bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Nitrogen‐Tin Heterocycles from Cyclostannazanes and Stannylaminoboranes
Authors: FRANZ T. , NEUMANN C. , NOETH H. , SCHWENK H. , STARA U. , STORCH W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydridometallacarboranes of Platinum Metals Derived from (nido‐C2B9H11) 2‐ and (nido‐B10H10CR)n‐ (n = 1, 3). Syntheses and Structural Studies
Authors: CHIZHEVSKY I. T. , PISAREVA I. V. , LOBANOVA I. A. , KOLOMNIKOVA G. D. , BREGADZE V. I. , DOLGUSHIN F. M. , YANOVSKY A. I. , STRUCHKOV Y. T. , KNOBLER C. B. , HAWTHORNE M. F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Reactions of Carboranes and Synthesis of a Carborane‐Gadolinium Complex for BNCT
Authors: YAMAMOTO Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Polysaccharides: Present Status and Challenges
Authors: PEREZ S. , KOUWIJZER M. , MAZEAU K. , ENGELSEN S. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Structure of Neuropeptide Y and Its Analogues
Authors: SAMARASINGHE S. D. , BALASUBRAMANIAM A. , JOHNSON M. E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced computed tomography for the quantification of tumor response to vasoactive agents in a rat tumor model: preliminary results
Authors: Pollard Rachel E. , Larson Richard F.
Published: August 2010

Rationale and Objectives

The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the ability of dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography (DCE‐CT) to detect changes in tumor blood flow (BF) and oxygenation induced by vasoactive substances in rats.

Materials and Methods

Under ultrasound guidance, a fiber‐optic probe was guided into thigh tumors in eight rats and attached to an oxygenation/blood flow‐sensing device. A DCE‐CT sequence was acquired at the oxygen‐sensing probe tip during injection of iodinated contrast media. Group 1 rats (n = 6) were administered a vasodilator (hydralazine, 5 mg/kg i.v.) and group 2 rats (n = 2) were given physiologic saline in a similar volume. DCE‐CT was repeated at the probe tip after 30 min. BF in the whole tumor and at the probe tip were estimated pre‐ and post‐drug administration and the percentage change was calculated.

Results

DCE‐CT defined significant differences between pre‐ and post‐drug BF in the whole tumor (p = 0.007) and at the probe tip (p = 0.03). Estimates of percentage change in BF in the whole tumor agreed with fiber‐optic measure of percentage change perfusion (r2 = 0.60; p = 0.02) and pO2 (r2 = 0.65; p = 0.02). Estimates of percentage change in BF at the probe tip agreed with fiber‐optic measures of percentage change in perfusion (r2 = 0.83; p = 0.001) and pO2 (r2 = 0.62; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Preliminary results indicate that DCE‐CT is capable of identifying alterations in tumor BF in rats. The percentage change in BF agrees with a validated estimate of tumor perfusion and oxygenation. This research technique may prove useful for assessment of tumor BF during combined chemotherapeutic and radiation therapy to improve outcome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End results of radiation therapy, alone and combination with 5‐fluorouracil in colorectal cancers
Authors: Vongtama Vitune , Douglass Harold O. , Moore Robert H. , Holyoke E. Douglas , Webster John H.
Published: August 2010

The authors retrospectively analyzed the results of irradiation in 148 cases of primary inoperable and recurrent adenoearcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at the Department of Radiation Therapy, Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1962 and 1970. This group includes 95 recurrences and 53 inoperable primaries. Uninterrupted radiotherapy was used in 118 cases and split‐course technique in 30 cases. Eleven patients received combined radiotherapy and surgery. Seventy‐eight patients received a combination of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and irradiation. The response rate and survival of individual groups is discussed in detail. This study indicated that perineal recurrences should receive whole pelvic irradiation in addition to perineum field. Split‐course technique appeared to yield a better survival than the uninterrupted course. The best 5‐year survival rate (64%) is found in the group treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. For locally advanced, inoperable cancers, split‐course technique, combined 5‐FU and irradiation gave the best results, achieving longer palliation with improved quality of life and sometimes yielding cure (5‐year survival).
Disseminated melanoma with unique unilateral distribution
Authors: Ariel Irving M.
Published: August 2010

This is a case report of extensive metastases of dermal and subcutaneous malignant melanomas limited to the right side of the body, with the left side remaining singularly free of any evidence of tumor. The primary melanoma, which had been excised 7 years before the development of metastases, existed on the posterior aspect of the chest, slightly to the right of the midline. This is the only case of its kind noted.
Global analysis of in vivo EGR1‐binding sites in erythroleukemia cell using chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing
Authors: Tang Chao , Shi Xiaolong , Wang Wei , Zhou Dequan , Tu Jing , Xie Xueying , Ge Qinyu , Xiao Peng feng , Sun Xiao , Lu Zuhong
Published: August 2010

