bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mothers and Children
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Kemble was appalled by her experiences on the Butler estate. Child mortality was frightful. The health of female slaves was shattered by the field labor required of them until soon before, and again soon after, their frequent pregnancies. Not even the most estimable slave woman could defend herself against the sexual demands of white overseers. Slaves were subject to revolting physical punishment and to degrading callousness. Both children and the aged were shockingly neglected. Worst of all, slaves were systematically taught to devalue themselves, and their demoralization often expressed itself in filth, nervelessness, and a brutalized style of life. If certain admirable slaves managed to preserve self-respect against every force tending to undermine it, their condition was the more deplorable: conscious of degradation, they showed in their countenances sadness, fear, and pathos.
Morale
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

The physical and mental tyranny-the brutality, “contempt and neglect” to which the blacks were habitually exposed-were consciously and unconsciously employed by the masters to shape the slaves’ character for life. That slavery left a permanent mark was understood, in both the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, by many blacks who knew whereof they spoke. The sharecropper Nate Shaw realized that his father, born in 1850, suffered a “back yonder ‘ism’ “ bred into him by slavery, that impelled him to flinch before white neighbors like Jim Flint and to lead an improvident life. The Northern-born black clergyman Henry Turner (later bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church) lamented in 1865-from his observation as an army chaplain in the South-that the “old servile fear still twirls itself around the heart strings [of many freedmen and women], and fills with terror the entire soul at a white man’s frown. Just let him say stop, and every fibre is palsied, and this will be the case till they all die.”
White Supremacy and Paternalist Theory
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

In October 1856, a few weeks before James Buchanan’s election to the presidency, and less than two months before Allston’s own election as governor, the Carolinian “sat some 2 hours” with Buchanan at the latter’s Pennsylvania home. Allston’s visit gratified him, for he discovered among Buchanan’s Northern Democratic colleagues-such as Judge George Woodward (later the gubernatorial nominee of Pennsylvania’s Democratic Party in the wartime year of 1863)-a more resolute proslavery stance than he had dared hope. The contest over slavery in Kansas, which he heard Buchanan’s friends discussing “as fearlessly & fairly as it could be done in Carolina,” had been causing Allston to reflect upon his own principles.
The Rice Kingdom
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Many causes have conspired to obscure from modern vision the doubly tragic role once played by rice on the American stage. Doubtless the principal factor has been the death of low-country rice planting itself. For years no person has lived at Gowrie. If occasionally a family of three raccoons can be perceived stirring the rank overgrowth of cane, not one among thousands of those motorists crossing the flat island on U.S. 17 is likely to reflect that human beings once lived in what is now a wildlife refuge; and that slaves like the persistently intractable house servant Jane, her cousin the compromising driver Robert, and the indomitable carpenter Jack Savage once aspired to a better life than was here afforded them. Sixty miles south, at Butler Island, a highway marker does indeed (though misleadingly) mention Frances Kemble; and the ruin of a steam pounding mill reminds one of a distant era. These are mementos, however, to the remarkable white mistress and to an abandoned plantation technology, not to the social system Kemble briefly experienced. One hundred and seventy miles north of Gowrie, at Chicora Wood, one can discover two gravestones commemorating bondsmen of Robert Allston’s Mulatto Joe and the “faithful” carpenter Thomas; and one can observe the beautifully restored house where each winter Governor Allston once resided, which his angry former slaves gutted in March 1865. “Captain Sandy’s” riverboat still takes passengers on a fascinating journey among overgrown, uninhabited islands between the Pee Dee and the Waccamaw Rivers, where Allston’s bondsmen and women labored. Yet on the Waccamaw peninsula now almost wholly occupied by the comfortable dwellings of retired white people, and by thousands of pleasure seekers at the shimmering Atlantic.
Slavery
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Self-esteem once beclouded Americans’ vision of human bondage, and to some extent it still does. More than 125 years after the end of slavery, the Georgetown (South Carolina) Rice Museum’s valuable display of plantation technology yet testifies to white people’s unquenchable thirst to think well of their ancestors. The museum’s model of a slave settlement features a little building labeled “School”-as though the typical rice planter thus ostentatiously defied Carolina’s law of 1834 which banned any free person from teaching a slave to read and write. The labels on the museum’s exhibition say that oxen or mules plowed the rice fields, ignoring the fact that some planters like Nathaniel Heyward never used a plow to lessen the arduousness of his slaves’ labor in breaking the soil. These labels imply that only seed rice was hand threshed, failing to acknowledge that the exhausting toil of hand threshing the whole rice crop lasted almost universally in the low country until 1830, and usually later than that date. The word “malaria” is never named on the museum’s displays, despite the profound effect of this disease upon both the lives of the slaves and the social structure of the white community; nor is the appalling rate of slave child mortality mentioned. Indeed the word “slavery” never appears in the Rice Museum’s exhibition, even though slavery was central to the history of tidal rice culture.
The First Congress of Ottoman Opposition in Paris and Its Consequences
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

