bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptions and Reinterpretations
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 7 traces how politics, and Paine’s objectives, turned out in France, America, and Britain from the 1790s into the early nineteenth century. It shows that Paine’s policies, although sometimes acknowledged and even inspirational, fell behind the evolving problems and initiatives in these three arenas. In France he had been traumatized by the Terror and gave much support to the Directory, despite its oligarchic constitution; he fell silent with the military dictatorship of Bonaparte. In America he deplored the increasingly authoritarian nature of Washington’s government, was on the wrong side of an Evangelical revival, and was often ostracized. In Britain, although more often honoured as an iconic figure, he was irrelevant to the new ideologies of utilitarianism and socialism, and shared in the general fragmentation of natural rights discourse.
The Early Arian Controversy
Authors: Daley, SJ Brian E.
Published: February 2018

The controversy over the theology of Arius was really over how to imagine a connection between a wholly transcendent God and the present world. Arius saw in Jesus a mediator, divinely generated to connect the world with God. The bishops at Nicaea asserted that this Son of God is of one substance with God his Father. Marcellus of Ancyra insisted that Father and Son cannot be numerically distinct agents, but different historical personifications of one transcendent being. Eusebius of Caesaraea, originally sympathetic to Arius, continued after Nicaea to insist that the Son is divine only by a privileged participation in God’s life, linking God to creation by taking an intermediate position between them. Athanasius developed and nuanced the position of Nicaea, emphasizing that only because the Son is fully God, yet personally present in the created order, can he be a source of life and incorruptibility for humanity.
Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Daley, SJ Brian E.
Published: February 2018

Although less fully commented on than other themes in his theology, Augustine’s understanding of Christ is central to his whole thought. Augustine insists on the completeness of both the divinity and the humanity of Christ, and suggests that the point of their contact is his human soul. Around 412, his use of the term persona with reference to the unity of Christ took on a more technical coloring, and he later occasionally anticipates the language of Leo and Chalcedon—notably in his contributions to the Christological profession of the monk Leporius. Christ, in Augustine’s writings, always remains the mediator between God and a fallen, inattentive humanity. Augustine frequently draws on Paul’s image of the Church as the “body of Christ,” arguing that the speaker in the Psalms is the “whole Christ” either as our head speaking alone, as the body speaking to its head, or as head and body together.
After Chalcedon
Authors: Daley, SJ Brian E.
Published: February 2018

The Council of Chalcedon’s definition of the terms in which Nicene orthodoxy should conceive of Christ’s person remained controversial. Leontius of Byzantium argued for the correctness of the Council’s formulation, especially against the arguments of Severus of Antioch, but suggested that more than academic issues were at stake: the debate concerned the lived, permanently dialectical unity between God and humanity. In the mid-seventh century, imperially sponsored efforts to lessen the perceived impact of Chalcedonian language by stressing that Christ’s two natures were activated by “a single, theandric energy,” also remained without effect: largely because of the monk Maximus “the Confessor”, who argued that two complete spheres of activity and two wills remained evident in Christ’s life. Maximus’s position was ratified at the Lateran Synod and at the Third Council of Constantinople. The eighth-century Palestinian monk John of Damascus incorporated these arguments into his own influential synthesis of orthodox theology.
Embodied Stances
Authors: Kukla Rebecca
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that Dennettian stances, including the intentional stance, should be understood as collections of embodied strategies for coping with objects and coordinating with others. A stance is a way of readying your body for action and worldly engagement. The entities that show up from within a stance are loci of norm-governed behavior, resistance, and explanatory power. But there is no separate question to be asked as to whether these entities are literally real. The notion of the literally real only gets a grip from within a specific stance—one that I dub the “interpretive stance.” Outside the interpretive stance, questions about the reality of intrastance entities generally deflate to practical questions about the success of various coping strategies. By these standards, beliefs and desires and intentional systems are straightforwardly real. But there is no extrastance perspective from which to assess the correctness of a stance.
The Many Roles of the Intentional Stance
Authors: Zawidzki Tadeusz
Published: February 2018

Can the intentional stance play all of the roles Dennett claims that it must play? There is reason for skepticism about the suitability of the intentional stance as an analysis of mature, person-level, intentional concepts. In part this is because of the dynamic and socially situated structure of our interpersonal practices. In part this is because folk-ascriptions of mentality are often guided by regulative concerns with impression management and identity construction. But scientific practice often relies on intentional states that are characterized in terms of their predictive and explanatory roles; and most humans employ tacit cognitive resources with a similar character when they make quick and efficient behavioral anticipations. In light of these considerations, it is unlikely a single set of explanatory norms will be operative in practices of quotidian interpretation, scientific explanation, and philosophical naturalization.
Representations and Rules in Language
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: February 2018

