bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A modular A
4 symmetric scotogenic model for neutrino mass and dark matter
Authors: Behera Mitesh Kumar , Singirala Shivaramakrishna , Mishra Subhasmita , Mohanta R
Published: November 2021

Modular symmetries have been impeccable in neutrino and quark sectors. This motivated us, to propose a variant of scotogenic model based on modular $A_4$ symmetry and realize the neutrino mass generation at one-loop level through radiative mechanism. Alongside, we discuss the lepton flavour violating processes $\mu \to e \gamma$, $\mu \to3e$ and $\mu - e $ conversion in the nucleus. The lightest Dirac fermion turns out to be potential dark matter candidate, made stable by suitable assignment of modular weights. The relic density of the same has been computed with annihilations mediated by inert scalars and new $U(1)$ gauge boson. The LEP-II and ATLAS dilepton constraints on the new gauge parameters are suitably considered to show the consistent parameter region.
MXene monolayer Mn2ZnN2: a promising robust intrinsic half-metallic nanosheet
Authors: Cheng-Cai Huang , Yang Wang , Qian Yao , Deng-Feng Li , Jun Liu
Published: November 2021

Two-dimensional half-metallic ferromagnets are promising in spintronics. In recent years, the half-metallicity and the magnetic properties of the MXene materials have been the research hotspots of new materials due to their unique crystal characteristics and wide applications. In this paper, the MXene nanosheet Mn2ZnN2 was predicted as a kind of robust intrinsic half-metallic nanosheet whose magnetic moment per unit is the integer 6.00 μ
B based on the first principles calculations. The half-metallic character and the magnetic moment of this nanosheet mainly result from the spin-polarized Mn-ions induced by the crystal field. If the absolute biaxial compression strain is lower than 3.0%, the half-metallicity remains well and the magnetic moment per unit is always 6.00 μ
B, indicating that its half-metallicity and magnetic properties are stable within a certain pressure range. More importantly, the magnetic moment per unit is elevated from 6.00 μ
B to 9.00 μ
B and the half-metallic energy gap increases evidently after an electron is removed from this nanosheet, suggesting that the half-metallicity and magnetic properties of this nanosheet may be improved via tuning its charge state.
Welding seam recognition and tracking for a novel mobile welding robot based on multi-layer sensing strategy
Authors: Liu Chao , Wang Hui , Huang Yu , Rong Youmin , Meng Jie , Li Gen , Zhang Guojun
Published: November 2021

That a mobile welding robot with an adaptive seam tracking ability can greatly improve welding efficiency and quality has been extensively studied. To further improve automation in multiple-station welding, we developed a novel intelligent mobile welding robot consisting of a four-wheeled mobile platform and a collaborative manipulator. With the support of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology, the robot is capable of automatically navigating to different stations to perform welding operations. To automatically detect the welding seam, a composite sensor system including an RGB-D camera and a laser vision sensor is creatively applied. Based on the sensor system, a multi-layer sensing strategy is performed to ensure that the welding seam can be detected and tracked with high precision. By applying a hybrid filter to the RGB-D camera measurement, the initial welding seam could be effectively extracted. Next, a novel welding start point detection method is proposed. Meanwhile, to guarantee the tracking quality, a robust welding seam tracking algorithm based on laser vision sensor is presented, to eliminate the tracking discrepancy caused by the platform parking error, through which the tracking trajectory can be corrected in real-time. The experimental results show that the robot can autonomously detect and track the welding seam effectively at different welding stations. Also, multiple-station welding efficiency can be improved and quality can also be guaranteed.
A quantitative criterion for predicting solid-state disordering during biaxial, high strain rate deformation
Authors: Becker Michael F , Kovar Desiderio
Published: November 2021

A criterion to predict the onset of disordering under biaxial loading based on a critical potential energy per atom was studied. In contrast to previous theories for disordering, this criterion incorporates the effects of strain rate and strain state. The strain state (or stress state) is defined by the combination of strain (or stress) magnitudes and directions that are applied to each sample during the simulation. The validity of this criterion was studied using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of Ag conducted over a wide range of biaxial strain rates, strain configurations, and crystal orientations with respect to the applied stress state. Biaxial strains were applied in two different planes, (

11

2

¯

) and (001) in eight directions in each plane. Results showed that, when larger strain rates were applied, there was a transition from plastic deformation driven by the nucleation and propagation of dislocations to disordering and viscous flow. Although the critical strain rate to initiate disorder was found to vary in the range of

ε

˙

= 1 × 1011 s−1 to

ε

˙

= 4 × 1011 s−1, a consistent minimum PE/atom of −2.7 eV was observed over a broad range of strain states and for both crystallographic orientations that were studied. This indicates that the critical PE/atom is a material property that can be used to predict the onset of disordering under biaxial loading. Further, the results showed that this criterion can be applied successfully even when non-uninform strain states arise in the crystal.
Breast tissue mimicking phantoms for combined ultrasound and microwave imaging
Authors: Li Siyun , Fear Elise , Curiel Laura
Published: November 2021

