bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Comparison Between Oxidation Stability Test Methods for Turbine Oils
Authors: Pach M , Zobel HK , Norrby T
Published: April 2006

Traditionally, long established oxidation tests such as TOST (ASTM D 943-03) and RPVOT (ASTM D 2272-02) in combination with the acid number (ASTM D 974-03) test has been used to screen the oxidation stability of turbine oils. Lately, nevertheless, a new voltammetric method has been applied to measure the remaining useful life (RUL) of turbine oils, RULER™ (ASTM D 6971-03) as it uses microlitre amounts of sample and needs only a short testing time. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the RULER™ voltammetric test in comparison to the standing oxidation turbine methods, TOST and RPVOT. Three fully formulated commercially available oils were studied; two were based on synthetic esters and one was mineral oil based. In addition, other oils were tested in our laboratories in Norway and Sweden in order to investigate the correlation between RULER™ and RPVOT oxidation stability tests. Field samples were also used to evaluate those methods. Although those studies have been worthwhile, reaching a definite conclusion regarding correlations has proven to be somewhat difficult. It is clear, however, that by a careful methodology, a useful correlation for the investigated oil types may be obtained. For example, guide limits for RULER™ results and their correlation to RPVOT values were established.
Separation of trivalent actinides from lanthanides in an acetate buffer solution using Cyanex 301
Authors: Law Jack D. , Peterman Dean R. , Todd Terry A. , Tillotson Richard D.
Published: April 2006

The separation of trivalent actinides from the lanthanides using the active extractant in the Cyanex 301 reagent, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid, was studied. Specifically, the extractant was studied with an ammonium acetate/acetic acid buffered feed that would result from a transuranic separation process utilizing an ammonium acetate strip solution. Separation factors of241Am from154Eu with this extractant, as a function of total acetate concentration and pH, have been measured. Additionally, the extraction behavior of stable La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu was measured. Separation factors were typically very high for Am from Eu at a pH ranging from 3.8 to 5.8 and a total acetate concentration ranging from 0.2 M to 1.0 M. However, separation factors across the lanthanide series varied considerably and resulted in separation of the lighter lanthanides from the heavier lanthanides at the higher pH′s.
Transient Hemophagocytosis With Deficient Cellular Cytotoxicity, Monoclonal Immunoglobulin M Gammopathy, Increased T-Cell Numbers, and HypomorphicNEMOMutation
Authors: Schmid Jana M. Pachlopnik , Junge Sonja A. , Hossle Johann Peter , Schneider E. Marion , Roosnek Eddy , Seger Reinhard A. , Gungor Tayfun
Published: April 2006

X-linked osteopetrosis, anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia, and immunodeficiency (XL-O-EDA-ID) is a disorder that is caused by hypomorphic mutations in the nuclear factor κB essential modulator (NEMO). These mutations lead to an impaired NF-κB activation. In vitro analyses and studies in animal models show that inhibition of NF-κB leads to a decrease of cytokine production and T-cell proliferation. Patients classically display poor or delayed inflammatory response to infections. We describe a boy with XL-O-EDA-ID, 1167-1168insC NEMO mutation, and recurrent infections. In early infancy, he experienced hemophagocytosis with transient deficiency of natural killer activity. Increased immunoglobulin M levels in blood resulted from a monoclonal immunoglobulin M gammopathy. Blood T-cell numbers were constantly increased, most probably resulting from a peripheral T-cell expansion. Our observations suggest that patients with hypomorphic NEMO mutations and repeated infections may experience inflammatory dysregulation.
Intracellular Replication of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish Macrophages
Authors: Booth Natha J. , Elkamel Ahmad , Thune Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

The ability of Edwardsiella ictaluri to enter, survive, and replicate in head kidney−derived macrophages from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was investigated in vitro. Primary macrophage cultures were exposed to E. ictaluri and were sampled after 0 (90 min postinfection), 4, 8, and 12 h. The data indicated that bacterial numbers for E. ictaluri increased 2.6-, 5.1-, and 7.1-fold after 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation, respectively. Microscopic examination of infected cell cultures revealed numerous intracellular bacteria that were contained within clear, spacious vacuoles. Opsonization with normal serum resulted in significantly greater internalization of E. ictaluri at 0 h compared with pretreatment with heat-inactivated serum or no serum at the same time point, and bacteria pretreated with normal serum maintained significantly greater numbers than those in the other treatments after 4 and 8 h. Opsonization, however, did not affect the ability of E. ictaluri to replicate once the cell was entered, as there were statistically significant increases in bacterial numbers at all time points regardless of the serum pretreatment.
Comparison of Creel Survey Methods on Missouri River Reservoirs
Authors: Soupir Craig A. , Brown Michael L. , Stone Cliff C. , Lott John P.
Published: April 2006

