bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology
Authors: Mims James W.
Published: September 2015

Background

Asthma is a common condition due to chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. Chronic lower airway inflammation is known to be more common in individuals that also have inflammatory disorders of the upper airway. The scientific understanding of asthma continues to improve and it is important for providers who treat upper or lower airway inflammation to be familiar with asthma's definition and pathophysiology.

Methods

Articles were selected based on literature reviews through PubMed and personal knowledge of the author. The search selection was not standardized.

Results

Asthma is a heterogenic condition that is underdiagnosed and undertreated despite that the skills needed to diagnose it are readily attainable and effective treatments are available. Providers need a working understanding of asthma in order to be proficient at managing their patients with chronic nasal or sinus inflammation. This article provides a primer focusing on the current conception asthma in terms of definition, possible etiologies, inflammatory profile, pathophysiology, subtypes, and overlapping conditions.

Conclusion

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder arising from not fully understood heterogenic gene‐environment interactions. It features variable airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clinically, asthmatics exhibit recurrent episodes of wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Iridium‐katalysierte ortho‐Arylierung von Benzoesäuren mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Hackenberger Dagmar , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: September 2015

Benzoesäuren reagieren in Anwesenheit katalytischer Mengen [{IrCp*Cl2}2] und Ag2CO3 mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen unter milden Bedingungen, mit Li2CO3 als Base und Aceton als Lösungsmittel, zu den entsprechenden Diaryl‐2‐carboxylaten. Diese C‐H‐Arylierung ist auf ein breites Spektrum von extrem elektronenarmen bis hin zu elektronenreichen Substraten anwendbar. Die dirigierende Carbonsäuregruppe ist breit verfügbar und kann im Anschluss an die Reaktion rückstandslos entfernt oder für weitere Funktionalisierungen genutzt werden. Durch den Einsatz von Diazoniumsalzen, die selbst in Gegenwart von Iodsubstituenten gekuppelt werden können, wird eine Orthogonalität zu klassischen Kreuzkupplungen mit Arylhalogeniden erreicht.
Impact of drilling fluid rheology and wellbore pressure on rock cuttings removal performance: numerical investigation
Authors: Gamwo Isaac K. , Kabir Mohd A.
Published: September 2015

Drilling fluids exhibits non‐Newtonian behavior that is generally described in the literature by two rheological models: Power Law and Herschel–Bulkley models. We have used Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase flow model to evaluate the drilling fluid flow patterns and filter cake formation patterns for both models for ultra‐deep drilling conditions. Simulated drilling fluid flow patterns clearly show that the Herschel–Bulkley model exhibits fewer vortices around the drilling pipe, indicating better rock cuttings removal performance. In addition to mud rheology, we have analyzed the pressure drop variation with the filter cake formation on the wellbore during ultra‐deep drilling process. We have shown that filter cake thickness at the wall linearly increases with differential pressure between the well and formation. This implies that the differential pressure needs to be optimized. Very thin filter cake may lead to excessive fluid seepage into the permeable subterranean vertical zone resulting in a loss of fluid circulation and hence in a loss of rock cuttings removal. Yet, very thick filter cake reduces the effective diameter of the hole, which may lead to a poor rock cuttings removal performance and stuck pipe. The mathematical model presented here needs to be experimentally validated when filter cake thickness data in deep drilling conditions become available. The model could be useful to provide drilling engineers insight on the filter cake formation and drilling fluid flow pattern and give guidelines to optimize the filter cake as field experimental data are scarce. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Kravanhin B
Authors: Zhong Zhuliang , Ma Donghui , Zhao Gaoyuan , Li Huilin , Xu Dengyu , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong
Published: September 2015

The first asymmetric total synthesis of kravanhin B has been accomplished with a linear reaction sequence of 13 steps starting from (R)‐(−)‐carvone. The synthesis features an intramolecular aldol cyclization to construct the desired cis‐fused decalin skeleton and an acid‐catalyzed dehydration and olefin isomerization to install the γ‐butenolide ring.
Deposition of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shells around CdSeTe alloyed core quantum dots: effects on optical properties
Authors: Adegoke Oluwasesan , Nyokong Tebello , Forbes Patricia B. C.
Published: September 2015

In this work, we synthesized water‐soluble L‐cysteine‐capped alloyed CdSeTe core quantum dots (QDs) and investigated the structural and optical properties of deposition of each of CdS, CdS/ZnSe and CdS/ZnSe/ZnS shell layers. Photophysical results showed that the overcoating of a CdS shell around the alloyed CdSeTe core [quantum yield (QY) = 8.4%] resulted in effective confinement of the radiative exciton with an improved QY value of 93.5%. Subsequent deposition of a ZnSe shell around the CdSeTe/CdS surface decreased the QY value to 24.7%, but an increase in the QY value of up to 49.5% was observed when a ZnS shell was overcoated around the CdSeTe/CdS/ZnSe surface. QDs with shell layers showed improved stability relative to the core. Data obtained from time‐resolved fluorescence measurements provided useful insight into variations in the photophysical properties of the QDs upon the formation of each shell layer. Our study suggests that the formation of CdSeTe/CdS core/shell QDs meets the requirements of quality QDs in terms of high photoluminescence QY and stability, hence further deposition of additional shells are not necessary in improving the optical properties of the core/shell QDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic investigation of alloyed quantum dot‐based FRET to cresyl violet dye
Authors: Kotresh M. G. , Adarsh K. S. , Shivkumar M. A. , Mulimani B. G. , Savadatti M. I. , Inamdar S. R.
Published: September 2015

