bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in a
Low-income Country: What Treatment Should be Adopted in Case
of a Lack of Immunoglobulin?
Authors: Abdeladim Babakhouya , Massilia Bouhmidi , Aziza Elouali , Zohair Elhaddar , Ayad Ghanam , Maria Rkain
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

In multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), children typically
present high-grade fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, Kawasaki-like symptoms, and even a toxic
shock-like syndrome days to weeks after recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is important
to raise awareness of this condition in order to have early diagnosis and immediate treatment of
patients. We have, herein, reported 44 cases of MIS-C with various risk factors and symptoms.
Furthermore, we have emphasized the efficacy of experience in treating children with MIS-C
with high-dose corticosteroids as an alternative to immunoglobulin in low-income countries.

Methods:

We conducted a targeted survey of MIS-C from early May 2020 to October 2022 on
44 children and adolescents with characteristics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome admitted
to the pediatric department of the university hospital center in Oujda, Morocco, to which patients
diagnosed with MIS-C were referred. The case definition included six criteria: serious illness
leading to hospitalization, age under 18 years, fever of at least 24 hours, laboratory evidence of
inflammation, multi-organ involvement, biological inflammatory syndrome, and evidence of
coronavirus infection based on polymerase chain reaction, antibody testing or exposure to people
with COVID-19 in the past month. The criteria used to diagnose myocarditis were impaired left
ventricular function, central mitral leak, and elevation of BNP or pro-BNP. Coronary
involvement was assessed by the z-score and the criteria for its presence was a z-score equal to
or greater than 2.5.

Results:

Our study included 44 children and adolescents with MIS-C in our hospital, with male
predominance (79%) and a median age of six years. Cardiovascular involvement was present in
91%, mucocutaneous in 78%, gastrointestinal in 70%, hematologic in 84%, and respiratory in
2% of patients. Coronary abnormalities (z-score ≥ 2.5) were documented in 21 cases (48%).
Glucocorticoids were frequently used in comparison to immunoglobulin, which were
uncommonly available and expensive.

Conclusion:

The therapeutic protocol that was adopted was high doses of short-term prednisone
(Cortancyl) at 4mg/kg/day for 4 days. Favorable outcome was noted in all patients over a 2-year
period.
Screening and Identification of ESR1 as a Target of Icaritin in Hepatocellular
Carcinoma: Evidence from Bibliometrics and Bioinformatic Analysis
Authors: Zhou Yinghui , Gu Jia , Yu Huiying , Chen Fengyang , Long Chao , Maihemuti Maiweilan , Chen Tingsong , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2023

Background::

In 2022, icaritin a Traditional Chinese Medicine with estrogen-like activities was recommended by the CSCO guidelines as a systematic treatment
for patients with advanced HCC due to its clinical safety and efficacy. However the mechanism and targets of icaritin are unclear. In this study we
aimed to reveal the target of icaritin in HCC

Methods::

First literature related to icaritin was downloaded from the Web of Science. The software programs “Rstudio” “VOSviewer” and “Mendeley
Desktop” were used to analyze the distribution of icaritin publications and research hotspots. Meanwhile icaritin-related genes were obtained by
combining them with the PubChem database. Second transcriptome data of HCC patients were obtained from the TCGA database. The proteinprotein
interaction (PPI) analysis of icaritin-related genes was performed using the String data platform and the visualization and network topology
analysis were performed using Cytoscape. Cox regression analyses were combined to screen the hub target and verified it through cell experiments.

Results::

A total of 239 icaritin-related articles were obtained HCC is a new hotspot in the icaritin field. 292 icaritin-related genes were obtained and a core
module containing 34 genes was obtained by module division. Among them ESR1 was an independent prognostic factor. Molecular docking
showed that ESR1 and icaritin had a high affinity. Functional studies revealed that ESR1 inhibits HCC cell malignant proliferation and improves
the sensitivity of HCC cells to icaritin.

Conclusion::

We propose that ESR1 as a target of icaritin may be conducive to improving icaritin therapy.
New Drug for Management of Severe Uncontrolled Asthma: Tezepelumab
Authors: Sharma Manvi , George Prince P. , Kumar Ranjeet , Sharma Amit
Published: December 2023

Tezepelumab is a first-in-class human IgG2λ monoclonal antibody used to treat severe, uncontrolled asthma. Tezepelumab acts by hindering the
action of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial-derived cytokine that triggers an immunological response by binding to TSLP and
thereby preventing its binding with the TSLP receptor complex. TSLP has a critical role in Th2 immunity and plays an important role in the
pathogenesis of asthma because it stimulates the production of Th2-associated inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-4, interleukin-5,
interleukin-9, and interleukin-13. It is the first biologic with no phenotypic or biomarker restrictions that has been approved for use in severe
asthma. Tezepelumab is indicated in severe, uncontrolled asthma patients due to its safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Adults with severe,
uncontrolled asthma experienced considerably lower annualised asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) when administered with tezepelumab
compared to a placebo. These preliminary results indicated that the TSLP-induced release of T2 inflammatory mediators may be reduced, and the
sustained inhibition was maintained over a 52-week treatment period. In this review, we have summarised various phase III clinical trials and the
mechanism of action of tezepelumab in severe, uncontrolled asthma.
Synthesis and Anti TB Screening of α-Acyloxy Carboxamides via Passerini MCRs Prompted by GaCl3 and PEG-400 Media
Authors: Piludiya Reshmabanu I. , Sriram Dharmarajan , Kumari Jyothi , Kapadiya Khushal M.
Published: December 2023

