bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komparasi Tingkat Hasil Belajar Berdasarkan Gaya Belajar Visual, Auditorial, dan Kinestetik
Authors: Nastiti  , Wahyu Rika Agustin
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there was a difference between learning outcomes based on VAK learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) in Integrated Social Studies subjects for seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Patianrowo. Researchers used a comparative quantitative approach with a comparative causal design or ex post facto. The population in the study were all students of class VII, amounting to 295 students and the sample was 59 students taken from class VII H and I. The sample was taken using simple random sampling technique. The study used a questionnaire and documentation as data collection instruments. While the data analysis technique used kruskal wallis. The results showed that good learning outcomes based on visual learning styles were 20%, low learning outcomes were 60%, and moderate learning outcomes were 20%. Furthermore, good learning outcomes based on auditory learning styles are 68%, low learning outcomes are 3%, and moderate learning outcomes are 29%. Finally, good kinesthetic learning outcomes are 22%, low learning outcomes are 73%, and low learning outcomes are 5%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in learning outcomes based on learning styles using the VAK learning style in Integrated Social Studies subjects class VII SMP Negeri 1 Patianrowo. This can be seen from the sig value. namely 0.000 <from the significance level of 5% (0.05).
Operational malfunctions of turbochargers – reasons and consequences
Authors: DZIUBAK Tadeusz , KARCZEWSKI Mirosław
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the most frequently occurring types of damage in turbochargers fitted in modern combustion engines and their influence on the engine basic operational indexes. The following causes of turbocharger malfunctions have been discussed: no lubrication, low lubricant pressure, reduced lubricant quality, foreign objects in the charged air and in the exhaust gas. Example malfunctions resulting from the said causes have been shown. The experimental part discusses the influence of a reduction of the charging pressure resulting from a leakage in the intake system on the effective parameters of a diesel engine fitted in light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. The leakage in the intake system has been simulated by boring holes of the diameter of 3 and 12 mm in the intake manifold downstream of the turbocharger. The influence has been determined of the leakage of the turbocharging system on the value of the charging pressure, maximum effective power, engine torque, unit and hourly fuel consumption and the concentration of the exhaust components. A significant impact has been observed of the leakage of the turbocharging system on the effective parameters of the tested diesel engine and exhaust gas composition.
Experimental research on the influence of the pulse injector control parameters on its flow rate
Authors: CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of the impact of the control parameters on the fuel mass flow from the injector. The control parameters examined in the paper were: frequency and pulse width modulation of the modulated control signal (the second part of the injector control signal). The analysis covers 6 injector types of different design of the valve element and the coil. The experiments have shown that the frequency of the signal does not affect the injector performance, contrary to pulse modulation affecting the injector performance significantly.
Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence of lubricate oils
Authors: BASZANOWSKA Emilia , OTREMBA Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper describes the study on relationship between the engine lubricate oil quality and fluorescence phenomenon. In order to determine the Excitation-Emission spectra (EEMs) of oil samples, a spectrofluorometer combined with an optical fiber system were applied. Two methods of fluorescence measurement: when oil diluted in non-fluorescent solvent (n-hexane) is placed in the quartz-cuvette inside the spectrofluorometer, and when oil sample is placed outside the spectrofluorometer (then EEMs is measured through the optical fiber sensor) were utilized to analyze the shape of EEMs of lubricate oil. Moreover in the second case of measurement, the optical fiber sensor was placed at an angle of 45 degrees to the oil surface, similarly above the oil surface and beneath the oil surface directly submerged in oil. Preliminary measurement results presented in this paper – on one hand – indicate diversity in the shape of EEMs depending on the method of fluorescence measurement, on the other hand – indicate possibility to measure fluorescence of oil directly in engine lubricate oil circuit.
Impact of flameproof exhaust system on efficiency of selective catalytic reduction
Authors: KACZMARCZYK Krzysztof , BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek
Published: July 2021

Ecological problems associated with operation of diesel engine in underground excavation areas are discussed. Characteristic features of diesel drives operating in excavation zones threatened by explosion hazard, including technical problems with use of selective catalytic reduction, are presented. The results of stationary tests of flameproof diesel drive, in which selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was used, are given.
Numerical simulations of dual fuel combustion in a heavy duty compression ignition engine
Authors: KAPUSTA Łukasz Jan
Published: July 2021

In this study dual fuel direct injection was studied in terms of utilizing in compression ignition engines gaseous fuels with high octane number which are stored in liquid form, specifically liquid propane. Due to the fact that propane is not as much knock-resistant as natural gas, instead of conventional dual fuel system a system based on simultaneous direct injection of two fuel was selected as the most promissing one. Dual fuel operation was compared with pure diesel operation. The performed simulations showed huge potential of dual fuel system for burning light hydrocarbons in heavy duty compression ignition engines. However, further secondary fuel injection system optimization is required in order to improve atomization and lower the emissions.
An overview of particle number emission from direct injection SI engine in scope of new legislation rules
Authors: OLCZYK Michał , HEJNY Bartosz , BIELACZYC Piotr
Published: July 2021

