao George , Mei Grang , Ayhan Bulent , Kwan Chiman , Varma Venu
Published: August 2023

In this project, Intelligent Automation, Incorporated (IAI) and Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) propose a novel and integrated approach to inspect the mechanical dents and metal loss in pipelines. It combines the state-of-the-art SH wave Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technique, through detailed numerical modeling, data collection instrumentation, and advanced signal processing and pattern classifications, to detect and characterize mechanical defects in the underground pipeline transportation infrastructures. The technique has four components: (1) thorough guided wave modal analysis, (2) recently developed three-dimensional (3-D) Boundary Element Method (BEM) for best operational condition selection and defect feature extraction, (3) ultrasonic Shear Horizontal (SH) waves EMAT sensor design and data collection, and (4) advanced signal processing algorithm like a nonlinear split-spectrum filter, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) for signal-to-noise-ratio enhancement, crack signature extraction, and pattern classification. This technology not only can effectively address the problems with the existing methods, i.e., to detect the mechanical dents and metal loss in the pipelines consistently and reliably but also it is able to determine the defect shape and size to a certain extent.
L51629A Field Validation of the Low-Frequency Eddy Current Instrument
Authors: Hayford Donald T.
Published: August 2023

Field evaluation of a prototype eddy current-based technology to evaluate single-stress corrosion cracks in lengths greater than 0.3 inches and depths greater than 0.03 inches.
PR-648-4B-R01 Procedures for the Collection of Data on Pipe Failures in the Gas Industry
Authors: Lemcoe M. M. , Wenk E.
Published: August 2023

In considering the possible improvement in steel pipe performance through the comprehensive evaluation of field failures in gas distribution and transmission lines, procedures have been developed for the centralized collection of data to establish a consistent and useful record of such failures. Included are: (1) qualities by which the fracture and detectable flaws can be described; (2) proposed inspection reports to identify the field conditions and circumstances relating to the system at the time of failure; (3) proposed laboratory tests which should be conducted as an adjunct to the field inspection to determine the physical and chemical properties of the material which may be related to the cause of failure; ( 4) a suggested cataloging method by which failures can be tabulated in a form to facilitate future analysis and evaluation; ( 5) estimates of the cost of field and laboratory examinations by Southwest Research Institute; and (6) an appendix summarizing defects which have been found in a pipe used by both the gas distribution and transmission companies.
DTPH56-13-T-000003 INO Technologies Assessment of Leak Detection
Authors: Jelen Deborah , Gravel Jean-Francois
Published: August 2023

Current leak detection systems for pipelines are not only unreliable in the detection of minute leaks but often expensive and/or dangerous to run. This is an unacceptable standard for pipeline operators and leak detection service providers. Electricore, Inc., and INO with support from TransCanada and National Scientific Research Institute (INRS/RDDC) conducted a new research effort consisting of the development of a transportable leak detection system (LDS) demonstrating the ability to externally locate, identify, and assess small liquid and gaseous leaks (weeper/seepers) from a safe standoff distance.
PR-350-174507-R03 Interim Recommendations for the Mitigation of Low-Strain Girth Weld Failures
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

This technical bulletin was developed in response to a significant number of manual girth weld failures in newly constructed pipelines. These failures are associated with some systemic deficiencies in current practices, and thus require immediate action. The primary objective of this technical bulletin is to provide interim recommendations for enhanced linepipe specifications and improved welding practices.

Related Webinar Part 1

Related Webinar Part 2
NG-18-06-R02 Chromate Inhibitors for Mitigation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Line Pipe Steel
Authors: Payer Joe H. , Berry Warren E.
Published: August 2023

Early investigations in the current NG-18 program (1) identified potassium chromate, sodium chromate, and sodium dichromate as strong inhibitors of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipe steel in 4.8 percent sodium carbonate-7.6 sodium bicarbonate, 31 percent sodium hydroxide, and 20 percent ammonium nitrate solutions, but further investigation of chromates was not pursued at that time because of the known toxicity of these compounds. In particular, large quantities of chromates could not be used to treat a right-of-way because of environmental considerations. Subsequently, the evaluation was continued, however, because chromates offered a high degree of inhibition, and they were being broadly applied for protection against general corrosion and pitting in coating systems in several industries. Similarly, chromates could be incorporated in primers or other line-pipe coatings to minimize SCC without undue pollution of the environment. This technical memorandum presents the results and conclusions of the further study on the effectiveness of chromate inhibitors.
NG-18-08-R02 Strain-Aging Treatment to Reducing Variations in the Susceptibility to SCC of Pipe Steels
Authors: Barlo T.J. , Fessler Raymond R.
Published: August 2023