Aims:

The Isocyanides based Multi-component reactions (IMCRs), and Passerini reactions were performed by using GaCl3 and PEG-400 media to generate a library of new scaffolds.

Background:

The Isocyanides Multi-component reactions (IMCRs) have proven their importance due to their major advantages in synthetic and medicinal areas. Among various IMCRs, Passerini stands for their pertinency in the novel adducts articulation and generates an amide functionality which shows unbeatable efficiency towards the generation of lead scaffolds. In the research fields, PEG is acting as a versatile greener solvent due to its beneficial economic advantages. In general, chiral-based separation is always a headache for the chemist and researchers tend to generate routes with major products such as single isomers. Most MCRs studied with metal-based synthesis and rather use Au or Pt-based catalyst, Gallium that has been widely explored in chiral Lewis acid catalysis, organo-catalysis, or cooperative catalysis to generate a library of compounds with high stereoselectivity with mild reaction conditions.

Objective:

To find diverse scaffolds in the field of organic chemistry using easily accessible metal catalysts.

Methods:

In this article, Enantiomerically pure, 2-(((1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl)amino)-2-oxo-1-substitutedphenylethyl pyrazine-2-carboxylate (4a-4j), produced through a three-component passerine coupling reaction under GaCl3 as a Lewis acid-promoted conditions with diastereose-letivity ranging from moderate to good.

Results:

The designed approach exhibited an in situ single-step-economical path to enantiomerically pure, α-acyloxy carboxamides with pyrazine and 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole fragments employing the greener way of media through “PEG-400”. In an anti-TB screening against H37Rv, the withdrawing groups showed excellent activity compared to the donating groups

Conclusion:

It was expected that the Lewis acid-PEG pairs could serve as the best catalytic transfor-mations in eco-friendly ways and enrich the pure enantiomer of the adduct. On the medicinal side, the isolated library of compounds was screened for their biological activity against “Mycobacterium Tubercu-losis H37Rv” and 4f featuring “4-F” as a substituent was found to be most active [MIC: 12.5 μg/mL].
Nanosuspension as a Novel Nanovehicle for Drug Delivery: A Recent
Update on Patents and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Rani Asha , Verma Ravinder , Kumar Manish , Tiwari Abhishek , Tiwari Varsha , Bhatt Shailendra , Mittal Vineet , Kaushik Deepak
Published: December 2023

Solubility is a critical factor for the therapeutic action of drugs and does not depend on the administration of routes. Various conventional methods are used to enhance the solubility of the drug, which show limited applicability. Nanotechnology is used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs that belong to BCS classes II and IV. Nanosuspension is the dispersion of pure drug nanoparticles in aqueous with a minimum amount of surfactant, stabilizing the formula-tion. Various techniques, such as the bottom-up approach, dissocubes, nanopure, nanoedge, nano-jet process, supercritical fluid, dry co-grinding, milling media, and nanoprecipitation, have been used to formulate nanosuspension. Nanosuspension can be administered orally, inhalation, trans-dermal, ocular, injectable, topical, and pulmonary. To resolve the problem of solubility and stabil-ity, nanosuspension has received much attention because of its technical simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of significant scale-up. Nanosuspension can control particle size surface charge properties and release the drug at specific sites at an optimal rate. Recently, more than 100 patents have been published on nanosuspension. This review article covers the different prepara-tion methods, formulation composition, marketed products, characterization, and recent patents on nanosuspension. The various benefits and evaluation of the parameters of nanosuspension are discussed briefly. This patent-based review will enhance the knowledge of control drug delivery and related patents on nanosuspension.
Nanotechnological Carriers in the Treatment of Cancer: A Review
Authors: Gautam Darsh , Talwan Poonam , Kumar Sanjay , Joshi Gaurav , Singh Ranjit
Published: December 2023

