bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Do Long Term Crop Rotations Influence Weed Populations: Exploring the Impacts of More than 50 Years of Crop Management in Serbia
Authors: Saulic Markola , Oveisi Mostafa , Djalovic Ivica , Bozic Dragana , Pishyar Alireza , Savić Aleksandra , Prasad PV Vara , Vrbničanin Sava
Published: July 2022

Crop rotation is known as an eco-friendlier approach, as provides diversification in crop management systems, modifies intensive pressure on the agricultural ecosystem, utilizes various soil horizons, and prevents the establishment of specific pests and weeds. We set out here a study on the farms that have been managed over 50 years of specific continuous crop management programs. The experimental treatments were in a different management system: monoculture of maize, winter wheat, and soybean, 2-year crop rotation (winter wheat–maize) with and without chemical fertilizer, and 3-year crop rotation (winter wheat–soybean–maize) with and without chemical fertilizer and manure. We took soil samples six times from 2014 to 2017 prior to sowing and after harvesting each year. Weed seeds were extracted from soils and identified and counted by species. We, upon the data of a long term experiment of crop rotation, could conclude that crop rotations with more crops in the sequence are significantly effective in maintaining weed populations, a low-input crop production could reach a constant low population below an important damaging density, and therefore will be a more sustainable crop production while chemical fertilizers would change the soil’s chemical and structure and imbalance the plant population diversity and manures with high weed seed infestations have the potential to totally eradicate crop rotation effects, Therefore, clean manures or compost are highly recommended.
Preliminary Considerations for Crime Scene Analysis in Cases of Animals Affected by Homemade Ammonium Nitrate and Aluminum Powder Anti-Personnel Landmines in Colombia: Characteristics and Effects
Authors: Gutiérrez Carlos Jaramillo , Roldán Gustavo Farías , Severin Krešimir , Orozco Ubicelio Martin , García Pilar Marín , González Víctor Toledo
Published: August 2022

During the armed conflict in Colombia, homemade improvised antipersonnel landmines were used to neutralize the adversary. Many active artifacts remain buried, causing damage to biodiversity by exploding. The extensive literature describes the effects and injuries caused to humans by conventional landmines. However, there is considerably less information on the behavior and effects of homemade antipersonnel landmines on fauna and good field investigation practices. Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of a controlled explosion of a homemade antipersonnel landmine (using ammonium nitrate as an explosive substance), to compare the effectiveness of some evidence search patterns used in forensic investigation, and to determine the effects on a piece of an animal carcass. The explosion generated a shock wave and an exothermic reaction, generating physical effects on the ground and surrounding structures near the point of explosion. The amputation of the foot in direct contact with the device during the explosion and multiple fractures were the main effects on the animal carcass. Finally, it was determined that finding evidence was more effective in a smaller search area. Many factors can influence the results, which must be weighed when interpreting the results, as discussed in this manuscript.
A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides
Authors: Guo Boyuan , He Xia , Ge Chunyu , Xue Min , Wang Jia , Longshaw Matt , Wang Jie , Liang Xiaofang
Published: July 2022

A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a natural gas fermentation bacterial meal (FeedKind®, FK) as a fishmeal (FM) alternative in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (48.0 ± 0.03 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated including one commercial control (C, 42% FM) and three experimental diets with gradient FK of 3% (FK3, 29%FM), 6% (FK6, 26%FM) and 9% (FK9, 23%FM), respectively. FK-fed groups showed significantly higher SR than that of C group. The WGR and SGR of fish fed FK3 and FK6 were significantly higher than those of FK9, but not statistical different from the C group. FK-fed groups showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients. Further, FK-fed groups increased the ratio of SOD/MDA in the plasma and liver, and the upregulation of intestinal Keap1 and downregulation of HIF1α was found in FK3. Furthermore, FK-fed groups showed higher microbial richness and diversity. Pearson correlation analysis found that antioxidant relevant biomarkers were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of certain potential beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplemented up to 3–6% FK replacing FM in a low FM diet of largemouth bass could increase growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and improve gut microbiota.
β3 Relaxant Effect in Human Bladder Involves Cystathionine γ-Lyase-Derived Urothelial Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Mitidieri Emma , Pecoraro Annalisa , Esposito Erika , Brancaleone Vincenzo , Turnaturi Carlotta , Napolitano Luigi , Mirone Vincenzo , Fusco Ferdinando , Cirino Giuseppe , Sorrentino Raffaella , Russo Giulia , Russo Annapina , d’Emmanuele di Villa Bianca Roberta
Published: July 2022