In both traditional grammar and cognitive science, the standard view of language distinguishes sharply between words (lexicon) and rules (grammar). Here I undermine this distinction, presenting a continuum of phenomena that lie between undisputed words like cat and undisputed “rules” such as the pattern for transitive verb phrases. Mainstream linguistics makes a further distinction between productive rules “in the grammar,” such as the regular English past tense, and partially productive rules “in the lexicon,” such as forming a noun like construction by affixing –tion to a verb. I show that this distinction too has been misconceived: productive rules have all the properties of partially productive rules, but have in addition “gone viral.” These phenomena argue that rules of grammar are declarative schemas for licensing well-formed sentences, rather than either procedures for assembling sentences, as in mainstream generative grammar, or simple association and analogy, as in connectionist and exemplar-based approaches.
Is Consciousness a Trick or a Treat?
Authors: Prinz Jesse
Published: February 2018

Dennett often argues that consciousness is an illusion, which we should aim to explain away. But his debunking claims are rarely met with approval. This paper provides a strategy for demystifying consciousness, while accepting the force of Dennett's critical project. While Dennett is probably wrong to claim that visual imagery is encoded in mental pictures or linguistic descriptions of such pictures, he's probably right that an adequate phenomenology of visual imagery will preserve the content and structure of the representations employed by subpersonal processes. And while conscious experience is richer than Dennett believes, we often think we are experiencing the world in richer detail than we actually are. But attention is at play wherever we find conscious experience. And an account of conscious conscious experience that begins from this fact—Attention to Intermediate-level Representations—suggests a way of naturalizing qualia that even Dennett could learn to love.
Planning and Prefigurative Politics
Authors: Huebner Bryce
Published: February 2018

There are interesting and unexplored points of convergence between Daniel Dennett’s account of human freedom and Michael Bratman’s account of planning agency. Dennett claims that foreknowledge can generate control over ongoing behavior; and by reverse engineering the capacities that are required for planning agency, it is possible to clarify the forms of individual freedom that are available for us. Unfortunately, this process of reverse engineering also suggests that individual freedom is likely to be constrained by the statistical structure of a person’s social and memetic environment. Fortunately, as Dennett argues, human freedom is often sustained by help from our friends. And Bratman’s approach to interpersonal coordination suggests a way of understanding how human freedom can be socially scaffolded. Humans can collectively construct novel possibilities, provided that they are willing to listen to and learn from others. Recognizing this can help to clarify the micropolitical nature of agency and freedom.
The Bigger Merchants
Authors: Siddiqi Asiya
Published: February 2018

This chapter is concerned with how some bigger merchants were adversely affected by judicial decisions concerning their commercial activity. A change in the mores of business activities is noticeable. In the older values that underpin commercial activity, mutual trust played an important role. A significant cause of instability in the export trade was the structure of the consignment system. The manner in which credit was raised for the consignment trade and the motive of the European trading houses, interested more in their commissions than on the outturn of the commercial transactions, produced extreme instability in the market in Bombay. An undercurrent of disquiet over the terms on which trade took place and over the unequal position of Indian merchants is reflected in some insolvency proceedings.
Religion and Occupation
Authors: Siddiqi Asiya
Published: February 2018

Petitioners frequently identified themselves with reference to their religion and occupation, as well as their origins. In this chapter, we discuss the correlation between religion and occupation, and the fact that people of specific religions tended to follow particular occupations. We believe that a heightened sense of religious and regional identity is evident in the way petitioners identified themselves. This might follow from the introduction of censuses that solicited personal information. Or, a sense of separate identity may have been strengthened by the kinds of encounters between people from different communities in an urban milieu, encounters that at times precipitated clashes.
Insolvent Women
Authors: Siddiqi Asiya
Published: February 2018

Our study of insolvency records affords a rare glimpse into the lives of women from different social classes and milieus in Bombay during the mid-nineteenth century. Contrary to colonial stereotypes of Indian women as trapped in oppressive patriarchal relationships, and as weak and helpless, we find that many had independent incomes, owned property, and enjoyed power in the domain of the home and family life. Women from wealthy merchant families actually owned and controlled much of the borrowed capital. We infer from the insolvency records that women who were not wealthy and worked for their livelihood also had considerable agency. In our study, about 38% of the women who petitioned the insolvency courts for protections were dancing girls, courtesans, and prostitutes who had independent incomes and were directly affected by the crash. The incomes of dancing girls and courtesans were low as a whole but varied greatly, as did their social standing and levels of literacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Siddiqi Asiya
Published: February 2018