One of the most momentous events in the life of the Young Turk movement was undoubtedly the First Congress of Ottoman Opposition, held in Paris in 1902. This meeting yielded two significant results. First, various member groups that had banded together under the framework of the CUP split apart. Second, several Turkish nationalist organizations and the group surrounding the positivist leader Ahmed Riza merged in opposition to a policy adopted by the majority of the congress. This meeting is thus pivotal in the history of the CUP.In late 1901, Sabahaddin and Lutfullah Beys reprinted their appeal for a general congress of Ottoman opposition, previously published only in journals; this time they put it out in both Turkish and French and distributed it among the opponents of the regime of Abdülhamid II; they also began to work on the election of representatives. Before examining this process and its relevance, let us consider the activities of the various groups within the movement just prior to the convention. The Young Turk organization in Egypt had nearly collapsed, and the one in the Balkans was faltering. The others however, were still engaging in political activities.
The Jurisprudence of Incapacitation
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

This chapter deals with the jurisprudence of imprisonment for the purpose of incapacitation, that is, with the justification and limits in the criminal law of prison sentencing based either on special findings of dangerousness for particular offenders, or on a general theory that prison sentences should be administered with the primary purpose of restraining future criminal behavior. The four-part organization of the chapter is a response to the somewhat curious pattern of coverage that characterizes the literature dealing with these topics.
Incapacitation and Imprisonment Policy
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to address directly the relationship between incapacitation as a penal purpose and imprisonment policy. We intend this as a valedictory analysis, drawing on the issues developed in the previous chapters to consider the linkage of purposes with policy choices in contemporary criminal justice. Section I attempts to put incapacitation as a motive in the broader policy contexts of crime control, criminal punishment generally, and imprisonment. Section II contrasts the different roles of incapacitation in two offense categories-drugs and property crime-where the choice between prison and other sanctions is of particular importance in imprisonment policy. Section III examines how different processes that may impose limits on the size of prions affect the way in which incapacitation influences the size and character of a prison population. A concluding note predicts two future developments in the impact of incapacitation on penal policy.
The Pleasures and Perils of Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

Leaving the practice of law turned out to be the best career decision I could have made. But I didn t know it at the time. At the time that I left, the profession had a veneer of welcoming women, but its structures made it a very inhospitable environment. Although I ‘made it’ and became a partner in a distinguished downtown law firm, I never felt entirely comfortable in that role. I never felt I really belonged, or that any success was due to my own accomplishments. When I left, I thought it was because I needed a job that allowed more time for family, personal, and social activities. I work as many hours at my present job, but I am happier in my work. I think it is because the daily stress of accommodating to a foreign (male) environment is gone.
Direct Democracy
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

The optimal federalist structure divides the work of government into several jurisdictional levels, and assigns functional responsibilities to each in accordance with the geographic impacts of each public service provided. The geographic spillovers of most public goods and externalities are sufficiently large to preclude defining the polity so that citizens can assemble and vote directly on public issues. But some issues may have a small enough geographic impact to make direct democracy feasible for their resolution. Moreover, many observers have argued that there are public-good benefits from the direct participation of citizens in the democratic process. If so, one might want to tailor the dimensions of at least one level of government to allow direct democracy to be used, even if that led to political jurisdictions somewhat smaller than might otherwise be optimal. We explore the issues involved in this chapter.
Representative Democracy: Two-Party Government
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Under proportional representation (PR), citizens vote for individuals or parties with the expectation that these representatives will vote in the legislative assembly in accordance with the views of the citizens who support them. Those voting for the Green party are not under the illusion that this party will be able to induce the legislative assembly to accept without compromise the radical policies to protect the environment espoused by the Greens. Rather, they hope that the Greens ‘ presence in the assembly and their radical stance on environmental issues shift the set of outcomes in the direction of greater protection for the environment. The success of the Green party in this endeavor will depend on its size, the size and constellation of views of the other parties, its skill at parliamentary maneuvering, the voting rule and democratic procedures employed by the assembly, and perhaps still other factors. In choosing a party to support, the voter cannot predict the legislative outcomes his vote will help produce, but he should be able to make a reasonable prediction of the stance his party will take on the issues at stake.
The Referendun1
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

