bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of toxic metals and relative toxicity of airborne PM2.5 in Puerto Rico
Authors: Jirau-Colón Héctor , Toro-Heredia Jannette , Layuno Josué , Calderon Enrique Dionisio , Gioda Adriana , Jiménez-Vélez Braulio D.
Published: January 2021

The exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and its constituents is an important factor to be considered when evaluating their potential health risk. Transition metals found in PM are known to contribute significantly to the exacerbation of respiratory ailments. Exposure to these constituents results in the induction of oxidative stress in the bronchial epithelium, thus promoting the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, it is important to know the contributions of PM2.5 constituents to further investigate their relationship with toxic responses and associated health risks. PM2.5 samples from three rural (Humacao, Guayama, and Guayanilla) and two urban (more populated) sites (Bayamón and Ponce) from Puerto Rico were analyzed for various inorganic constituents. A total of 59 trace elements were analyzed, of which eight were considered with the greatest toxic potential. The highest annual average concentration of PM2.5 was reported at the urban site of Ponce (5.82 ± 1.40 μg m−3), while Bayamón’s average concentration was not as high (4.69 ± 1.30 μg m−3) compared to concentrations at the rural sites Humacao, Guayama, and Guayanilla (4.33 ± 1.20 μg m−3, 4.93 ± 1.50 μg m−3, and 4.88 ± 1.20 μg m−3 respectively. The concentration at the Ponce site exhibited the highest summer value (7.57 μg m−3) compared to that of all the rural sites (~ 6.40 μg m−3). The lowest summer PM2.5 values were obtained at the Humacao site with an average of 5.76 μg m−3. Average Cu and Zn concentrations were 3- and 2-fold higher at the urban sites (0.68 ng m−3 and 6.74 ng m−3 respectively) compared to the rural sites (0.17 ng m−3 and 4.11 ng m−3). Relative toxicity of inorganic PM extract indicates Bayamón (urban) and Guayama with similar low LC50 followed by Humacao, Guayanilla, and finally Ponce (urban) with the highest LC50. Of the eight potential toxic metals considered, only Fe was found to be higher at the rural sites. To our understanding, there are different sources of emission for these metals which potentially indicate main anthropogenic sources, together with the trade winds adding periodically volcanic and African Dust Storm particulates that affect Puerto Rico. These results are the first of their kind to be reported in Puerto Rico.
Characterization and recycling of textile sludge for energy-efficient brick production in Ethiopia
Authors: Beshah Dawit Alemu , Tiruye Girum Ayalneh , Mekonnen Yedilfana Setarge
Published: January 2021

In recent years, an enormous amount of sludge is generated every day from zero liquid discharge treatment plant due to rapid expansion of industrial parks in Ethiopia. About 30,000 tons of partially dried sludge discharged to the environmental without proper waste management from all industrial parks. Thus, posing serious environmental problems. One of the most plausible means to recycle the excess sludge resource is converting it into energy-efficient brick by combining with clay. Bricks were prepared by incorporating textile sludge at different proportions (10–40%) and temperature (600, 900 and 1200 °C). Clay and sludge samples were collected from the Addis Ababa brick factory PLC and Hawassa Industrial Park. Results revealed that 10 and 20% sludge bricks satisfied criteria of class “A” bricks as per Ethiopia standards, with the compressive strength of 30.43 and 29.10 Mpa, respectively, at 1200 °C. About 26 and 50% of energy were saved during firing of 10 and 20% sludge-containing bricks, respectively, compared with pristine clay bricks. Moreover, too low concentrations of selected heavy metals found in the brick leachate, showing the sludge, were effectively stabilized in the burnt clay bricks. Thus, based on the results, we suggest the rapid utilization of huge amount of partially dried sludge resources for low-cost and efficient large-scale brick production. This will mutually benefit both the industrial parks and brick production industries. In addition, this will create thousands of jobs to the local people. Above all, the solid waste will be managed properly at textile industrial parks.
Counterfeit formulations: analytical perspective on anorectics
Authors: Bonsu Dan Osei Mensah , Afoakwah Constance , Aguilar-Caballos Maria de la Paz
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.

Methods

All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.

Results

Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.

Conclusions

Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
One-step microwave-assisted solvothermal nano-manufacturing of Ni2P nanosphere as high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Wenxian , Kou Zimin , Li Jinzhe , Wang Tao , Guo Jibao
Published: January 2021

Ni2P nanospheres were prepared by an ultrafast (120 s), easy, and energy-efficient one-step microwave method. By controlling the reaction conditions and feed ratio, Ni2P nanospheres with novel nanostructures and ultra-high electrochemical properties were prepared. These nanospheres demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 404.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and high cycling durability. They maintain 81% of their initial capacity after 2000 cycles at 6 A g−1. The optimum device based on Ni2P//AC showed an outstanding energy density of 27.2 Wh kg−1 and power density of 375 W kg−1. A method that is much faster and much more energy-efficient than other approaches was developed to produce transition metal phosphates without atmosphere protection.