Early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) has been implicated in megakaryocyte differentiation induced by phorbol ester. But the molecule mechanism of EGR1 in this process has not been widely investigated. The identification of direct EGR1 target genes in a global scale is critical for our understanding of how EGR1 contributes to this process. In this study, we provide a global survey on the binding location of EGR1 in the K562 cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation and massively parallel sequencing. Over 14 000 highly confident in vivo EGR1 binding sites were identified in phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate‐treated K562 cells. More than 70% of these genomic sites associated with EGR1 binding were located around annotated gene regions. Molecular functional classification of 6138 putative EGR1 target genes showed that the transcription factor class (695 of 6138; 11%) is the largest significantly enriched one. The results showed that a high coverage of the genome and a high positive rate achieve were achieved. This whole genome study on the EGR1 targets may provide a better understanding of the EGR1 regulated genes and the downstream pathway in megakaryocyte differentiation.
Numerical modeling of a self‐colliding plasma
Authors: Baranger Céline , Burbeau‐Augoula Anne , Seytor Patricia , Hoch Philippe , Larroche Olivier , Métral Jérôme , Rebourcet Bernard
Published: August 2010

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) offers many modeling challenges. One could summarize this general fact as follows: to take into account the physics occurring in a hohlraum cavity one has to elaborate specific models and try to couple them all to finally provide a quantitative solution useful for understanding past experiments and reliable for defining new ones. An example is the behavior of convergent and self‐colliding plasmas. When the cavity is filled with light gas or void, the converging velocity is large enough for the matter to interpenetrate in the vicinity of the axis. The gas dynamics hypothesis is no longer valid in that zone and one has to couple a 10 moment‐like model to smooth and delay radiation emissivity and entropy production. In this paper, we will present the three temperature hydrodynamics model commonly used in ICF and the way one adds an additional anisotropic pressure in order to mimic non‐equilibrium fluid flows. The numerical discretization takes place in the Lagrangian formalism associated with staggered scheme in space and time, and is strongly constrained by pre‐existing numerical modeling in the FCI2 code (Dautray and Watteau, Les techniques expérimentales et numériques, vol. 2. Eyrolles, 1993; and Schurtz et al. Phys. Plasmas 2000; 7:4238–4249). Grid smoothing allows us to obtain reliable solution even when large deformations occur. Those algorithms are described and some preliminary results presented to qualitatively estimate the modeling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation and planning for the refurbishment of the original Tauern Tunnel /
Authors: Kohlböck Bernhard , Moser Herwig
Published: August 2010

The extent of tunnel refurbishment has increased constantly in recent years. The particular importance of meticulous and thought‐out planning has been demonstrated on recent projects. The original drawings often provide an insufficient basis for design work and have to be checked, verified or supplemented by targeted investigation measures. A brief glance at the list of claims from a refurbishment project can clearly demonstrate the potential savings, which could have been produced by relatively cheap investigations. For the planning and design of the refurbishment of the first tube of the Tauern Tunnel, many staged investigation surveys were therefore carried out. The investigation measures carried out and their results and effect on the design and tender documents for the refurbishment of the existing tube of the Tauern Tunnel are described in this article.

In den letzten Jahren ist der Umfang der Tunnelsanierungen stetig gestiegen. Die bei Sanierungsmaßnahmen besonders große Bedeutung einer sorgfältigen und durchdachten Planung konnte bei den jüngst ausgeführten Projekten erkannt werden. Alte Baupläne sind oft nur eine sehr unzureichende Planungsgrundlage, die durch gezielte Erkundungsmaßnahmen abgesichert, verifiziert oder ergänzt werden sollten. Ein kurzer Blick auf die Liste der Mehrkostenforderungen bei Sanierungsprojekten zeigt in eindrucksvoller Weise das Einsparpotenzial, das mit vergleichsweise kostengünstigeren Erkundungsmaßnahmen hätte erzielt werden können. Für die Planung der Sanierung der ersten Röhre des Tauerntunnels wurden daher mehrere, zeitlich gestaffelte Erkundungsprogramme durchgeführt. Die durchgeführten Erkundungsmaßnahmen sowie deren Ergebnisse und Auswirkungen auf die Planung und Ausschreibung der Sanierung der Bestandsröhre des Tauerntunnels werden im vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt.
Highly porous titanium scaffolds for orthopaedic applications
Authors: Dabrowski Bogdan , Swieszkowski Wojciech , Godlinski Dirk , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof J.
Published: August 2010