The conclusion recapitulates the key arguments of the book. It also reflects on the operations of colonial law and the state. We notice in the laws of debt and insolvency an attempt to systematize and render definite what had been flexible. Earlier, debt obligations were tacitly looked upon as a matter of honour, involved the credibility of a person’s dealings, and were enforced by the influence of those whose personal authority was acknowledged both by the debtor and the creditor. By contrast, the use of the instruments of the state, the law courts, and prisons moved debt obligations out from the private to the public domain.
Self-Revelations of an Octogenarian
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

Ruchi Ram Sahni notes that his desire to write an autobiography stems from a desire to put down details about his early, chequered life, which even his friends and family knew little about. His earliest attempts to write an autobiography date from a holiday in Sairi (near Simla) in 1907; he had hoped to complete the manuscript during his visit to Germany in 1914, but had to destroy the notes he made when he left Germany at short notice because of World War I. Another attempt followed in 1933 during a busy period in his life. The fragmentary notes he prepared at this time were the basis for the final push towards completing the autobiography, in the summer of 1942.
The Punjab Science Institute
Authors: Sahni Ruchi Ram
Published: February 2018

This chapter is devoted to the story of the Punjab Science Institute and Scientific Workshop, which Ruchi Ram Sahni set up along with Professor J.C. Oman of the Government College, Lahore. The aim of the Institute was to popularize scientific knowledge through the Punjab, initially through lectures illustrated with experiments and magic lantern slides, given both in English and the vernacular. The Institute’s lectures became so popular that Sahni and his colleagues were invited all over the Province, to small muffasil towns, to the native states of Kapurthala, Patiala, and Bhawalpur, as to the followers of a religious Sikh leader; for many years Sahni also lectured on scientific topics in Punjabi to an audience of shopkeepers in Lahore. In addition to his work of popularizing science, Sahni recounts his adventures in setting up of a Scientific Workshop which grew in time to produce such excellent instruments that colleagues at an Industrial Conference in Poona were convinced that they had not been produced in India, but had been made abroad and were being passed off as Indian. The narrative includes a discussion of Sahni’s acquaintance with M.G. Ranade, whom he came to know in Simla and then stayed with in Poona.
Ways of Seeing
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

This chapter broadly situates human subjectivity, desire, and emotion within an expansive scholarly literature combining philosophy, film, and media theory, aesthetic theory, and anthropology. The construction of desire through ‘Ways of Seeing’ remains central to the formation of subjectivity.
Screens and Dances
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

This chapter uses some key songs and dance sequences from past Bombay cinema and contemporary Bollywood films to illustrate the journey of screen dances to the televisual spectacle of dance reality shows. Part of this journey traverses the performance context of traditional ‘mujras’ to the emergence of ‘item numbers’ in Bollywood.
Mediated Subjectivities
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: February 2018

The chapter focuses on the televisual and lived experiences of the dancers and choreographers to connect the production of spectacle on the screen to their everyday lives. It captures these individual life stories of aspirations and failures within the larger context of the emergence of dance reality shows such as Just Dance and Naach Dhum Machale on national and local television networks.
The Critical Forties I
Authors: Misra Udayon
Published: February 2018

In the 1940s, the issues of immigration, land, and identity gained an urgency that had never been witnessed before. Under the different ministries led by Syed Muhammad Saadulla, immigration of Muslim peasants from East Bengal received a new impetus from the 1930s onwards, and the issue of land became a contentious one. Following the All India Muslim League’s Lahore Resolution of 1940, the issue of immigration acquired grave political overtones and became inextricably linked with the question of land and the identity of the indigenous Assamese and tribal populations. The details from the Assam Legislative Assembly debates reveal the diametrically opposite positions held by the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on immigration, land, and identity. During this time the question of identity came to occupy a central place, and an attempt to do away with administrative measures such as the Line System created a highly explosive situation in the state.
The Critical Forties II
Authors: Misra Udayon
Published: February 2018

The politics of the Muslim League in Assam led to the communalization of politics in the province. The Muslim League linked up the immigration and land issue with that of Pakistan and consistently tried to disprove the fact that Assam was a Hindu-majority province. Its movements in favour of immigration and against the Line System as well as its civil disobedience movement are also discussed in the chapter. It also discusses the politics that took shape in Assam after the announcement of the Cabinet Mission’s proposals and the way in which the Assam Congress put up a concerted fight against the grouping scheme of the Cabinet Mission with the support of Gandhi. The fact that the issues of land, immigration, and language would find echoes several decades later in Assam in the form of populist agitations and land-related violence and retain their relevance in present-day Assam politics has also been highlighted.
Unresolved Issues of Partition Politics
Authors: Misra Udayon
Published: February 2018

