bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amelioration of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils of Hazaribagh and Tejgaon Areas from Bangladesh Using Red Mud
Authors: Chamon AS , Mondol MN , Ullah SM
Published: March 2010

Pot experiments with soil from two heavy metals contaminated sites were conducted. The objective of the experiment was to test red mud as an inorganic soil amendment to reduce heavy metal uptake and to alleviate toxicity in tomato (variety- Ratan) and wheat (variety- Agrani) crops. Iron (Fe) oxides contained in red mud, a byproduct of the aluminum industry, reduced soil to plant transfer of zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). In Hazaribagh soil, tomato fruit yield (dry weight) increased by 72%. Shoot length and biomass production were positively influenced by red mud containing high amounts of Fe2O3. Heavy metal uptake into tomato plants was significantly ameliorated in both soil. On Tejgaon soil the effect of red mud on wheat grain yield production was not significantly different but the ameliorative effect of red mud application was clearly observed in the wheat grain samples for Tejgaon soil. Key words: Red Mud; Wheat; Tomato; Remediation; Heavy metals DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4602 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 479-484, 2009
Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae): A fire‐sensitive eucalypt with a resprouter epicormic structure
Authors: Waters David A. , Burrows Geoffrey E. , Harper John D. I.
Published: March 2010

Determining the location of buds and bud‐forming meristems and hence the level of protection from heat is essential to understanding plant response to fire. Most eucalypts resprout readily from the stem (epicormic resprouting) and the base after felling or high intensity fire. In contrast, Eucalyptus regnans is one of the few eastern Australian fire‐sensitive, obligate seeder eucalypts. Some authors have suggested that the relatively weak epicormic resprouting is due to a lack of bud‐forming structures. Epicormic strands from the bark and outer xylem of three very large trees and two saplings were examined anatomically. Epicormic bud‐forming structures were found in all samples examined. The bud‐forming capacity consisted of narrow, radially elongated strips of cells of meristematic appearance. These strips were continuous from the outermost secondary xylem through to the outer bark. Bark was relatively thick at the base of the large trees, but remarkably thin above this basal skirt. Eucalyptus regnans was found to possess the apparently fire‐adapted epicormic strands previously described in other eucalypts, thus showing its fire‐adapted lineage. However, this fire‐sensitive species apparently directs much of its resources to rapid height‐growth rates in younger trees, rather than to vegetative fire survival.
Effect of paired row planting of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) intercropped with vegetable amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) on yield components of radish in sandy regosol
Authors: Brintha I , Seran TH
Published: March 2010

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of paired row planting of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) intercropped with vegetable amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) on yield components of radish in sandy regosol at Agronomy farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka in Yala 2007. This experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates and six treatments. Base crop (T1) and intercrop (T2) were grown in pure stands and other treatments were 20/50 cm paired row planting of radish with three (T3) or four (T4) rows of vegetable amaranthus in between paired rows of radish and 25/40 cm paired row planting of radish with three (T5) or two (T6) rows of vegetable amaranthus in between paired rows of radish. Growth parameters were recorded at regular intervals. The results showed that land equivalent ratio was superior in all tested intercropping treatments. In T3, radish yield was high (37.8 tons/ha) and most of the yield components exhibited high average values as compared with other intercropping treatments. The present study revealed that 20/50 cm paired row planting of radish with three rows of vegetable amaranthus in between paired rows of radish (T3) would be the most suitable planting system in sandy regosol. Key words: Base crop; inter crop; land equivalent ratio; paired row planting; yield. DOI: 10.4038/jas.v4i1.1642 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009, vol. 4, no. 1 pp.19-28
Paddy husk ash as a source of potassium for growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Authors: Priyadharshini J , Seran TH
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of paddy husk ash as a source of potassium on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The treatments included recommended rate (0.075 ton/ha) of muriate of potash as a control (T1) and application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 1.5 (T2), 2.5 (T3), 3.5 (T4) and 4.5 (T5) tons/ha. This experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in sandy regosol. The agronomic parameters were recorded at regular intervals. Result revealed that there were no significant differences among treatments especially for number of seeds and dry weights of leaves, stem and root. However, number of nodules, number of pods, dry weight of pod and 100 seed weight were significantly varied among treatments. It was further noted that application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 4.5 tons/ha gave high yield (1.44 tons/ha) followed by T1 (1.42 tons/ha) and T4 (1.35 tons/ha). The application of paddy husk ash at the rate of 4.5 tons/ha is suitable for obtaining high yield of cowpea in sandy regosol. Hence paddy husk ash could be used as a source of potassium in cowpea cultivation due to the potential constraint of chemical fertilizer and the benefits of organic farming in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Cowpea; paddy husk ash; potassium; yield; fertilizer DOI: 10.4038/jas.v4i2.1646 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009, vol. 4, no. 2 pp.67-76
Effect of particle size of Gliricidia leaves and soil texture on N mineralization
Authors: Walpola BC , Arunakumara KKIU
Published: March 2010

