bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche's Peace with Islam: My Enemy's Enemy is my Friend
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: March 2003

This article examines the many references in Nietzsche's work to Islam and Islamic cultures, and situates them in the general context of his thought. Nietzsche's praise of Islam as a ‘ja–sagende semitische Religion’, his admiration for Hafiz, his appreciation of Muslim Spain, his belief in the essentially life–affirming character of Islam, not only spring from a desire to find a palatable Other to Judaeo–Christian–European modernity, but also comment on how little Nietzsche actually knew about the cultures he so readily appropriated in his assault on European modernity. Nietzsche's negative comments on Islam – his generic dismissal of Islam with other religions as manipulative thought systems, his depiction of Mohammed as a cunning impostor, reveal in Nietzsche not only the same ambiguities towards Islam as we find towards Christ or Judaism, but also a willingness to use the multiple identities of Islam for different purposes at different moments in his work.

Noch eine letzte Frage: Wenn wir von Jugend an geglaubt hätten, daß alles Seelenheil von einem Anderen als Jesus ist, ausfließe, etwa von Muhamed, ist es nicht sicher, daß wir derselben Segnungen theilhaftig geworden wären? Letter to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 11 June 1865
Policy Networks, Federal Arrangements, and the Development of Environmental Regulations: A Comparison of the Canadian and American Agricultural Sectors
Authors: Montpetit Éric
Published: March 2003

Both studies of federations and studies of policy networks have sought to produce explanations for observed patterns of policy divergence and designs. However, both have evolved in parallel, insights rarely transferring from one to the other. This article reconciles the two types of studies. More specifically, it provides an understanding of the divergent efforts of the United States and Canada with regard to the adoption of environmental regulations for the agricultural sector, which emphasizes the establishment of policy networks through interactions between past policy decisions and federal arrangements. The American federal structure, when combined with unrelated agricultural policy decisions, shaped policy networks in such a way as to enable the adoption of stringent environmental regulations for agriculture. In contrast, the Canadian federal structure, also in conjunction with past policy decisions, prevented the creation of policy networks capable enough to design similarly stringent agro‐environmental regulations.
Private Actors and the State: Internationalization and Changing Patterns of Governance
Authors: Knill Christoph , Lehmkuhl Dirk
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the implications of political and economic internationalization on patterns of governance from a statecentric perspective. The actual patterns of governance in internationalized environments can be related to the respective governance capacity of public and private actors, which hinges in turn on the strategic constellation underlying the provision of a public good. The specific strategic constellation varies in three dimensions: the congruence between the scope of the underlying problem and the organizational structures of the related actors, the type of problem, and the institutional context, all of which involve a number of factors. With this concept in mind, we identify four ideal‐typed patterns of governance, enabled by different configurations of public and private capacities to formally or factually influence in various ways the social, economic, and political processes by which certain goods are provided.
A Comparison of Within‐Firm and External Sources of Product Innovation
Authors: MACPHERSON ALAN D.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of internal and external research, design and development (RD&D) activity in the innovation performance of New York State manufacturing firms in the scientific instruments sector. Survey data from a sample of 204 small and medium‐sized companies suggest that the incidence of successful product development is higher among firms that combine in‐house RD&D with technical support from independent specialists. Significantly, firms that supplement their in‐house innovation efforts with outside talent are found to exhibit better commercial performance than their counterparts that operate on the basis of either internal or external technical resources alone. The paper concludes with a brief agenda for future empirical research on the conditions that support product innovation among small and medium‐sized firms.
Community Lending, Bank Efficiency, and Economic Dualism
Authors: Weber William L. , Devaney Michael
Published: March 2003

The literature suggests that asymmetric information in less developed economies may contribute to credit‐market failure that is reflected in the economic efficiency of lending firms. This research tests whether rural banks located in the Lower Mississippi Delta Region (LMDR), the poorest rural region in the U.S., are less efficient than other rural banks. Rural banks in the LMDR are found to be technically less efficient than their non‐LMDR counterparts
Estimating the Refugee Population from PUMS Data: Issues and Demographic Implications
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce
Published: March 2003

Discussions of immigration, settlement and adjustment within the U.S. do not typically refer to immigrant status (i.e., refugee versus family preference), and instead refer to the foreign–born population as an aggregate. Distinguishing between refugees and other immigrant arrivals likely means differences with respect to their geographic distribution and embodied human capital owing to differences associated with the reasons for immigration (forced versus voluntary), period of arrival, and immigration policy. The lack of differentiation by group within the existing literature is typically due to a shortfall of detailed information relating to admission status within publicly released data files. Yet concrete knowledge of differences by admission category is important in understanding overall patterns of settlement and adjustment within the foreign–born population. This paper therefore explores potential differences with respect to settlement and endowed human capital between immigrants and refugees. Identification of the major sources of refugees within Immigration and Naturalization Service data files allows the refugee population to be identified within the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), therefore increasing the range of variables and measures associated with the refugee population available to researchers, and points to the diversity of the refugee population.
A Cloistered Virtue? Pedagogical Research and Policy in UK Higher Education
Authors: Yorke Mantz
Published: March 2003

