bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Responses and Material‐Cell Interplays With Novel MoAlB@MBene
Authors: Jakubczak Michał , Bury Dominika , Montes‐García Verónica , Ciesielski Artur , Naguib Michael , Jastrzębska Agnieszka M.
Published: October 2024

Developing efficient antibacterial nanomaterials has potential across diverse fields, but it requires a deeper understanding of material‐bacteria interactions. In this study, a novel 2D core‐shell MoAlB@MBene structure is synthesized using a mild wet‐chemical etching approach. The growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis bacteria in the presence of MoAlB@MBene decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner, with a prolonged lag phase in the initial 6 h of incubation. Even under dark conditions, MoAlB@MBene triggered the formation of intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) in bacteria, while the bacteria protected themselves by forming biofilm and altering cell morphology. The MoAlB@MBene shows consistent light absorption across the visible range, along with a distinctive UV absorption edge. Two types of band gaps are identified: direct (1.67 eV) and indirect (0.74 eV), which facilitate complex light interactions with MoAlB@MBene. Exposure to simulated white light led to decreased viability rates of E. coli (20.6%), S. aureus (22.9%), and B. subtilis (21.4%). Altogether, the presented study enhances the understanding of bacteria responses in the presence of light‐activated 2D nanomaterials.
Compact Molecular Conformation of Prodrugs Enhances Photocleaving Performance for Tumor Vascular Growth Inhibition
Authors: Lin Wen‐Yue , Wen Hui‐Ping , Li Jia‐Yao , Wang Juan‐Mei , Feng Hong‐Juan , Huang Zhi , Li Ran , Zeng Le , Huang Ling
Published: October 2024

Highly spatiotemporal‐resolved photomodulation demonstrates promise for investigating key biological events in vivo and in vitro, such as cell signaling pathways, neuromodulation, and tumor treatment without side effects. However, enhancing the performance of photomodulation tools remains challenging due to the limitations of the physicochemical properties of the photoactive molecules. Here, a compact, stable intramolecular π‐π stacking conformation forming between the target molecule (naproxen) and the perylene‐based photoremovable protecting group is discovered to confine the motion of the photolabile bond and then enhance the photocleavage quantum yield. In conjunction with a red‐absorbing photosensitizer, the photocleavage wavelength is extended to the red region via triplet–triplet annihilation. In particular, the triplet lifetime of the prodrug can be extended via the linked steric hindrance to improve the conversion yield via TTA. Using the new photomodulation tool, it is precisely photoreleased cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors for tumor vascular growth suppression in vivo. In combination with cisplatin, over 90% efficient inhibition of malignant breast tumors is observed via the synergistic tumor treatment strategy. These findings provide a new concept for the rational design of efficient photocleavage and have implications for photomodulating cell signaling pathways in tumor therapy, as well as laying a solid foundation for the development of phototherapeutic approaches.
Aptamer‐Encapsulated Cellular Nanoparticles for Neurotoxin Neutralization
Authors: Kai Mingxuan , Shen Wei‐Ting , Wang Dan , Yu Yiyan , Zhang Jiayuan Alex , Sun Lei , Fang Ronnie H. , Gao Weiwei , Zhang Liangfang
Published: October 2024

Aptamers are single‐stranded oligonucleotides that fold into defined architectures for specific target binding. In this study, aptamers are selected that specifically bind to small‐molecule neurotoxins and encapsulate them into cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (referred to as ‘cellular nanoparticles’ or ‘CNPs’) for effective neutralization of neurotoxins. Specifically, six different aptamers are selected that bind to saxitoxin (STX) or tetrodotoxin (TTX) and encapsulate them into metal–organic framework cores, which are then coated with neuronal cell membrane. The resulting CNPs exhibit high colloidal stability, minimal aptamer leakage, and effective protection of aptamer payloads against enzyme degradation. This detoxification platform combines membrane‐enabled broad‐spectrum neutralization with aptamer‐based specific toxin binding, offering dual‐modal neutralization mechanisms for efficient neurotoxin neutralization. The in vitro neutralization efficacy is demonstrated using a neuron osmotic swelling assay, a Na+ flux fluorescence assay, and a cytotoxicity assay. The in vivo neutralization efficacy is further validated using mouse models of STX and TTX intoxication in both therapeutic and preventative regimens. Overall, integrating aptamers with CNPs combines the strengths of both technologies, resulting in a robust solution for broad‐spectrum toxin‐neutralization applications.
Programmable Artificial Skins Accomplish Antiscar Healing with Multiple Appendage Regeneration
Authors: Xiong Mingchen , Yang Xinling , Shi Ziwei , Xiang Jiangbing , Gao Huanhuan , Ji Shuaifei , Li Yingying , Pi Wei , Chen Huating , Zhang Hongliang , Wang Mengyang , Li Yan , Hong Yiyue , Liu Dongsheng , Fu Xiaobing , Dong Yuanchen , Sun Xiaoyan
Published: October 2024