Stress-corrosion-cracking experiments were conducted with specimens prepared from sections of X52 pipe treated in the laboratory to determine if the steel could be made uniformly, predictably, and reproducibly susceptible. In the laboratory treatment. the pipe sections were flattened, annealed, and then machined into tensile blanks, which then were strained fixed amounts and aged before they were machined into the final specimen shape. Most of the specimens were strained 2.0 percent and aged at 300 F for 0.5 hours, which is the treatment that was finally selected for future work. The microstructure, grain size, and tensile properties of the laboratory-treated steel were not significantly different from those of the same steel as received.
NG-18-05-R02 Shot Peening as a Means of Preventing Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Barlo Thomas J , Fessler Raymond R.
Published: August 2023

This memorandum is concerned with one method of modifying the steel in such a way as to prevent or retard stress-corrosion cracking.
L51387 Field Validation of Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Natural Gas Compressor Station
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This report constitutes the third phase of a research project to develop a dispersion model for plumes from gas turbines and reciprocating engines. A dual-plume model was developed during Phases I and II, and validated during Phase III by comparing predicted ground-level concentrations with measured field data. Model-validation tests using a sulfur hexaflouride tracer were conducted at two compressor stations. Tests were conducted at different times of day and under different weather conditions, such as wind direction, wind speed, and stability. Stack extensions were also used to determine the effects of varying stack heights. Based on the results of the field tests, adjustments were made to the entrapment coefficient in the dual-plume model. Subsequent tests with the adjusted model proved it to be a reliable predictor of downwind concentrations.
MH-2-95-R02 Inquiry Concerning Stress Corrosion Cracking on Canadian Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Additional evaluation of the 1995 Rapid City pipeline repute by the Canadian National Energy Board.
DTPH56-14-H-CAP01 Patch and Full-Encirclement Repairs for Through-Wall Defects
Authors: Keller Michael W.
Published: August 2023

The objective of the research presented in this report was to investigate the performance of patch-type composite repairs on pressure vessels with through-wall defects. The most common repair geometry for bonded composites is the full-encirclement repair where the repair is formed by installing a composite that completely encircles the damaged substrate. These repairs are straightforward to install and have proven to have good field performance through a variety of industry and academic-sponsored research projects. When the substrate vessel becomes large, then these encirclement repairs begin to become cumbersome and costly to install. A potential alternative is to use, instead, an adhesively bonded patch that does not encircle the substrate. Patch-type repairs have been used for almost two decades in the aerospace industry, but are not a common or accepted repair type for pressure vessels. The primary goal of the research in the present study was to understand the differences between full-encirclement and patch repairs on through-wall defects.
PR-000-21COMP-R02 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This summary report of past PRCI-funded projects and related research is intended to make it easier for member companies and research contractors to identify and locate past projects in order to avoid unnecessary replication or research efforts and to aid in the implementation and use of this research.
PR-593-18700-R01 Brine String Dynamics IV Deformation-Vibration in Solution Mined Caverns
Authors: Paidoussis Michael
Published: August 2023

The research described in this report is focused on the dynamics of the brine strings utilized in solution-mined caverns. In Configuration 3, fluid enters the system from the top of the brine string and exits via the annulus between the brine string and the casing. In Configuration 4 the flows are inverted. An improved analytical model for stability of the brine string in Configuration 3 has been generated, and considerably better modelling for Configuration 4 achieved. Experiments in a bench-top sized system and CFD work were pursued partly to further improve the analytical models, and partly to explain some unexpected observations from a full-scale cavern, reported by Reitze in 2019.

Note: Phase IV of this research was funded jointly by the Solution Mining Research Institute (SMRI) and Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI), and SMRI has published this same report with some formatting differences.
PR-282-20601-R01 High Pressure Calibration of Turbine and USMs with an Inert Gas
Authors: Putten Dennis van , Riezebos Henk , cate Ronald Ten
Published: August 2023

The response of gas flow meters to different gases and the accompanied potential uncertainty increase is an important subject in industry. Multiple measurement technologies exist and are expected to behave differently under the change of gas type and when operating under different pressure. The main interest of PRCI is the response of custody transfer gas flow meters to natural gas and air in the range of pressures between atmospheric and 100 bar (1500 psi). Understanding of the response of these flow meters may enable the calibration of these meters under conditions different from the actual field condition in expense of additional uncertainty.
PR-179-20200-R01 Improved Catalyst Regeneration Process to Increase Poison Removal
Authors: Bauza Rodrigo , Olsen Daniel
Published: August 2023