Graphical abstract
The β-Cell Genomic Landscape in T1D: Implications for Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Ramos-Rodríguez Mireia , Pérez-González Beatriz , Pasquali Lorenzo
Published: January 2021

Purpose of Review

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops as a consequence of a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Combined, these events trigger an autoimmune disease that results in progressive loss of pancreatic β cells, leading to insulin deficiency. This article reviews the current knowledge on the genetics of T1D with a specific focus on genetic variation in pancreatic islet regulatory networks and its implication to T1D risk and disease development.

Recent Findings

Accumulating evidence suggest an active role of β cells in T1D pathogenesis. Based on such observation several studies aimed in mapping T1D risk variants acting at the β cell level. Such studies unravel T1D risk loci shared with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T1D risk variants potentially interfering with β-cell responses to external stimuli.

The characterization of regulatory genomics maps of disease-relevant states and cell types can be used to elucidate the mechanistic role of β cells in the pathogenesis of T1D.
The diverging patterns of life satisfaction between families: A latent profile analysis in dual-earner parents with adolescents
Authors: Schnettler Berta , Grunert Klaus G. , Orellana Ligia , Miranda Horacio , Lobos Germán , Miranda-Zapata Edgardo , Lapo María , Hueche Clementina
Published: January 2021

This study identifies family profiles based on the level of life satisfaction (LS) in mothers, fathers and adolescents, and variables related to their family, food, and work life. The sample was composed of 303 families of dual-earner parents (mothers’ mean age = 40.9 years, SD = 7.4, fathers’ mean age = 43.2 years, SD = 7.2) and one of their children aged between 10 and 17 years (mean age 13.3, SD = 2.4, 51.5% female). A Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify five family profiles. Profiles differed in LS, satisfaction with family life (SWFaL), satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL), family functioning, both parents’ work-life balance and their perception of the financial situation of the household. Balanced and imbalanced families in terms of LS differed in the three family members’ LS and SWFaL, mothers’ and children’ SWFoL and family functioning, and both parents’ perception of financial situation. These results contribute to understanding the heterogeneity of life satisfaction dynamics between and within dual-earner families.
Watershed Suspended Sediment Supply and Potential Impacts of Dam Removals for an Estuary
Authors: Ralston David K. , Yellen Brian , Woodruff Jonathan D.
Published: January 2021

Observations and modeling are used to assess potential impacts of sediment releases due to dam removals on the Hudson River estuary. Watershed sediment loads are calculated based on sediment-discharge rating curves for gauges covering 80% of the watershed area. The annual average sediment load to the estuary is 1.2 Mt, of which about 0.6 Mt comes from side tributaries. Sediment yield varies inversely with watershed area, with regional trends that are consistent with substrate erodibility. Geophysical and sedimentological surveys in seven subwatersheds of the Lower Hudson were conducted to estimate the mass and composition of sediment trapped behind dams. Impoundments were classified as (1) active sediment traps, (2) run-of-river sites not actively trapping sediment, and (3) dammed natural lakes and spring-fed ponds. Based on this categorization and impoundment attributes from a dam inventory database, the total mass of impounded sediment in the Lower Hudson watershed is estimated as 4.9 ± 1.9 Mt. This represents about 4 years of annual watershed supply, which is small compared with some individual dam removals and is not practically available given current dam removal rates. More than half of dams impound drainage areas less than 1 km2, and play little role in downstream sediment supply. In modeling of a simulated dam removal, suspended sediment in the estuary increases modestly near the source during discharge events, but otherwise effects on suspended sediment are minimal. Fine-grained sediment deposits broadly along the estuary and coarser sediment deposits near the source, with transport distance inversely related to settling velocity.
Solving fuzzy multi-objective shortest path problem based on data envelopment analysis approach
Authors: Bagheri M. , Ebrahimnejad Ali , Razavyan S. , Lotfi F. Hosseinzadeh , Malekmohammadi N.
Published: January 2021

The shortest path problem (SPP) is a special network structured linear programming problem that appears in a wide range of applications. Classical SPPs consider only one objective in the networks while some or all of the multiple, conflicting and incommensurate objectives such as optimization of cost, profit, time, distance, risk, and quality of service may arise together in real-world applications. These types of SPPs are known as the multi-objective shortest path problem (MOSPP) and can be solved with the existing various approaches. This paper develops a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-based approach to solve the MOSPP with fuzzy parameters (FMOSPP) to account for real situations where input–output data include uncertainty of triangular membership form. This approach to make a connection between the MOSPP and DEA is more flexible to deal with real practical applications. To this end, each arc in a FMOSPP is considered as a decision-making unit with multiple fuzzy inputs and outputs. Then two fuzzy efficiency scores are obtained corresponding to each arc. These fuzzy efficiency scores are combined to define a unique fuzzy relative efficiency. Hence, the FMOSPP is converted into a single objective Fuzzy Shortest Path Problem (FSPP) that can be solved using existing FSPP algorithms.
Spray Pyrolyzed TiO2 Embedded Multi-Layer Front Contact Design for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shahiduzzaman Md. , Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Visal Sem , Kaneko Tetsuya , Qarony Wayesh , Umezu Shinjiro , Tomita Koji , Iwamori Satoru , Knipp Dietmar , Tsang Yuen Hong , Akhtaruzzaman Md. , Nunzi Jean-Michel , Taima Tetsuya , Isomura Masao
Published: January 2021

The photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be improved by utilizing efficient front contact. However, it has always been a significant challenge for fabricating high-quality, scalable, controllable, and cost-effective front contact. This study proposes a realistic multi-layer front contact design to realize efficient single-junction PSCs and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs). As a critical part of the front contact, we prepared a highly compact titanium oxide (TiO2) film by industrially viable Spray Pyrolysis Deposition (SPD), which acts as a potential electron transport layer (ETL) for the fabrication of PSCs. Optimization and reproducibility of the TiO2 ETL were discreetly investigated while fabricating a set of planar PSCs. As the front contact has a significant influence on the optoelectronic properties of PSCs, hence, we investigated the optics and electrical effects of PSCs by three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite element method (FEM) rigorous simulations. The investigation allows us to compare experimental results with the outcome from simulations. Furthermore, an optimized single-junction PSC is designed to enhance the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) by > 30% compared to the planar reference PSC. Finally, the study has been progressed to the realization of all-perovskite TSC that can reach the ECE, exceeding 30%. Detailed guidance for the completion of high-performance PSCs is provided.
Study of Caspian energy markets via a hybrid index for energy demand security in Caspian countries in years 2020 and 2030
Authors: Vedadi Kalanter S. , Maleki A. , Saifoddin A.
Published: January 2021

Establishment of demand security is a key incentive to boosting oil and gas investments in countries, thus, making the study of demand security also critical. In the present research, the primary aim is to explore the capacity of Caspian Markets in establishing energy demand security in the Caspian region and investigate its impact on oil and gas exports from the region. Therefore, additional factors such as political issues, international support and geographical limitations should also be considered for the determination of energy demand security. To address this need, a hybrid index is proposed that characterizes energy demand security in the Caspian region. In this research, we have looked at the countries of the Caspian region as a collective identity and we have avoided looking at the particular country of the Caspian region. In this study, we have used analytic hierarchy process (AHP method) to make hybrid index (Caspian energy demand security index). Results produced by the hybrid index demonstrate the superior state of Iran and Russia’s swap markets in establishing demand security in the Caspian region in the years 2020 and 2030 when compared to the markets of China, European Union (EU) and India that follow, respectively. The exception to this trend is that in 2030, the European Union will demand more Caspian gas than China.
LA DEMOCRATIZZAZIONE NELL'EUROPA SUD-ORIENTALE
Authors: Diamandouros P. Nikiforos , Larrabee F. Stephen
Published: January 2021

Introduzione

Il saggio si propone tre obiettivi tra loro connessi: collocare l'evoluzione delle democrazie dell'Europa sud-orientale nel quadro teorico degli studi sulla democratizzazione; trarre da tali esperienze elementi utili allo studio comparato dei processi di democratizzazione; e valutare in maniera critica le rappresentazioni della regione che impediscono di formulare giudizi più obiettivi sui tentativi democratici di questi paesi e sulle loro probabilità di successo. Cercheremo di affrontare i temi più generali dando, allo stesso tempo, risposta a due domande specifiche: innanzi tutto, quali sono le caratteristiche che distinguono il processo di democratizzazione avvenuto nell'Europa sud-orientale e quali sono le differenze rispetto ad altre esperienze analoghe, nell'Europa centro-orientale, meridionale o altrove? In secondo luogo, cosa spiega queste differenze? Per cominciare, però, ci si consenta una breve digressione teorica.
Robot-aided fN∙m torque sensing within an ultrawide dynamic range
Authors: Wang Shudong , Wei Xueyong , Lu Haojian , Ren Ziming , Jiang Zhuangde , Ren Juan , Yang Zhan , Sun Lining , Shang Wanfeng , Wu Xinyu , Shen Yajing
Published: January 2021

In situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization have enabled the stretching, compression, and bending of micro/nanomaterials and have greatly expanded our understanding of small-scale phenomena. However, as one of the fundamental approaches for material analytics, torsion tests at a small scale remain a major challenge due to the lack of an ultrahigh precise torque sensor and the delicate sample assembly strategy. Herein, we present a microelectromechanical resonant torque sensor with an ultrahigh resolution of up to 4.78 fN∙m within an ultrawide dynamic range of 123 dB. Moreover, we propose a nanorobotic system to realize the precise assembly of microscale specimens with nanoscale positioning accuracy and to conduct repeatable in situ pure torsion tests for the first time. As a demonstration, we characterized the mechanical properties of Si microbeams through torsion tests and found that these microbeams were five-fold stronger than their bulk counterparts. The proposed torsion characterization system pushes the limit of mechanical torsion tests, overcomes the deficiencies in current in situ characterization techniques, and expands our knowledge regarding the behavior of micro/nanomaterials at various loads, which is expected to have significant implications for the eventual development and implementation of materials science.
Salivary beta-endorphin in nonsuicidal self-injury: an ambulatory assessment study
Authors: Störkel Lisa M. , Karabatsiakis Alexander , Hepp Johanna , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Schmahl Christian , Niedtfeld Inga
Published: January 2021