Decline in soil productivity and environmental quality in the tropics have led to a search for new methods to sustain crop production via more efficient nutrient cycling. In tropical agricultural systems with limited access to fertilizers, plant residues are often used to meet the nutrient requirements of most of the crops. In this regard, leguminous residues are an important source of N used in low input agricultural systems. The present laboratory investigation was conducted to elucidate the effect of the particle size of Gliricidia leaves (S1 ≤ 0.5 mm, S2 = 4 mm) and texture of soil (T1 = sandy clay loam, T2 = loamy sand) on N mineralization. Results revealed that the pattern and the amount of NH4 + -N released from two soil types were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different. The highest amount of NH4 + -N (82 mg/kg soil) was released at 21st day of incubation from sandy clay loam soil treated with the particle size of 4 mm. However, in the case of NO3- -N, loamy sand soil showed higher cumulative NO3- -N content than that of in sandy clay loam soil. The highest amount of NO3- -N (68 mg/kg soil) was released at 21st day of incubation from loamy sand soil treated with the particle size of ≤ 0.5 mm. Results could be concluded that nitrogen mineralization of Gliricidia leaves were affected by the texture of the soil as well as the particle size of the Gliricidia leaves. The present findings therefore stress the importance of standardizing residue particle size as it determines the rate of N mineralization in a given soil. Key words: Decomposition; incubation; leguminous residues DOI: 10.4038/jas.v4i3.1649 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009, vol. 4, no. 3 pp.108-114
Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy of the Transverse-Axial Tubule System in Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Failing and Non-Failing Human Hearts
Authors: Ohler Andreas , Weisser-Thomas Jutta , Piacentino Valentino , Houser Steven R. , Tomaselli Gordon F. , O'Rourke Brian
Published: March 2010

Objective. The transverse-axial tubule system (TATS) of cardiomyocytes allows a spatially coordinated conversion of electrical excitation into an intracellularCa2+signal and consequently contraction. Previous reports have indicated alterations of structure and/or volume of the TATS in cardiac hypertrophy and failure, suggesting a contribution to the impairment of excitation contraction coupling. To test whether structural alterations are present in human heart failure, the TATS was visualized in myocytes from failing and non-failing human hearts.Methods and Results. In freshly isolated myocytes, the plasmalemmal membranes were labeled with Di-8-ANEPPS and imaged using two-photon excitation at 780 nm. Optical sections were taken every 300 nm through the cells. After deconvolution, the TATS was determined within the 3D data sets, revealing no significant difference in normalized surface area or volume. To rule out possible inhomogeneity in the arrangement of the TATS, Euclidian distance maps were plotted for every section, allowing to measure the closest distance between any cytosolic and any membrane point. There was a trend towards greater spacing in cells from failing hearts, without statistical significance.Conclusion. Only small changes, but no significant changes in the geometrical dimensions of the TATS were observed in cardiomyocytes from failing compared to non-failing human myocardium.
First Report of a Case with Needle Track Sinus after Aspiration Biopsy of a Benign Thyroid Nodule Resulted in an Unexpected Postoperative Complication
Authors: Dogan Lutfi , Karaman Niyazi , Kucuk Ali , Ozaslan Cihangir , Atalay Can , Celebioglu Sait
Published: March 2010

Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the most feasible, safe, and accurate diagnostic tool for thyroid nodule diagnosis. The development of a sinus tract between thyroid gland and the skin through needle tract after fine needle aspiration biopsy is an extremely uncommon phenomenon. In this paper, a 71-year-old man presenting with a swelling and discharge on the anterior neck wall was reported. Similar complaints were present 15 to 20 days after fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid gland four years ago. Bilateral total thyroidectomy was performed considering a thyroid malignancy infiltrating the skin. Histopathologic examination confirmed a sinus tract between the thyroid gland and skin and thyroid nodule was benign in nature. It must be kept in mind that inflammatory reactions might also occur after fine needle aspiration biopsy of benign thyroid nodules. In patients with needle biopsy-related inflammation, surgery may be delayed until the inflammation subsides.
A Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Case Noticed during a Primary PCI
Authors: Kilic Ismail Dogu , Tanriverdi Halil , Evrengul Harun , Gur Sukru
Published: March 2010

Spontaneous coronary dissections (SCAD) can be asymptomatic or can manifest itself as any of the clinical spectrum of the ischemic heart disease. In this report, we present a 65 year old man presented with myocardial infarction in whom coronary angiography a nonocclusive SCAD was noticed in addition to a very late stent thrombosis and make a brief overview of the treatment for SCAD.
Relationships between phytoplankton growth and cell size in surface oceans: Interactive effects of temperature, nutrients, and grazing
Authors: Chen Bingzhang , Liu Hongbin
Published: March 2010