The main advantages of using direct injection in an SI engine, such as lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency, implicate a new problem concerning gasoline engines: the emission of particulate matter. The observed issue has been a significant direction of development of the contemporary DISI engine over the last decade. This paper contains an overview of the results of PN emission, which were obtained from experiments conducted at BOSMAL and from the literature. Current and future legal regulations regarding PN emissions were collated to the test results.
Types of internal Diesel injector deposits and counteracting their formation
Authors: STĘPIEŃ Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper attempts to distinguish types of IDID (Internal Diesel Injector Deposits) with regard to the mechanism of formation, factors facilitating their formation and the method of identification. Investigations into their formation mechanism have been discussed in the paper. The results of the investigations into the chemical nature and probable source of these deposits have also been discussed. It has been pointed out that modern common rail fuel injection systems might be less tolerant to deposits due to tighter fitting tolerances, lower mass of parts and sophisticated injection strategies. Various approaches to IDID formation counteracting have also been discussed.
Performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine operating with rapeseed oil and JP-8 fuel blends
Authors: Labeckas Gvidonas , Kanapkienė Irena
Published: July 2021

The article presents experimental test results of a DI single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine FL 511 operating with the normal (class 2) diesel fuel (DF), rapeseed oil (RO) and its 10%, 20% and 30% (v/v) blends with aviation-turbine fuel JP-8 (NATO code F-34). The purpose of the research was to analyse the effects of using various rapeseed oil and jet fuel RO90, RO80 and RO70 blends on brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, emissions and smoke of the exhaust. The test results of engine operation with various rapeseed oil and jet fuel blends compared with the respective parameters obtained when operating with neat rapeseed oil and those a straight diesel develops at full (100%) engine load and maximum brake torque speed of 2000 rpm. The research results showed that jet fuel added to rapeseed oil allows to decrease the value of kinematic viscosity making such blends suitable for the diesel engines. Using of rapeseed oil and jet fuel blends proved themselves as an effective measure to maintain fuel-efficient performance of a DI diesel engine. The brake specific fuel consumption decreased by about 6.1% (313.4 g/kW·h) and brake thermal efficiency increase by nearly 1.0% (0.296) compared with the respective values a fully (100%) loaded engine fuelled with pure RO at the same test conditions. The maximum NOx emission was up to 13.7% higher, but the CO emissions and smoke opacity of the exhaust 50.0% and 3.4% lower, respectively, for the engine powered with biofuel blend RO70 compared with those values produced by the combustion of neat rapeseed oil at full (100%) engine load and speed of 2000 rpm.
Numerical investigation on diesel combustion and emissions with a standard combustion model and detailed chemistry
Authors: Pyszczek Rafał , Schmalhorst Carsten , Teodorczyk Andrzej
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to determine possibilities of the soot and NOx emissions reduction from an existing heavy-duty compression-ignition (CI) engine based only on in-cylinder techniques. To that end numerical simulations of such processes as a multiphase fuel flow through injector nozzles, a liquid fuel jet breakup and evaporation, combustion and emissions formation were performed in AVL Fire 3D CFD software. The combustion process was calculated with the ECFM-3Z model and with the detailed n-heptane oxidation scheme that consisted of 76 species and 349 reactions. Both approaches of combustion modeling were validated against experimental data from the existing engine working under 75% and 100% loads. As for the reduction of the NOx emission an introduction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated. As for the soot concentration reduction such measures as an increased rail pressure, application of a post-injection and an increased injector nozzles conicity were investigated. Finally the ECFM-3Z model with emissions models, as well as the n-heptane mechanism predicted that it is possible to reach specified emissions limits with application of EGR, post-injection and increased nozzles conicity.
Costs of road transport depending on the type of vehicles
Authors: JACYNA Marianna , WASIAK Mariusz
Published: July 2021

The article presents analysis of the road transport costs with regard to the types of vehicles. Discussed problem is important from the point of view of both the carrier and the company engaged in the organization of transport. The classification of costs in road transport significantly dependent on the types of used vehicle is presented. The factors affecting individual cost components with regard to the vehicles’ value, the permissible total weight, type of engine and fuel are defined. Selected components of the costs are enhanced by original analytic formulas with given examples of their values under fixed parameters of realized transport service. The participation of selected components of costs in total costs of transport and their impact on the costs of transportation are investigated. Considerations are illustrated by numerical example which examined road transport carried out in relation Mszczonów (PL) – Hamburg (DE) by one driver. Examined variants are based on vehicles meeting Euro standard III, IV, V and VI. As it was shown, the most cost-effective variant in discussed transport relation uses vehicles with highest emission standards.
Marine engine indicated power uncertainty determination
Authors: KOWALAK Przemysław
Published: July 2021

