bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solanum Alkaloids, 139 – Photolysis of N‐Chlorospirosolanes
Authors: Quyen Le Thi , Himmelreich Uwe , Schreiber Klaus
Published: July 2007

UV irradiation of N‐chlorosoladulcidine (2) in trifluoroacetic acid, followed by separation and hydrolysis of the obtained 3‐O‐trifluoroacetates affords (23R)‐23‐chlorosoladulcidine (5) and 23,23‐dichlorosoladulcidine (7). Similar treatment of N‐chlorotomatidine (9) affords 23,23‐dichloro‐22‐isotomatidine (12).
Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Cyclic Single‐ and Double‐tailed Phosphate Amphiphiles: A Novel Class of Phosphate Surfactants – Comparison with the Aggregation Behavior of Sodium Di‐n‐Alkyl Phosphates
Authors: Buwalda Rixt T. , Wagenaar Anno , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: July 2007

Herein we describe the synthesis and aggregation of the sodium salts of a series of 5‐alkyl‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinan‐2‐ones and 5,5‐dialkyl‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphorinan‐2‐ones in aqueous solution. The results are compared with properties of previously studied sodium di‐n‐alkyl phosphates. The single‐tailed surfactants (6a, b, g) form micelles whereas the double‐tailed ones (6f, h–k) form vesicles, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) for 6a, b, g were determined using different techniques: UV spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, and conductometry. Phase transition temperatures of the bilayers were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by fluorescence depolarization. Fusion of the vesicles was studied employing the resonance energy transfer (RET) assay based on lipid mixing and TEM. Vesicles of 6h–k fuse upon addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions, to almost the same extent in each case. Fusion only takes place above the phase transition temperature (Tc) of the different bilayers. The threshold concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions for fusion of the different vesicles are below 0.1 mM. The initial rate of fusion is high and precludes the measurement of accurate rate constants. Upon addition of calcium chloride different processes occur. Vesicle fusion, crystallization, and formation of multilamellar sheets were observed, as was apparent from experiments with vesicles formed from 6h. Leakage through the vesicular bilayer of 6h was determined by measuring the carboxyfluorescein release from the aqueous compartment of the vesicles. All data are consistent with the notion that the alkyl chain packing in the bilayers of the vesicles formed from the cyclic phosphates is less efficient than that in the bilayers of vesicles composed of di‐n‐alkyl phosphates.
Chemistry of the Ginkgolides, IX. Ozonolysis of (10R)‐10‐Acetoxy‐3,14‐didehydroginkgolide
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Schick Hartmut , Irngartinger Hermann , Oeser Thomas
Published: July 2007

Ozonolysis of (10R)‐10‐acetoxy‐3,14‐didehydroginkgolide (1) did not lead to the expected α‐hydroxy ketone 3b. Instead, ring‐opening of the acetal ring C occurred leading, after acetylation, to the spiroacylal 2. Its structure was confirmed by crystal structure analysis.
Synthesis of New Pyropheophytin‐naphthoquinone Dyads for Investigations of Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Authors: Malinen Pasi K. , Tauber Andrei Y. , Helaja Juho , Hynninen Paavo H.
Published: July 2007

Two new, covalently‐linked pyropheophytin‐naphthoquinone dyads 1 and 2 have been synthesized for use as model compounds in studies of photoinduced electron transfer. The starting material for the synthesis was chlorophyll a (3). This was first pyrolyzed to 132‐demethoxycarbonylchlorophyll a (4), which was then oxidized regioselectively to 132‐demethoxycarbonyl‐P4(R/S)‐hydroxypheophytin a (5). Compound 5 was esterified with naphthoquinone carboxylic acid 17 by the carbodiimide method to afford 132‐demethoxycarbonyl‐P4(R/S)‐oxy‐[2‐(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐3‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone]pheophytin a (1) and (2). The observation that fluorescence emission is effectively quenched in dyads 1 and 2, relative to compound 5 which does not bear an electron‐acceptor, indicates that intramolecular electron transfer from the excited donor part to the ground state acceptor part of the molecule occurs readily.
Enzymatic alcoholyses of NAD: A New type of ADP‐ribosylation reaction catalysed by NAD glycohydrolase
Authors: Tono‐oka Shuichi , Azuma Ichiro
Published: July 2007

As part of studies concerning the transglycosidation action of NAD glycohydrolase, the hydrolase‐catalysed reaction of normal alkyl alcohols (six alcohols from methanol to 1‐hexanol) has been investigated. All the alcoholic substrates were found to undergo ADP‐ribosylation with varying efficiences, to give the corresponding O‐ribosylated products (1–6). Yields (11–67%) were dependent upon the solubility of the substrates in aqueous media and upon their inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. 1H NMR analyses demonstrated the alkyl β‐riboside structure of compounds 1–6 and the non‐equivalence of the O‐methylene protons of their alkoxy groups. This is the first report of characterization of O‐ribosylated products formed by the transglycosidation action of NAD glycohydrolase.
Synthesis of a Central Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Di‐ and Trideoxysugars
Authors: Müller Thomas , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: July 2007