We compile two data sets from 14C uptake and dilution experiments conducted in surface waters of the global ocean to investigate the relationship between phytoplankton mass‐specific growth rate and cell size. After temperature correction, both data sets suggest that this relationship might be described by a unimodal quadratic curve with the modal size (the size corresponding to the maximal growth rate) being 2.8 and 5.4 µm in the 14C and dilution data sets, respectively. Nutrient enrichment does not change the qualitative nature of the relationships, and we conclude that inherently low maximal growth rates of picophytoplankton, not ambient nutrient effects, play the major role in determining the positive relationships over the size range where phytoplankton size is below the modal size. Temperature‐corrected phytoplankton grazing mortality rate is positively correlated with phytoplankton average size, but the proportion of daily primary production consumed by microzooplankton is negatively correlated with cell size, suggesting a reduced grazing effect as size increases. The unimodal relationship between phytoplankton growth rate and cell size is consistent with theoretical considerations and might reflect an adaptive response of phytoplankton to varying extents of nutrient limitation and grazing effect in marine systems.
Evidence of warming effects on phytoplankton productivity rates and their dependence on eutrophication status
Authors: Tadonléke Rémy D.
Published: March 2010

Using 31‐yr data from measurements in a lake that has experienced change in eutrophication status, I showed that the effects of global warming on chlorophyll a (Chl a)‐normalized maximum rates of photosynthesis (Pmax : Chl a) may be positive, nonsignificant, or negative, depending on nutrient availability. The magnitude of Pmax : Chl a change in response to warming showed hyperbolic relationships with phosphorus concentrations; it was positive and constant when total phosphorus (TP) in the lake water exceeded 22 µg P L−1 (eutrophic conditions) but was negative when TP was lower (nutrient‐poor conditions), indicating direct negative effects of warming on primary productivity (PP) under phosphorus scarcity. Vertically integrated PP responses corroborate those of Pmax : Chl a. These data also showed long‐term seasonal variations in the sensitivity of phytoplankton productivity to temperature. The observed hyperbolic curves strongly suggest that the "limiting‐nutrient cell quota"‐based mechanism reported so far only in laboratories (by studies analyzing temperature‐nutrient effects on microalgal growth or photosynthesis) operates in nature and plays a key role in determining phytoplankton response to warming of waters. The present findings provide insight on how phytoplankton productivity may respond to future warming in lakes of differing eutrophication status.
Distinctions in the diets and distributions of larval tunas and the important role of appendicularians
Authors: Llopiz Joel K. , Richardson David E. , Shiroza Akihiro , Smith Sharon L. , Cowen Robert K.
Published: March 2010

Monthly plankton sampling across the Straits of Florida (SOF) allowed for a thorough investigation of the feeding ecologies of four taxa of larval tunas (family Scombridae, tribe Thunnini) and the horizontal and vertical distributions of tuna larvae and their dominant prey. Before piscivory, Thunnus spp. larvae had a mixed diet of crustaceans and appendicularians, whereas skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), and Auxis spp. displayed highly selective and nearly exclusive feeding on appendicularians. The availability of both appendicularians and larval fish prey declined from west to east across the SOF, and appendicularians were notably patchy. In the western SOF where prey was more abundant, all taxa of tuna larvae co‐occurred, indicating the sharing of resources by the larvae, in addition to the adults of these taxa using similar spawning habitat upstream in the Florida Current. In the central and eastern SOF, where prey was less abundant, only Thunnus spp. and skipjack tuna co‐occurred, and these two taxa exhibited significantly different vertical distributions. Prey removal rates (estimated from gut evacuation rates and daily rations) occurring in the western SOF where tuna taxa co‐occurred are likely to be sustainable by appendicularian levels within this region but would potentially not be by levels in the east. The spatial and trophic characteristics of these four abundant larval taxa highlight the potential influence of feeding‐related processes on larval and adult behavior, while also illustrating a critical trophic link to the microbial food web provided by appendicularians in this oligotrophic environment.
Residual circulation due to internal waves shoaling on a slope
Authors: Nakayama K. , Imberger J.
Published: March 2010

We describe the residual circulation induced in a two‐layer system when internal waves, with a wave length equal to or longer than the slope length, propagate over a sloping bottom and either reflect or break. For the case of no wave breaking, scaling is used to derive Boussinesq‐type equations, the solution of which leads to an expression for the residual circulation adjacent to the sloping bottom. This residual circulation is maintained by a weak slope on the density interface. For breaking waves, laboratory experiments and numerical modeling were used to ascertain the details of the residual circulation arising from the formation of gravitational intrusions. Results from these three investigative tools were used to determine, as a function of bottom slope and incident wave amplitude, the internal wave reflection coefficient and the strength of the residual circulation pattern with and without wave breaking.
Stoichiometric dietary constraints influence the response of copepods to ultraviolet radiation‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Souza M. S. , Modenutti B. E. , Carrillo P. , Villar-Argaiz M. , Medina-Sánchez J. M. , Bullejos F. , Balseiro E. G.
Published: March 2010