A proposal of marine engine indicated power uncertainty evaluation method was presented. The uncertainties of the indicated power definitional formula components were evaluated. Methods of uncertainty estimation for measurement carried out in industrial conditions were proposed. A new component called a phase shift angle, in modified formula for the piston kinetic was introduced. The indicated power uncertainty was divided into two calculable parts called uncertainty category I and uncertainty category II. The results of the uncertainties determined for two marine engines: trunk piston and cross-head type were presented. The influence of the individual component of indicated power formula for the overall indicated power uncertainty value was shown.
Distribution of ring pressure over a worn cylinder liner surface
Authors: SERDECKI Wojciech , KRZYMIEŃ Piotr
Published: July 2021

A trial to define the effect of changes in cylinder geometry on compression ring pressure distribution has been presented in this paper which refers to the earlier papers of the authors. The analysis encompasses these cylinders where both circumferential and axial deformations occurred, relative to constructional and assembly errors but above all to engine operation. The conclusions withdrawn from these analyses were applied to exemplary calculations that try to evaluate the effect of cylinder deformation on correct collaboration of ring and liner and particularly on possibility of circumferential gaps leading to blow-by.
The drafts presented in the paper show exemplary results of ring pressure distribution for a complete ring path between the dead centers and selected engine operational data. Moreover, such areas of cylinder surface were shown where slots between compression ring and cylinder liner might occur with high probability.
Indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during the UDC test
Authors: CIEŚLIK Wojciech , PIELECHA Ireneusz , SZAŁEK Andrzej
Published: July 2021

An increased interest in hybrid drive systems allowing reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, as well as their partial use as zero–emission vehicles promotes the development of these types of drive systems. The market analysis indicates an increased sale of hybrid drives in vehicles, and this means that actions taken towards of reduction of fuel consumption are still valid. The aim of this article is to indicate the indexes of performance of combustion engines in hybrid vehicles during a part of the type-approval driving test. The article analyses Toyota hybrid vehicles with particular attention paid to the parameters of the hybrid drive system and the influence of the charge level of battery on the share of the combustion engine operation in the total time of the vehicle operation. The analysis was carried out for vehicles equipped with the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive system working with different types of high voltage battery.
Deposits in spark ignition engines – formation and threats
Authors: STĘPIEŃ Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper reports on both the processes of harmful deposits formation in spark ignition engines and their threats related to engine operation. The connection of a dynamic development of piston engines and fuel injection systems with increasing problems of deposits formation on various engine parts has been discussed at length. The effect of fuel composition, engine design and its operating parameters on the formation of a variety of engine deposits has been described. Possible causes of deposits formation have also been indicated. The paper confirms great importance of modern deposit control detergents and state-of-the-art technology of manufacturing of injection systems components in counteracting this detrimental phenomenon.
Reduction of the number of cylinders in internal combustion engines – contemporary trends in downsizing
Authors: Pielecha Ireneusz , Cieślik Wojciech , Borowski Przemysław , Czajka Jakub , Bueschke Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The article presents the possibility of reduction of the CO2 emission due to application of downsizing, resulting also in the reduction in fuel consumption by engines. From 2015, carbon dioxide emissions will be limited to 130 g/km. Due to this there has been observed an increase in the number of three-cylinder combustion engines on the offer of most global automotive companies. In the article are presented selected new designs of three-cylinder engines, with focus on their performance parameters. The static and dynamic downsizing has been defined as the contemporary direction of the development of combustion engines. In the article are also suggested indexes of static and dynamic downsizing and their interdependency for the considered combustion engines.
The use of Newton’s method for interpolation in the bench testing of compression-ignition engine unit injector systems
Authors: STOECK Tomasz , OSIPOWICZ Tomasz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the methodology for calculations based on the Newton’s method which was used to determine the characteristics of test unit injector systems. It allowed simplification of the research process by preserving a minimum number of measuring points and estimation of other data analytically. Results were compared with the real experimental results obtaining satisfactory accuracy of approximations. The proposed methodology was adapted to a standard spreadsheet so that changes in pre-set parameters and required computations could be made on a regular basis, which in addition shortened the time of their performance.
Analysis of non-standard MiG-29 engine start procedures
Authors: TRELKA Maciej , PERCZYŃSKI Jerzy , BARTOSZEWICZ Jarosław
Published: July 2021

