bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Dynamic Appropriations of Domestic Space
Authors: Trillos Julia
Published: May 2007

This commentary is an attempt to provide a complementary vision to analyze the study carried out by Giorgi, Padiglione and Pontecorvo. Based on their data, the authors describe three main categories of home appropriation: predominant, proscriptions and incomplete appropriations, each one with clear definitions and descriptions. However, the authors acknowledge that the nature of the methodology and the duration of the study did not permit a thorough study of how these self-representations are constructed. For this reason, here we provide an alternative analysis of the study using the concepts of semiotic mediation and dialogical self, which could be used to propose future research in the field of meaning construction in the home.
Review Essay: The Locus of Subjectivity in Cultural Studies
Authors: Cornejo Carlos
Published: May 2007

I offer an interpretation of Ernst E. Boesch's theory of symbolic action focusing on the usually overlooked phenomenological and existential aspects of this cultural-psychological approach. This interpretation raises the more general question about the role that subjectivity plays in cultural-psychological studies. It is argued that, depending on the concept of meaning that is assumed, cultural studies can be divided in to two main streams, namely the hermeneutic-historicist and the phenomenological-existentialist perspectives. The theoretical consequence of this dual program is the so-called `micro—macro problem'. Boesch's concept of action field is interpreted here as a meso-unit: it is unfolded within an objective system of reference; but at the same time, it is oriented toward the future from the personal perspective of a subject. This existential aspect of Boesch's theory serves to illustrate the theoretical need for the consideration of the phenomenological dimension in cultural studies.
Property and the governance of the family farm in rural Australia
Authors: Voyce Malcolm
Published: May 2007

This article examines the social side of the property-holding relationship between rural families in rural Australia. I assume that property is a social relationship as well as form of technology. I argue that the technology of property is not neutral, but has social implications. My approach is to assume that settlers had various ideas of property, a core stratum of which was manipulated and governed by the state. At the same time the technical side of property, resting on the sciences of cartography, mapping and surveying, allowed the state to settle farmers on land in a controlled way to ensure productivity and social control. Thus, through stimulating ideas of freedom associated with property, the colonial state assisted the orderly development of the Australian continent.
Hiding in the closet?
Authors: McLean Kirsten
Published: May 2007

In discourses about gay, lesbian and bisexual identity, and in the models of sexual identity development that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, coming out is marked as one of the crucial steps in developing a healthy sexual identity. In these discourses, coming out is positioned as `good' as it enables the healthy development of sexual identity, while non-disclosure is positioned as `bad'. As such, there is a disclosure imperative attached to living as gay, lesbian or bisexual. Using empirical evidence gathered from in-depth interviews with 60 Australian bisexual men and women, this article argues that, for bisexuals, the decision about whether to come out is influenced by several factors not often taken into account in sexual identity development models and coming out narratives. These factors make it inherently more difficult to come out to others as bisexual, and significantly challenge the notion of the disclosure imperative.
Socio-structural correlates of online news and information adoption/use
Authors: Nguyen An , Western Mark
Published: May 2007

Using data from a national survey of 4270 Australians conducted in late 2003, this article merges the structural approach to media audience formation with innovation diffusion theory to explore major socio-structural factors influencing the adoption of online news and information. It finds that more internet accessibility, traditional news and information usage, and privileged socio-economic profiles are strong predictors of online news and information adoption.
Mapping the intellectual labour process
Authors: Connell Raewyn , Crawford June
Published: May 2007

The sociology of intellectuals needs analysis of the intellectual labour force. A survey of 500 intellectual workers identified three distinct dimensions of the labour process: involvement with technology, autonomy, and involvement in the organizational world. Clear differences between institutional sectors negate the `convergence' thesis. A degree of proletarianization in the intellectual work-force occurs, but only in limited groups. An alternative pattern of marginalization is associated with non-standard employment conditions. Workplace egalitarianism and extensive connectedness are found, but are not linked, partly disconfirming the `democratization' thesis. Autonomy emerges as a key issue within a collective labour process. The data emphasize the importance of the organizational context of intellectual labour. Directions for a new understanding of intellectuals and cultural politics are identified.
Competencies for graduate curricula in health, medical and biomedical informatics: a framework
Authors: Huang Qi Rong
Published: May 2007

