bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and Politics Across Latin America
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 presents the puzzle of gender differences in political engagement and support for democracy. Traditional explanations come up short in fully explaining these gender gaps: gender differences in democratic engagement endure for some countries despite women’s increased participation in higher education and in the paid labor force. Much research has focused on gender gaps in voting, giving short shrift to the more puzzling differences in political interest (and related measures of political engagement) and support for democracy. Yet, the latter set of behaviors and motivations are essential to a strong democracy: at the individual level they are essential components of full democratic citizenship, and in the aggregate contribute to equality in the democratic process and to enlightened, inclusive debate. We explain why the Uruguayan case proves an unrivaled laboratory for investigating the effects of women’s gains in politics for changes in mass-level connections to the democratic process.
How Visibility Matters
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 presents our theoretical framework underpinning expectations about how increases in descriptive representation—the number of women in politics—act as symbols to elicit changes in orientations toward politics, especially among women. We argue that women’s inclusion fosters a sense of belonging among women in the electorate. Importantly, these cues about women’s inclusion must be visible to ordinary citizens. Widespread awareness of quotas and women’s numbers in elected office are key implicit assumptions in much prior research on descriptive and symbolic representation. We argue that gender quotas and women’s presence in office can only yield changes in mass-level attitudes under conditions of visibility. We develop a visible cue theory of representation, linking descriptive to symbolic representation. We contend that having more women in politically powerful positions signals that politics is not strictly an arena for men (but only if citizens are aware of women’s political presence).
Women’s Political Inclusion in Latin America: The Challenges of Gauging Visibility
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on a select set of Latin American countries (Honduras, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Panama) where women’s legislative representation doubled from one election to the next and rose above 20 percent. Detecting the effects of quotas and descriptive representation is complicated. Available survey evidence is inadequate to discern clear patterns on how sizable jumps in the numbers of women in political office influence political engagement and support. Cross-national survey timing makes it even more difficult to gauge the impact of these changes. Further, these gains may not have always been publicly visible, and a variety of salient campaign issues and events contend for the public’s attention and may overshadow the influence of women’s election to office. Assessing changes to political engagement and political support requires precise methods. In this way, this chapter sets up the analysis using our unique survey from Uruguay.
Invisible Laws, Visible Gains
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

In Chapter 4 we introduce our unique Uruguayan panel survey, and also present data gathered from elite interviews conducted in Montevideo and content analyses of three major Uruguayan newspapers. Drawing on these data, we carefully demonstrate how the quota policy itself failed to attract visibility among the general population, but then show how women’s gains in elected office were more visible. By establishing the visibility of women’s descriptive representation following the sizable increase in women’s numbers in parliament, this chapter sets the stage for our empirical analyses of the Uruguayan data.
Introduction
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