It is now well established that the urothelium does not act as a passive barrier but contributes to bladder homeostasis by releasing several signaling molecules in response to physiological and chemical stimuli. Here, we investigated the potential contribution of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway in regulating human urothelium function in β3 adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation. The relaxant effect of BRL 37344 (0.1–300 µM), a selective β3 adrenoceptor agonist, was evaluated in isolated human bladder strips in the presence or absence of the urothelium. The relaxant effect of BRL 37344 was significantly reduced by urothelium removal. The inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), but not cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), significantly reduced the BRL 37344 relaxing effect to the same extent as that given by urothelium removal, suggesting a role for CSE-derived H2S. β3 adrenoceptor stimulation in the human urothelium or in T24 urothelial cells markedly increased H2S and cAMP levels that were reverted by a blockade of CSE and β3 adrenoceptor antagonism. These findings demonstrate a key role for urothelium CSE-derived H2S in the β3 effect on the human bladder through the modulation of cAMP levels. Therefore, the study establishes the relevance of urothelial β3 adrenoceptors in the regulation of bladder tone, supporting the use of β3 agonists in patients affected by an overactive bladder.
Environmental Behavior and Remediation Methods of Roxarsone
Authors: Liu Yaci , Wen Mengtuo , Wu Lin , Cao Shengwei , Li Yasong
Published: July 2022

Roxarsone (ROX) is used extensively in the broiler chicken industry, and most is excreted in poultry litter. ROX degradation produces inorganic arsenic, which causes arsenic contamination of soil and aquatic environment. Furthermore, elevated arsenic concentrations are found in livers of chickens fed ROX. Microorganisms, light, and ions are the main factors that promote ROX degradation in the environment. The adsorption of ROX on different substances and its influencing factors have also been studied extensively. Additionally, the remediation method, combining adsorption and degradation, can effectively restore ROX contamination. Based on this, the review reports the ecological hazards, discussed the transformation and adsorption of ROX in environmental systems, documents the biological response to ROX, and summarizes the remediation methods of ROX contamination. Most previous studies of ROX have been focused on identifying the mechanisms involved under theoretical conditions, but more attention should be paid to the behavior of ROX under real environmental conditions, including the fate and transport of ROX in the real environment. ROX remediation methods at real contaminated sites should also be assessed and verified. The summary of previous studies on the environmental behavior and remediation methods of ROX is helpful for further research in the future.
Short-Term Passenger Flow Prediction of Urban Rail Transit Based on a Combined Deep Learning Model
Authors: Hou Zhongwei , Du Zixue , Yang Guang , Yang Zhen
Published: July 2022

It is difficult for a single model to simultaneously capture the nonlinear, correlation, and periodicity of data series in the passenger flow prediction of urban rail transit (URT). To better predict the short-term passenger flow of URT, based on the long short-term memory network (LSTM) model, a deep learning model prediction method combining the time convolution network (TCN) and the long short-term memory network (LSTM) based on machine learning is proposed. The model couples the external factors such as date attributes, weather conditions, and air quality, to improve the overall prediction performance and solve the difficulty of accurate prediction due to the large fluctuation and randomness of short-term passenger flow in rail transit. Using the swiping data and related weather information of some stations of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 3, the TCN-LSTM model is verified by an example, and the prediction results of the single LSTM model are given for comparison. The results show that the TCN-LSTM model can better predict the passenger flow characteristics of different stations at different times. Compared with the single LSTM model, the TCN-LSTM model has better prediction accuracy and data generalization ability.
Abdominal Adiposity Increases Lordosis and Doubles the Risk of Low Back Pain
Authors: Saludes Rebeca , Acevedo Paula , García Ignacio Zaragoza , Gómez Carrión Álvaro , Martínez Sebastián Carlos , Núñez Fernández Almudena , Seco-Armell Isabel , Sánchez-Gómez Rubén
Published: July 2022

Vertebral disorders have significant health and economic impacts, and due to aging and current lifestyle habits, there is a trend toward their increase. Obesity and the alignment of vertebral curvatures can be associated with back pain. Objective: This study aims to analyze whether general and abdominal obesity are associated with cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebral pain as well as increased or decreased values of cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebral curvatures. Methodology: Body composition, degree of vertebral curvature, and the perception of cervical, dorsal, and lumbar pain were evaluated in a study population of 301 people (>18 years old). Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of several variables of body composition on vertebral angles and cervical, dorsal, and lumbar pain. Results: Lumbar pain was the most prevalent (66.1%), mainly affecting women (70.9%). They were also shown to have greater lumbar angles (p < 0.001). The degrees of lumbar curvature increased, as did the BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Cervical and dorsal curvatures were increased by all the variables of adiposity and abdominal adiposity. It was found that people with abdominal obesity carried twice the risk of lower back pain than those without abdominal obesity (OR = 2.172, p < 0.05). In addition, an increased lumbar angle was related to an increased risk of low back pain (OR = 1.031, p < 0.05). Cervical pain, on the other hand, was associated with the waist-height index (OR = 0.948, p <0.01). Conclusions: This study shows that increased lumbar curvature and abdominal obesity may be risk factors for lower back pain. In addition, it shows an association between the amount of body and abdominal fat in relation to the degree of curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane. Investigating the effect of obesity on vertebral morphology and musculoskeletal disorders makes it possible to prescribe interventions and therapeutic strategies.
Modal Analysis of a Steel Truss Girder Cable-Stayed Bridge with Single Tower and Single Cable Plane
Authors: Zeng Yong , Zheng Huijun , Jiang Yuhang , Ran Jiuhong , He Xuan
Published: July 2022