Functional appendage regeneration is essential for skin rehabilitation, but it has always failed by current existing healing approaches, owing to their inefficacy in preventing disfiguring scars. In this study, a novel regeneration‐directing artificial skin (RDAS) system is presented, which is based on the rational design of multi‐layered hydrogels that closely mimic natural skin matrices. By leveraging the programmability and architectural rigidity of DNA components, without the need for exogenous cell transplantation, such RDAS effectively minimizes tissue fibrosis by accurately guiding the regenerative process in wound fibroblasts, enabling rapid scarless wound repair, restoration of dermal function, and successful in situ regeneration of multiple appendages, such as hair follicles (HFs), sebaceous glands (SGs), and sweat glands (SwGs). Therefore, the RDAS offers a cell‐free antiscarring therapeutic strategy for regenerative wound healing, resulting in improved outcomes. This innovative approach holds great potential for future clinical applications and burn rehabilitation.
Engineering of Single‐Atomic Sites for Electro‐ and Photo‐Catalytic H2O2 Production
Authors: Li Yunxiang , Luan Deyan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: October 2024

Direct electro‐ and photo‐synthesis of H2O2 through the 2e− O2 reduction reaction (ORR) and H2O oxidation reaction (WOR) offer promising alternatives for on‐demand and on‐site production of this chemical. Exploring robust and selective active sites is crucial for enhancing H2O2 production through these pathways. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), featuring isolated active sites on supports, possess attractive properties for promoting catalysis and unraveling catalytic mechanisms. This review first systematically summarizes significant advancements in atomic engineering of both metal and nonmetal single‐atom sites for electro‐ and photo‐catalytic 2e− ORR to H2O2, as well as the dynamic behaviors of active sites during catalytic processes. Next, the progress of single‐atom sites in H2O2 production through 2e− WOR is overviewed. The effects of the local physicochemical environments on the electronic structures and catalytic behaviors of isolated sites, along with the atomic catalytic mechanism involved in these H2O2 production pathways, are discussed in detail. This work also discusses the recent applications of H2O2 in advanced chemical transformations. Finally, a perspective on the development of single‐atom catalysis is highlighted, aiming to provide insights into future research on SACs for electro‐ and photo‐synthesis of H2O2 and other advanced catalytic applications.
Atomic Layer Processing (ALP): Ubi es et Quo Vadis?
Authors: Ashurbekova Kristina , Knez Mato
Published: October 2024

Atomic Layer Processing (ALP) techniques have transformed materials engineering by enabling atomic/molecular‐level control over composition, fidelity in structure replication, and properties. Tracing its origins to pioneering molecular layering and atomic layer deposition work in the mid‐20th century, this multifaceted field has remarkably diversified to include molecular layer deposition (MLD), atomic layer etching (ALE), area‐selective deposition (ASD), and vapor‐phase infiltration (VPI) processes. ALP is making great impacts across diverse disciplines – facilitating semiconductor miniaturization through ultrathin dielectric films, improving battery materials and engineering catalysts for energy applications, creating bioactive surfaces for advanced biomaterials, and promoting sustainable membranes for environmental remediation. As ALP techniques continue evolving through integration with additive manufacturing, machine learning, and in situ diagnostics, new frontiers in materials design are emerging, driven by the growing focus on environmental considerations like renewable precursors, energy‐efficient processes, and waste minimization. This perspective article examines ALP's historical development, highlights current state‐of‐the‐art applications across selected fields, and provides insights into the anticipated future trajectory, emerging application domains, and the pivotal role of academic‐industry‐research laboratory collaborations in catalyzing ALP innovations and facilitating its widespread adoption as a transformative manufacturing platform.
The Effects of Inhibitor Chivosazole A on Actin Interacting with Profilin: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Liu Jia , Lin Lirui , Xu Li‐Yan , Li, En‐Min , Dong Geng
Published: October 2024

Actin is highly conserved and contributes to numerous cellular activities. Profilin, one of actin binding proteins, promotes the exchange rate of nucleotide of actin, which leads to a fast elongation of actin filament. To slow down the elongation of filament, chivosazole A (ChivoA) is developed as an inhibitor of blocking actin‐profilin interaction. Intriguingly, known from the solved crystal structure, ChivoA does not bind on the interface between actin and profilin. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to study the possible mechanism how ChivoA inhibits actin‐profilin interaction. First, principal component analysis and representative structures comparisons reveal that the conformation of ChivoA‐bound actin is restrained at a closed state, whereas a trend toward an open state is found in profilin‐bound actin. Then, Peptide Gaussian accelerated MD shows that ChivoA limits the ability of the DNase I binding loop (D‐loop) swings and enlarges a distance between two major profilin binding regions. On the contrary, the distance between these two regions of profilin‐bound actin decreases in a clamp‐like motion mode. Finally, binding energies are calculated by molecular mechanics/poisson‐boltzmann surface area method and display that the ChivoA‐bound actin is less favorable for profilin binding.
Concrete‐Inspired Bionic Bone Glue Repairs Osteoporotic Bone Defects by Gluing and Remodeling Aging Macrophages
Authors: Li Chong , Xu Wei , Li Lei , Zhou Yonghui , Yao Gang , Chen Guang , Xu Lei , Yang Ning , Yan Zhanjun , Zhu Chen , Fang Shiyuan , Qiao Yusen , Bai Jiaxiang , Li Meng
Published: October 2024