The concluding chapter takes up what it sees to be some of the major unresolved issues of Partition politics. While it tries to trace the roots of the violence centred around land in several areas of Assam, especially in the Bodo-inhabited region, it shows how issues such as the controversy over the cut-off year for immigrants to acquire citizenship are carry-overs from Partition days. Other major issues that are discussed include the status of Hindu refugees/displaced persons in the state, the National Register of Citizens, and the larger question of language and Assamese identity. It shows how with the new wave of immigrants being assimilated into the Assamese nationality, its transformation is underway and how this transformation itself throws up new challenges and equations.
The Future of Higher Education in India
Authors: Kumar C. Raj
Published: February 2018

The chapter is a discussion on the future of higher education in India. It examines the current academic standards in Indian universities and the need for establishing world-class universities in India and, also discusses the role of private universities in higher education, the role of the government in framing education policy, and the challenges that face the higher education sector in India. In conclusion, the author highlights the goals of higher education and how they could be achieved.
An Invitation to a Thought Experiment
Authors: Visvanathan Shiv
Published: February 2018

This chapter is an attempt to look at the question of quality within a wider vision of diversity and democracy. It is an effort to show how epistemological approaches to knowledge and democracy help to determine the quality of knowledge, life and well-being in a society. The chapter also discusses the problems of science and examines the current nature of discourse in scientific education in India.
Future of Indian Universities
Authors: Julian A. Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter deals with the legal regime which is currently governing Indian universities. First, it briefly analyses the legal regime governing the establishment of different types of universities such as Central Universities, State Universities, ‘Deemed to be Universities’, State public universities and State private universities. Second, it deals with the regulatory structure governing universities both at the national level and state level. This also covers the regulation of universities externally by professional councils and internal regulation of universities. Fourth, it summarizes some of the measures initiated by the Central government in the form of legislative reforms to improve the functioning of universities. Finally, some of the current issues pertaining to administration of universities are addressed.
Challenges of Knowledge Creation for Indian Universities
Authors: Marks Stephen P.
Published: February 2018

The role of research in universities in India and elsewhere is inseparable from the aims of research as knowledge creation and from the broader context of knowledge creation in the educational process. The purpose of this chapter is to reflect on the basic purpose of knowledge creation in the university and then examine the responsibilities of the university for promoting knowledge creation in a range of fields of investigation and levels of learning, as well as the ethical standards that apply. The conclusion will address the uncertain future of knowledge creation in the university and the alternative models for change.
Challenges of Creating a World-Class Global Private University in India
Authors: Murthy Y.S.R.
Published: February 2018

This chapter is divided into 5 parts. In part 1 of this chapter, state obligations relating to the right to education are reviewed while part 2 deals with the higher education scenario in the country. In part 3, the vision and mission of O.P. Jindal Global University have been discussed while impediments in the way of creating a world class global university are covered in part 4. In this part, an attempt has been made to analyse the challenges in the back drop of state obligations. In part 5, final observations have been presented.
The Role of Humanities in a University Education
Authors: Prochaska Alice
Published: February 2018

It is our values that provide the framework within which all planning ultimately must take place. But where do these values come from? How do we know when we are living up to them and when we are falling short? In this chapter, the author reflects on some of the ways in which an education in the humanities can provide a framework for both understanding and action. It will become apparent from some of the author’s examples, that the humanities also provide a profound foundation for the sense of personal and national identity which in turn supports the international sensibilities that are vital to a true commonwealth of learning.
The Liberal Arts in the American Context
Authors: Bresnahan Carol M.
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the author argues that while in India an emphasis is laid on the technical fields of medicine and engineering, the importance of liberal arts in higher education must not be ignored. The liberal arts impart invaluable skills that we take for granted, probably because they are less easily noticed in our culture or perhaps because they are wrongly considered skills that anyone, regardless of education, can attain.
The Appearance of Ignorance
Authors: DeRose Keith
Published: February 2018

This volume presents, develops, and champions contextualist solutions to two of the stickiest problems in epistemology: The puzzles of skeptical hypotheses and of lotteries. It is argued that, at least by ordinary standards for knowledge, we do know that skeptical hypotheses are false, and that we’ve lost the lottery (unless one is in fact the winner of the lottery, in which case one does not know that one has lost, but is reasonable in thinking that one knows it). Accounting for how it is that we know that skeptical hypotheses are false and why it seems that we don’t know that they’re false tells us a lot, both about what knowledge is and how knowledge attributions work. Along the way, the following are all carefully explained and defended: Moorean methodological approaches to skepticism, on which one seeks to defeat, rather than refute, the skeptic; contextualist responses to skepticism; contextualist substantive Mooreanism; the basic safety approach to knowledge and the double-safety picture of what knowledge is; insensitivity accounts of various appearances of ignorance; the closure principle for knowledge; and the claim that our knowledge that we are not brains in vats is a priori, despite its being knowledge of a deeply contingent fact.
Contextualism and Skepticism
Authors: DeRose Keith
Published: February 2018

