bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note. Influence of texture and type of hydrocolloid on perception of basic tastes in carrageenan and gellan gels Nota. Influencia de la textura y del tipo de hidrocoloide en la percepción de los gustos fundamentales en geles de carragenato y de gelana
Authors: Costell E. , Peyrolón M. , Durán L.
Published: March 2007

Preliminary work was carried out on the effect of texture, as represented by gel strength, between around 5 and 20 N of compression maximum force, of both carrageenan and gellan gels on the per ception of the four basic tastes. These were produced by addition of 15% (w/w) sucrose, 0.06%(w/w) caffeine, 0.5% (w/w) sodium chloride, or a mixture of 0.15% (w/w) citric acid and 0.2% (w/w) so dium citrate. Low strength (5-8 N) carrageenan gels were sweeter, more salty and more sour than both medium (11-15 N) and high (18-24 N) strength ones. Differences in bitterness were shown only between low and high texture carrageenan gels. The same differences in sweetness caused by texture were found between low and both medium and high strength gellan samples. Differences in saltiness and sourness were only detected between gellan gels of extreme gel strengths, in favor of the weakest gels. No difference in bitterness was found for any of the pairs of gellan samples. On comparing taste intensity between the two hydrocolloid gels at different strength levels, it was found that both me dium and high strength gellan gels were sweeter and more salty than the corresponding carrageenan gels, confirming the reported flavor-releasing properties of gellan.
Wine Aroma Concentration by Using a General Purpose simulator (ProSim)
Authors: Berna A. , Bon J. , Sanjuán N. , Mulet Y A.
Published: March 2007

In this work is proposed the application of the ProSim process simulator for the analysis of wine aroma concentration by performing a two-level simulation: First, ProSim is used to attain a preliminary design of a distillation tower, and afterward the simulator is employed to analyze the behavior of the tower in a more precise way. The UNIFAC model was used for nonideal behavior description of the mixtures. In this application, the concentration of a 13-compound mixture was simulated. In fact, the numerical methods implemented in ProSim made it possible to attain the convergence quickly even with minor compounds. The results obtained showed that the use of ProSim results to be very advantageous because it is timesaving and improvements are attained with respect to the specific programs developed by researchers.
Perfil descriptivo de néctares de melocotón. Evaluación de jueces y de atributos con el análisis de Procrustes generalizado/Sensory profile of peach nectars. Evaluation of assessors and attributes by generalized Procrustes analysis
Authors: Pastor M.V. , Costell E. , Izquierdo L. , Durán L.
Published: March 2007

A trained panel evaluated eight peach nectars by conventional descriptive profile analysis. Two- way analysis of variance showed significant (α ≤ 0.05) differences between samples for the 13 attributes evaluated. For nine of them, interaction between samples and assessors was also signif icant. The internal structure of the data was analysed by generalized Procrustes analysis. It was found that two attributes (granularity and aftertaste) were not good discriminators between samples and that two assessors (1 and 2) differed considerably from the average response. Principal component analysis was applied to the mean scores of samples, considering all attributes and computing means for all assessors and after removing the data for two attributes and two asses sors. Similar sample configurations were obtained in both cases. The two first axes explained more of the total variability in the second case (78.8% vs 69.6%).
The use of calcite mineral thermoluminescence for the determination of previously received gamma radiation dose in foodstuffs/E1 uso de la termoluminiscencia de la calcita para la determinación de la dosis de radiación gamma de alimentos previamente irradiados
Authors: Urbina M. , Beneitez P. , Millán A. , Calderón T.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the potential use of calcite mineral dust as a high-dose radiation dosemeter. The results obtained show that saturation dose in natural calcite is of the order of 7 kGy. Measurements of absorbed dose, for samples previously irradiated with known gamma doses, showed a good level of agreement between actual doses and calculated doses, although the level of scatter is high.
Review: Alternative high barrier polymers for food packaging Revisión: Polimeros de alta barrera para el envase de alimentos
Authors: Catalá R. , Gavara R.
Published: March 2007

PVdC and aluminium foil (or aluminium metallization) have traditionally been used as flexible high barrier materials in the design of packages for perishable foodstuffs. During recent years new polymers, treatments and coatings have been developed and are presently considered as alternative materials in the design of high barrier packages. These materials are reviewed, their water and oxygen permeability or permeance data are collated, and structures commercially avail able and their main applications are listed.
Some aspects of vegetable pickling processes / Algunos aspectos de la elaboración de encurtidos vegetales
Authors: Nabais R.M. , Malcata F.X.
Published: March 2007