For many years, the solid metals and their alloys have been widely used for fabrication of the implants replacing hard human tissues or their functions. To improve fixation of solid implants to the surrounding bone tissues, the materials with porous structures have been introduced. By tissue ingrowing into a porous structure of metallic implant, the bonding between the implant and the bone has been obtained. Substantial pore interconnectivity, in metallic implants, allows extensive body fluid transport through the porous implant. This can provoke bone tissue ingrowth, consequently, leading to the development of highly porous metallic implants, which could be used as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The goal of this study was to develop and then investigate properties of highly porous titanium structures received from powder metallurgy process. The properties of porous titanium samples, such as microstructure, porosity, Young's modulus, strength, together with permeability and corrosion resistance were investigated. Porous titanium scaffolds with nonhomogeneous distribution of interconnected pores with pore size in the range up to 600 μm in diameter and a total porosity in the range up to 75% were developed. The relatively high permeability was observed for samples with highest values of porosity. Comparing to cast titanium, the porous titanium was low resistant to corrosion. The mechanical parameters of the investigated samples were similar to those for cancellous bone. The development of high‐porous titanium material shows high potential to be modern material for creating a 3D structure for bone regeneration and implant fixation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Solubility and bioavailability of stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate
Authors: Meiron Oren E , Bar-David Elad , Aflalo Eliahu D , Shechter Assaf , Stepensky David , Berman Amir , Sagi Amir
Published: August 2010

Since its role in the prevention of osteoporosis in humans was proven some 30 years ago, calcium bioavailability has been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Recent technology allowing the production of a stable amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) now enables a bioavailability analysis of this unique form of calcium. This study thus compares the solubility and fractional absorption of ACC, ACC with chitosan (ACC-C), and crystalline calcium carbonate (CCC). Solubility was evaluated by dissolving these preparations in dilute phosphoric acid. The results demonstrated that both ACC and ACC-C are more soluble than CCC. Fractional absorption was evaluated by intrinsically labeling calcium carbonate preparations with 45Ca, orally administrated to rats using gelatin capsules. Fractional absorption was determined by evaluating the percentage of the administrated radioactive dose per milliliter that was measured in the serum, calcium absorption in the femur, and whole-body retention over a 34-hour period. Calcium serum analysis revealed that calcium absorption from ACC and ACC-C preparations was up to 40% higher than from CCC, whereas retention of ACC and ACC-C was up to 26.5% higher than CCC. Absorbed calcium in the femurs of ACC-administrated rats was 30% higher than in CCC-treated animals, whereas 15% more calcium was absorbed following ACC-C treatment than following CCC treatment. This study demonstrates the enhanced solubility and bioavailability of ACC over CCC. The use of stable ACC as a highly bioavailable dietary source for calcium is proposed based on the findings of this study. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
New horizons in the pharmacologic approach to hyponatremia: The V2 receptor antagonists
Authors: Palmer Biff F.
Published: August 2010

This article provides an overview of the developing niche for vasopressin 2 receptor antagonists (“vaptans”) in the management of hyponatremia in clinical practice. Specific areas of focus include the physiological and clinical rationale for use of this class of medications (including advantages over older and less specific therapeutic modalities), the practical limitations to the use of these new drugs (including issues of tolerability, toxicity, risk, and cost), and the unanswered question of the extent to which correcting hyponatremia will improve clinical outcomes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:S27–S32. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Managing hyponatremia in patients with heart failure
Authors: Greenberg Barry
Published: August 2010

Approximately 20% of heart failure patients have low levels of serum sodium, often at a time when they are hospitalized during a period of decompensation. The presence of hyponatremia adversely affects outcomes in heart failure and is associated with impaired cognitive and neuromuscular function. Current strategies for treating hyponatremia in heart failure patients have limited efficacy. Although the development of hyponatremia in heart failure patients is polyfactorial, the nonosmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the posterior pituitary plays a dominant role in this process through its effects on regulating the absorption of free water in the distal portion of the nephron. Drugs which block the effects of AVP on the V2 receptor have been shown to increase serum sodium by promoting the excretion of free water from the kidney. In this review, the theoretical basis supporting the use of AVP blockers is discussed and results from clinical trials in which they were administered to euvolemic and hypervolemic patients are reviewed. Administration of AVP blockers to heart failure patients increases free water excretion, promotes weight loss, and increases serum sodium levels without significant major adverse effects. Clinical trial results demonstrate safety during long‐term administration. These findings indicate that the use of AVP receptor antagonists should be considered in heart failure patients who have evidence of significant hyponatremia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:S33–S39. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Interleukin‐1β induces angiogenesis and innervation in human intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Lee Jae Man , Song Ji Ye , Baek MinJung , Jung Hye‐Young , Kang Haeyoun , Han In Bo , Kwon Young Do , Shin Dong Eun
Published: August 2010

