bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gut Microbiota‐Derived Indole Derivatives Alleviate Neurodegeneration in Aging through Activating GPR30/AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway
Authors: Yin Jia , Zhang Yunhui , Liu Xiaoxia , Li Wanhua , Hu Yaozhong , Zhang Bowei , Wang Shuo
Published: February 2023

Scope

Tryptophan (Trp) metabolites are closely related to neurological diseases, whereas, the underlying mechanism related to the alleviative effects of Trp metabolites on neurodegeneration in aging remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects and mechanisms of Trp metabolites on neurodegeneration in aging process.

Methods and results

The neuroprotective properties of Trp metabolites are evaluated in vitro and in vivo experimental model. Trp metabolites such as indole, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA), indole‐3‐lactic acid (ILA), and indole‐3‐carboxyaldehyde (Icld) could significantly reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis induced by H2O2 in HT‐22 cells. Meanwhile, indoles could upregulate the expressions of G protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)/5ʹ‐adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) pathway in vitro. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of IAA and IPA are unveiled through activation of GPR30/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in d‐galactose induced aging mice. Finally, the regulatory effects of indoles on GPR30/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway are further confirmed by pretreating HT‐22 and Neuro‐2a with GPR30 antagonist of G15. In that case, indoles are furtherly proved with inhibitory effects on neurodegeneration by activating the GPR30/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in aging process.

Conclusions

The findings reveal that Trp metabolites significantly improve neurodegeneration via GPR30/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in aging process. This study provides the potential novel intervention strategy and target to prevent the neurodegeneration.
The optimal intervention for preventing physical restraints among older adults living in the nursing home: A systematic review
Authors: Liang Su‐Hua , Huang Tzu‐Ting
Published: February 2023

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of restraint reduction programs for nursing home care providers in enforcing physical restraint on residents and identify the best strategies for such programs.

Design

Systematic Review.

Methods

We searched for randomized controlled trials published until February 2021 for systematic review. The systematic review captured multifactorial interventions, education and consultation measures, including nursing home residents' and care providers' results. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria.

Results

In all seven trials, the interventions were led by a nurse specialist or unit leader and targeted at care providers. Five of the restraint reduction programs effectively reduced the rate of physical restraint use; two increased knowledge of restraint reduction for care providers; and one each promoted positive attitudes and behaviours. Duration of at least 6 weeks significantly improved the knowledge of care providers.
Association between fear of falling and self‐care behaviours of older people with hypertension
Authors: Kouchaki Leila , Darvishpoor Kakhki Ali , Safavi Bayat Zahra , Khan Hafiz T. A.
Published: February 2023

Aim

This study investigated the association between fear of falling and self‐care behaviours of older people with hypertension.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

This study was conducted in 2019 on 301 older people with hypertension above the age of 60 years in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Persian Falls Efficacy Scale‐International, and a hypertension‐related self‐care behaviour questionnaire.

Results

Analyses revealed that gender, educational level and history of falling were significant factors associated with fear of falling; and marital status, educational level and income source were significant factors associated with self‐care behaviours (p < 0.05). Partial correlations controlling for education revealed a significant positive correlation showing that high fear of falling is associated with worse health promotion self‐care behaviours and significant inverse correlations with psycho‐emotional, social and daily self‐care behaviours (p < 0.05), meaning that high fear of falling is associated with better self‐care for these dimensions.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study involved patients in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. The study was conducted on older people with hypertension referred to hypertension clinics in hospitals.
Multivariate functional data clustering using adaptive density peak detection
Authors: Ren Rui , Fang Kuangnan , Zhang Qingzhao , Wang Xiaofeng
Published: February 2023

Clustering for multivariate functional data is a challenging problem since the data are represented by a set of curves and functions belonging to an infinite‐dimensional space. In this article, we propose a novel clustering method for multivariate functional data using an adaptive density peak detection technique. It is a quick cluster center identification algorithm based on the two measures of each functional data observation: the functional density estimate and the distance to the closest observation with a higher functional density. We suggest two types of functional density estimators for multivariate functional data. The first one is a functional ‐nearest neighbor density estimator based on (a) an L2 distance between raw functional curves, or (b) a semimetric of multivariate functional principal components. The second one is a ‐nearest neighbor density estimator based on multivariate functional principal scores. Our clustering method is computationally fast since it does not need an iterative process. The flexibility and advantages of the method are examined by comparing it with other existing clustering methods in simulation studies. A user‐friendly R package FADPclust is developed for public use. Finally, our method is applied to a real case study in lung cancer research.
Two Cases of Alopecic and Aseptic Nodules of the Scalp
Authors: Ufkes Nicole , Madigan Lauren
Published: February 2023