Quantum dots (QDs), bright luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles, have found numerous applications ranging from optoelectronics to bioimaging. Here, we present a systematic investigation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from hydrophilic ternary alloyed quantum dots (CdSeS/ZnS) to cresyl violet dye with a view to explore the effect of composition of QD donors on FRET efficiency. Fluorescence emission of QD is controlled by varying the composition of QD without altering the particle size. The results show that quantum yield of the QDs increases with increase in the emission wavelength. The FRET parameters such as spectral overlap J(λ), Förster distance R0, intermolecular distance (r) , rate of energy transfer kT (r), and transfer efficiency (E) are determined by employing both steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Additionally, dynamic quenching is noticed to occur in the present FRET system. Stern–Volmer (KD) and bimolecular quenching constants (kq) are determined from the Stern–Volmer plot. It is observed that the transfer efficiency follows a linear dependence on the spectral overlap and the quantum yield of the donor as predicted by the Förster theory upon changing the composition of the QD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic study on the Novozyme 435‐catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids with octanol to produce octyl esters
Authors: Chowdhury Avisha , Mitra Debarati
Published: September 2015

Octyl esters can serve as an important class of biolubricant components replacing their mineral oil counterparts. The purpose of the current work was to investigate the enzymatic esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA, from waste cooking oil) with octanol in a solvent‐free system using a commercial lipase Novozyme 435. It was found that the esterificaton reaction followed the Ping‐pong bi‐bi kinetics with no inhibition by substrates or products within the studied concentration range. The maximum reaction rate was estimated to be 0.041 mol L−1 g−1 h−1. Additionally, the stability of Novozyme 435 in the current reaction system was studied by determining its activity and final conversion of FFA to esters after 12 successive utilizations. Novozyme 435 exhibited almost 100% enzyme activity up to 7 cycles of reaction and gradually decreased (by 5%) thereafter. The kinetic parameters evaluated from the study shall assist in the design of reactors for large‐scale production of octyl esters from a cheap biomass source. The enzyme reusability data can further facilitate mass production by curtailing the cost of expensive enzyme consumption. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1494–1499, 2015
Amination of ω‐Functionalized Aliphatic Primary Alcohols by a Biocatalytic Oxidation–Transamination Cascade
Authors: Pickl Mathias , Fuchs Michael , Glueck Silvia M. , Faber Kurt
Published: September 2015

Amination of non‐activated aliphatic fatty alcohols to the corresponding primary amines was achieved through a five‐enzyme cascade reaction by coupling a long‐chain alcohol oxidase from Aspergillus fumigatus (LCAO_Af) with a ω‐transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum (ω‐TA_Cv). The alcohol was oxidized at the expense of molecular oxygen to yield the corresponding aldehyde, which was subsequently aminated by the PLP‐dependent ω‐TA to yield the final primary amine product. The overall cascade was optimized with respect to pH, O2 pressure, substrate concentration, decomposition of H2O2 (derived from alcohol oxidation), NADH regeneration, and biocatalyst ratio. The substrate scope of this concept was investigated under optimized conditions by using terminally functionalized C4–C11 fatty primary alcohols bearing halogen, alkyne, amino, hydroxy, thiol, and nitrile groups.
An Eco‐friendly Soft Template Synthesis of Mesostructured Silica‐Carbon Nanocomposites for Acid Catalysis
Authors: Zhong Ruyi , Peng Li , de Clippel Filip , Gommes Cedric , Goderis Bart , Ke Xiaoxing , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica‐carbon composites was explored by employing TEOS and sucrose as the silica and carbon precursor respectively, and the triblock copolymer F127 as a structure‐directing agent via an evaporation‐induced self‐assembly (EISA) process. It is demonstrated that the synthesis procedures allow for control of the textural properties and final composition of these silica‐carbon nanocomposites via adjustment of the effective SiO2/C weight ratio. Characterization by SAXS, N2 physisorption, HRTEM, TGA, and 13C and 29Si solid‐state MAS NMR show a 2D hexagonal mesostructure with uniform large pore size ranging from 5.2 to 7.6 nm, comprising of separate carbon phases in a continuous silica phase. Ordered mesoporous silica and non‐ordered porous carbon can be obtained by combustion of the pyrolyzed nanocomposites in air or etching with HF solution, respectively. Sulfonic acid groups can be readily introduced to such kind of silica‐carbon nanocomposites by a standard sulfonation procedure with concentrated sulfuric acid. Excellent acid‐catalytic activities and selectivities for the dimerization of styrene to produce 1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐butene and dimerization of α‐methylstyrene to unsaturated dimers were demonstrated with the sulfonated materials.
Precipitation in a Micromixer – From Laboratory to Industrial Scale
Authors: Wolf Aurel , Michele Volker , Schlüter Oliver F.‐K. , Herbstritt Frank , Heck Joachim , Mleczko Leslaw
Published: September 2015

