bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barreras de acceso a la cobertura de riesgos laborales en contratos de prestación de servicios en el sector público de salud en Bogotá
Authors: Correa Moreno Yerson Ali , Luna García Jairo Ernesto , Arango Soler Juan Manuel , Campos Adriana Carolina
Published: October 2015

Objetivo Identificar barreras de acceso al Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales (SGRL) de Colombia en un grupo de profesionales independientes (contratados por prestación de servicios) del sector público de salud en Bogotá.

Metodología Investigación cualitativa (narrativa) mediante entrevistas a 4 profesionales independientes de la Secretaria Distrital de Salud, 4 profesionales independientes del Hospital de Tunjuelito y 3 expertos en riesgos profesionales. Para el manejo de la información se utilizó el análisis de contenido.

Resultados En las dos instituciones consultadas del sector público de salud en Bogotá se han adelantado estrategias que facilitan el acceso a la seguridad social en riesgos laborales de los trabajadores independientes. Sin embargo, los trabajadores y los expertos entrevistados identifican una serie de barreras de acceso que se presentan para la afiliación de los trabajadores independientes al Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales, entre estas barreras de acceso están la falta de cultura de la prevención ante los riesgos laborales, el desconocimiento sobre la normatividad y utilidad del sistema y la no concepción del mismo como parte fundamental del sistema de seguridad social del país.

Conclusiones Es necesario que el Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales sea entendido como parte integral y fundamental de la seguridad social del país, lo cual depende de una construcción cultural sobre la importancia de un sistema de riesgos laborales en las organizaciones estatales, los empleadores y los empleados.

 
Precision of geoid approximation and geostatistics: How to find continuous map of absolute gravity data
Authors: Song Hongzhi , Sadovski Alexey , Jeffress Gary
Published: October 2015

An accurate geoid model is needed for surveyors and engineers who require orthometric heights on a common datum, and environment scientists who require elevations relative to present sea level. Airborne gravity data has been collected by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) under the Gravity for the Redefinition of the Amer- ican Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) project and is available along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. For this study we obtained a set of absolute gravity data derived from full-field gravity at altitude/elevation. We used the data to derive free-air gravity anomalies to establish gravity on the geoid. For spatial interpolation we used the kriging method to estimate gravity on the geoid in any location and kriging of the difference between gravity on the ellipsoid of reference and the geoid. Various kriging methods were used for evaluation of errors calculated in this study. The mean precision of the predicted values is around 1.23 cm, a very good result for coastal regions, which traditionally have sparse gravity data sets.
Optimización de la oferta de cursos en instituciones educativas
Authors: López-Bracho Rafael , Granados Ochoa Angélica Iliana , Hernández Fragoso Mirelle
Published: October 2015

En el problema de programación de horarios de cursos, generalmente se asume que la asignación de asignaturas a los periodos lectivos es un dato de entrada del problema, que es definido por los responsables académicos. En este trabajo es presentada una metodología, que hace uso de programas lineales con variables enteras 0-1, para establecer la asignación de cursos a periodos lectivos, el cual toma en cuenta el grado de dificultad de cada asignatura y los requisitos académicos de éstas, con el objetivo de mini- mizar las diferencias de grado de dificultad entre los diferentes periodos académicos.
New records of decapod crustaceans from the coast of Sergipe state, Brazil
Authors: Barros-Alves Samara De Paiva , Alves Douglas Fernandes Rodrigues , Silva Sonja Luana Rezende , Guimarães Carmen Regina Parisotto , Hirose Gustavo Luis
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study is to report seven decapod crustacean species for the first time from Sergipe state, northeastern Brazil. The specimens were sampled from January 2012 to June 2015, on continental shelf and estuaries. Alpheus buckupi,Synalpheus ul, Lysmata bahia, L. cf. intermedia, Paguristes tortugae, Macrocoeloma laevigatum and Pilumnoides coelhoi are reported. This study records fill gaps in the geographical distribution of these decapods that have previous records for adjacent areas.
QUALITY OF LIFE EVALUATION IN CELIAC PATIENTS FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: CASTILHOS Amélia C , GONÇALVES Bárbara C , MACEDO E SILVA Manoella , LANZONI Laura A , METZGER Letícia R , KOTZE Lorete M S , NISIHARA Renato M
Published: October 2015