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent and impairing behavior, affecting individuals with and without additional psychopathology. To shed further light on biological processes that precede and result from NSSI acts, we built on previous cross-sectional evidence suggesting that the endogenous opioid system, and especially β-endorphin, is involved in the psychopathology of NSSI. This is the first study assessing salivary β-endorphin in daily life in the context of NSSI acts. Fifty-one female adults with repetitive NSSI participated over a period of 15 days in an ambulatory assessment study. Salivary β-endorphin was assessed before and after engagement in NSSI, during high urge for NSSI, and on a non-NSSI day. Furthermore, NSSI specific variables such as pain ratings, as well as method, severity, and function of NSSI were assessed. We found that β-endorphin levels immediately before an NSSI act were significantly lower than directly after NSSI. However, there was no difference between β-endorphin during high urge for NSSI and post NSSI measures. We found a positive association between severity of the self-inflicted injury and β-endorphin levels, but no significant association between β-endorphin levels and subjectively experienced pain. The results of the present study indicate that it is possible to assess salivary β-endorphin in daily life in the context of NSSI. Furthermore, our results provide a first indication that NSSI acts could be associated with a momentary increase of β-endorphin, and this might reinforce NSSI engagement. More research is needed to replicate and extend our findings on peripheral β-endorphin in daily life.
Dairy intake during adolescence and risk of colorectal adenoma later in life
Authors: Nimptsch Katharina , Lee Dong Hoon , Zhang Xuehong , Song Mingyang , Farvid Maryam S. , Rezende Leandro F. M. , Cao Yin , Chan Andrew T. , Fuchs Charles , Meyerhardt Jeffrey , Nowak Jonathan A. , Willett Walter C. , Ogino Shuji , Giovannucci Edward , Pischon Tobias , Wu Kana
Published: January 2021

Background

Higher dairy intake during adulthood has been associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. As colorectal carcinogenesis spans several decades, we hypothesised that higher dairy intake during adolescence is associated with lower risk of colorectal adenoma, a colorectal cancer precursor.

Methods

In 27,196 females from the Nurses’ Health Study 2, aged 25–42 years at recruitment (1989), who had completed a validated high school diet questionnaire in 1998 and undergone at least one lower bowel endoscopy between 1998 and 2011, logistic regression for clustered data was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Colorectal adenomas were diagnosed in 2239 women. Dairy consumption during adolescence was not associated with colorectal adenoma risk (OR highest vs. lowest [≥4 vs. ≤1.42 servings/day] quintile [95% CI] 0.94 [0.80, 1.11]). By anatomical site, higher adolescent dairy intake was associated with lower rectal (0.63 [0.42, 0.95]), but not proximal (1.01 [0.80, 1.28]) or distal (0.97 [0.76, 1.24]) colon adenoma risk. An inverse association was observed with histologically advanced (0.72 [0.51, 1.00]) but not non-advanced (1.07 [0.86, 1.33]) adenoma.

Conclusions

In this large cohort of younger women, higher adolescent dairy intake was associated with lower rectal and advanced adenoma risk later in life.
Metformin plus lrinotecan in patients with refractory colorectal cancer: a phase 2 clinical trial
Authors: Bragagnoli Arinilda Campos , Araujo Raphael L. C. , Ferraz Mauricio Wagner , dos Santos Lucas Vieira , Abdalla Kathia Cristina , Comar Fabiana , Santos Florinda Almeida , Oliveira Marco Antonio , Carvalheira José Barreto Campello , Cárcano Flávio Mavigner , da Silveira Nogueira Lima João Paulo
Published: January 2021

Background

Patients with refractory colorectal (CRC) cancer have few treatment options. This trial tests the combination of metformin and irinotecan in this setting.

Methods

A phase 2 single-arm trial was conducted, patients received metformin 2500 mg orally a day plus irinotecan 125 mg/m2 intravenously weekly D1 and D8 every 21 days. The primary endpoint was the disease control rate according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 at 12 weeks.

Results

Between December 2015 and January 2018, 41 patients were enrolled. Seventeen patients (41%) met the primary endpoint of disease control in 12 weeks; hence, the study was deemed positive. The median progression-free survival was 3.3 months (CI 95%, 2.0–4.5 months), and the median overall survival was 8.4 months (CI 95%, 5.9–10.8 months). Both mutation RAS status and disease control at 12 weeks impacted overall survival in the multivariate model (HR 2.28, CI 95%, 1.12–4.7, p = 0.02; and HR 0.21, CI 95%, 0.08–0.5, p = 0.001, respectively). The most common adverse event was diarrhoea (29.2% grade 3).

Conclusions

In this trial, metformin plus irinotecan demonstrated disease control in patients with refractory CRC. Further trials with optimised diarrhoea control are needed to confirm these results.
Biomarkers for site-specific response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer: relating MRI changes to tumour cell load and necrosis
Authors: Winfield Jessica M. , Wakefield Jennifer C. , Brenton James D. , AbdulJabbar Khalid , Savio Antonella , Freeman Susan , Pace Erika , Lutchman-Singh Kerryn , Vroobel Katherine M. , Yuan Yinyin , Banerjee Susana , Porta Nuria , Ahmed Raza Shan E. , deSouza Nandita M.
Published: January 2021

Background

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) potentially interrogates site-specific response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

Methods

Participants with newly diagnosed EOC due for platinum-based chemotherapy and interval debulking surgery were recruited prospectively in a multicentre study (n = 47 participants). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and solid tumour volume (up to 10 lesions per participant) were obtained from DW-MRI before and after NAC (including double-baseline for repeatability assessment inn = 19). Anatomically matched lesions were analysed after surgical excision (65 lesions obtained from 25 participants). A trained algorithm determined tumour cell fraction, percentage tumour and percentage necrosis on histology. Whole-lesion post-NAC ADC and pre/post-NAC ADC changes were compared with histological metrics (residual tumour/necrosis) for each tumour site (ovarian, omental, peritoneal, lymph node).

