bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amphotericin B susceptibility of Candida species assessed by rapid flow cytometric membrane potential assay
Authors: Ordóñez José V. , Wehman Natalie M.
Published: June 2005

A method for detection of the susceptibility of Candida species to amphotericin B is described. The technique is a modification of a similar flow cytometric technique designed to detect antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus. Membrane potential changes caused by the antibiotic are measured flow cytometrically by using the fluorescent membrane potential‐sensitive dye 3,3′‐dipentyloxacarbocyanine iodide. One strain each of C. albicans and C. tropicalis (both sensitive to amphotericin B) and one strain of C. tropicalis (resistant to amphotericin B) were used to validate the method. Sensitivity or resistance was easily determined after 30 min of incubation in the presence of the antibiotic, and the drug effect was evident in a dose‐dependent manner. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol with Co(salen) and Oxygen in Aqueous Media: An in‐situ Spectroscopic Study (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 13/2005)
Authors: Kervinen Kaisa , Korpi Heikki , Mesu J. Gerbrand , Soulimani Fouad , Repo Timo , Rieger Bernhard , Leskelä Markku , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: June 2005

The cover picture shows the proposed mechanism of the Co(salen)‐catalyzed oxidation of a lignin model compound in water, as elucidated by several in‐situ spectroscopic techniques. Catalytic oxygen activation can help to prevent the formation of hazardous side products in organic oxidations, especially if harmless solvents are used. The target in this work is lignin, which is found in wood and must be removed as selectively as possible before paper production. In view of avoiding chlorine as the oxidant, the idea is to catalytically enhance the oxygen delignification stage in the pulp bleaching sequence. Details are discussed in the article by T. Repo, B. M. Weckhuysen et al. on p. 2591 ff.
Massive Electrostatic Effects on Heteropolar C–C Disconnections: Transforming a Phenyl Anion into a Potent Leaving Group
Authors: Weiss Robert , Huber Stefan M. , Pühlhofer Frank G.
Published: June 2005

The SASAPOS protocol – a general reaction sequence which allows the complete exchange of various neutral ligands X in organic, elementorganic, and inorganic systems by cationic ligands L+ – has been applied to a small variety of pentafluoro benzene derivatives C6F5–E (E = –C(O)H, –C(N–Ph)H, –PCl2/–P(L+)2, –H) yielding the ion clusters C6(L+)5–E (F3CSO3–)5. The reaction conditions required to observe a heteropolar C–C or C–P disconnection, with a highly stabilized pentakisonio‐substituted phenyl anion as the key intermediate, are specified. When E = H, the latter compound also figures as the key intermediate during H/D exchange under basic conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of L‐Furanomycin and Its Analogues via Furoisoxazolines
Authors: Zimmermann Peter J. , Lee Ja Young , Hlobilova (née Blanarikova) Iva , Endermann Rainer , Häbich Dieter , Jäger Volker
Published: June 2005

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and 2‐methylfuran has provided suitable precursors for α‐amino acids such as L‐furanomycin (1) that contain a dihydrofuran ring. By using a chiral nitrile oxide derived from D‐glyceraldehyde, the enantiomerically pure furoisoxazolines 9 and 10 were obtained. Owing to the bicyclic, bowl‐shaped structure of furoisoxazoline 9 highly stereoselective additions were feasible, in particular, the epoxidation of 9 with dimethyldioxirane provided the required (5'S) configuration in 1 after epoxide reduction. Hydroboration of 9 led to the (5'R) epimer 2 and nucleophilic addition of a methyl Grignard reagent to epoxyfuroisoxazoline 11 gave rise to 5'‐methylfuranomycin (3). Further, catalytic hydrogenation of the dihydrofuran intermediate 22, derived from 11, afforded the tetrahydrofuranyl derivative 31 from which dihydrofuranomycin (4) was obtained in enantiomerically pure form. The biological activities of these α‐amino acids showed an extremely narrow structure–activity profile, the natural product being the only compound of this series with high activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Strong Acidity of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Annulated to a Cyclopentadiene Moiety and Their Cyano Derivatives – A Density Functional B3LYP Study
Authors: Vianello Robert , Maksić Zvonimir B.
Published: June 2005

The acidity of the parent 1H‐benz[f]indene (1a), 1H‐benz[e]indene (2a), 1H‐benz[fg]acenaphthylene (3a) and 1H‐cyclopenta[l]phenanthrene (4a) and of their polycyano derivatives is examined in the gas phase and in DMSO by the DFT‐B3LYP methods. It is shown that the parent hydrocarbons exhibit modest acidities, whereas a dramatic increase in acidity is observed upon multiple cyanation leading to hyperstrong neutral organic superacids. It is found that polycyano derivatives undergo prototropic tautomerism with a consequence that the most stable tautomer contains a ketene imine C=C=NH functionality. The origin of their highly pronounced acidity is identified as a very strong anionic resonance effect efficiently assisted by a large number of CN groups in a concerted manner. It is stressed that the polycyanated anions are very stable and have a highly dispersed negative charge, which should lead to a low nucleophilicity and weak coordinating properties, thus making them potentially very useful in academic research and technological applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Symmetrical Sulfones from Rongalite: Expansion to Cyclic Sulfones by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Khedkar Priti , Ghosh Arun Kumar
Published: June 2005

