bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porting and Charging of Two-Stroke Oil Engines
Authors: Illmer Louis
Published: January 2024

This paper deals primarily with single-acting semi-Diesel engines having the lower portion of the cylinder bore provided with intake and exhaust ports which are successively uncovered by the power piston as it approaches the end of its expansion stroke. In such engines the under side of the piston is generally made to serve as a low-pressure base chamber or crankcase pump for slightly precompressing the air supply and charging the power cylinder.

The advantages of this simple and effective method of charging the power cylinder are obvious, and the author undertakes to present a rational basis for predetermining the correct timing and porting of such valves. A considerable number of semi-Diesel two-stroke-cycle engines have been examined for port characteristics and some of the more promising designs have been critically analyzed to ascertain the reason for their superior performance. The results of this research disclose the particular combination of port relations and corresponding base pressures that are likely to give the best performance under any specific service conditions.

The various losses in fuel economy encountered in direct-injection oil engines are traced in some detail, and a new method is presented for estimating the expected power capacity of a given cylinder design as based upon the percentage of air that may be brought to the support of the injected fuel. The need of keeping all of the air charge in close proximinity with the spray valve and the importance of turbulence in effecting an even distribution of finely atomized fuel is also discussed. In closing, the author points out the line along which the further development of direct-injection or semi-Diesel engines should be looked for.
Avoidable Waste in the Operation of Locomotives and Cars
Authors: Elmer William
Published: January 2024

The average freight locomotive travels less than 60 miles per day. It spends about half of its time either in the hands of the transportation department moving trains or ready to move them, or in the hands of the motive-power department being repaired and prepared. There is naturally avoiduble waste in each department, and questions which may accordingly be asked relate to whether the engines are properly loaded and properly used. The present paper outlines the procedure for determining this, and one of its several appendices gives a method of working out the most economical tonnage for loading the freight engines of any division, based on actual practicable performance in everyday operation. The treatment considers the value of the locomotive, taking account of interest, depreciation and taxes; the relationship between straight-time and overtime rates for road crews; the quickening up of the time of the trains by a reduction of tonnage and the increase of the time the crews are on duty by an increase in tonnage. When these matters have been sufficiently studied in the light of the recorded facts, the question relating to proper loading can be intelligently answered.

The author discusses avoidable waste in the operation of cars under three heads: (a) Their utilization in the hands of agents, shippers and consignees; (b) their handling and dispatchment in yards and on the road; and (c) their repair and inspection.

Things contributing most to the reduction of waste in car and locomotive operation are coöperation and teamwork. If a division superintendent can be assured that everything is being done that can be done to have every available engine in service that can be put in service and that every engine dispatched is being loaded to the maximum number of cars it can economically haul, then he is assured of an economical performance and an avoidance of waste in the operation of both locomotives and cars.
Hidden Waste in Textile Plants
Authors: Gates Thayer P.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this paper is to point out a few of the losses found in the average textile plant which have been very largely overlooked and which can be greatly reduced through the application of engineering research. The types of losses considered are mainly those occurring in the operation of equipment and the utilization of materials. The paper also points out the opportunities in the textile field for men of engineering training.
Application of the Law of Kinematic Similitude to the Surge-Chamber Problem
Authors: Durand W. F.
Published: January 2024

The problem of the hydraulic surge chamber gives rise to certain differential equations which do not admit of solution in analytical form. Under these conditions, various modes of treatment have been proposed. The present paper develops and describes a comprehensive experimental method utilizing the law of kinematic similitude. By this method a laboratory model of convenient dimensions is set up and subjected to a program of operation corresponding to that for the field installation. The movements of water level, times, etc., as measured for the model, are then multiplied by suitable relation factors, thus giving the results to be anticipated for the field installation.

The model may thus, in a sense, be considered as a form of mechanism which solves the equations as applied to the model form, and these results multiplied by suitable relation factors give the corresponding results to be anticipated in the field case.

The principal advantages of the model method are as follows:

1 The model is simple and readily set up. Once in operation, the most varied conditions may be quickly examined, thus making possible a range of examination in detail, the extent of which would be quite impracticable by any methods of numerical computation.

2 In all analytical methods of treatment, pipe-line friction has been assumed to vary with the square of the velocity. In the model method the friction may be taken to vary with vn, where n is usually found to be about 1.85.

3 In analytical methods the surge chamber is usually taken as uniform in cross-section. With the model, the chamber may be of any form whatever.

4 The model method is readily extended to the case of a surge chamber with spillway or to the case of multiple chambers on one pipe line.