Continuous high‐intensity mixing of two fluids for carrying out fast precipitation is an important method for producing nanoparticulate solids for diverse applications, e.g., in fine chemistry, pigment or catalyst preparation. Continuous precipitation with a newly developed micromixer technology, the so‐called valve‐assisted micromixer, allows for stable operation without clogging for several days. Scale‐up to technically relevant scale was achieved without differences in the quality of the precipitate. The technology has been extensively tested for preparation of catalysts for production of carbon nanotubes.
Stagnation Region Heat Transfer of Axisymmetric Impinging Jets on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Modak Mayank , Garg Krati , Sahu Santosh K.
Published: September 2015

A theoretical model is proposed to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of axisymmetric impinging fluid jets on the horizontal hot surface in the stagnation region using the energy integral method. A generalized expression involving various modeling parameters such as Nusselt number, nozzle‐to‐plate distance, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and the modeling parameter k is obtained from the analysis. Present predictions are found to agree well with the test data involving a wide range of coolant type, Reynolds number, and nozzle‐to‐plate distance. In addition, a mechanistic correlation is suggested between the modeling parameter k and flow parameter, i.e., Reynolds number.
Separation of a Biofuel: Recovery of Biobutanol by Salting‐Out and Distillation
Authors: Xie Shaoqu , Qiu Xueqing , Yi Conghua
Published: September 2015

The second generation biofuel butanol can be produced by acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) fermentation, but the separation from the broth is still challenging. Therefore, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was investigated as salting‐out agent. The ABE fermentation broth was enriched by a prefractionator after being preheated. The enriched ABE solution was salted out by K2HPO4 solutions at different temperatures. The water in the supplemented ABE solution was largely removed by the salting‐out method. The energy requirements for the prefractionator and the butanol column were significantly reduced. The total energy demand for the recovery of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by salting‐out and subsequent distillation was optimized. With the salting‐out process, the entire salting‐out and distillation method turned out to be more energy‐saving than the conventional one.
Cyclic Voltammetry of Electrocatalytic Films: Fast Catalysis Regimes
Authors: Costentin Cyrille , Savéant Jean‐Michel
Published: September 2015

Understanding how electrocatalytic films function is of considerable current interest in view of modern energy and analytical challenges. Application of cyclic voltammetry to the analysis of these systems is a worthy alternative to steady‐state techniques in terms of simplicity and rapidity of the current–potential curve recording and the larger extent by which the rate of substrate diffusion may be varied through the rate of potential scanning. The interplay between catalytic reaction, diffusive permeation of the substrate, and diffusion‐like transport of charge is analyzed for fast catalytic reactions as a function of two dimensionless parameters. Procedures for determining the kinetic constants that govern the responses and, particularly, the rate of the catalytic reaction, ensue, based upon on the variations observed when changing scan rate, substrate concentration, and film thickness. These analyses also provide a basis for rational benchmarking of catalysts.
Double‐step block division plant‐wide fault detection and diagnosis based on variable distributions and relevant features
Authors: Huang Jian , Yan Xuefeng
Published: September 2015

Large‐scale process data in plant‐wide process monitoring are characterized by two features: complex distributions and complex relevance. This study proposes a double‐step block division plant‐wide process monitoring method based on variable distributions and relevant features to overcome this limitation. First, the data distribution is considered, and the normality test method called the D‐test is applied to classify the variables with the same distribution (i.e., Gaussian distribution or non‐Gaussian distribution) in a block. Thus, the second block division is implemented on both blocks obtained in the previous step. The mutual information shared between two variables is used to generate relevant matrixes of the Gaussian and non‐Gaussian blocks. The K‐means method clusters the vectors of the relevant matrix. Principal component analysis is conducted to monitor each Gaussian subblock, whereas independent component analysis is conducted to monitor each non‐Gaussian subblock. A composite statistic is eventually derived through Bayesian inference. The proposed method is applied to a numerical system and the Tennessee Eastman process data set. The monitoring performance shows the superiority of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporaneous Dual Catalysis: Aldol Products from Non‐Carbonyl Substrates
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Tracy Jacob S.
Published: September 2015

