bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paving the planet: impervious surface as proxy measure of the human ecological footprint
Authors: Sutton Paul C. , Anderson Sharolyn J. , Elvidge Christopher D. , Tuttle Benjamin T. , Ghosh Tilottama
Published: October 2009

Fundamental questions regarding the human-environment-sustainability problematic remain contested. What are the relative roles of population, consumption, and technology with respect to sustainability? How can sustainability be measured? Numerous metrics have been developed to address these controversial questions including ideas of carrying capacity, environmental sustainability indices, and ecological footprints. This work explores the question: is pavement a proxy measure of human impact on the environment? We explore and evaluate the use of satellite derived density grids of constructed area (aka ‘pavement’ or ‘impervious surface’) in the calculation of national and subnational ‘ecological footprints’. We generated a global constructed area density grid for the 2000—2001 period using satellite observed nighttime lights and a population count grid from the US Department of Energy. Satellite data inputs to the population product include MODIS landcover, SRTM topography and high-resolution imagery. Calibration of the global constructed area density product was derived from high-resolution aerial photographs. We demonstrate that a satellite derived constructed area per person index can serve as a proxy measure of ecological footprints at both the national and subnational level. This relatively simple and globally uniform measure of human impact on the environment correlates strongly with other more difficult to obtain measures.
SURF-1 Gene Mutation Associated With Leukoencephalopathy in a 2-Year-Old
Authors: Timothy Jeremy , Geller Thomas
Published: October 2009

Mutations in the nuclear SURF-1 gene lead directly to cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency, the most common respiratory chain defect in Leigh syndrome, a neurodegenerative mitochondrial disease involving the deep gray matter and brain stem. We describe the second documented case in the literature to have a SURF-1 mutation presenting with diffuse leukodystrophy, adding to the growing number of cases of mitochondrial syndromes presenting with white matter disease. We examine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, which suggest that high-grade cytotoxic edema on diffusion-weighted imaging may be a helpful diagnostic feature in differentiating mitochondrial leukodystrophy from other, more common leukodystrophies. We show how MRI white matter findings may progress to include the brain stem, suggesting that a leukodystrophy due to respiratory chain defects can precede more classic Leigh syndrome deep gray matter radiographic findings.
Pediatric Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Is Associated With Increased Contralateral Cortical Activity on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Sutcliffe Trenna L. , Logan William J. , Fehlings Darcy L.
Published: October 2009

The mechanism behind constraint-induced movement therapy (constraint therapy) success is unknown. Study objectives were to evaluate cortical change after modified constraint therapy and explore a novel approach to quantify developmental disregard. Five participants underwent modified constraint therapy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical measures were done pretreatment and posttreatment. Developmental disregard indices were calculated. Four participants showed clinical improvement posttreatment. Functional MRI laterality indices were variable pretreatment and exclusively contralateral among participants posttreatment. The disregard index range was —12.9 to 62.6 among participants. Disregard indices were correlated with change scores after treatment on the Pediatric Motor Activity Log amount of use domain (r = .93, P = .02), Assisting Hand Assessment (r = .93, P = .02), and grip strength (r = .92, P = .03). Study results suggest that a shift to or persistence of contralateral cortical activity for affected hand movement is important for constraint therapy mechanism of action; and developmental disregard may be a predictor of positive response to treatment.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Involving Lung and Brain in a 10-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report
Authors: Sharma Suvasini , Sankhyan Naveen , Kalra Veena , Garg Ajay , Gupta Siddhartha Datta , Agarwala Sandeep , Das Prasenjit
Published: October 2009

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are rare tumors of unknown etiology, composed of proliferating myofibroblasts and accompanying lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. A 10-year-old boy who developed inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in the lung as well as the brain is described. Surgery and radiation therapy were not feasible. The authors review the current literature and treatment options.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: D'Agati Elisa , Moavero Romina , Cerminara Caterina , Curatolo Paolo
Published: October 2009

The neurobiological basis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in tuberous sclerosis complex is still largely unknown. Cortical tubers may disrupt several brain networks that control different types of attention. Frontal lobe dysfunction due to seizures or epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges may perturb the development of brain systems that underpin attentional and hyperactive functions during a critical early stage of brain maturation. Comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders is frequent in children with tuberous sclerosis. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may also reflect a direct effect of the abnormal genetic program. Treatment of children with tuberous sclerosis complex with combined symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy may represent a challenge for clinicians, because antiepileptic therapy and drugs used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may aggravate the clinical picture of each other.
Rewards Communication in Australia and the United States: A Survey of Policies and Programs
Authors: Shields John , Scott Dow , Sperling Richard , Higgins Thomas
Published: October 2009