In this work, the details of catalyst poison deposition are studied, and new catalyst restoration methods are explored. Lubrication oil makes its way through the combustion chamber and into the exhaust system, depositing poisons onto the catalyst and degrading catalyst performance. To estimate the degradation rate of the units and to find the best restoration method, two identical alumina-platinum oxidation catalysts were used in a dual setting, combining a field degradation engine and a laboratory testing engine. In order to find the best restoration process, the combination of both baking and washing is tested with poison deposition and performance analysis, and a hydrogen reduction is tested for the restoration of the platinum crystallites. The units were aged, then restored with the industry-standard washing procedure, then aged again until reaching non-compliance with emissions standards, and then restored a second time with a modified version of the industry-standard washing process that combines baking and washing.

There is a related webinar.
PR-396-183905-R01 Autonomous System For Monitoring Pipeline River Crossings
Authors: Tzonev Nick
Published: August 2023

The goal of the GHZ-2-01 Project is to develop and lab-test a system for monitoring underground pipeline facilities at remote river crossings where access to power and wireline communications is not readily available. A next generation real-time river crossing monitoring solution requires an integration of various sensor types, data computation capabilities, and low power wireless connectivity which would:

- utilize proven sensors technologies such as accelerometers, inclinometer strings and float-out buoys to detect dangerous conditions,

- be able to recognize and minimize false alarms by examining a combination of sensors,

- alarm on contact with hydrocarbons,

- require minimal maintenance,

- be easily scalable, both geographically and as a network,

- provide seamless integration into Supervisory Control and Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and

- be economical.

There is a related webinar.
PR-312-18208-E02 PRCI White Paper PVMRM Theoretical Issues and Recommended Solutions
Authors: Panek Jeffrey , Huth Adrian , McCarthy James , Krol Alan
Published: August 2023

This white paper demonstrates that AERMOD contains formulation errors and does not currently provide accurate NOx estimates for sources (e.g., natural gas compressor stations) with shorter stacks. The white paper also demonstrates that a new building downwash theory (PRIME2) does provide better agreement with NOx observations than AERMOD's PRIME algorithms. In addition, the white paper shows that PVMRM does not provide accurate estimates of the NO2/NOx ratio as confirmed by Panek et al. (2020) who showed poor agreement between predicted and observed NO2/NOx ratios. The paper concludes that the basic theory in PVMRM is sound, but some underlying simplifying assumptions contribute to model performance issues.
PR-004-20602-R01 Technology Assessment of Applicable Methods for Dithiazine Analysis
Authors: Crippen Karen , Bora Russell , Leodinh Kevin , Shields boaz
Published: August 2023

Dithiazine is a compound formed after passage of natural gas or renewable natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide through amine based hydrogen sulfide liquid scavenger towers. Similar to elemental sulfur, dithiazine can solidify at pressure or temperature reduction points and result in potential equipment issues. This study summarizes the state of monitoring dithiazine in gaseous fuels and assesses the potential for selected gas analyzers to continuously monitor dithiazine on-line or be developed for this application.
DTPH56-06-T-0004 Plastic Pipe Failure, Risk, and Threat Analysis
Authors: Maupin Julie , Mamoun Dr. Michael
Published: August 2023

Reports, publications, papers, and databases were reviewed to better define risks and threats to plastic gas distribution piping. Failure modes were described for plastic PE piping with the most significant being slow crack growth (SCG). Short-term mechanical tests such as tensile, quick burst, melt index, and density tests did not show a correlation with a material's susceptibility to SCG failure. The bend-back test was able to visually identify 1971 low-ductile inner wall materials. PENT test failure times were reported for materials manufactured during the period1972-1985. The PENT test did not show correlations with the material's susceptibility to SCG failure for these materials.

Life expectancy was determined to be a key measure of the susceptibility of PE gas pipe materials to SCG field failures. Long-term hydrostatic stress-rupture data combined with the Rate Process Method or with the Bi-Directional Shift Functions predicted the remaining life expectancy of several PE materials at 60�F average field temperature under varying loading conditions. Data showed rock impingement loads and pipe squeeze-offs can result in the greatest reduction in remaining life expectancy. Lower operating field temperatures and pressures significantly increased the predicted remaining life expectancy of PE materials.

