bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I/D Polymorphism Gene ACE and Risk of Preeclampsia in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dmitrenko O. P. , Karpova N. S. , Nurbekov M. K. , Papysheva O. V.
Published: December 2020

Preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are the most common complications of pregnancy, which result in adverse outcomes for the mother and the fetus. GDM is regarded as a separate independent risk factor for PE development, as evidenced by a higher preeclampsia rate in gestational diabetes mellitus than in the general population. The role the endothelial cell dysfunction plays is considered to be the most reasonable one in the origin of these diseases. The activity of plasma and tissue angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is believed to be genetically controlled. The available data suggests that increased ACE activity due to deletion (D)/insertion (I) in the 16th intron of ACE gene, which is called ACE gene I/D polymorphism, is associated with preeclampsia and varies depending on the studied population and the geography. We did not find any literature data that estimates the influence of ACE gene I/D polymorphism on PE rate in pregnant women with GDM. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate a relationship between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and preeclampsia development in the case of GDM in the Russian population. The study used the genomic DNA derived by phenol-chloroform extraction method from venous blood samples in 137 pregnant women, including samples of 74 women with GDM accompanied with PE and the blood samples of 63 women with GDM w/o preeclampsia. Genotyping of insertion/deletion in the I/D region (16 intron of АСЕ gene) was conducted by real-time PCR using the TaqMan competing probe technology. The particular features in the frequency array of alleles and genotypes of the ACE gen I/D polymorphism under review, as associated with preeclampsia development risk in pregnant women with GDM, were identified. The acquired data testify to the need to further study of ACE gene I/D region polymorphism association in a large patient sample taking into account the PE and GDM risk factors estimated in the clinical practice.
Low-Vacuum Quadrupole Mass Filter Using a Drift Gas
Authors: Jiang Peihe , Zhao Zhanfeng
Published: December 2020

Performing mass spectrometry in a low-vacuum environment can markedly reduce the cost, size, and power consumption of instrumentation by reducing the workload of the pumping system. Under a low-vacuum environment, ions in a quadrupole mass filter do not have sufficient kinetic energy in the axial direction to reach the detector for mass analysis. To resolve this problem and develop a mass spectrometer suitable for a low-vacuum environment, a mass analysis method is proposed where a drift gas is used to supply energy to the ions. A simulation model was constructed in COMSOL Multiphysics, and a simple experimental device was built to validate the proposed method. The simulation results showed that this method effectively solves these problems, and the obtained spectral peak was superior to that without drift gas flow regarding spectral peak intensity and width. The experimental results showed that the proposed method separated ions with different mass-to-charge ratios at a pressure of 20 Pa. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the development of low-vacuum mass spectrometry, which will promote portability, provide a lower threshold of use, and expand the fields of application for mass spectrometers.
Development of a Pin Diode-Based Beam-Switching Single-Layer Reflectarray Antenna
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Inam , Ismail Muhammad Yusof , Kamarudin Muhammad Ramlee
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a practical demonstration for the design and development of a switchable planar reflectarray using PIN diodes in the X-band frequency range. Waveguide scattering parameter measurements for the unit cells and far-field measurements of the periodic reflectarrays have been carried out to verify the predicted results. Reflectarray unit cell measurements demonstrated a frequency tunability of 0.36 GHz with a dynamic phase range of 226°. On the other hand, the designed 6 × 6 periodic reflectarray has been shown to achieve beam switching from +6° to −6° with different switching states of PIN diodes. This type of beam switching can be used in satellite communication for specific region coverage.
A Simple RFLP‐Based Method for HFE Gene Multiplex Amplification and Determination of Hereditary Hemochromatosis‐Causing Mutation C282Y and H63D Variant with Highly Sensitive Determination of Contamination
Authors: OGOUMA-AWORET Ludmilla , RABES Jean-Pierre , de MAZANCOURT Philippe
Published: December 2020

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with incomplete penetrance that results from excess iron absorption and can lead to chronic liver disease, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The most common form of hereditary hemochromatosis in Western Europe is due to a homozygous mutation (p.(Cys282Tyr) or C282Y), in the HFE gene which encodes hereditary haemochromatosis protein. In the general European population, the frequency of the homozygous genotype is 0.4%, and this mutation explains up to 95% of hereditary hemochromatosis in France. We report here an improved PCR and restriction endonuclease assay based on multiplex amplification of HFE exon 4 (for C282Y detection), HFE exon 2 (for H63D detection), FZD1 gene (for digestion controls), and two Short Tandem Repeats (SE33 and FGA) for identity monitoring and contamination tracking. Fluorescent primers allow capillary electrophoresis, accurate allele tagging, and sensitive contamination detection.
Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Image-Guided Pleural Biopsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mei Federico , Bonifazi Martina , Rota Matteo , Cirilli Laura , Grilli Martina , Duranti Claudia , Zuccatosta Lina , Bedawi Eihab O. , McCracken David , Gasparini Stefano , Rahman Najib M.
Published: December 2020

