bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REMOTE INFORMATION CONCENTRATION VIA FOUR-PARTICLE CLUSTER STATE AND BY POSITIVE OPERATOR-VALUE MEASUREMENT
Authors: PENG JIA-YIN , LUO MING-XING , MO ZHI-WEN
Published: June 2013

By using a proper positive operator-valued measure (POVM), we present two new schemes for remote information concentration via four-particle cluster state. It is demonstrated that by employing a maximally entangled (respectively, nonmaximally entangled) four-particle cluster state as the quantum channel, quantum information initially and generally (respectively, specially) distributed in three spatially separated qubits can be remotely and probabilistically concentrated back to a single qubit without performing any global operations. Moreover, the total success probabilities of these two protocols are also worked out. It is more easier to realize experimentally by POVM than by projective measurement.
(Invited) Critical Assessment of Research and Development Needs in Solar to Hydrogen Production Technologies
Authors: Miller Eric Lars , Dillich Sara , Sutherland Erika , Studer Sarah
Published: June 2013

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Program (FCT) has made significant progress in fuel cell technology advancement and cost reduction, highlighted by reducing the cost of automotive fuel cells by more than 80% since 2002. Research and development of enabling technologies for the widespread production of affordable renewable hydrogen remains a challenge. In response, FCT worked with the federal Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee to assemble an Expert Panel on Hydrogen Production, comprised of leading experts from industry, academia and national laboratories, to evaluate the current status and future prospects for viable hydrogen production technologies. Key emphases were on current reforming and electrolytic processes in near-term hydrogen markets and the need to transition to industrial-scale renewable hydrogen production for the longer term. Central to the long term vision are the solar-to-hydrogen conversion technologies, including the photoelectrochemical, biological, thermochemical and integrated solar-electrolysis routes.
Photobiological H2 Production: Theoretical Maximum Light Conversion Efficiency and Strategies to Achieve It
Authors: Ghirardi Maria L
Published: June 2013

Photobiological H2 production depends on charge separation by reaction centers coupled to Chlorophyll a, Chorophyll b and carotenoid light-absorbing antennae, with well-defined spectral and redox characteristics. The initial charge-separated state in the reaction centers is stabilized by electron transfer to carriers within two protein complexes, Photosystem I and Photosystem II that act in series. Two photons are required to transfer each electron from the PSII donor, water, to the final PSI electron acceptor, ferredoxin. Unlike most tandem photoelectrochemical designs, biological photosystems are coupled to wate-oxidizing and H2-producing enzymes and these reactions occur within the same cell compartment, the chloroplast. The above-described physical parameters set the theoretical maximum solar-conversion efficiency of biological systems to 12-13%. However, due to a large number of structural and regulatory processes in vivo, the actual conversion efficiency of biological systems to H2 is of the order of 1%. This paper addresses these limitations.
The Activity of Ash-free Coal in Direct Carbon Fuel Cells
Authors: Ju HyungKuk , Eom Jiyoung , Lee Jae Kwang , Choi Hokyung , Lee Si-hyun , Song Rak-Hyun , Lee Jaeyoung
Published: June 2013

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are a promising novel electrochemical power source that can convert chemical energy directly into electric energy by utilizing gaseous hydrocarbons to solid coal and even biomass. In this study, a practical experiment of using a sub-bituminous Indonesian Roto-south raw and ash-free coals as a direct fuel in the DCFCs has been investigated. The activity of the coal fuels in DCFCs is affected by ash compound such as Si and Al. As a result, we observe a maximum power density of 35 and 60 mW cm−2 at 900℃ by using raw and ash-free coal fuels, respectively.
Cu Monolayer on Au/C and Pt/C for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Hydrocarbons
Authors: Escalante-Garcia Ismailia L. , Wainright Jesse S. , Savinell Robert F.
Published: June 2013

In the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into carbon – based fuels, one of the scientific challenges is the development of high activity catalysts to enhance the CO2 reduction at low overpotentials, yield valuable hydrocarbons at high current efficiency and diminish hydrogen evolution reaction activity. In this work, we present the design of nano-structured high surface area electrodes based on a Cu monolayer on Au or Pt nanoparticles supported on Carbon. A full monolayer of Cu was synthesized by underpotential deposition on Au or Pt nanoparticles for the electroreduction of CO2. Preliminary results shows that a full monolayer of Cu on Au or Pt nanoparticles cores exhibited an enhancement of the CO2 activity by a factor of 1.13 and 1.25, respectively, at -1.7 V vs. NHE over the native metal core nanoparticles in 0.1 M KHCO3. The Cu monolayer remains stable and intact on the carbon-supported Pt and Au nanoparticles before and after performing CO2 reduction.
High Efficiency CuCl Electrolyzer for Cu-Cl Thermochemical Cycle
Authors: Schatz Rich , Kim Soohyun , Khurana Sanchit , Fedkin Mark , Lvov Serguei N.
Published: June 2013

The Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle is a promising technology for hydrogen production due to moderate temperature requirements and compatibility with commercially demonstrated renewable heat sources, such as the solar power tower. CuCl/HCl electrolysis, the main hydrogen-producing step of the cycle, has been investigated using a newly developed electrolyzer system supplemented by a number of electrochemical characterization techniques. Nafion- based membranes and Pt/C catalysts were used to prepare membrane electrode assemblies for these tests. The anolyte contained 1 to 2 mol·L-1 CuCl dissolved in 6 mol·L-1 HCl(aq), and the catholyte was a 6 mol·L-1 HCl(aq) solution. The results of the study showed that the applied potential of 0.7 V can produce the current density around 0.5 A·cm-2 for a period of 24 hours at a temperature of 80 °C and ambient pressure. The hydrogen production efficiency was found to be at 91-99 % without any decline during the test. No copper deposition was observed after the test on any component of the electrolyzer.
Wagner-Vengrenovich Distribution
Authors: Ivanskii Bohdan V. , Moskalyuk Anatolii V. , Yarema Sergey V. , Panko Igor I. , Stasyk Miroslav O.
Published: June 2013

The process of coarsening of nanoclusters or nanocrystals (NCs) is investigated for the case when cluster growth (dissolution) is governed simultaneously by both diffusion along dislocation pipes and the rate of formation of chemical connections (chemical reaction) at cluster surface, namely, Wagner’s growing mechanism. For that, the total flow of atoms to (from) a cluster is represented by two parts, namely, diffusion part and the Wagner (kinetic) one. The dependence of the rate of growth of NC on the ratio of the parts of the total flow has been determined as well as the NC’s size distribution function referred to as the Wagner-Vengrenovich distribution. Computed distribution is compared with experimentally obtained histograms.
Approximately Ternary Homomorphisms onC*-Ternary Algebras
Authors: Shim Eon Wha , Kwon Su Min , Hyen Yun Tark , Choi Yong Hun , Bodaghi Abasalt
Published: June 2013

Gordji et al. established the Hyers-Ulam stability and the superstability ofC*-ternary homomorphisms andC*-ternary derivations onC*-ternary algebras, associated with the following functional equation:fx2-x1/3+fx1-3x3/3+f3x1+3x3-x2/3=fx1, by the direct method. Under the conditions in the main theorems, we can show that the related mappings must be zero. In this paper, we correct the conditions and prove the corrected theorems. Furthermore, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability and the superstability ofC*-ternary homomorphisms andC*-ternary derivations onC*-ternary algebras by using a fixed point approach.
Approximate Solution of Tuberculosis Disease Population Dynamics Model
Authors: Atangana Abdon , Bildik Necdet
Published: June 2013

We examine possible approximate solutions of both integer and noninteger systems of nonlinear differential equations describing tuberculosis disease population dynamics. The approximate solutions are obtained via the relatively new analytical technique, the homotopy decomposition method (HDM). The technique is described and illustrated with numerical example. The numerical simulations show that the approximate solutions are continuous functions of the noninteger-order derivative. The technique used for solving these problems is friendly, very easy, and less time consuming.
DNA Hypomethylation, Ambient Particulate Matter, and Increased Blood Pressure: Findings From Controlled Human Exposure Experiments
Authors: Bellavia Andrea , Urch Bruce , Speck Mary , Brook Robert D. , Scott Jeremy A. , Albetti Benedetta , Behbod Behrooz , North Michelle , Valeri Linda , Bertazzi Pier Alberto , Silverman Frances , Gold Diane , A. Baccarelli Andrea
Published: June 2013

Background

Short‐term exposures to fine (<2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) ambient particulate‐matter (
PM
) have been related with increased blood pressure (
BP
) in controlled‐human exposure and community‐based studies. However, whether coarse (2.5 to 10 μm)
PM
exposure increases
BP
is uncertain. Recent observational studies have linked
PM
exposures with blood
DNA
hypomethylation, an epigenetic alteration that activates inflammatory and vascular responses. No experimental evidence is available to confirm those observational data and demonstrate the relations between
PM
, hypomethylation, and
BP
.

Methods and Results

We conducted a cross‐over trial of controlled‐human exposure to concentrated ambient particles (
CAP
s). Fifteen healthy adult participants were exposed for 130 minutes to fine
CAP
s, coarse
CAP
s, or
HEPA
‐filtered medical air (control) in randomized order with ≥2‐week washout. Repetitive‐element (

Alu

, long interspersed nuclear element‐1 [
LINE
‐1]) and candidate‐gene (

TLR4

,

IL‐12

,

IL‐6

,

iNOS

) blood methylation, systolic and diastolic
BP
were measured pre‐ and postexposure. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, fine
CAP
s exposure lowered

Alu

methylation (β‐standardized=−0.74, adjusted‐
P
=0.03); coarse
CAP
s exposure lowered

TLR4

methylation (β‐standardized=−0.27, adjusted‐
P
=0.04). Both fine and coarse
CAP
s determined significantly increased systolic
BP
(β=2.53 mm Hg,
P
=0.001; β=1.56 mm Hg,
P
=0.03, respectively) and nonsignificantly increased diastolic
BP
(β=0.98 mm Hg,
P
=0.12; β=0.82 mm Hg,
P
=0.11, respectively). Decreased

Alu

and

TLR4

methylation was associated with higher postexposure
DBP
(β‐standardized=0.41,
P
=0.04; and β‐standardized=0.84,
P
=0.02; respectively). Decreased

