bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A HPTLC Densitometer Determination of Sinapic acid in Chandrasur (Lepidium sativum)
Authors: Nayak Preeti Sagar , Upadhyaya Sunil D , Upadhyaya Anubha
Published: January 2009

A qualitative and quantitative analysis method was established to improve quality assessment standards for Lepidium sativum seeds. The sinapic acid was identified by comparing with standards and quantified simultaneously by High performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC). HPTLC of Lepidium sativum methanolic extract was performed on Silica gel 60F254 [20 cm Ã 10 cm] plates with butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5), as mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation of the plate was performed in the absorbance-reflectance mode at 326 nm. The sinapic acid was separated on a thin layer of silica gel and determined by HPTLC-photo densitometry. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and can be used for the routine assay.Â Keywords: Lepidium sativum; Sinapic acid; HPTLC; Photo densitometry.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1196Â Â
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Root Extracts of Piper Chaba
Authors: Naz Tarannum , Mosaddik Ashik , Haque M. Ekramul
Published: January 2009

Â Â Antibacterial and antifungal properties of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Piper chaba (Choi) roots were studied by disc diffusion method and these activities were compared with primary standard drugs Kanamycin and Nystatin, respectively. The extracts were found to exhibit promising antibacterial and antifungal properties against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The extracts were also studied for their cytotoxic activities by brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where gallic acid was used as primary standard. It was observed that the petroleum ether extract was potent cytotoxic with the LC50 value of 0.95 Âµg/ml against Artemia salina (L). The essential oils of the petroleum ether extract of Piper chaba roots were analysed by GC/MS. It was observed that most of the compounds were sesquiterpenes, some were long chain fatty acids and some were monoterpenes and alkaloids. Seventeen compounds were identified from the GC/MS analysis.Â Keywords: Piper chaba, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, cytotoxicity.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1446
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Barium Calcium Hexaferrite Nano-particles Synthesized by Water-in-oil Reverse Micelle and Co-precipitation Techniques
Authors: Jotania R. B. , Khomane R. B. , Deshpande A. S. , Chauhan C. C. , Kulkarni B. D.
Published: January 2009

BaCaB2BFeB16BOB27B hexaferrite particles were prepared using two different techniques namely (i) reverse micelle and (ii) co-precipitation with and without presence of surfactants (cationic, anionic and nonionic). The precipitate was calcinated at 950ËC for 4 hours and characterized by using various instrumental techniques. The structural studies of the samples were studied by using XRD and SEM. The field dependent magnetic properties of prepared Ba-Ca hexaferrite powder was investigated at room temperature by using vibrating sample magnetometer. It has been observed that the type of surfactant plays a crucial role in deciding the morphology of the particles. There is significant change in crystallite size of the resultant Ba-Ca hexaferrite prepared in presence of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and reverse micelle route. The samples prepared in presence of cationic and non ionic surfactants show agglomerated large particles. Magnetic study reveals that the value of anisotropy constant (K) depends on the type of surfactant used. The sample prepared in presence of nonionic surfactant Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) shows low anisotropy constant (0.26×10P-3P HAP2P/kg) where as the sample prepared in presence of SDS  surfactant exhibits high anisotropy constant (3.26×10P-3 PHAP2P/kg) compared to normal sample (0.41 ×10P-3P HAP2P/kg).Keywords: Barium calcium hexaferrite particles; Surfactants; Structural and magnetic properties.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1684
Peroxy Complex and Crossing Point Temperature of Talcher Coals - An Adducer to Assess the Spontaneous Combustibility Character
Authors: Behera P. , Mohanty G.
Published: January 2009

Spontaneous combustibility character of the Talcher coals has been measured in terms of peroxy complex and crossing point temperature. Coal samples collected from the two horizons i.e. Karharbari Formation and Barakar Formation were separately studied and the values measured for the aforesaid parameters were recorded. It was found that the coals of this coalfield are highly prone to spontaneous combustion but the coals of the Karharbari Formation show less proneness compared to Barakar Formation. Â Keywords: Peroxy complex; Crossing point temperature; Spontaneous combustion; Talcher coalfield; Orissa.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2037-0245 (Online). All rightsÂ  reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1696
A New Method of Construction of E-optimal Generalized Group Divisible Designs (GGDD)
Authors: Thannippara Alex , V Sreejith , Bagui S. C. , Ghosh D. K.
Published: January 2009