Fifty-five PE pipe samples that failed in field service were examined in the laboratory to identify the root cause of the failures. Eight of the samples underwent in-depth analysis, which included density and melts index tests and differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces. The samples were combined with another set of additional data resulting in 45 material, 36 procedural, 12 quality control, and 7 miscellaneous failures. A separate categorization method attributed a total of 321 failures to their respective pipe/component, with most occurring at joints.

RCP in large diameter PE materials was investigated through laboratory testing. Critical pressure was determined for 6 pipe materials. The critical temperature was determined for 3 materials.
PR-918-4-R01 The Sampling and Testing of Defective or Failed Pipe Vol 2 - Test Procedures
Authors: Hanchett Miles T.
Published: August 2023

Describes methods to produce test samples from piping components.
PR-145-88-Z01 Boundary Layer Measurement System
Authors: Sellars C.A. , Jones W.T. , Watson D. , Schollhammer F.R.
Published: August 2023

Describes the sensor systems used to gather subsea boundary layer ocean current behavior. Includes the description of gathering two data sets: offshore California and Washington.
PR-154-128-R03 Thermodynamic Models of Gas Turbines and Centrifugal Compressors - Detailed Engine Models
Authors: MacIsaac B.D. , Kind R.W.
Published: August 2023

A description of the detailed performance models is presented in terms of a typical two-shaft engine. The primary features of the model include a component matching scheme as well as the ability to degrade any component including the sensors. The major component faults are modeled in terms of the effect of a given fault on the overall performance maps for that component.
NG-18-907-R01 Critical Flaw Size Predictions and Fracture Propagation Transition Temperatures
Authors: Wilkowski G.M. , Maxey W.A. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

This research program was conducted using experimental line pipe in full pipe sections to explore two objectives. The first objective was to determine whether the critical flaw size--toughness relationship developed in the A.G.A. NG-18 Research program for smaller diameter thin-wall pipes is applicable to large-diameter heavy-wall high-strength line pipe. The second objective of this investigation was to determine the relationship between the transition temperatures predicted by the Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT) and the Dynamic Tear Test (DTT) with the fracture propagation transition temperature determined from experiments on full-size sections of line pipe.
NG-18-27-R01 Effect of Metallurgical Variables on the Maximum Charpy Impact Energy of Structural Steels
Authors: Rosenfield A. R. , Hahn G. T. , Markworth A.J.
Published: August 2023

The Charpy test':' provides a quick, inexpensive, and well-established measure of the fracture resistance of steels. There exists a mass of data on the relations between Charpy energy and metallurgical variables, but it is scattered. Furthermore, a full impact-energy versus temperature curve contains more information than is usually extracted, and the full potential of the test is not generally realized. In recent years, more sophisticated approaches to impact testing have been developed and even more, complete characterizations are being provided. This review concentrates on one parameter - the maximum or "shelf" energy. It also concentrates on three questions:

1. How is the Charpy shelf energy related to the rate of energy absorption during fast-shear crack propagation in a large structure?

2. Are there statistically significant relations between Charpy shelf energy and unnotched tensile properties?

3. What is the influence of the size and nature of second-phase particles on Charpy shelf energy?
NG-18-28-R02 Threshold Stress for SCC Through Overstain During Pipe-Forming Operation
Authors: Barlo Thomas J , Fessler Raymond R.
Published: August 2023

Previous research showed that the threshold stress for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X52 steel under steady loading could be controlled at a high level (near the yield strength) if the steel were strained between 4 and 7 percent and then aged at 300F for about 1 hour. In an attempt to evaluate the feasibility of using such straining as a practical approach to preventing sec, an experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of such straining and aging on the threshold stress of a variety of grades of line-pipe steels subjected to the more realistic condition of cyclic stress superimposed on steady mean stress.
PR-663-20208-Z02 CO2e Economic Analysis Tool
Authors: Peterson Warren
Published: August 2023

The CO2e Economic Analysis Tool (CEAT) is a spreadsheet-based application for comparing project alternatives that are sensitive to GHG emission rates, emission levies, or other financial parameters. The tool is applicable to hydrocarbon transportation systems, with an emphasis on natural gas transmission. CEAT provides a comparative forecast of benefits and expenses (including levies) from initial cash flow to arrival at the forecast horizon.