A simple method for the synthesis of symmetrical sulfones using rongalite has been developed. Terminally olefinic sulfone derivatives were subjected to ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions to generate cyclic sulfones. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Increased expression of AML1‐a and acquired chromosomal abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Angulo M. , González‐García J. R. , Meza‐Espinoza J. P. , Picos‐Cárdenas V. J. , Esparza‐Flores M. A. , López‐Guido B. , Rivera H.
Published: June 2005

A semi‐quantitative expression analysis of both AML1‐a and AML1‐total was performed by RT‐PCR in 19 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis. AML1‐a expression was assessed in 16 bone marrow (BM) and 13 peripheral blood (PB) samples whereas AML1‐total was assessed in 17 BM and 16 PB samples. These analyses were also carried out in 15 PB samples of healthy controls. In addition, 18/19 patients were karyotyped: 11 had an unmodified constitutional karyotype (CK) and seven exhibited acquired chromosomal abnormalities (ACA). The expression of AML1‐a was significantly increased in BM and PB when compared with the controls (p < 0.013 and p < 0.035, respectively). A significant increase was found in the expression of AML1‐a in BM of the ACA group compared with the CK group (p < 0.0009). The expression of AML1‐a in BM and PB showed a significant increase in the ACA group compared with controls (p < 0.00001 and p < 0.012, respectively); in contrast, the CK group did not differ from the controls. These observations may mean that the increase of AML1‐a favours the progression of leukemia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic Polymerization Behavior Using Cellulose‐Binding Domain Deficient Endoglucanase II
Authors: Nakamura Itsuko , Yoneda Hisanari , Maeda Toshifumi , Makino Akira , Ohmae Masashi , Sugiyama Junji , Ueda Mitsuyoshi , Kobayashi Shiro , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: June 2005

Summary: A mutant enzyme, EGIIcore, in which the cellulose‐binding domain was deleted from endoglucanase II from Trichoderma viride, was expressed in yeast, and the secreted enzyme was examined for the enzymatic polymerization to obtain artificial cellulose. EGIIcore polymerized β‐cellobiosyl fluoride to afford crystalline cellulose of type II. Comparison of the polymerization behavior of EGIIcore with that of EGII revealed the following: i) the crystalline product obtained with EGIIcore was stable in the polymerization solution, although the product was readily hydrolyzed in the presence of EGII; ii) the turnover number of EGIIcore was as high as that of EGII; iii) EGIIcore produced highly crystalline cellulose. EGIIcore is therefore advantageous for enzymatic polymerization.

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Harnessing the Melting Peculiarities of Ultra‐High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers for the Processing of Compacted Fiber Composites
Authors: Shavit‐Hadar Liron , Khalfin Rafail L. , Cohen Yachin , Rein Dmitry M.
Published: June 2005

Summary: Compacted fiber composites offer unique properties due to their lack of an extraneous matrix. The conditions of processing ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were simulated in a heated pressure cell. In situ X‐ray diffraction measurements were used to follow the relevant transitions and the changes in the degree of crystallinity during melting and crystallization. The results strongly support the suggestion that the hexagonal crystal phase, in which the chain conformation is extremely mobile on the segmental level, constitutes the physical basis of compaction technologies for processing UHMWPE fibers into a single‐polymer composite. This report suggests that using a pseudo‐phase diagram outlining the occurrence of different phases during slow heating and the degree of crystallinity can provide valuable insight into the technological parameters relevant for optimal processing conditions.

Degree of crystallinity as a function of pressure and temperature in a region relevant to compaction processes.

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Degree of crystallinity as a function of pressure and temperature in a region relevant to compaction processes.
Melting Properties of Syndiotactic Polystyrenes and Effect of Hydrogen on Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Schellenberg Jürgen
Published: June 2005

Summary: The melting properties of syndiotactic polystyrenes are significantly affected by the structural molecular properties of the polymers. The most important influences on the melting behavior are stereoregularity, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers. The melting temperature is increased by an enhanced syndiotacticity at sufficiently high molecular weights and at narrow molecular weight distributions. The degree of syndiotacticity obtained primarily depends on the kind and structure of the cyclopentadienyl ligand of the transition metal catalyst, whereas the effect of the other ancillary ligands on stereoregularity is negligible at the same cyclopentadienyl ligand. At narrow molecular weight distributions with $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ below 2.8 and at constant stereoregularities, the molecular weight has a remarkable effect on the melting behavior at weight‐average molecular weights lower than about 80 000 g · mol−1, resulting in a significant decrease of the melting temperature until below 230 °C. The presence of hydrogen during polymerization leads to a significant shift to lower molecular weights at comparably small amounts of hydrogen, but results in the occurrence of an additional peak in the molecular weight distribution at larger hydrogen concentrations giving evidence for the formation of a second active polymerization site producing lower molecular weight polymers. At constant stereoregularity, the broadening of the molecular weight distribution leads to decreased melting temperatures and to improved flow properties of the syndiotactic polystyrenes with increasing shear rates at moderate molecular weight distributions.