TLR4

methylation was associated with higher postexposure
SBP
(β‐standardized=1.45,
P
=0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings provide novel evidence of effects of coarse
PM
on
BP
and confirm effects of fine
PM
. Our results provide the first experimental evidence of
PM
‐induced
DNA
hypomethylation and its correlation to
BP
.
Arts Writing in 20th-Century Egypt: Methodology, Continuity, and Change
Authors: Davies Clare
Published: June 2013

This article discusses an approach to arts writing rooted in the work of Egypt's earliest art critics and historians, yet associated primarily with the legacy of those writers who dominated artistic discourse of the 1960s. In suspending the assumption that Egyptian arts writing resists methodological analysis, I seek to describe the procedures and premises that characterize this approach, as well as address its longstanding dominance within the field, its relationship to the role of concepts of change and continuity in shaping artistic discourse in Egypt of the latter part of the 20th century, and its enduring influence today.
Objective Art
Authors: Lapin Leonhard
Published: June 2013

Leonhard Lapin's “Objective Art” was written for “Event Harku '75. Objects, Concepts” – an exhibtion and an accompanying symposium on the premises of the Institute of Experimental Biology in Harku, near Tallinn, Estonia, in December 1975. Objective art, in the artist's mind, answered to the industrialization and urbanization of the late 20th century, to the growing significance of not only mechanical but also electronic machines in everyday life, and to the emergence of the so-called artificial environment. Rather than representing this environment, new art had to intervene in it or even produce it. Lapin's call was quite different from other reactions to the changing postindustrial environment in the mid 1970s in the Soviet Union in that instead of active intervention many of them proposed withdrawal as the most appropriate tactics to resist the grim surrounding reality.
Mourning, Personality, Display
Authors: Carlitz Katherine
Published: June 2013

This paper studies the language used by five sixteenth-century men as they mourned their mothers, sisters and daughters. I will look at writings by Wang Jiusi (1468-1551), Li Mengyang (1475-1529), Li Kaixian (1502-68), Gui Youguang (1506-71), and Xu Wei (1521-93). The basic hypothesis of this article is that there was a fairly standard mid-Ming language of mourning for women, but that these tropes could be inflected quite differently depending on the personality and era of the writers. By concluding with an examination of how Ye Shaoyuan (1589-1648) organized the commemoration of his deceased wife and daughters in the compendium Wumeng tang ji (Collected works from the Hall of the Mid-day Dream) the paper attempts to show that by the seventeenth century, the cult of qing (emotion) could have a strong effect on the tropes in which women were mourned. It also discusses the degree to which the language of mourning was also a language of display, in which the writers intended to make their own qualities known to a public of their peers.
Marriage and Mourning in Early-Qing Tributes  to Wives
Authors: Barr Allan H.
Published: June 2013

This paper examines a range of texts from the early Qing period in which husbands pay tribute to their wives, looking closely at three contrasting pairs of cases: works written by An Zhiyuan (1628-1701) and Pu Songling (1640-1715), who enjoyed long and happy marriages, by Chen Gongyin (1631-1700) and Xu Fang (1619-71), associated with the Ming loyalist cause, and by Chen Weisong (1626-82) and Chen Que (1604-77), stricken by guilt over their wives’ untimely deaths. Particular areas of attention include the relationship between an author’s choice of literary form and the effect achieved, and the implications of these texts for an understanding of gender relations in seventeenth-century China.
On the origin of the constitution  Alearum lusus (C. 3,43,1) and its insertion into the Codex Justinianus
Authors: Hallebeek Jan
Published: June 2013

The article explores the origin of C. 3,43,1, which is a Latin epitome (Alearum lusus) of an originally Greek constitution of Justinian’s. The main issues discussed are when this constitution was translated, epitomized and by whom and when it was inserted in book III of the Codex. This is done by investigating the traces of the approximate times when the influence of the constitution in legal doctrine is apparent, both in civil and canon law. Furthermore, some com­mentaries on the Decretum Gratiani appear to reveal further information on the origin of the Latin text. The article aims at contributing to a better understanding of the genesis of the text of the Codex Justinianus as we know it in the early modern editions and Krüger’s 1877 edition.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the temporal bone presenting with pulsatile tinnitus: a case report
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Liu Tingting , Chen Zhibin , Zhang Zhihong , Xing Guangqian
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the temporal bone is an unusual but distinct disease entity. The most common presenting symptoms are otalgia, otorrhea, hearing loss, facial palsy, and vertigo. We describe here what we believe to be the first reported case of a patient presenting with persistent pulsatile tinnitus. The clinical features, radiological and histopathologic findings, and treatment outcomes of the patient are presented.

Case presentation

A 59-year-old woman of Chinese Han origin presented with complaints of left-sided pulsatile tinnitus and progressive hearing loss for several years. Clinical evaluations revealed a reddish mass behind the intact tympanic membrane, and a moderately severe conductive hearing loss in the left ear. The computed tomographic imaging of the temporal bone demonstrated a slightly ill-defined left middle ear soft tissue mass involving the posterior portion of the mesotympanum and epitympanum, and the mastoid antrum. The patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion which subsequently resolved her symptoms. Postoperative pathology was consistent with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.