Educational research is under challenge in the UK. Although the current focus of the challenge is school education, pedagogical research in higher education is not immune from collateral effects. This article examines the relevance of the ‘educational research debate’ to pedagogical research in UK higher education; outlines the conflicting pressures on pedagogical research; argues a case for an increase in the value placed on pedagogical research; and indicates some policy options through which the status of pedagogical research in higher education could be raised.
The Influence of Social Background on Application and Entry to Higher Education in Scotland: a Multi‐Level Analysis
Authors: Tinklin Teresa
Published: March 2003

This paper assesses the influence of social background on application and entry to higher education among Scottish school leavers using multi‐level modelling. The context for the study is long‐standing policy interest in widening access to higher education for under‐represented groups. The analysis indicates that those from less advantaged backgrounds are disadvantaged at three stages in the process of entry to higher education: qualification, application and entry. The results support the need for explanations and interventions encompassing both individual and structural levels. Government initiatives aimed at widening access are discussed in light of the findings.
Testing the Water: Practitioner Opinion of a Regional Credit Scheme (NICATS)
Authors: Cook Anthony
Published: March 2003

The Northern Ireland Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme encompasses all levels from introductory to doctoral. It was designed to facilitate the progression of learners through both the Further and Higher Education structures in Northern Ireland and has provided the model for developments elsewhere. Part of its development included a consultative procedure that involved curriculum specialists liaising with a wide range of practitioners to identify strengths and problematic areas within the scheme. The consultation found that, at the time (1998), practitioner awareness of CATS schemes was generally poor. Most teachers of lower level courses felt that the scheme in general would add value to their courses since it would place them within a hierarchical framework and indicate to their students clear forward progression routes. Many teachers of multilevel courses (in particular degrees) felt that attempting to define levels within a course would result in a loss of teacher autonomy and a reduction in the flexibility with which courses could be offered. Many interviewees stressed the sequential nature of their subject’s structure and the perception that this caused problems for student progression through a system of levels based on generic descriptors. It is concluded that although there was broad practitioner support for NICATS, many of its potential benefits will only be realized after substantial staff development. When implemented, it should result not only in a more transparent description of courses but also substantial development in the delivery of curricula and the assessment of student learning.
The Devil in the Shape of a Man: Witchcraft, Conflict and Belief in Jacobean England*
Authors: Gaskill Malcolm
Published: March 2003

Historians agree that most early modern witches were women. A question rarely asked, though, is how any men came to be accused at all, given the strong association of women and witchcraft in popular folklore and learned demonology. This article examines the prosecution for witchcraft of a Kentish farmer in 1617, and argues that an integrated qualitative context of conflict and belief is essential for understanding this and other accusations. The aim is not, however, to offer yet another overarching explanation for the rise of witchcraft prosecutions, but rather to demonstrate how witchcraft can open windows on early modern mentalities.
The Scottish Parliamentary Records, 1560–1603
Authors: Goodare Julian
Published: March 2003

The records of parliament are basic sources for Scottish historians. The statutes themselves illuminate politics and government policy; the attendance lists too are useful for political history. However, the records for much of this period are incomplete, even fragmentary. This article analyses the editorial approach of the published Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, and identifies further material not found in it. Not only are there additional statutes and attendance lists, but also additional parliaments. In particular, a contemporary list of the acts of the Reformation Parliament (1560) is fully discussed and evaluated for the first time.
Manufacturing Reputations in Late Eighteenth-Century Birmingham
Authors: Stirk Nigel
Published: March 2003

This article examines the importance of local reputation and collaborative commercial politics for the business practices of individuals in industrializing Birmingham. It is suggested that shared ideas about quality standards, free trade and the national interest were instrumental in encouraging businessmen to work together to establish local representative institutions. Furthermore, these normative conceptions of how trade should be conducted reflected particular interpretations of the history of Birmingham and of individual enterprise. It is concluded that the particular geography of a provincial town was central to the application of principles and abstract ideas.
Mexican Conservatives, Clericals, and Soldiers: the ‘Traitor’ Tomás Mejía through Reform and Empire, 1855–1867
Authors: Hamnett Brian
Published: March 2003