The synthesis of disodium (6‐deoxy‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexopyran‐3‐ulosyl) (2′‐deoxythymidin‐5′‐yl) diphosphate (1) is described. To this end, D‐glucose is transformed into known furanose derivative 2 possessing a 3‐C‐methylene group as latent functionality for 3‐ulose generation. From 2, 3,6‐dideoxy derivative 6 was synthesized; ensuing acid catalyzed cleavage of the 1,2‐O‐isopropylidene group and then O‐acetylation furnished the required pyranose 8α,β, which could be selectively deacetylated at the anomeric oxygen to afford 9α,β. Treatment with phosphitylating agent 13e and then oxidation led to dibenzylphosphate derivative 15e which could be chemoselectively debenzylated by hydrogenolysis without affecting the olefinic double bond (→ 17); de‐O‐acetylation and then ozonolysis afforded the unprotected phosphate intermediates 18 and 19, respectively. Both compounds could be successfully used for the synthesis of 1 by employing the nucleoside phosphate morpholidate procedure for the generation of nucleoside diphosphate sugars. Ozone cleavage of the olefinic double bond in 20 could be successfully performed even in the presence of the thymine moiety.
Cyclophanes, XLII. The Acid‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Perhydro[2.2]paracyclophane – A Surprising Out‐In Hydrogen Transfer Process
Authors: Ernst Ludger , Hopf Henning , Savinsky Rainer
Published: July 2007

Treatment of perhydro[2.2]paracyclophane (1) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid for 15 h at room temperature in dichloromethane results in a quantitative yield of stereoisomer 2, in which one of the bridgehead hydrogen atoms points towards the inside of the molecule (mono‐endo isomer). The constitution of 2 is derived from 2D‐NMR C,C‐INADE‐QUATE experiments and its stereochemistry from dynamic NMR experiments and molecular mechanics computations (MM3). A mechanism is suggested for the 1–2 interconversion.
Calixarene Carbamates
Authors: König Burkhard , Fricke Tom , Dix Ina , Jones Peter G. , Thondorf Iris
Published: July 2007

Calixarene carbamates were obtained in good yield from the clean reaction of n‐butyl isocyanate with para‐tert‐butyl‐calix[4]‐, ‐[6]‐, and ‐[8]arenes. Whereas the two larger calixarenes remain mobile in solution upon derivatisation, para‐tert‐butyl‐calix[4]arene is locked in the cone conformation. A selective triple acylation was observed with Li2CO3 as base, whereas K2CO3 leads to complete functionalisation of all hydroxy groups. The relative stability of all possible conformers of calix[4]arene tetracarbamate (1) was examined by force field calculations, showing the cone conformer as the most stable one. The structures of compounds 1 and 3 were investigated by X‐ray structure analysis, confirming the cone conformation for both compounds.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐3‐Oxacarbacyclin 2. Stereoselective Deprotonation and Completion of the Synthesis
Authors: Ossenkamp K. L. , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2007

The asymmetric synthesis of (+)‐3‐oxacarbacyclin (1) from cis‐bicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐2,5‐dione has been achieved. A notable feature in this synthesis is an asymmetric Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons (HWE) reaction. A further key step is the stereoselective deprotonation of a chiral bicyclic ketone, having a high local symmetry about the carbonyl group, with lithium (R,R)‐bis(phenylethyl)amide in the presence of lithium chloride. The route described also allows the synthesis of the anti‐thrombotic and anti‐metastatic prostacyclin analogs cicaprost and eptaloprost. The flexibility of this route should also provide access to further side‐chain modified analogs of 1.
Molecular Meccano, 27. A Template‐directed Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot
Authors: Ashton Peter R. , Matthews Owen A. , Menzer Stephan , Raymo Françisco M. , Spencer Neil , Stoddart J. Fraser , Williams David J.
Published: July 2007

A design logic for the self‐assembly of a molecular trefoil knot and of its isomeric trivial knot is described. The approach relies on the formation of a double‐stranded supramolecular complex between an acyclic π‐electron rich 1,5‐di‐oxynaphthalene‐based polyether and an acyclic π‐electron deficient bipyridinium‐based tetracation. The reversible complexation of the two acyclic complementary components in solution is followed by the irreversible formation of covalent bonds connecting the termini of these two precursors within the supramolecular complex, affording both a trefoil knot and a trivial knot, though only in extremely low yields. The isomers were separated by preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography and characterized by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry which revealed the binding of up to two ammonium ions in the case of only one of the two isomers – namely, the trivial knot. In addition, we have performed binding studies between some model acyclic and macrocyclic 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene‐based polyethers and the bipyridinium based precursor of the knots. One of the complexes was also characterized in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography which revealed the formation of a [2]pseudorotaxane in the solid state.
Regioselective Cyclizations of Delocalized 1,3‐Amide Dianions with Oxalic Acid Dielectrophiles
Authors: Langer Peter , Döring Manfred , Görls Helmar , Beckert Rainer
Published: July 2007

A novel strategy for the synthesis of nitrogen‐rich heterocycles by regioselective C,N‐cyclization of ambident dianions with oxalimidoyl dichlorides is reported. One‐pot reactions provide γ‐iminotetramic acid amides 1, radialenes 2 and tetraimino‐diazaspiro[4.4]nonenones 3. Chemical properties and structural features of the new heterocyclic systems, including the tautomerism of 2, were investigated.
The Nazarov Reaction of 1‐Acryloyl‐1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene; a Novel Synthetic Pathway from 1,3,5‐Cycloheptatriene to Dihydro‐1(2H)‐azulenone
Authors: Oda Mitsunori , Yamazaki Takafumi , Kajioka Takanori , Miyatake Ryuta , Kuroda Shigeyasu
Published: July 2007

