bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Challenge to Decide between Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Chronic Lung Disease and PAH with Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Olschewski Horst
Published: February 2021

Chronic lung diseases are strongly associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), and even mildly elevated pulmonary arterial pressures are associated with increased mortality. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic lung disease, but few of these patients develop severe PH. Not all these pulmonary pressure elevations are due to COPD, although patients with severe PH due to COPD may represent the largest subgroup within patients with COPD and severe PH. There are also patients with left heart disease (group 2), chronic thromboembolic disease (group 4, CTEPH) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1, PAH) who suffer from COPD or another chronic lung disease as co-morbidity. Because therapeutic consequences very much depend on the cause of pulmonary hypertension, it is important to complete the diagnostic procedures and to decide on the main cause of PH before any decision on PAH drugs is made. The World Symposia on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) have provided guidance for these important decisions. Group 2 PH or complex developmental diseases with elevated postcapillary pressures are relatively easy to identify by means of elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressures. Group 4 PH can be identified or excluded by perfusion lung scans in combination with chest CT. Group 1 PAH and Group 3 PH, although having quite different disease profiles, may be difficult to discern sometimes. The sixth WSPH suggests that severe pulmonary hypertension in combination with mild impairment in the pulmonary function test (FEV1 > 60 and FVC > 60%), mild parenchymal abnormalities in the high-resolution CT of the chest, and circulatory limitation in the cardiopulmonary exercise test speak in favor of Group 1 PAH. These patients are candidates for PAH therapy. If the patient suffers from group 3 PH, the only possible indication for PAH therapy is severe pulmonary hypertension (mPAP ≥ 35 mmHg or mPAP between 25 and 35 mmHg together with very low cardiac index (CI) < 2.0 L/min/m2), which can only be derived invasively. Right heart catheter investigation has been established nearly 100 years ago, but there are many important details to consider when reading pulmonary pressures in spontaneously breathing patients with severe lung disease. It is important that such diagnostic procedures and the therapeutic decisions are made in expert centers for both pulmonary hypertension and chronic lung disease.
Structured Reporting in the Characterization of Renal Cysts by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Using the Bosniak Classification System—Improvement of Report Quality and Interdisciplinary Communication
Authors: Schnitzer Moritz L. , Sabel Laura , Schwarze Vincent , Marschner Constantin , Froelich Matthias F. , Nuhn Philipp , Falck Yannick , Nuhn Maria-Magdalena , Afat Saif , Staehler Michael , Rückel Johannes , Clevert Dirk-André , Rübenthaler Johannes , Geyer Thomas
Published: February 2021

Background: This study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of structured reporting (SR) compared to conventional free-text reporting (FTR) in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of cystic renal lesions, based on the Bosniak classification. Methods: Fifty patients with cystic renal lesions who underwent CEUS were included in this single-center study. FTR created in clinical routine were compared to SR retrospectively generated by using a structured reporting template. Two experienced urologists evaluated the reports regarding integrity, effort for information extraction, linguistic quality, and overall quality. Results: The required information could easily be extracted by the reviewers in 100% of SR vs. 82% of FTR (p < 0.001). The reviewers trusted the information given by SR significantly more with a mean of 5.99 vs. 5.52 for FTR (p < 0.001). SR significantly improved the linguistic quality (6.0 for SR vs. 5.68 for FTR (p < 0.001)) and the overall report quality (5.98 for SR vs. 5.58 for FTR (p < 0.001)). Conclusions: SR significantly increases the quality of radiologic reports in CEUS examinations of cystic renal lesions compared to conventional FTR and represents a promising approach to facilitate interdisciplinary communication in the future.
Synchronous Colorectal Cancer: Improving Accuracy of Detection and Analyzing Molecular Heterogeneity—The Main Keys for Optimal Approach
Authors: Simu Patricia , Jung Ioan , Banias Laura , Kovacs Zsolt , Fulop Zsolt Zoltan , Bara Tivadar , Simu Iunius , Gurzu Simona
Published: February 2021

Background: In patients with synchronous colorectal cancer (SCRC), understanding the underlying molecular behavior of such cases is mandatory for designing individualized therapy. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of transdisciplinary evaluation of the pre- and post-operative assessment of patients with SCRCs, from imaging to molecular investigations. Methods: Six patients with SCRCs presented with two carcinomas each. In addition to the microsatellite status (MSS), the epithelial mesenchymal transition was checked in each tumor using the biomarkers β-catenin and E-cadherin, same as KRAS and BRAF mutations. Results: In two of the patients, the second tumor was missed at endoscopy, but diagnosed by a subsequent computed-tomography-scan (CT-scan). From the six patients, a total of 11 adenocarcinomas (ADKs) and one squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were analyzed. All the examined carcinomas were BRAF-wildtype microsatellite stable tumors with an epithelial histological subtype. In two of the six cases, KRAS gene status showed discordance between the two synchronous tumors, with mutations in the index tumors and wildtype status in the companion ones. Conclusions: Preoperative CT-scans can be useful for detection of synchronous tumors which may be missed by colonoscopy. Where synchronous tumors are identified, therapy should be based on the molecular profile of the indexed tumors.
Detection of TEM and CTX-M Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens at Tertiary Care Heart Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Sah Ram Shankar Prasad , Dhungel Binod , Yadav Binod Kumar , Adhikari Nabaraj , Thapa Shrestha Upendra , Lekhak Binod , Banjara Megha Raj , Adhikari Bipin , Ghimire Prakash , Rijal Komal Raj
Published: February 2021

