bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A single‐nucleotide polymorphism‐based approach for rapid and cost‐effective genetic wolf monitoring in Europe based on noninvasively collected samples
Authors: Kraus Robert H. S. , vonHoldt Bridgett , Cocchiararo Berardino , Harms Verena , Bayerl Helmut , Kühn Ralph , Förster Daniel W. , Fickel Jörns , Roos Christian , Nowak Carsten
Published: July 2014

Noninvasive genetics based on microsatellite markers has become an indispensable tool for wildlife monitoring and conservation research over the past decades. However, microsatellites have several drawbacks, such as the lack of standardisation between laboratories and high error rates. Here, we propose an alternative single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based marker system for noninvasively collected samples, which promises to solve these problems. Using nanofluidic SNP genotyping technology (Fluidigm), we genotyped 158 wolf samples (tissue, scats, hairs, urine) for 192 SNP loci selected from the Affymetrix v2 Canine SNP Array. We carefully selected an optimised final set of 96 SNPs (and discarded the worse half), based on assay performance and reliability. We found rates of missing data in this SNP set of <10% and genotyping error of ~1%, which improves genotyping accuracy by nearly an order of magnitude when compared to published data for other marker types. Our approach provides a tool for rapid and cost‐effective genotyping of noninvasively collected wildlife samples. The ability to standardise genotype scoring combined with low error rates promises to constitute a major technological advancement and could establish SNPs as a standard marker for future wildlife monitoring.
Culturable endophytic microbial communities in the circumpolar grass, Deschampsia flexuosa in a sub‐Arctic inland primary succession are habitat and growth stage specific
Authors: Poosakkannu Anbu , Nissinen Riitta , Kytöviita Minna‐Maarit
Published: July 2014

Little is known about endophytic microbes in cold climate plants and how their communities are formed. We compared culturable putative endophytic bacteria and fungi in the ecologically important circumpolar grass, Deschampsia flexuosa growing in two successional stages of subarctic sand dune (68°29′N). Sequence analyses of partial 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of culturable endophytes showed that diverse bacteria and fungi inhabit different tissues of D. flexuosa. A total of 178 bacterial isolates representing seven taxonomic divisions, Alpha, Beta and Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Acidobacteria, and 30 fungal isolates representing the phylum Ascomycota were identified. Several endophytes were affiliated with specific plant tissues or successional stages. This first report of bacterial endophytes in D. flexuosa revealed that the genus Pseudomonas is tightly associated with D. flexuosa, and encompassed 39% of the bacterial isolates, and 58% of seed isolates. Based on 16S rRNA and ITS sequence data, most of the D. flexuosa endophytes were closely related to microbes from other cold environments. The majority of seed endophytic bacterial isolates were able to solubilize organic form of phosphate suggesting that these endophytes could play a role in resource mobilization in germinating seeds in nutrient‐poor habitat.
Metabolites related to gut bacterial metabolism, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha activation, and insulin sensitivity are associated with physical function in functionally‐limited older adults
Authors: Lustgarten Michael S. , Price Lori L. , Chalé Angela , Fielding Roger A.
Published: July 2014

Identification of mechanisms underlying physical function will be important for addressing the growing challenge that health care will face with physical disablement in the expanding aging population. Therefore, the goals of the current study were to use metabolic profiling to provide insight into biologic mechanisms that may underlie physical function by examining the association between baseline and the 6‐month change in serum mass spectrometry‐obtained amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines with baseline and the 6‐month change in muscle strength (leg press one repetition maximum divided by total lean mass, LP/Lean), lower extremity function [short physical performance battery (SPPB)], and mobility (400 m gait speed, 400‐m), in response to 6 months of a combined resistance exercise and nutritional supplementation (whey protein or placebo) intervention in functionally‐limited older adults (SPPB ≤ 10; 70–85 years, N = 73). Metabolites related to gut bacterial metabolism (cinnamoylglycine, phenol sulfate, p‐cresol sulfate, 3‐indoxyl sulfate, serotonin, N‐methylproline, hydrocinnamate, dimethylglycine, trans‐urocanate, valerate) that are altered in response to peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha (PPAR‐α) activation (α‐hydroxyisocaproate, α‐hydroxyisovalerate, 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylvalerate, indolelactate, serotonin, 2‐hydroxypalmitate, glutarylcarnitine, isobutyrylcarnitine, cinnamoylglycine) and that are related to insulin sensitivity (monounsaturated fatty acids: 5‐dodecenoate, myristoleate, palmitoleate; γ‐glutamylamino acids: γ‐glutamylglutamine, γ‐glutamylalanine, γ‐glutamylmethionine, γ‐glutamyltyrosine; branched‐chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine) were associated with function at baseline, with the 6‐month change in function or were identified in backward elimination regression predictive models. Collectively, these data suggest that gut microbial metabolism, PPAR‐α activation, and insulin sensitivity may be involved in mechanisms that underlie physical function in functionally‐limited older adults.
snpqc – an R pipeline for quality control of Illumina SNP genotyping array data
Authors: Gondro Cedric , Porto‐Neto Laercio R. , Lee Seung Hwan
Published: July 2014