The title compound, 1‐acryloyl‐1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene (3), was prepared from 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene in four steps, and subsequently its Nazarov cyclization of 3 was studied in order to develop a novel synthetic pathway to dihydro‐1(2H)‐azulenone. While the reaction of 3 in sulfuric acid afforded 1‐tetralone (5) in a low yield, the reaction in a mixture of phosphoric acid and formic acid at room temp. produced 3,8‐dihydro‐1(2H)‐azulenone (6) and 3,3a‐dihydro‐1(2H)‐azulenone (7) in yields of 46 and 13% respectively. Using stannic chloride as the acid in the reaction gave 6 and 7 in a slightly better combined yield.
Mechanical properties of metastable glacial till before and after water‐induced compaction
Authors: Stock Oliver , Lesturgez Gregory , Bens Oliver , Hüttl Reinhard F.
Published: July 2007

The mechanical properties of metastable soils have been approached from different backgrounds by civil engineers and soil scientists, with the main focus being on water‐induced self‐compaction rates. This study was conducted to determine the rebound‐recompression properties of metastable soil before and after wetting and to study the effect of water‐induced compaction on the mechanical stability depending on the overburden pressure. Rebound and recompression properties were measured with oedometer tests using sieved sandy loam, taken from a nonweathered Saalian glacial till layer, as the metastable test soil. The mechanical stability (preconsolidation load) of the dry and wetted soil was derived mathematically from recompression data after the test soil was unloaded. Void‐ratio changes during unloading and reloading were on a low level (Δe = 0.03). Rebound and recompression rates of the dry samples increased with load, whereas the void‐ratio change was twofold higher during recompression. Rebound rates of the wetted samples tended to decrease with load, while the recompression rates remained constant. Preconsolidation load calculated for the dry samples overestimated the simulated overburden pressure, whereas the wetted samples showed a high congruence. In both cases, the point of greatest curvature estimated in the earlier step of deviation gave values that were more realistic to the loads from which the unloading started. Our results indicate that both dry compaction and water‐induced compaction induce primarily plastic deformation. Furthermore, we found that in both the dry and wetted state the mechanical stability of the soil reflecting the overburden pressure remained constant.
Amphiphilic Multicore‐Shell Particles Based on Polyphenylene Dendrimers
Authors: Yin Meizhen , Bauer Roland , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus
Published: July 2007

Six‐arm and twelve‐arm star polymers have been synthesized by ATRP on the template of first‐ and second‐generation polyphenylene dendrimers. Star polymers with amphiphilic double‐shell of hydrophilic HEMA and styrene were also synthesized and their behavior toward different solvents was studied. The results show that the size, conformation, and surface polarity of the amphiphilic double‐shell species can be adjusted by using solvents with varying polarity. In polar media, the hydrophilic blocks turn outwards, whereas in non‐polar media, the hydrophobic segments move to the molecules' surface; the macromolecule can rearrange its structure depending on the polarity of the surrounding media.

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Improved k‐space trajectory measurement with signal shifting
Authors: Beaumont Marine , Lamalle Laurent , Segebarth Christoph , Barbier Emmanuel L.
Published: July 2007

Various techniques for k‐space trajectory measurement have been described in the literature. Self‐encoding gradient techniques are time‐consuming due to the high number of phase‐encoding steps needed. The approach with localized slices is faster, but its use apparently has not been reported in the context of high spatial resolution experiments. Signals associated with high k‐space frequencies may then reach low or even zero values, and this may result in errors in the estimate of the trajectories at the k‐space periphery. To overcome this problem without increasing the measurement duration of the localized slice method too much, a new approach is proposed in which an addition dephasing gradient applied prior to the gradient to be measured shifts the signal maximum. Magn Reson Med 58:200–205, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ZnO: From basics towards applications
Authors: Klingshirn C.
Published: July 2007

Several hundred thousands of tons of ZnO are used by per year, e.g. as an additive to concrete or to rubber. In the field of optoelectronics, ZnO holds promises as a material for a blue/UV optoelectronics, alternatively to GaN, as a cheap, transparent, conducting oxide, as a material for electronic circuits, which are transparent in the visible or for semiconductor spintronics. The main problem is presently, however, a high, reproducible and stable p‐doping. We review in this contribution partly critically the material growth, fundamental properties of ZnO and of ZnO‐based nanostructures, doping as well as present and future applications, with emphasis on the electronic and optical properties including stimulated emission. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expression of murine DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bulkowska Urszula , Ishikawa Takao , Kurlandzka Anna , Trzcińska‐Danielewicz Joanna , Derlacz Rafał , Fronk Jan
Published: July 2007