Detailed molecular weight distributions of syndiotactic polystyrenes in dependence on the hydrogen concentration.

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Detailed molecular weight distributions of syndiotactic polystyrenes in dependence on the hydrogen concentration.
Preparation of Core‐Sheath Nanofibers from Conducting Polymer Blends
Authors: Wei Ming , Lee Junseok , Kang Bongwoo , Mead Joey
Published: June 2005

Summary: Core‐sheath nanofibers with conductive polyaniline as the core and an insulating polymer as the sheath were prepared by electrospinning of blends of polyaniline with either polystyrene or polycarbonate. These unique core‐sheath structures offer potential in a number of applications including nanoelectronics. When polyaniline was blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide), only isolated domains of polyaniline in beadlike structures were formed. The phase morphology of electrospun fibers is thought to be dependent on the high‐surface tension of the solution and the molecular weight of the polymers. Incompatibility of the polymers and low molecular weight of compositions played a key role in the formation of core‐sheath structures, as opposed to co‐continuous morphologies.

TEM image of electrospun polyaniline/polystyrene nanofiber after staining by OsO4. The dark regions are polyaniline.

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TEM image of electrospun polyaniline/polystyrene nanofiber after staining by OsO4. The dark regions are polyaniline.
On the Parameters of Inductively Coupled and Microwave BF3 Plasmas Used for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation
Authors: Sukhanov Yakov N. , Ershov Alexey P. , Rudenko Konstantin V. , Orlikovsky Alexander A.
Published: June 2005

Summary: A comparison of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and microwave plasma sources was carried out under the same discharge conditions, in the same discharge chamber, and using the same diagnostics method. Investigations were fulfilled over a wide range of external discharge parameters (at pressures 0.5–20 mTorr and for powers deposited in the plasma at 400–1 500 W) in boron trifluoride and in argon discharges. A variety of plasma parameters (Te, ne, n+, EEDF) and their radial profiles at a 2 cm distance above a wafer holder were determined by using a single Langmuir probe technique. Analysis of measurements has shown that the charged particle concentrations in the ICP are higher than are obtainable in a microwave discharge, for a deposited power at 1.2 kW the ICP source produced an ion number density of ∼1012 cm−3. The required plasma uniformity can be maintained in ICP over a wider range of external discharge parameters than in microwave plasma. The use of microwave plasma source gives a bi‐Maxwellian type EEDF, whereas the EEDF of ICP is close to the single Maxwellian distribution with an electron temperature higher than the temperature of cold electrons in microwave discharge. BF3 plasma is electronegative, with a degree of electronegativity of ∼0.3–0.5 for both plasma sources.

Electron currents as functions of potential applied to a cylindrical Langmuir probe in inductively coupled and microwave BF3 plasmas.

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Electron currents as functions of potential applied to a cylindrical Langmuir probe in inductively coupled and microwave BF3 plasmas.
Spin chain for quantum strings
Authors: Beisert N.
Published: June 2005

We review and compare the integrable structures in 𝒩 = 4 gauge theory and string theory on AdS5× S5. Recently, Bethe ansätze for gauge theory/weak coupling and string theory/strong coupling were proposed to describe scaling dimensions in the 𝔰𝔲(2) subsector. Here we investigate the Bethe equations for quantum string theory, naively extrapolated to weak coupling. Excitingly, we find a spin chain Hamiltonian similar, but not equal, to the gauge theory dilatation operator.
Catching the phantom: the MSSM on the ℤ6‐orientifold
Authors: Ott T.
Published: June 2005

These lecture notes give a short introduction of the derivation of the supersymmetric standard model on the ℤ6‐orientifold as published in hep‐th/0404055. Untwisted and twisted cycles are constructed and one specific model is discussed in more detail.
Deformations and geometric cosets
Authors: Petropoulos P.M.
Published: June 2005

I review some marginal deformations of SU(2) and SL(2, ℝ) Wess‐Zumino‐Witten models, which are relevant for the investigation of the moduli space of NS5/F1 brane configurations. Particular emphasis is given to the asymmetric deformations, triggered by electric or magnetic fluxes. These exhibit critical values, where the target spaces become exact geometric cosets such as S2 ≡ SU(2)/U(1) or AdS2 ≡ SL(2, ℝ)/U(1)space. I comment about further generalizations towards the appearance of flag spaces as exact string solutions.
Complex curves and non‐perturbative effects in c = 1 string theory
Authors: Alexandrov S.
Published: June 2005

We investigate a complex curve in the c = 1 string theory which provides a geometric interpretation for different kinds of D‐branes. The curve is constructed for a theory perturbed by a tachyon potential using its matrix model formulation. The perturbation removes the degeneracy of the non‐perturbed curve and allows to identify its singularities with ZZ branes. Also, using the constructed curve, we find non‐perturbative corrections to the free energy and elucidate their CFT origin.
The symmetric branes of the H4 WZW model
Authors: D'Appollonio G.
Published: June 2005