Human resources (HR) and compensation professionals in Australia were surveyed to determine how they communicate rewards information to employees. The rewards communications survey examined five reward components: organization reward strategy and philosophy, base pay, base-pay increases, short-term variable pay and benefits. This research found that HR and compensation professionals believe that rewards communication is important, even to the degree that it affects organizational performance, employee satisfaction with pay, employee retention and employee motivation. They also believe that most employees have limited understanding of the purpose of reward programs and how they work; in fact, many do not understand aspects of the pay system that directly affect them such as pay ranges, average pay rates and performance targets. Comparisons between Australian and United State reward communication policies and practices are reported.
A Conceptual Framework for Exploring the Role of Studies Abroad in Nurturing Global Citizenship
Authors: Tarrant Michael Andrew
Published: October 2009

A conceptual framework, adapted from the Value-Belief-Norm theory, is proposed for understanding the role of studying abroad in nurturing global citizenship. The framework is oriented in concepts of justice, the environment, and civic obligations as key issues in the predictive validity of values, beliefs, and norms. The VBN approach is then applied to the design and experience of a short-term, faculty-led, educational travel study abroad program. By demonstrating how such theoretical contributions can help modify the instructional delivery and academic content of these types of study abroad programs, it is also possible to quantify how learning outcomes are demonstrably linked to key facets of the international education experience.
Trying On—Being In—Becoming
Authors: Kalmbach Phillips Donna , Harris Gennie , Legard Larson Mindy , higgins karen
Published: October 2009

The article discusses the narrative of four women in academia spanning a ten-year relational journey. As a performance collaborative autoethnography, it explores and presents theories of subjectivity and transitional space. Through journals, e-mails, and dialogue, the authors are trying on, being in, and becoming feminist poststructural thinkers/inquirers/teacher educators. The authors further explore the following: How has theory changed their subjectivity, lived experiences and relationships, and moved them from comfortable spaces of knowing to uncomfortable places of becoming? In a series of poetry and performance narratives, the authors chart their own linked journey(s) in pursuing these questions. As autoethnographers, the authors grapple with meanings and moments of loss, desire, guilt, and love as a practice of hypomnemata. This study represents a reflective mining of such treasures, capturing moments of rereading and meditation, and a pause, even if an illusionary one, in our intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and embodied journey(s). This work illustrates how the self looks in transitional space: in motion, contemporaneous, simultaneously in the making, and in relation to others. The authors continue this practice as a pedagogy for being and living out the fictions of their lives.
Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Parenting Stress: Assessing the Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Renner Lynette M.
Published: October 2009

Guided by the spillover hypothesis and process model of parenting, this study examined relationships between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and parenting characteristics among a sample of 1,153 lower-income women. Hierarchical regression was used to investigate a mediational model examining women’s self-reports of physical and psychological IPV, depressive symptoms, and parenting stress. Results suggest that depressive symptoms partially mediate the link between a mother’s psychological IPV victimization and later self-reported parenting stress. Findings from this study highlight the importance of including maternal psychopathology and other stress and support variables when assessing parenting outcomes among women with histories of IPV.
Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Domestic Violence Advocates: Workplace Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Slattery Suzanne M. , Goodman Lisa A.
Published: October 2009

This study identified workplace factors associated with secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a sample of 148 domestic violence advocates working in diverse settings. Findings indicate that coworker support and quality clinical supervision are critical to emotional well-being and that an environment in which there is shared power—that is, respect for diversity, mutuality, and consensual decision making—provides better protection for advocates than more traditional, hierarchical organizational models. Furthermore, shared power emerged as the only workplace variable to significantly predict STS above and beyond individual factors. The discussion includes implications for practice and policy as well as directions for future research.
Maternal Anxiety and Attention Problems in Children at 5 and 14 Years
Authors: Clavarino Alexandra M. , Mamun Abdullah A. , O'Callaghan Michael , Aird Rosemary , Bor William , O'Callaghan Frances , Williams Gail M. , Marrington Shelby , Najman Jackob M. , Alati Rosa
Published: October 2009

Objective: This study examines the association between maternal anxiety from pregnancy to 5 years and child attention problems at 5 and 14 years. Method: Birth cohort of 3,982 individuals born in Brisbane between 1981 and 1983 are assessed. Self-reported measures of maternal anxiety are assessed at four time points. Maternal reports of child attention problems using Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist are assessed at 5 and 14 years. Results: Children of mothers experiencing anxiety during or after pregnancy are at greater risk of experiencing attention problems at 5 and 14 years. After adjusting for maternal age and child’s gender, antenatal anxiety is strongly associated with persistent attention problems (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 2.19, 6.07). Children with chronically anxious mothers are 5.67 (95% CI = 3.56, 9.03) times more likely to have persistent attention problems. These associations remain consistent after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Maternal anxiety appears to increase the rate of child attention problems and identifies a need for treatment programs to have a dual focus—the mother and her child. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(6) 658-667)
A Scalable Message Passing Interface Implementation of an Ad-Hoc Parallel I/o system
Authors: Isaila Florin , Garcia Blas Francisco Javier , Carretero Jesús , Liao Wei-keng , Choudhary Alok
Published: October 2009