A topical review of pickled vegetables is presented that encompasses scientific considerations rele vant to processing with the ultimate goal of generating interest for this ancient preservation tech nique. The emphasis is placed on the potential application of pickling to a group of high quality vegetables, and directing research and development pertaining to pickling in a more educated way. A critical literature survey is presented on issues such as transport of solutes, in situ fermen tation, and textural changes throughout the pickling process.
Estructura del cotiledón de la semilla de almendra (Prunus amygdalus L.) cruda, remoj ada y tostada / Cotyledon structure of raw, soaked and roasted almond (Prunus amygdalus L.)
Authors: Pascual-Albero M.J. , Pérez-Munuera I. , Lluch M.A.
Published: March 2007

The microstructure of the sweet almond (variety Marcona) and the most important microstruc tural changes caused after roasting (150 °C, 45 min) and soaking (H2O and NaCl 5%, 24 h) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The majority of the cotyledon tissue is made up of rather large, nearly isodiametric parenchyma cells with a thick cell wall; the cell-to-cell junc tions are characterized by a distinct middle lamella. The cytoplasmatic membrane delimits the cellular content, protein bodies and lipid bodies being the major components. A cytoplasmic network consisting of the membranous system structured as hexagonal cells extends throughout each parenchyma cell, and surrounds the major components. The parenchymatic tissue is surrounded by a layer of epidermic cells and tegument. After roasting, the cellular organization is lost and the cytoplasmic network surrounding the lipid bodies and protein bodies is altered; the heat destroys some middle lamellae of cell-to-cell junctions; the cytoplasmic compartimental ization of the oil is lost in most cells and the oil drops coalesce; protein bodies are distended and aggregated; other thermal modifications of roasting included pitting and pock-marking of the epidermis and protein bodies, caused by the escape of steam and oil. Soaking in water did not cause drastic changes in the structure; the most significant modification was an alteration of the cytoplasmic network and membrane; soaking in 5% NaCl also produced a partial disolution of protein bodies.
Aplicaciones de la tecnología de membranas en la industria alimentaria/Applications of membrane technology in the food industry
Authors: Gekas V. , Baralla G. , Flores V.
Published: March 2007

Membrane technology has emerged as a useful tool for separations in the food industry over the last two decades. Ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and cross flow microfiltration (CFMF) are already well established technologies in the dairy industry. To a lesser extent the above unit opera tions are used in tomato juice concentration and clarification of juices and wine. Other important potential applications concern aroma recovery from fruit juices using pervaporation, treatment of food industry waste effluents such as brine/blanching/osmotic solution using nanofiltration and other unit operations and finally recovery of valuable compounds from food wastes aiming at their transformation to products of medical importance, using bioreactors coupled with unit operations. In addition to the applications, the limiting factors and guidelines for modelling are also given.
Efecto de las condiciones de procesamiento, contenido de grasa y grado de frescura de la materia prima en la calidad de filetes de bagre ahumados / Effect of processing conditions, lipids content and freshness on acceptability of smoked catfish
Authors: Tomé E. , Kodaira M. , Matsunaga Y.
Published: March 2007

This work has evaluated the effect of processing conditions on the acceptance of smoked catfish (P. fasciatum). The processing variables studied were thickness (1.9 and 3.6 cm), salting time (30, 60 and 90 min) and smoking time (4, 5 and 6 h at varying temperatures). The influence of the species (P. pirinampu and P. fasciatum) and the freshness of the fillets were also studied. Smoked fillets of 1.9 cm thickness had moisture contents significantly (p < 0.05) lower and the salt concentration was significantly greater than in the salted smoked fillets of 3.6 cm thickness. The thinner fillets received the greatest scores for texture and appearance. Concerning salting time, fillets salted for 30 min received the greatest score for overall acceptance. The greatest dehydration rate ocurred during the first 3 h of smoking at temperatures between 30 and 50°C. Color and texture of products with 5 h and 6 h of smoking were better than those with only 4 h. Lipids content greatly affected sensorial acceptance of smoked products; fillets from P. pirinampu, a fatty fish, received the lowest score for all the sensory attributes evaluated. The loss of freshness of raw fish affected negatively the odor, appearance and overall acceptance of the products.
Harvest maturity related changes in the cold-induced activation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid metabolism in Granny Smith apples / Efecto del estado de madurez sobre la activación por frío del metabolismo del ácido 1-aminociclopropano-1-carboxílico en manzanas Granny Smith
Authors: Larrigaudiere C. , Recasens I. , Graell J. , Vendrell M.
Published: March 2007