In this article, we develop a new method of construction of E-optimal generalized group divisible designs through group testing designs.Â Keywords: Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD); Group Divisible (GD); Generalized Group Divisible Design (GDD); E-optimality.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1697
Important Announcements
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: January 2009

Â Â Journal of Scientific ResearchÂ ISSN 2070-0237(Print); ISSN 2070-0245 (Online)Â Â Volume 1 Issue 1: 1 January 2009 (already published) Issue 2: 1 May 2009 (to be available online in March-April 2009)Issue 3: 1 September 2009 (to be available online in July 2009)Volume 2Issue 1 onwards starting from 1 January 2010 Â CALL FOR PAPERSÂ The first issue of JSR, guided by international Editorial and Advisory Boards, has already been published on 1 January 2009. The journal is devoted to the publication of original research (Research paper, Review paper, Short communication) covering the following fields:Â Section A: Physical and Mathematical Sciences: Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Geophysics, Environmental Sciences, Computer and Information Technology, Engineering and related branches.Â Â Section B: Chemical and Biological Sciences: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, Biology, Genetics, Fisheries and related branches.Â The Editorial Board invites papers (both theoretical and experimental) from the researchers in the above and related branches for its second and subsequent issues.Â Contributors from all over the world are invited to send manuscripts prepared in accordance with the style of the journal (please consult brief Author Guidelines or the complete Author Guidelines along with Instructions for Typesetting Manuscript Using MS-Word (see JSR Vol 1 (1), pp v-xii (2009); DOI: 10.3329/jsr.vlil.1704). Â Please submit articles online at:Â Â Â Â  www.banglajol.info/index.php/JSROr send by email to Editor-in-Chief (JSR) at: jsr_editor@ru.ac.bdÂ Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.vlil.1702Â Â
Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview
Authors: Rhee Ill-Keun , Lee Jaehan , Kim Jangsub , Serpedin Erchin , Wu Yik-Chung
Published: January 2009