The paper describes alternative start procedures if regular MiG-29 engine start procedures are disturbed. The work presents ground engine start procedures with a turbine starter and an automatic start of both engines. A procedure algorithm has been presented in case malfunctions are detected depending on the level of the malfunction complexity. Example results have been included that come from the flight operating parameters recorder showing the versatility of events that may occur when starting the MiG-29 engines.
An overview of emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds from modern light duty vehicles featuring SI engines
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , SZCZOTKA Andrzej , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

This paper examines emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds in the exhaust gas flux of vehicles featuring spark ignition (SI) engines. A range of technical, legal and environmental aspects are considered. A discussion of the fundamentals of the phenomenona of emission of these compounds is presented, together with a brief summary of the negative environmental impacts of these gases. Selected data obtained during chassis dynamometer testing at BOSMAL are presented, together with certain important observations presented in the technical literature. The reader is directed to recent publications of note for further information on emissions to the less well known reactive nitrogen compounds, namely NH3 and N2O. The orders of magnitude of the various reactive nitrogen compounds found in the exhaust gas emitted from SI engines are briefly considered and commented upon. Data are presented on the impact of different fuel types used in SI engines and the reader is directed to various publications on that subject. Finally, important research directions (both current and future) are identified.
Investigations of nanoparticle emissions of two gasoline cars MPI & DI at stationary part load operation
Authors: CZERWIŃSKI Jan , COMTE Pierre , KELLER Alejandro , MAYER Andreas
Published: July 2021

Starting from Euro 6 not only for diesel but also for gasoline vehicles, with direct injection technology (GDI) a solid particle number emissions limit of 6 × 1011 #/km becomes effective. The limit was temporary extended for GDI to 6 x 1012 #/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the project GasOMeP (Gasoline Organic & Metal Particulates) metal-nanoparticles (including sub 20 nm) from gasoline cars are investigated for different engine technologies. In the present paper some results of basic investigations of nanoparticles from two gasoline cars – an older one with MPI and a never one with DI – are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe, with varying sampling conditions and with different SMPS-systems, which enabled the mobility scanning in different size ranges. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. In this case, the particle counting below 10 nm yields important information. The emissions of the newer vehicle with DI show no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. A sampling with a strongly increased primary dilution has a clear influence on the indicated (higher) particle concentrations.
Detectability of gear damage in combustion engines through a vibroacoustic method
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław , RUDNICKI Mariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a new methodology in vibroacoustic diagnostics of internal combustion engines during a cold test on the production line. This method utilizes order analysis of harmonic components of vibroacoustic signals taken from a combustion engine driven with an electric motor to identify the source of noise and vibration amplitude. The presented analysis of the harmonic orders was used to diagnose the damage of the gear teeth.
The development of combustion engines for hybrid drive systems
Authors: PIELECHA Ireneusz , CIEŚLIK Wojciech , BOROWSKI Przemysław , CZAJKA Jakub , BUESCHKE Wojciech
Published: July 2021

Continuous increased interest in hybrid drive systems enabling the reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, as well as their use partly as zero-emission drive in vehicles provides the basis for the development of these types of drive systems. Such trend is indicated by sales analysis of hybrid drives, and this means that actions taken towards of reduction of fuel consumption are still justified. The article reviews combustion engines for hybrid drive systems as far as determination of their operating conditions, indicating mean effective pressure and power/displacement ratio are considered. The concept of hybridization was defined as a measure of the degree of utilization of vehicle electric drive systems (or its drive support). The analysis was conducted on the basis of vehicles equipped with different hybrid drive systems with combustion engines with spark ignition and compression ignition. The hybridization indexes for different groups of hybrid drive systems were determined and significant discrepancies in the way of their determination were pointed out.
The prospects for the use of ethanol as a fuel component and its potential in the reduction of exhaust emissions
Authors: PAŁUCHOWSKA Martynika , STĘPIEŃ Zbigniew , ŻAK Grażyna
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the progress in the introduction of fuels of higher content of ethanol and vehicle models adapted for fuelling with this type of fuels (FFV). Trends in the European legislation related to the standards of spark ignition engines exhaust emissions have been discussed. The results of a study of unleaded gasoline E10 proneness to forming deposits on the test engine intake valves in accordance with CEC F-20-98 test procedure have been presented. The paper also presents the results of a study of ethanol E85 proneness to forming deposits on the elements of the engine intake system when it contained inappropriate detergent additives.
FEV HiFORS: A new passenger car Diesel injector with continuous rate shaping for 2500 bar injection pressure
Authors: GRZESCHIK Paul , LAUMEN Hermann-Josef
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the HiFORS continuously rate shaping injector for injection pressures of 2500 bar and above developed by FEV GmbH and the Institute for Combustion Engines, RWTH Aachen University. The development process from concept definition to hydraulic and deisgn layout, material choice and manufacturing is discussed. The hydraulic operating properties are verified by injection test rig investigations. Optical investigations are conducted in an optically accessible high pressure, high temperature chamber using shadowgraphy and OH chemoluminescence detection, thereby capturing both liquid and gaseous penetration as well as combustion areas. Single cylinder investigations are carried out at a 0.4 dm3 research engine in different operating points from low part load to full load. Compared to a serial production piezo injector, base measurements using conventional square injection profiles already show reduced combustion noise at improved NOx-soot trade-off as well as lowered HC and CO emissions. Detailed investigations at part load operating points explore the potential of different continuous rate shaping patterns, while the injector’s high injection pressure capability of up to 2500 bar and its influence on engine performance is tested at full load operation points.
Examination of the influence of multi-injection strategy on thermodynamic indexes of engine cycle and on the emission of toxic compounds
Authors: CZAJKA Jakub , WISŁOCKI Krzysztof , PIELECHA Ireneusz , BOROWSKI Przemysław
Published: July 2021