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) in the clinical samples from patients. Methods: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes blaTEM and blaCTX-M. Results: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190/1065) showed bacterial growth. Among 190 bacterial isolates, 57.4% (109/190) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among 109 Gram-negative bacteria, 40.3% (44/109) were E. coli, and 30.2% (33/109) were K. pneumoniae. In AST, 57.7% (n = 63) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 47.7% (n = 52) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Over half of the isolates (51.3%; 56/109) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Of 44 E. coli, 27.3% (12/44) were ESBL producers. Among ESBL producer E. coli isolates, 58.4% (7/12) tested positive for the blaCTX-M gene and 41.6% (5/12) tested positive for the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: Half of the Gram-negative bacteria in our study were MDR. Routine identification of an infectious agent followed by AST is critical to optimize the treatment and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
Evaluation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Satellite Images in Densely Populated Cities of South Asia
Authors: Maharjan Manisha , Aryal Anil , Man Shakya Bijay , Talchabhadel Rocky , Thapa Bhesh Raj , Kumar Saurav
Published: February 2021

Rapid Urbanization, and other anthropogenic activities, have amplified the change in land-use transition from green space to heat emission in built-up areas globally. As a result, there has been an increase in the land surface temperature (LST) causing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, particularly in large cities. The UHI effect poses a serious risk to human health and well-being, magnified in large developing cities with limited resources to cope with such issues. This study focuses on understanding the UHI effect in Kathmandu Valley (KV), Delhi, and Dhaka, three growing cities in South Asia. The UHI effect was evaluated by analyzing the UHI intensity of the city with respect to the surroundings. We found that the central urban area, of all three cities, experienced more heat zones compared to the peri-urban areas. The estimated average surface temperature ranged from 21.1 ∘C in March 2014 to 32.0 ∘C in June 2015 in KV, while Delhi and Dhaka experienced surface temperature variation from 29.7 ∘C in June 2017 to 40.2 ∘C in June 2019 and 23.6 ∘C in March 2017 to 33.2 ∘C in March 2014, respectively. Based on magnitude and variation of LST, highly built-up central KV showed heat island characteristics. In both Delhi and Dhaka, the western regions showed the UHI effect. Overall, this study finds that the UHI zones are more concentrated near the urban business centers with high population density. The results suggest that most areas in these cities have a rising LST trend and are on the verge of being UHI regions. Therefore, it is essential that further detailed assessment is conducted to understand and abate the impact of the temperature variations.
The Design of a 2D Graphics Accelerator for Embedded Systems
Authors: Oh Hyun Woo , Kim Ji Kwang , Hwang Gwan Beom , Lee Seung Eun
Published: February 2021

Recently, advances in technology have enabled embedded systems to be adopted for a variety of applications. Some of these applications require real-time 2D graphics processing running on limited design specifications such as low power consumption and a small area. In order to satisfy such conditions, including a specific 2D graphics accelerator in the embedded system is an effective method. This method reduces the workload of the processor in the embedded system by exploiting the accelerator. The accelerator assists the system to perform 2D graphics processing in real-time. Therefore, a variety of applications that require 2D graphics processing can be implemented with an embedded processor. In this paper, we present a 2D graphics accelerator for tiny embedded systems. The accelerator includes an optimized line-drawing operation based on Bresenham’s algorithm. The optimized operation enables the accelerator to deal with various kinds of 2D graphics processing and to perform the line-drawing instead of the system processor. Moreover, the accelerator also distributes the workload of the processor core by removing the need for the core to access the frame buffer memory. We measure the performance of the accelerator by implementing the processor, including the accelerator, on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and ascertaining the possibility of realization by synthesizing using the 180 nm CMOS process.
Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer around a Rising Bubble: Combined Effect of Rheology and Surfactant
Authors: Lebrun Gaelle , Xu Feishi , Le Men Claude , Hébrard Gilles , Dietrich Nicolas
Published: February 2021