We review the solution of the boundary CFTs that describe the symmetric branes in the Nappi‐Witten gravitational wave, namely D2 and S 1 branes. The D2 branes are the twisted branes of the model while the S 1 branes are the Cardy branes. We present in both cases the bulk‐boundary couplings and the boundary three‐point couplings and discuss the relation with branes in AdS3 and in S3. We also discuss the analogy between the open string couplings in the H4 model and the couplings for magnetized and intersecting branes.
Removal of closed time‐like curves by supertube domain walls
Authors: Drukker N.
Published: June 2005

We discuss how closed time‐like curves can be eliminated from
certain supergravity backgrounds by inclusion of domain‐walls
made of supertubes. Special emphasis is given to the mechanism
by which the supertubes spread into domain walls, which is
similar to the enhancčon mechanism.

Lecture notes from my talk at the RTN meeting in Kolymbari, Crete, September 2004.
Supersymmetric backgrounds from generalized Calabi‐Yau manifolds
Authors: Grana M. , Minasian R. , Petrinin M. , Tomasiello A.
Published: June 2005

We show that the supersymmetry transformations for type II string theories on
six‐manifolds can be written as differential conditions on a pair of pure
spinors, the exponentiated Kähler form eiJ and the holomorphic form
O. The equations are explicitly symmetric under exchange of the
two pure spinors and a choice of even or odd‐rank RR field.
This is mirror symmetry for
manifolds with torsion. Moreover, RR fluxes affect only one of the two
equations: eiJ is closed under the action of the twisted exterior
derivative in IIA theory, and similarly O is closed in IIB. This means that
supersymmetric SU(3)‐structure manifolds are always complex in IIB while they are twisted symplectic
in IIA. Modulo a
different action of the B‐field, these are all generalized Calabi‐Yau manifolds, as
defined by Hitchin.
Holonomies of intersecting branes
Authors: Kalkkinen J.
Published: June 2005

We discuss the geometry of string and M‐theory gauge fields in Deligne cohomology. In particular, we show how requiring string structure (or loop space SpinC structure) on the five‐brane leads to topological conditions on the flux in the relative Deligne cohomology of the bulk‐brain pair.
Semiclassical strings on confining backgrounds
Authors: Martucci L.
Published: June 2005

This paper discusses some results on semiclassical string configurations lying in the IR sector of supergravity backgrounds dual to confining gauge theories. On the gauge theory side, the string states we analyse correspond to Wilson loops, glueballs and KK‐hadrons. The 1‐loop correction to the classical energy is never subleading, but can be viewed as a coupling dependent rescaling of the dimensionful parameters of the theory.
Supersymmetry of tensionless rotating strings in AdS5 × S5
Authors: Mateos T.
Published: June 2005

We discuss the extent to which the AdS/CFT correspondence can be checked
in sectors not related to supersymmetry by considering solitons in
AdS5 × S5 with large quantum numbers.
Holography and higher‐spin theories
Authors: Petkou T.
Published: June 2005

I review recent work on the holographic relation between higher‐spin theories in Anti‐de Sitter spaces and conformal field theories. I present the main results of studies concerning the higher‐spin holographic dual of the three‐dimensional O(N) vector model. I discuss the special role played by certain double‐trace deformations in Conformal Field Theories that have higher‐spin holographic duals. Moreover, I show that duality transformations in a U(1) gauge theory on AdS4 induce boundary double‐trace deformations and argue that a similar effect takes place in the holography of linearized higher‐spin theories on AdS4.
Gauged extended supergravities from flux compactifications: a 𝒩 = 2 example
Authors: Trigiante M.
Published: June 2005

We review the description of Type IIB flux compactification on K3 a T2/ℤ2 orientifold in the presence of D3/D7 branes, in terms of a gauged D = 4 𝒩 = 2 supergravity.
The use of resistivity data in calculating the kinetics of precipitate evolution in aluminium–copper–magnesium alloys based on Johnson–Mehl–Avrami theory
Authors: Sha W.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the procedure and results of using resistivity data in calculating the amount of precipitation in aluminium–copper–magnesium alloys based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) theory. Two alloys have been studied, Al–4.38%Cu–1.67%Mg and Al–4.5%Cu–0.56%Mg. The results have demonstrated that resistivity data can be treated to reveal the degree of transformation, for periods when there is a constant increase in its value. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reactivation of cardiomyocyte cell cycle: A potential approach for myocardial regeneration
Authors: McMullen Nichole M. , Gaspard Gerard J. , Pasumarthi Kishore B. S.
Published: June 2005

Regulation of cardiomyocyte cell cycle appears to be more complex in mammals compared to the lower vertebrates. Cardiomyocytes from the adult newt and zebrafish can proliferate in response to myocardial injury and regenerate the damaged area. In contrast, cardiomyocytes in the mammalian heart cease to proliferate soon after birth. This limits the ability of the mammalian heart to regenerate the damaged myocardium following heart disease. It is believed that increasing the number of myocytes in a diseased heart can decrease scar formation and improve myocardial function. To this end, reactivation of cell cycle in the surviving myocardium may have therapeutic value in the treatment of heart disease. Here we provide a summary of studies describing myocyte cell cycle activity during development and disease, mechanisms of cell cycle exit in the adult heart and genetic modulations affecting cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity. Further, we discuss the potential utility of myocyte cell cycle reactivation in cardiac regeneration as well as improvement of myocardial function.
Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of suburethral slings
Authors: Dietz H. P. , Barry C. , Lim Y. N. , Rane A.
Published: June 2005