BackgroundRestrictions imposed by the gluten-free diet generate large changes in the daily habits of the celiac patient, causing a negative impact on quality of life.ObjetiveThis study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with celiac disease on a capital in Southern Brazil.MethodsPatients older than 18 years were included, with confirmed celiac disease for at least 60 days in the period from June to October 2013. A validated questionnaire, with specific questions to assess the patient’s quality of life celiac was applied. A total score ranged from 20 to 100 points; the higher the score, worse quality of life.ResultsA total of 103 questionnaires were evaluated, 96 (93.2%) female, with average score 56.6±12.35 (28 to 88 points). The comparison between the questionnaire scores and family income was not significant (P=0.139). Patients diagnosed less than 1 year have poorer quality of life than those with more than 10 years (P=0.063). Patients older than 60 years had better quality of life compared with the younger ones (P=0.04).ConclusionThere was no association between quality of life and factors such as family income, length of diet and age at diagnosis. Chronological age greater than 60 years has positively influenced the quality of life of celiac patients.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN THE EVALUATION OF UPPER SUBEPITHELIAL LESIONS
Authors: CHAVES Dalton Marques , MEINE Gilmara Coelho , MOURA Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de , MATUGUMA Sergio Eiji , LERA Marcos Eduardo , ARTIFON Everson Luiz de Almeida , MOURA Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux de , SAKAI Paulo
Published: October 2015

BackgroundEndoscopic ultrasound is considered the best imaging test for the diagnosis and evaluation of subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.ObjectiveThe present study aims to describe the endosonographic characteristics of upper gastric subepithelial lesions and our experience using endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of such lesions.MethodsRetrospective data study of 342 patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of subepithelial lesions.ResultsLesions of the fourth layer were more common in the stomach (63.72%) than in the esophagus (44.68%) and duodenum (29.03%). In stomach, 81.1% of the lesions ≥2 cm, and 96.5% ≥3 cm, were from the fourth layer. Endosonographic signs that could be related to malignant behavior, such as irregular borders, echogenic foci, cystic spaces and/or size greater than 3 cm were identified in 34 (15.81%) lesions at the first endoscopic ultrasound evaluation. Endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration did the diagnosis in 21 (61.76%) patients who were submitted a puncture. Three (12.0%) lesions of 25 who were submitted to regular endoscopic ultrasound surveillance increased the size.ConclusionStomach is the organ most affected with subepithelial lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and the fourth layer was the most common layer of origin. More than 80% of gastric subepithelial lesions from the fourth layer are ≥2 cm. Endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of subepithelial lesions has been very important for stratification into risk groups and to determine the best management.
ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE IMPULSE IS EQUIVALENT TO LIVER BIOPSY TO EVALUATE LIVER FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Authors: GUERRA Juliana Ayres de Alencar Arrais , TRIPPIA Marcus , PISSAIA JUNIOR Alcindo , TEIXEIRA Bernardo Corrêa de Almeida , IVANTES Cláudia Alexandra Pontes
Published: October 2015

BackgroundLiver biopsy is recommended as the gold standard method for assessing the stage of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. However, it is invasive, with potential risks and complications. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that provides information of changes in the liver tissue, evaluating tissue elasticity and acoustic radiation force impulse is one of the available techniques.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of acoustic radiation force impulse comparing to liver biopsy to evaluate fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.MethodsTwenty four patients were included, everyone underwent liver biopsy and acoustic radiation force impulse, and the results were compared with values described in the literature by several authors.ResultsIn the population of patients with chronic hepatitis C, our data were better correlated with data published by Carmen Fierbinteanu-Braticevici et al., with an accuracy of 82.4%, sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 90%. For nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, our data were better correlated with data published by Masato Yoneda et al., with an accuracy of 85.7%, sensitivity 80% and specificity of 100%.ConclusionAcoustic radiation force impulse is a method with good accuracy to distinguish initial fibrosis from advanced fibrosis in hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and can replace biopsy in most cases.
Generalized Reverse Derivations on Semiprime Rings
Authors: Reddy C. Jaya Subba , Rao G. Venkata Bhaskara , Kumar S. Vasantha
Published: October 2015

In this paper we extend our ideas from reverse derivation towards the Generalized reverse derivations on semiprime rings. In this Paper, we prove that if d is a non-zero reverse derivation of a semi prime ring R and f is a generalized reverse derivation, thenis a strong commutativity preserving. Using this, we prove that R is commutative.
Icosahedral Symmetry: A Review
Authors: de Wet J.A.
Published: October 2015

This Review covers over 40 years of research on using the algebras of Quarternions E6;E8to model Elementary Particle physics. In particular the Binary Icosahedral group is isomorphic to theExceptional Lie algebra E8 by the MacKay correspondence. And the toric graph of E8 in Fig.2 with240 vertices on 4 binary Riemann surfaces each carrying 60 vertices, models a solution of the Ernstequation for the stationary symmetric Einstein gravitational equation. Furthermore the 15 synthemesof E8, consisting of 5 sets of 3,can be identified with algebraic representations of the nucleon,supersymmetric particles,W bosons and Dark Matter.
Compare the Quality of Consultation and Psychotherapy Government Agencies and the Private Sector in Kurdistan Province
Authors: Rahmani Sharmin , Goodarzi Mahmoud
Published: October 2015