The rapid emergence of programmes in health informatics, medical informatics and biomedical informatics implies a need for core curricula in these diverse disciplines. This study investigated the recommended competencies for health and medical informatics, aiming to develop a framework for use in curricular development. Current health and medical programmes around the world were analysed to assess how these competencies are reflected in current curricula and to identify new competencies. Several preferred skills and knowledge sets were identified and 40 programs were analysed. Diverse curricular designs were found in these programmes. Competencies such as research skills, knowledge in health information systems and methods for informatics/computer science were the most frequently taught. Knowledge or skills in interpersonal communications, social impact of IT on health, and data mining may represent important skills for future informaticians. The suggested framework and the data analysed may be important for developing a competency-based modular curriculum.
Developing services for head injury: obtaining the data
Authors: Seeley Helen M.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this article is to propose standards for data collection in head injury, the commonest cause of death and disability in young people. The objectives include evaluation of an audit methodology. The retrospective review conducted for the Eastern Head Injury Study in the UK identified a variety of problems, notably ambiguous terminology, inadequacies in ICD-10 codes, and inconsistent practices in recording data on head injury. Conclusions are that the standards developed through the review should improve data collection practice, and rehabilitation codes should assist in tracking patient pathways through care.
Epstein Barr virus–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing the anti-CD30ζ artificial chimeric T-cell receptor for immunotherapy of Hodgkin disease
Authors: Savoldo Barbara , Rooney Cliona M. , Di Stasi Antonio , Abken Hinrich , Hombach Andreas , Foster Aaron E. , Zhang Lan , Heslop Helen E. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Dotti Gianpietro
Published: May 2007

Adoptive transfer of Epstein Barr virus (EBV)–specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) has shown that these cells persist in patients with EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma (HD) to produce complete tumor responses. Treatment failure, however, occurs if a subpopulation of malignant cells in the tumor lacks or loses expression of EBV antigens. We have therefore determined whether we could prepare EBV-CTLs that retained the antitumor activity conferred by their native receptor while expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for CD30, a molecule highly and consistently expressed on malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells. We made a CD30CAR and were able to express it on 26% (± 11%) and 22% (± 5%) of EBV-CTLs generated from healthy donors and HD patients, respectively. These CD30CAR+ CTLs killed both autologous EBV+ cells through their native receptor and EBV−/CD30+ targets through their major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–unrestricted CAR. A subpopulation of activated T cells also express CD30, but the CD30CAR+ CTLs did not impair cellular immune responses, probably because normal T cells express lower levels of the target antigen. In a xenograft model, CD30CAR+ EBV-CTLs could be costimulated by EBV-infected cells and produce antitumor effects even against EBV−/CD30+ tumors. EBV-CTLs expressing both a native and a chimeric antigen receptor may therefore have added value for treatment of HD.
Genome evolution in major Escherichia coli O157:H7 lineages
Authors: Zhang Yongxiang , Laing Chad , Steele Marina , Ziebell Kim , Johnson Roger , Benson Andrew K , Taboada Eduardo , Gannon Victor PJ
Published: May 2007

Background

Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains has shown divergence into two distinct lineages, lineages I and II, that appear to have distinct ecological characteristics, with lineage I strains more commonly associated with human disease. In this study, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to identify genomic differences among 31 E. coli O157:H7 strains that belong to various phage types (PTs) and different lineage-specific polymorphism assay (LSPA) types.

Results

A total of 4,084 out of 6,057 ORFs were detected in all E. coli O157:H7 strains and 1,751 were variably present or absent. Based on this data, E. coli O157:H7 strains were divided into three distinct clusters, which consisted of 15 lineage I (LSPA type 111111), four lineage I/II (designated in this study) (LSPA type 211111) and 12 lineage II strains (LSPA 222222, 222211, 222212, and 222221), respectively. Eleven different genomic regions that were dominant in lineage I strains (present in ≥80% of lineage I and absent from ≥ 92% of lineage II strains) spanned segments containing as few as two and up to 25 ORFs each. These regions were identified within E. coli Sakai S-loops # 14, 16, 69, 72, 78, 83, 85, 153 and 286, Sakai phage 10 (S-loops # 91, 92 and 93) and a genomic backbone region. All four lineage I/II strains were of PT 2 and possessed eight of these 11 lineage I-dominant loci. Several differences in virulence-associated loci were noted between lineage I and lineage II strains, including divergence within S-loop 69, which encodes Shiga toxin 2, and absence of the non-LEE encoded effector genes nleF and nleH1-2 and the perC homologue gene pchD in lineage II strains.

Conclusion

CGH data suggest the existence of two dominant lineages as well as LSPA type and PT-related subgroups within E. coli O157:H7. The genomic composition of these subgroups supports the phylogeny that has been inferred from other methods and further suggests that genomic divergence from an ancestral form and lateral gene transfer have contributed to their evolution. The genomic features identified in this study may contribute to apparent differences in the epidemiology and ecology of strains of different E. coli O157:H7 lineages.
Do supervised weekly exercise programs maintain functional exercise capacity and quality of life, twelve months after pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD?
Authors: Spencer Lissa M , Alison Jennifer A , McKeough Zoe J
Published: May 2007

Background

Pulmonary rehabilitation programs have been shown to increase functional exercise capacity and quality of life in COPD patients. However, following the completion of pulmonary rehabilitation the benefits begin to decline unless the program is of longer duration or ongoing maintenance exercise is followed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if supervised, weekly, hospital-based exercise compared to home exercise will maintain the benefits gained from an eight-week pulmonary rehabilitation program in COPD subjects to twelve months.