This introductory chapter summarizes the book’s argument. It explains that US-China competition is over regional and global order, outlines what Chinese-led order might look like, explores why grand strategy matters and how to study it, and discusses competing views of whether China has a grand strategy. It argues that China has sought to displace America from regional and global order through three sequential “strategies of displacement” pursued at the military, political, and economic levels. The first of these strategies sought to blunt American order regionally, the second sought to build Chinese order regionally, and the third—a strategy of expansion—now seeks to do both globally. The Introduction explains that shifts in China’s strategy are profoundly shaped by key events that change its perception of American power.
“A Coherent Body of Thought and Action”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 defines grand strategy and international order. It then explores how rising powers displace hegemonic order through strategies of blunting, building, and expansion. First, the chapter argues that grand strategy is a theory of how a state can achieve security integrated across military, political, and economic means; and that finding it requires evidence of grand strategic concepts, capabilities, and conduct. Second, the chapter argues that international order emerges from a web of hierarchical relationships sustained by “forms of control” including coercion, inducement, and legitimacy—and that US-China competition is primarily over regional and global order. Finally, the chapter argues that rising powers can blunt a rival order by weakening its “forms of control” and build order by strengthening their own. Rising power perceptions of the hegemon’s power and threat shape the selection of rising power grand strategies.
“The Party Leads Everything”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 explores the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) role in China’s grand strategy. First, it focuses on the CCP as a nationalist party, one that emerged from the patriotic ferment of the late Qing period and has sought to restore the country to its rightful place. Second, it focuses on the CCP as a Leninist party, one that has built centralized institutions—blended with a ruthless amorality—to govern the country and achieve its nationalist mission. Together, it argues, the Party’s nationalist orientation helps set the ends of Chinese grand strategy, while Leninism provides an instrument for realizing them. Finally, the book focuses on the CCP as a producer of paper and a subject of research, noting how a careful study of the Party’s own voluminous publications can provide insight into its grand strategic concepts. It then outlines much of the textual research strategy employed in the rest of this book.
“New Cold Wars Have Begun”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 uses Party texts to explore China’s changing view of the United States at the end of the Cold War and the ends, ways, and means of its subsequent grand strategy to blunt American power. It demonstrates how China went from seeing the United States as a quasi-ally against the Soviet Union to seeing it as China’s greatest threat and “main adversary” in the wake of three events: the traumatic trifecta of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, the Gulf War, and the Soviet collapse. It traces how Beijing launched its blunting strategy under the Party guideline of “hiding capabilities and biding time,” which it tied to perceptions of US power captured in phrases like the “international balance of forces” and “multipolarity.” The chapter also introduces China’s effort to asymmetrically weaken American power in Asia across military, economic, and political instruments, which are discussed in greater detail in subsequent chapters.
“Demonstrate Benign Intentions”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 5 considers the political and multilateral components of China’s grand strategy to blunt American power in Asia. It demonstrates that the “traumatic trifecta” at the end of the Cold War led China to reverse its previous opposition to joining regional institutions. Beijing feared Asian regional forums might be used by Washington to build liberal regional order or even an Asian NATO, so China joined them to blunt American power. It stalled institutionalization in regional organizations that included the United States; wielded institutional rules to constrain US freedom of maneuver; and hoped its own participation would reassure wary neighbors otherwise tempted to join a US-led balancing coalition. China also worked with Russia to erect regional institutions in Central Asia to guard against US influence within the region.
“A Change in the Balance of Power”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 7 explores the dawn of China’s grand strategy to build regional order as well as the ends, ways, and means of this strategy. Using Party texts, it explores how the shock of the Global Financial Crisis led China to see the United States as weakening and emboldened it to take a more assertive course. It begins with a thorough review of China’s discourse on “multipolarity” and the “international balance of forces,” concepts China uses as euphemisms for US power and which it ties to its strategic guidelines. It then shows that the Party sought to lay the foundations for order—coercion, inducements, and legitimacy—under the auspices of the revised guidance “actively accomplish something” issued by Chinese leader Hu Jintao in 2009. This strategy, like blunting before it, was implemented across multiple instruments of statecraft—military, political, and economic.
“Aboard Our Development Train”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 10 focuses on the economic and financial components of China’s grand strategy to build regional order. It argues that the Global Financial Crisis helped Beijing depart from a defensive blunting strategy that targeted American economic leverage to an offensive building strategy designed to build China’s own coercive and consensual economic capacities. At the core of this effort was China’s Belt and Road Initiative, its robust use of economic statecraft against its neighbors, and its attempts to gain greater financial influence through building or promoting alternatives to SWIFT messaging system, new credit-rating agencies, and the US dollar.
A Hidden Legacy
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This biography of Esther Zimmer Lederberg highlights the importance of her research work, which revealed the unique features of bacterial sex, essential for our understanding of molecular biology and evolution. A Hidden Legacy relates how, she and her husband Joshua Lederberg established the new field of bacterial genetics together, in the decade leading up to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Their impressive series of achievements include: the discovery of λ bacteriophage and of the first plasmid, known as the F-factor; the demonstration that viruses carry bacterial genes between bacteria; and the elucidation of fundamental properties of bacterial sex. This successful collaboration earned Joshua the 1958 Nobel Prize, which he shared with two of Esther’s mentors, George Beadle and Edward Tatum. Esther Lederberg’s contributions, however, were overlooked by the Nobel committee, an example of institutional discrimination known as the Matilda Effect. Esther Lederberg should also have been recognized for inventing replica plating, an elegant technique that she originated by re-purposing her compact makeup pad as a kind of ink stamp for conveniently transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another. Instead, the credit for the invention is given to her famous husband, or, at best, to Dr. and Mrs. Lederberg. Within a few years of winning the Nobel Prize, Joshua Lederberg divorced his wife, leaving Esther without a laboratory, cut off from research funding, and facing uncertain employment. In response, she created a new social circle made up of artists and musicians, including a new soulmate. She devoted herself to a close-knit musical ensemble, the Mid-Peninsula Recorder Orchestra, an avocation that flourished for over forty years, until the final days of her life.
Introduction
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter relates how one day in 1950, Esther Zimmer Lederberg cleverly re-purposed her compact makeup pad and invented replica plating. This whimsical experiment led to an elegant technique for duplicating many bacterial clones in one step, a clever invention that epitomized her experimental creativity. The chapter shows how the Lederbergs established the field of bacterial genetics years before the birth of molecular biology and together discovered bacterial sex (or horizontal gene transfer, HGT) the peculiar processes that enable bacteria to rapidly spread their genes, leading to antibiotic resistance and the evolution of new species. The stellar reputation of her brilliant husband and collaborator, however, diminished Esther Lederberg’s legacy. The systematic bias against giving due credit for achievements of women scientists whose work is misattributed to their scientific colleagues is known as the Matilda Effect. Esther Lederberg’s story is sadly similar to those of many exemplary women scientists.
Strange Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter relates how, in the 1950s, Esther and Joshua Lederberg and their colleagues uncovered a whole new kind of genetic transfer involving plasmids and viruses. In plants and animals, genetic recombination is integrated within the processes of sexual reproduction. Imagine if you could trade genes with strangers at will! That’s what bacteria can do. Esther Lederberg’s discoveries of the F-plasmid and the λ bacteriophage were happy accidents that occurred while she working to complete her dissertation research. Serendipity happens to those who are very attentive, broadly experienced, and open to surprises. Esther Lederberg discovered a transferable factor, the F-factor, that could transform recipients into donors. Then she discovered a lysogenic virus, hiding harmlessly inside the chromosome of its bacterial host. These two surprising discoveries showed that bacteria could transfer genes and pieces of chromosomes horizontally, as opposed to the classical inheritance of plants and animals which pass on genetic traits vertically, down through generations.
Replica Plating
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes how Esther Lederberg, in daring to re-purpose her compact makeup pad as a kind of ink stamp, developed the new Replica Plating Technique but later her husband Joshua seemed to claim sole credit for this discovery. The Lederbergs demonstrated the effectiveness of the new plating technique in their study of spontaneous bacterial mutations, using the technique to resolve a longstanding question of bacterial mutations: Did mutations occur spontaneously or was some other process of adaptation involved? While at first, Joshua defended Esther’s co-equal contribution to the invention of replica plating, in later publications, he seemed to claim sole credit, by ignoring her contributions. This is a classic example of the Matilda Effect, when a male colleague is given sole credit for an invention by unfairly ignoring the female colleague’s contribution. Some of the Lederbergs’ colleagues recognize Esther as the primary inventor of replica plating, since she had the reputation of an experimental genius; others assumed that the creative insight was Joshua’s.
Antibiotic Resistance, the Horrendous Consequences of Bacterial Sex
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews how bacterial sex explains the rapid emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, the so-called MDR pathogens. Millions of years before humans evolved, bacteria invented antibiotics and the defensive molecules that make some bacteria resistant to an antibiotic. Therefore, antibiotic resistant genes pre-exist in many bacterial strains, literally lying in wait to emerge in superbugs. In postwar Japan, bacteriologists discovered the first MDR pathogens during dysentery outbreaks. Researchers demonstrated that the genes for resistance to several antibiotics were transferred by bacterial sex—from normal flora to the dysentery pathogens—all together and “at one stroke.” Methicillin was intentionally designed to treat penicillin-resistant infections. Only three years after its introduction of, hospitals began to find methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Gerard Wright coined the term resistome to signify “the global collection of resistance genes that have been readily available to pathogens for millennia.”
Making Music and a New Life
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews Esther Lederberg’s life in music. Researchers who study multiple intelligences have observed an overlap between musical and linguistic intelligence. Esther Lederberg’s mastery of foreign languages would have given her confidence to independently master the recorder. Her enthusiasm for music resonated with her French colleagues, Jacob and Monod, at the Institut Pasteur. Probably the most famous musician/scientist of the twentieth century was Albert Einstein, who admitted that if he hadn’t become a physicist, he would have become a musician. In the 1960s, Early Music—of the Renaissance and Baroque eras—enjoyed an international revival. In 1962, Esther Lederberg and some like-minded amateur musicians founded the Mid-Peninsula Recorder Orchestra (MPRO). She performed with the MPRO for over forty years. This shift in her social circle marked a new phase of personal growth toward music and the arts. Drawn together by a shared passion for music, Matthew Simon and Esther Lederberg married in 1993.
Epilogue
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reveals the importance of bacterial sex in evolution. After scientists realized that antibiotic resistance and the development of MDR pathogens were caused by bacterial sex, some evolutionary biologists began to wonder about the potential role of HGT in evolution. Scientists speculated that mobile genes might have played a significant role in microbial evolution. James Shapiro has argued genome change in evolution results from a natural genetic engineering process utilizing the biochemical systems for reorganizing DNA structures present in living cells. For billions of years—from the beginning of evolution—bacteria have been transferring genes horizontally, between species and therefore between lineages, interconnecting the branches on the tree of life. The promiscuous process that has scrambled the tree of life is bacterial sex, discovered by Joshua and Esther Lederberg as a laboratory curiosity that helped uncover the molecular secretes of bacterial and viral genes.
Introduction
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