Does the contextualist seek to dissolve disputes over skepticism in such a way that all parties to them come out being right? And does she use a “perfectly general strategy” for doing so? Is she ignoring the traditional epistemological topic of whether we really know things, instead addressing how the word “know” is or should be used? Is she engaged in philosophy of language instead of epistemology? Is she addressing the more important types of skeptic? Are key aspects of her position inexpressible, by her own lights? Is she subject to a “factivity problem”? These and other questions are answered in this chapter, as the contextualist aspects of the solution to skepticism from Chapter 1 are carefully explained and defended from objections.
Particle motion
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

The movement of colloidal particles in simple and complex fluids and viscoelastic solids is central to the microrheology endeavor. All microrheology experiments measure the resistance of a probe particle forced to move within a material, whether that probe is forced externally or simply allowed to fluctuate thermally. This chapter lays a foundation of the fundamental mechanics of micrometer-dimension particles in fluids and soft solids. In an active microrheology experiment, a colloid of radius a is driven externally with a specifed force F (e.g.magnetic, optical, or gravitational), and moves with a velocity V that is measured. Of particular importance is the role of the Correspondence Principle, but other key concepts, including mobility and resistance, hydrodynamic interactions, and both fluid and particle inertia, are discussed. In passive microrheology experiments, on the other hand, the position of a thermally-uctuating probe is tracked and analyzed to determine its diffusivity.
Passive microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

The underlying theory of passive microrheology is introduced as an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) from the starting point of the Langevin equation. The chapter includes a careful treatment of the assumptions that must be made for the technique to work, and what happens when these assumptions are violated. Methods of interpreting passive microrheology experiments and the general limits of operation are highlighted. The Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER) is the principal defining equation of passive microrheology. It is a physical relation between the thermal motion of probe particles and the material rheology. Specifically, it relates the observable displacement of the probe particles to the surrounding material’s rheological response.
Light scattering microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

The fundamentals and best practices of passive microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy are discussed. The principles of light scattering are introduced and applied in both the single and multiple scattering regimes, including derivations of the light and field autocorrelation functions. Applications to high-frequency microrheology and polymer dynamics are presented, including inertial corrections. Methods to treat gels and other non-ergodic samples, including multi-speckle and optical mixing designs are discussed. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a well established method for measuring the motion of colloids, proteins and macromolecules. Light scattering has several advantages for microrheology, especially given the availability of commercial instruments, the relatively large sample volumes that average over many probes, and the sensitivity of the measurement to small particle displacements, which can extend the range of length and timescales probed beyond those typically accessed by the methods of multiple particle tracking and bulk rheology.
Active microrheology
Authors: Furst Eric M. , Squires Todd M.
Published: February 2018

Active microrheology uses external forces (most typically magnetic or optical) to force microrheological probes into motion. These techniques short-circuit the Einstein component of passive microrheology. Active microrheology provides an additional handle to probe material properties, and has been used both to extend the range of materials amenable to microrheological analysis, and to examine material properties that are inaccessible to passive microrheology. Three main topics are presented: the use of active microrheology to extend the range of passive microrheology, while maintaining many of the advantages (small sample size, wide frequency range, etc.); its use to complement passive microrheology in active systems, which convert chemical fuel to mechanical work, in order to elucidate the power provided by molecular motors, for instance; and its application (and potential limitations) to investigate the non-linear response properties of materials, including shear thinning and yielding.
Romance gender systems
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: February 2018

After showing that, for purposes of reconstruction, the dataset must be limited to non-creolized Romance varieties, the chapter discusses the notion ‘remnants of the neuter’, showing that this label covers disparate things, and that what is in focus here is morphosyntactically functional remnants, i.e. traces of a third (controller and/or target) gender. These are then inventoried, showing that almost all Romance languages preserve a third series of targets (in pronouns) for agreement with non-nominal controllers, and Sursilvan has this also on predicative adjectives. Furthermore, Romanian and many Italo-Romance dialects still have a third controller gender, and a subset of the latter even has an additional target gender, with dedicated agreement forms for either (in just one Calabrian dialect) the neuter plural or (in most dialects between the Roma–Ancona line and a line crossing central Puglia and northern Lucania) a neuter hosting just mass nouns (and hence, only singular).
Gender from Latin to Romance
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: February 2018