Results

Tumour volume reduced at all sites after NAC. ADC increased between pre- and post-NAC measurements. Post-NAC ADC correlated negatively with tumour cell fraction. Pre/post-NAC changes in ADC correlated positively with percentage necrosis. Significant correlations were driven by peritoneal lesions.

Conclusions

Following NAC in EOC, the ADC (measured using DW-MRI) increases differentially at disease sites despite similar tumour shrinkage, making its utility site-specific. After NAC, ADC correlates negatively with tumour cell fraction; change in ADC correlates positively with percentage necrosis.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01505829.
Single-cell profiling of the human decidual immune microenvironment in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Guo Chuang , Cai Pengfei , Jin Liying , Sha Qing , Yu Qiaoni , Zhang Wen , Jiang Chen , Liu Qian , Zong Dandan , Li Kun , Fang Jingwen , Lu Fangting , Wang Yanshi , Li Daojing , Lin Jun , Li Lu , Zeng Zhutian , Tong Xianhong , Wei Haiming , Qu Kun
Published: January 2021

Maintaining homeostasis of the decidual immune microenvironment at the maternal–fetal interface is essential for placentation and reproductive success. Although distinct decidual immune cell subpopulations have been identified under normal conditions, systematic understanding of the spectrum and heterogeneity of leukocytes under recurrent miscarriage in human deciduas remains unclear. To address this, we profiled the respective transcriptomes of 18,646 primary human decidual immune cells isolated from patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and healthy controls at single-cell resolution. We discovered dramatic differential distributions of immune cell subsets in RPL patients compared with the normal decidual immune microenvironment. Furthermore, we found a subset of decidual natural killer (NK) cells that support embryo growth were diminished in proportion due to abnormal NK cell development in RPL patients. We also elucidated the altered cellular interactions between the decidual immune cell subsets in the microenvironment and those of the immune cells with stromal cells and extravillous trophoblast under disease state. These results provided deeper insights into the RPL decidual immune microenvironment disorder that are potentially applicable to improve the diagnosis and therapeutics of this disease.
Preliminarily comparative performance of removing bisphenol-S by ferrate oxidation and ozonation
Authors: Zhang Shaoqing , Jiang Jia-Qian , Petri Michael
Published: January 2021

Bisphenol-S (BS) has recently raised public concerns for its adverse effect on the health safety and ecological security. BS concentrations were detected in many water resources, ranging from 10 ng L−1 to 300 μg L−1, so that various purification techniques have been sought to remove BS. This study investigated the performance of ozonation and ferrate oxidation in the degradation of BS since they are both promising oxidants with high redox potential among water treatment chemicals. It was observed that both ozone and ferrate can achieve over 99% of BS concentration reduction and up to 22.5% of DOC reduction for dosing 0.036 mM of either ferrate or ozone. The vibrio fisheri toxicity exhibited a decline in the treated samples after ozonation or ferrate oxidation. According to the mass spectra analyzed, the degradation pathways were proposed and oxidation products (OPs) were identified. BS degradation by ozonation and ferrate oxidation followed a similar route and four common OPs (OP-249; OP-497-a; OP-497-b, and OP-201) were detected. While ferrate treatment produced one more intermediate (OP-217), ozonation did not, which is attributed to the intensified decomposition of BS by ozonation. The major impact of this study is that ferrate treatment is comparable to the ozonation in removing BS, and further research continuing from this study is necessary to explore the BS removal in various waters with more complex matrixes (e.g., high natural organic matter contents), to investigate BS degradation mechanisms in depth, and to conduct pilot-scale and full-scale trials to establish operational database in running ferrate oxidation and/or ozonation for the treatment of BS in practical world.
Excess extracellular K+ causes inner hair cell ribbon synapse degeneration
Authors: Zhao Hong-Bo , Zhu Yan , Liu Li-Man
Published: January 2021

Inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses are the first synapse in the auditory system and can be degenerated by noise and aging, thereby leading to hidden hearing loss (HHL) and other hearing disorders. However, the mechanism underlying this cochlear synaptopathy remains unclear. Here, we report that elevation of extracellular K+, which is a consequence of noise exposure, could cause IHC ribbon synapse degeneration and swelling. Like intensity dependence in noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy, the K+-induced degeneration was dose-dependent, and could be attenuated by BK channel blockers. However, application of glutamate receptor (GluR) agonists caused ribbon swelling but not degeneration. In addition, consistent with synaptopathy in HHL, both K+ and noise exposure only caused IHC but not outer hair cell ribbon synapse degeneration. These data reveal that K+ excitotoxicity can degenerate IHC ribbon synapses in HHL, and suggest that BK channel may be a potential target for prevention and treatment of HHL.
Skin T cells maintain their diversity and functionality in the elderly
Authors: Koguchi-Yoshioka Hanako , Hoffer Elena , Cheuk Stanley , Matsumura Yutaka , Vo Sa , Kjellman Petra , Grema Lucian , Ishitsuka Yosuke , Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Okiyama Naoko , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Fujimoto Manabu , Eidsmo Liv , Clark Rachael A. , Watanabe Rei
Published: January 2021