We carried out field experiments in two clear mountain lakes of both hemispheres (Lake Los Cántaros, Patagonia, Argentina, and Lake La Caldera, Sierra Nevada, Spain) performing a full factorial design (light × nutrients: unfiltered sun light (ultraviolet radiation treatment [UVR]) and screened sunlight (> 380 nm; photosynthetically active radiation treatment), with and without nutrient enrichment. We analyzed the direct effect of UVR on enzymatic antioxidant responses (catalase [CAT], glutathione S‐transferase [GST], and glutathione reductase [GR]) of two calanoid copepod species‐Boeckella gibbosa and Mixodiaptomus laciniatus‐ and the indirect effects of food quality (carbon : nutrient ratio) potentially affecting body elemental compositions and hence enzymatic activities. Responses for the three enzymes were different: GST increased its activity under UVR exposure in the two copepods, CAT activity was null and showed no response, and GR activity differed between species. Light treatments also affected sestonic elemental ratios; UVR exposure lowered carbon : phosphorus (C : P) ratios, which in turn affected the C: P elemental compositions of the copepods. However, nutrient addition had different effects on the two species; it did not affect final somatic C: P ratio of B. gibbosa but had a substantial effect on body elemental composition of M. laciniatus. Finally, the relationship between grazer’s C: P ratio and GST antioxidant enzyme activity was negative. UVR and nutrient inputs affected food quality, grazer somatic stoichiometry, and subsequently enzymatic responses. The ability of calanoid copepods to overcome increased UVR may depend, at least for GST, on the elemental nutrient balance of the food.
Simultaneous quantification of aquatic ecosystem metabolism and reaeration using a Bayesian statistical model of oxygen dynamics
Authors: Holtgrieve Gordon W. , Schindler Daniel E. , Branch Trevor A. , A'mar Z. Teresa
Published: March 2010

We present a Bayesian statistical model of diel oxygen dynamics in aquatic ecosystems to simultaneously estimate gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and oxygen exchange with the atmosphere (and their uncertainties) on the basis of changes in dissolved oxygen concentration, water temperature, irradiance, and, if desired, the 18O to 16O ratio (δ18O‐O2). We test this model using simulated data with realistic measurement errors to demonstrate that it accurately estimates the model parameters and that parameter uncertainties correctly scale with error in the observations and number of data points. Application of the model to field data from two productive stream ecosystems with substantial daily dissolved oxygen variation quantified the underlying physical and biological factors that control oxygen dynamics in these ecosystems and provided empirical support for a light saturation model of the photosynthesis‐irradiance relationships at the ecosystem scale. Although inclusion of δ18O‐O2 provides a second oxygen budget, analysis of field data shows that metabolic and reaeration parameters can be accurately estimated by modeling the transient dynamics of dissolved oxygen concentration alone in relation to daily changes in water temperature and light regime. This model is particularly suited to low‐gas exchange, high‐productivity systems, which have thus far proved challenging to measure ecosystem metabolism accurately. The modeling framework is applicable to single‐station, open‐system experimental designs and provides a rigorous and generalizable framework for estimating ecosystem metabolism in aquatic ecosystems.
Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean from submarine groundwater discharge in a groundwater‐dominated system: Relation to land use (Kona coast, Hawaii, U.S.A.)
Authors: Knee Karen L. , Street Joseph H. , Grossman> Eric E. , Boehm Alexandria B. , Paytan Adina
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the magnitude and composition (in terms of salinity, 223Ra and 224Ra activity, and nutrient concentrations) of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) fluxes at 11 sites on the Kona coast of Hawaii. Discharging groundwater was typically brackish to saline and had high Ra activity relative to ocean water and fresher, inland groundwater. Brackish SGD fluxes, estimated using a mass‐balance approach based on excess coastal ocean 224Ra activity, ranged from 3 to 1300 L m−1 of coastline min−1. Fluxes of the freshwater component of SGD, calculated based on salinity, ranged from 2 to 310 L m−1 min−1. Nutrient fluxes into coastal waters from SGD varied by up to three orders of magnitude among sites. Nitrate + nitrite (N + N), phosphate, and silica concentrations showed strong, inverse linear correlations with salinity in coastal seawater and groundwater. These correlations were consistent with previous work that documented conservative mixing between fresh, high‐nutrient groundwater and saline, low‐nutrient seawater at a few coastal ocean sites. We extend this conservative relationship to more coastal ocean sites and to groundwater in the coastal aquifer. N + N concentrations in the fresh component of discharging groundwater were higher at sites near golf courses and those with a greater percentage of bare land within a 5‐km radius, and silica concentrations in the fresh component of discharging groundwater were higher at sites with more bare land and lower population densities. However, neither urbanization nor agriculture was significantly correlated with groundwater nutrient concentrations on this relatively undeveloped coast.
Currents and turbulence within a kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera): Insights from a dynamically scaled laboratory model
Authors: Rosman Johanna H. , Monismith Stephen G. , Denny Mark W. , Koseff Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of a Macrocystis pyrifera forest on currents and turbulence were investigated in a controlled laboratory setting using a dynamically matched 1/25‐scale model. Two kelp configurations with surface canopies and one without a surface canopy were considered. Profiles of mean velocities and turbulence statistics were measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Since flow within the model kelp forest was very heterogeneous, spatially averaged forms of the governing equations were used for the analysis. Stress gradients were small compared with pressure gradient, drag, and acceleration terms of the momentum budget. A good model for kelp drag is therefore required for simulating flow through a kelp forest, while the model for Reynolds and dispersive stresses is less critical. The bulk drag coefficient is highest at the up‐current end of a kelp forest and decays with down‐current distance as the velocity profile adjusts to the drag profile. Modeling a kelp forest as an array of vertical cylinders underestimates the net drag by a factor of 1.5 to 3 if a substantial surface canopy is present. Turbulence is generated predominantly by small‐scale shear in kelp wakes. Vertical mixing of scalars is expected to be significantly smaller than in the surrounding coastal ocean because of the combination of smaller turbulent eddies and reduced currents. The decrease in horizontal transport and vertical mixing within kelp forests may have important implications for nutrient availability to kelp forest organisms and may affect the dispersal or retention of their larvae and spores.
Comparison of in situ and satellite‐derived (MODIS‐Aqua/Terra) methods for assessing temperatures on coral reefs
Authors: Castillo Karl D. , Lima Fernando P.
Published: March 2010

