bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Allenes with Arylamines and Resulting High Chirality Transfer.
Authors: Nishina Naoko , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General Approach to the Coupling of Organoindium Reagents with Imines via Copper Catalysis.
Authors: Black Daniel A. , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct, Efficient, and Inexpensive Formation of α‐Hydroxyketones from Olefins by Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Catalyzed by the 12‐Tungstophosphoric Acid/Cetylpyridinium Chloride System.
Authors: Zhang Yanfei , Shen Zongxuan , Tang Jingting , Zhang Yan , Kong Lichun , Zhang Yawen
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Microwave Access to Polysubstituted Amidines from Imidoylbenzotriazoles.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Cai Chunming , Singh Sandeep K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Transfer Alkylation of Arylacetonitriles Revisited.
Authors: Barbasiewicz Michal , Marciniak Karolina , Fedorynski Michal
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Carbene Insertion on Polysubstituted Dihydroaromatic Compounds.
Authors: Hilt Gerhard , Galbiati Fabrizio
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cross Metathesis with Strained Exocyclic Enones: Synthesis of 3‐Alkylideneoxetan‐2‐ones from 3‐Methyleneoxetan‐2‐ones.
Authors: Raju Ravinder , Howell Amy R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of N‐Alkylated 2‐Substituted Azetidin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Gerard Stephane , Raoul Marion , Sapi Janos
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regiospecific Hydration of γ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐acetylenic Esters: A Novel Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetronic Acids.
Authors: Rajaram Amaresh R. , Pu Lin
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Difluoro‐Substituted Azomethine Ylides. Synthesis and Transformations of 2‐Fluoro‐4,5‐dihydropyrroles.
Authors: Novikov M. S. , Khlebnikov A. F. , Shevchenko M. V. , Kostikov R. R. , Vidovic D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles Based on Palladium(II) Acetate/Tri‐tert‐butylphosphine‐Catalyzed Alkynylation/Amination of 1,2‐Dihalobenzenes.
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Yu , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Tandem Michael and Nucleophilic 1,2‐Addition to Enones.
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Laha Soumi , Yadav Jagjit , Choudary B. M. , Sreedhar B.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Beller Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2,3,3a,4,7,7a‐Hexahydroisoindole‐1,3‐diones.
Authors: Da Chao‐Xi , Shou Wang‐Ge , Wang Yan‐Guang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Annulated Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles via a One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkylation/Direct Arylation Sequence.
Authors: Blaszykowski Christophe , Aktoudianakis Evangelos , Bressy Cyril , Alberico Dino , Lautens Mark
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Alternative for the N—N Bond Formation Through a PIFA‐Mediated Oxidative Cyclization and Its Application to the Synthesis of Indazol‐3‐ones.
Authors: Correa Arkaitz , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther , SanMartin Raul
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel and Expeditious Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component Reactions for the Synthesis of Spiroimidazolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Ye Ping , Sargent Katie , Stewart Ethan , Liu Ji‐Feng , Yohannes Daniel , Yu Libing
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Synthesis of Assemblies of Imidazolidine Rings by α‐Ureidoalkylation of Imidazolidin‐2‐one with 4,5‐Dihydroxyimidazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Sigachev Andrey S. , Kravchenko Angelina N. , Maksareva Elena Yu. , Lozhkin Boris V. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Makhova Nina N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Efficient Sulfur‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Primary Amines and β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Peng Xingao , Li Fuwei , Xia Chungu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐ and Aminocarbonyl‐Substituted Isoxazoles as Masked Acrylates and Acrylamides in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Δ2‐Isoxazolines.