Along with financial forecasting functions, the tool estimates the emissions associated with a wide range of hydrocarbon fluids (gas and liquid), electricity, thermal energy, and upstream transportation. The forecast model provides a flexible configuration of CAPEX and O and M expenses and a customizable levy structure. This updated version of the tool includes enhancements based on feedback from the first edition such as greater control of fuel use patterns. It also includes pre-designed, easily customizable analysis templates for situations that are likely to be repeated often in the field.

The tool is Excel-based and requires version 16 or newer.

This download includes a copy of the report and a copy of the Excel-based Check Mate software (aka Checkmate). The spreadsheet and the associated report are licensed to single users as noted in the end-user license agreement that is contained in the zip file.
PR-453-134504-R05 On Bottom Stability Upgrade - MS III
Authors: Abdolmaleki Kourosh
Published: August 2023

The extension of the PRCI on bottom stability (OBS) software's applicability to shallow water is assessed. Version 3 of the software has a limitation on water depth; only depths greater than 6 m (20 ft) are accepted. This limitation is likely related to the increasing inaccuracy of linear wave theory as the wave height to water depth ratio increases, as well as caution about breaking wave limits.

The usage of linear wave theory inside the software can be categorized into two different types:

� Linear regular waves - these are used in the Level 1 module to determine the motions of the water particles as part of the calculation of the hydrodynamic forces;

� Linear irregular waves - these are present in the Level 2, Level 3 and ASM modules, where the surface wave energy spectra are converted to the near-seabed wave velocities through the use of a transfer function based on linear wave theory.

It is noted that for irregular waves, all wave spectral formulations currently implemented in the OBS software, do not account for water depth. This document addresses the finite water depth and shallow water restrictions and presents a discussion and investigation in two categories:

1. The direct use of the linear theory to describe waves in the Level 1 calculation module; and

2. The direct use of linear spectral transfer functions in the Level 2, Level 3, and ASM modules.

The scope of this activity is to prepare a solution for consideration by PRCI and implement the agreed course of action. The solution proposed will be based on the continued use of the linear wave theory. It is noted that higher order wave theories would be more appropriate for shallow water conditions, but due to the currently established methodology in the software, implementation of higher order wave theory is not included within this scope.
PR-652-213801-R01 Technology Assessment for Detection of Fatigue Cracks on Heavy Wall Gas Risers
Authors: Denowh Chantz , Futch David
Published: August 2023

The objective of the SPIM-1-2 project was to identify and evaluate the most promising technologies for detecting and sizing fatigue cracks on heavy wall pipelines and risers, preferably without liquid coupling. To complete this evaluation, six full-scale heavy wall pipe samples were fabricated, and a range of fatigue cracks generated in circumferential welds using resonant fatigue. These samples were used in blind test trials on several available inspection technologies in a pull-through testbed. The technologies were evaluated on their ability to detect and size the fatigue cracks generated from resonant fatigue. At the conclusion of the SPIM-1-2 project, the fatigue cracks in the heavy-wall circumferential welds were available to PRCI members to continue testing and development of inspection technologies.

At the conclusion of the SPIM-1-2 project, the actual fatigue crack locations and sizes were not included in the final reports to protect the blind nature of the six pipes samples. A follow-up effort under NDE-2-2 was conducted to gather metallurgical truth for several of the fatigue cracks and generate a comprehensive report that evaluated the inspection technology results from SPIM-1-2 against this truth data.
PR635-203904-R01 In-situ Instrumentation and Remote Sensing Methods for Slope Monitoring for Pipelines
Authors: Derby Martin , Saunders Mark
Published: August 2023

This research project will focus on a comparison of several in-situ methods and two remote sensing technologies, GBInSAR and InSAR. Geo-monuments and extensometers were used to measure the changes in surface movements (i.e., tension cracks) over time, and then compared to GBInSAR data for accuracy. This research project includes a comparison of spatial and in-situ monitoring systems that was performed on a steep slope with natural gas pipeline located in the Appalachian region of the United States. This report includes an integrated approach to characterize landside movement using the GBInSAR, InSAR, and in-situ methods for monitoring an active slope with an existing natural gas pipeline. The overall objective of the comparison research is to determine the reliability of the remote sensing methods compared with in-situ instrumentation for slope monitoring, that will ultimately reduce risk and increase pipeline infrastructure integrity.