The referendum is a sort of halfway house between a pure form of direct democracy in which the citizens assemble and discuss the issues before taking a direct vote on them, and representative democracy in which the citizen ‘s direct participation is limited to going to the polls and casting a ballot for one ‘s preferred candidates. As in the latter, the citizen goes to the polls and casts a ballot, but in a referendum the ballots cast decide the issue directly. Voting is on issues, not candidates. Not surprisingly, the arguments brought forward for and against the referendum are a mixture of those employed in debate over direct versus representative democracy.
James Joyce Adulterous Books
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

Joyce’s most flamboyant, entirely overt display of apparatus comes in what his readers call the “Lessons” or the “Schoolroom” chapter of Finnegans Wake (II.2), a chapter heavily encumbered with marginalia and footnotes. And these pages’ florid borders blossom further when we return the “Lessons” to transition, when we place II.2 beside the first book devoted solely to “Work in Progress”: Our Examination Round His Factijicationfor Incamination of Work in Progress (1929), and when we search also for the origins of these glosses in the drafts of the chapter. These additional framings perfectly suit Joyce’s “Lessons;’ since II.2, in conjunction with its focus on rambunctious children being schooled and eluding their teachers’ designs, concerns itself more generally with all readers-those unrestrained, irrepressible generators of literal and metaphorical apparatus whose interpretive and misinterpretive activity adds unpredictably to the dimensions of every text over time. I turn to the details of II. only after looking at the issue of transition in which the first annotated “Lessons” appeared, as well as at Our Exagmination, attending to the apparatus loosely attached to Joyce’s text by other hands. In addition to providing a sociopolitically relevant frame for “Work in Progress;’ transition constitutes a crucially important theater for the elaborate, elaborative production of Finnegans Wake and for many of the first exegeses of Joyce’s demanding book.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are clonal proliferations of B or T lymphocytes that are distinguished from lymphoid leukemias by lack of consistent involvement of the blood and bone marrow. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are nodal or extranodal clonal proliferations of lymphoid cells that are distinguished from the lymphoid leukemias principally by the lack of early, regular involvement of the blood and bone marrow. Marrow involvement may occur during the course of the disease and may be present at presentation. Bone marrow biopsy is frequently performed in patients with an established diagnosis of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma as a staging procedure in order to determine the extent of disease. In occasional patients presenting with bone marrow involvement, the bone marrow biopsy provides the initial diagnostic material. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are staged according to the Ann Arbor staging classification developed for Hodgkin’s disease (Carbone et al, 1971). The presence of bone marrow involvement indicates disseminated (stage IV) disease. The incidence of marrow involvement varies among the histologic types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Coller et al, 1977). The incidence of marrow involvement at presentation ranges from 10% for diffuse large-cell lymphoma to over 70% for small lymphocytic lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project, 1982). The superiority of bone marrow biopsy over marrow aspiration for the staging of lymphomas is well established.
Plasma Cell Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells that synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. Plasma cell disorders are characterized by serum or urine monoclonal protein abnormalities (monoclonal gammopathy or paraproteinemia) due to production of monoclonal immunoglobulin by neoplastic cells. The disorders considered in this group include plasma cell myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, the heavy chain diseases, monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance, and amyloidosis. Plasma cell myeloma is a systemic clonal proliferation of plasma cells associated with a serum or urine monoclonal protein abnormality and skeletal disease. Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma) is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells. The clinical features of the disorder are dominated by skeletal manifestations due to production of osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) by neoplastic plasma cells resulting in diffuse osteopenia or lytic bone lesions. Neoplastic plasma cells, like their normal counterparts, synthesize immunoglobulin. A monoclonal serum or urine protein abnormality (monoclonal gammopathy or paraprotein) is detectable by serum or urine electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, or immunofixation in nearly all patients. Unbalanced immunoglobulin chain synthesis by neoplastic plasma cells results in an excess of light chains, which are filtered in the urine as Bence-Jones protein.
In Defense of Casuistry
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I offer two arguments against rules. Both of these arguments are intended to challenge the virtue claimed for rules—that they operate as mid- or low-level generalizations that settle all cases in advance.