The aldol reaction represents an important class of atom‐economic carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions vital to modern organic synthesis. Despite the attention this reaction has received, issues related to chemo‐ and regioselectivity as well as reactivity of readily enolizable electrophiles remain. To help overcome these limitations, a new direct approach toward aldol products that does not rely upon carbonyl substrates is described. This approach employs room‐temperature contemporaneous lanthanum/vanadium dual catalysis, whereby a vanadium‐catalyzed 1,3‐transposition of allenols is coupled with a lanthanum‐catalyzed Meinwald rearrangement of epoxides in situ to directly form aldol products.
Efficient Organocatalytic Construction of C4‐Alkyl Substituted Piperidines and Their Application to the Synthesis of (+)‐α‐Skytanthine
Authors: Shiomi Shinya , Sugahara Erika , Ishikawa Hayato
Published: September 2015

Chiral piperidines which contain an alkyl group at C4 positions are one of the important architectures because it is appeared in several natural products. An efficient protocol for the preparation of C4‐alkyl substituted chiral piperidines using secondary amine catalyzed formal aza [3+3] cycloaddition reaction with aliphatic α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and thiomalonamate derivatives is reported. In our reaction system, thiomalonamate is an excellent nucleophile and the addition of suitable acid and its amount is an important factor for the acceleration effect in organocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, water and MeOH also have an acceleration effect. These efforts lead to only 0.1 mol % catalyst loading in multigram scale synthesis for suitable reaction time. In addition, the efficient enantioselective total synthesis of (+)‐α‐skytanthine by using our developed reaction as key step was achieved in total 15 % yield. All carbon and nitrogen units were introduced by one step with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasonic Insight into Substituted Thiazoles and Its Biological Activity
Authors: Morey P. B.
Published: September 2015

Review: 63 refs.
Understanding J‐Modulation during Spatial Encoding for Sensitivity‐Optimized Ultrafast NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Gouilleux Boris , Rouger Laetitia , Charrier Benoît , Kuprov Ilya , Akoka Serge , Dumez Jean‐Nicolas , Giraudeau Patrick
Published: September 2015

Ultrafast (UF) NMR spectroscopy is an approach that yields 2D spectra in a single scan. This methodology has become a powerful analytical tool that is used in a large array of applications. However, UF NMR spectroscopy still suffers from an intrinsic low sensitivity, and from the need to compromise between sensitivity, spectral width, and resolution. In particular, the modulation of signal intensities by the spin–spin J‐coupling interaction (J‐modulation) impacts significantly on the intensities of the spectral peaks. This effect can lead to large sensitivity losses and even to missing spectral peaks, depending on the nature of the spin system. Herein, a general simulation package (Spinach) is used to describe J‐modulation effects in UF experiments. The results from simulations match with experimental data and the results of product operator calculations. Several methods are proposed to optimize the sensitivity in UF COSY spectra. The potential and drawbacks of the different strategies are also discussed. These approaches provide a way to adjust the sensitivity of UF experiments for a large range of applications.
P2‐NaCo0.5Mn0.5O2 as a Positive Electrode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Peilei , Zhang Chaoyang , Li Malin , Yang Xu , Wang Chunzhong , Bie Xiaofei , Wei Yingjin , Chen Gang , Du Fei
Published: September 2015

As a promising positive electrode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), layered sodium oxides have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this work, stoichiometric P2‐phase NaCo0.5Mn0.5O2 was prepared through the conventional solid‐state reaction, and its structural and physical properties were studied in terms of XRD, XPS, and magnetic susceptibility. Furthermore, the P2‐NaCo0.5Mn0.5O2 electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 124.3 mA h g−1 and almost 100 % initial coulombic efficiency over the potential window of 1.5–4.15 V. It also showed good cycle stability, with a reversible capacity and capacity retention reaching approximately 85 mA h g−1 and 99 %, respectively, at the 5 C rate after 100 cycles. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry and ex situ XRD were employed to explain the electrochemical behavior at the different electrochemical stages. Owing to the applicable performances, P2‐NaCo0.5Mn0.5O2 can be considered as a potential positive electrode material for SIBs.
Mediator Uses Her Cat
Authors: Barrett Jerome
Published: September 2015

An inexperienced female mediator disarms grumpy older male disputants by sharing stories of her cat.
Unravelling the Ru‐Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Biomass‐Based Polyols under Neutral and Acidic Conditions
Authors: Hausoul Peter J. C. , Negahdar Leila , Schute Kai , Palkovits Regina
Published: September 2015

The aqueous Ru/C‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis of biomass‐based polyols such as erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, and cellobitol is studied under neutral and acidic conditions. For the first time, the complete product spectrum of C2–C6 polyols is identified and, based on a thorough analysis of the reaction mixtures, a comprehensive reaction mechanism is proposed, which consists of (de)hydrogenation, epimerization, decarbonylation, and deoxygenation reactions. The data reveal that the Ru‐catalyzed deoxygenation reaction is highly selective for the cleavage of terminal hydroxyl groups. Changing from neutral to acidic conditions suppresses decarbonylation, consequently increasing the selectivity towards deoxygenation.
Prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: a Summary Guidance for Daily Practice 2015, based on the IWGDF Guidance Documents
Authors: Schaper N. C. , Van Netten J. J. , Apelqvist J. , Lipsky B. A. , Bakker K. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
Published: September 2015