Capitalizing on the above, the chapter proposes a comprehensive reconstruction of the Latin–Romance transition, for grammatical gender. This is tackled from different perspectives. On the controller side, the neuter is shown to have been depleted only gradually, with countable nouns reassigned (mostly to the masculine) first, but with a residue around two semantic nuclei, which provides the kernel of the Romance neuters. As for agreement targets, the etyma of the article forms signalling the Romance neuter genders are discussed, and it is shown that neuter plural agreement persists as distinct from both masculine and feminine (although variable merger also occurs) until different chronological stages in different branches. The fading of the two different successors of the Latin neuter is also investigated, capitalizing on dialect variation and areal distribution, and adducing evidence from the first neurolinguistic study on (the fading of) the mass neuter in an Italian dialect.
The typological interest of lesser-known Romance gender systems
Authors: Loporcaro Michele
Published: February 2018

The inventory of lesser-known more-than-binary systems gathered for purposes of linguistic reconstruction is now discussed per se, as a valuable complement to our knowledge of linguistic diversity in Europe. The chapter covers topics such as the creation—atypical for Romance—of strictly semantic gender and subgender values; contact-driven change in the gender system (of both Romance and contact languages); and the occurrence in some Romance dialects of unusual conditions on gender agreement (with unexpected sensitivity to inflectional morphology of gender/number agreement rules), of gender agreement on unusual targets (e.g. non-finite verb forms, adverbs, complementizers), and of (highly unusual) syntactically dependent overt gender-marking on nouns. The chapter ends with a gedankenexperiment, showing how the data reviewed thus far would complement the relevant maps of the World Atlas of Language Structures.
Suppression of the IgM Response by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Human Primary B Cells Involves Impairment of Immunoglobulin Secretory Processes
Authors: Zhou Jiajun , Henriquez Joseph , Crawford Robert , Kaminski Norbert
Published: February 2018

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is well established at suppressing humoral immunity. Previous studies in mouse B cells revealed that decreased IgM production was due to a significant suppression in the mRNA levels of the immunoglobulin M components (IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains) and subsequent decrease in IgM synthesis. In contrast, the current study shows that activation of AHR in human B cells also results in a significant suppression of the number of IgM-secreting cells, but this is not due to a decrease in the transcription or translation of IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains. Instead, the reduced humoral response is due to the impairment of IgM secretion. This is further evidenced by an accumulation of intracellular IgM in human B cells, which indicates that activation of AHR alters distinct regulatory pathways in human and mouse B cells leading to the suppressed primary IgM response. Collectively, these results demonstrate that although AHR activation mediates suppression of humoral immune responses across many different animal species, the mechanism of action is not necessarily conserved across species.
Norepinephrine Intermittent Intravenous Boluses to Prevent Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Sequential Allocation Dose-Finding Study
Authors: Onwochei D.N. , Ngan Kee W.D. , Fung L. , Downey K. , Ye X.Y. , Carvalho J.C.A.
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):212–218)

Phenylephrine, which is easy to titrate, is the current first-choice vasopressor for prevention and treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD). However, it has a propensity to increase afterload and reduce maternal heart rate and cardiac output. Norepinephrine has been suggested as an alternative, with a proposed potency ratio for norepinephrine to phenylephrine of 16:1, although its administration as a bolus during CD has not been established. The authors of the present study thus determined the effective norepinephrine dose (ED90), when given as intermittent intravenous boluses, to prevent post-spinal hypotension in women undergoing elective CD.
Evidence-based Bundles and Cesarean Delivery Surgical Site Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Carter E.B. , Temming L.A. , Fowler S. , Eppes C. , Gross G. , Srinivas S.K. , Macones G.A. , Colditz G.A. , Tuuli M.G.
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):735–746)

Cesarean delivery surgical site infections can result in significant maternal morbidity, including increased length of stay, readmission, cost, and emotional burden. Identified interventions that may reduce risk are antibiotic prophylaxis before incision, extended-spectrum prophylaxis, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin preparation, placental removal via gentle traction, subcutaneous closure, and use of sutures instead of staples. In this study, the authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate whether bundles (combinations of 3 or more of these evidence-based interventions) were associated with an even greater reduction in risk.
Risk Perception Regarding Drug Use in Pregnancy: A Clinical Opinion
Authors: Widnes S.F. , Schjøtt J.
Published: February 2018

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(4):375–378)

Both expectant mothers and their doctors have misperceptions about the risks of taking drugs during pregnancy, thinking that every drug represents a dire risk to their unborn child even though maternal drug use accounts for only 1% of birth defects. Sometimes there are important reasons to take a medication during pregnancy for the mother’s health and to avoid an adverse effect on the fetus from her untreated condition. The risks of taking a drug must be balanced by the benefits that it provides.
Anesthetic Management for Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Surgery of Spina Bifida Aperta: A Retrospective, Descriptive Report of Clinical Experience
Authors: Arens C. , Koch C. , Veit M. , Greenberg R.S. , Lichtenstern C. , Weigand M.A. , Khaleeva A. , Schuerg R. , Kohl T.
Published: February 2018

(Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):219-222)

Liberal administration of tocolytic drugs (e.g. indomethacin) and intravenous fluids along with high concentrations of volatile anesthetic gases during fetal surgery are thought to contribute to the development of maternal pulmonary edema. Consequently, during the introduction of the Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Approach (MIFA) for the closure of fetal spina bifida aperta (SBA), Hering and Kohl identified a general anesthetic technique that reduced concentrations of volatile anesthetic and thus minimized adverse side effects of deep anesthesia (hemodynamic depression, pulmonary edema, and need for vasopressor support). In this retrospective case series, the authors described their own clinical experiences with a modified Hering-Kohl-Protocol in patients undergoing MIFA for SBA. In this modified protocol, vasopressor management is guided by pulse contour analysis (PiCCO) alone and atosiban is the first-line agent for perioperative tocolysis instead of indomethacin.
Effect of Prophylactic Placement of Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Catheters on Outcomes of Women With Placenta Accreta: An Impact Study
Authors: Feng S. , Liao Z. , Huang H.
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72:853–858)

Effective prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging has aided in the development of multidisciplinary management strategies for these patients, with the goal of obtaining the best outcomes for both the mother and neonate. Although cesarean hysterectomy is the predominant management technique chosen by obstetricians for abnormal placentation, massive hemorrhage is still relatively common and can lead to increased maternal morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of prophylactic placement of internal iliac artery balloon catheters for reducing hemorrhage and transfusion requirements in women with placenta accreta undergoing cesarean section.
The Efficacy and Safety of External Cephalic Version After a Previous Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Weill Y. , Pollack R.N.
Published: February 2018

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;57(3):323–326)

Between 10% and 15% of all primary cesarean deliveries performed before the onset of labor are caused by malpresentation, and up to 4% of term pregnancies are complicated by fetal malpresentation, and by breech presentation in particular. Although it has been demonstrated that performing an external cephalic version (ECV) before labor onset is the optimal way to decrease breech presentation at term, the role of ECV in reducing breech presentation in patients with a prior cesarean delivery has not been well established, and ECV may even be contraindicated in this setting. These authors undertook a case-control study in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ECV among parturients who have undergone a previous cesarean delivery.
Thrombolysis With Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator During Early Postpartum Period: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Akazawa M. , Nishida M.
Published: February 2018

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(5):529–535)

In this review of publications in the Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) and MEDLINE databases from 1946 to October of 2016, only 13 could be found which discussed thrombolysis performed on women in the first 48 hours after delivery. Thromboembolic events account for almost 15% of maternal deaths in developed countries, making them one of the leading causes of postpartum death for mothers. The risks of thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) during the postpartum period are not known. It was hoped that gathering these cases together could yield information to provide safe and effective treatment in the early postpartum period.
Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of Hypotension Following Spinal for Elective Caesarean Section: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Bishop D.G. , Cairns C. , Grobbelaar M. , Rodseth R.N.
Published: February 2018

(Anaesthesia. 2017;72(5):603–608)

Hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery is a significant complication that can adversely affect both the mother and her unborn child. In fact, in South Africa a majority of anesthesia-related maternal deaths occur in women receiving spinal anesthesia with >50% associated with spinal-induced hypotension. Therefore, a method to predict preoperatively which patients will experience this complication would be highly desirable, with the potential to alter patient management and improve outcomes. Previous studies have found that heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which serves as a measure of autonomic function, can predict spinal-induced hypotension in parturients. In this prospective observational study from South Africa, HRV was evaluated in comparison to other potential predictors of hypotension [baseline heart rate and body mass index (BMI)] in women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 2 Years for Preterm Children Born at 22 to 34 Weeks’ Gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study
Authors: Pierrat V. , Marchand-Martin L. , Arnaud C. , Kaminski M. , Resche-Rigon M. , Lebeaux C. , Bodeau-Livinec F. , Morgan A.S. , Goffinet F. , Marret S. , Ancel P.Y.
Published: February 2018

(BMJ. 2017;358:j3448)