Each organization for growth and progress should pay attention to self-assessment. The feedback process evaluation and quality improvement organizational weakness. This study aimed to compare the quality of consultation and psychotherapy government agencies and the private sector in Kurdistan province. The research is descriptive and comparative. The study population included all psychotherapy and counseling centers in Kurdistan and all the patients at the centers. For this purpose, the sampling method chosen 16 of them to approach the clients available, 400 people were selected from public and private facilities and questionnaire quality services with 49 question of Jafari with the reliability of 0.83 and a correlation coefficient of (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76), was carried out on them. To analyze the data independent t-test was used. The results showed that, between the quality and satisfaction of centers of consultation and psychotherapy government agencies and the private sector in Kurdistan province there is a significant difference. This means that client satisfaction was higher in finance of government agencies however in physical space, handling of personnel and equipment private sector achieved a higher rating.
Desenvolvimento de porta-enxerto de goiabeira sob irrigação com água salinizadas e doses de nitrogênio
Authors: Souza Leandro de Pádua , Nobre Reginaldo Gomes , Silva Evandro Manoel da , Sousa Fablo Fernandes de , Silva Israel Almeida da
Published: October 2015

Os efeitos dos sais nos solos, causando variações na estrutura, permeabilidade e aeração do solo, afetam indiretamente o crescimento das plantas. Desta forma o incremento da dosagem de nitrogênio, como fator isolado, pode promover melhor eficiência na produção de mudas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho, analisar a influência da salinidade da água de irrigação associada a doses crescentes de nitrogênio sobre o desenvolvimento de porta-enxerto de goiabeira de genótipo ‘Crioula’. O experimento foi conduzido em tubetes sob condições de ambiente protegido no CCTA/UFCG. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, correspondentes a  cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água – CEa (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (70, 100, 130 e 160% de N da dose recomendada para cultivo de mudas de goiabeira cv. Paluma) com 4 repetições e 5 plantas por parcela. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores salinidade da água de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada sob o crescimento de porta-enxerto de goiabeira de genótipo “Crioula”. O aumento da CEa a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 afeta negativamente e de forma linear o diâmetro do caule (DC), número de folhas (NF), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCAap) e relativo da altura de planta (TCRap), o equilíbrio de crescimento altura de planta/ diâmetro do caule e a exportação de massa seca da folha para o resto da planta (RMF). A dose de 70% de N (541,1 mg de N dm-1 de solo) proporciona maiores valores do DC, NF, TCAap e TCRap de porta-enxerto de goiabeira “Crioula”.
MicroRNAs in Cardiometabolic Diseases
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs with critical functions in multiple physiological and pathological processes. An explosion of reports on the discovery and characterization of different miRNA species and their involvement in almost every aspect of cardiac biology and diseases has established an exciting new dimension in gene regulation networks for cardiac development and pathogenesis.CONTENT: Alterations in the metabolic control of lipid and glucose homeostasis predispose an individual to develop cardiometabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Work over the last years has suggested that miRNAs play an important role in regulating these physiological processes. Besides a cell-specific transcription factor profile, cell-specific miRNA-regulated gene expression is integral to cell fate and activation decisions. Thus, the cell types involved in atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and its myocardial sequelae may be differentially regulated by distinct miRNAs, thereby controlling highly complex processes, for example, smooth muscle cell phenotype and inflammatory responses of endothelial cells or macrophages. The recent advancements in using miRNAs as circulating biomarkers or therapeutic modalities, will hopefully be able to provide a strong basis for future research to further expand our insights into miRNA function in cardiovascular biology.SUMMARY: MiRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. They are potent modulators of diverse biological processes and pathologies. Recent findings demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the vasculature and the orchestration of lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. MiRNA networks represent an additional layer of regulation for gene expression that absorbs perturbations and ensures the robustness of biological systems. A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of miRNA-mediated effects on metabolism and vascular pathophysiology could pave the way for the development of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches.KEYWORDS: microRNA, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, atherosclerosis
Current Issues and Challenges in the Use of Aerosolized Surfactant for Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Newborns
Authors: Samsudin Dion Darius
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Surfactant replacement therapy is a recognized treatment for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the newborns. Over the past 30 years, human and animal trials have been performed regarding administration of aerosolized surfactant to the injured lung, however the result has been unsatisfactory when compared with instilled surfactant delivery via endotracheal tube (ETT). This review aims to investigate the current issues, challenges and future recommendation of aerosolized surfactant therapy.CONTENT: Five randomized clinical trials in humans and 13 animal trials met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Most animal trials agree that this method of treatment is feasible. However, human trials presented conflicting results, and generally showed it to be ineffective. When compared with surfactant delivery via ETT, aerosolized surfactant is less effective in improving respiratory function.SUMMARY: The current data from human trials does not support the implementation of aerosolized surfactant therapy to treat newborns with RDS. Further research is necessary to improve nebulization, delivery, distribution and deposition in the lung, to investigate aerosolized surfactant delivery via ETT and to determine the appropriate dose.KEYWORDS: surfactant, aerosol, prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome
Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Aging
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The average lifespan of humans is increasing, and with it the percentage of people entering the 65 and older age group is growing rapidly and will continue to do so in the next 20 years. Within this age group, cardiovascular disease will remain the leading cause of death, and the cost associated with treatment will continue to increase. Aging is an inevitable part of life and unfortunately poses the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease.CONTENT: We provide an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating lifespan and health, including mitochondria, telomeres, stem cells, sirtuins, Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1. We also provide future perspectives of lifespan and health, which are intimately linked fields.SUMMARY: Aging remains the biggest non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The biological, structural and mechanical changes in senescent cardiovascular system are thought to contribute in increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease in aging. Understanding the mechanisms contributing to such changes is therefore crucial for both prevention and development of treatment for cardiovascular diseases.KEYWORDS: cardiovascular aging, mitochondria, telomeres, sirtuin, stem cells
Optimization and Validation of a Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction with RNA Internal Control to Detect Rubella RNA