Background: Diagnostic yield (DY) and safety of computed tomography (CT)- and thoracic ultrasound (TUS)-guided biopsies in the diagnosis of pleural lesions have been investigated in a number of studies, but no synthesis of data from the literature has ever been performed. Objectives: We aimed to provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the DY and safety of CT- versus TUS-guided biopsy in the diagnosis of pleural lesions. Method: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for all studies reporting outcomes of interest published up to April 2018. Two authors reviewed all titles/abstracts and retrieved selected full text to identify studies according to predefined selection criteria. Summary estimates were derived using the random-effects model. Cumulative meta-analysis assessed the influence of increasing adoption of the procedures over time. Results: Thirty original studies were included in the present review; the number of studies on TUS-guided biopsy was almost three-fold higher than those on CT-guided biopsy. The pooled DYs of the 2 procedures were overall excellent and differed <10%, being 84% for TUS-guided biopsy and 93% for CT-guided biopsy. Safety profiles were reassuring for both the techniques, being 7 and 3% for CT- and TUS-guided biopsy, respectively. DY of ultrasound technique significantly improved over time, while no time effect was observed for CT-guided biopsy. Conclusions: Data show that CT- and TUS-guided biopsies in the diagnosis of pleural lesions are both excellent procedures, without meaningful differences in DYs and safety. Considering that TUS is non-ionizing and easily performed at the bedside, it should be the preferred approach in presence of adequate skills.
Proxêmicas do espaço: fatores sócio-espaciais e ferramentas digitais
Authors: Almeida Caio Augusto Rabite , Brandão Guilherme Valle Loures , Souza Renato César Ferreira , Borges Marcos Martins
Published: December 2020

Segundo Edward Hall, Proxêmica é o termo que designa a inter-relação entre observação e teoria de uso que o homem faz do espaço e na interação destes com o mesmo, observadas à partir de quatro de quatro esferas diferentes de relacionamentos: íntimo, pessoal, social e público. Apropriando-se do conceito de Hall, a pesquisa tem como objetivo o delineamento de um método de investigação que parta do princípio das categorias de classificação do espaço introduzindo os conceitos de distância social, estudando o relacionamento entre os “nós da cidade” e as relações interpessoais com a abrangência de benefícios sociais diversos como: segurança, comunicação, áreas livres, habitação, engajamento e serviços. Este trabalho busca entender as possibilidades de utilização de relaçõessocioespaciais na investigação de fatores que tendem cada vez mais a incorporar atributos de ação humanos não-explícitos, auxiliando na geração de parâmetros e grandezas que possam ser instrumentalizados em ferramentas de modelagem digital para análise e simulação de recintos urbanos. Para tanto, são aplicadas ferramentas digitais na construção de um modelo da cidade de Juiz de Fora – MG – que permite a inserção de dados socioespaciais, bem como a análise das interrelações e retroalimentação de dados. Conclui-se que o maior desafio na aplicação ao planejamento urbano está em como lidar com esses parâmetros e buscar soluções dentro de organizações maiores e mais abertas visando melhor adaptabilidade dos sistemas urbanos frente às transformações latentes, incorporando nos novos agentes, sejam instrumentais ou de ações participativas, numa mudança projetual - da probabilidade e da prescrição - para a possibilidade e descrição em, sobretudo, reformas e ampliações urbanas.
Open design: compartilhamento e democratização nas práticas de projeto
Authors: Lima Camilo Simão de , Rocha Bruno Massara
Published: December 2020

Na atual sociedade informatizada a crescente tendência do compartilhamento de informação, somada à consequente forma de atuação colaborativa nos processos criativos, vêm trazendo grandes desafios para arquitetos, urbanistas e designers. Considerando a ampla revolução tecnológica ocorrida nos anos 1990 e intensificada neste início de século XXI, o seguinte questionamento motiva investigações: as práticas de projeto, produção e distribuição de estruturas artificiais acompanharam essa evolução numérica e sofreram alterações substanciais em termos de democratização social por meio do compartilhamento? Esse artigo apresenta e discute o conceito de Open Design a partir dessa pergunta, e analisa como as práticas dadas como “abertas” se colocam neste cenário atual de forte caráter colaborativo e experimental no contexto da arquitetura, design, arte e de práticas criativas em geral.

Temos como objetivo ampliar o debate acerca deste fenômeno criativo e produtivo decorrente do digital intitulado Open Design, e oferecer um repertório organizado e originalmente sistematizado acerca do conceito de abertura nas práticas tecnológicas. Espera-se contribuir com a reflexão crítica deste movimento global e em evolução, instigando arquitetos e designers a avaliarem e se posicionarem frente a essa nova era da atuação profissional na era da informação.
controversa democratização do acesso ao ensino superior privado
Authors: Sena Isael
Published: December 2020

É controversa a luta pela redução da desigualdade social por meio do acesso, dito democrático, ao ensino superior, sobretudo, privado. As instituições de ensino superior privadas de caráter quase mercantil pertencentes, hoje, aos grandes conglomerados educacionais, transformaram a formação universitária em um grande negócio lucrativo, cujo sistema de exploração inclui professores e alunos ao exigir de ambos uma cumplicidade perversa. Em entrevistas realizadas com professores universitários do contexto privado, eles revelam dramas e impasses submetidos ao ethos corporativo aplicado ao ensino, que exige do mestre a negação de sua experiência e de sua autoridade enunciativa. Assim, em nome da sobrevivência do mercado educacional, o professor aliena a sua subjetividade e torna-se instrumento a serviço da rentabilidade da privatização. A pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de revisão das políticas públicas de acesso à universidade e das formas de contratos de trabalho precários para os docentes.
Inclusão escolar e os paradoxos contemporâneos
Authors: Voltolini Rinaldo , Fonseca Paula Fontana
Published: December 2020