Although survival of preterm babies has increased worldwide along with a decrease in severe neonatal morbidity, the risk of neurodevelopmental and behavioral disabilities continues to be high in these children. In fact, developmental delay has replaced survival as the major concern for children born preterm. Early identification of risk factors for neurodevelopmental delay could lead to improved access to formal evaluation and subsequent intervention, potentially resulting in better long-term outcomes for the children. The EPIPAGE-2 study is a population-based cohort study from France that is evaluating infants born between 22 and 34 weeks gestation. Previously published reports from the EPIPAGE study have analyzed survival data as well as severe neonatal morbidity over a 15-year time period. In the current study, the cohort was analyzed to determine neuromotor, sensory, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years corrected age for children born alive from 22 to 34 weeks’ gestation. Children from the cohort enrolled in 2011 were compared with the cohort from 1997.
Revisiting the Diagnostic Criteria of Clinical Chorioamnionitis in Preterm Birth
Authors: Sung J.H. , Choi S.J. , Oh S.Y. , Roh C.R. , Kim J.H.
Published: February 2018

(BJOG. 2017;124(5):775–783)

Although maternal fever has long been considered a distinguishing feature in the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, studies have indicated that maternal fever does not have high sensitivity in the prediction of neonatal infectious morbidities, such as early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). Because undiagnosed clinical chorioamnionitis can cause serious adverse neonatal outcomes, including neonatal sepsis and perinatal death, it is crucial to be able to predict early-onset neonatal infection as accurately as possible. Several recent studies have attempted to determine sensitive markers of infection. However, there has been little research on the differential effects of fever as a criterion for the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) or preterm labor (PTL), a subgroup of patients who have typically received antibiotics as part of their usual management.
Epidural Analgesia During the Second Stage of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shen X. , Li Y. , Xu S. , Wang N. , Fan S. , Qin X. , Zhou C. , Hess P.E.
Published: February 2018

(Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(5):1097–1103)

Although epidural analgesia provides effective labor pain relief, studies have found an association with a prolonged duration of second stage labor, and thus, increased risk of adverse outcomes. Subsequently, many obstetric care providers request termination of epidural infusions for the second stage of labor. In the present study, the authors evaluated the use of low-concentration epidural local anesthetics and hypothesized that this management technique would have minimal effect on second stage labor.
Cricoid Pressure Controversies: A Narrative Review
Authors: Salem M.R. , Khorasani A. , Zeidan A. , Crystal G.J.
Published: February 2018

(Anesthesiology. 2017;126(4):738–752)

Since its introduction by Sellick in 1961, the use of cricoid pressure (CP) during the induction of general anesthesia to avoid aspiration has generated controversy. It has been 20 years since a scientific review of its use has been undertaken. A search of PubMed articles from January 1961 to March 2016 found 550 articles relating to CP which were screened by the authors for inclusion in this article.
Why Not Induce Everyone at 39 Weeks?
Authors: Glantz J.C.
Published: February 2018

(Birth. 2017;44(2):97–100)

This article addresses a recent panel at the 2016 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) annual meeting titled “If No Elective Inductions Before 39 Weeks, Why Not Induce Everyone at 39 Weeks.” The 2 panelists, Dr Charles Lockwood and Dr Errol Norwich, both took the position in favor of universal delivery at 39 weeks’ gestation.
Endothelin Signaling Contributes to Modulation of Nociception in Early-stage Tongue Cancer in Rats
Authors: Furukawa Akihiko , Shinoda Masamichi , Kubo Asako , Honda Kuniya , Akasaka Ryuta , Yonehara Yoshiyuki , Iwata Koichi
Published: February 2018

Background

Patients with early stage tongue cancer do not frequently complain of tongue pain. Endothelin-1 signaling is upregulated in the cancerous tongue at the early stage. We tested the hypothesis that endothelin-1 signaling contributes to the modulation of tongue nociception.

Methods

Squamous cell carcinoma cells were inoculated into the tongue under general anesthesia. Lingual mechanical sensitivity under light anesthesia using forceps from days 1 to 21 (n = 8) and the amounts of endothelin-1 and β-endorphin in the tongue on days 6, 14, and 21 (n = 5 to 7) were examined after the inoculation. The effect of endothelin-A or µ-opioid receptor antagonism on the mechanical sensitivity was examined (n = 5 to 7).

Results

Lingual mechanical sensitivity did not change at the early stage (days 5 to 6) but increased at the late stage (days 13 to 14). The amount of endothelin-1 increased (25.4 ± 4.8 pg/ml vs. 15.0 ± 5.2 pg/ml; P = 0.008), and endothelin-A receptor antagonism in the tongue induced mechanical hypersensitivity at the early stage (51 ± 9 g vs. 81 ± 6 g; P = 0.0001). The µ-opioid receptor antagonism enhanced mechanical hypersensitivity (39 ± 7 g vs. 81 ± 6 g; P < 0.0001), and the amount of β-endorphin increased at the early stage.

Conclusions

β-Endorphin released from the cancer cells via endothelin-1 signaling is involved in analgesic action in mechanical hypersensitivity at the early stage.