Degenerative disorders of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) are generally characterized by enhanced matrix degradation, angiogenesis, innervation, and increased expression of catabolic cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effects of inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α, on the expression of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and neurotrophic factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in human IVD degeneration. IL‐1β and TNF‐α stimulated the gene expression of VEGF, NGF, and BDNF in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells isolated from patient tissues. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated a positive correlation between IL‐1β and VEGF/NGF/BDNF expression in human IVD tissues. RNA expression analysis of patient tissues also identified positive correlations between VEGF and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1) and between NGF/BDNF and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Our findings suggest that IL‐1β is generated during IVD degeneration, which stimulates the expression of VEGF, NGF, and BDNF, resulting in angiogenesis and innervation. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:265–269, 2011
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha antagonist administration recovers skeletal muscle dysfunction in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Dagdeviren Sezin , Kandilci Hilmi Burak , Uysal Berna , Zeybek Naciye Dilara , Korkusuz Petek , Gümüsel Bülent , Korkusuz Feza
Published: August 2010

Skeletal muscles deteriorate after ovariectomy. Molecular pathway of this deterioration has not been defined. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha activation is assumed to trigger muscle atrophy and administration of its antagonist is hypothesized to recover this atrophy in rats. Slow‐twitch soleus and fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle functions were investigated in intact, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX plus 10 µg/g/week TNF‐alpha antagonist administered female rats. Maximum isometric twitch and tetanic contraction responses were lower in the OVX groups. Maximum isometric twitch amplitudes recovered in the extensor digitorum longus but not in the soleus muscles after TNF‐alpha antagonist administration. The decrease in responses to tetanic stimulations recovered in the OVX–TNF group at frequencies higher than 20 Hz in both muscle types. OVX animals body weight was 21% higher than intact animals. Muscle weight to body weight ratios of the OVX groups were higher than the control group which recovered after TNF‐alpha antagonist administration. Findings suggest that the functional loss in OVX rat muscles is TNF‐alpha pathway dependent. Skeletal muscle atrophy and function after OVX recovered by TNF‐alpha antagonist administration. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:275–280, 2011
A cluster randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) in a military population
Authors: Greenberg Neil , Langston Victoria , Everitt Brian , Iversen Amy , Fear Nicola T. , Jones Norman , Wessely Simon
Published: August 2010

Trauma Risk Management is a peer‐support program that aims to promote help‐seeking in the aftermath of traumatic events. Prior to its implementation, the British military conducted a randomized controlled trial of Trauma Risk Management against standard care in 12 warships; 6 were randomized to use Trauma Risk Management after collecting baseline measurements. Follow up after 12–18 months found no significant change in psychological health or stigma scores in either group; however, the studied vessels only encountered low numbers of critical incidents. Additionally, measurements of organizational functioning were modestly better in the Trauma Risk Management ships. The authors conclude that within organizations using Trauma Risk Management may be beneficial and may, in time, lead to a valuable cultural shift.
Influence of organoclay dispersed state of poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate)/organoclay nanocomposites on their characteristics
Authors: Tsai Yuhsin , Wu Jyh‐Horng , Leu Ming‐Tsong
Published: August 2010

This work prepared poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG)/organoclay nanocomposites via a melt intercalation process and investigated the influences of organoclay aspect ratio and organoclay content on the dispersed state, mechanical, thermal, gas barrier, and heat recovery properties of PETG/organoclay nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopic analyses showed that the organoclay dispersed in the polymer matrix with intercalation in the nanometer scale range. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis demonstrated that all of the obtained nanocomposites were amorphous, indicating that the addition of organoclay did not affect the amorphous nature of PETG. The gas barrier properties of the nanocomposites improved with organoclay content and the properties were also affected by the organoclay aspect ratio. Water vapor and oxygen transmission rates (OTRs) of PETG/organoclay nanocomposites containing 3 phr Cloisite 15A, and 3 phr modified polymer grade Na‐montmorillonites (MPGN) were the lowest among the samples tested, and were 41.7 and 44.3%, respectively, of those of neat PETG. Similar organoclay content‐ and aspect ratio‐related effects were observed in the mechanical and heat recovery properties of the tested nanocomposites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reduction sensitive cascade biodegradable linear polymer
Authors: Dewit Matthew A. , Beaton Annelise , Gillies Elizabeth R.
Published: August 2010

Cascade degradable linear polymers offer the potential for a high degree of control over the degradation process. They comprise a backbone that is stable in the presence of an end cap, but upon removal of the end cap a cascade of intramolecular reactions is initiated that leads of depolymerization of the polymer backbone. Reported here is a new polymer backbone based on N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine and 2‐mercaptoethanol linked by carbamates and thiocarbamates. A disulfide end cap was incorporated such that its cleavage under reducing conditions revealed the thiol of 2‐mercaptoethanol, leading to alternating cyclizations of the 2‐mercaptoethanol and N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine moieties to provide 1,3‐oxathiolan‐2‐one and N,N′‐dimethylimidazolidinone, respectively. The degradation was monitored by 1H NMR and GPC. The expected products were observed, along with a portion of nondegradable polymer that was likely cyclic species. Overall, the results demonstrate the promise of this new class of polymers to degrade selectively in reducing environments such as hypoxic tumor tissue or the intracellular compartments of cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3977–3985, 2010
Temperature‐sensitive hyperbranched poly(glycidol)s with oligo(ethylene glycol) monoethers
Authors: Kojima Chie , Yoshimura Kohei , Harada Atsushi , Sakanishi Yuichi , Kono Kenji
Published: August 2010