In genome‐wide association studies, quality control (QC) of genotypes is important to avoid spurious results. It is also important to maintain long‐term data integrity, particularly in settings with ongoing genotyping (e.g. estimation of genomic breeding values). Here we discuss snpqc, a fully automated pipeline to perform QC analyses of Illumina SNP array data. It applies a wide range of common quality metrics with user‐defined filtering thresholds to generate a comprehensive QC report and a filtered dataset, including a genomic relationship matrix, ready for further downstream analyses which make it amenable for integration in high‐throughput environments. snpqc also builds a database to store genotypic, phenotypic and quality metrics to ensure data integrity and the option of integrating more samples from subsequent runs. The program is generic across species and array designs, providing a convenient interface between the genotyping laboratory and downstream genome‐wide association study or genomic prediction.
Secondary Biliary Cholestasis Promotes Testicular Macrophage Infiltration and Autophagy in Rats
Authors: Shi Shao‐Hua , Jiang Li , Xie Hai‐Yang , Zhu You‐Fa , Zhang Wen‐Jin , Zheng Shu‐Sen
Published: July 2014

Problem

Cholestasis can cause translocation of gut bacteria, and endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation. Now, little is known about the effects of cholestasis on the testicular inflammation and autophagy.

Methods

A rat biliary cholestasis model caused by common bile duct ligation (CBDL), together with biliary decompression (choledochoduodenostomy), was used.

Results

The magnitude of MCP‐1 expression and CD68+ macrophage infiltration within testes was progressively up‐regulated in rats along with increasing duration of CBDL and was maintained at relatively high level in rats with biliary decompression. The large up‐regulation of testicular ATG‐12, LC3II, and autophagic vacuoles was found with the extending duration of CBDL and kept at 5 weeks following biliary decompression. The autophagic contents were a large accumulation of mitophagy in testes in rats with CBDL, and cytosol components in rats with biliary decompression.

Conclusion

Secondary biliary cholestasis can promote inflammatory reaction and the activation of mitophagy and autophagy in testes.
Prevalence of postpartum infections: a population‐based observational study
Authors: Axelsson Daniel , Blomberg Marie
Published: July 2014

We investigated the prevalence of postpartum infections among women giving birth during 1 year in a population‐based observational/questionnaire study at seven hospitals in the southeast region of Sweden. Of the women >99% (n = 11 124) received a questionnaire to inquire if they had endometritis, mastitis, or wound, urinary tract or any other infection within 2 months postpartum and whether they received antibiotics for this. Prevalence rates for infections and antibiotic treatment were estimated. The response rate was 60.1%. At least one infectious episode was reported by 10.3% of the women and 7.5% had received antibiotics. The prevalence for infections with and without antibiotics were, respectively, mastitis 4.7% and 2.9%, urinary tract infection 3.0% and 2.4%, endometritis 2.0% and 1.7%, wound infection 1.8% and 1.2%. There was no inter‐county difference in infection prevalence. Clinical postpartum infections in a high‐resource setting are relatively common.
Prevalence and viral load of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in pterygia in multi‐ethnic patients in the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Chong Pei Pei , Tung Chee Hong , Rahman Nurul Asyikin bt Abdul , Yajima Misako , Chin Fee Wai , Yeng Crystale Lim Siew , Go Eng Soon , Chan Cordelia M. L. , Yawata Nobuyo , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in primary and recurrent pterygia samples collected from different ethnic groups in the equatorial Malay Peninsula.

Methods

DNA was extracted from 45 specimens of freshly obtained primary and recurrent pterygia from patients and from 11 normal conjunctival swabs from volunteers with no ocular surface lesion as control. The presence of HPV DNA was detected by nested PCR. PCR‐positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing to determine the HPV genotypes. Real‐time PCR with HPV16 and HPV18 type‐specific TaqMan probes was employed to determine the viral DNA copy number.

Results

Of 45 pterygia samples with acceptable DNA quality, 29 (64.4%) were positive for HPV DNA, whereas all the normal conjunctiva swabs were HPV negative. Type 18 was the most prevalent (41.4% of positive samples) genotype followed by type 16 (27.6%). There was one case each of the less common HPV58 and HPV59. Seven of the samples harboured mixed infections of both HPV16 and HPV18. All the four known recurrent pterygia samples were HPV‐positive, whereas the sole early‐stage pterygium sample in the study was HPV‐negative. There was no significant association between HPV‐positive status with gender or age. A high proportion of patients from the Indian ethnic group (five of six) were HPV‐positive, whereas the Malay patients were found to have higher HPV positivity than the Chinese. The viral load of HPV18 samples ranged between 2 × 102 and 3 × 104 copies per μg, whereas the viral load of HPV16 specimen was 4 × 101 to 102 copies per μg.

Conclusion

This report describes for the first time the quantitative measurement of HPV viral DNA for pterygium samples. The high prevalence of oncogenic HPVs in our samples suggests a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of pterygia. Moreover, the relatively low HPV viral load is concordant with the premalignant nature of this ocular condition.
1090 nm infrared radiation at close to threshold dose induces cataract with a time delay
Authors: Yu Zhaohua , Schulmeister Karl , Talebizadeh Nooshin , Kronschläger Martin , Söderberg Per G.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To investigate whether infrared radiation (IRR)‐induced cataract is instant or is associated with a time delay between the exposure and the onset of lens light scattering after an exposure to just above threshold dose.