5 The model method provides readily for the examination of periodic fluctuations in power demand, of any amplitude and any periodicity. The examination of such fluctuating programs is beyond practical reach by numerical methods.
Steel for Forge Welding
Authors: Speller Frank N.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the principal factors — method of manufacture, chemical composition, fluxing quality, susceptibility to heat and welding temperature — affecting the welding quality of steel are discussed and the average results of 80 tests made on forge welds of hammer-welded pipe are compared with the original material. In addition it is stated that tests have demonstrated that both steel not over 0.15 per cent carbon and minimum tensile strength of 47,000 lb. per sq. in. and that not over 0.20 per cent carbon and minimum tensile strength of 52,000 lb. per sq. in., are satisfactory for forge welding of pipe lines, penstocks, tank-car work and similar construction but that the former is best adapted for welded parts of boilers and pressure vessels. In conclusion the writer believes that the most important consideration to produce uniformly good results in the forge welding of steel, is suitable material, well-trained operators and adequate facilities for the control of operations.

An appendix is devoted to a presentation of the Tentative Specifications for Steel Plates for Forge Welding of the American Society for Testing Materials as revised in 1921.
Orifice Coefficients — Data and Results of Tests
Authors: Spitzglass Jacob M.
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses the results of experimental work conducted at the Research Laboratory of the Republic Flow Meters Co., of Chicago, on the use of orifice plates for measuring the flow of fluids in pipes.

Extensive tests were carried on for a period of several years to determine the effect of the varying factors such as the orifice ratio, the size of the pipe, and the distance of the upstream and downstream connections upon the pressure difference across the orifice plate. The tests were conducted on seven sizes of pipes, from 2-in. to 12-in. standard. Fourteen orifice ratios were used in each size and twelve connections were tested on each side of the orifice plate.

The tests were made on the flow of atmospheric air, supplied by a Sturtevant blower having a maximum capacity of 6000 cu. ft. per min., at a pressure of 10 in. of water. The air passing through the orifice was measured by five calibrated impact tubes ranging from 1 in. to 4 in. in internal diameter. A detailed account is given of the calibration of the impact tubes, and curves were plotted showing the coefficient as a function of the impact head through the tube.

The arrangement of the installation for the final tests is described and illustrated in detail, and an account is given of the method of testing the various orifices. The theoretical relation of the functions is given briefly, preceded by elaborate definitions of the terms involved. The paper includes a number of tables and a collection of characteristic curves that may be employed for determining the flow through orifice plates in a given size of pipe.
The Commercial Economy of High Pressure and High Superheat in the Central Station
Authors: Orrok Geo. A.
Published: January 2024

This paper is an attempt to examine into the theoretical relations between efficiency and pressure and temperature. During the investigation all of the available experiments on the variation of the strength of materials with temperature have been examined and certain inferences have been drawn. The variations in cost have been approximately evaluated and the conclusions of the discussion are stated in the summary.
Bending Stresses in Curved Tubes of Rectangular Cross-Section
Authors: Timoshenko S.
Published: January 2024

This paper analyzes the stresses in bent tubes of rectangular cross-section and shows that in the case of thin tubes the distortion due to bending results in greater flexibility and less strength than given by the usual formulas. In an appendix an approximate solution of the problem is obtained by a consideration of the potential energy of deformation.
Flow of Water in Short Pipes
Authors: Boston O. W.
Published: January 2024

The primary purpose of this paper is to present the method employed by the author in determining the frictional resistance or loss of head for water flowing in pipes. It is believed that this method, together with the mathematical determination of results, can be made use of in work of this nature at a great saving in time where tests in quantities are made for comparative analysis.

Data for mathematical interpretation are obtained by allowing a tank full of water to empty, the water flowing through the tube, pipe, valve, etc., calibrated. In this way all velocities within the head range are available in one test. The apparatus is simple and compact, making large weighing tanks and scales unnecessary.

Values for the coefficient of discharge of short tubes of diameters from 1 to 8 in., inclusive, are computed and tabulated for heads up to about seven feet.
The Margins of Possible Improvement in the Central–Station Steam Plant
Authors: Robinson Ernest L.
Published: January 2024

The maximum attainable efficiency of the ideal heat engine is discussed, and the circumstances which limit it, in order to point out the various margins available for improvement along different lines. The arrangement of the circulating systems is considered and, after noting the ideal arrangement, practical layouts are taken up. The advantages of the mercury turbine and the steam-extraction cycle are emphasized, and the great increase in capacity rating which has been made possible by purely thermodynamic improvements is noted.
The Gas Engine in the Steel Industry
Authors: Danks A. C.
Published: January 2024

The paper traces the development of the gas engine operating on blast-furnace gas as a prime mover in the steel industry, from the initial installation in 1900 to the present time. The design problems that have had to be solved in the successful application of the gas engine to this service included methods of governing, valve gear as related to gas analysis, ignition, piston troubles, corrosion due to water cooling, etc. The results of tests are given and precautions to be observed in testing are outlined.
The Development of a Modern Hosiery Plant
Authors: Thompson Sanford E. , Rollins H. T.
Published: January 2024

This paper describes the development of a large hosiery plant in Iowa during the thirty-two years of its existence.