We present a new formulation for a breast tissue-mimicking phantom for combined microwave and ultrasound imaging to assist breast cancer detection. Formulations based on coconut oil, canola oil, agar and glass beads were used to mimic skin and fat tissues. First, 36 recipes were fabricated, and properties were measured to determine the relationship and possible interaction between ingredients with the ultrasound and microwave properties. Based on these results, the formulae were developed to mimic different tissues found in breast, including skin, fat, fibroglandular, and tumour tissues. All phantoms contained a base of agar and glass beads at different proportions depending on the tissue mimicked. Tumour and fibroglandular tissues were best mimicked by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), while using coconut oil for skin and canola oil for fat produced the best results. Five final phantoms with different internal structures were fabricated and imaged using B-mode ultrasound and a microwave transmission system. Microwave permittivity maps were obtained from the microwave system and compared to ultrasound images. The structure and composition of the phantoms were all confirmed through this microwave and ultrasound imaging.
Reliable analog resistive switching behaviors achieved using memristive devices in AlO
x
/HfO
x
bilayer structure for neuromorphic systems
Authors: Qi Meng , Fu Tianquan , Yang Huadong , Tao Ye , Li Chunran , Xiu Xiaoming
Published: November 2021

Human brain synaptic memory simulation based on resistive random access memory (RRAM) has enormous potential to replace the traditional von Neumann digital computer thanks to several advantages, including its simple structure, its high-density integration, and its capabilities regarding information storage and neuromorphic computing. Herein, the reliable resistive switching (RS) behaviors of RRAM are demonstrated by engineering the AlO
x
/HfO
x
bilayer structure. This allows for uniform multibit information storage. Further, the analog switching behaviors are capable of imitating several synaptic learning functions, including learning experience behaviors, short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity transition, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In addition, the memristor based on STDP learning rules is implemented in image pattern recognition. These results may show the potential of HfO
x
-based memristors for future information storage and neuromorphic computing applications.
Co-existence of short- and long-range magnetic order in LaCo2P2
Authors: Forslund Ola Kenji , Andreica Daniel , Ohta Hiroto , Imai Masaki , Michioka Chishiro , Yoshimura Kazuyoshi , Månsson Martin , Sugiyama Jun
Published: November 2021

The ferromagnetic (FM) nature of the metallic LaCo2P2 was investigated with the positive muon spin rotation, relaxation and resonance (μ
+SR) technique. Transverse and zero field μ
+ SR measurements revealed that the compound enters a long range FM ground state at

T

C

ZF

=
135.00
(
1
)

K, consistent with previous studies. Based on the reported FM structure, the internal magnetic field was computed at the muon sites, which were predicted with first principles calculations. The computed result agree well with the experimental data. Moreover, although LaCo2P2 is a paramagnet at higher temperatures T > 160 K, it enters a short range ordered (SRO) magnetic phase for

T

C

ZF

<
T
≤
160

K. Measurements below the vicinity of

T

C

ZF

revealed that the SRO phase co-exists with the long range FM order at temperatures 124 K

≤
T
≤

T

C

ZF

. Such co-existence is an intrinsic property and may be explained by an interplay between spin and lattice degree of freedoms.
Gender Systematics in the NRAO Proposal Review System
Authors: Hunt Gareth , Schwab Frederic R. , Henning P. A. , Balser Dana S.
Published: November 2021

Several recent investigations indicate the existence of gender-related systematic trends in the peer review of proposals for observations on astronomical facilities. This includes the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) where there is evidence of a gender imbalance in the rank of proposals with male principal investigators (PIs) favored over female PIs. Since semester 2017A (17A), the NRAO has taken the following steps: (1) inform science review panels (SRPs) and the telescope time allocation committee (TAC) about the gender imbalance; and (2) increase the female representation on SRPs and the TAC to reflect the community demographics. Here we analyze SRP normalized rank-ordered scores, or linear ranks, by PI gender for NRAO observing proposals from semesters 12A–21A. We use bootstrap resampling to generate modeled distributions and the Anderson–Darling (AD) test to evaluate the probability that the linear rank distributions for male and female PIs are drawn from the same parent sample. We find that between semesters 12A–17A that male PIs are favored over female PIs (AD p-value 0.0084), whereas between semesters 17B–21A female PIs are favored over male PIs, but at a lower significance (AD p-value 0.11). Therefore the gender imbalance is currently being ameliorated, but this imbalance may have been reversed. Regardless, we plan to adopt a dual-anonymous approach to proposal review to reduce the possibility of bias to occur.
Cosmic-ray-related Signals from Detectors in Space: The Spitzer/IRAC Si:As IBC Devices
Authors: Hagan J. Brendan , Rieke George , Fox Ori D. , Noriega-Crespo Alberto , Hines Dean C. , Cracraft Misty , García Marín Macarena
Published: November 2021

