bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on muscle fatigue of upper limb in overhead static work
Authors: YANG Yanpu , AN Weilan , HAN Zhongjian , FAN Yu , YANG Qinxia
Published: October 2024

To explore the muscle fatigue features of upper limb at different heights in overhead static work, an experiment was conducted to obtain the surface electromyography (sEMG) of subjects and their subjective fatigue state based on Borg CR-10 scale. The processing methods of time domain and frequency domain features of sEMG were studied and the multiclass support vector machine (SVM) was used to identify the state of muscle fatigue. By analyzing the muscular contribution, the correlation of subjective ratings and objective muscle fatigue features, ranking order of muscle fatigue accumulation, and muscular fatigue classification and identification, the results show that the muscles contribute above 10% on average are the biceps, deltoid and trapezius, and their cumulative contribution exceeds 70%; and the ranking orders of muscle fatigue accumulation in three heights are H3>H2>H1 for biceps and trapezius and H2>H3>H1 for deltoid; and with the time increase of overhand static operation, the muscle fatigue of upper limb gradually accumulates, resulting in the value of time domain features increases and the frequency domain features decreases, and their changes are consistent; and the accuracy of multiclass SVM is above 90% for identifying muscle fatigue of upper limb in overhead static work.
Effect of Extent of Resection and Adjuvant Radiation on Recurrence of BRAF versus β-Catenin–Mutated Craniopharyngioma: A Single Institutional Case Series
Authors: Reyes Maikerly , Kelly Patrick , Kang KiChang , Williams Justin , Sathe Anish , Kayne Allison , Shelley India , Prashant Giyarpuram , Bray David , Curtis Mark T. , Evans James J.
Published: October 2024

Objectives The two histologic subtypes of craniopharyngiomas (CPs), papillary and adamantinomatous, harbor mutually exclusive mutations of BRAF V600E and CTNNB1, respectively. Studies suggest that subtotal resection (STR) plus adjuvant radiation therapy (XRT) may result in similar progression-free survival (PFS) as gross total resection (GTR). We hypothesized that STR ± XRT and GTR result in similar PFS for both BRAF and β-catenin–mutated CPs.

Design Patients who were surgically treated for a primary CP between 2001 and 2023 at a single institution were included. Immunohistochemical studies were performed retrospectively using BRAF and β-catenin antibodies. Patients with missing immunohistochemistry (IHC) diagnosis were excluded. Differences in PFS for STR ± XRT and GTR groups were assessed with a log-rank test, stratified by BRAF and β-catenin IHC status.

Results A total of 77 patients with CP were screened. IHC data were available for 50 patients; 20 had a BRAF mutation, and 30 had a β-catenin mutation. Among BRAF patients, 11 underwent GTR; 9 had STR, and 5 had adjuvant XRT. Among β-catenin patients, 14 underwent GTR; 16 had STR, and 6 had adjuvant XRT. For BRAF patients with GTR, the median PFS was not reached; for BRAF patients with STR ± XRT, the median PFS was 150 days (p < 0.01, log-rank test). For β-catenin patients with GTR, the median PFS was 1,813 days; for β-catenin patients with STR ± XRT, the median PFS was not reached (p = 0.80, log-tank test).

Conclusions Both GTR and STR ± XRT seemed to offer similar PFS outcomes only for patients with β-catenin–mutated CP. For patients with BRAF-mutated CP, a greater extent of resection was significantly associated with prolonged PFS.
Echtzeit-Tracking: So übt die Uniklinik Heidelberg für den Ernstfall
Authors: Pinsard Kévin
Published: October 2024

Prozesse optimieren und gleichzeitig das eigene Klinikteam für Notfallsituationen mit vielen Verletzten schulen – das probte man am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg. Die Verantwortlichen zogen dank Echtzeitlokalisierung doppelten Nutzen aus einem großangelegten MANV-Training.
Lichtblick: Eiskalte Helferlein im Aufwachraum
Authors: Hohnstein Aileen
Published: October 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur als PDF-Dokument verfügbar.
42.7.9 Dialkylphosphinous Acids and Derivatives (Update 2025)
Authors: Stankevič M. , Włodarczyk A.
Published: October 2024

This is an update to the previous Science of Synthesis contribution (from 2009), describing newly developed methods for the synthesis of dialkylphosphinous acids and their derivatives. Various synthetic methodologies have been developed, among which P—C bond formation through nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus, hydrophosphination, aminolysis, esterification, alcoholysis, and hydrolysis are the most common transformations used. The synthesis of the title compounds can be accomplished via interconversions within the product class, although methods using other types of organophosphorus compounds as substrates have also been developed.
Full-scale modeling and experimental study of a gas neutron tube with a Penning ion source
Authors: Rokhmanenkov A. , Mamedov N. , Kanshin I. , Maslennikov S. , Solodovnikov A.
Published: October 2024