Osteoporotic fractures are characterized by abnormal inflammation, deterioration of the bone microenvironment, weakened mechanical properties, and difficulties in osteogenic differentiation. The chronic inflammatory state characterized by aging macrophages leads to delayed or non‐healing of the fracture or even the formation of bone defects. The current bottleneck in clinical treatment is to achieve strong fixation of the comminuted bone fragments and effective regulation of the complex microenvironment of aging macrophages. Inspired by cement and gravel in concrete infrastructure, a biomimetic bone glue with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres is developed and levodopa/oxidized chitosan hydrogel stabilized on an organic‐inorganic framework of nanohydroxyapatite, named DOPM. DOPM is characterized via morphological and mechanical characterization techniques, in vitro experiments with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, and in vivo experiments with an aged SD rat model exhibiting osteoporotic bone defects. DOPM exhibited excellent adhesion properties, good biocompatibility, and significant osteogenic differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that DOPM improved the inflammatory microenvironment by inhibiting the NF‐κB signaling pathway and promoting aging macrophage polarization toward M2 macrophages, thus significantly accelerating bone defect repair and regeneration. This biomimetic bone glue, which enhances osteointegration and reestablishes the homeostasis of aging macrophages, has potential applications in the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.
The influence of climate on varietal similarities across countries
Authors: Puga Germán , Anderson Kym
Published: October 2024

In recent decades, vignerons have focused more on the world's mainstream varieties than on differentiating their varietal mix. This has led countries to become more similar to each other in their mix of winegrape varieties and more varietally concentrated. What are the drivers of those changes? In this study, we focus on one of those drivers, that is, climate similarities. We estimate statistical models to quantify the potential influence of 16 climate variables on varietal similarities across countries, as well as on how their varietal mixes have become more or less similar since 2000. The results indicate not only that countries with more similar climates have more similar varietal mixes but also that in recent years countries with more similar climates have become even more similar in their mixes. This, however, does not necessarily mean that vignerons have been planting the varieties that are better adapted to their climates.

Core Ideas

Wine‐producing countries have become more similar and concentrated in their mix of winegrape varieties.

This similarity extends particularly among countries sharing similar climatic conditions.

In recent years, countries with similar climates have continued to converge in their winegrape varietal mixes.

Nevertheless, vignerons have not necessarily been planting varieties that are better suited to their climates.
Joint Electrons and Photons Transfer from Dual‐Functional WO3:Yb,Er to Zn0.5Cd0.5S for Efficient H2 Evolution
Authors: Ma Zhaoyu , Song Xiaoxi , Lu Yue , Zhu Fukun , Xie Yuxi , Zhao Lijiang , Yang Zhengwen , Zhang Junying
Published: October 2024

Utilization of the near‐infrared (NIR) light in the solar spectrum is critical for efficiency improvement of photocatalytic H2 evolution. However, common semiconductors have low response to the NIR light and narrow bandgap semiconductors have inappropriate redox potentials. Here, the study presents a new dual‐functional up‐conversion strategy in one sensitizer for promoting photocatalytic hydrogen production reactions by converting NIR light to visible light and high‐energy electrons simultaneously, via photon‐photon conversion and photo‐electronic process, respectively. Using WO3:Yb,Er as the sensitizer and Zn0.5Cd0.5S as the hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst, a photocatalytic hydrogen release rate of 24.3 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated solar‐light has been achieved without using any co‐catalyst. After loading Ni2P as a co‐catalyst, the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance can be further improved to 41.3 mmol g−1 h−1 at 10 °C and 93.3 mmol g−1 h−1 under non‐temperature‐controlled conditions, exceeding most photocatalysts. This work offers a new strategy to improve the NIR light utilization of the solar‐light for promoting photocatalytic hydrogen generation through synergistic photo‐optical, photo‐electronic, and photo‐thermal effects.
Solvent Descriptors Guided Wide‐Temperature Electrolyte Design for High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Meng Tao , Yang Shanshan , Peng Yitong , Li Pingan , Ren Sicen , Yun Xu , Hu Xianluo
Published: October 2024

Lithium‐ion batteries are increasingly required to operate under harsh conditions, particularly at high temperatures above 55 °C. However, existing electrolytes suffer from inadequate thermal stability and significant interphasial side reactions. Moreover, there is a lack of clear guidelines for developing electrolytes that can withstand high temperatures. Here a solvent screening descriptor is introduced based on dual local softness and dielectric constant. The findings indicate that solvents with moderate dielectric constants and low reactivity are ideal candidates for high‐temperature electrolytes. Among the solvents evaluated, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is identified as a suitable option and is utilized to formulate a localized high‐concentration electrolyte (TEOS‐based LHCE). Remarkably, the 1‐Ah LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1||graphite pouch cell utilizing this TEOS‐based LHCE demonstrates 95.8% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 60 °C. Interphasial analysis reveals that the TEOS‐based LHCE promotes the formation of thin, uniform LiF‐rich interphases, effectively suppressing interfacial side reactions at elevated temperatures. This screening strategy not only enhances the understanding of electrolyte performance but also paves the way for high‐throughput screening of electrolytes suitable for wide‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries.
Gender dynamics and aspirational disparities in agriculture
Authors: Villacis Alexis H. , Bruns Selina , Jr Tabe‐Ojong Martin Paul , Ortega David L. , Mishra Ashok K.
Published: October 2024

