bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Forecasting through Feedback
Authors: Whiteman Irvin R.
Published: November 2018

Feedback is essential to modern control — we could not get a rocket to the moon without it. And what is useful for the scientific world also holds true for the managerial world.

Can techniques of feedback be applied to improved forecasting of costs over the fiscal year, or to improved forecasting of contractual commitments?

This article develops the basis for feedback forecasting, as well as the establishment of control limits for determining which forecasts depart significantly from plan.
The Care and Feeding of Marketing Consultants
Authors: Guss Leonard M.
Published: November 2018

There is a way to use competent outside consulting services. There is a way to discriminate between those who are competent and those who are not. There is a way for management to utilize outside contributions without ever abdicating its own responsibilities.

These are important considerations.

But what if management responsibilities are abdicated and management thinks that in a consultant it has found a “crutch”? Here is a realistic diagnosis of the question.
What Are the Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Marketing Executives?
Authors: Patterson James M.
Published: November 2018

Traditional ways of framing questions about the social and ethical responsibilities of marketing have on the whole been self-defeating. In fact, the discovery of workable answers to the question, “What are the social responsibilities of marketing?”, is quite unlikely.

Is there a better way to proceed? YES.

This article shows how marketing executives can develop some operational guides, even though not universal answers.
Education for Marketing in the 1970s
Authors: Lazer William
Published: November 2018

What is the future of marketing education in the 1970s? The answers given here are important both for teachers and practitioners of marketing.

This article is based on an address given at the annual meeting of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business in late 1965.
Retailing Evolution or Revolution in Chile?
Authors: Bennett Peter D.
Published: November 2018

The incipient Chilean supermarket industry faces formidable barriers in attempting to replace the traditional food retailing structure.

The author of this article examines the present state of the shift to modern retailing methods, the desirability of that shift, the barriers it faces, and the position of the government in deciding whether the change will be evolutionary or revolutionary.
Marketing and the United States Supreme Court
Authors: Werner Ray O.
Published: November 2018

When the United States Supreme Court acts to decide business controversies, how should modern marketers respond? What organizational or operational changes should management consider to conform to the decisions handed down by the Supreme Court?

This article, premised on the conviction that the modern economy is constantly being modified by our legal institutions, analyzes eight different decisions handed down by the Supreme Court during 1965, as well as appropriate responses for marketers.
A Model for Ethics in Marketing
Authors: Bartels Robert
Published: November 2018

Is a given marketing action always ethical, never ethical, or ethical relative to time, place, and circumstances? Upon what logical bases can a marketer determine what is “right” for him to do, not only in domestic but also in international business?

This article presents a schematic plan for analyzing the variables inherent in the ethics of decision-making; and a framework for social and personal ethics is proposed.
Is Communications Research Really Worthwhile?
Authors: Greenberg Allan
Published: November 2018

The author of this article questions many of the accepted “principles” derived from experimental studies in the field of communications research. But he also proposes some basic conclusions for the field of marketing.
Educating Men for International Marketing
Authors: Furuhashi Y. Hugh , Evarts Harry F.
Published: November 2018

Persons specializing in international marketing ought to be educated for the jobs they are to do. The question is—how should they be educated for these positions?

The authors, who began this article as a result of a Workshop on International Business at the New York University in 1964, give some useful answers.
Positive Robinson-Patman Pricing
Authors: Slater Charles C. , Mossman Frank H.
Published: November 2018

Do present interpretations of the Robinson-Patman Act cause sellers to discriminate against large customers? This article deals with a new computer-based analysis procedure for improvement in consistency and reduction in discrimination in pricing practices.

The authors show the steps needed to develop computer-based, marketing-oriented cost accounting systems and the application of this new pricing practice to an actual business situation.
The Integrated Management Approach to Marketing
Authors: Little Wallace I.
Published: November 2018

The basic objectives of the business firm cannot be optimized by internal departmental planning, says this author. He argues that the satisfaction of departmental goals too frequently conflicts with other departmental goals and company objectives.

Optimum interdepartmental planning is called INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT and training in this area is greatly needed in modern schools of business.
The Role of Marketing in Israel
Authors: Wind Yoram
Published: November 2018

In very few developing economies is the significance of the marketing function truly appreciated. Although marketing has evolved more rapidly in Israel than in most other developing nations, the marketing function is still perceived principally as selling.

