bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome Research in Carkhuff's Human Resource Development Training Programs: Where is the Donut?
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , DeJulio Steven S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a critical review of research which has been offered in support of training programs that focus on Human Relations Development as proposed by Robert Carkhuff. The studies relied upon by Carkhuff and his students have failed to specify the nature of treatment; its components seem to vary from one study to the next; control groups of a comparative type are usually missing and, when present, have not been equivalent in expectation, motivation, contact time, leader skill or enthusiasm. Measures of process have not been collected and associated with helpee benefit. The scales used to measure gains in interpersonal skills do not have published validity data to support them. Subjects actually practice on the criterion measures employed at posttesting. The gains made have not been demonstrated to be broadly generalized or of practical significance and therefore seem to be of rather limited value. Overall, it was found that research in this area is years behind that which has come to be expected in psychotherapy outcome studies.
1989 Division 17 Presidential Address
Authors: Meara Naomi M.
Published: March 2007

Events in the history of psychology in the United States are recounted with a focus on the domains of science, practice, and politics. After Jacklin, "Feminist Research and Psychology' (1987), three models of psychological science, (a) individual, (b) normal/abnormal, and (c) individual differences, are used to explicate the relative independence and divergent developmental courses of the three domains. Specifically, it is argued that adherence to a single paradigm within each domain has limited the integration of science, practice, and politics and has weakened psychology. It is suggested that the scientist-professional values of counseling psychologists can strengthen psychology s diversity and promote a needed integration of the discipline, the profession, and psychology's endeavors in behalf of the common good.
New Professionals in Private Practice
Authors: Buckner Michael O.
Published: March 2007

The independent private practice of psychology as a health care provider necessitates that a new professional in psychology acquire a great deal of knowledge. Beyond the actual practice of psychology, knowledge is needed to make ethical decisions, to operate within the laws of one's state, and to operate a business. Additionally, the new professional needs methods for making the daily decisions required within private practice. Mentors in the private practice of psychology can help the new professional find such information and learn methods for making decisions. Aid from legal, business, and medical professionals is also an important resource for operating a private practice. The nature of private practice can easily create stress for the new professional. Self-management, case management, and stress management are important for practicing competently and comfortably within the private sector of health-related psychology.
Training the Practitioner-Scientist
Authors: Meier Scott T.
Published: March 2007

This article describes didactic material linking assessment, case conceptualization, and analysis of intervention effects. Basic principles were drawn from the areas of theory development and model building, construct explication, psychometric principles, behavioral assessment, time series analysis, correlation, and qualitative analysis. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted with data provided by 131 students who completed a counseling process course where this material was taught. Results indicated that students increased their self-efficacy for conceptualization and assessment tasks yet still evidenced a broad range of skill levels. Further research should compare this approach to other teaching and supervision methods as well as determine its effects on client outcomes.
Determining Program Success: The Importance of Employing Experimental Research Designs
Authors: Dunford Franklyn W.
Published: March 2007

Data from the San Diego Navy Experiment are used to illustrate how findings from nonexperimental evaluations of programs designed to treat men who abuse their cohabitant partners may lead to erroneous conclusions.
Assuming Responsibility: Legalizing Preadjudicatory Juvenile Detention
Authors: Bookin-Weiner Hedy
Published: March 2007

Excessive or biased preadjudicatory juvenile detention is one of the greatest abuses in the juvenile justice system. This article considers whether introducing full due process into juvenile detention proceedings would reduce detention abuses. It compares research findings on detention practices to legal goals of detention for juveniles and adults. The findings of a study of a system of juvenile detention that guarantees juveniles full due process rights, including bail, are then presented. An analysis of the reasons for juvenile detention suggests that changes in laws or standards unaccompanied by other important changes in the institutions dealing with juveniles will not remedy abuses.
Gender Bias in Juvenile Diversion
Authors: Alder Christine
Published: March 2007

Secondary data are drawn upon to examine the possibility of unanticipated gender bias in juvenile diversion. These data suggest that females are disproportionately involved in diversion programs, and that they tend to be referred to programs for minor forms of misconduct. On the basis of this and other evidence that diversion both widens the net of social control and increases later delinquency, it is concluded that the expansion of diversion will mean an increase in the numbers of female youths who experience juvenile justice processing as a consequence of initial nonserious misconduct.
Race/Ethnicity and Patterns of Chicago Homicide 1965 to 1981
Authors: Block Carolyn Rebecca
Published: March 2007