The dynamic characteristics of bridge structures are important in wind stability analysis, seismic design, fatigue assessment, health inspection, and maintenance of bridge structures; however, the mechanical and dynamic properties of different bridge types are different. A long-span cable-stayed bridge has the advantages of large flexibility, long natural vibration period, low natural frequency, dense spectrum, and denser modal than those of general structures. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of a cable-stayed bridge with single pylon and single cable plane in the maximum cantilever stage and the complete bridge are analyzed. The single-tower cable-stayed bridge has some unique characteristics, such as lower cost, and a more beautiful appearance, but its torsional rigidity is lower, which increases the risk of wind damage and earthquake damage. Therefore, a finite element analysis of this bridge in the maximum cantilever state is carried out, and the influences of the main components’ rigidity, the inclination angles of the stayed cables, the supporting conditions, and the locations of the auxiliary piers are analyzed for the sustainability of this type of cable-stayed bridge. The analysis results show that a cable-stayed bridge with single pylon and single cable plane has more flexibility, and that the lateral rigidity and torsional rigidity are smaller. Structure rigidity, dip angles of the stayed cables, and positions of the auxiliary piers all have significant influences on the dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridges.
Fundamental Research on Detecting Contradictions in Requirements: Taxonomy and Semi-Automated Approach
Authors: Gärtner Alexander Elenga , Fay Tu-Anh , Göhlich Dietmar
Published: July 2022

Requirements documents can contain several thousand individual requirements. They must be error-free to avoid unnecessary complications and costs in the later product development stages. An important part of this is to identify contradictions between two requirements. The first step is therefore to define what contradictions are and in what form they can occur in requirement documents. In this paper the scientific theories regarding contradictions are discussed, concerning to their usefulness for the topic. In doing so, the Aristotelian Logic proved to provide the best basis for an application in the Requirements Engineering context. Based on this theory, we have created specific subtypes of contradictions to match them to the requirements engineering field. The identification of these subtypes is done by a formalization of the requirement sentences and a subsequent analysis by means of simple questions. To validate the method, industrial requirement documents were searched for contradictions. For each detected type of contradiction, we present an example of the detection process. Thereby, we show that the method is easy to apply and may also be used by non-specialists. Thus, our method provides a taxonomy as a basis for further research on automated contradiction detection as well as on automated quality analysis of requirements documents.
Understanding the Pivotal Role of the Vagus Nerve in Health from Pandemics
Authors: Rangon Claire-Marie , Niezgoda Adam
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic seems endless with the regular emergence of new variants. Is the SARS-CoV-2 virus particularly evasive to the immune system, or is it merely disrupting communication between the body and the brain, thus pre-empting homeostasis? Retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics, as well as prion disease, emphasizes the pivotal but little-known role of the 10th cranial nerve in health. Considering neuroimmunometabolism from the point of view of the vagus nerve, non-invasive bioengineering solutions aiming at monitoring and stimulating the vagal tone are subsequently discussed as the next optimal and global preventive treatments, far beyond pandemics.
Development of a New Radiation Shield for the Face and Neck of IVR Physicians
Authors: Sato Toshimitsu , Eguchi Yoichi , Yamazaki Chika , Hino Takanobu , Saida Toshikazu , Chida Koichi
Published: August 2022

Interventional radiology (IVR) procedures are associated with increased radiation exposure and injury risk. Furthermore, radiation eye injury (i.e., cataract) in IVR staff have also been reported. It is crucial to protect the eyes of IVR physicians from X-ray radiation exposure. Many IVR physicians use protective Pb eyeglasses to reduce occupational eye exposure. However, the shielding effects of Pb eyeglasses are inadequate. We developed a novel shield for the face (including eyes) of IVR physicians. The novel shield consists of a neck and face guard (0.25 mm Pb-equivalent rubber sheet, nonlead protective sheet). The face shield is positioned on the left side of the IVR physician. We assessed the shielding effects of the novel shield using a phantom in the IVR X-ray system; a radiophotoluminescence dosimeter was used to measure the radiation exposure. In this phantom study, the effectiveness of the novel device for protecting against radiation was greater than 80% in almost all measurement situations, including in terms of eye lens exposure. A large amount of scattered radiation reaches the left side of IVR physicians. The novel radiation shield effectively protects the left side of the physician from this scattered radiation. Thus, the device can be used to protect the face and eyes of IVR physicians from occupational radiation exposure. The novel device will be useful for protecting the face (including eyes) of IVR physicians from radiation, and thus could reduce the rate of radiation injury. Based on the positive results of this phantom study, we plan to perform a clinical experiment to further test the utility of this novel radiation shield for IVR physicians.
Biomanufacturing Biotinylated Magnetic Nanomaterial via Construction and Fermentation of Genetically Engineered Magnetotactic Bacteria
Authors: Xu Junjie , Ma Shijiao , Zheng Haolan , Pang Bo , Li Shuli , Li Feng , Feng Lin , Tian Jiesheng
Published: August 2022