Conclusions

An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the temporal bone can present clinically with pulsatile tinnitus and masquerade as venous hum or vascular tumors of the middle ear; therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile tinnitus.
Useful Martingales for Stochastic Storage Processes with Lévy-Type Input
Authors: Kella Offer , Boxma Onno
Published: June 2013

In this paper we generalize the martingale of Kella and Whitt to the setting of Lévy-type processes and show that the (local) martingales obtained are in fact square-integrable martingales which upon dividing by the time index converge to zero almost surely and in L2. The reflected Lévy-type process is considered as an example.
Generalized Telegraph Process with Random Jumps
Authors: Di Crescenzo Antonio , Iuliano Antonella , Martinucci Barbara , Zacks Shelemyahu
Published: June 2013

We consider a generalized telegraph process which follows an alternating renewal process and is subject to random jumps. More specifically, consider a particle at the origin of the real line at time t=0. Then it goes along two alternating velocities with opposite directions, and performs a random jump toward the alternating direction at each velocity reversal. We develop the distribution of the location of the particle at an arbitrary fixed time t, and study this distribution under the assumption of exponentially distributed alternating random times. The cases of jumps having exponential distributions with constant rates and with linearly increasing rates are treated in detail.
Geometric ρ-Mixing Property of the Interarrival Times of a Stationary Markovian Arrival Process
Authors: Hervé Loïc , Ledoux James
Published: June 2013

In this note, the sequence of the interarrivals of a stationary Markovian arrival process is shown to be ρ-mixing with a geometric rate of convergence when the driving process is ρ-mixing. This provides an answer to an issue raised in the recent work of Ramirez-Cobo and Carrizosa (2012) on the geometric convergence of the autocorrelation function of the stationary Markovian arrival process.
Transitive actions of locally compact groups on locally contractible spaces
Authors: Hofmann Karl H. , Kramer Linus
Published: June 2013

Suppose that X = G/K is the quotient of a locally compact
group by a closed subgroup. If X is locally contractible
and connected, we prove that X is a manifold. If the G-action
is faithful, then G is a Lie group.
Role of centrosomal adaptor proteins of the TACC family in the regulation of microtubule dynamics during mitotic cell division
Authors: Thakur Harish C. , Singh Madhurendra , Nagel-Steger Luitgard , Prumbaum Daniel , Fansa Eyad Kalawy , Gremer Lothar , Ezzahoini Hakima , Abts André , Schmitt Lutz , Raunser Stefan , Ahmadian Mohammad R. , Piekorz Roland P.
Published: June 2013

During the mitotic division cycle, cells pass through an extensive microtubule rearrangement process where microtubules forming the mitotic spindle apparatus are dynamically instable. Several centrosomal- and microtubule-associated proteins are involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and stability during mitosis. Here, we focus on members of the transforming acidic coiled coil (TACC) family of centrosomal adaptor proteins, in particular TACC3, in which their subcellular localization at the mitotic spindle apparatus is controlled by Aurora-A kinase-mediated phosphorylation. At the effector level, several TACC-binding partners have been identified and characterized in greater detail, in particular, the microtubule polymerase XMAP215/ch-TOG/CKAP5 and clathrin heavy chain (CHC). We summarize the recent progress in the molecular understanding of these TACC3 protein complexes, which are crucial for proper mitotic spindle assembly and dynamics to prevent faulty cell division and aneuploidy. In this regard, the (patho)biological role of TACC3 in development and cancer will be discussed.
Sebészi kockázat májbetegeken
Authors: Jakab Ferenc
Published: June 2013

Absztrakt

A szerző a betegbiztonság követelményeiből kiindulva a kockázatanalízis fontosságára hívja fel a figyelmet. Megállapítja, hogy a minőségi követelmények növekedése nem hagyta érintetlenül a sebészetet sem, és ezért ma már konkrét fogalmaink vannak a sebészi kockázat meghatározására és értékelésére. Ez a folyamat az elmúlt évtizedekben a mind gyakrabban indikált és mind szélesebb körben végzett, növekvő számú májműtétek halálozásának jelentős csökkenésében is nyomon követhető. Különös fontossága van a műtétek kockázatának májbetegeken. A feltétlen vagy abszolút ellenjavallatok jól körülhatárolhatók. A májbetegeken tervezett májműtétetek kockázata számszerűen is kifejezhető. A régóta használt Child–Turcotte–Pugh-stádiumai számértékek alapján határozhatók meg. Újabban az „50–50-es” szabály, illetve a májtranszplantációs gyakorlatból átvett MELD érték kiszámítása jelent a sebésznek objektív fogódzót a mindennapos munkájában. A szerző kitér a kockázatanalízis alapján választható kezelési optimalizációra is, amely a májsebészek igényei alapján multidiszciplináris megközelítésben valósulhat meg.
Periodontal Disease as a Risk Factor for Bisphosphonate‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Authors: Thumbigere‐Math Vivek , Michalowicz Bryan S. , Hodges James S. , Tsai Michaela L. , Swenson Karen K. , Rockwell Laura , Gopalakrishnan Rajaram
Published: June 2013

Background: Previous case reports and animal studies suggest that periodontitis is associated with bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). This case‐control study is conducted to evaluate the association between clinical and radiographic measures of periodontal disease and BRONJ.

