bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unblocking the Path to Effective Block Modeling in Social Movement Research
Authors: Saunders Clare
Published: April 2020

Key studies of social movement networks use block modelling to uncover movement network structures. While it is promising to see mathematical sociology techniques applied here, there are grounds for engendering an even closer connection between these two fields of study. The mathematical sociology literature recommends, for example, that analyzed networks should be complete and relatively dense, that some degree of deduction should be applied to select the "best" model, that levels of equivalence and/or error scores should be specified, and that reliable and appropriate algorithms and levels of equivalence should be carefully selected. Some dilemmas involved in block modelling analysis are demonstrated through block modelling analysis of interorganizational networking in Friends of the Earth International (FoEI). This illustrates that, in the absence of the robust analytical procedures recommended by mathematical sociologists, block models are unable to uncover the structure of social movement networks.
Interests, Identities, and Relations: Drawing Boundaries in Civic Organizational Fields
Authors: Diani Mario , Pilati Katia
Published: April 2020

This article combines social movement and organizational theory to explore boundary definition in civic organizational fields. Drawing upon evidence from two British cities and applying network analysis to relations between organizations interested in environmental, ethnicity, and migration issues, we show that identities shape network patterns more consistently than interest in specific issues. While this finding supports previous insights from organizational and social movement research on the relation between identities and fields, we go beyond them in showing that the role of identities is pivotal regardless of the nature of local political opportunity structures and cultures. We conclude by discussing possible strategies for exploring the link between organizational and social movement fields.
Rural Movements and the Transition to Democracy in Spain
Authors: Herrera Antonio , Markoff John
Published: April 2020

Scholars of Spain's democratic transition vary considerably in the role they attribute to movements. Spanish democratization is widely known for its successful elite negotiations and some describe it as an instance of democratization from above. For others it is a case of social movement activism creating problems for those elites negotiating the democratization process. Among those social movements, the least studied took place in the Spanish countryside. Rural movements played a role well beyond the standard accounts in two important ways. First, they challenged significant obstacles to democratization that elite deals had left in place at the local level. And, second, the local arena had major implications for the national scene. We trace the history of four rural campaigns that were a pivotal component of Spanish democratization. We conclude with some general observations on the role of social movements in imparting a dynamic character to democracy.
Explaining the First Emancipation: Social Movements and Abolition in the U.S. North, 1776-1804
Authors: Budros Art
Published: April 2020

Why did states in the US North abolish slavery? This question remains unanswered, despite nearly 150 years of historical work on the subject. To explore this question I offer two "firsts": the use of social movement theory to frame the research, and a quantitative analysis of an original data set to test the theory. I contribute to movement scholarship by examining a number of themes neglected in work on the political outcomes of activism: movement-countermovement dynamics; the link between religious beliefs and religious activism; the outcomes of religious movements; and the economic interests of social actors. Results show that emancipation was affected by Quaker-led antibondage protests; the countermovement of the Dutch Reformed church; this-worldly and otherworldly religions; economic incentives; and political opportunities. Black protest had no impact on abolition, challenging the thesis of black resistance as a major factor in emancipation.
Contesting Scales of Justice: Law and the Geography of the US Antipredatory Lending Movement
Authors: Treskon Mark
Published: April 2020

While the social movements literature has increasingly incorporated sociospatial categories into its conceptual toolkit, this article argues that tracing the concrete ways in which a particular category—"scale"—is mobilized as a stake of political debate helps us refine its workings in practice. Integrating research on the co-constitutive nature of law and political action, this article traces how efforts to pass antipredatory home lending legislation in the United States during the 1990s and 2000s resulted in a rescaled home-lending legal regime. Using judicial and regulatory documents, media accounts, and publications by advocates, government actors, lawyers and the financial industry, I analyze the mechanisms through which this occurred. Debates about federalism, home rule, and preemption illustrate that involved parties attempted to "fix" a legal regime scaled according to their organizational strengths. Finally, this case illustrates how discourses around globalization and economic rationality inform the trajectory of legal debates.
Strategic Framing Work(s): How Microcredit Loans Facilitate Anti-Witch-Hunt Movements
Authors: Chakravarty Anuradha , Chaudhuri Soma
Published: April 2020