When creel survey methods such as noncontact aerial designs are applied to large water bodies, they are often biased because of scheduling difficulties and flight reductions made to reduce cost. An aerial creel survey has been used to estimate fishing pressure on South Dakota's Missouri River reservoirs since 1975. We compared fishing pressure estimates from aerial and bus route designs and examined the effect of count frequency on variance and point estimates. A total of 71,400 (observed and unadjusted) and 94,298 angler-hours were estimated on Lake Francis Case during June 2000 by use of the aerial and bus route methods, respectively. Aerial boat and shoreline fishing pressure estimates were 65,845 angler-hours (95% confidence interval (CI) = 25,770) and 5,554 angler-hours (95% CI = ±2,436), respectively. Bus route boat and shore fishing pressure estimates were 82,671 angler-hours (95% CI = ±14,878) and 11,627 angler-hours (95% CI = ±6,618), respectively. Analyses indicated that reservoir zone, day type, and type of fishing were significant main effects (P < 0.001), which supported spatial and temporal stratification in the sampling design. Within-strata comparisons of fishing pressure estimates from the two surveys did not reveal any significant differences (0.09 < P < 0.99). Although the bus route method led to 22,898 more angler-hours of fishing pressure than the aerial method, the bus route method estimated total fishing pressure with higher precision because the day-to-day variation in fishing pressure estimates was comparatively lower than that of the aerial estimates. The aerial and bus route methods both estimated shoreline fishing pressure with lower confidence than for boat fishing pressure; this was probably the result of overall low shoreline fishing pressure and high day-to-day shoreline fishing pressure variability. Bootstrap analysis and nonlinear regression indicated breakpoints in variance estimates between six and seven counts for both survey methods. Therefore, a minimum of eight counts per month was required to produce stable variance and point estimates with an acceptable level of confidence for either survey design.
Restoration of a Montane Reservoir Fishery via Biomanipulation and Nutrient Addition
Authors: Perrin C. J. , Rosenau Marvin L. , Stables T. Brock , Ashley K. I.
Published: April 2006

An innovative coupling of nutrient addition and biomanipulation strategies was applied to Wahleach Reservoir in southwestern British Columbia to successfully restore fish populations. Kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka were historically abundant in the reservoir, but the population collapsed over 2 decades. This decline in kokanee abundance and a concurrent decline in the catch rates of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss coincided with the occurrence of trophic depression in the aging reservoir. It also coincided with the onset of food competition with threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus that were illegally introduced in the 1970s. In 1995 through 2000, the reservoir was fertilized with liquid fertilizer with compositions of 10–34–0 and 28–0−0 at an annual P load of up to 225 mg/m2 of lake water (late May through September) at a molar N:P ratio of 25 in 1995, declining to 13 in 2000. Up to 50,000 age-0 kokanee (up to 4.5 g) and approximately 20,000 triploid cutthroat trout O. clarkii were released annually into the reservoir over 4 years. The nutrient addition increased the biomass of fish food organisms, particularly the cladoceran Daphnia rosea. During the years of fish stocking, the abundance of threespine sticklebacks declined by 94%, in part because of predation by the introduced cutthroat trout. Three age-classes of kokanee were reestablished in the reservoir from the stocking efforts. The cutthroat trout grew to sizes of up to 45 cm. With a sustained population of rainbow trout, the two trout species supported a revitalized recreational fishery that also included kokanee in the final year of study. Our results suggest that bottom-up and top-down control mechanisms can be linked to achieve fish population restoration in ultra-oligotrophic reservoirs subject to trophic depression and predominance by introduced nuisance species.
Jay Custer's Hyperreality
Authors: Lepper Bradley T.
Published: April 2006

My relations with the Indians of [Cochiti] are very friendly. Sharing their food, their hardships, and their pleasures simple as they are, a mutual attachment has formed itself, which grows into sincere affection. …On the whole they are the best people the sun shines upon (Adolph Bandelier, quoted in Thomas, 1998:59).
Topical Alprostadil for the Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Authors: Costabile Raymond A
Published: April 2006

Female sexual dysfunction is a common disorder that is present in over 40% of women in the USA. An evaluation of female sexual dysfunction differs greatly from male erectile dysfunction in that female sexual dysfunction is a very general term that encompasses a variety of sexual complaints in women, rather than a specific physiological disorder. No pharmacological treatment is presently approved for the treatment of the myriad of disorders that are involved in female sexual dysfunction. One of the more common disorders of female sexual dysfunction involves disturbances in objective or subjective sexual arousal. Sexual arousal in women has a central component and a peripheral, or vulvar, component. Disorders in vulvar blood flow and stimulation may lead to decreased genital and central arousal. A logical corollary of this statement is that an improvement in local blood flow by the use of a local or systemic vasodilator may lead to an increase in overall sexual arousal and an increase in sexual satisfaction. This article will explore the use of topical alprostadil as a local vasodilator to improve sexual arousal and sexual satisfaction in women with female sexual arousal disorder.
Pregnancy, Smoking and Birth Outcomes
Authors: Delpisheh Ali , Brabin Loretta , Brabin Bernard J
Published: April 2006