Methods: Twenty‐five patients with BRONJ were matched with 48 controls. Trained examiners measured probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing on all teeth except third molars and gingival and plaque indices on six index teeth. Alveolar bone height was measured from orthopantomograms. Most patients with BRONJ were using antibiotics (48%) or a chlorhexidine mouthrinse (84%) at enrollment. Adjusted comparisons of patients with BRONJ versus controls used multiple linear regression.

Results: The average number of bisphosphonate (BP) infusions was significantly higher in patients with BRONJ compared with controls (38.4 versus 18.8, P = 0.0001). In unadjusted analyses, patients with BRONJ had more missing teeth (7.8 versus 3.1, P = 0.002) and higher average CAL (2.18 versus 1.56 mm, P = 0.047) and percentage of sites with CAL ≥3 mm (39.0 versus 23.3, P = 0.039) than controls. Also, patients with BRONJ had lower average bone height (as a fraction of tooth length, 0.59 versus 0.62, P = 0.004) and more teeth with bone height less than half of tooth length (20% versus 6%, P = 0.001). These differences remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and number of BP infusions.

Conclusions: BRONJ patients have fewer teeth, greater CAL, and less alveolar bone support compared with controls after adjusting for number of BP infusions. Group differences in antibiotics and chlorhexidine rinse usage may have masked differences in the other clinical measures.
Towards Standardization: A Participatory Framework for Scientific Standard-Making
Authors: Yarmey Lynn , Baker Karen S.
Published: June 2013

In contemporary scientific research, standard-making and standardization are key processes for the sharing and reuse of data. The goals of this paper are twofold: 1) to stress that collaboration is crucial to standard-making, and 2) to urge recognition of metadata standardization as part of the scientific process. To achieve these goals, a participatory framework for developing and implementing scientific metadata standards is presented. We highlight the need for ongoing, open dialogue within and among research communities at multiple levels. Using the Long Term Ecological Research network adoption of the Ecological Metadata Language as a case example in the natural sciences, we illustrate how a participatory framework addresses the need for active coordination of the evolution of scientific metadata standards. The participatory framework is contrasted with a hierarchical framework to underscore how the development of scientific standards is a dynamic and continuing process. The roles played by â€˜best practicesâ€™ and â€˜working standardsâ€™ are identified in relation to the process of standardization.
Model-Driven Engineering, Services and Interactive Real-Time Applications
Authors: Costa Luis , Loughran Neil , Grønmo Roy
Published: June 2013

Model-driven software engineering (MDE) has the basic assumption that the development of software systems from high-level abstractions along with the generation of low-level implementation code can improve the quality of the systems and at the same time reduce costs and improve time to market. This chapter provides an overview of MDE, state of the art approaches, standards, resources, and tools that support different aspects of model-driven software engineering: language development, modeling services, and real-time applications. The chapter concludes with a reflection over the main challenges faced by projects using the current MDE technologies, pointing out some promising directions for future developments.
The Role of Formal Methods in Software Development for Railway Applications
Authors: Fantechi Alessandro
Published: June 2013

Formal methods for thirty years have promised to be the solution for the safety certification headaches of railway software designers. This chapter looks at the current industrial application of formal methods in the railway domain. After a recall of the dawning of formal methods in this domain, recent trends are presented that focus in particular on formal verification by means of model checking engines, with its potential and limitations. The paper ends with a perspective into the next future, in which formal methods will be expected to pervade in more respects the production of railway software and systems.
Design and Development Considerations for a Multilingual Digital Library
Authors: Diekema Anne R.
Published: June 2013

Multilingual digital libraries provide access to resources in more than one language by allowing queries in one language to retrieve documents in multiple languages. By providing cross-lingual information access, multilingual digital libraries have the potential to improve international understanding, and they are an essential component of our global information society. Building a multilingual digital library presents a unique set of challenges in the areas of translation, language processing, user interface, system architecture, and project management. Perhaps the most challenging feature of the multilingual digital library is the crossing of the language barrier, which is achieved through translation, often introducing errors in the process. This chapter presents a general introduction to the challenges facing developers of multilingual digital libraries and provides references for further reading.
Multiple Multimodal Mobile Devices
Authors: Byrne Daragh , Kelly Liadh , Jones Gareth J.F.
Published: June 2013

For lifelogging, or the recording of one’s life history through digital means, to be successful, a range of separate multimodal mobile devices must be employed. These include smartphones such as the N95, the Microsoft SenseCam – a wearable passive photo capture device, or wearable biometric devices. Each collects a facet of the bigger picture, through, for example, personal digital photos, mobile messages and documents access history, but unfortunately, they operate independently and unaware of each other. This creates significant challenges for the practical application of these devices, the use and integration of their data and their operation by a user. In this chapter, authors discuss the software engineering challenges and their implications for individuals working on integration of data from multiple ubiquitous mobile devices drawing on experiences working with such technology over the past several years for the development of integrated personal lifelogs. The chapter serves as an engineering guide to those considering working in the domain of lifelogging and more generally to those working with multiple multimodal devices and integration of their data.
Building Information Modelling Design Ecologies
Authors: Jones Derek , Dewberry Emma
Published: June 2013