This paper studies full-scale gas neutron tube modeling, including the following processes: gas discharge combustion in a Penning ion source, particle motion in an ion optical system, and modeling the in-target processes, such as sputtering, diffusion, thermal desorption of hydrogen isotopes, and nuclear reactions. Plasma modeling in quadrupole electric and axial magnetic fields was based on the electrostatic particle-in-cell method with molecular kinetic processes. The TechX Vsim software package was used. The neutron tube element sputtering by ions was simulated using SRIM/TRIM software based on Monte–Carlo methods. The OpenFOAM, as an open integrated platform for numerical simulation in continuum mechanics, was used to calculate the hydrogen thermal desorption activated by ion irradiation. The time-dependent neutron yield modeling was performed using the Geant4 software based on Monte–Carlo methods with CHIPS-TPT VNIIA-developed library. In addition, an experimental study of a gas neutron tube with a Penning ion source was conducted here as well. Details are given on the experiment and measurement technique used in this study. The operating characteristics for the gas neutron tube, including amplitude-time characteristics of current flashes (discharge and extraction currents), were determined. The neutron flux dependencies on the discharge current at various accelerating voltages were also obtained. Finally, a comparison between the experimental and calculated results is presented.
Domain growth kinetics in active binary mixtures
Authors: Mondal Sayantan , Das Prasenjit
Published: October 2024

We study motility-induced phase separation in symmetric and asymmetric active binary mixtures. We start with the coarse-grained run-and-tumble bacterial model that provides evolution equations for the density fields ρi(r⃗,t). Next, we study the phase separation dynamics by solving the evolution equations using the Euler discretization technique. We characterize the morphology of domains by calculating the equal-time correlation function C(r, t) and the structure factor S(k, t), both of which show dynamical scaling. The form of the scaling functions depends on the mixture composition and the relative activity of the species, Δ. For k → ∞, S(k, t) follows Porod’s law: S(k, t) ∼ k−(d+1) and the average domain size L(t) shows a diffusive growth as L(t) ∼ t1/3 for all mixtures.
Remote reactor ranging via antineutrino oscillations
Authors: Wilson S. T. , Armitage J. , Cotsford C. , Holland N. , Learned J. G. , Malek M.
Published: October 2024

Antineutrinos from nuclear reactors have the potential to be used for reactor monitoring in the mid- to far-field under certain conditions. Antineutrinos are an unshieldable signal and carry information about the reactor core and the distance they travel. Using gadolinium-doped water Cherenkov detectors for this purpose has been previously proposed alongside rate-only analyses. As antineutrinos carry information about their distance of travel in their energy spectrum, the analyses can be extended to a spectral analysis to gain more knowledge about the detected core. A Fourier transform analysis has been used to evaluate the distance between a proposed gadolinium-doped water-based liquid scintillator detector and a detected nuclear reactor. Example cases are shown for a detector in Boulby Mine, near the Boulby Underground Laboratory in the UK, and six reactor sites in the UK and France. The analysis shows potential to range reactors, but is strongly limited by the detector design. It is concluded that the proposed water-based detector is not sufficient for ranging remote reactors in a reasonable time, but other detector designs show potential.
Stability analysis of Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni convection in fluids with cross-zero expansion coefficient
Authors: Tang Weizhuan , Wang Jia , Wu Di , Song Kui , Duan Li , Kang Qi
Published: October 2024

Cross-zero expansion coefficient Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni (CRBM) convection refers to the convective phenomenon where thermal convection with stratified positive and negative expansion coefficients in a liquid layer is coupled with the Marangoni convection. In the Bénard convection, fluids with a cross-zero expansion coefficient contain a neutral expansion layer where the expansion coefficient (α) is zero, and the local buoyancy-driven convection is coupled with the Marangoni convection, leading to unique flow instability phenomena. This paper uses linear stability theory to analyze the CRBM convection in a horizontal liquid layer under a vertical temperature gradient and performs numerical calculations for fluids under different Bond numbers (Bd) in both bottom-heated and bottom-cooled models, obtaining the critical destabilization conditions and modes. In the bottom-heated model, different combinations of buoyancy instability mechanism (BIM), tension instability mechanism, and coupled instability mechanism (CIM) appear depending on the dimensionless temperature for the neutral expansion layer (Tα0) and the Bd. In the bottom-cooled model, two mechanisms occur according to the variation of Tα0: BIM and CIM.
Discovering an interpretable mathematical expression for a full wind-turbine wake with artificial intelligence enhanced symbolic regression
Authors: Wang Ding , Chen Yuntian , Chen Shiyi
Published: October 2024

The rapid expansion of wind power worldwide underscores the critical significance of engineering-focused analytical wake models in both the design and operation of wind farms. These theoretically derived analytical wake models have limited predictive capabilities, particularly in the near-wake region close to the turbine rotor, due to assumptions that do not hold. Knowledge discovery methods can bridge these gaps by extracting insights, adjusting for theoretical assumptions, and developing accurate models for physical processes. In this study, we introduce a genetic symbolic regression (SR) algorithm to discover an interpretable mathematical expression for the mean velocity deficit throughout the wake, a previously unavailable insight. By incorporating a double Gaussian distribution into the SR algorithm as domain knowledge and designing a hierarchical equation structure, the search space is reduced, thus efficiently finding a concise, physically informed, and robust wake model. The proposed mathematical expression (equation) can predict the wake velocity deficit at any location in the full-wake region with high precision and stability. The model's effectiveness and practicality are validated through experimental data and high-fidelity numerical simulations.
Electron kinetics near the minimum of Paschen's curves of pulsed breakdown
Authors: Levko Dmitry
Published: October 2024