The pattern of change over time in the number of homicides in Chicago is a composite of patterns of homicides involving many segments of the population. This analysis uses time series specification to determine whether the pattern of change from 1965 through 1981 can be explained by change in homicide of one race or ethnic group. The rapid increase of the sixties is not specified by race/ethnicity; it occurred for every race and ethnic group despite differing patterns of change in their populations. The peaks in 1970 and 1974 and the increase from 1977 to 1981 occurred only for certain groups. However, no single segment of the population was responsible for the entire pattern.
The Potential Use of Home Incarceration for Drunken Drivers
Authors: Ball Richard A. , Lilly J. Robert
Published: March 2007

The development of “slammer laws,” which require mandatory jail terms for drivers convicted on charges of drinking-and-driving, represents an emotional response to a serious but misunderstood problem. As an alternative to this and other unsuccessful policies now in use, we suggest that consideration be given to the potential utilization of some form of Home Incarceration. An examination of some prevalent myths about the “drunken driver” is followed by a review of recent research that has provided a different picture of the problem. Theoretical considerations are outlined and special attention is given to the obstacles impeding enforcement of various alternate sentences. Home Incarceration is then examined in terms of potential advantages and disadvantages as a sanction for “drunken drivers.”
An Exploratory Study of the Connection of Mother's Age at Childbearing to Her Children's Delinquency in Four Data Sets
Authors: Morash Merry , Rucker Lila
Published: March 2007

In response to recent findings of a connection between mother's age at her first child's birth and her children's delinquency, knowledge of the increasing number of early childbearing mothers, and policy recommendations to confront related issues, the present article reports on an exploratory analysis of four data sets to document and understand the association. Although in some subgroups mother's age is related to delinquency, the relationship is heavily conditioned by presence of the child's father. The indirect effects of mother's age through biological, family dynamic, family size and structure, and community-level variables are also examined. Results are discussed separately for different racial and ethnic groups when the data allow. Conclusions include both recommendations for future research and a discussion of delinquency prevention policy.
Does a Threatening Letter Increase Compliance with Restitution Orders?: A Field Experiment
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J. , Davis Robert C.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates a notification procedure to increase the payment of victim restitution. A sample of 223 adult probationers owing restitution in Cook County, Illinois, was randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Offenders in the treatment group received a notification letter; offenders in the control group did not. The letter reminded defaulters of the amount owed, told them how to make payment, and threatened serious sanctions if they did not comply. Offenders receiving a notification letter were significantly more likely to pay restitution. The procedure was more effective with offenders who were employed and who had fewer prior arrests and prior probations.
The Correlates of Community Antidrug Activism
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. , Lurigio Arthur J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the distribution of drug problems across neighborhoods and the nature and extent of organized community responses to them. It tests contradictory hypotheses about the effect that neighborhood drug problems should have on communities, and it reexamines past research on the social and economic correlates of community activism. The results challenge the conventional wisdom, and suggest that in the 1990s, antidrug activism has taken new forms.
Risk Classification Systems and the Provision of Juvenile Aftercare
Authors: Maupin James R.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile aftercare decision-making systems that classify parolees according to perceived risk and needs are designed to render uniform the treatment of these individuals by juvenile parole officials. This article analyzes a system implemented by Arizona to determine if the intensity of supervision received by parolees differs as a function of classification score. Supervision of a random sample of 280 parolees was tracked for 90 days. The analysis indicates that intensity of supervision does not differ based on the classification score, suggesting that the instrument does not control the decision making of the street-level bureaucrats, the parole officers.
Incarceration as a Deviant Form of Social Control: Jail Overcrowding in California
Authors: Pontell Henry N. , Welsh Wayne N.
Published: March 2007

Court orders against those who administer jails provide an opportunity to examine a major irony of formal social control: the justice system sanctioning itself for not punishing violators within the boundaries of the law. This study examines the problem of jail overcrowding in California, and the conditions which have led to county jail systems being declared in violation of Constitutional provisions. The authors analyze alleged violations, the extent of court-ordered relief, and the various mechanisms by which counties have attempted to comply with court-ordered reforms to inform both theory and policy.
Curfews and Delinquency in Major American Cities
Authors: Ruefle William , Reynolds Kenneth Mike
Published: March 2007

In 1972, the Board of Trustees of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency called for the abolishment of municipal curfew ordinances. This article examines whether curfews have withered away as called for by supporters of the “noninterventionist” juvenile justice reform model, or whether they have flourished as part of the alternative “get tough” reform movement. The findings show that 59 of the 77 American cities with 1992 populations of more than 200,000 now have curfews. In one 5-year period (1990-1994) 26 of these 77 major cities adopted curfews for the first time. Key issues of curfew implementation are discussed.
Revising Federal Sentencing Policy: Some Consequences of Expanding Eligibility for Alternative Sanctions
Authors: Wolf Elaine , Weissman Marsha
Published: March 2007