Authors: Lee Connie K. Y. , Herlt Anthony J. , Simpson Gregory W. , Willis Anthony C. , Easton Christopher J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potassium Carbonate Catalyzed Reactions of Salicylic Aldehydes with Allenic Ketones and Esters: An Effective Way to Synthesize Functionalized 2H‐Chromenes.
Authors: Shi Min , Dai Lun‐Zhi , Shi Yong‐Ling , Zhao Gui‐Ling
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐(Aminoalkylamino)‐3‐benzimidazole‐quinolinones as Potent CHK‐1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Ni Zhi‐Jie , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by Reductive Cyclization of Pyridinium Salts (I).
Authors: Begunov Roman S. , Ryzvanovich Galina A. , Nozdracheva Ol'ga I.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From the Particular Reactivity of 8‐Iodoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Towards Copper‐ and Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminations.
Authors: Kazock Jean‐Yves , Thery Isabelle , Chezal Jean‐Michel , Chavignon Olivier , Teulade Jean‐Claude , Gueiffier Alain , Enguehard‐Gueiffier Cecile
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold‐Catalyzed C‐3‐Alkylation of 7‐Azaindoles Through Michael‐Type Addition to α,β‐Enones.
Authors: Alfonsi Maria , Arcadi Antonio , Bianchi Gabriele , Marinelli Fabio , Nardini Antonella
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Step Synthetic Approach to 6‐Substituted Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine(1H,3H)‐2,4‐diones from 6‐Amino‐, 6‐Alkylamino‐, and 6‐Arylamino‐1,3‐dimethyluracils.
Authors: Bischoff Kerstin , Girreser Ulrich , Heber Dieter , Schuett Martin
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Substituent Effect of 2,3‐Dicyanopyrazine Dyes on Solid‐Sate Fluorescence.
Authors: Horiguchi Emi , Matsumoto Shinya , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Benzazepinones via Intramolecular Hydroamidation of Acetylenes.
Authors: Yu Ying , Stephenson Gregory A. , Mitchell David
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Carbon Ring Enlargement of Five‐, Six‐, and Seven‐Membered 1‐Aza‐2‐vinylcycloalk‐2‐enes with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and Subsequent Thermal Isomerization Reactions.
Authors: Maas Gerhard , Reinhard Robert , Herz Hans‐Georg
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantiomerically Pure 1,4‐Benzodiazepine‐2,5‐diones as Hdm2 Antagonists.
Authors: Marugan Juan Jose , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemical Behaviors of Tetraphenyldiphosphine in the Presence of Alkynes.
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Nagata Shoko , Shirai Takamune , Tsuchii Kaname , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Preparation of Amidophosphonates from Isocyanides.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Hadrot Simon
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reaction of Hex‐1‐yne with 2,2,2‐Trichlorobenzo[d]‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphole.
Authors: Nemtarev Andrey V. , Varaksina Elena N. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Musin Rashid Z. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bromination of Benzo[e]‐1,2‐oxaphosphorinine Derivatives.
Authors: Varaksina Elena N. , Mezentsev Sergey A. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Dialkyl 5‐Acetyl‐3‐oxo‐3‐ (triphenylphosphoranylidene)tetrahydrofuran‐4,5‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Mohtat Bita , Zare Hasan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)‐Paeonilide (I) and Confirmation of Its Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Wang Chenying , Zhang Hongbin , Liu Jikai , Ji Yanhua , Shao Zhihui , Li Liang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Double α‐Ketol Rearrangement of (1S,2R,4R)‐2‐Acetyl‐1‐vinyl‐2‐hydroxy‐7,7‐dimethylbicyclo [2.2.1]heptane.
Authors: Vostrikov Nikolay S. , Vasikov Vener Z. , Akulova Larisa V. , Miftakhov Mansur S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies Directed Toward the Proposed Structure for Heteroscyphic Acid A.
Authors: Chaudhury Subhabrata , Li Shukun , Donaldson William A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Fe—Ni—Ti (Aluminum—Iron—Nickel—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bicyclic Nucleosides as Inhibitors of M. tuberculosis Thymidylate Kinase
Authors: Van Daele Ineke , Munier‐Lehmann Hélène , Hendrickx Pieter M. S. , Marchal Gilles , Chavarot Pierre , Froeyen Matheus , Qing Li , Martins José C. , Van Calenbergh Serge
Published: August 2006