The development of tiny, low-cost, low-power and multifunctional sensor nodes equipped with sensing, data processing, and communicating components, have been made possible by the recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) assume a collection of such tiny sensing devices connected wirelessly and which are used to observe and monitor a variety of phenomena in the real physical world. Many applications based on these WSNs assume local clocks at each sensor node that need to be synchronized to a common notion of time. This paper reviews the existing clock synchronization protocols for WSNs and the methods of estimating clock offset and clock skew in the most representative clock synchronization protocols for WSNs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Highly Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Acyloxyketones by Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of 1,2‐Enediol Carbonates.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Xu Jiayi , Schmidt Thomas
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Practical Approach to α‐Diketones via Reactions of Internal Aryl Alkynes with N‐Iodosuccinimide/Water.
Authors: Niu Mingyu , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Aryl Vinyl Ketones to Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by the Tol‐Binap/Dmapen Ruthenium(II) Complex.
Authors: Arai Noriyoshi , Azuma Keita , Nii Noriyuki , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Separable Pd Catalyst for Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling Reactions for the Synthesis of α,β‐Alkynyl Ketones.
Authors: Liu Jianming , Peng Xingao , Sun Wei , Zhao Yongwei , Xia Chungu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Syntheses on the Basis of Ethyl 2‐Oxotetrahydrofuran‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Kochikyan T. V. , Arutyunyan E. V. , Arutyunyan V. S. , Avetisyan A. A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered 2,3‐Dioxo Heterocycles. Part 60. Reaction of 3‐Aroyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzoxazine‐1,2,4‐triones with Cyclic Enehydrazino Ketones. Crystalline and Molecular Structure of N‐[3′‐Benzoyl‐4′‐hydroxy‐1′‐ (2‐hydroxyphenyl) ‐6,6‐dimethyl‐2,4,5′‐trioxo‐1′,4,5,5′,6,7‐hexahydrospiro [indole‐3,2′‐pyrrol]‐1(2H)‐yl]‐3‐nitrobenzamide.
Authors: Racheva N. L. , Aliev Z. G. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution Phase Synthesis of a Diverse Library of Highly Substituted Isoxazoles.
Authors: Waldo Jesse P. , Mehta Saurabh , Neuenswander Benjamin , Lushington Gerald H. , Larock Richard C.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Entry to Novel Spiro‐Dihydroquinoline‐oxindoles Using Povarov Reaction Between 3‐N‐Aryliminoisatins and Isoeugenol.
Authors: Kouznetsov Vladimir V. , Forero Josue S. Bello , Torres Diego F. Amado
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensation of Diethyl 2,4,6‐Trioxoheptanedioate with 2‐(Aryliminomethyl)phenols. A New Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Mamedov V. A. , Murtazina A. M. , Sysoeva L. P. , Mironova E. V. , Latypov Sh. K. , Balandina A. A. , Kadyrova S. F. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Litvinov I. A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of Benzo[h]‐ and Pyrido[3,2‐h]‐δ‐carbolin‐2,4‐diones from One‐Pot Reaction of β‐Lactam Carbenes with Naphthyl and Quinolyl Isonitriles.
Authors: Shi Gao‐Feng , Kang Zhi‐Mei , Jiang Xiao‐Ping , Cheng Ying
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Dihydrotetraazapentacenes.
Authors: Seillan Claire , Brisset Hugues , Siri Olivier
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Substituted anti‐α,β‐Diaminophosphonic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Wilt Jeremy C. , Pink Maren , Johnston Jeffrey N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylidynearsine (HCAs): Synthesis and Direct Characterization by UV‐Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Chrostowska Anna , Dargelos Alain , Nguyen Thi Xuan Mai , Graciaa Alain , Guenot Pierre
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Ni‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross‐Coupling Approach to Saturated, Fully Oxygenated C‐Alkyl and C‐Aryl Glycosides.
Authors: Gong Hegui , Gagne Michel R.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Formation of β‐Glycosides of N‐Acetyl Glycosamines Mediated by Rare Earth Metal Triflates.
Authors: Christensen Helle , Christiansen Mira Steinicke , Petersen Jette , Jensen Henrik Helligsoe
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Related to a Biodynamic Saponin from Calamus Insignis as Their Propargyl Glycosides.
Authors: Dasgupta Somnath , Mukhopadhyay Balaram
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Process Research on the Preparation of DMT Protected 2′‐O‐Methoxyethylguanosine for Oligonucleotide Synthesis in Therapeutic Applications.
Authors: Taj Shabbir Ali S. , Narayanan S. , Meenakshi S. Suman , Sanghvi Yogesh S. , Ross Bruce S. , Ravikumar Vasulinga T.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Sulphonamide and Carboxamide Derivatives of Acyclic C‐Nucleosides of Triazolo‐Thiadiazole and the Thiadiazine Analogues. Synthesis, anti‐HIV, and Antitumor Activities. Part 2.
Authors: Al‐Massoudi Najim A. , Al‐Soud Yaseen A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Enamine Derivatives of 5,6‐Dihydro‐2′‐deoxyuridine Formed in Reductive Amination of 5‐Formyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine.
Authors: Sochacka Elzbieta , Smuga Damian
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Oxidized Derivatives of Antifungal Pyrrolnitrin from the Bacterium Burkholderia cepacia K87.
Authors: Sultan Md. Zakir , Park Kyungseok , Lee Sang Yeob , Park Jung Kon , Varughese Titto , Moon Surk‐Sik
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Stereospecific Syntheses of 15(R)‐Me‐PGD2, a Potent and Selective DP2—Receptor Agonist.
Authors: Patel Pranav , Lee Gue‐Jae , Kim Seongjin , Grant Gail E. , Powell William S. , Rokach Joshua
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Development of an Aminomethylcycline Antibiotic via an Electronically Tuned Acyliminium Friedel—Crafts Reaction
Authors: Chung John Y. L. , Hartner Frederick W. , Cvetovich Raymond J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Codinaeopsin, an Antimalarial Fungal Polyketide.
Authors: Kontnik Renee , Clardy Jon
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Target Interaction‐Based Weighting of Substructures for Virtual Screening.
Authors: Crisman Thomas J. , Sisay Mihiret T. , Bajorath Juergen
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeting the Conformational Transitions of MDM2 and MDMX: Insights into Dissimilarities and Similarities of p53 Recognition.
Authors: Macchiarulo Antonio , Giacche Nicola , Carotti Andrea , Baroni Massimo , Cruciani Gabriele , Pellicciari Roberto
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge‐Transfer Ferromagnetism in Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Coey J. M. D. , Wongsaprom Kwanruthai , Alaria J. , Venkatesan M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hourly and daily clearness index and diffuse fraction at a tropical station, Ile‐Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Okogbue E. C. , Adedokun J. A. , Holmgren B.
Published: January 2009