Although the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 advocated the use of “least restrictive alternatives,” the U.S. Sentencing Commission has devised guidelines that authorize prison for all felony convictions. Nonincarcerative sentences are available for low-level offenders, but research has shown that the use of probation and other alternative sanctions has declined since the full-scale adoption of the guidelines in 1989. Applying criteria for imposing sentences of imprisonment adopted by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency to U.S. Sentencing Commission data from 1992 and 1993, we show that a large number of cases in the federal caseload that were considered ineligible for nonincarcerative sanctions may merit “a second look” and be considered for alternative sentences.
Crime in Puerto Rico: Drug Trafficking, Money Laundering, and the Poor
Authors: Montalvo-Barbot Alfredo
Published: March 2007

Echoing the federal “war on drugs,” the government of Puerto Rico has implemented a series of aggressive law enforcement policies aimed at dismantling the underground drug economy of the island. This article examines three main Puerto Rican law enforcement operations: “Greenback” (in 1985), “Lucky Strike” (in 1990), and the military invasion of public housings (in 1993). The data suggest that governmental attempts at disrupting the drug-based underground economy in Puerto Rico may have been responsible for the increase in violent crimes on the island during the past two decades. Policy implications of the anticrime operations also are discussed.
The Judicial and Judicious Use of Shame Penalties
Authors: Karp David R.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes and critiques the recent use of judicial shame penalties. Arguing that these penalties are designed to satisfy a “retributive impulse,” they communicate and enforce normative, as opposed to legal, standards. The power of the sanction is found in the threat of social exclusion. Three classes of shame penalties are identified: public exposure, debasement, and apology penalties. Critique of the penalties focuses on the risk of stigmatization and exclusion, the structural preconditions for offender reintegration, and the potentiality of using shame sanctions in an individualistic society.
In Search of Hopeful Glimpses: A Critique of Research Strategies in Current Boot Camp Evaluations
Authors: Zhang Sheldon X.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comprehensive review of research strategies in recently published boot camp evaluations, points out areas where changes are needed, and suggests alternatives for future research efforts. In particular, it calls for wider use of self-report data and sample matching techniques to augment current measures of program effectiveness. It also emphasizes the inclusion of measures on offenders' community reintegration and the involvement of their social networks during and after treatment. More important, future studies should also examine how nonprogrammatic factors (i.e., staff commitment, staff/client interactions, and community setting) may affect the outcomes. An integrated evaluation paradigm in suggested.
Hobbling a Generation: Young African American Men in Washington, D.C.'s Criminal Justice System—Five Years Later
Authors: Lotke Eric
Published: March 2007

The number of young African American men ages 18 to 35 in the District of Columbia under criminal justice supervision—in prison or jail, probation or parole, out on bond or being sought on a warrant—was compared to U.S. census data for the district. It was found that virtually half (49.9 percent) of that population was under justice control on any given day in early 1997.
Risky Business Revisited: White-Collar Crime and the Orange County Bankruptcy
Authors: Will Susan , Pontell Henry N. , Cheung Richard
Published: March 2007

Orange County's bankruptcy is the largest governmental bankruptcy in U.S. history. Initial reports blamed the county's financial difficulties on the county treasurer's gambling with taxpayer dollars in the high-risk derivative market. This article forwards the argument that it was not simply “risky business” that caused the bankruptcy; rather, fraud and other forms of white-collar crime played a significant role in the $2 billion debacle. Using concepts and theories from the literature on white-collar crime and drawing comparisons with other financial scandals, most notably the savings and loan crisis, the authors argue that the financial downfall of Orange County was due to a “criminogenic environment” that allowed for concerted ignorance among officials who were motivated by a fear of falling from their positions of power.
Severity of Dispositions and Domestic Violence Recidivism
Authors: Thistlethwaite Amy , Wooldredge John , Gibbs David
Published: March 2007

The effects of court dispositions on rearrest for domestic violence was examined for a sample of adults arrested for misdemeanor domestic violence in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio. Arrestees were tracked for one year after their sentences, if any, had been served. Qualitatively, more severe sentences (e.g., jail combined with probation versus either probation or jail) corresponded with lower recidivism likelihoods. Also, these sentences appeared most effective for persons with greater stakes in conformity (i.e., those less transient in terms of residence and employment and those living in neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status).
Trends in Juvenile Detention and Steps Toward Reform
Authors: Wordes Madeline , Jones Sharon M.
Published: March 2007