The main objective of the present paper is the detailed analysis of the electron kinetics near the Paschen's curve minimum of pulsed breakdown of nitrogen gas. Three main questions are to be answered. First, whether the breakdown curve minimum corresponds to the threshold electric field necessary for the runaway electron generation. Second, what is the role of these electrons in the vicinity of the Paschen's curve minimum. Third, what is the ionization cost near the minimum. To answer these questions, the one-dimensional model is used in which electrons are modeled using the Particle-in-Cell approach, while ions are modeled in the drift-diffusion approximation.
Role of protein–protein interactions on organization and dynamics of a model chromatin
Authors: Swain Pinaki , Choubey Sandeep , Vemparala Satyavani
Published: October 2024

The three-dimensional organization of chromatin is influenced by chromatin-binding proteins through both specific and non-specific interactions. However, the roles of chromatin sequence and the interactions between binding proteins in shaping chromatin structure remain elusive. By employing a simple polymer-based model of chromatin that explicitly considers sequence-dependent protein binding and protein–protein interactions, we elucidate a mechanism for chromatin organization. We find that tuning protein–protein interactions and protein concentration is sufficient to either promote or inhibit chromatin compartmentalization. Moreover, chromatin sequence and protein–protein attraction strongly affect the structural and dynamic exponents that describe the spatiotemporal organization of chromatin. Strikingly, our model’s predictions for the exponents governing chromatin structure and dynamics successfully capture experimental observations, in sharp contrast to previous chromatin models. Overall, our findings have the potential to reinterpret data obtained from various chromosome conformation capture technologies, laying the groundwork for advancing our understanding of chromatin organization.
Slosh transient variations in rectangular tanks under oblique translational excitations
Authors: Jin Xin , Huang Hua-long , Qin Yi-yi , Yang Hao , Zhang Fu-gui
Published: October 2024

The study focused on the variations of slosh patterns in three-dimensional rectangular tanks under oblique translational excitations by using an in-house Navier–Stokes model. The model was validated against different slosh patterns and then used to explore how the slosh pattern changed with various excitation frequencies. The excitation frequencies were divided into two categories: multiples of the first-order and third-order natural frequencies. The influences of the excitation frequency, excitation angle, and base ratio on the slosh pattern were identified by examining the free surface displacements and the sloshing forces, as well as their correlations. It was found that excitation frequencies related to the third-order natural frequency resulted in similar slosh patterns with more complicated free surface shapes compared to those related to the first-order natural frequency. Excitation angles had little influence on non-resonant cases but could remarkably affect the local features of other wave patterns and correlated beating periods. The slosh pattern was generally not affected by various base ratios, but the local wave shapes and dominant orientations would change.
Numerical simulation of carbon dioxide flooding in fractured reservoirs using generic projection-based embedded discrete fracture model
Authors: Rao Xiang , He Xupeng , Xu Yunfeng , Kwak Hyung
Published: October 2024

This paper, for the first time, integrates the generic projection-based embedded discrete fracture model (pEDFM) with the commercial reservoir simulator ECLIPSE for carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding in fractured reservoirs. The integrated method first obtains inter-grid connections and corresponding transmissibilities within the reservoir model based on the generic pEDFM. It then constructs an equivalent CO2 flooding ECLIPSE model to the original pEDFM reservoir model, thereby calculating the global equations of the compositional flow model to obtain distributions of pressure, saturation, component concentrations, and well performance data. We implemented three numerical examples to verify that the proposed method can achieve significantly higher computational accuracy compared to the widely used embedded discrete fracture model in both high and low permeability fracture scenarios, while also avoiding the difficulties associated with generating matching grids for complex fracture networks. Furthermore, the proposed integrated method uses the solver within ECLIPSE to solve the global equations, thus avoiding the high cost of developing a robust nonlinear solver for complex compositional model of CO2 flooding. This demonstrates the practicality of the method and its significant potential for subsequent application to various reservoir models.
Experimental evidence of the correlation between the flow rolling structures and momentum transfer in Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Kashanj Sina , Nobes David S.
Published: October 2024