Herein we describe the synthesis and conformational analysis of a series of bicyclic thymidine derivatives and their evaluation as inhibitors of thymidine monophosphate kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TMPKmt), based on previously discovered bicyclic sugar nucleosides. With a Ki value of 2.3 μm, 1‐[3‐aminomethyl‐3,5‐dideoxy‐2‐O,6‐N‐(thiocarbonyl)‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl]thymine emerged as the most potent TMPK inhibitor of this series. Moreover, this promising compound displays inhibitory potency against Mycobacteria cultures with an IC99 value of 100 μg mL−1, thus promoting TMPKmt for the first time as a validated target for further inhibitory design. Attempts to rationalise the observed structure–activity relationship (SAR) involving molecular modelling and conformational analysis are described.
Phylogeny of a serotonin‐immunoreactive neuron in the primary olfactory center of the insect brain
Authors: Dacks Andrew M. , Christensen Thomas A. , Hildebrand John G.
Published: August 2006

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) functions in insects as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurohormone. In the sphinx moth Manduca sexta, each of the paired antennal lobes (ALs; the primary olfactory centers in the insect brain) has one 5HT‐immunoreactive (5HT‐ir) neuron that projects into the protocerebrum, crosses the posterior midline, and innervates the contralateral AL; this is referred to as the contralaterally projecting, serotonin‐immunoreactive deutocerebral (CSD) neuron. These neurons are thought to function as centrifugal modulators of olfactory sensitivity. To examine the phylogenetic distribution of 5HT‐ir neurons apparently homologous to the CSD neuron, we imaged 5HT‐like immunoreactivity in the brains of 40 species of insects belonging to 38 families in nine orders. CSD neurons were found in other Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera but not in the Hymenoptera. In the paraneopteran and polyneopteran species (insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis) examined, AL 5HT neurons innervate the ispsilateral AL and project to the protocerebrum. Our findings suggest that the characteristic morphology of the CSD neurons originated in the holometabolous insects (those that undergo complete metamorphosis) and were lost in the Hymenoptera. In a subset of the Diptera, the CSD neurons branch within the contralateral AL and project back to the ipsilateral AL via the antennal commissure. The evolution of AL 5HT neurons is discussed in the context of the physiological actions of 5HT observed in the lepidopteran AL. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:727–746, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular distribution of M2 muscarinic receptors in relation to dopaminergic neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area
Authors: Garzón Miguel , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: August 2006

Acetylcholine can affect cognitive functions and reward, in part, through activation of muscarinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to evoke changes in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic transmission. Among the known muscarinic receptor subtypes present in the VTA, the M2 receptor (M2R) is most implicated in autoregulation and also may play a heteroreceptor role in regulation of the output of the dopaminergic neurons. We sought to determine the functionally relevant sites for M2R activation in relation to VTA dopaminergic neurons by examining the electron microscopic immunolabeling of M2R and the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the VTA of rat brain. The M2R was localized to endomembranes in DAT‐containing somatodendritic profiles but showed a more prominent, size‐dependent plasmalemmal location in nondopaminergic dendrites. M2R also was located on the plasma membrane of morphologically heterogenous axon terminals contacting unlabeled as well as M2R‐ or DAT‐labeled dendrites. Some of these terminals formed asymmetric synapses resembling those of cholinergic terminals in the VTA. The majority, however, formed symmetric, inhibitory‐type synapses or were apposed without recognized junctions. Our results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that the M2R is expressed, but largely not available for local activation, on the plasma membrane of VTA dopaminergic neurons. Instead, the M2R in this region has a distribution suggesting more indirect regulation of mesocorticolimbic transmission through autoregulation of acetylcholine release and changes in the physiological activity or release of other, largely inhibitory transmitters. These findings could have implications for understanding the muscarinic control of cognitive and goal‐directed behaviors within the VTA. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:821–839, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroblast protuberances in the subventricular zone of the regenerative MRL/MpJ mouse
Authors: Baker Kasey L. , Daniels Stephen B. , Lennington Jessica B. , Lardaro Thomas , Czap Alexandra , Notti Ryan Q. , Cooper Oliver , Isacson Ole , Frasca Salvatore , Conover Joanne C.
Published: August 2006

The MRL mouse is unique in its capacity for regenerative healing of wounds. This regenerative ability includes complete closure, with little scarring, of wounds to the ear pinna and repair of cardiac muscle, without fibrosis, following cryoinjury. Here, we examine whether neurogenic zones within the MRL brain show enhanced regenerative capacity. The largest neurogenic zone in the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ), lies adjacent to the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and is responsible for replacement of interneuron populations within the olfactory bulb. Initial gross observation of the anterior forebrain in MRL mice revealed enlarged lateral ventricles; however, little neurodegeneration was detected within the SVZ or surrounding tissues. Instead, increased proliferation within the SVZ was observed, based on incorporation of the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine. Closer examination using electron microscopy revealed that a significant number of SVZ astrocytes interpolated within the ependyma and established contact with the ventricle. In addition, subependymal, protuberant nests of cells, consisting primarily of neuroblasts, were found along the anterior SVZ of MRL mice. Whole mounts of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle stained for the neuroblast marker doublecortin revealed normal formation of chains of migratory neuroblasts along the entire wall and introduction of enhanced green fluorescent protein‐tagged retrovirus into the lateral ventricles confirmed that newly generated neuroblasts were able to track into the olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:747–761, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of Multiwafer Warm‐Wall Planetary VPE Reactors for SiC Device Production
Authors: Burk A. A.
Published: August 2006