In this ‘Summary Guidance for Daily Practice’, we describe the basic principles of prevention and management of foot problems in persons with diabetes. This summary is based on the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Guidance 2015. There are five key elements that underpin prevention of foot problems: (1) identification of the at‐risk foot; (2) regular inspection and examination of the at‐risk foot; (3) education of patient, family and healthcare providers; (4) routine wearing of appropriate footwear; and (5) treatment of pre‐ulcerative signs. Healthcare providers should follow a standardized and consistent strategy for evaluating a foot wound, as this will guide further evaluation and therapy. The following items must be addressed: type, cause, site and depth, and signs of infection. There are seven key elements that underpin ulcer treatment: (1) relief of pressure and protection of the ulcer; (2) restoration of skin perfusion; (3) treatment of infection; (4) metabolic control and treatment of co‐morbidity; (5) local wound care; (6) education for patient and relatives; and (7) prevention of recurrence. Finally, successful efforts to prevent and manage foot problems in diabetes depend upon a well‐organized team, using a holistic approach in which the ulcer is seen as a sign of multi‐organ disease, and integrating the various disciplines involved.
Functional self‐assembled lipidic systems derived from renewable resources
Authors: Silverman Julian R. , Samateh Malick , John George
Published: September 2015

Self‐assembled lipidic amphiphile systems can create a variety of multi‐functional soft materials with value‐added properties. When employing natural reagents and following biocatalytic syntheses, self‐assembling monomers may be inherently designed for degradation, making them potential alternatives to conventional and persistent polymers. By using non‐covalent forces, self‐assembled amphiphiles can form nanotubes, fibers, and other stimuli responsive architectures prime for further applied research and incorporation into commercial products. By viewing these lipid derivatives under a lens of green principles, there is the hope that in developing a structure–function relationship and functional smart materials that research may remain safe, economic, and efficient.

A review of various soft materials comprises self‐assembled amphiphilic lipids derived from natural renewable resources. These assemblies are reviewed under a green perspective to assess the viability of incorporating these value‐added multifunctional assemblies into soft materials. Amphiphilic systems derived from cardanol, short, medium, and long chain mono‐, and di‐fatty acids, acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, open‐chain sugar alcohols, and closed‐chain sugars are examined both as monomers and in their secondary architectures that arise upon assembly in certain solvents.
Fischer Reaction with 2‐Perfluoroalkylated Cyclic Imines ― An Efficient Route to 2‐Perfluoroalkyl‐Substituted Tryptamines and Their Derivatives and Homologues
Authors: Shmatova Olga I. , Shevchenko Nikolay E. , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: September 2015

The reaction of 2‐perfluoroalkyl‐substituted cyclic imines with arylhydrazines was investigated. We found that 2‐perfluoroalkylated cyclic imines are highly reactive electrophiles that form, through ring opening, the corresponding hydrazones bearing an amine group at the end of the alkyl chain. Subsequent acidic treatment resulted in a Fischer rearrangement. Thus, a new synthesis of 2‐perfluoroalkylated tryptamines and their homologues through a Fischer reaction was developed. The possibility of modification of the indole core of the 2‐CF3‐substituted tryptamine products was demonstrated, and various 2‐trifluoromethylated tryptamines substituted at the 5‐position were prepared.
Electroosmotic flow through a microparallel channel with 3D wall roughness
Authors: Chang Long , Jian Yongjun , Buren Mandula , Sun Yanjun
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a perturbation method is introduced to study the EOF in a microparallel channel with 3D wall roughness. The corrugations of the two walls are periodic sinusoidal waves of small amplitude in two directions either in phase or half‐period out of phase. Based on linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation, Laplace equation, and the Navier–Stokes equations, the perturbation solutions of velocity, electrical potential, and volume flow rate are obtained. By using numerical computation, the influences of the wall corrugations on the mean velocity are analyzed. The variations of electrical potential, velocity profile, mean velocity, and their dependences on the wave number α and β of wall corrugations in two directions, the nondimensional electrokinetic width K, and the zeta potential ratio between the lower wall and the upper wall ς are analyzed graphically.
The effect of pH on chronic aquatic nickel toxicity is dependent on the pH itself: Extending the chronic nickel bioavailability models
Authors: Nys Charlotte , Janssen Colin R. , Van Sprang Patrick , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C.
Published: September 2015