This review summarizes the epidemiology and consequences of maternal smoking in pregnancy, with emphasis on the adverse effects on birth outcomes. In developed countries, approximately 15%, and in developing countries, approximately 8% of women smoke cigarettes, and adolescents and women from lower socioeconomic groups are more likely than other women to smoke while pregnant. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the largest modifiable risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction. A meta-analysis of recent studies showed that the pooled estimate for reduction of mean birthweight was 174 g (95% confidence limits 132–220 g). Other studies confirm a weaker association between maternal smoking and preterm birth. The population attributable risk of low birthweight due to maternal smoking in the UK is estimated to be 29–39%. Tobacco smoke toxins damage the placenta and may lead to placental abruption, abortion or placenta praevia. Infants of mothers who smoke in pregnancy are at an increased risk of respiratory complications including asthma, obesity and, possibly, behavioral disorders. These effects may be dose-related, as there is good evidence that mean birthweight decrements are greater with increased numbers of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy. Cotinine is a useful indicator of tobacco smoke exposure in pregnant women and higher levels in body fluids have been related to lower birthweights. Maternal genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P ( CYP)450 and glutathione- S-transferase ( GST) subfamilies of metabolic genes influence the magnitude of the effect of nicotine exposure on birth outcomes through their influence on nicotine metabolism. Greatly increased risk of cigarette smoke-induced diseases, including low birthweight, has been found in individuals with susceptible genotypes. Interventions to control maternal smoking are also considered.
Testosterone and Libido in Surgically and Naturally Menopausal Women
Authors: Alexander Jeanne L , Dennerstein Lorraine , Burger Henry , Graziottin Alessandra
Published: April 2006

The assessment and then treatment of a change in libido, or a change in the desire to partake in sexual activity, during the menopausal transition and beyond has been a challenging and elusive area of clinical research. This is partly due to the multidimensional nature of female sexuality, the difficulties of measuring testosterone in women in a reliable and accurate manner, and the complexity of the neurobiology and neurobehavior of female sexual desire. In addition, there is a lack of evidence for diagnostic specificity of low free testosterone levels for the symptom of low libido in women for whom there are no confounding interpersonal or psychological factors; although, in the symptomatic population of surgically or naturally menopausal women, a low level of free testosterone often accompanies a complaint of reduced desire/libido. The randomized clinical trial research on testosterone replacement for naturally and/or surgically menopausal women with sexual dysfunction has been criticized for a high placebo response rate, supraphysiological replacement levels of testosterone, the perception of modest clinical outcome when measuring objective data such as the frequency of sexual intercourse relative to placebo, and the unknown safety of long-term testosterone replacement in the estrogen-replete surgically or naturally menopausal woman. A careful review of current evidence from randomized, controlled trials lends support to the value of the replacement of testosterone in the estrogen-replete menopausal woman for whom libido and desire has declined. The issue of long-term safety remains to be answered.
Early Bookkeeping and its Development into Accounting
Authors: Edwards James Don
Published: April 2006

The transition from simple record keeping to accounting more or less in the form we know it today took many hundreds of years, though most of the basic developments had occurred by early Renaissance times. The advance of the art was intimately linked with a growing literature, the advancement of status, and other recognizable signs of maturing professionalism.
Sir George Touche, Bart., C.A. 1861–1935: A Memoir
Authors: Murphy Mary E.
Published: April 2006

The career of this influential accountant illuminates, with colorful Victorian overtones, the beginnings of the investment trust movement and the heyday of British international investment.
Louis Houck: Opponent and Imitator of Jay Gould
Authors: Doherty William Thomas
Published: April 2006

History has recorded many instances where inconspicuous competitive units have achieved success in opposing mighty combinations of power. The thesis has been voiced that even in periods of wildest competition the small businessman has not been entirely hapless. His size has been a political asset, and very early he learned to exploit that asset to the utmost. Louis Houck, the Missouri railroader, played the part of David; his Goliath was none other than Jay Gould. Houck not only made capital of his economic vulnerability, but boldly employed the very tactics for which the public was condemning his formidable adversary.
The Origins and Establishment of the First Bank of the United States
Authors: Morgan H.Wayne
Published: April 2006