Biosynthesis provides a critical way to deal with global sustainability issues and has recently drawn increased attention. However, modifying biosynthesized magnetic nanoparticles by extraction is challenging, limiting its applications. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize single-domain magnetite nanocrystals in their organelles, magnetosomes (BMPs), which are excellent biomaterials that can be biologically modified by genetic engineering. Therefore, this study successfully constructed in vivo biotinylated BMPs in the MTB Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense by fusing biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) with membrane protein MamF of BMPs. The engineered strain (MSR−∆F−BF) grew well and synthesized small-sized (20 ± 4.5 nm) BMPs and were cultured in a 42 L fermenter; the yield (dry weight) of cells and BMPs reached 8.14 g/L and 134.44 mg/L, respectively, approximately three-fold more than previously reported engineered strains and BMPs. The genetically engineered BMPs (BMP−∆F−BF) were successfully linked with streptavidin or streptavidin-labelled horseradish peroxidase and displayed better storage stability compared with chemically constructed biotinylated BMPs. This study systematically demonstrated the biosynthesis of engineered magnetic nanoparticles, including its construction, characterization, and production and detection based on MTB. Our findings provide insights into biomanufacturing multiple functional magnetic nanomaterials.
Identification and Expression Profile Analysis of the OSCA Gene Family Related to Abiotic and Biotic Stress Response in Cucumber
Authors: Yang Shuting , Zhu Chuxia , Chen Jingju , Zhao Jindong , Hu Zhaoyang , Liu Shiqiang , Zhou Yong
Published: July 2022

Calcium ions are important second messengers, playing an important role in the signal transduction pathways. Hyperosmolality gated calcium-permeable channels (OSCA) gene family members play critical modulating roles in response to osmotic-related abiotic stress as well as other abiotic and biotic stresses, which has been reported in many plant species such as Arabidopsis, rice, maize, and wheat. However, there has been no report about the identification and expression profile of the OSCA genes in cucumber. In this study, a total of nine OSCA genes were identified, which are unevenly distributed on the six chromosomes of cucumber. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the OSCAs of cucumber, Arabidopsis, rice and maize were clustered into four clades. The motif arrangement of CsOSCAs was strongly conserved, and the CsOSCA genes in each group had similar genetic structure. A total of 11 and 10 types of cis-elements related to hormone and stress, respectively, were identified in the promoter regions of CsOSCA genes. Gene expression analysis indicated that the CsOSCA genes have different expression patterns in various tissues, and some of them were regulated by three osmotic-related abiotic stresses (salt, drought and ABA) and three biotic stresses (powdery mildew, downy mildew, and root-knot nematode). As the first genome-wide identification and characterization of the OSCA gene family in cucumber, this study lays a foundation for research on the biological function and evolutionary process of this gene family, which is of great significance for exploiting stress resistant cucumber varieties.
Intrinsically Fluorescent Anti-Cancer Drugs
Authors: Kabir Md. Lutful , Wang Feng , Clayton Andrew H. A.
Published: July 2022

At present, about one-third of the total protein targets in the pharmaceutical research sector are kinase-based. While kinases have been attractive targets to combat many diseases, including cancer, selective kinase inhibition has been challenging, because of the high degree of structural homology in the active site where many kinase inhibitors bind. Despite efficacy as cancer drugs, kinase inhibitors can exhibit limited target specificity and rationalizing their target profiles in the context of precise molecular mechanisms or rearrangements is a major challenge for the field. Spectroscopic approaches such as infrared, Raman, NMR and fluorescence have the potential to provide significant insights into drug-target and drug-non-target interactions because of sensitivity to molecular environment. This review places a spotlight on the significance of fluorescence for extracting information related to structural properties, discovery of hidden conformers in solution and in target-bound state, binding properties (e.g., location of binding sites, hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobicity), kinetics as well as dynamics of kinase inhibitors. It is concluded that the information gleaned from an understanding of the intrinsic fluorescence from these classes of drugs may aid in the development of future drugs with improved side-effects and less disease resistance.
Spectrum of Rare and Common Genetic Variants in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients
Authors: Lippi Melania , Chiesa Mattia , Ascione Ciro , Pedrazzini Matteo , Mushtaq Saima , Rovina Davide , Riggio Daniela , Di Blasio Anna Maria , Biondi Maria Luisa , Pompilio Giulio , Colombo Gualtiero I. , Casella Michela , Novelli Valeria , Sommariva Elena
Published: July 2022