Authors: Xie Winny , Yusmiati Yusmiati
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: According to a report from WHO, cases of rubella infection in Indonesia has increased up to 10-fold from 2007 to 2011. Despite no data of congenital rubella syndrome in the report, there are approximately 45,000 cases of babies born with heart failure and 0.1-0.3% live births with congenital deafness in Indonesia. Allegedly, rubella infection during pregnancy may play a role in this condition. This study aimed to optimize and validate a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method to detect rubella virus RNA as an aid for the diagnosis of congenital rubella infection.METHODS: Method optimization was conducted using nucleic acids extracted from Trimovax Merieux vaccine with the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit. One step RT-qPCR was performed with Quantifast Multiplex RTPCR+R Kit. Target synthetic DNA was designed and used to determine the sensitivity of the method. RNA internal control was synthesized to control the process of extraction and amplification.RESULTS: The analytical sensitivity of this method was as low as 5 copies target synthetic DNA/μl. The mean Coefficient of Variation (CV) % of the critical threshold (Ct) obtained were 2.71%, 1.20%, 1.62%, and 1.59% for within run, between run, between kit lots, and between operators, respectively. Recovery of the target synthetic DNA from amniotic fluid was 100.51% (by the log copies/μl) at the concentration of 1,000,000 copies/μl.CONCLUSION: RT-qPCR is successfully used for the detection of rubella virus RNA in vaccine and synthetic nucleic acid. With its high sensitivity, good precision and recovery, this method offers a means to improve the diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in developing countries like Indonesia.KEYWORDS: congenital rubella, RT-qPCR, prenatal diagnosis, amniotic fluid
Which Biology Marker Can be a Predictor for Higher Syntax Score?
Authors: Lison Linda , Yusuf Irawan , Sutrisna Bambang , Kabo Peter , Santoso Teguh , Sandra Ferry
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Syntax score is a lesion-based angiographic scoring system, originally devised to grade the anatomic complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and thereby facilitate consensus in the study of a diagnostic angiogram between surgeons and interventional cardiologists. Suitable biology marker to predict the severity of CAD and to have a treatment decision for revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or bypass surgery, is still unknown. Which biology marker can be a predictor for higher Syntax score remains unknown as well.METHODS: Severity of 105 patients who underwent coronary angiography, were evaluated with Syntax score. Laboratory tests were conducted for routine blood test, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, kidney function, creatinine and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).RESULTS: Ureum had significant correlation with Syntax score, p=0.016 and 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.05-0.55. Result of logistic regression analysis showed that HDL and haematocrit had significant correlation with Syntax score, with cut off point 34 (p=0.02, p=0.0033, respectively). Based on multi-variate analysis, Syntax score 34 = 16 (HDL ≤40 + Ureum ≥23) + 10 (Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ≥3.789) +10 (HbA1c ≥7 ) + 13 ( monocyte ≥9%).CONCLUSION: HDL cholesterol, ureum, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, HbA1c and monocyte altogether can predict the higher Syntax score.KEYWORDS: syntax, neutrophil, lymphocyte, HDL, cholesterol, ureum, HbA1c, monocyte
Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental condition, which is typically characterized by a triad of symptoms: impaired social communication, social reciprocity and repetitive stereotypic behavior. While the behavioral phenotype of ASD is well described, the search for reliable ‘autism biomarkers’ continues.CONTENT: Insulin growth factor (IGF) is essential for the myelination of developing fetal neurons; this is in addition to the well-known links between IGF, maternal inflammation, infection and autism supporting IGF as a potential marker. Combining IGF data with data regarding levels of the known markers, serotonin and anti-myelin basic protein, in order to calculate an autism index, could provide a new diagnostic method for at-risk neonates. Disruptions to multiple pathophysiological systems, including redox, folate, methylation, tryptophan metabolism, and mitochondrial metabolism, have been well documented in autistic patients. Maternal infection and inflammation have known links with autism. Autoimmunity has therefore been a well-studied area of autism research. The potential of using autoantibodies as novel biomarkers for autism, in addition to providing insights into the neurodevelopmental processes that lead to autism.SUMMARY: The six proposed causes of autism involve both metabolic and immunologic dysfunctions and include: increased oxidative stress; decreased methionine metabolism and trans-sulfuration: aberrant free and bound metal burden; gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances; immune/inflammation dysregulation; and autoimmune targeting. A newborn screening program for early-onset ASD should be capable of utilizing a combination of ASD-associated biomarkers representative of the six proposed causes of autism in order to identify newborns at risk. The biomarkers discussed in this article are useful to guide the selection, efficacy and sufficiency of biomedical interventions, which would likely include nutritional supplementation, dietary changes and specific medications for treating GI pathogens and reducing inflammation.KEYWORDS: ASD, autism, biomarkers, newborn screening, diagnosis
A Comparative Study between Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia and General Anesthesia for Patients Who Underwent Modified Radical Mastectomy with Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in De La Salle University Medical Center
Authors: Oktavia Eva
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: To compare the recovery time and other related clinical outcomes among patients who underwent Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) with axillary lymph node dissection under Continuous Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia (CTEA) and General Endotracheal Tube Anesthesia (GETA).METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study with 70 patients who underwent MRM in De La Salle University Medical Centre (DLSUMC), categorized into GETA and CTEA group consisted of 35 patients each. Per oral premedications 15 mg midazolam, 40 mg omeprazole and 10 mg metoclopramide were given 1 hour prior to surgery. Intra-operative hypotension/hypertension, tachycardia/bradycardia status, length of Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and hospital stay, and Post Operative Nausa and Vomiting (PONV) incidence were compared between 2 groups.RESULTS: Preoperatively, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of subject characteristic. Intra-operatively, hypertension was more frequent in GETA group (28.6% vs. 0%), while hypotension was more frequent in the CTEA (80% vs. 57.1%). Tachycardia was more frequent in GETA group (46.6% vs. 0%), meanwhile bradycardia was more frequent in CTEA (40% vs. 17.1%). Postoperatively, the GETA group had shorter PACU stay than CTEA (230 mins vs. 267 mins), but CTEA group had a shorter time of hospital stay compared to GETA (58.1 hours vs. 67.7 hours). The incidence of PONV were comparable among the two groups (GETA 46.7% vs. CTEA 50%). Statistically there were no significant differences between the two groups in all of the above characteristics.CONCLUSION: CTEA technique has no effect on inducing hypertension and tachycardia, but hypotension and bradycardia may occur. Although GETA gives shorter PACU duration, CTEA gives shorter hospital stay. This gave impression that CTEA is an effective alternative technique to GETA in patients who underwent MRM with axillary dissection.KEYWORDS: modified radical mastectomy, general anesthesia, epidural anesthesia
Hidden Farmworker Labor Camps in North Carolina: An Indicator of Structural Vulnerability
Authors: Summers Phillip , Quandt Sara A. , Talton Jennifer W. , Galván Leonardo , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: October 2015