Methods

Following completion of an eight-week pulmonary rehabilitation program, COPD subjects will be recruited and randomised (using concealed allocation in numbered envelopes) into either the maintenance exercise group (supervised, weekly, hospital-based exercise) or the control group (unsupervised home exercise) and followed for twelve months. Measurements will be taken at baseline (post an eight-week pulmonary rehabilitation program), three, six and twelve months. The exercise measurements will include two six-minute walk tests, two incremental shuttle walk tests, and two endurance shuttle walk tests. Oxygen saturation, heart rate and dyspnoea will be monitored during all these tests. Quality of life will be measured using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Participants will be excluded if they require supplemental oxygen or have neurological or musculoskeletal co-morbidities that will prevent them from exercising independently.

Discussion

Pulmonary rehabilitation plays an important part in the management of COPD and the results from this study will help determine if supervised, weekly, hospital-based exercise can successfully maintain functional exercise capacity and quality of life following an eight-week pulmonary rehabilitation program in COPD subjects in Australia.
Obesity and pronated foot type may increase the risk of chronic plantar heel pain: a matched case-control study
Authors: Irving Damien B , Cook Jill L , Young Mark A , Menz Hylton B
Published: May 2007

Background

Chronic plantar heel pain (CPHP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders of the foot, yet its aetiology is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between CPHP and a number of commonly hypothesised causative factors.

Methods

Eighty participants with CPHP (33 males, 47 females, mean age 52.3 years, S.D. 11.7) were matched by age (± 2 years) and sex to 80 control participants (33 males, 47 females, mean age 51.9 years, S.D. 11.8). The two groups were then compared on body mass index (BMI), foot posture as measured by the Foot Posture Index (FPI), ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) as measured by the Dorsiflexion Lunge Test, occupational lower limb stress using the Occupational Rating Scale and calf endurance using the Standing Heel Rise Test.

Results

Univariate analysis demonstrated that the CPHP group had significantly greater BMI (29.8 ± 5.4 kg/m2 vs. 27.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2; P < 0.01), a more pronated foot posture (FPI score 2.4 ± 3.3 vs. 1.1 ± 2.3; P < 0.01) and greater ankle dorsiflexion ROM (45.1 ± 7.1° vs. 40.5 ± 6.6°; P < 0.01) than the control group. No difference was identified between the groups for calf endurance or time spent sitting, standing, walking on uneven ground, squatting, climbing or lifting. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that those with CPHP were more likely to be obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4 – 6.1, P < 0.01) and to have a pronated foot posture (FPI ≥ 4) (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.6 – 8.7, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Obesity and pronated foot posture are associated with CPHP and may be risk factors for the development of the condition. Decreased ankle dorsiflexion, calf endurance and occupational lower limb stress may not play a role in CPHP.
How do we manage the gastrectomy for gastric cancer after coronary artery bypass grafting using the right gastroepiploic artery? Report of two cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Konishi Yukiko , Suzuki Koichi , Wada Hidetoshi , Watanabe Hiroshi , Ogura Hiroyuki , Sugamori Yuno , Bashar Abul Hasan Muhammad , Yamashita Katsushi , Kobayashi Toshihiko , Kazui Teruhisa
Published: May 2007

Background

Recently, the right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA) has been used in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as an alternative arterial graft. Unfortunately, an increased incidence of gastric cancers has been reported after CABG using the RGEA. Handling of the RGEA during gastrectomy in these patients may cause lethal complications, which sometimes reduces the feasibility of curative dissection of lymph nodes at the base of the graft.

Case presentations

We describe two cases of gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy after CABG with the use of RGEA. To avoid the potentially fatal coronary event during gastrectomy, safe handling of the conduit including preparations for injuries and prevention of vessel spasm was performed in both cases, accompanied by an adequate monitoring of the systemic circulation. Intraoperative frozen section examination showed no lymph node metastasis around the graft in any of the cases; therefore, complete lymph node dissection at the base of the graft was not undertaken. No complications occurred during the operation. In addition to these two cases, twenty-four cases reported in the literatures were reviewed (a total of 26 cases). Ten early and 16 advanced gastric cancers were included. Among the 16 advanced gastric cancer cases, an alternative graft was employed in 8 due to the resection of an original graft to complete lymph node dissection. Mere handling of a graft often caused lethal complications suggesting that the operation should be completed by isolation of the graft. A pedicled graft harvesting via the ante-gastric route was popular. However, a skeletonized harvesting with resection of the pyloric branches of the RGEA would be better because this would interrupt the original lymph flow, which could eliminate the need for lymph node dissection and graft isolation. Among the 10 cases having early gastric cancers, 6 were found within 1.5 years after CABG. Early detection in these 6 cases was possible due to the use of gastric fiberscopic examination before and after CABG, which gave them opportunities to receive a less extensive operation such as endoscopic mucosal resection.

