bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing River Flows to Control a Parasitic Salmonid Disease in the Klamath River: Simulations Question the Efficacy of Desiccation as a Management Tool
Authors: Turecek Aaron , Payton Quinn , Alexander Julie D. , Goodman Damon , Evans Allen F. , Som Nicholas A.
Published: August 2021

Aquatic parasites cause disease in economically and culturally important Klamath River salmonids Oncorhynchus spp., and the myxozoan parasite Ceratonova shasta has been linked to high juvenile salmonid mortality. Because C. shasta requires the freshwater annelid Manayunkia occidentalis to complete its life cycle, management approaches have focused on disrupting annelid populations to reduce C. shasta and disease risk for salmonids. Previous studies have demonstrated that manipulating river discharge to achieve short-term, high-flow events is effective for disturbing annelids. There is also interest in the efficacy of manipulating river discharge to desiccate annelids to reduce disease risk. To investigate the efficacy of reducing streamflow to desiccate annelids, we simulated the amount of annelid habitat, categorized by quality, that would be dewatered as discharge was incrementally reduced. Simulations were accomplished by coupling two-dimensional hydrodynamic models with an annelid presence/absence model. Simulations were conducted for three study sites located on the Klamath River main stem downstream of Iron Gate Dam, where discharge can be manipulated. Reductions in discharge from June base flow (31.2 m3/s or 1,100 ft3/s) to the lowest simulated discharge rate (17.0 m3/s; approximately half of base flow) resulted in an 11.8% reduction of the total wetted area of the river across all three study sites combined. For the same discharge simulation, reductions in annelid habitat differed based on the quality of habitat, with low- quality (<0.20 probability of annelids) to moderate-quality (0.20–0.80 probability of annelids) habitat reduced by 8.3% (95% credible interval = 7.5–10.3) and 23.7% (10.7–27.5), respectively, while high-quality habitat (>0.80 probability of annelids) was never desiccated. These results suggest that desiccation is unlikely to offer an effective solution for managing myxozoan parasites of salmonids that are transmitted by annelids because reducing streamflow had minimal effects on the amount of annelid habitat.
A proper generalized decomposition based Padé approximant for stochastic frequency response analysis
Authors: Lee Gil‐Yong , Park Yong‐Hwa
Published: August 2021

This article presents a proper generalized decomposition (PGD) based Padé approximant for efficient analysis of the stochastic frequency response. Due to the high nonlinearity of the stochastic response with respect to the input uncertainties, the classical stochastic Galerkin (SG) method utilizing polynomial chaos exhibits slow convergence near the resonance. Furthermore, the dimension of the SG method is the product of deterministic and stochastic approximation spaces, and hence resolution over a banded frequency range is computationally expensive or even prohibitive. In this study, to tackle these problems, the PGD first generates the solution of stochastic frequency equations as a separated representation of deterministic and stochastic components. For the banded frequency range computations, the deterministic vectors are exploited as a reduced basis in conjunction with singular value decomposition. Subsequently, the Padé approximant is applied based on the PGD solution, and the stochastic frequency response is represented by a rational function. Through various numerical studies, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework improves not only the accuracy in the vicinity of resonance but also the computational efficiency, compared with the SG method.
Development and effectiveness of a global health competency promotion program for Korean undergraduate nursing students
Authors: Cho Mi‐Kyoung , Choi Mi‐Young
Published: August 2021

Aim

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a programme designed to promote global health competency among nursing students.

Design

It used a randomized pre–post‐test comparison group design to compare the effects of a global health competency programme among nursing students.

Methods

Data collection for the pre‐test was carried out for 2 days (25–26 October 2018) and that of post‐test was conducted for 2 days (23–24 December 2018). A total of 38 fourth‐year nursing students participated in this study (14 in the international nursing group, 11 in the transcultural nursing group and 13 in the complementary and alternative medicine group). The participants were from the nursing department of a university in Cheongju.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the pre‐test homogeneity test. The international nursing group showed statistically significant improvements between the pre‐ and post‐tests in global health competency, cultural competency, global health confidence and cultural nursing confidence.
Collocation method for one dimensional nonlocal diffusion equations
Authors: Guan Qingguang , Gunzburger Max , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the collocation method for solving one dimensional steady state and time dependent nonlocal diffusion equations is analyzed. The difficulty of applying collocation method to nonlocal diffusion equations comes from the singularity of the kernel. If the kernel is weakly singular, however, if the kernel is not integrable in Riemann sense. So that the Hadamard finite part integral is introduced to overcome this difficulty. For analysis and performance, a “balance” term is added to discretize the nonlocal operator. Numerical results validate the theorems.
Maternal prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain in association with autism and developmental disorders in offspring
Authors: Matias Susana L. , Pearl Michelle , Lyall Kristen , Croen Lisa A. , Kral Tanja V. E. , Fallin Daniele , Lee Li‐Ching , Bradley Chyrise B. , Schieve Laura A. , Windham Gayle C.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Maternal prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) are examined in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disorders (DD) in offspring in a multisite case–control study.