The main target of this work was to investigate on the 1-cyl. research engine concerning practical realization possibilities of cold-flame-combustion when operating with high and very high Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rates. After determining of possibilities of lowering NOx and Soot emissions for EGR rates ca. 40-60% some further investigation on optimization of SOI and CoC parameters were performed. Additionally, some preliminary investigations of the optimization of combustion parameters when applying various strategies of multi-injection have been conducted and analyzed.
Comparative analysis of balancing of V6 engines with common- and split-pin crankshafts
Authors: MOSAKOWSKI Ryszard
Published: July 2021

An analysis of balancing of V6 engines equipped with split-pin crankshafts with any cylinder bank angle based on the mathematical relations derived in the paper was carried out. A comparison of the quality of their balancing with engines equipped with common-pin crankshafts was also carried out. The bank angle ranges beneficial for balancing of moments of inertia forces in reciprocating motion were determined. A mathematical relation on the optimum value of the main counterweights in the function of the cylinder bank angle was derived as well. The advantages of the split-pin crankshafts from the point of view of balancing were also indicated also.
Method of determining the single and two-part fuel dose injection in the Common Rail system of marine combustion engine
Authors: PIASECZNY Leszek , WALKOWSKI Mirosław
Published: July 2021

Marine combustion piston engines are more often equipped with common rail systems, which provide multi-part injection fuel delivery to the cylinder. Dose selection must take into account, among others, its duration, the engine speed and load torque. Practical use of a specific fuel dosing is usually preceded by a study on the test stand simulating the injection process and its dependence on the dose parameters. The authors have presented a method for the selection of these parameters in the case of one-and two-part injection in the medium speed marine engine. There has been presented the manner of creating a mathematical model of the fuel dosing during the injection and research of its characteristics in order to optimize the selection of the amount of fuel, that can be applied in the design of the CR system in the marine combustion engines.
Future mobility without internal combustion engines and fuels?
Authors: LENZ Hans P.
Published: July 2021

For many decades to come, and in the foreseeable future, internal combustion engines – in many cases with electric motors – will be with us, just like the liquid fuels they require. The importance of crude oil will decline, as these fuels will be increasingly produced on a synthetic basis without CO2 emissions. The answers to the question ”Future Mobility without Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels?“ are “no” in both cases. Purely battery-electric mobility will be applied in the future only in specific areas. Fuel-cell vehicles will hardly be used because of the extreme infrastructure investment costs. In contrast, liquid fuels will ensure the future of mobility. In this scenario, energy such as solar or wind energy will be generated without CO2 emissions.
Fuel consumption analysis in dynamic states of the engine with use of artificial neural network
Authors: BERA Piotr
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the construction of fuel consumption dynamic characteristic determined with use of artificial neural network (ANN). The characteristic is based on the data obtained during measurements carried out on the engine dynamometer. The momentary fuel consumption as a non-linear function of two variable parameters, engine speed and torque, has been presented. Article discusses the way of determining such a characteristic which can be used for both SI and CI engines for entire range of engine speed and load. Described characteristic enables analysis of engine properties in dynamic states and allows computing mileage fuel consumption of the car with a given engine in combination with the specific transmission in any virtual driving cycle. An important advantage of the ANN method in case of general fuel consumption characteristic in dynamic operating states is that standard measurement equipment can be used and the solution to a complex problem is reduced to programming issues.
Analysis of balancing of four stroke V6 engines
Authors: MOSAKOWSKI Ryszard
Published: July 2021