Murine DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a were expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adjustment to yeast preferences of the nucleotide sequences upstream and downstream of the translation initiation sites of both cDNAs was needed to obtain significant levels of the methyltransferases. Both proteins were correctly localized to the nucleus and their presence had no measurable influence on the functioning of yeast cells. Both Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a expressed in yeast cells were enzymatically active in vitro, and in vivo in the genomic DNA of the transgenic S. cerevisiae ca. 0.06% and 0.4%, respectively, of cytosines became methylated. This level of DNA methylation is about 100‐ to 10‐fold less than that observed in mammalian cells. The constructed system may be used to investigate the in vivo specificity of individual mammalian DNA methyltransferases and to search for additional factors needed to allow more efficient in vivo methylation of chromatin‐contained DNA and to study their mechanism of action. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evaluation of environmental enrichment of sea turtles
Authors: Therrien Corie L. , Gaster Lauren , Cunningham‐Smith Petra , Manire Charles A.
Published: July 2007

Although behavioral studies have been conducted at zoos and aquaria for years, documentation concerning the effectiveness of environmental enrichment has dealt primarily with terrestrial animals and marine mammals. Few enrichment studies have been conducted on reptiles. For this study, behavioral observations were made on four captive sea turtles (three loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and one blind green, Chelonia mydas) with enrichment present and absent. Enrichment devices were modified for the special needs of the blind turtle. Behaviors were classified as Resting, Pattern Swimming, Random Swimming, Focused Behavior, Aggression, Hiding, Orientation, and Noncategorized Behavior. It was hypothesized that, when enrichment was present, a decrease in Resting and stereotypic Pattern Swimming would be seen along with an increase in Random Swimming and Focused Behavior. It was found that, when no enrichment devices were present, 77% of the turtles' time was spent in Resting and Pattern Swimming. When enrichment devices were provided, 88% of their time was spent in Random Swimming and Focused Behavior with only 8% spent in Pattern Swimming and Resting. Statistically, there were significant increases in Random Swimming (three of the four turtles) and Focused Behavior (4/4) and significant decreases in Resting (3/4) and Pattern Swimming (3/4) when enrichment devices were present. These results suggest that environmental enrichment is as effective with marine reptiles as has been found with other animals and should be encouraged for all captive sea turtles. Zoo Biol 26:407–416, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of the soxtec system for oil determination in soybeans
Authors: Herbert Morrison W.
Published: July 2007

The Soxtec System and the AOCS method were compared for oil determination in soybeans, and no significant difference was found between the two methods. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and standard deviation for individual samples were higher for the Soxtec, but this was attributable to the regrinding step used. The study suggests that the Soxtec System is faster and just as accurate as the AOCS method.
Conductometric studies and thermodynamics of dissociation and micellization of praseodymium and neodymium linoleates in mixed organic solvents
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Upadhyaya S. K.
Published: July 2007

The results show that the praseodymium and neodymium linoleates behave as a weak electrolyte in dilute solutions (60% benzene+40% methanol v/v) below the critical micellar concentration, and the conductance result can be explained on the basis of Ostwald's formula and Debye‐Huckel's theory of weak electrolytes. The dissociation constant and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization processes of lanthanide linoleates are also evaluated. The micellization process has been found to be predominant over the dissociation process.
Glycerolysis of peanut and mustard oils
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Rao C. V. N. , Laxmikanthan V. , Shah S. N.
Published: July 2007

The glycerolysis of peanut and mustard oils has been carried out in the presence of catalysts such as lime and litharge. The effect of time and temperature on the rate of glycerolysis has been studied. The monoglyceride contents and hydroxyl values of the washed samples have been determined. The diglyceride and triglyceride contents of the products have been computed from the monoglyceride percentage and the hydroxyl values.
Determination of hexachlorophene content of soaps using ferric chloride reagent
Authors: Larson Harry L.
Published: July 2007

Hexachlorophene is determined in soap by measuring the color produced by reaction with ferric chloride in alcohol solution with controlled conditions of time and temperature. The precision is within ±5% of the hexachlorophene content at the 1/2% level or above. As a criterion, any soap that will give a finely dispersed barium soap and that does not form a precipitate with ferric chloride under the conditions of the method give good results. This includes all milled bar soaps. The effect of phenolic perfume ingredients on the result is negligible. Five per cent abietic acid in the fatty acid composition has no effect on the result. The method is slightly modified for use with liquid potassium soaps.
Detergency properties of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose‐soap‐builder systems
Authors: Vaughn T. H. , Kramer M. G.
Published: July 2007

Data have been presented which illustrate the detergency properties of soap‐sodium carboxymethyl cellulose‐builder systems. Practical considerations limit use of CMC to the lower concentrations, and it has been shown that at sodium carboxymethyl cellulose concentrations of 5%, or even less, builder tolerance is increased without sacrifice in soil removal properties. At CMC concentrations above 3% the soil removal properties of the ternary systems under study are increased above that of soap alone except in the case of very high builder content. Within common soap: builder ratios the whiteness retention properties of the system are substantially increased by the addition of CMC. Both soil removal and whiteness retention properties of unbuilt soap are also increased by the addition of small amounts of CMC.
Soap gels in non‐aqueous media. III. The setting time, syneresis, and gel‐strength of gels of some sodium soaps in organic solvents
Authors: Hattiangdi Gopal S. , Adarkar Shrirang P.
Published: July 2007

The setting time, syneresis, and gel‐strength of gels of sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, and sodium oleate in toluene, xylene, cymene, pinene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, p‐chlorotoluene, n‐amyl, n‐ and i‐butyl, n‐ and i‐propyl, and benzyl alcohols, o‐cresol, glycerol, anisole, and phenetole, have been measured.