In the early days of the Republic, opposition to a national bank derived from fear, ignorance, and a basic cleavage of prophecy. To many persons banks were synonymous with speculation; others viewed them as “aristocratic engines” designed to advance the interests of the few over those of the many. Most important, however, was the discrepancy of viewpoints between those who envisaged an agricultural nation and those who already sensed the embryonic stirrings of a vast industrial economy. To the htter, a strong central bank seemed indispensable. The struggle to establish the First Bank of the United States emphasized the rural-urban cleavage that was to influence much nineteenth-century history. It was also a conspicuous early recourse to implied Constitutional powers, anathema to States' Rights defenders and a great hope of businessmen in a still feeble nation.
Frederick Taylor and Frank Gilbreth: Competition in Scientific Management
Authors: Nadworny Milton J.
Published: April 2006

The vital task of measuring jobs in order to establish equitable incentive wage rates is usually accomplished by a combination of techniques involving both time and motion studies. Yet for many years a highly personal competition between leading exponents of each type of study prevented a union of techniques from taking place. In the early days of the scientific management movement, Frank Gilbreth was a fierce admirer of Frederick W. Taylor, but Taylor and his disciples rejected Gilbreth, whose micromotion techniques came into competition with the Taylorites' stop watches. Thereby scientific management was split into two antagonistic camps and the course of the movement decisively influenced.
Academic Education for Business: Its Development and the Contribution of Ignaz Jastrow (1856–1937): In Commemoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of Jastrow's Birth
Authors: Redlich Fritz
Published: April 2006

A study of the career of Ignaz Jastrow, guiding spirit of the BerlinHandelshochschule, invites attention to the broader subject of academic education for business. There was a close relationship between the educational philosophy embodied in the founding of the Berlin school in 1906 and in that of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1908. This relationship was not accidental, and establishment of these two institutions constituted a decisive point in a long history, beginning in the eighteenth century. Over the years, the basic difficulty had been that of endeavoring to raise professional training for business above the secondary school level. In those instances during the nineteenth century where university-level training was attempted, the result was overemphasis on the general background of business. In 1900, despite the many promising experiments in European countries and America, a sound foundation for high-level business training was still lacking. Jastrow'sHandelshochschulewas the first institution that focused on the real world of business and at the same time was truly academic in nature. This same combination was also effected at Harvard, where the basic objectives were implemented by reformed teaching techniques and by a continuing program of research upon business subjects.
Standard Oil in Indonesia, 1898–1928
Authors: Reed Peter Mellish
Published: April 2006

For many years Americans engaged in business abroad at their own risk, unaided in any important way by the backing of their government. When confronted with the forces of national self-interest, they faced frustration. Then the policy of the United States, aware of its economic responsibilities and opportunities and dangers, swung to their support. The new diplomacy was not always adept, but it produced remarkable changes. These are exemplified in the thirty-year history of American efforts to gain an entry to the oilfields of the Netherlands East Indies. The files of the Department of State provide an intimate and unique view both of motivations and the mechanisms of change.
Charles Elliott Perkins
Authors: Overton R. C.
Published: April 2006

Conventional for the time in his basic economic thinking, Charles Elliott Perkins was nevertheless enough of an intellectual to discern flaws in the philosophies of natural law and free competition. Creative, literate, retiring, dedicated to enlightenment but realistic about the limitations of public education, Perkins was anything but the conventional business figure of his generation. The personal background here set forth brings into sharp focus the hitherto hazy image of one of America's great railroad leaders.
Origins of the American Tobacco Company
Authors: Porter Patrick G.
Published: April 2006

During the 188's and 1890's, the innovations of James Buchanan Duke first disrupted and then rationalized the American tobacco industry. Duke's career and the early history of his American Tobacco Co. serve as case studies in both the history of business administration and in the coming of “big business” to the United States.
Social Welfare and Business: The Krupp Welfare Program, 1860–1914
Authors: McCreary Eugene C.
Published: April 2006

Wolf Schneider has written that no other great industrialist of the nineteenth century “esteemed the personal freedom of his workers so little and their material well-being so highly” as did Alfred Krupp. Professor McCreary examines this counterpoint of humanitarianism and self-interest which produced some of Germany's “first steps toward industrial social responsibility.”
The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924
Authors: Fearon Peter
Published: April 2006

Although early British aircraft manufacturers attempted to exploit the private, civil aviation, and export markets for their products, the military market became the most important one by World War I. Mr. Fearon shows that the aircraft industry was largely dependent on military orders, but that government policy in this area tended to retard rather than promote progress and growth. It was only the optimism of the pioneer firms about the future which made the expansion of the industry possible.
A Glasgow Firm in the Indian Market: John Lean and Sons, Muslin Weavers
Authors: Slaven Anthony
Published: April 2006

This paper sketches the formation and expansion of a Scottish company engaged in the Indian trade, and follows its attempts to formulate policies to meet the changing demands of an overseas market known only through long delayed and often conflicting reports from abroad.
The Supply of Muskets and Spain's War of Independence
Authors: La Force J. Clayburn
Published: April 2006

Professor La Force traces the frustrated efforts of the Spanish revolutionary government to arm its forces against the invading army of Napoleon.
The Development of Modern Financial Reporting Practices among American Manufacturing Corporations
Authors: Hawkins David F.
Published: April 2006