Methods

Maternal prepregnancy BMI, obtained from medical records or self‐report, was categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity Class 1, or obesity Class 2/3. GWG was standardized for gestational age (GWG z score), and the rate (pounds/week) was categorized per adherence with clinical recommendations. Logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic factors, were used to assess associations with ASD (n = 1,159) and DD (n = 1,617), versus control children (n = 1,633).

Results

Maternal obesity Class 2/3 was associated with ASD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.40‐2.51) and DD (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.22‐2.13). GWG z score was not associated with DD (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.95‐1.36), but the GWG z score highest tertile was associated with higher odds of ASD, particularly among male children (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15‐1.88).

Conclusions

Results indicate that maternal prepregnancy severe obesity increases risk of ASD and DD in children and suggest high gestational‐age‐adjusted GWG is a risk factor for ASD in male children. Because maternal BMI and GWG are routinely measured and potentially modifiable, these findings could inform early interventions for high‐risk mother–child dyads.
Cargo Transportation and Methylene Blue Degradation by Using Fuel‐Powered Micromotors
Authors: Li Zhonghao , Xie Zhongzhou , Lu Hao , Wang Ying , Liu Yongsheng
Published: August 2021

In the past two decades, micromotors have experienced rapid development, especially in environmental remediation, the biomedical field, and in cargo delivery. In this study micromotors have been synthesized from a variety of materials. Different functional layers and catalytic layers are formed through template electrodeposition (the bottom‐up method). At the same time, the article analyzes the influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration, surfactant type and concentration on the speed of the micromotors. Cargo transportation through tubular micromotors has always been a problem that people are eager to solve. In this article, we electrodeposit a layer of Ni in the microtubes, which effectively guides the microtubular motors to complete the cargo transportation. The potential applications of micromotors are also being explored. We added the prepared micromotors to the methylene blue solution to effectively enhance the degradation.
Clinical evidence for a biological effect of epigenetically active decitabine in relapsed or progressive rhabdoid tumors
Authors: Steinbügl Mona , Nemes Karolina , Johann Pascal , Kröncke Thomas , Tüchert Stefanie , da Costa Maria Joao Gil , Ebinger Martin , Schüller Ulrich , Sehested Astrid , Hauser Peter , Reinhard Harald , Sumerauer David , Hettmer Simone , Jakob Marcus , Hasselblatt Martin , Siebert Reiner , Witt Olaf , Gerss Joachim , Kerl Kornelius , Frühwald Michael C.
Published: August 2021

Background

Refined therapy has helped to improve survival rates in rhabdoid tumors (RT). Prognosis for patients with chemoresistant, recurrent, or progressive RT remains dismal. Although decitabine, an epigenetically active agent, has mainly been evaluated in the management of hematologic malignancies in adults, safety in children has also been demonstrated repeatedly.

Materials and methods

A retrospective series of patients who received decitabine upon relapse or progression following therapy according to the EU‐RHAB regimen is presented. Due to the retrospective nature of analyses, response was defined as measurable regression of at least one lesion on imaging. 850k methylation profiling was done whenever tumor tissue was available.

Results

A total of 22 patients with RT of any anatomical localization were included. Most patients (19/22) presented with metastases. All received low‐dose decitabine with or preceding conventional chemotherapy. Patients received a median of two (1‐6) courses of decitabine; 27.3% (6/22) demonstrated a radiological response. Molecular analyses revealed increased methylation levels in tumors from responders. No excessive toxicity was observed. Clinical benefits for responders included eligibility for early phase trials or local therapy. Responders showed prolonged time to progression and overall survival. Due to small sample size, statistical correction for survivorship bias demonstrated no significant effect on survival for responders.

Conclusions

Patients with RT demonstrate promising signs of antitumor activity after multiagent relapse therapy including decitabine. Analyses of methylation data suggest a specific effect on an epigenetic level. We propose to consider decitabine and other epigenetic drugs as candidates for further clinical investigations in RT.
The cost‐effectiveness of genotyping versus sequencing for prenatal cystic fibrosis carrier screening
Authors: Avram Carmen M. , Dyer Alexandria L. , Shaffer Brian L. , Caughey Aaron B.
Published: August 2021

Objective

We investigated the cost‐effectiveness of three sequential prenatal cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening strategies: genotyping both partners, genotyping one partner then sequencing the second, and sequencing both partners.

Method

A decision‐analytic model compared the strategies in a theoretical cohort of four million pregnant couples in the US population and five racial/ethnic sub‐populations. Inputs were obtained from literature and varied in sensitivity analysis. Outcomes included cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), missed carrier couples, affected newborns, missed prenatal diagnoses, terminations, and procedure‐related losses. The cost‐effectiveness threshold was $100,000/QALY.