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare inherited disorder, whose genetic cause is elusive in about 50–70% of cases. ACM presents a variable disease course which could be influenced by genetics. We performed next-generation sequencing on a panel of 174 genes associated with inherited cardiovascular diseases on 82 ACM probands (i) to describe and classify the pathogenicity of rare variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics both for ACM-associated genes and for genes linked to other cardiovascular genetic conditions; (ii) to assess, for the first time, the impact of common variants on the ACM clinical disease severity by genotype-phenotype correlation and survival analysis. We identified 15 (likely) pathogenic variants and 66 variants of uncertain significance in ACM-genes and 4 high-impact variants in genes never associated with ACM (ABCC9, APOB, DPP6, MIB1), which deserve future consideration. In addition, we found 69 significant genotype-phenotype associations between common variants and clinical parameters. Arrhythmia-associated polymorphisms resulted in an increased risk of arrhythmic events during patients’ follow-up. The description of the genetic framework of our population and the observed genotype-phenotype correlation constitutes the starting point to address the current lack of knowledge in the genetics of ACM.
The Role of Hsp90-R2TP in Macromolecular Complex Assembly and Stabilization
Authors: Lynham Jeffrey , Houry Walid A.
Published: July 2022

Hsp90 is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone involved in many cell signaling pathways, and its interactions with specific chaperones and cochaperones determines which client proteins to fold. Hsp90 has been shown to be involved in the promotion and maintenance of proper protein complex assembly either alone or in association with other chaperones such as the R2TP chaperone complex. Hsp90-R2TP acts through several mechanisms, such as by controlling the transcription of protein complex subunits, stabilizing protein subcomplexes before their incorporation into the entire complex, and by recruiting adaptors that facilitate complex assembly. Despite its many roles in protein complex assembly, detailed mechanisms of how Hsp90-R2TP assembles protein complexes have yet to be determined, with most findings restricted to proteomic analyses and in vitro interactions. This review will discuss our current understanding of the function of Hsp90-R2TP in the assembly, stabilization, and activity of the following seven classes of protein complexes: L7Ae snoRNPs, spliceosome snRNPs, RNA polymerases, PIKKs, MRN, TSC, and axonemal dynein arms.
Selenocysteine Machinery Primarily Supports TXNRD1 and GPX4 Functions and Together They Are Functionally Linked with SCD and PRDX6
Authors: Santesmasses Didac , Gladyshev Vadim N.
Published: July 2022

The human genome has 25 genes coding for selenocysteine (Sec)-containing proteins, whose synthesis is supported by specialized Sec machinery proteins. Here, we carried out an analysis of the co-essentiality network to identify functional partners of selenoproteins and Sec machinery. One outstanding cluster included all seven known Sec machinery proteins and two critical selenoproteins, GPX4 and TXNRD1. Additionally, these nine genes were further positively associated with PRDX6 and negatively with SCD, linking the latter two genes to the essential role of selenium. We analyzed the essentiality scores of gene knockouts in this cluster across one thousand cancer cell lines and found that Sec metabolism genes are strongly selective for a subset of primary tissues, suggesting that certain cancer cell lineages are particularly dependent on selenium. A separate outstanding cluster included selenophosphate synthetase SEPHS1, which was linked to a group of transcription factors, whereas the remaining selenoproteins were linked neither to these clusters nor among themselves. The data suggest that key components of Sec machinery have already been identified and that their primary role is to support the functions of GPX4 and TXNRD1, with further functional links to PRDX6 and SCD.
PMMA Bone Cement: Antibiotic Elution and Mechanical Properties in the Context of Clinical Use
Authors: von Hertzberg-Boelch Sebastian Philipp , Luedemann Martin , Rudert Maximilian , Steinert Andre F.
Published: August 2022

This literature review discusses the use of antibiotic loaded polymethylmethacrylate bone cements in arthroplasty. The clinically relevant differences that have to be considered when antibiotic loaded bone cements (ALBC) are used either for long-term implant fixation or as spacers for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infections are outlined. In this context, in vitro findings for antibiotic elution and material properties are summarized and transferred to clinical use.
The First Identification in Italy of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 Harboring KSF141_del: A Genomic Comparison with Omicron Sub-Variants
Authors: Peronace Cinzia , Tallerico Rossana , Colosimo Manuela , Fazio Marco De , Pasceri Federica , Talotta Ilenia , Panduri Giuseppina , Pintomalli Letizia , Oteri Rosaria , Calantoni Valeria , Fiorillo Maria Teresa , Caroleo Maria Cristina , Curcio Rosita , Dolce Vincenza , Cione Erika , Minchella Pasquale
Published: August 2022