The formation of large-scale circulating structures (LSC) is one of the critical characteristics of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). Although the effect of LSC in turbulent RBC was disputed due to conflicting results, recently, the results of three-dimensional direct numerical simulation [Zwirner et al., “Elliptical instability and multiple-roll flow modes of the large-scale circulation in confined turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 54502 (2020)] confirmed that in RBC flows with a low Prandtl number, Pr=0.1 within Oberbeck–Boussinesq assumption, the formation of higher number of LSC leads to a decrease in heat and momentum transfer. However, it was shown that for higher Prandtl numbers, heat/momentum transfer is not correlated with the number of LSC. Experimental evidence is investigated of an inverse correlation between the momentum transfer and small-scale rolling structures for high Prandtl non-Oberbeck–Boussinesq condition. Experiments were undertaken at a Prandtl number of Pr=7 and Rayleigh number of Ra=5.3×107 in a cubical convection cell with an unit aspect ratio. Particle image velocimetry along with a robust combinatorial vortex detection algorithm was used to capture the flow field, detect the rolling structures, and estimate their size. It was found that although the flow structures were dominated by the LSC, the number of smaller rolling structures was significant. The results also showed that after the initiation of convection while the flow was still undeveloped, the majority of rolling structures were small scale. For this state, an inverse correlation between the number of rolling structures and momentum transfer was observed highlighting the influence of flow rolling structures regardless of the formation of the LSC.
Onset of double-diffusive convection in a Poiseuille flow with a uniform internal heat source
Authors: Mourya Pappu Kumar , Deepika N. , Narayana P. A. L.
Published: October 2024

The linear stability analysis of the onset of double-diffusive convection in a Poiseuille flow system is investigated. In addition, a volumetric uniform internal heat source is taken into account. In this problem, the horizontal fluid channel is bounded by two plates which are isothermal and isosolutal. The governing parameters are thermal Rayleigh number RaT, solutal Rayleigh number Ras, internal heat source parameter RaI, Prandtl number Pr, and Reynolds number Re. The eigenvalue problem arising from the linear perturbed system of equations is solved numerically using the Chebyshev–Tau method coupled with the QZ algorithm. It is found that the positive solutal Rayleigh number Ras destabilizes the system. Furthermore, it is observed that an increase in the Prandtl number Pr stabilizes the system. Additionally, at Ras = −60, the critical values of the thermal Rayleigh number Rac decreases with R=Re cos ϕ up 2; and increases with R beyond R=2.
On the influence of heat-induced evaporation over interfacial atomization driven by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Muñoz J. , Arcos J. , Bautista O. , Méndez F.
Published: October 2024

In this work, the influence of evaporative flux over the atomization driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) of a Newtonian water drop is studied. The drop is placed on a heated substrate at constant temperature, higher than the saturation temperature at a given vapor pressure. In this manner, an interfacial temperature distribution arises along the drop free surface in terms evaporative mass flux and vapor recoil, which repercussion over aerosol size is studied by determining the asymptotic evolution equation governing the acoustically driven free surface. At such scenario, the connection between surface tension and temperature is also considered; thus, thermocapillary flow is incorporated into our drop model, described in terms of fundamental parameters, like the evaporation number, Marangoni number, and acoustic capillary number. Numerical solution of the evolution equation led us to obtain a simplified representation of the drop interfacial deformation mechanism, capable of predicting atomization and portraying the influence of evaporation over atomization. Subsequent analysis shows that the incorporation of evaporation at SAW atomization traduces in normal stresses counteracting the acoustic and thermocapillary effect, leading to the development of smaller drop aspect ratios with respect to the no-evaporative case. Being aware that the aerosol size is deeply related to the aspect ratio, we propose an analytical expression to estimate aerosol diameter under evaporative conditions. The results show that aspect ratio reduction leads to a decrement on aerosol size, up to two orders of magnitude, with respect to the no-evaporative case. Our study is a first approach providing insight about the importance of evaporation on aerosol regulation at SAW atomization.
Boosting thermoelectric performance of molecular junction by utilizing edge branches and weak coupling
Authors: Gan Bing-Yu , Liu Xin-Yi , Tang Wen-Si , Cao Xuan-Hao , Fan Zhi-Qiang , Wu Dan
Published: October 2024

In this study, we investigated the thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions, created by trapping naphthacene (C18H12) and rubrene (C42H28) molecules between two graphene electrodes. It is found that the charge transport of naphthacene-based and rubrene-based graphene junctions is not sensitive to the introduction of edge side branches or the increase in molecular length and still maintains resonance transport at the Fermi level. Notably, the presence of pendant branches on the molecular trunk in rubrene-based graphene junctions leads to a suppression of phonon transport, attributed to multiple scattering at the branch attachment points or Fano resonance scattering. The phonon thermal conductance of the rubrene junctions can be reduced by nearly half compared to that of naphthalene junctions. Furthermore, the room-temperature figure of merit (ZT) is significantly enhanced from 0.2 to 1.1 upon constructing weak coupling junctions, representing an almost tenfold increase over covalent junctions. These findings mean that it is highly desirable to find a mechanism that can suppress the phonon thermal conductance of self-assembled molecular films, while preserving their power factor at optimal levels to obtain high-efficiency thermoelectric performance.
Phase behavior and crystal nucleation of hard triangular prisms
Authors: de Jager Marjolein , Slaats Nena , Filion Laura
Published: October 2024

