bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ibn Zimra's Responsum D: Logic and Vocalizing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter and Chapters 2–4 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The fourth responsum, which is covered in this chapter, comments on a medieval suggestion to change the traditional reading of hw’, ‘it’, in Lev. 25: 33 from hu’ to hi’.
Ibn Zimra, Ben Adret, Ibn Adoniyah, the Masorah, and Fixing the Torah Text in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter builds on the previous five, four of which (Chapters 2–5) analysed the closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Torah text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra. Ibn Zimra's approach was primarily halakhic, not masoretic, and to appreciate it an examination was made in the previous chapter of passages from both the halakhic and masoretic literature (the Masorah is the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself), especially the writings of Solomon ben Abraham Ben Adret, who was a prolific author and unchallenged rabbinic leader of Spanish Jewry until his death in 1310. The use by Ibn Zimra in his responsa of Ben Adret's responsum on matters of spelling in the Torah is considered. Also considered is the use by Ibn Zimra of Jacob ben Hayyim Ibn Adoniyah's masoretic Bible. A brief note is included on dating Ibn Zimra's responsa.
Fixing God's Torah Since the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

It is pointed out that the process of changing the text of the Torah is still continuing, as the evidence for doing this continues to grow and change. Moreover, despite the assurance that many previously questionable spellings have been settled to the satisfaction of the halakhic system, the historical fact that numerous conflicting readings (spellings and other variations) did (and still do) exist cannot be made to disappear. The text is testimony to both the care and precision of its preservation and to an extensive list of minor textual variations. Most of the variants in the postmedieval rabbinic literature are relatively minor, but there are quite a number, and examples of some of these passages are presented in this chapter. The current decoding craze (from an imperfect text that is treated as perfect for that purpose), and the possibility of the discovery of a new ‘old text’ of the Torah are also addressed.
United States: From Membership to Advocacy
Authors: Skocpol Theda
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines why voluntary associations in the United States were special, and how these fostered a special degree and kind of popular democratic engagement. Voluntary associations involved popular participation and mobilized people of different occupational and class backgrounds into the same or parallel groups. These served as schools of democratic citizenship by providing a large number of citizens with opportunities for active participation and democratic leverage.
A Decline of Social Capital? The German Case
Authors: Offe Claus , Fuchs Susanne
Published: August 2004

Germany has not experienced a decline in social capital. However, it is difficult to tell whether the strength of social capital lies in the individual properties of citizens, collective properties of a local sort, or on overall institutional properties of political and economic regimes. A clear shift from company-, party-, and church-sponsored associations to more autonomous leisure-time-related associations such as sports clubs is observed.
Sweden: Social Capital in the Social Democratic State
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the breakdown of organised social capital in Sweden. The “Swedish model” which involved the close collaboration between major interest organisations and the state disappeared in the 1980s. It is argued that the demise of such organised social capital rendered the Swedish model obsolete and created problems for Swedish democracy.
Broadening the Basis of Social Capital in Japan
Authors: Inoguchi Takashi
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the development of social capital in Japan over the past 50 years. It argues that Japan’s social capital steadily increased under democracy. Social capital, accumulated in particularistic face-to-face and group settings, has become broader and more individualistic.
2 A Cognitive Theory of Pretence
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P.
Published: August 2004

One central theme of the book is that the capacity for mindreading implicates the capacity for pretense and imagination. In order to explain the processes underlying mindreading, it is vital to develop an account of the cognitive architecture subserving pretense and imagination. This chapter develops such an account and compares it to rival metarepresentational and simulation-theory accounts. On the account that is defended, pretense representations are contained in a separate mental workspace, a Possible World Box which is part of the basic architecture of the human mind. The representations in the Possible World Box can have the same content as beliefs, and are processed by the same inference mechanisms that operate over beliefs.
The Objectivity of Values
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Clarifies and defends a thesis that is implied by the conclusions of Ch. 2, namely, that values are as objective as propositional attitudes, since interpretation requires a shared framework of such attitudes and evaluations, which in turn constitutes a necessary condition for disagreement about values. Juxtaposes this thesis to two stances it should not be confused with, namely, relativism and realism about values. The author's claims do not amount to a value relativism, because the introduced relativisms to, e.g. time, place, and culture, merely stipulate what interpreters must come to understand in order to know whether they disagree or not; values themselves are as objective as the propositional attitudes that function in the processes of evaluation. Neither does objectivism about values amount to a value realism — the ontological position that values exist.
What Thought Requires
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Examines further the criteria for attributing thought to an object or creature by illuminating the relation between thought, language, and world on the one hand, and the sort of structure that thought and language require on the other. Examines the implications the Unified Theory has with regards to this relation, and challenges the widespread belief that we will not really understand the intentional attitudes, conceptualization, or language until we can give a purely extensional, physicalist account of them.
Paradoxes of Irrationality
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