The author of this article explains why.
Markets behind the Iron Curtain
Authors: Feddersen Berend H.
Published: November 2018

This article contains information about marketing to countries behind the Iron Curtain. Drawing on his international marketing research experience, the author indicates that many Western businessmen have tried to build trade relations with Eastbloc countries and have failed. Firms have offered merchandise they knew was needed in the Communist countries, but were unable to sell it despite its being of excellent quality, fairly priced, and adapted to the needs of these countries. The author explains why these firms were not able to sell their products and offers suggestions for successful selling to the East.
Trends and Innovations in the Marketing of Insurance
Authors: Bickelhaupt David L.
Published: November 2018

What's happening in insurance marketing today? The gigantic institution of insurance has long been accused of conservatism, but evidence today points toward an awakened and dynamic era of change for the insurance business. Traditional marketing channels are being reappraised, and the predominant agency systems are being modified at the same time that innovations in direct-selling systems and group methods of marketing are appearing. Product diversification, automation, and other trends are noted. What these trends are, where they have come from, and how they may affect the future are explored in this article.
Creativity: A Function for Computers or Executives?
Authors: Andrus Roman R.
Published: November 2018

Creative generation and evaluation of problem solving alternatives is a necessary function of progressive management. Yet much that is called “creative” is the result of routine combining and sorting of stated elements according to standard design principles. This mechanical creativity should be the function of computers and clerks, freeing executives for those non-systemized functions which require the exercise of human intuition. The firm able to acquire or identify creative personnel and couple them with mechanical facilities capable of performing the routine aspects of creativity will have a real and marketable competitive advantage.
Price Stability, Market Control, and Imports in the Steel Industry
Authors: Miller Robert R.
Published: November 2018

Some observers have attributed price stability in the steel industry to the vertically integrated structure of the steel industry. This article suggests that the industry's pricing strategy is based not only on the industry structure, but also on its somewhat unique market characteristics. Imports have been limited to relatively few market segments, and there appears to be little likelihood that other market areas will be materially affected by imports in the foreseeable future.
The Influence of Driving Time upon Shopping Center Preference
Authors: Brunner James A. , Mason John L.
Published: November 2018

Perhaps the most surprising thing about our knowledge of planned shopping centers is the gap of quantitative information available on the subject. The literature abounds with judgments, insights, and discussions on the significance of population, household income, and similar variables; but presentations of a statistical nature are few and far between.

This article considers the trade area dimensions of shopping centers by observing, in a quantitative manner, the significance of travel time on customer behavior.
Marketing Information Systems: A New Dimension for Marketing Research
Authors: Brien Richard H. , Stafford James E.
Published: November 2018

The application of the systems approach to marketing management promises to breathe new life into marketing research. In this article the authors present their views of the relationship between decision-information flows and the management process in marketing, and state the case for expanding traditional marketing research into “marketing information systems.”
Preference Tests and the Management of Product Features
Authors: Day Ralph L.
Published: November 2018

The consumer preference test can be a valuable source of information in effective management of the firm's product offering. In this article, some specific suggestions are offered on ways to utilize preference tests and to avoid costly neglect of the “contents of the package.” The author suggests that preference tests can be made even more valuable when management uses a well-developed conceptual framework for planning and analyzing preference studies.
Benefit Segmentation: A Decision-oriented Research Tool
Authors: Haley Russell I.
Published: November 2018

According to this article, most techniques of market segmentation rely only on DESCRIPTIVE factors pertaining to purchasers and are not efficient predictors of future buyer behavior. The author proposes an approach whereby market segments are delineated first on the basis of factors with a CAUSAL relationship to future purchase behavior. The belief underlying this segmentation strategy is that the benefits which people are seeking in consuming a given product are the basic reasons for the existence of true market segments.
Determinant Buying Attitudes: Meaning and Measurement
Authors: Myers James H. , Alpert Mark I.
Published: November 2018

Which attitudes are related to purchasing decisions? In this article the authors argue that out of many possible attitudes only a few really relate to or “determine” buying behavior. These attitudes are defined in this article and methods of measuring them are discussed.
A Commercial Structure Model for Depressed Neighborhoods
Authors: Cox William E.
Published: November 2018

Can marketers utilize their skills and knowledge in helping the depressed neighborhoods of their community? This article presents a model for analyzing potential demand and planning the commercial structure of a ghetto area.
Factors Affecting Coupon Redemption Rates
Authors: Reibstein David J. , Traver Phillis A.
Published: November 2018

In spite of the magnitude and importance of manufacturer couponing activity, little is known specifically about the relative impact of various factors that influence coupon redemption rates. This paper reports the development of a model that can both forecast the rate of coupon redemption and determine the degree to which various factors influence this redemption rate.
The Impact of Channel Leadership Behavior on Intrachannel Conflict
Authors: Schul Patrick L. , Pride William M. , Little Taylor L.
Published: November 2018