The interplay between densification and positional ordering during the process of crystal nucleation is a greatly investigated topic. Even for the simplest colloidal model—hard spheres—there has been much debate regarding the potential foreshadowing of nucleation by significant fluctuations in either local density or local structure. Considering anisotropic particles instead of spheres adds a third degree of freedom to the self-organization process of crystal nucleation: orientational ordering. Here, we investigate the crystal nucleation of hard triangular prisms. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we first carefully determine the crystal–fluid coexistence values and calculate the nucleation barriers for two degrees of supersaturation. Next, we use brute force simulations to obtain a large set of spontaneous nucleation events. By studying the time evolution of the local density, positional ordering, and orientational ordering in the region in which the nucleus first arises, we demonstrate that all local order parameters increase simultaneously from the very start of the nucleation process. We thus conclude that we observe no precursor for the crystal nucleation of hard triangular prisms.
Phase transition in the shape memory alloy NiTi described by the SCAN meta-GGA functional
Authors: Wu Zhigang , Lawson John W.
Published: October 2024

Climbing the ladder of density functional approximations has long been proposed to systematically improve the accuracy of first-principles calculations employing the density functional theory (DFT); however, up until now, the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional at the second rung of the ladder, has dominated. Here, we present a study of the martensitic phase transition in NiTi based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic integration using the third-rung approximation of the strongly constrained and appropriately normalized (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Although the predicted equilibrium lattice constants and formation enthalpy agree well with experimental data, the martensitic transition temperature (MTT) is overestimated by 94% (or 324 K too high), compared with only 22% (77 K) overestimation by PBE. The latent heat (q) is severely overestimated by SCAN as well. This deteriorated performance originates from the enlarged energy difference (ΔE) between the austenite and martensite phases, compared with the PBE result. Furthermore, a large variation (over 50 meV/atom) in ΔE using different meta-GGAs indicates large variations in computed MTTs (∼400−500 K) and q, i.e., the predicted thermodynamic properties depend sensitively on the choice of meta-GGA. This would pose a serious problem when upgrading DFT calculations to the third rung. One possible solution is to add NiTi as a norm system so that the revised SCAN meta-GGA could reproduce the PBE results of the relevant energy difference.
Moiré photonic superlattice-induced transparency at commensurate angle in a terahertz metasurface composed of triple layer square lattices
Authors: Zhang Xuelian , Zhao Zhenyu , Ako Rajour Tanyi , Sriram Sharath , Zhao Xuan , Liu Hongxin , Bu Haijun
Published: October 2024

The control of the speed of terahertz waves is always a challenge since the bandgap of most optical materials is much larger beyond meV with subtle nonlinear susceptibility. Moiré metasurfaces are shown to exhibit wide tunable optical properties and extraordinary physical phenomena at specific commensurate angles. These can be achieved by a careful design of the metasurface to manipulate terahertz slow light. Herein, we demonstrate a triple layer Moiré metasurface with a distinct electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon at commensurate angles. The proposed metasurface is composed of an intrinsic square lattice embedded into another Moiré photonic superlattice made of twisted square lattice at commensurate angles of 10.39° and 7.63°. The coupling between adjacent meta-atoms on the combined metasurface leads to destructive interference of dual trapped lattice modes, which results in a transparency window at the terahertz band. A maximum group delay of 9.76 ps is found at the transparent window of 0.84 THz when the commensurate angle is 10.39°. When the commensurate angle reduces to 7.63°, the transparency window shifts to 0.57 THz with a 5.96 ps group delay. The coupled Lorentz oscillator model indicates that the nonlinear optical susceptibility at transparency windows is above zero. Our results create an approach to tune the EIT as well as slow light in the terahertz band. Our device can have potential applications in terahertz signal processing and storage.
Enhanced analog switching and neuromorphic performance of ZnO-based memristors with indium tin oxide electrodes for high-accuracy pattern recognition
Authors: Ismail Muhammad , Rasheed Maria , Park Yongjin , Lee Sohyeon , Mahata Chandreswar , Shim Wonbo , Kim Sungjun
Published: October 2024

This study systematically investigates analog switching and neuromorphic characteristics in a ZnO-based memristor by varying the anodic top electrode (TE) materials [indium tin oxide (ITO), Ti, and Ta]. Compared with the TE materials (Ti and Ta), memristive devices with TEs made of ITO exhibit dual volatile and nonvolatile switching behavior and multistate switching characteristics assessed based on reset-stop voltage and current compliance (ICC) responses. The polycrystalline structure of the ZnO functional layer sandwiched between ITO electrodes was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The current transport mechanism in the ZnO-based memristor was dominated by Schottky emission, with the Schottky barrier height modulated from 0.26 to 0.4 V by varying the reset-stop voltage under different ICC conditions. The long-term potentiation and long-term depression synaptic characteristics were successfully mimicked by modulating the pulse amplitudes. Furthermore, a 90.84% accuracy was achieved using a convolutional neural network architecture for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology pattern categorization, as demonstrated by the confusion matrix. The results demonstrated that the ITO/ZnO/ITO/Si memristor device holds promise for high-performance electronic applications and effective ITO electrode modeling.
Health literacy after traumatic brain injury: characterisation and control comparison
Authors: Hicks Amelia J. , Sander Angelle M. , McKenzie Dean P. , Carrier Sarah , Fraser Elinor , Hall Bronwyn , Pappadis Monique R. , Ponsford Jennie L.
Published: October 2024