General Tomás Mejía (1820–67) became a leading Mexican opponent of the Liberal Reform Movement in the mid‐nineteenth century. Originating from the Querétaro Sierra Gorda, where for twenty years he had a strong power base, he took his stand in defence of the Catholic religion. A devotee of the local cult of the Virgin of the Pueblito, Mejía cooperated first with the Conservative Party and subsequently with the Second Mexican Empire (1862–67). Beween 1864 and 1866, he became the Empire’s principal military commander. Juárez had him shot, along with Maximilian, when the Empire fell. Triumphant Liberals blotted out his name from the history of the nineteenth century. Mejía defended an alternative, Catholic vision of Mexico to the Liberal secular state and its Revolutionary successor.
Remembering Civil Patrols in Joyabaj, Guatemala
Authors: Remijnse Simone
Published: March 2003

During the civil war in Guatemala, which only ended with the signing of the comprehensive Peace Accords in December 1996, the military organised the male population throughout the Guatemalan highlands into civil defence patrols (Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, PAC). Initially set up to help the military to win the war, they eventually evolved into a local power player in their own right. Although the patrols were dismantled in 1996, former patrols still influence daily life. This paper examines how, at the municipal level, current memories of the civil war, especially of the civil defence patrols, still shape perceptions, actions, and social relations. These are marked by fear, prejudice, and distrust, thereby creating important impediments for erasing the legacy of violence and building local democracy and civil society.
State Continuismo and Pinochetismo: The Keys to the Chilean Transition
Authors: Barton Jonathan R.
Published: March 2003

There have been two parallel processes in Chilean political economy during the 1990s. A high profile has been accorded to the transition from authoritarianism to democracy and its related debates. A relatively low profile has been accorded to the continuity in the state model of capitalism that was implemented under authoritarianism. This paper argues that transition can be best understood in terms of the role of Augusto Pinochet and his strategies for maintaining power – Pinochetismo. As such, his forced retirement from political life marks the end of transition. The second point is perhaps of more importance however. The democratic political regime has intensified the model of capitalist accumulation of the 1970s and 1980s and socio‐economic polarisation has been perpetuated. While the focus on the nature of transition during the 1990s was necessary, there has been a failure to question the social relations established by capitalism. With the end of transition in July 2001, the greatest challenge for Chilean democracy now lies in creating a state based on social relations that serves the needs of the majority rather than the desires of the few.
Ariadne’s thread: Cape Verdean women in transnational webs
Authors: Marques M. Margarida , Santos Rui , Araújo Fernanda
Published: March 2003

This article is about Cape Verdean women who make a living through engaging in regular transnational petty trade. They buy consumer goods in West African countries, in Portugal and elsewhere in Europe, in Brazil and in the USA, to sell back in Cape Verde, either in open‐air markets or in their own shops. Women perform most of this kind of trade and they operate on the border between the formal and informal economies. Drawing on interview material, the article shows how their self‐presentation as autonomous self‐reliant economic agents relates to gender and family roles and to a strategic balance between personal freedom and embeddedness in multi‐territorialized networks.
An Evaluation of a Primary Care‐Based Child Clinical Psychology Service
Authors: Abrahams Sharon , Udwin Orlee
Published: March 2003

Background: This paper describes a primary care‐based clinical psychology service operating in an inner London borough that provides psychological intervention for children with emotional or behavioural difficulties and their families, and consultation and support to the primary health care teams.

Method: A comparison is made with a local secondary level child mental health service in terms of characteristics of referrals and clinical outcome. Referrers’ perceptions of the primary care‐based service are described.

Results and Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a useful child and adolescent mental health service for children and adolescents with a broad range of childhood difficulties within a primary care setting, which appears to overcome some of the problems often associated with referral to secondary level services.
Roman Millstones from Orvieto (Italy): Petrographic and Geochemical Data for A New Archaeometric Contribution
Authors: Antonelli F. , Nappi G. , Lazzarini L.
Published: March 2003

The probable site of extraction and production of Pompeian‐style leucite‐bearing millstones, singled out by Peacock (1980, 1986) in the vicinity of Orvieto, and the outcropping of the ‘Leucitophyre’ lava have been systematically studied employing standard petrographic and geochemical methods (optical microscopy and ICP–AES/MS spectrometry). The combination of petrochemical data, previously very poor, allowed us definitively to exclude the possible ‘overlap’ of phonolitic and tephri‐phonolitic lavas from other Quaternary Volcanic Districts of Latium, and provides a helpful tool for future work on leucitite millstones. Consequently, the databank obtained has been used to attribute the origin of five Roman millstones discovered in three archaeological sites in central Italy (Latium and Marche). It has also been useful to verify the geological provenance of some Sicilian and French leucitite millstones analysed by previous workers. The results point to a provenance from the Orvieto area, with the exception of the millstones from Sicily, for which a different origin was hypothesized.
Characterization of a black residue in a decorated Neolithic pot from Dikili Tash, Greece:an unexpected result
Authors: Maniatis Y. , Tsirtsoni Z.
Published: March 2003