This study examines the impact of different types of channel leadership behavior on channel members' perceptions of intrachannel conflict in a franchise distribution channel. Factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis are used to explore the relationships between participative, supportive and directive leadership behavior and dependent measures of intrachannel conflict. The results indicate that conflict arising from both administrative and product-service issues diminishes when the franchisor is perceived to exhibit a leadership style emphasizing participation, support and direction in carrying out channel activities.
Aesthetics, Ideologies and the Limits of the Marketing Concept
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: November 2018

It is proposed that the marketing concept, as a normative framework, is not applicable to two broad classes of producers because of the personal values and social norms that characterize the production process. These two classes of producers are artists and ideologists. Artists are those who create primarily to express their subjective conceptions of beauty, emotion or some other aesthetic ideal. Ideologists are those who put forward an integrated set of positive and normative statements that describe what the world is and what it should be.
The Environment of Marketing Channel Dyads: A Framework for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Achrol Ravi Singh , Reve Torger , Stern Louis W.
Published: November 2018

The political economy framework for the comparative analysis of marketing channel dyads proposed by Stern and Reve (1980) focused mainly on relationships between channel members. This article extends the political economy framework by indicating how environmental factors (i.e., factors external to a dyad) might influence and affect the structure and processes of the dyad. When combined with the original article by Stern and Reve, the resulting overall perspective should provide a comprehensive basis for theory development and research in the marketing channel area.
Volatility of Derived Demand in Industrial Markets and Its Management Implications
Authors: Bishop William S. , Graham John L , Jones Michael H.
Published: November 2018

Despite its importance, the volatility of derived demand in industrial markets has not been studied by marketing scholars. Here we present a description of how fluctuations in demand for fossil fuels during recent years have caused precipitous changes in demand for turbomachinery equipment used to produce the fuels. This volatility in demand for fossil fuel production equipment is viewed both from the perspective of industry and that of five individual companies. Finally, a number of marketing strategies that can serve to dampen otherwise volatile sales performance are proposed for industrial firms.
Striking a Balance between Brand “Popularity” and Brand Loyalty
Authors: Raj S. P.
Published: November 2018

The relationship between a brand's share of users and its loyal franchise is investigated. Using TGI data on consumer purchase habits covering 1,000 brands in 86 product classes, it is found that brands with a larger share of users have proportionately larger fractions of loyal buyers. These results are useful in the allocation of resources between the enlargement of a brand's base of users and the development of users' loyalty.
Horizontal Cooperative Sales Promotion: A Framework for Classification and Additional Perspectives
Authors: Varadarajan P. “Rajan”
Published: November 2018

This article focuses on horizontal cooperative sales promotion, an area that has remained largely unexplored. First, a framework for its classification is proposed. Next, a number of issues pertaining to joint sales promotion, one of the most extensively used forms of horizontal cooperative sales promotion, are explored. The article concludes with a brief discussion on directions for future research.
A Rules-Based Approach to Competitive Interaction
Authors: Thomas Gloria P. , Soldow Gary F.
Published: November 2018

The authors analyze competitive interaction in terms of its underlying rules. They argue that rules coordinate competitive activity and that a rule-theoretic approach allows the interpretation and prediction of competitive moves and countermoves. Emphasis is placed on the ongoing negotiation of rules during the competitive interaction process.
Novelty, Complexity, and Importance as Causal Determinants of Industrial Buyer Behavior
Authors: McQuiston Daniel H.
Published: November 2018

To successfully market their products, industrial vendors must determine who participates in an organizational purchase decision and what their influence is. Previous research has shown that participation and influence can vary across products and purchase situations. Though industrial marketing researchers would agree that there are different types of purchase situations, they would disagree on a taxonomy for describing them. The author uses past research as a point of departure and proposes a structural equations model that suggests the purchase situation attributes of novelty, complexity, and importance are causal determinants of participation and influence in an industrial purchase decision. The results indicate that these constructs, especially novelty and importance, provide a plausible typology for describing participation and influence in industrial purchase situations.
The Effects of Organizational Differences and Trust on the Effectiveness of Selling Partner Relationships
Authors: Smith J. Brock , Barclay Donald W.
Published: November 2018