This paper considers the barriers to BIM adoption and demonstrates they are symptoms of existing problems in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry. When current external pressures are considered, a varied and complex set of problems emerge that require a significant paradigm change if they are to be resolved sustainably. It is argued that Building Information Modelling (BIM) does not represent a paradigm change on its own and the concept of the design ecology is presented as a framework within which BIM can act as a catalyst for change. Specific affordances of this model are presented in terms of responding to the challenges presented in the Low Carbon Construction report (Innovation and Growth Team, 2010) and to the general characteristics of the original problems identified. Examples are presented to demonstrate that this is already emerging in practice and some suggested areas of further investigation are suggested.
Fuzzy Critical Path Method Based on a New Approach of Ranking Fuzzy Numbers using Centroid of Centroids
Authors: Shankar N. Ravi , Saradhi B. Pardha , Babu S. Suresh
Published: June 2013

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is useful for planning and control of complex projects. The CPM identifies the critical activities in the critical path of an activity network. The successful implementation of CPM requires the availability of clear determined time duration for each activity. However, in practical situations this requirement is usually hard to fulfil since many of activities will be executed for the first time. Hence, there is always uncertainty about the time durations of activities in the network planning. This has led to the development of fuzzy CPM. In this paper, a new approach of ranking fuzzy numbers using centroid of centroids of fuzzy numbers to its distance from original point is proposed. The proposed method can rank all types of fuzzy numbers including crisp numbers with different membership functions. The authors apply the proposed ranking method to develop a new fuzzy CPM. The proposed method is illustrated with an example.
Different regulation of CO2 emission from streams and lakes
Authors: Halbedel S. , Koschorreck M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. It has become more and more evident that CO2 emission (FCO2) from freshwater systems is an important part in the global carbon cycle. Only few studies addressed the different mechanisms regulating FCO2 from lotic and lentic systems. In a comparative study we investigated how different biogeochemical and physical factors can affect FCO2 from streams and reservoirs. We examined the seasonal variability in CO2 concentrations and emissions from four streams and two pre-dams of a large drinking water reservoir located in the same catchment, and compared them with parallel measured environmental factors. All streams generally were supersaturated with CO2 over the whole year, while both reservoirs where CO2 sinks during summer stratification and sources after circulation. FCO2 from streams ranged from 23 to 355 mmol m–2 d–1 and exceeded the fluxes from the reservoirs (–24 to 97 mmol m–2 d–1). Both the generally high piston velocity (k) and CO2 oversaturation were responsible for the higher FCO2 from streams in comparison to lakes. In both, streams and reservoirs FCO2 was mainly controlled by the CO2 concentration (r = 0.86 for dams, r = 0.90 for streams), which was clearly affected by metabolism and nutrients in both systems. Besides CO2 concentration, also physical factors control FCO2 in lakes and streams. During stratification FCO2 in both pre-dams was controlled by primary production in the epilimnion, which led to a decrease of FCO2. During circulation when CO2 from the hypolimnion was mixed with the epilimnion and the organic matter mineralisation was more relevant, FCO2 increased. FCO2 from streams was physically controlled especially by geomorphological and hydrological factors regulating k, which is less relevant in low wind lakes. We developed a schematic model describing the role of the different regulation mechanism on FCO2 from streams and lakes. Taken together, FCO2 is generally mostly controlled by CO2 concentration in the surface water. Lake stratification is a very important factor regulating FCO2 from lakes via controlling CO2 concentration and metabolism. But FCO2 in heterotrophic streams is generally higher. The higher k values are responsible for the comparable high FCO2. On a Central European landscape scale CO2 emission from streams was more relevant than the CO2 flux from standing waters.
Assessment of static flood modeling techniques: application to contrasting marshes flooded during Xynthia (western France)
Authors: Breilh J. F. , Chaumillon E. , Bertin X. , Gravelle M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. This study aims to assess the performance of raster-based flood modeling methods on a wide diversity of coastal marshes. These methods are applied to the flooding associated with the storm Xynthia, which severely hit the western coast of France in February 2010. Static and semi-dynamic methods are assessed using a combination of LiDAR data, post-storm delineation of flooded areas and sea levels originating from both tide gauge measurements and storm surge modeling. Static methods are applied to 27 marshes showing a wide geomorphological diversity. It appears that these methods are suitable for marshes with a small distance between the coastline and the landward boundary of the marsh, which causes these marshes to flood rapidly. On the contrary, these methods overpredict flooded areas for large marshes where the distance between the coastline and the landward boundary of the marsh is large, because the flooding cannot be considered as instantaneous. In this case, semi-dynamic methods based on surge overflowing volume calculations can improve the flooding prediction significantly. This study suggests that static and semi-dynamic flood modeling methods can be attractive and quickly deployed to rapidly produce predictive flood maps of vulnerable areas under certain conditions, particularly for small distances between the coastline and the landward boundary of the low-lying coastal area.
Prediction of eyespot infection risks
Authors: Váòová M. , Klem K. , Matušinsky P. , Spitzerová D.
Published: June 2013