From nearly the beginning the scientific method of approach is evidenced, culminating in the most recent development of personnel service, production control, standardization of methods and incentives, cost control, and marketing.

Each of these is discussed in detail with a view to indicating, not simply the rather notable results attained, but the means employed for their accomplishment. These are presented with the purpose of giving inspiration to the reader who desires to develop his own plant and organization along modern lines and in a fashion broad enough to include the human element as a major factor.
Gas Turbines
Authors: Marks Lionel S. , Danilov M.
Published: January 2024

The paper presents a statement of the brake thermal efficiencies that may be obtained from gas turbines of various types, and discusses the possibilities and limitations of these types of heat engines. Calculated performances, with tables of computed values, are given for the following types: (1) Explosion turbine with regeneration, (2) Explosion turbine with regeneration and air cooling, (3) Explosion turbine with regeneration and water injection, (4) Explosion turbine combined with steam turbine operated from exhaust-heat boiler, (5) Explosion turbine combined with steam turbine operated from exhaust-heat boiler, with charge precompression and reduced back pressure, (6) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration, (7) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration and with cooling of the buckets by steam jets, and (8) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration and with steam injection into the combustion space.

In the conclusion it is stated that a review of the possibilities of the gas turbine does not give much hope of realization of efficiencies such as would encourage attempts to overcome the many difficulties with which the gas turbine is surrounded.

In two appendices are considered the entropy chart for gases and the representation of the proposed cycles on this chart, as well as the fundamental formulas and methods used in the computation of the data included in the tables.
Factors Concerning the Economics of Shopping Steam Locomotives
Authors: Sillcox L. K.
Published: January 2024

This paper stresses the importance of accurate cost accounting in regard to locomotive maintenance as the basis of the policy to be formulated by the executive in charge of motive power. The author shows the folly of continuing obsolete designs in service, giving concrete cases in which large annual savings were effected by scrapping of inefficient engines. A classification of repairs is given and a tabulation and discussion of the trend of cost of repairs over a long period of years leads to development of the cost of repairs per 1000 tractive-effort ton-miles as a unit by which to measure costs. Other factors which influence policy are the relative frequency of roundhouse and back-shop repairs, the percentage of locomotives in service as related to the number owned, the topography of the country through which the road runs, and, not the least important, the personnel of the repair shop.
Recent Investigations in Turning and Planing and a New Form of Cutting Tool
Authors: Klopstock Hans
Published: January 2024

This paper gives an account of experiments conducted in the machine-tool laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute of Berlin. The cutting tests proper were preceded by a study of the lathe and the instruments used, to ascertain their behavior under various conditions. In the main tests it was aimed to determine the influence upon the cutting forces of the following factors: Cutting speed, chip section, shape of tool, and characteristics of the materials cut.

As a result of these observations a new form of tool has been designed which, the author claims, permits a higher cutting speed and a larger chip section than is practicable with the standard tools now used. The results of some of the tests made in various German railway shops are given, in which the relative life of the cutting edges of the new and the old tools under exactly the same conditions was compared.

It is claimed, from results obtained in various foreign shops, that on the average production can be increased about 30 per cent by means of the new tool.
Formulas for Computing the Economies of Labor-Saving Equipment
Authors: Shepard James A. , Hagemann George E.
Published: January 2024

The engineer and manufacturer have heretofore been without correct and adequate means for measuring the relative economies of two or more industrial operations or installations of equipment. Proposed new apparatus might indicate a saving in manual labor, but this did not guarantee that it could be profitably substituted for machines or devices in use at the time. Such formulas as existed to determine this latter point were too complicated to be easily applied and generally used.