Conclusion

Adequate intraoperative care as well as an optimal lymph node dissection considering the graft harvesting method at the first CABG leads to successful gastrectomy after CABG using the RGEA graft. Therefore, this operation should be carried out with careful management by both gastrointestinal and cardiovascular surgeons.
Repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the anterior endoderm is essential for liver and pancreas development
Authors: McLin Valérie A. , Rankin Scott A. , Zorn Aaron M.
Published: May 2007

The liver and pancreas are specified from the foregut endoderm through an interaction with the adjacent mesoderm. However, the earlier molecular mechanisms that establish the foregut precursors are largely unknown. In this study, we have identified a molecular pathway linking gastrula-stage endoderm patterning to organ specification. We show that in gastrula and early-somite stage Xenopus embryos, Wnt/β-catenin activity must be repressed in the anterior endoderm to maintain foregut identity and to allow liver and pancreas development. By contrast, high β-catenin activity in the posterior endoderm inhibits foregut fate while promoting intestinal development. Experimentally repressing β-catenin activity in the posterior endoderm was sufficient to induce ectopic organ buds that express early liver and pancreas markers. β-catenin acts in part by inhibiting expression of the homeobox gene hhex, which is one of the earliest foregut markers and is essential for liver and pancreas development. Promoter analysis indicates that β-catenin represses hhex transcription indirectly via the homeodomain repressor Vent2. Later in development,β-catenin activity has the opposite effect and enhances liver development. These results illustrate that turning Wnt signaling off and on in the correct temporal sequence is essential for organ formation, a finding that might directly impact efforts to differentiate liver and pancreas tissue from stem cells.
On the carapacial ridge in turtle embryos: its developmental origin,function and the chelonian body plan
Authors: Nagashima Hiroshi , Kuraku Shigehiro , Uchida Katsuhisa , Ohya Yoshie Kawashima , Narita Yuichi , Kuratani Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The chelonian carapace is composed of dorsolaterally expanded ribs; an evolutionary change in the rib-patterning program is assumed to be related to this novelty. Turtle embryos exhibit a longitudinal ridge called the carapacial ridge (CR) on the flank, and its histological resemblance to the apical ectodermal ridge of the limb bud implies its inductive activity in the unique patterning of the ribs. We studied the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, and confirmed by labeling with a lipophilic dye,DiI, that the CR contains the somite-derived dermis and that it is a unique structure among amniotes. Using electroporation of a dominant-negative form of LEF-1, the CR-specific gene, we showed that CR-specific genes function in the growth and maintenance of the CR. Microcauterization or implantation of the CR did not change the dorsoventral pattern of the ribs,and only their fan-shaped pattern was arrested by CR removal. We conclude that the CR is a true embryonic novelty among amniotes and, because of the specific expression of regulatory genes, it functions in the marginal growth of the carapacial primordium, thereby inducing the fan-shaped arrangement of the ribs.
Hand2is necessary for terminal differentiation of enteric neurons from crest-derived precursors but not for their migration into the gut or for formation of glia
Authors: D'Autréaux Fabien , Morikawa Yuka , Cserjesi Peter , Gershon Michael D.
Published: May 2007

Hand genes encode basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that are expressed in the developing gut, where their function is unknown. We now report that enteric Hand2 expression is limited to crest-derived cells, whereas Hand1 expression is restricted to muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal. Hand2 is developmentally regulated and is intranuclear in precursors but cytoplasmic in neurons. Neurons develop in explants from wild-type but not Hand2-/- bowel, although,in both, crest-derived cells are present and glia arise. Similarly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of Hand2 in enteric crest-derived cells prevents neuronal development. Terminally differentiated enteric neurons do not develop after conditional inactivation of Hand2 in migrating crest-derived cells; nevertheless, conditional Hand2 inactivation does not prevent precursors from expressing early neural markers. We suggest that enteric neuronal development occurs in stages and that Hand2expression is required for terminal differentiation but not for precursors to enter the neuronal lineage.
Distinct functions of the major Fgf8 spliceform, Fgf8b, before and during mouse gastrulation
Authors: Guo Qiuxia , Li James Y. H.
Published: May 2007

The vertebrate Fgf8 gene produces multiple protein isoforms by alternative splicing. Two evolutionarily conserved spliceforms, Fgf8a and Fgf8b, exhibit distinct bioactivities, with Fgf8b having a more potent inductive activity due to higher affinity for Fgf receptors. To investigate the in vivo requirement for Fgf8b, we created a splice-site mutation abolishing Fgf8b expression in mice. Analysis of this mutant has uncovered a novel function of Fgf8 signaling before the onset of gastrulation. We show that the loss of Fgf8b disrupts the induction of the brachyury gene in the pregastrular embryo and, in addition, disrupts the proper alignment of the anteroposterior axis with the shape of the embryo and the uterine axes at embryonic day (E) 6.5. Importantly, Fgf8-null embryos display the same phenotype as Fgf8b-deficient embryos at E6.5, demonstrating that signaling by Fgf8b is specifically required for development of the pregastrular embryo. By contrast, during gastrulation, Fgf8a can partially compensate for the loss of Fgf8b in mesoderm specification. We show that an increased level of Fgf8aexpression, which leads to Fgf4 expression in the primitive streak,can also promote mesoderm migration in the absence of Fgf8b. Therefore,different Fgf signals may have distinct requirements for the morphogenesis and gene regulation before and during gastrulation. Importantly, our findings implicate Fgf8 in the morphogenetic process that establishes the defined relationship between the axes of the embryo and the uterus at the beginning of gastrulation, a perplexing phenomenon discovered two decades ago.
Actin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming inC. elegansoogenesis
Authors: Wolke Uta , Jezuit Erin A. , Priess James R.
Published: May 2007