The influence of viscosity and surface tension on oxygen transfer was investigated using planar laser-induced fluorescence with inhibition (PLIF-I). The surface tension and the viscosity were modified using Triton X-100 and polyacrylamide, respectively. Changes in the hydrodynamic parameters of millimetric bubbles were identified, and transfer parameters were calculated. The results revealed a decrease in the mass transferred in the presence of a contaminant. For modified viscosity, the decrease in mass transferred was allowed for by current correlations, but the presence of surfactant led to a sharp decrease in the liquid side mass transfer coefficient, which became even lower when polymer was added. An explanation for the gap between classical correlations and experimental values of kL is discussed, and a hypothesis of the existence of an accumulation of contaminant in the diffusion layer is proposed. This led to the possibility of a decrease in the diffusion coefficient and oxygen saturation concentration in the liquid film, explaining the discrepancy between models and experience. Adapted values of DO2 and [O2] * in this layer were estimated. This original study unravels the complexity of mass transfer from an air bubble in a complex medium.
The Influence of Konjac Glucomannan on the Physicochemical and Rheological Properties and Microstructure of Canna Starch
Authors: Liu Yuanqin , Chen Qiaoli , Fang Fang , Liu Jiali , Wang Zhiying , Chen Hourong , Zhang Fusheng
Published: February 2021

The addition of hydrocolloid is an effective method to improve the properties of native starch. However, few studies have investigated the effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on canna starch (CS). In this study, the effects of various KGM concentration on the pasting, rheological, textural, and morphological properties of CS were investigated. The addition of KGM significantly increased CS’s pasting viscosities. Incorporation of KGM in CS at a relatively high level (1.2% w/w) exerted a significant influence on the pasting properties of CS. The consistency coefficient of CS was notably increased by KGM (from 43.6 to 143.3 Pa·sn) and positively correlated positive with KGM concentration. KGM concentration at a relatively high level (1.2% w/w) increased the elasticities and cohesiveness of CS by 53.3% and 88.0%, respectively, in texture profile analysis. The polarized optical microscope images indicated that KGM played an important part in protecting the crystalline structure of CS during heating. A denser porous microstructure with a filamentous network was observed in gelatinized KGM/CS mixtures as compared with the CS control. This research advances the knowledge of interactions between KGM and CS and opens possibilities to improve rheological properties of CS and to develop its new functionalities with KGM addition.
Free Amino Acid and Volatile Compound Profiles of Jeotgal Alternatives and Its Application to Kimchi
Authors: Lee Hye Jin , Lee Min Jung , Choi Yun-Jeong , Park Sung Jin , Lee Mi-Ai , Min Sung Gi , Park Sung-Hee , Seo Hye-Young , Yun Ye-Rang
Published: February 2021

Jeotgal containing abundant free amino acids plays an important role in the unique savory taste (umami) and flavor in kimchi. However, it is also responsible for the unpleasant fishy smell and high salt content of kimchi. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify alternative jeotgal sources and investigate the fermentation properties of jeotgal alternatives added to kimchi. The tomato hot-water extract (TH2) and dry-aged beef hot-water extract (DBH) were selected as jeotgal alternatives for kimchi preparation based on their glutamic acid contents. Characteristics of kimchi with TH2 alone (JA1) and TH2 and DBH in combination (1:1, JA2) were compared with kimchi prepared using commercially available anchovy fish sauce (CON). The pH of JA1 and JA2 was slightly decreased during fermentation, whereas the salinity was significantly lower than CON (p < 0.05). Notably, the most effective factor of the savory taste of kimchi, glutamic acid contents of JA1 and JA2 were significantly higher than that of CON (p < 0.05). In conclusion, JA1 showed slower fermentation with lower salinity and higher glutamic acid content than CON. Overall, this study showed that JA1 derived from TH2 could improve the taste and quality of kimchi by increasing glutamic acid content and decreasing the unpleasant flavor.
Influence of Degree of Saturation (DOS) on Dynamic Behavior of Unbound Granular Materials
Authors: Sun Junyu , Oh Erwin , Ong Dominic Ek-Leong
Published: February 2021

The extensive application of natural unbound granular materials (UGMs) motivates studies into the mechanical properties of alternatives such as processed crushed rocks employed commonly as base or subbase layers. The rutting and settlement generated in base and subbase layers is widely restricted in many specifications and standards. In this research, the dynamic behavior including the resilient modulus (Mr) and the plastic strain (εεp) of the crushed rocks collected from Queensland in Australia will be tested by a series of repeated load triaxial test (RLT) tests to investigate the behavior of UGMs under the fluctuation of the degree of saturation (DOS) (59%–100%). In particular, the RLT specimens were prepared in the laboratory through proper gradation under optimum moisture content (OMC) and 100% standard proctor maximum dry unit weight. Results from the RLT tests showed that UGM specimens soaked at higher DOS generated lower resilient modulus and weaker resistance to heavy traffic volumes with significant accumulation of plastic strain. The Mr and εεp of the tested aggregates under different cyclic deviator stresses of 425 kPa and 625 kPa approximately linearly decreased and approximately linearly increased as the DOS increased with a certain number of cycles up to 50,000, respectively.
Investigating On-Road Lane Maintenance and Speed Regulation in Post-Stroke Driving: A Pilot Case–Control Study
Authors: Zhou Heng , Sun Qian (Chayn) , Blane Alison , Hughes Brett , Falkmer Torbjörn , Xia Jianhong (Cecilia)
Published: February 2021