This article sketches the multidimensional nature of juvenile detention in the United States—its problems and solutions. Data presented include detention one-day population and admission rates, juvenile arrests, court referrals, and lengths of stay. These data show that overcrowding in juvenile detention is at crisis levels and can have dangerous effects on incarcerated youth. Several strategies are suggested for reducing the inappropriate detention of youth, strategies that are complex and sometimes produce unintended consequences.
Sociology and Exile: Banishment and Tensional Loyalties
Authors: Shahidian Hammed
Published: March 2007

Is doing sociology in the context of exile different from practice in non-exile conditions? Reflecting on his experience as an exiled sociologist studying an Iranian exile community, the author explores this question in several areas to demonstrate the quintessentially political nature of sociology in exile. He defines exile as simultaneously punishment and refusal and argues that this dualistic relationship shapes the exiled sociologist's academic practice. That marginalized position offers the exiled sociologist a unique opportunity to view the homeland from the perspective of social strangers. The author draws attention to the actuality of exile and its consequences in studying the society and politics of the homeland from afar, in translation.
Economic Thinking, Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ethnoeconomics
Authors: Cavalcanti Clóvis
Published: March 2007

One of the limitations of economic development - with its emphasis on unlimited growth - is that it is pursued without any considerations as to its implications on ecosystems. The prevailing economic theories treat the economic process from a purely mechanistic standpoint. Different ways exist, however, to deal with the choices that humans have to make with respect to the allocation of resources, the distribution of its returns and the fulfilment of purposes of material progress. Indigenous, aboriginal or native ecological knowledge certainly is one of those ways, although `primitive' peoples are considered brute, ignorant, having nothing to offer modern society in terms of its achieving its economic goals. To understand how `primitive' societies solve their economic problems in a sustainable fashion is a serious challenge in this context. To that effect, the instruments of economics could should somehow be employed together with the approaches learned from economic anthropology, like those based on Mauss's gift theory. But a better grasp of this issue could possibly be accomplished with the use of what the late anthropologist Darrell Posey, with whom the author was developing the concept, called ethnoeconomics or ethnoecological economics.
The Limited Concerns of Social Mobility Research
Authors: Miller Robert
Published: March 2007

An anomaly exists between the high level of development and achievement of research into social mobility and its limited impact upon social stratification theory. Possibilities for increasing the substantive relevance of mobility research through the broadening of its conceptualization are discussed. The restrictions of most analyses to a limited set of data collection points - parents' occupation, first job and present occupation - limits the possible issues that an analysis can address and raises serious questions of reliability. Insufficient consideration has been given by researchers to the `commonsensical' definitions of mobility they employ. Gender in social stratification research remains an area requiring conceptual development. Analysis procedures that assume full-time employment in the formal economy as a norm are becoming less valid with time, particularly if analyses are to be extended beyond western nations. A narrow focus on occupational strata leads to neglect of questions of group mobility, family effects and structural and historical change. The mainstream of mobility research continues to be driven mainly by analytic techniques rather than conceptual concerns.
Des Récits De Vie Croisés Aux Histoires De Famille
Authors: Delcroix Catherine
Published: March 2007

The biographical approach may provide a different perspective on family events. The complexity of family culture may be grasped through each member's self-perception. The cross-telling method may take different forms. An outsider will provide information about a member's social and emotional backgrounds. A greater involvement by the informant will supply data indispensable for the understanding of family dynamics. In either case, it is important to take note of the gender of the informant in relation to that of the subject. When taking this road, the researcher has an obligation to reflect on the therapeutic dimension assumed by the interviewing relationship.
Will School Choice Meet Students' Needs?
Authors: Winborne Duvon G.
Published: March 2007

We can successfully teach all children if we seriously consider the applications of relevant knowledge in connection with effective schooling and school improvement procedures. In this regard, we have access to more knowledge than we use.
The Concept School Structure: An Inquiry into its Validity
Authors: Robbins Melvyn Paul , Miller Jean Russell
Published: March 2007

To what extent do different organizational arrangements influence the variation in student attainment? Are there theoretical and practical differences among school structures which have bearing on this problem? The authors attempt to look at this question through a review of empirical and theoretical writings.
The Management of Decline in Education: The Case of Quebec
Authors: Crespo Manuel , Haché Jean B.
Published: March 2007

The research reported here was undertaken as an exploratory study in order to identify management strategies developed by school districts in Quebec to deal with what appears to be the most severely declining enrollments in Canada. It was also intended to identify the consequences of implementing these strategies. The researchers primary concerns were with (1) observing and describing the relationships between the social and the organizational environments of school systems and the process of selecting specific management strategies, (2) observing and describing the consequences of the management strategies implemented, and (3) attempting to evaluate their effectiveness in both the short and the long term.
Research on the School Administrator: The State of the Art, 1967-19801
Authors: Bridges Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