In this paper we present the novel design, implementation, and evaluation of an ad-hoc parallel I/O system (AHPIOS). AHPIOS is the first scalable parallel I/O system completely implemented in the Message Passing Interface (MPI). The MPI implementation brings the advantages of portability, scalability and high performance. AHPIOS allows MPI applications to dynamically manage and scale distributed partitions in a convenient way. The configuration of both the MPI-IO and the storage management system is unified and allows for a tight integration of the optimizations of these layers. AHPIOS partitions are elastic: they conveniently scale up and down with the number of resources. We develop two collective I/O strategies, which leverage a two-tiered cooperative cache in order to exploit the spatial locality of data-intensive parallel applications. The file access latency is hidden from the applications through an asynchronous data staging strategy. The two-tiered cooperative cache scales with both the number of processors and storage resources. Our experimental section demonstrates that, with various optimizations, integrated AHPIOS offers a substantial performance benefit over the traditional MPI-IO solutions on both PVFS or Lustre parallel file systems.
Serum levels of CXCL13 are elevated in active multiple sclerosis
Authors: Festa Eugene D , Hankiewicz Karolina , Kim Soyeon , Skurnick Joan , Wolansky Leo J , Cook Stuart D , Cadavid Diego
Published: October 2009

There is increasing recognition of the important role that B cells play in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently it was reported that the B cell chemokine CXCL13 is elevated in MS serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Here we study whether serum levels of CXCL13 are associated with active MS. We measured serum levels of CXCL13 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 74 patients with relapsing MS randomized to interferon beta 1b or glatiramer acetate and examined with monthly 3 T brain MRI scans optimized for detection of gadolinium-enhancement for up to 2 years. The median (range) serum levels of CXCL13 pre-treatment were 40 (3—171) pg/ml. Serum levels of CXCL13 were significantly higher at times of active brain MRI scans (p < 0.01). Furthermore, serum levels were higher in patients who never reached MRI remission compared with those in complete (p < 0.01) or partial (p = 0.01) remission. There was a significant positive correlation between the pattern of serum levels of CXCL13 and MRI activity during the first (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) and the full 2 years (r = 0.35, p < 0.01) of the study. Treatment with interferon beta 1b or glatiramer acetate did not affect serum CXCL13. We conclude that the serum levels of the B cell chemokine CXCL13 are associated with active MS.
An unusual etiology of a subclavian artery aneurysm
Authors: Selvaraj Andrew Dheepak , Stephen Edwin , Keshava Shyamkumar Nidugala , Agarwal Sunil , Shah Sanjeev
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A 22-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of a pulsatile swelling in the right supraclavicular region. A CT angiogram revealed an aneurysm arising from the distal right subclavian artery. At surgery, the subclavian artery was almost entirely replaced by a well-vascularized tumor mass. The vascular tumor along with the native vessel was excised and replaced with a vascular prosthesis. Biopsy was suggestive of an epithelioid hemangioma (EH). In conclusion, an EH is a rare vascular tumor. The presence of vascular hyperplasia with plump endothelial cells protruding into the lumen is the most important discriminator in establishing the diagnosis of EH. Vascular neoplasms presenting as aneurysms should be considered, especially if other etiologies can be excluded.
Ischemic steal syndrome following arm arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis
Authors: Zamani Payman , Kaufman James , Kinlay Scott
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Arteriovenous fistulae in the arm are commonly used for hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease. Although physiological steal with reverse flow in the artery distal to the fistula is common, hand ischemia or infarction are rare. The ischemic steal syndrome (hand or forearm ischemia) is usually a result of arterial disease proximal or distal to the fistula and/or poor collateral supply to the hand. The diagnosis is primarily clinical; however, markedly reduced digital pressures and pulse volume recordings support the diagnosis. Management requires imaging for focal stenoses or disease in arteries proximal and distal to the fistula from the aorta to the hand. We present a case caused by subclavian artery occlusion that was initially missed due to focusing investigation only on the fistula. We describe the percutaneous treatments and surgical revisions that attempt to restore flow to the hand without compromising the fistula.
An unequal social distribution of peripheral arterial disease and the possible explanations: results from a population-based study
Authors: Kröger Knut , Dragano Nico , Stang Andreas , Moebus Susanne , Möhlenkamp Stefan , Mann Klaus , Siegrist Johannes , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Erbel Raimund ,   on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigator Group
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. It has remained unclear whether such a social gradient is evident in peripheral artery disease (PAD) because both diseases show different clinical courses. We looked at the association between education and income with PAD within the population of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNRS) including 4738 individuals. In both men and women, the ankle–brachial index (ABI) decreased and the prevalence of PAD (ABI < 0.9) increased with decreasing education and income. Looking only at participants without cardiovascular disease, doctor-diagnosed PAD and media calcinosis participants with low (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.53–4.34) and median education (1.90, 1.27–2.85) had higher odds for suffering from PAD compared to participants with high education. Additional adjustment for classical arteriosclerosis risk factors reduced the strength of the association while the odds ratios remained elevated. Current smoking, diabetes and BMI seem to be the most relevant mediators. Income does not significantly correlate with events when adjustments for all other risk factors are made. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PAD is more pronounced in men and women with lower socioeconomic status. Diabetes prevention and smoking prevention and cessation programs need to specifically target individuals of lower income and education. According to our findings, prevention of PAD would benefit extraordinarily.
Percutaneous revascularization of occluded renal arteries in the setting of acute renal failure
Authors: Islam M Ashequl , Rosenfield Kenneth , Maree Andrew O , Patel Pranav M , Jaff Michael R
Published: October 2009