Stroke can adversely affect the coordination and judgement of drivers due to executive dysfunction, which is relatively common in the post-stroke population but often undetected. Quantitatively examining vehicle control performance in post-stroke driving becomes essential to inspect whether and where post-stroke older drivers are risky. To date, it is unclear as to which indicators, such as lane keeping or speed control, can differentiate the driving performance of post-stroke older drivers from that of normal (neurotypical) older drivers. By employing a case–control design using advanced vehicle movement tracking and analysis technology, this pilot study aimed to compare the variations in driving trajectory, lane keeping and speed control between the two groups of older drivers using spatial and statistical techniques. The results showed that the mean standard deviation of lane deviation (SDLD) in post-stroke participants was higher than that of normal participants in complex driving tasks (U-turn and left turn) but almost the same in simple driving tasks (straight line sections). No statistically significant differences were found in the speed control performance. The findings indicate that, although older drivers can still drive as they need to after a stroke, the decline in cognitive abilities still imposes a higher cognitive workload and more effort for post-stroke older drivers. Future studies can investigate post-stroke adults’ driving behaviour at more challenging driving scenarios or design driving intervention programs to improve their executive function in driving.
Physical Mapping of the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Genomic Scaffolds
Authors: Rafael Míriam Silva , Bridi Leticia Cegatti , Sharakhov Igor V. , Marinotti Osvaldo , Sharakhova Maria V. , Timoshevskiy Vladimir , Guimarães-Marques Giselle Moura , Santos Valéria Silva , da Silva Carlos Gustavo Nunes , Astolfi-Filho Spartaco , Tadei Wanderli Pedro
Published: February 2021

The genome assembly of Anopheles darlingi consists of 2221 scaffolds (N50 = 115,072 bp) and has a size spanning 136.94 Mbp. This assembly represents one of the smallest genomes among Anopheles species. Anopheles darlingi genomic DNA fragments of ~37 Kb were cloned, end-sequenced, and used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In total, we mapped nine DNA probes to scaffolds and autosomal arms. Comparative analysis of the An. darlingi scaffolds with homologous sequences of the Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles gambiae genomes identified chromosomal rearrangements among these species. Our results confirmed that physical mapping is a useful tool for anchoring genome assemblies to mosquito chromosomes.
Automated Red Cell Exchange in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Tsitsikas Dimitris A. , Badle Saket , Hall Rhys , Meenan John , Bello-Sanyaolu Oloruntoyin , Orebayo Funmilayo , Abukar Jibril , Elmi Mohamed , Mulla Afsana , Dave Shalini , Lewis Natasha , Sharma Manisha , Chatterjee Basabi , Amos Roger J.
Published: February 2021

Red cell transfusion represents one of the cornerstones of the chronic management of sickle cell disease, as well as its acute complications. Automated red cell exchange can rapidly lower the number of circulating sickle erythrocytes, without causing iron overload. Here, we describe our experience, having offered this intervention since 2011. A transient reduction in the platelet count by 61% was observed after the procedure. This was not associated with any haemorrhagic complications. Despite exposure to large volumes of blood, the alloimmunisation rate was only 0.027/100 units of red cells. The absence of any iron loading was confirmed by serial Ferriscans, performed over a number of years. However, patients with advanced chronic kidney disease showed evidence of iron loading due to reduced innate haemopoiesis and were subsequently switched to simple transfusions. A total of 59% of patients were on regular automated red cell exchange with a history of recurrent painful crises. A total of 77% responded clinically, as evidenced by at least a 25% reduction in their emergency hospital attendance for pain management. The clinical response was gradual and increased the longer patients stayed on the program. The earliest sign of clinical response was a reduction in the length of stay when these patients were hospitalised, indicating that a reduction in the severity of crises precedes the reduction in their frequency. Automated red cell exchange also appeared to be beneficial for patients with recurrent leg ulcers and severe, drug resistant stuttering priapism, while patients with pulmonary hypertension showed a dramatic improvement in their symptoms as well as echocardiographic parameters.
Antihypertensive Drugs and the Risk of Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Cho In-Jeong , Shin Jeong-Hun , Jung Mi-Hyang , Kang Chae Young , Hwang Jinseub , Kwon Chang Hee , Kim Woohyeun , Kim Dae-Hee , Lee Chan Joo , Kang Si-Hyuck , Lee Ju-Hee , Kim Hack-Lyoung , Kim Hyue Mee , Cho Iksung , Lee Hae-Young , Chung Wook-Jin , Ihm Sang-Hyun , Kim Kwang Il , Cho Eun Joo , Sohn Il-Suk , Park Sungha , Shin Jinho , Ryu Sung Kee , Kim Jang Young , Kang Seok-Min , Cho Myeong-Chan , Pyun Wook Bum , Sung Ki-Chul
Published: February 2021