Changes in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid metabolism in apples ( Malus domestica Borkh cv Granny Smith) were studied in relation to cold storage. Emphasis was given to the differential re sponsiveness of fruits to cold treatment as a function of stage of maturity at harvest. Fruits were held at 1 or 20 °C for 30 days, respectively, or exposed to 1 °C for 10 days and then storaged at 20 °C for up to 30 days. Fruits at 20 °C showed typical climacteric behavior. Differences at 1 °C between maturity stages in ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity were abolished, which showed that cold treatment is an important inducer of climacteric rise in preclimacteric Granny Smith apples. At 1 °C, ethylene production was lower than at 20 °C and the maxima in production were similar for all the stages of maturity, but took place at different times which corresponded exactly to the initial differ ences in harvest dates. After the transfer to 20 °C, fruits exhibited similar behavior as regards ethyl ene production, ACC oxidase activity, and ACC and MACC levels in relation to a harmonization process which is discussed in this study.
Note. Physico-chemical characteristics of sucrose syrup used for the osmotic dehydration of apples (Golden delicious) / Nota. Características físico-químicas de jarabe de sacarosa empleado en la dehidratación osmótica de manzanas (Golden delicious)
Authors: Valdez-Fragoso A. , Welti-Chanes J. , Giroux F.
Published: March 2007

Compositional changes of 60 °Brix sucrose syrups employed in the osmotic dehydration of apple were evaluated. Fruit blanching favored water release from fruit and lixiviation of reducing sugars and organic acids. The fruit syrup system's equilibrium was reached at 90 min for blanched fruit and at 180 min for non-blanched fruit. The evaluation of the changes in reducing sugars concentration in the syrup-apple pureé mixtures and in the syrup used for the osmotic processes, demonstrated that there was no sucrose hydrolysis. Changes in syrup electrical conductivity were closely related to the increase of solids lixiviated from fruit to syrup, different from sugars. Blanching had beneficial ef fects on syrup-fruit purée mixtures, producing an important reduction in color change; however, this was not observed in the fruit piece system.
Nota. Influencia de la pulpa y fibra natural de algarrobas sobre algunos aspectos de la utilización nutritiva de la dieta y la colesterolemia en ratas / Note. Influence of pulp and natural carob fiber on some aspects of nutritional utilization and cholesterolemia in rats
Authors: Pérez-Olleros L. , Garcia-Cuevas M. , Ruiz-Roso B.
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of the influence of two subproducts from carob, its pulp (PUL) and its natural fiber (FNA), on the dietary nutritive utilization was performed. The products were included in a semisynthetic diet (50 g/kg) and administered to rats. A group of animals which consumed cellulose (CEL) was used as a control. Cholesterol levels were monitored weekly during 28 days in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats that consumed FNA and CEL (supplemented with sterols 25 g/kg diet). The intake, weight increase and food efficiency ratio (CEA) obtained were not significantly influ enced. By contrast, the fat digestibility coefficient (CDG) of the FNA group (0.97 ± 0.003) was signifi cantly lower than the corresponding CEL (0.98 ± 0.00) and PUL (0.98 ± 0.00) groups. Accordingly, the nitrogen digestibility coefficients (CDN) were significantly different: CEL, 0.93 ± 0.003; PUL, 0.91 ± 0.003, and FNA, 0.90 ± 0.003. Serum cholesterol levels were not different between the non-hypercho lesterolemic groups that consumed FNA or CEL. Concerning the evolution of the cholesterol blood level, the animals supplemented with cholesterol showed an increase that was always lower in the supplemented animals which were administered FNA compared with those that consumed CEL. This difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) in the fourth week, when the cholesterol levels of the CEL and FNA groups were 235 ± 9 mg/dL and 167 ± 12 mg/dL, respectively.
Automated Tracking System Saves Time and Reduces Costs for Home Health Care Agencies
Authors: Funk John , Denton Kellie , Gingerich Barbara Stover
Published: March 2007

A touch-tone phone can be a powerful tool for improving the operation of a home health care agency. It is possible to verify that employees are at a patient location. Information necessary to automatically complete paperwork can be gathered using the phone while the worker is at the patient location, thus saving time and reducing mistakes. Computer- automated interfaces are available to both payroll and billing systems, saving significant back-office labor. Improved communication and operational efficiencies can be achieved through the use of an integral voice messaging system. The overall effect is to reduce expenses, improve operations, and provide strong visit verification and fraud control documentation.
Literacy, Cultural Diversity, and Client Education
Authors: Davidhizar Ruth E. , Brownson Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Client education offers many challenges to health care professionals. There is a mismatch between the reading level of most clients and the reading level of printed materials used in health education. Social and cultural factors also influence how our clients are able to learn about their health. These problems can lead to noncompliance with treatments, missed appointments, wrong dosages of medication, and undue fear among our clients. There are things that health care professionals can do to make written materials more user-friendly and culturally more acceptable.
Adult Day Services: The How To's of Development, Integration, Marketing, and Accreditation
Authors: Gingerich Barbara Stover
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the enhancement of community-based home care through the implementation of adult day services. A step-by-step approach to start-up and the process for accreditation and licensing is outlined, with descriptive information provided regarding the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Adult Day Services accreditation process.
Pharmacologic management of pain and symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