Methods

Six‐weeks‐old albino Sprague‐Dawley female rats were unilaterally exposed to 197 W/cm2 IRR at 1090 nm within the dilated pupil. In the first experiment, the animals were exposed with four exposure times of 5, 8, 13 and 20 second, respectively. At 24 hr after exposure, the light scattering in both exposed and contralateral not exposed lenses was measured. Based on the first experiment, four postexposure time groups were exposed unilaterally to 1090 nm IRR of 197 W/cm2 for 8 second. At 6, 18, 55 and 168 hr after exposure, the light scattering in both lenses was measured.

Results

A 197 W/cm2 IRR‐induced light scattering in the lens with exposures of at least 8 second. Further, after exposure to IRR of 197 W/cm2 for 8 second, the light‐scattering increase in the lens was delayed approximately 16 hr after the exposure.

Conclusion

There is a time delay between the exposure and the onset of cataract after exposure to close to threshold dose implicating that either near IRR cataract is photochemical or there is a time delay in the biological expression of thermally induced damage.
Intensive scaffolding in an intelligent tutoring system for the learning of algebraic word problem solving
Authors: González‐Calero José Antonio , Arnau David , Puig Luis , Arevalillo‐Herráez Miguel
Published: July 2014

The term intensive scaffolding refers to any set of conceptual scaffolding strategies that always allow the user to find the solution to a problem. Despite the many benefits of scaffolding, some negative effects have also been reported. These are mainly related to the possibility that a student solves the problems without actually engaging in their content. In this paper, we have used an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) to analyze the effect that intensive scaffolding has on the learning of algebraic word problem solving (AWPS). Two different versions of the ITS, which differ in the amount of scaffolding that they provide, have been created. These two versions were used by two groups of students in Secondary Education, in a quasi‐experimental study. The comparison of pre‐ and posttest scores shows a significant increase of the competence in AWPS in the group that used the ITS with intensive scaffolding.
SWOG0919: a Phase 2 study of idarubicin and cytarabine in combination with pravastatin for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Advani Anjali S. , McDonough Shannon , Copelan Edward , Willman Cheryl , Mulford Deborah A. , List Alan F. , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Othus Megan , Appelbaum Frederick R.
Published: July 2014

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and uptake sensitizes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts to chemotherapy. A Phase 1 study demonstrated the safety of high dose pravastatin given with idarubicin and cytarabine in patients with AML and also demonstrated an encouraging response rate. The Southwestern Oncology Group (SWOG) trial, SWOG S0919, was a Phase 2 trial evaluating the complete remission (CR) rate in a larger number of patients with relapsed AML treated with idarubicin, cytarabine and pravastatin. This study closed to accrual after meeting the defined criterion for a positive study. Thirty‐six patients with a median age of 59 years (range 23–78) were enrolled. The median time from diagnosis to registration was 18 months. Relapse status was first relapse, 17 patients (47%); second relapse, 15 patients (42%); third relapse, two patients (5·5%) and fourth relapse, two patients (5·5%). The response rate was 75% [95% confidence interval: 58–88%; 20 CRs, 7 CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi)], and the median overall survival was 12 months. The P‐value comparing 75–30% (the null response rate based on prior SWOG experience) was 3·356 × 10−4. Given the encouraging CR/CRi rate, this regimen should be considered for testing in a prospective randomized trial against best conventional therapy.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with venous thromboembolism and protein C‐deficiency: an observational Israeli‐German cohort study
Authors: Limperger Verena , Klostermeier Ulrich C. , Kenet Gili , Holzhauer Susanne , Alhenc Gelas Martine , Finckh Ulrich , Junker Ralf , Heller Christine , Zieger Barbara , Kurnik Karin , Knöfler Ralf , Mesters Rolf , Halimeh Susan , Nowak‐Göttl Ulrike
Published: July 2014