A black depositional layer on the inner surface of a Neolithic carinated vessel from the archaeological site of Dikili Tash in Eastern Macedonia was examined scientifically. The layer was initially considered as decomposed organic matter and interest was focused on identifying the original organic contents. The scientific investigation, which included FTIR spectroscopy, analytical SEM examination and optical microscopy, revealed that the black substance was not organic but a pure iron oxide layer deposited on the vessel’s inner surface, and reduced in places to black iron oxides, during a destructive fire. The conclusion is that this layer represents the remnants of the vessel’s original content, which was a red hematite pigment. This unexpected find provides, for the first time, a missing link in the evidence of pigments used in Neolithic times, previously attested to only by finished products.
Land reclamation and Deep Ecology: in search of a more meaningful physical geography
Authors: Haigh Martin J.
Published: March 2003

Deep Ecology provides a complete and practical philosophy to guide practice, research and teaching in physical geography. This proposes that long–term human self–interest is served best by serving the needs of Nature, which also provides an agenda for research. Understanding is constructed in three steps from the realization of the internal self, through the social self and ultimately the ecological Self, which provides an agenda for teaching and learning. Being ‘useful’ is proposed as a duty for geography. Its first priorities should be environmental management, mitigating the ecological footprint of humanity: first for the benefit of society, but ultimately for the benefit of the Self – within Nature. Systems thinking should guide investigation because Deep Ecology conceives Nature as a single interacting, multidimensional whole.
Union Wage Effects in the Presence of Enterprise Bargaining
Authors: Wooden Mark
Published: March 2003

Previous research on union wage effects has underestimated the potential for unions to raise member wages since the data used do not enable differences across bargaining units to be properly accounted for. This study addresses this deficiency by utilizing matched employer–employee data that permit workplace‐specific union wage effects to be identified. Results from the estimation of wage equations indicate that, while there is only a very small intra‐workplace union wage effect, differences across workplaces are considerable. This differential, however, only exists at workplaces where there is substantial coverage by collective agreements.
An Estimate of the Range of Equilibrium Rates of Unemployment for Australia
Authors: Lye J. N. , McDonald I. M. , Sibly H.
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates the range of equilibrium rates of unemployment for Australia. The estimation technique nests a unique equilibrium rate of unemployment as a special case. It is found for the period 1965–97 that a range of equilibria of at least 6.6 percentage points of unemployment exists in Australia. The lower limit of this range, which is the minimum rate of unemployment consistent with non‐increasing inflation, was 2–3 per cent in the 1960s, jumped in the early 1970s and was about 5.6 per cent during the 1990s.
Market Value, R&D and Intellectual Property: An Empirical Analysis of Large Australian Firms
Authors: Bosworth Derek , Rogers Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the value of innovation to large Australian firms. Specifically, we investigate how R&D and intellectual property activity influences the market value of firms, using a Tobin’s q approach. R&D data are available for the period 1994–96 and data on patent, trade mark and design applications for 1996. The findings suggest that R&D and patent activity are positively and significantly associated with market value. The results also suggest that private returns to R&D in Australia are low by international standards.
Aerobic landfill test cells and their implications for sustainable waste disposal
Authors: Read Adam D. , Hudgins Mark , Phillips Paul
Published: March 2003

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills world‐wide are experiencing the consequences of conventional landfilling techniques, whereby anaerobic conditions are created within the landfill waste. Under anaerobic conditions, slow stabilization of the waste mass occurs, producing methane, (an explosive, ‘greenhouse’ gas) and toxic leachate over long periods of time. As a potential solution, it was demonstrated that the aerobic degradation of MSW within a landfill can significantly increase the rate of waste decomposition and settlement, decrease the production of methane gas, reduce the level of toxic organics in the leachate and decrease quantities of landfill leachate that need treatment. This paper summarizes the successful results of two separate aerobic landfill projects located in Georgia (USA) and discusses the potential economic and environmental impacts to world‐wide solid waste management.
Soil degradation assessment in mixed farming systems of southern Africa: use of nutrient balance studies for participatory degradation monitoring
Authors: Dougill Andrew J , Twyman Chasca , Thomas David S G , Sporton Deborah
Published: March 2003