We present two cases of alopecic and aseptic nodules of the scalp (AANS) that were previously misdiagnosed. AANS is characterized by solitary or multiple dome-shaped alopecic nodules and predominantly affects young men. Dermatologists should be aware of this under recognized entity.
Unique Remote Regiocontrol by an N‐Oxide Group in the Synthesis of Isocaulibugulones A, B, C, and D
Authors: Castro Joaquim A. M. , Serikava Bruno K. , Naciuk Fabrício F. , Ligiéro Carolina B. P. , Morgon Nelson H. , Miranda Paulo C. M. L.
Published: February 2023

An elongated resonance with the N‐oxide group and the vinylogous effect of the oxoammonium group allowed the regioselection switch during an oxidative amination reaction of an isoquinolinedione, permitting us to prepare isocaulibugulones A, B, C, and D in a straightforward approach. The alkaloid counterparts A and D were synthesized in 4 steps with 11–36 % global yield. A further late‐stage halogenation step at isocaulibugulone A led to preparing counterparts B and C with 83–94 % yield. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations anticipate the effects mentioned above and the disruptive action of hydrogen bonding in the process, which were observed experimentally in the synthesis of isocaulibugulone D due to the partial loss of regioselectivity.
Revealing the Kinetic Balance between Proton‐Feeding and Hydrogenation in CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Bai Sha , Tan Ling , Ning Chenjun , Liu Guihao , Wu Zhaohui , Shen Tianyang , Zheng Lirong , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: February 2023

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to high‐value‐added chemicals provides a feasible path for global carbon balance. Herein, the fabrication of NiNPx@NiSAy‐NG (x,y = 1, 2, 3; NG = nitrogen‐doped graphite) is reported, in which Ni single atom sites (NiSA) and Ni nanoparticles (NiNP) coexist. These NiNPx@NiSAy‐NG presented a volcano‐like trend for maximum CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) with the highest point at NiNP2@NiSA2‐NG in CO2RR. NiNP2@NiSA2‐NG exhibited ≈98% of maximum FECO and a large current density of −264 mA cm−2 at −0.98 V (vs. RHE) in the flow cell. In situ experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the proper content of NiSA and NiNP balanced kinetic between proton‐feeding and CO2 hydrogenation. The NiNP in NiNP2@NiSA2‐NG promoted the formation of H* and reduced the energy barrier of *CO2 hydrogenation to *COOH, and CO desorption can be efficiently facilitated by NiSA sites, thereby resulting in enhanced CO2RR performance.
A Laser‐Processed Carbon‐Titanium Carbide Heterostructure Electrode for High‐Frequency Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Zhuo , Wang Zhiyuan , Wang Fangcheng , Qin Tingting , Zhu Haojie , Liu Peng , Zhao Guangyao , Wang Xiaoshu , Kang Feiyu , Wang Lei , Yang Cheng
Published: February 2023

Micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) are an important energy storage component for future miniaturized electronic systems, yet their key performance indexes such as high‐frequency response, energy density, and cycle life still have a large room to be improved. Herein, a laser‐processed carbon‐titanium carbide heterostructure (LCTH) electrode is demonstrated, which can excellently address the above key challenges by employing a unique one‐step laser‐processing fabrication method. Different from the other reported electrode structures, this LCTH electrode shows a heterogeneous structure, featuring the carbon nanofoam layer which provides extremely short ion transport channels and abundant electrochemical active sites, and the underlying titanium carbide layer which can provide excellent electron conductivity and contribute to the pseudo‐capacitance. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor can stably work at the voltage window of 3.5 V at an ultra‐high frequency of approximately 1121.3 Hz, exhibiting an ultra‐high areal specific energy density of 721 µFV2 cm−2 at 120 Hz and a cycle life of 140 000 cycles with capacitance retention of 100.95%, which is superior to most reported MSCs. The as‐fabricated MSC is compatible with the contemporary embedded electronic component fabrication processes, which shows significant advantages in large‐scale fabrication and system integration, demonstrating a broad prospect for future system‐in‐package applications.
Achieving Stable and Ultrafast Potassium Storage of Antimony Anode via Dual Confinement of MXene@Carbon Framework
Authors: Tian Xue , Zhang Peng , Liao Yizhi , Soomro Razium A. , Xu Bin
Published: February 2023

Antimony‐based anode materials are recognized for their high potassium storage capacities and appropriate operating potentials. However, the large volume expansion of Sb during the potassiation/depotassiation process, which results in a quick capacity decay, severely limits its practical application in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Here, a carbon‐coated Sb/MXene heterostructure composite (CSM) is synthesized by adsorption of Sb3+ on MXene nanosheets via Sb‐O‐Ti bonds followed by carbothermic reduction to construct dual‐confined MXene@carbon conductive framework capable of withstanding high volume expansion of Sb and conducive to enabling accelerated electron transfer kinetics. The CSM composite, particularly CSM‐700, when configured as an anode for PIBs, realized high capacity (484.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), an ultra‐stable cycling performance with a high reversible capacity of 435.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles corresponding to a capacity retention rate of 90.0%, and superior rate performance of 323.0 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1. The proposed strategy offers a simple route to construct high‐performance Sb‐based anodes for advanced PIBs.
Explicitly quantifying the effect of bond stress on the failure of reinforced concrete membranes
Authors: Geng Fei , Xu Chao , Wen Zengping
Published: February 2023