Dataset consisting of hourly global and diffuse solar radiation measured over the period February 1992 and December 2002 have been utilized to investigate the diurnal and seasonal variations of hourly and daily clearness index together with the diffuse fraction at a tropical station Ile‐Ife (7.5°N, 4.57°E), Nigeria. Statistical analysis (the frequency and cumulative frequency distribution of the hourly and daily clearness index) and subsequent characterization of the sky conditions over the station based on these were also done, and their implications for solar energy utilization in the area discussed.

Daytime (11:00–15:00 LST) monthly mean hourly diffuse fraction, M̄d (explained in a separate ‘List of Symbols’ provided, along with other symbols used in this article), have values, which are most of the time less than 0.52, 0.54 and 0.60 respectively for January, February and March in the dry season. However, during the months of July and August (which are typical of the wet season), the values range between 0.61 and 0.85 (being generally greater than 0.65) with the corresponding values of the monthly mean hourly clearness index, M̄T, ranging between 0.23 and 0.45.

Statistical analysis of hourly and daily clearness index showed that the local sky conditions at the station were almost devoid of clear skies and overcast skies (clear skies and overcast skies occurred for only about 3.5% and 4.8% of the time respectively). The sky conditions were rather predominantly cloudy (cloudy skies occurred for about 88% of the time) all the year round. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Visible light photopolymerization of nitro‐stilbenzene photosensitive initiating systems
Authors: Gao Fang , Peng Huayong , Yang Long , Liu Xiaojiao , Wang Jianchao , Hu Nvdan , Xie Ting , Li Hongru , Zhang Shengtao
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we presented four novel visible light photoinitiating systems, which employed nitro‐stilbenzene derivatives as photoinitiators. Visible light photopolymerization of these systems was studied completely. The results showed that the chemical structures of the photoinitiators, photoinduced electron transfer approach, solvent polarity, and monomers played significant effects on the visible light photopolymerization. The electrochemistry of nitro‐stilbenzene was dramatically influenced by the linking benzophenone moiety. The cyclic voltammograms of four photoinitiators were determined and discussed. We further estimated the thermodriving force for electron transfer between nitro‐stilbenzene and benzophenone. Thermal stabilities of new photoinitators were determined by the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of an amorphus polyamide based nanocomposite
Authors: Goitisolo I. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazabal J.
Published: January 2009

Nanocomposites (NCs) composed of an amorphus polyamide (aPA) (Selar® PA 3426) that contains a 2:1 ratio of amide to aromatic groups, and a single alkyl tail modified organoclay (OMMT) (Nanomer® I30 TC) were prepared by melt extrusion and ulterior injection molding. Our results show minor intercalation of the aPA matrix, and a large extent of exfoliation of the OMMT in which more than 80% of individual layers were observed. The matrix showed a low degree of orientation and its effect on the modulus was negligible. Consequently, the increases in the Young's modulus were proportional to the OMMT content, which agrees with the highly exfoliated nanostructure. The Young's modulus of the NCs was 40% larger than that of the matrix at 5% OMMT content. The ductile nature of the matrix mostly maintained in the NCs, and the yield stress a showed behavior similar to that of the modulus. The experimental stiffness values of the NCs are in agreement with those predicted by Halpin–Tsai theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measures of agreement for vectorcardiography data
Authors: Wang Haonan
Published: January 2009

In this paper, nonparametric methods are proposed for quantifying agreement and disagreement between different measurement methods when the results of the measurements are rotation matrices. First, the expected squared distance between two matrices is used to quantify the measurement agreement. Two choices of such distance are considered—the Frobenius distance and geodesic distance. Second, the notion of ‘concordance correlation coefficient’, a commonly used measure of agreement, is extended to the space of rotation matrices. Such generalized concordance coefficient can be treated as a normalized expected squared distance. Since no two measurement systems can be expected to be in perfect agreement, it becomes necessary to define a notion of practical agreement. We define such a notion. Moreover, for both proposed methods, the percentile bootstrap procedure is implemented to provide a confidence interval to help make a decision concerning practical agreement/disagreement in real‐life applications. The methodology is illustrated using two data sets, one based on an application involving vectorcardiography data (Biometrika1972;59:665–676) and the other based on a synthetic data set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic Massive Spontaneous Hemothorax: Adhesion Disruption
Authors: Singh Shyam , Sharma Mukhand L. , Lone Reyaz A. , Wani Mehmood A. , Hussain Zahur , Mir Ishtiyaq , Vimesh Puja
Published: January 2009