First: Rules cannot do what they are supposed to do, since substantive disagreements may break out at the moment of application. Rules are not quite what they appear to be. They do not settle all cases in advance. The inevitability of interpretation undermines the aspiration to rule-bound justice.
Toward a New Masculinity?
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The Second World War did not bring about any immediate change in the normative masculine stereotype. Even if the new fascist man had been an ideal to aim at, and had attracted attention in all of Europe, he did not truly survive into the postwar world. Nevertheless, a certain nostalgia for such a heightened manly ideal could be found on the fringes of post war society, where the Nazi SS stirred the imagination, informing, for example, some German memoirs and postwar popular fiction: sober, sovereign figures of manhood. But there was no longer much talk about fashioning a “new man” who would guide the nation into a brighter future. Instead, in western Europe, a consensus emerged that the tom fabric of society must be mended as soon as possible, and as part of this new traditionalism, prosaic, normative masculinity was at first reaffirmed.
Afterword
Authors: Miller James A
Published: October 2023

It seems somehow fitting that the last book Mark Twain published in his lifetime was Extracts from Captain Storm.field’s Visit to Heaven, a work which occupied him, off and on, over a period of forty years. First published in two installments in the December 1907 and January 1908 issues of Harper’s Monthly, the tale was subsequently issued as a Christmas gift book by Harper and Brothers in October 1909 six months before Twain’s death. Profits from the 1907-8 publication in Harper’s helped to pay for the construction of one wing of Twain’s last house, in Redding, Connecticut, where he moved in june 1908a house he named, appropriately enough, Stormfield. Never completed by Twain, Captain Storm.field exists in several versions: a manuscript written in the early 1870s, with later additions and notebook entries; the “extract” selected and edited by Twain himself for publication in Harper’s Monthly and then as the Christmas gift book; a 1952 version assembled and edited by Dixon Weeter, literary editor of the Mark Twain estate, before his death in 1950; and a text edited by Ray Browne in 1970, with added materials from Twain’s notebooks. New versions will undoubtedly circulate as scholars continue to mine the Twain archives, but the present text is a facsimile of the 1909 book that Twain chose to present to his public.
For Further Reading
Authors: Miller James A
Published: October 2023

The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden and the Flood, ed. Howard G. Baetzhold and Joseph B. McCullough (Athens: Unversity of Georgia Press, 1995), is an excellent compilation of Twain’s most important writings featuring biblical settings, figures, and themes. Dixon Wecter’s Report from Paradise (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952) includes two introductory chapters deleted from the 1907-8 Extract. Ray Browne, Mark Twain’s Quarrel with Heaven (New Haven: College and University Press, 1970), incorporates additional materials from Twain’s notebooks into his edition of Captain Stormfield and publishes, for the first time, “The Late Reverend Sam Jones’s Reception in Heaven.” Everett Emerson’s The Authentic Mark Twain (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984) offers an excellent account of Captain Storm.field in its literary and biographical contexts.
Television at War: Private Television News Under Fire
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

In August 1991 Dzhokhar Dudayev, a Soviet Air Force general, came home from his post in Estonia. He was one of the most prominent sons of Chechnya, but not the only one. Ruslan Khasbulatov, his fellow countryman, had higher ambitions-to lead all of Russia-but that would come two years later. Dzhokhar Dudayev came back to Chechnya when its last Communist Party leader, Doku Zavgayev, was overthrown (a political housecleaning given tacit support by Boris Yeltsin). Dudayev had been invited, without a proper election, to be president by one of the contesting Chechen factions.
The Advent Of The Human Development Report
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

In economic science, nothing is ever new, and nothing permanent. deas emerge, flourish, wither and die, to be born again a few ecades later. Such is the case for ideas about human development. The founders of economic thought never forgot that the real objective of development was to benefit people-creating wealth was only a means. That is why, in classical economic literature, the preoccupation is with all of society, not just with the economy. Fascination with industrial chimneys and technology did not replace early economists’ concern with real people. After the Second World War, however, an obsession grew with economic growth models and national income accounts. What was important was what could be measured and priced. People as the agents of change and beneficiaries of development were often forgotten. Learned treatises appeared on how to increase production, but little was written on how to enhance human lives. The delinking of ends and means began, with economic science often obsessed with means. The late 1980s were ripe for a counter-offensive. It was becoming obvious in several countries that human lives were shrivelling even as economic production was expanding. Some societies were achieving fairly satisfactory levels of human welfare even at fairly modest incomes.
The Birth Of The Human Development Index
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