We sought to assess the association between common antihypertensive drugs and the risk of incident cancer in treated hypertensive patients. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, the risk of cancer incidence was analyzed in patients with hypertension who were initially free of cancer and used the following antihypertensive drug classes: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); beta blockers (BBs); calcium channel blockers (CCBs); and diuretics. During a median follow-up of 8.6 years, there were 4513 (6.4%) overall cancer incidences from an initial 70,549 individuals taking antihypertensive drugs. ARB use was associated with a decreased risk for overall cancer in a crude model (hazard ratio (HR): 0.744, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.696–0.794) and a fully adjusted model (HR: 0.833, 95% CI: 0.775–0.896) compared with individuals not taking ARBs. Other antihypertensive drugs, including ACEIs, CCBs, BBs, and diuretics, did not show significant associations with incident cancer overall. The long-term use of ARBs was significantly associated with a reduced risk of incident cancer over time. The users of common antihypertensive medications were not associated with an increased risk of cancer overall compared to users of other classes of antihypertensive drugs. ARB use was independently associated with a decreased risk of cancer overall compared to other antihypertensive drugs.
The Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes in Lumbar Degenerative Spine Disease—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Wei-Ting , Lee Tsung-Min , Han Der-Sheng , Chang Ke-Vin
Published: February 2021

The association of sarcopenia with poor clinical outcomes has been identified in various medical conditions, although there is a lack of quantitative analysis to validate the influence of sarcopenia on patients with lumbar degenerative spine disease (LDSD) from the available literature. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with LDSD and examine its impact on clinical outcomes. The electronic databases (PubMed and Embase) were systematically searched from inception through December 2020 for clinical studies investigating the association of sarcopenia with clinical outcomes in patients with LDSD. A random-effects model meta-analysis was carried out for data synthesis. This meta-analysis included 14 studies, comprising 1953 participants. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia among patients with LDSD was 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.3%–34.3%). The relative risk of sarcopenia was not significantly increased in patients with LDSD compared with controls (risk ratio, 1.605; 95% CI, 0.321–8.022). The patients with sarcopenia did not experience an increase in low back and leg pain. However, lower quality of life (SMD, −0.627; 95% CI, −0.844–−0.410) were identified postoperatively. Sarcopenia did not lead to an elevated rate of complications after lumbar surgeries. Sarcopenia accounts for approximately one-quarter of the population with LDSD. The clinical manifestations are less influenced by sarcopenia, whereas sarcopenia is associated with poorer quality of life after lumbar surgeries. The current evidence is still insufficient to support sarcopenia as a predictor of postoperative complications.
Combined Phacoemulsification and Ex-PRESS Implant with Everting Suture in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Survival Analysis and Predictive Factors
Authors: Covello Giuseppe , Loiudice Pasquale , Maglionico Maria Novella , Nardi Marco , Figus Michele , Posarelli Chiara
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification and Ex-PRESS implant with everting suture in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and to examine predictive factors of failure. Twenty-three eyes of 18 patients were enrolled. Data about time of removal of releasable sutures and traction of the everting suture and about changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) were collected, as well as comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Success was defined by the following criteria: IOP ≤ 18 mmHg (criterion 1); IOP ≤ 15 mmHg (criterion 2); and IOP ≤ 12 mmHg (criterion 3). Success was categorized as complete or qualified, depending on whether it was reached without or with drugs, respectively. Success rate was assessed with Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with a Cox proportional hazard model to adjust for potential confounders. The lowering of IOP and the reduction of medications were statistically significant at every follow-up visit compared with the baseline (p < 0.05). The complete success rates were 87%, 70%, and 17% accordingly to criterion 1, 2, and 3; the qualified success rates were 93%, 70%, and 20%, respectively. Most of the complications resolved spontaneously and conservatively. In conclusion, combined phacoemulsification and Ex-PRESS Minishunt implant with everting suture is a safe and effective surgery, even in PACG, lowering IOP and number of medications.
Effects of Dominant and Nondominant Limb Immobilization on Muscle Activation and Physical Demand during Ambulation with Axillary Crutches
Authors: Bellenfant Kara B. , Robbins Gracie L. , Rogers Rebecca R. , Kopec Thomas J. , Ballmann Christopher G.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of how limb dominance and joint immobilization alter markers of physical demand and muscle activation during ambulation with axillary crutches. In a crossover, counterbalanced study design, physically active females completed ambulation trials with three conditions: (1) bipedal walking (BW), (2) axillary crutch ambulation with their dominant limb (DOM), and (3) axillary crutch ambulation with their nondominant limb (NDOM). During the axillary crutch ambulation conditions, the non-weight-bearing knee joint was immobilized at a 30-degree flexion angle with a postoperative knee stabilizer. For each trial/condition, participants ambulated at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mph for five minutes at each speed. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored throughout. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to record muscle activation of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA) unilaterally on the weight-bearing limb. Biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) sEMG were measured bilaterally. sEMG signals for each immobilization condition were normalized to corresponding values for BW.HR (p < 0.001) and RPE (p < 0.001) were significantly higher for both the DOM and NDOM conditions compared to BW but no differences existed between the DOM and NDOM conditions (p > 0.05). No differences in lower limb muscle activation were noted for any muscles between the DOM and NDOM conditions (p > 0.05). Regardless of condition, BB activation ipsilateral to the ambulating limb was significantly lower during 0.6 mph (p = 0.005) and 0.8 mph (p = 0.016) compared to the same speeds for BB on the contralateral side. Contralateral TB activation was significantly higher during 0.6 mph compared to 0.8 mph (p = 0.009) and 1.0 mph (p = 0.029) irrespective of condition. In conclusion, limb dominance appears to not alter lower limb muscle activation and walking intensity while using axillary crutches. However, upper limb muscle activation was asymmetrical during axillary crutch use and largely dependent on speed. These results suggest that functional asymmetry may exist in upper limbs but not lower limbs during assistive device supported ambulation.
73.5 uW Indoor-Outdoor Light Harvesting System with Global Maximum Power Point Tracking
Authors: Kozalakis Konstantinos , Sofianidis Ioannis , Konstantakos Vasileios , Siozios Kostas , Siskos Stylianos
Published: February 2021