This article suggests the use of specific medications for specific symptoms, with pain being the most difficult to control. The author describes an "analgesic ladder" that suggests specific drugs for heightened pain and anxiety. She also addresses problems such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, cutaneous, and central nervous symptoms and suggests drugs for relief.
Caring for AIDS patients: A hospice nurse's perspective
Authors: Delaney Kathleen , McQuaid Dolores
Published: March 2007

The authors of this article provide a summary of the hospice perspective. The director speaks to the need to revise admission criteria and staff education to meet the terminal needs of the AIDS patient. The nurse describes the expected demands placed on staff and how she coped.
Rehabilitative nursing care for the cardiac patient
Authors: Risker Yvonne L. , DeSalvo Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Cardiac rehabilitation programs vary in specifics depending on the hospital and indi vidual physician. Information in this article will assist the home health care nurse in understanding the concept of rehabilitation for cardiac patients and aid in the develop ment of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program for patients in their home.
Medication management of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the drug therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A working knowledge of the drugs used to treat RA is essential so that home health care profession als can educate patients about their drug therapy and monitor their progress, so that the many potential complications of drugs used in the treatment of RA can be avoided. A table of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), doses, dose intervals, and maxi mum daily doses is included.
Management of Parkinson's disease
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurologic motor disorder that is presently incurable. Drug management is included in the treatment currently available while research contin ues. The author presents information on the drug treatments available and provides an overview of the disease.
The role of the enterostomal therapist in home health care
Authors: Fabina Judith , Babich Bernadette , Fetter Patricia , Casey Kathleen
Published: March 2007

What is the role of the enterostomal therapist in home health care? This article gives concise information regarding this very specialized field of nursing and describes areas such as wound care management, treatment of urinary incontinence, and cost contain ment.
Multifaceted analysis of international environmental policy
Authors: Prittwitz Volker
Published: March 2007

The systematic analysis of international environmental policy is based on certain methodological and theoretical approaches. In this paper, five of these approaches are considered: the levels, foreign policy, mediation, international regime and structural system approaches. These approaches are seen as com plementary and interlocking elements of an analytical network for conducting methodologically advanced comparative research.
The management of the AIDS crisis in the workplace: a survey of employers in New York City
Authors: Mitchell Jerry
Published: March 2007

This paper examines how employers are managing the AIDS crisis in the workplace. The results of a mail survey of 208 public, private and non-profit employers in New York City are presented. The survey discovers most organi zations are following legal standards in the management of the AIDS crisis. Generally, employers are not furnishing AIDS policy statements or testing job applicants and employees for AIDS, but they are willing to accommodate workers who contract AIDS. The management issues surrounding these deci sions are explored.
Designing organizational structures to cope with communication breakdowns: a simulation model
Authors: Carley Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

During crises, organizations commonly face communication breakdown and erroneous information. For example, equipment malfunctions, decision mak ers become unavailable, and so on. Such breakdowns should degrade the orga nization's ability to make decisions. However, the design of the organization — who can communicate with whom and who has access to what information- should determine the extent to which organizational performance is degraded by communication breakdowns. In this paper a model of organizational deci sion making when the organization is engaged in tasks so complex that the separate decisions of multiple decision makers must be integrated to locate the organization's decision is developed. Using simulation, the implications of this model for how organizations should be designed to best cope with crisis are examined.
Biotechnology and the political sociology of risk
Authors: Woodhouse Edward J.
Published: March 2007

A framework is proposed for a constructive political sociology of risk, and the framework is used to evaluate whether the commercialization of biotechnology is proceeding via strategies likely to cope satisfactorily with unintended con sequences, organizational inertia, socioeconomic risks and other social aspects of biotechnological innovations.
Contributions of the psychodynamic analysis of work situations to the study of organizational crises
Authors: Dejours Christophe
Published: March 2007

It is well known today that the organization of work has several conse quences on employees' mental health. I will take in this article an inverse approach, i.e. that employees' pain has several consequences on the organi zation or the organizing of work, on organizational crises and on their man agement.

Presenting briefly the field of "Psychodynamic Analysis of Work Situations", and using empirical data collected in the nuclear industry, I will focus in this article on the problems existing between individualism and work de-motivation, and the risk of major industrial crises. In conclusion, I will discuss how this perspective on the organization of work, derived from the analysis of the employees' psychic pain, suggests a number of changes in order to increase the safety of industrial activities.
Managing Environmental Improvement through Product and Process Innovation: Implications of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Klassen Robert D. , Greis Noel P.
Published: March 2007

Klassen, R.D., and Greis, N.P., 1993, Managing environmental improvement through product and process innovation: implications of environmental life cycle assess ment, Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7:4, 293-318.

Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is being developed by a number of organizations worldwide as a preventative and improvement strategy for managing the environmental burden of product manufacture. The growing international emphasis on LCA has significant strategic implications for the research and development (R&D) and manufacturing functions, particularly the management of product and process innovation. This paper explores the basic definition and objectives of LCA by comparing alternative frameworks being developed by the international community of U.S., Canadian and European organizations. This review serves three important purposes: first, the discussion identifies critical issues and implications for technology man agers ; second, the analysis explores the international differences for manu facturers producing for global markets; and finally, this research establishes the basis for a decision framework to manage environmental improvement through product and process innovation. This decision framework, based on the length of the product's useful life, summarizes the preferred option for manufacturers seeking to improve the environmental compatibility of their products and to reduce the environmental burden of their manufacturing operations.
Present Status of Environmental Pollution in Japan
Authors: Turkman Aysen , Goto Miki
Published: March 2007

The fast growth of Japanese economy, mainly by industrial activities after World War II, has resulted in serious environmental pollution problems. The government provided assistance to the private sector even at the expense of environmental concerns in some cases. In 1967, several laws were promul gated by the Japanese government to combat environmental pollution.

Despite many pollution control measures taken by administration, Japan faces air, water, and soil contamination problems. In this paper, the present status of environmental problems in Japan is discussed. Special attention is paid to soil pollution, groundwater pollution, chemical wastes, acid rain, and deterioration of natural environment and wildlife.
A Theoretical Analysis of Selected Factors Important to Health Education Strategies
Authors: Jaccard James
Published: March 2007

Based on the theoretical work of Dulany and Fishbein, two major problems for understanding health behaviors were delineated: (1) the identification of those variables that determine an individual's intention to perform a health behavior; and (2) the extent to which these intentions are predictive of behavior. An analysis of factors affecting the relation between health intentions and behavior was presented and its implications for health education discussed. A social psychological model specifying two major determinants of behavioral intentions was contrasted with the Health Belief ModeL
Progress in Sparse Matrix Methods for Large Linear Systems On Vector Supercomputers
Authors: Cleveland Ashcraft C. , Grimes Roger G. , Lewis John G. , Peyton Barry W. , Simon Horst D. , Bjørstad Petter E.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes progress in the use of direct methods for solving very large sparse symmetric positive definite systems of linear equations on vector supercomputers. Sparse di rect solvers based on the multifrontal method or the general sparse method now outperform band or envelope solvers on vector supercomputers such as the CRAY X-MP. This departure from conventional wisdom is due to several advances. The hardware gather/scatter feature or indirect address feature of some recent vector super computers permits vectorization of the general sparse factorization. Other advances are algo rithmic. The new multiple minimum degree algo rithm calculates a powerful ordering much faster than its predecessors. Exploiting the supernode structure of the factored matrix provides vectori zation over nested loops, giving greater speed in the factorization module for the multifrontal and general sparse methods. Out-of-core versions of both methods are now available. Numerical re sults on the CRAY X-MP for several structural engineering problems demonstrate the impact of these improvements.
Statistical Mechanics of Neural Computation
Authors: Hertz J.A.
Published: March 2007

Neural computation is a style of computation that draws inspiration from the way the brain computes. It is an in trinsically collective paradigm characterized by high con nectivity among a very large number of simple pro cessors running in parallel, possibly asynchronously. Methods developed in the theory of many-particle systems can be brought to bear on important conceptual questions about the operation and programming of such computational assemblies. This paper reviews several basic problems that arise in this area: the mathematical formulation of the collective computation done by such a network and of algorithms for programming ("teaching") them. The importance of phase transitions for understanding the generic behavior of such systems and algorithms is emphasized.
Parallel Programming With Ada
Authors: Kok Jan
Published: March 2007

To the human programmer the ease of coding distrib uted computing is highly dependent on the suitability of the employed programming language. But with a partic ular language it is also important whether the possibili ties of one or more parallel architectures can efficiently be addressed by available language constructs. In this paper the possibilities are discussed of the high-level language Ada and in particular of its tasking concept as a descriptional tool for the design and implementation of numerical and other algorithms that allow execution of parts in parallel. Language tools are explained and their use for common applications is shown. Conclu sions are drawn about the usefulness of several Ada concepts.
Level 3 Blas in Lu Factorization On the Cray-2, Eta-10P, and Ibm 3090-200/Vf
Authors: Daydé Michel J. , Duff lain S.
Published: March 2007