This article shows how a social movement organization focused on microcredit loans is able to mobilize a community against its own cultural practice of witch-hunts. Successful mobilization against witch-hunts are possible when two conditions are met: first, when activists are able to tap into microcredit groups' social capacity for collective mobilization (defined by ties of mutual dependence, reciprocity, and friendship); and second, when activists are able to use strategic framing to present a coherent argument about the congruence of microcredit and anti-witch-hunt goals. In this context a master frame (women's development) emerged that effectively forged the seemingly disparate goals of microcredit loans and anti-witch-hunt campaigns into one synthetic movement. In contrast, successful mobilization against witch-hunts was difficult in areas where the activists did not have access to the microcredit networks or were not able to strategically frame the campaign.
A Movement Without Memory: Feminism and Collective Memory in Post-Socialist Germany
Authors: Guenther Katja
Published: April 2020

The creation and maintenance of strategically useful collective memories can be important achievements for social movements, yet not all movements will attempt or succeed in these endeavors. This article examines how the shared history of the German Democratic Republic's (GDR) gender egalitarianism project was forgotten in the unified Germany. Feminist activists faced many conditions that appeared conducive to propagating a collective memory of the GDR's policies of gender egalitarianism. Ultimately, however, several factors militated against it: a politically and culturally hostile climate, perceived threats to the movement, the specific relationships between memories, and the timing of openings for memory work. For these reasons, a positive public collective memory of gender relations in the GDR did not develop in post-unification Germany.
Homogenizing "Old" and "New" Social Movements: A Comparison of Partipants in May Day and Climate Change Demonstrations
Authors: Eggert Nina , Giugni Marco
Published: April 2020

We assess whether the distinction between old and new social movements still holds by examining the social class and value orientations of participants in old and new social movement protests. We argue that new cleavages have emerged from globalization, affecting not only electoral politics, but also contentious politics, and thereby having a homogenization effect on the structural basis of movements of the left. Moreover, we hypothesize that traditional cleavages, such as class mediate the homogenization effect of new cleavages. We look at participants in May Day and climate change demonstrations in Belgium and Sweden, two countries that differ in terms of strength of class cleavage. Results show that there is evidence of homogenization between old and new social movements and that this effect is more important when the class cleavage is stronger.
Contextualizing Contestation: Framework, Design, and Data
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien , Walgrave Stefaan , Klandermans Bert , Verhulst Joris
Published: April 2020

This article presents the theoretical underpinnings, design, methods, and measures of the project, Caught in the Act of Protest: Contextualizing Contestation. This effort examines street demonstrations that vary in atmosphere, organization, and target. The project particularly focuses on participants, exploring who participates, and why and how people got involved. Data are collected before, during, and after a number of demonstrations, and captures the entire "demonstration moment." We develop standardized measures and techniques for sampling and data collection at the individual demonstrator level and at the contexual level. Evidence was gathered not only from the demonstrators but also from police, organizers, and the mass media. Data-gathering efforts were standardized through identical methods, questionnaires, fact sheets, and content analysis protocols. The CCC project examines demonstrations in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain, Switzerland, and Sweden between 2009 and 2012. Teams from Italy, Mexico, and the Czech Republic joined the project at a later stage. The project has covered 61 demonstrations and 12,993 questionnaires have been completed to date.
Pitched Battles: The Role of Ultra Soccer Fans in the Arab Spring
Authors: Dorsey James
Published: April 2020

For decades soccer has constituted an alternative public space in the Middle East. Largely unnoticed by international experts, soccer provided a venue for the expression of pent-up anger and frustration against authoritarianism. By the time the Arab revolt erupted in December 2010, soccer had emerged as a key nonreligious, nongovernmental institution capable of confronting repressive regimes. Nowhere was this more pronounced than in Egypt, where militant, politicized, often violent ultras—organized clubs of soccer fans—played a key role in the protests that forced President Hosni Mubarak to resign in February 2011. Since his resignation, Egyptian ultras have continued to play a prominent role in Egyptian street politics.
Allies, Targets, and the Effectiveness of Coalition Protest: A Comparative Analysis of Labor Unrest In the U. S. South
Authors: Dixon Marc , Danaher William , Kail Ben
Published: April 2020

Social movement scholars suggest that coalitions comprise a significant and growing portion of all protest mobilizations. Such organizational collaboration is of great practical importance to the labor movement in particular, as unions struggle to succeed on their own in a difficult economic and political environment. Yet surprisingly little is known about the factors underlying the development and success of coalitions. In this article we advance literature on labor and social movement coalitions, bringing a comparative historical approach to bear on the problem and examining two influential and far-reaching labor campaigns that occurred in the U. S. South. Our argument and findings demonstrate the importance of the relative fit among coalition members, the vulnerabilities of collective action targets, and their interplay for coalition outcomes. We conclude by discussing the implications of the findings for labor and social movement challenges more generally.
A Methodology Analyzing for Frame Dynamics: The Grammar of Keying Battles in Palestinian Nationalism
Authors: Johnston Hank , Alimi Eitan
Published: April 2020