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PR-015-203900-R01 Reliability Detection and Accuracy of CPM Detection Systems Using Machine Learning
Authors: Vickers David , Spidle Heath
Published: August 2023

This report documents the result of research conducted by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI�) for the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) into the development of a Machine Learning (ML) model for improving the detection of leaks in liquid-carrying pipelines. Operators were surveyed as to their use of CPM systems for leak detection. Several operators provided data to support the research. The data was collected, curated, and analyzed by SwRI. Several ML models were investigated. A framework was developed to allow operators to use their own data to generate ML models for their pipelines to improve leak detection. A guideline was provided to facilitate use of the framework by operators. This document has been updated based on PRCI QC, committee, and PHSMA comments.
PR-276-214503-R01 Causes of Crack Failures in Pipelines and Research Gap Analysis
Authors: Brongers Michiel , Rosenfeld Michael , Macrory Cara , Wilkowski Gery
Published: August 2023

This project details the methodologies used to collect and review crack failures, near misses and false positives, and how the available technologies are used in consideration of the CM-SRP pillars of crack (1) susceptibility, (2) inspection, (3) assessment and remediation, and (4) management.

This project outcome enhances crack management by providing an independent review and understanding of the research gaps as they relate to cracking in pipelines, based on historic incidents, operator interviews, and subject matter expert opinions.

The scope of work consisted of developing future research guideline suggestions through the following tasks:

* Task 1 - Collection and review of publicly available reports,

* Task 2 - Collection and review of PRCI member incident reports and operator interviews,

* Task 3 - Compilation of root causes for historic crack-related pipeline incidents,

* Task 4 - Categorization of root causes within the CM-SRP, and

* Task 5 - Identification of research gaps in the CM-SRP.

This report provides more details about the research suggestions, and cross-references them with the core priorities as outlined in CM-SRP report "Pathway to Achieving Efficient and Effective Crack Management," as well as the future research project ideas that have been submitted to PRCI four CM-SRP pillars.

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PR-306-123732-R02 Realistic Dent and Cracked Gouge Defects for Characterizing Inspection Tools Performance
Authors: Batisse Remi , Zarea Mures
Published: August 2023

This report provides information about modern pipe samples containing dent and cracked gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies. Five mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes and then submitted to internal pressure cycling to initiate a significant crack at the gouge bottom. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. All defects are planned to be used to performance evaluation of inspection technologies. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests.

This version of the report contains the results of measurements of defects' dimensions, and other observations, to be held confidential, in order to allow blind testing of inspection technologies.
PR-685-184506-R08 Field Validation of VIV Initiation Within Waterways
Authors: Budzich Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this document is to compare a pipeline's natural frequencies obtained from finite element analysis (FEA) and those derived from the vibration data obtained in the field. The FEA model was developed from inputs such as elevation of pipeline's centerline, elevation of ground, properties of soil (assumed), geometry of the pipeline cross section, intermediate pipe supports (if any) and loading. Field data were obtained from accelerometer installed on the pipeline. Note this effort is one component of the larger multifaceted Modernize the Assessment of Pipeline Water Crossings project, and a continuation of Phase B1(Determination of Additional Hydrotechnical threats.
PR-186-204504-R01 PRCI Pipeline Repair Manual 2021 Edition
Authors: Bruce Bill , Gould Melissa , Bubenik Tom , Alexander Chris , Rosenfeld Michael
Published: August 2023

This 2021 Edition of the PRCI Pipeline Repair Manual is an updated version of the original manual that was published 1994 and updated in 2006. The 2021 Edition discusses response to anomaly or defect discovery, reviews repair methods, identifies appropriate repairs for various types of defects, and provides generic guidelines for use of various repair methods. DNV has reviewed existing and emerging pipeline repair technologies and evaluated them in comparison with those in the previous versions of the manual. The review was based on published literature, vendor literature, and industry experience.

The 2021 Edition of the Pipeline Repair Manual contains added and updated information on repair technologies gleaned from the literature, vendor publications, and industry experience. Without losing sight of well-established repair methods that have served the industry well, the most recent update focused on repair methods and practices that are commonplace or have emerged and have become commonplace since the previous version of the manual was published.

This manual does not identify or prescribe all repair methods for all defects or anomalies. Instead, the manual concentrates on commonly encountered defects and commonly used repair methodologies for those defects. Other repair techniques may be equally valid depending on the specific conditions encountered.

This 2021 Edition of the manual does not provide specific guidance on current regulations or on code interpretation. National and international codes and regulations change rapidly, and code interpretation is best left to individual companies. Footnotes identify specific pertinent sections of selected US regulations.

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