Selling alliances that are formed to cooperatively develop and maintain customer relationships are among the new organizational forms that marketing managers utilize for competitive advantage. To be successful, these alliances require sales representatives from allied organizations to work effectively as selling partners. The authors develop a trust-based model of effective selling partner relationships and test it in the context of the computer industry. Partial Least Squares analysis of 103 dyadic relationships found that organizational differences were modest predictors of three dimensions of mutual perceived trustworthiness, which in turn differentially affected three trusting behaviors. Trusting behaviors were found to have a somewhat greater effect on perceived task performance than on mutual satisfaction, whereas dimensions of trustworthiness had both direct and indirect effects on satisfaction. The authors discuss the managerial and theoretical implications of these results.
Effects of Goal-Directed Emotions on Salesperson Volitions, Behavior, and Performance: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Brown Steven P. , Cron William L. , Slocum John W.
Published: November 2018

The authors investigate the motivational effects of emotions in a sales force context. The personal stakes that salespeople have in a goal situation triggered anticipation of emotions that result from attaining or failing to attain their performance goal. Positive anticipatory emotions were positively related to volitions and mediated the relationship between personal stakes and volitions. Goal attainment was positively related to positive outcome emotions and negatively related to negative outcome emotions. Goal-directed behavior was positively associated with positive outcome emotions, independently of goal attainment. The findings suggest that emotions are an important driving force behind sales force motivation. The authors discuss the implications for sales management, theory development, and further research.
Explaining Variations in the Advertising & Promotional Costs/Sales Ratio: A Reanalysis
Authors: Balasubramanian Siva K. , Kumar V.
Published: November 2018

The authors focus on their 1990 model (B&K; see Balasubramanian and Kumar 1990 ), which indicates that market share, market growth, and their interaction are important predictors of the ratio of advertising and promotional costs to sales (A&P/S). In sharp contrast, Ailawadi, Farris, and Parry's (1994; AFP) subsequent replication attempt asserts that market share and market growth are not good predictors of A&P/S. The authors’ research documents serious problems in AFP's study, including erroneous model estimates caused by incorrect execution of the SAS TSCSREG procedure, pooling data for analysis in ways that cannot be justified statistically, data preparation errors, and inappropriate operationalizations of market share and market growth. With regard to analyses of Profit Impact of Market Strategy and brand-level data reported by AFP, the authors again find that AFP have analyzed data in inappropriate ways, given the conceptual framework of the B&K model. Because these problems provide compelling evidence to disregard AFP's results, the authors conclude that the criticisms advanced by AFP against the B&K model are not valid.
Interactive Home Shopping: Consumer, Retailer, and Manufacturer Incentives to Participate in Electronic Marketplaces
Authors: Alba Joseph , Lynch John , Weitz Barton , Janiszewski Chris , Lutz Richard , Sawyer Alan , Wood Stacy
Published: November 2018

The authors examine the implications of electronic shopping for consumers, retailers, and manufacturers. They assume that near-term technological developments will offer consumers unparalleled opportunities to locate and compare product offerings. They examine these advantages as a function of typical consumer goals and the types of products and services being sought and offer conclusions regarding consumer incentives and disincentives to purchase through interactive home shopping vis-à-vis traditional retail formats. The authors discuss implications for industry structure as they pertain to competition among retailers, competition among manufacturers, and retailer-manufacturer relationships.
An Investigation into the Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in a Personal Selling Context
Authors: Netemeyer Richard G. , Boles James S. , McKee Daryl O. , McMurrian Robert
Published: November 2018

The authors report the results of two studies that attempt to model antecedents of organizational citizenship behaviors in a personal selling context. They draw the antecedents from extant research and propose that the willingness to perform organizational citizenship behaviors is related to the job-related perceptions of the degree of organizational fit between the salesperson and his or her firm, level of leadership support, perceived fairness in reward allocation (i.e., distributive justice), and job satisfaction. They hypothesize and test direct and indirect relations with these constructs and organizational citizenship behaviors. Most of these relations were significant across the two studies.
Generalizing about Trade Show Effectiveness: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Dekimpe Marnik G. , François Pierre , Gopalakrishna Srinath , Lilien Gary L. , Van den Bulte Christophe
Published: November 2018

Trade shows are a multibillion-dollar business in the United States and the United Kingdom, but little is known about the determinants of trade show effectiveness. The authors build a model that captures differences in trade show effectiveness across industries, companies, and two countries. They focus on the differences in trade show effectiveness measured in a similar way across similar samples of 221 U.S. and 135 UK firm-show experiences between 1982 and 1993. Although the variables explain different amounts of variance in these two countries and some variables tend to have different relative effects, the similarities outweigh the differences. The authors are able to generalize about the effect of various show selection (go/not go) variables as well as tactical variables (e.g., booth size, personnel) on observed performance. They conclude by discussing the implications of their research for developing benchmarks for trade show performance.
The Effects of Brand Name Suggestiveness on Advertising Recall
Authors: Keller Kevin Lane , Heckler Susan E. , Houston Michael J.
Published: November 2018