Recent studies have highlighted that human resident memory T cells (TRM) are functionally distinct from circulating T cells. Thus, it can be postulated that skin T cells age differently from blood-circulating T cells. We assessed T-cell density, diversity, and function in individuals of various ages to study the immunologic effects of aging on human skin from two different countries. No decline in the density of T cells was noted with advancing age, and the frequency of epidermal CD49a+ CD8 TRM was increased in elderly individuals regardless of ethnicity. T-cell diversity and antipathogen responses were maintained in the skin of elderly individuals but declined in the blood. Our findings demonstrate that in elderly individuals, skin T cells maintain their density, diversity, and protective cytokine production despite the reduced T-cell diversity and function in blood. Skin resident T cells may represent a long-lived, highly protective reservoir of immunity in elderly people.
No evidence for prolactin’s involvement in the post-ejaculatory refractory period
Authors: Valente Susana , Marques Tiago , Lima Susana Q.
Published: January 2021

In many species, ejaculation is followed by a state of decreased sexual activity, the post-ejaculatory refractory period. Several lines of evidence have suggested prolactin, a pituitary hormone released around the time of ejaculation in humans and other animals, to be a decisive player in the establishment of the refractory period. However, data supporting this hypothesis is controversial. We took advantage of two different strains of house mouse, a wild derived and a classical laboratory strain that differ substantially in their sexual performance, to investigate prolactin’s involvement in sexual activity and the refractory period. First, we show that there is prolactin release during sexual behavior in male mice. Second, using a pharmacological approach, we show that acute manipulations of prolactin levels, either mimicking the natural release during sexual behavior or inhibiting its occurrence, do not affect sexual activity or shorten the refractory period, respectively. Therefore, we show compelling evidence refuting the idea that prolactin released during copulation is involved in the establishment of the refractory period, a long-standing hypothesis in the field of behavioral endocrinology.
Atomic resolution tracking of nerve-agent simulant decomposition and host metal–organic framework response in real space
Authors: Terban Maxwell W. , Ghose Sanjit K. , Plonka Anna M. , Troya Diego , Juhás Pavol , Dinnebier Robert E. , Mahle John J. , Gordon Wesley O. , Frenkel Anatoly I.
Published: January 2021

Gas capture and sequestration are valuable properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) driving tremendous interest in their use as filtration materials for chemical warfare agents. Recently, the Zr-based MOF UiO-67 was shown to effectively adsorb and decompose the nerve-agent simulant, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). Understanding mechanisms of MOF-agent interaction is challenging due to the need to distinguish between the roles of the MOF framework and its particular sites for the activation and sequestration process. Here, we demonstrate the quantitative tracking of both framework and binding component structures using in situ X-ray total scattering measurements of UiO-67 under DMMP exposure, pair distribution function analysis, and theoretical calculations. The sorption and desorption of DMMP within the pores, association with linker-deficient Zr6 cores, and decomposition to irreversibly bound methyl methylphosphonate were directly observed and analyzed with atomic resolution.
Terahertz strong-field physics in light-emitting diodes for terahertz detection and imaging
Authors: Ouyang Chen , Li Shangqing , Ma Jinglong , Zhang Baolong , Wu Xiaojun , Ren Wenning , Wang Xuan , Wang Dan , Ma Zhenzhe , Wang Tianze , Hong Tianshu , Yang Peidi , Cheng Zhe , Zhang Yun , Jin Kuijuan , Li Yutong
Published: January 2021