We evaluate the hit rate of cosmic rays and their daughter particles on the Si:As IBC detectors in the IRAC instrument on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The hit rate follows the ambient proton flux closely, but the hits occur at more than twice the rate expected just from this flux. Toward large amplitudes, the size distribution of hits by single-charge particles (muons) follows the Landau Distribution. The amplitudes of the hits are distributed to well below the energy loss of a traditional “average minimum-ionizing proton” as a result of statistical fluctuations in the ionization loss within the detectors. Nonetheless, hits with amplitudes less than a few hundred electrons are rare; this places nearly all hits in an amplitude range that is readily identified given the read noises of modern solid-state detectors. The spread of individual hits over multiple pixels is dominated by geometric effects, i.e., the range of incident angles, but shows a modest excess probably due to: (1) showering and scattering of particles; (2) the energy imparted on the ionization products by the energetic protons; and (3) interpixel capacitance. Although this study is focused on a specific detector type, it should have general application to operation of modern solid-state detectors in space.
LAMOST Fiber Positioning Unit Detection Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Zhou Ming , Lv Guanru , Li Jian , Zhou Zengxiang , Liu Zhigang , Wang Jianping , Bai Zhongrui , Zhang Yong , Tian Yuan , Wang Mengxin , Wang Shuqing , Hu Hongzhuan , Zhai Chao , Chu Jiaru , Dong Yiqiao , Yuan Hailong , Zhao Yongheng , Chu Yaoquan , Zhang Haotong
Published: November 2021

The double revolving fiber positioning unit (FPU) is one of the key technologies of The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscope Telescope (LAMOST). The positioning accuracy of the computer controlled FPU depends on robot accuracy as well as the initial parameters of FPU. These initial parameters may deteriorate with time when FPU is running in non-supervision mode, which would lead to bad fiber position accuracy and further efficiency degradation in the subsequent surveys. In this paper, we present an algorithm based on deep learning to detect the FPU’s initial angle using the front illuminated image of LAMOST focal plane. Preliminary test results show that the detection accuracy of the FPU initial angle is better than 2.°5, which is good enough to distinguish those obvious bad FPUs. Our results are further well verified by direct measurement of fiber position from the back illuminated image and the correlation analysis of the spectral flux in LAMOST survey data.
Electron beam–plasma discharge in GDT mirror trap: particle-in-cell simulations
Authors: Timofeev I.V. , Annenkov V.V. , Volchok E.P. , Glinskiy V.V.
Published: November 2021

The paper presents the results of numerical simulations of the collective relaxation of an electron beam in a magnetized plasma at the parameters typical to experiments on the ignition of a beam–plasma discharge in the gas dynamic trap (GDT). The goal of these simulations is to confirm the ideas about the mechanism of the discharge development, which are used to interpret the results of recent laboratory experiments (Soldatkina et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion). In particular, a characteristic feature of these experiments is the localization of the beam relaxation region in the vicinity of the entrance mirror. A strong mirror magnetic field compresses the beam so that its transverse size becomes less than the wavelength it excites. In addition, near the mirror, the electron cyclotron frequency is much higher than the plasma one, which can significantly affect the possibility of propagation of the most unstable waves outside the beam. Particle-in-cell simulations make it possible not only to find how efficiently intense plasma oscillations penetrate the rarefied periphery, but also to prove that the turbulent zone in a realistic nonuniform plasma has regions dominated by transverse electric fields. This creates the necessary conditions for efficient acceleration of the trapped particles to energies much higher than the initial beam energy.
Influence of input methods on jet mixing in a four-vortex chamber
Authors: Dekterev A A , Kuznetsov V A , Tepfer E S
Published: November 2021

In this work, a numerical study of aerodynamics and interaction of vortex structures is carried out depending on the organization of the injection of jets in the chamber. For unsteady calculation of aerodynamics, the URANS approach based on the k-omega SST turbulence model was used. The calculation results show the conditions for the formation of a stable four-vortex structure. The options are also identified in which a significant restructuring of the flow structure occurs.
Calculation and experimental analysis of heat transfer of assemblies of ribbed heat exchange elements
Authors: Yu Egorov M , Lychakov V D , Shcheglov A A , Matyash A S
Published: November 2021

The results of thermal-hydraulic and strength tests of finned tube assemblies welded from KP 20 elements of four sizes are presented. The elements are representing by steel plate 0.4 mm in thickness, covered with a copper film 0.025 mm in thickness. One or two conical necks 17 mm long are extended in the plates. A set of placed in each other cones form a welded finned tube 23/20 mm with a toothed inner surface. As a result of the tests: high strength characteristics of these assemblies were demonstrated (internal pressure of burst under normal conditions is 40 MPa, resistance to sudden changes in temperature and freezing of water in “pipes”); a high average coefficient of thermal conductivity in the thickness of the ribs was confirmed at the level of 75 W/(m×K); the increase in the intensity of the heat transfer process is 2.15 times with the help of technological protrusions on the inner surface of the “pipe” to a turbulent single-phase flow in comparison with the calculated values for “smooth” pipes with a moderate increase in hydraulic resistance; the method of heat-hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers consisting of such “pipes” is proposed. The method is based on the ratios set out in the regulatory document “RD 24.035.05-89”. Thermal and hydraulic calculation of NPP heat exchanging equipment”, with amendments considering the high degree of finning of the tested “pipes” and the asymmetry of the edges of the ribs relative to the axis of the “pipes” bearing pressure, as well as the change in the value of the correction for the smallness of the tube bundle — we also identified areas of effective use of assemblies tested sizes of elements KP 20.
Features of swirled flows in power plant chimneys
Authors: Roslyakov P V , Khokhlov D A , Zaichenko M N , Ionkin I L
Published: November 2021