Oocytes in the C. elegans gonad enlarge rapidly. During the stage of enlargement, they are transcriptionally quiescent, and it is not understood how they acquire large quantities of materials such as mRNA and protein. Enlarging oocytes are connected via cytoplasmic bridges to a large, younger population of transcriptionally active germ cells at various stages of mitosis and meiosis. We show here that there is a general streaming of gonad cytoplasm towards and into the enlarging oocytes, originating primarily from pachytene-stage germ cells. Because previous studies suggested that most or all of the pachytene germ cells have the potential to differentiate into oocytes, the pachytene cells appear to function transiently as nurse cells. Somatic gonadal cells that surround the germ cells do not appear essential for streaming. Instead, materials appear to be pulled into oocytes by forces generated either in, or adjacent to, the enlarging oocytes themselves. Streaming appears to be driven by the actomyosin cytoskeleton, although we show that populations of both microfilaments and microtubules are oriented in the direction of flow. Our study shows that oocyte enlargement in C. elegans differs significantly from that in Drosophila, where a small number of specialized nurse cells expel their contents into the enlarging oocyte.
Localized VEGF signaling from ectoderm to mesenchyme cells controls morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo skeleton
Authors: Duloquin Louise , Lhomond Guy , Gache Christian
Published: May 2007

During development, cell migration plays an important role in morphogenetic processes. The construction of the skeleton of the sea urchin embryo by a small number of cells, the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), offers a remarkable model to study cell migration and its involvement in morphogenesis. During gastrulation, PMCs migrate and become positioned along the ectodermal wall following a stereotypical pattern that determines skeleton morphology. Previous studies have shown that interactions between ectoderm and PMCs regulate several aspects of skeletal morphogenesis, but little is known at the molecular level. Here we show that VEGF signaling between ectoderm and PMCs is crucial in this process. The VEGF receptor (VEGFR) is expressed exclusively in PMCs, whereas VEGF expression is restricted to two small areas of the ectoderm, in front of the positions where the ventrolateral PMC clusters that initiate skeletogenesis will form. Overexpression of VEGF leads to skeletal abnormalities, whereas inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR signaling results in incorrect positioning of the PMCs, downregulation of PMC-specific genes and loss of skeleton. We present evidence that localized VEGF acts as both a guidance cue and a differentiation signal, providing a crucial link between the positioning and differentiation of the migrating PMCs and leading to morphogenesis of the embryonic skeleton.
Cdk5 is required for multipolar-to-bipolar transition during radial neuronal migration and proper dendrite development of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex
Authors: Ohshima Toshio , Hirasawa Motoyuki , Tabata Hidenori , Mutoh Tetsuji , Adachi Tomoko , Suzuki Hiromi , Saruta Keiko , Iwasato Takuji , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Hashimoto Mistuhiro , Nakajima Kazunori , Ogawa Masaharu , Kulkarni Ashok B. , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko
Published: May 2007

The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of six layers that are generated via coordinated neuronal migration during the embryonic period. Recent studies identified specific phases of radial migration of cortical neurons. After the final division, neurons transform from a multipolar to a bipolar shape within the subventricular zone-intermediate zone (SVZ-IZ) and then migrate along radial glial fibres. Mice lacking Cdk5 exhibit abnormal corticogenesis owing to neuronal migration defects. When we introduced GFP into migrating neurons at E14.5 by in utero electroporation, we observed migrating neurons in wild-type but not in Cdk5-/- embryos after 3-4 days. Introduction of the dominant-negative form of Cdk5 into the wild-type migrating neurons confirmed specific impairment of the multipolar-to-bipolar transition within the SVZ-IZ in a cell-autonomous manner. Cortex-specific Cdk5 conditional knockout mice showed inverted layering of the cerebral cortex and the layer V and callosal neurons, but not layer VI neurons, had severely impaired dendritic morphology. The amount of the dendritic protein Map2 was decreased in the cerebral cortex of Cdk5-deficient mice, and the axonal trajectory of cortical neurons within the cortex was also abnormal. These results indicate that Cdk5 is required for proper multipolar-to-bipolar transition, and a deficiency of Cdk5 results in abnormal morphology of pyramidal neurons. In addition, proper radial neuronal migration generates an inside-out pattern of cerebral cortex formation and normal axonal trajectories of cortical pyramidal neurons.
The role of Dpp and its inhibitors during eggshell patterning inDrosophila
Authors: Shravage Bhupendra V. , Altmann Gabriela , Technau Martin , Roth Siegfried
Published: May 2007