From nineteenth-century traditions of corporate secrecy, American manufacturers have moved slowly toward more public and credible financial disclosure practices. Professor Hawkins examines the variety of pressures from the business community, the accounting profession, the government, and the public which has impelled this movement and governed its direction and tempo.
Money and Banking in a “Bankless” State: Iowa, 1846–1857
Authors: Erickson Erling A.
Published: April 2006

During the first half of the nineteenth century, a number of American states prohibited the establishment of banks of issue within their borders. In theory, these states seemingly opted for the slow economic development associated with an inelastic currency supply. In the case of Iowa, however, the people's demand for an elastic currency was met by the creation of substitute financial institutions — land agency-banks — that functioned as de facto banks of issue.
“Peacefully Working to Conquer the World:” The Singer Manufacturing Company in Foreign Markets, 1854–1889
Authors: Davies Robert B.
Published: April 2006

In the mid-1860's, Singer became the first American firm to produce and market extensively in Europe. Without using government aid, the company built an aggressive and effective organization which became a model for other overseas operations. Professor Davies traces Singer's foreign undertakings from their modest beginnings in 1854 to acknowledged dominance of the industry in 1889.
Secretary Hoover and the Bituminous Coal Problem, 1921-1928
Authors: Hawley Ellis W.
Published: April 2006

For seven years, the economic philosophy and political values of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover challenged the structure, attitudes, and positions of a major, but poorly functioning, industry. This clash of wills and purposes, although colorful in itself, had broader significance in the evolution of government-business relationships in the United States. Professor Hawley argues that it was an important milestone in the conceptual development of “cooperative individualism and competitive co-operation.”
The Founding of Mitsubishi: A Case Study in Japanese Business History
Authors: Yamamura Kozo
Published: April 2006

Were Japanese entrepreneurs of the Meiji period “community-centered” and motivated by the “samurai spirit” — as often argued? The career of Yataro Iwasaki offers a different view of Meiji entrepreneurship and government policy.
The Sevillian Nobility and Trade with the New World in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Pike Ruth
Published: April 2006

Seville was the first and, for most of the sixteenth century, the only European community permitted to trade directly with the New World. That members of her nobility, who were traditionally aloof from trade, were intimately involved testifies to the wealth to be gained and its revolutionary economic and social effects.
The French, Belgians, and Dutch Come to Salt Creek
Authors: Gressley Gene M.
Published: April 2006

Professor Gressley recounts the escapades of domestic and international promoters in the history of the Salt Creek oil field, demonstrating that fraud and chicanery can play indispensable roles in the process of economic development.
The Organizational Dimension of United States Economic Foreign Policy, 1900-1920
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: April 2006

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, businessmen and government officials increasingly worked together to strengthen the position of the United States in world markets. Much of the intellectual underpinnings of this organizational drive lay in progressive America's attraction to the gospel of efficiency and in a desire to emulate the nation which seemed to embody that gospel best — Germany.
The Cherokee Oil and Gas Co., 1889-1902: Indian Sovereignty and Economic Change
Authors: Miner H. Craig
Published: April 2006

Professor Miner recounts the complex story of the loss of Cherokee control of mineral development on tribal lands in what later became Oklahoma. These events constitute a chapter in the long history of the loss of Indian sovereignty in the wake of the expansion of the white man's civilization across the continent.
Mortgage Lending by National Banks
Authors: Keehn Richard H. , Smiley Gene
Published: April 2006

That restrictions on real-estate-mortgage lending by banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1864 seriously restricted availability of long-term financing before 1913, has long been accepted. Professors Keehn and Smiley explain some ways in which resourceful national banks could circumvent this restriction. They find that lending within the letter but outside the spirit of the Act of 1864 was greater than published figures on direct lending indicate.
Foreign Enterprise in Russian and Soviet Industry: A Long Term Perspective
Authors: McKay John P.
Published: April 2006

This examination of the role of foreign enterprise in Russian and Soviet industrial development from 1632 to the present indicates that it was a significant one. Tsarist and Soviet Russia used foreign enterprise to their own advantage very skillfully by periodically acquiring advanced industrial technology and thereby reducing their own “backwardness” relative to the West. In doing so, they succeeded in remaining firmly in control of their own economic affairs, an achievement that often eluded other countries.
Power and Accountability on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1846–1878
Authors: Ward James A.
Published: April 2006

Despite attempts by the state legislature to fashion the charter of the Pennsylvania Railroad in such a way as to insure a high degree of managerial accountability to the board of directors and to make the corporation broadly accountable to the public, things turned out very differently. The volume and complexity of managerial decisions quickly brought a centralization of power in the hands of the road's professional managers as the board atrophied, and the economic and political power of the road and its dominant figures (J. Edgar Thomson and Thomas A. Scott) negated much of the principle of public accountability.
Eastern Money and Western Mortgages in the 1870s
Authors: Brewer H. Peers
Published: April 2006