The present paper develops five simple equations for determining the economies of an installation of labor-saving equipment. They show the maximum investment which will earn simple interest; the yearly cost to maintain the mechanical equipment ready for operation; the yearly profit, in excess of simple interest, from the operation of the equipment; the yearly profit from operation, in per cent on investment; and the years required for complete amortization of investment out of earnings. The method of applying these formulas, the evaluation of their various factors, and the correct assumption of bases, are explained in detail. The calculation of a labor-burden account, as distinct from the ordinary factory-burden account, and the transfer of certain items from the regular burden account to a special productive-labor-payroll account are recommended and explained. Standard forms to systematize investigations are worked out.
Formulas for the Design of Helical Springs of Square or Rectangular Steel
Authors: Edgerton C. T.
Published: January 2024

Although helical springs of square- or rectangular-bar steel are not common, problems involving certain extreme requirements are occasionally encountered which can be met only by such types of springs. The author points out the lack of formulas for calculating any except springs of square-bar steel and then develops formulas for rectangular-bar steel based on the work of St. Venant. For the solution of these formulas he gives tabulated values for two variables which depend on the ratio of the bar’s cross-sectional dimensions. An appendix contains four examples in which the application of the formulas is illustrated.
An Outline for the Application of Fatigue and Elastic Results to Metal-Spring Design
Authors: Jasper T. McLean
Published: January 2024

This paper deals particularly with factors of design of metal springs used for shock-absorbing purposes and for recuperating machinery. The problem of the design of springs, the author states, is divided into two parts: (1) the static elastic and fatigue properties of the material to be used in their construction; and (2) the shape of the springs, together with the distribution of the stresses developed in their use for a given deformation. In the discussion of these two points the author gives results of experimental work carried out at the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois.
Bolts for Use in Power-Plant Construction
Authors: Wood William P.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses the use of steel vs. wrought iron and screw stock for bolts and nuts used in power-plant construction. He concludes that the carbon content for bolting steel ranging from about 0.2 per cent up to 0.45 per cent will yield the best combination of tensile strength and ductility in either the heat-treated or non-heat-treated condition. A tentative specification for high-temperature alloy-steel bolting material is appended.
The Value of Higher Steam Pressures in the Industrial Plant
Authors: Ryan William F.
Published: January 2024

This paper aims to point out the value of higher steam pressures in the industrial plant. It is shown that the gains from high pressure are greater than in the central station, and except for the question of suitable feedwater for high-pressure boilers, the problems involved are less difficult. The relative cost of power for varying initial pressure is estimated. The relative efficiency of turbine and engine prime movers, and the application of higher pressures to manufacturing equipment, are discussed. It is indicated that pressures up to the present commercial limit, about 1200 lb. per sq. in., may be used advantageously in the industrial plant which has a high load factor, and in which the demand for power is high, in proportion to the demand, for process steam.
Heat-Treatment Data on Quality Steel Castings
Authors: White Albert E.
Published: January 2024

This paper summarizes a study which has been made on heat-treatment practice for quality steel castings. It gives the results of laboratory tests on dendritic and dendrite-free steels after an annealing, a normalizing and drawing, and a spheroidizing treatment. It likewise records a large number of plant tests. The results show that a normalizing and drawing treatment gives superior results to those obtainable by annealing or spheroidizing.
Boiler-Furnace Refractories
Authors: Powell E. B.
Published: January 2024

The advance in combustion equipment during the past twenty years has made continuously increasing demands upon boiler-furnace refractories. Improvement in refractories, however, has apparently not kept pace with these demands, and today various measures of wall cooling are being employed to overcome some of the limitations of refractories. The purpose of the paper is to promote interest in the further development of refractories. Some of the limitations of refractory raw materials, current practice and improvements at present under way in refractory manufacture, service conditions under which refractories are employed in boiler furnaces, characteristics of commercial refractories, and tests employed in analyzing these characteristics are discussed. Fireclay brick are given the greatest attention in this discussion as being the most universally used form of refractory.

There is need for further technical study both of boiler-furnace conditions and of refractory materials, and it is of special importance at the present that means be devised for interpreting laboratory test results in terms of service performance. The problem is complicated by the structural changes which refractories undergo in service. It is believed, however, that the microscope, which has been invaluable in the development of electrical porcelains and is now being directed upon refractories, will prove of very material assistance in this study.
Recent Developments at Colfax Station, Duquesne Light Co.
Authors: Clarke Charles W. E.
Published: January 2024

This is the fourth of a series of papers dealing with the Colfax Station of the Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., which the author has presented to the Society. In the present paper are given the test results of the 3-A element of the station which showed net heat rates of 12,750 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 30,333 kw., 13,021 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 22,400 kw., and 14,200 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 15,050 kw. A brief history of the physical plant involved in the original station, and in the unit extensions Nos. 1, 2, and 3, is given, with data on boiler and turbine outages and condenser cleaning. The author shows that the total cost of the station has been to date $115.80 per kw. for the 190,000 kw. of installed capacity, and predicts a total cost, when the fourth unit is installed, of $107.50 per kw. for 270,000 kw.
A Machine for Testing Steam-Turbine Nozzles by the Reaction Method
Authors: Warren G. B. , Keenan J. H.
Published: January 2024