The development of SiC vapor phase epitaxial (VPE) growth for advanced SiC device production is reviewed with an emphasis on multiwafer reactors. Initially SiC epitaxial growth was performed in small homemade reactors on tiny, several millimeter on a side SiC crystals. While interest in SiC has its origins in the late 1950s, along side the elemental semiconductors Si and Ge, its technological development has been delayed by the extreme temperatures (∼1600 °C) required to grow SiC epitaxial layers, the late development of suitable substrates, and the various polytypes that can form. In large part these challenges have now been overcome. The most recent SiC epitaxial layer growth results, including those from the highest reported throughput, 8 × 100 mm, warm‐wall planetary SiC‐VPE reactor, are presented in detail. The growth of device‐quality SiC epitaxial layers with low background doping concentrations <1 × 1014cm–3, and intentional p‐ and n‐type doping from ∼1 × 1015 cm–3to >1 × 1019cm—3will be described. These layers have intrawafer thickness and n‐type doping uniformity (σ/mean) of ∼2 % and ∼8 %. The total range of the average intrawafer thickness and doping within a run are approximately ±1 % and ±6 %, respectively. Long term run‐to‐run variations (σ/mean) while under process control are currently ∼3 % for thickness and ∼5 % for doping. Multiwafer SiC epitaxial layer throughput has been increased by over a factor of twenty in just the past seven years while achieving these desirable layer characteristics. This new epitaxial capability is enabling the economical production of advanced SiC devices for the marketplace.
CVD Growth of 3C‐SiC on 4H/6H Mesas
Authors: Neudeck P. G. , Trunek A. J. , Spry D. J. , Powell J. A. , Du H. , Skowronski M. , Huang X. R. , Dudley M.
Published: August 2006

This article describes growth and characterization of the highest quality reproducible 3C‐SiC heteroepitaxial films ever reported. By properly nucleating 3C‐SiC growth on top of perfectly on‐axis (0001) 4H‐SiC mesa surfaces completely free of atomic scale steps and extended defects, growth of 3C‐SiC mesa heterofilms completely free of extended crystal defects can be achieved. In contrast, nucleation and growth of 3C‐SiC mesa heterofilms on top of 4H‐SiC mesas with atomic‐scale steps always results in numerous observable dislocations threading through the 3C‐SiC epilayer. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) and high resolution cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (HRXTEM) measurements indicate non‐trivial, in‐plane, lattice mismatch between the 3C and 4H layers. This mismatch is somewhat relieved in the step‐free mesa case via misfit dislocations confined to the 3C/4H interfacial region without dislocations threading into the overlying 3C‐SiC layer. These results indicate that the presence or absence of steps at the 3C/4H heteroepitaxial interface critically impacts the quality, defect structure, and relaxation mechanisms of single‐crystal heteroepitaxial 3C‐SiC films.
Strain Tailoring in 3C‐SiC Heteroepitaxial Layers Grown on Si(100)
Authors: Ferro G. , Chassagne T. , Leycuras A. , Cauwet F. , Monteil Y.
Published: August 2006

Due to the large differences in lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients, the heteroepitaxial growth of 3C–SiC on Si mainly results in highly defective layers on strongly bent wafers. The defects may not be detrimental for very basic applications, but the bow is. In this article, we review several attempts to reduce the final curvature after epitaxial growth of 3C‐SiC. One is the use of the “checkerboard” carbonization process which creates a macroscopic balance of the stress by the formation of a regular network of compressed and tensed areas. Another approach proposes to create, in situ, a random patchwork of tensed and compressed areas during the carbonization step. The other attempts use substrates other than standard Si, namely silicon on insulator and Si–Ge substrates for compliance effect and closer thermal expansion mismatch with SiC, respectively. All techniques provoke a significant reduction of the strain in the deposited 3C‐SiC layers.
Effect of Reduced Pressure on 3C‐SiC Heteroepitaxial Growth on Si by CVD
Authors: Ishida Y. , Takahashi T. , Okumura H. , Arai K. , Yoshida S.
Published: August 2006

The difference between atmospheric pressure (AP)CVD and low pressure (LP)CVD in 3C‐SiC heteroepitaxial growth on Si(001) surfaces has been investigated. It is found that the difference in the growth mode results in a difference in the secondary nucleation rate. It is suggested that the increase of the secondary nucleation rate causes 2D island growth on {111} faces, and that these 2D islands play an important role in the process of elimination of planar defects. A simulation of the homogeneous chemical reaction in the gas phase suggests that the origin of the difference in the secondary nucleation rate can be attributed to the difference in the mole fraction of atomic hydrogen.
4H SiC Epitaxial Growth with Chlorine Addition
Authors: La Via F. , Galvagno G. , Foti G. , Mauceri M. , Leone S. , Pistone G. , Abbondanza G. , Veneroni A. , Masi M. , Valente G. L. , Crippa D.
Published: August 2006