The authors report the results of a laboratory experiment examining the effects of the meaningfulness of brand names on recall of advertising. The findings indicate that a brand name explicitly conveying a product benefit (e.g., PicturePerfect televisions) leads to higher recall of an advertised benefit claim consistent in meaning with the brand name compared with a nonsuggestive brand name (e.g., Emporium televisions). Conversely, a suggestive brand name leads to lower recall of a subsequently advertised benefit claim unrelated in product meaning (e.g., superior sound) compared with a nonsuggestive brand name. The authors discuss implications of these findings for marketers with respect to advertising strategies and the optimal use of meaningful brand names in building and managing brand equity.
Christian Scriptures and the Formation of Intellectual Humility
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This article considers the role that Christian Scriptures play in the formation of intellectual humility within Christian community. Intellectual humility is often considered in abstraction from these and their influence on how the virtue is itself conceived is seldom considered in depth. This article highlights that the Bible, considered as sacred scripture, shapes the way Christians think about humility by using certain words in certain ways: a core lexicon associated with poverty or low status is linked to the expectation that the humble person will be dependent upon God and will submit to his rule. This bears on the intellect of the humble person, who must depend upon and yield to God in their evaluation of the world and in their decisions about how to act. This, however, is just one strand to a complex representation of the virtue that is dramatically shaped by the incarnation of Jesus, whose own humility is not just an act of human submission to God, but of divine condescension. In addition to these elements, I will argue that the concept of virtue itself should be carefully qualified to acknowledge that the acting self is identified as a participant in the identity of Jesus Christ.
Running faster and jumping higher? Survival and growth in international manufacturing new ventures
Authors: Puig Francisco , Gonzalez-Loureiro Miguel , Ghauri Pervez N
Published: November 2018

Going international early is increasingly the choice of new ventures in manufacturing industries. However, does earliness provide a positive outcome for internationalisation? To answer this, we have longitudinally analysed 3181 manufacturing new ventures established between 2002 and 2012. Using Cox regressions, we found that the 124 late internationals had the lowest risk of failure, while the 229 early internationals could not compensate for their mortality risk with significantly higher levels of growth in the post-internationalisation period. We discuss why an early internationalisation is more perilous than beneficial and provide some suggestions for the internationalisation of new ventures in these industries.
Autologous Fat Transfer for Tissue Augmentation
Authors: Parastouk Noushin , Fulton James E.
Published: November 2018

Autologous fat transfer, despite being a relatively easy and complication-free procedure, can have technical problems associated with fat harvesting, injection, and duration of survival. Based on a review of the literature and their own experience, the authors provide guidelines for practitioners to use to result in optimal outcomes for the procedure.
New Directions in Self-Regulation: The Role of Metamotivational Beliefs
Authors: Scholer Abigail A. , Miele David B. , Murayama Kou , Fujita Kentaro
Published: November 2018

Research on self-regulation has primarily focused on how people exert control over their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which people manage their motivational states in the service of achieving valued goals. In this article, we explore an emerging line of research that focuses on people’s beliefs about their own motivation (i.e., their metamotivational knowledge), as well as the influence these beliefs have on their selection of regulatory strategies. In particular, we review evidence showing that people are often quite sensitive to the fact that distinct motivational states (e.g., eagerness vs. vigilance) are adaptive for different kinds of tasks. We also discuss how other metamotivational beliefs are inaccurate on average (e.g., beliefs about how rewards affect intrinsic motivation). Finally, we consider the implications of metamotivation research for the field of self-regulation and discuss future directions.
Ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm in a domestic yak
Authors: Curtis Benjamin E. , Nofs Sally A. , Ahearne Megan , List Monica , Kiupel Matti
Published: November 2018

A 19.5-y-old, male domestic yak ( Bos grunniens) with a history of sudden unexpected death was submitted for autopsy. The yak had hemoabdomen, and a large blood clot was attached to the liver and forestomachs. The hepatic artery had a saccular aneurysm with a 1-cm tear. The arterial wall at the site of the rupture was thin, and the luminal surface was roughened with yellow streaks. The arterial wall adjacent to the rupture was thickened, white, firm, and less elastic than normal arterial walls. Cause of death was concluded to be acute exsanguination. Similar cases with sudden death have been reported in domestic cattle and humans. No risk factors, such as nutritional deficiencies, genetic predisposition, or blunt trauma, were identified in this case, and there was no gross or histologic evidence of generalized vascular disease.
Electrical power management and optimization with nonlinear energy harvesting structures
Authors: Cai Wen , Harne Ryan L
Published: November 2018