In this introduction I wish to develop the theoretical lens that informs the historical story that makes up the following chapters. In particular, I want to explore why violence becomes an integral component of the processes of racialization that constituted the global as a specific racialized imaginary and why such racial violence becomes its ubiquitous feature over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The history of what I call the global racial imaginary and its racial violence was not necessarily coterminous with the history of the state and its formation; it was never entirely institutionalized within the proto-state apparatuses that were congealing themselves on the frontiers of European empires. What becomes crucial for understanding the relationship between racial violence and the racial imaginary is the sense that the latter is in crisis.
Nazi Grand Strategy, Genocide, and Dismantlement of the State System, 1941–1945
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the fusion between a geopolitical imaginary rooted in the state system and Nazi Germany’s specific racialized “imperial” imaginary. Here the idea of race war is at its very center. The key historical moment is during the summer and fall of 1941, when the annihilation of the Jews becomes completely conflated with Germany’s long-term strategic goals. A race war, as conceived by Nazi Germany, was the logical consequence of a social imaginary that joined race, biology, and nature and that transcended politically defined boundaries. There was no prioritization of the geopolitical nation-state over the racial enemy, between geopolitical blocs versus the Jewish “internal” racialized enemy or the external “Asiatic hordes.”
Racial Violence in the Global South
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the manner in which “explicit and implicit racial and colonial/imperial assumptions” operate in ways that proliferate domestic and international violence. The chapter begins by first examining the moment after the Second World War when there was the impetus for decolonization and a drive for global racial equality emanating from the global South. The second part of the chapter then explores the American intervention in Vietnam as a manifestation of this continued global racial imaginary. American violence in Indochina ran parallel to the exacerbation of racial violence at home. Here the discussion turns to African American writers, in particular Martin Luther King Jr., who were able to clearly see the connections between American violence abroad and the persistence of racial suppression and violence at home.
“I’m Nervous That Horror Films Are Immoral”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