This work introduces a light harvesting system with battery management. In contrast to relevant solutions that operate in limited ranges, the proposed system covers a wide operating input power range from 10 uW up to 300 mW. Specifically, experimental results highlight that, combined with a 73 × 94 mm flexible light harvester, it can harness light in a range from 50 LUX (indoor lighting) up to 120,000 LUX (outdoor lighting). The introduced system consists of a boost converter and an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU). The MCU performs Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT), using a resistor-free time-based input power sensing method, to calculate the input power of the converter, which does not interfere with the operation of the boost converter. The efficiency of the GMPPT system was evaluated with detailed experimentation, where we achieved 99.75% average GMPPT tracking efficiency while consuming only 73.5 uW at 4.2 V.
Fusarium as a Novel Fungus for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Mechanism and Applications
Authors: Rai Mahendra , Bonde Shital , Golinska Patrycja , Trzcińska-Wencel Joanna , Gade Aniket , Abd-Elsalam Kamel A. , Shende Sudhir , Gaikwad Swapnil , Ingle Avinash P.
Published: February 2021

Nanotechnology is a new and developing branch that has revolutionized the world by its applications in various fields including medicine and agriculture. In nanotechnology, nanoparticles play an important role in diagnostics, drug delivery, and therapy. The synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi is a novel, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Among fungi, Fusarium spp. play an important role in the synthesis of nanoparticles and can be considered as a nanofactory for the fabrication of nanoparticles. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Fusarium, its mechanism and applications are discussed in this review. The synthesis of nanoparticles from Fusarium is the biogenic and green approach. Fusaria are found to be a versatile biological system with the ability to synthesize nanoparticles extracellularly. Different species of Fusaria have the potential to synthesise nanoparticles. Among these, F. oxysporum has demonstrated a high potential for the synthesis of AgNPs. It is hypothesised that NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzyme secreted by F. oxysporum is responsible for the reduction of aqueous silver ions into AgNPs. The toxicity of nanoparticles depends upon the shape, size, surface charge, and the concentration used. The nanoparticles synthesised by different species of Fusaria can be used in medicine and agriculture.
Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of a Nosocomial Cluster of C. auris: Evidence of Recent Emergence in Italy and Ease of Transmission during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Di Pilato Vincenzo , Codda Giulia , Ball Lorenzo , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Willison Edward , Mikulska Malgorzata , Magnasco Laura , Crea Francesca , Vena Antonio , Pelosi Paolo , Bassetti Matteo , Marchese Anna
Published: February 2021

Candida auris is an emerging MDR pathogen raising major concerns worldwide. In Italy, it was first and only identified in July 2019 in our hospital (San Martino Hospital, Genoa), where infection or colonization cases have been increasingly recognized during the following months. To gain insights into the introduction, transmission dynamics, and resistance traits of this fungal pathogen, consecutive C. auris isolates collected from July 2019 to May 2020 (n = 10) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and antifungal susceptibility testing (AST); patients’ clinical and trace data were also collected. WGS resolved all isolates within the genetic clade I (South Asian) and showed that all but one were part of a cluster likely stemming from the index case. Phylogenetic molecular clock analyses predicted a recent introduction (May 2019) in the hospital setting and suggested that most transmissions were associated with a ward converted to a COVID-19-dedicated ICU during the pandemic. All isolates were resistant to amphotericin B, voriconazole, and fluconazole at high-level, owing to mutations in ERG11(K143R) and TACB1(A640V). Present data demonstrated that the introduction of MDR C. auris in Italy was a recent event and suggested that its spread could have been facilitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Continued efforts to implement stringent infection prevention and control strategies are warranted to limit the spread of this emerging pathogen within the healthcare system.
Deep Learning for Integrated Analysis of Insulin Resistance with Multi-Omics Data
Authors: Huang Eunchong , Kim Sarah , Ahn TaeJin
Published: February 2021

Technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made it possible to uncover extensive and dynamic alterations in diverse molecular components and biological pathways across healthy and diseased conditions. Large amounts of multi-omics data originating from emerging NGS experiments require feature engineering, which is a crucial step in the process of predictive modeling. The underlying relationship among multi-omics features in terms of insulin resistance is not well understood. In this study, using the multi-omics data of type II diabetes from the Integrative Human Microbiome Project, from 10,783 features, we conducted a data analytic approach to elucidate the relationship between insulin resistance and multi-omics features, including microbiome data. To better explain the impact of microbiome features on insulin classification, we used a developed deep neural network interpretation algorithm for each microbiome feature’s contribution to the discriminative model output in the samples.
Malignant Arrhythmogenic Role Associated with RBM20: A Comprehensive Interpretation Focused on a Personalized Approach
Authors: Jordà Paloma , Toro Rocío , Diez Carles , Salazar-Mendiguchía Joel , Fernandez-Falgueras Anna , Perez-Serra Alexandra , Coll Monica , Puigmulé Marta , Arbelo Elena , García-Álvarez Ana , Sarquella-Brugada Georgia , Cesar Sergi , Tiron Coloma , Iglesias Anna , Brugada Josep , Brugada Ramon , Campuzano Oscar
Published: February 2021

The RBM20 gene encodes the muscle-specific splicing factor RNA-binding motif 20, a regulator of heart-specific alternative splicing. Nearly 40 potentially deleterious variants in RBM20 have been reported in the last ten years, being found to be associated with highly arrhythmogenic events in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Frequently, malignant arrhythmias can be a primary manifestation of disease. The early recognition of arrhythmic genotypes is crucial in avoiding lethal episodes, as it may have an impact on the adoption of personalized preventive measures. Our study performs a comprehensive update of data concerning rare variants in RBM20 that are associated with malignant arrhythmogenic phenotypes with a focus on personalized medicine.
Sample Path Generation of the Stochastic Volatility CGMY Process and Its Application to Path-Dependent Option Pricing
Authors: Kim Young Shin
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes the sample path generation method for the stochastic volatility version of the CGMY process. We present the Monte-Carlo method for European and American option pricing with the sample path generation and calibrate model parameters to the American style S&P 100 index options market, using the least square regression method. Moreover, we discuss path-dependent options, such as Asian and Barrier options.
Pheophorbide a Derivatives Exert Antiwrinkle Effects on UVB-Induced Skin Aging in Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Lee Hwa , Park Ho-Yong , Jeong Tae-Sook
Published: February 2021

Pheophorbide a is a chlorophyll metabolic breakdown product. This study investigated the antiwrinkle effect of pheophorbide a (PA) and its derivatives, including pyropheophorbide a (PyroPA) and pyropheophorbide a methyl ester (PyroPA-ME), on ultraviolet (UV) B-stimulated CCD-986sk fibroblasts. PA, PyroPA, and PyroPA-ME effectively suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation in UVB-exposed CCD-986sk fibroblasts. All three pheophorbides also reduced UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 secretion and mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Treatment with pheophorbides resulted in increased procollagen synthesis, and this required enhancement of procollagen type I C-peptide content and mRNA expression of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and COL1A2 in CCD-986sk cells. These antiwrinkle effects were more potent with PA and PyroPA than with PyroPA-ME. Furthermore, PA and PyroPA suppressed UVB-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase but not p38. Moreover, all three pheophorbides inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Therefore, these pheophorbides, especially PA and PyroPA, can be used as antiwrinkle agents, and PA- or PyroPA-rich natural resources can be used in functional cosmetics.
Negativibacillus massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Bacterial Genus Isolated from a Human Left Colon Sample
Authors: Valles Camille , Mailhe Morgane , Ricaboni Davide , Armstrong Nicholas , Alibar Stéphane , Vitton Véronique , Lagier Jean-Christophe , Raoult Didier , Tidjani Alou Maryam
Published: February 2021

A new genus, a member of the Ruminococcaceae family, was isolated from the left colon of a healthy woman. Strain Marseille P3213 was a non-motile, spore-forming, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped bacterium. This strictly anaerobic species reached optimal growth after an incubation of 72 h at 37 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain shared a 93.52% similarity level with Harryflintia acetispora strain V20-281a, its closest phylogenetic neighbor with standing in the nomenclature. Its genome had a size of 2.87 Mb, with a 45.81% G + C content. We hereby propose the creation of Negativibacillus massiliensis strain P3213T as the 43rd genus within the Ruminococcaceae family.
An Overview of the Geochemical Characteristics of Oceanic Carbonatites: New Insights from Fuerteventura Carbonatites (Canary Islands)
Authors: Carnevale Gabriele , Caracausi Antonio , Correale Alessandra , Italiano Laura , Rotolo Silvio G.
Published: February 2021