For gels in any given solvent the setting time and extent of syneresis decrease with different soaps in the order, NaOl>NaStr>NaP, and the gelstrength increases in the order, NaOl<NaStr<NaP. for solvents belonging to a homologous series the setting time and extent of syneresis of soap gels increase and the gel‐strength decreases as the series is ascended.

An explanation for this behavior is offered in terms of the constitutive properties of the solvent molecules.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. IV.1 Quantitative determination of functional groups
Authors: Knight H. B. , Swern Daniel
Published: July 2007

Conventional analytical procedures employed in oxidation reactions for the quantitative determination of functional groups have been applied to a series of pure compounds as well as to two synthetic mixtures and to methyl oleate hydroperoxide (estimated purity, 70%). In the absence of peroxide and oxirane groups the analytical procedures are reliable. When peroxides are present, unusually high and variable values for carbonyl oxygen are obtained, and the iodine and saponification numbers are generally unreliable. Determination of hydroxyl oxygen is interfered with by large proportions of oxirane compounds but apparently not by peroxides. Determination of acid number and peroxide and oxirane oxygen is reliable in the presence of all the other functional groups investigated. Techniques for the accurate determination of functional groups when peroxide and oxirane groups are present are described.

A modified procedure for the determination of carbonyl oxygen is reported.
Variation in the wax content of sunflower seed with location and hybrid
Authors: Morrison W. Herbert
Published: July 2007

Three genetically different types of oilseed sunflower hybrids grown at six different locations were evaluated for the influence of hybrid and location on wax content of hull and oil. Analysis of variance showed that differences in the amount of hull and wax content of the hull were related to both location and hybrid. However, location and hybrid were not found significantly to influence wax content of the oil.
Gas chromatographic determination of biphenyl and phenyl ether in oil
Authors: Min D. B. , Wen J.
Published: July 2007

Oils containing 0~100 ppm biphenyl and phenyl ether were analyzed by a new gas chromatographic method. Correlation coefficients (r) between gas chromatographic peak heights and biphenyl and phenyl ether concentrations were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. As little as 5 ppm biphenyl and phenyl ether in oils could be determined rapidly and efficiently in 90 min by this new method.
Metal salts requisite for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid by a marine bacterium isolated from mackerel intestines
Authors: Akimoto Masamichi , Ishii Tetsuya , Yamagaki Koji , Ohtaguchi Kazuhisa , Koide Kozo , Yazawa Kazunaga
Published: July 2007

Metal salts important for the growth and 5,8,11,14,17‐ ciseicosapentaenoic acid EPA) production of a bacterium isolated from Pacific mackerel intestines were investigated at 25°C in culture media containing 1.0% peptone and 0.50% yeast extract, and the composition of an optimum culture medium was determined. This bacterium could grow in the media in which sodium chloride was the sole added inorganic component. By raising the concentration of sodium chloride from 1.2 to 2.4%, the yield of bacterial cells increased and the yield of EPA reached a maximum at 2.0% NaCl concentration. In contrast to calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride as second metal salts promoted the growth of this bacterium at relatively low concentrations without inhibiting the accumulation of EPA. The yield of EPA reached its maximum value of 51.9 mg/L of culture broth at 8 hr at 2.0% NaCl, 0.15% KCl and 0.16% MgCl2 concentrations. This yield of EPA was 20% greater than that obtained with Jamarin S artificial sea water.
Preparation and properties of double‐ or triple‐ chain surfactants with two sulfonate groups derived fromN‐ Acyldiethanolamines
Authors: Zhu Yun‐peng , Masuyama Araki , Kirito Yoh‐ichi , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: July 2007

Bis(sulfonate) types of amphipathic compounds with three long‐ chain alkyl groups were prepared by the reaction ofN‐ (long‐ chain acyl)diethanolamine diglycidyl ethers with long‐ chain fatty alcohols, followed by the reaction with propanesultone. The diglycidyl ethers were easily obtained from the correspondingN‐ acyldiethanolamines and epichlorohydrin in the presence of a phasetransfer catalyst. The same types of compounds with two longchain alkyl groups were also prepared from Nacetyldiethanolamine according to similar procedures. All these new double‐ or triple‐ chain surfactants were soluble in water and showed much better micelle forming and ability to lower surface tension than general types of single‐ chain surfactants with one sulfonate group. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and γCMC values of the triple‐ chain compounds were still much smaller than those of the corresponding double‐ chain compounds with two common alkyl groups. The efficiency of adsorption at the water/air interface (pC20) of these surfactants was very high. Their foaming properties, wetting ability toward a felt chip, and lime‐ soap dispersing ability were measured.
Methods for removing detergents from waste waters
Authors: Brunner C. A.
Published: July 2007

A number of processes have been investigated or are being investigated for removal of alkyl‐benzene sulfonate (ABS) from waste waters. These can be divided into processes applicable to launderette wastes and processes applicable to municipal waste water although there is overlap. Launderette waste treating methods include, flocculation, flotation, adsorption on activated carbon or ion exchange materials and filtration. In municipal waste water treatment any ABS removal method must be very inexpensive. Two methods that have been used to remove most of the residual ABS after conventional sewage treatment are foaming and adding of cationic detergents. Both methods are capable of removing ABS down to levels of 0.5 ppm or less. A number of other treatment methods that will remove organics, including ABS, from municipal wastes are being studied. Their costs are, in general, too high to make them applicable for ABS removal alone. Processes under study include adsorption, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, electrochemical degradation and even distillation.
An evaluation of the river die‐away technique for studying detergent biodegradability
Authors: Setzkorn E. A. , Huddleston R. L. , Allred R. C.
Published: July 2007

The accuracy and reproducibility of the river die‐away test has not been well defined. This information is required to establish the validity of observed differences in degradation behavior.