Despite increasing scholarly attention to individual aspirations, rural women's aspirations in agriculture remain largely unexplored. With women increasingly central to agricultural work, understanding their aspirations is crucial. Using farm surveys from Ecuador, Kenya, and Rwanda, we investigate the relationship between gender and aspiration formation in agriculture. Similar to previous findings related to education and entrepreneurship, our findings show women have lower ambitions for agricultural production. Addressing the unique challenges they face, gender‐sensitive policies are vital for inclusive, sustainable agriculture. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of the multidimensional factors shaping agricultural outcomes, underscoring the importance of integrating diverse perspectives for effective policy formulation in agriculture.
Prognostic relevance of sarcopenia and tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Doi Shunsuke , Yasuda Satoshi , Miyashita Miu , Nagai Minako , Nakamura Kota , Matsuo Yasuko , Terai Taichi , Kohara Yuichiro , Sakata Takeshi , Sho Masayuki
Published: October 2024

Aim

The relationship between sarcopenia, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and long‐term survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic relevance of sarcopenia and TILs in patients with HCC.

Methods

We included 351 patients with HCC following liver resection. Sarcopenia was defined based on the skeletal muscle index using computed tomography. Tumor‐infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, perforin, and granzyme B were examined in liver resection specimens.

Results

Sarcopenia patients had a significantly lower lymphocyte count (p = 0.003), prognostic nutritional index (p = 0.017), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts (p = 0.008 and p = 0.006, respectively). The overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rates of sarcopenia patients were significantly lower than non‐sarcopenia patients (both p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that sarcopenia and low CD8 levels were strong independent poor prognostic factors for OS and RFS (both p < 0.001). Regardless of sarcopenia, patients with high CD8 levels had significantly better OS and RFS rates and increased expression of perforin and granzyme B. Particularly, sarcopenia patients with high CD8 levels had much better OS and RFS than those with low CD8 levels and were even comparable to non‐sarcopenia patients with high CD8 levels.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia and low CD8 levels are strong independent poor prognostic factors in patients with HCC. Furthermore, sarcopenia patients with high CD8 levels had favorable survival and activated local immunity, suggesting that tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells may play a functionally important role in sarcopenia patients.
Cu‐Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem Coupling and Cyclization of 2‐Aminonaphthalenes to Synthesize Dibenzo[c, g]carbazoles
Authors: Kong Minwoo , Ghosh Arnab , Park Myung Hwan , Kim Min , Kang Houng
Published: October 2024

A Cu(II) complex with a bipyridyl ligand bearing a Brønsted acid was used to catalyze the tandem oxidative coupling and cyclization of 2‐aminonaphthalenes to give N‐substituted‐dibenzo[c,g]carbazoles. The incorporation of an appended acidic moiety to the ligand was found to be key to the selective formation of dibenzocarbazoles over 2,2’‐diamino‐1,1’‐binaphthalene (BINAM), which is known as an irreversible byproduct. This highly efficient method yields a wide array of dibenzo[c,g]carbazoles featuring diverse functional groups as well as electronic properties. The selected dibenzo[c,g]carbazoles exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 100 % and are promising chromophores for advanced materials.
A Base Promoted [3+2] Cycloaddition of Benzothiazolium Salts with Isoindigos to Synthesis N, S‐polyheterocyclic 3, 3′ Bispirooxindoles
Authors: Li Chen‐Yi , Wang Yao , Hu Dan , Zhang Bin , Yin Heng , Li Yu‐Long
Published: October 2024

A base promoted [3+2] cycloaddition of benzothiazolium salts with isoindigos has been developed, and a series of novel N, S‐polyheterocyclic 3, 3′ bispirooxindoles with four contiguous cycles and two spiro quaternary stereocenters have been successfully and effectively prepared in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) under mild conditions.
Electromagnetic Manipulation Evolution from Stacked Meta‐Atoms to Spatially Cascaded Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Ying Han , Pang Cheng , Wang Yuzhong , Qi Jiaran
Published: October 2024

Metasurfaces, known as planar two‐dimensional (2D) metamaterials, are proposed to overcome obstacles like high loss and bulky volume occurring with three‐dimensional (3D)metamaterials. Single‐layer structures face limited degrees of freedom, and cannot satisfy the growing functional demands for meta‐devices. To simplify the design process and gain more controllability, quasi‐2D structures are introduced into metasurfaces in the form of stacked meta‐atoms design or spatially cascaded metasurfaces. These configurations greatly expand the manipulation capability of metasurfaces and spawn a variety of functions and applications. In this review, the progress of metasurfaces with multi‐layer stacked meta‐atoms and spatially cascaded metasurfaces is presented. Progress is presented from metasurfaces with multi‐layer stacked meta‐atom configurations to spatially cascaded metasurfaces, focusing on the development of versatile applications for these quasi‐2D configurations. Special attentions are paid to the diffractive deep neural networks(D2NNs), and a category of recently developed cascaded metasurfaces introduces a brand‐new method into metasurface inverse designing as well as paves paths to all‐optical computing. Finally, the promising avenues for such metasurfaces are discussed.
A Piezocatalysis Strategy to Enable Efficient Redox in Solid‐State Battery
Authors: Kong De‐Chen , Zhu Qing‐Yao , Guan De‐Hui , Wang Xiao‐Xue , Liu Yun‐Ling , Wang Huan‐Feng , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: October 2024