The growth rate of a 4H‐SiC epitaxial layer has been increased by a factor of 19 (up to 112 μm h–1) with respect to the standard process, with the introduction of HCl in the deposition chamber. The epitaxial layers grown with the addition of HCl has been characterized by electrical, optical, and structural characterization methods. The effects of various deposition parameters on the epitaxial growth process have been described, and an explanation of this behavior in terms of the diffusion coefficient on the surface, Ds, and the ratio between the characteristic times, τD:τG, has been provided. The diodes, manufactured on the epitaxial layer grown with the addition of HCl at 1600 °C, have electrical characteristics comparable with the standard epitaxial process. This process is very promising for high‐power devices with a breakdown voltage of 10 kV.
Fabrication and Characterization of 3C‐SiC‐Based MOSFETs
Authors: Schöner A. , Krieger M. , Pensl G. , Abe M. , Nagasawa H.
Published: August 2006

In this article, the electrical properties of 3C‐SiC are described and its potential for metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) is demonstrated. The density of traps, DIT, at the interface of 3C‐SiC/SiO2 capacitors is determined by the conductance method subsequent to various processing steps; the origin of the interface traps is discussed. Lateral and vertical 3C‐SiC MOSFET devices of varying cell and device size are designed with hexagonal and squared cell geometry, and are fabricated side by side with MOS Hall bar structures. The electrical parameters of the MOSFETs are determined, and the free electron areal density and Hall mobility are measured in the channel of the MOS Hall bar structures. Based on the charge‐sheet model, DIT is also obtained from the Hall investigations.
Gas‐Phase and Surface Kinetics of Epitaxial Silicon Carbide Growth Involving Chlorine‐Containing Species
Authors: Veneroni A. , Masi M.
Published: August 2006

A detailed chemical mechanism for the silicon carbide epitaxial growth using light hydrocarbons, silane, and either chlorosilanes and/or HCl as the chlorine source is presented. The mechanism involves 153 gas‐phase and 76 surface reactions among 47 gas‐phase and 9 surface species, respectively. A comparison with the performances of the standard process using silane‐hydrocarbons is presented, and the observed growth rate increase and the disappearing of the homogeneous silicon droplets in gas phase is explained.
Growth and Doping Modeling of SiC‐CVD in a Horizontal Hot‐Wall Reactor
Authors: Nishizawa S. , Pons M.
Published: August 2006

Modeling and simulation of the SiC epitaxial growth, and doping in a horizontal hot‐wall reactor from common precursors (SiH4; C3H8 diluted in H2 for growth; N2 and Al(CH3)3 for n‐type and p‐type doping) are presented. The growth and doping features of SiC thin layers on both Si‐terminated and C‐terminated surfaces are analyzed as a function of various inlet source gas conditions, i.e., various C/Si ratios. The role of the actual surface mass fluxes of both Si‐containing and C‐containing species and their ratio is analyzed and compared to the inlet experimental parameters. It is demonstrated that the doping level resulting from lattice site competition effects can be quantified by the actual C/Si ratio calculated above the growing surface. Moreover, the surface morphology of the epitaxial layer is explained on the basis of the mass fluxes at the growing surface.
Application of LTPL Investigation Methods to CVD‐Grown SiC
Authors: Camassel J. , Juillaguet S. , Zielinski M. , Balloud C.
Published: August 2006

We review in detail the few (simple) theoretical equations that rule all near‐equilibrium recombination processes in semiconductors with direct or indirect bandgaps. In the case of 4H‐SiC, we discuss their physical significance and show the corresponding limits. Next, we discuss the effect of residual doping in 3C‐SiC and show that, from typical low‐temperature photoluminescence (LTPL) data, very simple estimates of the doping level can be made. Finally, we focus on aluminum doping in 4H‐SiC. Performing a systematic comparison of LTPL spectra with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and/or capacitance‐voltage measurements, we show that a reasonably good value of the residual (or intentional) doping level can be obtained from simple optical measurements. An interesting point is that, in many cases, the use of such optical techniques offers the non‐negligible advantage to allow detection beyond the SIMS limit.
Editorial: Silicon Carbide CVD for Electronic Device Applications
Authors: Wellmann P. , Pons M.
Published: August 2006

Silicon carbide CVD for device applications is the topic of this Special Issue of Chemical Vapor Deposition. In this introduction, Guest Editors Michel Pons and Peter Wellman give an overview of the current technologies for SiC thin‐film growth with adjacent contributions on layer characterization, and comment on the challenges ahead.
A European interlaboratory testing of three well‐known procedures for immunocytochemical detection of epithelial cells in bone marrow. Results from analysis of normal bone marrow
Authors: Borgen E. , Pantel K. , Schlimok G. , Müller P. , Otte M. , Renolen A. , Ehnle S. , Coith C. , Nesland J. M. , Naume B.
Published: August 2006

Background:

This investigation intended to study the unspecific background to be expected in normal bone marrow (BM), comparing three well recognized protocols for immunocytochemical detection of disseminated carcinoma cells. The interlaboratory variation in screening and evaluation of stained cells was analyzed and different screening methods were compared.