Venous thromboembolism [TE] is a multifactorial disease and protein C deficiency [PCD] constitutes a major risk factor. In the present study the prevalence of PCD and the clinical presentation at TE onset, including neonatal purpura fulminans, in a cohort of children are reported. In 367 unselected children (0·1–19 years) recruited between July 1996 and December 2013, a comprehensive thrombophilia screening was performed along with recording of anamnestic data. Twenty‐five of 338 children (7·4%) had PCD. Mean age at first TE onset was 10 years (range 0·1–18). Leading thromboembolic manifestations were neonatal purpura fulminans (n = 5), TE of cerebral veins (n = 3), stroke (n = 2) deep veinthrombosis (DVT) of the leg (n = 10), DVT & pulmonary embolism (n = 2) and DVT & pelvic veins (n = 3). Concomitant risk factors for TE were identified in 12 patients, whereas 13 children spontaneously developed TE. A positive family history of DVT was found in 10 children. In this unselected cohort of paediatric patients with symptomatic TE the overall prevalence of PCD was 7·4%; 1·5% presented with neonatal purpura fulminans. Given its clinical implication for patients and family members, thrombophilia testing should be performed and the benefit of medical or educational interventions should be evaluated in this high‐risk population.
Loss of MIR15A and MIR16‐1 at 13q14 is associated with increased TP53 mRNA, de‐repression of BCL2 and adverse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Lin Ke , Farahani Mosavar , Yang Yi , Johnson Gillian G. , Oates Melanie , Atherton Mark , Douglas Angela , Kalakonda Nagesh , Pettitt Andrew R.
Published: July 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility that TP53 mRNA is variably expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and that under‐expression is associated with TP53 dysfunction and adverse outcome. Although TP53 mRNA levels did indeed vary among the 104 CLL samples examined, this variability resulted primarily from over‐expression of TP53 mRNA in 18 samples, all of which lacked TP53 deletion/mutation. These patients had higher lymphocyte counts and shorter overall and treatment‐free survival times compared to cases with low TP53 mRNA expression and no TP53 deletion/mutation. Furthermore, TP53 mRNA levels did not correlate with levels of TP53 protein or its transcriptional target CDKN1A. We speculated that the adverse outcome associated with TP53 mRNA over‐expression might reflect variation in levels of MIR15A and MIR16‐1, which are encoded on chromosome 13q14 and target TP53 and some oncogenes including BCL2. In keeping with our hypothesis, 13q14 copy number and levels of MIR15A/MIR16‐1 correlated positively with one another but negatively with levels of TP53 mRNA and BCL2 mRNA. Our findings support a model in which loss of MIR15A/MIR16‐1 at chromosome 13q14 results in adverse outcome due to de‐repression of oncogenes such as BCL2, and up‐regulation of TP53 mRNA as a bystander effect.
Attention and ageing: Measuring effects of involuntary and voluntary orienting in isolation and in combination
Authors: Olk Bettina , Kingstone Alan
Published: July 2014

The cueing paradigm provides an established method for eliciting involuntary and voluntary attention shifts. Involuntary orienting is traditionally measured with non‐predictive peripheral cues and voluntary orienting with predictive central arrows. Recent studies with young adults have established that predictive central arrows trigger a combination of involuntary and voluntary orienting, raising the possibility that previous studies – including those with older adults – misinterpreted their findings with central arrow cues as isolating the effects of voluntary attention. The present experiment applied different cueing conditions that measured involuntary orienting, voluntary orienting, and involuntary and voluntary orienting in combination in older adults. The results show that past studies of voluntary orienting in older adults confound involuntary and voluntary orienting. Cueing effects in a condition that for the first time isolated voluntary orienting (predictive number cues) with older adults were significant, and comparable to effects for younger adults, demonstrating that older adults successfully utilize cues to direct their spatial attention strategically. A similar normal pattern of orienting was observed for involuntary orienting. Our study provides a methodology that can be applied effectively to isolate and investigate the effects of age on voluntary and involuntary attention.
Sturge–Weber Syndrome Is Associated with Cortical Dysplasia ILAE Type IIIc and Excessive Hypertrophic Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Resections for Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Wang Dan‐Dan , Blümcke Ingmar , Coras Roland , Zhou Wen‐Jing , Lu De‐Hong , Gui Qiu‐Ping , Hu Jing‐Xia , Zuo Huan‐Cong , Chen Shi‐Yun , Piao Yue‐Shan
Published: July 2014

Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare syndrome characterized by capillary‐venous malformations involving skin and brain. Many patients with SWS also suffer from drug‐resistant epilepsy. We retrospectively studied a series of six SWS patients with epilepsy and extensive neurosurgical resections. At time of surgery, the patients' age ranged from 11 to 35 years (with a mean of 20.2 years). All surgical specimens were well preserved, which allowed a systematic microscopical inspection utilizing the 2011 ILAE classification for focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Neuropathology revealed dysmorphic‐like neurons with hypertrophic cell bodies reminiscent to those described for FCD type IIa in all cases. However, gross architectural abnormalities of neocortical layering typical for FCD type IIa were missing, and we propose to classify this pattern as FCD ILAE type IIIc. In addition, our patients with earliest seizure onset also showed polymicrogyria (PMG; n = 4). The ictal onset zones were identified in all patients by subdural electrodes, and these areas always showed histopathological evidence for FCD type IIIc. Four out of five patients had favorable seizure control after surgery with a mean follow‐up period of 1.7 years. We concluded from our study that FCD type IIIc and PMG are frequently associated findings in SWS. FCD type IIIc may play a major epileptogenic role in SWS and complete resection of the associated FCD should be considered a prognostic key factor to achieve seizure control.
Phase I/II trial of 2‐weekly docetaxel combined with cisplatin plus fluorouracil in metastatic esophageal cancer (JCOG0807)
Authors: Hironaka Shuichi , Tsubosa Yasuhiro , Mizusawa Junki , Kii Takayuki , Kato Ken , Tsushima Takahiro , Chin Keisho , Tomori Akihisa , Okuno Tatsuya , Taniki Toshikatsu , Ura Takashi , Matsushita Hisayuki , Kojima Takashi , Doki Yuichiro , Kusaba Hitoshi , Fujitani Kazumasa , Taira Koichi , Seki Shiko , Nakamura Tsutomu , Kitagawa Yuko ,   Japan Esophageal Oncology Group/Japan Clinical Oncology Group
Published: July 2014