Resenha do dossiê temático  Enjeux d’inclusion à l’école: regards psychanalytiques lançado na França em 2020, com organização de Ilaria Pirone, que aporta uma visada psicanalítica ao debate atual acerca da inclusão escolar.
Paroxetine Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy Via Blocking GRK2 and ADRB1 Interaction in Hypertension
Authors: Sun Xuejing , Zhou Mengli , Wen Gaiyan , Huang Yun , Wu Junru , Peng Liping , Jiang Weihong , Yuan Hong , Lu Yao , Cai Jingjing
Published: December 2020

Background

ADRB1 (adrenergic receptor beta 1) responds to neuroendocrine stimulations, which have great implications in hypertension. GRK2 (G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2) is an essential regulator for many G protein‐coupled receptors and subsequent cell signaling cascades, but its role as a regulator of ADRB1 and associated cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension remains to be elucidated.

Methods and Results

In this study, we found the expressions of GRK2 and ADRB1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were positively associated with blood pressure levels in hypertensive patients and with their expression in heart. In vitro evidence showed a direct interaction in ADRB1 and GRK2 and genetic depletion of GRK2 blocks epinephrine‐induced upregulation of hypertrophic and fibrotic genes in cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, we discovered a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine specifically blockades GRK2 and ADRB1 interaction. In vivo, paroxetine treatment ameliorates hypertension‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis in animal models. We found that paroxetine suppressed sympathetic overdrive and increased the adrenergic receptor sensitivity to catecholamines. Paroxetine treatment also blocks epinephrine‐induced upregulation of hypertrophic and fibrotic genes as well as ADRB1 internalization in cardiomyocytes. Coadministration of paroxetine further potentiates metoprolol‐induced reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, further attenuating cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Furthermore, in patients with hypertension accompanied with depression, we observed that cardiac remodeling was less severe in those with paroxetine treatment compared with those with other types of anti‐depressive agents.

Conclusions

Paroxetine promotes ADRB1 sensitivity and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy partially via blocking GRK2‐mediated ADRB1 activation and internalization in the context of hypertension.
Ambient Particle Components and Newborn Blood Pressure in Project Viva
Authors: Zanobetti Antonella , Coull Brent A. , Luttmann‐Gibson Heike , van Rossem Lenie , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Kloog Itai , Schwartz Joel D. , Oken Emily , Bobb Jennifer F. , Koutrakis Petros , Gold Diane R.
Published: December 2020

Background

Both elemental metals and particulate air pollution have been reported to influence adult blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study is to examine which elemental components of particle mass with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM
2.5
) are responsible for previously reported associations between PM
2.5
and neonatal BP.

Methods and Results

We studied 1131 mother‐infant pairs in Project Viva, a Boston‐area prebirth cohort. We measured systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) at a mean age of 30 hours. We calculated average exposures during the 2 to 7 days before birth for the PM
2.5
components—aluminum, arsenic, bromine, sulfur, copper, iron, zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, sodium, chlorine, calcium, and lead—measured at the Harvard supersite. Adjusting for covariates and PM
2.5
, we applied regression models to examine associations between PM
2.5
components and median SBP and DBP, and used variable selection methods to select which components were more strongly associated with each BP outcome. We found consistent results with higher nickel associated with significantly higher SBP and DBP, and higher zinc associated with lower SBP and DBP. For an interquartile range increase in the log Z score (1.4) of nickel, we found a 1.78 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.72–2.84) increase in SBP and a 1.30 (95% CI, 0.54–2.06) increase in DBP. Increased zinc (interquartile range log Z score 1.2) was associated with decreased SBP (−1.29 mm Hg; 95% CI, −2.09 to −0.50) and DBP (−0.85 mm Hg; 95% CI: −1.42 to −0.29).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that prenatal exposures to particulate matter components, and particularly nickel, may increase newborn BP.
Occult Blood in Feces Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Population Study
Authors: Moon Jung Min , Lee Hyun Jung , Han Kyungdo , Kim Da Hye , Hong Seung Wook , Soh Hosim , Park Seona , Kang Eun Ae , Lee Jooyoung , Koh Seong‐Joon , Im Jong Pil , Kim Joo Sung
Published: December 2020

Background

Although occult hemoglobin in feces is universally valued as a screening tool for colorectal cancer (CRC), only few studies investigated the clinical meaning of fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in other diseases. We evaluated the clinical utility of FIT in patients with cardiovascular diseases (namely, ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction [MI]).