The author believes that large‐scale rationality on the part of the interpretant is essential to his interpretability, and therefore, in his view, to her having a mind. How, then are cases of irrationality, such as akrasia or self‐deception, judged by the interpretant's own standards, possible? He proposes that, in order to resolve the apparent paradoxes, one must distinguish between accepting a contradictory proposition and accepting separately each of two contradictory propositions, which are held apart, which in turn requires to conceive of the mind as containing a number of semi‐independent structures of interlocking beliefs, desires, emotions, memories, and other mental states.
The School Tradition of the Old Testament
Authors: Heaton E. W.
Published: August 2004

The books of the Old Testament are often thought of as being remote and ‘primitive’. In fact, they were written by thoroughly learned men, educated in the traditional schools of ancient Israel. This book presents a fresh and enlivening case for the strong influence that this schooling must have had on the writers of the stories, poetry and proverbs of the Bible. The eight Bampton Lectures that form the first eight chapters of this book were delivered in the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford, UK. The topics covered are: the evidence for schools in ancient Israel; comparisons between Egyptian and Israeli school-books and literature; ‘wisdom’ and school traditions in the Old Testament books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes; the school tradition in the literary style of the teachings of the prophets and teachers; the narrative skills of the Jerusalem school tradition in the stories of the Old Testament; doubt and pessimism as expressed in Job and Ecclesiastes; and various aspects of belief and behaviour in the Old Testament, as reflected in the school tradition. The last chapter is a summing-up. The book is of interest to students and scholars of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) or religious studies, both in Judaism and Christianity.
The Eighteenth‐Century Religious Background
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

Eighteenth-century England presented a picture of substantial religious diversity. The Restoration Church of England had not regained all the ground lost after the Civil War, but despite some evidence of laxity among its clergy and institutions, the Church of the eighteenth century was not moribund. Roman Catholics and the various groups of Protestant Dissenters pursued an active independent existence through the century, but some of the latter (like some sections of the Church of England) were subject to doctrinal heterodoxy. The Evangelical Revival that encompassed the Church of England and established Dissent, as well as spawning new denominations, was a reaction against spiritual and theological laxity, and elevated the doctrine of grace in preference to High Church religious austerities.
The Life of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

The chapter shows how itinerant preaching served to extend and nurture the work of the Connexion, where the initiative came from in opening new areas of work, how itinerancy was organised (including Lady Huntingdon’s personal role in this), and the source of funds for building chapels and running the Connexion. All the main reformed denominations were represented within the Connexion’s congregations; socially they appear to have consisted principally of artisans and small tradesmen. Ministry was supplied by students of Lady Huntingdon’s college, by Anglican clergymen, and occasionally by other established preachers. Other aspects of the Connexion discussed in this chapter include: instances of violent opposition; growing pressure for ministers to settle with congregations; sources of authority within congregations; the development of religious societies within the Connexion; pressures for regular Communion services; the use of the Anglican Prayer Book; the development of the Connexion’s own hymn book; the religious instruction of children; and the number, size, and catchment areas of congregations.
The Connexion, the Church of England and Dissent
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

The Connexion’s secession from the Church of England in the early 1780s was triggered by a successful legal challenge to the Countess’s right to place her London chapel, Spa Fields, under her protection as a peeress, forcing her to license it under the Toleration Act. The Connexion’s Anglican ties were loosening well before that point, however, and secession did not mark any generally discernible change in its relations with the bishops and other clergy: for example, a number of chapels had been licensed well before secession, and the Connexion’s own ordination (which first occurred in 1783) had been under occasional consideration since the mid-1770s. The strength of Anglican loyalty among Lady Huntingdon’s ministers differed widely: most of her original clerical helpers had withdrawn from service in the Connexion well before secession, but there were other beneficed clergymen who took an active part in the Connexion in the years after it. Relations with Dissenters varied considerably, from location to location, though there was always friction with the Baptists. After secession, the Connexion sought to present itself as a distinct group in, the middle ground between the Church and Dissent, but it was as a new Dissenting body that it seems generally to have been perceived.
The Reader and the Text
Authors: Carroll R. P.
Published: August 2004