Objectives. We used geographic information systems (GIS) to delineate whether farmworker labor camps were hidden and to determine whether hidden camps differed from visible camps in terms of physical and resident characteristics.

Methods. We collected data using observation, interview, and public domain GIS data for 180 farmworker labor camps in east central North Carolina. A hidden camp was defined as one that was at least 0.15 miles from an all-weather road or located behind natural or manufactured objects. Hidden camps were compared with visible camps in terms of physical and resident characteristics.

Results. More than one third (37.8%) of the farmworker labor camps were hidden. Hidden camps were significantly larger (42.7% vs 17.0% with 21 or more residents; P ≤ .001; and 29.4% vs 13.5% with 3 or more dwellings; P = .002) and were more likely to include barracks (50% vs 19.6%; P ≤ .001) than were visible camps.

Conclusions. Poor housing conditions in farmworker labor camps often go unnoticed because they are hidden in the rural landscape, increasing farmworker vulnerability. Policies that promote greater community engagement with farmworker labor camp residents to reduce structural vulnerability should be considered.
Neighborhood-Based Socioeconomic Position and Risk of Oral Clefts Among Offspring
Authors: Lupo Philip J. , Danysh Heather E. , Symanski Elaine , Langlois Peter H. , Cai Yi , Swartz Michael D.
Published: October 2015

Objectives. We determined the association between maternal neighborhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) or cleft palate alone (CP) in offspring.