Methods and Results

Using the National Health Insurance database, participants (aged >50 years) with CRC screening records from 2009 to 2012 were screened and followed up. Subjects with a history of cardiovascular diseases and CRC were excluded. Ischemic stroke, MI, and other comorbidities were defined by
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
(
ICD‐10
), codes. Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index were adjusted in a multivariate analysis. A total of 6 277 446 subjects were eligible for analysis. During the mean 6.79 years of follow‐up, 168 570 participants developed ischemic stroke, 105 983 developed MI, and 11 253 deaths were observed. A multivariate‐adjusted model revealed that the risk of ischemic stroke was higher in the FIT‐positive population (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07–1.11). Similarly, FIT‐positive subjects were at an increased risk of MI (adjusted HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06–1.12). Moreover, increased all‐cause mortality was observed in the FIT‐positive population (adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07–1.23). The increased risk remained consistent in the stratified analysis on anemia and CRC status.

Conclusions

Positive FIT findings were associated with ischemic stroke, MI, and mortality. Occult blood in feces may offer more clinical information than its well‐known conventional role in CRC screening.
Genetic Liability to Depression and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Other Cardiovascular Outcomes
Authors: Lu Yunlong , Wang Zhen , Georgakis Marios K. , Lin Hefeng , Zheng Liangrong
Published: December 2020

Background

Observational studies have indicated that depression is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, causal associations between depression and cardiovascular diseases remain controversial. Hence, we conducted a Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis to evaluate the associations of depression‐related genetic variants with CAD and myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results

Summary statistics from genome‐wide association studies of depression (807 553 individuals), and CAD (60 801 cases, including 43 676 with myocardial infarction, and 123 504 controls) were used. We pooled Mendelian randomization estimates using a fixed‐effects inverse‐variance weighted meta‐analysis and multivariable Mendelian randomization. The mediation effects of potential cardiovascular risk factors on depression‐CAD and myocardial infarction risk were investigated by using mediation analysis. We also explored the relationship of genetic liability to depression with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke. Genetic liability to depression was associated with higher CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06–1.24;
P
=1.0×10
−3
) and myocardial infarction (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11–1.33;
P
=4.8×10
−5
) risks. Results were consistent in all sensitivity analyses. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking demonstrated significant mediation effects. Furthermore, our Mendelian randomization analyses revealed that the genetic liability to depression was associated with higher risks of heart failure and small vessel stroke.

Conclusions

Genetic liability to depression is associated with higher CAD and myocardial infarction risks, partly mediated by type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking. The potential preventive value of depression treatment on cardiovascular diseases should be investigated in the future.
Relationship of Circulating Endothelial Cells With Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Soltero Erica G. , Solovey Anna N. , Hebbel Robert P. , Palzer Elise F. , Ryder Justin R. , Shaibi Gabriel Q. , Olson Micah , Fox Claudia K. , Rudser Kyle D. , Dengel Donald R. , Evanoff Nicholas G. , Kelly Aaron S.
Published: December 2020

Background

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) reflect early changes in endothelial health; however, the degree to which CEC number and activation is related to adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in youth is not well described.

Methods and Results

Youth in this study (N=271; aged 8–20 years) were classified into normal weight (body mass index [BMI] percentage <85th; n=114), obesity (BMI percentage ≥95th to <120% of the 95th; n=63), and severe obesity (BMI percentage ≥120% of the 95th; n=94) catagories. CEC enumeration was determined using immunohistochemical examination of buffy coat smears and activated CEC (percentage of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression) was assessed using immunofluorescent staining. Cardiovascular risk factors included measures of body composition, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, C‐reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, carotid artery intima–media thickness, and pulse wave velocity. Linear regression models examined associations between CEC number and activation with BMI and cardiovascular risk factors. CEC number did not differ among BMI classes (
P
>0.05). Youth with severe obesity had a higher degree of CEC activation compared with normal weight youth (8.3%; 95% CI, 1.1–15.6 [
P
=0.024]). Higher CEC number was associated with greater body fat percentage (0.02 per percentage; 95% CI, 0.00–0.03 [
P
=0.020]) and systolic blood pressure percentile (0.01 per percentage; 95% CI, 0.00–0.01 [
P
=0.035]). Higher degree of CEC activation was associated with greater visceral adipose tissue (5.7% per kg; 95% CI, 0.4–10.9 [
P
=0.034]) and non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.11% per mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.01–0.21 [
P
=0.039]).

Conclusions

Methods of CEC quantification are associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors and may potentially reflect accelerated atherosclerosis as early as childhood.
MAX WEBER VE NİSKANEN’İN BÜROKRASİ YAKLAŞIMLARININ TÜRK BÜROKRASİ YAPISI BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Abdulkerim , EĞMİR Rabia Tuğba
Published: December 2020