Analysis of balance of V6 engines with a common-pin crankshaft depending on a cylinder bank angle and the crank radius to connecting rod length ratios l based on the relations derived is presented in the paper. The bank angles providing the lowest moment of inertia forces in reciprocating motion for selected l values were determined. The position of the plane of the main counterweights in order to maximum balance of the moment of the first order inertia forces and degree of its balancing in the function of the cylinder bank angle were also defined in the paper. The position of the balancing shaft with respect to the crankshaft to fully balance the moments of the first order inertia forces was also determined. Apart from the quality of balancing, also other criteria for the selection of the cylinder bank angle of vehicle engines were indicated in the paper.
An overview of cold start emissions from direct injection spark-ignition and compression ignition engines of light duty vehicles at low ambient temperatures
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , SZCZOTKA Andrzej , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

Spark-ignition (SI) engines are highly susceptible to excess emissions when started at low ambient temperatures, a phenomenon which has been widely discussed in the literature. Direct injection diesel engines feature a markedly different fuelling and combustion strategy, and as such their emissions behaviour is somewhat different from gasoline engines. The excess emissions of diesel engines at low ambient temperatures should also differ. The aim of this study was to compare excess emissions of gaseous and solid pollutants over a legislative driving cycle (the New European Driving Cycle, NEDC) following cold start at a low ambient temperature for both engine types. This paper examines emissions at low ambient temperatures with a special focus on cold start; emissions are also compared to start-up at a higher ambient temperature (24 °C). The causes of excess emissions andfuel consumption are briefly discussed. A series of tests were performed on European Euro 5 passenger cars on a chassis dynamometer within an advanced climate-controlled test laboratory at BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute, Poland. Emissions data obtained over the Urban Driving Cycle by testing at 24 °C and at -7 °C, are presentedfor a selection ofmodern Euro 5 gasoline and diesel vehicles representative of the European passenger carfleet. A full modal emissions analysis was also conducted at 24 °C and at -7 °C over the NEDC. Emissions andfuel consumption were substantially higher at -7 °C than at 24 °C.
Study of dual-fuel (diesel + natural gas) particle matter and CO2 emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine during transient operation
Authors: Barroso Pedro , Ribas Xavier , Pita Mario , Do Judith
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to describe the impact on particle matter and co 2 emissions of converting an existing heavy-duty diesel engine for on-highway truck applications to a dual-fuel engine (diesel + natural gas), especially in transient operation. A dual-fuel engine with homogeneous gas charge injection in the intake line before turbocharger was considered. The results showed the feasibility of this kind of technology for transient operation reaching a significant reduction of particle matter plus a decrement in co 2 emissions at the expense of a small decrement of brake fuel conversion efficiency and an increment of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases.
Investigations of a D10 laboratory Farymann Diesel engine by means of a Langmuir probe
Authors: Korczewski Zbigniew , Rudnicki Jacek , Piechowski Leszek , Cenian Adam
Published: July 2021

A precise determination of the crankshaft angular position, at which the self fuel ignition occurs in a diesel engine, enables a credible diagnosis of the technical condition of the engine working space as well as the fuel feed system. An observation of the Langmuir probe signal provides entirely new possibilities for engine diagnostics. The probe is introduced into the working space of a cylinder through its indicator valve.
This paper presents preliminary results of diagnostic tests performed on a D10 type Farymann Diesel engine. The main aim of the investigations was to confirm the diesel engine control susceptibility to the applied, original measuring method that enables a precise determination of the crank-shaft angle, under which the fuel self-ignition occurs. In order to verify the diagnostic results, simultaneous measurements have been conducted of the cylinder pressure as well as vibrations (measured on the cylinder head cover or its mounting bolts) generated by the engine fuel injection system and the valve timing system.
A satisfactory qualitative and quantitative agreement of the recorded control parameters has been obtained using a simplified comparative analysis. The results showed that further upgrade of the diagnostic method as well as the computer software is necessary in order to synchronize all the monitored variables and enable a comparative analysis in relation to the angular crankshaft position.
An overview of particulate matter emissions from modern light duty vehicles
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , SZCZOTKA Andrzej , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a comparison of particle mass and number emissions from different types of vehicles with spark-ignition (SI) engines, with MPI and DI fuelling systems and compression-ignition (CI) engines with DI fuelling system with/without Diesel particles filters (DPF). The methodology of particulate mass and particle number emissions measurement with a full flow dilution tunnel for LDD engines and particulate sampling system is described. The results of measurements performed according to Euro 5/Euro 6 requirements for PC and LDV vehicles are presented, as performed on the chassis dynamometer in the Exhaust Emission Laboratory of BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute (in Bielsko-Biala), Poland.
Corrosion resistance of valve steel in diesel exhaust gas containing 5, 10 and 20 % of FAME
Authors: SUCHECKI Andrzej , ADAMASZEK Krzysztof , WISŁA Mariusz
Published: July 2021