Methods:

BM mononuclear cells (BM MNC) from 48 normal BMs were immunostained in parallel by three participating laboratories. The protocols, based on three different anti‐cytokeratin antibodies, have all been in common use for detection of disseminated carcinoma cells: the A45‐B/B3 protocol (Hamburg), the CK2 protocol (Augsburg) and the AE1AE3 protocol (Oslo). For all protocols, the immunostained cells were visualized by the same alkaline‐phosphatase (AP) detection system (APAAP) followed by detection of the cells by manual screening and by two different automated screening systems (ACIS from Chromavision and MDS1 from Applied Imaging). Detected AP‐visualized cells were morphologically classified into unambiguous hematopoietic (Uhc) and questionable cells (Qc, potentially interpreted as tumor cells).

Results:

Seven of 48 BMs (15%) harbored ≥1 AP‐visualized cell(s) among 1 × 106 BM MNC, both for the A45‐B/B3‐ and for the AE1AE3 protocol, while for CK2 a higher proportion of BMs (21 BMs; 44%) harbored AP‐visualized cells (P < 0.01, McNemar's test). The number of Qc was, for all protocols, 1 log lower than the total number of AP‐visualized cells. On average, the frequency of Qc was 0.04, 0.08, and 0.02 per 106 BM MNC with A45‐B/B3, CK2 and AE1AE3, respectively, and the number of Qc‐positive BMs 1, 4, and 1. The MDS1 screening sensitivity was similar to manual screening, while ACIS detected fewer cells (P < 0.001, McNemar's test).

Conclusions:

All protocols resulted in AP‐visualization of occasional hematopoietic cells. However, morphological classification brings the specificity to a satisfactory high level. Approximately 10% of AP‐visualized cells were categorized “questionable”. The CK2 protocol turned out less specific than the A45‐B/B3 and AE1AE3 protocols. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
Decoupled parallel hierarchical matching schedulers
Authors: González‐Castaño F. J. , López‐Bravo C. , Rodelgo‐Lacruz M. , Asorey‐Cacheda R.
Published: August 2006

The load balanced Birkhoff–von Neumann switch is an elegant VOQ architecture with two outstanding characteristics: (i) it has a computational cost ofO(1) iterations and (ii) input controllers do not exchange information (as a result, it allows decoupled implementations with a low power density). The load balancing stage guarantees stability under a broad class of traffic patterns. It may alter packet sequence, but this can be solved with appropriate packet selection strategies.

The average packet delay caused by previous maximal size matching algorithms, such as iSLIP, RDSRR, or PHM is noticeably lower than that of a Birkhoff–von Neumann switch, especially for low and medium loads. However, they need tightly coupled VOQ controllers, which implies higher power density. For example, this makes difficult to apply those algorithms to optical switching architectures. Moreover, they requireO(log2N) iterations to converge, and this computational cost may be unacceptable for the slot lengths in optical packet switches.

In this paper, we propose a family of decoupled Parallel Hierarchical Matching (PHM) VOQ controllers (DPHM). They outperform the Birkhoff–von Neumann scheduler, which can be viewed as a member of the family (in fact, the simplest one). DPHM schedulers have a computational cost ofO(1) iterations and, unlike last generation maximal size matching algorithms, they allow a low input controller interconnection complexity (low power density switch implementation). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchronization among neighbouring RNCs in a TD‐CDMA mobile network
Authors: Huang Yin‐Fu , Lee Ming‐Fei
Published: August 2006

In the paper, we use zone concepts, and also consider multiple‐bunch in a TD‐CDMA mobile network. In the multiple‐bunch environment, we need a synchronization mechanism to avoid inter‐RNC interferences. Here, we use anInformed‐ofmessage to transmit local resource allocation results to other neighbouring RNCs through a high‐speed network. Thus, inter‐RNC interferences can be avoided and the global resource allocation can be made with the message passing. Within the resource allocation algorithm, we also findmaximal compatible cliquesto achieve the best resource utilization, using the graph algorithm finding maximal cliques in graph theory. Through the simulation, we found that the SRU classification usingConservativestrategy matching the SRU allocation usingAggressivestrategy has the best performance among all combinations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor‐ferritin index in anemia of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Margetic Sandra , Topic Elizabeta , Tesija‐Kuna Andrea , Vukasovic Ines
Published: August 2006

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the value of the soluble serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and the transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (sTfR/logF) as new markers of iron status in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease (ACKD) both treated and not treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy.