Any measure that values a gun several hundred times more than a bottle of milk is bound to raise serious questions about its relevance for human progress. It is no surprise, then, that since the emergence of national income accounts, there has been considerable dissatisfaction with gross national product as a measure of human welfare. GNP reflects market prices in monetary terms. Those prices quietly register the prevailing economic and purchasing power in the system-but they are silent about the distribution, character or quality of economic growth. GNP also leaves out all activities that are not monetized-household work, subsistence agriculture, unpaid services. And what is more serious, GNP is one-dimensional: it fails to capture the cultural, social, political and many other choices that people make. There has been a long search for a more comprehensive measure of development that could capture all, or many more, of the choices people make-a measure that would serve as a better yardstick of the socioeconomic progress of nations. Several difficulties have marked this search. First, some analysts came out with scores of economic and social indicators but did not aggregate them into a composite index-so policymakers found such measures hard to digest. Second, several composite measures lacked a sound methodological base and were abandoned after brief trials.
Mother-Son Relationships: The Mother’s Voice
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

Any serious consideration of the African American family acknowledges the central role of the mother. She, more than any other person, is the core around whom the children, the father, and other relatives revolve. Whereas the father’s involvement sometimes has been diminished, the mother’s role has been consistently strong. Black women generally place great value on motherhood and have within their family many role models of women who have been self-reliant and have persevered to keep the family together.
The Son’s Perspective
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

In this first of two chapters focused on the sons, we explore the challenges they faced and why they think they succeeded where so many other African American males have not. In many regards, their messages are similar to those we heard from the parents, but with a different resonance and emphasis. New perspectives are voiced about challenges faced and about factors leading to success that the parents either were not aware of or did not think were particularly important.
Social Norms and Social Roles
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Economists have invented a game: the ultimatum game. The people who run the game give some money, on a provisional basis, to two players. The first player is instructed to offer some part of the money to the second player. If the second player accepts that amount, he can keep what is offered, and the first player gets to keep the rest. But if the second player rejects the offer, neither player gets anything. No bargaining is allowed. Both players are informed that these are the rules. Using standard assumptions about rationality, self-interest, and choice, economists predict that the first player should offer a penny and the second player should accept.
Political Equality and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

It is a familiar point that government regulation that is amply justified in principle may go very wrong in practice. Minimum wage laws, for example, may reduce employment. Stringent regulation of new sources of air pollution may aggravate pollution problems, by perpetuating the life of old, especially dirty sources. If government closely monitors the release of information, there may be less information. Unintended consequences of this kind can make regulation futile or even self-defeating. By futile regulation, I mean measures that do not bring about the desired consequences. By self-defeating regulation, I mean measures that actually make things worse from the standpoint of their strongest and most public-spirited advocates. We do not lack examples of both of these phenomena. It is unfortunate but true that current campaign finance laws may well provide more illustrations.
Endogenous Preferences, Environmental Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

How can we explain the rise of environmental law? By what criteria should we evaluate regulation of pollution? Why do some cities require recycling? Should we tax waste disposal instead? Should we subsidize mass transit in order to reduce automobile pollution, or should we regulate cars? Why do we do one rather than another?

In the last generation, considerable progress has been made on all of these questions. Most of the progress results from the application of varieties or offshoots of welfare economics—expected utility theory, social and public choice theory, and game theory—to environmental problems. If we assume, for example, that participants in the political process are trying to maximize their utility, we can help explain many oddities of American environmental law. We can see why some statutes seem to benefit regional interests.
Introduction: Ganbei to Networks
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

By 1991, Taiwan had surpassed the United States and Japan to become the second largest investor in China after Hong Kong. Realized direct investment from Taiwan to China reached US$10 billion between 1978 and 1994, accounting for 10% of China’s total foreign direct investment. If Taiwan capital registered as Hong Kong investors in China are included, the figure can be easily doubled. Taiwanese-funded factories provided more than 5 million jobs in China-of those, 70% were concentrated in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces (Sung, 1994:50; Kao et al., 1995:55). What makes the phenomena intriguing is not just the volume of capital involved but also the pace of growth. It was not until 1987 that the Taiwan government lifted the ban on Taiwanese visiting mainland China, after 40 years of political rivalry between the communists and the nationalists. The first Taiwanese to board the westbound flight were manufacturers of shoes and TVs. Under mounting pressure from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) protectionists and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) competitors, Taiwan’s manufacturers found both new markets and lower production costs in China. Most of all, as a Taiwanese investor in China put it, “we [Chinese and Taiwanese] speak the same language and enjoy the same food.” Indeed, the stomach directs the story.
Networked Investors from Taiwan
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