Background

Hemothorax has been reported to occur along with spontaneous pneumothorax due to adhesion disruption. Rupture of pleural adhesions spontaneously or after unnoticeable trivial trauma causing massive hemothorax alone is rare.

Methods

We present a series of seven cases of idiopathic massive spontaneous hemothorax due to adhesion disruption, of which all required emergency thoracotomy with ligation or cauterization of bleeding adhesions.

Results

Six patients had bleeding pleural lung adhesions of which five involved the upper lobes. Another had bleeding from pleuropericardial adhesions. All patients are doing well on follow‐up.

Conclusions

Disruption of pleural adhesions may cause massive hemothorax, requiring early surgical intervention. After thoracotomy the outcome in these patients is excellent.
Basic Principles and Technologies for Deciphering the Genetic Map of Cancer
Authors: Voidonikolas Georgios , Kreml Stephanie S. , Chen Changyi , Fisher William E. , Charles Brunicardi F. , Gibbs Richard A. , Gingras Marie‐Claude
Published: January 2009

The progress achieved in the field of genomics in recent years is leading medicine to adopt a personalized model in which the knowledge of individual DNA alterations will allow a targeted approach to cancer. Using pancreatic cancer as a model, we discuss herein the fundamentals that need to be considered for the high throughput and global identification of mutations. These include patient‐related issues, sample collection, DNA isolation, gene selection, primer design, and sequencing techniques. We also describe the possible applications of the discovery of DNA changes to the approach of this disease and cite preliminary efforts where the knowledge has been translated into the clinical or preclinical setting.
Do Tumor Cavitation and Sex in Resected Stage I Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer Correlate with Prognosis?
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhao Jing , Pan Yi , Su Yan‐Jun , You Jian , Zhao Xiao‐Liang , Wang Chang‐Li
Published: January 2009

Background

Multiple factors have been reported as affecting the prognosis, and they affect the therapeutic outcomes of stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Most studies focus on patients receiving combined‐modality therapy, whereas there are few studies that focus on patients undergoing surgery alone. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for disease relapse and unfavorable prognosis in stage I NSCLC patients treated with surgery alone.

Methods

A total of 315 stage I NSCLC patients who were treated with surgery alone as the definitive therapy were identified. Risk factors for disease relapse and unfavorable prognosis were estimated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Sex, tumor pathologic stage, and cavitating lung cancer were identified as independent risk factors for relapse and overall survival using the multivariate analysis. Sex, tumor pathologic stage, and cavitating lung cancer were identified as independent risk factors for early relapse, and sex and cavitating lung cancer were independent risk factors for late relapse.

Conclusion

Tumor cavitation, pathologic stage IB, and being male are predictors of poor outcome for patients with stage I NSCLC who undergo resection.
Clinical and molecular features of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes
Authors: Spinazzola A. , Invernizzi F. , Carrara F. , Lamantea E. , Donati A. , DiRocco M. , Giordano I. , Meznaric‐Petrusa M. , Baruffini E. , Ferrero I. , Zeviani M.
Published: January 2009

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (MDSs) form a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by profoundly decreased mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in affected tissues. Three main clinical presentations are known: myopathic, encephalomyopathic and hepatocerebral. The first is associated with mutations in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) and p53‐induced ribonucleotide reductase B subunit (RRM2B); the second with mutations in succinate synthase A (SUCLA2) and B (SUCLG1); the third with mutations in Twinkle (PEO1), pol‐γA (POLG1), deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) and MPV17 (MPV17). In this work, we review the MDS‐associated phenotypes and present our own experience of 32 MDS patients, with the aim of defining the mutation frequency of the known genes, the clinical spectrum of the diseases, and the genotype–phenotype correlations. Five of our patients carried previously unreported mutations in one of the eight MDS genes.
Evaluation of Group Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ridge Yolanda , Panabaker Karen , McCullum Mary , Portigal‐Todd Cheryl , Scott Jenna , McGillivray Barbara
Published: January 2009