As the westward movement gained momentum after the Civil War, the demand for farm mortgage credit grew rapidly. At the same time, the supply of lendable funds in the East and especially in Europe, although continuing to grow, turned away from U.S. government securities and American railroad bonds. The time seemed ripe for Eastern capitalists to expand their non-bank financial services to include intermediation between lenders and borrowers. Using the United States Mortgage Company and the Mercantile Trust Company as examples, Mr. Brewer shows that the opportunity was lost due to poor organization and management, faulty communication, and most of all to an innate conservatism and mistrust of the unfamiliar that caused the companies to disapprove the bulk of the mortgage loan applications that energetic field agents brought in.
An Organizational Perspective on the Military-Industrial Complex
Authors: Cuff Robert D.
Published: April 2006

Is there a “military-industrial complex” in the United States? What is the relationship between business, government, and the military with its needs for vast quantities of goods and services? How has organization for war and defense changed since the demands of World War I first made such questions important? How much do we know about what actually happened between World War I and Vietnam to change the relationship between private and public organizations? Professor Cuff discusses the complexities involved in trying to answer such historical questions, and prescribes a professional historian's regimen for future work on this subject.
The Profitability of Steamboating on Western Rivers: 1850
Authors: Atack Jeremy , Haites Erik F. , Mak James , Walton Gary M.
Published: April 2006

This study indicates that profit rates in western river steamboating were typical of the returns earned in other antebellum business activities, and that returns were much higher on tributary than on trunk steamboating routes.
Real Bills, The Gold Standard, and Central Bank Policy
Authors: West Robert Craig
Published: April 2006

Students of the origins and accomplishments of government regulation of economic activity have open suspected that the laws on which regulation is based were addressed to problems and conditions of the past that no longer prevailed, or — what is worse — assumptions about the “real world” that are highly unrealistic. This is Professor West's main conclusion about the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, especially as regards its discount rate and international exchange policies.
A Note on the Economic Viability of the Erie Canal, 1825-1860
Authors: Filante Ronald W.
Published: April 2006

Professor Filante examines data on the patterns of trade and revenues on the Erie Canal during its first thirty-five years of operation.

This paper will take the following form:

a) a brief discussion of Erie Canal operations in the period 1825–1835, when neither rails nor other canals were competitors.

b) a discussion of the period 1835–1860 with specific attention turned to the sources and destinations of freight shipments, the composition of those shipments, and changes in the canal itself.

c) a discussion of rail-canal competition centering on the division of the market between the two along value of product and length of shipment criteria.
Bankers and Diplomats: The Diplomacy of the Dollar in Mexico, 1921-1924
Authors: Kane N. Stephen
Published: April 2006

Intimate cooperation between American investment bankers and the diplomats of the Department of State occurred in the early 1920s because both groups shared similar goals and interests in Mexico. The resulting exercise in dollar diplomacy achieved some immediate ends but proved very short-sighted and self-defeating in the end.
Large-Scale Manufacturing in the South and West, 1850–1860
Authors: Bateman Fred , Foust James D. , Weiss Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

An examination of the manuscript censuses of manufacturing in 1850 and 1860 indicates the forthcoming revision of many traditional interpretations of American industrial development. This study suggests that large-scale manufacturing in the South and West was quite similar in the decade before the Civil War and that antebellum manufacturing was sufficiently concentrated to imply that the model of perfect competition is as inappropriate a description of mid-nineteenth century industrial structure as it is of twentieth century industry.
Organization for Foreign Trade Expansion in the Mississippi Valley, 1900–1920
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: April 2006

Recent historians of the early twentieth century United States have called attention to the growing nationalization of American life, as well as to the importance of an eastern corporate elite in shaping foreign policy during that period. This study indicates the residual strength of the regional impulse and offers a counterweight to the national and eastern emphasis of those historians.
The Wall Street Money Trust from Pujo through Medina
Authors: Carosso Vincent P.
Published: April 2006

Assaults on the “money power” had a profound influence on public policies in twentieth-century America. Tracing the history of the “money trust” controversy through the first half of this century, Professor Carosso concludes that the attacks were largely unjustified, either on economic or legal grounds.
Limited Revolution: The Impact of the Anatolian Railway on Turkish Transportation and the Provisioning of Istanbul, 1890–1908
Authors: Quataert Donald
Published: April 2006

Developmental investment abroad was an integral part of the industrialized nations' foreign policies in the decades before World War I. A notable case was the German Empire's investment in the Anatolian Railway. Inspired by the astounding success of North American railroad development in settling vast untilled areas and creating great quantities of cheap food grains, the Germans built a railroad into the thinly populated central plain of Turkey. But the hoped-for revolution was limited by social and political factors that overrode the purely economic, as Professor Quataert demonstrates in a study with broad implications for present-day development programs in third-world countries.
The Textile Factory Before Arkwright: A Typology of Factory Development
Authors: Chapman Stanley D.
Published: April 2006