The objective of the study was to design a prediction model for eyespot (Tapesia yallundae) infection based on climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, air humidity). Data from experiment years 1994-2002 were used to study correlations between the eyespot infection index and individual weather characteristics. The model of prediction was constructed using multiple regression when a separate parameter is assigned to each factor, i.e. the frequency of days with optimum temperatures, humidity, and precipitation. The correlation between relative air humidity and precipitation and the infection index is significant.
Aphids (Homoptera, Aphidodea) inhabiting the shrubs of Pinus mugo Turra in the green areas of Lublin. Part I. The population dynamics
Authors: Jaśkiewicz Bożenna , Sławińska Aneta
Published: June 2013

The studies were conducted on the shrubs of mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the years 1999-2001. Observations were performed on the plants growing in the green areas of Lublin in two sites: a street site (A) and a park one (B). The purpose of the studies was to establish the species composition and the population dynamics of aphids inhabiting dwarf mountain pine. The studies on the shrubs of the mountain pine found out the presence of four species of aphids: Cinara pini L., Schizolachnus pineti F., Eulachnus rileyi (Will.) and Pineus pini (Ratz.). Among those, only C. pini occurred in both sites in each of the studied years. Weather conditions had an effect on the development of aphid population. A delayed period of vegetation, air temperatures above 30°C as well as stormy rainfalls considerably limited the population of aphids.
Infection of panicles with Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. and mycotoxin content in oat grain
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Mielniczuk Elżbieta , Perkowski Juliusz , Goliński Piotr
Published: June 2013

Field experiments were performed during three years (1999, 2000 and 2001) to study fusariosis on oat panicles. The percentage of panicles with fusariosis symptoms ranged from 0,5 to 6%. Fusarium panicle blight was caused mainly by Fusarium avenaceum and F. poae. The experiment with panicles artifical infection of 12 genotypes of oat was performed in 2001. The panicles of oat were inoculated with F. poae strain nr 37, which caused a reduction in yield by 37%. In the infected kernels the following toxins were detected: nivalenol (from 0.06 to 2.18 mg·kg-1), deoxynivalenol (from 0.02 to 0.47mg·kg-1), T-2 toxin (from 0.02 to 0.71 mg·kg-1), HT-2 toxin (from 0.03 to 0.59 mg·kg-1), scirpentriol (from 0.06 to 1.98 mg·kg-1).
Investigations of Mycelial Types For Fungi Causing Sooty Blotch
Authors: Grabowski Marek
Published: June 2013

The macroscopic observations of apples showing symptoms of sooty blotch have indicated considerable differences in spot shape, colour, diameter and margin. The largest spots were observed on Florina apples, while the smallest on the cultivar Boiken. For 5 apple cultivars under investigation 4 types of thallus produced by fungi causing sooty blotch were found. The ramose pattern was observed most often on diseased fruits. The punctate thallus was reported to be less frequent, while the rimate and fuliginous types were the rarest ones. The distribution of mycelial types on lesions was diversified among apple cultuvars under examination.
Development of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. on leaves of common poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.)
Authors: Kułek Beata , Floryszak-Wieczorek Jolanta
Published: June 2013

The development of Botrytis cinerea was assessed on six cultivars of common poinsettia, differing in the colour of bracts, and being in great demand among buyers of these ornamental plants. Resistance to this pathogen differed in the investigated poinsettias. Cultivar 'Malibu Red' (red bracts) turned out to be most susceptible, while cv. 'Marblestar' (cream-pink) and cv. 'Coco White' (white) - relatively resistant to this fungus. After application of various inoculation methods (leaf discs, cut off leaves, whole plants) the differences in resistance to B. cinerea were confirmed for two extreme cultivars - susceptible ('Malibu Red') and resistant ('Coco White'), which indicated genetic background of this polymorphism. The rate of disease development on poinsettia leaves was affected by the amount of spores used for inoculation (optimum density of 3.5·105 B. cinerea conidia / ml suspension) and the addition of stimulants (0.1 M glucose with 0.05 M KH2PO4), which facilitated germination and infection of the host tissue. The inoculated poinsettia leaves showed high stability of plasma membranes. In the susceptible cultivar, in spite of the development of necrotic spots, a significant increase in the membrane damage index (by 13%) was found only on day 7 of the disease development.
Stem base rot of winter wheat by Fusarium spp. - causes and effects
Authors: Narkiewicz-Jodko Małgorzata , Gil Zygmunt , Urban Marek
Published: June 2013

The aim of the work was to determine the influence of weather conditions and a degree of weed infestation on the incidence of stem bases rot (Fusarium spp.) of winter wheat cultivars as well as their yield. The winter wheat cultivars (Kobra, Korweta, Mikon, Zyta) were investigated (2000-2002) in the field where the following herbicides: Apyros 75 WG + Atpolan, Affinity 50,75 WG, Attribut 70 WG were applied. It has been shown the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.) depended mainly on weather conditions. The application of the herbicides improved the plant health. The stem base rot on winter wheat was caused by Fusarium spp., specially F. culmorum. The decrease in winter wheat yield depended on weather conditions, weed infestation and the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.).
Recent Activities on Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography in NewSUBARU
Authors: Kinoshita Hiroo , Watanabe Takeo , Harada Tetsuo , Nagata Yutaka
Published: June 2013