In recent years, great advances in understanding the opportunities for nonlinear vibration energy harvesting systems have been achieved giving attention to either the structural or electrical subsystems. Yet, a notable disconnect appears in the knowledge on optimal means to integrate nonlinear energy harvesting structures with effective nonlinear rectifying and power management circuits for practical applications. Motivated to fill this knowledge gap, this research employs impedance principles to investigate power optimization strategies for a nonlinear vibration energy harvester interfaced with a bridge rectifier and a buck-boost converter. The frequency and amplitude dependence of the internal impedance of the harvester structure challenges the conventional impedance matching concepts. Instead, a system-level optimization strategy is established and validated through simulations and experiments. Through careful studies, the means to optimize the electrical power with partial information of the electrical load is revealed and verified in comparison to the full analysis. These results suggest that future study and implementation of optimal nonlinear energy harvesting systems may find effective guidance through power flow concepts built on linear theories despite the presence of nonlinearities in structures and circuits.
Sonic Interaction Design for Science Education
Authors: Winters R. Michael , Tomlinson Brianna J. , Walker Bruce N. , Moore Emily B.
Published: November 2018

The PhET project is a collection of over 130 interactive simulations (or “sims”) designed to teach physics concepts to students from elementary to university levels. The sims rely heavily on visual representation, making them inaccessible to students with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. We present the theory, methods, and process behind our audio design and provide example mapping strategies from two of the simulations. We compare physical, abstract, and musical mapping strategies, noting the strengths of each. We conclude with design recommendations that have arisen in our work, and for which we think would benefit the field at large.
Sex Offender Supervision: Communication, Training, and Mutual Respect Are Necessary for Effective Collaboration Between Probation Officers and Therapists
Authors: Newstrom Nicholas P. , Miner Michael , Hoefer Chris , Hanson R. Karl , Robinson Beatrice “Bean” E.
Published: November 2018

Developed with the goal of preventing recidivism, contemporary sex offender supervision models focus on collaboration between probation officers and therapists. This exploratory study used focus groups to examine the working relationships between probation officers and therapists from two large U.S. urban probation departments. Overall, both probation officers and therapists were quite positive about their working relationships; they valued each others’ roles and agreed that regular, accurate, and timely communication occurred frequently. Not all relationships, however, were effective. Several probation officers and therapists expressed dissatisfaction with poor communication, conflicts between the goals of therapy and probation, a lack of resources, and deficits in the policies they needed to adequately implement components of their supervision model (the containment model). Our findings suggest ways to structure sexual offender supervision that integrate the distinct orientations of probation officers and therapists into a collaboration that promotes public safety and work well for all.
Parks, Playgrounds, and Incidents of Sexual Assault
Authors: Budd Kristen M. , Mancini Christina , Bierie David M.
Published: November 2018

In the United States, certain laws restrict those convicted of sexually offending from accessing social spaces where youth congregate such as parks and playgrounds. However, empirical work to date has rarely described sexual assaults in these locations or tested the assumptions of these laws explicitly. To address these gaps in the literature, we drew on the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to analyze offender, victim, and crime characteristics of sexual assaults that occurred at parks and playgrounds over a 5-year period (2010-2015). Estimated via multivariate logistic regression, results showed support for these law’s assumptions when analyzing this particular location. However, stranger perpetrators were significantly more likely to sexually assault adult victims versus youth victims. Several other offense features distinguished youth versus adult victim sexual assault incidents at parks and playgrounds, such as the offender age, the use of force, and the injuries sustained by the victim. Collectively, these findings both support and challenge these types of social space restriction laws.
Preventing Sexual Abuse: Perspectives of Minor-Attracted Persons About Seeking Help
Authors: Levenson Jill S. , Grady Melissa D.
Published: November 2018

The primary aim of this exploratory research was to gain information from minor-attracted persons (MAPs) about their (a) formal and informal experiences with help-seeking for minor attraction, (b) perceived barriers to seeking help for concerns about minor attraction, and (c) treatment priorities as identified by consumers of these services. A nonrandom, purposive sample of MAPs ( n = 293, 154 completed all questions) was recruited via an online survey. Results show that 75% of participants did seek formal help from a professional; however, just less than half of them found the experience to be helpful. Characteristics of helpful therapeutic encounters included nonjudgmental attitudes, knowledge about minor attraction, and viewing clients in a person-centered and holistic way. Barriers to help seeking included uncertainty about confidentiality, fear of negative reaction or judgment, difficulties finding a therapist knowledgeable about MAPs, and financial constraints. Understanding or reducing attraction to minors were common treatment goals, but participants also prioritized addressing general mental health and well-being related to depression, anxiety, loneliness, and low self-esteem. Implications for effective and ethical counseling and preventive interventions for MAPs are discussed.
Empowerment Evaluation: A Case Study of Citywide Implementation Within an HIV Prevention Context
Authors: Phillips Gregory , Lindeman Peter , Adames Christian N. , Bettin Emily , Bayston Christopher , Stonehouse Patrick , Kern David , Johnson Amy K. , Brown C. Hendricks , Greene George J.
Published: November 2018