Soil degradation assessments for mixed farming systems of the Molopo Basin (North West Province, South Africa and Southern District, Botswana) are provided from farmer–based research, designed to quantify nutrient fluxes across the farming system and to analyze the social, economic, political and environmental factors affecting nutrient management practices. This paper discusses the practical difficulties of how to use participatory farmer–led studies to assess soil degradation extent and its causes, and of then disseminating this information to farming communities and policymakers. Nutrient balance studies show that land degradation is evident on arable fields as soil nutrient depletion (the main threat to poorer manure–reliant farmers) and soil acidification (the main threat to wealthier farmers who have become dependent on inorganic fertilizer additions). Integrated nutrient management strategies involving both compound fertilizer additions and regular manure inputs can mitigate most soil degradation even on the sandy infertile Kalahari soils, but remain infrequently practised. The need to retain nutrient flows through the livestock sector from rangeland to arable land is thus vital to environmental sustainability and offers an applicable entry point for agricultural development initiatives and support. Factors identified as threatening the flow of nutrients from rangelands to arable lands include policy settings in terms of the different support programmes offered to communal farmers, village–level extension advice, household poverty levels and labour constraints.
The effects of negotiation democracy: A comparative analysis
Authors: Armingeon Klaus
Published: March 2003

Abstract. To what extent are variations in public attitudes and outcomes of social/economic policies caused by institutions like consociational democracy, corporatism and regimes of veto players? In dealing with this question, this paper starts from a critical review of Arend Lijphart's argument in Patterns of Democracy that consensus democracies are better, kinder and gentler democracies. I agree that consociational democracy, corporatism, and regimes with veto players have different effects on attitudes and policy outcomes – even after controlling for effects of political power distribution, as well as domestic and international contexts of policymaking. However, consociational democracy is not a ‘better, gentler and kinder’ democracy, though neither is it worse than majoritarian democracy in governing societies. Corporatism is efficient in reducing unemployment and inflation, and in expanding public receipts and the reach of the welfare state. Finally, regimes of veto players constrain expansion of public receipts. This analysis is based on data covering 22 OECD countries, 1971–1996.
Impact of Cardiac Service Availability on Case‐Selection for Angiography and Survival Associated with Angiography
Authors: Dendukuri Nandini , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , McNeil Barbara J.
Published: March 2003

Objective To examine whether availability of cardiac services at the admitting hospital affects case‐selection for angiography and one‐year survival following angiography, within groups of patients who have similar clinical need for angiography according to published criteria.

Study Setting Elderly Medicare beneficiaries (37,788) discharged with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from hospitals in seven U.S. states between February 1994 and July 1995. We focused on patients who were eligible to receive angiography 12 or more hours after symptom onset.

Data Collection Data were abstracted from patient's medical records, Medicare National Claims Standard Analytic Files, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) Provider of Service File and Health Insurance Master File.

Methods Admitting hospitals were classified as offering no cardiac services, angiography only, or revascularization. Case‐selection differences across these three types of hospitals were examined by comparing relative risk of receiving angiography for various patient and hospital characteristics. Relative differences in one‐year survival rate, comparing patients who received angiography to those who did not, were estimated within each hospital type and clinical need category (necessary, appropriate, or uncertain) after matching on propensity to receive angiography.

Principal Findings Compared to patients for whom angiography was deemed necessary, the relative risk of receiving angiography among those for whom it was deemed of uncertain benefit was 0.58, 0.79, and 0.92 (p‐value of homogeneity test < 0.001) at hospitals offering no cardiac services, angiography only, and revascularization, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival following angiography across hospital types, overall as well as within clinical need categories.

Conclusions Despite increased case selection at hospitals with on‐site cardiac services, there was no evidence of increase in the survival rate associated with angiography use at these hospitals.
Process of Care and Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction for Patients with Mental Illness in the VA Health Care System: Are There Disparities?
Authors: Petersen Laura A. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Druss Benjamin G. , Rosenheck Robert A.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To compare process of care and outcome after acute myocardial infarction, for patients with and without mental illness, cared for in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) health care system.

Data Sources/Setting. Primary clinical data from 81 VA hospitals.

Study Design. This was a retrospective cohort study of 4,340 veterans discharged with clinically confirmed acute myocardial infarction. Of these, 859 (19.8 percent) met the definition of mental illness. Measures were age‐adjusted in‐hospital and 90‐day cardiac procedure use; age‐adjusted relative risks (RR) of use of thrombolytic therapy, beta‐blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or aspirin at discharge; risk‐adjusted 30‐day and one‐year mortality.