Piezocatalysis is considered to be a favorable catalytic technology by utilizing external mechanical stimulation to promote the specific redox reactions. The application of piezocatalysis in batteries is promising but faces formidable challenges. Herein, the operation principles of piezocatalysis were successfully demonstrated by constructing solid‐state Li−Se and Li−S battery models with interfacial stress accumulation. Lead zirconate titanate with an ultra‐high piezoelectric coefficient was applied as the piezoelectric catalyst. The uniformity of the dipole orientation in materials was essential for achieving piezocatalysis in batteries. The accumulated high‐stress converts to piezopotential for catalyzing most reaction processes in batteries, while the rapid stress change prevents the internal charge reorganization, ensuring continuous efficient catalysis. The internal stress change alters the internal polarisation strength, driving excess screening charge to participate in the electrochemical reaction. Under piezocatalysis, solid‐state Li−Se batteries exhibited a initial discharge capacity of 670.9 mAh g−1 (99.4 % of the theoretical value) at 0.1 C, and Li−S batteries showed a capacity of 1463 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, which was still maintained up to 1084 mAh g−1 at an elevated rate of 0.5 C. This piezocatalysis strategy provides a strong theoretical basis and design specification for enhancing Li−Se and Li−S battery reaction kinetics.
Enhanced nutritional profile of dehulled peas through fungal fermentation: Impacts on protein, starch, saponins, and total phenolic content
Authors: Massmann Camille M. , Berhow Mark , Gibbons William R. , Karki Bishnu
Published: October 2024

Dehulled peas (DHP) are increasingly popular in food applications, but their integration in food products is limited due to high starch and fiber causing gelling and aggregation during cooking. Additionally, DHP contains saponins (secondary metabolite), contributing to bitter flavors, yet they also hold health benefits. We hypothesize that fungal fermentation could enhance DHP nutritional profile and integration into food products. This study evaluated the effects of six fungal organisms (Aspergillus niger [An], Aspergillus oryzae [Ao], Aureobasidium pullulans [Ap], Neurospora crassa [Nc], Rhizopus microspores var. oligosporus [Ro], Trichoderma reesei [Tr]) on DHP over 120 h of submerged fermentation, evaluating total phenolics, starch, saponins, crude proteins, and overall mass balance. Results from the study demonstrated notable changes post‐fermentation, including increased overall protein content and solubility, decreased starch content, reduced overall mass recovery, and elevated levels of total phenolics and saponins. Filamentous fungi exhibited a significant reduction in starch content, contributing to a substantial reduction in mass recovery (31%–60%) compared to the control. Unexpectedly, saponin concentrations increased (1.5 to 3 folds) during fermentation, possibly attributed to the breakdown of the substrate matrix and release of bound saponins. Total phenolic levels varied among microorganisms, with An and Nc demonstrating the highest increases (6 to 10 folds) as compared to the control. Overall, these findings point to fungal fermentation as a tool for adding value to yellow peas and other crops facing similar processing challenges. Further research is warranted to understand the health impacts and value of these enhancements.
Flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of flame retardant PA6/SGF and PPS/PA6/SGF composites
Authors: Yu Zhixing , Ye Yingchun , Zhang Yuhong , Jia Zhenlong , Lu Yiqing , Li Yingcheng
Published: October 2024