Materials and Methods

The study included 53 patients and 61 controls. The concentration of sTfR was determined by an immunoturbidimetric assay. Values for the sTfR/logF index were calculated as the ratio of sTfR to logarithm ferritin level.

Results

The results showed iron‐depleted patients had significantly higher median sTfR and sTfR/logF values (sTfR: 1.75 and 1.40 mg/L; sTfR/logF: 0.99 and 0.77) relative to those of iron‐repleted patients (sTfR: 1.07 and 0.73 mg/L; sTfR/logF: 0.39 and 0.26) in ACKD patients—both those treated and those not treated with rHuEPO. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a higher diagnostic accuracy of the sTfR/logF index (area under curve [AUC]=0.970) versus sTfR concentration (AUC=0.890) in the assessment of the iron status of ACKD patients. The tested parameters showed no significant differences according to C‐reactive protein concentration (p=0.108 and 0.147), in contrast to serum ferritin concentration (p=0.045).

Conclusion

The study results showed the tested parameters to be reliable in the assessment of the iron status of patients with ACKD, with a higher discriminating power of the sTfR/logF index versus the sTfR. It is expected that combined measurements of ferritin and sTfR concentrations with sTfR/logF index calculation could improve diagnostic reliability for accurate evaluation of the iron status of patients with ACKD, particularly those with concomitant inflammatory or infective conditions.
Dialysis facility design—part I: Developing a strategic and financial plan
Authors: Bower Steven B.
Published: August 2006

Developing a dialysis clinic is a multistep process that must be approached methodically and with focused attention to project needs and requirements. This article is the first installment in a series of four articles that will outline a plan of action for the development and design needs of a dialysis clinic—whether you're developing a clinic from the ground up or outfitting and upgrading an existing unit. This installment focuses on the first steps involved in developing a plan of action for new facility construction, including determining staffing and space needs and financial options, and navigating contract options for assembling a team.
High glucose activates pituitary proopiomelanocortin gene expression: possible role of free radical‐sensitive transcription factors
Authors: Asaba Koichi , Iwasaki Yasumasa , Asai Masato , Yoshida Masanori , Nigawara Takeshi , Kambayashi Machiko , Hashimoto Kozo
Published: August 2006

Background

Hyperglycemia is recognized as a metabolic stress, and indeed it is known to stimulate hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, a representative anti‐stress system, in patients with diabetes mellitus or in animal models of hyperglycemia. Thus, we tried to clarify the molecular mechanism of glucose‐induced HPA axis activation.

Methods

We studied the effect of high glucose on the transcriptional regulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that encodes adrenocorticotropic hormone, a central mediator of HPA axis, using AtT20 corticotroph cell line in vitro.

Results

We found that high glucose concentration (24 mM) significantly stimulated the 5′‐promoter activity of POMC gene. The effect was promoter‐specific, and was mimicked by nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB)‐ or AP1‐responsive promoters but not by cAMP‐responsive element or serum‐response element‐containing promoters. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of high glucose on POMC gene was eliminated by NF‐κB and AP1 inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of the transcriptional factors. The POMC 5′‐promoter has the canonical NF‐κB consensus sequence, and gel shift assay showed the binding of NF‐κB to the element. Finally, the effect of high glucose was completely abolished by treatment with a radical quencher 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPOL).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that hyperglycemia activates POMC gene expression, at least partly, via NF‐κB/AP1, and that high‐glucose‐induced free radical generation may mediate the activation of these transcription factors, which in turn stimulates the transcription of POMC gene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NeuroD and reaggregation induce β‐cell specific gene expression in cultured hepatocytes
Authors: Yatoh Shigeru , Akashi Tomoyuki , Chan Phillip P. , Kaneto Hideaki , Sharma Arun , Bonner‐Weir Susan , Weir Gordon C
Published: August 2006

Background

Our goal was to convert adult mouse hepatocytes to pancreatic β‐cells.