This paper explains in detail the apparatus used in reaction-nozzle tests, the important difficulties encountered, the means of eliminating them, and the methods of obtaining and developing test data. It discusses the underlying principles and the type of results they would indicate, and shows by sample test curves the close agreement between the expected and the actual data.
Boiler and Stoker Performance at Hell Gate Power Station of the United Electric Light and Power Co.
Authors: Leitch H. W.
Published: January 2024

The object of this paper is to show the trend of development of stoker and boiler installations in a modern power house whose extensions have been made at fairly regular intervals, and to give the effect of these yearly additions on the overall efficiency and maintenance. There is included a comparison of the essential features of the tests of the several types of installation, with a detailed test of the latest.
Aspects of Steam Power in Relation to a Hydro Supply
Authors: Markwart A. H.
Published: January 2024

Steam power, in a regional power system having a hydro supply as its basis, either because it was started that way or because fuel may for a time have been costly, has greater significance than is generally conceded. Steam power becomes increasingly important as hydro sources become more remote and costly of development; as the annual load factor may tend to lower; as the public may demand higher standards of service; as those manufactures requiring greater continuity of service may grow; as hydro generating and transmission units may increase in capacity; as stream-flow plants without storage regulation become more numerous; and as cyclic changes in water run-off, becoming revealed, may indicate hydro deficiency.

Briefly, steam power is needed

1 To effect the best system economy

2 For stand-by

3 For meeting the seasonal hydro deficiency during the short-water period on non-regulated streams

4 For meeting the dry-year hydro deficiency.

The above phases, together with hydro capacity and cost of power, are broadly discussed in what follows.
Transmission of Power on Oil-Engine Locomotives
Authors: Lipetz Alphonse I.
Published: January 2024

Power transmission on oil-engine locomotives depends upon the type of the oil engine for the locomotive and upon the conditions under which the locomotive is going to run.

The present paper pertains to the transmission of power only and gives a classification of power transmissions in chronological order of their appearances in the art.

Class A comprises full-power elastic-fluid transmissions in which the total output of the oil engine is transferred into elastic-fluid energy, which is, in turn, utilized for the propulsion of the locomotive. The efficiency of such a transmission is the product of the two separate efficiencies of the generation and utilization of energy. Various types of electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, compressed steam, aero-steam, and compressed exhaust-gases transmissions are described.

Class B consists of differential elastic-fluid transmissions in which the power from the oil engine is transferred directly to the driving wheels at top speeds of the locomotive with a very high efficiency, and partly directly and partly indirectly at all intermediate speeds. The theory of such transmissions is expounded and formulas for torques, speeds, and efficiencies are derived. Examples of electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic transmissions of this type are described and results so far obtained are given.

Class C pertains to mechanical (gear-clutch) and direct transmissions.

The drawing of conclusions as to the possible fields of application of various types of transmissions is postponed until the questions of the types of oil engines and different conditions of locomotive performance on railroads are discussed in a separate paper.
Laws of Manufacturing Management
Authors: Alford L. P.
Published: January 2024

The paper is divided into two parts, the first of which discusses the laws of management in general. It is stated that the principles of management have been discussed but not generally accepted, a situation which is in contrast with the older sciences. Early attempts to formulate these principles sought for a few statements, although certain facts indicate that there are many management fundamentals. The possible advantages of formulating the principles are pointed out and the questions are asked: What is their origin? What is their nature? What are they?

The investigation is limited to manufacturing management, in as much as management originated in manufacturing.

It is shown that manufacturing developed to satisfy human needs and that accepted ways for getting work done existed before manufacturing. Three such anciently accepted ways are: division of labor, leadership, incentive reward. Other accepted ways are: authority with responsibility, transfer of skill, task work. These accepted ways are the result of societal development. Such accepted ways from societal development are resistive to change, universal in application, and imperative to success, and therefore such management fundamentals are regarded as laws. The investigation shows the discovery of these laws and the determining quantitative factors for them.