Objective

Suburethral slings have become the most commonly performed anti‐incontinence procedures in many developed countries. Three types of implant account for the majority of such surgery in Australia: tensionless vaginal tape (TVT), suprapubic arc procedure (SPARC) and intravaginal slingplasty (IVS). The aim of this study was to determine differences in position and mobility of these implants, and to determine whether such differences explain variations in clinical outcome.

Methods

In a prospective randomized controlled trial, 195 women were randomized to TVT (n = 67), IVS (n = 64) or SPARC (n = 64). Thirteen women were excluded from the study due to incomplete preoperative data. Of the remaining 182 women, 146 (50 TVT, 48 IVS, 48 SPARC) were seen between 2 and 23 months after their procedure (80%). After an interview, two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) pelvic floor ultrasound was performed. 3D‐volume analysis was carried out on a computer with the help of proprietary software (GE Kretz 4D View). Assessors of ultrasound data were blinded against group allocation.

Results

There were no significant differences in subjective cure/improvement of stress or urge incontinence or overall subjective cure/improvement. Symptoms, including those of voiding dysfunction, did not vary between groups. All tapes could be imaged by ultrasound. TVT and SPARC were highly echogenic, with the SPARC generally flatter and of wider weave. The IVS seemed narrower and less echogenic. Tape position and mobility were similar, with a trend towards greater distances between tape and symphysis pubis and greater horizontal tape mobility in the SPARC group.

Conclusions

The three types of suburethral sling, namely TVT, SPARC and IVS, investigated using 2D and 3D ultrasound, have comparable short‐term clinical and anatomical outcomes. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a class of equations arising in linear viscoelasticity theory
Authors: Atanackovic T. , Pilipovic S.
Published: June 2005

We study the existence and uniqueness of solution for a class of equations of the form ∑mi=0aiy( i) (t) + ∫abϕ(α) y(α) (t) dα= h(t) , where y(α)(t) is the Riemann Liouville fractional derivative, in the space of tempered distributions. Such equations arise in the distributed derivatives models of linear viscoelasticity.
Particles turbulence interactions in boundary layers
Authors: Soldati A.
Published: June 2005

Turbulent dispersed flows in boundary layers are crucial in a number of industrial and environmental applications. In most applications, the key information is space distribution of particles which is known to be strongly non‐homogeneous. Specifically, inertial particles distribute preferentially avoiding strong vortical regions and segregating into straining regions. The vortical boundary layer structures control momentum, mass, heat, and particle transfer. Coherent structures bring particles toward the wall and away from the wall and favour particle segregation in the viscous region giving rise to nonuniform particle distribution profiles which peak close to the wall. The reason for this behavior is particle inertia, which filters the high frequency turbulence fluctuations. The object of this work is to review the current understanding of turbulent boundary layer dynamics and to examine the mechanisms for particle transfer, segregation, and preferential distribution. The physical mechanisms discussed and proposed are based on Direct Numerical Simulations of turbulence and Lagrangian tracking of inertial particles.
Octanoate and palmitateβ‐oxidation in human leukocytes: Implications for the rapid diagnosis of fatty acidβ‐oxidation disorders
Authors: Wanders R. J. A. , IJlst L. , van Elk E. , de Klerk J. B. C. , Przyrembel H.
Published: June 2005

Conclusions

The results described in this paper show that leukocytes have appreciable octanoate and palmitateβ‐oxidation activity. Furthermore, in three patients with an established defect in mitochondrialβ‐oxidation, octanoate and palmitateβ‐oxidation measurements in leukocytes revealed clear abnormalities. This was especially apparent if the ratio between the two oxidation activities was considered. The results obtained suggest that leukocytes may be used to measure fatty acidβ‐oxidation in patients suspected of suffering from a defect in the mitochondrialβ‐oxidation system, thus contributing to the rapid identification of these patients.
The relationship between maternal attitudes and young people's attitudes toward children's rights☆
Authors: Day David M. , Peterson‐Badali Michele , Ruck Martin D.
Published: June 2005

Relations between maternal socio‐political attitudes and parenting style and young people's and mothers’ attitudes toward young people's nurturance and self‐determination rights were examined. Both young people () and mothers () were more supportive of nurturance than self‐determination rights, although young people were more supportive than their mothers of self‐determination rights and mothers were more supportive than young people of nurturance rights. Maternal conservatism was unrelated to young people's support for rights and negatively related to mothers’ support for both types of rights. Last, young people who perceived their mother to be either authoritarian or uninvolved showed stronger endorsement of self‐determination rights than young people who perceived their mother to be authoritative. The implications of these findings for the development of young people's attitudes toward rights within the context of various family factors are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that a balance needs to be achieved between assertion of rights and a respect for the rights of others.
Giant Lipomatous Tumours of the Hand and Forearm
Authors: CRIBB G. L. , COOL W. P. , FORD D. J. , MANGHAM D. C.
Published: June 2005

