bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

“Conclusion: The Value of Females and Women” provides a summary of the conclusions of the book and discusses the ambivalence Aristotle expresses toward females and women. It traces the themes and arguments of the book as a whole: that Aristotle’s account of sexual difference opposes the negative assessment of women common among his predecessors and includes an argument for valuing and preserving sexual difference; that he attempts to demonstrate the benefit of sexual difference to animal species, and to the political life of human beings, and that in doing so he attributes value to females and women; and that he maintains that sexual difference is not a formal difference, but a difference in the matter of animals.
The Embeddedness Theory of Civilian Targeting by Insurgent Organizations
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a theory to explain why insurgent organizations attack civilians. One of the main foci is embeddedness theory, which argues that social interactions between entities will have a major impact on the behavior of organizations. Drawing on this perspective and other theoretical building blocks, the chapter explores how the relationships between insurgent organizations and the state, other insurgents, and the public impact the likelihood that the organization will target civilians. It is theorized that government conciliatory measures (carrots) should lead to a lower likelihood of subsequent civilian targeting, whereas government coercion (sticks) should be associated with a higher likelihood. Regarding interorganizational relationships, it is hypothesized that insurgent alliances and rivalries should be associated with a greater propensity toward attacks on civilian. Regarding relationships between insurgents and the public, it is argued that social service provision, ethnic motivations, and involvement in crime should lead to a greater likelihood of subsequent attacks on civilians.
Testing Primary Hypotheses
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

Why do insurgent organizations sometimes attack civilians? This chapter begins hypothesis testing of the insurgent embeddedness argument with contingency tables, which suggest basic relationships between the main variables and attacking civilians. A variety of approaches are used to test the robustness of the findings related to the statistical analysis. The primary model is a logistic regression in which the dependent variable is whether the organization attacked civilians in a particular year. Count models are also used to model the number of attacks against civilians and total civilian fatalities, among other dependent variables. Government coercion (sticks), interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, and involvement in crime are consistently associated with civilian victimization. Other results are mostly robust: Government concessions (carrots) are associated with less civilian targeting, and social service provision and ethnic motivations are associated with more civilian targeting.
Why Do Some Insurgent Groups Mostly Attack the General Public?
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter applies the embeddedness argument to types of civilian targeting. It explores why some insurgent groups mostly attack the general public. In other words, it examines why some insurgent groups focus their attacks on civilians who are not government employees or symbols of institutions such as religious leaders or members of the news media. This seemingly random type of targeting has been described as an “ideal type” of terrorism because it makes other members of the public fear that they might be the next victims. Government coercion, intergroup rivalries, and ethnic motivation appear to be important for explaining this type of targeting.
Why Do Some Insurgent Groups Attack Schools?
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on the targeting of schools by insurgent organizations. The chapter focuses on this type of attack because it is one of the most heinous forms of violence that a militant group can commit—an important subset of civilian targeting. These types of attacks have not been the subject of much systematic research. Factors identified as likely to be driving attacks on civilians in general are applied to study terrorist attacks against schools. Targeting of schools is relatively rare, so perhaps unsurprisingly, few variables are associated with it. No insurgent organization that received government concessions attacks an educational target in the subsequent year, consistent with expectations. However, government coercion is associated with insurgent organizations attacking schools. Two other factors linked to attacks on educational facilities are insurgent alliances and social service provision.
Longitudinal Modeling of Insurgent Alliances
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter uses stochastic actor-oriented models to analyze the factors that shape the alliances that organizations form and keep with other insurgents. Given the assumption that insurgents will behave differently given different global environments, analyses are conducted for theoretically relevant periods: the pre-September 11, 2001 (9/11) attack period (1998–2001), the post-9/11 time period (2002–2007), and the post-surge period (2008–2012), as the United States removed most of its troops from Iraq. Organizations are more likely to build ties with organizations in the same country and with those that are allies of their allies. In the first two time periods, organizations that are involved in terrorist attacks are more likely to make more ties. There are also several factors that drive alliance formation and persistence during both periods after 9/11. For example, older organizations make fewer alliances. Overall, alliance formation is strongly affected by both temporal and organization-specific attributes.
Understanding Insurgent Rivalry
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the factors that make organizations more likely to be rivals of one another. Given the relatively sparse nature of rivalry connections among insurgent organizations, network-based models of rivalry cannot be used for the analysis. The chapter thus reports descriptive data to examine these rivalries and uses logistic regressions of group-year data to determine what factors are related to insurgent organization rivalry. It appears that ideology is a key characteristic driving rivalry. Religious and separatist groups are likely to have rivals, but the type of ideology most likely to lead to rivalry is the combination of religious and ethnoseparatist. Involvement in the drug trade and territorial control are also associated with the likelihood of rivalry. At the country level, perhaps surprisingly, democracy is negatively related to rivalry formation.
Conclusion
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl
Published: March 2022