This article develops a methodological approach that draws on Goffman's original framing concepts of "primary frameworks," "keying processes," and "frame rims" to capture the influence of fundamental cultural templates in framing dynamics, and how framing develops sequentially among different SMOs in the dynamics of political contention. We propose that frames can be analyzed in terms of three fundamental components: collective identity (the subject), the collective action of the subject (the verb), and who or what the target of those actions is (the object). We use this structure to approximate primary frameworks of contention for two key players in the Palestinian national movement, and then trace changes in the subject-verb-object grammar as part of the keying process by which the movement, overall, increasingly embraced radical Islam. Our analysis traces the internal consistency of subject-verb-object elements of the radical Islamist collective action frame according to changing political opportunities and threats.
Tea and Sympathy: The Tea Party Movement and Republican Precommitment to Radical Conservatism in the 2011 Debt-Limit Crisis
Authors: Vasi Ion , Strang David , van de Rijt Arnout
Published: April 2020

We examine an increasingly common political tactic: the self-binding pledge whereby lawmakers assure a constituency, social movement, or interest group that they will take a particular position on an upcoming vote or policy issue. An empirical analysis of novel data on the 2011 debt-limit crisis shows that pre-commitment by legislators to the Tea Party's "Cut, Cap, and Balance Pledge" was the joint product of grassroots pressure and ideological sympathy. Highly conser-vative early pledgers opposed fiscal compromise that fell short of the Tea Party's position, while a number of less conservative later signers reneged by voting for the Budget Control Act that resolved the debt-limit crisis. The case of the pledge sug-gests that social movements are well positioned to collaborate with true believing insiders to promote policy change but have difficulty persuading fence sitters to take their side.
Com/passionate Protests: Fighting the Deportation of Asylum Seekers
Authors: Rosenberger Sieglinde , Winkler Jakob
Published: April 2020

Despite disadvantageous conditions, various forms of protest by ordinary citizens have emerged in Austria to stop the expulsion of asylum seekers. How can protest activities in favor of refugees be explained? Empirically, this article relies on a protest event analysis (PEA) of media articles and an emotion analysis (EA) of protest material. Following the emotional turn, this study emphasizes that personal ties and closely related affective emotions—friendship and solidarity—between deportees and protesters account for the most relevant resources of protest. Moreover, activists strategically use reactive/moral emotions—fear, outrage, and shame—to mobilize broader support. Protesters are mostly recruited from the personal environment of the potential deportees, and the most salient argument expressed against deportation is that well-integrated people deserve to remain in the country. The article concludes that social ties and emotions are useful in explaining not only the emergence and spread of protests but also certain limitations inherent in them with regard to policy change.
Repression, Response, and Contained Escalation Under "Liberalized" Authoritarianism in Jordan
Authors: Moss Dana
Published: April 2020

Studies of repression's effects on mobilization overwhelmingly focus on how severe repression affects the volume of protest, overlooking how activists perceive and experience a range of repressive tactics and how their tactical adaptations to this repertoire produce broader patterns of contention. This study therefore identifies repression's variegated forms and movements' corresponding responses using fifty-seven interviews with reform-oriented activists in Jordan, a "liberalized" authoritarian state, obtained in 2011. The findings demonstrate that activists (1) transformed softer repression into valued opportunities for communication with officials, and (2) responded to harder forms by publicizing repression through protests and their alliance networks, which persuaded the image-conscious regime to temper its tactics and prompted both sides to return to bargaining. This dynamic exemplifies a process of contained escalation, which helps to explain why Jordan's Arab Spring remained nonrevolutionary. I conclude by discussing the implications for studies of repression and response in illiberal contexts.
Culturally Constrained Contention: Mapping the Meaning Structure of the Repertoire of Contention
Authors: Ring-Ramirez Misty , Reynolds-Stenson Heidi , Earl Jennifer
Published: April 2020

While social network analysis (SNA) has traditionally been used to study actor networks, it can also reveal "meaning structures" (Mohr 1998), the relationships connecting cultural elements such as ideas and practices. We argue that the repertoire of contention represents a meaning structure, analyzable using SNA of tactical co-deployments at protests. We use data from over 7,000 protest events in New York State from 1960 to 1995. Our analyses suggest that co-deployed tactics are not chosen independently or combined randomly but rather cluster into sets with distinct roles. These roles reveal cultural affinities among the tactics and are largely stable over time, although some variation related to the protest cycle and tactical form can be detected. We also examine the position of a specific theoretical category of tactics, radical tactics, within the larger tactical repertoire.
Social Movements and Social Capital: A Network Perspective on Movement Outcomes
Authors: Diani Mario
Published: April 2020