The Drosophila eggshell is patterned by the combined action of the epidermal growth factor [EGF; Gurken (Grk)] and transforming growth factorβ [TGF-β; Decapentaplegic (Dpp)] signaling cascades. Although Grk signaling alone can induce asymmetric gene expression within the follicular epithelium, here we show that the ability of Grk to induce dorsoventral polarity within the eggshell strictly depends on Dpp. Dpp, however, specifies at least one anterior region of the eggshell in the absence of Grk. Dpp forms an anteriorposterior morphogen gradient within the follicular epithelium and synergizes with the dorsoventral gradient of Grk signaling. High levels of Grk and Dpp signaling induce the operculum, whereas lower levels of both pathways induce the dorsal appendages. We provide evidence that the crosstalk between both pathways occurs at least at two levels. First, Dpp appears to directly enhance the levels of EGF pathway activity within the follicular epithelium. Second, Dpp and EGF signaling collaborate in controlling the expression of Dpp inhibitors. One of these inhibitors is Drosophila sno (dSno), a homolog of the Ski/Sno family of vertebrate proto-oncogenes, which synergizes with daughters against dpp and brinker to set the posterior and lateral limits of the region, giving rise to dorsal follicle cells.
Experimental study of flow dynamics in close-coupled catalyst manifolds
Authors: Persoons T , Hoefnagels A , Van den Bulck E
Published: May 2007

Time-resolved flow dynamics in an automotive exhaust manifold with a close-coupled catalyst is investigated experimentally on a charged motored engine (CME) flow rig. Flow similarity between CME and fired engine conditions is discussed analytically. Oscillating hot-wire anemometry (OHW) is used to measure the bidirectional phase-locked velocity. Strong time-resolved mean catalyst velocity fluctuations are observed. These are analysed as Helmholtz resonances, using a one-dimensional gas dynamic model of the manifold. The spatial and temporal occurrence of instantaneous reverse flow in the catalyst are investigated, for varying engine load conditions. Periodic backflow occurs throughout large portions of the catalyst cross-section, and proves to be linked strongly to the observed Helmholtz resonances.
OH* chemiluminescence measurements in a direct injection hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine
Authors: White C M
Published: May 2007

In an optically accessible single-cylinder engine fuelled with hydrogen, OH* chemiluminescence imaging is used to measure flame propagation characteristics, cycle-to-cycle variability, and to evaluate global trends related to in-cylinder mixture formation. The experiments include measurements for engine operation with hydrogen injection in-cylinder either prior to or after intake valve closure (IVC). Pre-IVC injection is used to produce a near-homogeneous mixture in-cylinder and to establish a baseline comparison for post-IVC injection. In order to assess the effects of injection pressure on mixture distribution and combustion, two injection pressures of 2.5 and 10 MPa are used for post-IVC injection. High flame propagation speeds and low cycle-to-cycle variability are observed for pre-IVC injection. For post-IVC injection with start of injection (SOI) coincident with IVC, results are similar to pre-IVC injection. With retard of SOI from IVC, mixture inhomogeneities increase monotonically for both injection pressures, but the spatial and temporal development of the mixture distribution differs significantly. Next, using the pre-IVC injection data sets, a functional relationship between the OH* chemiluminescence intensity, cylinder pressure, and equivalence ratio is determined. This functional relationship is then used to extract a semi-quantitative measure of the maximum line-of-sight averaged fuel-air ratio from the OH* chemiluminescence images acquired for post-IVC injection.
A numerical study of the effects of boost pressure and exhaust gas recirculation ratio on the combustion process and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine
Authors: Kim Sang-Kyu , Wakisaka Tomoyuki , Aoyagi Yujo
Published: May 2007

Experimental studies carried out at the New ACE Institute revealed that a combination of high-pressure fuel injection, high-pressure supercharging, and high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio was very effective in reducing both emissions of NO x and soot in a heavy-duty diesel engine. However, it is difficult to clarify the mechanisms of emission reduction under such operating conditions by experiments alone because the mixture formation and combustion processes are very complicated.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of boost pressure and EGR ratio on the combustion process and exhaust emissions in a direct injection diesel engine by means of a three-dimensional numerical analysis. The combustion processes under various conditions of boost pressure and EGR ratio in a research diesel engine have been numerically simulated using the authors' engine computational fluid dynamics code (GTT code). By comparing the calculated results with the experimental ones, it has been confirmed that the cylinder gas pressure, the rate of heat release, and the NO emission can be predicted reasonably well and the soot emission tendency can be predicted qualitatively. Furthermore, soot and NO formation characteristics have been examined under various EGR ratio and boost pressure conditions on the basis of φ- T (equivalence ratio-temperature) maps where the calculated local gas states in the combustion regions and the soot and NO peninsulas obtained by zero-dimensional numerical simulation have been plotted.
Predicting helical coaxial stacking in RNA multibranch loops
Authors: Tyagi Rahul , Mathews David H.
Published: May 2007