Flame retardant polyamide 6/short glass fiber (FR PA6/SGF) and polyphenylene sulfide/PA6/SGF (FR PPS/PA6/SGF) composites were prepared by melt extrusion blending using aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADPP) as flame retardant. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the flame retardant composites showed good thermal degradation with increasing ADPP loading. Flame retardancy mechanisms were studied by analyzing the residue chars. ADPP provided better flame inhibition, promoted formation of carbonaceous char, and improved thermal stability of PA6/SGF. Meanwhile, due to the self‐extinguishing performance of PPS, the flame retardancy of PPS/PA6/SGF was greatly affected by only 3.0 wt% of ADPP. With increasing ADPP content, both storage and loss moduli of FR PA6/SGF and FR PPS/PA6/SGF were increased accompanied with a slight increase of tan δ peak as compared to PA6/SGF and PPS/PA6/SGF, respectively. Besides, notched impact strengths of FR PA6/SGF‐10.0 and FR PPS/PA6/SGF‐10.0 increased by 69% and 5%, while tensile strengths decreased by approximately 5% and 32%, as compared to PA6/SGF and PPS/PA6/SGF, respectively. It demonstrates that ADPP and PPS components are efficient inorganic–organic hybrid flame retardant system. This provides a novel and innovative method for preparing halogen‐free flame retardant reinforced polyamide composites.
Therapeutic potential of d‐limonene in rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation of inflammatory, anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandin E2
Authors: Dar Eshwa , Mobashar Aisha , Shabbir Arham , Sharif Ali , Saleem Ammara , Mushtaq Muhammad Naveed , Bin Jardan Yousef A. , Shazly Gamal A. , Metouekel Amira , Bourhia Mohammed
Published: October 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune disorder predominantly affecting the joint structures, eliciting inflammatory responses, and ultimately leading to degenerative changes without proper medical intervention. Ultimately, this can severely impair joint function and impact the patient's quality of life. Current treatment approaches include disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, corticosteroids, and biologic therapies for RA management. The current study contributes to the ongoing advancements in RA treatment. d‐Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene. It is present in essential oils of various aromatic plants, such as Lippia alba and Artemisia dracunculus, and in citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. It has reported anti‐inflammatory and anti‐nociceptive properties and was selected for the current study as a potential anti‐arthritic candidate. It was administered at three dosages (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, b.w., p.o) in Complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced arthritic rats over 28 days. The efficacy of the compound was compared to piroxicam, a widely used standard drug for treating RA. The anti‐arthritic activity of the compound was assessed by measuring arthritic scoring and plethysmometry at both baseline and post‐intervention stages. Additional confirmation of the investigation was sought by performing biochemical and hematological activities. Moreover, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine the levels of messenger RNA expression for transcription factors such as tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, nuclear factor‐κB, matrix metalloproteinase‐3, IL‐6, and IL‐4 in the blood. The levels of PGE2 were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The histopathological and radiographic studies were also carried out for further confirmation. The results of these findings supported our assertion regarding the anti‐arthritic potential of the compound.
Going back to anatomy roots: Exploring the integration of anatomy sessions during clinical clerkships
Authors: Walker Ashley N. , Collins Bradley R. , Topping Daniel , Pierre Kevin , Raviprasad Abheek G. , Nonabur Venkatesh , King David , Rarey Kyle E.
Published: October 2024

The topic of vertical integration of the basic and clinical sciences is an area of great concern and active investigation in medical education. To explore the feasibility of integrating basic sciences into the clinical phase of medical education, gross anatomy was selected as an appropriate discipline. Anatomy faculty, clerkship directors, medical students, and graduate students developed case‐based anatomy modules with a design consistent with the principles of self‐directed learning. This pilot study aimed to explore medical student responses to the integration of anatomy sessions during clinical clerkships. One‐hour anatomy sessions were conducted during rotations of the following clerkships: internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery during the academic year 2022–2023. Each session consisted of four case‐based stations. Voluntary, anonymous surveys were distributed at the end of each session. Descriptive statistics of survey responses from the 490 participants revealed the overall ratings of the anatomy sessions to be above an 8.50 on a scale of 1.00 (low) to 9.00 (high). A small q thematic analysis of the open‐ended survey questions revealed the following themes: relevance of clinical correlations presented, a timely review of anatomical content, appreciation for the collaborative setting and interactivity among the participants, and constructive feedback regarding areas needing improvement. Students reported a high overall rating of the anatomy sessions and shared positive comments about these vertically integrated anatomy experiences. With a reduction in the amount of anatomy instruction during the pre‐clinical years and limited exposure during the clinical years, anatomy sessions like the ones proposed could allow for the fluid incorporation of gross anatomy across all 4 years of medical school.
Gaze and hand behaviors during haptic abilities testing—An update to multimedia learning theory
Authors: Sveistrup Michelle A. , Langlois Jean , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: October 2024

The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) suggests humans learn through visual and auditory sensory channels. Haptics represent a third channel within CTML and a missing component for experiential learning. The objective was to measure visual and haptic behaviors during spatial tasks. The haptic abilities test (HAT) quantifies results in several realms, accuracy, time, and strategy. The HAT was completed under three sensory conditions using sight (S), haptics (H), and sight with haptics (SH). Subjects (n = 22, 13 females (F), 20–28 years) completed the MRT (10.6 ± 5.0, mean ± SD) and were classified as high or low spatial abilities scores with respect to mean MRT: high spatial abilities (HSA) (n = 12, 6F, MRT = 13.7 ± 3.0), and low spatial ability (LSA) groups (n = 10, 7F, MRT = 5.6 ± 2.0). Video recordings gaze and hand behaviors were compared between HSA and LSA groups across HAT conditions. The HSA group spent less time fixating on mirrored objects, an erroneous answer option, of HAT compared to the LSA group (11.0 ± 4.7 vs. 17.8 ± 7.3 s, p = 0.020) in S conditions. In haptic conditions, HSA utilized a hand–object interaction strategy characterized as palpation, significantly less than the LSA group (23.2 ± 16.0 vs. 43.1 ± 21.5 percent, p = 0.022). Before this study, it was unclear whether haptic sensory inputs appended to the mental schema models of the CTML. These data suggest that if spatial abilities are challenged, LSA persons both benefit and utilize strategies beyond the classic CTML framework by using their hands as a third input channel. This data suggest haptic behaviors offer a third type of sensory memory resulting in improved cognitive performance.
Coached habitus: Mapping the role of shadow education in shaping students' educational trajectories
Authors: Gupta Achala
Published: October 2024