Background Little is known about health literacy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. The aims of this study were to compare health literacy in individuals with TBI with that of a control group; to examine the association between health literacy in individuals with TBI and demographic, injury, and cognitive factors; and compare the relationship between health literacy and physical and mental health outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional observational study design was used. Adults (≥18 years) were recruited from an outpatient research centre in Victoria, Australia. There were 209 participants with a complicated mild to severe TBI at least 1 year previously (up to 30 years 6 months) and 206 control participants. Results Individuals with TBI did not have poorer health literacy than controls (IRR = 1.31, P = 0.102, CI95% [0.947, 1.812]). Further analysis could not be completed due to the highly skewed Health Literacy Assessment Using Talking Touchscreen Technology – Short Form (Health LiTT-SF) data. Conclusion Health literacy performance in individuals with TBI was not significantly different to controls. Premorbid education may provide a critical cognitive reserve upon which TBI survivors can draw to aid their health literacy. These findings are specific to the Health LiTT-SF measure only and require replication using more comprehensive health literacy measures in culturally diverse samples.
Local adaptation, plasticity, and evolved resistance to hypoxic cold stress in high-altitude deer mice
Authors: Bautista Naim M. , Herrera Nathanael D. , Shadowitz Ellen , Wearing Oliver H. , Cheviron Zachary A. , Scott Graham R. , Storz Jay F.
Published: October 2024

A fundamental question in evolutionary biology concerns the relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity vs. local adaptation (genotypic specialization) in enabling wide-ranging species to inhabit diverse environmental conditions. Here, we conduct a long-term hypoxia acclimation experiment to assess the relative roles of local adaptation and plasticity in enabling highland and lowland deer mice (
Peromyscus maniculatus
) to sustain aerobic thermogenesis at progressively increasing elevations. We assessed the relative physiological performance capacities of highland and lowland natives as they were exposed to progressive, stepwise increases in hypoxia, simulating the gradual ascent from sea level to an elevation of 6,000 m. The final elevation of 6,000 m far exceeds the highest attainable elevations within the species’ range, and therefore tests the animals’ ability to tolerate levels of hypoxia that surpass the prevailing conditions within their current distributional limits. Our results demonstrate that highland natives exhibit superior thermogenic capacities at the most severe levels of hypoxia, suggesting that the species’ broad fundamental niche and its ability to inhabit such a broad range of elevational zones is attributable to genetically based local adaptation, including evolved changes in plasticity. Transcriptomic and physiological measurements identify evolved changes in the acclimation response to hypoxia that contribute to the enhanced thermogenic capacity of highland natives.
Flagellar motility is mutagenic
Authors: Bhattacharyya Souvik , Lopez Shelby , Singh Abhyudai , Harshey Rasika M.
Published: October 2024

Flagella are highly complex rotary molecular machines that enable bacteria to not only migrate to optimal environments but also to promote range expansion, competitiveness, virulence, and antibiotic survival. Flagellar motility is an energy-demanding process, where the sum of its production (biosynthesis) and operation (rotation) costs has been estimated to total ~10% of the entire energy budget of an
Escherichia coli
cell. The acquisition of such a costly adaptation process is expected to secure short-term benefits by increasing competitiveness and survival, as well as long-term evolutionary fitness gains. While the role of flagellar motility in bacterial survival has been widely reported, its direct influence on the rate of evolution remains unclear. We show here that both production and operation costs contribute to elevated mutation rates. Our findings suggest that flagellar movement may be an important player in tuning the rate of bacterial evolution.
Estimates of actual and potential lives saved in the United States from the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma
Authors: Dragotakes Quigly , Johnson Patrick W. , Buras Matthew R. , Carter Rickey E. , Joyner Michael J. , Bloch Evan M. , Gebo Kelly A. , Hanley Daniel F. , Henderson Jeffrey P. , Pirofski Liise-anne , Shoham Shmuel , Senefeld Jonathon W. , Tobian Aaron A.R. , Wiggins Chad C. , Wright R. Scott , Paneth Nigel S. , Sullivan David J. , Casadevall Arturo
Published: October 2024

In the Spring of 2020, the United States of America (USA) deployed COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) to treat hospitalized patients. Over 500,000 patients were treated with CCP during the first year of the pandemic. In this study, we estimated the number of actual inpatient lives saved by CCP treatment in the United States of America based on CCP weekly use, weekly national mortality data, and CCP mortality reduction data from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials and real-world data. We also estimate the potential number of lives saved if CCP had been deployed for 100% of hospitalized patients or used in 15 to 75% of outpatients. Depending on the assumptions modeled in stratified analyses, we estimated that CCP saved between 16,476 and 66,296 lives. The CCP ideal use might have saved as many as 234,869 lives and prevented 1,136,133 hospitalizations. CCP deployment was a successful strategy for ameliorating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. This experience has important implications for convalescent plasma use in future infectious disease emergencies.
Informal language contact and formulaic language development of Chinese students abroad during a global
crisis
Authors: Zhou Siyang , Chung Edsoulla
Published: October 2024