Thermal stress has been regarded as one of the most important parameters monitored on reefs to assess coral health, and therefore, it is important to have accurate temperature data for reef environments. Whereas most studies of thermal stress on reefs have relied on sea surface temperature (SST) data, recent findings have suggested that subsurface temperatures may differ considerably from those at the surface. We compared concomitant in situ and satellite‐derived SST measurements on two different coral reefs off southern Belize. Seawater temperatures adjacent to corals at 3 to 5 m depth were measured every 10 to 30 min, from June 2002 to December 2007. An accompanying data set of seawater temperatures was collected every 10 min at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 m depth, from October 2006 to December 2007. Concurrent nighttime and daytime SST measurements from MODIS Aqua and Terra platforms with a spatial resolution of 4 km were obtained for comparative purposes. Results indicate a negative (cool) bias for remotely sensed SSTs when compared with in situ measurements for both satellites across these two locations. Compared with daytime values, nighttime satellite‐derived SST measurements yielded larger negative biases and were less correlated with in situ measurements. Understanding these biases will not only provide a better evaluation of the thermal regime on individual reefs, but will also create opportunities for more precise temperature comparisons among coral reef environments. We stress the importance of “sea‐truthing” and complementing satellite‐derived SST readings with in situ data when measuring temperatures on coral reefs.
Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys
Authors: Morrow Hugh
Published: March 2010

Cadmium (Cd), a Group 12 (IIB) element occurring between zinc and mercury, is a soft, ductile, and silver‐white metal with a distorted, hexagonal, and close‐packed crystal structure. Its crustal abundance is between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, and several cadmium minerals have been identified, the most common being greenockite (CdS). Cadmium is found most often in zinc ores, zinc‐bearing lead ores, or complex copper‐lead‐zinc ores where it usually forms an isomorphic impurity in the zinc mineral, sphalerite (ZnS). For this reason, cadmium is almost invariably recovered as a by‐product from the processing of zinc, lead, and copper ores. Its oxidation state in almost all of its compounds is +2, although a few compounds have been reported in which cadmium exists in the +1 oxidation state. There are eight natural isotopes of cadmium, ranging in mass from 106 to 116. When heated in air, cadmium metal forms a brown‐colored cadmium oxide fume (CdO). Cadmium also will react readily to form stable compounds with the halogens, selenium, sulfur, phosphorus, and tellurium.

Cadmium‐containing zinc, lead‐zinc, and copper‐lead‐zinc ores normally are processed by flotation or heavy‐media separation to yield concentrates, which then are processed further to recover the primary metals—zinc, lead, or copper. Because cadmium is associated closely with zinc in its chemical properties, it normally is processed in zinc recovery circuits. Most zinc, along with cadmium, is recovered today by electrolytic techniques rather than by the older pyrometallurgical methods. The level of primary cadmium production from zinc, lead‐zinc, and copper‐lead‐zinc ores is dependent on the level of cadmium in the ores and, hence, in the subsequent concentrate. Most cadmium‐containing ores have from 0.2% to 0.3% cadmium by weight.

Cadmium exhibits known adverse human health and environmental effects in certain forms and in certain concentrations and is classified as a toxic metal. Occupational exposure to cadmium dust or fume may occur during certain heating or welding operations, and protection against inhalation of respirable particles must be provided either by properly designed exhaust ventilation systems or by personal respiratory protection.