The horror genre has historically been the focus of several moral panics, most recently revolving around films in the “torture porn” subgenre, and before that around “video nasties,” rape-revenge films, and splatter movies. However, there is no research to support a concern that horror fans are immoral or that horror films make people unempathetic or sadistic. Horror films are more morally complex than many critics have assumed, and the relationship between horror films and moral psychology is also more complex than critics have assumed. Studies have also shown that horror films may actually be associated with a decrease in real-world violence. Moreover, horror films (with their roots in cautionary tales) are often moralizing, but their effects on viewers’ moral compasses may be limited.
The Permissible (Mubah, Also Halal, Ja’iz)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

Whereas the preceding chapter expounded the theoretical conception of permissibility in shariah, this chapter expounds its practical manifestations. The permissible (mubah, also halal, ja’iz) is also not a monolithic concept, but rather occurs within the various types that are explained together with their legal and moral consequences and that which may be considered as totally neutral. The focus of the discussion is on the fiqh treatment of mubah as a value category, including its sources, varieties, and how it is understood by the leading schools of Islamic law. Of the three Arabic words that appear in this heading, halal and its derivatives occur more frequently in the Qur’an and hadith, whereas the fiqh literature is more inclined to employ mubah and ja’iz.
Meat, Poultry, Seafood, and Dairy Products
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