This review maps the domain of research on school administrators for the period, 1967-1980, using 322 research reports drawn from two major sources: Dissertation Abstracts and published journals relevant to educational administration. The map highlights the methodological and conceptualfeatures of these studies and serves as the vehicle for identifying overemphasized approaches and major gaps in research on school administrators.
School Organizations: Perspectives in Juxtaposition
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

A structure-context perspective on schools is presented and used as a vehicle for the comparative and critical examination of work on loose coupling, schools as institutional organizations, and administrator activity.
Organization and Change: The Effects of School Linkages on the Quantity of Implementation
Authors: Wilson Bruce L. , Corbett H. Dickson
Published: March 2007

Planned change was investigated in 14 schools through a three-year study that examined the relationship between linkages (or the interrelatedness of behavior patterns among individuals within a school) and teachers 'implementation of new practices. Analyses of both qualitative and quantitative data suggested that tighter linkages facilitated the spread of change within a school.
Personnel Policies in Higher Education: A Covert Means of Sex Discrimination?
Authors: Ezrati Janet Bostrom
Published: March 2007

Inequities in employment and compensation of female faculty in institutions of higher education are shown to be related, in part, to personnel policies that adversely affect married women. Regulations concerning antinepotism, inbreeding, leaves of absence, part-time employment, and provision of childcare tend to have greatest negative impact on women academicians.
Cultural Context of Administrative Theory: In Consideration of a Multidimensional Paradigm
Authors: Sander Benno , Wiggins Thomas
Published: March 2007

The continuing perceived complexity of educational systems and the current status of organizational and administrative theory suggest the need for a renewed theory-building effort in the field of educational administration. It is in this sense that this article presents a multidimensionalparadigm for the study of educational administration in the Americas. The paradigm is an attempt to explicate the domains of the cultural, pedagogical, political, and economic influences on educational administration. It views culture in context and is based on the knowledge foundations contributing to the field of educational administration.
The Voyage of the Beagle: Field Work Lessons from Charles Darwin
Authors: Smith Louis M.
Published: March 2007

A careful reading of the letters Charles Darwin wrote to his family during his five years on the H.M.S. Beagle present a picture of his approach to the nature and problems off fieldwork in natural history-geology, botany, and biology. In this essay, the question is posed of the relevance of his work for those doing field work in education and social science. A dozen issues, ranging from his initial motivation to make the voyage to the development of his professional identity, were raised. They clustered into three groupings-those involving personal characteristics, those reflecting facilitating conditions such as mentoring and resources, and those involving the process of field work such as the open-ended quality of his agenda, the when and how of literature review, and the relation of description to theorizing. Several broader interpretations are raised regarding the degree to which social science concepts and generalizations are time-free and context-free and the relationships among field research methods and biological and historical research methods useful to the student of educational administration.
Sensitivity to Context: The Past and Future of Effective Schools Research
Authors: Wimpelberg Robert K. , Teddlie Charles , Stringfield Samuel
Published: March 2007

According to these authors, research on school effectiveness underwent a 'values shift' from equity to efficiency at the time that socioeconomic status and other context variables were introduced into the research models. After elaborating on that observation, the article moves from the history to the future of effective schools research (1) by developing lines from a variety of other kinds of inquiry on school effects that can complement future effective schools research - given that the other approaches also control for contexts - and (2) by arguing for the simultaneous attention to equity and efficiency in future effective schools research.
Succession and Bureaucracy: Gouldner Revisited
Authors: Firestone William A.
Published: March 2007

Using two case studies, this article amends Gouldner's findings about the effects of succession on bureaucracy in three ways. First, the introduction of an outside chief executive does not necessarily lead to increased bureaucracy; increased professionalism can also result. Second, the outcomes of change cannot be unilaterally determined by the superintendent. They result from negotiations with teachers and the board as conditioned by the actions of the state. Finally, organizational change need not be the tactical adjustment Gouldner described; formal structural changes are also possible. Implications of these findings for current efforts to restructure schools are suggested.
Bringing Context into Effective Schools Research: Urban-Suburban Differences
Authors: Hannaway Jane , Talbert Joan E.
Published: March 2007