We carried out a phase I/II trial of adding 2‐weekly docetaxel to cisplatin plus fluorouracil (CF) therapy (2‐weekly DCF regimen) in esophageal cancer patients to investigate its safety and antimetastatic activity. Patients received 2‐weekly docetaxel (30 mg/m2 [dose level (DL)1] or 40 mg/m2 [DL2] with a 3 + 3 design in phase I, on days 1 and 15) in combination with fixed‐dose CF (80 mg/m2 cisplatin, day 1; 800 mg/m2 fluorouracil, days 1–5) repeated every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) in phase I and central peer review‐based response rate in phase II. At least 22 responders among 50 patients were required to satisfy the primary endpoint with a threshold of 35%. Sixty‐two patients were enrolled in phase I and II. In phase I, 10 patients were enrolled with DLT of 0/3 at DL1 and 2/7 in DL2. Considering DLT and treatment compliance, the recommended phase II dose was determined as DL1. In phase II, the response rate was 62% (P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval, 48–75%); median overall survival and progression‐free survival were 11.1 and 5.8 months, respectively. Common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (25%), anemia (36%), hyponatremia (29%), anorexia (24%), and nausea (11%). No febrile neutropenia was observed. Pneumonitis caused treatment‐related death in one patient. The 2‐weekly DCF regimen showed promising antimetastatic activity and tolerability. A phase III study comparing this regimen with CF therapy is planned by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group. This study was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN 000001737.
Where has all the Youth Crime Gone? Youth Justice in an Age of Austerity
Authors: Bateman Tim
Published: July 2014

Youth justice under the Coalition government in England and Wales has been characterised by considerable gains — falling youth crime, increased diversion and substantial reductions in child imprisonment — that would generally be associated with a progressive agenda. Focusing on youth justice policy in England and Wales, this article suggests that the tensions implicit in a government of the new right delivering outcomes that demonstrate an increased tolerance to children who offend can be explained by the logic of austerity. That same logic brings with it other policy measures that are potentially less compatible with children's well‐being.
D‐Serine‐induced Inactivation of NMDA Receptors in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons Expressing NR2A Subunits is Ca2+‐Dependent
Authors: Li Xia , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Chen Zhao‐Qin , Jiang Zheng‐Lin , Sun Li , Xu Li‐Hua , Yang Yao , Zhang Yun‐Feng
Published: July 2014

Aims

Our previous studies indicate that glycine can inhibit N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) responses induced by high concentrations of NMDA in rat hippocampal neurons. The present study was designed to observe whether D‐serine induces inactivation of NMDARs in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this effect.

Methods

Cell culture, whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis were used.

Results

We found that the peak current and Ca2+ influx evoked by 30 μM NMDA were increased by co‐application of D‐serine, but those evoked by 300 μM NMDA were reduced dose‐dependently by co‐application of D‐serine. However, the inhibitory effect of D‐serine on NMDAR responses was reversed by ZnCl2 (30 nM), an inhibitor of the NR2A subunit, but was less influenced by ifenprodil (10 μM), an NR2B inhibitor. In addition, the inhibitory effect of D‐serine was not detected in young hippocampal neurons that expressed less of the NR2A subunits and reversed in the presence of 10 mM BAPTA.

Conclusions

D‐Serine can also induce inactivation of NMDARs, the NR2A subunit is required for the induction of this effect, and this inactivation is Ca2+‐dependent in nature. This action of D‐serine is hypothesized to play a neuroprotective role upon a sustained large glutamate insult to the brain.
Patch test study of 90 patients with tattoo reactions: Negative outcome of allergy patch test to baseline batteries and culprit inks suggests allergen(s) are generated in the skin through haptenization
Authors: Serup Jørgen , Hutton Carlsen Katrina
Published: July 2014

Background

Tattoo reactions, especially in red tattoos, are often suggested as allergic in nature, however, systematic evaluation by patch testing has not performed in the past.

Objective

To report the results of patch testing in 90 patients with non‐infectious chronic tattoo reactions.

Materials/methods

From 2009 to 2013 at the ‘Tattoo Clinic’, Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 90 patients were patch tested with batteries of baseline allergens, disperse dyes/textile allergens, and a selection of tattoo ink stock products, which, according to case observations, were problematic, supplemented with individual culprit inks when accessible.

Results

Patients with reactions to the tattoo colour red, the most predominant colour associated with skin reactions, showed negative patch test results with common allergens. Outcomes were also negative in patients who had experienced concomitant reactions in another hitherto tolerated tattoo of the same colour as the problematic tattoo.

Discussion/conclusion

The allergen or allergens responsible for tattoo reactions are not present directly in tattoo ink stock products. This is despite the fact that clinical histories suggest that the vast majority of clinical reactions, especially reactions to red and red nuances, are likely to be allergic events caused by the injected inks. We suggest that the responsible allergen results from a complicated and slow process of haptenization, which may even include photochemical cleavage of red azo pigment.
Triphenylguanidine, a new (old?) rubber accelerator detected in surgical gloves that may cause allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Dahlin Jakob , Bergendorff Ola , Vindenes Hilde K. , Hindsén Monica , Svedman Cecilia
Published: July 2014

Background

Rubber accelerators are common contact allergens in healthcare personnel, owing to exposures from medical gloves.