We study various implementations of block Gaussian elimination on full matrices and examine their perfor mance on three vector supercomputers, the CRAY-2, the ETA-10P, and the IBM 3090-200/VF. We show that the use of Level 3 BLAS kernels allows portability without sacrifice of efficiency and that good speeds can be ob tained if tuned versions of the kernels are available. In deed our results show that without using any assembler language outside the kernels we can approach the per formance of assembler-coded routines on all machines.
Vectorization of a Multiprocessor Multifrontal Code
Authors: Amestoy Patrick R. , Duff lain S.
Published: March 2007

We describe design changes that enhance the vectoriza tion of a multiprocessor version of a multifrontal code for the direct solution of large sparse sets of linear equations. These changes employ techniques used with success in full Gaussian elimination and are based on the use of matrix-vector and matrix-matrix kernels as implemented in the Level 2 and Level 3 BLAS. We illus trate the performance of the improved code by runs on the IBM 3090/VF, the ETA-10P, and the CRAY-2. Al though our experiments are principally on a single pro cessor of these machines, we briefly consider the influ ence of multiprocessing. Speedup factors of more than 11 are obtained, and the modified code performs at over 200 MFLOPS on standard structures problems on one processor of the CRAY-2.
Optimizing the Su(3) Lattice Gauge Theory Algorithm On the Nec Sx-2 Supercomputer
Authors: Moriarty K.J.M.
Published: March 2007

The SU(3) lattice gauge theory algorithm based on the Metropolis method is vectorized and optimized on the NEC SX-2 supercomputer, a vector uniprocessor, and a link-update time of 14.8 μsec is obtained. In the version of the Metropolis method with the checkerboard data ordering used on a Fujitsu VP-200, the number of calculations needed to evaluate the action from each plaquette was 76 multiplications and 24 additions, while in the new version for the NEC SX-2, the number of cal culations is 18 multiplications and 24 additions. The NEC SX-2 algorithm is 1.2 times faster than the algo rithm on the Fujitsu VP-400 supercomputer system, 2.7 times faster than on a single processor of the CRAY X-MP, and 1.8 times faster than on a four-pipeline CDC Cyber 205.
Solving Navier- Stokes Equations On a Massively Parallel Processor: Beyond the 1 Gflop Performance
Authors: Saati Abdulmannan , Biringen Sedat , Farhat Charbel
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on our experience in solving large- scale fluid dynamics problems on the Connection Ma chine model CM_2. We have implemented a parallel version of the MacCormack scheme for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. By using triad floating point operations and reducing the number of interprocessor communications, we have achieved a sustained perfor mance rate of 1.42 GFLOPS.
Accurate First Principles Calculation of Many-Body Interactions
Authors: Tawa Gregory J. , Moskowitz Jules W. , Whitlock Paula A. , Schmidt Kevin E.
Published: March 2007

The electronic structure Schrödinger equation is solved for the van der Waals complexes spin-polarized H2 and H3, and the closed-shell systems He2 and He3 by Monte Carlo methods. Two types of calculations are performed, variational Monte Carlo, which gives an upper bound to the eigenvalue of the Schrödinger equation, and Green's function Monte Carlo, which can solve the Schrödinger equation exactly within statistical sampling errors. The simulations are carried out on an ETA-10 supercom puter, and already existing computer codes were exten sively modified to ensure highly efficient coding. A major component of the computations was the develop ment of highly optimized many-electron wave functions. The results from the variational Monte Carlo simulations are reported for both the two- and three-body interac tion energies.
Financial Simulations On a Massively Parallel Connection Machine
Authors: Hutchinson James M. , Zenios Stavros A.
Published: March 2007

The valuation of complex financial instruments that ap pear in the banking and insurance industries requires simulations of their cashflow behavior in a volatile in terest rate environment. These simulations are complex and computationally intensive. Their use, thus far, has been limited to intra-day analysis and planning. Re searchers at the Wharton School and Thinking Machines Corporation have developed model formulations for massively parallel architectures, like the Connection Ma chine CM-2. A library of financial modeling primitives has been designed and used to implement a model for the valuation of mortgage-backed securities. Analyzing a portfolio of these securities—which would require 2 days on a large mainframe—is carried out in 1 hour on a CM-2a. The valuation of a single security is carried out in real time (1-2 sec). It has been possible to design an interactive system that carries out sensitivity analysis, compares securities, or changes the assumptions of the model, and display the result under direct control from an analyst.
Physics Modeling of Tokamak Transport, a Grand Challenge for Controlled Fusion
Authors: Dawson John M. , Sydora Richard D. , Decyk Viktor K. , Liewer Paulette C. , Ferraro Robert D.
Published: March 2007