Results

Sequencing both partners identified 1099 carrier couples that were missed by genotyping both partners, leading to 273 fewer missed prenatal diagnoses, 152 more terminations, and 152 fewer affected newborns. A similar trend was observed in the genotyping followed by sequencing strategy. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of genotyping followed by sequencing compared to genotyping both partners was $180,004/QALY and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of sequencing both partners compared to genotyping followed by sequencing was $17.6 million/QALY. Sequencing both partners was cost‐effective below $339 per test, genotyping/sequencing between $340 and $1837, and genotyping both partners above $1838. Sequencing was not cost‐effective among five racial/ethnic sub‐populations.

Conclusion

Despite improved outcomes, sequencing for prenatal CF carrier screening was not cost‐effective compared to genotyping. The clinical significance of the incremental cost‐effectiveness of CF carrier screening is a matter of deliberation for public policy debate.
Cloud‐based simulation tools for streamlined optical design
Authors: Suchowski Haim
Published: August 2021

In a stark contrast to traditional optical design and simulation software, 3DOptix offers a free, easy‐to‐use, cloud‐based, collaborative optical design and simulation software. It includes a suite of discovery tools, such as off‐the‐shelf optical element search, Filter finder tool, professional drawing/media capabilities, educational walk‐me, and live mode. The modern UI/UX design allows for a steep learning curve catering to both experienced optical designers and novices.
Effects of hydrogen content in films on the etching of LPCVD and PECVD SiN films using CF4/H2 plasma at different substrate temperatures
Authors: Hsiao Shih‐Nan , Britun Nikolay , Nguyen Thi‐Thuy‐Nga , Tsutsumi Takayoshi , Ishikawa Kenji , Sekine Makoto , Hori Masaru
Published: August 2021

The dependences of etching characteristics on substrate temperature (Ts, from –20 to 50°C) of the plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiN films (PE‐SiN) and low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) SiN films (LP‐SiN) with CF4/H2 plasma were investigated. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy shows that both film types were N–H bond‐rich films, but in different hydrogen contents (PE‐SiN 22.7 at% and LP‐SiN 3.8 at%) from the Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analyses. A higher hydrogen content led to a thinner fluorocarbon thickness because of the reaction between hydrogen outflux and C and N to form an HCN byproduct. The etch rates (ER) for the PE‐SiN were higher than that of the LP‐SiN at all Ts, due to the different FC thickness and etching mechanisms proposed. The formation of the N−Hx layer on PE‐SiN at low temperature caused the decrease in ER. For the LP‐SiN, the weak dependences of Ts on surface structure and ER were observed.
Structural elements determining the transglycosylating activity of glycoside hydrolase family 57 glycogen branching enzymes
Authors: Xiang Gang , Leemhuis Hans , van der Maarel Marc Jos Elise Cornelis
Published: August 2021

Glycoside hydrolase family 57 glycogen branching enzymes (GH57GBE) catalyze the formation of an α‐1,6 glycosidic bond between α‐1,4 linked glucooliogosaccharides. As an atypical family, a limited number of GH57GBEs have been biochemically characterized so far. This study aimed at acquiring a better understanding of the GH57GBE family by a systematic sequence‐based bioinformatics analysis of almost 2500 gene sequences and determining the branching activity of several native and mutant GH57GBEs. A correlation was found in a very low or even no branching activity with the absence of a flexible loop, a tyrosine at the loop tip, and two β‐strands.
The “striated delta” signature of gravity waves generated near the jet stream during rapid extratropical cyclogenesis
Authors: Morgan Adam L. , Reeder Michael J.
Published: August 2021

Distinctive, triangular‐shaped “striated delta” clouds provide a novel framework for better understanding large‐amplitude gravity wave generation near upper‐tropospheric jets and fronts during rapid extratropical cyclogenesis, as the transverse cloud‐top banding is thought to be the imprint of gravity waves. For 28 striated deltas in the Australian region between May and September 2009, cloud formations have a mean length of 1,034 km, width of 537 km, lifetime of 7 hr and striation wavelength of 74 km. Composite analysis in ECMWF operational analysis data shows that deltas typically occur within the poleward jet exit during baroclinic evolution, located near the axis of inflection between an upstream upper trough and downstream ridge. Candidate gravity wave generation mechanisms in the vicinity of the upper jet coinciding with striated delta development are examined, including large parcel accelerations, nonlinear imbalance within the broadscale flow and deep moist convection. The striated delta shape is partly explained by a triangular pattern of Q‐vector convergence and quasi‐geostrophic adiabatic vertical motion forcing within the poleward jet exit, although the pattern is displaced a few hundred kilometres upstream.
Challenges in studying steric interactions in highly strained perhalogenated alkanes and silanes
Authors: Simões Luís H. , Cormanich Rodrigo A.
Published: August 2021