This study examines the presentation, management and outcomes of a series of 10 patients with giant lipomatous tumours (defined as greater than 5 cm diameter) of the hand and forearm who presented to our orthopaedic oncology service. All patients underwent local staging and were discussed at our multidisciplinary tumour meeting prior to definitive surgery. In all cases, neurovascular structures required mobilization in order to excise the tumour. Seven of the tumours were benign lipomas and one was a neural fibrolipoma. The other two were well differentiated lipoma-like liposarcomas/atypical lipomatous tumours. Giant lipomas and well differentiated lipoma-like liposarcomas/atypical lipomatous tumours of the hand and forearm present infrequently and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended in the investigation and surgical management of these patients.
Elderly people's perspectives on quality of life
Authors: WILHELMSON KATARINA , ANDERSSON CHRISTINA , WAERN MARGDA , ALLEBECK PETER
Published: June 2005

Quality of life has become increasingly important as an outcome in medical research. The influence of health status is often emphasised, but other dimensions are important. In order to improve quality of life, there is a need to know what people themselves consider important to their perception of quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate what older people consider to be important for their quality of life, and to explore the impact of gender, education and health status on individual perceptions. The study was of 141 randomly selected people aged from 67 to 99 years that formed a control sample for a study of suicide among older people. They were interviewed in person about their health, socio-demographic background and, using an open-ended question, what they considered to constitute quality of life. Their answers were grouped into eight categories, with social relations being the most frequent response, followed by health, activities, functional ability, wellbeing, personal beliefs and attitudes, their own home and personal finances. In addition, they were asked to choose from a ‘show card’ three items that they regarded as important to quality of life. Functional ability was the most frequently selected domain, followed by physical health, social relations and being able to continue to live in one's present home. Our conclusion is that social relations, functional ability and activities influence the quality of life of elderly people as much as health status.
Radioguided occult lesion localisation (ROLL) in surgery of impalpable breast tumours
Authors: Leidenius M. H. K.
Published: June 2005

With advanced detection methods now allowing cancers to be found at earlier and earlier stages, new treatment methods to deal with these early stage cancers are also emerging. Radioguided occult lesion localisation (ROLL), a technique pioneered in 1996, is a useful method for localisation of impalpable breast tumours with results superior to those obtained by wire localisation and comparable to those achieved by surgery of palpable lesions. ROLL allows for the precise localisation necessary to optimise the cosmetic outcome in breast conserving surgery without jeopardising sufficient free tissue margins. ROLL can also be used in conjunction with sentinel node biopsy (SNB) using either the same or different radioactive tracer. For all these reasons, ROLL is an important development in breast cancer treatment.
Fractionation in radiotherapy: results of a Canadian randomised clinical trial
Authors: Yarnold J.
Published: June 2005

Historical assumptions concerning the optimal fractionation schedules for women with breast cancer are being challenged by the early results of randomised clinical trials. Multiple small fractions of 2.0 Gy or less are optimal for squamous cell carcinomas, which are clearly less sensitive to fraction size than the surrounding dose-limiting normal tissues. Breast cancer may be different in showing comparable sensitivity to fraction size as the healthy tissues of the breast and underlying ribcage. If this is confirmed, it means that fewer, larger fractions confer the same benefit as standard 2.0 Gy schedules, provided appropriate downward corrections are made to the total dose. The approach also lends itself to tests of acceleration, shorter treatment times being of obvious interest to patients and possibly of therapeutic benefit in their own right.
THE FORMATION OF A JAPANOCENTRIC WORLD ORDER
Authors: Yasunori Arano
Published: June 2005

Two major phenomena helped define Japan's foreign relations in the early modern period: the ban on international maritime travel and trading, and the Japanese adaptation of a Sinocentric rhetoric governing foreign relations with tributary states. In this article I will describe and analyze how these phenomena emerged and evolved, with special emphasis on the role they played in shaping Japan as an early modern nation state and forming for it a sense of “national identity.” My examination will focus on them especially in the context of Japan's relationship with its East Asian neighbours, and I place particular emphasis on four points.
MULLĀ SADRĀ BETWEEN MYSTICAL PHILOSOPHY AND QURĀN INTERPRETATION: THROUGH HIS COMMENTARY ON THE “CHAPTER OF EARTHQUAKE”
Authors: Kamada Shigeru
Published: June 2005