Temperature‐dependent polymers are intelligent materials. In this study, biocompatible and temperature‐dependent hyperbranched poly(glycidol)s (HPGs) were synthesized and characterized. HPGs were succinylated then modified with the oligo(ethylene glycol) monoethers (OEG) for example methoxy di(ethylene glycol), methoxy tri(ethylene glycol), methoxy tetra(ethylene glycol), ethoxy di(ethylene glycol), ethoxy tri(ethylene glycol), and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s at different ratios. These polymers exhibited phase transitions at a specific temperature (the cloud point), depending on the composition of OEG. By tuning the composition of OEG in the polymer, thermosensitive polymers with cloud point near body temperature were produced. Endothermic peaks of these polymers were observed in the vicinity of the cloud point. It is suggested that at temperatures below the cloud point the polymers formed hydrophobic shells and became more hydrophobic at temperatures above the cloud point. Because they exhibited no cytotoxicity, these temperature‐sensitive polymers are useful for biomedical applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4047–4054, 2010
Lead‐sensitive PNIPAM microgels modified with crown ether groups
Authors: Luo Qiaofang , Guan Ying , Zhang Yongjun , Siddiq Muhammad
Published: August 2010

A series of lead‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels with pendant crown ether groups were prepared. Their cation‐sensitive behaviors were studied by dynamic light scattering. When ionic strength is not controlled, adding salts causes the microgel particles to deswell. However, when the salt effect is ruled out by keeping a constant ionic strength, adding Pb2+ results in much larger swelling. The Pb2+‐induced swelling was explained by the formation of host–guest complex between Pb2+ and the pendant crown ether groups, which increases the hydrophilicity of the polymer and accordingly the degree of swelling. The lead sensitivity of the microgels increases with increasing crown ether content. For the modified microgel with the highest crown ether content, it swells to ∼430% of its original volume at [Pb2+] = 10 mM. Other cations also increase the swelling degree of the modified microgels. The extent of the cation‐induced swelling mainly depends on their affinity to the pendant crown ether groups. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4120–4127, 2010
Impacts of grassland vegetation cover on the active‐layer thermal regime, northeast Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Wang Genxu , Liu Lin'an , Liu Guangsheng , Hu Hongchang , Li Taibin
Published: August 2010

The impact of vegetation cover on the active‐layer thermal regime was examined in an alpine meadow located in the permafrost region of Qinghai‐Tibet over a three‐year period. A high vegetation cover (93%) delayed thawing and freezing at a given depth relative to sites with lower covers (65%, 30% and 5%). Low vegetation covers exhibited greater annual variability in soil temperatures, and may be more sensitive to changes in air temperature. Low vegetation covers are also linked to higher thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity in the soils. The maintenance of a high vegetation cover on alpine meadows reduces the impact of heat cycling on the permafrost, may minimise the impact of climate change and helps preserve the microenvironment of the soil. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and electrochemical desorption of self‐assembled monolayers as studied by ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Tencer Michal , Nie Heng‐Yong , Berini Pierre
Published: August 2010

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was used to study a number of processes involving thiol‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on nontextured (polycrystalline) gold (Au) films deposited on Si wafers. ToF‐SIMS turned out to be a convenient and versatile semiqualitative technique which readily verified electrochemical desorption of a SAM and formation of another SAM on the same sample via reincubation with another thiol. The technique, allowing one to follow simultaneously more than one species on the surface, showed that any formation of a mixed SAM on surfaces which did not undergo electrolysis was negligible with the applied time scale (minutes). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of annealing temperatures on surface properties, hydroxyapatite growth and cell behaviors of TiO2 nanotubes
Authors: Bai Yu , Park Il Song , Park Hyeoung Ho , Lee Min Ho , Bae Tae Sung , Duncan Warwick , Swain Michael
Published: August 2010

Well‐ordered TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by the electrochemical anodization of titanium in an ethylene glycol electrolyte containing 1 wt% NH4F and 10 wt% H2O at 20 V for 20 min, followed by annealing. The surface morphology and crystal structure of the samples were examined as a function of the annealing temperature by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Crystallization of the nanotubes to the anatase phase occurred at 450 °C, while rutile formation was observed at 600 °C. Disintegration of the nanotubes was observed at 600 °C and the structure vanished completely at 750 °C. Electrochemical corrosion studies showed that the annealed nanotubes exhibited higher corrosion resistance than the as‐formed nanotubes. The growth of hydroxyapatite on the different TiO2 nanotubes was also investigated by soaking them in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicated that the tubes annealed to a mixture of anatase and rutile was clearly more efficient than that in their amorphous or plain anatase state. The in vitro cell response in terms of cell morphology and proliferation was evaluated using osteoblast cells. The highest cell activity was observed on the TiO2 nanotubes annealed at 600 °C. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duodenum‐preserving versus pylorus‐preserving pancreatic head resection for benign and premalignant lesions
Authors: Pedrazzoli Sergio , Canton Silvio Alen , Sperti Cosimo
Published: August 2010

Background/purpose

Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) is the treatment of choice for benign or premalignant pancreatic head lesions. Duodenum‐preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) has been reported in only 132 patients. This study aimed to compare the long‐term results of DPPHR and PPPD.