Methods. We obtained information on CL±P (n = 2555) and CP (n = 1112) cases and unaffected controls (n = 14 735) among infants delivered during 1999 to 2008 from the Texas Birth Defects Registry. Neighborhood SEP variables, drawn from the 2000 US Census, included census tract-level poverty, education, unemployment, occupation, housing, and crowding, from which we created a composite neighborhood deprivation index (NDI). We used mixed-effects logistic regression to evaluate neighborhood SEP and oral clefts.

Results. Mothers with CL±P-affected offspring were more likely to live in high-NDI (adverse) areas than mothers with unaffected offspring (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.37). This association was strongest among Hispanic mothers (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.62). No associations were observed with CP.

Conclusions. Using data from one of the world’s largest active surveillance birth defects registries, we found that adverse neighborhood SEP is modestly associated with CL±P, especially among Hispanics. These findings may have important implications for health disparities prevention.
A Systematic Review of Community Engagement in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Extramural Research Solicitations: Implications for Research Funders
Authors: Yuen Tina , Park Alice N. , Seifer Sarena D. , Payne-Sturges Devon
Published: October 2015

Objectives. We systematically reviewed the Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Research’s (NCER’s) requests for applications (RFAs) and identified strategies that NCER and other funders can take to bolster community engagement.

Methods. We queried NCER’s publically available online archive of funding opportunities from fiscal years 1997 to 2013. From an initial list of 211 RFAs that met our inclusion criteria, 33 discussed or incorporated elements of community engagement. We examined these RFAs along 6 dimensions and the degree of alignments between them.

Results. We found changes over time in the number of RFAs that included community engagement, variations in how community engagement is defined and expected, inconsistencies between application requirements and peer review criteria, and the inclusion of mechanisms supporting community engagement in research.

Conclusions. The results inform a systematic approach to developing RFAs that support community engagement in research.
Dental Caries: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among North Carolina Kindergarten Students
Authors: Matsuo Go , Rozier R. Gary , Kranz Ashley M.
Published: October 2015

Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in dental caries among kindergarten students in North Carolina and the cross-level effects between students’ race/ethnicity and school poverty status.

Methods. We adjusted the analysis of oral health surveillance information (2009–2010) for individual-, school-, and county-level variables. We included a cross-level interaction of student’s race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic) and school National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participation (< 75% vs ≥ 75% of students), which we used as a compositional school-level variable measuring poverty among families of enrolled students.

Results. Among 70 089 students in 1067 schools in 95 counties, the prevalence of dental caries was 30.4% for White, 39.0% for Black, and 51.7% for Hispanic students. The adjusted difference in caries experience between Black and White students was significantly greater in schools with NSLP participation of less than 75%.

Conclusions. Racial/ethnic oral health disparities exist among kindergarten students in North Carolina as a whole and regardless of school’s poverty status. Furthermore, disparities between White and Black students are larger in nonpoor schools than in poor schools. Further studies are needed to explore causal pathways that might lead to these disparities.
Meniscal Root Repairs
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Moulton Samuel G. , Cram Tyler R. , Geeslin Andrew G. , LaPrade Christopher M. , Engebretsen Lars
Published: October 2015

Meniscal root tears are substantial injuries that usually require surgical management. If left untreated, meniscal root tears can lead to the rapid onset of osteoarthritis similar to that seen after a total meniscectomy. Meniscal root tears often go unnoticed on magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy, in large part because meniscal root anatomy and its biomechanical importance have been defined only recently. In a transtibial meniscal root repair, the current clinical standard of care, the root is reattached to its native attachment site on the tibial plateau, restoring tibiofemoral contact mechanics. While this video article shows a posterior medial root repair technique, the same anatomic, biomechanical, and surgical principles apply to a posterior lateral meniscal root attachment.

The principal steps in this procedure include (1) verifying the presence of a posterior medial meniscal root tear with arthroscopic visualization and probing, (2) inspecting the root tear and debriding the root attachment site to bone with a curet, (3) arthroscopic release of any adhesions that cause retraction of the meniscal root to a nonanatomic position, (4) drilling of two separate transtibial tunnels that extend down to the anteromedial portion of the tibia, (5) placing an accessory portal to pass the sutures, (6) placing two simple sutures through the torn meniscal root and shuttling them down the tibial tunnels, and (7) tying the sutures over a surgical button on the anteroproximal portion of the tibia with the knee flexed 90°. Postoperatively, patients remain non-weight-bearing for six weeks. Passive knee flexion from 0° to 90° is allowed for the first two weeks. After two weeks, motion is increased as tolerated. Patients initiate weight-bearing at postoperative week six and commence the use of a stationary bicycle. Resistive exercises are slowly progressed, and the patient should avoid squatting as well as squatting and lifting for four months. Patients are expected to return to normal physical activity within four to six months postoperatively.
Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in surface waters of rural Bangladesh: Pilot study
Authors: Welker Martin , Chorus Ingrid , Fastner Jutta , Khan Saleha , Haque Md Mahfuzul , Islam Sirajul , Khan Nurul Huda
Published: October 2015