This chapter summarizes key findings, including comparing results across the four main empirical chapters examining different types of civilian targeting. Of the seven variables used to measure the insurgent embeddedness argument, most are related to multiple varieties of civilian victimization: government coercion (“stick” tactics), interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, social service provision, and ethnic motivation. The chapter also notes important implications for policymakers and suggests future research building on the findings of this book. The chapter suggests that the following concepts deserve much more attention in the literature: social service provision, attacks on schools, and attacks on journalists. Overall, connections between insurgents and other actors help in the understanding of civilian targeting, and the findings illuminate additional paths of research.
African American Statewide Candidates in the New South
Authors: Bullock, III Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

African American candidates for statewide office in the United States face unique challenges given the nation’s complicated racial dynamics. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States had elected only one African American as governor in its history—L. Douglas Wilder, a grandson of slaves who achieved this historic goal in 1989 in Virginia, once the capital of the Confederacy. Numerous media accounts at the time declared a major breakthrough in racial politics in the United States with one national news magazine actually featuring in bold type on its cover “The End of the Civil War.” More than thirty years since Wilder’s election, while Black candidates have risen to office in states such as Illinois, Massachusetts, and California, there are not many successes for African American candidates seeking statewide office in the South. This is particularly puzzling because Blacks are most numerous in the South, as a percentage of the population. This book includes analyses of the campaigns of mostly unsuccessful and some successful Black statewide candidates in the South. The purpose is to untangle the factors that lead to electoral success for these candidates, and those that continue to hold them back, from the vantage of recent election cycles with some historically close races in the South featuring African American candidates for governor of Florida and Georgia (2018), for lieutenant governor in Virginia (2017), and for the US Senate in South Carolina and Georgia (2020). But statewide contests are not limited to state offices; some of the most important southern campaigns in the twenty-first century have featured Black candidates running in the southern presidential primaries. Most notably, Barack Obama’s 2008 nomination campaign blazed a trail in the South that many believed was a template for a new style of black politics. Examining broader regional demographic and political trends, the authors project that the South is on the threshold of a major breakthrough for African American statewide candidates, which will have a substantial role in not only fundamentally changing the political dynamics of the region, but nationally as well. This change will be driven by not only African American candidates and voters but a rising coalition regionally of minorities and also White voters increasingly willing to vote for Black candidates.
Georgia
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews the recent campaign by Georgia’s Stacey Abrams (D) for governor. Had she succeeded, Abrams would have become the nation’s first Black, female governor. Abrams secured the Democratic nomination easily. On the other side, her general election opponent, Brian Kemp, had to come from far behind to get the Republican nomination. Key to Kemp’s runoff election victory was President Donald Trump’s endorsement. The issues each candidate emphasized during the course of the general election campaign are reviewed with special emphasis given Abrams’s claims that Kemp engaged in voter suppression. Kemp, who ran to the right in his pursuit of the nomination in the Republican primary and runoff, sought to soften his image in the general election. Results from exit polls identify the bases of strength for Abrams and Kemp. The Abrams—Kemp election is examined in the context of changes taking place in Georgia elections with comparisons made between this contest and previous, recent elections. While Abrams lost, her margin of defeat was smaller than that of other Democrats competing in two decades as she erased about three-fourths of the advantage Republican candidates had enjoyed.
Florida
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews Progressive Black Democrat Andrew Gillum’s 2018 campaign for governor of Florida, showing how he came within 0.4 percent of defeating his White Republican, Trump-supported, opponent Ron DeSantis. It relates how Gillum’s upset primary victory over five white, better known Democratic opponents made headlines everywhere. He energized oft-neglected Black, Hispanic, and young voters. In the Republican primary, DeSantis upset the state’s popular Agriculture Commissioner. In the hard fought general election, Gillum attacked DeSantis as “racist,” for a “dog whistle” comment on Fox News. DeSantis labeled Gillum “corrupt,” as a mayor failing to report free tickets to a Broadway play. Gillum led in the polls, but higher Republican turnout gave DeSantis the win, although Gillum’s near success launched him onto the national stage. A scandalous personal incident, followed by rehab, a redemptive message, a popular podcast, and the state’s growing racial and age diversity have kept the door open. The chapter goes on to explain that the 2018 Florida gubernatorial campaign showcased the competitiveness of a Black statewide candidate in a southern state that has long swung between the two major parties. It then outlines how Florida has, in many respects, led southern political change, especially the evolution of racial politics beyond merely White and Black, to incorporate a widely diverse population of migrants and immigrants.
South Carolina
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