Methods and Results

To facilitate conversion, cultured primary hepatocytes were dedifferentiated by the removal of dexamethasone (Dex) from the culture media. Removal of Dex caused detachment of hepatocytes from the culture dish, but the addition of betacellulin prevented this from happening. With the combination of lack of Dex and addition of betacellulin, albumin mRNA levels decreased. Cultured hepatocytes had a faint expression of insulin 2 mRNA, Nkx 6.1 and Pax 6 mRNA. Dedifferentiated hepatocytes were transduced with adenoviruses expressing NeuroD1, Ngn 3, or Pax 4. NeuroD1 transduction increased the insulin 2 mRNA but caused detachment of cells. However, when hepatocytes were allowed to reaggregate for 4 and 6 days in hydrophobic plates after transduction with NeuroD1, further increases of insulin 2 mRNA were found along with induction of PDX‐1, IAPP, NeuroD1, Ngn3, Pax 4, Isl‐1, PC1, PC2 and islet glucokinase. Additionally, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin expression were induced, but neither elastase 1 nor insulin 1 mRNA could be detected. Ngn 3 and Pax 4 had effects similar to NeuroD1, but did not increase insulin 2 mRNA as much as NeuroD1.

Conclusion

We conclude that the combination of NeuroD1 and reaggregation promotes cultured dedifferentiated hepatocytes to differentiate towards a pancreatic β‐cell phenotype. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifunctional Materials Based on the Photochromic Cation [RuNO(NH3)5]3+ with Paramagnetic Metal Complex Anions
Authors: Kushch Lyudmila A. , Kurochkina Lyudmila S. , Yagubskii Eduard B. , Shilov Gennadii V. , Aldoshin Sergei M. , Emel’yanov Vyacheslav A. , Shvachko Yurii N. , Mironov Vladimir S. , Schaniel Dominik , Woike Theo , Carbonera Chiara , Mathonière Corine
Published: August 2006

The synthesis of a series of compounds containing the photochromic mononitrosyl cation, [RuNO(NH3)5]3+ and metal complex paramagnetic anions [M(CN)6]3– [M = Cr (1), Fe(2)], [M(ox)3]3– [M = Cr(3), Fe(4)] and [CrNO(CN)5]3– (5) is reported. The crystal structures of the salts 1 and 3 are discussed. In contrast to 1 and 3 which exhibit reversible photochromic properties, illumination of 2 and 4 results in an irreversible photochemical reaction and compound 5 is not photochromic at all. The magnetic properties of 1 and 3 have been investigated and complex 1 shows a weak reversible increase in the value of χMT under light irradiation at low temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New Coordination Modes of Substituted Benzohydroxamic Acid with Dialkyltin(IV): Structural Diversity through Ligand Isomerization
Authors: Shang Xian‐mei , Wu Ji‐zhou , Li Qing‐shan
Published: August 2006

When R2SnCl2 (R = Me, nBu) reacted with substituted benzohydroxamic acid (substituent = 4‐F; 2,4‐Cl2; 2,5‐F2) and potassium hydroxide in aqueous methanol solution, two types of condensation products could be obtained, depending on the molar ratio R2SnCl2/RCONHOH/KOH. When a 1:1:2 molar ratio was used, 1:1 alkyltin hydroxamates {(n‐C4H9)2Sn[4‐FC6H4C(O)NO]}n (1) and {(CH3)2Sn[2,5‐F2C6H3C(O)NO]}n (2) were formed. When a 1:2:2 ratio was used, another two unexpected 2:3 alkyltin hydroxamates, {(CH3)4Sn2[(2,4‐Cl2C6H3C(O)NHO)2][2,4‐Cl2C6H3C(O)NO]}n (3) and {(n‐C4H9)4Sn2[(4‐FC6H4C(O)NHO)2][4‐FC6H4C(O)NO]}n (4), were obtained. All these complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectra and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results indicated overall (Z)‐iminol coordination mode in the hydroximic tautomeric form for 1 and 2, and keto‐iminol mixed‐coordination mode including both in (Z)‐hydroxamic and ‐hydroximic tautomeric forms for 3 and 4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Tetrathiafulvalene‐Type Electron Donors Bearing Two Pyridine Groups
Authors: Benbellat Noura , Le Gal Yann , Golhen Stéphane , Gouasmia Abdelkrim , Ouahab Lahcène , Fabre Jean‐Marc
Published: August 2006

The syntheses of seven new tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives substituted by two pyridine groups and their characterization by the usual methods are described. Cyclic voltammetry of all the compounds showed two one‐electron reversible waves with redox potentials comparable to other pyridine‐substituted TTF molecules. X‐ray crystal structures were solved for five compounds. In all the molecular structures the pyridine groups lie out of the central TTF plane but are located on the same side of that plane.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pd‐Catalysed Domino Arylation/CH Activation for the Synthesis of Acenaphthylenes
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Lotz Florian
Published: August 2006

The palladium‐catalysed domino cyclisation of the aryl bromides 4, containing an alkyne and a bromonaphthyl moiety, leads to tetracycles of type 5 in good yields. The substrates 4 are easily accessible by addition of the corresponding lithiated alkynes 7 to the aldehyde 6. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)