Abstract

We report the case of a 60-year-old patient with acute renal failure and occluded bilateral renal arteries presenting with acute pulmonary edema and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The patient required renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis and was subsequently successfully treated with bilateral renal artery stent placement. Marked improvement in renal function was noted within 1 week with freedom from the need for renal replacement therapy at 4 months of follow-up.
Risk factors and underlying mechanisms for venous stasis syndrome: a population-based case–control study
Authors: Ashrani Aneel A , Silverstein Marc D , Lahr Brian D , Petterson Tanya M , Bailey Kent R , Melton L Joseph , Heit John A
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Venous stasis syndrome may complicate deep vein thrombosis (DVT; i.e. post-phlebitic syndrome), but, in most cases, venous stasis syndrome is not post-phlebitic. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors (including prior DVT) for venous stasis syndrome, and to assess venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence as possible mechanisms for venous stasis syndrome. This was a case–control study nested within a population-based inception cohort. The study population consisted of 232 Olmsted County, MN residents with a first lifetime venous thromboembolism (VTE) and 133 residents without VTE. Measurements included a questionnaire and physical examination for venous stasis syndrome; strain gauge outflow plethysmography, venous continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography and passive venous drainage and refill testing for venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence. Altogether, 161 (44%), 43 (12%), and 136 (38%) subjects respectively, had venous stasis syndrome, venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence. Independent risk factors for venous stasis syndrome included increasing patient age and body mass index (BMI), prior DVT, longer time interval since DVT, and varicose veins. Both venous outflow obstruction ( p = 0.003) and venous valvular incompetence ( p < 0.0001) were strongly associated with venous stasis syndrome. Increasing age and prior DVT were significantly associated with venous outflow obstruction, while prior DVT, varicose veins and venous stasis syndrome diagnosed prior to the incident DVT were significantly associated with venous valvular incompetence. The risks of venous outflow obstruction, venous valvular incompetence and venous stasis syndrome were higher with left leg DVT. In conclusion, increasing patient age and BMI, prior DVT (particularly left leg DVT), longer time interval since DVT and varicose veins are independent risk factors for venous stasis syndrome. Venous stasis syndrome related to DVT is due to venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence, while venous stasis syndrome related to older age and to varicose veins is due to venous outflow obstruction and to venous valvular incompetence, respectively.
Lower-leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease are associated with anxiety, depression, and anhedonia
Authors: Smolderen Kim G , Hoeks Sanne E , Pedersen Susanne S , van Domburg Ron T , de Liefde Inge I , Poldermans Don
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) report diverse clinical manifestations that are not always consistent with classic intermittent claudication. We examined the degree to which atypical exertional leg symptoms, intermittent claudication, and exertional leg symptoms that begin at rest were associated with mood states such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, and anhedonia (i.e. lack of positive affect). A cohort of consecutive PAD patients ( n = 628) from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the San Diego Claudication questionnaire. The ankle–brachial index and clinical factors were assessed in all patients at baseline. Anxiety was present in 29%, depressive symptoms in 30%, and anhedonia in 28% of patients. Pain at rest was independently associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms, and anhedonia (ORs between 2.5 and 4.0, p ≤ 0.001), while there was no relationship between intermittent claudication and mood states. Patients with atypical leg symptoms had a twofold risk of anxiety (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.5, p < 0.05). Adjusting for sex, age, ankle–brachial index, cardiovascular history, time since ankle–brachial index screening, clinical factors, and medication use, both pain at rest (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.6–7.0, p = 0.001) and atypical leg symptoms (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9, p < 0.05) were associated with comorbid mood problems. In conclusion, PAD patients with atypical leg symptoms or pain at rest reported more impaired mood than patients without those symptoms. These patients should be monitored closely in clinical practice, as previous research in cardiovascular patients has shown that mood disorders and sub-threshold symptoms predict poor prognosis.
A normal penile pressure cannot rule out the presence of lesions on the arteries supplying the hypogastric circulation in patients with arterial claudication
Authors: Mahé Guillaume , Leftheriotis Georges , Picquet Jean , Jaquinandi Vincent , Saumet Jean Louis , Abraham Pierre
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Proximal claudication remains a difficult diagnosis. The ankle to brachial index may be insensitive in the case of isolated hypogastric lesions. Penile pressure represents an alternative method for proximal arteries. Surprisingly, the accuracy of penile pressure measurement in detecting lesions on the arteries supplying pelvic circulation in patients suffering claudication has rarely been studied. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the penile brachial index < 0.60 (penile over brachial systolic pressure ratio) to non-invasively investigate arteriographic lesions on arteries supplying the hypogastric circulation in 88 male patients referred for Fontaine stage II. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to define the diagnostic performance of the penile brachial index and search for a specific cut-off point in this population. Accuracy was 69.3% (95% confidence interval: 58.6–78.7) for the detection of an arterial stenosis or occlusion on at least one side. The penile brachial index ≤ 0.45 was 74% sensitive and 68% specific to discriminate the 19 patients with bilateral arterial occlusion from the other 66 patients. In conclusion, the penile brachial index is relatively insensitive for the detection of proximal abnormal blood flow impairment except in the case of bilateral occlusion of arteries supplying the hypogastric circulation in patients with claudication. A normal penile pressure is probably not efficient enough to rule out the presence of lesions on the arteries towards the hypogastric circulation in patients with arterial claudication.
Marketing Health Educators to Employers: Survey Findings, Interpretations, and Considerations for the Profession
Authors: Gambescia Stephen F. , Cottrell Randall R. , Capwell Ellen , Auld M. Elaine , Mullen Conley Kathleen , Lysoby Linda , Goldsmith Malcolm , Smith Becky
Published: October 2009