The environmental quality standard for Ni in the European Commission's Water Framework Directive is bioavailability based. Although some of the available chronic Ni bioavailability models are validated only for pH ≤ 8.2, a considerable fraction of European surface waters has a pH > 8.2. Therefore, the authors investigated the effect of a change in pH from 8.2 to 8.7 on chronic Ni toxicity in 3 invertebrate (Daphnia magna, Lymnaea stagnalis, and Brachionus calyciflorus) and 2 plant species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Lemna minor). Nickel toxicity was almost always significantly higher at pH 8.7 than at pH 8.2. To test whether the existing chronic Ni bioavailability models developed for pH ≤ 8.2 can be used at higher pH levels, Ni toxicity at pH 8.7 was predicted based on Ni toxicity observed at pH 8.2. This resulted in a consistent underestimation of toxicity. The results suggest that the effect of pH on Ni2+ toxicity is dependent on the pH itself: the slope of the pH effect is steeper above than below pH 8.2 for species for which a species-specific bioavailability model exists. Therefore, the existing chronic Ni bioavailability models were modified to allow predictions of chronic Ni toxicity to invertebrates and plants in the pH range of 8.2 to 8.7 by applying a pH slope (SpH) dependent on the pH of the target water. These modified Ni bioavailability models resulted in more accurate predictions of Ni toxicity to all 5 species (within 2-fold error), without the bias observed using the bioavailability models developed for pH ≤ 8.2. The results of the present study can decrease the uncertainty in implementing the bioavailability-based environmental quality standard under the Water Framework Directive for high-pH regions in Europe. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1097–1106. © 2015 SETAC
Novel Graphene Foam Microporous Layers for PEM Fuel Cells: Interfacial Characteristics and Comparative Performance
Authors: Leeuwner M. J. , Wilkinson D. P. , Gyenge E. L.
Published: September 2015

The microporous layer (MPL) provides many beneficial properties for performance improvement of H2 PEM fuel cells, particularly with respect to water management and two‐phase (gas/liquid) flow dynamics. However, the interface between the catalyst layer (CL) and MPL could be a source of additional overpotential losses due to poor electronic conductivity and/or mass transfer limitations. This is particularly important for low loading CLs which may suffer from spatial disconnect with the micro‐scaled features of conventional MPLs. In an effort to better understand the factors influencing the MPL|CL interface, the conventional carbon MPL is comparatively studied with respect to three alternative layers: graphene foam, perforated graphitic sheet and perforated stainless steel. The graphene foam shows beneficial interfacial properties that contribute to electrode kinetic and ohmic improvements during polarization. This can be attributed to the graphene's ability to conform at local length scales due to its unique flake‐like structure (achieved upon compression), an ability to intimately adhere to the CL and the layer's superior conductivity. Further investigation through single cell performance tests supports the application of the graphene foam as an MPL alternative. The results also highlight the interplay of various factors that influence the MPL|CL interface and ultimately the overall polarization performance, such as: morphology, conductivity, connectivity, compression and adhesive effects between layer components.
Parietal cortex integrates contextual and saliency signals during the encoding of natural scenes in working memory
Authors: Santangelo Valerio , Di Francesco Simona Arianna , Mastroberardino Serena , Macaluso Emiliano
Published: September 2015

The Brief presentation of a complex scene entails that only a few objects can be selected, processed indepth, and stored in memory. Both low‐level sensory salience and high‐level context‐related factors (e.g., the conceptual match/mismatch between objects and scene context) contribute to this selection process, but how the interplay between these factors affects memory encoding is largely unexplored. Here, during fMRI we presented participants with pictures of everyday scenes. After a short retention interval, participants judged the position of a target object extracted from the initial scene. The target object could be either congruent or incongruent with the context of the scene, and could be located in a region of the image with maximal or minimal salience. Behaviourally, we found a reduced impact of saliency on visuospatial working memory performance when the target was out‐of‐context. Encoding‐related fMRI results showed that context–congruent targets activated dorsoparietal regions, while context–incongruent targets de‐activated the ventroparietal cortex. Saliency modulated activity both in dorsal and ventral regions, with larger context‐related effects for salient targets. These findings demonstrate the joint contribution of knowledge‐based and saliency‐driven attention for memory encoding, highlighting a dissociation between dorsal and ventral parietal regions. Hum Brain Mapp 36:5003–5017, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
External beam radiotherapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Fussey Jonathan M. , Crunkhorn Rosa , Tedla Miroslav , Weickert Martin O. , Mehanna Hisham
Published: September 2015

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is not a first line treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), but is recommended as an adjuvant treatment in certain cases. The evidence for EBRT in DTC is limited. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Data on patient demographics, disease stage, treatment characteristics, and outcomes were collected from included articles after quality appraisal. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria, with a pooled population of 5114. Only 1 study was prospective and there were no randomized controlled trials. Most of the evidence suggests that EBRT improves locoregional control in patients at high risk of locoregional recurrence. This was corroborated by analysis of pooled patient data. Available evidence suggests an improvement in locoregional control when EBRT is used in patients over the age of 45 at high risk for locoregional recurrence. However, there is a need for long‐term prospective multicenter research on the subject. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2297–E2305, 2016
A potent immunotoxin targeting fibroblast activation protein for treatment of breast cancer in mice
Authors: Fang Jinxu , Xiao Liang , Joo Kye‐Il , Liu Yarong , Zhang Chupei , Liu Shuanglong , Conti Peter S. , Li Zibo , Wang Pin
Published: September 2015