The results of computational studies of the cylindrical and conical chimneys operating modes are presented. It is shown that with opposite gas supplies, swirling flows appear. Their shape and intensity depend on the type of chimney stack and the gas supply conditions. Swirling flows significantly affect the fields of axial and tangential velocities and determine the conditions for the gas outflow from the chimney.
Heat transfer and skin-friction in channel with flow behind a cylinder
Authors: Kiselev N A , Zditovets A G , Vinogradov Yu A
Published: November 2021

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the parameters of the boundary layer, distribution of static pressure, heat transfer and friction coefficients of smooth surface located in the wake behind the cylinder in the channel. Cylinders of various diameters were placed in a slotted channel with a height of 30 mm on its axis. In all experiments, the flow velocity at the inlet was 50 m/s. The cylinder was made unheated. The friction coefficients of the smooth model were determined both from the velocity profile in the boundary layer and by direct weighing of the model on a one-component strain-gage balance. The local values of the heat transfer coefficients were determined by transient heat-transfer method using a thermal imager. The values of the heat transfer and friction coefficients in the wake behind the cylinder, referred to the values on the smooth wall in the undisturbed flow, varied in the range 1.15–1.65 and 1.3–1.75, respectively. The value of the Reynolds analogy factor for all cylinder diameters turned out to be less than unity.
The spring wheat yield formation in Russia Central Region as productive stalks density function
Authors: Davydova N V , Kazachenko A O , Shirokolava A V , Rezepkin A M , Nardid V A , Gracheva A V , Romanova E S
Published: November 2021

There are three major negative factors, which constrain the potential productivity of spring wheat in the Central Region. The first is the damage of the plants inflicted by Oscinella frit. The crops being heavily pitted and their slow growth due to internal and external infection caused the second biological minimum. The third limiting factor were the spring droughts, commonplace for the Central Region. All those three factors proportionally influence the spring wheat productive stalk density. In agricultural conditions of the Central Region, the high positive correlation between spring wheat yield and number of productive stems per 1 m2 was observed. This correlation proven to be stable by years. By concentrating selection-breeding efforts on such parameter improvement, several new, highly productive varieties, which demonstrated their superiority over the standard one, were created. Thus, one of the most important principles in new Central Region spring wheat varieties development is the creation of varieties with high potential productivity, provided by higher productive stalk density (no less than 450-500 plant per 1 m2) even in different humidity conditions – in combination with other main yield structural elements.
Spring barley varieties and perspective ranges laboratory screening against artificially created salinity stress backgrounds
Authors: Eroshenko L M , Levakova O V
Published: November 2021

The results of salinity resistance assessment of 5 spring barley ranges (Hordeum vulgare L.) Grass family (Poaceae) - Yaromir, Nadezhny, Znatny, Zlatoyar, and 9 types of own plant-breeding lines which are supposed to be perspective for the future use are given in this article. NaCl impact in the concentration of 0.7 and 0.9 mPa (0.98 and 1.26% NaCl) on seed germination and morphological indicators such as length and quantity of roots, length of seedlings were studied. The salinity stress resulted in the inhibitions of the roots length and seedlings in the provocative background if to compare with the control group background samples. At the concentration of 0.7 mPa salinity resistance value varied from 62.4 to 96.6% which corresponds to 1-2 salinity resistance groups. At the concentration of 0.9 mPa salinity resistance varied from 27.9 to 80.8% which corresponds to 1-3 salinity resistance groups. The yield capacity and adaptive qualities were examined on the initial data basis. Thus, there was a correlation dependence at both of sodium chloride concentrations revealed between the yield capacity of the field experience samples and the laboratory test samples.
New prototypes of winter wheat varieties allotted for competitive testing during pre-breeding process
Authors: Lapochkina I F , Gainullin N R , Mitroshina O V , Volkova G V , Marchenkova L A , Kuzmich M A
Published: November 2021