There is an urgent need of advanced techniques/technologies for the treatment of can-cer as it is becoming the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The improvement of the cancer drug delivery system has been made possible by the formation of novel nanomaterials and nanocarriers. The nanocarriers prevent rapid degradation of the drug and thereby deliver the drug to a specific tumor site at therapeutic concentrations, meanwhile reducing the adverse/side effects by avoiding the delivery of the drug to normal sites. The antitumor activity can be en-hanced by increasing the tumoral uptake of nanocarriers. By delivering the nanocarriers either by active or passive targeting, the tumoral uptake can be increased. The pharmacokinetics, pharma-codynamics, and safety profile of the drug are determined by structural and physical factors like size, charge, shape, and other surface characteristics, hence the design of the nanoparticles is an important factor. In the present review, the mechanism of cellular targeting, along with the differ-ent nanoparticles used in cancer therapy is discussed. Nanotechnology have gained huge ground due to improved diagnosis and treatment additionally saving the time and resources, which makes this technology to get more landscape for researchers/ oncologists.
Contributions of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography to the Current Study and Treatment of Eye Diseases
Authors: Gonzalez-Cortes Jesus H. , Trevino-Herrera Alan B. , Bilgic Alper , Hernandez Da Mota Sergio E. , Gonzalez-Cantu Jesus E. , Akyurt Akin , García Franco Renata
Published: December 2023

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is an advanced
noninvasive retinal blood flow imaging technique. It uses motion-contrast imaging to
obtain high-resolution volumetric blood flow information to enhance the study of
retinal and choroidal vascular pathologies. OCT-A can obtain detailed images of the
radial peripapillary network, the deep capillary plexus (DCP), the superficial capillary
plexus (SCP) and the choriocapillaris. In addition, compared to fluorescein
angiography (FA), this technique does not require the use of injected dye. This chapter
aims to present OCT-A technology and clarify its terminology and limitations. The
discussion summarizes the potential application of the technology in different retinal
and choroidal diseases.
Optical Coherence Tomography vs Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in the Differential Diagnosis of Choroidal and Vitreoretinal Diseases
Authors: MD, MsSc Martin Flores-Aguilar
Published: December 2023

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a practical and common imaging
method for the study of diseases of the retina, choroid, and vitreoretinal interface.
Software and technological advances have allowed us to observe changes in the retinal
at resolutions less than 5 µm; the development of angiography with OCT (OCTA)
allows us to three-dimensionally evaluate the existing perfusion in the analyzed retina
and choroid non-invasively and without a specific dye, such as fluorescein or
indocyanine green angiography. We can detect important clinical differences between
OCT and OCTA, although these approaches are complementary. Diabetic retinopathy,
vascular occlusions, and choroidal neo-vascularization secondary to age-related
macular degeneration and other causes are among the conditions whose diagnosis,
treatment, and follow-up benefit from applying these techniques. Leak quantification in
cases of macular edema is a good candidate for future objective evaluation; currently,
its existence is only demonstrable in structural OCT, although it can be indirectly
inferred in OCTA by observing vascular displacements and deformity of the capillary
walls. Using OCTA, it is possible to detect intravascular flow even in fibrous tissue,
thereby allowing the evaluation of neo-vascular activity in vasoproliferative diseases.
Postoperative Macular Perfusion Evaluation in Eyes with Noncomplicated Retinal Detachment and Macular Involvement Surgically Managed with Primary Vitrectomy
Authors: Dalma-Weiszhausz José
Published: December 2023

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is fairly common and one of
the main causes of blindness if left untreated. In spite of the high anatomical success
rate for retinal detachment, visual recovery is lagging. Microvascular changes in the
macular area might play a role in determining poor visual outcomes. Methods: Optical
coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) technologies have been
used to determine the relationship between microvascular macular changes and visual
acuity. Results: RRD seems to alter microcirculatory anatomy in the macular area by
increasing the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and diminishing the vascular density (VD)
of the superficial, deep and choroidal capillary plexuses. More so if the macula is
detached, these changes appear to recover with time and might be correlated with
postoperative visual acuity, but apparently do not entirely explain the sometimes-unexpected poor visual results.
Macular Perfusion in Clinically Significant Diabetic Macular Edema and in Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: MD Virgilio Lima-Gómez , MD Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes
Published: December 2023

Diabetic macular edema uses structural features as biomarkers and
predictors of treatment response. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)
metrics found a correlation between many structural biomarkers and reduced vessel
density. We present recent references of vessel length density, vessel area density, and
foveal avascular zone metrics in eyes with diabetic macular edema and comment on the
associations found between them and structural biomarkers. Diabetic macular edema
can change the level at which the capillary plexuses are located, with retinal cysts
altering the strength signal. Though image evaluation requires adjustment, intra-subject
comparison before and after treatment can be a useful tool to note changes in vessel
perfusion, combined with structural changes, to assess treatment outcomes. Macular
ischemia is a variable that can be identified reliably with OCTA and can be detected in
different capillary plexuses. For eyes with retinal thickening, OCTA evaluation
requires consistency to avoid inter-device variability. It is recommended to use the
same device, the same scanning protocol, and preferably the same software, to obtain
more reproducible measurements.
Impact of Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning on Agriculture Crop Yield
Authors: Laxmanrao Ramteke Prabhakar
Published: December 2023