Bürokrasi kavramı yönetsel bir örgütlenme biçimi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bürokrasi kavramını sistematik biçimde değerlendiren ilk bilim adamı Alman sosyolog Max Weber olmuştur. Weber bürokrasiyi ideal tip çerçevesinde açıklayarak para ekonomisinin gelişimine bağlamıştır. Bürokrasiyi ele alan diğer bir bilim adamı William Arthur Niskanen’dir. Niskanen, bürokrasiyi açıklarken bütçe maksimizasyonu kavramına yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada bürokrasiye farklı açılardan yaklaşan Weber ve Niskanen’in görüşlerine değinilmiş ve bu bürokrasi yaklaşımları Türkiye’de bürokrasi yapısının gelişimi kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Türk bürokrasi yapısının Weber ve Niskanen’ in bürokrasisi kapsamında değerlendirilebilmesi için Türk bürokrasi yapısının dönemler itibariyle ele alınması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bakımdan Türk bürokrasisinde bazı dönemlerde Niskanen bürokrasi yapısı özellikleri görülmekte iken, bazı dönemlerde de Weber bürokrasi yapısının özelliklerinin bulunduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, genel olarak Türk bürokrasisi üzerinde Osmanlı bürokrasi yapısının da etkili olduğu belirtilebilir.
L'histoire de la santé dans le pays de Vaud au Moyen Age : un bilan
Authors: Morerod Jean-Daniel , Bagliani Agostino Paravicini
Published: December 2020

Les sources laissées par les institutions médiévales vaudoises sont assez riches pour aborder dans ses aspects les plus divers l'histoire de la santé. Des etudes récentes traitent de la gestion du patrimoine viticole de l'hôpital de Vevey, des personnes qui y furent hospitalisées au début du XVe siècle, de la réaction des hôpitaux aux afflux massifs de pèlerins ou de victimes de catastrophes. La progression d’une épidémie — les pestes de 1348 et de 1360 — et son impact démographique ont pu être précisés, tandis qu'on dessinait un réseau des léproseries vaudoises. Enfin, I'attitude des bourgeois de Lausanne envers l'hopital se dégage des legs pieux — étudiés pour le XlVe siècle et, sous un tout autre angle, des pretentions politiques au contrôle de ces établissements.
Ecole de La Source : Révolution de la profession soignante
Authors: Jaquemet Elisabeth
Published: December 2020

La Source, fondée à Lausanne en 1859, est la premiere école laïquc de gardesmalades au monde. Se fondant sur les cahiers d'élèves rédigés en 1871 et en 1883, l'auteur s’interroge sur sa modernité. Les quatre volets étudiés: hygiene, instructions destinées aux gardes-malades, qualités requires et champ d'intervention font apparaitre une continuity avec les discours de certains médecins qui, conscients du rôle indispensable de la garde pour la guérison du malade, s’ejforcent depuis la fin du 18e siècle d’esquisser un modele de garde ejficace, docile et purée des vertus feminines telles douceur et compassion.
Georg von Neumayer (1826—1909) und die internationale Entwicklung der Geophysik
Authors: Schröder Wilfried , Wiederkehr Karl Heinrich
Published: December 2020

Bei der Begründung der heutigen Geophysik im 19. Jahrhundert spielte G. v. Neumayer eine bedeutende Rolle. Sein Weitblick und sein organisatorisches Talent führten zu zahlreichen geophysikalisch-meteorologischen Unternehmungen, die zur Etablierung der Geophysik als eigenständige Wissenschaft erheblich beitrugen. Neumayers Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Forschern wie Ch. H. D. Buys-Ballot aus Holland, N. Hoffmeyer aus Dänemark und J. v. Ilann aus Österreich wird geschildert. Ebenso wichtig wurde Neumayers Hilfe beim Ersten Internationalen Polarjahr (1882183) und bei der Entwicklung der Arktis- und Antarktis-Forschung.

Bei der Begründung der heutigen Geophysik im 19. Jahrhundert spielte G. v. Neumayer eine bedeutende Rolle. Sein Weitblick und sein organisatorisches Talent führten zu zahlreichen geophysikalisch-meteorologischen Unternehmungen, die zur Etablierung der Geophysik als eigenständige Wissenschaft erheblich beitrugen. Neumayers Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Forschern wie Ch. H. D. Buys-Ballot aus Holland, N. Hoffmeyer aus Dänemark und J. v. Ilann aus Österreich wird geschildert. Ebenso wichtig wurde Neumayers Hilfe beim Ersten Internationalen Polarjahr (1882183) und bei der Entwicklung der Arktis- und Antarktis-Forschung.
Les recherches de Theodor Kocher sur l'étiologie de l'ostéomyélite et de la strumite aiguës
Authors: Benaroyo Lazare
Published: December 2020

Theodor Kocher démontre expérimentalement en 1879 que ¡’ostéomyélite aiguë est une maladie infectieuse causée par un microorganisme non spécifique, le microcoque. Il montre que Vinfection de la moelle osseuse est consécutive à une dissémination hêmatogène d’une infection locale, cutanée ou muqueuse. La forme clinique et pathologique que prend la maladie dépend, selon lui, non seulement de la virulence du microcoque, mais également de la qualité du terrain sur lequel ce dernier se développe. Il suggère la même année que la strumite aiguë (l’inflammation du goitre) a, par analogie, la même étiologie que l’ostéomyélite ; il ne fournit cependant pas de preuves expérimentales à l’appui de cette hypothèse. Nous pouvons ainsi constater qu’à l’aube des années 1880, Kocher a défini de manière originale l’infection comme le produit d’une interaction entre un microorganisme et son hôte. L’influence exercée par ses idées sur ses contemporains atteste qu’il a stimulé les recherches sur l’étiologie des maladies infectieuses.
Die Präsenz Theodor Kochers im Werk des Triestiner Chirurgen Gustavo Usiglio über die Schilddrüsentumoren (1894)
Authors: Premuda Loris
Published: December 2020

Obwohl von den Medizinhistorikern bisher nicht zur Kenntnis genommen, pflegte Gustavo Usiglio (1855—1933) in Triest eine Chirurgie von hohem Rang. Er war Schüler Billroths und widmete diesem seine Monographie über Blasenstein-Zertrümmerung (1882).