The present paper presents data on the accuracy and repeatability of the methylene blue analytical procedure using both the standard method and the automated 舠AutoAnalyzer舡 version of the methylene blue method.

Data are also presented showing reproducibility of the biodegradation curves obtained by replicate analysis of a single detergent under 1) identical die‐away conditions, and 2) different conditions obtained by die‐away studies in various river waters.

The effect of detergent mol wt and microbial adaptation to the test substance on the degradation pattern is also discussed.
Soaps of monohydroxystearic acid in syndet compositions
Authors: Osipow L. I. , Rosenblatt William , Snell F. D.
Published: July 2007

Soaps of monohydroxystearic acid, prepared by sulfation of oleic acid followed by hydrolysis, have been evaluated in syndet compositions. They can be used to replace a substantial proportion of the synthetic surfactant in both liquid and solid detergent compositions without loss of detergent efficiency or foaming properties. In contrast, sodium stearate and sodium oleate adversely affect performance. Compatibility is improved when these hydroxystearate soaps are incorporated in built liquid compositions. Since these materials exhibit the usual response of soaps to pH change and to divalent cations, there is complete assurance that they will be inactivated in ground water as well as in sewage treatment plants.
Peroxidizing and carotene bleaching substances in bacon adipose tissue
Authors: Reiser Raymond
Published: July 2007

Summary and Conclusion

The peroxidation activity of hemoglobin solutions was studied for the effects of concentration of hemoglobin and heat. The carotene bleaching activity of hemoglobin was studied for the effects of pH, concentration of hemoglobin, concentration of carotene, time, heat, and poisons. These observations were compared to similar studies of hemoglobin free extracts of salt cured bacon fatty tissue. It was found that hemoglobin activity is not influenced by boiling but that there is a heat labile factor in hemoglobin free extracts. Evidence is presented that the hemoglobin free extracts contain at least two principles which may be responsible for the rapid development of rancidity in bacon and one inhibitor.
Microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase in intact crambe seeds
Authors: Medeiros H. , Kirleis A. W. , Vetter R. J.
Published: July 2007

Optimum conditions for microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase in whole crambe seeds(Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) were investigated. Whole crambe seeds were left at 7% moisture or tempered to between 10 and 20% moisture contents prior to exposure to various microwave power inputs for 38 sec under controlled conditions. Ten percent moisture crambe seeds coupled the maximum percentage of microwave power. The amount of microwave energy required to inactivate thioglucosidase decreased as the moisture content of the seeds increased from 10 to 20%. Thioglucosidase could not be inactivated in 7% moisture seeds without burning the seeds. With 10, 15, and 20% moisture levels crambe seeds required a minimum of 0.70, 0.60, and 0.65 kW, respectively, of initial microwave power input and 18,12, and 11 kJ, respectively, of coupled energy to inactivate thioglucosidase. Optimum crambe seed moisture contents for microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase were determined to be between 14‐16%.
Palmitoleic acid inRoureopsis obliquifoliata (Connaraceae) Seed oil
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Kleiman Robert
Published: July 2007

Roureopsis obliquifoliata Schellenberg seeds contain an oil (45% by weight) comprised primarily of 16‐carbon fatty acids. Palmitic acid constitutes 50% of the fatty acids, palmitoleic acid 32%, and small amounts of the usual C18 acids make up the remainder. Identifications were based on Chromatographic properties of the acids and their ozonolysis products.
Cottonseed flour production: Economic evaluation
Authors: Clark S. P. , Baker G. W. , Matlock S. W. , Mulsow D.
Published: July 2007

Estimating methods are described and results are presented on economic evaluation of processing glandless cottonseed into flour with by‐products of oil, hulls, and fine meats. Processing was assumed to be conducted in three sizes of mills processing 100, 200, and 400 tons per day of seed for 300 days per year. Estimates were made of the prices of flour required to give discounted cash flow rates of return ranging from 0 to 25%. At 25% return the estimated prices of flour were 36 cents, 28 cents, and 25 cents per pound for the three sizes of mills
The DSC thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in high erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: Kawamura K.
Published: July 2007

DSC isothermal analysis is used to investigate the crystallization behavior of high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR oil) in conjunction with usual cooling and heating methods. The crystallization of HEAR oil is found to be in two stages and which are accounted for by the crystallization of the α form and its transformation to theβ form under isothermal cooling conditions. Theα form is also transformed to theβ form under constant heating rate conditions (10 K/min), but this transformation is governed by the heating rate. The crystallization behavior of HEAR oil appears to be dominated by its characteristic triglyceride structure as the transformation is completely altered by random interesterification. Further, when HEAR oil is blended with SBO, the crystallization is changed as the SBO component is increased.
The preparation of a series of molecularly homogeneous para‐t‐octylphenoxypoly(ethoxy)ethanols
Authors: Mansfield R. C. , Locke J. E.
Published: July 2007