HIV continues to significantly impact the health of communities, particularly affecting racially and ethnically diverse men who have sex with men and transgender women. In response, health departments often fund a number of community organizations to provide each of these subgroups with comprehensive and culturally responsive services. To this point, evaluators have focused on individual interventions but have largely overlooked the complex environment in which these interventions are implemented, including other programs funded to do similar work. The Evaluation Center was funded by the City of Chicago in 2015 to conduct a citywide evaluation of all HIV prevention programming. This article will describe our novel approach to adapt the principles and methods of the empowerment evaluation approach, to effectively engage with 20 city-funded prevention programs to collect and synthesize multisite evaluation data, and ultimately build capacity at these organizations to foster a learning-focused community.
Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I (Htlv-I)-Specific T Helper Cell Responses from Htlv-I Seronegative Patients with Chronic Myelopathy and Ms in Japan
Authors: Nishimura M , Jacobson S , Uchiyama T , Ohta M , Saida T
Published: November 2018

Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a human retrovirus etiologically linked to Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I associated myelopathyltropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although most HAM/TSP patients have high anti-HTLV-I antibody titers in their sera, HTLV-I infected but seronegative patients with neurological diseases have been reported. To clarify whether seronegative, HTLV-I related neurological disease may exist, we have developed a method that measures the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) from HTLV-I synthetic peptide-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of HTLV-I infected persons. This method is sensitive enough to detect exposure to HTLV-I before seroconversion or even before detection by PCR. We examined 12 patients with chronic progressive myelopathy and eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in central Japan, where the prevalence rate of HTLV-I is between one and four percent among asymptomatic blood donors, using the IL-2 production assay. None of them were positive by the assay, suggesting seronegative HTLV-I myelopathy is very rare among patients with chronic progressive myelopathy and MS in Japan.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predictors of Disability in Primary and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Losseff NA , Kingsley DPE , McDonald WI , Miller DH , Thompson AJ
Published: November 2018

The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. In this study 21 patients with primary and secondary progressive MS were reviewed 5 years following a serial MRI study of 6 months duration. In the secondary progressive group (n=11) there was a significant relationship between the occurrence of enhancing lesions and clinical relapses during the initial 6 months and increase in diability 5 years later. For both groups change in disability over the initial study period was predictive of outcome. These results suggest that the presence and frequency of gadolinium enhancement (a marker of inflammation) and changes in disability over a short period are predictive of future deterioration in progressive patients.
Viral Infection at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Multiple Sclerosis: – An Ultrastructural Study of Tissues from a Uk Regional Brain Bank
Authors: Kirk J , Zhou A-L
Published: November 2018

Although viral infections are often invoked as environmental factors in the aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) it is only recently that a specific, indirect, cytokine-mediated mechanism for triggering of relapses during viral infections has been demonstrated. It is not yet clear however whether this indirect mechanism can account for all reported viral associations with the aetiopathogenesis of MS. A direct causal role of central nervous system (CNS) viral infection in MS has largely been discounted following repeated failures to demonstrate virus within the oligodendrocyte-myelin unit In the light of increasing evidence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in MS and to further explore the issue of possible viral involvement in MS, an ultrastructural search for viruses was undertaken in the CNS microvasculature, in autopsy and biopsy tissue from human CNS primary demyelinating diseases, including MS (20 cases), idiopathic monophasic CNS demyelinating disease (Mdemy, four cases) and metabolic or immunopathological demyelinating disease (two cases). For comparison, tissues from CNS viral disease in which demyelination is a major feature (nine cases) were examined in the same way. Control CNS tissues (nine cases) from a range of other neurological and non-neurological diseases were also examined. Outside the MS and Mdemy groups, morphological evidence of virus associations with the BBB were found only in the acute and subacute viral encephalitides (three cases subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, one case of Herpes encephalitis) and in one case of disseminated Cytomegalovirus infection. In a small proportion of MS and Mdemy cases, particles resembling either adenovirus (one case of MS) or paramyxovirus (one case of MS, one case of Mdemy) were found in the vicinity of microvessels. In each case a different cell type or extracellular compartment was involved and an exact correlation between the virus particles and the demyelinating lesions could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, corroborative clinical or laboratory evidence of current CNS infection in these primary demyelinating disease cases was available only from the single positive Mdemy case and not from the two cases of MS. This and other previously published evidence from MS (which implicated a Coronavirus) and other diseases highlights the potential vulnerability to viral infection of cells associated with the BBB. Furthermore it is concluded that the detection rate of such infections in pathological tissue could underestimate their true frequency. A possible role of transient virus-BBB interactions in triggering focal inflammation, BBB breakdown and demyelination in some cases of MS and parainfectious demyelinating disease cannot be discounted.
Service innovation as a social construction: The role of boundary objects
Authors: Mele Cristina , Sebastiani Roberta , Corsaro Daniela
Published: November 2018