This is the first of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and addresses the question of the reader and the text. The first section looks at the social context of reading. The second outlines the three major groups of Bible readers: Jewish groups, Christian groups, and all other groups who read the Bible without commitment to either of these original/foundational groups—such as members of other religions and secularists. The third section discusses Enlightenment and post‐Enlightenment approaches taken to the Bible in the Western world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and after, and also looks at postmodern critics of this approach. The fourth section, New Reading Strategies, discusses ideological criticism, the postmodern Bible, feminist readings, ethnicity, and fundamentalism.
Feminist Study of the Old Testament
Authors: Exum J. Cheryl
Published: August 2004

This is the fourth of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and reviews feminist study of the Old Testament. It describes feminist criticism as one of the most significant intellectual developments of the twentieth century, and notes that biblical interpretation of this kind is not likely to be disinterested although feminist critics are more likely than most to admit their ideological presuppositions. These presuppositions, like those of other postmodern approaches, provide a compelling challenge to the dominant paradigms of ‘objective’ biblical scholarship through their recognition of the constructedness of history, gender, and self. Many and various examples of the vast and growing biblical feminist criticism are discussed through the chapter, looking, among other things, at the different methodological approaches taken, the strategies employed for getting at women's perspectives in androcentric texts, the search for traces of women's discourses in biblical texts, intertextual and cross‐cultural analysis, and gender studies.
Old Testament Ethics
Authors: Rogerson J. W.
Published: August 2004

This is the last of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and is devoted to a discussion of Old Testament ethics. Begins by outlining possible reasons for people being interested in Old Testament ethics, and then discusses the strategies employed in each of these approaches. Four reasons for ethical study are advanced: first, from a confessional (religious/theological/devotional) standpoint, it could be maintained that the Old Testament in some sense contains the revealed will of God and that its ethical teaching therefore makes a claim upon Jews and Christians if not upon all humanity; a second reason springs from the conviction that the confessional position is mistaken and that it is the duty of scholarship to expose the crudities of Old Testament morality in order to prevent humankind from being subjected to its claims; a third answer might be that the study of Old Testament ethics is a valid subject in its own right, as is the study of the ethics of the Greeks or of the historical background to the Old Testament; a fourth response might go further than this and say that because the Old Testament is a classic text, what it has to say on ethical matters is of interest to ethicists. The next section starts by discussing the fact that differing agendas have shaped approaches to Old Testament ethics in earlier periods of history, and goes on to review three recent large‐scale confessional attempts to deal with Old Testament ethics: those of Walter Kaiser, Christopher Wright, and Bruce Birch. The following section attempts to illustrate how different results can follow if different approaches are made to the Old Testament, and discusses the evidence of moral and ethical sensitivity within the biblical text, discourse ethics, and the need for a plurality of methods and approaches.
Hebrew Poetry
Authors: Watson W. G. E.
Published: August 2004

This is the last of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament, and discusses Hebrew poetry in the context of the Hebrew (Old Testament) Bible. The introductory section looks at recent work on the discovery of the verse traditions of the ancient Near East, and discusses the difficulty of reading Hebrew poetry, the Hebrew poet's resources (tradition versus innovation) and the poet's voice and the lyrical first person singular (the lyrical ‘I’). The second section discusses the issue of differentiating between prose and poetry, the third discusses metre and rhythm, and the fourth discusses parallelism. Further sections discuss building blocks (line, half‐line, and couplet), the segmentation of poems, repetition, the exploitation of sound, figurative language, and poetic diction. The last section of the chapter looks at the matter of holding the reader's attention.
Prophecy and the Prophetic Books
Authors: Blenkinsopp J.
Published: August 2004