Studies have shown how family (typically parents) and formal institutions (specifically schools and universities) shape individuals' dispositions—or habitus. However, other sites of academic socialisation, such as tutoring centres and coaching institutions (collectively forming a shadow education system), are seldom scrutinised for their role in this process. To address this gap in scholarship, this paper draws on interviews with 30 Indian students who narrated their experiences of shadow education in its diversified form, from schooling and higher education to moving to the United Kingdom for advanced education. The discussion of the research findings unveils how shadow education experiences impact students' (academic) dispositions throughout their scholastic lifespan, thus aiding in nurturing academic selves (in early schooling years), cultivating competitive selves (during the transition to university), harnessing enterprising selves (when transitioning within and from university education) and developing transnational selves (as students prepare for international mobility). A synthesis of these empirical realities culminates in introducing a new concept of coached habitus that accounts for the role of shadow education in orchestrating the practices by which students may inculcate specific values, beliefs and habits aiming to prepare them to navigate increasingly competitive educational fields throughout their academic trajectories successfully. The paper argues that shadow education is a key site for habitus formation, particularly in contexts such as India and other Asian countries where non‐formal education is inextricably entwined with everyday schooling experiences.
Why hematopoietic stem cells fail in Fanconi anemia: Mechanisms and models
Authors: Liu Suying , Vivona ES , Kurre Peter
Published: October 2024

Fanconi anemia (FA) is generally classified as a DNA repair disorder, conferring a genetic predisposition to cancer and prominent bone marrow failure (BMF) in early childhood. Corroborative human and murine studies point to a fetal origin of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) attrition under replicative stress. Along with intriguing recent insights into non‐canonical roles and domain‐specific functions of FA proteins, these studies have raised the possibility of a DNA repair‐independent BMF etiology. However, deeper mechanistic insight is critical as current curative options of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and emerging gene therapy have limited eligibility, carry significant side effects, and involve complex procedures restricted to resource‐rich environments. To develop rational and broadly accessible therapies for FA patients, the field will need more faithful disease models that overcome the scarcity of patient samples, leverage technological advances, and adopt investigational clinical trial designs tailored for rare diseases.
Recent advances in utilizing surface‐features of naturally derived nanocellulose and nanochitin for self‐cleaning and purifying applications
Authors: Lee Donggyu , Koo Jun Mo , Cho Yumi , Kim Jinsik , Kim Soyeon , Oh Dongyeop X. , Jeon Hyeonyeol , Park Jeyoung
Published: October 2024

Recent advancements in the utilization of naturally derived nanocellulose and nanochitin/chitosan have opened new avenues for self‐cleaning and purification applications to address environmental challenges. This review highlights the unique structural properties of bio‐based nanofibers, which are typically rich in hydroxyl groups that enhance their functionality in various industrial sectors. Through appropriate chemical modification, they can perform specific functions facilitated by carboxylic acids or amine groups. We explored the mechanisms by which these materials facilitate oil/water separation, ultrafiltration, and self‐cleaning processes, including the incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles, such as TiO2, to improve hydrophilicity and oleophobicity. Furthermore, this review discusses innovative fabrication techniques, such as spray‐assisted layer‐by‐layer assembly, which enhance the performance of nanofiber‐based coatings. We examined the potential of these materials for diverse applications, including food packaging, wastewater treatment, and personal protective equipment, emphasizing their role in promoting sustainable industrial practices. As the global emphasis on eco‐friendly solutions intensifies, continued research and development of nanocellulose and nanochitin is expected to drive significant advancements in materials science, paving the way for greener technologies.
The effect of the product categories diversity recommended on cross‐buying in electronic commerce platforms: The moderating role of user navigation heterogeneity
Authors: Dong Xiaosong , Li Baofeng , Xie Kai , Zhao Xing , Xiao Ruyi
Published: October 2024

E‐commerce platforms encourage consumers' cross‐buying behavior to boost user traffic and trading volume. However, balancing the precision and richness of recommended information with the mechanisms influencing consumer cross‐buying remains unclear, which also poses challenges to the specific operation of these platforms. Therefore, this study leverages extensive online behavioral data from an e‐commerce platform, encompassing detailed records of 26,034 consumers. By employing unsupervised machine learning algorithms to distinguish the heterogeneity of consumer browsing, we apply clickstream data to explore the mechanisms of the impact of information diversity, specifically the breadth and depth of recommended product categories, on cross‐buying. This study reveals that the effect of diverse recommendations on online decision‐making undergoes marginal variations due to alterations in both the breadth and depth of these recommendations. Specifically, the depth and breadth of recommended product categories exhibit an inverted U‐shaped relationship with cross‐buying, initially promoting, and subsequently suppressing it. Additionally, consumers with different browsing behavior characteristics respond differently to recommendation diversity. Confused visitors and hedonic visitors positively moderate the depth of information and negatively moderate the breadth of recommendations with the inverted U‐shaped effect on cross‐buying. Search‐oriented visitors positively adjust the inverted U‐shaped relationship between the depth of information and the breadth of recommendations on consumer cross‐buying. This study enriches research on cross‐buying in the domain of recommendations on e‐commerce platforms from the perspective of information diversity, providing valuable insights for optimizing recommendation strategies, promoting cross‐buying behavior, and enhancing consumer loyalty.
Bronchial foreign body presenting as pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in a young child
Authors: Shilpakar Rajendra , Shrestha Nipun , Shrestha Dhruba
Published: October 2024