Since the first presentation of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) was given in the Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Applied Physics in 1986, a quarter of a century has passed. Currently, this technology is in the manufacturing developmental stage. The high-volume manufacturing of direct random access memory (DRAM) with a line width of 20 nm is expected in 2014. The remaining critical issues of development are a stand-alone source with higher power and a mask inspection tool for zero defects. The Center for EUVL in the University of Hyogo was established in 2010. This center is now available for utilizing some equipment, such as an EUV mask defect inspection tool, an interference lithography system, a device for the thickness measurement of the carbon contamination film deposited by resist outgassing, and reflectivity measurement systems.
Precise Cross-Sectional Measurement of Photoresist Shrinkage Caused by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Ohashi Takeyoshi , Sekiguchi Tomoko , Yamaguchi Atsuko , Tanaka Junichi , Kawada Hiroki
Published: June 2013

A mechanism of the photoresist shrinkage induced by electron-beam (EB) irradiation was studied in detail. A precise cross-sectional profile of a photoresist pattern is obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) after HfO2 atomic layer deposition on a sample. Photoresist lines and spaces formed on either of bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) layer or spin-on-glass (SOG) layer were exposed to EB at a much higher dose than a practical dose (to accelerate shrinkage intentionally). The obtained STEM images of the patterns before and after EB irradiation showed that EB irradiation causes necking of the pattern profile as well as linewidth slimming. In addition, it was suggested that the BARC layer shrinkage results in the elastic deformation of the pattern profile, whereas the SOG layer does not shrink. Furthermore, EB irradiation only to the lines or spaces was performed. The EB irradiation to spaces caused sidewall shrinkage and necking of the pattern profile, although no electron was irradiated directly into the pattern. This result is considered to be due to the electrons scattered from the spaces to the pattern sidewall. Finally, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that the distribution of the deposited energy on the pattern surface corresponds to the change of the pattern shape. Consequently, our study clarifies the importance of the effect of elastic shape change and the impact of the electrons scattered from the underlying layer to the sidewall on photoresist shrinkage.
Mask Effects on Resist Variability in Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography
Authors: Pret Alessandro Vaglio , Gronheid Roel , Engelen Jan , Yan Pei-Yang , Leeson Michael J. , Younkin Todd R. , Garidis Konstantinos , Biafore John
Published: June 2013

Resist variability is one of the challenges that must to be solved in extreme UV lithography. One of the root causes of the resist roughness are the mask contributions. Three different effects may plays a non-negligible role: mask pattern roughness transfer – or mask line edge roughness, speckle effects caused by mask surface roughness, and mask layout which causes local flare amplification at wafer level. In this paper, mask contributions to the pattern variability are individually assessed experimentally and via stochastic simulations for both lines/spaces and contact holes. It was found that the predominant effect is the mask layout, while the speckle contribution is barely detectable.
Electronic Properties of Capped Carbon Nanotubes under an Electric Field: Inhomogeneous Electric-Field Screening Induced by Bond Alternation
Authors: Yamanaka Ayaka , Okada Susumu
Published: June 2013

We study the electronic properties of capped carbon nanotubes under an electric field by investigating their electrostatic potentials, total energies, and energy gaps under a parallel electric field, based on the density functional theory with effective screening medium method. We find that, in the capped carbon nanotubes, screening against the external electric field strongly depends on local atomic arrangement due to the inhomogeneous charge distribution arising from its bond alternation induced by the pentagonal rings in the cap region. In the case of armchair nanotubes, we find that the relative permittivity and energy gap between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied states oscillate in triple periodicity in their units with respect to the length. The electric field induces the charge redistribution in which the charge accumulation and depletion only occur around the pentagonal rings at or vicinity of the top/bottom of the nanotubes.
Nanostructural Effects on Thermoelectric Power of Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Kato Teppei , Usui Shinji , Yamamoto Takahiro
Published: June 2013

Nanostructural effects on the thermoelectric power of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are revealed through first-principles simulation based on the density functional theory combined with nonequilibrium Green's function theory. The thermoelectric power of GNRs exhibits essentially different behavior depending on their edge structure and ribbon width. For zigzag-edged GNRs, the thermoelectric power shows a peculiar energy dependence originating from edge-localized electronic states with energy near the Fermi level. On the other hand, for armchair-edged GNRs (AGNRs), the thermoelectric power is classified into three categories depending on the ribbon width. Among AGNRs with similar ribbon width, an AGNR belonging to a category satisfying mod(N
a, 3)=1 displays the largest thermoelectric power, where N
a is the integer determining the ribbon width of an AGNR.
Energetics and Electronic Structures of Alkanes and Polyethylene Adsorbed on Graphene
Authors: Kamiya Katsumasa , Okada Susumu
Published: June 2013

We report on total-energy electronic-structure calculations performed for linear alkanes [C
n
H2n+2 with n=1 to 8] and polyethylene of infinite length, both of which are adsorbed on graphene, on the basis of the density functional theory. We find that graphene has a specific adsorption site for the alkane molecules, where multiple CH/π interactions between the alkane molecule and graphene take place. The binding energy is calculated to be about 67 meV per CH2 unit, being close to the typical value of CH/π interaction. The electronic structure of the alkane-adsorbed graphene originates primarily from that of graphene near the Fermi level. However, when a large amount of alkane molecules is adsorbed on graphene, the interactions between alkanes and graphene affect the electronic structures of graphene, leading to the opening of the energy gap by about 6 meV.