The bond stress disturbs the compressive stress in the concrete of reinforced concrete (RC) membrane elements. However, the contribution of bond stress to the compression in the cracked concrete struts was usually neglected. In this study, the contribution of bond stress to the maximum compression in the cracked RC was quantified by explicitly considering the bond stress in the truss model. It is found that the bond stress has a significant contribution to the maximum compressive stress in the cracked RC. For pure shear, the contribution of bond stress to the compressive stress in the concrete is at least two times of the average (apparent) compression. In addition, the proposed model can determine the failure of RC membrane elements through simple uniaxial constitutive relations of materials, instead of the modified ones in the smeared crack models. The failure of RC membrane elements can be predicted in a simple manner with good accuracy.
Connected learning: An approach for teaching nature of science aspects and argumentation components
Authors: Khishfe Rola
Published: February 2023

The study investigated the influence of a connected learning approach for explicit nature of science (NOS) instruction and explicit argumentation instruction, in comparison with a non‐connected approach, on students' NOS conceptions and argumentation skills. Participants comprised 42 students enrolled in two sections of grade 10 that were randomly assigned (flip of a coin) into two groups: Connected (22 students) and non‐connected (20 students). Participants in both groups were taught by the same teacher. The duration for the treatment was 2 months and one unit about plants was addressed. Participants in one group received explicit NOS and explicit argumentation instruction and learned about NOS and argumentation components as connected and at the same time, while participants in the other group received explicit NOS instruction and explicit argumentation instruction as non‐connected and learned about them as separate. An open‐ended questionnaire, together with individual semi‐structured interviews, were administered at the beginning and conclusion of the study to assess participants' NOS conceptions and argumentation components in socioscientific contexts. The results showed that the connected group outperformed the non‐connected group in generating arguments and counterarguments. As for NOS, the results revealed that both the connected and non‐connected approaches showed a general enhancement of the conceptions of the NOS aspects. These results are interpreted in terms of the reflective judgment model, argumentation as a framework, an explicit approach, cognitive load theory, and curriculum coherence.
High-Speed Neural Imaging with Synaptic Resolution: Bessel Focus Scanning Two-Photon Microscopy and Optical-Sectioning Widefield Microscopy
Authors: Meng Guanghan , Zhang Qinrong , Ji Na
Published: February 2023

Brain is composed of complex networks of neurons that work in concert to underlie the animal’s cognition and behavior. Neurons communicate via structures called synapses, which typically require submicron spatial resolution to visualize. To understand the computation of individual neurons as well as neural networks, methods that can monitor neuronal morphology and function in vivo at synaptic spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution are required. In this chapter, we discuss the principles and applications of two enabling optical microscopy methods: two-photon fluorescence microscopy equipped with Bessel focus scanning technology and widefield fluorescence microscopy with optical sectioning ability, both of which could be combined with optogenetic stimulation for all optical interrogation of neural circuits. Details on their design and implementation, as well as example applications, are presented.
Optical and Analytical Methods to Visualize and Manipulate Cortical Ensembles and Behavior
Authors: Carrillo-Reid Luis , Yang Weijian , Yuste Rafael
Published: February 2023

The development of all-optical techniques and analytical tools to visualize and manipulate the activity of identified neuronal ensembles enables the characterization of causal relations between neuronal activity and behavioral states. In this chapter, we review the implementation of simultaneous two-photon imaging and holographic optogenetics in conjunction with population analytical tools to identify and reactivate neuronal ensembles to control a visual-guided behavior.
Balancing the Fluorescence Imaging Budget for All-Optical Neurophysiology Experiments
Authors: Quicke Peter , Howe Carmel L. , Foust Amanda J.
Published: February 2023