Intense terahertz (THz) electromagnetic fields have been utilized to reveal a variety of extremely nonlinear optical effects in many materials through nonperturbative driving of elementary and collective excitations. However, such nonlinear photoresponses have not yet been obeserved in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), let alone employing them as fast, cost-effective, compact, and room-temperature-operating THz detectors and cameras. Here, we report ubiquitously available LEDs exhibiting photovoltaic signals of ~0.8 V and ~2 ns response time with signal-to-noise ratios of ~1300 when being illuminated by THz field strengths ~240 kV/cm. We also demonstrated THz-LED detectors and camera prototypes. These unorthodox THz detectors exhibited high responsivities (>1 kV/W) with response time four orders of magnitude shorter than those of pyroelectric detectors. The mechanism was attributed to THz-field-induced impact ionization and Schottky contact. These findings not only help deepen our understanding of strong THz field-matter interactions but also contribute to the applications of strong-field THz diagnosis.
Introduction to Analytical Strategies for Cultural Heritage
Authors: Madariaga Juan Manuel
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter outlines the aims of the book, which is intended to be an introductory book for undergraduate students in chemistry or at the master's level for whom a sound knowledge of analytical chemistry applied to the study of cultural heritage needs to be acquired. Details the content of the different chapters are given, together with a brief review of other techniques not considered in the various chapters.
Synchrotron Radiation Sources for Characterization at the Microscopic Level
Authors: Domínguez-Vidal A. , Ayora-Cañada M. J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with the analytical applications of synchrotron radiation sources for the investigation of artwork materials on microscopic and submicroscopic scales. More than 50 synchrotron facilities are currently available throughout the world and the use of synchrotron radiation techniques in the field of cultural heritage has undergone a steep rise in the past two decades. The diversity of cultural heritage and archaeological materials studied using synchrotron techniques is very large and includes ceramics/glass, painting materials, metals, paper and wood-based materials. Although encompassing very distinct types of materials, they bear common specificities that guide their analysis. Thus, they are composite and heterogeneous at many length scales and, in many cases, objects or samples are particularly valuable, fragile or sensitive to damage. The properties of synchrotron radiation, particularly its high brilliance, wide spectral range and tunability, offer remarkable analytical capabilities in this context. Different photon–matter interactions have led to the development of a wide range of analytical techniques providing structural characterization, high elemental sensitivity, chemical specificity and three-dimensional spatial resolution at the micrometer scale or below, with interesting applications in the characterization of artworks.
Rock Art
Authors: Hernanz A. , Gavira-Vallejo J. M.
Published: January 2021

An overview of representative studies on rock art paintings applying physicochemical techniques to investigate their composition is presented. Advantages and limitations of the different techniques, protocols and recommendations for sampling and proposals to deal with difficulties are discussed. Portable instrumentation and non-destructive multi-technique methodology are highly advisable. Contamination and the presence of non-pictorial materials must always be taken into account because rock art is an open-air scenario. Accretions, alterations, deterioration and possible remedies are considered. The results obtained are very useful for archaeologists and conservators. The use of new techniques and instrumentation augurs a promising future in this field.
The self-assembly of a hybrid photosensitizer for the synergistically enhanced photodynamic/photothermal therapy
Authors: Chen Jia , Cui Yunxiao , Song Kewei , Liu Tianqi , Zhou Luyao , Bao Biqing , Wang Ruibing , Wang Lianhui
Published: January 2021

A three-dimensional POSS-based BODIPY photosensitizer was designed for the enhanced synergistic NIR-absorbed PDT/PTT therapy.
Quasi-operando quantification of Cu(ii) ions in Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst by an NH3 temperature-programmed reduction method
Authors: Ma Yue , Wu Xiaodong , Ding Jiancai , Liu Liping , Jin Baofang , Walter Eric D. , Ran Rui , Si Zhichun , Gao Feng , Weng Duan
Published: January 2021

A quasi-operando NH3-TPR method can quantify two Cu(ii) ions ([Cu(OH)]+-Z and Cu2+-2Z) in Cu-SSZ-13 and compare their reducibility in SCR.
Morphology dependent interaction between Co(ii)-tetraphenylporphyrin and the MgO(100) surface
Authors: Ninova Silviya , Malcıoğlu Osman Barış , Auburger Philipp , Franke Matthias , Lytken Ole , Steinrück Hans-Peter , Bockstedte Michel
Published: January 2021

The adsorption of Co-tetraphenylporphyrin at relevant low-coordinated sites on MgO(100) shows distinct features from terrace-site and multilayer films in the near-valence and corelevel regions of the electronic structure.
Two different regimes in alcohol-induced coil–helix transition: effects of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on proteins being either independent of or enhanced by solvent structural fluctuations
Authors: Ohgi Hiroyo , Imamura Hiroshi , Sumi Tomonari , Nishikawa Keiko , Koga Yoshikata , Westh Peter , Morita Takeshi
Published: January 2021

Solvent fluctuation (GTFE-TFE) of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE)–H2O mixture was determined by small-angle X-ray scattering investigation. Protein’s coil–helix transition can be induced by preferential binding of TFE (ΔΓ23) without aggregation of TFE.
A quinone based single-molecule switch as building block for molecular electronics
Authors: Früchtl Herbert , van Mourik Tanja
Published: January 2021

A quinone-like molecule with a coordinated Fe atom is proposed as a model system for a class of molecular switches that may be used in molecular electronic circuits.
Behavior of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone in a vehicle cabin with a passenger
Authors: Mendez-Jimenez David , Lakey Pascale S. J. , Shiraiwa Manabu , Jung Heejung
Published: January 2021

Drivers and passengers are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants while driving.
Systems and synthetic biology to elucidate secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters encoded inStreptomycesgenomes
Authors: Lee Namil , Hwang Soonkyu , Kim Woori , Lee Yongjae , Kim Ji Hun , Cho Suhyung , Kim Hyun Uk , Yoon Yeo Joon , Oh Min-Kyu , Palsson Bernhard O. , Cho Byung-Kwan
Published: January 2021

Systems and synthetic biology onStreptomycesfor discovering novel secondary metabolites and enhancing the production.
Photochemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyphenanthro[9,10-c]furan-1(3H)-ones from α-keto acids and alkynes
Authors: Zhao Beibei , Zhang Zhen , Ge Yu , Li Pinhua , Miao Tao , Wang Lei
Published: January 2021