Results. Patients with mental illness were marginally less likely than those without mental illness to undergo in‐hospital angiography (age‐adjusted RR 0.90 [95 percent confidence interval: 0.83, 0.98]), but there was no significant difference in the age‐adjusted RR of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the 90 days after admission (0.85 [0.69,1.05]), or in the receipt of medications of known benefit. For example, ideal candidates with and without mental illness were equally likely to receive beta‐blockers at the time of discharge (age‐adjusted RR 0.92 [0.82, 1.02]). The risk‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) for death in patients with mental illness versus those without mental illness within 30 days was 1.00 (0.75,1.32), and for death within one year was 1.25 (1.00,1.53).

Conclusions. Veterans Health Administration patients with mental illness were marginally less likely than those without mental illness to receive diagnostic angiography, and no less likely to receive revascularization or medications of known benefit after acute myocardial infarction. Mortality at one year may have been higher, although this finding did not reach statistical significance. These findings are consistent with other studies showing reduced health care disparities in the VA for other vulnerable groups, and suggest that an integrated health care system with few financial barriers to health care access may attenuate some health care disparities. Further work should address how health care organizational features might narrow disparities in health care for vulnerable groups.
The Effect of Health Plan Characteristics on Medicare+Choice Enrollment
Authors: Dowd Bryan E. , Feldman Roger , Coulam Robert
Published: March 2003

Objective. To provide national estimates of the effect of out‐of‐pocket premiums and benefits on Medicare beneficiaries' choice among managed care health plans.

Data Sources/Study Setting. The data represent the population of all Medicare+Choice (M+C) plans offered to Medicare beneficiaries in the United States in 1999.

Study Design. The dependent variable is the log of the ratio of the market share of the jth health plan to the lowest cost plan in the beneficiary's county of residence. The explanatory variables are measures of premiums and benefits in the jth health plan relative to the premiums and benefits in the lowest cost plan.

Data Collection Methods. The data are from the 1999 Medicare Compare database, and M+C enrollment data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

Principal Findings. A $10 increase in an M+C plan's out‐of‐pocket premium, relative to its competitors, is associated with a decrease of four percentage points in the jth plan's market share (i.e., from 25 to 21 percent), holding the premiums of competing plans constant.

Conclusions. Although our price elasticity estimates are low, the market share losses associated with small changes in a health plan's premium, relative to its competitors, may be sufficient to discipline premiums in a competitive market. Bidding behavior by plans in the Medicare Competitive Pricing Demonstration supports this conclusion.
Something Old, Something New: Recent Developments in Hospital–Physician Relationships
Authors: Lake Timothy , Devers Kelly , Brewster Linda , Casalino Lawrence
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe recent developments in hospital–physician relationships in 12 metropolitan areas.

Methods. We analyze qualitative data from a third round of biannual site visit interviews conducted in 12 randomly selected metropolitan areas from 1996 to 2001. The study interviewed 895 respondents during the third round of site visits, conducted in 2000 and 2001.

Principal Findings. As HMO enrollment and capitation contracting has failed to grow in local markets, hospital executives have returned to a strategic focus on improving relationships with specialists in pursuit of fee‐for‐service revenue. Yet, 65 percent of hospitals interviewed in 2000 and 2001 continued to own primary care physician practices, with ownership more prevalent in highly concentrated hospital markets. A majority (55 percent) of hospitals have decreased the size of these practices in the past two years.

Conclusions. Interest in forming integrated delivery systems has waned. The potential for quality improvement through these organizations systems—by emphasizing primary care and coordinating hospital and physician services—has not been realized. The new emphasis on hospital–specialist partnerships may improve the financial status of hospitals and participating specialists in local markets, and may improve quality of care in selected service areas, but it may also increase health care costs incurred by employers and consumers.
Mental Health Costs and Access Under Alternative Capitation Systems in Colorado
Authors: Bloom Joan R. , Hu Teh‐wei , Wallace Neal , Cuffel Brian , Hausman Jaclyn W. , Sheu Mei‐Ling , Scheffler Richard
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine service cost and access for persons with severe mental illness under Medicaid mental health capitation payment in Colorado. Capitation contracts were made with two organizational models: community mental health centers (CMHCs) that manage and deliver services (direct capitation [DC]) and joint ventures between CMHCs and a for‐profit managed care firm (managed behavioral health organization, [MBHO]) and compared to fee for service (F.F.S.).

Data Sources/Study Setting. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the year prior to the new financing policy and the following two years (1995–1998).

Study Design. A stratified random sample of 522 severely mentally ill subjects was selected from comparable geographic areas within the capitated and FFS regions of Colorado. Major variables include service cost, utilization, and access (probability of service use) derived from secondary claims data, subject reported access collected at six‐month intervals, and baseline outcomes (symptoms, functioning, and quality of life).