In Bangladesh the exposure of millions of inhabitants to water from (shallow) tube wells contaminated with high geogenic loads of arsenic is a major concern. As an alternative to the costly drilling of deep wells, the return to the use of surface water as a source of drinking water is considered. In addition to the well-known hazards of water borne infectious diseases associated with the use of surface water, recently the potential public health implications of toxic cyanobacteria have been recognized. As a first step towards a risk assessment for cyanotoxins in Bangladesh surface waters, seston samples of 79 ponds were analysed in late summer 2002 for the presence of cyanobacteria and microcystins (MCYST), the most frequently detected cyanobacterial toxins worldwide. Microcystins could be detected in 39 ponds, mostly together with varying abundance of potentially microcystin-producing genera such as Microcystis, Planktothrix and Anabaena. Total microcystin concentrations ranged between <0.1 and >1,000 μg l−1, and more than half of the positive samples contained high concentrations of more than 10 μg l−1. The results clearly show that concentrations of microcystins well above the provisional WHO guideline value of 1 μg l−1 MCYST-LR can be frequently detected in Bangladesh ponds. Thus, an increasing use of surface water for human consumption introduces a risk of replacing one health hazard by another and therefore needs to be accompanied by cyanotoxin hazard assessments.
Induction of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium into the viable but nonculturable state following chlorination of wastewater
Authors: Oliver James D. , Dagher Maya , Linden Karl
Published: October 2015

We examined the effects of chlorine disinfection on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in secondary-treated wastewater to determine whether such treatment might induce these bacteria into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. In this state, cells lose culturability but retain viability and the potential to revert to the metabolically active and infectious state. To examine the effects of chlorination on cells in different physiological states, cells from the logarithmic and stationary phases, or nutrient starved, or grown in natural wastewater, were studied. Isogenic cells with and without plasmids were also examined. Whereas a mixture of free and combined chlorine, as occurs under typical wastewater disinfection, was found to be rapidly lethal to most cells, regardless of their physiological state or plasmid content, c. 104 of the original 106 cells ml−1 did survive in the VBNC state. While we were not successful in resuscitating these cells to the culturable state, the presence of such nonculturable cells in treated wastewater offers a potential public health hazard.
Effects of weather and river flow on cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Lake Iain R. , Bentham Graham , Kovats R. Sari , Nichols Gordon L.
Published: October 2015

Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been linked to weather patterns such as heavy precipitation. However, outbreaks only account for a small percentage of all cryptosporidiosis cases and so the causes of the majority of cases are uncertain. This study assessed the role of environmental factors in all cases of cryptosporidiosis by using ordinary least-squares regression to examine the relationship between the monthly cryptosporidiosis rate, and the weather and river flows in England and Wales between 1989 and 1996. Between April and July the cryptosporidiosis rate was positively related to maximum river flow in the current month. Between August and November cryptosporidiosis was also positively linked to maximum river flows in the current month but only after accounting for the previous month's temperature, precipitation and monthly cryptosporidiosis rate. No associations were found between December and March. Through an understanding of the environmental processes at work, these relationships are all consistent with an animal to human transmission pathway especially as the relationships vary throughout the year. This study therefore indicates the importance of an animal to human transmission pathway for all cases of cryptosporidiosis.
A review of technologies for rapid detection of bacteria in recreational waters
Authors: Noble Rachel T. , Weisberg Stephen B.
Published: October 2015

Monitoring of recreational beaches for fecal indicator bacteria is currently performed using culture-based technology that can require more than a day for laboratory analysis, during which time swimmers are at risk. Here we review new methods that have the potential to reduce the measurement period to less than an hour. These methods generally involve two steps. The first is target capture, in which the microbial group of interest (or some molecular/chemical/or biochemical signature of the group) is removed, tagged or amplified to differentiate it from the remaining material in the sample. We discuss three classes of capture methods: 1) Surface and whole-cell recognition methods, including immunoassay techniques and molecule-specific probes; 2) Nucleic acid methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and microarrays; and 3) Enzyme/substrate methods utilizing chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. The second step is detection, in which optical, electrochemical or piezoelectric technologies are used to quantify the captured, tagged or amplified material. The biggest technological hurdle for all of these methods is sensitivity, as EPA's recommended bathing water standard is less than one cell per ml and most detection technologies measure sample volumes less than 1 ml. This challenge is being overcome through addition of preconcentration or enrichment steps, which have the potential to boost sensitivity without the need to develop new detector technology. The second hurdle is demonstrating a relationship to health risk, since most new methods are based on measuring cell structure without assessing viability and may not relate to current water quality standards that were developed in epidemiology studies using culture-based methods. Enzyme/substrate methods may be the first rapid methods adopted because they are based on the same capture technology as currently-approved EPA methods and their relationship to health risk can be established by demonstrating equivalency to existing procedures. Demonstration of equivalency may also be possible for some surface and whole-cell recognition methods that capture bacteria in a potentially viable state. Nucleic acid technologies are the most versatile, but measure nonviable structure and will require inclusion in epidemiological studies to link their measurement with health risk.
Baicalin-induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in Multidrug-resistant MC3/5FU Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cell Line
Authors: Xu Xiaofang , Li Qihong , Yu Kaitao , Murtaza Ghulam , Liu Bin
Published: October 2015