Every nation is concerned about the growing problem of agriculture
automation. It is challenging to supply the food needs of the existing population due to
rising numbers, frequent climate change, and scarce resources. Farmers are forced to
wreak havoc on the land by applying dangerous pesticides more often since their old
techniques cannot keep up with the growing demand. As a result, agricultural practices
are significantly impacted, and the land gradually loses its fertility and becomes
unproductive. The agriculture sector can benefit from technology like Artificial
Intelligence (AI), deep learning, the Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems, and
automation. Artificial neural networks, the Internet of Things, fuzzy logic, machine
learning, and other technologies may all be used to automate agricultural systems.
Artificial intelligence technology is advancing quickly, and as a result, its employment
is in a wide range of fields. Utilizing clever technologies, the agricultural industry has
become able to regulate the field environment that is essential to the care of every
plant. A suitable atmosphere and appropriate irrigation are provided by the plant's
identification and suitable circumstances. In order to increase agriculture yields, it has
become important to manage crops in controlled settings like greenhouses that can
enhance the output. This chapter focuses on the use of artificial intelligence and IoT
technology to improve the productivity of agricultural enterprises. AI technologies
might help farmers overcome problems like weeds, pests, and climatic variability that
lower output. Numerous uses of AI are now being deployed, such as automatic
machine changes for weather forecasting and pest detection. The goal of implementing
AI and IoT is to increase the possibility of producing healthy crops by recognizing
damaged crops and crop yield growth.
Optimal Feature Selection and Prediction of Diabetes using Boruta- LASSO Techniques
Authors: Khedkar Vijayshri Nitin , Mahendra Kothari Sonali , Patel Sina , Sathe Saurabh
Published: December 2023

Diabetes prediction is an ongoing research problem. The sooner diabetes is
detected in a human, the sooner lives and medical resources can be saved. Predicting
diabetes as early as possible with easy to measures parameters with optimal accuracy is
an ongoing problem. When dealing with large data, feature selection plays an important
role. It not only reduces the computational cost but also increases the performance of a
model. This study ensemble three different types of feature selection techniques: filter,
wrapper and embedded. Ensembling Boruta and LASSO features give optimal results.
Also, effectively handling class imbalance leads to better results.
Paradigm Shift of Online Education System Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Sentiment Analysis Using Machine Learning
Authors: Chapke Prajkta P. , Raut Anjali B.
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 epidemic has completely altered the environment and every
aspect of every individual. The most affected part is the education system and the
stakeholders associated with it. Organizations are currently being forced to adapt and
alter their strategies in response to the new situation created by the COVID-19
epidemic. The proposed study gathers tweets on online schooling from social media
sites like Twitter and Facebook comments in order to conduct a thorough sentiment
analysis (SA) during the epidemic. The current study utilizes techniques for natural
language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) to extract subjective data,
establish polarity, and identify how people felt about the educational system prior to
and following the COVID-19 crisis. The first step in the proposed study is to retrieve
tweets using Twitter APIs before they are ready for rigorous preprocessing. One
filtering method is Information Gain (IG). We will identify and examine the latent
causes of the unpleasant feelings. We'll look at the machine-learning classification
algorithm at the end. The proposed model will analyse the perceptions of people about
the online educational system during COVID-19
Image Processing for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Raut Tanvi , Sarode Ishan , Mirajkar Riddhi , Doshi Ruchi
Published: December 2023

The automation industry is rapidly growing and coming up with new and
improved techniques for reducing time and efforts. One such example is the
autonomous cars which are said to be the future of the automobile industry since they
would be driver less, very efficient and relieve the stress of daily commuting [1].
Advances in technology using the AI and deep learning techniques help in improving
the safety of the passengers and also in minimizing the efforts of the driver. For the
study of autonomous vehicles, a lot of data needs to be collected, some of which
include warning signals, speed limits, obstacles, collision avoidance, etc. This paper
shows how IoT devices i.e. cameras and LiDAR sensors help in data collection, how
deep learning is a solution, and how image recognition methods that use deep learning
can help in object or any obstacle detection. An image processing algorithm based on
deep learning is proposed in which the image perception can be made by an optical
camera communication technique that can be used for collecting the data. Hence it will
highlight how deep learning is used in the field of image processing or image
recognition.
Association of Plants and Microbes: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Akhtar Wasim , Fatima Iram , Yasmin Azra , Safdar Naila , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