This article explores the interpretation of the Qurān presented by Mullā Sadrā (d. 1050AH/1640), a mystic philosopher of Ithnācasharī Shīca Islam in Iran. First, in his Keys to the Unknown (Mafātīh al-ghayb), we know the general mechanism of how reading the Qur'ān realizes spiritual perfection. Mullā Sadrā considers the Qurān as the source of spiritual wisdom with a multi-layered structure of meaning. Through concentration on Qur'ānic texts, a reader's soul will be open to a deeper layer of meaning with an awareness of a higher level of spiritual perfection. As a concrete example, we examine his commentary on the Chapter of Earthquake (Sūrat al-Zalzalah), which depicts the catastrophic events on the Last Day. In the literal meaning, or the surface layer of meaning, he intuits as a hidden deeper meaning the incessant re-creation and dynamic flux of existence towards perfection, which also explains different transformations of human beings in the hereafter. We find here another spirituality of Islam, which differs from that of the Islam built on the surface meanings of the Qur'ān.
THE NATURE OF SOCIAL AGREEMENTS (YUE) IN THE LEGAL ORDER OF MING AND QING CHINA (PART ONE)
Authors: Terada Hiroaki
Published: June 2005

The two most notable forms of law in the Ming and Qing periods were state law and private contracts. They were thought to exist separately, as the saying went: “The state has laws while individuals have private contracts.” Scholars have also held the same view; they have contrasted the two, defining the former as vertical, authoritative and a political tool to govern the state, and the latter as horizontal, voluntary and a tool to regulate economic activities of individuals. Social agreements that were instituted in order to maintain order in villages, however, had characteristics of both; on one hand they were contracts drawn up voluntarily by the villagers, but on the other hand, they also had the aspect of commands given by village leaders for ordinary members to observe. The opening section looks at studies that have been made on written law and private contracts. The following section examines how village compacts were instituted and how they were enforced. Three types of village compact are examined – village regulations, village compacts based on the Confucian moral code, and alliances connected with rent-resistance movements. Part Two will discuss the nature of coercive commands and voluntary contracts, both of which commonly coexisted in a unique mixture in village compacts, and will then expand the conclusion drawn from the discussion above to the level of the state, to present a new framework for understanding the relationship between statutory law and private contracts, and that between state authority and social power.
NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO EARLY-MODERN AND MODERN JAPANESE HISTORY
Authors: Nelson Thomas
Published: June 2005

James L. McClain, A Modern History of Japan. NY and London: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002. Pp. 650. L. M. Cullen, A History of Japan, 1542–1941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. 376. Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. 400.
Isotopic composition and origin of snow over Siberia
Authors: Kurita Naoyuki , Sugimoto Atsuko , Fujii Yoshiyuki , Fukazawa Tatsuya , Makarov Vladimir N. , Watanabe Okitsugu , Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Numaguti Atusi , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: June 2005

The spatial isotopic distribution of the snowpack over Siberia, where winter temperatures are as cold as those of the polar regions, was observed by the Trans‐Siberian Snow Survey (TSSS) and Trans‐Verkhoyansk Snow Survey Expedition (TVSSE) in March 2000 and March 2001. The results show inland δD depletion and a slightly increasing deuterium excess value, d, in the snowpack over Siberia. To explore the relationship between source region variability and the isotopic composition of snow, a model simulation was performed that reproduced the observed isotopic composition of snow. Moisture sources for Siberian precipitation were estimated using the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). A simple isotopic model was used to evaluate the total isotopic changes during transport from the designated source region to the region of precipitation. The results showed that the variability of the contribution of each source to the snow results in large isotopic variability, and the fact that the model reproduced the observed inland depletion of δD in snowpack suggests that GCM‐predicted source contributions were verified by observed values. However, the modeled d values did not match observed d values over Siberia. Observations of d values in precipitation show an increase during autumn toward a maximum in late autumn and then a decrease during winter; however, the modeled d value reached a maximum in early autumn and decreased toward a minimum in winter. The simple isotope model does not consider additional moisture evaporation joining an airmass moving from a source region. Therefore the disagreement between the modeled and observed d values of snow suggests that moisture supplied from the land surface during transportation significantly contributes to autumn snow. The increased d values of Siberian snow show that evaporation from open water or from the soil surface, which are accompanied by isotopic fractionation, are more important than transpiration flux, which does not change the isotopic content. The contribution of land‐derived moisture that has evaporated from open water plays an important role in eastern Siberian snow.
Climatic response to high‐latitude volcanic eruptions
Authors: Oman Luke , Robock Alan , Stenchikov Georgiy , Schmidt Gavin A. , Ruedy Reto
Published: June 2005

Strong volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of SO2 into the lower stratosphere, which over time, are converted into sulfate aerosols and have the potential to impact climate. Aerosols from tropical volcanic eruptions like the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption spread over the entire globe, whereas high‐latitude eruptions typically have aerosols which remain in the hemisphere in which they where injected. This causes their largest radiative forcing to be extratropical, and the climate response should be different from that of tropical eruptions. We conducted a 20‐member ensemble simulation of the climate response to the Katmai eruption (58°N) of 6 June 1912 using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE climate model. We also produced an additional 20‐member ensemble for a 3 times Katmai (3x Katmai) eruption to see the impact the strength of the eruption has on the radiative as well as the dynamical responses. The results of these simulations do not show a positive Arctic Oscillation response like past simulations of tropical volcanic eruptions, but we did find significant cooling over southern Asia during the boreal winter. The first winter following Katmai and the second winter following 3x Katmai showed strong similarities in lower stratospheric geopotential height anomalies and sea level pressure anomalies, which occurred when the two cases had similar optical depth perturbations. These simulations show that the radiative impact of a high‐latitude volcanic eruption was much larger than the dynamical impact at high latitudes. In the boreal summer, however, strong cooling over the Northern Hemisphere landmasses caused a decrease in the Asian monsoon circulation with significant decreases of up to 10% in cloud cover and warming over northern India. Thus the main dynamical impact of high‐latitude eruptions is in the summer over Asia.
Alpine thermal and structural evolution of the highest external crystalline massif: The Mont Blanc
Authors: Leloup P. H. , Arnaud N. , Sobel E. R. , Lacassin R.
Published: June 2005