In seinem hier vorgestellten Werk über Schilddrüsen-Geschwülste — im wesentlichen geht es um den Kropf — zeigt sich Usiglio als begeisterter Jünger Kochers.
Montaigne und Paracelsus
Authors: Bernoulli René
Published: December 2020

In diesem Jahr 1992 wird an zahlreichen Kongressen und Tagungen des 400. Todestages von Michel de Montaigne gedacht (1533—1592). Ich komme der Aufforderung des Redaktors des Gesnerus gerne nach, einen Beitrag zu diesem Zentenarium, zu liefern. Als Anthropologe gehört Montaigne zweifelsohne auch zur Geschichte der Medizin.

In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird der Perigourdiner Michel de Montaigne in einzelnen seiner Auffassungen und Äusserungen dem aus Einsiedeln gebürtigen Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, ca. 1493— 1541) gegenübergestellt. Beide waren sich einig in der Kritik, die sie, jeder auf seine Art, an der Medizin ihrer Zeit ausübten. Montaigne hat mehrmals Paracelsus erwähnt. Beide sind heute noch modern; beide erleben in unserer Epoche eine Renaissance.
Short Communications / Kleine Mitteilungen / Petites Communications / Brevi comunicazioni
Authors: Essay Ein kulturhistorischer
Published: December 2020

This article tries to examine the current problems of drug consumption from different points of view. Some major historical, sociological, psychological, and economical aspects are dealt with in order to show the enormous complexity of the subject matter. An attempt is also made to make clear that all approaches suggesting “easy answers” to the drug problems are bound to fail and that the desire to build up a drug-free society has always been a complete illusion.
Thoracopagus Symmetricus
Authors: Geroulanos S. , Jaggi F. , Wydler J. , Lachat M. , Cakmakci M.
Published: December 2020

The byzantine author, Leon Diakonos, mentions in 974/975 A.D. a pair of “siamese twins”, e.g., a thoracopagus symmetricus. He had seen them personally several times in Asia Minor when they were about 30 years old. This pair is possibly the same that tv us “successfully” surgically separated after the death of one of the twins in the second half of the 10th century in Constantinople. This operation is mentioned by tu o historiographs, Leon Grammatikos and Theodoros Daphnopates. Although the second twin survived the operation, he died three days later. In spite of its lethal outcome, the operation left a long-lasting impression on the historians of that time and was even mentioned 150 years later by Johannes Skylitzes. Furthermore, the manuscript of Skylitzes, now in the library of Madrid, contains a miniature illuminating this operation. This is likely to be the earliest written report of a separation of siamese twins illustrating the high standard of byzantine medicine of that time.
Les médecins communaux de Raguse (Dubrovnik) au Moyen Age
Authors: Grmek Mirko D.
Published: December 2020

Several medieval cities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea renewed the Byzantine tradition of hiring a public physician, thus offering their citizens the service of qualified doctors. The case of Ragusa is typical. The archives of this city-state have been preserved since the XIIIth century; the names, origins and professional titles of public physicians are well known. The conditions of their employment reveal not only their duties and the salary but also many aspects of communal hygiene and medical ethics.
Hans Bluntschli als Morphologe
Authors: Greif Rudolf , Schmutz Hans-Konrad
Published: December 2020

The primatologist Hans Bluntschli, M. D. (1877-1962) published several pa-pers on variations in the circulatory system of man and other primates, a de-scription of the fossil New World monkey Homunculus patagonicus as well as works on the function of the jaw and masticatory muscles of man and apes. Caught between the conflicting views of traditional comparative and emerging experimental evolutionary biology, Bluntschli objected to new genetic theories and increasingly supported neo-Lamarckian ideas of heredity. By studying Bluntschli’s articles and unpublished manuscripts one can follow the change of evolutionary concepts from the wide-spread scepticism about Dar-win’s theory of natural selection around 1900 up to the formulation of the Synthetic Theory of Evolution in the 1940s.
La fièvre bilieuse hémoglobinurique: un épisode français tiré d'une recherche d'Alexandre Yersin
Authors: Raggenbas René
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the research on blackwater fever that was undertaken by Alexandre Yersin in 1895. It shows, with the help of the three-fold light of the laboratory notes, the published articles, and the private correspondence of Yersin, how historical, political, scientific and personal factors interact.
Quantitative und qualitative Veränderungen der Mortalität zwischen 1790 und 1990 in einem Bergdorf der Zentralschweiz
Authors: Durrer Melchior
Published: December 2020

The quantitative and qualitative change of mortality has been compared between 1790 and 1990. The survey was done in the limited geographical area of a mountain village in central Switzerland. It shows a drop in mortality and infant mortality as well as a dramatic rise in life expectancy. Infectious diseases were partly replaced by the heart and circulatory diseases during these two centuries.
Der Beitrag Gottlieb Burckhardts (1836-1907) zur Psychochirurgie in medizinhistorischer und ethischer Sicht
Authors: Gross Dominik
Published: December 2020

Psychosurgery is defined as the practice of destroying or removing healthy brain tissue in order to change behaviour. Although the neurologist Egas Moniz (1874-1955) is occasionally said to be the founder of psychosurgery, the first psychosurgical operations were performed by Gottlieb Burckhardt, a Swiss psychiatrist who practised in the late 19th century. In 1891 he reported the results of topectomies on six patients suffering from different psychiatric diseases. The aim of the present article is to illuminate the life of Burckhardt as well as his contribution to psychosurgery. Special attention is paid to the ethical aspects of his operative interventions.