This study extends a long line of research on factors that promote or undermine school effectiveness. Taking as the criteria two dimensions of effective internal organization, teacher community and principal leadership, the article examines effects of school context variables generally excluded from prior research. It further explores the possibility that models of context effects on internal school conditions differ for urban, suburban, and rural schools, given substantial differences in their social and organizational environments. The findings show distinct patterns for schools in urban, suburban, and rural settings and challenge researchers to take into account the diversity among U.S. schools in their research
Reflection as a Means of Developing Expertise
Authors: Short Paula M. , Rinehart James S.
Published: March 2007

The preparation of school administrators requires strategies that develop the capacity of school leaders to make sense of unclear and unique situations or problems and to understand the complexities of schooling. This exploratory study focuses on a reflection process, in a graduate program in educational leadership, for developing administrators' thinking and decision making in building expertise. The rationale for the process is based on research in cognitive psychology. Analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of student journal entries around critical incidents during the yearlong set of experiences revealed that change occurred in the level of reflection and complexity of thinking.
Generating Curriculum and Instructional Innovations through School-Based Management
Authors: Robertson Peter J. , Wohlstetter Priscilla , Mohrman Susan Albers
Published: March 2007

This study examined how schools utilize school-based management to introduce curriculum and instructional changes. It builds on previous research which concluded that school-based management can be more effective when the conditions associated with high-involvement organizations-namely, the decentralization of power, knowledge and skills, information, and rewards-are in place. In the present research, we assessed the extent to which these four conditions along with three other factors-an instructional guidance system, leadership, and resources-facilitated the implementation of four categories of curriculum and instructional innovations. Data from seventeen schools in eight locations supported the premise that higher levels of reform take place when higher levels of more of these supporting conditions are present at a school Furthermore, all of these conditions, with the possible exception of resources, appear to be instrumental in facilitating these innovations. A number of avenues for future research are suggested.
Factor Structures of Retarded and Nonretarded Children On Raven's Progressive Matrices
Authors: Corman Louise , Budoff Milton
Published: March 2007

Item responses of two samples of normal and educable mentally retarded (EMR) children on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were submitted to a principal components analysis and varimax rotation. Four factors were obtained which corresponded to readily identifiable problem types. The factor structure for both retarded and nonretarded subjects was replicated by an independent sample. Comparability of factor structures of normal and retarded subjects indicated the factorial invariance of this test with children of different IQ levels.
A Multivariate Extension of the Correlation Ratio
Authors: Popper Shaffer Juliet , Gillo Martin W.
Published: March 2007

A measure of the magnitude of the effect in a one-factor multivariate analysis of variance design is considered. Cooley and Lohnes have proposed the use of the quantity (1 — | W|/| T|) as a multivariate extension of the correlation ratio, where | W| is the determinant of the within-groups cross-products matrix and | T| is the determinant of the total cross-products matrix. The measure is based on the use of | W| as the estimate of a generalized measure of within-groups variation and | T| as the estimate of a generalized measure of total variation. If a multivariate correlation ratio is defined as the proportion of variance in the multivariate domain predictable from the factor, it is argued that crM = 1 - Tr( WW-1)/ Tr( TW -1) is a more suitable multivariate generalization of the univariate correlation ratio.
A Scale for Measuring Student Attitudes Toward Selected School Factors
Authors: Head Mary K. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Weeks Roma J. , Johnson Glenda N.
Published: March 2007

This article presents details of construction and initial validation of a Likert scale for assessing attitude toward six categories of school life with particular emphasis on school lunch. The scale was designed for use in a research project concerned with status of school lunch in North Carolina. The purposes were: (1) to measure attitude as it exists; (2) to measure change in attitude subsequent to nutrition education; and (3) to study relationships between attitude and acceptability of school-served food. The scale has been used for three successive years for obtaining data on six areas of school life from both elementary and high school students.
A Program for Computing Rank Correlations From Ordered Contingency Tables
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

Formulas and a FORTRAN program for computing Kendall's tau as well as a generalized Spearman rho coefficient from ordered contingency tables are described. Relative advantages and disadvantages of tau and rho as measures of association are considered. The program can be used for analyzing ranked data from many subjects on two variables or for comparing the responses of one subject with the correct responses to an ordered multicategory item.
An Analysis of the Meaning of the Question Mark Response Category in Attitude Scales
Authors: Dubois Bernard , Burns John A.
Published: March 2007

Although most scaling formats include an intermediate or neutral response category, little research has been devoted to the analysis of the meaning respondents attach to this category. Results obtained from ten different scales, across two types of item formats (Likert and Polar Choice) support the traditional method of scoring the"?" answer. Although the meaning respondents imply when selecting the "?" is not more ambiguous than the meaning implied in the selection of the other response categories, there does exist evidence for the presence of a variety of uses of the "?" including response styles, ambivalence and indifference. Various suggestions are made for further research and alternate methods of approach to the meaning of the question mark response category.
A Monte Carlo Program for Simulating Selection Decisions From Personnel Tests'
Authors: Petersen Calvin R. , Thain John W.
Published: March 2007