Part II sets forth forty-three laws of manufacturing management with supporting citations.
Stresses and Deflections in Large Dynamo Frames Due to Dead Load
Authors: Stone M.
Published: January 2024

Because of the continued tendency to enlarge the sizes of electrical rotating machinery, and necessarily the dynamo frames themselves, some thought has been given to the mechanics involved. The analysis given in this paper is the result of an investigation made by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Two assumptions are made as to frame support: (1) simply supported, and (2) built-in. The actual condition is probably between the two, and measurements are being made to determine the relative accuracy of the suppositions. However, since the first assumption imposes the more severe condition, size of air-gaps, and so forth, should be designed according to these results.

The solution is obtained by two methods: Lord Rayleigh’s theory, utilizing Fourier’s series to give the final distribution of bending moments and deformations; and the theorem of Castigliano, which is simple and easy to use but which gives less general results. The compatibility of the two is established.

Tables and equations are given in the paper which will permit the accomplishment of satisfactory designs of machines much lighter than now in use. No analysis is made of the effect of unbalanced magnetic pull, all such effects being under the control of the designer in fixing his allowable air-gap variation.
New Boiler Equipment at the Interborough Rapid Transit Co.’s Fifty-Ninth Street Power Station
Authors: Reynolds H. B. , Taggart J. M. , Lane R. S.
Published: January 2024

The original boiler equipment of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company’s Fifty-Ninth Street power station comprised 600-hp. boilers with hand-fired grates. With the type of engine then used each boiler could produce about 1000 kw. The paper traces the development of boiler practice, through the introduction of stokers, the development of the “double-end“ furnace, and the utilization of the underfeed stoker, showing the successive increases in the kilowatt capacity of a boiler, up to the present installation, in which each boiler has a capacity of 8200 kw. at 350 per cent of rating. The paper outlines the design of the plant and presents a table of test results.
Oleo Gears for Aircraft
Authors: Aldrin Edwin E.
Published: January 2024

After describing the various oil damping devices for reducing the landing shocks of airplanes, the author presents a theory and test data for the design of the “oleo” type of landing gear. This type depends on the flow of oil past an orifice for the shock-absorbing effect. Tests on several forms of orifice using different fluids under a steam hammer gave satisfactory orifice coefficients for design purposes. Then landing gears were dropped under weights with different combinations of orifice and needle, wheel, and tire through heights varying up to 42 in. and their performance studied in slow-motion pictures and cards from pressure indicators attached to the gears. In the plain oleo mechanism together with tire and wheel, it has been found that almost constant deceleration is obtained with no tapering needle in the oil orifice. Viscosity of oil medium has little effect.
A New Propeller-Type, High-Speed Windmill for Electric Generation
Authors: Fales E. N.
Published: January 2024

A new technology of windmill research adopted from aeronautics has resulted in an improved type of windmill resembling an airplane propeller which because of its high speed, light weight, low cost, and good efficiency may under certain conditions compete with internal-combustion-engined farm-lighting plants. Extensive wind-tunnel and other tests used to perfect the new windmill are described and the theories of design are explained in the first section of this paper. The second section presents a study of the velocity and prevalence of winds at Dayton and explains how these conclusions can be adopted for other localities, using a few basic wind values for those localities. Given the power output required momentarily and on a monthly basis, and the velocity and frequency of the winds, the windmill diameter can be calculated. Empirical coefficients are presented for relating the effects of widely ranging winds with steady wind conditions used in the laboratory for determining fundamental design factors.
Vibration of Frames of Electrical Machines
Authors: Den Hartog J. P.
Published: January 2024

The paper gives a formula and curves for the calculation of the natural frequency of frames with a consideration of the flexibility of the feet. As an illustration, an actual example met in practice is discussed in detail.
Stresses in the Drive System of Three-Cylinder Locomotives
Authors: Loewenberg Fritz
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author analyzes the stresses set up in the side rods and driving axles of three-cylinder locomotives of the type in which all cylinders act upon the same axle, taking into consideration the small inaccuracies of fittings resulting in clearances and play and the elastic deformations produced. Formulas are derived and their application illustrated by means of numerical calculations. Systems with more than two axles are also considered.
The Burning of Liquid Fuel
Authors: Peabody Ernest H.
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses not only the burning of liquid fuels, but also the supplies of oil, including shale oil, available. Interesting figures on the distribution of fuel oil to industries are included. That portion devoted to the actual burning of the fuel opens with a discussion of the oil-burning locomotive. The types of burners available, and the tendency of railway engineers to avoid the mechanical atomizer for locomotive work., are pointed out. The success of this type, both as to economy and degree of atomization, is offered as an argument in its favor. In that portion devoted to power plants, interesting data appear on the subjects of boiler efficiency with oil fires, size of units, furnace volume, forced and natural draft, flame impingement, settings, and furnace walls. Interesting information on colloidal fuels also appears.
Properties of Ferrous Metals at Elevated Temperatures as Determined by Short-Time Tensile and Expansion Tests
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L.
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses the properties, as determined by short-time tensile and expansion tests, of plain carbon steels and Enduro metal at elevated temperatures. It opens with a section devoted to the need for information in this field. It next mentions the research work in progress in this country and points out the need for greater refinement in methods of testing. The tests at elevated temperatures are then reviewed.