This is the second of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors. It discusses prophecy and the prophetic books of the Old Testament starting by pointing out that not much has been added to the non‐biblical data bearing on the phenomenon of prophecy in ancient Israel since the 1979 study of the prophetic literature by W. McKane. The aspects of the subject addressed in Sect. I include the danger of form‐critical positivism and the problematic nature of the passage from text to prophetic realia (McKane), B. S. Child's advocacy of interpretation in the context of canon, reader response theory and prophetic terminology. Section II looks at the social‐scientific approach to prophecy, and Sect. III looks at the process by which prophetic books and the prophetic corpus as a whole reached the form in which they are now available. Section IV discusses the early Second Temple period, and the last section of the chapter looks at one of the most contentious issues in the study of the prophetic texts—the relation between prophecy and law.
The History of Israel: Foundations of Israel
Authors: Whitelam K. W.
Published: August 2004

This is the fourth of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors, and addresses the history and foundations of Israel (the next chapter looks at the later history of Israel). It starts by noting the huge change that has taken place in the study of Israelite history so that while at the beginning of the 1990s it was possible to complain of a situation of complacency and sterility, at the end of the 1990s this situation has changed out of all recognition, even though the parameters of the discussion have changed little: the nature and historicity of the Hebrew Bible in comparison with the relevance of archaeological data remain at the fulcrum of the debate. The periods of Israel's emergence and of the Judaean and Israelite monarchies are seen as the foundational periods of Israelite history (rather than the periods of the patriarchs or exodus), and it is around these that the battle lines have been drawn in the historical search for ancient Israel. The different sections of the chapter discuss: the textual and material foundations of Israelite history—the history of the gaps; the emergence of ancient Israel; the Israelite monarchy; and text in context.
How Much Has LDC Trade Affected Western Job Markets?
Authors: Freeman Richard , Revenga Ana
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the impact of trade with less developed countries (LDCs) on labour markets using a newly developed data set that links trade flows by industry and country to labour market outcomes in a sample of OECD countries from 1970 to 1992. Two extreme views are considered: that trade is the sole determinant of labour market problems and that trade has no effect on Western workers. Results failed to support either of the views.
Relative Prices, Trade and Restructuring in European Industry
Authors: Neven Damien , Wyplosz Charles
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the impact of trade on European labour markets using data on relative commodity prices and intra-sectoral skill levels. Drastic restructuring in unskilled labour-intensive industries is observed in terms of downsizing and upgrading of skills. Competition from developing countries affects a significant number of industries, but the adjustments taking place at the industry level are not as simple as those predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin.
The Labour Market Effects of International Trade: A Computable General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Smith Alasdair
Published: August 2004

A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is developed to examine the impact of international trade on the labour market. The model confirms the general conclusion that the effects of trade on labour demand or relative wages are small. It is argued that the ‘mainstream’ empirical trade model, of which the CGE model is one version, is unsuitable for providing accurate estimates of the labour market effects of trade, because its structure does not provide an appropriate model of either the skill endowments of the economy or the skill intensity of production.
Trade With Emerging Countries and the Labour Market: The French Case
Authors: Cortes O. , Jean S. , Pisani‐Ferry J.
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the effects of international trade on the French labour market. Between 1977 and 1993, trade with countries with GDP per capita less than that of France resulted in job losses of around 350,000, mostly low-skilled workers. However, this loss was mainly due to changes in trade balance rather than the factor content of trade. Trade affected the productive efficiency of industries and the average skill of their labour demand. These effects were not specific to trade with developing countries.
Wage and Mobility Effects of Trade and Migration
Authors: Haisken‐De New John P. , Zimmermann Klaus F.
Published: August 2004

The effects of migration and trade on the German labour market are examined using micro panel data. Male wages are negatively affected by the trade deficit ratio. An increase in trade deficit ratio — net imports divided by the output of the sector — will reduce wages; if wages are not downwardly flexible, jobs would be lost. Immigration has no effect on low-skilled workers but a positive effect on the wages of high-skilled workers. Trade affects labour mobility, with increasing imports adversely impacting occupational mobility and intra-firm flexibility.
The Path to European Integration: A Historical‐Institutionalist Analysis
Authors: Pierson Paul
Published: August 2004