In one of the most widely watched, analyzed, and expensive US Senate campaigns in history, Democratic nominee Jaime Harrison came up surprisingly well short in his bid to become the second African American elected to the US Senate from South Carolina. Democrats nationally had pinned their hopes on flipping the US Senate seat in South Carolina, given three-term Republican incumbent senator Lindsey Graham’s profile as one of the staunchest defenders of President Donald Trump. This chapter places the 2020 US Senate race in the broader context of the history of South Carolina statewide elections and racial politics in the state. It becomes clear that, although many Democrats, even from outside of South Carolina, had pinned high hopes on Harrison’s bid, past electoral history and state demographics, as well as the impact of incumbency, all played strongly against him. Although South Carolina qualifies by our metric as one of the “Growth States” of the South, it is the slowest to advance to that category and remains difficult electoral territory for a Black Democratic statewide candidate.
Raphael Warnock
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter recounts how Raphael Warnock won a runoff election in January 2021 to become Georgia’s first African American US senator and how the 2020 election cycle culminating with the 2021 Senate runoffs demonstrates that Georgia has become a competitive state. As the chapter shows, if the trends identified in this chapter continue, Democratic strength will increase during the decade: coupled with support for Stacey Abrams, who came within 55,000 votes of the governorship in 2018, Warnock’s victory, suggests that other Black candidates will follow him to the victory stand. Though statewide wins for Democrats depend in part on the degree to which recent successes were driven by distasted for Donald Trump. But, as the chapter concludes, Warnock and Abrams’s results show that the penalty that Black candidates previously paid no longer need apply in Georgia. Abrams led the Democratic ticket in 2018 with 48.8 percent of the vote. A second African American, Otha Thornton, who ran for state school superintendent, received 47 percent of the vote, clustered with several other Democrats competing for positions that attract little attention. When he runs for a full term in 2022, Warnock will likely share the spotlight and perhaps be eclipsed by Stacey Abrams making a second bid for governor.
African American Candidates Navigate the South
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: March 2022

The South is the region with the most African Americans, and the region that has been most crucial to the success of every African American with national political ambitions. It was the battleground of the fight against slavery, and the site of many of the most important civil rights victories. This chapter reviews the South Carolina that primary directly or indirectly ended the strong nomination challenges of Senators Kamala Harris and Cory Booker in 2020 when Black voters in South Carolina chose an aging white man with a mixed record on race over two charismatic Black options. The chapter goes on to show that an unexpected win in Georgia, arguably linked to the vice presidential candidacy of Harris, gave vital support to the general election victory of Joe Biden. The 2020 primary and general elections are part of a larger recent pattern, in which the South plays a key role in determining the success, or not, of Black candidates for president.
A Trailblazer promoting Justice and Peace
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