Taiwan’s export shoe manufacturers were among the first groups that shifted production from Taiwan to China in the mid-1980s. By 1992, more than 80% of the 800 Taiwanese shoe manufacturers had established their operations in China. The small- and medium -sized fashion shoemakers have adopted very flexible strategies in their rapid expansion across the straits. These strategies were rooted in the network form of production and marketing among producers and marketing agents, which in turn have been supported by a territorially based social network. Therefore, when the net­ worked shoe producers moved across regional boundaries, the issue was not just about establishing local industrial linkages (i.e., purchasing local materials or farming out works to local producers) but also about the social net­ works with local agents. This chapter uses Taiwan’s fashion shoe industry as an example to examine the process of networked investors moving across regional boundaries. The chapter first locates Taiwan’s place in the world­ wide fashion shoe industry, analyzes the characteristics of Taiwanese shoe industry’s interfirm organization, and then moves into Taiwanese shoemakers’ investment strategies in China.
Culture and Labor Discipline
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

Taiwanese shoemakers’ strategies for rapid expansion by increasing in-house production and elaborated division of labor in southern China created the demand for more intensive managerial inputs. In addition to the low-skilled operators, Taiwanese manufacturers also recruited high-school graduates who, with 2-4 years’ experience in the export shoe industry, were able to undertake managerial tasks on the shop floor. Local Chinese college graduates and ex-state employees also proved to be indispensable in handling custom procedures, accounting, and administrative work. The linguistic and cultural affinity between Taiwanese investors and Chinese employees has facilitated the transfer of production and managerial know-how, as well as the capitalistic ideology of efficiency and diligence necessary for export production. In the meantime, Taiwanese management adopted a disciplinary scheme based on paternalism, military-like training, and regionalism to en­ force Chinese workers’ compliance.
Global Networks and Local Development
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

Taiwanese manufacturing investment in southern China since the late 1980s represents a new pattern of foreign direct investment in the newly industrializing regions. The investment has been dominated by small- and medium­ sized firms and characterized by the collaboration between the investing firms and local government officials in the new production sites. These firms are organized in networks to ensure flexibility in production and marketing. As the networks moved across the regional border, in this case from Taiwan to China, such flexibility was maintained and enhanced with the facilitation of low-level local Chinese officials. The increasingly autonomous local government in China and the cultural affinity between the Taiwanese investors and their local Chinese agents, including local government officials and workers, contributed to a much faster and smoother process of cross- border capital flows. The alliances established between Taiwanese investors and local Chinese officials have provided the local governments with direct linkages with the world market, which in turn strengthened their bargaining position with the central government. The alliances also have accelerated the expansion of the overseas Chinese investment networks in East Asia.
What Does an Economic Model of the Medieval Church Offer
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

Religion in some form is as much a part of being human as food, sex, tool making, or planning for the future. The enigma of existence has haunted us from the very beginning. Emotional and psychological shields from the vagaries of “rough nature” and assurances of life beyond physical death had and continue to have a hold on human societies. Particular forms of religion vary from culture to culture and age to age, but atheism—societies without “invisible” means of support—has not dominated any past society, as it does not our own.
How the Church Profited from the Crusades
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

The religious wars between East and West (and sometimes between east ern and western Europe) that pitted the medieval Christian Church against the Moslem “infidels” have come to be known simply as the Crusades. The most intense conflicts between the Latin Church and the Moslem forces that controlled Jerusalem and other Holy Places occurred between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries (1095–1274). These conflicts had an impact on the economic development of Europe and also on the intertemporal prospects of the Latin Church as a monopoly provider of salvation.
Product Innovation in a Doctrinal Firm
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

One of the proven strategies for maintaining market dominance is successful and timely product innovation—the systematic alteration of a product to meet changing conditions of market demand and supply. Inasmuch as a major product of the salvation “industry” is religious doctrine, the medieval Church might have been expected to engage in doctrinal innovation in response to threats of market encroachment. In this chapter we attempt to show how the medieval Church used the doctrine of purgatory in a way consistent with such a response.
When Patients’ Decision Making Should Be Assessed
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