Presents a historical institutionalist account of the development of supranational governance. Focusing on the cumulative impact of the European Community's organization and rule‐making machinery, it argues that, over time, institutional effects like path dependence and lock‐in overwhelm the capacities of national governments to control the course of integration. This is due in part to the fact that governments tend to focus on short‐term interests, while being unable to calculate long‐term consequences of delegating authority to EC institutions. It is also due to the forging of multi‐dimensional relationships between societal actors and EC institutions, such as the European Court and the European Commission, by which information asymmetries develop to the advantage of EC organizations vis‐a‐vis national governments. Various examples of this process can be seen in areas of social policy, such as gender equality and workplace health and safety.
The Emergence of a Supranational Telecommunications Regime
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne
Published: August 2004

The creation of a European telecommunications infrastructure provides a clear example of a policy domain in which the competence of national governments has been transferred into the European Union. The chapter begins by presenting a theoretical framework for this process. It then looks at the societal groups involved, explaining why the former PTT system of national monopolies over postal, telegraphic, and telecommunications services harmed their interests, and why the European integration of such services was urged as a preferred solution. It then describes the intergovernmental starting point, which was the establishment in 1959 of the CEPT (Conférence européenneto des administrations des postes et des télécommunications) to encourage cooperation between PTTs. It then analyses the ways in which transnational interest groups and the European Commission exploited existing rules to consolidate supranational control over telecommunications policy‐making, in respect of both setting technical standards and liberalizing service provision.
The Liberalization and European Reregulation of Air Transport
Authors: O'Reilly Dolores , Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

Outlines the process by which intergovernmental mechanisms for the regulation of civil aviation in Europe were replaced by European Community mechanisms. First, it describes the original preference of member‐state governments for national control of international air transport services. Then, it discusses the synergy between transnational industry actors and supranational organizations that conspired to undermine the status quo. Finally, it examines the EC policy‐making process, charting the response of member‐state governments to these pressures for Europeanization of the civil aviation sector.
Creating Supranational Authority in Monetary and Exchange‐Rate Policy: The Sources and Effects of EMU
Authors: Cameron David R.
Published: August 2004

Seeks to understand why some member‐states of the European Community attempted, with eventual success, to extend supranational authority in the domain of monetary and exchange‐rate policy and to anticipate some of the probable consequences of such extension. It begins by analysing the beliefs that originally underpinned the attempt, concerning the perceived need to resolve the community tensions inherent in independent economic policy‐making. It then considers the economic, political and institutional dilemmas, and uncertainties likely to confront member‐states as economic integration proceeds. Concentrating on the issues of low growth and high unemployment, it assesses how far European Monetary Union is likely to provide a remedy, and whether it will be necessary or desirable to create a counterweight to the authority of the European Central Bank, and to create new supranational organizations in the domain of European macroeconomic governance.
The Engines of Integration? Supranational Autonomy and Influence in the European Union
Authors: Pollack Mark A.
Published: August 2004

Is European integration still being driven, as it used to be, by intergovernmental agreement, or is the mainspring now located within the European Community itself? This chapter explores the autonomy and the influence of the EC's supranational organizations and the extent to which they can act as engines of the integration process, focusing in particular on the executive activities of the European Commission. In terms of the larger project of the book as a whole, its primary emphasis is on supranational organizations and the extent to which they can drive the integration process along the continuum between an intergovernmental and a supranational polity. It begins with a theoretical discussion of the role of supranational organizations in the integration process, and then presents some basic hypotheses about the variables underlying variations in the autonomy and influence of supranational agents such as the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, and the European Parliament. It then examines problems of subjecting these hypotheses to empirical verification, with particular reference to the activities of the Commission. It concludes by arguing that supranational autonomy and influence cannot be rightly understood in terms of a simple dualism between ‘obedient servants’ and ‘runaway Eurocracies’, but in terms of variance along a continuum between the two.
Citizen Support for Policy Integration
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Eichenberg Richard C.
Published: August 2004

Examines the role of public opinion as a societal actor in the European integration process, analysing its evolution from comparative insignificance only a decade ago, when the research focus was largely on intergovernmental mechanisms and drivers, to its current salience. The change is partly due to heightened recognition by analysts of the role of public opinion in shaping government policy preferences, and partly because the process of European integration has reached down more searchingly into ordinary citizens’ concerns. The research presented in this chapter therefore examines the patterns of citizen support for the integration process, focusing on specific issue areas such as health, environment, and defence, and on the extent to which European public opinion feels that responsibility in these sectors should be transferred from national governments to the European Union.
Institution‐Building from Below and Above: The European Community in Global Environmental Politics
Authors: Sbragia Alberta M.
Published: August 2004