Dorothy Wright Nelson was a pioneer in the U.S. legal education and the judiciary from the 1950s through the early part of the 21st century. This introduction traces her incredible journey from a typical California girl of the 1930s and 1940s to a legal powerhouse whose work to promote peace and justice impacted courts around the globe. It previews the life story of an extraordinary female trailblazer in a highly traditional, male-dominated profession, unafraid to challenge the status quo professionally while serving as a leader for the Bahá’í Faith in the United States. Dorothy was devoted to her husband of more than 60 years, James Nelson, a state court judge and also a leader in their Bahá’í Faith. In a loving, equitable partnership, they raised two children, enjoyed their extended family, traveled the globe to teach judges, and free persecuted Bahá’ís. As an early female teacher, scholar, dean, and federal judge, Dorothy worked to improve legal education and the courts. She promoted alternatives to resolve cases more quickly, efficiently, and amicably. Her deeply felt Bahá’í faith inspired all of her work, from opinions supporting the marginalized and powerless to creation of the Western Justice Center Foundation. Her legacy extends to global court reforms, mentoring of leaders in legal education, and leadership for Bahá’í communities.
Starting the Adventure of a Lifetime
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores Dorothy Wright’s growing relationship with James Nelson. They met as in their teens as camp counselors, spent some time apart during college, and then married and remained together for over 60 years. Jim was fiercely supportive of her intelligence and career opportunities. The chapter also reveals their exploration together of the Bahá’í Faith in their 20s. Although both were devout Protestants, they were intrigued with Bahá’í principles of equity and justice for all, and the global nature of the faith. Later, both became leaders nationally in their faith. The chapter also includes Wright’s experiences and leadership as an undergraduate at UCLA, where she became student body vice president, met Eleanor Roosevelt, and signed John Wooden’s contract.
A Pioneering Dean
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s pathbreaking work as dean of the University of Southern California Law Center. She was one of the early women deans in legal education for five years and in her term was the only female dean of a law school accredited by the American Bar Association. Times were challenging: she dealt with protests against the Vietnam War and Kent State shootings, the nearby Watts riots, and the struggles of an early affirmative action program at USC. She used her mediation skills to deal with complaints from a variety of constituents: trustees, alumni, faculty, and students. She was an extremely successful dean, putting student interests first and raising funds and creating a national reputation for USC Law. She was active in national leadership work for legal education and court reform.
The Chambers Family and the Nelson Family
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s relationships with several generations of law clerks over 40-plus years on the federal bench. Known as one of the nicest judges in the country and in the courthouse, she mentored a diverse group of law clerks, becoming a second mother or “professional mother” to many. They learned from her work habits, the way she treated people and her passion for justice and legal education. Many have gone on to highly successful careers in academia, government, the public interest, private law firms and other businesses, often attributing much of their success to Judge Nelson. She and her husband Jim welcomed clerks and their families into their home and lives. This chapter also canvasses the Nelsons’ family time and their growing work for the Bahá’í Faith, including local firesides, national leadership and human rights work for persecuted Bahá’ís during their global travels.
Bending the Arc toward Justice
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s impact on federal law over four decades on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. It shows how she was always looking out for the “underdog,” those who were poor, excluded, or less powerful and always cautious regarding unfair government processes. Her seminal cases span issues of mental illness, racial profiling, due process in death penalty cases, and immigration matters. She issued conflicting rulings in two important religious freedom cases. Her tendencies reflected her concern as a Bahá’í with equity and justice for all as well as what she had experienced over her lifetime.
Promoting Peace through Mediation
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s focus on promoting peace through alternative dispute resolution techniques, particularly mediation. She wrote and taught about conflict resolution as one of the early female legal scholars in the United States. She gained hands-on experience in implementing court reform as a judge on the largest federal circuit for over four decades, helping to establish a very effective court mediation program. She engaged regularly in consultation practice as a leader in the Bahá’í Faith. She helped to establish the Western Justice Center Foundation, which teaches children about racial justice and nonviolent conflict resolution. Judge Nelson won awards for her constant work to promote more peaceful, less expensive, and more humane alternatives to litigation.
Conclusion
Authors: Kloppenberg Lisa
Published: March 2022

The concluding chapter of this biography of Dorothy Wright Nelson focuses on the end of her life, including the death of her beloved husband James Nelson. It summarizes major themes of her work, from her pioneering endorsements of court reform and alternative dispute resolution to her impact on making legal education more just and equitable to her work for the Bahá’í Faith. This conclusion also briefly reviews Dorothy’s passions, from her marriage and family to her consoling faith. Her faith influenced her judicial work and how she spent her time. Always the teacher—for law students over three decades and law clerks over four decades—Dorothy instilled a concern for justice and peace in all of her lessons and interactions.
The Who, When, What, and Where of Submissions and Publications
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