In July 2007, a market research report was produced by Hezel Associates on behalf of five sponsoring health education profession member organizations and the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing. The purpose of the survey was to learn about current or potential employers’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward health educators and the health education profession and their future hiring practices. This article presents the background leading up to the production of this report, the major findings of the survey of employers, recommendations from the market research group regarding core messages, and implications for the profession having discovered for the first time information about employers’ understanding of professionally prepared health educators. The article discusses the umbrella and key messages that may be incorporated into a marketing plan and other recommendations by the firm that should assist health educators in marketing the profession. Furthermore, this article presents reactions by leaders in this field to these messages and recommendations and concludes with next steps in this project and a call for the overall need to market the profession of health education.
Beyond the Cathedral: Building Trust to Engage the African American Community in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Ford Angela F. , Reddick Karen , Browne Mario C. , Robins Anthony , Thomas Stephen B. , Crouse Quinn Sandra
Published: October 2009

Effective efforts to eliminate health disparities must be grounded in strong community partnerships and trusting relationships between academic institutions and minority communities. However, there are often barriers to such efforts, including the frequent need to rely on time-limited funding mechanisms that take categorical approaches. This article provides an overview of health promotion and disease prevention projects implemented through the Community Outreach and Information Dissemination Core (COID) of the Center for Minority Health, within the Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh. The COID is one of five Cores that comprised the University of Pittsburgh’s NIH Excellence in Partnerships for Community Outreach, and Research on Disparities in Health and Training (EXPORT Health) funded from 2002 to 2007 by the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities. Based in large part on the success of the community engagement activities, in 2007, the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, designated the CMH as a Research Center of Excellence on Minority Health Disparities. COID major initiatives included the Community Research Advisory Board, Health Disparity Working Groups, Health Advocates in Reach, Healthy Class of 2010, and the Healthy Black Family Project. Lessons learned may provide guidance to other academic institutions, community-based organizations, and health departments who seek to engage minority communities in changing social norms to support health promotion and disease prevention.
A Simulation Study of Production Task Scheduling for a University Cafeteria
Authors: Kuo Chen-Feng , Nelson Douglas C.
Published: October 2009

This study evaluates and compares how four different task scheduling procedures affect performance measures (i.e., labor use and makespan) of a university cafeteria kitchen. A simulation model and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to determine whether main effects (i.e., operation days/menus and dispatching rules) result in better performance measures. Results indicate that all main effects and the interaction effect between days/menus and dispatching rules are significant on labor use. Although operation days/menus affect makespan, dispatching rules do not. Longest holding time, longest processing time (LHLP), the cafeteria’s current dispatching rule, usually results in the worst or highest labor use. On the other hand, employing the shortest processing time (SPT) dispatching rule would result in the best or lowest labor use, but at the risk of exceeding holding times. Consequently, to balance both labor use and food holding time guidelines, the study recommends a rule of longest holding time, shortest processing time to schedule food preparation at this university cafeteria.
Time- and Capacity-Based Measurement of Restaurant Revenue
Authors: Thompson Gary M. , Sohn Heeju
Published: October 2009