The environmental policy domain presents an instructive case study of the balance of policy‐making competence as between the European Community as a supranational entity and the national governments of its members. While the EC's negotiating cohesiveness on environmentalism is not as effective as federalists would wish, it is far stronger than could have been predicted from the Treaty of Rome, which did not even mention the issue. The emergence of the EC as a player on the stage of global environmental politics raises two questions: first, how did the EC acquire its powers in this policy domain; second, how did the international community respond to its demands for participation. These questions require consideration of, respectively, regional and global levels of institutionalization.
Regional Integration Theory: Understanding Our Past and Anticipating Our Future
Authors: Caporaso James A.
Published: August 2004

Summarizes the book's conclusions on the European integration process, and develops three themes that arise in consequence: first, the growing institutionalization of the European Community; second, the changing relevance of different theories over time; and third, the present state of the theoretical debate on the future direction of European integration.
Introduction: The Idea of a Moral Theory of International Law
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Explains why a moral theory of international law is needed, refutes several prominent views that purport to rule out the possibility of such a theory, sets out the criteria that the needed theory should satisfy, previews the main outlines of the theory developed in the remainder of the book, and explains and supports the thesis that institutional moral reasoning is needed to develop such a theory. There are nine sections: I. The Need for a Theory; II. Curious Neglect—the neglect of international relations in contemporary moral philosophy; III. Institutional Moral Reasoning; IV. The Realist Challenge; V. The Moral Minimalist Challenge; VI. Legal Nihilism; VII. The Moral Legitimacy of the State System; VIII. The Nature and Scope of a Moral Theory of International Law; and IX. An Overview of a Proto‐theory—a summary of the moral theory of international law presented in the book, pointing out its limitations and theoretical essentials.
The Commitment to Justice
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Begins the task of laying the foundations for a justice‐based theory of international law, and presents three main arguments. The first argument is that justice should be a primary moral goal of the international legal system; in making the case that justice should be a primary goal, the charge that peace is the only proper goal for the international legal system is rebutted and it is argued that the pursuit of justice in and through international law need not be inimical to peace. The second argument is that justice is not only a permissible goal for the international legal system, but a morally obligatory one; to accomplish this step in the overall argument, the concept of the “Natural Duty of Justice” is explained—i.e. the principle that each person has a limited moral obligation to help ensure that all persons have access to institutions, including legal institutions, that protect their basic human rights. The third argument shows that taking seriously the idea that justice is a primary, morally obligatory goal of the international legal system requires a particular conception of the state, in which it is to serve in part as an instrument of justice, not as a discretionary association whose sole function is to serve the mutual benefit of its members; this is a direct attack on the dominant international relations view that states should support international law only so far as it serves their “national interests”. The six parts of the chapter are: I. Introduction; II. Justice as a Primary Goal of International Law—an introduction to the “Natural Duty of Justice” argument; III. Two Conceptions of the State and its Relations with Those beyond its Borders; IV, The Plurality of Ways of Acting on the Natural Duty of Justice; V. Abandoning the National Interest Theses; and VI. Conclusions.
Intrastate Autonomy
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Ch. 8 argued for combining a rather restrained, justice‐based view of the unilateral right to secede, the Remedial Right Only Theory, with a much more supportive stance toward forms of self‐determination within the state: various forms of intrastate autonomy. This chapter argues that the international legal order ought to acknowledge the importance of self‐determination by supporting intrastate autonomy, and also suggests that, apart from the role that international law should play, individual states should generally give serious consideration to proposals for intrastate autonomy. The chapter first makes the case for including in the domain of transnational justice the monitoring and enforcement of intrastate autonomy regimes under certain rather exceptional circumstances, and then, in the last section, suggests that even where principles of transnational justice do not require it, there are cases in which the international community might play a constructive role by providing diplomatic support and economic inducements or pressure to encourage the creation and well‐functioning of intrastate autonomy regimes. The five sections of the chapter are: I. Intrastate Autonomy and Transnational Justice; II. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights; III. Justifications for Intrastate Autonomy for Indigenous Peoples; IV. Basic Individual Human Rights as Limits on Intrastate Autonomy; and V. International Support for Intrastate Autonomy: Beyond the Requirements of Transnational Justice.
The Morality of International Legal Reform
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Ch. 10 summarized the main proposals for reform that have been argued in this book, briefly restating the moral framework linking justice, legitimacy, and self‐determination that grounds them, and noting that implementing the proposed reforms probably would require significant changes in international law regarding armed intervention. The aims of this chapter are (1) to explain more fully why a new legal framework for armed intervention is needed for successful legal reform, (2) to examine the advantages and disadvantages of the major types of strategies for achieving the needed reform in the law of armed intervention, from the perspective of both feasibility and morality, and (3) to show that the most promising strategy for reform may be the creation of a treaty‐based, rule‐governed liberal‐democratic regime for armed intervention that bypasses the current UN Charter‐based requirement of Security Council authorization and that does not depend upon the US to act as the world's policeman. In addition, it is argued that although the most promising strategy for reform may require violating existing international law, it is nonetheless morally justifiable. The more general point made is that under certain conditions a willingness to violate existing international law for the sake of reforming it can be not only consistent with a sincere commitment to the rule of law, but even required by it. The six sections of the chapter are: I. The Need for Reform regarding the Law of Intervention; II. Three Types of Strategies for Legal Reform; III. The Morality of Illegal Legal Reform; IV. The Commitment to the Rule of Law; V. Moral Authority; and VI. Conclusions.
Protecting Rights
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