The rules of fiqh only partially name animals, birds, and insects that are lawful for consumption, but they also enact a set of general rules that can assist in the determination of their legal position in doubtful situations. This chapter explains these rules. Generally, all wild animals that do not have canine teeth are halal for slaughter and consumption, and all schools of Islamic law, including the Ja‘fari Shia, are in agreement on this. Excluded from the halal category are beasts of prey having canine teeth, claws, and fangs, as they feed on meat, including carrion. The chapter also discusses Qur’anic references to cattle (al-an‘am) and their permissibility for human benefit and consumption.
Legal Maxims of Fiqh
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

Legal maxims of fiqh are epithetic statements giving the essence of a detailed legal chapter or issue in a brief sentence or two. This chapter puts together a number of such legal maxims of concern to halal and haram for better understanding, especially for nonspecialists. The maxims are presented in bare skeletal forms and confined to the actual text in English translation, with their equivalent Arabic appearing in Appendix 2. The main purpose is to see how the subjects of concern find expression in this genre of the fiqh literature. The maxims presented are self-explanatory for the most part and endorse the information contained in this volume, though they may occasionally add new points.
Halal Tourism
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores several aspects of halal tourism, including its shifting patterns, international developments, halal values, and facilities, especially in Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey, and the UAE. It also looks into the issues of halal phobia and reputational risks. Halal tourism, or halal travel, is designed to cater for the needs primarily of millions of Muslims around the globe performing haj or Umrah, visiting the shrines in Mecca and Medina and those in Najaf and Karbala in Iraq. The industry has been making impressive progress in recent years, yet it may still be lagging behind in certain respects, and it has yet to realize its full potential.
Grassroots Sustainability in a Concrete Landscape
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

The second chapter explores the urban ecovillage in the United States, the first example of radical sustainability and autonomous development. Through insights gleaned from field research, the chapter presents the challenges ecovillagers face attempting sustainable living in a neoliberal context. It examines the cultural conflicts between sustainability culture and consumer culture as well as the exclusive, upper-class, white nature of the local food movement in the United States. Monetary and time constraints associated with growing local organic food has largely turned it into an elite phenomenon, such that it is relegated to those with disposable income, luxury of time, and education. In fact, urban gardening is often cited as a first step to gentrification in urban communities. However, ecovillagers engage in communitarian sustainability innovations that are egalitarian, elegant, and low cost. Thus, they maintain a small ecological footprint while attending to the mental, physical, and spiritual needs of their human and nonhuman community members.
Urban Oasis
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

The third chapter focuses on an example of radical sustainability in the Cuban context. Cuba’s history with resource scarcity exemplifies the myriad struggles that will continue to spread the world over. Cubans were able to transcend their worst problems through top-down government initiatives that then decentralized and subsidized urban agricultural food production. At a Cuban urban farmworkers’ cooperative, farmers are residents of the local community who sell their produce at low costs on site to their neighbors and passersby. By resisting neocolonial forces, Cuba is one of the few countries in the world to obtain high human development and consume a fair share of environmental resources, maintaining a small ecological footprint. Personal experiences of working on one such farm and living with a nearby family for several months are described, and the Cuban program’s successes as well as the social environmental stumbling blocks it still faces are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

In the concluding chapter, the lessons learned from urban agriculture and the ecovillage are summed up. Radical sustainability is at once socially and ecologically transformative—dismantling hierarchies toward total liberation—and regenerative—healing and restoring the health of people and the planet. A radical sustainability is informed by transformative and regenerative tools, such as a care narrative, community care, radical collective healing, community capacity assessments and building, skill sharing, and network building with other communities and organizations. This final chapter offers practical, community-oriented solutions to socioecological crises for people who cannot implement urban farming or intentional community. It is a call to arms for people to organize and begin creating grassroots solutions to local problems. It also examines the capacity for large-scale structural change and the possibility of collapse.
The use of prosody as a diagnostic for syntactic structure: The case of verb-initial order
Authors: Clemens Lauren
Published: August 2021