In this article, the authors examine how a common metric of revenue performance—RevPASH, or revenue per available seat-hour—is calculated. In a simple example, a real restaurant, and an extensive simulation study, the authors find inaccuracies in the existing approaches to calculating RevPASH. However, the extent of the inaccuracy is much greater when RevPASH is calculated based on check-open times rather than on the time interval from check open to check close. Since accurate RevPASH values are important in guiding managers’ revenue-enhancing decisions, the article’s findings have importance for practice. Furthermore, as RevPASH has been a commonly used metric for academic research, the article’s findings are important for those performing research on restaurant revenue management.
Cell-cell cooperation at the T helper cell/mast cell immunological synapse
Authors: Gaudenzio Nicolas , Espagnolle Nicolas , Mars Lennart T. , Liblau Roland , Valitutti Salvatore , Espinosa Eric
Published: October 2009

It has been suggested that mast cells might serve, under certain circumstances, as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for T cells. However, whether cognate interactions between mast cells and class II–restricted CD4+ T cells actually occur is still an open question. We addressed this question by using peritoneal cell–derived mast cells (PCMCs) and freshly isolated peritoneal mast cells as APC models. Our results show that in vitro treatment of PCMCs with interferon-γ and interleukin-4 induced surface expression of mature major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and CD86. When interferon-γ/interleukin-4–primed PCMCs were used as APCs for CD4+ T cells, they induced activation of effector T cells but not of their naive counterparts as evidenced by CD69 up-regulation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that CD4+ T cells formed immunological synapses and polarized their secretory machinery toward both antigen-loaded PCMCs and freshly isolated peritoneal mast cells. Finally, on cognate interaction with CD4+ T cells, mast cells lowered their threshold of activation via FcϵRI. Our results show that mast cells can establish cognate interactions with class II–restricted helper T cells, implying that they can actually serve as resident APCs in inflamed tissues.
Functionally distinct subsets of human NK cells and monocyte/DC-like cells identified by coexpression of CD56, CD7, and CD4
Authors: Milush Jeffrey M. , Long Brian R. , Snyder-Cappione Jennifer E. , Cappione Amedeo J. , York Vanessa A. , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. , Lanier Lewis L. , Michaëlsson Jakob , Nixon Douglas F.
Published: October 2009

The lack of natural killer (NK) cell–specific markers, as well as the overlap among several common surface antigens and functional properties, has obscured the delineation between NK cells and dendritic cells. Here, novel subsets of peripheral blood CD3/14/19neg NK cells and monocyte/dendritic cell (DC)–like cells were identified on the basis of CD7 and CD4 expression. Coexpression of CD7 and CD56 differentiates NK cells from CD56+ monocyte/DC-like cells, which lack CD7. In contrast to CD7+CD56+ NK cells, CD7negCD56+ cells lack expression of NK cell–associated markers, but share commonalities in their expression of various monocyte/DC-associated markers. Using CD7, we observed approximately 60% of CD4+CD56+ cells were CD7neg cells, indicating the actual frequency of activated CD4+ NK cells is much lower in the blood than previously recognized. Functionally, only CD7+ NK cells secrete gamma interferon (IFNγ) and degranulate after interleukin-12 (IL-12) plus IL-18 or K562 target cell stimulation. Furthermore, using CD7 to separate CD56+ NK cells and CD56+ myeloid cells, we demonstrate that unlike resting CD7+CD56+ NK cells, the CD7negCD56+ myeloid cells stimulate a potent allogeneic response. Our data indicate that CD7 and CD56 coexpression discriminates NK cells from CD7negCD56+ monocyte/DC-like cells, thereby improving our ability to study the intricacies of NK-cell subset phenotypes and functions in vivo.
Inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly induces the expression of osteogenic markers in skeletal muscle cells by a BMP-2 independent mechanism
Authors: Osses Nelson , Casar Juan Carlos , Brandan Enrique
Published: October 2009

Background

The conversion of one cell type into another has been suggested to be, at the molecular level, the consequence of change(s) in the expression level of key developmental genes. Myoblasts have the ability to differentiate either to skeletal muscle or osteogenic lineage depending of external stimuli. Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to be essential for skeletal muscle differentiation, through its direct interaction with myoblasts' cell receptors. We attempt to address if ECM also plays a role in the osteogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle cells.