First of all, we have to make allowance for the fact that the therapeutic chances in 19th-century psychiatry were quite poor. Therefore, Burckhardts topectomies might have been seen as a new and hopeful way of therapy. But by analysing Burckhardt’s case reports, it becomes clear that he did not intend to cure his patients but only to ameliorate their disturbing behaviour and their non-compliance. Burckhardt himself tried to justify the immense risk of his operations by referring to the necessity of progress in medicine. Although Burckhardt spoke of promising improvements, his positive appraisal can hardly be maintained. For this and other reasons, his contemporary colleagues mainly declined his methods and reports.
Les implications scientifiques et industrielles du succès de la Stovaïne®. Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949) et la chimie des médicaments en France
Authors: Debue-Barazer Christine
Published: December 2020

The synthetic local anaesthetic Stovaïne® was commercialised in France in 1904. Its inventor, Ernest Fourneau, began his career as a pharmaceutical chemist in organic chemistry laboratories in Germany, where from 1899 to 1901 he discovered how basic research could benefit from the modern chemistry theories which had developed in Germany starting in the 1860s. Using the complex structure of cocaine, he invented an original molecule, with comparable activity, but less toxic. The knowledge and the know-how which he acquired in Germany nourished his reflection in the field of the chemistry of the relationships between structure and activity, and led him to the development of Stovaïne®. Emile Roux, Director of the Pasteur Institute in Paris,was interested in his work and invited him to head the first French therapeutic chemistry laboratory, in which research on medicinal chemistry was organised scientifically. The industrial development of new medicines resulting from the Pasteur Institute’s therapeutic chemistry laboratory was supported by the Etablissements Poulenc frères, France thus gaining international reputation in the domain of pharmaceutical chemistry.
Forschungen zu Arztpraxen (1500–1900)
Authors: Dinges Martin
Published: December 2020

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Cinéma et sciences du psychisme en 1900: la névrose, la paramnésie, la transe
Authors: Berton Mireille
Published: December 2020

In this article, conceived of in an epistemological perspective, film history and history of psychology intersect in order to show how subject models are circulating around 1900 which are impregnated with scientific culture and social modernity.These models have the special quality of being defined first in pathological terms because they result from a diagnosis of the evils caused by the new industrial and capitalist society. However, the position required by the cinematic apparatus produces a spectator who is described as a subject-machine with the particular psychophysiological states that precisely concern the neurotic, the paramnesiac and the sleepwalker. If our point is to show how close the (para)medical and cinematic subjects are, we will also try to see how far cinema interacts with phenomena related to urbanity and other developments of Western civilisation, the latter being considered as a transforming agent of the psychic apparatus.
La psychopathologie antique: sources, historiographie et perspectives
Authors: Person Gwenaëlle Le
Published: December 2020

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Cultures de bactériologie en France, 1880–1900: la paillasse et la politique
Authors: Löwy Ilana
Published: December 2020

Iconic accounts of the “bacteriological revolution” presented it as a radical change in the understanding of the natural world. Scientist had discovered that human being shared their environment with billions of invisible living beings which shape life phenomena, health and disease. They also learned to cultivate and manipulate these invisible creatures. The domestication of microorganisms in the laboratory disarmed them as enemies and occasionally transformed them into allies. This analysis of the development in French bacteriology displays a more nuanced and complex picture, with continuities as well as ruptures, and multiple levels of change. Between 1880 and 1900, the rise of “pasteurian science” did produce important changes in French society, but these changes were obtained through a variety of approaches: introduction of new experimental techniques, administrative and legal methods, training of professionals, education of the general public, and a direct political intervention.
Pioneers in the anti-malaria battle in Greece (1900–1930)
Authors: Mandyla Maria , Tsiamis Costas , Kousounis Alexandros , Petridou Eleni
Published: December 2020