A new original initial material of winter wheat was created by using stem rust resistant donors. The new lines resistant to leaf and stem rust were assessed under the field conditions in the North Caucasus and the Central region of the Russian Federation. Some of the resistant genotypes were assessed in laboratory conditions for abiotic stress resistance to: salinity, acidification, and prolonged flooding of seeds in water. a two-year assessment of the lines productivity in the control nursery under the conditions of the Moscow region 7 genotypes of winter wheat were identified with high and medium resistance to lodging, group resistance to fungal diseases, heading 5-7 days earlier than the standard, the optimal plant height of 90-110 cm, the average development of grain per ear and 1000 grains mass and forming good quality yield. Lines 2-19w, 9-19w, 16-19w, 36-19w, 63-19w, 90-19w, 92-19w will be tested in competitive variety testing and may be presented as prototypes of varieties for the Non-Black Earth Central Region.
Productivity of seed peas Nemchinovsky 50 in mixed crops with cereals
Authors: Mednov A V , Goncharov A V , Volpe A A , Matveenko K A , Kruk E S , Abramkina L P
Published: November 2021

Abstracts. Peas is the best-known annual legume forage crop. Creation of a new variety of seed peas Nemchinovsky 50 is a breeding approach to solve the problem of vegetable protein and the production of high-quality feed with a high protein content in grain and in concentrated feed with a high content of essential amino acids (lysine, tryptophan). The analysis of long-term data showed that under various agrometeorological conditions of environmental testing, the variety was characterized by resistance to lodging and major diseases, good productivity in comparison with the previously bred variety Nemchinovsky 100. The increase in yield was facilitated by its high productivity (laying of fertile nodes), the number of seeds in a pod (4-5 pieces), the mass of 1000 seeds is at the level of 180-190 g with a protein content in the grain about 26-28%.
The influence of abiotic stress on the crop and seed setting
Authors: Markova A S , Kabashov A D , Leibovich Ya G , Filonenko Z V
Published: November 2021

The potential productivity of an ear by the time of flowering is predetermined by the number of fertile flowers and the “planned” mass of 1000 grains - through the number of flowers with which the grain size is inversely correlated, by the resources of the shoot vegetative mass and by the possibility of realizing these resources. The influence of pinching and incomplete setting of seeds in the conditions of dry growing seasons of 2018 and 2020 for the formation of grain is considered. It was concluded that grains from the first three flowers have a predominant contribution to the productivity of a spikelet. The naked oat variety Nemchinovskiy 61 could not realize its biological potential due to abiotic stresses. Due to the incomplete seed setting, an average of 2.03 grains out of 5-6 flowers were preserved for harvesting. Reduction of flowers number in a spikelet in naked oats to two as the direction in breeding has no prospects. To increase the adaptability of naked oats to abiotic stresses, parental forms with a relatively small number of grains in a spike, which are capable to utilize precipitation, should be involved in hybridization, to increase the mass of 1000 grains.
Characteristics of soil tillage for rice after alfalfa
Authors: Magomedova D S , Magomedov N R , Kurbanov S A
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of harvesting time and methods of using alfalfa biomass on soil fertility and rice yield at different times of the main tillage. Field experiments were conducted in the Kizlyar district of the Republic of Dagestan according to the scheme: 1. autumn plowing after harvesting the 3rd mowing of alfalfa 3 years of use, control; 2. the overlapping of chopped green mass of alfalfa-3rd cut alfalfa 3 years of use; 3. spring plowing after harvesting the 1st cut alfalfa 4 years of use; 4. the overlapping of chopped green mass of alfalfa 1st cut alfalfa 4 years of use. The results shown that the best time for cutting the layer of perennial alfalfa is spring plowing of the green mass of alfalfa 1 mowing, which allows you to get a yield of 6 t/ha without reducing the quality indicators of rice grain. The data on the rice yield shows that in the spring tillage the yield was 5.41 t/ha, and in the autumn tillage only 4.91 t/ha. Carrying out sideration at both terms of the main tillage contributed to an increase in yield by 0.81-1.11 t/ha.
Basic tillage techniques in the sunflower cultivation
Authors: Pleskachev Yu N , Yu Misyuryaev V , Semina N I , Semin D V , Sadovnikov M A
Published: November 2021

In the arid conditions of the Nizhneje Pvovolzhje region, the farmers’ main task is to accumulate the greatest amount of moisture by the sowing crops time. This is largely facilitated by the correct choice of the basic tillage method. The results of the research carried out on Southern chestnut soils 2017-2019 were aimed at solving a complex of problems related to the development of the technology adapted to the conditions of the Volgograd region. The soil density observations in sunflower crops showed that the soil density during dump plowing by the plow PN-4-35 to the depth of 0.27-0.30 m for sunflower harvesting was 1.24 t/m3. With loosening by chisel “Rancho” to the depth of 0.35-0.37 m it was equal to 1.21 t/m3. When loosening by chisel “Rancho” to the depth of 0.35-0.37 m with a reservoir turnover of 0.15-0.17 m3 the density was 1.16 t/m3. When loosening by the chisel “Rancho” to the depth of 0.35-0.37 m with a pruning flat-cutting foot at the depth of 0.15-0.17 m it was 1.18 t/m3. The highest yield of sunflower was formed on the variant of chisel loosening by “Rancho” to the depth of 0.35-0.37 m with a reservoir turnover of 0.15-0.17 m.
The creation of a Taraxacum kok-saghyz high frequency regeneration system
Authors: Verbitskaya A A , Ivanova A S , Konkova N G , Gaponenko A K
Published: November 2021