The operating properties of exhaust valves under heavy thermal and mechanical loads are dependent on the strength of steel i.e. resistance to mechanical deformations under increased and high temperatures and high temperature corrosive action of hot exhaust gas. Long term operation of exhaust valves under the conditions of cyclic thermal and mechanical tensions in the environment of diesel exhaust gas where the main oxidizing components are oxygen, carbon dioxide and overheated steam leads to a corrosion of the steel surface and diffusion processes on the thin surface layer of steel, which, under extreme conditions, may lead to a deformation of the valve, an increased leakage of the combustion chamber and a damage or destruction of the engine.
The investigations of the corrosion resistance of valve steel in diesel exhaust gas containing 5, 10 and 20 % of FAME were conducted on the durability test stand of BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute in Bielsko-Biała in the oxidation catalyst chamber under the conditions simulating the operation of exhaust valves in diesel engines. The tests have confirmed that the corrosion resistance of valve steel in diesel exhaust gas decreases with an increased content of FAME in the fuel and as the content of Cr, Si, Ni is reduced in the tested valve steel and the content of Mn is increased in the tested valve steel.
The sources of contamination and reasons for damage of the flow part of the marine turbine engine in operation
Authors: KORCZEWSKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to show particular sensitivity of the flow part of the marine turbine engine to the presence of contaminants in the intake air. The contaminants form hard-to-remove deposits in the intervane channels that result in a reduced efficiency and performance of the engine. The paper classifies the contaminants according to the source of their formation and their destructive force. The performed analyses and syntheses of the discussed problem have been complemented with the results of own endoscopic research of the flow part of various types of marine turbine engines.
Conditions of NO2-production in catalyzed DPF-systems
Authors: MAYER Andreas , CZERWINSKI Jan , ZELENKA Paul
Published: July 2021

NO2 is much more toxic than NO. Due to the use of oxidation catalysts and catalytic coatings in the exhaust gas systems in the last decades and due to the use of low sulphur fuels the average NO2-portion in exhaust gases of vehicles increases.

Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and Pt-containing DPF-coatings are generally used to support the regeneration of particle filters, which can be a source of strongly increased NO2-production.

The present work shows some examples and summarizes the experiences in this matter elaborated at the Laboratories for IC-Engines & Exhaust Emissions Control (AFHB) of the University of Applied Sciences Biel-Bienne, Switzerland, during some research activities on engine dynamometers in the years 2010-2012.

In general it can be stated: 1) with a Pt-coated catalyst (DOC), or with catalytic surface filter (CSF) there is a maximum of NO2/ NOx – ratio typically in the exhaust gas temperature range around 350 °C, 2) with higher Pt-content in the coating there is a higher potential for NO2-formation, 3) lower NO2-production appears with: higher spatial velocity, higher S-content in fuel and with DOC/DPF used and/or soot loaded, 4) in some cases of semi active regeneration systems, or with the use of RME conditions with higher NO2-rates can appear.
Diagnosing marine turbine engines through energy characteristics of their flow sections
Authors: KORCZEWSKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The aim of the performed research was to develop of a diagnostic method of the flow section of a marine turbine combustion engine based on the level of delamination of its energy characteristics. The here adopted diagnostic model provides for a formulation of the evaluation of the technical conditions based on the measurements of the parameters of the thermodynamic medium in the characteristic control cross-sections of the flow section of the engine during a steady engine operation at nominal load. Based on the energy balancing of the individual impeller sets calculations were performed of their parameters in the form of a distribution of the stream of enthalpy along the flow section. This constituted the basis for the diagnostic conclusions on the overall technical condition of the engine at the same time enabling the identification of the spots of greatest energy losses.
Comparison of energy efficiency of vehicles powered by different fuels
Authors: KROPIWNICKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

The comparison of operating fuel consumption in a selected certification test is the most popular method of assessing energy efficiency of vehicles. Operating conditions are defined with the use of a velocity profile, usually for only two categories: urban and extra urban driving. Problems arising from such a practice are discussed with the use of the analysis of operating fuel consumption calculated for selected traffic conditions in Gdansk and in its suburbs for vehicles with diesel and gasoline engines. The paper presents a new method of comparing energy efficiency of vehicles powered by different fuels, which allows to perform the analysis on the basis of one drive in a regular city traffic when basic parameters of the engine and the vehicle are recorded.
Experimental method for the selection of points of measurement diagnostic vibration signals on internal combustion engine
Authors: SZYMAŃSKI Grzegorz M. , TOMASZEWSKI Franciszek
Published: July 2021