The three principal applications for cadmium are nickel‐cadmium (NiCd) batteries, cadmium pigments, and cadmium coatings. The use of cadmium as stabilizers in plastics, alloys, and other minor applications has now largely disappeared and was less than 1% of total consumption in 2009. In the past 20 years, the recycling of nickel‐cadmium has increased markedly in North America, Europe, and Japan, so that today, approximately 22% of total cadmium production comes from recycled NiCd batteries.
Microwave Technology
Authors: Osepchuk John
Published: March 2010

Microwaves, in the central portion of the nonionizing spectral region of the electromagnetic spectrum, find use in chemical technology as a power source. Microwaves penetrate macroscopic objects further than any other type of nonionizing radiation. Most of the applications of microwave technology are based on the heating effects related to the dielectric properties of the various media. The major consumer product is the microwave oven. In the U. S., it is estimated that 90% of households own a microwave oven.

The frequency allocations for microwave technology and the basic principles for processing are described. Power sources, applicators, and instruments are discussed. Hazards of exposure to microwaves and interference with other electronic equipment are given consideration. A main use of microwave power is in food processing. Other uses are numerous and include medicine, biological, agriculture, and chemical applications. Details on the use of microwave technology in chemical synthesis applications is described in detail elsewhere in the Encyclopedia. Waste treatment, recycling of plastics, ceramics processing , and microwave plasmas are included in the use discussions.
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Imam M. Ashraf , Froes F. H. , Housley Kathleen L.
Published: March 2010

When titanium was first introduced commercially in the 1940's, it was considered a wonder metal. In some ways it still is because it offers a superior combination of metallurgical and physical characteristics allowing a wide array of applications to perform to maximum potential. Its greatest use is in aerospace for which it is particularly suited because of its strength to weight ratio. Titanium and its alloys are also used in many non‐aerospace applications including armor, chemical processing, automotive, marine, medical, power generation, sporting goods, and architecture. Titanium would be used more extensively were it not for its high cost, the result of an energy‐intensive extraction process and complex fabrication sequence to mill products. Research efforts are underway to reduce its cost, thereby increasing applicability.
Biobased Materials
Authors: Curran Mary Ann
Published: March 2010

Biobased materials refer to products that mainly consist of a substance (or substances) derived from living matter (biomass) and either occur naturally or are synthesized, or it may refer to products made by processes that use biomass. Following a strict definition, many common materials, such as paper, wood, and leather, can be referred to as biobased materials, but typically, the term refers to modern materials that have undergone more extensive processing. Materials from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites (some materials may fall under more than one category). The many processes to convert biomass components to value‐added products and fuels can be classified broadly as biochemical or thermochemical. In addition, biotechnological processes that rely mainly on plant breeding, fermentation, and conventional enzyme isolation also are used. Biobased materials are perceived as potentially greener alternatives than their petroleum‐based counterparts; however, this claim is being scrutinized closely. New biobased materials that may compete with conventional materials are emerging continually, and the opportunities to use them in existing and novel products are just beginning to be explored.
Fuzzy Logic Control in the Packaging Industry
Authors: Braglia Marcello , Frosolini Marco
Published: March 2010

Conventional controllers for the packaging industry are often based upon look‐up tables, where past experiences help practitioners to establish the expected outcomes, corresponding to several combinations of inputs, or on the adoption of Proportional, Integrative and Derivative controllers (PIDs), that are widely used due to their intrinsic robustness in a wide variety of operating conditions. The first method grants fast and readily available responses, but, at the same time, requires great amounts of computational resources, whereas PIDs are difficult to set up and necessitate continuous adjustments. In both cases the controlled systems are rather unstable and show unpredictable behavior, mainly due to numerous and random disturbances this results, making the control unable to deal with sudden changes.

In the last decades Fuzzy Logic (FL) have emerged as a way to help overcome most of the disadvantages of the traditional control techniques. This aspect has been further improved by researchers with the aid of some well known Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and with the adoption of computer‐aided simulation tools, that provide significant help during the set up and fine tuning of the controller. Recent literature is now available that deals with the adoption of FL hybrid controllers for packaging processes, addressing their particular aspects, and presenting noteworthy results and practical implications. Whereas some good theoretical applications of the Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLCs) to packaging processes are available, there is still a noticeable lack of real‐world implementations, mainly due to the great number of variables that may govern the processes themselves and that require long and complex tweaking stages. The present work presents a comprehensive review of the most interesting theoretical and practical implementations of the FLCs to the packaging processes, with the aim of pinpointing the strengths and the weaknesses of each proposal and giving a clear and up‐to‐date report of the state of the art.
Genetic heritage and native identity of the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe of massachusetts
Authors: Zhadanov Sergey I. , Dulik Matthew C. , Markley Michael , Jennings George W. , Gaieski Jill B. , Elias George , Schurr Theodore G.
Published: March 2010