The aim of this research was to study the morphogenetic ability of Taraxacum kok-saghyz root tissues and to optimize the culture medium for the subsequent genetic transformation of plants. The effects of exogenous hormone exposure on survival, in vitro shoot induction, and root formation were studied by using root tissues. For the cultivation the samples of kok-saghyz, the Murashige-Skuga nutrient medium was used as the basis, supplemented with sucrose 20 g/l, vitamins B5 1 mg/l, and also containing agar 5.5 g/l. The pH value is 5.7. For the plant regeneration induction, growth regulators, auxins and cytokinins were added in culture media. In this study, the roots of D 1 mm and two media variants were used for comparison: variant 1. MS + 6-BAP 1 mg/l; variant 2. MS + 6-BAP 1 mg/l + IAA 0.2 mg/l. An effective protocol for the regeneration of kok-saghyz explants was developed. There was a high percentage of regeneration of 87.6% on the medium containing a combination of cytokinin and auxin, as well as a high percentage of direct shoot formation, which was 65.1%, the degree of rooting was 100%, the resulting cultured plant tissues grew well and had a high survival rate after transplantation.
Changes in the content of chlorophyll in leaves when using pesticides and microfertilizers
Authors: Zheryakov E V , Zheryakova Yu I
Published: November 2021

One of the ways to reduce the phytotoxicity of herbicides on cultivated plants is the use of trace element fertilizers. The article presents the results of research on the influence of liquid trace element fertilizers on the content of chlorophyll in leaves and the productivity of sugar beet. It was found that three days after the treatment of crops with herbicides together with microfertilizers, the amount of chlorophyll a and b pigments was 4% higher than when applying herbicides without microfertilizers. In the control version, where pesticides and microfertilizers were not applied, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves was 0.350% by weight. As the observations showed, the photosynthetic activity of sugar beet plants was restored 4-5 days after the treatment by herbicides. Herbicides, with the simultaneous introduction of micro-fertilizers, had a less negative effect on the photosynthesis of sugar beet than herbicides alone. The biological yield of root crops in the variant with the combined use of pesticides and microfertilizers was 56.36 t/ha. The polarization of sugar beet root crops with the combined use of pesticides and microfertilizers was 0.64% higher than in the variant without microfertilizers.
Morphology, anatomy and essential oil characterization of Pinus radiata needles in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea
Authors: Plugatar Yu V , Sakhno T M , Bulavin I V , Shevchuk O M , Feskov S A
Published: November 2021

The paper presents data on the dendrometric parameters, a needle anatomy and an essential oil characterization of a radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea. The research was carried out on the model trees (age 70-80 years) growing in the territory of the Montedor Park. For research collected pine needles radiant cuts were made on the freezing microtome (MZ-2, Ukraine), were stained with Sudan III and examined with a light microscope Mikmed-5 (LOMO, Russia) equipped with a digital camera MS-3 (LOMO, Russia). The essential oil from the needles was extracted by hydrodistillation on Ginsberg devices and examined on a gas chromatograph 6890N (Agilent Technology, USA). The studies showed that radiata pine trees achieve their genetically determined parameters, compared to those in the nature habitats in Monterey (California, USA). A needle anatomical investigation clearly demonstrated typical structure. In the essential oil composition, predominance of monoterpenes, in particular a-and (3-pinenes with a large content of the latter was demonstrated. The peculiarity of P. radiata essential oil under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea, compared to some other regions, was the presence of limonene, which determined the stronger coniferous smell.
Chicken droppings influence on sod-podzolic soil fertility change studying experience
Authors: Okorkov V V , Shchukin N N , Okorkova L A
Published: November 2021

The aim of the research was to study the effect of fresh chicken droppings on the dynamics of the physical-chemical and agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic soil and the yield of grain crops. In the sod-podzolic light loamy soil of the Yaroslavl region in the layer of 0-0.20 m in May, fresh chicken droppings were embedded at the dose of 120 t/ha. By autumn, in the 0-0.40 m layer of pHKc1 increased from 4.53-4.99 to 5.38-7.09, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increased by 2.0-2.4 times, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen - 3-5 times. The content of nitrates in the soil has exceeded the Maximum Allowable Concentration level. The grain yield of the spring wheat studied varieties, triticale and barley varied from 6.7 to 9.5 t/ha, chaffy oats - from 5.7 to 5.9, hulless oats - from 4.4 to 4.6 t/ha. At the beginning of the growing season of crops in the 0-0.40 m layer, the stocks of nitrate nitrogen were close to the stocks of the autumn observation period of 2019, and ammonium nitrogen decreased by 285 kg/ha.
Drip irrigation of onions
Authors: Vybornov V V , Zaitsev V A
Published: November 2021