This article advances a conceptualization of service innovation as socially constructed through resource integration and sensemaking. By developing this view, the current study goes beyond an outcome perspective, to include the collective nature of service innovation and the role of the social context in affecting the service innovation process. Actors enact and perform service innovation through two approaches, one that is more concerted and another that emerges in some way. Each approach is characterized by distinct resource integration processes, in which the boundary objects (artifacts, discourses, and places) play specific roles. They act as bridge-makers that connect actors, thereby fostering resource integration and shared meanings.
Considerations on the use of Radioisotopes in Human Nutrition Research
Authors: Viteri Fernando E. , Warren Rod
Published: November 2018

Tracer methodology using radioisotopes in human nutrition and metabolism research has been very productive but its use has been the object of unjustified limitations because of modeling decisions without adequate consideration of new data. These limitations have encumbered research studies in the metabolism of micro- and macronutrients particularly where nutritional deficiencies are prevalent. Even though stable isotope methodologies in human research are very useful in specific applications they are expensive and are often fraught with serious pitfalls, when compared to studies for the same purposes using radioisotopes. We have been developing safe radioisotopic methods to study the absorption and metabolism of micronutrients, especially iron and zinc, that can be applied to populations in the developing world. These and other applications of radioisotopes should allow scientists to conduct research diminishing the dependence on stable isotopes and on facilities and laboratories existing only in selected sites in the industrial world, and thus should enhance productive local and collaborative research. All radioisotopic research must be subjected to strict safety criteria, based on scientific evidence of risk, but should not be hampered by exaggerated fears of unfounded risk. Examples on the use of radio and stable isotopes to study iron and zinc absorptions are given including the radiation exposure and risk calculations.
Assessing Physical Activity of Women of Childbearing Age. Ongoing Work to Develop and Evaluate Simple Methods
Authors: Löf Marie , Hannestad Ulf , Forsum Elisabet
Published: November 2018

Simple methods were developed and evaluated to assess total energy expenditure in 24 healthy, Swedish women planning pregnancy. Total energy expenditure was measured by the doubly-labeled water method (reference method) and three simple methods: heart rate recording, movement registration by an accelerometer, and a questionnaire. Mean total energy expenditure obtained by the four methods varied between 2,530 kcal per 24 hours (10,570 kJ/24 hours) and 2,730 kcal per 24 hours (11,420 kJ/24 hours). No significant difference between the results obtained by the different methods was found. The mean difference between the simple method and the reference method was for the questionnaire 204 ± 508 kcal per 24 hours (853 ± 2,124 kJ/24 hours), for the heart rate recorder 58 ± 338 kcal per 24 hours (241 ± 1,416 kJ/24 hours) and for the accelerometer 6 ± 325 kcal per 24 hours (25 ± 1,360 kJ/24 hours). The heart rate recorder and the questionnaire overestimated high and underestimated low energy expenditures. The accelerometer and the heart rate recorder were able to assess mean total energy expenditure of groups. No systematic bias was found when the accelerometer was used.
The Future of 13C-Breath Tests
Authors: Fischer Heinz , Wetzel Klaus
Published: November 2018

13C-breath tests are widely applied as a tool to investigate metabolic processes and infectious diseases, but most of them have not yet entered into clinical practice. In order to promote the introduction of more 13C-breath tests into clinical routine application we evaluated the tests so far known with respect to some reasonable criteria, which are valued by one of three marks. The sum Σ of these marks is assumed as a measure of the total value of the respective 13C-breath test. In this way we arrived at 10 tests with a Σ value of 10 or more points which seem to have an especially high potential to successfully enter into clinical practice. This is particularly true for the 13C-breath tests with urea, aminopyrine, acetate, galactose, caffeine, octanoic acid, and phenylalanine as substrates. Measures are proposed for promoting the clinical application of such tests.