A survey of insurance records covering eighteenth-century manufactories in three branches of the British textile industry reveals much about the gradual evolution of factory production in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. Professor Chapman suggests that neither size, power source, nor the supervision of work constitutes a useful criterion by which to identify the modern, Arkwright-type factory. The essential characteristic of that institution was that it was specifically designed for flow production, rather than the batch production methods of earlier modes of manufacturing.
Americans in the China Market: Economic Opportunities and Economic Nationalism, 1890s-1931
Authors: Hunt Michael H.
Published: April 2006

Historians of various “schools” have seen quite different things in the United States’ long years of business activity in China. The “realists” as Professor Hunt calls them, deny that significant business opportunities existed for Americans and point to obstacles that the Chinese put in the way of trade; the “Wisconsin school,” he says, emphasizes the public rhetoric of officials and businessmen who saw China as an outlet for capitalist surpluses. Citing three case histories — kerosene, cigarettes, and textiles — Professor Hunt shows that generalization is dangerous; that success depended more on businessmen's own skill, resources, and control of their domestic industry than on help derived from an imperialistically minded government.
Emergence of the Public Relations Counsel: Principles and Recollections
Authors: Bernays Edward L.
Published: April 2006

Edward L. Bernays was a pioneer in the development of public relations in modern America. For more than half a century he has advised a wide range of institutions, including government, corporations, trade associations, and many private organizations. In this memoir he gives his views of the proper role, methods, and principles of public relations and recalls some of his early experiences with businessmen and other clients.
Interlocking Directorates in Large American Corporations, 1896-1964
Authors: Bunting David , Barbour Jeffery
Published: April 2006

An examination of interlocking directorates in major American businesses since 1896 indicates that the incidence of interlocking has declined considerably in this century.
TheKnightSugar Decision of 1895 and The Modernization of American Corporation Law, 1869–1903
Authors: McCurdy Charles W.
Published: April 2006

No conviction has been more a part of the standard interpretation of American history in the twentieth century than the belief that the U.S. Supreme Court, in a series of late-nineteenth-century decisions bearing on government-business relations, reflected the conservative reaction that seemed to mark the depression of the 1890s. But Professor McCurdy demonstrates that in its 1895 decision in the case ofUnited States v. E. C. Knight Company, which drew a distinction between manufacturing and trade in defining interstate commerce, the Court was not trying to shield a vast, monopolistic aggregation of wealth (Henry O. Havemeyer's “Sugar Trust”) from the will of the people that it be broken up under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The decision, in fact, was not the beginning of a conservative reaction, but the last effort in a thirty-year attempt to maintain a role for state jurisdiction over the behavior of chartered enterprises.
The Consent Decree in the Meatpacking Industry, 1920–1956
Authors: Aduddell Robert M. , Cain Louis P.
Published: April 2006

In the second of two articles, Professors Aduddell and Cain take the story of the application of antitrust law to the large meatpackers from the 1920 consent decree to Judge Julius Hoffman's 1956 decision not to lift the decree. Despite fundamental changes in the technology and structure of the food distribution industry, and strong indications that the packers' proposed plan to sell at retail was no longer good business, Hoffman refused to remove the obstacle to forward integration. The decision, in the authors' opinion, does not bear scrutiny on economic grounds. The episode supports two important generalizations about antitrust prosecution as a tool for economic planning: that constant change in a dynamic society often renders antitrust decisions meaningless; and that regulation frequently deprives society of rational structural change.
The Role of Banks in the Finance of the West Yorkshire Wool Textile Industry, c. 1780–1850
Authors: Hudson Pat
Published: April 2006

The view of early British commercial banks as almost exclusive suppliers of short-term accommodation loans is further diminished by Dr. Hudson's intensive research in the surviving records of banks operating in the expanding wool manufacturing district of West Yorkshire from the turn of the century to the 1840s. By means primarily of the overdraft expedient, private banks and, after they were permitted by law, joint-stock banks, routinely made nominally short-term loans for such long-term capital purposes as construction of new plants and replacement of obsolete machinery. No laws and frequently little practical business acumen governed policies with respect to posting of collateral, holding of bank reserves against deposits, ratio of overdrafts to the borrower's level of profits, or even the special privileges granted stockholders and directors. It thus was not institutional rigidities that drove British investors to prefer overseas opportunities, Hudson theorizes, but the sheer excess of long-term capital sources, of which banks were an important one, in relation to opportunities to use them. Most striking, however, is the slowness with which old business habits gave way to new practices more appropriate to the maturing of a system of industrial finance.
Dependency, the Credit Market, and Argentine Industrialization, 1860–1940
Authors: Guy Donna J.
Published: April 2006