Multi‐gram quantities of the first ten members of a series of para‐ (1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl) ‐phenoxypoly(ethoxy) ethanols (p‐t‐OPEn) have been prepared. Analytical and physical data indicate that each of these materials is composed of greater than 95% of a single molecular species.
Caking test for dried detergents
Authors: Watanabe Henry , Groves W. L.
Published: July 2007

A test to measure the caking tendency of dried detergents is described. This test has good reproducibility and should be useful in screening new products, studying formulation changes and examing anticaking agents.

The test measures the force necessary to break cylinders formed from test detergents. Forming and breaking forces are extremely critical and are provided by an Instron Universal Tester. The sensitivity of the test demands careful control of the environment; a number of critical factors are discussed. These include test procedure variables such as cylinder length, forming force, forming rate and the time to form the cylinder and product variables such as moisture content and particle size. An increase in the forming force and time, particle size within cer‐tain limits and moisture, increase the breaking force.

Results on drum‐dried products were found to correlate poorly with spray‐dried products. Heavy duty products show a lower caking tend‐ency than do light duty products. Anticaking additives cause a very marked decrease in break‐ing force.
The kinetics of methyl linoleate emulsion autoxidation in the presence of polyhydroxy compounds
Authors: Mabrouk A. F.
Published: July 2007

The kinetics of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions activated by carbohydrates likely to be present in meat, with special reference to the effects of functional groups, number of carbon atoms and configuration have been investigated by the rate of oxygen uptake. On the basis of equimolar concentrations of aldoses in the system, oxidation rate of methyl linoleate increases as the number of carbon atoms in the sugar molecule decreases, reaching a maximum in the presence of glyceraldehyde. Configuration of the aldose has a slight effect on the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate emulsions.

At comparable molar ratios of hexose to methyl linoleate, the rate of oxidation was found to be: ketohexose > aldohexose > hexahydroxy alcohol.

Replacement of the primary alcohol group in an aldohexose with a methyl group decreases the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate emulsion. An opposite effect is observed when the primary alcohol group is substituted with a carboxyl group, i.e., in the presence of sodium glucuronate.

2‐Deoxy‐D‐glucose and 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose exhibit a lesser effect on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion than glucose and ribose, respectively.

Oxidation rates in the presence of reducing disaccharides, maltose, lactose and cellobiose, are more rapid than in the presence of the non‐reducing disaccharide sucrose.
The determination of the solids content of fats and oils by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Bosin W. A. , Marmor R. A.
Published: July 2007

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was developed for the determination of the solids content of fats and oils at various temperatures. This method is more rapid, accurate, and uni‐versally applicable than the generally accepted solids fat index (SFI) by the dilatometric pro‐cedure. A standard deviation of 1.0% solids, unaffected by parameter interactions and attain‐able by inexperienced operators, indicates good reliability and reproducibility.

The utilization of an NMR variable‐tempera‐ture accessory and a more precise mode of NMR tuning improves the precision and accuracy. The direct calculation of percentage of solids from the NMR signals eliminates the need for standards and compensates for the temperature variable. The results indicate that two separate labora‐tories, using somewhat different methods and modes of NMR operation, agree reasonably well.
Crude glycerol glucoside esters of cottonseed oil: Preliminary cost analysis
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Feuge R. O. , White J. L. , Mazzeno L.W.
Published: July 2007

Glycerol glucoside esters prepared by transglycosylation of starch and glycerol, followed by interesterification with esters of cottonseed oil fatty acids, are well suited for use in the steadily growing food emulsifier market. They offer formulators and processors a wide range of compositions and physical properties for achieving more effective emulsification without increase in cost. Process flowsheets, capital costs, manufacturing costs, and general expenses are given for the production of 5.7 million pounds and 17.2 million pounds of crude glycerol glucoside esters annually in hypothetical 4‐ton batch and 12‐ton batch grass‐roots plants, respectively. A material balance and preliminary plant layout for the 12‐ton batch plant are also provided. The cost of crude esters ranges from 37.4 cents to 43.7 cents/lb, indicating that the crude esters would be competitive with many commercially available food emulsifiers. The process can be carried out in conventional batch process equipment without production of polluting byproducts. Fixed capital investment for a new 12‐ton batch plant would be $2.5 million, and for a new 4‐ton plant, $1.3 million.
Quantitation of fatty acids from flue‐cured tobacco by combined preparative thin layer chromatography‐gas chromatography
Authors: Ellington J. J. , Schlotzhauer P. F. , Schepartz A. I.
Published: July 2007

Flue‐cured tobacco was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis, and, after acidification, the fatty acids and nonsaponifiables were extracted into hexane. Treatment of the hexane extract with diazomethane yielded fatty acid methyl esters. The methyl esters were separated from interfering hydrocarbons and sterols by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). After addition of an internal standard, the esters were quantitated by gas chromatography on the column packing, Silar 10C. Quantitation of the C14‐C32 fatty acid esters was possible by means of temperature programming.
Thiocyanations VI: Iron‐catalyzed thiocyanations of unsaturated acids and esters
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Silbert L. S.
Published: July 2007