The goal of this chapter is to establish a framework to evaluate imaging methodologies for all-optical neurophysiology experiments. This is not an exhaustive review of fluorescent indicators and imaging modalities but rather aims to distill the functional imaging principles driving the choice of both. Scientific priorities determine whether the imaging strategy is based on an “optimal fluorescent indicator” or “optimal imaging modality.” The choice of the first constrains the choice of the second due to each’s contributions to the fluorescence budget and signal-to-noise ratio of time-varying fluorescence changes.
Larger twists and higher n-point functions with fractional conformal descendants in SN orbifold CFTs at large N
Authors: Burrington Benjamin A. , Peet A. W.
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We consider correlation functions in symmetric product (SN) orbifold CFTs at large N with arbitrary seed CFT, expanding on our earlier work [1]. Using covering space techniques, we calculate descent relations using fractional Virasoro generators in correlators, writing correlators of descendants in terms of correlators of ancestors. We first consider the case three-point functions of the form (m-cycle)-(n-cycle)-(q-cycle) which lift to arbitrary primaries on the cover, and descendants thereof. In these examples we show that the correlator descent relations make sense in the base space orbifold CFT, but do not depend on the specific details of the seed CFT. This makes these descent relations universal in all SN orbifold CFTs. Next, we explore four-point functions of the form (2-cycle)-(n-cycle)-(n-cycle)-(2-cycle) which lift to arbitrary primaries on the cover, and descendants thereof. In such cases a single parameter in the map s parameterizes both the base space cross ratio ζz and the covering space cross ratio ζt. We find that the correlator descent relations for the four point function make sense in the base space orbifold CFT as well, arguing that the dependence on the parameter s is tantamount to writing the descent relations in terms of the base space cross ratio. These descent relations again do not depend on the specifics of the seed CFT, making these universal as well.
Sparse Grid Approximation in Weighted Wiener Spaces
Authors: Kolomoitsev Yurii , Lomako Tetiana , Tikhonov Sergey
Published: February 2023

We study approximation properties of multivariate periodic functions from weighted Wiener spaces by sparse grid methods constructed with the help of quasi-interpolation operators. The class of such operators includes classical interpolation and sampling operators, Kantorovich-type operators, scaling expansions associated with wavelet constructions, and others. We obtain the rate of convergence of the corresponding sparse grid methods in weighted Wiener norms as well as analogues of the Littlewood–Paley-type characterizations in terms of families of quasi-interpolation operators.
Novel imino-thiazoloquinoxaline derivatives against renal cell carcinoma: less radiation-damaging approach
Authors: Zaher Nashwa H. , El-Hazek Reham M. M. , El-Gazzar Mostafa G. M. , El-Sabbagh Walaa A. , Fadel Noha A.
Published: February 2023

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most fatal tumor in the urinary system. Resistance development and unmet effective responses, request new anticancer agents with better therapeutic index. Ten new imino-thiazolo-quinoxaline derivatives (5a-j) were synthesized and preliminary evaluated for downregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activity taking sorafenib as a reference drug. Compounds 5d & 5h showed potent inhibition to VEGFR-2 activity at IC50 89.35 nM & 60.64 nM, respectively, then they both were further evaluated in-vitro against urinary bladder cancer cell line T-24 taking sorafenib as a reference drug. Compound 5h displayed nearly anticancer activity to sorafenib against T-24 cell line in all concentrations tested except at concentration 10 µM where it highly suppressed cell viability to 6.71 % compared to 15.15% of sorafenib. Compound 5h was then evaluated for its ameliorative efect against radiation induced renal tissue injury. Assessment of pro-angiogenic (VEGFR-2), pro-fibrotic (transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)) and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, as well as histopathological examinations were performed on kidney of irradiated mice. Results showed ability of compound 5h to downregulate VEGFR-2 activity and its cytotoxic effect against RCC, in addition to mitigation of radiation induced renal tissue injury. Ethyl imino-thiazoloquinoxaline carboxylate derivative 5h showed a potential cytotoxic activity against RCC and could be considered a promosing alleviative candidate when employed post radiotherapy regimen.

Graphical Abstract
Interinstitutional analysis of the outcome after surgery for type A aortic dissection
Authors: Biancari Fausto , Dell’Aquila Angelo M. , Gatti Giuseppe , Perrotti Andrea , Hervé Amélie , Touma Joseph , Pettinari Matteo , Peterss Sven , Buech Joscha , Wisniewski Konrad , Juvonen Tatu , Jormalainen Mikko , Mustonen Caius , Rukosujew Andreas , Demal Till , Conradi Lenard , Pol Marek , Kacer Petr , Onorati Francesco , Rossetti Cecilia , Vendramin Igor , Piani Daniela , Rinaldi Mauro , Ferrante Luisa , Quintana Eduard , Pruna-Guillen Robert , Lega Javier Rodriguez , Pinto Angel G. , Acharya Metesh , El-Dean Zein , Field Mark , Harky Amer , Kuduvalli Manoj , Nappi Francesco , Gerelli Sebastien , Di Perna Dario , Mazzaro Enzo , Rosato Stefano , Fiore Antonio , Mariscalco Giovanni
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of individual institutions on the outcome after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD).

Methods

This is an observational, multicenter, retrospective cohort study including 3902 patients who underwent surgery for TAAD at 18 university and non-university hospitals.