Changing climatic conditions, biotic and abiotic stresses along with use of
synthetic fertilizers have deteriorated soil quality and crop yield. Microorganisms are
natural inhabitants of soil and plant surfaces that form a stable dynamic system with the
host plants. The plant microbiome assists in plant growth by solubilizing minerals,
recycling nutrients and inducing defense responses by mitigating environmental
stresses. These plant-associated microorganisms can be used as functional moieties to
enhance overall plant productivity and reduce negative impacts on the ecosystem. The
plants and microbes are contemplated as natural partners that harmonize various
functional traits, however, the magnitude of friendly or hostile consortium depends on
the kind of microorganisms involved. Before the scientific advent of advanced
technologies, conventional approaches such as culturing on media, microscopic
observations and biochemical tests provided awareness of how these two communicate.
Later on, contemporary molecular-based tools like polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
microarrays, enzyme-linked assays (ELISA), and nucleic acid-based methods (nextgeneration
sequencing, etc.) surfaced. This chapter will comprehend different types of
aboveground and subsurface microbes associated with the plants, their impact on
sustainable agriculture and high-throughput technologies used to investigate the plantmicrobe
relationship.
Soil Bacteria-Medicinal Plants Interaction
Authors: Ullah Raza , Rahil Afzal Muhammad , Kamran Yousaf Hafiz , Aslam Mustansar , Hassan Ayesha
Published: December 2023

Regulation of biogeochemical cycles depends on soil micro biota in which
numerous and distinct types of bacteria are involved. These bacteria share a common
environment in the soil and interact with the plants at three different levels i.e.
endosphere, phyllosphere, and rhizosphere, resulting in improved soil fertility and plant
health. The study of medicinal plants is ignored in Pakistan, though there exists a large
number of different avenues for research in this field. Studying the medicinal plantbacteria
relationships in the era of new-generation sequencing paves new ways for
understanding their association and facilitates improvement in sustainable production.
Answers to new queries like “How bacteria respond to climatic changes” and “How do
they interact with one another and with medicinal plants for growth and development”
along with the exploration of rhizospheric bacteria in the future for enhancement in the
production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants might be a new vista unlocked
for the sustainable agricultural practices. In this chapter, we focused on the role of soil
bacteria-medicinal plants interaction in growth, nutrient acquisition, environmental
stress alleviation, and quantity and quality of medicinal compounds present in these
plants.
Medicinal Plants and Molecular Techniques
Authors: Javeria Fatima , KarimI Saira , Shoaib ur Rehman Bentham Science Publisher , Ahmad Furqan , Fatima Akash , Ashfaq Muhammad , Farid Babar , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

Medicinal plants provide a substantial source of bioactive compounds which
serve greatly in the pharmaceutical industry. Before revolutionary advancements in
medicines, traditional biotechnology approaches have been used in the breeding of
significant therapeutic plants. The challenge is to incorporate effective, efficient, and
resilient breeding techniques to enhance the production of phytochemicals by
medicinal plants. Genetics and biotechnology can aid in the rapid advancement of
therapeutic plants by assessing genetic diversity, conservation, proliferation, and
overproduction. Hence, the use of advanced technologies is crucial for selecting,
multiplying, and preserving medicinal plants.
Genetic Transformation in Medicinal Plants
Authors: Waheed Ummara , Shabir Sadia , Ishaq Zahid , Khan Maria , Rauf Saeed , Iqbal Nadia , Siddique Maria , Shahzadi Irum
Published: December 2023

Secondary metabolites including terpenoids, terpenes and enzyme cofactor

have significant importance in medicinal use. Extraction of plant-based compounds is

quite challenging by conventional methods. Biotechnological methods like genetic

engineering and In Vitro techniques, proteomics, genomics and biochemical pathways

are being employed to serve the purpose. Different organic compounds including

enzymes, recombinant proteins, vaccines, antibiotics and anticancer have been

successfully extracted through the genetic transformation of tomato, rice, corn, soybean

and Nicotiana tabacum. This report describes different biotechnological approaches

with a special focus on tissue culture and genetic transformation methods for the

investigation of medicinal plants and their important role in our economic industry.
Genome Editing for Biotic Stress Resistance in Medicinal Plants
Authors: Insaf Muhammad , Saddique Muhammad Abu Bakar , Sher Muhammad Ali , Khan Mahmood Alam , Usman Muhammad , Karimi Saira , Binyamin Rana , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

Plants are continually subjected to a range of physical and biological

stressors throughout their growth period. Insects and pests, like other biotic stressors,

have created significant concerns about lower productivity, which jeopardizes

agricultural production. Genome engineering, also known as genome editing, has

emerged as a cutting-edge breeding technique capable of altering the genomes of

plants, animals, microbes, and humans. Since ancient times, humans have used

medicinal plants for food, medicine, and industrial purposes. Both traditional

biotechnology and more recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have been

used successfully to improve natural chemicals derived from plants with medical

potential. To modify the genome at the transcriptional level, protein-based editing

approaches like zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like end

nucleases (TALENs) were previously frequently employed. CRISPR/associated9

(Cas9) endonucleases are a powerful, resilient, and precise site-directed mutagenesis

method in transcriptome gene editing. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing employs specially

created guide RNAs to detect a three-base pair protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)

sequence situated downstream of the target DNA. The current review compiles current

research published between 2010 and 2020 on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing

technologies in traditional medicines, describing significant innovations, difficulties,

and prospects, as well as noting the technique's broader application in crop and lesser

species. The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method has been utilised successfully in

plants to boost agricultural productivity and stress tolerance.