The effect of iron catalyst and the advantages of its use in thiocyanogen additions to a series of unsaturated acids and esters were studied. In the absence of catalyst, the deactivation effect of the carboxylic group on the double bond is observed up to and including the Δ5 position, conversions to products are low, and the products in some cases are not the anticipated dithiocyanate adducts. These normally unreactive double bonds are induced to react with thiocyanogen by iron catalyst. Furthermore, for the catalyzed reactions of Δ2 and Δ3 acids and esters, the esters are found to be more reactive than the acids, although both produce trace to low yields of adducts. Single isolated bonds located in any position beyond Δ3, including terminal, are thiocyanated rapidly and in high yield in the presence of iron catlyst. Methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate form ca. 80% of the tetrathiocyanate and hexathiocyanate adducts, respectively.
1,1,2‐trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane for oilseed extractions: Demonstration of a viscosity effect
Authors: Temple S. , Sullivan R. E.
Published: July 2007

Extractions of full fat soy flake and meal were carried out at 5 to 70 C with hexane and 1,1,2‐trichloro‐l,2,2‐trifluoroethane (FC‐113) and their corresponding miscellas in order to evaluate FC‐113 as a process solvent. In flake extraction, the rate of oil extraction by FC‐113 was markedly improved with increasing temperature while extraction by hexane was relatively independent of temperature. In contrast, extraction of flake by the miscellas from both solvents and extraction of meal by fresh solvents gave similar results. A comparison of solvent properties indicates that the differences can be related to the viscosity dependent diffusion into the microporous flakes and suggests similar efficiencies for FC‐113 and hexane in countercurrent flow extractors operating at elevated temperatures.
Toxicological, bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties of fatty acids and some derivatives
Authors: Kabara J. J.
Published: July 2007

The LD50 oral ingestion values for the common commercial fatty acids are in the range which are considered nontoxic; 24 hour primary skin irritation is considered positive for octanoic acid but negative for decanoic acid and upwards; 4 hour skin corrosivity is considered positive for decanoic acid and lower, negative for lauric acid and higher; eye irritation is considered positive for lauric acid and lower, negative for myristic acid and higher. Among the fatty acid derivatives that have well recognized bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties are undecanoic acid and its salts, sodium and zinc particularly, (athlete's foot fungus), fatty amine quaternary salts, (general bacteriocide properties), fatty amide derivatives, and sodium salts of common fatty acids. The highly purified monoglyceride prepared from high C‐12 fatty acid has unprecedented activity and sanitizing properties.
Traditional analytical chemistry of fatty acids and their derivatives
Authors: Metcalfe A. D.
Published: July 2007

Industrial fatty acids and their derivatives are generally manufactured under strict quality control and sold under rigid specifications. The purchase specifications are normally prescribed by a series of traditional “wet” analytical methods. These methods include acid value, saponification value, iodine value, hydroxyl value, water content, and others. Occasionally, other information is specified; this may include for tall oil fatty acids, rosin content, and free glycerol in monoglycerides, diene value for drying fatty acids, and conjugated fatty acids for specialized fatty acids. The most common fatty acid derivatives of the industrial fatty acids are anionic and nonionic surfactants and the nitrogen derivatives such as amines and quaternary ammonium salts. Rigid quality control is also applied to these compounds. The amine value and the determination of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are the key analytical methods applied to amine derivatives. Quaternary ammonium compounds present unique problems; these are in a present state of methods improvement. Physical property test methods are often used to characterize fatty acids. Though simple in concept, they are often the most difficult to meet in purchase specifications. Examples of these tests are viscosity, titer, color, color stability, flash and fire point.
Nitrogen derivatives (secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary salts, diamines, imidazolines)
Authors: Glankler C. W.
Published: July 2007

A discussion of these five nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids is given in regards to the chemistry of their production and some of the reaction conditions. Also covered are some of the applications and properties of these derivatives.
Soap and fat‐based detergents
Authors: Jungermann E.
Published: July 2007

Many materials made from fats and oils derive their importance from their ability to modify the surface behavior of the liquid in which they are dissolved. These compounds are grouped under the broad classification of surface active agents or surfactants. Depending on their use, they are classified as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, etc. The oldest, and still one of the most important surfactants, is ordinary soap; twentythree percent of all the tallow produced in the United States goes into soap. This paper covers the present state of the art of soap technology, and the most important classes of fat‐based surfactants.
Fat‐based food emulsifiers
Authors: Van Haften J. L.
Published: July 2007

Emulsifiers are widely used in foods in order to achieve the texture, taste, appearance and shelf life characteristics desired by today's consumers. A relatively limited number of fat‐based emulsifiers is used alone and in various combinations to provide these characteristics. Bakery products is one of the more important food areas utilizing emulsifiers, and bread is the most important food within this class. The use of dough conditioners and softeners in bread represents one of the largest markets for fat‐based emulsifiers. Therefore, the emphasis in this paper is on those fat‐based emulsifiers used in the manufacture of bread. To a lesser extent, those emulsifiers used in other bakery products will also be covered.