This article presents an approach to the study of the consequences of social movements that focuses on their capacity to produce "social capital." By social capital I mean ties that are based on mutual trust and mutual recognition among the actors involved in the relationship, although they do not necessarily imply the presence of collective identity. The influence of social movements may be regarded as dependent on their structural position, i.e., on the solidity of the linkages within the movement sector as well as—more crucially—of the bonds among movement actors, the social milieu in which they operate, and cultural and political elites. Therefore, the impact of a given movement or movement sector will be assessed in the light of changes in its components' relative centrality in various social networks. The broader the range of social capital ties emerging from a period of sustained mobilization, the greater the impact.
Legitimation, State Repression, and the Sioux Massacre at Wounded Knee
Authors: Roscigno Vincent , Cantzler Julia , Restifo Salvatore , Guetzkow Joshua
Published: April 2020

The Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 and the Ghost Dance movement that preceded it offer a compelling sociological case for understanding legitimation, elite framing, and repression. Building on the social movements literature and theoretical insights on power, institutions, and inequality, we engage in multimethod, in-depth analyses of a rich body of archived correspondence from key institutional actors at the time. Doing so contributes to the literature by drawing attention to (1) the cultural foundations of inequality and repression; (2) super-ordinate framing by political elites and the state; and (3) key institutional conflicts and their consequences. We find that, within an ambiguous colonial context, officials of the Office of Indian Affairs and federal politicians shelved benign military observations and, instead, amplified ethnocentric and threat frames. Force was consequently portrayed as justifiable, which increased the likelihood of the massacre. We conclude by discussing the utility of our results for conceptions of culture, power, inequality, the state, and state violence.
Workplace Governance, Class Formation, and the New Institutionalism
Authors: Haydu Jeffrey
Published: April 2020

The "new institutionalism" in labor studies highlights the influence of unions, political parties, and states on workers' collective identities and mobilization. This article recommends extending the new institutionalism to include the organization of workplace governance. A theoretical discussion shows how institutions of employee representation can influence the leadership, solidarities, and scale of labor protest. An empirical illustration connects variations in workplace governance to differences in the occupational range and geographic scale of strikes. The analysis targets industries and regions of the U.S. metal trades during WWI, thus ruling out unions and political institutions as rival explanations for patterns of labor mobilization.
The Other Side of the Coin: Explaining Crossnational Similarities Between Social Movements
Authors: Giugni Marco
Published: April 2020

This exploratory essay provides a general framework for the study of crossnational similarities among social movements by looking at three broad social processes: globalization, structural affinity, and diffusion. Each of these concepts is at the core of three apparently rival explanations of movement similarities. The globalization model explains similarities among social movements as a product of similar movement reactions to transnational political opportunities; the structural affinity model states that similar national political opportunity structures account for similarities among social movements across countries; and the diffusion model argues that the adoption of information from abroad causes similarities among social movements in different countries. This essay integrates three concepts in a general model of crossnational similarities among social movements. The model is illustrated with data on new social movements in four West European countries.
Environmental Protest Cases: The City, The Countryside, and The Grassroots in Southern Europe
Authors: Kousis Maria
Published: April 2020

Systematic cross-national analysis of environmental activism in urban and rural communities is nonexistent for Southern Europe. This article uses protest-case analysis to trace local environmental protest cases (not events) of urban and rural communities in Greece, Spain, and Portugal from the end of their dictatorial periods in the 1970s until 1994. The findings show a convergence between urban and rural environmental claims and protest actions, especially in the later period. Rural groups are more limited in terms of their social networks, and are less numerous than urban ones. A critical development during the twenty-year period is the emergence of a small but potent minority of urban and rural protesters. Findings show that they are (1) extensive and heterogeneous in terms of networks and claims, and (2) numerous and intensive in terms of collective action participation.
Comparing State Repression of Pro-State Vigilantes and Anti-State Insurgents: Northern Ireland, 1972-75
Authors: White Robert
Published: April 2020

I compare the repression of "pro-state" paramilitary violence with the repression of anti-state insurgent violence. The setting examined is Northern Ireland between August 1972 and November 1975. During this time period, "pro-state" Protestant paramilitaries and "anti-state" Irish Republican paramilitaries engaged in significant levels of violence. Among the state's responses to this violence were the internment, without charge or trial, of suspected paramilitaries, and the confiscation of illegally held weapons. How the state used these methods of repression differently for Protestant paramilitaries vs. Republican insurgents is examined with time-series regression methods, employing data collected at monthly intervals. In general, the state was less repressive of Protestant paramilitaries, and state repression of Protestant paramilitaries tended to reflect attempts by the state to find a political solution to the violence (by both Protestant paramilitaries and Republican paramilitaries) in Northern Ireland, rather than Protestant paramilitary violence per se. In contrast, the state's repression of Republicans was more forceful, and more directly linked to Republican violence.
What a Good Idea! Ideologies and Frames in Social Movement Research
Authors: Oliver Pamela , Johnston Hank
Published: April 2020