Principal Findings. In comparison to the FFS area, cost per person was reduced in the capitated areas in each of the two years following implementation. By the end of year two, cost per person was reduced by two‐thirds in the MBHO areas and by one‐fifth in the DC areas. Reductions in access were found for both capitated areas, although reductions in utilization for those receiving service were found only in the MBHO model.

Conclusions. Medicaid mental health capitation in Colorado resulted in cost reducing service changes for persons with severe mental illness. Assessment of outcome change is necessary to identify cost effectiveness.
The International Criminal Court: Reforming the Politics of International Justice
Authors: Economides Spyros
Published: March 2003

The International Criminal Court (ICC) came into effect on 1 July 2002. This article gives an account of the historical background to the ICC and an overview of the Court's Statute, remit and powers. It is argued that the ICC is a highly politicized legal institution which will only be effective through inter-state cooperation. Despite its lengthy historical antecedents and legal precedents, prudence suggests that — due to the nature of international politics — the establishment of the ICC should be viewed as the beginning of a cumulative process of reforming the politics of international justice rather than the end of a process of transformation in international law.
Institutional Change and Projections: A Comment
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: March 2003

This comment is in response to Frederic L. Pryor (2000). “The Millennium Survey: How Economists View the U.S. Economy in the 21st Century.”The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 59 (January), pp. 3‐33.
The Wage Effects of Being Raised in the Catholic Religion: Does Religion Matter?
Authors: Ewing Bradley T.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides new empirical evidence about the existence of a Catholic wage premium. A simple allocation‐of‐time model provides two explanations for the observation that those persons raised in the Catholic religion earn more than their non‐Catholic counterparts. The Catholic religion may add to a person's stock of human capital and/or it may act as a signal of desirable labor market characteristics such as discipline, honesty, trustworthiness, and high motivation.
Henry George on Land Ownership: A Comment on Pullen
Authors: Whitaker John K.
Published: March 2003

Did George alienate many by presenting his reform program as the institution of a new form of restricted land possession rather than as the retention of traditional ownership with a substantial land tax imposed? It seems doubtful, yet the distinction merits further exploration and the peculiar and hard‐to‐implement nature of the tax and the difficulty of reconciling it with George's distrust of government needs to be stressed. Ideally, George might have preferred complete government ownership of land but his policy proposals were pragmatically adapted to the realities of his own society. The extent of the egalitarianism and aid to the landless implied in his program is questioned.
New Political Economy, Scientism and Knowledge: A Critique from a Hayekian Perspective, and a Proposal for an Extension of the Research Agenda
Authors: Schnellenbach Jan
Published: March 2003

New Political Economy has something very important in common with welfare economics: its focus on static, technical efficiency criteria to judge the rationality of a social, political or economic order. This often leads theorists to perceive their objects of research as well‐defined problems to which clear‐cut solutions can be found and prescribed as policy proposals, addressed at the policymaker or the democratic sovereign. This perspective frequently excludes important empirical phenomena from the research agenda. Although, for example, certain well‐defined informational asymmetries are frequently modeled, fundamental knowledge problems such as ignorance of the true model of the economy are usually ignored. In the present paper, this approach is criticized from a Hayekian point of view, with an emphasis on the problems of “scientism” (i.e., the inappropriate transfer of methods from the natural to the social sciences) and irremediably imperfect knowledge, troubling both the agents in the theoretical model and the theorist. Furthermore, it is argued and illustrated with two examples that an extension of Public Choice's research agenda along Hayekian lines may be fruitful, because it leads to a fresh perception even of such problems that already have been extensively researched within the traditional framework.
The “New” Political Economies (A View from Russia)
Authors: Kollontai Vladimir
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses some of the problems created by a rapidly changing interaction between the political and the economic spheres in society. In periods of condensed social change this interaction is profoundly different from customary evolutionary developments. In Russia various political economic concepts during the last century have led to profound shifts in economic mechanisms and structures (first toward a planned economy, later toward a market one). A knowledge of this experience (and the new problems that surface) might be useful if globalisation, environmental issues and the transition to a post‐industrial society should lead to periods of condensed socioeconomic change in the West.
Toward Capitalism or Away from Russia?: Early Stage of Post‐Soviet Economic Reforms in Belarus and the Baltics
Authors: Savchenko Andrew
Published: March 2003