As demand for genetic counseling regarding hereditary cancer continues to grow, more efficient methods of providing this service must be explored. In this pilot study, group genetic counseling was offered to two different cohorts of women seeking genetic counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Seven group sessions, designed to cover all aspects of an individual genetic counseling appointment, were conducted. Although patients were receptive to group genetic counseling, a significant proportion chose individual counseling when given the option. Advantages of group genetic counseling include shared experience and increased efficiency. Disadvantages include increased frustration at not being eligible for genetic testing, group influence on decision‐making, privacy concerns, increased need for follow‐up, and difficulty booking group appointments. Overall, the level of patient satisfaction with group genetic counseling was similar to that of individual counseling. The results of this pilot study suggest that further research is needed to determine whether group genetic counseling is an acceptable alternative to individual counseling.
Colonization patterns of mycorrhizal fungi associated with two rare orchids,CephalantherafalcataandC. erecta
Authors: Matsuda Yosuke , Amiya Aya , Ito Shin‐ichiro
Published: January 2009

We investigated the spatial distribution and taxonomic identity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the root systems of two threatenedCephalantheraspecies,C. falcataandC. erecta, in naturally regenerated forests. Peloton formation was observed in both plant species, confirming the existence of orchid mycorrhizas. ForC. falcata, mycorrhization was significantly different among individuals, ranging from 14 to 63%, and no significant difference amongC. erectaindividuals was detected (57–68%). Mycorrhization among three growth directions of roots and between orchid species was not significantly different. The spatial distribution of mycorrhizas in both orchids showed significant differences, being most frequent at an apical position. Based on DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, we inferred that the families Thelephoraceae and Sebacinaceae were mycobionts forC. falcataand Thelephoraceae forC. erecta. Our findings indicated that mycorrhizal colonization occurs at a distal position from the base of these orchid root systems and that mycorrhizal fungi are restricted to few ectomycorrhizal fungal families.
Counter‐Current Carbon Dioxide Purification of Partially Deacylated Sunflower Oil
Authors: Eller F. J. , Taylor S. L. , Laszlo J. A. , Compton D. L. , Teel J. A.
Published: January 2009

A liquid carbon dioxide counter‐current fractionation method was developed to remove by‐product fatty acid propyl esters (FAPEs) from the reaction mixture after the partial deacylation of sunflower oil. The fractionation column was 1.2 m long and separations were done at 25 °C and 8.27 MPa. Several solvent to feed ratios (S:FR) (i.e., 7.6, 15.2, 30.3 and 60.6 g/g) and feed rates (FR) (i.e., 1, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 mL/min) at a constant S:FR of 15.2 were examined. Raffinate purity (i.e., percentage glycerides) and extract purity (i.e., percentage FAPEs) were both monitored. Percentage glycerides in both the raffinate and the extract increased with S:FR. The raffinate contained ca. 83, 97, 100 and 100% glycerides at S:FRs of 7.6, 15.2, 30.3 and 60.6, respectively. The percentage glycerides in the extracts were ca. 3, 4, 8 and 17%, respectively. With the S:FR held constant at 15.2, the raffinate purity peaked at ca. 99% glycerides at a FR of 2.5 mL/min and the extract at this FR contained ca. 96% FAPEs. The optimal S:FR and FR determined from the experimental assays was applied to large batches in both a semi‐continuous feed mode, and later in a continuous feed mode, which gave raffinates of 99.3 and 98.1% glycerides, respectively, and extracts of 97.3 and 97.2% FAPEs, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Different Soy‐Based Polyols by Ring Opening of Epoxidized Soybean Oil with Methanol, 1,2‐Ethanediol and 1,2‐Propanediol
Authors: Dai Honghai , Yang Liting , Lin Bo , Wang Chengshuang , Shi Guang
Published: January 2009