Frame theory is often credited with "bringing ideas back in" social movement studies, but frames are not the only useful ideational concepts. The older, more politicized concept of ideology needs to be used in its own right and not recast as a frame. Frame theory is rooted in linguistic studies of interaction, and points to the way shared assumptions and meanings shape the interpretation of events. Ideology is rooted in politics and the study of politics, and points to coherent systems of ideas which provide theories of society coupled with value commitments and normative implications for promoting or resisting social change. Ideologies can function as frames, they can embrace frames, but there is more to ideology than framing. Frame theory offers a relatively shallow conception of the transmission of political ideas as marketing and resonating, while a recognition of the complexity and depth of ideology points to the social construction processes of thinking, reasoning, educating, and socializing. Social movements can only be understood by linking social psychological and political sociology concepts and traditions, not by trying to rename one group in the language of the other.
Gendered Outcomes: Gender Differences in The Biographical Consequences of Activism
Authors: Van Dyke Nella , McAdam Doug , Wilhelm Brenda
Published: April 2020

This article examines the gendered effects of movement participation on the subsequent lives of activists. We hypothesize that movement participation will have a differential effect on the lives of men and women both because they have different activist experiences by virtue of their gender and because the movements of the New Left questioned the gendered construction of the traditional life course. Using a national random sample, we employ logistic regression and event history models to examine the differences in employment, marriage, and childbirth patterns of men and women who participated in New Left social movements. We hypothesize that New Left activism will have affected the lives of both male and female activists, but that the effect will be stronger for women. The analyses generally confirm this hypothesis. We find significant differences in the influence of social movement participation on the economic, marital, and parenting histories of male and female activists.
Transnational Diffusion and The African American Reinvention of Gandhian Repertoire
Authors: Chabot Sean
Published: April 2020

Why did American civil rights activists fail to fully implement the Gandhian repertoire before the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and 1956? How did transnational diffusion of the Gandhian repertoire proceed over time? Classical diffusion theory provides a useful starting point for answering these questions, but it does not fully capture the twists and turns occurring in the transnational diffusion of a collective action repertoire. To account for the non-linear and contingent aspects of transnational diffusion between social movements, this article proposes an alternative theoretical framework and applies it to the case of diffusion between the independence movement in India and the civil rights movement in the United States. The historical case study emphasizes collective reinvention of the Gandhian repertoire by American civil rights networks, instead of critical mass or individual thresholds; and the intergenerational transfer of relevant knowledge and experience from these implementation pioneers to the new generation of civil rights movement activists. Finally, the article examines whether its alternative theoretical framework only applies to this particular instance of transnational diffusion or whether it has more general relevance for social movement theory.
Socialization, Connection, and The Structure/Agency Gap: A Specification of The Impact of Networks on Participation in Social Movements
Authors: Passy Florence
Published: April 2020

While numerous studies stress the crucial role of networks for social movement participation, they generally do not specify how networks affect individual behaviors. This article clarifies the role of social networks for individual social movement participation. It argues that networks perform three fundamental functions in the process leading to participation and that they intervene at different moments along this process. First, networks socialize and build individual identities—a socialization function. Second, they offer participation opportunities to individuals who are culturally sensitive to a specific political issue—a structural-connection function. Third, they shape individual preferences before individuals decide to join a move-ment—a decision-shaping function. These network functions allow us to disentangle the mechanisms at work in the process of participation. They also integrate structural and rationalist theories, which are often considered opposing explanations of individual movement participation. This article presents several hypotheses about these network functions, and uses both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (life history) data of participation in the Berne Declaration SMO to examine them.
The Dynamics of Environmental Campaigns
Authors: Porta Donatella , Rucht Dieter
Published: April 2020