Relative to test and criterion parameters and cutting scores, the correlation coefficient, sample size, and number of samples to be drawn (all inputs), this program calculates decision classification rates across samples and for combined samples. Several other related indices are also computed.
Effect of Very Unequal Group Sizes On Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test
Authors: Keselman H.J. , Murray Robert , Rogan Joanne
Published: March 2007

The harmonic mean and Kramer procedures have been recommended for use with the Tukey multiple comparison test when group sizes are unequal. The only study that has compared these procedures maximally varied the disparity between the groups for a 3: 1 difference. The present investigation varied the disparity between the groups, the number of groups and the nominal significance levels. It was found that rarely did the empirical Type I error probabilities exceed their nominal significance levels by more than 1 percent even when the groups differed by 40:1. The Kramer estimates were typically less than the nominal significance levels while the harmonic mean estimates were generally larger than the true alphas.
Stability and Concurrent Validity of the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Zerega William D. , Tseng M.S. , Greever Kathryn B.
Published: March 2007

A high school population ( N = 541) was administered the Rotter Locus of Control Scale in April and again the following November. At the second testing the MacDonald-Tseng and Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scales were given to examine their concurrent validity. Test-retest reliability of the Rotter Scale was determined. Concurrent validity between the Rotter and MacDonald-Tseng scale (as the criterion measure) was established.
Global Self-Rating Validation of the Measurement of Extraversion and Neuroticism
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Soper Robert E.
Published: March 2007

To contribute to the estimation of the validity of Eysenck's major personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism, as measured by the newly developed P-E-N inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1972), 122 university students completed the P-E-N as well as global self-ratings of these dimensions. The correlations between the two techniques were 0.61 and 0.67 for extraversion and neuroticism, respectively. Individuals identified by the personality inventory as extravert or introvert also differed significantly in the expected direction on the global self-ratings. This result also obtained for neuroticism. The two dimensions themselves were significantly correlated in the personality inventory, contrary to Eysenck's theory, but not in the global self-ratings. The results, which were in accord with previous work supporting the self-rating validation of these dimensions, extend that work to the most recently developed measures of extraversion and neuroticism.
Rotation in Canonical Variate Analysis
Authors: Krus David J. , Reynolds Thomas J. , Krus Patricia H.
Published: March 2007

Description of a computer program performing rotated canonical variate analysis was presented. The program was written as compatible with the IBM Scientific Subroutines Package. Examples of rotated and unrotated solutions of a sample problem were given, together with their interpretations illustrating the advantages of the rotated solution.
Redundancy in the Stanford Achievement Test
Authors: Merrifield Philip , Hummel-Rossi Barbara
Published: March 2007

The Stanford Achievement Test, Advanced, provides nine subtests which are often used by schools as normed measures of school achievement. As part of a larger study, the relation between each of these subtests and measures of special aptitudes and temperament traits was studied with a sample of 226 eighth graders. Principal factors were sought. The first eigenvalue was 6.64; the second was 0.64; the remaining eigenvalues were less than one. Convergence was obtained in eight iterations. A plot of the first factor against the second showed that all points were included in an angle of 45 degrees with several of the verbal measures clustering on one factor and all the mathematics measures clustering on the other. Results suggested the need for new discriminant validity studies of the test.
Testing Patterned Hypotheses in Multi-Way Contingency Tables Using Weighted Kappa and Weighted Chi Square
Authors: Ross Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Cohen's weighted Kappa and weighted Chi square techniques are extended to n-way tables. Formulas are provided for calculating the covariance of two weighted Kappas defined for the same table. This allows a joint Chi square test of several sets of weights. The relationship of this joint test to Cochran's test for a linear trend and to Lancaster's partition of Chi square is shown. Some examples of the use of the joint test in evaluating hypotheses about contingency tables are given.
Non-Normality and Testing That a Correlation Equals Zero
Authors: Levy Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the importance of the underlying assumption of normality for testing that a bivariate normal correlation equals zero. Both empirical and theoretical evidence suggest that such tests may be employed, more generally, for testing the independence of any two continuous variables.
Thresholds for Attributing Can Affect Factorial Structure
Authors: Fiske Donald W. , Bourne Edmund J.
Published: March 2007