Objectives

To analyse glove extracts used for patch testing for the presence of guanidine‐type accelerators, and to describe the results of patch testing with triphenylguanidine (TPG) in 2 cases of contact allergy and with TPG added to the rubber series.

Materials and methods

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection were used for analysis of glove extracts. Patch tests were performed with guanidine accelerators detected in the extracts.

Results

TPG, an accelerator not previously reported as being present in rubber gloves, was found in the glove extracts. Patch testing with TPG showed relevant contact allergic reactions in patients with hand dermatitis caused by rubber gloves.

Conclusions

Chemical analysis of extracts for patch testing is important in the identification of new possible allergens. In this case, a rubber accelerator previously not reported as a possible contact allergen was found in extracts of surgical gloves.
Occupational contact dermatitis in blue‐collar workers: results from a multicentre study from the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group (2003–2012)
Authors: Schwensen Jakob F. , Menné Torkil , Veien Niels K. , Funding Anne T. , Avnstorp Christian , Østerballe Morten , Andersen Klaus E. , Paulsen Evy , Mørtz Charlotte G. , Sommerlund Mette , Danielsen Anne , Andersen Bo L. , Thormann Jens , Kristensen Ove , Kristensen Berit , Vissing Susanne , Nielsen Niels H. , Thyssen Jacob P. , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: July 2014

Background

Blue‐collar workers have a high risk of occupational contact dermatitis, but epidemiological studies are scarce.

Objectives

To investigate allergic contact dermatitis in blue‐collar workers with dermatitis registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patch test data from 1471 blue‐collar workers and 1471 matched controls tested between 2003 and 2012 was performed. A logistic regression was used to test for associations.

Results

The blue‐collar workers often had occupational hand dermatitis (p < 0.001). Atopic dermatitis was less commonly observed among blue‐collar workers (19.6%) than among controls (23.9%) (p = 0.005). Allergens with a statistically significant association with the occupational group of blue‐collar workers were epoxy resins, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, 2‐bromo‐2‐nitro‐1,3‐propanediol, potassium dichromate, and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/methylisothiazolinone (MI). The following occupations were additionally identified as risk factors for contact sensitization to MCI/MI and MI, epoxy resins, and potassium dichromate, respectively: painting, construction work, and tile setting/terrazzo work.

Conclusion

Contact allergy is a major problem among blue‐collar workers. The data indicate a healthy worker effect among blue‐collar workers diagnosed with dermatitis, as blue‐collar workers were diagnosed significantly less often with atopic dermatitis than were controls.
DO ABCs GET MORE CITATIONS THAN XYZs?
Authors: Huang Wei
Published: July 2014

Using a sample of U.S.‐based scientific journal articles, I examine the relationship between author surname initials and paper citations, finding that the papers with first authors whose surname initials appear earlier in the alphabet get more citations, and that this effect does not exist for non‐first authors. Further analysis shows that the alphabetical order effect is stronger in those fields with longer reference lists, and that such alphabetical bias exists among citations by others and not for self‐citations. In addition, estimates also reveal that the alphabetical order effect is stronger when the length of reference lists in citing papers is longer. These findings suggest that the order in reference lists plays an important role in the alphabetical bias. (JEL D0, O3, Z1)
Polymorphic mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a coastal riverscape: size class assemblages, distribution, and habitat associations
Authors: Starr James C. , Torgersen Christian E.
Published: July 2014

We compared the assemblage structure, spatial distributions, and habitat associations of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) morphotypes and size classes. We hypothesised that morphotypes would have different spatial distributions and would be associated with different habitat features based on feeding behaviour and diet. Spatially continuous sampling was conducted over a broad extent (29 km) in the Calawah River, WA (USA). Whitefish were enumerated via snorkelling in three size classes: small (10–29 cm), medium (30–49 cm), and large (≥50 cm). We identified morphotypes based on head and snout morphology: a pinocchio form that had an elongated snout and a normal form with a blunted snout. Large size classes of both morphotypes were distributed downstream of small and medium size classes, and normal whitefish were distributed downstream of pinocchio whitefish. Ordination of whitefish assemblages with nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that normal whitefish size classes were associated with higher gradient and depth, whereas pinocchio whitefish size classes were positively associated with pool area, distance upstream, and depth. Reach‐scale generalised additive models indicated that normal whitefish relative density was associated with larger substrate size in downstream reaches (R2 = 0.64), and pinocchio whitefish were associated with greater stream depth in the reaches farther upstream (R2 = 0.87). These results suggest broad‐scale spatial segregation (1–10 km), particularly between larger and more phenotypically extreme individuals. These results provide the first perspective on spatial distributions and habitat relationships of polymorphic mountain whitefish.
Ecological release exposes genetically based niche variation
Authors: Emery Nancy C. , Ackerly D. D.
Published: July 2014