From 2017 to 2020, research was conducted in the Volgograd region in order to improve the efficiency of water and mineral nutrition management of onions by justifying the calculated layer of soil moisture and agrotechnical methods of cultivation on light chestnut soils to obtain 110 t/ha of marketable products. The main objectives of the research include the rationale for the formation of the water regime of the soil and drip irrigation regimes depending on the wetted soil, the study of patterns of growth, development and yield formation of onion depending on the studied factors, economic and environmental assessment of drip irrigation technology, the quality of the bulbs, depending on the studied factors. The field experience included the following options: water regime of the soil (factor A), mineral nutrition regime (factor B), promising onion hybrids (factor C).The studies were carried out on onion crops C1 – Migros F1; C2 – Dragon F1 ; C3 - Dammica F1. Against the background of the introduction of N180P80K70, the Migros F1 hybrid provides an average of 94.3 t/ha of onions in 3 years of research, which is 16.6 t/ha more in comparison with the Dragon F1 onion; and 2.2 t/ha more in the Dammica F1 hybrid.
Dynamics of light-induced charge transfer between carbon nanotube and CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals
Authors: Zeevi Gilad , Dehnel Joanna , Budniak Adam K , Milyutin Yana , Ankonina Guy , Haick Hossam , Lifshitz Efrat , Yaish Yuval E
Published: November 2021

The integration of semiconducting colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a single device presents a unique platform that combines optical flexibility with high charge carrying capability. These qualities are desirable in many applications such as photovoltaic cells, photocatalysis, and light sensors. Here, we present hybrid devices that incorporate various CdSe/CdS core/shell NCs, such as seeded quantum dots and asymmetric seeded nanorods (a-sNRs), with a single-wall CNT in a field-effect transistor geometry. We used electrical measurements to probe a light-induced charge transfer (LICT) between the CdSe/CdS NCs and the CNT. We investigate the effect of gate voltage on the LICT magnitude and temporal characteristics. Surprisingly, the measured photo-response depends on the gate voltage, and we observe both electrons and holes transfer from the a-sNRs to the CNT. Furthermore, a comparison between LICT measurements on different devices with different CNTs and NC types reveals that the charge transfer time is directly proportional to the shell-thickness around the CdSe core and inversely correlated with the NCs size. The recovery of the charge trapped inside the CdSe/CdS NCs is characterized by two distinct fast and slow relaxation times, which depend on the NCs size and CNT type. Although, the charge relaxation time is similar between the symmetric QDs and the asymmetric sNRs, the overall percentage of the remaining charge in the QDs is significantly larger than in the sNRs. Understanding both gate voltage and NCs size effect on the LICT processes can optimize the performance of optoelectronic devices.
A teamwork promotion of formin-mediated actin nucleation by Bud6 and Aip5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Xie Ying , Zhou Feng , Ma Qianqian , Lu Lanyuan , Miao Yansong
Published: November 2021

Two budding yeast formins use the C-terminal intrinsically disordered region to orchestrate the recruitment of two actin nucleator factors, Bud6 and Aip5, for effective actin polymerization.
ER-localized phosphatidylethanolamine synthase plays a conserved role in lipid droplet formation
Authors: Gok Mehmet Oguz , Speer Natalie Ortiz , Henne W. Mike , Friedman Jonathan R.
Published: November 2021

We demonstrate that the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthase Psd1, a primarily mitochondrial enzyme, moonlights at the ER, where it localizes to sites of lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis and promotes their normal formation in budding yeast. We also show that the role of PE synthase enzymes at LDs is conserved in fission yeast though occurs in a mechanistically distinct manner.
The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Leith Mary Joan Winn
Published: November 2021

The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction describes the evolution of Marian thought from early Christianity to the present day. Readers will learn what Catholic, Orthodox, and other Christian denominations believe about Mary as well as the place of Mary in Islam Taking an interdisciplinary approach that includes art history, archaeology, gender studies, and doctrinal history, this VSI also corrects common misunderstandings and unquestioned assumptions about the Virgin Mary. The apparitions of Mary and representations of Mary in contemporary popular culture are also discussed.
The Arctic: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Woodward Jamie
Published: November 2021

The Arctic: A Very Short Introduction provides an account of the Arctic, its physical environment, and its people. The Arctic is demanding global attention as it warms, melts, and thaws in a manner that threatens not just its 4 million inhabitants, but the whole planet. The reduction of the Arctic to its changing environment would ignore the complexities of the region and its potential. This VSI explores key issues facing the region today, from geopolitics to global warming. It examines the causes and effects of cultural, physical, ecological, political, and economic change in the Arctic, and considers its uncertain future.
Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Virdee Pippa
Published: November 2021

Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction describes Pakistan as one of the two-nation-states of the Indian subcontinent that emerged in 1947. It looks at the ancient past to understand the complex tapestry of linguistic, ethnic, political, and cultural identities and tensions of the region today. The region of the Indus valley has a 4,000-year-old history and is considered the site of one of the earliest riverine civilizations in the world. The modern nation of Pakistan was created as a postcolonial homeland for the Muslims of British India. This VSI also considers the challenges of the 21st century and the future of Pakistan.
The History of Political Thought: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: November 2021