Results

Logistic regression showed that four hospitals had increased risk of in-hospital mortality, while two hospitals were associated with decreased risk of in-hospital mortality. Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates were lower in four hospitals and higher in other four hospitals compared to the overall in-hospital mortality rate (17.7%). Participating hospitals were classified as overperforming or underperforming if their risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate was lower or higher than the in-hospital mortality rate of the overall series, respectively. Propensity score matching yielded 1729 pairs of patients operated at over- or underperforming hospitals. Overperforming hospitals had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality (12.8% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.0001) along with decreased rate of stroke and/or global brain ischemia (16.5% vs. 19.9%, p = 0.009) compared to underperforming hospitals. Aggregate data meta-regression of the results of participating hospitals showed that hospital volume was inversely associated with in-hospital mortality (p = 0.043). Hospitals with an annual volume of less than 15 cases had an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 1.345, 95% CI 1.126–1.607).

Conclusion

The present findings indicate that there are significant differences between hospitals in terms of early outcome after surgery for TAAD. Low hospital volume may be a determinant of poor outcome of TAAD.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04831073.
In-cavity pressure measurements for failure diagnosis in the injection moulding process and correlation with numerical simulation
Authors: Araújo Cátia , Pereira Diogo , Dias Diana , Marques Rita , Cruz Sílvia
Published: February 2023

The pressure profile analysis for monitoring and diagnosis processing failures during an injection moulding process, such as burn marks and short shots, is a useful instrument for process and part quality control and production with zero defects and greater efficiency. Therefore, this work aims to demonstrate the in-cavity pressure monitoring feasibility for failure diagnosis and injection moulding process optimization. The methodology used to analyse the obtained pressure variation is presented. The results were correlated to the typical cavity pressure profile, which enables the acquisition of information about the process and the moulding tool. This way, it was possible to determine the origin of the defects present in the injected parts, focusing not only on the velocity to pressure switchover but also on the initial part of the curve, related to the filling phase. Moreover, the obtained results and the studied processing conditions were correlated with the injection moulding process simulation.
Design and fabrication by selective laser melting of a LIDAR reflective unit using metal matrix composite material
Authors: Boschetto Alberto , Bottini Luana , Macera Luciano
Published: February 2023

The selective laser melting is an additive manufacturing technology able to directly fabricate full dense metal part from a virtual model. The geometrical complexity degree of freedom allows the implementation to several industrial applications such as the laser imaging detection and ranging systems. A key component of this system is the reflective unit produced with traditional technology (surface with ribs) with optimized geometry for lightweight, which must be further lightened while continuing to meet functional requirements. Aim of this work is to reach these goals by using an integrated product/process methodology which considers all the fabrication steps. A complete redesign allowed to exploit the additive manufacturing advantages of a metal matrix composite based on AA 2000 series combined with a high content of ceramic. The increased mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength of 484 MPa and Young modulus of 96GPa, combined with a lattice structure empowered the SLM capability. The component was validated via finite element method simulation focused on the most critical polishing operation. Results on static and dynamic analysis showed the 25% lightened mirror satisfies the requirements. The testing on the physical prototype confirmed the enhanced mechanical properties and the interferometric measurement proved the mirror functionality with a surface front error less than the required wavelength of 1550 nm. The work evidenced that polishing and the assembly configurations must be selected with particular care; otherwise, the final outcome is compromised for this SLMed component.
The Next Generation of Microbial Ecology and Its Importance in Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Lemke Michael , DeSalle Rob
Published: February 2023

Collectively, we have been reviewers for microbial ecology, genetics and genomics studies that include environmental DNA (eDNA), microbiome studies, and whole bacterial genome biology forMicrobial Ecologyand other journals for about three decades. Here, we wish to point out trends and point to areas of study that readers, especially those moving into the next generation of microbial ecology research, might learn and consider. In this communication, we arenotsaying the work currently being accomplished in microbial ecology and restoration biology is inadequate. What we are saying is that a significant milestone in microbial ecology has been reached, and approaches that may have been overlooked or were unable to be completed before should be reconsidered in moving forward into a new more ecological era where restoration of the ecological trajectory of systems has become critical. It is our hope that this introduction, along with the papers that make up this special issue, will address the sense of immediacy and focus needed to move into the next generation of microbial ecology study.
How Controlled is the Expansion of VIATORR CX?
Authors: Dell Tatjana , Menne Matthias , Wagenpfeil Julia , Praktiknjo Michael , Jansen Christian , Isaak Alexander , Mesropyan Narine , Steinseifer Ulrich , Attenberger Ulrike , Luetkens Julian , Meyer Carsten , Kuetting Daniel
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To investigate and compare the physical properties of the new generation Gore VIATORR-Controlled Expansion Endoprosthesis (VCX) to those of the predecessor VIATORR stent in an in vitro experimental setup.

Materials and Methods

A total of 12 stents (8 VCX; 4 VIATORR; GORE, USA) were examined. Radial resistive force (RRF) and chronic outward force (COF) were assessed using a radial force testing machine (RX-650, Machine Solutions Inc., USA). To assess the radial forces of the VCX above 8 mm, balloon expansion was performed between cycles.