The original work reported covers short-time tensile and expansion tests on 0.13 and 0.37 and 0.38 per cent carbon steels and Enduro metal at elevated temperatures. In the case of the 0.37 and 0.38 per cent carbon steels, comparative tests on bar and tubular stock are given.

The paper ends with a discussion of the relative merits of five classes of steels at elevated temperatures on the basis of proportional-limit findings. The outstanding steels of each group are then compared and recommendations made as to steels best fitted for high-temperature duty.
Production Control in a Wrought-Brass Mill
Authors: Clark W. R. , Brewer Arthur
Published: January 2024

This paper describes the scheduling system which has been worked out satisfactorily during the past two or three years in a brass mill. The object of this system is to give better service to customers, to reduce inventories, and to stabilize employment. The paper contains flow sheets of the operations involved and is illustrated by charts and tables showing the variations of flow of material and the mechanism of control. The detailed procedures are outlined. The system accomplishes the following results: it enables careful prediction of the rate of production and means for planning it to meet current business; it enables prompt notification to the customers of the expected date of shipment and insures the fulfilment of this promise; in keeping productive facilities elastic, it permits the control of semi-finished and finished stocks, the control and reduction of inventories, and an accurate determination of mill hours and number of employees, the whole stabilizing the production rate and ironing out the fluctuation in cost due to variation in the volume of orders.
Systems of Workman Payment in Porcelain Factories
Authors: Kraner Hobart M.
Published: January 2024

This paper describes the application of Standard Time and several other incentive systems as applied specifically to an electric porcelain plant. It points out the necessity of detailed study of the various operations in determining the applicability of the systems to these operations. It also points out the disadvantages of the simple piece-work system so much used in porcelain plants where Standard Time and other such wage-payment plans have not been studied.
Sugar-Warehouse Conveying Systems
Authors: Buzzo Joseph T.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author describes conveying equipment installed at the Crockett, Calif., plant of the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corp. First, a general description of the plant layout is given, together with an explanation of certain conditions which demand large storage facilities for both raw and refined sugar. Among the types of conveyors described are belt conveyors, depressed floor conveyors, slat conveyors, a specially designed screw conveyor, and various portable and semi-portable conveyors. The duty to be performed by each of these types is mentioned, and the maintenance problem is discussed. An interesting weighing conveyor, which receives the bagged sugar directly from the steamer, is described. A part of the paper deals in an explanatory manner with the very interesting central-control board, through which the entire system is under instant control. An interesting comparison of manual and conveyor handling is given, with the figures well in favor of the latter method.
Characteristics of Hydraulic Feed and Drive for Cutting Tools
Authors: Ferris Walter
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author attempts to show that the application of hydraulic feed and drive for cutting tools has been made possible by the return to the principles of the hydraulic method as it existed before the introduction of the accumulator, and through the introduction of the multiple-plunger pump. The general principles of hydraulic devices used for driving or feeding apparatus for machine tools are presented, particular attention being given to speed control and adaptability to control of inertia forces. The hydraulic drive may be applied either as a straight-line device or as a rotary device. Actual experience during the past five years has developed some peculiarities in the application of hydraulic feeding as compared with geared units, and these are described and discussed by the author. These peculiarities affect more the design of the tools than their field of application. In this connection the author describes the regulating devices and the various types of the application of hydraulic drive, in particular, variable-delivery pumps with closed hydraulic circuits vs. constant-delivery pumps with bypass circuits. He considers flexibility to be the most obvious peculiarity of hydraulic feeds, and illustrates by examples its value.
The Prerequisites of Successful Polishing
Authors: Divine Bradford H.
Published: January 2024

The author discusses those conditions which must be obtained in the polishing department to procure the highest quality of work with the least cost of material and wages. The most important consideration in successful polishing is the glue used in bonding the abrasive to the wheel and its treatment. The next most important consideration is the selection of the abrasive. These are discussed in detail. Other important factors are: the design of the article to be polished, relation of operations preceding polishing, absence of vibration, housing of the polishing department, polishing machines, automatic polishing, and polishing tools.
Diesel-Fuel-Oil Specifications
Authors: Michler G. H.
Published: January 2024