The diagnostic testing of internal combustion engine can be made by using working processes and methods which take advantage of leftover processes. Working processes give information about general condition of internal combustion engine. Leftover processes give information about condition of particular subassemblies and kinematic couples; hence they are used as autonomous processes or as processes supporting other diagnostic methods. Methods based on analysis of vibrations and noise changes to determine technical condition of object are named as vibroacoustic diagnostics. In papers about vibroacoustic diagnostics of engine, problems connected with difficulty to select test point and to define diagnostic parameters containing essential information about engine’s condition, are most often omitted. Selection of engine’s working parameters and conditions of taking measurements or recording vibration signal are usually based on references, researcher’s experience or intuition. General assumptions about taking measurements of signal closest to its source are most often used. This paper presents a new approach to vibroacoustic diagnostics of internal combustion engine. Selection of test points of vibration on the basis of impact tests results was suggested and performed a sensitivity analysis of measurement points on the cylinder head, the force impulse.
Correlation between two commercially available PMP-compliant particle number counting systems
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , MERKISZ Jerzy , PAJDOWSKI Piotr , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

As a result of increased concern over the toxicological effects of particulate matter (PM) emitted by compression ignition vehicles, the European Union (EU) has introduced a particle number (PN) limit. This represents a significant departure from the traditional gravimetric approach of quantifying PM emissions, and introduces unique challenges to the automotive testing process. The legislation sets certain limits and guidelines for systems designed to quantify particle number emissions, but the legislation currently has some flexibility regarding system layout, operating temperatures, etc. In this work, two commercially available particle counting systems were tested with a variety of Euro 5 light-duty CI vehicles equipped with particulate filters (DPFs). The results indicate a small but reasonably consistent discrepancy between the two systems, with a mean difference of 9.3%. Possible causes of this difference (which was not observed in all cases) are discussed in the context of the current EU light-duty CI PN limit, and possibilities for future research directions are suggested.
GC-MS/FID analysis of aldehyde and hydrocarbon emissions from exhaust gases of a spark ignition engine fueled with different ethanol-gasoline blends
Authors: ŁOMANKIEWICZ Damian , BRODZIK Krzysztof , BIELACZYC Piotr
Published: July 2021

In this paper the influence of changes in ethanol concentration in gasoline-alcohol blend on the concentrations of aldehydes and hydrocarbons emitted from a spark-ignition automotive engine is described. Results of the exhaust gas analysis with E0, E5, E10, E25 and E50 blends tested in a car meeting the Euro 5 emission standard are presented. It was found that an increase of the ethanol concentration in the fuel blend leads to an increase in the acetaldehyde concentration in the exhaust gas. TD-GC-FID/MS analysis of exhaust gases collected on two different, complementary sorbents (Carbograph 1TD, Tenax TA) allowed for identification of the large number of hydrocarbons.
Investigation of volatile organic compounds in the cabin air of new cars
Authors: GOŁDA-KOPEK Anna , FABER Joanna , ŁOMANKIEWICZ Damian , BRODZIK Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

Potential human health effects of material emissions in new car cabins are of great public concern. In present work, four new cars with different equipment were tested to assess the nature of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with new vehicle interior. Air samples were collected on solid sorbents and analyzed using thermal desorption and GCMS/ FID. Different types of sorbents were applied to effectively adsorb VOCs. The maximal number of VOCs, trapped from the in-vehicle air, was identified and compounds occurring in air from cabins of all examined vehicles were selected and classified. VOCs emission from identified compounds was calculated and potential sources of identified VOCs were discussed. For aromatic hydrocarbons, the comparison of individual VOCs concentrations was performed.
Biogas utilization in an internal combustion engine working in a serial hybrid propulsion system
Authors: KOVACS Viktoria Barbara , TOROK Adam , BERECZKY Akos , SZWAJA Stanislaw
Published: July 2021

Due to increase in demand for fossil fuels and aspects of natural environment protection, there is a major need to utilize alternative and renewable energy sources in order to promote sustainable development. The use of biogas as a source of renewable energy could provide effective and alternative way to satisfy a remarkable part of this demand for the transportation sector. As biogas has high inert content of carbon dioxide, its heating value is lower compared to CNG. Applying these low heating value renewable gaseous fuels for means of transport is not fully worked out yet because their combustion characteristics significantly differ from liquid fuels that are currently used or propane, or natural gas based systems that are becoming more and more popular in transportation. Biogas is not in common use, thus its utilization is recently limited for engines with conventional equipment burning other fuels. Thus, theoretical and experimental analysis was made to investigate the usability of biogas. On the basis of conducted investigation, it was found that effective biogas utilization as a fuel for means of transport can be achieved in a serial hybrid system consisted of internal combustion reciprocating engine.