Environmental movements and their activities are studied from various angles, by different methods, and at different levels. While both detailed studies on single incidents of conflict and broad overviews of movements are available, relatively little work has been done at the intermediate level between these extremes. We argue that it is fruitful to engage at this level by undertaking comparative analysis of environmental campaigns. Such studies could help deal with inconclusive observations and findings on the changes of environmental movements during the last three decades. We hypothesize that indeed environmental activism has changed remarkably. By and large, conflicts are no longer marked by a relatively simple constellation of one challenger facing one target or opponent. Instead, we find a complex web of involved actors reaching from local to international levels. These actors tend to form broad alliances, and to link on different issues. Also, their activities are not restricted to only one arena or strategy but involve all available channels, arenas, and action repertoires to have an impact. Quite often, we observe loose coalitions of groups that act in an implicit division of labor, thereby playing on their respective backgrounds, foci, and experiences. Given the variety of actors, their organizational forms and tactics on the one hand and their different contexts on the other, it is unlikely that a common pattern of conflict will emerge across various issues and geographical areas. This is all the more true when comparing environmental conflicts in the Western and Non-Western world.
Moving The Masses: Emotion Work In The Chinese Revolution
Authors: Perry Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

Previous explanations of the Chinese Communist revolution have highlighted (variously) the role of ideology, organization, and/or social structure. While acknowledging the importance of all these factors, this article draws attention to a largely neglected feature of the revolutionary process: the mass mobilization of emotions. Building upon pre-existing traditions of popular protest and political culture, the Communists systematized "emotion work" as part of a conscious strategy of psychological engineering. Attention to the emotional dimensions of mass mobilization was a key ingredient in the Communists' revolutionary victory, distinguishing their approach from that of their Guomindang rivals. Moreover, patterns of emotion work developed during the wartime years lived on in the People's Republic of China, shaping a succession of state-sponsored mass campaigns under Mao. Even in post-Mao China, this legacy continues to exert a powerful influence over the attitudes and actions of state authorities and ordinary citizens alike.
Shame, Anger, and Love in Collective Action: Emotional Consequences of Suicide Protest in South Korea, 1991
Authors: Kim Hyojoung
Published: April 2020

Recent scholarship has revived the notion that collective action is subject to both rational and emotional processes and that any account that fails to examine emotional dynamics risks a fundamental misunderstanding of the dynamics of collective action. Yet few studies have theorized the mechanisms through which emotions enable collective action. Without a proper identification of such mechanisms, any attempt to "bring emotions back" risks failing to address the complex but critical relationship between emotions and rational action and reverting to the classic "overly emotional" accounts of collective action. This article develops an emotions theory of preference formation by which emotions provide a commitment mechanism for activism by altering the salience hierarchy of personal identities and preferences. To bring empirical evidence to bear upon the theory, I examine the testimonials written by some visitors to the grave of Park Sung Hee, who cremated herself in South Korea in 1991.
Strategic Imperative, Ideology, And Frame
Authors: Westby David
Published: April 2020

The concept of framing has come to be recognized as one of the few foundational ideas in social movement theory in a relatively short time. However, its core meaning as an interpretive process has never been given adequate theoretical treatment. I propose that the operant meaning of framing is a composite of two grounding ideas: framing is (1) derivative of ideology, and (2) a form of strategic meaning construction; and that these are jointly incorporated in persuasive discourse. I explore the framing literature and show that it contains at least six distinct forms of framing defined by the different ways in which ideology and the strategic imperative are bundled together. Finally, I suggest that these types may have quite different implications for the fate of the movement.
Social Movements in the Mexico City Airport Controversy: Globalization, Democracy, and the Power of Distance
Authors: Davis Diane , Rosan Christina
Published: April 2020

How did a relatively small group of uneducated peasants organize a movement to halt a huge national project to build a showcase airport outside Mexico City? This article applies the power of distance model, an analytic perspective for understanding social movement origins and successes based on an understanding of state-society relations, to the mobilization by indigenous peasants against the proposed Texcoco airport. The power of distance perspective focuses on relative distance or closeness of relations between the state and its citizens. Our findings indicate that, despite democratization in Mexico, the distance between local peasants and the newly elected Fox administration was widened by its neoliberal, globalizing focus, which partly explains the escalation of the anti-airport mobilization. On another dimension, peasants were able to bridge the distance between them and global human-rights networks using an indigenous rights frame and global communications media to bring new resources to bear and eventually force the Fox administration to withdraw the airport proposal.
The End of Clientelism? Strong and Weak Networks in a Mexican Squatter Movement
Authors: Holzner Claudio
Published: April 2020