Conceptualizing human rights protection as an extended social process highlights the centrality of constitutional decision‐making as a general mode of governance. Thus, a great range of outcomes can only be understood by taking into account constitutional decision‐making by actors outside constitutional courts. At the same time, an increasing judicial capacity to reconstruct the meaning of legislative authority is revealed.
Constructing a Supranational Constitution
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

The sources and consequences of constructing a supranational constitution in Europe are traced. The relationship between private litigants, national judges, and the European Court of Justice has been central to this process. Thus, the ECJ fashioned a judicially enforceable constitution out of international treaty law—a unique achievement that is shown to have fundamentally transformed the European polity in the process in a multitude of ways.
Regression Model
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents the finite sample analysis of estimators and test statistics in the case of regression models, where the errors have a scalar covariance matrix. Most of the results of the normal distribution have been obtained in econometrics textbooks. The results for the nonnormal cases are presented, which have been rarely discussed in literature.
Models with Nonscalar Covariance Matrix of Errors
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines regression models with nonscalar covariance matrix of errors. This includes the estimators and test statistics in the context of linear regression with heteroskedasticity and serial correlation, seemingly unrelated regressions, limited dependent variables, and panel data models.
Community and Market in England: Open Fields and Enclosures Revisited
Authors: Allen Robert C.
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents an alternative interpretation of the open fields based on historical research in the last thirty years. Open fields were an efficient institution for meeting the needs of small-scale, grain growing farmers. However, market capitalism undermined the open field community from within, which precipitated its demise.
Community Norms and Embeddedness: A Game‐Theoretic Approach
Authors: Aoki Masahiko
Published: August 2004

This chapter presents a basic analytical logic of community-mechanisms from a game-theoric perspective. It formulates the basic structure of an economic domain in game form, and distinguishes between exogenous rules of the game (e.g. technology, statutory law) and community norms as endogenous rules of the game. The endogenous formation of clientship or business networks that regulate exchanges in the context of initially impersonal exchange domain (random matching) is discussed. The possible roles of a community norm and structure in the transition of a rural community to contractual relationships with outsiders to the community, and those of replication of a community norm in the context of a modern industrial organization are examined.
Community Arrangements to Overcome Market Failures: Pooling Groups in Japanese Fisheries
Authors: Platteau Jean‐Philippe , Seki Erika
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the rationale and the viability of pooling arrangements in coastal fisheries in Japan. It is shown that the advantages of coordination and joint operation associated with pooling are reflected in the improved performance of the pooling group. The allocation of effort between fishing locations characterized by different risks (of net damage) and productivities is much closer to optimum in the fully pooling group than in the group where the attempt to pool has largely failed.
An Archaeology of Place
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