Three soy‐based polyols intended for application in polyurethanes were prepared by ring opening the epoxy groups in epoxidized soybean oil (ESO, 0.385 mol/100 g epoxy rings) with methanol, 1,2‐ethanediol and 1,2‐propanediol in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid catalyst. The effect of the different opening reaction reagents, different low molecular weight alcohols, on the polyols was investigated by spectroscopic, chemical and physical methods. The viscosities, viscous‐flow activation energies, molecular weight and melting point of the samples increased in the following order: polyol (3) > polyol (2) > polyol (1) > ESO [polyol (1); polyol (2) and polyol (3) represented the samples synthesized from the same epoxidized soybean oil generated by opening reactions with methanol, 1,2‐ethanediol and 1,2‐propanediol, respectively]. All the samples were crystalline solids below their melting temperature, displaying multiple melting point peaks. Compared with polyol (1), polyol (2) had a primary hydroxyl group, promoting the reactive activity of the polyol with isocyanates; polyol (3) contained large numbers of hydroxy groups, improving the properties of polyurethanes.
Minimal invasive epiphysiodesis using a modified “Canale”-technique for correction of angular deformities and limb leg length discrepancies
Authors: Ramseier Leonhard E. , Sukthankar Atul , Exner G. Ulrich
Published: January 2009

Purpose

Leg length discrepancy and angular deformities can, in contrast to adults; easily be corrected with epiphysiodesis during growth. Goal of this study was to evaluate our results of a modified Canale technique for definitive epiphysiodesis treating leg length discrepancy and also angular deformities.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2007, 22 patients (11 boys and 11 girls) were subjected to definitive epiphysiodesis. In total 73 hemiepiphysiodesis were performed (26 proximal tibial, 47 distal femoral).

Results

All patients could be followed to the end of growth. Mean follow-up was 32.2 month (range 13–76 months). In 20 patients the epiphysiodesis was planed to correct axis and leg length discrepancy. In two patients’ contralateral epiphysiodesis was performed to avoid further leg length discrepancy because of closed physis of the shorter affected side. A staged procedure was necessary in nine patients to achieve the best possible correction. No complications were seen such as wound healing, knee-joint contractures after epiphysiodesis of the distal femur and proximal tibia. In two patients three rehemiepiphysiodesis because of not fully closure of the physis had to be done.

Conclusion

Definitive epiphysiodesis using this modified Canale technique is a safe, minimal invasive method to correct leg length discrepancy and angular deformities if preoperative planning is performed properly.
Some Reasons for the Rediscovery and Appreciation of Mendel's Work in the First Years of the Present Century
Authors: Wilkie J. S.
Published: January 2009

Three questions of major historical interest may be asked concerning the neglect and the rediscovery of Mendel's work.

1. Why was it so little noticed between its publication in 1866 and its rediscovery in 1900?

2. What factors determined its rediscovery?

3. What factors favoured the rapid growth of Mendelian genetics?

It is with the second and third of these questions that this paper is concerned.
Simon Bredon (c. 1300-1372) Physician, Mathematician and Astronomer
Authors: Talbot C. H.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

Simon Bredon was one of a remarkable group of scientists who brought fame to Oxford by their achievements in the sphere of natural science, particularly in astronomy. Though his interests lay chiefly in the field of medicine, as indicated by the large collection of books on this subject which he bequeathed to his friends, he was also a mathematician and astronomer.

The manuscripts of his works, still preserved at Oxford, Cambridge and the British Museum, which include an arithmetic, a commentary on the Almagest, a theory of the planets and astronomical calculations, have never been properly examined and some kind of preliminary investigation seems necessary before his true position among the Merton school of scientists can be assessed.
British and American Contributions to Electrical Communications
Authors: Marland E. A.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

Some of the early superstitious beliefs concerning communication by means of magnets are mentioned.

Some of the suggested ‘static telegraphs’ are described, together with the reasons for their failure. An account is given of the rise of the use of the electric current in the telegraph by continental workers early in the nineteenth century, and the manner in which this method became known in England. The work of Cooke and Wheatstone is briefly outlined, and the assistance given to the English workers by Joseph Henry.

The development of the American telegraph in the hands of Morse is reviewed, and the similarity of the difficulties experienced by Morse and by Cooke. The origin of the relay is examined.

The commercial success of the telegraph was largely due to the several needs it fulfilled, and the uses of the telegraph are enumerated.

Submarine telegraphs and especially the Atlantic telegraph are described together with the mechanical and electrical difficulties associated with long distance telegraphy through cables. In this connection the work of William Thomson is very briefly reviewed.