Results

Inhibition of proteoglycan sulfation by sodium chlorate in myoblast cultures strongly affects ECM synthesis and deposition and induces the expression of the osteogenic lineage markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin in mononuclear cells. Induction of ALP by sodium chlorate does not affect the expression of specific muscle determination transcription factors, such as MyoD and Myf-5, in the same cells. The osteogenic transcription factor Cbfa-1 expression is also unaffected. Induction of ALP is not inhibited by a soluble form of BMP receptor IA. This suggests that the deviation of the myogenic pathway of C2C12 myoblasts into the osteogenic lineage by inhibitors of proteoglycan sulfation is BMP-2 independent. The increase of osteogenic markers expression can be totally prevented by an exogenous ECM. Interestingly, a similar BMP-2-independent ALP activity induction can be observed in myoblasts cultured on an ECM previously synthesized by BMP-2 treated myoblasts. Under in vivo conditions of increased ECM turn-over and deposition, as in the mdx dystrophic muscle and during skeletal muscle regeneration, an induction and relocalization of ALP is observed in a subpopulation of skeletal muscle fibers, whereas in normal skeletal muscle, ALP expression is restricted to blood vessels and some endomysial mononuclear cells.

Conclusion

These results suggest that signals arising from the ECM induce the expression of osteogenic markers in muscle cells by a mechanism independent of BMP-2 and without affecting the expression of key muscle or osteogenic determination genes. An induction and relocalization of ALP is also observed in mdx and regenerating skeletal muscles, in vivo conditions of increased muscle ECM deposition or turnover.
Inactivation of staphylococcal virulence factors using a light-activated antimicrobial agent
Authors: Tubby Sarah , Wilson Michael , Nair Sean P
Published: October 2009

Background

One of the limitations of antibiotic therapy is that even after successful killing of the infecting microorganism, virulence factors may still be present and cause significant damage to the host. Light-activated antimicrobials show potential for the treatment of topical infections; therefore if these agents can also inactivate microbial virulence factors, this would represent an advantage over conventional antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide range of virulence factors that contribute to its success as a pathogen by facilitating colonisation and destruction of host tissues.

Results

In this study, the ability of the light-activated antimicrobial agent methylene blue in combination with laser light of 665 nm to inactivate staphylococcal virulence factors was assessed. A number of proteinaceous virulence factors were exposed to laser light in the presence of methylene blue and their biological activities re-determined. The activities of V8 protease, α-haemolysin and sphingomyelinase were shown to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by exposure to laser light in the presence of methylene blue.

Conclusion

These results suggest that photodynamic therapy could reduce the harmful impact of preformed virulence factors on the host.
Hepatitis B virus inhibition in mice by lentiviral vector mediated short hairpin RNA
Authors: Deng Lei , Li Guoqiang , Xi Lisen , Yin Aihong , Gao Yun , You Wei , Wang Xuehao , Sun Beicheng
Published: October 2009

Background

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The major challenges for current therapies are the low efficacy of current drugs and the occurrence of drug resistant HBV mutations. RNA interference (RNAi) of virus-specific genes offers the possibility of developing a new anti-HBV therapy. Recent reports have shown that lentiviral vectors based on HIV-1 are promising gene delivery vehicles due to their ability to integrate transgenes into non-dividing cells. Herein, a lentivirus-based RNAi system was developed to drive expression and delivery of HBV-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a mouse model for HBV replication.

Methods

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the sera of the mice were analyzed by quantitative sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and HBsAg in the livers of the mice were detected by immunohistochemical assay, HBV DNA and HBV mRNA were measured by fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR respectively.

Results

Co-injection of HBV plasmids together with the lentivirus targeting HBV shRNA induced an RNAi response. Secreted HBsAg was reduced by 89% in mouse serum, and HBeAg was also significantly inhibited, immunohistochemical detection of HBcAg or HBsAg in the liver tissues also revealed substantial reduction. Lentiviral mediated shRNA caused a significant suppression in the levels of viral mRNA and DNA synthesis compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Lentivirus-based RNAi can be used to suppress HBV replication in vivo, it might become a potential therapeutic strategy for treating HBV and other viral infections.
Thermochemotherapy effect of nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4complex on experimental mouse tumors and its influence on the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C and MMP-9
Authors: Du Yiqun , Zhang Dongsheng , Liu Hui , Lai Rensheng
Published: October 2009

Background

Both thermotherapy and arsenic have been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of cancers. To reduce the limitations of conventional thermotherapy, improve therapeutic anticancer activity, reduce the toxicity of arsenic on normal tissue, and increase tissue-specific delivery, we prepared a nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex (Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in As2O3). We assessed the thermodynamic characteristics of this complex and validated the hyperthermia effect, when combined with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), on xenograft HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cell line) in nude mice. We also measured the effect on the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9 which were related to cancer and/or metastasis.