The rapid emergence and worldwide detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant underscore the importance of robust genomic surveillance systems and prompt information sharing among global public health partners. The Omicron variant has rapidly replaced the Delta variant as a dominating SARS-CoV-2 variant because of natural selection, favoring the variant with higher infectivity and stronger vaccine breakthrough capability. The Omicron variant is also known as B.1.1.529. It has four sub-variants, indicated as BA.1, BA.2, BA.3 and BA.4. Among them, BA.1 is the currently prevailing sub-variant, and BA.2 has been found to be able to alarmingly re-infect patients initially infected by Omicron BA.1. The BA.3 sub-variant is a combination of mutations of BA.1 and BA.2, especially in the spike protein. Today, the BA.4 variant is emerging, which is herein described, and it was the first detected in Italy. Via bioinformatic analysis, we are reporting that the BA.4 that was identified harbors a new mutation, specifically a deletion in the ORF1ab gene, corresponding to KSF141_del in non-structural protein 1 (nsp1), a critical virulence factor able to suppress host translation. The bioinformatics comparison analysis with the other three sub-variants reveals that the deletion was not present before and was never reported until now. Therefore, we can speculate that Omicron BA.4 will become a new dominating “variant of concern” and may also break vaccine protection. Moreover, we show that other proteins are mutated in the BA.4. In particular, seven mutations are recognized in the nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the capability of five different types of rapid antigenic tests are used to identify it.
Plasma Glycosaminoglycans in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Being Treated with Etanercept as Potential Biomarkers of Joint Dysfunction
Authors: Wojdas Magdalena , Dąbkowska Klaudia , Kuźnik-Trocha Kornelia , Wisowski Grzegorz , Lachór-Motyka Iwona , Komosińska-Vassev Katarzyna , Olczyk Krystyna , Winsz-Szczotka Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

We assessed the effect of two-year etanercept (ETA) therapy on the metabolism of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods: We performed a quantitative evaluation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (performed by the multistage extraction and purification method) in blood obtained from patients before and during 24 months of ETA treatment, as potential biomarker of joint dysfunction and indicators of biological effectiveness of therapy. Since the metabolism of GAGs is related to the activity of proteolytic enzymes and prooxidant–antioxidant factors, we decided to evaluate the relationship between GAGs and the levels of metalloproteinases (MMP), i.e., MMP-1 and MMP-3 (using immunoenzymatic methods), as well as the total antioxidative status (TAS) (using the colorimetric method) in blood of the JIA patients. Results: When compared to the controls, GAGs and TAS concentrations were significantly lower in patients with an aggressive course of JIA qualified for ETA treatment. MMP-1 and MMP-3 levels were significantly higher versus control values. An anti-cytokine therapy leading to clinical improvement does not lead to the normalization of any of the assessed parameters. GAGs concentration is significantly related to MMP-1, MMP-3, TAS, TOS, and CRP levels. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the necessity of constant monitoring of the dynamics of destructive processes of articular cartilage in children with JIA. We suggest that GAGs may be a useful biomarker to assess the clinical status of the extracellular matrix of joints.
Central Lymph Node Ratio Predicts Recurrence in Patients with N1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kang Il Ku , Kim Kwangsoon , Park Joonseon , Bae Ja Seong , Kim Jeong Soo
Published: July 2022

The lymph node ratio (LNR) indicates the number of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) to the total number of LNs. The prognostic value of LNR in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and other solid tumors is known. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LNR and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with PTC with lateral LN metastases (N1b PTC). A total of 307 patients with N1b PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and therapeutic central and lateral LN dissection were retrospectively analyzed. The DFS and recurrence risk in the patients with LNR, central-compartment LNR (CLNR), and lateral-compartment LNR (LLNR) were compared. The mean follow-up duration was 93.6 ± 19.9 months. Eleven (3.6%) patients experienced recurrence. Neither LNR nor LLNR affected the recurrence rate in our analysis (p = 0.058, p = 0.106, respectively). However, there was a significant difference in the recurrence rates between the patients with low and high CLNR (2.1% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.017). In the multivariate analysis, CLNR ≥ 0.7 and perineural invasion were independent predictors of tumor recurrence. High CLNR was associated with an increased risk of recurrence, and was shown to be a significant predictor of prognosis in patients with N1b PTC.
Effects of Sintering Parameters on the Low-Temperature Densification of GDC Electrolyte Based on an Orthogonal Experiment
Authors: Zhang Mengru , An Lisha , Wang Enhua , Wang Hewu , Ouyang Minggao , Hu Haoran
Published: July 2022

A solid oxide fuel cell is a high-efficiency power device in hydrogen energy utilization. The durability and dynamic performance of metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS-SOFCs) are superior to those of electrolyte- or electrode-supported cells, with many potential applications. Gadolinium-doped cerium (GDC) has a high oxygen ionic conductivity, making it suitable to act as the electrolyte in MS-SOFCs operating at 500–650 °C. However, the low-temperature sintering of GDC is difficult for MS-SOFCs. In this study, the factors affecting the low-temperature densification of GDC are analyzed based on an orthogonal experimental method. The shrinking rates of 16 experiments are determined. The effects of the particle diameter, pressure of the uniaxial press machine, sintering temperature, and fractions of aid and binder are estimated. The results of a range analysis indicate that the content of sintering aid has the greatest impact on the low-temperature densification of GDC, followed by the powder diameter and the uniaxial pressure. A maximum shrinking rate of 46.99% is achieved with a temperature of 1050 °C.
Quantitative Correlation between Adsorbed and Condensed Water Mass with Response Galvanic Current Detected at the Micron Gap of Galvanic-Coupled Arrays
Authors: Mekawy Moataz , Terada Eiji , Kawakita Jin
Published: August 2022