In this chapter we examine submission and publication patterns in political science and sociology. The PASS data asked respondents to report on different aspects of their research activities in the previous year, including their work on books, journal articles, grants, and blog posts. We look at overall rates of submission and publication across these categories, before breaking things out by the gender and race/ethnicity of scholars. We also consider differences in activity by rank and methodological approach (i.e., quantitative vs. qualitative vs. normative/interpretive methods), and where scholars are sending their work (e.g., general interest journals vs. more specialized outlets). While we find few meaningful differences between the disciplines of sociology and political science, across both we do find evidence of gender and race-based gaps in rates of submission and publication, and evidence that women and minorities are less likely to send their work to top journals.
The Who, When, What, and Where of Teaching
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

In this chapter we track course loads and how much time scholars spend on teaching versus other activities. Looking across all respondents in the PASS study, we find considerable variance in reported course loads, with some scholars teaching many courses per year and some teaching few. As we might expect, these differences in course loads are largely a function of where one works (e.g., a PhD-granting vs. BA/MA-granting department), and one’s academic rank—non-tenure-track faculty teach more than others, and full professors less than assistant or associate professors. We find few overall differences between sociology and political science when it comes to teaching-related experiences and behaviors. Still, we do unearth some important patterns: female scholars report spending a bit more effort on their courses relative to their male colleagues, as do faculty using normative or interpretive methods relative to those using qualitative or quantitative methods.
Advice Networks and Coauthorship
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

We do not teach or research in a social vacuum. Thus, in this chapter we look at the advice and coauthorship networks of sociologists and political scientists. In the PASS study we asked individuals to name and report on the characteristics of up to three people who had provided feedback on a research project. Most of our respondents report having access to some sort of core advice network. The individuals described in this network tend to hold multiple roles—they are people whose advice is trusted, people who are considered friends, people who are also coauthors, and people who know other people whose advice is trusted. Having trusted sources of advice tracks with reporting more positive attitudes about the publication process. Likewise, having a trusted coauthorship network boosts rates of submission and publication, though such productivity benefits do not accrue equally to women who work primarily in quantitative methods.
The Tweeting Polity
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

The chapter explores public engagement by academics, which is—in part—a response to calls for academia to prove its relevance and value to the public. Neither tweeting nor blogging is practiced by a majority, while near majorities have more passive public accessibility through personal or Google Scholar websites. Only about a third of social scientists are on Twitter, and fewer have written a blog post in the year prior to the survey. More political scientists are on Twitter and write posts; writing posts is strongly connected to research productivity, and the rate of writing posts climbs with rank; among sociologists, the rate is flat across rank and disconnected with research productivity. Tweeting is more common among younger social scientists and is connected with greater research productivity—for these scholars it does not appear to be a distraction, and may even help work get noticed.
Madness as Misuse and Defect
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

Robert Burton, in his The Anatomy of Melancholy of 1621, embraces the Renaissance view that all forms of madness have a dual purpose: madness is either caused or allowed by God to punish sin and also to provide the sufferer with an opportunity for redemption. Burton, however, marks a transition to a naturalistic worldview: madness does not always require God’s special intervention into the course of nature. Rather, God has designed the material universe in such a way that certain sins will inevitably be followed by certain forms of madness. He also shows how the forms of madness are not just punishments, but portraits, of our sin. For example, mania can be an exaggerated portrait of unchecked anger. It is illuminating, then, to read The Anatomy of Melancholy alongside morality tales such as The Divine Comedy or the “Macro Plays,” rather than alongside other medical treatises.
The Strategies of Wish Fulfillment
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Freud placed the study of madness on a firm teleological foundation. For Freud, the main forms of madness—hysteria, obsessional neurosis, and delusions—represent strategies the mind utilizes for fulfilling, in a distorted manner, an unconscious wish, while preventing the content of that wish from becoming conscious. This teleological orientation of psychiatry ultimately emerged from a conception of the nervous system that he shared with Griesinger. For Griesinger, as for Freud, an unfulfilled wish is associated with the accumulation of a certain quantity of nervous energy, a Besetzung. The function of the nervous system is to discharge this Besetzung. One of Freud’s enduring legacies was the way in which his teleological conception of madness was woven into the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of 1952. For a brief time, madness-as-strategy had become canonized in official psychiatric classification.
Confronting the Wounded Animal
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, of 1980, is often said to have marked a revolution in American psychiatric thought. But what is the nature of this revolution? This chapter argues that the DSM-III does not represent the victory of biological over psychoanalytic psychiatry, but the victory of madness-as-dysfunction over madness-as-strategy. The DSM-I of 1952 was infused with teleology; one task of the DSM-II and DSM-III was to strip teleology from psychiatric classification and to instill dysfunction as its organizing principle. But what does it mean to say that a person’s mind, or brain, is “dysfunctional”? This chapter considers the work of psychiatrists who, in the 1970s and 1980s, sought to answer that question in evolutionary terms. This requires conceptualizing the mad person, in the first place, as a wounded organism. The chapter also considers the recent Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to classification.
The Darwinization of Madness
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