The factors responsible for Latin American economic “dependency” have long been debated by economic historians. In this article, Professor Guy considers the example of Argentine industrialization between 1870 and 1940. Argentine reliance upon foreign capital, she concludes, was due much more to local Argentine institutions — the commercial law, the stock market, and the government inspection bureau — than to any pressures from abroad. She adds that, though dependency theory has its limits, by focusing attention on local institutions, it remains a valuable tool for understanding Third World development.
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program: Energy Politics in the Truman Era
Authors: Vietor Richard H. K.
Published: April 2006

As the end of the era of abundant natural petroleum oils approaches, the United States finds itself heavily committed to a way of life based on cheap liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Whether such fuels will be available at any price in adequate quantities in the future, is the question today. Professor Vietor shows that it was also a serious question for some years after World War II, and that the United States carried a long way towards definitive demonstration a program for the development of high-volume synthetic liquid fuels production techniques. What that program accomplished; how the interests, public and private, who were responsible for the American fuel supply reacted to it; and why it was shelved for 25 years are among the points Vietor covers. The reader is left to weigh for himself the several reasons why this program was sidetracked, but he can hardly fail to conclude that where such fundamental matters as energy policy are concerned, American planning has been distressingly short range.
The Cinderella of Occupations: Managing the Work of Department Store Saleswomen, 1900–1940
Authors: Benson Susan Porter
Published: April 2006

Of all forms of personal services supplied to business enterprise, that of sales workers has perhaps defied the application of “standard” management practices more than any other. Professor Benson shows that this generalization is especially applicable to female department store sales personnel, who were necessarily recruited chiefly from “lower” social classes whose members lacked education and refinement. Thus, regimentation and rote training seemed appropriate. On the other hand, selling style goods to sophisticated female customers involved elements not of a trade but an art, and an attitude of deference, which was not a common trait among working-class girls. Department store managers, almost exclusively male, failed to solve this paradox and, as Professor Benson relates, failed also to deal with the invisible solidarity of female sales persons.
Agriculture and the Upper Plata: The Tobacco Trade, 1780–1865
Authors: Whigham Thomas L.
Published: April 2006

The disintegration of the tobacco trade in the Upper Plata of the 1800s provides a striking example of economic progress hindered by political conflict—a common occurrence in Latin American history. The exportation of tobacco from this interior region created a focus for a coherent and relatively successful commercial infrastructure during the late colonial era. The post-independence regimes could not, however, create the stability necessary for the growth and maintenance of the tobacco trade. In this article, Dr. Whigham analyzes the balance between economic interests and political constraints in the Upper Plata between 1780 and 1865, and demonstrates how these factors interacted to disrupt the potential for a sizable commerce in tobacco.
Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913
Authors: Pierenkemper Toni
Published: April 2006

Do variations in the circumstances under which heavy industry was developed in different regions account for the kinds of “entrepreneurs” those regions attracted? In this note on his current research, Doctor Pierenkemper concludes that varying circumstances do, indeed, account for varying backgrounds of entrepreneurs, and offers evidence from two contrasting regions in early German heavy industry. He offers the further hypothesis that as circumstances affecting growth — such as finance, market stability, and the need for professional management — change, certain kinds of backgrounds may become more applicable while others become less so.
Law, Public Policy, and Industrialization in the California Fisheries, 1900–1925
Authors: McEvoy Arthur F.
Published: April 2006

Fisheries are paradigmatic of renewable resources because of their ecological delicacy, their vulnerability to the indirect effects of economic activity, and, above all, their nonexclusive or “common-property” nature. In this article, Professor McEvoy shows how the California fishing industry, drawing upon some of the most fertile renewable resources in the world, underwent massive, thoroughgoing modernization in the first quarter of this century, triggered by the mechanization of fishing and the coincident opening of worldwide markets to local fish processors. Public agencies charged with the oversight of the industry and the conservation of fishery resources made valiant efforts to keep pace with new problems thrust upon them by the sudden industrialization of fishing. Their failure to do so effectively illustrates in stark relief the nature of twentieth-century problems in the management of wildlife, air, water, and other shared resources in a competitive economy.
Entrepreneurial Traditionalism in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study of the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie
Authors: Weissbach Lee Shai
Published: April 2006

The late nineteenth century was a critical epoch in the history of French industry. During this period, many French industrialists adopted, for the first time, entrepreneurial attitudes towards business. At the same time, however, traditional skilled trades continued to play an important role in the national economy. In this article, Professor Weissbach explores the attitudes and practices of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs in the French luxury trade. By focusing specifically on the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie—an organization established to assist, educate, and moralize children apprentices in the French furniture industry—Weissbach reveals that traditional and entrepreneurial attitudes and practices coexisted throughout the nineteenth century.