Despite this, only a small number of medicinal plants have been altered using the

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique because to a lack of appropriate

transformation and regeneration techniques, and also a lack of comprehensive genome

and mRNA sequencing data. However, a variety of secondary metabolic activities in

plants (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponin) altered

lately using CRISPR/Cas-editing through knocking out, knocking in, and point

mutations, modulation of gene expression, including targeted mutagenesis.
Nanotechnology in Medicinal Plants
Authors: Perveen Shaghufta , Safdar Naila
Published: December 2023

Nanoparticles have immense applications in plants from mass propagation to

phyto-drug extraction and augmentation. Alongside, nanoparticles are also manifested

as potential drug vehicles for carrying curative agents to the targeted tissues or part,

accompanying control delivery of drugs to the infected site. Advancement in

nanotechnology directed towards the transformation of metallo-drugs at the nanoscale

brings new dimensions in therapeutics from the treatment of multidrug-resistant

microbes to chemotherapies of tumors. With the nano-advancement, not only metals

and their oxides are transformed at the nanoscale but also the potential phyto agents,

proteins, and hormones are transformed into nanosized entities which change the entire

fundamentals of therapeutic and curative practices. A lot of changes in medicine, drug

delivery system and drug formulation as commenced just because of nanotechnology.

The current chapter highlights nanotech advancements in the area of medicinal plant

propagation, drug augmentation and extraction methodologies along with their

limitations and future prospects.
Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesized Through Medicinal Plants: Therapeutic Improvement
Authors: Kiani Bushra Hafeez
Published: December 2023

The field of nanotechnology has developed new medicinal nanoparticles that

have various uses in pharmaceutics and healthcare. Distinct macroscopic and

microscopic entities including plants, fungi, microalgae, bacilli, and seaweed have been

used to biosynthesize nanoparticles. Naturally-occurring chemicals like flavonoids,

tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins are abundantly present in plants. A potentially

unharmful method to produce nanoparticles can be through extracts of different plants.

As plant extracts carry many specialized metabolites, they can act as stabilizers and

reducers in bioreduction reactions that take place in metallic nanoparticle production.

The production of metallic nanoparticles by biological techniques is an easier, cheaper,

and more environmentally sound option in comparison with other physical and

chemical techniques that are extremely toxic and unsafe for biological use. Greener

nanoparticles like Co, Cu, Ag, Pd, Au, ZnO, Pt, and Fe3O4 have been biosynthesized

using medicinal plants. These nanoparticles have various uses in pharmaceutics ranging

from gene delivery, drug delivery, pathogen detection, tissue engineering, and protein

detection. Not only that but, metallic nanoparticles can also potentially be remedies to

different acute diseases including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, malaria,

and even cancer. Improvements in drug delivery and tissue engineering have been

made possible by nanotechnology and this has greatly facilitated translational level

studies that relate to pharmaceutics. In this chapter, green syntheses of metallic

nanoparticles through medicinal plants along with their uses in therapeutic

improvements are described.
Nano Elicitors and Bioactive Plant Metabolites
Authors: Bibi Yamin , Nisa Sobia , Zahara Kulsoom , Qayyum Abdul
Published: December 2023

Nature has given plants the ability to produce a wide variety of secondary

metabolites including alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids and saponins. These metabolites

provide them a defense mechanism against biological and non-biological stress factors.

On the other hand, the same metabolites have proved to be effective against different

dreadful human diseases. The efficacy of such metabolites ranges from antimicrobial to

anticancerous effects. Bioactivity-guided characterization is one of the useful strategies

that have been employed to identify, purify and characterize active components. These

bioactive components have proved useful in future drug discovery. Elicitors are defined

as signaling metabolites with the ability to induce biochemical and physiological

processes in plants resulting in the activation of plants defense mechanisms. Elicitation

is a useful tool as it leads to the generation of stress conditions and hence the

accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites in plants. Various strategies have

been adopted to enhance the production of bioactive secondary metabolites including

plant cell and tissue culture and use of signaling metabolites. Nowadays, nano-elicitors

have emerged as an effective tool to enhance the production of pharmacologically

important compounds. Various classes of nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be

utilized as nano-elicitors like metallic NPs, metallic oxide NPs and carbon nanotubes

with positive effects on phytochemical profile. The possible mechanism of

nanomaterials as elicitors is the interaction with plant genomes by increasing the

expression level of genes involved in the biosynthesis of active metabolites. Despite

triggering biosynthetic potential of plants, certain negative effects have been observed

in plants’ primary metabolism like lower chlorophyll content, a decrease in cell

viability, a decline in sugar content and suppressed seed germination. Thus, there is a

need to develop biocompatible nanoparticles for use as nanoelicitors in plants to avoid

the negative impacts of the used entities.
Nanocarriers: Promising Vehicles for Controlled Bioactive Drug Delivery in Current Medical System
Authors: Shaikh Ajam C. , Shah Ashfaq A. , Gupta Amit
Published: December 2023