The evolutionary trajectories of ecological niches have profound impacts on community, population and speciation dynamics, yet the underlying causes of niche lability vs. stasis are poorly understood. Here, we conducted a field experiment to quantify the effects of competition and, conversely, competitive release on the microevolutionary processes driving microhabitat niche evolution in an annual plant population restricted to California vernal pool wetlands. Removing competitors generated a strong increase in mean fitness, the exposure of genetically based niche variation and directional selection for niche evolution in the experimental population. In contrast, genetic variation in the microhabitat niche and directional selection for niche evolution were not detected in individuals growing with competitors. These results indicate that ecological opportunity (here, the removal of competitors) can trigger the immediate expression of latent, heritable niche variation that is necessary for rapid evolutionary responses; conversely, competitors may restrict niche evolution, contributing to niche conservatism in saturated communities.
Niche construction initiates the evolution of mutualistic interactions
Authors: Buser Claudia C. , Newcomb Richard D. , Gaskett Anne C. , Goddard Matthew R.
Published: July 2014

Niche construction theory explains how organisms' niche modifications may feed back to affect their evolutionary trajectories. In theory, the evolution of other species accessing the same modified niche may also be affected. We propose that this niche construction may be a general mechanism driving the evolution of mutualisms. Drosophilid flies benefit from accessing yeast‐infested fruits, but the consequences of this interaction for yeasts are unknown. We reveal high levels of variation among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in their ability to modify fruits and attract Drosophila simulans. More attractive yeasts are dispersed more frequently, both in the lab and in the field, and flies associated with more attractive yeasts have higher fecundity. Although there may be multiple natural yeast and fly species interactions, our controlled assays in the lab and field provide evidence of a mutualistic interaction, facilitated by the yeast's niche modification.
Sincere Cooperation, Respect for Democracy and EU Citizenship: Sufficient to Guarantee Scotland's Future in the European Union?
Authors: Kenealy Daniel , MacLennan Stuart
Published: July 2014

The position of an independent Scotland within the European Union (EU) has recently been a subject of considerable debate. The European Commission has argued that any newly independent state formed from the territory of an existing Member State would require an Accession Treaty. This article critiques that official position and distinguishes between a set of claims that could be made on behalf of an independent Scottish state, and a set of claims that could be made on behalf of the citizens of an independent Scottish state vis‐à‐vis the EU. It argues that the general principles of the EU Treaties ought to govern how Scotland is treated, and that a new Accession Treaty is not necessary. Furthermore, notwithstanding the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the area of EU citizenship, we conclude that EU citizenship itself is not sufficient to guarantee or generate membership of the EU.
The Darling Dogma of Bourgeois Europeanists
Authors: Somek Alexander
Published: July 2014

This review article examines critically the belief that national democracies are inherently deficient on democratic grounds since they affect people across their own borders without offering them a voice in the domestic political process. Supranational institutions are supposed to address this problem. The article explains, first, that this belief can be given two different readings: one is liberal, the other democratic. Second, it argues that making sense of this belief requires transforming it into a principle of cosmopolitan citizenship that draws on the idea of virtual representation. The current European Union would look differently if it were to abide by this principle.
Where we stand with human hypertrophic and keloid scar models
Authors: Williams Felicia N. , Herndon David N. , Branski Ludwik K.
Published: July 2014

We have yet to create a human scar model that demonstrates the complex nature of hypertrophic scar and keloid formation as well as ways to prevent them despite emerging advances in our understanding of the immune system, the inflammatory response, and proteomic and genomic changes after injury. Despite more complex in vitro models, we fail to explain the fundamental principles to scar formation, and the timeline of their development. The solution to developing the ideal in vitro scar model is one that mimics the heterogeneous cellular and molecular interactions, as well as the evolving structure and function of human skin.
Perilipin 3 modulates specific lipogenic pathways in SZ95 sebocytes
Authors: Camera Emanuela , Dahlhoff Maik , Ludovici Matteo , Zouboulis Christos C. , Schneider Marlon R.
Published: July 2014

Lipid droplets (LD) are dynamic organelles that manage cellular lipid synthesis, storage and retrieval. Although LD‐associated proteins, including the perilipin family (PLIN1–PLIN5), are essential for these functions, they have been poorly characterized in sebocytes. Here, we employed siRNAs to downregulate PLIN3 in SZ95 sebaceous gland cells and evaluated the consequences in lipid accumulation by nile red staining and mass spectrometry. Nile red staining revealed that siRNA‐mediated downregulation of PLIN3 significantly impaired linoleic acid‐induced lipid accumulation in SZ95 sebocytes. Mass spectrometry revealed that PLIN3 was implicated in the metabolism of linoleic acid, a lipid source used in the build‐up of triglycerides, among other acyl lipids. Furthermore, the expression of key enzymes of sebaceous lipogenesis was altered in PLIN3‐deficient sebocytes, consistent with the changes observed in the neutral lipid abundance, suggesting that PLIN3 functions are intertwined with the lipogenic pathways implicated in sebaceous lipogenesis, such as desaturation and triglyceride synthesis.
Association between EGFR gene polymorphisms, skin rash and response to anti‐EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Jaka Ane , Gutiérrez‐Rivera Araika , Ormaechea Nerea , Blanco Jesus , La Casta Adelaida , Sarasqueta Cristina , Izeta Ander , Tuneu Anna
Published: July 2014