The decomposition of the molecular total energy in their hyperconjugative, steric and electrostatic effects can lead to interesting interpretations about the stereoelectronic effects that govern their geometry and properties. In this work, we have studied homologous series of perfluoroalkanes, perchloroalkanes, perfluorosilanes and perchlorosilanes, and all molecules have preference for helical geometries. According to Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO) calculations, the silanes have their helical geometry stabilized by hyperconjugative interactions, as well as the perfluoroalkanes. However, it was surprisingly difficult to disclose that steric interactions are ruling the helical geometry preference in perchloroalkanes by comparing the NBO analysis and the Quantum Theory of Atoms ins Molecules (QTAIM). Although perchloroalkanes have extremely intense steric interactions between Cl lone pairs, some of them were underestimated by the NBO analysis, which showed the opposite behavior compared with QTAIM that indicates steric effects as the leading forces to helical geometry preference.
Connectivity‐maintained and specified‐time vehicle platoon control systems with disturbance observer
Authors: Wang Jiange , Wong Wai‐Choong , Luo Xiaoyuan , Li Xiaolei , Guan Xinping
Published: August 2021

In this article, the connectivity‐maintained platoon control problem for networked vehicles with external disturbance is considered. By modeling each vehicle as a nonlinear triple integral system, a specified‐time sliding model disturbance observer and a specified‐time controller are presented to ensure the convergence of the platoon system. The predetermined performance method is applied to maintain the connectivity of vehicles in the platoon, which enables flexibility in the communication connectivity between vehicles. The specified time sliding mode disturbance observer is proposed to estimate the external disturbance within the predefined time and it is proved to be uniformly ultimate boundedness stable by using the time transformation method. A dynamic gain controller with the time constraint is proposed to achieve the stable platoon with connectivity maintained for each vehicle. The proposed approach can simultaneously guarantee the specified‐time convergence and connectivity maintenance without depending on any system parameters. The effective of the proposed controller is proved by the Lyapunov function. Finally, comparative simulation results are obtained to verify the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.
How Liquid Marbles Break Down: Direct Evidence for Two Breakage Scenarios
Authors: Tenjimbayashi Mizuki , Fujii Syuji
Published: August 2021

Liquid marbles are nonsticking droplets wrapped with hydrophobic nano‐ to micrometer particles and are expected to be useful for various applications, especially in industrial and biomedical fields. However, the practical use of liquid marbles is limited by their fragility. In this study, the dynamics of particle monolayer–stabilized liquid marble breakage upon impacting a solid surface are monitored in situ by high‐speed interfacial microscopy. The experiments show that the breakage of liquid marbles can be induced by either i) cracking or ii) water penetration depending on the impact energy. The applicable scenario is determined by whether a jamming transition of the wrapping particles occurs during impact. The breakage mechanisms provide insights on how to improve the robustness of liquid marbles in accordance with these scenarios.
Kinetics of Dephosphorization at Different Slag Basicities in the Double Slag Converter Steelmaking Process
Authors: Zhang Runhao , Yang Jian , Sun Han , Yang Wenkui
Published: August 2021

Combined with the temperature model from heat balance and the lime dissolution model, the dephosphorization kinetic model based on the coupled reaction model for the dephosphorization stage in the double slag converter steelmaking process is developed. Two hundred and twenty ton industrial experiments with the different end slag basicities are also conducted. The calculated values of [%P], [%C], [%Si], and slag basicities are in good agreements with the industrial experiment results at the different basicities. With the progress of dephosphorization, the rate of dephosphorization rises up rapidly at first, then drops down quickly, and increases again. With increasing basicity, the dephosphorization is promoted. When the end basicity is 2.20, the lowest P concentration is 0.0682 mass% with the highest P removal ratio of 51.63%. In the case of maintaining the other parameters to be the same values, with increasing basicity from 1.5 to 2.0, the final P concentration decreases regularly and the final P removal ratio increases from 29.66% to 56.99%. With the progress of dephosphorization, the temperature increases, the volume proportion of solid particles in slag decreases, and the mass transfer resistance in the slag decreases. Based on Pal–Einstein–Roscoe model, the calculated viscosity decreases.
Funds of Professional Identity in Language Teacher Education: A Longitudinal Study on Student‐Teachers
Authors: Banegas Darío Luis , Pinner Richard S. , Larrondo Ignacio Daniel
Published: August 2021

This article describes the professional identity formation of a group of pre‐service English as a foreign language student‐teachers at an initial English language teacher education program in Argentina. To this effect, a four‐year longitudinal study was designed drawing on the concept of funds of identity. Participants’ drawing of significant circles and interviews were used to document the main components of their funds of professional identity and the factors which informed their construction. In this paper, we specifically describe three student‐teachers’ funds of professional identity to exemplify three trends identified across the participants: (1) knowledge as a constant fund, (2) a shift from past to present and future funds, and (3) a shift from external to internal funds. Drawing on Esteban‐Guitart’s (2014) typology of funds of identity, this study puts forward a typology of funds of professional identity which incorporates three new funds, valuative, disciplinary, and anticipatory, to understand student‐teachers’ trajectories in language teacher education.
Dispersion and attenuation of SH‐waves in a temperature‐dependent Voigt‐type viscoelastic strip over an inhomogeneous half‐space
Authors: Alam Parvez , Singh Kuvar Satya , Ali Rifaqat , Badruddin Irfan Anjum , khan T.M. Yunus , Kamangar Sarfaraz
Published: August 2021