Key Clinical Message

Pneumomediastinum (PM) and subcutaneous emphysema (SCE) following foreign body aspiration are very rare. Pneumomediastinum (PM) occurs due to alveolar rupture, whereas subcutaneous emphysema occurs if air leak persists. It is benign in nature, but in some cases, it might be fatal. Therefore, proper assessment and management are required to limit the life‐threatening complications and FB should always be suspected whenever spontaneous PM and SCE is seen. PM and SCE are very rare presentations of foreign body aspiration in children of age less than 3 years and in such circumstances, the possibility of foreign body should be considered. There is also a rare possibility of spontaneous expectoration of a foreign body dislodged in the trachea.
Atypical neonatal cutaneous myiasis: A diagnostic challenge mimicking pustular rash in a resource‐limited setting
Authors: Ekwem Doris A. , Namara Edwin , Ssenuni Eric , Amuge Amanda , Omona Venice , Okidi Ronald , Olum Ronald
Published: October 2024

Key Clinical Message

Neonatal cutaneous myiasis is a rare disease in newborns. Although it is unlikely, the level of suspicion for this condition should be high, especially in tropical regions. Treatment may deviate from the standard approach when necessary, and chemical debridement can be considered, particularly for smaller lesions. Ultimately, clinical judgment plays a key role in decision‐making.

Myiasis is the infestation of the skin of a mammal by larvae or maggots. The skin is the most affected organ. However, it can also affect other organs of the body. Gasterophilus and Hypoderma are two flies that produce creeping myiasis, a type of cutaneous myiasis our patient had. The infestation is common in Sub‐Saharan Africa and most especially among rural dwellers. We report on a case of a 7‐day‐old term neonate who reported to St. Mary's Hospital Lacor, a Private‐not‐for‐Profit hospital situated in the Northern region of Uganda, who was admitted as a case of neonatal sepsis with a focus on the skin initially, however, while on the ward was eventually diagnosed with Cutaneous Myiasis. The management plan included chemical debridement with Hydrogen peroxide, IV antibiotics, and other supportive therapies, and the neonate was ultimately discharged home after 9 days in the NICU. This case report aims to inform healthcare workers of the importance of heightening the index of suspicion of myiasis for neonates who present with sudden‐onset rash that can resemble pustules and be mistaken for a pustular rash. Additionally, chemical debridement, in this case, underscores the importance of an innovative approach to managing cutaneous myiasis in resource‐limited settings. Mass education and awareness programs focusing on proper hygiene practices, safe handling of newborns, and early recognition of symptoms can help mitigate the risk of myiasis.
Design and Development of Integrated Direct Air Capture and Methanation Processes
Authors: Sabatino Francesco , Galanti Mattia , Roghair Ivo , Van Sint Annaland Martin
Published: October 2024

The synergies from integrating direct air capture and CO2 methanation are assessed and quantified. Three direct air capture and methanation processes with different integration strategies are proposed: only heat integration, direct air capture sorbent regeneration with high‐pressure H2, and complete integration in a single unit. The heat integration study via pinch analysis evaluated the potential energy demand reduction. Overall autothermal operation is achievable, as the heat generated in methanation often exceeds that required for direct air capture sorbent regeneration. A novel process combining CO2 adsorption and methanation in one reactor provided the best productivity and energy demand results. However, this design requires complex cycles and strict demands on the sorbent and catalyst, requiring further development and experimental demonstration.
Direct Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Oxygen‐Centered Diradical Character of the Tetraoxidorhenium(VII) Cation [Re(O)4]+
Authors: da Silva Santos Mayara , Medel Robert , Kruse Simon , Flach Max , Ablyasova Olesya S. , Timm Martin , von Issendorff Bernd , Hirsch Konstantin , Zamudio‐Bayer Vicente , Riedel Sebastian , Lau J. Tobias
Published: October 2024

Mononuclear inorganic diradical species are scarce. Here, we confirm, via X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the gas phase combined with computational studies, the oxygen‐centered diradical character of the tetraoxidorhenium(VII) cation. A dioxido‐superoxido isomer, close in energy to the diradical, is also found, where rhenium appears in its rare oxidation state of +6. Addition of one or two hydrogen atoms to [Re,O4]+ forms hydroxido ligands, and strongly disfavors isomers with any oxygen‐oxygen bond. This adds spectroscopic characterization of the rhenium oxidation state and the nature of ligands to the known ability of [Re,O4]+ to perform two consecutive hydrogen‐atom abstraction reactions from methane, and demonstrates that pentaatomic [Re,O4]+ combines a metal center in its highest oxidation state with two oxygen‐centered radical ligands in a highly reactive species.