Results

The nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 particles were approximately spherical, had good dispersibility as evidenced by TEM, and an average diameter of about 50 nm. With different concentrations of the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex, the correspondingsuspension of magnetic particles could attain a steady temperature ranging from 42°C to 65°C when placed in AMF for 40 min. Thermochemotherapy with the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex showed a significant inhibitory effect on the mass (88.21%) and volume (91.57%) of xenograft cervical tumors (p < 0.05 for each measurement, compared with control). In addition, thermochemotherapy with the nanosized As2O3/Fe3O4 complex significantly inhibited the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9 mRNA (p < 0.05 for each).

Conclusion

As2O3/Fe3O4 complex combined with MFH had is a promising technique for the minimally invasive elimination of solid tumors and may be have anticancerometastasic effect by inhibiting the expression of CD44v6, VEGF-C, and MMP-9.
Fluid-structure interaction of a patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with an endovascular stent-graft
Authors: Molony David S , Callanan Anthony , Kavanagh Eamon G , Walsh Michael T , McGloughlin Tim M
Published: October 2009

Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are local dilatations of the infrarenal aorta. If left untreated they may rupture and lead to death. One form of treatment is the minimally invasive insertion of a stent-graft into the aneurysm. Despite this effective treatment aneurysms may occasionally continue to expand and this may eventually result in post-operative rupture of the aneurysm. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is a particularly useful tool for investigating aneurysm biomechanics as both the wall stresses and fluid forces can be examined.

Methods

Pre-op, Post-op and Follow-up models were reconstructed from CT scans of a single patient and FSI simulations were performed on each model. The FSI approach involved coupling Abaqus and Fluent via a third-party software - MpCCI. Aneurysm wall stress and compliance were investigated as well as the drag force acting on the stent-graft.

Results

Aneurysm wall stress was reduced from 0.38 MPa before surgery to a value of 0.03 MPa after insertion of the stent-graft. Higher stresses were seen in the aneurysm neck and iliac legs post-operatively. The compliance of the aneurysm was also reduced post-operatively. The peak Post-op axial drag force was found to be 4.85 N. This increased to 6.37 N in the Follow-up model.

Conclusion

In a patient-specific case peak aneurysm wall stress was reduced by 92%. Such a reduction in aneurysm wall stress may lead to shrinkage of the aneurysm over time. Hence, post-operative stress patterns may help in determining the likelihood of aneurysm shrinkage post EVAR. Post-operative remodelling of the aneurysm may lead to increased drag forces.
Effectiveness and Safety of Generic Fixed‐Dose Combination of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz in HIV‐1‐Infected Patients in Western India
Authors: Pujari Sanjay , Dravid Ameet , Gupte Nikhil , Joshix Kedar , Bele Vivek
Published: October 2009

Objective

To assess effectiveness and safety of a generic fixed‐dose combination of tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) among HIV‐1‐infected patients in Western India.

Methods

Antiretroviral (ARV)‐naive and experienced (thymidine analog nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [tNRTI] replaced by TDF) patients were started on a regimen of 1 TDF/FTC/EFV pill once a day. They were followed clinically on a periodic basis, and viral loads and CD4 counts were measured at 6 and 12 months. Creatinine clearance was calculated at baseline and at 6 months and/or as clinically indicated. Effectiveness was defined as not having to discontinue the regimen due to failure or toxicity.

Results

One hundred forty‐one patients who started TDF/FTC/EFV before 1 June 2007 were eligible. Of these, 130 (92.2%) and 44 (31.2%) had 6‐ and 12‐months follow‐up, respectively. Thirty‐five percent of the patients were ARV‐naive. Eleven patients discontinued treatment (4 for virologic failure, 1 for grade 3–4 central nervous system disturbances, 4 for grade 3–4 renal toxicity, and 2 for cost). Ninety‐six percent of patients were virologically suppressed at 6 months. Frequency of TDF‐associated grade 3–4 renal toxicity was 2.8%; however, 3 of these patients had comorbid conditions associated with renal dysfunction.

Conclusion

A fixed‐dose combination of generic TDF/FTC/EFV is effective in ARV‐naive and experienced patients. Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions.
XVII International AIDS Conference: From Evidence to Action ‐ Epidemiology
Authors: Flynn Martin , Kort Rodney
Published: October 2009

As the epidemic matures, accurate information about where new infections are occurring, and in which populations, is becoming increasingly critical in designing effective, targeted interventions relevant to current epidemiological trends. Although the quality and accuracy of HIV surveillance data and methodology have improved, in many cases the second generation WHO/UNAIDS surveillance system has not been fully implemented at the national level. National surveillance systems in many low and middle‐income countries often do not collect disaggregated data on some most at risk populations, which is critical to developing targeted prevention interventions.

While the majority of new infections occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries, the dynamic situation in high‐income countries demands renewed attention.

3‐8 August 2008, XVII International AIDS Conference, Mexico City, Mexico