A mathematical model is presented to explore the SH‐wave (horizontally polarized shear wave) propagation in a temperature‐dependent viscoelastic medium laid on a vertically heterogeneous elastic half‐space. Heterogeneity in the half‐space arises due to nth order depth variation in the elastic constants. Bessel's and Whittaker's functions have been used to derive the internal deformations. The expression of the complex frequency equation has been obtained with the aid of suitable boundary conditions. The decomposition of the complex frequency equation into real and imaginary parts provides dispersion and damping equations. These equations exhibited their reliance on the temperature ratio parameter, attenuation coefficient and dissipation factor due to viscoelasticity, heterogeneity and order of heterogeneity function. The impacts of the aforesaid parameters on the propagation of SH‐wave have been studied numerically and demonstrated by 2D/3D graphs.
Surrogate model–based inverse parameter estimation in deep drawing using automatic knowledge acquisition
Authors: Ryser Matthias , Neuhauser Felix M. , Hein Christoph , Hora Pavel , Bambach Markus
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we propose a new approach for the simulation-based support of tryout operations in deep drawing which can be schematically classified as automatic knowledge acquisition. The central idea is to identify information maximising sensor positions for draw-in as well as local blank holder force sensors by solving the column subset selection problem with respect to the sensor sensitivities. Inverse surrogate models are then trained using the selected sensor signals as predictors and the material and process parameters as targets. The final models are able to observe the drawing process by estimating current material and process parameters, which can then be compared to the target values to identify process corrections. The methodology is examined on an Audi A8L side panel frame using a set of 635 simulations, where 20 out of 21 material and process parameters can be estimated with an R2 value greater than 0.9. The result shows that the observational models are not only capable of estimating all but one process parameters with high accuracy, but also allow the determination of material parameters at the same time. Since no assumptions are made about the type of process, sensors, material or process parameters, the methodology proposed can also be applied to other manufacturing processes and use cases.
Identifying communicative functions in discourse with content types
Authors: Caselli Tommaso , Sprugnoli Rachele , Moretti Giovanni
Published: August 2021

Texts are not monolithic entities but rather coherent collections of micro illocutionary acts which help to convey a unitary message of content and purpose. Identifying such text segments is challenging because they require a fine-grained level of analysis even within a single sentence. At the same time, accessing them facilitates the analysis of the communicative functions of a text as well as the identification of relevant information. We propose an empirical framework for modelling micro illocutionary acts at clause level, that we call content types, grounded on linguistic theories of text types, in particular on the framework proposed by Werlich in 1976. We make available a newly annotated corpus of 279 documents (for a total of more than 180,000 tokens) belonging to different genres and temporal periods, based on a dedicated annotation scheme. We obtain an average Cohen’s kappa of 0.89 at token level. We achieve an average F1 score of 74.99% on the automatic classification of content types using a bi-LSTM model. Similar results are obtained on contemporary and historical documents, while performances on genres are more varied. This work promotes a discourse-oriented approach to information extraction and cross-fertilisation across disciplines through a computationally-aided linguistic analysis.
Math Performance and Academic Anxiety Forms, from Sociodemographic to Cognitive Aspects: a Meta-analysis on 906,311 Participants
Authors: Caviola Sara , Toffalini Enrico , Giofrè David , Ruiz Jessica Mercader , Szűcs Dénes , Mammarella Irene C.
Published: August 2021

The relationship between anxiety and mathematics has often been investigated in the literature. Different forms of anxiety have been evaluated, with math anxiety (MA) and test anxiety (TA) consistently being associated with various aspects of mathematics. In this meta-analysis, we have evaluated the impact of these forms of anxiety, distinguishing between different types of mathematical tasks. In investigating this relationship, we have also included potential moderators, such as age, gender, working memory, type of task, and type of material. One hundred seventy-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, providing an overall sample of 906,311 participants. Results showed that both MA and TA had a significant impact on mathematics. Sociodemographic factors had modest moderating effects. Working memory (WM) also mediated the relationship between MA and TA with mathematics; however, this indirect effect was weak. Theoretical and educational implications, as well as future directions for research in this field, are discussed.
Impact of implementation of the Dependency Act on the Spanish economy: an analysis after the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Del Pozo-Rubio Raúl , Bermejo-Patón Fernando , Moya-Martínez Pablo
Published: August 2021