Nanomaterials have been widely employed in the medical profession in

recent decades, thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology. Their distinctive

physical and chemical qualities, such as minimal size, functionalized surface

characteristics, stable interactions with ligands, high carrier capacity, and ease of

binding with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances have made them ideal

platforms for the target-specific and controlled delivery of micro-and macromolecules

in disease therapy and have revealed an excellent potential pertaining to clinical entities

with the goal of fine-tuning bioavailability, bioefficacy, and pharmacokinetics. The

absorption, post-administration stability as well as bioavailability of bioactive drugs

and other medicinal substances are the key issues. Some critical medications have low

gastrointestinal absorption and permeability in their active form, are inactivated by pH

and temperature fluctuations and cause catastrophic off-target and undesirable side

effects. Certain investigations have also indicated that active efflux mechanisms affect

the absorption of some presently integrated compounds with structural alterations

across the intestinal wall. Furthermore, intestinal bacteria and/or enzymes break down

fragile structures of active substances into a variety of metabolites, each of which has

different bioactivity than the original chemical compound. Nanocarrier-mediated

distribution improved their solubilization potential, changed absorption paths, and

reduced metabolic breakdown by gut bacteria and enzymes. Combining

nanobiotechnology with current therapeutic techniques has shown to be effective in

bringing innovative and previously rejected bioactive substances to the market for

treating a myriad of diseases and disorders. As a result, we predict that nanotechnology

will play a larger role in illness detection and treatment in the future, perhaps helping to

overcome bottlenecks in current medical approaches. This chapter focuses on a

comprehensive discussion of strategies and applications of nanoengineered delivery

systems along with the pharmacokinetic properties and drug-delivery mechanism of these nanocarriers. Probably associated drawbacks, challenges, future advancements,

and scopes of nanocarriers in clinical care are also highlighted.
Transition from Conventional FETs to Novel FETs, SOI, Double Gate, Triple Gate, and GAA FETS
Authors: Kandpal Jyoti , Goel Ekta
Published: December 2023

Low-power application devices and inexpensive transistors are essential for today's technological world. A 3 nm MOSFET nanoelectronic device has just been created by researchers. Even though a MOSFET shrinks in size and uses less power, SCEs still cause a few problems, leakage current, including Hot electron, Impact Ionization, threshold voltage roll-off, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), and others. One of the best-proposed structures to replace the MOSFET structure is the FIN FET structure, which overcomes the limitations brought on by the CMOS transistor. For low-power applications, the FIN FET structure is ideal. A FINFET structure achieves an average subthreshold swing of 60 mv/decade at room temperature beyond the boundaries of CMOS. This paper examines the performance of the many FINFET architectures that have been proposed, including the double gate, tri-gate, and Gate All Around FET.
Graphene FET for Microwave and Terahertz Applications
Authors: Joshi Neetu
Published: December 2023

A graphene based FET can be used for a variety of applications. It can be
utilized in the fascinating field of nano-scale device electronics or microwave and
terahertz based guided wave components. In this chapter, a review of graphene field
effect transistors has been presented in RF and bio-sensor circuits. It begins with an
overview of the superior properties of graphene in graphene FETs, moving further to
the characterization and fabrication challenges, and thereafter, their application in
bioanalytical sensing and high frequency devices has been investigated. Graphene
material has potential advantages in the form of low losses and power dissipation due
to its high thermal, electrical conductivities and mobilities. It leads to better
performance and efficiency relative to its silicon counterparts in various applications. It
has some design and fabrication challenges owing to its high surface density and single
atomic thickness. It also shows limitations in terms of bandgap variation, high
fabrication costs and current saturation features.
CMOS Compatible Single-Gate Single Electron Transistor (SG-SET) Based Hybrid SETMOS Logic
Authors: Shah Raj , Dhavse Rasika
Published: December 2023

The continuous development of CMOS technology today beyond many
obstacles has been witnessed by all of us. After three decades of aggressive scaling to
ever-smaller dimensions, today, MOSFET gate lengths can be less than 22 nm. There
are many challenges and limitations at the device level. Short channel effects, such as
drain induced barrier lowering, Vth roll-off, gate induced drain leakage, static leakage,
punch through, and contact resistance, are among the major blockades for sub-22 nm
technology. Many physicists have explored this extremely small dimension device and
the effects of charge and energy quantization, and that emerged the concept of single
electron conduction. Single-electron devices were being seen as one of the finest
beyond-CMOS nanodevices reported by many researchers and ITRS. These devices
were facing many roadblocks due to their ultra-small dimensions, fabrication
viabilities, room temperature operation, CMOS compatible processes, and lack of
simulation methodology. Since the last decade, the evolution of advanced e-beam
lithography, Chemical-Mechanical polishing and deposition techniques has gained
many researchers’ attention, and the trend to explore these devices is going
continuously in an upward direction. Though it is difficult to replace CMOS
technology completely, the hybridization of these devices with CMOS is one of the
major interests shown by many research works.
Extensive Investigation on Even-Transistor-Configuration CMOS-based SRAM
Authors: Singh Yadav Dharmendra , Singh Prabhat , Choudhary Vibhash , Gangadari Rakesh Murthy
Published: December 2023