This longitudinal mixed-methods study tracked the informal language contact and phrasal verb knowledge of 21
Chinese foundation program students in the United Kingdom (UK) during the 2019–2020 academic year through three rounds of data
collection. Because of the disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the study was able to capture the impact of a global crisis on
the experiences of international students studying abroad and learning a second language (L2). Data from a Language Contact
Questionnaire, a Study Abroad Social Network Survey, and semi-structured interviews indicated significant changes in their L2 use
and social networks. Our findings showed that the students sharply reduced their L2 contact and increased their use of first
language (L1) during the pandemic. Productive and receptive tests assessing phrasal verb knowledge revealed that the students did
not make significant gains after the pandemic lockdown. The study suggests that significant changes in the living environment can
directly impact students’ L2 usage and their formulaic language development.
Traffic signal phase control at urban isolated intersections: an adaptive strategy utilizing the improved D3QN algorithm
Authors: Fu Zhumu , Zhang Jie , Tao Fazhan , Ji Baofeng
Published: October 2024

The intelligent control of traffic signals at urban single intersections has emerged as an effective approach to mitigating urban traffic congestion. However, the existing fixed phase control strategy of traffic signal lights lacks capability to dynamically adjust signal phase switching based on real-time traffic conditions leading to traffic congestion. In this paper, an adaptive real-time control method employed by the traffic signal phase at a single intersection is considered based on the improved double dueling deep Q network (I-D3QN) algorithm. Firstly, the traffic signal phase control problem is modeled as a Markov decision process, with its state, action, and reward defined. Subsequently, to enhance the convergence speed and learning performance of the D3QN algorithm, attenuation action selection strategy and priority experience playback technology based on tree summation structure are introduced. Then, traffic flow data from various traffic scenarios are utilized to train the traffic signal control model based on the I-D3QN to obtain the optimal signal phase switch strategy. Finally, the effectiveness and optimal performance of the I-D3QN-based traffic signal control strategy are validated across diverse traffic scenarios. The simulation results show that, compared with the control strategy based on actuated control, deep Q network, double deep Q network, D3QN, and C-D3QN algorithms, the cumulative reward of the proposed I-D3QN strategy is increased by at least 6.57%, and the average queue length and average waiting time are reduced by at least 9.64% and 7.61%, which can effectively reduce the congestion at isolated intersections and significantly improve traffic efficiency.
A novel fault feature selection and diagnosis method for rotating machinery with SI-IR2CMSE and SSGMM-SR
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Jialong , Li Guofa , Wei Jingfeng
Published: October 2024

In the field of fault diagnosis, machine learning is highly valued for its broad applicability and efficiency. Feature extraction and feature selection are key steps in the application of machine learning, and the performance of fault diagnosis methods relies heavily on the effective execution of these two steps. For this reason, this paper aims to enhance the performance of fault diagnosis methods by improving these two aspects. Firstly, to address the non-linearity and non-stationarity of rotating machinery vibration signals under variable operation conditions, this paper proposes an improved rapid refined composite multiscale sample entropy (IR2CMSE) feature extraction method. In addition, this paper decomposes the vibration signals with improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and extracts the sensitive intrinsic modal functions’ IR2CMSE values (SI-IR2CMSE) as the initial feature vector, which more accurately reveals the intrinsic time-scale characteristics of the vibration signals. Secondly, to address the problem of over-reliance on sample labels in most feature selection methods, this paper proposes a semi-supervised Gaussian mixing model with sparse regularization feature selection model. The model does not require complete fault labels and can automatically identify important features. Finally, validation with two rotating machinery fault datasets shows that the method proposed in this study exhibits high diagnostic accuracy and stability across multiple classifiers.
First experimental confirmation of island SOL geometry effects in a high radiation regime on W7-X
Authors: Winters V.R. , Reimold F. , Feng Y. , Zhang D. , Perseo V. , Flom E.R. , Henke F. , Kriete D.M. , Maaziz N. , Partesotti G. , Jakubowski M. , König R. , Krychowiak M. , Brunner K.J. , Knauer J. , Rahbarnia K. ,   the W7-X Team
Published: October 2024