The alpine structural evolution of the Mont Blanc, highest point of the Alps (4810 m), and of the surrounding area has been reexamined. The Mont Blanc and the Aiguilles Rouges external crystalline massifs are windows of Variscan basement within the Penninic and Helvetic nappes. New structural, 40Ar/39Ar, and fission track data combined with a compilation of earlier P‐T estimates and geochronological data give constraints on the amount and timing of the Mont Blanc and Aiguilles Rouges massifs exhumation. Alpine exhumation of the Aiguilles Rouges was limited to the thickness of the overlying nappes (∼10 km), while rocks now outcropping in the Mont Blanc have been exhumed from 15 to 20 km depth. Uplift of the two massifs started ∼22 Myr ago, probably above an incipient thrust: the Alpine sole thrust. At ∼12 Ma, the NE‐SW trending Mont Blanc shear zone (MBsz) initiated. It is a major steep reverse fault with a dextral component, whose existence has been overlooked by most authors, that brings the Mont Blanc above the Aiguilles Rouges. Total vertical throw on the MBsz is estimated to be between 4 and 8 km. Fission track data suggest that relative motion between the Aiguilles Rouges and the Mont Blanc stopped ∼4 Myr ago. Since that time, uplift of the Mont Blanc has mostly taken place along the Mont Blanc back thrust, a steep north dipping fault bounding the southern flank of the range. The “European roof” is located where the back thrust intersects the MBsz. Uplift of the Mont Blanc and Aiguilles Rouges occurred toward the end of motion on the Helvetic basal décollement (HBD) at the base of the Helvetic nappes but is coeval with the Jura thin‐skinned belt. Northwestward thrusting and uplift of the external crystalline massifs above the Alpine sole thrust deformed the overlying Helvetic nappes and formed a backstop, inducing the formation of the Jura arc. In that part of the external Alps, ∼NW‐SE shortening with minor dextral NE‐SW motions appears to have been continuous from ∼22 Ma until at least ∼4 Ma but may be still active today. A sequential history of the alpine structural evolution of the units now outcropping NW of the Pennine thrust is proposed.
Regional changes in surface climate interannual variability for the 21st century from ensembles of global model simulations
Authors: Giorgi F. , Bi X.
Published: June 2005

A regional analysis is carried out of 18 Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations of 21st century climate under the IPCC A2 emission scenario to assess regional changes in temperature and precipitation interannual variability. Fourteen regional and seasonal cases are examined. We find substantial warming over all regions and in all models. Global precipitation increases in all models, however regionally we find cases of ensemble average precipitation increases and decreases. Temperature interannual variability, as measured by the standard deviation, decreases in northern hemisphere (NH) cold season mid‐latitude cases and increases in mid‐latitude warm season and tropical cases. Precipitation interannual variability, as measured by the coefficient of variation, increases in most cases. The regional variability changes exhibit substantial variations across models. Our results are consistent in many instances with previous findings, which adds robustness to our findings.
Field study of pesticide leaching in a Himatangi sand (Manawatu) and in a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam (Northland). 1. Results
Authors: Close Murray E. , Lee Robert , Magesan Gujja N. , Stewart Michael K. , Skuse George , Bekesi Gabor
Published: June 2005

Five pesticides, atrazine, diazinon, hexazinone, procymidone, and terbuthylazine, were applied to a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam located near Whangarei, Northland, New Zealand, and a Himatangi sand located near Palmerston North, Manawatu, along with bromide and deuterated water as tracers. Their transport and persistence were monitored for 18 months using soil sampling down to a maximum of 1 m and 8 suction cups at each site located between 0.2 and 1.5 m down the profile. There was rapid leaching of the tracers as well as hexazinone at both sites. Procymidone was much less mobile than the tracers but was very persistent, with significant amounts still present in the profile after 18 months. Atrazine, terbuthylazine, and diazinon had relatively low persistence, mainly due to rapid degradation, and possibly volatilisation for diazinon, with < 10% remaining after 6 months at both sites. There was evidence of preferential flow at the Northland site, which is consistent with the highly structured soil profile and intense rainfall that occurred at the site in the month following pesticide application. Batch sorption experiments measured lower Koc values for the topsoil samples than generally observed in the literature for all 5 pesticides. This indicates that these pesticides will be much more mobile in the Northland Kiripaka soil and slightly more mobile in the Manawatu Himatangi soil than would be expected from the literature values.