Results

All VCX stents show an abrupt decrease in COF at an external diameter of 8.3 mm; RRF decreases likewise at an external diameter of 8.5 mm. The predecessor VIATORR stent without the “controlled expansion” feature shows linear radial force reduction until full expansion at a diameter of 10 mm.

The physical properties of the VCX can be altered by balloon modulation. Point of COF (RRF) reduction shifts to 8.5 mm (8.6 mm), 8.6 mm (8.8 mm) and 9.3 mm (9.6 mm) following modulation with a 8 mm, 9 mm and 10 mm balloon.

Conclusions

The VCX shows an abrupt and disproportionate decrease in COF and RRF at an external diameter of 8.3 mm, thus passive expansion to its nominal diameter of 10 mm is not to be expected. By means of balloon dilatation the physical properties of the stent can be altered, enabling customized TIPS creation. The previous VIATORR stent shows continuous COF and RRF until total expansion.
Sequential claim games
Authors: Kong Qianqian , Peters Hans
Published: February 2023

We consider the estate division or bankruptcy problem and assume that players sequentially put claims on the estate. Each part of the estate is then divided proportionally with respect to the number of claims on it. We focus on myopic play: players first claim the hitherto least claimed parts, and on subgame perfect equilibria. Our main result is that myopic strategies constitute a subgame perfect equilibrium if punishments for deviators are included.
Resistive switching behavior in ZnO:Ca thin films deposited by a pulsed laser deposition technique
Authors: Mejri I. H. , Omri K. , Ghiloufi I. , Silva J. P. B. , Gomes M. J. M. , El Mir L.
Published: February 2023

Calcium-doped ZnO (CZO) nanopowders were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The structural characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the analysis reveals that our samples are crystalized in a wurtzite hexagonal structure. The morphological properties and the chemical composition of the nanoparticles were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The obtained powders are stoichiometric with crystallites in a nanometric scale aggregated in micrometric particles. Then, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique was used to grow Ca-doped ZnO thin films with different doping concentrations (1, 3, and 5%), on p-type Si substrates. The Ca doping effect on the electrical properties of the CZO films was investigated by current–voltage characteristics. A resistive switching (RS) effect was observed in the ITO/ZnO:Ca/Au structures. The RS behavior is dependent on the Ca doping concentration. The charge transport mechanisms of the devices were studied. In the positive bias voltage region, the transport is dominated by Ohmic and space-charge limited conduction mechanisms under low and high electric fields, respectively.
Everything but the squeal: a guide for head and neck surgery training on the live porcine model
Authors: Alcalá Rueda Ignacio , Sánchez Barrueco Álvaro , Cenjor Español Carlos , Castaño Abel Bogoya , Villacampa Aubá José Miguel
Published: February 2023

Purpose

The porcine model has been demonstrated to be cost-effective for head and neck surgery training. There is no literature describing the porcine head and neck anatomy. The purpose of this study is to provide a porcine surgical guide for training head and neck residents.

Methods

Five head and neck dissections were performed under general anesthesia on the Large White pig model in the animal facilities of the University Hospital Fundación Jiménez. Sessions were photographed, and reference anatomical measurements were taken.

Results

The sternum–chin distance (x = 15.80 cm, σ = 0.44), chin–chin distance (x = 11.10 cm, σ = 2.30), prelaryngeal musculature length (x = 10.30 cm, σ = 1.92) and supraomohyoid triangle area (x = 7.07 cm2, σ = 3.91) were among the measurements obtained. The porcine head and neck anatomy was detailed.

Conclusions

Head and neck porcine anatomy was thoroughly described, with emphasis on the similarities with human anatomy. The porcine model is capable of simulating human anatomy for surgery training.
Mechanisms linking bariatric surgery to adipose tissue, glucose metabolism, fatty liver disease and gut microbiota
Authors: Latteri Saverio , Sofia Maria , Puleo Stefano , Di Vincenzo Angelica , Cinti Saverio , Castorina Sergio
Published: February 2023

Purpose

In the last 20 years, bariatric surgery has achieved an important role in translational and clinical research because of obesity comorbidities. Initially, a tool to lose weight, bariatric surgery now has been shown to be involved in several metabolic pathways.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review discussing the underlying mechanisms that could explain the impact of bariatric surgery and the relationship between obesity and adipose tissue, T2D, gut microbiota, and NAFLD.

Results

Bariatric surgery has an impact in the relation between obesity and type 2 diabetes, but in addition  it induces the white-to-brown adipocyte trans-differentiation, by enhancing thermogenesis. Another issue is the connection of bariatric surgery with the gut microbiota and its role in the complex mechanism underlying weight gain.