The hypothesis that RNA coaxial stacking can be predicted by free energy minimization using nearest-neighbor parameters is tested. The results show 58.2% positive predictive value (PPV) and 65.7% sensitivity for accuracy of the lowest free energy configuration compared with crystal structures. The probability of each stacking configuration can be predicted using a partition function calculation. Based on the dependence of accuracy on the calculated probability of the stacks, a probability threshold of 0.7 was chosen for predicting coaxial stacks. When scoring these likely stacks, the PPV was 66.7% at a sensitivity of 51.9%. It is observed that the coaxial stacks of helices that are not separated by unpaired nucleotides can be predicted with a significantly higher accuracy (74.0% PPV, 66.1% sensitivity) than the coaxial stacks mediated by noncanonical base pairs (55.9% PPV, 36.5% sensitivity). It is also shown that the prediction accuracy does not show any obvious trend with multibranch loop complexity as measured by three different parameters.
G-ribo motif favors the formation of pseudoknots in ribosomal RNA
Authors: Steinberg Sergey V. , Boutorine Yury I.
Published: May 2007

Analysis of the pseudoknots existing in the ribosomal RNA showed that four of them are formed with the help of G-ribo, a recently identified RNA recurrent motif. The analysis of these pseudoknots revealed two major aspects in the G-ribo motif structure, which together provide the structural context favoring the formation of two different types of pseudoknots. The first aspect pertains to a particular side-by-side juxtaposition of two double helices that facilitates switches of the polynucleotide chain between different strands. The second aspect deals with the presence of an adenosine at a specific place where it can stabilize a particular arrangement of two quasicoaxial helices required for the pseudoknot formation. Additional analysis shows that the latter aspect is also present in other pseudoknots not related to the G-ribo motif or the ribosome, and thus represents a general structural element favoring the formation of pseudoknots.
Transnational Orientalism: Ferzan zpetek's Turkish dream in Hamam (1997)
Authors: Girelli Elisabetta
Published: May 2007

The cinema of directors classified as transnational has been increasingly associated with exceptional cultural configurations: The filmmakers' fluid geo-national position has been seen as a guarantee against rigid, stereotypical systems of thought and cognition. This approach has defined critical assessments of Turkish-Italian director Ferzan zpetek, and has informed the reception of his first feature film,Hamam(1997). This paper focuses onHamam's representation of Turkey, discussing the extent to which zpetek may or may not offer a new point of view, and arguing that transnational directors should be freed from the burden of re-representation. Specifically, the paper argues thatHamam's construction of Turkishness is embedded in an essentially Orientalist discourse; however, rather than the expression of a bigoted cultural position, zpetek's use of an Orientalist code relates dynamically to the experience of dislocation, serving the director's mnemonic strategy by framing and conserving a specific national image.
Is the trans- in transnational the transin transgender?
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: May 2007

It has become increasingly popular, within film and cinema studies, to challenge the framework of national cinema with that of transnational cinema. Transnationalism in cinema can be understood as modes of production and consumption, as well as ideology, genre and aesthetics. It can
be argued, however, that transnationalism, while purporting to transcend the national, does not so much displace the nation as reinstate it within a larger, pan-national framework. This essay aims to interrogate the notion of trans- and ask to what extent the prefix trans transcends existing
boundaries, whether in relation to the nation or to gender. Mobilising the concept of passing in transgender practice, it argues that the ethnic passing that is increasingly common in popular culture (such as three ethnically-Chinese actresses playing Japanese geishas in the film Memoirs
of a Geisha) raises questions about ethnicity, transnational capital, transcultural flows and globalisation at the start of the twenty-first century.
It's all about snow: Limning the post-human body in Copuc/Solaris (Tarkovsky, 1972) and It's All about Love (Vinterberg, 2003)
Authors: Thomson C. Claire
Published: May 2007

This article centres on the cloned bodies of Hari in Copuc/Solaris (Tarkovsky 1972) and Elena in It's All about Love (Vinterberg 2003), exploring how the films negotiate what it means to be human and post-human. It draws on recent work in human geography, which calls for
an ethics of relationality that thinks through the body and extends the social beyond the human, and on post-humanist critical theory, which offers insights into the allegedly techno-organic hybrid nature of the contemporary human condition and the dispersal of subjectivity and memory into
technologies of information. Both films emphazise the intercorporeal connectedness of the human with organic life and technology, and approach the problem of unknowability and unrepresentability in human art of non-human forms of life. They do this by alluding to the representational inadequacy
and illusionary quality of film, and by gesturing to the communicative power of affective perception and sense memory.
Asia Extreme: Japanese cinema and British hype
Authors: Dew Oliver
Published: May 2007