Subjects rated four target persons, following a different set of instructions for each. The several instructions specified different criteria for endorsing items. Items were derived for each pole of the set used by Norman (1963). The frequently replicated structure from his items was approximated best under the Definitely Apply instruction for a group of subjects from which those with extreme endorsement frequencies had been eliminated. Since endorsement frequencies and factorial structures varied with instructions, this study provides additional evidence that personality measurements and their relationships are a function of the conditions under which such measurements are obtained.
Explore: a Computer Program for Analyzing Two Or More Data Sets1
Authors: Skinner Harvey A.
Published: March 2007

EXPLORE is a flexible computer program for analyzing multiple data sets. For the case of two data sets, the output includes: (1) the complete multiple correlation analysis of each variable (component) in one set regressed on all variates of the other set, (2) a canonical correlation solution, and (3) a final transformation to enhance substantive interpretation of the data. The investigator has the option of focusing upon the original variables, or of selecting a reduced rank solution where these variables are summarized by a small number of principal components. A range of transformations (rotations) is available that allows EXPLORE to be employed in both an exploratory or hypothesis testing mode.
Affective and Cognitive Correlates of Classroom Achievement
Authors: Gable Robert K. , Roberts Arthur D. , Owen Steven V.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between cognitive and affective variables as predictors of classroom achievement. Final social studies grades were obtained and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, Cooperative English Test, JIM Scale, and Gable-Roberts Attitude Toward School Subjects measures were administered to 431 eleventh grade students. Correlational and multiple regression procedures were employed. Significant relationships ( p < .01) were found for both the cognitive and affective variables when correlated with course grades. A measure of motivation toward education predicted grades nearly as accurately as any of the cognitive variables.
Power Tables for Analysis of Variance
Authors: Rotton James , Schönemann Peter H.
Published: March 2007

In numerous applications of the analysis of variance it is necessary to compute the power of F tests having numerically high alpha (significance) levels. This article tabulates the power of F tests for numerator degrees of freedom, df = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12; denominator df = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 40, 60, 120; alternative hypotheses, phi = 2.(.2)3.0; and significance levels, alpha = .05, .10(.10),.50. The use of these tables is illustrated with a brief numerical example.
Computer Assisted Tailored Testing: Examinee Reactions and Evaluations
Authors: Schmidt Frank L. , Urry Vern W. , Gugel John F.
Published: March 2007

In the last few years, computer assisted tailored testing has been shown to be technically feasible; the question of its acceptability to examinees therefore assumes increased importance. This report presents the reactions and opinions of 163 examinees who participated in a tailored testing pilot study conducted at the U. S. Civil Service Commission during the fall of 1975. The reactions of the examinees can accurately be summarized as overwhelmingly positive, thus disposing of yet another potential obstacle to the advance of this innovative technique.
The Utility of Within-Subjects Variables: Estimates of Strength
Authors: Gaebelein Jacquelyn W. , Soderquist David R.
Published: March 2007

Procedures to estimate the magnitude of a treatment effect are examined for analysis of variance designs which have repeated-measures. It is shown that the estimate of the magnitude of an effect logically follows from the expected mean squares associated with the design in question. In particular, it is argued that the estimate of utility (strength of effect) for a within-subjects variable should be adjusted to reflect the underlying ANOVA model; viz., the inter-subject variability should be removed from the utility estimate.
Concurrent Criterion Validity of a Modified Pass/Fail Grading System and Associated Error Rates
Authors: Benenson Thea Fuchs , Stimmel Barry , Smith Harry
Published: March 2007

The concurrent criterion validity of a modified pass/fail grading system in a medical school was assessed. The investigators examined possible differences between honor society and non-honor society students on three medical school entry variables and on scores on the Part I and Part II examinations of the National Board of Medical Examiners. Additionally, a model was constructed and applied whereby the observed National Board scores were the sole criteria in predicted honor society or non-honor society classification. Resultant error rates were then computed; false-positive errors over a five year period were less than 10% but false-negative errors exceeded 50%.
Testing for Competence in Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Dillon Ronna , Carlson Jerry S.
Published: March 2007

Piaget Matrices and Order of Appearance tasks were administered to 189 children, 5-10 years of age. The children represented three ethnic groups: Anglo, Black, and Mexican-American. Three conditions of testing were employed. Differences between conditions were detected for all age groups with performance in elaborated conditions exceeding performance under standard procedures. An interaction was identified for age × condition for both tasks. A tendency toward an interaction was identified for condition X ethnic group, with performance for Black and Mexican-American children tending to be below that of Anglos in the standard, but not in the fully elaborated condition. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of a differential testing approach to increase the validity of assessment of cognitive capabilities by reducing Type II error.