Today we live in the era of Darwinian medicine. One implication of Darwinian medicine is that some mental disorders might be adaptations, that is, evolved strategies for dealing with ancient and modern environments. For example, it allows us to think of depression as an evolved strategy for dealing with interpersonal conflict, or anxiety disorders as evolved strategies for remaining vigilant to potential threats. Darwinian medicine, then, puts teleology back into psychiatry, and thereby reverses the trend of the DSM franchise to divest psychiatry of teleology. The idea that Darwinism helps to reintroduce teleology into psychiatry forces us to examine how Darwinism and teleology are inseparable, rather than antagonistic. We can see a natural association between the ancient Greek magicians, the exorcists of the Renaissance, the psychoanalysts, and the evolutionary psychologists, in that they all saw madness as wedded to purpose.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s unique life, career, and governance experience from 1953 to 2018. A son of a veteran revolutionary, Xi’s privileged childhood was shattered in his youth when he was mercilessly tormented as a counterrevolutionary, a juvenile delinquent, and a pauper, ultimately becoming an ordinary peasant. Xi then clawed his way back from the village to the capital, climbing a ladder of success that reflects the changing zeitgeist of the times. His governance record mirrors the vicissitudes of the Maoist and reform eras, shedding light on the regime’s hopes and fears, and its strengths and weaknesses. Providing a holistic and balanced analysis, the author argues for a multidisciplinary, comparative, and social science approach that can explain immensely complex phenomena. The study synthesizes a large corpus of cutting-edge research, offering fresh insights into and contextualized knowledge on the dynamics of a governance encompassing features both progressive and regressive.
The Shanghai Interlude and Political Succession at the Seventeenth Party Congress, October 2007 (Age Fifty-Four)
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

When Xi was parachuted into Shanghai as party chief, his task there was to stabilize the situation, but in less than seven months, he was catapulted directly into the Politburo Standing Committee at the Seventeenth Party Congress. Henceforth, Xi and his associate Li Keqiang were fed into separate tracks with clear-cut divisions of labor. Xi was put in charge of Party and international affairs. Li was groomed for the state premier track by assisting Premier Wen Jiabao in economic and government matters. Empirical evidence does not support the influential “one party, two coalitions” thesis of Chinese politics. Nor does it support the conventional wisdom that the Party intended Xi and Li to compete for the position of general secretary, and that Hu Jintao preferred Li over Xi for this position. Political succession was somewhat institutionalized, but this does not equal to institutionalization of the political system as a whole.
The Eighteenth Party Congress, November 2012, and Succession Politics
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

The Eighteenth Party Congress demonstrated how, in Chinese-style political succession, the outgoing leadership determines the makeup of the new leadership. A party consensus enabled Xi to become general secretary and Li Keqiang the premier, and “fifth generation” leaders to enter into the apex of power. The Party’s deliberate grooming of new leaders had come to fruition. Xi’s role in preparing for the personnel and policy changes at the party congress and his relationship with the new Politburo Standing Committee are examined. This chapter argues that the different Western interpretations of the outcomes of the congress mirror three different approaches to comparative politics: the rationality / power maximization, system/institutional, and cultural approaches. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and argues that historical, contextual, situational, and contingent factors should be considered as well. The chapter ends with a review of the attributes of the new leadership.
Consolidation of Power, Image-Building, and Disciplining the Party State and Society
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

During Xi’s first term as general secretary, the policy environment became increasingly complex and turbulent. Accelerating globalization and rapid technological change rendered problems more interdependent and unpredictable. Xi’s countervailing strategy was to privilege regime security, party leadership, centralization, and the enhancement of soft power and performance legitimacy. He redefined ideology and built his image. Simultaneously, Xi consolidated his power and pushed his policy agenda. He effected a threefold centralization of power in his person, the Party, and the capital to impose reforms on a reluctant bureaucracy. To strengthen the vanguard role of the Party, Xi disciplined the party state through an unprecedented anticorruption campaign and a mass line education campaign that cleansed the Party and punished more than 440 central and 1.5 million regional officials. He shook up the Communist Youth League and effected a judicial reform to address issues of inefficiency, wrongful convictions, and local government interference.
Power, Policy, and Political Succession
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