A major challenge in developing prosodic arguments to support or refute syntactic analyses is to discern when prosody transparently reflects syntax, verses when the correspondence between syntax and prosody is obscured by phonological, architectural, or mapping constraints. In this paper, I use data from Ch'ol (Mayan) and Niuean (Polynesian) to assess the efficacy of using acoustic cues to prosodic constituency as a diagnostic for syntactic structure. I demonstrate how arguments based on prosodic constituency can successfully reduce the hypothesis space available to syntactic analysis. Nonetheless, the insight gained from prosodic constituency can fall short of distinguishing between syntactic accounts, because syntax-prosody non-isomorphisms do arise. This problem can be addressed by using a variety of methodologies in search of converging evidence, e.g. using syntactic and prosodic argumentation in tandem and by collecting and analyzing more prosodic data in order to better understand the prosodic systems of individual languages.
Predicate fronting with verb doubling in Krachi: A parallel chains analysis
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Torrence Harold
Published: August 2021

This article examines verb doubling predicate focus constructions in Krachi, an endangered language of Ghana. Krachi has three such constructions: one where V alone appears in the left periphery; another where VO has been fronted; and a third involving OV inversion in the fronted constituent. Regardless of the fronted expression, the constructions can be interpreted either contrastively or exhaustively. We argue that all three constructions involve the same mechanism – the formation of parallel chains anchored to the same syntactic object. We propose that the parallel chains formed in all three cases are identical, involving one v0-to-T0 head movement chain and one v’-to-Spec, FocP A-bar chain. The reduction of these chains at PF yields the surface doubling of the predicate without appeal to multiple copy spell-out. We propose that minor differences in the PF interpretation of the peripheral v’ copy account for the differences in word order between the three constructions.
The Out-Migration Crisis
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 8 discusses the significant negative social and economic impacts of the mass out-migration that many postsocialist countries have experienced since the lifting of the “Iron Curtain,” balanced with the positive impacts of remittances and circulation of talent and capital. It also explores the negative side of out-migration, suggesting that the mass exodus of young people has had significant deleterious impacts on a number of sending countries and that many migrants faced hostile, exploitative, and sometimes dangerous conditions in the West. The chapter points to the collapse of rural villages and brain drain as having catastrophic prospects for the postsocialist world. This chapter highlights the role of European Union accession in 2004 as a possible contributor to Central and East European countries experiencing the sharpest population declines in the world and the largest peacetime migration in modern history measured as a percentage of sending country population.
Portraits of Desperation
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 13 introduces a qualitative, ethnographic approach to understanding the stories of those who have succeeded and those who have lost in the transition. Breathing life into the data presented in earlier chapters, Chapter 13 brings into conversation ethnographic accounts from many postsocialist countries to show the real human toll of the externalities of transitional reforms. It elevates the stories of those who found widespread misery and despair where transition economists had hoped for freedom and prosperity. Using stories born of ethnographic fieldwork, it demonstrates the growth of new social, economic, and political hierarchies and helps to explain the role of privatization and socioeconomic inequality in the collapse of public trust after transition.
The Patriotism of Despair
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 16 uses ethnographic data to explore the development of new identities rooted in the collective trauma experienced during transition in postsocialist countries. This chapter shows how the void left by the sudden disappearance of Soviet-era propaganda and positive imagery was replaced by postmodern neoliberal individualism. It shows how nationalist and nativist movements swept in to fill this ideological vacuum and rooted themselves in a shared victim identity, pointing to local disillusionment with market democracy as a major legitimating factor for authoritarian movements. Many who searched for a postsocialist identity turned to orthodox, sometimes radical, religious groups or to ethno-nationalist political movements.
Conclusion
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