The aim of this paper is to assess the industry-wide impact of Long-Term Care (LTC) spending on the Spanish economy. LTC spending includes beneficiaries’ copayment and the impact is quantified in terms of output, employment and value added. To this purpose, we use an input–output model of the Spanish economy that allows us to further describe how the value added generated is distributed throughout the economy according to the existing benefit-mix (in kind services, cash benefit for informal care and cash benefit for personal assistance). Additionally, the model provides results on how the return on LTC spending would improve by using only in-kind services instead of the benefit mix currently in place. The 2012 Spanish Input–Output Table at current prices was extracted from the WIOD Database’s 2016 Release. Consumption data for dependent, employed, and unemployed households were collected from the Spanish Household Budget Survey for 2012. The findings reveal that the total annual costs are 7,205.43 million €, with total costs from in-kind services being almost 71% higher than total costs from cash benefits. Each million euros invested in in-kind services and CBPA would create 41.91 jobs (68.41% direct, 9.16% indirect and 22.43% induced). However, each million euros spent on cash benefits would result in 16.88 jobs overall (53.02% direct, 24.53% indirect and 22.45% induced). The total number of jobs is 151,353 at the aggregate level, being 46,840 depending on cash-benefits and 104,513 on in-kind services.
Pt-40%Rh Versus Pt-6%Rh Thermocouples: An emf-Temperature Reference Function for the Temperature Range 0 °C to 1769 °C
Authors: Edler Frank , Bojkovski Jovan , Garcia Izquerdo Carmen , Jose Martin Maria , Tucker Declan , Arifovic Narcisa , Andersen Søren Lindholt , Sindelarova Lenka , Zuzek Vincencij
Published: August 2021

The paper describes the metrological characterization of the highly stable Pt-40%Rh/Pt-6%Rh thermocouples to determine their reference function in the temperature range between 0 °C and 1769 °C. The preparation of the Pt-40%Rh/Pt-6%Rh thermocouples is described, as well as the measurement procedures and the measurement results of comparison and fixed point measurements for the determination of the reference function with low uncertainties.
Contextualizing Ancestral Pueblo Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo spp.) Management
Authors: Conrad Cyler
Published: August 2021

Penning turkeys (Meleagris gallopavospp.) in the Ancestral Pueblo American Southwest/Mexican Northwest (SW/NW) involved the creation or use of a variety of spaces and contexts throughout AD 1–1600 and into the post-contact era. Turkey pens, or captivity, occur through simple tethering, reuse of abandoned pit houses or surface rooms, or creation of pens within villages, plazas, and elsewhere. Turkey dung, droppings, and eggshells are fundamental for determining the presence or absence of pens at archaeological sites. In this paper, I review the archaeological record for turkey pens and focus on three main questions: (1) how are turkey pens identified in the SW/NW, (2) if turkey pen construction or evidence for turkey captivity shifts through time, and (3) what the record of turkey penning informs us regarding the long-term human management of these birds and global perspectives on human–bird/human–animal management. Ancestral Pueblo peoples created an adaptive and flexible strategy for turkey penning, which successfully integrated these birds into ceremonial and socioeconomic processes for approximately 1600 years.
Halloysite silanization in polyethylene terephthalate composites for bottling and packaging applications
Authors: Garcia-Escobar Fernando , Bonilla-Rios Jaime , Espinoza-Martinez Adriana Berenice , Cerda-Hurtado Patricia
Published: August 2021

Composite materials of polyethylene terephthalate with silanized halloysite nanoclay were prepared and characterized. Halloysite was first functionalized with benzoyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and then incorporated it into the polymer matrix via melt extrusion at 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% clay load ratios. The modified clay was characterized by means of elemental carbon quantification, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The silanization was confirmed to have taken place with an approximate reaction yield of 5%. While the silanization did not significantly affect the crystal structure or the morphological properties of the clay, a mass loss starting from 190 °C attributed to the organosilane compound used to modify the clay was observed in the reacted samples, along with increased thermal stability. The composite materials exhibited an increase in Young’s modulus and a decrease in the ultimate strain, but not a significant change in the oxygen permeability of the composites with respect to the neat PET.

Graphical abstract
Neighbourhood deprivation and the Big Five personality traits: associations with adolescent problem behaviour and educational attainment
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Jaap , Kleinepier Tom , Janssen Heleen , van Ham Maarten
Published: August 2021

We studied the relation between cumulative exposure to neighbourhood deprivation and adolescents’ Big Five personality traits, and the moderating role of personality in the relation between neighbourhood deprivation and the development of problem behaviour and educational attainment. We studied 5365 British adolescents from ages 10 to 16, with neighbourhood information from birth onwards. Extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, and openness to experience moderated the relation between deprivation and problem behaviour. For educational attainment, only extraversion was a moderator. This means that higher values on personality traits were related to weaker relations between neighbourhood deprivation and problem behaviour and educational attainment. The results showed the importance of taking into account adolescents’ personality when assessing developmental outcomes in relation to neighbourhood deprivation.
Intrinsically disordered proteins identified in the aggregate proteome serve as biomarkers of neurodegeneration
Authors: Ayyadevara Srinivas , Ganne Akshatha , Balasubramaniam Meenakshisundaram , Shmookler Reis Robert J.
Published: August 2021