A challenge facing fusion is accurate prediction and understanding of plasma and heat confinement. Com puters and modeling techniques have advanced to where we can envision simulating real Tokamaks start ing from fundamental physics models. Charged parti cles in magnetic fields execute rapidly gyrating mo tions about the field. These orbits gradually drift where electric fields and magnetic nonuniformities exist. The gyrokinetic model averages out the rapid gyration and treats the plasma as a large number of drifting rings of charge and current; large numbers (approx. 106) of such rings are followed in their self-consistent electric and magnetic fields. Three-dimensional simulations of plasma and heat confinement for situations relevant to fusion give turbulence spectra and transport coeffi cients similar to experiments. Simpler particle models of plasma run on hypercubes achieves a high degree of parallelism (95%). With new parallel machines sub stantial gains in speed and memory can be expected; modeling of real Tokamaks should be possible.
A Comparison of Performance Variables of Highly Profitable Mid-Priced Hotels/Motels With Marginally Profitable or Losing Operations
Authors: Van Dyke Tom , Olsen Michael D.
Published: March 2007

The majorpurpose of this research is the comparison of performance variables of highly profitable hotel/motel operations with marginally profitable or losing operations to determine which variables have a significant Impact on profitability.

The study involves forty mid-priced hotels/motels in Virginia, Maryland, Penn sylvania and South Carolina. Balance sheet and profit and loss data from these properties were analyzed fortwo concurrent fiscal years. The profitability measures, expressed as ratios, used in this study are: (a) hotel/motel operating margin, (b) hotel/motel return on assets, (c) rooms department operating margin, and (d) food and beverage operating margin. Fifteen variables were analyzed to determine if their means were significantly different. The rooms department was found to be the primarygeneratorof profits. Five key variables showed a significant relationship with total or consolidated profitability. The key variables were: occupancy rate, rooms sales as a percentage of total sales, rooms department labor cost percentage, food costpercentage and propertytax percentage. Key Words: Profitability, t-Test, Mid- Priced Hotels/Motels.
Contemporary Problems in Hotel and Restaurant Law: Swimming Areas
Authors: Alberto Louis M.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the legal issues of the rights and liabilities of parties concerning swimming pools or swimming facility areas in hotel/motels. Key Words: Legal Issues, Swimming Pools.
Employment-At-Will: the Doctrine and Its Implications for Human Resource Practices in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Kwansa Francis A. , Schmelzer Claire D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to outline the history and the definition of the employment-at-will doctrine and to discuss the implications of this doctrine for the hospitality industry. Many of the documents in the employment process could be used as evidence in a lawsuit regarding employee termination if these documents are not carefully written. A survey of restaurant employee handbooks indicated that they contained information that 1) was contractual in nature and 2) did not contain an employment-at-will disclaimer.
Evaluation of Cost Plus Fixed Fee Procurement Methods in Indiana Schools
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Stix Carl L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the new Cost Plus Fixed Fee Procurement System (Cost Plus System) used in buying food and related products in school foodservice programs in Indiana. The evaluation compared the new system relative to the traditional bid system in selected school corporations (districts) in the central part of the state during August-December 1988.

The Cost Plus System consists of year-long bids which separate product prices from a fee for providing the wholesaling function. The product prices may change during the period of the contract, but the service fee must remain fixed, on a percase basis. The Cost Plus System was new to Indiana in 1987 but has been used extensively in some other states, mainly in the southeast region. The Cost Plus System had not previously been quantitatively evaluated.

Criteria for the evaluation included comparison between the test and control sites of (1) prices paid, (2) administrative effort expended, and (3) quality ofproducts and service provided.

Findings were as follows: prices paid under the Cost Plus System averaged lower than under the Bid System, administrative effort was reduced, the level of service was judged somewhat better, and the quality ofproducts received was higher than in the controlgroup.
A Technique for Teaching Craft Skills On Higher Education Courses
Authors: Davis Nigel
Published: March 2007

A problem which has always confronted the development of higher level education courses in hotel management in the U.K. and Hong Kong has been the need for students to gain some basic competence in craft subjects, e.g. food production.

This need exists partlybecause of the traditional expectations of employers, and because it is difficult to appreciate the managerial demands within the industry and therefore the taught theoretical aspects, without having some working knowledge of operational-level tasks and procedures.

Traditionally, management students have been taught in a similar way to craft students, through many hours spent in practical situations, with the emphasis on practice or learning through repetition. I have addressed and partially solved this problem by developing anew approach to learning/teaching within the department.

It was essential, initially, to recognize the students' needs.

a) the need to develop craft (Manipulative skills) or

b) the need to develop an appreciation and understanding of the skills and principles involved.

Few students from managerial courses pursue a career in the "hands on "areas of food production.

The approach consists of an interactive program which integrates the use of videos, a written text and a series of self-learning questions. Each section is divided into eight stages, the penultimate being arguably the most important, "The Practical Laboratory Class, " where the students display their comprehension of the system.