Sensor surfaces with micron- and nano-gap scales possess high surface-to-volume ratio which greatly affects their contribution towards water adsorption and condensation. However, the quantitative relationship between adsorbed water molecules and condensed water droplets remains unclear. In this study, we used the humidity-based detected galvanic current within the micron gaps of our newly developed moisture sensor chip (MSC) to emphasize the quantitative relationship between adsorbed water molecules and condensed water droplets. The mass of adsorbed water molecules was detected using a quartz-crystal-microbalance electrode (QCM) whereas the mass of condensed water droplets was estimated microscopically based on their occupying volumes at MSC surface. Experimental results demonstrated that the minimum detection limit of MSC under these experimental conditions was ~150 ng/cm2 for adsorbed water molecules and ~700 ng/ cm2 for condensed water droplets. The detected-response galvanic current arises when a water bridges between two adjacent arrays is found to be linearly correlated to the adsorbed and/or the condensed water’s mass. Such correlation is believed to provide a feasible long-range sensor that can distinguish the status of its surface-existing water either in adsorbed molecular or condensed droplet-wise regimes.
Imidazole-Based Monomer as Functional Unit for the Specific Detection of Paraxanthine in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Anastasiadi Rozalia-Maria , Traldi Federico , Resmini Marina
Published: August 2022

In the context of personalized medicine, the paraxanthine-to-caffeine ratio is an accepted standard for the optimization of the dose-response effect of many pharmaceuticals in individual patients. There is a strong drive towards the development of cheaper and portable devices for the detection of biomarkers, including paraxanthine and caffeine, which requires materials with high binding efficiency and specificity. We designed a recognition unit specific for paraxanthine which can discriminate molecules with small structural differences and can be used to increase the sensitivity of sensors. A number of functional units were screened by nuclear magnetic resonance for their ability to form specific binding interactions with paraxanthine in water and negligible interactions with its structural analogue caffeine. Imidazole was identified as the unit showing the most promising results and its two polymerizable derivatives were evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry to identify the best monomer. The data suggested that 4-vinylimidazole was the most promising unit forming specific and strong binding interaction with paraxanthine. The calorimetry experiments allowed also the determination of the thermodynamic parameters of all interactions and the association constant values. Optimization of polymerization protocols in water, achieving high monomer conversions and chemical yields, demonstrate the suitability of the selected functional monomer for polymer preparations, targeting the detection of paraxanthine in aqueous environments.
How to Cope with the Ponseti Method for Clubfoot: The Families’ Standpoint
Authors: Dibello Daniela , Colin Giulia , Galimberti Anna Maria Chiara , Torelli Lucio , Di Carlo Valentina
Published: August 2022

(1) Background: The Ponseti Method is the gold standard for the treatment of congenital clubfoot. It is a low-cost treatment consisting in a series of plaster casts, a percutaneous Achilles’ tenotomy and a Mitchell Ponseti brace to wear with a definite protocol. This treatment allows children to be with their families instead of being hospitalized. This advantage is also a challenge for the families that have to follow the protocol at home. This paper aims to analyze the perception, the difficulties and the overcomes of the families during the treatment. (2) Methods: We used a 41 questions questionnaire by Nogueira and Morquende. Questions were answered by families who had already finished the treatment or were still following it. (3) Results: We interviewed 92 families. The worst handling phase appeared to be the cast phase, while the brace seemed more bearable. In total, 57 families overrated tenotomy; (4) Conclusions: Families perceived the Ponseti Method as a quality treatment. The anxiety about the diagnosis played a strong role, but none of the difficulties encountered decreased the treatment outcomes or affected families’ adherence to the protocol. The open-ended answers highlighted that the positive relationship with doctors played a key role in the everyday compliance and the achievement of good results.
Split Notochord Syndrome with Spinal Column Duplication and Spinal Cord Lipoma: A Case Report
Authors: Alelyani Fayez , Aronyk Keith , Alghamdi Hashim , Alnaami Ibrahim
Published: August 2022