A protein’s structure is determined by its amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications, and provides the basis for its physiological functions. Across all organisms, roughly a third of the proteome comprises proteins that contain highly unstructured or intrinsically disordered regions. Proteins comprising or containing extensive unstructured regions are referred to as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs are believed to participate in complex physiological processes through refolding of IDP regions, dependent on their binding to a diverse array of potential protein partners. They thus play critical roles in the assembly and function of protein complexes. Recent advances in experimental and computational analyses predicted multiple interacting partners for the disordered regions of proteins, implying critical roles in signal transduction and regulation of biological processes. Numerous disordered proteins are sequestered into aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) where they are enriched even in serum, making them good candidates for serum biomarkers to enable early detection of AD.
Globally Optimized Molecular Embeddings for Dynamic Reaction Solvate Shell Optimization and Active Site Design
Authors: Behrens Dominik M. , Hartke Bernd
Published: August 2021

We demonstrate how a full QM/MM derivatization of the recently developed GOCAT model can be utilized in the global optimization of molecular embeddings. To this end, we provide two distinct examples: An $$\text {S}_\text {N}2$$

S
N

2

reaction, and one enzymatic example of recent interest, the ketosteroid isomerase. These serve us to highlight the advantages of such an approach and sketch the roadmap for further improvements.
Continuous dimethyl carbonate synthesis from CO2 and methanol over BixCe1−xOδ monoliths: Effect of bismuth doping on population of oxygen vacancies, activity, and reaction pathway
Authors: Chen Yongdong , Li Yue , Chen Wei , Xu Wen Wu , Han Zhong-kang , Waheed Ammara , Ye Zhongbin , Li Gao , Baiker Alfons
Published: August 2021

We evaluated bismuth doped cerium oxide catalysts for the continuous synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of a dehydrating agent. BixCe1−xOδ nanocomposites of various compositions (x = 0.06–0.24) were coated on a ceramic honeycomb and their structural and catalytic properties were examined. The incorporation of Bi species into the CeO2 lattice facilitated controlling of the surface population of oxygen vacancies, which is shown to play a crucial role in the mechanism of this reaction and is an important parameter for the design of ceria-based catalysts. The DMC production rate of the BixCe1−xOδ catalysts was found to be strongly enhanced with increasing Ov concentration. The concentration of oxygen vacancies exhibited a maximum for Bi0.12Ce0.88Oδ, which afforded the highest DMC production rate. Long-term tests showed stable activity and selectivity of this catalyst over 45 h on-stream at 140 °C and a gas-hourly space velocity of 2,880 mL·gcat−1·h−1. In-situ modulation excitation diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and first-principle calculations indicate that the DMC synthesis occurs through reaction of a bidentate carbonate intermediate with the activated methoxy (−OCH3) species. The activation of CO2 to form the bidentate carbonate intermediate on the oxygen vacancy sites is identified as highest energy barrier in the reaction pathway and thus is likely the rate-determining step.
Perceived Similarity to Gender Groups Scale: Validation in a Sample of Italian LGB + and Heterosexual Young Adults
Authors: Baiocco Roberto , Antoniucci Chiara , Basili Emanuele , Pistella Jessica , Favini Ainzara , Martin Carol , Pastorelli Concetta
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The present article describes two interrelated studies that examine gender typicality in young adulthood using a new dual-identity approach.

Methods

Participants were recruited online from March 2020 to February 2021 and reported their perceived similarity to own- and other-gender peers as a way to assess their gender typicality. In study 1, the authors conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test and validate the Perceived Similarity to Gender Groups Scale in a sample of Italian young adults (n = 571; Mage = 23.9; SD = 3.60). The authors documented the configural, metric, scalar measurement invariance, and validity. In study 2, the Perceived Similarity to Gender Groups Scale adopted in study 1 was used to assess the distribution of different typologies of gender typicality in another sample of Italian young adults who vary in gender and sexual orientation (n = 1126; Mage = 24.3; SD = 3.51).

Results

Results confirmed the structural validity of the Perceived Similarity to Gender Groups Scale, revealing the two-factor structure of the scale. Moreover, results of cluster analysis found different typologies of self-perceptions of gender typicality.

Conclusion

Both studies emphasize the relevance of studying gender typicality in young adulthood through a dual-identity approach, highlighting the relevance of gender and sexual orientations.

Policy Implications

The use of the dual-identity approach has significant social and clinical implications as it represents a more flexible and representative model of the complexity of gender typicality.
The impact of active petroleum system on light hydrocarbons distribution in marine sediments
Authors: Lavrenova E. , Kerimov V. , Mustaev R , Levitskaya M. , Kruglyakova M.
Published: August 2021

Integrated interpretation of regional geochemical data and results of the numerical BM&PSM performed at the east part of the Sea of Azov and northeast part of the Black Sea reveal a correlation between the spatial distribution of light hydrocarbons in seabed sediments and investigated petroleum systems. The obtained results point out that the spatial distribution of gaseous hydrocarbons in marine sediments reflects the geological structure of sedimentary cover, and the maturity of petroleum systems, located within the basins. The origin of background levels and anomalies of light hydrocarbons was explained depending on the present-day petroleum system activity and the structure of overburden rocks.
Single-source-precursor synthesis of porous W-containing SiC-based nanocomposites as hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts
Authors: Yu Zhaoju , Mao Kangwei , Feng Yao
Published: August 2021