Whether they recognize it or not, most clinicians assess their patients’ decision-making abilities as part of every encounter. Ordinarily, this occurs unconsciously, as clinicians take notice of patients’ dress, demeanor, communicative skills, intelligence, ability to attend to a conversation, apparent understanding, and ability to reach a decision. Since we all assume, appropriately, that the people with whom we deal are competent to make decisions about their own lives indeed, the law makes a similar assumption only when our unconscious monitoring detects something unexpected do we attend to it directly.
The Shifting Relationships Between Speech and Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

We have seen interesting work in recent years on the nature of speech and writing and the mentalities associated with each. The insights from these investigations are extremely valuable, but a dangerous assumption is sometimes inferred from them: that speech and writing are distinctly characterizable media, each of which has its own inherent features and each of which tends to foster a particular cognitive process, or “mentality.” I am interested in the cognitive processes associated with speech and writing, but instead of saying that each medium has a particular tendency, I will argue that each medium can draw on and foster various mentalities. This essay is a call for writers and teachers of writing to recognize the enormous choice we have and to learn to take more control over the cognitive effects associated with writing. The essay is in three parts—each showing a different relationship between speech and writing.
Silence: A Collage
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

This collage is very little changed from what was published in 1993 in Presence of Mind: Writing and the Domain Beyond the Cognitive. Eds. Alice Brand and Richard Graves. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann/Boynton-Cook. 9-20.
Getting Along Without Grades — and Getting Along With Them Too
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

In this paper I am driven by the utopian impulse but also the impulse to tinker. On the one hand, I insist on the possibility of large change: grading is neither natural nor inevitable; we can avoid grading; we can step outside the mentality of evaluation; we can even change systems. Yet on the other hand, I insist on the importance of small, pragmatic changes—what some might call mere fiddling. Indeed, most of what I suggest here can be used within a conventional grading system. After all, most of us are obliged to do our evaluating within such systems (for now), and the human tendency to evaluate is inevitable. The utopian and the pragmatic impulses may seem at odds, but the common element is an insistence that things can be better. Change is possible.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

To grade reliably means to give the single quantitative grade that readers will agree on. But readers don’t agree.

This is not news—this unavailability of agreement. We have long seen it on many fronts. For example, research in evaluation has shown many times that if we give a paper to a set of readers, those readers tend to give it the full range of grades (Diederich). I’ve recently come across new research to this effect—new to me because it was published in 1913. The investigators carefully showed how high school English teachers gave different grades to the same paper. In response to criticism that this was a local problem in English, they went on the next year to discover an even greater variation among grades given by high school geometry teachers and history teachers to papers in their subjects. (See the summary of Daniel Starch and Edward Elliott’s 1913 School Review articles in Kirschenbaum, Sidney, and Napier 258-59.)
In The Lecture Halls
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Who ever thinks about T. S. Eliot as a classroom teacher, preparing lectures late at night and marking the papers of working-class adults who came exhausted from their jobs to attend his classes? Who ever considers how crucial was his teaching experience to the development of his poetry and criticism? Most of Eliot’s readers are quite familiar with the succession of his wartime activities after he arrived in England in September 1914—postgraduate student, new husband, dissertation writer, assistant editor, poet, reviewer, and banker. Biographical accounts of this period usually make passing mention of his brief tenure as a schoolmaster, begun out of financial necessity when he made the decision to marry and remain in England, but there is seldom the slightest notice of his Extension lectures for workers. He took his first position at the High Wycombe Grammar School in September 1915, earning £140 per annum, with dinner, until he found a slightly more remunerative position at the Highgate Junior School, which brought him £160, with dinner and tea. “I stayed at that for four terms,” he reported to his Harvard classmates,”then chucked it because I did not like teaching.”1 Even so, before he fled from the middle-class adolescents he had already applied for lecture and tutorial classes for adults with the Oxford University Extension Delegacy, and with the University of London Joint Committee for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Working People; his financial difficulties required him to continue teaching on a part-time basis
“Our Mad Poetics To Confute” Laforgue and the Personal Voice
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Eight years before he encountered Hulme in London, Eliot discovered the young French poet who was the first to draw his developing sensibility into play-Jules Laforgue. In December 1908, during his junior year at Harvard, Eliot became intrigued by Arthur Symons’s quotations from Laforgue in The Symbolist Movement in Literature; he went directly to Schoenhof’s and ordered the twovolume Oeuvres Complete de Jules L(!finiue (4th ed., Paris: Mercure de France, 1909). When his copies arrived, he signed them “Thomas Eliot 1909.” A year earlier he had picked up the poems of Baudelaire, and though Baudelaire’s images of the city had a “great impact” on him, he found Baudelaire too overwhelming at the time and put him down. In Laforgue, however, Eliot experienced a shock of recognition: here was a poet with a seemingly similar temperament, a poet experiencing similar difficulties and desires, a poet whose voice was more intimate and less intimidating than Baudelaire’s. Laforgue showed him how poetry could make much more use “of contemporary ideas and feelings, of the emotional quality of contemporary ideas, than one had supposed.” Eliot immersed himself in the study of Laforgue and later declared that he was “the first to teach me how to speak, to teach me the poetic possibilities of my own idiom of speech” (TCC 126). For the next two years Eliot filled his notebook with poems written mostly in the manner of Laforgue. At some point he tipped in an undated leaf, evidently intended as an epigraph page, on which he had inscribed a four-line invocation:
In The Music Halls
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