The aim of the study is to present the efforts of the Greek physicians to introduce a malaria control and eradication program in Greece. It is based on the proceedings of the Greek Anti-Malaria League and on medicohistorical studies. Due to political, economic and military reasons the Greek State seemed weak to develop a dedicated plan to eradicate malaria. Hence, the Greek Anti-Malaria League in 1905 was founded by a group of eminent citizens who took the initiative to organize a campaign against the disease. Constantinos Savvas, Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology and President of the League, as well as the pediatrician Dr. Ioannis Kardamatis were among the most influential personalities in the Greek society at that time. Due to the massive use of quinine the burden of the disease decreased significantly. But, the national disaster of 1922, however, during the Greek-Turkish War and the wave of one million Greek refugees from Asia Minor to Greece modified the epidemiological map of malaria. The heritage of the epidemiological studies undertaken by the League was the basis for the new campaign undertaken during the 1930s by the Greek State and the Rockefeller Foundation. The new structure of the Sanitary Services, the legacy of the League’s experience and the knowledge of the Greek trainees of the Rockefeller Foundation, served as the starting-point for the final eradication of malaria after World War II.
Raum und medizinischer Markt: die Praxis des Stadtund Amtsarztes Johann Friedrich Glaser (1707–1789) in Suhl
Authors: Schilling Ruth
Published: December 2020

The diary of the town and state physician Johann Friedrich Glaser (1707–1789) of Suhl enables us to reconstruct the area where he recruted his patients. A stream of visitors consulted him regularly. They often came from places where they had to travel at least two days in order to consult the physician. A visit in his house was therefore a decision consciously planned. A comparison of the sphere of Glaser’s influence as a practitioner with the spheres of influence where his relatives (executioners and barber surgeons) lived shows how narrowly both were connected. Glaser’s position on the medical market was very much influenced by his family network. The same picture can be obtained by analyzing the social spectrum of Glaser’s patients, which is as manifold as the topographical indications, which one can draw from his diary. These do not give a systematic picture of the clients, which Glaser tried to gain, but are following communication channels established by his family network.
Sangue mestruale e latte materno: riflessioni e nuove proposte. Intorno all’allattamento nella Grecia antica
Authors: Pedrucci Giulia
Published: December 2020

Within a larger study on breast-feeding in ancient Greece, we dwelt on four subjects (the superstitions concerning menstrual blood, milk and dairy products consumption by the Athenians, different kinds of milk and beliefs related to the transmission of hereditary characteristics through human milk, the connection between milk, breast and madness) on which we have identified a certain number of neglected sources. Starting from these, we can gain not only some mosaic tiles of the overall fragmentary view on habits and beliefs about breast-feeding, but also, more generally, helpful hints on some aspects of the Greek world and mentality that we barely know. In attempting to reach some general conclusions, we have also considered the iconographic sources, trying to explain, in part at least, the reason for the almost complete absence of scenes of breast-feeding in the archaic and classical art.
Wahnsinn und Malaria – Schnittpunkte und Grenzverwischungen zwischen Psychiatrie und Tropen medizin in Hamburg (1900–1925)
Authors: Wulf Stefan , Schmiedebach Heinz-Peter
Published: December 2020

The object of this article is to point out and to discuss the significant intersections and boundary blurring between psychiatry and tropical medicine while treating malaria in the German «colonial metropolis» Hamburg. The focus of this study is the Hamburg asylum at Friedrichsberg and the Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases (Hamburg Tropical Institute). Under analysis are two groups of patients as well as the means with which their doctors treated them: 1. patients who have been sent back from the German colonies in Africa after mental disorders had been diagnosed, and 2. patients suffering from general paralysis and treated in Friedrichsberg after 1919 using the then newly developed malaria fever therapy (according to Wagner-Jauregg). The implementation of this latter led to an intensification of the cooperation between psychiatry and tropical medicine in Hamburg which prior to this had been only very sporadic.
«Meam de motu & usu cordis, & circuitu sanguinis sententiam»: Teleology in William Harvey’s De motu cordis
Authors: Distelzweig Peter
Published: December 2020

I describe the place of teleology in William Harvey’s understanding of anatomy, drawing especially on his lecture and working notes from (roughly) the decade leading up to the publication of De motu cordis. Harvey understands the goal of anatomy to be universal, final causal knowledge of the parts of animals and their variations, articulated in terms of their actiones and usus. I then carefully trace the role of teleology in the De motu cordis, distinguishing (with Harvey) between his opinion “de motu & usu cordis” and “de circuitu sanguinis”. I argue that in the De motu cordis Harvey provides teleological explanations of features of the heart and arteries and their variations in terms of the circulation of the blood, understood as the actio of the heart. In this way the De motu cordis clearly embodies Harvey’s understanding of the teleological character of anatomical knowledge.
Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Mabika Hines
Published: December 2020

It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.
Medizin, Recht und das Wissen vom «zivilisierten» Krieg im langen 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Goltermann Svenja
Published: December 2020

The aim to ‘civilize’ warfare accompanied Medicine and International Law ever since the mid-19th century. However, the entanglement of Medicine and Law, crucial for such an endeavour, has not been taken into consideration so far; likewise, the huge importance of medical knowledge for the perception of wars and their ramifications did not garner much attention in historical research. Hence, by focusing on the ‘long’ 19th century, this paper shows, firstly, that the production of surgical knowledge during warfare aimed at measuring the effects of combat on human bodies in order to develop prognostic medical knowledge for future wars, as well as maintaining the combat strength of soldiers. Moreover, this knowledge production during warfare strived for the enhancement of medical competence in the diagnosis and treatment of wounds in general. Secondly, I show that this medical knowledge was not only relevant for warfare, but also crucial for the design of International Law: it served to nourish the debates among the so called ‘civilized’ nations about legitimate and illegitimate weaponry and warfare.