Can hype, used by Thomas Austin, Mark Jancovich and Barbara Klinger to describe Hollywood marketing strategies, also help us understand the promotional activities of independent British film distributors who have been promoting mainly Japanese and South Korean genre films under a variety of Extreme Asia brands since 2001? This article will examine how these distributors and the print/broadcast media are involved in the process of discursively segmenting a variety of audience taste formations, and then recruiting these niche demographics to build an aggregate audience by generating multiple promises and invitations-to-view, or hype, around a film text. I will examine the various discourses used to constitute these niches, including those of cult subcultural identity, auteurism and other notions of authorship, textual alienation effects and Orientalist cultural essentialism. I will focus on those exceptional texts in which this multiplying process has been particularly successful, in particular Miike Takashi'sAudition(1999).
Forum: Teaching Professional Judgement in Accounting
Authors: Correll Robert , Jamal Karim , Robinson Linda A.
Published: May 2007

In May 2005, the University of Lethbridge and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Alberta sponsored the Banff Education Conference entitled Professional Judgement: Can It Be Taught? The opening forum at the conference was a panel discussion on the topic presented by academics and practitioners. The session included an overview of the research literature on expertise as a basis for considering the nature of professional judgement and the implications of various attributes of expertise for accounting education. Past practices and current pressures facing practitioners in exercising good judgement were addressed, including increased complexity of transactions and decreased time to assess problems. The forum also included a discussion of the need for educators to help guide students to develop an understanding of a problem rather than simply seek the answer. There was a discussion of particularly challenging topics for students to grasp in a principlesbased environment. The forum culminated in a question‐and‐answer session involving the panelists and the attendees at the conference. This paper summarizes the presentations and the discussion that took place during the forum.

En mai 2005, l'Université de Lethbridge et l'Institut des comptables agréés de l'Alberta commanditaient le congrès de Banff sur l'éducation ayant pour thème la question suivante: le jugement professionnel s'enseigne‐t‐il? Le forum d'ouverture a consisté en une table ronde sur cette question au cours de laquelle enseignants et praticiens ont effectué un survol des publications de recherche sur la compétence qui a servi de point de départ à l'étude de la nature du jugement professionnel et des répercussions de diverses caractéristiques de la compétence sur la formation comptable. Les panélistes se sont penchés sur les méthodes passées et sur les pressions auxquelles sont actuellement soumis les praticiens dans l'exercice d'un jugement éclairé, notamment les difficultés occasionnées par la complexité accrue des transactions et la réduction du temps dévolu à l'évaluation des problèmes. Les panélistes ont également discuté de la nécessité pour les enseignants d'amener les étudiants à mieux comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants d'un problème plutôt que de simplement en chercher la solution. Ils ont également discuté d'enjeux particulièrement importants pour les étudiants dans un environnement axé sur les principes. Le forum s'est terminé par une période d'échange entre panélistes et participants au congrès. Le texte qui suit est un résumé des exposés présentés dans le cadre de ce forum et des discussions qui s'y sont déroulées.
A Case Study of a Variance Analysis Framework for Managing Distribution Costs*
Authors: Gaffney Kevin , Gladkikh Valeri , Webb R. Alan
Published: May 2007

Managing the distribution function as part of an overall supply‐chain management strategy has become increasingly important given rising fuel costs in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive variance analysis framework developed by supply‐chain managers at Catalyst Paper Corporation as a tool for reporting and controlling distribution costs. The model decomposes the overall static‐budget variance into four primary variance categories: volume, customer mix, distribution mix, and carrier charges. The framework addresses key limitations in the coverage of variance analysis contained in many management accounting textbooks. Specifically, Catalyst's framework incorporates: (a) mix variance calculations where there is more than one mix factor within a single cost element; (b) the impact of unplanned and unrealized activities; and (c) multiple nested mix variance calculations. Although developed in the context of distribution costs, the framework can be applied to the analysis of other manufacturing and non‐manufacturing costs where multiple mix factors exist.

L'importance de la gestion de la fonction de distribution dans le cadre de la stratégie globale de gestion de la chaîne d'approvisionnement s'est accrue avec la hausse des coûts du carburant des dernières années. Les auteurs présentent un cadre complet d'analyse des écarts, élaboré par les gestionnaires de la chaîne d'approvisionnement chez Catalyst Paper Corporation aux fins de la présentation et du contrôle des coûts de distribution. Le modèle décompose l'écart global du budget fixe en quatre grandes catégories d'écarts: les écarts sur volume, les écarts sur composition de la clientèle, les écarts sur composition de la distribution et les écarts sur frais de transport. Le cadre résout les principales limites de la couverture de l'analyse des écarts évoquées dans de nombreux manuels de comptabilité de management. Le cadre d'analyse de Catalyst Paper Corporation englobe: a) les calculs de l'écart sur composition lorsqu'il existe plus d'un facteur de composition dans un même élément de coût; b) l'incidence des activités non planifiées et non réalisées; et c) les calculs de l'écart sur composition à multiples critères de classification. Bien qu'il ait été élaboré dans le contexte des coûts de distribution, ce cadre peut être appliqué à l'analyse d'autres coûts liés ou non à la fabrication, lorsque les facteurs de composition sont multiples.