The growth of the telephone out of the telegraph at the hands of Bell in America is described, and is shown to be achieved as a result of the synthesis of Bell's knowledge of physiology and of electricity. The paper concludes with a statement of the commercial success of Bell's telephone.
Mechanics and the Royal Society, 1668-70
Authors: Hall A. Rupert
Published: January 2009

Apart from statics, about which I shall say nothing, there were three chief centres of interest in mechanics in the 1660's:

(1) the motions of pendulums;

(2) the laws of motion;

(3) the free fall of heavy bodies and the motion of projectiles.

In the first the influence of Huygens was dominant; I have placed it so because it was of very lively contemporary concern. The second area of interest descended partly from Galileo and partly from Descartes; the third from Galileo alone. Perhaps one should consider adding a fourth area, the investigation of central forces, but this in fact did not attract much attention as yet.
Background and Foreground: Getting Things in Context
Authors: Knight David
Published: January 2009

Historians generally grumble at the liberties taken with letters and papers by editors and biographers in the past, while reviewers may complain at the professorial pomposities which interfere with the reader's interaction with the text. Certainly, reading is not a mere matter of information retrieval or of source-mining, but a meeting of minds, and any over-zealous editing which makes this more difficult will have failed. Editors, whether of journals or of documents, are midwives of ideas—self-effacingly bringing an author's meaning and style into the world. What reviewers praise is the unobtrusive, and what they damn is ‘a manner at once slapdash and intrusive’, making allowances perhaps for an ‘introduction which is as admirable as his footnotes are useless’. When in the 1960s new technology brought us a flood of facsimile reprints of scientific works, some avoided these problems by appearing naked and unashamed: but for a text on phrenology, or for Goethe's Theory of Colours, a fig leaf or two of commentary is really necessary to help the innocent reader to interact with the book. Facsimiles of nineteenth-century editions of Wilkins' papers, of some Newton correspondence, or of Henry More's poetry are even more problematic; the reader should know that these editors' assumptions cannot be taken for granted, and that their introductions are themselves historical documents. The exact reproduction of misprints and misbindings (giving pages out of order and misnumbered) is of dubious assistance to the modern reader.
Physical Optics at the Royal Society 1660–1800
Authors: Badcock A. W.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

The years between 1660 and 1800 were important ones in the study of light. For most of the period the work, especially in this country, was largely dominated by the theories advanced by Newton; unfortunately the protagonists of these theories were much more rigid in their approach than was Newton himself. There was, in effect, almost a century of ‘rear-guard actions’ to maintain the corpuscular theory at all costs.

Fortunately, the advance of geometrical optics and the design of optical instruments was not retarded to a very great degree by this partisan approach. The workers in these fields were not, as a rule, too involved in speculation, and worked largely empirically.

Some of the modifications to the original corpuscular theory are interesting. Attempts were made to explain, with varying degrees of success, total internal reflection, dispersion, interference effects, diffraction and phosphorescence. Considerable speculation about the velocity of light occurred in connection with these topics. At the same time, wave theories never completely died out and, although they were not developed until the early part of the nineteenth century, their influence was felt even in this country.
Edwardian Science and Technology: Their Interactions
Authors: Ubbelohde A. R.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

Though quite short, the Edwardian era included a number of developments of critical importance for the interactions of science and technology. It saw the emergence of three really fundamental innovations in physics—relativity theory with its proof of the equivalence between mass and energy, quantum theory, and the disintegration of atomic nuclei. These have profoundly affected practical affairs as well as revolutionizing natural philosophy. Prominent amongst the many advances in applied science were the conquest of malaria, the mastery of aviation, the beginnings of electronics and wireless telegraphy, and the production of synthetic fertilizers by chemical industry. Successes and frustrations in British contributions to these striking changes in science and technology have an impact on history which is still being worked out.
Was Tycho Brahe as Influential as he Thought?
Authors: Hellman C. Doris
Published: January 2009

Through the years there have been subtle changes in the evaluations of the work of Tycho Brahe. As one examines the tracts dealing with novae and comets in which reference is made to the nova of 1572 or the comet of 1577, it becomes quite evident that in different parts of Europe and in the Near East and at different periods of time and among men of different religious convictions different values were placed on his work. The extent of his influence should be distinguished from the measure of his achievements. Moreover, his importance cannot be completely separated from that of Kepler and the horde of other writers who furnished more than a mere background for the display of Tycho's brilliance. Here, as always, there is the danger of assigning to one man innovations that were, so to speak, in the air.