Over the long sweep of history it is difficult to argue that the lands around the Black Sea have been more volatile, a sense of ethnic identity more deeply felt, or questions of land, custom, and religion more divisive than in any other part of Europe or Eurasia. At times the region has been a frontier between different empires and civilizations; at other times, it has been a well-integrated part of broader European—even global—economic and political relationships. The ecology of the sea itself set the stage for long periods of interaction and exchange.
Introduction
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard
Published: August 2004

This chapter provides motivation for the modeling of seasonal time series and the use of periodic time series models. Additionally, it provides an overview of the content of the book.
Univariate periodic time series models
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard
Published: August 2004

In Chapter 3 we outline the basics of periodic models for univariate time series data. We abstain from a discussion of trending data, and assume there are no stochastic trends. We consider two types of representation of periodic models. We discuss how parameters can be estimated, how the lag structures can be determined, and we give diagnostic measures to examine if the models are properly specified. Next, we show how one can generate forecasts from periodic models. As it is of interest to see what happens when one neglects periodicity, we also dedicate a section to this topic. Finally, we discuss periodic models for the conditional second moment, that is, periodic GARCH models.
Ambrose: De Officiis
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

De officiis, by Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397), is one of the most important texts of Latin Patristic literature, and a major work of early Christian ethics. Modelled on the De officiis of Cicero, it synthesizes Stoic assumptions on virtue and expediency with biblical patterns of humility, charity, and self–denial to present Ambrose's vision of conduct appropriate for representatives of the church of Milan in the late 380s. Ambrose aspires to demonstrate that Christian values not only match but also exceed the moral standards advocated by Cicero. His purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the social triumph of the gospel in the world of the Roman Empire. This edition consists of Ambrose's Latin text and a new English translation, the first since the nineteenth century. The Introduction considers in detail such matters as the composition of the work, its intended purpose, and its combination of biblical teaching and Ciceronian Stoicism. The Commentary (Volume 2 of the set) concentrates on the structure of the work, its copious citations of Scripture and Cicero, and its historical and social context.
Title
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

The title of the work is De officiis, not, as has often been supposed, De officiis ministrorum.
Constructing an Ecclesial Community: Ambrose's Ethical Vision
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2004

By the late 380s, Ambrose had emerged, to some extent, from the struggle to assert his authority that had marked his earlier years as bishop, though he still had enemies. De officiis is intended as a moral manifesto for this social context. It contains practical advice on ‘seemly’ behaviour, including speech, body language, attitudes, and actions, and on the importance of controlling the passions through reason. There is a strong emphasis on charity and on self–denial, including sexual abstinence. It is seen as vital for the church to present a convincing appearance to a watching world.
Valuing Freedoms
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

The author examines how Amartya Sen's capability approach can be coherently—and practically—put to work in participatory poverty reduction activities so that the voices and values of the poor matter. Sen argues that economic development should expand ‘valuable’ capabilities; the author probes how what is valuable can be identified. Sen deliberately left the capability approach ‘incomplete’ in order to ensure its relevance to persons and cultures with different understandings of the good. The book has an introductory chapter, followed by 2 parts, and a brief appendix that looks at some of Sen's formalized relationships and proposes various amendments to these. Part I (4 chapters) proposes a framework for identifying valuable capabilities that retains this ‘fundamental’ incompleteness and space for individual and cultural diversity. It draws Sen's work into discussion with a number of authors and critics, especially John Finnis, in order to suggest a possible way in which the value issues may be addressed coherently, and the methodological implications worked out in a participatory manner. The author addresses foundational issues regarding the identification and pursuit of valuable dimensions of human development based in practical reason, then observes that much of the criticism of development arises from negative impacts on social or cultural/religious dimensions that are also deeply valued by the poor. Part I closes with a four‐part ‘operational definition’ of basic capability that bridges ‘basic needs’, participation, and informed consent. Part II (2 chapters) critically discusses one narrow set of methodologies (those of micro‐project evaluation) and suggests a tool for improving the evaluation of participatory projects that are consistent with the tenets of reason advanced in Part I—an alternative participatory method for systematically identifying valued changes in participants’ capability sets. Three case studies of women's income generation activities in Pakistan—goat‐rearing, adult literacy, and rose cultivation—contrast economic cost‐benefit analysis of each activity with capability analysis.