This comprehensive approach allows the integration of closely related areas, e.g. commodities and applied technology, which are often divorced as separate subjects.

The course covers:

• principles of professional cookery

• large and small scale equipment

• Heat transference methods

• temperature ranges

• commodities

• service presentations, etc.

The approach is successfully applied to the teaching of professional food production skills on the Higher Diploma and B.A. degree courses. A major benefit is the saving on time—the syllabus is now covered more comprehensively, in approximately one third the time.

The same techniques can be adapted to any higher level education course, which requires students to appreciate and experience craftskills withoutnecessarily becoming craftsmen.
An Analysis Oftraining Budgets and Training Needs Assessments in Mid-Sized Hotels in the United States
Authors: Breiter Deborah , Woods Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Training for hotel employees is taking on greater importance with the advent of high performance work teams, the learning organization, and participative design. One hundred ninety-three hotels, representing all regions of the United States and ranging in size from 150 to 300 rooms, responded to this survey on training budgets and needs assessment. The data reveals that budgets are low and needs assess ments are poorly executed compared with other industries. Suggestions for the improvement of training programs in hotels include soliciting input from employees in the needs assessment process, and having employees set goals for performance improvement that supports organizational goals.
Evaluating the Role of Attribute Importance as a Multiplicative Weighting Variable in the Study of Hospitality Consumer Decision-Making
Authors: Oh Haemoon , Parks Sara C.
Published: March 2007

The concept of attribute importance has been used for years in marketing research. One of the primary uses of the concept is as a weighting variable through multiplication with other variables. This study empirically examines the role and utility of importance weights, as compared to unweighted variables, within the context of consumer satisfaction research in the lodging industry. The unweighted and importance-weighted variables are compared for their explanatory abilities in three different models and three different methods. The results consistently indicate that the unweighted variables outperform the weighted variables, espe cially when they are compared in the same models. Some methodological implications are discussed for future research.
Information Technology and the Performance of the Restaurant Firms
Authors: Huo Yang H.
Published: March 2007

Information technology has the potential to provide easier access to penetrate new and/or existing markets, to provide cost-effectiveness, and to present goods and services more ef fectively. The objective of this study is (a) to observe changes in the competitive position of restaurant firms as measured by relative profitability and market share before and after the installation of the information technology and (b) to determine the factors affecting sus tainable competitive advantage. This study evaluates longitudinal changes in performance measures of 57 restaurant firms that have used and installed information technology. The results of this study indicate there are "sustainers" and "nonsustainers in the competitive advantage, as measured by profit margin and market share. In addition, industry factors that affect determination of sustainers and nonsustainers were tested. Results indicate that a technological base along with capital availability could be a prerequisite for restaurant firms to increase profitability and market share.
Smoldering Combustion of Cellulosic Materials
Authors: Shafizadeh Fred , Bradbury Allan G.W.
Published: March 2007

In comparison to flaming combustion, the smoldering process seems more complex and is poorly understood. When heated by an ignition source, cellulosic materials decompose to volatile products and char. The volatile products fuel the flaming combustion which rapidly spreads in the gas phase. The slower oxidation of the char provides the heat flux required for propagation of the smoldering combustion. The initiation, propagation and termination of the latter process are controlled by several interrelated factors, including composition of the substrate, in organic additives, rates of heat release and heat flux and the combustibility of the char and volatile products, which are discussed.
The Politics of Verifying Trustworthiness in Evaluation Auditing
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on... " and "Rejoinder to... " will not be published in Forum — such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in the Letters section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists will acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Needs Assessment Since 1981: The State of the Practice
Authors: Witkin Belle Ruth
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include, but are not limited to, reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
An Evaluation of Formal Mentoring Studies and a Model for their Improvement
Authors: Morzinski Jeffrey A. , Fisher James C.
Published: March 2007

New employees often learn an organization's unwritten rules— the "ropes"—through one-on-one relationships with workplace colleagues or mentors. Increasingly, organizations are implementing mentoring programs to foster supportive work relationships—and evaluators are being called on to assess them. This paper presents a systematic literature review of mentoring- type program evaluations and reveals wide gaps in what published studies report. The complex and long-term nature of mentoring programs presents unique challenges to evaluators. To meet these challenges we suggest an evaluation model that attends to local audience needs and addresses four evaluation stages: (1) context evaluation, for assessing needs, objectives and organizational support; (2) design evaluation, to assess mentor and protege characteristics, the process for pairing the mentor and protege, the program duration, activities and recognition/ rewards for participants; (3) implementation stage evaluation, to monitor activities, feedback and revisions; and (4) product evaluation, to assess systematically the planned and unplanned outcomes that consist of program reactions, learning, behavior change, and impact.