While at the start of systemic economic transformations in Eastern Europe, both indigenous reformers and Western observers tended to interpret the events as a rationally conceived and executed replacement of an economic system of inferior performance by another one whose superiority was proven, the developments that followed the disintegration of the Soviet polity did not support this view. Shortly after the former Soviet republics gained independence, they exhibited marked variations in speed and sometimes direction of market transformation that could not be satisfactorily explained within the framework of economic theories used by promoters of reforms. In this paper I compare the early stages of economic transformation in Belarus, where reforms were eventually abandoned, with the three Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), which are the most successful emerging market economies among the former Soviet republics. In this comparison I will attempt to highlight non‐economic factors that might have contributed to this difference.
What Do You Know, Who Do You Know?: School as a Site for the Production of Social Capital and its Effects on Income Attainment in Poland and the Czech Republic
Authors: Buerkle Karen , Guseva Alya
Published: March 2003

This paper criticizes traditional approaches to stratification, which suggest that education contributes to inequality solely by endowing people with different amounts of human capital (knowledge and skills) or credentials. What these approaches overlook is the social component of education—friends, acquaintances and other connections one accumulates while in school. These connections reduce the uncertainty inherently present in the hiring process by compensating for lack of information with trust. We argue that social capital gained while in school has an independent effect on individual income, and show how this effect varies by education and experience levels. Conceptualizing schooling as an important source of social capital and finding ways to disentangle the effects of human and social capital on individual income are a contribution that economic sociologists can make to the study of education and inequality.
A Socioeconomic Perspective
Authors: Visano Brenda Spotton
Published: March 2003

By combining an economic perspective on financial instability with a sociological analysis of collective behavior, this paper lays out a conceptual foundation that is suggestive of a fuller understanding of speculative manias and financial panics in highly liquid financial assets. The paper argues that a collective enthusiasm develops in an environment of “optimistic uncertainty” created by the gradual diffusion of a revolutionary innovation of the type examined by Rosenberg. An adaptation of Simmel's theory of fashion in the emerging norm framework of Turner and Killian explains the swell of speculative excitement. Once started, the enthusiasm continues in a Schumpeterian manner until the objective potential of the innovation becomes apparent and estimable. If the contemporaneous degree of optimism proves unfounded and prices too high to sustain, a reversal of fortune ushers in distress that may inspire panic. A panic, contrary to implications of extant economic theory, does not necessarily follow a period of extreme speculative enthusiasm. This paper suggests instead, in light of Lang and Lang's analysis of collective dynamics, that certain objective market conditions create a panic in a distressed environment.
The social welfare implications, decomposability, and geometry of the Sen family of poverty indices
Authors: Xu Kuan , Osberg Lars
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we propose a unified framework for the Sen indices of poverty intensity that shows an explicit connection between the indices and the common underlying social evaluation function. We also identify the common multiplicative decomposition of the indices that allows simple and similar geometric interpretations and easy numerical computation. JEL Classification: C000, H000, O150

Implications en termes de bien‐être collectif, décomposabilité et géométrie de la famille d’indices de pauvretéà la Sen. Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs proposent un cadre d’analyse intégré des indices d’intensité de pauvretéà la Sen qui souligne la relation explicite entre ces indices et la fonction sociale d’évaluation commune qui les soustend. Les auteurs identifient aussi la décomposition multiplicative commune de ces indices qui permet d’en donner des interprétations géométriques simples et idoines et de faire des calculs numériques faciles.
Asymmetric output cost of lowering inflation: empirical evidence for Canada
Authors: Huh Hyeon‐Seung , Lee Hyun‐Hoon
Published: March 2003

A strand of theoretical and empirical evidence in the literature suggests non‐linearity in the output‐inflation relationship, viz. a non‐linear Phillips curve. We develop a VAR model of output, inflation, and terms of trade augmented with logistic smooth transition autoregression specifications. Empirically, the model captures non‐linear features present in the data. Output costs of reducing inflation vary, depending on the economy, size of inflation change, and whether policy makers seek to disinflate or prevent inflation from rising. Thus, inferences based on the conventional linear Phillips curve may provide misleading signals about the cost of lowering inflation and the appropriate policy stance. JEL Classification: C32, E52

Le coût asymétrique en termes de production de la réduction de l’inflation: résultats pour le Canada. Ce mémoire a son origine dans les travaux qui suggèrent une certaine non linéarité dans la relation production‐inflation i.e. une courbe de Phillips qui serait non‐linéaire. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle VAR de la production, de l’inflation et des termes d’échange, enrichi de spécifications autogressives définissant une transition logistique souple. Il appert que les coûts en termes de perte de production de la réduction de l’inflation varient grandement selon l’état de l’économie, la taille des changements recherchés dans le taux d’inflation, et selon que les autorités cherchent créer une déflation ou simplement à empêcher l’accélération de l’inflation. Voilà qui implique que les inférences tirées d’un modèle construit sur la courbe linéaire traditionnelle de Phillips peuvent fournir des signaux trompeurs quant aux coûts de la réduction de l’inflation et suggérer de mauvaises politiques.