The Nineteenth Party Congress featured new procedures for the selection of the top elite and political succession for the future. It announced new policy directions that would build a moderately prosperous society, achieve “socialist modernization,” and move China to the center stage in global affairs. Xi played a major role in personnel selection for the Congress, and the enshrinement of Xi Jinping thought in the party constitution enabled him to consolidate his power. However, the drafting process of the report to the Congress involved many policy bundles and required a great deal of division of labor. Consultations up and down the party-state apparatus performed functions of political communication and socialization. Biographies of the leaders showed their characteristics and the new dominance of the “fifth generation.” Complications included an alleged “abortive coup” and the purge of sitting Politburo member Sun Zhengcai.
Do Private Prison Firms Respond to Successful Prison Litigation?
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 considers the perspective of private prison firms and analyzes how the stock performance of these companies varies as successful lawsuits are announced. To what degree do stockholders pay attention to these lawsuits? The author finds no effect in the aggregate and that court orders in general do not predict stock price changes. However, the author does find a significant and negative effect on the announcement of a lawsuit in states that have increasing numbers of private prisons. This suggests that investors are savvy and are particularly concerned about the legal climate in the states that privatize the most.
The Heavy Cost of Misdiagnosis
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 shows why it is vital to correctly gauge the severity of stock-market-driven short-termism. The stock market’s preference for immediate cash is said to severely damage US R&D spending. But while corporate R&D has been steadily rising despite, or perhaps even because of, stock market pressure, government R&D support for basic research, which was foundational for the post-World War II US economy, has declined precipitously. Leaders in thinking about technological progress tell us that this government slack is holding back the US economy today. This means that blaming the stock market deters too many political players from seeing where the blame lies—beginning with the polity for failing to support public-spending on R&D in recent years. And blaming the stock market for R&D issues bolsters those whose solutions to short-termism revolve around giving executives more autonomy. But doing so will not solve the perceived R&D problem if it’s mainly due to anemic government support for basic R&D.
Concept and Evidence against Stock-Market-Driven Short-Termism
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 examines the best evidence pointing to stock market short-termism being only a minor issue, or not a problem at all, and notes research that rebuts some evidence from Chapter 5.
What Is “Evil”?
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 depicts “evil” as a label that people are most likely to invoke in response to behavior that is seen as intentional, causing harm, and lacking sufficient justification. This prototype model helps makes sense not only of when people agree about evil behavior, but also when they disagree. Simply, people will disagree whenever they come to different conclusions concerning how much suffering a course of action produced, whether that suffering was planned (or at least foreseeable), and/or whether or not “good enough” reasons for that course of action can be identified. Predictably, differences of opinion are most likely to emerge between perpetrators and everyone else.
“Evildoers”: Who (or What) Earns the Title?
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 makes the case that there is a pull toward explaining “evil” behavior in terms of an actor’s characteristics (internal attribution) rather than circumstances (external attribution) even if the actor is neither human nor visible (such as a demon). The characteristics of an evil person, neatly summarized in Baumeister’s “myth of pure evil,” include a presumably unchanging, unrelenting capacity to inflict unjustifiable harm. Consequently, evildoers—which, in the popular imagination, include evil spirits, perpetrators of satanic ritual abuse, and serial killers—pose the ultimate threat. People may therefore resort to extreme measures (like potentially lethal exorcism attempts) to resist, punish, or destroy them. Places and things, by virtue of their association with evildoers and/or their capacity to evoke raw negative feelings such as dread, can sometimes function as evil symbols.
Serial Killers
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 proposes that although the challenges of securing good data and persistent sensationalism reflected in true crime narratives make separating fact from myth difficult, serial killers are not “monsters.” Significant psychopathology such as personality disorders is less frequent than most expect, so few serial killers have succeeded with an insanity defense. Given the apparent range of motives (e.g., arousal and excitement, pride and satisfaction, hedonistic pleasure linked to material gains) and methods, a consistent set of factors that “makes” someone a serial killer has yet to be identified. Understanding serial killers’ predatory behavior in terms of sadism or deviant leisure therefore makes sense given the common theme of positive emotional payoff (versus the elimination of perceived threat more typical among those who kill). Like most people who are confronted with their own wrongdoing, serial killers often attempt to justify their actions and highlight their positive qualities.