Methods

Patients who underwent DPPHR or PPPD for benign or borderline disease between 1991 and 2008 were followed up until December 2009 or their death. Endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions were evaluated at their last follow‐up.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients underwent DPPHR (Group 1) and 37 PPPD (Group 2). They were followed for a mean of 100 and 135 months, respectively. Group 1 had a higher complication rate (81.5 vs. 40.5%) and pancreatic fistula rate (40.1 vs. 18.9%). Hospital mortality was 0 and 2.7%, respectively. Two patients died 3.3 and 97 months after DPPHR. Significantly more Group 2 patients needed medical treatment for benign cholangitis (p < 0.0001). Insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus was observed in six Group 1 and 15 Group 2 patients (p = 0.077). Ten Group 1 and 21 Group 2 patients are taking pancreatic enzymes (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

DPPHR for benign or premalignant lesions is a difficult procedure with a higher complication rate than PPPD, but was without mortality. Preserving the entire duodenum and a normal biliary tree allows better long‐term results.
Investigating decisions to absent from work with low back pain: A study combining patient and GP factors
Authors: Morrisl Julia , Watsonl Paul J
Published: August 2010

Background: Determinants of who is and who is not sick‐listed following an initial consultation for LBP have received little attention. Both patient and practitioner factors are suggested to be predictive but the interaction has not been investigated.

Aims: To investigate patient and GP factors which determine sickness certification for low back pain.

Methods: Thirty‐four General Practitioners recruited 126 patients into the study. Patients completed questionnaires including work status; LBP history; pain; disability, mood and beliefs about back pain.

Results: No differences between sick‐listed and non‐sick‐listed groups were observed for age; back beliefs; anxiety; depression or fear‐avoidance beliefs about physical activity. Those sick‐listed demonstrated greater pain intensity (p =0.009); perceived disability (p =0.040); and fear‐avoidance beliefs about work (p <0.000). Regression analyses for GP factors only; patient factors only; and combined GP and patient factors were performed. The ability of the models to correctly classify subjects ranged from 69% for GP variables only; 75% for patient variables only and 82% for the combined model.

Discussion: Whether a sickness certificate is issued following an initial consultation for LBP was best explained by combining GP and patient factors. The implications for this in managing absence from work are discussed.
Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) participates in the hypercapnia‐induced Na,K‐ATPase downregulation
Authors: Welch Lynn C. , Lecuona Emilia , Briva Arturo , Trejo Humberto E. , Dada Laura A. , Sznajder Jacob I.
Published: August 2010

Hypercapnia has been shown to impair alveolar fluid reabsorption (AFR) by decreasing Na,K‐ATPase activity. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway (ERK) is activated under conditions of cellular stress and has been known to regulate the Na,K‐ATPase. Here, we show that hypercapnia leads to ERK activation in a time‐dependent manner in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Inhibition of ERK by U0126 or siRNA prevented both the hypercapnia‐induced Na,K‐ATPase endocytosis and impairment of AFR. Moreover, ERK inhibition prevented AMPK activation, a known modulator of hypercapnia‐induced Na,K‐ATPase endocytosis. Accordingly, these data suggest that hypercapnia‐induced Na,K‐ATPase endocytosis is dependent on ERK activation in AEC and that ERK plays an important role in hypercapnia‐induced impairment of AFR in rat lungs.
Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905–1912
Authors: Iliffe John
Published: August 2010

The history of Tanganyika from the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 (the greatest African rebellion against early European rule) to the last years of German administration. It examines a colonial situation in depth, ranging from the processes of change in African societies to the decisions of policy-makers in Berlin. In the aftermath of rebellion an imaginative Governor, Freiherr von rechenberg, initiated a programme of African cash-crop agriculture. This programme was reversed by a settler community which successfully manipulated the German political system. Meanwhile, after their defeat in armed rebellion, Africans sought power through educational and economic advancement. Tanganyika in 1912 was poised for that struggle for control between European settler and educated African which has been a fundamental theme of the modern history of East and Central Africa. Dr Illiffe's book is one of the few available studies of German colonial administration. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. Written in the light of current reappraisal of African history, the book gives valuable insight into African initiatives during the early years of European rule.
Effect of multifibre mixture with prebiotic components on bifidobacteria and stool pH in tube-fed children
Authors: Guimber Dominique , Bourgois Béatrice , Beghin Laurent , Neuville Sébastien , Pernes Philippe , Ben Amor Kaouther , Goedhart Annemiek , Sijben John , Knol Jan , Gottrand Frédéric
Published: August 2010