The name “Wampanoag” means “Eastern People” or “People of the First Light” in the local dialect of the Algonquian language. Once extensively populating the coastal lands and neighboring islands of the eastern United States, the Wampanoag people now consist of two federally recognized tribes, the Aquinnah and Mashpee, the state‐recognized Seaconke Wampanoag tribe, and a number of bands and clans in present‐day southern Massachusetts. Because of repeated epidemics and conflicts with English colonists, including King Philip's War of 1675–76, and subsequent colonial laws forbidding tribal identification, the Wampanoag population was largely decimated, decreasing in size from as many as 12,000 individuals in the 16th century to less than 400, as recorded in 1677. To investigate the influence of the historical past on its biological ancestry and native cultural identity, we analyzed genetic variation in the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe. Our results indicate that the majority of their mtDNA haplotypes belongs to West Eurasian and African lineages, thus reflecting the extent of their contacts and interactions with people of European and African descent. On the paternal side, Y‐chromosome analysis identified a range of Native American, West Eurasian, and African haplogroups in the population, and also surprisingly revealed the presence of a paternal lineage that appears at its highest frequencies in New Guinea and Melanesia. Comparison of the genetic data with genealogical and historical information allows us to reconstruct the tribal history of the Seaconke Wampanoag back to at least the early 18th century. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:579–589, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids
Authors: Giernoth Ralf
Published: March 2010

In recent years, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of many chemists as a result of their unique properties as solvents for chemical transformations. The focus of this Minireview is on applications of so‐called “task‐specific” ionic liquids, whereby the role of the ionic liquid goes beyond that of a solvent. Such ionic liquids find application in a wide range of areas, including catalysis, synthesis, gas absorption, and analysis.
Palladium‐catalyzed cyanation reaction of aryl halides using K4[Fe(CN)6] as non‐toxic source of cyanide under microwave irradiation
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Karami Kazem , Pirisedigh Azadeh
Published: March 2010

An efficient method for preparation of aryl nitriles—using [Pd{C6H2(CH2CH2 NH2)‐(OMe)2,3,4} (µ‐Br)]2 complex as an efficient catalyst and K4[Fe(CN)6] as a green cyanide source—from aryl bromides, aryl iodides and aryl chlorides under microwave irradiation has been reported. This complex has been demonstrated to be an active and efficient catalyst for this reaction. Using a catalytic amount of this synthesized palladium complex in DMF at 130 °C led to production of the cyanoarenes in excellent yields in short reaction times. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional second order systems with controls
Authors: Bors D. , Walczak S.
Published: March 2010

In the paper, a nonlinear equation with decreasing mass is considered. Sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions on the interval [t1, t2] are proved. Moreover, theorem on the stability of system and the existence of optimal control are presented. The proofs of the main results are based on variational method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
A study on the long term periodicities among the X‐ray binaries: Two new superorbital periods
Authors: Özdemir S.
Published: March 2010

Long term behaviours of a few selected X‐ray binaries are studied on the basis of RXTE/ASM archive covering a period of ∼13 years of continuous X‐ray data. Two new superorbital periods seem to be revealed for the GX354‐0 and X Persei systems as 8.7 years and 345 days, respectively. Although the X Persei system has two strongest peaks in its power density spectrum at 15.7 years and at 345 days, the latter is much more plausible. The GX354‐0 system also has few additional periodicities appeared in different time intervals (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orbital eccentricity of the symbiotic star MWC 560
Authors: Zamanov R.K. , Gomboc A. , Stoyanov K.A. , Stateva I.K.
Published: March 2010

We present projected rotational velocity measurements of the red giant in the symbiotic star MWC 560, using the high‐resolution spectroscopic observations with the FEROS spectrograph. We find that the projected rotational velocity of the red giant is v sin i = 8.2 ± 1.5 km s–1, and estimate its rotational period tobe Prot = 144–306 days. Using the theoretical predictions of tidal interaction and pseudosynchronization, we estimate the orbital eccentricity e = 0.68–0.82. We briefly discuss the connection of our results with the photometric variability of the object (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrated spectroscopic study of 7 star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Talavera M.L. , Ahumada A.V. , Santos J.F.C. , Clariä Jj. , Bica E. , Parisi M.C. , Torres M.C.
Published: March 2010

We present flux‐calibrated integrated spectra for 7 star clusters belonging to the Small Magellanic Cloud in the optical range (≈3600–7000 Ä), obtained at CASLEO (Argentina). Three out of the 7 clusters were not previously studied so their ages and reddening values are determined for the first time in the current study. Using the equivalent widths of selected spectroscopic lines and comparing the cluster spectra with template spectra of known properties, we derive foreground interstellar reddening and age. The clusters are in the (5–300) Myr age range and their E (B – V) colour excesses were in all cases smaller than 0.12. The present data also contribute to enlarge the cluster spectral library at the metallicity level of the Small Magellanic Cloud. The buildup of such database, which also includes Galactic and Large Magellanic Cloud clusters, is a long‐term project that we have been developing and which has proved to be useful in the analysis of stellar populations of extragalactic systems (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Productivity and impact of astronomical facilities: A recent sample
Authors: Trimble V. , Ceja J.A.
Published: March 2010