Background:

Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is a serious hindrance to cancer chemotherapy and profoundly influences the clinical findings. Many Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been tested with the aim of developing effective resistance modulators or anticancer drugs to overcome the MDR of human cancers.

Methods:

The anticancer effect of baicalin on multidrug-resistant MC3/5FU (5-fluorouracil) cells was investigated by MTT test and xenografts in nude mice. Cell apoptosis was studied by transmission electron microscopy, Hoechst-33342 staining, DNA fragmentation detection, and flow cytometry. RT-PCR and Rhodamine 123 efflux assay was also used to detect its effect on ABC drug transporter proteins, ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein, P-gp) and ABCC1 (multidrug resistance protein 1, MRP1).

Results:

The results indicate that there was no significant effect of baicalin on ABC transporters expression or efflux function, although it induced potent growth inhibition in MC3/5FU cells. Flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining and transmission electron microscope revealed that baicalin caused MC3/5FU cell death through the induction of apoptosis. It is demonstrated that baicalininduced apoptosis could be mediated by up-regulation of Bax and caspase-3 protein levels and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein levels. In addition, daily intraperitoneal injection of baicalin (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks significantly inhibited the growth of MC3/5FU cells xenografts in nude mice.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that baicalin possesses considerable cytotoxic activity in multidrug resistance MC3/5FU cells in vitro and in vivo.
Weightlifter Lumbar Physiology Health Influence Factor Analysis of
Sports Medicine
Authors: Zhang Xiangyang
Published: October 2015

Chinese women's weightlifting project has been in the advanced world level, suggesting that the Chinese
coaches and athletes have many successful experiences in the weight lifting training. Little weight lifting belongs to high-risk
sports, often leading to the lumbar spine injury; some young good athletes, often due to lumbar trauma, had to retire,
and the national investment and athletes toil is regret things. This article, based on weightlifting athletes training situation
analysis, presents suggestions from the perspective of sports medicine, aimed at avoiding lumbar injury, guaranteeing the
health of athletes. In this paper, first of all, 50 professional women's weightlifting athletes were investigated, and it was
found that 82% of the athletes suffered from lumbar disease symptoms. The reason was mainly lumbar strain of high intensity
and motion error caused by three factors. On the basis of sports medicine and the characteristics of the structure
of human body skeleton athletes lumbar structural mechanics analysis, find out the lumbar force's two biggest technical
movement, study, and regulate the action standard, so as to minimize lumbar force, for athletes to contribute to the health
of the lumbar spine.
The Research of the Effect of the Olive Juice on Anxiety and Depression Behavior
Authors: Zhang Jiguo
Published: October 2015

In order to evaluate the effect of olive juice on the anxiety and depression, the paper uses olive juice concentrate as the experimental material, and uses mice as the experimental subjects. Mice are randomly divided into negative, positive, high, medium and low-dose groups, administered orally for 7 days. Further, the impact of elevated plus maze test, the opening acts test and forced swim test was observed on the mice. The experimental results show that under conditions of the sub-acute administration, olive juice can not only induce anti-anxiety behavior in mice, but also has the potential to improve depression in mice.
Adsorption of Oxyanions from Industrial Wastewater using Perlite‐Supported Magnetite
Authors: Verbinnen Bram , Block Chantal , Vandecasteele Carlo
Published: October 2015

Most studies on oxyanion adsorption focus on their removal from synthetic solutions. It is often claimed that the considered adsorbents can be used to treat real (industrial) wastewaters, but this is seldom tested. Perlite‐supported magnetite was characterized first by determining its specific surface area, magnetite content and by examining the coating. Tests on a synthetic solution showed that at the ideal pH values (pH 3 to 5), the order of adsorption is Mo(VI) > As(V) > Sb(V) > Cr(VI) > Se(VI). Most oxyanions can be removed for more than 75% with an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l. Furthermore, perlite‐supported magnetite has a higher removal efficiency for oxyanions than commercially available adsorbents and comparable adsorbents described in literature. Perlite‐supported magnetite is suitable for treating real wastewaters: it can remove several oxyanions simultaneously from the considered industrial wastewater, but the adsorption order changes due to the presence of interfering anions.