The author gives examples of the various specification requirements encountered by the oil refiners, and points out the impossibility of carrying several grades of Diesel fuel oil at distributing points which are not also refining centers. Unless Diesel engines are constructed which can operate efficiently on a standard grade of oil of broad specification, ship operators will be unduly restricted to limited points of fuel supply and may be precluded from operating in the most desirable trade services. He suggests that three specifications would be sufficient: a minimum gravity of 24 deg. A.P.I., a maximum sulphur content of 1.5 per cent, and a minimum flash of 150 deg., closed cup.
The Motor Truck and L.C.L. Freight
Authors: Scarr F. J.
Published: January 2024

The railroads are economically best suited for the wholesale movement of freight. The controlling factor in their operation is terminal capacity, and terminal costs and delays are the chief obstacles to their greater participation in the short-haul movement of less-than-carload traffic.

Under the present methods and conditions, the highway operator can move most less-than-carload freight for considerable distances cheaper than the railways. He will continue to maintain an economic advantage for the shorter terminal hauls, but a new instrument of freight transportation, the unit freight container, will permit the profitable rail handling of much of the traffic now trucked greater distances. This will necessarily result in the restoration of this traffic to the railways.

The container will use both the highway vehicle and the railroad in the portions of the total movement for which they are best fitted. The rail cost of less than one cent per ton-mile—or about one-seventh of the cost of movement by motor truck—will apply to the road-haul portion, and the terminal cost will be decreased because of the elimination of at least four man-handlings of the freight. The most important collateral benefits are:

1 Faster handling of freight from shipper to consignee

2 Relief of terminal congestion

3 Elimination of theft and damage claims

4 Reduction in packing and carting costs

5 Reduction in rolling stock devoted to L.C.L. service.
Increasing the Production of Cotton Padders
Authors: Longfield Reynolds
Published: January 2024

When floor space becomes cramped and production throttled in certain departments of a growing business, the management is confronted with the task of enlarging capacity.

The author discloses the procedure followed in the dye house of a cotton-finishing plant for increasing production per man-hour and per machine-hour without investment for additional equipment.

He describes the psychological background and existing handicaps, and outlines methods of overcoming both with results of noteworthy improvements.
The Need of Research on Tropical Woods Before Marketing Them
Authors: Koehler Arthur
Published: January 2024

After establishing the value of research in woods over cut-and-try methods of determining their properties and values, the author discusses two main lines of research which should be carried on with tropical woods, the determination of the normal properties of the species of wood, and the determination of means of overcoming objectionable qualities that may appear in the species.
Historical Sketch of the Development of Aerodynamic Theory
Authors: Durand W. F.
Published: January 2024

This paper is intended to give, in brief historical outline, a sketch of the development of aerodynamic theory from the time of Newton to the present day. Newton’s theory of fluid motion and the resulting formula for the force reaction resulting between an inclined plane and a fluid in relative motion are briefly stated and the insufficiency of the formulas noted. Reference is then made to the various mathematical aids which were developed during the next century, and which made possible the investigation of fluid motion based on the concept of continuous change and the “perfect fluid” of the mathematician. The limitations of this concept, especially with reference to the explanation of force reactions between the body and the fluid, are then noted, together with the introduction of the idea of “circulation” and generally of the physical picture as developed by Lanchester and then in mathematical form by Prandtl and his school. These are then briefly sketched and the results of the introduction of these new ideas indicated.

Reference is then made to the problem of the drag, only in part taken care of by the Lanchester-Prandtl vortex theory, and to von Karman’s work leading to his concept of the “Karman vortex street” and thence to the measurement of a further element of the drag; and finally to the third element (depending on skin friction) as at present dependent chiefly on direct physical measurement. In addition to the problem of lift and drag, the problems of stability and control in the air are briefly referred to, followed by mention of the dependence of theory on experimental research and to the vast amount of wind-tunnel investigation which has been made during the past two decades. Brief mention is then made of the two problems introduced by such work—the correction for “wall interference” and the “scale factor” due to the imperfect fulfilment of the conditions for kinematic similitude. This section closes with a mention of some of the problems which characterize the advancing fringe of progress in aerodynamic theory and which in large part still remain for future examination and study.

Then follows a brief section dealing with the screw propeller with reference to the chief stages of the development of propeller theory as suggested by the names Rankine, Froude, Drzewiecki, Prandtl, and closing with a suggestion of some of the problems which characterize the advancing fringe of this phase of general aerodynamic theory.