In this paper, W-containing SiC-based ceramic nanocomposites were successfully prepared by a polymer-derived ceramic approach using allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS) as a SiC source, WCl6as a tungsten source, polystyrene (PS) as a pore forming agent as well as divinyl benzene (DVB) as a carbon rich source. High-temperature phase behavior of the W-containing SiC-based ceramics after heat treatment was studied, showing that excessive DVB content in the feed will inhibit the crystallinity of W-containing nanoparticles in the final ceramic nanocomposites. The high specific surface area (SSA) of 169.4–276.9 m2/g can be maintained even at high temperature in the range of 1400–1500 °C, due to the carbothermal reaction which usually occurs between 1300 and 1400 °C. All prepared W-containing SiC-based nanocomposites reveal electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In detail, compared with reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the ceramic sample PWA-2-1300 after heat treatment at 1300 °C has the smallest overpotential of 286 mV when the current density is 10 mA·cm−2in acid medium, indicating the promising perspective in the water splitting field.
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A mRNA expression as a marker for differentiated thyroid cancer: results from a “surgical” and a “cytological” series
Authors: Marzocchi C. , Capezzone M. , Sagnella A. , Cartocci A. , Caroli Costantini M. , Brindisi L. , Mancini V. , Cantara S. , Castagna M. G.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) is a metalloproteinase initially described for its role during pregnancy. PAPPA regulates IGF ligands 1 (IGF1) bioavailability through the degradation of IGF-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4). After the cleavage of IGFBP4, free IGF1 is able to bind IGF1 receptors (IGF1R) triggering the downstream signaling. Recently, PAPPA expression has been linked with development of several cancers. No data have been published on thyroid cancer, yet.

Methods

We evaluated PAPPA, insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), IGF1 receptors (IGF1R) and IGF-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4) mRNA expression levels in a “Surgical series” of 94 thyroid nodules (64 cancers, 16 follicular adenomas and 14 hyperplastic nodules) and in a “Cytological series” of 80 nodules from 74 patients underwent to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In tissues, PAPPA was also evaluated by western blot.

Results

We found that PAPPA expression was increased in thyroid cancer specimen at mRNA and protein levels and that, adenomas and hyperplastic nodules had an expression similar to normal tissues. When applied on thyroid cytologies, PAPPA expression was able to discriminate benign from malignant nodules contributing to pre-surgical classification of the nodules. We calculated a cut-off with a good specificity (91%) which reached 100% when combined with molecular biology.

Conclusion

These results show that PAPPA could represent a promising diagnostic marker for differentiated thyroid cancer.
What Is “Chronic” in “Chronic Sleep Reduction” and What Are Its Consequences? A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: De Bruin E. J. , Dewald-Kaufmann J. F.
Published: August 2021

Purpose of Review

In this scoping review, we aimed to (1) provide an overview of chronic sleep reduction by systematically reviewing the existing literature (limited to systematic reviews and meta-analyses), (2) investigate the evidence of the effects of short sleep duration on daytime functioning, and (3) identify research gaps in this field.

Recent Findings

The results showed that (1) clear definitions of chronicity of sleep reduction are lacking—none of the included reviews/meta-analyses provided a full definition—and (2) short sleep duration appeared to be related to obesity and diabetes, whereas relations with cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive functioning, emotional problems, general health, and mortality, showed either small effects and appeared to be complex (e.g., for CVD and cognitive functioning), or studies were scarce or completely lacking (e.g., mortality in children/adolescents and emotional problems in adults).

Although short or insufficient sleep is highly prevalent and is associated with impaired mental and physical wellbeing, as well as pervasive negative consequences for daytime functioning, the concepts of “chronicity” and “chronic sleep reduction” have not been clearly defined and its effects on health are therefore still largely unknown. Moreover, there are large research gaps concerning studies on the relations between short sleep and health consequences. Further studies are recommended to define and operationalize chronicity of sleep reduction and develop measurements that adequately represent the complexity of the concept.
Determination of the optimal battery capacity of a PEM fuel cell vehicle taking into account recuperation and supercapacitors
Authors: Konradt Swantje C. , Rottengruber Hermann
Published: August 2021

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles require an electrical intermediate storage system to compensate for dynamic load requirements. That storage system uses a battery and has the task to increase tolerance to dynamic operation. In addition, energy can be recuperated and stored in supercapacitors to increase the fuel cell vehicle’s efficiency. To determine the optimal battery capacity according to the recuperation potential and possible use of a supercapacitor, a reference vehicle with PEM fuel cell was transferred to the simulation environmentMatlab/Simulink. The model is based on a cell model describing the electrochemical and physical interactions within the cell. It has been implemented in a complete vehicle model for the representation of a fuel cell vehicle. Various legal driving cycles, such as the WLTP (“Worldwide harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure”), were used for the calculations. A further step sets the optimal battery capacity depending on the dynamic of the fuel cell system. With this simulation model, dynamic requirements—for the fuel cell and the associated system components—can be determined in the future, scalable for each vehicle depending on the battery capacity and recuperation potential.