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is highly expressed in the tumor‐associated fibroblasts (TAFs) of most human epithelial cancers. FAP plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which makes it a promising target for novel anticancer therapy. However, mere abrogation of FAP enzymatic activity by small molecules is not very effective in inhibiting tumor growth. In this study, we have evaluated a novel immune‐based approach to specifically deplete FAP‐expressing TAFs in a mouse 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model. Depletion of FAP‐positive stromal cells by FAP‐targeting immunotoxin αFAP‐PE38 altered levels of various growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases, decreased the recruitment of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and suppressed tumor growth. In addition, combined treatment with αFAP‐PE38 and paclitaxel potently inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our findings highlight the potential use of immunotoxin αFAP‐PE38 to deplete FAP‐expressing TAFs and thus provide a rationale for the use of this immunotoxin in cancer therapy.
Predictive efficacy of 11C‐PD153035 PET imaging for EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity in non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Dai Dong , Li Xiao‐Feng , Wang Jian , Liu Jian‐Jing , Zhu Yan‐Jia , Zhang Ying , Wang Qi , Xu Wen‐Gui
Published: September 2015

To determine the correlation of 11C‐PD153035 uptake with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) sensitivity and phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) expression in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines with different EGFR‐TKI sensitivities and in their corresponding xenografts. Four human NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, PC9, A549, and H1975) in the logarithmic phase were co‐incubated with 11C‐PD153035 to analyze the correlation of 11C‐PD153035 uptake with EGFR‐TKI sensitivity, and EGFR/pEGFR expression. Nude mice xenograft models bearing the four NSCLCs were prepared. 11C‐PD153035 positron‐emission tomography (PET)‐computed tomography (CT) was used to image the xenografts and observe radioactive uptakes. Correlation of the in vivo uptakes with EGFR‐TKI sensitivity, and EGFR/pEGFR expression was analyzed. HCC827 and PC9 cells, which were highly sensitive to EGFR‐TKIs, exhibited higher 11C‐PD153035 uptakes than the other cells. A549 cells, which were moderately sensitive to EGFR‐TKIs, showed higher uptake than the EGFR‐TKI–resistant H1975 cells, which showed little or no uptake. Radioactive uptakes were positively correlated with pEGFR expression in all cells. PET‐CT showed that radioactivity was highest in HCC827 xenografts. The radioactivity in PC9 xenografts was higher than that in A549 and H1975 xenografts. Tumor vs. non‐tumor tissue ratio values were positively correlated with pEGFR expression in HCC827 and PC9 xenografts, but not in A549 and H1975 xenografts. In conclusion, 11C‐PD153035 can serve as an EGFR imaging agent in vitro and in vivo, and predicts sensitivity to EGFR‐TKIs. This will provide an experimental basis for clinical applications of 11C‐PD153035 and individualized NSCLC therapy.
Metabolic activation of 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo [4,5‐b]pyridine and DNA adduct formation depends on p53: Studies in Trp53(+/+),Trp53(+/−) and Trp53(−/−) mice
Authors: Krais Annette M. , Speksnijder Ewoud N. , Melis Joost P.M. , Singh Rajinder , Caldwell Anna , Gamboa da Costa Gonçalo , Luijten Mirjam , Phillips David H. , Arlt Volker M.
Published: September 2015

The expression of the tumor suppressor p53 can influence the bioactivation of, and DNA damage induced by, the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, indicating a role for p53 in its cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐mediated biotransformation. The carcinogen 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), which is formed during the cooking of food, is also metabolically activated by CYP enzymes, particularly CYP1A2. We investigated the potential role of p53 in PhIP metabolism in vivo by treating Trp53(+/+), Trp53(+/−) and Trp53(−/−) mice with a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg body weight PhIP. N‐(Deoxyguanosin‐8‐yl)‐2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP‐C8‐dG) levels in DNA, measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, were significantly lower in liver, colon, forestomach and glandular stomach of Trp53(−/−) mice compared to Trp53(+/+) mice. Lower PhIP‐DNA adduct levels in the livers of Trp53(−/−) mice correlated with lower Cyp1a2 enzyme activity (measured by methoxyresorufin‐O‐demethylase activity) in these animals. Interestingly, PhIP‐DNA adduct levels were significantly higher in kidney and bladder of Trp53(−/−) mice compared to Trp53(+/+) mice, which was accompanied by higher sulfotransferase (Sult) 1a1 protein levels and increased Sult1a1 enzyme activity (measured by 2‐naphthylsulfate formation from 2‐naphthol) in kidneys of these animals. Our study demonstrates a role for p53 in the metabolism of PhIP in vivo, extending previous results on a novel role for p53 in xenobiotic metabolism. Our results also indicate that the impact of p53 on PhIP biotransformation is tissue‐dependent and that in addition to Cyp1a enzymes, Sult1a1 can contribute to PhIP‐DNA adduct formation.
Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country
Authors: Karimi Saeid , Biemans Harm J.A. , Naderi Mahdei Karim , Lans Thomas , Chizari Mohammad , Mulder Martin
Published: September 2015