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of 3-hydroxyphenanthro[9,10-c]furan-1(3H)-ones has been achieved from α-keto acids and alkynes through photo-initiated transformation, providing a range of products in good to excellent yields.
Promotion in solid phase reaction of Pt/SiOx bilayer film by electron-orbital-selective-excitation
Authors: Yasuda H. , Sato K. , Ichikawa S. , Imamura M. , Takahashi K. , Mori H.
Published: January 2021

A thermally impossible positive free energy reaction can proceed by electron-orbital-selective excitation.
Combined mechanistic and genetic programming approach to modeling pilot NBR production: influence of feed compositions on rubber Mooney viscosity
Authors: He Ge , Luo Tao , Dang Yagu , Zhou Li , Dai Yiyang , Ji Xu
Published: January 2021

The process model comprised of a mechanistic model based on emulsion polymerization kinetics and a data-driven model derived from genetic programming is developed to correlate the feed compositions and process conditions to NBR Mooney viscosity.
A novel purification method of activated carbon-supported carbon nanotubes using a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and KOH as the ablation agent
Authors: Hu Yongjie , Zhang Linlin , Guo Qixun , Zheng Zhifeng , Liu Yunquan , Ye Yueyuan , Li Shuirong , Jia Xingyong , Wang Duo
Published: January 2021

Transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni) supported on activated carbons with different pore diameters (<2 nm, 10 nm, 50 nm) to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTS) are first investigated in this study.
Nanofiltration filter paper based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and cellulose filter papers
Authors: Sun Wan-hong , Hui Lan-feng , Yang Qian , Zhao Guo-dong
Published: January 2021

When MWCNTs are added into cellulose paper, the efficiency of particle interception is improved.
Rational construction of free-standing P-doped Fe2O3 nanowire arrays as highly effective electrocatalyst for overall water splitting
Authors: Tong Yong Li , Chi Bao Qian , Qi Dong Li , Zhang Weiqiang
Published: January 2021

Designing electrode structures with high activity is very significant for energy conversion systems.
Analysis of the effects of Cu-MOFs on fungal cell inactivation
Authors: Veerana Mayura , Kim Hyun-Chul , Mitra Sarmistha , Adhikari Bishwa Chandra , Park Gyungsoon , Huh Seong , Kim Sung-Jin , Kim Youngmee
Published: January 2021

Cu-MOFs containing glutarates and bipyridyl ligands produce antifungal effects on C. albicans cells and A. niger spores, and induce apoptosis-like death of the fungi, which was probably caused by the elevated level of intracellular reactive species.
UIO-66-NH2-derived mesoporous carbon used as a high-performance anode for the potassium-ion battery
Authors: Liu Yanchen , Huang Bin , Zheng Long , Shen Muyuan , Pu Zonghua , Shao Yijia , Li Xiuhua , Liao Shijun
Published: January 2021

The N-doped mesoporous carbon material prepared by a double-solvent diffusion pyrolysis method with UIO-66-NH2 as a precursor can deliver a high reversible capacity of 346 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 when used as an anode for non-aqueous KIBs.
Synthesis of anthradithiophene containing conjugated polymers via a cross-coupling strategy
Authors: Hussain Waseem A. , Plunkett Kyle N.
Published: January 2021

Incorporation of anthradithiophene (ADT) into conjugated polymers via cross-coupling reactions is enabled by a soluble halogenated ADT precursor.
Physicochemical aspects of inorganic nanoparticles stabilized in N-vinyl caprolactam based microgels for various applications
Authors: Tahir Fatima , Begum Robina , Wu Weitai , Irfan Ahmad , Farooqi Zahoor H.
Published: January 2021

The present review provides recent research progress of fabrication, stabilization, characterization and applications of N-vinyl caprolactam based microgels loaded with inorganic nanoparticles.
A New ternary organometallic Pd(ii)/Fe(iii)/Ru(iii) self-assembly monolayer: the essential ensemble synergistic for improving catalytic activity
Authors: Ren Ruirui , Huang Pingping , Zhao Wuduo , Li Tiesheng , Liu Minghua , Wu Yangjie
Published: January 2021

An ensemble synergistic effect between metals, ligand and support occurs when an electron transferred from GOvia ligand to Ru, and then to Pd or from Fe to Pd, to make Pd more negative, resulting in higher activity.
Palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost-type reaction of benzofuran-2-ylmethyl acetates with nucleophiles
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Fochetti Andrea , Ghirga Francesca , Goggiamani Antonella , Iazzetti Antonia , Marrone Federico , Mazzoccanti Giulia , Serraiocco Andrea
Published: January 2021

The palladium-catalyzed benzylic-like nucleophilic substitution of benzofuran-2-ylmethyl acetate with N, S, O and C soft nucleophiles.
Tunable and sustainable photocatalytic activity of photochromic Y-WO3 under visible light irradiation
Authors: Li Qiansheng , Zhang Hui , Yan Yunhui , Yang Zhijun , Wang Yingling , Liu Guoguang , Ni Tianjun
Published: January 2021

The rapid and reversible photochromic properties of Y-WO3 made it a rechargeable material for tunable and sustainable photocatalysis.