Background and Importance: Split notochord syndrome (SNS) is an exceedingly rare type of spinal dysraphism. SNS is sometimes associated with other congenital dysraphic defects but, as in our case, the association with spinal cord lipoma, tethered cord, and spinal deformity in the form of spinal column duplication would be exceedingly rare. Herein, the authors report a three-year-old child presented with SNS associated with complex spinal deformity and other associated congenital anomalies. The patient underwent microsurgical release of the tethering element with excellent short- and long-term outcomes. Clinical Presentation: A male newborn with healthy nonconsanguineous parents was born with multiple gastrointestinal and genitourinary anomalies, and duplicated vertebral columns at the lumbosacral area consistent with split notochord syndrome. The patient was initially managed for the gastrointestinal and genitourinary anomalies. As there was no obvious neurological deficit initially, the neurosurgical intervention was postponed till the child reached 30 months of age, when he underwent uneventful release of both spinal cords at their spit point. Conclusions: SNS is an exceedingly rare developmental anomaly that is usually associated with varying degrees of complex congenital dysraphic defects. Early clinical diagnosis, understanding of the pathophysiology of spinal cord tethering, and microsurgical cord untethering are the important steps in optimal management.
Reference Values of Spatial and Temporal Gait Parameters in a Contemporary Sample of Spanish Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Latorre-Román Pedro Ángel , Párraga-Montilla Juan Antonio , Robles-Fuentes Alejandro , Roche-Seruendo Luis Enrique , Lucena-Zurita Manuel , Muñoz-Jiménez Marcos , Manjón-Pozas Daniel , Salas-Sánchez Jesús , da Conceição Filipe Almeida , Consuegra González Pedro José
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of age and sex on kinematic gait parameters in preschool children, and derive reference values for this population. A total of 383 preschool children (age 3–5 years; 207 girls, 176 boys) participated in this study. We used the OptoGait system to assess the kinematics of gait at a comfortable and self-determined speed. No significant differences between the sexes were found for the main gait parameters. Among the participants, there was a significant increase in double support, reductions in absolute cadence and the coefficient of variation (CV) of cadence, an increase in absolute step length (SL), and an increase in the walk ratio (WR) from 3 to 5 years of age. However, the normalized SL and normalized WR displayed a significant reduction in both sexes. Partial correlation indicated a significant association of age with SL and normalized SL, and WR. Additionally, WR showed a significant correlation with the CV of cadence. To summarize, no relevant differences in gait performance were found according to sex; however, age was found to influence gait maturation. The normative values established for Spanish preschool children can be used to monitor healthy gait development.
External Male Genitalia in Henoch–Schönlein Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Montorfani-Janett Valentina M. L. , Montorfani Gabriele E. , Lavagno Camilla , Gualco Gianluca , Bianchetti Mario G. , Milani Gregorio P. , Lava Sebastiano A. G. , Cristallo Lacalamita Marirosa
Published: August 2022

The external genitalia are notoriously implicated in every fifth male with Henoch–Schönlein syndrome. Nonetheless, the underlying conditions are poorly categorized. To characterize the involvement of the external male genitalia in this vasculitis, we performed a systematic review of the literature. For the final analysis, we selected 85 reports published between 1972 and 2022, which reported on 114 Henoch–Schönlein cases (≤ 18 years, N = 104) with a penile (N = 18), a scrotal (N = 77), or both a penile and a scrotal (N = 19) involvement. The genital involvement mostly appeared concurrently with or after the cutaneous features of Henoch–Schönlein syndrome, while it preceded the presentation of Henoch–Schönlein syndrome in 10 cases. Patients with penile involvement (N = 37) presented with swelling (N = 26), erythema (N = 23), and purpuric rash (N = 15). Most patients were otherwise asymptomatic except for transient micturition disorders (N = 2) or priapism (N = 2). Patients with scrotal involvement (N = 96) presented with pain (N = 85), swelling (N = 79), erythema (N = 42), or scrotal purpura (N = 22). The following scrotal structures were often involved: scrotal skin (N = 83), epididymis (N = 49), and testes (N = 39). An ischemic testicular damage was noted in nine patients (four with torsion and five without). The scrotal skin involvement was mostly bilateral, while that of the epididymis and testis were mostly (p < 0.0001) unilateral (with a significant predilection for the left side). In conclusion, this analysis allows for better categorization of the involvement of external male genitalia in Henoch–Schönlein vasculitis. Scrotal involvement can result from skin inflammation, epididymitis, orchitis, or testicular ischemia.
Electrochemical Discharge Behavior of As-Cast Mg-x Sn Alloys as Anodes for Primary Mg-Air Batteries
Authors: Guo Chunrong , Wang Tong , Hu Wenyi , Le Qichi , Zhang Yongjian , Zou Qi , Le Taihe
Published: July 2022

The microstructural characteristics of cast Mg-x Sn (x = 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 wt.% and 4.0 wt.%) alloys were systematically evaluated, as well as the electrochemical behavior and discharge properties in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The micro-morphological results show that the grains are obviously refined and the Mg2Sn phase distribution is uniform with the increase of Sn content. In the four tested alloys, the effect of Sn content on the corrosion resistance of the alloys was found to be bidirectional by using the loss-in-weight method and electrochemical measurements. Among them, Mg-2.5Sn exhibits higher corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The decrease of the self-corrosion rate of Mg-x Sn alloy is mainly due to the formation of a SnO2 protective film, which inhibits the expansion of pitting corrosion. In addition, an appropriate amount of Mg2Sn can weaken the self-corrosion behavior. Mg-1Sn exhibits the highest anode efficiency and discharge capacity of 56.11% and 1245.72 mAh·g−1, respectively. Mg-0.5Sn shows the highest peak energy density, which is 1258.78 mWh·g−1.The maximum average discharge voltage of Mg-2.5Sn is 1.461 V.