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery modifies gut microbiota, and these modifications influence lipid metabolism, leading to improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Dissecting the inflammatory tumor microenvironment of esophageal adenocarcinoma: mast cells and natural killer cells are favorable prognostic factors and associated with less extensive disease
Authors: dos Santos Cunha Alyne Condurú , Simon Adrian Georg , Zander Thomas , Buettner Reinhard , Bruns Christiane Josephine , Schroeder Wolfgang , Gebauer Florian , Quaas Alexander
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains a challenging and lethal cancer entity. A promising target for new therapeutic approaches, as demonstrated by the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors, are tumor-associated immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the understanding of the TME in esophageal cancer remains limited and requires further investigation.

Methods

Over 900 EAC samples were included, including patients treated with primary surgery and neoadjuvant (radio-)chemotherapy. The immune cell infiltrates of mast cells (MC), natural killer cells (NK cells), plasma cells (PC), and eosinophilic cells (EC) were assessed semi-quantitatively and correlated with histopathological parameters and overall survival (OS).

Results

A high presence of all four immune cell types significantly correlated with a less extensive tumor stage and a lower frequency of lymph node metastasis, and, in case of NK cells, with less distant metastasis. The presence of MC and NK cells was favorably associated with a prolonged OS in the total cohort (MC: p < 0.001; NK cells: p = 0.004) and patients without neoadjuvant treatment (MC: p < 0.001; NK cells: p = 0.01). NK cells were a favorable prognostic factor in the total cohort (p = 0.007) and in the treatment-naïve subgroup (p = 0.04). Additionally, MC were a favorable prognostic factor in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.009).

Conclusion

Our results indicate a complex and important role of mast cells, NK cells, and the other assessed immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of EAC. Therefore, they are one further step to a better understanding of the immune cell environment and the potential therapeutic implications in this cancer entity.
AI-aided exploration of lunar arch forms under in-plane seismic loading
Authors: Maqdah Jad , Memarzadeh Milad , Kampas Georgios , Málaga-Chuquitaype Christian
Published: February 2023

Increasing computational power has led to the expansion of civil engineering research into using machine learning concepts for developing improved design strategies. These strategies are particularly useful for the design of extra-terrestrial habitats under uncertain environmental conditions. This paper focuses on building an unsupervised machine learning model (convolutional autoencoder) capable of detecting patterns in arch shapes and differentiating between their stress and displacement contours. Foremost, detailed discussions of the model’s architecture and input data are presented. The variation of arch shapes and contours between cluster centroids in the latent space is determined, proving the capability of optimisation by moving towards clusters with optimal contours. Finally, a regression model is built to investigate the relationship between the input geometric variables and the latent space representation. We prove that the autoencoder and regression models produce arch shapes with logical structural contours given a set of input geometric variables. The results presented in this paper provide essential tools for the development of an automated design strategy capable of finding optimal arch shapes for extra-terrestrial habitats.
The effect of surgical repair of hiatal hernia (HH) on pulmonary function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Y. , Lv Y. , Liu Y. , Xie C.
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Hiatal hernia is renowned for the symptom of reflux, and few physicians associate a hiatal hernia with pulmonary issues. It is widely acknowledged that a hiatal hernia can be treated with surgery. However, less is known about how the surgical procedure would benefit pulmonary function. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether surgical repair can improve pulmonary function in patients with hiatal hernias.

Methods

We registered the protocol on the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) platform (no. CRD42022369949). We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for cohort studies that reported on the pulmonary function of patients with hiatal hernias. The quality of each cohort study was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS). We then calculated mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals for these continuous outcomes. Each study’s consistency was appraised using the I2 statistic. The sensitivity analysis was performed using the trim-and-fill method. Publication bias was confirmed using the funnel plot visually and Egger regression test statistically.

Results

A total of 262 patients from 5 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis. The quality evaluation revealed that, of these 5 papers, 3 received 8 NOS stars out of 9 stars, 1 received 9, and the other received 7, meaning all included cohort studies were of high quality. The results showed that surgical repair for a hiatal hernia significantly improved forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1; weighted mean difference [WMD]:0.200; 95% CI 0.047–0.353; I2 = 71.6%; P = 0.010), forced vital capacity (FVC; WMD: 0.242; 95% CI 0.161–0.323; I2 = 7.1%; P = 0.000), and total lung capacity (TLC; WMD: 0.223; 95% CI 0.098–0.348; I2 = 0.0%; P = 0.000) but had little effect on residual volume (RV; WMD: –0.028; 95% CI –0.096 to 0.039; I2 = 8.7%; P = 0.411) and the diffusing capacity carbon monoxide (DLCO; WMD: 0.234; 95% CI –0.486 to 0.953; I2 = 0.0%; P = 0.524).