Majority Minority
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 discusses the prospect of a majority minority demographic distribution in the United States and its politics, which have affected other countries that have settled large numbers of immigrants in the past half-century. It explains how demographic change has fueled culture wars that have produced a political stalemate and legislative paralysis amid the racialization of American politics and the politicization of American life. In the context of related research, the chapter outlines the book’s unique approach to studying the way that societies respond to such a milestone and introduces the six case countries, each of which has already experienced a majority minority transition across different historical circumstances. Chapter 1 also provides an overview of the book and its principal findings.
“An Unnatural Country”
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of Singapore. Singapore is a window into what a state—ethnocentrically Chinese and with the luxury of vast resources devoted to all-consuming control—does to sustain and justify its power to a diverse and highly educated citizenry. First, the state pursues population control, the strict regulation of immigrants’ admission, integration, and removal. Second, the state pursues identity control, the construction and reinforcement of ethnic boundaries, segregating its people into crude classes in every civic matter. Third, to justify its overt racialization of Singaporean social relations, the state pursues narrative control, the telling of the national story. This chapter looks at the government’s portrayals of national history in museums, textbooks, and other media.
None for All
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of Bahrain. Whereas other multiethnic and multireligious states wield nationalism to unify diverse publics, Bahrain sustains a transactional approach to citizenship and residency. The royal family offers stable prosperity in exchange for dutiful allegiance or labor. This approach remains unique in the world but suppresses a set of universal questions that concern all cases in this book: Who are its people? Who belongs? What is the source of identity that binds their country’s people together? Bahrain privileges the status of different groups for different political purposes. The result is a state without a nation, where conceptions of “the people” and its culture become irrelevant because all exist in service to the Crown. This chapter explores the way ethnic and sectarian political tensions keep everyone off-balance and the way disparate groups of Bahrainis make sense of their identity and nationality.
Where We Belong
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of Mauritius. After arriving as slaves imported by Dutch colonists in 1641, African-origin Creoles accounted for three-quarters of Mauritius’s population until the 1820s. Over nearly two centuries of slavery, fugitives persistently established maroon settlements in Mauritius’s forbidding woodlands. When the British finally emancipated slaves in 1834, Mauritius recruited indentured laborers from India, who swiftly outnumbered people of African origin and came to define the island. Outnumbered before they could claim independence or nationhood, Creoles now embrace the legacy of maroons’ defiance as their claim to sovereignty over an island they never did rule. This chapter examines the segregated history of social relations in Mauritius, exploring how Creole identity is understood in two maroon villages, Le Morne and Chamarel—rare symbols of Creole self-determination in an Indian-dominated country.
Culture Change
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the case of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Hawai‘i is a valuable case study in demographic change and national identity because Native Hawaiians had to internalize immigration-driven diversity and accept its contradictions. The arrival of Americans in Hawai’i in the nineteenth century spread disease, spurred immigration, and eventually toppled the Hawaiian Kingdom and its system of cultural norms. By the time Native Hawaiians organized during the 1960s “Hawaiian Renaissance,” they had intermarried and intermingled their traditions, culture, and genealogies with people from China, Japan, Portugal, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the United States. This chapter explores four different ways Hawaiians have renegotiated their sense of identity and power in the aftermath of demographic transformation: (1) the reestablishment of genealogical bloodlines, (2) legal quests to reassert Hawaiian national sovereignty, (3) the resurrection of the Hawaiian language, and (4) the reclamation of ancestral lands and revival of farming cooperatives.
From Backlash to Coexistence
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 10 resumes the comparative historical analysis, now contextualized by the case studies. In all six of the majority minority cases, demographic change led to calls for greater power-sharing by once-subjugated social groups and subsequent backlash against them. While demographic change destabilizes the elementary components of a nation, change alone does not predict social conflict. Rather, this chapter finds that institutionalized social conflict is contingent on whether the state equally enfranchises the newcomer population and whether its subsequent redefinition of the national identity is inclusive or exclusive—according to the posture of state institutions and leaders’ rhetoric.