Cetuximab and panitumumab are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors used in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Most patients develop a papulopustular rash that may predict tumor response to treatment. EGFR gene polymorphisms may also determine tumor response and appearance of skin rash. We hypothesized an association between EGFR gene polymorphisms, papulopustular rash and response to anticancer treatment. Four EGFR polymorphisms (−216, −191, CA‐SSR, R521K) were analysed in 51 patients with mCRC receiving anti‐EGFR. Severity of cutaneous rash and tumor response was measured following standard scales. We report an association between SNP‐216 and tumor response (P = 0.003): no tumor progression occurred in TT genotype. Moreover, 92.3% of the responder patients developed skin rash, 62.9% of them presenting a grade ≥2 (P = 0.015). Thus, although underpowered, our preliminary data suggest that SNP‐216 polymorphism of the EGFR gene could be useful in predicting tumor response and the appearance of severe skin rash might also be associated.
Measurement of Natural Losses of LNAPL Using CO2 Traps
Authors: McCoy Kevin , Zimbron Julio , Sale Tom , Lyverse Mark
Published: July 2014

Efflux of CO2 above releases of petroleum light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) has emerged as a critical parameter for resolving natural losses of LNAPLs and managing LNAPL sites. Current approaches for resolving CO2 efflux include gradient, flux chamber, and mass balance methods. Herein a new method for measuring CO2 efflux above LNAPL bodies, referred to as CO2 traps, is introduced. CO2 traps involve an upper and a lower solid phase sorbent elements that convert CO2 gas into solid phase carbonates. The sorbent is placed in an open vertical section of 10 cm ID polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe located at grade. The lower sorbent element captures CO2 released from the subsurface via diffusion and advection. The upper sorbent element prevents atmospheric CO2 from reaching the lower sorbent element. CO2 traps provide integral measurement of CO2 efflux based over the period of deployment, typically 2 to 4 weeks. Favorable attributes of CO2 traps include simplicity, generation of integral (time averaged) measurement, and a simple means of capturing CO2 for carbon isotope analysis. Results from open and closed laboratory experiments indicate that CO2 traps quantitatively capture CO2. Results from the deployment of 23 CO2 traps at a former refinery indicate natural loss rates of LNAPL (measured in the fall, likely concurrent with high soil temperatures and consequently high degradation rates) ranging from 13,400 to 130,000 liters per hectare per year (L/Ha/year). A set of field triplicates indicates a coefficient of variation of 18% (resulting from local spatial variations and issues with measurement accuracy).
Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Smith Jonathan H. , Swanson Jerry W.
Published: July 2014

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a medium and large‐vessel vasculitis, which is an important cause of secondary headache in older adults. While GCA has a classic presentation occurring after the age of 50, atypical presentations (eg, fever of unknown origin, cough, low or normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate) may lead to a delay in diagnosis. The topography of vascular involvement has implications for disease‐related complications, which can result in neurologic disease at multiple levels of the nervous system. The most feared complication, vision loss, fortunately becomes uncommon after initiation of corticosteroids. Corticosteroid treatment should not be withheld while waiting the results of a temporal artery biopsy (TAB), which remains the gold standard for GCA diagnosis. Newer diagnostic modalities, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography can play an important role in directing treatment in cases with negative TAB. After successful control of the disorder, patients should be gradually tapered off corticosteroids, with careful monitoring using both clinical and laboratory parameters to assess for relapse. Corticosteroid‐related treatment complications are not uncommon in GCA. There is mixed evidence for use of adjunct corticosteroid‐sparing agents (eg, methotrexate), although these should be initiated in the setting of corticosteroid‐related morbidity and/or cases with frequent relapse.
Association Study of MTHFD1 Coding Polymorphisms R134K and R653Q With Migraine Susceptibility
Authors: Sutherland Heidi G. , Hermile Heloise , Sanche Rebecca , Menon Saras , Lea Rod A. , Haupt Larisa M. , Griffiths Lyn R.
Published: July 2014

Objective

There is evidence that folate metabolism has a role in migraine pathophysiology, particularly in the migraine with aura (MA) subtype. In this study, we investigate whether two non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1950902 (C401T; R134K) and rs2236225 (G1958A; R653Q), in MTHF dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) are associated with migraine in an Australian case‐control population.

Background

Increased plasma levels of homocysteine, one of the metabolites produced in the folate pathway, has been found to be a risk factor for migraine. There is also a genetic link: a common polymorphism (rs1801133, C667T) that reduces the catalytic activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), is associated with an increase in risk of MA. MTHFD1 is a crucial multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes three separate reactions of the folate pathway and therefore variants in MTHFD1 may also influence migraine susceptibility.

Methods

The R134K and R653Q variants in MTHFD1 were genotyped in an Australian cohort of 520 unrelated migraineurs (162 were diagnosed with migraine without aura [MO] and 358 with MA) and 520 matched controls. Data were analyzed for association with migraine and for interaction with the MTHFR C667T polymorphism.

Results

We find no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies for either SNP between migraineurs and controls, or when either MO or MA cases were compared with controls. In addition, these MTHFD1 polymorphisms did not appear to influence the risk of MA conferred by the MTHFR 667T allele.

Conclusions

We find no evidence for association of the MTHFD1 R134K and R653Q polymorphisms with migraine in our Australian case‐control population. However, as folate metabolism appears to be important in migraine, particularly with respect to the aura component, future studies using high throughput methods to expand the number of SNPs in folate‐related genes genotyped and investigation of interactions between SNPs may be justified.