Conclusion

For individuals with hiatal hernias, surgical repair is an efficient technique to improve respiratory function as measured by FEV1, FVC, and TLC.
A conserved mechanism determines the activity of two pivotal transcription factors that control epidermal cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nagata Kenji , Abe Mitsutomo
Published: February 2023

The surface of plants is covered by the epidermis, which protects the plant’s body from the external environment and mediates inter-cell layer signaling to regulate plant development. Therefore, the manifestation of epidermal traits at a precise location is a prerequisite for their normal growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, class IV homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors PROTODERMAL FACTOR2 (PDF2) and ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1) play redundant roles in epidermal cell differentiation. Nevertheless, several pieces of evidence suggest that the activity and/or function of PDF2 and ATML1 are regulated differently. The role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain of ATML1 in restricting this protein’s activity has been demonstrated; however, whether this lipid-dependent mechanism regulates PDF2 expression is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the START domains of PDF2 and ATML1, regulate protein turnover in a position-dependent manner and affect the dimeric proteins. Our results show that a conserved mechanism provides the basis for the functional redundancy of PDF2 and ATML1 in epidermal cell differentiation and that an unidentified regulatory layer specific to PDF2 or ATML1 is responsible for the difference in the activity and/or function of PDF2 and ATML1.
Differential response of luminal and basal breast cancer cells to acute and chronic hypoxia
Authors: Liu Qiuyu , Liu Nasi , van der Noord Vera , van der Stel Wanda , van de Water Bob , Danen Erik H. J. , Le Dévédec Sylvia E.
Published: February 2023

Hypoxia is linked to disease progression and poor prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer cells can encounter acute, chronic, and/or intermittent periods of oxygen deprivation and it is poorly understood how the different breast cancer subtypes respond to such hypoxia regimes. Here, we assessed the response of representative cell lines for the luminal and basal A subtype to acute (24 h) and chronic hypoxia (5 days). High throughput targeted transcriptomics analysis showed that HIF-related pathways are significantly activated in both subtypes. Indeed, HIF1⍺ nuclear accumulation and activation of the HIF1⍺ target gene CA9 were comparable. Based on the number of differentially expressed genes: (i) 5 days of exposure to hypoxia induced a more profound transcriptional reprogramming than 24 h, and (ii) basal A cells were less affected by acute and chronic hypoxia as compared to luminal cells. Hypoxia-regulated gene networks were identified of which hub genes were associated with worse survival in breast cancer patients. Notably, while chronic hypoxia altered the regulation of the cell cycle in both cell lines, it induced two distinct adaptation programs in these subtypes. Mainly genes controlling central carbon metabolism were affected in the luminal cells whereas genes controlling the cytoskeleton were affected in the basal A cells. In agreement, in response to chronic hypoxia, lactate secretion was more prominently increased in the luminal cell lines which were associated with the upregulation of the GAPDH glycolytic enzyme. This was not observed in the basal A cell lines. In contrast, basal A cells displayed enhanced cell migration associated with more F-actin stress fibers whereas luminal cells did not. Altogether, these data show distinct responses to acute and chronic hypoxia that differ considerably between luminal and basal A cells. This differential adaptation is expected to play a role in the progression of these different breast cancer subtypes.
Exploring the Efficacy of an Online Training Programme to Introduce Mental Health Recovery to Carers
Authors: Fox Joanna , Griffith Joannah , Smith Anne Marie
Published: February 2023

Family carers often support people with mental ill-health, however, there is a dearth of research on the importance of recovery to mental health carers. This article describes the delivery and qualitative evaluation of an online training programme on recovery to a group of eleven carers. The participants considered their understanding of the meaning of recovery, differentiating between its personal and clinical nature. They highlighted the importance of carer involvement in the service users’ professional support, alongside the need for carers to participate more widely in service development. Finally, the participants found the training useful in enabling them to recognise their own needs in a caring journey, particularly valuing its delivery by a service user and carer trainer. This study is limited by the small number of participants in this programme; however, this series of connected studies suggests its potential to be rolled out more widely, possibly embedded in Recovery Colleges.
A Realist Membership Account of Political Obligation
Authors: Szűcs Zoltán Gábor
Published: February 2023

The paper offers a realist account of political obligation. More precisely, it offers an account that belongs to the Williamsian liberal strain of contemporary realist theory (as opposed to a Geussian radical realist strain) and draws on and expands some ideas familiar from Bernard Williams’s oeuvre (thick/thin ethical concepts, political realism/moralism, a minimal normative threshold for distinctively political rule). Accordingly, the paper will claim that the fact of membership in a polity provides people with sufficient reason for complying with those political authority claims whose source is that particular polity. The paper will explain that membership in a polity is constituted not by communitarian identification (Horton), nationhood (Tamir), joined commitment/plural subjectivity (Gilbert), but by the fact that people are stably exposed to political authority claims associated with a particular polity which they find making sense as passing the minimal normative threshold for a distinctively political form of rule (as opposed to the rule of terror or sheer coercion). This political-ethical phenomenon is widely known as political obligation but the paper will argue that the label is in fact a misnomer because it does not refer to a generic obligation. The implications of this account are manifold but two seem especially important: first, the notion of political obligation makes sense even beyond the realm of moralist political theory and, second, realist political theory should pay more attention to the problem of compliance than it used to do.