This research demonstrates how individual and group behavior is shaped by the opportunities and constraints created by strong and weak social network ties. The political behavior of two factions in Solidaridad, a squatter settlement outside Oaxaca, Mexico, diverged dramatically after the victory of the PAN in local elections. Some residents, usually newer arrivals who had not participated in the founding of the neighborhood, defected from the PRI and its neighborhood organization to establish an independent organization of their own. Once they did so, they became more active in community affairs, attending regular assemblies, participating in community improvement projects, volunteering to petition local and state governments for services, and voting—usually for a party other than the PRI. Residents who remained loyal to the PRI formed their own clique and isolated themselves from the new organization, refusing to attend assemblies and participate in the weekly community activities, and generally limiting their political activity to voting for the PRI in local and national elections. I account for this divergence in political activity by showing how an individual's location in strong versus weak networks can restrict or expand their choice of action by making information about new political opportunities more or less available to them.
When Local Troubles Become Transnational: The Transformation of a Guatemalan Indigenous Rights Movement
Authors: Stewart Julie
Published: April 2020

In the early 1990s, Guatemalan massacre survivors mobilized to demand the exhumation and burial of relatives killed during government repression in the 1980s. Using connections -with transnational activist networks, this local movement successfully implicated not only the Guatemalan government but also important international actors such as the World Bank in the atrocities. In contrast to Keck and Sikkink's boomerang model, which proposes that movements go global when domestic channels are blocked, I argue that the shift from local to transnational mobilization leads to substantive changes in a movement'sdiscourse and its interpretation of grievances, strategies, and targets. Further, in contrast to Keck and Sikkink's "short causal chain" linking problems and solutions to justify collective action, the Guatemala case suggests a "long causal chain" whereby successful transnational activism requires extension of causal links from local problems to powerful global actors to create the conditions for convergence of interests among members of a transnational network.
Airborne Lidar and Electro-Optical Imagery along Surface Ruptures of the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence, Southern California
Authors: Hudnut Kenneth W. , Brooks Benjamin A. , Scharer Katherine , Hernandez Janis L. , Dawson Timothy E. , Oskin Michael E. , Ramon Arrowsmith J. , Goulet Christine A. , Blake Kelly , Boggs Matthew L. , Bork Stephan , Glennie Craig L. , Fernandez-Diaz Juan Carlos , Singhania Abhinav , Hauser Darren , Sorhus Sven
Published: April 2020

Surface rupture from the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, initially associated with the Mw 6.4 foreshock, occurred on 4 July on a ∼17  km long, northeast–southwest-oriented, left-lateral zone of faulting. Following the Mw 7.1 mainshock on 5 July (local time), extensive northwest–southeast-oriented, right-lateral faulting was then also mapped along a ∼50  km long zone of faults, including subparallel splays in several areas. The largest slip was observed in the epicentral area and crossing the dry lakebed of China Lake to the southeast. Surface fault rupture mapping by a large team, reported elsewhere, was used to guide the airborne data acquisition reported here. Rapid rupture mapping allowed for accurate and efficient flight line planning for the high-resolution light detection and ranging (lidar) and aerial photography. Flight line planning trade-offs were considered to allocate the medium (25 pulses per square meter [ppsm]) and high-resolution (80 ppsm) lidar data collection polygons. The National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping acquired the airborne imagery with a Titan multispectral lidar system and Digital Modular Aerial Camera (DiMAC) aerial digital camera, and U.S. Geological Survey acquired Global Positioning System ground control data. This effort required extensive coordination with the Navy as much of the airborne data acquisition occurred within their restricted airspace at the China Lake ranges.
Historical Sources for Earthquakes before 1900 on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Offshore Region
Authors: Udías Agustín , Buforn Elisa , Martínez-Solares José Manuel , Oliveira Carlos Sousa
Published: April 2020

Information about historical earthquakes in the Iberian Peninsula going back to Antiquity (Roman times) can be found in different types of documents, such as unpublished contemporary manuscripts preserved in archives, general, and regional histories in Spain and Portugal, published documents and reports on the damage of specific earthquakes, and reports in newspapers and magazines. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake marks an important point for the study of historical earthquakes in the peninsula. The compilation and interpretation of historical data presents many problems, one of which is how to express the many uncertainties in the focal parameters of historical earthquakes in earthquake catalogs.
Analysis of Tissue Phantom Ratio of the Megavoltage Photon Beams
Authors: Rahman M. A. , Alam M. Jahangir
Published: April 2020

Iso-centric beam data, phantom tissue ratios (TPR) are a dosimetric quantity commonly used to describe the change in dose with depth in tissue. Measurement of this is time-consuming and has the possibility of lose the consistency. The value of this quantity of any filed size in any depth is possible to calculate conveniently by the newly developed formula using only percentage depth dose (PDD) data of two fields. PDD for square fields ranging from 2 to 30 cm and various depths in increment of 0.4 cm up to maximum 30 cm have been measured in water at a fixed source surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm for 4, 6 and 15 MV photon beams in Ahsania Mission Cancer & General Hospital (AMCGH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. TPR values calculating for these energies of the same field sizes, depths and SSD by using the developed formula compared with those determined from the measured PDD data using a standard formula and had the good agreement. Mean error less than 1% observed between these TPR values.
Applications of Biological Diversity Information Systems towards Conservation at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh
Authors: Miah Md. Rahimullah , Sayok Alexander K. , Sarok Ahi , Uddin Mohammad Belal
Published: April 2020