Drawing upon the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we developed and tested a conceptual model which integrates both internal personality factors and external contextual factors to determine their associations with motivational factors and entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). We then investigated if the model of EI applies in a developing country, namely Iran. We also set out to identify the most relevant factors for EI within this developing country context. Do distal predictors of EI including personality factors (i.e. need for achievement, risk taking and locus of control) and contextual factors (i.e. perceived barriers and support) significantly relate to EI via proximal predictors including motivational factors (i.e. attitudes towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control [PBC])? Data were collected on 331 students from 7 public universities. The findings support the TPB for EI in Iran. All three motivational factors related to EI, but PBC showed the strongest association, which is different than in developed country contexts. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed. All three personality characteristics indirectly related to EI via the proximal attitudes towards entrepreneurship and PBC. Perceived contextual support and barriers indirectly related to EI via proximal PBC while perceived barriers also directly related to EI.
Decision Support System for the Real‐Time Operation and Management of an Agricultural Water Supply
Authors: Hong Eun‐Mi , Choi Jin‐Yong , Nam Won‐Ho , Kim Jin‐Taek
Published: September 2015

Agricultural uses are responsible for approximately 48% of the total annual water use in South Korea. While approximately 70% of the annual rainfall is received during the summer season, most of the agricultural water is utilized from May to June. Therefore, irrigation facilities including reservoirs, canals and pumps were installed to efficiently manage agricultural water. Efficient operation of irrigation systems is important for sustainable irrigated agriculture, which is undermined due to the low water efficiency of the irrigation systems. Irrigation water management using web‐based decision support systems is necessary to resolve water efficiency problems. In this study, automatic water gauges were installed at the main and secondary irrigation canals in the Dongjin River Basin, South Korea. The water levels in each canal were monitored and the irrigation water supply calculated. An irrigation model considering intermittent irrigation was developed to compare the estimated irrigation demands with the actual supplies for decision‐making and demand strategies. Using this model and water‐level data, a risk‐based decision support system for the operation and management of agricultural water was developed and evaluated. Using this system. it is possible to optimally manage irrigation water and to make plans for efficient agricultural water operation and management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation Advisory Service and Performance Indicators in Baixo Acaraú Irrigation District, Brazil
Authors: Corcoles J. I. , Frizzone J. A. , Lima S. C. R. V. , Mateos L. , Neale C. M. U. , Snyder R. L. , Souza F.
Published: September 2015

Several decision support systems have been developed and many of them are focused on efficient use of water and energy resources. These include the Irrigation Advisory Service, combined with the use of benchmarking techniques and energy audits.

In Brazil, the pioneer project called the Irrigation Advisory Service has been developed in Baixo Acaraú irrigation district, located in the north‐east of Brazil. The main goal of the project is to transfer information about irrigation to farmers.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the Irrigation Advisory Service activities in Baixo Acaraú irrigation district, during the 2011, 2012 and 2013 irrigation seasons. Moreover, the results from the estimation of several performance indicators and from energy: audits carried out are shown as a complementary activity developed by the Irrigation Advisory Service.

At the beginning of the irrigation season, on‐field emission of uniformity was close to 67%. During the following evaluations, after recommendations of the Irrigation Advisory Service about the necessity of corrections to the systems, emission of uniformity reached 85%. With regard to the use of performance indicators, some problems relating to maintenance of equipment were noted, resulting in malfunctioning pumps. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Counterstory of One's Own
Authors: Bissonnette Jeanne Dyches , Glazier Jocelyn
Published: September 2015

Nationwide, virtually all secondary students interact with British literature, a traditionally Anglo, white, male canon. Yet, this revered curriculum provides few mirrors for students from historically marginalized populations to see their own cultures reflected. In this reflective practitioner piece, the authors first illustrate how counterstorytelling—a practice emerging from critical race theory—can break open the canon. Because counterstorytelling invites, values, and projects marginalized voices, when incorporated into the secondary English classroom, the practice helps engage students with the material while developing and honing their literacy skills. Second, the authors detail a lesson demonstrating that the canon and counterstorytelling can work synergistically. Throughout the article, the authors attend to the challenges of using an equity pedagogy to teach a canon that functions as the majoritarian story of the secondary literacy classroom—and society at large. Finally, the authors offer strategies for effectively incorporating counterstorytelling into the secondary English classroom.