The occurrence of carbonatites in oceanic settings is very rare if compared with their continental counterpart, having been reported only in Cape Verde and Canary Islands. This paper provides an overview of the main geochemical characteristics of oceanic carbonatites, around which many debates still exist regarding their petrogenesis. We present new data on trace elements in minerals and whole-rock, together with the first noble gases isotopic study (He, Ne, Ar) in apatite, calcite, and clinopyroxene from Fuerteventura carbonatites (Canary Islands). Trace elements show a similar trend as Cape Verde carbonatites, almost tracing the same patterns on multi-element and REE abundance diagrams. 3He/4He isotopic ratios of Fuerteventura carbonatites reflect a shallow (sub-continental lithospheric mantle, SCLM) He signature in their petrogenesis, and they clearly differ from Cape Verde carbonatites, i.e., fluids from a deep and low degassed mantle with a primitive plume-derived He signature are involved in their petrogenesis.
Food-Derived Pharmacological Modulators of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway: Their Role in the Treatment of Diseases
Authors: Zhao Feijie , Ci Xinxin , Man Xiaxia , Li Jiajia , Wei Zhentong , Zhang Songling
Published: February 2021

Oxidative stress, which refers to unbalanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells, has been linked to acute and chronic diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway plays a vital role in regulating cytoprotective genes and enzymes in response to oxidative stress. Therefore, pharmacological regulation of Nrf2/ARE pathway is an effective method to treat several diseases that are mainly characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Natural products that counteract oxidative stress by modulating Nrf2 have contributed significantly to disease treatment. In this review, we focus on bioactive compounds derived from food that are Nrf2/ARE pathway regulators and describe the molecular mechanisms for regulating Nrf2 to exert favorable effects in experimental models of diseases.
A Dilute and Shoot Strategy for Determining Alternaria Toxins in Tomato-Based Samples and in Different Flours Using LC-IDMS Separation
Authors: Tölgyesi Ádám , Farkas Tamás , Bálint Mária , McDonald Thomas J. , Sharma Virender K.
Published: February 2021

Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins whose regulation and standardization are in progress by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization. This paper describes a dilute and shoot approach to determine five Alternaria toxins in selected food samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The strategy involves sample extraction with acidified aqueous methanol, followed by a solvent change accomplished via sample evaporation and reconstitution. The quantification is based on isotope dilution, applying all corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards to compensate possible matrix effects of the analysis. The main advantages of the present method over other existing methods includes simple and effective sample preparation, as well as detection with high sensitivity. The five-fold sample dilution can decrease matrix effects, which were evaluated with both external and internal standard methods. The results demonstrated a limit of quantification lower than 1.0 µg/kg for all five analytes for the first time. The newly presented method showed acceptable accuracy (52.7–111%) when analyzing naturally contaminated and spiked standard samples at the described levels. The method was validated for tomato-based and flour samples (wheat, rye, and maize). The absolute recovery ranged from 66.7% to 91.6% (RSD < 10%). The developed method could be an alternative approach for those laboratories that exclude sample cleanup and pre-concentration of state-of-the-art instruments with enhanced sensitivity.
Metal Organic Frameworks Derived Fe-N-C Nanostructures as High-Performance Electrodes for Sodium Ion Batteries and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
Authors: Sridhar Vadahanambi , Lee Inwon , Park Hyun
Published: February 2021

Metal organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon nanostructures (MDC) synthesized by either calcinations or carbonization or pyrolysis are emerging as attractive materials for a wide range of applications like batteries, super-capacitors, sensors, water treatment, etc. But the process of transformation of MOFs into MDCs is time-consuming, with reactions requiring inert atmospheres and reaction time typically running into hours. In this manuscript, we report the transformation of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, (DABCO)-based MOFs into iron nitride nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes by simple, fast and facile microwave pyrolysis. By using graphene oxide and carbon fiber as microwave susceptible surfaces, three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes vertically grown on reduced graphene oxide (MDNCNT@rGO) and carbon fibers (MDCNT@CF), respectively, were obtained, whose utility as anode material in sodium-ion batteries (MDNCNT@rGO) and for EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding material (MDCNT@CF) is reported.
Trichilianones A-D, Novel Cyclopropane-Type Limonoids from Trichilia adolfi
Authors: Limachi Ivan , Gonzalez-Ramirez Mariela , Manner Sophie , Ticona Juan C. , Salamanca Efrain , Gimenez Alberto , Sterner Olov
Published: February 2021

The fractionation of an ethanol extract of the bark of Trichilia adolfi yielded four novel limonoids (trichilinones A-D, 1–4), with five fused rings and related to the hortiolide-type limonoids. Starting with an ε-lactone, which is α,β-unsaturated in trichilinones A and D (1 and 4), attached to a tetrahydrofuran ring that is connected to an unusual bicyclo [5.1.0] hexane system, joined with a cyclopentanone with a 3-furanyl substituent [(2-oxo)-furan-(5H)-3-yl in trichilinone D (4)], the four compounds isolated display a new 7/5/3/5/5 limonoid ring system. Their structures were established based on extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. As the crude extract possessed anti-leishmanial properties, the compounds were assayed for cytotoxic and anti-parasitic activities in vitro in murine macrophages cells (Raw 264.7) and leishmania promastigotes (L. amazoniensis and L. braziliensis), respectively. The compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity (approximately 70 μg/mL), but are not responsible for the leishmanicidal effect of the extract.