Designing electronic devices with higher efficiency while using reduced
power is a problem in the field of electronics. Digital technology utilization is
increasing due to its higher speeds, lower power requirements, and stability. Accessing
data requires a lot of time, so a circuit is created that will be close to the CPU to
provide the information that is required. Cache memory is a type of SRAM-based
faster storing device. To enhance the performance of the SRAM cell, Read Delay (RD),
Write Delay (WD), read stability, write stability and power dissipation of the intended
circuit should all be carefully considered while designing an efficient SRAM cell.
Delay, power dissipation, and circuit stability all trade-off with one other. In this
chapter, we will look at delays, average power dissipation (APD), and stability using a
variety of cell ratios, pull-up ratios, and supply voltages, and compare how each of
these metrics has improved. As miniaturization of post CMOS technology, technology
nodes are getting smaller. Because of this, researchers have examined different
typologies, ranging from 6T SRAM to 12T SRAM (even-number transistor cell)
analysis. Better delays and an improved static noise margin are obtained by increasing
the number of transistors per cell, although power dissipation increases as a result. This
chapter covers the overall analysis for SRAM cells with 6T, 8T, 10T, and 12T
transistors that vary in CR and PR as well as voltage. The circuits are created for the
overall study using a 180nm technology file in the Cadence Virtuoso tool.
Predictive Analytics Algorithm for Early Prevention of Brain Tumor using Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Systematic Review of the State-of- the-Art
Authors: Raghunath Mutkule Prasad , Sable Nilesh P. , Mahalle Parikshit N. , Shinde Gitanjali R.
Published: December 2023

Advancement in the medical field promotes the diagnosis of disease through
automation methods and prediction of the brain tumor also plays an important role due
to the fact that millions of people are affected by brain tumor and the rate of affected
people is increasing every year randomly. Hence, in saving the lives of many
individuals, the early detection of the disease plays an important role. Using the MRI
Images, it’s easy to find the location and existence of the tumor. Expert manual
diagnosis is playing a vital role in detecting the information about the tumor and its
type. Though there are various models that can detect tumor location with the help of
ML models in the medical field, somewhere there is a lag in the success of these
models. Deep learning is one of the widely used approaches for the same. But the
black-box nature of these machine-learning models has somewhat limited their clinical
use. Explanations are essential for users to know, trust, and well manage these models.
The chapter proposes dual-weighted deep CNN classifiers for early prediction of the
presence of brain tumor along with the explanation-driven DL models such as Local
Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive explanation
(SHAP). The performance and accuracy of the planned model are assessed and relate
with the existing models and it is expected that it will produce high sensitivity as well
as specificity. It is also expected to perform well by means of precision and accuracy.
Explainable AI (XAI) for Agriculture
Authors: Linheiro Eudes Smith M. , Shinde Gitanjali R. , Mahalle Parikshit N. , Mirajkar Riddhi
Published: December 2023

 In most nations, agriculture is the main industry providing employment.
Agricultural activities used to be restricted to the cultivation of food and crops, but they
have expanded over time to include the processing, production, marketing, and
distribution of crops and livestock products. Agriculture related approaches or practices
must be continuously reviewed with the goal of presenting innovative approaches to
sustaining and improving agricultural activities. Currently, agricultural activities serve
as the primary source of livelihood, increasing GDP, being one of the sources of
national trade, reducing unemployment, and providing raw materials for production in
other industries.
Inadequate soil treatment, disease and pest infestation, among other issues, are only a
few of the difficulties this industry must overcome in order to maximize productivity.
There have been some difficulties with the increased use of technology in this industry,
including the need for large amounts of data, low output, and the most obvious
difficulty, the knowledge gap between farmers and technology.
When compared to earlier more conventional methods, agricultural practices, and
activities have significantly improved since technology entered the field. Technologies
like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been a few of the
technologies that are widely used in these sectors with projects for improving crop
production, disease prediction, continuous monitoring, efficient supply chain
management, water waste and operational efficiency just to name a few but, this of this
project will focus more on AI, more specifically on Explainable Artificial Intelligence
(ExAI or XAI).
Introduction to High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
Authors: Balkrishna Acharya
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses chromatography, classification of chromatography,
thin layer chromatography (TLC) and how high-performance thin-layer
chromatography (HPTLC) is an advanced version of TLC. In brief, this chapter also
discusses the advantages and the areas where the HPTLC technique can be used.