The conclusion of this book reflects on the enduring importance of transition as a major factor in contemporary society and politics and examines how transition could have been accomplished more successfully. The conclusion points to the growth of nationalist movements as a reaction to the traumas of transition. It re-evaluates the dismissal of the “third way” as an alternative to pure market capitalism or state socialism and suggests that different reforms could have mitigated negative impacts of transition. It emphasizes the importance of future economic reforms that balance individualism and collectivism and bring more post-socialist citizens along in a widely shared prosperity. The chapter draws lessons about the importance of universal rather than targeted benefits and rejects strict adherence to liberal ideology as a sustainable model for economic transition.
Introduction
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 introduces four societal uses of genomic science that demonstrate its breadth, importance, and political complexity. They are race-based medicine, racial or ethnic ancestry testing, use of DNA in the criminal justice system, and prenatal gene testing and therapy. Although most people endorse the ideas of appropriate medication, finding one’s roots, correct determination of guilt or innocence, and healthy births, each of these uses of genomic science is intensely controversial. In parallel to their benefits, these uses evoke concerns about eugenics, racial essentialism, surveillance, and discrimination. This chapter depicts each use and its controversies, outlining the contours of Genomic Politics.
The Basic Framework
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 presents the theoretical framework for the book: a 2 × 2 typology that can help us understand the controversies surrounding genomics. The vertical dimension ranges from a perception that genetic inheritance strongly affects important human phenotypes to a perception that important human phenotypes are affected not by genetic inheritance but rather by environmental context, family and background, free choice, a deity’s will, or luck. The horizontal dimension ranges from technology optimism—a view that the gains from innovation can outweigh its harms—to the opposite, technology pessimism. The two dimensions jointly create four cells: “Enthusiasm,” focusing on the benefits of using the science of genetic influence, “Skepticism,” focusing on the risks of using the science of genetic influence, “Hope,” focusing on developing social improvements through means other than genetic influence, and “Rejection,” which highlights the hubris of both genetic science and social programming.
Enthusiasm and Skepticism
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 examines two of the cells in the basic framework: “Enthusiasm” about the benefits of using the science of genetic inheritance, and “Skepticism” about the risks of using the science of genetic inheritance. For each viewpoint, this chapter explores arenas within medical and scientific research (including gene therapy, the search for Covid-19 vaccines, and gene editing), criminal justice (including forensic DNA databases, rapid DNA testing, and exoneration), and biogeographical ancestry (including racial and ethnic ancestry testing, race-based medicine, and deep ancestry). Chapter 4 provides evidence to support both excitement about the benefits of genomic science and concern about its risks and costs.
Tiger/Attachment/Helicopter Parenting
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

Many guides exist for how to practice the “best” parenting style and how to cultivate certain attributes in children. The scientific basis for these claims, however, is often lacking. This chapter describes and examines the evidence for five popular global parenting approaches (intensive or helicopter, tiger, attachment, old school, and free-range). A case example will be given for how the different styles might deal with a common child behavioral problem. The chapter then shifts to mapping these styles onto the way that researchers describe parenting styles, using the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive categories. The evidence favoring the authoritative style is presented along with some “it depends” discussion of when other styles may also be considered. The question of when it might work best to parent in a manner that is consistent with one’s instinctive tendencies and when it might be important to take purposeful steps in the opposite direction will also be explored.
Pick Them Up or Let Them Cry (for a While)?
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

This chapter will describe the long and fascinating battle over sleep training. It covers topics like “Ferberization” and other sleep training techniques and how to use them. Data on both the effectiveness of these methods and whether or not they can cause long-term harm will be presented. The chapter will also outline and explain the official position against infant bed-sharing, not from a focus on attachment but based on the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. The “it depends” aspect of this chapter will explain that children have different innate sleeping abilities and how differences in child temperament and history of trauma may require parents to consider alternate sleep approaches.
For the Sake of the Kids
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

When a marriage is not going well, many parents agonize over the decision of whether or not to stay together “for the sake of the kids.” Fortunately, the topic has attracted the attention of mental health researchers, and there is now a fairly large body of work that has amassed to provide parents with a solid foundation of evidence-supported guidance. Divorce is often hard on children, but often the impact is not as intense or as permanent as people think. Not surprisingly, this chapter is full of “it depends” not only related to the child’s temperament but also with regard to many characteristics of the parent. In some cases, parental divorce has been shown to predict less negative child outcomes than, for example, marriages in which a parent is habitually hostile and aggressive.
The Next Steps
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

After all this ground has been covered and knowledge has been gained, this chapter takes what has been learned and puts it into practice. How to do this, however, isn’t as easy as it sounds. This final chapter will be devoted to helping parents apply this new knowledge to the daily task of parenting. Strategies will be outlined to help parents discuss the possibility of creating or altering parental “policy” with their spouse or partner in an effort to get all caretakers working on the same page. The chapter will also include worksheets that parents can use to provide some structure and guidance in forging a path forward using a Plan–Do–Study–Act model. Concluding the chapter and the book will be some encouraging words.
Conclusion
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