This work characterizes the detachment behavior and radiation characteristics of the low iota configuration in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. The island scrape-off layer (SOL) of the low iota has a poloidal mode number of six islands surrounding the last closed flux surface (LCFS). The island geometry of the low iota configuration is significantly different from that of the standard magnetic field configuration, whose detachment characteristics have already been described in previous work (Schmitz et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion
61 016026, Jakubowski et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion
61 106003, Feng et al 2021 61 086012). Experimental results show that the radiation pattern in the low iota configuration is starkly different from that of the standard magnetic field configuration, with radiation concentrated at the island SOL O-points, rather than the X-points. Additionally, this O-point localized radiation pattern is associated with unstable detachment, with both radiation oscillations in experiments and the lack of a self-consistent plasma solution at high radiated power fraction in EMC3-Eirene simulations. EMC3-Eirene simulations are used to understand the radiation distribution. It was found that the O-point localized radiation arises first from local impurity accumulation near the parallel flow stagnation, which is located close to the geometrical center of the island (the ”O-point”). Local cooling in this region leads to plasma condensation in the islands in the closest magnetic connection to the divertor target plates. The heat source to this region of the island, which is thermally isolated from the upstream heat source in terms of parallel transport, must arise via perpendicular heat transport. This heat source is expected to be large for the low iota configuration due to its very small internal island field line pitch. This work highlights the importance (complementary to previous work, e.g. Feng et al (2005 Nucl. Fusion
45 89), Feng et al (2011 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
53 024009)) of the internal island field line pitch not only on the radiation pattern but also the detachment performance of the island divertor.
Enhancing brain cancer type prediction through machine learning algorithms and feature selection techniques
Authors: Gu Cong , Ren Siyv
Published: October 2024

The manual identification of brain cancer types is often fraught with inaccuracies, leading to potential delays in diagnosis and treatment planning. This study presents a novel approach to predict brain cancer types using advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms integrated with sophisticated feature selection techniques. A multi-class classification framework was developed and evaluated, incorporating six ML models: Bernoulli Naive Bayes, K-nearest neighbors classifier, decision tree classifier, Gaussian process classifier (GPC), passive aggressive classifier, and perceptron. To enhance model performance, feature selection methods including the Gini index, mutual information, and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed. A comprehensive case study was conducted to assess the predictive accuracy of these models. The GPC, when trained and validated on features derived via PCA, outperformed other models in terms of predictive accuracy and generalization. Specifically, the dimensions identified by PCA (d1, d2, d3, and d4) were most effective in distinguishing between different brain cancer types. This methodology resulted in a significant improvement across various performance metrics. Compared to the baseline GPC model using all original features, the PCA-enhanced GPC achieved remarkable increases in Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score by 294.31%, 22.14%, 294.31%, and 878.18%, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of combining ML algorithms with targeted feature selection techniques to advance the accuracy of brain cancer type prediction, offering substantial benefits for clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
TIG welding of in-situ produced syntactic metal foam-filled tubes
Authors: Kemény A , Pados G , Májlinger K , Orbulov I N
Published: October 2024

Aluminium matrix double composites were produced via an in-situ pressure infiltration method. AlSi12 alloy matrix with densely packed lightweight expanded clay aggregate particle-filled foam was produced in-situ within AlMgSi0.5 alloy tubes. The attainable size of such double composites is limited; therefore, joining them is required to create larger parts. For the joining of these double composites, the applicability of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding was tested. TIG welding was found to be applicable to join such composites. Metallurgically sound welded joints were produced. Nevertheless, the TIG welding of metal foam-filled tubes is very challenging and needs experienced welding personnel, and the weld bead was a bulk material, not a foam anymore.
Flow curve, necking and Finite Elements
Authors: Tatár L , Bereczki P
Published: October 2024

Reliable flowcurves are essential for many FE models. The flowcurves are usually determined via tensile tests. Simple formulas applied to raw data obtained from tensile tests can only be considered reliable until necking. After the onset of necking stress and strain fields become three-dimensional and the assumption of stress uniaxiality is not valid anymore. At the University of Dunaújváros experiments were carried out to reveal the real behaviour of specimens during tensile tests by using specimens with rectangular cross-section having regular grid marks. By post-processing the photos of the deforming specimens taken during tests, using the Choung-Cho correction method the approximation of post-necking behaviour has been improved considerably over the not corrected case.

Onset of the necking has been studied via FE models for cylindrical specimens using the previously determined flowcurve. At the onset of the necking the Considère criterion is equivalent to the independence of the axial force from cross-section surface. Based on this criterion we created theoretical “flowcurves” used by FE analyses, resulting in identification of typical behaviours.
Characterization of friction between metal-polymer material pairs with different speeds and surface pressures
Authors: Kohlhéb R. , Horváth R , Réger M.
Published: October 2024

Engineering design requires accurate knowledge of the friction conditions of material pairs. The friction coefficient (static or dynamic) depends on many parameters in addition to the pairs of materials used (e.g. surface roughness, temperature, humidity, surface pressure, etc.). In this study, based on our own measurements, we present the friction conditions of an aluminum (Al 6082-T6) – polypropylene homopolymer surface pair under different surface loads (5-15 MPa) and different relative speed differences (4-8–48-96 mm/min). The results of the experiments show that the static and dynamic friction coefficients decrease with the increase of surface load. As relative speed increases, the dynamic coefficient of friction increases, while the static coefficient of friction can be considered constant.