The study investigates a framework for Integrated Biological Diversity Information Systems (BDIS) with relevant rules and regulations that emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research collaborations at national, regional and global scales on nature conservation mechanisms at Lawachara National Park (LNP) in Bangladesh. To date, Bangladesh has no Integrated National Biodiversity Database with Clearing House Mechanisms. So, there is a lot of nature conserving problems faced on biodiversity management systems. The study integrates technological information from stakeholders like park manager, biological diversity specialists, network officers, ecological specialists, policy-makers, wildlife managers, academicians and relevant bodies. The study represents the uniqueness of the tools used to enhance conservation professionals on the national biodiversity strategic action plan through existing policies and technology, literature reviews, observations, interviews and reconnaissance findings. Approximately 64% of the respondents agreed for the development of Biological Diversity Information Systems (BDIS) for conserving nature at LNP. The study describes the essential information needed for comprehensive data exchange, data indexing, web-publication and reports on Convention on Biological Diversity with the help of Resources Information Management System. Finally, the study suggests future research trajectories using a new collaborative approach to drive the methodological agenda and recommends ways to further incorporate the information systems integrating next generations’ biodiversity conservation perspectives.
Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Varieties on Growth and Yield of Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus) in the Highland Vertisols of North Shewa, Ethiopia
Authors: Woldeselassie Mebrate Tamrat , Admasu Daniel
Published: April 2020

Field experiments were carried out to study the response of two lentil varieties to varying sowing dates in a split plot design with three replications, in which varieties were assigned to main plots and sowing dates to sub plots. The study was conducted at Enewari research site of Debre Birhan agricultural research center for three consecutive years (2007 - 2009) on two soil types. The results showed that no significant difference between varieties for grain yield. However, variety Alemaya produced highest grain yields of 1.3 t/ha and 1.22 t/ha from fifth (30-July) sowing date on heavy and relatively light Vertisols respectively. On the other hand, the local variety produced highest grain yields of 1.4 t/ha and 1.06 t/ha on the fifth and six sowing dates on heavy and relatively light Vertisols respectively. Grain yield proportionally increased with increasing biological yield in different sowing dates on both soil types. On heavy Vertisol varieties responded differently to the changes of sowing dates. Variety Alemaya had responded to a wider sowing dates. Early August to mid-August sowing found to be optimum for local variety. On light Vertisol, the functional relationship was unexplained for both varieties. In general, heavy Vertisol gave higher responses than relatively light vertisol throughout most parameters and levels tested.
Analysis of the Impact of Graphical Warning Label on Smokers
Authors: Ismail Muhammad , Majeed Fauzia , Ismail Rao Muhammad , Ghafoor Muhammad Tayyab
Published: April 2020

Objective: The Fundamental objective this paper to explore the impacts of warning label on the smokers. Whether smokers are discouraging from this warning label or not? This research was started in September 2016 and done in January 2017. (Five months). Methodology: Both primary & secondary data was used for data collection. Secondary data was taken from the research articles, periodicals, hospital’s annual reports and health magazines. For primary data collection, a testified five point Likert scale questionnaire was used. We’ve distributed 1800 questionnaires in nine (9) cities, 200 in each city. By using stratified random sampling technique. Finally received (n=1726) that were properly filled by all aspects. Our population was Punjab province and sample was nine cities including Federal Capital of Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Islamabad, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Jhang, Layyah, Bahawalpur & Multan. After that data was analyzed on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0). Cronbach’s alpha (ἀ) of our research study was 0.862. It shows the well-organized reliability of our data. Results: Correlation ‘flank-by’ D.V (Intention to quit), IV (warning label) and M.V (demographic factors) shows that, “yes there is an association among them”. Regression Analysis retrospect that they have a week but positive relationship. Durbin Watson’s explorations were also showing same frequencies. Findings: We’ve found that well educated & privileged respondents have less smoking habit than un-educated & underprivileged persons. Male & female students are also indulged in the curse of smoking, without caring of their pocket money. Teen aged & educated smokers, notices the warning label intensely as compared to others, but ignored. So Govt. & health agencies should acquaint the novel way that discourage the smokers in real sense.