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a paediatric tube feed supplemented with a multifibre mixture on the gut microbiota and nutritional and micronutrient status of children on long-term enteral nutrition (EN). A randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial (2 × 3 months) with a washout period of 1 month was carried out. Twenty-seven children (80 % neurologically impaired) aged 11·9 (sd3·9) years, on long-term EN (4·8 (sd3·9) years) were recruited. The analyses of the children's faecal pH, microbiota along with anthropometric measures, bowel movements and markers of blood micronutrient status were made. Twenty children completed the study. A significant increase in the proportion of stool bifidobacteria (+16·6 %,P < 0·05) was observed during the multifibre period than during the fibre-free period, together with a significant reduction in stool pH (P < 0·001). Stool frequency and consistency as well as growth did not differ between the two periods. There was a significant increase (P < 0·05) in plasma ferritin at the end of the fibre-free period, but plasma ferritin levels remained within normal ranges during both periods. No diet effects on other blood parameters were observed. In conclusion, addition of a multifibre mixture with prebiotic components to paediatric EN is well tolerated, promotes bifidobacteria and reduces stool pH, indicating an improved gut health.
Making Family and Nation: Hindu Marriage Law in Early Postcolonial India
Authors: Subramanian Narendra
Published: August 2010

Postcolonial states responded differently to the group-specific personal laws that were recognized in many colonial societies. While some retained most colonial personal laws (e.g., Lebanon) and others introduced major changes (e.g., Tunisia), most introduced modest yet significant changes (e.g., Egypt, India, Indonesia). Indian policy makers retained personal laws specific to religious groups, and did not change the minority laws, although minority recognition did not rule out culturally grounded reform. They changed Hindu law alone based on their values, as they saw Hindu social reform as the key to making nation and citizen. Reform proposals drew from the modern Western valuation of the nuclear family, and from Hindu traditions that were reformed to meet standards of modernity. As Hindu nationalists and other conservatives defended lineage authority, legislators retained much of the lineage control over ancestral property. But they provided limited divorce rights, reduced restrictions on mate choice, and banned bigamy. The visions driving the initial proposals influenced many later changes in India's family laws.
Population status and distribution of the Endangered yellow-margined box turtle Cuora flavomarginata in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Yi-Fu , Wu Sheng-Hai , Lin Te-En , Mao Jean-Jay , Chen Tien-Hsi
Published: August 2010

The Chelonia face an extinction crisis, particularly in Asia: unsustainable harvests, and habitat fragmentation and loss accompanying rapid urbanization and land development all pose threats to turtles. These threats are particularly acute for those species with a high commercial value such as the yellow-margined box turtle Cuora flavomarginata. Because of burgeoning demand in the food and pet markets, combined with extensive habitat loss, C. flavomarginata is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. To investigate the status and distribution of this species in Taiwan we conducted an extensive trapping survey in 2001–2008, locating a total of 527 different individuals at 23 sites. Our results show that C. flavomarginata is restricted to low-elevation forested hills. Populations in lowland areas may have been extirpated by land development. There are four clusters of localities in low-elevation primary and secondary forests, and some relatively large populations survive. However, capture success at most sites was low. In those sites where we trapped > 20 individuals, sex ratios were significantly skewed towards females and adults predominated. The most essential measure for the conservation of C. flavomarginata in Taiwan is to secure and preserve some relatively undisturbed habitats at low elevations.
The relationship between the experience of mood symptoms, expectancy judgement and a person's current concern
Authors: Reilly Elizabeth S. , Mansell Warren
Published: August 2010

This study examined expectancy judgement and current concerns in high and low depression and anxiety participants. Expectancy judgement was measured using the Personal Future Task. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). A novel scale, the Current Concerns Checklist, was developed to measure ten current concerns that were thought to relate to the most salient concerns of common Axis I disorders. Using the DASS, 19 participants were allocated to the distressed group and 17 to the non-distressed group. As hypothesized, there was a main effect for the current concern concept; participants thought of more future events regarding their current concern than their non-concern. However, the hypothesis that the distressed group would generate more negative relative to positive responses than the non-distressed group within the domain of their most prominent current concern was not supported. Future research and implications for CBT are discussed.
Regulating the conduct of urban warfare: lessons from contemporary asymmetric armed conflicts
Authors: John-Hopkins Michael
Published: August 2010

A survey of contemporary armed conflicts indicates that major military powers are increasingly facing militarily weaker adversaries and being drawn into unconventional engagements in cities, towns, and villages. Given the asymmetry of military capabilities in such conflicts, it is submitted that higher standards of reasonableness be imposed upon military commanders of major military powers to ensure constant care for civilian populations, and furthermore that civilian populations be spared more effectively from the effects of urban warfare by applying customary law ab initio, in order to avoid gaps in protection that may arise from the premature classification of armed conflicts.
Influence of mitigation policy on ocean acidification
Authors: Bernie D. , Lowe J. , Tyrrell T. , Legge O.
Published: August 2010