So sings Lily Dale, one of six performers portrayed in John Davidson’s poem “In a Music-Hall” (1891), where the poet’s lost soul is stung into recovery by song and wink, gesture and glance. Lily is followed on stage by Selene Eden, who consciously employs the “conquering mystery” of her art to engage “The aching senses of the throng.
“All Aboard For Natchez, Cairo And St. Louis” The Journey of the Exile in Ash- Wednesday
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

How odd that a conductor’s final call for a rail journey to St. Louis should have provided the original title for the early drafts of “Perch’ io non spero,” the opening section of Ash-Wednesday (1930).Eliot had recently delighted in hearing this familiar call of his youth on an immensely popular phonograph record of 1927, “The Two Black Crows,” by the American blackface vaudeville team known as Moran and Mack.“Their phonograph records sell prodigiously,” reported the New Republic in March 1928, “their first disc being more popular, it is claimed, than any other ever made. They are quoted more freely than any other personages today. Everywhere one hears people making foolish attempts to imitate Mr. Mack, pathetic efforts to recapture the mood of serenity into which his voice and manner had insinuated them.” Eliot owned their first disc and likely attended a performance during their sensationally successful, fourteen-week run in London in 1927. He certainly became one of their imitators, foisting Moran’s rendition of the conductor’s call on his London friends. “What struck us,” wrote I. A. Richards, in describing Eliot’s formal demeanor, dress, and conduct at the time, was that they “went along with delighted and highly critical immersion in records of ‘The Two Black Crows’, especially of a record involving ‘All aboard for St. Louis.’ I don’t know how often we were patiently taught how to say this right. I do know very well that I have never got it right.”
Minia, Egypt
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

The Minia study was one of those in which the EPOC study itself helped spark the formation of a local group devoted to assistance, advocacy, and intervention on behalf of the street food vendors. Thus a substantial part of this chapter focuses on the creation, organization, strengths, and weaknesses of the Street Food Vendors Organization (SFVO), which differs from the vendors’ groups discussed in other chapters in that nonvending community members play an important role in its administration and policy making. Before the study, Minia government officials tried to enforce regulations so strict that many vendors were forced to violate them simply to make a living. Today many of those same officials have become supportive members of the SFVO.
Foods on the Street and the People Who Eat Them
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

The fact that people eat what street food vendors sell distinguishes this trade from most other microenterprises. All cultures attach powerful meanings to individual foods, as well as to cooking and mealtime practices; thus patterns of street food consumption are shaped not just by what foods are locally available, but also by local norms about what kinds of food are appropriate to consume, where, when, and by whom. That people eat the vendors’ products, usually without any further processing, obviously also raises a number of health and safety issues.
Retreat and Consolidation April 1949–November 1949
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

Once NATO had been established, there was little Stalin could do to reverse American ascendancy in Western Europe; what he could do to rectify the lopsided correlation of forces was to tighten the screws in Eastern Europe while retreating in the two places where he had played for high stakes and failed—Berlin and Yugoslavia. The manner in which he would proceed would be an indication of whether he preferred accommodation to further confrontation. The actual decision about which course to take, however, depended upon other factors as well, not all of them within Soviet control.

Of Stalin’s two entanglements, the German one was easier to disentangle. Unlike Tito’s dissidence, which, if tolerated, threatened to set a dangerous example in Eastern Europe, the Berlin blockade could be disposed of without unacceptable damage to Soviet security. In mid December 1948 Stalin began to prepare a retreat by admonishing the East German leaders to moderate their conduct, which had proved so plainly counterproductive. Exempting their part of Germany, for the time being, from the sovietization drive he had been pushing elsewhere, he shared with them his confidence that the country could be reunified in accordance with his wishes once the Berlin problem has been settled.