The papers published in 11 key astronomical journals in 2008, and a year of citations to those from the first half of the year, have been associated with the telescopes, satellites, and so forth where the data were gathered using a form of fractional counting. Some numbers are also given by journal, by subfield, and by wavelength band. The largest numbers of papers, and generally also quite highly cited ones, in their respective wavelength bands come from the Very Large Array, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Chandra X‐ray Telescope. Optical astronomy is still the largest sector; and papers about cosmology and exoplanets are cited more often than papers about binary stars and planetary nebulae. The authors conclude that it is of equal importance to recognize (a) that a very large number of papers also come from less famous facilities, (b) that a very large fraction of papers (and their authors) are concerned with the less highly‐cited topics, (c) that many facilities are quite slow in achieving their eventual level of influence, and (d) that one really needs at least three years of citation data, not just one or two, to provide a fair picture of what is going on (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increasing parvovirus filter throughput of monoclonal antibodies using ion exchange membrane adsorptive pre‐filtration
Authors: Brown Arick , Bechtel Charity , Bill Jerome , Liu Hui , Liu Jun , McDonald Dan , Pai Satyan , Radhamohan Asha , Renslow Ryan , Thayer Brooke , Yohe Stefan , Dowd Chris
Published: March 2010

Pre‐filtration using ion exchange membrane adsorbers can improve parvovirus filter throughput of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The membranes work by binding trace foulants, and although some antibody product also binds, yields ≥99% are easily achieved by overloading. Results show that foulant adsorption is dependent on pH and conductivity, but independent of scale and adsorber brand. The ability to use ion exchange membranes as pre‐filters is significant because it provides a clean, well defined, chemically stable option for enhancing throughput. Additionally, ion exchange membranes facilitate characterization of parvovirus filter foulants. Examination of adsorber elution samples using sedimentation velocity analysis and SEC‐MALS/QELS revealed the presence of high molecular weight species ranging from 8 to 13 nm in hydrodynamic radius, which are similar in size to parvoviruses and thus would be expected to plug the pores of a parvovirus filter. A study of two identical membranes in‐series supports the hypothesis that the foulants are soluble, trace level aggregates in the feed. This study's significance lies in a previously undiscovered application of membrane chromatography, leading to a more cost effective and robust approach to parvovirus filtration for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 627–637. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation of recombinant proteins from culture broth by co‐precipitation with an amino acid carrier to form stable dry powders
Authors: Moore Barry D. , Deere Joseph , Edrada‐Ebel RuAngelie , Ingram Andrew , van der Walle Christopher F.
Published: March 2010

Protein‐coated microcrystals can be generated by co‐precipitation of protein and a water‐soluble crystalline carrier by addition to excess water miscible organic solvent. We have investigated this novel process for its utility in the concentration and partial purification of a recombinant protein exported into the culture broth during expression by Pichia pastoris. Co‐precipitation with a L‐glutamine carrier selectively isolated the protein content of the culture broth, with a minimal number of steps, and simultaneously removed contaminants including a novel yeast metabolite. This pigment co‐elutes during aqueous chromatography but its elucidation as a benzoylated glycosamine suggested a simple route of removal by partition during the co‐precipitation process. Scale‐up of the process was readily achieved through in‐line mixing and subsequent reconstitution of the dried protein‐coated microcrystals yielded natively folded, bioactive protein. Additional washing of the crystals with saturated L‐glutamine facilitated further purification of the recombinant protein immobilized on the L‐glutamine carrier. Thus, we present a novel method for the harvesting of recombinant protein from culture broth as a dry powder, which may be of general applicability to bioprocessing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 764–773. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of combinational adenoviral vector‐mediated TGFβ3 transgene and shRNA silencing type I collagen on articular chondrogenesis of synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Yao Yongchang , Zhang Feng , Zhou Ruijie , Su Kai , Fan Jiabing , Wang Dong‐An
Published: March 2010

In this study, transgenic effects of combination of transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 and shRNA silencing type I collagen (Col I) on chondrogenesis of synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) were evaluated. SMSCs were infected with recombinant adenoviruses encoding TGFβ3 (Ad‐TGFβ3) and/or anti‐Col I shRNA (Ad‐shRNA) separately, simultaneously (Ad‐combination), or conjugately (Ad‐double, mediated by one vector encoding both). The transduced SMSCs were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel and cultured for 30 days in chondrogenic medium. The expression of cartilaginous extracellular matrix components was investigated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and histological staining. qRT‐PCR showed an up‐regulation in chondrocytes marker genes such as type II collagen, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in Ad‐TGFβ3, Ad‐double, and Ad‐combination groups on day 30. Whereas, Ad‐TGFβ3 treatment induced significant elevation in Col I, which could be largely resisted by anti‐Col I shRNA functionality. Histological and immunohistochemical staining results were consistent with our qRT‐PCR data. These results demonstrate that the application of combinational adenoviral vector‐mediated transgenic TGFβ3 and shRNA targeting Col I possesses the potential in promoting the chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs as well as inhibiting the formation of fibrocartilage. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 818–828. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.