This study quantifies the relative impact on future ocean acidification of different aspects of global climate change mitigation policies, such as the year that global emissions peak, how fast they reduce after their peak, and the long term minimum emissions that are possible. Relative to a scenario where emissions peak in 2016 and then decrease by 1% per year, further emissions reductions to 2, 3 and 4% per year lead to the same impact minimum pH (by 2100) if emissions peak 10, 15 and 17 years later respectively. Over the same time scale, non‐mitigation scenarios lead to a decrease of global mean surface pH of 7.67 to 7.81. Strong and urgent mitigation, emissions peaking in 2016 and reducing by 5% per year, are shown to limit this minimum to 8.02. Minimum pH over longer timescales, the next 500 years, is largely determined by the minimum emission level that is attainable, owing to its relation with cumulative emissions.
Optical signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by ground‐based VLF transmitters
Authors: Marshall R. A. , Newsome R. T. , Lehtinen N. G. , Lavassar N. , Inan U. S.
Published: August 2010

Numerical simulations are presented of optical emissions in the ionosphere due to electron precipitation caused by ground‐based VLF transmitters. Ray tracing and precipitation calculations are made to estimate the flux precipitated from the inner magnetosphere for existing ground‐based VLF transmitters as well as hypothetical transmitters with controlled parameters. The resulting precipitated fluxes are used to estimate ionization profiles through Monte Carlo simulations, and the ionization profiles are converted to photon volume emission rates. The results are extended over a range of L shells and longitudes. Results show that the NWC transmitter at North West Cape, Australia, creates the strongest optical signature because of its high power, latitude of ∼35°, and low frequency. The resulting optical signal has a peak of <0.1 R; however, we calculate that this should be detectable using sensitive photometric instruments and controlled modulation experiments.
Listening Habits of iPod Users
Authors: Epstein Michael , Marozeau Jeremy , Cleveland Sandra
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To estimate real-environment iPod listening levels for listeners in 4 environments to gain insight into whether average listeners receive dosages exceeding occupational noise exposure guidelines as a result of their listening habits.

Method

The earbud outputs of iPods were connected directly into the inputs of a digital recorder to make recordings of listening levels. These recordings were used to estimate listening levels using reference recordings made in a real ear. Recordings were made in 4 environments with a wide range of background noises: (a) a library, (b) a student center, (c) busy streets, and (d) the subway.

Results

None of the 64 listeners were estimated to exceed allowable occupational dosages, with a maximum dose of 7.57% based on Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA; 1998) methods and 10.83% based on National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH; 1998) methods.

Conclusions

All of the listeners surveyed were exposed to dosages well below OSHA and NIOSH occupational regulations. Although this does not guarantee individual safety, the results do not support the widespread concern regarding the safety of common iPod usage. However, measurements made in this study agree with the finding that iPod output can exceed safe levels and further support recommendations to monitor and limit listening volume and listening duration.
The CHAPS, SIFTER, and TAPS–R as Predictors of (C)AP Skills and (C)APD
Authors: Wilson Wayne J. , Jackson Alison , Pender Alice , Rose Carla , Wilson Jacqueline , Heine Chyrisse , Khan Asad
Published: August 2010

Purpose

In this study, the authors investigated the relationships between 3 tests used to screen for (central) auditory processing disorder ([C]APD)—the Children’s Auditory Performance Scale (CHAPS; W. J. Smoski, M. A. Brunt, & J. C. Tannahill, 1998), the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER; K. Anderson, 1989), and the Test of Auditory Perceptual Skills—Revised (TAPS–R; M. Y. Gardner, 1997)—and 4 tests used to diagnostically assess for (C)APD: Low-Pass Filtered Speech (LPFS), Competing Sentences (CS), Two-Pair Dichotic Digits (DD), and Frequency Patterns With Linguistic Report (FP).

Method

The screening and diagnostic (C)APD tests results of 104 children (71 boys, 33 girls) aged 6.9–14.3 years were reviewed following their attendance at a university clinic in Brisbane, Australia.

Results

Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient analysis showed weak (r= .22,p< .05) to moderate (r= .47,p< .01) correlations predominantly between the short-term and working memory test results of the TAPS–R and the DD and FP test results of the (C)AP test battery. Linear and binary logistic regression analyses showed a poor ability of the CHAPS, SIFTER, and TAPS–R test results to predict the individual LPFS, CS, DD, or FP test results or the overall risk for (C)APD.

Conclusion

The CHAPS, SIFTER, and TAPS–R should be used to highlight concerns about a child but not to determine whether a diagnostic (C)AP assessment is particularly warranted.