The conclusion emphasizes the numerous ways that writers and visitors challenged ideas of “useful knowledge” presented by nineteenth-century museums and anticipated contemporary debates within museums today. William J. Wilson’s “Afric-American Picture Gallery” considered the possibility of a museum dedicated to Black history and culture, suggesting how future museums might expand their views on what objects to preserve and how audiences engage with collections. By examining how writers and visitors reflected on institutions throughout periods of change and transition, the conclusion emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary and inclusive perspectives to shaping the future of museums.
Introduction
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

The introduction describes the main puzzle to be explained in the book, briefly previews the argument, and then shows why the question it asks is both theoretically and empirically important. As wind and solar grew from cottage industries into $300 billion global sectors, China, Germany, and the United States each developed distinct constellations of firms with starkly different technical capabilities. The chapter argues that globalization itself has such reinforced distinct national patterns of industrial specialization. Economically, globalization has created opportunities for firms to specialize through collaboration with others. Politically, new possibilities for specialization have allowed firms to repurpose existing domestic institutions for application in new industries. Against the backdrop of policy efforts that have generally failed to grasp the cross-national nature of innovation, the chapter offers a novel explanation for both the causes of changes in the global organization of innovation and their impact on domestic politics.
Collaborative Advantage and National Patterns of Innovation
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 develops the main argument of the book and shows how globalization caused persistent and consequential divergence of national institutions and industrial specializations over time. It proposes that globalization led to a set of benefits for firms, most importantly new opportunities for firms to specialize because of the ability to collaborate with others. The ability to enter new industries through specialization shaped firms’ responses to national industrial policies: even where governments aimed at the creation of comprehensive national industries, firms responded with narrow competitive strategies that built on existing skills and repurposed legacy institutions of the domestic economy.
Industrial Legacies and Germany’s Specialization in Customization
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

This chapter traces how entrants from legacy industries in Germany used public resources originally intended to support technological innovation in traditional sectors such as machine tools and automobile supplies. It explains why, even in new sectors such as wind and solar, German firms reproduced historical patterns of flexible specialization, customization, and small-batch production. The chapter begins with a discussion of industrial origins of Germany’s wind and solar firms, focusing in particular on machine tools, automation, and automotive sectors. It then outlines the learning process that firms navigated in pivoting from their existing industries into new industrial sectors. The second half of the chapter focuses on the two key resources that enabled these developments: collaboration with China and domestic institutional legacies.
Moving Beyond Theories of Intergenerational Justice
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that it is not possible—or normatively desirable—to find a “correct” theory of intergenerational justice applicable to all people at all times. What we should do (now) for the future is not a question that can be answered definitively, or in abstract or philosophical terms, because answers to this question will depend on the circumstances that individuals and collectivities find themselves in, and on what past political actors have (or have not) done. Instead of searching for a “correct” theory of intergenerational justice we should, as a matter of principle and practice, seek to strike a balance between the legitimate concerns of the present and the potential interests of the future as we understand them. But judgments about how to strike this balance should be made in inclusive deliberative arenas and not formulated (or “discovered”) by philosophers working in isolation from affected publics.
Deliberative Responses to the Democratic Myopic Problem
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that the democratic myopia thesis is predicated on an overly narrow account of democracy, according to which existing, probably myopic, preferences are largely unproblematically aggregated to produce collective outcomes. When democracy works that way, collective decisions are often short-sighted—dismissing or ignoring the potential interests of the future. In practice, however, democratic processes involve both shaping and registering preferences, opinions, expectations, and interests. If this is the case, democratic processes—such as deliberation—might be used to encourage or incentivize political actors to more seriously consider the future when making decisions. The chapter develops two sets of arguments along these lines: one that responds to the myopic voter version of the democratic myopia thesis; and another that responds to the exclusion (or non-presence) of future others problem.
Getting to the Future
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter makes three arguments in support of the claim that we need inclusive deliberative processes to shape the future in collectively intentional, mutually accommodating ways. First, inclusive collective decision-making processes are needed to avoid futures that favour the interests of some groups of people over others. Second, deliberative processes are needed to shape our shared futures in collectively intentional ways: we need to be able to talk to ourselves about what we are doing and where we want to get to in the future. Third, deliberative exchanges are needed to help collectivities avoid the policy oscillations that are (or may be) associated with the political dynamics of short electoral cycles. Effective processes of reciprocal reason giving can help collectivities maintain policy continuity over the long term—when continuity is justified—even as governments and generations change.