‘A History of Political Thought: A Very Short Introduction’ explores the core concerns and questions in the history of political thought, considering the field as a branch of political philosophy and political science. The approaches of core theorists, such as Reinhart Koselleck, Leo Strauss, Michel Foucault, and the so-called Cambridge School of Quentin Skinner and John Pocock are important to this topic. There is ongoing relevance for current politics which can be seen by assessing the current relationship between political history, theory, and action. There are some areas of political thinking that tend to draw on history because of the comparisons and contrasts that the past can offer to contemporary dilemmas.
Welfare Conditionality, Ethics and Social Care for Older People in the UK: From Civic Rights to Abandonment?
Authors: Carey Malcolm
Published: November 2021

Welfare systems are becoming ever more conditional, with access to state support increasingly rationed via a legion of legally-defined and financially-driven restrictions and rules. Civic protection and economic rights for older citizens within Western policy systems are subsequently diminishing and continue to give way to neoliberal discursive practices which prioritise welfare activation, autonomy, participation, asset-based yet precarious self-care, the aversion of health-centred risks, and much higher levels of eligibility for support. This article looks at welfare conditionality and its relationship to older people, ethics and governance within social care. By using three examples of welfare conditional reforms from the UK, it is highlighted that strains typically persist between the altruistic components of some ethical frameworks and the everyday experiences of many older people. The relative gatekeeping powers of welfare professionals and expectations placed on family members and carers have also increased, especially upon older people with higher needs and who may lack economic and cultural capital. This is despite rhetorical policy-led claims of increasing choice and control, and allowing support to be more asset-based and personalised.
Cross-cultural comparison of mental health in social work students between UK and Ireland: Mental health shame and self-compassion
Authors: Kotera Yasuhiro , Tsuda-McCaie Freya , Maughan Geraldine , Green Pauline
Published: November 2021

Despite the well-known mental health difficulties of social work students such as high levels of mental health problems and shame, and low levels of self-compassion, effective interventions remain to be evaluated. Moreover, whilst the levels of mental health constructs vary cross-culturally, how cultures impact the mental health has not been appraised in depth. This study aimed to compare the levels of, and relationships among mental health problems, mental health shame and self-compassion between social work students in the UK and Ireland. Opportunity samples of 120 UK students and 129 Irish students completed self-report measures regarding mental health problems, shame and self-compassion. Welch t-tests, correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Levels of mental health problems and shame were lower in British students than Irish students, while self-compassion was lower in Irish students. Internal shame was most strongly related to mental health problems in British students, while self-reflected shame was so in Irish students. Self-compassion was a significant predictor of mental health problems in both groups. Cultivating self-compassion, targeting internal shame in the UK, and reflected shame in Ireland, is recommended to protect and enhance the mental health of social work students.
Decomposing MRI phenotypic heterogeneity in epilepsy: a step towards personalized classification
Authors: Lee Hyo Min , Fadaie Fatemeh , Gill Ravnoor , Caldairou Benoit , Sziklas Viviane , Crane Joelle , Hong Seok-Jun , Bernhardt Boris C , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda
Published: November 2021

In drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, precise predictions of drug response, surgical outcome and cognitive dysfunction at an individual level remain challenging. A possible explanation may lie in the dominant ‘one-size-fits-all’ group-level analytical approaches that does not allow parsing interindividual variations along the disease spectrum. Conversely, analysing inter-patient heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as a step towards person-centred care.

Here, we used unsupervised machine learning to estimate latent relations (or disease factors) from 3 T multimodal MRI features [cortical thickness, hippocampal volume, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T1/FLAIR, diffusion parameters] representing whole-brain patterns of structural pathology in 82 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We assessed the specificity of our approach against age- and sex-matched healthy individuals and a cohort of frontal lobe epilepsy patients with histologically verified focal cortical dysplasia.

We identified four latent disease factors variably co-expressed within each patient and characterized by ipsilateral hippocampal microstructural alterations, loss of myelin and atrophy (Factor 1), bilateral paralimbic and hippocampal gliosis (Factor 2), bilateral neocortical atrophy (Factor 3) and bilateral white matter microstructural alterations (Factor 4). Bootstrap analysis and parameter variations supported high stability and robustness of these factors. Moreover, they were not expressed in healthy controls and only negligibly in disease controls, supporting specificity. Supervised classifiers trained on latent disease factors could predict patient-specific drug response in 76 ± 3% and postsurgical seizure outcome in 88 ± 2%, outperforming classifiers that did not operate on latent factor information. Latent factor models predicted inter-patient variability in cognitive dysfunction (verbal IQ: r = 0.40 ± 0.03; memory: r = 0.35 ± 0.03; sequential motor tapping: r = 0.36 ± 0.04), again outperforming baseline learners.

Data-driven analysis of disease factors provides a novel appraisal of the continuum of interindividual variability, which is probably determined by multiple interacting pathological processes. Incorporating interindividual variability is likely to improve clinical prognostics.